cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catalase Activity in Anaplasma marginale

Wallace, W. R. (Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge), and G. T. Dimopoullos. Catalase activity in Anaplasma marginale. J. Bacteriol. 91:309–311. 1965.—Extracts of erythrocytes infected with Anaplasma marginale were found to contain more catalase activity than normal erythrocytic preparations. The increase in catalase activity appeared concurrently with increases in the number of erythrocytes containing Anaplasma bodies. Antisera against normal bovine erythrocytes and Anaplasma-infected erythrocytes were prepared in rabbits to test the source of increased catalase activity during anaplasmosis. Antiserum against normal erythrocytes decreased the catalase activity of extracts of normal erythrocytes by 271 units per ml and of partially purified Anaplasma bodies by only 120 units. Rabbit antiserum against Anaplasma-infected bovine erythrocytes removed only 73 units of activity from normal erythrocytes, but decreased the activity of the partially purified Anaplasma bodies by 260 units, indicating the association of catalase with the marginal body.
The glycolytic phenotype in carcinogenesis and tumor invasion: insights through mathematical models.

Malignant cells characteristically exhibit altered metabolic patterns when compared with normal mammalian cells with increased reliance on anaerobic metabolism of glucose to lactic acid even in the presence of abundant oxygen. The inefficiency of the anaerobic pathway is compensated by increased glucose flux, a phenomenon first noted by Otto Warburg ∼80 years ago and currently exploited for 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography imaging in clinical radiology. The latter has demonstrated the glycolytic phenotype is a near-universal phenomenon in human cancers. The potential role of the glycolytic phenotype in facilitating tumor invasion has been investigated through mathematical models of the tumor-host interface. Modified cellular automaton and diffusion reaction models demonstrate protons will diffuse from the tumor into peritumoral normal tissue subjecting nontransformed cells adjacent to the tumor edge to an extracellular pH significantly lower than normal. This leads to normal cell death via p53-dependent apoptosis pathways, as well as degradation of the interstitial matrix, loss of intercellular gap junctions, enhanced angiogenesis, and inhibition of the host immune response to tumor antigens. Transformed cells maintain their proliferative capacity in acidic extracellular pH because of mutations in p53 or some other component in the apoptosis pathways. This allows tumor cells to remain proliferative and migrate into the peritumoral normal tissue producing the invasive phenotype. Mathematical models of invasive cancer based on tumor-induced acidification are consistent with extant data on tumor microenvironment and results from clinical positron emission tomography imaging, including the observed correlation between tumor invasiveness and glucose utilization. Novel treatment approaches focused on perturbation of the tumor microenvironment are predicted from the mathematical models and are supported by recent clinical data demonstrating the benefits of azotemia and metabolic acidosis in survival of patients with metastatic renal cancer. The evolutionary basis for adoption of the glycolytic phenotype during carcinogenesis remains unclear because it appears to confer significant competitive disadvantages on the tumor cells due to of inefficient energy production and expenditure of resources to remove the acid byproducts. We propose that the glycolytic phenotype represents a successful adaptation to environmental selection parameters because it confers the ability to invade. That is, the glycolytic phenotype allows the cell to move from the microenvironment of a premalignant lesion to adjacent normal tissue. There it competes with normal cells that are less fit than the populations within the tumor in a microenvironment of relative substrate abundance. The consequent unrestrained proliferation allows the glycolytic phenotype to emerge simultaneous with the transition from a premalignant lesion to an invasive cancer.
Physical stabilization of the β→γ transformation in dicalcium silicate

This paper reports that it has been shown that the monoclinic {beta}-phase of dicalcium silicate (Ca{sub 2}SiO{sub 4}) can be stabilized against transformation to the orthorhombic {gamma}-phase by physical rather than chemical factors. Stabilization was studied in different types of microstructures of fabricated under various processing conditions such as different powder or grain sizes, chemical additives, cooling kinetics, or high-temperature annealing treatments. The observations can be explained in terms of a critical particle size effect controlling nucleation of the transformation. Rapid quenching through the high-temperature hexagonal ({alpha}) to orthorhombic a ({sub H}{prime}) transformation at 1425{degrees}C, which is accompanied by a {minus}4.7% volume decrease, causes periodic fracture of {beta}-twins due to accumulated strains. Chemical doping with K{sub 2}O or Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} promotes the formation of amorphous phases which mold themselves around {beta}-Ca{sub 2}SiO{sub 4} grains. Annealing treatments cause crystallization of the glass and subsequent transformation to the {gamma}-phase.
Prosopagnosia and facial discrimination

Abstract The relations between prosopagnosia and the ability to discriminate unfamiliar faces are reviewed and the performance of a prosopagnosic patient on a facial discrimination test as well as on other tasks requiring the processing and integration of visual information is described. The finding that this patient showed essentially normal ability to discriminate unfamiliar faces supports the contention that prosopagnosia cannot be solely explained in terms of a general visuoperceptive impairment. The present state of our understanding of the disabilities underlying both prosopagnosia and defective discrimination of unfamiliar faces is discussed.
Fractionation by column chromatography in aqueous methanol of partial Ustilago sphaerogena nuclease digests of RNA.

