cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of setup time at constraint resources

The issue of setup time has received a great deal of research effort during the past decade. Most of the related literature has focused on attempts to reduce the setup time, also referred to as quick changeover. First, rather than analysing setup time reductions at all workcentres (resources) to gain improvements, the paper suggests focusing such efforts on bottleneck resources. Second, the results of this study conclude that a critical piece of information needed for finite scheduling is missing from the existing MRP database. The missing data field is a code to represent a setup procedure. Current systems infer that setup time is an independent variable that is different for each manufactured inventory item. The case study suggests that a setup procedure, and the required time, can be the same for multiple inventory items. Identifying these procedures can lead to the preparation of finite schedules that can improve due date performance and/or reduce overtime required to meet promised ship dates.
Verbal Irony Use in Face-to-Face and Computer-Mediated Conversations.

Speakers use a range of cues to signal ironic intent, including cues based on contrast with context, verbal, and paralinguistic cues. Speakers also rely on cues provided by addressees regarding comprehension of irony. When such cues are unavailable, speakers may be less willing to use irony because of the risk of miscommunication, and addressees may be more likely to misinterpret irony. The present study tested these hypotheses by examining the production and comprehension of irony in multimodal (face-to-face) and unimodal (computer-mediated) conversations. Contrary to expectations, speakers in the computer condition used more irony than face-to-face speakers. Comprehension of irony did not appear to differ across settings, although addressees in the computer condition provided less feedback (positive or negative) to their partners about their comprehension. These surprising results are discussed in terms of possible differences in the discourse goals and relational strategies engendered by computer-media...
Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy, cerebral vasoconstriction, and strokes after intravenous immune globulin therapy in guillain-barre syndrome.

The authors report a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome who developed acute hypertension, reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome, ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, and reversible cerebral arterial vasoconstriction shortly after initiating intravenous immune globulin therapy. Possible interrelationships and mechanisms of these complications are discussed.
MULTIPLE BINDING SITES OF HUMAN BRAIN AND LIVER MONOAMINE OXIDASE: SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITIES, SELECTIVE INHIBITIONS, AND ATTEMPTS TO SEPARATE ENZYME FORMS

— MAO of human brain and liver mitochondria was solubilized by a procedure that preserved the substrate and inhibitor selectivities of the original mitochondrial preparation. Techniques that are designed to separate proteins on the basis of molecular size or net surface charge did not yield a physical separation of enzymically active A and B forms, even in the presence of ionic detergents or with limited proteolysis. However, sulfhydryl inhibitors, inorganic salts, ionic detergents, heat treatment, and sonication all tended to cause selective inactivation of serotonin-metabolizing activity in solubilized preparations. Experiments with selectively inhibited (membrane-bound or solubilized) MAO supported the concept of at least two independent kinds of substrate binding site, only one of which metabolizes serotonin (A type) and another (B type) which has a very strong affinity for β-phenethylamine. l-Norepinephrine, tryptamine, dopamine, and tyramine could be classified as common substrates. The lowest Km values were found for tryptamine at A sites and for β-phenethylamine at B sites. Results of this study suggest that the different MAO sites could be part of the same large molecular complex, which may normally be embedded in the outer mitochondrial membrane so that A sites are more dependent on their lipid environment within this membrane.
Structure of the MscL Homolog from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Gated Mechanosensitive Ion Channel

Mechanosensitive ion channels play a critical role in transducing physical stresses at the cell membrane into an electrochemical response. The MscL family of large-conductance mechanosensitive channels is widely distributed among prokaryotes and may participate in the regulation of osmotic pressure changes within the cell. In an effort to better understand the structural basis for the function of these channels, the structure of the MscL homolog fromMycobacterium tuberculosis was determined by x-ray crystallography to 3.5 angstroms resolution. This channel is organized as a homopentamer, with each subunit containing two transmembrane α helices and a third cytoplasmic α helix. From the extracellular side, a water-filled opening approximately 18 angstroms in diameter leads into a pore lined with hydrophilic residues which narrows at the cytoplasmic side to an occluded hydrophobic apex that may act as the channel gate. This structure may serve as a model for other mechanosensitive channels, as well as the broader class of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels exemplified by the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
Target & propagation models for the FINDER radar

Finding persons still alive in piles of rubble following an earthquake, a severe storm, or other disaster is a difficult problem. JPL is currently developing a victim detection radar called FINDER (Finding Individuals in Emergency and Response). The subject of this paper is directed toward development of propagation & target models needed for simulation & testing of such a system. These models are both physical (real rubble piles) and numerical. Early results from the numerical modeling phase show spatial and temporal spreading characteristics when signals are passed through a randomly mixed rubble pile.
Ethanol Plant Location Determinants and County Comparative Advantage

