cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of sugars and non-nutritive sugar substitutes on consumption of apple leaves by codling moth neonates

Recently we reported that monosodium glutamate stimulates feeding in neonates of the codling mothCydia pomonella (L.). Herein we extend our general knowledge about feeding stimulators in neonates of this species, by presenting the effects of several sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose, and maltose) and non-nutritive sugar substitutes (Sweet’n Low® and Equal®) on consumption of apple leaf (HoneycrispTM) tissue. Glucose, fructose, maltose and aspartame-based Equal had no effect on leaf consumption. Sucrose at a high concentration significantly reduced leaf consumption and delayed commencement of feeding. Sweet’n Low at high concentrations significantly increased leaf consumption and accelerated the commencement of feeding. Saccharin hemicalcium salt was identified as an active ingredient of Sweet’n Low. At 500 ppm and 1000 ppm, saccharin hemicalcium salt increased leaf consumption and accelerated commencement of feeding. The practical aspects of our findings are discussed.
Deformation behavior of superplastic Zn-Al alloy

Abstract The deformation behavior of superplastic Zn-Al alloy of eutectoid composition (40.6 at.% Al) has been investigated by metallography, X-ray diffraction, and creep deformation. Metallographic examination of specimens deformed at 250°C showed that the phases maintained their approximately equiaxed shape. No preferred orientation of the phase was found in the X-ray diffraction patterns of specimens deformed at 250°C. Steady state creep measurements show that the process of deformation is thermally activated. The values of the activation energies, Q, are 35.3 ± 1.0 kcal/g-atom and 21.0± 1.0 kcal/g-atom for temperatures of deformation above 200°C and below 175°C respectively. The strain rate, ⋗3, could be related to the applied stress, σ, at a temperature, T, by an equation of the form σ = α⋗3 a + β⋗3 c in which a = 017–020, c = 046–050, α = B exp (aQ/RT), and β = C exp (cQ/RT); B and C are functions only of the particle size. It is shown that the rate-controlling mechanism can be described by the motion of dislocations in an internal stress field.
Promises or Pitfalls: A Prospectus on Comparative Victimology

Most of the systematic theory and research conducted in the field of victimology has been generated within the past decade. Compendia of the victimological literature are, however, almost entirely devoted to studies within the United States, while little atttention is given to the subject of comparative victimology. This article discusses the victim in a cross-cultural perspective and its importance to the advancement of victimological knowledge. Emphasis is placed on various aspects of victim-criminal justice system interactions and the practical implications of cross-cultural inquiries.
A proportional odds beta-binomial model for evaluating the effect of treatment in cross-over studies with baseline covariates: An application to condom failure data

Cross-over trials with correlated Bernoulli outcomes are common designs. In condom functionality studies, for example, an indicator of condom failure is reported for each sex act using standard or experimental condoms. Two popular analysis methods for such data are Generalized Estimating Equations and logit-normal random effects models. An alternative random effects model, the beta-binomial, is commonly used in contexts involving only between-cluster effects. The flexibility of the beta distribution and the interpretation of random effects as cluster-specific failure probabilities make it appealing, and we consider an extension of the model to account for within-cluster treatment effects using proportional odds assumptions.
The Knowledge, Experience, Skills, and Characteristics TESOL Employers Seek in Job Candidates.

In a competitive marketplace, job candidates need to know what TESOL employers are seeking in new hires. A 12-month study of TESOL job announcements examined the types of work offered and the candidate knowledge, experience, skills, and personal characteristics TESOL employers were seeking in full-time hires. An analysis of 169 job advertisements indicates that employers prefer applicants with knowledge and experience not only in teaching but also in curriculum development, teacher education, and program administration. Regarding candidates' personal characteristics, employers seek individuals who have strong interpersonal and teamwork skills, as well as effective oral and written communication skills and computer skills. Data are also reported by the jobs' geographical location, type, degree required, hiring institution type, and salary.
Cognitive characteristics of PTEN hamartoma tumor syndromes.

We sought to characterize cognition in individuals with germline PTEN mutations (n = 23) as well as in PTEN mutation–negative individuals with classic Cowden syndrome or Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome (n = 2). Twenty-five individuals completed a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. One sample t-tests and effect sizes were used to examine differences in participant test scores compared with normal controls. Composite scores were created for each patient within each of the cognitive domains assessed and classified as above average, average, or below average according to normative standards. χ2 analyses compared these classifications to expected proportions in normal control samples. The mean intelligence quotient was in the average range, and the range of intellectual functioning was very wide (from extremely low to very superior). However, in a large subset of patients, scores were lower than expected on measures of motor functioning, executive functioning, and memory recall, suggesting disruption of frontal circuits in these participants. This is the first study to characterize cognition in individuals with PTEN mutations and associated syndromes using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Contrary to previous reports suggesting an association with intellectual disability, the mean intelligence quotient was average, and there was a broad range of intellectual abilities. Specific evidence of disruption of frontal circuits may have implications for treatment compliance and cancer surveillance, and further investigation is warranted. Genet Med 2013:15(7):548–553
Thermochemical parameters of CHFO and CF2O.

