cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Dopamine and GABA in the Frontal Cortex of Mice in Modulating a Motor-Stimulant Effect of Amphetamine and Cocaine

The results of previous studies have indicated that the activation of dopaminergic and GABAergic systems in the prefrontal cortex can decrease dopaminergic and glutamatergic activity in the striatum, ostensibly by the inhibition of corticofugal glutamatergic pathways. The present studies were designed to investigate the cortical influence of dopamine and GABA agonists and antagonists on the motor response to systemically administered amphetamine and cocaine in the mouse. The results show that both dopamine and THIP, the GABA(A) agonist, injected intracortically (i.c.) depress amphetamine- or cocaine-induced stereotypy. That these responses are functionally significant is illustrated by the i.c. effects of sulpiride and bicuculline; they enhance the motor activity of the stimulants, suggesting that both dopaminergic and GABAergic systems in the cortex are activated by systemically administered amphetamine or cocaine. Additional experiments demonstrated that bicuculline i.c. can antagonize the depressant effect of dopamine i.c.; therefore, the dopaminergic inhibition in the cortex appears to be mediated by the activation of a cortical GABA system. These results show that systemically administered amphetamine or cocaine causes dopaminergic effects not only in the striatum but also in the cortex, and that the dopaminergic effect in the cortex may activate a cortical GABAergic system, which in turn, may account for the noted cortical inhibition of the dopaminergic motor-stimulatory action in the striatum.
SEMI-AUTOMATIC PORTING OF A GENERAL FORTRAN CFD CODE TO GPUS: THE DIFFICULT MODULES

Over the last year, a considerable portion of FEFLO, a general-purpose legacy CFD code operating on unstructured grids, was ported to run on GPUs. Like so many other legacy codes, FEFLO is an adaptive, edge-based nite element code for the solution of compressible and incompressible ow, which was primarily written in Fortran 77 and has previously been ported to vector, shared memory parallel and distributed memory parallel machines. Due to the large size of FEFLO and the likelihood of human error in porting, as well as the desire for continued development within a single codebase, a specialized Python script, based on FParser (Peterson, 2009), was written to perform automated translation from the OpenMP-parallelized loops to GPU kernels implemented in CUDA, along with GPU memory management, while integrating with the existing framework for distributed memory parallelism via MPI. The present paper describes extensions of the script and algorithmic techniques that enable the ecient running on GPUs of the modules that are not straightforward to port. In particular, we consider LU-SGS algorithms, linelet preconditioning and particle-mesh algorithms.
Lateral masking in visual information processing

When unrelated letter strings are presented tachistoscopically, the end letters are reported more often than their neighbors; and when spaces are inserted into strings, performance on certain adjacent letters is superior to performance on those letters when no spaces were present. An experiment was conducted to determine the nature of those spacing effects. Letter strings were presented at a variety of retinal locations, and spaces were inserted into different positions in the instructed left-right processing order. The space effect was unrelated to processing order, but it was dependent on retinal location. To account for the various asymmetries, it was necessary to postulate that letters tend to interact with adjacent lettersand that the interaction was not spatially symmetric. Furthermore, it was found that spaces had greater effects on “right-hand” letters than on symmetric letters. It was therefore concluded that letters interact at the feature level.
Shaping the Goal Setting Process in OT: The Role of Meaningful Occupation

This qualitative study utilized data gathered from semi-structured interviews with four clients, their families, and occupational therapists (OTs) from a local skilled nursing unit (SNU) about the personal meaning of roles, activities, and how these meanings can shape the goal setting process in OT practice. The purpose of the study was to examine client goals which were based on meaningful life experiences and the congruence of these with goals set by treating OTs as well as goals expressed by the client's family or caregiver. Results indicated that goal setting during OT intervention may be enhanced by exploring clients' meaningful life experiences including past and current roles, responsibilities, and activities which are particularly meaningful to individual client's and their families or caregivers.
Approach to interior noise control. II - Self-supporting damped interior shell

A companion paper presents theoretical and experimental data identifying the significance of panel critical frequency and structural damping in controlling trim panel dynamic response from excitation at attachment points. This paper explores a logical extension to the trim panel system. The shell presents several desirable nonacoustic properties that may offer design or construction economies. Of concern here is the design considerations that can turn potential acoustic problems into significant advantages. The high stiffness, necessary to make the shell self-supporting, may provide improved low-frequency performance in the vicinity of the double-wall resonance. The low critical frequency, usually implied by this stiffness, may be controlled through design of the panel dynamic properties, judicious location of the attachment points, and effective vibration isolation. Quantitative approaches to each of these issues are explored. A successful installation in one aircraft is described. Nomenclature Bs = flexural rigidity per unit width of the shell, N-m CL = longitudinal wave speed in frame material, m/s / = frequency, Hz fc = critical frequency, Hz h = thickness of the frame flange at the attachment point, m Kf = static stiffness of the fuselage system at the attachment point, N/m KI = isolator spring constant, N/m Ms =mass of the shell panel kg ms = mass per unit area of the shell panel, kg/m2 Yf = drive mobility point of fuselage side attachment point for the isolator, m/N-s Ys = drive point mobility of the shell attachment rx>int, m/N-s Zy = transfer impedance across an isolator, N-s/m p = density of the frame material, kg/m3 co =27r/rad/s
Constraints on the thermal history of Taylorsville Basin, Virginia, U.S.A., from fluid-inclusion and fission-track analyses: implications for subsurface geomicrobiology experiments

