cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Swelling activated chloride channels in cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells.

Abstract Swelling induced enhancement of anion permeability was investigated using the halide-sensitive fluorescent dye SPQ in cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells (BCEC). Rates of anion influx were quantified in terms of the rate of change of SPQ fluorescence during exposure to short duration pulses of Cl − , I − or NO 3 − while the cells were being perfused with I − , NO 3 − or Cl − Ringer, respectively. Since SPQ fluorescence is quenched to different extents by these anions, their influx or efflux causes significant changes in fluorescence. The ratio of the maximum rate of change of fluorescence during the pulse period under hyposmotic conditions to that under isosmotic conditions, referred to as the enhancement ratio (ER), was calculated as a measure of the increase in anion permeability. When cells were perfused with NO 3 − Ringer, exposure to I − pulses yielded an ER=9.0±2.6 for 110±5 mos m hyposmotic shock. This was higher than with Cl − /I − (6.4±0.7) or NO 3 − /Cl − (3.2±0.8) anion-pairs for the same level of shocks. In all cases, the enhancement occurred within ∼100 seconds after swelling but decreased with continued progress of regulatory volume decrease (RVD). ER returned to ∼1 within 4 minutes after returning to isosmotic conditions. The membrane potential (E m ) depolarized immediately after hyposmotic shock. When cells were depolarized prior to the shocks by high [K + ], changes in E m were relatively small. ER, for the NO 3 − /I − anion-pair, was significantly reduced by DIDS (100% at 500 μ m ), NPPB (∼80% at 100 μ m ) and tamoxifen (∼85% at 12 μ m ). Tamoxifen and NPPB also inhibited swelling induced depolarization. Increasing cationic conductance with Gramicidin D at ∼2 minutes following hyposmotic shock induced NPPB-inhibitable secondary swelling or accelerated RVD under normal or low Na + conditions, respectively. These results demonstrate that BCEC express swelling activated Cl − channels, which facilitate RVD by enhancing anionic permeability and also by providing a favorable electrical gradient for K + efflux.
Circuit Applications of Transient Annealing

A method is presented for predicting transistor annealing factors, in continuously ON devices, from a simple electrical measurement on a device. A nomograph has been derived from experimental data which relates annealing factors at any time after exposure to the electron density in the base-emitter space-charge region. The electron density in this region can be obtained by a single measurement of VEE, at the transistor operating current of interest. The effects of transient annealing are investigated for two typical circuit situations (power-inverter circuits and logic circuits) where devices may be OFF during irradiation and subsequently required to turn ON. The Darlington circuits utilized in typical power-inverters prolong the annealing, if OFF when exposed. The propagation delay of a NAND gate series pair is increased considerably at early times after a neutron exposure. This additional delay can result in reduced pulse width or lost pulses.
Molecular insights into the metal selectivity of the copper(I)-sensing repressor CsoR from Bacillus subtilis.

Bacillus subtilis CsoR (Bsu CsoR) is a copper-sensing transcriptional repressor that regulates the expression of the copZA operon encoding a copper chaperone and a Cu efflux P-type ATPase, respectively. Bsu CsoR is a homolog of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CsoR (Mtb CsoR), representative of a large Cu(I)-sensing regulatory protein family. We show here that Bsu CsoR binds ≈1 mol equiv Cu(I) per monomer in vitro with an affinity ≥10 21 M -1 . X-ray absorption spectroscopy shows Cu(I) adopts a trigonal S2N coordination like Mtb CsoR. Both apo and Cu(I)-bound Bsu CsoR are stable tetramers in the low micromolar monomer concentration range by sedimentation velocity and equilibrium ultracentrifugation. Apo-Bsu CsoR binds to a pseudo-palindromic 30 bp copZA operator-promoter DNA with a stoichiometry of two tetramers per DNA and stepwise affinities of K1 apo =3.1(±0.8) × 10 7 M -1 and K2 apo = 8.3 (±2.2) × 10 7 M -1 (0.4 M NaCl, 25 °C, pH 6.5). Cu(I) Bsu CsoR binds to the same DNA with greatly reduced affinities, K1 Cu =2.9(±0.4) × 10 6 M -1 and K2 Cu ≤1.0 × 10 5 M -1 consistent with a copper-dependent derepression model. This Cu-dependent regulation is abrogated by a “second shell” Glu90-to-Ala substitution. Bsu CsoR binds Ni(II) with very high affinity but forms a non-native coordination geometry, as does Co(II) and likely Zn(II); none of these metals strongly regulate copZA operator DNA binding in vitro. The implications of these findings on the specificity of metal sensing sites in CsoR/RcnR proteins are discussed.
13C NMR detects conformational change in the 100-kD membrane transporter ClC-ec1.

