cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental patterns of glycolytic enzymes in regenerating skeletal muscle after autogenous free grafting

Abstract Extensor digitorum longus muscles of rats were removed and injected with a solution of Marcaine plus hyaluronidase. After incubation in Marcaine solution for 10 min, the muscles were grafted into their original beds. The grafts and the contralateral control muscles were removed from the rats at 0, 1–5, 7, 11, 36, and 69 days postoperatively. The muscles were then frozen in dry ice and isopentane and subsequently homogenized and centrifuged. The supernatant was analyzed for a number of enzymes, the regenerative patterns of which can be classified into 3 groups: (1) early increase in activity: hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; (2) early decrease in activity with failure to recover to control levels: phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase; and (3) early decrease followed by return to control levels: lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, creatine phosphokinase, adenylate kinase. These patterns are not identical to those reported for embryogenesis of muscle. The data are discussed with regard to correlative histological studies of muscle regeneration.
Lifetimes and other properties of some levels in 23Na

Abstract Resonant elastic and inelastic scattering of 2–4 MeV bremsstrahlung by 23 Na has been studied. Level widths are determined by a self-absorption measurement or by comparing the scattered intensity with that observed for levels of known width in 27 Al or 55 Mn. For the 2.08 MeV, 7 2 + level we find Γ 0 = 1.11 ± 0.10 meV and Γ = 15±3 meV. For the 2.64 MeV, 1 2 − level, Γ = 4.8 ± 0.7 meV and for the 2.98 MeV, 3 2 + level, Γ 0 = 74±6 meV, Γ = 123±12 meV. Scattering and self-absorption measurements for the 3.92 MeV level are inconsistent, suggesting strongly that the level is a doublet. Observation of the scattered spectrum from a composite Na-Al scatterer with a Ge(Li) detector indicates a doublet separation g Γ 0 = 112±9 meV for the 3.96 MeV level of 27 Al.
Numerical modeling of the Snowmass Creek paleoglacier, Colorado, and climate in the Rocky Mountains during the Bull Lake glaciation (MIS 6)

Well-preserved moraines from the penultimate, or Bull Lake, glaciation of Snowmass Creek Valley in the Elk Range of Colorado (USA) present an opportunity to examine the character of the high-altitude climate in the Rocky Mountains during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 6. This study employs a 2-D coupled mass/energy balance and flow model to assess the magnitudes of temperature and precipitation change that could have sustained the glacier in mass-balance equilibrium at its maximum extent during the Bull Lake glaciation. Variable substrate effects on glacier flow and ice thickness make the modeling somewhat more complex than in geologically simpler settings. Model results indicate that a temperature depression of about 6.7°C compared with the present (1971–2000 AD) would have been necessary to sustain the Snowmass Creek glacier in mass-balance equilibrium during the Bull Lake glaciation, assuming no change in precipitation amount or seasonality. A 50% increase or decrease from modern precipitation would have been coupled with 5.2°C and 9.1°C Bull Lake temperature depressions respectively. Uncertainty in these modeled temperature depressions is about 1°C.
Forest management and wildlife in forested wetlands of the southern Appalachians

The southern Appalachian region contains a variety of forested wetland types. Among the more prevalent types are riparian and bottomland hardwood forests. In this paper we discuss the temporal and spatial changes in wildlife diversity and abundance often associated with forest management practices within bottomland and riparian forests. Common silvicultural practices within the southern Appalachians are diameter-limit cutting, clearcutting, single-tree selection, and group selection. These practices alter forest composition, structure, and spatial hetereogeneity, thereby changing the composition, abundance, and diversity of wildlife communities. They also can impact special habitat features such as snags, den trees, and dead and down woody material. The value of wetland forests as habitat also is affected by characteristics of adjacent habitats. More research is needed to fully understand the impacts of forest management in wetlands of the southern Appalachians.
The Accumulation of Nonprofit Profits A Dynamic Analysis

Notwithstanding its importance as an internal source of financing, no analysis has examined why nonprofits choose to retain unrestricted net assets. As restricted net assets might not be used as desired by the nonprofit manager, unrestricted net assets are a more accurate definition of available internal resources than total net assets. This article tests several theories that might motivate nonprofit accumulation of unrestricted net assets. Furthermore, the empirical strategy employed allows an analysis of unrestricted net asset accumulation over time and overcomes several significant statistical estimation issues. The results suggest that nonprofits target profits and seek their accumulation over time, although targets may be set at very low levels. Furthermore, the results suggest that the low levels of profits accumulated annually are for the purpose of reducing organizational financial vulnerability. The results also suggest that many nonprofits behave as if leverage and unrestricted net assets are s...
Work in progress-remote lecture demonstrations and experiments for communication engineering