Abstract Microbial populations have been found at the depth of 2621–2804 m in a borehole near the center of Triassic Taylorsville Basin, Virginia. To constrain possible scenarios for long-term survival in or introduction of these microbial populations to the deep subsurface, we attempted to refine models of thermal and burial history of the basin by analyzing aqueous and gaseous fluid inclusions in calcite/quartz veins or cements in cuttings from the same borehole. These results are complemented by fission-track data from the adjacent boreholes. Homogenization temperatures of secondary aqueous fluid inclusions range from 120° to 210°C between 2027- and 3069-m depth, with highest temperatures in the deepest samples. The salinities of these aqueous inclusions range from 0 to ∼ 4.3 eq wt% NaCl. Four samples from the depth between 2413 and 2931 m contain both two-phase aqueous and one-phase methane-rich inclusions in healed microcracks. The relative CH 4 and CO 2 contents of these gaseous inclusions was estimated by microthermometry and laser Raman spectroscopy. If both types of inclusions in sample 2931 m were trapped simultaneously, the density of the methane-rich inclusions calculated from the Peng-Robinson equation of state implies an entrapment pressure of 360 ± 20 bar at the homogenization temperature (162.5 ± 12.5°C) of the aqueous inclusions. This pressure falls between the hydrostatic and lithostatic pressures at the present depth 2931 m of burial. If we assume that the pressure regime was hydrostatic at the time of trapping, then the inclusions were trapped at 3.6 km in a thermal gradient of ∼ 40°C/km. The high temperatures recorded by the secondary aqueous inclusions are consistent with the pervasive resetting of zircon and apatite fission-track dates. In order to fit the fission-track length distributions of the apatite data, however, a cooling rate of 1–2°C/Ma following the thermal maximum is required. To match the integrated dates, the thermal maximum would have occurred at ∼ 200 Ma. The timing of the maximum temperature is consistent with rapid burial of the Taylorsville Basin to twice its present-day depth and thermal re-equilibration with a 40°C/km geothermal gradient, followed by slow exhumation. The results may imply that the microorganisms did not survive in situ, but were transported from the cooler portions of the basin sometime after maximum burial and heating.
Does Turnover Intention Matter? Evaluating the Usefulness of Turnover Intention Rate as a Predictor of Actual Turnover Rate

Turnover research has traditionally examined intention to turnover rather than actual turnover. Such studies assume that leave intent serves equally well as both a proxy for and predictor of employ...
Neurobehavioral effects of ambient air pollution on cognitive performance in US adults

Background In vivo animal experiments demonstrate neurotoxicity of exposures to particulate matter (PM) and ozone, but only one small epidemiological study had linked ambient air pollution with central nervous system (CNS) functions in children. Objectives To examine the neurobehavioral effects associated with long-term exposure to ambient PM and ozone in adults. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of the Neurobehavioral Evaluation System-2 (NES2) data (including a simple reaction time test [SRTT] measuring motor response speed to a visual stimulus; a symbol-digit substitution test [SDST] for coding ability; and a serial-digit learning test [SDLT] for attention and short-term memory) from 1764 adult participants (aged 37.5 ± 10.9 years) of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 1988–1991. Based on ambient PM10 (PM with aerodynamic diameter <10 μm) and ozone data from the EPA Aerometric Information Retrieval System database, estimated annual exposure prior to the examination were aggregated at the centroid of each census-block group of geocoded residences, using distance-weighted averages from all monitors in the residing and adjoining counties. Generalized linear models were constructed to examine the associations, adjusting for potential confounders. Results In age- and sex-adjusted models, PM10 predicted reduced CNS functions, but the association disappeared after adjustment for sociodemographic factors. There were consistent associations between ozone and reduced performance in NES2. In models adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, household and neighborhood characteristics, and cardiovascular risk factors, ozone predicted high scores in SDST and SDLT, but not in SRTT. Each 10-ppb increase in annual ozone was associated with increased SDST and SDLT scores by 0.16 (95%CI: 0.01, 0.23) and 0.56 (95%CI: 0.07, 1.05), equivalent to 3.5 and 5.3 years of aging-related decline in cognitive performance. Conclusions Our study provides the first epidemiological data supporting the adverse neurobehavioral effects of ambient air pollutants in adults.
Lactic dehydrogenase in the monitoring and prognosis of testicular cancer

