cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Mathematical Model for the Lithium-Ion Negative Electrode Solid Electrolyte Interphase

The passivating solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer forms at the surface of the negative-electrode active material in lithium-ion cells. A continuum-scale mathematical model has been developed to simulate the growth of the SEI and transport of lithium and electrons through the film. The model is used to estimate the film growth rate, film resistance, and irreversible capacity loss due to film formation. We show that film growth at the negative electrode is faster for charged batteries than for uncharged batteries and that higher electron mobility in the film leads to faster growth. If electron mobility is low, the rate of film growth is limited by transport of electrons through the film, and the rate decreases as the thickness increases. We examine the dependence of film resistance upon both film thickness and defect concentration in the film. We also show that the concentration polarization in the film increases as it grows at open circuit, even though the concentration gradient may decrease.
3D mouse embryonic stem cell culture for generating inner ear organoids

This protocol describes a culture system in which inner-ear sensory tissue is produced from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells under chemically defined conditions. This model is amenable to basic and translational investigations into inner ear biology and regeneration. In this protocol, mouse ES cells are aggregated in 96-well plates in medium containing extracellular matrix proteins to promote epithelialization. During the first 14 d, a series of precisely timed protein and small-molecule treatments sequentially induce epithelia that represent the mouse embryonic non-neural ectoderm, preplacodal ectoderm and otic vesicle epithelia. Ultimately, these tissues develop into cysts with a pseudostratified epithelium containing inner ear hair cells and supporting cells after 16-20 d. Concurrently, sensory-like neurons generate synapse-like structures with the derived hair cells. We have designated the stem cell-derived epithelia harboring hair cells, supporting cells and sensory-like neurons as inner ear organoids. This method provides a reproducible and scalable means to generate inner ear sensory tissue in vitro.
LOW-LUMINOSITY EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES IN THE COMA CLUSTER : VARIATIONS IN SPECTRAL PROPERTIES

We present spectra of nine low-luminosity early-type galaxies (MB > -17.5) in the Coma Cluster. The spectra, which were obtained with the Multiple Mirror Telescope and cover the spectral region 3300–5350 A, exhibit a large variation in Balmer line strengths. In fact, the line-strength variation among the Coma low-luminosity galaxies is as large as that found among a sample of low-luminosity elliptical galaxies in the Virgo Cluster and lower density environments. When compared with detailed population synthesis models, the variation in Balmer line strengths among the Coma galaxies indicates a range in luminosity-weighted mean age from ~1 to ~12 Gyr. The two youngest galaxies are shown to be in a poststarburst state, i.e., they are not simply former spirals whose star formation was recently terminated. Moreover, the ~1 Gyr ages of these two youngest low-luminosity galaxies are similar to those of the brighter poststarburst galaxies in the Coma Cluster.
From controlling elements to transposons: Barbara McClintock and the Nobel Prize.

Dans les annees 40, Barbara McClintock decouvrit la transposition genetique du mais. Elle publia ses resultats plusieurs annees apres sa decouverte et ne recut le Prix Nobel qu'en 1983. A partir d'archives et de differents commentaires et interviews, l'auteur enumere les evenements qui ont mene McClintock au Prix Nobel.
Discrete element simulations of stress distributions in silos: crossover from two to three dimensions

Abstract The transition from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) granular packings is studied using large-scale discrete element computer simulations. We focus on vertical stress profiles and examine how they change with dimensionality. We compare results for packings in 2D, quasi-2D packings between flat plates, and 3D packings. Analysis of these packings suggests that the Janssen theory does not fully describe these packings, especially at the top of the piles, where a hydrostaticlike region of vertical stress is visible in all cases. We find that the interior of the packing is far from incipient failure, while, in general, the forces at the walls are close to incipient failure.
The role of cyclic nucleotides in visual excitation

Abstract Early studies of vertebrate rod outer segment cyclic nucleotide metabolism indicated that illumination of photoreceptor membranes causes a marked reduction in apparent cyclic AMP production. Current studies confirm these observations and explain light effects in terms of an unanticipated, ATP-dependent activation of phosphodiesterase. Here we present recent progress in our understanding of the components and mechanisms of this light dependent activation. We also describe the characteristics and substrate preference (cyclic GMP) of the photoreceptor phosphodiesterase, and a suggested model for the role of cyclic nucleotides in photoreceptor physiology.
Optimal aircraft landing-approach trajectories: A comparison of two dynamic models

Abstract Sequential quadratic programming is used to solve a minimum-noise aircraft landing-approach problem for two dynamic models. The “exact” model features the usual point-mass equations of motion for flight in a vertical plane. The other model is based on two simplifying assumptions: (1) small angle of attack and flight path angle and (2) no flight path angle dynamics (lift equals weight). Range is used to replace time as the independent variable. The resulting models are of order three and two, respectively; each model involves two control functions. The primary objective is to compare the solutions for each model with regard to accuracy and computational effort. Numerical results are presented for a variety of boundary conditions and path constraints.
A Highly Selective Catalytic Method for the Oxidative Functionalization of C−H Bonds

