cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of cerebral acetone by 1H-MRS in patients with epilepsy controlled by ketogenic diet.

Ketogenic diet (KD) is highly effective in controlling epileptic seizures in children. One of the mechanisms postulated, the accumulation of ketone bodies, acetoacetate (AcAc) and/or \hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) in the brain, would be detectable by non-invasive proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS).1H-MRS was performed in occipital cortical grey matter in 14 epileptics (E); ages 3.8–48.3 years), seven KD and seven without, and 16 healthy age-matched subjects. One E was examined before and after KD. A singlet resonance (σ=2.22 ppm), distinct from AcAc (σ=2.26 and 3.46 ppm), and identified as acetone was present in all spectra of children on KD (nine spectra in five children; concentration 0.7±0.2 mM). This resonance was absent from Control and E without diet. AcAc and β-OHB, which were not detectable in KD brain, were found in urine or blood of all KD. Seizures were well controlled in all E in whom acetone was detected. Two of seven E, both adults, were seizure-free without detectable acetone. Cerebral acetone may contribute to seizure control in KD, but is unlikely to be the sole mechanism.
New concepts in the ecological aspects of stress: The problem of extrapolation

Abstract Although it has long been recognized that extrapolations are involved when laboratory toxicity data are used to regulate the release of chemicals to the environment, those extrapolations have not been performed in a manner that is scientifically defensible. This circumstance is due in large part to the absence of clear goals for the extrapolations. This paper proposes a strategy for developing extrapolation models based on the setting of explicit environmental goals, operationally defining those goals for individual assessments or classes of assessments (i.e., setting assessment endpoints), and then selecting a combination of toxicity tests and extrapolation model that will estimate risks to those endpoints due to exposure to a contaminant. Three types of extrapolation models are discussed: factors, empirical statistical models, and mechanistic mathematical models. Examples of each type of model are applied to a hypothetical chemical.
Stimulation of Bacillus subtilis membrane adenosine triphosphatase by cationic bactericidal agents.

Abstract The environmental Mg2+ used in preparation of Bacillus subtilis membranes was found to influence the responses of the associated ATPase to cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Membranes prepared using fluids containing higher Mg2+ levels exhibited lower control activity than was seen with low Mg2+ membranes. Increased environmental Mg2+ resulted in higher stimulations with lower doses of the agent. ATPase of all three membrane types was stimulated in two concentration ranges, but in the doses tested, CTAB inhibited the ATPase of only those membranes obtained using fluids containing high Mg2+ for every stage of the isolation. Sonication of membranes for 25 s at half maximum output yielded three fractions, consisting of a soluble form which was sensitive to CTAB stimulation at 25 μg/ml of assay mixture; small, 95–110 nm, vesicles, which were resistant to CTAB at 25, 75, and 150 μg/ml, and large vesicles, similar to untreated membranes both in morphology and responses to detergent. Combinations of detergent and protein (β-lysin or arginine-rich histone) produced activity appearing to be additive when the protein level was present in a high concentration and the detergent was present at levels corresponding to the minimum influence. Mixtures of a maximally stimulating dose (75 or 100 μg/ml) of detergent and a small amount of protein produced activities that were at least 92% or more of the expected sums of individual stimulations. Interference occurred with the following mixtures: high amounts of detergent and protein; high protein and 10 or 15 μg/ml CTAB; and β-lysin and arginine-rich histone, both at high levels. These data are consistent with a hypothesis that the two peaks in CTAB stimulation reflect two adjacent ATPase sites, one of which is also susceptible to stimulation by cationic protein.
Drug release from Kollicoat SR 30D-coated nonpareil beads: evaluation of coating level, plasticizer type, and curing condition.

