cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Existential Case Study of Madness: Encounters with Divine Affliction:

This article presents an existential case study of a psychotic episode that the author experienced, focusing particularly on a phenomenological description of the actual process of psychic breakdown and subsequent recovery. Primary importance is placed on depicting this process as an empowering source of meaning formation as well as a spiritually transformative experience. The experience of psychosis is thus portrayed as a crisis of meaning in which the individual is challenged to reestablish an ontological ground and integrated sense of self through the recreation and deepening of personal existence. The presentation is a first-person narrative account, followed by an existential analysis of the experience’s value in terms of transformation and meaning creation, as well as a discussion of the existentialist sources in philosophy, psychology, and literature, that have contributed significantly to the author’s psycho-spiritual development.
Routine surveillance endomyocardial biopsy continues to detect significant rejection late after heart transplantation.

Abstract Background The need for continued surveillance endomyocardial biopsies beyond the first year after cardiac transplantation is controversial. We evaluated the incidence of rejections requiring treatment (International Society Heart and Lung Transplantation grade 3A or greater) in patients 5 years or more after heart transplantation. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent at least 1 endomyocardial biopsy at our center 5 years or more after heart transplantation. Results A total of 461 biopsies were performed in 77 patients 5 or more years after heart transplantation. Nine episodes of grade 3A or greater rejection were identified in 8 of 77 patients (10%). During the first year, 7.6% of biopsies were grade 3A or greater. Grade 3A rejection occurred in approximately 3.5% to 4% of biopsies during years 2 to 7. The overall incidence of procedural related complications at our institution was Conclusion Endomyocardial biopsies continue to detect clinically significant rejection beyond 5 years after cardiac transplantation. The overall incidence of procedural related complications requiring treatment was low and none was life threatening. The absence of early rejection does not predict freedom from late rejection. Therefore, we continue to recommend surveillance biopsies in cardiac transplant recipients late after transplantation.
Divergent regulation of proteasomes by insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone in skeletal muscle of rats made catabolic with dexamethasone

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and growth hormone (GH) exert their anabolic actions by increasing protein synthesis, but only IGF-I has been reported to impede protein breakdown. Using a model of myofibrillar catabolism produced by dexamethasone (Dex) we have reported that IGF-I down-regulates Dex-induced mRNAs for Ubiquitin (Ub) and Ub-conjugating enzymes (E2) in skeletal muscle, whereas GH had no significant effect. In the present study, we used the same model to determine whether IGF-I (0.35 mg/100 g BW) and/or GH (0.3 mg/100 g BW) have effects on proteasome subunit mRNAs in skeletal muscles of rats treated with Dex (0.5 mg/100 g BW) for 3 days. Dex caused significant increases in C-2, -3, and -8 proteasome subunit mRNAs (6.0-, 4.0-, and 6.6-fold increases, respectively). Injections of IGF-I in Dex-treated animals caused significant suppression of transcripts for C-2, -3, and -8 (32%, 42%, and 40%, respectively). GH restored the serum IGF-I levels in Dex treated animals, but caused further increases in proteasome subunit mRNAs (C-2, 35%; C-3, 34.5%; C-8, 33%; C-6, 42%; C-5, 32%; C-9, 37%). Administration of IGF-I in the Dex/GH-treated animals decreased the mRNAs of proteasome subunits in a manner and degree similar to those observed in the Dex/IGF-I group. Surprisingly, injection of GH alone in normal animals increased proteasome subunit mRNAs in skeletal muscle (C-2, 85%; C-3, 109%; C-8, 91%). This effect of GH on proteasome subunit mRNAs was also observed in liver. These findings suggest, therefore, that suppression of Dex-induced expression of proteasome subunit mRNAs in skeletal muscle is one of the mechanisms by which IGF-I exerts its antiproteolytic activity in catabolic states. On the other hand, the biological function of GH in regulating proteasome subunits needs further investigation.
Disclosure and Recognition Requirements: Corporate Investment Decisions with Externalities*

This paper examines the effects of disclosure and recognition requirements on investment decisions when shareholders have limited liability. Firms' investment projects have either high initial pollution prevention costs or high subsequent clean-up costs, and their liability for clean-up costs may be either individual or joint and several. Even with individual liability for clean-up costs, shareholders' limited liability creates an incentive to select the latter project type and to impose costs on the rest of the economy. This tendency is exacerbated when clean-up liability is joint and several. We show that a disclosure requirement cannot have an unambiguous effect on the selection of the “cleaner” project. However, an accrual requirement, together with an accounting-based dividend restriction, is shown to promote choice of the project that imposes lower expected costs on the rest of the economy. Moreover, we find that it is possible for a recognition requirement to have a greater impact in a joint-and-several liability regime than in an individual liability regime.
Kant on Construction, Apriority, and the Moral Relevance of Universalization

