cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical Care in a Geriatric Psychiatry Unit: Impact on Psychiatric Outcome

The medical care of 49 randomly selected patients admitted to a geriatric psychiatry evaluation unit was assessed to determine the impact on psychiatric care and outcome. Medical factors were identified as directly causing psychiatric symptoms in 12 of the 49 cases, whereas psychiatric decompensation was precipitated by medical illness in 25. Previously undiagnosed significant medical problems were found in ten patients. In 25 cases concomitant medical illness had a major effect on psychiatric treatment, and in 23 the course of the medical illness affected psychiatric outcome. Seventy-nine per cent of the patients had at least moderately improved at the time of discharge, and most were able to return to their homes. Improvement in medical condition was correlated significantly with psychiatric improvement. Implications for the care of geriatric psychiatry patients are discussed.
Renewal theory and the sequential design of experiments with two states of nature

In the sequential design of experiments in experimentel is sequentially performing experiments to help him make an inference about the true state of nature. Using results from renewal twenty at derive approximations for the operations characteristics and average sample numbers for this problem when there are two states of nature. A critical problem in the sequential design of experiments is finding a good procedure. We investigate a Bayesian formulation of this problem and use our approximations to approximate the Bayes risk. Minimization of this approximate Bayes risk over procedures is discussed as a method of finding a good procedure, but difficulties are encountered due to the discrete time character of the sequential process. To avoid these difficulties, we consider minimization of an approximation related to a diffusion process. This leads to a simple rule for the sequential selection of experiments.
Prospective evaluation of prehospital trauma ultrasound during aeromedical transport.

Abstract Background Ultrasound is widely considered the initial diagnostic imaging modality for trauma. Preliminary studies have explored the use of trauma ultrasound in the prehospital setting, but the accuracy and potential utility is not well understood. Objective We sought to determine the accuracy of trauma ultrasound performed by helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) providers. Methods Trauma ultrasound was performed in flight on adult patients during a 7-month period. Accuracy of the abdominal, cardiac, and lung components was determined by comparison to the presence of injury, primarily determined by computed tomography, and to required interventions. Results HEMS providers performed ultrasound on 293 patients during a 7-month period, completing 211 full extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (EFAST) studies. HEMS providers interpreted 11% of studies as indeterminate. Sensitivity and specificity for hemoperitoneum was 46% (95% confidence interval [CI] 27.1%–94.1%) and 94.1% (95% CI 89.2%–97%), and for laparotomy 64.7% (95% CI 38.6%–84.7%) and 94% (95% CI 89.2%–96.8%), respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for pneumothorax were 18.7% (95% CI 8.9%–33.9%) and 99.5% (95% CI 98.2%–99.9%), and for thoracostomy were 50% (95% CI 22.3%–58.7%) and 99.8% (98.6%–100%), respectively. The positive likelihood ratio for laparotomy was 10.7 (95% CI 5.5–21) and for thoracostomy 235 (95% CI 31−1758), and the negative likelihood ratios were 0.4 (95% CI 0.2–0.7) and 0.5 (95% CI 0.3–0.8), respectively. Of 240 cardiac studies, there was one false-positive and three false-negative interpretations (none requiring intervention). Conclusions HEMS providers performed EFAST with moderate accuracy. Specificity was high and positive interpretations raised the probability of injury requiring intervention. Negative interpretations were predictive, but sensitivity was not sufficient for ruling out injury.
Geochemical Differentiation and Prehistoric Procurement of Obsidian in the Mount Taylor Volcanic Field, Northwest New Mexico

Abstract Recently, due to an increasing number of analyses of archaeological obsidian worldwide, the reporting of chemically differentiated and compositionally zoned, obsidian producing rhyolite domes has increased. While these studies have been important, and furthered our knowledge of the potential chemical variability of rhyolite magmas as they relate to archaeological obsidians, they are rarely made relevant to archaeological issues. In northwestern New Mexico the “Grants Ridge” source in the Mount Taylor Volcanic Field exhibits two compositionally differing glasses derived from the same magma source that also exhibit significant megascopic variability correlating with raw material quality. While Grants Ridge was previously seen as a single source, this study suggests that one of the localities was considered a more viable raw material in prehistory, at least in the local area. The Grants Ridge study indicates the value of more intensive investigations of archaeological obsidian sources in the Southwest including systematic geoprospection and chemical analysis. The wavelength and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis reported here provides the first systematic study of this high-silica archaeological obsidian source in the Mount Taylor Volcanic Field.
Implications of Catlin's American Indian population estimates for revision of Mooney's estimate

