cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Provocation of pulmonary vascular endothelial injury in rabbits by human recombinant interleukin-1 beta.

Abstract Interleukin-1 (IL-1) mediates components of the acute-phase response, stimulates granulocyte metabolism, and induces endothelial cell surface changes. We studied the effects of human recombinant IL-1 beta (rIL-1 beta) or rIL-1 alpha on circulating granulocytes, their sequestration within the pulmonary microvasculature, pulmonary edema formation, and changes in pulmonary vascular permeability to 125I-labeled albumin. rIL-1 beta administration induced significant (P less than 0.03) but transient granulocytopenia followed by significant (P less than 0.04) neutrophilia and significant (P less than 0.04) pulmonary leukostasis compared with saline-infused rabbits. Rabbits preinfused with 125I-labeled rabbit serum albumin and administered saline, rIL-1 beta, or rIL-1 alpha were sacrificed, and lung wet/dry weight ratios and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma 125I activities determined. Both rIL-1 beta and rIL-1 alpha increased lung wet/dry weight ratios (P less than 0.025 and P less than 0.01, respectively) compared with saline controls. rIL-1 beta increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid/plasma 125I radioactivity ratios (P less than 0.025). Electron microscopic analysis of lung sections obtained from rIL-1 beta-infused animals demonstrated endothelial injury, perivascular edema, and extravasation of an ultrastructural permeability tracer. The observation that human rIL-1 can evoke acute pulmonary vascular endothelial injury and lung edema in rabbits supports the hypothesis that IL-1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
Perceived poor health is positively associated with physical limitations and chronic diseases in Brazilian nonagenarians and centenarians.

Aim The oldest old are in most need of help. The present study examined the association between perceived health, physical functioning and diagnosed chronic disease in a sample of Brazilian nonagenarians and centenarians. Methods The 2008 Brazilian Household Survey dataset was used. The 2008 Brazilian Household Survey interviewed 292 553 individuals aged 14 years and older from the 26 Brazilian states plus the Federal District, selected in a multistage procedure. Our analytical sample focused on those aged 90 years and older. This yielded a final sample of 819 individuals. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between self-reported health and health conditions. Results Nearly 7% (n = 56) of the total sample were centenarians. High rates of physical limitations and chronic disease were reported by the participants. Participants reporting their health as poor were, on average, twofold more likely to report limitations in activities of daily living, and 1.7-fold more likely to report a chronic disease. Conclusions Perceived poor health was positively associated with physical limitations and chronic disease in Brazilian oldest-old. These findings highlight the need for feasible interventions aiming to improve health and quality of life in this population, especially because this is the fastest growing age group worldwide. Geriatr Gerontol Int ●●; ●●: ●●–●●.
Delivery of Liposomal Contents to Outer Membrane Vesicles from Gram Negative Bacteria

Gram negative bacteria produce small ∼50-200 nm vesicles from their outer membranes. These outer membrane vesicles (OMV) have been implicated in activities such as transmission of virulence factors, horizontal gene transfer and development of biofilms. In this investigation, we continue our studies on the association and/or fusion of various liposomes with OMV. The delivery of large encapsulated molecules into OMV from L. enzymogenes C3 was investigated using liposomes with lipid compositions previously observed to be apparently fusogenic (Bartos et al., Biophys. J. 104(2) suppl1, 90a). Liposomes (100 nm) composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) (POPG) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (POPE) in a 1:3 ratio or 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) were used to encapsulate dextran conjugates of Texas red averaging 40 kDa. They were incubated with Lysobacter OMV (30°C, 1 hr.), then sedimented through 15% iodixanol, and the fluorescence monitored as indicatiive of transfer of liposomal contents to fused products. Both liposomal compositions showed significant evidence of dextran transfer. Because biofilms also contain OMV, the interaction of these liposomes with E. coli (DH10B) biofilms was also investigated via fluorescence microscopy. Significant penetration and binding within the biofilm mass was observed, as well as possible fusion with OMV, and rarely, evidence of transfer of dextran into whole bacterial cells. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based assays also demonstrated that liposomes as small as 30 nm could rapidly fuse with Lysobacter OMV, suggesting possible delivery to OMV with smaller perturbation and better biofilm penetration.
Networking: A Key to Career Communication and Management Consulting Success

world. It improves my teaching and makes being a consultant even more vital by keeping me up-to-date and involved in the professional world. I have always believed that combining professional experience with education is a win-win for all fields. The business world benefits by having a prepared workforce, the field of education benefits by having teaching professionals who have real-world experience, and the field of consulting attracts the best from both areas. In the final analysis, the people who benefit the most are the students, which is why I continue to be a teacher and consultant.
Using dipyridamole-thallium imaging to reduce cardiac risk in aortic reconstruction

