cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intraspecific chloroplast DNA variation and biogeography of North American Liriodendron L. (Magnoliaceae).

Restriction site variation in chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) was surveyed to analyze population dynamics in Liriodendron tulipifera L., a woody angiosperm found in eastern North America. Two cpDNA haplotypes, differing by the presence or absence of five restriction site changes (nucleotide sequence divergence estimated as approximately 0.15%) are geographically structured; 61 widespread populations possess the "northern" haplotype and three isolated populations of central Florida possess the "southern" haplotype. This geographic break in cpDNA distribution corresponds to patterns of geographic distribution revealed by a previous survey of allozyme variation, with the exception that analyses of allozyme data further divided the populations containing the northern cpDNA haplotype into two groups, a widespread upland group and a coastal intermediate group. Analyses of these two independent data sets together support the hypothesis that L. tulipifera survived the glacial advances of the Pleistocene in two distinct refugia, possibly as different taxa, and the intermediate coastal group was putatively formed from recent hybridizations between these entities.
Acetic acid iontophoresis for the treatment of insertional Achilles tendonitis.

Posterior heel pain is a constellation of pathologies that may include retrocalcaneal bursitis, insertional tendonitis, paratenonitis and tendonosis among others.1 The diagnosis of insertional Achilles tendonitis can be established clinically and radiographically and must be differentiated from retrocalcaneal bursitis and Haglund's deformity.2 Patients present clinically with chronic pain of gradual onset typically relieved when the patient is unshod and it may be painful to perform a single leg raise.3 ,4 Calcaneal exostoses of the Achilles tendon may be evident on radiograph. Exostoses composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) are exposed to the more chemically active acetate radical and replace the carbonate forming the blood soluble calcium acetate molecule (Ca(C3H3O2)2).5 A treatment algorithm has been developed for posterior heel pain.3 Initial therapeutic modalities include physical therapy, orthotic management and anti-inflammatory medications.3 …
Anthropology and Public Administration

I work as an anthropologist with a diverse group of people known as public administrators. My job is teaching both pre-professional students and practitioners in the School of Public Administration (SPA) at the University of Southern California.
Chloride transport in rabbit esophageal epithelial cells

We investigated Cl− transport pathways in the apical and basolateral membranes of rabbit esophageal epithelial cells (EEC) using conventional and ion-selective microelectrodes. Intact sections of e...
Ottoman Political Reform in the Provinces: The Damascus Advisory Council in 1844–45

The year 1844–45 in Damascus province was a dry one, aggravated by a brutal winter frost. Reports of ruined crops and disputes over precious water sources reached the city, where as yet there was still enough to eat. But the city was by no means immune to the drought. It was felt in varying ways, like rising prices and, of all things, a shortage of leeches. Barbers could not get enough of them to meet medical needs, and their prices had risen sharply. So the barbers began smuggling them. An Ottoman market official (multazim), on noticing that government leech sales for that month had dropped from 45,000 to 7,000, ordered police (tufenkci) to confiscate the creatures from barbershops and sold them himself for profit. Conflict between the official and barbers exploded, and each side made its way, as rural peasants and tax collectors had in the crisis, to the ultimate court of appeal in the province, the Majlis Shūrā al-Shām al-ʿAlī, or high advisory council for Damascus province.
Do Birds of a Feather Flock Higher? The Effects of Partner Similarity on Innovation in Strategic Alliances in Knowledge‐Intensive Industries

In spite of the consensus on the benefits of strategic alliances for learning and innovation, our understanding of the effects of partner similarity remains conflicted. This paper develops an integrative theoretical framework in which we propose that similar partners in a focal firm's alliance portfolio contribute to the firm's innovation up to a threshold, beyond which additional similar partners can lead to a decrease in innovation because of the trade-offs embedded in collaboration between similar partners. In this integrative framework, we also draw on organizational ecology and institutional perspectives to propose that the effect of partner similarity on innovation is positively moderated by organizational aging and the industry norm of collaboration at the firm's founding. Results from an analysis of 176 biotechnology firms between 1988 and 1999 support our arguments. This study contributes to research on strategic alliance and innovation by considering both the benefits and costs of partner similarity in the context of alliance portfolios and by exploring the multilevel contingencies for the effects of partner similarity.
HLA antigens and haplotypes in acute leukemia

Abstract HLA-antigen and haplotype frequencies were determined in 198 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 179 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). In AML there were no significant deviations. A slight increase of HLA-A2 and A9 was found in patients with ALL which is in agreement with a number of reports in the literature. The deviation for HLA-A2 was confirmed by segregation analysis in families, where healthy siblings served as a control. There was no increase in the number of homozygotes at the HLA-A and B loci in neither AML nor ALL. The number of families in which the parents share one HLA-A,B haplotype was not higher than expected in both diseases. Thus there is no evidence for a recessive mode of action for the assumed HLA-A2 associated gene.
Electron transport in inversion and accumulation layers of III–V compounds

