cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipid-Protein Interactions in the Multiple Forms of Monoamine Oxidases: Lipases as Probes Using Purified Intact Rat Brain Mitochondria

It has been suggested that the functional states of the multiple forms of monoamine oxidases (MAO) are regulated by distinctly different lipid-protein interactions in situ in an intact rat brain mitochondrial preparation. Treatment of the enzymes with phospholipase A (L.A.) from porcine pancreas hydrolyzed almost all phospholipids and disintegrated the outer mitochondrial membrane with concomitant loss of both MAO-A- and MAO-B-type activities. Digestion with phospholipase C (L.C.) from Clostridium welchii hydrolyzed 90% of the phosphatidyicholine, one-third of the phosphatidylethanolamine, and one-half of the sphingomyelin. The specific action of L.C. on the polar zwitterionic head groups of one-half of the total membrane phospholipids resulted in a great reduction of the polar and ionic interactions at the hydrophilic surface which in turn increased the fluidity of the hydrophobic core of the membrane as probed with spin-labeled stearic acid I(12,3) with electron spin resonance (ESR). Treatment with phospholipase D (L.D.) removed one-half of the positively charged choline moiety of phosphatidyicholine. The surface charge of the membrane became more negative, the polarity was reduced, and the microviscosity of the hydrophobic core as probed by I(12,3) was altered. After L.C. or L.D. treatment, the bilayer structure of the outer mitochondrial membrane was retained. In the case of L.D. treatment, MAO-B enzyme was inactivated to a much greater extent (75%) than MAO-A enzyme (25%). In contrast, after L.C. treatment MAO-B enzyme was intact or activated whereas MAO-A was similarly inactivated as in the case of L.D. digestion. Surface charge and polar interactions provided by liposomes made of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, cardiolipin, or phosphatidic acid preferentially inhibited MAO-B activity. It was concluded that for MAO-A enzyme the active site was buried in the hydrocarbon core and the functional state was intimately modulated by the fluidity of the hydrophobic region proximal to the polar surface. For MAO-B enzyme the active site was situated closer to or partly in the peripheral hydrophiic region and its functional state was strongly dependent upon the ionic and polar characteristics of the surface layer of the membrane.
Public Concern with Farm-Animal Welfare: Religion, Politics, and Human Disadvantage in the Food Sector.

The welfare of farm animals has become a continuing source of controversy as states seek greater regulation over the livestock industry. However, empirical studies addressing the determinants of public concern for farm-animal welfare are limited. Religion and politics, two institutional bases of attitudes, are rarely explored. Nor have sociologists responded systematically to the popular charge that people concerned with animal welfare care less about human well-being. This study builds from sociology's stratification literature to address new questions about farm-animal welfare. Using a range of animal-welfare attitudes and samples drawn from a statewide and a national population in 2007, we find support for the religious and political bases of farm-animal-welfare attitudes. Frequent church attendance is related to less concern with animal welfare. However, we also find that religious beliefs can be a source of support for animal welfare. Political orientation as reflected by desire for more economic equality and greater tolerance of outgroups is also related to concern for farm-animal welfare. Formal political partisanship and denomination have weaker effects. Concern with farm-animal welfare is consistently related to greater concern with human welfare in the food sector.
The Diverse Goals Involved in Treatment of the Mentally Ill

This article will examine the major issues involved in the treatment of the mentally ill and the status of the law on those issues, in an effort to determine whether the differing goals of the various actors can be harmonized. It will attempt to explore whether a collision of these goals is inevitable. In the final analysis, it will show that it is the law which must seek a balance of the varying goals of physicians, family members, society, the mentally disabled person, and all the other actors in the real life drama.
Integrating Evaluation Tools to Assess Nutrition Education

Evaluation is important for accountability, for planning, and for learning how to continuously refine and improve nutrition education with low-income families. The tools described in this special issue are intended to provide a resource to such evaluations. The special issue grew out of a series of USDA working groups to identify evaluation tools for nutrition education with low-income families.* I express my thanks to the many individuals who contributed to this effort.
PP2A Regulates the Pro-apoptotic Activity of FOXO1

FOXO1, a member of the evolutionarily conserved forkhead family of transcription factors, regulates expression of a number of genes that play critical roles in cell cycle and apoptosis. A pivotal regulatory mechanism of FOXO is reversible phosphorylation, catalyzed by kinases and phosphatases. Phosphorylation of FOXO1 is associated with 14-3-3 binding and cytosolic localization, whereas dephosphorylated FOXO1 translocates to the nucleus and is transcriptionally active. Experiments were performed to identify the serine/threonine phosphatase that dephosphorylates FOXO1. PP2A inhibitors, okadaic acid and fostriecin, increased FOXO1 phosphorylation in vitro and in cells. Microcystin-agarose pull-downs suggested that a phosphatase binds to FOXO1, and PP2A catalytic subunit was identified in endogenous FOXO1 immunocomplexes, indicating that PP2A is a FOXO1 phosphatase. Purified PP2A interacted directly with FOXO1 and dephosphorylated FOXO1 in vitro. Silencing of PP2A protected FOXO1 from dephosphorylation and delayed FOXO1 nuclear translocation, confirming the physiologic role of PP2A in the regulation of FOXO1 function. Furthermore, inhibition of PP2A phosphatases rescued FOXO1-mediated cell death by regulating the level of the pro-apoptotic protein BIM. We conclude that PP2A is a physiologic phosphatase of FOXO1.
Efficiently computing static single assignment form and the control dependence graph

