cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catholic Universities and Juridic Persons

In this article, the author maintains that a Catholic university does not need to be established as a separate juridic person to be subject to rights and obligations in canon law. The Church’s law allows a group of persons or things to join together as a juridic person to be recognized by the Church and to have rights and obligations in the Church. The provisions of canon law have consistently permitted the Church’s oversight of Catholic universities through the establishment of a juridic bond with the institution or with its sponsor, or through the recognition of a special bond between the Church and Catholic universities which participate in the mission of the Church. Civil incorporation alone does not alter the university’s canonical status. The author then briefly examines the implications of this issue for a Catholic university.
Isotopic records from ground-water and cave speleothem calcite in North America

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the stable isotope records of Quaternary paleoclimate from calcite formed in the presence of ground water descending through the vadose zone and within the saturated zone. Cave speleothems and Devil's Hole (DH) calcite can be viewed as two end-member expressions of a single ground-water flow continuum. Three important isotope records from ground-water calcites, two from Devils Hole and one from nearby Death Valley, have come out of the Mojave Desert. The best-known ground-water calcite records in the region come from two cores obtained by scuba divers at DH. The whole issue of how globally representative the DH record is remains unclear, and awaits, in part, the development of ground-water calcite and speleothem records outside of southwestern North America. Speleothems remain one of the most datable of Quaternary continental records, and other aspects of the deposits, such as the age distributions and growth rates; however, the apparent potential for annual or semi-annual banding, and the use of δ13Cc values in paleovegetation reconstruction will continue to attract researchers to speleothem study.
Simulating, Modeling, and Sensing Variable Tissues for Wireless Implantable Medical Devices

Wirelessly powered implantable medical devices require efficient power transfer through biological tissue within safety constraints on energy absorption, often in the presence of environmental variability. Accurate modeling of the tissue medium is essential to evaluate the performance and sensitivity of transcutaneous powering systems. Here, we investigate loop and dipole antenna topologies in proximity to simulated tissue models and experimental phantoms, with emphasis on representing heterogeneous tissue with functionally equivalent simplified models, and modeling variability in tissue properties for sensitivity analyses. We first present a modified phantom formulation that provides greater control over frequency-dependent properties. We then show that homogeneous phantoms have limited use at representing input impedance and energy absorption at ultrahigh operating frequency by analyzing each antenna topology in proximity to layered or homogeneous tissue across frequency. We compare loop and dipole antenna topologies in terms of specific absorption rate and impedance, and show that frequency-dependent tissue behavior must be considered even at fixed operating frequencies. Finally, we discuss the dual utility of a transmitting antenna as a resonator to detect changes in tissue properties in addition to powering an implanted device.
Motivating MPA Students to Independently Develop Linkages among Multiple Courses

Students are empowered and creativity is encouraged whenever students are expected to shoulder a greater share of the responsibility for learning. In this study, the shift is partially achieved by ...
Sieve Element Cell Walls

Sieve elements typically have non-lignified cellulosic walls similar to those of parenchyma cells. The walls are often thickened and in most instances this thickening is described as “nacreous” thickening or the “nacre” wall. The term “nacre” was introduced because of the refractve properties of this wall and its characteristic lustre when viewed with the light microscope. Cell walls are usually classified as either primary or secondary but in the case of the nacreous wall of the sieve element there is no general agreement as to the use of these terms.(Esau, 1969). The term primary wall is used for the wall which is first formed around a developing cell and which surrounds the protoplast during growth in surface area. The term secondary wall is used for wall layers that are laid down after growth in surface area has ceased. Although it has not been formally accepted that the nacreous wall is a secondary wall, it is best considered as such in order to clearly distinguish between the major wall layers. Between the primary walls of continguous cells is the intercellular substance.
A Model for the Regulation of Antibody Synthesis by Serum Antibody

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a model for the regulation of antibody synthesis by serum antibody. The immune response (ImR) after removal of specific antibody was studied. In these experiments, antibody was removed specifically in two ways: (1) by successive exposure of aliquots of plasma of immunized animals to solid phase immunoadsorbents followed by return of the adsorbed plasma to them; (2) by exchange transfusion of animals immunized to two antigens with blood containing antibody of one specificity only, thereby depleting the other antibody specifically. Following the removal, there was a marked rise in serum levels of specific antibody, which frequently reached peak titers exceeding those prior to removal. The assay used in these studies was phage neutralization which is affected by the binding affinity of antibody. These experiments were repeated using an antibody assay that would allow estimation in molar terms. The results obtained support a model in which the level of serum antibody regulates the ImR by means of equilibrium with antibody in an immunogen-containing compartment.
Nonlinear Canonical Correlation Analysis with Simulated Annealing Solution

