cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mentoring: then and now.

Few endeavors are more important in academic life than mentoring. It has proven worth because it increases faculty productivity, retention and promotion and also provides demonstrable value to the institution. It is likely that is has miserable work. I had become intrigued with medicine and research after reading Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis, so I enrolled in a biochemistry course. A young assistant professor named Paul Melius made the course interesting and, because I did well, he gave me a job washing glassware in his research laboratory. Conversations about biology and research led me to firmly decide on a career in medicine. Thus, this influential teacher had a critical impact on my career choices. I left Auburn for Birmingham seeking a summer job before medical school. I would like to say that this was a well-conceived intellectual decision, but in fact I was following a young woman I met in college who had a new equal value to those who leave the academic health center for the private sector, although that is less well documented. Mentoring has changed drastically in the 50 years I have been in academic medicine. When I was a progressing from student to faculty member, mentoring was almost universally practiced, but was not publically discussed. From my perspective, there was a period from about 1980 to 2000 when mentoring ceased being part of the academic mission, although some departments, divisions, and individuals never wavered in their dedication to this important process. In the past 10 years, there has been a resurgence and “institutionalization” of mentoring and this promises important dividends for faculty and institutions. In this personal perspective, I hope to illustrate what mentoring and faculty development was in the 1950s through the 1970s, and what it has become in the past decade. I illustrate the differences between mentors, critical career advisors, and influential teachers/role models. I direct the reader to useful, recent information about mentoring/career development and share my own perspective.
Viscoelastic Properties of Human MCL in the Transverse Direction

Ligament viscoelasticity is an important determinant of tissue response to rapid loading and potential for injury, and may also play a role in tissue nutrition via fluid movement during loading/unloading. Because ligaments are anisotropic multiphase structures, it is likely that their viscoelastic response is direction-dependent. Previous efforts to describe ligament viscoelasticity have either reported experimental data without theoretical interpretation (e.g., [1]), or assumed a particular form for the viscoelastic response a priori [2–4]. Small sinusoidal perturbations about an equilibrium strain value allow application of linear viscoelasticity theory for determination of storage modulus (dynamic stiffness) and loss modulus (phase, or damping) as a function of frequency and equilibrium strain level. With these data, one can assess the appropriateness of different viscoelastic and/or poroelastic models to describe time- and rate-dependent constitutive behavior.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Internal Fixation in Osteoporotic Bone

Yuehuei H. An, editor. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers; 2002. 375 pages. $129.00. It has been well established that (1) the world's population is aging, (2) osteoporosis is primarily a condition of the elderly, and (3) fractures occur more common in the elderly, in whom osteoporosis or bone fragility is an important factor. Given these facts, a textbook devoted to internal fixation in osteoporotic bone would be a welcome addition to the literature. Internal Fixation in Osteoporotic Bone, edited by Yuehuei H. An, MD, with seventy-eight contributing authors, fulfills this need. Unlike other textbooks that have focused on fractures in the elderly, this text focuses primarily on methods of fixation in osteoporotic bone. …
Chromosomes in autism and related pervasive developmental disorders: a cytogenetic study

Few studies have examined the occurrence of chromosome abnormalities in a large sample of patients with autism and related pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs). In the present report, the authors examined a consecutive series of 92 children with PDDs (DSM-III-R; 75 males and 17 females). A cytogenetic examination, including growth in folate deficient medium, was performed in all cases. Three patients (3.2%) (two females and one male) showed chromosome abnormalities: deletion of the long arm of chromosome 8; tetrasomy of chromosome 15; and XYY syndrome. Only the subject who had tetrasomy 15 met the criteria for autistic disorder, while the other were diagnosed as suffering from a PDD not otherwise specified (PDDNOS). Another patient showed an abnormal fragile site at Xq27 in three out of 100 cells. However, subsequent molecular studies did not confirm the presence of fragile-X syndrome. These results suggest that chromosome abnormalities are uncommon in traditional autism and may be relatively more common in people with PDDNOS.
HUMAN ORIGINS AND THE BIBLE

Abstract The ongoing debate surrounding human origins and the Bible is based on interpretations of various sections of the Bible, particularly Genesis 1–3, which are believed by some to contradict some of the tenets of the modern scientific consensus (e.g., common descent of diversification of species through change over time from a common ancestor, polygenism). This paper suggests that an interpretation of Genesis 2–3 in light of a close reading of the Hebrew text and the recognition of its ancient Near Eastern context demonstrates that the scientific consensus need not be in conflict with sound biblical interpretation.
Early rehabilitative care in community hospitals: effect on quality of survivorship following a stroke.

