cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data consolidation solution for internal security needs

The threats of the 21st century are too complex, difficult and time consuming to discern with traditional intelligence practices that shun advances in information technology and rely heavily on human experts. Good information is fundamental to understand and respond to 21st century national security threats. Without comprehensive information, decision-makers operate with a limited understanding of the threat horizon or the best means to address it. Required information exists across a variety of proprietary and open sources, and the volume of data available that might potentially contain relevant facts is simply too large and the bandwidth of the trained analysts is limited. Such information must be available in time-critical situations to be able to quickly connect the dots across various related pieces of information. It is imperative that decision-makers are provided intelligent tools that can automatically extract new relevant information from data without being explicitly asked, leading to actionable intelligence. To overcome these challenges we propose an information collection, management and analysis framework to meet the ever-growing threats to national security. The proposed framework establishes a collaborative environment to semi-automatically generate actionable intelligence by ensuring that the right people have access to all inclusive information at the right time. The core of this framework is to create a single view of entity by correlating information from different sources, stored in different formats. These sources can be passport, immigration, driving license, FIR records, Telecom and Utility services. The correlation algorithm is able to handle varied amount of noise in the data such as syntactic and semantic variations, format changes, spelling error, incomplete data, regional and linguistics variation as well as addition or removal of fields. The framework can further exploit the consolidated view to discover relationships between entities thus expanding the reach for relevant information. The framework provides multiple avenues of interaction and the foresight needed to incorporate new sources of data as they arise in future.
Structure of cohomology of line bundles on GB for semisimple groups

Let G be a connected and simply connected semisimple algebraic group over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic p > 0, T a maximal torus of G and B a Borel subgroup containing T . Each weight in X(T ) determines a line bundle on the flag varietyG/B. It turns out that cohomology of the line bundle is isomorphic to the derived functor of the induction functors from the category of B-modules to the category of G-modules for each 1-dimensional B-module defined by a weight in X(T ). Further, IndGBλ = H (G/B, λ) turns out to be the dual of a Weyl module. One of the main problems is to calculate the characters of the irreducible G-modules. For p = 0, the character of the irreducible G-module of highest weight λ is given by Weyl’s character formula and the G-module structures of the cohomology of line bundles are well understood. However, for p > 0, the story is quite different and many of the results remain conjectural. Since characters of Weyl modules are given by Weyl’s character formula, understanding the structure ofH(G/B, λ) turns out to be the main problem. It is also interesting to understand the structure of the higher cohomology, which might help us to understand H. H. Andersen has a series of papers toward the understanding of the higher cohomology, such as the simple socle of H and filtrations of H i [4]. In [5] , using the representations of infinitesimal subgroup schemes of G, he proved generically that H(G/B,w ·λ) has simple socle and simple head and their highest weights can be calculated. In [6], he proved that the socle series of H(λ) comes generically from the
Dynamics of DNA encapsulated in a hydrophobic nanotube

The structural effects on DNA double helices of confinement in hydrophobic nanotubes (NT) with 30 and 40 A diameters have been studied by classical molecular dynamics. For systems with the counter ions included inside the NT, there is little effect on the average DNA secondary structure relative to unconfined DNA. The DNA confined to the 40 A NT shows little change in thermal fluctuations compared to unconfined DNA; however, a decrease is observed in the 30 A NT. Finally, exclusion of ions from the NT leads to structures that deviate significantly from both canonical A- and B-DNA.
Retinoic Acid Isomers Applied to Human Skin in Vivo Each Induce a 4-Hydroxylase That Inactivates Only Trans Retinoic Acid

Application of all-trans retinoic acid to human skin for 4 d under occlusion produces a marked increase in retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase activity. In this study, the possible induction of other hydroxylase in response to 9-cis and 13-cis retinoic acid application to adult human skin in vivo was determined. Application of 0.1% all-trans, 0.1% 9-cis, and 0.1% 13-cis retinoic acid to human skin for 2 d resulted in induction of only all-trans retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase activity. The 4-hydroxylase activity in microsomes from the treated tissue ranged from 838 +/- 46 to 531 +/- 59 pg of 4- hydroxy all-trans retinoic acid formed/min/mg protein (n=6). These same preparations were unable to use 9-cis or 13-cis retinoic acid as substrate for the hydroxylation reaction. Extraction of the retinoic acid isomers from epidermis 48 h after application of 0.1% solution of each isomer yielded significant amounts of all-trans retinoic acid (36-72%) regardless of the isomer applied. The all-trans isomer produced by isomerization of both 9-cis and 13-cis retinoic acids is the likely inducer of the 4-hydroxylase. All-trans retinol and all-trans retinal were unable to compete with all-trans retinoic acid as substrate for 4-hydroxylase enzyme. The 4-hydroxylase induced in response to pharmacological doses of retinoic acids is specific for the all-trans isomer. The inability of 9-cis or 13-cis retinoic acid to induce their own hydroxylation and inactivation or act as substrate for the 4-hydroxylase in skin may have considerable implications in light of the clinical use of retinoids in the treatment of various diseases including cancers.
Enhancement of host cell reactivation of ultraviolet‐irradiated herpes simplex virus by caffeine, hydroxyurea and 5‐bromodeoxyuridine

