cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
To tell or not to tell: the ethics of disclosure in pediatric AIDS via vertical transmission.

Globally, 4.3 million children under the age of 15 have succumbed to AIDS. In the year 2000 alone, an additional 600,000 diagnoses were made within this age group, bringing the total number of children (<15 years) currently living with AIDS to 1.4 million (World Health Organization, 2000). Of the children diagnosed, nearly all were infected via perinatal transmission (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2000). Although the numbers are staggering, there is a slight glimmer of good news. The prevalence of pediatric AIDS cases has steadily declined in the United States since 1992, largely due to improved medication regimens, closer clinical management, and a decrease in the number of HIV-infected women who give birth (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2000). When perinatal transmission does occur, children are also now living longer (Engle, 1999). Pharmacologic agents such as zidovudine, didanosine, lamivudine, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and nevirapine have increased the life expectancy of infected children, and those who were unlikely to have survived to preschool a decade ago are now reaching middle school age and beyond (Menting, 2000). According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (1999), between 36% and 61% of perinatally infected neonates survive to age 13. With these promising statistics come unprecedented concerns. Adolescence is a period in which there is “gradual assumption of adult responsibility” (Engle, 1999, p. 3), but some of this responsibility may admittedly be assumed earlier than is desirable. In 1997, adolescents between the ages of 15 and 17 were surveyed regarding sexual behavior, and responses revealed that greater than 46% had engaged in sexual intercourse (Santelli, Duberstein-Lindberg, Abma, SucoffMcNeely, & Resnick, 2000). Racial and ethnic differences in this study were notable. Of the African American adolescents surveyed, sexual intercourse had occurred for approximately 67.2% and 78.9% of the females and males, respectively (Santelli et al., 2000). When long-term survivorship crosses the path of adolescent development, the issue of disclosure becomes paramount. The following case study pertains to a pediatric patient who contracted AIDS via vertical transmission. It demonstrates not only the dire implications of parental secrecy but also the resultant ethical issues that contemporary nurses must address.
Ability differences across occupations: More than g

Abstract This paper examines what is termed the “ g supposition”—that general cognitive ability ( g ) is sufficient as a descriptor of work-relevant abilities. Evidence that g is a superior predictor of job performance is challenged in a discussion of 34 studies showing that the performance criteria predicted by g have little relationship to performance criteria based on measures of job knowledge and work task proficiency. Several studies showing work-relevant differences in the ability patterns of occupations are cited. The paper reports new research on the relevance of 14 cognitive and noncognitive abilities to six job clusters spanning the work world. Assignments of abilities to job clusters were largely confirmed by job-analysis-based ability ratings for the 12,099 occupations in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles , (DOL, 1977a) . The studies cited and reported indicate that g is insufficient as a descriptor of work-relevant abilities.
Induction of tumor cell differentiation.

It is proposed that cell proliferation with reduced individual cell growth (total protein accumulation) is necessary, but not sufficient, for cell differentiation. These conditions may facilitate transcription and accumulation of histones H1 and/or H1° relative to the core histones. This may have a critical role in cell differentiation.
Foucauldian scientificity: rethinking the nexus of qualitative research and educational policy analysis

This essay calls for qualitative policy analysis that can engage strategically with the increased calls for the usefulness of social policy toward the improvement of educational practice. Michel Foucault’s concept of scientificity is used as a tool against the ‘repositivization’ at work in neo‐liberal times and its ‘rage for accountability’ where refusing to concede science to scientism appears to be a central task for those invested in qualitative inquiry. The essay concludes with a sketch of a social science that stays close to the complexities of the social world in fostering understanding, reflection and action instead of a narrow translation of research into practice.
Styrene oxide adducts in an oligodeoxynucleotide containing the human N-ras codon 12: minor groove structures of the R(12,1)- and S(12,1)-alpha-(N2-guanyl) stereoisomers determined by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance.

The R- and S-α-(N2-guanyl)styrene oxide (SO) adducts at X5 in d(G1G2C3A4X5G6T7G8G9T10G11)·d(C12A13C14C15A16C17C18T19G20C21C22), encompassing codon 12 of the human N-ras protooncogene (underlined), ...
Welfare state and infant mortality.

