cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Origin of Transform Faults and Straight Spreading-Center Segments

Experimental work based on a combination of Oldenburg and Brune9s wax model and Cox9s tennis ball experiment suggests a possible origin of the orthogonal mid-ocean system of ridges and transform faults. Various cuts were made in a crust formed by cooling on the surface of a pan of melted wax, and portions of the crust were rotated about a pole of rotation while other portions remained stationary. New thin crust formed in the gap between the rotated portions of the initial crust. The new crust is characterized by a medial spreading center offset by arcuate fractures concentric about the pole of rotation. At slow spreading rates (nearer the pole of rotation), the shape of the spreading center is distinctly zigzag, and concentric fractures are lacking. The straight sections of the zigzag possibly originate as shears. At faster spreading rates (farther from the pole of rotation), the zigzag becomes typically orthogonal with straight segments offset by concentric fractures. We propose that the oceanic ridge systems originate as zigzag spreading centers in the asthenosphere or at the base of the lithosphere and then evolve into orthogonal systems that are propagated upward.
Supersonic jet shock noise reduction

Shock-cell noise is identified to be a potentially significant problem for advanced supersonic aircraft at takeoff. Therefore NASA conducted fundamental studies of the phenomena involved and model-scale experiments aimed at developing means of noise reduction. The results of a series of studies conducted to determine means by which supersonic jet shock noise can be reduced to acceptable levels for advanced supersonic cruise aircraft are reviewed. Theoretical studies were conducted on the shock associated noise of supersonic jets from convergent-divergent (C-D) nozzles. Laboratory studies were conducted on the influence of narrowband shock screech on broadband noise and on means of screech reduction. The usefulness of C-D nozzle passages was investigated at model scale for single-stream and dual-stream nozzles. The effect of off-design pressure ratio was determined under static and simulated flight conditions for jet temperatures up to 960 K. Annular and coannular flow passages with center plugs and multi-element suppressor nozzles were evaluated, and the effect of plug tip geometry was established. In addition to the far-field acoustic data, mean and turbulent velocity distributions were measured with a laser velocimeter, and shadowgraph images of the flow field were obtained.
Development of a high-speed PtSi IRCCD camera system

This paper describes the construction of a high-speed PtSi infrared charge-coupled device (IRCCD) camera system funded by the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Command (TACOM) for recording periodic events in the infrared. A brief discussion of PtSi infrared detection, and an analysis of expected signal contrast and NE(Delta) T of the device are presented. Integration times to less than 1 ms and the ability to record frames based on an external trigger allow this setup to achieve effective frame rates of over 1000 frames per second. The use of a personal computer (PC) as a controller for CCD clocking and video capture results in a flexible camera system design.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Test challenges in designing complex 3D chips: What in on the horizon for EDA industry?: Designer track

Recent advances in semiconductor process technology especially interconnects using Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs) enable heterogeneous system integration where dies are implemented in dedicated, optimized process technologies and then stacked together to form a system. Compared to conventional wire-bond chip interconnections, TSVs offer several advantages such as high density, low latency, low power, and possibly lower cost. TSVs provide vertical interconnects and hence naturally used for 3D vertical stacking of multiple dies, However, TSVs also have attractive benefits in interconnecting dies, which are placed next to each other on top of a passive silicon interposer. TSMC has proposed CoWoS (Chip-on-Wafer-on-Substrate) process as the standard design paradigm to assemble interposer-based 3D ICs. Figure 1 shows an example of a CoWoS design with three heterogeneous (RF, logic and memory) dies. In order to reach quality requirements for volume production, several challenges need to be resolved for 3D ICs. Many of these challenges open up new horizon for the EDA industry and academia as they require innovative and compute efficient approaches. One of the critical challenges is effective and efficient testing of 3D ICs. Just like traditional 2D chips, 3D chips need to be tested for possible manufacturing defects. To minimize any yield loss and reduce overall cost, each die should not only be fully tested before stacking, but also post-stacking re-testing of individual dies is required to confirm that the stacking process did not damage the individual die. In addition, a new kind of test must be performed to check that inter-die interconnects are defects free. Furthermore, the passive silicon interposer needs to be tested in order to not become the bottleneck and the major yield killer in the overall design process. In this paper, we describe some of the innovative solutions developed by TSMC in this direction. The paper highlights complexities and issues related to test architecture development and automation, test flow optimization as well as testing of passive interposer that requires special focus from the EDA industry.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRYPAN BLUE AGAR AND CONGO RED AGAR FOR THE ENUMERATION OF YEAST AND MOLD USING THE HGMF SYSTEM