Enhancement of host cell reactivation (HCR) of ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated herpes simplex virus (HSV) was demonstrated in cell cultures pretreated with caffeine, hydroxyurea, or 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd). The effect of caffeine on HCR was shown to depend on the time of drug treatment with respect to infection. In cultures treated with caffeine during the course of virus replication, the infectivity of irradiated HSV was reduced about nine-fold, while cultures pretreated with the drug before infection showed an increase in infectivity. The extent of HCR enhancement depended on the time interval between treatment with caffeine and infection, drug concentration, and the UV irradiation dose to which HSV was exposed. Magnitude of enhancement of HCR by caffeine differed in various cell species. The results suggest that enhanced HCR of UV-irradiated HSV by DNA antimetabolities is associated with DNA repair activated in consequence of cell DNA damage.
Fick and Kleuker on Jones – Riga 1795

SUMMARYAvenues of the impact of Sir William Jones's Discourses, especially his Third, on the continent are of great interest, in view of the development of Indo-European historical linguistics there rather than in England. Translations may account for that impact, such as those carried out by Johann Christian Fick (1763-1821) and Johann Friedrich Kleuker (1749-1827). Published in 1795 in Riga, these translations with their notes indicate the information on India at the time, as well as the steps which were necessary to establish the new linguistic and philological disciplines. The notes also indicate the expectations for information from the newly discovered materials regarding clarification of social and cultural arrangements of the day. A part of their interest lies in the inaccurate and erroneous information available on Asia at the time. Yet by making readily available Jones's discourses, Fick and Kleuker laid some of the groundwork for the 19th-century concern with India and Asia.RESUMEEtant donne que le developpement de la linguistique indo-europeenne historique et comparative eut lieu sur le continent plutot qu'en Angleterre, il est interessant de tracer l'impact de William Jones, surtout celui de son Triosieme Discours de 1786, sur l'Europe de l'epoque. Les traductions faites des Asiatick Researches et des ouvrages de Jones refletent bien un tel impact. Prenons, par exemple, les traductions de Johann Christian Fick (1763-1821) et Johann Friedrich Kleuker (1749-1827) publiees a Riga en 1795. Ces traductions nous signalent, surtout dans les notes fournies par les traducteurs, l'information sur l'Inde qui etait a la disposition des Europeens a l'epoque et les demarches qui restaient encore a faire pour etablir les nouvelles disciplines de la linguistique et de la philologie. Les notes signalent egalement les attentes de l'erudition en ce qui concerne l'information que les nouveaux documents pourraient apporter a un eclaircissement de l'organisation sociale et culturelle de l'Inde. Malgre l'information inexacte et erronnee qu'on trouve dans ces notes et commentaires (interessants aussi pour ces defauts!), la traduction de ces travaux de Jones par Fick et Kleuker fournit en partie la base pour l'occupation du XIXe siecle avec l'Inde et l'Asie.
Obesity, hyperinsulinism, and diabetes mellitus in childhood.

Plasma glucose, immunoreactive insulin, and growth hormone following oral glucose were compared in 42 obese and 30 normal-weight children. Twelve (28 per cent) of the obese children had chemical diabetes, and a further 11 (26 per cent) had significant impairment of mean carbohydrate tolerance. All but the youngest exhibited hyperinsulinemia. There was no clear division between normal and abnormal carbohydrate tolerance or insulin response in the obese children, but there was a general tendency toward increasing hyperinsulinemia and decreasing carbohydrate tolerance with age and duration of obesity. Age of onset or degree of obesity did not relate to carbohydrate intolerance, and hyperinsulinemia did not relate to a family history of diabetes. Significant carbohydrate intolerance was seen only in association with a delay in the attainment of peak insulin concentration. Growth hormone was lower in the obese children than in the normal-weight control subjects, but the rise during the latter part of the glucose tolerance test was significantly greater in the obese children with chemical diabetes than in those with normal carbohydrate tolerance.
Deposition and Penecontemporaneous Deformation of Sediments on a Faulted Submarine Slope, Hunters Cove Formation (Campanian-?Maestrichtian), Southwest Oregon: ABSTRACT

