cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GeoSparkViz in Action: A Data System with Built-in Support for Geospatial Visualization

Visualizing data on maps is deemed a powerful tool for data scientists to make sense of geospatial data. The geospatial map visualization (abbr. MapViz) process first loads the designated geospatial data, processes the data and then applies the map visualization effect. Guaranteeing detailed and accurate geospatial MapViz (e.g., at multiple zoom levels) requires extremely high-resolution maps. Classic solutions suffer from limited computation resources while scalable MapViz system architectures are not able to co-optimize the data management and visualization phases in the same system. This paper demonstrates GeoSparkViz, a full-fledged system that allows the user to load, prepare, integrate and execute MapViz tasks in the same system. For demonstration purpose, we implemented a web interface using a node.js web server, Baidu echarts library, and MapBox on top of GeoSparkViz to visually explore patterns in the New York City Taxi Trips dataset. The demonstration scenarios show how the data preparation and map visualization phases are combined in GeoSparkViz.
Rapid leaf trait response to growing-season meteorology in Vitis: Implications for leaf physiognomic paleoclimate reconstructions

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The size and shape (physiognomy) of woody, dicotyledonous angiosperm leaves are correlated with climate and these relationships have been used to develop paleoclimate proxies. These proxies assume that leaf morphology plastically responds to meteorological conditions and that leaf traits change isometrically through development. METHODS: We used Digital Leaf Physiognomy (DiLP) to measure leaf characters of multiple Vitis species from the USDA Germplasm Repository in Geneva, NY from the 2012-2013 and 2014-2015 growing seasons. These growing seasons had different temperature and precipitation. KEY RESULTS: We found three primary results: (1) there were predictable significant differences in leaf characters in leaves of different developmental stages along the vine, (2) there were significant differences in leaf characters in leaves of the same developmental stage between the growing seasons, and (3) there were significant differences in leaf characters between growing seasons. CONCLUSIONS: We found that Vitis leaf shape had the strongest relationship with growing season meteorological conditions in taxa growing in their native range. In addition, leaves have variable phenotypic plasticity along the vine. We interpret that the meteorological signal was strongest in those leaves that have completed allometric expansion. This is significant for leaf physiognomic-paleoclimate proxies because these leaves are most likely to be preserved in leaf litter and reflect the type of leaves included in paleoclimate reconstructions. We found that leaf development does have the potential to be a confounding factor, but it is unlikely to exert a significant influence on analysis due to differential preservation potential.
Novel use of a hand-held laser induced breakdown spectroscopy instrument to monitor hydride corrosion in uranium

Abstract Using a compact hand-held laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument, studies were conducted on specimens of uranium charged with controlled hydrogen concentrations for a qualitative evaluation of hydride corrosion. Four samples of depleted uranium with two different starting microstructures (cast and rolled) were used for this study. The hydrogen charged samples (rolled 1.8 wppm H and cast 14 wppm H by weight) are representative of the pre-corrosion states with hydrides distributed throughout the bulk. In-depth LIBS measurements were carried out, after the thick surface corrosion layer was removed, by applying 100 laser pulses from sample surface into the bulk on five different sample locations. Three additional areas on each sample were studied by laser ablation using a 12-point grid approach. The atomic emission signals of elemental uranium, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen were identified and analyzed. All four samples showed similar uranium and carbon concentrations, as expected. Hydrogen content was consistent with each sample's specification, such that the hydrogen charged samples exhibited higher hydrogen concentration than their references. Both specimens charged with hydrogen showed elevated oxygen content as well, due to rapid oxidation of uranium and uranium hydrides. The oxidation process was facilitated by the laser ablation and plasma plume's high temperature effects on the sample combined with the glovebox environment. The uranium surface damage produced by laser ablation was quantitatively evaluated by optical microscopy.
Heavy-Traffic Analysis of Queueing Systems with no Complete Resource Pooling

We study the heavy-traffic limit of the generalized switch operating under MaxWeight, without assuming that the CRP condition is satisfied and allowing for correlated arrivals. The main contribution of this paper is the steady-state mean of linear combinations of queue lengths in heavy traffic. We showcase the generality of our result by presenting various stochastic networks as corollaries, each of which is a contribution by itself. In particular, we study the input-queued switch with correlated arrivals and we show that if the state space collapses to a full-dimensional subspace, the correlation among the arrival processes does not matter in heavy traffic. We exemplify this last case with a parallel-server system, an N-system, and an ad hoc wireless network. While the above results are obtained using the drift method, we additionally present a negative result showing a limitation of the drift method. We show that it is not possible to obtain the individual queue lengths using the drift method with polynomial test functions. We do this by presenting an alternate view of the drift method in terms of a system of linear equations, and we use this system of equations to obtain bounds on arbitrary linear combinations of the queue lengths.
EFFECT OF MANAGERIAL REGRET AVERSION ON RANKING OF FINANCING DECISIONS BY FINANCIAL MANAGERS OF FIRMS LISTED IN NSE