This work in progress describes the development of remote lecture demonstrations and experiments for communication engineering. The remote panel feature of LabVIEW is used to allow access to virtual instruments (VI's) through a web browser. The experiments, themselves are located in the laboratory, saving the time and effort off moving all the equipment to the classroom. Full experiments, rather than simulations of the phenomena are used. In the classroom the remote panels are accessed through a wireless Internet link. This work-in-progress will conclude with a discussion of several extensions of these ideas.
Prevalence of a calcium-based alkaline phosphatase associated with the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus and other ocean bacteria

Phosphate plays a key role in regulating primary productivity in several regions of the world's oceans and here dissolved organic phosphate can be an important phosphate source. A key enzyme for utilizing dissolved organic phosphate is alkaline phosphatase and the phoA-type of this enzyme has a zinc cofactor. As the dissolved zinc concentration is low in phosphate depleted environments, this has led to the hypothesis that some phytoplankton may be zinc-P co-limited. Recently, it was shown that many marine bacteria contain an alternative form of alkaline phosphatase called phoX, but it is unclear which marine lineages carry this enzyme. Here, we describe the occurrence in low phosphate environments of phoX that is associated with uncultured Prochlorococcus and SAR11 cells. Through heterologous expression, we demonstrate that phoX encodes an active phosphatase with a calcium cofactor. The enzyme also functions with magnesium and copper, whereas cobalt, manganese, nickel and zinc inhibit enzyme activity to various degrees. We also find that uncultured SAR11 cells and cyanophages contain a different alkaline phosphatase related to a variant present in several Prochlorococcus isolates. Overall, the results suggest that many bacterial lineages including Prochlorococcus and SAR11 may not be subject to zinc-P co-limitation.
Calcium as a limiting resource to insectivorous bats: can water holes provide a supplemental mineral source?

Data are presented on a bat assemblage captured among 10 water holes in Colorado over 5 years. The assemblage consists of Myotis ciliolabrum, M. evotis, M. lucifugus, M. thysanodes, M. volans, Eptesicus fuscus, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasionycteris noctivagans and Corynorhinus townsendii .R esults show that reproductive females and juveniles are captured in higher frequencies at water holes containing higher water hardness and that water hardness correlates highly significantly with dissolved calcium content. Also presented are laboratory test data on the stomach volume of Eptesicus fuscus that provide a model for understanding the effect of dissolved calcium content in water as a significant resource. These data indicate that water holes provide supplemental sources of calcium for bats not provided by diet.
The Codependence Concept and the Status Quo

Literature expressing reservations about the theoretical construct of "codependence" is reviewed. Criticisms of the concept focus on the cultural context within which "codependent" behavuirs arise.
Image-Based Lagrangian Analysis of Granular Kinematics

AbstractIn this paper, algorithms to describe mesoscale and microscale kinematics of granular flow using image analysis are described. At the mesoscale, digital image correlation (DIC) is employed to derive displacement fields, from which rigid body rotation and strains are calculated using continuum mechanics descriptions of kinematics. Moreover, Lagrangian and Eulerian trajectories are obtained from DIC analysis. At the microscale, individual particle kinematics is resolved using particle identification and tracking algorithms. Microscale analysis of kinematics is then performed using definitions of affine and nonaffine local motion. In order to demonstrate the application of the algorithms an experimental setup of pile penetration in a plane strain calibration chamber is presented. Mesoscale and microscale analysis is performed on high-resolution images acquired from incremental jacking of the pile. It is shown through analysis of captured images that the developed tools can be effectively employed in ...
Psychosis and Violence: The Case for a Content Analysis of Psychotic Experience

There has been a great deal of debate about the dangers psychiatric patients pose to the general population. Recent studies appear to confirm a moderate but reliable association between mental illness and violence. The nature of this association, however, is unresolved. Considerable evidence suggests that much of the violent behavior observed in the mentally ill is not random but is motivated and directed by psychotic symptoms. In many cases, the behavior appears to be a predictable and in some ways rational response to irrational beliefs (delusions) and perceptions (hallucinations). The content and themes of a psychotic patient's delusion or hallucination often imply a specific course of violent action. Unlike studies of associations between violence and broad categories of subject characteristics (e.g., mental illness), an analysis of the association between violence and the content and themes of psychotic symptoms could be much more informative. Conceivably, such an analysis could identify not only psychiatric patients at risk for committing violence but also those individuals who are at risk for becoming targets of their violence.
3-D centric technology and realization with TSV

Modern mobile device possesses function-rich, small, thin, low-power features. The electronics industry aggressively seeks possible solutions to achieve these demands. Among different techniques, 3-D integration can effectively provide such kind of advantages. However, to successfully accomplish vertical stacking, readiness of design toolset is one of the most important keys. In this paper, we present the challenges and state-of-the-art features of 3-D EDA tool chain. We introduce the complete realization technologies of system integration with through-silicon via (TSV) using TSMC 90nm process. For optimization of system performance, we summarize the stacking concerns for timing constraints due to various stacking applications. With the configurations, an approach is proposed to overcome 3-D timing optimization problem because commercial tool tackles only one die at one time. Empirical results show the approach is promising for present 3-D centric design methodologies.
Reaction of hexamethylphosphorous triamide with cotton cellulose

