cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study of the adhesive capacity of Escherichia coli strain Bd 1107/7508 (K88ac) in relation to growth phase

Abstract It has previously been reported that the relative rate of synthesis of K88 fimbriae was influenced by the growth phase of Escherichia coli K88. Consequently, the effect of growth phase on the adhesive capacity of the K88 bearing cells of E. coli strain Bd 1107/7508 (K88ac) has now been investigated. The adhesion process was studied in terms of adhesion to and affinity for the immobilized piglet ileal mucus, the latter by applying Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The amount of K88 fimbriae per cell was determined by both the ELISA technique and by quantitative 1 D-gel electrophoresis. The adhesion to, as well as the affinity for the mucus receptors was shown to be rather constant throughout growth. In agreement with these findings the cells collected at the different growth phases were found to be equally fimbriated. From these results it is concluded that, although the relative synthesis rate of K88 fimbriae varied during the growth cycle, the amount of K88 fimbriae expressed on the E. coli cell surface and the adhesive capacity of E. coli strain Bd 1107/7508 is largely constant throughout growth.
Using Consensus Building Procedures with Expert Raters to Establish Comparison Scores of Behavior for Direct Behavior Rating.

To date, rater accuracy when using Direct Behavior Rating (DBR) has been evaluated by comparing DBR-derived data to scores yielded through systematic direct observation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an alternative method for establishing comparison scores using expert-completed DBR alongside best practices in consensus building exercises, to evaluate the accuracy of ratings. Standard procedures for obtaining expert data were established and implemented across two sites. Agreement indices and comparison scores were derived. Findings indicate that the expert consensus building sessions resulted in high agreement between expert raters, lending support for this alternative method for identifying comparison scores for behavioral data.
Prdm16 is required for normal palatogenesis in mice

Transcriptional cofactors are essential to the regulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) superfamily signaling and play critical and widespread roles during embryonic development, including craniofacial development. We describe the cleft secondary palate 1 (csp1) N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mouse model of non-syndromic cleft palate (NSCP) that is caused by an intronic Prdm16 splicing mutation. Prdm16 encodes a transcriptional cofactor that regulates TGFbeta signaling, and its expression pattern is consistent with a role in palate and craniofacial development. The cleft palate (CP) appears to be the result of micrognathia and failed palate shelf elevation due to physical obstruction by the tongue, resembling human Pierre Robin sequence (PRS)-like cleft secondary palate. PRDM16 should be considered a candidate for mutation in human clefting disorders, especially NSCP and PRS-like CP.
DISCRETE-TIME EPIDEMIC DYNAMICS WITH AWARENESS IN RANDOM NETWORKS

Human behavioral responses fundamentally influence the spread of infectious disease. In this paper, we study a discrete-time SIS epidemic process in random networks. Three forms of individual awareness, namely, local awareness, global awareness and contact awareness, are considered. The effect of awareness is to reduce the risk of infection. Based on the stability theory of matrix difference equation, we derive analytically the epidemic threshold. It is found that both local and contact awareness can raise the epidemic threshold, while the global awareness only decreases the epidemic prevalence. Our results are in line with a recent result using differential equation-based methods.
Zeno all-optical switching in a silicon ring resonator using inverse Raman scattering

We experimentally demonstrate all-optical control of a single resonance in a silicon micro-ring resonator using Raman-induced loss. Simulations indicate the potential for signal routing with >97% throughput using picojoule control pulses.
Misperception and the Causes of War: Theoretical Linkages and Analytical Problems

The author presents a conceptualization of different forms of misperception and the theoretical linkages by which they may lead to war under certain conditions. The forms of misperception most directly relevant to war include misperceptions of the capabilities and intentions of both adversaries and third states. The theoretical linkages to war, which vary across these different forms, include the intervening variables of military overconfidence, unsuccessful strategies of coercive diplomacy or appeasement, conflict spirals and arms races, preemptive strikes, or the failure to prepare for war or to attempt to deter the adversary. Particular attention is given to conceptual and methodological problems involved in the identification of misperceptions and in the assessment of their causal impact on war.
Behavior Classification System for Children With Developmental, Psychiatric, and Chronic Medical Problems

Derived a new behavior classification system based on Missouri Children's Behavior Checklist (MCBC) ratings. Using an accumulated MCBC data base on 854 children, 4-14 years of age, with developmental disabilities (n = 471), psychiatric problems (n = 155), chronic illnesses (n = 184), and nonreferred controls (n = 44), raw scale scores were transformed into T scores and then factor analyzed. Three factors emerged: Internalizing, Externalizing, and Sociable. Hierarchical cluster analysis of factor scores yielded six behavior profile clusters that replicated. Classification rules, based on T scores, were derived for each of the six clusters and for unclassified profiles to yield seven behavior patterns. There were four behavior problem patterns: Internal, External, Mixed Internal and External profiles, and Undifferentiated Disturbance. There were three behavior problem free patterns: Low Social Skills, Problem-free, and Sociable profiles. The distribution of these seven behavior patterns differed significantly across children with developmental, psychiatric, and medical problems and nonreferred controls. Furthermore, the new system provides more refined behavior pattern delineation than previously developed systems.
A COMPARISON OF THE TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT AND THE WIGNER FUNCTION APPROACHES TO FIELD EMISSION

