cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Mouse Pancreatic Islet Proteome and Comparative Analysis with Other Mouse Tissues

The pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and especially the insulin-producing beta cells, play a central role in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Alterations in the expression of multiple proteins in the islets that contribute to the maintenance of islet function are likely to underlie the pathogenesis of types 1 and 2 diabetes. To identify proteins that constitute the islet proteome, we provide the first comprehensive proteomic characterization of pancreatic islets for mouse, the most commonly used animal model in diabetes research. Using strong cation exchange fractionation coupled with reversed phase LC-MS/MS we report the confident identification of 17,350 different tryptic peptides covering 2612 proteins having at least two unique peptides per protein. The data set also identified approximately 60 post-translationally modified peptides including oxidative modifications and phosphorylation. While many of the identified phosphorylation sites corroborate those previously known, the oxidative modifications observed on cysteinyl residues reveal potentially novel information suggesting a role for oxidative stress in islet function. Comparative analysis with 15 available proteomic data sets from other mouse tissues and cells revealed a set of 133 proteins predominantly expressed in pancreatic islets. This unique set of proteins, in addition to those with known functions such as peptide hormones secreted from the islets, contains several proteins with as yet unknown functions. The mouse islet protein and peptide database accessible at (http://ncrr.pnl.gov), provides an important reference resource for the research community to facilitate research in the diabetes and metabolism fields.
Investigation of Indium Phosphide Quantum Dot Nucleation and Growth Utilizing Triarylsilylphosphine Precursors

We have developed a two-phosphine strategy to independently tune nucleation and growth kinetics based on the relative reactivity of each precursor in the synthesis of indium phosphide (InP) quantum dots (QDs). This approach was allowed by the exploration of the synthesis and reactivity of a series of sterically encumbered triarylsilylphosphines substituted at the para position of the aryl group, P(Si(C6H4-X)3)3 (X = H, Me, CF3, or Cl), as a contrast to P(SiMe3)3, the P3– source commonly employed in such syntheses. UV–vis absorption spectroscopy of aliquots taken during InP QD growth revealed a stark contrast between triarylsilylphosphines with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups in both the rate of InP formation and the final particle size. 31P{1H} nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed that precursor conversion remains rate-limiting throughout the nanocrystal synthesis when P(SiPh3)3 is incorporated as the sole phosphorus precursor; however, this is insufficient for effective sep...
A graph theoretic upper bound on the permanent of a nonnegative integer matrix. I

Abstract Let A be a fully indecomposable n × n matrix with nonnegative integer entries. Then the permanent of A is bounded above by 1+min{Π( c i −1), Π( r i −1)}, where c i and r i are the column and row sums of A . The inequality results from a bound on the number of disjoint cycle unions in an associated multigraph. This bound can improve via contractions.
Meeting John Glover

It was a cool spring morning in San Francisco, site of the 1986 AERA conference. It was a day of firsts and onlys. It was my first trip to San Francisco and my first run along Fisherman's Wharf, through Golden Gate Park, to the foot of the famed Golden Gate Bridge. The wharf was bustling with predawn delivery trucks and with street merchants slicing fish. The rising sun sliced the lingering fog and softly lit the great bridge. Later that morning, Steve Benton and I, assistant professor colleagues at Kansas State University, navigated the hilly streets around our hotel until we found our breakfast spot—a simple diner with a few cramped booths and tables. It was a popular spot with AERA attendees. At nearly every table, briefcase-totting academics wore blue blazers with crooked nametags pinned to the lapels and studied conference programs. Steve and I soon grabbed a small table and waited to meet John Glover. John had been Steve's advisor at the University of Nebraska. Glover and I had never met but Steve's tales portrayed a bullish superhero churning out scholarly books on learning, development, creativity, and animal training; grinding out research articles sometimes containing five or six experiments; exhorting his graduate students to follow his lead and to write at least six pages every day; and scolding administrators who forget a university's true purpose of educating students. John's entrance was enigmatic. He burst through the door and I was immediately swallowed by his presence. He was a mountain with a mustache—tall, wide, and strong. He strode to our table, gave Steve a warm greeting, and then locked his eyes on mine. He thrust out his powerful right hand, swallowed mine, and then pierced any tension I felt meeting the legendary Glover. "You've been doing great work," he bellowed still clutching my hand, "I'm going to be citing your work on note taking in my educational psychology text." As he let go and stepped around the table to join us, I only then noticed that he was dressed from ankles to shoulders in a canary yellow sweat suit. He was a yellow mountain. That morning, John graciously invited Steve and me to contribute a chapter to a book he was editing. We spoke tirelessly amid waffles and coffee about research and our passions for educational psychology. We shook hands again when we parted on the glowing, salt aired sidewalk never knowing that this was the only time the first three editors of Educational Psychology Review—the journal that John Glover later founded in 1989— would meet.
Phonon Spectra of Some Transition Metal Carbides from a Simple Pseudopotential Approach

It is shown that many of the over-all features of the phonon spectra of transition metal carbides and related compounds can be approximately reproduced by a simple dielectric-response approach which uses Heine-Abarenkov pseudopotentials and free-electron screening, although the model calculations do not show the unusual structure seen in some of these materials. Illustrative applications are made to UC, HfC, TaC, and NbC.
Purine nucleotide metabolism of germinating soybean embryonic axes.