This article seeks to understand the effects of welfare‐state spending on infant mortality rates. Infant mortality was chosen for its importance as a social indicator and its putative sensitivity to state action over a short time span. Country fixed‐effects models are used to determine that public health spending does have a significant impact in lowering infant mortality rates, net of other factors, such as economic development, and that this effect is cumulative over a five‐year time span. A net effect of health spending is also found, even when controlling for the level of spending in the year after which the outcome is measured (to account for spurious effects or reverse causation). State spending affects infant mortality both through social mechanisms and through medical ones. This article also shows that the impact of state spending may vary by the institutional structure of the welfare state. Finally, this study tests for structural breaks in the relationship between health spending and infant mort...
Glenoid Cartilage Mechanical Properties Decrease after Rotator Cuff Tears in a Rat Model

Rotator cuff repairs are commonly performed to reduce pain and restore function. Tears are also treated successfully without surgical intervention; however, the effect that a torn tendon has on the glenohumeral cartilage remains unknown. Clinically, a correlation between massive rotator cuff tears and glenohumeral arthritis has often been observed. This may be due to a disruption in the balance of forces at the shoulder, resulting in migration of the humeral head and subsequently, abnormal loading of the glenoid. Our lab previously demonstrated changes in ambulation and intact tendon mechanical properties following supraspinatus and infraspinatus rotator cuff tendon tears in a rat model. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of supraspinatus and infraspinatus rotator cuff tears on the glenoid cartilage. Nine rats underwent unilateral detachment of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons and were sacrificed after four weeks. Cartilage thickness significantly decreased in the antero-inferior region of injured shoulders. In addition, equilibrium elastic modulus significantly decreased in the center, antero-superior, antero-inferior, and superior regions. These results suggest that altered loading after rotator cuff injury may lead to damage to the joint with significant pain and dysfunction. Clinically, understanding the mechanical processes involved with joint damage will allow physicians to better advise patients.
Efficient peer-to-peer keyword searching

The recent file storage applications built on top of peer-to-peer distributed hash tables lack search capabilities. We believe that search is an important part of any document publication system. To that end, we have designed and analyzed a distributed search engine based on a distributed hash table. Our simulation results predict that our search engine can answer an average query in under one second, using under one kilobyte of bandwidth.
Infrared spectra and density functional theory calculations of group 8 transition metal sulfide molecules.

Laser-ablated titanium, zirconium, and hafnium atoms react with discharged sulfur vapor during co-condensation in excess argon. The primary reaction product MS2 molecules are identified for the first time, and evidence for metal monosulfides is also presented. The ν1 and ν3 modes for TiS2, ZrS2, and HfS2 absorb at 533.5 and 577.8 cm-1, 502.9 and 504.6 cm-1, and 492.2 and 483.2 cm-1, respectively, in solid argon. On the basis of the isotopic frequencies for the ν3 modes, the bond angles of TiS2, ZrS2, and HfS2 are determined as 113 ± 4°, 107 ± 4°, and 108 ± 4°. DFT/B3LYP calculations predict 1A1 ground states and bond angles of 113.3°, 108.5°, and 109.5°, for the MS2 molecules, M = Ti, Zr, and Hf, respectively, and frequencies in excellent agreement with the observed values. The same calculation also predicts 3Δ ground states for TiS and ZrS, the 1Σ+ ground state for HfS, and frequencies in agreement with the observed values.
A wide-angle secondary ion probe for organic ion imaging.

A secondary ion source has been developed for an organic ion microprobe capable of imaging samples up to 2 em in diameter. The source uses a focused 5 keY Cs+ ion beam which is rastered across the sample surface, and secondary ions from each point on the sample are collected and formed into a low energy beam to be analyzed by a quadrupole mass filter. Dynamic emittance matching is employed to deflect ions from off-axis points on the sample back onto the mass analyzer axis. Rastering and dynamic emittance matching are rapidly controlled by assembly language programs using an IBM/AT (80286) type computer. A low energy ion monitor was used to tune and evaluate the secondary ion source by providing a magnified cross-sectional image of the ion beam at the source exit aperture. A well-focused and centered secondary ion beam was obtained from each point on the sample, indicating that large-scale dynamic emittance matching with high collection efficiency is possible. Mass resolved images of grids and glycerol samples are shown to demonstrate the performance of the integrated secondary ion source mass analyzer and control system.
Abstract 3750: Functional analysis of the Fanconi Anemia pathway in primary lung tumors

The Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway is a major mechanism of homologous recombination DNA repair in response to genotoxic insults. Lack of formation of FANCD2 foci has been reported as a predictor of cisplatin and mitomycin C (MMC) sensitivity in cancer cells. Given that this pathway plays essential roles in response to the DNA damage, cancers with defective FA pathway are expected to be more sensitive to DNA cross-link based therapy, or to treatments in which additional repair mechanisms are targeted. We have developed a test to identify tumors with defective FA pathway using paraffin embedded tissues. Paraffin embedded lung primary cancer specimens were subjected to immunofluorescence microscopy (IF) analysis to evaluate the status of FancD2 subnuclear foci formation, Ki67 protein expression and DAPI staining of nuclei simultaneously in order to eliminate false negative tumor specimens due to absence of tumor cells or low proliferation. Additional validation using FA defective PD220 and PD20 cell-lines as well as fresh tumor tissues was done; IF analysis and Western blotting analysis of FDACD2 protein mono-ubiqutination were performed. The ratio of FANCD2 foci negative tumor was 20% among 20 paraffin embedded non-small cell lung cancer samples analyzed. Histological characteristics of the defective tumors include large cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. The proposed immunofluorecence staining method evaluates functional status of FA pathway using paraffin embedded tissues even after long term storage. Given the clinical availability of agents targeting alternative mechanisms of repair, the status of FA pathway may be an important biomarker for personalized therapeutic treatment in patients with lung cancers. A clinical trial to validate this hypothesis is under way. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3750.
The role of interface structure in spallation of a layered nanocomposite

