cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1) in the Pathogenesis of UVB-induced Murine Basal Cell Carcinoma

LKB1, a known tumor suppressor, is mutated in Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS). It is responsible for the enhanced cancer risk in patients with PJS. Dysregulation of LKB1-dependent signaling also occurs in various epithelial cancers. UVB alters the expression of LKB1, though its role in the pathogenesis of skin cancer is unknown. Here we describe upregulation of LKB1 expression in UVB-induced murine basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and in human skin tumor keratinocytes. AMP-kinase and acetyl Co-A carboxylase, the downstream LKB1 targets, are also enhanced in this neoplasm. In addition, p-Akt, a kinase which inactivates GSK3β by its phosphorylation, is enhanced in BCCs. Consistently, an accumulation of p-GSK3β and an increase in activated nuclear β-catenin are found. mTOR signaling, which is also inhibited by LKB1, remains upregulated in BCCs. However, a marked decrease in the expression of sestrins, which function as potent negative regulators of mTOR is observed. Metformin, a known chemical inducer of this pathway, was found effective in immortalized HaCaT keratinocytes, but failed to activate the LKB1-dependent signaling in human carcinoma A431 cells. Thus, our data show that the LKB1/AMPK axis fails to regulate mTOR pathway, and a complex regulatory mechanism exists for the persistent mTOR activation in murine BCCs.
Numerical Simulation of Vectoring of a Primary Jet with a Synthetic Jet

The vectoring control of a primary jet with an averaged-zero-mass-flux synthetic jet is simulated using the two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The vectoring effects of some parameters of the synthetic jet, such as the location, oscillating frequency, and velocity amplitude, are studied at two angles (0 and 60 deg) of the synthetic jet
Acid ceramidase and human disease.

Abstract Acid ceramidase ( N -acylsphingosine deacylase, EC 3.5.1.23; AC) is the lipid hydrolase responsible for the degradation of ceramide into sphingosine and free fatty acids within lysosomes. The enzymatic activity was first identified over four decades ago, and is deficient in the inherited lipid storage disorder, Farber Lipogranulomatosis (Farber disease). Importantly, AC not only hydrolyzes ceramide into sphingosine, but also can synthesize ceramide from sphingosine and free fatty acids in vitro and in situ . This “reverse” enzymatic activity occurs at a distinct pH from the hydrolysis (“forward”) reaction (6.0 vs. 4.5, respectively), suggesting that the enzyme may have diverse functions within cells dependent on its subcellular location and the local pH. Most information concerning the role of AC in human disease stems from work on Farber disease. This lipid storage disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding AC, leading to a profound reduction in enzymatic activity. Recent studies have also shown that AC activity is aberrantly expressed in several human cancers, and that the enzyme may be a useful cancer drug target. For example, AC inhibitors have been used to slow the growth of cancer cells, alone or in combination with other established, anti-oncogenic treatments. Aberrant AC activity also has been described in Alzheimer's disease, and overexpression of AC may prevent insulin resistant (Type II) diabetes induced by free fatty acids. Current information concerning the biology of this enzyme and its role in human disease is reviewed within.
Peptide Internal Motions on Nanosecond Time Scale Derived from Direct Fitting of 13C and 15N NMR Spectral Density Functions

Abstract NMR relaxation-derived spectral densities provide information on molecular and internal motions occurring on the picosecond to nanosecond time scales. Using 13 C and 15 N NMR relaxation parameters [ T 1 , T 2 , and NOE] acquired at four Larmor frequencies (for 13 C: 62.5, 125, 150, and 200 MHz), spectral densities J (0), J (ω C ), J (ω H ), J (ω H + ω C ), J (ω H − ω C ), J (ω N ), J (ω H + ω N ), and J (ω H − ω N ) were derived as a function of frequency for 15 NH, 13 C α H, and 13 C β H 3 groups of an alanine residue in an α-helix-forming peptide. This extensive relaxation data set has allowed derivation of highly defined 13 C and 15 N spectral density maps. Using Monte Carlo minimization, these maps were fit to a spectral density function of three Lorentzian terms having six motional parameters: τ 0 , τ 1 , τ 2 , c 0 , c 1 , and c 2 , where τ 0 , τ 1 and τ 2 are correlation times for overall tumbling and for slower and faster internal motions, and c 0 , c 1 , and c 2 are their weighting coefficients. Analysis of the high-frequency portion of these maps was particularly informative, especially when deriving motional parameters of the side-chain methyl group for which the order parameter is very small and overall tumbling motions do not dominate the spectral density function. Overall correlation times, τ 0 , are found to be in nanosecond range, consistent with values determined using the Lipari–Szabo model-free approach. Internal motional correlation times range from picoseconds for methyl group rotation to nanoseconds for backbone N–H, C α –H, and C α –C β bond motions. General application of this approach will allow greater insight into the internal motions in peptides and proteins.
Emotions and adjudication: Status degradation among white-collar criminals