The reactivity of hexamethylphosphorus triamide, (P[N(CH3)2]3) (HPT), with cotton cellulose was examined under various conditions. HPT was found to react readily with the cellulose to produce a cellulose phosphite and/or phosphate ester having approximately one acidic hydrogen atom per phosphorus atom. The reaction of HPT with cotton cellulose was efficiently catalyzed by dimethylamine hydrochloride (1%). The phosphorus content imparted by the catalyzed reaction on cotton fabrics was approximately twice that imparted by the uncatalyzed reaction. Flame resistance of the treated fabrics ranged from fair to excellent. The treated fabrics also exhibited ion exchange properties and some crosslinking.
The Geist of Modern Anthropology

Book reviewed in this article: John H. Zammito.Kant, Herder and the Birth of Anthropology. Andrew Zimmerman.Anthropology and Antihumanism in Imperial Germany.
Sputnik 50 years later: New evidence on its origins

Despite many revelations on the origins of Sputnik in the 1990s, there still remained some important unanswered questions. For example, we know that chief designer Sergey Korolev first wrote to the Soviet government in May 1954 asking for approval to develop a satellite. Yet, Soviet leaders responded with a decree nearly 2 years later in January 1956. What happened during this period? And why did the Soviet government finally approve Korolev’s plane when it did? New evidence now answers some key questions on the decision-making behind Sputnik. Documents declassified at two Russian state archives now show that two previously unknown dates almost exactly a year apart were critical to the approval of Sputnik: August 10, 1954, and August 8, 1955. On the former date, for the very first time, the Soviet government approved limited work on space exploration. On the second date, the government approved a dedicated satellite project. In this paper, I show that even in the pre-Sputnik years, the space plans of the Soviet Union were fundamentally tied to those of the United States, and vice versa. In essence, the new evidence shows that the “Space Race” between the two superpowers began long before the launch of Sputnik, and that a crucial player in the beginning of this race was a most unlikely player, the print media in both nations. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Response of Nebraska Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Populations to Dicamba

Dicamba-resistant soybeans are being developed to provide an additional herbicide mechanism-of-action for postemergence weed control in soybean. Numerous broadleaf species, including horseweed, have evolved resistance to glyphosate. It is anticipated that dicamba will be used by farmers as a primary tool to manage these weeds. Studying and understanding variability in horseweed response to dicamba will aid in developing appropriate risk management strategies to extend the utility of the dicamba-resistance technology. Horseweed plants from ten Nebraska populations were treated with one of nine doses of dicamba in greenhouse experiments. At 28 days after treatment (DAT) visual injury estimations were made and plants were harvested to determine dry weight. There was a three-fold difference in the I90 (90% visual injury estimate) between the least (638 g ha -1 ) and most (205 g ha -1 ) susceptible populations. Two plants from five populations were observed for an additional three months. No plants treated at doses above 280 g ha -1 survived to set seeds. These results suggest that maintaining use doses of 560 g ha -1 or greater may fully control horseweed populations from Nebraska and minimize the risk of
Nonsense strings, words, and sentences: Some cross-linguistic comparisons

Three experiments were carried out in which strings of 15 syllables were presented to native German speakers. Each S heard the same string 25 times. In Exp. I, the strings were nonsense stems with no structure, morphological structure, or morphological and syntactic structure characteristic of the English language. In Exp. II, the strings were either a random list of English words or a meaningful sentence. In Exp. III, the strings were either a random list of German words or a meaningful sentence. In all the experiments, the strings were either monotone or intonated. The results of Exp. I confirmed the finding of O'Connell, Turner, and Onuska (1968) that linguistic structure facilitates recall. Facilitation was limited to intonated versions and localized at the high structure level (morphology and syntax). The remaining experiments indicated that, in strings of actual lexical items, the relative facilitative influence of intonation and structure depends on the redundance of the linguistic cues. In all experiments, the rate of speech production by Ss approached that of spontaneous speech as a function of both structure and intonation in the stimulus string.
A 64 kbps digital land mobile radio system employing M-16QAM

The authors describe a 64 kbps digital mobile radio system which has been tailored for trunked radio system applications. Using a combination of digital speech coding, time division multiple access (TDMA), and spectrally efficient linear modulation technologies, up to 6 voice links are supported per 25 kHz RF channel. A key feature of the system is a new modulation method, M-16QAM, which makes possible high speed signaling in land mobile radio channels without the use of an equalizer. After a brief description of the overall system, including the TDMA frame/slot structure and speech coder, focus is shifted to the modulation technique. The motivation behind M-16QAM, as well as its design and simulated performance, are discussed in more detail. Results of field trials of an experimental modem are also discussed. >
Design of quasi-kinematic couplings

