cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A justification of negotiated national forest planning and the development of a prototype computerized negotiated planning tool based on GIS and simulation techniques

The existing literature regarding the national forest planning process was reviewed and critiqued. This critique was aimed at identifying the planning process that was most likely to produce workable multiple-use national forest management plans without relying on procedures outside the process itself to make additional planning decisions. Using this criterion, it was determined that a planning process based on negotiations between the forest service and interested groups and/or individuals was the most promising planning process proposed to date. The nature of negotiated planning processes, national forest management plans, and computerized planning tools were investigated. Based on these investigations, performance criteria for computerized planning tools designed to operate within a negotiated national forest planning process were developed. These criteria called for such a planning tool to (1) be available and usable to all individuals and/or groups involved in the planning process, (2) be able to manage the planning process's data management and modeling tasks, (3) be able to present data in a manner that facilitates understanding and communication, and (4) be able to develop an initial management plan that can serve as a starting point for the negotiation process. Finally, a prototype planning tool designed to meet the performance criteria just presented was developed and tested. In order to meet the third performance criterion, this prototype used maps as its primary data representation and presentation medium. Since the prototype was based on mapped data manipulation, it relied heavily on geographic information system (GIS) technology. The prototype also utilized simulation, optimization and economic modeling techniques. In addition to its ability to function within a negotiated planning framework, the prototype planning tool developed in this study also demonstrated the ability of such tools to build spatially defined forest management plans. No existing planning tool has this ability (including FORPLAN, the Forest Service's current planning tool), and some authors have expressed doubt that any computerized system could develop spatially defined management plans. However, since this study's prototype tool developed management plans that could be represented using maps, it by definition developed management plans that were spatially defined. When the prototype was tested, it was found to behave in a logical, intuitively appealing manner. For example, the system responded to increased timber values by increasing cutting operations, and to increased recreational values by decreasing management actions that adversely impact recreation (i.e., timber production). It was concluded that building an operational version of such a planning tool was feasible, and specific recommendations regarding how such a tool could be built were provided.
The EHR’s roles in collaboration between providers: A qualitative study

Objective Examine how the Electronic Health Record (EHR) and its related systems support or inhibit provider collaboration. Background Health care systems in the US are simultaneously implementing EHRs and transitioning to more collaborative delivery systems; this study examines the interaction between these two changes. Methods This qualitative study of five US EHR implementations included 49 interviews and over 60 hours of provider observation. We examined the role of the EHR in building relationships, communicating, coordinating, and collaborative decision-making. Results The EHR plays four roles in collaboration: a repository, a messenger, an orchestrator, and a monitor. While EHR performance varied, common themes were decreased trust due to poor quality documentation, incomplete communication, potential for increased effectiveness through better coordination, and the emerging role of the EHR in identifying performance gaps. Conclusion Both organizational and technical innovations are needed if the EHR is to truly support collaborative behaviors.
Techniques and Problems in the Organoleptic Examination of Wines

1. Possible objectives for the organoleptic examination of wines have been discussed. The value of testing differences between wines treated by different processes has been stressed. 2. The common physiological, and psychological problems for such tests have been outlined. Greater familiarity with such problems would make it possible to avoid them and thus reduce errors in organoleptic examination. 3. The paired-sample method of examination is the simplest but requires at least 10 to 15 replications. The triangular taste test is somewhat more difficult to conduct but requires fewer samples for accurate determination of significance. Both procedures can be used to determine the difference between two samples or in the selection of a panel. Simple methods of analyzing for significance are given. 4. Scoring or ranking systems are used when it is necessary to examine several wines at one time. The score cards must be familiar to the judges, the judges competent, the differences between scores equidistant, and the scores normally distributed. Methods for determining differences between scores require somewhat more labor than with previous systems.
The Outcome of Suicide Attempts among Adolescents

Publisher Summary Several major conclusions can be drawn in this chapter on the follow-up course of adolescent suicide attempters. These studies consistently show a high level of continued dysfunction among adolescent suicide attempters, suggesting that for most adolescents, the suicide attempt is not an isolated problem. Adolescent suicide attempters are also at much higher risk for both repeat attempts and eventual completed suicide than are adolescents without prior suicidal behavior. Clinicians who work with adolescent suicide attempters should be aware that the first several months following a suicide attempt represent the period of highest risk. Although females are more likely to attempt suicide than males, adolescent male suicide attempters are at greater risk for eventual death by suicide. The risk for future suicide attempts and for completed suicide increases with each subsequent attempt. Other factors that place adolescents at heightened risk include a highly lethal attempt, the presence of an affective disorder, psychosis, or substance abuse, impaired social adjustment or family functioning, and recent losses. Adolescent suicidal behavior is a complex outcome with multiple contributing factors. Therapists could place greater focus on improving the living situations of their adolescent patients who have attempted suicide. Identifying additional factors that protect against suicidal behavior will be a critical task for our field in years to come.
A Coin-Operated Software-Defined Exchange

Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) play a major role in the current Internet architecture, serving as the connection point between Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Software-Defined Exchange Points (SDXs)-programmable versions of Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)-have been proposed as a way to give ISPs finer-grained control over the way packets are routed between ISPs. Leveraging software-defined networking (SDN) technology, an SDX enables control software to insert forwarding rules that route traffic on the granularity of individual flows. In this paper, we describe work-in-progress developing controllers for Software-Defined Internet Exchange Points that facilitate dynamic establishment of forwarding relationships between transit ISPs. The core hypothesis of our work is that the SDX can serve as a trusted intermediary, both facilitating establishment of dynamic peering agreements between ISPs, and enforcing their routing policies. Moreover, this building block, which we dub the Coin-Operated SDX, can be used to construct much more dynamic and fine-grained end-to-end routing services than are possible in today's infrastructure. In our model, each ISP independently but cooperatively defines the policies that the SDX enforces on its behalf. The SDX may also serve as a clearinghouse for the inter-ISP economic transactions that drive these policies, i.e., as Economic SDX (ESDX). We describe the overall architecture of a Coin-Op SDX, as well as the specific operations it must support to offer dynamic services. We believe that Coin-Op SDX can play a critical role in future software-defined inter-domain Internet infrastructure.
Imagery May Arise from Associations Formed through Sensory Experience: A Network of Spiking Neurons Controlling a Robot Learns Visual Sequences in Order to Perform a Mental Rotation Task.

Mental imagery occurs “when a representation of the type created during the initial phases of perception is present but the stimulus is not actually being perceived.” How does the capability to perform mental imagery arise? Extending the idea that imagery arises from learned associations, we propose that mental rotation, a specific form of imagery, could arise through the mechanism of sequence learning–that is, by learning to regenerate the sequence of mental images perceived while passively observing a rotating object. To demonstrate the feasibility of this proposal, we constructed a simulated nervous system and embedded it within a behaving humanoid robot. By observing a rotating object, the system learns the sequence of neural activity patterns generated by the visual system in response to the object. After learning, it can internally regenerate a similar sequence of neural activations upon briefly viewing the static object. This system learns to perform a mental rotation task in which the subject must determine whether two objects are identical despite differences in orientation. As with human subjects, the time taken to respond is proportional to the angular difference between the two stimuli. Moreover, as reported in humans, the system fills in intermediate angles during the task, and this putative mental rotation activates the same pathways that are activated when the system views physical rotation. This work supports the proposal that mental rotation arises through sequence learning and the idea that mental imagery aids perception through learned associations, and suggests testable predictions for biological experiments.
Going beyond the lesson: Self-generating new factual knowledge in the classroom.

Abstract For children to build a knowledge base, they must integrate and extend knowledge acquired across separate episodes of new learning. Children’s performance was assessed in a task requiring them to self-generate new factual knowledge from the integration of novel facts presented through separate lessons in the classroom. Whether self-generation performance predicted academic outcomes in reading comprehension and mathematics was also examined. The 278 participating children were in kindergarten through Grade 3 (mean age = 7.7 years, range = 5.5–10.3). Children self-generated new factual knowledge through integration in the classroom; age-related increases were observed. Self-generation performance predicted both reading comprehension and mathematics academic outcomes, even when controlling for caregiver education.
Liquid Structure of CO2–Reactive Aprotic Heterocyclic Anion Ionic Liquids from X-ray Scattering and Molecular Dynamics

A combination of X-ray scattering experiments and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to investigate the structure of ionic liquids (ILs) which chemically bind CO2. The structure functions were measured and computed for four different ILs consisting of two different phosphonium cations, triethyloctylphosphonium ([P2228]+) and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium ([P66614]+), paired with two different aprotic heterocyclic anions which chemically react with CO2, 2-cyanopyrrolide, and 1,2,4-triazolide. Simulations were able to reproduce the experimental structure functions, and by deconstructing the simulated structure functions, further information on the liquid structure was obtained. All structure functions of the ILs studied had three primary features which have been seen before in other ILs: a prepeak near 0.3–0.4 A–1 corresponding to polar/nonpolar domain alternation, a charge alternation peak near 0.8 A–1, and a peak near 1.5 A–1 due to interactions of adjacent molecules. The liquid structure funct...
Recruiting Endometrial Cancer Survivors to Studies Examining Lifestyle Behaviors and Quality of Life: Challenges Faced and Lessons Learned