The effect of early institution of rehabilitative care on quality of survivorship was investigated in 483 patients with their first cerebral infarction. Impaired consciousness at onset adversely affects survivorship and recovery of motor strength. Early institution of rehabilitation was associated with reduced mortality and improved quality of survivorship regardless of severity of the illness, age, or presence of associated diseases.
Introduction to Energy: Resources, Technology, and Society

Introduction to Energy: Resources, Technology, and Society, Edward S. Cassedy and Peter Z. Grossman, 1998, Cambridge University Press, New York, 427 p. (Hardcover $80.00) ISBN: 0-521-63106-8; (Softcover $34.95) ISBN: 0-521-63767-8. As its name implies, Introduction to Energy: Resources, Technology, and Society explores the complex topic of energy from a multi-faceted standpoint. The authors address a variety of energy-related issues, including such timely topics as resource depletion, pollution, and global warming, in a non-technical text that is clearly aimed at a broad readership. The book covers a wide range of topics and is divided into three sections. In the first section, basic issues connected with energy resources and energy demand are covered. Basic principles of thermal conversion also are addressed here, primarily because the overwhelming majority of our energy is derived from thermal processes. In the latter two sections, specific energy technologies, and the important issues surrounding them, are explored. The book also contains a set of three appendices that provide additional scientific detail about topics discussed in the text. The book begins by pointing out that energy issues are rarely, if ever, strictly technological. On the contrary, the authors correctly point out that any analysis of energy issues must be viewed in a broader context that includes social, political, and philosophical factors. The Arab oil embargo of 1973 is used as a pointed example. Because of the embargo, which was motivated by politics and economics (not technology), oil prices rose from $3 a barrel to more than $30 a barrel by the end of the 1970's. For the first time since World War II, Americans, who had grown accustomed to cheap, abundant energy, waited in lines to purchase gasoline. This was America's “wake-up call.” People suddenly realized just how much energy they consumed, and just how much of that energy …
Malignant Melanoma Presenting as Obstructive Jaundice Secondary to Metastasis to the Ampulla of Vater

Context Malignant melanoma commonly metastasizes to the small intestine where it can cause pain, bleeding, and obstruction. However, jaundice from metastatic melanoma is relatively uncommon. Case report A case of known malignant melanoma presenting as new onset obstructive jaundice as a result of a rarely reported metastasis to the ampulla of Vater. Conclusion Multidisciplinary management of patients with metastatic melanoma is essential. Image: Images from the ERCP demonstrate a large, irregular, friable, soft mass at the ampulla.
Fractional bivariate exponential estimator for long-range dependent random field

Abstract Estimating long-range dependence parameter of a random field, which provides a measure for the extent of long-range dependence, is a challenging problem. Fractional Bivariate EXponential (FBEXP) estimator is proposed for long-range dependence parameter estimation in random fields observed on a regular lattice. FBEXP is a generalized version of the commonly used FEXP estimator in time series. FBEXP estimator belongs to the class of broadband semiparametric estimators, which makes it free from the optimal bandwidth selection problem, present in other semiparametric estimators. The behavior of FBEXP estimator depends on the model order of bivariate exponential model. Three data-driven model order selection criteria are introduced to serve as a guide in appropriate choice of model order for efficient estimation of long-range dependence using FBEXP. The finite sample performance of the FBEXP estimator and model order selection criteria are illustrated via simulation study. FBEXP estimator provides an efficient estimate for the long-range dependence parameter, especially when the spectral density is sufficiently smooth everywhere except at the points of singularities. Total column ozone amounts in Europe and Mediterranean region illustrate the applicability of FBEXP estimator in providing efficient estimates for direction specific long-range dependence parameters and the spectral density of the process.
Correcting field-dependent aberrations with nanoscale accuracy in three-dimensional single-molecule localization microscopy

The localization of single fluorescent molecules enables the imaging of molecular structure and dynamics with subdiffraction precision and can be extended to three dimensions using point spread function (PSF) engineering. However, the nanoscale accuracy of localization throughout a 3D single-molecule microscope's field of view has not yet been rigorously examined. By using regularly spaced subdiffraction apertures filled with fluorescent dyes, we reveal field-dependent aberrations as large as 50-100 nm and show that they can be corrected to less than 25 nm over an extended 3D focal volume. We demonstrate the applicability of this technique for two engineered PSFs, the double-helix PSF and the astigmatic PSF. We expect these results to be broadly applicable to 3D single-molecule tracking and superresolution methods demanding high accuracy.
Galactose-1 phosphate uridylyltransferase (GalT) gene: A novel positive regulator of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in mouse fibroblasts.

