cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Database services at the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre.

The Canadian Astronomy Data Centre (CADC) was initiated by the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory (DAO) to provide access to the HST data archives for Canadian scientists and to promote involvement in space astronomy research. A secondary goal is to provide a small centre of expertise in astronomical computing within the Canadian community. These goals were identified by the Canadian Astronomical Society and its subcommittee on Space Astronomy in 1984. Canada is not a partner in the HST mission, nevertheless NASA has agreed to provide the CADC with a copy of the non-proprietary data. CADC must pay for the incremental costs of producing the copy, which are a tiny fraction of the actual costs of the HST mission. These costs are being reimbursed by the Canadian Space Agency.
Testing and Measurement

This chapter addresses many of the changes that are taking place in the educational and psychological measurement field today. First, different types of educational and psychological tests are described, and examples are provided of the variety of venues in which they are administered. Next, some major changes that have taken place in the field of psychometrics in the past 30 years are introduced; most prominent among them is the shift from classical test theory to item response theory (IRT). Following a comparison of classical test theory to IRT, and a discussion of the former's shortcomings, main IRT concepts and several widely used IRT models are presented in more detail. IRT model applications to test development and computer-adaptive testing are described. An introduction to different types of computer-based testing that vary along the adaptive continuum is also provided. Next, a number of other prominent changes that are taking place in the testing field that have methodological implications for the practice of measurement—new item types, cognitive-based models for assessment, setting standards on tests, new conceptions of validity, and testing of candidates with disabilities—are outlined. Keywords: accommodations; assessment formats; classical test theory; cognitively-based assessments; computer-based testing; item response models; item response theory; new conceptions of validity; standard-setting
Pattern of Valine Transfer Ribonucleic Acid of Bacillus subtilis under Different Growth Conditions

Abstract The relative amounts of two valyl-tRNA species from Bacillus subtilis W23 were compared by methylated albumin Kieselguhr column chromatography and by diethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography after T1 ribonuclease digestion. The ratio of the two valyl-tRNAs changes significantly during sporulation, during step-up and step-down growth transitions, during the stationary phase of an asporogenous mutant, and during sporulation of B. subtilis 168 Marburg. The change in ratio could not be induced in vitro by treating the tRNA preparations with several chemicals and was not the result of differential hydrolysis of the two valyl-tRNA species during the experimental procedures. The change in ratio was due to the increased valine-accepting ability of one of the two valine tRNAs. These results suggest that the valyl-tRNA ratio changes may be a function of the growth condition and that a regulatory mechanism exists which controls the amino acid accepting capacity of the two valine accepting tRNAs.
EFI Prechamber Torch Ignition of Lean Mixtures

This paper describes the development of a prechamber-type torch ignition system on a modified 4-cyl, 140 cubic inch engine. The prechamber consists of a blind cavity coupled to the main chamber with an orifice. Fuel is supplied to the prechamber with an electronic fuel injector and this mixture is ignitied by a spark plug. The prechamber produces an ignition torch which ignites a main chamber that is supplied with a lean mixture carbureted in the conventional manner. The performance of this combustion concept was evaluated on the basis of vehicle drivability, exhaust emissions, and fuel economy in a 3000 lb weight class vehicle. /GMRL/
Incorporation in vitro of labeled amino acids into rat diaphragm proteins.

We have reported the incorporation of labeled amino acids into the proteins of rabbit bone marrow cells in vitro (1), a study that was undertaken to compare the process in intact cells as compared with tissue slices and homogenates. Bone marrow cells are a mixture in different stages of maturity. The uptake of labeled amino acids by rat diaphragm was studied because it is an adult tissue with predominantly one type of cell and it can be removed from the animal with little damage. This preparation has been found useful in studies of carbohydrate metabolism of muscle in vitro (2).
The type I BMP receptor BMPRIB is required for chondrogenesis in the mouse limb.

is a ligand for BMPRIB in vivo. BmprIB; Bmp7 double mutants were constructed in order to examine whether BMPRIB has overlapping functions with other type I BMP receptors. BmprIB; Bmp7 double mutants exhibit severe appendicular skeletal defects, suggesting that BMPRIB and BMP7 act in distinct, but overlapping pathways. These results also demonstrate that in the absence of BMPRIB, BMP7 plays an essential role in appendicular skeletal development. Therefore, rather than having a unique role, BMPRIB has broadly overlapping functions with other BMP receptors during skeletal development. SUMMARY
Effect of VLE uncertainties on the design of separation sequences by distillation – Study of the benzene–chloroform–acetone system☆

