cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large cell variant of small cell carcinoma, hypercalcemic type, of primary peritoneal origin.

Abstract Background. Large cell variant of small cell carcinoma hypercalcemic type (SCC-HT) is extremely rare. All reported cases involved an ovary, and one with primary peritoneal origin has not been described. Also, convincing neuroendocrine granules have not been illustrated. Case. A 35-year-old woman underwent an exploratory laparotomy for leiomyomas. Intraoperative impression of peritoneal carcinomatosis was confirmed on frozen section. TAH/BSO, debulking/omentectomy followed. The tumor was present on the pelvic/abdominal peritoneum. The normal-sized ovaries were free of tumor grossly. The tumor had features of large cell variant of SCC-HT, described in the ovary. Furthermore, unequivocal neuroendocrine granules were present. The patient received standard chemotherapy for SCC. At 22 months she is NED. Conclusion. SCC-HT should be considered in the differential diagnosis of primary neoplasms of the peritoneum.
Effects of acute and chronic arsenic exposure of human-derived keratinocytes in an In Vitro human skin equivalent system: a novel model of human arsenicism.

Abstract An organotypic culture (OTC) of a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) over a human fibroblast-embedded collagen gel was used to model human epidermis in arsenicism, a syndrome that currently lacks valid experimental models. Keratinocytes were exposed acutely or chronically to a mixture of arsenate (0.5 μM), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA; 0.5 μM) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA; 1.5 μM), or to the individual components of the mixture. OTCs were assayed for microscopic morphology, the proliferating cell marker, Ki-67, labelling and cytokeratin expression. Acute exposures resulted in an epidermal phenotype that accurately modelled early human lesions, including hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and keratin 16 induction. Chronic exposures resulted in a de-differentiated epidermal phenotype with focal nests of keratinocytes growing into the collagen gel. The keratin 8 18 pair was induced by either acute or chronic arsenic exposure, as was the proliferating cell marker, Ki-67. Exposure of keratinocytes to individual arsenic compounds demonstrated that all arsenic mixture-induced changes could be duplicated by exposure to arsenate alone. In contrast, MMA and DMA were inactive. This study establishes OTC as a useful model of arsenicism, and implicates inorganic arsenic as the ultimate carcinogen.
Molecularly defined antibody conjugation through a selenocysteine interface

Antibody conjugates have broad utility in basic, preclinical, and clinical applications. Conventional antibody conjugation through the amine group of lysine or the thiol group of cysteine residues yields heterogeneous products of undefined stoichiometry and considerable batch-to-batch variability. To preserve the two hallmarks of the antibody molecule, precision and predictability, methods that enable site-specific antibody conjugation are in high demand. On the basis of a mammalian cell expression system, we describe the utilization of the 21st natural amino acid selenocysteine for the generation of IgG and Fab molecules with unique nucleophilic reactivity that affords site-specific conjugation to electrophilic derivatives of biotin, fluorescein, and poly(ethylene glycol). The resulting antibody conjugates were found to fully retain their antigen binding capability and, in the case of IgG, the ability to mediate effector functions. Gain of function was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. While these antib...
Lifestyle modification and relapse-prevention training during treatment for weight loss

A program evaluation involving the assessment of return patients at the Duke University Diet and Fitness Center (DDFC) was undertaken with the intention of improving relapse-prevention training for patients during weight-loss treatment. Two-hundred and fifty-two patients (143 women, 109 men) who had previously lost weight at the DDFC were assessed on the first day of their return visit regarding their life-styles at home, most frequently encountered high-risk situations, and strategies used to prevent relapse. The study was designed to determine which of these factors were associated with continued weight-loss and maintenance after discharge. Regression analysis ( F = 19.89, p t = −2.19, p t = −2.51, p F = 10.83, p F = 10.98, p F = 7.69, p F = 8.15, p F = 8.85, p F = 7.47, p
Mutations in ZASP define a novel form of muscular dystrophy in humans

Myofibrillar myopathy (MFM) is a morphologically distinct disorder in which disintegration of the Z-disk and then of the myofibrils is followed by abnormal accumulation of multiple proteins. Mutations in desmin, αB-crystallin, and myotilin, all Z-disk–related proteins, cause MFM in the minority of cases. ZASP (a Z-band alternatively spliced PDZ motif-containing protein) is another Z-disk–associated protein, and targeted deletion of ZASP in mouse causes skeletal and cardiac myopathy. We therefore searched for mutations in ZASP in 54 MFM patients and detected 3 heterozygous missense mutations in 11. Their age at onset was 44 to 73 years. Dominant inheritance was apparent in seven patients, cardiac involvement in three, and signs of peripheral neuropathy in five. Most patients had proximal and distal weakness, but in six, the weakness was greater distally than proximally. Ten carried either of two mutations in exon 6 (A147T and A165V) at or within a motif important in linking ZASP to the Z-disk; one carried a missense mutation in exon 9 (R268C). We conclude that (1) mutations in ZASP cause stereotyped MFM pathology; (2) cardiomyopathy, distal more than proximal weakness, and neuropathy are in the spectrum of zaspopathy; and (3) mutations in ZASP define a novel form of autosomal dominant muscular dystrophy in humans. Ann Neurol 2005;57:269–276
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930)