Abstract Cardiac morbidity and mortality remain the major operative risk following aortic reconstruction (AR) performed for aneurysmal and occlusive disease. We reviewed the preoperative cardiac evaluation and outcome in 209 patients who had AR between 1987 and 1992. Dipyridamole–thallium stress test (DTST) was performed in 147 (70.3%) patients. Fifty-six of these patients had a normal DTST and only 1 (1.8%) had a perioperative myocardial infarction (MI). Forty-six patients had a fixed defect on their DTST and 3 (6.5%) had perioperative MI. Forty-five patients had reversible defects on their DTST and 2 (4.4%) had perioperative MI with 1 cardiac death. Following DTST, 29 coronary catheterizations were performed. Ten catheterizations were normal or had minimal one-vessel coronary artery disease with an associated postoperative death in 1 patient due to cardiac dysrhythmia. Nineteen patients had abnormal coronary angiography, 1 of whom had a perioperative myocardial infarction and 5 of whom underwent coronary artery revascularization (CABG) (3) or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (2) prior to AR without subsequent cardiac events. Forty-three (20.6%) had either no cardiac symptoms (40) or prior CABG (3) precluding invasive cardiac evaluation. There was one fatal perioperative myocardial infarction (2.3%), resulting in a cardiac mortality of 2.3% in this group. The remaining 19 patients who did not have a DTST (9.1%) had coronary angiography based on evidence of significant cardiac disease resulting in one CABG and one percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. There was one (5.3%) perioperative myocardial infarction in this group and no cardiac deaths. Thirty-day mortality was 3.8%, perioperative MI rate was 3.8%, and perioperative cardiac mortality was 1.0%. During the follow-up period (median, 18 months; range, 1–89), there were 19 deaths (10%) and the 5-year cumulative survival was 76%. Conclusion: Selective use of DTST can direct further evaluation, intervention, and subsequent perioperative care. This algorithm has enabled us to perform AR even in patients with defined perfusion abnormalities with acceptable morbidity. The true sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of DTST can only be determined by a prospective trial.
Four-dimensional seismic monitoring of reservoir fluid-flow processes

Time-lapse 3D seismic monitoring of subsurface rock property changes incurred during reservoir fluid-flow processes is an emerging new diagnostic technology for optimizing hydrocarbon production. I discuss the physical theory relevant for three-phase fluid flow in a producing oil reservoir, and rock physics transformations of fluid-flow pressure, temperature and pore-fluid saturation values to seismic P-wave and S-wave velocity. I link fluid-flow physical parameters to seismic reflection data amplitudes and traveltimes through elastic wave equation modeling and imaging theory. I demonstrate in a simulated data example that changes in fluid-flow can be monitored and imaged from repeated seismic surveys acquired at varying production calendar times.
The Maryland Resilience Breakthrough Series Collaborative: A Quality Improvement Initiative for Children's Mental Health Services Providers

The Maryland Resilience Breakthrough Series Collaborative (BSC), a recent quality improvement initiative for children’s mental health services providers, is aimed at bridging the gap between resilience theory and mental health service practices. Six provider teams across the state attended resilience training sessions and incrementally implemented practice improvements at their agencies. Group discussions and surveys administered to teams before and after the BSC indicate that the BSC facilitated breakthrough changes in the areas of resilience-enhanced assessment and treatment practices, as well as family and community resilience. This column presents quantitative and anecdotal outcomes and makes recommendations for the provider community.
Sensory biology: Radio waves zap the biomagnetic compass

Weak radio waves in the medium-wave band are sufficient to disrupt geomagnetic orientation in migratory birds, according to a particularly well-controlled study. But the underlying biophysics remains a puzzle.
Observations of Compact X-Ray Binaries with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory

Abstract The Chandra X-ray Observatory was launched on July 23, 1999. The first X-ray photons were detected on August 12 of that same year. Subsequently observations with the Observatory, which features sub-arcsecond angular resolution, have revolutionized our understanding of the X-ray emitting sky providing hosts of spectacular energy-resolved images and high-resolution spectra. Here we present a brief overview of Chandra X-ray Observatory observations of compact X-ray binaries.
Technology decisions to minimize 450-mm wafer size transition risk

About every ten years, the semiconductor industry has increased its wafer diameter size. This change, when coupled with device innovations such as transistor design improvements, new materials, and lithography feature size reductions, have enabled the semiconductor industry to reduce cost per function by /spl sim/30% each year over the past 30 years, while enabling factories to be highly productive. This paper outlines key factory attributes and technology decisions required to make the next wafer size conversion from 300to 450-mm wafers and provides a detailed examination of the factors that should be considered by integrated circuit (IC) makers, equipment suppliers, and consortia members as a team. We show a subset of these attributes that can be decided quickly, a list of attributes that need more analysis and discussion, and conclude with a vision of the capabilities that a 450-mm factory will have.
Metagenomics will highlight and drive links to taxonomic data: reply to Murray