Abstract It is widely recognized by experts that the computer-based design of chemical processes depends strongly on the correlated thermodynamic and transport properties, and that the effect of the property uncertainties should be accounted for in the design. The most significant source of property uncertainties on process design comes from the correlations of mixture phase equilibrium. Many approaches to uncertainty analysis have been proposed, but uncertainty analysis is not a routine element of today's industrial practice, mainly because education and awareness are lacking, and the proposed methods are difficult to apply. In order to help rectify the situation, the author developed an intuitive and easy-to-apply phase-equilibrium (specifically, activity coefficient) perturbation method based upon treating the mixture, for the purpose of uncertainty perturbation, as a set of pseudobinaries described by the Margules equation. The approach was applied to two case studies – (1) a propylene-propane superfractionator for which small changes in correlated relative volatilities have a large effect on the design of the distillation column; and (2) a dehexanizer column that separates a mixture containing many close-boiling components – and demonstrated that the proposed methodology provides quantitative insight into the effect of property uncertainties, and helps to estimate the safety factors that should be imposed upon the design. In this paper the Margules perturbation method is applied to the “textbook” separation of an acetone–chloroform–benzene ternary mixture; this case study was proposed in 1996 by Westerberg and Wahnshafft, and was previously studied by Parodi and Campanella. The approach of Parodi and Campanella used different levels of data fitting to identify uncertainties, while the present methodology is to obtain the best fit of the data, and then apply uncertainties based upon estimated combined model uncertainties, which includes experimental uncertainties and any model inadequacies. The purpose of this paper is to further study whether the Margules approach to mixture uncertainty offers insight, and is a useful technique to perform uncertainty analysis.
Mental health assessment of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers in a service program and a treatment outcome research program

Cet article decrit l'evaluation en sante mentale en preparation pour un traitement effectue dans deux programmes cliniques etablis dans des universites, programmes offrant une psychotherapie bebe-parent en tant que modalite de traitement. Le Programme Bebe-Parent est un programme de sante mentale communautaire pour les enfants de la naissance a l'âge de trois ans et leurs familles quand la relation parent-enfant est mise en danger par des facteurs de risque chez le parent, l'enfant, ou de part les circonstances familiales. Le Projet de Recherche en Trauma de l'Enfant est un programme de recherche d'intervention pour les enfants d'âge prescolaire et leurs meres quand l'enfant est le temoin de violence domestique. Les deux programmes partagent une approche de l'evaluation similaire, mettant l'accent sur l'importance d'une alliance de travail, les recits parentaux spontanes, et l'observation de l'interaction enfant-parent dans une variete de contextes. Cependant, leurs differentes fonctions en terme de service communautaire et de recherche forcent a utiliser des procedures d'evaluation differentes. Les deux differents protocoles d'evaluation et leur rationnelle seront decrits et compares aux differents buts cliniques et de recherche des programmes.
Parenteral N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate produces segmental demyelination in the rat that is not dependent on cysteine carbamylation.

Abstract Disulfiram, a dithiocarbamate drug used in alcohol aversion therapy, produces a peripheral neuropathy characterized in rats as segmental demyelination accompanied by generation of S-(diethylaminocarbonyl)cysteine (DETC-Cys) adducts. N,N-Diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDC) is a major metabolite of disulfiram that can undergo methylation and oxidation to S-methyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamate (MeDETC) sulfoxide and sulfone, thought to be responsible for carbamylation of sulfhydryl functions by disulfiram. To assess the role of cysteine carbamylation in disulfiram toxicity, DEDC and MeDETC were administered parenterally to male Sprague–Dawley rats for 4 and 8 weeks. The roles of the disulfide linkage in disulfiram and of carbamylated glutathione metabolites were assessed by administering S-(diethylaminodithiocarbonyl)N-acetylcysteine (DS-NAC) and S-(diethylaminocarbonyl)-N-acetylcysteine (DETC-NAC), respectively, parenterally for 12 weeks. Following exposure, spinal cord-derived neurofilament preparations and hemoglobin were isolated and analyzed by RP–HPLC and LC/MS/MS for the presence of DETC-Cys adducts. Peripheral nerve sections were also obtained and examined by light and electron microscopy for morphological lesions. RP–HPLC analysis of globin preparations from DEDC-, MeDETC-, and DS-NAC-exposed animals demonstrated a late-eluting peak, identical to that reported for disulfiram-generated DETC-Cys adducts on the β3-globin chain. DETC-NAC exposure did not result in detectable globin modification by RP–HPLC. The quantity of DETC-Cys adducts produced on globin and neurofilament preparations determined by LC/MS/MS was twofold greater for MeDETC than DEDC following equimolar doses of each compound. Primary myelin lesions consisting of demyelinated axons and myelin splitting were observed in peripheral nerves following exposure to DEDC for 8 weeks. No lesions were detected following exposure to MeDETC, DS-NAC, or DETC-NAC at any time point or dose level. These results are consistent with DEDC, but not the other metabolites, being a demyelinating agent and thus a potential proximate toxic species for disulfiram-mediated demyelination. The production of significantly greater levels of DETC-Cys adducts by MeDETC relative to DEDC in the absence of neurotoxicity for MeDETC is consistent with cysteine carbamylation not contributing to the demyelination produced by disulfiram and DEDC.
Influence of phenamiphos on the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Leucaena leucocephala

