cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early and late bilingual processing of Spanish gender, morphology and gender congruency

The present study investigates whether advanced proficiency-matched early and late bilinguals display gender agreement processing quantitatively and qualitatively similar to that of native speakers of Spanish. To address this issue, a timed grammaticality judgment task was used to analyze the effects on accuracy and reaction times of grammatical gender, morphology, and gender congruency of the article and adjective within a noun phrase. Overall results indicated no significant statistical differences between the native speakers and the two bilingual groups. Both early and late bilinguals displayed similar grammatical gender knowledge in their underlying grammars. A detailed examination of the congruency effect, however, revealed that the native speakers, not the bilinguals, displayed sensitivity to gender agreement violations. Moreover, the native and heritage speakers pattern together in accuracy and directionality of gender agreement processing: both were less accurate with incongruent articles than with incongruent adjectives, while the second language learners were equally accurate in both agreement domains. Despite having internalized gender in their implicit grammars, the late bilinguals did not show native-like patterns in real time processing. The present findings suggest that, for high proficiency speakers, there is a distinct advantage for early over late bilinguals in achieving native-like gender lexical access and retrieval. Therefore, age of acquisition, in conjunction with learning context, might be the best predictor of native-like gender agreement processing at advanced and near-native proficiency levels.
Radical change: temporal patterns of oxidative stress during social ascent in a dominance hierarchy

Dominant individuals have priority access to mates and resources. However, high rank can be costly too, especially when it is maintained by intense agonistic behavior. Oxidative stress has been proposed as a potential cost of social dominance. However, social dominance hierarchies can be dynamic, and few studies have examined the cost of social dominance when males are changing status. We studied temporal changes in markers of oxidative stress during social ascent in the East African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. After removing the dominant male, males ascended from subordinate to dominant status. On the first day of social ascent, immediately after the dominant male removal, the newly dominant male showed lower levels of plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC). However, we found that liver TAC and liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzymatic antioxidant, were significantly upregulated on day 1 and 2 of social ascent, respectively. No temporal variation in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH-oxidase) activity, blood DNA damage, and liver DNA damage was observed. By day 14, all markers of oxidative stress were similar to those observed in stable dominant males, which had higher levels of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) compared to subordinate males. We conclude that markers of oxidative stress vary dramatically during social ascent in a time- and tissue-dependent manner. Our study provides a more nuanced look at the oxidative cost of social dominance and highlights the importance of considering temporal changes in markers of oxidative stress during important life-history events. High social status gives priority access to resources but also entails costs. Since dominant individuals tend to have higher metabolic rates, oxidative stress could be a potential cost of high social status. Oxidative stress can occur when reactive oxygen species, produced during metabolic activities, cannot be effectively neutralized by antioxidants, leading to oxidative cellular damage. Social hierarchies can be dynamic, yet how the cost of rank varies when males are changing social status is unknown. We allowed subordinate males to ascend to dominant status in the cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. At the beginning of social ascent when males suddenly increase aggressive behavior, the total antioxidant defense was lower in blood plasma, as expected, when males suddenly increase their metabolism during aggressive interactions. However, antioxidant defense was increased in the liver suggesting that males can compensate for the potential cost of becoming dominant. Circulating reactive oxygen metabolites gradually increased over time reaching levels similar to stable dominant males, possibly due to males upregulating their reproductive axis. Our results highlight that markers of oxidative stress can vary dramatically over time during important events in life.
Biden -- National Security, Law and Global Trade: Less Subterfuge and More Strategy in the Era of Crisis.

The primacy purpose of this article is to discuss national security and trade policy of the new Biden administration. First, I will look at the historic and dubious claims of the Trump administration in utilizing national security as a cover for protectionist trade actions, as well as at the federal court cases addressing these claims. I will then assess the cases that have come before the WTO over the last two years, raising for first time the issue of the national security exception under GATT Article XXI. Finally, I conclude that President Biden’s overwhelming priority is to resurrect American democracy and alliances. But he will also need to address a broad range of trade issues and to restrict reliance on national security as a cover for populist and protectionist policies.
The Performance of Large and Small Businesses

The Coronavirus Pandemic has had enormous impact on both large and small businesses in the United States and Worldwide. As COVID-19 spread throughout the United States and worldwide in March of 2020, many countries imposed lockdowns. The lockdowns have had significant impact on many Large and Small Businesses. In this article we will examine the performance of large versus small businesses. We will use annual returns for small and large businesses as a proxy for performance. To obtain annual returns, we will calculate the annual changes in Net Worth. To test whether there are significant differences between the means of Large and Small Business Returns we will conduct single-factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Tests. We will examine Correlations and conduct single and multi-factor regressions. The results show that means of returns of Large Businesses are not statistically different from the means of returns to Small Businesses. We also find that Large Businesses returns are strongly correlated with Small Business Returns. Regression results show that S&P 500 returns, T-Bill returns and 10-year T-Bond returns are not effective at explaining Large or Small Business Returns. However, Large Business Assets and Large Business Liabilities as independent variables significantly explain Large Business Returns. The finding that Large Business Returns are not statistically different from small business returns might seem surprising to some. Future research should examine the determinants of Large and Small Business Assets.
Establishing the exposure-outcome relation between airborne particulate matter and children's health.