A newly available polyvinylacetate aqueous dispersion, Kollicoat SR 30D, was evaluated with respect to its ability to modulate the in vitro release of a highly water-soluble model compound (diphenhydramine hydrochloride) from nonpareil-based systems. Kollicoat SR 30D premixed with a selected plasticizer (10% wt/wt propylene glycol, 2.5% triethyl citrate, or 2.5% dibutyl sebacute), talc, and red #30 lake dye was coated onto the drug beads in an Aeromatic Strea I fluid-bed drier with a Wurster insert using bottom spray. With propylene glycol as the plasticizer, increases in polymer coating level retarded drug release from beads in a stepwise fashion along with apparent permeability, indicating a consistent release mechanisms. Stability studies at 40°C/75% RH revealed gradual decreases in dissolution rate, and additional curing studies further confirmed the dependence of release kinetics on curing condition. Furthermore, the type of plasticizer was found to play a key role. Unplasticized formulations exhibited the fastest dissolution, followed by formulations plasticized with triethyl citrate, propylene glycol, and dibutyl sebacate. All 4 formulations (unplasticized and plasticized), nevertheless, revealed a marked difference between uncured and cured dissolution profiles. Kollicoat SR 30D has, thereby, been demonstrated to effectively retard drug release from nonpareilbased systems. However, selected plasticizer type and subsequent curing condition play important roles in controlling drug release from such a system.
Direct-Breastfeeding Premature Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Background:The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) presents challenges for breastfeeding, especially with feeding directly at the breast (direct-breastfeeding).Objectives:The objectives of this study were to describe the characteristics of direct-breastfeeding and identify factors that are associated with direct-breastfeeding in the NICU.Methods:A retrospective chart review of 88 infants born < 34 weeks gestational age whose mothers provided human milk was conducted. Analyses included chi-square and logistic regression models.Results:Of infants who received human milk at the time of their first oral feeding, 59% received their first oral feeding at breast and 33% of mothers had a specific breastfeeding goal. Mothers who breastfed ≥ 1 direct-breastfeed per day were more likely to have a breastfeeding goal (odds ratio [OR] = 11.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43-86.88) and be older (OR = 1.33; 95% CI, 1.03-1.72). Their infants had more days between the first breastfeed and introduction of a bottle (OR =...
Environmental and habitat drivers of relative abundance for a suite of azteca-attacking Pseudacteon phorid flies.

ABSTRACT Phoridae (Diptera) have widespread impacts on insect communities by limiting host ant behavior. However, phorid—ant interactions may vary with habitat or environmental conditions. Three Pseudacteon species parasitize Azteca instabilis Fr. Smith, a common ant in coffee agroecosystems, and limit A. instabilis foraging, indirectly benefiting other insects. However, little is known about how phorid abundance, behavior, and effects change with environmental conditions. In shaded coffee systems, coffee (Coffea arabica L. ) grows under a range of shade conditions and management changes affect species interactions. For example, Pseudacteon spp. more strongly limit A. instabilis foraging in low-shade coffee habitats. We sampled relative abundance of three phorid species around A. instabilis nests in three coffee habitats varying in shade management during dry and wet seasons. We measured canopy cover, tree richness, tree density, leaf litter depth, and number of nearby trees with A. instabilis to determin...
Evaluation of the interaction of risk management tools for cotton and soybeans

Abstract The interaction of alternative insurance designs with futures hedging and the purchase of options is examined in this article. A numerical analysis is conducted using a revenue simulation model that incorporates futures prices, basis, and yield variability. Four alternative yield and revenue crop insurance designs are evaluated. Optimal futures and at-the-money put option hedge ratios are derived for expected utility maximizing cotton and soybean producers. Our findings indicate that the alternative insurance designs do influence forward pricing levels. Alternative behavioral assumptions are shown to influence the optimal hedge. Also, yield insurance generally compliments forward pricing while pure revenue insurance generally has a negative effect. Other insurance designs currently offered have an effect on the optimal hedge that falls between the two extremes of yield insurance and pure revenue insurance.
Coherent Polarization Control of Terahertz Waves Generated from Two-Color Laser-Induced Gas Plasma

Electrons ionized from an atom or molecule by circularly or elliptically polarized femtosecond omega and 2omega pulses exhibit different trajectory orientations as the relative phase between the two pulses changes. Macroscopically, the polarization of the terahertz wave emitted during the ionization process was found to be coherently controllable through the optical phase. This new finding can be completely reproduced by numerical simulation and may enable fast terahertz wave modulation and coherent control of nonlinear responses excited by intense terahertz waves with controllable polarization.
The transformation and mobility of charcoal in a fire-impacted watershed

The incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass has resulted in the global-scale distribution and accumulation of black carbon (BC) in the environment. Recently, the molecular identity of BC in the dissolved phase has been distinguished from that of natural organic matter. However, many of the processes that control BC cycling remain unidentified. We investigate changes in soil charcoal particle morphology and chemical composition using surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, chemical oxidation, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. A comparison of soil charcoals differing in age by 100 years shows that aged charcoal has lower specific surface areas, higher BC/OC ratios, direct associations with soil minerals and microbial biomass, and a greater abundance of non-aromatic carbon. The water-soluble portion of soil charcoal and dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the watershed were also characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Aqueous charcoal extracts are comprised mostly of condensed aromatic ring structures (CARS) which are also present in soil pore, river, and ground water samples. We present indirect evidence and a chemical rationale for a microbial BC dissolution mechanism. Furthermore, the speciation of CARS in the soil solution versus river and ground water provides molecular evidence of reactivity in the dissolved phase. The dissolution and export of soil BC are presently unmeasured fluxes with important implications for the global carbon cycle.
Renal function and cardiovascular responses during positive airway pressure.