Abstract In metal/oxide/semiconductor devices, carriers may be confined to a narrow region sufficiently close to the interface that they behave as a quasi-two-dimensional system. In such a case, the carrier transport will differ fundamentally from that in the bulk owing to the reduced dimensionality of the surface carrier system. Because of the close proximity of the surface, scattering due to interface charge states and surface imperfections becomes particularly important, especially for III–V compound devices where interface control is difficult. In this paper a discussion is given of the various scattering mechanisms which are expected to be important for quantized electrons in III–V compound inversion and accumulation layers. In addition a review is given of the experimental studies relating to transport at these surfaces.
Mobility of Slow Electrons in Polar Crystals

An intermediate-coupling calculation of polaron-phonon scattering has been carried out by expressing the scattering amplitude directly in terms of matrix elements between exact eigenstates of the Hamiltonian corresponding to the initial and final states of the scattered particle. The basic approximation made is in the use of the rather accurate polaron wave functions of Lee, Low, and Pines for these initial and final states. The result for the mobility, which is only valid in the low-temperature region ($T\ensuremath{\ll}\ensuremath{\theta}$) is $\ensuremath{\mu}=\frac{1}{2\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\omega}}\left(\frac{e}{m}\right)\frac{1}{{[1+(\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{6})]}^{3}}f(\ensuremath{\alpha})\mathrm{exp}(\frac{\ensuremath{\omega}}{\ensuremath{\kappa}T}),$ where $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is the coupling constant for the electron-phonon interaction and $f(\ensuremath{\alpha})$ is a slowly varying quantity of order $\frac{5}{4}$ for $3l\ensuremath{\alpha}l6$.
AKT1 and AKT2 maintain hematopoietic stem cell function by regulating reactive oxygen species

Although AKT is essential for multiple cellular functions, the role of this kinase family in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is unknown. Thus, we analyzed HSC function in mice deficient in the 2 isoforms most highly expressed in the hematopoietic compartment, AKT1 and AKT2. Although loss of either isoform had only a minimal effect on HSC function, AKT1/2 double-deficient HSCs competed poorly against wild-type cells in the development of myeloid and lymphoid cells in in vivo reconstitution assays. Serial transplantations revealed an essential role for AKT1 and AKT2 in the maintenance of long-term HSCs (LT-HSCs). AKT1/2 double-deficient LT-HSCs were found to persist in the G0 phase of the cell cycle, suggesting that the long-term functional defects are caused by increased quiescence. Furthermore, we found that the intracellular content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is dependent on AKT because double-deficient HSCs demonstrate decreased ROS. The importance of maintaining ROS for HSC differentiation was shown by a rescue of the differentiation defect after pharmacologically increasing ROS levels in double-deficient HSCs. These data implicate AKT1 and AKT2 as critical regulators of LT-HSC function and suggest that defective ROS homeostasis may contribute to failed hematopoiesis.
Insect Disinfestation of Shelled Pecans, Almonds, and Walnuts by Gamma Radiation

Shelled pecans, almonds, and English walnuts were infested with the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); or the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), and then treated with 10, 20, or 40 krad of gamma radiation. Reproduction by the beetles was greatly reduced or eliminated by the 10-krad treatment, and at higher levels no offspring were produced. All P. interpunctella were not eliminated by the 10-krad dosage, and 1 survived the 20-krad treatment. Control was complete with 40 krad. A practical level of insect control in bulk nutmeats could probably be achieved by a 20- to 25-krad treatment, but in packaged nutmeats 40 krad would probably be needed to prevent all signs of feeding damage.
A Practical, Efficient Synthesis of 1,1-Dioxo-hexahydro-1λ6-thiopyran-4-carbaldehyde

A practical, efficient, and scalable procedure for the preparation of 1,1-dioxo-hexahydro-1λ6-thiopyran-4-carbaldehyde is reported. Synthesis of this aldehyde was complicated by high aqueous solubility of the product and the intermediates. The isolation and purification of the aldehyde was accomplished by conversion to the crystalline bisulfite adduct.
ISOLATION OF THE PROTEOLYTIC DIGESTIVE ENZYMES FROM THE GASTRIC JUICE OF THE CRAYFISH ORCONECTES VIRILIS (HAGEN).

