cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orphan Works: Definitional Issues

This paper outlines responses to two definitional questions that arise in the context of orphan works: (1) exactly what is the “orphan works” problem?, and (2) what is the size of this problem? The answers to these two questions are central to understanding how proposed solutions work to remedy the situation. While the most common descriptions of the orphan works problem focus on unlocatable copyright owners, others have framed the issue in terms of a broader problem of market failure. This paper explores both formulations of the problem. Similarly, the size of the orphan works problem can be viewed from many angles. Rough approximations of the size of the problem for certain types of works (e.g., published monographs) are available, but comprehensive data on the number and value of orphan works do not currently exist for a wide variety of works and the uses to which those works might be put. This paper suggests areas in which further research on these issues is needed. About this Paper: This white paper is the first in a series from the Berkeley Digital Library Copyright Project, an effort organized by Berkeley Law professors Pamela Samuelson, Jason Schultz, and Jennifer Urban. The project aims to investigate copyright obstacles facing libraries and other like-minded organizations in their efforts to realize the full potential of making works available digitally. More information can be found on the project’s website.
Motivated Strategies for Judgment: How Preferences for Particular Judgment Processes can Affect Judgment Outcomes

Beyond motivations to achieve particular outcomes, people also have motivations to use particular strategies while pursuing these outcomes. This article integrates research on the latter strategic preferences and discusses the place of such research in the broader investigation of motivated thinking. A review of studies examining the strategic preferences stemming from both motivations for promotion versus prevention (Higgins, 1997) and motivations for locomotion versus assessment (Higgins, Kruglanski, & Pierro, 2003) illustrates that these preferences have unique effects on basic processes of judgment, including the evaluation of alternative hypotheses or counterfactuals, the prioritization of fast versus accurate information processing, and the recall and activation of knowledge from memory. Moreover, this review also demonstrates important interactions between strategic preferences and outcome preferences. Strategic preferences thus appear to make distinct and important contributions to understanding how motivation influences judgment and should feature prominently in general analyses of motivated thinking.
State of Immunity: The Politics of Vaccination in Twentieth-Century America – By James Colgrove

Like many other topics in the history of health and illness, vaccination is both extraordinarily important and surprisingly absent from the typical textbook. James Colgrove's excellent work shows (...
Four-Electron-Donor Hemilabile η3-PPh3 Ligand that Binds through a C═C Bond Rather than an Agostic C−H Interaction, and Displacement of the C═C by Methyl Iodide or Water

Hydride transfer from Cp(CO)2(PPh3)MoH to Ph3C+BAr′4− [Ar′ = 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] produces [Cp(CO)2(η3-PPh3)Mo]+[BAr′4]−. Spectroscopic and crystallographic data indicate that one C═C of a Ph ring is weakly bound to the Mo, so that the PPh3 ligand is a four-electron-donor ligand. Computations (DFT/B3LYP and MP2 on [Cp(CO)2(η3-PPh3)Mo]+ and [Cp(CO)2(η3-PH2Ph)Mo]+, and DFT/B3LYP on [Cp(CO)2(η3-PHtBuPh)Mo]+ and [Cp(CO)2(η3-PH2Ph)Nb]) provide further information on the bonding and on the preference for bonding of the metal to the C═C bond rather than an agostic C−H interaction found in many related complexes. The hemilabile C═C bond is readily displaced by CH3I or H2O, and crystal structures are reported for [Cp(CO)2(PPh3)Mo(ICH3)]+ and [Cp(CO)2(PPh3)Mo(OH2)]+. The equilibrium constant for [Cp(CO)2(η3-PPh3)Mo]+ + ICH3 to give [Cp(CO)2(PPh3)Mo(ICH3)]+ is Keq = 5.2 × 102 M−1 in CD2Cl2 at 22 °C.
A simple, inexpensive rotometer for automatically recording the dynamics of circling behavior

Abstract An inexpensive, automated system for recording circling behavior in small animals is described. The apparatus provides information concerning: left and right full (360°) rotations, half (180°) turns, the time it takes for a rotation, the number of consecutive rotations in each direction, reversals (180° changes in direction), net rotations which are displayed directly without a source of electrical power, plus other parameters of circling behavior. The system is simple in principle and construction, and is virtually maintenance free. Depending on the options desired, a single rotometer can be built for approximately $350 or less than $70 by anyone able to use basic hand tools.
Resonance and asymptotic solutions of a singular perturbation problem

A singular perturbation problem for a second-order ODE with a pair of singular boundary points and a pair of interior second-order turning points is studied. Four leading-order uniform approximations are formally constructed, each is restricted to a region including one critical point. The neighbouring approximations are formally matched independently on an overlap domain, yielding an asymptotic approximation to leading order of the general solution. Two generalized formulae for the singular and turning point eigenvalues that exhibit the resonance conditions are derived. The resonance criteria due to the influence of every possible combination of the critical points are investigated
External, Not Internal Challenges to Interdisciplinary Research