Interfaces in nanostructured materials play a central role in endowing some extraordinary properties to certain nanolayered composites. Here, we examine how interfaces influence spallation under extreme strain-rate loading using atomistic simulations, and illustrate how even at the picosecond-scale the interface structure, or lack thereof, governs dynamic fracture.
Deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage T2.

Following infection of Escherichia coli by the bacteriophage T2, ribonucleic acid polymerase activity in unfractionated extracts is reduced to approximately twenty per cent of the activity in unfractionated extracts of uninfected cells. The residual enzyme activity is sensitive to deoxyribonuclease, to ribonuclease and to actinomycin D. RNA polymerase can be purified from extracts of T2-infected cells with a yield of more than 200%. The purified enzyme has properties similar to the enzyme purified from uninfected cells. Deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from T2-infected cells is a mixture of high molecular weight bacterial and viral DNA. Both components of this mixture are active as templates for RNA polymerase in vitro, although only the viral DNA is a template in vivo. As reported by Skold & Buchanan (1964) , material which inhibits purified RNA polymerase in vitro appears in cell extracts following T2 infection. The inhibitory material is destroyed by acid treatment and reduced in amount by digestion with alkali. Incubation overnight at 37°C and heating at 100°C increase the amount of inhibitory material. In control experiments with uninfected E. coli, inhibitory material is not present in the initial extract or after treatment with acid. Treatment with alkali, incubation overnight at 37°C or heating at 100°C result in levels of inhibitory material similar to that in extracts of infected cells subjected to the same treatment.
Residues and dissipation of 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP in potato tubers

Residues of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in potato tubers from plants sprayed with a total of 140 g acid equivalent 2,4-D per hectare ranged from 51 to 152 parts per billion (ppb) in samples collected in research plots during a three year period. Comparable samples collected in commercial fields ranged from 84 to 224 ppb in 1975. Higher application rates of 2,4-D to potatoes resulted in slightly higher residues in tubers. Differences in 2,4-D residues among three cultivars were not significant. There was a decrease in 2,4-D residues between the second and sixth week following the last 2,4-D spray application, primarily because 2,4-D was diluted by additional tuber growth. Following harvest, 2,4-D residues decreased, while residues of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) remained essentially stable in fresh stored tubers. Residues of 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP were found both in the peel and peeled parts of the tuber in approximately equal concentrations. Baking did not reduce the concentrations of residues of 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP.
Minimal Impact of Clinical Stage on Prostate Cancer Prognosis Among Contemporary Patients With Clinically Localized Disease

Purpose: Clinical staging criteria for prostate cancer were established before the advent of widespread prostate specific antigen screening and extended biopsy templates. However, clinical stage remains commonly used in the modern era to predict prostate cancer outcomes. We hypothesize that in the context of data available from a contemporary biopsy, clinical stage no longer offers meaningful independent prognostic information for clinically localized prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: We performed an analysis of men in the CaPSURE™ database with localized (clinical stage T1 or T2) prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy. The usefulness of clinical stage and other clinical parameters (prostate specific antigen, biopsy Gleason score, percent of positive biopsy cores) to predict pathological outcomes and biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy was assessed using univariate and multivariable analyses.Results: Of the 4,899 men in the study cohort 51.9% were classified as having T1 d...
Solidification Interface Morphologies in Zone Melting Recrystallization

Using in situ optical microscopy we have studied the morphology of the liquid-solid interface during zone melting recrystallization. We have observed a variety of interface morphologies, each of which corresponds to specific types and distributions of subboundaries in the solidified material. We have also observed a variety of morphologies for stationary interfaces. We propose that perturbations in both the stationary and moving liquid-solid interfaces develop, at least in part, due to the spatial gradient in the radiation intensity in the region of the interface.
Melting and Shedding of Graupel and Hail. Part I: Model Physics

Abstract A detailed model of the melting, shedding, and wet growth of spherical graupel and hail is presented. This model is based upon recent experimental studies by Rasmussen et al. and Lesins et al. The model is presented in the form of five easy-to-use tables. Important quantities considered were the heat transfer. terminal velocity behavior, and shedding of liquid water.
Fungal Diversity Associated with an Active Deep Sea Volcano: Vailulu'u Seamount, Samoa