The vital importance of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism has been repeatedly demonstrated by various uni-/multicellular model organisms, as well human patients who have inherited deficiencies of the key GAL enzymes. Yet, other than the obvious links to the glycolytic pathway and glycan biosynthetic pathways, little is known about how this metabolic pathway interacts with the rest of the metabolic and signaling networks. In this study, we compared the growth and the expression levels of the key components of the PI3K/Akt growth signaling pathway in primary fibroblasts derived from normal and galactose-1 phosphate uridylyltransferase (GalT)-deficient mice, the latter exhibited a subfertility phenotype in adult females and growth restriction in both sexes. The growth potential and the protein levels of the pAkt(Thr308), pAkt(Ser473), pan-Akt, pPdk1, and Hsp90 proteins were significantly reduced by 62.5%, 60.3%, 66%, 66%, and 50%, respectively in the GalT-deficient cells. Reduced expression of phosphorylated Akt proteins in the mutant cells led to diminished phosphorylation of Gsk-3β (-74%). Protein expression of BiP and pPten were 276% and 176% higher respectively in cells with GalT-deficiency. Of the 24 genes interrogated using QIAGEN RT(2) Profiler PCR Custom Arrays, the mRNA abundance of Akt1, Pdpk1, Hsp90aa1 and Pi3kca genes were significantly reduced at least 2.03-, 1.37-, 2.45-, and 1.78-fold respectively in mutant fibroblasts. Both serum-fasted normal and GalT-deficient cells responded to Igf-1-induced activation of Akt phosphorylation at +15 min, but the mutant cells have lower phosphorylation levels. The steady-state protein abundance of Igf-1 receptor was also significantly reduced in mutant cells. Our results thus demonstrated that GalT deficiency can effect down-regulation of the PI3K/Akt growth signaling pathway in mouse fibroblasts through distinct mechanisms targeting both gene and protein expression levels.
Academy of Management Journal Editors' Forum on Citations Editor's Foreword

This article presents an introduction to this issue by the editor, which deals with the use of citations in management literature.
Cerebral Aneurysms with Intrasellar Extension

Sellar region aneurysms comprise a diverse group of cerebral aneurysms and may mimic the presentation of a cystic pituitary mass (cystic adenoma, craniopharyngioma, Rathke cleft cyst).
The effects of physical activity on impulsive choice: Influence of sensitivity to reinforcement amount and delay

Impulsive choice is a diagnostic feature and/or complicating factor for several psychological disorders and may be examined in the laboratory using delay-discounting procedures. Recent investigators have proposed using quantitative measures of analysis to examine the behavioral processes contributing to impulsive choice. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of physical activity (i.e., wheel running) on impulsive choice in a single-response, discrete-trial procedure using two quantitative methods of analysis. To this end, rats were assigned to physical activity or sedentary groups and trained to respond in a delay-discounting procedure. In this procedure, one lever always produced one food pellet immediately, whereas a second lever produced three food pellets after a 0, 10, 20, 40, or 80-s delay. Estimates of sensitivity to reinforcement amount and sensitivity to reinforcement delay were determined using (1) a simple linear analysis and (2) an analysis of logarithmically transformed response ratios. Both analyses revealed that physical activity decreased sensitivity to reinforcement amount and sensitivity to reinforcement delay. These findings indicate that (1) physical activity has significant but functionally opposing effects on the behavioral processes that contribute to impulsive choice and (2) both quantitative methods of analysis are appropriate for use in single-response, discrete-trial procedures.
Study of cerium diffusion in undoped lithium-6 enriched glass with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry ☆

Abstract Undoped lithium-6 enriched glasses coated with pure cerium (99.9%) with a gold protection layer on top were heated at three different temperatures (500, 550, and 600 °C) for varied durations (1, 2, and 4 h). Diffusion profiles of cerium in such glasses were obtained with the conventional Rutherford backscattering technique. Through fitting the diffusion profiles with the thin-film solution of Fick’s second law, diffusion coefficients of cerium with different annealing temperatures and durations were solved. Then, the activation energy of cerium for the diffusion process in the studied glasses was found to be 114 kJ/mol with the Arrhenius equation.
Epidemiology Analysis of Bacillary Dysentery in Yichang City During 1997—2008

OBJECTIVES In order to grasp the characteristic of epidemiology in acillary dysentery of Yichang City from 1997 to 2008 find out a scientific basis for a measure of prevention. METHODS Carries on the time series,the age sex distribution and the occupation distribution analysis to the Yichang 1997 to 2008 year bacillary dysentery patients. RESULTS The highest time of morbidity was May to October in a year and the peak period is September to October,Yichang City. The highest age of morbidity was the children from 0～2 and the people from 10～44,the male patient was more than female. The more incidence was in Scattered children,farmers and students. CONCLUSIONS The clinical bacillary dysentery with high morbidity,people involved in relatively wide and can easily result in a regional pandemic. Therefore should be carried out extensive dissemination of knowledge on prevention and treatment of bacillary dysentery.
Discussion of Mechanism Innovation of the Personnel System Reform for Cadres

The reform of personnel system for cadres in China has been launched gradually and has made great progress and obtained good experience.Meanwhile,there are Many problems.We should innovate the mechanism of cadre selection and appointment from such aspects as "selection,withdrawal,training,as well as supervision and management" so as to solve the existing problems and develop a new mechanism with life and vigor.
Automatic Differentiation Fundamental and Program