This commentary draws on personal experience with interdisciplinary collaborations to suggest that Maton, Perkins, and Saegert (this issue) may overstate the challenges internal to interdisciplinary work groups. It supports their discussion of external challenges, and comments on the efforts they suggest to further interdisciplinary work.
Identification of Vibrio Isolates by a Multiplex PCR Assay and rpoB Sequence Determination

ABSTRACT Vibrio, a diverse genus of aquatic bacteria, currently includes 72 species, 12 of which occur in human clinical samples. Of these 12, three species—Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus—account for the majority of Vibrio infections in humans. Rapid and accurate identification of Vibrio species has been problematic because phenotypic characteristics are variable within species and biochemical identification requires 2 or more days to complete. To facilitate the identification of human-pathogenic species, we developed a multiplex PCR that uses species-specific primers to amplify gene regions in four species (V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. mimicus). The assay was tested on a sample of 309 Vibrio isolates representing 26 named species (including 12 human pathogens) that had been characterized by biochemical methods. A total of 190 isolates that had been identified as one of the four target species all yielded results consistent with the previous classification. The assay identified an additional four V. parahaemolyticus isolates among the other 119 isolates. Sequence analysis based on rpoB was used to validate the multiplex results for these four isolates, and all clustered with other V. parahaemolyticus sequences. The rpoB sequences for 12 of 15 previously unidentified isolates clustered with other Vibrio species in a phylogenetic analysis, and three isolates appeared to represent unnamed Vibrio species. The PCR assay provides a simple, rapid, and reliable tool for identification of the major Vibrio pathogens in clinical samples, and rpoB sequencing provides an additional identification tool for other species in the genus Vibrio.
Listening while learning

Journal of Computational Acoustics. Editors-in-chief Ding Lee and Alien D. Pierce. World Scientific. 4/yr. $190 (institutions); $95 (personal).
Gene expression changes in the secondary palate and mandible of Prdm16(-/-) mice

Loss of Prdm16 expression in the mouse leads to a complete cleft of the secondary palate. We have now determined changes in gene expression in the secondary palates of Prdm16(-/-) fetuses in an attempt to reveal the mechanism(s) leading to the failure of palate closure in these mice. Defined pathway-based polymerase chain reaction arrays were used to analyze the expression of genes associated with the extracellular matrix and the transforming growth factor-β and bone morphogenetic protein signaling networks, perturbations of which can lead to palatal clefting. Loss of Prdm16 expression in the secondary palate leads to alterations in numerous genes within these groups, many of which have been linked to chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. The expression of several genes linked to bone development was significantly changed in the developing secondary palate. Analysis of gene expression in the mandibles of Prdm16(-/-) fetuses revealed similar alterations in the same gene set. These data suggest that one function of Prdm16 is the regulation of genes that play a role in the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondro-/osteocytes.
"Hot spots" of fear and crime: A multi-method investigation.

Abstract Crime and fear of crime concentrate in some areas called ‘hot spots’. Hot spots relate to at least two levels of reference—macro (neighborhood) and micro (proximate). Although the study of macro-level characteristics may uncover broad patterns of fear, it neglects proximate cues that can have direct effects on pedestrian experiences. In areas having macro-level conditions that contribute to a climate of fear, micro-level cues may explain site-specific hot spots of fear. On a university campus with a climate of fear, we examined the effect of three proximate exterior site features (prospect, concealment, and boundedness) on fear of crime, spatial behavior, effectiveness of police surveillance, and reported crime. The research also evaluated the accuracy with which measures of macro-level fears reflected site-specific fears. Hot spots of fear and crime converged at the micro level. Both fear and crime increased in areas characterized by low prospect, high concealment, and high boundedness. Measures of macro-level fears missed site-specific effects. The results suggest that increases in prospect, and decreases in concealment and boundedness may enhance feeling of safety and reduce crime. The discrepancy between macro and micro measures suggests that research and planning should consider both macro- and micro-level factors.
Ovarian Regulation of Postcoital Gonadotropin Release in the Rabbit: Reexamination of a Functional Role for 20 αDihydroprogesterone1

In the rabbit, it has been proposed that an ovarian progestin, 20 α-dihydroprogesterone (20 αP), released at mating, is essential for a normal postcoital LH surge. However, we measured plasma levels of LH and 20αP after mating in rabbits and observed that the frequency, magnitude and time-course of changes in circulating levels of 20αP seemed inappropriate to account for the rapid and major surge of LH secretion. This prompted us to re-evaluate the role of the ovary in regulating postcoital LH secretion. In chronically ovariectomized (>30 days) does pretreated with estrogen, mating induced a normal LH surge in only 1 of 10 animals, indicating that an ovarian product in addition to estrogen is required for a normal postcoital LH surge. However, when 20αP was injected soon after mating in chronically ovariectomized does pretreated with estrogen, only 2 of 9 displayed normal LH surges; this proportion is not different from that (1/10) observed with estrogen treatment alone. To demonstrate that the estrogen t...
Use of a biopsy punch for removal of epithelial cysts.

