cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystallisation of anhydrite-bearing magmas

Anhydrite has been identified as a phenocrystic phase in some silicic volcanic magmas, but it is not commonly described in plutonic rocks. Anhydrite-bearing magmas tend to form in arc environments and to contain hydrous, low-temperature, oxidised mineral assemblages. Phenocrystic anhydrite coexists with sulphur-enriched apatite and sometimes with pyrrhotite, in silicate melt that contains from 50 ppm to 1 wt% S, depending on temperature and conditions. Vapour coexisting with anhydrite- and water-saturated magma may contain from a few tenths of a mole per cent to a few mole per cent sulphur gases (SO2 and H2S), with the exact composition and gas speciation depending on temperature and oxygen fugacity. Samples of one anhydrite-bearing magma, the 1991 Pinatubo dacite, have been experimentally crystallised to determine whether the magma retains its characteristic sulphur-rich mineral phases during solidification. Results show that anhydrite and sulphur-rich apatite are retained throughout crystallisation and vapour phase evolution. This suggests that anhydrite-bearing intrusive equivalents of the Pinatubo dacite should be present in arc plutonic complexes.
Query-io

We had a network server running in background exchanging ASCII strings with its remote clients. These strings included decimal numbers. When someone using the Lisp Listener on that machine set *print-base* to 16, the background server started sending base 16 numbers to its clients which created errors.
Personalized Education; Solving a Group Formation and Scheduling Problem for Educational Content.

Wether teaching in a classroom or a Massive Online Open Course it is crucial to present the material in a way that benefits the audience as a whole. We identify two important tasks to solve towards this objective; (1.) group students so that they can maximally benefit from peer interaction and (2.) find an optimal schedule of the educational material for each group. Thus, in this paper we solve the problem of team formation and content scheduling for education. Given a time frame d, a set of students S with their required need to learn different activities T and given k as the number of desired groups, we study the problem of finding k group of students. The goal is to teach students within time frame d such that their potential for learning is maximized and find the best schedule for each group. We show this problem to be NP-hard and develop a polynomial algorithm for it. We show our algorithm to be effective both on synthetic as well as a real data set. For our experiments we use real data on students’ grades in a Computer Science department. As part of our contribution we release a semi-synthetic dataset that mimics the properties of the real data.
Intelligent Networking and the Transnational Corporation: Redefining Business Work Space

The transnational corporation (TNC) is a nationally based company with overseas operations in two or more countries. One distinctive feature of the TNC is that strategic decision-making and the allocation of resources are predicated on economic goals and efficiencies with little regard to national boundaries. This chapter will examine the subject of intelligent networking which provides the technology and electronic pathways that makes global communication possible. We start with the assumption that the intelligent network is not one network, but a series of networks designed to enhance worldwide communication for business and individual users alike. What gives the network its unique intelligence are the people and users of the system and the value-added contributions they bring to the system via critical gateway points. One important goal of this chapter is to fully understand the ways in which intelligent networks affect the spatial design and operations of the transnational organization. Special attention is given to four work-design principles including: (1) Virtual Communication, (2) Information Exchange, (3) Convergence and Digital Media and (4) Decision Support Analysis.
Variational Method: Eigenvalue Approximation

This chapter elaborates the application and yield of eigenvalue approximation. It is applicable to differential equations with eigenvalues to be determined. It yields estimates for the eigenvalues. It is found that if one guesses approximate eigenfunctions, then one can obtain approximations to the eigenvalues. The better is the guess of the eigenfunctions, the better the estimates of eigenvalues. The procedure is quite general and it is discussed in the specific context of a Sturm-Liouville equation. It is observed that if th e { Φ n ( x )} are the eigenfunctions of the operator, then the matrices A and R are diagonal matrices and the eigenvalue s { λ i } are easily obtained. An approximation to the smallest eigenvalues of the Sturm-Liouville system is also considered.
Autoinjectors Preferred for Intramuscular Epinephrine in Anaphylaxis and Allergic Reactions.

Introduction: Epinephrine is the treatment of choice for anaphylaxis. We surveyed emergency department (ED) health care providers regarding 2 methods of intramuscular (IM) epinephrine administration (autoinjector and manual injection) for the management of anaphylaxis and allergic reactions and identified provider perceptions and preferred method of medication delivery. Methods: This observational study adhered to survey reporting guidelines. It was performed through a Web-based survey completed by health care providers at an academic ED. The participants consisted of all ED providers, including staff physicians, resident physicians, pharmacists, advanced practice providers, and nurses. The primary outcomes were assessment of provider perceptions and identification of the preferred IM epinephrine administration method by ED health care providers. Results: Of 217 ED health care providers invited to participate, 172 (79%) completed the survey. Overall, 82% of respondents preferred the autoinjector method of epinephrine administration. Providers rated the autoinjector method more favorably with regard to time required for training, ease of use, convenience, satisfaction with weight-based dosing, risk of dosing errors, and speed of administration (P<.001 for all comparisons). However, manual injection use was rated more favorably with regard to risk of provider self-injury and patient cost (P<.001 for both comparisons). Three participants (2%) reported a finger stick injury from an epinephrine autoinjector. Conclusion: ED health care providers preferred the autoinjector method of IM epinephrine administration for the management of anaphylaxis or allergic reactions. Epinephrine autoinjector use may reduce barriers to epinephrine administration for the management of anaphylaxis in the ED.
Heavy-light mesons in chiral AdS/QCD

