cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Association Between Pulmonary Contusion Severity and Respiratory Failure.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary contusions (PCs) have historically been viewed as a serious complicating factor in thoracic injury. Recently, there has been conflicting evidence regarding the influence of PCs on outcomes; however, many studies do not stratify contusions by severity and may miss clinical associations. We sought to identify if contusion severity is associated with worse outcomes. METHODS: A previously published chest wall injury database at an urban Level I trauma center was retrospectively reviewed. All severely injured subjects (defined as Injury Severity Score [ISS] ≥ 15) with moderate to severe thoracic injury (defined as a chest wall Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS] ≥ 3) who required mechanical ventilation for > 24 h were stratified by contusion severity. Moderate to severe contusions were defined as AIS contusion ≥ 3 and Blunt Pulmonary Contusion 18 (BPC18) score ≥ 3. RESULTS: Over 5 y, 3,836 patients presented with chest wall injuries, of which 1,176 (30.6%) had concomitant contusions. When screened for inclusion criteria, 339 subjects with contusions and 211 subjects without contusions (no-PC) were identified. Of these, 234 had moderate to severe contusions defined by AIS contusion ≥ 3 (PC-A) and 230 had moderate to severe contusions by BPC18 ≥ 3 (PC-B). Compared to no-PC, both PC-A and PC-B groups had significantly lower mortality (17.9% and 17.4%, respectively, vs 28.9%); however, PC-A and PC-B groups had longer durations of mechanical ventilation (6 and 7 d, respectively, vs 5 d), longer ICU length of stay (10 and 10 vs 8 d), and longer overall hospital length of stay (15 and 15 vs 13 d). CONCLUSIONS: In severely injured polytrauma patients, PCs are seen with more severe chest injuries. Furthermore, moderate to severe contusions are associated with longer durations of mechanical ventilation, ICU length of stay, and hospital length of stay. Despite practice pattern changes, contusions appear to contribute significantly to the clinical course of the blunt chest wall injured patients.
On the adoption of new technology to enhance counterterrorism measures: An attacker–defender game with risk preferences

Abstract To address the adaptive and dynamic threats that terrorists bring to our global society, it is imperative that counterterrorism agencies continue to improve their capabilities. To this end, one important challenge that has received scarce attention in the research community is the adoption of new counterterrorism technologies. Given that the adoption of new technology is common in practice (e.g., baggage scanners at airports, UAVs for border surveillance, maritime monitoring systems, port screening systems), it is essential to study the strategic advantages of doing so. To help fill the gap in the literature, in this article, we develop an attacker–defender model in which a defender seeks to adopt new technology, and an adversary seeks to attack a target. We model a discrete choice defender and a continuous choice attacker, where the contest success function is endogenously determined. Aside from proposing a novel game-theoretic model, we also extensively study the risk attitudes of the players. Among other interesting insights, we find that the risk averse defender plays a more cautious game, and when she is very risk averse or very risk seeking, she does not adopt technology. For the adversary, when he is risk seeking he generally devotes more effort to an attack. This paper helps to fill a significant gap in the literature concerning the adoption of new counterterrorism technology when facing a strategic adversary, and the role of the players’ risk preferences in this game environment.
Mutual distrust: understanding and bridging the science to policy gap

Background The production of policy-relevant research is necessary, but not sufficient, to promote its utilization in policy. Decision-makers must believe it has value, and researchers need the desire and skills to translate their work effectively. Our objective was to understand the perspectives of state policymakers and health researchers on the barriers and facilitators to translation of health evidence into the policy process, with an emphasis on the potential of social media.
Equivalence relations and distances between Hilbert frames

We study some equivalency relations between Hilbert frames and closed subspaces of 12(I). We define also a distance between frames and we establish the geometric meaning of this metric. Finally we find the closest and respectively the nearest tight frame to a given frame.
Petrologic evolution of gneissic xenoliths in the Voisey's Bay Intrusion, Labrador, Canada: Mineralogy, reactions, partial melting, and mechanisms of mass transfer