A simple modification of the incision and drainage technique for removing cysts, substituting a biopsy punch for a scalpel, is described. It is rapid and results in minimal scarring.
Charm Spectroscopy from B Factories

A brief review of the excited D{sub s} and D mesons is presented. A precision measurement of the D{sub s1}(2536) mass and width parameters is reported by BABAR. Finally, a recent BABAR study of the D{pi} and D*{pi} final states shows first observations of the radial excitations of the D{sup 0}, D*{sup 0}, and D*{sup +}, as well as the L = 2 excited states of the D{sup 0} and D{sup +}, where L is the orbital angular momentum of the quarks.
Spending of remuneration by subjects in non-treatment drug abuse research studies.

Background: This study examines remuneration spending by drug-using participants in residential drug abuse research. Methods: Ninety-four adult males who participated in residential, non-treatment drug abuse research studies earned remuneration based on length of stay and specific research procedures. Remuneration could be in cash after discharge or for in-kind purchases and bill payments. Spending of remuneration was extracted from charts and evaluated with multivariate analyses. Results: Participants received average remuneration of $1,454, taking 59% in cash. Other categories included cigarettes (60.6% of subjects), toiletries (60.6%), clothing (54.3%), and housing (52.1%). Primary drug of abuse, total remuneration, monthly income, length of stay on the residential research unit, age, and education were significantly associated with in-kind remuneration choices. Less total remuneration, intoxication in the month prior to study, higher IQ, and non-white race were associated with taking more in cash. Con...
Free and Bound Benzotriazoles in Marine and Freshwater Sediments

To investigate how some anthropogenic compounds are sequestered in sediments, the authors examined the free and bound fractions of six different substituted benzotriazoles (BZTs) in sediment cores from the Pawtuxet River and Narragansett Bay. The free fraction was operationally defined as the fraction of BZTs that was removed with several organic solvent extractions, and the bound fraction was that portion of BZTs removed by solvent extraction after saponifying the sediment residue remaining from the initial solvent extractions. The total concentrations (free and bound) of BZTs were as large as 10 mg g{sup {minus}1} in the riverine core and 0.05 mg g{sup {minus}1} in the estuarine core. The percent bound of the BZTs ranged from 0 to 9% of the total and varied with each compound, sediment depth, and location. BZTs that had alkyl substitution at the 3{prime} position were less likely to be found in the bound fraction than compounds that did not have this substitution. On the basis of these results, it appears that these compounds may be chemically associated with the sediments, and this association is hindered by alkyl substituents on some of the BZTs. These results have important implications in understanding the bioavailability and geochemical fate ofmore » organic contaminants in sediments as well as the acid reactions of sedimentary organic matter.« less
A Fluorescent Screening Assay for Identifying Modulators of GIRK Channels

G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ (GIRK) channels function as cellular mediators of a wide range of hormones and neurotransmitters and are expressed in the brain, heart, skeletal muscle and endocrine tissue1,2. GIRK channels become activated following the binding of ligands (neurotransmitters, hormones, drugs, etc.) to their plasma membrane-bound, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This binding causes the stimulation of G proteins (Gi and Go) which subsequently bind to and activate the GIRK channel. Once opened the GIRK channel allows the movement of K+ out of the cell causing the resting membrane potential to become more negative. As a consequence, GIRK channel activation in neurons decreases spontaneous action potential formation and inhibits the release of excitatory neurotransmitters. In the heart, activation of the GIRK channel inhibits pacemaker activity thereby slowing the heart rate. GIRK channels represent novel targets for the development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment neuropathic pain, drug addiction, cardiac arrhythmias and other disorders3. However, the pharmacology of these channels remains largely unexplored. Although a number of drugs including anti-arrhythmic agents, antipsychotic drugs and antidepressants block the GIRK channel, this inhibition is not selective and occurs at relatively high drug concentrations3. Here, we describe a real-time screening assay for identifying new modulators of GIRK channels. In this assay, neuronal AtT20 cells, expressing GIRK channels, are loaded with membrane potential-sensitive fluorescent dyes such as bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol [DiBAC4(3)] or HLB 021-152 (Figure 1). The dye molecules become strongly fluorescent following uptake into the cells (Figure 1). Treatment of the cells with GPCR ligands stimulates the GIRK channels to open. The resulting K+ efflux out of the cell causes the membrane potential to become more negative and the fluorescent signal to decrease (Figure 1). Thus, drugs that modulate K+ efflux through the GIRK channel can be assayed using a fluorescent plate reader. Unlike other ion channel screening assays, such atomic absorption spectrometry4 or radiotracer analysis5, the GIRK channel fluorescent assay provides a fast, real-time and inexpensive screening procedure.
The movement and dispersal of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in a chrysanthemum greenhouse

SUMMARY Investigation of the dispersal of Liriomyza trifolii in a 1–2 ha chrysanthemum greenhouse indicated that the average distance flown by female flies was greater than that flown by male flies. However, flies of both sexes were found at the furthest distance from the release point (102 m) which indicates that flies in the greenhouse could be considered to be a single inter-breeding population. When the data were fitted to a generalised distance-dispersal model, examination of the parameters revealed density decreased with distance more rapidly for males than females. Also, the model showed that males tended to be slightly more attracted to each other than were females. The applicability of these results to the development of pest management systems for L. trifolii is discussed.
Expanding Language Norms for School-Age Children and Adolescents: Is It Pragmatic?.

