cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microwave collective transport in single-crystal Eu2CuO

We measured the complex conductivity of single crystals of Eu/sub 2/CuO/sub 4/ from 3 to 15 GHz and observed collective transport with a sample-independent spectral weight. An unusual activated temperature dependence for the spectral weight, and anomalous temperature dependence of the Eu Mossbauer line, indicate magnetic effects well above the Neel temperature. The collective transport is similar to that observed in (TMTSF)/sub 2/PF/sub 6/ where TMSF denotes tetramethyltetrathiofulvalene and where charged, massive solitons are the suspected source of the transport.
Incidentally discovered renal masses: oncological and perioperative outcomes in patients with delayed surgical intervention.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether a period of surveillance before laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) affects the pathological and clinical outcomes of patients with a small renal mass, as although the standard treatment for an enhancing renal mass remains surgical extirpation, surveillance of small renal masses has become a potential option in appropriately selected patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS The clinical and pathological data of 32 patients who had LPN for a small clinical stage T1a renal mass after a surveillance period of ≥3 months was analysed and compared with those from a matched group of patients who had immediate LPN. RESULTS The mean interval between diagnosis and LPN in the surveillance group was 15.8 months. The mean tumour size at presentation was 1.97 cm in the surveillance group with a growth rate of 0.56 cm/year. The proportion of patients upstaged from cT1 to pT3a was no different between the groups. There was no difference between the groups in warm ischaemia time, blood loss, operating room time, complications and length of stay after LPN. At the last follow-up (mean 60 months) there were no local recurrences or distant metastases. CONCLUSION Baseline size does not appear to predict tumour malignant potential, and growth rates of malignant and benign tumours were similar in the two groups. A delay in surgery of >1 year was not associated with added surgical morbidity, nor did it preclude patients from undergoing definitive surgery via a minimally invasive approach with an equally effective early oncological outcome.
Chemical mediation of egg dumping in the lace bug Gargaphia solani Heidemann (Heteroptera: Tingidae).

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that the proximate cue for egg dumping in the lace bugGargaphia solaniHeidemann is a chemical deposited by females on eggs during or shortly after oviposition. The results of this study show that: (1) dumping frequency declines as eggs age but can be elevated to its highest levels by exposure to chemical extracts from young egg masses; and (2) visual cues are not necessary to stimulate dumping. Further data support the hypothesis that the ovipositional chemical is used by egg dumpers as a long-distance signal of an appropriate oviposition site, and is not a mechanism by which guarding females relocate their eggs if separated from them.
Laser Photodissociation of Insulin Ions Generated by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption

A novel method for studying the ionization step of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is demonstrated. A 193-nm pulse from an ArF excimer laser is used to photodissociate a portion of a plume of insulin ions generated by MALDI. Laser photodissociation (LPD) creates a “hole”, i.e., a negative spike in the insulin peak in the time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrum. The position of the hole in the mass spectrum provides useful measurements of the characteristics (position, time, and velocity) of insulin ions shortly after their creation. Although the performance of the method can be further improved, the data obtained could be used to refine our current understanding of MALDI and to improve the resolution of MALDI-TOFMS.
Different modes of opiate interaction in rat vas deferens.

Abstract We have analyzed the effect of arylsulfatase (AS) on electrically-stimulated contractions in the rat vas deferens (RVD) and on the inhibition of the latter by various opiates. Although most of these ligands are pharmacologically inactive in this system, they shift the agonists' dose-response curves to the right and alter the slopes. This indicates a complex interaction not explained by a simple receptor model.
The Effect of Paternal Age on Fetal Birth Outcomes

Research investigating the role of paternal age in adverse birth outcomes is limited. This population-based retrospective cohort study used the Missouri maternally linked data set from 1989 to 2005 to assess whether paternal age affects fetal birth outcomes: low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), stillbirth, and small size for gestational age (SGA). We examined these outcomes among infants across seven paternal age-groups ( 45 years) using the generalized estimating equation framework. Compared with infants born to younger fathers (25-29 years), infants born to fathers aged 40 to 45 years had a 24% increased risk of stillbirth but a reduced risk of SGA. A 48% increased risk of late stillbirth was observed in infants born to advanced paternal age (>45 years). Moreover, advanced paternal age (>45 years) was observed to result in a 19%, 13%, and 29% greater risk for LBW, PTB, and VPTB (very preterm birth) infants, respectively. Infants born to fathers aged 30 to 39 years had a lower risk of LBW, PTB, and SGA, whereas those born to fathers aged 24 years or younger had an elevated likelihood of experiencing these same adverse outcomes. These findings demonstrate that paternal age influences birth outcomes and warrants further investigation.
Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances

Using self-resonant coils in a strongly coupled regime, we experimentally demonstrated efficient nonradiative power transfer over distances up to 8 times the radius of the coils. We were able to transfer 60 watts with ∼40% efficiency over distances in excess of 2 meters. We present a quantitative model describing the power transfer, which matches the experimental results to within 5%. We discuss the practical applicability of this system and suggest directions for further study.
Vibrational predissociation in hydrogen-bonded OH…O complexes via OH stretch-OO stretch energy transfer

