cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prospects for Polarized Electrons at High Energies

Neutral current and electroweak processes at high energies are well known to have large spin-dependent components. Proven techniques for producing polarized beams at storage rings and linear accelerators are now available. It is argued that use of polarized electrons in e−e+ annihilation at the Z° pole and above will provide the most precise tests of, and best experimental challenge to, the standard SU(2) × U(1) gauge theory model of electroweak interactions.
Design and analysis of the natural gas liquefaction optimization process- CCC-ES (energy storage of cryogenic carbon capture)

Abstract The CCC (cryogenic carbon capture) process provides energy- and cost-efficient carbon capture and can be configured to provide an energy storage system using an open loop NG (natural gas) refrigeration system. This system stores energy during non-peak times by liquefying and storing natural gas to be used as a refrigerant. This investigation compares four different natural gas liquefaction processes simulated by Aspen HYSYS as incorporated as part of the CCC-ES process. In these processes, LNG vaporizes in the CCC process and the cold vapors return through the LNG heat exchangers exchanging sensible heat with the incoming flows. Aside from this difference, this investigation uses process designs similar to traditional LNG processes. The simulations meaningfully compare these alternative liquefaction options, eliminating differences in assumptions and process details inherent in comparing processes simulated by different authors or different codes. The comparisons include costs and energy performance with individually optimized processes, each operating at three operating conditions: energy storage, energy recovery, and balanced operation. Given similar quality turbomachinery, efficient heat exchangers in particular reduce energy input requirements and maximize energy savings and capital costs, including heat exchangers used to cool compressed gases.
Dark Storm Clouds and Rays of Sunshine: Profiles of Negative and Positive Rumination About Daily Hassles and Uplifts

Daily negative events (hassles) and positive events (uplifts) have an impact on our subjective well-being, and how we react to those events (e.g., negatively ruminating by reflecting on the difficulties that come with hassles, positively ruminating by reflecting on the good aspects of uplifts) often has additional influence. However, little is known about the use of positive and negative rumination in combination. Using data from 469 adults, we examined retrospective accounts of negative and positive rumination about specific hassles and uplifts in reference to a 24-h period. Although differences in rumination were not observed across various domains (e.g., work, family, health), profiles emerged in relation to valence. Specifically, we identified four profiles of rumination: Non-Ruminators (39 %), Multivalence Ruminators (10 %), Positive Ruminators (26 %) and Negative Ruminators (24 %). Neither age nor gender systematically related to rumination profile. We further examined whether the associations among hassles, uplifts and well-being outcomes differed across these profiles. Results suggested few differences in the structural relations across the profiles, although the strength of associations was stronger for Negative Ruminators than Positive Ruminators. Results are discussed in terms of the robustness of effects of hassles and uplifts on subjective well-being across individual difference variables.
Multiclass Object Detection With Single Query in Hyperspectral Imagery Using Class-Associative Spectral Fringe-Adjusted Joint Transform Correlation

We present a deterministic object detection algorithm capable of detecting multiclass objects in hyperspectral imagery (HSI) without any training or preprocessing. The proposed method, which is named class-associative spectral fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation (CSFJTC), is based on joint transform correlation (JTC) between object and nonobject spectral signatures to search for a similar match, which only requires one query (training-free) from the object's spectral signature. Our method utilizes class-associative filtering, modified Fourier plane image subtraction, and fringe-adjusted JTC techniques in spectral correlation domain to perform the object detection task. The output of CSFJTC yields a pair of sharp correlation peaks for a matched target and negligible or no correlation peaks for a mismatch. Experimental results, in terms of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area-under-ROC (AUROC), on three popular real-world hyperspectral data sets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed CSFJTC technique over other well-known hyperspectral object detection approaches.
The emergence of distance learning in higher education: a revised group decision support system typology with empirical results

Although distance learning is not a new phenomenon, recently there has been a huge jump in the number of organizations offering on-line instruction. The National Center for Education Statistics released a two-year survey on distance programs for higher education on behalf of the U.S. Department of Education. The survey reported that one-third of U.S. post secondary schools offered distance education in 1995, and an additional 25% planned to offer courses within the next three years. Probably the best methodological critique of the emerging literature on the impact of distance learning was contained in the 1996 special issue of The American Journal of Distance Education. The issue’s intent was to disseminate information and act as a forum for criticism and debate about the practice and research of distance education in the Western world. The lead article entitled, “The Evolution of Distance Education: Emerging Technologies and Distributed Learning,” by Chris Dede was followed by well-documented critiques of the dis-
Efficient cosmological parameter estimation with Hamiltonian Monte Carlo technique