Thermochemical properties of CHFO and CF2O and their derivatives were calculated by using coupled-cluster theory (U)CCSD(T) calculations with the aug-cc-pVnZ (n = D, T, Q, 5) basis sets extrapolated to the complete basis set limit with additional corrections. The predicted properties include the following. Enthalpies of formation (298 K, kcal/mol): ΔHf(CF2O) = −144.7, ΔHf(CHFO) = −91.1, ΔHf(CFO•) = −41.6. Bond dissociation energy (0 K, kcal/mol): BDE(CFO−F) = 120.7, BDE(CHO−F) = 119.1, BDE(CFO−H) = 100.2. Ionization potential (eV): IP1(CF2O) = 13.04, IP2(CF2O) = 14.09, IP1(CHFO) = 12.41, IP2(CHFO) = 13.99, IP1(CFO•) = 9.34. Proton affinity (298 K, kcal/mol), PAO(CF2O) = 148.8, PAO(CHFO) = 156.7, PAF(CHFO) = 154.5 kcal/mol. Electron affinity: EA(CFO•) = 2.38 eV. Triplet−singlet separation gap (eV): ΔET1−S0(CF2O) = 4.47, ΔET1−S0(CHFO) = 4.36. Triplet−triplet transition energy (eV): ΔET2−T1(CF2O) = 0.44. The new calculated values contribute to solving some persistent discrepancies in the literature. The effe...
Does uroflow predict ISD

Aim The term superflow has been given to abnormally high flow rates in women, and has been thought to be indicative of intrinsic sphincteric deficiency (ISD), as ISD is associated with low urethral pressure. Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) damages the sphincteric mechanism extrinsic to the urethra. The aim of this study was to determine if ISD can be predicted from voiding flow rates in women with symptomatic POP. Methods The charts of 82 patients who had undergone surgery for repair of symptomatic vaginal prolapse were reviewed. Uroflow and urodynamic endpoints were compared between dry and stress incontinent patients, and correlations between abdominal leak point pressures (LPP) and pressure/flow data evaluated. Results Average maximum flow (Qmax) at uroflow was greater than at urodynamics with no significant difference in voided volumes. Twenty eight patients were found to have urodynamic stress incontinence (SUI), and an additional 19 to have “occult” stress incontinence. Patients with SUI had higher flow rates at urodynamics than continent patients. Voiding detrusor pressures and flow rates were not different when categorized by LPP cutoffs of 100 and 60 cm/w. Abdominal leak point pressure did not significantly correlate with any uroflow or urodynamic pressure/flow parameter. Conclusions Flow rates, whether determined by uroflow testing or at urodynamics, are not predictive of ISD as defined by a low abdominal leak point pressure, in patients with symptomatic POP. Either the effect of ISD on flow rates is a non-linear complex relationship or LPP does not adequately define ISD. Neurourol. Urodyn. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Geometric structure of p(2×2)-S/Cu(001) determined by medium-energy ion scattering

We have determined the geometric structure of the p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)-S/Cu(001) surface with medium-energy ion scattering. There are qualitative features in our data that clearly show that sulfur adsorption does not induce large atomic rearrangements of the Cu substrate. A detailed analysis based on Monte Carlo simulations shows that the sulfur atoms are located 1.30 \AA{} above the copper surface. The first Cu layer moves outwards by 0.02 \AA{}, and the top-layer Cu atoms move laterally away from the adsorbate by 0.03 \AA{}. This results in a S-Cu bond length of 2.25 \AA{}. Our results are compared with earlier contradictory results on this controversial system. We find excellent agreement with a recent low-energy electron diffraction study.
Students' perceptions of teacher behaviors as motivating and demotivating factors in college classes

This study coded and categorized 2404 motivators and demotivators freely listed by 308 college students prior to and following their being prompted to consider teacher behaviors as contributing to motivation level. Twenty categories of motivators and 20 categories of demotivators emerged; four of each reflected context factors, six of each structure/format factors, and ten of each teacher behavior factors. While teacher behaviors accounted for approximately 44% of both motivators and demotivators, negative teacher behaviors were perceived as more central to students' demotivation (i.e., were listed without prompting) than positive teacher behaviors were perceived as central to motivation. Structure/format factors were more frequently mentioned as demotivators and context factors, such as desire to know the material, grade or credit motivation, and personal desire for accomplishment, as motivators. It was concluded that motivation is perceived by students as a student‐owned state, while lack of motivation ...
Histone and high mobility group protein phosphorylation in the thyroid: regulation by cyclic nucleotides.

