cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weak selection and recent mutational changes influence polymorphic synonymous mutations in humans

Recent large-scale genomic and evolutionary studies have revealed the small but detectable signature of weak selection on synonymous mutations during mammalian evolution, likely acting at the level of translational efficacy (i.e., translational selection). To investigate whether weak selection, and translational selection in particular, plays any role in shaping the fate of synonymous mutations that are present today in human populations, we studied genetic variation at the polymorphic level and patterns of evolution in the human lineage after human-chimpanzee separation. We find evidence that neutral mechanisms are influencing the frequency of polymorphic mutations in humans. Our results suggest a recent increase in mutational tendencies toward AT, observed in all isochores, that is responsible for AT mutations segregating at lower frequencies than GC mutations. In all, however, changes in mutational tendencies and other neutral scenarios are not sufficient to explain a difference between synonymous and noncoding mutations or a difference between synonymous mutations potentially advantageous or deleterious under a translational selection model. Furthermore, several estimates of selection intensity on synonymous mutations all suggest a detectable influence of weak selection acting at the level of translational selection. Thus, random genetic drift, recent changes in mutational tendencies, and weak selection influence the fate of synonymous mutations that are present today as polymorphisms. All of these features, neutral and selective, should be taken into account in evolutionary analyses that often assume constancy of mutational tendencies and complete neutrality of synonymous mutations.
Why Tsallis statistics

Abstract It is a remarkable fact that the traditional teaching of thermodynamics, as reflected in the textbooks and including the long developments about ensembles and thermodynamic functions, is almost entirely about systems in equilibrium. The time variable does not enter. There is one exception, however. The single most important item, the flagship of the thermodynamic navy, the second law, is about the irreversibility of the time evolution of systems out of equilibrium. This is a bizarre situation, to say the least; a glaring case of the drunk man looking for his key under the lamp-post, when he knows that he lost it in the dark part of the street. The moment has come for us to go looking in the dark part, the behavior of systems as a function of time. We have been given a powerful new flashlight, chaos theory. We should use it. There, on the formerly dark pavement, we can find Tsallis statistics.
The effect of hydrostatic pressure and loading rate on compressive failure of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites

Abstract The influence of hydrostatic confinement on compressive strength and corresponding failure mechanisms is explored for SiC-reinforced glass-ceramics tested at different strain rates. Two composite architectures (0° and 0°/90°) are studied, and their behavior is compared with that of monolithic glass-ceramic tested under similar conditions. Composite confined pressure results are interpreted in terms of fiber buckling under quasi-static conditions and fiber kinking at high pressures, and compared with monolithic (non-composite) microfracture coalescence at low pressures and shear band formation under more intense confinement. In particular, dilatational fracture within the matrix dominates composite failure at low pressures, while high pressures cause a transition to shear-dominated mechanisms based on fiber kinking.
Spatial three-dimensional secondary instability of compressible boundary-layer flows

Three-dimensional linear secondary instability theory is extended for compressible and high Mach number boundary layer flows. The small but finite amplitude compressible Tollmien-Schlichting wave effect on the growth of 3-D perturbations is investigated. The focus is on principal parametric resonance responsible for the strong growth of subharmonic in low disturbance environment. The effect of increasing Mach number on the onset, growth, the shape of eigenfunctions of the subharmonic is assessed, and the resulting vortical structure is examined.
Trypanosoma musculi: passive hemagglutination technique to measure antibody in mice.

Abstract A passive hemagglutination assay was developed to measure Trypanosoma musculi -specific antibody in mice. Indicator-erythrocyte donor mice received 550 rad 60 Co 24 hr before intraperitoneal injection of 3 × 10 4 T. musculi. T. musculi antigen-coated erythrocytes were obtained from these mice on Day 9 postinfection. T. musculi antigen-coated erythrocytes obtained in this manner were used as indicator erythrocytes in a passive hemagglutination procedure. Serum from hyperimmunized mice (three consecutive infections at 21-day intervals) gave titers as high as 1:1024. Titers of 1:256 and 1:512 were obtained from singly infected mice on Days 18 and 28 postinfection, respectively. In marked contrast, nude mice infected with T. musculi did not produce a detectable agglutinating antibody response. Erythrocytes obtained from either irradiated (550 rad 60 Co) uninfected mice, nonirradiated infected mice, or normal mice did not agglutinate when combined with any of the sera tested. These data suggest the usefulness of this passive hemagglutination assay for the measurement of antibody to T. musculi in the serum of infected mice.
A magnetic survey of the Canon City Area

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a magnetic survey of the Canon City (Colorado) Area. The Canon City Area, as understood in this paper, lies between the 108° 10′ and 108° 20′ meridians of longitude and is bounded on the south and north by the 38° 20′ and 38° 30′ parallels of latitude, respectively.
Determining an Agency's Regulatory Style: How Does the Epa Water Office Enforce the Law?