There are a growing number of cancer survivors in the USA. Despite lifestyle behaviors being strongly associated with morbidity and mortality following primary treatment, recruitment to clinical research studies that aim to improve such behaviors remains a significant challenge. Furthermore, pilot and feasibility studies are critical for the refinement of research methods and form an important training opportunity for early career scientists. This report details the challenges faced and lessons learned in the process of recruiting a population of overweight/obese endometrial cancer survivors (ECS) to two separate studies focused on lifestyle behaviors: a survey study and a randomized behavioral intervention study that aimed to improve diet, physical activity, and quality of life. We used in-clinic and mail-based approaches to reach eligible patients identified from clinic records. Surveys were offered via paper or online. To evaluate the recruitment process, we compared clinic records and enrollment data over time and location. Chi-squared tests were also used to compare recruitment strategies. We address specific challenges at the patient level, the clinic/provider level, and the organizational level. Overall response rate was 13.9% to the survey and 4% to the intervention. Responses to in-clinic offers were greater than to mail-based approaches for the survey with no difference for the intervention. Identifying the unique characteristics of each survivorship population, adequate planning, resource allocation, and involvement of key staff are essential to supporting recruitment efforts to research studies. Having the support of physicians and nurses is especially critical to the success of recruitment.
Naïve helper T cells with high CD5 expression have increased calcium signaling.

The adaptive immune response is orchestrated by T helper cells and their function is dependent upon interactions between the T cell receptor (TCR), peptide MHC (pMHC) and co-receptors. TCR-pMHC interactions initiate calcium signaling cascades which determine T cell activation, survival, proliferation and differentiation. CD5 is a co-receptor that plays an important role in regulating T cell signaling and fate during thymocyte education. CD5 surface expression on mature single positive thymocytes correlates with the TCR signal strength for positive selecting self-ligands. CD5 also plays a role in T cell function after thymic development is complete. Peripheral T cells with higher CD5 expression respond better to foreign antigen than those with lower CD5 expression and CD5-high T cells are enriched in memory populations. In our study, we examined the role of CD5 expression and calcium signaling in the primary response of T cells using two Listeria monocytogenes specific T helper cells (LLO118 and LLO56). These T cells recognize the same immunodominant epitope (LLO190-205) of L. monocytogenes and have divergent primary and secondary responses and different levels of CD5 expression. We found that each T cell has unique calcium mobilization in response to in vitro stimulation with LLO190-205 and that CD5 expression levels in these cells changed over time following stimulation. LLO56 naive T helper cells, which expresses higher levels of CD5, have higher calcium mobilization than naive LLO118 T cells. Three days after in vitro stimulation, LLO118 T cells had more robust calcium mobilization than LLO56 and there were no differences in calcium mobilization 8 days after in vitro stimulation. To further evaluate the role of CD5, we measured calcium signaling in CD5 knockout LLO118 and LLO56 T cells at these three time points and found that CD5 plays a significant role in promoting the calcium signaling of naive CD5-high LLO56 T cells.
Multi-Model Predictive Control of a novel Rapid Pressure Swing Adsorption system

A Multi-Model Predictive Control (M-MPC) algorithm is developed for a novel Rapid Pressure Swing Adsorption (RSPSA) oxygen concentrator system. The RPSA uses a zeolite material to purify oxygen from ambient feed air, and was designed to produce ∼ 90% oxygen for medicinal therapies. A standard MPC algorithm was implement on the RPSA which rejects disturbances and improves set point tracking in the 90% operating range, but a RPSA can produce a wide range of oxygen purities. The proposed M-MPC algorithm uses a collection of linear models each of which corresponds to a different oxygen purity range. The linear models are identified around different operating points, and use Pseudo-Random Binary Signal (PRBS) simulation data in the identification process. With this improved control algorithm, the RPSA can produce a range of oxygen purities, and reject typical RPSA process disturbances. M-MPC switching rules, operating region boundary considerations and set point tracking cases are presented and discussed.
Fluorescent light exposure incites acute and prolonged immune responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) skin.

