cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resident Involvement Is Not Associated With Increased Risk of Postoperative Complications After Arthroscopic Knee Surgery: A Propensity-Matched Study.

Purpose To investigate whether resident involvement in knee arthroscopy procedures affects postoperative complications or operative times. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program registry was queried to identify patients who underwent common knee arthroscopy procedures between 2006 through 2012. Patients with a history of knee arthroplasty, septic arthritis or osteomyelitis of the knee, concomitant open or mini-open procedures, or without information on resident involvement were excluded. A 1:1 propensity score match was performed based on age, sex, obesity, smoking history, and American Society of Anesthesiologist classification to match cases with resident involved to nonresident cases. Fisher exact tests, Pearson’s χ2 tests, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare patient demographics, comorbidities, and 30-day complications. Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare operative time and length of hospital stay between the 2 groups, with statistical significance defined as P Results After matching, 2954 cases (50% resident involvement) were included in the study with no significant differences in demographics or comorbidities between the 2 cohorts. The overall rate of 30-day complications was 1.1% in the nonresident and resident involved group (P = 1.000). There was no significant difference in postoperative surgical (nonresident vs resident involved: 0.48% vs 0.83%, P = .2498) or medical (nonresident vs resident involved: 0.62% vs 0.83%, P = .5111) complications. However, knee arthroscopy cases that residents were involved with had significantly longer operative times (69.8 vs 66.8 minutes, P = .0002), and length of hospital stay (0.85 vs 0.21 days, P = .0332) when compared with cases performed without a resident. Conclusions Resident involvement in knee arthroscopy procedures is not a significant risk for medical or surgical 30-day postoperative complications. Resident participation in knee arthroscopy was associated with statistically significant but likely clinically insignificant increased operative time as well as length of hospital stay. Level of Evidence Level III: Retrospective Cohort Study.
Goldilocks Data-Connecting Community Indicators to Program Evaluation and Everything in Between

Community indicators have long sought to measure and inspire community level change. On a much smaller scale, program evaluation and performance management seek to measure and inspire change among program participants. While communities across the United States may have robust community indicators and performance management cultures these two efforts are often disconnected, leaving a large amount of guesswork between identifying major community needs and coordinating the many nonprofit and other community partners needed to bring about positive change. In this paper, we utilize the metaphor of GPS map zoom levels to articulate the key types of data needed to build a comprehensive data ecosystem that integrates community indicators with program level performance monitoring. We then use the case study of Syracuse, New York to elucidate how a nested logic model approach can be used to coordinate efforts that approximate the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco’s (Erickson 2017) vision of a “complex adaptive system” that will help organizations and sectors coordinate their work across silos to achieve shared outcomes (such as helping children be ready for kindergarten, youth graduate from high school, homeless people find homes or retrained workers hold a steady job) (Erickson 2017, p. 43).
Chromatic index of simple hypergraphs

Abstract The degree of a vertex v in a hypergraph H is the number of vertices in H adjacent to v , and the maximum degree of H is denoted Δ ( H ) . A hypergraph is called simple if every edge has size at least two and every pair of edges has at most one vertex in common. Let χ ′ ( H ) denote the chromatic index of a simple hypergraph H . A well-known conjecture of Erdős, Faber and Lovasz says that χ ′ ( H ) ≤ | V ( H ) | . A generalization of their conjecture states that χ ′ ( H ) ≤ Δ ( H ) + 1 . In this paper we show that the conjecture holds when Δ ( H ) ≤ 5 , and that χ ′ ( H ) ≤ ⌊ 7 4 Δ ( H ) ⌋ − 1 .
Investigation of the Injury Rate of Female Fitness Competitors.

Background Female fitness competitions are increasing in popularity. Athletes are participating in weight-cutting protocols to help reduce body fat percentage to improve muscle definition and physique. Methods The goal of the study was to investigate weight-cutting practices and determine if these practices were associated with increased injury rates. A survey was distributed at a New England fitness competition. Results Thirty-five female fitness competitors participated in the survey at a single competition. The calculated injury rate for female fitness competitors is 0.18 injuries per 1000 hours of training. Age over 35 (p=0.014) and a history of or current eating disorder (p=0.005) were significant risk factors for sustaining an injury. Menstrual cycle abnormalities were present in 11 of 35 individuals (31.4%). Conclusions Female fitness competitor injury rates are low; however, injuries were more common in athletes over age 35 and those with either a history of or a current eating disorder.
Preliminary Post-Survey Outcomes of High-Risk Opioid, Post-Operative, Orthopedic Patient Home Monitoring: An Intermountain Research and Medical Foundation Grant Supported Study