An exploratory tool is introduced to examine potential nonlinear relationship between two sets of variables, X and Y, in a sample of multivariate data. Simulated annealing is applied to find canonical coefficient vectors a and b such that a squared nonlinear correlation between a’X and b’Y is maximized. A measure of nonlinear correlation is developed for this optimization which utilizes a nearest-neighbor regression estimate for the unknown functional relationship. In addition to examining potential relation between the canonical variables, this method can identify important variables in each set.
Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells as Targets for Biological Reactive Intermediates

Over the past two decades it has become increasingly apparent that xenobiotic agents can directly influence transcriptional regulation of gene expression without producing detectable changes in the structure of DNA. The response of a cell to its environment is a dynamic process in which differentiation-driven paradigms for gene expression can be modulated by both endogenous and exogenous extracellular agents. Typical outcomes include: altered cell function, changes in proliferation and/or regulation of cell growth or cell death. Altered gene expression is often the result of a physiologically programmed interaction between the cell and a regulatory hormone or cytokine. Alternatively, altered gene expression can result from an interaction of the cell with a xenobiotic molecule. In many cases the consequences of these apparently disparate events, as well as their biochemistry, do not appear to be remarkably different. Our laboratory has been investigating the role of altered transcriptional regulation in the response of hematopoietic and immune cells to xenobiotic agents as one approach to understanding molecular mechanisms of toxicity and also with a view toward exploring whether altered patterns of transcriptional regulation can be used as a tool for predicting the target organ toxicity of xenobiotic agents. Results of these studies suggest that the effects of biological reactive intermediates on transcriptional regulation of gene expression are cell-type specific and that the response of individual target cells is at least in part determined by differentiation-dependent patterns of signal transduction and gene expression.
New Approaches and Techniques for Studying Bivalve Larvae

Since the appearance of the classic works of Loosanoff and Davis in the 1950’s and 1960’s, interest in the larvae of bivalve mollusks has increased greatly. Their comprehensive report on culture techniques (Loosanoff and Davis, 1963) is still the most important single work in the field, and should be consulted by anyone planning to work with bivalve larvae. The culturing practices outlined by Walne (1964) should be studied. In more recent years some new terminology and advanced analytical techniques have been introduced by Chanley (1965), Chanley and Van Engel (1969), and Chanley and Andrews (197l). An important study by Pilkington and Fretter (1970) on prosobranch veligers also contains information relevant to feeding of larval bivalves.
Inhibitory effects of growth differentiation factor 11 on autophagy deficiency-induced dedifferentiation of arterial smooth muscle cells

The present study demonstrates that growth differentiation factor (GDF)11 promotes autophagy and subsequent differentiation in carotid arterial smooth muscle cells. Upregulation of GDF11 counteract...
SERS detection of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A and B in buffer and serum: Towards the development of a biodefense test platform.

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are classified at a highest degree of threat in biodefense, due largely to their high lethality. With the growing risk of biowarfare, the shortcomings of the gold standard test for these neurotoxins, the mouse bioassay, have underscored the need to develop alternative diagnostic testing strategies. This paper reports on the detection of inactivated Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT-A) and serotype B (BoNT-B), the two most important markers of botulism infection, by using a sandwich immunoassay, gold nanoparticle labels, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) within the context of two threat scenarios. The first scenario mimics part of the analysis needed in response to a "white powder" threat by measuring both neurotoxins in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), a biocompatible solvent often used to recover markers dispersed in a powdered matrix. The second scenario detects the two neurotoxins in spiked human serum to assess the clinical potential of the platform. The overall goal is to develop a test applicable to both scenarios in terms of projections of required levels of detection. We demonstrate the ability to measure BoNT-A and BoNT-B in PBS at a limit of detection (LoD) of 700 pg/mL (5 pM) and 84 pg/mL (0.6 pM), respectively, and in human serum at 1200 pg/mL (8 pM) and 91 pg/mL (0.6 pM), respectively, with a time to result under 24 h. The steps required to transform this platform into an onsite biodefense screening tool that can simultaneously and rapidly detect (<1 h) these and other agents are briefly discussed.
Waterborne, abiotic and other indirectly transmitted (W.A.I.T.) infections are defined by the dynamics of free-living pathogens and environmental reservoirs