In a prospective study of 80 patients with germinal testicular cancer, serial determinations of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) were followed for a mean of 18.1 months. Serum LDH was found to be elevated more frequently with increasing tumor bulk. LDH was elevated in 78.0% of the patients with Stage III disease but only 26.3% of the Stage II patients and 20.0% of the pre-orchiectomy Stage I patients. In this study, serum HCG and AFP levels were always elevated in the presence of elevated serum LDH levels except in one patient when LDH was the only elevated marker, in which case it correlated with clinical disease. Correlation of these three serum markers is shown by elevation of LDH in 78.0% of the Stage III patients, AFP in 78.6%, and HCG in 76.2%. In addition, of the 43 patients who had normal LDH levels on initial presentation, their mean survival time (MST) at the end of the study was 15.5 months while the 26 patients who had elevated LDH levels on initial presentation had an MST of 9.2 months. Serum LDH, therefore, may be useful in evaluating patient prognosis as well as an adjunct in monitoring the treatment of patients with bulky testicular cancer. The combination of LDH and HCG has been utilized to monitor the treatment of seminoma.
“Let’s Have At It!”: Conversations with EDM Producers Kate Simko and DJ Denise

This piece weaves together conversations with Kate Simko and DJ Denise to portray the two different, yet overlapping paths they have taken to establish themselves as electronic dance music (EDM) producers. Both women are pioneers in their own right. Simko is best known as Spectral Sounds’ “first lady of techno”. DJ Denise, who first gained popularity as a San Francisco Bay Area DJ, has since become a prolific producer and the founder of the label Mizomo Music, which specializes in various forms of house music. Relying on personal interviews with both producers, this essay describes their experiences in order to highlight their different approaches to music production and distribution. Additionally, it considers how the increased accessibility and user friendliness of digital music production/distribution has changed the conditions for both women and men in the EDM business. It is just after noon on a spring day when I arrive at the trendy cafe on Chicago’s North side where Kate Simko and I have agreed to meet.1 I am eager to learn about Simko’s EDM trajectory, particularly what has enabled her to succeed in an environment that most women continue to experience as impermeable. How does a woman move from expressing an interest in producing EDM to releasing tracks on an internationally recognized record label, and why aren’t there more of them doing so? After all, there are numerous female DJs dedicated to spinning EDM, yet tracks produced by women remain too few and far between. The gendered divisions within dance music culture mimic those found in other popular music genres such as punk and hip hop. In the 1980s, EDM in the US evolved from disco in cities such as Chicago and New York where it was strongly connected to local gay culture and ethnic minorities (Fikentscher 2000: 11); however, by the height of its popularity in the late 1990s it had been co-opted by an industry predominantly run and consumed by white, heterosexual men. Many of them became DJs and producers whom the dance music industry used as marketing tools (Reynolds 1999: 276). By this time DJing had become a competitive sport and producing an even more guarded art form. Simon Reynolds accounts for the “homosocial nature of techno” in the following explanation: tricks of the trade are passed down from mentors to male acolytes. DJ-ing and samplebased music also go hand in hand with an obsessive ‘trainspotter’ mentality: the amassing of huge collections of records, the accumulation of exhaustive and arcane information about labels, producers, and auteurs (Reynolds 1999: 274).
Proteins from melanosomes of mouse and chick pigment cells.

Purified subcellular fractions containing melanosomes from B-16 mouse melanoma were treated with 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate or 0.5 M sodium hydroxide to dissolve protein. Quantitative measurements indicate that each melanosome contains 0.065×10−10 of protein or about 19% by weight. SDS acrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins from purified melanosomes resolved six polypeptide bands of major density and about 15 minor bands. These results indicate that the melanosome may be more complex than previous genetic, biochemical or morphological evidence had suggested.
A Modified-Whittaker nested vegetation sampling method

A standardized sampling technique for measuring plant diversity is needed to assist in resource inventories and for monitoring long-term trends in vascular plant species richness. The widely used ‘Whittaker plot’ (Shmida 1984) collects species richness data at multiple spatial scales, using 1 m2, 10 m2, and 100 m2 subplots within a 20 m × 50 m (1000 m2) plot, but it has three distinct design flaws involving the shape and placement of subplots. We modified and tested a comparable sampling design (Modified-Whittaker plot) that minimizes the problems encountered in the original Whittaker design, while maintaining many of its attractive attributes. We overlaid the two sampling methods in forest and prairie vegetation types in Larimer County, Colorado, USA (n=13 sites) and Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, USA (n=19 sites) and showed that the modified design often returned significantly higher (p<0.05) species richness values in the 1 m2, 10 m2, and 100 m2 subplots. For all plots, except seven ecotone plots, there was a significant difference (p<0.001) between the Whittaker plot and the Modified-Whittaker plot when estimating the total number of species in the 1000 m2 plots based on linear regressions of the subplot data: the Whittaker plot method, on average, underestimated plant species richness by 34%. Species-area relationships, using the Modified-Whittaker design, conformed better to published semilog relationships, explaining, on average, 92% of the variation. Using the original Whittaker design, the semilog species-area relationships were not as strong, explaining only 83% of the variation, on average. The Modified-Whittaker plot design may allow for better estimates of mean species cover, analysis of plant diversity patterns at multiple spatial scales, and trend analysis from monitoring a series of strategically-placed, long-term plots.
Orchardgrass and Tall Fescue Utilization of Nitrogen from Dairy Manure and Commercial Fertilizer