The location of ethanol plants is determined by infrastructure, product and input markets, fiscal attributes of local communities, and state and federal incentives. This empirical analysis uses probit regression along with spatial clustering methods to analyze investment activity of ethanol plants at the county level for the lower U.S. 48 states from 2000 to 2007. The availability of feedstock dominates the site selection decision. Other factors, such as access to navigable rivers or railroads, product markets, producer credit and excise tax exemptions, and methyl tertiary-butyl ether bans provided some counties with a comparative advantage in attracting ethanol plants.
Recent Advances in Anti-Angiogenic Therapy of Cancer

Rajeev S. Samant and Lalita A. Shevde * Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA Keywords: angiogenesis, tumor progression, metastasis, VEGF, angiogenesis inhibitors Received: February 28, 2011; Accepted: March 7, 2011; Published: March 7, 2011; Correspondence: Rajeev S. Samant, e-mail: // Lalita A. Shevde, e-mail: // // Abstract Since angiogenesis is critical for tumor growth and metastasis, anti-angiogenic treatment is a highly promising therapeutic approach. Thus, for over last couple of decades, there has been a robust activity aimed towards the discovery of angiogenesis inhibitors. More than forty anti-angiogenic drugs are being tested in clinical trials all over the world. This review discusses agents that have approved by the FDA and are currently in use for treating patients either as single-agents or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents.
Reducing selection bias in quasi-experimental educational studies

In this paper we examine the issue of selection bias in quasi-experimental (non-randomly controlled) educational studies. We provide background about common sources of selection bias and the issues involved in evaluating the outcomes of quasi-experimental studies. We describe two methods, matched sampling and propensity score matching, that can be used to overcome this bias. Using these methods, we describe their application through one case study that leverages large educational datasets drawn from higher education institutional data warehouses. The contribution of this work is the recommendation of a methodology and case study that educational researchers can use to understand, measure, and reduce selection bias in real-world educational interventions.
The Logic of the State in (Re)Building a Nation: When Do States Change Their Policies Toward Ethnicity and Nationhood?

The Politics of Nation-Building: Making Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities. By Harris Mylonas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 248 pp., $29.99 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-1-107-66199-8). The formation of nation-states and the process of nation-building in different cultural and historical settings have received considerable attention within studies of nationalism. However, while macro-historical accounts explain the emergence and spread of nation-building projects across different cases, variations and shifts in nation-building policies within and across different cases need further theorization. In other words, the question of why some political elites pursue policies of assimilation while others choose accommodation or exclusion (and under what conditions the same political elites would change from one policy option to another) has been understudied. In The Politics of Nation-Building , Harris Mylonas attempts to build a new and insightful theoretical framework that explains such questions by studying the post-Ottoman Balkan States after World War I. In his theoretical approach, Mylonas builds upon the existing literature on nation-building by combining insights from comparative politics and international relations. His causal mechanism focuses on the interstate relations and foreign policy goals of the political elites, which explain the variation of nation-building policies in domestic politics. In the preface of the book, after explaining his motivation for the study of nation-building policies and …
Equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties of synthetic metamagnetic films: A Monte Carlo study

Synthetic antiferromagnets with strong perpendicular anisotropy can be modeled by layered Ising antiferromagnets. Accounting for the fact that in the experimental systems the ferromagnetic layers, coupled antiferromagnetically via spacers, are multilayers, we propose a description through Ising films where ferromagnetic stacks composed of multiple layers are coupled antiferromagnetically. We study the equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties of these systems where we vary the number of layers in each stack. Using numerical simulations, we construct equilibrium-temperature-magnetic-field phase diagrams for a variety of cases. We find the same dominant features (three stable phases, where one phase boundary ends in a critical end point, whereas the other phase boundary shows a tricritical point at which the transition changes from first to second order) for all studied cases. Using time-dependent quantities, we also study the ordering processes that take place after a temperature quench. The nature of long-lived metastable states are discussed for thin films, whereas for thick films we compute the surface autocorrelation exponent.
Supplemental oxygen affects plasma insulin-like growth factors in embryos from selected lines of turkeys

Recent advances in our understanding of insulin-like growth factors (IGF) have improved our knowledge of the physiological roles of these peptide hormones during avian embryogenesis. However, little is known about changes in plasma IGF in response to changes in environmental factors. The objective of the studies reported herein was to examine the response of IGF-I and IGF-II in turkey embryos to changes in incubator gaseous conditions. Two experiments were conducted in which the fractional percentage of oxygen in the incubation atmosphere, a factor known to influence the energy metabolism of embryos, was investigated for its effects on circulating IGF-I and IGF-II in developing turkey embryos. Oxygenation during pipping and hatching is known to depress lactate, urates, and beta-hydroxybutyrate in growth-selected poult embryos, but elevate them in randombred control poult embryos. Plasma concentrations of IGF-II were similarly depressed in the growth-selected hatchlings. Circulating growth factor concentrations were influenced by oxygenation in lines of turkeys in which greater oxygen concentrations enhanced cardiac growth. Enhanced cardiac growth was inversely related to IGF-I concentrations in those genetic lines of turkeys. It was concluded that changes in poult embryo energy balance as well as changes in growth to adapt to environmental incubator conditions may involve changes in IGF-I and IGF-II. These changes appeared dependent on the genetics of embryos; embryos selected for growth show more fluctuation in response to environmental oxygen than embryos selected for egg production.
The Use of Student-Written Cases in Music Teacher Education

The purpose of this study was to examine the use of student-written cases as part of an instrumental music methods course. Research questions included the following: (a) What are the positive and n...
Achieving cardiovascular health: a bleak outlook or tremendous potential?