Abstract 1. 1. Gastric juice extracts of Orconectes virilis demonstrate two pH optima for caseinase activity, one in the acid range at pH 6·0 and the other a broad peak in the alkaline range between pH 7·5 and pH 8·5. 2. 2. Maximum casein hydrolysis is observed at 49°C when gastric juice is incubated for 20 min at pH 6·0 or pH 8·0 indicating that the 35°C assay temperature is in the ascending phase of the activity curve. 3. 3. Gastric juice extracts hydrolyze CGP, Bz-GA and TAME at an optimal pH of 6·0, 7·0 and 8·0 respectively but BTEE and L -leucinamide are not hydrolyzed after incubations at pH 4·0–pH 9·0. 4. 4. Three proteolytic components can be isolated from the gastric juice by vertical acrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequent assay of eluted components for caseinase activity at pH 6·0 whereas only two components can be detected at pH 8·0. 5. 5. The hydrolysis of TAME is confined to be fastest moving anodal component whereas CGP and Bz-GA activities are attributed to a component of slightly lower mobility. The proteinase of lowest electrophoretic mobility does not hydrolyze any of the synthetic substrates tested. 6. 6. The TAME-specific proteinase is stable only in an alkaline medium and is anionic in gels as low as pH 3·7 indicating that the overall structure of the enzyme differs from the vertebrate trypsins; DFP inhibits esterolytic and proteolytic activities suggesting that the enzyme is a “serine” proteinase. 7. 7. The isolation of a proteinase that attacks CGP and Bz-GA suggests the presence of a carboxypeptidase of less specificity than the vertebrate carboxypeptidases A and B, but the possibility that the component might be an endopeptidase has not been entirely excluded.
Somatic embryogenesis in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) I. The morphology and physiology of callus formation and the ontogeny of somatic embryos

Embryogenic callus was induced on segments of young leaves of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) cultured on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 0.5–3.0 mg/2,4-D, 5% coconut milk and 3–8% sucrose. The fourth and fifth leaves, especially their midrib and sheath regions within 5 cm from the leaf base, were most suitable for the induction of embryogenic callus. Many embryoids (= somatic embryos) were formed when the callus was transferred to low 2,4-D media (0.25–0.5 mg/l), or was allowed to remain on the high 2,4-D medium for a prolonged period. Plantlets obtained from the germination of embryoids were transferred to soil and grown to maturity.
Dimensions of naturally occurring mother‐infant separations during the first year of life

The goals of this paper are (1) to introduce a methodology developed to study mother-infant separations that occur in the context of normal family life, including but going beyond separations associated with maternal employment; (2) to present illustrative data that describe the range of separations experienced by one sample of infants; and (3) to demonstrate how a focus on specific underlying dimensions results in a more precise characterization of the separation experience. It is necessary to identify the specific dimensions on which mother-infant separations vary in order to clarify which aspects of separation are relevant to child outcome. Detailed histories of mother-infant separations and concomitant substitute care during the first year of life were obtained by interview from 144 middle-class mothers of first-born infants. Far from being an unusual event, separation from mother was a normal experience during infancy for this sample. Six types of separation were identified, the majority of which have not been studied previously. Analyses indicated that naturally occurring mother-infant separations can be differentiated statistically and compared in terms of amount of separation, stability of care, characteristics of caregivers, and characteristics of the substitute care setting.
Studies of oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule.

Abstract The fractional oxygen saturation of hemoglobin and of its isolated α-chains have been determined by the application of the technique of Mossbauer effect while the oxygen equilibrium pressure was measured directly. By comparing the experimental data so obtained with theoretically derived oxygen saturation curves for hemoglobin and isolated α-chains the values of the oxygen pairing energy and oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule have been found to be 0.043 ± 0.004 and 0.60 ± 0.06 eV respectively.
Monitoring solution‐phase combinatorial library synthesis by capillary electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis has been applied to monitor model reactions in solution-phase combinatorial chemistry. In particular, the simultaneous alkylation reactions of secondary amines with a series of benzyl halides has been investigated. Reactant and product concentrations were monitored using capillary electrophoresis in a non-aqueous buffer system. The simplified sample preparation was a key feature making this an attractive method of analysis. The results demonstrate that capillary electrophoresis is a useful tool for monitoring reactions to determine initial rates, rate constants, and extinction correlation coefficients for quantitative analysis in combinatorial chemistry, and is a broadly applicable technique for the analysis of a variety of organic and bioorganic transformations. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng (Comb Chem) 61:169–177, 1998/1999.
Stability analysis of LPV time-delayed systems

This work provides one of the first attempts to derive computationally tractable criteria for analysing the stability of linear parameter varying (LPV) time-delayed systems. We present both delay-independent and delay-dependent stability conditions, which are derived using appropriately selected Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals. According to the system parameter dependence, these functionals can be selected to obtain increasingly non-conservative results. Gridding techniques may be used to cast these tests as linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). In cases when the system matrices depend affinely or quadratically on the parameter, gridding may be avoided. These LMIs can be solved efficiently using available software. A numerical example of a time-delayed system motivated by a metal removal process is used to demonstrate the theoretical results.
Endoscopic ureterolithotripsy in paediatrics: when and why?