This paper introduces a referential reading of Kant’s practical project, according to which maxims are made morally permissible by their correspondence to objects, though not the ontic objects of Kant’s theoretical project but deontic objects (what ought to be). It illustrates this model by showing how the content of the Formula of Universal Law might be determined by what our capacity of practical reason can stand in a referential relation to, rather than by facts about what kind of beings we are (viz., uncaused causes). This solves the neglected puzzle of why there are passages in Kant’s works suggesting robust analogies between mathematics and ethics, since to universalize a maxim is to test a priori whether a practical object with that particular content can be constructed. An apparent problem with this hypothesis is that the medium of practical sensibility (feeling) does not play a role analogous to the medium of theoretical sensibility (intuition). In response I distinguish two separate Kantian acco...
Number fluctuation analysis of random locomotion. Statistics of a Smoluchowski process

We analyze a scheme, originally suggested by Smoluchowski, by which a diffusion coefficientD can be estimated by measuring the number of particles occupying a fixed region of a surface at various times. An expression is derived relating the variance of the estimated valueD to several experimental parameters. This expression is evaluated numerically to determine how statistical uncertainty depends on adjustable variables. Particular attention is given to experiments involving locomotion of migrating leukocytes.
Applied physics: electrons held in a queue.

When electric currents are made sufficiently small, the electrons can be seen moving one by one. This is accomplished in a microelectronic circuit, providing a means of obtaining an accurate standard for current.
Young children's spontaneous attention to exact quantity and verbal quantification skills

The present study was undertaken to investigate 2.5- to 3.5-year-olds' spontaneous attention to exact quantity and whether and how such sensitivity to number relates to children's verbal quantification skills. Thirty-three 2.5- to 3.5-year-olds participated in the study. Each participant first received a non-verbal matching task and then two verbal quantification tasks. Results revealed that, for the non-verbal matching task, both the 2.5- to 3.0-year-olds and the 3.0- to 3.5-year-olds performed significantly better with two than with three, and with heterogeneous collections than with homogeneous collections. The effect of collection type indicates that infants and young children may use the same mechanisms to process small discrete quantities—an approximate mechanism for homogeneous collections and an exact mechanism for heterogeneous collections. However, young children may be more likely than infants attend to exact value of homogeneous collections due to explicit verbal number knowledge. Young childr...
2-Bromo-N-(p-toluene­sulfonyl)­pyrrole

The title compound, C11H10BrNO2S, crystallizes in a columnar structure consisting of interdigitated C—H⋯O doubly bonded chains. The columns pack in a herring-bone fashion and are linked through additional weak hydrogen bonding. The structure is very nearly isomorphous to one in which the bromo substituent on the pyrrole ring is replaced by a chloro­methyl group, in spite of the difference in size, shape and interactions involving these two groups.
Design of experiments for fitting subsystem metamodels

For complex systems, traditional methods of experiencebased design are ineffective: the design task must be supported by simulations. Conceptual design and system-level detailed design based on numerical simulation models is limited because of the difficulty in integrating disparate subsystem models to predict overall system behavior. A metamodel-based integration strategy allows simulation results from multiple submodels to be combined into a system-level simulation. The development of a metamodel-based integration strategy for system-level design depends on effective experiment design strategies for fitting and updating subsystem metamodels.
A photodimerization approach to crosslink and functionalize microgels

Microgels were prepared within reverse micelles via photocrosslinking. Gelation resulted from the [2 + 2] photodimerization reaction of nitrocinnamoyl (NC) groups on multi-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG) or gelatin. Because of the potential for biomedical and chemical applications, immobilization capacity within the microgels was investigated. Quantum dots (QDs), for example, share a similar size scale with proteins and can be physically trapped within the microgels. In addition, the optoelectronic properties of QDs could be utilized for analytical, imaging, and therapeutic purposes. Small molecules and recognition sequences (e.g. biotin) can also be covalently immobilized within the microgel networks through the photodimerization reaction. In the presence of biotin-PEG-NC, the resulting microgels added to streptavidin-coated plates. The microgel properties such as biodegradability and degree of swelling may be engineered for particular applications including targeted monitoring and controlled drug delivery systems.
PEERING THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS AT A SEXUAL PARASITE: ARE AMAZON MOLLIES RED QUEENS?