In this issue of the Journal , Folsom et al. ([1][1]) investigate how 7 recently proposed metrics of cardiovascular health from the American Heart Association (AHA), including 3 traditional physiologic risk factors and 4 common health behaviors, are distributed in a large cohort study of U.S. adults
“And that is not how Jamaica is”: Cultural Creolization, Optimism, and National Identity in Kerry Young's Pao

Kerry Young's recent novel Pao dramatizes a Chinese Jamaican experience against the backdrop of 20th-century Jamaican history. My article considers the novel, and especially its protagonist, Yang Pao, alongside theories and critiques of creolization and creole nationalism in Jamaica. I argue that, while Pao's own political beliefs perpetuate the ideal of a creole Jamaica in which different cultural groups can peacefully coexist, Young complicates this point of view, relying on the novel's women characters to represent a darker side of the postcolonial experience that specifically touches the black Jamaican majority.
Establishment of safety paradigms and trust in emerging adult relationships

There is a critical need to understand the interplay between relationship trust and public health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of emerging adult women's processes of establishing trust in sexual relationships. Twenty-five women aged 18-24 years participated in semi-structured interviews. Throughout the interviews, women compared and contrasted experiences in which they felt comfortable engaging in sexual intercourse with a partner versus times in which they did not feel comfortable. Analysis was based on a critical qualitative research orientation. When asked to speak to instances when they felt comfortable having sex, most women spoke about relationship trust. Many participants conceptualised trust based on past experiences with bad relationships or sexual violence. Based on their previous experiences of feeling unsafe or undervalued, emotional and physical security became prioritised in relationship development. Trust was developed through friendship, communication over time, and through shared life experiences. This research is among the first to qualitatively investigate trust formation and other impersonal dynamics related to sexual health decision-making. Insights from this study should be translated into future action by public health practitioners to promote healthy sexual relationships and communication about sexual health topics as a form of trust building.
Deconstructing Disability: The Impact of Definition

Socially constructed definitions of disability have varied throughout history. Deconstruction of the categorizations of people with disabilities demonstrates how the definition of the word perpetuates inequality. This article analyzes the prevalent definitions and models of disability used in our society. The elements of these definitions which contribute to oppression and inequality are discussed. The article concludes with a call for a reconstruction of the definition of disability in order to embrace variation and equalize rights and opportunities.
Architectures for Recursive Digital Filters Using Stochastic Computing

This paper addresses implementation of digital IIR filters using stochastic computing. Stochastic computing requires fewer logic gates and is inherently fault-tolerant. Thus, these structures are well suited for nanoscale CMOS technologies. While it is easy to realize FIR filters using stochastic computing, implementation of IIR digital filters is non-trivial. Stochastic logic assumes independence of input signals; however, feedback in IIR digital filters leads to correlation of input signals, and the independence assumption is violated. This paper demonstrates that, despite feedback in IIR filters, these filters can be implemented using stochastic logic. The key to stochastic implementation is selection of an IIR filter structure where the states are orthogonal and are, therefore, uncorrelated. Two categories of architectures are presented for stochastic IIR digital filters. One category is based on the basic lattice filter representation where the states are orthogonal, and the other is based on the normalized lattice filter representation where states are orthonormal . For each category, three stochastic implementations are introduced. The first is based on a state-space description of the IIR filter derived from the lattice filter structure. The second is based on transforming the lattice IIR digital filter into an equivalent form that can exploit the novel scaling approach developed for inner product computations. The third is optimized stochastic implementation with reduced number of binary multipliers. Simulation results demonstrate high signal-to-error ratio and fault tolerance in these structures. Furthermore, hardware synthesis results show that these filter structures require lower hardware area and power compared to two's complement realizations.
Investigation of the redox chemistry of anthraquinone derivatives using density functional theory.

Application of density functional calculations to compute electrochemical properties such as redox windows, effect of substitution by electron donating and electron withdrawing groups on redox windows, and solvation free energies for ∼50 anthraquinone (AQ) derivatives are presented because of their potential as anolytes in all-organic redox flow batteries. Computations suggest that lithium ions can increase (by ∼0.4 V) the reduction potential of anthraquinone due to the lithium ion pairing by forming a Lewis base–Lewis acid complex. To design new redox active species, the substitution by electron donating groups is essential to improve the reduction window of AQ with adequate oxidative stability. For instance, a complete methylation of AQ can improve its reduction window by ∼0.4 V. The quantum chemical studies of the ∼50 AQ derivatives are used to derive a relationship that connects the computed LUMO energy and the reduction potential that can be applied as a descriptor for screening thousands of AQ deriv...
Fecal enzymes of dogs with pancreatic exclusion.