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of regret aversion on ranking of financing decisions by financial managers of firms listed in NSE.Methodology: The study employed a positivism philosophy and a descriptive correlational design. A two tier sampling was applied where; a census at the firm level and purposive sampling at financial manager level resulting with a selection of the top 3 senior and middle financial managers from each firm. The target population was the top three financial managers in each of the firms listed in the NSE resulting in a target population of 192 financial managers from a population of 64 firms. A questionnaire was utilised to collect primary data from the target population. Descriptive statistics, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and multinomial logit regression were employed in data analysis.Results: There was a statistically significant relationship between regret aversion and ranking of financing decisions. Based on the study findings, it was concluded that regret aversion affected financial decisions ranking as regret averse managers would chose internal financing over debt and equity. This is because a regret adverse manager seeks to reduce its firms’ total risk by using low of external funding including debt.Unique Contribution to Theory Practice and policy: Financial managers are advised to consider referring to decision makers who have experience in money matters especially if the financial matter is complicated. To avoid being adversely affected by regret aversion, financial managers could pay attention to budgeting and long term financial planning.
Rating the Valence of Media Content about Electronic Cigarettes Using Crowdsourcing: Testing Rater Instructions and Estimating the Optimal Number of Raters.

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are a controversial public health topic due to their increasing popularity among youth and the uncertainty about their risks and benefits. Researchers have star...
Structuring Sovereignty: Islam and Modernity in the Mosque of Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha

The monumental Alabaster Mosque of the Ottoman-appointed governor of Egypt Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha (r. 1805–1848) has been varyingly examined as a visual representation of the Pasha’s political ambitio...
Ceftiofur distribution in serum and milk from clinically normal cows and cows with experimental Escherichia coli-induced mastitis

Eight Holstein cows, 4 inoculated intracisternally in 1 quarter of the mammary gland with Escherichia coli and 4 noninfected controls, were administered ceftiofur sodium (3 mg/kg of body weight, IV, q 12 hours) for 24 hours, beginning at 14 hours after inoculation of infected cows. All challenge-exposed cows became infected, with mean +/- SEM peak log10 bacterial concentration in milk of 5.03 +/- 0.69 colony-forming units/ml. The infection resulted in systemic signs (mean peak rectal temperature, 41.5 +/- 0.3 C; anorexia; signs of depression) and local inflammation (mean peak albumin concentration in milk, 7.89 +/- 1.71 mg/ml). Ceftiofur was detectable in milk from all challenge-exposed cows, compared with only 1 of 4 noninfected cows, and the mean period after inoculation that ceftiofur was detectable in milk was longer (P < 0.05) in infected (147.7 +/- 27.5 hours) than noninfected cows (1.3 +/- 1.3 hours). However, maximal ceftiofur concentration attained in milk for all cows was 0.28 microgram/ml, and was 0.20 microgram/ml or less for all but 2 milk samples collected for 10 days after challenge exposure. Mean serum concentration of ceftiofur peaked at 1.0 +/- 0.3 microgram/ml and 0.7 +/- 0.1 microgram/ml for infected and noninfected cows, respectively. After each ceftiofur dose, mean peak and trough concentrations of ceftiofur in serum did not differ between groups; however, concentration of ceftiofur in serum was higher at 7 hours after each dose in noninfected cows, suggesting more rapid clearance of the drug in infected cows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Preferences of Deaf or Hard of Hearing Users for Live-TV Caption Appearance

There is a wide range of visual appearance of captions during television programming (e.g. text color, typeface, caption background, number of lines, caption placement), especially during live or near-live broadcasts in local markets. The effect of these visual properties of captions on Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) users’ TV-watching experience have been less explored in existing research-based guidelines nor in the design of state-of-the-art caption evaluation metrics. Therefore, we empirically investigated what visual attributes of captions are preferred by DHH viewers while watching captioned live TV programs. We convened two focus groups where participants watched videos consisting of captions with various display properties and provided subjective open-ended feedback. By analyzing the focus-group responses, we observed DHH users’ preference for specific contrast between caption text and background color such as, black text on white background or vice-versa, and caption placement not occluding onscreen salient content. Our findings also revealed for preferences genre-adaptive caption typeface and movement during captioned live TV programming.
Cost of Cleft Team Care at an Academic Children's Hospital.

