cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Authorization and privacy for semantic Web services

Web services will soon handle users' private information. They'll need to provide privacy guarantees to prevent this delicate information from ending up in the wrong hands. More generally, Web services will need to reason about their users' policies that specify who can access private information and under what conditions. These requirements are even more stringent for semantic Web services that exploit the semantic Web to automate their discovery and interaction because they must autonomously decide what information to exchange and how. In our previous work, we proposed ontologies for modeling the high-level security requirements and capabilities of Web services and clients.1 This modeling helps to match a client's request with appropriate services-those based on security criteria as well as functional descriptions.
Citation Impact of NHLBI R01 Grants Funded Through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act as Compared to R01 Grants Funded Through a Standard Payline

Rationale: The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) allowed National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to fund R01 grants that fared less well on peer review than those funded by meeting a payline threshold. It is not clear whether the sudden availability of additional funding enabled research of similar or lesser citation impact than already funded work. Objective: To compare the citation impact of ARRA-funded de novo National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute R01 grants with concurrent de novo National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute R01 grants funded by standard payline mechanisms. Methods and Results: We identified de novo (type 1) R01 grants funded by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in fiscal year 2009: these included 458 funded by meeting Institute’s published payline and 165 funded only because of ARRA funding. Compared with payline grants, ARRA grants received fewer total funds (median values, $1.03 versus $1.87 million; P <0.001) for a shorter duration (median values including no-cost extensions, 3.0 versus 4.9 years; P <0.001). Through May 2014, the payline R01 grants generated 3895 publications, whereas the ARRA R01 grants generated 996. Using the InCites database from Thomson-Reuters, we calculated a normalized citation impact for each grant by weighting each article for the number of citations it received normalizing for subject, article type, and year of publication. The ARRA R01 grants had a similar normalized citation impact per $1 million spent as the payline grants (median values [interquartile range], 2.15 [0.73–4.68] versus 2.03 [0.75–4.10]; P =0.61). The similar impact of the ARRA grants persisted even after accounting for potential confounders. Conclusions: Despite shorter durations and lower budgets, ARRA R01 grants had comparable citation outcomes per $million spent to that of contemporaneously funded payline R01 grants.
Comparable “risks” at the socioeconomic status extremes: Preadolescents’ perceptions of parenting

This study was focused on contextual variations in the parenting dimensions salient for preadolescent adjustment. The sample consisted of 614 sixth graders from two communities, one low and the other high income. Parenting dimensions included those known to be significant in each socioeconomic context: isolation from parents (emotional and physical), and parents' emphasis on achievements (overall expectations and emphasis on integrity over success). Adjustment outcomes included subjective well-being as well as school competence. Contradicting stereotypes, results showed that on average, very affluent children can perceive their parents as emotionally and physically unavailable to the same degree that youth in serious poverty do. The ramifications for adjustment also seem to be largely similar: Closeness to parents was beneficial for all, just as criticism was deleterious. Even after considering the quality of parent-child relationships, parents' physical absence (e.g., at dinner) connoted vulnerability for distress and for poor school performance in both groups. The connotations of a few parenting dimensions varied by context and gender; these variations are discussed as are overall implications for future research and practice.
A siphonotid millipede (Rhinotus) as the source of spiropyrrolizidine oximes of dendrobatid frogs.

Poison frogs of the neotropical family Dendrobatidae contain a wide variety of lipophilic alkaloids, which are accumulated from alkaloid-containing arthropods. A small millipede, Rhinotus purpureus (Siphonotidae), occurs microsympatrically with the dendrobatid frog Dendrobates pumilio on Isla Bastimentos, Bocas del Toro Province, Panama. Methanol extracts of this millipede contain the spiropyrrolizidine O-methyloxime 236, an alkaloid previously known only from skin extracts of poison frogs, including populations of D. pumilio. Thus, R. purpureus represents a likely dietary source of such alkaloids in dendrobatid frogs.
Adsorption and Degradation of Dimethyl Selenide in Soil

Dimethyl selenide (DMSe) is an organic vapor that is formed naturally from inorganic selenium species in soil. The behavior of DMSe directly regulates the geochemical cycling of selenium in the environment. In this study, the two fundamental reactions of DMSe in soil, adsorption and degradation, were investigated in batch experiments using headspace analysis. Adsorption of DMSe is negligible between the temperature of 4 and 40 °C and is insensitive to organic amendments. Degradation of DMSe, measured by a first-order rate constant, varied with soil type and organic amendment and was dependent on temperature but independent of soil moisture content over the range of 10% (by weight) to saturation. Degradation proceeded rapidly in a Hanford sandy loam, with a half-life of only 9 h. This compares to 875 h in a Losthill clay loam. Addition of compost manure or gluten (a pure protein) to the Hanford soil greatly increased the persistence of DMSe, which implies that the microorganisms consuming DMSe preferred th...
GVHD therapy: let there be light!

