cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GFP:HIV-1 Protease Production and Packaging with a T4 Phage Expression-Packaging Processing System

A bacteriophage T4-derived protein expression, packaging and processing system was used to create recombinant phage that encode, produce and package a protein composed of human HIV-1 protease fused...
An improved approach for accurate and efficient calling of structural variations with low-coverage sequence data

Background Recent advances in sequencing technologies make it possible to comprehensively study structural variations (SVs) using sequence data of large-scale populations. Currently, more efforts have been taken to develop methods that call SVs with exact breakpoints. Among these approaches, split-read mapping methods can be applied on low-coverage sequence data. With increasing amount of data generated, more efficient split-read mapping methods are still needed. Also, since sequence errors can not be avoided for the current sequencing technologies, more accurate split-read mapping methods are still needed to better handle sequence errors.
Reproduction ’Round the World: Understanding Globalization's Impacts on Reproductive Health

In a time when globalization is quickly shaping all forms of relationships among individuals, communities, and nations, it is imperative to understand the possible effects of globalization on human...
Friction Factors in Storm Surges over Inland Areas

In many recent models of hurricane-generated surges, a quadratic law is used to describe the bed friction. When models include overland flooding, friction factor values throughout the solution domain often reflect ocean bed conditions. A theory is presented to develop model friction factors based on a Darcy-Weisbach type relationship that gives the coefficients spatial variability, dependent on bed roughness, obstructions and their spacings, and local depths. An equivalent friction factor is introduced which combines overland values, derived by considering an assumed prevailing logarithmic velocity distribution, with values derived by considering the theoretical form of the head loss due to drag forces acting on uniformly distributed obstacles. The effects of the equivalent friction factor were studied for hurricane-generated surges on the west coast of Florida. It was shown that its introduction, based on natural vegetation and manmade obstructions, attenuated and lagged the peak surge at the project site, compared with surges simulated using a uniform value based on the ocean bed.
Interface mixing between metals and ceramics: classification, thermochemistry, and processing

On peut classer les interfaces ceramique/metal en quatre groupes : presence d'oxydes metalliques purs a l'interface; presence d'oxydes ternaires ou plus complexes a l'interface; formation de solution solide dans la ceramique pres de l'interface; formation de solution solide dans le metal. Dans chaque cas, on examine la thermochimie et la microstructure
Scoliosis correction and epidural analgesia. Prolonged block following Harrington rod insertion.

Summary This case report illustrates the problems which may arise when an epidural block is used during an operation to correct a spinal deformity. In this case, the block was more profound and persistent than expected. This could have been due to spinal cord compression or to ischaemia following the correction with Harrington rods, so the rods had to be removed and re-inserted later, after the paraparesis had resolved.
Personal reflections on the influence of Buchanan, Tullock, and the Calculus of Consent

I appreciate having the opportunity to celebrate the 50th anniversary of The Calculus of Consent and to reflect on its impact on me and my research. Several of the issues that shaped my research since I was a graduate student at the University of Virginia (1962–1965) can be traced to ideas found in the Calculus of Consent and to the writings of James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock. As someone who “was there,” I am aware of possible connections that might not be well recognized between the work of Buchanan and Tullock and several large and modern topics. The reader might be surprised by some of the fields that can be connected to their research. The impact on me can be discussed as three separate areas: voting theory, social choice theory, and experimental methods. Of course, the blame for my wandering within those broad areas cannot be shifted, but the blame for the approach and patterns of thought that brought me to the areas can be located in the ideas and writings of Buchanan and Tullock.
Prediction of Unmet Primary Care Needs for the Medically Vulnerable Post-Disaster: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis of Health System Responses

Disasters serve as shocks and precipitate unanticipated disturbances to the health care system. Public health surveillance is generally focused on monitoring latent health and environmental exposure effects, rather than health system performance in response to these local shocks. The following intervention study sought to determine the long-term effects of the 2005 chlorine spill in Graniteville, South Carolina on primary care access for vulnerable populations. We used an interrupted time-series approach to model monthly visits for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions, an indicator of unmet primary care need, to quantify the impact of the disaster on unmet primary care need in Medicaid beneficiaries. The results showed Medicaid beneficiaries in the directly impacted service area experienced improved access to primary care in the 24 months post-disaster. We provide evidence that a health system serving the medically underserved can prove resilient and display improved adaptive capacity under adverse circumstances (i.e., technological disasters) to ensure access to primary care for vulnerable sub-groups. The results suggests a new application for ambulatory care sensitive conditions as a population-based metric to advance anecdotal evidence of secondary surge and evaluate pre- and post-health system surge capacity following a disaster.
Distribution and impact of trifluralin, atrazine, and fonofos residues in microcosms simulating a Northern Pratrie Wetland