BACKGROUND The financial burden of cleft-craniofacial team care is substantial, and high costs can hinder successful completion of team care. SOLUTION Collaboration with multiple stakeholders including providers, insurers, and patient guardians, as well as hospital administrators, is critical to increase patient retention and improve final clinical outcomes. WHAT WE DO THAT IS NEW At our cleft and craniofacial center, charges for a team care visit fall into one of three categories-hospital fees, professional fees, or external fees. There are four types of hospital fees depending on (1) whether the patient is new or returning, and (2) whether the patient saw ≤4 or ≥5 providers. To further elucidate the financial burden (out-of-pocket costs) directly borne by families of children with cleft lip and/or palate, we conducted a retrospective review of billing records of team care visits made between September 2019 and March 2020. Out-of-pocket costs for a single team care visit (on a commercial insurance plan) ranged from $4 to approximately $1220 and had a median (IQR) of $445 ($118, $749).
Diagnosis and Classification

This chapter provides a discussion of the diagnosis and classification of mental disorders. It begins with a consideration of the rationale for having an official, authoritative classification of mental disorder. It then traces the history of the development of an official mental disorder classification, from just prior to the first edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders (DSM), through each edition, from DSM-I through the current edition, DSM-IV-TR, noting the particular contributions and controversies of each edition. Following this history, the authors discuss fundamental and significant issues that concern the construction of the forthcoming edition, DSM-5, including the definition of mental disorder, the empirical support for proposed revisions for the official nomenclature, the impact of culture and values on a mental disorder diagnosis, the shifting of the nomenclature from a categorical to a dimensional model of classification, and the shifting of the nomenclature and the profession of psychiatry to a neurobiological model. The chapter concludes with a recommendation for the construction of future editions of the diagnostic manual. Keywords: DSM-IV-TR; DSM-5; diagnosis; classification; nomenclature; mental disorder
ゲノミクス，計算科学，実験科学の手法に基づくHIVの中和抗体逃避機構の研究

The third variable region (V3) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope gp120 subunit participates in determination of viral infection co-receptor tropism and host humoral immune responses. Positive charge of the V3 plays a key role in determining viral co-receptor tropism. In our previous papers, we showed a key role of the V3's net positive charge in the immunological escape and co-receptor tropism evolution in vivo. On the other hand, the several papers suggested that trimeric gp120s are protected from immune system by occlusion on the oligomer, by mutational variation, by carbohydrate masking and by conformational masking. If we can reveal the mechanism of neutralization escape, we expect that we will regulate the neutralization of HIV-1. In this review, we will overview the structural mechanism of neutralization escape of HIV-1 gp120 examined by computational science. The computational sciences for virology can provide more valuable information in combination with genomic and experimental science.
CORRELATIONS AND TOTAL MUON CAPTURE RATES

The total muon capture rate for s-wave muons can be accounted for by the Primakoff expression which gives the dependence of this rate on the mass number A and the proton number Z of the absorbing nucleus. The expression is a simple three parameter phenomenological formulae which accurately describes these rates from light weight nuclei to heavy nuclei. These parameters relate to the isospin structure of the squared isovector operator which appears in a sum rule approach to such rates. A microscopic analysis of the parameters appearing in the capture rate expression is presented in the light of recent developments concerning photonuclear reactions. A shell model analysis is given and it is found that the predictions of the unperturbed shell model and also Hartree-Fock theory are in complete disagreement with the data. Considerable improvement is obtained when long range correlations are included in the ground state wave function of the absorbing nucleus.
A physiological model for ligand-induced accumulation of α2u globulin in male rat kidney: Roles of protein synthesis and lysosomal degradation in the renal dosimetry of 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentanol

Abstract A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was constructed for the disposition of 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentanol (TMP-2-OH) in male rats and its induction of accumulation of renal α 2u -globulin (α2u). The model included diffusion-restricted delivery of TMP-2-OH to compartments representing liver, lung, fat, kidney, GI tract, aggregated rapidly perfused tissues, and aggregated slowly perfused tissues. Metabolism by oxidation and glucuronidation was included for liver and kidneys. Rates of hepatic α2u production and resorption by renal proximal tubules were taken from the literature. Degradation of liganded α2u by renal lysosomal cathepsins was modeled with a K m value corresponding to the measured 30% reduction in proteolytic efficiency and with free and bound forms of α2u competing for access to the enzymes. Increased pinocytotic uptake of α2u into the kidney induces cathepsin activity. A model that ascribed renal α2u accumulation solely to reduced lysosomal proteolysis failed to reproduce the observed accumulation. The model could reproduce experimental observations if a transient increase in hepatic synthesis of α2u, stimulated by the presence of liganded α2u in the blood, and accelerated secretion of the protein from the liver were assumed. This model reproduces time course data of blood and kidney TMP-2-OH and renal α2u concentrations, suggesting that renal accumulation of α2u is not simply a consequence of reduced proteolytic degradation but may also involve a transient increase in hepatic α2u production. The model predicts increased delivery of TMP-2-OH to the kidney and consequent increased renal production of potentially toxic TMP-2-OH metabolites than would be the case if no α2u were present. Induced lysosomal activity and increased production of toxic metabolites may both contribute to the nephrotoxicity observed in male rats exposed to an α2u ligand or its precursor.
Localized charge distributions: VI. Internal rotation in formaldoxime and formic acid