The gynogenetic Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa) is a clonal, all-female lineage of livebearing fish that faces an unusual obstacle to evolutionary persistence. Sperm from heterospecific males (either sailfin, P. latipinna, or Atlantic, P. mexicana, mollies) is necessary to trigger embryogenesis. However, none of the male's genes are incorporated into the genome of the gynogenetic offspring. Some investigators have proposed that the evolution of male mate discrimination is a result of this cost, leading to a coevolutionary arms race between male avoidance of P. formosa and P. formosa attractiveness. Given that P. formosa successfully reproduces and has not yet gone extinct, it is clear there are mechanisms by which they attract the sexual attention of males. Although a Red Queen coevolutionary process in typical host/parasite systems has been shown to favor the persistence of sexual species, in this system an arms race has been invoked to explain the reverse. Here I present behavioral data supporting a more parsimonious scenario: that mechanisms of attraction in P. formosa are simply a consequence of its hybrid origin. Poecilia latipinna and P. mexicana males do not discriminate between gynogenetic P. formosa females and first generation sexual hybrid females, and females do not differ in agonistic behaviors associated with competition for mates. Both results contradict predictions from the Red Queen hypothesis. Therefore, coevolution is not necessary to explain the apparent evolutionary persistence of P. formosa.
The detection of preclinical coronary artery disease in male subjects using the omnigram

Abstract The segregation of seemingly similar electrocardiogram data into two mutually exclusive classes can be achieved with a non-invasive procedure. Specifically, the problem of separating the electrocardiograms of preclinical-coronary subjects from those who are truly normal has been studied. In the current approach, the standard EKG waveform in its conventional linear format is transformed into a non-linear closed display, greatly improving the degree of visual perceptibility. In addition, specific non-dimensionalized parameters of the EKG waveform are extracted to produce a multivector spatial representation. The analysis of 129 cases indicates that this new technique results in a significantly higher degree of detection of preclinical coronary artery disease than current clinical methods. A prototype of a clinical system utilizing the output of an electrocardiograph has been developed for performing this analysis.
Characterization of a human ‘midisatellite’ sequence

We have examined the structure and DNA sequence of a human genomic locus that consists of a large hypervariable region made up of repeats of a simple sequence. With several restriction enzymes, the locus shows many restriction fragments that vary quantitatively as well as qualitatively. Other restriction enzymes produce only a single, high-molecular-weight fragment at this locus. Almost all of the fragments are revealed with a simple sequence probe. Southern transfers of the high-molecular-weight restriction fragments produced by the restriction enzymes NotI and SfiI, resolved by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, gave at most two fragments, demonstrated to be allelic, showing that the majority of the restriction fragments seen in the complex patterns are at a single locus. The estimated size of the region homologous to the probe varied from 250 to 500 kilobases. DNA sequencing indicated that the region consists of tandem repeats of a 40-base-pair sequence. Some homology was detected to the tandem repeating units of the insulin gene and the zetaglobin pseudogene hypervariable regions, and to the "minisatellite" DNA at the myoglobin locus.
Isochronal recovery of high-energy d-Be neutron damage in Cu, Nb, and Pt from 8 to 400 K☆

Abstract The isochronal recovery of high-energy d-Be neutron damage has been measured in Cu, Nb, and Pt from 8 to 400 K, using changes in the electrical resistivity. High-purity wire specimens were irradiated at 4.2 K with neutrons produced at the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron by the reaction of 40-MeV deuterons on a thick Be target. The resulting neutron energy spectrum was broadly peaked near 15 MeV. When compared with recent fission neutron results the recovery of d-Be neutron damage is slightly suppressed through stage II for Cu and Nb, but significantly reduced (about a factor of two) in stage I in Pt. This suggests that the primary damage state remains essentially unaltered in lighter elements as the mean neutron energy increases from 2 to 15 MeV, but that substantial configurational changes may occur over the same energy range for heavier elements. The results of recent damage-production measurements and room-temperature irradiations using d-Be neutrons are discussed in terms of the recovery spectra.
CVD molybdenum thin films in photothermal solar converters

Abstract Molybdenum thin films deposited by pyrolytic decomposition of molybdenum carbonyl attain, after anneal in a reducing atmosphere at 1000°C, infrared reflectance values within 0.7% of the reflectance of supersmooth bulk molybdenum. This result combines the refractory nature of molybdenum with the high infrared reflectance generally associated with conventional mirror materials. The entire production sequence proceeds at one atmosphere pressure and requires less than one hour. Films deposited under oxidizing conditions exhibit a solar absorptance of a = 0.77 and a thermal emittance of e = 0.44 . Absorptance of a = 0.82 with e = 0.08 are obtained by first annealing and then overcoating these black molybdenum films with an antireflecting layer. Changes in the optical properties during annealing are related to compositional and structural properties of the films, as determined by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and Auger spectroscopy.
Computerized videokeratography and keratometry in determining intraocular lens calculations