Background: Patients receiving opioids are at risk of morbidity and death due to opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD). Time to discharge is decreasing, pushing these risks into the home setting. Monitoring systems with alarms may avert post-discharge OIRD. The feasibility of such systems for home monitoring has limited study. It is our impression rather than just OSA, an inadequate minute ventilation induced by opioids and /or polypharmacy of central nervous system depressing drugs, may be contributing factors to OIRD. Methods: TOSH is the stand-alone hospital for orthopedic care within Intermountain Healthcare. Opioids can: 1) directly inhibit respiratory musculature function from the upper airway to the diaphragm, 2) impair hypoxic/hypercapnic ventilatory response, 3) alter control of breathing at the medulla and pons, and 4) impair arousal response. With an Intermountain Research and Medical Foundation grant, we began a quantitative, prospective, non-randomized, single cohort study using Masimo RAD 97 monitoring devices to test the feasibility of 4-day, home monitoring. Oxygen saturation (SpO2), HR, RR and capnography (ETCO2) were recorded. Patients meeting high-risk opioid inclusion criteria and prescribed opioids were included. Patients were educated about risks of OIRD and other CNS depressing medications, alarm response, Narcan administration and when to call 911. They were given a 24/7 number to call with questions/concerns. Upon device return, all recorded data were analyzed including pre-/post-study surveys given to patients. Results: The study target was 500 enrolled patients or 6-months, whichever comes first. As of May 13, 2020, 235 patients have been enrolled in the study. Detailed post-study patient survey results are reported in Table One. Conclusions: The majority of patients were willing to participate in additional studies but were split on allowing camera/video for communication in homes. Patients reported ETCO2 over-alarming. Masimo coordinated with researchers to identify a software issue and adjusted to allow for actionable alarming. One patient used Narcan after discharge, was aroused and caregivers called 911. Two patients with frequent alarms sounding during the night were admitted to the hospital and diagnosed with “opioid induced non-ST elevated myocardial infarction” and “opioid induced renal hypoxia/failure” respectively. It is our impression without this study raising the awareness of opioid risks and alarms alerting, these patient conditions may have gone unalerted, unrecognized, and delayed treatment.
Interrogation and the Sexual Assault Suspect: On the Synergy between Pretext Caller and Police Interrogator

This chapter reviews the attempts of police to elicit confessions to child and adult sexual assault through standard police interrogation and through use of alleged victims or associates of alleged victim as surrogate interrogators. Specifically, we describe the use of “pretext calls” (otherwise known as “cold,” “controlled,” “one party consent,” or “confrontational” calls) made by victims or their associates at the behest of police. We describe commonalities and differences in the strategies employed by police interrogators and pretext callers, and the synergy between them. We further address reactions of suspects to each, as well as reactions of observers to admissions made in each context.
The Impact of US Nurses' Personal Religious and Spiritual Beliefs on Their Mental Well-Being and Burnout: A Path Analysis.

This study addresses the gap in the literature regarding the impact of nurses’ personal religious and spiritual beliefs on their mental well-being and burnout. A model of the association between these factors was tested based on surveys of 207 nurses located in southeastern USA and analyzed to determine the association between religion/spirituality, mental well-being, and burnout. A path analysis supported a model in which, through its positive impact on mental well-being, religion/spirituality was negatively associated with emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and positively associated with personal accomplishment.
Mechanical characterization of athletic helmet shells.

Our purpose was to compare the mechanical properties of the protective outer shells of various athletic helmets in their final, fully manufactured form. Sections were taken from 3 different helmet shells (Bauer RE-AKT hockey helmet, Cascade R lacrosse helmet, and Riddell Speedflex football helmet) at 4 different locations (front, side, top, and rear) for a total of 12 test specimens. The 4 specimens from each helmet shell were potted together in epoxy resin moulds and mechanically polished. The hardness, elastic modulus and phase angle were measured using dynamic nanoindentation performed at 100 Hz with an oscillation amplitude of 1 nm (rms). Repeated ANOVA analysis was used to compare each of the dependent variables for each of the 3 helmets across the 4 different locations. The interaction between helmet type and location was significant for hardness (F6,63 = 2.84, P = 0.032, Pη2 = 0.21), elastic modulus (F6,63 = 6.412, P < 0.001, Pη2 = 0.38), and phase angle (F6,63 = 7.65, P < 0.001, Pη2 = 0.42). Polycarbonate has a higher ability to dissipate mechanical energy making it the recommended superior choice for helmet shells. In addition, the results lead us to speculate that manufacturing causes changes in the molecular weight or the distribution of fillers across locations for polyethylene but not for polycarbonate since mechanical properties are fairly uniform over the surface of football helmets, at least within a given helmet.
A Configurational Exploration of How Female and Male CEOs Influence Their Compensation

The issues of excessive CEO compensation and gender pay gaps garner much attention from management scholars and the general public. In this study, we integrate these topics and explore the complex ...
COMPLICATIONS OF PERI-OPERATIVE URETERAL CATHETER PLACEMENT: EXPERIENCE AT A MAJOR CANCER CENTER.