A variety of cyclic nucleotide analogs and other agents that affect thyroid cyclic nucleotide metabolism were used to investigate the role of cAMP and cGMP in regulating nuclear protein phosphorylation in calf thyroid slices labeled in vitro with [32P]orthophosphate. Two major groups of acid-soluble proteins were studied. Group I consisted of proteins whose phosphorylation is stimulated by TSH [histones Hi and H3, high mobility group (HMG) protein 14, and the HMG 14/17- like protein PS.3] group II included representatives of a spectrum of proteins whose phosphorylation is unaffected by TSH (histones H2A, H2B, and H4, HMG 17, the HMG 14/17-like protein PS.2, and the nonhistone protein AS.l). The effects of TSH (50 mU/ml) on the 32P labeling of group I proteins were partially reproduced by (Bu)2cAMP (1 mm), 8- bromo-cAMP (1 mm), and butyrate (2 mm), and closely mimicked by 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)cAMP (1 mm), forskolin (25 μm), and butyrate (10 mm). (Bu)2cGMP (1 mm), 8-bromo-cGMP (1 mm), and carbachol (50 μm)...
An Analysis of Adult Obesity and Hypertension in Appalachia

Obesity is a major health problem in the United States, and the burden associated is high. Hypertension seems to be the most common obesity-related health problem. Studies show that hypertension is approximately twice as prevalent among the obese as in the non-obese population. This study has two main objectives. First, to examine the association between obesity and hypertension within the context of economic growth in Appalachia, and second to estimate the cost of hypertension linked to obesity in Appalachia. The study uses simultaneous equations and Logit analysis for estimations. Data are from Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance Systems (BRFSS) surveys of 2001 and 2009. Results for simultaneous analysis show that hypertension decreases with decreasing obesity, increasing employment growth, and increasing income. Logit analysis highlights the importance of controlling obesity, income growth, employment growth, education, and exercises in mitigating hypertension in Appalachia. Ageing indicates a high potential of getting hypertension. Total economic cost of hypertension linked to obesity is $9.35 billion, significantly a high cost to Appalachia. Overall, results reveal the impacts of obesity on hypertension and some possible ways of mitigation. Thus, results suggest a comprehensive set of policies to Appalachia which sufficiently improve employment opportunities, educational facilities, and healthcare facilities with adequately addressed to obesity and hypertension.
Vibrational relaxation of diatomic molecules in condensed monatomic media

Abstract A model based on binary-like collisions is presented to describe the vibrational relaxation of diatomic molecules in a monatomic medium. For N 2 Ar and COAr, it is shown that the oscillatory motion of host atoms undergoing multiquantrum processes is most important in removing vibrational energy. The translational motion of molecules confined to the cell space also contributes to the energy relaxation by removing the energy mismatch.
Obesity in infancy and early childhood.

Abstract Obesity in infancy and early childhood is a poorly understood and poorly studied syndrome. Current clinical evidence indicates that it is a heterogenous set of disorders, each with its own etiology and natural history. Obesity in infancy and early childhood is divided into endogenous and exogenous forms. The exogenous forms are subdivided into obesity caused by simple excessive caloric intake, familial factors, psychogenic problems, and mixed etiologies.
Rectifying Electrical Synapses Can Affect the Influence of Synaptic Modulation on Output Pattern Robustness

Rectifying electrical synapses are commonplace, but surprisingly little is known about how rectification alters the dynamics of neuronal networks. In this study, we use computational models to investigate how rectifying electrical synapses change the behavior of a small neuronal network that exhibits complex rhythmic output patterns. We begin with an electrically coupled circuit of three oscillatory neurons with different starting frequencies, and subsequently add two additional neurons and inhibitory chemical synapses. The five-cell model represents a pattern-generating neuronal network with two simultaneous rhythms competing for the recruitment of a hub neuron. We compare four different configurations of rectifying synapse placement and polarity, and we investigate how rectification changes the functional output of this network. Rectification can have a striking effect on the network's sensitivity to alterations of the strengths of the chemical synapses in the network. For some configurations, the rectification makes the circuit dynamics remarkably robust against changes in synaptic strength compared with the nonrectifying case. Based on our findings, we predict that modulation of rectifying electrical synapses could have functional consequences for the neuronal circuits that express them.
Vocal cord paralysis following child abuse

Otorhinologic manifestations of child abuse are infrequently reported in the literature. Three cases of vocal cord paralysis following child abuse are presented. The pathophysiology of vocal cord paralysis is reviewed as it relates to pediatric vocal cord paralysis. Recognition of the possibility of vocal cord paralysis in an abused child who suffers significant head trauma or a strangulation injury is necessary to insure a more rapid diagnosis and initiation of effective therapy more promptly.
“Nearly Everybody Gets Twitterpated”: The Disney Version of Mothering

This essay makes the case that during the American cold-war era, Disney’s animated film classics worked in tandem with their True-Life Adventure series of nature documentaries to reproduce traditional mothering ideology under patriarchy. The animated films do this not by animating the realities of marriage, childbirth, and mothering work for girls to model after but instead by idealizing the dream of romance that leads to the making of the traditional patriarchal family. Through the use of anthropomorphism in the True-Life Adventures, scripts of manhood and motherhood are represented as natural and essential rather than socially constructed. Because of their continual promotion as “timeless masterpieces” and their widespread popularity, Disney animated films and documentaries produced before the second wave of feminism therefore continue to seduce girls toward their own erasure and disempowerment under patriarchy.
Regulation of Prolactin and Growth Hormone Production by Clonal Strains of Functional Pituitary Cells in Culture