While the ecology of infectious disease is a rich field with decades worth of empirical evidence and theory, there are aspects that remain relatively under-examined. One example is the importance of the free-living survival stage of certain pathogens, and especially is cases where they are transmitted indirectly between hosts through an environmental reservoir intermediate. In this study, we develop an integrated, broadly applicable mathematical method to examine diseases fitting this description---the waterborne, abiotic and other indirectly transmitted (W.A.I.T.) infection framework. To demonstrate its utility, we construct realistic models of two very different epidemic scenarios: cholera in a densely populated setting with limited access to clean drinking water and hepatitis C virus in an urban setting of injection-drug users. Using these two exemplars, we find that the W.A.I.T. model fortifies the centrality of reservoir dynamics in the "sit and wait" infection strategy, and provides a way to simulate a diverse set of intervention strategies.
Supporting distributed software development by modes of collaboration

Work processes in team based software development need to be structured to minimise and resolve conflicting or divergent work. Current software development methodologies propose ways for dividing the whole task of software development between team members. This paper suggests a different way of working by introducing modes of collaboration (MoCs), which support concurrent and collaborative work. A MoC defines how tight two people can work together and how much the rest of the group can demand to know about a programmer. Different MoCs are ordered in a spectrum from single user's offline usage up to concurrent editing of the same source code. Special emphasis is put on balancing gains and efforts that are related to a specific MoC. The second part of the paper presents how MoCs are implemented in the distributed co-operative software development environment TUKAN. TUKAN includes synchronous co-operative tools and awareness widgets, which operate on a spatial representation of the software under construction. TUKAN provides tools for each MoC and allows programmers to switch between MoCs.
Transitional shock wave boundary layer interaction over a flexible panel

Abstract A three-dimensional transitional shock boundary layer interaction (SWBLI) over a finite-span flexible panel is investigated by performing direct numerical simulations (DNS). The laminar inflow is at Mach 2, on which an oblique shock of turn angle 5 . 6 2 ∘ is imposed. The shock impinges at the mid-chord length of the panel, giving rise to flow separation due to the induced adverse pressure gradient. The flow separation leads to streamline curvature in the laminar boundary layer, initiating a centrifugal instability similar to Gortler instability; where the nominally two-dimensional and steady SWBLI becomes three-dimensional and unsteady at a critical Reynolds number. The flow transition is characterized by the presence of counter-rotating streamwise-oriented Gortler-like vortices, engendering spanwise undulations for increasing Gortler number. The transitional SWBLI is analyzed over both the rigid and flexible panels by performing proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) in order to examine the onset of transition as well as the modal response of the flexible panel. The presence of flexible panel promotes flow transition, resulting in lower values of the critical Reynolds and Gortler numbers. Furthermore, at a post-critical Reynolds number, the interaction results in increased turbulence levels and exchange of energy at the low and high wavenumber modes.
Advancing Academic Pathways for Building Capacity in the Youth Development Profession

The growing literature on the theory and practice of youth development provides a framework for youth-serving practitioners to design, implement, and grow youth programs in their communities. Yet such a framework is not widely known in many youth-serving organizations where professional development is variable. The youth development field would benefit from academically trained professionals who could apply the youth development literature to serve youth more effectively in organizations or communities. This article describes a graduate level academic degree program in youth development to: (a) increase awareness of the importance of youth programs and (b) bring attention to the fundamental learning structures that can be deployed to build human capacity in the youth development field. The history, theoretical frameworks, and structure of the program are briefly described. Details are provided on 4 effective features of this academic degree program rated by students and graduates as being valuable components of the program. Applications to youth development practice are explored.
Perineorrhaphy outcomes related to body imagery: A randomized trial of body image perception

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine if a perineorrhaphy at the time of apical pelvic organ prolapse surgery positively affects women's body image. METHODS This is a randomized controlled trial of women undergoing apical suspension procedures in which women (GH ≥2 cm to ≤6 cm) received either perineorrhaphy or no perineorrhaphy. The primary aim compared body image between the groups postoperatively using the Body Image in Pelvic Organ Prolapse (BIPOP) questionnaire. Secondary outcomes included prolapse stage, pain, pelvic floor muscle strength, pelvic floor symptoms, and sexual function. Between- and within-group differences were compared using Fisher exact test for categorical variables and t tests for continuous variables. When continuous variables were not normally distributed, the Welch-Satterthwaite test was used. Within-group analyses were performed via paired t tests for select continuous variables. RESULTS Forty-six women were enrolled; 45 (97.8%) completed the 6-week assessment and 38 (82.6%) completed the 3-month assessment. There were no differences in baseline characteristics. Although women within groups had an expected improvement in mean Body Image in Pelvic Organ Prolapse and subscale scores between baseline and 3 months (P < 0.05), there were no differences in the mean scores between groups. In addition, there were no differences between groups in any of the secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Performance of apical prolapse surgery improved women's body image, irrespective of performance of a perineorrhaphy. Other important outcomes, including pain, did not differ between women in the 2 groups. These findings demonstrate the need for further trials to investigate the utility of this procedure.
Novel Contamination Control Model Development and Application to the Psyche Asteroid Mission