White-collar offenders are widely assumed to be especially sensitive to the embarrassment and shame that accompany public conviction for a crime. The idea of special sensitivity, however, is based largely on speculation and anecdotal data. Through an analysis of interviews with 30 convicted white-collar offenders, this paper shows that adjudication generated anger and rage as well as shame and embarrassment in the offenders. Rage and anger have potentially dysfunctional effects in that they undermine commitment to the legitimacy of the law. Following Braithwaite, I argue that a justice system based on disintegrative rather than reintegrative shaming is counterproductive.
Hospital Use of Agency-Employed Supplemental Nurses and Patient Mortality and Failure to Rescue

Objective To determine the association between the use of agency-employed supplemental registered nurses (SRNs) to staff hospitals and patient mortality and failure to rescue (FTR).
Application of statistical distribution formulas to triglycerides originating in tissues having regional differences in fatty acid composition

Variations in triglyceride fatty acid composition are sometimes observed between different regions of the same fatty tissue in various plants and animals. When natural fats originate in such tissues, some error results if triglyceride distribution formulas are applied to anaverage fatty acid composition. An integral calculus technique has been developed to overcome this difficulty. This method has been applied to the random, restricted-random, and 1,3-random-2-random distribution hypotheses. The error resulting from such regional differences has been estimated for five natural fats originating in such heterogeneous tissues.
Inhibition of movement in slime mold plasmodia by specific carbohydrates

Abstract 1. 1. Oriented migrating plasmodia of the acellular slime mold P. polycephalum Schw, respond to small (0.125M) substratum concentrations of common monosaccharides by a significant reduction in migration rate. 2. 2. This effect was noted with d -galactose and d -mannose, and to a lesser extent with d -glucose and d -fructose. 3. 3. Inhibition of movement was specific for the carbohydrates tested and not related to their general osmotic properties. 4. 4. Although no correlation was observed between a monosaccharide's ability to inhibit migration and its ability to support growth, monosaccharides found to inhibit migration have previously been reported as powerful attractants of the plasmodium.
On a recent characterization of the bivariate normal distribution

A recent characterization of the bivariate normal distribution is recalled and a few remarks regarding this characterization and its extension to the multivariate case are given.
Carbon isotope discrimination, water-use efficiency, growth, and mortality in a natural shrub population

In order to scale up from the ecophysiological characters of individual plants to population-level questions, we need to determine if character patterns in natural populations are stable through time, and if the characters are related to growth and survival. We investigated these questions in a 3-year study for one character, integrated water-use efficiency (WUE) as estimated by carbon isotope discrimination (δ) in a population of the Great Basin shrub, Chrysothamnus nauseosus. WUE was a conservative character for a given plant within and across seasons, and a previously documented difference between two size classes (represented by juveniles and adults) was maintained; smaller juveniles had a lower WUE than larger adults. The lower WUE of juveniles was often accompanied by higher rates of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance as compared to adults even though juveniles generally had more negative xylem pressure potentials. Although many discussions of the role of WUE in natural populations have been based on the expectation that higher WUE (lower δ) is generally associated with less growth, we found no such relation-ship for juvenile plants in this population (i.e δ was not positively correlated with height increase). In addition, juvenile plant mortality was not correlated with δ. Although there were stable patterns of WUE for plants in this population, the positive correlation between WUE and size, and the lack of a negative correlation between WUE and height growth, make it unlikely that the WUE of an individual plant will be related in a simple manner to its growth and survival in the population.
Prevalence and patterns of polysubstance use in a nationally representative sample of 10th graders in the United States.

Abstract Purpose The current study examines the prevalence and demographic correlates of self-reported substance use and identifies subgroups of polysubstance users among a cohort of United States 10th-grade students. Methods A nationally representative school-based cohort of United States 10th-grade students completed the NEXT Generation Health Study baseline survey in spring 2010 (N = 2,524). Results Past-year use of marijuana was most common among illicit drugs (26%), followed by misuse of medication (9%) and use of other illicit drugs (8%). During the past month, alcohol use was reported by more than one third (35%), binge drinking by 27%, and cigarette smoking by 19%. Results further show that substance use varied somewhat by demographic characteristics. Results from the latent class analysis of polysubstance use indicated a four-class solution as the best-fitting model; class 1 (59%) included the nonuser group; class 2 (23%) comprised the predominant alcohol user group; class 3 (11%) formed the predominant marijuana user group; and class 4 (8%) was characterized as the predominant polysubstance user group. Somatic and depressive symptoms varied significantly by class membership, with predominant polysubstance users reporting elevated levels of somatic and depressive symptoms. Conclusions The findings from this national study of 10th-grade students indicate high rates of substance and polysubstance use. The high level of depressive and somatic symptoms among polysubstance users indicates the need for mental health screening and referral.
Time-Temperature-Mortality Relationships for Various Stored-Product Insect Eggs and Chilling Times for Selected Commodities

Information necessary for controlling insect eggs in packaged commodities by means of lethal low temperatures is presented. Time-temperature-mortality relationships for the eggs of 5 species of stored-product insects were investigated. Exposures of 7, 8, and 9 h, respectively, at −10°C were sufficient to kill 95% of the eggs of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and Ephestia cautella (Walker); exposures of 28 and 62 h, respectively, were required to achieve LD95 for the eggs of Callosobruchus maculates (F.) and Lasioderma serricorne (F.). The times required for selected packaged commodities to become chilled throughout were determined.
Global well-posedness for a system of KdV-type equations with coupled quadratic nonlinearities

Research leave grants from the University Research Council of DePaul University and summer research grants from the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences of DePaul University.
A descriptive study of pathways to care among hospitalized urban African American first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum patients.