Abstract The INDO localized orbital analysis of internal rotation is extended to the hydroxyl rotors in formic acid and formaldoxime. As for previous internal rotation problems, interpretation of the results can be dependent on whether or not the molecular geometry is optimized for each value of the rotational angle. In the case of formaldoxime, choice of molecular geometry can affect the predicted most stable rotamer. Earlier interpretations of barriers to internal rotation in terms of changes in vicinal interference interactions within bonds and lone pairs adjacent to the axial bond also apply to these molecules.
Synthesis, magnetic properties, and colossal magnetoresistance of Eu 13.97 Gd 0.03 MnSb 11

The synthesis, crystal structure, magnetization, and resistivity of Gd-doped ${\mathrm{Eu}}_{14}{\mathrm{MnSb}}_{11}{,\mathrm{}\mathrm{Eu}}_{13.97}{\mathrm{Gd}}_{0.03}{\mathrm{MnSb}}_{11},$ are reported and compared to ${\mathrm{Eu}}_{14}{\mathrm{MnSb}}_{11}$ and ${\mathrm{Eu}}_{14}{\mathrm{MnBi}}_{11}.$ All three compounds are isostructural with the Zintl compound ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{14}{\mathrm{AlSb}}_{11}.$ The Gd-doped Eu transition metal Zintl compound crystallizes in the tetragonal space group ${I4}_{1}/\mathit{acd}$ with $a=17.338(3)\AA{}$ and $c=22.691(5)\AA{},$ where Gd partially replaces Eu in the structure. The compound displays three magnetic phase transitions: a ferromagnetic transition near 80 K, an apparent antiferromagnetic transition at a field-dependent ${T}_{N}$ ${(T}_{N}=30\mathrm{K}$ in zero field), and a spin-reorientation transition with a transition temperature that is near 15 K in zero field but is also field dependent. Measurements of both zero-field resistivity for $5l~Tl~300\mathrm{K}$ and the magnetoresistance in fields up to 5 T for the same temperatures are presented. Negative magnetoresistance is observed over a wide range of temperatures below 200 K.
When PIM goes public: A case study of organizedlikejen

Typically, information scientists research videos and blogs, two types of online content, with the aim to understand the information behaviors and activities of those who seek and use such sources. Yet, beginning to understand the set of information-intensive behaviors and activities that accompany online content creation is equally important. This poster presents an early case study of one self-designated “Original Content Creator,” OrganizedLikeJen, a social media personality found on YouTube—as well as on sites like Tumblr, WordPress, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Pinterest—whose uploads often have an information-related focus. The objective of this poster is to understand how OrganizedLikeJen might proffer a gateway to the investigation of several topics little taken up in current literature. What are possible information producing and sharing behaviors in these forums? What are possible information-centric work practices in these forums? How might informal information providing careers be characterized? Could OrganizedLikeJen specifically indicate information popularization among broad audiences?
Fuzzy Information Retrieval and Databases

The sections in this article are 1 Fuzzy Databases 2 Fuzzy Information Retrieval 3 Future Directions
Controlling the International Investment Law Agency

In recent years foreign investors have used a rapidly expanding network of bilateral and multilateral investment treaties to directly sue states before international tribunals for violations of international law. There have now been hundreds of such lawsuits, with tribunals occasionally granting investors massive damage awards. In the process of resolving these disputes, tribunals announce and apply new rules of law. This brave new world of international investment law (IIL) has emerged as one of the most dynamic and controversial areas of international law today. In this Article I argue that the IIL system can be usefully analogized to a domestic-law administrative agency, where significant regulatory power is transferred to expert decision-makers acting on behalf of political principals. Viewing IIL as an agency highlights the IIL system’s major weakness: the lack of sufficient mechanisms of political control by states. Drawing on domestic administrative practice, I suggest reforms designed to enhance control by adapting domestic-law systems of notice-and-comment and the legislative veto. Doing so promises to ensure states an adequate degree of control over IIL outputs.
Contrasts in Infant Classical Eyeblink Conditioning as a Function of Premature Birth

The impact of premature birth on associative learning was evaluated using simple delay eyeblink conditioning in which a tone conditional stimulus was paired with an air puff unconditional stimulus. Fourteen preterm (28–31 weeks gestation) and 11 full-term infants completed at least 3 conditioning sessions, 1 week apart, at 5 months of age (corrected age). Preterm and full-term groups demonstrated associative learning, as confirmed by comparison with an unpaired control group. Preterm infants, however, exhibited more variability in their learning rates. The majority of full-term infants and half the preterm infants exhibited rapid acquisition and gradual extinction of conditional responding. A greater proportion of preterm than full-term infants failed to acquire conditional responding within 2 training sessions. Differences in associative learning rates were not the result of differences in arousal or attentional processes. Diversity in acquisition rates exposed an increased risk for disrupted infant learning due to premature birth.
Incorporation of finite temperature structure and statistics into conductivity calculations in the Coulomb gap