In this work, we present a state-of-the-art model, developed for JPL's Psyche Mission, which enables direct derivation of contamination control requirements specifically tailored to meet mission science objectives while minimizing cost and schedule impacts to the project. This is accomplished using a method of geometric model processing and analysis as well as a newly developed approach to materials contamination data characterization that enables extrapolation across all mission environments. Spacecraft missions have traditionally followed one of two approaches to contamination control engineering: low-sensitivity missions that rely on non-data-driven heritage practices to meet mission objectives (incurring risks of contamination impacts to the flight system, instruments and science objectives), or flagship-class missions that can afford to implement highly-conservative contamination control programs that may not be optimized to meet mission requirements or accurately quantify contamination impacts. In contrast, the model presented here, enables teams to evaluate the risk of not meeting bakeout requirements, trade contamination degradation budget allotments between spacecraft subsystems, and provide a mission-specific contamination control program suited for missions of all contamination sensitivity levels. This model incorporates instrument contamination requirements, materials information, spacecraft geometry, thermal predictions and mission operations timelines. Both internal and external spacecraft models are developed in order to account for bus venting, and different cases for stowed and deployed configurations and solar array orientations are analyzed to identify the driving mission phases for contamination. The spacecraft is subdivided into subsystem groups to make outgassing rates independently changeable by a table input and parametrically assess the impact of different components on each instrument. JPL's in-house view factor code is used to perform direct and reflected contamination transport modelling, allowing outgassing rate data to be updated without needing to re-run a simulation and enabling real-time analysis iteration compared to the weeks or months-long analysis lifecycle seen on comparable missions. The contamination behavior of the materials is obtained by identifying the contaminant chemical species from a single materials test. The material behavior across all mission environments is subsequently extrapolated from the knowledge of the constituent contamination species. As projects move from detailed design into manufacturing and baking out real hardware, model predictions can be updated with as-measured outgassing data to adjust future bakeouts on-the-fly to meet mission requirements. Results from the Psyche mission are presented, as well as the application of this model to future missions.
Situational Awareness of Power System Stabilizers’ Performance in Energy Control Centers

Undamped power system oscillations are detrimental to stable and security of the electric grid. Historically, poorly damped low frequency rotor oscillations have caused system blackouts or brownouts. It is required to monitor the oscillation damping controllers such as power system stabilizers’ (PSS) performance at energy control centers as well as at power plant control centers. Phasor measurement units (PMUs) based time response and frequency response information on PSS performance is collected. A fuzzy logic system is developed to combine the time and frequency response information to derive the situational awareness on PSS performance on synchronous generator’s oscillation(s). A two-area four-machine benchmark power system is simulated on a real-time digital simulator platform. Fuzzy logic system developed is evaluated for different system disturbances. Situational awareness on PSS performance on synchronous generator’s oscillation(s) allows the control center operator to enhance the power system operation more stable and secure.
Prediction of high-strain polar phases in antiferroelectric PbZrO 3 from a multiscale approach

${\mathrm{PbZrO}}_{3}$ is regarded as the first antiferroelectric and currently is under intense reexamination. We propose a multiscale approach that combines classical and first-principles density functional theory based simulations to explore polar phases in this material. Application of this approach to ${\mathrm{PbZrO}}_{3}$ predicts three polar phases, none of which is the common $R3c$. The lowest-energy polar phase $Cc$ is metastable at 0 K but can be stabilized by application of electric field. Its structural and polarization response to the electric field is in good agreement with experimental data from the literature. The other two phases are $Ima2$ and $I4cm$ of orthorhombic and tetragonal symmetry, respectively, and predicted to stabilize at finite temperatures and under application of larger electric fields. These two phases exhibit very large strain which is of technological significance.
Tailoring Energetic Sensitivity and Classification through Regioisomerism.