Background Studying pathways to care, or contacts made during the period of time from the onset of illness until the first initiation of treatment, is critical for understanding how to improve the early recognition and treatment of mental disorders. However, little is known about pathways to care among patients with first-episode psychosis in the United States. The objectives of this study were to examine the pathways to care and number of help contacts prior to hospitalization in first-episode patients, and to ascertain the frequency of contact with primary care providers and police.
HOLOGRAPHY, COSMOLOGY, AND THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

We propose that the holographic principle be replaced by the generalized second law of thermodynamics when applied to time-dependent backgrounds. For isotropic open and flat universes with a fixed equation of state, this agrees with the cosmological holographic principle proposed by Fischler and Susskind (hep-th/9806039). However, in more general situations, it does not. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Reductive elimination of alkanes and arenes from [Pd{sub 2}R{sub 2}({micro}-H)({micro}-dppm){sub 2}]PF{sub 6} complexes

Whereas the majority of homogeneously catalyzed reactions are believed to involve reactions at a single metal center, there are many instances in which the possibility of a cooperative effect between two or more metals exists, and there are a growing number of cases where such interactions are clear. Mechanistic studies of monomeric complexes have established that dinuclear reductive eliminations occur in a few cases, but there have been relatively few studies involving discrete, bimetallic systems. The authors have prepared a series of halide- and hydride-bridged dipalladium A-frame cations of the type [Pd{sub 2}R{sub 2}({micro}-X)({micro}-dppm){sub 2}]{sup +}, and these serve as excellent bimetallic substrates from which to study reductive elimination reactions.
Predicting the future of XDR tuberculosis

XDR tuberculosis is now of great public-health concern. 1–6 Many questions need to be answered before eff ective strategies for controlling the emerging global XDR tuberculosis epidemic can be designed. These questions can only be answered by the collection of appropriate data, but data collection takes time. Before these data are obtained some insights into XDR tuberculosis epidemiology could be acquired by analysing theoretical models. Models can be used as health policy tools to predict the evolution of drug-resistant strains and to design eff ective epidemic control strategies. 7
Creative marketing strategies in small museums: up close and innovative

Museums are seeing decreasing resources along with increasing competition (such as the entertainment industry's recent foray into the education arena) for their market share (TiLE, Oct 2002). The prevalent perception that nonprofit institutions as a sector are mismanaged also requires museums to become more businesslike in their management and their marketing (Kotler & Kotler, 1998; Andreasen & Kotler, 2002; Salamon, 2003). Although larger museums have more access to human and economic capital, this article demonstrates how the flexibility and agility of smaller institutions positions them well to leverage their resources with creativity and innovation. To give credibility to the museum examples, the discussion recounts how the American wine industry rose in prominence both at home and abroad by sidestepping traditional marketing research methods, using instead an approach that was more like art. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FLIGHT INITIATIONS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER ARE MEDIATED BY SEVERAL DISTINCT MOTOR PATTERNS

We have monitored the patterns of activation of five muscles during flight initiation of Drosophila melanogaster: the tergotrochanteral muscle (a mesothoracic leg extensor), dorsal longitudinal muscles #3, #4 and #6 (wing depressors), and dorsal ventral muscle #Ic (a wing elevator). Stimulation of a pair of large descending interneurons, the giant fibers, activates these muscles in a stereotypic pattern and is thought to evoke escape flight initiation. To investigate the role of the giant fibers in coordinating flight initiation, we have compared the patterns of muscle activation evoked by giant fiber stimulation with those during flight initiations executed voluntarily and evoked by visual and olfactory stimuli. Visually elicited flight initiations exhibit patterns of muscle activation indistinguishable from those evoked by giant fiber stimulation. Olfactory-induced flight initiations exhibit patterns of muscle activation similar to those during voluntary flight initiations. Yet only some benzaldehyde-induced and voluntary flight initiations exhibit patterns of muscle activation similar to those evoked by giant fiber stimulation. These results indicate that visually elicited flight initiations are coordinated by the giant fiber circuit. By contrast, the giant fiber circuit alone cannot account for the patterns of muscle activation observed during the majority of olfactory-induced and voluntary flight initiations.
Dual crystalline texture in HDPE blown films and its implication on mechanical properties