We discuss a minimal holographic model for the description of heavy–light and light mesons with chiral symmetry, defined in a slab of AdS space. The model consists of a pair of chiral Yang–Mills and tachyon fields with specific boundary conditions that break spontaneously chiral symmetry in the infrared. The heavy–light spectrum and decay constants are evaluated explicitly. In the heavy mass limit the model exhibits both heavy-quark and chiral symmetry and allows for the explicit derivation of the one-pion axial couplings to the heavy–light mesons.
Efficient generation of image chips for training deep learning algorithms

Training deep convolutional networks for satellite or aerial image analysis often requires a large amount of training data. For a more robust algorithm, training data need to have variations not only in the background and target, but also radiometric variations in the image such as shadowing, illumination changes, atmospheric conditions, and imaging platforms with different collection geometry. Data augmentation is a commonly used approach to generating additional training data. However, this approach is often insufficient in accounting for real world changes in lighting, location or viewpoint outside of the collection geometry. Alternatively, image simulation can be an efficient way to augment training data that incorporates all these variations, such as changing backgrounds, that may be encountered in real data. The Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Image Generation (DIRSIG) model is a tool that produces synthetic imagery using a suite of physics-based radiation propagation modules. DIRSIG can simulate images taken from different sensors with variation in collection geometry, spectral response, solar elevation and angle, atmospheric models, target, and background. Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) is a multi-modal traffic simulation tool that explicitly models vehicles that move through a given road network. The output of the SUMO model was incorporated into DIRSIG to generate scenes with moving vehicles. The same approach was used when using helicopters as targets, but with slight modifications. Using the combination of DIRSIG and SUMO, we quickly generated many small images, with the target at the center with different backgrounds. The simulations generated images with vehicles and helicopters as targets, and corresponding images without targets. Using parallel computing, 120,000 training images were generated in about an hour. Some preliminary results show an improvement in the deep learning algorithm when real image training data are augmented with the simulated images, especially when obtaining sufficient real data was particularly challenging.
Proceedings of the 7th ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society

I am pleased to welcome you to the seventh ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society -- WPES 2008. The need to consider privacy has been widely recognized in society at large, with resulting impact on government, commerce, education, health care, entertainment, and other sectors. The mission of WPES is to highlight privacy issues that arise in a global interconnected society, and to outline novel solutions to these problems. WPES 2008 continues our tradition of being held in conjunction with the ACM CCS conference, giving CCS attendees a unique opportunity to learn about privacy issues and potential solutions. The WPES 2008 call for papers attracted 42 paper submissions from Asia, North America, Europe, Australia, and the United States. The program committee accepted 9 full papers and 6 short papers on privacy-related issues in social networking, genomics, location-based services, privacy policies and metrics, authentication, publish-subscribe systems, data outsourcing, and private computing. We hope that these proceedings will serve as a valuable reference for all computer science researchers interested in the impact of the electronic age on privacy.
Identification of a Minimum Dataset for CO2-EOR Monitoring at Weyburn, Canada

Abstract CO 2 leakage at geological carbon storage (GCS) sites, driven by increased system pressure and higher CO 2 saturations, represents a major risk to secure containment of injected CO 2 . For long-term GCS monitoring, it is critical to determine a level of material information needed to minimize leakage risks while keeping costs under control. This study demonstrates a goal-oriented, retrospective design concept called minimum data set requirement (MDR) for the Weyburn-Midale Project (WMP), a commercial-scale, CO 2 -injection enhanced oil recovery site in Canada that has been extensively characterized for R & D purposes. More than a decade of research at the WMP site has led to an extensive collection of site characterization data (thousands of wells with geophysical logs and cores, seismic surveys), a situation that is unlikely to be true for many other GCS projects around the world. The main purpose of this study is to perform a retrospective design of the WMP to identify the MDR. By screening existing data retrospectively, our MDR identification process seeks to establish a level of data needed to define a sufficient reservoir model for guiding post-EOR monitoring, under user-defined performance metrics. Our starting point is an existing history-matched WMP reservoir model and three datasets consisting of logs from hundreds of wells and seismic survey. An iterative Monte Carlos approach is taken here to systematically and gradually reduce the level of information used in parameterizing a geological model, from which conditional stochastic realizations of model properties are generated and simplified reservoir models are developed. Results show that (a) the minimum dataset for predicting CO 2 migration depends on the heterogeneity and anisotropy of selected parameters of the field, (b) parameterization scheme for data reduction should be flexible and also objective oriented and problem dependent, and (c) for the Phase 1A area of the Weyburn field about 80% out of the 403 wells can be eliminated without having detrimental impact on the simulated pressure field.
Parasitism of Mayetiola destructor (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) by Platygaster hiemalis (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae) on Hessian fly-resistant wheats.