Isolated soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Kent) embyronic axes metabolized [14C]glycine to ATP within the 1 hour of imbibition. Radioactivity was not detected in GTP until the 3rd hour. Throughout most of the first 24 hours of germination about 10 to 26 times as much label from [14C]glycine appears in ATP as GTP. About five times as much [14C]hypoxanthine and [14C]inosine was converted into GTP as into ATP in embryonic axes. Two independent pools of IMP appear to be used in purine nucleotide synthesis of soybean axes.
Challenges in clockgating for a low power ASIC methodology

Gating the clock is an important technique used in low power design to disable unused modules of a circuit. Gating can save power by both preventing unnecessary activity in the logic modules as well as by eliminating power dissipation in the clock distribution network. There is an inherent pitfall though in implementing gating groups for hierarchical gated clock distribution because the groups are typically developed at the logic level with no information of the physical layout of the clocktree. Depending on the distribution of underlying sinks, maintaining gating groups can cause a wiring overhead that is potentially greater than the savings due to reduced switching. We look at modifications of zero-skew tree algorithms to consider both the physical and logical aspects of hierarchical gating. The algorithms are applied to data taken from a low power ASIC design. The best gated clocktree is created using both physical and logical information.
Electrotransport in liquid monovalent alloys

Abstract The phase shift approach used by Epstein et al. for electrotransport in liquid Na-K alloys is extended to the 21 liquid binary systems involving Li, Na, K, Rb, Cu, Ag and Au. The resulting variations of back-scattering differential cross-sections with k F and with composition indicate that diverse electrotransport behavior is expected. This includes both small and large electrotransport coefficients and reversals of migration direction in selected systems.
Differential relationships between transcallosal structural and functional connectivity in young and older adults

Numerous studies have identified age differences in brain structure and function that correlate with declines in motor performance. While these investigations have typically focused on activity in isolated regions of the brain, resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging allow for more integrative assessments of spatially disparate neural networks. The novel contribution of the current study is to combine both resting state functional connectivity and diffusion tensor imaging to examine motor corticocortical circuits in young and older adults. We find that relatively greater functional connectivity between the primary motor cortices was strongly associated with decreased structural connectivity and poorer motor performance solely in older adults. We suggest that greater functional connectivity in older adults may be reflective of a release from the normally predominantly inhibitory interhemispheric communication associated with the primary motor cortices.
The patient as a person

A key point in good practice by a physiotherapist requires recognition of the patients’ needs to regain or maintain personal autonomy and to aim for increasing personal responsibility for recovery.
ZHANG JIULING AND THE LYCHEE

Preface. When asked to contribute a piece in honor of Elling Eide’s scholarship to this journal whose publication he so generously supported for many years, I thought first of offering something on Li Bo 李白, the Tang poet most admired by both of us, about whom we have both written, and whom we also discussed often with each other at length. But that would be predictable, and Elling was anything but predictable. My thoughts turned instead to his appreciation of rare plants, especially subtropical fruit. Combined with Elling’s fondness for the court of Xuanzong and his lifelong dedication to the practice of translation, the specific choice of topic was then obvious.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and catalytic activity of α-zirconium phosphate and zirconium phosphate sulfophenylphosphonate

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analyses were performed on α-zirconium phosphate (ZrP) and on an organic derivative of ZrP, zirconium phosphate sulfophenylphosphonate (ZrPS). The XPS results show that the change of half of the phosphate groups in ZrP to sulfophenylphosphonate groups in ZrPS changes the binding energy levels for some electrons in the solid. The XPS analyses also show that upon intercalation of Ru(bpy)3+ into ZrPS, the binding energies of the ruthenium and nitrogen atoms of the metal complex are unperturbed relative to the free complex. ZrP samples show increased catalytic activity for dehydration of cyclohexanol with increased acidity of the sample. However, no correlation between Zr 3d or O 1s binding energies and catalytic activity was found.
The intertwined roles of genes and culture in human evolution

. This essay critiques dual-inheritance theory as presented in Peter Richerson and Robert Boyd's book Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution (2005). The theory states that culture became prominent in human evolution because it allowed relatively rapid adaptation to changing environments by means of imitation. Imitating the behavior of other members of one's community produces adaptive behaviors more readily than either genetic evolution or individual learning. Imitation follows a number of patterns: imitating high-status individuals, imitating the most common forms of behavior, imitating behaviors perceived to be the most effective solutions to various problems relevant to survival. This process combined with occasional innovations in behavior lead to a process of cultural evolution involving populations of cultural variants. Different local human populations were associated with different local populations of cultural variants, and both the human and the cultural populations evolved over time. Human evolution cannot be understood without taking into account these parallel processes of genetic and cultural evolution. Not by Genes Alone traces the implication of dual-inheritance theory for understanding human evolution and refers to various bodies of evidence relevant to the theory.
Response differentiation: A psychophysical method for response produced stimuli