Enumeration of yeast and molds from 39 food samples, including 6 dairy products, 2 meat products, 5 cereal products, 9 fruits, 4 vegetables, 6 beverages, 4 spices, and 3 condiments on Trypan blue (at 1: 10,000 dilution) in potato dextrose agar (Trypan blue agar) was compared with Congo red (at 25:1,000,000 dilution) in potato dextrose agar (Congo red agar) using the hydrophobic grid-membrane filter (HGMF) technique of the ISO-GRID system. Yeast and mold grew well on both Trypan blue agar and Congo red agar, producing blue and red colonies, respectively, in the ISO-GRID system, when examined in incan-descent light. However, not all yeast and mold colonies grown on Congo red agar fluoresced under ultraviolet (UV) light (a recommended observation procedure). Thus, results indicated that Trypan blue agar observed in incandescent light is more convenient to use for enumerating yeast and mold in food samples.
Relation of Hypopituitarism and Starvation

ACCORDING to an estimate recently made here, there are now about 400,000,000 people in the world suffering from malnutrition. Whatever the true figures, it is apparent that a problem of appalling dimensions exists—one which is becoming increasingly a United Nations problem, and which the collapse of the enemy would throw entirely upon our hands. Assuming the best possible management of food supplies and vitamins, one wonders whether this will be enough. One also wonders whether there may not be some overlooked weapon which can be brought to bear against hunger.
Invasive superficial spreading melanomas arising from clinically normal skin.

Abstract We provide documentation of the onset of 3 invasive superficial spreading melanomas arising from clinically normal skin and correlation with histologic lack of nevus association. Clinical, dermoscopic, and pathologic features of these "de novo" melanomas, which became invasive while small in diameter and had few clinical criteria for diagnosis, are reported.
Effects of Restructuring Training and Cognitive Style

Abstract Herman Witkin's research in differentiation theory proposed a conceptual framework describing the cognitive style known as field dependence‐independence. The operational measures of this construct are restructuring skills and interpersonal competencies, and were originally conceived to be fixed in an individual. A recent reconceptual‐isation, however, suggested that there may be some malleability in learning strategies that flow from cognitive style. Learners predisposed to field dependence might gain access to restructuring skills brought to problem‐solving situations by field independents. This study undertook to examine the effects and practicability of restructuring training as a means of addressing individual learner differences. Field independent subjects significantly out‐scored field‐dependent subjects on all three test tasks in the control group. Experimental group field independents did not significantly outscore experimental field dependents. Training enhanced field dependent subject p...
A new definition of the predictive likelihood

Abstract In this paper we present a widely applicable definition of the predictive likelihood based on estimators that are either sufficient or approximately sufficient. Under regularity conditions, this predictive likelihood is shown to equal the Bayes prediction density up to terms of order O p(n−1). For the cases where this predictive likelihood is difficult to compute, an approximate predictive likelihood is provided which differs from the proposed predictive likelihood by O p(n−1). To illustrate the ideas, the approximate predictive likelihood and the Bayes prediction density are obtained for a pth order non-circular autoregression.
Evaluating Goodness of Fit in Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling by ALSCAL

Two types of information are provided to aid users of ALSCAL in evaluating goodness of fit in nonmetric two-way and three-way multidimensional scaling analyses. First, equations are developed for estimating the expected values of SSTRESS and STRESS for random data. Second, a table is pro vided giving mean values of SSTRESS and STRESS for structured artificial data. This information pro vides the empirical investigator with a second com parative basis for evaluating values of these indices.
Connectivity and percolation in simulated grain-boundary networks

Random percolation theory is a common basis for modelling intergranular phenomena such as cracking, corrosion or diffusion. However, crystallographic constraints in real microstructures dictate that grain boundaries are not assembled at random. In this work a Monte Carlo method is used to construct physically realistic networks composed of high-angle grain boundaries that are susceptible to intergranular attack, as well as twin-variant boundaries that are damage resistant. When crystallographic constraints are enforced, the simulated networks exhibit triple-junction distributions that agree with experiment and reveal the non-random nature of grain-boundary connectivity. The percolation threshold has been determined for several constrained boundary networks and is substantially different from the classical result of percolation theory; compared with a randomly assembled network, about 50-75% more resistant boundaries are required to break up the network of susceptible boundaries. Triple-junction distributi...
Effect of pretension and suture needle type on mechanical properties of acellular human dermis patches for rotator cuff repair