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) was fourteenth President of the American Psychological Association, invented the paired-associate technique, founded an early psychological laboratory, and developed a system of self-psychology. Her eminence as a psychologist and a scholar was widely acknowledged and she was the recipient of two honorary degrees. Calkins published prolifically in both psychology and philosophy, moving away from psychology into philosophy during the latter half of her career. Both her work in psychology and philosophy came to center on the importance of the self. Calkins studied with William James, Josiah Royce and Hugo Munsterberg at Harvard in the 1890s, and although she completed all the requirements for the Ph.D., she was not granted the degree because she was a woman. In 1902, she was offered a Radcliffe degree which she declined on principle, because she believed that work done at Harvard should be recognized by a Harvard degree regardless of whether the recipient was a female or a male. On many occasions throughout her life, she expressed her opposition to differentiation between the sexes based on the assumption of inherent differences in mental abilities.
TU‐FF‐A1‐06: A Robust Scalable Parallel Processing System for Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To develop a robust Linux—based cluster for the parallel computation of problems of interest in a radiation therapy environment. This system should be robust, scalable and easy to manage. It should be constructed from commercially available low cost hardware and use only open source software tools to manage the system. Method and Materials: This cluster was constructed using a distributed memory model with the Message Passing Interface (MPI) protocol. The use of distributed memory requires a fast backbone to efficiently distribute programs and data to the various cluster nodes. This rapid data transfer was accomplished using a Gigabit Ethernet switch which allows a peak transfer rate of 100 Mbytes/sec. The cluster currently consists of 76 CPU's each with a minimum of 512 Mbytes of RAM. The individual nodes run an open source version (Centos 4.0) of the Redhat Enterprise 4.0 Linux operating system. The MPI protocol is implemented using the open source implementation, MPICH. Cluster node management is accomplished using the ROCKS 4.0 shareware toolset. The compilers and debuggers (C++ and FORTRAN for Linux) are Intel 9.0. Finally, the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is the Eclipse open‐source project v3.0.1 with PHOTRAN extensions. Results: This cluster has recently been commissioned and several benchmark tests have been completed. Factors of 15X – 60X improvement in speed for parallelizable sections of various codes have been demonstrated. Conclusions: This system is robust enough to solve complex problems which were intractable with our previous computational tools. The demonstrated speed improvements will allow for the implementation of codes for problems such as: real‐time dose calculation, fast IMRT optimization, and the convolution of correlated CT datasets to account for patient motion.
Clathrate Hydrate Formation from Cyclopentane-in-Water Emulsions

This paper reports the experimental examinations of hydrate-forming cyclopentane-in-water emulsions as potential thermal energy storage media for air-conditioning systems. It was demonstrated that ...
Recent and temporal trends (1975 to 1999) in the treatment, hospital, and long-term outcomes of Hispanic and non-Hispanic white patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: a population-based perspective.

Abstract Background Extremely limited population-based data are available describing recent and temporal trends in the characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of Hispanic and non-Hispanic white patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods This was a community-based, observational study of 9649 greater Worcester residents hospitalized in all hospitals serving the Worcester, Massachusetts, metropolitan area in 12 one-year periods between 1975 and 1999. In the total study sample, 171 (2%) patients were Hispanic. Hispanic patients were matched with 395 non-Hispanic white patients on the basis of age, sex, and year of hospitalization. Results Hispanics were more likely to present to greater Worcester hospitals with a history of diabetes as compared with non-Hispanic whites. Hispanics were less likely to have an initial, Q-wave AMI during the index hospitalization. After controlling for a limited number of known potentially confounding factors, Hispanics were at lower risk for development of heart failure (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.41, 0.96). Both Hispanics (13% vs 11%) and non-Hispanic whites (28% vs 9%), however, had declines in hospital case-fatality rates between 1975 and 1999. An overall similar treatment pattern and increasing trends in the use of effective cardiac medications over time were observed in both patient groups. However, Hispanics were significantly less likely to be treated with coronary angioplasty during the acute hospitalization. Trends of a worse long-term survival for discharged Hispanic patients were observed over a 10-year follow-up period. Conclusions The results of this community-wide study suggest encouraging hospital outcomes in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white patients hospitalized with AMI. Enhanced secondary prevention efforts remain needed to improve the hospital and long-term outcomes of patients with AMI, irrespective of race or ethnicity.
Repellency of selected compounds against two species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides).