With increasing urbanisation, industrialisation and economic growth worldwide, air pollution has emerged as one of the greatest global public health epidemics in the 21st century. The impacts of air pollution on human health are enormous. Globally, nine in ten people breathe air containing high levels of pollutants, and one in nine of the deaths are caused by exposure to air pollution, reaching an annual premature mortality of over seven million.1 Air pollutants comprise a complex mixture of gases and particulate matter (PM), which are directly emitted from natural and anthropogenic sources or are formed in air via a multitude of chemical processes.2 In particular, fine PM (diameter smaller than 2.5 µm or PM2.5) has been unequivocally linked to various adverse human health effects, ranging from aggravated allergies to the development of chronic diseases, to premature death.3 Exposure of vulnerable individuals to air pollution is especially worrisome, such as pregnant women and children.4 5 The morbidity and mortality associated with air pollution for children are relevant to both prenatal and postnatal exposures. For example, epidemiological and animal model studies have revealed that maternal exposure to fine PM results in adverse birth outcomes and postnatal health conditions.5 Specifically, animal model experiments employing ultrafine particles (diameter smaller than 0.1 µm or UFP) have shown that prenatal exposure predisposes offspring to long-term metabolic syndrome and pulmonary immunosuppression, with profound implications for respiratory infection risks.6 7 In this issue, Fang …
Responses and modeling of southern pine beetle and its host pines to climate change

Abstract Southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) is widely regarded as one of the most destructive native pest insects in North and Central America. It is also one of the most studied, with a century long history of research. In this chapter, we review the potential impacts of climate change on southern pine beetle’s distribution, its associated fungi and arthropods, and its host trees. Further, we review past and present modeling efforts with regard to outbreak dynamics and climate change, including directions for future modeling. Our review indicates that southern pine beetle is positively affected by temperature with warmer temperatures enhancing their outbreaks and continued northward range expansion. Fungal and arthropod associates are expected to respond variably to climate change, based on their nature of association and respective climatic threshold levels. We expect that southern pine beetle will continue to have abundant host pine resource. However, tree growth and defensive capabilities may vary based on site conditions, genetics, and management, which may affect insect-plant interactions. Approaches to understanding beetle dynamics have mirrored developments in ecological and entomological research during the 20th and 21st centuries, with studies from individual to landscape scales. Modeling efforts aimed at understanding southern pine beetle dynamics under climate change face considerable challenges. Historical time series data collected at local scales and operational intensities provide an invaluable resource but are difficult to incorporate with climate projections calculated at much broader scales. The myriad forms of uncertainty also have yet to be properly identified and handled. Work that addresses drivers across multiple scales and that can successfully partition uncertainty are urgently needed to better understand the population dynamics of southern pine beetle in a rapidly changing world.
Managing Nematodes In Citrus Orchards

Citrus trees are damaged by several nematode parasites, all but one of which are of limited distribution worldwide. The most economically important species is Tylenchulus semipenetrans by virtue of its presence in all citrus producing regions. The nematode is noteworthy for its intimate association with citrus and the ability of trees to support very large populations before damage becomes evident. Several of the remaining species are among the most damaging parasites in the citrus rhizosphere. This chapter reviews the biology, ecology and economic importance of these nematodes from the standpoint of pest management.
Evaluation of high yielding soybean germplasm under water limitation

Limited information is available for soybean root traits and their plasticity under drought stress. To date, no studies have focused on examining diverse soybean germplasm for regulation of shoot and root response under water limited conditions across varying soil types. In this study, 17 genetically diverse soybean germplasm lines were selected to study root response to water limited conditions in clay (trial 1) and sandy soil (trial 2) in two target environments. Physiological data on shoot traits was measured at multiple crop stages ranging from early vegetative to pod filling. The phenotypic root traits, and biomass accumulation data are collected at pod filling stage. In trial 1, the number of lateral roots and forks were positively correlated with plot yield under water limitation and in trial 2, lateral root thickness was positively correlated with the hill plot yield. Plant Introduction (PI) 578477A and 088444 were found to have higher later root number and forks in clay soil with higher yield under water limitation. In sandy soil, PI458020 was found to have a thicker lateral root system and higher yield under water limitation. The genotypes identified in this study could be used to enhance drought tolerance of elite soybean cultivars through improved root traits specific to target environments.
Chapter 21 Implementing the san destin green engineering principles in the automotive industry