SummaryThe feces of 3 dogs in which entry of pancreatic juice into the intestine had been excluded by separation of the pancreas from the duodenum had much lower lipase, chymotrypsin, and trypsin activity than did the feces of normal dogs.
Abstract 17617: Post-cardiac Arrest Mortality Rates With Different Levels of Targeted Temperature Management within Patient Illness Severity Categories

Introduction: There are 380,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) in the United States each year. Controlling temperature improves outcome. It is unknown if different illness severity may require different goal temperatures. Hypothesis: When controlling for Pittsburgh Cardiac Arrest Category (PCAC), there is no difference in mortality between treatment at 33°C or 36°C. Methods: Review of existing QI database between 12/2013 and 12/2014. We abstracted location of arrest, primary rhythm, initial illness severity (PCAC), survival, presence of fever and neurologic outcome. We defined four categories of PCAC: I) awake, II) coma + mild cardiopulmonary dysfunction, III) coma + moderate-severe cardiopulmonary dysfunction, and IV) coma without brainstem reflexes. Good neurologic outcome was defined as a CPC of 1-2 or mRS of 0-2. Chi-squared analysis compared the cohorts. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with survival and good neurologic outcome. Candidate variables included age, primary rhythm of arrest, PCAC, development of fever in the first 48 hours and goal temperature. Results: Of 165 patients studied, 102 (62%) were male, with a mean age of 58 (SD = 18). The most common primary rhythm was VF/VT (53; 32%). Goal temperature of 36°C was used in 92 (56%), temperature of 33°C was used in 60 (36%), and no temperature management was used in 13 (36%). Fever was more common in patients treated with goal temperature of 36°C (28% vs. 7%; p=0.004). Survival did not differ between temperature management strategies (PCAC II 33°C: 2 (50%), PCAC II 36°C 24 (80%); PCAC III 33°C: 3 (75%), PCAC III 36°C: 6 (43%); PCAC IV 33°C: 4 (8%), PCAC IV 36°C: 7 (18%). In the multivariate analysis, only PCAC was associated with survival (OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.23, 0.55), good CPC (OR 0.30; 95% CI 0.15, 0.61) and good mRS (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.16, 0.67). Conclusions: After accounting for PCAC, survival and good neurologic do not differ between temperature management strategies of 33°C or 36°C. Fever is more common in patients treated at goal temperature of 36°C. We noted a systematic trend towards application of 33°C to higher illness severity patients. This bias needs to be robustly controlled for in future observational work to prevent confounding by indication.
Breeding of Indica Hybrid Rice Guodao 1 with Good Quality, High Yield and Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Blight by Marker-Assisted Selection Technique

Guodao 1, derived from the cross of Zhong 9A/Zhonghui 8006, is a new indica hybrid rice combination developed by the China National Rice Research Institute. Its restorer line Zhonghui 8006 with Xa21 gene resistant to bacterial leaf blight (BLB) was developed by way of the molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) technique. It could be grown as a double-cropping late rice or single-cropping rice. It was characteristic of high and stable yield potential, good grain quality, resistance to blast and BLB, wide adaptability and easiness of F_1 seed production. It was registered and released to commercial production in Jiangxi Province in April, 2004.
Proteomic analysis of serum proteins from mild HFMD children infected by enterovirus 71

Objective To make insights into the mechanism of hand foot and mouth disease(HFMD) infected withenterovirus 71(EV-71) and seek the potential serum protein biomarkers. Methods Two-dimensional difference in gelelectrophoresis(2D-DIGE) was employed to analyze the serum proteome from the eight mild HFMD children and eight healthycontrols. The significantly differential protein spots were analyzed by DeCyder 6.5 and identified by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS.Results The 2D-DIGE proteome between the HFMD and the healthy controls were established and 14 differential proteinswere identified by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS. Compared with the healthy controls, alpha-2-antiplasmin, antithrombin- III, vitaminD-binding protein, fibrinogen gamma chain, apolipoprotein A-IV, clusterin, Ig lambda chain C regions, apolipoprotein A-I,transthyretin, apolipoprotein C-III, apolipoprotein A-II were down-regulated in HFMD. Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein,haptoglobin, and serum amyloid A protein were up-regulated in HFMD patients compared with the controls. Conclusions The differential serum proteins identified in the HFMD patients infected with EV- 71 were participated in inflammationresponse, immune response and the differential expression of proteins related to neurosystem were linked with virus infectionand defense system. These findings provide the basis for further study the mechanism of EV- 71 infection and expplorepotential therapy.
MY APPROACH to the use of CT in triage of chest pain in the ED.

