cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dispersal of black sea bass (Centropristis striata) larvae on the southeast U.S. continental shelf: results of a coupled vertical larval behavior – 3D circulation model

In the marine environment, pelagic dispersal is important for determining the distribution and abundance of populations, as well as providing connections among populations. Estimates of larval dispersal from spawning grounds are important to determining temporal and spatial patterns in recruitment that may have significant influences on the dynamics of the population. We present a case study of the dispersal of Centropristis striata (black sea bass) larvae on the southeast U.S. continental shelf. We use a coupled larval behavior – 3D circulation model to compare the effects of the timing and location of spawning against that of larval vertical migration on larval dispersal. Using the results of field data on larval vertical distributions, we compare the dispersal of virtual ‘larvae’ which have ontogenetic changes in vertical behavior with that of particles fixed near the surface and near the bottom. Larvae were released at potential spawning sites four times throughout the spawning season (February through May) for 3 yr (2002–04) and tracked for the assumed larval duration (from 27 to 37 days including the egg stage). Results indicate that adult behavior, in the form of spawning time and location, may be more important than larval vertical behavior in determining larval dispersal on the inner- and mid- continental shelves of this region.
Kinematics of maneuverable relativistic starship

Abstract Maneuvering a relativistic starship is not as easy as it appears. The closer is its velocity to the speed of light the less maneuverable it appears to be relative to the rest frame. The relativistic kinematic equations are derived and the examples of starship trajectories are calculated on the condition of a constant proper acceleration and taking into account the required protection from hard radiation caused by the oncoming relativistic flow of interstellar gas. Possible navigation methods are also outlined shortly.
The viscoelastic behavior of polymethyl methacrylate

Abstract Complete stress relaxation data for polymethyl methacrylate are presented covering behavior of this linear amorphous polymer from the rubbery state to the glassy state. The effect of water on stress relaxation rates in the glassy state and in the transition region is shown. Fast cooling is shown to increase subsequent stress relaxation rates in the glassy state. The complete pattern of viscoelastic behavior may be represented by a master stress relaxation curve holding for all temperatures, but shifting along the logarithmic time scale with temperature change. The master stress relaxation curve can be represented by a distribution of relaxation times. This distribution has been derived from the master stress relaxation curve, and the master curve recalculated from the distribution has been shown to agree with the experimental master curve. The method used in calculating the distribution of relaxation times is described and can be applied generally.
SU-FF-I-124: Anthropomorphic Uterus Phantoms for Testing Elastography Systems

Purpose: To develop uterine phantoms for mimicking in vivo ultrasound strain imaging in saline infused sonohysterography (SIS) and employ them to compare strain imaging(elastography) systems. Method and Materials: Dimensions and shapes of the two phantoms simulate the uterus of a pre‐menopausal woman with no previous pregnancy. Phantoms were constructed using tissue‐mimicking (TM) materials consisting of dispersions of safflower oil in gelatin. 10%, 70% and 80%, oil dispersions represent fibroids, endometrial polyps, and fat, respectively. Myometrium and cervical tissues were represented by 40% in one phantom and 50% in the other. In the first uterine phantom, 3‐mm diameter TM fibroids were randomly distributed in TM myometrium. The second uterine phantom has a 10‐mm fibroid on the serosal surface and 5‐mm and 8‐mm spherical fibroids and 5‐mm spherical and 8‐mm × 5‐mm peg shaped endometrial polyps protruding into the endometrial cavity. Samples for determining physical properties were made at the time of phantom production. RF data was acquired during a volume expansion of the endometrial cavity using the Siemens Antares VFX 13‐5 and 9‐4 transducers at 11 and 9 MHz, respectively, on the Aloka SSD 2000 at 7.5 MHz, and on a third system at 4 MHz. Strain images were generated using a 2‐D block matching or a 2‐D multilevel strain estimation technique. Results: Strain images from the first phantom show stiffer 3‐mm inclusions in the myometrium. In the second phantom, strain images show the part of the endometrial polyps projecting into the endometrial cavity appeared stiffer and the part in the myometrium softer compared to the myometrium. Strain images from the Aloka and the third system were of lower quality than the Siemens Antares. Conclusion: Durable uterine SIS phantoms with well‐defined properties can be produced to allow realistic quantitative testing of SIS strain imaging using ultrasound.
Reactive Attachment Disorder

Child abuse and neglect affects the lives of many American children and can result in physical injury and disability as well as psychological trauma. Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is one possible psychological consequence of child abuse and neglect for very young children, younger than 5 years of age. RAD is described as markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness usually beginning before age 5 years. These behavioral manifestations are the direct result of and come after pathogenic care. To better understand RAD, it is first necessary to understand attachment; therefore, attachment theory is examined. Risk factors for the development of RAD are presented. Implications for pediatric nurse practitioner practice are explored. The pediatric nurse practitioner can play a vital role in recognizing RAD and ensuring that children with this disorder receive prompt mental health assessment and therapy.
Complications of cemented long-stem hip arthroplasty in metastatic bone disease revisited.