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the implementing the San Destin green engineering principles in the automotive industry. The challenge to implementing the San Destin Principles in manufacturing lies in integrating them into the business decision-making framework. Current financial, accounting, and tax structures limit the recognition of costs and benefits to those that are tangible to the business. The impact of products on air quality, health costs, biodiversity, resource availability—costs and benefits external to the corporation—are outside the scope of today's corporate financial accounting standards. While these external costs are real, it is difficult to find means of including in a financial analysis all the social and environmental costs and benefits of a new product or process. Integrating the San Destin Green Engineering Principles into the product development process requires a means of dealing with these external costs. It requires the development of green business principles.
In-situ and Land-Based Remote Sensing of River Inlets and Their Interaction with Coastal Waters

Abstract : Principal research goals are to characterize the physics which control the river flow across the inlet and the fate of the plume within the coastal ocean. A by-product of the observational program will be the development of sensing capabilities that may have Naval interest.
Explicit building-block multiobjective evolutionary algorithms for NPC problems

This research emphasizes explicit building block (BB) based MOEA performance with detailed symbolic representations. An explicit BB-based MOEA for solving constrained and real-world multiple objective problems (MOPs) is developed, the multiobjective messy genetic algorithm II (MOMGA-II) in order to validate symbolic BB concepts. This algorithm provides insight into solving difficult NP-complete MOPs that are generally not realized through the use of implicit BB-based MOEA approaches. Specific constrained integer problem examples include advanced logistics and modified knapsack problems. A primary focus is on generic repair mechanisms for generating feasible solutions per generation. The insight provided is necessary to increase the effectiveness and efficiency over all possible MOEA approaches.
The Auditor’s Report on Internal Control & Fraud Detection Responsibility: A Comparison of French and U.S. Users’ Perceptions

The AICPA recently finished a harmonization project to converge U.S. audit standards with those of the International Audit and Assurance Standards Board. The assumption implicit in this project is that users of financial statements will benefit from a converged, or consistent set of audit standards. Additionally, the AICPA’s clarified auditing standard AU-C700, Audit Conclusions and Reporting, now requires explicit acknowledgement of the auditor’s responsibility for fraud procedures in the auditor’s report, which is the focus of advisory committees in both the U.S. Department of Treasury and the European Commission. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate how users (U.S. and French) rate a harmonized audit communication. Specifically, we test perceptions of the auditor’s internal control report using the PCAOB’s AS2 report. Results indicate that U.S. and French users rate the report similarly, with no significant differences along dimensions of readability, reliability, and liability. Additionally, we investigate how user perceptions change when evaluating a report that contains wording as to the auditor’s fraud detection responsibility. Results indicate that while U.S. users’ perceptions increase positively when fraud wording is added, French perceptions remain unchanged. Overall, our results suggest that both U.S. and non-U.S. users perceive the information from an auditor’s internal control report the same. However, specific wording changes (like fraud) do not universally increase positive perceptions perhaps because of country-specific legal and regulatory environments.
Closed loop structural control using electrorheological dampers

Electrorheological (ER) dampers are attractive in control applications where external power cannot be guaranteed. ER dampers are inherently nonlinear, and the sign of the damper force is constrained by a passivity condition. Idealizing these nonlinearities and using a Lyapunov-based control synthesis leads to a bang-bang control rule which minimizes the rate at which the energy from the disturbance is transmitted to the structure. This control rule is applicable to linear and nonlinear structural systems. Simulation results of a bilinear hysteretic structure disturbed by earthquake ground motions, and controlled by modulating the electric field in an ER device, illustrate the control performance. The primary effect of the control is to attenuate peak responses in the early seconds of the earthquake.
Reduced-calorie orange juice beverage with plant sterols lowers C-reactive protein concentrations and improves the lipid profile in human volunteers.