This report describes the use of clonal strains of rat pituitary tumor cells to study the regulation of prolactin and growth hormone production. Emphasis is placed on the effects on prolactin production of the hypothalamic tripeptide pGlu-His-ProNH2, also called thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). TRH binds to specific cellular receptors and stimulates initially the release of previously synthesized prolactin; several hours later it stimulates the synthesis of prolactin. Several kinds of experimental results are consistent with the hypothesis that cyclic AMP mediates the TRH-stimuIated release of prolactin. However, all of the effects of TRH on these cells in culture are not mimicked by cyclic AMP analogs, for TRH decreases growth hormone production while it increases the synthesis of prolactin, and the analog dibutyryl cyclic AMP increases the production of both hormones.
Retrovirus-Induced Spongiform Neurodegeneration Is Mediated by Unique Central Nervous System Viral Targeting and Expression of Env Alone

Certain murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) can induce progressive noninflammatory spongiform neurodegeneration similar to that caused by prions. The primary MLV determinants responsible have been mapped to within the env gene; however, it has remained unclear how env mediates disease, whether non-Env viral components are required, and what central nervous system (CNS) cells constitute the critical CNS targets. To address these questions, we examined the effect of transplanting engraftable C17.2 neural stem cells engineered to pseudotype, disseminate, and trans-complement neurovirulent (CasBrE, CasE, and CasES) or non-neurovirulent (Friend and SFF-FE) env sequences (SU or SU/TM) within the CNS using either the "non-neurovirulent" amphotropic helper virus, 4070A, or pgag-polgpt (a nonpackaged vector encoding Gag-Pol). These studies revealed that acute MLV-induced spongiosis results from two separable activities of Env. First, Env causes neuropathology through unique viral targeting within the CNS, which was efficiently mediated by ecotropic Envs (CasBrE and Friend), but not 4070A amphotropic Env. Second, Env induces spongiosis through a toxin activity that is MLV-receptor independent and does not require the coexpression of other viral structural proteins. CasBrE and 4070A Envs possess the toxin activity, whereas Friend Env does not. Although the identity of the critical viral target cell(s) remains unresolved, our results appear to exclude microglia and oligodendrocyte lineage cells, while implicating viral entry into susceptible neurons. Thus, MLV-induced disease parallels prionopathies in that a single protein, Env, mediates both the CNS targeting and the toxicity of the infectious agent that manifests itself as progressive vacuolar neurodegeneration.
Studies in Lithium Oxide Systems: VI, Progress Report on the System Li2O‐SiO2‐TiO2

Data on compatibility triangles and liquid immiscibility are presented for the portion of the ternary system bounded by SiO2, Li2O, SiO2, Li0O TiO2, and TiO2. X-ray data showed the ternary compound Li2O. TiO2. SiO2 to be tetragonal with a= 6.41 a.u. and C= 4.40 a.u. The compound is uniaxial negative with 1.81 < < 1.82 and 1.83 < < 1.84. It melted to two liquids at 1207° 3°C. Seven joins were established by solid-state, fusion, and quenching methods. Using electron microscopy and petrographic microscope and quenching data, liquid immiscibility originating in the binary system SiO2-TiO2 was shown to extend over a substantial portion of the ternary system.
Disproportionation of aquachromyl(IV) ion by hydrogen abstraction from coordinated water.

In aqueous solutions, the aquachromyl(IV) ion, CraqO2+, disproportionates to Craq3+ and HCrO4-. The reaction exhibits second-order kinetics with an inverse [H+] dependence, −d[CraqO2+]/dt = 38.8[Cr...
Evaluation of TeleMOVE: a Telehealth Weight Reduction Intervention for Veterans with Obesity

Background The rates of overweight and obesity are high among United States Veterans, necessitating the development of accessible weight reduction interventions.
Determinants of positive and negative consequences of alcohol consumption in college students: alcohol use, gender, and psychological characteristics

To examine the influence of alcohol consumption, gender, and psychological risk and protective factors on college students' experiences of negative and positive consequences, the present study of 181 students assessed frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption, negative and positive consequences of alcohol use, positive alcohol expectancies, constructive thinking, and positive and negative affect. Results indicated that men and women differed in their experience of some consequences and that while alcohol consumption was generally more strongly related to consequences for women than for men, it was unrelated to most consequences. Further, when controlling for alcohol consumption, positive alcohol expectancies and negative affect were positively related to experiencing positive and negative consequences while constructive thinking was related to fewer positive and fewer negative consequences. Results indicate that consequences are much more strongly related to psychological risk and protective factors than to alcohol consumption. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for intervention efforts.
Windowless vacuum ultraviolet collimator

We describe a vacuum collimator that we have assembled to characterize the windowless ultraviolet properties of a sounding rocket spectrographic telescope. The collimator comprises a Cassegrain telescope, with SiC coated optics, used in the pre-flight calibration phase of the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer, and vacuum skins provided by NASA/Wallops. The collimator focal plane has a three-axis motorized stage, which we have used for the precision placement of a knife edge focal locator along with pinhole and flat-field sources. We describe the focusing procedure and present the results of a number of experiments whereby the collimator, telescope and spectrograph point spread functions were determined and a spectro-spatial flat-field of the detector was acquired.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Arginine deiminase: demonstration of two active sites and possible half-of-the-sites reactivity.