Background The literature suggests that a cemented long-stem femoral arthroplasty is associated with increased intraoperative and perioperative risks. Embolic events may precipitate cardiopulmonary complications and even death; by contrast, others have reported that the use of a cemented long-stem femoral arthroplasty in patients with metastatic bone disease is a safe procedure.
Lanthanide thermodynamic predictions—V. Stabilities of lanthanide anions in liquid ammonia

Abstract The stabilities (as ΔG0f) of monatomic lanthanide anions in liquid ammonia are estimated from a simple electrostatic model. It is shown that the existence of lanthanide anions in this solvent is highly improbable.
Freshwater or marine origin of the vertebrates

1. Paleontological data indicate that the earliest recognizable vertebrate remains, bone fragments of Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician heterostracan fishes, were deposited in a marine situation. 2. Since these earliest fossils are sporadic in occurrence, from atypical marine deposits and since they only represent the full grown adult stage, the possibility of a freshwater developmental stage or estuarine habitat cannot be excluded. 3. The hagfishes, supposedly the most primitive of living vertebrates, are exclusively marine and possess an osmoregulatory strategy (monovalent ion levels nearly identical with sea-water with little capability of regulation) that is consonant with a strictly marine evolutionary history. Possibly, but less parsimoniously, this strategy and habitat could be secondarily derived. 4. The hagfish has a glomerular kidney, renal sodium reabsorption and branchial pumps for the uptake of sodium and chloride which are indicative, but not unequivocally diagnostic, of a freshwater ancestry. 5. A scenario in which the earliest vertebrate was anadromous, breeding in fresh water and migrating to the sea, is consistent with the paleontological data and with the physiology and life history of living 'primitive' fishes. It also leads to more coherent explanations for the origin of bone and for the evolution of vertebrate special senses than do alternative marine scenarios.
Another useful application of the balloon-tipped Fogarty catheter.

Abstract This report describes a method of removing a foreign body from the esophagus employing two Fogarty catheters. A case of such removal is reported.
Activity of Desulfitobacterium sp. strain Viet1 demonstrates bioavailability of 2,4-dichlorophenol previously sequestered by the aquatic plant Lemna minor.

Aquatic plants take up and sequester organic contaminants such as chlorophenols through incorporation in cell wall materials and storage in vacuoles. The ultimate fate of plant-sequestered chlorophenols, however, remains unclear. This research investigated 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) sequestration by the aquatic plant Lemna minor and evaluated contaminant release and bioavailability after plant death and cellular disruption. 14C-labeled 2,4-DCP was used to establish that contaminant removed from the aqueous phase was retained internal to L. minor. An assay with Desulfitobacterium sp. strain Viet1 was used to assess the readily bioavailable fraction of plant-sequestered 2,4-DCP and plant metabolites of 2,4-DCP. In plant-free systems, strain Viet1 dechlorinated 2,4-DCP to stoichiometric amounts of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) as a stable and quantifiable end product. Anaerobic microcosms containing inactivated L. minor, which had accumulated 3.8 μmol of 2,4-DCP equivalents/g of plant material (fresh weight) durin...
Metabolic Syndrome and Stroke

To the Editor: In an interesting study of 991 members of a Finnish cohort,1 Wang et al found that 5 definitions of metabolic syndrome (MS) were associated with the risk of all types of stroke combined, and 3 components of MS—glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and central obesity—were independently associated with stroke. The sixth definition (American College of Endocrinology [ACE] definition) of MS did not include obesity as a component of MS but raised body mass index was regarded as a risk factor for MS.2 If Wang et al had restricted their study to ischemic stroke, they might have found MS by ACE definition also to be associated with stroke. Their findings are not surprising because the components of MS (obesity, hypertension, …
Resources relevant to the creation of a psychology department home page

Home page construction can give even the smallest academic department world access, in terms of both the sharing of information and the reception of data from Internet users as well as other academic departments. The World-Wide Web (WWW) allows for rapid dissemination of information and data pertinent to the science of psychology, as well as the exchange of information relevant to clinical and experimental psychology. This paper will explore and analyze resources relevant to the creation of a psychology department home page on the WWW.
Internet law and information policy

A survey is presented of areas of Internet law of most interest to information professionals. Two sets of issues are presented; general concerns of information law as applied to the Web, and particular problems of law found only on a distributed network. Because of the global reach of the network, existing legal frameworks are only partially effective. Scope is identified for both authors and users to specify for themselves what levels of organisation and protection they require and to engage directly with other members of the community requiring information and access. It is suggested that information specialists of all types are well placed to lead the development of Web resources in the context of an information society.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE APPROPRIATENESS OF THE TOEFL TEST AS A MATCHING VARIABLE TO EQUATE TWE TOPICS