Although our understanding of microbial eukaryote taxa is already being transformed by high-throughput sequencing approaches, the research community is keenly aware of the looming computational challenges and pressing need to integrate disparate, complementary, data types such as taxonomy, morphology, and functional knowledge.
Accuracy analysis of the phase-screen propagator: implications for modeling and migration

We present formal and numerical error analyses of the phase-screen (or split-step Fourier) propagator. Numerical results suggest that the propagator is accurate up to 60 degrees of propagation angle relative the main propagation direction for media with small velocity perturbations. We investigate the errors from various approaches for splitting the exponential operator of the phase-screen propagator. The symmetrically split equations are slightly more accurate than the one-step split equations. Numerical examples show that the differences among splitting approaches are not significant. Therefore. relative to the symmetrically split equations. the one-step-free one-step-perturbation split equation is more efficient for migration in which wavefields in the space domain at all depth levels must be calculated. However. the half-step-free one-step-perturbation half-step-free split equation has almost the same efficiency as the one-step split equations for forward wave simulations.
Continuous production of fullerenes by pyrolysis of acetylene at a glassy carbon surface

Abstract A reactor is described for generating fullerenes from hydrocarbon gas or vapor. Distinguishing features are a thermal system in which the fullerene product is not exposed to destructive energetic photons (as in an arc) and ease of control. Acetylene was chosen as the first feedstock to reduce the hydrogen content. Argon is the carrier gas. The reactor is a radio-frequency induction heated cylinder of glassy polymeric carbon having multiple holes through which the gas mixture passes. Operation as high as 2500 K is possible, but fullerene production is seen only below 1500 K. Preliminary tests give
Intraepithelial lymphocyte-derived interferon-γ evokes enterocyte apoptosis with parenteral nutrition in mice

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) results in an increase in intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL)-derived interferon-γ (IFN-γ) expression as well as an increase in epithelial cell (EC) apoptosis. This st...
Social Network Analysis: Concepts, Methodology, and Directions for the 1990s

Network analysis has been used extensively in sociology over the last twenty years. This special issue of Sociological Methods & Research reviews the substantive contributions that network analysis...
Design and analysis of the International X-Ray Observatory mirror modules

The Soft X-Ray Telescope (SXT) modules are the fundamental focusing assemblies on NASA's next major X-ray telescope mission, the International X-Ray Observatory (IXO). {su12]The preliminary design and analysis of these assemblies has been completed, addressing the major engineering challenges and leading to an understanding of the factors effecting module performance. Each of the 60 modules in the Flight Mirror Assembly (FMA) supports 200–300 densely packed 0.4 mm thick glass mirror segments in order to meet the unprecedented effective area required to achieve the scientific objectives of the mission. Detailed Finite Element Analysis (FEA), materials testing, and environmental testing have been completed to ensure the modules can be successfully launched. Resulting stress margins are positive based on detailed FEA, a large factor of safety, and a design strength determined by robust characterization of the glass properties. FEA correlates well with the results of the successful modal, vibration, and acoustic environmental tests. Deformation of the module due to on-orbit thermal conditions is also a major design driver. A preliminary thermal control system has been designed and the sensitivity of module optical performance to various thermal loads has been determined using optomechanical analysis methods developed for this unique assembly. This design and analysis furthers the goal of building a module that demonstrates the ability to meet IXO requirements, which is the current focus of IXO FMA technology development team.
Gene transfer: potential to enhance the genome of Atlantic salmon for aquaculture

Over the past 20 years we have generated stable lines of transgenic Atlantic salmon possessing either antifreeze protein (AFP) genes or a salmon growth hormone (GH) gene construct. The AFP gene transfer studies were initiated in 1982. The AFP transgene integrated into salmon genomic DNA and AFP has been found in the blood of all 5 generations to date. However, AFP levels are low and a means to raise these levels needs to be developed. Our GH gene transfer studies were initiated in 1989. Evidence to date indicates that a single copy of the GH transgene integrated into chromosomal DNA and has been passed down in Mendelian fashion, along with its rapid growth phenotype, over 6 generations. Laboratory studies indicate that our GH transgene enhances growth rates with Atlantic salmon reaching market size (4–6 kg) a year earlier than non-transgenics cultured commercially in Atlantic Canada. This GH gene transfer technology was patented and licensed to Aqua Bounty Farms Inc., and the transgenic salmon are currently under review by various government regulatory authorities in the USA and Canada for use in commercial aquaculture ventures. Our experience with the regulatory authorities, the industry and the press indicates that the successful introduction of transgenic salmon into the aquaculture industry involves issues concerning not only science but also food safety, environmental safety, animal welfare and consumer acceptance. This communication centres on our experience with Atlantic salmon and outlines our plans and progress towards demonstrating the safety of transgenic fish to the consumer and to the environment.
Immune response of the equine uterus after insemination with live versus dead spermatozoa