Nickel-copper-cobalt sulfide ores in the Voisey's Bay Intrusion are closely associated with troctolitic to gabbroic rocks that contain abundant country rock xenoliths. Potential sources of the xenoliths include pelitic paragneiss, enderbitic orthogneiss, and mafic to quartzofeldspathic gneisses that form immediate country rocks to different parts of the intrusion. Regardless of location, all xenoliths have a similar refractory mineral assemblage composed of hercynite, magnetite, Ca-rich plagioclase, and corundum. The refractory mineral assemblage formed via partial melting immediately after xenoliths were engulfed by magma. Rapid thermal equilibration allowed the xenoliths to survive prolonged interaction with magma. Corundum was formed by the incongruent melting of Na-rich plagioclase in pelitic and quartzofeldspathic gneisses. Corundum and Ca-rich plagioclase assemblages are aluminous; their origin involved either multistage melting of protoliths where the production of a granitic minimum melt was followed by the liberation of a more silica-rich and Al-poor melt or one-stage disequilibrium melting. Density differences between the xenoliths, restite assemblages, and enclosing mafic magma facilitated the separation of partial melt from restite. No evidence for the melts in the form of channels or interstitial glass is observed in the restite. Flow of mafic magma in the conduit system is thought to have dispersed the Si- and alkali-rich melts derived from the xenoliths. The only record of the xenolith-derived melts is in the form of concentric rims of plagioclase and biotite which crystallized from a hybrid melt in boundary layers around most xenoliths. Hercynite in the restitic assemblage was produced either by partial melting involving Fe- and Mg-bearing minerals such as garnet and pyroxene or by replacement of corundum. FeO and MgO that were excluded from the boundary layer diffused inward and reacted with corundum to form hercynite. The thickness of the hercynite bands suggests formation times between 3,000 and 23,000 years. Where the insulating rims of plagioclase and biotite were not present, diffusion of FeO and MgO from the surrounding crystal mush continued, resulting in near complete conversion of corundum to hercynite. The highly refractory mineral assemblages which characterize xenoliths present in the Voisey's Bay Intrusion provide evidence for a complex history of magma–country rock interaction. The transfer of xenomelts and sulfur to flowing magma may have been essential for the formation of the magmatic sulfide ores.
A nondestructive electrochemical method to detect and quantify graphite fiber/polymer matrix disbondment in aqueous and cathodically polarized conditions

In certain engineering applications, graphite fiber polymer matrix composites may be exposed to both moisture and electrochemical polarization. The combined effect to these environmental conditions can cause fiber/matrix interfacial breakdown and matrix degradation. In previous research, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to examine the effects of electrochemical polarization on bismaleimide (BMI)/graphite fiber (GF) composites, and revealed changes in the impedance spectra that suggested porous behavior. This 'porosity' was attributed to moisture ingress at the fiber/matrix interface. At present, no techniques are available to determine the depth of moisture penetration in these materials in a nondestructive manner. This paper introduces a new method for the determination of moisture penetration depth at the fiber/matrix interface in graphite fiber polymer matrix composites as a function of time and degree of polarization. The method is a nondestructive, in situ technique which has the...
Phases of the infinite U Hubbard model on square lattices.

We apply the density matrix renormalization group to study the phase diagram of the infinite $U$ Hubbard model on 2- to 6-leg ladders. Where the results are largely insensitive to the ladder width, we consider the results representative of the 2D square lattice. We find a fully polarized ferromagnetic Fermi liquid phase when $n$, the density of electrons per site, is in the range $1gn\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.800$. For $n=3/4$ we find an unexpected insulating checkerboard phase with coexisting bond-density order with 4 sites per unit cell and block-spin antiferromagnetic order with 8 sites per unit cell. For $3/4gn$, all ladders with width $g2$ have unpolarized ground states.
Introduction to the Brockport Physical Fitness Test Technical Manual

Health-related criterion-referenced physical fitness has developed into an important domain for all youngsters in American schools. Although considered important for youngsters with or without disabilities, much less attention has been given to measuring and assessing health-related physical fitness of youngsters with disabilities. The Brockport Physical Fitness Test (BPFT) was developed as a healthrelated criterion- referenced test of fitness as a part of a federal grant entitled Project Target: Criterion-Referenced Physical Fitness Standards for Adolescents with Disabilities. This special issue of the Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly (APAQ) presents the conceptual framework for the BPFT and the technical information used as a basis for the selection of test items and standards associated with the test. Technical information is presented in separate articles covering aerobic functioning, body composition, muscular strength and endurance, and flexibility/range of motion. This first article introduces t...
The Role of Demand Resources In Regional Transmission Expansion Planning and Reliable Operations

