cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transparent volume imaging

Transparent Volume ImagingSteve WixsonSchoools of Medicine and DentistryDepartment of Computer and Information SciencesUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 352941. ABSTRACTTransparent Volume Imaging began with the stereo xray in 1895 and ended for mostinvestigators when radiation safety concerns eliminated the second view. Today,similiar images can be generated by the computer without safety hazards providingimproved perception and new means of image quantification.A volumetric workstation is under development based on an operational prototype. Theworkstation consists of multiple symbolic and numeric processors, binocular stereocolor display generator with large image memory and liquid crystal shutter, voiceinput and output, a 3D pointer that uses projection lenses so that structures in 3space can be touched directly, 3D hard copy using vectograph and lenticular printing,and presentation facilities using stereo 35mm slide and stereo video tape projection.Volumetric software includes a volume window manager, Mayo Clinic's Analyze programand our Digital Stereo Microscope (DSM) algorithms. The DSM uses stereo xray-likeprojections, rapidly oscillating motion and focal depth cues such that detail can bestudied in the spatial context of the entire set of data. Focal depth cues aregenerated with a lens and apeture algorithm that generates a plane of sharp focus,and multiple stereo pairs each with a different plane of sharp focus are generatedand stored in the large memory for interactive selection using a physical or symbolicdepth selector. More recent work is studying non—linear focussing.Psychophysical studies are underway to understand how people perceive images on avolumetric display and how accurately 3 dimensional structures can be quantitatedfrom these displays.2. BACKGROUNDThe discovery of the xray in 1895 initiated transparent imaging of the body, and thestereo xray, stereo cine4, and stereofluoroscopy2 initiated transparent volumeimaging. The basic concepts described in these first reports were correct. Potsaidprovided a good summary of stereokineradiography79, and not much of conceptualsiguificance has been reported since. During the intervening years, new technologyhas been reported that has led to short lived surges of interest (often parallelledin the entertainment industry). Stereo xray techniques were used extensively untilconcerns about the radiation hazard eliminated the second film, however, isolatedgroups and individuals have kept the technology in continuous use. Tomographictechniques were developed that defocus structures allowing detail in a plane ofinterest to be studied. The current digital radiographic systems by Toshiba andShimadzu support stereo as an option.Early investigators recognized that a transparent volume image provided a uniquemeans for localization and exact measurments2. Dumond in 1932 described a stereo—fluoroscope that formed an image in front of the screen where he could mark theposition of structures with metal rods for later quantification3.
Evidence-based Periodontology

There has been a series of exciting new developments over the past decade in periodontal diagnostics, local and systemic therapeutics (anti-infectives and host modulatory drugs), and tissue engineering devices. Novel therapies entering the clinical arena allow the use of the evidence-based evaluation for the delivery of treatments and diagnostics for patient care. During the past 2 years, the European Academy of Periodontology and the American Academy of Periodontology have held workshops to examine established therapies and emerging concepts and/or technologies. This article will highlight the process used by the European Academy of Periodontology and the American Academy of Periodontology and how the incorporation of systematic reviews for clinical practice are assisting clinicians in the administration of state-of-the-art therapies to diagnose and treat periodontal diseases.
Rapid fabrication of nanoporous membrane arrays and single-pore membranes from parylene C

We report the fabrication of highly ordered arrays of uniformly sized nanopores from polymer vapor deposition and extend this straightforward approach to the production of single-pore membranes. The fabrication protocol for single-pore membranes and porous membrane arrays (PMAs) offers precise control over pore size and can be readily tailored for batch fabrication. PMAs were utilized as templates to construct both epoxy resin and silica micro/nanostructures that replicate pore geometries. As established from silica micro/nanostructures and electron microscopy, pore sizes were tuned from tens of micrometers to as low as ∼100 nm for PMAs and 40 nm for single-pore membranes. Ion transport of redox molecules and non-redox active ions through hydrophobic porous membranes was investigated with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), respectively. In addition, the application of PMAs toward spatial patterning of polystyrene microspheres deposited from a colloidal solution onto the membrane surface was demonstrated. This research identifies a unique strategy in nanopore fabrication. The method described to produce PMAs provides an effective and inexpensive process for production of a well-ordered three-dimensional architecture that typically requires complex instrumentation, elaborate lithographic procedures or lengthy processing techniques.
Reduction of injection variance in flow-injection analysis

In order to achieve maximum sensitivity in flow-injection analysis, sample dispersion must be kept to a minimum. This dispersion process, however, is not well understood. Studies of the dispersion process have concentrated on dispersion within the flow manifold while dispersion due to the injection process has been largely ignored. Here sample injection loops packed with inert glass beads and a Serpentine II (distorted) empty loop were constructed and compared to traditional empty sample loops. Digitization of the response curves and subsequent calculation of the statistical moments were used to compare the contribution of each sample loop type to the total system dispersion. Both packed and Serpentine II sample loops were shown to decrease dispersion and increase throughput in flow-injection systems. Plots of peak variance vs. injection volume show variance increasing 1.67 times faster with traditional open sample loops compared to packed loops. When combined with other peak width minimization techniques, this method should further lower concentration limits of detection.
The Role of Environmental Features in Social Engagement Among Residents Living in Assisted Living Facilities