The mare’s innate immune response is essential for effective uterine clearance of excessive spermatozoa and bacteria following breeding. The resulting immune responses are modulated by a cascade of signaling molecules, specifically cytokines. The effects of freeze-killed spermatozoa, extender, and bacteria on proand antiinflammatory cytokines gene expression have been compared within and between susceptible and resistant mares, however data is lacking on the difference in the immune response following insemination with live versus dead spermatozoa. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the expression of IL-1b, IL-1RN, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in endometrial tissue after insemination with either 1x109 live (>70% PMS) or 1x109 freeze-killed sperm. We hypothesized that there would be no difference in the immune response of the uterus after insemination with either live or dead spermatozoa. Semen was collected and pooled from 2 stallions, centrifuged to remove seminal plasma, and resuspended in 30 mL Equipro extender (Minitube of America, Verona, WI). Four mares were
Alimentary factors in the epidemiology of gastric cancer

One hundred and sixty male patients and 68 female patients with gastric cancer at Roswell Park Memorial Institute were matched with control patients with no neoplastic or gastrointestinal disease on age, country of birth, and nationality background of parents and grandparents. The matching was accomplished to control socioeconomic factors previously found related to gastric cancer. Item-by-item analysis of diet for both sexes showed that patients more frequently ingested potatoes, ate lettuce less often, ate more irregularly, and used cathartics frequently. Because diets typically do not consist of single items of food, using scaling techniques, we attempted to distinguish differences between cases and controls in frequency of use of groups of foods previously hypothesized to be related to the disease. We found no relationships on: 1. duration of use of the several fats used in frying; 2. frequency of ingestion of the various foods consumed fried, considered separately or together, weighting for the number used and the frequency of each; 3. frequency of eating all meats and fish considered separately or together, and 4. frequency of use of the various alcoholic beverages. We found a rather substantial difference in eating vegetables raw. Control patients ate larger numbers of vegetables raw than cancer patients. Low risk of gastric cancer was associated with ingesting in the uncooked state lettuce, tomatoes, carrots, coleslaw, and red cabbage, and risk declined with increases in the number of these vegetables eaten raw.
Application of soot formation model : effects of chlorine

Abstract Soot formation in the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels is the net effect of competition between molecular weight growth and destruction mechanisms involving free radicals. Chlorine addition to the fuel can alter the concentrations of radicals in a manner that enhances soot formation. In diffusion flames and purely pyrolysis systems, the presence of chlorine increases the fractional conversion of carbon to soot, while in premixed flames and well-stirred combustion the presence of chlorine lowers the critical equivalence ratio for the onset of soot formation. These effects tend not to be of major importance in premixed and well-stirred systems unless substantial amounts of chlorine are added. The chlorine has a strong tendency to go to HO, which may or may not significantly lower the concentration of H atoms, and in turn affect the concentrations of OH and O, depending on whether the atomic Cl/H ratio is comparable to or much less than unity. The observed effects of chlorine on soot formation are qu...
Religion in Post-War Japan

T was my privilege in June 1952 to spend three weeks in Japan in an intensive study of Japanese religions as I found them affected by war and communism. I did it almost wholly through personal interviews with religious leaders to whom I had an unusual approach, since my visit was made a definite inter-faith project by the Japan Religions League. This organization is a delegated body made up of representatives of the National Buddhist Federation, The Japan Christian Council, The National Shrine Association, The Sectarian Shinto Association, and the National New Religions Organization. I was thus granted an entree into the religious life of Japan that would be very difficult to get in any other way. I am reporting in a book, War, Communism, and World Religions, to be published by Harper & Brothers, on my specific study, but at the editor's suggestion I am bringing together here some information of a more general nature and some general impressions I received from my contacts with not only many religious leaders, but others in the educational, journalistic and political fields with whom I was able to talk. First let me write of Shinto. I was, I confess, somewhat surprised to discover as I talked with Shinto leaders, the degree to which they have recovered from the extremely devastating effects of the war and the resultant disestablishment of Shinto as the national faith. I recognize that they had not regarded the state ceremonial as religion, technically, but there is little doubt that as Holtom and others argued, it was effectively, at least in the minds of the people, a definite religious faith. An interesting statement I found in a pamphlet published by a committee which is raising an enormous sum for the re-building of the Grand Shrine at Ise refers to the "pretext" that the Shrine ceremonial was not a religion. . . ." Note the word pretext, which was actually used, by persons so intimately associated with the Grand Shrine as to be getting out propaganda material for raising funds. There is no question that now it is regarded as religious, though the only significant change that has occurred is that the shrines no longer receive any government subsidy, and that no government official may, qua official, participate in the ceremonial. And the shrines are at very definite pains to let it be known that they are religious. There is no other excuse now for their existence, nor will they get the support of the people unless they are performing a religious function, for the national function is no longer legally to be served. I was surprised to discover what perhaps I should have known, that government support in a financial way was not a very important factor in many shrines. Some got less than 1% of their support thus, though a few were heavily subsidized. These latter are having a hard time to recoup their losses. Many have quite recovered financially, for * CHARLES S. BRADEN is head of the Department of the History and Literature of Religion in Northwestern University. He was the 1952 president of N.A.B.I.
Stream pH as an Abiotic Gradient Influencing Distributions of Trout in Pennsylvania Streams