Investigating the role of demand resources in regional transmission planning has provided mixed results. On one hand there are only a few projects where demand response has been used as an explicit alternative to transmission enhancement. On the other hand there is a fair amount of demand response in the form of energy efficiency, peak reduction, emergency load shedding, and (recently) demand providing ancillary services. All of this demand response reduces the need for transmission enhancements. Demand response capability is typically (but not always) factored into transmission planning as a reduction in the load which must be served. In that sense demand response is utilized as an alternative to transmission expansion. Much more demand response is used (involuntarily) as load shedding under extreme conditions to prevent cascading blackouts. The amount of additional transmission and generation that would be required to provide the current level of reliability if load shedding were not available is difficult to imagine and would be impractical to build. In a very real sense demand response solutions are equitably treated in every region - when proposed, demand response projects are evaluated against existing reliability and economic criteria. The regional councils, RTOs, and ISOs identify needs. Others propose more » transmission, generation, or responsive load based solutions. Few demand response projects get included in transmission enhancement plans because few are proposed. But this is only part of the story. Several factors are responsible for the current very low use of demand response as a transmission enhancement alternative. First, while the generation, transmission, and load business sectors each deal with essentially the same amount of electric power, generation and transmission companies are explicitly in the electric power business but electricity is not the primary business focus of most loads. This changes the institutional focus of each sector. Second, market and reliability rules have, understandably, been written around the capabilities and limitations of generators, the historic reliability resources. Responsive load limitations and capabilities are often not accommodated in markets or reliability criteria. Third, because of the institutional structure, demand response alternatives are treated as temporary solutions that can delay but not replace transmission enhancement. Financing has to be based on a three to five year project life as opposed to the twenty to fifty year life of transmission facilities. More can be done to integrate demand response options into transmission expansion planning. Given the societal benefits it may be appropriate for independent transmission planning organizations to take a more proactive role in drawing demand response alternatives into the resource mix. Existing demand response programs provide a technical basis to build from. Regulatory and market obstacles will have to be overcome if demand response alternatives are to be routinely considered in transmission expansion planning. « less
Patients, family caregivers, and patient navigators: a partnership approach.

BACKGROUND: Navigation services may be strengthened by establishing a partnership between the patient, family/caregiver, and the navigator. Involvement of a patient's familial or social network in the navigation process would allow patient navigators to spend more time and resources with the subset of patients who do not have support from family and friends. The Partnership Approach evolves from combining the strength of a patient's existing social support and network with the delivery of navigation services. METHODS: To develop this novel approach, the Family and Caregiver Workgroup was convened at the American Cancer Society's National Leadership Summit. Individuals were asked to serve in this group due to their interest, research, or experience in family and caregiver issues. RESULTS: By the end of the Summit, the workgroup had achieved 3 major outcomes: 1) enhancement of current patient navigation services by building a partnership between the patient, family or primary caregivers, and navigators; 2) identification of a set of core functions that a family/caregiver could perform in a partnership; and 3) consensus on a set of metrics to use with caregivers and patients. Five major domains were selected to measure patient and/or caregiver outcomes: quality of life, satisfaction with care, social support, distress, and caregiver burden. Metrics appropriate for each domain were recommended. CONCLUSIONS: Integration of these domains and scales in current navigation services is needed to develop future research. Evidence from such research would help determine whether the Partnership Approach contributes to improved patient and caregiver outcomes. Cancer 2011;117(15 suppl):3590–3600. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
The Renewable Fuel Standard 3.0?: Moving Forward with the Federal Biofuel Mandate

Increased reliance on renewable energy technologies remains the best approach to mitigate the environmental and social problems associated with the unsustainable use of finite fossil fuels for our energy needs. The Renewable Fuel Standard (“RFS” or “Standard”) exists as a pioneering pillar in the realm of federal incentives for renewable energy technologies, particularly biofuels. By mandating the commercialization of socially beneficial biofuels, it: (1) improves the environment by reducing climate change inducing greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector; (2) increases U.S. energy security by reducing petroleum imports from hostile foreign regions; and (3) serves as a driver for much needed economic development. Moreover, it does this through an exceptionally elegant regulatory regime, which imposes its costs on the petroleum industry and, as such, has very little impact on the federal budget. But a political storm is beginning to brew over the continued implementation and existence of the RFS. Petroleum-related interests, who vehemently oppose the RFS for obvious reasons, continue to outspend the lobbying efforts of stakeholders who support it and the food industry, which continues to cling to the increasingly empirically refuted notion that biofuels have an enormous impact on food prices, are using the 2012 draught as a rallying cry for waiving the RFS’s requirements. Congress is beginning to head the call and has considered an increasing number of Bills seeking to either modify or repeal the Standard.In this Article, we provide a thorough analysis of all issues facing the continued implementation and existence of the RFS. We first set out background information on biofuels in general and then provide a detailed overview of the enactment, creation, and implementation of the RFS’s regulatory regime. Second, we present a political economy analysis of altering the RFS, where we detail the preferences, critiques, and relative political bargaining power of all affected stakeholders. Next, we detail and comment on all legislative attempts to modify or repeal the RFS that Congress has considered in its current term. Finally, we provide our justified recommendations, which include legislative and administrative reform proposals for moving forward with the Standard. Specifically, we recommend that the biofuel categories under the RFS be expanded to include socially beneficial biomass sourcing at volumetric target levels consistent with current production and blending realities.
Specialized Equipment for On-Target Application of Herbicides