Concentrations of phenamiphos ranging from 0 to 40 μrg/g soil were established in a typical Oxisol (Tropeptic Eutrustox), inoculated or uninoculated with Glomus aggregatum. The effect of the nematicide on the development of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) symbiosis was evaluated in the greenhouse using Leucaena leucocephala as an indicator host plant. Treatment of soil with phenamiphos did not have a significant influence on the development of mycorrhizal activity measured in terms of subleaflet phosphorus concentrations. Similarly, the nematicide did not have an adverse effect on the level of mycorrhizal colonization or on the P content of shoots, as determined at the time of harvest. However, shoot dry weight was adversely influenced by phenamiphos when the chemical was applied to the uninoculated soil at 20 μg/g soil or higher, and when it was applied to the inoculated soil at 40 μg/g soil. It is concluded that phenamiphos is not likely to influence the growth of Leucaena or its symbiotic association with VAM fungi if the concentrations applied do not exceed levels known to suppress nematodes.
Soy Protein Adhesive Blends with Synthetic Latex on Wood Veneer

Environmental pollution has prompted an interest in and a need for bio-based wood adhesives. Modified soy protein has shown adhesion properties similar to those of formaldehyde based adhesives. The objective of this research was to investigate the compatibility of a modified soy protein (MSP) with six commercial synthetic latex adhesives (SLAs). Four different blending ratios of MSP and SLAs were studied. Adhesion; structural change; and rheological, thermal, and morphological properties of the MSP/SLAs blends were characterized. Dry adhesion strength of MSP, SLAs and their blends were all similar with 100% wood cohesive failure. Water resistance of all six SLAs was improved by blending with MSP in terms of the wet adhesion strength. The wet adhesion strength of MSP/PBG (40/60) blends was 6.416 MPa, as compared to 4.66 MPa of pure PBG (press bond glue, urea formaldehyde based resin). Viscosity of MSP/SLAs blends was reduced significantly and reached the lowest value at 40–60% MSP. Infrared spectra, thermal properties, and morphological images indicated that chemical reactions occurred between soy protein and PBG molecules. The MSP provided some functional groups, such as carboxylic (–COOH), hydroxyl (–OH) and amino groups (–NH2), that cross-linked with hydroxymethyl groups (–CH2–OH) of PBG, and also acted as an acidic catalyst for the self-polymerization of urea formaldehyde based resin.
Successful Treatment of Giggle Incontinence With Methylphenidate

AbstractPurpose: Giggle incontinence, the second most common type of childhood enuresis unrelated to disease, is notoriously difficult to treat. However, the association of laughter or emotion precipitated alteration of muscle tone is suggestive of a functional relationship to cataplexy, a part of the narcoleptic syndrome complex that may respond to stimulant medication.Materials and Methods: Two boys and 5 girls (mean age 10.9 years) with giggle incontinence, a positive family history of giggle incontinence (4 patients) and no evidence of urological disease were treated with methylphenidate for 1 to 5 years.Results: All patients responded positively with complete cessation of enuresis to varying dose schedules of methylphenidate.Conclusions: These results suggest that giggle incontinence is a centrally mediated and likely hereditary disorder that may share a common pathophysiological basis with the narcolepsy/cataplexy syndrome.
Effect of adenine on stored erythrocytes evaluated by autologous and homologous transfusions.

Blood obtained from normal volunteers and stored in ACD with or without adenine was evaluated by both tests in vitro and by 24-hour recovery following transfusion. Significant differences between autologous and homologous transfusions were not detected. The changes that did occur were limited to evidence of lesser erythrocyte breakdown in ACD units fortified with adenine. These units were associated with higher survival values at all storage periods evaluated and displayed over 70 per cent 24-hour posttransfusion survival even after 42 days of storage.
de Quervain's thyroiditis: surgical experience.

ABSTRACT Objective To review a 35-year experience with management of de Quervain’s thyroiditis (dQT), an uncommon inflammatory process of the thyroid gland that is usually treated medically and seldom necessitates surgical intervention. Methods A retrospective review was performed of medical records of patients with dQT treated surgically at a single institution between 1966 and 2000. The study group consisted of 11 women and 6 men (mean age, 50 years; range, 23 to 66). All pathology specimens were reviewed. Results Of the 17 study patients, 14 had surgical treatment before 1980. Typical symptoms of dQT, including pain and tenderness of the thyroid gland, occurred in eight patients, and two had dysphagia from an enlarged thyroid gland. Seven patients were asymptomatic. The indications for operation were a clinically indeterminate thyroid nodule (N = 14), dysphagia (N = 2), and hyperthyroidism with nodular goiter (N = 1). Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was performed in only two patients; biopsy findings were suspicious for a malignant lesion in one patient, and nondiagnostic in the other patient. Thyroid function tests (N = 14) revealed that 12 patients were euthyroid and 2 had hyperthyroidism. Surgical treatment consisted of unilateral lobectomy in 4 patients, near-total thyroidectomy in 12, and total thyroidectomy in 1. Temporary vocal cord palsy and temporary hypocalcemia occurred in one patient each. Fourteen patients (mean follow-up, 204 months) required long-term thyroid replacement therapy. No patient required further thyroid surgical intervention or had further thyroid disease. Conclusion Although surgical intervention is not the primary treatment for dQT, when resection is performed it can be done safely and with low associated morbidity. In the modern era, with routine use of FNAB, fewer patients with this rare entity will require surgical exploration. Patients with atypical features and ones with euthyroidism are more likely candidates than others for surgical intervention. (Endocr Pract. 2002;8:255-258)
Capacity for tumor cell implantation as a function of in vitro cell density