Abstract Elevation and stream slope are abiotic gradients that limit upstream distributions of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta in streams. We sought to determine whether another abiotic gradient, base-flow pH, may also affect distributions of these two species in eastern North America streams. We used historical data from the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission's fisheries management database to explore the effects of reach elevation, slope, and base-flow pH on distributional limits to brook trout and brown trout in Pennsylvania streams in the Appalachian Plateaus and Ridge and Valley physiographic provinces. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to calculate a canonical axis that separated allopatric brook trout populations from allopatric brown trout populations and allowed us to assess which of the three independent variables were important gradients along which communities graded from allopatric brook trout to allopatric brown trout. Canonical structure coeffic...
The analytical application of square-wave voltammetry

Abstract The effects of changing certain parameters of the applied potential waveform at a dropping mercury electrode (DME) in square-wave voltammetry (s.w.v.) were investigated and compared with theory. Optimum parameters of the waveform are determined for a reversible system, lead(II) in 0.10 M perchloric acid. Current sensitivities for Pb(II) at a static mercury drop electrode by both the integrating and instantaneous current-measurement schemes available in a laboratory computer-based system are compared to those obtained from a commercial instrument suitable for s.w.v. An irreversible system, Ni(II) in 0.10 M HCl, was investigated at the static mercury drop electrode and optimum parameters determined as for Pb(II).
A single loading direction for fatigue life prediction and testing of handlebars for off-road bicycles

Abstract Components for off-road bicycles including handlebars continue to be recalled with regularity because of problems with structural failure as a result of high cycle fatigue in the off-road environment. The objectives of this study were to 1) devise a method for determining the point on the handlebar cross section that experiences the maximum cumulative damage when the handlebar is subjected to loads applied by the rider’s hands that vary randomly in both magnitude and direction, 2) use this method with an existing database of handlebar loads (DeLorenzo and Hull, J Biomech Eng, 1999) to determine a single loading direction to be used in design and testing of the handlebar, and 3) determine the sensitivity of the point of maximum cumulative damage to structural and material properties of the handlebar. The load database was generated by seven subjects who rode a rough downhill course in the standing posture and provided a total of 28 trials for analysis. For each of the 28 trials, the stress histories at 1-degree increments around the handlebar circumference were determined. The cumulative damage at each of the 360 points for each of the 28 trials was computed using rainflow counting in conjunction with Walker’s equation to represent the S-N diagram for the handlebar material. The maximum cumulative damage varied by more than six orders of magnitude between trials and the location of the point of maximum damage ranged from 110° to 343° (angle measured from horizontal axis pointing forward with positive counterclockwise rotation viewed from the right side of the bicycle). The median location was 142°. To create a tensile stress in bending at 142°, a load would have to be applied at 322° (322° = 142°+180°). Thus, 322° was found to be the single loading direction representative of the variable-direction load database. This direction did not change for a handlebar with different structural and material properties and coincided approximately with a vector drawn along the line of the arms of the rider. This loading direction can be used in conjunction with information on the effects of assembly of the handlebar with a stem to analytically predict the high cycle fatigue life of a particular stem/handlebar assembly. Furthermore, this loading direction can also be used to experimentally determine the expected in-service fatigue life of a particular stem/handlebar assembly.
NOISE ANALYSIS IN A 0.8 V FORWARD BODY-BIAS CMOS OP-AMP DESIGN

Noise model of a MOSFET, which includes the effect of forward-body bias, is proposed. Thermal noise and shot noise are extracted and their variations with the forward body-bias are compared. It is found that the shot noise increases with the forward body-bias and becomes significant above 0.4 V forward bias. A CMOS op-amp is designed utilizing forward body-bias technique combined with a level shift current mirror. The designed amplifier dissipates power of 40 μW and operates at ± 0.4 V to achieve a gain of 77 dB. The noise in this ultra low-power op-amp is also investigated. The total simulated output noise density of 320×10-12V2/Hz in the ultra-low power op-amp design is slightly lower than the calculated 413×10-12V2/Hz value from the proposed model.
Tiebout Revisited: Redrawing Jurisdictional Boundaries