Our objective was to compare multiyear N utilization by orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L. 'Okay') and tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb. 'Stargrazer') from dairy manure or commercial fertilizer N. The study was conducted from 1994 through 2000 at the Cornell University Baker Farm, Willsboro, NY, on a poorly drained Kingsbury silty day (very fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs). The design was a split plot in a randomized complete block with two annual manure rates (33.6 and 67.2 Mg ha -1 ) and a recommended rate of inorganic fertilizer N as main-plot treatments and grass species as subplot treatments, replicated six times. Dry matter (DM) yield of grass receiving the higher manure treatment was similar to that of N-fertilized grass after 2 yr of manure applications, and residual effects of manure were large at least 3 yr following manure application. Orchardgrass had higher tissue N concentrations but lower total seasonal DM yields than tall fescue. Orchardgrass produced greater spring harvest yields but lower regrowth yields than tall fescue under two- or three-harvest management regimes (1995-2000). No differences in N removal were observed between grass species under a three-harvest management regime. Relative N recovery (including N supplied from the soil) was 59 to 86% from inorganic N fertilizer and 28 to 70% from manure (1995-1997). Manure at commonly used rates resulted in grass yield and N uptake comparable to commercial N fertilization at a recommended rate.
Thermoelectric vs. photoelectric response of graphene-metal photodetectors

We study the photocurrent in graphene-metal photodetectors. Our results show that the thermoelectric current dominates the photocurrent response.
A comprehensive analysis of farmland value determination: a county-level analysis

This study develops a comprehensive model of farmland value determination to analyze the effects of various economic variables such as net farm income, government payments, macroeconomic factors, and demographic conditions on farmland values for the counties along the Snake River valley in Idaho. Land values, net farm income, and population show considerable variation among the counties. Therefore, use of county level cross-sectional and time-series data helps to assess the impacts of various factors on land values more accurately. The empirical results show that net farm income, wheat yield, population, and credit availability have positive effects, and property tax rates, interest rates, and debt to asset ratio have negative effects on farmland values.
A novel multicast scheduling scheme for multimedia servers with variable access patterns

Analysis of server logs from multimedia servers, a FTP server, and a web server suggest that irrespective of the content type and protocol used to retrieve it, the small percentage of files that account for the most load on the server exhibit a very dynamic popularity behavior. This observation has implications for content dissemination techniques like caching, server replication, content distribution networks, and multicast. This paper focuses on the impact of multimedia popularity on multicast scheduling. Guided by the file dynamics patterns observed in the server logs, we generate synthetic multimedia server logs with varying number of server accesses and evaluate existing multicast scheduling schemes in terms of client latency and reneging of requests. Since existing scheduling schemes do not adapt gracefully to changing access conditions, we develop MWT, a new multicast scheduling scheme. MWT is fair to all multimedia files and reduces reneging, leading to better utilization of server resources during heavy access conditions.
CAS: Context Adaptive Search for motion estimation

Motion estimation is the key part of a video encoder. It helps to remove temporal redundancies in image sequences, but most motion estimation algorithms neglect to take the advantage of the string correlations within the motion fields. The search windows stay the same through the image sequences and the estimation needs heavy computation. To reduce this computational complexity, several algorithms have been proposed. One of the most popular methods is the logarithmic search. This method reduces the complexity but it neglects the high correlation of the motion field. Also, the number of search points increases as the search range increases. In this paper, we propose a fast motion estimation method that uses "context-adaptive search" (CAS) windows. It uses strong spatial correlation of the motion field and median prediction for motion-vector coding. The variable-size search window centred on the median values reduces the complexity of the motion vectors for motion-vector encoding. Simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms the logarithmic search in terms of compression efficiency by up to 8% with only one third of the search points. The overall peak SNR value is also slightly better.
Health implications of conflict in close relationships

We summarize the large body of research conducted over the previous 30 years on the link between interpersonal conflict and physiological outcomes, with a focus on implications for health. Specifically, we review evidence that conflict in close, romantic relationships affects internal bodily processes, including cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune function, as well as objective health indicators. We focus on studies that have utilized standardized, laboratory-based conflict discussions, as we believe this methodology provides the clearest picture of how conflict affects health. It is our hope that this general overview serves as a useful introduction to the state of the field.
Metabolic interactions between prokinetic agents domperidone and erythromycin: an in vitro analysis.