Background Dermal grafts are used for rotator cuff repair and augmentation. Although the in vitro biomechanical properties of dermal grafts have been reported previously, clinical questions related to their biomechanical performance as a surgical construct and the effect of surgical variables that could potentially improve repair outcomes have not been studied. Methods This study evaluated the failure and fatigue biomechanics of acellular dermis constructs tested in a clinically relevant size (4 × 4 cm patches) and manner (loaded via sutures) for rotator cuff repair. Also investigated were the effect of 2 surgical variables: (1) the fixation of grafts under varying magnitudes of pretension (0, 10, 20N), and (2) the use of reverse-cutting vs tapered needles for suturing grafts. Results Dermis constructs stretched ∼25% before bearing significant loads in the high stiffness region. Although 91% of the patches withstood 2500 cycles of loading to 150 N, the constructs stretched 13 to 19 mm after fatigue loading. This elongation could be reduced by 20% to 32% when reverse-cutting needles were used to prepare constructs or by applying 20 N of in situ circumferential pretension to the constructs before loading. Conclusions Although dermis patches demonstrated robustness for use in rotator cuff repair, the patches underwent significant, substantial, and presumably nonrecoverable elongation, even at low physiologic loads. This study indicates that use of reverse-cutting needles for suture passage, preconditioning (cyclically stretching several times), and/or surgical fixation under at least 20 N of circumferential pretension could be developed as strategies to reduce compliance of dermis for its use for rotator cuff repair.
Temperature-Dependent Electroluminescence from CdTe/CdS Solar Cells

Electroluminescence (EL) from polycrystalline CdTe/CdS solar cells was studied over the temperature range – 30 C to 25 C. We are able to observe above-background EL at forward current densities as low as 3 mA/cm2, allowing us to explore the EL behavior at current-voltage regimes within the normal operating parameters of the device. The EL spectrum is very similar to the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum, and is independent of applied voltage. We show that the EL most likely originates from injected electron-hole recombination at the CdTe/CdS junction. The total EL intensity is found to vary as a power-law function of current, EL ∼ Ib, where I is the forward current density and b is a constant. The value of b varies from sample to sample and decreases with increasing temperature. EL intensity typically is much more sensitive to device deterioration with light soak stress than is cell efficiency.
Risk of adhesive obstruction after colorectal surgery: the benefits of the minimally invasive approach may extend well beyond the perioperative period

Background Risk of adhesive small-bowel obstruction (SBO) is high following open colorectal surgery. Laparoscopic surgery may induce fewer adhesions; however, the translation of this advantage to a reduced rate of bowel obstruction has not been well demonstrated. This study evaluates whether SBO is lower after laparoscopic compared with open colorectal surgery.
A bootstrap approach for evaluating source localization performance on real sensor array data

Bootstrap methods for evaluating the performance of source localization methods on real sensor array data without precise a priori knowledge of true source positions and the underlying data distribution are examined. Bootstrap resampling methods are used to measure the standard deviation of bearing estimates achieved by performing delay-and-sum, minimum variance, and MUSIC spatial spectral estimation on a real narrowband towed-array data set. Some simple theoretical guidelines are given to indicate the sample size required to achieve accurate performance estimation. Results suggest that quantitative bearing estimation performance comparisons can be made within the observation time constraints imposed by source and field dynamics. Comparisons of bootstrap estimates to Monte Carlo and theoretical benchmarks provide a means of validating the parametric models assumed by these conventional analysis techniques. >
The emerging STEP standard for product-model data exchange

The International Organization for Standardization's (ISO's) standard for the exchange of product-model data (STEP) is discussed. The goal of this standard, officially named ISO 10303, is to facilitate the computer-readable exchange of the total information used to define an industrial product. As a standard method for digital product definition. STEP will support communications among heterogeneous computer environments. The standard will make it easier to integrate systems that perform various product life-cycle functions, such as design, manufacturing, and logistics support, and will help facilitate concurrent engineering. The current electronic domain standards are reviewed. The ways in which STEP differs from them are outlined. >
My Health Companion©: A Low-Tech Personal Health Record Can Be an Essential Tool for Maintaining Health

Objective: To report the initial evaluation of a personal health record ( My Health Companion © ( MHC © ) developed to help individuals track, maintain, and appropriately communicate health information. Design and Sample: Data were examined from three rural independent studies in which MHC © was used: Women to Women (N = 94); Enhancing Self Care (N=41); and Health Enhancement for Rural Elderly (N=33). Measurements: Tools were the Perceived Self-Efficacy in Interacting with Healthcare Providers (PEPPI) scale and research team-generated questions related to the level of use, helpfulness in health maintenance activities, suggestions for improvement, and whether or not the MHC © would be recommended to others. Results: The PEPPI scores indicated that use of the MHC © contributed to enhanced perceived self-efficacy and answers to questions suggested the MHC © was helpful in promoting health maintenance activities and would be recommended to others. Valuable suggestions for improvement were offered by the participants. The ratings of level of use of the MHC © were relatively low. Conclusions: By documenting key health information in a relatively simple, organized fashion, individuals can collect, track, and share health information that will promote prevention or early identification of health problems and foster productive partnerships with their healthcare providers. Key Words: Personal Health record, Self-care Management, Chronic illness, Client/provider Relationships, Rural
Relation between understanding and agreeing in response to one-sentence assertion*