a strict application of the law, while supporters of the negotiated compliance model have called for increased bureaucratic flexibility and a greater reliance on bargaining with the regulated industry. While the merits of these two models have been much debated and discussed, scholars have been less concerned with determining which approach is actually employed by regulatory agencies. Through an analysis of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) data set, we examine how employees of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Water Office have actually enforced the Clean Water Act (CWA). This analysis demonstrates that the enforcement behavior of the EPA Water Office is best represented by the negotiated compliance model.
Multi-sensor integration with imperfect communication networks

Centralized and distributed multi-sensor integration with uncertainties in the communication networks among the sensors are discussed. The uncertainties in the communication networks cause additional errors. However, the algorithms developed minimize the effects of communication network uncertainties in both the local estimation and central integration. >
Fifth-Year Medical Students' Knowledge of Palliative Care and Their Views on the Subject

Abstract Background and Objective: While palliative care is becoming more important in today's health system, the major barrier to improving the quality of palliative care appears to be health professionals' lack of knowledge. The objective of this study is to evaluate medical students' knowledge on palliative care and their views on palliative care in clinical practice. Methods: This study was a descriptive, single-center, questionnaire-based survey conducted on fifth-year medical students. Questionnaires were distributed to 250 fifth-year medical students. The standard Palliative Care Knowledge Test was used to assess the level of knowledge in palliative care and a questionnaire was given that included 34 questions about their views on palliative care. The data of the 175 students who answered the questionnaires were evaluated. Results: The mean age of the students was 22.7±1.2, and 55.4% of them were male. Approximately 64.6% of the students stated that the education on palliative care was insufficient...
Normal Paraffin Hydrocarbons in Sediments from San Francisco Bay, California

Sediments of San Francisco Bay, California, have been analyzed for the presence of normal paraffin hydrocarbons. Normal paraffins containing 8 through 13 carbon atoms were not detected; those having 14 through 17 carbon atoms were not investigated because of the lack of an adequate technique; and those having 18 to about 40 carbon atoms were found in concentrations from 3 to 6 parts per million dried sediment. Among the normal paraffins containing 23 through 35 carbon atoms the relative abundance of molecules having an odd number of carbon atoms is two times to five times greater than the relative abundance of molecules having an even number of carbon atoms. Most crude oils contain normal paraffins having at least 8 through more than 40 carbon atoms. These paraffins do not show a predominance of odd-carbon-number molecules but are distributed so that odd- and even-carbon-number molecules are present in about equal amounts. If the sediments of San Francisco Bay are to yield crude oil, changes probably should take place in the molecular distribution of the normal paraffins already present. The ratio of odd- to even-carbon-number normal paraffins should be reduced so that odd- and even-carbon-number molecules are about equally abundant. Also, normal paraffins of intermediate molecular weights should be added to these sediments. Additional normal paraffins may be derived from other organic materials dispersed in the sediments.
Horizons of the sublime: the invention of the romantic west

Abstract During the first four decades of the nineteenth century, a romantic image of the American West was invented. Beginning as early as the expedition of Lewis and Clark, romantic myths began to be created about the West and from these myths an image of the West as a place of romance was gradually produced. Much of the invented tradition that developed from the early images of the West was based in American interpretations of the European Romantic tradition and grew out of the art and literature that surrounded the American fur trade of the Rocky Mountains. Two different themes of romantic art and literature flourished during the fur trade era: the pastoral elegaic and scientific exoticism. Elements of both these themes are found in the art of Alfred Jacob Miller, George Catlin, and Karl Bodmer whose landscapes and portraits of the 1830s portrayed the fur trade era in its heyday, although Miller is most clearly associated with pastoralism and Bodmer with scientific exoticism. Romanticism also is found in the literature of the fur trade, particularly that of Washington Irving. The artists and writers of the fur trade period were responsible for the invention of a view of the West that was perpetuated by later nineteenth century painters and authors.
P wave signal-averaged electrocardiogram as a new marker for atrial tachyarrhythmias in postoperative Fontan patients

Abstract OBJECTIVES This study was undertaken to determine the potential role of P wave signal-averaged electrocardiogram (PSAECG) for risk assessment of atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATs) in patients after Fontan operation. BACKGROUND Onset of atrial flutter/fibrillation (AFF) in patients who have undergone Fontan operation for univentricular hearts constitutes an unfavorable clinical event associated with a high risk of cardiovascular complications. There is no data available on PSAECG in postoperative Fontan patients to predict potential susceptibility to ATs. METHODS Twenty-four post-Fontan patients and 15 age-matched healthy subjects were prospectively studied with PSAECG, and the following measurements were made: filtered P wave duration (FPWD), P wave vector integrals (PINTs), root-mean-square voltage for the initial 30 ms (RMSi30), and duration of persistent amplitude signals RESULTS The FPWDs were significantly longer in the study group patients with ATs when compared with the study group patients without ATs (p CONCLUSIONS Signal-averaged P wave duration is significantly prolonged in postoperative Fontan patients. A prolonged signal-averaged P wave duration may be an effective noninvasive marker to predict risk of development of ATs in this patient group.
Effect of storage on some volatile aroma compounds in fresh-cut cantaloupe melon