Abstract A theory for vibrational predissociation of hydrogen-bonden OH…O complexes via OH stretch-OO stretch energy transfer is constructed, motivated by a recent experiment on vibrational predissociation of hydrogen-bonded ethanol dimer in solution. The theory employs a vibrationally adiabatic perspective, exploiting the frequency separation between the OH and OO stretches. The nonadiabatic coupling responsible for the hydrogen bond rupture subsequent to OH stretch excitation is found analytically. A lifetime for ethanol dimer of ≈ 10 ps is estimated, which is within a factor of two of the experimental result. General trends are predicted and discussed for other OH…O complexes.
Peptide-associated and antigenic changes accompanying periodic acid oxidation of human plasma orosomucoid.

Abstract Highly purified orosomucoid was exposed to periodic acid at concentrations of 0.12 and 0.60 n for 6 and 12 hours, and the oxidized products were investigated as to carbohydrate and amino acid composition, and electrophoretic and antibody-binding characteristics. Marked alterations in the properties of the native glycoprotein were produced by the periodic acid treatment. Changes in carbohydrate and amino acid composition were accompanied by a reduction in solubility, an increase in elect rophoretic mobility, a decrease in stain affinity, and a complete loss of native immunochemical specificity. The etiology and significance of these changes are discussed.
Internal Homogenization: Effective Permittivity of Multilayered Spheres

Internal homogenization for effective permittivity of coated spheres is discussed for plasmonic and dielectric materials. Such an effective model of homogenization is a useful tool in designing coated particles with desired resonant properties.
Alignment-Inversion Walls in Nematic Liquid Crystals in the Presence of a Magnetic Field

It is shown theoretically that nematic liquid crystals in magnetic fields may display alignment inversion walls partially similar to Bloch and N\'eel walls in ferromagnetics.
Hierarchical Log-Linear Models Not Preserved by Classification Error

Abstract A model of Bross (1954) for classification error in 2 × 2 contingency tables is extended to higher dimensional tables. It is known (Mote and Anderson 1965) that the usual hypothesis tests of independence for a sampled two-dimensional table have the nominal significance level in the presence of misclassification. A simple criterion is given to determine which hierarchical log-linear models in higher dimensional tables do not share this property, that is, are not preserved by classification error.
SU-FF-I-78: Estimate Standard Uptake Value (SUV) in F18 FDG PET Tumor Imaging

Objective: This study was to evaluate factors that may affect SUV in F18 FDG PETtumorimaging.Method: Twenty patients with single pulmonary nodules and five with multiple nodules were evaluated. Whole body scan was performed one hour post injection of 15 mCi of F18 FDG on a dedicated PET scanner (Siemens‐CTI Exact). OS‐EM reconstruction was employed. Reconstructed images were then transferred to a Siemens eSoft workstation for image display and analysis. Volume of lesion was adjusted around the hot nodule in the pulmonary area. The ROI was automatically defined by iso‐contour (10%, 25%, 35%, and 50% respectively) and used to calculate activity in Bq/ml, lesion volume and average SUV within the region. 3‐D imagefusion started with manual registration based on axial, sagittal and coronal display of the PET and the CT data. The SUVs were calculated using RoI defined by 50% or 25% iso‐contour. The same RoIs were applied to dedicated PET data and to transformed image from PET‐CT fusion.Result: Average lesion size was 3.9 cm3 at 50% iso‐contour and increased to 5.9 cm3 when the iso‐contour was 10%. PET SUV measured 4.77 compared with 4.47 from PETCTfusionimage with 50% isocontour and 3.36 compared with 3.79 respectively with 25% isocontour for a large lesion in right lung. Lesion volume decreased about 30%. Conclusion: Manually adjusting the iso‐contour to fit the lesion based on visual inspection on PETimages demonstrated significant difference between a pre‐set threshold and image guided iso‐contour on the lesion size, activity uptake and the average SUV. Measured SUV and lesion volume (50% isocontour) decreased when the PETCTfusionimage was used in comparison with dedicated PET scan.
Three-Arm Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Junction Bearing a Single Pendant Dansyl Group: A Model Architecture for Polymer Junction Points Dissolved in Liquids and Molten Polymers

We have determined the static and time-resolved fluorescence of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based three-armed junction that contains a single dansyl reporter group when it is dissolved at low c...
Extension of the continuum model for transport phenomena occurring during metal alloy solidification-II. Microscopic considerations

Abstract In a companion paper, a continuum model for simulating transport phenomena occurring during solidification of a binary metal alloy is extended to allow for treatment of effects such as solutal undercooling and solid transport in the form of floating and settling crystals. However, inclusion of such features requires auxiliary models which, in large part, depend on microscopic considerations. Such models are developed in this study and specifically deal with relations for solid and liquid velocities under conditions involving solid motion, as well as determination of solutal undercooling as a function of the solidification rate and stereological characteristics of the solid/liquid interface. The models also permit determination of final grain density and size.
Prolonged incubation with neuropeptide Y upregulates β-adrenoceptors yet does not cause supersensitivity of β-adrenoceptor signaling