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of three wheat cultivars, ‘Knox 62,’ ‘Caldwell,’ and ‘Monon,’ on the Hessian fly; Mayetiola destructor (Say), and its parasitoid, Platygast...
Fear and Terror: The Expulsion of Polish Jews from Saxony/Germany in October 1938

This article is a regional study that focuses on the expulsion of Jews with Polish citizenship from Saxony, mostly long-term legal residents of Germany, in the context of the so-called ‘Polenaktion...
Distal Humeral Anterior Shear Fractures

Anterior shear fractures of the distal humerus are difficult to treat because of difficult accessibility and frequently small fragments. Fracture fragments can have tenuous soft tissue attachments. Access to the joint and fracture can be facilitated with the use of a lateral epicondyle osteotomy.
DICOM SOPs: Beyond Basic

The seemingly endless table in the Appendix (Sect. A.3) provides the list of all current SOP classes taken from PS3.6 of the DICOM standard, version 2009. The majority of SOPs in this table are included in the Storage SOP that we discussed earlier – they provide support for different image modality types. Regarding what remains, a few more SOPs deserve special mention because you just might find them in your DICOM Conformance Statements.
A Pairwise Distance View of Cluster Validity

Amid the variety of clustering algorithms and the different types of obtainable partitions on the same dataset, a framework that generalizes and explains the aspects of the clustering problem has become necessary. This study casts the problem of clustering a given set of data points as a problem of clustering the associated pairwise distances, thereby capturing the essence of the common definition of clustering found in literature. The main goal is to obtain a general cluster validity index, in particular, to generalize the average silhouette index to fuzzy partitions.
Deep Learning IP Network Representations

We present DIP, a deep learning based framework to learn structural properties of the Internet, such as node clustering or distance between nodes. Existing embedding-based approaches use linear algorithms on a single source of data, such as latency or hop count information, to approximate the position of a node in the Internet. In contrast, DIP computes low-dimensional representations of nodes that preserve structural properties and non-linear relationships across multiple, heterogeneous sources of structural information, such as IP, routing, and distance information. Using a large real-world data set, we show that DIP learns representations that preserve the real-world clustering of the associated nodes and predicts distance between them more than 30% better than a mean-based approach. Furthermore, DIP accurately imputes hop count distance to unknown hosts (i.e., not used in training) given only their IP addresses and routable prefixes. Our framework is extensible to new data sources and applicable to a wide range of problems in network monitoring and security.
Multiple Maneuvering Target Tracking Using a Single Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

This paper solves the problem of tracking multiple maneuvering ground targets using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The targets are widespread so that they may not be covered by the UAV’s detecti...
Nostra Aetate and the Small Things of God

Nostra Aetate has helped make possible the emergence of a deeper and more open interreligious learning: habits of study as a Catholic virtue. A changed attitude toward other religions, in a changed Church, has cleared the way for fruitful learning from other religions, with an energy, clarity, and focus hitherto rare. The Declaration thus also created the conditions for the arising of the new comparative theology, a discipline dedicated to learning from other religions that enriches and challenges Christian theology, spirituality, and ways of life. Clooney offers examples from his own work in the study of Hinduism, encouraging the faithful to focus not just on great institutions and metanarratives, but on the minute details that give life and energy to religious traditions.
Single dose combination nanovaccine provides protection against influenza A virus in young and aged mice

Immunosenescence poses a formidable challenge in designing effective influenza vaccines for aging populations. While approved vaccines against influenza viruses exist, their efficacy in older adults is significantly decreased due to the diminished capabilities of innate and adaptive immune responses. In this work, the ability of a combination nanovaccine containing both recombinant hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein to provide protection against seasonal influenza virus infection was examined in young and aged mice. Vaccine formulations combining two nanoadjuvants, polyanhydride nanoparticles and pentablock copolymer micelles, were shown to enhance protection against challenge compared to each adjuvant alone in young mice. Nanoparticles were shown to enhance in vitro activation of dendritic cells isolated from aged mice, while both nanoadjuvants did not induce proinflammatory cytokine secretion which may be detrimental in aged individuals. In addition, the combination nanovaccine platform was shown to induce demonstrable antibody titers in both young and aged mice that correlated with the maintenance of body weight post-challenge. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the combination nanovaccine platform is a promising technology for influenza vaccines for older adults.
Part III: World Music: East Is West