Standard treatments of the field emission problem typically rely on approximations to the evaluation of the Transmission Coefficient (TC). Recently, the Wigner Distribution Function (WDF) has been applied to this problem. In this paper, fast, accurate, and efficient numerical algorithms for each are presented and compared to each other and to traditional WKB and Fowler Nordheim approaches for silicon field emission. As each approach admits a trajectory interpretation, the methods for incorporating each into a larger Ensemble Particle Monte Carlo (EPMC) simulation of quantum transport are briefly discussed.
Morphology and Etiology Meet at the Maternal-Fetal Interface:

Molecular diagnostic testing is leaving its mark in many areas of medicine; no less in perinatal pathology. This CONTEXT article uses the finding of Gogia and Machin in this issue of Pediatric and Developmental Pathology that genetic or acquired thrombophilias are associated with fetal thrombotic vasculopathy, massive perivillous fibrin deposition, and maternal floor infarction as an example of how molecular testing is providing possible etiologies for entities that heretofore have largely been only morphologic diagnoses.
Training Beginning Supervisors Working with New Trauma Therapists: A Relational Model of Supervision

Abstract While graduate training in treating childhood trauma survivors has been limited, formal training in how to supervise beginning therapists working with these populations has remained practically nonexistent. This article introduces beginning supervisors and new trauma therapists to an individualized, relational model of supervision that centers upon empowering the supervisor to help the therapist further the therapeutic process with the client. Beginning supervisors are empowered by developing a working model of supervision and strategically addressing developmental needs, including: (1) level of skill building and specialized knowledge, (2) self-care, (3) self-awareness, (4) use of self as instrument, (5) their ability to work with parallel processes and (6) integration of multicultural and individualized perspectives into their work. Examples illustrate major points.
Selecting patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy for medical treatment, revascularization, or heart transplantation

Three major treatment options are available to patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: medical therapy, coronary revascularization, or heart transplantation. Although survival rates have been enhanced with vasodilator therapy in such patients, the ultimate outcome is still poor. Coronary revascularization, although beneficial in some patients, may lead to disappointing outcomes in others. Cardiovascular specialists have searched for better criteria to predict which patients are most likely to benefit from revascularization compared with medical therapy, which is often followed by heart transplantation. An accurate noninvasive assessment of myocardial viability that can distinguish irreversible myocardial cellular injury from myocardial hibernation may be useful for clinical decision making. It permits selection of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy who will most benefit from revascularization strategies with respect to postoperative improvement in regional and global left ventricular function and survival. In general, the greater the extent of viability in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and coronary artery disease, the better the prognosis with revascularization strategies. Radionuclide methods have emerged that can evaluate myocardial viability accurately. As hospitals face more pressure from managed-care organizations to reduce health-care costs, more practice guidelines are necessary to identify which patients are to benefit from which strategies and to identify when they are unlikely to benefit from costly interventions such as coronary bypass. Conversely, the cost-effectiveness of nuclear cardiology may be substantial if certain patients referred for transplantation are identified to have a good outcome with revascularization, even in the absence of anginal symptoms. Thus nuclear cardiology might provide valuable information that not only improves outcomes but also reduces overall costs of managing patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Evaluating the association between type of prescription drug plan and asthma patients' use of controller medications

Objectives To explore the association between the type of prescription drug plan (PDP) and taking preventive daily asthma medication (controller medication) in patients with poor asthma control of their asthma (defined as taking more than three canisters of short-acting β-agonists each month). Methods A retrospective, cross-sectional study using the 2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a nationally representative sample of the non-institutionalized, civilian US population. Asthma patients were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis code 493. Only those patients that reported use of more than three canisters of rescue inhalers in a 3-month period were included. Based on patients' self-reported use of preventive medications, they were classified as controller drug users and non-users. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the population. A multiple logistic regression model was used to determine odds of controller usage based on type of PDP using demographic characteristics (age, gender, race, ethnicity, income, perceived health status) as confounders. All analysis was done using SAS version 9.1. Key findings Asthma controller drug use was found to be 67% among the study population. The logistic regression analysis showed that patients having Medicare as their PDP were more likely to use controller medications compared with patients with no PDP (odds ratio (OR) 4.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33–15.77). Higher odds were seen for Medicaid (OR 2.09, CI 0.96–4.54) and Veterans Affairs (OR 1.66, CI 0.16–17.05) prescription beneficiaries too, but the effect was not significant. Conclusions Type of PDP was found to have an effect of utilization of controller drugs among asthma patients. Future research should explore viable plan options that encourage guideline-recommended medication use in asthma patients.
Right thoracotomy for mitral reoperation: analysis of technique and outcome.