Traditional Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods suffer from low acceptance rate, slow mixing, and low efficiency in high dimensions. Hamiltonian Monte Carlo resolves this issue by avoiding the random walk. Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) is a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique built upon the basic principle of Hamiltonian mechanics. Hamiltonian dynamics allows the chain to move along trajectories of constant energy, taking large jumps in the parameter space with relatively inexpensive computations. This new technique improves the acceptance rate by a factor of 4 while reducing the correlations and boosts up the efficiency by almost a factor of $D$ in a $D$-dimensional parameter space. Therefore shorter chains will be needed for a reliable parameter estimation comparing to a traditional MCMC chain yielding the same performance. Besides that, the HMC is well suited for sampling from non-Gaussian and curved distributions which are very hard to sample from using the traditional MCMC methods. The method is very simple to code and can be easily plugged into standard parameter estimation codes such as CosmoMC. In this paper we demonstrate how the HMC can be efficiently used in cosmological parameter estimation. Also we discuss possible ways of getting good estimates of the derivatives of (the log of) posterior which is needed for HMC.
The Role of Gender in Adolescents' Social Networks and Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drug Use: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND Despite previous research indicating an adolescents' alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use is dependent upon their sex and the sex composition of their social network, few social network studies consider sex differences and network sex composition as a determinant of adolescents' ATOD use behavior. METHODS This systematic literature review examining how social network analytic studies examine adolescent ATOD use behavior is guided by the following research questions: (1) How do studies conceptualize sex and network sex composition? (2) What types of network affiliations are employed to characterize adolescent networks? (3) What is the methodological quality of included studies? After searching several electronic databases (PsycINFO, EBSCO, and Communication Abstract) and applying our inclusion/exclusion criteria, 48 studies were included in the review. RESULTS Overall, few studies considered sex composition of networks in which adolescents are embedded as a determinant that influences adolescent ATOD use. Although included studies all exhibited high methodological quality, the majority only used friendship networks to characterize adolescent social networks and subsequently failed to capture the influence of other network types, such as romantic networks. CONCLUSIONS School-based prevention programs could be strengthened by (1) selecting and targeting peer leaders based on sex, and (2) leveraging other types of social networks beyond simply friendships.
Epidemic Situation and Control Measures of Malaria in Sandu County of Guizhou Province

[Objective]To explore the control strategies and measures of malaria which is suitable for Sandu county of guizhou province.[Methods]The data of malaria epidemic and routine control work during 1998-2008 were analyzed,and the feasible measures were adopted for difficulties and problems.According to the changes and development of malaria control situation in this county,while the routine measures of malaria control were performed,the comprehensive measures which included propaganda,mobilization,behavior intervention,environmental reform,mosquito control and anti-relapse therapy were carried out.[Results]The annual parasite incidence (API) of malaria decreased from 4.53/10 000 in 1998 to 1.34/10 000 in 2008,and all cases were vivax malaria.[Conclusion]The comprehensive measures had significant effect on control of malaria epidemic in Sandu County.
Intergenerational associations in numerical approximation and mathematical abilities.

Although growing evidence suggests a link between children's math skills and their ability to estimate numerical quantities using the approximate number system (ANS), little is known about the sources underlying individual differences in ANS acuity and their relation with specific mathematical skills. To examine the role of intergenerational transmission of these abilities from parents to children, the current study assessed the ANS acuities and math abilities of 54 children (5–8 years old) and their parents, as well as parents' expectations about children's math skills. Children's ANS acuity positively correlated with their parents' ANS acuity, and children's math abilities were predicted by unique combinations of parents' ANS acuity and math ability depending on the specific math skill in question. These findings provide the first evidence of intergenerational transmission of an unlearned, non-verbal numerical competence and are an important step toward understanding the multifaceted parental influences on children's math abilities.
Abstract 1508: Integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data reveals a central role for EGR1 in regulating survival and cellular metabolism in endocrine-resistant breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. About 70% of all breast cancers are estrogen receptor alpha positive (ER+) and are treated with antiestrogens. However, endocrine resistance is prevalent in the clinic and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. MYC is overexpressed in endocrine resistant ER+ breast cancers, which suggests that the metabolomic profile of endocrine resistant breast cancers may contain features that are distinct from sensitive cells. We integrated data from transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis of ER+ MCF7-derived breast cancer cells that are antiestrogen sensitive (LCC1) or resistant (LCC9; resistant to ICI182,780). To validate our model, we tested a gene-metabolite network associated with EGR1 (early growth response 1), which was significantly higher in LCC1 cells compared with LCC9 cells. In ER+ human breast tumors treated with endocrine therapy, higher EGR1 expression was associated with a more favorable prognosis. In both LCC1 and LCC9 cell lines, compared to respective controls, knockdown of EGR1 decreased cell proliferation, ERα and MYC protein levels while overexpression of EGR1 did not change these. Comparison of metabolite profiles in LCC9 cells following knockdown or overexpression of EGR1 showed interruption of several biochemical pathways such as glycolysis, lipid metabolism, glutathione, and polyamine metabolism. Treatment with tolfenamic acid (TOL), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) known to target EGR1, decreased EGR1 protein levels and had an additive effect with ICI182,780 in inhibiting cell proliferation in LCC9 cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that down-regulated EGR1 is an important regulator of the aberrant cellular metabolic pathways specific to endocrine resistance, and targeting EGR1 may be an effective therapeutic approach in inhibiting growth of these tumors. Furthermore, high levels of EGR1 may serve as a favorable prognostic marker in some endocrine resistant tumors. Citation Format: Ayesha N. Shajahan-Haq, Amrita Cheema, Lu Jin, Simina Boca, Yuriy Gusev, Krithika Bhuvaneshwar, Diane Demas, Kristopher Raghavan, Subha Madhavan, Robert Clarke. Integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data reveals a central role for EGR1 in regulating survival and cellular metabolism in endocrine-resistant breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1508.
The complexity of bribery in elections