Abstract Objective : To evaluate risks of peri-operative ureteral catheter placement in a consecutive patient-series. Methods : Patients who underwent peri-operative ureteral catheter placement at a single institution in 2018 were included. A retrospective review was conducted to evaluate patient and procedure related characteristics, including data on technique, perceived placement difficulty, operative details, and complications. Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis : Urologic complications within 30 days were evaluated using the Clavien-Dindo system. Statistical analysis for association was conducted using the X2 test or fisher's exact tests. Results : 413 patients were included. 50/413 (12.1%) cases had urologic complications within 30 days. 43 were Clavien-Dindo grade I-II. Six were grade III. 5/6 patients had oliguric, obstructive AKI. One had flank pain with hydronephrosis. Two patients each underwent placement of unilateral nephrostomy tube, bilateral double-J stent placement, and unilateral stent placement. One patient had a Grade V complication. They developed multi-system organ failure including renal failure with hydronephrosis.All patients who required re-intervention had bilateral peri-operative catheterization with use of a wire. Intraoperative difficulty with placement was associated with high-grade complication (p Conclusions : Rate of acute complication following ureteral catheter placement is 12%. 1.7% of patients develop post-operative ureteral obstruction requiring intervention within 30 days. Future studies are needed to determine patients most at risk for post-ureteral stent complication.
Decreased lipid storage in juvenile Bering Sea crabs (Chionoecetes spp.) in a warm (2014) compared to a cold (2012) year on the southeastern Bering Sea

The decline of eastern Bering Sea snow (Chionoecetes opilio) and Tanner (Chionoecetes bairdi) crab has coincided with loss of spring sea ice extent and northward contraction of the ‘cold pool,’ a layer of cold ( 10 µm) such as diatoms was elevated in the colder year particularly over the central middle shelf. During the cold year, crab storage of diatom-sourced fatty acids (16:1n-7 to 16:0, r2 = 0.72) as well as a station-specific relationship between large size-fraction integrated chla and crab total fatty acids (r2 = 0.5) points to the potential importance of diatoms to juvenile crab nutrition. Our results suggest that continued warming and loss of sea ice across the Bering Sea may reduce juvenile crab lipid storage through both direct thermal effects as well as through the reduction of large-size phytoplankton delivered to the benthos.
Crop-CASMA - A Web GIS Tool for Cropland Soil Moisture Monitoring and Assessment Based on SMAP Data

Timely, frequent, and complete cropland soil moisture information acquired throughout the growing season is critical for agricultural policy, production, food security, and food prices. The NASA Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) mission provides a reliable data source for cropland soil moisture assessment. This paper presents Crop-CASMA - a web GIS application tool for cropland soil moisture monitoring and assessment based on SMAP data. This interactive Web service-based GIS application tool enables CONUS SMAP derived soil moisture data visualization, dissemination, and analytics. In this paper, we describe the Crop-CASMA application system architecture, the application implementation, and the data it serves. In addition, we also present a few snapshots of the Crop-CASMA data for cropland soil moisture monitoring. The release of Crop-CASMA greatly enhances the user experience and facilitates using soil moisture data products for crop condition monitoring and decision support.
Evaluation of interactions between residues in α-helices by exhaustive conformational search

Publisher Summary Exhaustive conformational search is a simple and practical way to explore the entire conformational space available to a peptide (or molecular segment) with fewer than a dozen rotatable bonds. This chapter discusses the exhaustive conformational searches to evaluate interactions between pairs of hydrophobic side chains in mid-helix positions and to understand the motifs adopted by glycine-terminated helices. Hydrophobic interactions between residue side chains in an α-helix are thought to be helix-stabilizing. The chapter explains that exhaustive search techniques can be used to successfully model the interactions and small motifs that are characteristic of protein structure. It has been shown that small, stabilizing interactions can occur between two hydrophobic residues at appropriate spacings in the middle positions of an α-helix, in agreement with experimental findings. The two motifs adopted by glycine-terminated helices have also been rationalized and shown to be authentic helix stop signals.
The estimation and evaluation of pointwise nonlinearities for improving the performance of objective speech quality measures

This paper explores the utility of designing pointwise nonlinear transforms for simple objective speech quality measures using polynomial regression analysis. A method for the design and evaluation of these nonlinearities is presented and the performance of the resulting measures is discussed. The results of this study indicate that polynomial regression can produce objective measures which are comparable with those obtained using frequency variant or time classified design methodologies.
Editorial comment: preventing sudden death with implantable defibrillators in octogenarians: too much too late?

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) are highly effective in the prevention of sudden arrhythmic deaths. The recurrence rate following an out of hospital cardiac arrest or ventricular tachycardia is as high as 24-44% over the ensuing 18-36 months that secondary prevention is an important consideration in patients without a clearly defined reversible cause such as acute ischemia or major metabolic derangement. In this context, the ICD has been shown to be superior to anti-arrhythmics drugs including amiodarone, in a number of clinical trials. The value of an ICD is probably better expressed as the numbers needed to treat (NNT) to save a life. In the AVID trial, 9 patients had to be treated to save a life over a period of 3 years. The use of ICDs for primary prevention in patients at high risk for arrhythmic events is more controversial. The event rate is lower, and the benefit less pronounced as reflected in a larger NNT. In the MADIT II trial of patients with coronary artery disease and severe LV dysfunction, the NNT was 18 to save one life over a period of 20 months. In the SCD-Heft study of heart failure patients with LVEF < 0.35, the NNT was 14 over 5 year. In all cases, a non-arrhythmic cause limiting life expectancy to less than 1 year rarely justifies the use of an ICD. The use of ICDs in patients with advanced age is not well defined in clinical trials either because of exclusion for age over 80 or low representation of this age group. The current “appropriate use” guidelines suggest that an ICD may be appropriate in patients over the 80 years, based on individual considerations.
Willingness to Donate Frozen Embryos for Stem Cell Research