The Hunters Cove Formation is a 300-m thick, fining-upward sequence deposited above and perhaps also contemporaneously with Cape Sebastian Sandstone, a transgressive shelf sequence. Overall, the formation is fine-grained (sand:shale < 1:3) and consists of thin, T(a)bc(de) turbidites, siltstone, and shale. Distinctive, thick sandstone beds exhibit varied sedimentary structures indicative of rapid sedimentation, soft-sediment deformation, and fluid-escape processes. These sandstones were probably deposited at a break-in-slope or canyon mouth, resulting in unstable-grain-framework sands susceptible to hydroplastic deformation, liquefaction, and fluidization. The Hunters Cove Formation also contains small-scale slump zones and a thick slump breccia containing clasts of basal Cape Sebastian Sandstone, indicating that Hunters Cove deposition was contemporaneous with, and may have been initiated by, active faulting. This faulting is also suggested by small-scale penecontemporaneous faults and sheet and web structures. Hunters Cove deposition probably occurred on the edge of a small, fault-bounded, borderland-type basin. In particular, submarine-canyon and fan processes in the California Borderland, as described by Shepard, Dill, and others, may be modern analogies for it. End_of_Article - Last_Page 551------------
Contributions to the heat capacity of solid molybdenum in the range 300-2890 K

An analysis has been made of contributions to the heat capacity of Mo, with a special examination of the effect of the formation of vacancies near the melting point. Literature values of the heat capacity at constant pressure CPwere fitted to a polynomial. Using recent measurements of the velocity of sound at high temperature and literature data of the coefficient of expansion, the dilation correction was made to CPto obtain the heat capacity at constant volume CV. This heat capacity was taken to consist only of independent contributions from electron excitations (CVE), harmonic lattice vibrations (CVH), anharmonic lattice vibrations (CVA), and the formation of vacancies (CVV). Three models of CVE(free electron, band theory, and electron-photon) have been used to calculate the electronic contribution, and an examination of the results indicates that the electron-phonon model is the best. CVHis assumed to be given by the Debye model, with a single Debye temperature. Thus, the excess heat capacity CVEX= CV-CVE-CVHis taken as equal to (CVA+CVV), where CVAis linear with temperature (CVA=A T), and we have fitted the values of CVEXto determine the values of A and the energy and entropy of formation of vacancies which give the best fit. The anharmonic contribution is positive. The energy of vacancy formation is 100,000 J · mol−1, in agreement with estimates by Kraftmakher from CPdata. The entropy of formation is 11.6 J · mol−1 · K−1. The concentration of vacancies at the melting point (2890 K) is calculated to be 6.3%.
Man and the water cycle: challenges for the 21st century

Water is essential to life. Modern, technological societies use huge quantities of this precious liquid. The hydrologic (water) cycle represents the movement of water through the earth's environmental systems. Humankind primarily makes use of three parts of the hydrologic cycle for its water needs: rivers, lakes, and groundwater. Our use of these components of the water cycle has had a variety of deleterious effects. Many large rivers have had their flow regimes modified and suffered from pollution with attendant negative effects of riverine, estuarial, and oceanic ecosystems. Lakes have suffered most seriously from anthropogenic caused pollution but have been impacted by introduction of exotic biota and regime alteration as well. Groundwater, because of its slow rate of replenishment, has suffered from depletion and accumulating pollutants. Looking toward the next century, we must alter our management of water and put it on an ecologically sustainable footing. This involves three key actions: (1) developing an ecosystems approach, (2) improving the water knowledge base, and (3) promoting improved management and cooperation, both nationally and internationally.
Cellular electrophysiologic responses of isolated neonatal and adult cardiac fibers to d-sotalol

The short-term cellular electrophysiologic actions of d-sotalol on isolated neonatal and adult canine ventricular myocardium and Purkinje fibers were evaluated using standard microelectrode techniques. d-Sotalol, 10(-6) to 10(-4)M, had no effects on action potential amplitude, maximal diastolic potential or action potential upstroke velocity (Vmax) in any neonatal or adult preparation. In five adult myocardial preparations, d-sotalol produced concentration-dependent increases in action potential duration at 50% (APD50) and 90% (APD90) repolarization and effective refractory period. In six neonatal myocardial preparations, d-sotalol produced a biphasic response; APD50, APD90 and effective refractory period decreased at 10(-6) and 10(-5)M. At 10(-4)M, these values increased significantly but to a lesser extent compared with values in adults. In seven adult Purkinje fibers, d-Sotalol significantly increased APD50, APD90 and effective refractory period in a concentration-dependent manner. All six neonatal Purkinje fibers responded in a biphasic manner, with values for APD50, APD90 and effective refractory period being less than control at 10(-6)M and near control values at 10(-5)M. At 10(-4)M, these variables were significantly increased, but to a lesser extent than in adult preparations. Our data confirm the typical class III effects of d-sotalol in adult cardiac tissues. The shortening of repolarization and refractoriness at lower drug concentrations in developing cardiac tissues may relate to age-dependent differences in cellular ionic function and basic electrophysiology.
Neural Basis of Orientation Perception in Primate Vision