In this issue of Blood , Gatza and colleagues demonstrate in a murine model of GVHD that ECP induces increases in circulating endogenous Tregs. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains one of the most frequent and challenging complications faced by allogeneic stem cell transplantation clinicians.[1
Effects of abrupt changes in cycle length on atrial refractory periods in man

Abstract While the electrophysiologic effects of sudden changes in cycle length on the His-Purkinje System and ventricular myocardial refractoriness are better known, the behavior of atrial myocardium in this regard is poorly understood. The effects of an abrupt long to short cycle length change (11 patients: group A) and/or short to long cycle length alteration (18 patients: group B) on the atrial effective and functional refractory period were assessed during electrophysiologic studies. The values thus obtained were compared to those observed during the scanning of both constant long and constant short cycle lengths of the same duration. In group A the effective and functional refractory periods of the right atrium measured 250 ± 38 msec and 296 ± 31 msec during a constant long cycle length of 709 ± 80 msec, whereas the same parameters had values of 228 ± 30 msec and 260 ± 32 msec, respectively, at a constant short cycle length of 436 ± 81 msec. With an abrupt change in cycle length from long to short (a change of 273 ± 75 msec), the effective and functional atrial refractory periods were 225 ± 29 and 267 ± 29 msec in that order, and these values closely approximated those seen with a constant short cycle length. Similarly, the two atrial refractory period parameters in group B measured 218 ± 16 msec and 262 ± 19 msec during a constant short cycle length of 414 ± 68 msec and were 236 ± 17 msec and 284 ± 21 msec, respectively, at a constant long cycle length of 689 ± 92 msec. With a sudden short to long cycle length change of 275 ± 91 msec, the effective and functional atrial refractory periods measured 238 ± 15 and 284 ± 22 msec, respectively. The latter set of values are again quite similar to those obtained at a constant long cycle length. These data suggest that refractoriness of the human atrial myocardium adjusts abruptly and appropriately to the duration of the last cycle length. This behavior is indeed unique when compared to ventricular myocardium, which shows a cumulative effect of several preceding cycles, and His-Purkinje system, where the refractoriness overshoots in the direction of cycle length change.
Virtual team leadership and implementation in the US Air Force

One approach to transformation is the use of virtual teams. This qualitative phenomenological study employed a random sampling technique of a United States Air Force (USAF) virtual team for the study's population. Interviews uncovered insights and perceptions of team members as related to the operation, leadership, and collaboration of a virtual team in the USAF. Data revealed 15 themes that may enhance virtual team operation. Virtual teams need a defined purpose and charter to maximise effectiveness. Additionally, virtual teams present unique leadership challenges including having a clearly designated leader, the leader serving as a facilitator, and choosing the appropriate leadership style. Finally, virtual teams provide an avenue to enhance collaboration, but require the proper tools to promote information sharing.
Hyperfine Structure and Isotope Shifts in the 2537-Å Line of Mercury by a New Interferometric Method

A new optical method for the precise determination of hyperfine structure and isotope shifts has been developed. A selective method of excitation, accomplished by means of a source of a single isotope operated in a magnetic field, allows the various hyperfine components to be recorded one or a few at a time. These features permit the use of long interferometers (ours were about 218 mm) of high resolving power where the whole order difference between two of the components may be very large. The isotope shifts in the 2537-A line of mercury have been measured with a precision unequalled previously. The hyperfine structure of the odd isotopes has been measured with equal precision, though in this case the precision is less than that which has been achieved by radio frequency, double-resonance experiments. Our results are in good agreement with the double-resonance results, a fact which gives added confidence in our isotope shift results. The structure of the line relative to the isotope 198 is: 199A(−513.99±0.43); 204(−510.77±0.43); 201a(−488.96±0.33); 202(−336.96±0.15); 200(−160.29±0.15); 201b(−22.56±0.09); 198(0.00); 199B(224.40±0.23); 201c(229.23±0.51); where the units are millikaysers. The stated limits indicate the spread of the individual determinations about the mean value of the quantity as measured by their standard deviations. The magnetic dipole interaction constants for the 63P1° state are: A(199)=492.24±0.20 mK and A(201)=−181.88±0.13 mK. The nuclear magnetic moments calculated from these constants by means of the theory of Breit and Wills for intermediate coupling are: μI(199)=0.450 nm and μI(210)=−0.499 nm. The agreement between these values and the nuclear magnetic resonance values of Cagnac and Brossel (about 10%) is presumably an indication of the reliability of the theory for this case. The electric quadrupole interaction constant for the 63P1° state of Hg201 is B=−9.35±0.18 mK. This leads to the value for the quadrupole moment: Q=0.49 barn.
ON THE CONVERGENCE OF SPECTRAL METHODS FOR THE WIGNER-POISSON PROBLEM

We analyze the convergence properties of a spectral collocation method for the Wigner-Poisson equation, a nonlinear pseudodifferential equation describing quantum mechanical transport phenomena. Spectral accuracy and nonlinear stability of the momentum discretization are proven. The convergence results are verified numerically on a test sample.
Adventitious control by the location of comparison stimuli in conditional discriminations.