The objective of this study was to describe how physical and social environmental features of assisted living facilities influence social engagement behaviors of older residents. A secondary objective was to identify the environmental features that were important to residents’ social engagement based on their perspectives. Using a qualitative approach, the authors depicted the environmental features and the social engagement patterns of older residents in two assisted living facilities in urban Saint Louis, Missouri. A stratified sample of 10 participants participated in in-depth interviews and 16 participant observations were conducted. Five physical and social features were identified as factors that influenced residents’ social engagement patterns. Environmental features that supported social engagement appeared to differ according to participant activity level. Findings from this study have the potential to inform design guidelines that will enhance social engagement in future assisted living facilities.
Deregulated Coenzyme A, Loss of Metabolic Flexibility and Diabetes

CoA (coenzyme A) is an essential cofactor that is emerging as a global regulator of energy metabolism. Tissue CoA levels are tightly regulated and vary in response to different conditions including nutritional state and diabetes. Recent studies reveal the ability of this cofactor to control the output of key metabolic pathways. CoA regulation is important for the maintenance of metabolic flexibility and glucose homoeostasis.
Ubiquitin Recognition by the Human TSG101 Protein

The UEV domain of the TSG101 protein functions in both HIV-1 budding and the vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) pathway, where it binds ubiquitylated proteins as they are sorted into vesicles that bud into late endosomal compartments called multivesicular bodies (MVBs). TSG101 UEV-ubiquitin interactions are therefore important for delivery of both substrates and hydrolytic enzymes to lysosomes, which receive proteins via fusion with MVBs. Here, we report the crystal structure of the TSG101 UEV domain in complex with ubiquitin at 2.0 A resolution. TSG101 UEV contacts the Ile44 surface and an adjacent loop of ubiquitin through a highly solvated interface. Mutations that disrupt the interface inhibit MVB sorting, and the structure also explains how the TSG101 UEV can independently bind its ubiquitin and Pro-Thr/Ser-Ala-Pro peptide ligands. Remarkably, comparison with mapping data from other UEV and related E2 proteins indicates that although the different E2/UEV domains share the same structure and have conserved ubiquitin binding activity, they bind through very different interfaces.
Calculation of Discharge Current Waveforms in High Voltage Spark Sources. I. Solution of Constant Parameter Model

Equations are derived for computing the current waveform and instantaneous power dissipation in high voltage spark sources containing a branched waveshaping network. For constant or dual valued circuit parameters, examples of waveform characteristics are presented. Limitations of this constant parameter approach are discussed, and suggestions made for application of the equations for simulating nonlinear source and discharge behavior.
Polarization independent electro-optic intensity modulator

Polarization independent operation has long been recognized as desirable for modulation of optical signals.
An estimation of the demand and supply for physician services using a panel data

Abstract Using the single-equation and simultaneous equations methods, demand and supply for physician services at medical practices are estimated with panel data, which is primarily based on American Medical Association divisional surveys. Fixed effects and no-effects models are employed for estimation of the parameters of the simultaneous equations and their elasticities. The results suggest that the demand is highly income inelastic. However, private insurance and Medicaid raise the rate of utilization. The adverse effect of uninsured is also evident, though it is not as high as private insurance. Evidence also supports the demand inducement hypothesis and points to the rising demand for health care as the U.S. population is aging. The supply function parameters generally demonstrate their expected pattern. It is notable that the malpractice liability premiums exhibit a negligible effect on the supply of office visits.
The predictive value of anginal chest pain as an indicator of coronary disease during exercise testing

Abstract To determine the significance of anginal chest pain during exercise testing, a series of 302 patients undergoing coronary arteriography with exercise testing was reviewed. Of the 302 patients, 85 had ischemic ECG changes and chest pain (Group I); 87 patients had ischemic ECG changes but no chest pain (Group II); 25 patients had chest pain but no ischemic ECG changes (Group III); 105 patients had neither chest pain nor ischemic ECG changes (Group IV). Coronary artery disease was present in 95 per cent of Group I, 75 per cent of Group II, 72 per cent of Group III, and 28 per cent of Group IV. Of those patients with coronary disease, multiple vessels were involved in 94 per cent of Group I, 51 per cent of Group II, 67 per cent of Group III, and 21 per cent of Group IV. The predictive value for presence and extent of coronary disease showed Group I > Groups II and III > Group IV (p
New relaxation phenomena in the outer atomic layers of Fe{211}