The morphological features of a series of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) blown films were studied using transmission electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering and infrared dichroism. An orthogonally-oriented, dual crystalline texture was found in these HDPE films. This structure appears to consist of two superimposed row-oriented textures. In one row-oriented texture, the lamellae are stacked along the machine direction; while in the other, the lamellae are stacked along the transverse direction. The lamellar populations in the two textures are greatly affected by the neck height of the film blowing process. The mechanical properties of the films correlate well with the observed dual crystalline texture.
Occupational Therapy Students in the Process of Interprofessional Collaborative Learning: A Grounded Theory Study

The purpose of this grounded theory study was to generate a theory of the interprofessional collaborative learning process of occupational therapy (OT) students who were engaged in a collaborative learning experience with students from other allied health disciplines. Data consisted of semi-structured interviews with nine OT students from four different interprofessional collaborative learning experiences at three universities. The emergent theory explained OT students' need to build a culture of mutual respect among disciplines in order to facilitate interprofessional collaborative learning. Occupational therapy students went through a progression of learned skills that included learning how to represent the profession of OT, hold their weight within a team situation, solve problems collaboratively, work as a team, and ultimately, to work in an actual team in practice. This learning process occurred simultaneously as students also learned course content. The students had to contend with barriers and facilitators that influenced their participation and the success of their collaboration. Understanding the interprofessional learning process of OT students will help allied health faculty to design more effective, inclusive interprofessional courses.
Design of three-dimensional engineered protein hydrogels for tailored control of neurite growth

The design of bioactive materials allows tailored studies probing cell–biomaterial interactions, however, relatively few studies have examined the effects of ligand density and material stiffness on neurite growth in three-dimensions. Elastin-like proteins (ELPs) have been designed with modular bioactive and structural regions to enable the systematic characterization of design parameters within threedimensional (3-D) materials. To promote neurite out-growth and better understand the effects of common biomaterial design parameters on neuronal cultures we here focused on the cell-adhesive ligand density and hydrogel stiffness as design variables for ELP hydrogels. With the inherent design freedom of engineered proteins these 3-D ELP hydrogels enabled decoupled investigations into the effects of biomechanics and biochemistry on neurite out-growth from dorsal root ganglia. Increasing the cell-adhesive RGD ligand density from 0 to 1.9 � 10 7 ligands lm
Vaccine policy and Arkansas childhood immunization exemptions: a multi-year review.

Background An increase in total vaccine exemptions (medical, philosophic, and religious) occurred in Arkansas after a 2003 legislation added a philosophic category and used a new process for vaccine exemptions. By legislative requirement, the Arkansas Department of Health monitored exemptions through the 2009–2010 school year. Purpose The goal of the study was to determine the prevalence of vaccine exemption in 2003–2010 compared to the number of requests prior to the legislation enacted in 2003. Methods Exemptions were calculated by school-age category using raw numbers of exemptions, total estimates of the population by age level, enrollment numbers for students in public and private schools, and in enrolled college students born after 1957. Exemptions also were analyzed by school district, grade level, type of exemption, and particular vaccine exemption requested. Results Overall exemptions continued to rise each year, with an average increase of 23.1% annually. Medical exemptions declined from an average of 21.3% of all exemptions before to an average of 4.8% thereafter. The greatest increase in number of exemptions was observed among college students. The highest total rate of exemptions per precollegiate student population was Conclusions Since philosophic exemptions were codified in 2003 in Arkansas, the number and rate of vaccine exemptions continue to progressively increase. However, vaccine-preventable disease clusters have not yet been linked to or identified in any population with a high rate of vaccine exemptions.
A comparative assay of the in-vitro and in-vivo behavior of three chemically induced neoplasms of rat submandibular glands

. A new method has been developed for the reproducible induction of rat salivary adenocarcinomas. Conventional means were used to induce fibrosarcoma and squamous cell carcinomas. The three tumors were compared for their ability to grow in tissue culture and syngeneic irradiated hosts. Based on the evidence of this system, squamous cell carcinoma appears to show the least biologic activity of the three tumors, a fact which may be tentatively explained by a predominance of keratinizing rather than replicating cells in this tumor.
The Mind's I Has Two Eyes

In 'Minds, Machines and G6del', 1961, J. R. Lucas1 proposed that Godel's theorem made possible a refutation of mechanism-the thesis that mind is wholly comprehensible as a consistent, rule-governed machine. A sympathetic reading of Lucas's argument might run something as follows: 'If I am a machine then it will be possible in principle to give a specification of the consistent formal system, L, that represents me. If this formal system were handed to me, I would be able to prove a G6del sentence, G, which L could not generate-that is, L could not model my proving G. But since I have proved G, L is inadequate as a model of my cognitive process.' So goes the argument. It has drawn a considerable amount of comment, most of it negative. Nevertheless, we believe that Lucas was on to something that his commentators have missed. We would like to explore the debate further. We will focus our discussion on the rejoinder of Hofstadter2 in The Mind's I. In contrast with much of the literature, Hofstadter's argument has the virtue of being brief and to the point.
Membrane Insertion Characteristics of the Various Transmembrane Domains of the Escherichia coli TolQ Protein