Abstract In a conditional discrimination procedure, samples appeared in a center key, and comparisons appeared in two of four outer keys. The location of comparison keys varied from trial to trial. Separate learning curves for each of the six possible pairs of comparison keys were plotted in a signal-detection space, revealing different patterns of progress on each pair. Also, when learned conditional discriminations were disrupted, pairs of keys differed in their patterns of disruption. Varying the location of comparison stimuli among six different pairs of keys had not eliminated key position as a controlling aspect of the stimuli. The variations simply increased the number of stimulus compounds--key position and experimental stimuli--that the subject learned. Plotting conditional-discrimination learning curves in a signal-detection space reveals relations among hits, false alarms, accuracy, and comparison preference that help to define a subject's progress.
Interaction of serum and cell spreading affects the growth of neoplastic and non-neoplastic fibroblasts.

Both growth factor availability and cell-to-cell contact have been mechanisms used to explain cell growth regulation at high cell density. Recently Folkman and colleagues have shown that changes in cell shape, rather than cell-to-cell contact, can regulate the growth of fibroblasts. However, in those studies the relation between serum and shape regulation of growth was not studied, nor were neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells compared. In this report we have studied these aspects by varying cell spreading and serum concentration independently for 2 non-neoplastic and 3 neoplastic cell lines. Cell spreading (projected cell area) was controlled by decreasing the adhesiveness of tissue culture plastic plates with poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [poly (HEMA)]. Cell growth was measured as the increase in cell number/day. We have found that more spreading increased net growth of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells, while less spreading (toward rounded configuration) depressed growth. There were also quantitative differences between neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells. Neoplastic cells continued to grow under conditions of cell rounding, which completely prevented the growth of their non-neoplastic counterparts. Some neoplastic cells also tended to show little or no increase in net cell number for serum concentrations above 10% as cells became more spread; in contrast, all non-neoplastic cells grew more with increasing concentrations of serum as they became well spread. Thus, in normal cells, it appears that the sensitivity of cells to humoral factors is governed by cell spreading. This interaction between serum and cell shape is less prominent in some neoplastic cells.
Turbulent mixing condensation nucleus counter

The construction and operating principles of the Turbulent Mixing Condensation Nucleus Counter (TM CNC) are described. Estimations based on the semiempirical theory of turbulent jets and the classical theory of nucleation and growth show the possibility of detecting particles as small as 2.5 nm without the interference of homogeneous nucleation. This conclusion was confirmed experimentally during the International Workshop on Intercomparison of Condensation Nuclei and Aerosol Particle Counters (Vienna, Austria). Number concentration, measured by the Turbulent Mixing CNC and other participating instruments, is found to be essentially equal.
B-B splitting : a test of heavy quark methods

Abstract We determine the one-loop QCD matching between lattice and continuum theories of the chromomagnetic moment operator. The operator is responsible for breaking the degeneracy of B and B ∗ mesons at order 1/ m in the static approximation.
Seasonal adaptations of populations of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, from tropical and temperate regions

Abstract Seasonal adaptations of populations of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella , obtained from south-central Mexico (19°N latitude) and southeast Missouri (37°N latitude) were compared. Day length and temperature were found to serve as environmental cues to programme the larval diapause of both populations, but different critical values were observed. The critical day length for diapause induction was about 13 hr light/day for Mexican larvae and about 15 hr light/day for Missouri larvae, and was relatively stable at 20 to 30°C. Mexican larvae displayed a less-intense diapause than did Missouri larvae. Some diapausing Mexican larvae maintained at 25 or 30°C pupated in about 15 days, regardless of the day length to which they were exposed. The rate of diapause development of Mexican larvae was high at day lengths between 14 hr and 16 hr, whereas that of Missouri larvae was accelerated at day lengths of 16 hr at 25 and 30°C. Diapause development of Mexican larvae was virtually unaffected by chilling at 10°C, whereas that of Missouri larvae continued at a low rate at 10°C. Selection of Mexican larvae for diapause showed that only four generations were needed to significantly increase the incidence of diapause.
Thermal expansion and swelling of cured epoxy resin used in graphite/epoxy composite materials

The paper presents results of experiments in which the thermal expansion and swelling behavior of an epoxy resin system and two graphite/epoxy composite systems exposed to water were measured. It was found that the cured epoxy resin swells by an amount slightly less than the volume of the absorbed water and that the swelling efficiency of the water varies with the moisture content of the polymer. Additionally, the thermal expansion of cured epoxy resin that is saturated with water is observed to be more than twice that of dry resin. Results also indicate that cured resin that is saturated with 7.1% water at 95 C will rapidly increase in moisture content to 8.5% when placed in 1 C water. The mechanism for this phenomenon, termed reverse thermal effect, is described in terms of a slightly modified free-volume theory in conjunction with the theory of polar molecule interaction. Nearly identical behavior was observed in two graphite/epoxy composite systems, thus establishing that this behavior may be common to all cured epoxy resins.
The Decision by the US Congress on China’s Trade Status: A Multicriteria Analysis