Abstract A low-energy electron diffraction analysis of a {211} surface of body-centered cubic iron reveals relaxations in the directions perpendicular and parallel to the surface plane. Both relaxations alternate in successive layers. The perpendicular relaxation goes from contraction of 10.5% to expansion of 5% to contraction of 1%. The parallel relaxation goes from a shift of the first layer of 0.24A (10% of the nearest neighbor distance) toward more symmetrical registration with the second layer, to an opposite shift of 0.035 A of the second layer with respect to the third.
Interstate banking in rural markets: The evidence from the corn belt

Abstract This report studies the causes and effects of interstate expansion into the rural banking markets of the Corn Belt. A logit analysis indicates the prior characteristics attracting out-of-state organizations to specific rural banks include lower loan-to-deposit ratio, greater market share of deposits, and less initial exposure to agricultural lending. Consistent with previous research on the more traditional forms of geographic market expansion, there is as yet no evidence the out-of-state organizations are abandoning local lending or competing unfairly. We do find significant increases in the loan-to-deposit ratios after purchase, due primarily to increases in the non-agricultural loan holdings on the portfolios. The results suggest the possibility the rural affiliates are serving as warehouses for loans originated elsewhere.
THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC MEMBRANES

By the addition of n-butyl bromide to a 1:19 copolymer of 4-vinylpyridine and styrene, water-insoluble, strong polyelectrolytes can be prepared. The addition of a hydrocarbon plasticizer permits the casting of flexible films in which large polycations are immobilized but in which bromide ions (or other small anions) are free to move. Electrical measurements on these membranes showed that they could be represented by a complex admittance: an electrolytic conductance in parallel with a pure A. C. impedance. The latter gives a circular arc when real component is plotted against imaginary. These synthetic membranes thus resemble in their electrical behavior that found by Cole for a variety of biological membranes.
PDS Collaboration as Third Space: An analysis of the quality of learning experiences in a PDS partnership

This article documents the self-study processes and findings of a collaborative research group that examined a professional development school (PDS) partnership. Drawing on the scholarship of self-study of teacher education practices and theoretical perspectives consistent with third space, we conceived our collaborative study group as a learning community aimed at uncovering the complexities of school–university partnerships while seeking new directions for an effective partnership. Data were collected from a variety of sources. Themes were developed based on some identified areas of focus consistent with the group's objectives, which included deciphering the state of our PDS collaboration, our preservice teachers' learning experiences, and insight into faculty as learners in professional relationship. The study revealed that experiential disparity existed within and among faculty and students in various PDS sites as a result of poor communication as well as divergent models of collaboration and philosop...
Statistical-mechanical analysis of self-organization and pattern formation during the development of visual maps

We report a detailed analytical and numerical model study of pattern formation during the development of visual maps, namely, the formation of topographic maps and orientation and ocular dominance columns in the striate cortex. Pattern formation is described by a stimulus-driven Markovian process, the self-organizing feature map. This algorithm generates topologically correct maps between a space of (visual) input signals and an array of formal ``neurons,'' which in our model represents the cortex. We define order parameters that are a function of the set of visual stimuli an animal perceives, and we demonstrate that the formation of orientation and ocular dominance columns is the result of a global instability of the retinoptic projection above a critical value of these order parameters. We characterize the spatial structure of the emerging patterns by power spectra, correlation functions, and Gabor transforms, and we compare model predictions with experimental data obtained from the striate cortex of the macaque monkey with optical imaging. Above the critical value of the order parameters the model predicts a lateral segregation of the striate cortex into (i) binocular regions with linear changes in orientation preference, where iso-orientation slabs run perpendicular to the ocular dominance bands, and (ii) monocular regions with low orientation specificity, which contain the singularities of the orientation map. Some of these predictions have already been verified by experiments.
Magnetic resonance in slowly modulated longitudinal field: Modified shape of the Rabi oscillations

The sensitivity of the Rabi oscillations of a resonantly driven spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ system to a weak and slow modulation of the static longitudinal magnetic field ${B}_{0}$ is studied theoretically. We establish the mapping of a weakly driven two-level system with modulation onto a strongly driven system without modulation. The mapping suggests that different regimes of spin dynamics, known for a strongly driven system, can be realized under common experimental conditions of weak driving (driving field ${B}_{1}\ensuremath{\ll}{B}_{0}$) upon proper choice of the domains of modulation frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{m}$ and amplitude ${B}_{2}$. Fast modulation ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{m}\ensuremath{\gg}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{R}$, where ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{R}$ is the Rabi frequency, emulates the regime of driving frequency much bigger than the resonant frequency. Strong modulation ${B}_{2}\ensuremath{\gg}{B}_{1}$ emulates the regime ${B}_{1}\ensuremath{\gg}{B}_{0}$. Resonant modulation ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{m}\ensuremath{\approx}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{R}$ gives rise to an envelope of the Rabi oscillations. The shape of this envelope is highly sensitive to the detuning of the driving frequency from the resonance. Theoretical predictions for different domains of ${B}_{2}$ and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{m}$ were tested experimentally using NMR of protons in water, where, without modulation, the pattern of Rabi oscillations could be observed over many periods. We present experimental results which reproduce the three predicted modulation regimes, and agree with theory quantitatively.
A Shared Self-Compacting Buffer for Network-On-Chip Systems