Publisher Summary It has been estimated that the world population will double during the next 30 years. To sustain that population, there is a need to produce as much food during the next 30 years as man has consumed since the dawn of time. Assuring an adequate supply of nutritious food, high-quality feed, fiber, and a quality environment is one of the great challenges faced by humans. Increased production of agricultural commodities aided by the judicious use of herbicides and other agricultural chemicals is one feasible approach for achieving this important mission. Development of current weed control technology based on the use of chemical herbicides began about 1940. By 1950, there were about 15 basic herbicides. Currently, there are about 180 basic herbicides and about 6,000 commercially formulated chemical herbicide products. In 1949, herbicides were used on nine million hectares of agricultural land. In 1977, 100 million hectares were treated. Currently, herbicides account for about 49 percent of the total pesticides used in the United States.
Undergraduate research on remote sensing at Colorado State University

Colorado State University-CHILL (CSU-CHILL) radar is a state of the art polarization diversity/agile radar system primarily used for research and education in radar technology and atmospheric remote sensing. This paper briefly describes the undergraduate research activities on remote sensing during the summer, associated with CSU-CHILL. The CSU-CHILL radar is a state of the art dual polarized Doppler research radar located outside of Greeley, CO, about 30 miles from the CSU campus. Characteristics of the CSU-CHILL radar are given. The radar has two transmitters and receivers to enable simultaneous sampling of both H and V channels in a pulse to pulse switching of polarization states or transmission of arbitrary polarization state. The two receiver system allows for simultaneous measurements of co-polar and cross-polar backscattered signals.
Lessons from evolution: developmental plasticity in vertebrates with complex life cycles

Developmental plasticity is the property of a given genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to the environmental conditions experienced during development. Chordates have two basic modes of development, direct and indirect. Direct development (mode of humans) was derived evolutionarily from indirect development (mode of many amphibians), the major difference being the presence of a larval stage with indirect development; larvae undergo metamorphosis to the juvenile adult. In amphibians, environmental conditions experienced during the larval stage can lead to extreme plasticity in behaviour, morphology and the timing of metamorphosis and can cause variation in adult phenotypic expression (carry-over effects, or developmental programming). Hormones of the neuroendocrine stress axis play pivotal roles in mediating environmental effects on animal development. Stress hormones, produced in response to a deteriorating larval habitat, accelerate amphibian metamorphosis; in mammals, stress hormones hasten the onset of parturition and play an important role in pre-term birth caused by intra-uterine stress. While stress hormones can promote survival in a deteriorating larval or intra-uterine habitat, costs may be incurred, such as reduced growth and size at metamorphosis or birth. Furthermore, exposure to elevated stress hormones during the tadpole or foetal stage can cause permanent neurological changes, leading to altered physiology and behaviour later in life. The actions of stress hormones in animal development are evolutionarily conserved, and therefore amphibians can serve as important model organisms for research on the mechanisms of developmental plasticity.
Carrier frequency offset estimation for OFDM-based WLANs

We present an efficient carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation algorithm for the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based wireless local area networks (WLANs). The packet preamble information we use is based on the high rate WLAN standards adopted by the IEEE 802.11 standardization group. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Three groups of interneurons account for nearly 100% of neocortical GABAergic neurons

An understanding of the diversity of cortical GABAergic interneurons is critical to understand the function of the cerebral cortex. Recent data suggest that neurons expressing three markers, the Ca2+-binding protein parvalbumin (PV), the neuropeptide somatostatin (SST), and the ionotropic serotonin receptor 5HT3a (5HT3aR) account for nearly 100% of neocortical interneurons. Interneurons expressing each of these markers have a different embryological origin. Each group includes several types of interneurons that differ in morphological and electrophysiological properties and likely have different functions in the cortical circuit. The PV group accounts for ∼40% of GABAergic neurons and includes fast spiking basket cells and chandelier cells. The SST group, which represents ∼30% of GABAergic neurons, includes the Martinotti cells and a set of neurons that specifically target layerIV. The 5HT3aR group, which also accounts for ∼30% of the total interneuronal population, is heterogeneous and includes all of the neurons that express the neuropeptide VIP, as well as an equally numerous subgroup of neurons that do not express VIP and includes neurogliaform cells. The universal modulation of these neurons by serotonin and acetylcholine via ionotropic receptors suggests that they might be involved in shaping cortical circuits during specific brain states and behavioral contexts.
Dusty hypersonic flows

Abstract : A study of the motions of solid particles in a dusty gas in the inviscid hypersonic shock layers of slender wedges and cones and the stagnation regions of cylinders and spheres is carried out. Particles of uniform size and with a size distribution are considered. Analytic drag laws for the particles are used for the cases of low, intermediate, and high particle Reynolds numbers. For a uniform particle size cloud the collection efficiency is shown to be expressible in terms of a single parameter embodying the particle characteristics, shock strength, and wedge or cone angle. In the case of the stagnation region solutions there is a corresponding similarity law but it is shown not to depend on the explicit form of the drag law or whether the flow is plane or axisymmetric. It is shown that when the appropriate similarity parameter is around one the collection efficiency rises rapidly from zero to one, with the rise almost discontinuous in the stagnation region cases. With a particle size distribution there is found to be very little deviation from the uniform size results at high Reynolds number and only small departures for other Reynolds number ranges. (Author)
Sample Attrition and Labor Supply Response in Experimental Panel Data: A Study of Alternative Correction Procedures