Abstract A quasi-kinematic coupling (QKC) is a fixturing device that can be used to make low-cost assemblies with sub-micron precision and/or sealing contact. Unlike kinematic couplings that form small-area contacts between mating balls in v-grooves, QKCs are based on arc contacts formed by mating three balls with three axisymmetric grooves. Though a QKC is technically not an exact constraint coupling, proper design of the contacts can produce a weakly over constrained coupling that emulates an exact constraint coupling. This paper covers the practical design of QKCs and derives the theory that predicts QKC stiffness. A metric used to minimize over constraint in QKCs is presented. Experimental results are provided to show that QKCs can provide repeatability (1/4 μm) that is comparable to that of kinematic couplings.
Too much of a good thing: Evolutionary perspectives on infant formula fortification in the United States and its effects on infant health

Recently, there has been considerable debate regarding the appropriate amount of iron fortification for commercial infant formula. Globally, there is considerable variation in formula iron content, from 4 to 12 mg iron/L. However, how much fortification is necessary is unclear. Human milk is low in iron (0.2-0.5 mg/L), with the majority of infant iron stores accumulated during gestation. Over the first few months of life, these stores are depleted in breastfeeding infants. This decline has been previously largely perceived as pathological; it may be instead an adaptive mechanism to minimize iron availability to pathogens coinciding with complementary feeding. Many of the pathogens involved in infantile illnesses require iron for growth and replication. By reducing infant iron stores at the onset of complementary feeding, infant physiology may limit its availability to these pathogens, decreasing frequency and severity of infection. This adaptive strategy for iron regulation during development is undermined by the excess dietary iron commonly found in infant formula, both the iron that can be incorporated into the body and the excess iron that will be excreted in feces. Some of this excess iron may promote the growth of pathogenic, iron requiring bacteria disrupting synergistic microflora commonly found in breastfed infants. Evolutionarily, mothers who produced milk with less iron and infants who had decreased iron stores at the time of weaning may have been more likely to survive the transition to solid foods by having limited iron available for pathogens. Contemporary fortification practices may undermine these adaptive mechanisms and increase infant illness risk.
Governance, Accountability, and the New Poverty Agenda

Across the country a new poverty agenda is emerging. These efforts are limited by the political consensus that has emerged since welfare reform and focus, as has always been the case, on the “deserving” - in today’s iteration, primarily the working poor. Mirroring national and international trends, the means of governance of these new social welfare programs has also begun to change. Where once there was a set of programs ostensibly controlled through law and regulations, in growing pockets there is now radical devolution and abandonment of traditional legal and rule making structures. Experiments in policy, program structure, and governance frameworks proliferate. These new governing structures are closely aligned with new-governance theory, which in turn holds out the promise that, through a process of deep democratic participation and continual experimentation and redesign, the governing enterprise will produce a set of policies that are more responsive to the real needs of those in poverty. This Article argues, however, that prevalent governing mechanisms of the new poverty agenda diminish rather than enhance accountability and responsiveness. Programs structures undermine the ability of recipients to ensure that these benefits are being fairly administered. Moreover, contrary to the best of new-governance theory, the absence of substantive participation by poor communities in goal-setting and program design fundamentally undermines the experimentalist enterprise. The new poverty policy “experiments” reveal an unwillingness to test the subordination-tinged political assumptions of “deservingness” and “undeservingness” that lie at the heart of the new poverty policy, thereby limiting the ability of the experimentalist enterprise to create more responsive poverty policy. Despite these striking failures, however, new poverty programs could realize the deep democracy promise of new governance. If governing systems include effective structures to ensure accountability both to those who seek to benefit and to the communities that seek to participate in designing and evaluating programs, new-governance frameworks can be strategically deployed to facilitate the creation of a more responsive new poverty agenda.
Regular Array of Magnetic Nano-Dots Prepared by Nanochannel Glass Replica Masks

In magnetic recording technology, barriers based on fundamental physical limits on the data density are being approached for the current longitudinal recording modes. However, demands for higher data storage density have escalated in recent years. Discrete perpendicular recording is a viable method to achieve 100 Gb per square inch and beyond. We report on the development of a novel technique to fabricate uniform arrays of nano-sized magnetic dots. Uniform arrays of nanometer-sized magnetic dots are obtained by magnetron sputtering deposition through a nanochannel glass replica mask. The platinum replica masks are fabricated using thin film deposition on etched nanochannel glass and contain uniform hexagonally patterned voids with diameters as small as 50 nanometers. The magnetic dot density can be as high as 1011 per square inch. Our method provides a simple yet effective way to create regularly arranged discrete magnetic media that can be used for perpendicular magnetic recording. The magnetic properties of the dots are studied with a vibrating sample magnetometer.
ASPECTS discrepancies between CT and MR imaging: analysis and implications for triage protocols in acute ischemic stroke