Abstract Implantation properties of two melanoma cell lines, line 26 (low rate of implantation) and line 37 (high rate of implantation) were studied as a function of the cell density of the cells grown in monolayer in vitro. Sparse cultures (collected at a density of 0.8 × 103 cells cm−2) of line 37 produced 7.7 times as many lung tumor foci as those of line 26. Confluent cultures (collected at a density of 40 × 103 cells cm−2) resulted in greater numbers of tumor foci for both cell lines, but line 37 produced only 3.1 times as many tumor foci as did line 26 cells. Thus the high implantation line (37) has a much greater ability to implant when grown in the sparse state and injected than the low implantation line (26), but both lines have high implantation rates when injected as confluent cells.
Proline synthesis in Escherichia coli a proline-inhibitable glutamic acid kinase

Abstract The object of this work was the identification of the first enzyme in the biosynthesis of proline in Escherichia coli . A glutamic acid-dependent reaction, which releases P i from ATP and which is inhibitable by proline, was identified in extracts of these bacteria. The reaction in vitro is dependent upon the presence of imidazole. The reaction was implicated in proline biosynthesis on the basis of its sensitivity to inhibition by proline and because extracts of cells not subject to end-product inhibition in vivo catalyzed a reaction which was not inhibited in vitro .
3D Finite Element Solution to the Dynamic Poroelasticity Problem for Use in MR Elastography

Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) has emerged as a noninvasive, quantitative physical means of examining the elastic properties of biological tissues. While it is common to assume simplified elasticity models for purposes of MRE image reconstruction, it is well-accepted that many soft tissues display complex time-dependent behavior not described by linear elasticity. Understanding how the mechanical properties of biological materials change with the frequency of the applied stresses and strains is paramount to the reconstructive imaging techniques used in steady-state MRE. Alternative continuum models, such as consolidation theory, offer the ability to model tissue and other materials comprised of two distinct phases, generally consisting of an elastic solid phase and an infiltrating fluid. For these materials, the time-dependent response under a given load is a function not only of the elastic properties of the solid matrix, but also of the rate at which fluid can flow through the matrix under a pressure gradient. To better study the behavior of the dynamic poroelasticity equations, a three-dimensional finite element model was constructed. Confined, time-harmonic excitation of simulated soil and tissue-like columns was performed to determined material deformation and pore pressure distributions, as well as to identify the influence of the key model parameters under loading conditions and frequencies relevant in steady-state MRE. The results show that the finite element implementation is able to represent the analytical behavior with errors on the order of 1% over a broad range of frequencies. Further, differences between poroelastic and elastic responses in the column can be significant over the frequency range relevant to MRE depending on the value of hydraulic conductivity assumed for the medium.
Pediatric Image-Guided Nonvascular Musculoskeletal Interventions

Image-guided procedures involving the musculoskeletal (MSK) system of children can be challenging because of the variability posed by the child's age, skeletal maturity, and the stage of development. The imaging findings of the maturing MSK system and the underlying diseases affecting children, particularly those that are skeletally immature, can differ significantly from typical adults. The breadth of possible MSK procedures performed by an interventional radiology service depends on the availability of local expertise/experience as well as the referral patterns. In our practice, the majority of nonvascular MSK procedures involve children with a sequela of pain and in need of a therapeutic intervention. We describe our techniques for our more commonly performed MSK procedures, including corticosteroid injections, treating osteoid osteomas, and performance of image-guided bone biopsies and foreign body removal.
Wavefront control algorithms and analysis for a dense adaptive optics system

This paper presents the development and analysis of a wavefront control strategy for the Space Laser Electric Energy (SELENE) power beaming system. SELENE represents a substantial departure from most conventional adaptive optics systems in that the deformable element is the segmented primary mirror and the signal that is fedback includes both the local wavefront tilt and the relative edge mismatch between adjacent segments. The major challenge in designing the wavefront control system is the large number of subapertures that must be commanded. A fast and near optimal algorithm based on the local slope and edge measurements is defined for this system.
Three-body exchange forces in rare-gas crystals