In order to obtain a high effective calculating tool of numerical differentiation,according to the fundamental of automatic differentiation,an automatic differentiation computing module—MADF(Module of Automatic Differentiation with Function) is programmed with Fortran90 language in which a new variable type—ADF(Automatic Differentiation with Function) is defined,and the overloading mechanism of operators and functions is provided according to the differentiation rule. With this method,the derivative of long cylindrical high pressure container's stress respects to loads and material specific property is calculated,the result is equivalaent to analytic value.
Pitch pattern variations in three regional varieties of American English

This acoustic study explored dialect effects on realization of nuclear pitch accents in three regional varieties of American English spoken in central Ohio, southeastern Wisconsin and western North Carolina. Fundamental frequency (f0) change from vowel onset to offset in the most prominent syllable in a sentence was examined along four parameters: maximum f0 change, relative location of f0 maximum, f0 offset and f0 fall from maximum to offset. A robust finding was that the f0 contours in the Southern (North Carolina) variants were significantly distinct from the two Midwestern varieties whose contours did not differ significantly from one another. The Southern vowels had an earlier f0 rise, a greater f0 fall and a lower f0 offset than either Ohio or Wisconsin vowels. There was a sharper f0 drop preceding a voiceless than a voiced syllable coda. No significant dialect-related differences were found for flat f0 contours in unstressed vowels, which were also examined in the study. This study contributes the finding that dynamic variations in pitch are greater for vowels which also exhibit a greater amount of spectral dynamics. The interaction of these two sets of cues contributes to the melodic component associated with a specific regional accent.
Preschool Teachers' Use of Praise in General, At-Risk, and Special Education Classrooms.

Teacher praise is an effective strategy that decreases preschool students’ disruptive behavior. It is well established that school-aged students with behavior problems receive fewer teacher praises than their peers; however, it is unclear whether these findings are consistent among preschool students. The purpose of this study was to collect praise frequency data in general, at-risk, and special education classrooms. Over 10 hours of direct observation data were used to examine six preschool teachers’ natural use of praise. Teachers’ use of praise was not statistically different based on classroom type; however, special education teachers used twice as many praises compared to general education and at-risk teachers. Teachers used more general praise compared to behavior-specific praise, which was statistically significant. Finally, teachers delivered more praise to individual and large groups of students compared to small groups of students, which was also statistically significant. Future directions and implications for using praise to prevent behavior problems among preschool students are offered.
On the Impossibility of Sender-Deniable Public Key Encryption.

The primitive of deniable encryption was first introduced by Canetti et al. (CRYPTO, 1997). Deniable encryption is a regular public key encryption scheme with the added feature that after running the protocol honestly and transmitting a message m, both Sender and Receiver may produce random coins showing that the transmitted ciphertext was an encryption of any message m′ in the message space. Deniable encryption is a key tool for constructing incoercible protocols, since it allows a party to send one message and later provide apparent evidence to a coercer that a different message was sent. In addition, deniable encryption may be used to obtain adaptively-secure multiparty computation (MPC) protocols and is secure under selective-opening attacks. Different flavors such as sender-deniable and receiver-deniable encryption, where only the Sender or Receiver can produce fake random coins, have been considered. Recently, several open questions regarding the feasibility of deniable encryption have been resolved (c.f. (O’Neill et al., CRYPTO, 2011), (Bendlin et al., ASIACRYPT, 2011)). A fundamental remaining open question is whether it is possible to construct sender-deniable Encryption Schemes with super-polynomial security, where an adversary has negligible advantage in distinguishing real and fake openings. The primitive of simulatable public key encryption (PKE), introduced by Damgard and Nielsen (CRYPTO, 2000), is a public key encryption scheme with additional properties that allow oblivious sampling of public keys and ciphertexts. It is one of the low-level primitives used to construct adaptively-secure MPC protocols and was used by O’Neill et al. in their construction of bi-deniable encryption in the multi-distributional model (CRYPTO, 2011). Moreover, the original construction of sender-deniable encryption with polynomial security given by Canetti et al. can be instantiated with simulatable PKE. Thus, a natural question to ask is whether it is possible to construct sender-deniable encryption with super-polynomial security from simulatable PKE. In this work, we investigate the possibility of constructing sender-deniable public key encryption from the primitive of simulatable PKE in a black-box manner. We show that, in fact, there is no black-box construction of senderdeniable encryption with super-polynomial security from simulatable PKE. This indicates that the original construction of sender-deniable public key encryption given by Canetti et al. is in some sense optimal, since improving on it will require the use of non-black-box techniques, stronger underlying assumptions or interaction.
Belatacept for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in kidney transplant patients: an evidence-based review of its place in therapy.