Abstract Arginine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.6) from Mycoplasma arthritidis is a dimeric enzyme. Velocity centrifugation in 6 M guanidine HCl and peptide mapping of the BrCN fragments suggest that the subunits are identical. The reaction of one out of four sulfhydryl groups with 0.3 mM 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) has a half-life of about 30 min in 2 M guanidine HCl at 15°, pH 8. The enzyme is irreversibly inhibited by 1 mM formamidinium ion within 1 min. Inactivation by this affinity label is resolvable into two concurrent first-order reactions in the presence of guanidinium ion; the fraction of enzyme which reacts at the faster rate is about 50%. These results are interpreted as evidence for two catalytic subunits which differ in conformation.
359 INTENSIVE CARE MANAGEMENT IN ASTHMATIC CHILDREN

Management and outcome of children with severe acute asthma who were admitted for 8 hours or more to the PICU of the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, during 1988 to 1991 was reviewed. A total of 180 children were admitted on 202 occasions; the medical records were reviewed for the following data: patient characteristics, treatment before admission to and in PPICU, and outcome. In the referral hospital continuous nebulized undiluted salbutamol was given in 41% (in PICU 73%), 45% of the children did not receive any topic bronchodilators. IV steroids were given in 63% (in PICU 91%), iv salbutamol in 20% (in PICU 35%), iv aminophylline in 50% (in PICU 73%), but only in 8% as a continuous infusion (PICU 79%). Mechanical ventilation was necessary in 25% of admissions, in 65% the children have been intuabted outside of PICU. Six patients died, representing a 3.0%-mortality. It is concluded that delay in seeking medical care, under-diagnosis and undertreatment in the pre-hospital time and at the hospital, patient's delay in referral to hospital and delay in referral to a specialised children's hospital could contribute to mortality and morbidity. The excessive use of inhaled bronchodilators and systemic corticosteroids can avoid intubation and improves the outcome.
Modular poly(ethylene glycol) scaffolds provide the ability to decouple the effects of stiffness and protein concentration on PC12 cells.

This research focused on developing a modular poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) scaffold, assembled from PEG microgels and collagen I, to provide an environment to decouple the chemical and mechanical cues within a three-dimensional scaffold. We first characterized the microgel fabrication process, examining the size, polydispersity, swelling ratio, mesh size and storage modulus of the polymer particles. The resulting microgels had a low polydispersity index, PDI=1.08, and a diameter of ~1.6 μm. The mesh size of the microgels, calculated from the swelling ratio, was 47.53 A. Modular hydrogels (modugels) were then formed by compacting N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimidyl group-activated microgels with PEG-4arm-amine and 0, 1, 10, or 100 μg ml(-1) collagen. The stiffness (G(∗)) of the modugels was not significantly altered with the addition of collagen, allowing for modification of the chemical environment independent from the mechanical properties of the scaffold. PC12 cell aggregation increased in modugels as collagen concentrations increased and cell viability in modugels was improved over bulk PEG hydrogels. Overall, these results indicate that further exploration of modular scaffolds formed from microgels could allow for a better understanding of the relationship between the chemical and mechanical properties and cellular behavior.
New techniques of viscosurgery with phacoemulsification

Sodium hyaluronate is a valuable aid for phacoemulsification and intraocular lens insertion. Procedures such as anterior capsulotomy, polishing the capsule, lens adjustment, incision closure, and conversion to planned extracapsular cataract extraction are facilitated when sodium hyaluronate is used. A new method of removing it from the eye is presented.
Summary of a Theory of Bioelectric Excitation

This is a preliminary statement of an unpublished theory that interprets electrophysiological data by considering the kinetics of organic biochemical reactions. I refer to some of these reactions as bioelectrochemical, meaning that they employ physiological electrodes and proceed as electric currents. Electrodes can catalyze faster reactions with less heat production than would be possible without them. This short paper cannot present the entire theory. Neither can it present the equations and experimental evidence. But it does explain how one coenzyme can modulate both the inward and outward currents of a voltage-clamped preparation, how, in other words, it can serve the purpose presently ascribed to two gated channels.
Atoms for peace, scientific internationalism, and scientific intelligence

Abstract The promotion of the benign atom as an instrument of American foreign policy and hegemonic ambitions was important to scientists and policy makers alike who sought to win “hearts and minds” in the early years of the cold war. The distribution of radioisotopes to friendly nations for research and medicinal purposes in the late 1940s was followed by Eisenhower’s far more spectacular Atoms for Peace initiative, announced at the United Nations in December 1953. This chapter describes the polyvalent significance of the diffusion first of radioisotopes, then of reactor technology, notably at the famous conference in Geneva in 1955. It places particular emphasis on the role of scientists and their appeal to scientific internationalism to promote national scientific leadership. It is stressed that openness and security, sharing knowledge or technology and implementing regimes of surveillance, were two sides of the same coin.
Effects of Inversion Height and Surface Heat Flux on Downslope Windstorms

AbstractSimulations are presented focusing on the role of temperature inversions in controlling the formation and strength of downslope wind storms. Three mechanisms are examined depending on the relative height of the inversion with respect to the mountain and the stability of vertically propagating mountain waves. For low-level inversions, flows are generated that closely resemble a reduced gravity shallow water hydraulic response with a large vertical displacement of the inversion on the lee side of the mountain. For higher-level inversion cases, simulated flows more closely followed a stratified hydraulic behavior with the inversion acting as a rigid reflective lid. In the third mechanism, downslope winds were forced by a self-induced critical layer located below the inversion height. The presence of the inversion in this case had little effect on the resulting downslope winds.Observations made on the Falkland Islands show that downslope windstorms may preferentially occur in early morning even withou...
Transposing molecular fluorescent switches into the near-IR: development of luminogenic reporter substrates for redox metabolism.