The major trinucleotides in partial Ustilago sphaerogena RNase U2 digests of yeast and MS2 RNA were fractionated by column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex or DEAE-cellulose in 7 M urea and/or in 50% methanol on DEAE-Sephadex at neutral and acid pH. The 50% methanol system at neutral pH resolved RNase T1 limit digests of RNA according to chain length up to the heptanucleotide level. Pancreatic and Ustilago ribonuclease digests were similarly fractionated up to the trimer level, not only by chain length but also according to Gp content per compound.
The atmospheric flux νμ/νe anomaly as manifestation of proton decay p→e+νν

Abstract In a scenario in which absolute fluxes of low energy atmospheric neutrinos are at or below expectations of published calculations, the observed small νμ/νe ratio is emenable to non-oscillation interpretation. The rate of single-ring, e-like events of 200 to 500 MeV/c in Kamiokande data would appear to be enhanced. The shower momentum spectrum of the event excess is compatible with proton decay p→e+νν with τ/B ∼ 4 × 1031 yr.
Signal transduction in the visual system of Drosophila.

GENES INVOLVED IN PHOTOTRANSDUCTION . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 1 69 Rhodopsins . ....... 169 G Proteins '" 172 norpA Encodes a Phospholipase C . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . 1 73 Second Messengers and Light-activated Channels 173
Evidence That the Blood Biomarker SNTF Predicts Brain Imaging Changes and Persistent Cognitive Dysfunction in Mild TBI Patients

Although mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), or concussion, is not typically associated with abnormalities on computed tomography (CT), it nevertheless causes persistent cognitive dysfunction for many patients. Consequently, new prognostic methods for mTBI are needed to identify at-risk cases, especially at an early and potentially treatable stage. Here, we quantified plasma levels of the neurodegeneration biomarker calpain-cleaved alphaII-spectrin N-terminal fragment (SNTF) from 38 participants with CT-negative mTBI, orthopedic injury (OI) and normal uninjured controls (age range 12-30 years), and compared them with findings from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) and long-term cognitive assessment. SNTF levels were at least twice the lower limit of detection in 7 of 17 mTBI cases and in 3 of 13 OI cases, but in none of the uninjured controls. An elevation in plasma SNTF corresponded with significant differences in fractional anisotropy and the apparent diffusion coefficient in the corpus callosum and uncinate fasciculus measured by DTI. Furthermore, increased plasma SNTF on the day of injury correlated significantly with cognitive impairment that persisted for at least 3 months, both across all study participants and also among the mTBI cases by themselves. The elevation in plasma SNTF in the subset of OI cases, accompanied by corresponding white matter and cognitive abnormalities, raises the possibility of identifying undiagnosed cases of mTBI. These data suggest that the blood level of SNTF on the day of a CT-negative mTBI may identify a subset of patients at risk of white matter damage and persistent disability. SNTF could have prognostic and diagnostic utilities in the assessment and treatment of mTBI.
Involvement of calpain in AMPA-induced toxicity to rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons

AMPA receptor-elicited excitotoxicity is manifested as both a type of programmed cell death termed dark cell degeneration and edematous necrosis, both of which are linked to increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The appearance of marked cytoskeletal changes in response to abusive AMPA receptor activation, coupled with increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration suggests activation of various destructive enzymes such as calpains, a family of Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases. Since calpains and AMPA have been linked to both necrotic cell death and programmed cell death, we sought to determine the role of calpains in mediating both types of AMPA-mediated toxicity in Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum. These studies employed immunohistochemistry for cytoskeletal breakdown products of calpain activity coupled with confocal microscopy and pharmacological interventions with calpain and AMPA receptor antagonists. The present study identifies an early involvement of calpains in mediating AMPA-induced dark cell degeneration, but not edematous necrosis, based upon the effectiveness of AMPA to generate calpain-derived alpha-spectrin cleavage products in cerebellar Purkinje neurons that express dark cell degeneration, and the effectiveness of calpain antagonists, PD150606 and MDL28170, to attenuate AMPA-induced dark cell degeneration. Moreover, the AMPA receptor antagonist CNQX, a proven inhibitor of AMPA-elicited dark cell degeneration, also blocked AMPA-induced increases in alpha-spectrin, further suggesting interplay between abusive AMPA receptor activation, calpain activation and dark cell degeneration. Since AMPA-induced dark cell degeneration possesses morphological changes that resemble those that occur following brain ischemia in vivo, hypoglycemia, or extended seizure episodes, the involvement of calpains as mediators of cell death is potentially far reaching and has widespread therapeutic implications in numerous CNS disorders.
Neck pain in demolition derby drivers