Purpose Ureteral stones in children are uncommon (7% in adulthood).There is no consensus on the best treatment. The small calibre of instruments has increased their efficacy in the paediatric population. We retrospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of our endoscopic ureterolithotripsy (ULT) . Material and methods From July 2002 to May 2006, 32 patients, 26 females and 11 males (mean age 7.4 years, range 2-17 years) underwent ULT. Two guide-wires,a 7.5 F ureteroscope and ballistic energy were used, under X-ray control. If necessary, the ureteral orifice was dilated with 6-9 F semirigid dilatators. Antimicrobial prophylaxis was started 24 hours before the procedure. Ultrasound and X-ray at 1 and 3 months were adopted as follow-up. Results Position of the ureteral stones and results are summarized in the table. The mean stone diameter was 7 mm (range 4-13). 36 out of 37 patients (97.3%) were stone-free after 1 ULT. One proximal ureteric stone migrated to the pelvis and required subsequent ESWL. In 2 children ureteral orifice dilatation was necessary. Minor postoperative complications occurred in 4 patients (10.8%): mild haematuria and flank pain. No ureteral stenosis or UTI/reflux was observed. All the 36 patients were stone free at 3 months follow-up. Stone position N: pts % Stone-free % Distal ureter 30 81.1 30 100 Middle ureter 4 10.8 4 100 Proximal Ureter 3 8.1 2 66.7 Conclusions Smaller ureteroscopes and accurate endourological procedures allow us to consider ULT as the first choice of treatment for ureteral stones in paediatrics; ULT safety and efficacy has been confirmed in children younger than 3 years.
Winning Souls and Minds: The Military's Religion Problem and the Global War on Terror

Abstract Like many secular institutions in the West, the military often has overlooked the role religion plays in political life and conflict. The United States and its military increasingly are enmeshed in religiously charged struggles associated with the global ‘war on terror’ that require a more complex understanding of religion than traditional military education and training affords. A different approach, therefore, is needed given the high stakes and perils of not comprehending how religion is part of the problem in the wars waged by today's servicemen and women. Recently, some military voices have offered proposals to redress the deficit in religious knowledge and understanding. This article echoes those calls and goes further to argue that efforts to increase ‘religious situational awareness,’ though essential, depend upon a deeper educational foundation and broad-based study of religion. Several illustrations, offered from a U.S. perspective, show how the study of religion enhances knowledge abou...
Use of herbs among adults based on evidence-based indications: findings from the National Health Interview Survey.

OBJECTIVE To examine the extent to which US adults use herbs (herbal supplements) in accordance with evidence-based indications. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS The Alternative Health supplement of the 2002 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is part of an annual, nationally representative survey of US adults. It contains data on adults' use of the 10 herbs most commonly taken to treat a specific health condition in the past year (January 1 to December 31, 2002). The Natural Standard database was used to formulate evidence-based standards for herb use. These standards were applied to the NHIS data to identify groups of people who used herbs appropriately and inappropriately, using a multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS Of the 30,617 adults surveyed, 5787 (18.9%) consumed herbs in the past 12 months; of those, 3315 (57.3%) used herbs to treat a specific health condition. Among people who used only 1 herb (except echinacea and ginseng), approximately one third used it consonant with evidence-based indications. Women and people with a college education were more likely to use herbs (with the exception of echinacea) concordant with scientific evidence. Adults younger than 60 years and black adults were significantly less likely to use herbs (with the exception of echinacea) based on evidentiary referents than their counterparts. However, for echinacea users, no significant differences were detected. CONCLUSION Roughly two thirds of adults using commonly consumed herbs (except echinacea) did not do so in accordance with evidence-based indications. Health care professionals should take a proactive role, and public health policies should disseminate evidence-based information regarding consumption of herbal products.
Peripheral effects of cadmium on the blood and head kidney in the brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus).

The study was undertaken to determine the amount and rate of uptake of cadmium via atomic absorption measurements, and to determine whether acute cadmium exposure (61 ppm) provides alterations in the blood and head kidney. The results indicate that the peripheral blood and head kidney of indigenous fish species feeding in the area of the dump provide the best immediate monitor for water quality. The head kidney and peripheral blood coupled with chemical analysis for cadmium indicate that the head kidney may be one of the initial target organs of cadmium toxicity. After an initial 2-h exposure of 61 ppm cadmium, an immediate and 24-h intervals were used to examine the effect, uptake, storage and clearance of cadmium from the peripheral blood and head kidney. (JMT)
The use of 13C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in metabolic research

Abstract Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a powerful investigative tool that has rapidly become accepted as a valuable means of assessing metabolic phenomena. 13C MRS provides a rapid and nondestructive means of studying metabolism in intact tissues, organs, and whole organisms. A major feature of the technique is the ability to follow metabolism noninvasively and nondestructively. Benefits of a wide spectral window for 13C (>200 ppm), makes 13C MRS ideal for obtaining semiquantitative information about enriched substrates and their intermediates within living tissues in real time. The increased commercial availability of a wide range of 13C-enriched biomolecules combined with the development of more sensitive instrumentation has made it possible to begin exploiting the full potential of 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy in metabolic research. This review is intended to introduce readers to the application of 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy to selected problems in metabolic research.
Syringotoxin: a phytotoxin unique to citrus isolates of Pseudomonas syringae