A national survey indicates that, for many infertility patients facing decisions about embryo disposition, research is the morally preferred option.
Butyl­triphenyl­phospho­nium bromide

At 106 K, the three C atoms closest to P in the but­yl group of the title compound, C22H24BrP, are in an extended conformation. However, unlike the longer alkyl­amine substituted triphenyl­phospho­nium compounds, the terminal torsion angle in the but­yl group is gauche. The phen­yl rings are in the propeller configuration usually found in this family of triphenyl­phospho­nium compounds.
The Economics of Improvement in Intellectual Property Law

A number of doctrines in modern copyright and patent law attempt to strike some balance between the rights of original developers and the rights of subsequent improvers. Both patents and copyrights are limited in duration and in scope. Each of these limitations provides some freedom of action to subsequent improvers. Improvers are free to use material that is in the public domain because the copyright or patent has expired. They are free to skirt the edges of existing intellectual property rights, for example by taking the ideas but not the expression from a copyrighted work or "designing around" the claims of a patent. However, improvers cannot always avoid the intellectual property rights of the basic work on which they wish to improve. Some improvements fall within the scope of the preexisting intellectual property right, either because of an expansive definition of that right or because economic or technical necessity requires that the improver hew closely to the work of the original creator in some basic respect. Here, the improver is at the mercy of the original intellectual property owner, unless there is some separate right that expressly allows copying for the sake of improvement.
Nutritional basis of growth failure in children and adolescents with Crohn's disease.

In order to investigate the mechanisms of severe growth failure in children with Crohn's disease, 7 affected patients (ages 9–17 yr) were studied before, during, and after parenteral nutrition as a supplement to oral intake. At the time of entrance into the study, patients had had cessation of linear growth for at least 1 yr, or a decrease of one standard deviation in height percentiles and/or a bone-age delay greater than 2 yr. Nutritional status was evaluated in all patients, and endocrinologic and metabolic balance studies were performed in 5 of the 7 pa tients. Neither endocrine dysfunction nor malabsorption accounted for the severe growth failure. Patients received approximately 8 wk of combined oral and parenteral nutrition achieving at least 75 calories per kilogram per day or greater. Weight gain averaged 4.8 ± 1.6 kg, while total body potassium (indicative of lean body mass) demonstrated a parallel significant rise (P
Using the Jigsaw Technique to Teach Clinical Controversy in a Clinical Skills Course.

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness and student perception of the jigsaw technique to engage students in a clinical controversy exercise and to assess student engagement level during each step of the process.Design. Students were assigned individual readings pertaining to the controversy surrounding the drug oxybutynin switching from prescription to nonprescription. They met with an expert group and teaching groups during mandatory laboratory time and worked together to formulate a recommendation on the appropriateness of nonprescription conversion for a drug.Assessment. A quiz taken individually was used to measure effectiveness. Student perception and level of engagement was assessed using surveys.Conclusion. The jigsaw technique was successful in teaching the concepts involved in the clinical controversy. Group members rated themselves and fellow participants’ level of engagement as high during both the expert group and teaching group sessions. Most students reported they learned about the same or...
n-Cycle: a set of algorithms for task distribution on a commodity grid

The global Internet is rich in commodity resources but scarce in specialized resources. We argue that a grid framework can achieve better performance if it separates management of commodity tasks from the management of the tasks requiring specialized resources. Assuming a relative homogeneity of the commodity resource providers, the determining factor of grid performance becomes the latency of entering into execution. This effectively transforms the resource allocation problem into a routing problem. We present an approach in which commodity tasks are distributed to the commodity service providers by request forwarding on the n-cycle overlay network. We provide algorithms for task allocation and for the maintenance of the overlay network. By ensuring that the algorithms use only narrow local information, the approach is easily scalable to millions of nodes. For task allocation algorithms in a commercial setting, fairness is of paramount importance. We investigate the properties of the proposed algorithms from the fairness point of view and show how adding several hops of random pre-walk to the algorithm can improve its fairness. Extensive simulations prove that the approach provides efficient task allocation on networks loaded up to 95% of their capacity.
ANTIBODIES TO OX-40 (CD134) CAN IDENTIFY AND ELIMINATE AUTOREACTIVE T CELLS : IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

Autoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells have been implicated as the causative cell type in: multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune uveitis, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease and graft-versus-host disease. The pathology of a number of experimentally induced autoimmune diseases is also mediated by autoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells. Ideally, treatment of CD4+ T-cell-mediated diseases would eliminate the autoantigen-specific cells, while sparing the remainder of the T-cell repertoire. We have developed an effective therapy that deletes the autoreactive T cells at the site of autoimmune tissue destruction. This approach uses an antibody directed against a cell-surface protein (OX-40, also known as CD134) that is selectively upregulated on activated autoantigen-specific T cells within the inflamed tissue.
Concern with AIDS and the Sexual Behavior of College Students.