My approach to use of CT in triage of chest pain in the emergency department (ED) centers on selecting patients who would clinically benefit from coronary CT angiography (CTA) and who can undergo this exam safely while having excellent quality images. Patients who present to the ED with chest pain can benefit from coronary CTA if they have no prior history of coronary artery disease (CAD) and there is a clinical concern for a possible acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In such patients, the high-negative predictive value of CTA (495%) can be useful for rapidly ruling out any CAD and identifying individuals who can be sent home immediately and who have a very low risk of future events. However, no test is perfect for everyone. Patients who have a very low risk (ie, young patients and/or when there is a clear alternative diagnosis for their symptoms) or a high risk of an acute coronary syndrome (ie, dynamic EKG changes or elevated troponin) would not be appropriate. In addition, patients who are older (age 470 years) or who have multiple risk factors for CAD may derive greater benefit from functional testing, particularly if they are already on preventive medical therapies, and the main clinical question is if their presenting symptoms are due to ischemia and if they would benefit from coronary revascularization. In such cases, if coronary CTA is performed and a significant amount of plaque is found, it may be difficult to determine the functional significance associated with their anatomical lesions. In addition, if extensive coronary calcifications are present, this may limit the accuracy of CTA to estimate the severity of luminal narrowing.
Immunotherapy of Disseminated Renal Cell Carcinoma with Transfer Factor

AbstractTen patients with disseminated renal cell carcinoma have been treated with transfer factor as an immunostimulant. In 5 patients with metastatic disease evident at the time of initial diagnosis treatment involved removal of the primary tumor followed by transfer factor therapy. Of these patients 3 had a temporary stabilization of metastatic disease. Three patients with recurrent metastatic disease after previous nephrectomy were treated, 2 of whom showed a temporary stabilization of metastatic disease. There were 2 additional patients without clinically evident metastases but at a high risk for recurrent disease who were treated and remain free of disease. We used 5 immunologic parameters to evaluate the clinical effects of transfer factor. No objective clinical regression was noted in any patient treated with measurable disease.
Sensitivity of left ventricular mechanics to myofiber architecture: A finite element study

The goal of this study was to investigate the sensitivity of computational models of the heart to their incorporated myofiber architecture during diastole. This architecture plays a critical role in the mechanical and electrical function of the heart and changes after myocardial tissue remodeling, which is associated with some of the most common heart diseases. In this study, a left ventricular finite element model of the porcine heart was created using magnetic resonance imaging, which represents the in vivo geometry. Various myofiber architectures were assigned to the finite element mesh, in the form of fiber and sheet angles. A structural-based material law was used to model the behavior of passive myocardium and its parameters were estimated using measured in vivo strains and cavity volume from magnetic resonance imaging. The final results showed noticeable sensitivity of the stress distribution to both the fiber and sheet angle distributions. This implies that a structural-based material law that takes into account the effect of both fiber and sheet angle distributions should be used. The results also show that although the simulation results improve using available data from histological studies of myocardial structure, the need for individualized myofiber architecture data is crucial.
Intensive Academic Interventions for Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: An Experimental Framework

Research has consistently demonstrated that students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) are at risk for academic underachievement. Despite the persistent and strong association between academic problems and EBD, there remains a dearth of information on the process for developing intensive academic interventions for students with EBD. The intent of the present article is to describe and review an experimental approach for developing intensive and individualized academic interventions that provide a potentially valuable method for informing the development of academic interventions. Specifically, brief experimental analyses of academic behavior allow for the comparison of two or more interventions over a relatively short period of time. These formal comparisons provide essential information on which particular practice or set of strategies produce improved responding for the student on the particular skill of interest. The authors contextualize the brief experimental analysis methods within the d...
Can we prevent type 1 diabetes

Preliminary laboratory and clinical studies suggest that the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes can be delayed or prevented in high-risk individuals. The NIH sponsored Diabetes Prevention Trial Type 1 is currently underway to determine whether prevention is possible using insulin to alter the autoimmune process.
Involvement of oxo-bridged binuclear iron centers in oxygen transport, oxygen reduction, and oxygenation

The occurrence of an oxo-bridged binuclear iron site is well-established for the oxygen transport protein, hemerythrin, and strongly implicated in ribonucleotide reductase, purple acid phosphatase, ferritin, and methane monooxygenase. Key identifying characteristics are an antiferromagnetic interaction between the two iron atoms, an Fe-O-Fe vibrational mode in the resonance Raman spectrum, and an S = 1/2 EPR signal upon one-electron reduction. In hemerythrin the oxo bridge serves as a hydrogen bond acceptor which stabilizes the bound hydroperoxide. In ribonucleotide reductase both the binuclear iron center and a protein tyrosine undergo oxidation in the presence of molecular oxygen, whereas in methane monooxygenase a binuclear iron moiety may activate O2 for substrate oxygenation.
Looking Back at the Pecos Conference