Active undersea volcanoes generate complex hydrothermal environments that provide microbial habitats rich in reduced metals. These habitats harbor a substantial microbial communities functionally capable of Fe(II) and Mn(II) oxidation. The role of eukaryotes in these settings remains largely unknown. We explored the presence of fungi in actively growing Fe-oxide mats and basalt rock surfaces from the active volcano, Vailulu'u seamount (Samoan chain). Here we document the presence of a diverse fungal community including eight yeasts and yeast-like fungal species isolated from cold hydrothermal environments and basalt rock surfaces. Many of the isolates produce siderophores, a class of molecules used to acquire and utilize Fe (III), and one isolate, Rhodotorula graminis oxidizes Mn(II). These results suggest that fungi may also play a functional role in seafloor alteration and biomineralization processes.
Lipid agglutinins from coelomic fluid of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris

Abstract 1. 1. Coelomic fluid of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris , contains lipid agglutinins that are primarily glycolipids. They are present in fluid from both immunized (induced) and unimmunized (naturally occurring) worms. 2. 2. Lumbricus agglutinins partially purified by Folch extraction followed by silicic acid chromatography, were present in all fractions but in highest concentration in acetone and methanol fractions. 3. 3. Immunodetection revealed agglutinin activity in acetone and methanol fractions, but not in the chloroform fraction.
The Impact of Parent Participation on the Effectiveness of a Heart Health Curriculum

This paper presents the findings of a 1982-83 study testing a) the impact of the Chicago Heart Health Curriculum on the behaviors and attitudes toward cardiovascular disease prevention of 647 sixth-grade students in northeast Ohio, and b) the impact of including a Parental Participation Component (N = 322) in conjunction with the Chicago health curriculum program. Using a pre-test/post-test four-group experimental design, data were gathered with a Student Health Questionnaire testing self-reported attitudes and behaviors regarding cardiovascular disease factors prior to and immediately after the implementation of the curriculum. A parental pre- and post-test survey evaluated parental levels of knowledge and current behavior regarding cardiovascular risk factors. Using a one-between-one-within ANOVA model, treatment effects were revealed for three outcome variables: 1) Health Knowledge with higher scores indicating greater heart-health information (F = 34.15, df = 3/590, p less than 0.00005); 2) Attitude Toward Nutrition with higher scores indicating a positive attitude toward one's nutritional intake (F = 4.44, df = 3/517, p less than 0.004); and 3) Shopping Behavior with higher scores indicating healthier food choices (F = 4.27, df = 3/590, p less than 0.005). Results of the Parent Participation Component on student performance revealed that parental involvement had no effect on student knowledge or behavior with regard to cardiovascular disease prevention.
Equilibrium selection and bounded rationality in symmetric normal-form games

Abstract We develop and test a model of initial play for symmetric normal-form games with multiple Nash equilibria. First, we specify an encompassing model that incorporates both equilibrium selection principles and boundedly rational behavioral models. We then design experimental games that can identify a variety of equilibrium selection principles. Model comparisons and hypothesis tests indicate that (1) boundedly rational behavior is prevalent in initial-period play, (2) homogeneous population models can be strongly rejected in favor of heterogeneous population models, and (3) deductive selection principles add no statistically significant contribution to explaining the data.
Consequence Management Optimization for Contaminant Detection and Isolation

Vulnerability assessments may be used to help identify components of water distribution systems that require strengthening against possible attacks, including physical destruction and/or chemical contamination. Numerous recent research efforts have focused on the placement of sensor systems to aid vulnerability assessments associated with contamination events. A related issue is the probability of isolating a contaminant following sensor detection. In this current effort, we utilize three optimization techniques: (1) an unconstrained first-order reliability method (FORM); (2) a constrained FORM; and (3) parameter estimation (PEST), to determine the optimal demand to reduce contaminant concentration. This aids in consequence management of contamination events by supplying water distribution system operators with additional information to remediate contaminated sections. Application of these techniques to a relatively simple network and a moderately complex network demonstrates the usefulness of optimization methods in determining optimal demands in order to reduce contaminant concentration. Although each of the techniques performed well for this example, PEST illustrated greater capabilities in determining the most optimal solution.
Use of “Bonnet” Bypass with Radial Artery Interposition Graft in a Patient with Recurrent Cranial Base Carcinoma: Technical Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE Two patients with recurrent cranial base carcinomas involving the carotid artery received a "bonnet" bypass using the contralateral superficial temporal artery as the donor vessel because the ipsilateral common and external carotid arteries were unavailable. The radial artery was used as the graft. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 58-year-old man with ear pain and an enlarging mass involving the left cranial base and neck had undergone a right partial glossectomy and modified neck dissection followed by radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma. Recurrent carcinoma extensively involved the left internal carotid artery. A 46-year-old man with jaw pain and hoarseness had undergone multiple resections and radiation therapy for medullary thyroid carcinoma. Magnetic resonance imaging showed recurrent tumor on the right. INTERVENTION Both patients underwent a pterional craniotomy. The supraclinoid internal carotid artery was exposed. The radial artery was harvested. The contralateral superficial temporal artery was dissected at its bifurcation into the frontal and parietal branches. The radial artery graft was anastomosed to the superficial temporal artery and a recipient ipsilateral branch of the middle cerebral artery. The internal carotid artery was clip-ligated. After surgery, both patients remained neurologically stable. Angiography confirmed that the bypasses were patent and that the middle cerebral artery territory filled. The patients' carcinomas were resected aggressively. CONCLUSION When aggressive resection of cranial base tumors is needed and the ipsilateral carotid artery is unavailable as a donor vessel, a "bonnet" bypass with carotid artery sacrifice may be performed. Compared with vein grafts, microsurgical anastomosis is easier and the patency rate is higher with a radial artery graft.
Urea-bearing copolymers for guest-dependent tunable self-assembly