The feasibility of using linear and equipercentile equating methods (Angoff, 1984) to equate forms of the Test of Written English (TWE) by using the TOEFL test as an anchor was explored. These two equating methods assume that either the TOEFL test and TWE test measure the same skills or that the examinee groups across TWE administrations are equivalent in skills. The differences between equated and observed scores (equating residuals) and differences among the mean equated scores for examinee groups were further examined in terms of characteristics of the TWE topics. An evaluation of the assumptions underlying the equating methods suggests that the TOEFL and TWE tests do not measure the same skills and that examinee groups are often dissimilar in skills. Therefore, use of the TOEFL test as an anchor to equate TWE tests does not appear appropriate. An alternative equating model based on expert judgment during pretest evaluation of potential essay prompts is recommended for future investigation.
Hepatitis B and pregnancy: an underestimated issue

Hepatitis B infection during pregnancy presents a unique set of management issues. Aspects of care that must be considered include maternal and fetal effects of hepatitis B, effects of pregnancy itself on the course of hepatitis B infection and its complications, treatment of hepatitis B during pregnancy and prevention of perinatal infection. There are insufficient studies to date regarding these concerns; most are from the Far East, and many have important limitations, but some have yielded valuable data. Pregnant women with acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection typically have a course not very different from that in the general adult population, but the risk of transmission of HBV to neonates increases the later in gestation the acute infection occurs. Chronic HBV infection is usually mild in pregnant women, but may flare shortly after delivery. The risk of perinatal transmission is highest in women with high levels of viraemia; this may be a factor in the small but reproducible failure rate of current immunoprophylaxis strategies. Obstetrical policies must be assessed with respect to detection of maternal infection and liver disease, as well as with respect to perinatal transmission risk. In addition to the usual issues of drug efficacy and safety in the affected individuals, effects on the developing fetus must be considered. This paper reviews the current experience in each of these areas, and highlights the need for further investigation into this critical but often underestimated topic.
Estradiol and the estradiol metabolite, 2-hydroxyestradiol, activate AMP-activated protein kinase in C2C12 myotubes.

Objective: Systemic loss of estradiol (E2) during menopause is associated with increased adiposity which can be prevented with E2 replacement. Rodent studies suggest that E2, or lack of, is a key mediator in menopause-related metabolic changes. We have previously demonstrated that E2 treatment produces a rapid, dose-dependent activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in murine skeletal muscle. Activation of AMPK is implicated in the therapeutic benefits of many insulin sensitizing agents including metformin and thiazolidinediones. Here, we expand our observations and provide novel data which demonstrate that in addition to E2, its metabolite 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-HE2), activate AMPK in C2C12 myotubes. Methods and Procedures: C2C12 myotubes were used to examine the effects on E2 and the by-products of its metabolism on AMPK activation. Results: Low concentrations of E2 (10 and 100 nmol/l) were found to increase AMPK phosphorylation by ∼1.6-fold, while a higher concentration (10 μmol/l) resulted in a ∼3.0-fold increase. In comparison to E2 treatment alone, incubation of myotubes with E2 and 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) (a CYP450 inhibitor that blocks metabolism of E2) caused AMPK activation to be enhanced at low E2 concentrations, but attenuated at higher concentrations. The effects of ABT suggested that one or more E2 metabolites contribute to the maximal activation of AMPK at high E2 concentrations. Indeed, the estrogen metabolite 2-HE2, but not 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME2), directly activated AMPK in C2C12 myotubes. Discussion: We propose a model where E2, acting through its metabolite 2-HE2 and the estrogen receptors (ERs), activates AMPK in myotubes. Finally, activation is abolished when all E2 is metabolized to 2-ME2.
Plio-Pleistocene microtephra in DSDP site 231, Gulf of Aden

We reconstruct a Plio-Pleistocene microscopic tephrostratigraphy for DSDP Site 231 in the Gulf of Aden. Systematic microtephrostratigraphy increases the potential for identifying tephra horizons for regional stratigraphic correlation and age control, as well as providing information about eruptive histories. Microtephra reveal three main pulses of volcanism c. 4.0–3.2 Ma, 2.4 Ma and 1.7–1.3 Ma, corresponding to peaks in volcanic activity recorded in the East African Rift System. Previous studies of DSDP Site 231 have reported six visible tephra horizons (up to 25 cm thick) with geochemical compositions matching East African tuffs. We find 68 additional microtephra horizons through microscopic examination of 1050 samples (each integrating c. 3 ka) in over 200 m of marine sediments. We report the major and minor element geochemical compositions of individual glass shards in six of these microtephra horizons and establish a robust correlation at 168.73 m to the Lokochot Tuff (3.58 Ma), which together with previously identified tephra, provides a tightly constrained chronostratigraphy for the mid Pliocene. � 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Exploring the potential of wireless technologies to accelerate universal Internet access in Ghana