Orientational differences in human visual acuity can be related parametrically to the distribution of optimal orientations for the receptive fields of neurons in the striate cortex of the rhesus monkey. Both behavioral measures of acuity and the distribution of receptive fields exhibit maximums for stimuli horizontal or vertical relative to the retina; the effect diminishes with distance from the fovea. The anisotropy in the neuronal population and in visual acuity appear to be determined by postnatal visual experience.
Three-dimensional human arm and hand dynamics and variability model for a stylus-based haptic interface

Human-computer/machine interface research benefits from accurate human arm models for stability analysis, control, and system design. The current study developed models for human arm dynamics and variability specific to stylus-based kinesthetic haptic interfaces. Data from nine human subjects (5 male, 4 female, ages 20–30) were collected using a three degree-of-freedom haptic device in the X, Y, and Z axes along with a range of grip forces (1–3N) for parametric system identification of the human arm and hand. Variability models that accounted for subject and grip force variation were also identified. The arm and hand model structure consisted of a third-order linear parametric transfer function that was paired with a previously derived second-order model for the haptic robot. The variability was modeled as multiplicative unstructured uncertainty using transfer functions. All of the model parameters were identified in the frequency domain and have force as input and position as output.
Comparing Mathematics Interventions: The Effects of Cover-Copy-Compare Alone and Combined with Performance Feedback on Digits Correct and Incorrect

The purpose of this study was to compare the isolated effects of cover-copy-compare (CCC) with the combined effects of CCC and two types of performance feedback (i.e., digits correct and incorrect per minute) on sixth grade students’ mathematics fluency and accuracy. An alternating treatments design was employed to compare treatments across 16 weeks. Participants included three general education sixth grade students whose teachers recommended them for additional help with mathematics calculation. No differentiation between treatments was demonstrated for any of the participants and individual differences pertaining to the number of sessions needed to reach and consistently perform at mastery levels were found. Follow-up data at 4 and 12 days following termination of the intervention phase indicated that all participants continued to perform at mastery levels. Generalization to a slightly more difficult mathematics skill yielded pre-intervention to post-intervention increases, albeit small. Students rated all three treatment conditions favorably.
Pancreatic peptide YY mRNA levels increase during adaptation after small intestinal resection

Peptide YY (PYY) is a 36-amino-acid peptide known to inhibit pancreatic and gastrointestinal secretion. Immediately following small bowel resection, intestinal PYY mRNA and plasma PYY levels rise. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PYY expression changes in the pancreas during the adaptive period after extensive small bowel resection. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (250 g) underwent 70% small intestinal resection or transection alone as control. Animals were sacrificed at 6 hr, 24 hr, 1 week, or 2 weeks following operation (N=5/time group). Pancreatic tissue was harvested and RNA was isolated by the guanididium-thiocyanate method. PYY mRNA was analyzed by reverse transcriptase PCR, standardized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and semiquantitated by Southern blotting and 32 P cpm. Ribonuclease protection assay was used to confirm PCR results. PYY mRNA expression was increased 9 1/2-fold beginning 6 hr after resection compared to transection (P<0.05). PYY mRNA levels remain elevated, 2 1/4-fold greater than control after 2 weeks (P<0.05) as analyzed by reverse transcriptase PCR and ribonuclease protection assay. Quantitation by ribonuclease protection assay reveals a gradual elevation of PYY mRNA levels in transected animals compared to a nonoperated rat starting at 1 and 2 weeks. Pancreatic PYY mRNA levels increase rapidly after extensive intestinal resection and remain elevated 2 weeks postoperatively. These results confirm for the first time that the increase in PYY seen after extensive intestinal resection also occurs in extraintestinal sites. In the pancreas, elevated PYY levels may inhibit exocrine secretion, reducing luminal volume, and thereby facilitating intestinal adaptation
Simultaneous External and Internal Heavy-Atom Effects in Binary Adducts of 1-Halonaphthalenes with Trinuclear Perfluoro-ortho-phenylene Mercury(II): A Structural and Photophysical Study

The 1-halonaphthalenes series has often been used to demonstrate the internal heavy-atom effect provided by the halide. In a continuation of our work on the phosphorescence of arenes induced by π-complexation to trimeric perfluoro-ortho-phenylene mercury (1), we now present a structural and photophysical study of the halonaphthalene adducts [1·1-chloronaphthalene] (2), [1·1-bromonaphthalene] (3), and [1·1-iodonaphthalene] (4). The triplet lifetimes in these adducts are considerably shorter than those for the free 1-halonaphthalenes. Analysis of lifetime data versus temperature affords room-temperature phosphorescence quantum yields of 70%, 64%, and 7% for the solid adducts 2, 3, and 4, respectively, compared to 54% for [1·naphthalene]. The photophysical data suggest that the synergy of the internal and external heavy-atom effects has a sensitizing effect for adducts 2 and 3 but a quenching effect for adduct 4 compared to [1·naphthalene]. The luminescence excitation spectra of the solid binary adducts show...
Challenges to Quality Assurance and Improvement Efforts in Behavioral Health Organizations: A Qualitative Assessment