Abstract Artificial light produces an emission spectrum that is considerably different than the solar spectrum. Artificial light has been shown to affect various behavior and physiological processes in vertebrates. However, there exists a paucity of data regarding the molecular genetic effects of artificial light exposure. Previous studies showed that one of the commonly used fluorescent light source (FL; 4100 K or “cool white”) can affect signaling pathways related to maintenance of circadian rhythm, cell cycle progression, chromosome segregation, and DNA repair/recombination in the skin of male Xiphophorus maculatus . These observations raise questions concerning the kinetics of the FL induced gene expression response, and which biological functions become modulated at various times after light exposure. To address these questions, we exposed zebrafish to 4100 K FL and utilized RNA-Seq to assess gene expression changes in skin at various times (1 to 12 h) after FL exposure. We found 4100 K FL incites a robust early (1 − 2h) transcriptional response, followed by a more protracted late response (i.e., 4–12 h). The early transcriptional response involves genes associated with cell migration/infiltration and cell proliferation as part of an overall increase in immune function and inflammation. The protracted late transcriptional response occurs within gene sets predicted to maintain and perpetuate the inflammatory response, as well as suppression of lipid, xenobiotic, and melatonin metabolism.
The Management of Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Plans and its Effects on Medication Adherence

Although value-based purchasing has become a centerpiece of the Medicare program, a persistent concern among participating health care providers and health plans is whether influencing selected per...
Total Hip Arthroplasty with the Minimally-Invasive Two-Incisions Approach

Minimally invasive surgery has the potential to minimize surgical trauma and pain while improving functional recovery in patients having total hip replacement. The minimally invasive two-incision total hip technique described here, where muscle and tendon trauma is minimized, shows substantial short-term pain and functional improvement over traditional hip replacement. While this minimally invasive two-incision technique shows great promise; this technique requires meticulous surgical technique, specialized instrumentation, and special instruction. Therefore, specialized training is strongly recommended for surgeons interested in this new technique to minimize complications and ensure success.
Fixed and Growth Mindsets in Physics Graduate Admissions.

An emphasis on innate talent in graduate admissions may be limiting the diversity of admitted students.
Pentaquark in K+-d total cross section data

An analysis of ${K}^{+}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}d$ total cross section data is undertaken to explore possible effects of the recently observed resonance in the $S=+1$ hadronic system with mass around $1.55\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GeV}$. It is found that a structure corresponding to the resonance is visible in the data. The width consistent with the observed deviation from background is found to be $0.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$ and the mass is $1.559\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GeV}∕{c}^{2}$ for spin parity ${\frac{1}{2}}^{+}$ and $1.547\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GeV}∕{c}^{2}$ for ${\frac{1}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The errors are one standard deviation and statistical only.
Anesthesia Considerations for Geriatric Outpatients

During the past two decades, ambulatory anesthesia has matured and expanded. With ambulatory surgery currently accounting for almost 80% of all surgical procedures performed in the United States, it has become undisputedly the dominant mode of surgical practice in North America, as well as in many of the world’s other developed nations. Several factors have contributed to the phenomenal growth of outpatient surgery, including economic pressures; technologic advances that allow minimally invasive surgery; and new, short-acting drugs and anesthetic agents that have dramatically improved our ability to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)1 and to manage postoperative pain. Nonetheless, ambulatory anesthesiologists cannot afford the luxury of resting on our laurels. To paraphrase the gifted poet, Robert Frost, we still have miles to go before we sleep....
Production of Industrial Proteins in Plants

The plant production system is advantageous for industrial enzymes. Enzymes with large scale products that demand low cost manufacturing are the markets of choice for plants. The plant production system is also advantageous for products that are harmful to single cell systems, for example oxidation/reduction (redox) enzymes. Four classes of enzymes are discussed in this chapter—xylanases, redox enzymes, amylases and cellulases. Examples of each of these classes of enzyme have been produced in plants—some as demonstration projects, others with the intent to sell the product. The authors have chosen specific examples to describe the advantages of the plant system, issues that have arisen, and potential for addressing markets. These case studies illustrate the value of using plants for production with simple agricultural inputs of sunlight, nutrients and water. With the developing demand for biofuels and biobased products, large volume enzyme markets for processing agricultural materials are rapidly becoming a demand. The logical system for producing those enzymes is in co-products of the feedstock materials. Our examples below illustrate the system.
Gender and laterality differences on measurements of acromiohumeral distance (AHD) at rest and at shoulder abduction using musculoskeletal ultrasound in asymptomatic Filipino adults