In neonatal rat ventricular myocytes prolonged incubation with 1 μM neuropeptide Y (2 h–48 h) increased β-adrenoceptor density 16–24% (n = 4--8, all p < 0.05), an effect prevented by pertussis toxin pretreatment. Prolonged incubation with neuropeptide Y had no effect on adenylylcyclase activity stimulated by 5′-guanylylimidodiphosphate or (−)-isoprenaline, probably because of a neuropeptide Y-induced decrease in affinity of the β-adrenoceptor for agonist. Thus, chronic incubation with an inhibitory agonist does not inevitably lead to supersensitivity of the adenylylcyclase pathway.
Observations and evolution of hot coronae around early type galaxies

This review describes obervations of hot coronae around early-type galaxies. The observations show that early-type galaxies have 0.5-4.5 keV luminosities up to nearly 10 to the 43rd ergs/sec dominated by thermal emission from 10 to the 10th solar masses of hot (about 10 to the 7th K) gas. Calculations which model the evolution of the coronae are presented. These models can explain the present epoch observations as well as predict the coronal properties at large redshift.
Resistance of fibroblasts and hematopoietic cells to ecotropic murine leukemia virus infection; an Akvr-1R gene effect

A gene named Akvr-1 segregates as a dominant allele in California wild mice (LC). Unlike Fv-1 and Fv-2 restriction alleles, the Akvr-1 confers resistance to replication of all ecotropic (N-, B-, and NB-tropic) murine leukemia viruses (MuLV-E) and prevents endogenous AKR virus-induced lymphoma/leukemia in F1 hybrids of AKR x LC. We have tested fibroblasts and hematopoietic cells from mice of defined Akvr-1 genotypes for in vitro susceptibility to various MuLV infections. Our results indicated a dominant in vitro resistance of exogenously MuLV-E infected cells carrying Akvr-1R allele although resistance was stronger in the homozygous cells than in the heterozygous cells. Moreover, resistance of cells to virus replication was not abrogated by high multiplicities of infection or by growth stimulation of hematopoietic cultures by various T- or B-cell-responsive mitogenic agents.
THE DETERRENT EFFECT OF PERCEIVED CERTAINTY AND SEVERITY OF PUNISHMENT REVISITED

This paper synthesizes and extends recent criticisms of cross-sectional and panel studies of perceptual deterrence and then uses those criticisms to design a better cross-sectional study. A series of scenarios involving the noncompliance of a hypothetical plumber were posed to a sample of predominantly middle-aged administrators. The respondents were asked to estimate the probability that the noncompliance would be detected and, if detected, the probability that it would result in criminal prosecution. Respondents were also asked to project their own behavior if in the plumber's position. The results contrast sharply with prior findings, especially of the panel studies. Not only do perceptions of detection risk play an important role in deterring tax noncompliance, but fear of criminal prosecution appears to be a powerful deterrent.
Clozapine in the Elderly

The authors reviewed the use of clozapine in eight patients over age 65 years with treatment-resistant psychoses. Six patients improved. Two patients became more confused. The authors suggest that clozapine be considered in treating elderly psychotic patients, and that its use need not be restricted to schizophrenic patients.
The falling sickness arises.

This is an autobiographical sketch of a pioneering program in epilepsy carried out at the University of Chicago Clinics and the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Both the basic neuroscience and clinical investigations pursued are described as the program evolved from 1931 to 1972.
Regulatory factors controlling photosynthetic reaction center and light-harvesting gene expression in Rhodobacter capsulatus

Most species of photosynthetic bacteria synthesize their photosynthetic apparatus only under conditions of reduced oxygen tension. To a large extent, this phenomenon is dependent upon anaerobic induction of photosynthesis gene expression. Here we report an example of a regulatory gene, regA, that is involved in transactivating anaerobic expression of the photosynthetic apparatus. We show that RegA is itself responsible for differential induction of light-harvesting and reaction center gene expression relative to operons for photopigment biosynthesis. Surprisingly, strains disrupted for regA were found to retain normal photosynthetic growth capabilities under high light intensities. We further show that photosynthetic growth in the absence of transactivating structural gene expression is a consequence of the superoperonal organization of the photosynthetic gene cluster.
Cholinergic Suppression of KCNQ Channel Currents Enhances Excitability of Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons

In response to glutamatergic synaptic drive, striatal medium spiny neurons in vivo transition to a depolarized "up state" near spike threshold. In the up state, medium spiny neurons either depolarize enough to spike or remain below spike threshold and are silent before returning to the hyperpolarized "down state." Previous work has suggested that subthreshold K+ channel currents were responsible for this dichotomous behavior, but the channels giving rise to the current and the factors determining its engagement have been a mystery. To move toward resolution of these questions, perforated-patch recordings from medium spiny neurons in tissue slices were performed. K+ channels with pharmacological and kinetic features of KCNQ channels potently regulated spiking at up-state potentials. Single-cell reverse transcriptase-PCR confirmed the expression of KCNQ2, KCNQ3, and KCNQ5 mRNAs in medium spiny neurons. KCNQ channel currents in these cells were potently reduced by M1 muscarinic receptors, because the effects of carbachol were blocked by M1 receptor antagonists and lost in neurons lacking M1 receptors. Reversal of the modulation was blocked by a phosphoinositol 4-kinase inhibitor, indicating a requirement for phosphotidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate resynthesis for recovery. Inhibition of protein kinase C reduced the efficacy of the muscarinic modulation. Finally, acceleration of cholinergic interneuron spiking with 4-aminopyridine mimicked the effects of exogenous agonist application. Together, these results show that KCNQ channels are potent regulators of the excitability of medium spiny neurons at up-state potentials, and they are modulated by intrastriatal cholinergic interneurons, providing a mechanistic explanation for variability in spiking during up states seen in vivo.
Results of a survey of complete denture procedures taught in American and Canadian dental schools: an update.

Abstract All the data from this survey have been tabulated and will be available to the cooperating schools for their evaluation and use. It is very obvious from the report that many of the schools are severely handicapped by the common problems of insufficient faculty, little or no auxiliary personnel, limited teaching time, and others. 1 Even though all the schools teach a basic and sound technique, some of the procedures appear to be questionable in view of current research and clinical reports. However, these questionable procedures may be necessary due to the conditions mentioned above. Unfortunately, it is usually more enjoyable and satisfying to criticize than to participate for the purpose of improvement. It is to the self-interest of the practicing dentists to actively support their schools; by their doing so the teaching programs would be improved. Nevertheless, the dental educators have a heavy burden of responsibility. The principles and procedures are usually deeply inculcated and will have a widespread effect on future generations of dentists and patients. Prosthetic dentistry—like any other branch of art and science—is not static, but viable, moving, and, hopefully, improving. Constant re-evaluation of current and future programs should be made by all teachers that are responsible for prosthodontic education.
Composition and sequence-dependent binding of RNA to the nucleocapsid protein of Moloney murine leukemia virus(,)

All retroviruses package two copies of their genomes during virus assembly, both of which are required for strand transfer-mediated recombination during reverse transcription. Genome packaging is mediated by interactions between the nucleocapsid (NC) domains of assembling Gag polyproteins and an RNA packaging signal, located near the 5‘ end of the genome, called Ψ. We recently discovered that the NC protein of the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV) can bind with high affinity to conserved UCUG elements within the MLV packaging signal [D'Souza, V., and Summers, M. F. (2004) Nature 431, 586−590]. Selective binding to dimeric RNA is regulated by a conformational RNA switch, in which the UCUG elements are sequestered by base pairing in the monomeric RNA and do not bind NC, but become exposed for NC binding upon dimerization. Dimerization-dependent structural changes occur in other regions of the Ψ-site, exposing guanosine-containing segments that might also bind NC. Here we demonstrate that short RNAs contai...
Strategies for success in implementing practice model change.

These remarks stem from experience in implementing pharmacy practice model change at an academic medical center.[1][1] This is a summary of a speech at the Summit. An audio recording of the full speech, synchronized with slides, may be accessed at [www.ashp.org/ppmi/watch-knoer][2]. Any successful
Motives for Physical Dating Violence Among College Students: A Gendered Analysis

Objective: Little research examines factors contributing to specific motives for physical dating violence (DV) perpetration. This study explores this gap in the literature with a specific focus on gender, coping, DV perpetration and victimization, and attitudes toward violence. Method: The sample included 221 college students who reported a history of physical DV perpetration and completed surveys for course credit. Results: Physical DV motivated by emotional expression/dysregulation was associated with physical DV perpetration frequency and disengagement coping for the full sample, and associated with accepting attitudes toward physical DV among women only. Physical DV motivated by control/tough guise was associated with accepting attitudes toward physical DV for the full sample, and physical DV perpetration frequency more strongly for men than women. Physical DV motivated by self-defense was associated with disengagement coping for the full sample, DV perpetration frequency for men, and physical DV victimization frequency more strongly for women than men. Conclusion: Results suggest that DV prevention programming for college students should incorporate focus on coping skills and decreasing accepting attitudes of DV. Results also provide preliminary support for gender-specific tailoring of programs that incorporate emotion regulation and communication skills for women; and among men, deconstructing patriarchal values among frequent perpetrators.
Welding methods for production of MMC coatings using particulate-cored wire precursors

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the fabrication of metal-matrix composite (MMC) coatings with welding processes, such as plasma arc welding, using tailored MMC precursor materials such as particulate-cored wires. The methods in this study are designed to obtain specific structures and properties in the coatings. Because the features of the MMC coatings depend on the dynamic temperature field generated by the welding process, thermal modeling and feedback control are implemented to ensure the required thermal field conditions; for example, infrared pyrometry sensing is used in robotic plasma arc welding deposition. The control method used in the thermal process is explained, and the resulting microstructures and hardness properties of the produced fabricated coatings are assessed and evaluated.
Training, Transforming, and Transitioning: A Blueprint for the Christian University