In this paper, we used a decision making tool, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), to analyze a decision to select a trade status for China that is in the best interest of the United States before that decision came before Congress for a vote.
Does displaying visual information in depth improve iconic memory

Xu and Nakayama (J.E.P.Gen., 2007) reported that short-term visual memory for color patches (at 2 sec post-display) was slightly better when the patches were presented in depth. For depth to help, subjects had to be aware of which set of patches would be in which depth plane -as if color and location had to be ‘bound’ together. We asked: would depth aid partial report (Sperling, 1960), over the first second or so of iconic memory ?
Comparative surface and nano-tribological characteristics of nanocomposite diamond-like carbon thin films doped by silver

In this study we have deposited silver-containing hydrogenated and hydrogen-free diamond-like carbon (DLC) nanocomposite thin films by plasma immersion ion implantation-deposition methods. The surface and nano-tribological characteristics were studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nano-scratching experiments. The silver doping was found to have no measurable effect on sp2-sp3 hybridization of the hydrogenated DLC matrix and only a slight effect on the hydrogen-free DLC matrix. The surface topography was analyzed by surface imaging. High- and low-order roughness determined by AFM characterization was correlated to the DLC growth mechanism and revealed the smoothing effect of silver. The nano-tribological characteristics were explained in terms of friction mechanisms and mechanical properties in correlation to the surface characteristics. It was discovered that the adhesion friction was the dominant friction mechanism; the adhesion force between the scratching tip and DLC surface was decreased by hydrogenation and increased by silver doping.
The Brown Decision's Other Legacy: Civic Education and the Rodriguez Case

Youngstown State University T he publication of Gerald Rosenberg's The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? (1991) spawned an ongoing argument among legal scholars about the effect that Brown v. Board of Education (1954) had on the civil rights movement and the end of legal segregation. Whatever the Court's precise causal role compared to subsequent waves of protest and legislation, desegregation remained on the public agenda. The same cannot be said for Brown's lesson about the civic importance of education. Indeed, in the 50 years since Brown v. Board of Education the very notion of education providing a civic benefit has been drowned out by an emphasis on its economic (sometimes social, but mainly individual) benefits. Where democratic theorists such as Benjamin Barber (1998, 220) observe that the "logic of democracy begins with public education, proceeds to informed citizenship, and comes to fruition in the securing of rights and liberties," politicians argue that "we ought to measure every school by one high standard: Are our children learning what they need to know to compete and win in the global economy?"' Although it is difficult to identify its genesis, one can cite instances and cases that both contributed to and were symptomatic of this change in understanding about the civic nature of education. One case
Effect of amoxicillin or clindamycin on the adenoids bacterial flora.

Abstract Objective We sought to compare the effect on the adenoid bacterial flora of patients with recurrent otitis media of antimicrobial therapy with amoxicillin (Am) or clindamycin (C). Patients and methods Forty-five children scheduled for elective adenoidectomy participated in a prospective randomized study. They were divided into 3 groups of 15 each to receive either no therapy (control) or 10 days of therapy with Am or C. Core adenoid tissues was quantitatively cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Results Polymicrobial aerobic-anaerobic flora were present in all instances. The predominant aerobes in all groups were α-hemolytic and γ-hemolytic streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, group A β-hemolytic streptococci, and Moraxella catarrhalis . The prominent anaerobes were Peptostreptococcus, Prevotella, and Fusobacterium spp. The number of isolates was significantly reduced in those treated with Am (n = 110, P P P P P Conclusions These data illustrate the ability of C and, to a lesser degree, of Am to reduce the bacterial load as well as potential pathogens and β-lactamase–producing bacteria from the adenoids of children with recurrent otitis media.
Multireference many‐body perturbation theory

The multireference many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) method is presented pedagogically. The distinctions between complete and incomplete model spaces are discussed. All second- and third-order diagrams for the diagonal and off-diagonal elements of the effective Hamiltonian matrix are presented in a compact form for complete and incomplete model spaces, including a new treatment of the renormalization diagrams. Illustrative numerical results are presented for the excitation energies of C2H4 using an incomplete single excitation model space, and for a study of FH potential energy surfaces with several different sizes of reference space.
RNA regulons: coordination of post-transcriptional events