This communication describes a new and highly practical Pd(II)-catalyzed method for the regio- and chemoselective oxidative functionalization of arenes and alkanes. Carbon−hydrogen bonds of substrates that contain a variety of directing groups (e.g., pyridine, azobenzene, pyrazole, and imine derivatives) are selectively transformed into esters, ethers, and aryl-halides under mild conditions. The scope of this reaction in terms of substrate, directing group, and oxidant is described, and a preliminary catalytic cycle is proposed.
The Marine Environment: Fencing the Last Frontier

Fisheries resources contribute a valuable source of protein to the world's food supply. While there is much promise for continued production gains from aquaculture and terrestrial sources, the marine fisheries sector faces a number of critical current policy junctures. Since extension of jurisdiction to 200 miles in 1976, there have been dramatic changes in the opportunity for coastal nations to rationally manage formerly open access marine resources. While more spatially encompassing management has brought physical yield close to full biological potential, much of the potential economic yield from fisheries is still squandered. An important issue is whether the future potential of marine resources will be guided by an expansion of private property rights or by an expansion of bureaucratic regulatory structures. New monitoring, information, and enforcement technology is making it increasingly possible to zone the ocean and implement measures that mimic terrestrial property systems. At the same time, there is opposition to privatizing marine resources by groups who view them as public resources. The outcome of the tussle between the forces supporting and opposing property rights creation will largely determine the extent and kinds of values that will be generated from marine resources around the world in the next decade.
A monolithic fully-integrated vacuum-sealed CMOS pressure sensor

This paper presents an integrated multi-transducer capacitive barometric pressure sensor that is vacuum-sealed at wafer level. The interface circuitry is integrated directly within the sealed reference cavity, making the device immune to parasitic environmental effects. The overall device process merges CMOS circuitry with a dissolved-wafer transducer process and is compatible with bulk- and surface-micromachined transducers. The process employs chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP), anodic bonding, and hermetic lead transfers. The sensor achieves 25 mtorr resolution and is suitable for low-cost packaging. It is composed of a programmable switched-capacitor (SC) readout circuit, five segmented-range pressure transducers, and a reference capacitor, all integrated on a 6.5/spl times/7.5 mm/sup 2/ die using 3 /spl mu/m features.
Real Estate and the Arbitrage Pricing Theory: Macrovariables vs. Derived Factors

Two empirical models are used to implement the arbitrage pricing theory: the factor loading model (FLM) and the macrovariable model (MVM). This study compares the ability of these two models to explain real estate returns using equity REIT returns as a proxy. Two tests are performed: a comparison of crosssectional adjusted-R2's and the Davidson and Mackinnon test. The results show that while the two models perform equally well during the period 1974–1979, the MVM outperforms the FLM over the periods 1980–1985 and 1986–1991. In addition, both models suggest superior financial performance for EREITs relative to other investments in the market during the period 1980–1985.
Evidence for Recent Accretion in Nearby Galaxies

I discuss observations of magnitude residuals from the B-band Tully-Fisher relationship, B - V color, chemical abundance gradients, and asymmetries in the H I and stellar disks of nearby spiral galaxies within the context of a model in which small satellites or H I clouds are accreted onto the outer disks of spiral galaxies. Correlations between the various observables support the hypothesis that accretion dilutes the gas-phase abundances in the outer disk, steepens the abundance gradient across the disk, increases the star formation rate, and creates asymmetries in the outer disk. By estimating the duration of steep abundance gradients, elevated rates of star formation, or outer disk asymmetries, we can place constraints on the rate of accretion events. The data suggest that accretion events at the current time are common.
Twins Among the Low-Mass Spectroscopic Binaries

We report an analysis of twins of spectral types F or later in the 9th Catalog of Spectroscopic Binaries (SB9). Twins, the components of binaries with mass ratio within 2% of 1.0, are found among the binaries with primaries of F and G spectral type. They are most prominent among the binaries with periods less than 43 days, a cutoff first identified by Lucy. Within the subsample of binaries with P < 43 days, the twins do not differ from the other binaries in their distributions of periods (median P ~ 7 days), masses, or orbital eccentricities. Combining the mass-ratio distribution in the SB9 in the mass range 0.6-0.85 M ☉ with that measured by Mazeh et al. for binaries in the Carney-Latham high proper motion survey, we estimate that the frequency of twins in a large sample of spectroscopic binaries is about 3%. Current theoretical understanding indicates that accretion of high specific angular momentum material by a protobinary tends to equalize its masses. We speculate that the excess of twins is produced in those star-forming regions where the accretion processes were able to proceed to completion for a minority of protobinaries. This predicts that the components of a young twin may appear to differ in age and that, in a sample of spectroscopic binaries in a star formation region, the twins are, on average, older than the binaries with mass ratios much smaller than 1.
Rich and poor countries in neoclassical trade and growth