In this paper we present a novel shared buffer scheme for systems on chip applications that require an interconnection network. The proposed scheme is based on a dynamically allocated multi queue self-compacting buffer. Two virtual channels shared the same buffer space. This in turn takes advantage of the available space. The proposed scheme outperforms existing approaches. In addition the scheme has similar performance using only half of the buffer size used in other traditional implementations.
Opportunities for Economic and Community Development in Energy and Climate Change

Climate change is an economic development issue, not just an environmental issue. Private businesses have begun to invest heavily in low-carbon technologies, but market imperfections, including uncertainties about new technologies, mean that public dollars will also be required. Billions of public dollars will be available from auctions of emissions allowances for research and development, deploying low-carbon energy technologies, changes in public infrastructure, and adaptation. A distributed approach, with state, local, and federal economic and community development agencies playing important roles, could ensure wiser investments of public resources.
When Do States Follow the Laws of War

The laws of war seek to regulate conduct during wartime. The record of compliance with these treaties is mixed. I explain compliance as the result of publicly accepted and so legally binding agreements that create incentives for the parties to enforce those agreements through reciprocity. Ratification by a democracy is a signal that it intends to abide by the treaty standard; those that ratify are more likely to comply. Ratification does not effect the behavior of nondemocracies, however. Ratification of the relevant treaty by both warring parties strengthens reciprocity. There is a hierarchy of average compliance across issues which matches the scope for violations by individuals on each issue, with greater scope for such violations corresponding to lower levels of compliance.
Energy level structure of 9Be and 9B

Abstract The mirror nuclei 9 Be and 9 B were investigated using various reactions. Using the 7 Li ( 3 He, p) 9 Be reaction, excitation energies and (widths) of 2429.2±1.7( 9 Be(d, d′) 9 Be reaction. Using the 10 B( 3 He, α) 9 B reaction, excitation energies and (widths) of 2361±5(81±5) keV and 2788±30(548±40) keV were measured. Part of the spectrum from this reaction could be interpreted as a level in 9 B near 1.5 MeV with a width of about 0.7 MeV but the evidence is inconclusive. Upper limits are imposed on the intensity of any narrow levels in 9 Be between 3 and 6 MeV in excitation and in 9 B between 4 and 7 MeV in excitation. No indication was found that the 2.43 or 3.06 MeV states in 9 Be are composed of more than one level. The experimentally determined energy level structure of 9 Be is compared with theoretical predictions based on various nuclear models. In addition, a two-parameter analysis was made of the 10 B + 3 He → p + α + 8 Be (g.s.) reaction by observing with solid-state detectors, the proton and alpha particle in coincidence. No evidence was found for an excited state in 9 B, between 3.5 and 9.5 MeV, which decays via a proton to the ground state of 8 Be; however, three excited states in 12 C, at 9.6, 10.8 and 14.1 MeV were found to decay via an alpha particle to the ground state of 8 Be.
Ideological Heterogeneity and Legislative Polarization in the United States

The responsiveness of individual legislators to their constituents creates an indirect electoral connection between the aggregate preferences of citizens and the behavior of legislative parties. In this research, I argue that legislators from moderate districts are the least likely to support their parties and most likely to vote moderately during roll call votes. I also argue that states with low ideological variance among citizens are the most likely to have moderate districts. Thus, states with ideologically heterogeneous populations are more likely to have homogeneous, extreme legislative parties. Using ideal point estimates and measures of party cohesion from state legislative parties, empirical evidence largely supports my expectations.
Early diagenetic phenomena in the fayetteville black shale (mississippian) of Arkansas

Abstract Limited exposures of Fayetteville Shale furnished a remarkable variety of concretions, ten of which are described. The relation of fossils to structures and mineral concentrations in most of these concretions illustrates the significance of organic decomposition and the resultant gases in very early diagenesis. Nucleated precursers of concretions developed during the brief time required for biogenic decomposition of animals or their feces. The burial aspects of small goniatite shells and large conchs of the cephalopod Rayonnoceras may have resulted from the episodic emplacement of large increments of a thixotropic mud. The absence of matrix within collapsed living chambers of Rayonnoceras proves that the carcasses of the animals remained within the shells after burial; instantaneous collapse of the living chambers is postulated following escape of gas and expulsion of the decomposing carcasses, without the opportunity for the introduction of mud.
Quantitating the concentration of Py-Im polyamide-fluorescein conjugates in live cells.