Catlin's population estimates of 37 American Indian tribes for the period 1832 to 1839 are compared with Mooney's estimates for the same tribes that range from the year 1600 to the year 1780. The remarkably close correspondence between the two totals despite the difference in the time periods indicates considerable inaccuracy on the part of either Mooney or Catlin. If Catlin is given credibility, then the necessity of current upward revisions of Mooney's population estimate is supported.
Localization of angiotensin converting enzyme (kininase II). II. Immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence

The cellular and subcellular sites of angiotensin converting enzyme (kininase II) in lung tissue and endothelial cells in culture were examined by immunocytochemical and immunofluorescence techniques. Converting enzyme is capable of inactivating bradykinin and of converting angiotensin I to its potent lower homolog, angiotensin II. Immunocytochemistry at the electron microscope level used goat anti- (pig lung and angiotensin converting enzyme) coupled to 11-MP (11-microperoxidase) via glutaraldehyde or to 8-MP (8-microperoxidase) via a bifunctional active ester, bis-succinyl succinate. The latter conjugate, which does not contain complex polymers, has been characterized in detail in terms of immunoreactivity and peroxidase activity.
Use of the numerical method of Estoque and Bhumralkar for the planetary boundary layer

An application of the numerical method of Estoque and Bhumralkar (1970) has led to a revision of some of the equations and a sensitivity test of alternative formulations of these equations.
Models of Reformmongering

Introduction, 236. — Model I: Engineering reform with the help of the perspective of revolution, 237. — Model II: Engineering reform through logrolling and shifting alliances, 245. — Comment, 250. — Majority formation through logrolling versus majority formation through shifting alliances, 250. — Respectability of the various outcomes and the hankering after simultaneous solutions, 253.
Research directions in augmentative and alternative communication for preschool children

Purpose: To review issues related to the use of augmentative systems with young children and present a case study of one child and family's experience with the System for Augmenting Language (SAL). Method: The case involved a preschool child with severe developmental delays who had little functional speech. Acquisition and use of graphic symbols on a speech-output communication device was studied in home and clinical settings. Language and communication behaviours of the child and his communication partners were observed and language assessment measures were collected. Results: Child engagement state varied across the two settings with a stable profile seen in the therapy setting and a clear increase at home. Child communicative attempts increased following the introduction of the augmented system. Parents reported successful use of the SAL. Conclusion: SAL is a viable communication intervention approach for young children.
Chromosome Contraction by o-Isopropyl-N-Phenylcarbamate (IPC)

A selective herbicide IPC (o-isopropyl-N-phenlycarbamate) causes contraction of chromosomes in the prophase, metaphase, and anaphase stages of mitosis in cells of treated root tips. Effective concentrations in aqueous solution lie between 2.5 and 50 ppm, and effective times between 1 and 4 hr, depending upon the species of plant. A suggested starting combination is 10 ppm for 2 hr. This compound is effective in causing contraction of chromosomes in a wide range of plant species, as well as enhancing separation in acetocarmine and aceto-orcein squashes in many cases. Possibly, it may produce similar results in species which have been found to be unaffected by colchicine, 8-hydroxyquinoline, p-dichlorobenzene, and other commonly used chemicals.
Analytic and synthetic cognitive functioning: A critical review of evidence bearing on field dependence

Abstract The field dependence/independence construct is critically examined in the context of differentiation theory, the operationalization is rethought, and an ontology provides a language and conceptual framework for programmatic efforts. The view integrates data from diverse theoretical approaches and demonstrates the import, but challenges the diffuseness, of Witkin's personality variable. It is concluded on the basis of evidence and metaphysical argument that the shift from the analytic/synthetic distinction to the differentiation hypothesis in the 1962 statement is debatable.
Critical index of the susceptibility for the B-site spinel ferromagnet

Abstract The critical index, γ, for the nearest-neighbor Heisenberg model of the B-site spinel ferromagnet has been reexamined. Extensive Pade approximant analysis suggests, but does not conclusively establish. that γ≈1.2−1.3.
Path integration: how the head direction signal maintains and corrects spatial orientation

Head-direction cells have frequently been regarded as an internal 'compass' that can be used for navigation, although there is little evidence showing a link between their activity and spatial behavior. In a navigational task requiring the use of internal cues to return to a home location without vision (path integration), we found a robust correlation between head-direction cell activity and the rat's heading error in the rat's homing behavior. We observed two different correction processes that rats used to improve performance after an error. The more frequent one consists of 'resetting' the cell whenever the rat returns to the home location. However, we found that when large errors occur, the head-direction system has the ability to 'remap' and set a new reference frame, which is then used in subsequent trials. We also offer some insight into how these two correction processes operate when rats make an error.
The effect of guarantees on consumers’ evaluation of services