Background Optimal imaging triage for intervention for large vessel occlusions remains unclear. MR-based imaging provides ischemic core volumes at the cost of increased imaging time. CT Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) estimates are faster, but may be less sensitive. Objective To assesses the rate at which MRI changed management in comparison with CT imaging alone. Methods Retrospective analysis of patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing imaging triage for endovascular therapy was performed between 2008 and 2013. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of time on disagreement in MRI and CT ASPECTS scores. Results A total of 241 patients underwent both diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and CT. Six patients with DWI ASPECTS ≥6 and CT ASPECTS 7 (p=0.004) and admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score Conclusions The study suggests that patients with NIHSS scores at admission of 7 have a higher likelihood of agreement between CT and DWI based on an ASPECTS cut-off value of 6. Additional MRI for triage in patients with NIHSS at admission of >16, and ASPECTS of 6 or 7 may be more likely to change management. Unsurprisingly, patients with low CT ASPECTS had good correlation with MRI ASPECTS.
Clinically Relevant Doses of Enalapril Mitigate Multiple Organ Radiation Injury

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) are effective mitigators of radiation nephropathy. To date, their experimental use has been in fixed-dose regimens. In clinical use, doses of ACEi and other medication may be escalated to achieve greater benefit. We therefore used a rodent model to test the ACEi enalapril as a mitigator of radiation injury in an escalating-dose regimen. Single-fraction partial-body irradiation (PBI) with one hind limb out of the radiation field was used to model accidental or belligerent radiation exposures. PBI doses of 12.5, 12.75 and 13 Gy were used to establish multi-organ injury. One third of the rats underwent PBI alone, and two thirds of the rats had enalapril started five days after PBI at a dose of 30 mg/l in the drinking water. When there was established azotemic renal injury enalapril was escalated to a 60 mg/l dose in half of the animals and then later to a 120 mg/l dose. Irradiated rats on enalapril had significant mitigation of combined pulmonary and renal morbidity and had significantly less azotemia. Dose escalation of enalapril did not significantly improve outcomes compared to fixed-dose enalapril. The current data support use of the ACEi enalapril at a fixed and clinically usable dose to mitigate radiation injury after partial-body radiation exposure.
Crystal Growth of Ag3MOxF6-x (M = V, x = 2; M = Mo, x = 3)

Understanding the complex relationship between synthesis conditions, in particular temperature and composition led to single crystals of the cryolite type phases Ag 3 MoO 3 F 3 and Ag 3 VO 2 F 4 . These crystals form in a reversible thermodynamic process from dissolved species when the solution is heated. Single crystal structural data reveal the Mo 6+ cation distorted toward facially coordinated oxides for Ag 3 MoO 3 F 3 , and the V 5+ cation toward the edge of the cis-oxide positions for Ag 3 VO 2 F 4 . Local ordering of oxide and fluoride ligands is observed for both structures.
State-Resolved Reactivity of Methane (ν2 + ν4) on Ni(111)

Vibrational state-resolved experiments that probe methane dissociation on Ni(111) quantify the reactivity of CH4 excited to the ν2 + ν4 bending vibration. A comparison of these data and previous st...
Early withdrawal of life support in severe burn injury

Despite many advances in modern burn care, deaths still occur in the burn intensive care unit. For patients with severe burns, providers may advocate to withdraw life support early during hospitalization when the extent of injury makes survival highly unlikely or when the patient's condition deteriorates during resuscitation. Our regional burn center has implemented a stepwise withdrawal protocol since 2001 in an effort to standardize symptoms palliation at the end of life. In this study, the authors evaluated the frequency of early withdrawal and the protocol impact on end-of-life processes of care in burn patients who died within 72 hours of hospitalization. A 13-year review of all burn patients aged ≥18 years admitted to our burn center to identify all patients who died within 72 hours of hospitalization was performed. Patients were dichotomized to the periods before (1995 to mid-2001) and after implementation of standardized withdrawal protocol (mid-2001 to 2007). Descriptive analyses were performed to compare end-of-life care processes between the two periods. A total of 4374 adult patients with acute burns were admitted during the 13-year study period, of which 252 (6%) died during hospitalization. Of the patients who died within 72 hours, 106 (84%) had withdrawal of life support compared with 20 (16%) who died with ongoing life support. Higher mean TBSA distinguished patients who died by withdrawal (61 vs 48%, P = .06). Since mid-2001, all 61 patients who had life support withdrawn were by protocol. Implementation of the protocol has led to more frequent use of opioid infusion (98 vs 87%, P = .07) and benzodiazepine infusion (95 vs 49%, P < .01), without hastening time to death (median 5.0 vs 5.5 hours, P = .70). The large majority of early burn deaths at our regional center occur via withdrawal of life support. Implementation of a protocolized withdrawal has resulted in more consistent provision of analgesia and sedation without hastening death. Burn centers should consider using a protocol for withdrawal of life support to improve consistency in end-of-life symptoms palliation.
Fault Diagnosis of Wavelet Neural Network on Reciprocating Pumps Based on Pressure Signal

A new method of fault feature is proposed by pressure signal in pump cylinder as system feature signals.A diagnosis method based on "frequency-energy-fault identification" pattern recognition diagnosis approach is introduced to the fault detection on pump valves of reciprocating pumps.The improved BP neural network is used to diagnosis various faults of pump valves by the feature vectors constructed above.
Patients' assessment of medical care quality.