We study the complexity of influencing elections through bribery: How computationally complex is it for an external actor to determine whether by a certain amount of bribing voters a specified candidate can be made the election's winner? We study this problem for election systems as varied as scoring protocols and Dodgson voting, and in a variety of settings regarding homogeneous-vs.-nonhomogeneous electorate bribability, bounded-size-vs.-arbitrary-sized candidate sets, weighted-vs.-unweighted voters, and succinct-vs.-nonsuccinct input specification. We obtain both polynomial-time bribery algorithms and proofs of the intractability of bribery, and indeed our results show that the complexity of bribery is extremely sensitive to the setting. For example, we find settings in which bribery is NP-complete but manipulation (by voters) is in P, and we find settings in which bribing weighted voters is NP-complete but bribing voters with individual bribe thresholds is in P. For the broad class of elections (including plurality, Borda, k-approval, and veto) known as scoring protocols, we prove a dichotomy result for bribery of weighted voters: We find a simple-to-evaluate condition that classifies every case as either NP-complete or in P.
Comparison of SUVmax and SUVpeak for response assessment in stage 4 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by FDG PET/CT

233 Objectives PET Response Criteria in Solid Tumors (PERCIST) recommend peak standardized uptake values (SUVs) normalized to lean body mass (SUVpeak) for quantifying tumor FDG uptake. For historic reasons, this metric is less used in clinical practice than maximum SUVs normalized to body weight (SUVmax). The aim of this study was to evaluate if the use of SUVmax and SUVpeak leads to a different response assessment in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods We analyzed 94 consecutive stage 4 NSCLC patients who underwent chemotherapy from 2005-2013 and had pre and post therapeutic FDG PET/CT scans within 3 months. Volumes of interest were placed over up to 5 FDG avid lesions using SUVmax and SUVpeak calculated using PET-VCAR (GE Healthcare). Changes in the sum of SUVs before and after therapy were calculated and tumor response was classified according to PERCIST as complete response (CR) partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD). Overall survival (OS) of responders (CR+PR) and non-responders (SD+PD) was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. Results Five patients were excluded due to lack of measurable disease (SUV ≤ 4.0) or for technical reasons. Response assessment by SUVmax and SUVpeak was concordant in 86 of 89 patients (Tab. 1). Response assessment by both metrics was highly significantly correlated with OS (p 0.9). The 2-yr OS for responders by SUVmax or SUVpeak was 54% and 52%, respectively. In contrast, the 2-yr OS for non-responders by SUVmax and SUVpeak was 16% and 17% respectively. Conclusions In patients with advanced NSCLC treated with chemotherapy response assessment by SUVmax and SUVpeak is highly concordant. These findings support the robustness of FDG PET/CT for monitoring tumor response to therapy in clinical trials.
Measuring the Free Energy of ClC-ec1 Dimerization in Membranes using Single Molecule Photobleaching Analysis