Abstract Background . This report describes technical details of the right thoracotomy approach for mitral surgery, and analyzes our experience with this procedure for patients with a prior sternotomy. Three methods for myocardial management (hypothermic cardioplegic arrest, beating heart, and fibrillating heart) are compared. Methods . Records were abstracted of patients who had a right thoracotomy between January 1, 1992 and July 1, 1999 for mitral surgery after at least one prior sternotomy. Demographic, operative, and outcome data were collected for analysis. Telephone follow-up was used to measure postoperative New York Heart Association functional status. Results . Eighty-four patients (mean age 60 ± 15 years) had reoperative mitral surgery via a right thoracotomy. Myocardial management included ventricular fibrillation in 10 patients, operation on the beating heart in 58 patients, and hypothermic blood cardioplegia arrest in 16 patients. The mean time in the operating room was 185 ± 73 minutes, and the mean duration of cardiopulmonary bypass was 63 ± 56 minutes. There were no perioperative strokes and the prevalence of death for patients who received cardioplegic arrest was significantly higher than the prevalence of death for patients who had mitral surgery with perfused fibrillating or beating heart techniques ( p = 0.007; Fisher's exact test comparing risk- unadjusted mortality). Conclusions . Right thoracotomy provides efficient exposure for reoperative mitral surgery. Mitral valve procedures on the fibrillating or beating heart are feasible in most patients and are at least as safe as surgery using cardioplegic arrest.
Safety of elective management of synchronous aortic disease with simultaneous thoracic and aortic stent graft placement

Background Simultaneous treatment of multilevel aortic disease is controversial due to the theoretic increase in morbidity. This study was conducted to define the outcomes in patients treated electively with simultaneous thoracic endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (TEVAR) and abdominal aortic endovascular endografting for synchronous aortic pathology. Methods Patients treated with simultaneous TEVAR and endovascular aneurysm repair (TE however, the permanent spinal cord ischemia rate was 4% for both groups ( P = .96). The 30-day mortality for TE no significant difference was noted between the two groups ( P = .14). One-year mortality and freedom from reintervention in the T&E patients were 81% and 91%, respectively. Conclusions Acceptable short-term morbidity and mortality can be achieved with T&E compared with TA, despite longer operative times, greater blood loss, and higher contrast exposure. There was a trend toward higher rates of renal and spinal cord injury, so implementation of strategies to reduce the potential of these complications or consideration of staged repair is recommended. Short-term reintervention rates are low, but longer follow-up and greater patient numbers are needed to determine procedural durability and applicability.
Estimating the Amenity Costs of Global Warming in Brazil: Getting the Most from Available Data

This paper develops a theoretically consistent technique for valuing non-marketed local attributes using compensating income differentials in the absence of housing market data. The individual's indirect utility function is identified with aggregate data describing equilibrium location decisions, and this function is used in place of the unidentified equation describing how housing prices are determined. The model is used to value climate amenities in Brazil, where such data problems are prevalent. Similar problems arise in other developing countries, particularly when one looks outside of the largest cities.
Indirect collider signals for extra dimensions

A recent suggestion that quantum gravity may become strong near the weak scale has several testable consequences. In addition to probing for the new large (submillimeter) extra dimensions associated with these theories via gravitational experiments, one could search for the Kaluza Klein towers of massive gravitons which are predicted in these models and which can interact with the fields of the Standard Model. Here we examine the indirect effects of these massive gravitons being exchanged in fermion pair production in e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} annihilation and Drell-Yan production at hadron colliders. In the latter case, we examine a novel feature of this theory, which is the contribution of gluon gluon initiated processes to lepton pair production. We find that these processes provide strong bounds, up to several TeV, on the string scale which are essentially independent of the number of extra dimensions. In addition, we analyze the angular distributions for fermion pair production with spin-2 graviton exchanges and demonstrate that they provide a smoking gun signal for low-scale quantum gravity which cannot be mimicked by other new physics scenarios.
A framework for optimization of operational latency in wireless networks

Network-wide broadcast has been extensively studied. In this paper, we introduce the problem of all-to- one-hop broadcast. Specifically, we are interested in the required time slots within which all nodes can receive unit-size messages from all one-hop neighbors and aim to minimize the broadcast latency. To this end, we decompose the optimal broadcast latency problem into two methodical sub-problems and present a scheduling method. To complete collision-free transmission in minimum time slots a graph-coloring scheme is used, and to reduce the overall waiting latency a linear arrangement scheme is used. Simulation studies show that the novel one-hop broadcast scheduling method can reduce the latency from 4% to 19% depending on the network size and density.
Auditory and visual perception of rhythm by performers skilled in selected motor activities.