This study examined in vitro interaction between domperidone and erythromycin. Both are prescribed for refractory gastroparesis. Domperidone is metabolized via human cytochrome P4503A4. Erythromycin is a CYP3A4 inhibitor.Incubations evaluated domperidone metabolite formation in human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP3A4. Concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of 500 μM domperidone was studied with 2.5–200 μM erythromycin over 10–40 min.Domperidone metabolite (5-hydroxy domperidone, M3) formation was inhibited by erythromycin in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The KI estimate was 18.4 μM in human liver microsomes and 4.1 μM in CYP3A4. Using a model incorporating CYP3A4 hepatic and gut inhibition, in vitro estimates from human liver microsomes and CYP3A4 were used to predict in vivo AUCi/AUC ratios of 2.54 and 4.95, respectively.Significant inhibition of domperidone metabolism by erythromycin occurs. This predicts greater domperidone drug exposure when used with erythromycin. This impor...
Effect of feeding live yeast products to calves with failure of passive transfer on performance and patterns of antibiotic resistance in fecal Escherichia coli

Fifty-two newborn Holstein calves with serum IgG concentrations less than 0.73 g.dL(-1) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: no added live yeast (control), 0.5 g of live yeast added to the grain for 84 d (SC; Saccharomyces cerevisiae), 0.5 g of live yeast added to the milk for 42 d (SB; S. cerevisiae, spp. boulardii), and 0.5 g of live yeast added to the grain for 84 d and to the milk for 42 d (SCSB). Calves were offered 440 g of milk replacer DM for the first 42 d and grain for ad libitum intake throughout the study. Plasma was analyzed weekly for concentrations of glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Escherichia coli isolated from fecal samples collected every 2 weeks were used for determination of antibiotic resistance patterns. Calves receiving SC consumed more grain DM, had increased weight gain prior to weaning, and increased plasma glucose concentrations compared to controls. Days with diarrhea were reduced by feeding live yeast to calves. Antibiotic resistance in fecal E. coli was associated with the age of calves with highest levels of resistance observed in the 3 d calves. While calves receiving SCSB had higher levels of antibiotic resistance than controls, this effect was not associated with any of the other treatments. Improvements in performance of calves with failure of passive transfer were observed when live yeast was added only to the grain.
Complications arising from splenic artery embolization: a review of an 11-year experience

BACKGROUND: Splenic artery embolization (SAE) is a staple adjunct in the management of blunt splenic trauma. We examined complications of SAE over an 11-year period. METHODS: Patients who underwent SAE were identified. Demographic data and the location of the SAEdproximal, distal, or combineddwere noted. Major and minor complications were identified. RESULTS: Of 1,383 patients with blunt splenic trauma, 298 (21.5%) underwent operative management, and 1,085 (78.5%) underwent nonoperative management (NOM). SAE was performed in 8.1% of the NOM group. Major complications which occurred in 14% of patients, included splenic abscesses, infarction, cysts, and contrast-induced renal insufficiency. Three-fourths of patients with major complications underwent distal embolization. There were more complications in patients who underwent distal embolization (24% distal vs 6% proximal alone; P 5.02). Minor complications, which occurred in 34% of patients, included left-sided pleural effusions, coil migration, and fever. CONCLUSIONS: SAE is a useful tool for managing splenic injuries. Major and minor complications can occur. Distal embolization is associated with more major complications.
Collisional excitation of K atoms by rare gases and diatomic molecules: correlation with electronic structure

Abstract Excitation of K*(4 2 P) has been studied as a function of collision energy by measuring K* fluorescence as a fast K beam (25 to 600 eV), produced by charge-exchange of an accelerated K + beam, traverses a target gas. Results obtained for the rare gases and for H 2 , O 2 , N 2 and Cl 2 suggest that the qualitative form of the excitation cross section is governed primarily by the lowest-lying vacant orbital in the target species.
Pooling Time-Series of Cross-Section Data