Abstract We present a new theory for dc transport in the Coulomb gap. The theory differs primarily from that of Efros in its physical interpretation. It is useful, however, because it yields as well analytical expressions for the pre-exponential dependence and because it demonstrates that many-electron hopping is irrelevant, settling a long-standing debate.
Effects of laughing gull and shorebird predation on the intertidal fauna at Cape May, New Jersey

Abstract The intertidal flats of the Cape May, New Jersey shore of Delaware Bay are populated by large numbers of laughing gulls and migrating shorebirds during the spring and early summer. Exclusion of birds from a shallow slough and a sand bar had only minor effects on the infaunal benthic invertebrate assemblage at either site. The Cape May beaches provide a rich source of food in the form of horseshoe crab ( Limulus polyphemus ) eggs; foraging on this item may be more profitable than probing the sediment for infauna. Gemma gemma , a small, thick-shelled bivalve, composed over 98% of the benthic infauna at both sites in 1980, and this species may be resistant to predation by certain shorebirds, as suggested by Schneider (1978) .
Nail-biters and no-contests: The effect of electoral margins on satisfaction with democracy in winners and losers

Previous scholarship has found robust connections between winning an election and democratic system support. Building on this connection, our analysis theorizes an additional dimension of competitiveness existing in executive elections. We hypothesize a polarizing effect in close elections: that individuals feel the most satisfied after winning by a narrow margin, while losers will be most dissatisfied. Using survey data from eighteen national elections across eight countries, our findings support half of this expectation. Winner satisfaction with democratic systems is highest in close elections and erodes as margin increases. Losers' reported satisfaction is not affected by margin – those who lose by half a percent are indistinguishable in levels of system support from those who lose in landslides.
Real-Time PCR Assay for Identification of Blastomyces dermatitidis in Culture and in Tissue

The TaqMan real-time PCR assay was developed from the Blastomyces dermatitidis BAD1 gene promoter. The assay identified all haplotypes of B. dermatitidis and five of six positive paraffin-embedded tissues. The assay sensitivity threshold was 1 pg genomic DNA of the mold form and 2 CFU of the yeast form of B. dermatitidis. No cross-reactivity was observed against other fungal DNA. The assay allowed rapid (5-h) identification of B. dermatitidis from culture and from clinical specimens.
Measurement uncertainty in pulmonary vascular input impedance and characteristic impedance estimated from pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasound and pressure: clinical studies on 57 pediatric patients

Pulmonary vascular input impedance better characterizes right ventricular (RV) afterload and disease outcomes in pulmonary hypertension compared to the standard clinical diagnostic, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Early efforts to measure impedance were not routine, involving open-chest measurement. Recently, the use of pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler-measured velocity to non-invasively estimate instantaneous flow has made impedance measurement more practical. One critical concern remains with clinical use: the measurement uncertainty, especially since previous studies only incorporated random error. This study utilized data from a large pediatric patient population to comprehensively examine the systematic and random error contributions to the total impedance uncertainty and determined the least error prone methodology to compute impedance from among four different methods. We found that the systematic error contributes greatly to the total uncertainty and that one of the four methods had significantly smaller propagated uncertainty; however, even when this best method is used, the uncertainty can be large for input impedance at high harmonics and for the characteristic impedance modulus. Finally, we found that uncertainty in impedance between normotensive and hypertensive patient groups displays no significant difference. It is concluded that clinical impedance measurement would be most improved by advancements in instrumentation, and the best computation method is proposed for future clinical use of the input impedance.
The Response of a Terminated Two-Wire Line Buried in the Earth and Excited by a Plane-Wave RE Field Generated in Free Space

A terminated two-wire transmission line is buried at constant depth near the earth-air interface with one conductor directly below the other. A plane-wave electromagnetic field, generated in free space, impinges upon the boundary where it undergoes partial reflection and transmission. The field transmitted into the earth excites the transmission line. The polarization of the electric field is chosen such that the field is directed parallel to the line conductors. The interaction of the line with the dispersive medium and the line losses are considered. The objective of the study is to determine the current in specified load impedances in terms of the amplitude of the incident electric field evaluated at the surface of the earth.
HINT: A new method of empirical hydrophobic field calculation for CoMFA

An empirical hydrophobic field-like 3D function has been calculated with the program HINT (hydrophobic interactions) and imported into the SYBYL implementation of CoMFA (Comparative Molecular Field Analysis). The addition of hydrophobicity appears to offer increased chemical interpretability of CoMFA models. An example is given using the steroid model reported by Cramer et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110 (1988) 5959). While addition of the HINT field did not improve statistical parameters in this model, the CoMFA coefficient contours from the hydrophobic field unambiguously define the most active steroid molecules in the chemical terms of hydrophobic and polar substituents.
Pulmonary evaluation of patients presenting with dermatological manifestations of sarcoidosis.