Abstract Simotas AC, Shen T. Neck pain in demolition derby drivers. Objective To investigate neck pain in demolition derby car drivers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:693–6. Design Retrospective survey. Setting Internet administered. Participants Demolition derby drivers who visited the Web site of the International Demolition Derby Association. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measure Demolition derby neck pain questionnaire. Results Forty drivers participated in a mean of 30 career events and had an average of 52 car collisions per event, 55% being rear-end. Mean and maximum collision speeds were 26 and 45 miles/h (41.6km/h, 72km/h), respectively. Only 2 drivers reported their worst postparticipation neck pain lasted more than 3 months, and for 1 it lasted more than a year; for the majority, the worst neck pain event lasted less than 21 days. Three participants reported having mild chronic persistent derby-related neck pain (never went away). The remaining 37 drivers reported no chronic neck pain. The average pain episode was moderate or severe for 8, but for all respondents, the average pain episodes lasted less than 21 days. Ten reported chronic neck pain they believed was unrelated to derby competition (7 mild, 2 moderate, 1 severe). Conclusions These data suggest that derby drivers sustain less chronic neck pain after multiple car collision events than might otherwise be expected. Further study of this unique population of car drivers may contribute to understanding whiplash disorder.
Would Privatization of K-12 Schooling Lead to Competition and Thereby Improve Education? An Industrial Organization Analysis

Some scholars have argued that to improve K-12 education, we should eliminate public schools and let private schools compete for students. Missing from such proposals is analysis of K-12 schooling ...
Mercury accumulation in Devils Lake, North Dakota — Effects of environmental variation in closed-basin lakes on mercury chrologies

Sediment cores were collected from lakes in the Devils Lake Basin in North Dakota to determine if mercury (Hg) accumulation chronologies from sediment-core data are good indicators of variations in Hg accumulation rates in saline lakes. Sediment cores from Creel Bay and Main Bay, Devils Lake were selected for detailed analysis and interpretation. The maximum Hg concentration in the Creel Bay core was 0.15 micrograms per gram at 8 to 9 centimeters. The maximum Hg concentration in the Main Bay core was 0.07 micrograms per gram at 5 to 7 centimeters. The general decreases in Hg concentrations with depth are attributed to historic variations in atmospheric Hg deposition rate. Hg stratigraphies combined with210Pb and137Cs dating analyses yield Hg chronologies that indicate a general increase in Hg accumulation rates in Devils Lake since the middle of the 19th century. Mean modern Hg accumulation rates in Creel Bay were 4.9 nanograms per square centimeter per year, and rates in Main Bay were 1.8 nanograms per square centimeter per year. Mean preindustrial Hg accumulation rates in Creel Bay were 1.2 nanograms per square centimeter per year, and rates in Main Bay were 1.6 nanograms per square centimeter per year. Relatively low Hg concentrations in recent sediments in the Devils Lake Basin, along with similarities in Hg accumulation rates between lakes in the Devils Lake Basin and other lakes in the northern interior of North America, indicate that local sources of Hg are not important sources of Hg. Results of the study indicate that accurate Hg chronologies are discernible in sediment cores collected from saline lakes. However, spatial and temporal variations in lake level and water chemistry common to saline lakes make interpretation of radioisotopic and geochemical chronologies difficult. Hg geochemistry in Devils Lake, and presumably in other saline lakes, is dynamic. The results of this study indicate that the absolute amount of sediment transported to Devils Lake, along with the associated Hg and total organic carbon, and the distribution of sedimentation patterns in Devils Lake may be affected by changing lake levels.
Curriculum Inquiry, Theory, and Politics

Reading the four essays selected from the final section of The Sage Handbook of Curriculum and Instruction, “Inquiring Into Curriculum,” I am somewhat surprised by their courtesy and civility. I fe...
Facies and origin of shales from the mid‐Proterozoic Newland Formation, Belt Basin, Montana, USA

Shales constitute more than 60% of the world's sediments, yet while facies models for sandstones and carbonates are at a high level of sophistication, the study of shales has clearly lagged behind. In the mid-Proterozoic Newland Formation six major shale facies types, deposited in nearshore to basinal environments, are distinguished on the basis of bedding characteristics, textural features, and the proportions of silt, clay and carbonate. Textural features of these shale types are related to sedimentary environments as deduced from associated lithologies. The shales are undisturbed by bioturbation, and their textural and sedimentary characteristics reflect subaqueous growth of microbial mats, erosion and deposition by storms, deposition of flocculated vs. dispersed clays, continuous slow background sedimentation, winnowing by waves or currents, and subaerial exposure.
Microelectrodes for voltammetry—a personal historical perspective

Since the 1950s, the field of electrochemistry has undergone rejuvenation numerous times, attributed to such developments as the three-electrode potentiostat, the integrated circuit operational amplifier, surface modified electrodes, computer-based instrumentation, (ultra)microelectrodes, scanning microelectrode techniques, nanostructured materials, and powerful computational packages (such as COMSOL Multiphysics) that facilitate solution of complex diffusion problems. My own career has spanned nearly all of these renaissances in electrochemistry, but for this discourse, I select the development of microelectrodes as an example of how serendipity can alter the direction of one’s research career. This is not a complete historical account of the development of microelectrodes but rather a personal perspective focusing on my own group’s contributions to this area.
Preservice Teachers’ Research Experiences in Scientists’ Laboratories