Coined in the latter half of the twentieth century, “World Music” has become a catch-all phrase to label music of various “exotic” cultures. At its most expansive, “World Music” can encompass all different types of music from across the globe, now electronically and commercially available through digital technologies. Part III argues that certain moments of sounding otherness result in the collapsing of “East” and “West” into one another as vibration blurs a clear demarcation between these binarized and supposedly opposing terms. Nowhere is this more apparent than in Shakespeare’s Tempest, explored in the first chapter of this final section. The Coda discusses the lute as an instrumental actor in networks spanning the early modern globe.
Introduction to the multi-author review on methylation in cellular physiology.

Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) have long been a topic of intensive investigation. Covalent additions to the 20 genetically encoded amino acids can alter protein interactions and can even change enzymatic function. In eukarya, PTMs can amplify both the complexity and functional paradigms of the cellular environment. Therefore, PTMs have been of substantial research interest, both for understanding fundamental mechanisms and to provide insight into drug design. Indeed, targeting proteins involved in writing, reading, and erasing PTMs important for human pathologies are some of the most fruitful avenues of drug discovery. In this multi-author review, we explore exciting new work on lysine and arginine methylation, molecular and structural understanding of some of the lysine and arginine methyltransferases (KMTs and PRMTs, respectively), novel insights into nucleic acid methylation, and how the enzymes responsible for writing these PTMs and readers responsible for recognizing these PTMs could be drugged. Here, we introduce the background and the topics covered in this issue.
A Demonstration of Force Estimation and Regularization Methods for Multi-Shaker Testing

Design of multiple-input/multiple-output vibration experiments, such as impedance matched multi-axis testing and multi-shaker testing, rely on a force estimation calculation which is typically executed using a direct inverse approach. Force estimation can be performed multiple ways, each method providing some different tradeoff between response accuracy and input forces. Additionally, there are ways to improve the numerics of the problem with regularization techniques which can reduce errors incurred from poor conditioning of the system frequency response matrix. This paper explores several different force estimation methods and compares several regularization approaches using a simple multiple-input/multiple-output dynamic system, demonstrating the effects on the predicted inputs and responses.
Civic Labors: Scholar Activism and Working Class Studies

Review of: "Civic Labors: Scholar Activism and Working Class Studies" edited by Dennis Deslippe
Estradiol promotes and progesterone reduces anxiety-like behavior produced by nicotine withdrawal in rats

Abstract The present study assessed sex differences and the role of ovarian hormones in the behavioral effects of nicotine withdrawal. Study 1 compared physical signs, anxiety-like behavior, and corticosterone levels in male, intact female, and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats during nicotine withdrawal. Estradiol (E2) and progesterone levels were also assessed in intact females that were tested during different phases of the 4-day estrous cycle. Study 2 assessed the role of ovarian hormones in withdrawal by comparing the same measures in OVX rats that received vehicle, E2, or E2+progesterone prior to testing. Briefly, rats received a sham surgery or an ovariectomy procedure. Fifteen days later, rats were prepared with a pump that delivered nicotine for 14 days. On the test day, rats received saline or the nicotinic receptor antagonist, mecamylamine to precipitate withdrawal. Physical signs and anxiety-like behavior were assessed on the elevated plus maze (EPM) and light-dark transfer (LDT) tests. During withdrawal, intact females displayed greater anxiety-like behavior and corticosterone levels as compared to male and OVX rats. Females tested in estrus (when E2 is relatively low) displayed less anxiety-like behavior and corticosterone versus all other phases. Anxiety-like behavior and corticosterone were positively correlated with E2 and negatively correlated with progesterone. Intact females displaying high E2/low progesterone displayed greater anxiety-like behavior and corticosterone as compared to females displaying low E2/high progesterone. Lastly, OVX-E2 rats displayed greater anxiety-like behavior than OVX-E2+progesterone rat. These data suggest that E2 promotes and progesterone reduces anxiety-like behavior produced by withdrawal.
C1 Transverse Process Resection for Management of Jugular Stenosis.