Ghana was one of the first countries in sub-Saharan Africa to be connected to the Internet, yet has very low Internet usage (5.3 users per 100 inhabitants). A qualitative study including in-depth interviews with ISPs explored Internet diffusion in Ghana. Findings suggest that due to Ghana's inefficient and outdated fixed-line infrastructure, universal Internet access goals might not be achievable through fixed-line technologies. Rather, wireless technologies may be more efficient. However, high access costs continue to be a barrier. Policy options to encourage widespread deployment of wireless broadband and cost reduction are presented as suggestions for further research. These include using universal service funds to expand the national backbone with an open access high capacity wireless backbone to reach unserved and underserved areas, reducing license and regulatory fees for the wireless industry to encourage coverage and capacity expansion, and mandatory infrastructure sharing to reduce cost.
Surface porosity during vacuum bag-only prepreg processing: Causes and mitigation strategies

Abstract In this study, we employ a parametric approach coupled with surface analysis to identify the source(s) of surface porosity and to develop effective mitigation strategies. Results confirmed that surface porosity was primarily associated with air that was trapped at the tool–prepreg interface during layup. The magnitude and distribution of surface porosity was affected by multiple parameters, including vacuum hold time, freezer and out time, and material and process modifications that affect air evacuation. The results indicated that prepreg out time (and thus tack) and vacuum quality were the primary drivers of surface porosity; for example, surface porosity decreased by 83% after just four days of out time and by 99% after 14 days of out time. These factors were used to formulate guidelines to mitigate surface porosity by (a) increasing the driving force for air evacuation and/or (b) increasing the permeability of the tool–prepreg interface.
Electrokinetic Measurements Reveal Interfacial Charge at Polymer Films Caused by Simple Electrolyte Ions

The interfacial charge on spin-coated films of poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole) (Teflon AF) was studied by streaming potential and streaming current measurements in diluted aqueous solutions of potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid. ζ potential and surface conductivity were derived from electrokinetic data determined at varied concentrations of the electrolytes by means of the novel microslit electrokinetic setup (ref 1: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1998, 208, 329). The results obtained revealed the high relevance of unsymmetrical (preferential) adsorption of ions as the origin of charge formation at unpolar polymer materials in aqueous environments. The preferential adsorption of hydroxide ions (OH-) was found to predominate as compared to the adsorption of hydronium ions (H3O+) at similar concentrations, i.e., in solutions of neutral pH. No effect of preferential adsorption was induced by chloride (Cl-) and potassium (K+) ions. For the...
Reactions of influenza viruses with guinea pig polymorphonuclear leucocytes. I. Virus-cell interactions.

Abstract Influenza A and B viruses, PR8 and Lee strains respectively, adsorbed to guinea pig polymorphonuclear leucocytes (WBC) at the same rates, and at room temperature (22° to 23°) little or no virus eluted spontaneously even when incubated as long as 24 hours. At 37° less virus was adsorbed by WBC, but elution of approximately 20% of the adsorbed virus occurred. The rate of viral adsorption was directly related to the number of WBC and concentration of virus employed. Reduction of electrolyte concentration of the reaction mixture decreased the rate of viral adsorption but did not totally prevent virus-WBC combination. The same number of viral particles saturated a WBC whether the cells were exposed to a high concentration of virus in a single reaction or the same quantity of virus was employed in four adsorptive reactions. The receptor-destroying enzyme of Vibrio cholera (RDE) altered WBC so that combination with influenza viruses could not be accomplished. RDE, however, initiated elution of no more than 10% of virus al ready adsorbed to WBC. Less than 1% of virus which did not elute from WBC could be detected by infectivity or hemagglutination titrations when the cells were completely disrupted. The loss of virus on or in WBC could not be explained by a soluble inhibitor of infectivity in cell homogenates. The WBC homogenates, however, did contain a Francis-type inhibitor of hemagglutination.
Expression of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens extracellular ribonuclease (barnase) in Escherichia coli following an inactivating mutation

Abstract An inactivated gene for Bacillus amyloliquefaciens extracellular ribonuclease (bamase) has previously been cloned and sequenced following transposon mutagenesis. The intact gene could not be assembled in Escherichia coli and is presumed to be lethal. Therefore, we introduced specific mutations into the bamase gene to prevent its lethal effect. A Gln-73 mutant gene was stable in E. coli but only produced low amounts of bamase antigen. Mutants containing Asp, Gln or Arg, instead of His-102, at the active site were identified by immunological screening for bamase antigen. None of the mutant proteins with alterations at aa residue 102 possessed RNase activity. The level of bamase (Asp-102) was higher in E. coli than in B. subtilis but the protein was not processed to the correct size in E. coli . To obtain correct processing, the bamase (Asp-102) structural gene was fused to the E. coli alkaline phosphatase promoter and signal sequence ( phoA ). Cells containing this construct secreted correctly processed bamase (Asp-102) into the periplasmic space and culture supernatant at a level of 20 mg/1. Bamase (Asp-102) was purified and found to have an identical N-terminus and a thermal unfolding curve that was nearly identical to that of active bamase (His-102). The cloning and expression of bamase in E. coli will allow detailed analysis of bamase protein folding by molecular genetic approaches.
Detection by immunofluorescenge of antibodies specific for human malignant melanoma cells