ABSTRACTThe Pecos Conference, convened in 1927 by A. V. Kidder at his field camp near the ruins of Pecos Pueblo in New Mexico, eventually became an annual event, meeting in a different location each year. The events of the 1927 meeting are summarized and subsequent conferences looked at briefly.
Optoacoustic sensor based on self-assembled arrays of polystyrene microspheres

Optical techniques are a promising technology for high frequency ultrasound imaging arrays. We are exploring an optoacoustic structure based on self-assembled dielectric microspheres. Polystyrene microspheres are readily available in sub-micron diameters, making monolayer arrays potentially attractive for realizing extremely thin optoacoustic sensors. A monolayer of 0.35 mum diameter polystyrene microspheres are formed by self-assembly on a water surface. This layer is transferred to a glass substrate and coated with a 40 nm thick gold film to enhance the optical reflectivity. This structure is attached to the side of a water tank containing a 85 MHz spherically focused f/2 lithium niobate transducer. The probe laser is a temperature controlled Fabry-Perot AlGaAs diode laser with a wavelength of 785 nm. The recorded optical signal and pulse echo data have peak frequencies of 95 MHz and 85 MHz, respectively. The corresponding -6 dB bandwidths are 90 MHz and 70 MHz, respectively. These encouraging results suggest the potential of optoacoustic detection by self-assembled arrays of polystyrene microspheres.
Anti-racist pedagogy: from faculty’s self-reflection to organizing within and beyond the classroom

This article is a synthesis of my own work as well as a critical reading of the key literature in anti-racist pedagogy. Its purpose is to define anti-racist pedagogy and what applying this to cours...
Synthesizing a Working Definition of “Mass” Media

Media scholars as well as the public frequently use the terms “mass communication” and “mass media”, but the meaning of these terms is often ambiguous. While it is assumed that everyone knows what these terms mean, the few scholars who attempt to define these terms struggle to capture the essence of their meaning without including elements that are faulty, and this task is becoming even more difficult in the new media environment. We are left with the troubling question: What are the “mass” media? This review constructs an answer to this question in a four step process. The first step features a critical analysis of the literature to identify definitional elements used by scholars. These definitional elements are subjected to four screens that evaluate their utility in a second step. The third step adds elements missing from the literature so as to make the eventual definition more useful in the new media environment. Finally, the fourth step features the construction of a working definition of “mass” media.
Disabled cell density sensing leads to dysregulated cholesterol synthesis in glioblastoma.

// Diane M. Kambach 1 , Alan S. Halim 1 , A. Gesine Cauer 1 , Qian Sun 1 , Carlos A. Tristan 1 , Orieta Celiku 1 , Aparna H. Kesarwala 1 , Uma Shankavaram 1 , Eric Batchelor 2 , Jayne M. Stommel 1 1 Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA 2 Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Correspondence to: Jayne M. Stommel, email: jayne.stommel@nih.gov Keywords: cholesterol metabolism, oxygen utilization, glioblastoma, pre-clinical cancer therapies, cell cycle Received: August 10, 2016 Accepted: January 10, 2017 Published: January 19, 2017 ABSTRACT A hallmark of cellular transformation is the evasion of contact-dependent inhibition of growth. To find new therapeutic targets for glioblastoma, we looked for pathways that are inhibited by high cell density in astrocytes but not in glioma cells. Here we report that glioma cells have disabled the normal controls on cholesterol synthesis. At high cell density, astrocytes turn off cholesterol synthesis genes and have low cholesterol levels, but glioma cells keep this pathway on and maintain high cholesterol. Correspondingly, cholesterol pathway upregulation is associated with poor prognosis in glioblastoma patients. Densely-plated glioma cells increase oxygen consumption, aerobic glycolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway to synthesize cholesterol, resulting in a decrease in reactive oxygen species, TCA cycle intermediates, and ATP. This constitutive cholesterol synthesis is controlled by the cell cycle, as it can be turned off by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and it correlates with disabled cell cycle control though loss of p53 and RB. Finally, glioma cells, but not astrocytes, are sensitive to cholesterol synthesis inhibition downstream of the mevalonate pathway, suggesting that specifically targeting cholesterol synthesis might be an effective treatment for glioblastoma.
Does timing of alcohol administration affect sleep