Three quasi-experimental studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between the evaluative (i.e., agree/true) and the meta-cognitive (i.e., understand) response, and to determine which type of response people are more likely to provide when responding to one-sentence assertive statements. In Studies 1 and 2, participants performed two separate tasks in which they were asked to indicate the levels of: (i) understanding and (ii) agreement / perceived truthfulness of 126 one-sentence statements. The results indicated that participants were likely to provide a negative evaluative response (i.e., disagree/false) to a statement that they did not understand. In Study 3, participants were asked to evaluate the same 126 statements and choose between four response options: agree, disagree, understand, do not understand. The results indicated that people are more likely provide an evaluative response regardless of the understandability of a statement. The results of these studies are discussed in relation to (i) pragmatic perspective of how people infer speakers’ meaning, and (ii) cognitive processes underlying evaluative and meta-cognitive response.
A Reason for Optimism in Rural Mental Health Care: Emerging Solutions and Models of Service Delivery

This invited commentary responds to Jameson and Blank's literature review (2007) and utilizes different source materials, such as personal communications among clinicians and policymakers, Internet-based information, and direct professional experience. An update is provided regarding new graduate programs training clinicians for rural service. In addition, perceived barriers to treatment are challenged, because they are drawn from research results that could be interpreted in different ways, given the cultural heritage of southern and central Appalachian people. Lastly, the efforts of the Veterans Affairs Health Care System to reach rural citizens for mental health treatment are summarized. Some of these federal processes could be replicated at the state level, if sociopolitical and economic factors were more directly addressed. The commentary concludes, from the perspective of a professional providing clinical services in a rural setting, that a more optimistic outlook on the state of rural mental health care may be warranted.
Functional Reconstruction following Electrical Injury

Worldwide, high voltage electrical injury continues to cause significant morbidity, disability, and mortality despite improvements in electrical safety. Joule heating and cell membrane disruption are two mechanisms important in understanding the pathophysiology of electrical injury. The degree of tissue damage is often more extensive than initially perceived on clinical exam. Using modern reconstructive techniques, the functional outcome of electrical injury victims can be improved. The type of reconstruction selected for each injury can be selected from a number of options from the reconstructive ladder. Donor site considerations, risks of the surgery, team experience, and patient preference are important factors in this selection.
Views regarding the training of ethics consultants: a survey of physicians caring for patients in ICU

Background: Despite the expansion of ethics consultation services, questions remain about the aims of clinical ethics consultation, its methods and the expertise of those who provide such services. Objective: To describe physicians’ expectations regarding the training and skills necessary for ethics consultants to contribute effectively to the care of patients in intensive care unit (ICU). Design: Mailed survey. Participants: Physicians responsible for the care of at least 10 patients in ICU over a 6-month period at a 921-bed private teaching hospital with an established ethics consultation service. 69 of 92 (75%) eligible physicians responded. Measurements: Importance of specialised knowledge and skills for ethics consultants contributing to the care of patients in ICU; need for advanced disciplinary training; expectations regarding formal-training programmes for ethics consultants. Results: Expertise in ethics was described most often as important for ethics consultants taking part in the care of patients in ICU, compared with expertise in law (p Conclusions: Although many physicians caring for patients in ICU believe ethics consultants must possess non-medical expertise in ethics and law if they are to contribute effectively to patient care, these physicians place a very high value on medical training as well, suggesting a “medicine plus one” view of the training of an ideal ethics consultant. As ethics consultation services expand, clear expectations regarding the training of ethics consultants should be established.
Efficacy of thigh volume ratios assessed via stereovision body imaging as a predictor of visceral adipose tissue measured by magnetic resonance imaging.