Background Belatacept is a novel immunosuppressive therapy designed to improve clinical outcomes associated with kidney transplant recipients while minimizing use of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs). Methods We searched for clinical trials related to administration of belatacept to kidney transplant patients compared to various immunosuppression regimens, as well as for studies that utilized data from belatacept trials to validate new surrogate measures. The purpose of this review is to consolidate the published evidence of belatacept's effectiveness and safety in renal transplant recipients to better elucidate its place in clinical practice. Results Analysis of the results from the Belatacept Evaluation of Nephroprotection and Effi-cacy as First-Line Immunosuppressive Trial (BENEFIT) study, a de novo trial that compared cyclosporine (CsA)-based therapy to belatacept-based therapy in standard criteria donors, found a significant difference in mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 13-15 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and 23-27 mL/min/1.73 m(2) at 1 year and 7 years, respectively. The BENEFIT-EXT study was similarly designed with the exception that it included extended criteria donors. Renal function improved significantly for the more intensive belatacept group in all years of the BENEFIT-EXT study; however, it was not significant in the less intensive group until 5 years after transplant. Belatacept regimens resulted in lower blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and incidence of new-onset diabetes after transplant compared to CsA-based regimens. Results from conversion of CNIs to belatacept therapy, dual therapy of belatacept with sirolimus, and belatacept with corticosteroid avoidance therapy are also included in this article. Conclusion The evidence reviewed in this article suggests that belatacept is an effective alternative in kidney transplant recipients. Compared to CNI-based therapy, belatacept-based therapy results in superior renal function and similar rates of allograft survival. In terms of safety, belatacept was shown to have lower incidence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes; however, incidence of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder and the cost of belatacept may hinder use of this medication.
A cytokine-selective defect in interleukin-1β-mediated acute phase gene expression in a subclone of the human hepatoma cell line (HEPG2)

Abstract Several well-differentiated human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B) have been used to identify factors which regulate hepatic gene expression during the host response to inflammation/tissue injury (acute phase response). Studies in these cell lines, as well as in primary cultures of rat, rabbit, and mouse hepatocytes, have demonstrated that interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), and interferon-beta 2 (IFN-beta 2) each mediate changes in expression of several hepatic acute phase genes. In this study we identify a subclone of the HepG2 cell line in which there is a selective defect in IL-1 beta-mediated acute phase gene expression. Recombinant human IL-1 beta mediates an increase in synthesis of the positive acute phase complement protein factor B and a decrease in synthesis of negative acute phase protein albumin in the parent uncloned HepG2 cell line (HG2Y), but not in the subclone HG2N. Recombinant human IFN-beta 2 and TNF-alpha, however, regulate acute phase protein synthesis in the subclone HG2N; i.e. IFN-beta 2 and TNF-alpha increase synthesis of factor B and decrease synthesis of albumin in both HG2Y and HG2N cells. Equilibrium binding analysis with 125I-rIL-1 beta at 4 degrees C showed that both HG2N and HG2Y cells bind IL-1 beta specifically and saturably. HG2N and HG2Y possess 3.8 and 4.0 x 10(3) plasma membrane receptors/cell with affinities of 0.96 and 1.07 x 10(-9) M, respectively. Thus, the defect in this subclone of the HepG2 cell line is likely to involve the signal transduction pathway for the biological activity of IL-1 beta and will be useful in elucidation of this signal transduction pathway.
"Try what repentance can": Hamlet, Confession, and the Extraction of Interiority

In his film adaptation of Hamlet (1996), Kenneth Branagh underscores the confessional themes present in the play by setting two scenes in a Roman Catholic confessional box. In the first scene, Polonius interrogates Ophelia about her relationship with Hamlet—an interaction that reinforces the common association of the confessional with an obsession over female sexuality. In the second scene, Hamlet listens to Claudius’s penitential prayer and becomes, as Mark Thornton Burnett notes, “an unpunctual but unconsoling father confessor” (“We are the makers” 88). By depicting Hamlet and Claudius in the confessional box, Branagh introduces a conspicuous anachronism since the device was never used in early modern England and did not experience widespread use in Catholic countries on the Continent until the seventeenth century.
An Evidence-Based Approach for Gaining Faculty Acceptance in a Serials Cancellation Project

Abstract In 2003, the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire found that it had to make a 15% reduction in journal expenditures due to budget constraints. A cancellation of this magnitude would considerably affect the collection of titles and their availability to both students and faculty. A strategy was developed to minimize this impact and also to engender faculty support by involving the departments in the decision making. This article will discuss the criteria and methods used to accomplish the goals of the project.
Capitu’s Curiosity: Undecidability and Questions of Gender in Dom Casmurro

Marta Peixoto revisits one of Machado’s most emblematic, if not controversial, characters: Capitu. Raising new questions, Peixoto offers a new reading of Capitu’s radically undecidable moral substance, in relation to the position of women on the brink of change in nineteenth-century Brazil. If we read the novel in full awareness of the undecidability of some of its key components, as a literary character, Capitu remains both extremely devious and deceitful and a proper wife, to the extent that her possible villainy is camouflaged as perfect submissiveness. Peixoto places this characterization in the context of Machado’s other female characters, of ideologies of proper female behavior in the nineteenth century, and Machado’s writings concerning education for women, of which he was a proponent.
A Criticism of Sartre’s Concept of Time