Abstract Central city households who subsidize local public sector goods through local property taxes have an incentive to flee from the city or to change the jurisdiction's boundary. We focus on the latter case, a neighborhood's attempt to deannex from a central city and subsequently annex to a suburb. The difficult theoretical problem is to explain why a large percentage of central city voters supported the deannexation proposal, most apparently becoming worse off if the issue was approved. While no explanation is consistent with fully rational voters, it appears that high property value owning voters supported the attempt in hope of being part of the next wave of deannexers.
Weight and Mental Health Status in Massachusetts, National Survey of Children’s Health, 2007

This study explores how weight status is related to mental health status among Massachusetts children, aged 10–17 years. We used data from the 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health to examine the association between weight status (body mass index-for-age) and parent-reported mental health status among Massachusetts children (N = 827). Multivariable log binomial regression was performed to calculate the adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) of three mental health outcomes (behavioral, emotional, and social) as related to weight status, after controlling for covariates including physical activity, sex, race/ethnicity, maternal education, poverty status, special health needs, and neighborhood safety. Almost one-third (32.5 %) of Massachusetts children were either overweight or obese. Sex was a significant effect modifier of the association between weight status and negative emotions. After stratifying by sex and controlling for covariates, the relationship between weight status and negative emotions remained significant among girls (aPR = 1.8, 95 % CI 1.3–2.6). Children who did not exercise at all were significantly more likely to exhibit negative behaviors (aPR = 1.3, 95 % CI 1.0–1.6), negative emotions (boys’ aPR = 3.3, 95 % CI 1.6–6.9; girls’ aPR = 2.6, 95 % CI 1.5–4.5), and fewer social skills (aPR = 1.9, 95 % CI 1.3–2.9) than those who exercised at least 20 min every day of the week. Overweight/obese children, especially girls, were more likely than children of normal weight to have parent-reported negative emotions, suggesting an association between weight status and mental health. Lower levels of physical activity were associated with negative mental health outcomes, supporting the benefits of physical activity for all children.
Ocular malformations, moyamoya disease, and midline cranial defects: a distinct syndrome.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report a 10-year-old girl with developmental anomalies of both optic disks, a chorioretinal coloboma, sphenopharyngeal meningoencephalocele, and moyamoya disease. METHODS: A full ophthalmologic examination, cranial magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography, and cerebral angiography were performed. RESULTS: The patient had a morning glory disk anomaly and microphthalmos of the right eye and optic nerve hypoplasia and retinochoroidal coloboma in the left eye. She had a midfacial cleft and an episode of seizures and a stroke. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a sphenopharyngeal meningoencephalocele. Magnetic resonance angiography and cerebral angiography demonstrated a pattern consistent with moyamoya disease. CONCLUSIONS: This patient had a distinct syndrome of optic disk, retinochoroidal, and carotid circulation anomalies with midline cranial defects. The recognition and treatment of the vascular abnormalities and cranial defects may prevent complications such as strokes that may occur during or after general anesthesia
Propagation and smoothing of nonuniform thermal fronts

Calculated Rayleigh-Taylor growth for perturbations on ablation fronts may be reduced by an order of magnitude due to thermal smoothing. Because studies of the development of perturbations on ablation layers have generally derived growth rates by assuming that conditions are quasisteady in a reference frame moving with the front, they neglect this stabilizing effect. If confirmed experimentally, this will allow substantial improvements over present designs for inertial confinement fusion implosions. Using a combined Galerkin perturbation technique, we develop analytic models for the propagation of a rippled thermal front into a uniform medium. We find that the mean front advances slightly more rapidly than a uniform front, and the perturbation on the front rapidly dies off.
Linkage disequilibrium between H-2 and t complexes in chromosome 17 of the mouse.