Bacterial isolates from blast lesions and stem cankers on various species of citrus trees were characterized as Pseudomonas syringae and were pathogenic when inoculated into petioles and axial buds of healthy Washington navel orange trees in both orchard and greenhouse tests. With one exception, B-455, the citrus isolates were host-specific. Inoculations of the citrus isolates into young Lovell peach stems and maize leaves caused no disease symptoms in contrast to the stone fruit ecotype, B-3A, which caused stem cankers on peach and the grass ecotype, 5D430, which caused holcus spot symptoms on maize. The citrus isolates produced variable patterns in their production of bacteriocins and sensitivities to bacteriophages; however, the production of syringtoxin (ST), a wide spectrum biocide and Phytotoxin produced by these isolates, was unique to the citrus ecotype of P. syringae . Healthy petioles of navel orange trees when treated with ST developed symptoms typical of citrus blast lesions. The biocidal spectrum and amino acid composition of toxin preparations from cultures of the citrus isolates, when compared to known ST and syringomycin, established the identity of the Phytotoxin from citrus isolates as ST.
Effects of low-dose aspirin on endogenous eicosanoid formation in normal and atherosclerotic men.

Abstract We have investigated the effects of a low-dose aspirin regimen (120 mg orally, then 20 mg twice daily) on the in vivo synthesis of prostacyclin, thromboxane and prostaglandin E in man by measurement of their urinary metabolites (PGI 2 -M, TxB 2 -M, PGE-M) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A comparison was made between the selectivity of low-dose aspirin for thromboxane vs prostacyclin synthesis in patients with atherosclerosis, age-matched controls without vascular disease, and young healthy volunteers. After one week of treatment, aspirin reduced TxB 2 -M synthesis to a similar extent in the three groups (mean declines of 86, 84 and 78% respectively), while there was an unexpected difference in effect on PGI 2 -M, with only a 27% fall in the young volunteers but 53% and 54% declines in the patients with vascular disease and their age-matched controls. Serum TxB 2 was reduced >98% in all groups while PGE-M excretion was unchanged. These results indicate that bioselectivity for inhibition of Tx synthesis by aspirin is more difficult to achieve in older subjects than in the young volunteers previously studied and that very low, frequent dosing, or a sustained-release preparation of aspirin would be needed to achieve bioselectivity for Tx inhibition in patients with vascular disease.
Oral lichen planus: malignant transformation and human papilloma virus: A review of potential clinical implications

Oral lichen planus (OLP) occurs in from 2% to 3% of the population and may have a risk of malignant transformation into squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This risk is not necessarily associated with exposure to tobacco and alcohol. An increased awareness of a possible role of human papilloma virus (HPV) and SCC led us to review a possible association between this virus infection and malignant transformation of OLP. The possible linkage between HPV and the risk of transformation of OLP to malignancy is discussed. Furthermore, management of OLP using immunosuppressive drugs may be associated with enhanced viral replication and could theoretically affect the risk of malignant transformation. Implications for clinical care are discussed.
Soil Nutrient Dynamics from Swine Effluent Application to Common Bermudagrass Overseeded with Cool-Season Annuals

ABSTRACT A 3-year study was conducted to investigate the major nutrient dynamics in soil receiving swine effluent as the sole source of plant nutrients for warm-season perennial bermudagrass and cool-season annuals. Berseem and crimson clovers, ryegrass, and wheat were seeded in common bermudagrass for a year-round nutrient uptake and spring through summer haying. Bermudagrass dry matter of 9.0 mg ha−1 (3-yr average) was not impacted by the overseeding treatments. Most of the soil nutrient element concentrations increased during the study, particularly phosphorus in top 5 cm of the soil surface. The increase of Fe and NO3-N concentration at the 0-5 cm depth was high. Double cropping can be a better practice than growing bermudagrass alone, but, the effluent nutrient application must be coordinated with the nutrient requirements of the growing forages in order to minimize the build up of any nutrient in the soil.
New non-linear optical effects: Application of group theoretical statistical mechanics

Abstract The interaction of intense electromagnetic radiation with molecular matter is considered in terms of group theoretical statistical mechanics (gtsm). Field induced dipole moments are expanded in a double Taylor series in powers of the electric and magnetic field components multiplied by complex molecular property tensors (susceptibilities). The third principle of gtsm leads to several new non-linear optical effects, together with a symmetry classification of known effects. One new effect is detailed in terms of the Maxwell equation, and an estimate made of its order of magnitude.
125I protein A: Applications to the quantitative determination of fluid phase and cell-bound IgG

Abstract An improved method for the preparation of 125 I-labelled Protein A ( 125 I PA) of high specific and functional activity is described. 125 I PA has been used in combination with purified rabbit IgG bound to a solid support to develop a competitive binding assay capable of detecting Protein A or human, rabbit and guinea pig IgG at the nanogram level. An optimal set of assay conditions was established and levels of IgG measured in normal human, rabbit and strain-2 guinea pig serum. 125 I PA has also been used to detect IgG anti-Forssman antibody bound to sheep erythrocytes and to line-1 and line-10 tumor cells and as an indirect assay for tumor associated antigen in the ascitic fluid of tumor-bearing guinea pigs.
Effects of verbal and written labeling on selective attention of mildly retarded children.