The azo-coupling of 1- and 2-amino-4-nitro-1,2,3-triazole yielded two new energetic compounds whose detonation properties compete with that of HMX. Though the calculated performances are impressive...
Predicting the Rupture of a COPV Impacted by a High-Speed Orbital Debris Particle: Inycluding the Effects of Temperature and COPV Contents

AbstractA main design consideration for spacecraft destined to operate in the meteoroid or orbital debris (MOD) environment is the prevention of possible damage that might occur following an MOD im...
Sural Nerve Harvest

Sensory nerves are harvested for nerve grafting, and the sural nerve is the most common donor nerve utilized. It can reliably provide 30 cm of usable nerve graft from one lower extremity with minimal donor site morbidity. In the setting of brachial plexus reconstruction, autologous nerve graft is the gold standard when possible; thus successful sural nerve harvest is a critical aspect of nerve reconstruction. Advances in minimally invasive harvest techniques in sural nerve graft harvest continue to improve associated donor site morbidity.
Increased Use of Porch or Backyard Nature during COVID-19 Associated with Lower Stress and Better Symptom Experience among Breast Cancer Patients

Contact with nature has been used to promote both physical and mental health, and is increasingly used among cancer patients. However, the COVID-19 pandemic created new challenges in both access to nature in public spaces and in cancer care. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the change in active and passive use of nature, places of engaging with nature and associations of nature contact with respect to improvements to perceived stress and symptom experience among breast cancer patients during the pandemic. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of people diagnosed with breast cancer using ResearchMatch (n = 56) in July 2020 (the first wave of COVID-19). In this US-based, predominantly white, affluent, highly educated, female sample, we found that, on average, participants were first diagnosed with breast cancer at 54 years old and at stage 2 or 3. Eighteen percent of participants experienced disruptions in their cancer care due to the pandemic. As expected, activities in public places significantly decreased as well, including use of parks/trails and botanical gardens. In contrast, spending time near home, on the porch or in the backyard significantly increased. Also observed were significant increases in indoor activities involving passive nature contact, such as watching birds through a window, listening to birdsong, and smelling rain or plants. Decreased usage of parks/trails was significantly associated with higher stress (Coef = −2.30, p = 0.030) and increased usage of the backyard/porch was significantly associated with lower stress (Coef = −2.69, p = 0.032), lower symptom distress (Coef = −0.80, p = 0.063) and lower symptom severity (Coef = −0.52, p = 0.009). The most commonly reported alternatives to outdoor engagement with nature were watching nature through a window (84%), followed by looking at images of nature (71%), and listening to nature through a window (66%). The least commonly enjoyed alternative was virtual reality of nature scenes (25%). While outdoor contact with nature away from home decreased, participants still found ways to experience the restorative benefits of nature in and around their home. Of special interest in planning interventions was the fact that actual or real nature was preferred over that experienced through technology. This could be an artifact of our sample, or could represent a desire to be in touch with the “real world” during a health crisis. Nature contact may represent a flexible strategy to decrease stress and improve symptom experience among patients with cancer, particularly during public health crises or disruptions to cancer care.
Antivirals targeting paramyxovirus membrane fusion.

The Paramyxoviridae family includes enveloped single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses such as measles, mumps, human parainfluenza, canine distemper, Hendra, and Nipah viruses, which cause a tremendous global health burden. The ability of paramyxoviral glycoproteins to merge viral and host membranes allows entry of the viral genome into host cells, as well as cell–cell fusion, an important contributor to disease progression. Recent molecular and structural advances in our understanding of the paramyxovirus membrane fusion machinery gave rise to various therapeutic approaches aiming at inhibiting viral infection, spread, and cytopathic effects. These therapeutic approaches include peptide mimics, antibodies, and small molecule inhibitors with various levels of success at inhibiting viral entry, increasing the potential of effective antiviral therapeutic development.
Complete Genome Sequence of Rickettsia parkeri Strain Black Gap

A unique genotype of Rickettsia parkeri, designated R. parkeri strain Black Gap, has thus far been associated exclusively with the North American tick, Dermacentor parumapertus. The compete genome consists of a single circular chromosome with 1,329,522 bp and a G+C content of 32.5%.
Risk of an Adverse Event in Individuals Who Aspirate: A Review of Current Literature on Host Defenses and Individual Differences

Purpose The presence of oropharyngeal dysphagia increases the likelihood of prandial aspiration, and aspiration increases the likelihood of a dysphagia-related pulmonary sequelae such as aspiration pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary fibrosis, and even death. Although these outcomes are unfortunate, it is important to point out that these consequences are not solely determined by the presence of aspiration. The purpose of this tutorial is to provide current information on pulmonary defenses and the variables that increase risk of an adverse outcome in individuals who aspirate. Method This tutorial reviews the basics of lung defenses and summarizes the literature to make the case that the host is a central theme in dysphagia management. Case studies are employed to highlight the key variables. Results Based on a literature review, a series of questions are proposed for consideration in dysphagia management. These questions, which take the focus away from the presence of aspiration and toward the associated risks within an individual, are then applied to two case studies. Conclusions A guiding framework is proposed to encourage clinicians to assess more than the presence of aspiration and consider the individual's ability to cope with the aspirated material. In the presence of aspiration, clinicians are urged to focus on the risk factors that can lead to a negative consequence, identify which factors are modifiable, and determine when a level of risk is acceptable.
The effects of coaching on salespeople's attitudes and behaviors