To promote the use of scientific inquiry methods in K-12 classrooms, departments of teacher education must provide science teachers with experiences using such methods. To comply with state and national mandates, an apprenticeship course was designed to afford preservice secondary science teachers opportunities to engage in an authentic, extended, open-ended inquiry. This study describes three teachers’ apprenticeship experiences with a research scientist. Our model included placing preservice teachers with scientists in expert/novice roles where each teacher would be actively engaged in constructing knowledge. From triangulating interview, laboratory notebook, and reflective summary data resources, we identified common themes from re-occurring statements. Findings indicated that participants acquired scientific skills and content knowledge; however, they expressed limited use of these in their classrooms.
A cost estimation model for advanced manufacturing systems

As manufacturers continue to automate their factories, they discover that existing cost measures should be updated. Much of the existing literature has discussed the ‘why's’ but there is little about the ‘how's’. This paper expands the cost concept to include quality and flexibility because they are critical factors for performance evaluation and project justification of advanced manufacturing systems. Then, a quantitative method of estimating the cost elements is illustrated. Finally, various approaches to collecting parametric values of the cost model and applications of the cost model are presented.
Cost and Price Effects of Concentration Restrictions in the Plant Location Problem

Restrictions which prevent monopolization of spatial markets are imposed on the plant location problem for agricultural processing industries. The antitrust laws are assumed to be the source of these restrictions. Restricted and unrestricted solutions for an example problem and for the fluid milk processing industry in the state of Washington are compared. The restraints are shown to alter spatial organizations in such a way as to increase industry costs, but they also reduce the latitude for spatial price discrimination which may exist in unrestricted organizations.
Acid solubilization of animal tissue nucleic acids as related to their extraction and estimation

Abstract Deoxyribose, free or from DNA, is extremely labile in 1 M (6%) PCA (perchloric acid) when incubated at 90 °, but is relatively stable in 0.3 M (5%) TCA (trichloroacetic acid) over the period necessary for nucleic acid extraction from tissues (30 minutes). When the concentration of PCA is 2%, or approximately equimolar with 5% TCA, deoxyribose stability, DNA hydrolytic characteristics, and tissue extracting effectiveness at 90 ° are similar to results found with 5% TCA. Ultraviolet absorption data show that both DNA and RNA are quantitatively extracted from tissues with these concentrations of TCA or PCA at 90 ° with 30 minutes incubation. Deoxyribonucleic acid and TNA analyses of rat and rabbit liver, lung, spleen, and kidney, with the 5% TCA and 2% PCA extractants, agree well with one another. The results are discussed with reference to pertinent factors in the choice of PCA or TCA as the more suitable extractant.
Effects of Memantine on Mitochondrial Function

Because NMDA complex and mitochondrial function are related, we hypothesized memantine would influence mitochondrial function. We addressed this in vitro by studying the effects of chronic and acute memantine exposures on mitochondrial function. For acute exposure experiments, mitochondria were isolated from NT2 cells and assayed for electron transport chain (ETC) enzyme function and peroxide production in buffers containing up to 60 uM memantine. For chronic exposure experiments, NT2 cells were maintained for at least two weeks in medium containing up to 60 uM memantine, following which we assayed cells or their mitochondria for ETC enzyme activities, cytochrome oxidase protein levels, oxidative stress, calcium levels, and mitochondrial DNA levels. The ability of the NMDA receptor antagonist aminophosphonovaleric acid (APV) to modify memantine's mitochondrial effects was evaluated. Acute and chronic memantine similarly affected complex I (increased at high concentrations) and IV (decreased at high concentrations) Vmax activities. APV did not alter the effects of chronic memantine exposure on citrate synthase and complex IV. We detected a lower mitochondrial peroxide production rate with acute exposure, and an increased mitochondrial peroxide production rate with chronic exposure. Micromolar memantine concentrations affect mitochondria, some of these effects are directly mediated, and acute and chronic effects may differ.
RF convertor simulation-imposition of the radiation condition

The transmission coefficient of a radiating horn is calculated. The calculation imposes a radiation condition at large distances. It employs the boundary integral method developed by Bernstein and Rokhlin. It is performed in the frequency domain and assumes axial symmetry. We discuss the dependence of rf transmission for the horn geometry that is used in the relativistic klystron amplifier experiments at the Naval Research Laboratory.
Emergency Evaluation and Management of Vaginal Bleeding in the Nonpregnant Patient

Evaluation of the nonpregnant patient presenting to the emergency department with vaginal bleeding requires the emergency physician to be aware of the potential for a variety of underlying causes. Patients with vaginal bleeding may have non-life-threatening problems such as fibroids, endometriosis, or treatable sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea and chlamydial infection. However, care must be taken to differentiate these from more serious causes of pelvic pain and bleeding such as ectopic pregnancy, hemorrhagic cyst, ovarian torsion, and rare complications from fibroids such as intraperitoneal hemorrhage. Abnormal bleeding unrelated to structural problems could have an anovulatory or ovulatory cause.
Terrain evaluation for off-road mobility

