cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A. Leon Higginbotham, An Open Letter to Justice Clarence Thomas from a Federal Judicial Colleague

On November 29, 1991, Judge A. Leon Higginbotham wrote an open letter to the newest Supreme Court justice titled “An Open Letter to Justice Clarence Thomas from a Federal Judicial Colleague” and published it in the University of Pennsylvania Law Review in January 1992. Clarence Thomas was confirmed as the 106th Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court on October 15, 1991. His nomination and confirmation provoked great controversy. One aspect of that controversy was his well-known conservative judicial philosophy, which was compounded by the fact that he was nominated to replace Justice Thurgood Marshall, one of the heroes of the civil rights movement, the first African American appointed to the Court, and one of the Court’s “liberal lions.” In his letter, Higginbotham stated his belief that Thomas, as the second African American ever to serve on the Supreme Court, bore a unique and grave responsibility and had the opportunity to “preserve or dilute the gains this country has made in the struggle for equality.” Higginbotham’s letter criticized Thomas’s judicial philosophy and Thomas himself as being insensitive to concerns about equality and divorced from the long history of discrimination in the United States.
Adolescent cavitary tuberculosis. Secondary case finding using a social contact scale

The spread of tuberculosis in a university environment following a case of cavitary disease was studied. Six loci of potential secondary infection were ascertained and the persons at risk were identified for tuberculin screening. All named contacts were ranked by the index patient and her friends on a closeness scale for social contact. This scale proved to be an excellent predictor of tuberculin positivity, suggesting that in a noninstitutionalized setting the risk of tuberculin conversion is associated more with social contact than with mere living proximity.
Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) regulates synaptic plasticity independently of its effect on neuronal morphology and migration

The tumour suppressor PTEN is the central negative regulator of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling pathway, which mediates diverse processes in various tissues. In the nervous system, the PI3K pathway modulates proliferation, migration, cellular size, synaptic transmission and plasticity. In humans, neurological abnormalities such as autism, seizures and ataxia are associated with inherited PTEN mutations. In rodents, Pten loss during early development is associated with extensive deficits in neuronal migration and substantial hypertrophy of neurons and synaptic densities; however, whether its effect on synaptic transmission and plasticity is direct or mediated by structural abnormalities remains unknown. Here we analysed neuronal and synaptic structures and function in Pten-conditional knockout mice in which the gene was deleted from excitatory neurons postnatally. Using two-photon imaging, Golgi staining, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and electrophysiological tools, we determined that Pten loss does not affect hippocampus development, neuronal or synaptic structures, or basal excitatory synaptic transmission. However, it does cause deficits in both major forms of synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation and long-term depression, of excitatory synaptic transmission. These deficits coincided with impaired spatial memory, as measured in water maze tasks. Deletion of Pdk1, which encodes a positive downstream regulator of the PI3K pathway, rescued Pten-mediated deficits in synaptic plasticity but not in spatial memory. These results suggest that PTEN independently modulates functional and structural properties of hippocampal neurons and is directly involved in mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.
Crithidia fasciculata tyrosine transaminase. I. Development, characterization and differentiation from alanine transaminase.

Abstract 1. 1. Considerable tyrosine transminase ( L -tyrosine: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.5) activity was found to be present in both the soluble and particulate cell fractions of the kinetoplastid Crithidia fasciculata. 2. 2. Pyridoxal phosphate activates the soluble form of tyrosine transminase over 4-fold and α-ketoglutarate over 2-fold; α-ketoglutarate increases too the degree of conjugation of the enzyme with the coenzyme. 3. 3. Tyrosine transminase is differentiated on the basis of its properties and development from alanine transminase activity in the soluble cell fraction. 4. 4. Its activity rises transiently at the beginning and again after the end of the logarithmic phase of growth, attaining levels 20–30 times as high as in normal rat liver. 5. 5. At the end of the stationary phase of growth, tyrosine transminase activity practically dissapears from the soluble fraction and increases in the insoluble cell fraction. This process is paralleled by active haemin accumulation in the particulate cell fraction.
Ethyl acrylate-induced gastric toxicity: II. Structure-toxicity relationships and mechanism☆

Earlier studies conducted in this laboratory demonstrated that gavage administration of ethyl acrylate caused pronounced gastric toxicity in rats given single or repeated doses. The current studies were undertaken to investigate the structural, metabolic, and physical basis of this chemically induced gastric toxicity. Gavage administration of equimolar doses (2 mmol/kg) of methyl or ethyl acrylate in corn oil resulted in profound gastric toxicity in male F344 rats, while acrylic acid and n-butyl acrylate were without effect. Furthermore, gavage administration of equimolar doses of methyl propionate or ethyl propionate (saturated analogues of methyl acrylate and ethyl acrylate, respectively) as well as methacrylic acid esters were without gastric toxicity. These results indicate that structural requirements for acrylate esters to cause gastric lesions include an intact ester moiety, a double bond, and no substitution at carbon number 2. Additional studies indicate that gastric toxicity may be attributed to the intact ester molecule or to metabolite(s) other than products of carboxylesterase-mediated hydrolysis (acrylic acid and alcohol) and that gastric toxicity is dependent upon both acrylate ester concentration in dose vehicle and the lipophilicity of the dose vehicle (corn oil vs water).
More than Slaves and Sugar: Recent Historiography of the Trans‐imperial Caribbean and Its Sinew Populations