Abstract Fifty-seven skilled performers and 31 control subjects were measured for auditory and visual perception of rhythm plus motor response to both auditory and visual rhythms. Greater variation was found in visual perception than auditory, and dancers and athletes did not appear to have any greater ability to perceive either type of rhythm than a control group. However, skilled dancers, swimmers, tennis players, and the combined group of skilled athletes performed significantly better than the control subjects in tests of motor response to both types of rhythms. Dancers also showed better response to auditory rhythms than the basketball players, who did not differ from the control group in any of the performance measures. For all groups motor response proved to be either quite accurate or highly inaccurate. There was no evidence that experience in either music or dance had any relationship to rhythmic perception or rhythmic performance.
Effects of the nonapeptide SQ 20881 on blood pressure of rats with experimental renovascular hypertension.

Summary1. SQ 20881, the synthetic nonapeptide < Glu-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro, when infused iv at total dose levels of 3 to 25 mg/kg, lowered arterial blood pressure in normotensive rats and in three models of experimental renal hypertension, namely, “2-kidney” Goldblatt rats, aortaligated rats and “unclamped” renal pedicle-clamped rats, each anesthetized with urethane or pentobarbital. Such activity was questionable or not seen in “1 -kidney” Goldblatt rats or Grollman rats.2. SQ 20881 inhibited the pressor activity of exogenous angiotensin I, but not of angiotensin II, in normotensive rats and in “1-kidney” and “2-kidney” Goldblatt rats.3. The pattern of the responses elicited by the administration of SQ 20881 suggests that when the peptide decreased blood pressure, it acted, at least in part, by inhibiting the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme.
Brief Report: Judicial Attitudes Regarding the Sentencing of Offenders with High Functioning Autism

This brief report presents preliminary data on the attitudes of judges on the sentencing of offenders with High Functioning Autism (HFA). Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with twenty-one California Superior Court Judges. Interviews were qualitatively coded and constant comparative analysis was utilized. Findings revealed that judges consider HFA as both a mitigating and aggravating factor in sentencing, and knowledge of an offender's disorder could potentially help judges understand why a criminal action might have been committed. Judges voiced concerns about the criminal justice system being able to effectively help or offer sentencing options for offenders with HFA. Finally, judges reported that they are focused on using their judicial powers and influence to provide treatment and other resources during sentencing.
Components and Mechanisms of Regulation of Gene Expression

The control of gene expression is a biological process essential to all organisms. This is accomplished through the interaction of regulatory proteins with specific DNA motifs in the control regions of the genes that they regulate. Upon binding to DNA, and through specific protein-protein interactions, these regulatory proteins convey signals to the basal transcriptional machinery, containing the respective RNA polymerases, resulting in particular rates of gene expression. In eukaryotes, in addition and complementary to the binding of regulatory proteins to DNA, chromatin structure plays a role in modulating gene expression. Small RNAs are emerging as key components in this process. This chapter provides an introduction to some of the basic players participating in these processes, the transcription factors and co-regulators, the cis-regulatory elements that often function as transcription factor docking sites, and the emerging role of small RNAs in the regulation of gene expression.
Statistical considerations and modeling of clinical utility of tumor markers.

Proper assessment of tumor markers requires careful attention to general scientific principles of design and analysis as well as to specific statistical principles. This article addresses some of these principles including those related to serial monitoring using markers, developing and validating statistical regression models, and surveillance strategies. Pitfalls and potential problems to be avoided in assessing the clincal utility of tumor markers in screening, diagnosis, prognosis, or monitoring are emphasized.
The Possibilities of Rights

Bella Newton was one of many Americans who gave meaning to the broad legal changes put in place by Congressional Republicans. Newton, an African American woman in North Carolina, did not set out to involve herself in the major constitutional questions of the day. She wanted only to defend her children, William and Susan, against the actions of an angry white neighbor, Alexander Noblin. The incident began in the spring of 1869 when William and Susan took a short cut across Noblin’s land on the way home from school. Noblin ordered the children off. From there, the situation deteriorated rapidly. Noblin tried to assault Susan. William threw a rock at Noblin’s head, frustrating his attempt. Then, as the children made their escape, Noblin tried to assert his authority one final time. In William’s words, he “shook his penis at us.” After learning of the incident, Bella Newton’s first response was in keeping with local customs. She publicized her complaint in the neighborhood and then made an informal bargain with Noblin, agreeing to drop the matter in exchange for one dollar and ten pounds of bacon. Noblin delivered on his end of the deal, but Newton had a change of heart and filed charges with the justice of the peace, turning the incident into a legal matter involving her rights and those of her children. Much to his chagrin, Noblin learned that his actions carried different consequences than they had before the enactment of the Reconstruction Amendments: Noblin was indicted for assault at the spring term of the Superior Court. Congressional Republicans rallied in support of the extension of federal power to bring the states of the former Confederacy in line with what they saw as broad, national principles. But consensus fell apart after that: even within the Republican Party, there was no agreement as to what, exactly, the Reconstruction Amendments were meant to accomplish. Reliance on the compliance of state governments only muddied the waters, dispersing responsibility for enforcing the amendments and, in the process, diluting their meaning.
A rare case of gestational thyrotoxicosis as a cause of acute myocardial infarction