Objectives The research examined the efficacy of regional volumes of thigh ratios assessed by stereovision body imaging (SBI) as a predictor of visceral adipose tissue measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Body measurements obtained via SBI also were utilized to explore disparities of body size and shape in men and women. Method One hundred twenty-one participants were measured for total/regional body volumes and ratios via SBI and abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue areas by MRI. Results Thigh to torso and thigh to abdomen-hip volume ratios were the most reliable parameters to predict the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue depots compared to other body measurements. Thigh volume in relation to torso [odds ratios (OR) 0.44] and abdomen-hip (OR 0.41) volumes were negatively associated with increased risks of greater visceral adipose tissue depots, even after controlling for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Irrespective of BMI classification, men exhibited greater total body (80.95L vs. 72.41L), torso (39.26L vs. 34.13L), and abdomen-hip (29.01L vs. 25.85L) volumes than women. Women had higher thigh volumes (4.93L vs. 3.99L) and lower-body volume ratios [thigh to total body (0.07 vs. 0.05), thigh to torso (0.15 vs. 0.11), and thigh to abdomen-hip (0.20 vs. 0.15); P < 0.05]. Conclusions The unique parameters of the volumes of thigh in relation to torso and abdomen-hip, by SBI were highly effective in predicting visceral adipose tissue deposition. The SBI provided an efficient method for determining body size and shape in men and women via total and regional body volumes and ratios. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:445–457, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Narrative Dispossession: Tibet and the Gendered Logics of Historical Possibility

To possess something is an unpredictable combination of the following: to have, to own, to know, or to control. Land, stories, resources, equanimity, and loyalty are all examples of materially incommensurate things a person might possess. Even without material wealth, for example, one might be said to be in possession of a wicked sense of humor or a good memory or despite all else, one's own life story. Possessing one's own life story, however, is not a given. Thinking of one's life as a story, as something that can be narrated, involves social processes and conventions operative well beyond individual processes of reflection or experience. Narrating one's life, then, is to situate oneself and to be situated in dialogue with society.1 As such, whether one's narrative is consensual with or contradictory to social norms, such narration signals possession of shared structures of possibility, including normative understandings of history, memory, knowledge, and truth. To narrate one's life is not just an issue of how, but also a matter of if.
Relationships Between Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality: A Review

Abstract Adjustment of ventilation rates in buildings is widely practised, both to provide good air quality on a proactive basis and to mitigate air quality problems associated with occupant complaints. However, both cross-sectional and experimental epidemiological studies have reported mixed results and have for the most part failed to establish definitive relationships between ventilation rates and symptom prevalence or dissatisfaction with air quality. The difficulties involved in establishing such relationships may be due to a variety of confounding factors which include limitations in study design and interaction effects; difficulties in controlling ventilation rates in experimental studies; inadequate mixing of supply air in occupied spaces; high source strengths for some contaminants; dynamic interactions between sources and ventilation rates that result in increased contaminant emissions; contaminant dose-response sensory effects which are log-linear; potential contaminant generation within ventilation systems themselves; and multifactorial genesis of sick building symptoms. There is limited evidence to suggest that ventilation rate increases up to 10 L/s person may be effective in reducing symptom prevalence and occupant dissatisfaction with air quality and that higher ventilation rates are not effective. Because of complex relationships between ventilation rates, contaminant levels, and building-related health complaints/dissatisfaction with air quality, the use of ventilation as a mitigation measure for air quality problems should be tempered with an understanding of factors which may limit its effectiveness.
Questions for Music Education Research.

In addressing the question-set ‘What questions do music education researchers need to address?’, an illustrative list of juxtaposed descriptive and normative questions is sketched as follows: What are and should be the dimensions of music education? What are and should be the institutional agencies of music education? What are and should be the specifically educational dimensions of music education? What are and should be the musical interests of music education? What are and should be the purposive and/or incidental, formal and/or informal attributes of music education? At what developmental stages are and should music education be cast? What disciplines and levels of generality do and should inform music education?What is the present status of music education and what should it be? How relevant is and should music education research be to practice?
End-of-life care in pediatrics: much more than a fight against entropy

must have called in sick the day they taught aboutdeath in Medical School. However, even if my wise mastershad dedicated every class on that cold day in June of 1995when I had acute tonsillitis to convoluted discussions aboutdeath, their efforts would have been clearly insufficient. Imight not have known about death then, but I knew aboutstatistics and probabilities. Chances were that the classeson that day had the same orientation ofevery other class of the many days ofthe 6 years during which I became aphysician: how to diagnose the variousillnesses and how to treat them torestore health and preserve life.I understand that death is not afrequent entity in many specialties,even within Pediatrics. I know that some colleagues practicetheir art and science for entire careers without necessarilyencountering the death of those who entrusted them theirlives or the lives of their loved ones. To them, the manyclasses on diagnosis, treatment and health restoration, I amcertain, created exceptional physicians. Pediatric IntensiveCare, however, is not one of those specialties. The cruelreality is that: 1) death is a frequent occurrence in pediatricintensive care units (PICUs) and 2) the death of a childdefies the natural order of life where parents die before theirchildren, adding several orders of magnitude to the pain ofthe final separation.The choice for Pediatric Intensive Care came to meduring the first year of Pediatric Residency while caring forthe son of a colleague hours before watching his body beconsumed by fulminant septic shock. I decided then todedicate the next 7 years of my medical career to gain theknowledge needed to defeat this and other pathologiesubiquitous to the PICU; an infantile fantasy of cheatingdeath. However, what I learned along those and subsequent
Wound closure by delayed primary techniques