CLC transporters catalyze the exchange of Cl− for H+ across cellular membranes. To do so, they must couple Cl− and H+ binding and unbinding to protein conformational change. However, the sole conformational changes distinguished crystallographically are small movements of a glutamate side chain that locally gates the ion-transport pathways. Therefore, our understanding of whether and how global protein dynamics contribute to the exchange mechanism has been severely limited. To overcome the limitations of crystallography, we used solution-state 13C-methyl NMR with labels on methionine, lysine, and engineered cysteine residues to investigate substrate (H+) dependent conformational change outside the restraints of crystallization. We show that methyl labels in several regions report H+-dependent spectral changes. We identify one of these regions as Helix R, a helix that extends from the center of the protein, where it forms the part of the inner gate to the Cl−-permeation pathway, to the extracellular solution. The H+-dependent spectral change does not occur when a label is positioned just beyond Helix R, on the unstructured C-terminus of the protein. Together, the results suggest that H+ binding is mechanistically coupled to closing of the intracellular access-pathway for Cl−.
Diffusion characteristics of boron and phosphorus in polycrystalline silicon

Abstract Grain boundary diffusion of dopants (boron and phosphorous) in silicon is discussed. The appropriate models and equations are presented both for semi-infinite and for thin film boundary conditions. Data reported in the literature for both thick and thin samples have generally been analyzed using models appropriate to diffusion in a homogeneous semi-infinite substrate. These data were reanalyzed using the appropriate boundary conditions and a more realistic model of the inhomogeneous nature of diffusion in polycrystalline samples. It was shown that, even though the relation between diffusion depth and time may be the same from bulk and grain boundary models, the diffusion coefficients determined from assuming the homogeneous semi-infinite solid may be several orders of magnitude in error for the pre-exponential factor, and the activation energy will also be wrong. Grain boundary diffusion coefficients for arsenic, boron and phosphorus in silicon were determined.
Male Drosophila melanogaster adjust ejaculate size based on female mating status, fecundity, and age

In contrast to early predictions, it is now widely accepted that males incur substantive costs from ejaculate production. Hence, males are predicted to allocate their reproductive investments, including ejaculate size, relative to the risk of sperm competition and to female quality. The study of sperm allocation, however, has been technically challenging with nonvirgin females because sperm from different males must be discriminated within the female reproductive tract. To date, such investigations have thus largely been restricted to species that transfer sperm in spermatophores or for which females can be fitted with a harness to capture the incoming ejaculate. In this study, we examined sperm allocation using male Drosophila melanogaster that express a fluorescently labeled protein in sperm heads, allowing us to quantify sperm numbers from different males within the female reproductive tract. We found that male D. melanogaster deliver significantly more sperm to mated, large or young females compared with virgins, small or old females, respectively, whereas copulation duration was only significantly longer with large than with small females. These results provide further evidence for costly ejaculate production and consequent prudent allocation of sperm. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.
Maternal inheritance, cytology and macromolecular composition of defective chloroplasts in a variegated mutant of Nicotiana tabacum.

By phase microscopy of living cells the cause of a maternally-inherited variegated, spontaneous mutation of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Turkish Samsun was shown to be the presence of defective chloroplasts. These were intermingled with normal chloroplasts in some of the cells of the mesophyll tissue. In young, expanding leaves, the defective chloroplasts contain traces of chlorophylls a and b in the same ratio as found in normal chloroplasts, but only one-thirtieth of the quantity. As the defective chloroplasts mature, the green pigments disappear. The defective chloroplasts thus appear to be greatly deficient in thylakoid membranes. From their dynamic changes in shape, the defective chloroplasts appear to consist almost entirely of mobile phase, the structure which surrounds the thylakoid system of membranes of normal chloroplasts of higher plants. Consistent with this idea, two constitutents located in the mobile phase of normal chloroplasts—70S ribosomes and Fraction I protein—were detected in defective chloroplasts. The Fraction I protein was unchanged in specific ribulose diphosphate carboxylase activity from enzyme isolated from normal chloroplasts. Speculations are presented that the mutation in chloroplast DNA responsible for the formation of defective chloroplasts cannot be attributed to cistrons coding for the protein of Photosystem II, chloroplast ribosomal RNA or proteins, Fraction I protein, or the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of chloroplasts.
Linear complementarity as absolute value equation solution

We consider the linear complementarity problem (LCP): $$Mz+q\ge 0, z\ge 0, z^{\prime }(Mz+q)=0$$ as an absolute value equation (AVE): $$(M+I)z+q=|(M-I)z+q|$$ , where $$M$$ is an $$n\times n$$ square matrix and $$I$$ is the identity matrix. We propose a concave minimization algorithm for solving (AVE) that consists of solving a few linear programs, typically two. The algorithm was tested on 500 consecutively generated random solvable instances of the LCP with $$n=10, 50, 100, 500$$ and 1,000. The algorithm solved $$100\,\%$$ of the test problems to an accuracy of $$10^{-8}$$ by solving 2 or less linear programs per LCP problem.
Digital collection development for unique users: a veterinary medicine library’s approach

