cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiative Transfer In Snow And Bubbly Ice

Snow appears white under most conditions of illumination. Yet holes in snow are blue. Both are consequences of the absorption properties of pure ice and multiple scattering by ice grains. The albedo of pure snow is high and does not vary greatly over the visible spectrum because incident photons that are scattered many times before re-emerging from the snow are unlikely to be absorbed before doing so. It is only by observing transmitted light that colors are seen. Beautiful blue light is often seen in quite shallow holes in snow. Although it takes many meters of ice to selectively absorb visible light, a few tens of centimeters of snow are sufficient because multiple scattering increases the effective path length a photon travels before reaching a given depth. In contrast with snow, frozen waterfalls (bubbly ice) are sometimes observed to be slightly green or bluish-green. Moreover, they are not as highly reflecting as surrounding snow. A first approximation to radiative transfer in bubbly ice is to consider it to be snow with a very large grain size. For snow with grain sizes a few millimeters or less the albedo is high and does not vary appreciably over the visible spectrum. But if the grain size is increased to 10 millimeters or more the albedo drops markedly and differences over the visible spectrum become more pronounced.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
LaserSPECks: laser SPECtroscopic trace-gas sensor networks - sensor integration and applications

We introduce a novel laser spectroscopic trace-gas sensor platform, LaserSPECks that integrates recently developed miniature quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QE- PAS) gas sensing technology. This universal platform uses infrared laser spectroscopy detect and quantify numerous gas species at part-per-million to part-per-billion (ppm-ppb) concentrations (Curl, 2002). Traditional gas sensing devices capable of the same sensitivity and specificity are several orders of magnitude larger in size, cost, and power consumption. Thus, high resolution gas sensing technology has been difficult to integrate into small, low-power, replicated sensors suitable for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper presents the principles behind laser based trace gas detection, design issues, and outlines the implementation of a miniaturized trace-gas sensor from commerical-off-the-shelf (COTS) components. We report on an early prototype as a proof- of-concept for integration into WSN applications. We also describe a number of ongoing collaborations in utilizing the platform in air pollution and carbon flux quantification, industrial plant control, explosives detection, and medical diagnosis. Furthermore, we discuss experimental performance evaluations to examine general platform requirements for these types of sensors. The results of our evaluation illustrate that our prototype improves upon previous gas sensing technology by two orders of magnitude in measures of power consumption, size, and cost, without sacrificing sensor performance. Our design and experiments reveal that laser-based trace-gas sensors built from COTS can be successfully implemented and integrated within WSN nodes to enable a wide range of new and important sensing applications.
Exchange rate target zones, realignments and the interest rate differential: Theory and evidence

Abstract This paper develops a target zone model for the exchange rate where the expected realignment is an increasing function of the distance of the exchange rate from the central parity, as a percentage of the width of the band. In this framework, the interest rate differential increases with the deviation of the exchange rate from the central parity when the exchange rate is close to the central parity, and it decreases when the exchange rate is close to the edges of the band. Finally, the paper looks at the evidence from the EMS, and finds partial support for the implications of the model.
Cellular immune correlates of clinical severity in oral lichen planus: preliminary association with mood states.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated cellular immune and psycho-immune dysfunctions in patients with erosive and non-erosive oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions. METHODS: Patients with erosive or non-erosive OLP were screened at the UCLA Dental Clinic. The profile of mood states (POMS) was administered. T lymphocyte subpopulations were monitored by dual fluorescence. T lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for assessment of markers of activation by flow cytometry and of interleukin (IL)-2 production by ELISA.Plasma cortisol and neopterin levels were assessed by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Circulating T cells that express the cluster of differentiation no.4 (CD4+) but devoid of the CD45RA marker, and POMS score were significantly associated (r= 0.83, P < 0.05) in the patients we studied. We found a significantly higher (P < 0.05) per cent and absolute lymphocyte numbers of circulating CD4+CD45RA cells in the OLP patients with erosive lesions, compared to OLP patients with non-erosive lesions. The ratio of CD4+ CD45RA+ over CD4+CD45RA cells was significantly (P < 0.05) biased toward the CD4+CD45RA subpopulation in OLP patients with erosive lesions (ratio = 0.19 ± 0.09) compared to patients with non-erosive OLP lesions (ratio = 0.47 ± 0.15). The expression of CD54, but not that of CD69, was significantly blunted (P < 0.05) in OLP patients following CD3+ cell stimulation. IL-2 production and plasma neopterin were normal in these patients. There was no correlation between plasma cortisol and T cell populationS. CONCLUSIONS: We find fine differences in psycho-immune interactions between patients afflicted with non-erosive OLP lesions compared to those with erosive OLP lesions.
Pre-Life and End-of-Life Combined Profit Optimization With Predictive Product Lifecycle Design