The authors determined cardiovascular, renal, and hormonal responses to increased airway pressure during continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Nine healthy, hydrated laboratory swine had appropriate catheters placed to allow for measurement o
CHANGES IN DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND MICROFLORA DURING FERMENTATION OF AERATED, BRINED CUCUMBERS

Dissolved oxygen (DO) and oxygen uptake rates (OUR) were measured in cucumbers that were brined in 5-gal pails according to the controlled fermentation process. Saturation levels of oxygen in the brines were 5-6 ppm depending on salt concentration and temperature. DO was expressed as % saturation (% Cs). Either air or nitrogen was used to purge CO, from the brines to prevent bloater formation. In continuously aerated (air-purged) brines, DO increased before the onset of microbial growth (ca 2 days) and then decreased, converse to OUR. Thus, there were two distinct stages of oxygen levels and uptakes. In nitrogen-purged brines, DO was negligible throughout the period of purging; OUR of the brine samples was low (1% Cs/min maximum during the microbial fermentation stage) and lactic acid bacteria predominated the microbial flora. In air-purged brines, DO varied with rate of aeration; OUR of brine samples was high and populations of film yeasts were high. High aeration rates (100 ml/min/gal cucumbers) resulted in lower DO, higher OUR (40% Cs/min maximum) and greater populations of film yeasts than lower aeration rates (2-5 ml/min/gal). Tests in commercial tanks confirmed that appreciable levels of oxygen are incorporated into brines using a side-arm purger.
A microstructural study of the oxide scale formation on ODS Fe–13Cr steel

Abstract The high-temperature oxidation behavior of a Y2O3-dispersed Fe–13Cr steel was investigated in air at temperatures of 700°C, 800°C, and 900°C for 10 000 h. The kinetic data showed that oxide scale formation obeyed a parabolic rate law at each temperature and that the oxidation rate was lower than in other studies based on shorter test times. Microstructural analysis of the oxide scales formed at 700°C and 800°C was conducted using cross-sectional specimens and analytical electron microscopy (AEM). This analysis showed that the main scale was a continuous Cr-oxide and that an underlying amorphous silica layer formed at both temperatures, despite the low Si content (0.05 wt%) in the alloy.
Effect of taurine on the isolated retinal pigment epithelium of the frog: electrophysiologic evidence for stimulation of an apical, electrogenic Na+-K+ pump.

The apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) faces the neural retina whereas its basal surface faces the choroid. Taurine, which is necessary for normal vision, is released from the retina following light exposure and is actively transported from retina to choroid by the RPE. In these experiments, we have studied the effects of taurine on the electrical properties of the isolated RPE of the bullfrog, with a particular focus on the effects of taurine on the apical Na+−K+ pump.
Poverty and Place across the United States Do County Governments Matter to the Distribution of Economic Disparities

Many researchers advocate active local government responses to poverty and other economic disparities. In doing so, they raise a generally unexplored question: can local governments themselves influence poverty net of other determinants? This study extends past research in two ways by (1) analyzing the poverty-reducing role of county governments and (2) evaluating new relationships pertaining to the comparative influence of government capacity and specific policies. The authors assess the degree to which county government capacity and economic development policies relate to disparities in job growth, individual and child poverty, and household income. The empirical analysis is based on a unique set of primary and secondary data on county governments for the post-2000 period. County government capacity
Three Misleading Assumptions in the Customary Rhetoric of the Bias Literature

In their commentary on Lopes (1991), Oaksford and Chater (1992) assume that (1) the psychological literature was once rife with presumptions of normative rationality; (2) bias research illustrates the bounded rationality viewpoint; and (3) people would not violate rational rules if they knew the correct rule and were relieved of the need for computation. Although these assumptions are shared by many, none stands up to scrutiny.
Reminiscentia: cherished objects as memorabilia in late-life reminiscence.

This survey was designed to study cherished objects and other memorabilia as "reminiscentia," (i.e., as inducers of reminiscence). One hundred persons were surveyed by questionnaire and interview to determine the kinds of memorabilia and cherished objects they would identify and how these were related to reminiscence and current mood as measured by the Affect-Balance Scale. Most of the identified cherished objects were cherished for reasons other than their value as reminiscentia, but when they were cherished primarily for this reason, they seemed to serve as reconstructive symbols in the lives of those older persons. A significant positive relationship was found between memorabilia and mood, and the total lack of a cherished object was associated with significantly lower mood scores. Some significant associations were also found among objects, reminiscence, and mood variables by age and gender.
Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World: Regulating Desire, Reforming Practice. By Merry Wiesner-Hanks, 2nd ed.

Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World: Regulating Desire, Reforming Practice. By Merry Wiesner-Hanks, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2010), viii + 352 pp. $38.95 paper. Merry Wiesner-...
On the additive and multiplicative models of relative risk

Two popular models of absence of synergism in epidemiologic cohort studies are analyzed and compared. It is shown that the statistical concept of the union of independent events that traditionally has given rise to the “additive” model of relative risk can also generate the “multiplicative” model of relative risk. In fact, the same set of approximating conditions can be used to generate both models, which suggests a lack of identifiability under the traditional approach. An alternate approach is proposed in this paper. The new approach does not require the assumption that background risk factors are independent from causal agents of interest. The concept of “dose additivity” is discussed.
Efficacy of five methods for the bound-free separation of gluco- and mineralocorticoids from type I, II and III receptors found in hepes- and tris-buffered mouse brain cytosol.