Although the plantation as a social and economic organizing principle continues to dominate early modern Caribbean historiography, recent literature has explored outside of its confines to document a range of Antillean inhabitants who were neither masters nor slaves. These subjects exploited the inter-imperial fluidity of the region to their advantage in order to carve out commercial, strategic, and cultural niches. This article surveys new studies on smugglers, soldiers, and European ethnic minorities in the colonial Caribbean. These groups are representative examples of much larger sinew populations that the dominant historiographical paradigm of sugar and slaves has overlooked. Despite planters' attempts to essentialize race, class, legal status, and occupation into their simplest forms, a broad body of historical actors resisted and coexisted with the plantation complex and reshaped the designs of empires in the process.
Conceptos de especies en mixomicetos, géneros monotípicos, el registro fósil y ejemplos adicionales de una buena práctica taxonómica

This paper highlights and expands on some of the major points of good taxonomic practice. Myxomycete species concepts are reviewed, monotypic genera are discussed and critiqued, and case study examples are given for Badhamiopsis ainoae, Protophysarum phloiogenum, and Trabrooksia applanata. Monotypic genera are suggested for DNA sequencing to resolve the correct taxonomic rank in myxomycete classification. Fossil evidence of myxomycetes found in amber is evaluated and discussed for the first time. Perichaena species represented by P. brevifila, P. microspora, P. pedata, and P. syncarpon, are restricted to leaf litter habitats and serve as examples of fruiting seasonality patterns and ecological differences based on detailed field observations recorded in collection data. This additional ecological information can supplement morphological differences in distinct species. The future of myxomycete systematics requires a shift from descriptive taxonomy to in-depth studies using hypotheses that test phylogenetic relationships, biogeographical patterns of distribution, and the restriction of species to habitats with special ecological characteristics.
Patterns of Program Evaluation in Community Mental Health Centers

In an exploratory study of the program evaluation efforts of federally funded community mental health centers prior to the enactment of mandatory program evaluation, survey data were submitted to factor- and cluster-analyses. Results yielded: (1) a typology of evaluation activities performed by community mental health centers (2) a meaningful patterning of (organizational) approaches to program evaluation suggesting developmental stages of an increasing range of types of activities; and (3) the tentative conclusion that, at a low level of evaluation effort, client-change evaluations are less related to impact on program development than are evaluations using descriptive statistics about clients.
Electronic Raman scattering from spherical particles.

The Raman scattering from electrons in a small metallic particle is studied theoretically. The spectrum is found to be radically different from that produced by a planar surface. The difference stems from quantum size effects. The spectrum is shown to be very sensitive to the size of the particle. We find that the spectrum is strongly influenced by resonant Raman scattering and this makes the observed spectrum much simpler than a naive density-of-states argument would suggest. In our theory we compute the matrix elements exactly using a simple free-electron-like model for metals. Possible experimental tests are proposed. Astrophysical implications for Raman scattering from interstellar dust are considered.
Modulation Transfer Function Consequences of Planar Dense Array Geometries in Infrared Focal Plane Arrays

Finite-difference time-domain and finite element method simulations are used to evaluate two-dimensional spot-scan profiles of p-on-n double-layer planar heterostructure (DLPH) detector arrays with abrupt p-type diffusions. The modulation transfer function (MTF) is calculated from the spot-scan profiles. An asymmetric dark and photo current collection mechanism is identified and explained as a result of electric field bunching through the corners of polygonal diffusions in DLPH arrays. The MTF consequences of the asymmetric collection are studied for triangular, square, and hexagonal diffusions in square and hexagonal arrays. We show that the placement and shape of the diffusion relative to the pixel can modify the MTF by several percent. The magnitude of the effect is largest for diffusions with fewer degrees of rotational symmetry.
Infiltration as a tool for detecting soil changes due to cropping, tillage, and grazing livestock