In optimizing compilers, data structure choices directly influence the power and efficiency of practical program optimization. A poor choice of data structure can inhibit optimization or slow compilation to the point that advanced optimization features become undesirable. Recently, static single assignment form and the control dependence graph have been proposed to represent data flow and control flow properties of programs. Each of these previously unrelated techniques lends efficiency and power to a useful class of program optimizations. Although both of these structures are attractive, the difficulty of their construction and their potential size have discouraged their use. We present new algorithms that efficiently compute these data structures for arbitrary control flow graphs. The algorithms use {\em dominance frontiers}, a new concept that may have other applications. We also give analytical and experimental evidence that all of these data structures are usually linear in the size of the original program. This paper thus presents strong evidence that these structures can be of practical use in optimization.
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: A manifestation of the brain in distress?

The aim of this paper is to highlight important concepts regarding the bidirectional interactions between the brain and the ovary that may enhance our understanding of the presentation and treatment of depression in women. In so doing, areas in need of, and opportunities for, investigative attention will be identified. The potential clinical implications of these concepts also are reviewed with the aim of sensitizing mental health clinicians to the possibility that stress-induced reproductive dysfunction may respond to psychological interventions. Depression 3:28–32 (1995). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sources of Error in a Simulation of Rigid Parts on a Vibrating Rigid Plate

We present a simulation study of an important rigid-body contact problem. The system in question is composed of a rigid plate and a single rigid body (or particle). The plate follows a prescribed periodic motion of small amplitude and high frequency, such that the net force applied to the part appears to be from a time-independent, position-dependent velocity field in the plane of the plate. Theoretical results obtained by Vose et al. were found to be in good agreement with simulation results obtained with the Stewart―Trinkle time-stepping method. In addition, simulations were found to agree with the qualitative experimental results of Vose et al. After such verification of the simulation method, additional numerical studies were done that would have been impossible to carry out analytically. Specifically, we were able to demonstrate the convergence of the method with decreasing step size (as predicted theoretically by Stewart). Further analytical and numerical studies will be carried out in the future to develop and select robust simulation methods that best satisfy the speed and accuracy requirements of different applications. With the accuracy of our time-stepper verified for this system, we were able to study the inverse problem of designing new plate motions to generate a desired part motion. This is done through an optimization framework, where a simulation of the part interacting with the plate (including the full dynamics of the system) is performed, and based on the results of the simulation the motion of the plate is modified. The learned (by simulation) plate motion was experimentally run on the device, and without any tuning (of the simulation parameters or device parameters) our learned plate motion produced the desired part motion.
Formal and Informal Music Educational Practices.

Informal instructional approaches have long been an important component of a complete education in general and of music education in particular. But informal approaches have often been subject to bandwagon over-enthusiasm, with proponents inflating their virtues beyond what the concept appears to warrant. In this paper I will, first, examine the theoretical underpinnings of informal learning practices, and compare them to those of more formal learning practices to clarify what might be distinctive and valuable about using informal instructional practices in formal music educational settings; second, take a critical look at one empirical study in which informal learning practices were brought into the formal setting, examining some of the favorable and unfavorable aspects of the methods used; and third, briefly argue that informal instructional practices in music education can, along with formal practices, contribute to the formation of an individual learner's identity and agency through engagement with music.
Mapping the human face: biophysical properties

Background: Facial skin exhibits unique biophysical properties that are distinct from skin belonging to other areas of the body. Small to large regional differences in biophysical properties between facial sites are observed. Technological advances in dermatological research allow a quantitative study of the biophysical qualities of the face and its relation to skin elsewhere. However, comprehensive studies examining inter-regional variations using each of the six standard biophysical parameters have been few. We summarize findings on the biophysical parameters used to explore the human face as well as regional differences in skin reactivity to chemical irritants. Methods: We performed a literature search using Pubmed, Embase, Science Citations Index, and the UCSF's dermatological library on biophysical parameters and skin physiology pertaining to the human face. Results: Distinct regional differences in transepidermal water loss (TEWL), capacitance, blood flow, sebum, pH, and temperature were demonstrated in facial skin. However, studies cannot be compared with each other because each uses different anatomical sites, skin conditions, and measurement techniques. Intraregional differences in TEWL, sebum, and temperatures were observed on the cheeks and appeared to follow characteristic distribution patterns. Higher blood flow levels and skin temperatures were generally observed in areas with dense networks of blood vessels such as the nose and perioral region. Areas such as the forehead, nose, and chin consistently showed higher sebum casual levels, but variability in sebum levels between sites was also observed. The susceptibility of the face to hexyl nicotinate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and benzoic acid differed depending on location and age. Conclusion: Establishing a standardized biophysical profile of the human face will help to improve therapeutics, and further our understanding of differences in chemical reactivity and disease distribution. Future research necessitates standardization of the anatomical sites studied, sample size, and experimental protocols.
Semantic Typicality Effects in Acquired Dyslexia: Evidence for Semantic Impairment in Deep Dyslexia.