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present analysis of collection development in a specialized collection given the demand for electronic or online content. Design/methodology/approach – A review of research in digital collection development was conducted with particular emphasis on veterinary medicine or medical libraries. This article provides a critique of research on digital collection development as it pertains to a specialized collection from the perspective of a veterinary medicine librarian. Findings – As collection development tends toward a preference for electronic formats, many advantages for specialized user groups arise from purchasing electronic books. Originality/value – As there are many specialized library types, collection development differs according to user groups. As a veterinary medicine librarian, the author presents a profile of collection development for a specialized user group.
Effects of overexpression of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) and glucosamine treatment on translocation of GLUT4 in rat adipose cells

Insulin resistance is associated with diabetes. Hyperglycemia per se causes insulin resistance as well as increased flux of glucose through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. The rate-limiting enzyme for entry of glucose into this pathway is glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT). To directly evaluate the role of GFAT in modulating insulin-stimulated glucose transport, we co-transfected primary cultures of rat adipose cells with expression vectors for human GFAT as well as an epitope-tagged GLUT4 and examined the effect of overexpressed GFAT on insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4. When we measured cell surface tagged GLUT4 in response to insulin, cells overexpressing GFAT and tagged GLUT4 had an insulin-dose response curve that was similar to that of control cells expressing only tagged GLUT4. As an alternative means of increasing flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, we incubated adipose cells with glucosamine (a substrate of the pathway downstream from GFAT) and insulin. Interestingly, for short incubation times (4 h) we observed a decrease in both basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport without a detectable effect on insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4. However, for longer incubation times (16 h), we observed a significant decrease in the amount of GLUT4 in the plasma membrane. Our data suggest that products of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway may cause insulin resistance, in part, by acutely decreasing intrinsic activity of GLUT4 as well as chronically altering the amount of GLUT4 at the cell surface.
Lateralization of motor circuits and handedness during finger movements.

Although functional lateralization in the human brain has been studied intensively, there remains significant controversy over the brain mechanisms that instantiate it. The main objective of the present study is to characterize the regions associated with the generation of different movements by the fingers of both hands by right- and left-handed people. Thirteen right- and left-handers were studied using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during performance of single and sequential finger movement tasks. We used single-shot whole-brain spiral fMRI to map the functional components of the motor system during these tasks. Regions of interest included the primary motor and sensory cortices, the pre-motor cortices and the cerebellum. Sequential movements were associated with intense brain activation in several bilateral regions, whereas single movements were associated with less activation in fewer regions, but with greater laterality. Right- and left-handers differed in their pattern of activation, sharing a pattern of activation on simple movements but responding differently to sequential movements. On simple movements, the brain activation patterns of left- and right-handers were similar in volume, number of areas and laterality. By contrast, on sequential movement, left-handers activated larger volumes and a larger number of brain areas than right-handers, and showed significantly less brain lateralization. These results highlight differences in the functional organization of motor areas in right- and left-handed people. The discrepancies that might reflect differences in the network features of motor systems in these two groups, could also determine differences in motor activity that occur during recovery from injury (e.g. after stroke).
Role of arterial chemoreceptors in mediating the effects of endogenous adenosine on sympathetic nerve activity

BACKGROUNDExogenous adenosine has been shown to increase muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), blood pressure, heart rate, and ventilation in conscious humans, effects attributed to peripheral chemoreceptor activation.METHODS AND RESULTSTo determine whether endogenous adenosine has similar effects and whether they are mediated through chemoreceptor activation, we examined the effects of dipyridamole, an inhibitor of adenosine reuptake, on sympathetic nerve activity and ventilation. Twenty studies were conducted on separate days in 15 healthy volunteers. We examined responses to dipyridamole 0.56 mg/kg during room air breathing (n = 7), during hyperoxia (100% O2, n = 6), and during room air breathing after pretreatment with aminophylline (n = 7). During room air breathing, dipyridamole increased MSNA from 231 +/- 42 to 504 +/- 136 U/min, heart rate from 65 +/- 3.8 to 96 +/- 4.7 beats per minute, and systolic blood pressure from 129 +/- 3.5 to 140 +/- 4.8 mm Hg; central venous pressure decreased from 5....
Abstract A5: Can activation of the UPR lead to Trastuzumab resistance?