RAFT polymerization was used to synthesize urea-bearing methyl methacrylate copolymers for binding carboxylate isosteres.
Molybdenum in the Northeast Pacific Ocean1

The concentration of dissolved molybdenum has been determined in several profiles from the Northeast Pacific Ocean. The salinity-normalized concentration is essentially constant in all open-ocean samples (107 nM, 1σ = 2.5 nM). The dissolved distribution is not significantly affected by biological cycling.
On the behaviour of two stirred tanks in series

The multiplicity and stability of steady states of two identical stirred tanks in sequence is considered here, and it is shown how the work of Uppal, Ray and Poore can be extended. Up to seven steady states can arise for a given Damkohler number, but no more than three of these are stable (see the recent paper of Varma [2], (and, more particularly, that of Kubicek et al. [7], the relationship of whose work to this is discussed in the last paragraph below). A test is given for the direction of bifurcation of limit cycles, and a particular example worked out. It is thought that new complexities may arise if the limit cycle in the first reactor acts as a forcing function on the second.
Written Expression of Students With and Without Learning Disabilities: Differences Across the Grades

This study compares the written expression of 48 students with learning disabilities (LD) and 48 normally achieving (NA) students (Grades 4, 8, and 11). Productivity, syntactic maturity, vocabulary, and mechanics were examined using writing samples obtained in response to a standard stimulus. Results indicate that, compared to their NA peers, students with learning disabilities write fewer words and sentences, write more words per sentence, produce fewer words with seven letters or more and fewer sentence fragments, and have a higher percentage of capitalization and spelling errors. No group differences were found for the number of T-units produced or the number of morphemes per T-unit. Comparison of group differences at each grade level and differences by groups across the grades reveals persistent written expression difficulties and signals a need for a careful review of current instructional practices and how they can be improved.
Age-dependent increases of DNA adducts (I-compounds) in human and rat brain DNA.

Abstract Brain DNA from 20 humans ranging in age from neonatal to 100 years was analyzed by the nuclease P1-enhanced version of the 32P-postlabeling assay for bulky covalently modified nucleotides. A reproducible pattern of three 32P-labeled spots was obtained by thin-layer chromatography followed by autoradiography. Two of these spots increased with age (Mann-Whitney U-test; P 60 years). Thus, these spots met the definition of I-compounds. Rat brain DNA exhibited the same two I-spots, whose intensities also increased with animal age (1, 4, and 10 months). In humans, considerable individual variation of brain I-compound levels was observed, especially at ages > 60 years, presumably reflecting environmental, life-style, or genetic factors. This variation was not noted for brain DNA of laboratory rats. Thus, human brain DNA undergoes progressive covalent modifications with aging.
Sorocarp Development by a Newly Discovered Ciliate

A recently discovered predatory ciliate has an unusual developmental pattern in which the swimming cells cease feeding and aggregate on a substrate near the surface of a liquid medium. The aggregate then rises aerially, producing an acellular stalk and a sorus of encysted cells. Sorogenesis requires alternate light and dark periods.
The oxidative stabilization and carbonization of a synthetic mesophase pitch, part I: The oxidative stabilization process