Abstract Purpose: To compare the accuracy of standard keratometry and computerized videokeratography (CVK) in determining intraocular lens (IOL) power calculations. Methods: Using the EyeSys Corneal Analysis System TM , we prospectively obtained CVK maps on 75 eyes of 69 patients scheduled to have phacoemulsification with implantation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens. Using manifest refraction obtained at 6 weeks postoperatively, we optimized the calculations for the Hoffer Q, Holladay, and SRK/T formulas for standard keratometric and the following six CVK values: average curvatures at the 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm zones, the keratometric equivalent at the 3 mm zone, and the Stiles-Crawford weighted averages over the 3 mm and 6 mm zones. The accuracy of these parameters was determined by calculating the mean absolute error and percentage of patients with accuracy within ≤ 0.5 diopter (D), ≤ 1.0 D, and ≤ 2.0 D. Results: Keratometrically derived data were slightly more accurate than the CVK-derived values. The average difference in mean absolute error between the keratometric and CVK values was 0.13 D for the Hoffer Q formula, 0.11 D for the Holladay, and 0.08 D for the SRK/T. Conclusions: In this population of patients, we found the CVK-derived corneal curvature values to be slightly less accurate than standard keratometry in predicting IOL power. However, CVK provides important corneal curvature data for IOL calculations in patients with abnormal or surgically altered corneal surfaces.
Integrating 2D and 3D views for spatial collaboration

Spatial collaboration is a specialized form of collaboration where the discussion relates to a physical space. This work investigates how to support distributed spatial collaboration activities. It presents a novel prototype that integrates both two-dimensional and three-dimensional representations. This collaborative software is examined in a qualitative study as a group virtually rearranges their lab furniture. The results describe the group's collaboration and their use of the combined representations. The findings highlight the usefulness of multiple representations and the need for additional features to support collaboration across representations.
In Situ Fourier Transform Infrared Diffuse Reflectance and Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Characterization of Sulfur-Oxygen Species Resulting from the Reaction of SO2 with CaCO3

Fourier transform photoacoustic and diffuse reflectance spectroscopies (FT-IR-PAS and -DRS) have been used in situ to monitor the reaction of SO2 (1.5% in N2) with particulate CaCO3 at temperatures up to 400°C (PAS) and 690°C (DRS). The PA spectra indicate that at 360°C SO2 is physisorbed on the CaCO3 surface. This species is readily desorbed by N2 purging. Under continuous SO2/N2 exposure at 400°C and above, the physisorbed species is shown by the DR data to be converted first to oxygen-bound and then to nonspecifically bound pyramidal SO3− Reaction of the SO3− with SO2 to form SO4− begins at 400°C and is essentially complete at 690°C. The DR data further indicate that for the SO4−: (1) at temperatures between 400 and 640°C a monodentate C3ν species forms; (2) above 640°C the SO4− ion has nearly Td symmetry; and (3) upon subsequent cooling, the SO4− exhibits the characteristics of a chelating C2ν species.
Associations with menopause and menopausal transition in a nationally representative US sample

Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess sociodemographic and behavioral factors in relation to menopausal status in a representative sample of the United States population. Methods: Data were taken from the 1999 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), limited to women aged 40–54 years who had not undergone surgical menopause. Menopausal transition was defined as absence of menstrual cycles for at least 3 but no more than 11 months or cycles that had become irregular in the past 12 months. Postmenopause was defined as absence of a menstrual cycle for 12 or more months. We used age-adjusted three-level logistic regression to examine the association between menopausal status and smoking, race/ethnicity, education, body mass index, exercise, and alcohol use. Results: Twenty percent of women in this sample had experienced natural menopause, 18% were in the menopausal transition and 61% were premenopausal. Using premenopause as the reference group, current cigarette smoking was strongly associated with being postmenopausal (odds ratio (OR) 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7, 3.0) and weakly associated with being in the menopausal transition (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1, 1.8). Education level was associated with being postmenopausal (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3, 0.6 comparing women with a college degree to women who had not completed high school), and alcohol use was weakly associated with being postmenopausal, with no evidence of a dose–response. Conclusions: The associations with smoking were stronger for postmenopause than for the transition phase, suggesting that the effect of smoking may be to shorten the transition period. Education level may be a marker for other exposures that affect ovarian senescence.
Task performance and magnitude of goal valence

Abstract J. W. Brehm and his associates ( J. W. Brehm, R. A. Wright, S. Solomon, L. Silka, & J. Greenberg, 1983 , Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 21–48) recently argued that the magnitude of goal valence (the attractiveness or unattractiveness of a potential outcome) varies directly with motivational arousal level. Motivational arousal, in turn, is thought to be a function of the perceived difficulty of goal attainment. This formulation was tested in the present study by examining the relationship between goal attractiveness ratings and performance on an anagram task. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law ( R. M. Yerkes & J. D. Dodson, 1908 , Journal of Comparative Neurological Psychology, 18, 459–482), the relationship between motivational arousal and performance should be curvilinear; optimal performance is usually observed for moderate levels of motivation relative to either low or very high motivation levels. Consistent with the Brehm et al. hypothesis, optimum performance in the present study was observed for subjects who reported moderate levels of goal attractiveness relative to subjects who reported either low or high levels of goal attractiveness. Anticipatory ratings of the difficulty of the anagrams were also congruent with the Brehm et al. model. These findings converge with data from other studies supporting the utility of goal attractiveness as an index of motivational arousal and provide an additional dimension of support for the model proposed by Brehm et al.
Establishment of human epithelial enteroids and colonoids from whole tissue and biopsy