Cells were separated from tissue specimens of human malignant melanoma and grown in tissue culture on coverslips. After 8 days of growth the explanted cells were fixed and stored until used. Sera from 15 patients with malignant melanoma were reacted with the fixed melanoma cells and a variety of other cells. The indirect immunofluorescence method was used to test for presence of antibodies. Sera from all 15 melanoma patients reacted with fixed melanoma cells giving intense fluorescence of intracytoplasmic granules. The fluorescent material appeared to be independent of melanin granules. Homogenate of fresh melanoma but not of other neoplastic or normal tissue absorbed out the anti-melanoma antibodies. The human antimalignant melanoma antibodies did not react with live malignant melanoma cells or with fixed or live cells from benign nevi or fixed guinea pig kidney, human kidney or HeLa cells. The evidence suggests that these antibodies are unable to penetrate living cell membranes.
Sensitive detection of specific repair endonucleases: radial diffusion assay utilizing differential alkaline denaturation of supercoiled and nicked PM2 DNA in agarose gels.

Abstract Radial diffusion assays in supercoiled PM2 DNA-containing agarose gels were utilized for the identification of damage-specific repair endonucleases from Micrococcus luteus . Gels were treated after enzymatic reaction with an ethidium bromide-containing alkaline buffer which selectively denatured the nicked DNA to reveal zones of endonucleolytic activity by the loss of ethidium fluorescence. The assay is sensitive enough to detect on the order of one enzymatic break per 10 PM2 DNA molecules, yet retains the simplicity of radial diffusion assays for the rapid processing and quantitation of large numbers of samples and conditions.
Direct control of paralysed muscles by cortical neurons

A potential treatment for paralysis resulting from spinal cord injury is to route control signals from the brain around the injury by artificial connections. Such signals could then control electrical stimulation of muscles, thereby restoring volitional movement to paralysed limbs. In previously separate experiments, activity of motor cortex neurons related to actual or imagined movements has been used to control computer cursors and robotic arms, and paralysed muscles have been activated by functional electrical stimulation. Here we show that Macaca nemestrina monkeys can directly control stimulation of muscles using the activity of neurons in the motor cortex, thereby restoring goal-directed movements to a transiently paralysed arm. Moreover, neurons could control functional stimulation equally well regardless of any previous association to movement, a finding that considerably expands the source of control signals for brain-machine interfaces. Monkeys learned to use these artificial connections from cortical cells to muscles to generate bidirectional wrist torques, and controlled multiple neuron-muscle pairs simultaneously. Such direct transforms from cortical activity to muscle stimulation could be implemented by autonomous electronic circuitry, creating a relatively natural neuroprosthesis. These results are the first demonstration that direct artificial connections between cortical cells and muscles can compensate for interrupted physiological pathways and restore volitional control of movement to paralysed limbs.
Adjustment of caregivers of pediatric patients with brain tumors: a cross-sectional analysis.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to compare the psychological adjustment of caregivers of children with brain tumors who are on-treatment with caregivers of children who are off-treatment. Methods: Data were collected from 90 participants: 47 (52.2%) caregivers of children undergoing active treatment (on-treatment) and 43 (47.8%) caregivers of children off-treatment on measures of global psychological distress and illness and caregiving related distress. Results: Results revealed that the two groups differed significantly in their reported symptoms of general psychological distress, with the off-treatment caregivers reporting significantly lower levels of general distress. However, off-treatment caregivers continued to experience elevated levels of uncertainty and caregiving burden related to their child's illness. Conclusions: There is significant evidence suggesting that the burden of caring for a child with a brain tumor is ongoing, continuing well into the off-treatment period. These results also suggest that the psychosocial functioning of these caregivers is best assessed using measures designed specifically to evaluate illness-related psychosocial functioning (e.g. the Parent Experience of Child Illness, Impact on Family Scale). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eye-blink elicitation and measurement in the human infant: A circuit modification

Marsh, Hoffman, and Stitt (1979) described an electromechanical device that elicits a reflexive eye blink in human infants by employing a miniature solenoid to deliver a controlled tap to the glabella (the patch of flattened skin between the eyebrows). An optical device for measurement of the eye blink was described also. This unit illuminates the eye with infrared light that is modulated at 5 kHz. The detector circuit reads the light reflected from the eye (or eyelid) and filters out signals below 5 kHz so as to reject spurious signals resulting from fluctuating ambient light levels. As Marsh et al. noted, this circuit is somewhat susceptible to voltage transients, and hence one must use appropriate shielding if recording artifacts are to be avoided. In practice, this problem can sometimes be troublesome because of the many potential sources of electrical transients in most laboratory settings. This report describes a single circuit modification that completely and permanently corrects the problem. The detector's response to voltage transients is due to the rectifier stage described in Figure 5 of the paper by Marsh et al. (1979). In that figure, the 741 op-amp charges a .68-microF capacitor via a IN4148 diode. The op-amp is exquisitely sensitive to radio-frequency power-line transients, and because of its low output impedance, it quickly charges the capacitor as it propagates these transients. The correction is to cut the connection between the diode and capacitor and insert a 2.2-kohm resistor. With this change, the capacitor charging-time constant is still short enough that the detector faithfully follows variations in the 5-kHz carrier; but it is now long enough to make the circuit insensitive to brief transients.
Fundamental architectural considerations for network processors