Abstract The essential features of the stress-strain-strength response of soils subjected to both hydrostatic and deviatoric states of stress are briefly discussed. Various prediction techniques used for solving off-road mobility problems are reviewed and the types of terrain data they require are presented. Finally, the various testing methods for measuring and characterizing the terrain behavior are briefly discussed.
Increase in membrane conductance by 5-hydroxytryptamine and acetylcholine on the hearts of Modiolus demissus demissus and Mytilus edulis (Mytilidae, Bivalvia)☆

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and acetylcholine (ACh) on mussel myocardia were studied. Membrane resistance and membrane potential were measured, and spontaneous electrical and mechanical activity monitored, by means of a double sucrose gap apparatus. 2. 2. 5HT (10−6 M), while producing a small hyperpolarization (2–3 mV), reduced the resistance of the Modiolus myocardium only about twofold. Concomitantly, excitability decreased markedly and spontaneous activity was abolished. Doses 1000 times greater than the threshold for arrest were required to reduce the relative membrane resistance sixfold. 3. 3. ACh decreased the relative membrane resistance of the Modiolus myocardium, and this effect was dose dependent. Only a slight hyperpolarization occurred during the arrest of spontaneous activity. 4. 4. Both ACh and 5HT excited the Mytilus myocardium. 5HT could induce or augment rhythmical activity while producing only a small depolarization and no detectable change in relative membrane resistance. ACh markedly depolarized the Mytilus heart, and this effect was accompanied by a large decrease in membrane resistance. 5. 5. While the ACh reversal potential in Modiolus hearts is only about 3 mV higher than the resting level, that of 5HT is about 15 mV higher. 6. 6. The action of 5HT on Modiolus myocardia, including the small relative resistance decrease, was unaffected by the replacement of Na+ with Tris, or Cl− with propionate, in the perfusion fluid. ACh inhibition was dependent on Cl−; in Cl−-free sea water, ACh was excitatory. The action of ACh was unaffected by a lack of Na+.
Mapping Kazakhstan’s geopolitical code: an analysis of Nazarbayev’s presidential addresses, 1997–2014

Kazakhstan sits at the crossroads of Eurasia. Its foreign policy is heavily defined by geopolitics – the intersection of geography and international politics. However, there have been few studies that have systematically analyzed the rhetoric used to define its geopolitical condition. Building upon prior works on United States and Russian presidential addresses, this article examines 18 presidential addresses by Kazakhstan’s president, Nursultan Nazarbayev, in an effort to identify the assumptions and content of his “geopolitical code.” In particular, it focuses on four issues: the degree of emphasis Nazarbayev has placed on specific countries and regions, Kazakhstan’s geopolitical situation and position, the multi-vector foreign policy and Kazakhstan’s role in the international system, and the need for Kazakhstan to be integrated into the global economy.
The role of previous radiographs and reports in the interpretation of current radiographs.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The authors studied radiologists' patterns of using old reports and previous radiographs in the interpretation of current radiographic studies. Supplying information from previous studies is considered necessary for accurate interpretation; however, it is not clear how this information is used. METHODS Eighteen radiologists interpreted 305 plain-film studies in a general radiologic interpretation area. Radiologists described their perceptions of the use of previous radiographs and reports in film interpretation. RESULTS Overall, old films were used for 99% of interpretations and previous reports were used for 65%. Prior information increased confidence in 89% of cases, influenced diagnosis in 56% of cases, and assisted in detecting new pathology in 6% of interpretations. Old radiographs were judged most valuable in documenting the progression, regression, or stability of disease in 89% of cases. Previous reports were principally used to obtain patient history (43%). In no cases did the radiologist perceive that the old reports assisted in locating new pathology. CONCLUSIONS Old films are judged more valuable than reports for documenting disease progress, and radiologists are unlikely to accept written reports as a substitute. Previous reports are used principally to improve clinical histories, a function that might be eliminated if adequate clinical data could be captured by other means.
D-xylose absorption and disposition in patients with moderately impaired renal function.

D-Xylose kinetics were studied after oral and intravenous administration to 10 patients with impaired renal function, three of whom were being evaluated for intestinal malabsorption. The 0.32 ± 0.06 L/kg (mean ± SD) distribution volume of D-xylose in patients with uncomplicated renal impairment was larger than the value of 0.23 ± 0.04 L/kg that we reported previously for normal subjects (P < 0.01). Renal clearance was also reduced, averaging 87% of glomerular filtration rate estimated from creatinine clearance, so that the elimination-phase half-life was prolonged to 138 ± 39 minutes from 75 ± 11 minutes in normal individuals (P < 0.01). The 25 gm oral D-xylose dose was 77.4% ± 14.8% absorbed in the patients with uncomplicated renal impairment, similar to the 69.4% ± 13.6% absorption reported in normal individuals. However, the absorption half-life was prolonged from 31 ± 12 minutes in normal subjects to a value of 62 ± 23 minutes (P < 0.02). Of the usual clinical indexes of D-xylose absorption, the serum concentration measured 1 hour after the oral dose was best correlated with the extent of D-xylose absorption (r = 0.76; P < 0.01), and the standard lower normal limit of 0.2 mg/ml was satisfactory. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1987) 41, 351–357; doi:10.1038/clpt.1987.38
Characterization of tetanus toxins and toxin components by amino terminal analyses.