With respect to students, Christian universities have at least three interrelated missions or aims: training, transformation, and transition. That is, their role is to educate or train students to be excellent in their field, to facilitate the transformation of students’ worldview and character, and to transition students into their vocational calling. This article briefly examines the dimensions of training and transitioning, and then looks more deeply at student transformation as it may be the principal distinctive of a Christian school. The article proposes six conditions necessary to enable the transformation process.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 68*

Level schemes, spin and parity assignments, and decay properties are presented for all nuclei with mass number A = 68. Experimental data and adopted values are given along with conclusions as to the spin and parity assignments. The presentation of the nuclear properties is given in the light of the data and current theoretical ideas. The compilers have attempted to bring out some inconsistencies in the data and resolve discrepancies when possible. Deficiencies in the data include reaction data of the type 69Ga(d,3He) and 69Ga(p,d). In addition, the data reported on 68Se decay appear to be very uncertain.
Nosocomial acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis at a university teaching hospital (2002-2009).

Purpose To evaluate acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis occurring at an academic medical center and to compare rates over the last 25 years at a single institution. Design Retrospective, consecutive case series. Methods Medical records were reviewed for all patients diagnosed with acute-onset postoperative nosocomial endophthalmitis from 2002 through 2009 associated with surgery at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute. Results The 8-year frequency of acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis was 0.025% (14 of 56 672 intraocular surgeries). The rate was 0.028% (8/28 568) for cataract surgery and 0.011% (2/18 492) for pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). Both PPV endophthalmitis cases followed 20-gauge surgery and no cases followed small-gauge, transconjunctival PPV (n = 2262). Three cases occurred following penetrating keratoplasty (3/2788, 0.108%). The most common bacterial isolate was Staphylococcus (n = 7, 50%). Initial treatment involved ocular paracentesis (n = 8, 57%) or vitrectomy (n = 5, 36%), in combination with injection of intraocular antibiotics (n = 14, 100%). Vancomycin and ceftazidime were used in 13 eyes (93%) and intraocular steroids were given initially to 9 eyes (64%). Final visual acuity was ≥20/200 in 9 eyes (64%) and 2 eyes (14%) were no light perception. At this institution since 1984, there has been a statistically significant trend for a decreasing rate of acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis (1984–1994: 0.09%; 1995–2001: 0.05%; 2002–2009: 0.025%; P Conclusion At a university teaching hospital involving resident, fellow, and faculty surgeons, the frequency of acute-onset postoperative nosocomial endophthalmitis is low, has not increased in the era of sutureless clear corneal cataract surgery, and has steadily decreased when compared to prior time periods from the same institution.
Implications of item wording for hardiness structure, relation with neuroticism, and stress buffering.

Abstract Previous literature suggests three criticisms of hardiness research: (1) redundancy between hardiness and neuroticism, (2) inappropriate tests of hardiness hypotheses, and (3) a lack of support for hypothesized effects of hardiness. Psychometric concerns underlie these criticisms. Specifically, current hardiness measures rely extensively on negatively worded items, which may lead to redundancy with neuroticism, ambiguous factor structures, and attenuated criterion-related validity coefficients. Alternately, negative hardiness items may measure separate, but hardiness-related cognitive processes. In Study 1 ( N = 254), a series of confirmatory factor analyses suggested that positively worded hardiness items are distinct from neuroticism and hierarchically structured with three subdimensions nested under a second-order factor. However, the analyses were equivocal concerning whether negatively worded items measure hardiness or neuroticism. In Study 2 ( N =426), we examined the implications of the structural findings for criterion-related validity. A replication of Study 1 suggested support for a model in which negatively worded hardiness items are redundant with neuroticism. Regression analyses indicated that hardiness subdimensions predict health and academic performance criteria above and beyond the global dimension and that positive and negatively worded hardiness items predict different health outcomes, even after controlling for a measure of neuroticism. Weak support was obtained for hardiness as a buffer of the stress–outcome relationship. Funk's (1992) suggested agenda for hardiness research is used as a framework to discuss these findings.
QUANTUM PHASE FLUCTUATIONS IN SUPERCONDUCTING TIN.

We have directly observed quantum phase fluctuations at the onset of long-range quantum phase coherence in single-crystal bulk tin as it becomes superconducting.
Promoter RNA links transcriptional regulation of inflammatory pathway genes

Although many long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been discovered, their function and their association with RNAi factors in the nucleus have remained obscure. Here, we identify RNA transcripts that overlap the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) promoter and contain two adjacent binding sites for an endogenous miRNA, miR-589. We find that miR-589 binds the promoter RNA and activates COX-2 transcription. In addition to miR-589, fully complementary duplex RNAs that target the COX-2 promoter transcript activate COX-2 transcription. Activation by small RNA requires RNAi factors argonaute-2 (AGO2) and GW182, but does not require AGO2-mediated cleavage of the promoter RNA. Instead, the promoter RNA functions as a scaffold. Binding of AGO2 protein/small RNA complexes to the promoter RNA triggers gene activation. Gene looping allows interactions between the promoters of COX-2 and phospholipase A2 (PLA2G4A), an adjacent pro-inflammatory pathway gene that produces arachidonic acid, the substrate for COX-2 protein. miR-589 and fully complementary small RNAs regulate both COX-2 and PLA2G4A gene expression, revealing an unexpected connection between key steps of the eicosanoid signaling pathway. The work demonstrates the potential for RNA to coordinate locus-dependent assembly of related genes to form functional operons through cis-looping.
The communicating vein and its use in the radial forearm free flap