Mice with t factors belonging to the same complementation group carry similar, if not identical, H–2 haplotypes although these factors were derived from widely separated geographical areas. This association between t and H–2 complexes suggests more than a casual relationship between the two complexes, at least at the population level.
Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder: A study of youths in urban America

We estimate the cumulative occurrence of traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) criteria, in a high-risk sample of young people in urban United States. The epidemiological sample (n = 2,311) was recruited in 1985-1986 at entry into first grade of a public school system of a large mid-Atlantic city. Participants were interviewed about history of trauma and PTSD in 2000-2002 when their mean age was 21 years (n = 1,698). We found that the lifetime occurrence of assaultive violence was 62.6% in males and 33.7% in females. The risk of assaultive violence in males (but not females) varied by childhood area of residence within the city; the occurrence of other traumas did not vary by area of childhood residence. Females had a higher risk of PTSD than males following assaultive violence (odds ratio = 4.0, 95% confidence interval 2.0-8.3), but not following other traumas. A comparison of the results from this largely inner-city sample with the results from a recent study of a largely suburban sample in another region of the United States in which the same criteria and measures of trauma and PTSD were used suggested the possibility that males' risk for assaultive violence and females' risk for PTSD following exposure to assaultive violence might vary by characteristics of the social environment.
Improved Performance of AlGaN/GaN Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors Using Delta Doping and a Binary Barrier

The improved performance of AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field-effect transistors using a delta-doping approach along with an AlN binary barrier is reported. Low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition was used to grow the epitaxial heterostructures on semi-insulating SiC substrates. The maximum carrier mobility of µ=1,066 cm2/V-s and sheet carrier density of ns~2.30×1013 cm-2 yields a large nsµ product of 2.45×1016 V-s. Devices with 0.15 µm gate lengths exhibited a maximum current density of IDSmax=1.82 A/mm (at VG=+1 V) and a peak transconductance of gm=331 mS/mm. Furthermore, fT~55 GHz and fmax~115 GHz were measured.
Exclusion of atrial thrombus by transesophageal echocardiography.

To determine whether transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is useful in ruling out the presence of atrial thrombus, we performed TEE in 20 patients immediately before valve replacement or valve repair and within 3 days of an autopsy in one patient. Mitral stenosis was the predominant lesion in three patients, mitral regurgitation was seen in 11 patients, five patients had mitral prosthesis malfunction, one patient had a tricuspid prosthesis malfunction, and one patient had aortic stenosis. Eight patients were in atrial fibrillation. Four patients demonstrated spontaneous contrast in the associated atria. Nine patients were receiving oral anticoagulation. Mean left atrial diameter was 5.3 ± 1.3 mm. TEE revealed no evidence for atrial thrombus in 18 of the 21 patients; this finding was confirmed by careful inspection of the atria including the appendages. TEE demonstrated a left atrial thrombus in two patients and a right atrial thrombus in another (confirmed at the time of surgery or at autopsy). In all cases transthoracic echocardiography was negative. Our data suggest that TEE is useful in ruling out atrial thrombus, and therefore may be a useful test preceding interventions associated with an increased risk of embolism from the atria such as cardioversion, mitral valvuloplasty, or valve replacement.
The surgical repair for complete transposition.

Although uncertainty exists, in some situations, as to the optimal type of operation and a true cure may not always be possible, the outlook for patients with all types of complete transposition is poor without surgical treatment. With surgery, and in spite of current uncertainties as to the optimal type of repair, most patients can be greatly benefited, and many given a long and happy life. Even more should be possible in the future.
Experimental foot-and-mouth disease in sheep and goats: An epizootiological model

Observations were made on the appearance and spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in groups of sheep and goats after either intranasal inoculation of virus or contact with an infected steer. Viremia was used as the primary indicator of the spread of infection. Of 91 goats exposed to virus, 88 (97%) became infected and 92% of the infected ones had demonstrable viremia. Comparable figures for sheep were 33 of 43 (77%) infected and 72% of these with viremia. It was concluded that goats, being less expensive than cattle to purchase and house, could be suitable experimental subjects for studies of the epizootiology of FMD under laboratory conditions.
Emotional intelligence and nursing leadership: a successful combination.

Successful leadership in nursing requires many skills. Management competence, technical competence, integrity, strategic vision, and communication skills are all vital to success in any nursing leadership role. (Carroll, 2005) Another hallmark of eff ective leadership in nursing is the use of Emotional Intelligence (EI). Emotional intelligence is defi ned as the ability to do the following three things: * Control impulses and delay gratifi cation, * Regulate one's moods and maintain motivation in the face of frustrations, and * Empathize with others. (Goleman, 1995) Emotional intelligence allows one to focus on goal-based decision making and not to be led totally by emotions. Awareness and management of one's emotions are paramount to the successful employment of EI. Knowing the role that emotions play in guiding actions is important; EI can be further understood as the aptitude to combine emotion with intelligence, utilizing emotions as a means to support problem solving and other managerial processes (Akerjordet & Severinsson, 2004). An important indicator of nursing leadership style is the development of personal and social competence (Stichler, 2006). Emotional intelligence allows for the development of personal and social ability, with a focus on the foundation for one's actions. Eff ective communication in a context that is mindful of the emotional basis for many cognitive decisions is a requirement of true EI. Emotional intelligence promotes the growth of refl ection on and awareness of infl uences that can aff ect nursing leadership. Being insightful about emotions and their infl uence on management decisions and practices lends to the development of the characteristics of self-awareness, self-regulation, determination of motivations, demonstration of social skills, and empathic ability (Salovey & Mayer, 1990). Congruence of emotion and cognitive ability is required for eff ective leadership. Nursing, like many other disciplines, requires a thorough understanding of how emotions aff ect thinking and thinking aff ects emotions. The ability to demonstrate professional empathy in caring for patients and in managing organizations and personnel is o.. en a core responsibility of nurse leaders. Emotional intelligence validates the philosophy of using both an emotional and a mental focus in any nursing leadership role. Emotional intelligence exemplifies the process of sensing, understanding, valuing, and effectively applying the power and acumen of emotions as a source of human energy, information, trust, creativity, and infl uence (Goleman, 1998). …
Piperidine alkaloids: Human and food animal teratogens