HER2+ breast cancer accounts for 25–30% of patients with breast cancer. HER2+ breast cancer responds poorly to traditional hormone and chemotherapy but responds to treatment with the humanized IgG antibody, trastuzumab, which targets HER2 and disables homodimer formation and consequent downstream growth signaling. When used in conjunction with other forms of therapy, trastuzumab induces initial clinical remission and reduces the probability of recurrence. However, trastuzumab becomes ineffective over time in a significant number of cases (trastuzumab resistance), leaving patients with few viable treatment options. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain trastuzumab resistance. These include (1) the upregulation and signaling through other members of the HER family, such HER3 and HER4; (2) steric hindrance of trastuzumab binding by overexpressed MUC-4; (3) compensatory signaling through other growth signaling receptors, e.g., IGF-R; and (4) alternative downstream signaling that reactivates the PI3K/AKT pathway. For example, it has been shown that the loss of PTEN, a potent negative regulator of PI3K/AKT signaling, results in the loss of trastuzumab sensitivity in breast cancer cells. Another yet unappreciated source of PI3K/AKT activation is the unfolded protein response (UPR), a cellular signaling mechanism that adapts to disruption of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis evoked by accumulation of un/misfolded proteins. The UPR has been identified as a key cell-intrinsic regulator of tumor survival, promoting tumorigenesis during hypoxia and nutrient starvation as occurs in the tumor microenvironment. A downstream target of the UPR is lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a small chaperone which functions as an iron transporter. As a novel oncoprotein, LCN2 has been shown to be crucially required in models of mammary cancers, including Her2+ cancer. LCN2 is able to promote EMT in breast cancer cells in vitro, and LCN2 levels in bodily fluids correlate positively with the progression of breast cancer in humans. We thus hypothesized that, in HER2+ cancer cells, the UPR could lead to the re-activation of downstream targets such as PI3K/AKT and LCN2, possibly leading to trastuzumab resistance. Treatment of HER2+ SKBr3 human breast cancer cells with trastuzumab significantly inhibited the basal expression of LCN2. The induction of a UPR with thapsigargin completely abrogated trastuzumab-mediated LCN2 downregulation, and the inhibition of the UPR with phenyl-4 butyric acid (PBA) resulted in the near complete restoration of trastuzumab sensitivity. The addition of LY294002, a PI3K/AKT inhibitor, to trastuzumab-treated/UPR-induced SKBr3 cells, only partially reduced the upregulation of LCN2, indicating that UPR-mediated activation of LCN2 as a downstream target occurs in part via PI3K/AKT-independent mechanisms. Taken together, these results suggest that the upregulation of the UPR in the tumor microenvironment may constitute an alternative trigger of trastuzumab resistance in HER2+ cancer cells. Thus, targeting the UPR may represent a new form of adjuvant therapy for HER2+ breast cancer.
Using Opinions and Knowledge to Identify Natural Groups of Gambling Employees.

Gaming industry employees are at higher risk than the general population for health conditions including gambling disorder. Responsible gambling training programs, which train employees about gambling and gambling-related problems, might be a point of intervention. However, such programs tend to use a “one-size-fits-all” approach rather than multiple tiers of instruction. We surveyed employees of one Las Vegas casino (n = 217) and one online gambling operator (n = 178) regarding their gambling-related knowledge and opinions prior to responsible gambling training, to examine the presence of natural knowledge groups among recently hired employees. Using k-means cluster analysis, we observed four natural groups within the Las Vegas casino sample and two natural groups within the online operator sample. We describe these natural groups in terms of opinion/knowledge differences as well as distributions of demographic/occupational characteristics. Gender and language spoken at home were correlates of cluster group membership among the sample of Las Vegas casino employees, but we did not identify demographic or occupational correlates of cluster group membership among the online gambling operator employees. Gambling operators should develop more sophisticated training programs that include instruction that targets different natural knowledge groups.
How rat young govern the release of a maternal pheromone.

Abstract We addressed the question of why the pheromone contained in the feces of the lactating rat first appears at 14 days postpartum, rather than earlier or later in the maternal episode. Our hypothesis was that the release of this pheromone is controlled by the young themselves, specifically by diet-induced changes in the acidity of their feces. Support for the hypothesis was advanced in a series of experiments showing that (a) lactating females consume the feces of their pups; (b) pup fecal-acidity decreases when, at 14 days of age, the pup begins to eat solid food; (c) this decrease is mirrored in the enteric pH of the mother; and (d) pheromonal release is either promoted or inhibited by experimentally manipulating the acidity of the mother's gut.
Words and Their Ways in Campaign ’08

This study reports certain lexical patterns produced during the general election of campaign 2008 by Senators John McCain and Barack Obama. As such, it continues a series of tracings begun a dozen years ago under the rubric of the Campaign Mapping Project. This is largely a descriptive project employing computerized language analysis, making specific use of the DICTION 5.0 program. The authors examine some 700 speech passages delivered during the primaries of 2007 and the general election of 2008 and compare them to around 4,000 passages from the 1948 through 2004 presidential campaigns. Overall, they find that popular understanding of the Obama style—that he is fiery, poetic, optimistic, and grandiloquent—to be wrong. Instead, they find Obama to be cautious, grounded, and highly focused. McCain, in contrast, was personal in style, quite partisan (as are most losing presidential candidates), and highly embellished. Obama’s “cool” style differed dramatically from McCain’s “emotional” style, thereby providi...
Improved modeling and validation of command sequences using a checkable sequence language

We describe an approach to modeling and validation of command sequences for space missions that is intended to improve the likelihood of mission success by (i) making a closer connection between requirements and model specification, and (ii) increasing coverage of possible execution paths by using model checking to supplement or supplant simulation. Our approach features the use of a single language for modeling, sequencing, and flight rule requirements in the form of assertions. We summarize our experience applying this language to real mission flight rules and models.
Reverse Engineering by Design : Using History to Teach