Network processors (NPs) are programmable devices with special architectural features that are optimized to perform packet-processing functions. They have emerged to cope with the ever-changing networking applications that are becoming increasingly complex. NPs are expected to become the silicon core of network equipments that require a high degree of flexibility to support evolving network services at extraordinary performance with high packet rates. In this paper, we present and examine various NP architectural aspects. We describe and compare NP design characteristics and analyze their implications on the ease of programming.
Spirochaetales, A Review

(1973). Spirochaetales, A Review. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 491-552.
cAMP and Protein Kinase A Stimulate Acidification of Rat Liver Endosomes in the Absence of Chloride

Abstract Endosomes and lysosomes are acidified by an electrogenic proton pump in parallel with a chloride conductance and in kidney both of these may be regulated by cAMP. In vitro exposure of isolated rat liver endosomes to cAMP, PKA and GTP-γS stimulated acidification of “early” endosomes with or without Cl−, but not in the absence of K+. cAMP and PKA also increased acidification rates of purified “late” endosomes, multivesicular bodies, CURL vesicles and lysosomes. “Early” endosomes prepared from livers perfused with cAMP also exhibited increased rates of acidification. cAMP and PKA had no consistent effects on steady-state intravesicular pH or on proton efflux rates. Thus, acidification of several types of liver endocytic vesicles was stimulated by cAMP and PKA in the presence and absence of chloride, possibly due to changes in the proton pump itself and/or a cation conductance.
Obtaining Adequate Light for Planted Bottomland Oak (Quercus spp.) Seedlings: A Case Study Utilizing Midstory Control

Bottomland hardwood forests of the United States have drastically declined since European settlement. Although much of the reported loss has resulted from conversion to agriculture and urban development, thousands of additional hectares have been degraded due to selective harvesting and a lack of effort to establish desirable regeneration prior to harvesting. Research has indicated that seedlings of some oak species perform best with intermediate levels of light, while performing less desirably at both high and low levels. This study demonstrates that controlling undesirable midstory trees through herbicide injection alone can be sufficient to create suitable light conditions for oak regeneration in some circumstances. We were able to increase the average percentage of total available light to 31.5% (SE = 0.029) as compared to only 14.2% (SE = 0.011) in untreated areas (F1,33 = 46.57, p < .0001). Additionally, oak seedlings planted in areas receiving midstory control exhibited good to excellent survival c...
The pineal gland in human beings: Relevance to pediatrics†

Several facts suggest that the pineal gland must have a significant role in human beings: the presence of melatonin secretion from infancy to old age; a circadian secretory pattern similar to that found in animal species in which this gland has well-defined functions; its responsiveness to light; and the presence of melatonin receptors in the hypothalamus. Despite the importance of the pineal gland and melatonin in the reproductive activity of all nonprimate vertebrate species studied, the relationship of melatonin secretion to the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in human beings remains presumptive. Some data suggest a possible pineal-reproductive connection throughout the human lifespan, but new research approaches are needed for a better definition of this connection during normal development and in disorders of the reproductive axis. In addition, recent studies that have applied strictly defined techniques to unravel the masking effects of various behavioral and environmental factors suggest that the pineal gland and melatonin have a fundamental role in the regulation of the human biologic clock. Melatonin concentrations in blood or urine may become a useful marker of the circadian rhythm in disorders of rhythms. Moreover, administration of melatonin in physiologic or pharmacologic doses may have an important application in suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis as a contraceptive, and in therapy for disorders of biologic rhythms. Among the latter, of particular interest to the pediatric population will be the potential application of melatonin treatment in establishing or reestablishing circadian rhythms in infants and children maintained for long periods under artificial light conditions, as encountered in intensive care units, and in the treatment of sleep and other rhythm disorders associated with developmental delay or blindness. Further research and approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration will be required before these applications will be available to the practicing pediatrician. The identification of melatonin receptors in the human hypothalamic fetal and adult tissues and the development of potent melatonin agonists and antagonists have paved the way for new research approaches that are needed to further investigate this intriguing, long-forgotten gland in human beings.
The Distorted Nature of Hindsight