In 2 series of field tests, 4 or 5 selected repellent compounds were evaluated in paired tests with a deet ( N,N -diethyl- m -toluamide) standard against the biting midges Culicoides hollensis at Parris Island, South Carolina and C. mississippiensis at Yankeetown, Florida. Repellency was determined in 3 ways: by biting rates on treatments vs nontreatments, by protection time, and by calculating coefficient of protection. Biting rates were most indicative in determining relative effectiveness. Though all repellents tested were effective against both species, 2 compounds, 1-(3-cyclohexen-l-ylcarbonyl)piperidine (AI3-35765) and hexahydro-1-[(2-methylcyclohexyl)carbonyl]-1Hazepine (AI3-35770), were found to be substantially more effective than the others as well as the deet standard.
Polyamines as biomarkers of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) play critical roles in cell growth and transformation. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, is considered a putative protooncogene crucial to the regulation of cell growth and transformation. Cancer patients have elevated levels of polyamines in their physiological fluids compared to normal counterparts. alpha-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a specific suicide inhibitor of ODC, exhibits antitumor and antimetastasis activities, and displays effectiveness in many carcinogen-induced animal chemoprevention models. Therefore, we are using DFMO in a chemoprevention trial for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III (CIN III), and evaluating patients for changes in polyamine metabolism as an intermediate marker of DFMO effect. A preliminary study showed that several milligrams of abnormal cervical biopsy tissue contained detectable levels of ODC activity and polyamines. Additionally, the presence of cadaverine suggested bacterial contamination of these tissues. For this reason, normal and abnormal biopsies collected during colposcopy were rinsed prior to frozen storage. In most patients, abnormal tissue showed greater ODC activities and lower spermidine/spermine ratios than normal tissues. Patients are now being treated with de-escalating doses of DFMO (1-0.06 g/m2/day) for one month. To study the effect of DFMO in patients with CIN III, we are collecting blood and cervical tissue specimens to measure the following parameters: plasma DFMO, ornithine and arginine levels; plasma N1-acetylspermidine levels; erythrocyte (blood polyamine carrier) free polyamine levels; cervical tissue free polyamine levels; cervical tissue N1-acetylspermidine levels; and cervical tissue ODC activities. N1-acetylspermidine will be examined as this compound is known to exist primarily in tumor tissues, not in normal tissues. We therefore established a high-performance liquid chromatography method for N1-acetylspermidine. We expect to find that polyamines are effective markers in analyzing DFMO effects in this chemoprevention trial, thus functioning as pharmacodynamic parameters as well as biomarkers for transformation.
Rate adaptation in unlicensed bands under smart jamming attacks

Wireless communication protocols for unlicensed frequency bands support rate adaptation algorithms (RAAs) to cope with time-varying channel conditions. RAAs are not designed to operate against adversarial behavior, however. In this work, we analyze the vulnerabilities of two state-of-the-art RAAs, Minstrel and RARF, against a smart jamming model, whereby an adversary learns the current rate of transmission of each packet before deciding whether to jam the packet or not. Our parameterized analysis, validated by ns-3 simulations, shows that a jamming rate of only 10% is sufficient to bring the throughput of Minstrel below the base rate of 1 Mb/s, whereas RARF requires a jamming rate of 16:7%. These findings are notable since previous work showed that the randomized nature of RARF and Minstrel make them resilient to simpler jamming attacks. The paper concludes by sketching possible solutions to mitigate these sophisticated attacks.
Context-Dependent Enhancement of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Reprogramming by Silencing Puma†‡§

Reprogramming of the somatic state to pluripotency can be induced by a defined set of transcription factors including Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc [Cell 2006;126:663-676]. These induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise in human therapy and disease modeling. However, tumor suppressive activities of p53, which are necessary to prevent persistence of DNA damage in mammalian cells, have proven a serious impediment to formation of iPSCs [Nat Methods 2011;8:409-412]. We examined the requirement for downstream p53 activities in suppressing efficiency of reprogramming as well as preventing persistence of DNA damage into the early iPSCs. We discovered that the majority of the p53 activation occurred through early reprogramming-induced DNA damage with the activated expression of the apoptotic inducer Puma and the cell cycle inhibitor p21. While Puma deficiency increases reprogramming efficiency only in the absence of c-Myc, double deficiency of Puma and p21 has achieved a level of efficiency that exceeded that of p53 deficiency alone. We further demonstrated that, in both the presence and absence of p21, Puma deficiency was able to prevent any increase in persistent DNA damage in early iPSCs. This may be due to a compensatory cellular senescent response to reprogramming-induced DNA damage in pre-iPSCs. Therefore, our findings provide a potentially safe approach to enhance iPSC derivation by transiently silencing Puma and p21 without compromising genomic integrity. STEM CELLS 2012;30:888–897
College students’ attitudes toward chemistry, conceptual knowledge and achievement: structural equation model analysis

Students’ success in introductory college-level chemistry courses is important for them to continue to more advanced science courses and to progress toward science-related careers. Previous studies indicate that both cognitive and non-cognitive variables are relevant for student success. In this study, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to predict students’ achievement in chemistry from both cognitive (math ability, prior conceptual knowledge in chemistry) and non-cognitive (attitude toward chemistry) measures. The purpose of this study is to investigate which of three alternative SEM models best represents the relationships among these variables and achievement in chemistry, and what proportion of variance in chemistry achievement can be explained. Results provide support for using a SEM model with all three predictors, with 69% of the variance in chemistry achievement explained. Both prior conceptual knowledge and attitude toward chemistry contribute a significant unique portion to the prediction of chemistry achievement when controlling for math ability. The results suggest that instructors can improve students’ achievement in chemistry not only by focusing on helping them to build conceptual knowledge, but also by fostering their positive attitude toward chemistry. This study also has implications for SEM researchers, both to further replicate the study in other contexts, and to add other potentially relevant predictors. Instrument developers may also use the modeling strategy as a springboard for optimizing assessment tools.
Fractionated Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Treatment of Acoustic Neuromas