Abstract Extensive use of pesticides in the watersheds of Northern Prairie Wetlands of the U.S.A. has prompted considerable concern about the potential for adverse effects on wetland ecosystems and their associated wildlife. Wetland microcosms, consisting of sediments from a representative wetland, biota associated with the sediments, seeded populations of Daphnia magna and Chironomus riparius , and reconstituted water, were separately exposed to 14C-atrazine (20 μg/L), 14C-trifluralin (4 μ/L) and 14C-fonofos (22 & 94 μg/L) in sediment-water mixtures simulating edge-of-field runoff. The concentrations, distributions, and major processes controlling contaminant fate were elucidated for each pesticide in these microcosm exposures. In addition, adverse effects of pesticidal residues were determined but were limited by requirements for fate modeling.
Aortic atherosclerosis in white carneau pigeons: the effect of hypercholesterolemia and certain hypocholesterolemic agents

Summary The effects of hypercholesterolemia secondary to induced hypothyroidism and of hypercholesterolemia produced by cholesterol feeding on spontaneous atherosclerosis of the White Carneau pigeon was investigated. The degree of atherosclerosis in a group of hypothyroid hypercholesterolemic birds was similar to that in euthyroid normocholesterolemic controls. Feeding dietary cholesterol to normal adult pigeons of this species did not aggravate the degree of atherosclerosis unless plasma cholesterol levels greater than 1500 mg/100 ml were produced. Triparanol produced some lowering of plasma cholesterol levels in normal pigeons but had no effect on the cholesterol levels of the hypothyroid birds. Nicotinic acid and cholestyramine had no effect on the plasma cholesterol levels of either normal or hypothyroid hypercholesterolemic pigeons. None of the three drugs studied had any effect on atherosclerosis in either normal or hypothyroid hypercholesterolemic groups of pigeons. Triparanol was found to be toxic to this species.
A Qualitative Analysis of Police Interactions and Disproportionate Minority Contact

This study aims to uncover various aspects of police interactions that contribute to disproportionate minority contact with the juvenile justice system. In-depth interviews were conducted using a sample of 30 male juveniles residing in a correctional facility. The most consistent themes that arose included police allotting more chances to Whites than youth of color, repeated arrests by the same officer, police awareness of family reputations, and officers using unnecessary force against youth of color. Findings demonstrate that contact with the juvenile justice system is not only disproportionate but also distinct in its form depending on the race of the juvenile.
Poverty Experiences of Young Children and the Quality of Their Home Environments

This paper assesses the relative contribution of maternal, household, child, and poverty characteristics to the quality of the home environment. The sample consists of 1,887 children birth to 4 years old from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Ordinary least-squares regression is used to explore conceptually distinct aspects of children's poverty experiences. Poverty variables are found to have a statistically significant effect on the quality of the home environment, after controlling for the effects of other variables in the models. Statistically significant interactions among poverty variables are identified. A major finding is that improvements in family income have the strongest effects on the quality of the home environment for children who were born poor or lived much of their lives in poverty. The conclusion emphasizes implications for future research.
Comparison of various biogenic amines as substrates for acetyl transferase from Apis mellifera (L.) CNS.

Abstract 1. 1. The supraesophageal ganglion of Apis mellifera (L.) contains acetyl transferase(s) which will acetylate tryptamine and dopamine and to a lesser extent 5-hydroxytryptamine. 2. 2. Norepinephrine acetylation was not detectable. 3. 3.It is hypothesized that such acetylations might be of importance in inactivating amine neurotransmitters in insects.
Rat polymerase β binds double-stranded DNA using exclusively the 8-kDa domain. Stoichiometries, intrinsic affinities, and cooperativities

Analyses of the interactions of rat polymerase beta (rat pol beta) with a double-stranded DNA have been performed using the quantitative fluorescence titration and fluorescence energy transfer techniques. The obtained results show that rat pol beta binds to dsDNA oligomers with the site-size of the enzyme-dsDNA complex n = 5 +/- 1 base pairs. The small site-size of the complex is a consequence of engagement of only the 8-kDa domain in intrinsic interactions with the dsDNA. This conclusion is directly supported by the fluorescence energy transfer between the single tryptophan residue on the 31-kDa domain and fluorescence acceptor located on the DNA. The dsDNA oligomer is bound at a distance of at least 55 A from the tryptophan, excluding the 31-kDa domain from any closed contact with the DNA. Moreover, in the complex with the dsDNA, the enzyme is bound in "open" conformational state. The intrinsic interactions are accompanied by a net release of about four to five ions. The net ion release is dominated by cations as a result of the exclusive engagement of the 8-kDa domain in interactions. Magnesium affects the net ion release through direct binding of Mg(2+) cations to the protein. Surprisingly, binding of rat pol beta to the dsDNA is characterized by strong positive cooperative interactions, a very different behavior from that previously observed for pol beta complexes with the ssDNA and gapped DNAs. Contrary to intrinsic affinities, cooperative interactions are accompanied by a net uptake of about three to five ions. Anions have a large contribution to the net ion uptake, indicating that cooperative interactions characterize protein-protein interactions. The significance of these results for the pol beta functioning in damaged-DNA recognition processes is discussed.
Monitoring the immune competence of cancer patients to predict outcome