Despite decades of research, we currently have only limited norms of pragmatic development and use. These generally consist of skills that are aspects of pragmatic functioning, but in themselves do...
An endangered species.

I am indebted to many people for the opportunity to be a thoracic surgeon. First and foremost, I thank my family. My parents, Peggy and Charles, met as undergraduates at the University of Colorado and will celebrate their 58th wedding anniversary in September 2009. They taught me the importance of responsibility, perseverance, and hard work. I am grateful for the support they gave me as a student trying to go to medical school. My wife’s parents, Neill and Miriam Farrington, have been an inspiration and strong role models. They will celebrate their 59th wedding anniversary in October. I am particularly grateful to my wife, Chris. Chris and I met as teenagers and have been married since the beginning of medical school. As my love and my best friend, she has always provided unwavering support and has been the bedrock of our family. Our sons, Patrick and Danny, have been incredibly understanding of the demands that our profession places on any family. I have benefited from priceless mentorship throughout my professional career. When I was a surgical resident at the University of Washington, Drs Tom Marchioro and Jim Carrico taught me the importance of being intellectually honest with myself to improve as a surgeon. Both were truly gifted surgical educators. Despite the rigors of their own careers, they made the education of residents their highest priority. Dr Marv Pomerantz (Figure 1, A) has been my friend and confidant for almost 20 years. Marv provides an excellent example for all to follow and inspires those around him to be the best they can be. His sage and calming advice is always welcome. Dr Fred Grover (Figure 1, B) has been an excellent role model with an unwavering commitment to the education of students and residents. He is the most patient and kind person I have ever met and is able to find the best of any situation and the best in people. The world needs more people like Fred. Like everyone who has ever worked with him, I wanted to be like Dr Alden Harken (Figure 1, C). His intellect, energy, charisma, and humor have combined to make him the world’s greatest surgical educator. His passion for academic surgery has launched the careers of hundreds of young investigators. His unselfish desire to bask in the glory
Reasoning about dead agents reveals possible adaptive trends

We investigated whether (a) people positively reevaluate the characters of recently dead others and (b) supernatural primes concerning an ambient dead agent serve to curb selfish intentions. In Study 1, participants made trait attributions to three strangers depicted in photographs; one week later, they returned to do the same but were informed that one of the strangers had died over the weekend. Participants rated the decedent target more favorably after learning of his death whereas ratings for the control targets remained unchanged between sessions. This effect was especially pronounced for traits dealing with the decedent’s prosocial tendencies (e.g., ethical, kind). In Study 2, a content analysis of obituaries revealed a similar emphasis on decedents’ prosocial attributes over other personality dimensions (e.g., achievement-relatedness, social skills). Finally, in Study 3, participants who were told of an alleged ghost in the laboratory were less likely to cheat on a competitive task than those who did not receive this supernatural prime. The findings are interpreted as evidence suggestive of adaptive design.
Teaching graph algorithms using online java package IAPPGA

Teaching and learning graph algorithms is a great challenge to both instructors and students. Instructors are seeking software that is specifically designed to demonstrate the algorithms and for students to learn these algorithms efficiently. The software program should be readily available and provide an environment so that students are able to review the algorithm, solve a practical problem, and intuitively study the working process via a graphical display all together. This paper presents an "Internet Accessible Program Package for Graph Algorithms" (IAPPGA) developed by the author. This package can be accessed via an Internet browser at any time, anywhere without downloading or installing any software.
Diflubenzuron residue and persistence on an oak forest after aerial application

Abstract A twenty hectare forest block in central Pennsylvania was aerially sprayed with diflubenzuron (Dimilin 25W®) at the dose of 33.23g A.I./ha in 9.4 litres/ha. Leaf samples were collected from the upper and lower canopies of 27 oaks and understory within this block on the day of spray, May 29, 1991. Canopy leaves were also collected on May 31, June 10, July 29 and September 26, 1991. Recovery of diflubenzuron residues on fortified canopy‐leaf and litter‐leaf samples using analytical techniques employed in this study averaged 87.4% (SE = 7.5%) and 66.2% (SE = 8.2%), respectively. On the day of spray, diflubenzuron residues on the upper canopy, lower canopy and understory averaged 81.18, 39.65 and 8.35 ng/cm2, respectively. Diflubenzuron residues on canopy‐leaf samples collected 2, 12, 61 and 120 days post‐spray averaged 14.83 (SE = 10.19), 16.75 (SE = 9.95), 12.84 (SE = 8.25) and 11.20 (SE = 7.52) ng/cm2, respectively. Diflubenzuron residues on litter‐leaf samples collected after leaf senescence ‐ 16...
Prediction of trace metal partitioning between minerals and aqueous solutions: a linear free energy correlation approach