Changes in volatile aroma constituents of fresh-cut cantaloupe melon with storage were determined by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The compounds isolated from the fruit immediately after cutting were predominantly aliphatic and aromatic esters. Storage of fruit at 4 degrees C caused a considerable decrease in concentration of esters and synthesis of the terpenoid compounds beta-ionone and geranylacetone over a period of 24 h. This change in the volatile profile with storage is consistent with that of a stress-induced defense response in the cut fruit as an adaptation process to tissue exposure and cell disruption. The same effect occurred in fruit stored at 22 degrees C and in those treated with sodium azide and ascorbic acid prior to storage. Fruit treated with ascorbic acid and sodium azide had higher concentrations of beta-ionone and geranylacetone and retained these compounds better with storage time. The reduction of esters appears to be an important early reaction step in the loss of freshness during storage of fresh-cut cantaloupe.
Transcriptome Analysis of Cytokinin Response in Tomato Leaves

Tomato is one of the most economically and agriculturally important Solanaceous species and vegetable crops, serving as a model for examination of fruit biology and compound leaf development. Cytokinin is a plant hormone linked to the control of leaf development and is known to regulate a wide range of genes including many transcription factors. Currently there is little known of the leaf transcriptome in tomato and how it might be regulated by cytokinin. We employ high throughput mRNA sequencing technology and bioinformatic methodologies to robustly analyze cytokinin regulated tomato leaf transcriptomes. Leaf samples of two ages, 13d and 35d were treated with cytokinin or the solvent vehicle control dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 2 h or 24 h, after which RNA was extracted for sequencing. To confirm the accuracy of RNA sequencing results, we performed qPCR analysis of select transcripts identified as cytokinin regulated by the RNA sequencing approach. The resulting data provide the first hormone transcriptome analysis of leaves in tomato. Specifically we identified several previously untested tomato orthologs of cytokinin-related genes as well as numerous novel cytokinin-regulated transcripts in tomato leaves. Principal component analysis of the data indicates that length of cytokinin treatment and plant age are the major factors responsible for changes in transcripts observed in this study. Two hour cytokinin treatment showed a more robust transcript response indicated by both greater fold change of induced transcripts and the induction of twice as many cytokinin-related genes involved in signaling, metabolism, and transport in young vs. older leaves. This difference in transcriptome response in younger vs. older leaves was also found to a lesser extent with an extended (24 h) cytokinin treatment. Overall data presented here provides a solid foundation for future study of cytokinin and cytokinin regulated genes involved in compound leaf development or other developmental processes in tomato.
Probabilistic methodology for estimation of undiscovered petroleum resources in play analysis of the United States

A geostochastic system called FASPF was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey for their 1989 assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources in the United States. FASPF is a fast appraisal system for petroleum play analysis using a field-size geological model and an analytic probabilistic methodology. The geological model is a particular type of probability model whereby the volumes of oil and gas accumulations are modeled as statistical distributions in the form of probability histograms, and the risk structure is bilevel (play and accumulation) in terms of conditional probability. The probabilistic methodology is an analytic method derived from probability theory rather than Monte Carlo simulation. The resource estimates of crude oil and natural gas are calculated and expressed in terms of probability distributions. The probabilistic methodology developed by the author is explained.
Soviet Political Culture and “Covert Participation” in Policy Implementation

Our study of political participation in the Soviet Union, based on interviews with recent emigres, leads us to conclude that Soviet political culture is neither a “subject” nor a “subject-participant” one. There are meaningful forms of participation in the system, but they take place either outside the nominally participatory institutions, or within those institutions but in nonprescribed ways. The citizen may participate covertly, utilizing unsanctioned or blatantly illegal methods in attempts to influence policy implementation, not policymaking. The findings support the concept that traditional, prerevolutionary modes of citizen-state interactions are reinforced by the pattern of Soviet socioeconomic development and by a highly centralized and hierarchical administrative structure, itself a continuation of tsarist patterns. This study describes how different types of Soviet citizens try to influence policy implementation, and how they differentiate among the bureaucracies. Analysis of this activity leads us to reformulate our conception of Soviet political culture.
Effects of thermal history on impact-modified, high-flow polycarbonate