A new era of cancer immunotherapy has brought not only successful cancer vaccines but also immunomodulators, such as those that target checkpoint blockade in order to induce endogenous host immune responses. However, the immune system of cancer patients can be compromised through multiple means, including immune suppression by the tumor and by prior therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation. Therefore, a comprehensive means of assessing patient immunocompetence would seem helpful for determining whether patients are ready to benefit from immunotherapy, and perhaps even which immunotherapy might be most appropriate for them. Unfortunately, there are no standardized tests for immune competence, nor is there agreement on what to measure and what will be predictive of outcome. In this review, we will discuss the technologies and assays that might be most useful for this purpose. We argue for a comprehensive approach that should maximize the chances of developing predictive biomarkers for eventual clinical use.
Growth rates of Corallina officinalis (Rhodophyta) at different temperatures

Specimens of Corallina officinalis L. were grown in the laboratory for 6 and 8 weeks at temperatures of 6°, 12°, 18°, and 25°C. After 6 weeks, the mean growth rates of main axes were 2.8 mm at 18°C, 2.9 mm at 12°C, and 0.2 mm at 5°C; no growth occurred at 25°C. At 6°C, growth increased with lower light intensities. The mean total increase in length of branchlets present when the plants were collected did not vary significantly at 12° and 18°C. At 12°C, axial intergenicula formed in culture produced more new branchlets than did field-grown intergenicula. Also, the production of these branchlets on cultured intergenicula was higher at 12°C than at 18°C.
Sweet's syndrome in acute myelogenous leukemia presenting as periorbital cellulitis with an infiltrate of leukemic cells.

Abstract Sweet's syndrome is characterized by the abrupt onset of fever, neutrophilic leukocytosis, and erythematous, tender pseudovesiculated plaques or nodules that respond readily to corticosteroid therapy. It is usually distinguished by the presence of mature neutrophils on histopathologic examination. We describe a 38-year-old man with acute myelogenous leukemia who had an erythematous vesicular eruption of the left eye develop that resembled cellulitis. A biopsy specimen revealed a dermal infiltrate of mature neutrophils and immature myeloblastic precursors. He later had hemorrhagic pseudovesiculated plaques develop bilaterally on his hands. A biopsy specimen again revealed abundant neutrophils with immature forms. A similar eruption developed at the site of a Hickman catheter placement 4 months later. His skin lesions responded rapidly to oral corticosteroids. This case is unique in that his initial presentation of Sweet's syndrome resembled orbital cellulitis that was characterized by immature myeloid precursors on histopathology. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:590-5.)
China modernizes scientific communication system

Abstract Description of progress made over past 10 years in building a modern network of scientific and technical information services in the People's Republic of China. Major accomplishments include development of a comprehensive thesaurus for natural and social sciences; some 30 computer installations searching approximately seventy Western and Japanese databases in batch and local interactive modes; and near-operational capability of computer processing Chinese text. Overall structural and functional characteristics of the planned national STI network are described. Decimated by the “cultural revolution” of the late 1960s, Chinese scientists had seen university research programs closed, colleagues relocated to physical labor in China's vast and undeveloped hinterlands, primary and secondary scientific publishing fall into disarray, and library collections destroyed. For ten years since 1974, the People's Republic of China has been re-building and modernizing the country's system of scientific communication. A high-level meeting in October 1985, the Beijing Symposium on Computerized Information Retrieval organized by the China Society for Scientific and Technical Information, has provided an opportunity to not only observe the progress made during the past decade but also gain insights into the methodology of the plan to couple China to the global networks of science communication. The intention of this paper is to offer such observations and insights, as gathered from selected Chinese presentations [1] made at this invitational conference, a bibliography of about 350 Chinese papers published between 1980 and 1985 [2], discussions with senior Chinese information engineers and administrators, and from visits to key installations.
Temperature gradient and initial snow density as controlling factors in the formation and structure of hard depth hoar

We investigate how temperature gradient and initial density influence depth-hoar growth in snow and seek to better define the range of conditions under which cohesive, or hard, depth hoar forms. Samples of 400 kg m -3 sieved snow were exposed to temperature gradients of 20-80°C m -1 , and samples of four different densities were exposed to a 40°C m temperature gradient. Following exposure to temperature gradients, penetrometer tests were made on samples to determine the presence of solid and/or hard depth hoar. Grain bond orientation was analyzed in section planes by two-dimensional stereological techniques where hard depth hoar developed. Results indicate that hard cohesive depth hoar forms from rounded-grain snow having a density of 400 kg m -3 or greater, following exposure to a temperature gradient of 20°C m -1 or greater. Hard depth hoar appears to consist of solid-type depth-hoar grains connected by necks, with vertically preferred directions of grain elongation and organization of grain-to-grain chains. This work corroborates Atikaya's (1974) results, but extends his observation of formation of hard depth hoar to weaker temperature gradients for high-density snow. Our results also indicate that hard depth hoar is composed of faceted solid-type (anhedral) grains.
5a-methyl-substituted bicyclomycins: Synthesis and chemical, biochemical, and biological properties