Trace metal partitioning between authigenic minerals and aqueous solutions is of great interest to both geochemical and environmental communities. In this paper, we have developed a linear free energy correlation model that correlates metal partition coefficients with metal cation properties: −2.303 RT logKd + ΔGf,MZ+0 = a∗MHXΔGn,MZ+0 + β∗MHXrMZ+ +b∗MHX where a∗MHX, β∗MHX, and b∗MHX are constants, which can be determined by a regression analysis. For isovalent metal partitioning, because of the constraint of Kd = 1 for the host metal, this correlation can be also expressed as: −2.303 RT log Kd = a∗MHX(ΔGn,MHZ+0 − ΔGn,M0) + β∗MHX(rMZ+ − rn,MHZ+) − (ΔGf,MZ+0 − ΔG0f,MHZ+). Host minerals from an isostructural family have the same linear free energy relationship, as long as the relationship is expressed as a function of the differences in cation properties between substituent and host metals. We have applied our model to both isovalent and non-isovalent metal partitioning in carbonate minerals. The model closely fits experimental data, demonstrating the robustness of the proposed linear free energy relationship. Using the model, we have predicted the partition coefficients of divalent and trivalent metals between various carbonate minerals and aqueous solutions. The differences between the predicted and experimental values are generally less than 1 logarithmic unit for divalent cations and less than 0.4 logarithmic unit for trivalent cations. Magnesite is predicted to have the largest partition coefficients among the carbonate minerals with a calcite structure and therefore, can be a good scavenger for toxic metals. The kinetic effect on metal partitioning can be described graphically by a “seesaw” line anchored at a host cation. To explain the rate dependence of partition coefficients, we have proposed a conceptual model that relates metal partitioning to surface adsorption. The conceptual model suggests that as the rate of host mineral precipitation increases, the ratio of substituent to host cation in a solid approaches what is in the adsorbed layer. The linear free energy correlation model developed in this paper provides a useful tool for systematizing the existing experimental data and for predicting unknown partition coefficients.
Postnatal development of serotonin 1B, 2 A and 2C receptors in brainstem motoneurons

The effects of serotonin (5-HT) on motoneurons are mediated via multiple receptor subtypes. In hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons, the prototypic brainstem motoneurons whose functions change during the postnatal period, 5-HT effects evolve from inhibitory to excitatory, probably in association with changes in receptor expression. We studied 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor mRNA in 414 dissociated XII motoneurons and 5-HT2A protein in the XII, facial and spinal cervical (C2-3) motor nuclei. The percentage of motoneurons expressing distinct mRNAs varied with the postnatal age (P3-33 days) and receptor subtype. Initially, 5-HT1B mRNA was present in 50–85% of cells, but on P14 its expression transiently decreased below 35%. 5-HT2A mRNA was present in nearly all cells after P6, but in less than 65% on P3-5. Normal and/or short splice variants of the 5-HT2C mRNA were expressed in less than 20% of motoneurons on P3-9, and in ∼ 35% thereafter. 5-HT1B and 5-HT2A mRNAs often were expressed in different cells during early and intermediate postnatal periods, whereas 5-HT2C mRNA never occurred alone. The 5-HT2A receptor protein level gradually increased through P15 in the XII and facial nuclei, with dendritic labelling appearing in XII motoneurons only after P12. In spinal motoneurons, both somatic and dendritic labelling was strongest on P5 and then decreased. The development of 5-HT receptors in XII motoneurons may be related to changes in feeding behaviour, whereas different cues regulate 5-HT receptor expression in upper spinal motoneurons.
Novel Measure of Driver and Vehicle Interaction Demonstrates Transient Changes Related to Alerting

Driver behavior and vehicle-road kinematics have been shown to change over prolonged periods of driving; however, the interaction between these two indices has not been examined. Here we develop a measure that examines how drivers turn the steering wheel relative to heading error velocity, which the authors call the relative steering wheel compensation (RSWC). The RSWC transiently changes on a short time scale coincident with a verbal query embedded within the study paradigm. In contrast, more traditional variables are dynamic over longer time scales consistent with previous research. The results suggest drivers alter their behavioral output (steering wheel correction) relative to sensory input (vehicle heading error velocity) on a distinct temporal scale and may reflect an interaction of alerting and control.
Education in a Punitive Society: An Introduction

Our society increasingly uses educational institutions to punish our people. We see this in zero tolerance policies, school-based arrests, and alternative schooling for “troublesome youth.” This means that schools are actively engaged in criminalizing our youth than ever before. The introduction offers insight into the broader context of the punitive society where schools and prisons collide.
Prolonged retrograde amnesia following sedation with propofol in a 12‐year‐old boy

Propofol is commonly used for sedation in a variety of clinical settings, as well as for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. The ease with which propofol can be administered and titrated to clinical effect, in addition to its accepted safety profile, has made it the drug of choice for sedation in outpatient procedures, such as gastrointestinal endoscopy. While short-term amnesia is a well-known side-effect of propofol, we present the first documented case of prolonged retrograde amnesia following propofol administration in a pediatric patient. Possible mechanisms and clinical management strategies related to this unique event are discussed.
Event-Related Potential Study of Executive Dysfunctions in a Speeded Reaction Task in Cocaine Addiction.