Introduction/Background Musculoskeletal ultrasound is increasingly becoming a popular tool in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders with the shoulder as one of the most routinely scanned joints. Common causes of shoulder pain, such as subacromial impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tendinopathy, have been shown to be associated with reduced acromiohumeral distance. This study aimed to determine mean ultrasonographic acromiohumeral distance and compare measurements between male and female Filipino adults, dominant and non-dominant side, at neutral shoulder position and at 60° abduction. Secondarily, it aimed to determine interrater reliabiliy of ultrasonographic measurements. Material and method This study employed a cross-sectional observational study design. AHD was measured on both shoulders of forty-one volunteers, 15 males and 26 females with mean age 22.1 and 22.3 respectively, at neutral shoulder position and at 60° of passive abduction by two different raters. Results For the dominant side, mean AHD at neutral was 11.40 mm (SD 1.16 mm) for males and 10.65 mm (SD 1.22 mm) for females (P-value 0.05). Comparison of the dominant and non-dominant sides showed no significant difference at both shoulder positions. ICC values for the all the measurements ranged from 0.848 to 0.913. Conclusion Results of this study suggest that measurement of AHD may have gender differences, but is similar between the dominant and non-dominant side. Musculoskeletal ultrasound was found to have excellent interrater reliability to measure AHD at both neutral position and at 60° of passive abduction.
The Charitable Contribution Strategy: An Ineffective SALT Substitute

Various states have proposed or enacted laws designed to circumvent the new $10,000 federal limit on state and local tax deductions. The new laws generally contemplate that taxpayers will substitute their tax payments with charitable contributions to state-controlled funds. This Article explores whether that strategy works and concludes that it does not. It also considers the IRS’s recent notice on the strategy and offers recommendations on how to best draft regulations.
The State of Sex Research in MFT and Family Studies Literature: A Seventeen-Year Content Analysis

The ability to conceptualize and treat sexual problems has been widely accepted as a crucial skill to master the MFT training. However, clients' sexual relationships are often ignored by clinicians because of a lack of experience or training, or personal discomfort. In this content analysis, we review sex and sex therapy research within MFT and family studies journals since the turn of the century. Of the 13,919 articles published within the 15 journals, 137 focused on sexuality or sex therapy. The articles were divided into five themes: sexual and relational health, sexual diversity, treatment and contributors of sexual dysfunction, sex therapy practices, and sexual education and development. Implications for clinical practices, sex therapy integration, and future research are discussed.
Estrogen Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Suppresses Gluconeogenesis via the Transcription Factor Foxo1

Premenopausal women exhibit enhanced insulin sensitivity and reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared with age-matched men, but this advantage disappears after menopause with disrupted glucose homeostasis, in part owing to a reduction in circulating 17β-estradiol (E2). Fasting hyperglycemia is a hallmark of T2D derived largely from dysregulation of hepatic glucose production (HGP), in which Foxo1 plays a central role in the regulation of gluconeogenesis. Here, we investigated the action of E2 on glucose homeostasis in male and ovariectomized (OVX) female control and liver-specific Foxo1 knockout (L-F1KO) mice and sought to understand the mechanism by which E2 regulates gluconeogenesis via an interaction with hepatic Foxo1. In both male and OVX female control mice, subcutaneous E2 implant improved insulin sensitivity and suppressed gluconeogenesis; however, these effects of E2 were abolished in L-F1KO mice of both sexes. In our use of mouse primary hepatocytes, E2 suppressed HGP and gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes from control mice but failed in hepatocytes from L-F1KO mice, suggesting that Foxo1 is required for E2 action on the suppression of gluconeogenesis. We further demonstrated that E2 suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis through activation of estrogen receptor (ER)α-phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt-Foxo1 signaling, which can be independent of insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 (Irs1 and Irs2), revealing an important mechanism for E2 in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. These results may help explain why premenopausal women have lower incidence of T2D than age-matched men and suggest that targeting ERα can be a potential approach to modulate glucose metabolism and prevent diabetes.
Expression of oncogene PKMzeta in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

e15235 Background: Loss of cell polarity, tissue organization and epithelial-mesenchymal transition are associated with progression along the adenoma-carcinoma axis in many cancers. Atypical Protei...
Computing in the Cambrian Era Plenary Talk

While the jury is still out whether Moore's law is dead or not, it is undeniable that the performance improvement of general purpose processors has slowed down in the last decade. This has caused the computing industry to revisit the customization and specialization fronts, and advance approaches based on heterogeneous accelerators. The emergence of deep learning as a important workload has further accelerated the rapid appearance of new computing “species”. This is similar to what happened during the Cambrian explosion 500 million years ago, a sudden diversification of life forms which changed the biosphere forever. However, for an ecological structure to become sustainable, the rest of the environment also has to change. This talks argues that today's computing environment is not yet ready to fully embrace accelerators and heterogeneity. New interconnects, communication protocols, and mechanisms to share data need to be redesigned from the ground up for the new breed of accelerators to thrive. Industry-wide efforts promoting new interconnect standards could provide the necessary support, are promising, but have not yet matured. As an example, the talk concludes with an overview of how HPE is using one of these protocols, Gen-Z, to develop a high-end memory-driven computing approach that can lead to efficient, balanced systems at exascale and beyond.
Retrieval of whole human genome clinical variant information through search motors