The Predictive Product Lifecycle Design (PPLD) model that is proposed in this paper enables a company to optimize its product lifecycle design strategy by considering pre-life and end-of-life at the initial design stage. By combining lifecycle design and predictive trend mining technique, the PPLD model can reflect both new and remanufactured product market demands, capture hidden and upcoming trends, and finally provide an optimal lifecycle design strategy in order to maximize profit over the span of the whole lifecycle. The outcomes are lifecycle design strategies such as product design features, the need for buy-backs at the end of its life, and the quantity of products remanufacturing. The developed model is illustrated with an example of a cell phone lifecycle design. The result clearly shows the benefit of the model when compared to a traditional Pre-life design model. The benefit would be increased profitability, while saving more natural resources and reducing wastes for manufacturers own purposes.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The effects of lesions in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus on behavioral contrast in rats

Rats with lesions in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus displayed significantly greater positive behavioral contrast effects than did controls on a multiple VI extinction schedule, supporting the hypothesis that animals with ventromedial lesions are more responsive than controls to changes in reinforcement contingencies. Also supporting this hypothesis was the finding that three of the four lesioned animals displayed negative behavioral contrast effects on a multiple VI VI schedule which followed the multiple VI extinction schedule, whereas none of the five control animals displayed negative contrast. Manipulations involving shifts in reinforcer quality were inconclusive. It was concluded that some of the current hypotheses regarding the behavioral consequences of ventromedial lesions are in need of revision. Several studies have demonstrated that animals with ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions show greater reactivity to the positively reinforcing and aversive properties of stimuli than do control animals. For example, the occurrence of overeating normally seen in VMH-lesioned rats critically depends upon the taste qualities of the diet which the animals are fed (Corbit & Stellar, 1964; Graff & Stellar, 1962; Teitelbaum, 1955). While normal animals will consume appreciable amounts of cellulose- or quinine-adulterated food, obese hyperphagic rats will stop eating and lose a great deal of weight (Graff & Stellar, 1962). Obese hyperphagic animals will also show a marked increase in food intake over their own control levels if their food is sweetened with dextrose (Teitelbaum, 1957). Other studies have corroborated these findings for animals in either the dynamic or static phases of hyperphagia, showing that they react exaggeratedly to the taste qualities of both food (Corbit & Stellar, 1964) and water (Corbit, 1965). Furthermore, intragastric feeding studies have demonstrated that although unoperated rats can regulate food and water intake in the absence of taste and smell, VMH-lesioned animals are critically affected by the absence of taste (Epstein & Teitelbaum, 1962; Teitelbaum & Epstein, 1963). The exaggerated finickiness shown by animals with the VMH area destroyed has been used to support the thesis that VMH lesions produce a basic motivational disturbance evidenced by increased sensitivity to the reinforcing properties of sensory stimulation. According to Grossman (1966, 1967), the effects of VMH lesions on feeding behavior may be secondary to a more general change in the organism's affective responsiveness to all stimuli.
Reagents in the mineral industry — recent trends and applications

Abstract The minerals industry in the last two decades has seen intense activity in the area of reagent development for treating a wide variety of ores. The free world market for reagents used in mineral applications amounts to $1.5 to $2.0 billion and is served by over 300 chemical firms. Special emphasis is placed on collectors, frothers, flocculants, solvent extraction reagents, depressants and dispersants as they are needed and employed by different mineral industries. The worldwide demand for the reagent market looks promising as the capital investment proposed for mining development over the period 1991–93 is 55.1 billion US dollars. Major marketing efforts are anticipated in the areas of aluminum, copper, precious metals and industrial minerals. Several general challenges or directions in which efforts should be placed can already be identified as follows: • • The importance of on-line instrumentation to determine the performance of old or new reagent schemes. • • The development of scale up methodology in identifying the performance of a particular reagent both in the laboratory and in plant operations. • • The development of new reagents will follow the use of concepts involved with chelation, ion exchange, solvent extraction and other related hydrometallurgical processes. • • The development of reagents that are less sensitive to pH and offer increased recovery of minor constituents (precious metals) and selective separation from large amounts of fine particles as in the case of pyrite, talk, kaolin, silica, etc. • • Reagent development with respect to cost performance and environmental concern. In this paper an overview of reagent development in the past two decades will be given with emphasis on recent trends and applications.
Obesity in older adults: Relationship to functional limitation

Purpose of reviewThe present review is intended to provide a critical overview of recent investigations of obesity among older persons with emphasis upon associated functional limitations, potential for intervention, and a future research agenda.Recent findingsObesity is growing in prevalence among
Flit-gun sprayer characteristics

Six flit-gun sprayers were tested for possible use in mosquito adulticide programs where inexpensive nonmotorized application technology may be required. An analysis of variance for differences in droplets or = 48 mu, droplets/cm2, volume median diameters, and mosquito mortality is provided. As shown by these data, good results can be achieved with this equipment.
The Femininity Ideology Scale: Factor Structure, Reliability, Convergent and Discriminant Validity, and Social Contextual Variation