A neoclassical growth model provides an explanation for a ‘poverty trap’, ‘club convergence’, or ‘twin peaks’, in terms of specialisation and international trade. The model has many countries with identical linearly homogeneous technologies for producing three goods using capital and labour. With diverse initial endowments, initial equilibrium has unequal factor prices and two diversification cones. With savings out of wages, following Galor (1996), there may easily be multiple steady states. Poor countries converge to a low steady state while rich countries converge to a high one, even though all share identical technological and behavioural parameters.
Central limit theorem for biased random walk on multi-type Galton-Watson trees

Let $\mathcal{T}$ be a rooted supercritical multi-type Galton-Watson (MGW) tree with types coming from a finite alphabet, conditioned to non-extinction. The $\lambda$-biased random walk $(X_t)_{t\ge0}$ on $\mathcal{T}$ is the nearest-neighbor random walk which, when at a vertex $v$ with $d_v$ offspring, moves closer to the root with probability $\lambda/(\lambda+d_v)$, and to each of the offspring with probability $1/(\lambda+d_v)$. This walk is recurrent for $\lambda\ge\rho$ and transient for $0\le\lambda 4$ for the offspring distributions, we prove the following quenched CLT for $\lambda$-biased random walk at the critical value $\lambda=\rho$: for almost every $\mathcal{T}$, the process $|X_{\lfloor nt \rfloor}|/\sqrt{n}$ converges in law as $n\to\infty$ to a reflected Brownian motion rescaled by an explicit constant. This result was proved under some stronger assumptions by Peres-Zeitouni (2008) for single-type Galton-Watson trees. Following their approach, our proof is based on a new explicit description of a reversing measure for the walk from the point of view of the particle (generalizing the measure constructed in the single-type setting by Peres-Zeitouni), and the construction of appropriate harmonic coordinates. In carrying out this program we prove moment and conductance estimates for MGW trees, which may be of independent interest. In addition, we extend our construction of the reversing measure to a biased random walk with random environment (RWRE) on MGW trees, again at a critical value of the bias. We compare this result against a transience-recurrence criterion for the RWRE generalizing a result of Faraud (2011) for Galton-Watson trees.
Properties of deterministic top-down grammars

The class of context-free grammars that can be deterministically parsed in a top down manner with a fixed amount of look-ahead is investigated. These grammars, called LL(k) grammars where k is the amount of look-ahead are defined and a procedure is given for determining if a context-free grammar is LL(k) for a given value of k . A procedure is given for eliminating the e-rules from an LL(k) grammar at the cost of increasing k by 1. There exist cases in which this increase is inevitable. A procedure is given for obtaining a deterministic push-down machine to recognize a given LL(k) grammar and it is shown that the equivalence problem is decidable for LL(k) grammars. Additional properties are also given.
Risk of ovulation during lactation

60 breastfeeding mothers in Baltimore and 41 in Manila recorded their infant feeding patterns daily, and gave additional information at weekly interviews. Ovarian activity was monitored by assays for hormone metabolites in daily urine samples. On average, women in Baltimore breastfed less often but for longer at each feed than women in Manila, and the mean times until ovulation were 27 and 38 weeks post partum. 41% of first ovulations had luteal phase defects. Anovular first menses were common (45.1%) during the first 6 months post partum but the rate fell greatly thereafter. The risk of ovulation was reduced by a higher frequency of breastfeeds, longer duration of each feed, and less supplementary feeding. During the first 6 months post partum, amenorrhoeic women had low risks of ovulation (below 10%) with partial breastfeeding, and exclusive breastfeeding reduced the risk to 1-5% with either frequent short feeds or infrequent longer feeds. However, if the woman started menstruating before 6 months post partum, or if she continued breastfeeding beyond 6 months, the risk of ovulation rose, and contraception would be needed.
SYMMETRY RESULTS FOR FINITE- TEMPERATURE, RELATIVISTIC THOMAS-FERMI EQUATIONS ∗

In the semi-classical limit the relativistic quantum mechanics of a stationary beam of counter-streaming (negatively charged) electrons and one species of positively charged ions is described by a nonlinear system of finite-temperature Thomas–Fermi equations. In the high temperature/low density limit these Thomas–Fermi equations reduce to the (semi-)conformal system of Bennett equations discussed earlier by Lebowitz and the author. With the help of a sharp isoperimetric inequality it is shown that any hypothetical particle density function which is not radially symmetric about and decreasing away from the beam's axis would violate the virial theorem. Hence, all beams have the symmetry of the circular cylinder.
Symmetry transformations in Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism

Let us suppose that the functionalS on an odd symplectic manifold satisfies the quantum master equation Δ ρ es = 0. We prove that in some sense every quantum observable (i.e. every functionH obeying Δ p (Hes) = 0) determines a symmetry of the theory with the action functionalS.
Theory of nearest neighbors indexability