Background: Acquired deep dyslexia is characterised by impairment in grapheme-phoneme conversion and production of semantic errors in oral reading. Several theories have attempted to explain the production of semantic errors in deep dyslexia, some proposing that they arise from impairments in both grapheme-phoneme and lexical-semantic processing, and others proposing that such errors stem from a deficit in phonological production. Whereas both views have gained some acceptance, the limited evidence available does not clearly eliminate the possibility that semantic errors arise from a lexical-semantic input-processing deficit. Aims: To investigate semantic processing in deep dyslexia this study examined the typicality effect in deep dyslexic individuals, phonological dyslexic individuals, and controls using an online category verification paradigm. This task requires explicit semantic access without speech production, focusing observation on semantic processing from written or spoken input. Methods & Proce...
Image acceleration of multiply charged ions by metallic surfaces.

We present a simulation for the acceleration of multiply charged ions approaching metal surfaces by the interaction with its image charge, based on the classical over-barrier model. The image attraction leads to a gain in velocity perpendicular to the surface. The amount of energy gain is directly related to the distance of formation of hollow atoms. The role of a transient hollow negative ion is discussed. Comparison with recent data by Winter [Europhys. Lett. 18, 207 (1992)] shows good agreement.
Nitric oxide inhibition in the treatment of the sepsis syndrome is detrimental to tissue oxygenation.

Abstract The manifestations of the septic syndrome are thought to be mediated by cytokines through their role in the production of nitric oxide (NO). It is hypothesized that the inhibition of NO production with an inhibitor such as N G -monomethyl- l -arginine ( l -NMMA) may be beneficial in the treatment of septic shock. Sepsis was induced by the intravenous administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin (60 μg/kg) in six conditioned mongrel dogs (20-24 kg). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), central venous pressure (CVP), and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) were continuously monitored. Cardiac output (CO), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), and arterial and mixed venous blood gases were obtained every 10 min. When the MAP decreased below 60 mm Hg, NO inhibitor l -NMMA was given by intravenous injection (25 mg/kg). Physiologic parameters were then measured at 2 and 5 min after l -NMMA injection. Subsequently, l -arginine (400 mg/kg), the substrate for the NO synthase enzyme, was administered and measurements were repeated at similar intervals. l -NMMA in septic canines produced a significant increase in MAP and SVR with a significant decrease in CO and tissue oxygenation (DO 2 and VO 2 ). These changes were reversed with the administration of l -arginine. There were no significant differences in the PCWP, CVP, PAP, or HR throughout the entire study. These results suggest that the inhibition of NO production by l -NMMA in a septic model produces elevated MAP and SVR at the expense of tissue oxygenation. Thus, its use, as a principal means of therapy for the septic syndrome, may not be appropriate because of detrimental effects on tissue oxygenation.
Natural fermentation of wheat flours

Abstract Flour–water mixes (1:2) from each bread (BB) flour, whole wheat (WW) flour or a 1:1 mixture of the two (BW) were fermented at 25, 30, and 35 °C. At 25 °C, fermenting BB and WW flours had the longest (7.2 h) and the shortest (1.5 h) lag phase periods (no net change in pH), respectively. At 35 °C, none of the flours had a lag phase. Increase in temperature from 25 to 35 °C reduced the fermentation time (pH 5.0), of BB, BW and WW flours by 6.8-fold (from 28.6 to 4.2 h), 3.6-fold (11.2–3.1 h) and 2.9-fold (8.7–3.0 h), respectively. The developed mathematical model equations of the fermentation consist of an application of predictive microbiology to the Baking Industry. The mathematical model equations also enable the prediction of attainable pH values as well as fermentation times at different temperatures. The temperature quotients (Q10) for the range of temperatures of 25–35 °C indicated that a 10 °C change in temperature had about a 2- to 7-fold effect on the fermentation rate of the flours based on pH measurements.
Possible predisposition of diabetic patients to hyperkalemia following administration of potassium-retaining diuretic, amiloride (MK 870).