The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is constantly renewed as it turns over. This process is triggered by the proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and progeny that progressively migrate and differentiate toward the tip of the villi. These processes, essential for gastrointestinal homeostasis, have been extensively studied using multiple approaches. Ex vivo technologies, especially primary cell cultures have proven to be promising for understanding intestinal epithelial functions. A long-term primary culture system for mouse intestinal crypts has been established to generate 3-dimensional epithelial organoids. These epithelial structures contain crypt- and villus-like domains reminiscent of normal gut epithelium. Commonly, termed “enteroids” when derived from small intestine and “colonoids” when derived from colon, they are different from organoids that also contain mesenchyme tissue. Additionally, these enteroids/colonoids continuously produce all cell types found normally within the intestinal epithelium. This in vitro organ-like culture system is rapidly becoming the new gold standard for investigation of intestinal stem cell biology and epithelial cell physiology. This technology has been recently transferred to the study of human gut. The establishment of human derived epithelial enteroids and colonoids from small intestine and colon has been possible through the utilization of specific culture media that allow their growth and maintenance over time. Here, we describe a method to establish a small intestinal and colon crypt-derived system from human whole tissue or biopsies. We emphasize the culture modalities that are essential for the successful growth and maintenance of human enteroids and colonoids.
Flow in streamer boundaries, and streamer stability

Streamers can extend to many solar radii but the closed field regions, or helmets, reach no higher than 2-4 solar radii. The brightness boundary defining streamers is therefore a boundary between different flow regimes rather than between static plasma and expanding solar wind. It is reasonable to assume that this boundary divides fast coronal hole wind from slow wind. Flow inside this boundary can be studied using MHD models and is a type of stagnation flow. We describe such a model that is essentially analytic and show examples of flow solutions within the context and assumptions of the model. The flow affects the stability of the underlying helmet, which can be subject to a leakage out of the cusp that is similar to the small mass releases observed with the SOHO/LASCO coronagraph. It can also cause the helmet to be susceptible to being carried away in a coronal mass ejection. The model therefore also offers a way to study streamer stability.
Does Local Cardiac Hypothermia During Cardiopulmonary Bypass Protect the Myocardium from Long-Term Morphological and Functional Injury?

Abstract Twenty-eight dogs were subjected to 90 minutes of hypothermic (30°C) cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hemodilution. In 6 dogs the heart was vented and beating for 60 minutes. Eight dogs underwent ventricular fibrillation with coronary perfusion (VF + CP). In 14 dogs the aorta was cross-clamped for 60 minutes while the myocardium was protected by local cardiac hypothermia (ICA + LCH). Eighteeen animals survived. Hemodynamic studies at seven weeks revealed no major differences among the three groups. At postmortem examination, no gross scarring was noted in any heart. Microscopical examination of 14 hearts was completely normal. In the VF + CP group, 2 hearts had isolated microscopical scars. Similar linear subendocardial scars (
In-vivo catheter-based imaging with optical coherence tomography

The high incidence and mortality rate associated with complications resulting from coronary artery atherosclerosis dictate an important and immediate need for a new, high resolution, diagnostic imaging technology that would allow characterization of artery microstructure with a micron scale resolution. OCT allows catheter based, cross-sectional imaging of blood vessels with a 10-20 µm resolution and is ideally suited for in vivo imaging of arterial structure. Recently, OCT imaging was extended to in vitro pathology, including multiple studies on atherosclerotic arteries. OCT has also been directly compared with a 30 MHz, IVUS transducer. In addition to qualitatively superior resolution with respect to imaging plaque, OCT was demonstrated to be quantitatively superior. In vivo imaging was performed on normal, New Zealand White rabbits using a novel rapid data acquisition system which allows imaging at 4 frames per second. This work, focusing on dynamic changes, demonstrates that high resolution intravascular imaging can be performed in vivo using optical coherence tomography. Images at 10 µm resolution were obtained, representing an improvement of over 10X that of 'state of the art' IVUS transducers.
Gas analysis by sonic phase measurement

The relation between the phase difference of the two received signals in a twin tube analyser and the mean molecular weight of the gas mixture in one tube is developed. The advantages of the twin tube system for temperature compensation are shown. The types of transducer used as both transmitter and receiver are discussed, and the advantages, particularly as regards the transducers, of using a continuous wave rather than a pulse or frequency modulated system to determine the sonic time delay are shown. Previous calculations take no account of the standing waves produced in the tubes by the reflection of energy from the receiving ends. The means of overcoming this effect are discussed. The practical requirements of the tube construction, and the minimizing of pressure, flow and temperature effects are considered. The phase measurement of the received signals is done electronically. The salient features of the amplification, limiting, phase comparator and output circuits are discussed. The phase relationships, and the calibration checking facilities in the complete instrument are described.
Maternal and Child Expressed Emotion as Predictors of Treatment Response in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