Twenty-four rats were reinforced for releasing a lever between t and t + .20 sec after pressing it. Response duration differentiation performance decreased monotonically as t was increased in length from .10 sec to 1.60 sec. A response analogue of Weber’s ratio was constant throughout the middle range of duration bandwidth requirements and increased at the ex tremely short bandwidth—a response-differentiation finding analogous to Weber’s law of stimulus discrimination. This finding was interpreted as support for the conceptualization that response differentiation represents a special instance of response discrimination or discrimination based on response-produced stimuli.
Sequence tag–based analysis of microbial population dynamics

We describe sequence tag-based analysis of microbial populations (STAMP) for characterization of pathogen population dynamics during infection. STAMP analyzes the frequency changes of genetically 'barcoded' organisms to quantify population bottlenecks and infer the founding population size. Analyses of intraintestinal Vibrio cholerae revealed infection-stage and region-specific host barriers to infection and showed unexpected V. cholerae migration counter to intestinal flow. STAMP provides a robust, widely applicable analytical framework for high-confidence characterization of in vivo microbial dissemination.
Association of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) immunoreactivity with specific histopathologic lesions in subacute and chronic experimental radiation enteropathy

Abstract Irradiated intestine consistently exhibits increased immunoreactivity of transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF-β1). It is not known whether this increase occurs secondary to mucosal barrier disruption (consequential injury) or to injury in late-responding tissue compartments (primary radiation enteropathy). This study therefore assessed the association between TGF-β immunoreactivity and specific consequential and primary histopathologic alterations. A small bowel loop was fixed inside the scrotum in male rats and subsequently exposed to either 18 daily fractions of 2.8 Gy or nine daily fractions of 5.6 Gy orthovoltage X-radiation. Radiation-induced intestinal complications were recorded and groups of animals were euthanized 2 and 26 weeks post-irradiation. Radiation injury was assessed with a histopathologic radiation injury score (RIS). Total TGF-β was detected immunohistochemically and measured with interactive computerized image analysis. The image analysis technique yielded highly reproducible quantitation data. The 2.8-Gy group maintained mucosal integrity and had fewer intestinal complications, lower RIS and lower TGF-β levels than the 5.6-Gy group. There was highly significant correlation between TGF-β immunoreactivity and radiation injury at both observation times ( P P P = 0.002), epithelial atypia ( P = 0.005), and serosal thickening ( P = 0.0004). At 26 weeks, TGF-β levels correlated significantly with six of seven histopathologic parameters, most strikingly with vascular sclerosis ( P = 0.0003). We conclude that mucosal barrier breakdown is closely associated with increased TGF-β immunoreactivity in consequential radiation enteropathy. The highly significant correlation between TGF-β expression levels and alterations in late-responding tissue compartments also suggest a role for TGF-β in primary radiation enteropathy.
The physiology and biochemistry of sodium and chloride permeability pathways in epithelia

In this review, we will focus attention on a relatively new field of study, namely, the biochemistry of epithelial ion channels, specifically sodium and chloride channels. We will summarize what is know about the function of these important ion transporters at the single channel level, at the single protein level, and at the molecular level. In our discussion of both sodium and chloride channels, we will point out how dysfunctions in the operation of these channels are reflective of various pathological conditions, specifically cystic fibrosis.
Chemical and isotopic tracers of the contribution of microbial gas in Devonian organic-rich shales and reservoir sandstones, northern Appalachian Basin.

In this study, the geochemistry and origin of natural gas and formation waters in Devonian age organic-rich shales and reservoir sandstones across the northern Appalachian Basin margin (western New York, eastern Ohio, northwestern Pennsylvania, and eastern Kentucky) were investigated. Additional samples were collected from Mississippian Berea Sandstone, Silurian Medina Sandstone and Ordovician Trenton/Black River Group oil and gas wells for comparison. Dissolved gases in shallow groundwaters in Devonian organic-rich shales along Lake Erie contain detectable CH4 (0.01–50.55 mol%) with low δ13C–CH4 values (−74.68 to −57.86‰) and no higher chain hydrocarbons, characteristics typical of microbial gas. Nevertheless, these groundwaters have only moderate alkalinity (1.14–8.72 meq/kg) and relatively low δ13C values of dissolved inorganic C (DIC) (−24.8 to −0.6‰), suggesting that microbial methanogenesis is limited. The majority of natural gases in Devonian organic-rich shales and sandstones at depth (>168 m) in the northern Appalachian Basin have a low CH4 to ethane and propane ratios (3–35 mol%; C1/C2 + C3) and high δ13C and δD values of CH4 (−53.35 to −40.24‰, and −315.0 to −174.6‰, respectively), which increase in depth, reservoir age and thermal maturity; the molecular and isotopic signature of these gases show that CH4 was generated via thermogenic processes. Despite this, the geochemistry of co-produced brines shows evidence for microbial activity. High δ13C values of DIC (>+10‰), slightly elevated alkalinity (up to 12.01 meq/kg) and low SO4 values (<1 mmole/L) in select Devonian organic-rich shale and sandstone formation water samples suggest the presence of methanogenesis, while low δ13C–DIC values (<−22‰) and relatively high SO4 concentrations (up to 12.31 mmole/L) in many brine samples point to SO4 reduction, which likely limits microbial CH4 generation in the Appalachian Basin. Together the formation water and gas results suggest that the vast majority of CH4 in the Devonian organic-rich shales and sandstones across the northern Appalachian Basin margin is thermogenic in origin. Small accumulations of microbial CH4 are present at shallow depths along Lake Erie and in western NY.
The nucleotide sequence of IS5 from Escherichia coli