Background and importance Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, also known as pseudotumor cerebri, often presents with severe headache and associated vision loss. Venous outflow obstruction has been noted as a prominent etiologic factor in many cases, and previous anatomic studies have shown that the internal jugular (IJ) vein at the skull base can be prone to compression by the neighboring bony structures. Clinical presentation We present a case of 13-yr-old male with a multifactorial intracranial hypertension including compression of the IJ vein by the transverse process of C1. Computerized tomography angiographic imaging revealed bilateral stenosis of the IJ veins due to compression from the transverse processes of C1. Medical management and shunt were attempted without resolution of symptoms. A hemodynamically significant stenosis at the right IJ was confirmed with manometry and so the C1 transverse process was resected and a stent placed endovascularly with resolution of pressure gradient and clinical symptoms. Conclusion Contribution of C1 compression to this patient's intracranial hypertension suggests that evaluation for IJ compression below the skull base may be needed to identify the underlying cause of intracranial hypertension in certain patients. Furthermore, surgical decompression of the IJ vein may be required as part of the treatment strategy. If venous stenting is being considered, this decompressive step must be taken before stenting is performed. We offer this case as evidence that decompression of the IJ vein by C1 lateral mass resection can be an effective and novel technique in the repertoire of neurosurgical management of intracranial hypertension.
The Orwellian “Amerika” of Donald J. Trump?

Is President Donald J. Trump really George Orwell’s Big Brother in the flesh? Ever since Trump’s inauguration in January 2017, the mainstream American media have depicted him as such, with his defenders in the conservative press and broadcast outlets accusing his opponents of doublethink and thoughtcrime. This article examines the extraordinary way in which the Trump administration has become a magnet for the language of Newspeak, a contested site where the catchwords of 1984 are bandied ceaselessly by his allies as well as his adversaries.
Morbidity and mortality of surgically treated pathologic humerus fractures compared to native humerus fractures.

Background Despite an increasing prevalence of patients sustaining pathologic fractures of neoplastic origin, few studies have investigated 30-day postoperative complication profiles after surgical treatment of pathologic humerus fractures. The purposes of this study were to use a large nationally representative database to determine short-term complication profiles after surgical treatment of pathologic humerus fractures and assess how these complications compared with more commonly studied native humerus fractures. Methods Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, we identified 30,866 patients who underwent surgical treatment for either pathologic (n = 449) or native humerus fractures (n = 30,417) from 2007 to 2017. Thirty-day postoperative complication profiles were ascertained and compared between the 2 groups using χ2 analyses. Three logistic regression models were then performed to determine which complications were primarily attributable to the pathologic fracture itself vs. the increased comorbidity burden faced by these patients. Results Patients with pathologic humerus fractures experienced significantly higher rates of death (6.0% vs. 0.3%, P Conclusion After surgical treatment, patients with pathologic humerus fractures had significantly higher complication rates compared with native humerus fractures, suggesting that guidelines and treatment algorithms for native humerus fractures may not be generalizable for those of pathologic origin. These findings have significant implications for preoperative patient counseling and may be used to negotiate higher reimbursement rates for these patients given a significantly higher morbidity and mortality than was previously described in literature. Postoperatively, orthopedic surgeons should closely monitor patients with pathologic humerus fractures for deep vein thrombosis, renal complications, and pulmonary complications, use blood-sparing techniques, and employ a multidisciplinary approach to help manage and prevent a more heterogeneous profile of postsurgical complications.
FI-nance or Fi-NANCE: How 100 Experts Pronounce the Word

The word spelled f-i-n-a-n-c-e has two common pronunciations, one accenting the first syllable and the other accenting the second. English etymology, however, provides no indication of which pronunciation is preferred and which is more commonly used. Given that language evolves from human usage and not from the dictates of a government agency or private entity, this paper addresses the question of which is the preferred pronunciation by examining the distribution of pronunciations by top finance scholars. Specifically, we review videos posted on YouTube by 100 distinguished finance scholars, rated as highly productive researchers, Nobel Laureates, and members of editorial boards of top journals. We collect biographical data on these scholars and conduct univariate and multivariate logit analyses. Results indicate that 55% accent the first syllable and 45% accent the second. Emphasis on the first syllable is distinctively non-US, as indicated by the fact that almost 69% of scholars who favor that pronunciation received their bachelors’ degrees outside of the US, while about 60% of scholars who accent the second syllable received their bachelors’ degrees from US schools. The effect is somewhat stronger when accounting for English-speaking countries other than the US, with this result largely driven only by India, which slightly prefers the US pronunciation. The overall preference for accenting the first syllable appears related to the fact that the profession is becoming increasingly populated by scholars who from outside the US, suggesting that accenting the first syllable may someday become the dominant pronunciation.
Urban governance and autonomous vehicles