Abstract Extract tetanus toxin, filtrate tetanus toxin, and the heavy and light chains of filtrate toxin were analyzed for their amino termini with 4- N,N -dimethylaminoazobenzene-4′isothiocyanate and phenylisothiocyanate. Extract toxin (intracellular toxin) is a single-chain polypeptide with proline as the amino terminus. Filtrate toxin (extracellular toxin) is a mixture of species produced by endogenous proteases, and showed three major amino terminal residues, proline, asparagine, and serine. Cleavage points in the filtrate toxin molecule appear to be on either side of a disulfide bond. Reductive and nonreductive preparative electrophoresis of filtrate toxin produce different species of light and heavy chains. The light chains have a single amino terminus of proline, indicating that the light chain is the amino terminal portion of the toxin molecule. The heavy chains showed no proline but rather asparagine and serine as the major amino termini. Small amounts of other amino terminal residues were present, indicating microheterogenity at the cleavage sites in the toxin. The results permit the construction of a model of tetanus toxin which is consistent with the fragments obtained from either reductive or nonreductive preparative electrophoresis of filtrate toxin.
Evaluation in the Greenhouse of a New Insecticide for Bollworm Control

Dose-response data for a salicylanilide insecticide (4',5-dichloro-3-(4-chlorophenyl) salicylanilide) and for toxaphene-DDT (2:1) were determined against larvae of bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), caged individually on leaves of young, previously sprayed, cotton plants. Comparison of the calculated LD50and LD90rates shows that the newer compound is 5-7 times as effective as the standard at the LD50, and that it has a steeper dose-response curve. Like the standard, deposits of the salicylanilide are active for several days after treatment. A very low order of toxicity to mammals is indicated by results obtained with laboratory animals.
Adaptive evolution drives divergence of a hybrid inviability gene between two species of Drosophila

Speciation--the splitting of one species into two--occurs by the evolution of any of several forms of reproductive isolation between taxa, including the intrinsic sterility and inviability of hybrids. Abundant evidence shows that these hybrid fitness problems are caused by incompatible interactions between loci: new alleles that become established in one species are sometimes functionally incompatible with alleles at interacting loci from another species. However, almost nothing is known about the genes involved in such hybrid incompatibilities or the evolutionary forces that drive their divergence. Here we identify a gene that causes epistatic inviability in hybrids between two fruitfly species, Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans. Our population genetic analysis reveals that this gene--which encodes a nuclear pore protein--evolved by positive natural selection in both species' lineages. These results show that a lethal hybrid incompatibility has evolved as a by-product of adaptive protein evolution.
A state space approach to elasticity

Abstract The two-dimensional, plane stress problem of linear elasticity is analyzed within a state space framework. The medium considered is homogeneous and isotropic. Vlasov's mixed formulation of elasticity is used throughout. The field equations are derived in closed form, thus avoiding Vlasov's intermediate infinite series solution. Finally, all the properties of the transfer matrix are shown to follow directly from embedding the problem into a state space setting.
An ultrastructural analysis of “cytoplasmic markers” in germ cells of Oryzias latipes

A sequential investigation of early embryonic stages of the teleost Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes , was conducted to determine the origin, specific identification and relationship of primordial germ cells (PGCs) to other embryonic cell types. Two “cytological markers” have been identified in the cytoplasm of PGCs which provide a reliable method of following the translocation of germ cells throughout the maturation process. One marker, designated “mitochondria-associated granular material” (MAGM) may be analogous to granular material observed in mature germ cells of many other vertebrate species. The second cytological structure consists of a fenestrated sheet of distinctive endoplasmic reticulum which usually follows the curvature of the nucleus. Although the nature and function of these “markers” have not been determined, the ultrastructural observations, particularly those of MAGM, suggest some evolutionary significance regarding the phylogeny of germ cells. Moreover, the presence of this granular material in all stages of development illustrates a continuity of the germ cell line in Oryzias . A new improved method for removal of the chorion which facilitates a more rapid and adequate fixation of teleost eggs and embryonic tissues is also described.
Hypothalamic regulation of testicular function in Japanese quail.