Recent findings demonstrate that multiple mRNAs are co-regulated by one or more sequence-specific RNA-binding proteins that orchestrate their splicing, export, stability, localization and translation. These and other observations have given rise to a model in which mRNAs that encode functionally related proteins are coordinately regulated during cell growth and differentiation as post-transcriptional RNA operons or regulons, through a ribonucleoprotein-driven mechanism. Here I describe several recently discovered examples of RNA operons in budding yeast, fruitfly and mammalian cells, and their potential importance in processes such as immune response, oxidative metabolism, stress response, circadian rhythms and disease. I close by considering the evolutionary wiring and rewiring of these combinatorial post-transcriptional gene-expression networks.
The Name Game: Using Insults to Illustrate the Social Construction of Gender

The author describes a classroom activity in which students generate and then analyze insulting words to gain insights into how gender is socially constructed. After discussing how and why undergraduate students struggle with the concept of gender, the author highlights the usefulness of an active learning pedagogy in clearing these misconceptions. This is followed by a detailed description of the setup and analysis of this exercise and the context in which the Name Game has been successfully used. The author concludes by discussing the results of an assessment of this activity and certain potential challenges and how they can be addressed.
On the use of CartoSound for left atrial navigation.

On the Use of CartoSound for Left Atrial Navigation. Introduction: The utility of “virtual” imaging systems for left atrial (LA) navigation has been hampered by inadequate spatial detail, as well as inaccurate integration of more detailed preoperative images, such as those generated by computed tomography (CT). CartoSound is an intracardiac echocardiography (ICE)-based technology that promises to ameliorate these problems. Our objective was to examine the capabilities and optimal use of CartoSound, both as a stand-alone tool and as a facilitator of CT image integration. Methods and Results: In 10 patients, CartoSound models of the LA were generated using each of 4 ICE transducer locations: LA, right atrium (RA), coronary sinus (CS), and esophagus (ESO). Each of these models was used to register CT-derived LA models into the operative workspace. We correlated the comprehensiveness of LA imaging from each transducer location with the quality of the CT registration, as well as the accuracy of mock circumferential antral ablation guided by the CartoSound model alone or by the CT model. The LA transducer location provided the most comprehensive rendering of the LA, which was associated with higher quality CT registration and greater CT-guided mock ablation accuracy. Mock ablation guided by the CartoSound model alone was at least as accurate as CT, although the models were less intuitive. Conclusions: For LA navigation, optimal use of CartoSound may require LA transducer location, which is effective for stand-alone use and as a facilitator of CT image integration. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 656-664, June 2010)
Psychology of Computer Use: XXXIV. The Computer Hassles Scale: Subscales, Norms, and Reliability:

Data from 1199 student users formed the normative database for the Computer Hassles Scale, a 37-item scale measuring computer users' stress. The Computer Hassles Scale was scored to yield a severity of hassles score for the total scale and two subscales, Computer Runtime Errors and Computer Information Problems. The total scale and both subscales showed high internal consistency as measured by the Cronbach coefficient alpha. Guidelines for identifying high and low severity of computer users' stress were suggested.
Partially biodegradable temperature- and pH-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/dextran-maleic acid hydrogels: formulation and controlled drug delivery of doxorubicin.

A new family of partially biodegradable temperature- and pH-responsive hydrogels, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/dextran-maleic acid (PNIPAAm/Dex-MA), was synthesized and its application as a drug carrier was investigated. The PNIPAAm/Dex-MA hydrogels were synthesized by UV cross-linking over a wide range of mixed solvent ratios of dimethyl formamide (DMF) to water. PNIPAAm and Dex-MA precursors were chosen as thermo-sensitive and pH-sensitive components, respectively. Dex-MA was also used as a cross-linker. An anti-tumor drug, doxorubicin, was used to examine the effects of network structures of PNIPAAm/Dex-MA hydrogels on the release of drug. These PNIPAAm/Dex-MA hybrid hydrogels exhibited a wide range of porous network structures and sizes due to the effect of the mixed solvent during the gelation reaction. This variation in porous network structure of NDF hydrogels led to a wide range of swelling, deswelling and biodegradation processes. The distinctive porous structure of the PNIPAAm/Dex-MA hydrogels wa...
Automated global mapping of minimal energy points on seams of crossing by the anharmonic downward distortion following method: a case study of H2CO.

Automated global mapping of minimal energy points on seams of crossing (MSX structures) were performed by using the anharmonic downward distortion following (ADD-following) method, which has previously been applied to the single potential energy surfaces (PESs) to perform automated global reaction route mapping. In this study, the ADD-following is applied to a penalty function based on two PESs of different electronic states. The present approach is effective not only for crossing seams between states with different symmetry but also for conical intersections for states with the same symmetry. Many new MSX structures were discovered on the S0/T1 and S1/T1 crossing seams and the S0/S1 conical intersections of H2CO by automated global mapping using the ADD-following method. A possible pathway for dissociation of formaldehyde excited to S1 at low energy is discussed.
Internet technology: contributing to agility in the twenty‐first century