Sarcoido5is may involve virtually any organ system and its initial manifestations are protean. Dermatologic manifestations of sarcoidosis first cause patients to seek medical attention in approximately 10% of cases,' and at least 50% of patients with sarcoidosis v^ho are initially evaluated lor dermatologic complaints either have pulmonary disease at the time of presentation or subsequently go on to develop pulmonary sarcoidosis.^ Pulmonary disease accounts for a large portion of the morbidity and mortaiity caused by sarcoidosis. It is important that pulmonary involvement be recognized and treated prior to the development of extensive irreversible lung damage. Since the dermatologist may be the first physician to evaluate a patient with sarcoidosis and may be the patient's primary care physician, it is important that he have a clear understanding of pulmonary sarcoidosis. This review summarizes the manifestations of pulmonary sarcoidosis and provides guidelines for its evaluation and treatment.
Dynamical behavior of spatially inhomogeneous relativistic λ φ 4 quantum field theory in the Hartree approximation

We study the dynamics of a spatially inhomogeneous quantum $\ensuremath{\lambda}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ field theory in $1+1$ dimensions in the Hartree approximation. In particular, we investigate the long-time behavior of this approximation in a variety of controlled situations, both at zero and finite temperature. The observed behavior is much richer than that in the spatially homogeneous case and, unlike the latter, shows some universality at long times. Nevertheless, we show that, within a family of Gaussian spatial profiles for the mean field, the evolution fails to thermalize in a quantum canonical sense, as expected from analogous results in closely related (mean field) transport theory. We argue that this dynamical approximation is best suited as a means to study the short-time decay of spatially inhomogeneous fields and in the dynamics of coherent quasiclassical inhomogeneous configurations (e.g. topological defects) in a background of dynamical self-consistent quantum fluctuations.
Effect of magnesium sulfate administration for neuroprotection on latency in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes

Objective This study aims to evaluate whether magnesium sulfate administration for neuroprotection prolongs latency in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) between 24 and 316/7 weeks' gestation. Study Design This is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial of magnesium sulfate for prevention of cerebral palsy. Gravid women with a singleton pregnancy between 24 and 316/7 weeks' gestation with PPROM without evidence of labor were randomized to receive magnesium sulfate, administered intravenously as a 6-g bolus followed by a constant infusion of 2 g per hour up to 12 hours, or placebo. Maternal outcomes for this analysis were delivery in less than 48 hours and in less than 7 days from randomization. Neonatal outcomes included a composite of respiratory distress syndrome, interventricular hemorrhage grades 3 or 4, periventricular leukomalacia, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, or death. Results A total of 1,259 women were included. The rate of delivery Conclusion Magnesium sulfate administration given for neuroprotection in women with a singleton gestation with PPROM and without labor before 32 weeks does not impact latency.
Effect of self-phase modulation on the evolution of picosecond pulses in a Nd:glass laser

Many authors have reported disparate characteristics of pulses from Nd:glass mode-locked lasers. From these it has become clear that the well-developed pulse has a frequency sweep or subpicosecond structure and yields a contrast ratio less than the ideal 3 in the two-photon-fluorescence measurement. On the other hand, the early pulse is well behaved, has simple temporal and spectral structure, and yields a contrast ratio of 3 in TPF. The measurements are almost all indirect. Theories explaining the early pulse have appeared, but these fail for the fully developed pulse.
Conformational analysis of (+)-germacrene A by variable-temperature NMR and NOE spectroscopy

Abstract (+)-Germacrene A, an important intermediate in sesquiterpene biosynthesis, was isolated in pure form from a genetically engineered yeast and was characterized by chromatographic properties (TLC, GC), MS, optical rotation, UV, IR, 1 H NMR, and 13 C NMR data. Variable-temperature 500 MHz 1 H NMR spectra in CDCl 3 showed that this flexible cyclodecadiene ring exists as three NMR-distinguishable conformational isomers in a ratio of about 5:3:2 at or below ordinary probe temperature (25 °C). The conformer structures were assigned by 1 H NMR data comparisons, NOE experiments, and vicinal couplings as follows: 1a (52%, UU), 1b (29% UD), and 1c (19%, DU).
Effects of Increasing Hazard Rate on System Reliability and Mean Life

The reliability and mean-life equations for three types of redundant systems are derived and discussed. The components used in each system are assumed to be identical with a hazard rate equal to ?t (a wearout characteristic), and repair is not considered. Curves comparing the system mean life and reliability for the three types of systems are presented.
Predictive risk factors of venous thromboembolism in autologous breast reconstruction surgery.

BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolism (VTE) can be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in autologous breast reconstruction surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of patient characteristics, comorbidities, payer type, reconstruction type, reconstruction timing, radiation, chemotherapy, and teaching status of hospital on VTE (deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism) in autologous breast reconstructive surgery. METHODS Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, we examined the clinical data of patients who underwent autologous breast reconstructive surgery in 2009 to 2010 in the United States. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify factors predictive of in-hospital VTE. RESULTS A total of 35,883 patients underwent autologous breast reconstructive surgery during this period. Overall rate of VTE was 0.13%. The highest rate of VTE (0.26%) was observed in pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap. Patients who experienced VTE had significantly longer mean hospital stay (11.6 vs 3.9 days; P < 0.001) and higher mean total hospital charges ($146,432 vs $61,794; P < 0.001) compared with non-VTE patients; however, there was no significant difference observed in mortality rate (VTE, 0.0% vs non-VTE, 0.04%; P = 0.886). Using multivariate regression analysis, immediate reconstruction after mastectomy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 5.4), older than 65 years (AOR, 4.2), obesity (AOR, 3.7), history of chemotherapy (AOR, 3.5), and chronic lung disease (AOR, 2.5) were associated with higher risk of VTE. There was no association between race, payer type, diabetes, hypertension, liver disease, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, chronic kidney disease, smoking, reconstruction type, radiation, or teaching status of hospital on VTE. CONCLUSIONS In patients undergoing autologous breast reconstruction surgery, immediate reconstruction, older than 65 years, obesity, history of chemotherapy, and chronic lung disease are all independent predictors of higher VTE. Surgeons should consider these factors and use appropriate prophylaxis to minimize the risk of VTE development.
Effects of Alu insertions on gene function

Alu elements are a family of short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs) found exclusively in primates. These elements are around 300 base pairs long, are found in excess of one million copies per diploid genome, and are dispersed throughout the human genome. Alu elements are scattered by a mechanism called "retrotransposition". Three independent steps are involved in retrotransposition: transcription of the Alu repetitive element, reverse transcription of the Alu RNA and integration of the Alu cDNA. The fact that Alu elements retrotranspose so readily suggests that they have a myriad of effects on the genome, mostly by inactivating genes or altering their function. These characteristics of Alu repetitive elements point to these repetitive DNA fragments as a major driving force for evolution. In addition, Alu elements are known to adopt diverse functions depending on the context of the surrounding genetic material into which they insert. In this article, we review some of the evidence that demonstrates the functional significance of Alu repeats.
Central nervous system pathology of tuberous sclerosis in children.

Ten cases of tuberous sclerosis involving the central nervous system (CNS) in children aged 2 days to 15 years were studied. The abnormal cells found in subependymal, cortical, and white matter lesions were examined by light and electron microscopy. Histochemistry and immunohistochemistry were also employed. The results were similar in all lesions. Approximately one-third of the abnormal cells were positive by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), one-half by Nissl, and one-quarter by Holzer's stains. The intensity and pattern of GFAP staining varied from cell to cell and could not be predicted before staining.Ultrastructurally the cytoplasm of abnormal cells contained moderate to large numbers of 9-to 12-nm diameter fibrils and frequent dense bodies with crystalline appearance. Stacked rough endoplasmic reticulum was variable. Cell junctions and glycogen were rare. Nuclei were usually vesicular with a prominent nucleolus.Individual cells of tuberous sclerosis have features of both neurons and astrocyte...
The selection in vitro of antibiotics with activity against intracellular S. aureus.

The activity of a range of antibiotics on intracellular Staphylococcus aureus was examined using an in vitro system in which staphylococci survived within bovine neutrophils and extracellular organisms were killed by lysostaphin. Cloxacillin in the presence of lysostaphin caused a reduction in the number of viable intracellular S. aureus but cloxacillin alone failed to reduce such bacteria significantly. The cloxacillin appeared to sensitize the staphylococci to lysis by extracellular traces of lysostaphin following neutrophil disruption. Extracellular staphylococci which remained viable after exposure to cloxacillin in the absence of lysostaphin were subsequently killed more rapidly by neutrophils, but this was not found with bacteria exposed to cloxacillin while inside cells. Vancomycin with lysostaphin produced a similar but smaller sensitization effect but this antibiotic also appeared to increase survival of intracellular staphylococci when compared with controls, possibly by impeding neutrophil bactericidal mechanisms. The only other antibiotic to show significant intracellular killing was rifampicin, and in this case the action was independent of lysostaphin.
State estimation for discrete-time markov jump linear systems based on orthogonal projective theorem

In this paper, state estimation problem for discrete-time Markov jump linear systems is considered. Based on orthogonal projective theorem, a novel suboptimal algorithm for state estimate of discrete-time Markov jump linear systems in the sense of minimum mean square error estimate is proposed. The proposed suboptimal algorithm is recursive and finite-dimensionally computable. Computer simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed suboptimal algorithm.
Mendelssohn in 1825: A Snapshot with Two Canons