Miles Inc. recently developed an impact-modified, high-flow polycarbonate to help meet the material requirements for thin wall applications. Melt temperature and heat aging were found to affect its impact strength, yield stress, and dynamic mechanical relaxations. The results are explained in terms of the presence of polycarbonate's high-energy intramolecular conformations formed as a result of intermolecular packing effects during molding, their rearrangement to trans-tans conformations, and the increased interlocking between neighboring chains during heat aging.
Optical dephasing of cresyl violet in a polyvinyl alcohol polymer by non-photochemical hole burning

Abstract A new burn—probe sequence is utilized with non-photochemical hole burning to study the optical dephasing of impurities in polymer films. For cresyl violet in polyvinyl alcohol the temperature dependence of dephasing is close to linear in the range studied. A burn time dependence of hole width is observed and discussed.
Analysis of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 signaling and function in ES cells

3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) phosphorylates and activates several kinases in the cAMP-dependent, cGMP-dependent and protein kinase C (AGC) family. Many putative PDK1 substrates have been identified, but have not been analyzed following transient and specific inhibition of PDK1 activity. Here, we demonstrate that a previously characterized PDK1 inhibitor, BX-795, shows biological effects that are not consistent with PDK1 inhibition. Therefore, we describe the creation and characterization of a PDK1 mutant, L159G, which can bind inhibitor analogues containing bulky groups that hinder access to the ATP binding pocket of wild type (WT) kinases. When expressed in PDK1(-/-) ES cells, PDK1 L159G restored phosphorylation of PDK1 targets known to be hypophosphorylated in these cells. Screening of multiple inhibitor analogues showed that 1-NM-PP1 and 3,4-DMB-PP1 optimally inhibited the phosphorylation of PDK1 targets in PDK1(-/-) ES cells expressing PDK1 L159G but not WT PDK1. These compounds confirmed previously assumed PDK1 substrates, but revealed distinct dephosphorylation kinetics. While PDK1 inhibition had little effect on cell growth, it sensitized cells to apoptotic stimuli. Furthermore, PDK1 loss abolished growth of allograft tumors. Taken together we describe a model system that allows for acute and reversible inhibition of PDK1 in cells, to probe biochemical and biological consequences.
Pharmacogenomics Knowledge for Personalized Medicine

The Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB) is a resource that collects, curates, and disseminates information about the impact of human genetic variation on drug responses. It provides clinically relevant information, including dosing guidelines, annotated drug labels, and potentially actionable gene-drug associations and genotype-phenotype relationships. Curators assign levels of evidence to variant-drug associations using well-defined criteria based on careful literature review. Thus, PharmGKB is a useful source of high-quality information supporting personalized medicine-implementation projects.
Energy-consistent formulation and order deficiency of linear and nonlinear shear-deformable beam theories

Abstract This paper presents an energy-consistent beam theory and uses it to show the order deficiency, shear locking, and other problems of shear-deformable beam theories. The order of spatial differentiation of both Timoshenko's first-order shear-deformable beam theory and the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory is four, but Timoshenko's theory can account for shear deformation but the other cannot. However, Timoshenko's beam theory is shown to be order-deficient by two, and this order deficiency causes the shear locking problem in finite-element analysis of thin beams. Moreover, the use of one shear correction factor alone cannot fully account for the influence of shear warping on the total strain energy of composite beams. The Cosserat rod theory with Green–Lagrange strains is often used to model highly flexible beams because it can account for geometric nonlinearity and first-order shear deformation. Unfortunately, the use of first-order shear theory makes it order-deficient and is prone to shear locking problems. Moreover, it requires the use of three Rodrigues parameters or four Euler parameters for modeling large rotations, but these math-based variables may experience soft singularity (due to discontinuous spatial derivatives) and artificial strains. Furthermore, the use of Green–Lagrange strains to account for geometric nonlinearity is well known to be problematic. It is also shown that shearing- and bending-induced displacements are relative quantities and they cannot be used as nodal degrees of freedom in finite-element analysis.
VXI solutions for avionics testing

Integrated test solutions based on the VXI instrumentation standard are ideally suited to the requirements of the aerospace industry and its suppliers. Details the varying instrumentation requirements of organisations ranging from prime contractors, through aircraft manufacturers and avionics suppliers, to end‐users such as airlines and the military. It then describes how the range of products from Tektronix is able to meets these varied needs. Concludes by considering a typical application, that of testing a flight data‐acquisition unit by simulating sensor and databus traffic and verifying that it is processing the data correctly.
Why the grain in tree trunks spirals: a mechanical perspective

The trunks of Ponderosa pine are curiously designed: their grain spirals around the trunk. The natural question arises: why does the evolution lead to such complication in the design? Here, we attempt to find the answer considering the morphology of a trunk as a result of the optimization of a mechanical construction. We model the trunk as an anisotropic cylinder with helicoidal symmetry, compute the stresses, and optimize the angle of the grain’s inclination using a strength criterion. When the structure of the tree is optimized only for the strength, the objective remains practically neutral to the variation of the angle of spiraling if the angle does not exceed a limit, then the strength declines. The measured angle in the Ponderosa pine corresponds to this limit. Another biological factor must be considered: the transportation of the fluid from the roots to the branches. The spiraling is needed to achieve the uniform watering of the branches across the trunk even if the roots grow from one side only. The analysis of the stresses in the anisotropic cylinder with helicoidal symmetry under bending and compression loads is performed by introducing elastic potentials which generalize the potentials for cylindrical anisotropy.
Regulation of Ca2+ influx in myocardial cells by beta adrenergic receptors, cyclic nucleotides, and phosphorylation.