Soil physical and biological properties often change when different cropping, tillage, or management systems are imposed. Changes occasionally occur quickly, but usually become evident only after months or years. Infiltration rates are affected by several soil properties and may provide the most sensitive indication of changes in soil properties. To evaluate the use of infiltration measurements for detecting changes in soil properties, we conducted infiltration tests on a cropping systems experiment, a tillage experiment, and two beef cattle grazing experiments. In Pennsylvania, significant changes in infiltration rates did not occur until more than four years after converting from a conventional to a low-input cropping system. Infiltration rates were higher on 14th-year no-till plots compared with moldboard plow and chisel treatments in an Iowa tillage study. Earthworm populations and activity were highest in the no-till treatment. Infiltration rates correlated negatively with increased stocking rates in a long-term beef grazing study in Oklahoma. The number of earthworms did not correlate positively with infiltration in this study, suggesting a complex interaction. A short-term study of overwinter beef corn-stalk grazing in Iowa did not show consistent patterns in infiltration rate or other soil properties with different stocking rates. Infiltration appears to be a good indicator of soil structural changes associated with cropping, tillage, and management systems.
Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase Regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α mRNA Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Requires TAP-NxT1 Binding and the AU-rich Element

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production is regulated by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Lipopolysaccharide activates the NFkappaB pathway increasing TNF-alpha transcription. Lipopolysaccharide also activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, resulting in stabilization and enhanced translation of the TNF-alpha message. In addition, nuclear export of the TNF-alpha mRNA is a posttranscriptionally regulated process involving the Tpl2-ERK pathway and requiring the presence of the TNF-alpha AU-rich element (ARE). We demonstrate that nuclear export of the TNF-alpha message requires not only the TNF-alpha ARE but also the interaction of the proteins TAP and NxT1, both of which are involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport of mRNA. Through the use of dominant negative ERK1 and ERK2, we establish that control of TNF-alpha mRNA nuclear export operates specifically through ERK1. Finally, we examined the role of two established TNF-alpha ARE-binding proteins, HuR and tristetraprolin, that shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm. These data demonstrate that neither tristetraprolin nor HuR is required for TNF-alpha mRNA export. It is unclear at this time if ARE-binding protein(s) directly interact with the TAP-NxT1 complex, if each complex is independently targeted by ERK1, or if only one complex is targeted.
The Tangled Web of Taliban and Associated Movements

Following the devastating terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001,worldwide attention became focused on the Taliban and al-Qaida forcesin Afghanistan. Prior to the attacks, many people had never heard of the Taliban or their shar'ia-law style of government. Since 2001, manysplinter groups have formed in response to the continual United Statespresence in the region. Today, the term Taliban has been used to envelop several groups such as the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), the Haqqani Network (HQN) and the Tehrik-eNifaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi(TNSM). These groups make up the majority of fighters along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. Many of these groups have been historicrivals for control of the region, but have since joined a loose alliance in response to United States and Pakistani Government actions in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). This article examines the origins and operations of the Pakistani Taliban and associated groups. Particular attention will be given as to how these groups receive funding and support from each other through state sponsors such as Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency and non-state sponsors such as al-Qaida and Wahhabi idealists in Saudi Arabia, as well as arms supplies from Iran and potentially China. This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol2/iss4/3 31 The Tangled Web of Taliban and Associated Movements
A comparison of DNA-binding drugs as inhibitors of E2F1- and Sp1-DNA complexes and associated gene expression.

In this study, we examined how DNA-binding drugs prevented formation of transcription factor−DNA complexes and influenced gene transcription from the hamster dihydrofolate reductase promoter, which...
Some observations on the calcium metabolism of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Abstract 1. 1. Calcium concentrations in the serum and body tissues of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) are described. 2. 2. About 45% of the Ca in serum was bound to serum proteins. The albumin fraction had a higher binding capacity than whole serum. The concentration dependence of the binding suggested the presence of high- and low-affinity sites. Binding of Ca to serum proteins may not only help maintain its “free” concentrations in plasma, but also limit diffusional losses across the integument. 3. 3. An influx of Ca (as 45Ca) takes place across the integument of catfish. The possible physiological significance of this uptake is discussed.
Casinos and banking: Organized crime in the Bahamas

The symbiotic relationships among gambling casinos, offshore banks and professional criminals are complex. In numerous contemporary cases, professional criminals from the United States and elsewhere are known to utilize both casinos and financial institutions to launder money and to hide large amounts of illicitly acquired money. Long before recent revelations of such activities became known in the Caribbean and the U. S., developers in the Bahamas had started the process of bringing casinos and banks together to serve underworld interests. This paper traces the developments of that process and shows how American organized crime interests penetrated the Bahamas by using gambling and banking to gain a firm foothold.
Media-friendliness of a slowly-responsive congestion control protocol

Streaming media transfers over the Internet are expected to behave in a TCP-friendly manner while reacting slower to congestion than TCP. For this purpose, a number of slowly-responsive congestion control protocols have been developed. In this paper, we present our study on the media-friendliness of TFRC, one of the recently developed slowly-responsive congestion control mechanisms. With both simulation and Internet experiments, we show that TFRC is not necessarily smooth enough to be "media-friendly". We also discuss our approach to improve a congestion control mechanism's media-friendliness.
Feature selection of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry chemical profiles of basil plants using a bootstrapped fuzzy rule-building expert system