Angina pectoris in pregnancy is unusual and Prinzmetal’s angina is much rarer. It accounts for 2% of all cases of angina. It is caused by vasospasm, but the mechanism of spasm is unknown but has been linked with hyperthyroidism in some studies. Patients with thyrotoxicosis-induced acute myocardial infarction are unusual and almost all reported cases have been associated with Graves’ disease. Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone-induced hyperthyroidism occurs in about 1.4% of pregnant women, mostly when hCG levels are above 70–80 000 IU/L. Gestational transient thyrotoxicosis is transient and generally resolves spontaneously in the latter half of pregnancy, and specific antithyroid treatment is not required. Treatment with calcium channel blockers or nitrates reduces spasm in most of these patients. Overall, the prognosis for hyperthyroidism-associated coronary vasospasm is good. We describe a very rare case of an acute myocardial infarction in a 27-year-old female, at 9 weeks of gestation due to right coronary artery spasm secondary to gestational hyperthyroidism with free thyroxine of 7.7 ng/dL and TSH <0.07 IU/L. Learning points: AMI and cardiac arrest due to GTT despite optimal medical therapy is extremely rare. Gestational hyperthyroidism should be considered in pregnant patients presenting with ACS-like symptoms especially in the setting of hyperemesis gravidarum. Our case highlights the need for increased awareness of general medical community that GTT can lead to significant cardiac events. Novel methods of controlling GTT as well as medical interventions like ICD need further study. Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in women during childbearing age is uncommon. Pregnancy has been shown to increase the risk of AMI by 3 to 4 times from that of general population (1, 2). The estimated occurrence of AMI during pregnancy is 3–10 cases per 100 000 deliveries with an overall maternal mortality rate of 21% and fetal mortality rate of 13% (1). Prinzmetal’s angina is very rare, and it accounts for 2% of all cases of angina. Prinzmetal’s angina commonly occurs at rest. People with Prinzmetal’s angina are frequently younger than those with the other forms of angina. It is caused by vasospasm, the mechanism of which is unidentified, but have been linked with hyperthyroidism in some studies (3). The first case of spontaneous coronary vasospasm documented on angiography in a hyperthyroid patient was reported in 1979 (4). Patients with thyrotoxicosis-induced AMI are rare and almost all reported cases have been associated with Graves’ disease. We describe a very rare case of an acute myocardial infarction in a 27-year-old female at 9 weeks of gestation due to right coronary artery spasm secondary to gestational hyperthyroidism.
Pilot Study of Lovastatin in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) Receiving Arsenic Trioxide (Trisenox®) Therapy.

Statins have been shown to impair processing of RAS proteins, which are signaling molecules mutated in some patients with MDS, and the addition of lovastatin to myeloid cell lines exposed to arsenic trioxide in vitro has suggested enhanced cytotoxicity. To address the hypothesis that statins may modulate the therapeutic effect of arsenic, we are conducting a pilot study for MDS treated by arsenic trioxide combined with lovastatin. Objectives are to estimate the response rate, and secondarily to describe safety. Patients with MDS by FAB diagnostic criteria are treated with arsenic trioxide 0.25 mg/kg IV twice weekly for 16 weeks, after initial dosing for 5 consecutive days in the first week. Lovastatin is given at 20 mg/day for 2 weeks, then 40 mg/day for 2 weeks, and finally 80 mg/day for 12 weeks. Toxicity is monitored continuously and reviewed by a local Data and Safety Monitoring Committee. Stopping rules include serious adverse events (SAE) definitions for evidence of myopathy (symptoms or CPK >2x upper limit of normal) or hepatocellular injury (transaminases >3x upper limit of normal). Nine patients have been enrolled to date, with sufficient follow up to assess efficacy and safety. Five of these 9 patients completed the planned 16-week regimen. One subject was removed from study because of a rapid rise in blast count before treatment, based on marrow exams in a brief interval between screening and enrollment. Three patients had study drugs stopped per the above stringent SAE definitions, for elevations of CPK in 1 and transaminases in 2 subjects -- these abnormalities were asymptomatic and resolved. Toxicities were otherwise tolerable and as expected, including QTc prolongation in 1 patient, which resolved after withholding arsenic trioxide for several days and drug resumption was uneventful, as well as grade
Bacteria Meet Graphene: Modulation of Graphene Oxide Nanosheet Interaction with Human Pathogens for Effective Antimicrobial Therapy