Summary.-Despite the fact that mentally retarded children have frequently been characterized as being deficient in selective attention, this characteristic has seldom been considered in the development of instructional media for the handicapped. To determine the influence of verbal and written labels on the selective attention to visual materials, ietarded children were tested. Under treatment conditions, retarded and normal children located an object more quickly, looked at the object longer, and recogn~zed more of the treatment objects on a recognition-memory task. Information regarding the learning characteristics of retarded children may be simply and effectively applied to development of materials.
The specialized cytoskeleton of theDrosophila egg chamber

The Drosophila egg chamber is emerging as a uniquely versatile system for studying cytoskeletal rearrangements during development. Initial determination of the oocyte fate and subsequent growth of the oocyte depend on a series of highly coordinated changes in cell architecture. Homologs or relatives of many known cytoskeletal proteins play key roles in these events.
Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt: Environment and Economy in Late Imperial South China

List of maps, figures, and tables Dynasties, Qing dynasty Emperors' reign dates, and weights and measures Acknowledgments Introduction 1. 'Firs and pines a hundred spans round': the natural environment of Lingnan 2. 'All deeply forested and wild places are not malarious': human settlement and ecological change in Lingnan, 2-1400 CE 3. 'Agriculture is the foundation': economic recovery and development of Lingnan during the Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644 4. 'All the people have fled': war and the environment in the mid-seventeenth century crisis, 1644-83 5. 'Rich households compete to build ships': overseas trade and economic recovery 6. 'It never used to snow': climate change and agricultural productivity 7. 'There is only a certain amount of grain produced': granaries and the role of the state in the food supply system 8. 'Trade in rice is brisk:' market integration and the environment 9. 'Population increases daily, but the land does not': land clearance in the eighteenth century 10. 'People said that extinction was not possible': the ecological consequences of land clearance Conclusion Bibliography Index.
Relighting behaviour among cigarette smokers seeking treatment: implications for tobacco treatment and policy.

SUMMARY Aims: During the recent economic downturn, trends towards fewer cigarettes smoked per day have emerged along with the practice of extinguishing and relighting cigarettes. Few studies have characterised factors related to relighting cigarettes and none have explored this behaviour in those seeking tobacco treatment. This study describes treatment-seeking patients who relight cigarettes and examines implications on tobacco policy and treatment. Methods: Data were collected from a cross-sectional sample of 496 patients at a specialty tobacco treatment programme in New Jersey from 2010 to 2012. Results: Forty-six per cent of the sample reported relighting, and those subjects smoked significantly fewer cigarettes per day (CPD), despite similar levels of dependence and exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) values. In unadjusted analyses, significantly higher rates of relighting were found among females, African-Americans, smokers who had a high school diploma or less, and were unemployed, sick or disabled. Relighting was more prevalent among smokers with higher markers of dependence, menthol smoking and night smoking. In multivariate analyses, markers of dependence and economic factors (employment and education) remained significant. Conclusions: Characteristics linked to economic factors were related to increased relighting. Implications for tobacco treatment include the impact on pharmacotherapy dosing and counselling interventions. The tobacco control community needs to be aware of this phenomenon. Collecting data on ‘smoking sessions per day’ might be a more accurate depiction of smoking exposure than CPD. What’s known  The practice of smokers extinguishing and relighting cigarettes was studied as early as the 1960s and 1970s with relighting cigarettes being associated with increased lung cancer risk and significantly higher rates of chronic bronchitis.  A 2007 study of smokers in Canada found female smokers, those who were more heavily addicted, and those who had lower socioeconomic status and education, were more likely to relight.
Tocorime Apicu: design and validation of an experimental search engine

In the development of an integrated, experimental search engine, Tocorime Apicu, the incorporation and emulation of the evolutionary aspects of the chosen biological model (honeybees) and the field of high-performance knowledge discovery in databases results in the coupling of diverse fields of research: evolutionary computations, biological modeling, machine learning, statistical methods, information retrieval systems, active networks, and data visualization. The use of computer systems provides inherent sources of self-similarity traffic that result from the interaction of file transmission, caching mechanisms, and user-related processes. These user-related processes are initiated by the user, application programs, or the operating system (OS) for the user's benefit. The effect of Web transmission patterns, coupled with these inherent sources of self-similarity associated with the above file system characteristics, provide an environment for studying network traffic. The goal of the study was client-based, but with no user interaction. New methodologies and approaches were needed as network packet traffic increased in the LAN, LAN+WAN, and WAN. Statistical tools and methods for analyzing datasets were used to organize data captured at the packet level for network traffic between individual source/destination pairs. Emulation of the evolutionary aspects of the biological model equips the experimental search engine with an adaptive system model which will eventually have the capability to evolve with an ever- changing World Wide Web environment. The results were generated using a LINUX OS.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantitative analysis of a frequency-domain nonlinearity indicator