Background: Microsurgery and single-fraction radiosurgery for acoustic neuromas are associated with high rates of control, but can result in facial palsy and trigeminal neuropathy.
Nfkb1 is a haploinsufficient DNA damage-specific tumor suppressor

NF-κB proteins play a central and subunit-specific role in the response to DNA damage. Previous work identified p50/NF-κB1 as being necessary for cytotoxicity in response to DNA alkylation damage. Given the importance of damage-induced cell death for the maintenance of genomic stability, we examined whether Nfkb1 acts as a tumor suppressor in the setting of alkylation damage. Hprt mutation analysis demonstrates that Nfkb1−/− cells accumulate more alkylator-induced, but not ionizing radiation (IR)-induced, mutations than similarly treated wild-type cells. Subsequent in vivo tumor induction studies reveal that following alkylator treatment, but not IR, Nfkb1−/− mice develop more lymphomas than similarly treated Nfkb1+/+ animals. Heterozygous mice develop lymphomas at an intermediate rate and retain functional p50 in their tumors, indicating that Nfkb1 acts in a haploinsufficient manner. Analysis of human cancers, including therapy-related myeloid neoplasms, demonstrates that NFKB1 mRNA expression is downregulated compared with control samples in multiple hematological malignancies. These data indicate that Nfkb1 is a haploinsufficient, pathway-specific tumor suppressor that prevents the development of hematologic malignancy in the setting of alkylation damage.
Accessory cell function of human melanoma cells in mitogen-induced T cell proliferation

Abstract Six out of eight human melanoma cell lines were found to be able to function as accessory cells in PHA-induced proliferation of autologous and allogeneic T cells. The accessory cell function of the melanoma cell lines appears to be similar to that of monocytes, requires the presence of viable cells, and does not correlate with the cell surface binding sites for PHA and with the level of expression of HMW-MAA and of HLA Class I antigens. HLA Class II antigens do not appear to play a major role in these phenomena, since there is no relationship between level of expression of HLA Class II antigens and accessory cell function of melanoma cells. Furthermore, addition of anti-HLA Class II monoclonal antibodies does not affect proliferation of T cells stimulated with PHA in the presence of melanoma cells with accessory cell function. Although melanoma cells exert accessory cell function, functional and immunological assays did not detect IL-1 in the spent medium of the melanoma cell lines. Furthermore, Northern blotting analysis with IL-1α and IL-1β probes did not detect IL-1-specific mRNA in melanoma cell lines. These results suggest that PHA-induced proliferation of T cells in the presence of melanoma cells can bypass the requirement for IL-1 or utilizes factors other than IL-1.
The Dynamics of House Price Responsiveness and Locational Sorting: Evidence from Air Quality Changes

Abstract Despite extensive use of housing data to reveal valuation of non-market goods, the process of house price adjustment remains vague. Using the restricted access American Housing Survey, a high-frequency panel of prices, turnover, and occupant characteristics, this paper examines the time path of prices and preference-based sorting in response to air quality changes caused by differential regulatory pressure from the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. The results suggest that owner-occupied units capitalize changes quickly, whereas rent prices lag behind amenity levels. The delayed but sharp rent response temporally coincides with evidence of sorting, indicating a strong link between location choices and price dynamics.
Weight Management Strategies for Recreational Athletes: What Do We Tell Them?:

The 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans provide clear recommendations for health care professionals to share with their patients and clients. The guidelines clearly lay out what the general public needs to do to improve their fitness level and manage their weight. The physical activity guidelines need to be reviewed in conjunction with appropriate dietary advice found in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Patients and clients who increase their physical activity to light or moderately active, the recreational athlete, can meet their nutrition needs by consuming a well-balanced, varied diet of nutrient-dense foods. Sports drinks and bars, which are heavily marketed to all levels of athletes and sedentary people, are not necessary for the recreational athlete in most situations and may negatively affect body weight.
Obesity, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome

1. Obesity is increasingly common among liver transplantation (LT) recipients and donors. Outcomes following LT for selected patients with class I-III obesity are similar to those for nonobese recipients. In patients who are otherwise satisfactory candidates for LT, a high body mass index, as long as it does not present a technical barrier, should not be considered to be an absolute contraindication to LT. 2. The most common causes of death beyond the first year of LT are, in descending order of frequency, graft failure (especially secondary to hepatitis C virus recurrence), malignancy, cardiovascular disease, infections, and renal failure. Metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for each of these etiologies of posttransplant death. Posttransplant diabetes, posttransplant hypertension, and an original diagnosis of cryptogenic cirrhosis, which is commonly associated with metabolic syndrome, are all associated with an increased risk of post-LT mortality. Features of metabolic syndrome should be screened for and treated in LT recipients. 3. Because of the physiological mechanism of post-LT hypertension, which includes renal arteriolar constriction secondary to calcineurin inhibition, calcium channel blocking agents are a good pharmacological treatment modality and have been shown to be effective in renal protection in randomized controlled trials of posttransplant hypertension. 4. It is rare for dietary changes and weight reduction to result in normalization of the lipid profile. Statins should thus be initiated early in the course of management of post-LT dyslipidemia. Forty milligrams of simvastatin per day, 40 mg of atorvastatin per day, and 20 mg of pravastatin per day are reasonable starting doses for post-LT hypercholesterolemia. It is important to remember that the effects of statin therapy are additive to those of a controlled diet (eg, a Mediterranean diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, fruits, vegetables, and dietary fiber). 5. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, an increasingly common etiology of cirrhosis and liver failure, recurs commonly after LT and may also arise de novo. Treatment should be directed at managing obesity and complications of metabolic syndrome. Optimal immunosuppression in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is still evolving but should include steroid minimization.
Thermodynamic studies of the carbonate system in seawater

Abstract Laboratory measurements of the components of the carbonate system (pH, fCO2, TCO2 and TA) were made on Gulf Stream seawater and Certified Reference Material (CRM) as a function of salinity (33–37), temperature (0–40°C) and the ratio TA/TCO2 (1.02 to 1.25). The pH (±0.002) was determined by spectrophotometry; the fCO2 (±2 μatm) with an infrared detector; the TCO2 (±2μol kg−1) by coulometry; and theTA (±2μmol kg−1) by potentiometric titrations. The results were used to examine the internal consistency of the thermodynamics of the carbonate system by calculation of various parameters (e.g.,TA) from two input parameters (e.g., pH-TC02). The measurements on CRMs at 25°C were found to be consistent with the thermodynamic constants of Goyet and Poisson (1989) and Royet al. (1993) to °0.005 in pH, °3 μmol kg−1 inTCO2 and ±3 μmol kg−1 in TA. The measurements on Gulf Stream seawater from 0 to 40°C were also found to be consistent in pH to ±0.006, inTCO2 to ±4μmol kg−1 and in TA to ±4μmol kg−1 when these constants were used. The pH andfCO2 were measured on seawater with a knowTA andTCO2 from 5 to 35°C. The results give slopes of (d InfCO2 dt) × 102 = 4.26 ± 0.03 and (dpH/dt) × 102 = 1.65 ± 0.01, in agreement with the values calculated from the thermodynamic constants of Royet al. (1993) and Goyet and Poisson (1989) over the same temperature range. The measured fugacities were internally consistent to ±7 μatm with the values calculated with these same constants and with pH-TA or pH-TCO2 as input parameters. All of these laboratory measurements indicate that the carbonic acid dissociation constants of Royet al. (1993) and Goyet and Poisson (1989) give the best description of the thermodynamics of the CO2 system in seawater over temperature from 0 to 40°C, salinity from 33 to 37 and the ratio TA/TCO2 from 1.02 to 1.25. By using the pK1 determined from the equations of Royet al. (1993), we have used our measurements to determine pK2 and fitted the results by the equation (σ = 0.0048): pK2 = 70.8632 − 1386.5890/T− 10.0561ln(T) + 0.0573 (S − 35) − [15.4502T](S − 35) which is valid for S = 33–37 and T = 273.15–331.15 K.
Determinants of technological change in the service industries

Abstract The Service Industries provide numerous examples of how technological change may be impeded. Either the economic state of the industry or the state of scientific and engineering knowledge can limit inventive activity and productivity advance. Consumer ignorance, lack of producer incentives, complex production interdependencies, and market fragmentation are only a few factors limiting the role of demand in stimulating the discovery and diffusion of new services and production techniques. On the cost side, technical uncertainty, time horizons, and discount rates affect decisions to engage in R & D. In addition, strategic market considerations, such as potential entry, reaction speeds of rivals, and numbers of competitors affect the benefits from early introduction of new technologies. These institutional and economic considerations need to be taken into account for technological forecasting related to the Service Industries.
Computable error bounds for nonlinear programming

This paper presents a method for obtaining computable bounds for the error in an approximate Kuhn—Tucker point of a nonlinear program. Techniques of interval analysis are employed to compute the error bounds.
Crystallographic orientation dependence of the growth rate for GaAs low pressure organometallic vapor phase epitaxy

The complete crystallographic orientation dependence of the growth rate for GaAs low pressure organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (LPOMVPE) is determined using a previously described semi-empirical model. A set of LPOMVPE growth rate polar diagrams is presented for reactor temperatures near 550°C as well as near 700°C. Also, the variation of the growth rate polar diagrams as a function of process variables is given. The experimental data utilized in the semiempirical model was attained using a typical horizontal reactor LPOMVPE system and typical LPOMVPE process parameters.
Low incidence of spontaneous type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice raised on gluten-free diets is associated with changes in the intestinal microbiome.