Abstract The transformation of mesophase pitch to an ordered carbon by high-temperature heat treatment in an inert atmosphere must be preceded by a suitable period of thermosetting or oxidative stabilization. The chemical process of oxidative stabilization is not well characterized, although research has clearly indicated that the oxidation history of the mesophase has a profound impact on the mechanical qualities of the resultant carbon product. In this study, we oxidized samples of a commercially available, synthetic mesophase pitch to determine the effect of different time/temperature profiles of oxidation on the quantity and type of introduced functionality. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to characterize and quantify oxygen functionality present in this oxidized pitch. The oxidation process was characterized by periods of weight gain and weight loss. It was concluded that weight gain during oxidation involves the loss of aliphatic content in the pitch, with a concurrent increase in oxygen content as predominately ester and anhydride functionality. Weight loss is characterized by a loss of aromatic carbon content from the pitch and a further increase in the relative oxygen content in the pitch. It was discovered that changing the time/temperature profile of oxidation affects the pitch primarily via the degree of weight gain and weight loss experienced, rather than through the introduction of specific functionality with weight gain dominating at lower oxidation temperatures and shorter time periods, and weight loss dominating at higher temperatures and longer periods of oxidation. We conclude by suggesting mechanisms of derivatization to explain the oxidative stabilization of this synthetic, naphthalene-derived mesophase pitch in an oxygen-rich atmosphere.
Post-Keynesian Economics and Agriculture: Discussion

The three papers we have heard are most challenging and interesting. Since they are quite different in their perspectives, they do not lend themselves to an integrated discussion. Hence, I will discuss each of them separately. Shaffer's paper, although focused on an important topic, is both frustrating and disappointing. The title of his paper suggests that he will take initial steps toward a conceptual framework that presumably will do a better job of describing the food system than we have had in the past, and which will give us a sounder and more comprehensive basis for evaluating the performance of the food system. In point of fact, however, there is little theory in the paper, or little which in my judgment takes us very far in terms of having a more realistic or more general description of the food system.
Transfer and Manifest Anxiety in Paired-Associate Learning

This investigation studied the relationship between anxiety level and transfer of training in a paired-associate learning situation. On the basis of conventional anxiety theory, it was predicted that high-anxiety Ss would show greater positive and greater negative transfer than low-anxiety Ss. To test this prediction 84 undergraduates were selected from the extremes of the anxiety continuum as measured by the Taylor Scale of Manifest Anxiety. These Ss were divided into six groups of 14 each. The major high- and low-anxiety groups were divided into sub-groups which served in a positive transfer, negative transfer, and control condition. Each group, containing an equal number of men and women, learned two paired-associate nonsense syllable lists which differed in stimulus and response terms or both, in order to produce, theoretically, positive, negative, or no transfer. The results of the experiment yielded no statistically significant differences among the groups in terms of initial learning. In the transf...
A VALENCE FORCE FIELD FOR FURAN AND PYRROLE AND THEIR DEUTERIUM AND METHYL DERIVATIVES

A molecular vibrational analysis was carried out for furan and pyrrole and their deuterium and methyl derivatives to establish vibrational assignments for use in statistical thermodynamic calculations. To insure convergence in the least-squares adjustment of force constants, interaction constants were assumed transferable between the furan and pyrrole rings, and observed wave-numbers of the two compounds and their derivatives were used in a single adjustment.
Verbal memory span and the timing of spoken recall

Abstract Prior research indicates that one's memory span approximately equals what one can say in 2 s. However, this refers to pronunciation in separate, subspan tasks. The present research examined speech timing in the memory response in 4-year-olds. It was found that speaking rates depended on list length relative to a subject's span, but that speaking rates for span-length lists were the same for subjects of any span. The results are discussed in terms of a theoretical account that includes the notion of a decaying phonological store (Baddeley, 1986) , but also the notion that rapid scanning of items in the pauses within the response ( Sternberg, Monsell, Knoll, & Wright, 1978 ; Sternberg, Wright, Knoll, & Monsell, 1980 ) may serve to reactivate items before they can decay. Alternative accounts also are discussed.
A Multidisciplinary Concept Analysis of Quality of Life

The purpose of this article is to analyze how the concept of quality of life (QOL) is currently being defined and used within health care. An on-line search of the phrase QOL in Medline, Cinahl, Psyc-Info, Eric, and Social Science Abstract provided a list of 16,021 articles published between 1993 and 1998. A convenience sample of 65 research and theoretical articles from the 1990s was examined to determine current usage and definitions of the concept of QOL across disciplines. Analysis was conducted, and a definition of the concept QOL, based on the analysis, is offered.
Hydrogen in crystalline and amorphous silicon

Recent advances in the understanding of hydrogen in single-crystal silicon have introduced new perspectives for interpreting the role of hydrogen in a-Si:H. Properties of H that have been demonstrated in c-Si and which should be relevant in a-Si:H include the existence of dopant-H complexes, charge states of isolated migrating H, metastable diatomic hydrogen (H2*), and H-induced platelets.
Imagine There's No Countries