This article discusses reverse engineering as a common approach to understanding design components with strong historical antecedents. The following are also highlighted: the original Kolff drum design; Brigham-Kolff drum; and Baxter-Travenol twin coil. It is concluded that historic reverse-engineering projects have proven a viable engineering education venue. Such projects can be adapted to virtually any biomedical device or other historic engineering artifacts to provide a unique learning experience for students.
EXTENDING THE BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS TO PRESERVE SYMMETRY AND PATTERN

Abstract We show how to extend the domain of thee binomial coefficients (rn) so that n and r may take any integer value. We argue from two directions; on the one hand we wish to preserve symmetry and pattern within Pascal's triangle (thus, creating Pascal's hexagon), and on the other hand we wish the binomial coefficients to preserve their algebraic role in terms of the Taylor series and Laurent series expansions of (1 + x)n, valid when |x| 1, respectively. A geometric configuration within the Pascal triangle, called the Pascal flower, has some extraordinary properties—these properties persist into the hexagon. Moreover, the binomial coefficients may, by the use of the Γ-function, even be extended to all real (or complex) values of n and r, with the conservation of their principal properties.
Reflections on Pearl Harbor Anniversaries Past

By any measure, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was one of the decisive events of the twentieth century. For Americans, it was the greatest military disaster in memory—one which set them on the road to becoming the world's greatest military power. For Japanese, the attack was a momentary triumph that marked the beginning of their nation's painful and protracted transition from empire to economic colossus.
Soft Tissue For Allograft Reconstruction of the Human Knee: A Survey of the American Association of Tissue Banks

With increasing use and availability of musculoskeletal soft tissue allografts, orthopaedic surgeons need current knowledge about allograft processing, costs, and availability. In conjunction with the American Association of Tissue Banks, a comprehensive survey consisting of specific questions on several topics in tissue banking was sent to 42 member banks or banks undergoing accreditation review that distribute musculoskeletal tissues. Donors came from organ procurement organizations, coroners' offices, hospital morgues, and donations; the average age of the donors was 35. Most of the 36 tissue banks responding to the questionnaire harvest patellar and Achilles tendons. Patellar tendon demand exceeded supply. Tissue processing was done by outside organizations approximately 50% of the time. Of the four types of tissue sterilization processes performed, gamma irradiation was the most common. Doses of sterilizing gamma irradiation varied from 1 to 3.5 mrad. The average approximate costs of fresh-frozen tissue were $800 for patellar tendon allograft, $615 for Achilles tendon, and $640 for menisci. There was no consensus of opinion of how to size or sterilize meniscal allografts. As demand increases for soft tissue allografts, it is essential that the orthopaedic surgeon is knowledgeable about the clinical impact of tissue banking.
Metallurgical bonding development of V-4Cr-4Ti alloy for the DIII-D radiative divertor program

General Atomics (GA), in conjunction with the Department of Energy`s (DOE) DIII-D Program, is carrying out a plan to utilize a vanadium alloy in the DIII-D tokamak as part of the DIII-D Radiative Divertor (RD) upgrade. The V-4Cr-4Ti alloy has been selected in the U.S. as the leading candidate vanadium alloy for fusion applications. This alloy will be used for the divertor fabrication. Manufacturing development with the V-4Cr-4Ti alloy is a focus of the DIII-D RD Program. The RD structure, part of which will be fabricated from V-4Cr-4Ti alloy, will require many product forms and types of metal/metal bonded joints. Metallurgical bonding methods development on this vanadium alloy is therefore a key area of study by GA. Several solid state (non-fusion weld) and fusion weld joining methods are being investigated. To date, GA has been successful in producing ductile, high strength, vacuum leak tight joints by all of the methods under investigation. The solid state joining was accomplished in air, i.e., without the need for a vacuum or inert gas environment to prevent interstitial impurity contamination of the V-4Cr-4Ti alloy.
Adherence to low-fat diets: fat intake during a self-monitoring period

Consistency of meeting dietary goals is important in dietary intervention studies. In this study, healthy women participating in a 12-week dietary intervention study (N = 36) were taught how to follow a low-fat diet by daily monitoring of fat intake in grams. The goal fat intake was 15% of energy from fat. Dietary intakes from the week 7 self-monitoring records and the week 8 4-day food records were analyzed using the Nutrition Data System nutrient analysis software. Fat intake calculated from 4-day food records kept during week 8 was 31.3 g/d, and this was slightly above the goal of 27.6 g/d. The self-tally of fat intake during self-monitoring was slightly lower at 26.7 g/d. Nutrient analysis of the self-monitoring food records, however, indicated a mean fat intake of 35 g/d, which was significantly higher than the goal intake and the intake by self-tally. The underestimation of fat intake by 8.3 g/d using self-tally is a sizable percentage of the goal intake, and this has implications for dietary counseling strategies.
Autoradiographic evidence that septohippocampal fibers reinnervate fascia dentata denervated by entorhinal lesion during development.