Expressed emotion (EE) is associated with symptoms and treatment outcome in various disorders. Few studies have examined EE in pediatric OCD and none of these has assessed the child’s perspective. This study examined the relationship among maternal and child EE, child OCD severity, and OCD-related functioning pre- and post-treatment. At pre-treatment, mothers completed speech samples about the child with OCD and an unaffected sibling. Children with OCD completed speech samples about parents. There were low rates of high maternal EE (child with OCD: 16.1%; sibling: 2.6%) and high child EE about parents (mothers: 11.9%; fathers: 10.2%). High EE was primarily characterized by high criticism, not high overinvolvement. High maternal EE and child EE regarding fathers were associated with pre-treatment child OCD severity but not post-treatment severity. High child and maternal EE were predictive of post-treatment OCD-related functioning. EE may be an important child and maternal trait associated with pre-treatment OCD severity and generalization of treatment gains.
The uncertainty in absolute values of surface tension of water

Abstract The large discrepancies among the values of surface tension (γ a w ) of water reported in the literature prompted a careful experimental determination of γ a w using the Wilhelmy plate method. The extent of wetting of both smooth and roughened Wilhelmy plates was examined by an autoradiographic technique which indicated that the smooth plates are not wetted completely. The effect of the roughness of the Wilhelmy plate on the determination of the surface tension of water was also investigated. Contrary to a recent investigation [Colloids Surfaces, 6 (1983) 221], our results show that it is necessary to account for a peripheral correction term in order to obtain accurate values of γ a w . We obtained 72.94 ± 0.03 and 72.13 ± 0.04 mN m−1 for γ a w at 20 and 25 °C, respectively, values which are slightly higher than the so-called standard values.
Reactivity Relationships between Chiral Cyclic Amido and Imine Tungsten(II) Complexes

Reaction of [Tp‘W(CO)2(PhC⋮CMe)][OTf] (1) (Tp‘ = hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate) with excess pyrrolidine affords the chiral tungsten(II) amido complex (2a). The corresponding η1-imine com...
Structure and mechanical properties of irradiated magnesium aluminate spinel

The relationship between structure and mechanical properties of MgAl2O4 spinel single crystals following 400 keV Xe2+ irradiation at 100 K to doses up to 1 × 1020 ions/m2 was examined. The structural changes in the irradiated layer were studied using electron diffraction from cross-sectional samples. The nano-indentation technique was used to determine the mechanical properties. At low doses, the material transformed into a metastable crystalline phase characterized by the rearrangement of cations. At the onset of this transformation, the Young's modulus and hardness rose to values about 10 and 15% higher, respectively, than those of the unirradiated crystal. Upon further irradiation, the metastable crystal became amorphous. The Young's modulus and hardness of the amorphous state were about 30 and 60% less, respectively, than the corresponding values of unirradiated spinel. These results, in conjunction with the findings of a recent computer simulation study, provide important insights into the exceptional radiation resistance of magnesium aluminate spinel.
Culture conditions determine the prevalence of bipolar and monopolar neurons in cultures of dissociated spiral ganglion

To gain insight into the mechanisms that control the generation or maintenance of the characteristic bipolar morphology of cochlear spiral ganglion neurons, we have taken advantage of our recently developed procedure for culture of dissociated newborn mouse spiral ganglion. In these cultures, inclusion of the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in the medium increases neuronal survival and the number of bipolar neurons. Here we tested effects of two other LIF-type cytokines (ciliary neurotrophic factor, CNTF; and human recombinant oncostatin M, hOSM) and of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) on survival, morphology and neurite lengths of neurons in cultures of dissociated spiral ganglion. Like LIF, CNTF and hOSM increased neuronal survival and the number of surviving bipolar neurons. BMP4 also increased neuronal survival, but unlike LIF, CNTF and hOSM, increased the number of monopolar neurons and neurons with no neurites. In addition, population histograms demonstrate that the population lengths of the longer and shorter neurites of bipolar neurons were shorter in BMP4 containing cultures than in control or LIF cultures. When LIF and BMP4 were simultaneously added to the cultures, the BMP4 effects predominated. These experiments demonstrate that exposure to different environmental conditions can result in different morphologies in the surviving population of spiral ganglion neurons in culture.
Early Adolescent Predictors of Youth Violence as Mediators of Childhood Risks

Analyses were conducted to assess whether risk factors for youth violence measured at 10 years of age influenced later violence directly or indirectly through predictors measured in early adolescen...
Search for low-mass states in elastic e+e- scattering.