Sample attrition is a potentially serious problem for analysis of panel data, particularly experimental panel data. In this article, a variety of estimation procedures are used to assess the importance of attrition bias in labor supply response to the Seattle and Denver Income Maintenance Experiments (SIME/DIME). Data from Social Security Administration earnings records and the SIME/DIME public use file are used to test various hypotheses concerning attrition bias. The study differs from previous research in that data on both attriters and nonattriters are used to estimate the experimental labor supply response. Although not conclusive, the analysis suggests that attrition bias is probably not a serious enough problem in the SIME/DIME data to warrant extensive correction procedures. The methodology used in this study could be applied to other panel data sets.
Substance P Induces CCN1 Expression via Histone Deacetylase Activity in Human Colonic Epithelial Cells

We have shown that substance P (SP) and its neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) regulate intestinal angiogenesis by increasing expression of protein CYR61 (the cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61, or CCN1) in colonic epithelial cells. However, the mechanism involved in SP-induced CCN1 expression has not been studied, and the outcome of increased CCN1 expression in the development of colitis is not fully understood. Because histone deacetylase (HDAC) modulates transcription of several genes involved in inflammation, we investigated participation of HDAC in SP-induced CCN1 expression in human colonic epithelial NCM460 cells overexpressing NK-1R (NCM460-NK-1R) and in primary colonocytes. SP increased HDAC activity with deacetylation and dephosphorylation of nucleosome protein histone H3 in NCM460-NK-1R and/or primary colonocytes. Histone deacetylation and dephosphorylation was observed in colonic mucosa from irritable bowel disease patients. Similarly, colonic mucosal tissues from mice exposed to dextran sulfate sodium showed histone H3 deacetylation and dephosphorylation and increased HDAC activity that was reversed by the NK-1R antagonist CJ-12255. SP-induced increased CCN1 expression in NCM460-NK-1R cells was abolished by pharmacological HDAC inhibition. HDAC overexpression activated basal and SP-induced CCN1 promoter activity. Intracolonic CCN1 overexpression significantly ameliorated dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, with reduction of proinflammatory cytokine expression in mice. Thus, SP-mediated CCN1 expression in the inflamed human and mouse colon involves increased HDAC activity. Our results strongly suggest that increased CCN1 expression may be involved in mucosal healing during colitis.
Demonstration of a Direct Interaction between Residue 22 in the Carboxyl-terminal Half of Secretin and the Amino-terminal Tail of the Secretin Receptor Using Photoaffinity Labeling

An understanding of the molecular basis of hormonal activation of receptors provides important insights for drug design. Toward this end, intrinsic photoaffinity labeling is a powerful tool to directly identify the ligand-binding domain. We have developed a new radioiodinatable agonist ligand of the secretin receptor that incorporates a photolabile p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine (Bpa) into the position of Leu22 and have utilized this to identify the adjacent receptor domain. The rat [Tyr10,Bpa22]secretin-27 probe was a fully efficacious agonist, with a potency to stimulate cAMP accumulation by Chinese hamster ovary SecR cells similar to that of natural secretin (EC50 = 68 +/- 22 pM analogue and 95 +/- 25 pM secretin). It bound specifically and with high affinity (Ki = 5.0 +/- 1.1 nM) and covalently labeled the Mr = 57,000-62,000 secretin receptor. Cyanogen bromide cleavage of the receptor yielded a major labeled fragment of apparent Mr = 19,000 that shifted to Mr = 9,000 after deglycosylation. This was most consistent with either of two glycosylated domains within the amino-terminal tail of the receptor. Immunoprecipitation with antibody directed to epitope tags incorporated into each of the candidate domains established that the fragment at the amino terminus of the receptor was the site of labeling. This was further localized to the amino-terminal 30 residues of the receptor by additional proteolysis of this fragment with endoproteinase Lys-C. This provides the first direct demonstration of a contact between a secretin-like agonist and its receptor and will contribute a useful constraint to the modeling of this interaction.
Elemental (C, N and P) analysis of metamorphosing bonefish (Albula sp.) leptocephali : relationship to catabolism of endogenous organic compounds, tissue remodeling, and feeding ecology