In this chapter, we will consider pooling time-series of cross-sections. This may be a panel of households or firms or simply countries or states followed over time. Two well known examples of panel data in the U.S. are the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS). The PSID began in 1968 with 4802 families, including an over-sampling of poor households. Annual interviews were conducted and socioeconomic characteristics of each of the families and of roughly 31000 individuals who have been in these or derivative families were recorded. The list of variables collected is over 5000. The NLS, followed five distinct segments of the labor force. The original samples include 5020 older men, 5225 young men, 5083 mature women, 5159 young women and 12686 youths. There was an over-sampling of blacks, hispanics, poor whites and military in the youths survey. The list of variables collected runs into the thousands. An inventory of national studies using panel data is given at http://www.isr.umich.edu/src/psid/panelstudies.html. Pooling this data gives a richer source of variation which allows for more efficient estimation of the parameters. With additional, more informative data, one can get more reliable estimates and test more sophisticated behavioral models with less restrictive assumptions. Another advantage of panel data sets are their ability to control for individual heterogeneity. Not controlling for these unobserved individual specific effects leads to bias in the resulting estimates. Panel data sets are also better able to identify and estimate effects that are simply not detectable in pure cross-sections or pure timeseries data. In particular, panel data sets are better able to study complex issues of dynamic behavior. For example, with a cross-section data set one can estimate the rate of unemployment at a particular point in time. Repeated cross-sections can show how this proportion changes over time. Only panel data sets can estimate what proportion of those who are unemployed in one period remain unemployed in another period. Some of the benefits and limitations of using panel data sets are listed in Hsiao (2003) and Baltagi (2008). Section 12.2 studies the error components model focusing on fixed effects, random effects and maximum likelihood estimation. Section 12.3 considers the question of prediction in a random effects model, while Section 12.4 illustrates the estimation methods using an empirical example. Section 12.5 considers testing the poolability assumption, the existence of random individual effects and the consistency of the random effects estimator using a Hausman test. Section 12.6 studies the dynamic panel data model and illustrates the methods used with an empirical example. Section 12.7 concludes with a short presentation of program evaluation and the difference-in-differences estimator.
Historical Perspective of Defining Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 1B

A single family (1521) with CMT has been followed for 36 years (1962-1998) at Children's Hospital and the University of Washington in Seattle. The family was initially called peroneal muscular atrophy with severely slowed motor nerve conduction velocities (5-15 m/sec). In the late 1970s the family was part of several genetic studies of CMT and in 1980 represented linkage of CMT to the Duffy (Fy) locus on chromosome 1q. This finding was confirmed in an Indiana CMT family by Stebbins and Conneally (1982). This subtype of CMT was designated 1B. These investigations represented some of the last successful linkage studies in the now seemingly "ancient" pre-DNA marker era. In 1993 Hayasaka and colleagues found a point mutation in the myelin P0 gene (Asp 90 Glu) in this family, giving CMT1B a molecular basis. The historical development of this "defining" of a neurogenetic disorder reveals interesting insights into the workings of clinical genetics over the past 3 decades.
Satellite remote sensing reveals regional tropospheric aerosol trends

The Global Aerosol Climatology Project data product based on analyses of channel 1 and 2 AVHRR radiances shows significant regional changes in the retrieved optical thickness of tropospheric aerosols which had occurred between the volcano-free periods 1988-91 and 2002-05. These trends appear to be generally plausible, are consistent with extensive sets of long-term ground-based observations throughout the world, and may increase the trustworthiness of the recently identified downward trend in the global tropospheric aerosol load.
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS IN SOLUTION‐II. PATERNO‐BÜCHI REACTION AND ENERGY TRANSFER

Abstract— Photosensitization with sensitizers of various triplet energy levels was applied to the addition of 9-anthraldehyde to 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene in order to determine the nature of two reactive excited states of 9-anthraldehyde. The results indicate that they are most likely an upper triplet state (T2) and a singlet excited state of 9-anthraldenyde. In a separate series of experiments, it was demonstrated that Paterno-Buchi reactions occur concurrently with energy transfers from the triplet state of carbonyl compounds to simple olefins in high efficiency. The triplet state of simple olefins is likely to have a nonplanar configuration after the energy transfer. The possible mechanisms of such transfers are discussed. RESUMEN La fotosensitivacion con sentivizadores con varios niveles de energia en el estado triplete fue aplicado a la adicion de 9-antraldehido a 2,3 dimetil-2-buteno, con el objeto de deteminar la naturaleza de los estados excitados reactivos del 9-antraldehido. Los resultados indican que son un estado triplete superior (T2) y un estado singulete del 9-antraldehido. En una serie separada de experimentos se ha demonstrado que las reacciones de Paterno-Buchi ocurren con transferencias de energia del estado triplete de compuestos carbonilicos a olefinas simples con eflciencia alta. El estado triplete de olefinas simples parece tener una configuracion no planar despues de la transferencia de energia. Se discuten los mecanismos posibles de esas transferencias.
Some deficiencies of χ2 and classical exact tests of significance

Abstract Goodness-of-fit tests based on the Euclidean distance often outperform χ 2 and other classical tests (including the standard exact tests) by at least an order of magnitude when the model being tested for goodness-of-fit is a discrete probability distribution that is not close to uniform. The present article discusses numerous examples of this. Goodness-of-fit tests based on the Euclidean metric are now practical and convenient: although the actual values taken by the Euclidean distance and similar goodness-of-fit statistics are seldom interpretable without the aid of a computer, black-box software can rapidly calculate their precise significance.
Bladder cancer: A window of opportunity to understand carcinogenesis

Bladder cancer provides a unique opportunity to apply our knowledge of the molecular biology of the malignancy to its clinical behavior and prognosis. Urologists should apply the increasing fund of basic science knowledge to the clinical management of bladder cancer.
Alcohol effects during acamprosate treatment: a dose-response study in humans.