Abstract The Escherichia coli TolQ protein is a 230-amino acid integral cytoplasmic membrane protein required for the import of group A colicins, for infection by the filamentous phage, and for maintenance of the integrity of the bacterial envelope. TolQ is a polytopic protein with three membrane-spanning regions. The first membrane-spanning region has a 19-residue periplasmic NH2-terminal tail, while the second and third membrane-spanning segments are separated by a short 17-amino acid periplasmic loop. To study the membrane assembly of TolQ, fusions of different membrane-spanning regions were examined for their ability to insert in the absence of functional SecA or the membrane potential. Fusions containing the first membrane-spanning region plus the adjacent cytoplasmic domain and a construct containing the “hairpin loop,” formed by the second and third membrane-spanning regions, insert in the absence of functional SecA. The fusion containing the second and third membrane-spanning regions required the membrane potential for insertion while the first membrane-spanning region was able to insert even in the absence of a membrane potential. Taken together, these results suggest that insertion of intact TolQ is not dependent on the Sec system, but does require the membrane potential.
Maximising return on conservation investment in the conterminous USA.

Efficient conservation planning requires knowledge about conservation targets, threats to those targets, costs of conservation and the marginal return to additional conservation efforts. Systematic conservation planning typically only takes a small piece of this complex puzzle into account. Here, we use a return-oninvestment (ROI) approach to prioritise lands for conservation at the county level in the conterminous USA. Our approach accounts for species richness, county area, the proportion of species’ ranges already protected, the threat of land conversion and land costs. Areas selected by a complementarity-based greedy heuristic using our full ROI approach provided greater averted species losses per dollar spent compared with areas selected by heuristics accounting for richness alone or richness and cost, and avoided acquiring lands not threatened with conversion. In contrast to traditional prioritisation approaches, our results highlight conservation bargains, opportunities to avert the threat of development and places where conservation efforts are currently lacking.
The problem with value.

Neural correlates of value have been extensively reported in a diverse set of brain regions. However, in many cases it is difficult to determine whether a particular neural response pattern corresponds to a value-signal per se as opposed to an array of alternative non-value related processes, such as outcome-identity coding, informational coding, encoding of autonomic and skeletomotor consequences, alongside previously described “salience” or “attentional” effects. Here, I review a number of experimental manipulations that can be used to test for value, and I identify the challenges in ascertaining whether a particular neural response is or is not a value signal. Finally, I emphasize that some non-value related signals may be especially informative as a means of providing insight into the nature of the decision-making related computations that are being implemented in a particular brain region.
Microstructural studies of laser irradiated graphite surfaces

The structure of pulsed laser irradiated graphite surfaces has been elucidated. The pulse fluences range up to 4 J cm−2 with durations no longer than 30 ns. The region exterior to the irradiated spot is littered with ∼0.1 μm diameter carbon spheroids. The boundary region is characterized by both spheroids and torn layers 1–5 μm. in lateral extent. The central region displays carbon spheroids and surface upheavals. The carbon spheroids are attributed to hydrodynamic sputtering of carbon. The surface upheavals and torn carbon layers are attributed to constrained thermal expansion and contraction of the irradiated region. It is estimated that a nearly instantaneous 1000°C temperature change is necessary to cause the observed surface deformation. Pulse fluences in excess of 0.8 J cm−2 cause a thin layer of carbon to melt. This is proven by the fact that the irradiated layer in the solid phase has a turbostratic structure. Electron diffraction experiments and dark-field imaging experiments show that the basal plane grain size of the resolidified material varies from ∼20 A at the melt threshold to ∼100 A for samples irradiated with 4.0 J cm−2.
“I Tramp a Perpetual Journey”: Walt Whitman’s Insights for Psychology:

Whitman expressed in vivid language many of the most significant concepts developed during the hundred-plus years of psychological inquiry that have succeeded him. Rejecting mind—body dualism, Whitman advocated a holistic perspective consistent with contemporary physics. He also pointed out the interdependence among individual humans that informs sociobiology, family systems theory, and transpersonal psychology. Whitman’s expansive sense of his own identity is of particular relevance to our culture preoccupied with self-esteem. The essential elements of constructivist epistemology, sexual egalitarianism, multiculturalism, and postmodernism are also evident in Whitman’s work. His comments about his relationship with the reader have relevance for questions about the relationship between therapists and clients.
Transcriptional regulation at the nuclear pore complex