Study objectives To explore the time of day effects of alcohol on sleep, we examined sleep following alcohol administered at four times of day and three homeostatic loads during a 20-hr forced desynchrony (FD) protocol. Participants Twenty-six healthy young adults (21-25 yrs) were studied. Design Participants were dosed at 4 clock times: 0400 (n = 6; 2 females), 1600 (n = 7; 4 females), 1000 (n = 6; 1 female) or 2200 (n = 7; 2 females). Participants slept 2300 to 0800 for at least 12 nights before the in-lab FD study. Double blind placebo and alcohol (vodka tonic targeting 0.05g% concentration) beverages were each administered three times during FD at different homeostatic loads: low (4.25 or 2.24 hrs awake), medium (8.25 or 6.25 hrs awake), high (12.25 or 10.25 hrs awake) in the 0400 and 1600 or 1000 and 2200 groups, respectively. Sleep was staged and subjected to spectral analysis. Measurements and results Breath Alcohol Concentration (BrAC) confirmed targeted maximal levels. At bedtime, BrAC was 0 in the low and medium homeostatic load conditions; however, at high homeostatic load, BrAC was still measurable. Spectral characteristics of sleep were unaffected with alcohol at any time of day. Few alcohol related changes were seen for sleep stages; however, with alcohol given at 0400 at a high homeostatic load there was an increase in wake. Conclusions These data lend support to the idea that alcohol may be disruptive to sleep; however, our findings are inconsistent with the idea that a low dose of alcohol is a useful sleep aid when attempting to sleep at an adverse circadian phase.
Aβ propagation and strains: Implications for the phenotypic diversity in Alzheimer's disease

The progressive nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to occur, at least in part, by the self-replication and spreading of Aβ and Tau aggregates through a prion mechanism. Evidence now exists that structural variants of Aβ prions can propagate their distinct conformations through template-directed folding of naive Aβ peptides. This notion implicates that the first self-propagating Aβ assembly to emerge in the brain dictates the conformation, anatomical spread and pace of subsequently formed deposits. It is hypothesized that a prion mechanism defines the molecular basis underlying the diverse clinicopathologic phenotypes observed across the spectrum of AD patients. Thus, distinct AD strains might require further sub-classification based on biochemical and structural characterization of aggregated Aβ. Here, we review the evidence for distinct, self-propagating Aβ strains, and discuss potential cellular mechanisms that might contribute to their manifestation. From this perspective, we also explore the implications of Aβ strains for current FDA-approved medical imaging probes and therapies for amyloid. Ultimately, the discovery of new molecular tools to differentiate Aβ strains and dissect the heterogeneity of AD may lead to the development of more informative diagnostics and strain-specific therapeutics.
Nonmedical Use of Prescription Opioids among Pregnant U.S. Women

Abstract Objectives Nonmedical use of opioids during pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes for women and infants, making it a prominent target for prevention and identification. Using a nationally representative sample, we determined characteristics of U.S. pregnant women who reported prescription opioid misuse in the past year or during the past month. Methods We used data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2005–2014) in a retrospective analysis. The sample included 8,721 (weighted n = 23,855,041) noninstitutionalized women, ages 12 to 44, who reported being pregnant when surveyed. Outcomes were nonmedical use of prescription opioid medications during the past 12 months and during the past 30 days. Multivariable logistic regression models were created to determine correlates of nonmedical opioid use after accounting for potential confounding variables. Results Among pregnant women in the United States, 5.1% reported nonmedical opioid use in the past year. In adjusted models, depression or anxiety in the past year was strongly associated with past year nonmedical use (adjusted odd ratio [AOR], 2.15; 95% CI, 1.52–3.04), as were past year use of alcohol (AOR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.11–2.17), tobacco (AOR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.17–2.53), and marijuana (AOR, 3.44; 95% CI, 2.47–4.81). Additionally, 0.9% of U.S. pregnant women reported nonmedical opioid use in the past month. Past year depression or anxiety and past month use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana each independently predicted past month nonmedical use. Conclusions Characteristics associated with nonmedical opioid use by pregnant women reveal populations with mental illness and co-occurring substance use. Policy and prevention efforts to improve screening and treatment could focus on the at-risk populations identified in this study.
Why Decimal System and Binary System Are the Most Widely Used: A Possible Explanation

What is so special about numbers 10 and 2 that decimal and binary systems are the most widely used? One interesting fact about 10 is that when we start with a unit interval and we want to construct an interval of half width, then this width is exactly 5/10; when we want to find a square of half area, its sides are almost exactly 7/10, and when we want to construct a cube of half volume its sides are almost exactly 8/10. In this paper, we show that 2, 4, and 10 are the only numbers with this property—at least among the first billion numbers. This may be a possible explanation of why decimal and binary systems are the most widely used.
Wake up to sleep: The effects of lacosamide on daytime sleepiness in adults with epilepsy.