Thrombosis is the most frequent cause of failure in microvascular free-tissue transfer. The large communicating vein of the cubital fossa connects the deep and superficial venous drainage of the radial forearm free flap (RFFF). This vein allows the surgeon to simultaneously drain both systems by means of the large veins of the cubital fossa. We prospectively collected data on the venous anatomy of the cubital fossa in 40 consecutive RFFFs over a 3-year period. We then retrospectively reviewed available data from the 14 cases preceding the cases in the prospective series. At least 78% of our patients had a communicating vein that facilitated dual venous drainage; 87% of our RFFFs were drained by both the superficial and deep venous systems, and 90% of our RFFFs had two or more venous anastomoses. We had no RFFF failures in our series of 54 flaps. We present our venous anatomy findings in this series of forearms as well as the venous anastomoses of our 54 patients. The surgi- cal-flap harvest, including the communicating vein and its use, may provide an advantage in the dependability and quality of venous outflow.
Predation on larval and pupal Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) by the ant Solenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and other predators in Guatemala.

Predation by the ant, Solenopsis geminata (F.), on falling Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) larvae in the field ranged from 7 to 25% in coffee and orange orchards. The ant population estimated by two sampling methods was higher in orange orchards than in the coffee orchard. Seasonal change did not affect ant predation on pupae, but the seasonal temperature and the time of the day had a significant effect on predation on larvae by the ants. Indications were that unless the periodicity of emergence of larvae from the fruit coincides with the activity of ants, the predation on pupae by ants or other insects may be higher than on larvae.
Neutron diffraction investigation of antiferromagnetism in CrCl3

Abstract Neutron diffraction observations have been made on powder and single crystal samples of anhydrous CrCl3 at temperatures from 298 to 4.2°K. This hexagonal layer-type crystal undergoes a transition at 16.8°K to an antiferromagnetic state in which the magnetic moments within each hexagonal layer of metal ions are aligned parallel but adjacent layers of moments are oppositely directed. The axis of spontaneous sublattice magnetization is closely perpendicular to the c-axis. Observations of the (003) antiferromagnetic reflection in an external magnetic field show that the antiferromagnetism can be destroyed with fields of only a few kilo-oersteds, and lead to the conclusion that a net magnetization can be produced with very small magnetic fields.
Ammonium ion-excreting cyanobacterial mutant as a source of nitrogen for growth of rice: A feasibility study

Growth of rice plants in a nitrogen-free medium was enhanced by inoculation with a nitrogenase-derepressed mutant (strain SA-1) of a cyanobacterium,Anabaenavariabilis which excretes NH4+ into the medium. Both total dry weight and nitrogen content of rice plants were substantially increased in the presence of the mutant strain but not with the wild type parent, strain SA-0.
Redundant Exonuclease Involvement in Escherichia coli Methyl-directed Mismatch Repair

Previous biochemical analysis ofEscherichia coli methyl-directed mismatch repair implicates three redundant single-strand DNA-specific exonucleases (RecJ, ExoI, and ExoVII) and at least one additional unknown exonuclease in the excision reaction (Cooper, D. L., Lahue, R. S., and Modrich, P. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 11823–11829). We show here that ExoX also participates in methyl-directed mismatch repair. Analysis of the reaction with crude extracts and purified components demonstrated that ExoX can mediate repair directed from a strand signal 3′ of a mismatch. Whereas extracts of all possible single, double, and triple exonuclease mutants displayed significant residual mismatch repair, extracts deficient in RecJ, ExoI, ExoVII, and ExoX exonucleases were devoid of normal repair activity. The RecJ−ExoVII− ExoI− ExoX− strain displayed a 7-fold increase in mutation rate, a significant increase, but less than that observed for other blocks of the mismatch repair pathway. This elevation is epistatic to deficiency for MutS, suggesting an effect via the mismatch repair pathway. Our other work (Burdett, V., Baitinger, C., Viswanathan, M., Lovett, S. T., and Modrich, P. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98, 6765–6770) suggests that mutants are under-recovered in the exonuclease-deficient strain due to loss of viability that is triggered by mismatched base pairs in this genetic background. The availability of any one exonuclease is enough to support full mismatch correction, as evident from the normal mutation rates of all triple mutants. Because three of these exonucleases possess a strict polarity of digestion, this suggests that mismatch repair can occur exclusively from a 3′ or a 5′ direction to the mismatch, if necessary.
A nonlinear feedback controller for aerial self-righting by a tailed robot