In this article, we consider whether traditional index structures are effective in processing unstable nearest neighbors workloads. It is known that under broad conditions, nearest neighbors workloads become unstable---distances between data points become indistinguishable from each other. We complement this earlier result by showing that if the workload for an application is unstable, you are not likely to be able to index it efficiently using (almost all known) multidimensional index structures. For a broad class of data distributions, we prove that these index structures will do no better than a linear scan of the data as dimensionality increases.Our result has implications for how experiments should be designed on index structures such as R-Trees, X-Trees, and SR-Trees: simply put, experiments trying to establish that these index structures scale with dimensionality should be designed to establish crossover points, rather than to show that the methods scale to an arbitrary number of dimensions. In other words, experiments should seek to establish the dimensionality of the dataset at which the proposed index structure deteriorates to linear scan, for each data distribution of interest; that linear scan will eventually dominate is a given.An important problem is to analytically characterize the rate at which index structures degrade with increasing dimensionality, because the dimensionality of a real data set may well be in the range that a particular method can handle. The results in this article can be regarded as a step toward solving this problem. Although we do not characterize the rate at which a structure degrades, our techniques allow us to reason directly about a broad class of index structures rather than the geometry of the nearest neighbors problem, in contrast to earlier work.
Propagation of ultracold atoms through bends in waveguides

The properties of noninteracting, low-energy atom waves propagating through circular bends are investigated. Time-independent quantum mechanical calculations using various simple harmonic oscillator based confining potentials explore the transmission, reflection, and mode-transfer probabilities over a range of energies. It is shown that at low energies single-mode wave propagation dominates. At higher energies, however, excitation and transmission of other modes become significant. Notably, reflections generally remain negligible even for sharply curved bends. The behavior near the mode thresholds and their associated resonances is emphasized.
An Investigation into the Effects of Luminosity on the Mid-Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions of Radio-Quiet Quasars

We present an analysis of the effects of luminosity on the shape of the mid-infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of 234 radio-quiet quasars originally presented by Richards et al. In quasars without evident dust extinction, the spectrally integrated optical and infrared luminosities are linearly correlated over nearly three decades in luminosity. We find a significant (≳99.99% confidence) correlation between the 1.8-8.0 μm spectral index and infrared luminosity that indicates an enhancement of the mid-infrared continuum with increasing luminosity. Coupled with strong evidence for spectral curvature in more luminous quasars, we conclude that this trend is likely a manifestation of the "near-infrared (3-5 μm) bump" noted in earlier quasar SED surveys. The strength of this feature is indicative of the contribution of emission from the hottest (≳1000 K) dust to the mid-infrared spectrum; higher luminosity quasars tend to show more hot dust emission. Finally, the comparable distribution of bolometric corrections from the monochromatic 3 μm luminosity as well as its lack of sensitivity to dust extinction as compared to the standard bolometric correction from νL_(5100 A) suggest that the former may be a more robust indicator of bolometric quasar luminosity. The close link between the power in the mid-infrared and optical and the effect of luminosity on the shape of the mid-infrared continuum indicate that considering mid-infrared emission independent of the properties of the quasar itself is inadequate for understanding the parsec-scale quasar environment.
Estimates for Collision-Induced Dissociation Rates

Collision-induced dissociation rates for diatomic and triatomic molecules are estimated from a version of the available energy theory. The collision is assumed to excite one mode of internal momentum in an unbounded Boltzmann distribution, and the number of energy modes used in the dissociation process is taken to be the number of internal modes that disappear when the molecule breaks apart. This simple model is found to deviate from available experimental data generally no more than a factor of 10 over a wide range of temperature and for a wide variety of collision partners.
Corotational instability of inertial-acoustic modes in black hole accretion discs and quasi-periodic oscillations

We study the global stability of non-axisymmetric p modes (also called inertial-acoustic modes) trapped in the innermost regions of accretion discs around black holes. We show that the lowest-order (highest-frequency) p modes, with frequencies ω = (0.5-0.7) mΩISCO [where m = 1, 2, 3,... is the azimuthal wavenumber, ΩISCO is the disc rotation frequency at the Innermost Stable Circular Orbit (ISCO)], can be overstable due to general relativistic effects, according to which the radial epicyclic frequency K is a non-monotonic function of radius near the black hole. The mode is trapped inside the corotation resonance radius r c (where the wave pattern rotation speed ω/m equals the disc rotation rate Ω) and carries a negative energy. The mode growth arises primarily from wave absorption at the corotation resonance, and the sign of the wave absorption depends on the gradient of the disc vortensity, ζ = κ 2 /(2ΩΣ) (where £ is the surface density). When the mode frequency ω is sufficiently high, such that dζ/r > 0 at r c , positive wave energy is absorbed at the corotation, leading to the growth of mode amplitude. The mode growth is further enhanced by wave transmission beyond the corotation barrier. We also study how the rapid radial inflow at the inner edge of the disc affects the mode trapping and growth. Our analysis of the behaviour of the fluid perturbations in the transonic flow near the ISCO indicates that, while the inflow tends to damp the mode, the damping effect is sufficiently small under some conditions (e.g. when the disc density decreases rapidly with decreasing radius at the sonic point) so that net mode growth can still be achieved. We further clarify the role of the Rossby wave instability and show that it does not operate for black hole accretion discs with smooth-varying vortensity profiles. Overstable non-axisymmetric p modes driven by the corotational instability provide a plausible explanation for the high-frequency (≥100 Hz) quasi-periodic oscillations observed from a number of black-hole X-ray binaries in the very high state. The absence of high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations in the soft (thermal) state may result from mode damping due to the radial infall at the ISCO.
The selective functionalization of saturated hydrocarbons. Part 43. Modified Gif oxidation in acetonitrile