The development of new pharmacological strategies that evade bacterial resistance has become a compelling worldwide challenge. Graphene oxide (GO) can represent the nanotechnology answer being economical and easy to produce and to degrade and having multitarget specificity against bacteria. Several groups tried to define the interaction between GO sheets and human pathogens. Unfortunately, controversial results from inhibition to bacterial growth enhancement have been reported. The main difference among all experimental evidence relies on the environmental conditions adopted to study the bacteria–GO interaction. Indeed GO, stable in deionized water, undergoes a rapid and salt-specific DLVO-like aggregation that influences antimicrobial effects. Considering this phenomenon, the interaction of bacteria with GO aggregates having different sizes, morphologies, and surface potential can create a complex scenario that explains the contrasting results reported so far. In this article, we demonstrate that by modu...
Control of Ligand pKa Values Tunes the Electrocatalytic Dihydrogen Evolution Mechanism in a Redox-Active Aluminum(III) Complex

Redox-active ligands bring electron- and proton-transfer reactions to main-group coordination chemistry. In this Forum Article, we demonstrate how ligand pKa values can be used in the design of a reaction mechanism for a ligand-based electron- and proton-transfer pathway, where the ligand retains a negative charge and enables dihydrogen evolution. A bis(pyrazolyl)pyridine ligand, iPrPz2P, reacts with 2 equiv of AlCl3 to afford [(iPrPz2P)AlCl2(THF)][AlCl4] (1). A reaction involving two-electron reduction and single-ligand protonation of 1 affords [(iPrHPz2P–)AlCl2] (2), where each of the electron- and proton-transfer events is ligand-centered. Protonation of 2 would formally close a catalytic cycle for dihydrogen production. At −1.26 V versus SCE, in a 0.3 M Bu4NPF6/tetrahydrofuran solution with salicylic acid or (HNEt3)+ as the source of H+, 1 produced dihydrogen electrocatalytically, according to cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis experiments. The mechanism for the reaction is most ...
More than a Minor Burden: A Post-Whole Women's Health Analysis of Parental Involvement Laws

In 2016, the Supreme Court heard Whole Women’s Health v. Hellerstedt, arguably the most consequential abortion case in decades. The ruling set an important precedent by requiring stringent attention be paid to the body of evidence needed to prove a law does not pose an undue burden on abortion access. The Court, in its decision, stressed the importance of relying on empirical evidence and research, and disregarding pseudoscience, or arguments that lacked sufficient factual support. In doing so, they allowed for a challenge to parental involvement laws. Parental involvement laws currently exist in 37 states, and require minors to either notify or obtain consent from a parent before having an abortion. If notice or consent is not feasible, a judicial bypass option must also be available, where a minor can go to court to obtain consent from a judge. These laws have been long upheld by the Supreme Court, which argues that they are necessary for three reasons: that minors lack the capacity to make the abortion decision, that they encourage familial cohesion, and that they safeguard minors from what they argue are the medical and psychological consequences of abortion. But empirical evidence, and long-standing research shows that minors have the capacity to make the abortion decision, and that the majority of them do so with a parent, without states mandating they do so. Abortion is an incredibly low-risk procedure, and study after study proves that abortion does not lead to mental health issues. The precedent set forward in Whole Women’s Health brings into question the Court’s long-held justifications for parental involvement laws. Should a challenge to parental involvement laws come before the Court, it would require the Court to consider the existing research and empirical evidence on what the abortion decision looks like for minors, which would effectively delegitimize their current arguments in favor of parental involvement laws. This Note examines the Court’s arguments for parental involvement laws, and lays out the evidence to the contrary, proving that the Court’s support for parental involvement laws is not grounded in research, empirical evidence, or reality. It will also look at anti-choice pseudoscience and the inherent harms of parental involvement laws and judicial bypass. Thus, this Note will illustrate how a post-Whole Women’s challenge to these laws might succeed.
La evaluación y el trabajo colaborativo como aporte el trabajo educativo

Se aborda una tematica que esta orientada a trabajar colaborativamente, aceptando y respetando a cada persona, ya que todos van aportando al proceso evaluativo y este se vuelve mas significativo cuando considera la opinion, informacion y vision de quienes participan de este espacio social y cultural, lo que ademas se relaciona con las diversas realidades chilenas.
Personality profiles: Using latent profile analysis to model personality typologies

Abstract Latent profile analysis (LPA) has been presented as an effective tool to model interactions between the dimensions of personality. LPA models personality typologies to reflect the hierarchical nature of the personality construct, which can then be used to make further inferences in applied research. This approach may also address consistent modeling concerns in personality research related to lack of model fit in structural equation modeling analyses. However, further research is needed to support the use of LPA in personality research, including a need for consensus on the nature of function of the resulting personality profiles. The present study uses data from a sample of high school students (n = 374) on an IPIP five-factor inventory to exemplify the use of LPA in personality research and continue the discussion around the benefits and challenges associated with this approach. The resulting three-profile solution in the present study agrees with a prior study, but does not align with some studies that identified a five-profile solution. Suggestions are offered as to why these two different personality typology models may have been identified.
Oral cancer radiotherapy affects enamel microhardness and associated indentation pattern morphology.