Recently, several service firms (e.g. Hampton Inn, Delta Dental Plan of Massachusetts) have successfully implemented service guarantees. Little research, however, has been done examining the conditions under which service guarantees are the most effective. The current research examines how the presence of a guarantee affects consumers’ pre‐purchase evaluations. It also investigates interactions between multiple extrinsic cues such as the presence of a guarantee and information about the quality level of firm offering the guarantee. The results suggest that while guarantees can enhance consumers’ perceptions of quality, especially in situations characterized by greater service quality variability, they are less effective in the presence of other quality cues.
MoS2 Nanosheet–Pd Nanoparticle Composite for Highly Sensitive Room Temperature Detection of Hydrogen

Highly sensitive hydrogen detection at room temperature can be realized by employing solution-processed MoS2 nanosheet-Pd nanoparticle composite. A MoS2-Pd composite exhibits greater sensing performance than its graphene counterpart, indicating that solvent exfoliated MoS2 holds great promise for inexpensive and scalable fabrication of highly sensitive chemical sensors.
Organic electronics: addressing challenges.

Although promising, the use of organic semiconductors has not yet revolutionized consumer electronics. Synthesis of high-performance materials, enhanced control of morphology and smart exploitation of unique photophysical phenomena are the way forward to overcome the technological hurdles of this field.
Surgical Management of Diabetic Foot Infections and Amputations

The incidence of diabetes with severe foot infections (eg, necrotizing fasciitis, gas gangrene, ascending cellulitis, infection with systemic toxicity or metabolic instability) has risen significantly during the past decade. Foot infections are a major cause of hospitalization and subsequent lower extremity amputation among patients with diabetes mellitus who have a history of a preexisting ulceration. Surgical management often is required to address severe diabetic foot infections because they can be limb- or life-threatening. Critical limb ischemia, neuropathy, and an immunocompromised host, which often are associated with diabetic foot infections, complicate treatment and are associated with a poorer prognosis.
Functional and dispositional tolerance develops during continuous cocaine exposure.

Despite the fact that high doses of cocaine are abused chronically, relatively little is known regarding the development of tolerance and/or sensitization under these circumstances. Therefore, male Sprague-Dawley rats were infused continuously i.v. for 10 days, at a rate of 150 mg/kg/day (0.1 mg/kg/min) with cocaine hydrochloride. Body weight, food and water consumption, urine and fecal excretion, as well as blood pressure, heart rate and stereotypic behavior were monitored daily. Blood samples were also drawn daily so that plasma could be analyzed for cocaine and BEG by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Severe body weight loss on days 1 through 4 was followed by a gradual return to pre-drug levels. In addition, cocaine's effects on food and water consumption and urine and fecal excretion, which were maximal by day 2, were imperceptible by day 5. Complete tolerance developed rapidly to the remarkable rise in blood pressure noted on the first day. However, tolerance did not develop to the cocaine-induced increase in heart rate. A profound decrease in heart rate was noted in some animals which was interpreted to be cardiotoxicity since these animals subsequently died. On the other hand, sensitization or intensification of behavioral stereotypy occurred during the first 2 days followed by complete tolerance to this effect by day 5. No withdrawal phenomena were noted 24 h after cocaine was abruptly withdrawn. Plasma concentrations of cocaine rose rapidly during the first day and remained elevated at a constant level until day 5. Then, a sharp decline in plasma levels occurred at day 6 which remained depressed for the duration of the infusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The emerging role of the endocannabinoid system in cardiovascular disease.

Endocannabinoids are endogenous bioactive lipid mediators present both in the brain and various peripheral tissues, which exert their biological effects via interaction with specific G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors, the CB1 and CB2. Pathological overactivation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in various forms of shock and heart failure may contribute to the underlying pathology and cardiodepressive state by the activation of the cardiovascular CB1 receptors. Furthermore, tonic activation of CB1 receptors by endocannabinoids has also been implicated in the development of various cardiovascular risk factors in obesity/metabolic syndrome and diabetes, such as plasma lipid alterations, abdominal obesity, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and insulin and leptin resistance. In contrast, activation of CB2 receptors in immune cells exerts various immunomodulatory effects, and the CB2 receptors in endothelial and inflammatory cells appear to limit the endothelial inflammatory response, chemotaxis, and inflammatory cell adhesion and activation in atherosclerosis and reperfusion injury. Here, we will overview the cardiovascular actions of endocannabinoids and the growing body of evidence implicating the dysregulation of the ECS in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. We will also discuss the therapeutic potential of the modulation of the ECS by selective agonists/antagonists in various cardiovascular disorders associated with inflammation and tissue injury, ranging from myocardial infarction and heart failure to atherosclerosis and cardiometabolic disorders.
Library Services to Students with Diverse Language and Cultural Backgrounds.