Abstract The role of pyridine and of many substituted pyridines in Gif oxidation chemistry has been examined. In the presence of a suitable pyridine type base most of the solvent can be replaced by acetonitrile without diminishing the yield of oxidation products. The use of 4-tert-butylpyridine permits the isolation of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol by simple distillation.
Scattering by Interstellar Dust Grains. II. X-Rays

Scattering and absorption of X-rays by interstellar dust is calculated for a model consisting of carbonaceous grains and amorphous silicate grains. The calculations employ realistic dielectric functions with structure near X-ray absorption edges, with resulting features in absorption, scattering, and extinction. Differential scattering cross sections are calculated for energies between 0.3 and 10 keV. The median scattering angle is given as a function of energy, and simple but accurate approximations are found for the X-ray scattering properties of the dust mixture, as well as for the angular distribution of the scattered X-ray halo for dust with simple spatial distributions. Observational estimates of the X-ray scattering optical depth are compared to model predictions. Observations of X-ray halos to test interstellar dust grain models are best carried out using extragalactic point sources.
Large collections of curves pairwise intersecting exactly once

Let $$\Omega =(\omega _{j})_{j\in I}$$ be a maximum size collection of pairwise non-isotopic simple closed curves on the closed, orientable, genus $$g$$ surface $$S_{g}$$ , such that $$\omega _{i}$$ and $$\omega _{j}$$ intersect exactly once for $$i\ne j$$ . We show that for $$g\ge 3$$ , there exists atleast two such collections up to the action of the mapping class group, answering a question posed by Malestein, Rivin and Theran. As a consequence, we show that the automorphism group of the systole graph for $$S_{g}, g\ge 3$$ (whose vertices are isotopy classes of simple closed curves, and whose edges correspond to pairs of curve intersecting once) does not act transitively on maximal complete subgraphs.
Effects of WENO flux reconstruction order and spatial resolution on reshocked two-dimensional Richtmyer-Meshkov instability

Weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) simulations of the reshocked two-dimensional single-mode Richtmyer-Meshkov instability using third-, fifth- and ninth-order spatial flux reconstruction and uniform grid resolutions corresponding to 128, 256 and 512 points per initial perturbation wavelength are presented. The dependence of the density, vorticity, simulated density Schlieren and baroclinic production fields, mixing layer width, circulation deposition, mixing profiles, production and mixing fractions, energy spectra, statistics, probability distribution functions, numerical turbulent kinetic energy and enstrophy production/dissipation rates, numerical Reynolds numbers, and numerical viscosity on the order and resolution is investigated to long evolution times. The results are interpreted using the implicit numerical dissipation in the characteristic projection-based, finite-difference WENO method. It is shown that higher-order higher-resolution simulations have lower numerical dissipation. The sensitivity of the quantities considered to the order and resolution is further amplified following reshock, when the energy deposition by the second shock-interface interaction induces the formation of small-scale structures. Lower-order lower-resolution simulations preserve large-scale structures and flow symmetry to late times, while higher-order higher-resolution simulations exhibit fragmentation of the structures, symmetry breaking and increased mixing. Similar flow features are qualitatively and quantitatively captured by either approximately doubling the order or the resolution. Additionally, the computational scaling shows that increasing the order is more advantageous than increasing the resolution for the flow considered here. The present investigation suggests that the ninth-order WENO method is well-suited for the simulation and analysis of complex multi-scale flows and mixing generated by shock-induced hydrodynamic instabilities.
Effect of Aluminium on Osteocalcin Production in the Rat

In renal failure, aluminium is an important factor in the development of osteomalacia. The mechanism by which aluminium produces osteomalacia is not clear; it may be toxic to the osteoblast, and as a result of its effect on osteoblasts, impair mineralisation. Another possibility is that aluminium may directly impair mineralisation independent of osteoblast function. Osteocalcin is considered to be a specific marker of osteoblast activity and its production is stimulated by calcitriol. In the present study, calcitriol-stimulated production of osteocalcin was studied as a marker of osteoblast activity in aluminium toxicity. Four groups of rats were evaluated: (1) normals; (2) normal renal function plus aluminium; (3) renal failure; and (4) renal failure plus aluminium. Osteocalcin production was determined by measuring serum osteocalcin at baseline and after stimulation with calcitriol. In rats receiving aluminium, the baseline serum osteocalcin levels were not different from their respective controls. After stimulation with calcitriol, the increase in serum osteocalcin was less in the renal failure group receiving aluminium. However, when corrected for the number of osteoblasts, the increase in serum osteocalcin was not decreased. In summary, although aluminium administration decreased the number of osteoblasts in rats with renal failure, osteocalcin production by the remaining osteoblasts was not decreased.
Coxeter Complexes and Graph-Associahedra