Abstract Recent criticisms put forward in Physics Letters by Swenberg of the theory of crystal stability formulated by the present authors are shown to be irrelevant. Quantitative results reported by Swenberg are incorrect and conclusions deduced on this basis are misleading.
Anisotropic periodic structure exhibiting gigantic field enhancements

A strongly anisotropic photonic crystal structure was designed using form birefringence. It has a low group velocity close to a split band edge (SBE) and large field enhancements proportional to the fourth power of the number of periods are predicted. Numerical results are presented illustrating the bandgap behavior as a function of anisotropy and an effective negative index property is discussed.
Hemodynamic Effects of Epinephrine, Bicarbonate and Calcium in the Early Postnatal Period in a Lamb Model of Single-Ventricle Physiology Created In Utero

Objectives A reproducible fetal animal model of single-ventricle physiology was created to examine the effects of pharmacologic agents commonly used in the perinatal and perioperative intensive care management of patients with a single ventricle. Background Single-ventricle physiology is characterized by parallel pulmonary and systemic circulations, with effective blood flow to each determined by the relative resistances in the pulmonary and systemic vascular beds. Perinatal and perioperative management of these patients is largely based on empiric observations and differs considerably between institutions and is further complicated by the transitional physiology of the newborn. The lack of animal models of single-ventricle physiology has hindered the understanding of this problem. Methods A 10-mm, Damus-Kaye-Stansel-type aortopulmonary anastomosis was created in 10 fetal sheep at 140 ± 1.2 days of gestation. The main pulmonary artery was ligated distally, and pulmonary blood flow (Qp) was provided through a 5-mm aortopulmonary shunt. Eight lambs were delivered at term and placed on cardiopulmonary bypass (30 min) 48 to 72 h after birth. Pharmacologic interventions (0.1 Mg/kg body weight per min of epinephrine, 2 mEq/kg of sodium bicarbonate and 10 mg/kg of calcium chloride) were performed before and after bypass, and hemodynamic responses were observed. The response to the epinephrine bolus was determined only in the postbypass study. Results Both before and after bypass, epinephrine infusion and calcium and bicarbonate administration increased Qp and systemic blood flow (Qs) (total cardiac output) but produced only small changes in the Qp/Qs ratio (-0.5% to -7.3% change). With the epinephrine bolus, Qp increased enormously, and the Qp/Qs ratio increased by 584% (p Conclusions In neonatal lambs with single-ventricle physiology created in utero, epinephrine infusion and calcium and bicarbonate administration increased total cardiac output without significantly compromising the Qp/Qs ratio. However, epinephrine bolus seems to be hemodynamically detrimental in circumstances of single-ventricle physiology and should be used with caution and probably in relatively lower doses in the resuscitation of patients with single-ventricle physiology. Further investigation of the dose-dependent effects and the effects of prolonged administration of common pharmacologic agents will enable better management of patients with single-ventricle physiology.
Attenuation of frontal asymmetry in pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder.

Abstract Background: Volumetric imaging research has shown abnormal brain morphology in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) when compared with matched control subjects. In this article, we present brain imaging findings from a study of children with PTSD symptoms. Methods: Twenty-four children between the ages of 7 and 14 with a history of trauma and PTSD symptoms were assessed with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS-CA). The sample underwent magnetic resonance imaging in a 1.5 T scanner. Brain images were analyzed by raters blind to diagnostic status using well-standardized methods, and images were compared with age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects. Results: The clinical group demonstrated attenuation of frontal lobe asymmetry and smaller total brain and cerebral volumes when compared with the control group. There were no statistically significant differences in hippocampal volume between clinical and control subjects. Conclusions: Frontal lobe abnormalities may occur as a result of PTSD in children or, alternatively, be a risk factor for the development of the syndrome in this age group. The implications of the findings and their consistency with previous research are discussed.
Species decline and extinction: synergy of infectious disease and Allee effect?

Host–parasite models with density-dependent (mass action) incidence and a critical Allee effect in host growth can explain both species decline and disappearance (extinction). The behaviour of the model is consistent with both the novel pathogen hypothesis and the endemic pathogen hypothesis for chytridiomycosis. Mathematically, the transition from decline to disappearance is mediated by a Hopf bifurcation and is marked by the occurrence of a heteroclinic orbit. The Hopf bifurcation is supercritical if intra-specific host competition increases with host density at a large power and subcritical if the power is small. In the supercritical case, host–parasite coexistence can be at equilibrium or periodic; in the subcritical case it is only at equilibrium.
Orlando Patterson interview

L'A. presente une interview d'Orlando Patterson, un sociologue americain d'origine jamaicaine, professeur a l'Universite d'Harvard qui a etudie le phenomene de l'esclavage ainsi que de nombreuses questions liees a la notion de liberte. Dans le cadre de cette interview, Patterson retrace les etapes de sa formation, sa carriere universitaire ainsi que ses orientations theoriques et les themes qu'il a etudie dans ses travaux. Il pose le probleme de la situation des afro-americains dans le systeme universitaire aux Etats-Unis
1JCH correlates with alcohol hydrogen bond strength.