Quantitative fluorescence-based methods have been developed to determine the nuclear concentration of polyamide–fluorescein conjugates in cell culture. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry techniques are utilized to plot calibration curves, from which the nuclear concentration can be interpolated. Upon treatment with polyamide, the concentration in the nucleus of live HeLa cells is calculated to be between 0.1 and 0.5 μM, which is significantly lower than the 2 μM dosage concentration. In contrast, the observed nuclear concentration in U251 cells is closer to the dosage concentration, indicating a cell line-specific increase in uptake for this class of compounds. Although confocal microscopy and flow cytometry generate disparate values, taken together these experiments suggest that the polyamide concentration inside the cell nucleus is lower than it is outside the cell.
Variation-tolerant Computing with Memristive Reservoirs

As feature-size scaling in integrated CMOS circuits further slows down, attention is shifting to computing by non-von Neumann and non-Boolean computing models. In addition, emerging devices are expected to behave in time-dependent non-linear ways, beyond a simple switching behavior, and will exhibit extreme physical variation, heterogeneity and unstructuredness. One solution path to address this challenge is to use a dynamical information processing approach that harnesses the intrinsic dynamics of networks of emerging devices. In this paper we employ an approach inspired by reservoir computing, a machine learning technique, to perform computations with memristive device networks that show variation and unstructuredness. Reservoir computing harnesses the nonlinear transient dynamics of such networks and is thus ideally suited for our memristive devices. We, for the first time, apply the reservoir computing approach to a regular structured reservoir and show, on a simple signal classification problem, that this architecture is highly tolerant towards device variation. Furthermore we prove that, compared to unstructured random reservoirs, regular structured reservoirs lead to better average performance as well as to higher variation tolerance. Based on our results of the signal classification task, we argue that harnessing the intrinsic non-linear and time-dependent properties of memristive device networks has the potential to lead generally to more efficient, cheaper, and more robust nanoscale electronics.
Informed, Passionate, and Disorderly: Uncivil Rhetoric in a New Gilded Age

Little known about the now celebrated 1912 Bread and Roses strike is that prominent Progressive-era reformers condemned the strikers as “uncivil” and “violent.” An examination of Bread and Roses’ controversies reveals how a ruling class enlists middle-class sentiments to oppose social-justice arguments and defend a civil order—not for the good of democracy but against it. For today’s teachers of public writing, the strikers’ inspiring actions to push against civil boundaries and create democratic space can challenge us to rethink civility as an acontextual virtue and consider the class-struggle uses of unruly rhetoric for our new Gilded Age.
Survival, reinnervation, and histochemical maturation of skeletal muscle xenografts in the nude mouse.

Abstract Sensory neurons of rats survive and induce the formation of taste buds in vallate papillae when grafts of rat ganglion and mouse tongue are combined in the anterior chamber of the eyes of the immunologically deficient nude mouse. The present study was undertaken to determine if cross-species neuromuscular reinnervations also occur in grafts to nude mice. The intact extensor digitorum longus muscle was taken from 20-day-old normal rats and transplanted into the site formerly occupied by the excised extensor digitorum longus muscle of nude mice. Rat muscles were placed into an innervated or denervated graft site of nude mice, into an innervated graft site of normal mice, or into an innervated graft site of nude mice immunologically reconstituted by a thymus gland graft. Autotransplantation of the extensor digitorum longus muscle to an innervated graft site was also performed in some nude mice. Many rat muscle fibers survived 60 days in nude mice, became reinnervated, and developed into histochemically defined muscle fiber types. Some rat muscle fibers survived in nude mice in a denervated graft site but these fibers were atrophic and did not form fiber types. All rat muscle fibers were rejected by normal mice or by immunologically reconstituted nude mice. Muscle fibers in autografts of nude mouse muscle also survived, became reinnervated, and formed fiber types. The present demonstration of cross-species neuromuscular reinnervation means that different animals have similar cell recognition mechanisms involved in the formation of a neuromuscular junction and in the neurotrophic induction and maintenance of muscle fiber types. Because it is quite likely that human muscle would survive in the nude mouse, this animal might be useful for elucidating the origin or reversibility of diseased human muscle.
Intravenous administration mode for lead inclusion development in mouse tissues.