the projection from the ventromedial septum to the fascia dentata was investigated autoradiographically in normal adult rats and in adult rats whose entorhinal cortex had been removed unilaterally at the age of 11 days. In the fascia dentata of normal rats and in the fascia dentata contralateral to the entorhinal lesion septohippocampal fibers and terminals were distributed just below and, to a lesser extent, just above the granular layer. The molecular layer above the supragranular zone was lightly and more or less uniformly innervated. Ipsilateral to the entorhinal lesion, however, the outer part of the dentate molecular layer received an anomalously dense septal projection (average of 3–4 times the contralateral projection). The entorhinal lesion did not consistently affect the density of this projection in any other lamina. These results confirm that septohippocampal fibers increase their density of innervation when synaptic sites are made available by degeneration of lateral perforant path fibers during development. This represents a net increase in total septal innervation of the fascia dentata, not merely a change in the distribution of the projection among its target zones.
Polymorphic changes in mixtures of confectionery fats

The polymorphic behavior of mixtures of cocoa butter and high melting cocoa butter fraction with three types of confectionery fats and mixtures of the confectionery fats with each other were investigated with a differential scanning calorimeter. The confectionery fats were an interesterified-fractionated fat, a hydrogenated-fractionated fat, and a lauric acid fat. The lowered melting point observed in mixtures of confectionery fats with cocoa butter or cocoa butter fraction was related to the proportion of triglycerides dissimilar to the major components in cocoa butter and cocoa butter fraction contained in a particular confectionery fat. The hydrogenated-fractionated fat contained ca. two-thirds 2-oleodisaturated triglycerides similar to the major components of cocoa butter; the interesterified-fractionated fat, ca. one-third 2-oleodisaturated triglycerides. The lauric acid fat contained virtually no triglycerides similar to cocoa butter. The series of mixtures of confectionery fats with cocoa butter and cocoa butter fraction that had the least melting point lowering were those that contained 25% hydrogenated-fractionated fat; the ones that had the greatest lowering of melting point were those that contained 25% lauric acid fat. Mixtures of confectionery fats with cocoa butter possessed considerable amounts of low melting components, whereas similar mixtures with cocoa butter fraction exhibited a narrower melting range and possessed few low melting components. The more highly crystalline confectionery fats can accommodate the addition of fats containing some low melting components. The most compatible of the series of mixtures of confectionery fats with each other was the mixture of interesterified-fractionated fat containing 25% hydrogenated fractionated fat; the least compatible, hydrogenated fractionated fat containing 25% lauric acid fat.
Definability of R. E. Sets in a Class of Recursion Theoretic Structures

It is known [4, Theorem 11-X(b)] that there is only one acceptable universal function up to recursive isomorphism. It follows from this that sets definable in terms of a universal function alone are specified uniquely up to recursive isomorphism. (An example is the set K , which consists of all n such that { n }( n ) is defined, where λ n , m{n}(m) is an acceptable universal function.) Many of the interesting sets constructed and studied by recursion theorists, however, have definitions which involve additional notions, such as a specific enumeration of the graph of a universal function. In particular, many of these definitions make use of the interplay between the purely number-theoretic properties of indices of partial recursive functions and their purely recursion-theoretic properties. This paper concerns r.e. sets that can be defined using only a universal function and some purely number-theoretic concepts. In particular, we would like to know when certain recursion-theoretic properties of r.e. sets definable in this way are independent of the particular choice of universal function (equivalently, independent of the particular way in which godel numbers are identified with natural numbers). We will first develop a suitable model-theoretic framework for discussing this question. This will enable us to classify the formulas defining r.e. sets by their logical complexity. (We use the number of alternations of quantifiers in the prenex form of a formula as a measure of logical complexity.) We will then be able to examine the question at each level. This work is an approach to the question of when the recursion-theoretic properties of an r.e. set are independent of the particular parameters used in its construction. As such, it does not apply directly to the construction techniques most commonly used at this time for defining particular r.e. sets, e.g., the priority method. A more direct attack on this question for these techniques is represented by such works as [3] and [5]. However, the present work should be of independent interest to the logician interested in recursion theory.
Reading for the Plot? Philip Roth’s The Plot Against America

In his study Reading for the Plot , Peter Brooks defines plot as that which “makes us read forward, seeking in the unfolding of narrative a line of intention and a portent of design that hold the promise of progress toward meaning.” Plot proves to be a rich and multifaceted concept to explore in reading Philip Roth’s novel The Plot against America (2004), in which counterfactual histories, personal plotlines, a cluster of subplots, and the reader’s awareness of metanarrative (“masterplot”) all contribute to the complex shaping of the text.
Transition-State Geometry Measurements from 13C Isotope Effects. The Experimental Transition State for the Epoxidation of Alkenes with Oxaziridines

We here suggest and evaluate a methodology for the measurement of specific interatomic distances from a combination of theoretical calculations and experimentally measured 13C kinetic isotope effects. This process takes advantage of a broad diversity of transition structures available for the epoxidation of 2-methyl-2-butene with oxaziridines. From the isotope effects calculated for these transition structures, a theory-independent relationship between the C−O bond distances of the newly forming bonds and the isotope effects is established. Within the precision of the measurement, this relationship in combination with the experimental isotope effects provides a highly accurate picture of the C−O bonds forming at the transition state. The diversity of transition structures also allows an evaluation of the Schramm process for defining transition-state geometries on the basis of calculations at nonstationary points, and the methodology is found to be reasonably accurate.
Discriminant function analysis of faces III and family satisfaction questionnaires to predict outcome in divorce mediation