Behavioral health organizations have been increasingly required to implement plans to monitor and improve service quality. This qualitative study explores challenges that quality assurance and improvement (QA/I) personnel experience in performing their job in those practice settings. Sixteen QA/I personnel from different agencies in St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A., were interviewed face-to-face using a semi-structured instrument to capture challenges and a questionnaire to capture participant and agency characteristics. Data analysis followed a grounded theory approach. Challenges involved agency resources, agency buy-in, personnel training, competing demands, shifting standards, authority, and research capacity. Further research is needed to assess these challenges given expected outcomes.
Nowak et al . reply

Replying to: P. Abbot et al. , 10.1038/nature09831 (2011) ; J. J. Boomsma et al. , 10.1038/nature09832 (2011) ; J. E. Strassmann et al. , 10.1038/nature09833 (2011) ; R. Ferriere & R. E. Michod , 10.1038/nature09834 (2011) ; E. A. Herre & W. T. Wcislo , 10.1038/nature09835 (2011) Our paper challenges the dominant role of inclusive fitness theory in the study of social evolution1. We show that inclusive fitness theory is not a constructive theory that allows a useful mathematical analysis of evolutionary processes. For studying the evolution of cooperation or eusociality we must instead rely on evolutionary game theory or population genetics. The authors of the five comments2,3,4,5,6 offer the usual defence of inclusive fitness theory, but do not take into account our new results.
Strength and Duration of the Effect of Aggressive,, Violent, and Erotic Communications On Subsequent Aggressive Behavior:

This study investigated the aggression-modifying, immediate effect on provoked individuals of exposure to a neutral, an aggressive, a violent, or an erotic communication. All communications were followed by a common, non-involving, nonaggressive communication. Under these conditions, neither the effect of the aggressive nor that of the violent communication differed appreciably from the effect of the neutral communication. In contrast, the effect of the erotic communication significantly exceeded the effects of all other communications, yielding more intense aggressiveness. Measures of excitatory changes were also obtained. The differentiation of these measures coincided with the differentiation of measured aggressiveness, thus lending support for the excitation-transfer paradigm, which was employed as an explanatory mechanism. The relative strength and the short-lived nature of the aggression-enhancing immediate impact of aggressive and violent communications are discussed.
Benign cholecystogastroduodenocolic fistula.

A patient with fistulas to the stomach, duodenum, and colon from a pericholecystic abscess has been presented. The extensive involvement was demonstrated by barium enema. Surgical repair was successful.
Fitness Cost Due to Mutations in the 16S rRNA Associated with Spectinomycin Resistance in Chlamydia psittaci 6BC

The fitness cost of a resistance determinant is the primary parameter that determines its frequency in vivo. As a model for analysis of the impact of drug resistance mutations on the intracellular life cycle of Chlamydia spp., we studied the growth of four genetically defined spectinomycin-resistant (Spcr) clonal variants of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC isolated in the plaque assay. The development of each variant was monitored over 46 h postinfection in the absence of drug, either in pure culture or in 1:1 competition with the parent strain. Spcr mutations in the 16S rRNA gene at positions 1191 and 1193 were associated with a marked impairment of C.psittaci biological fitness, and the bacteria were severely outcompeted by the wild-type parent. In contrast, mutations at position 1192 had minor effects on the bacterial life cycle, allowing the resistant isolates to compete more efficiently with the wild-type strain. Thus, mutations with a wide range of fitness costs can be selected in the plaque assay, providing a new strategy for prediction and monitoring of the emergence of antibiotic resistance in chlamydiae. So far, drug resistance has not been a serious threat for the treatment of chlamydial infections. Tetracycline is an effective antichlamydial drug that targets 16S rRNA. Attempts to isolate spontaneous tetracycline-resistant mutants of C. psittaci 6BC revealed a frequency <3 × 10−9. We suggest that the rarity of genotypic antibiotic resistance among chlamydial clinical isolates reflects the deleterious effects of such mutations on the fitness of these obligate intracellular bacteria in the host.
Towards a practical PTZ face detection and tracking system

We address the problem of automatic face detection and tracking in uncontrolled scenarios using a pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) network camera, which could prove most helpful in forensic applications. The detected faces are associated with the corresponding people and trajectories. The dynamic nature of real-world scenarios and real-time restrictions complicate our task. Different from previous work which use a mixture of wide angle cameras and PTZ cameras, we explore the limits to what can be expected from a single PTZ camera. The system first detects and tracks pedestrians in zoomed-out mode, then selects, using a scheduler, a person to zoom in to. After zoom in, we come back to wide area mode, and solve the person-to-person, face-to-person and face-to-face data association problems. Extensive experiments in challenging indoor and outdoor uncontrolled conditions demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.
Teaching Content Analysis through Harry Potter