Delayed primary wound closure, a standard procedure in military medicine, can also be beneficial in civilian practice to decrease the incidence of infection and seriousness of scarring. Wounds are debrided, the fascia widely incised, and a dressing applied. The wound is inspected after 4 to 6 days and throughout treatment patients are given antibiotics. If the deep fascia has not been breached, or if the wounds are on the face, delayed primary suture may not be indicated.
Observed Variability in Cylinder and Core Strength from FHWA Highway Materials Engineering Course

This paper reports within-batch variability of 3-day concrete compressive strength from multiple tests, each with 90 lab- and field-cured cylinders and cores. In each case, all specimens were made with concrete sampled from the same single truckload. These tests were repeated 12 times over 15 years as an integral component of the Highway Materials Short Course, portland cement concrete module, conducted as a hands-on demonstration of the variability of measured strength within a single load of concrete. Participants sampled concrete from the truck, made specimens, and cured them under both laboratory and field conditions. Cylinders were tested per ASTM C39 by two separate, qualified laboratories to investigate interlaboratory variability. Each team also cast one concrete slab (4 ft x 4 ft x 8 in. thick) from which three cores were extracted. Compilation of the multiyear data set demonstrates broadly scattered test results. The range between maximum and minimum strength in any given year could be as much a...
Teaching reading and writing as modes of learning in college: A glance at the past; a view to the future

Abstract This article presents an overview of the history of teaching reading and writing as modes of learning in college. It attempts to trace important landmarks in education and research, from the turn of the century to the present time, which promoted the integration of reading and writing for learning and its impact on college teaching. Because the history of reading and writing to learn is complex and multidisciplinary, this article draws upon historical work in writing across the curriculum, reading and writing instruction in schools, college reading, content area reading, and reading research. The article concludes with a discussion about the role college reading and writing teachers may play in promoting reading and writing to learn in the future.
Arrested Development: Rethinking the Contract Age of Majority for the 21-Century Adolescent

The contract age of majority is currently age 18. Contracts entered into by minors under this age are generally voidable at the minor’s option. This contract doctrine of capacity is based on the policy of protecting minors from their own poor financial decisions and lack of adultlike judgment. Conversely, the age of 18 is currently set as the arbitrary age at which one will be bound to her contract, since this is the current benchmark for becoming an “adult.” However, this article questions the accuracy of age 18 for this benchmark. Until comparatively recently, the age of contract majority had been 21 for centuries. The age was reduced to 18 in the aftermath of protest over the military draft of 18-year-olds during the Vietnam War during the 1960s and 1970s, and the enactment of the Twenty-Sixth Amendment which lowered the voting age from 21 to 18. However, the appropriate age for the military draft bears little to no relation to the appropriate age for voting, or contracting. Moreover, other evidence points in the direction of age 21 as a more appropriate age of majority. First, scientific evidence of brain development has advanced to the point that we now know the brain does not stop developing until well into the 20s, which means the powers of cognition and decision-making are not fully developed until then. Second, sociological evidence suggests that most people do not perceive the full attributes of adulthood as having been reached until at least 21, if not older. Third, other areas of the law have experiences in coming back to age 21 as an appropriate marker of adulthood --- these include the age for purchasing alcohol, the age for obtaining a credit card, and soon (it appears) the age for purchasing cigarettes. This confluence of evidence suggests that the contract age of majority was always appropriately set at age 21, and a return to that age of capacity for contracts will correct a historical misstep in the law.
Canine Tracheobronchitis: Isolation and Characterization of the Agent with Experimental Reproduction of the Disease

SummaryThe isolation of herpescanis virus from the respiratory tract of naturally infected dogs is reported. Several animals from which the virus was isolated exhibited the characteristic symptoms of canine tracheobronchitis while others were not clinically ill.Except for differences in in vivo and in vitro cytopathogenicity, the virus possesses similar physical, chemical, and morphological characteristics of the herpes group of viruses. It was positively identified by serologic methods as herpescanis virus.Experimental reproduction of the respiratory disease was observed following intranasal inoculation of susceptible dogs, while inoculated pups died of acute hemorrhagic disease following intraperitoneal inoculation.The pathogenicity of herpescanis virus is evaluated on the basis of our studies and those of other workers.
Maintaining the integrity of peer review

for most journals, peer review remains the cornerstone of deciding which manuscripts to publish. At its best, peer review does much more than simply decide between accept and reject. Thoughtful, unbiased analyses by scientific peers often reveal issues not considered by the authors themselves,
Optimization of Stiffened Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication (EBF3) panels using Response Surface Approaches