World City. By Doreen Massey. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007. 272 pp., $24.95 (ISBN-13: 978-0-7456-4060-0). It is exciting to receive a new book from Doreen Massey, 1998 winner of the Prix Vautrin Lud (aka the “Nobel Prize for Geography”) and one of the most prominent radical geographers writing today. Her latest monograph, World City , is an important intervention into the rich literature on globalization and cities, a dimension of global social relations to which International Relations scholars would do well to pay much greater attention. Although Massey has authored several important books on economic geography, her most recent work takes economic relations as mere starting points for expansive discussions of politics, discourse and ethics. World City stands firmly in Massey's contemporary line of thought. It builds upon her recent theoretical work, For Space (Massey 2005), flowing as an extended essay rather than a rigorous academic argument which effectively carries the reader through a host of observations and examples to culminate in an argument centered on the contributions of “geographical imagination” to contemporary politics. Despite the title World City without caption or modifier, Massey is less interested in the category as such than in one particular world city, her own home of London. In the process she draws upon a rich academic literature (including her own published works) as well as her own political experiences traversing four decades. Massey is not simply a student of world city politics; she is a long-active participant in them, from the days of the left-wing Greater London Council famously dissolved by Margaret Thatcher in 1986 to grassroots public art campaigns today. Yet, despite this focus on a single metropolis, World City still offers generous insights for those keen to think through the spatial dimensions and implications of globalization. Massey herself argues (p. 12) that the book is not so much “about London” as it “arises from London.” In …
Stalled Flow Performance for Axial Compressors: I — Axisymmetric Characteristic

A study of stalled flow performance of multistage compressors is presented. A new compressor characteristic is developed, describing the axisymmetric pumping performance over the entire compressor flow range, including reversed flow. This axisymmetric characteristic is required in any current rotating stall model. It is possible for the axisymmetric performance to rise above the measured stall point pressure rise, thus indicating greater unstalled pressure rise potential. In this context, the axisymmetric characteristic in forward flow is viewed as paralleling diffuser performance. A simple two-dimensional reversed flow model is presented, and is shown to be in reasonable agreement with available high backflow compressor data. The model predicts that the blade stagger angle greatly influences the reversed flow characteristic. Calculations are carried out using the rotating stall model of Moore and the axisymmetric characteristic developed herein, and a technique is suggested for estimating the axisymmetric curve over the entire flow range.Copyright © 1984 by ASME
Ars2 Regulates Both miRNA- and siRNA- Dependent Silencing and Suppresses RNA Virus Infection in Drosophila

Intrinsic immune responses autonomously inhibit viral replication and spread. One pathway that restricts viral infection in plants and insects is RNA interference (RNAi), which targets and degrades viral RNA to limit infection. To identify additional genes involved in intrinsic antiviral immunity, we screened Drosophila cells for modulators of viral infection using an RNAi library. We identified Ars2 as a key component of Drosophila antiviral immunity. Loss of Ars2 in cells, or in flies, increases susceptibility to RNA viruses. Consistent with its antiviral properties, we found that Ars2 physically interacts with Dcr-2, modulates its activity in vitro, and is required for siRNA-mediated silencing. Furthermore, we show that Ars2 plays an essential role in miRNA-mediated silencing, interacting with the Microprocessor and stabilizing pri-miRNAs. The identification of Ars2 as a player in these small RNA pathways provides new insight into the biogenesis of small RNAs that may be extended to other systems.
In Vivo Microscopic Observations of Human Corneal Epithelial Abnormalities

We used wide-field specular microscopy to examine 60 eyes with clinically evident corneal epithelial abnormalities in vivo. The progression of epithelial edema from early basal edema to later bullous changes and eventual subepithelial fibrovascular ingrowth was observed in 35 eyes. Three eyes with filamentary keratitis displayed a protruding mucoid filament or actual mucus incorporation into the epithelium with surrounding distortion of superficial cells. Abnormally shaped and interdigitated epithelial cells were present as a result of trophic ulceration caused by herpes simplex keratitis. The Fleischer ring of keratoconus was microscopically evident as basal cells outlined by ferritin deposits. Surface epithelial cells in this disorder were elongated and contained increased numbers of dark cells in more severe cases. The raised granular lesion of Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis and subepithelial deposits in cases of basement membrane dystrophy were also observed. Invading fibrovascular tissue was identified in superficial pannus.
A Comparison of the Eye-Roll Test for Hypnotizability and the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form A

Abstract The Eye-Roll Test for Hypnotizability was compared to the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form A. They were found to be uncorrelated. The Eye-Roll Test and the Stanford test clearly do net appear to be equivalent measures of hypnotic susceptibility.
Characterization of IgG1 immunoglobulins and peptide-Fc fusion proteins by limited proteolysis in conjunction with LC-MS.