We report results of an experiment to search for a resonance enhancement of the ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ scattering cross section in a metallic Li target utilizing an energy-tunable monoenergetic positron beam. Within statistical uncertainties (0.27%) no evidence has been observed for deviations from Bhabha scattering over the entire invariant-mass region 1560 keV/${\mathit{c}}^{2}$${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{X}}^{0}$1860 keV/${\mathit{c}}^{2}$ that can be associated with the ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ sum-peak energies in GSI heavy-ion experiments. Under the assumptions that the ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ channel dominates, we deduce lower limits on lifetimes \ensuremath{\tau}g3.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}13}$ sec (J=0) and \ensuremath{\tau}g8.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}13}$ sec (J=1), at 90% C.L.
Factors that predict attrition from a state-sponsored rural batterer treatment program.

This study sought to identify factors associated with attrition for 197 individuals who participated in a state-sponsored rural domestic violence treatment program. Bivariate analyses identified 10 factors associated with program attrition. Logistic regression identified three of these (employment status, psychiatric disorder type, and probation status) as significant predictors of attrition. This three-factor model predicted 78% of all outcomes and 43% and 92% of dropouts and completers, respectively. The data suggest that batterer characteristics, particularly batterer psychopathology, unemployment, and criminal history, are more influential determinants of attrition than systemic and programmatic factors. These findings are discussed with respect to their congruence with the literature and their implications for policy, practice, and future research.
Introductory business OR cases: successful use of cases in introductory undergraduate business college operational research courses

A case methodology for developing the modelling skills of students in introductory operational research courses taught in undergraduate business programmes is presented. Motivated by a desire to develop such skills in students when the primary objective of such courses was to expose these students to various solution techniques, the approach takes on greater relevance now that many instructors of such courses have shifted their focus to the development of modelling skills. Example case scenarios that have been used by the author in the classroom are presented, and a comparison of the results achieved by the author after implementation of the case methodology is made with those achieved by the author prior to implementation.
Some characteristics of A Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity associated with a group of erythrocyte membrane proteins which form fibrils

Abstract A group of proteins with a fibrillar appearance and associated with ouabain-insensitive ATPase activity has been isolated from the human erythrocyte membrane. Some of the characteristics of a Ca2+-dependent, Mg2+-inhibited ATPase activity associated with this group of proteins are examined in this communication. The ATPase activity is not inhibited by ouabain. Mg2+ (0.5–6.0 mM) inhibited Ca2+ activation of ATP hydrolysis over the entire range of Ca2+ concentration tested (0–6 mM). GTP failed to serve as a substrate. A system of fibrils morphologically similar to the isolated fiber system can be seen on the erythrocyte membrane and has been identified in thin sections of ghosts. These fibrils were localized, at least in part, to the inner aspect of the unit membrane. A possible role for the Ca2+-inhibited ATPase and the associated fibrils in the maintainance of erythrocyte deformability is discussed.
The generation and morphology of single-crystal silicon carbide wear particles under adhesive conditions

Sliding friction experiments were performed in vacuum at room temperature on a plane-type SiC surface in contact with iron-based binary alloys. Multiangular and spherical wear particles were found to form as a result of multipass sliding. The multiangular particles were produced by primary and secondary cracking of the 0001, 10(-)10, and 11(-)20 plane-type cleavage planes under the Hertzian stress field or local inelastic deformation zone. When alloy surfaces are in contact with silicon carbide under a load of 0.2 N, the alloy around the contact area is subjected to stresses that are close to the elastic limit in the elastic deformation region and/or exceed it. It was also found that spherical wear particles may be produced by two mechanisms: a penny-shaped fracture along the circular stress trajectories under the local inelastic deformation zone, and the attrition and fatigue of wear particles.
A CONCEPTUAL BASIS FOR MODELLING AND SIMULATIONT

A conceptual framework for modelling and simulation is proposed. It is based upon a hierarchy of system level descriptions in which higher level descriptions are inferred from lower level ones with the help of a priori assumptions. Two common modes of knowledge acquisition, the “discovery” and the “postulational” approaches are analyzed within the proposed framework.
The generality of nicotine as a reinforcer enhancer in rats: effects on responding maintained by primary and conditioned reinforcers and resistance to extinction.