Abstract We have observed two cases of hyperkalemia during short-term administration of the potassium-retaining diuretic, amiloride, to four diabetic patients. The response of serum potassium to intravenous glucose was also significantly modified by amiloride supporting a close association between carbohydrate and potassium metabolism. The hyperkalemia was not clearly associated with impaired renal function or excessive potassium retention and developed over a short time period at doses which are usually safe. There is evidence suggesting that both amiloride and triamterene share this toxic effect. Spironolactone should be considered suspect as a contributory agent since it has been co-administered in several fatal cases including one in this series. Attention is drawn to reciprocal decreases in serum sodium which occurred simultaneously with the development of hyperkalemia in our patients. The electrocardiogram was unreliable in assessing the clinical significance of the hyperkalemia. We suggest that diabetic patients may have an abnormality of electrolyte homeostasis which predisposes them to hyperkalemia during administration of potassium-retaining diuretics.
The Adhesion of Monomolecular Hydroxyl-terminated Perfluoropolyether Liquid Films on the Sputtered Silicon Nitride Surface as a Function of End Group Acidity and Mobility

The intermolecular interactions at the interface between monomolecular hydroxyl-terminated perfluoropolyether (PFPE) liquids (Zdol, Zdol-TX, Z-Tetraol, Zdiac) and a sputtered amorphous silicon nitride film (SiN x ) are investigated using contact angle goniometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ab initio computational chemistry. The results demonstrate that the adhesion between the PFPE liquids and the SiN x surface occur via the polar interactions between the PFPE end groups (-OH, -COOH) and the polar sites on the SiN x surface (e.g., SiOH). The attractive interactions lead to a lowering of the polar surface energy with increasing PFPE coverage up to a monolayer. The binding energy is computed to be approximately −4 to −9 kcal/mol, depending upon the polarity of the PFPE end group. Adsorbed water is shown to compete with PFPE for surface bonding sites on SiN x (−4.4 kcal/mol) that can lead to a significantly reduced level of adhesion for some of the hydroxyl-terminated PFPEs. A higher level of adhesion between the PFPEs and SiN x can be attained by increasing the strength of the hydrogen bond and/or increasing the configurational entropy of the PFPE end group to facilitate the hydrogen bonding reaction.
Cycle kinetics, steady state thermodynamics and motors—a paradigm for living matter physics

An integration of the stochastic mathematical models for motor proteins with Hill's steady state thermodynamics yields a rather comprehensive theory for molecular motors as open systems in the nonequilibrium steady state. This theory, a natural extension of Gibbs' approach to isothermal molecular systems in equilibrium, is compared with other existing theories with dissipative structures and dynamics. The theory of molecular motors might be considered as an archetype for studying more complex open biological systems such as biochemical reaction networks inside living cells.
The Impact of Supplemental Instruction on Low-Achieving Adolescents’ Reading Engagement

ABSTRACT The authors examined the impact of a supplemental reading course on 462 sixth-grade students’ reading engagement and performance as compared with 389 students in a control group. They further explored students’ cognitive strategy use through think aloud processes with a subset of students who participated in the intervention. Participating students reported significantly higher levels of strategy use, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and self-efficacy as compared with the control group. Think aloud measures indicated students who participated in supplemental instruction exhibited higher levels of cognitive engagement at the end of the intervention than they exhibited at the start of the intervention. There was no significant impact on students’ reading performance as measured by a standardized test.
A behavioral self-report of masculinity : an alternative to trait, attitudinal, and behavioral questionnaires

The authors describe the construction and validation of the Behavioral Self-report of Masculinity as an alternative to existing attitudinal measures which have been criticized for poorly predicting subsequent behaviors. A pool of 76 behavioral items was administered to 102 undergraduates to judge whether overt behaviors could significantly differentiate across gender. Items were also examined for discrimination between typical college males and college males who participated in more stereotypically masculine pursuits. High item stability and internal consistency were found. The 62-item final version adequately differentiated between the genders with less discrimination between males of presumably different levels of masculinity. Further planned studies were briefly described.
Videostroboscopic characteristics of young adult female smokers vs. nonsmokers.

Summary Objectives: The purpose of this study was to provide a foundation of information concerning the early effects of smoking on the laryngeal structures and phonatory physiology of young adult women using videostroboscopy. Study Design: Cross-sectional, observational. Methods: Subjects were 34 female nonsmokers and 30 female smokers (Total N = 64) between the ages of 18 and 30 years of age. For the purposes of this study, a smoker was defined as any subject who, at the time of this study, had smoked at least two cigarettes per day for at least 1 year. All subjects in the nonsmoker category were those who, at the time of this study, did not smoke and who had not smoked for at least 5 years before the study. Videostroboscopic evaluations were rated by experienced judges on various parameters describing the structure and function of the laryngeal mechanism during comfortable pitch and loudness phonations. Results: Results showed significant relationships between smoking and the increased presence of edema, erythema, and abnormal laryngeal color. In addition, smokers were observed to have significantly more occurrences of abnormal phase symmetry and increased glottal gap size during the closed phase of phonation. Glottal gap size was significantly correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked in the lifetime. Conclusions: The findings of increased erythema and edema in this study are consistent with previous descriptions of the effects of smoking on laryngeal structures, whereas our observations regarding glottal gap size and phase symmetry are unique contributions derived from the stroboscopic method. The results of this study indicate that observable signs of laryngeal irritation and disturbed phonatory physiology occur even in young adults with relatively brief smoking habits.
Industrial waste water treatment: the anaerobic alternative

