Persistent effects of tacrine on reinstatement of non-reinforced responding for cocaine

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (2015) e118–e201 e127 technicians in Puerto Rico.We explore if these differ by whether or not the pharmacy accepts Medicaid. Methods: A Probabilistic sample with 118 participants from 61 pharmacies (65% response rate) responded to a self-administered questionnaire in 2011. A univariate analysis was conducted using SPSS version 17.0 to describe the attitudes, knowledge and training needs. Bivariate analysis was conducted to assess if these differed by acceptance of Medicaid. Results:80% agreed theywould provide service to a personwith opioid dependence; 90% were willing to dispense the medication. In spite of this, 48% believe that participants can carry out thefts in the pharmacy and 50% fear for their safety. Knowledge scores did not differ by Medicaid acceptance but negative attitudes towards drug users was significantly greater among pharmacies accepting Medicaid (p<0.000). Conclusions:MAT expansion effortsmust take into account the knowledge and attitudes of pharmacists as an important component of the system of care. Efforts to address negative attitudes towards drug users should initiate in pharmacies servingMedicaid beneficiaries. Financial support: Open Society Foundation and small grant from Reckitt Benckiser. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.262 Persistent effects of tacrine on reinstatement of non-reinforced responding for cocaine Kenneth Grasing, Shuangteng He Substance Abuse Research, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States Aims: After treatment with tacrine or certain other cholinesterase inhibitors, some individual rats develop longlasting reductions in cocaine-reinforced behavior, described as persistent attenuation (PA). This study determined whether cholinesterase inhibition also modified reinstatement of nonreinforced responding for drug, evaluated after extinction of cocaine self-administration. Methods: Rats trained to self-administer intravenous cocaine under FR-5 (reinforcement after 5 lever-presses), and were then pretreated with either vehicle or 10mg/kg-day of tacrine. Tacrine was administered followingdrug self-administration sessions, over a 21h period. After reacquisition of cocaine-reinforced behavior, extinction (cues absent and responding had no consequence), reinstatement was initiated by pretreatment with 0, 3.2, or 10mg/kg of cocaine. Results: After tacrine pretreatment, rats either promptly reacquired cocaine self-administration at levels similar to their previous baseline, or self-administered lower levels, defined as PA negative or positive animals, respectively. Following extinction, pretreatment with cocaine elicited robust and dose-related responding on active levers in either PA negative or positive rats. At the highest dose of cocaine evaluated (10mg/kg), active lever responding was significantly lower in PA positive rats. In addition, the time interval between responses was significantly longer in these animals. Responding on inactive levers or following low-dose cocaine did not differ. Conclusions: In addition toeffectsoncocaine-reinforcedbehavior, this study shows that cholinesterase inhibition can attenuate reinstatement produced by high-dose cocaine, decreasing levels of lever pressing and slowing the rate of responding. These effects were not observed at a lower cocaine dose that was sufficient to motivate significant active lever responding. Because responding on inactive levers was not affected, the findings do not reflect a generalized reduction in operant responding. Financial support: Supported by a grant to KG from theDepartment of Veterans Affairs. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.263 Cytokines during acute abstinence of crack cocaine: The role of early life stress Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira1, Mateus L. Levandowski1, Thiago W. Viola1, Luiz E. Wearick1, Julio Carlos Pezzi2, Moises E. Bauer1, Antonio L. Teixeira1, Elisa Brietzke1 1 Centre of Studies and Research in Traumatic Stress, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil 2 Pos Graduacaoem Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Ciencias da Saude de Porto Alegre, Porto