The extent and distribution of concern about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is examined via a sample questionnaire distributed to 673 US college students. The impact of this concern on their sexual behavior is investigated. In the 447 usable questionnaires returned over 40% of the students claim that concern about AIDS has affected their behavior. 15% of the non-sexually active students report that their concern has prevented them from becoming sexually active. Those who claim to have become more selective in their choice of partners are not any more involved in relationships than is predicted on the basis of their background characteristics and there is no relationship between a reported decrease in the frequency of sex and reported coital frequency over the past year.
Magnetized baryonic matter in holographic QCD

We investigate the properties of the Sakai-Sugimoto model at finite magnetic field and baryon chemical potentials. We show that in a finite magnetic field, there exists a spatially homogeneous configuration carrying a finite-baryon number density. At a low magnetic field and baryon chemical potential, the equation of state of the matter coincides with that obtained from the chiral perturbation theory Lagrangian with an anomalous term. We discuss the behavior of the system at larger magnetic fields.
Interferometric fiber optic temperature sensor using a low-coherence light source

An interferometric fiber optic sensor employing a light emitting diode (LED) as the optical source and two fiber Fabry-Perot interferometers (FFPI) which were fabricated in continuous length of a single-mode silica fiber is analyzed. The performance as a temperature sensor is demonstrated and the predicted behavior is confirmed.
A phenomenologically based prediction of rod-bundle dryout

Abstract A balance of vaporization, entrainment and deposition rates is used to determine dryout. To perform the entrainment and deposition calculations, the rod bundle is divided into a series of subchannels each in contact with a single surface. After performing these calculations for an axial segment, the subchannels are then combined into conventional channels where the droplet concentration is homogenized. The flows in the liquid films on each rod are determined by averaging the flows on all segments of a given rod. The procedure is repeated for subsequent axial segments and dryout occurs when the liquid flow rate on any rod goes to zero. A limited comparison between computations and experimental data gives very encouraging results. The procedure also gave promising results when exit quality predictions were compared to experimental data.
Expert testimony in recovered memory trials: Effects on mock jurors' opinions, deliberations and verdicts

The current study examined the impact of adversarial expert testimony on deliberations and verdicts in a mock trial involving recovered memories of child sexual abuse. Participants (N = 238) were randomly assigned to one of the six conditions in a 2 (Defense Expert: absent or present) × 3 (Plaintiff Expert: absent, general or specific/therapist) factorial design. After reading the mock trial transcript, participants completed a questionnaire and deliberated to reach a jury verdict. The defense expert's statements effectively reduced the number of pro-plaintiff verdicts and the plaintiff's credibility. These effects were not mitigated by the plaintiff experts, suggesting that the plaintiff experts may only confirm jurors' prior pro-repression beliefs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Religiosity and Institutional Deviance: The impact of Religious Variables upon Inmate Adjustment:

A number of studies in recent years have examined the extent to which religious commitment is related to deviance. Generally, this literature indicates that religiosity is inversely related to vari...
RANS Predictions in an Idealized Lower-Plenum Model

The two-dimensional, unsteady, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations have been solved for the flow across a row of confined cylinders with a pitch-to-diameter ratio of 1.7, a configuration which was designed to model a next generation nuclear plant lower-plenum. Four different turbulence models were used: k–e, k–ω, v2 –f, and differential Reynolds-stress transport. Comparisons with available experimental data were made for pressure losses, recirculation lengths, and mean velocity profiles. The results indicate that all models did a reasonable job of predicting the pressure loss coefficient. However, in terms of the mean velocities and recirculation length, the determination of which model performed best is not clear.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Teaching compiler code generation: simpler is better

The code generation portion of a compiler is still typically constructed by hand in an ad-hoc manner. When teaching a compiler construction class, the code generation phase can occupy a large portion of a one semester project. To address this, we have created an extremely small instruction set simulator which is easily learned in a short period of time. We've termed this a RRISC (Really Reduced Instruction Set Computer) and have been using it successfully for several years.
Estimation of Steady-State Power System Model Parameters

The problem of estimating the network and other parameters of a power system using on-line telemetry data is considered. It is demonstrated that parameter inaccuracies can cause important limitations on on-line state estimation. This can be corrected by processing collected on-line data in an off-line mode to estimate inaccurate parameters. A recursive filtering-type algorithm is derived for this purpose. Simulation results indicate the feasibility of parameter estimation and the effectiveness of the derived algorithm.
Malignant renal angiomyolipoma without tuberous sclerosis