Why do greasy membrane proteins interact with their greasy protein partners instead of the similarly greasy lipid bilayer? This is a question at the root of membrane protein oligomerization and folding in membranes. Recently, we turned to the homodimeric ClC-ec1 Cl-/H+ antiporter, in order to develop a new model system that can be used to investigate this question. The ClC-ec1 dimerization interface is large (1200 A2) and lined by ∼20 non-polar residues, forming an interaction surface exhibiting high shape complementarity. Previous studies showed that ClC-ec1 is folded and functional in both monomeric and dimeric states. Using a single-molecule microscopy approach, we measured the photobleaching distributions across a wide range of subunit/lipid dilutions, with the lowest representing a sub-biological condition of 1 subunit per 40 E. coli membranes. The data shows that wild-type ClC-ec1 follows a monomer to dimer reaction that is reversible and fits to an equilibrium isotherm, allowing for determination of the dimerization free energy in 2:1 POPE/POPG lipid bilayers (Chadda et al., eLife 2016). Next, two approaches were used to investigate how residues at the interaction interface influence the free energy of dimerization. First, bulky TRP residues were introduced resulting in a destabilization of the dimer by 2 kcal/mole per TRP. Second, subtractive substitutions to ALA were constructed introducing cavities at the interface. While most of the ALA substitutions appear to have no effect, L194A destabilizes the dimer by 2 kcal/mole in lipid bilayers while maintaining both fold and function. These studies present ClC-ec1 as a robust model system for probing the physical forces driving protein association in membranes.
Capitalization of School Quality in Housing Prices: Evidence from Boundary Changes in Shelby County, Tennessee

In 2013 Memphis City Schools and Shelby County Schools consolidated into a unified system, creating one of the largest districts in the nation. Six Memphis suburbs subsequently voted to create separate municipal districts. Many school zoning changes resulted from the merger and subsequent splintering of districts, providing a rare opportunity to separately identify the value of both school and district quality as they are capitalized in housing prices. Utilizing school fixed effects and repeat sales data, we find that a one standard deviation increase in test scores increases prices by 3-4% while district administration accounts for 5-8% of home values.
A three-phase wireless charging system for lightweight autonomous underwater vehicles

Lightweight autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), powered by rechargeable batteries, are widely applied in inshore survey, environmental monitoring, and mine countermeasures. In order to provide a convenient charging option for AUVs, a three-phase wireless charging system is proposed in this paper. Three-dimensional (3D) finite-element analysis (FEA) tool ANSYS MAXWELL is employed to demonstrate the magnetic characteristics and advantages of the proposed coil structure. Detailed circuit analysis and compensation method are also given. Furthermore, a three-phase wireless charging system is designed and tested. The system is able to deliver 1.0 kW at efficiency (overall dc to dc) of 92.41% at 465 kHz.
Directed self-assembly software for single cell deposition.

Laser direct-write (LDW) bioprinting methods offer a diverse set of tools to design experiments, fabricate tissue constructs and to cellular microenvironments all in a CAD/CAM manner. To date, we have just scratched the surface of the system’s potential and for LDW to be utilized to its fullest, there are many distinct hardware and software components that must be integrated and communicate seamlessly. In this perspective article, we detail the development of novel graphical user interface (GUI) software to improve LDW capability and functionality. The main modules in the control software correspond to cell transfer, microbead fabrication, and micromachining. The modules make the control of each of these features, and the management of printing programs that utilize one or more features, to be facile. The software also addresses problems related to construct scale-up, print speed, experimental conditions, and management of sensor data. The control software and possibilities for integrated sensor data are presented.
Impact of local heating and cooling on skeletal muscle transcriptional response related to myogenesis and proteolysis

To determine the impact of local muscle heating and cooling on myogenic and proteolytic gene responses following resistance exercise. Recreationally trained males (n = 12), age 25.3 ± 1.5, % body fat 13.6 ± 1.92, completed four sets of 8–12 repetitions of unilateral leg press and leg extension while heating one leg, and cooling the other. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis of each leg pre and 4 h post exercise. MyoD, FOXO1, and MuRF1 mRNA increased with exercise regardless of temperature (p < 0.05). Myostatin, MYF5, and atrogin-1 mRNA decreased with exercise regardless of temperature (p < 0.05). Myogenin, MRF4, and CASP3 mRNA were higher in the hot condition, compared to the cold (p < 0.05). PAX7 mRNA was lower in the hot compared to cold condition (p = 0.041). FOXO3 mRNA was higher in the cold compared to hot condition (p = 0.037). AKT1 and AKT2 were unaffected by either exercise or temperature. Femoral artery blood flow volume was higher in the hot (375.2 ± 41.2 ml min− 1), compared to the cold condition (263.5 ± 23.9 ml min− 1), p = 0.01. Tissue oxygen saturation was higher in the hot (71.7 ± 4.8%) than cold condition (55.3 ± 5.0%). These results suggest an impaired muscle growth response with local cold application compared to local heat application.
Palaeobiology: sea change in sediments.

Earth's oxygen levels increased slowly over a long and ill-defined transitional period around two billion years ago. A microbial 'footprint' from this era provides biological evidence to complement existing geological data.
MgATP hydrolysis destabilizes the interaction between subunit H and yeast V1-ATPase, highlighting H's role in V-ATPase regulation by reversible disassembly.

Vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases; V1Vo-ATPases) are rotary-motor proton pumps that acidify intracellular compartments and, in some tissues, the extracellular space. V-ATPase is regulated by reversible disassembly into autoinhibited V1-ATPase and Vo proton channel sectors. An important player in V-ATPase regulation is subunit H, which binds at the interface of V1 and Vo. H is required for MgATPase activity in holo-V-ATPase but also for stabilizing the MgADP-inhibited state in membrane-detached V1. However, how H fulfills these two functions is poorly understood. To characterize the H–V1 interaction and its role in reversible disassembly, we determined binding affinities of full-length H and its N-terminal domain (HNT) for an isolated heterodimer of subunits E and G (EG), the N-terminal domain of subunit a (aNT), and V1 lacking subunit H (V1ΔH). Using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and biolayer interferometry (BLI), we show that HNT binds EG with moderate affinity, that full-length H binds aNT weakly, and that both H and HNT bind V1ΔH with high affinity. We also found that only one molecule of HNT binds V1ΔH with high affinity, suggesting conformational asymmetry of the three EG heterodimers in V1ΔH. Moreover, MgATP hydrolysis–driven conformational changes in V1 destabilized the interaction of H or HNT with V1ΔH, suggesting an interplay between MgADP inhibition and subunit H. Our observation that H binding is affected by MgATP hydrolysis in V1 points to H's role in the mechanism of reversible disassembly.
Automated crystal characterization with a fast neighborhood graph analysis method

We present a significantly improved, very fast implementation of the Neighborhood Graph Analysis technique for template-free characterization of crystal structures [W. F. Reinhart et al., Soft Matter, 2017, 13, 4733]. By comparing local neighborhoods in terms of their relative graphlet frequencies, we reduce the computational cost by four orders of magnitude compared to the original stochastic method. Furthermore, we present protocols for the detection of topologically important structures and assignment of visually informative colors, providing a fully automated procedure for characterization of crystal structures from particle tracking data. We demonstrate the flexibility of our method on a wide range of crystal structures which have proven difficult to classify by previously available techniques.
Next-generation Ejector Cycle for Car Air Conditioning Systems

With increasing demand for energy-saving technologies, Denso develops highly efficient air conditioning systems. One of the newly developed technologies is an ejector cycle. The ejector is a fluid pump that converts expansion energy, which is lost in the conventional refrigeration cycle decompression expansion process, into pressure energy to help reduce compressor power. Denso introduced the first air conditioning system using this technology with an ejector-integrated evaporator.
The Corporate Income Tax

Much of what was said about the individual income tax can also be said of the corporate income tax. But there are some differences. Whereas individuals can vote, corporations cannot, so politicians encounter less resistance when they advocate raising the corporate tax. But ultimately, only individuals pay taxes,1 so the corporate tax is a hidden tax, in the sense that those who ultimately pay it do not know that they are paying it. In that sense, then, taxing corporations is dishonest. It also seems unfair to assess a tax on persons who cannot vote, since they are being taxed without representation.
Changes in the care of spine surgical patients following health reform in Massachusetts: A review of the literature

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this manuscript is to summarize the impact of the Massachusetts Health Care Reform (MHR) on spine surgical care. Findings The MHR improved insurance coverage across Massachusetts for the plurality of surgical specialties including spine surgery. However, rates of surgical interventions for spine patients remained unchanged post-reform. Quality measures of healthcare such as length of stay, failure to rescue, mortality, and complication rates were reduced among patients who sustained cervical spine fractures. Conclusions The MHR improved insurance coverage for spine care, however the rates of spine surgical intervention remained stable. Further research is needed to explore the impact of the reform on cost savings for spine care and to confirm these quality of life improvements for other spinal conditions.
Human Factors in Cybersecurity – Perspectives from Industries:

Today, cybersecurity is impacting every individual and industry, but the level of effort from the human factors community seems negligible compared to the magnitude of the current security challeng...
PAPERINO: Remote Wizard-Of-Oz Puppeteering For Social Robot Behaviour Design

Wizard-of-Oz (WoZ) is a technique that is popular for prototyping and generating expressive movement behaviours in the field of Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). This technique often has people (usually experimenters or trained confederates) remotely pilot a robot using a control interface in order to simulate an artificially intelligent robot. Researchers often need to train themselves on the mapping of the control interface to the robots possible degrees-of-freedom, which can be confusing and time consuming. In this demo we present our remote puppeteering WoZ interface whereby a replica of the robot is able to remotely control a fully functional robot nearby. We are presenting this system using our robot Pingu, an open source social robot designed for Human-Robot Interaction labs.
Learning Mathematical Practices to Connect Abstract Algebra to High School Algebra