This article describes the rationale behind the biological treatment of industrial effluents, specifically waste waters containing organic pollutants, and discusses the two major options available, aerobic and anaerobic systems. The article defines the major differences between the two methods and considers the advantages, both economic and biological, of the anaerobic system.
The Interrelationships of Serum Cholesterol, Cholesterol Esters and Phospholipids in Health and in Coronary Artery Disease

Serum cholesterol (free, esters and total) and serum phospholipids were determined in 97 men who had experienced coronary heart disease prior to the age of 40, 146 healthy nonhospitalized men of comparable age and a group of 97 men who were "matched" to the coronary disease group. The mean values for serum cholesterol (total) were 286 mg. per 100 cc., 224 mg. per 100 cc., and 247 mg. per 100 cc. for the coronary disease group, control group and matched control group, respectively. The serum phospholipids were highest in the coronary disease group. It is demonstrated that the interrelationships of the lipids in coronary heart disease are more important than any one of the constituents taken by itself. The theoretic implications of the total cholesterol: phospholipids ratio are considered.
Influence of Organic Sediment Amendments on Growth and Tuber Production by Potamogeton pectinatus L.

ABSTRACT Results from experiments with Potamogeton pectinatus L. grown in an artificial substrate amended with various combinations of peat and glucose or sucrose suggest that plant weight and the number and weight of tubers produced per plant increased significantly when plants were grown in sediment amended with peat. Contrary to expectations, the addition of labile organic components, glucose or sucrose, to the substrate (up to 15%, w/w) did not influence plant growth. Plants grown in sediment amended with peat had higher levels of tissue Fe. The weight of tubers produced per gram of non tuber tissue was not influenced by sediment properties. These results support the hypothesis that the mechanism by which sediment organic matter affects macrophyte growth is by altering sediment density.
Ability of the phototrophic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum to produce various poly (β-hydroxyalkanoates): Potential sources for biodegradable polyesters

Studies have been carried out in order to optimize growth and culture conditions for the intracellular formation of poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA) in the phototrophic, purple, non-sulphur bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. Its potential to produce novel copolymers was investigated. Recently, it has become of industrial interest to evalute these polyesters as potentially biodegradable plastics for a wide range of possible applications. On an industrial scale, the use of photosynthetic bacteria could harness sunlight as an energy source for the production of these materials. R. rubrum was grown an aerobically in the light on different linear and branched β-hydroxycarboxylic acids and various n-alkanoic acids. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions a PHA content of up to 45% of cellular dry weight was detected. When R. rubrum was grown on different concentrations of various n-alkanoic acids, intracellular PHA production was detected on all acids used. In most of the cases, the storage polymer contained β-hydroxybutyrate (HB) and β-hydroxyvalerate (HV) monomer units. Grown on n-alkanoic acids with a chain length of four carbon atoms and more, R. rubrum produced a copolymer containing the β-hydroxyhexanoate (HC) repeating unit in addition to the HB and HV monomer. Using β-hydroxyheptanoic acid as the carbon source, a polyester which contained HB, HV, HC, and β-hydroxyheptanoate was formed. These copolyesters represent a novel class of biodegradable thermoplastics. The results demonstrate the metabolic flexibility of R. rubrum to form many different types of polyesters which might substitute plastics synthesized from petrochemicals.
Polarization (ellipsometric) measurements of liquid condensate deposition and evaporation rates and dew points in flowing salt/ash-containing combustion gases

An application of an optical polarization technique in a combustion environment is demonstrated by following, in real-time, growth rates of boric oxide condensate on heated platinum ribbons exposed to seeded propane-air combustion gases. The results obtained agree with the results of earlier interference measurements and also with theoretical chemical vapor deposition predictions. In comparison with the interference method, the polarization technique places less stringent requirements on surface quality, which may justify the added optical components needed for such measurements.
On the Origin of Dose Fractionation Regimens in Radiotherapy