ABSTRACT Introduction. This study used a flanker task with NoGo elements to investigate frontal executive function deficits in 19 cocaine abusers. The executive functions of interest in this study were cortical inhibition or ability to withhold motor response, the ability to select an appropriate response among several competing ones, the ability to inhibit inappropriate responses, and the ability to detect error and exercise corrective control. Method. These processes were evaluated with specific frontal and parietal event-related potentials (ERPs) registered during performance on this speeded reaction time task with conflicting motor response demands. Specifically we used behavioral response measures, stimulus-locked anterior (frontal N200, N450) ERP markers of conflict detection, response inhibition (NoGo-N2 and NoGo-P3), and response-locked error-related negativity that represent different time points of signal classification, motor response conflict detection, response inhibition, and error monitorin...
A simple description of combined precession and nutation in an N-member system of coaxial, differentially spinning bodies

1 Gatlin, J. A. et al., "Satellite Attitude Control Using A Torqued, Two-axis-gimballed Boom as the Actuator," AIAA Paper 68-857, Pasadena, Calif., 1968. 2 Graham, J. D., "Dynamics of a Satellite Having Long Flexible Extendible Members," Proceedings of the XVII International Astronautical Congress, Madrid, Spain, Oct. 1966, pp. 163-178. 3 Dow, P. C. et al., "Dynamic Stability of a Gravity-Gradient Stabilized Satellite Having Long Flexible Antennas," Proceedings of the AIAA Guidance and Control Specialists Conference, Seattle, Wash., Aug. 1966, pp. 285-303. 4 Hooker, W. W. and Marqulies, G., "The Dynamical Attitude Equations For An iY-body Satellite," Journal of the Astronautical Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 4, Winter 1965, pp. 122-128. 5 Roberson, R. E., and Wittenburg, J., "A Dynamical Formalism for an Arbitrary Number of Interconnected Bodies, With Reference to the Problem of Satellite Attitude Control," paper 46.D, June 1966, International Federation on Automatic Control, London, England. , 2I,o](B
Time and Frequency Domain Investigation of the Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Micro-Drilling

In this paper, the dynamic characteristics of micro-drilling process under different cutting conditions and the resulting correlation to tool wear have been studied. Two types of drills, three spindle speeds and two kinds of workpiece materials were used. In-process cutting forces and accelerations were measured. The signals were analyzed in both the time and frequency domains. Some interesting phenomena were observed in the dynamic time-history response during drilling. Progressive functions with the proper order were obtained to describe the curve of the average thrust force with the number of the holes drilled. Dynamic features which were sensitive to tool wear were found. The changing trends of these dynamic features as the drill wear progresses show a feasibility to develop an on-line drill wear monitoring system by evaluating the changes in dynamic features.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Human mesenchymal stem cells generate a distinct pericellular zone of MMP activities via binding of MMPs and secretion of high levels of TIMPs

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are attractive candidates for inclusion in cell-based therapies by virtue of their abilities to home to wound sites. However, in-depth characterization of the specific effects of MSCs on their microenvironments is needed to realize their full therapeutic potentials. Furthermore, since MSCs of varying properties can be isolated from a diverse spectrum of tissues, a strategic and rational approach in MSC sourcing for a particular application has yet to be achieved. For example, MSCs that activate their proteolytic environments may promote tissue remodeling, while those from different tissue sources may inhibit proteases and promote tissue stabilization. This study attempts to address these issues by analyzing MSCs isolated from three adult tissue sources in terms of their effects on their proteolytic microenvironments. Human bone marrow, adipose, and traumatized muscle derived MSCs were compared in their soluble and cellular-associated MMP components and activity. For all types of MSCs, MMP activity associated with the cell surface, but activity levels and MMP profiles differed with tissue source. All MSC types bound exogenous active MMPs at their surfaces. MSCs were also able to activate exogenous proMMP-2 and proMMP-13. This is in marked contrast to the MSC soluble compartment, which strongly inhibited MMPs via endogenous TIMPs. The exact TIMP used to inhibit the exogenous MMP differed with MSC type. Thus, MSCs saturate their environment with both MMPs and TIMPs. Since they bind and activate MMPs at their surfaces, the net result is a very controlled pericellular localization of MMP activities by MSCs.
Multi-Interaction, Finite-Range, Two-Mode, DWBA Analyses of Direct Nuclear Reactions