Background: Dietary plant sterols effectively reduce LDL cholesterol when incorporated into fat matrices. We showed previously that supplementation with orange juice containing plant sterols (2 g/d) significantly reduced LDL cholesterol. Inflammation is pivotal in atherosclerosis. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), the prototypic marker of inflammation, is a cardiovascular disease risk marker; however, there is a paucity of data on the effect of plant sterols on CRP concentrations. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine whether plant sterols affect CRP concentrations and the lipoprotein profile when incorporated into a reduced-calorie (50 calories/240 mL) orange juice beverage. Design: Seventy-two healthy subjects were randomly assigned to receive a reduced-calorie orange juice beverage either without (Placebo Bev) or with (1 g/240 mL; Sterol Bev) plant sterols twice a day with meals for 8 wk. Fasting blood was obtained at baseline and after 8 wk of Placebo Bev or Sterol Bev supplementation. Results: Sterol Bev supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol (5%; P < 0.01) and LDL cholesterol (9.4%; P < 0.001) compared with both baseline and Placebo Bev (P < 0.05). HDL cholesterol increased significantly with Sterol Bev (P < 0.02). No significant changes in triacylglycerol, glucose, or liver function tests were observed with Sterol Bev. Sterol Bev supplementation resulted in no significant change in vitamin E and carotenoid concentrations. Sterol Bev supplementation resulted in a significant reduction of CRP concentrations compared with baseline and Placebo Bev (median reduction: 12%; P < 0.005). Conclusion: Supplementation with a reduced-calorie orange juice beverage containing plant sterols is effective in reducing CRP and LDL cholesterol and could be incorporated into the dietary portion of therapeutic lifestyle changes.
Human But Not Social Capital is Better Able to Distinguish Between Offending Trajectories in a Sample of Serious Adolescent Hispanic Offenders

Abstract Purpose Both social and human capital have been identified as important and influential sources for success in many different life domains and research shows that investments in the two forms of capital is negatively associated with crime. Three limitations with prior research include the lack of investigation of the capital/crime relationship (1) among serious adolescent offenders, (2) in a longitudinal manner linking capital to offending over time, and (3) within Hispanic samples. Methods The current study uses data from the Pathways to Desistance, a longitudinal study of serious adolescent offenders followed for seven years from mid-adolescence to early adulthood, in order to investigate the extent to which social and human capital are able to distinguish between distinct offending trajectories over seven years. Results Human but not social capital is relevant for distinguishing between offending trajectories, even after controlling for other risk factors, and the combined effect of human and social capital is even more pronounced. Conclusions The acquisition of social but especially human capital is preventive of crime among serious adolescent Hispanic offenders.
Effect of removing the amino-terminal hexapeptide of tropomyosin on the properties of the thin filament.

The role of the amino-terminal region of α-striated muscle tropomyosin has been analyzed by reconstituting thin filaments with a version of the protein lacking the first six amino acids. While Omp T-digested tropomyosin (residues 7−284) does not bind significantly to F-actin at micromolar concentrations, an interaction is induced by skeletal troponin. At a moderate ionic strength (50 mM KCl), the apparent Kd values are 0.26 μM (with EGTA) and 1.6 μM (with Ca2+). At higher neutral salt (140 mM KCl), reconstitution is observed in the micromolar range only at high pCa (Kd = 1.3 μM). However, when chloride is replaced by acetate, the binding isotherms reach saturation under both extremes of Ca2+ [apparent Kd values of 0.32 μM (with EGTA) and 2.6 μM (with Ca2+)]. The induction of binding of truncated tropomyosin to F-actin by troponin is attributable, in part, to troponin-I, but whereas the amino-terminal fragment of troponin-T (N-Tn-T, residues 1−158) enhances the effect of troponin-I in the case of other tro...
Vibrational frequencies of the homoleptic cobalt carbonyls: Co4(CO)12 and Co6(CO)16

The homoleptic cobalt carbonyls Co4(CO)12 and Co6(CO)16 are characterized by their equilibrium geometries, thermochemistry, and vibrational frequencies using density functional theory (DFT) methods with the B3LYP, BLYP, and BP86 functionals. The B3LYP predicted CoCo distances are 2.51 and 2.47 A for the C3v and Td structures, respectively, of Co4(CO)12. The global minimum for Co4(CO)12 has C3v symmetry with three bridging and nine terminal carbonyls. The 2.51 and 2.52 A CoCo distances suggest the single bond required for an 18-electron configuration for the metal atoms. This structure is close to an experimentally realized structure. A more symmetrical Co4(CO)12 structure with Td symmetry, analogous to that observed in the valence isoelectronic Ir4(CO)12 molecule, lies approximately 28 kcal/mol higher in energy and exhibits a small imaginary vibrational frequency ( approximately 40i). It has a slightly shorter CoCo distance of 2.47 A. Both Co4(CO)12 structures satisfy the 18-electron rule. The Co6(CO)16 structure has Td symmetry and satisfies the Wade-Mingos rules for an octahedral cluster. The nu(CO) carbonyl frequencies for both Co4(CO)12 and Co6(CO)16 computed with the BP86 functional are closer to the experimental values than those computed with the B3LYP and BLYP functionals. The structure of Co6(CO)16 is not known experimentally, but the BP86 functional predicts 2.56 A (CoCo), 1.77 and 2.02 A (CoC), and 1.66 and 1.20 A (CO) for the bond distances.
Palladium-based mass tag cell barcoding with a doublet-filtering scheme and single-cell deconvolution algorithm