Piperidine alkaloids are acutely toxic to adult livestock species and produce musculoskeletal deformities in neonatal animals. These teratogenic effects include multiple congenital contracture (MCC) deformities and cleft palate in cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. Poisonous plants containing teratogenic piperidine alkaloids include poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), lupine (Lupinus spp.), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) [including wild tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca)]. There is abundant epidemiological evidence in humans that link maternal tobacco use with a high incidence of oral clefting in newborns; this association may be partly attributable to the presence of piperidine alkaloids in tobacco products. In this review, we summarize the evidence for piperidine alkaloids that act as teratogens in livestock, piperidine alkaloid structure– activity relationships and their potential implications for human health. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Investigation of turbulent flows via pseudo flow visualization part I: Axisymmetric jet mixing layer

Abstract Hot-wire anemometer measurements obtained in the near-field axisymmetric jet mixing layer by Glauser and George [1] are examined using a pseudo flow visualization (PFV) technique. Pseudo flow visualization is a visualization procedure used to manipulate data obtained from an array of probes to create a graphical representation of the instantaneous and fluctuating velocity components of a flow field. An indicator function was employed to identify the frequency content of each velocity-time trace, giving insight into the analysis of the visualizations. From this application, the natural shedding frequency, or preferred mode , of the large-scale structures was determined and compared with the conventional streamwise and radial spectral measurements acquired by Glauser and George [1]. Furthermore, the wavelength of the preferred mode, nondimensionalized by the jet exit diameter, was determined to be approximately 2.4, a result consistent with the work of Crowe and Champagne [2]. In Part 1 the technique is developed and discussed for the fundamental and fairly well-researched mixing layer of the axisymmetric jet. Our aim is to verify the effectiveness of PFV in the context of a well-documented flow. In Part 2, this technique is then applied to an industrial flow field, namely, the mixing region of a lobed mixer
I meant to do that! Manipulating entrepreneurial intentions through the power of simple plans

Purpose – Intentions capture the motivational factors that influence a given behavior and indicate how hard a person is willing to try in order to perform the behavior. An individual's entrepreneurial intentions are a function of the perceived feasibility and desirability of engaging in a particular entrepreneurial behavior. Because they are perceptual factors, the processes of assessing feasibility and desirability of entrepreneurial behaviors tends to be limited to the cognitive abilities of the specific individual. The purpose of this paper is to use an experimental manipulation to illustrate to students how the simple act of planning can dramatically influence entrepreneurial intentions. Design/methodology/approach – This paper draws from two sections of undergraduate study-abroad students who developed a severe craving for American foods they missed. Both sections assessed the desirability and feasibility of a particular entrepreneurial behavior (organizing an event to get the missed food), but one s...
Protolith ages and exhumation histories of (ultra)high-pressure rocks across the Western Gneiss Region, Norway

The timing of protolith formation, ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) subduction, and subsequent exhumation for the ultrahigh-pressure to high-pressure units across the eastern part of the Western Gneiss Region, Norway, were assessed using U/Pb zircon, Th/Pb monazite, and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar white mica ages. U/Pb zircon ages from eclogites demonstrate that oceanic and continental allochthons were emplaced onto the Baltica basement before the entire mass was subducted to (ultra)high pressure. Eclogites within the allochthons across the entire Western Gneiss Region are Caledonian and show a degree of zircon (re)crystallization that increases with peak pressure, permitting the interpretation that the entire region underwent synchronous subduction. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar white mica ages of 399 Ma indicate that the eastern part of the Western Gneiss Region had been exhumed to shallow crustal levels while UHP metamorphism was ongoing farther west, indicating a westward dip to the slab. The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar white mica ages also show a clear east-to-west gradient across the entire Western Gneiss Region, indicating that the Western Gneiss Region rose diachronously to crustal levels from east to west between 399 and 390 Ma.