Abstract To identify systemic family characteristics that predict failure in child custody and visitation mediation, the item-by-item responses of 156 divorcing spouses on the FACES III and Family Satisfaction questionnaires were subjected to discriminant function analysis. This produced two theoretically relevant functions, one (adaptability) being statistically significant and the other (cohesion) not, but both supporting present thinking in the literature that high levels of adaptability and cohesion in a family system are detrimental to mediation.
Chronic Noncancer Pain Rehabilitation With Opioid Withdrawal: Comparison of Treatment Outcomes Based on Opioid Use Status at Admission

Objective To study differences in treatment outcomes between patients with chronic noncancer pain taking vs those not taking maintenance opioids at admission to a pain rehabilitation program. Patients and Methods A nonrandomized 2-group prepost design was used to compare 356 patients admitted to the Mayo Comprehensive Pain Rehabilitation Center from January 2002 to December 2002 at admission and discharge by opioid status at admission. Measures of pain severity, interference due to pain, perceived life control, affective distress, activity level, depression, and catastrophizing (an exaggerated negative mental set associated with actual or anticipated pain experiences) were used to compare opioid and nonopioid groups. The patients entered a 3-week intensive outpatient multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation program designed to improve adaptation to chronic noncancer pain. The program uses a cognitive-behavioral model and incorporates opioid withdrawal. Results More than one third of patients (135/356) were taking opioids daily at admission. At completion of the program, all but 3 of the 135 patients had successfully discontinued opioid treatment. No significant pretreatment differences were found between the opioid and nonopioid group regarding demographics, pain duration, treatment completion, or all outcome variables, including pain severity. Significant improvement was noted at discharge for all outcome variables assessed regardless of opioid status at admission. Conclusion Patients with symptomatically severe and disabling pain while taking maintenance opioid therapy can experience significant improvement in physical and emotional functioning while participating in a pain rehabilitation program that incorporates opioid withdrawal.
An implementation of Bayesian lensing shear measurement

The Bayesian gravitational shear estimation algorithm developed by Bernstein and Armstrong (2014) can potentially be used to overcome multiplicative noise bias and recover shear using very low signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) galaxy images. In that work the authors confirmed the method is nearly unbiased in a simplified demonstration, but no test was performed on images with realistic pixel noise. Here I present a full implementation for fitting models to galaxy images, including the effects of a point spread function (PSF) and pixelization. I tested the implementation using simulated galaxy images modeled as Sersic profiles with n=1 (exponential) and n=4 (De Vaucouleurs'), convolved with a PSF and a flat pixel response function. I used a round Gaussian model for the PSF to avoid potential PSF-fitting errors. I simulated galaxies with mean observed, post-PSF full-width at half maximum equal to approximately 1.2 times that of the PSF, with log-normal scatter. I also drew fluxes from a log-normal distribution. I produced independent simulations, each with pixel noise tuned to produce different mean S/N ranging from 10-1000. I applied a constant shear to all images. I fit the simulated images to a model with the true Sersic index to avoid modeling biases. I recovered the input shear with fractional error less than 2 x 10^{-3} in all cases. In these controlled conditions, and in the absence of other multiplicative errors, this implementation is sufficiently unbiased for current surveys and approaches the requirements for planned surveys.
Role of temperature in dormancy break and/or germination of autumn-maturing Achenes of eight perennial Asteraceae from Texas, U.S.A.

Achenes of Aster ericoides, Baccharis neglecta, Brickellia dentata, Eupatorium havavense, Gymnosperma glutinosum, Helianthus maximilianii, Verbesina virginica and Viguiera dentata were collected at maturity in autumn in southcentral Texas and tested for germination over a range of thermoperiods (15/6, 20/10, 25/15, 30/15 and 35/20°C)simulating those in the habitat from September to May. Achenes of Aster, Baccharis, Brickellia, Eupatorium and Gymnosperma were nondormant, thus cold stratification did not change the range of thermoperiods over which they germinated. However, cold stratification increased the percentage of Brickellia achenes germinating at 15/6 and 20/10°C. Achenes of Helianthus, Verbesina and Viguiera were conditionally dormant at maturity, and cold stratification decreased the minimum thermoperiod for germination of Helianthus, Verbesina and Viguiera achenes to 15/6°C and increased the maximum thermoperiod for germination of Verbesina achenes to 35/20°C.Thus, achenes of Helianthus and Viguiera exhibited a type 2 germination response pattern during dormancy break and those of Verbesina a type 3. Germination percentages of Helianthus, Verbesina and Viguiera achenes increased during 6–8 wk of incubation at 20/10 and 15/60°C, which simulate habitat temperatures from November to February. Therefore, winter field temperatures are favorable for dormancy loss as well as for germination. If the soil is too dry for germination of conditionally-dormant achenes in autumn, a reduction of the minimum temperature for germination during winter would allow them to germinate in midto late winter, several months before the onset of the high temperature and drought conditions of early summer.
2D Saddle Potential Schrödinger Green's Function in the Presence of an Arbitrary Time-Dependent Electric Field