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of in vitro and in vivo high-dose radiotherapy on microhardness and associated indentation pattern morphology of enamel. The inner, middle, and outer microhardness of enamel was evaluated using three experimental groups: control (non-radiated); in vitro irradiated; in vivo irradiated. In vitro specimens were exposed to simulated radiotherapy, and in vivo specimens were extracted teeth from oral cancer patients previously treated with radiotherapy. Indentations were measured via SEM images to calculate microhardness values and to assess the mechanomorphological properties of enamel before and after radiotherapy. Middle and outer regions of enamel demonstrated a significant decrease in microhardness after in vitro and in vivo irradiation compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Two indentation patterns were observed: pattern A—presence of microcracks around indent periphery, which represents local dissipation of deformation energy; pattern B—clean, sharp indents. The percentage of clean microindentation patterns, compared to controls, was significantly higher following in vitro and in vivo irradiation in all enamel regions. The highest percentage of clean microindentations (65%) was observed in the in vivo irradiated group in the inner region of enamel near the dentin-enamel junction. For the first time, this study shows that in vitro and in vivo irradiation alters enamel microhardness. Likewise, the indentation pattern differences suggest that enamel may become more brittle following in vitro and in vivo irradiation. The mechanomorphological property changes of enamel following radiation may be a contributory component of pathologic enamel delamination following oral cancer radiotherapy.
Knobloch syndrome associated with Polymicrogyria and early onset of retinal detachment: two case reports

Knobloch Syndrome (KS) is a rare congenital syndrome characterized by occipital skull defects and vitreoretinal degeneration. Retinal detachment (RD) often occurs at the end of the first decade of life or later. Aside from occipital skull defects, central nervous system abnormalities are uncommon. We report on two siblings with KS. The first, a seven month old male, presented with nystagmus and was found to have a serous RD and a tessellated retinal appearance. His sister had a history of multiple visual abnormalities and had a similar retinal appearance although no signs of RD, but retina staphylomas. Genetic testing performed on both siblings showed a mutation in COL18A1, diagnostic of KS. MRI of both siblings demonstrated polymicrogyria but did not show occipital defects. Although several families with KS have been described previously, our case is noteworthy for several reasons. The RD observed in our first patient occurred at an early age, and we find evidence of only one patient with KS who had an RD identified at an earlier age. The findings of polymicrogyria are not characteristic of KS, and we found only a few previous reports of this association. Additionally, we review potential treatment options for this condition.
How common is the common good? Moving beyond idealistic notions of deliberative democracy in education

Abstract Assumptions based on deliberative democratic theory have dominated scholarship of democratic citizenship within political science and educational research. However, both fields have produced scholarship that raises questions regarding the efficacy of the deliberative model of democratic education. This article presents a critical synthesis that highlights the major trends of deliberative democratic theory from the field of political science, while making connections to education specific literature. The shift, away from idealistic notions toward a model of deliberative democracy that considers identity, group interests, and power differences within society, supports similar efforts to revisit democratic theory within civic education. The article concludes with recommendations for a revised, more realistic, conceptualization of civic education.
Molecular Pedal Motion Influences Thermal Expansion Properties within Isostructural Hydrogen-Bonded Co-crystals

The influence of molecular pedal motion on the thermal expansion properties of three isostructural hydrogen-bonded co-crystals based upon resorcinol is reported. The resulting co-crystals all exhibit discrete four-component assemblies held together by O–H···N hydrogen bonds and comprise resorcinol (res) with a series of isosteric bipyridines, namely, 4,4′-azopyridine (4,4′-AP), trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (4,4′-BPE), and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)acetylene (4,4′-BPA). The ability to change the core of the hydrogen bond acceptor molecules from an azo (N═N) to an ethylene (C═C) and finally an acetylene (C≡C) group affords co-crystals that differ in their tendency to undergo dynamic pedal motion in the organic solid state. All three co-crystals, 2(res)•2(4,4′-AP), 2(res)•2(4,4′-BPE), and 2(res)•2(4,4′-BPA), exhibit thermal expansions that correlate with the strength of the noncovalent interactions, as well as the propensity of the core to undergo pedal motion.
Chapter 12 – Oral Drug Absorption: Evaluation and Prediction

Oral drug absorption is the movement of the drug from its site of administration, gastrointestinal (GI), into the bloodstream. The oral absorption of the drug in solid dosage form from the GI is largely controlled by (1) dissolution rate and solubility, which determine how fast a drug reaches maximum concentration in the GI fluid; and (2) intestinal permeability, which relates to the rate at which a dissolved drug crosses the intestinal wall to reach the portal blood circulation. The determination of the dissolution, solubility, and permeability properties of drugs can thus provide information about drug absorption. This chapter will focus on these properties. It begins with the GI physiology. It then discusses the biopharmaceutical classification system. Further, it proceeds to introduce in vitro, in silico, and in vivo methods to evaluate intestinal permeability or to predict oral drug absorption. It is concluded with discussion of future trends in oral drug absorption evaluation and prediction.
Bernard Bailyn's Ideological Origins: A Perspective from 1774