Abstract The interpretation of variation in the human genome constitutes one of the most pressing challenges in biomedicine. There are many academic and proprietary resources that provide annotation, interpretation, scoring and knowledge of genetic variants under multiple access modalities. For these resources, information is available through portals, wikis, APIs, curated content and databases, and pipelines. Here we explore the use of search motors to provide facilitated access to the main sources of information that are used by clinical geneticists and researchers. We also support the browsing experience with natural language processing and automated summaries of available information. The resulting tool, ai-OMNI.com, is intrinsically flexible, expandable and intuitive, thus providing a different experience for querying the human genome for the consequences of variation.
Population and resources

Rapid growth of the worlds population is recent. World food production has increased in close proportion. No one can say when or in what fashion population growth will end; whether by our deliberate choice or by catastrophe or by some limit of the Earth. In the US during 1 1/2 centuries of rapid growth farming has diminished in importance from being the major economic activity to an almost trivial fraction. At the same time farm production has increased manyfold. 1 result is that the American public spends a smaller portion of its income on food than has probably any society in human history. Not all of the world has shared in this agricultural revolution and once in recent decades and how again evidence suggests that food production may fail to increase with population. Certainly no guarantees can be offered that food production will always be adequate. Pessimism concerning the outcome is warranted if only because of the profound disagreement among those who should be best informed. Many look only to the near future and persistently advocate growth. Only a few look to the longterm and the inescapable disasters of persistent growth. (authors modified)
The Rationale for Immunotherapy in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms.

The classic, chronic Philadelphia chromosome negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN)—essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), and myelofibrosis (MF)—are clonal malignancies of hematopoietic stem cells and are associated with myeloproliferation, organomegaly, and constitutional symptoms. Expanding knowledge that chronic inflammation and a dysregulated immune system are central to the pathogenesis and progression of MPNs serves as a driving force for the development of agents affecting the immune system as therapy for MPN. This review describes the rationale and potential impact of anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and targeted agents in MPNs. The advances in molecular insights, especially the discovery of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) V617F mutation and its role in JAK-STAT pathway dysregulation, led to the development of the JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib, which currently represents the cornerstone of medical therapy in MF and hydroxyurea-resistant/intolerant PV. However, there remain significant unmet needs in the treatment of these patients, and many agents continue to be investigated. Novel, more selective JAK inhibitors might offer reduced myelosuppression or even improvement of blood counts. The recent approval of a novel, long-acting interferon for PV patients in Europe, might eventually lead to its broader clinical use in all MPNs. Targeted immunotherapy involving monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, or therapeutic vaccines against selected MPN epitopes could further enhance tumor-specific immune responses. Immunotherapeutic approaches are expanding and hopefully will extend the therapeutic armamentarium in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms.
Vertical shear alters chemical front speed in thin-layer flows

The mixing of a reactive scalar by a fluid flow can have a significant impact on reaction dynamics and the growth of reacted regions. However, experimental studies of the fluid mechanics of reactive mixing present significant challenges and puzzling results. The observed speed at which reacted regions expand can be separated into a contribution from the underlying flow and a contribution from reaction–diffusion dynamics, which we call the chemical front speed. In prior work (Nevins & Kelley, Chaos, vol. 28 (4), 2018, 043122), we were surprised to observe that the chemical front speed increased where the underlying flow in a thin layer was faster. In this paper, we show that the increase is physical and is caused by smearing of reaction fronts by vertical shear. We show that the increase occurs not only in thin-layer flows with a free surface, but also in Hele-Shaw systems. We draw these conclusions from a series of simulations in which reaction fronts are located according to depth-averaged concentration, as is common in laboratory experiments. Where the front profile is deformed by shear, the apparent front speed changes as well. We compare the simulations to new experimental results and find close quantitative agreement. We also show that changes to the apparent front speed are reduced approximately 80 % by adding a lubrication layer.
Nicotine Gateway Effects on Adolescent Substance Use.