Abstract Given a graph Γ , we construct a simple, convex polytope, dubbed graph-associahedra , whose face poset is based on the connected subgraphs of Γ . This provides a natural generalization of the Stasheff associahedron and the Bott–Taubes cyclohedron. Moreover, we show that for any simplicial Coxeter system, the minimal blow-ups of its associated Coxeter complex has a tiling by graph-associahedra. The geometric and combinatorial properties of the complex as well as of the polyhedra are given. These spaces are natural generalizations of the Deligne–Knudsen–Mumford compactification of the real moduli space of curves.
Analytical determination of the adjoint vector for optimum space trajectories

Analytic approximation for initial adjoint vector for optimal /minimum propellant/ space trajectories
Deformation quantization of superintegrable systems and Nambu mechanics

Phase space is the framework best suited for quantizing superintegrable systems, naturally preserving the symmetry algebras of the respective Hamiltonian invariants. The power and simplicity of the method is fully illustrated through new applications to nonlinear σ-models, specifically for de Sitter N-spheres and chiral models, where the symmetric quantum Hamiltonians amount to compact and elegant expressions. Additional power and elegance is provided by the use of Nambu brackets to incorporate the extra invariants of superintegrable models. Some new classical results are given for these brackets, and their quantization is successfully compared to that of Moyal, validating Nambu's original proposal.
BEHAVIOR OF MR FLUIDS AT HIGH VELOCITIES AND HIGH SHEAR RATES

The objective of this work is to characterize the performance of MR fluid at high shear rates and high velocities. A slit-flow rheometer has been built which allows for high speed testing of MR flu...
Embedding right-angled Artin groups into graph braid groups

We construct an embedding of any right-angled Artin group G(Δ) defined by a graph Δ into a graph braid group. The number of strands required for the braid group is equal to the chromatic number of Δ. This construction yields an example of a hyperbolic surface subgroup embedded in a two strand planar graph braid group.
Concepts of situational awareness for the digital battlefield

This paper provides an overview of the Joint Direction of Laboratories Data Fusion Group Data Fusion Process Model and in particular the role and functions of Situational Awareness within it. Additionally, the processing and technological aspects of executing this function automatically in software are discussed, as are the technological shortfalls and research requirements to advance existing capabilities toward improved and more reliable Situational Awareness processing.
Three-Dimensional Navier–Stokes Computation of Turbomachinery Flows Using an Explicit Numerical Procedure and a Coupled k–ε Turbulence Model

An explicit, three-dimensional, coupled Navier-Stokes/k-∈ technique has been developed and successfully applied to complex internal flow calculations. Several features of the procedure, which enable convergent and accurate calculation of high Reynolds number two-dimensional cascade flows, have been extended to three dimensions, including a low Reynolds number compressible form of the k-∈ turbulence model, local time-step specification based on hyperbolic and parabolic stability requirements, and eigenvalue and local velocity scaling of artificial dissipation operators
Moduli of complexes on a proper morphism

Given a proper morphism X -> S, we show that a large class of objects in the derived category of X naturally form an Artin stack locally of finite presentation over S. This class includes S-flat coherent sheaves and, more generally, contains the collection of all S-flat objects which can appear in the heart of a reasonable sheaf of t-structures on X. In this sense, this is the Mother of all Moduli Spaces (of sheaves). The proof proceeds by studying the finite presentation properties, deformation theory, and Grothendieck existence theorem for objects in the derived category, and then applying Artin's representability theorem.
Software Engineering for User Interfaces

The discipline of software engineering can be extended in a natural way to deal with the issues raised by a systematic approach to the design of human-machine interfaces. Two main points are made: that the user should be treated as part of the system being designed, and that projects should be organized to take account of the current (small) state of a priori knowledge about how to design interfaces.
On the Ramsey multiplicity of complete graphs

We show that, for n large, there must exist at least $$\frac{{n^t }} {{C^{(1 + o(1)t^2 } )}}$$ monochromatic K t s in any two-colouring of the edges of K n , where C≈2.18 is an explicitly defined constant. The old lower bound, due to Erdős [2], and based upon the standard bounds for Ramsey’s theorem, is $$\frac{{n^t }} {{4^{(1 + o(1)t^2 } )}}. $$
Serologic and Molecular Diagnosis of Hepatitis B Virus

Serologic assays for HBV are the mainstay diagnostic tools for HBV infection. However, the advent of molecular biology-based techniques has added a new dimension to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic HBV infection. Over the past decade, improvements in molecular technology, permitting detection of as few as 10 copies/mL of HBV DNA in serum have led to redefinitions of chronic HBV infection, as well as thresholds for antiviral treatment. As the sensitivity of these molecular techniques continues to improve, the challenge will be to standardize these as-says as well as define clinically significant levels of HBV replication.
Internal Cooling in 4:1 AR Passages at High Rotation Numbers