Abstract The development and deployment of autonomous vehicles is inseparable from the questions about the future development of cities. Urban governance is vital in ensuring the viability, effectiveness and safety of the next generation urban mobility services, and various roles taken on by cities are pivotal for the creation and maintenance of markets for autonomous vehicles. In this paper, we examine how urban governance approaches for autonomous vehicles development and deployment in the United States are evolving within multi-scalar regulatory contexts. We conceptualize the various types of engagements by cities through four different roles: city as regulator, mediator, data catalyst, and promoter. These categories are not mutually exclusive, but complementary, and are intended to support the development of appropriate models as cities continue to evaluate options for their urban mobility futures. We present two illustrative examples, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Boston, Massachusetts, to analyze how cities vary in their approaches to the new urban mobility sector. These are two of the leading municipalities in the United States on autonomous vehicle testing and deployment, and their experiences are helpful to elucidating the variety of regulatory contexts, approaches to governance, and potential outcomes.
The Role of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) in the Development of Advanced Metallization Systems

The capabilities of the transmission electron microscope are reviewed for studying advanced metallization systems. Two different metallization technologies used in the fabrication of advanced MOS devices are examined. The first of these consists of layered structures of TiSi2/Si and TiSi2/poly-Si/SiO2/Si. The microstructure of these materials is investigated using cross-sectional and plan view TEM in order to understand the high temperature behaviour of TiSi2 films. The second metallization system studied is WSi2/poly-Si/SiO2/Si formed by low pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD). Both as-deposited and high-temperature annealed films are studied.
Incentive pay and acquirer returns – The impact of Sarbanes–Oxley

Abstract This study examines how pay-for-performance influences the quality of merger decisions before and after Sarbanes–Oxley (SOX). Pay-for performance has a significant positive effect on acquirer returns of 0.9% pre-SOX and 1.1% post-SOX around the three-day event window. Bidders with high pay-for-performance pay a 23.3% lower merger premium in listed target acquisitions. The positive effect of pay-for-performance is more important for public target acquisitions overall, for small acquirers pre-SOX, and for large acquirers post-SOX. In the long run, bidders with high pre-merger pay-for-performance do not necessarily outperform.
Studies on purified -actinin. I. Effect of temperature and tropomyosin on the -actinin-F-actin interaction.

Abstract α-Actinin, purified by two passages through a DEAE-cellulose column, migrates either as a single band or as a single major band with a fainter trailing band during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, purified α-actinin always migrates as a single electrophoretic zone during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Temperature has large effects on the interaction of α-actinin with F-actin. At 0 °C, α-actinin causes large increases in F-actin viscosity, either in the presence or absence of tropomyosin. Quantitative binding studies show that α-actinin can displace tropomyosin from F-actin at 0 °C and that F-actin will quantitatively bind 45% of its weight of α-actinin either in the presence or absence of tropomyosin. This binding ratio corresponds to one α-actinin molecule to approximately 10 to 11 G-actin subunits and suggests that one molecule of α-actinin binds to each turn of the F-actin helix at 0 °C. At 37 °C, α-actinin causes little increase in F-actin viscosity until α-actinin to F-actin ratios of 0.10 to 1.0 have been exceeded. Tropomyosin almost completely abolishes the effect of α-actinin on F-actin viscosity at 37 °C. Quantitative binding studies at 37 °C show that F-actin will completely bind added α-actinin up to an α-actinin to F-actin ratio of 0.1 to 1.0 ( w w ) in the absence of tropomyosin but only up to a ratio of 0.04 to 1.0 ( w w ) in the presence of tropomyosin. The latter binding ratio corresponds to approximately two α-actinin molecules per one F-actin strand 1 μm long. Temperature may be an important factor restricting the binding of α-actinin to the Z-line end of the F-actin filament in vivo.
Enzyme histochemical study on postmenopausal endometrium in symptom-free patients

Abstract Eleven reproductive and 25 specimens postmenopausal human endometrium were used in this study. Histologic examination showed 5 endometria in proliferative phase and 6 in secretory phase of the cycle. The postmenopausal specimens showed a senile atrophic pattern in 8 cases, inactive cystic pattern in 10 cases, proliferative pattern in 6 cases, and adenomatous hyperplasia in one case which was excluded. Histochemical demonstration of nonspecific alkaline and acid phosphatases, ATPase, 5-nucleotidase, nonspecific simple esterase, and succinic dehydrogenase was carried out on the 24 normal postmenopausal patterns as well as on the 11 reproductive patterns. Results suggest that the different enzymes investigated are likely to be dependent upon estrogen. Progesterone, on the other hand, seems to augment the activity of acid phosphatase, ATPase, 5-nucleotidase, and esterase, and to inhibit the activity of alkaline phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase.
Valuation of Collateral