Some of the components of the system that controls the function of the testes of the Japanese quail were identified by means of midline or bilateral electrolytic or radio-frequency coagulation of various regions of the hypothalamus. The destruction of two identifiable regions of the ventral hypothalamus resulted in different forms of testicular dysfunction. Extensive medial or bilateral damage to the infundibular nuclear complex, ventral regions thereof (including the tuberal nuclei), the entire median eminence or its posterior division resulted in regression of both the gametogenic and endocrine components of the testis and regression of the cloacal gland, an anal gland known to depend on testosterone for normal function. Damage to more anterodorsal regions of the infundibular nuclear complex resulted, in a single bird, in regression of the seminiferous tubules, but had no noticeable effect on the cells of Leydig; the cloacal gland of this bird, although reduced somewhat in size, appeared histologically active. Unilateral damage to the infundibular nuclear complex or the median eminence, or bilateral destruction of the antero—or posteroventral portions of the infundibular nuclear complex did not affect testicular function. The differing testicular dysfunctions are discussed in relation to the release of LH and FSH from the adenohypophysis.
The Conceptualization and Measurement of Organizational Size in Residential Treatment Organizations

Issues surrounding the conceptualization and measurement of organizational size in residential treatment settings are explored. Five indicators of size (three absolute and two ratio measures) are analyzed relative to each other and to a criterion variable of staff members' "role expectations" for client independence. Data are taken from 23 halfway houses for alcoholics. Results suggest that: (a) organizational size is a multidimensional (rather than global) concept; (b) the staff/client ratio should not be considered as an "indicator" of staff size; (c) ratio measures ofscale reflect an aspect of "size" theoretically distinctive from absolute measures of scale: and (d) both absolute and ratio measures of size are powerful predictors of staff expectations for client performance. Conclusions focus on the need for research to explicate further the theoretical substance of the size concept.
Zinc is the molecular “switch” that controls the catalytic cycle of bacterial leucyl-tRNA synthetase

Abstract The Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS) enzyme is part of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) family. LeuRS is an essential enzyme that relies on specialized domains to facilitate the aminoacylation reaction. Herein, we have biochemically characterized a specialized zinc-binding domain 1 (ZN-1). We demonstrate that the ZN-1 domain plays a central role in the catalytic cycle of E. coli LeuRS. The ZN-1 domain, when associated with Zn 2 + , assumes a rigid architecture that is stabilized by thiol groups from the residues C159, C176 and C179. When LeuRS is in the aminoacylation complex, these cysteine residues form an equilateral planar triangular configuration with Zn 2 + , but when LeuRS transitions to the editing conformation, this geometric configuration breaks down. By generating a homology model of LeuRS while in the editing conformation, we conclude that structural changes within the ZN-1 domain play a central role in LeuRS's catalytic cycle. Additionally, we have biochemically shown that C159, C176 and C179 coordinate Zn 2 + and that this interaction is essential for leucylation to occur, but is not essential for deacylation. Furthermore, calculated K d values indicate that the wild-type enzyme binds Zn 2 + to a greater extent than any of the mutant LeuRSs. Lastly, we have shown through secondary structural analysis of our LeuRS enzymes that Zn 2 + is an architectural cornerstone of the ZN-1 domain and that without its geometric coordination the domain collapses. We believe that future research on the ZN-1 domain may reveal a possible Zn 2 + dependent translocation mechanism for charged tRNA Leu .
Just in time: adding value to the IO pipelines of high performance applications with JITStaging

Large scale applications are generating a tsunami of data, with understanding driven by finding information hidden within this data. The ever-increasing sizes of output, however, are making it difficult for science users to inspect the data generated by their applications, understand its important properties, and/or organize it for subsequent analysis and visualization. This paper presents JITStager, a software infrastructure with which end users can dynamically customize and thus, add value to the output pipelines of their HEC applications. JITStager is able to customize data at scale, by leveraging the computational power of both compute nodes and of additional `data staging' nodes allocated by end users. Using existing, componentized I/O interfaces to decouple the compile-time specification of the program and the run-time customization of the data pipeline, JITStager employs efficient runtime methods for binary code generation and data movement to create custom pipelines for applications' output processes that provide end users with improved insights into the data being produced, without burdening the application's computational performance and without impeding output performance. This paper describes the JITStager architecture, evaluates its performance, and demonstrates the advantages derived from its use with representative HPC applications.
The Induction of Partial Resistance to Photodynamic Therapy by the Protooncogene BCL‐2

— Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an efficient inducer of apoptosis, an active form of cell death that can be inhibited by the BCL-2 oncoprotein. The ability of BCL-2 to modulate PDT-induced apoptosis and overall cell killing has been studied in a pair of Chinese hamster ovary cell lines that differ from one another by a transfected human BCL-2 gene in one of them (Bissonnette et al., Nature 359,552–554, 1992). Cells were exposed to the phthalo-cyanine photosensitizer Pc 4 and various fluences of red light. Pc 4 uptake was identical in the two cell lines. The parental cells displayed a high incidence of apoptosis after PDT, whereas at each fluence there was a much lower incidence of apoptosis in the BCL-2-expressing cells. Apoptosis was monitored by (a) observation of 50 kbp and oligonucleosome-size DNA fragments by gel electrophoresis, (b) flow cytometry of cells labeled with fluores-cently tagged dUTP by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and (c) fluorescence microscopy of acridine orange-stained cells. The time course of apoptosis varied with the PDT dose, suggesting that only after moderately high doses (> 99% loss of clonogenicity) was there a relatively synchronous and rapid entry of many cells into apoptosis. At PDT doses reducing cell survival by 90 or 99%, significant increases in apoptotic cells were found in the population after6–12 h. Clonogenic assays showed that BCL-2 protein inhibited not only apoptosis but overall cell killing as well, effecting a two-fold resistance at the 10% survival level. Thus, BCL-2-expressing cells may be relatively resistant to PDT.
Hepatic Fatty Acid Synthesis Is Suppressed in Mice With Fatty Livers Due to Targeted Apolipoprotein B38.9 Mutation