Making connections between advanced mathematical content, such as abstract algebra, and the mathematics of the school curriculum is a critical component of the mathematical education of future secondary teachers. In this chapter, I argue that engagement in mathematical practices (e.g., constructing arguments, attending to precision) can serve as a link for preservice teachers from their study of abstract algebra to the content they will teach as high school teachers. Using a multiple case study approach, I describe how four preservice teachers had opportunities to learn to engage in mathematical practices in their abstract algebra course. Participants were taking an abstract algebra course specifically designed for future teachers. Data sources include video records from the abstract algebra course and problem-solving interviews with each participant before and after the course. Each participant showed improvement in their mathematical practice engagement and reflected on how valuable a focus on mathematical practices would be in their teaching. These findings demonstrate the key role that mathematical practices play in the preparation of future teachers. There are valuable implications for the design of content courses for teachers and for the ongoing research into connections between advanced mathematics and the school curriculum.
It’s up to us: Policies to improve climate outcomes from automated vehicles

Abstract Vehicle automation is coming, but environmental and energy imperatives are NOT what’s motivating it. In fact, its energy and environmental outcomes are deeply uncertain. The promise of autonomous vehicles (AVs) is greater safety and mobility. The question is: How do we achieve that promise while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and saving energy? Future AV scenarios range widely, from dramatically higher to dramatically lower GHG emissions. Fortunately, the best case for the environment is also the best case for business, for the economy, and for safe and affordable mobility: autonomous Taxi fleets that operate clean vehicles, encourage ridesharing, and are integrated with other public and private transportation modes. Governments, businesses, drivers and riders make decisions that can increase or decrease the likelihood of the best-case scenario. The stakes are very high, as the transportation sector is now the largest source of U.S. GHG emissions. Emissions are equal to (1) emissions per-vehicle-mile, multiplied by (2) vehicle-miles traveled (VMT). This paper explores the business, technology and behavioral decisions with respect to automation that have the greatest impact along these two dimensions. It then identifies policy interventions that could influence these key decisions to achieve the best GHG outcomes. AVs are an important international issue, although this paper is focused on the United States.
What Is the Best Management of Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome and Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome

Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) and cannabis hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) are both poorly understood functional gastrointestinal disorders characterized by acute episodes of severe nausea and vomiting, separated by asymptomatic periods of weeks to months. CVS and CHS are diagnoses of exclusion, and a broad differential must be considered to exclude more severe etiologies. No standard evidence-based regimen exists to manage CVS or CHS. Intravenous fluids and antiemetics are the mainstays of treatment for CVS and CHS, although dopamine antagonist medications and topical capsaicin show promise in the treatment of CHS. The only proven long-term treatment of CHS is cessation of cannabis use.
Implementation of the Many-Pair Expansion for Systematically Improving Density Functional Calculations of Molecules

Density functional theory (DFT) is the method of choice for predicting structures and reaction energies of molecular systems. However, it remains a daunting task to systematically improve the accuracy of an approximate density functional. The recently proposed many-pair expansion (MPE) [ Phys. Rev. B 2016, 93, 201108] is a density functional hierarchy that systematically corrects any deficiencies of an approximate functional to converge to the exact energy, and was shown to give accurate results for lattice models. In this work, we extend MPE to molecular systems and implement it using Gaussian basis sets. The self-attractive Hartree (SAH) decomposition [ J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2018, 14, 92-103] is employed to generate localized v-representable pair densities for performing MPE calculations. We demonstrate that MPE at the second order (MPE2) already predicts accurate molecular and reaction energies for a series of small molecules and hydrogen chains, with the EXX functional as its starting point. We also show that MPE correctly describes the symmetric bond breaking in hydrogen rings, indicating its ability to remove strong correlation errors. MPE thus provides a promising framework to systematically improve density functional calculations of molecules.
Failure Isolation in Ring Oscillator Circuit and Defect Detection in CMOS Technology Research

Ring oscillators (ROs) are used for yield learning during the research phase of a CMOS technology generation. Based on electrical data and binning methods, we improve detection and classification fault methodologies and form a yield detractor pareto. Inline defect monitoring can help to estimate RO yield and is essential in CMOS technology research.
Precursor lymphoid neoplasms, blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm, and acute leukemias of ambiguous lineage

Abstract Collectively, lymphoid neoplasms are the fourth most common cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and its rare lymphoma counterpart, B-lymphoblastic lymphoma, mostly occur in children and adolescents and are regarded as one of top leading causes of death related to malignancies in this population. In adult, B-ALL exhibits similar clinical course as pediatric population but worse prognosis in comparison with younger individuals. T lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma is neoplasm precursor T-lymphoid cells involving bone marrow and blood (T-ALL) or occasionally presenting with primary involvement of thymus or of nodal or extranodal sites (T-LBL). T-ALL typically presents with a high white blood cell count, mediastinal mass, and lymphadenopathy as well as hepatosplenomegaly. B-Lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with recurrent genetic abnormalities has also been discussed in the chapter.
Creating a bilingual, localized glossary for end-of-life-decision-making in borderland communities