Calcium channels in the heart play a major role in cardiac function. These channels are modulated in a variety of ways, including protein phosphorylation. Cyclic AMP-mediated phosphorylation is the best understood phosphorylation mechanism which regulates calcium influx into cardiac cells. Binding of an agonist (e.g., a catecholamine) to the appropriate receptor stimulates production of cyclic AMP by adenylate cyclase. The cyclic AMP may subsequently bind to and activate a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, which then can phosphorylate a number of substrates, including the calcium channel (or a closely-associated regulatory protein). This results in stimulation of the calcium channels, greater calcium influx, and increased contractility. The cyclic AMP system is not the only protein kinase system in the heart. Thus, the possibility exists that other protein kinases may also regulate the calcium channels and, hence, cardiac function. Recent evidence suggests that cyclic GMP-mediated phosphorylation may play a role opposite to cyclic AMP-mediated phosphorylation, i.e., inhibition of the calcium current rather than stimulation. Other recent evidence also suggests that a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) may also regulate the myocardial calcium channels. Thus, protein phosphorylation may be a general mechanism whereby calcium channels and cardiac function are modulated under a variety of conditions.
A review of strongly coupled algorithms for viscous flow problems

Abstract Numerical solution of the fluid dynamic equations requires appropriate discretization, quasi-linearization and choice of algorithm. For the latter, approximate factorization procedures put forth by Beam and Warming have played a significant role in the successful completion of this task. The present authors have demonstrated that another element, strong coupling of the discrete equations with the discrete form of the boundary conditions, can play an equally important role. In the present study, the significance of this coupling on the effectiveness of several approximate factorization techniques for the solution of the Navier–Stokes equations is reviewed. It it shown that, even with strong coupling, no single iterative solution algorithm is optimal for the entire spectrum of the flow problems considered.
Ciliated cells in abdominal or pelvic fine needle aspirations: a case report and review of the literature.

Ciliated cells encountered outside of an expected anatomical location (e.g., the respiratory tract, fallopian tube, etc) can represent a diagnostic difficulty for the cytopathologist, especially during preliminary assessment of a fine needle aspiration (FNA) for adequacy or malignancy. We present the cytologic and histologic features of a FNA and needle core biopsy, respectively, of an abdominal mass, likely from a gastrointestinal duplication cyst, foregut cyst or a bronchogenic cyst. We also briefly review the differential diagnosis for ciliated cells encountered in abdominal or pelvic FNAs. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Theory of Atomic Lifetime Measurements

The theory of atomic lifetime measurements is developed on the basis of the quantum theory of radiation. The effect of coherent emission on the shape of the decay curves is studied in detail. It is shown that the light intensity will oscillate in time when two closely spaced levels decay coherently. Oscillations due to interference between fine-structure levels of the hydrogen atom in particular are discussed.
Identifying and Quantifying Heterogeneity in High Content Analysis: Application of Heterogeneity Indices to Drug Discovery

One of the greatest challenges in biomedical research, drug discovery and diagnostics is understanding how seemingly identical cells can respond differently to perturbagens including drugs for disease treatment. Although heterogeneity has become an accepted characteristic of a population of cells, in drug discovery it is not routinely evaluated or reported. The standard practice for cell-based, high content assays has been to assume a normal distribution and to report a well-to-well average value with a standard deviation. To address this important issue we sought to define a method that could be readily implemented to identify, quantify and characterize heterogeneity in cellular and small organism assays to guide decisions during drug discovery and experimental cell/tissue profiling. Our study revealed that heterogeneity can be effectively identified and quantified with three indices that indicate diversity, non-normality and percent outliers. The indices were evaluated using the induction and inhibition of STAT3 activation in five cell lines where the systems response including sample preparation and instrument performance were well characterized and controlled. These heterogeneity indices provide a standardized method that can easily be integrated into small and large scale screening or profiling projects to guide interpretation of the biology, as well as the development of therapeutics and diagnostics. Understanding the heterogeneity in the response to perturbagens will become a critical factor in designing strategies for the development of therapeutics including targeted polypharmacology.
Plasma observations near Neptune: Results from Voyager 2