The nonrandom spatial distribution of chromosomes and genes in the eukaryotic nucleus has been appreciated for decades, although a detailed understanding of the functional role of such positioning has remained illusive. The most prominent structural feature of the nucleus is the nuclear periphery, classically considered as a zone of gene repression caused by the presence of heterochromatin and silencing factors. However, several recent studies have uncovered dynamic associations between nuclear pore complexes embedded in the nuclear membrane and actively transcribed genes. These interactions, mediated by DNA, RNA and proteins, add an additional level of control to eukaryotic gene expression. The existence of a peripheral transcriptional activation zone in the nucleus suggests that the spatial organization of the genome plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation.
Understanding How Advocates Can Affect Sexual Assault Victim Engagement in the Criminal Justice Process

Following a sexual assault, survivors may seek help from multiple community organizations including the criminal justice system (CJS). However, sexual assault survivors often feel apprehensive about participating in the CJS and thus, few report their victimizations to law enforcement. Of those who report, many withdraw their participation from the CJS. Rape crisis center advocates often are one of the first professionals victims encounter while seeking help after a victimization and thus, they may play a key role in reducing barriers to victim participation in the CJS. Qualitative interviews were conducted with forensic nurses and victim advocates at a Midwest Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program to examine how advocacy services may influence victim engagement with the CJS. This study found multiple components of advocacy services that may address common barriers to victim participation. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Tracking atmospheric ducts using radar clutter: evaporation duct tracking using kalman filters

This paper addresses the problem of tracking evaporation ducts in marine environments. The method tracks the evolution of the range and height-dependent index of refraction using the radar sea clutter. A split-step fast Fourier transform (FFT) based parabolic equation (PE) approximation to the wave equation is used to compute the clutter return in complex environments with varying index of refraction. Tracking is obtained using an extended Kalman filter (EKF).
Combined plasma gas-phase synthesis and colloidal processing of inp/zns core/shell nanocrystals

Indium phosphide nanocrystals (InP NCs) with diameters ranging from 2 to 5 nm were synthesized with a scalable, flow-through, nonthermal plasma process at a rate ranging from 10 to 40 mg/h. The NC size is controlled through the plasma operating parameters, with the residence time of the gas in the plasma region strongly influencing the NC size. The NC size distribution is narrow with the standard deviation being less than 20% of the mean NC size. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) shells were grown around the plasma-synthesized InP NCs in a liquid phase reaction. Photoluminescence with quantum yields as high as 15% were observed for the InP/ZnS core-shell NCs.
A systematic approach to the identification and classification of near-miss events on labor and delivery in a large, national health care system

We describe a systematic approach to the identification and classification of near-miss events on labor and delivery in a large, national health care system. Voluntary reports of near-miss events were prospectively collected during 2010 in 203,708 deliveries. These reports were analyzed according to frequency and potential severity. Near-miss events were reported in 0.69% of deliveries. Medication and patient identification errors were the most common near-miss events. However, existing barriers were found to be highly effective in preventing such errors from reaching the patient. Errors with the greatest potential for causing harm involved physician response and decision making. Fewer and less effective existing barriers between these errors and potential patient harm were identified. Use of a comprehensive system for identification of near-miss events on labor and delivery units have proven useful in allowing us to focus patient safety efforts on areas of greatest need.
Analysis of Class-E Based RF Power Amplifiers Using Harmonic Modeling

An analysis of the Class-E power amplifier is given using harmonic modeling that facilitates its characterization for a wide load-space regime expected in applications such as RF plasma generation for semiconductor manufacturing. Using a hybrid matrix-framework made up of the dominant harmonics of the circuit variables aided by the time-domain boundary conditions of the power switch voltage waveform, a quasi-linear algorithm is developed to accurately determine the voltage and the current levels expected on all components of the power amplifier for arbitrary loading and operating conditions. The application of the algorithm for design optimization is discussed, and its extension to phase-controlled Class-E power amplifier pairs is described.
Intelligibility of American English vowels of native and non-native speakers in quiet and speech-shaped noise*

This study examined intelligibility of twelve American English vowels produced by English, Chinese, and Korean native speakers in quiet and speech-shaped noise in which vowels were presented at six sensation levels from 0 dB to 10 dB. The slopes of vowel intelligibility functions and the processing time for listeners to identify vowels were dependent on speakers’ language backgrounds and non-native speakers’ vowel intelligibility in quiet. These results indicated that noise background affected non-native speakers’ vowel intelligibility more greatly than native speakers, possibly due to the acoustic deviations in non-native speech and lack of listeners’ experience to non-native produced speech.
Finite-difference time-domain model of lasing action in a four-level two-electron atomic system

We report a new finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) computational model of the lasing dynamics of a four-level two-electron atomic system. Transitions between the energy levels are governed by coupled rate equations and the Pauli Exclusion Principle. This approach is an advance relative to earlier FDTD models that did not include the pumping dynamics, or the Pauli Exclusion Principle. Further, the method proposed in this paper is more versatile than the conventional modal expansion of the electromagnetic field for complex inhomogeneous laser geometries constructed in photonic crystals or light-localizing random media. For such complex geometries, the lasing modes are either difficult or impossible to calculate. The present work aims at the self-consistent treatment of the dynamics of the 4-level atomic system and the instantaneous ambient optical electromagnetic field. This permits in principle a much more robust treatment of the overall lasing dynamics of four-level gain systems integrated into virtually arbitrary electromagnetic field confinement geometries.
Trying harder may disrupt cue utilisation