A select series of 5a-methyl-substituted bicyclomycins (2−10, 34) have been prepared to identify interactions that influence antibiotic binding to the Escherichia coli rho transcription termination factor and to aid in identifying the bicyclomycin binding domain. The regioselective reduction of methyl 5a-bicyclomycincarboxylate C(2‘),C(3‘)-acetonide (13) using lithium triethylborohydride provided 5a-(hydroxy)methylbicyclomycin C(2‘),C(3‘)-acetonide (14). Alcohol 14 served as the key synthetic intermediate in preparing the targeted compounds. Replacing or modifying the terminal hydroxy group in 14 gave the corresponding hydrogen, acyl, halogen, azide, amine, and amide derivatives, which were then treated with trifluoroacetic acid to remove the C(2‘),C(3‘)-acetonide protecting group to give 2−10. The chemical reactivity of 5a-(chloro)methylbicyclomycin (6) with the nucleophile EtSH was compared with bicyclomycin (1). We found that allylic chloride 6 underwent SN2 displacement with EtSH, while 1 furnished C(...
Quantitative secondary-ion mass spectrometry analysis of an iron-based low alloy using a local thermodynamic equilibrium plasma model

Secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) [1] is widely used for trace-element analysis, microanalysis, three-dimensional profiling of elements, etc. The quantitative analysis of elements [2] is especially important in metallurgy and semiconductor technology. The method using the relative sensitivity factors (RSF) [3] is promising, but a matrix effect in the secondary-ion yield [4, 5] demands RSF data for a large number of combinations of impurity and matrix elements. Quantitative analysis not using reference samples is one of the important aspects of SIMS that have not yet been solved. This is strongly connected with the fact that the theory is not yet complete for the secondary-ion emission mechanism [1]. We consider that the secondary ions are emitted by various mechanisms [1], and that it depends on the experimental conditions which of them is the most predominant. One of the proposed mechanisms is that the secondary ions are emitted from a dense plasma which is formed at the bombarded spot near the sample surface [6]. When the primary-ion beam accumulates sufficient energy at the spot, the plasma can be in local thermodynamic equilibrium (denoted as the LTE plasma) [7]. The purpose of this study was to survey the bombarding condition of an Fe-based low alloy for which quantitative SIMS was achieved by the LTE-plasma model. The ionization probability for element j in the LTE plasma is given by the Saha-Eggert equation [6]
Recipient and observer reactions to discipline: are managers experiencing wishful thinking?

A qualitative study of recipients' and observers' reactions to discipline events was conducted. Data from 123 recipient interviews and 46 observer interviews were content analyszed and categorized. Results showed that while both groups see positive results from discipline, recipients and observers may lose respect for the discipliner, and may develop negative attitudes toward the organization as a consequence of the discipline. They are also likely to perceive the discipline event as unfair, especially when discipline is applied for informal as opposed to formal rule violations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large-scale nonlinear programming using IPOPT: An integrating framework for enterprise-wide dynamic optimization

Integration of real-time optimization and control with higher level decision-making (scheduling and planning) is an essential goal for profitable operation in a highly competitive environment. While integrated large-scale optimization models have been formulated for this task, their size and complexity remains a challenge to many available optimization solvers. On the other hand, recent development of powerful, large-scale solvers leads to a reconsideration of these formulations, in particular, through development of efficient large-scale barrier methods for nonlinear programming (NLP). As a result, it is now realistic to solve NLPs on the order of a million variables, for instance, with the IPOPT algorithm. Moreover, the recent NLP sensitivity extension to IPOPT quickly computes approximate solutions of perturbed NLPs. This allows on-line computations to be drastically reduced, even when large nonlinear optimization models are considered. These developments are demonstrated on dynamic real-time optimization strategies that can be used to merge and replace the tasks of (steady-state) real-time optimization and (linear) model predictive control. We consider a recent case study of a low density polyethylene (LDPE) process to illustrate these concepts.
The Impact of Acute Renal Failure on Early and Late Outcomes After Thoracic Aortic Endovascular Repair

Background The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) after thoracic aortic endovascular repair (TEVAR) is variably reported at 1% to 34%. This study utilized the RIFLE (risk, injury, failure) criteria to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and late implications of AKI after TEVAR. Methods In all, 350 patients without prior dialysis requirement underwent TEVAR (1993 to 2013). The mean age was 68.7 years (54% male). The mean preoperative glomerular filtration rate was 76.5 ± 37.6 mL/min, with 39 patients (11.7%) in chronic kidney stage 3 or 4. The TEVAR was performed for rupture in 20.6%. The mean contrast volume administered was 95.7 ± 52.9 mL. Results Early mortality was seen in 17 patients (4.9%). Acute kidney injury defined as RIFLE classes risk, injury, or failure was seen in 59 patients (17%; risk = 36, injury = 14, failure = 9). Independent predictors of AKI included history of saccular aneurysm, presentation with rupture, or need for arch repair or red blood cell transfusion (all p p p Conclusions The prevalence of AKI after TEVAR as assessed by RIFLE criteria is higher than seen in previous reports. Despite its infrequent progression to permanent dialysis dependence, AKI remains an important risk factor for both early and late mortality. Future studies should evaluate strategies to reduce the incidence of AKI after TEVAR to improve both early and late outcomes.
Plasma lactic acid and pyruvic acid concentrations following intragastric infusion of ethanol in adult miniature swine (Sus scrofa)