Critiques of Sartre’s concept of temporality developed in sections 1–3 of this chapter are free-standing. That is, they are intended as independent of concepts of time held by philosophers other than Sartre. The author, however, has no intention of hiding his own Bergsonian-Jamesian alliances. The concluding section (4) utilizes earlier interpretations of Sartrean temporali-zation to critique Sartre in the light of Bergson’s concept of inner duration. On this basis the chapter will argue that Bergson’s concepts of temporality are more defensible than Sartre’s, since they: (a) avoid the strict dualism that Sartre trumpets and then neglects; (b) allow the necessary appropriation of the present by the past; and (c) insist on the process of maturation necessary to the emergence of new ideas and veridical new acts.
Single Institutional Experience With Observing 564 Vestibular Schwannomas: Factors Associated With Tumor Growth.

Objective:To characterize the risk and predictors of growth during observation of vestibular schwannomas (VS).Study Design:Retrospective case series.Setting:Single academic, tertiary care center.Patients:Five hundred sixty-four consecutive VS patients who underwent at least two magnetic resonance im
Electrospray-Mass Spectrometry, an Emerging Methodology for Elucidating Structure-Function Relationships of Proteins

For 20 years, the MPSA conferences have focussed on improving the technologies available for determining amino acid sequences of proteins. During that time the sensitivity and speed of the techniques have each increased by six orders of magnitude; new technologies have filled databases with descriptions of the detailed nature of proteins, illustrated by the subtle beauty of their three-dimensional structures. From linear sequences we now seek the substructural domains and informational motifs that reveal clues to ancestry, function and regulation. Interplay of the methods of protein chemistry and molecular biology leads to redesigned proteins, and to descriptions of complex cellular events in discreet molecular terms.
Measurement of the Excess Noise of a One-Port Device

In the past, excess noise measurements have been difficult to make and repeat. This has been due to test equipment performance limitations and uncertainties associated with these types of measurements. In this paper a new measurement technique is introduced that provides greater accuracy and improved repeatability.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Teen Motherhood: How Young Is Too Young?

Teen motherhood is the prevalent childbearing pattern in most traditional societies, as it likely was the case in the ancestral past. Yet teen pregnancy is associated with negative biological and social outcomes in the developed world. This contrast illustrates a question central to evolutionary medicine. How do adaptations to ancestral environments shape contemporary human health and behavior? Teen motherhood also exemplifies the important life history trade-off of whether to invest in current or future reproduction. Should a young teen continue to grow and mature or put her time and energy into starting a family? The age at which a young woman gives birth for the first time is ecologically sensitive to both her physical and social environment. Following an overview of the medical and social risks associated with teen pregnancy, this chapter presents a case study about the Pume, a group of South American hunter-gatherers, to evaluate the costs and benefits of teen motherhood in a preindustrial environment. Results of demographic analyses show that the youngest of teen mothers (≤14.3 years) have increased risk of infant mortality and lower lifetime fertility compared to older teens. However, young mothers gain no fitness advantage by delaying reproduction past their mid-teens. Cross-cultural comparisons suggest that childrearing practices rather than biological risks explain much of the discrepancy between traditional and developed societies in both the success of and attitudes toward teen motherhood.
Characterization of efficacy and toxicity after high-dose pelvic reirradiation with palliative intent for genitourinary second malignant neoplasms or local recurrences after full-dose radiation therapy in the pelvis: A high-volume cancer center experience.

Abstract Purpose The use of large-field external beam reirradiation (re-RT) after pelvic radiation therapy (RT) for genitourinary (GU) cancers has not been reported. We report the results of such treatment in patients with either symptomatic GU second malignant neoplasms or locally recurrent pelvic tumors after initial RT for whom surgery or further systemic therapy was not an option. Methods and materials The records of 28 consecutive patients with advanced, bulky GU malignancies treated with high-dose, large-field re-RT with palliative intent between 2008 and 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Descriptive outcome analyses focused on toxicities and symptom control, and responses were evaluated by 2 independent observers. Results Twenty-seven male patients (96%) were included. Median initial external beam RT dose was 64 Gy (range, 30-75.6 Gy). The median time between initial RT and re-RT was 9.5 years (range, 0.2-32 years). At the time of re-RT, there were 16 local recurrences and 12 second malignant neoplasms together comprising 16 bladder, 10 prostate, 1 ureteral, and 1 penile cancer. Indications for re-RT were pain and bleeding/hemorrhage. The median equivalent sphere diameter planning target volume for re-RT was 8.6 cm (range, 4.7-16.3 cm). Given the severity of the symptoms and the bulk of the disease at the time of re-RT, a higher dose of RT was administered. The median re-RT dose was 50 Gy (range, 27.5-66 Gy). For patients who received Conclusion This small series suggests that aggressive re-RT of inoperable and symptomatic GU malignancies that is undertaken with meticulous treatment planning is well tolerated and provides excellent, durable relief without undue short-term toxicity. Validation in a larger prospective cohort is required.
Effect of alcohol after muscle-damaging resistance exercise on muscular performance recovery and inflammatory capacity in women.