Abstract Cue depreciation refers to an inhibitory effect in fragment cueing induced by revealing a fragment gradually rather than all at once. Thus far, the effect has been observed only with test words that have been primed in some way. In Experiments 1 and 2 of the present study, even with equal priming for all words, inhibition arises with low-frequency words defined as “challenging” but not with high-frequency words defined as “easy”, and with “remember” instructions (explicit memory task) but not with “complete with any word” instructions (implicit memory task). In Experiments 3 and 4, inhibition arises with unprimed words when subjects believe discovery of such words to be correlated with intelligence or to afford more points. Cue depreciation thus appears to be influenced, rather than by priming per se, by the importance attached to the completion of fragments and “trying harder”.
AKAP13 coordinates cAMP signaling and glucocorticoid production in H295R human adrenocortical cells (612.2)

The cAMP pathway activates steroid hormone biosynthesis in the adrenal cortex by regulating the activity of various proteins. We have previously identified a macromolecular protein complex that modulates cortisol biosynthesis by facilitating communication between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. One of the proteins in this complex is A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP)-13. AKAPs play a critical role in the spatiotemporal compartmentalization of cAMP signaling, with AKAP13 being implicated in integrating Rho and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. AKAP13 has also been shown to regulate extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase D (PKD) activity in other cell types. We hypothesized that AKAP13 regulates cortisol production by coordinating RhoA and PKA signaling at the mitochondrial-ER interface, and that disruption of AKAP13 leads to mislocalized cAMP signaling. We show that silencing AKAP13 in H295R human adrenocortical cells impairs cAMP-stimulated RhoA, PKA ...
A new, nongenomic estrogen action: the rapid release of intracellular calcium.

We have investigated the effects of steroids on the intracellular calcium ion concentration [Ca2+]i in chicken granulosa cells obtained from the two largest preovulatory follicles of laying hens. [Ca2+]i was measured in cells loaded with the Ca(2+)-responsive fluorescent dye fura-2. The resting [Ca2+]i in these cells was 100 +/- 5 nM. There was an immediate (i.e. less than 5 sec) 4- to 8-fold increase in [Ca2+]i in all of the 76 cells examined after the addition of 10(-7) M estradiol-17 bdta. Estradiol-17 beta was effective between 10(-10)-10(-6) M. Estradiol-17 alpha, estrone, and estriol (10(-8)-10(-6) M) were as effective as estradiol-17 beta, but the progestins, pregnenolone, and progesterone, and the androgens, testosterone, androstenedione, or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone were ineffective at concentrations up to 10(-5) M. The prompt estradiol-17 beta-induced [Ca2+]i spike was not affected by incubating the cells in Ca(2+)-free medium containing 2 mM EGTA or by pretreating them with the Ca2+ channel blockers lanthanum (1 mM), cobalt (5 mM), methoxyverapamil (D600; 50 microM), or nifedipine (20 microM). The estrogen-triggered [Ca2+]i surge was also not affected by pretreating the cells with the conventional estrogen receptor antagonist tamoxifen (10(-5) M), or the RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors actinomycin D (1 microgram/ml) and cycloheximide (1 microgram/ml), but was abolished by pretreating the cells with inhibitors of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, neomycin (1.5 mM) and U-73,122 (2.5 microM). The closely related, but inactive, compound U-73,343 (1 microM) did not affect the estrogen-triggered [Ca2+]i surge. Estradiol-17 beta (10(-7) M), but not progesterone (10(-5) M), also triggered a large [Ca2+]i surge in pig granulosa cells, which, like the [Ca2+]i surge in chicken granulosa cells, was almost immediate, transient, and unaffected by incubation in Ca(2+)-free medium or pretreatment with methoxyverapamil (D600; 50 microM), lanthanum (1 mM), or tamoxifen (10(-5)M). However, granulosa cells from immature rats primed with diethylstilbestrol or PMSG did not respond to estradiol-17 beta, even at concentrations as high as 10(-5) M, although they promptly generated a [Ca2+]i transient upon exposure to LHRH (10(-5) M). These results suggest that estrogens almost instantaneously trigger the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores which may be mediated through phosphoinositide breakdown. The striking rapidity of this estrogen-induced internal Ca2+ mobilization is consistent with the activation of a cell surface receptor which is different from the conventional slowly acting, gene-stimulating nuclear estrogen receptor.
Enhanced Multi-Faceted Teaching Methods

This paper is a case study on how a combination of teaching/learning technologies and methods can be used for teaching graduate and undergraduate students. A matrix will be presented on how many technologies can be blended with a collaborative teaching style. Teaching in virtually any college or university now means having a broad array of resources to enhance the teaching/learning process for faculty and students alike.
Review of the neutrophil response to Bordetella pertussis infection.