Optimization of stiffened Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication (EBF3) panels is carried using different types of Response Surfaces (RS). Placement and sizing variables are optimized using integrated software of NURBS, DistMesh, MSC.NASTRAN and MATLAB. This approach has two optimization loops; the first one being sizing optimization, carried out inside inner loop through NASTRAN using feasible direction method for different placement variables (RS factors). The next one, optimal placement of stiffeners is carried out in the outer loop through RS approach. So this approach does not suffer with local minima problems and yields global minimas. This technique is applied to square panels with in-plane bi-axial and uniform surface pressure loadings. Panel’s weight is minimized with buckling, displacement, and stress constraints. This effort is the first one to do placement and sizing optimization of stiffened panels.
POLICING FOR PEOPLE: JOB PERFORMANCE OF POLICE DESK OFFICERS IN SELECTED POLICE PRECINCTS IN DAVAO CITY

The growing population of Davao City entails more people would need the services of the police. It is therefore necessary to determine the job performance of Police Desk Officers, particularly in the views of those who have personally brought concerns to police stations. This quantitative study using descriptive survey design involved disseminating questionnaires among 30 Holy Cross of Davao College community members. Results showed that formal reports and complaints that reach police stations in Davao City are more common among females than males. The community commonly fall victims to property crimes than person crimes, alarms and disturbances. Among the police stations in Davao City, Sta. Ana Police Station receives most of the complaints from HCDC community members. The HCDC community perceived the performance of police desk officers in selected police precincts of Davao City as good. No significant difference was found in the perception of the HCDC community on police desk officers’ job performance when they are grouped according to sex, reason for contacting the police, capacity in contacting the police and police station. Therefore, these factors do not influence the job performance of the Davao City Police Desk officers. Results implicate that regardless of complainants’ background and the police station reporting to, police desk officers provide almost the same service. Generally, police desk officers are attentive, reliable, responsive, competent, well-mannered and fair. Keywords: Job performance, police desk officers, police officer, quantitative, descriptive, Holy Cross of Davao College, Davao City, Philippines
Study on Calculation Method of Lightning Trip-out Rate of AC Overhead Transmission Lines

There are many ways to calculate lightning trip-out rate of A.C.overhead transmission lines,because the difference of the model and the initial parameter,the results are quite different.For this problem,taking 110 kV,330 kV triangular arrangement overhead transmission lines and 330 kV,750 kV overhead transmission with double-circle line in Shannxi 110 kV,330 kV,750 kV high voltage transmission projects as examples,lightning trip-out rate of overhead transmission lines are calculated by method of electrical geometric model(EGM),method of EMTP simulation,method of DL/T620—1997[1].Comparative analysis of the calculation results are carried out combining with years of observation data of lightning trip-out rate,reference is provided for choosing appropriate calculation method.
Clinical Effect of Transcatheter Closure in Children with Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of transcatheter closure for perimembranous ventricular septal defect(VSD),the effects on cardiac rhythm and the changes of left ventricular hemodynamics in children. Methods From Aug.2006 to Dec.2009,44 children with peri-membranous VSD were treated with transcatheter closure.There were 17 boys and 27 girls,averagely aged 2.4-13.0(5.20±2.68) years.Of them,37 cases were treated with symmetric occluders and 7 cases with eccentric ones.After the occlusion performed,if left ventricle imaging and transthoracic echocardiography suggested the occluder located appropriately with non-fascicularly residual shunt and the function of aortic valve or tricuspid valve not affected,the treatment was successful.Electrocardiogram and transthoracic echocardiography were performed,preoperatively and 3 days,1 month,3 months,6 months and 12 months postoperatively,to observe rhythm and measure left ventricular end-diastolic diameter(LVDD),left ventricular end-systole diameter(LVDS),ejection fraction(EF),shortening fraction(FS). Results The occluders were implanted successfully in 43 cases,with success rate 97.7%.Two cases of the success remained non-fascicularly residual shunt but disappeared respectively after 3 days and 1 month.After the procedure,no high degree atrio-ventricular block occurred,but incomplete right bundle branch block occurred in 4 cases.Of them,1 case developed complete right bundle branch block at 12 months of observing time and 1 case recovered during follow-up.After 3 days and 1 month,LVDD and LVDS decreased significantly(P0.01,0.05).Though after 12 months,they were shorter than pre-occlusion,the changes were not significant.There were no remarkable changes between pre-occlusion and post-occlusion in EF and FS. Conclusion Transcatheter closurete of perimembranous VSD is a safe and effective therapy on children.
Investigation on the Foodborne Pathogen Contamination in Commercial Food Products in Guangzhou City