Mass-tag cell barcoding (MCB) labels individual cell samples with unique combinatorial barcodes, after which they are pooled for processing and measurement as a single multiplexed sample. The MCB method eliminates variability between samples in antibody staining and instrument sensitivity, reduces antibody consumption and shortens instrument measurement time. Here we present an optimized MCB protocol. The use of palladium-based labeling reagents expands the number of measurement channels available for mass cytometry and reduces interference with lanthanide-based antibody measurement. An error-detecting combinatorial barcoding scheme allows cell doublets to be identified and removed from the analysis. A debarcoding algorithm that is single cell-based rather than population-based improves the accuracy and efficiency of sample deconvolution. This debarcoding algorithm has been packaged into software that allows rapid and unbiased sample deconvolution. The MCB procedure takes 3-4 h, not including sample acquisition time of ∼1 h per million cells.
Multilevel modelling for engineering design optimization

Physical systems can be modelled at many levels of approximation. The right model depends on the problem to be solved. In many cases, a combination of models will be more effective than a single model. Our research investigates this idea in the context of engineering design optimization. We present a family of strategies that use multiple models for unconstrained optimization of engineering designs. The strategies are useful when multiple approximations of an objective function can be implemented by compositional modelling techniques. We show how a compositional modelling library can be used to construct a variety of locally calibratable approximation schemes that can be incorporated into the optimization strategies. We analyze the optimization strategies and approximation schemes to formulate and prove sufficient conditions for correctness and convergence. We also report experimental tests of our methods in the domain of sailing yacht design. Our results demonstrate dramatic reductions in the CPU time required for optimization, on the problems we tested, with no significant loss in design quality.
Polybrominated Biphenyl Exposure and Benign Breast Disease in a Cohort of US Women

Abstract PURPOSE: We examined the relation between serum polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) levels and the risk of benign breast disease in a cohort of Michigan women unintentionally exposed to PBBs in 1973 and interviewed in 1997. METHODS: We used extended Cox models to generate adjusted hazard ratios; models included polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and risk factors for benign breast disease reported in the literature. RESULTS: Two hundred fourteen (23%) of 951 women reported benign breast disease diagnosed by a physician. Compared with women with low PBB exposure, benign breast disease was not reported more frequently among those with moderate (>1–12 parts per billion [ppb]), (odds ratio [OR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.80–1.45), or high (>12 ppb), (OR 0.79, 95% CI = 0.46–1.38) PBB exposure. PCB exposure was also not associated with self-reported physician-diagnosed benign breast disease. Age, smoking, and annual number of health-care provider visits were significantly associated with benign breast disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis did not demonstrate an association between serum PBB level and self- reported physician-diagnosed benign breast disease. We did observe an increased risk of benign breast disease for women who smoked, an association that has not been consistently found in previous studies.
P-90: Large Scale Arrays of Microcavity Plasma Devices Based on Encapsulated Al/Al2O3 Electrodes: Device Characteristics as a Plasma Display Pixel and Low Cost Wet Chemical Fabrication Processing

Addressable, large scale arrays of microcavity plasma devices have been fabricated by wet chemical processes. Dielectric encapsulated aluminum microcavity electrodes having cavities with a diameter of 100–200 μm are formed by wet electrochemical process suitable for low cost manufacturing. This presentation reports device structure and cell designs for high pressure Xe microplasmas.
A Cautionary Tale of Damage to the Public Health from Miscommunication and Willful Misunder-standing

Review of : The Panic Virus. A True Story of Medicine, Science and Fear ; Seth Mnookin; (2011). Simon and Schuster, New York, NY. 427 pages.
An ‘almost algebraic’ proof of the spectral theorem for Rn

In this note the existing proofs of the fact that a real, symmetric, nxn matrix A has a real eigenvalue and that there exists an orthonormal basis for R” consisting of eigenvectors of A are reviewed. A proof of this fact is then given which differs from the existing proofs in that it uses no results from the theory of self‐adjoint operators on complex inner product spaces or from analysis. This makes it possible to prove the spectral theorem for R” in introductory linear algebra courses where, heretofore, such a proof has not usually been given.
Bifunctional Theophylline Derivatives and Corresponding Imidazolines

In a study of bifunctional analogs of pharmacodynamically active substances having one functional group, 4,4′-bis(2-methylene-2-imidazoline)-diphenyl ether, a bifunctional analog of Priscoline was reported to reduce a fall in blood pressure. A series of related bis(2-methylene-2-imidazoline-derivatives has been prepared along with several corresponding theophylline derivatives for testing as vaso-depressor agents.
Elastic-plastic large deformation static and dynamic analysis