This short Essay analyzes two Supreme Court cases that considered valuation issues in consumer bankruptcy cases: Associates Commercial Corp. v. Rash, 520 U.S. 953 (1997), and Till v. SCS Credit Corp., 541 U.S. 465 (2004). The Bankruptcy law provides some wage insurance by permitting debtors to discharge debts in bad states of the world, and also provides incentives for borrowers to avoid those states because bankruptcy is costly to persons and discharge may not be complete. The Essay shows that these two cases reach inconsistent results from an insurance and an incentive point of view. Rash chose a valuation standard for collateral whose effect is to reduce the Code's ability to insure, but thereby to increase the borrower's incentive to avoid bankruptcy. Till chose an interest rate standard for discounting to present value the periodic payments that are supposed to equal the collateral's actual value. The effect of the Till standard is to require the individual borrower to purchase more insurance against default than theretofore, and thereby to reduce the borrower's incentive to avoid bankruptcy. The opinions in Till appear to be unaware of these inconsistencies, and the opinions in Rash seem not to understand its effect. Both cases also increased the administrative costs of bankruptcy by creating additional occasions for valuation and interest rate hearings. The Essay concludes by remarking that the Supreme Court's limited competence in the bankruptcy field and its restricted docket suggest that the task of harmonizing bankruptcy law among the circuits actually falls on the circuit courts unaided. These courts thus should be more sensitive to uniformity issues than they have been.
Clinical risk factors for venous thromboembolus in users of the combined oral contraceptive pill.

Aims To estimate the risk of venous thromboembolism among women prescribedthe oral contraceptive pill who have acute clinical conditions such as lower limbfractures, compared with women with idiopathic venous thromboembolism.Methods A nested case-control analysis using the General Practice ResearchDatabase, January 1993 to December 1999 was carried out. The participants werewomen aged 15–39 years, prescribed third generation oral contraceptives (gestodeneand desogestrel) or oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel. The main out-come measures were odds ratios as a measure of the relative risk estimate for venousthromboembolism in women with clinical conditions that predispose to VTE.Results The adjusted relative risk estimate for venous thromboembolism amongpatients with the acute clinical conditions, compared with those without such illness,and adjusted for oral contraceptive use, was 17 (95% CI 6.5, 46).Conclusions This paper documents the strong independent association betweencertain acute clinical conditions and venous thromboembolism in women prescribedoral contraceptives. Failure to accurately identify and exclude such patients from astudy of the effect of oral contraceptives on the risk of venous thromboembolismwould result in an underestimate of the risk of venous thromboembolism associatedwith oral contraceptives.Keywords: clinical risk factors, oral contraception, venous thromboembolism.
The Bully Within and Without: Strategies to Address Horizontal Violence in Nursing

Problem Pervasive horizontal violence in the nursing profession has bred the aphorism “nurses eat their young.” Nurses must make a concerted effort to advocate for change in the existing professional culture. Such change can begin with embracing helpful tips in overcoming bullying and modeling successful positive behaviors. This paper defines horizontal violence in nursing and explores strategies to address it based upon shared information. Method Multiple workshops across the country have allowed nurses to exchange information about their experiences with horizontal violence. Nurses have examined their roles as bystander, perpetrator, and victim in discussing contemporary perspectives, employing methods of engagement, promoting debate, and using practical resource advice in dealing with the experience and prevention of horizontal violence. Findings Workshops, evaluated through pretests/posttests and written evaluations, revealed increased knowledge about concepts of horizontal violence and their application to the workplace, recognition of horizontal violence, and methods of dealing with horizontal violence in nursing. Conclusions Across the profession, nurses need exposure to practical approaches to curtailing horizontal violence in nursing. A similar workshop approach could be adapted across educational programs and workplaces based on the individual needs of each environment.
Frequency-dependent ultrasonic attenuation of YBa2Cu3O7.

At temperatures near ${T}_{c}$, experimental measurements of temperature-dependent ultrasonic attenuation at three frequencies exhibit maxima, and velocity measurements display softening of the lattice. These attenuation maxima result from a relaxation process which occurs around the superconducting transition, and the softening of velocity around ${T}_{c}$ may evidence a structural instability of Y${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ at these temperatures.
REGRESSION ANALYSIS AND THE EVALUATION OF COLOR‐DIFFERENCE METRICS

Regression analysis and the use of correlation coefficients have proven to be useful tools in the analysis of experimental data. But unless the proper precautions are taken, erroneous conclusions can easily be reached by their use. Several data patterns are provided to demonstrate this. Examples yielding unrepresentatively high, as well as low, correlations are discussed.
Multidimensional Model of Disability and Role Functioning in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Objective To examine a model addressing the roles of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease burden, mood disturbance, and disability as determinants of impairments in role functioning. Methods In a cross-sectional design, 103 RA patients recruited from the community to participate in a clinical trial completed assessments of self-assessed disease burden (total joint pain and disease activity), mood disturbance (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale depressed mood, somatic symptoms, lack of positive affect, and interpersonal problems), disability (Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index gross and fine motor), and role functioning (Short Form 36 health survey physical and social). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine direct and indirect mechanisms linking disease burden to role functioning. Results SEM results indicated that the model had excellent fit: S-Bχ(2)(30) = 38.59, P = 0.135; comparative fit index = 0.977, standardized root mean residual = 0.062, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.053. Mediational analyses demonstrated that, while disease burden was associated with poor role functioning, its effects were jointly mediated by mood disturbance and disability. After the effects of mood disturbance and disability were taken into account, the effect of disease burden on role functioning was not significant. Conclusion The results indicate that mood disturbance and disability may serve as important pathways through which RA disease burden affects role functioning. Future longitudinal research is suggested to replicate these findings and further explore the mediational mechanisms examined in this study.
Sorting and Statistical Discrimination in Schools: An Analysis Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health