This study reports on the psychometric properties of the Femininity Ideology Scale (FIS) from the responses of 407 undergraduate participants in the USA. Factor analysis supported the five factor structure. Cronbach alpha coefficients of the factors and total scale were adequate. Support for discriminant validity was found after examining the relationship between the FIS and the Bem Sex Role Inventory, which measures feminine traits. Support for convergent validity was found after examining, first, with the entire sample, the relationships between the FIS and the Male Role Norm Inventory, and second, with the female sample, the relationships between the FIS and the Feminist Identity Development Scale. We also found that FIS scores vary in relationship to the social contextual variables of race/ethnicity and sex.
Genetic Testing of Children for Predisposition to Mood Disorders: Anticipating the Clinical Issues

Large-scale sequencing information may provide a basis for genetic tests for predisposition to common disorders. In this study, participants in the Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative (N=53) with a personal and/or family history of Major Depressive Disorder or Bipolar Disorder were interviewed based on the Health Belief Model around hypo- thetical intention to test one's children for probability of developing a mood disorder. Most participants (87 %) were interested in a hypothetical test for children that had high ("90 %") positive predictive value, while 51 % of participants remained interested in a modestly predictive test ("20 %"). Interest was driven by beliefs about effects of test results on parenting behaviors and on discrimination. Most participants favored testing before adolescence (64 %), and were reluctant to share results with asymptomatic children before adulthood. Participants anticipated both positive and negative effects of testing on parental treatment and on children' ss elf-esteem. Further investigation will determine whether these findings will generalize to other complex disorders for which early intervention is possible but not clearly demonstrated to im- prove outcomes. More information is also needed about the effects of childhood genetic testing and sharing of results on parent-child relationships, and about the role of the child in the decision-making process.
Direct effects of alcohol on in vivo and in vitro exocrine pancreatic secretion and metabolism.

Ethanol, 3% (w/v) in the bathing fluid of thein vitro rabbit pancreas, decreases water, bicarbonate, and protein secretion. Intravenous infusion of ethanol in anesthetized rabbits also inhibited water and bicarbonate secretion, but not protein secretion. Bothin vitro andin vivo, ethanol caused decreases in tissue ATP content of the pancreas but had no effect on cAMP levels. These results support a hypothesis of inhibition of exocrine pancreatic secretion by a direct effect of ethanol on secretory cells and suggest that cellular metabolism is the locus of ethanol's action.
Computational Analysis of the G-III Laminar Flow Glove

Under NASA's Environmentally Responsible Aviation Project, flight experiments are planned with the primary objective of demonstrating the Discrete Roughness Elements (DRE) technology for passive laminar flow control at chord Reynolds numbers relevant to transport aircraft. In this paper, we present a preliminary computational assessment of the Gulfstream-III (G-III) aircraft wing-glove designed to attain natural laminar flow for the leading-edge sweep angle of 34.6deg. Analysis for a flight Mach number of 0.75 shows that it should be possible to achieve natural laminar flow for twice the transition Reynolds number ever achieved at this sweep angle. However, the wing-glove needs to be redesigned to effectively demonstrate passive laminar flow control using DREs. As a by-product of the computational assessment, effect of surface curvature on stationary crossflow disturbances is found to be strongly stabilizing for the current design, and it is suggested that convex surface curvature could be used as a control parameter for natural laminar flow design, provided transition occurs via stationary crossflow disturbances.
The nature of perceptual deficits in visually deprived cats.

Summary Different types of visual deprivation lead to different patterns of deficits determined neurophysiologically. This study attempted to determined whether these different types of visual deprivation would lead to different patterns of behavioral deficits. Kittens were reared with one or both eyes suturned shut or with contact lenses alternately occluding either or both eyes. Following 13–25 weeks of deprivation these kittens were tested for the ability to learn and to intercularly transfer discimination of luminous flux, grid oreintation and pattern (upright versus inverted triangles). Generalization test were administered to determine the basis on which these discriminations were performed. The amount of intercoular transfer obtained was not proportiona to the number of binuclear cells that would be expected to result from the different kinds of deprivation. Specifically, the alternating mononuclear deprivation, which should have led to a 10-fold reduction in the proportion of such units, had no effect on intercular transfer. Interocular appears to be more difficult if an animals uses different cues to master the discrimination with the two eyes as may be the case for the monucularly deprive animals. The learning data suggest that normal visual perception of patterned stimuli is dependent upon the presence of an adequate number of cells with highly selective response characteristics. A decrease in the proportion of such cells retards the learning visual discriminations. The fewer the remaining cells, the greater the retardation. With reduced set of cells with selective receptive fields, the organism can still extract some form cues — such as grid orientation — from the environment, but finds it very difficult to extract higher order configurational properties. Overall, the results of this series of experiments provide evidence that highly selective cells in cat visual cortex are essential for normal pattern perception.
EFFECTS OF SMOKING UPON SUSTAINED PERFORMANCE IN A SIMULATED DRIVING TASK

THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING UPON PERFORMANCE DURING SUSTAINED OPERATION OF A SIMULATED DRIVING DEVICE WERE DETERMINED. SUBJECTS WERE ASSIGNED TO A NONSMOKER GROUP, A SMOKER GROUP, OR A DEPRIVED SMOKER GROUP. THEY OPERATED THE DRIVING DEVICE FOR SIX CONSECUTIVE HOURS. MEASURES OF TRACKING ERROR, REACTION TIME AND VIGILANCE PERFORMANCE WERE OBTAINED. IN ADDITION, ALL SUBJECTS COMPLETED A NOWLIS MOOD SCALE BEFORE AND AFTER THE TEST SESSION. RESULTS SHOWED NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SMOKERS AND NONSMOKERS IN THE VARIOUS MEASURES INVOLVED IN THE DRIVING DEVICE. DEPRIVED SMOKERS, HOWEVER, SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY MORE TRACKING ERROR AND VIGILANCE ERRORS THAN SUBJECTS IN THE OTHER GROUPS. DATA FROM THE MOOD SCALE SUGGEST THAT SMOKING MAY HAVE AN INFLUENCE ON MOOD CHANGE.
Methodology for adhesion characterization of microwave PECVD diamond films on SiAlON tool inserts

Abstract The silicon nitride/SiAlON family of ceramic tool materials provides substrates with low thermal expansion coefficients for the deposition of continuous diamond films for prospective metal-cutting applications. Adhesion of diamond films grown by processes such as microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) to these ceramics can, however, be erratic. The characteristics of the diamond-ceramic interface which evolves during the deposition process are thus significant in the understanding of film adhesion. In this study, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and scanning electron microscopy were used to elucidate the nature of this interface, revealed by indentation fractures that produced interfacial cracks between diamond films and SiAlON substrates. The films were prepared with comparable methane-hydrogen feedstocks, but in two different microwave plasma deposition systems. AES showed, in some cases, apparent carburization of the SiAlON surface, rendering it less insulating and thus amenable to characterization by electron spectroscopy and scanning microscopy. Improved adhesion of the diamond films was observed when carbon enrichment of the SiAlON surface was apparently achieved during the growth process.
Strategic taxation of the multinational enterprise: A new argument for double taxation

Abstract This paper analyzes the social welfare effects of multinational enterprise taxation by home and host governments. In a general equilibrium model, direct foreign investment arises to employ a firm-specific asset abroad. Either a tax credit or deduction for foreign taxes paid results in the host fully taxing locally earned economic profits. Welfare, endogenous market structure, and profit results are identical in tax credit and deduction regimes. Because it lowers host government taxation in the subgame-perfect equilibrium, double taxation of foreign-earned profits emerges as a weakly dominant strategy for the source government.
All in the family: matrimonial mitral valve clicks.

Mitral valve clicks with or without late systolic murmurs were detected in genetically unrelated marital partners of 5 families. The first family repre sented 2 successive nonconsanguineous marital unions with 3 generations of mitral valve clicks. The second family included 1 natural and 2 adopted children with clinical and echographic evidence of mitral valve prolapse. The third family was comprised of asymptomatic parents, both with nonejection clicks and mitral valve prolapse, whose daughter presented 3 years previously with syncope, palpitations, and combined mitral and tricuspid valve prolapse. The fourth family had 3 members with auscultatory and ultrasonic manifes tations of billowing mitral valve, whereas the fourth member had "silent mitral valve prolapse." The fifth family represented a mother with auscul tatory and echographic evidence of mitral valve prolapse; her 14-year-old daughter had both mitral and tricuspid valve prolapse, whereas the son had a bicuspid aortic valve. Both children were ...
Detection of particle clustering in gas–solid systems using shadow-sizing technique

Abstract A circulating fluidized bed (CFB) was used to study the particle motion in the riser section to simulate flow regimes in a cold gasifier. High speed imaging was used in order to capture the dynamics of the particles in motion. The shadow sizing technique was used that allowed the determination of particle volume fraction and estimating the trajectories at various flow rates in the riser. The formation of clusters in the riser section of the CFB was detected by analyzing the deviation of the particle volume fraction from the mean value. The shadow sizing technique was observed to be an effective method for detecting dynamics of particles in motion and formation of clusters when supported with high-speed imaging capability.
SOVIET AGRICULTURAL POLICY IN THE 1980