Content analysis is a valuable research tool for social scientists that unfortunately can prove challenging to teach to undergraduate students. Published classroom exercises designed to teach content analysis have thus far been predominantly envisioned as lengthy projects for upper-level courses. A brief and engaging exercise may be more beneficial for introductory social science courses in which less time can be allotted to any one topic, such as content analysis. With this in mind, this article presents a highly engaging and temporally compact classroom exercise designed to teach introductory social science students about content analysis. In the exercise, students are guided through a content analysis of the music in Harry Potter films. An evaluation study suggests that the exercise improves students’ understanding of content analysis and that students find it both highly helpful and enjoyable.
Concepts for knowledge-based system design environments

The paper sets up a conceptual framework for constructing knowledge-based, computer-aided environments for system design. The framework is based on the formal structures underlying the expert system design methodology being developed by Zeigler [18], namely that of the system entity structure and experimental frame. The system entity formalism is employed to structure the family of design configurations. The rules for design model synthesis are generated by pruning the design entity structure with respect to generic experimental frames [13] that represent the design objectives. This leads to a methodology for design of system design environments which recognizes three primary relationships of the application domain that must be modelled: the decomposition hierarchy (of the system being designed), the taxonomic structure (determining the design alternatives), and the coupling constraints (restricting the combinations in which components can be synthesized into the target system).
Acetoxycycloheximide effect on synthesis and metabolism of glucosamine-containing macromolecules in brain and in nerve endings

Carbohydrate-containing macromolecules of brain were substantially labeled after intracerebral injection of C14-glucosamine. The “half-life” of the labeled macromolecules, as measured in these experiments, was about one week. Acetoxycycloheximide inhibited incorporation of C14-glucosamine into these substances. This appears to be secondary to inhibition of synthesis of polypeptide chains which act as “acceptors” for carbohydrate residues. Acetoxycycloheximide inhibited incorporation of C14-glucosamine (and its derivatives) into the soluble carbohydrate-containing macromolecules of nerve endings far less than that of the other subcellular fractions of brain. This suggests that the polypeptide “acceptors” of carbohydrate residues at nerve endings are not synthesized locally but are transported to the nerve endings. Final incorporation of carbohydrates into carbohydrate-containing macromolecules occurs at nerve endings. The “turnover” of these substances in nerve endings was found to be relatively rapid. Evidence suggesting reversible incorporation and removal of some carbohydrate residues of carbohydrate-containing macromolecules of brain was found and the possible regulatory role of this process is considered.
Physical Activity Among African American Women: A Response to Karla A. Henderson

I am very appreciative of Karla Henderson’s remarks. Obviously well versed on the topic, she has published on her own and in collaboration with my high school classmate—Academy Fellow #376, Barbara Ainsworth—a number of peer-reviewed scholarly articles dealing with women of color and physical activity. This is most impressive in that it is extremely rare that an individual most closely associated with the discipline of recreation would collaborate on a series of essays with a dedicated epidemiologist. In this plenary address Henderson provides very clear, suggestive, and thoughtful interpretations and analysis that should receive our full attention and ultimately our serious consideration. Henderson points out that an increasing amount of research has recently been completed to help explain the relatively low level of physical activity, obesity problems, and overall lack of good health among African American women. The results of this research indicate that the disparities in levels of physical activity and leisure activities between African American women and many other groups are highly complex. Investigators have uncovered a host of personal constraints and perceived barriers for African American women that have limited their involvement in physical activity and leisure activities, including economic conditions, child rearing duties, safety concerns, lack of facilities, physical illnesses, access to resources, lack of social support, concerns about physical appearance during exercise, major life changes or trauma, and lack of environmental opportunities such as parks and playgrounds. Adding to this long list is the matter of race, which Henderson understands must be considered along-side historical inequalities and cultural stereotypes in any discussion regarding the level of participation of African American women in physical activity and leisure pursuits. Henderson complements her synopsis of the basic research literature with an overview of the various intervention strategies implemented to raise the level of participation of African American women in physical activity and leisure pursuits and concludes with suggestions for future studies in the context of different ways of knowing. Here Henderson cites studies which argue that successful interventions must be based on shared beliefs and values, be cognizant of the need to gain credibility and respect within the African American community, and be focused on
Modeling the substrate depletion region for GaAs FETs fabricated on semi-insulating substrates

Abstract A calculation of the channel-substrate space charge densities and dimensions is required in the formulation of device models for modern GaAs FETs which are fabricated on semi-insulating substrates with multiple deep levels. We describe a procedure to deduce this information from the compensation scheme utilized to obtain semi-insulating behavior.
Serotonin Transporter (5-HTTLPR) Genotype and Childhood Trauma are Associated with Individual Differences in Decision Making.