A 68-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain, fatigue, anorexia and night sweats. Imaging studies identified a vascular mass extending from the upper pole of the right kidney with anterior displacement to the abdominal midline, consistent with renal cell carcinoma. A radical nephrectomy and right pelvic lymph node dissection was performed. Pathology determined a grade 4 malignant epithelioid angiomyolipoma that invaded hilar and perinephric adipose tissue. Gross tumour was also present within the renal vein, sinus, pelvis, capsule and perinephric fat. The tumour was HMB-45 positive, supporting the diagnosis of a typical angiomyolipoma in association with the high-grade epithelioid tumour.
Regulation of ribonucleotide reductase in mammalian cells by chemotherapeutic agents

The reductive conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides is a prime target for the development of a cancer chemotherapeutic agent. A new series of inhibitors based on the polyhydroxy or polyamino aromatic ring has been developed. These compounds are effective ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors and possess antitumor activity if there are adjacent hydroxy or amino groups. The most effective enzyme inhibitor, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid, is 145 times more effective than hydroxyurea. However, the best antileukemic compound is 3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid, which increased the life span of L1210 leukemic mice more than 100%. Structure-activity studies have revealed that the hydroxamic moiety is not essential for activity. The polyhydroxybenzene derivatives reduced the pool sizes of all four deoxynucleotides. This contrasts with the action of hydroxyurea, which depletes only the deoxypurines. The mechanism of inhibition by this group of compounds appears to be related to their ability to trap free radicals, since there is good correspondence between reductase inhibition and free radical destruction. Some naturally occurring cytotoxic and neurological agents which have antineoplastic activity, dopa analogs and phenolic compounds isolated from mushrooms, bear a structural similarity to the new reductase inhibitors. We found that the dopa analogs were also inhibitory to ribonucleotide reductase. Another consequence of polyhydroxybenzoic acid derivative treatment is elevated reductase levels in the cell. Other cell cycle inhibitors that block from late G1 through early G2 also cause an enhanced level of ribonucleotide reductase. However, agents that block in early or mid-G1 or mid or late G2 and mitosis produce lower reductase levels. These data suggest that reductase synthesis is initiated at the G1/S transition point and this enhanced level of activity continues until late S or G2.
Immune Globulins in Human Viral Infections

EXTENSIVE investigations in animals, including man1–3, have shown that the first immune globulins which appear after a primary antigenic stimulus are of high molecular weight and can be readily inactivated by sulphydryl reducing compounds such as 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). In most systems these antibodies, which will be referred to as 19S, are replaced within a few weeks by 7S γ2-globulins which resist reduction. The 19S antibodies can be demonstrated in early post-immunization sera by sedimentation characteristics or more easily by titration of antibody activity before and after treatment with 2-ME. In late sera or following a secondary stimulus, 19S globulins make up no more than a small portion of total antibody so that 2-ME treatment does not result in over-all titre reduction.
Cranial anatomy and implications of Dolichocebus , a late Oligocene ceboid primate

THE very scarce fossil record of Cainozoic New World monkeys1,2 has contributed little to knowledge of the history of platyrrhine primates, an important element of both the neotropical mammal fauna3 and the pantropical primates, as a whole. Only the affinities of the Middle Miocene Colombian fossils Neosaimiri, Stirtonia and Cebupithecia seem reasonably well established4, though not without dissent5, and these are clearly linked with the modern squirrel, howler and sakiuakari monkeys, respectively. After completion of a survey of the morphology and interrelationships of the platyrrhines, to be detailed elsewhere (A. L. R., in preparation), it is now possible to discuss the evolutionary implications of the terminal Oligocene Dolichocebus gaimanesis of Patagonia, represented by a nearly complete cranium only recently prepared fully, although first described in 1942 (ref. 6). This specimen strongly suggests that Dolichocebus is a member of the Saimiri lineage, which thus becomes the oldest generic lineage known for the primates, dating from about 25 Myr ago7. Its affinities also imply that the two major monophyletic divisions of Ceboidea were already established by late Oligocene times, as were the marmosets and tamarins.
Why some countries thrive despite corruption: The role of trust in the corruption–efficiency relationship

ABSTRACT While it is widely accepted that corruption negatively affects economic growth, why some countries achieve rapid growth under rampant corruption remains a puzzle. This article sheds light on this issue by examining the role of trust in the corruption–efficiency relationship. It argues that in countries with a relatively low level of trust, corruption tends to be more predatory and inefficient than corruption in countries with a relatively high level of trust, which tends to be less predatory (or relatively more ‘efficiency-enhancing’). To illustrate their arguments, the authors first conduct a qualitative comparative case study of China and the Philippines. They then further subject their ideas to a quantitative test using a pooled data set of 65 countries in two time periods. Both their case study and statistical test support their general hypothesis that trust mitigates the negative effect of corruption on economic growth.
Real-time monitoring and control on signalized arterials