Summary Research has shown that individuals tend retrospectively to overestimate the degree to which they expected certain events to occur. Previous explanations of this phenomenon have focused on their inability to reconstruct prior probabilities once the outcome of an event is known. The present study examined the possible roles of the motives to maintain one's self-esteem or appear well to others in producing the effect. Ss (51 males, 42 females) classified as either high or low in ego-involvement regarding knowledge of football were asked pregame, under either public or anonymous conditions, to predict the score of a football game, or were asked postgame, under the same conditions, to indicate what they would have predicted the score to be. Results showed that Ss' hindsight predictions were closer to the actual score of the game than predictions made before the game, but there were no effects of either mode of prediction (public or anonymous) or ego-involvement. Hindsight distortion appeared to reflec...
The exchange of organic carbon in basin mangrove forests in a southwest Florida estuary

Abstract The magnitude and seasonality of organic carbon exchange was estimated for two basin mangrove forests in Rookery Bay, Florida. Runoff and tidal inundation in the forests were seasonal with half the annual total of each occurring from August to October. In each forest there were 152 tides yr−1 with a cumulative depth of about 12 m. Total organic carbon increased in bay waters exporting from the mangroves following a flood tide and peak concentrations were associated with export due to rainfall. The amount of net export from each basin forest was similar, although the concentration of organic carbon in each were different. Monthly net organic carbon export was proportional to the cumulative tidal amplitude within the forest. Total organic carbon export was 64 gC m−2 yr−1 and DOC was 75% of the total. A comparison of organic carbon export among riverine, fringe and basin mangroves suggests that tidal hydrology influences the proportion of litter fall that is exported from mangroves; and the magnitude of this organic carbon export from mangroves is related to the cumulative tidal amplitude within the forests.
Reformist Consent and Political Obligation

It is commonly held that theories of political obligation based on consent, whether express or tacit, cannot account for most people's obligations; that political obligations generally stem from be...
Effect of fertilizer on the chipping quality of freshly harvested and stored Red River Valley potatoes

Potato chips were prepared at harvest and after a period of storage and reconditioning from Irish Cobbler and Kennebec potatoes grown with several different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash fertilizers applied at planting time.
Effect of Barrett's esophagus surveillance on esophageal preservation, tumor stage, and survival with esophageal adenocarcinoma

Objectives Surveillance endoscopy has been recommended for patients with Barrett's esophagus; however, recent studies have questioned the importance owing to the new, lower, estimates of the rate of progression of Barrett's esophagus to cancer. The aim of the present study was to compare the tumor stage, survival, and frequency of esophageal preservation in patients who presented with progression of Barrett's esophagus within a surveillance program versus those who presented with prevalent disease. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients treated for high-grade dysplasia or esophageal adenocarcinoma from 2005 to 2010. The surveillance group included patients who had had at least 1 endoscopy and biopsy confirming intestinal metaplasia (with or without low-grade dysplasia) 6 months or more before the endoscopy showing progression. Results A total of 224 patients were included in the present study, 36 in the surveillance group and 188 in the prevalence group. The surveillance patients had significantly earlier stage tumors ( P P Conclusions Patients within a surveillance program for Barrett's esophagus had better survival and were less likely to have an esophagectomy than those who presented with prevalent disease. Treatment of intramucosal cancer was curative, and improved survival with surveillance was not secondary to lead time bias. Surveillance endoscopy remains important in patients with Barrett's esophagus.
Juvenile Justice System In Southern Nigeria

This paper presents a descriptive analysis of southern Nigeria's juvenile justice system in order to show, through comparisons, what people of southern Nigeria consider to be juvenile delinquency and how they treat juvenile offenders. The method that more traditional societies such as those in Nigeria use in handling juvenile offenders may help in dealing with similar offenders in more advanced countries. Based on ethnographic observations in Nigeria and predicated on a review of ethnographic literature on Nigeria as well as a study of the Nigerian Criminal Code and Procedure, the paper suggests that the informal control of juvenile delinquency may be a panacea for recidivism and a consequent criminal career. It further asserts that governments should attempt to make the procedures and structure of the juvenile court, as well as the disposition of the juvenile, more informal than they are in most countries today by establishing neighborhood courts of lay judges.
The question of certification: Do technical communicators need it?

The issue of certification has remained a volatile one among technical communicators for several years, and has been the topic of much discussion on the Internet's TECHWR-L list server. The question of certification is a complex one, with perhaps more than one right answer-and more than one all-encompassing designation. Certification in subject areas, technologies and products peripheral to technical communications (i.e., multimedia development, hazardous waste management, ISO 9000) has benefited many technical communications professionals (including this author) and may represent one answer to the question. Because of the various experience levels, education backgrounds, and technical skills among technical communicators, perhaps the issue of certification is a moot one unless it allows for such technical diversity. Would an independent technical communications contractor specializing in the environmental sciences enhance his or her marketability/credibility more with a certificate in hazardous waste management than with a certificate in technical communications? Such questions will be raised by technical communicators in similar situations but working in different industries and fields.
Hermann Broch and Modern Physics