During the early 1960s. the USSR entered a stage where the pent-up forces for a higher standard of living no longer could be ignored. These forces showed in an increased demand for high-quality food products, particularly meat, and raised Soviet demand for feed grains. The Soviets came to rely increasingly on the world grain market for these—particularly on the United States. Nonetheless, consumer discontent over food supplies and the reliance on imported grain was a strategic weakness which the United States sought to exploit in 1980. The USSR reacted by formulating a IIFood PrOgramI1 that is the basis of today's Soviet agricultural policy. Its implications for trade could be significant.
Negative Cooperativity of Phosphofructokinase as a Possible Regulator of Ripening in Banana Fruit

THE banana belongs to a group of fruits which undergo a rapid increase in respiration with ripening1. Several theories have been advanced to account for this ‘respiratory climacteric’2: the most often mentioned hypotheses are (1) the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, (2) a change in acceptor control by ADP, (3) a change in membrane permeability, and (4) the synthesis or activation of a rate-limiting enzyme. The uncoupler theory and the ADP to ATP ratio change have, however, been disproved, and no clear evidence has been presented in support of the other theories.
AIDS in the classroom: Are teacher attitudes changing?

The present paper updates the survey conducted in 1987 on teacher attitudes to AIDS. By repeating the original survey ‘three years on’, information is available on whether and in what sense, teacher attitudes have changed.
The ammonia selective catalytic reduction activity of copper-exchanged small-pore zeolites

Abstract The NH3-SCR activity of the small-pore zeolites, Cu-SSZ-13, Cu-SSZ-16, and Cu-SAPO-34, is investigated using a high-throughput reactor system. These copper exchanged small-pore zeolites have high SCR activity between 150 and 500 °C and are shown to be much more hydrothermally stable than the medium-pore zeolite, Cu-ZSM-5. The degree of copper exchange, the dimensionality of the framework, and heteroatom framework substitution all impact the SCR activity and hydrothermal stability of the materials. Of the small-pore zeolites tested, Cu-SSZ-13 and Cu-SAPO-34 display superior SCR performance, both before and after high-temperature hydrothermal treatment.
Simulation study of cached RAID5 designs

This paper considers the performance of cached RAID5 using simulations that are driven by database I/O traces collected at customer sites. This is in contrast to previous performance studies using analytical modelling or random-number simulations. We studied issues of cache size, disk buffering, cache replacement policies, cache allocation policies, destage policies and striping. Our results indicate that: read caching has considerable value; a small amount of cache should be used for writes fast write logic can reduce disk utilization for writes by an order of magnitude; priority queueing should be supported at the disks; disk buffering prefetch should be used; for large caches, it pays to cache sequentially accessed blocks; RAID5 with cylinder striping is superior to parity striping. >
Comparative plant genomics. Frontiers and prospects.

Comparative methods have long been the cornerstone of studies that draw inferences about function and evolution at various levels of biological organization. The availability of whole-genome sequences as well as other genomic resources (e.g. microarray methods, expressed sequence tag [EST] libraries
Effect of nonhomogeneous shear rates on the flow-induced crystallization of flexible macromolecules

Several observations are made regarding the role of nonhomogeneous shearing rates in the process of flow-induced fibrillar crystallization from solution. The flow geometry chosen in the present analysis is that occurring in the annular region between two concentric cylinders. Computational evaluation and discussion of the effect of stress-induced diffusion is presented in terms of the elastic dumbbell model. Significant variations in concentrations in the annular region are predicted at full development. Estimates of the dynamics of development of these profiles indicate that the length to capillary radii for full development depends upon the molecular weight of the polymer and the relative dimensions of the concentric cylinders. These results indicate the important role of stress-induced diffusion in the process of thickening of fibrillar crystals.
Growth and Distribution in Heterodox Models with Managers and Financiers

Heterodox models of income distribution and growth generally have two classes: workers and capitalists. However, recent discussions of inequality have drawn attention to changes in income distribution due to wage inequality and to an increase in the income and wealth of the top income group. To take these changes into account, this paper uses a simple two-group framework to develop simple classical-Marxian and post-Keynesian-Kaleckian models, in which one group consists of production workers who also own capital and another group consists of managers and financiers, as well as traditional capitalists, to analyze the determinants and growth implications of distributional changes.
Principles-Based Versus Rules-Based Standards and Earnings Management

Using a sample of accounting irregularities, this study investigates whether rules-based characteristics are associated with the dollar magnitude of earnings management, with the probability of being penalized by the SEC when earnings management is detected, and with the assessed penalty. To address these questions, I develop an instrument that measures the extent to which a standard contains rules-based characteristics. I find rules-based characteristics are positively associated with the dollar magnitude of earnings management. I also find a negative association between rules-based characteristics and the probability of being penalized by the SEC via enforcement actions. These results suggest the magnitude of earnings management is greater when a rules-based standard is violated and the likelihood of being penalized by the SEC is lower for detected rules-based violations.
Quantum mechanical study of solid solution effects on dislocation nucleation during nanoindentation