Human and animal studies strongly suggest that dietary gluten could play a causal role in the etiopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the mechanisms have not been elucidated. Recent reports indicate that the intestinal microbiome has a major influence on the incidence of T1D. Since diet is known to shape the composition of the intestinal microbiome, we investigated using non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice whether changes in the intestinal microbiome could be attributed to the pro- and anti-diabetogenic effects of gluten-containing and gluten-free diets, respectively. NOD mice were raised on gluten-containing chows (GCC) or gluten-free chows (GFC). The incidence of diabetes was determined by monitoring blood glucose levels biweekly using a glucometer. Intestinal microbiome composition was analyzed by sequencing 16S rRNA amplicons derived from fecal samples. First of all, GCC-fed NOD mice had the expected high incidence of hyperglycemia whereas NOD mice fed with a GFC had significantly reduced incidence of hyperglycemia. Secondly, when the fecal microbiomes were compared, Bifidobacterium, Tannerella, and Barnesiella species were increased (p=0.03, 0.02, and 0.02, respectively) in the microbiome of GCC mice, where as Akkermansia species was increased (p=0.02) in the intestinal microbiomes of NOD mice fed GFC. Thirdly, both of the gluten-free chows that were evaluated, either egg white based (EWGFC) or casein based (C-GFC), significantly reduced the incidence of hyperglycemia. Interestingly, the gut microbiome from EW-GFC mice was similar to C-GFC mice. Finally, adding back gluten to the gluten-free diet reversed its anti-diabetogenic effect, reduced Akkermansia species and increased Bifidobacterium, Tannerella, and Barnesiella suggesting that the presence of gluten is directly responsible for the pro-diabetogenic effects of diets and it determines the gut microflora. Our novel study thus suggests that dietary gluten could modulate the incidence of T1D by changing the gut microbiome.
Chronic mesenteric ischemia: endovascular versus open revascularization.

Purpose:To review 20 years of literature on chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI), examining its complex clinical presentation and comparing open and endovascular treatment options.Methods:The PubMed a...
Fetal Growth Restriction is Associated with Accelerated Telomere Shortening and Increased Expression of Cell Senescence Markers in the Placenta

A hallmark of fetal growth restriction (FGR) is restricted placental development and insufficient nutrient supply to the fetus. It has previously been shown that activity levels of telomerase, the enzyme responsible for completing replication of telomeric DNA during cell division, is suppressed in FGR placenta samples as compared to control placenta samples from donors of the same gestational age. Here we examine whether telomere length maintenance is also compromised in FGR placenta samples. Southern analysis of telomere length for placenta and cord blood samples from 32 FGR and 36 control donors, ranging in gestational age from 37 to 40 weeks, revealed significantly shorter telomeres (P<or=0.001) in FGR placenta samples, but not cord blood samples. Furthermore, analysis of telomerase extracts, RNA and DNA placental samples from donors with and without idiopathic FGR confirmed a direct association between suppression of telomerase activity and reduced telomere length in FGR placenta. In addition, expression levels of markers of telomere-induced senescence, p21, p16 and EF-1 alpha, were significantly elevated in FGR placenta samples (P<or=0.01). These observations support a direct affect of reduced telomerase activity levels on the placental pathology associated with FGR.
Dry Weight and Nitrogen Content of Chickpea and Winter Wheat Grown in Pots for Three Rotations

ABSTRACT Chickpea [Cicer arietinum (L.)] cultivars ‘ICCV-2’ and ‘Sarah’ were studied along with a control, multistrain, TAL 1148, and TAL 480 Bradyrhizobium strains to determine the effect(s) of cultivar and inoculum on dry weight (DW) and nitrogen (N) content of the legume, as well as soil mineral N, DW, and N content of wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Thell.] in a continuous wheat-legume rotation. Chickpeas were planted during the summer and harvested in the fall of 1992, 1993, and 1994. Vegetative growth from chickpeas was incorporated into the soil prior to wheat planting, and soil cores were taken at 35 to 48 d after chickpea harvests. Additional summer fallow treatments for the winter wheat part of the experiment received 0, 45, and 90 kg N ha−1 each year. Wheat plants were removed the following spring and stubble was incorporated into the soil before planting chickpeas in the summer. ‘Sarah’ chickpeas accumulated about the same or more shoot DW and shoot N compared to ‘ICCV-2’; whereas ‘ICCV-2...
Evolution of the graduate and undergraduate curricula in the College of Optical Sciences

Upon its inception in 1964 as the Optical Sciences Center, only M.S. and Ph.D. degrees were offered, with a core curriculum consisting of five courses plus a few electives. Since then the Center has become a college within the University of Arizona, offering an ABET accredited BS degree in Optical Sciences and Engineering, M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Optical Sciences, and a number of graduate certificates. The development of the curriculum for each of these degrees and certificates is discussed as well as how each curriculum attempts to meet the differing goals of the degrees offered.
Repeated encounters of a similar kind: Effects of familiarity on children's autobiographic memory