The factors that influence individual differences in decision making are not yet fully characterized, but convergent evidence is accumulating that implicates serotonin (5-HT) system function. Therefore, both genes and environments that influence serotonin function are good candidates for association with risky decision making. In the present study we examined associations between common polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4; 5-HTTLPR and rs25531), the experience of childhood trauma and decision making on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in 391 (64.5% female) healthy Caucasian adults. Homozygosity for the 5-HTTLPR L allele was associated with riskier decision making in the first block of 20 trials (i.e. decision making under ambiguity, p = .004). In addition, mean IGT performance was significantly worse in blocks 3-5 (i.e. decision making under risk, p≤ .05) for those participants who reported experiencing higher levels of childhood trauma. Our findings add to the growing evidence that genetic variation in the 5-HT system is associated with individual differences in decision making under ambiguity; and we report that the experience of childhood trauma is associated with relatively poor decision making under risk.
Piñon–Juniper Reduction Increases Soil Water Availability of the Resource Growth Pool

Managers reduce pinon (Pinus spp.) and juniper (Juniperus spp.) trees that are encroaching on sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) communities to lower fuel loads and increase cover of desirable understory species. All plant species in these communities depend on soil water held at > −1.5 MPa matric potential in the upper 0.3 m of soil for nutrient diffusion to roots and major growth in spring (resource growth pool). We measured soil water matric potentials and temperatures using gypsum blocks and thermocouples buried at 0.01–0.3 m on tree, shrub, and interspace microsites to characterize the seasonal soil climate of 13 tree-encroached sites across the Great Basin. We also tested the effects of initial tree infilling phase and tree control treatments of prescribed fire, tree cutting, and tree shredding on time of available water and soil temperature of the resource growth pool on nine sites. Both prescribed fire and mechanical tree reduction similarly increased the time that soil water was available (matric potential > −1.5 MPa) in spring, but this increase was greatest (up to 26 d) when treatments were applied at high tree dominance. As plant cover increased with time since treatment, the additional time of available water decreased. However, even in the fourth year after treatment, available water was 8.6 d and 18 d longer on treatments applied at mid and high tree dominance compared to untreated plots, indicating ongoing water availability to support continued increases in residual plants or annual invaders in the future. To increase resistance to invasive annual grasses managers should either treat at lower or mid tree dominance when there is still high cover of desirable residual vegetation or seed desirable species to use increased resources from tree reduction. This strategy is especially critical on warmer sites, which have high climate suitability to invasive species such as cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.)
Theta rhythmic stimulation of stratum lacunosum-moleculare in rat hippocampus contributes to associative LTP at a phase offset in stratum radiatum.

Computational modeling demonstrates that encoding and context-dependent retrieval of memories in region CA1 of the hippocampus will be most effective when the phase of strongest entorhinal input (to stratum lacunosum-moleculare) is offset from the phase of maximal induction of long-term potentiation at Schaffer collateral synapses (in s. radiatum). This would allow entorhinal input to play a role in both retrieval and encoding without engaging long-term potentiation (LTP) during retrieval. Experiments in brain slice preparations of the hippocampal formation tested the relationship between rhythmic input to s. lacunosum-moleculare and the time of maximal LTP induction at Schaffer collateral synapses in s. radiatum. Analysis of the data demonstrates a statistically significant difference in the induction of LTP for different time intervals between the end of each four-pulse train in s. lacunosum-moleculare and the single pulse s. radiatum stimulation. The time of maximal LTP induction was found to be ∼30 ms after the end of lacunosum-moleculare stimulation, consistent with the requirements of the model.
Fibronectin requirement in branching morphogenesis

Many organs, including salivary glands, lung and kidney, are formed during embryonic development by epithelial branching. In branching morphogenesis, repetitive epithelial cleft and bud formation create the complex three-dimensional branching structures characteristic of many organs. Although the mechanisms are poorly understood, one might involve the site-specific accumulation of some regulatory protein. Here we show that the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin is essential for cleft formation during the initiation of epithelial branching. Fibronectin messenger RNA and fibrils appeared transiently and focally in forming cleft regions of submandibular salivary-gland epithelia, accompanied by an adjacent loss of cadherin localization. Decreasing the fibronectin concentration by using small interfering RNA and inhibition by anti-fibronectin or anti-integrin antibodies blocked cleft formation and branching. Exogenous fibronectin accelerated cleft formation and branching. Similar effects of fibronectin suppression and augmentation were observed in developing lung and kidney. Mechanistic studies revealed that fibrillar fibronectin can induce cell-matrix adhesions on cultured human salivary epithelial cells with a local loss of cadherins at cell-cell junctions. Thus, fibronectin expression is required for cleft formation in branching morphogenesis associated with the conversion of cell-cell adhesions to cell-matrix adhesions.
The temperature inside football helmets during head impact: a five-year study of collegiate football games