This article offers the impressions of library service needs for undergraduates born and mostly educated outside the United States. Most of them described needs related to their coursework rather than their language or culture
Developing injectable nanomaterials to repair the heart

Injectable nanomaterials have been designed for the treatment of myocardial infarction, particularly during the acute stages of inflammation and injury. Among these strategies, injectable nanofibrous hydrogel networks or nanoparticle complexes may be delivered alone or with a therapeutic to improve heart function. Intramyocardial delivery of these materials localizes treatments to the site of injury. As an alternative, nanoparticles may be delivered intravenously, which provides the ultimate minimally invasive approach. These systems take advantage of the leaky vasculature after myocardial infarction, and may be designed to specifically target the injured region. The translational applicability of both intramyocardial and intravenous applications may provide safe and effective solutions upon optimizing the timing of the treatments and biodistribution.
Synthesis of electrophoretically restricted IgG by cultured rheumatoid synovium

IgG synthesized by excised rheumatoid (RA) synovia was separated according to isoelectric point using chromatofocusing and isoelectric focusing. Over 30% of the IgG synthesized by 9 of 11 synovia had an isoelectric point greater than 8 (cathodal shift), while 55% of the synovia secreted IgG showing oligoclonal banding by isoelectric focusing. Oligoclonal serum IgG was seen in 17% of RA patients and in only 3% of hospitalized patients without RA. These results emphasize the selective character of the antigenic stimulus of the RA synovial lymphoid infiltrate.
Factors influencing percutaneous absorption II. Absorption of methyl ethyl ketone

A method is described for following the percutaneous absorption process with a vapor-phase chromatography technique. Data showing the absorption of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) from a forearm surface of 91.5 cm. 2 under both normal and hydrous conditions of the stratum corneum are presented. Hydration of the stratum corneum enhanced the percutaneous absorption rate of methyl ethyl ketone, but this penetrant subsequently partially dehydrated the stratum corneum. The resulting steady-state concentration of MEK in expired air, however, was still higher than that obtained with normal skin.
Composition on the computer: Simple systems and artificial intelligence

This essay examines the orderly process of rhetorical composition and inquires whether that system can be implemented as an expert system on a computer or word processor. A prototypical expert program is offered based on the Burkian pentad. Based on that system, the question of whether speeches can be composed by a computer employing artificial intelligence is raised. The basic problems in using AI or expert systems for speech composition are: 1) our inability to define and describe the systematic behaviors humans use in the process of preparing speeches; 2) our inability to code the process humans use in delivery of speeches; 3) our tendency to resist technology with the claim that speech composition is a matter of humanistic artistry. A partially tested expert program is offered for consideration.
Regulation of the rat brain endothelin system by endogenous β-endorphin

Abstract Several lines of evidence indicate that the central endogenous opioid and endothelin (ET) system regulate each other. To explore this idea further, we determined the effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of anti-β-endorphin IgG (rabbit) on the expression level of the opioid, corticotropin-releasing hormone and endothelin receptors, and tissue concentration of ET-1. Three days after implanting cannula into the lateral ventricle, male Sprague–Dawley rats were administered 10 μl (i.c.v.) of either control rabbit IgG (2.5 μg/μl) or anti-β-endorphin IgG (2.5 μg/μl) on days 1, 3 and 5. On day 6, animals were euthanized and caudate, cortex and hippocampus collected for Western blot analysis. Anti-β-endorphin IgG down-regulated ET-A receptor protein expression in the caudate (51%), but had no effect on the expression of μ, δ, κ opioid, ET-B, CRH-1 and CRH-2 receptors in any brain region. Anti-β-endorphin IgG increased tissue ET-1 levels in the caudate by 30.3%. [ 35 S]GTP-γ-S binding assays demonstrated that anti-β-endorphin IgG increased the efficacy of [ d -Ala 2 -MePhe 4 , Gly-ol 5 ]enkephalin without altering its potency in caudate. Control experiments showed that there was no detectable rabbit IgG in caudate, cortex and hippocampus samples. These results suggest that β-endorphin in the CSF coordinately regulates ET-1 levels and the ET-A receptor in rat caudate. These findings support the hypothesis that CSF neuropeptides have regulatory effects and further demonstrate a link between opioid and ET system.
A controlled study of phenomenology and family history in outpatients with bulimia nervosa

We administered structured diagnostic interviews and family history evaluations to 69 outpatient women meeting the new DSM-III-R criteria for bulimia nervosa. This group was compared with 50 women with DSM-III bulimia, 24 women with major depression, and 28 nonpsychiatric control women, all recruited during previous studies. On both phenomenologic and family history assessments, the women with DSM-III-R bulimia nervosa closely resembled the women with DSM-III bulimia, and both groups differed significantly from controls in their prevalence of personal and familial major mood disorders. These data support a relationship between bulimia nervosa and major mood disorders, consistent with that suggested by studies of bulimia assessed by earlier diagnostic criteria.
Transistor design and application considerations for >200-GHz SiGe HBTs