The strength of the H-bond donation by alcohols is reflected in the carbon−hydrogen bond of the H−C−O−H functional group. The one-bond 13C−1H spin−spin coupling constant of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) correlates with the strength of the H-bond in various HFIP−amine complexes with a slope of ∼ −0.2 Hz in 1JCH per ∼1 kJ mol-1 increase in the H-bond enthalpy. The decrease in 1JCH is attributed to an increased overlap of the H-bonding σ orbital with the antibonding σ* orbitals of the vicinal C−H bonds.
Accuracy of self-reported length of coma and posttraumatic amnesia in persons with medically verified traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Objective To determine the accuracy of self-reported length of coma and posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) in persons with medically verified traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to investigate factors that affect self-report of length of coma and PTA duration. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Specialized rehabilitation center with inpatient and outpatient programs. Participants Persons (N=242) with medically verified TBI who were identified from a registry of persons who had previously participated in TBI-related research. Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Self-reported length of coma and self-reported PTA duration. Results Review of medical records revealed that the mean medically documented length of coma and PTA duration was 6.9±12 and 19.2±22 days, respectively, and the mean self-reported length of coma and PTA duration was 16.7±22 and 106±194 days, respectively. The average discrepancy between self-report and medical record for length of coma and PTA duration was 8.2±21 and 64±176 days, respectively. Multivariable regression models revealed that time since injury, performance on cognitive tests, and medical record values were associated with self-reported values for both length of coma and PTA duration. Conclusions In this investigation, persons with medically verified TBI showed poor accuracy in their self-report of length of coma and PTA duration. Discrepancies were large enough to affect injury severity classification. Caution should be exercised when considering self-report of length of coma and PTA duration.
Solvent-free polymer/bioceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: fabrication, analysis, and cell growth

This study examines the potential use of porous polycaprolactone (PCL) and polycaprolocatone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) scaffolds fabricated through melt molding and porogen leaching for bone tissue engineering. While eliminating organic solvents is desirable, the process steps proposed in this study for uniformly dispersing HA particles (~5 μm in size) within the scaffold can also contribute to homogeneous properties for these porous composites. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was chosen as a porogen due to its similar density and melting point as PCL. Pore size of the scaffold was controlled by limiting the size of PCL and PEO particles used in fabrication. The percent of HA in the fabricated scaffolds was quantified by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Mechanical testing was used to compare the modulus of the scaffolds to that of bone, and the pore size distribution was examined with microcomputed tomography (μCT). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the effect on scaffold morphology caused by the addition of HA particles. Both μCT and SEM results showed that HA could be incorporated into PCL scaffolds without negatively affecting scaffold morphology or pore formation. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and elemental mapping demonstrated a uniform distribution of HA within PCL/HA scaffolds. Murine calvaria-derived MC3T3-E1 cells were used to determine whether cells could attach on scaffolds and grow for up to 21 days. SEM images revealed an increase in cell attachment with the incorporation of HA into the scaffolds. Similarly, DNA content analysis showed a higher cell adhesion to PCL/HA scaffolds.
Signature-systems and tonal types in the fourteenth-century French chanson

Beyond the standard and familiar theoretical instruction materials on notation and mensuration, on mode and hexachord, and on the rules of two-part counterpoint, information and insight about the techniques of musical composition in the later Middle Ages are hard to come by. From a modern vantage point, medieval music theory leaves many of the questions most interesting to us unanswered. And for our part, too, analysts of chansons and motets have yet to agree on many basic notions about how this music works, and therefore what is most necessary to talk about. It is symptomatic of this state of affairs that articles discussing analytical approaches to early music, even those addressed to specialists, do not start out in medias res but rather must begin with first principles, and that current textbooks ignore or skimp on all but the most superficial aspects of musical style. We need to establish for all genres the paradigms or fundamental givens, the constraints understood at the outset, the range of choices available to the composer.
Those outsiders: How downstream externalities affect public good provision

Abstract Some policy problems pit one group׳s interests against another׳s. One group may determine provision of a project (such as a dam) that benefits group members but hurts others. We introduce a model of such projects. In-group members may contribute to a common fund that benefits them as a public good. Benefits from the project may vary within the group. Provision has negative downstream externalities: contributions hurt agents outside the in-group (“Outsiders”), rendering them anti-social. Many models of social preferences predict that such externalities should reduce provision, although conditional cooperation or a preference for in-group members may counteract this. We test this model with a lab experiment using Outsiders with whom the in-group members have more and less contact. With homogeneous in-group benefits, the presence of negative downstream externalities reduces contributions by half when they have closer contact with Outsiders but not at all when they have had no contact. We introduce a rotating high-return position that allows subjects to trade favors. In this setting, contributions of non-privileged members diminish slightly when faced with the negative externality given closer contact with Outsiders, and not at all with less contact. Reciprocal giving occurs whether or not Outsiders are present.
Dynamic mechanical response of adhesively bonded beams: Effect of environmental exposure and interfacial zone properties