A bootstrapped fuzzy rule-building expert system (FuRES) and a bootstrapped t-statistical weight feature selection method were individually used to select informative features from gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) chemical profiles of basil plants cultivated by organic and conventional farming practices. Feature subsets were selected from two-way GC/MS data objects, total ion chromatograms, and total mass spectra, separately. Four economic classifiers based on the bootstrapped FuRES approach, i.e., fuzzy optimal associative memory (e-FOAM), e-FuRES, partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (e-PLS-DA), and soft independent modeling by class analogy (e-SIMCA), and four economic classifiers based on the bootstrapped t-weight approach, i.e., e-PLS-DA-t, e-FOAM-t, e-FuRES-t, and e-SIMCA-t, were constructed thereafter to be compared with full-size classifiers obtained from the entire GC/MS data objects (i.e., FOAM, FuRES, PLS-DA, and SIMCA). By using three features selected from two-way data objects, the average classification rates with e-FOAM, e-FuRES, e-PLS-DA, and e-SIMCA were 95.3 ± 0.5%, 100%, 100%, and 91.8 ± 0.2%, respectively. The established economic classifiers were used to classify a new validation set collected 2.5 months later with no parametric change to experimental procedure. Classification rates with e-FOAM, e-FuRES, e-PLS-DA, and e-SIMCA were 96.7%, 100%, 100%, and 96.7%, respectively. Characteristic components in basil extracts corresponding to highest-ranked useful features were putatively identified. The feature subset may prove valuable as a rapid approach for organic basil authentication.
The importance of experience in the development of tolerance to ethanol hypothermia.

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine if an animal has to experience a reduction in body temperature during the acquisition period in order to develop tolerance to the hypothermic effect of ethanol. Adult, drug-naive C57BL/6J mice were injected with 2.6 or 3.6 g/kg ethanol or normal saline once daily for 6 days. During the tolerance acquisition period, days 1–5, mice were placed into warmed chambers (36 ± 2° C ) which offset ethanol hypothermia or into chambers at room temperature (24 ± 1° C ). On day 6, all mice were injected with ethanol and placed into chambers at room temperature. Tolerance to ethanol's hypothermic effect did not develop in the ethanol-warm acquisition group. These mice had a significantly greater degree of hypothermia on test day than the ethanol-room temperature acquisition group, which showed tolerance, and their degree of hypothermic response was similar to that of mice injected with saline during acquisition. The differences between groups cannot be attributed to pharmacokinetic alterations or to conditioned responses since there were no differences between groups in blood or brain ethanol concentrations on test day and all groups were exposed to the same acquisition and test situations. These results extend previous work to suggest that the development of tolerance to the physiological, as well as behavioral, aspects of ethanol intoxication requires more than simple exposure to ethanol.
Post-weaning associations among bison mothers and daughters

For gregarious ungulates, associations between mothers and their adult daughters may play an important role in the organization of social groups. We examined the spatial relations of bison, Bison bison, mothers and daughters during the first 3 years to determine whether dyads continue to associate after weaning and, if so, which member of the dyad is primarily responsible. Between weaning and the birth of the mother's next calf, most daughters spent 1 or 2 months in temporary separation from their mothers. This separation did not appear to result from maternal aggression since mothers showed less aggression in the second half of the nursing period than in the first. Mothers and daughters continued to associate after the mother's next calf was born, though less closely than before. In their second and third years, weaned daughters spent more time in groups with their mothers than with randomly chosen control cows. Mothers and daughters also approached and followed each other more frequently, and spent more time near each other, than did daughters and controls. The weaned yearlings of parturient cows spent less time in close proximity to their mothers than did the nursing yearlings of barren cows. However, both groups showed similar frequencies of contact maintenance behaviour. Post-weaning shifts in spatial relations involved increasing filial independence and increased maternal efforts at contact maintenance. The closeness with which dyads associated after weaning was positively correlated with maternal contributions to maintenance of proximity. Daughters benefited from post-weaning association in that they spent more time in the centre of groups and were less often displaced by other animals when their mothers were in the group than when they were not.
Discontinuous solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for compressible flow

We prove local existence and study properties of discontinuous solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for one-dimensional, compressible, nonisentropic flow. We assume that, modulo a step function, the initial data is in L2 and the initial velocity and density are in the space BV. We show that the velocity and the temperature become smoothed out in positive time, and that discontinuities in the density, pressure, and gradients of the velocity and temperature persist for all time. We also show that for stable gases these discontinuities decay exponentially in time, more rapidly for smaller viscosities.
Perennials on rock islands: testing for patterns of colonization and competition