Abstract Objective The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of lacosamide (LCM) on daytime sleepiness ascertained by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) in adults with focal epilepsy in a randomized, controlled design. Methods Subjects taking ≤ 2 AEDs for ≥ 4 weeks underwent polysomnography with EEG followed by the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) and completed the ESS and other patient-reported outcomes (PROs) at baseline, LCM 200 mg/day, and LCM 400 mg/day (Visit 4; V4). Primary endpoint was ESS change (V4 to baseline) between LCM and placebo. Noninferiority test on ESS used a one-sided t-test based on a hypothesized difference of 4-point change between groups. Superiority test used a two-sided t-test to investigate the difference in change in PROs and MWT mean sleep latency (MSL) between groups. Fifty-five subjects provided 80% power to show noninferiority of LCM assuming 10% dropout. Results Fifty-two subjects (mean age: 43.5 ± 13.2 years, 69% female, median monthly seizure frequency: 1 [0, 4.0]) participated. Baseline group characteristics including age, sex, ethnicity, standardized AED dose, seizure frequency, and ESS were similar. Abnormal baseline ESS scores were found in 35% of subjects. Noninferiority test found a ≤ 4-point increase in ESS (mean [95% CI]) in LCM subjects vs. placebo (− 1.2 [− 2.9, 0.53] vs. − 1.1 [− 5.2, 3.0], p = 0.027) at V4. No significant difference in change in PROs, MSL, seizure frequency, or AED standardized dose was observed between groups. Significance Our interventional trial found that LCM is not a major contributor to daytime sleepiness based on subjective and objective measures. Inclusion of sleepiness measures in AED trials is warranted given the high prevalence of sleep–wake complaints in people with epilepsy.
Striking distance: Bruce Lee & the dawn of martial arts in America

Striking Distance is a story about martial arts history, race relations, and philosophical moorings as much as it is a story about the legendary kung fu master Bruce Lee. Charles Russo, a freelance...
TCT-760 Retrograde Tibio-Pedal Access For Revascularization Of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease Using 6 Fr Slender Sheath: The “Pedal First” Pilot Project

We wanted to study success rate, safety and efficacy of tibio-pedal access (TPA) as primary access and as the only access for revascularization of peripheral artery disease (PAD). We performed retrospective review of a single center case series of using TPA as a preferred access for PAD
Acute Kidney Injury in the Preterm Neonate

Preterm neonates are at increased risk for developing acute kidney injury (AKI). This review describes recent studies evaluating the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and outcomes of AKI in neonates born preterm. Use of the modified neonatal diagnostic criteria from the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes consortium has helped standardize AKI detection. Novel methods to diagnose AKI, like continuous near infrared spectroscopy, are under investigation. AKI prevention is paramount, and early studies show caffeine results in reduced rates of AKI in preterm neonates. Renal replacement therapy is technically difficult in this population, although newer dialysis equipment created specifically for small neonates are currently being used. Treatment options remain limited with minimal new therapies developed over the past 5 years. Outcome studies of 2–5-year-old NICU graduates have shown that premature neonates with AKI have decreased renal function. The increased morbidity and mortality associated with preterm AKI demands continued research into early detection, prevention, and treatment strategies.
Expression of GABAA receptors in the vertebrate retina.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the evidence of the distribution and localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors (GABAA) in the vertebrate retina. In the retina, GABA has a major role in the processing of visual information and the major site of action of GABA is at GABAA receptors. Initial investigations using in vitro receptor autoradiography indicated that specific, high affinity GABAA binding sites are abundant in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). More recently, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical approaches have demonstrated that different GABAA messenger RNAs or polypeptides are expressed by a variety of cell populations in the retina. These observations, together with molecular cloning, RNA hybridization, and biochemical and pharmacological findings—that indicate GABAA receptor heterogeneity in the nervous system—are consistent with the presence of multiple GABAA receptors in the retina. GABAA receptors are expressed by goldfish and likely by chicken photoreceptors. This observation in goldfish retina is in agreement with several electrophysiological investigations that indicate the presence of GABAA receptors on fish cone photoreceptor terminals. In mammals, to date there is no evidence for the localization of GABAA receptors at photoreceptor terminals.
Aesthetic Craniofacial Surgery

The concepts of craniofacial surgery developed by Paul Tessier have evolved through four different phases: reconstruction, restoration, remodeling, and rejuvenation. Subperiosteal undermining of the upper, mid, and lower face allowed surgeons not only to reposition the soft tissues at the level of the bony insertion but also to remodel the craniofacial skeleton by either reduction or augmentation. Subperiosteal undermining of the face can be applied to treat a series of aesthetic defects of congenital, traumatic, or degenerative conditions.
Long-term murine hemopoietic cultures as model systems for analysis of B lymphocyte differentiation.

The development of B lymphocytes in the bone marrow proceeds in parallel with that of other hemopoietic lineages (Rosse 1976). Phenotypic analysis using antibodies that detect immunoglobulin (Ig; Osmond and Nossal 1974; Abney et al. 1978; Landreth et al. 1981; Rahal and Osmond 1984) and other nonIg cellular determinants (reviewed by Scheid et al. 1982) has identified cells in the B-lymphocyte lineage and contributed greatly to the delineation of stages of that process. However, these studies have not always identified the earliest stages of B lymphopoiesis, or permitted regulatory events that occur during B-cell differentiation to be dissected. In order to facilitate such investigations, considerable efforts have been made to develop in vitro systems that permit all phases of primary B-cell development to be studied under controlled conditions.