Results from observations made by the Plasma Science experiment on Voyager 2 at Neptune are reviewed. The magnetosphere of Neptune is filled with a tenuous plasma, which consists of at least two components: a light ion, probably H(+) and a heavy ion, probably N(+). Triton's atmosphere or ionosphere is thought to be the source of both heavy and light ions. Much of the low energy plasma in the inner magnetosphere is concentrated near the magnetic equator and near closest approach to the planet. The large tilt of the magnetic dipole axis from the rotation axis produces a dynamic magnetosphere which goes from an earthlike configuration to a pole-on configuration and back every 16 hours. The polar cusp regions change location and size as the planet rotates; at the time of the inbound magnetopause crossing, the phase of Neptune's rotation was such that the spacecraft entered the magnetosphere through the southern polar cusp region. Outbound from Neptune observations made in the magnetosheath show a possible signature of diurnal oscillation of the plasma mantle that grows, shrinks, and rocks, in a diurnal cycle. After the encounter with Neptune's magnetosphere, an upstream wave event was observed when the interplanetary magnetic field connected to the bow shock. The low frequency waves observed appear to be a mixture of Alfvenic and/or fast mode waves propagating away from the planet.
Determining vertical velocities during upwelling off the Oregon coast

Abstract Using the equation of continuity, vertical velocity profiles were calculated from horizontal current measuurements in the Oregon coastal upwelling system. A vertical velocity of 2 × 10 −2 cm s −1 was characteristic during a period of upwelling-favorable winds 11 km offshore in 100 m of water. During the following calm period, ascending motions persisted in the upper part of the water column, but downslope flow along the bottom contributed to strong negative velocities in the lower part of the water column. It is suggested that relaxation of upwelling is relatively slow with the most rapid response occurring near the bottom.
Effects of intraperitoneal injection of ethanol on ethanol ingestion of C57BL mice

When intraperitoneal injections of an ethanol solution are given to C57BL mice (an alcohol-preferring strain), their free-choice ingestion of ethanol during the next 24 h is reduced by an amount approximating the injected amount. The ethanol-intake control system of these mice is evidently not dependent upon taste or other stimuli associated with ingestion.
Vaccinations for international travellers travelling from Greece

The aim of this prospective, questionnaire-based study is to assess pre-travel vaccinations for international travellers who receive pre-travel advice in Greece. A total of 2494 travellers were studied from January 1, 2009 through December 31, 2010. Travellers sought pre-travel advice at a median of 16 days (range: 0-349 days) before departure. Sub-Saharan Africa was the most common destination (34.7%). Most travellers (60.8%) travelled for <1 month, for recreation purposes (58.9%), stayed in hotels (65.3%), and in urban areas (53.6%). Yellow fever, tetravalent meningococcal, typhoid fever, cholera, and rabies vaccines were administered to 1629 (65.3%), 666 (26.7%), 615 (24.7%), 28 (1.1%), and/or 12 (0.5%) travellers, respectively. Of those who received Yellow fever vaccine, 737 (45.2%) travelled to sub-Saharan Africa, 332 (20.4%) travelled to South America, 949 (58.3%) stayed for short term, and 762 (46.8%) stayed in urban areas. Of the 1629 travellers vaccinated against Yellow fever, 150 (9.2%) and 226 (13.8%) travelled to areas of sub-Saharan Africa and South America respectively, where the vaccine is not or generally not recommended. Of those travellers who received meningococcal vaccine, 327 (49.1%) travelled to the Middle East for the Hajj, 251 (29%) travelled to sub-Saharan Africa, 410 (61.6%) for short term, and 540 (64.4%) stayed in urban areas. Of those travellers who received typhoid vaccine, 241 (39.2%) travelled to sub-Saharan Africa, 78 (12.7%) to the Indian subcontinent, 234 (38%) for short term, and 419 (68.1%) stayed in urban areas. Regarding routine vaccines, tetanus-diphtheria, poliomyelitis, and measles-mumps-rubella vaccines were administered to 707 (28.3%), 639 (25.6%) and/or 149 (6%) travellers, respectively. Of those to whom poliomyelitis vaccine was recommended, 295 (46.2%) and 137 (21.4%) travelled to sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East, respectively, and 362 (56.7%) travelled for short term. In conclusion, this study revealed that there is a need for more selective vaccine recommendations for travellers to developing countries, taking under consideration travellers and travel characteristics as well. Strategies to target travel health consultants should be developed in order to increase awareness in travel health issues.
Characteristics of Supplemental Educational Services Providers That Explain Heterogeneity of Effects on Achievement

This study used a mixed-methods approach to explore the heterogeneity of effectiveness between supplemental educational services (SES) providers in the Chicago Public Schools (CPS). Using surveys of schools and SES providers, and statistical modeling, providers using college graduates and teachers as tutors were found to be more effective than those using college students. Contrary to what research on tutoring suggested, group size was unrelated to student achievement. Furthermore, school ratings of providers were not related to provider effectiveness. The results suggest that part of improving the overall effectiveness of SES may involve increasing the qualifications of tutors. Furthermore, educators should consider the qualifications of tutors when choosing SES providers to work in their schools. Additional formative research on SES should be done to identify additional levers for increasing its impact.
The Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled Renamed The Hospital for Special Surgery 1940; The War Years 1941–1945:

In 1939, the 75th anniversary program marking the founding of the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled (R & C), the oldest orthopaedic hospital in the nation, was held at the hospital site in New York City. Dr. Philip D. Wilson, Surgeon-in-Chief since 1935, used this event to mark the return of the hospital to its leadership role in the country. When the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled first opened its doors on May 1, 1863, the name of the hospital was not unusual; it described the type of patients treated. In 1940, the Board of Managers with guidance from Dr. Wilson changed the name to the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS). In 1941, with Britain engaged in a European war, Dr. Wilson felt there was a need for the Americans to support the British. He personally organized the American Hospital in Britain, a privately funded voluntary unit, to help care for the wounded. After the United States actually entered World War II in December 1941, HSS quickly organized support at all levels with a significant number of professional and auxiliary staff, eventually enlisting in the military. Even with such staff turnover, the hospital continued to function under Dr. Wilson’s leadership. After the war ended in 1945, Wilson forged ahead to further restore HSS as a leader in musculoskeletal medicine and surgery.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in a kidney transplant: a rare complication of sirolimus

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) has been associated with the immunosuppressant sirolimus in transplant patients. PAP is a progressive lung disease characterized by the accumulation of surfactant-like material in the lungs leading to decreased pulmonary function with shortness of breath and cough as common symptoms. We report a rare case of sirolimus-associated PAP in a kidney transplant recipient with a history of end-stage renal disease secondary to haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and review of the literature. Discontinuation of sirolimus and initiation of tacrolimus led to resolution of PAP without recurrence of HUS.
Analog CMOS implementation of backward error propagation

Novel CMOS analog circuits for the implementation of feedforward neural networks with backward error-propagation learning are explored. Hardware learning circuitry can successfully obtain the strengths of the synaptic weights that approximately satisfy a nonlinear mapping. Weights and input values can be stored as charges on capacitors; they are periodically refreshed by interface circuits that convert values stored in digital memory into analog signals. Extensive SPICE (simulation program with IC emphasis) simulation results are presented. These circuits entail learning a set of desired input-output pairs within several hundred micro seconds. >
Temporal properties of visual channels measured by masking

Threshold elevations for spatially localized test stimuli were measured as a function of the temporal frequency of a sinusoidal mask grating. Ten of these temporal-masking curves were determined, each using a test stimulus of different temporal frequency. It was found that these data could be accounted for by four temporal-tuning curves: one low-pass curve with a corner frequency of 8.0 Hz and three bandpass curves with bandwidths of 2.0–2.5 octaves and peaks all within the region 4.0–8.0 Hz. In another set of experiments, a series of 1 spatial-masking curves was determined, each using a test stimulus of different spatial frequency. Measurement of the entire series was repeated using 1.0- and 8.0-Hz mask temporal modulations. Spatial-masking data collected under the two temporal conditions could both be accounted for by a single set of seven spatial-tuning curves, without changing the shape of any of these curves. The data are therefore compatible with spatiotemporal separability. Finally, a large set of contrast-response curves (threshold elevation as a function of mask contrast) was collected. These curves were found to follow a power law whose exponent varied with the spatiotemporal conditions of the experiment.
Stress communication and filtering of viscoelastic layers in oscillatory shear

Abstract We revisit a classical topic: response functions of viscoelastic layers in large amplitude oscillatory shear. Motivated by questions concerning protective biological layers, we focus on boundary stresses in a parallel plate geometry with imposed oscillatory strain or stress. These features are gleaned from resolution and analysis of coupled standing waves of deformation and stress. We identify a robust non-monotone variation in boundary stress signals with respect to all experimental controls: viscoelastic moduli of the layer, layer thickness, and driving frequency. This structure of peaks and valleys in boundary values of shear and normal stress indicates redundant mechanisms for stress communication (by tuning to the peaks) and stress filtering (by tuning to the valleys). In this paper, we first restrict to a single-mode non-linear Maxwell model for the viscoelastic layer, where analysis renders a transparent explanation of the phenomena. We then consider a Giesekus constitutive model of the layer, where analysis is supplanted by numerical simulations of coupled non-linear partial differential equations. Parametric studies of wall stress values from standing waves confirm persistence of the Maxwell model phenomena. The analysis and simulations rely on and extend our recent studies of shear waves in a micro parallel plate rheometer [S.M. Mitran, M.G. Forest, L. Yao, B. Lindley, D. Hill, Extenstions of the Ferry shear wave model for active linear and nonlinear microrheology, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 154 (2008) 120–135; D.B. Hill, B. Lindley, M.G. Forest, S.M. Mitran, R. Superfine, Experimental and modeling protocols from a micro-parallel plate rheometer, UNC Preprint, 2008].
Impact of fire management on the ecology of collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris) populations living on the Ozark Plateau