The density and presence of 18 saxicolous (occurring among rocks) perennial plant species were measured on 61 habitat islands in Baja California. These data were compared with a random colonization simulation that placed species on islands in direct proportion to species densities and island areas. The initial simulation placed too many species on the islands. This problem was rectified by introducing the effects of within island seed dispersal. Both the data and the simulations showed patterns of density compensation. Density compensation is usually perceived as being evidence of interspecific competition; however, it could be caused by other factors, such as lack of predators or habitat differences between the islands. Since the simulation included no differences between the species in their competitive ability, I used the deviations of the simulations from the data as a measure of relative competitive ability. A conservative requirement for demonstrating that competition affects the densities of these species is finding an ecological tradeoff between colonizing and competitive ability. There was no evidence for a tradeoff between competitive and colonizing ability. The dispersal method of the plants (either animal or wind) had a larger but nonsignificant effect on the deviations. Thus there is no evidence for competition affecting the deviations in density and occurrence of these species from the simulations. Random colonization including the effects of both multiple source pools and perhaps the dispersal method of the species is the most parsimonious explanation for the density and diversity patterns.
Possible role of water on the structural stability of ribosomes

Exposure of yeast 80 S ribosomes to low concentrations of NaClO4 caused complete dissociation of the ribosome. At higher ribosome concentrations the dissociated ribosomal proteins aggregated via hydrophobic interactions. Temperature exhibited very little effect on the NaClO4 induced dissociation of the ribosome, suggesting that the enthalpy change is nearly zero and the dissociation process is predominantly entropy driven. The origin of this entropy and the mechanism of dissociation of the ribosome by NaClO4 is discussed. Based on the observations it is proposed that the structural stability of the ribosome is probably maintained by the structure of the liquid water surrounding the ribosome.
A finite difference method for studying thermal deformation in a double-layered thin film with imperfect interfacial contact exposed to ultrashort pulsed lasers

Recently, we have developed a staggered finite difference method for studying thermal deformation in a two-dimensional double-layered metal film exposed to ultrashort pulsed lasers. The method was obtained based on the parabolic two-step heat transport equations. It accounts for the coupling effect between lattice temperature and strain rate, as well as for the hot-electron blast effect in momentum transfer. The developed methodology allows us to avoid non-physical oscillations in the solution as demonstrated by a series of numerical experiments. In this article, we extend our research to the case that the double-layered thin film is imperfect thermal contact at interface. Nonlinear interfacial condition for temperature is considered. The interfacial conditions for stress, strain, and displacement are derived.
Effect of medium heterogeneities on reactive dissolution of carbonates

Abstract The influence of medium heterogeneities on wormhole formation in carbonates is studied using a two-scale continuum model. The model describes the coupling between the transport and reaction processes occurring at the pore and Darcy scales. The medium heterogeneity is represented through initial porosity (or permeability) field by introducing a randomly generated normal distribution of local porosity values. Heterogeneity in the rock is characterized by the magnitude of maximum variation in local porosity value from the average porosity and by the length scale over which this variation occurs. It is found that heterogeneity in a rock affects not only the structure of the patterns formed during reactive dissolution but also the amount of acid required to achieve a given increase in permeability. The volume of acid required decreases as the heterogeneity magnitude or length scale are increased and this is particularly noticeable at high injection rates of acid. At intermediate injection rates, the required acid volume decreases gradually and an optimum value in heterogeneity magnitude may exist. This has been attributed to excessive branching in a pattern when the medium becomes extremely heterogeneous. In addition, the amount of acid required to breakthrough is found to depend on the initial rock porosity and dimensions of the rock being acidized. Finally, a novel way to characterize heterogeneity is defined, where heterogeneity at the core-scale is expressed using a heterogeneity parameter, ϖ as a product of the heterogeneity magnitude and length scale, and is validated for a given rock type at different injection conditions.
Plasma creatinine and urea concentration in children: normal values for age and sex.

cytes forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes and HTL antigen negative lymphocytes interacting with antigenantibody-complement complexes, Clin EXp lmmunol 14:319, 1973. 2. Yata J, and Tsukimoto I: Maturation of cell surface structure of human B. lymphocytes, Lancet 2:1435, 1972. 3. Darzynkiewicz Z, and Jacobson B: HEPES-buffered media in lymphocyte cultures, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 136:387, 1971. 4. Lar~dolt RF: Das Knochenmark bei Pertussis, Helv Med Acta 2:153, 1945. 5. Morse SI: Studies on the lymphocytosis induced in mice by bordetella pertussis, J Exp Med 121:49, 1965. 6. Morse SI, and Riester SK: Studies on the leukocytosis and lympbocytosis induced by bordetella pertussis. II. The effect of pertussis vaccine on the thoracic duc~ lymph and lymphocytes on mice, J Exp Med 125:619, 1967. 7. Morse S!, and Riester SK: Studies on the leukocytosis and lymphocytosis induced by bordetella pertussis. I. Radioautographic analysis of the circulating cells in mice undergoing pertussis-induced hyperleukocytosis, J Exp Med 125:401, 1967. 8. Miale J B: Laboratory medicine: Hematology, ed 4, St. Louis, 1972, The C. V. Mosby Company, p 906.
Magneto-spatial dispersion effects on the propagation of electro-magnetic radiation in crystals