Abstract 1. 1. Using adult Sinclair (S-I) miniature gilts, plasma biochemical parameters were determined to ascertain whether intragastric infusion of ethanol, alone or in combination with fructose, glucose or sucrose, would result in increased plasma lactic acid and pyruvic acid concentrations. 2. 2. Plasma urea nitrogen, serum glucose, serum triglyceride, plasma ethanol, plasma pyruvic acid and plasma lactic acid concentrations, as well as plasma lactic acid/pyruvic acid ratios and packed cell volumes were determined. 3. 3. Plasma pyruvic acid concentration decreased by 20 % upon ethanol or sugar-ethanol infusion, while plasma lactic acid increased by 30 % one hour following fructose-ethanol infusion. 4. 4. Plasma lactic acid/pyruvic acid ratio increased by 80 % one hour following fructoseethanol infusion.
Initial example of a triangular single-molecule magnet from ligand-induced structural distortion of a [MnIII3O]7+ complex.

The reaction of [Mn3O(O2CR)6(py)3](ClO4) (R = Me, Et) with methyl 2-pyridyl ketone oxime (mpkoH) in a 1:3 molar ratio in MeOH/MeCN leads to [Mn3O(O2CR)3(mpko)3](ClO4) in 80−90% isolated yield. Ferromagnetic exchange interactions between the three MnIII ions in the nonplanar [MnIII3O]7+ triangular core lead to a spin ground state of S = 6; single-crystal studies reveal the temperature and sweep rate dependent hysteresis loops expected for a single-molecule magnet.
P‐149: Super Reflective Color LCDs Being Able to Display Moving Images without Polarizers

Novel reflective color LCDs without polarizers have been developed with using PDLCs and retro-reflectors. By eliminating polarizers, brightness of our newly developed LCDs has been increased by 51% compared to conventional reflective LCDs, and there still is much room to be improved. What's more, our LCDs can be displayed not only bright text images but also color moving images on, since their response time and driving voltage are significantly fast (63ms) and low (5.5 volts).
Warfarin–Amiodarone Drug–Drug Interactions: Determination of [I]u/KI,u for Amiodarone and Its Plasma Metabolites

A retrospective clinical evaluation in a cohort of 73 patients receiving stable anticoagulation therapy showed that the addition/elimination of amiodarone resulted in a 6-65% change in warfarin dose requirement. To evaluate the roles of amiodarone and its circulating metabolites in this highly variable inhibitory drug interaction, a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed for the quantitation of low concentrations of these compounds in human plasma, using newly synthesized deuterated analogs as internal standards. Inhibition constant (K(I)) values were determined for the inhibition of (S)-warfarin 7-hydroxylation in human liver microsomes by the parent drug and its metabolites, and the unbound drug fractions (f(u)) were measured in order to calculate the ratio of unbound plasma concentration to the microsomal K(I) for the unbound drug ([I](u)/K(I,u)). From these ratios, we predict that a minor metabolite of amiodarone, namely, N,N-didesethylamiodarone (DDEA), is a major contributor to the interaction between warfarin and amiodarone.
Identification of dislocation etch pits in n-type GaAs by NIR transmission microscopy

An optical method is described for identifying dislocation etch pits in n-type GaAS, using near-IR brightfield transmission microscopy. Dislocations are revealed in a nondestructive manner through contrasts that are likely due to impurity decoration of the dislocation lines. By subjecting the same wafers to a photoetching technique, it was established that each etch pit on the surface is associated with a dislocation and that the termination of each (decorated) dislocation is an etch pit.
On P-Immunity of Exponential Time Complete Sets

We show that every many-one complete set for NEXP (co-NEXP) has an infinite subset in P. We also show that every many-one complete set for EXP has anonsparseinfinite subset in P iff annihilating functions do not exist.
The effects of the anti-tumor agent mezerein on the cytotoxic capacity and oxidative metabolism of human blood cells.

Mezerein, the most active antitumor compound isolated from the daphne species of plants, has a structural similarity to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), the major active compound isolated from croton oil. PMA is known to have tumor promoting activity and is a potent inflammatory agent. Mezerein has similarly been reported to have potent inflammatory properties but appears to be a weaker tumor promoter than PMA. While the effect of PMA on the function and metabolism of human blood cells has been extensively studied, there is little similar information concerning mezerein. Therefore, in these studies, we have compared the capacities of mezerein and PMA to activate the cytotoxic capacity and oxidative metabolism of human granulocyte (PMNs), monocyte, lymphocyte, and mononuclear cell (lymphocytes and monocytes) cultures in vitro. Mezerein stimulated the oxidative metabolism of PMNs in an identical manner to PMA as indicated by a burst in the activity of the HMPS pathway, the production of H2O2, hydroxyl radical and stable oxidants. Mezerein also stimulated the release of thromboxane B2 from PMNs. Both compounds activated the oxidative metabolism of monocytes but not the oxidative metabolism of lymphocytes. The enhanced oxidative metabolism of the phagocytic cells was associated with an increased cytotoxicity against human red cells which are sensitive to oxidant damage but not against the NK resistant Raji lymphoblast cell line or the SW1116 colon tumor cell line.
Power Semiconductor Devices for Hybrid Breakers