We compared the efficacy of G-25 and LH-20 column chromatography, dextran-coated charcoal adsorption, and DEAE-cellulose and glass fiber filter disc assays to separate unbound steroids from three classes of brain cytosolic receptors prepared in HEPES and TRIS buffers and labeled selectively as follows: Type I = [3H]aldosterone + unlabeled RU26988, Type II = [3H]triamcinolone acetomide and Type III = [3H]corticosterone + unlabeled Prorenone and RU26988. Prorenone and RU26988 were added to reduce unwanted [3H]steroid binding to Type I and Type II receptors, respectively. In each case total, non-specific and specific binding and free steroid were compared individually. No single assay was found to be best for all three receptor classes, but both buffers and most assays could be used with appropriate correction factors. Variations between the results with different assays suggest fundamental differences between the three classes of adrenosteroid receptors and their ligands.
Residential Energy Recovery Radiant-Heated Slab System for Melting Snow

AbstractThis paper introduces the feasibility of a flue gas energy recovery system that applies recovered waste energy to the proposed energy recovery radiant-heated slab system (ERRHSS). Through application of a runaround coil system to a 32.2 kW indirectly fired natural gas residential furnace, energy was transferred outdoors to melt snow on a radiant-heated slab by way of cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) tubing and a small circulation pump. A full-scale model was constructed and its overall performance resulted in an adequate heat supply to melt the snow from a 1.83×3.05-m (10×6-ft) concrete slab. Testing was completed successfully during normal operation of the furnace, assuming normal cycling of a nonprogrammable thermostat. The operating cost associated with the radiant snow-melting system was estimated to be less than the costs of traditional snow-melting systems on the market. The operating cost associated with the energy recovery snow-melting system was determined to be a fraction of the cost asso...
High Speed, Multi-Channel, Thermal Instrument Development in Support of HyspIRI-TIR

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is currently developing an end-to-end instrument which will provide a proof of concept prototype vehicle for a high data rate, multi-channel, thermal instrument in support of the Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI)-Thermal Infrared (TIR) space mission. HyspIRI mission was recommended by the National Research Council Decadal Survey (DS). The HyspIRI mission includes a visible shortwave infrared (SWIR) pushboom spectrometer and a multispectral whiskbroom thermal infrared (TIR) imager. The prototype testbed instrument addressed in this effort will only support the TIR. Data from the HyspIRI mission will be used to address key science questions related to the Solid Earth and Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems focus areas of the NASA Science Mission Directorate. Current designs for the HyspIRI-TIR space borne imager utilize eight spectral bands delineated with filters. The system will have 60m ground resolution, 200mK NEDT, 0.5C absolute temperature resolution with a 5-day repeat from LEO orbit. The prototype instrument will use mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) technology at the focal plane array in time delay integration mode. A custom read out integrated circuit (ROIC) will provide the high speed readout hence high data rates needed for the 5 day repeat. The current HyspIRI requirements dictate a ground knowledge measurement of 30m, so the prototype instrument will tackle this problem with a newly developed interferometeric metrology system. This will provide an absolute measurement of the scanning mirror to an order of magnitude better than conventional optical encoders. This will minimize the reliance on ground control points hence minimizing postprocessing (e.g. geo-rectification computations).
The chemistry and properties of silicone resins

Revue detaillee de la chimie, des caracteristiques et des applications des divers composes organosilicones: silanes, siloxanes, resines silicones et siliconates, d'un interet particulier pour l'industrie des peintures.
Electronic Cooling Using Synthetic Jet Impingement

The efficiency and mechanisms of cooling a constant heat flux surface by impinging synthetic jets were investigated experimentally and compared to cooling with continuous jets. Effects of jet formation frequency and Reynolds number at different nozzle-to-surface distances (H/d) were investigated. High formation frequency (f=1200 Hz) synthetic jets were found to remove heat better than low frequency (f=420 Hz) jets for small H/d, while low frequency jets are more effective at larger Hid. Moreover, synthetic jets are about three times more effective in cooling than continuous jets at the same Reynolds number. Using particle image velocimetry, it was shown that the higher formation frequency jets are associated with breakdown and merging of vortices before they impinge on the surface. For the lower frequency jets, the wavelength between coherent structures is larger such that vortex rings impinge on the surface separately.
Absorbed dose calorimetry using various aqueous solutions