SiGe HBT transistors achieving over 200 GHz f/sub T/ and f/sub MAX/ are demonstrated in this paper. Techniques and trends in SiGe HBT design are discussed. Processing techniques available to silicon technologies are utilized to minimize parasitic resistances and capacitances and thereby establish raw speeds exceeding III-V devices despite the higher mobility in those materials. Higher current densities and greater avalanche currents, which are required for establishing such high performance, are discussed as they relate to device self-heating and reliability and the degradation of the devices. Simple circuit results are shown, demonstrating 4.2-ps ring-oscillator delays.
Process vs. Impact in Men's and Women's Achievement Motivation*

The author presents a new taxonomy of six achievement motivation types, with the categories based on an interaction between two factors: (a) whether the individual emphasizes the process of achieving or the impact of the accomplishment itself; and (b) whether the person derives his standards of excellence from within himself, from some social reference, or from an impersonal task demand. The hypothesis is proposed that females in American society have been taught to emphasize the process of their achievement strivings and males the impact of their achievement attempts. Empirical evidence is given to support this hypothesis and to elucidate the six types of achievement motivation.
Relation between behaviorally augmented tolerance and upregulation of muscarinic receptors in the CNS: effects of chronic administration of scopolamine

The present experiment was planned to provide information about relations between behaviorally augmented tolerance and accompanying upregulation of muscarinic receptors (mAChR) (physiological tolerance) in the CNS during chronic administration of the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine. Analyses of the data on mAChR binding established significant upregulation (Bmax) had occurred in the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of animals treated with scopolamine, but not of those in the saline or methylscopolamine groups. There were no treatment effects in affinity (KD). The effect of scopolamine administered before a behavioral test session was to cause an acute decrease in FR5 responding to water reinforcement, and hence in resulting water consumption. Animals immediately compensated for this decrement by higher response rates during a free drinking (FDR) period which followed. When scopolamine was injected between the FR5 and FDR periods, FR5 responding increased to compensate for the drug's effect on the FDR. There was evidence that physiological tolerance also occurred as indicated by a more slowly developing trend toward recovery of levels of behavioral responding related to mAChR upregulation, although full recovery to pretreatment baselines did not occur within the 25 days of chronic treatments. The results as a whole are consistent with a multifactorial model of tolerance development, to which both behavioral and neurochemical processes contribute.
Scientific barriers to developing vaccines against avian influenza viruses

The increasing number of reports of direct transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans underscores the need for control strategies to prevent an influenza pandemic. Vaccination is the key strategy to prevent severe illness and death from pandemic influenza. Despite long-term experience with vaccines against human influenza viruses, researchers face several additional challenges in developing human vaccines against avian influenza viruses. In this Review, we discuss the features of avian influenza viruses, the gaps in our understanding of infections caused by these viruses in humans and of the immune response to them that distinguishes them from human influenza viruses, and the current status of vaccine development.
Thrombin and PAR-1-AP increase proinflammatory cytokine expression in C6 cells.

Background In addition to a recognized role in the coagulation cascade, thrombin is known to have other functions via G protein-coupled receptors, including protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). To investigate the relationship between PAR-1 activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression, we studied the responsiveness of C6 cells to thrombin and to the agonist PAP-1-activating peptide (PAR-1-AP). Materials and methods Cultured C6 rat glioma cells were stimulated with human α-thrombin or PAR-1-AP. To study mRNA expression changes, total RNA was isolated from the C6 cells, reverse transcribed, and amplified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Three proinflammatory cytokines were studied: interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). To measure cytokine release, cell-free supernatants were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results By quantitative real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, thrombin (5 U/mL) exposure significantly increased mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokines: IL-6 (2.8 ± 0.4, multiple of control), IL-1β (4.8 ± 1.6), and TNF-α (16.5 ± 4.2). Effects on IL-6 mRNA expression were dose-dependent and matched by increments in IL-6 protein secretion. Effects of thrombin on IL-6 mRNA expression could be inhibited by hirudin. PAR-1-AP exposure also significantly increased mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α. PAR-1 mRNA is expressed in C6 cells. Conclusion Both thrombin and its agonist, PAR-1-AP, significantly increased mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in C6 glioma cells via PAR-1 activation.
In vivo noninvasive detection and age definition of arterial thrombus by MRI.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of magnetic resonance (MR) to detect arterial thrombotic obstruction and define thrombus age. Background Arterial thrombi underlie the clinical consequences of atherosclerosis and are not reliably detected by current noninvasive diagnostic techniques. Methods Carotid thrombi were induced in swine (n = 7) by arterial injury. Serial high-resolution in vivo MR images were obtained using black-blood T1-weighted (T1W) and T2-weighted (T2W) sequences in a clinical 1.5T MR system at 6 h, 1 day and at 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9 weeks. At each time point one animal was sacrificed and the occluded carotid artery processed for histopathology. Thrombus signal intensity (SI) was normalized to that of the adjacent muscle. Thrombus age was assessed based on MR appearance by two blinded independent observers. Results Thrombus appearance and relative SI revealed characteristic temporal changes in multicontrast-weighted MR images, reflecting histologic changes in the composition. Acute thrombus appeared very bright on the T2W images, facilitating the detection. Signal intensity was 197 ± 25% at 6 h, peaking at 1 week (246 ± 51%), reaching a plateau by 6 weeks (120 ± 15%). At six weeks, complete thrombus organization was confirmed histologically. The T1W images had similar pattern with lower SI than T2W. Age definition using visual appearance was highly accurate (Pearson’s chi-square with 4 df ranging from 96 to 132 and Cohen’s kappa at 0.81 to 0.94). Agreement between observers was substantial (Pearson chi-square with 4 df = 91.5, kappa = 0.79). Conclusions Magnetic resonance imaging is a promising tool to noninvasively detect arterial thrombosis. Measurement of SI and the characteristic visual appearance of the thrombus have the potential to define thrombus age.
Is the biopsy Gleason score important in predicting outcomes for patients after radical prostatectomy once the pathological Gleason score is known