Abstract A 3-kb fragment of Haemophilus haemolyticus DNA which carries the Hha II restriction (r) and modification (m) genes has been cloned into the Pst I site of pBR322 (Mann et al., 1978). When propagated in Escherichia coli , it was observed that spontaneous insertions of IS 5 inactivated the restriction gene, producing r − mutants at a frequency of 10 −6 . Electron microscopy, restriction-site mapping and sequence analysis of two r − plasmids have demonstrated the presence of IS 5 at a single target site in both possible orientations. The complete nucleotide sequence of IS 5 has been determined. It is 1195 bp long and has inverted terminal repeats of 16 bp. The target site for IS 5 in this plasmid is 5′-CTAG. Approx. ten copies of IS 5 were found to be present at about the same locations on the E. coli chromosome in various K-12 strains, using Southern hybridization analysis.
RNAa is conserved in mammalian cells.

Author(s): Huang, Vera; Qin, Yi; Wang, Ji; Wang, Xiaoling; Place, Robert F; Lin, Guiting; Lue, Tom F; Li, Long-Cheng | Abstract: BackgroundRNA activation (RNAa) is a newly discovered mechanism of gene activation triggered by small double-stranded RNAs termed 'small activating RNAs' (saRNAs). Thus far, RNAa has only been demonstrated in human cells and is unclear whether it is conserved in other mammals.Methodology/principal findingsIn the present study, we evaluated RNAa in cells derived from four mammalian species including nonhuman primates (African green monkey and chimpanzee), mouse, and rat. Previously, we identified saRNAs leading to the activation of E-cadherin, p21, and VEGF in human cells. As the targeted sequences are highly conserved in primates, transfection of each human saRNA into African green monkey (COS1) and chimpanzee (WES) cells also resulted in induction of the intended gene. Additional saRNAs targeting clinically relevant genes including p53, PAR4, WT1, RB1, p27, NKX3-1, VDR, IL2, and pS2 were also designed and transfected into COS1 and WES cells. Of the nine genes, p53, PAR4, WT1, and NKX3-1 were induced by their corresponding saRNAs. We further extended our analysis of RNAa into rodent cell types. We identified two saRNAs that induced the expression of mouse Cyclin B1 in NIH/3T3 and TRAMP C1 cells, which led to increased phosphorylation of histone H3, a downstream marker for chromosome condensation and entry into mitosis. We also identified two saRNAs that activated the expression of CXCR4 in primary rat adipose-derived stem cells.Conclusions/significanceThis study demonstrates that RNAa exists in mammalian species other than human. Our findings also suggest that nonhuman primate disease models may have clinical applicability for validating RNAa-based drugs.
Exploiting approximate value locality for data synchronization on multi-core processors

This paper shows that for a variety of parallel “soft computing” programs that use optimistic synchronization, the approximate nature of the values produced during execution can be exploited to improve performance significantly. Specifically, through mechanisms for imprecise sharing of values between threads, the amount of contention in these programs can be reduced thereby avoiding expensive aborts and improving parallel performance while keeping the results produced by the program within the bounds of an acceptable approximation. This is made possible due to our observation that for many such programs, a large fraction of the values produced during execution exhibit a substantial amount of value locality. We describe how this locality can be exploited using extensions to C/C++ language types that allow specification of limits on the precision and accuracy required and a novel value-aware conflict detection scheme that minimizes the number of conflicts while respecting these limits. Our experiments indicate that for the programs studied substantial speedups can be achieved - upto 5.7x over the original program for the same number of threads. We also present experimental evidence that for the programs studied, the amount of error introduced often grows relatively slowly.
Simulating the Influence of Type II Error on the Outcome of Past Statistical Experiments