Abstract B6CF1 mice were injected with a 80 mg lead (Pb)/kg. One week later, the liver retained about 0.13 mg Pb/g or 9.8 ± 1.5% of the injected dose (ID)/g fresh weight (mean ± SE, n = 4). This level decreased to 3.9 ± 0.6% ID/g (n = 5) after 2 weeks. Intranuclear Pb inclusions averaging 1.6 ± 0.1 μm in diameter (n = 10) were present within parenehymal hepatocytes. Intravenous (i.v.) injections of 2.6 μCi were adequate for autoradiographic localization of Pb deposits within the liver. One week after Pb injection, most tracts were present over endothelial lining cells of the hepatic sinusoids; however, Pb, deposited within intranuclear inclusions of parenehymal hepatocytes was inadequate for tract develop- ment. Therefore, i.v. administration of 80 mg/kg Pb resulted in the formation of inclusions within nuclei of parenchymal hepatocytes of B6CF1 mice.
An ecological approach to cognitive enhancement: Complex motor training

Cognitive training has received a lot of attention recently, yielding findings that can be conflicting and controversial. In this paper, we present a novel approach to cognitive training based on complex motor activities. In a randomized controlled design, participants were assigned to one of three conditions: aerobic exercise, working memory training or designed sport--an intervention specifically tailored to include both physical and cognitive demands. After training for eight weeks, the designed sport group showed the largest gains in all cognitive measures, illustrating the efficacy of complex motor activities to enhance cognition. Designed sport training also revealed impressive health benefits, namely decreased heart rate and blood pressure. In this period of skepticism over the efficacy of computerized cognitive training, we discuss the potential of ecological interventions targeting both cognition and physical fitness, and propose some possible applications.
6-Substituted 3,4-Benzocoumarins: A New Structural Class of Inducers and Inhibitors of CYP1A1-Dependent Activity

Abstract A new synthetic route was utilized to prepare 6-substituted 3 ,4-benzocoumarins where the substituents were iodo, fluoro, trifluoromethyl, bromo, chioro, isopropyl, ethyl, t -butyl, methyl, hydrogen, amino, phenyl, or nitro; 3,4-naphthocoumarin was also synthesized. The relative affinities of these congeners for the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor were determined using rat hepatic cytosol and 2,3,7,8-[ 3 H]tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin ([ 3 H]TCDD) as the radioligand. In addition, the Ah receptor agonist activity of the 6-substituted 3,4-benzocoumarins was determined from their concentration-dependent induction of ethoxyresorufin O -deethylase (EROD) activity. In contrast with many other structural classes of halogenated aromatics, there was not a correlation between the structure-binding versus structure induction relationships for the 6-substituted 3,4-benzocoumarins. These results suggested that some of these congeners may exhibit partial Ah receptor antagonist activities and this was investigated by determining the inhibitory effects of 6-substituted 3,4-benzocoumarins on TCDD-induced EROD activity in rat hepatoma H4II E cells in culture. Only four compounds (6-isopropyl, 6-phenyl, 6-fluoro, and 6- t -butyl) inhibited the TCDD-induced response (21.7 to 64.4% inhibition) and the mechanism of action of the most active inhibitor, 6- t -butyl-3,4-benzocoumarin, was further investigated. In contrast, with other partial Ah receptor antagonists such as α-naphthoflavone, cotreatment of rat hepatoma H4II E cells with 1 nM TCDD plus 1 and 10 μM 6- t -butyl-3,4-benzocoumanin did not result in decreased levels of the Ah receptor complex (liganded with TCDD). In addition, there was not significant inhibition of TCDD-induced CYPlAl mRNA levels or protein as determined by Northern and Western blot analyses. The results suggest that 6- t -butyl-3,4-benzocoumanin or one of its metabolites is a post-translational inhibitor of CYPlAl-dependent enzyme (EROD) activity in this cell line and thus represents a novel Ah receptor-independent inhibition of CYPlAl.
Monolithic interferometric angle sensor.

A high-resolution dynamic angle sensor has been constructed in the form of an equal-path solid fused silica interferometer. This paper describes the design, construction, and experimental evaluation of an angle-sensing interferometer that can resolve angular changes of 0.1 sec of arc over large rotation angles at angular rotation rates of 10°/sec.
Capsule commentary on Chawla et al., Unveiling SEER-CAHPS®: a new data resource for quality of care research.

This article1 introduces us to a new data resource developed by linking data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) and the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS®) of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, as well as longitudinal Medicare data for fee-for-service (FFS) beneficiaries. The CAHPS® captures patient-centered measures that reflect the patients’ experience or “perceived key aspects of their care”,2 rather than satisfaction with care. Key areas include communication with health care professionals, access to care and information, customer service, and coordination of care.3 This endeavor represents a very important step forward, as it greatly augments the utility of the SEER-Medicare database, which is used extensively in cancer-related health services and outcomes research. Despite the usefulness of this data resource, there may be limitations due to small sample size. As reported in the article, the SEER-CAHPS® database includes data for a total of 150,750 Medicare beneficiaries with cancer, 51,288 of whom are FFS beneficiaries and 99,462 of whom are managed care enrollees. The CAHPS® data present a unique opportunity to study and compare various measures of patients’ experience with health care across various subgroups of the population, especially among those with multiple chronic conditions. However, since these individuals can be identified only from claims data, such analyses would have to be limited to FFS beneficiaries, less than 20 % of whom were surveyed before cancer diagnosis. The sample size for patients with the most common cancers (lung, prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer) ranges between 995 and 1,624; thus, it may be somewhat challenging to study associations between patient centeredness of care and quality of cancer care, particularly when accounting for other factors that further contribute to heightened vulnerability (e.g., minority status). On the other hand, the sample sizes are considerably larger for those surveyed after cancer diagnosis, making this database a formidable resource to study quality of care among cancer survivors with multiple chronic conditions, especially given the projected number of cancer survivors at 18.1 million in 2020,4 63 % of whom are expected to be 65 years of age or older.5
Unconventional topology of self peptide-major histocompatibility complex binding by a human autoimmune T cell receptor.