In order to survive the stresses inherent in opening mechanical circuit breakers under high power fault conditions, such breakers have traditionally been extremely large, rugged, and expensive. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the possible role of semiconductor technology in reducing the requirements of such a breaker, with a view to achieving considerable savings in its construction, improvement in performance, and possibly new capabilities. In particular we will describe the development and first device results of a giant phototransistor to be used as the basic semiconductor component of a hybrid breaker.
On a large-gain theorem

The aim of this paper is to give a general quantitative requirement which the loop gain must satisfy in order to stabilize a given unstable (possibly nonlinear and time-varying) plant, namely that the gain must exceed one.
Managed care and the diffusion of intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer.

Objective To better understand associations between managed care penetration in health care markets and the adoption of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Methods We used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare data to identify men diagnosed with prostate cancer between 2001 and 2007 who were treated with radiotherapy (n = 55,162). We categorized managed care penetration in Health Service Areas (HSAs) as low ( 10%), and assessed our main outcomes (ie, probability of IMRT adoption, which is the ability of a health care market to deliver IMRT, and IMRT utilization in HSA markets) using a Cox proportional hazards model and Poisson regression model, respectively. Results Compared with markets with low managed care penetration, populations in highly penetrated HSAs were more racially diverse (25% vs 15% non-white, P P P P = .05). Among adopting markets, the use of IMRT increased in all HSA categories. However, relative to markets with low managed care penetration, IMRT use was constrained in markets with the highest penetration (0.69 [high] vs 0.76 [low] in 2007, P Conclusion Markets with higher managed care penetration demonstrated a greater propensity for acquiring IMRT technology. However, after adopting IMRT, more highly penetrated markets had roughly 7% slower growth in IMRT use during the study period. These findings provide insight into the implications of delivery system reforms for cancer-related technologies.
An approximate solution for countercurrent heat exchangers

An approximate solution is presented for the countercurrent parallel plate exchanger with laminar flow. With the use of the integral method, the problem is reduced to one of solving a pair of first-order differential equations in a straightforward manner. Comparisons between the results of this work and those obtained from a more elaborate orthogonal expansion technique are found to be excellent.
Mitochondria‐derived oxidative stress induces a heat shock protein response

In addition to minimizing native and non-native protein aggregations, heat shock proteins (HSPs) regulate programmed cell death pathways. Members of this conserved protein family are in general activated by oxidative stress, and likely help maintain viability under this stress condition. To further our understanding of heat shock protein physiology, we studied whether a specific subtype of oxidative stress, namely that arising from mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibition, induced a heat shock protein response. We exposed human teratocarcinoma (NT2) cells to varying concentrations of the cytochrome oxidase inhibitor sodium azide. Micromolar exposures resulted in a cytoplasm to nucleus translocation of the inducible Hsp70 and of Hsp40, and this was followed by an overall upregulation. The response did not coincide temporally with the onset of azide exposure, but rather was activated when the degree of cytochrome oxidase inhibition (which was progressive over time) surpassed a threshold. Azide did not affect either Hsp70 or Hsp40 dynamics in NT2 rho0 cells, which lack functional electron transport chains. For the azide-exposed native cell line, addition of the antioxidant trolox to the medium abrogated both Hsp70/Hsp40 translocation and upregulation. We conclude that mitochondrial electron transport chain dysfunction activates a heat shock protein response, and that this response is mediated by oxidative stress.
Thyroid hormone binding by bovine and ovine fetuin.

Reverse-flow electrophoretic and raclioautographic studies of fetal sheep serum show T4 and T3 binding to a serum alpha globulin different from TBG. This anodal T4-binding alpha globulin peak corresponds to the fetuin band. Purified calf fetuin also binds T4 in vitro. The optimal pH for this binding in 0.02M glycine acetate buffer is 8.0−8.4. Calf fetuin appears to contain one primary thyroxine-binding site per molecule with an association constant estimated to be 1.2 i 109 L/M. Analogue binding studies in vitro suggest that optimal binding to the primary binding site requires the levorotatory configuration, the diphenyl ether structure, the phenyl hydroxyl radical, and 4 iodine atoms. (Endocrinology 94: 49, 1974)
Auger-electron, X-ray and optical emissions

Abstract A system to simultaneously measure Auger-electron, X-ray and optical emissions, induced by 100–400 keV heavy ions from surfaces, has been designed, constructed and tested. The Auger spectrometer is a rotatable, 30°-entrance-angle, parallel-plate electron energy analyzer with a channeltron detector and it has a resolution of 0.29%. The X-ray and optical emissions are measured with a standard Si(Li) PIXE detector and electronics and with a Jarrell-Ash monochrometer, respectively. Preliminary data are presented.
An Efficient Prediction-Based Routing in Disruption-Tolerant Networks