The dynamic mechanical response of adhesively bonded metal beams has been examined over a broad temperature range using a dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (DMTA). The measured dynamic mechanical response of the bonded beam contains rich information about the viscoelastic properties of the adhesive resin such as glass transition temperatures. The measured storage moduli and loss factors of the bonded beams are very sensitive to changes in the properties of adhesive induced by exposing the beam specimens to environmental attack. Dynamic mechanical responses associated with dry adhesive resin, water plasticized resin, and aggregated water were observed for an electro-galvanized steel/epoxy beam exposed to water. The effect of the presence of an interfacial accommodation zone (IAZ) between adhesive resin and metal substrate was also examined; measured properties were very sensitive to the presence of a low modulus IAZ. It was successfully demonstrated in this study that the DMTA testing of bonded beams is a potentially useful tool for studying dynamic performance and durability of automotive adhesive joints.
The boron buckyball and its precursors: an electronic structure study.

Using ab initio calculations, we analyze electronic structure and vibrational modes of the boron fullerene B80, a stable, spherical cage similar in shape to the well-known C60. There exist several isomers, lying close in structure and energy, with total energy difference within ∼30 meV. We present detailed analysis of their electronic structure and geometry. Calculated radial breathing mode frequency turns out to be 474 cm−1, which can be a characteristic of B80 in Raman spectroscopy. Since the B80 structure is made of interwoven double-ring clusters, we also investigate double-rings with various diameters. We present their structure and HOMO−LUMO dependence on the diameter, and find out that the gap alternates for different sizes and closes its value for infinite double-ring.
The decline in private pension coverage in the United States

Abstract Consistent annual time series evidence is presented that private pension coverage in the United States has declined by approximately ten percent in the 1979–1987 period. Sectoral shifts in industrial activity appear to be a major explanation for the contraction.
A novel approach for the in-situ chemical elimination of chrysotile from asbestos-containing fireproofing materials

We report here the development of a method for the chemical digestion of chrysotile asbestos in asbestos-containing fireproofing to levels lower than the regulatory threshold. The resulting fireproofing, no longer defined as asbestos-containing, can remain in place with properties intact. In the process, chrysotile fibers are digested without generating excessive gaseous byproducts, and the foam-based delivery system essentially eliminates release of airborne fibers. New X-ray diffraction methods quantified chrysotile levels with far greater precision than standard optical microscopic methods. Full-scale field testing confirmed the laboratory phase of the project. Fire testing of the treated fireproofing showed that the treated material functions as well as the original fireproofing.
Transplantation: Pairing of Donor and Recipient

In Table 1 of "Transplantation: Pairing of donor and recipient" by F. H. Bach (p. 1170, 5 June), sibling No. 1 should be positive (+) for antigen 10 rather than negative (-).
Sensitivity analysis for drug effect study: An NF-κB pathway example

The complexity of biological signaling networks, especially the uncertainties associated with the model parameters, present challenges for understanding the behavior of such networks and hence hamper the translation of the modeling study into drug development process. Sensitivity analysis can help to determine which parameters are the "key drivers" of the model's output. How to tailor the sensitivity study under drug perturbation based on the knowledge of available existing or potential drugs are considered in this paper. The goal is to evaluate the drug effect on the signaling pathway modeled by kinetic rate changes. Through an example simulation study of the response of NF-κB pathway to two drugs, it is observed that new or modified sensitivity analysis methods may be necessary for the purpose of drug effect study. In addition, the new method may also help us determine whether combination therapy can yield significant synergism when compared to their individual drug effect.
Aqueous blackbody calibration source for millimeter-wave/terahertz metrology.

This paper describes a calibrated broadband emitter for the millimeter-wave through terahertz frequency regime, called the aqueous blackbody calibration source. Due to its extremely high absorption, liquid water is chosen as the emitter on the basis of reciprocity. The water is constrained to a specific shape (an optical trap geometry) in an expanded polystyrene (EPS) container and maintained at a selected, uniform temperature. Uncertainty in the selected radiometric temperature due to the undesirable reflectance present at a water interface is minimized by the trap geometry, ensuring that radiation incident on the entrance aperture encounters a pair of s and a pair of p reflections at 45°. For water reflectance Rw of 40% at 45° in W-band, this implies a theoretical effective aperture emissivity of (1−R2wsR2wp)>98.8%. From W-band to 450 GHz, the maximum radiometric temperature uncertainty is ±0.40 K, independent of water temperature. Uncertainty from 450 GHz to 1 THz is increased due to EPS scattering and absorption, resulting in a maximum uncertainty of −3 K at 1 THz.
Management of rape victims (regarding STD treatment and pregnancy prevention): Do academic emergency departments practice what they preach?