BACKGROUND: Acamprosate (calcium acetyl homotaurinate) reduces alcohol intake in animals and increases abstinence rates in alcohol-dependent persons. Acamprosate's mechanism of action, however, remains poorly understood. In order to examine whether acamprosate/alcohol interactions contribute to acamprosate's efficacy, the present double-blind, placebo-controlled human laboratory study examined effects of acamprosate on the pharmacokinetics and subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of alcohol in heavy drinkers. METHODS: In a six-week within-subject design, participants were maintained on acamprosate (0, 2, and 4 g, p.o., double-blind, in counterbalanced order) for 11 days at each dose. Physiological, subjective, and psychomotor measures were collected daily during each dosing cycle. During each acamprosate dose condition, subjects were challenged with 0, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg ethanol (p.o., counterbalanced order) during three separate laboratory sessions. Subjective, physiological, and psychomotor effects of alcohol, and breath alcohol levels were collected at baseline and at 30-min intervals for a 3-hr post-administration period. RESULTS: Acamprosate alone did not substantially affect subjective, physiological, or psychomotor performance measures. Acamprosate did not alter alcohol pharmacokinetics, or alcohol-induced behavioral impairment or tachycardia, and most subjective alcohol effects were also unaltered by acamprosate as well. Although a trend appeared for acamprosate to increase subjective ratings of intoxication following the lower (0.5 g/kg) alcohol dose, adjustment for individual differences in blood alcohol level eliminated this effect, suggesting the trend was not due to a central effect of acamprosate. CONCLUSIONS: Acamprosate does not alter alcohol pharmacokinetics, acute physiological or psychomotor alcohol effects, or most subjective alcohol effects. Language: en
Thermoplastic Prepreg Manufacture

Continuous graphite fibers were impregnated with thermoplastic resin using a research scale, single tow, drum winding prepreg machine. The method of impregnation was a solution dip, with a wedge-slit die. Several parameters were varied but special atten tion was given to the fiber tow velocity and the fiber tow tension. Prepreg samples were evaluated to determine volatile and resin contents. Photomicrographs were taken to deter mine the degree of impregnation and the fiber/resin distribution.
Voltage transient detection and induction for debug and test

Voltage transients from circuit activity impact operation, testing and debug of complex designs. This paper describes a system which enables voltage transient detection and a capability to induce voltage transients in a controlled manner. Usage models and silicon results are described, along with limitations and future options for improvements.
Electronics and Chemistry: Varying Single-Molecule Junction Conductance Using Chemical Substituents

We measure the low bias conductance of a series of substituted benzene diamine molecules while breaking a gold point contact in a solution of the molecules. Transport through these substituted benzenes is by means of nonresonant tunneling or superexchange, with the molecular junction conductance depending on the alignment of the metal Fermi level to the closest molecular level. Electron-donating substituents, which drive the occupied molecular orbitals up, increase the junction conductance, while electron-withdrawing substituents have the opposite effect. Thus for the measured series, conductance varies inversely with the calculated ionization potential of the molecules. These results reveal that the occupied states are closest to the gold Fermi energy, indicating that the tunneling transport through these molecules is analogous to hole tunneling through an insulating film.
Awarding contracts at the national institutes of health: a sensitivity analysis of the critical parameters

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) at the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) developed an initiative that will support tobacco prevention and control research in 17 states. The model that NCI used for choosing those states that would be funded is described in Hall et al. (Operational Research, Vol. 40, pp. 1040–1052, 1992). In this paper, we present sensitivity analyses of the critical parameters of that model, and we discuss the policy implications for nationwide tobacco control efforts.
Synthesis and characterization of photoresponsive diphenylaminofluorene chromophore adducts of [60]fullerene