Eastern collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris collaris) on the Ozark Plateau of southern Missouri are restricted to islands of rocky glade habitat located throughout the oak-hickory forests of the region. Human mediated suppression of fire negatively impacts collared lizard populations by permitting the overgrowth and consequent disappearance of this glade habitat and also leads to a dense forest understorey that impedes movement of lizards between glades. We present data examining the effects of a fire management regime on collared lizard populations we monitored via mark/recapture from 1998 to 2001. We demonstrate increased glade-to-glade dispersal, colonization of previously unoccupied glades, and a significant increase in population size in the burned area. In addition, we show that populations within burned areas exhibit body sizes similar to those reported for populations living on healthy habitat as compared to those living on habitat that has deteriorated because of fire suppression. We conclude that managed forest fires positively impact collared lizard populations in the Ozarks, promoting factors that increase the long-term sustainability of the species.
A Comparison of Cognitive and Psychosocial Function for Males Within the ADHD Continuum

Two case studies are presented illustrating neurophysiological dysfunction suggesting input or output deficits in ADHD assessed across multiple domains. Data included child and family history, beha...
Thermodynamic data from diffusion couples—I

Abstract A non-linear least squares based algorithm which permits one to estimate the activity composition relationship from the interdiffusivity data was applied to nine isomorphous binary alloy systems: CuAu, PdCu, CuNi, PdNi, AgAu, PdFe, AuNi, PtNi, and NbTi. The algorithm factors the interdiffusion coefficient into two terms: a thermodynamic term and another term representing the phenomenological coefficients. The problem is non unique hence; the algorithm leads to multiple solutions, one of which represents the thermodynamics of the systems whereas the others are spurious solutions. One additional piece of information such as the activity at one particular composition or the Henry's law constant at infinite dilution is needed to select the correct solution from the set of solutions. For eight of the ten binary systems the algorithm computed a possible solution that was close to the experimentally measured activity-composition curves confirming that it is possible to estimate activities from diffusion data. For the NbTi system the model provided fresh insight into its thermodynamics by suggesting the presence of a low temperature miscibility gap. The model may also be applied to system exhibiting a miscibility gap.
Courtship Behavior and Detection of Female Receptivity in the Parasitoid Wasp Urolepis rufipes

Once a Urolepis rufipes male mounted, the female beat her antennae against his mouth and clypeus. Immediately after he swept his antennae rapidly downward and extruded his mouthparts, her abdomen rose as she opened her genital orifice. Almost simultaneously he backed up for copulation and she folded her antennae against her head. Neither her abdomen rising nor her antennal folding were essential to his backing up as determined from their timing and from experiments in which her abdomen was sealed or her antennae were removed. Females did not open their genital orifice if with a sealed-mouth male; and antennae-removed females did not open even in the few cases where untreated males extruded their mouthparts. Unlike a closely related species, females mounted by sealed-mouth males did not open in response to air from containers of mating pairs.
Adult Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Review of Established Entities from Morphology to Molecular Genetics

According to the current World Health Organization (WHO), renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) that primarily affect adults are classified into 8 major subtypes. Additional emerging entities in renal neoplasia have also been recently recognized and these are discussed in further detail by Mehra et al (Emerging Entities in Renal Neoplasia, Surgical Pathology Clinics, 2015, Volume 8, Issue 4). In most cases, the diagnosis of a RCC subtype can be based on morphologic criteria, but in some circumstances the use of ancillary studies can aid in the diagnosis. This review discusses the morphologic, genetic, and molecular findings in RCCs previously recognized by the WHO, and provides clues to distinction from each other and some of the newer subtypes of RCC. As prognosis and therapeutic options vary for the different subtypes of RCC, accurate pathologic distinction is critical for patient care.
LowVoltage Analog BiCMOS Circuit Building Blocks

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Techniques to Reduce Voltage Supply Requirements Examples of Low-Voltage BiCMOS Subsystems Conclusions This chapter contains sections titled: References ]]>
The Yale Law Library, On Demand: A Holistic Approach to Library Services

The Yale Law Library has developed a suite of On Demand access and collection services. This article describes each service in detail, with the intention of assisting other libraries in developing similar services and generating discussion as to the future of library services in the digital era.
Multiple and Bonded Phases in Open-Tubular Column Gas Chromatography. Blended Dimethyl and Methylphenyl Polysiloxane Solvents

Retention de dix solutes (hydrocarbures satures et benzeniques) sur les phases OV-101, OV-3, OV-7, OV-11, OV-17, OV-22, OV-25