To compete effectively in many developed and emerging global markets firms must develop the capacity to react quickly and successfully to change – they must become agile. Internet technology, in the form of corporate intranets and the Internet, can be an important enabler of agility. Internet technology makes possible the intra‐ and inter‐organizational sharing of data and information in the form of text, graphics, audio, and video, enabling various tasks, activities and processes that help a firm to become agile and ready to compete in the twenty‐first century. This manuscript examines Internet technology’s contributions to agility.
Comet Lightcurves: Effects of Active Regions and Topography

Abstract The lightcurves and derived production rates of volatiles such as water for short-period comets show asymmetries around perihelion. These asymmetries do not follow a specific trend, and short-period comets are as likely to be brighter preperihelion as postperihelion. This and images of the nucleus of Comet P/Halley suggest that the activity of comet nuclei is driven by a small number of active regions. Lightcurve asymmetries may then be understood by changing geometry of the active regions with respect to the Sun. Solutions of the heat diffusion equation for a short-period comet with active regions covering the full range of spin axis orientations show that active regions can produce asymmetries of several orders of magnitude in the sublimation rate of water from the nucleus. These large and sudden swings in activity are reduced if the active zone lies within a crater or topographical depression on the nucleus. Simulation of the sublimation rate of H 2 O from craters on a comet nucleus show that topography can qualitatively change the dependence of water production on heliocentric distance. The effect of negative relief topography is to slow the loss of heat from the nucleus and maintain higher sublimation rates than from a flat surface active region experiencing winter. In the absence of topography, a single active region can lead to sublimation rates that vary over several orders of magnitude on short time scales. Negative relief topography reduces the magnitude and speed of these seasonal changes in comet activity, with rougher surfaces having smaller seasonal variations. The magnitude of seasonal changes in comet activity can be used with the results of this model to place upper limits on the amount of surface roughness at known active regions.
Naloxone-induced pituitary-adrenal activation does not differ in patients with depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, and healthy controls

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol secretion have been shown to be abnormal in approximately half of depressed patients. Information from pituitary and adrenal studies suggests that the locus of this dysregulation is at or above the level of the hypothalamus; however, direct evidence from provocative studies of the hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) neuron does not exist. The current study was designed to stimulate hypothalamic CRH release using the opiate antagonist naloxone in patients with depression and elevated urinary-free cortisols as well as healthy and psychiatric controls. All subjects received naloxone and placebo on separate days in a double-blinded, randomized fashion at a dose determined previously to reliably induce significant increases in ACTH and cortisol secretion. No significant differences were noted among groups. We conclude that although naloxone is an effective central stimulant of the hypothalamic CRH neuron, stimulation of the hypothalamic CRH neuron with naloxone does not provide evidence of dysregulation of the HPA axis in depression.
Electrochemical Analysis of Protein Nitrotyrosine and Dityrosine in the Alzheimer Brain Indicates Region-Specific Accumulation

HPLC with electrochemical array detection (HPLC-ECD) was used to quantify 3,3'-dityrosine (diTyr) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NO2-Tyr) in four regions of the human brain that are differentially affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD). DiTyr and 3-NO2-Tyr levels were elevated consistently in the hippocampus and neocortical regions of the AD brain and in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (VF), reaching quantities five- to eightfold greater than mean concentrations in brain and VF of cognitively normal subjects. Uric acid, a proposed peroxynitrite scavenger, was decreased globally in the AD brain and VF. The results suggest that AD pathogenesis may involve the activation of oxidant-producing inflammatory enzyme systems, including nitric oxide synthase.
Optimal Plans for Dynamic Programming Problems

It is proved that there exist stationary optimal plans for discounted dynamic programming problems, and that there exist semi-Markov e-optimal plans for positive dynamic programming problems. The actions are required to be taken in a variable action set Fs, and the reward function rs, a is a Borel measurable function of s, a and an u.s.c. function of a. Our results are related to recent work by Furukawa, Maitra, and Schal. The key tool is a generalization of a selection theorem of Dubins and Savage.
Conventional or molecular measurement of Aspergillus load.

The quantification of organisms is a standard tool. Measurement of a hyphal organism, like Aspergillus, presents difficulties in that it is problematic to define what constitutes a cell. Growth occurs by hyphal tip extension, in which the hypha elongates and a septum is formed behind the tip to divide it in to a separate compartment. However, communication between compartments and streaming of nuclei makes defining a cell of a hyphal organism difficult and the best method for quantification of the hyphal organism remains controversial. Conventional CFU determination of fungal burden in tissue homogenates is readily done by most laboratories, but CFU recovered temporally tend to show minimal increase, and may indicate that mechanical homogenization does not cause significant fragmentation of the hyphae in the tissues. Does the lack of increase in CFU as infection worsens inadequately reflect fungal load in the tissue? Non-culture based assays including chitin determination, quantitative PCR and enzyme immu...
Abomasal and plasma nitrogen constituents of steers fed on different physical forms of shelled maize