Humans and genetically engineered mice with hypobetalipoproteinemia due to truncation-producing mutations of the apolipoprotein B (apoB) gene frequently have fatty livers, because the apoB defect impairs the capacity of livers to export triglycerides (TGs). We assessed the adaptation of hepatic lipid metabolism in our apoB-38.9-bearing mice. Hepatic TG contents were 2- and 4-fold higher in heterozygous and homozygous mice, respectively, compared with wild-type mice. Respective in vivo hepatic fatty acid synthetic rates were reduced to 40% and 15% of the wild-type rate. Hepatic mRNAs for sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase-1 were coordinately decreased. FAS and SREBP-1c mRNA levels were strongly and positively correlated with each other and inversely correlated with hepatic TGs, suggesting that impaired TG export is a potent inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis. In contrast, levels of plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and of hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α mRNAs were not altered, implying that β-oxidation was not affected. Fasting followed by refeeding increased hepatic fatty acid synthesis 56-fold over fasting in normal and heterozygous mice but only 24-fold in homozygous mice. Parallel changes occurred in FAS and SREBP-1c mRNAs. Thus, impairment of very low density lipoprotein export downregulates hepatic fatty acid synthesis, but the adaptation is incomplete, resulting in fatty livers. The signals mediating suppression of FAS and SREBP-1c levels remain to be identified.
Should Pre-Trial Release Programs Be Expanded?:

Bail ostensibly increases the likelihood that a defendant released from jail will appear in court. Because of the constitutional guarantees of freedom and pragmatic concerns for the increasing cost of housing defendants awaiting trial, federal, state, and local governments have experimented with a wide range of pre-trial release methods. This paper compares the rates of nonappearance of persons participating in a Pre-Trial Release Program with others who were disqualified from the program but released prior to trial. The findings indicate that while, overall, PTR participants have a statistically significant lower rate of nonappearance than non-participants, these differences are effectively limited to persons accused of traffic offenses and persons released on unsecured appearance bond. Policy recommendations include extension of pre-release supervision and application of simplified selectivity criteria.
First-principles nonlocal-pseudopotential approach in the density-functional formalism: Development and application to atoms

We present a method for obtaining first-principles nonlocal atomic pseudopotentials in the density-functional formalism by direct inversion of the pseudopotential eigenvalue problem, where the pseudo-wave-functions are represented as a unitary rotation of the "exact" all-electron wave functions. The usual pseudopotential nonuniqueness of the orbitals is fixed by imposing the physically appealing constraints of maximum similarity to the all-electron wave functions and minimum radial kinetic energy. These potentials are shown to yield very accurate energy eigenvalues, total energy differences, and wave-function moments over a wide range of excited atomic configurations. We have calculated the potentials for 68 transition and nontransition elements of rows 1-5 in the Periodic Table. Their characteristic features, such as classical turning points and minimum potential radii, faithfully reflect the chemical regularities of the Periodic Table. The nonempirical nature of these potentials permits both an analysis of their dominant features in terms of the underlying interelectronic potentials and the systematic improvement of their predictions through inclusion of appropriate correlation terms. As these potentials accurately reproduce both energy eigenvalues and wave functions and can be readily fit to analytic forms with known asymptotic behavior, they can be used directly for studies of many structural and electronic properties of solids (presented in a separate paper).
Finite-basis many-electron approximation to the Anderson model.

Construction d'une matrice pour l'hamiltonien de l'impurete d'Anderson. Chacun des etats de base est valable dans la limite thermodynamique. L'energie de l'etat fondamental approxime est en bon accord avec les resultats de Bethe-Ansatz pour les grandes energies coulombiennes. ce n'est pas le cas des proprietes des fonctions d'onde de l'etat fondamental
Tropes, history, and ethics in professional discourse and information science

This article argues that professional discourses tend to align themselves with dominant ideological and social forces by means of language. In twentieth century modernity, the use of the trope of “science” and related terms in professional theory is a common linguistic device through which professions attempt social self-advancement. This article examines how professional discourses, in particular those which are foundational for library and information science theory and practice, establish themselves in culture and project history—past and future—by means of appropriating certain dominant tropes in a culture's language. This article suggests that ethical and political choices arise out of the rhetoric and practice of professional discourse, and that these choices cannot be confined to the realm of professional polemics.