This study reports the development of a Nd(III)-based near-IR luminescent probe for monitoring aldo-ketoreductase (AKR) enzyme activity. We have adapted a coumarin-based reporter substrate for the AKR1C2 to a near-IR emitting format by tethering the former to a macrocyclic Nd(III) moiety via an alkyl linker. Enzymatic reduction of the ketone functionality on the coumarin alters the energy transfer efficiency from the fluorophore to the emitting lanthanide species, resulting in emission at ∼1060 nm from the alcohol product. The efficiency of sensitization is not significantly affected by extending the alkyl tether from two to three carbons, and even a six-carbon linker still supports viable sensitized luminescence. In addition, the suitability of these complexes to act as enzyme substrates improves with longer linker length. We have thus developed long wavelength luminogenic reporter substrates for a redox enzyme and also a general platform for transposing molecular fluorescence into the more desirable nea...
C‐polymodal nociceptors activated by noxious low temperature in human skin.

1. Fifty-five C-polymodal nociceptors innervating hairy skin in human volunteers were tested for discrete stimulus-response properties through microneurography. 2. All fifty-five units were responsive to mechanical and heat stimuli. Twenty-two (40%) of these exhibited an additional response to noxious low temperature. The twenty-two mechano-heat-cold nociceptors displayed similar receptor responses to heat and mechanical stimuli, and conduction velocity, as those of the pure mechano-heat C-polymodal nociceptors. 3. Low temperature stimuli between 19 and 0 degree C evoked responses at low discharge frequency (0.4 +/- 0.22 impulses s-1, mean +/- S.E.M.) in the twenty-two units sensitive to such energy. These units displayed a tendency to decrease their discharge after a few seconds of steady stimulation. 4. Three units tested with a freezing stimulus responded with relatively vigorous discharge, which never exceeded the maximal discharge frequency elicited by either mechanical or heat stimuli. One of these units became sensitized to heat after the freezing challenge. 5. It is concluded that a subpopulation of C-polymodal nociceptors is sensitive to noxious low temperature and may thus contribute to the determination of cold pain. The same type of primary afferent is probably one mediator of the symptom cold hyperalgesia in peripheral nerve disease.
Genetic testing today.

The commercial introduction of next-generation sequencing has made it possible to test for mutations in all known or suspected breast cancer predisposition genes in one panel, at one time, for about the same cost as a BRCA gene test. Clinicians are increasingly presented with the challenge of advising patients with mutations in rare breast cancer predisposition genes. Literature review and personal experience with panel tests. Panel tests are more likely to identify a variant of uncertain clinical significance than a deleterious mutation. In addition, not all of the genes included in panel tests are unequivocally linked to increased breast cancer risk, and for most genes the penetrance is highly variable, making it difficult to translate a specific mutation into an absolute breast cancer risk. The three-generation cancer family history should be used to select truly high-risk families for panel testing, and then referred to again when the results are received in order to guide risk-management decisions. Knowing a breast cancer patient’s mutation status can influence decisions about local–regional and systemic therapy, but turnaround times for many tests are still too long to incorporate them into the initial evaluation of a new breast cancer. The commercialization of next-generation sequencing has the potential to greatly enhance the identification and management of individuals with an inherited predisposition to breast cancer. A period of uncertainty is anticipated before the full potential of this new technology is realized.
ULTRASONOGRAFÍA DOPPLER EN EMBARAZOS DE TÉRMINO CON OLIGOHIDROAMNIOS AISLADO

RESUMEN Objetivos: Evaluar la unidad feto placentaria, mediante ecografia doppler fetal, en pacientes embarazadas de termino con oligohidroamnios aislado (OHA) y comparar los resultados en embarazadas con liquido am-niotico normal. Metodo: Estudio transversal de 19 pacientes con embarazo de termino y OHA sin patologia asociada. Se compara la evaluacion del doppler con un grupo control de embarazadas con liquido amniotico normal. Como objetivo principal se mide el indice de pulsatilidad (IP) de las arterias renal, cerebral media y umbilical fetal, y como secundarios se evaluan los resultados neonatales. Resultados: Los resultados de la medicion doppler de IP en pacientes con OHA v/s control fueron no significativos: 2,03 v/s 2,04 en arteria renal (p >0,05), 1,37 v/s 1,35 en arteria cerebral media (p >0,05), 0,79 v/s 0,82 en arteria umbilical (p >0,05). Los objetivos secundarios no mostraron diferencias estadisticamente significativas. Conclusion: El OHA aislado en pacientes con embarazo de termino no se asocia con alteracion del doppler fetal, por lo que no se relaciona con deterioro de la funcion placentaria.PALABRAS CLAVE:
Commercial Banking on the U.S.-Mexico Border