In this work, we propose a control scheme for attitude control of a falling, two link active tailed robot with only two degrees of freedom of actuation. We derive a simplified expression for the robot's angular momentum and invert this expression to solve for the shape velocities that drive the body's angular momentum to a desired value. By choosing a body angular velocity vector parallel to the axis of error rotation, the controller steers the robot towards its desired orientation. The proposed scheme is accomplished through feedback laws as opposed to feedforward trajectory generation, is fairly robust to model uncertainties, and is simple enough to implement on a miniature microcontroller. We verify our approach by implementing the controller on a small (175 g) robot platform, enabling rapid maneuvers approaching the spectacular capability of animals.
Comments on "Packet error probabilities in frequency-hopped spread-spectrum packet radio networks-memoryless frequency-hopping patterns considered" by M. Georgiopoulos

The authors demonstrate that contrary to the claim made in the above named work (ibid., vol.36, Jun., p.720-3, 1988), the sequence of hits in an asynchronous frequency hop multiple-access system is not a Markov process. Comments of the use of a model in which the hits are independent are also given. >
A predator-elicited song in the splendid fairy-wren: warning signal or intraspecific display?

Predator-elicited vocalizations are typically thought to function as alarms to conspecifics or as deterrents to predators. In splendid fairy-wrens, Malurus splendens , ‘Type II song’ is commonly elicited in response to vocalizations of the grey butcherbird, Cracticus torquatus , a potential predator of both nestlings and adults. We examined the context of Type II songs and investigated possible antipredator functions of this vocalization using mount presentations of predators at nests, playbacks of Type II songs to females in the field and playbacks of Type II songs to nestlings. Males did not give Type II songs in response to silent mount presentations of predators at the nest, females ignored Type II songs played in the field and nestlings ignored Type II songs played at the nest. Using playbacks of butcherbird calls to males in the presence of predator and nonpredator mounts, we found that males were not more likely to give Type II songs when a predator was near the nest. Despite being commonly uttered in response to predator calls, this vocalization does not appear to be an alarm or predator deterrent. We suggest that the song is a form of male advertisement.
Review essay: Between two wars: The rise and fall of Chattel Slavery in Georgia

Slavery and Rice Culture in Low Country Georgia, 1750–1860. Julia Floyd Smith. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985. On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia. Clarence L. Mohr. Athens and London: The University of Georgia Press, 1986.
Late onset atypical pantothenate-kinase-associated neurodegeneration.

Introduction. Pantothenate-kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is a rare genetic disease and a form of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). It most commonly begins in the first two decades of life but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients at any age with an atypical progressive extrapyramidal disorder and cognitive impairment. Few late-adult cases have been reported. Case Report. A 50-year-old woman presented with a history of progressive dysarthria and dysphagia secondary to orolingual dystonia. Initial work-up was normal. There was no family history. Her initial symptoms were followed by the onset of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, Parkinsonism, and cognitive impairment. Follow-up MRI four years after presentation revealed the diagnostic “eye-of-the-tiger” sign. Genetic testing confirmed a homozygous missense mutation consistent with the diagnosis of PKAN. Conclusion. Although PKAN is a rare genetic disorder most commonly seen in childhood, it should be considered in adult patients with a history of progressive focal dystonia or atypical Parkinsonism. As the radiographic findings are quite characteristic, genetic testing should be performed if the MRI shows evidence of iron accumulation. Optimal treatment strategies are not known, and at the current time therapies should be directed at the specific manifestations of the disease.
Caffeine effects on cyclic AMP levels in the mouse embryonic limb and palate in vitro

Caffeine is a teratogen that causes limb and palate malformations in rodents. Since the ability to raise cyclic nucleotide levels is a known biological action of caffeine, cyclic AMP levels were measured in CD-1 mouse embryonic forelimb from whole embryo culture and embryonic limb and palate cells grown in primary culture following treatment with various concentrations of caffeine (0, 1, 3, or 10 mM). In forelimb buds from whole embryo culture, a dose-dependent response was observed. Caffeine at 1 mM concentration stimulated cyclic AMP levels to 151% of control value at 60 min. Even greater stimulation of cyclic AMP occurred at higher caffeine concentrations. A dose-dependent response was seen in both limb and palate cell culture. In limb cell culture, all caffeine concentrations significantly stimulated cyclic AMP after 10 min compared to control. In palate cell culture, there was a twofold increase in cyclic AMP at the 1-mM caffeine concentration. At higher caffeine concentrations, cyclic AMP was significantly increased after 60 min. In addition, stimulation of cyclic AMP in cultured limb and palate cells by isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, was used as a positive control. Isoproterenol stimulated a 2.5-fold greater response in the palate cells than in the limb bud cells at isoproterenol levels of 10(-5) or 10(-4) M. The increase of cyclic AMP may be influential in the process of abnormal limb or palate development.
Sourcing, transport and control of phosphorus loss in two English headwater catchments