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether specific preoperative variables might better predict the concordance between biopsy and radical prostatectomy (RP) Gleason grade, and to assess the effect of the biopsy Gleason score (bGS) when controlling for the pathological GS (pGS) on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing RP. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 1989 and 1998, 1088 men had RP at our institution, with a median follow-up of 56 months. To evaluate the independent effect of bGS within categories of pGS, we stratified the sample by pGS (three categories; ≤6, 7, 8–10). Within each stratum we constructed Kaplan-Meier plots of recurrence-free survival by bGS (in the same three categories), assessing the significance of the differences among the three curves by the log-rank test. RESULTS Overall, only 41.1% of patients had exactly concordant findings between bGS and pGS; concordance rates did not differ significantly when stratified by preoperative variables. On multivariate analysis, a change in the pGS compared with the bGS had a significant, independent effect on recurrence rates, specifically a 15% change in risk for a one-unit change in GS (P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS There was only modest agreement between the bGS and the pGS; the bGS continued to have independent prognostic influence after RP and assignment of the pGS.
Crossing ‘lines’ of subjectivity: The negotiation of sexual identity in Hyderabad, India

(2001). Crossing ‘lines’ of subjectivity: The negotiation of sexual identity in Hyderabad, India. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Vol. 24, Sexual sites, seminal attitudes: Sexualities, masculinites and culture in South Asia, pp. 91-101.
Coronal White-Light Jets near Sunspot Maximum

During the 1996-1997 activity minimum, the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) recorded numerous jetlike ejections above the Sun's polar regions. In a previous study, we showed that these white-light ejections were the outward extensions of extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) jets, which in turn originated from flaring bright points inside the polar coronal holes. Here we investigate a number of jetlike events observed with LASCO during the current sunspot maximum. To identify the solar surface counterparts of these events, we again use Fe XII λ195 images obtained by the EUV Imaging Telescope on SOHO. The white-light jets in our sample have angular widths of ~3°-7° and velocities typically of order 600 km s-1; they tend to be brighter and wider than the polar jets observed near sunspot minimum and are distributed over a much greater range of latitudes. Many of the ejections are recurrent in nature and originate from active regions located inside or near the boundaries of nonpolar coronal holes. We deduce that the jet-producing regions consist of systems of closed magnetic loops partially surrounded by open fields; perturbations in the closed fields caused them to reconnect with the overlying open flux, releasing the trapped energy in the form of jetlike ejections. In some events, the core of the active region erupts, producing fast, collimated ejections with widths of up to ~15°.
Mechanisms of interdecadal climate variability and the role of ocean-atmosphere coupling