Whole-body carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content, and stable-isotope composition (13C:12C and 15N:14N), were followed during metamorphosis of bonefish (Albula sp.) larvae (leptocephali). Metamorphosing larvae depend entirely on endogenous carbon compounds (some of which contain N and P) as an energy source. Two fundamental questions are (1) Do the demands of extensive tissue remodeling during metamorphosis require the efficient retention of N and P during the catabolism of carbon compounds? (2) What effect does the lack of feeding have on stable-isotope composition? Our results showed that both C and N decreased by ∼35 to 40%, reflecting the utilization of neutral lipid (triacylglycerols) and N-containing compounds (phosphatidylethanolamine and keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycan) as energy sources, and indicating that larvae have little or no capacity to retain N. Evidence suggested that collagen breakdown, measured as a loss of hydroxyproline content, also contributed to N loss. Stable-isotope ratios, expressed as 13C and 15N, showed no statistically significant differences in early and advanced metamorphosing larvae. In contrast to C and N, phosphorus was conserved during metamorphosis and most probably is utilized in the increased bone mineralization occurring in advanced larvae. We show, however, that advanced larvae are P-limited and that normal ossification is dependent upon a supply of exogenous P obtained after the resumption of feeding. The N:P ratio of 12.3 in early larvae decreased to 8.1 in advanced larvae owing to the conservation of P as N was lost. The mean 15N value in early metamorphic larvae (11.6‰) is consistent with results from other studies, and provides further support for the view that premetamorphic leptocephali feed at a very low trophic level.
An RNA Holliday Junction? Structural and Dynamic Considerations of the Bacteriophage T4 Gene 60 Interruption

A novel interrupted gene motif has been reported in which a 50-nucleotide insertion into bacteriophage T4 gene 60 appears to be present in the message at the time of translation, yet it is not translated. We present here a dynamic model for how translation may be occurring in the neighborhood of the interruption. The model involves formation of an RNA structure with similarities to a Holliday junction, followed by migration of the branch point in a strand exchange between message and interruption. The advantage of this model over previous ones is that at no time is a new tRNA required to pair with a discontinuous template.
Detection of Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using the Relative Expression of Tissue-Specific Mir-205

The presence of cervical lymph node metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the strongest determinant of patient prognosis. Owing to the impact of nodal metastases on patient survival, a system for sensitive and accurate detection is required. Clinical staging of lymph nodes is far less accurate than pathological staging. Pathological staging also suffers limitations because it fails to detect micrometastasis in a subset of nodal specimens. To improve the sensitivity of existing means of diagnosing metastatic disease, many advocate the use of molecular markers specific for HNSCC cells. MicroRNA (miRNA) are short noncoding segments of RNA that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression. Approximately one third of all miRNA will exhibit substantial tissue specificity. Using a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-based assay, we examined the expression of microRNA-205 (mir-205) across tissues and demonstrated that its expression is highly specific for squamous epithelium. We applied this assay to tissue samples, and we could detect metastatic HNSCC in each positive lymph node specimen, whereas benign specimens did not express this marker. When compared to metastases from other primary tumors, HNSCC-positive lymph nodes were distinguishable by the high expression of this marker. Using an in vitro lymphoid tissue model, we were able to detect as little as one squamous cell in a background of 1 million lymphocytes. By combining the sensitivity of quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with the specificity of mir-205 for squamous epithelium, we demonstrate a novel molecular marker for the detection of metastatic HNSCC.
Cherish: smart digital photo frames for sharing social narratives at home

The introduction and rapid acceptance of digital cameras has fundamentally changed the way people take and share images. When displaying and interacting with images in the home, people still print out the photos as if they had been taken on a film camera. Although sharing occurs on computer monitors or even on TV, the digital photo hasn't made complete circle in being represented digitally in a home environment. This research explores the display and social interaction with digital photos in the home.To find design opportunities we used a user-centered approach and studied how people currently display and interact with photos at home. Observed needs were used to generate concept scenarios that were validated with representative users during a concept validation session. Out of this has emerged the design of Cherish, a system for organizing and displaying photos in the home.
Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of substituted-s-triazolyl tetrazoles

The natural abundance carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of various 5-aryltetrazoles, 1-(5-aryltetrazol-2-ylacetyl)-4-phenyl thiosemicarbazides and 5-(5-aryltetrazol-2-ylmethyl)-4-phenyl-s-triazole-3-thiols were recorded using Fourier transform techniques. The chemical shifts of various carbon resonances have been assigned on the basis of chemical shift theory, the signal multiplicity observed in the single-frequency off-resonance decoupled (SFORD) spectra and comparison with the chemical shifts of the model compounds.
Conditions for protection of an allele in linear homogeneous stepping stone models