Abstract The relative temperature rise per Gy was measured in a calorimeter for seven dilute aqueous solutions irradiated with 20 MV X-rays. The difference between the measured temperature rise and the rise predicted from complete conversion of absorbed energy into heat depended on the radiation-induced chemical reactions. Computer simulations were used to calculate the effect of these reactions. Good agreement was obtained between measurements and calculations, particularly for solutions in which OH radicals were scavenged. We place an overall uncertainty of 0.6% on the absorbed dose to water measured using our water calormeter
System partitioning and its measure

Program modules and data structures are interconnected by calls and references in software systems. Partitioning these entities into clusters reduces complexity. For very large systems manual clustering is impractical. A method to perform automatic clustering is described and a metric to quantify the complexity of the resulting partition is developed.
From Sacred Mystery to Divine Deception: Robert Holkot, John Wyclif and the Transformation of Fourteenth‐Century Eucharistic Discourse

In his extremely popular preaching handbook the Summa praedicantium, in a chapter devoted to the Eucharist, the fourteenth-century Dominican John Bromyard relates an exemplum about a certain holy man. This man's “faith towards the sacrament was so great,” Bromyard writes, that it was often said that were Christ himself to enter “the church during the elevation of the host, the man would not go to look at him, and in so doing lose sight of the host.”1 While it lacks the spectacular firepower that characterizes so many Eucharistic miracle stories, that characterize so many of Bromyard's own stories — like the one about the bees who construct a honeycomb tabernacle and buzz chants to honour a hive-hidden host — in many ways it does more than most to move us to the very centre of the medieval Eucharistic experience.2 It is, when all is said and done, a story about belief and about the miracle of the Eucharist. This unnamed holy man does not need to get up, does not need to hurry over to greet Christ at the door. He does not need to do any of these things because he already sees Christ right there in the upraised hands of the priest, in the consecrated host.
Early Cementation and Mineral Stability of Chipola Formation, Calhoun County, Florida: ABSTRACT

The Chipola Formation crops out along the Chipola River, Ten Mile Creek, and Farley Creek in Calhoun County, Florida. The formation, dated at 16.1 m.y.B.P., is predominantly an unconsolidated, bioclastic wackestone. These carbonate rocks have undergone very little diagenetic alteration and as a result, fossil preservation is excellent. Original mineralogy is unchanged. X-ray analysis of unlithified sediment indicates an average composition of approximately 70% carbonate (45% aragonite and 25% low-magnesium calcite) and 30% non-carbonate (15% quartz, 6% clay, and 9% other). Most shell material is preserved as aragonite and a few sediment samples are still composed of high-magnesium calcite. Disregarding the age of the formation, the unit is considered to be in a very early diagenetic stage. Cementation occurs in the unit by the formation of low-magnesium calcite in the form of microspar. The End_Page 1561------------------------------ lithified patches of the formation take on a nodular appearance as bioclastic debris is cemented. Cementation by microspar and bladed pseudospar occurs in burrows, shells, and as random nodules. Microspar is typically equant and uniform with an average crystal diameter of 14 µm. Microspar formation results in an increased crystal volume characterized by exploded shells and extruded matrix. The crystal formation is an early diagenetic phenomena and probably driven by the presence of organic matter. In addition to microspar, aragonitic shells are commonly replaced by neomorphic sparry calcite. Replacement appears to occur along an advancing front and is probably a result of thin-film reactions. There is no crystal volume increase. Neomorphic spar (often referred to as "pseudospar") is formed by a different process than microspar (pseudospar) and the final diagenetic effects are different. Distinction should be made between types of pseudospar, and the terminology clarified. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1562------------
Selected Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Held in Houston, Texas, July 28–31, 2008

The International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology is an annual conference meeting of engineering and science professionals from academia, government, and industry from around the globe. The fourth conference was held in Houston, Texas, on July 28–31, 2008. The objective of the International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology is to provide a major interdisciplinary forum for presenting new approaches from relevant areas of environmental science and engineering, to foster integration of the latest developments in scientific research into engineering applications, and to facilitate technology transfer from well-tested ideas into practical products, waste management, remedial processes, and ecosystem restoration. Environmental humanity and sociality such as environmental ethics, environmental law, environmental economy, and environmental management were also included in the scope of the conference. Researchers, engineers, site managers, regulatory agents, decision-making officials, consultants, and vendors benefited from the opportunity to exchange information on recent research trends, to examine ongoing research programs, and to investigate worldwide public and regulatory acceptance of environmental protection and remediation technologies. Environmental disturbance and pollution are complex problems worldwide. The current development of modern science and technology combined with management on social and economic activities are contributing more and more to solution of the problems. Although considerable environmental protection work has been and is presently being conducted, a multidisciplinary platform for environmental scientists, engineers, management professionals, and governmental officials to discuss the latest developments in environmental research and applications is very helpful for protecting our global village. During the Fourth International conference, presentations from the following countries were presented: Americas: Brazil, Mexico, Canada, and USA; Europe: France, Spain, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Italy, Russia, and Switzerland; Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Nigeria, Cameron, Zambia, Botswana, and South Africa; Asia: China, Taiwan, Thailand, Hong Kong, Singapore, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Japan, Korea, Israel, Turkey, Iran, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. We also had attendees from Australia and New Zealand. The conference started by four plenary presentations given by well-known professors in selected areas of research and then parallel sessions were conducted to accommodate the various accepted Water Air Soil Pollut: Focus (2009) 9:159–161 DOI 10.1007/s11267-009-9207-0
The effect of naloxone on audiogenic seizures