The nature and timing of the neutrophil response to infection with Bordetella pertussis is influenced by multiple virulence factors expressed by the bacterium. After inoculation of the host airway, the recruitment of neutrophils signaled by B. pertussis lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is suppressed by pertussis toxin (PTX). Over the next week, the combined activities of PTX, LOS and adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) result in production of cytokines that generate an IL-17 response, promoting neutrophil recruitment which peaks at 10-14 days after inoculation in mice. Arriving at the site of infection, neutrophils encounter the powerful local inhibitory activity of ACT, in conjunction with filamentous hemagglutinin. With the help of antibodies, neutrophils contribute to clearance of B. pertussis, but only after 28-35 days in a naive mouse. Studies of the lasting, antigen-specific IL-17 response to infection in mice and baboons has led to progress in vaccine development and understanding of pathogenesis. Questions remain about the mediators that coordinate neutrophil recruitment and the mechanisms by which neutrophils overcome B. pertussis virulence factors.
The New “New Multilateralism”: Minilateral Cooperation, but at What Cost?

A defining feature of twenty-first century multilateralism is growing reliance on informal, non-binding, purpose-built partnerships and coalitions of the interested, willing, and capable. The rise of minilateral cooperation reflects the failure of formal international organizations to adapt to complex global challenges, dramatic power shifts, and growing normative divergences in world politics. Such ad hoc, disaggregated approaches to international cooperation bring certain advantages, including speed, flexibility, modularity, and possibilities for experimentation. But the new multilateralism also presents dangers, among these encouraging rampant forum-shopping, undermining critical international organizations, and reducing accountability in global governance.
Collaboration Between Social Workers and Families of Patients with Mental Illness

The author examines collaboration between families of patients with severe mental illness and inpatient social workers as measured by a study that assessed the degree to which families and practiti...
Power Day: Addressing the Use and Abuse of Power in Medical Training

Problem: Medical student mistreatment, as well as patient and staff mistreatment by all levels of medical trainees and faculty, is still prevalent in U.S. clinical training. Largely missing in interventions to reduce mistreatment is acknowledgement of the abuse of power produced by the hierarchical structure in which medicine is practiced. Approach: Beginning in 2001, Yale School of Medicine has held annual “Power Day” workshops for third year medical students and advanced practice nursing students, to define and analyse power dynamics within the medical hierarchy and hidden curriculum using literature, guest speakers, and small groups. During rotations, medical students write narratives about the use of power witnessed in the wards. In response to student and small group leader feedback, workshop organizers have developed additional activities related to examining and changing the use of power in clinical teams. Outcome: Emerging narrative themes included the potential impact of small acts and students feeling “mute” and “complicit” in morally distressing situations. Small groups provided safe spaces for advice, support, and professional identity formation. By 2005, students recognized residents that used power positively with Power Day awards and alumni served as keynote speakers on the use of power in medicine. By 2010, departments including OB/GYN, surgery, psychiatry, and paediatrics, had added weekly team Power Hour discussions. Next Steps: The authors highlight barriers, benefits, and lessons learned. Barriers include the notion of clinical irrelevance and resistance to the word “power” due to perceived accusation of abuse. Benefits include promoting open dialogue about power, fostering inter-professional collaboration, rewarding positive role modelling by residents and faculty, and creating a network of trainee empowerment and leadership. Furthermore, faculty have started to ask that issues of power be addressed in a more transparent way at their level of the hierarchy as well.
Bicyclobutonium Ions in Biosynthesis – Interconversion of Cyclopropyl-Containing Sterols from Orchids

Theoretical investigation of cyclopropane-to-cyclopropane rearrangements of sterols indicates a role for highly delocalized bicyclobutonium ions in biosynthesis.
Aureomycin and Terramycin Treatment of Pasteurella multocida Infection and Neomycin's in vitro Effects on P. multocida

Summary(1) Both aureomycin and terramycin administered subcutaneously, either prophylactically or therapeutically (4 hours after infection) to white mice infected intra-peritoneally with 1,000 MLD100 of P. multocida prolonged survival and lowered the fatility rate. Aureomycin was distinctly superior to terramycin; a single dose of 2 mg (133 mg/kg) of aureomycin resulted in a survival rate of approximately 87%, whereas that of the mice treated with terramycin was approximately 47%. Smaller doses (1 mg and less) of both antibiotics were less effective. Treatment over a period of 6 days did not increase substantially the survival rate as compared to a single dose treatment on day of infection. (2) In vitro neomycin was of the same bacteriostatic potency as streptomycin against 7 strains of P. multocida and was markedly superior against the eighth, streptomycin-resistant, strain.
Dissociation of Single 2-Chloroanthracene Molecules by STM-Tip Electron Injection

We have studied the adsorption and tip-induced chemistry of 2-chloroanthracene on TiO2(110). STM images show that at 135 K and low coverage, i.e., ∼0.1 ML, these molecules are physisorbed along the...