Given the rise in teenage use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (“vaping”) in congruence with the increasing numbers of drug-related emergencies, it is critical to expand the knowledge of the physical and behavioral risks associated with developmental nicotine exposure. A further understanding of the molecular and neurochemical underpinnings of nicotine’s gateway effects allows emergency clinicians to advise patients and families and adjust treatment accordingly, which may minimize the use of tobacco, nicotine, and future substances. Currently, the growing use of tobacco products and electronic cigarettes among teenagers represents a major public health concern. Adolescent exposure to tobacco or nicotine can lead to subsequent abuse of nicotine and other substances, which is known as the gateway hypothesis. Adolescence is a developmentally sensitive time period when risk-taking behaviors, such as sensation seeking and drug experimentation, often begin. These hallmark behaviors of adolescence are largely due to maturational changes in the brain. The developing brain is particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of drugs of abuse, including tobacco and nicotine products, which activate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Disruption of nAChR development with early nicotine use may influence the function and pharmacology of the receptor subunits and alter the release of reward-related neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, dopamine, GABA, serotonin, and glutamate. In this review, we emphasize that the effects of nicotine are highly dependent on timing of exposure, with a dynamic interaction of nAChRs with dopaminergic, endocannabinoid, and opioidergic systems to enhance general drug reward and reinforcement. We analyzed available literature regarding adolescent substance use and nicotine’s impact on the developing brain and behavior using the electronic databases of PubMed and Google Scholar for articles published in English between January 1968 and November 2018. We present a large collection of clinical and preclinical evidence that adolescent nicotine exposure influences long-term molecular, biochemical, and functional changes in the brain that encourage subsequent drug abuse.
The Zooarchaeology and Isotopic Ecology of the Bahamian Hutia (Geocapromys Ingrahami): Evidence for pre-Columbian Anthropogenic Management

Bahamian hutias (Geocapromys ingrahami) are the only endemic terrestrial mammal in The Bahamas and are currently classified as a vulnerable species. Drawing on zooarchaeological and new geochemical datasets, this study investigates human management of Bahamian hutias as cultural practice at indigenous Lucayan settlements in The Bahamas and the Turks & Caicos Islands. In order to determine how hutia diet and distribution together were influenced by Lucayan groups we conducted isotopic analysis on native hutia bone and tooth enamel recovered at the Major's Landing site on Crooked Island in The Bahamas and introduced hutias from the Palmetto Junction site on Providenciales in the Turks & Caicos Islands. Results indicate that some hutias consumed 13C-enriched foods that were either provisioned or available for opportunistic consumption. Strontium isotope ratios for hutia tooth enamel show a narrow range consistent with local origin for all of the archaeological specimens. In contrast, analysis of strontium isotopes in modern Bahamian hutia teeth from animals relocated to Florida from The Bahamas demonstrates that these animals rapidly lost their Bahamian signature and adopted a Florida signature. Therefore, strontium should be used cautiously for determining hutia provenance, particularly for individuals that were translocated between islands. Overall, our findings suggest that ancient human presence did not always result in hutia vulnerability and that the impact to hutia populations was variable across pre-Columbian indigenous settlements.
Providence talks: A citywide partnership to address early childhood language development

Abstract Early research has shown that there may be inconsistencies in how parents in different socioeconomic classes prepare their children to learn to read. Previous research has highlighted a “word gap” between children from low-income families and high-income families. Effects of this “word gap” are evident at the start of kindergarten and contribute to the current nationwide achievement gap in educational outcomes for low-income children. Providence Talks (PT) is a city-wide initiative launched in 2014 in an effort to close this gap. PT helps caretakers learn about the importance of speaking with their children at an early age and supports them in their ability to improve the language environments within their home. We uncover positive results for the efficacy of a citywide intervention dedicated to improving outcomes for vulnerable children across the urban landscape.
Contemporary Practices and Complications of Surgery for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome in the United States

Background Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) surgery is relatively rare and controversial, given the challenges in diagnosis as well as wide variation in symptomatic and functional recovery. Our aims were to measure trends in utilization of TOS surgery, complications, and mortality rates in a nationally representative cohort and compare higher versus lower volume centers. Methods The National Inpatient Sample was queried using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes for rib resection and scalenectomy paired with axillo-subclavian aneurysm (arterial [aTOS]), subclavian deep vein thrombosis (venous [vTOS]), or brachial plexus lesions (neurogenic [nTOS]). Basic descriptive statistics, nonparametric tests for trend, and multivariable hierarchical regression models with random intercept for center were used to compare outcomes for TOS types, trends over time, and higher and lower volume hospitals, respectively. Results There were 3,547 TOS operations (for an estimated 18,210 TOS operations nationally) performed between 2010 and 2015 (89.2% nTOS, 9.9% vTOS, and 0.9% aTOS) with annual case volume increasing significantly over time (P = 0.03). Higher volume centers (≥10 cases per year) represented 5.2% of hospitals and 37.0% of cases, and these centers achieved significantly lower overall major complication (defined as neurologic injury, arterial or venous injury, vascular graft complication, pneumothorax, hemorrhage/hematoma, or lymphatic leak) rates (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.71 [95% confidence interval 0.52–0.98]; P = 0.04], but no difference in neurologic complications such as brachial plexus injury (aOR 0.69 [0.20–2.43]; P = 0.56) or vascular injuries/graft complications (aOR 0.71 [0.0.33–1.54]; P = 0.39). Overall mortality was 0.6%, neurologic injury was rare (0.3%), and the proportion of patients experiencing complications decreased over time (P = 0.03). However, vTOS and aTOS had >2.5 times the odds of major complication compared with nTOS (OR 2.68 [1.88–3.82] and aOR 4.26 [1.78–10.17]; P Conclusions The annual number of TOS operations has increased in the United States from 2010 to 2015, whereas complications and average hospital charges have decreased. Mortality and neurologic injury remain rare. Higher volume centers delivered higher value care: less or similar operative morbidity with lower total hospital charges.
Insecta Beetles, Bees, Wasps, Ants