Nicotine may enhance the reinforcing value of other reinforcers. It is unclear whether nicotine enhances responding maintained by all reinforcers or whether there are limits to this role. The objective of the study is to test the generality of nicotine-induced increases in reinforced responding by using an observing response procedure, which generated measures of responding maintained by food reinforcers, conditioned reinforcers, and responding during extinction. We also examined whether nicotine increased resistance to extinction and whether nicotine’s effects could be characterized as rate-dependent. Rats received presession subcutaneous injections of Vehicle (n = 5), 0.3 (n = 6), or 0.56 (n = 6) mg/kg nicotine for 70 sessions. Resistance to extinction was also assessed by removing food for five sessions. Nicotine did not consistently affect food or extinction responding. Both doses of nicotine produced increases in responding maintained by conditioned reinforcers, but did not increase resistance to extinction. Predrug response rates accounted for a small but significant percentage of the variance in the drug effect. Although there was a tendency for nicotine to increase low predrug response rates (i.e., response rates just prior to nicotine administration), 0.3 and 0.56 mg/kg nicotine systematically increased responding maintained by conditioned reinforcers. The results are consistent with a reinforcer-enhancing role of nicotine. However, nicotine did not increase resistance to extinction, nor did it increase food-maintained responses. Nicotine may selectively increase responding maintained by moderately reinforcing stimuli, such as the conditioned reinforcers used in the present study.
Effects of DMSO on SGOT during hypothermia in adrenalectomized rats.

Abstract A study of changes in SGOT levels was made in hypothermic Sprague-Dawley rats (rectal temperatures 23°C) which were adrenalectomized and/or treated with DMSO (41% aqueous solution injected IP) prior to hypothermia. Adrenalectomized animals exhibited slight initial increases in SGOT, but returned to control levels within 24 hours after exposure. Animals treated with DMSO alone or adrenalectomized and treated with DMSO showed significant increases in SGOT, which persisted 24 hours after exposure. Data suggests that DMSO exerts its action directly upon the cell membrane, causing permeability changes rather than indirectly by influencing the release of adrenal hormones which in turn affect membrane permeability.
Overexpression of Rb and E2F-1 in ataxia-telangiectasia lymphocytes.

AT cells exhibit defective cell cycle regulation following DNA damage. Previous studies have shown that induction of p53 and p21 proteins are delayed in response to ionizing radiation, resulting in the failure of G1/S checkpoint in AT cells. In this study, further investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying G1/S phase progression in AT cells was conducted. Exponentially growing normal and AT cells were exposed to 2 Gy of ionizing radiation and the expression levels and functional activities of Rb and E2F-1 proteins were determined. We observed overexpression of hyperphosphorylated Rb and E2F-1 proteins in AT cells, which was unaffected post-irradiation. Furthermore, gel shift assays showed that E2F-1 DNA binding was constitutive in AT cells, whereas it was inhibited in control cells following exposure to ionizing radiation. The data suggests that abnormalities in the function of Rb and E2F-1 proteins may also be responsible for the failure of AT cells to arrest in the G1/S checkpoint in response to DNA damage.
Parental support exceeds parenting style for promoting active play in preschool children

Emerging evidence suggests that parenting style may directly or indirectly influence school-aged children's activity behaviour. Given that relatively fewer studies have been conducted among preschool-aged children, this study's primary purpose was to examine the direct relationships between parental support and parenting style on preschool children's active play behaviour, and determine whether parenting style acts as an effect modifier. One hundred and ninety-five parents completed a questionnaire assessing their parental support, parenting style, and their child's active play behaviour. While controlling for parenting style, parental support was positively associated with active play behaviour (β = 0.30, p < 0.001). However, parenting style was not directly associated with active play nor did it moderate the relationship between parental support and child active play (β = 0.04, p = 0.90). Thus, to establish healthy active play behaviours in early child development, parents are encouraged to provide suff...
Late-quaternary vegetational dynamics and community stability reconsidered

Defining the spatial and temporal limits of vegetational processes such as migration and invasion of established communities is a prerequisite to evaluating the degree of stability in plant communities through the late Quaternary. The interpretation of changes in boundaries of major vegetation types over the past 20,000 yr offers a complementary view to that provided by migration maps for particular plant taxa. North of approximately 43°N in eastern North America, continual vegetational disequilibrium has resulted from climatic change, soil development, and species migrations during postglacial times. Between 33° and 39°N, stable full-glacial vegetation was replaced by a relatively unstable vegetation during late-glacial climatic amelioration; stable interglacial vegetation developed there after about 9000 yr B.P. Late-Quaternary vegetation has been in dynamic equilibrium, with a relatively constant flora, south of 33°N on upland interfluves along the northern Gulf Coastal Plain, peninsular Florida, and west-central Mexico.
Two-Phase Modeling of Hydrodynamic Instabilities in Coaxial Injectors

The hydrodynamic instability of coaxial injectors with recessed inner fluid posts have been investigated using a homogeneous flow method with in a time-dependent, viscous calculation. The focus is on the unsteady self-oscillation mode observed in the submerged portion of the injector. Because of the large difference between gas and liquid velocities, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability mechanism plays a prominent role in the unsteady behavior. A two-dimensional analog is investigated to assess the influence of various flow and geometric parameters on the instability. Both amplitude and frequency of oscillations are characterized for gas/liquid streams of various velocities, densities, and viscosities. The effect of the length of the submerged passage and the thickness of the inner post are also studied in detail. Unsteady, quasi-periodic oscillations are observed in nearly all cases.