The author examines the way patients perceive quality of care. For managers, these negative perceptions are relevant in that they are rarely improved by cost containment practices.
Spectral Characteristics of Pitot Noise

For experimental studies of transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer flow it is important to know the ambient noise spectrum in the facility. In supersonic wind tunnels this is often assessed by measuring pitot pressure noise.
The Passio Perpetuae

Cotter-Lynch reexamines the now-canonical Passio Perpetuae, or Passion of Saint Perpetua, within its original third-century context, arguing that Perpetua’s self-representation undermines traditional Roman authority structures and configures gender categories as malleable. Specifically, Cotter-Lynch argues against prior interpretations of the Passio which claim that Perpetua “becomes male”; instead, a close reading of the original Latin text reveals that Perpetua represents her gender identity as simultaneously male and female, thus collapsing conventional gender categories. This reading of the text is supported by a discussion of the genre of apocalyptic literature and considerations of apophatic theology.
Rapid Relengthening in Isolated Cardiac Cells and the Origin of Diastolic Recoil

Late relengthening in both intact muscle and in the isolated cardiac muscle cell is characterised by two distinct phases that represent separate intracellular compartments or steps in the relaxation process. The rapidity of the first component facilitates the rapid relaxation that is required to promote early filling of the heart. Conversely, early filling will be slowed by any factor that increases loading or sarcomere length. Late diastolic properties in normal myocardium represent an independent mechanism which probably reflects extrusion of calcium ion from the cell rather than its reuptake by the intracellular compartments. The magnitude of just one internal restoring force in the single cell can be estimated to be on the order of 0.2–0.4 mN/mm2. This value probably represents a lower limit to the true intracellular restoring force, and it is not known whether the cell lengthens in a truly elastic fashion. Application of a simple model of the ventricle indicates that, even at this minimal level, the cellular restoring force would account for a negative pressure of ∼ 10mmHg. Thus the actual magnitude of the negative pressures developed during early filling in the myocardium is largely consistent with the component which originates by lengthening of the isolated cell. The true restoring force that arises in the cell may be much larger, and it is worth considering the possibility that extracellular structures counteract the cellular restoring force. The quantitative parallel between cellular and myocadial restoring forces does not exclude the extracellular matrix as a restoring force between layers of the heart but, for the moment, the predictions based on a role for the elastic distortion of the latter are not easy to reconcile with the mechanics of the isolated muscle.
Imbalanced Datasets: From Sampling to Classifiers

This chapter discusses the various approaches to overcome class imbalance, as well as various metrics, which can be used to evaluate them. The goal of sampling methods is to create a dataset that has a relatively balanced class distribution, so that traditional classifiers are better able to capture the decision boundary between the majority and the minority classes. While sampling methods - and ensemble methods based on sampling methods - have become the de facto standard for learning in datasets that exhibit class imbalance, methods have also been developed that aim to directly combat class imbalance without the need for sampling. These methods come mainly from the cost-sensitive learning community; however, classifiers that deal with imbalance are not necessarily cost-sensitive learners. The chapter presents a discussion on a number of alternate metrics used for evaluating the performance of classifiers on imbalanced datasets.
Unanswered clinical questions: a survey of specialists and primary care providers

Objective : With the myriad of cases presented to clinicians every day at the authors’ integrated academic health system, clinical questions are bound to arise. Clinicians need to recognize these knowledge gaps and act on them. However, for many reasons, clinicians might not seek answers to these questions. Our goal was to investigate the rationale and process behind these unanswered clinical questions. Subsequently, we explored the use of biomedical information resources among specialists and primary care providers and identified ways to promote more informed clinical decision making. Methods : We conducted a survey to assess how practitioners identify and respond to information gaps, their background knowledge of search tools and strategies, and their usage of and comfort level with technology. Results : Most of the 292 respondents encountered clinical questions at least a few times per week. While the vast majority often or always pursued answers, time was the biggest barrier for not following through on questions. Most respondents did not have any formal training in searching databases, were unaware of many digital resources, and indicated a need for resources and services that could be provided at the point of care. Conclusions : While the reasons for unanswered clinical questions varied, thoughtful review of the responses suggested that a combination of educational strategies, embedded librarian services, and technology applications could help providers pursue answers to their clinical questions, enhance patient safety, and contribute to patient-based, self-directed learning. This article has been approved for the Medical Library Association’s Independent Reading Program .
Examining the World Around Us: Critical Media Literacy in Teacher Education