Climate variability and mid-latitude mechanisms of ocean–atmosphere interactions are investigated with coupled and uncoupled integrations of a three-dimensional ocean–atmosphere–land–ice climate model of intermediate complexity. We focus on the decadal and interdecadal variability of the system and give a statistical and dynamical description of its oceanic and atmospheric signatures. In our coupled control integration, an oceanic oscillation of a period of around 20 years is found to be associated with variability of the meridional overturning circulation and is manifested by surface anomalies of temperature and salinity. On such timescales the oceanic oscillation is able to imprint itself on the atmosphere, which then covaries with the ocean at the oscillation period. The essentially slaved atmospheric pattern helps maintain the oceanic oscillation by providing large-scale anomalous heat fluxes, so catalyzing the oscillation. That is to say, because the atmosphere covaries with the ocean the damping felt by the ocean is less than what would be felt with a fixed atmosphere, so broadening the parameter regime over which such variability occurs. In addition to the presence of an atmosphere, the period and amplitude of the oscillation are found to be influenced both by the oceanic vertical diffusivity κ v , by geometrical factors, and by the presence of stochastic heat fluxes. In general, oscillations occur most readily for large values of κ v , when the mean state of the ocean is characterized by a strong meridional overturning circulation. If κ v is sufficiently strong, the ocean will oscillate even in the absence of a dynamical atmosphere. However, for more realistic values of κ v , the presence of an interacting atmosphere is required for significant oscillations. If the ocean is forced by imposed stochastic heat fluxes, instead of a fully interacting atmosphere, then decadal-scale oscillations can be produced suggestive of a damped oscillator. However, the parameter range over which oscillations occur is smaller than when the ocean is coupled to full atmosphere. More generically, the ability of comprehensive coupled ocean–atmosphere models to produce multi-decadal variability, realistic or otherwise, will depend on the oceanic mean state, and so on the diapycnal diffusivity of the modelled ocean, as well as on the ability of the atmosphere to reduce the damping felt by the ocean and so on the atmosphere’s ability to respond to persistent sea-surface temperature anomalies.
Arteriosclerosis of the gastroepiploic and internal thoracic arteries

Arteriosclerosis of the right gastroepiploic artery (GEA) and the internal thoracic artery (ITA) were compared by pathological observation. Specimens were obtained from 35 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with simultaneous use of these two kinds of arterial grafts. Degree of arteriosclerosis was classified in five categories: 0, normal; 1, luminal narrowing less than 25%; 2, luminal narrowing between 25% and 50%; 3, luminal narrowing greater than 50%; and 4, overt atherosclerosis with ulceration or calcification. The number of arteries with degree 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 16 (46%), 15 (43%), 3 (9%), 0, and 1 (3%) in GEA and 27 (77%), 8 (23%), 0, 0, and 0 in ITA, respectively. Incidence of degree 0 was higher in ITA, but differences were not significant. The mean wall thickness was 0.30 +/- 0.13 mm in GEA and 0.21 +/- 0.07 mm in ITA (p less than 0.05). In 23 patients who underwent postoperative angiography, all 46 arterial grafts were patent without focal stenosis. We conclude that GEA has slightly more intimal thickening than ITA, but significant luminal narrowing caused by arteriosclerosis is rare. Gastroepiploic artery can be expected to be a suitable conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting.
Lysine hydroxylation and crosslinking of collagen.

Collagens represent a large family of structurally related proteins containing a unique triple-helical structure. Among them, the fibril-forming collagens are the most abundant in vertebrates providing tissues with form and stability. One of the characteristics of the fibrillar collagens is its sequential posttranslational modifications of specific lysine residues that have major effects on molecular assembly and stability of the fibrils in the extracellular space. Hydroxylation of lysine residues is the first modification catalyzed by lysyl hydroxylases, and is critical for the following glycosylation and in determining the fate of covalent cross-linking. This chapter presents an overview of lysine hydroxylation and cross-linking of collagen, and the analytical methods we have developed.
Formation of glucuronide, sulphate and glutathione conjugates of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites in hepatocytes isolated from inbred strains of mice

Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) was studied in mouse hepatocytes isolated from uninduced animals of C57BL/6 Jacobs (B6) and C3Hf/HeHa (C3) inbred strains. Conjugates with sulphate, glucuronate and glutathione were the major products of BP biotransformation in the intact cells. Their formation was measured by determining the radioactivity incorporated from [3H]BP into the appropriate metabolite, after separation on silica gel t.l.c. plates. The conjugates were identified by their susceptibility to the action of specific degrading enzymes, arylsulphatase, beta-glucuronidase and gamma-glutamyltransferase. Effects of inhibitors of conjugation were also examined. D-Galactosamine and diethyl maleate caused approximately 50% inhibition of the formation of glucuronide and glutathione derivatives of BP, respectively. The effect of salicylamide was less specific, besides an 88% decrease in sulphation of BP metabolites, a 40% decrease in the formation of glutathione conjugates was observed in the presence of this inhibitor. In hepatocytes of B6 mouse, all the above three types of BP conjugates were formed in almost equimolar quantities. The total formation of BP conjugates was 42% higher in B6 hepatocytes than in those of C3 strain. The most significant difference (1.7-fold) was in the production of BP glucuronides, despite an absence of observable differences between these mouse strains in the activity of microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and in the rate of 1-naphthol conjugation in isolated hepatocytes. Simultaneously, 2.5-fold higher accumulation of unconjugated BP metabolites was observed in the hepatocyte suspension of B6 than C3 strain and a 1.4-fold higher activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in hepatic microsomes of this strain. The unconjugated metabolites of BP were separated into four major fractions by h.p.l.c. The retention times of the metabolites corresponded to trans 9,10-diol; trans 7,8-diol; 9-hydroxy- and 3-hydroxy-BP. Despite quantitative differences between B6 and C3 strains of mice in BP metabolism, the same degree of covalent binding of BP metabolites to cellular DNA, was observed. The results indicate a relatively high capacity of hepatocytes from uninduced mice for conjugation of BP metabolites. Hepatocytes isolated from various strains of mice, should be useful in elucidating the role of numerous factors in metabolism and biologic activity of BP and related carcinogens.
Assessment of two mammographic density related features in predicting near-term breast cancer risk