Abstract Simulations of randomized winter orographic weather modification experiments were used to explore a possible cause of the many inconclusive results from previous statistical experiments. There is increasing evidence that the response to cloud treatment is highly variable due to differences in the availability of cloud liquid water, seeding agents, targeting effectiveness, and other factors. For this reason the simulations described in this paper focus on the sensitivity of previously applied statistical techniques to different responses to seeding. Data for the simulations came from two sources: the Bridger Range Experiment (BRE), conducted during the two winters from 1970 to 1972, and SNOTEL (snowpack telemetry) data from the Boise, Idaho, area during the winters of 198592. The principal focus is on the BRE data from which 6-h experimental units were extracted. This is because previous analyses of these data support the notion of a variable treatment response. Twenty-four-hour experimental unit...
Activation of src Family Kinase lck Following CD28 Crosslinking in the Jurkat Leukemic Cell Line

T lymphocytes require a signal via their antigen specific receptors (the T cell receptors) and an antigen independent costimulatory signal. Signals through CD28 can costimulate T cells in the presence of limiting amounts of T cell receptor signal, or in the presence of PMA, providing this second signal. CD28 signaling is known to involve the activation of protein tyrosine kinases. Using the Jurkat leukemic cell line as a model, we have tested CD28 crosslinking for its effects on the protein tyrosine kinases p56lck. We report that following crosslinking of CD28, p56lck kinase activity is increased. Crosslinking CD28 causes a shift in the relative mobility of p56lck from 56 to 60 kD similar to that seen after crosslinking of CD2 and CD4, cell surface receptors known to be associate with and activate p56lck. Finally, lck could be found in anti-CD28 immunoprecipitates in exponentially growing Jurkat and in "activated" CD28 (i.e., cross linked), but not in CD28 in resting Jurkat cells. These findings suggest an important role for p56lck in CD28 signal transduction.
PHYSICAL AGING OF GLASSES

On represente un modele qui donne une description unifiee de la dispersion des temps de relaxation dans les fonctions viscoelastiques et le vieillissement des proprietes viscoelastiques des verres, des metaux amorphes et des polymeres
Convection and Off-Center Ignition in Type Ia Supernovae

The turbulent convection that takes place in a Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf during the final few minutes before it explodes determines where and how frequently it ignites. Numerical simulations have shown that the properties of the subsequent Type Ia supernova are sensitive to these ignition conditions. A heuristic model of the turbulent convection is explored. The results suggest that supernova ignition is likely to occur at a radius of order 100 km, rather than at the center of the star.
Putting Time in perspective : A valid, reliable individual-differences metric

Time perspective (TP), a fundamental dimension in the construction of psychological time, emerges from cognitive processes partitioning human experience into past, present, and future temporal frames. The authors’ research program proposes that TP is a pervasive and powerful yet largely unrecognized influence on much human behavior. Although TP variations are learned and modified by a variety of personal, social, and institutional influences, TP also functions as an individual-differences variable. Reported is a new measure assessing personal variations in TP profiles and specific TP biases. The five factors of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory were established through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and demonstrate acceptable internal and test–retest reliability. Convergent, divergent, discriminant, and predictive validity are shown by correlational and experimental research supplemented by case studies.
The Triton torus revisited

Prior to the Voyager encounter with Neptune, Delitsky et al. (1989) predicted that a torus of ions emanating from Triton would be discovered. These predictions are reexamined in light of the Voyager results. Sputtering of Triton's atmosphere can produce the heavy ion densities inferred at Triton's orbit by the Voyager plasma experiment if the ion residence time is about 30 days. The torus is found to be longitudinally asymmetric near Triton, with peak densities at longitudes of 170 and 350 deg. The total nitrogen flux due to sputtering is about 2 x 10 to the 21st/s. The consequences of larger escape fluxes of both N2 and H2 are investigated; it is difficult to reconcile large escape fluxes with the plasma and ultraviolet spectrometer observations.
Vibrio vulnificus Septicemia from Raw Shellfish

Abstract ISSUE: A 40-year-old male presented to the Emergency Department with fever, shortness of breath, bilateral leg ulcers, and history of Hepatitis C. After continued deterioration, blood cultures were drawn and an infectious disease consultation was called. The blood cultures grew gram-negative bacilli. After a thorough assessment by infectious disease, the patient admitted to ingesting raw oysters at a local restaurant. Preliminary diagnosis of Vibrio was determined. People with liver disease, low gastric acidity, and immunodeficiency are at an increased risk for septicemia. Infection in these individuals may result in death within 24–48 hours. Diagnosis and intervention are key elements in decreasing mortality. PROJECT: The preliminary diagnosis of Vibrio was submitted to public health officials. A complete seafood investigation was initiated by public health. The FDA was notified of the potential for a foodborne illness incident. Care of the critically ill patient included thoracentesis, hemodynamic support, dialysis, and antibiotics. RESULTS: The blood cultures were confirmed Vibrio vulnificus by the state lab. The oysters were traced by the FDA in conjunction with public health from the tags to the shipper, to the source of the seafood, and finally to the harvest site. There were no other cases identified during the timeframe in the city. The patient, when stabilized, was transferred to a rehabilitation hospital for care of his wounds. LESSONS LEARNED: Hepatitis C patients should be counseled concerning not eating raw shellfish. The restaurant added a notification to the menu cautioning immunosuppressed individuals to avoid ingesting raw shellfish.
Code intercomparison builds confidence in numerical simulation models for geologic disposal of CO2