This article presents findings from action research conducted in a graduate level course with practicing K–12 educators. In this article, I consider the usefulness of critical media literacy in the graduate classroom as I engaged students in discussions about multicultural issues including race, class, gender, sexuality, and ability. Through an examination of student presentations and field notes collected over the course of the semester, I found the graduate student participants were typically quite savvy at evaluating the messages they receive from media. Further, I found the incorporation of popular media into the classroom helped students grapple with typically foreign and often theoretically dense concepts like unconscious racism and heteronormativity, as well as theories like critical race theory, intersectionality, and queer theory. The graduate student participants were able to see deep connections between text/theory and media and often used various media to illustrate theory in quite complex way...
Gene cloning of BM180, a lacrimal gland enriched basement membrane protein with a role in stimulated secretion.

Dry eye is the ocular manifestation of a collective secretory deficiency by lacrimal acinar cells.1 Lacrimal acinar cells are polarized tear protein factories, with tear protein-filled secretory granules packed in the apical cytoplasm adjacent to the acinar lumen into which tear proteins are released. These cells are wrapped into acini by a poorly characterized basement membrane2 sheet, the complex cellular adhesiveness of which is the molecular basis for exocrine cell polarity.3 Abnormality of the basement membrane-cell interface is the primary lesion in several autoimmune and genetic diseases.4 In Goodpasture’s syndrome, for example, nephrotoxic autoantibodies appear as a consequence of infection-associated exposure of a sequestered epitope in the α3 chain of collagen IV. In Alport’s syndrome, function-altering point mutations in the collagen IV α3 chain have been detected.
Tutorial: Tiny light-harvesting photovoltaic charger-supplies

A fundamental challenge wireless microsystems face is size, and in consequence, lifetime because tiny batteries exhaust quickly. Although small fuel cells and atomic sources store more energy than lithium-ion batteries and super capacitors, they source less power, so they cannot power as many functions. Small batteries and capacitors, however, cannot sustain life for long. Thankfully, the environment holds vast amounts of energy. And of typical sources like light, motion, temperature, and radiation, sunlight produces the highest power density, but only when available. Combining photovoltaic (PV) cells with tiny batteries or capacitors can therefore be more compact, reliable, and longer lasting than any one of these technologies alone. Managing a hybrid system of this sort to supply a milliwatt application, however, requires an intelligent, low-loss charger-supply system. This talk surveys and describes how smart PV-sourced microsystems can draw power from tiny PV cells and supplementary power from small batteries to supply a load and replenish the battery with excess PV power. To that end, the material reviews and discusses miniaturized PV cells, power-efficient charger-supply circuits, and reliable feedback controllers. The presentation ends with measurement results from a prototyped example.
On Disease and Deontology: Multiple Tests of the Influence of Disease Threat on Moral Vigilance:

Threat has been linked to certain facets of moral cognition, but the specific implications of disease threat for moral judgment remain poorly understood. Across three studies, we investigated the role of perceived disease threat in shaping moral judgment and hypothesized that perceived disease threat would cause people to be more sensitive to moral violations (or more “morally vigilant”). All three studies found a positive relationship between dispositional worry about disease transmission and moral vigilance. Additional analyses suggested that this worry was more strongly related to vigilance toward binding moral foundations. Study 3 demonstrated that moral vigilance was higher in individuals for whom the threat of disease was experimentally made salient, relative to individuals in both a neutral and a nondisease threat condition. Taken together, these results suggest that perceived disease threat may influence people’s moral vigilance across moral domains.
Colonial Administrations and the Africans

From the fifteenth century, when the earliest European presence was recorded in Africa, to the last years of the nineteenth century, Africa’s relations with Europe had a commercial focus. Except for Ethiopia, the dawn of the twentieth century witnessed a shift from trade relations to colonial conquest and control. African peoples lost their independence and sovereignty as well as their socio-political and economic institutions to Europe. In this chapter, Falola and Agbo examine relations between Britain and France, the two major European colonial powers in Africa, and their African subjects during the colonial era. The colonial era had economic, social, and political impacts. The changes were not only numerous, they were also rapid, and Africans had to learn to deal with them in creative ways. What were the reasons for this change? What was the process? And how did Africans respond? This chapter answers these three important questions.
Computer-mediated collaborative writing in L2 contexts: an analysis of empirical research

Computer-mediated collaborative writing has been increasingly implemented in L2 contexts due to wider awareness of affordances and benefits of Web 2.0 technologies. A systematic review of empirical...
Pădurea Craiului Mountains: Vântului Cave (Wind Cave)