Long-term data on annual phosphorus (P) transfers from an intensively under-drained largely arable catchment (Rosemaund) and a less intensively drained mixed arable/dairy catchment (Cliftonthorpe) are presented and compared. The range in stream loads of total P (TP) from both catchments was very similar (0.1-4.2 kg ha -1 year -1 ) and dominated by the particulate (PP) form. At Rosemaund, the majority (approx. 55%) of the P was transferred through pipe drains. The PP transfers in overland flow from arable fields at Rosemaund were estimated to be three times those from extensive grassland and the contribution of hopyards was over 10 times that of arable land. Changing land use from arable to grass at Rosemaund reduced flow and P loss through pipe drains, especially in the third year after establishment. By contrast, at Cliftonthorpe, only 33% of the TP transfer was through pipe drains and PP transfers in overland flow from grassland were estimated to be twice that from arable land. The increased P transfer from grassland was related to livestock poaching mobilizing P on wet riparian fields. However, establishment of a 6-m riparian grass buffer strip at Cliftonthorpe had no beneficial effect on TP transfer over a 3-year period and tended to increase the proportion of P transferred in soluble form. Our data highlight the large variability in P loss risk due to land management rather than land use per se, and the potential for PP transfer to occur from grassland as well as from arable land. More long-term research is needed to fully evaluate the effectiveness of control options in catchments.
Experimental evidence of dynamic scaling in colloidal aggregation.

We have studied the irreversible aggregation of colloidal polystyrene spheres during two limiting regimes of growth: diffusion-limited aggregation and reaction-limited aggregation. For each growth regime, the time-dependent cluster-size distribution exhibits a scaling form which reveals intrinsic features of these growth processes.
Gellé Test with Békésy Audiometry: IV: Findings in Otosclerosis

Three preceding papers on the audiometric Gelle test were devoted to the discussion of method and procedure, normal values, as well as the findings in salpingitis. Observations on otosclerotic patients are reported in the present study. As an essential finding, it could be confirmed that otosclerosis abolishes the threshold shift when the effect of altered meatal air pressure is measured by bone conduction. In contrast, air conduction behaves in a more regular manner, continuing to respond to the pressure changes. Comparing the findings of the Gelle test by AC and BC, three prototypes of abnormal results could be distinguished. They appear to reflect the following conductive lesions: slight to moderate ossicular fixation; complete fixation; as well as the combination of stapedial fixation with tubal obstruction.
The demographic effect of socioeconomic development in Guam.

Guam has experienced a dramatic socioeconomic development since the end of World War II, accompanied by one of the most rapid fertility declines on record. Although Guam has a very low mortality, comparable to that of the United States, its fertility is higher than in most countries with the same income level. It is suggested that the current high fertility results from the pro-natalist pressures associated with Roman Catholicism. The emigration of residents has been completely offset by immigration from the Orient and, to a lesser extent, the United States. Rural-to-urban migration, mainly from the south to the north, did not start until the late 1950s. Since the end of World War II, the military and alien population has accounted for approximately 40% of the total population and has had substantial demographic, political, and socioeconomic effects.
ISOLATION OF THE MONKEY BRAIN: IN VITRO PREPARATION AND MAINTENANCE.

Sustained viability of the primate brain, as a totally isolated organ preparation, was achieved by utilizing an extracorporeal (compatible donor) circulation. Five rhesus monkey brains, completely isolated neurogenically and vascularly, were perfused in vitro for 30 to 180 minutes. Retention of biological activity was evidenced by: (i) persistent electrocortical activity, and (ii) significant mean A-Voo2 (5.8 volumes percent) and V-Acoco2 (5.0 volumes percent) differences across the isolated brain.
Some unresolved theoretical problems in crystal growth

Abstract Attention is focused on three areas: (1) The need to begin using potential energy functions that include the many-body effect, rather than just the two-body effect, if one wishes to meaningfully assess the energetics and structural features of surfaces and interfaces. (2) The importance of critical surface adsorption on surface mobility and the need to control this over a wide range of temperature, pressure and deposition conditions to assure high quality crystal growth. (3) Some consequences of adsorption and interface fields on interface instability.
Fault-tolerant PM machines: A review

Synchronous Permanent Magnet (PM) machines have been gaining a lot of interest over the years. This is due to their several advantages including high power density, high efficiency, and high reliability. One of the key concerns about PM machines especially in safety-critical applications has been the issue of fault-tolerance since the machine cannot be de-excited. A lot of work has been done both on the machine side as well as the power converter side (including power converter configuration and remedial control strategies). This paper will provide a thorough review and summary of what has been covered in literature up-to-date. The paper will highlight the tradeoffs involved in the various proposed methods and strategies with more emphasis on the machine side.
Type-safe update programming

Many software maintenance problems are caused by using text editors to change programs. A more systematic and reliable way of performing program updates is to express changes with an update language. In particular, updates should preserve the syntax- and typecorrectness of the transformed object programs. We describe an update calculus that can be used to update lambdacalculus programs. We develop a type system for the update language that infers the possible type changes that can be caused by an update program. We demonstrate that type-safe update programs that fulfill certain structural constraints preserve the type-correctness of lambda terms.