Routing is one of the most challenging, open problems in disruption-tolerant networks (DTNs) because of the short-lived wireless connectivity environment. To deal with this issue, researchers have investigated routing based on the prediction of future contacts, taking advantage of nodes' mobility history. However, most of the previous work focused on the prediction of whether two nodes would have a contact, without considering the time of the contact. This paper proposes predict and relay (PER), an efficient routing algorithm for DTNs, where nodes determine the probability distribution of future contact times and choose a proper next-hop in order to improve the end-to-end delivery probability. The algorithm is based on two observations: one is that nodes usually move around a set of well-visited landmark points instead of moving randomly; the other is that node mobility behavior is semi-deterministic and could be predicted once there is sufficient mobility history information. Specifically, our approach employs a time-homogeneous semi-Markov process model that describes node mobility as transitions between landmarks. Then, we extend it to handle the scenario where we consider the transition time between two landmarks. A simulation study shows that this approach improves the delivery ratio and also reduces the delivery latency compared to traditional DTN routing schemes.
Defect marginality screen for resists patterned in random bright-field layout

Resists with robust defect margins for bright field patterning are critical to high resolution lithography. In this paper, we present the application of analytical techniques to screen high resolution photoresists with reduced tendency to form side-lobe defects from diffraction in ePSM and chromeless APSM lithography. Resist candidates are compared based on a novel method to determine accurate high-contrast development etch rate curve data from diluted normality analysis combined with attenuated FTIR. The measured data is applied to determine parameters for aerial image and molecular level resist models which screen potential resists for performance in side-lobe suppression within random mask layout. Feature level prediction and experimental validation is discussed as well as general selection criteria for high resolution, low-defect liability resist materials for severe bright field ePSM and APSM lithography.
Synthetic blends of volatile, phytopathogen-induced odorants can be used to manipulate vector behavior

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted from all plants and these VOCs are important means of communication between plants and insects. It has been documented that pathogen infections alter VOC profiles rendering infected plants more attractive to specific vectors transmitting these pathogens than uninfected plants, thus potentially aiding in pathogen propagation. Mimicking these chemical cues might enable insect attraction away from the plant or disruption of host finding behavior of the vector. However, the practical implications have not been fully explored. We used citrus, Diaphorina citri and huanglongbing (HLB) as a model host-vector-disease system because HLB threatens citrus production worldwide and is similar to other critical diseases of food crops, such as Zebra Chip affecting potato. We formulated a synthetic chemical blend using selected HLB-specific biomarker compounds, and tested the blend with the Attenu assay system for chemosensory proteins. The Attenu assay system is a procedure that identifies interactions between insect chemosensory proteins and their ligands. We found that an equimolar mixture of compounds mimicking the volatile profile of HLB-infected citrus bound chemosensory proteins. Further investigation of this blend in laboratory behavioral assays resulted in development of a synthetic lure that was more attractive to D. citri than natural citrus tree volatiles. This strategy could provide a new route to produce chemical lures for vector population control for a variety of plant and/or animal systems and it may result in the development of a practical lure for monitoring vectors of disease, such as D. citri.
The relationship of moral maturity and ethical attitude1

Two issues related to Hogan's Survey of Ethical Attitudes (SEA) were investigated. First, the adequacy of Hogan's theoretical characterizations of the two poles of the SEA was tested. The results supported his characterization of the ethics of conscience, but only partially supported his characterization of the ethics of responsibility. Our second focus was on Hogan's prediction that “moral maturity” should be curvilinearly related to the SEA. As predicted, when moral maturity was measured in Hogan's sense, subjects scoring in the middle of the SEA dimension showed higher levels of moral maturity than those at either the ethics of conscience end or the ethics of responsibility end. In contrast, moral maturity in Kohlberg's sense was linearly related to the SEA with the most mature individuals scoring at the ethics of conscience end of the dimension. The total pattern of results highlights the importance of conceptual clarity and conceptual pluralism in research on morality.
Low temperature specific heat of h.c.p. Mo-Ru And Mo-Rh alloys☆

Abstract Low temperature calorimetric measurements were made on some h.c.p. Mo-Ru and Mo-Rh alloys. By plotting the electronic specific heat coefficient (γ) as a function of the average number of valence electrons to atom ratio ( e a ), a common curve was obtained to approximate the 4d band shape in the e a range of 7.0–8.4. This curve has a minimum at e/a $ 8.1. The variation of Debye temperature with e a is inversely correlated to that of γ. Superconducting properties of some of the alloys are discussed.
Learning from your comrade’s mistakes: the impact of the Soviet past on China’s future

Abstract While the Soviet Union imploded in the midst of its attempt to reform itself, more than a decade later China stands as a testament to the resilience of Communist rule. I suggest that one reason China has been able to stave off a regime collapse is that Chinese leaders have sought to learn from the collapse of the Soviet Union and are seeking to adjust their policies to buttress their political power. I present evidence in support of this position including statements of political leaders and party insiders, internal government documents, and Chinese scholarship on the Soviet collapse.
A 3-D boundary element formulation of anisotropic elasticity with gravity