Mendelssohn composed canons throughout most of his career, often giving such pieces as mementos to musical friends and acquaintances. Although his canons certainly occupy a minor place among his works, their significance is by no means negligible. Two hitherto neglected canons are extant in draft form on a manuscript page in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. This single leaf, densely covered with a wide variety of notations, provides a remarkably detailed “snapshot” of the composer at the age of sixteen. Aspects of his life reflected on this one sheet include not only his serious activity as a composer but also his general studies, his home, his skill in pen-and-ink drawing, his friendships, and his humor. These notations, together with analysis of the paper and the handwriting, help to date the manuscript to the year 1825. Analysis of the pair of three-voice canons shows how both rely on some fairly simple principles to extend the imitation, yet they do so quite imaginatively. These canons hold an interestin...
Electrochemistry of electron transfer probes. Competition between ECE and DISP mechanisms in the reduction of α-aryloxyacetophenones

Abstract The kinetics of the fast unimolecular fragmentation of α-aryloxyacetophenone radical anions in DMF has been analyzed by using a combination of linear sweep voltammetry and independently determined standard potentials or rate constants. The cleavage rates are in the range 3.8 × 105 s−1 to 2.8 × 108 s−1. The mechanism changes from a predominantly DISP mechanism to a predominantly ECE mechanism at fast cleavage rates. It was found that the effect of the heterogeneous electron transfer cannot be neglected when reactions with rate constants above 105 s−1 are studied by linear sweep voltammetry.
CLASS STRUCTURE AND SPATIAL POLARIZATION: AN ASSESSMENT OF RECENT URBAN TRENDS IN LATIN AMERICA

In this paper we review those major trends characteristic of peripheral urbanization as they are reflected in the recent Latin American experience. Such trends include: urban primacy and the relative absence of secondary city systems the character and dynamics of the informal sector housing deficiencies and state housing policy and the recent rise of popular organizations oriented toward self-sufficiency or militant demand-making. These trends are important because they represent the form in which continuity and change of peripheral class structures are reflected in space both at the national and local levels....[The authors conclude that] the political economy of Latin American cities is one where the resolution to the plight of underdevelopment promised by accelerated capitalist industrialization has not materialized. Instead the process has produced a more complex and more contradictory social fabric. (EXCERPT)
Two-dimensional echocardiographic spectrum of ebstein's anomaly: Detailed anatomic assessment

This report details the two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of 41 patients with Ebstein's anomaly. The anatomic spectrum of Ebstein's anomaly is correlated with surgical and autopsy observations in 66% of these patients. Morphologic abnormalities of the tricuspid valve and right heart structures were uniquely assessed by noninvasive two-dimensional echocardiographic examination. Features of the tricuspid valve that best related to decreased functional capacity were: 1) absence of the septal leaflet, and 2) pronounced tethering, restriction of motion and displacement of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve. This 4 1/2 year experience suggests that two-dimensional echocardiography can replace angiography as the procedure of choice for diagnostic and morphologic assessment of Ebstein's anomaly. Cardiac catheterization is necessary only when specific hemodynamic questions or clinical inconsistencies exist.
Directional relays provide differential-type protection on large industrial plant power system

SEVERAL years ago it became necessary to revise the primary distribution system in a large chemical plant. This plant was approximately 25 years old and had undergone a rapid expansion during this entire period. The type of electric distribution system which had developed is typical of many other large chemical plants which have expanded over comparable periods of time. The original plant electric system consisted of 2,300-volt generation and primary distribution. Load increases associated with later plant expansions resulted in the introduction of 11,000-volt generation and primary distribution and the installation of an 11,000-volt interconnection with the local public utility. Bus tie reactors had been installed to keep the generator bus fault levels down as additional power capacity was added to the system.
The development of stochastic space transformation and diagrammatic perturbation techniques in subsurface hydrology

This paper develops concepts and methods to study stochastic hydrologic models. Problems regarding the application of the existing stochastic approaches in the study of groundwater flow are acknowledged, and an attempt is made to develop efficient means for their solution. These problems include: the spatial multi-dimensionality of the differential equation models governing transport-type phenomena; physically unrealistic assumptions and approximations and the inadequacy of the ordinary perturbation techniques. Multi-dimensionality creates serious mathematical and technical difficulties in the stochastic analysis of groundwater flow, due to the need for large mesh sizes and the poorly conditioned matrices arising from numerical approximations. An alternative to the purely computational approach is to simplify the complex partial differential equations analytically. This can be achieved efficiently by means of a space transformation approach, which transforms the original multi-dimensional problem to a much simpler unidimensional space. The space transformation method is applied to stochastic partial differential equations whose coefficients are random functions of space and/or time. Such equations constitute an integral part of groundwater flow and solute transport. Ordinary perturbation methods for studying stochastic flow equations are in many cases physically inadequate and may lead to questionable approximations of the actual flow. To address these problems, a perturbation analysis based on Feynman-diagram expansions is proposed in this paper. This approach incorporates important information on spatial variability and fulfills essential physical requirements, both important advantages over ordinary hydrologic perturbation techniques. Moreover, the diagram-expansion approach reduces the original stochastic flow problem to a closed set of equations for the mean and the covariance function.