Abstract Numerical simulators were exercised on a suite of test problems for CO 2 disposal in saline aquifers and depleting oil and gas reservoirs. Intercomparison of results reveals broad agreement in most areas, but also points out sensitivities to fluid properties and discretization approaches that need further study. Currently available simulation codes were shown capable of modeling the complex phenomena accompanying geologic storage of CO 2 in a robust manner, and with quantitatively similar results.
Marginal Zinc Deficiency Increases Magnesium Retention and Impairs Calcium Utilization in Rats

An experiment with rats was conducted to determine whether magnesium retention is increased and calcium utilization is altered by a marginal zinc deficiency and whether increased oxidative stress induced by a marginal copper deficiency exacerbated responses to a marginal zinc deficiency. Weanling rats were assigned to six groups of ten with dietary treatment variables of low zinc (5 mg/kg for 2 weeks and 8 mg/kg for 7 weeks), low copper (1.5 mg/kg), adequate zinc (15 mg/kg), and adequate copper (6 mg/kg). Two groups of rats were fed the adequate-zinc diet with low or adequate copper and pair-fed with corresponding rats fed the low-zinc diet. When compared to the pair-fed rats, marginal zinc deficiency significantly decreased the urinary excretion of magnesium and calcium, increased the concentrations of magnesium and calcium in the tibia, increased the concentration of magnesium in the kidney, and increased the urinary excretion of helical peptide (bone breakdown product). Marginal copper deficiency decreased extracellular superoxide dismutase and glutathione, which suggests increased oxidative stress. None of the variables responding to the marginal zinc deficiency were significantly altered by the marginal copper deficiency. The findings in the present experiment suggest that increased magnesium retention and impaired calcium utilization are indicators of marginal zinc deficiency.
Immunogenetic studies of rhesus monkeys. 8. A new reagent of the G blood group system and an example of the founder principle

Summary A new reagent called G-3′ has been discovered which detects the product of the G3allele, regardless of the other G allele in the genotype. With this new reagent we can delineate nine of 10 genotypes of the G blood group system. The explicit detection of G3revealed an example of the founder principle in that the frequency of this allele between the feral and laboratory-reared monkeys was significantly different.
The energy dissipative mechanisms of particle-fiber interactions in a textile composite:

Nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests made on the surface of Kevlar KM2 fibers impart contact geometries similar to a typical contact between a particle and a fiber in a particle-infused fabric. In this study, the forces required for indentation and scratching are used as a measure of a single particle gouge of the surface of a Kevlar fiber. The gouging forces and a geometric model are used to calculate the apparent friction and energy associated with particle gouging during impact. The friction associated with particle gouging can be increased up to ∼240% compared to Kevlar yarn-yarn friction levels. The energy of gouging a distribution of particles is on the order of 10% of the energy required for axial tensile failure and 25% of the energy required for transverse compression of the fiber (for a limiting transverse strain of ∼0.3). The relative contributions of the friction and energy associated with particle gouging to the overall energy dissipated by a textile composite are discussed.
High bandwidth, ultra-low power all optical modulation with a nano-fiber embedded in Rb vapor

We report all-optical modulation at 2 GHz with 19 atto-joules, using a tapered nano-fiber embedded in Rb vapor. The switching energy is a record low value for modulation at this speed, requiring only 75 photons.
Capstone Address: Self-Illustrating Phenomena

Summary form only given. A self-illustrating phenomenon is an image which exposes the science behind it. Some famous examples are pictures of iron filings aligned along magnetic lines of force, sand particles collecting at the stationary points of the standing waves of a violin, stress in a mechanical part revealed through birefringence, and particle tracks in a bubble chamber. Such images brilliantly combine experimental design, analysis, and visualization. Quoting J. Tukey, "the general purposes of conducting experiments and analyzing data match, point by point". We argue in this talk that computer tools for visual analysis should normally be conceived of as aids in constructing computational visual experiments; and that the resulting visualizations be consciously designed to help validate or invalidate the hypothesis being tested by the experiment.
Processing of joint molecule intermediates by structure-selective endonucleases during homologous recombination in eukaryotes

Homologous recombination is required for maintaining genomic integrity by functioning in high-fidelity repair of DNA double-strand breaks and other complex lesions, replication fork support, and meiotic chromosome segregation. Joint DNA molecules are key intermediates in recombination and their differential processing determines whether the genetic outcome is a crossover or non-crossover event. The Holliday model of recombination highlights the resolution of four-way DNA joint molecules, termed Holliday junctions, and the bacterial Holliday junction resolvase RuvC set the paradigm for the mechanism of crossover formation. In eukaryotes, much effort has been invested in identifying the eukaryotic equivalent of bacterial RuvC, leading to the discovery of a number of DNA endonucleases, including Mus81–Mms4/EME1, Slx1–Slx4/BTBD12/MUS312, XPF–ERCC1, and Yen1/GEN1. These nucleases exert different selectivity for various DNA joint molecules, including Holliday junctions. Their mutant phenotypes and distinct species-specific characteristics expose a surprisingly complex system of joint molecule processing. In an attempt to reconcile the biochemical and genetic data, we propose that nicked junctions constitute important in vivo recombination intermediates whose processing determines the efficiency and outcome (crossover/non-crossover) of homologous recombination.
Absorption coefficients of selected atmospheric water lines