A multiscale quasicontinuum density functional theory method is used to study the solid solution effect on dislocation nucleation during nanoindentation. Specifically, an Al thin film with Mg impurities is considered. We find that the solid solution effect depends sensitively on the local configuration of the impurities. Although a random distribution of the impurities increases the hardness of the material, linear distributions of the impurities actually lower the hardness. In both cases, the strengthening/softening effects are due to dislocation nucleation. Consistent with recent experiments, the change of the ideal strength is found to be small. Different incipient plasticity behaviors are observed: in the pure material, two full dislocations are nucleated under the indentor. For a random distribution of impurities, two partial dislocations are formed instead. For linear distributions of impurities, only one partial dislocation is formed. Thus the nucleation of dislocations is sensitive to the local distribution of impurities in an alloy. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Efficient optimization and processing for distributed monitoring and control applications

In recent years, we have seen an increasing number of applications in networking, sensor networks, cloud computing, and environmental monitoring, that aim to monitor, control, and make decisions over large volumes of dynamic data. In my dissertation, we aim to enable a generic framework for these distributed monitoring and control applications, and address the limitations of prior work such as data stream management systems and adaptive query processing systems. In particular, we make the following contributions: 1) supporting the maintenance of recursive queries over distributed data streams, 2) enabling full-fledged cost-based incremental query re-optimization, and 3) as ongoing work, incorporating the cost estimation of plan switching during query re-optimization. Our solutions are implemented and evaluated using our prototype system Aspen, over a variety of workloads and benchmarks. In addition, our prototype system Aspen enables an end-to-end framework to support control and decision-making over integrated data streams from both the physical world (e.g., sensor streams) and the digital world (e.g., web, streams, databases).
The End of Political Islam? A Comparative Analysis of Religious Parties in the Muslim Democracy of Indonesia

Why do some religious parties survive after adopting a moderate ideological outlook while others do not? The rise and fall of religious parties since the onset of democratic transition in Indonesia has set off an intriguing debate over the role and future of political Islam in electoral politics. This article seeks to explain the diverging – and unexpected – trajectories of the two most prominent religious parties, the National Awakening Party (PKB) and Justice Prosperous Party (PKS) through a close examination of the case of PKB. It emphasizes organizational qualities to advance two claims. First, the decline of the moderate PKB is the result of the permeation of personality-based clientelistic and ascriptive relations as well as lack of party institutionalization. Political survival of the puritanical Islamist PKS, on the other hand, is explained by organizational cohesion achieved through party institutionalization. Second, a disciplined party structure has allowed PKS elites to achieve controversial ideological adjustments. In short, a moderate centralist religious ideology or outlook alone is not sufficient to achieve political survival in the competitive environment of electoral and religious politics.
Practitioners' Perspectives on Entrepreneurship Education: An Interview With Steve Case, Matt Goldman, Tom Golisano, Geraldine Laybourne, Jeff Taylor, and Alan Webber.

The state of entrepreneurship has changed radically over the past 3 decades. Entrepreneurial approaches are now a regular part of most economic discussions, and entrepreneurs are recognized among b...
Power controlled multiple access (PCMA) in wireless communication networks

We address the issue of power-controlled shared channel access in future wireless networks supporting packetized data traffic, beyond the voice-oriented continuous traffic primarily supported by current-generation networks. First, some novel formulations of the power control problem are introduced, which become progressively more general by incorporating various relevant costs. The analysis of the models under simple, yet natural, assumptions yields certain ubiquitous structural properties of 'optimal' power control algorithms. Based on such structural properties, we design a new family of distributed and asynchronous PCMA algorithms and evaluate them experimentally by simulation. They are found to perform substantially better than a standard benchmark algorithm for power control. This is a first step towards the design of full PCMA protocols for autonomous channel access in high-performance wireless networks.
Constellation shape as a robust signature for digital modulation recognition

This work reports on a new digital modulation recognition algorithm in an AWGN channel and in the presence of carrier recovery errors. The proposed classification technique uses the signal constellation shape as a stable modulation signature. The recovered constellations are modeled by binomial nonhomogenous spatial random fields and are used in an ML classifier. We experimentally show that shape as a global signature exhibits considerable stability in high noise, weakly synchronous environments. Experimental results are shown for various modulation standards including V.29, V.29 fallback, 8-PSK and 16-QAM.
Low-latency Memory-efficient 150-Mbps Turbo FEC Encoder and Decoder