Abstract Eight abomasally fistulated steers were fed on diets of either ground, cracked or whole shelled maize at equalized intakes. Dry matter disappearance as a percentage of dietary intake averaged 73.1, 69.9 and 65.1 for steers fed ground, cracked and whole shelled maize, respectively, but these differences were not significant ( P > 0.05). Total abomasal N tended to be lower in steers given cracked maize; however, this difference was nonsignificant. Abomasal nonprotein N was somewhat lower, and protein N tended to be higher with ground maize, these differences also being nonsignificant. Cracked maize resulted in slightly greater amounts of abomasal nonprotein N and lower amounts of protein N. Plasma urea-N was highest in steers fed on cracked maize. Concentrations of abomasal amino acids were not significantly ( P > 0.05) affected by the form of the maize. Of the plasma amino acids, lysine and alanine were significantly higher ( P P P
Fast Simulations of Large-Scale Highly Congested Systems:

Focusing on resource cycles, the authors developed a semiconductor wafer factory (fab) simulation that executed more than an order of magnitude faster than a job-tracing simulation previously in use. The authors summarize the methodologies used and conclude that the differences in execution speeds are due to the fundamental differences in using an event graph paradigm to model the discrete event system dynamics instead of the more popular process flow paradigm that is used by almost all commercial simulation packages. However, the execution speed of a resource-driven model is insensitive to system congestion, whereas a job-driven model slows dramatically (or halts) as the system becomes heavily loaded. The authors conclude that a resource-driven approach using event scheduling logic offers the best approach to modeling very large-scale highly congested systems such as those found in communication, transportation, and unit-manufacturing operations.
Abnormal alveolar cells in monocrotaline induced pulmonary hypertension.

Monocrotaline given to rats causes lung injury which is followed by pulmonary hypertension. A large, abnormal intraalveolar cell has been repeatedly observed. The purpose of the present study was to define the nature of the cell and to determine bow it related to the lung injury. As observed by electron microscopy, the intraalveolar cell contained numerous large, dense granules, as well as lipid whorls, extensive Golgi complexes, and many small vesicles. These cells appeared to be macrophages, possibly altered by ingestion of lipid-like material which was free in the alveolar space. Enlarged type II pneumonocytes and mast cells were seen in the alveolar walls but their appearance differed from that of the free alveolar cells. The electron microscopic findings plus the presence of Fc and C3b receptors on the cells indicated they were alveolar macrophages. When the severity of pulmonary hypertension was varied by a) giving monocrotaline to rats of varying age, b) by varying the dose of monocrotaline, or c) ...
On Identifying Simple and Quantified Lattice Points in the 2SAT Polytope

This paper is concerned with techniques for identifying simple and quantified lattice points in 2SAT polytopes. 2SAT polytopes generalize the polyhedra corresponding to Boolean 2SAT formulae, Vertex-Packing (Covering, Partitioning) and Network flow problems; they find wide application in the domains of Program verification (Software Engineering) and State-Space search (Artificial Intelligence). Our techniques are based on the symbolic elimination strategy called the Fourier-Motzkin elimination procedure and thus have the advantages of being extremely simple (from an implementational perspective) and incremental. We also provide a characterization of the 2SAT polytope in terms of its extreme points and derive some interesting hardness results for associated optimization problems.
9-(Phenylsulfonyl)-9H-carbazol-2-ol

The crystal structure of the title mol­ecule, C19H13NO3S, confirms the structure of this compound formed from a Diels–Alder reaction between 3-nitro-1-(phenyl­sulfon­yl)indole and 1-meth­oxy-3-(trimethyl­siloxy)-1,3-butadiene (Danishefsky's diene). The angle between planes of tthe carbazole ring system and the phenylsulfonyl ring is 89.97 (17)°.
COEXISTENCE OF THREE SPECIALIST APHIDS ON COMMON MILKWEED, ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA

Coexistence of host-specific herbivores on plants is believed to be governed by interspecific interactions, but few empirical studies have systematically unraveled these dynamics. We investigated the role of several factors in promoting coexistence among the aphids Aphis nerii, Aphis asclepiadis, and Myzocallis asclepiadis that all specialize on common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca). Competitive exclusion is thought to occur when interspecific competition is stronger than intraspecific competition. Consequently, we investigated whether predators, mutualists, or resource quality affected the strength of intra- vs. interspecific competition among aphids in factorial manipulations of competition with exposure to predation, ants, and variable plant genotypes in three separate experiments. In the predation 3 competition experiment, predators reduced aphid per capita growth by 66%, but the strength of intra- and interspecific competition did not depend on predators. In the ants 3 competition experiment, ants reduced per capita growth of A. nerii and M. asclepiadis (neither of which were mutualists with ants) by approximately one-half. In so doing, ants ameliorated the negative effects of these competitors on ant-tended A. asclepiadis by two-thirds, representing a novel benefit of ant-aphid mutualism. Nevertheless, ants alone did not explain the persistence of competitively inferior A. asclepiadis as, even in the presence of ants, interspecific competition remained stronger than intraspecific competition. In the plant genotype 3 competition experiment, both A. asclepiadis and M. asclepiadis were competitively inferior to A. nerii, with the strength of interspecific competition exceeding that of intraspecific competition by 83% and 23%, respectively. Yet these effects differed among milkweed genotypes, and there were one or more plant genotypes for each aphid species where coexistence was predicted. A synthesis of our results shows that predators play little or no role in preferentially suppressing competitively dominant A. nerii. Nonetheless, A. asclepiadis benefits from ants, and A. asclepiadis and M. asclepiadis may escape competitive exclusion by A. nerii on select milkweed genotypes. Taken as a whole, the coexistence of three host-specific aphid species sharing the same resource was promoted by the dual action of ants as antagonists and mutualists and by genetic diversity in the plant population itself.
Desire and the Prosthetics of Supervision: A Case of Maquiladora Flexibility