Abstract Eight unblended atmospheric water lines between 4120 cm -1 and 14397 cm -1 have been selected as having minimum dependence of absorption coefficient on temperature around 300K. The integrated absorption coefficient of each line has been determined to an accuracy of better than ±10 per cent.
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Iron Atoms with Halomethanes: Infrared Spectra, Density Functional Calculations, and Structures of Simple Iron Insertion and Methylidene Complexes

Reactions of laser-ablated Fe atoms with halomethanes and ethane have been investigated through matrix infrared spectra and density functional calculations. Only insertion complexes are identified from reactions of Fe with methyl fluoride and ethane, parallel to the previously observed insertion complex CH3−FeH from the photochemical reaction with methane. However, Fe also forms methylidene complexes through α-X migration in the insertion products from Fe reactions with di-, tri-, and tetrahalomethanes. Calculated structures show no agostic distortion in these methylidene complexes. However, an interesting distortion and elongation of the C−Cl bond is observed in the Fe insertion products, such as H2ClC−FeCl, while no such distortion of the C−H or C−F bond is found in analogous calculated structures for H2FC−FeCl. This distortion is likely due to a Cl lone pair to Fe bonding interaction that ultimately leads to formation of the lower energy CH2═FeCl2 methylidene complex. This Cl atom transfer is reversibl...
Diencephalic organization of estradiol sensitive sites regulating sociosexual behavior in female golden hamsters: contralateral versus ipsilateral activation

Abstract Dual ipsilateral, contralateral and bilateral 28-gauge estradiol (E2) filled cannulae were implanted in the medial preoptic area (MPO) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) of ovariectomized female golden hamsters housed in large arenas with male partners. Twenty-four hours after implantation, vaginal scent-marking patterns were significantly and equally elevated in all groups. Forty-four hours after implantation, progesterone was administered and females were tested for sexual receptivity 4–5 h later. Bilateral E2 implants in the VMH as well as dual ipsilateral and contralateral MPO-VMH implants were significantly more likely to facilitate sexual responsiveness than bilateral MPO implants. More importantly, ipsilateral MPO-VMH implants produced significantly longer lordosis duration scores than bilateral VMH and contralateral MPO-VMH implants. After mating, females with bilateral MPO implants attacked their mates more frequently than females with bilateral VMH and dual MPO-VMH implants. Taken together, results suggest that: (1) although MPO and VMH regions are equally sensitive to the vaginal marking promoting effects of E2, these same regions require synergistic ipsilateral activation for the effective priming of sexual responsiveness; (2) the heightened duration of lordosis behavior after ipsilateral MPO-VMH E2 implantation may reflect an anterior diencephalic estrogenic removal of an inhibitory process occurring primarily in the ipsilateral VMH region; and (3) the difference in postcopulatory attacks may reflect variable actions of progesterone on E2-induced progestin receptors in the MPO and VMH.
Congruence, Desire for Change, and Adjustment During the First Year of Marriage

ABSTRACT This longitudinal study was an examination of the marital relationship during its first year to discover what relations exist between congruence on initial values and role expectations, and marital adjustment and the desire for spousal change. It was found that congruence was positively related to marital adjustment and negatively related to the desire for spousal change, although this relation was statistically significant only at one month of marriage. Few gender differences were found, although a consistent relation between wife'S desire for spousal change and husband'S marital adjustment was found. Findings can be taken to suggest that successful couples make adaptations within their marital systems and that initial expectations are not predictive of marital adjustment during the first year of marriage.
Spinal cord injury research: review and synthesis

This article provides a substantive review and synthesis of major areas of emphasis in spinal cord injury (SCI) research. Comprehensive examination of the current status and future implications for SCI research includes consideration of investigations from the following arenas: epidemiology, functional classification and prediction, neurophysiologic testing, models of injury and recovery, psychosocial considerations, surgical strategies, animal laboratory research, economic implications, life expectancy, complication rates, gender differences, pharmacological management, and prevention. Synthesis of these research conclusions from a broad spectrum of laboratory, clinical, and scientific domains provides opportunity for improving SCI prevention, treatment, and adaptation.
Impaired Long-Term Potentiation, Spatial Learning, and Hippocampal Development in fyn Mutant Mice