An analytical model for real-time estimation of travel times along signalized arterials was developed. The application of the model on two arterial sites and comparisons of the estimated travel times with simulated and field data show that the model accurately predicts travel times on the selected sites. In this article, we present several important extensions and refinements to the model including treatment of long queues and queue spillovers, and algorithms for signal priority to transit vehicles. We also describe the integration of the model into an archival data management system for continuous measurement and monitoring of traffic performance along arterials.
mTOR regulation of autophagy

Nutrient starvation induces autophagy in eukaryotic cells through inhibition of TOR (target of rapamycin), an evolutionarily-conserved protein kinase. TOR, as a central regulator of cell growth, plays a key role at the interface of the pathways that coordinately regulate the balance between cell growth and autophagy in response to nutritional status, growth factor and stress signals. Although TOR has been known as a key regulator of autophagy for more than a decade, the underlying regulatory mechanisms have not been clearly understood. This review discusses the recent advances in understanding of the mechanism by which TOR regulates autophagy with focus on mammalian TOR (mTOR) and its regulation of the autophagy machinery.
Risk factors for body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys and girls: a prospective study.

Objective Despite evidence that body dissatisfaction predicts the onset of eating pathology and depression, few prospective studies have investigated predictors of body dissatisfaction. Method We examined risk factors for body dissatisfaction using prospective data from 531 adolescent boys and girls. Results Elevations in body mass, negative affect, and perceived pressure to be thin from peers, but not thin-ideal internalization, social support deficits, or perceived pressure to be thin from family, dating partners, or media, predicted increases in body dissatisfaction. Gender moderated the effect of body mass on body dissatisfaction and revealed a significant quadratic component for boys, but not girls. Gender also moderated negative affect. Discussion Results support the assertion that certain sociocultural, biologic, and interpersonal factors increase the risk for body dissatisfaction, but differ for boys and girls. Results provided little support for other accepted risk factors for body dissatisfaction. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 389–401, 2004.
NMDA receptor modulators: an updated patent review (2013-2014)

Introduction: The NMDA receptor mediates a slow component of excitatory synaptic transmission, and NMDA receptor dysfunction has been implicated in numerous neurological disorders. Thus, interest i...
Theorizing the Postcoloniality of African American English

The amount of literature on African American English has grown considerably in the last decade. This article, although another contribution on the subject, follows a slightly different approach. It examines the uneasy relationship between Standard American English and African American English and explains why the relationship remains controversial. The article notes that many varieties of English around the world are more readily recognized as legitimate varieties of English than others; and it explains how African American English falls in the latter category. One of the issues that fascinate practitioners of critical linguistics and sociological inquiry, among others, is how power relations that exist in a society are frequently transferred to other matters such as language and culture. In the case of African American English, the article addresses the issue of whether or not the status of this language variety in America reflects the larger postcolonial struggles of its speakers.
Regulation of ether lipids and their precursors in relation to glycolysis in cultured neoplastic cells

Abstract Tumors typically show high rates of glycolysis and elevated levels of ether lipids, particularly the alkyldiacylglycerols; thus, we investigated the relationship between ether lipid accumulation and glucose metabolism in a neoplastic cell line (B2-1). The B2-1 cells grown in 5.5 mM galactose in the absence of glucose produced very low levels of alkyldiacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, lactic acid, and dihydroxyacetone-P. Increasing concentrations of glucose caused a progressive increase in lactic acid, dihydroxyacetone-P, and up to a ten-fold increase in alkyldiacylglycerols and triacylglycerols. Glucose supplements also caused an increased incorporation of [9,10-3H]palmitic acid into alkyldiacylglycerols and triacylglycerols. These metabolic changes appeared to be independent of altered growth rates of the cells. The addition of hexadecanol along with glucose to the cultures resulted in a shorter lag and a more rapid rate of accumulation of alkyldiacylglycerols; hexadecanol supplements alone had no effect. The extent of uptake and oxidation of hexadecanol was similar in both the glucose and galactose-grown cells. These results indicate that the levels of alkyldiacylgycerols in neoplastic cells can be regulated by the extent their precursors are formed from glucose.
Rent creation and distribution from biotechnology innovations: The case of bt cotton and Herbicide‐Tolerant soybeans in 1997

We examine the distribution of welfare from the second-year planting of Bt cotton in the United States in 1997. We also provide preliminary estimates of the planting of herbicide-tolerant soybeans in 1997. For Bt cotton, total increase in world surplus was $190.1 million and US farmer share of total surplus was 42%. The gene developer, Monsanto, received 35% and the rest of the world 6% of the total world surplus. Delta and Pine Land received 9%, whereas US consumers received 7%. For herbicide-tolerant soybeans, total world surplus was $1,061.7 million. US farmers' surplus was 76%, Monsanto's was 7%, US consumers received 4%, and seed companies captured 3% of total surplus. [Econolit: Q120, D600, O330] © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characterization of the nuclear genome of pearl millet