Objective To investigate the food contamination caused by foodborne pathogens in Guangzhou.Method Three hundred and sixty-three representative kinds of food samples were collected at random from farms,supermarkets,restaurant and hotel in ten districts and two counties of Guangzhou.Salmonella,Listeria monocytogenes,EHEC O157 ∶ H7,Staphylococcus aureus,Campylobacter jejuni and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were isolated from these samples by the GB method.Result Among three hundred and sixty-three samples,seventy-two bacterial pathogens were detected.The detection rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus,mainly from aquatic products,was 33.93%.The detection rate of Staphylococcus aureus,mainly from contaminated cooked food,was 3.00%.The detection rates of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes were 1.93% and 0.66%,respectively.EHEC O157 ∶ H7 and Campylobacter jejuni were not found.The contamination rates of different foods were different.Above all,the contamination rate of aquatic food was the highest while raw meat was the second,which were mainly contaminated by Salmonella.Conclusion The investigation showed that the contamination of commercial food caused by pathogens occurred in Guangzhou.The aquatic food and raw meat were the main foods that were contaminated by pathogens.Therefore,preventive measures should be strengthened to control foodborne infectious disease.
Well-defined polymers containing a single mid-chain viologen group: synthesis, environment-sensitive fluorescence, and redox activity

A difunctional viologen-based alkyl halide initiator was synthesized and used to initiate the copper-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate to afford well-defined polymers with a single backbone viologen functionality situated in the middle of the chain. Conducting low-catalyst-concentration ATRP in the presence of reducing agents was challenging due to the occurrence of side redox reactions between the viologen and the highly reducing CuI-based ATRP activator (derived from tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine), as well as between the produced viologen radical-cations and the primary and/or propagating radicals. However, when the less-reducing CuI complex of 2,2′-bipyridine was employed as the ATRP activator in the absence of external reducing agents, the side reactions were suppressed and controlled polymerizations took place. The polymers with the internal viologen group were fluorescent, and both the intensity and the color of the emitted light depended on the nature of the solvent. The fluorescence was quenched in the presence of polarizable anions (chloride, bromide, iodide, and thiocyanate), and nitrobenzene, even at relatively low (μM) concentrations. The viologen-containing polymers were also used as redox catalysts for the oxidation of phenylhydrazine by oxygen from air.
Offer Arrivals Versus Acceptance

This paper uses the basic job search model to study demographic variation in the rate at which workers become reemployed. The model implies that the transition rate into employment equals the product of the instantaneous probability that an offer will be received—the arrival rate—and the probability that an offer will be accepted when received—the acceptance probability. By applying estimation methods that require replication to grouped data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, the paper investigates the relative importance of these two factors. In short, the results suggest that variation in reemployment rates—and thus time spent jobless between jobs—reflects variation in the arrival rate across groups.
Passive vs. parachute system architecture for robotic sample return vehicles

The Multi-Mission Earth Entry Vehicle (MMEEV) is a flexible vehicle concept based on the Mars Sample Return (MSR) EEV design which can be used in the preliminary sample return mission study phase to parametrically investigate any trade space of interest to determine the best entry vehicle design approach for that particular mission concept. In addition to the trade space dimensions often considered (e.g. entry conditions, payload size and mass, vehicle size, etc.), the MMEEV trade space considers whether it might be more beneficial for the vehicle to utilize a parachute system during descent/landing or to be fully passive (i.e. not use a parachute). In order to evaluate this trade space dimension, a simplified parachute system model has been developed based on inputs such as vehicle size/mass, payload size/mass and landing requirements. This model works in conjunction with analytical approximations of a mission trade space dataset provided by the MMEEV System Analysis for Planetary EDL (M-SAPE) tool to help quantify the differences between an active (with parachute) and a passive (no parachute) vehicle concept. Preliminary results over a range of EEV and mission constraints (including entry conditions, vehicle size, payload mass, and landing requirements) are provided. For most sample return missions, the landing requirement (velocity and/or load) is ultimately determined by science considerations (e.g. sample preservation or containment). Regions of the trade space are identified where a parachute system is clearly more beneficial than the passive approach, and vice versa. Where the choice between the two architectures is less clear, additional considerations must also be taken into account including factors such as overall system reliability; system risk and complexity; and development and testing costs.