This paper presents a new boundary element formulation for three-dimensional (3-D) linear elastic bodies with anisotropic properties (transverse isotropy with any orientation) subject to gravity. Green's functions for such anisotropic media are derived in exact closed-form. Particular stresses and displacements related to the gravity body force are also presented in exact closed-form for generalized anisotropic media. The boundary integral equation with only weak singularities is formulated based on the principle of superposition and is such that no numerical integration associated either with the Green's functions for anisotropic media or with body forces is necessary. This new 3-D boundary element formulation has been programmed, and several numerical examples are presented and checked with existing closed-form solutions. It is found that even with a very coarse discretization, excellent results can be obtained with the proposed method.
Baroclinic Jets in Confluent Flow

Abstract The nonlinear, three-dimensional behavior of baroclinic fronts in a barotropic deformation field is investigated. A major finding is that baroclinic instability of the frontal zone can play an important role in limiting frontogenesis forced by the large-scale deformation. This results in a statistically equilibrated state in which the front oscillates about a mean vertical shear and frontal width. This equilibration mechanism is effective over a wide range of parameter space and is relevant to a variety of fronts in both the ocean and the atmosphere. Sufficiently strong deformation fields, however, can stabilize the baroclinic jet, yielding the two-dimensional result in which the frontogenesis is ultimately limited by the model subgrid-scale mixing parameterization. The time-dependent three-dimensional equilibrated state is achieved for those cases in which perturbations can grow to sufficient amplitude such that the nonlinearities counteract the frontal steepening induced by the large-scale defo...
Effects of a norethynodrel-mestranol combination (enovid) on development and growth of carcinogen-induced mammary tumors in female rats.

Female Sprague-Dawley rats that were housed in a temperature of approximately 75 degrees F and exposed to light 14 hours/day were studied to determine the effects of Enovid (E) on development and growth of 712-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors (MTs). Before MT development 87 immature female rats were divided into 3 groups and treated as follows: Groups 2 and 3 received a daily dose of 10 or 100 mcg E respectively beginning on Day 30 to Day 70. Controls (Group 1) received the same volume of corn oil. On Day 55 all animals were injected with 5 mg DMBA. After MT development 96 female rats 55 days of age were given a single iv injection of a lipid emulsion containing 5 mg DMBA. 65 days after carcinogen treatment the number and size of palpable mammary tumors were recorded. 1/2 of the rats were then divided into 3 groups: intact controls intact and given 10 mcg E and intact and given 100 mcg E. The remaining 1/2 were left untreated for 30 additional days examined at 150 days of age for tumors and divided into 3 equal groups; ovariectomized controls ovariectomized and given 10 mcg E and ovariectomized and given 100 mcg E. E was injected once daily for 25 consecutive days beginning at age 120 days (intact) or 150 days (ovariectomized). The injection of E into immature intact rats for 25 days before and 15 days after DMBA treatment resulted in a reduction of MTs per rat. Injection of 10 mcg of E for 25 days into mature intact rats bearing DMBA-induced MTs resulted in a moderate but significant increase in the number of MTs per rat. 100 mcg injections showed a significant decrease in number of MTs per rat as compared with the intact controls. Injection of 10 or 100 mcg of E for 25 days into mature ovariectomized rats bearing DMBA-induced tumors resulted in an increase in tumors compared with the ovariectomized controls. These results are believed to be due to the predominantly estrogenic action of E creating an increased prolactin secretion and stimulation of mammary growth. These data suggest that mammary growth-promoting agents such as E may be protective against the development of MTs by carcinogenic agents but may enhance growth of MTs already present.(AUTHORS MODIFIED)
DECREASED BLAST CELL TRANSFORMATION AND BLASTOGENIC FACTOR PRODUCTION IN CORD BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES

Increased susceptibility of newborn to infection with agents controlled by cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is well documented. To evaluate the CMI function of newborn we studied the peripheral T cell numbers by E-rosette technique, as well as the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) lymphocyte transformation and the production of blastogenic factor in the cord blood from 11 healthy newborn infants and in venous peripheral blood from 6 healthy adults. It was found that 1. T cell numbers in newborn were comparable to the ones found in the adult controls (mean 50% in newborns and 52% in adults); 2. the PHA lymphocyte transformation as measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation was markedly lower than in adults (mean PHA index 16 In the cord blood and 70 in adults), although spontaneous transformation was much higher in newborn compared to adult lymphocytes; and 3. the supernatant derived from PHA stimulated cord lymphocytes (after removal of PHA) failed to stimulate neonatal lymphocytes as measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation (mean blastogenic index 1.6, range 1-2) in contrast to the supernatant of PHA stimulated adult lymphocytes which significantly stimulated the neonatal lymphocytes (mean blastogenic index 5.1, range 3.5-7). These data suggest that newborn lymphocytes, while possessing the surface properties of T cells, are functionally immature.