A class of acceptor–keto–donor structures as hindered 9,9-di(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl)-2-diphenylaminofluoreno-methano[60]fullerene C60(>DPAF-C9) and the related bisadducts C60(>DPAF-C9)2 and C60(>DPAF-C2)2 were synthesized. They are derivatives of multiphoton absorptive C60(>DPAF-C2) showing enhanced cross-sections of simultaneous two-photon absorption under laser excitation at 800 nm in nanosecond region. Molecular synthesis of these C60–DPAF conjugates involved the covalent attachment of a diphenylaminofluorene moiety to methano[60]fullerene via a keto linkage for increasing molecular acceptor–donor polarization of the chromophore in conjunction with the fullerene cage. Preparation of 7-(1,2-dihydro-1,2-methanofullerene[60]-61-carbonyl)-9,9-dialkyl-2-diphenylaminofluorene C60(>DPAF-Cn) involved cyclopropanation of C60 with a key synthon 7-α-bromoacetyl-9,9-dialkyl-2-diphenylaminofluorene. Synthesis of this synthon was achieved by a three-steps procedure starting from 2-bromofluorene via dialkylation at C9 of the fluorene ring, attachment of a diphenylamino group at C2 of dialkylfluorene, and Friedel–Craft acylation of the α-bromoacetyl group at C7 of diphenylaminofluorene. All C60–DPAF derivatives were fully characterized with the chemical structures confirmed by various spectroscopic analyses and validated by the single-crystal structural analysis data of C60(>DPAF-C2). Strong solvent-sensitive fluorescence quenching phenomena of C60(>DPAF-C2), C60(>DPAF-C9), and C60(>DPAF-C9)2 were noticed, showing no fluorescence band above 700 nm in more polar solvents, such as DMF, PhCN, and THF, while in less polar solvents (toluene, CHCl3, and CS2) a fullerenyl fluorescence band at 700–710 nm was observed. It was attributed to the occurrence of electron transfer via the singlet excited state of the fullerene moiety 1C60*(>DPAF-Cn) in the former group of the solvents. On the contrary, energy transfer processes from DPAF-Cn moiety to the fullerene cage are favored in the latter group of the solvents.
Mitochondrial PKCε and MAPK Form Signaling Modules in the Murine Heart Enhanced Mitochondrial PKCε-MAPK Interactions and Differential MAPK Activation in PKCε-Induced Cardioprotection

Although activation of protein kinase C (PKC) e and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are known to play crucial roles in the manifestation of cardioprotection, the spatial organization of P...
Environmental Risks: Doing Business In China

Planning and conducting the audit of financial statements involves understanding the entity and the environment in which it operates. First and foremost this requires identifying the risks faced by the entity. Identifying these risks can be a complex and difficult task since the auditor needs to not only understand the entity’s risk process but also independently understand the risks facing the firm. Tackling this task will involve a comprehensive review of the external and internal factors affecting the business. It is possible many identified business risks are related to financial reporting risk and ultimately to audit risk. Therefore, the auditor must understand the linkage between risks, controls and the audit. The objective of this paper is to examine the risks faced by U.S. companies conducting business in China. This paper attempts to identify a wide array of risks faced by U.S. companies to demonstrate how important it is for the company and the auditor to understand the business environment.
Organisational Leadership: Lessons from Professional Coaches

Leadership has been considered an essential part of business and society, although there has been little progress towards a workable definition. It has been assumed by organisational and sport researchers alike that sport coaching is a role that necessitates leadership. The notion that coaches are leaders has been explored primarily in youth sport and college athletics. As with leadership studies in general, results have been conflicting. Professional sport seems to provide a closer analog to corporate environments, so it may be a useful setting to study coaches as leaders. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve professional head coaches from the Australian Football League (AFL). The coaches were asked about their roles and the ways they lead. It was found that coaches have close relationships with their assistant staff and their players. Coaches facilitate and empower in order to achieve player development. Coaches were reticent to describe their activities as leadership or themselves as leaders. However, coaches were articulate when describing their players as leaders, and when describing their role in developing those players as leaders. This research suggests that leadership, as we have understood it thus far, is not reflected or represented in the way that these coaches perceive their work. Either professional coaching does not rest on leadership, or our views of leadership need substantial revision. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Low-frequency noise characteristics of AlSb/InAsSb HEMTs as a function of temperature and illumination

Measurements of the low-frequency noise characteristics of AlSb/InAsSb HEMTs as a function of temperature and illumination are reported in this paper. The primary focus in this paper is on devices in which a digital alloy superlattice of InAs/InSb was used to form an InAsSb channel. This appears to be related to the lower stress in this channel, which is matched to AlSb.
VECTOR RANDOM FIELDS WITH LONG-RANGE DEPENDENCE

It is well-known that the crucial ingredient for a vector Gaussian random function is its covariance matrix, where a diagonal entry termed a direct covariance is simply the covariance function of a component but it seems no simple interpretation for an off-diagonal entry termed a cross covariance, which often make it hard to specify. In this paper we employ three approaches to derive vector random functions in space and/or time, which are not homogeneous (stationary) in general but contain the stationary case as a special case, and have long-range or short-range dependence.
Small angle neutron scattering modeling of copper-rich precipitates in steel

The magnetic to nuclear scattering intensity ratio observed in the scattering from copper rich precipitates in irradiated pressure vessel steels is much smaller than the value of 11.4 expected for a pure copper precipitate in iron. A model for precipitates in pressure vessel steels which matches the observed scattering typically incorporates manganese, nickel, silicon and other elements and it is assumed that the precipitate is non-magnetic. In the present work consideration is given to the effect of composition gradients and ferromagnetic penetration into the precipitate on the small angle scattering cross section for copper rich clusters as distinguished from conventional precipitates. The calculation is an extension of a scattering model for micelles which consist of shells of varying scattering density. A discrepancy between recent SANS scattering experiments on pressure vessel steels was found to be related to applied magnetic field strength. The assumption of cluster structure and its relation to atom probe FIM findings as well as the effects of insufficient field for magnetic saturation is discussed.