The problem of formulating and numerically implementing finite element elastic-plastic large deformation analysis is considered. In general, formulations can use different kinematic descriptions and assumptions in the material law, and analysis results can vary by a large amount. In this paper, starting from continuum mechanics principles, two consistent formulations for elastic-plastic large deformation analysis are presented in which either the initial configuration or the current configuration is used for the description of static and kinematic variables. The differences between the formulations are clearly identified and it is established that, depending on the elastic-plastic material description, identical numerical results can be obtained. If, in practice, certain constitutive transformations are not included, the differences in the analysis results are relatively small in large displacement but small strain problems. The formulations have been implemented and representative sample analyses of large deformation response of beams and shells are presented.
A pathway of a hundred genes starts with a single mutant: Isolation of sec1-1

The announcement of the 2013 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine to Randy Schekman, James Rothman, and Thomas Sudhof cited a number of papers, including an article published in 1979 in PNAS describing the isolation and characterization of the first yeast secretory mutant, sec 1–1. This paper, coauthored with Randy Schekman, was also my own very first publication (1). Subsequent events surrounding the Nobel ceremony helped refresh my memories from 35 years ago.
Fault-resistance effect on ground fault current

GROUND FAULT currents may be reduced substantially when fault resistance is included in the fault circuit. The majority of faults that occur on a power system involve ground and occur between conductor and tower. When a fault occurs to a steel tower or grounded wood pole on a grounded system the footing resistance is included automatically in the fault circuit and the resulting ground current may be materially less than that calculated neglecting the fault resistance.
Exploring fusion architecture for a common operational picture

Abstract Every commander's dream is to have a graphic picture of the unfolding battlespace to show the locations and movements of all entities along with extra prompter information. The DoD command concepts have evolved to yield the common operational picture (COP) and four-stage hierarchy of information fusion. We explore an architecture for refining the fusion for building a more accurate picture. It uses a central processing center to fuse tracks from multiple tracking centers with a cognitive approach that associates local tracks with central tracks and refines estimates via our new fuzzy clustering algorithm. A refinement of target identification at the central tracker is based on the local track IDs, which resolves conflicting identities in the local tracks of the same target. Situation assessment (SA) and force threat assessment (TA) are approached using our fuzzy classifier with built-in fuzzy clustering, but these are not fully developed here due to their complexity. We also propose a dual distributed-centralized tracker that establishes central tracks with both fuzzy clustering and an adaptive α–β filter and fuses the resulting tracks.
Phase transitions in the two-doublet model

Abstract First-order phase transitions in the two-doublet electroweak theory are discussed, with reference to our recently proposed mechanism for electroweak baryogenisis. The simultaneous requirements of subduing sphaleron transitions after the electroweak phase transition and satisfying the current experimental lower bound on the Higgs mass do not place excessively severe constraints on the Higgs coupling constants. We also present results on quantities relevant to bubble wall propagation.
Relationship of causative genetic mutations in maple syrup urine disease with their clinical expression

Maple syrup urine disease [MSUD] is a rare inborn error of metabolism inherited as an autosomal recessive trait through mutations in any of three different genes that encode components of the branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase [BCKD] complex. In this work, the genotype of affected individuals was correlated with their clinical histories. These individuals were diagnosed and followed in a single centralized clinic, and their molecular genetic characterization was done by one laboratory. Three individuals had mutant alleles in the gene for the E1alpha component, five had mutations in the gene for E1beta, and three had mutations in the gene for E2. The results emphasize the diversity of the molecular and clinical presentations for individuals with MSUD and support the complexity of diseases termed "single gene traits." Of primary importance is early identification of at risk infants through newborn screening programs to minimize many of the complications associated with this protein intolerance. Attention to abnormal neurological signs in the neonate or evidence of neurological decompensation in older infants and children by a centralized medical management team minimizes permanent brain damage and improves survival.
Hypothalamic Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Helping to Satisfy Axiomatic Requirements for Reproduction