The severity of audiogenic seizures was increased in two strains of mice 5–10 min after naloxone (2 or 4 mg/kg IP). This may indicate involvement of an endorphin or enkephalin in the modulation of reactivity.
Behavioural and neurocognitive implications of snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea in children: Facts and theory

The pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), a common condition in children, is poorly understood. While adenotonsillar hypertrophy is certainly a major contributor, other factors are needed for OSA to develop. OSA has been associated with substantial morbidities primarily affecting cardiovascular and neurobehavioural systems which may not be completely reversed with appropriate treatment. This paper reviews the available information and attempts to provide the rationale for early diagnosis and treatment of OSA in children.
Inspection of Integrated Circuit Databases through Reticle and Wafer Simulation: An Integrated Approach to Design for Manufacturing (DFM)

The present approach to Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) verification has evolved from a number of separate inspection strategies. OPC decoration is verified by a design rule or optical rule checker, the reticle is verified by a reticle inspection system, and the final wafers are verified by wafer inspection and metrology tools. Each verification step looks at a different representation of the desired device pattern with little or no data flowing between them. In this paper, we will report on a new inspection system called DesignScan that connects the data between the various abstraction layers. DesignScan inspects the OPC decorated design by simulating how the design will be transferred to the reticle layer and how that reticle will be imaged into resist across the full focus-exposure process window. The simulated images are compared to the desired pattern and defect detection algorithms are applied to determine if any unacceptable variations in the pattern occurs within the nominal process window. The end result is a new paradigm in design verification, moving beyond OPC verification at the design plane to process window verification at the wafer plane where it really matters. We will demonstrate the application of DesignScan to inspect full chip designs that utilized different Resolution Enhancement Technique (RET) and OPC methods. In doing so, we"ll demonstrate that DesignScan can identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of each methodology by highlighting areas of weak process window for each approach. We will present experimental wafer level results to verify the accuracy of the defect predictions.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
QT prolongation and torsades de pointes after administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

Abstract Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has gained widespread acceptance as an effective broad-spectrum antibiotic since its introduction in 1968. 1 Numerous side effects of this drug have been described, most of which involve the skin, hematopoietic system, gastrointestinal tract and kidney. 2 Cardiac toxicity has rarely, if ever, been encountered. This report describes a patient who presented on 2 occasions with QT-interval prolongation and torsades de pointes after oral administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
The Disciplining of Dissent and the Role of Empathetic Listeners in Deliberative Publics: A Ritual Perspective

How would it affect our theorizing of radical democracy if dissent within deliberative politics was disciplined not so much through linguistic mechanisms as through a ‘habit’ of ‘selective listening’? Concerned with the constraints on radical democracy in the current global justice movement, I analyze rebellious rituals that re-interpret the hegemonic public transcript of deliberative politics in the European Social Forum (ESF). The ESF is a prefigurative arena for discursive practice in the global justice movement that includes resource-poor grassroots activists, immigrants and social movement insiders. To explore the disciplinary practices of institutional insiders towards other participants in deliberation, as well as resistance against them, I compare discursive opposition expressed within several European- and national-level ESF preparatory assemblies. I argue that the disciplining of dissent in national Social Forum settings works silently, alongside a place-specific habit of selective listening pra...
Prediction of diamond-like, metallic boron structures

Abstract Diamond-like boron crystal structures are predicted employing a decoration scheme, in which the normal and hexagonal diamond frameworks are decorated with extra atoms across the basal plane. The predicted boron crystals can be viewed as isomorphs of α Ga structured boron, but have a much higher density of states (DOS) near the Fermi levels. This study may provide a more plausible explanation for the nonmetal–metal transition and the anomalous superconductivity of boron under high pressure.
THE ELECTRON EXCHANGE REACTION BETWEEN URANIUM(VI) AND TIN(II) IN ETHANOL-- WATER MEDIA.