Purpose – This paper's aim is to provide an empirical test of the assumption that coaching impacts salespeople's attitudes and behaviors under various contingencies.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses the survey responses of 2,532 salespeople and regression analyses.Findings – Salesperson‐organization value fit reduces the likelihood that coaching will engender more affective commitment to the organization, improve satisfaction with job and supervisor and lower perceived role ambiguity. The number of years of formal education reduces the impact of coaching on affective commitment, satisfaction with job and supervisor. Salespeople's confidence in their company's product superiority over competitors' brands also reduces the effectiveness of coaching. Salesperson's organizational tenure has no impact on the effectiveness of coaching. Finally, the age of a salesperson dampens the positive relationship between coaching and affective commitment and job satisfaction but accentuates the negative relation...
Integration of silicon circuit components onto plastic substrates using fluidic self-assembly

We demonstrate the use of fluidic self-assembly for the integration of microfabricated silicon components, including diffusion resistors and single crystal silicon field effect transistors, onto a clear, flexible plastic substrate. Preferential self-assembly of parts on a template is achieved with complementary shape recognition. The self-assembly process is driven in part by capillary forces resultant from a low melting point alloy re-flow. Our method allows for the integration of parts made via incompatible microfabrication processes onto a single platform. The self-assembly is performed in a single step providing both mechanical and electrical connection between substrate and silicon component.
Prosecution and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

This article outlines the general elements of the crime of genocide, including the criminal liability of individuals and the responsibility of States for acts of genocide, the different manifestations of genocide, and the precise meaning of the victims of genocide (national, ethnical, racial and religious groups). A dictum in Prosecutor v. Akayesu suggesting that the protected groups can be extended to include ones not mentioned by name in the Genocide Convention, provided only that they share the same characteristics of those that are mentioned, is discussed and rejected. Special attention is given to the element of fault, since the meaning of mens rea as defined in Article 30 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court differs radically from the typical Anglo-American perception of this subjective element of criminal conduct. Complicity in genocide, and the measure of precision required for the circumscription of crimes under the rules of international law, received special attention. A substantial part of the article deals with universal jurisdiction for the prosecution of acts of genocide, with references to the exercise of universal jurisdiction in municipal courts of Italy, Israel, the United States, Canada, and England, and the endorsement of universal jurisdiction by international tribunals. There is a brief overview of the rules that will govern the prosecution of genocide in the International Criminal Court, and a critical analysis of the Genocide Convention Implementation Act (the Proxmire Act) of the United States, which did not authorize universal jurisdiction of federal courts to prosecute genocide. It should be note, though, that subsequent to the publication of this article, Congress did enact the Genocide Accountability Act of 2007, which now authorizes the exercise universal jurisdiction by federal courts for the prosecution of acts of genocide.
Intermetallic compounds between lanthanons and transition metals of the first long period: II—Ferrimagnetism of AB5 cobalt compounds

Abstract Magnetizations were determined at various temperatures for a series of substances represented by the type formula ACo 5 , in which A is either Ce, Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Y or a mixture of Gd and Y. The purpose of the study was to ascertain whether the atomic moments are aligned, at sufficiently low temperatures, and if so to elucidate as far as possible the nature of the alignment. The magnetization-temperature curves for YCo 5 and SmCo 5 indicate them to be normal ferro-magnetic compounds at least down to 80°K, with Curie points at 975 and 1015°K, respectively. Their saturation magnetic moments indicate that the cobalt moments are aligned ferromagnetically. The curves for the other compounds show well defined Curie temperatures ranging from 685 to 1125°K but are unusual in that below a certain temperature, ranging up to 575°K, magnetization shows an anomalous fall with diminishing temperature. Analysis of these results and the observed saturation magnetizations show that the moments are aligned, but not ferromagnetically. The compounds appear to be ferrimagnetic. A discussion of the possible modes of alignment is presented. Thermomagnetic analysis shows that in most instances the compounds decompose when heated to the point at which the alignment of the atomic moments is destroyed.
Interstitial antennas for arterial plaque ablation

To improve the effectiveness of the ultrasonic arterial plaque ablation procedure, Sonic Star International has contracted a University of Utah Engineering Clinic to design and construct microwave interstitial antennas to selectively ablate plaque in the arteries and further help in the removal of thrombus from vessels and in the destruction of a large volume of gallstones. Microwave interstitial antennas placed inside the balloon catheter deliver microwave energy to the region of the plaque. This process heats the region and provides softening of the plaque for more effective and longer lasting dilation of the artery. In this paper, FDTD simulation results and heat transfer calculations are presented and compared with thermographic measurements.
Age likes some years