In order to investigate constraints imposed by the U.S.-Mexico border on financial flows and their effects upon border financial institutions, a survey of 74 commercial banks was conducted. These banks are located in twenty-five United States Border counties. In addition, several banks in Bexar County, Texas (San Antonio), which has had traditionally strong ties with Mexico, were also surveyed. The survey instrument was designed to determine how the border affected the banks' marketing strategies and definition of market area. Further, we were interested in knowing the bankers' views on the nature and importance of identifiable economic and social barriers to the allocation of financial resources in the border region. The first two sections of the paper review the socioeconomic characteristics and financial structure of both the sample counties and their Mexican counterparts. In the third section, the results of the survey are presented. Finally, we explore alternative measures for improving the allocation of financial resources in U.S.-Mexican border communities.
Persistence of commercial nanoscaled zero-valent iron (nZVI) and by-products

The use of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) for in situ remediation of a wide scale of environmental pollutants is increasing. Bench and field pilot studies have recorded successful cleanup of many pollutants using nZVI and other iron-mediated nanoparticles. However, a major question remains unanswered: what is the long-term environmental fate of the iron nanoparticles used for remediation? We aged three types of commercial nZVI in different aqueous media, including a groundwater sample, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions for 28 days, and found that the bulk of the nZVI injected into polluted sites will end up in the sediment phase of the aquifer. This is mainly due to aggregation-induced sedimentation of the nZVI and the insoluble iron oxides formed when nZVI undergoes corrosion. Iron concentrations >500 g/kg were detected in sediment, a loading level of iron that may potentially affect some organisms and also reduce the permeability of aquifers. Dissolved and suspended iron concentrations initially surged when nZVI was applied, but iron decreased steadily in the supernatant and suspended sediment as the bulk of the iron partitioned into the sediment. Solution and surface chemistry of the iron species showed that nZVI remains reactive for more than 1 month, and that the reactivity of iron and its transformations are governed by environmental factors, including the presence of different ions, ionic strength, natural organic matter, and pH.
Localization of cells preferentially expressing GAD67 with negligible GAD65 transcripts in the rat hippocampus. A double in situ hybridization study

Two major forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are present in the mammalian brain, a 65-kDa isoform (GAD(65)) and a 67-kDa isoform (GAD(67)), and it is usually assumed that all GABAergic neurons contain both. The two forms have not yet been colocalized to the same neurons, because the GAD(65) protein is found almost exclusively in axon terminals, while GAD(67) is found predominantly in the cell body. Using double in situ hybridization (DISH) with both radioactive [35S] and non-radioactive (digoxigenin, DIG) probes, the distributions of GAD(65) and GAD(67) mRNA have been simultaneously examined in the rat hippocampus. The results suggest that [35S] radioprobes are slightly more sensitive than DIG probes, and that the reversal of labels is necessary in DISH studies to determine whether a neuronal subtype which expresses only one isoform of GAD may be present. The data indicate that the majority of cells (90%) showing labeling were labeled for both GAD(65) and GAD(67) mRNA. In sectors CA1 and CA3 approximately 5-10% of the cells positive for GAD(67) showed little or no detectable GAD(65) mRNA. In the hilus, however, GAD(65) levels were higher, and all cells seem to express both GAD(65) and GAD(67) mRNA. Taken together, these results support the view that most GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus express both GAD(65) and GAD(67). However, it appears that some interneurons in the CA subfields differ from "classic" GABAergic interneurons by preferentially expressing the 67-kDa isoform of GAD under baseline conditions, with GAD(65) mRNA levels very low or absent.
Biological scaling: does the exception prove the rule?

Arising from: P. B. Reich, M. G. Tjoelker, J.-L. Machado & J. Oleksyn , 457–461 (2006)10.1038/nature04282 ; Reich et al. reply , Hedin reply Reich et al.1 report that the whole-plant respiration rate, R, in seedlings scales linearly with plant mass, M, so that when θ ≈ 1, in which cR is the scaling normalization and θ is the scaling exponent. They also state that because nitrogen concentration (N) is correlated with cR, variation in N is a better predictor of R than M would be. Reich et al. and Hedin2 incorrectly claim that these “universal” findings question the central tenet of metabolic scaling theory, which they interpret as predicting θ = ¾, irrespective of the size of the plant. Here we show that these conclusions misrepresent metabolic scaling theory and that their results are actually consistent with this theory.
Quasi-optimization of relay servos by use of discontinuous damping

A NUMBER of articles1?6 have been written which deal with the optimum response of a relay servo to a step input, with some mention of a ramp input. If optimum response is defined as that response which regains position correspondence in minimum time and without overshoot, then it has been shown that an ideal relay servo with second order motor-load combination may be optimized. The optimized relay servo has one period of acceleration with maximum torque, an instantaneous torque reversal (ideal relay) at an appropriate point, and one period of deceleration with maximum torque. The system attains zero error and zero error-rate simultaneously, the torque is removed, and the system is stationary at zero error. For the second order motor-load, with a maximum torque specification, this represents the fastest possible response. For higher order motor-load units, more switching operations5 are required.
An Artificial Neural Network Representation for Artificial Organisms