Abstract The lowest order combined effects of wave vector (spatial dispersion) and applied magnetic fields on the propagation of light in cubic crystals and along the optic axis of uniaxial crystals are investigated phenomenologically. In general, these effects, which are only observable in crystals lacking a center of symmetry, lead either to a second order elliptical modification of the circularly polarized modes or to a second order change in the wave velocities without modification of the polarization. In specific situations, the lowest order effects correspond to an induced linear birefringence and an induced elliptical polarization which are simply related to the crystal parameters. Among cubic crystals, these effects should be observable in zincblende type crystals.
Use of Moment Preserving Quantizers In Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) Image Coding

In this paper we present results of a study using a moment preserving (MP) quantizer in predictive (DPCM) coding of images. The MP quantizer is designed such that the quantizer preserves statistical moments of the input and output of the quantizer. This quantizer has previously been shown by the authors to work quite well in a PCM image compression scheme. In this paper we extend the use of MP quantizers to predictive coding. We show that the moment preserving quantizer works quite well at data rates of 1.18 bits/pixel. The quantizer scheme is block adaptive, i.e. the picture to be coded is divided into non-overlapping blocks and from block to block the quantizer parameters are changed. A theoretical analysis is presented whereby necessary and sufficient conditions are derived relating the moment preserving properties of the quantizer to the moment preserving properties of the original image data. The performance of the moment preserving quantizer in DPCM is compared to classical minimum mean square error quantizers. These methods are also compared in the presence of channel errors.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy: studies of depolarization dispersion and strong vibronic coupling

The application of ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy to the electronic excitations of the simple (pi) -electron systems butadiene, cyclopentadiene, benzene, acetylene, dimethylacetylene (2-butyne) and diacetylene (1,3-butadiyne) is described. Raman scattering resonant with electronic excitations of these species provides new information that permits a check on the interpretation of the corresponding absorption transitions. The determination of the depolarization ratio for Raman scattering of totally symmetric modes and its variation with excitation wavelength is shown to be a useful way to demonstrate that an electronic band consists of two or more transitions with orthogonal polarization components. Raman spectra of acetylene, dimethyl-acetylene, and benzene show evidence of strong vibronic coupling. A quantitative analysis has been developed for the benzene case where pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortion is observed. The general utility of resonance Raman spectroscopy using ultraviolet radiation as a tool in molecular spectroscopy is illustrated with these studies. Highly excited vibrational levels not seen by other methods are often observed with high intensity, overlapping electronic transitions can be detected, and the nature of Franck-Condon displacements and vibronic coupling mechanisms can be determined.
Clonal origin of inherited medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma

A black female with inherited medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma was a mosaic for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase types A and B in normal tissues (blood, thyroid, and adrenal gland); both the medullary carcinoma and pheochromocytoma tissue showed a B pattern only. This finding suggests a single clone origin for each of the tumors. Other inherited tumors similarly studied in man have appeared to be multiclonal in origin.
RATIO SIZE AND COCAINE CONCENTRATION EFFECTS ON ORAL COCAINE-REINFORCED BEHAVIOR

Monkeys were given a choice between cocaine solutions and water under concurrent fixed-ratio reinforcement schedules. The operant response was spout contact. Six rhesus monkeys served as subjects. The cocaine concentration was varied from 0.0125 to 0.8 mg/ml, and the fixed-ratio value was varied from 8 to 128. Cocaine maintained higher response rates than did water over a wide range of conditions. Response rate and number of cocaine deliveries per session were inverted U-shaped functions of concentration. These functions were shifted to the right as the fixed ratio was increased. The number of cocaine deliveries was more persistent as fixed-ratio value was increased when the unit dose was larger rather than smaller. Cocaine consumption was analyzed as a function of unit price (fixed-ratio value divided by cocaine concentration), and unit price accounted for between 77% and 92% of the variance in cocaine consumption for individual monkeys. The current data support the claim that a drug's reinforcing effects increase directly with dose and underscore the need to gather parametric data when examining the effects of experimental manipulations on a drug-reinforced baseline.
Calorimeter probe studies of PDX and PLT

Abstract Using a combined electrostatic-calorimeter probe, a comprehensive survey of energy flux in the edge plasmas of low field ohmic and beam-heated PDX and PLT discharges has been made. Ions are shown to carry the majority of the power to floating probes. The intercepted energy is found to increase nearly linearly with applied heating power. The scrape-off distances, ranging from 0.5 cm for a 4 null diverted discharge to 2.5 cm for inside dee diverted discharge, are independent of heating power. Direct evidence is presented for the prompt loss to the walls and limiters in PDX of energetic beam ions.
Steady state crack growth in elastic-viscoplastic materials