Heat transfer and pressure drop measurements are reported for a rotating 4:1 aspect ratio (AR) smooth two-pass coolant passage for Reynolds number in the range of 10,000-150,000, rotation number in the range of 0-0.6, and density ratios in the range of 0.1-0.2. The measurements are performed for both 90 deg and 45 deg orientations of the coolant passage relative to the rotational axis. A large-scale rotating heat transfer rig is utilized, with the test section consisting of segmented foil-heated elements and thermocouples. Results for the 4:1 AR indicate that beyond specific Ro values (different values for the inlet and outlet passages), the expected trends of heat transfer enhancement on the destabilized surface and degradation on the stabilized surface are arrested or reversed. Unlike the 1:1 AR, the inlet-leading surface for the 4:1 AR shows enhancement with Ro at low Re (less than 20,000) and shows the expected degradation only at high Re. Increasing the density ratio enhances the heat transfer on all walls. Orientation of the coolant passage relative to the rotational axis has an important effect, with the 45 deg orientation reducing the heat transfer on the destabilized surface and enhancing it on the stabilized surface.
The Value of Honesty: Empirical Estimates from the Case of the Missing Children

How much are people willing to forego to be honest, to follow the rules? When people do break the rules, what can standard data sources tell us about their behavior? Standard economic models of crime typically assume that individuals are indifferent to dishonesty, so that they will cheat or lie as long as the expected pecuniary benefits exceed the expected costs of being caught and punished. We investigate this presumption by studying the response to a change in tax reporting rules that made it much more difficult for taxpayers to evade taxes by inappropriately claiming additional dependents. The policy reform induced a substantial reduction in the number of dependents claimed, which indicates that many filers had been cheating before the reform. Yet, the number of filers who availed themselves of this evasion opportunity is dwarfed by the number of filers who passed up substantial tax savings by not claiming extra dependents. By declining the opportunity to cheat, these taxpayers reveal information about their willingness to pay to be honest. In our analysis, we develop a novel method for inferring the characteristics of taxpayers in the absence of audit data. Our findings indicate both that this willingness to pay to be honest is large on average and that it varies significantly across the population of taxpayers.
Parity violating electron scattering measurements of neutron densities

Parity violating electron scattering allows model-independent measurements of neutron densities that are free from most strong interaction uncertainties. In this paper, we present statistical error estimates for a variety of experiments. The neutron radius Rn can be measured in several nuclei, as long as the nuclear excited states are not too low in energy. We present error estimates for Rn measurements in 40Ca, 48Ca, 112Sn, 120Sn, 124Sn and 208Pb. In general, we find that the smaller the nucleus, the easier the measurement. This is because smaller nuclei can be measured at higher momentum transfers where the parity violating asymmetry Apv is larger. Also in general, the more neutron rich the isotope, the easier the measurement, because neutron-rich isotopes have larger weak charges and larger Apv. Measuring Rn in 48Ca appears very promising because it has a higher figure of merit than 208Pb. In addition, Rn(48Ca) may be more easily related to two-nucleon and three-nucleon interactions, including very interesting three-neutron forces, than Rn(208Pb). After measuring Rn, one can constrain the surface thickness of the neutron density an with a second measurement at somewhat higher momentum transfers. We present statistical error estimates for measuring an in 48Ca, 120Sn and 208Pb. Again, we find that an is easier to measure in smaller nuclei.
Solvable Model of a Spin-Glass

We consider an Ising model in which the spins are coupled by infinite-ranged random interactions independently distributed with a Gaussian probability density. Both "spinglass" and ferromagnetic phases occur. The competition between the phases and the type of order present in each are studied.
Steric modulation of chiral biaryl diamines via Pd-catalyzed directed C-H arylation.

Palladium-catalyzed directed arylation of 2,2′-diacetamidobiaryls with aryl iodides provides efficient access to chiral ortho-substituted biaryl diamines. Aryl iodides with para- and meta-substituents are tolerated. Deprotection of the acetyl groups under basic conditions furnishes the free diamines, which should find broad utility in asymmetric catalysis.
Measurements in a large angle oblique jet impingement flow

The flow field associated with the oblique impingement of an axisymmetric jet was investigated in the externally blown flap configuration for the STOL aircraft. The passive and active spreading characteristics of the shallow angle (a greater than or = approximately to 15 degrees) oblique impingement flow, the role of the initially azimuthal vorticity field, and the stagnation point region were studied, and compared to the large ( a = 45 degres) oblique jet impingement flow. A description of the characteristics of the large angle impingement flow is presented: A flow field near the plate as showing two distinct patterns, one near the location of the maximum surface pressure, and another about the geometric intersection of the jet axis with the plate; and turbulence in the region above the plate which is greater than the one accounted for by the convection of turbulence energy by the mean motion.
Multiple degree-of-freedom force-state component identification

Force-state mapping is extended to allow the quasistatic characterization of realistic multiple degree-of-freedom systems whose constitutive relations are nonlinear, dissipative, coupled, and depend on memory of past states. A general constitutive force-state model is formulated, which includes dynamic hysteresis phenomena typical of that found in deployable structures. A two step parameter identification approach is developed, which employs a linear extended least squares and a nonlinear least squares fit. A six degree-of-freedom force-state testing device was constructed and used to obtain data on one bay of a simple truss and on one bay of the mid-deck 0-gravity dynamics experiment deployable truss.
Commission deregulation and performance of securities firms: Further evidence from Japan