We derive the retarded nonrelativistic Green's function for a Schrodinger electron confined to a plane and subject to a parabolic saddle potential and an electric field having arbitrary time dependence and orientation on the plane. This derivation is carried out using Heisenberg equations of motion for position and momentum operators, following an earlier analysis of Schwinger, to obtain the retarded Green's function in closed form, as an explicit function of position and time variables.
Information-theoretic measures for anomaly detection

Anomaly detection is an essential component of protection mechanisms against novel attacks. We propose to use several information-theoretic measures, namely, entropy, conditional entropy, relative conditional entropy, information gain, and information cost for anomaly detection. These measures can be used to describe the characteristics of an audit data set, suggest the appropriate anomaly detection model(s) to be built, and explain the performance of the model(s). We use case studies on Unix system call data, BSM data, and network tcpdump data to illustrate the utilities of these measures.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Job Satisfaction among Direct-Care Staff in Residential Facilities for Mentally Retarded People:

A factor analysis of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire-Short Form was conducted, based on the responses of 852 direct care staff from a variety of residential facilities. The results confirmed that intrinsic and extrinsic satisfactions are separate factors as reported by the authors of the scale. Also presented are norms for three satisfaction scales, comparisons between scores of staff from different facility types, and relationships between staff characteristics and job satisfaction.
Electromagnetic vector sensors and active target localization and identification

A new model for actively localizing and identifying targets using electromagnetic vector sensors is developed and analyzed. Target dependent variables are introduced that provide a natural parametrization of the statistics of the target's reflection characteristics (scattering matrix) to arbitrarily polarized transmitted signals. Cramer-Rao bounds on the variance of unbiased estimators of these parameters are derived to show how an estimator's expected performance depends on the target's state and the transmitted signal. The parameters are shown to have physical interpretations and to represent characteristics intrinsic to the target. >
A Review of “The Rise of China: Essays on the Future Competition”

Much of the policy community a decade ago was transfixed with China's emergence as a global power. Then came the post-2001 “war on terrorism” and the economic meltdown of 2008 and 2009, each obscur...
Genital-Shrinking Panic in Ghana: A Cultural Psychological Analysis

The present article applies the theoretical framework of mutual constitution (MC)—the dialectical process by which ‘culture and psyche make each other up’—to analyze an occurrence of genital-shrinking panic (GSP). Although media reports promote interpretation of this event in terms of ignorance and superstition, the MC framework affords a less pathologizing analysis. The first part of this analysis, one that resonates with classic ethnographic perspectives, emphasizes the cultural grounding of psychological experience: how episodes of GSP make sense given local constructions of reality. However, an adequate analysis requires attention not only to cultural realities in which incidents of GSP make sense, but also to the role of psychological activity in reproducing, maintaining and extending those realities. Accordingly, the second part of this analysis emphasizes the less articulated, dynamic-construction side of the MC framework: the role of psychological activity in the reproduction of cultural worlds.
Transthoracic Ventricular Defibrillation with Square-wave Stimuli: One-Half Cycle, One Cycle, and Multicycle Waveforms

A very high powered amplifier for experimental transthoracic ventricular defibrillation has been described. The effectiveness of both one-half-cycle unidirectional and one-cycle bidirectional square waves in terminating ventricular fibrillation first increases, then reaches a maximum and finally decreases as the duration of the shock is increased. With 10- and 20-ampere unidirectional shocks and 10-ampere bidirectional shocks, a maximal effectiveness of substantially 100% was found under the chosen experimental conditions. Five-ampere unidirectional and bidirectional shocks yielded maximal effectiveness of 70%. The effectiveness of a 128-millisecond, 5-ampere, multicycle square-wave shock is a strong function of frequency and has a maximal value of approximately 70%.
Social resources and social function in comorbid eating and substance disorder: A matched-pairs study

Objective: To assess social resources and function among patients with comorbid Eating Disorder (ED) and substance abuse/dependence, referred to here as Substance Related Disorder (SRD). Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional, comparative. Settings: A university medical center with an Alcohol-Drug Program located within a Department of Psychiatry. Subjects: 70 patients with Substance Related Disorder and Eating Disorder (SRD-ED), matched for gender, age, and race-ethnicity with 70 SRD-only patients. Methods: A research associate assessed current social resources and social function based on data obtained from patients and collateral sources while blind to the ED status of the patient. Addiction psychiatrists made the diagnoses of SRD and ED and conducted assessments for axis 4 psychosocial stressors and axis 5 psychosocial function. Results: SRD-ED patients had more advantageous social resources than SRD-only patients, including residence with family or friends, more education, higher socioeconomic status, ...