Almost all radiotherapy treatments for cancer today are fractionated, that is, the total dose is spread out over the treatment time according to a pattern that we call the fractionation scheme or regimen. This has not always been so, and evidence of the superiority of fractionated treatments was relatively slow in coming. Moreover, there has never been general agreement about the best fractionated treatment for any cancer, and today "standard treatments" at various centers are characterized by wide variation in the size of dose per fraction (dose at each individual treatment), total dose, and overall treatment time. The purpose of this article is not to argue the merits of any of these, but rather to outline the evolution of fractionation practice in the early years of radiotherapy and to indicate how this led to the main types in use today. In addition, a summary of some recent ideas in fractionation practice will be given, along with a survey of the initial results. Many of the references may be found in our recent book, from which some of the discussion has been extract ed.
Electric propulsion for orbit transfer - A case study

This study assesses the viability and cost of using electric propulsion to transfer future global positioning system satellites from Shuttle parking orbits to mission orbits. Transportation-to-orbit life-cycle costs of a xenon-ion and ammonia arcjet propelled orbital transfer vehicle are compared to those of a conventional chemical upper stage. To insure a fair treatment of electric orbital transfer vehicle (EOTV) technology; worst-, median-, and best-case technology "goals" defining specific engineering and cost parameters were established. Use of the EOTV in lieu of a chemical upper stage potentially reduces the Space Shuttle cargo element mass by 45 to 73% and the transport-to-orbit life-cycle cost by 4 to 61%, or up to $21 million per flight, while still meeting a 90-day flight time requirement. This concept offers the potential to utilize the existing Space Shuttle fleet or expendable launch vehicles more efficiently. Heavier or higher altitude payloads can also be efficiently transported to their mission orbits by scaling up the EOTV size or accepting somewhat longer transfer times.
A yeast-Escherichia coli shuttle vector containing the M13 origin of replication

A yeast-Escherichia coli shuttle vector containing the M13 origin of replication has been constructed. This vector allows selection and replication in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and E. coli, as well as single-stranded packaging from E. coli upon infection with a helper phage. The presence of a polylinker with various unique restriction sites facilitates the cloning of desired genes.
Architecture for VLSI Design of Reed-Solomon Decoders

In this paper, the known decoding procedures for Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are modified to obtain a repetitive and recursive decoding technique which is suitable for VLSI implementation and pipelining. The chip architectures of two basic building blocks for VLSI RS decoder systems are then presented. It is shown that a VLSI RS decoder has the potential advantage of achieving a high decoding speed through parallel-pipeline processing.
Cupid's touch: The lessons of the family planning movement for the AIDS epidemic

The family planning movement of the last thirty years has been an extraordinary governmental and private investment in reproductive health services, sex education and the prevention of illness and death. With the advent of AIDS, their successes and failures provide both useful and cautionary models for combatting the epidemic. The birth control crusades and associated health care delivery systems have dramatically altered maternal and child health statistics as well as the quality of individual lives in America. But the family planning establishment is weak just where the AIDS epidemic has gained strength: for adolescents, poor women and minorities. Sex education curricula and health care programs in areas such as teenage pregnancy, contraceptive use and sexual decision‐making have systematic problems in delivery and effectiveness. AIDS education and prevention programs can learn from and contribute to the family planning movement.
Spinal neurons mediate return of substance P following deafferentation of cat spinal cord

Deafferentation of the cat dorsal horn by complete unilateral lumbosacral dorsal rhizotomy produces a loss and subsequent partial recovery of substance P (SP) immunoreactivity as visualized by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. The present experiments aimed to determine whether this return of SP represents a generalized response of all fiber systems afferent to the denervated segments or a more selective response of a specific spinal system. Although a contribution from other sources cannot be excluded by this qualitative immunocytochemical technique, several observations indicate that the return of SP staining depends on interneurons which contain SP immunoreactivity: (1) the amount of SP staining in the chronically deafferented dorsal horn deprived of extrinsic fiber systems is comparable to that seen after deafferentation alone; (2) SP-containing neurons are present within the lumbar segments; and (3) destruction of lumbar neurons by the intraspinal injection of kainic acid abolishes SP staining from the chronically deafferented dorsal horn. From these observations it would appear that the anatomical plasticity of SP-containing fibers in the deafferented dorsal horn is due to the response of a particular system rather than to a generalized response of all systems which terminate there.
Informed Consent in Clinical Medicine