In this paper, quantitative understanding of a frequency-domain nonlinearity indicator is developed. The indicator is derived from an ensemble-averaged, frequency-domain version of the generalized Burgers equation, which can be rearranged in order to directly compare the effects of nonlinearity, absorption, and geometric spreading on the pressure spectrum level with frequency and distance. The nonlinear effect is calculated using pressure-squared-pressure quadspectrum. Further theoretical development has given an expression for the role of the normalized quadspectrum, referred to as Q/S by Morfey and Howell [AIAA J. 19, 986–992 (1981)], in the spatial rate of change of the pressure spectrum level. To explore this finding, an investigation of the change in level for initial sinusoids propagating as plane waves through inviscid and thermoviscous media has been conducted. The decibel change with distance, calculated through Q/S, captures the growth and decay of the harmonics and indicates that the most signi...
A Tale of Trinity in Founder's Identity: The Case of New Venture Creation

Most research in founder’s identity focused on the single impact of identity but few explored the mechanisms through which founder’s identity occurred. This study tries to investigate how founder’s identity, through social capital embedded in community and family, influences new venture creation. The results suggest that social capital residing in community ties could strengthen the link between founder’s identity and new venture creation but only apply to Darwin and Communitarian identities. Structural embeddedness in family positively moderates the relationship between founder’s identity and new venture creation in an inverse U shape effect.
Expressing the True Self on Facebook

The present research examined correlates of ''true self'' expression to offline friends on Facebook. The ''true self'' (McKenna et al., 2002) consists of qualities an individual currently possesses but does not normally express to others. In Study 1, 184 undergraduates completed an online survey assessing ''true self'' expression to their friends online and reported the frequency of various Facebook activities. True self expression was positively correlated with using Facebook for communicating with others, general self-disclosure, emotional disclosure, attention-seeking, and acceptance-seeking, but was unrelated to seeking connection with and expressing caring for others. In Study 2, 41 undergraduates completed the ''true self'' measure and their Facebook profiles were saved and coded. True self expression was positively correlated with frequency of posting on others' walls, but not posting on one's own wall or receiving posts from others. Finally, true self expression was positively associated with the level of personal disclosure of participants' wall posts. These results suggest that those who feel able to express their ''true self'' online are more active on Facebook, have more self-oriented motivations for posting, and post more personally revealing and emotional content.
Probing excited-state dynamics and intramolecular proton transfer in 1-acylaminoanthraquinones via the intermolecular solvent response

The dynamics of a series of 1-acylaminoanthraquinones with varying degrees of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer are studied in acetonitrile and dichloromethane. Events are followed via changes in the third-order intermolecular Raman response as a function of time after resonant excitation of the chromophore. Compared to electronically resonant probes of the solute, measuring the ultrafast dynamics using the nonresonant solvent response offers a new and complementary perspective on the events that accompany excitation and proton transfer. Experimentally observed changes in the nuclear polarizability of the solvent follow dynamic changes in the solvent−solute interactions. Reorganization of the solvent in response to the significant changes in the intermolecular interactions upon proton transfer is found to play an important role in the reaction dynamics. With transfer of the proton taking place rapidly, the solvent controls the dynamics via the time-dependent evolution of the free energy surface...
Wave-formed structures and paleoenvironmental reconstruction

Clifton, H.E. and Dingier, J.R., 1984. Wave-formed structures and paleoenvironmental reconstruction. In: B. Greenwood and R.A. Davis, Jr. (Editors), Hydrodynamics and Sedimentation in Wave-Dominated Coastal Environments. Mar. Geol., 60: 165--198. Wave-formed sedimentary structures can be powerful interpretive tools because they reflect not only the velocity and direction of the oscillatory currents, but also the length of the horizontal component of orbital motion and the presence of velocity asymmetry within the flow. Several of these aspects can be related through standard wave theories to combinations of wave dimensions and water depth that have definable natural limits. For a particular grain size, threshold of particle movement and that of conversion from a rippled to fiat bed indicate flow-velocity limits. The ratio of ripple spacing to grain size provides an estimate of the length of the near-bottom orbital motion. The degree of velocity asymmetry is related to the asymmetry of the bedforms, though it presently cannot be estimated with confidence. A plot of water depth versus wave height (h--H diagram) provides a convenient approach for showing the combination of wave parameters and water depths capable of generating any particular structure in sand of a given grain size. Natural limits on wave height and inferences or assumptions regarding either water depth or wave period based on geologic evidence allow refinement of the paleoenvironmental reconstruction. The assumptions and the degree of approximation involved in the different techniques impose significant constraints. Inferences based on wave-formed structures are most reliable when they are drawn in the context of other evidence such as the association of sedimentary features or progradational sequences.
Cardiovascular solid mechanics grows and remodels.