A high-speed turbo FEC code was proposed in the HomePlug AV standard for 200-Mbps high-data-rate home networking systems over power lines. In this paper, we demonstrate an efficient implementation of the FEC core to meet the high throughput requirement with lowered latency and lowered memory costs. The performance enhancement is achieved by combining radix-16 encoding with a time-shared conflict-avoidance memory access structure in the encoder, and by employing an optimized sub-bank parallel decoding architecture in the iterative decoder. A low-latency design can reduce the TX/RX turn-around time and the minimum inter-frame spacing required in a shared network, hence improving overall network utilization
Effect of chlorination on the TlBr band edges for improved room temperature radiation detectors

Thallium bromide (TlBr) crystals subjected to hydrochloric acid (HCl) chemical treatments have been shown to advantageously affect device performance and longevity in TlBr-based room temperature radiation detectors, yet the exact mechanisms of the improvements remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the influence of several HCl chemical treatments on device-grade TlBr and describe the changes in the composition and electronic structure of the surface. Composition analysis and depth profiles obtained from secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) identify the extent to which each HCl etch condition affects the detector surface region and forms of a graded TlBr/TlBrCl surface heterojunction. Using a combination of X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and hybrid density functional calculations, we are able to determine the valence band offsets, band gaps, and conduction band offsets as a function of Cl content over the entire composition range of . This study establishes a strong correlation between device process conditions, surface chemistry, and electronic structure with the goal of further optimizing the long-term stability and radiation response of TlBr-based detectors.
The Role of Cholesterol in the Pathogenesis of NASH

Lipotoxicity drives the development of progressive hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in a subgroup of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), causing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and even progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of inflammation and fibrosis that characterize progressive NASH remain unclear, emerging evidence now suggests that hepatic free cholesterol (FC) is a major lipotoxic molecule critical in the development of experimental and human NASH. In this review, we examine the effects of excess FC in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells (KCs), and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and the subcellular mechanisms by which excess FC can induce cellular toxicity or proinflammatory and profibrotic effects in these cells.
Notes from the Library in Volume 13:1

"The New American Magazine" By Kenneth Q. Jennings "The Jersey Gazette" By Richard P. McCormick
Memorandum to the United Nations Concerning The Role of Social Science in the Service of Peace and Security

the degree of success of the same conference as evaluated from the vantage point of the present time. Such comparisons might reveal evidence or clues to an understanding of the deferred values of conferences. The framework of the job analysis would differ somewhat from the case study by virtue of following a somewhat formal scheme of categories. In the job analysis approach the conference situation is broken up into its separate operations, and these in turn are broken down into their essentials, meanwhile not losing sight of the relation of the parts to the whole. In the case method a more long-time historical approach is used and all relevant data are drawn upon.
DIRECTOR CAPABILITIES, INFORMATION PROCESSING DEMANDS AND BOARD EFFECTIVENESS.

This article discusses challenges posed to the oversight roles of boards of directors by the increasing complexity of business operations. The role of information management strategies in determini...
Imperial perceptions of Palestine: British influence and power in late Ottoman times

The “Palestine question” is easily the most studied and discussed topic in Middle Eastern history. It is a subject filled with emotional heft and fraught with potential pitfalls. Despite these pote...
Confidence regions for comparison of two normal samples

Abstract The comparison of two normal populations is considered when one is interested not only in the difference between the means but also in the ratio of the variances. Several joint confidence regions for these two parameters are obtained.
IC based broadband digital receiver for 4G wireless communications

Digital receivers are pursued as part of future civilian and military communication applications. Design and implementation of a broadband receiver is presented that operates for 4G wireless communications. Performance of the realized hardware is evaluated in terms of system parameters.
Extremal Functions on Cayley Digraphs of Finite Cyclic Groups

For positive integers d and k we define m(d, k) to be the maximum positive integer m such that the Cayley digraph of the finite cyclic group of order m, generated by a set of k positive integers has diameter less than or equal to d. In this paper we establish a new lower bound for m(2, k). We also use this lower bound to obtain a lower bound for m(d, k) for any given positive integer d and sufficiently large k.
Ultrawideband FMCW Radar for Airborne Measurements of Snow Over Sea Ice and Land

We present an ultrawideband frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar for airborne measurements of snow thickness. The radar operates over a frequency range of 2–18 GHz and is capable of about 1.4-cm range resolution at a nominal survey altitude of 500 m. The system was installed on a Twin Otter and used to collect data to demonstrate the capability of fine-resolution measurements of snow thickness over both sea ice and land near Barrow, AK. Data collected over a relatively smooth water surface, a lead, were used to deconvolve system effects to reduce range sidelobes and obtain close-to-ideal range resolution. Radar data collected over snow covered sea ice and land from the field campaign showed that we can map air–snow and snow–ice interfaces of thin and thick snow. The radar-derived snow thickness data are in a very good agreement with the in situ measured data with a correlation of 0.88.
Laying the Foundation: Preparing the Field of Business and Society for Investigating the Relationship Between Business and Inequality