Mice with mutations in four nonreceptor tyrosine kinase genes, fyn, src, yes, and abl, were used to study the role of these kinases in long-term potentiation (LTP) and in the relation of LTP to spatial learning and memory. All four kinases were expressed in the hippocampus. Mutations in src, yes, and abl did not interfere with either the induction or the maintenance of LTP. However, in fyn mutants, LTP was blunted even though synaptic transmission and two short-term forms of synaptic plasticity, paired-pulse facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation, were normal. In parallel with the blunting of LTP, fyn mutants showed impaired spatial learning, consistent with a functional link between LTP and learning. Although fyn is expressed at mature synapses, its lack of expression during development resulted in an increased number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus and of pyramidal cells in the CA3 region. Thus, a common tyrosine kinase pathway may regulate the growth of neurons in the developing hippocampus and the strength of synaptic plasticity in the mature hippocampus.
Wireless capsule endoscopy compared to combined push-enteroscopy with enteroclysis x-ray examination of the small bowel

Wireless capsule endoscopy compared to combined push-enteroscopy with enteroclysis x-ray examination of the small bowel
Synthesis of Signal Processing Structured Datapaths for FPGAs Supporting RAMs and Busses

A novel approach is presented for transforming a given scheduled and bound signal processing algorithm for a multiplexer based datapath to a BUS/RAM based FPGA datapath. A datapath model is introduced that allows maximum flexibility in scheduling bus transfers independent of operation scheduling. A novel integer linear programming (ILP) formulation that optimally selects and assigns data-transfers to busses while scheduling the bus transfers to minimize a linear combination of the number of busses, bus loading in terms of tristate drivers and fanout, registers and register file storage (RAM) locations. We demonstrate that our resulting optimal datapaths compare favorably to others for signal processing synthesis benchmarks such as: single and multiple elliptic filter and fast discrete-cosine-transform (FDCT).
The Sleeping Beauty transposon system: a non-viral vector for gene therapy

Over the past decade, the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system has been developed as the leading non-viral vector for gene therapy. This vector combines the advantages of viruses and naked DNA. Here we review progress over the last 2 years in vector design, methods of delivery and safety that have supported its use in the clinic. Currently, the SB vector has been validated for ex vivo gene delivery to stem cells, including T-cells for the treatment of lymphoma. Progress in delivery of SB transposons to liver for treatment of various systemic diseases, such as hemophilia and mucopolysaccharidoses types I and VII, has encountered some problems, but even here progress is being made.
Multivalent ligands control stem cell behaviour in vitro and in vivo

There is broad interest in designing nanostructured materials that can interact with cells and regulate key downstream functions. In particular, materials with nanoscale features may enable control over multivalent interactions, which involve the simultaneous binding of multiple ligands on one entity to multiple receptors on another and are ubiquitous throughout biology. Cellular signal transduction of growth factor and morphogen cues (which have critical roles in regulating cell function and fate) often begins with such multivalent binding of ligands, either secreted or cell-surface-tethered to target cell receptors, leading to receptor clustering. Cellular mechanisms that orchestrate ligand-receptor oligomerization are complex, however, so the capacity to control multivalent interactions and thereby modulate key signalling events within living systems is currently very limited. Here, we demonstrate the design of potent multivalent conjugates that can organize stem cell receptors into nanoscale clusters and control stem cell behaviour in vitro and in vivo. The ectodomain of ephrin-B2, normally an integral membrane protein ligand, was conjugated to a soluble biopolymer to yield multivalent nanoscale conjugates that potently induce signalling in neural stem cells and promote their neuronal differentiation both in culture and within the brain. Super-resolution microscopy analysis yielded insights into the organization of the receptor-ligand clusters at the nanoscale. We also found that synthetic multivalent conjugates of ephrin-B1 strongly enhance human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation into functional dopaminergic neurons. Multivalent bioconjugates are therefore powerful tools and potential nanoscale therapeutics for controlling the behaviour of target stem cells in vitro and in vivo.
Detection of Small-Scale Primary Users in Cognitive Radio Networks

In cognitive radio networks (CRNs), detecting small-scale primary devices, such as wireless microphones, is a challenging, but very important, problem that has not yet been addressed well. Recently, cooperative sensing and sensing scheduling have been advocated as an effective MAC (medium access control) layer approach to detecting large-scale primary signals. However, it is unclear whether and how they can improve the detection of a small-scale primary signal because of (i) its small signal footprint due to the use of weak transmit-power, and (ii) the unpredictability of its spatial and temporal spectrum-usage patterns. Based on extensive analysis and simulation, we identify the data-fusion range as a key factor that enables effective cooperative sensing for detection of small-scale primary signals. In particular, we derive a closed-form expression for the optimal data-fusion range that minimizes the average detection delay. We also observe that the sensing performance is sensitive to the accuracy in estimating the primary's location and transmit-power. Based on these observations, we propose an efficient sensing framework that jointly performs Detection, LOCation estimation, and transmit-power estimation (DeLOC) for small-scale primary users. Our extensive evaluation results in a realistic CRN environment show that DeLOC achieves near-optimal detection performance, while meeting the detection requirements specified in the IEEE 802.22 standard draft. These findings provide useful insights and guidelines in designing a sensing scheme for detection of small-scale primaries in CRNs.