Over the past third of a century, there has been a revolution in the way that health-care providers and patients make most medical decisions. Paternalism has slowly gone the way of the long-play record, and in its place has emerged a consent process in which the patient is a more fully informed and active participant. This process takes time however, and for the busy health-care provider there is often the temptation to hand the patient a consent form to sign. It is important to realize that signing a consent form does not constitute informed consent. True informed consent is a process, and, as such, it requires that the health-care provider enter into a discussion that ultimately leads to the patient understanding of their options, and the risks and benefits of the alternative courses of action. The purpose of this article was to describe, in some detail, the consent process in practical clinical terms, and to note when and how it should be obtained.
Abstract 1080: Protein phosphatase 2A regulates Chk2 phosphorylation at constitutive level in human ovarian cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) comprises a diverse family of phosphoserine- and phosphothreonine-specific enzymes ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells. This principal Ser/Thr phosphatase plays an integral role in the regulation of a number of major signaling pathways, the deregulation of which can contribute to multiple human cancers, Alzheimer's disease and increased susceptibility to pathogen infections. The checkpoint kinase Chk2 is an important multifunctional regulator of the cellular DNA damage repair response. Chk2 activation is triggered by the phosphorylation of Thr-68 following DNA damage and protects genome integrity by promoting cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. We have previously reported that ovarian cancer A2780 cells show an interaction between PP2A and Chk2 after cisplatin treatment, and PP2A negatively regulates Chk2 phosphorylation at Thr-68. In this study we report that Chk2 and PP2A are associated to maintain the cell normal function. This conclusion is based on the following observations: 1) Co-immunoprecipatation of the holoenzyme PP2A (subunits A, B and C) with p-Chk2 shown immune complexes; 2) Inhibition of PP2A activity by okadaic acid, an inhibitor of PP2A, and by siRNA to PP2A, resulted in enhanced Chk2 phosphorylation at Thr-68 in studied cell model. These findings demonstrate that PP2A has a role in controlling the constitutive Chk2 phosphorylation at Thr-68 and that Chk2 and PP2A are responsible for maintenance of cell metabolic equilibrium. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1080. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1080
Differences in reaction to threatening factual material.

Greaves (1970) has demonstrated that System 1 Ss and System 3 Ss (Harvey, Hunt, & Schroder, 1961) differ in their ability to recall factual material as well as in their reaction to supposedly threatening symbols (Greaves, 1971a). The purpose of this investigation was to determine the emotionality and defensiveness with which System 1 and System 3 persons react to threatening factual material. Twelve System 1 and nine System 3 college sophomores, identified by means of Harvey's "This I Believe" test (Greaves, 1971b), were exposed to a 20-min. audio-visual presentation from a high-statusjhigh-expercise source, consisting of comparative factual data for the United States and Sweden. This comparative data strongly favored Sweden and was thought to be threatening to these Ss due to the System 1 Ss' strong identification with and support of "the American way of life" and due to the identity-dependency feelings System 3 Ss seem to experience in terms of culturally accepted values. Following the presentation, Ss were asked to respond to a series of statements by means of a 6point Liken-scale format, ranging from "strongly agree" ( 1 ) to "strongly disagree" ( 6 ) . These statements were: (a) "I think this information should be made available to all U. S. students," ( b ) "I find this information disturbing," (c) "I cannot help but doubt the accuracy of this information," and ( d ) "I would rather not have been exposed to this information." Results showed that all Ss felt the information should be shared (M, System 1 = 1.42, System 3 = 2.0; t = 1.81, n.s., two-tailed test). All Ss agreed that they found the information disturbing, but System 3 Ss rated it significantly more so (M, System 1 = 2.83, System 3 = 2.11; t = 2.54, p < .02, two-tailed test). While System 1 Ss disagreed that they doubted the materiars accuracy, System 3 Ss did tend to doubt it (M, System 1 = 4.58, System 3 = 2.78; t = 6.78, p < ,001, two-tailed test). Despite that System 3 persons found the information more disturbing, they rated themselves as somewhat less reticent about having been exposed to it (M, System 1 = 5.58, System 3 = 5.78; t = 2 . 2 8 , ~ < .05, two-tailed test). Whether the discrepancy in willingness to accept the information as valid represents a lack of criticality toward high-status sources by System 1 persons, "defensiveness" by System 3 persons, or a combination of the two is not clear from this study. The claim to being disturbed by System 3 Ss and their endorsing the notion that the material should be shared are puzzling in light of their expressing doubt of the material's accuracy, especially originating with a high-expertise source. This suggests defensive behavior on the pan of these System 3 Ss and deserves further attention.
Putting the catalyst among the pigeons

Most educators and trainers use films in the course of their work. They also rely upon handouts to stress various factors. Few, so far, have taken the next logical step, which would be to produce their own standard lectures on film — or videotape. Yet, as articles in Education & Training have shown, we have the technology to do just that: to leave the standard lecture to a video‐play machine, thus freeing the lecturer actually to play the role of tutor — a catalyst in the classroom.
On sedimentation rates and porosity

Abstract Apparent sedimentation rate differences between core samples may be simply artifacts of porosity differences (a real example is provided). To avoid this problem, vertical thickness per unit time sedimentation rates (e.g. cm/1000 years) should be calculated on a uniform porosity basis. The relationships between porosity and mineral density, water density, bulk density, water contents, and salinity are reviewed; and simple, working equations for determining the necessary parameters are given as well as a choice of equally simple equations for reconstructing a core to a constant, reference porosity.
Which Competencies Are Most Important for Creative Expression