Abstract This study explores the impacts on small securities firms’ performance of the multi-stage commission deregulation in Japan from 1994 to 1999. Different from previous findings, market volume does not rise while commission rates fall following each phase of the deregulation. Therefore, securities firms’ stock performance tends to decline as the deregulation proceeds, contrasting with the stock price increase reported previously. Moreover, the negative price effect tends to vary with firm size and deregulation phase, consistent with the fact that securities firms of different sizes depend to different extent on commission income from transactions covered by different phases of the deregulation.
Convergent synthesis of a polyol chain with 4-acetoxy-1,3-dioxanes using a 1,1-bis((trimethylsilyl)methyl)ethene linchpin

Abstract The symmetric dinucleophile, 1,1-bis((trimethylsilyl)methyl)ethene, was used as a linchpin to join two different 4-acetoxy-1,3-dioxanes. These couplings produce anti -diols, and were used to prepare a segment of the roflamycoin polyol. The anti -diol selectivity normally observed on coupling 4-acetoxy-1,3-dioxanes was found to be a function of the C2 acetal substituent, and tert -butyl was superior to methyl.
Estriol assays in obstetrics

Abstract Estriol-6-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime (E 3 -6-CMO) and estriol-4-azobenzoic acid (E 3 -4-ABA) were coupled to BSA and compared with regard to antigenicity and antiserum specificity as well as suitability for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of unconjugated and total plasma estriol (E 3 ) and, if possible, of immunoreactive E 3 in unextracted plasma. Anti-E 3 titers were consistently higher in response to E 3 -6-CMO-BSA than to E 3 -4-ABA-BSA. Antisera against E 3 -6-CMO-BSA cross-reacted up to 220% with 6-oxoestriol, but exhibited ring D specificity comparable to that observed with sera against E 3 -4-ABA-BSA which cross-reacted with estriol-3-sulfate (E 3 -3S) and estriol-3-glucosiduronate (E 3 -3G) considerably more than E 3 -6-CMO-BSA antisera. RIAs for unconjugated and total E 3 in third trimester pregnancy plasma were established utilizing either type of antiserum for unconjugated E 3 . The specificity of both types of antisera sufficed to render purification of E 3 extracts prior to RIA superfluous. Anti-E 3 -4-ABA-BSA sera facilitated the RIA of immunoreactive E 3 in 10 μl of unextracted plasma measuring unconjugated E 3 plus E 3 -3S and E 3 -3G. All three assays could be performed with an inter-assay coefficient of variation of 10% or less. Normal values for unconjugated and total plasma E 3 , measured in 300 women with uncomplicated pregnancies, averaged 6.9, 10.7 and 16 ng/ml and 98, 135 and 196 ng/ml at 30–32, 33–36 and 37–40 weeks of gestation, respectively. Unconjugated E 3 averaged 8.8% of total plasma E 3 concentrations. Immunoreactive plasma E 3 concentrations, on the average, were 6 times larger than unconjugated E 3 and amounted to about 50% of total plasma E 3 levels.
Monoid generalizations of the Richard Thompson groups

Abstract The groups G k , 1 of Richard Thompson and Graham Higman can be generalized in a natural way to monoids, that we call M k , 1 , and to inverse monoids, called Inv k , 1 ; this is done by simply generalizing bijections to partial functions or partial injective functions. The monoids M k , 1 have connections with circuit complexity (studied in other papers). Here we prove that M k , 1 and Inv k , 1 are congruence-simple for all k . Their Green relations J and D are characterized: M k , 1 and Inv k , 1 are J -0-simple, and they have k − 1 non-zero D -classes. They are submonoids of the multiplicative part of the Cuntz algebra O k . They are finitely generated, and their word problem over any finite generating set is in P . Their word problem is coNP -complete over certain infinite generating sets.
Cushing's ulcer: Further reflections.

Background: Brain tumors, traumatic head injury, and other intracranial processes including infections, can cause increased intracranial pressure and lead to overstimulation of the vagus nerve. As a result, increased secretion of gastric acid may occur which leads to gastro-duodenal ulcer formation known as Cushing's ulcer. Methods: A review of original records of Dr. Harvey Cushing's patients suffering from gastro-duodenal ulcers was performed followed by a discussion of the available literature. We also reviewed the clinical records of the patients never reported by Cushing to gain his perspective in describing this phenomenon. Dr. Cushing was intrigued to investigate gastro-duodenal ulcers as he lost patients to acute gastrointestinal perforations following successful brain tumor operations. It is indeed ironic that Harvey Cushing developed a gastro-duodenal ulcer in his later years with failing health. Results: Clinically shown by Cushing's Yale Registry, a tumor or lesion can disrupt this circuitry, leading to gastroduodenal ulceration. Cushing said that it was reasonable to believe that the perforations following posterior fossa cerebellar operations were produced in like fashion by an irritative disturbance either of fiber tracts or vagal centers in the brain stem. Conclusion: Harvey Cushing's pioneering work depicted in his Yale registry serves as a milestone for continuing research that can further discern this pathway.