The finite-range distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) theory of direct nuclear reactions is modified to facilitate inclusion of both direct and exchange modes of transfer reactions and all effective interaction potentials for single-cluster transfers. While spin-orbit terms are neglected many other of the usual approximations are not made. Application of the formalism using the computer code FANLU2 is demonstrated in several examples designed to demonstrate useful features of such analyses. Contributions from all reaction mechanisms and both modes are shown to be necessary for an adequate description of the reaction $d(\ensuremath{\alpha},t)^{3}\mathrm{He}$ at 82 Mev with no parameter adjustment. The reaction $^{9}\mathrm{Be}(p,\ensuremath{\alpha})^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ at 6 MeV illustrates angular momentum dependence of the reduced widths in a more complex reaction. Finite-range effects are demonstrated in a simplified analysis of the $^{6}\mathrm{Li}(^{3}\mathrm{He},p)^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ reaction at 17 MeV. Various aspects of such analyses with the code FANLU2 are discussed.
When should men undergo mammography

1419 s the staff of a state public health hospital, we are responsible for the medical care of most Massachusetts prisoners, most of whom are men. Even when this population is counted with our general patient population, the mix is disproportionately male. It is not at all rare for these men to report a breast abnormality to a prison clinician. The practitioners routinely request mammograms, because certain mammographic appearances are suggestive or predictive of benign or malignant entities [1–4]. However, to enable our department to evaluate these requests properly, I have searched the literature, unfortunately in vain, for guidance on whether and when mammography would be appropriate as the first examination after abnormalities are found on palpation of the adult male breast. Breast cancer occurs rarely in men [1, 5]. The incidence is approximately one case per million men in their early 30s but about 65 times higher for men at least 85 years old [1]. The median age of male patients at diagnosis is approximately 68 years [5]. Gynecomastia is far more common than the unilateral, painWhen Should Men Undergo Mammography? Samson Munn 1
Effects of process parameters on solid self-microemulsifying particles in a laboratory scale fluid bed

The purpose of this study was to select the critical process parameters of the fluid bed processes impacting the quality attribute of a solid self-microemulsifying (SME) system of albendazole (ABZ). A fractional factorial design (2(4-1)) with four parameters (spray rate, inlet air temperature, inlet air flow, and atomization air pressure) was created by MINITAB software. Batches were manufactured in a laboratory top-spray fluid bed at 625-g scale. Loss on drying (LOD) samples were taken throughout each batch to build the entire moisture profiles. All dried granulation were sieved using mesh 20 and analyzed for particle size distribution (PSD), morphology, density, and flow. It was found that as spray rate increased, sauter-mean diameter (D(s)) also increased. The effect of inlet air temperature on the peak moisture which is directly related to the mean particle size was found to be significant. There were two-way interactions between studied process parameters. The main effects of inlet air flow rate and atomization air pressure could not be found as the data were inconclusive. The partial least square (PLS) regression model was found significant (P < 0.01) and predictive for optimization. This study established a design space for the parameters for solid SME manufacturing process.
Closed State Coupled C-Type Inactivation in BK Channels

C-type inactivation of voltage-gated ion channels commonly occurs from the open state (open-sate inactivation, OSI) at strongly positive membrane potentials or from pre-open closed states (closed-state inactivation, CSI) at modestly depolarized membrane potentials. Slow recovery from inactivation requires hyperpolarized membrane potentials. C-type inactivation is known to result from structural rearrangement or collapse at selectivity filter. BK channels are known to be different from most voltage-gated K+ channels due to the absence of a classic intracellular cross-bundle activation gate, prompting suggestions of an opening mechanism due to rearangements of the selectivity filter. We studied C-inactivation in BK channels to explore the hypothesis that BK channel's activation and C-inactivation may have closely related gating mechanisms. The BK channel doesn't have C-inactivation under physiological conditions because of its high affinity to external K+. We observed prominent slow C-inactivation and recovery upon providing two stimulating factors of C-inactivation: (1) mutation Y294E/K/Q/S or Y279F, whose equivalent in Shaker channels(T449E/K/D/Q/S or W434F) caused greatly increased rates of C-inactivation or constitutive inactivation; (2) a very low concentration of extracellular K+ by replacement of K+ with NMDG+. However, BK channels showed a distinct state-dependency of C-inactivation which occurs at negative membrane potentials or decreased [Ca2+]i that cause channels to close, whereas recovery from inactivation requires positive membrane potentials or elevated [Ca2+]i that promote channel opening. Constitutively open mutatations prevented BK channel from C-inactivation, suggesting the absence of an open- inactivated state. We conclud that channel closing is a prerequisite although not an equivalent to the C-inactivation in the BK channels, indicating a strong coupling between these two processes. Because C-inactivation can involve multiple conformational changes at selectivity filter, the BK channel closing which can recover (open) relatively quickly might represent an early conformational stage of C-inactivation.
A non-lattice coordination theory of polymer solutions