This study sought to determine how rape victims are managed in emergency departments with respect to disease and pregnancy prevention. Surveys were sent to directors of emergency medicine residencies and pediatric emergency medicine fellowships. Results indicate that there is some discrepancy between presence of an institutional policy and practice.
Bright, Coherent, Attosecond Soft X-Ray Harmonics Spanning the Water Window from a Tabletop Source

We generate fully spatially coherent, ultrafast soft x-ray beams in the water window region of the spectrum using phase matched high harmonic upconversion of a 2 µm driving laser.
Depinning of a superfluid vortex line by Kelvin waves

We measure the interaction of a single superfluid vortex with surface irregularities. While vortex pinning in superconductors usually becomes weaker at higher temperatures, we find the opposite behavior. The pinning steadily increases throughout our measurement range, from ${0.15T}_{c}$ to over ${0.5T}_{c}.$ We also find that moving the other end of the vortex decreases the pinning, so we propose Kelvin waves along the vortex as a depinning mechanism.
‘Multicolored’ green criminology and climate change’s achromatopsia

While green criminology may be an effective name or label for the sub-field or perspective within criminology that considers a wide range of environmental issues, it is, in reality, a ‘multicolored green’ – a criminology that engages a spectrum of issues, that reflects the interests of some racial groups more than others, that reveals and analyzes environmental harms which disproportionately impact some racial groups more than others, and that can be approached from a number of vantage points or that can be viewed with variously tinted lenses. This article begins with an overview of climate change, including a discussion of its anticipated impacts and indicators of its already-being-felt effects. It then offers some general comments on the disproportionate impact of environmental threats and harms before turning to a discussion of the present and anticipated distributional impacts of climate change. Here, this article argues that climate change is, in effect, achromatopsic – it is color-blind, in that it ...
The Failure of Thin Alluminum Current-Carrying Strips on Oxidized Silicon

A new mode of metal failures is described - electrical opens in Al strips on SiO2 - resulting from the passage of direct current at high current density. The lifetime of aluminum strips was found to depend not only on the magnitude of the applied current, but also on its direction. At lower current levels (longer lifetimes), a much longer lifetime was seen when alternating current was employed (60 cycles/sec) than for direct current. This effect, toether with the fact that aluminum films carrying direct currents have a blistered appearance suggests that an electrochemical or electromigration mechanism is involved in the disruption of the aluminum strips. While opens are very rarely seen at "normal" current densities of 105 a/cm2, the failure mode is accelerated at high current densities (106 a/cm2) and elevated temperatures (200°c). The distruption of the aluminum films does not originate from diffusion of the aluminum into silicon (emitted or base region) or addition, the gold ball bonds can act as sinks for the thin aluminum films surrounding them, and, hence, cause a certain enhancement of failures.
Cardenolide content and thin-layer chromatography profiles of monarch butterflies,danaus plexippus L., and their larval host-plant milkweed,asclepias viridis walt., in northwestern louisiana.

This paper is the first in a series on cardenolide fingerprinting of monarch butterflies and their host-plant milkweeds in the eastern United States. Spectrophotometric determinations of the gross cardenolide content of 60Asclepias viridis plants in northwestern Louisiana indicate a positively skewed variation ranging from 95 to 432 υg/0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 245 υg/0.1 g. Butterflies reared individually on these plants contained a normal cardenolide distribution ranging from 73 to 591 υg/0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 337 υg/0.1 g. The uptake of cardenolide by the butterflies best fit a logarithmic function of the plant concentration. Female monarchs (385 υg/0.l g) contained significantly greater mean cardenolide concentrations than did males (287 υg/0.1 g). No indications of a metabolic cost for either cardenolide ingestion or storage were adduced from size or dry weight data. Thin-layer chromatograms of 24 individual plant-butterfly pairs developed in two solvent systems resolved 21 individual spots in the plants and 15 in the butterflies.A. viridis plants appear to contain several relatively nonpolar cardenolides of the calotropagenin series which are metabolized to the more polar 3'-hydroxy derivatives calactin and calotropin as well as to calotropagenin in the butterflies. The epoxy cardenolides labriformin and labriformidin were absent, although desglucosyrioside (a 3'-hydroxy derivative) appeared present in both plants and butterflies. Quantitative evaluation of theRf values, spot intensities, and probabilities of occurrence in the chloroform-methanol—formamide TLC system produced a cardenolide fingerprint clearly distinct from those previously established for monarchs reared on otherAsclepias species, supporting the use of fingerprints to make ecological predictions concerning larval host-plant utilization.A. viridis is the predominant early spring milkweed throughout most of the south central United States and may be important in providing chemical protection to spring and early summer generation monarchs in the eastern United States.