Abstract The nuclear genome of pearl millet has been characterized with respect to its size, buoyant density in CsCl equilibrium density gradients, melting temperature, reassociation kinetics and sequence organization. The genome size is 0.22 pg. The mol percent G + C of the DNA is calculated from the buoyant density and the melting temperature to be 44.9 and 49.7%, respectively. The reassociation kinetics of fragments of DNA 300 nucleotides long reveals three components: a rapidly renaturing fraction composed of highly repeated and/or foldback DNA, middle repetitive DNA and single copy DNA. The single copy DNA consists of 17% of the genome. 80% of the repetitive sequences are at least 5000 nucleotide pairs in length. Thermal denaturation profiles of the repetitive DNA sequences show high T m values implying a high degree of sequence homogeneity. About half of the single copy DNA is short (750–1400 nucleotide pairs) and interspersed with long repetitive DNA sequences. The remainder of the single copy sequences vary in size from 1400 to 8600 nucleotide pairs.
HYPERTENSIN IN THE SYSTEMIC BLOOD OF ANIMALS WITH EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION

1. A method has been developed which makes possible the demonstration of a pressor substance in the circulating systemic blood of dogs with experimental renal hypertension. 2. After the intravenous injection of renin into normal dogs, it was possible to detect a pressor substance formed in the systemic blood. After the intravenous injection of 1 unit of renin, as much as 1 unit of the pressor substance was detected in the plasma from 200 cc. of systemic blood. 3. Large amounts of systemic blood pooled from several normal dogs did not contain detectable amounts of pressor substance. 4. In experimental renal hypertension due to unilateral or bilateral constriction of the main renal arteries, a pressor substance was demonstrated in large amounts of systemic blood, corresponding to from one-fifth to one-third of the total blood volume. This was accomplished without the addition of hypertensinogen to enhance the action of the renin in the blood. In an animal weighing about 15 kilos, with benign hypertension up to 3 months' duration, about 3 to 5 units of this pressor substance are probably constantly circulating in the entire systemic blood. 5. The pressor substance was also detected in a relatively small amount of renal vein blood from an ischemic kidney. 6. In the systemic blood of dogs weighing about 15 kilos, with malignant experimental renal hypertension, from 15 to 25 units, or more, of the pressor substance are present in the entire circulating blood. 7. The pressor substance which appears in the systemic blood of dogs with experimental renal hypertension, and of normal dogs after intravenous injection of renin, is destroyed by hypertensinase. 8. The pressor substance obtained from the systemic blood of dogs with experimental renal hypertension has the same physiological and chemical properties as hypertensin produced in vitro. It is therefore suggested that the name hypertensin be adopted for the pressor substance which causes experimental renal hypertension. 9. In this study the animals in the benign phase of hypertension were almost all in the early stage (3 months or less). Whether the humoral mechanism obtains in animals in the late stage, after years of hypertension, or in any form of human hypertension is being investigated.
Solid state water motions revealed by deuterium relaxation in 2H2O-synthesized kanemite and 2H2O-hydrated Na+-Zeolite A

Abstract Deuterium NMR relaxation experiments, low temperature deuterium NMR lineshape analysis, and FTIR spectra are consistent with a new model for solid state jump dynamics of water in 2 H 2 O-synthesized kanemite and 2 H 2 O-hydrated Na + -Zeolite A. Exchange occurs between two populations of water: one in which water molecules are directly coordinated to sodium ions and experience C 2 symmetry jumps of their OH bonds, and a population of interstitial water molecules outside the sodium ion coordination sphere that experience tetrahedral jumps of their OH bonds. For both samples the C 2 jump rate is much faster than the tetrahedral jump rate. 2 H NMR relaxation experiments match well with the fast exchange regime of the model over a wide range of temperatures, including room temperature and above. For hydrated Zeolite A, the kinetic activation parameters for the tetrahedral and C 2 symmetry jumps are Δ H tet ‡ = +17 kJ/mol, Δ S tet ‡ = −109 J/(mol K), Δ H C 2 ‡ = + 19 kJ / mol , and Δ S C 2 ‡ = - 20 J / ( mol K ) . For kanemite, Δ H tet ‡ = +23 kJ/mol, Δ S tet ‡ = −69 J/(mol K), Δ H C 2 ‡ = + 23 kJ/mol , and Δ S C 2 ‡ = - 11 J / ( mol K ) .
A "hybrid" R-matrix-optical model parametrization of the 12C(α, γ)16O cross section

The ^(12)C(α,γ)^(16)O cross section at astrophysical energies has been determined from existing ^(12)C(α, α)^(12)C and ^(12)C(α,γ)^(16)O data by means of a “hybrid” R-matrix - optical model method; we obtain an S-factor of 0.08 _(−0.04)^(+0.05) MeV·b at E_(c.m) = 300 keV. The El γ-ray width of the 9.59 MeV state has been determined to be 23 ± 3 meV.
Computer determination of the constituent structure of biological images.

Abstract A class of algorithms is described which enables computer quantized images to be decomposed into constituent reflecting the structure of the images. This decomposition is viewed as the morphological precursor to a higher level syntactic analysis. Numerical results for a typical biological image are presented.