(1978). Hermann Broch and Modern Physics. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 69-75.
Interactions of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crops with spiders (Araneae)

Abstract Genetically modified crops expressing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have dramatically increased in acreage since their introduction in the mid-1990's. Although the insecticidal mechanisms of Bt target specific pests, concerns persist regarding direct and indirect effects on non-target organisms. In the field, spiders may be exposed to Bt toxins via multiple routes, including phytophagy and pollenivory, consumption of Bt-containing prey, and soil exudates in the detrital food web. Beyond direct toxicity, Bt crops may also have indirect impacts, including pleiotropic and prey-mediated effects. Here, we comprehensively review the literature and use meta-analyses to reveal that foliar spider abundance is unaffected by Bt corn and eggplant, while cotton and rice revealed minor negative effects and there were positive effects from potato. Moreover, the soil-dwelling community of spiders was unaffected by Bt corn and cotton, while positively impacted in potato. However, Bt crops...
Treating HIV-1 infection: what might the future hold?

Advances in antiretroviral combination therapy lasting the past two decades have transformed HIV-1 infection from a fatal disease into a chronic medical condition that in many cases does not compromise life quality. There are 25 different antiretroviral agents available currently, allowing for patient-centered, individualized management of HIV-1 infection, and ongoing progress in HIV-1 virology and antiretroviral pharmacology is likely to expand treatment options further in the future. Nevertheless, antiretroviral therapy continues to have limitations, including insufficient immunological reconstitution, selection of drug resistance, ongoing abnormal immune activation despite effective suppression of HIV-1 viremia, and the inability to target latently infected cells that are responsible for long-term viral persistence. Owing to these shortcomings, the theoretical ability of antiretroviral therapy to extend life expectancy to normal levels is not realized in many cases. Strategies to address these limitations are a matter of active ongoing research and will be summarized in this article.
An Improved Algorithm for Analytical Gradient Evaluation in Resolution-of-the-Identity Second-Order Møller-Plesset Perturbation Theory: Application to Alanine Tetrapeptide Conformational Analysis

We present a new algorithm for analytical gradient evaluation in resolution-of-the-identity second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (RI-MP2) and thoroughly assess its computational performance and chemical accuracy. This algorithm addresses the potential I/O bottlenecks associated with disk-based storage and access of the RI-MP2 t-amplitudes by utilizing a semi-direct batching approach and yields computational speed-ups of approximately 2-3 over the best conventional MP2 analytical gradient algorithms. In addition, we attempt to provide a straightforward guide to performing reliable and cost-efficient geometry optimizations at the RI-MP2 level of theory. By computing relative atomization energies for the G3/99 set and optimizing a test set of 136 equilibrium molecular structures, we demonstrate that satisfactory relative accuracy and significant computational savings can be obtained using Pople-style atomic orbital basis sets with the existing auxiliary basis expansions for RI-MP2 computations. We also show that RI-MP2 geometry optimizations reproduce molecular equilibrium structures with no significant deviations (>0.1 pm) from the predictions of conventional MP2 theory. As a chemical application, we computed the extended-globular conformational energy gap in alanine tetrapeptide at the extrapolated RI-MP2/cc-pV(TQ)Z level as 2.884, 4.414, and 4.994 kcal/mol for structures optimized using the HF, DFT (B3LYP), and RI-MP2 methodologies and the cc-pVTZ basis set, respectively. These marked energetic discrepancies originate from differential intramolecular hydrogen bonding present in the globular conformation optimized at these levels of theory and clearly demonstrate the importance of long-range correlation effects in polypeptide conformational analysis.
Effects of load type (pollen or nectar) and load mass on hovering metabolic rate and mechanical power output in the honey bee Apis mellifera

In this study we tested the effect of pollen and nectar loading on metabolic rate (in mW) and wingbeat frequency during hovering, and also examined the effect of pollen loading on wing kinematics and mechanical power output. Pollen foragers had hovering metabolic rates approximately 10% higher than nectar foragers, regardless of the amount of load carried. Pollen foragers also had a more horizontal body position and higher inclination of stroke plane than measured previously for honey bees (probably nectar foragers). Thorax temperatures ranked pollen > nectar > water foragers, and higher flight metabolic rate could explain the higher thorax temperature of pollen foragers. Load mass did not affect hovering metabolic rate or wingbeat frequency in a regression-model experiment. However, using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) design, loaded pollen and nectar foragers (mean loads 27% and 40% of body mass, respectively) significantly increased metabolic rate by 6%. Mean pollen loads of 18% of body mass had no effect on wingbeat frequency, stroke amplitude, body angle or inclination of stroke plane, but increased the calculated mechanical power output by 16-18% (depending on the method of estimating drag). A rise in lift coefficient as bees carry loads without increasing wingbeat frequency or stroke amplitude (and only minimal increases in metabolic rate) suggests an increased use of unsteady power-generating mechanisms.