Abstract The electron exchange reaction between uranium (VI) and tin (II) was studied at 25°, 35° and 45°C in water, 20·0, 40·0, 60·0, 80·0 and 99·9 weight per cent ethanol-water mixtures. In each solvent the reaction was studied in 1, 2, 4 and 6 M hydrochloric acid. The reaction was found to be first order with respect to uranium (VI), first order with respect to tin (II), and second order overall. The second order rate equation was obeyed to different percentages of completion of reaction in different compositions of ethanol and hydrochloric acid. In most cases second order kinetics was followed up to about 60–90 per cent completion of the reaction, though in higher percentages of alcohols and lower hydrochloric acid concentrations second order rates were observed for a few runs up to lower percentages completion, about 40–60 per cent completion.
Earthworm community composition, seasonal population structure, and casting activity on Kentucky golf courses

Abstract Earthworms can be troublesome pests on golf courses when their soil-rich casts become abundant enough to disrupt the maintenance, aesthetics, and playability of putting greens and fairways. Management of the problem is hindered by lack of knowledge of earthworm community structure on North American golf courses. We surveyed communities of endogeic earthworms inhabiting golf course fairways and putting greens in central Kentucky and tracked the seasonal population structure and casting activity of the predominant species. Seven earthworm species, six of them non-native, were identified in varying proportions from fairways of the different golf courses. Aporrectodea trapezoides (Duges) dominated, although Allolobophora chlorotica (Savigny), Diplocardia singularis (Ude), and Amynthas sp. also were abundant on some courses. Soil characteristics (pH, percentages of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter) at fairway sample sites were not good predictors of overall earthworm density or proportionate abundance of particular species. Ap. trapezoides was found in the upper 21 cm of topsoil throughout the year except when frozen ground precluded sampling. The Ap. trapezoides population consisted mainly of adults and cocoons in late autumn and winter, and juveniles in summer. Casting by Ap. trapezoides, which also occurs on soil-based greens, was greatest in late autumn and early winter, with a secondary peak in early spring. Amynthas hupeiensis, an east Asian megascolecid earthworm, was the only species found damaging sand-based greens. Prolific casting by Am. hupeiensis continued during summer after other species’ casting activity on fairways had waned. Am. hupeiensis is established along river banks in Kentucky and neighboring states, and is used as fish bait. We hypothesize that it may be introduced onto golf courses as cocoons in river sand used for course renovations, or from bait discarded by anglers fishing in golf course ponds.
Microwave emission from a plasma filled capacitor

The spontaneous emission of longitudinal waves in various gas discharges (air, argon, helium and. neon) has been observed experimentally to agree with the dispersion relationship obtained from theory. The power spectral density of electron oscillations has been measured with a wide dispersion microwave spectrum analyser coupled to a specially designed plasma filled capacitor. The emission from these oscillations is seen to be strongly dependent on the electron-neutral collision frequency and the spacing between the two conducting plates.
Outcome of Endodontic Surgery: A Meta-analysis of the Literature—Part 1: Comparison of Traditional Root-end Surgery and Endodontic Microsurgery

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate the outcome of root-end surgery. The specific outcome of traditional root-end surgery (TRS) versus endodontic microsurgery (EMS) and the probability of success for comparison of the 2 techniques were determined by means of meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Methods An intensive search of the literature was conducted to identify longitudinal studies evaluating the outcome of root-end surgery. Three electronic databases (Medline, Embase, and PubMed) were searched to identify human studies from 1966 to October 2009 in 5 different languages (English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish). Relevant articles and review papers were searched for cross-references. Five pertinent journals ( Journal of Endodontics, International Endodontic Journal, Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontics, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery ) were individually searched back to 1975. Three independent reviewers (S.S., M.K., and F.S.) assessed the abstracts of all articles that were found according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Relevant articles were acquired in full-text form, and raw data were extracted independently by each reviewer. Qualifying papers were assigned to group TRS or group EMS. Weighted pooled success rates and relative risk assessment between TRS and EMS were calculated. A comparison between the groups was made by using a random effects model. Results Ninety-eight articles were identified and obtained for final analysis. In total, 21 studies qualified (12 for TRS [n = 925] and 9 for EMS [n = 699]) according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Weighted pooled success rates calculated from extracted raw data showed 59% positive outcome for TRS (95% confidence interval, 0.55–0.6308) and 94% for EMS (95% confidence interval, 0.8889–0.9816). This difference was statistically significant ( P Conclusions The use of microsurgical techniques is superior in achieving predictably high success rates for root-end surgery when compared with traditional techniques
Catalysis by zymogens: increased reactivity at high ionic strength.