Purpose To investigate the effect of acute alcohol consumption on muscular performance recovery, assessed by maximal torque production, and on inflammatory capacity, assessed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cytokine production, following muscle-damaging resistance exercise in women. Methods Thirteen recreationally resistance-trained women completed two identical exercise bouts (300 maximal single-leg eccentric leg extensions) followed by alcohol (1.09 g ethanol kg-1 fat-free body mass) or placebo ingestion. Blood was collected before (PRE), and 5 (5 h-POST), 24 (24 h-POST), and 48 (48 h-POST) hours after exercise and analyzed for LPS-stimulated cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 and IL-10). Maximal torque production (concentric, eccentric, isometric) was measured for each leg at PRE, 24 h-POST, and 48 h-POST. Results Although the exercise bout increased LPS-stimulated production of TNF-α (%change from PRE: 5 h-POST 109%; 24 h-POST 49%; 48 h-POST 40%) and decreased LPS-stimulated production of IL-8 (5 h-POST -40%; 24 h-POST -50%; 48 h-POST: -43%) and IL-10 (5 h-POST: -37%; 24 h-POST -32%; 48 h-POST -31%), consuming alcohol after exercise did not affect this response. Regardless of drink condition, concentric, eccentric, and isometric torque produced by the exercised leg were lower at 24 h-POST (concentric 106 ± 6 Nm, eccentric 144 ± 9 Nm, isometric 128 ± 8 Nm; M ± SE) compared to PRE (concentric 127 ± 7 Nm, eccentric 175 ± 11 Nm, isometric 148 ± 8 Nm). Eccentric torque production was partially recovered and isometric torque production was fully recovered by 48 h-POST. Conclusions Alcohol consumed after muscle-damaging resistance exercise does not appear to affect inflammatory capacity or muscular performance recovery in resistance-trained women. Combined with previous findings in men, these results suggest a gender difference regarding effects of alcohol on exercise recovery.
Giant Valley Splitting and Valley Polarized Plasmonics in Group V Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers

Two-dimensional group VI transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) provide a promising platform to encode and manipulate quantum information in the valleytronics. However, the two valleys are energetically degenerate, protected by time-reversal symmetry (TRS). To lift this degeneracy, one needs to break the TRS by either applying an external magnetic field or using a magnetic rare-earth oxide substrate. Here, we predict a different strategy to achieve this goal. We propose that the ferromagnetic group V TMD monolayer, in which the TRS is intrinsically broken, can produce a larger valley and spin splitting. A polarized ZnS(0001) surface is also used as a substrate, which shifts the valleys to the low-energy regime (near the Fermi level). Moreover, by calculating its collective electronic excitation behaviors, we show that such a system hosts a giant valley polarized terahertz plasmonics. Our results demonstrate a new way to design and use valleytronic devices, which are both fundamentally and technologically...
Research altruism as motivation for participation in community-centered environmental health research

Protection of human subjects in research typically focuses on extrinsic rather than intrinsic motivations for participation in research. Recent sociological literature on altruism suggests that multiple kinds of altruism exist and are grounded in a sense of connection to common humanity. We interviewed participants in eight community-centered research studies that sampled for endocrine disrupting compounds and that shared research findings with participants. The results of our analysis of participation in these studies indicate that altruistic motivations were commonly held. We found that these sentiments were tied to feeling a sense of connection to society broadly, a sense of connection to science, or a sense of connection with the community partner organization. We develop a new concept of banal altruism to address mundane practices that work towards promoting social benefits. Further, we offer that research altruism is a specific type of banal altruism that is a multi-faceted and important reason for which individuals choose to participate in community-centered research.
Epidemiology of spinal injury in childhood and adolescence in the United States: 1997–2012

OBJECTIVE There has been no successful study of trends in population-based incidences of pediatric spinal injury in the United States. The goal of the current study was to develop robust data to correct this deficiency in contemporary trauma epidemiology. METHODS Discharges coded for spinal injury were extracted from the Kids' Inpatient Database for 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012 for patients younger than 18 years. Childhood was defined as ages 0 through 14 years and adolescence as ages 15, 16, and 17 years. Denominator population data were taken from the website of the US Census. Annual incidences were estimated for hospitalization for spinal injury, spinal cord injury (SCI), and hospital death with spinal injury. Mechanistic and anatomical patterns of injury were studied. RESULTS The annual population-based incidences of hospitalization for spinal injury, SCI, and death with spinal injury trended downward from 1997 to 2012 for children and adolescents in the United States. Rates of SCI and death fell faster than overall hospitalization rates, suggesting lower thresholds for admission or greater diagnostic sensitivity to minor injuries over time. The incidence of hospitalization for spinal injury was roughly 8 times greater for adolescents than for children, and the incidence of SCI was roughly 6 times greater. Motor vehicle crash predominated among mechanisms for both children and adolescents, but penetrating injuries and sport injuries were more commonly associated with SCI. Lumbosacral injuries predominated in both children and adolescents, but injuries of the cervical spine were more commonly associated with SCI. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to identify the cause or causes of the observed decline in injury rates. Epidemiological data can inform and support prevention efforts.
Mechanism of Hyperkalemia-Induced Metabolic Acidosis