Peștera Vântului lies in a ~200-m-thick middle Triassic limestone and is the longest cave in Romania, with a surveyed length of over 50 km and vertical extent of 162 m. It is a multi-level cave, which consists of passages that are mainly sinuous tubes and canyons having their floor covered with alluvial sediments and breakdown blocks. Vadose flow is present in the lowest level of the cave, where significant amounts of black iron–manganese-rich deposits coat the gravels and the cave walls along the underground stream. Fourteen oxide and hydroxide minerals have been described in their composition, with braunite first documented in a cave environment worldwide. Gypsum speleothems are abundant particularly along the upper levels 1 and 2. Typical for Vântului Cave is its deep meandering canyons, which are best displayed in the Racovița Meanders section of the second level. From a speleogenetic point of view, it is a base-level cave, having its all four major levels developed in the epiphreatic zone, later connected in between by vadose canyons and shafts.
Determination of Electric and Magnetic Fields

We already know how charged particles move in homogeneous fields, but we also know that real fields are never homogeneous (even a parallel-plate capacitor has fringing fields at its ends). Before we start to study the particle behavior in more complicated nonuniform fields, first we must be able to determine the distributions of those fields in space. (In this book time-dependent fields will not be treated.)
Immunodiagnosis of blastomycosis.

Blastomycosis in its acute, chronic, or disseminated form does not present a distinct clinical picture. Its diagnosis is further complicated by the fact that the disease occurs in geographical areas where other mycotic diseases such as coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis, which cause similar clinical mani-festations, are endemic. In addition, no reliable skin test is available to help identify cases. Differential diagnosis is difficult, and laboratory studies are essential for the diagnosis of blastomycosis.
Transformation in Grapevine (Vitis spp.)

Woody perennials, a group that includes most fruit, nut, and timber crops, are particularly difficult to manipulate genetically. Because genetic gains in these species are made slowly, if at all, by conventional plant breeding methods, such crops stand to benefit significantly from genetic transformation. In grape (Vitis spp.), new cultivars are not only difficult to produce, but in the case of wine cultivars, breeders face the additional obstacle of commercial acceptability. In most wine-producing regions, ancient cultivars are economically well entrenched and quite resistant to displacement. In this context, the prospect of directed modification by transformation of specific traits in existing cultivars has tremendous appeal, and it is not surprising that most research groups concerned with grape improvement are working toward this goal.
Bayesian Inference for Multilevel Fault Tree Models

This chapter describes how information and data may be available at various levels in a fault tree model, and how these may be used in a Bayesian analysis framework to perform probabilistic inference on the model. For example, we might have information on the overall system performance, but we might also have subsystem and component level information. We demonstrate the analysis approach using a simple fault tree model containing a single top event (a “super-component”) and two sub-events (i.e., piece-parts). Also, we show how OpenBUGS can be used for the example models to estimate the probability of meeting a reliability goal at any level in the fault tree model.
Enhancing Therapy: It’s about Time

How diet and obesity impact diurnal changes in physiology remains unclear. In this issue of Cell, Guan et al. report that diet-induced obesity modulates the activity of circadian gene enhancers including those regulating lipid metabolism and show that the efficacy of lipid-lowering drugs depends on the time of administration.
Mobile crowdsourcing in the wild: challenges from a global community

Recent research has been devoted to designing mobile applications that encourage users to complete microtasks in everyday context, known as "mobile crowdsourcing". In this case study, we present our ongoing effort of a publicly-available mobile application, Crowdsource, that has over 540,000 global users from 200 countries or regions. Over 15 million sessions have been performed since the initial launch in August 2016. To better support users' motivations and goals, we conducted a survey with our active users and validate their feedback with a set of usability studies. Our findings suggest design considerations for crowdsourcing microtasks with mobile users at the global scale.
Nurse leaders’ strategies to foster nurse resilience

Aim To identify nurse leaders' strategies to cultivate nurse resilience. Background High nursing turnover rates and nursing shortages are prominent phenomena in health care. Finding ways to promote nurse resilience and reduce nurse burnout is imperative for nursing leaders. Methods This is a qualitative descriptive study that occurred from November 2017 to June 2018. This study explored strategies to foster nurse resilience from nurse leaders who in this study were defined as charge nurses, nurse managers and nurse executives of a tertiary hospital in the United States. A purposive sampling method was used to have recruited 20 nurse leaders. Results Seven strategies are identified to cultivate nurse resilience: facilitating social connections, promoting positivity, capitalizing on nurses' strengths, nurturing nurses' growth, encouraging nurses' self-care, fostering mindfulness practice and conveying altruism. Conclusions Fostering nurse resilience is an ongoing effort. Nurse leaders are instrumental in building a resilient nursing workforce. The strategies identified to foster nurse resilience will not only impact the nursing staff but also improve patient outcomes. Implications for nursing management The strategies presented are simple and can be easily implemented in any settings. Nurse leaders have an obligation to model and enable evidence-based strategies to promote nurses' resilience.