The insect class, which includes beetles and hymenoptera (bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets, and ants), is a well-known cause of cutaneous conditions in dermatology. Beetles produce vesiculobullous eruptions of varying severity while multiple members of the order hymenoptera are well- known for their painful sting and bite reactions. A thorough knowledge of lesion morphology and possible sequelae are important for proper management of patients after hazardous insect exposure.
Chapter 11 – Primate Origins

: As an Order of mammals, primates are most closely related to three other groups of mammals, tree shrews (Scandentia) from Asia, flying lemurs (Dermoptera) from Asia and the extinct Plesiadapiformes from the latest Cretaceous through Eocene of North America and Eurasia. It is not clear at present which of these is the sister taxon of Primates. However, the very diverse plesiadapiforms have long been regarded as early primates and were the most primate-like mammals from the early part of the Cenozoic Era. Several theories have been proposed to describe the behaviors of the earliest primates that selected for the unique features of primate anatomy, including our grasping hands and feet with nails rather than claws, and relatively large, forward-facing orbits surrounded by a bony ring. These include the Visual Predation Theory, the Angiosperm Predation Theory, and the Nocturnal Leaping Theory.
The Algal Tree of Life from a Genomics Perspective

It is now widely recognized that photosynthetic eukaryotes (algae and plants) have polyphyletic origins in the eukaryotic tree of life (ETOL). The primary endosymbiosis that gave rise to the first photosynthetic organelle (plastid) occurred ca. 1.6 billion years ago via the capture and retention of a free-living cyanobacterium by a single-celled protist. This proto-alga is the ancestor of the Archaeplastida that includes the photosynthetic glaucophytes, red algae, and the green lineage. The Archaeplastida plastid spread into other protist lineages through serial endosymbiosis, giving rise to dominant marine phytoplankton such as diatoms and dinoflagellates. A significant effort has been expended on elucidating plastid origin, function, and its impacts on global primary productivity and geochemical cycles. Here we focus on the placement of algae in the ETOL, with particular emphasis on the major groups: Archaeplastida, SAR (stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians), haptophytes, and cryptophytes. Our approach is to rely on the analysis of ortholog groups identified in recently generated genomic and transcriptomic data to infer the ETOL, rather than using a subset of manually chosen and curated genes. We show that bioinformatic pipelines effectively, and with minimal curation recover a robust ETOL, when compared to the classical approach of utilizing “designer datasets” in multiple analyses.
How Older Adults with Chronic Pain Manage Social Support Interactions with Mobile Media.

Mobile media offer new ways for older adults to access and interact with their social support networks. While mobile media usage has been increasing among older adults, less is known about why olde...
Probability-based mechanisms in biological networks with parameter uncertainty

Mathematical models of biomolecular networks are commonly used to study mechanisms of cellular processes, but their usefulness is often questioned due to parameter uncertainty. Here, we employ Bayesian parameter inference and dynamic network analysis to study dominant reaction fluxes in models of extrinsic apoptosis. Although a simplified model yields thousands of parameter vectors with equally good fits to data, execution modes based on reaction fluxes clusters to three dominant execution modes. A larger model with increased parameter uncertainty shows that signal flow is constrained to eleven execution modes that use 53 out of 2067 possible signal subnetworks. Each execution mode exhibits different behaviors to in silico perturbations, due to different signal execution mechanisms. Machine learning identifies informative parameters to guide experimental validation. Our work introduces a probability-based paradigm of signaling mechanisms, highlights systems-level interactions that modulate signal flow, and provides a methodology to understand mechanistic model predictions with uncertain parameters.