Recent scholarship puts forth that although designers work carefully to craft, vet, and follow up on health communication, insufficient attention has been given to ways patients and health providers use materials in their own contexts and cultures [1, 2, 3]. While evidence-based practices matter and should continue to factor into medical decisions, many local resources are underutilized [4, 5]. This experience report documents how participatory, community-based User-Experience (UX) [6] was used to inform the design of a glossary to effectively facilitate how bilingual (Spanish and English-speaking) individuals on the Mexico-U.S. border interface with end-of-life (EOL) terminology. The report highlights the importance of expanding the boundaries of health-related communication design beyond single, static, dominant language ideologies. It describes lessons learned relative to UX, localization, language, and interdisciplinary collaboration.
Outcomes of press-fit uncemented versus cemented hip arthroplasty in the oncologic patient.

Abstract Background and objectives Cemented hip arthroplasty is considered the standard of care for treating both osteoporotic femoral neck fractures and pathologic disease of the proximal femur due to the ability to achieve strong fixation in poor quality bone. There is minimal literature evaluating uncemented arthroplasty for pathologic disease of the proximal femur. This objective of this study is to compare outcomes of patients undergoing cemented and uncemented arthroplasty of the proximal femur for an oncologic indication. Methods Patients who underwent hip arthroplasty procedures in one health system for an oncologic indication were identified. Demographics, cancer history, operative history, and complications were collected retrospectively. Harris Hip Scores (HHS) and Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Scores (MSTS) were prospectively collected via telephone. Results 41 patients met criteria for review. 18 underwent cemented and 23 underwent uncemented arthroplasty. There were no significant differences in age, demographics, complications, 30-day mortality, intraoperative blood loss, transfusion requirements, average HHS, or average MSTS. Conclusion No significant differences were found for patients undergoing hip arthroplasty for an oncologic indication regardless of whether or not the femoral component was cemented. Our results suggest that cemented and uncemented techniques are both safe and effective methods to be used at the oncologic surgeon's discretion.
Characterizing patterns of genomic variation in the threatened Utah prairie dog: Implications for conservation and management

Utah prairie dogs (Cynomys parvidens) are federally threatened due to eradication campaigns, habitat destruction, and outbreaks of plague. Today, Utah prairie dogs exist in small, isolated populations, making them less demographically stable and more susceptible to erosion of genetic variation by genetic drift. We characterized patterns of genetic structure at neutral and putatively adaptive loci in order to evaluate the relative effects of genetic drift and local adaptation on population divergence. We sampled individuals across the Utah prairie dog species range and generated 2955 single nucleotide polymorphisms using double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing. Genetic diversity was lower in low-elevation sites compared to high-elevation sites. Population divergence was high among sites and followed an isolation-by-distance model. Our results indicate that genetic drift plays a substantial role in the population divergence of the Utah prairie dog, and colonies would likely benefit from translocation of individuals between recovery units, which are characterized by distinct elevations, despite the detection of environmental associations with outlier loci. By understanding the processes that shape genetic structure, better informed decisions can be made with respect to the management of threatened species to ensure that adaptation is not stymied.
Experimental Characterization of the Dimensional Stability of Deployable Composite Booms During Stowage

Thin-ply carbon fiber reinforced polymer materials offer the opportunity to create long thin-shell booms with high strength to weight ratios. These booms can be rolled up and stowed in small volumes to be later deployed. These features make them ideal for use in gossamer solar sails as well as other deployable space structures. It has been observed that stowing the booms in rolled-up configurations can cause time-dependent deformations. A comprehensive understanding of the detrimental effects of stowing the coiled booms is necessary to implement these structures in spaceflight missions. During stowage inside the spacecraft, the boom is subjected to a constant deformation/strain that causes it to relax over time, measurable by a decrease in stress. Using large deformation bending tests, the complete fold-stow-unfold-recover cycle of thin-laminate candidates for the rollable booms is characterized. Further bending and stowage testing is done at the boom level. The results from this test campaign will be used to evaluate the dimensional stability of deployable booms made from thin-ply composites that exhibit visco-elasto-plastic behavior and calibrate and validate numerical finite element models that include visco-elasto-plastic material models.
Plant Immune System Activation is Necessary for Efficient Interaction with Auxin Secreting Beneficial Bacteria

Plants continuously monitor the presence of microorganisms through their immune system to establish an adaptive response. Unlike immune recognition of pathogenic bacteria, how beneficial bacteria interact with the plant immune system is not well understood. Analysis of colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana by auxin producing beneficial bacteria revealed that activation of the plant immune system is necessary for efficient bacterial colonization and auxin secretion. A feedback loop is established in which bacterial colonization triggers an immune reaction and production of reactive oxygen species, which, in turn, stimulate auxin production by the bacteria. Auxin promotes bacterial survival and efficient root colonization, allowing the bacteria to inhibit fungal infection and promote plant health.
Electrochemical Approach to Measure Physiological Fluid Flow Rates.