Abstract We have examined the classic lattice theories of polymer solutions including the work of Chang (1939), Flory (1941), Huggins (1942), Miller (1942), and Guggenheim (1944a, b, 1952). By modifying Guggenheim's (1952) approach we have derived a generalized lattice like model without the necessity of invoking a lattice. The coordination number is logically defined in terms of the number of strongly interacting nearest neighbors, therefore it depends only upon specific solvent polymer interactions. This is accomplished by partitioning the polymer coordination number into an internal part, Zip, due to the covalent connections between monomers, and an external part, zep, due to the number of strong interactions between the polymer and the solvent. At very high polymer concentrations, where there is insufficient solvent to saturate the polymer, a modified Langmuir adsorption isotherm was used to model the solvent activities. Using experimentally determined enthalpies, we have successfully tested this model against experimental solvent activities for solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (MW 150–6000) in water at temperatures from 20°C to 65°C with an average standard deviation from experiment of 0.012. The external coordination number for an effective monomer in a large polymer is 1 2 . Since an effective monomer is about one half the size of a PEG monomer, this corresponds to the interaction of one water molecule per PEG monomer. The neutron scattering study of Maconnachie et al. (1978) supports this number.
PEAK—a fast and effective performance tuning system via compiler optimization orchestration

Compile-time optimizations generally improve program performance. Nevertheless, degradations caused by individual compiler optimization techniques are to be expected. Feedback-directed optimization orchestration systems generate optimized code versions under a series of optimization combinations, evaluate their performance, and search for the best version. One challenge to such systems is to tune program performance quickly in an exponential search space. Another challenge is to achieve high program performance, considering that optimizations interact. Aiming at these two goals, this article presents an automated performance tuning system, PEAK, which searches for the best compiler optimization combinations for the important code sections in a program. The major contributions made in this work are as follows: (1) An algorithm called Combined Elimination (CE) is developed to explore the optimization space quickly and effectively; (2) Three fast and accurate rating methods are designed to evaluate the performance of an optimized code section based on a partial execution of the program; (3) An algorithm is developed to identify important code sections as candidates for performance tuning by trading off tuning speed and tuned program performance; and (4) A set of compiler tools are implemented to automate optimization orchestration. Orchestrating optimization options in SUN Forte compilers at the whole-program level, our CE algorithm improves performance by 10.8p over the SPEC CPU2000 FP baseline setting, compared to 5.6p improved by manual tuning. Orchestrating GCC O3 optimizations, CE improves performance by 12p over O3, the highest optimization level. Applying the rating methods, PEAK reduces tuning time from 2.19 hours to 5.85 minutes on average, while achieving equal or better program performance.
A characterization of the Tm graph

Abstract Let n and m be positive integers with n≥2m. The Tm graph with characteristics n, denoted by Gmn, is defined as a graph for which the vertices may be identified with all unordered m-tuples on n symbols so that two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding m-tuples contain a common (m−1)-tuple. The present paper establishes a characterization of Gmn when n>2m(m−1)+4 in terms of conditions similar to, but slightly weaker than, the conditions used by Connor [3] to characterize the triangular (T2) graph and by Bose and Laskar [2] to characterize the tetrahedral (T3) graph.
Can the targeted use of a discharge pharmacist significantly decrease 30-day readmissions?

BackgroundThe prevalence and cost of hospital readmissions have gained attention. The ability to identify patients at high risk for hospital readmission has implications for quality and costs of ca...
Photon path length analysis of radiative transfer in planar layers with single internal sources

Abstract A solution technique is presented which successfully predicts the radiative intensity and flux path length distributions for a scattering medium with an arbitrary internal source. All scattering effects are included through the optical path length concept. The extension of the optical path length technique to incorporate internal sources permits relatively simple modeling of scattering layers with any source distribution (e.g. temperature) and any absorption feature using a data base of responses (path length distributions) to arbitrarily located internal single sources. Path length distributions are presented for a single source in the layer and exhibit trends similar to those seen in the boundary source problem. The effects of orders of scattering are demonstrated. Although the technique is directed to radiative heat transfer analyses, the source need not be a thermal source and the solutions are not restricted to thermal applications.
The Motivational Supervisor: Motivational Interviewing as a Clinical Supervision Approach

Motivational interviewing (MI) is an evidence-based clinical intervention used to elicit motivation for client behavior change. MI as a supervision style involves the same spirit, processes, and techniques used to cultivate supervisee development and change. This article describes the application of MI components to clinical supervision, detailing the processes of engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning. A case example depicting MI supervision is provided.
IS INTRINSIC SPHINCTER DEFICIENCY A COMPLICATION OF SIMPLE HYSTERECTOMY

Purpose: Intrinsic sphincter deficiency may cause disabling stress urinary incontinence. While some pelvic operations are implicated as a cause of this condition, simple hysterectomy for benign disease is not recognized as one of them. We evaluated the association of simple hysterectomy with intrinsic sphincter deficiency.Materials and Methods: We performed a case control study to assess the association of simple hysterectomy with intrinsic sphincter deficiency in a consecutive group of 387 incontinent women. From 1995 to 1997 we identified 67 patients with and 67 controls without a history of hysterectomy. Further comparison was done after forming a subgroup at low risk for intrinsic sphincter deficiency. All patients were evaluated by a fluoroscopic urodynamic technique and abdominal leak point pressure was determined.Results: Intrinsic sphincter deficiency was present in 48% of the 67 patients and 24% of the 67 controls. In the lower risk subgroup we noted this condition in 29 patients (52%) and 53 con...