Background Hyperkalemia in association with metabolic acidosis that are out of proportion to changes in glomerular filtration rate defines type 4 renal tubular acidosis (RTA), the most common RTA observed, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the associated metabolic acidosis are incompletely understood. We sought to determine whether hyperkalemia directly causes metabolic acidosis and, if so, the mechanisms through which this occurs.Methods We studied a genetic model of hyperkalemia that results from early distal convoluted tubule (DCT)-specific overexpression of constitutively active Ste20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (DCT-CA-SPAK).Results DCT-CA-SPAK mice developed hyperkalemia in association with metabolic acidosis and suppressed ammonia excretion; however, titratable acid excretion and urine pH were unchanged compared with those in wild-type mice. Abnormal ammonia excretion in DCT-CA-SPAK mice associated with decreased proximal tubule expression of the ammonia-generating enzymes phosphate-dependent glutaminase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and overexpression of the ammonia-recycling enzyme glutamine synthetase. These mice also had decreased expression of the ammonia transporter family member Rhcg and decreased apical polarization of H+-ATPase in the inner stripe of the outer medullary collecting duct. Correcting the hyperkalemia by treatment with hydrochlorothiazide corrected the metabolic acidosis, increased ammonia excretion, and normalized ammoniagenic enzyme and Rhcg expression in DCT-CA-SPAK mice. In wild-type mice, induction of hyperkalemia by administration of the epithelial sodium channel blocker benzamil caused hyperkalemia and suppressed ammonia excretion.Conclusions Hyperkalemia decreases proximal tubule ammonia generation and collecting duct ammonia transport, leading to impaired ammonia excretion that causes metabolic acidosis.
Risk Reduction Compared with Access to Care: Quantifying the Trade-Off of Enforcing a Body Mass Index Eligibility Criterion for Joint Replacement.

Background:Morbidly obese patients with severe osteoarthritis benefit from successful total joint arthroplasty. However, morbid obesity increases the risk of complications. Because of this, some surgeons enforce a body mass index (BMI) eligibility criterion above which total joint arthroplasty is de
Two distinct domains contribute to the substrate acyl chain length selectivity of plant acyl-ACP thioesterase.

The substrate specificity of acyl-ACP thioesterase (TE) plays an essential role in controlling the fatty acid profile produced by type II fatty acid synthases. Here we identify two groups of residues that synergistically determine different substrate specificities of two acyl-ACP TEs from Cuphea viscosissima (CvFatB1 and CvFatB2). One group (V194, V217, N223, R226, R227, and I268 in CvFatB2) is critical in determining the structure and depth of a hydrophobic cavity in the N-terminal hotdog domain that binds the substrate’s acyl moiety. The other group (255-RKLSKI-260 and 285-RKLPKL-289 in CvFatB2) defines positively charged surface patches that may facilitate binding of the ACP moiety. Mutagenesis of residues within these two groups results in distinct synthetic acyl-ACP TEs that efficiently hydrolyze substrates with even shorter chains (C4- to C8-ACPs). These insights into structural determinants of acyl-ACP TE substrate specificity are useful in modifying this enzyme for tailored fatty acid production in engineered organisms. The substrate specificity of acyl-ACP thioesterase (TE) plays a crucial role in determining the product profile of type II fatty acid synthase. Utilizing two FatB-type acyl-ACP TEs, the authors here define determinants of substrate specificity and create synthetic enzymes with distinct catalytic traits.
Genetic Algorithm Techniques and Applications in Management Systems

Scheduling problems are NP-hard with extremely complex combinatorial optimization issues. The resource-constrained scheduling problem in its general form can be described as “Given a set of activities, a set of resources, and a measurement of performance, what is the best way to assign the resources to the activities such that the performance is maximized?” [Wall 96].
Viscerotropic Rocky Mountain spotted fever in southeastern Texas: report of a survivor with atypical manifestations and multiple organ failure.

Abstract A 32-year-old black man from rural southeastern Texas had headache, fever, chills, bronchopneumonia, and an atypical rash, complicated by hypotension, lethargy, confusion, liver dysfunction, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. The diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) was not suspected until eight days after the onset of symptoms. He was subsequently treated with chloramphenicol, followed by hemodialysis and aggressive supportive therapy. He recovered uneventfully with complete return of renal function. This case emphasizes that RMSF should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any obscure febrile illness even in nonendemic areas.