A person can die at any age. It is an omni-spoken common saying. Is it really true? Are all ages equally prone to die? Does there exist some predictable pattern that may conjecture the incidence of death? These are the questions that are attempted here in this article. Literature is replete with cohort dependant age distributions and pyramids that focus, and are adjusted, primarily for the living persons. The current article is using a cohort free group of people and focuses exclusively on age at death to rummage for some pattern in these ages. A statistical investigation is made of the life span of human beings of previous two centuries. The life span, or age, distribution is revealed to be a quadric modal in nature, refuting the prevailed myth that all ages are equally susceptible to death.
The Driver's Role in Fatal Two-Car Crashes: A Paired “Case-Control” Study

This population-based study examines drivers' characteristics associated with driving errors that resulted in fatal motor vehicle crashes. Routinely collected data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System were used to assess whether a driver initiated the crash (case) or was passively involved (control) in 6,506 two-car collisions (81% of 7,993 eligible events). A paired comparison of cases and controls avoided confounding by environmental factors, exposure to traffic, and differences in case fatality. The strongest predictor of crash initiation is alcohol (odds ratio (OR) = 11.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) 9.57-13.9). Odds ratios are elevated even at the lowest blood alcohol concentration levels and increase dramatically as alcohol levels rise. Drivers aged 40-49 years are least likely to initiate crashes; odds ratios rise in a U-shaped manner to 3.35 in teenagers (95% CI 2.72-4.13) and to 22.1 in drivers over 80 years (95% CI 14.2-34.5). Other risk factors for initiating a fatal crash are the following: not wearing a seat belt (OR = 1.54; 95% CI 1.35-1.75), driving without a valid driver's license (OR = 2.16; 95% CI 1.72-2.73), and having had a crash within the last year (OR = 1.21; 95% CI 1.07-1.38). Driving errors leading to fatal crashes do not occur at random, but are associated with specific driver characteristics. The risk factors for crash initiation among crash-involved drivers are similar to risk factors for crash involvement found in other studies. These findings suggest that driving errors often explain high rates of crash involvement, invite further use of crash initiation in traffic injury research, and underscore the value of population-based registries for analytic epidemiology. Language: en
Effects of Cu and Si Dopants on Electromigration Mass Transport in Al Interconnects for VLSI

We have investigated the effects of Cu and Si dopants on electromigration mass transport in Al interconnects for VLSI technology. Four Al alloys with different Cu and Si dopant concentrations (AI-1.5%Cu, AI-1.5%Cu-I.5%Si, AI-0.5%Cu-I.0%Si, and AI-I.O%Cu-I.0%Si) were sputter deposited onto Si substrates covered with 0.55 pRm of Si02 (tetraethylorthosilicate). All metal films were deposited using an MRC903 sputter deposition system to a thickness of 6800A. Deposition parameters were held constant for each metallurgy, with a base pressure of 7x 10−2 torr, deposition pressure of 102 torr, forward power of 7 Kwatts, and substrate bias of 125 volts. Test structures designed according to National Institute of Standards design guidelines were fabricated in each metallurgy using conventional photolithography and reactive ion etching methods for line widths of 1.0, 1.8, 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0 μm. Accelerated test conditions of T=200°C and DC current density of 2x106 A/cm−2 were used. The results show that electromigration resistance increases with increasing Cu content and decreases as Si content increases. These results are explained in terms of precipitate, grain size distribution, orientation and stress by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Our results provide a general guideline relating Cu and Si dopant concentrations, film microstructure and the intrinsic reliability of the metallization system.
Case study: Partnering strategies in a bio tech. world: the case of Dairyland Seed Company

Large agricultural producers often demand seed with high yielding genetics along with specialty traits specific to their particular needs. Dairyland Seed Company prides itself on its superior genetics and a research program that adds specialty traits while retaining the qualities of the original variety. Dairyland sources specialty trait technology from two competing suppliers – DuPont and Monsanto. Each of these suppliers is currently pursuing a strategy of forward integration through aggressive marketing programs and acquisitions. The implications for access to future technologies and long‐term survival are profound, and leave Dairyland and other smaller seed companies with strategic decisions to make. This paper examines a channel of distribution for agricultural biotechnologies and the decisions faced by a small, reputable seed company when dealing with its large multinational biotechnology suppliers. Who should Dairyland be partnering with, and can Dairyland balance supplier dependency in an attempt to avoid being eliminated from the channel?
Can hypomethylating agents provide a platform for curative therapy in myelodysplastic syndromes

The hypomethylating agents (HMAs) azacitidine and decitabine have changed the treatment landscape of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) since their approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) in 2004 and 2006, respectively. However, neither agent is able to cure patients with MDS, and when patients fail to respond to treatment with these agents, their prognosis is poor. For this reason, investigators are currently testing combination regimens with an HMA as a backbone and altering the dose, schedule, and method of delivery of HMAs. Additionally, more than 30 new molecules are currently being tested in interventional studies for which patients with MDS are eligible to enroll. These efforts may further improve outcomes for patients with MDS. For the time being, allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) remains patients' only real opportunity for cure and should be performed whenever possible in patients with higher-risk disease.
A note on defining body parts configurations.