Twenty years ago, in 1991, the Journal of Biomechanics published just 3 papers on cardiovascular solid mechanics. In 2011, the Journal will publish more than 50 papers in this area. Reviewing the Journal’s Tables of
Co-occurring psychiatric and drug use disorders among sexual minority men with lifetime alcohol use disorders

Background Emerging evidence indicates multiple health risks associated with harmful alcohol use among sexual minority men in the United States. In particular, sexual minority men with alcohol use disorders (AUD) might have greater co-occurring health problems compared with heterosexual men. We used nationally representative data to compare the prevalence of diagnostic co-occurring psychiatric disorders and drug use disorders (DUD) among sexual minority men with AUD compared with heterosexual males with a lifetime AUD diagnosis.
Renormalization prescription dependence of the relationship between renormalization constants

Abstract I derive the correct relationship between the renormalization constants ( Z 1 , Z 1 , Z 3 and Z 3 ) defined by momentum subtraction. The implications of this relationship are discussed.
Inter-Regional Brain Communication and Its Disturbance in Autism

In this review article, we summarize recent progress toward understanding disturbances in functional and anatomical brain connectivity in autism. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting language, social interaction, and repetitive behaviors. Recent studies have suggested that limitations of frontal–posterior brain connectivity in autism underlie the varied set of deficits associated with this disorder. Specifically, the underconnectivity theory of autism postulates that individuals with autism have a reduced communication bandwidth between frontal and posterior cortical areas, which constrains the psychological processes that rely on the integrated functioning of frontal and posterior brain networks. This review summarizes the recent findings of reduced frontal–posterior functional connectivity (synchronization) in autism in a wide variety of high-level tasks, focusing on data from functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. It also summarizes the findings of disordered anatomical connectivity in autism, as measured by a variety of techniques, including distribution of white matter volumes and diffusion tensor imaging. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings for autism and future directions for this line of research.
Modeling and Optimization of Terminal Airspace and Aircraft Arrival Subject To Weather Uncertainties

We develop an accurate model for the arrival traffic dynamics in terminal airspace that takes into account the weather forecast and runway configuration changes. The planning of runway configuration switching subject to weather constraints is formulated as a hybrid optimal control problem and a hierarchical approach is proposed to solve the problem. At the upper level of the hierarchy, a runway configuration sequence is determined based on weather forecast data and air traffic demand. At the lower level, the configuration switching times and the corresponding aircraft speeds are determined by solving a Mixed Integer Linear Program. We illustrate the utility of the approach by a case study inspired by operations in John F. Kennedy airport.
Genetic algorithms for graph partitioning and incremental graph partitioning

Partitioning graphs into equally large groups of nodes, minimizing the number of edges between different groups, is an extremely important problem in parallel computing. This paper presents genetic algorithms for suboptimal graph partitioning, with new crossover operators (KNUX, DKNUX) that lead to orders of magnitude improvement over traditional genetic operators in solution quality and speed. Our method can improve on good solutions previously obtained by using other algorithms or graph theoretic heuristics in, minimizing the total communication cost or the worst case cost of communication for a single processor. We also extend our algorithm to incremental graph partitioning problems, in which the graph structure or system properties changes with time. >
H/sup -/ injection into the low-energy booster of the SSC

Protons are accumulated into the low-energy booster of the SSC (Superconducting Super Collider) by utilizing H/sup -/ to H/sup +/ conversion in a 225- mu g/cm/sup 2/ carbon stripping foil. Synchronous injection is performed for 26 turns into stationary RF buckets, thereby allowing operation with variable bunch spacing. By injecting the beam offset in x and y, the required RMS normalized transverse emittance area of 0.75 pi mm-mr is obtained. Similarly, the required RMS longitudinal emittance area of 1.75 mu *10/sup -3/ eVs is obtained by injecting single linac micropulses, centered at phi =0 and dp/p=+0.12%, into each 49.9-MHz RF bucket formed with an RF voltage of 350 kV. The transverse space-charge tune shift is -0.17 for 10/sup 10/ protons/bunch accumulated at 600 MeV. >
Detection and reconstruction of tandemly organized de novo copy number variations

The characterization of structural variations (SV) such as insertions, deletions and copy number variations is a critical step in the process of understanding the full genetic architecture of organisms. Copy number variations (CNV) have attracted much recent attention due to their effects on gene expression and disease status. In this paper, we present a method that utilizes next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS), in order to both detect and reconstruct CNVs. We focus on a special type of CNV, namely tandemly organized de novo CNVs, which have been shown to occur with high frequency in the mouse genome. We apply our method to CNV regions randomly inserted into the reference mouse genome and show that our method achieves good performance for both detection and reconstruction of tandemly organized de novo CNVs.