There are a number of accounts in the literature of how general event knowledge can affect recall of specific episodes ( Linton, 1982 ; Neisser, 1981 ; Schank, 1983). Based on these accounts and on research on constructive processes in children's recall, a model of the relation between general-event knowledge and the development of autobiographic memory is proposed and tested in two studies of effects of familiarity on children's general-event scripts and their recall of specific episodes. Study 1 compared 3-and 5-year-olds' scripts and episodic memories of routine and more novel events. Children appeared to have difficulty recalling routine episodes: They provided more general information about everyday events than they could recall for particular episodes; their episodic memories were no more detailed than their general accounts; and memories of less routine episodes were relatively longer and more detailed than recall of everyday episodes. Study 2 compared 3-, 5-, and 7-year-olds' scripts and episodic memories for events with which they had varying amounts of experience. With increased experience, both types of reports became more generic and included fewer particular details. In both studies, major developmental differences appeared only in stylistic measures: Older children's narratives were longer and more elaborate than younger children's accounts. Results suggest that children organize and retrieve autobiographic memories in much the same way as do adults.
Amplicon profiles in ovarian serous carcinomas.

Ovarian serous carcinoma is the most common and lethal type of ovarian cancer and its molecular etiology remains poorly understood. As an ongoing effort to elucidate the pathogenesis of ovarian serous carcinomas, we assessed the DNA copy number changes in 33 high-grade serous carcinomas and 10 low-grade serous tumors by using a genome-wide technique, single nucleotide polymorphism array, performed on affinity-purified tumor cells from fresh surgical specimens. Compared to low-grade tumors, high-grade serous carcinomas showed widespread DNA copy number changes. The most frequent alterations were in loci harboring candidate oncogenes: cyclin E1 (CCNE1), AKT2, Notch3 and PIK3CA as well as in novel loci, including 12p13, 8q24, 12p13 and 12q15. Seven amplicons were selected for dual color fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis in ∼90 high-grade serous carcinomas and 26 low-grade serous tumors, and a high level of DNA copy number gain (amplification) was found in CCNE1, Notch3, HBXAP/Rsf-1, AKT2, PIK3CA and chr12p13 occurring in 36.1%, 7.8%, 15.7%, 13.6%, 10.8% and 7.3% of high-grade serous carcinomas. In contrast, we did not observe high level of ERBB2 amplification in any of the samples. Low-grade tumors did not show DNA copy number gain in any of the loci, except in 2 (8%) of 24 low-grade tumors showing low copy number gain in the Notch3 locus. Taken together, our results provide the first comprehensive analysis of DNA copy number changes in highly pure ovarian serous carcinoma. These findings may have important biological and clinical implications. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Degree of polymerization of di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid and sodium di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate in wet benzene by differential vapour-pressure measurements

Abstract Differential vapour-pressure measurements at 20°C on wet benzene solutions of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid, sodium di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate, and mixtures of these indicate polymerization increasing with increasing sodium salt content from the dimer of the acid form (0·06–0·5 M) to ∼13 (at 0·1 M) and ∼50 (at ∼0·25 M) monomers per average polymer for the sodium salt form.
Widths of 4 s and 5 s multiplet components in the rare earths

For multiplets formed by adding an $s$ vacancy to an atom with a partially filled shell, it is shown that the Auger transition rate can be found from expressions that do not involve franctional-parentage coefficients of the partially filled shell. The proof requires a sum over final states and that the partially filled shell be in a state of maximum spin. Calculations are performed for the widths of the $4s$ and $5s$ multiplet components in the rare earths. The calculated $4s$ widths are considerably larger than the measured values, while the $5s$ widths are considerably smaller than the measured values. It is shown that these disagreements cannot be fully accounted for by the choice of Auger-electron energy. It is hypothesized that the cause of the disagreement is neglect of configuration interaction, and this is briefly discussed.
Post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat veterans: Effects of traumatic violence exposure and military adjustment

Thirty high-combat Vietnam veterans with a diagnosis of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) were compared with a second group of 30 high-combat Vietnam veterans without evidence of PTSD on measures of military adjustment and exposure to traumatic violence during combat. Military adjustment was assessed for precombat and combat service periods and included measures of alcohol and drug use, disciplinary actions, and social support. The PTSD-positive group reported significantly greater exposure to traumatic violence and more distress at having observed and participated in such acts than did the PTSD-negative group. Multiple regression analysis revealed the five traumatic violence frequency and distress scales to be significant predictors of severity of PTSD symptoms. Group differences were not attributable to premilitary demographic or social adjustment variables. Analyses of covariance demonstrated that both groups increased their drug and alcohol use and reported fewer social supports from precombat to combat periods. Results support the residual stress model of PTSD etiology, implicating trauma as the major contributing factor in the disorder.
Expert network: effective and efficient learning from human decisions in text categorization and retrieval