With the growth in income inequality now regarded as a crucial social issue, business and society scholars need to prepare themselves for the ambitious task of studying how corporate practices, int...
Healthcare resource allocation decisions affecting uninsured services

Purpose Using the example of community access programs (CAPs), the purpose of this paper is to describe resource allocation and policy decisions related to providing health services for the uninsured in the USA and the organizational values affecting these decisions. Design/methodology/approach The study used comparative case study methodology at two geographically diverse sites. Researchers collected data from program documents, meeting observations, and interviews with program stakeholders. Findings Five resource allocation or policy decisions relevant to providing healthcare services were described at each site across three categories: designing the health plan, reacting to funding changes, and revising policies. Organizational values of access to care and stewardship most frequently affected resource allocation and policy decisions, while economic and political pressures affect the relative prioritization of values. Research limitations/implications Small sample size, the potential for social desirability or recall bias, and the exclusion of provider, member or community perspectives beyond those represented among participating board members. Practical implications Program directors or researchers can use this study to assess the extent to which resource allocation and policy decisions align with organizational values and mission statements. Social implications The description of how healthcare decisions are actually made can be matched with literature that describes how healthcare resource decisions ought to be made, in order to provide a normative grounding for future decisions. Originality/value This study addresses a gap in literature regarding how CAPs actually make resource allocation decisions that affect access to healthcare services.
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

Environment is surroundings in which an organization operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans, and their interrelation. Environmental objective is overall environmental goal, consistent with the environmental policy, that an organization sets itself to achieve. Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE) ensures that any business can continually monitor and improve environmental performance.
Solvent Effects on Erbium Chloride Complexation Reactions

Ultrasonic absorption measurements on 0.200 M ErCl3 indicate a coordination number change accompanies inner sphere complexation in aqueous DMSO, but not in aqueous methanol.
Possible lack of low-mass meteoroids in the Earth's meteoroid flux due to space erosion?

Abstract The Earth's cumulative meteoroid flux, as found by Halliday et al. (1996), may have a shallower slope for meteoroid masses in the range 0.1–2.5 kg compared to those with masses greater than 2.5 kg when plotted on a log flux vs. log mass graph. This would indicate a lack of low-mass objects. While others such as Ceplecha (1992) find no shallow slope, there may be a reason for a lack of 0.1–2.5 kg meteoroids which supports Halliday et al.’s finding. Simple models show that a few centimeters of space erosion in stony meteoroids can reproduce the bend in Halliday et al.’s curve at ∼2.5 kg and give the shallower slope.
Patch testing with natural rubber latex

Immediate-type hypersensitivity to natural rubber latex (NRL) may be associated with chronic eczema, and it has recently been suggested that NRL should be used as a patch-test allergen. However, a standardized preparation does not exist, and experience of patch testing with this substance is extremely limited. The aims of our study were to investigate the patch-test response to different preparations of NRL amongst patients with suspected contact dermatitis. 608 patients were patch tested with a latex series which included wet and dry preparations of undiluted high-ammonia (HA) NRL and low-ammonia thiuram-containing NRL. Cutaneous reactions to 1 or more NRL patches were noted in 24 patients. None of these were strong allergic reactions (> +), and in 15 patients, the responses were only doubtful (?+). Positive patch tests were observed in 9 patients, and were probably due to concurrent thiuram allergy in 6. In the remaining 3 patients, the reactions had subsided by the 2nd reading and may have represented false positives. None of the patients showed consistent allergic reactions to all NRL patches, and most of the doubtful readings had resolved within 4 days, suggesting that they were irritant rather than weak allergic responses. Patch testing to dry HA latex was associated with the least number of reactions. We conclude that allergic patch test reactions to NRL are uncommon, and as reactions are usually weak and difficult to interpret, we suggest that patch testing with NRL should remain experimental until further studies have been undertaken.
Hereditary Multiple Exostoses-A Comprehensive Examination of a 4-Year-Old Dutch Warmblood Male With Maternal Links to HME in First and Second Generations.

Abstract Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is a condition rarely diagnosed in horses, which has not been previously reported in Dutch Warmblood horses. Its presentation resembles that diagnosed in humans, and it is predominantly active during periods of skeletal maturation. This case study reports a link between a granddam with no obvious HME lesions and its first and second generations presenting with HME, albeit with different sires. The severity in affected horses (n = 5) varied from one foreleg to the other with extensive multiple lesions of 123 of 205 bones in a half sibling in the first generation. In the second generation, axial deviations were reported, including similar lesions to those found in the first generation. Rib and limb lesions were the most commonly reported in the first and second generations by age four. However, an extensive examination of the 4-year Dutch Warmblood first generation male revealed lesions from the first cervical vertebra to the first caudal vertebra, inclusive of rib and limb lesions. As all horses with this condition are untreatable, early detection and diagnosis would provide the owner/breeder with options to avoid financial loss and emotional stress.