In the absence of universal equations expressing neurobiological findings, the safest theoretical approach for the neuroendocrinologist is to start from axiomatic requirements for biologically adaptive neural mechanisms, in our case for reproduction. From this emerge two themes: the likely importance of interactions between internal (hormonal) and external signals in controlling gene expression relevant to reproductive functions; and, second, the vision of molecular interactions on DNA subserving environmental impacts on reproduction. The first theoretical notion has so far yielded data showing a role for synaptic inputs during the onset of estradiol actions for the hormone's induction of enkephalin mRNA, a finding which parallels earlier behavioral results. As well, noxious somatosensory inputs interact with estrogens and progesterone in their influence on enkephalin gene expression. The second theme led to novel investigations of thyroid influences on reproductive molecular biology and behavior, including the ability of exogenous or endogenous thyroid hormones to reduce female mating responses. Since elevated thyroid hormone levels could signal environmental cold, our experiments offer the possibility of explaining ethological facts at a molecular level. More generally, nuclear hormone receptor interactions on the surface of DNA may offer a new level of neural integration revealed first by hormone effects in neuroendocrine cells.
Exploring regulatory mechanisms of CD8+ T cell contraction

A small fraction of the CD8 T cell effector population that responds to an infection progresses through the contraction phase to the memory stage. The factors regulating the extent of contraction are poorly understood. Competition for limited resources has been widely postulated to be the cause of cell death during the contraction phase, but our data show that competition does not affect contraction kinetics. We go on to demonstrate that all effector cells present at the peak of the response have the potential to become bona fide memory cells, thus excluding selection on the basis of functionality. We propose that the fate of a CD8 effector cell is predetermined before the onset of contraction and discuss possible mechanisms of regulation.
Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins: structural and molecular relationships.

AbstractThe insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are important metabolic and mitogenic factors involved in cell growth and metabolism. IGF-I and -II belong to a family of peptide hormones that include relaxin and insulin, and they share a high degree of structural similarity with proinsulin. They are produced in the liver and multiple other tissues, and are partially growth hormone dependent. These peptides interact with specific high affinity receptors, designated as type I and type II IGF receptors, as well as with the insulin receptor. IGFs have direct effects on somatic growth and on the proliferation of many tissues and cell types, both in vivo and in vitro. IGF-I is currently thought to be the main mediator of the growth promoting actions of human growth hormone and IGFs also have a profound effect on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, distinct from that of insulin. A recently recognized class of proteins which have high affinity and specificity for the IGFs, the IGF binding proteins (designated as IG...
Using energy scenarios to explore alternative energy pathways in California

This paper develops and analyzes four energy scenarios for California that are both exploratory and quantitative. The business-as-usual scenario represents a pathway guided by outcomes and expectations emerging from California's energy crisis. Three alternative scenarios represent contexts where clean energy plays a greater role in California's energy system: Split Public is driven by local and individual activities; Golden State gives importance to integrated state planning; Patriotic Energy represents a national drive to increase energy independence. Future energy consumption, composition of electricity generation, energy diversity, and greenhouse gas emissions are analyzed for each scenario through 2035. Energy savings, renewable energy, and transportation activities are identified as promising opportunities for achieving alternative energy pathways in California. A combined approach that brings together individual and community activities with state and national policies leads to the largest energy savings, increases in energy diversity, and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Critical challenges in California's energy pathway over the next decades identified by the scenario analysis include dominance of the transportation sector, dependence on fossil fuels, emissions of greenhouse gases, accounting for electricity imports, and diversity of the electricity sector. The paper concludes with a set of policy lessons revealed from the California energy scenarios.
Biologically-Inspired Bodies Under Surface Waves—Part 1: Load Measurements

Measurements have been carried out in a tow tank on cylindrical bodies submerged in proximity of traveling surface waves. Two bodies are considered: a reference plain cylinder and another cylinder containing a pair of wings (or hydrofoils) below the cylinder, not above. The latter body owes its origin to certain species of fish which has small wings for maneuverability. The wavelength of the surface waves (λ) is of the order of the cylinder length (L) or higher (1 < λ/L < 10). Temporal measurements of axial and vertical forces and pitching moments, phase matched to the surface elevation of traveling waves, have been carried out. The time periods of the waves and depth of water pertain to deep water and intermediate depth waves. The forces and moments exhibit characteristic phase relationship with water elevation. Towing affects only vertical forces in the speed range of 0 to 1 m/s. The effect of towing and surface waves on vertical forces is roughly additive. Within the low speed range of towing evaluated, the effects of surface waves dominate those of towing. The presence of the hydrofoil and intermediate depth waves bring in some additional effects which are not well understood. In intermediate depth waves, a small plain cylinder may encounter a resonance with traveling waves which can be averted by attaching a pair of small wings to dampen pitching moment and make it speed invariant, although at a cost of increased vertical forces.
Ontogeny of light-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus

Light induction of Fos within the Syrian hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) occurred first at postnatal day 4. The number of cells with light-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) per unit volume of SCN increased with age. Blinding experiments were used to demonstrate that the eye, though possessing an immature retina, appears to be necessary for light induction of Fos. In neonatal hamsters, environmental cycles (e.g., light and darkness) may be able to reinforce the effect of maternal melatonin in synchronizing the pup's clock.
Corotational Model for Cyclic Analysis of Light-Frame Wood Shear Walls and Diaphragms