The objective of this study was to measure in-helmet temperature at the time of impact in a large cohort of football players, as such data can provide new insight to the temperatures helmets should be evaluated at during experimental testing that assess helmet safety. A large cohort of Virginia Tech football players were instrumented with the HIT System (Simbex, Lebanon, NH, USA), which recorded in-helmet temperature and head acceleration for head impacts experienced during 60 games between 2006 and 2010. The average in-helmet temperature at time of impact was 76.4 °F ± 10.1 °F (24.6 °C ± 5.6 °C). In-helmet temperature was strongly correlated to the ambient temperature of the game. Head acceleration resulting from impact varied less than 10% across temperatures, and temperature did not significantly influence head acceleration. These data have implications for the testing conditions used in the laboratory when evaluating the safety of helmets. Language: en
Cellular telephone radiation and electroencephalograms (EEG) of the human brain

Reports from several laboratories suggest that microwave radiation from cellular telephones could modify certain brain electrical activity under both awake and sleep conditions. However, the results were inconsistent. In particular, results of two series of studies from two different laboratories were most intriguing. A series of reports from one laboratory gave conflicting results on the influence of microwave radiation from cellular telephones on human EEG activity. In contrast, results from another laboratory not only extended their earlier findings that electromagnetic radiation from cellular telephones can affect human EEG activity, but suggested that pulse-modulated microwaves from cellular phones may promote sleep and modify human brain electrical activity.
Automated Intrapulse RF Data Acquisition

The modeling and analysis of pulsed (particularly noncoherent) RF sources is often hampered by the inability to determine the intrapulse magnitude and phase characteristics of short duration pulses. The data acquisition system described in this paper can automatically collect detailed intrapulse magnitude and phase data from an RF pulse sequence. sition system samples the in-phase and quadrature components of the pulse and computes magnitude and phase. It was developed primarily to investigate Ka band magnetron characteristics. Analog-to-digital conversion and temporary storage at rates up to 500 MHz is provided by a waveform recorder. A microcomputer controls the automated collection of a pulse sequence and enables the permanent storage of the data. Once stored in digital form, the intrapulse data are easily processed and analyzed to enhance the development of signal models. can also be used directly in the simulation of pulsed RF systems. The acqui
Evaluation of student pharmacists’ awareness, perceptions, and interest in pursuing board certification

Abstract Objectives To (1) determine awareness of the Board of Pharmacy Specialties (BPS) certification by current student pharmacists at all levels of pharmacy education, (2) evaluate student perceptions of effective educational formats for learning about BPS certification, and (3) assess students’ interest in obtaining BPS certification in future careers. Participants State boards of pharmacy in all states were contacted to request licensed intern contact information; all students with valid e-mail addresses were invited to participate. Main outcome measures were as follows: participants were asked about awareness of BPS certification, where they learned about certification, interest in attaining certification, and demographics. Results Overall, 1108 (15.3%) survey responses were included for analysis representing students from schools of pharmacy across the country. A majority of respondents (73.2%; n = 750) were aware of BPS certification and identified learning about BPS most from faculty members ( n = 509) and preceptors ( n = 289), primarily in required courses ( n = 311) and advanced pharmacy practice experiences ( n = 238). When asked about future plans, 43.3% ( n = 472) stated they were likely to pursue BPS certification, 41.1% ( n = 449) were undecided, and 15.6% unlikely ( n = 170). Conclusion Most respondents were aware of BPS certification, learning the most through didactic and experiential activities, and many indicated they are likely to or undecided about pursuing BPS certification. Respondents unaware of or undecided about BPS certification represent an opportunity for colleges of pharmacy and professional organizations to formalize their role in student education about BPS and advocacy efforts.
Effects of predatory ants on lower trophic levels across a gradient of coffee management complexity

Summary 1. Ants are important predators in agricultural systems, and have complex and often strong effects on lower trophic levels. Agricultural intensification reduces habitat complexity, food web diversity and structure, and affects predator communities. Theory predicts that strong top-down cascades are less likely to occur as habitat and food web complexity decrease. 2. To examine relationships between habitat complexity and predator effects, we excluded ants from coffee plants in coffee agroecosystems varying in vegetation complexity. Specifically, we studied the effects of eliminating ants on arthropod assemblages, herbivory, damage by the coffee berry borer and coffee yields in four sites differing in management intensification. We also sampled ant assemblages in each management type to see whether changes in ant assemblages relate to any observed changes in top-down effects. 3. Removing ants did not change total arthropod densities, herbivory, coffee berry borer damage or coffee yields. Ants did affect densities of some arthropod orders, but did not affect densities of different feeding groups. The effects of ants on lower trophic levels did not change with coffee management intensity. 4. Diversity and activity of ants on experimental plants did not change with coffee intensification, but the ant species composition differed. 5. Although variation in habitat complexity may affect trophic cascades, manipulating predatory ants across a range of coffee agroecosystems varying in management intensity did not result in differing effects on arthropod assemblages, herbivory, coffee berry borer attack or coffee yields. Thus, there is no clear pattern that top-down effects of ants in coffee agroecosystems intensify or dampen with decreased habitat complexity.