The one-dimensional linear homogeneous stepping stone migration structure is an important model in that it represents a short-range migration extreme for geographically structured populations and also serves as the underlying discretespace model for much of the work on continuous-space clines. We examine conditions for the protection of an allele under a stepping stone migration structure by using a recursive method based on Sturm sequences. Necessary and sufficient conditions for protection of an allele are found for a generalized step-cline selection gradient, which is the selection scheme used in much of the early cline work. Sufficient conditions for the protection of an allele are also found for (i) an advantageous patch at the stepping stone boundary which is followed by an arbitrary selection gradient, and for (ii) an advantageous patch embedded within an otherwise arbitrary selection gradient. We let m be the migration rate between neighboring demes. If within the advantageous patch WAaWaa = 1 + s, then for (i) s ⩾ m(1 − m) is sufficient to protect allele A, even if the patch consists of only a single deme, while for (ii) s ⩾ 2m(1 − 2m) guarantees that a single deme will protect A. If the advantageous patch consists of k demes, each with WAaWaa = 1 + s, then s ⩾ (π24)mk2 is sufficient for protection of A in (i), while s ⩾ π2mk2 is sufficient for protection of A in (ii). Sufficient conditions for a protected polymorphism are found, and a bound on the level of migration is determined, below which a protected polymorphism exists, as predicted from Karlin and McGregor's (1972. Theor. Pop. Biol. 3, 186–209, 210–238) small parameter results. Finally, our patch swamping conditions (protection of an allele given a single advantageous patch) are compared to Nagylaki's (1975. Genetics 80, 595–615) conditions for the existence of continuous-space clines under analogous selection schemes and are shown to be identical for the two specific cases examined. We also discuss extensions of some of the above results to circular stepping stone migration structures.
Regularly spaced rows of medusae in the Bering Sea: Role of Langmuir circulation1

In summer at night in the Bering Sea hydromedusae and scyphomedusae formed dense aggregations at the surface in convergences apparently produced by Langmuir circulation cells. During strong winds distance between parallel rows regularly exceeded 100 m; densities of medusae within rows reached 1,000 m−3. Physical and behavioral factors can increase spatial aggregation and thereby alter the rate of encounter of medusae with prey, predators, and competitors. The importance of Langmuir circulation in rough seas has been underestimated.
Management of Injuries Caused by Cryptococcus neoformans-Contaminated Needles

This report describes four skin-puncture accidents with needles that were heavily contaminated with Cryptococcus neoformans. In one accident, delayed administration of antifungal drugs resulted in a granuloma of the finger. In the other three accidents, no skin infection followed immediate prophylaxis with oral fluconazole. Our experience suggests that early therapy with fluconazole is a reasonable means of managing skin injuries caused by instruments contaminated with viable C. neoformans.
The interregional comparison of production functions

Abstract This paper investigates the neoclassical regional growth model by evaluating the underlying production functions. In addition, the production functions are estimated under the behavioral assumptions of profit maximization and perfect competition. The results indicate that commonly used functional forms are not appropriate under the behavioral conditions assumed.
Dimensional asymmetry in attributional inference

Abstract A number of bipolar personality dimensions were investigated, some of which were selected a priori as being primarily concerned with interpersonal differences in skill (such as unintelligence-intelligence), and others of which were thought to describe differences in preferences (such as indoor-outdoor). Two findings emerged. First, persons at opposite poles of skill dimensions were assumed to possess differential role-taking ability: a skillful person was perceived as relatively more competent at portraying the opposite behavior than was an unskilled person. Second, attributions based upon skillful behavior tend to be less affected by contextual factors than attributions based upon unskillful behavior. An alternative interpretation of the results is discussed.
Speciation of Selenium, Arsenic, and Zinc in Class C Fly Ash

A major environmental concern associated with coal fly ash is the mobilization of trace elements that may contaminate water. To better evaluate proper use of fly ash, determine appropriate disposal methods, and monitor postdisposal conditions, it is important to understand the speciation of trace elements in fly ash and their possible environmental impact. The speciation of selenium, arsenic, and zinc was determined in five representative Class C fly ash samples from combustion of sub-bituminous Powder River Basin coal using synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy to provide an improved understanding of the mechanisms of trace element association with the fly ash. Selenium in all fly ash samples occurs predominantly as Se(IV), with the exception of one sample, in which there was a minor amount of Se(0). Se(0) is likely associated with the high content of unburned coal in the sample. Arsenic exists in the fly ash as a single phase most consistent with calcium pyroarsenate. In contrast, zinc occurs ...
Simultaneous inhibition of the estrogen receptor and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFKFB3) for the treatment of ER+ breast cancer

Background The family of 6-phospofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatases (PFKFB1-4) control glycolytic flux via their product, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F26BP), which activates the key control step, 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1). We recently demonstrated that exposure of estrogen receptor (ER)+ MCF-7 human breast cancer cells to estradiol (E2) causes a rapid increase in C-glucose uptake and glycolysis that is coincident with an induction of PFKFB3 mRNA (via ER binding to its promoter), protein expression and the intracellular concentration of its product, F26BP. Selective inhibition of PFKFB3 expression and activity using siRNA or a PFKFB3 inhibitor, PFK158, markedly reduced the E2-mediated increase in F26BP, C-glucose uptake and glycolysis. Importantly, co-treatment of MCF-7 cells with PFK158 and an ER antagonist synergistically induced apoptotic cell death in vitro. In the current study, we sought to determine if co-administration of PFK158, with ICI 182,780 (fulvestrant), would have an additive anti-tumor effect on ER+ human breast cancer xenografts in vivo.
Holoprosencephaly: A guide to diagnosis and clinical management