A combinatory approach for the characterization of post-translational and chemical modifications in high molecular weight therapeutic proteins like antibodies and peptide−Fc fusion proteins (MW ≥ 50 000 Da) is presented. In this approach, well-established techniques such as limited proteolysis, reversed-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and in-line mass spectrometry (MS) were combined for the characterization of a monoclonal IgG1 antibody and three different peptide−Fc fusion proteins. The one commonality of these molecules is the presence of a similarly accessible lysine residue either located in the flexible hinge region of the antibody or in the flexible linker of the peptide−Fc fusion proteins. Applying limited proteolysis using endoproteinase Lys-C resulted in the predominant cleavage C-terminal of this lysine residue. The created fragments, two identical Fab domain fragments and one Fc domain fragment derived from the IgG1 antibody and one Fc domain fragment and each of the t...
Simplicial group models for Ωn S n X

LetX be a pointed simplicial set. The free group functorsF [10] and Γ [1] provide simplicial models of ΩS |X| and Ω∞S∞ |X|. The simplicial groupFX is a simplicial subgroup of ΓX, and this corresponds to the inclusion ΩS |X| ⊂ ⊂Ω∞S∞X. In this paper we define free group functors Γ(n) such that Γ(n)X is a model of ΩnSn |X|. Moreover, there is natural filtration $$FX = \Gamma ^{(2)} X \subset \Gamma ^{(2)} X \subset \cdots \subset \Gamma ^{(n)} X \subset \cdots \subset \Gamma X,$$ (1) corresponding to the filtration $$\Omega S|X| \subset \Omega ^2 S^2 |X| \subset \cdots \subset \Omega ^2 S^2 |X| \subset \cdots \subset \Omega ^\infty S^\infty |X|.$$ (1) .
Instructor-Student Rapport in Taiwan ESL Classrooms.

Positive relationships between instructors and students are critical to effective learning in the classroom. Rooted in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL), and centered at the crossroads of interpersonal communication and instructional communication (Affective Learning Model), this study examines how instructors in a Taiwan ESL school build relationships with Taiwanese students. Instructors were interviewed regarding the behaviors they use to build rapport with their students. Results show that instructors build rapport with their students using several specific techniques: uncommonly attentive behaviors, common grounding behaviors, courteous behaviors, connecting behavior, information sharing behavior, a balancing of connection and authority, adaptation of rapport to student level, and provision of a respite to norms. The findings provide specific examples of how instructors can build rapport in intercultural classrooms.
Methodological Challenges of Validating a Clinical Decision-Making Tool in the Practice Environment:

Validating a measurement tool intended for use in the practice environment poses challenges that may not be present when validating a tool intended solely for research purposes. The aim of this article is to describe the methodological challenges of validating a clinical decision-making tool, the Oncology Acuity Tool, which nurses use to make nurse assignment and staffing decisions prospectively each shift. Data were derived from a larger validation study, during which several methodological challenges arose. Revisions to the tool, including conducting iterative feedback cycles with end users, were necessary before the validation study was initiated. The "true" value of patient acuity is unknown, and thus, two approaches to inter-rater reliability assessment were used. Discordant perspectives existed between experts and end users. Balancing psychometric rigor with clinical relevance may be achieved through establishing research-practice partnerships, seeking active and continuous feedback with end users, and weighing traditional statistical rules of thumb with practical considerations.
Effect of Fasting and Fasting and Refeeding on Hepatic and Renal Gluconeogenic Enzymes in the Chicken

Abstract The effect of fasting and fasting and refeeding on hepatic and renal gluconeogenic enzyme activities were studied in six-week-old chickens (Gallus domesticus: New Hampshire male × Columbian female). Hepatic pyruvate carboxylase appeared not to be affected by fasting, but the renal enzyme activity increased in four-day fasted chickens. The hepatic mitochondrial and cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinases were essentially not affected by fasting. The renal mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase showed a slight increase in activity only after a four-day fast, but the cytosolic enzyme activity increased markedly already after a two-day fast. Also, the activities of the hepatic and renal fructose-1,6-diphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase increased markedly on fasting. Refeeding for four days after a four-day fast returned these enzyme activities to near control values.
A spreadsheet program for learning some aspects of project management

Abstract This paper proposes a spreadsheet program designed to study some aspects of Project Management. Applicability of the program is illustrated through a classroom exercise and the students (undergraduates) found it very useful and user friendly. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the applicability of the spreadsheet programs in learning important areas of Management Science such as Project Management. This program also sets an example for the Management Science students to think of other applications of spreadsheets in quantitative techniques.
Successful treatment of homozygous protein C deficiency by hepatic transplantation

A child with homozygous protein C deficiency was treated at age 20 months by orthotopic hepatic transplantation. Postoperatively there was complete reconstitution of protein C activity and resolution of the thrombotic condition.