In order to establish a personalized breast cancer screening program, it is important to develop risk models that have high discriminatory power in predicting the likelihood of a woman developing an imaging detectable breast cancer in near-term (e.g., <3 years after a negative examination in question). In epidemiology-based breast cancer risk models, mammographic density is considered the second highest breast cancer risk factor (second to woman's age). In this study we explored a new feature, namely bilateral mammographic density asymmetry, and investigated the feasibility of predicting near-term screening outcome. The database consisted of 343 negative examinations, of which 187 depicted cancers that were detected during the subsequent screening examination and 155 that remained negative. We computed the average pixel value of the segmented breast areas depicted on each cranio-caudal view of the initial negative examinations. We then computed the mean and difference mammographic density for paired bilateral images. Using woman's age, subjectively rated density (BIRADS), and computed mammographic density related features we compared classification performance in estimating the likelihood of detecting cancer during the subsequent examination using areas under the ROC curves (AUC). The AUCs were 0.63±0.03, 0.54±0.04, 0.57±0.03, 0.68±0.03 when using woman's age, BIRADS rating, computed mean density and difference in computed bilateral mammographic density, respectively. Performance increased to 0.62±0.03 and 0.72±0.03 when we fused mean and difference in density with woman's age. The results suggest that, in this study, bilateral mammographic tissue density is a significantly stronger (p<0.01) risk indicator than both woman's age and mean breast density.
Evaluation of Insecticide Usage in the New York Processing-Cabbage Pest Management Program

Insecticide usage in the Cornell University Processing (sauerkraut) Cabbage Pest Management Pilot Program was evaluated over the 4-year period from 1978 to 1981. Insecticide load was assessed in terms of dose equivalents. Insecticide efficacy was measured by percent reduction of Lepidoptera and percent reduction of plants infested with onion thrips, Thrips labaci Lindeman. Total insecticide load, in average dose equivalents per field, decreased every year from 1978 to 1980, but increased in 1981. The increase in dose equivalents in 1981 was due to multiple applications of insecticides by growers to suppress high populations of thrips. However, during the 4-year period, most insecticides were applied to control Lepidoptera, and comparing 1981 with 1978, the amount of insecticides used against Lepidoptera decreased by 49%, whereas their effectiveness increased by 54%. These results are attributed to better insecticide selection and improved timing of applications due to development of action thresholds used in conjunction with weekly field scouting. Methamidophos and the pyrethroids consistently provided the most effective control of Lepidoptera. Control of thrips by foliar insecticides was inadequate for present Food and Drug Administration standards.
Why are macros not used? A brief review and an approach for improving training

Macros are programming scripts that can be generated by recording users' actions. It appears that despite their potential for reducing monotonous work, they are under-used by non-programmers. The present paper reviews the literature on the use of macros. Included is an original study that examines the effect of adding the ''search and replace'' option as an alternative to using macros in a hypothetical task. It is concluded that the problem of not using macros is due, in part, to motivational biases. Motivational biases emerge even after macro training because simpler alternatives that ''compete'' with macros are more attractive to users. These biases can be addressed through the training process. Some training principles for a strategically competitive real-world environment are presented.
Correlates of sex role and attitudes toward women.

The Bern Sex-role Inventory, the 25-item version of the Attitudes toward Women Scale, and either the Cognitive Complexity Scale or a 40-item Self-disclosure Scale were administered to 322 introductory psychology students. Adherence to the sex-role traditional for one's sex was related to conservative attitudes toward women for females and high self-disclosure for both sexes. Liberal attitudes toward women were related to high self-disclosure in males, but cognitive complexity was unrelated to sex role or attitudes.
Macroscopic dimension and essential manifolds

M. Gromov asked whether the macroscopic dimension of rationally essential n-dimensional manifolds equals n. We show that the answer depends only on the corresponding group homology class and give an affirmative answer for certain classes. In particular, the answer is positive for manifolds with amenable fundamental groups.