In a follow-up to a previously published study (Epstein, Schmidt, & Warfel, 2008), an ethnically-diverse sample of 13,578 people in 47 countries (mainly the United States and Canada) took an online test that measures 4 trainable competencies that have been shown to enhance creative expression in individuals. The new study confirmed that the test has high internal-consistency reliability and reasonably strong predictive validity. Competency scores were good predictors of self-reported frequency of creative expression and moderately good predictors of life satisfaction and professional success. Scores were also substantially higher for people who had had creativity training, and more training was associated with higher scores. Small but statistically significant differences in scores were found for gender (women outscoring men) and race/ethnicity. Of the 4 competencies examined, capturing (preserves new ideas as they occur) proved to be the best predictor of self-reported creative expression, followed by ch...
Abstract 1230: Syntaxin 6- and microtubule-mediated intracellular trafficking contributes to Golgi and nuclear translocation of EGFR

Receptor mediated endocytosis is well known for its degradation and recycling trafficking. Recent evidence shows that these cell surface receptors translocate from cell surface to different cellular compartments, including the Golgi, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the nucleus to regulate physiological and pathological functions. Although some trafficking mechanisms have been resolved, the completed mechanism of intracellular trafficking from cell surface to the Golgi is still unknown. Herein, we report a mechanism of the Golgi translocation of EGFR in which EGF-induced EGFR travels to the Golgi via microtubule (MT)-dependent movement by interacting with dynein and fuses with the Golgi through syntaxin 6 (Syn6) mediated membrane fusion. We also demonstrate that the Golgi translocation of EGFR is necessary for its consequent nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity. Interestingly, foreign protein such as bacterial cholera toxin, which is known to activate its pathological function through the Golgi/ER retrograde pathway, also utilizes the MTs/Syn6 pathway. Thus, the MTs/Syn6/Golgi/ER pathway defines a comprehensive retrograde trafficking route for both cellular and foreign molecules to travel from cell surface to the Golgi and the nucleus. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1230. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1230
Inhibitory effect of bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) antagonists RC-3950-II and RC-3095 on MCF-7 MIII human breast cancer xenografts in nude mice

Abstract Bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) may be involved in the growth of human breast cancers. Nude mice bearing xenografts of MCF-7 MIII human breast cancer cell line were treated for 7 weeks with bombesin/GRP antagonists RC-3950-II and RC-3095. RC-3950-II, administered sc twice daily at a dose of 10 μg, produced significant inhibitory effects on tumor growth after 2 weeks of administration. RC-3095 acetate (D 22213), injected sc twice daily at the same dose of 10 μg, suppressed tumor growth after 4 weeks. Both RC-3950-II and RC-3095 significantly decreased the final tumor volume and tumor weights. RC-3950-I1 appeared to be somewhat more efficacious than RC-3095 in inhibiting the growth of MCF-7 MIII breast cancers. Chronic treatment with either bombesin/GRP antagonist caused down-regulation of receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF) in tumor cell membranes, which might be related to inhibition of tumor growth. These findings suggest that bombesin/GRP antagonists should be considered for a new endocrine therapy of breast cancer.
Preventing child malnutrition: Health and agriculture as determinants of child malnutrition

Food is the most basic of children's needs and is central to their health, growth, and development. As noted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, malnutrition is the underlying cause of more than half of all children's deaths worldwide. This study investigates the effects agricultural production and health systems have on the incidence of chronic malnutrition in children while controlling for other relevant factors. A multivariate statistical analysis of 137 developing countries reveals that the level of a country's agricultural infrastructure is an important determinant of the rate of chronic malnutrition in children. In addition, total health expenditures, improved water and sanitation, and large medical staffs, along with improved women's status and child care practices are associated with a reduction in child stunting rates.
Effects of plant lectins on virus growth in nonlymphoid cells.

Abstract Several plant lectins markedly reduce the numbers of virus plaque-forming units released by cultures of different cell types, treated either before or after infection. Antiviral activity, which is not due to activation of the interferon system, is long lived and is demonstrable against a variety of enveloped and nonenveloped cytocidal RNA and DNA viruses. Although several mechanisms are responsible for the total antiviral effect, depending upon the virus studied, major effects seem to be the blocking of virus release, agglutination of cell-associated as well as liberated virus, and, possibly, diminished production of virus.
Biosecurity and the multiplication of crises in the Egyptian agri-food industry

Abstract Through a case study of Egypt’s agri-food industry this paper examines biosecurity as a set of technologies, institutions, and practices that attempt to govern national agri-food industries and global agri-food trade by marrying a political economy perspective and an analysis of ‘nature–society relations’. Consistent with other agri-food industries in the global South, Egypt’s agri-food industry has undergone waves of corporate consolidation during the neoliberal period. By detailing the growth of the poultry industry and the endemic spread of HPAI H5N1 (avian flu), this paper presents an argument that the industry grew and consolidated through emergent and recurrent zoonotic and plant diseases, the management of which has been governed in part by biosecurity measures.