We introduce an artificial neural network (ANN) representation that supports the evolution of complex behaviors in artificial organisms. The strength and location of each connection in the network is specified by a connection descriptor. The connection descriptors are mapped directly into a bit-string to which a genetic algorithm is applied. We empirically compare this representation to other ANN-based representations in the complex AntFarm task.
Repair of a Rodent Nasal Critical‐Size Osseous Defect With Osteoblast Augmented Collagen Gel

Objectives/Hypothesis: Facial skeletal defects are a common challenge for the otolaryngologist. Type I collagen gels have shown promise in the repair of nonhealing critical size defects (CSDs) of facial bone by providing scaffolding for new bone growth by osteoblasts at the defect perimeter. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect that suspending osteoblasts within a type I collagen gel has on the repair of a rodent facial CSD. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial using a rodent model. Methods: A previously described facial CSD was created by removing the nasalis bones with a cutting burr to the level of the nasal mucosal membranes on 18 Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups of six animals were treated with an implant containing either 300 μg of type I collagen gel, 12 × 10 5 osteoblasts suspended within type I collagen gel, or 12 × 10 5 fibroblasts suspended within type I collagen gel for comparison. After 30 days the animals were examined at necropsy with planimetry, histological analysis of new bone growth, and radiodensitometric analysis of bone thickness. Results: All animals had complete coverage with a thin layer of bone. Histological sectioning revealed an increased thickness in the osteoblast augmented group. Radiodensitometric measurements revealed a statistically significant increase in bone repair in the osteoblast group compared with the collagen-only group (P ≤ .0005) and the fibroblast group (P ≤.04). Conclusion: Type I collagen gels augmented with an osteoblastic suspension significantly enhance the repair of nasal CSDs in a rodent model. The use of cultured bone precursor cells represents a leap forward in osteoengineering.
Screening for celiac disease in short bowel syndrome.

Background: Malabsorptive diarrhea due to short bowel syndrome (SBS) results in nutrition compromise, often requiring parenteral nutrition (PN). Activation of latent celiac disease can occur after gastrointestinal surgery. Our objective was to determine whether undiagnosed celiac disease contributes to malabsorption in patients with SBS. Methods: Adult subjects with SBS were tested for celiac disease using immunoglobulin A (IgA) tissue transglutaminase (TTG) antibody and total IgA level. Subjects with an elevated IgA tissue transglutaminase were offered upper endoscopy with biopsies of the duodenum. Results: Eighteen subjects were enrolled. The subjects were predominantly white, and the most common cause of SBS was Crohn's disease. The mean length of remaining small bowel was 93.1 ± 54.6 cm. All subjects had undergone surgeries, resulting in loss of the ileocecal valve. Five subjects were found to have an elevated total IgA. A single patient was found to have an elevated IgA tissue transglutaminase antibo...
An Evaluation of Problems Affecting the Measurement of Low Relative Humidity on the United States Radiosonde

Abstract This paper explores the low-humidity problem that has plagued the radiosonde hygristor for nearly 30 years and that makes the hygristor appear to become insensitive at relative humidities (RH) below about 20% RH. The problem led the National Weather Service (NWS) in 1973 to begin a practice of terminating the radiosonde humidity measurement at 20% RH and to begin reporting any humidities evaluated at less than 20% using a 30°C dewpoint depression in the coded radiosonde message. This practice remains in effect today and has resulted in a permanent, 20-year gap in the radiosonde humidity archive for the United States. This study examines a number of factors that can potentially affect the accuracy of NWS radiosonde low-humidity data, including 1) characteristics of the hygristor response curve, 2) characteristics of the NWS analog radiosonde and methods used to transmit and record the radiosonde signal, and 3) reduction techniques used to convert the radiosonde signal into RH. It is shown that the...
The Transcriptional Activators BAS1, BAS2, and ABF1 Bind Positive Regulatory Sites as the Critical Elements for Adenine Regulation of ADE5,7

Adenine repression of the purine nucleotide biosynthetic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae involves down-regulation of the activator protein BAS1 or BAS2 by an unknown mechanism. To determine the minimal cis-acting requirements for adenine regulation, hybrid promoter constructs were made betweenADE5,7 promoter fragments and a CYC1-lacZreporter. A 139-nucleotide fragment containing two BAS1 binding sites was sufficient to confer adenine regulation on theCYC1-lacZ reporter. Analysis of deletion and substitution mutations led to the conclusion that the proximal BAS1 binding site is both necessary and sufficient for regulation, whereas the distal site augments the function of the proximal site. By performing saturation mutagenesis, we found two essential regions that flank the proximal site. An ABF1 consensus sequence is within one of these regions, and mutations that impaired in vitro ABF1 binding impaired promoter activity in vivo. A second region is AT-rich and appears to bind BAS2. No substitution mutations led to high level constitutive promoter activity as would be expected from removal of an upstream repression sequence. Our results indicate that ABF1, BAS1, and BAS2 are required for ADE5,7 promoter function and that adenine repression most likely involves activator modification or a negative regulator that does not itself bind DNA.