Autoimmune diseases are caused by self-reactive lymphocytes that have escaped deletion. Here we have determined the structure of the trimolecular complex for a T cell receptor (TCR) from a patient with multiple sclerosis that causes autoimmunity in transgenic mice. The structure showed a TCR topology notably different from that of antimicrobial TCRs. Rather than being centered on the peptide–major histocompatibility complex, this TCR contacted only the N-terminal peptide segment and made asymmetrical interactions with the major histocompatibility complex helices. The interaction was dominated by the hypervariable complementarity-determining region 3 loops, indicating that unconventional topologies are possible because of the unique complementarity-determining region 3 sequences created during rearrangement. This topology reduces the interaction surface with peptide and alters the geometry for CD4 association. We propose that unusual TCR-binding properties can permit autoreactive T cells to escape deletion.
Strategies for Teaching ``Mixed'' Computational Linguistics Classes

Many of the computational linguistics classes at Ohio State draw a diverse crowd of students, who bring different levels of preparation to the classroom. In the same classroom, we often get graduate and undergraduate students from Linguistics, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and other departments; teaching the same material to all of these students presents an interesting challenge to the instructor. In this paper, I discuss some of the teaching strategies that I have employed to help integrate students in two classes on automatic speech recognition topics; strategies for a graduate seminar class and a standard "lecture" class are presented. Both courses make use of communal, online activities to facilitate interaction between students.
Abstract C41: MenaINVdysregulation of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling

Mena, an actin regulatory protein, is upregulated in human breast cancer and its expression is associated with increased metastatic progression. An invasion-specific isoform, MenaINV, is upregulated selectively in invasive tumor cells and increases invasion and metastasis by potentiating tumor cell responses to EGF. MenaINV causes dysregulation of the tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B, leading to increased phosphorylation of EGFR and other downstream targets. We investigated whether MenaINV could similarly promote invasion through dysregulation of signaling downstream of other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The behavior of MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells stably expressing MenaINV or the other cannonical, broadly expressed Mena lacking the “INV” exon was measured after growth factor treatment in two migration assays: a 2D protrusion assay on matrigel and collagen coated coverslips and a 3D invasion assay into collagen gels. We found that expression of MenaINV sensitized responses to other EGFR ligands including HB-EGF and amphiregulin. In addition, MenaINV expression enhanced responses mediated by two other RTKs associated with tumor progression, Met and IGFR, both known PTP1B substrates. Cells expressing MenaINV respond to 20-fold lower concentrations HGF and IGF than control cells. However, there was no effect of MenaINV on responses to the ERBB3 ligand neuregulin and the chemokine SDF-1. Recently we reported that Mena can regulate cell motility in fibroblasts via its interaction with α5β1 integrin, which is known to co-traffic with EGFR and other RTKs to regulate invasion in tumor cells expressing mutant p53 or upon inhibition of αvβ3. We asked whether the direct interaction of Mena with α5β1 also contributes to invasion. Disrupting the interaction between the Mena isoforms and α5β1 in MDA-MB-231 cells affected how cells responded to EGF in a 3D collagen gel. In addition, fibroblasts that were null for Mena were unable to respond to a fibronectin gradient in a haptotaxis assay. Overall, these results suggest that the effects of MenaINV on invasion and metastasis could be mediated via different RTKs, as well as through direct interaction with integrins and the extracellular matrix. Experiments are currently underway to investigate how MenaINV regulates signalling downstream of these RTKs and integrins, to understand the molecular mechanism underlying the pro-metastatic effect of MenaINV. Citation Format: Madeleine J. Oudin, Shannon K. Hughes-Alford, Miles Miller, Sreeja B. Asokan, James E. Bear, Doug A. Lauffenburger, Frank B. Gertler. MenaINV dysregulation of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr C41.
Methodological, measurement, and statistical issues in research on sport injury prediction

Abstract In this paper, methodological, measurement and statistical issues regarding research in sport injury prediction are discussed. Particular attention is paid to how future research might be conducted (i.e., research design), the measurement of physical and psychological constructs (e.g., injury, life stress), and different approaches concerning statistical analyses of prospective data. In summary, recommendations concerning future research are offered. including: obtaining multiple measures of predictors across athletic seasons. examining moderitor variables (e.g., social support, playing status). and using prospective research designs.
A higher-order spectro-temporal integration model for predicting signal audibility