Abstract A system is suggested for the definition of position and motion of the human body parts. The suitable system locations and orientations have been described. Some examples of the use of the system have been demonstrated and its advantages have been pointed out.
Silica Nanochannel Surface Effect on Monosaccharide Transport

The interface of silica nanochannel of 10 nm was studied by molecular modeling and experimental methods. Molecular Dynamics study on glucose solution revealed that 2–3 nm of interface solution to silica walls has reduced glucose diffusivity. That reduction affects the effective diffusivity of glucose in silica nanochannel. Experimental results show Fickian-like release of glucose through 13 nm nanochannel. Molecular modeling and experimental results suggest that glucose is not sufficiently confined to possess non-Fickian behavior.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Systems of nonlinear differential equations with bounded solutions

We establish sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions bounded on ℝ for the equation {fx168-01}, in a finite-dimensional Banach space {ie168-01}.
W. Arthur Lewis in Retrospect

This paper reviews several themes from the writings of W. Arthur Lewis, both the first black Nobel Laureate in Economics and the first from a developing country, and examines them from the perspective of two to five decades of hindsight. The paper emphasizes three main interrelated aspects; economic growth, economic dualism, and “the evolution of the economic order”—the forces that drive the prices of goods and relative incomes across countries. Lewis’s messages still resonate today, as he foresaw the rise of industrial exports from developing countries—and also that it would not end the large gaps among nations’ standards of living. The paper both documents these rises and asks whether one could have predicted it from information available in the 1960s, or whether additional prescience was necessary.
Economic growth in prewar China

This book's analysis of economic growth in China from the late nineteenth century to the Pacific War challenges the common notion that the prewar decades were a time of stagnation or decline. Focusing on the modern sectorcotton textile factories, sail and steamship transport, and Western-style commercial bankingRawski demonstrates that, in spite of extreme economic and political uncertainty, the period saw significant economic growth. He portrays the transformation of China's economy as a long-term process spanning both sides of the 1949 political divideeconomic progress did not await the arrival of socialism. China's recent turn toward the capitalist road lends added significance to this study, which illustrates the dynamic potential of the market system in a Chinese cultural setting."
A case study of vehicle cooling system optimisation through system engineering

A case study of system engineering applied to resolving system integration issues on a vehicle cooling system is presented. Organisational learning that led to programme changes before project completion impeded the new product development process. Mutually exclusive requirements inhibited the system integration process and could have forced the water pump, heater core, and radiator to operate in conditions known to lead to failure. The challenges faced in correcting the system included working with independent organisation structures, tight programme timing, and changing evaluation methodology. The system engineering tools of the Parameter Diagram and Limit Diagram helped guide decisions on the programme. The application of system engineering principles led to organisational learning that improved the capability and confidence of the entire organisation. The Chief Engineer guided the team to prevent design iteration and look at improved subsystem requirements. An optimised design solution was found, which satisfied all subsystems and established a robust cooling system design. The V-Sequence model of system engineering is important for managing complex layered systems, but it requires Chief Engineer intervention to resolve integration issues and ensure timeliness of the programme.
The Valley-of-Death: reciprocal sign epistasis constrains adaptive trajectories in a constant, nutrient limiting environment.

The fitness landscape is a powerful metaphor for describing the relationship between genotype and phenotype for a population under selection. However, empirical data as to the topography of fitness landscapes are limited, owing to difficulties in measuring fitness for large numbers of genotypes under any condition. We previously reported a case of reciprocal sign epistasis (RSE), where two mutations individually increased yeast fitness in a glucose-limited environment, but reduced fitness when combined, suggesting the existence of two peaks on the fitness landscape. We sought to determine whether a ridge connected these peaks so that populations founded by one mutant could reach the peak created by the other, avoiding the low-fitness “Valley-of-Death” between them. Sequencing clones after 250 generations of further evolution provided no evidence for such a ridge, but did reveal many presumptive beneficial mutations, adding to a growing body of evidence that clonal interference pervades evolving microbial populations.