A recent theory of Hart for the steady state propagation of a mode III crack in a ductile material is extended to modes I and II. When a crack is moving at non-zero velocity v, it is shown that for a broad class of materials the stress state at the crack tip is characterized by a r1/2 singularity and by a local stress intensity factor K. The local K is the sum of the ‘apparent’ stress intensity factor KA and a plastic contribution KP. The value of KA is calculated from the remote loading and the crack geometry under the assumption of linear elastic response alone. The quantity KP characterizes stress relief of non-elastic flow. Numerical calculations are made to determine K as a function of KA and v for elastic-viscoplastic materials. A dependence of v on KA is obtained by imposing a kinetic law for v as a function of K. The plots of v vs. KA show that below some critical values of KA, steady state conditions cannot be sustained. Corresponding to the threshold value of KA there is a definite value for the velocity.
Qualification of Induction Heating Stress Improvement for Mitigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking

This paper describes the efforts toward qualification of induction heating stress improvement (IHSI) for mitigation of intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) in Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) piping. The IHSI process, which is applied to piping after it is fully erected, produces compressive residual stresses on the pipe inside surface in the vicinity of the weld heat affected zone (HAZ). The creation of these compressive stresses has been confirmed by surface and throughwall strain gage and X-ray diffraction residual stress measurements on 4, 10, and 16-in. dia Schedule 80 welded and IHSI treated pipes. Confirmation of increased resistance to IGSCC due to the IHSI process has been accomplished by full-sized 4in-dia pipe tests in General Electric's Pipe Test Laboratory. The pipe test utilized an environment of oxygenated high-purity water at 288/sup 0/C (550/sup 0/F). Axial loads were applied which exceeded the material 288/sup 0/C yield strength.
Prediction of material damping of laminated polymer matrix composites

In this study the material damping of laminated composites is derived analytically. The derivation is based on the classical lamination theory in which there are eighteen material constants in the constitutive equations of laminated composites. Six of them are the extensional stiffnesses designated by [A] six of them are the coupling stiffnesses designated by [B] and the remaining six are the flexural stiffnesses designated by [D]. The derivation of damping of [A], [B] and [D] is achieved by first expressing [A], [B] and [D] in terms of the stiffness matrix [Q](k) andh k of each lamina and then using the relations ofQ ij (k) in terms of the four basic engineering constantsEL,ET, GLT andvLT. Next we apply elastic and viscoelastic correspondence principle by replacingEL,ET...by the corresponding complex modulusEL*,ET*,..., and [A] by [A]*, [B] by [B]* and [D] by [D]* and then equate the real parts and the imaginary parts respectively. Thus we have expressedA ij ′,A y ″,B ij ′,B ij ″, andD ij ″ in terms of the material damping ηL(k) and ηT(k)...of each lamina. The damping ηL(k), ηT(k)...have been derived analytically by the authors in their earlier publications. Numerical results of extensional damping lη ij =A ij ″/A ij ′ coupling dampingcη ij =B ij ″/B ij ′ and flexural damping Fη ij =D ij ″/D ij ″ are presented as functions of a number of parameters such as fibre aspect ratiol/d, fibre orientation θ, and stacking sequence of the laminate.
Pulmonary angiography--sequential changes during acute rejection of canine lung allografts.

Abstract The sequential angiographic changes accompanying unmodified immunologic rejection of canine lung allografts were described. Prolonged transit time with persistence of the contrast material in the small pulmonary arteries were the first characteristic changes seen on day 4–6 after pulmonary transplantation. The microscopic findings at that time consisted of perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrates but no thrombosis. No apparent vascular damage had yet occurred. As the rejection process progressed and the small pulmonary vessels were obliterated, retrograde flow of the contrast material was seen. The angiographic appearance of the rejecting pulmonary allografts was sufficiently characteristic to establish criteria for the diagnosis of early acute rejection.
Photoluminescence in Porous Silicon: Evidence for the Quantum Confinement Model

Photoluminescence spectra have been measured in porous silicon following electrochemical etching in dilute hydrofluoric acid (HF). The effects of HF concentration during etching on the efficiency and peak wavelength of photoluminescence have been investigated. The effects of temperature between 25°C and 200°C on PL spectra have been recorded. Photoluminescence lifetimes as a function of wavelength have been studied following ultrashort UV photoexcitation. A number of lifetime components in the decay are observed the longest in good agreement over the wavelength range of 500 to 600 nm with a silicon quantum wire model. At longer wavelengths a departure from lifetimes of the wire model is observed and two hypotheses for the discrepancy are presented.
Cytogenetic studies in myeloproliferative disorders.