This article addresses debates among revolutionaries in 1774 (omitted from Ideological Origins) about whether the East India Company should be compensated for the tea destroyed in Boston in Decembe...
A New Reciprocal Space Based Method for Treating Long Range Interactions in Ab Initio and Force-Field Based Calculations for Surfaces, Wires, and Clusters

A new formalism designed to treat long range forces in calculations of surfaces, systems which are infinitely replicated in two spatial directions and have a finite extent in the third, wires, systems which are infinitely replicated in one spatial direction and have a finite extent in the other two, and clusters, systems which are finite in all three spatial directions, is presented. The new formalism is based in reciprocal space and, therefore, permits straightforward extension of plane-wave based density functional theory, Ewald summation, and smooth particle-mesh Ewald methods to handle systems with less than three-dimensional periodicity. The new method is very easily implemented and will be demonstrated to yield a numerically accurate and efficient algorithm for performing calculations on both model and realistic examples of systems with reduced periodicity.
A Variational Method For Classical Fluids

A new variational method is proposed in which we compute the thermodynamic properties of classical fluids using the correlation functions as constraints. As an explicit example, we present the results of carrying out the variational procedure using the hypernetted chain integral equations for the correlation functions as constraints. Such an analysis provides insight into the density-temperature regime over which the hypernetted chain approximation is valid.
Effect of the Microstructure on the Room Temperature Deformation Behavior of a 316 Stainless Steel

ABSTRACT The relationship between the austenite grain size, athermal and deformation induced products, dislocations, annealing and deformation twins, stacking faults and carbides distribution and the deformation behavior of a 316 stainless steel has been investigated.
Metastable Equilibrium Solubility Distribution and Dissolution Kinetics of Carbonate Apatite Powders

Carbonated apatites (CAP’s) have been shown to exhibit a phenomenon that we refer to as metastable equilibrium solubility (MES). The MES behavior occurs when the kinetics of crystal growth and dissolution are such that dissolution of the crystalline material can relatively rapidly lead to a solution composition such that no further dissolution occurs, even though the degree of saturation of the solution is well below that required for growth. The solution composition at this point is indicative of the MES, and is most conveniently expressed in terms of a solution ion activity product (IAP).
Synthetic Cathinone Use Among Polysubstance Users: Indirect Indicator of Indiscriminate Drug Taking or Preferred Drug of Abuse?:

A survey pertaining to synthetic cathinone (SC) use was completed by 499 polysubstance users enrolled in a residential recovery program in the Southeastern United States. Of the final sample, 28% r...
Automatically generating precise Oracles from structured natural language specifications

Software specifications often use natural language to describe the desired behavior, but such specifications are difficult to verify automatically. We present Swami, an automated technique that extracts test oracles and generates executable tests from structured natural language specifications. Swami focuses on exceptional behavior and boundary conditions that often cause field failures but that developers often fail to manually write tests for. Evaluated on the official JavaScript specification (ECMA-262), 98.4% of the tests Swami generated were precise to the specification. Using Swami to augment developer-written test suites improved coverage and identified 1 previously unknown defect and 15 missing JavaScript features in Rhino, 1 previously unknown defect in Node.js, and 18 semantic ambiguities in the ECMA-262 specification.
Myeloid-derived suppressor cell-dependent inhibition of B cell responses in non-small cell lung cancer

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells with potent immune suppression activities. These cells are derived from the bone marrow (BM) and consist of two populations: polymorphonuclear MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs) and monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs), morphologically similar to neutrophils and monocytes, respectively.
Absolute Detection Threshold of Vibrotactile Stimulation Pulse Width and Inter-Pulse Gap

Vibrotactile stimulation is often used in sensory substitution systems and brain-machine interfaces for presenting information to the skin. This paper identifies the temporal resolution required to achieve the absolute detection threshold of vibrotactile stimulation. A custom vibrotactile sleeve was designed to conduct two experiments with multiple trials on seven subjects. The results show that the absolute (50%) detection threshold for a single vibrotactile stimulus is 15ms pulse width with a proposed adequate (90%) detection threshold of at least 25ms pulse width for the average user. Furthermore, the absolute detection threshold for an inter-pulse gap between two vibrotactile stimuli is 15ms, with a proposed adequate detection threshold of at least 20ms inter-pulse gap. This work concludes that a single vibrotactile message should have a temporal resolution of at least 25ms pulse width in addition to 20ms inter-pulse gap. Hence, a single vibrotactile message requires a total of 45ms.