Expert Network (ExpNet) is our new approach to automatic categorization and retrieval of natural language texts. We use a training set of texts with expert-assigned categories to construct a network which approximately reflects the conditional probabilities of categories given a text. The input nodes of the network are words in the training texts, the nodes on the intermediate level are the training texts, and the output nodes are categories. The links between nodes are computed based on statistics of the word distribution and the category distribution over the training set. ExpNet is used for relevance ranking of candidate categories of an arbitrary text in the case of text categorization, and for relevance ranking of documents via categories in the case of text retrieval. We have evaluated ExpNet in categorization and retrieval on a document collection of the MEDLINE database, and observed a performance in recall and precision comparable to the Linear Least Squares Fit (LLSF) mapping method, and significantly better than other methods tested. Computationally, ExpNet has an O(N 1og N) time complexity which is much more efficient than the cubic complexity of the LLSF method. The simplicity of the model, the high recall-precision rates, and the efficient computation together make ExpNet preferable as a practical solution for real-world applications.
Chemical pleuritis as the cause of acute chest pain following high‐dose methotrexate treatment

This report describes the clinical and roentgenographic features of a pleuritis seen following the administration of high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX). Among 210 patients who received 3130 courses of HDMTX from 1977 through 1980, the incidence of this clinical entity was 8.5% (n = 18). The sudden onset of chest pain occurred only after the third or fourth HDMTX treatment and usually lasted between three and five days; the pain was often quite severe and led to extensive clinical examination before recognition of the benign transient nature of this syndrome. Roentgenographic examination of the chest revealed thickening of the intralobar pleura, most prominent on the right side. Our observations support the hypothesis that this adverse drug reaction occurs more frequently than assumed, but is often ignored or misinterpreted.
Grating Angle Magnification Enhanced Angular and Integrated Sensors for LISA Applications

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) and the Big Bang Observer (BBO) require angular sensing in their gravitational reference sensor (GRS), telescope pointing, and spacecraft control. The conventional angular sensing schemes utilize simple geometric reflections as the sensing mechanism. We propose and demonstrate the use of grating diffraction orders as angular sensing signal beams. The grating angular sensor can be far more sensitive than a simple reflection scheme for two reasons. First, the diffractive angles can vary more than the incident angle when the grating rotates. The grating thus magnifies the variation of the input angle. Second, the cross section of the diffracted beam is compressed by the oblique projection, resulting in a higher energy density. These two favorable effects become more pronounce for a normal incidence beam to diffract at grazing angles. We have conducted a preliminary experiment and demonstrated an angular sensitivity below 10 nanoradians per root hertz over a short working distance, meeting the Space Technology 7 (ST-7) GRS and LISA requirements for proof mass angular sensing. Our proposed grating-based angular measurement does not introduce additional optical elements between the sensed surface and the photodiode. Thus, it eliminates measurement uncertainty due to in-path optics. The proposed grating sensor can be generalized to build an integrated sensor for both angular and displacement sensing.
Neurodegeneration-associated protein fragments as short-lived substrates of the N-end rule pathway.

Protein aggregates are a common feature of neurodegenerative syndromes. Specific protein fragments were found to be aggregated in disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease. Here, we show that the natural C-terminal fragments of Tau, TDP43, and α-synuclein are short-lived substrates of the Arg/N-end rule pathway, a processive proteolytic system that targets proteins bearing “destabilizing” N-terminal residues. Furthermore, a natural TDP43 fragment is shown to be metabolically stabilized in Ate1−/− fibroblasts that lack the arginylation branch of the Arg/N-end rule pathway, leading to accumulation and aggregation of this fragment. We also found that a fraction of Aβ42, the Alzheimer’s disease-associated fragment of APP, is N-terminally arginylated in the brains of 5xFAD mice and is degraded by the Arg/N-end rule pathway. The discovery that neurodegeneration-associated natural fragments of TDP43, Tau, α-synuclein, and APP can be selectively destroyed by the Arg/N-end rule pathway suggests that this pathway counteracts neurodegeneration.
Resuscitation Endpoints in Trauma

SUMMARY Fluid and blood resuscitation is the mainstay of therapy for the treatment of hemorrhagic shock, whether due to trauma or other etiology. Cessation of hemorrhage with rapid hemostatic techniques is the first priority in the treatment of traumatic hemorrhagic shock, with concomitant fluid resuscitation with blood and crystalloids to maintain perfusion and organ function. “Hypotensive” or “low-volume” resuscitation has become increasingly accepted in the prehospital resuscitation phase of trauma, prior to definitive hemorrhage control, since aggressive fluid resuscitation may increase bleeding. Resuscitation after hemorrhage control is focused on restoration of tissue oxygenation. Efforts to optimize resuscitation have used “resuscitation endpoints” as markers of adequacy of resuscitation. The resuscitation endpoints that have been evaluated include both global (restoration of blood pressure, heart rate and urine output, lactate, base deficit, mixed venous oxygen saturation, ventricular end-diastolic volume) and regional (gastric tonometry, near-infrared spectroscopy for measurement of muscle tissue oxygen saturation) measures. This review critically evaluates the evidence regarding the use of resuscitation endpoints in trauma.