Kinetic analysis of the intrinsic activity of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen has shown that a major cause for the diminished activity of these zymogens, as compared to the corresponding enzymes, is a deformation of the primary binding site [l-6] . The binding of inhibitors by trypsinogen is -104times less effective than by trypsin [2] while the maximum velocity of catalysis is only 1 02-times lower [6] . Attempts to increase the intrinsic catalytic activity of these zymogens without proteolytic activation have met with limited success. The addition of dipeptides corresponding to the amino-terminus of trypsin resulted in conformational changes of the p-guanidinobenzoyl derivative of trypsinogen similar to that obtained by tryptic activation [7,8] . However, this change requires the presence of the guanidinobenzoyl moiety and hence does not manifest itself directly as an increase in the catalytic activity of the zymogen ([7] and J. D. L.-E., unpublished observations). On the other hand the oxidation of Met-192 [3] results in a small but significant increase in the intrinsic activity of chymotrypsinogen by improving the binding of the substrate to the zymogen. In this
Reaction-Induced Strain in Rigid-Rod Polymeric Fibers

The thermomechanical behavior of several rigid-rod polymeric fibers has been investigated. Up to 300°C, all fibers exhibited the expected axial shrinkage on heating (CTE ≃ -6 x 10 -6 °C -1 ). However, a pronounced increase in thermal contraction was observed at temperatures where polymer degradation or cleaving of the pendant group occurred. A degradation mechanism has been proposed that accounts for the evolved gases in PBZT and MePBZT. The accelerated shrinkage in these rigid-rod polymers is a result of decrease in the c-axis lattice parameter as measured via WAXD. The enhanced axial shrinkage and accompanying decrease in lattice parameter are attributed to chemical changes, and consequent cross-linking taking place within these systems which, in turn, serves to perturb the crystalline structure. The implications of this phenomenon of accelerated axial contraction, with regards to morphology, are discussed.
Aging, abstinence, and medical risk factors in the prediction of neuropsychologic deficit among long-term alcoholics.

Halstead-Reitan assessments were conducted with 71 male alcoholics sober for four weeks, 65 alcoholics sober for four years, and 68 nonalcoholics. Recently detoxified alcoholics showed learning and problem-solving difficulties, as did older persons in all groups. Aging, not alcoholism, was related to psychomotor slowing. There were no age-alcohol interactions for any neuropsychologic test. Time since last drink predicted neuropsychologic performance modestly, as did head injury, age, and education. Long-term sober alcoholics were indistinguishable from controls. Our results suggest that alcoholics abstinent one month suffer a subacute alcohol-related organic mental disorder that might resolve with prolonged abstinence, that the neuropsychologic findings in such alcoholics are more consistent with an "independent decrements" rather than "premature aging" hypothesis, and that neuromedicai and other risk factors must be considered before permanent neuropsychologic deficit among alcoholics can be attributed solely to neurotoxic effects of alcohol.
Quality of diabetes care in Arab Americans.

Abstract The quality of care received by Arab American patients with type 2 diabetes residing in a city with a large migrant Arab population has not been examined. Arab American adults with a self-reported diagnosis of diabetes were identified in a rigorous cross-sectional, population-based epidemiologic study conducted in Dearborn, MI. Quality of diabetes care was determined by assessing adherence to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) clinical practice recommendations. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) provided data for a national comparison. Among the 53 participants, mean age was 59 ± 12 years and the mean duration of diabetes was 11.3 ± 13.3 years. The ADA goal for an A1c of 9.5% as compared to 18% of the national population. Arab Americans generally had worse blood pressure control but better lipid control compared to the national sample. This is the first report of the quality of diabetes care in an Arab American population, and demonstrates sub-optimal quality of care according to the ADA clinical practice recommendations.
Mobile object layer: a runtime substrate for parallel adaptive and irregular computations

Abstract In this paper we present a parallel runtime substrate, the Mobile Object Layer (MOL), that supports data or object mobility and automatic message forwarding in order to ease the implementation of adaptive and irregular applications on distributed memory machines. The MOL implements a global logical name space for message passing and distributed directories to assist in the translation of logical to physical addresses. Our data show that the latency of the MOL primitives is within 10–14% of the latency of the underlying communication substrate. The MOL is a lightweight, portable library designed to minimize maintenance costs for very large-scale parallel adaptive applications.
Adhesion recovery and passive peeling in a wall climbing robot using adhesives

This paper presents analysis and results for a small and agile wall climbing robot's ability to regain lost adhesion due to degradation of dry fibrillar adhesives. To regain the lost adhesion, two feet are set to the surface and the robot performs a rocking motion on the side where the adhesion has dropped below a safety threshold. The rocking motion applies normal forces to preload the front and rear feet without letting the other foot detach from the surface by alternating the direction of the motor and only allowing small rotation of the leg. Experimental results show that the rocking motion is successful in regaining lost adhesion while using dry fibrillar adhesives on a smooth, vertical acrylic surface. The performance of the fibers over time limits the adhesion that can possibly be mechanically regained and as a result the fibers are over-designed, which gives rise to the need for a power efficient peeling mechanism. The peeling mechanism uses a conditionally locked ankle, implemented with magnets, and a slot to allow the axle to change a pulling force normal to the surface to be a pulling force perpendicular to the surface, which peels the fibers using the uneven loading. Experimental results illustrate that a passive peeling mechanism is successful in reducing the required power to peel. The presented advancements can be applied to other climbing robots using adhesives to allow for safer, more efficient climbing.