Cytogenetic studies of bone marrow preparations and/or whole blood cultures were carried out in 18 patients with myeloproliferative disorders. The Ph1 chromosome was detected in six of nine patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Chromosomal abnormalities included: group C trisomy in a patient with myeloid metaplasia, and a 46 chromosome karyotype but with a missing D group and an extra C group chromosome in a patient with chronic monocytic leukemia.
Power tools for gene expression and clonal analysis in Drosophila

The development of two-component expression systems in Drosophila melanogaster, one of the most powerful genetic models, has allowed the precise manipulation of gene function in specific cell populations. These expression systems, in combination with site-specific recombination approaches, have also led to the development of new methods for clonal lineage analysis. We present a hands-on user guide to the techniques and approaches that have greatly increased resolution of genetic analysis in the fly, with a special focus on their application for lineage analysis. Our intention is to provide guidance and suggestions regarding which genetic tools are most suitable for addressing different developmental questions.
Short forms of individual intelligence tests

The literature on short forms of individual intelligence tests ― Wechsler's scales in particular ― is critically reviewed. The review is structured around four choice-points faced by those who study short forms: how to abbreviate the original scale, what kind of subject sample to use, how to estimate IQs on the original scale, and what criteria to apply in evaluating a short form
Intrinsic Kinetics of Ethanol Dehydration Over Lewis Acidic Ordered Mesoporous Silicate, Zr-KIT-6

Lewis acidic Zr-KIT-6 catalyst was tested for ethanol dehydration. Under the reaction conditions studied (T = 300–380 °C, P = 1 atm, P ethanol = 5 % in N2), Zr-KIT-6 materials showed high ethylene selectivity (~80 %) with stable activity (60 h). The activation energy for ethanol dehydration to ethylene, estimated from intrinsic rate constants normalized with respect to the Lewis acid sites, was approximately 79 ± 1 kJ/mol.
Corrigendum: The effect of stimulus context on the buildup to stream segregation.

One of the funding sources was omitted from the Acknowledgments list. The corrected list is as follows. This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01DC004263), the Army Research Office (58760LS, Elyse S. Sussman) and the MSTP training grant (T32-GM007288, Jonathan Sussman-Fort).
Isolation and characterization of eight novel microsatellite loci in the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)

We describe the isolation and characterization of eight microsatellite loci from the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus). Genetic variability was assessed using 60 individuals from three populations. All loci were variable with the number of alleles ranging from two to 17 per locus, and observed heterozygosity varying from 0.05 to 0.89. No loci showed signs of linkage disequilibrium and all loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium frequencies. Further, all loci amplified and were polymorphic in two related Phalacrocorax species. These loci should prove useful for population genetic studies of the double-crested cormorant and other pelecaniform species.
Pollinator response to male floral display size in two Sagittaria (Alismataceae) species

One hypothesis for the evolution of maleness in plants postulates the following: male plants appear that have re-allocated resources from female parts into a larger number of male flowers, creating a larger floral display. Pollinators respond "dramatically" to the increased display, driving the spread of males in the population (Bawa, K. S., 1980, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1 1: 15-40). To test this, we measured the total number of flowers and the size of male displays in dioecious Sagittaria latifolia and monoecious S. australis. We also measured how fast visitors arrived at "target" flowers in the displays. Then we used the Cox Model, a failure time analysis procedure, to analyze the relationship between visitor arrival and display size. We found that male display sizes were somewhat larger in the dioecious than the monoecious plants, but this was due to more compressed blooming rather than to a larger total number of flowers. The visitors to both plants were similar arrays of generalist bees. Visitors did not show the predicted "dramatic" response, however, but rather a plateauing response to larger display sizes, so our results do not support the hypothesis. Reviewing the literature, we found no reports of the "dramatic" response the hypothesis asserts. Instead, relative insensitivity to display size is the rule.
Investigative journalism methods in educational evaluation

Investigative journalism strategies can add a significant qualitative dimension to a variety of evaluation efforts.
Abstract A11: Synthetic lethal screens in zebrafish

The zebrafish embryo enables high-content screens in the intact, whole vertebrate. The system is particularly amenable to drug screening (up to 96-well format), and the mechanism of action of identified compounds can be readily dissected via morpholino or mRNA microinjections in live embryos (Sidi et al., Cell 133:864-77, 2008). We are exploiting zebrafish lines bearing cancer-relevant mutations (e.g., p53, pten, brca2 mutants) as platforms for synthetic lethal screens, focusing mainly on libraries of kinase inhibitors or FDA-approved compounds. Drugs that selectively induce cell lethality in mutant but not wild-type embryos are rescreened against panels of genetically annotated human cancer cell lines. A key advantage of the whole-embryo approach is the ability to identify those cell- or tissue-types in which the synthetic interaction occurs, thus guiding our human cancer cell-based validation screens. We will discuss the results of our large-scale screens targeted to p53, performed in the presence or absence of ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage. This abstract is also presented as Poster A11. Citation Format: Samuel Sidi. Synthetic lethal screens in zebrafish. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Synthetic Lethal Approaches to Cancer Vulnerabilities; May 17-20, 2013; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(5 Suppl):Abstract nr PR07.