The instructor told us to act as if we were approving of someone's work performance. "Don't use words," she reminded us, "this is to see if you know how to use your bodies. I want to see your body language." Most nodded their heads, lifted their eyebrows, and smiled. A few gestured quiet applause. One did a "thumbs-up." This was one of several exercises that the participants performed in a training session designed to teach maquiladora supervisors some contemporary techniques for monitoring work in a flexible firm.' In this class of thirty odd Mexican employees, all but one a man, we practiced communication skills that fostered team spirit without diminishing our social control over the labor process. "Good communication is more important than ever," she emphasized. "You don't have time to tell people how to do things over and over. You use body language.... They need to do things as if your ideas were already in their heads." In these classes, we were learning about the complex social body of supervision. It is a body formed through the relationship between the supervisor and the supervised, but it exceeds them both in conceptualization and function in the flexible factory of late capitalism. I use the metaphor of a third body to explore how the social body of supervision comes to life around a prosthetic dynamic linking the supervised with the supervisor in a single, functional corporeality. Critical for seeing the prosthetics of flexible supervision is an understanding of how the supervisor's and supervisee's roles have changed with the transition from Fordist to flexible production in the Mexican maquiladora industry. Workers in a flexible firm are supposed to embody the concept of flexibility (Martin 1994). They are expected to self-supervise, learn different tasks, and diagnose problems as they occur (Holmes 1989; Piore and Sabel 1984; Schoenberger 1988). Unlike the fixed-purpose workers of Fordism, who perform a single task in the same way, time and again, the flexible worker is pliable and capable of adjusting to the needs of the system. And, likewise, the emphasis in supervision is now on training as opposed to monitoring.
Correlations between cyclic AMP binding and chemoreception in Paramecium

Abstract Paramecium tetraurelia is attracted to cyclic AMP, which probably, as other attractants, signifies the presence of food. Attraction to cyclic AMP was specific, saturable, and, therefore, likely to be receptor-mediated. In these studies, we measured the binding of cyclic [ 3 H]AMP to whole cells and found it to be saturable, reversible, and displaying specificity similar to that of attraction. An HPLC method of separating nucleotides was devised and used to determine that external cyclic AMP was degraded in the absence of IBMX, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and that cyclic AMP was taken into the cells in small amounts. Since binding and attraction were subsequently measured in the presence of IBMX, it was cyclic AMP and not a degradation product that served as the attractant stimulus for Paramecium .
Pulse transmission coefficient: A nonhyperemic index for physiologic assessment of procedural success following percutaneous coronary interventions

Intracoronary pressure measurements and the determination of fractional flow reserve (FFR) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) predict adverse events. Coronary lesions may impair the transmission of pressure waves across a stenosis, potentially acting as a high-frequency filter. The pulse transmission coefficient (PTC) is a nonhyperemic parameter that calculates the transmission of high-frequency components of the pressure signal through a stenosis. It was shown recently that PTC is highly correlated with FFR. This study was designed to examine the change of PTC as compared to FFR following PCI. Pressure signals were obtained by pressure guidewire in 27 lesions pre- and post-PCI and were analyzed with an algorithm that identifies the high-frequency component in the pressure signal. The PTC was calculated at baseline as the ratio between distal and proximal high-frequency components of the pressure waveform across the lesion. FFR measurements were assessed with intracoronary adenosine. There was a significant increase in PTC following PCI (0.15 ± 0.17 at baseline vs. 0.84 ± 0.11 post-PCI; P < 0.001). Comparable changes were observed for FFR (0.58 ± 0.12 at baseline vs. 0.91 ± 0.05 post-PCI; P < 0.001). PTC is a nonhyperemic parameter for physiologic assessment of coronary artery stenoses. Similar to FFR, PTC is significantly increased following PCI. Thus, it may serve as an adjunct index for the functional assessment of procedural success following PCI. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;61:95–102. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.