AbstractThis paper presents a new two-dimensional shear-wall and diaphragm model developed as part of a Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) Project entitled NEES-Soft: Seismic Risk Reduction for Soft-Story Woodframe Buildings. A large portion of the older multistory buildings in the California region were constructed with a deficiency that makes them vulnerable to collapse in the first story during earthquakes. This deficiency is referred to as soft-story. The new model presented in this paper was developed using a corotational formulation, which makes it suitable for modeling the side-sway collapse of wood shear walls under large displacement as well as estimating the in-plane stiffness of floor diaphragms. To achieve high computational efficiency, a nodal condensation technique is used to eliminate the degrees of freedom (DOFs) associated with the nail connections from the global DOFs of the model. To verify the validity of the new model, the model was coded into a computer program and ...
Using Latent Root Regression to Identify Nonpredictive Collinearity in Statistical Appraisal Models

The objective of this study is to examine the potential benefits of using latent root regression techniques to improve the stability of appraisal coefficients (hedonic prices) over time. Another related objective is to more clearly identify the nature and implications of collinearity present in most appraisal models. The results indicate that the majority of the collinearity present in the data is of a predictive nature, hence latent root techniques will likely show little or no improvement over OLS models.
Copper ions disrupt dopamine metabolism via inhibition of V‐H+‐ATPase: a possible contributing factor to neurotoxicity

The involvement of copper in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration has been well documented but is not fully understood. Commonly, the effects are attributed to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production due to inherent redox properties of copper ions. Here we show copper can have physiological effects distinct from direct ROS production. First, we show that extragranular free copper inhibits the vesicular H(+)-ATPase of resealed chromaffin granule ghosts. Extragranular ascorbate potentiates this inhibition. The inhibition is mixed type with K(is) = 6.8 +/- 2.8 micromol/L and K(ii) = 3.8 +/- 0.6 micromol/L, with respect to ATP. Second, extracellular copper causes an inhibition of the generation of a pH-gradient and rapid dissipation of pre-generated pH and catecholamine gradients. Copper chelators and the ss-amyloid peptide 1-42 were found to effectively prevent the inhibition. The inhibition is reversible and time-independent suggesting the effects of extracellular copper on H(+)-ATPase is direct, and not due to ROS. The physiological significance of these observations was shown by the demonstration that extracellular copper causes a dramatic perturbation of dopamine metabolism in SH-SY5Y cells. Thus, we propose that the direct inhibition of the vesicular H(+)-ATPase may also contribute to the neurotoxic effects of copper.
Shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity behavior in tetragonal zirconia polycrystals: A phase field study

Abstract Martensitic tetragonal-to-monoclinic transformation in zirconia is a “double-edged sword”, enabling transformation toughening or shape memory effects in favorable cases, but also cracks and phase degradation in undesirable scenarios. In stressed polycrystals, the transformation can burst from grain to grain, enabling stress field shielding and toughening in an autocatalysis fashion. This transformation strain can be recovered by an adequate thermal cycle at low temperatures (when monoclinic is stable) to provide a shape memory effect, or by unloading at higher temperatures (when tetragonal is stable) to provide pseudoelasticity. We capture the details of these processes by mining the associated microstructural evolutions through the phase field method. The model is both stress and temperature dependent, and incorporates inhomogeneous and anisotropic elasticity. Results of simulations show an ability to capture the effects of both forward (T → M) and reverse (M → T) transformation under certain boundary conditions.
Characterization of suppressor cells involved in regulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

This report describes studies carried out in an effort to identify the suppressor cells involved in the regulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the Lewis rat. Viable lymph node cells (LNC) from donors rendered tolerant to clinical EAE by pretreatment with myelin basic protein antigen in nonencephalitogenic form are capable of transferring unresponsiveness to syngeneic recipients. Adoptive transfer of unresponsiveness was abrogated if LNC were treated in vitro with anti-thymocyte serum and complement. In further experiments, it was shown that suppressor cells are among the LNC subpopulations that do not adhere to glass wool. These findings suggest that the immunoregulatory cells in EAE are suppressor T lymphocytes.
Network market design part II: spectrum markets

Market-based approaches have promising potential for allocating network resources. Part I of this article introduced the game theoretic underpinnings of market design and argued for the need to jointly consider market design with the underlying engineering issues in communication networks. Example research questions in this area were reviewed for wireline networks. In this part, we turn to network market design for wireless systems and in particular for the flexible sharing of wireless spectrum. We use this as a vehicle for discussing challenges that arise in the design of markets in the presence of externalities.