Context Holoprosencephaly affects 1 in 8,000 live births and is the most common structural anomaly of the developing forebrain, resulting in facial dysmorphism, neurologic impairment, and additional clinical sequelae. Given the increasing relative contribution of genetic diseases to perinatal morbidity and mortality in India, proper recognition and management of holoprosencephaly can improve care for a significant number of affected Indian children.
Ansi study group working paper: "The Background of Computer Graphics Standardization"

In considering the feasibility of developing a standard in computer graphics, it is necessary that the computer graphics state-of-the-art as well as past and present standardization activities in the area of computer graphics be thoroughly understood. This document reviews the history of computer graphics and quickly surveys the developing technology before presenting computer graphics standardization activities to date.
Sintering research at San Diego State University

(2009). Sintering research at San Diego State University. Powder Metallurgy: Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 277-278.
On Teaching Functionality and Functional Modeling in an Engineering Curriculum

This paper reviews functional representation and modeling across multiple domains of engineering as well as function recognition and modeling in the engineering design field. Various modeling techniques are presented along with approaches to model realization published in common engineering design text books. Specifically, within the field of engineering design, seven published approaches for modeling function are presented: 1.) Glass Box Method; 2.) Function Analysis System Technique; 3.) Systematic Processes; 4.) Enumeration; 5.) Zen Approach; 6.) Reverse Engineering; and 7.) Function-Means Trees. Through discussion of the modeling approaches the authors pose questions on how function should be taught in undergraduate engineering curriculum. Finally, the potential benefits of function-based design approaches are reviewed and discussed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
MAPL: a high-level programming paradigm to support more rapid and robust encoding of hierarchical trees of interacting high-performance components

We describe the design, and deployment in several large scale Earth system codes, of an innovative programming library, MAPL. MAPL is a layer of software that is built on top of the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF) component library. It provides mechanisms for automating and managing key aspects of the interconnection and control of deep, hierarchical trees of interacting components. Examples of the use of the MAPL library, in both an illustrative five component coupled system and with state-of-the-art large scale Earth system models, are used to highlight MAPL's role in automating key aspects of the creation of sophisticated, scalable component based systems.
Management of Severe Cleft and Syndromic Midface Hypoplasia

Distraction osteogenesis has become an alternative treatment to treat severe craniofacial skeletal dysplasias. A rigid external distraction device has been successfully used to advance the maxilla as well as the maxillary, orbital, and forehead complex (monobloc) in children as young as 2 years, adolescents, and adults. This approach has provided reduced morbidity, and predictable and stable results in this challenging group of patients. With the experience gained, the technique has been successfully applied to patients with isolated dentofacial deformities. Distraction techniques can be applied by themselves or as an adjunct to conventional orthognathic and craniofacial surgical procedures.
Making the best of a bad situation: Proactive coping with racial discrimination

Proactive coping with racial discrimination takes three forms: self-focused coping, situation-focused coping, and avoidance. Overall, African Americans used self-focused coping more than situation-focused coping or physical avoidance, though there were interesting differences between retrospective recall of racial discrimination and daily reports. Relative to reports during the diary week, when recalling how they typically dealt with racial discrimination, African Americans overestimated their use of situation-focused strategies and underestimated their use of self-focused strategies. For both retrospective and daily reports, proactive coping was positively related to primary appraisals of harm but unrelated to secondary appraisals of resources. African American identification, but not stigma consciousness or optimism, was uniquely associated with proactive coping. We discuss the potential benefits and limitations of proactive coping with racial discrimination.
Stochastic dynamic programming control policies for fuel efficient vehicle following

Stochastic control policies are developed for fuel-efficient following of a lead vehicle moving at a constant speed. Assuming that a lead vehicle is travelling at a specified speed and that the road grade is modeled stochastically, we solve numerically a Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) problem to determine follower vehicle speed control policies subject to constraints on vehicle following distance. The cost function to which SDP is applied reflects fuel consumption, travel time and includes a penalty for distance constraint violation. A virtual testing environment based on CarSim is used for simulations and fuel economy assessment. We demonstrate the potential for fuel consumption improvements (over 5%) and examine properties of the speed control policy of the follower vehicle, including the emergent `pulse and glide' behavior. The policies do not require preview information of the route and of the road grade thereby providing a potentially simpler alternative to preview-based systems. The results complement our previous results on fuel efficient in traffic driving.