In vivo measurement of the flow rate of physiological fluids such as blood flow rate in the heart is important in critically ill patients and for those undergoing surgical procedures. The reliability of these measurements is therefore quite important. However, current methods in practice for the measurement of flow rates of physiological fluids suffer from poor repeatability and reliability. Here, we assessed the feasibility of a flow rate measurement method that leverages time transient electrochemical behavior of a tracer that is injected directly into a medium [That electrochemical signal caused due to the tracer injectate will be diluted by the continued flow of the medium and the time response of the current – the electrodilution curve – will depend on the flow rate of the medium]. In an experimental flow loop apparatus equipped with an electrochemical cell, we used the AC voltammetry technique and tested the feasibility of electrodilution-based measurement of flow rate using two mediums – pure water and anticoagulated blood – with 0.9 wt.% saline as the injectate. The electrodilution curve was quantified using three metrics – change in current amplitude, total time, and change in the total charge for a range of AC voltammetry settings (peak voltages and frequencies). All three metrics showed an inverse relationship with the flow rate of water and blood with the strongest negative correlation obtained for change in current amplitude. The findings are a proof-of-concept for the electrodilution method of flow rate measurement and offer the potential for physiological fluid flow rate measurement in vivo.
Autonomy for Space Robots: Past, Present, and Future

The purpose of this review is to highlight space autonomy advances across mission phases, capture the anticipated need for autonomy and associated rationale, assess state of the practice, and share thoughts for future advancements that could lead to a new frontier in space exploration. Over the past two decades, several autonomous functions and system-level capabilities have been demonstrated and used in spacecraft operations. In spite of that, spacecraft today remain largely reliant on ground in the loop to assess situations and plan next actions, using pre-scripted command sequences. Advances have been made across mission phases including spacecraft navigation; proximity operations; entry, descent, and landing; surface mobility and manipulation; and data handling. But past successful practices may not be sustainable for future exploration. The ability of ground operators to predict the outcome of their plans seriously diminishes when platforms physically interact with planetary bodies, as has been experienced in two decades of Mars surface operations. This results from uncertainties that arise due to limited knowledge, complex physical interaction with the environment, and limitations of associated models. Robotics and autonomy are synergistic, wherein robotics provides flexibility, autonomy exercises it to more effectively and robustly explore unknown worlds. Such capabilities can be substantially advanced by leveraging the rapid growth in SmallSats, the relative accessibility of near-Earth objects, and the recent increase in launch opportunities.
Diversity in non-linear responses to soil moisture shapes evolutionary constraints in Brachypodium.

Water availability is perhaps the greatest environmental determinant of plant yield and fitness. However, our understanding of plant-water relations is limited because-like many studies of organism-environment interaction-it is primarily informed by experiments considering performance at two discrete levels-wet and dry-rather than as a continuously varying environmental gradient. Here we used experimental and statistical methods based on function-valued traits to explore genetic variation in responses to a continuous soil moisture gradient in physiological and morphological traits among ten genotypes across two species of the model grass genus Brachypodium. We find that most traits exhibit significant genetic variation and non-linear responses to soil moisture variability. We also observe differences in the shape of these non-linear responses between traits and genotypes. Emergent phenomena arise from this variation including changes in trait correlations and evolutionary constraints as a function of soil moisture. Our results point to the importance of considering diversity in non-linear organism-environment relationships to understand plastic and evolutionary responses to changing climates.
Causality, Indeterminacy, and Providence: Contemporary Islamic Perspectives from Said Nursi and Basil Altaie

To understand divine providence, we need to understand the natural order and our place in it. Such inquiry leads to a rethinking of what we usually construe as explanation, especially the causal explanations we employ in everyday life and in modern science. Nursi and Altaie offer examples of how to do that rethinking. In light of cues from the Quran, they pay attention to empirical data and offer interpretations that are both intellectually and existentially compelling.
The relationships of sprawl and ozone air quality in United States' metropolitan areas

This article reports the results of an examination of the relationships between degree of sprawl and improvements in ozone air quality for 52 metropolitan areas in the US. It also examines state political alignment and environmental resources with regard to these two primary objects of investigation. Evidence of a relationship between sprawl and air quality improvement was identified, but the evidence is ambiguous. More research appears warranted to explore the sprawl–air quality improvement relationship.