The rigorous economic analysis of peer group formation is a burgeoning subject. Much has been written about how peers in uence an individual's behavior, and these effects are quite prevalent. However, less has been written on how exactly these peer groups begin and the resulting consequences of their formation. A reason for the dearth of knowledge on peer group formation is the lack of quality data sets that clearly define one's peers. To resolve this issue, this paper explores data which allows a peer group to be defined openly through self nominations. Using these nominations as well as characteristics of the students and their friends, it is possible to see on what dimensions these individuals are sorting into friendships. The data suggests that there is heavy sorting within race and academic ability. Additionally, tests for statistical discrimination on race and academics show that it is exhibited towards blacks and Hispanics. There is also weak evidence of statistical discrimination against whites. Empirical analysis also shows that the degree of statistical discrimination decreases for blacks and Hispanics over a year; however, there is little change for whites over the same period. This result suggests a process of learning about a noisy signal on academic characteristics. Future work includes models describing the benefit of having various friends and the probability of forming those friendships, which can be used to simulate redistribution policies.
Scientists and the history of biological weapons. A brief historical overview of the development of biological weapons in the twentieth century.

When considering the potential threat of biological weapons in the hands of rogue states or terrorist groups, security experts tend to assume that scientists will always lend a hand to prevent such nefarious use of their research. Yet none of the major biological weapons programmes that were established during the twentieth century—in France, Japan, the UK, the USA and the former Soviet Union—would have been possible without the active leadership and cooperation of biological and medical scientists. Their participation provokes an important question: how do scientists, who are educated to help humanity, justify the use of their privileged knowledge for the explicit goal of killing civilians en masse ? And if the human race wants to ban biological weapons, what can we learn from their history to prevent future generations of biologists from engaging in such activities? The intense secrecy that surrounded offensive biological weapons programmes makes it difficult to gain insight into individual scientists' motivations. Although we now know a lot about the political and military rationales that spurred the development of these weapons, we know much less about the involvement and recruitment of hundreds and—in the case of large, long‐term programmes—even thousands of scientists from universities and medical schools (Guillemin, 2005a). Only occasionally do we find information on why and how individual scientists became engaged in promoting and creating biological weapons, yet it is valid to investigate their motivation. At present, the development and testing of biological weapons is banned by international law and all major state‐funded programmes have been terminated; therefore, such activity is associated only with criminals or terrorists. However, it is possible that new or imagined threats to national security could persuade biologists to set aside any moral qualms about secret science in the name of patriotism or for economic security, a career in laboratory …
Possible Role of the Crude Fiber of Soy Flour in Texture Formation During Nonextrusion Texturization Processing

Scanning electron and transmitted light microscopy were used to study the role of crude fiber in texture formation during non-extrusion processing of soy flour. By comparing micrographs of texturized soy flour, water-extracted texturized soy flour, texturized soy concentrate, texturized soy isolate, and texturized soy product-hull blends, transmitted light and scanning electron microscopy showed that removal of the soluble carbohydrate fractions either before or after nonextrusion texturization did not alter the morphology or microstructure of the texturized soy concentrate or water-extracted texturized soy flour as compared to texturized soy flour. Therefore, it seems probable that the presence of the soluble carbohydrate fractions is not a prerequisite for the formation of the alveolate morphology normally created during nonextrusion processing. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the cuticle morphology of the texturized soy isolate's alveoli was changed as the amount of crude fiber in the soy hull-soy isolate blend increased. The cuticle morphology of the texturized soy isolate-soy hull blend was similar to that of the texturized soy concentrate and texturized soy flour. Therefore, crude fiber seems to control the type of alveolation developed and the type of cuticle morphology exhibited in the product's alveoli.
Interactive computer graphics with the UNIX time-sharing system

The UNIX† time-sharing system is a powerful and efficient multiuser operating system possessing many unique and attractive advantages. In order to fully support an interactive graphics facility, however, several minor extensions were made to provide the necessary high performance 'real-time' environment. These enhancements to the UNIX system are described together with the implementation details for the Picture System 2 Graphic Subroutine Package.