A higher-order model to determine audibility of audio signals is presented. Previous models have been energy based (second order) and adequate only for stationary, narrow-band signals. Music, speech and other audio signals are nonstationary and wideband so traditional energy models poorly predict the audibility of these sounds. The predictions from the higher-order model are compared to actual subjective listening tests to show that the higher-order, wide-band technique outperforms previous models.
Beyond the ballot box : a social history of the Boston Irish, 1845-1917

In "Beyond the Ballot Box", Ryan examines the social experience of the Irish in Boston between 1845 and 1917. He discusses their private and institutional responses to poverty, their education in both public and parochial schools, their difficulties in breaking into businesses and other professions, their relationships with other racial and ethnic groups, their leisure activities and their experiences as domestic workers.
Perceived relevance and quality of POM journals: a decade later

Abstract This research is a 10-year update on the rankings of perceived relevance and quality of selected Production and Operations Management (POM) journals that was reported by Barman et al. (1991) [Journal of Operations Management 10 (2), 194–212)]. The results show some changes in the perceptions of journals over the past decade. Some journals are perceived to be extremely relevant to POM research, but not particularly of “high” quality. For other journals, the reverse is true — “high” quality is perceived but the published studies are not considered particularly relevant to POM. The Journal of Operations Management remained atop the relevance rankings and retained its position among the top three journals for quality. The study identifies factors that the respondents say influence their perception of journal quality. Finally, the paper finds some evidence that association with the editorial board of a journal affects one’s perceptions of the quality and relevance of that journal.
Clipped random wave analysis of isometric lamellar microemulsions

We have made small angle neutron scattering studies of C{sub 10}E{sub 4}-D{sub 2}O-octane isometric microemulsions in the lamellar phase at the hydrophile-lipophile balance temperature. The scattering intensity distributions were then analyzed with a particular choice of a spectral density function (SDF) derived by maximization of generalized entropy. The model agrees well with the measured intensities on an absolute scale, and allowed us to derive various length scales associated with the microemulsion mesoscopic structure as well as the average interfacial curvatures. We also used the experimentally determined SDF to generate a three-dimensional snapshot of the fluctuating microemulsion microstructure. Unlike conventional pictures of extended lamellar planes, we observed small domains which were internally lamellar but randomly oriented with respect to each other. Finally, we computed the probability distributions of the mean curvature H and the Gaussian curvature K on the oil-water interface. The former showed a symmetric distribution centered around H = 0, while the latter showed a skewed distribution peaked at a negative value of K, but with a wing extending to positive values. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Small Food Co-ops in a Whole Foods® World

Sociologist Michael A. Haedicke explores the world of organic foods co-ops and examines how these countercultural stores are defending their democratic ideals and practices in an increasingly competitive marketplace.
Clinical evaluation of a bedside ST-segment monitor

The performance of a bedside ST-segment monitor was evaluated on patients in a coronary care unit. The monitor assesses ST segments using dominant normal beats as determined by the monitor's arrhythmia-detection software. Measurements of ST-segment level are averaged over 1-min intervals, stored, and tended graphically. Control ST-segment measurements were made from magnetic-tape recordings of the ECG. The mean difference between the bedside-monitor and control ST measurements was -0.01 mm, with a standard deviation of +or-0.29 mm and a correlation coefficient of 0.90. The monitor accurately trended the ST-segment deviation on a variety of patients over a range of deviation from -2.77 to +3.21 mm. >
Chronic Allograft Nephropathy

With the advent of calcineurin inhibitors, the success of kidney and other solid-organ transplants has improved significantly from the standpoint of reducing the incidence of acute rejection. Over the past 2 decades, both short-term allograft survival and acute rejection rates have dramatically improved with improved diagnostic and therapeutic techniques such as standardized pathology scoring; potent antirejection drugs such as anti–thymocyte globulin, interleukin-2 receptor antibodies, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil; and improved infection control such as valganciclovir and antifungal therapy. However, long-term graft loss has remained at nearly constant levels over the same period of time, with the average half-life of a deceased-donor kidney transplant in the United States remaining approximately 1 decade. In addition to death with a functioning allograft and calcineurin toxicity, a chronic fibrotic process—known at various times as chronic rejection, chronic allograft dysfunction, and chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN)—account for the leading causes of transplant failure.
Projection-based gradient descent training of radial basis function networks

A new radial basis function (RBF) network training procedure that employs a linear projection technique along parameter search is proposed. To be applied simultaneously with the conventional center and/or weight adjustment methods, a gradient descent iteration on the width parameters of RBF units is introduced. The projection mechanism used by the procedure avoids negative width parameters and enables detection of redundant units, which can then be pruned from the network. Proposed training approach is applied to design a feedback neuro-controller for a nonlinear plant to track a desired trajectory.