cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Form and Function of a Bacterial Pathogen

In this chapter, we discuss the form and function of the bacterial cell. The salient features of bacterial architecture include the cell membrane, peptidoglycan, pili, flagella, and other important structures needed for the organism to survive in its host. This section also includes a discussion of metabolism, energy production and the genome as it relates to pathogenesis. The reader will become familiar with bacteria from an anatomic and metabolic standpoint so as to have a solid foundation to understand basic principles presented in the remaining chapters of the volume.
Pore-Scale Modeling of Fluid-Fluid Interfacial Area in Variably Saturated Porous Media Containing Microscale Surface Roughness.

A pore-scale model is developed to simulate fluid-fluid interfacial area in variably saturated porous media, with a specific focus on incorporating the effects of solid-surface roughness. The model is designed to quantify total (film and meniscus) fluid-fluid interfacial area (Anw ) over the full range of wetting-phase fluid saturation (Sw ) based on the inherent properties of the porous medium. The model employs a triangular pore space bundle of cylindrical capillaries (BCC) framework, modified with three surface roughness-related parameters. The first parameter (surface roughness factor) represents the overall magnitude of surface roughness, whereas the other two parameters (interface growth factor and critical adsorptive film thickness) reflect the micro-scale structure of surface roughness. A series of sensitivity analyses was conducted for the controlling variables, and the efficacy of the model was tested using air-water interfacial area data measured for three natural porous media. The model produced good simulations of the measured Anw data over the full range of saturation. The results demonstrate that total interfacial areas for natural media are typically much larger than those for ideal media comprising smooth surfaces due to the substantial contribution of surface roughness to wetting-film interfacial area. The degree to which fluid-fluid interfacial area is influenced by roughness is a function of fluid-retention characteristics and the nature of the rough surfaces. The full impact of roughness may be masked to some degree due to the formation of thick wetting films, which is explicitly quantified by the model. Application of the model provides insight into the importance of the interplay between pore-scale distribution and configuration of wetting fluid and the surface properties of solids.
Ultrafast lasers for coherent communications and signal processing (Invited Paper)

This paper discusses use of optical frequency combs generated by modelocked semiconductor lasers for coherent photonic signal processing applications. Key in our approach is a high Q cavity, supermode suppression and low spontaneous emission. Targeted applications of the stabilized optical frequency combs lie in areas of metrology, optical sampling, arbitrary waveform generation and communications using coherent detection.
Postural Control and Verbal and Visual Working Memory Correlates in Nonclinical Psychosis.

Introduction Motor and cognitive abnormalities are well documented in psychosis spectrum disorders. Evidence suggests these deficits could be pronounced because of disruptions in the cerebellar-thalamic-cortical-cerebellar (CTCC) circuit, a network thought to be heavily implicated in motor and higher cognitive functioning. Although significant research has been done on this topic in individuals with schizophrenia and those at a clinical high risk for psychosis, much less is known about deficits at the lower end of the spectrum. Methods In this study, we extended the understanding of motor abnormalities across the psychosis continuum by examining postural sway deficits in the nonclinical psychosis (NCP) population. Furthermore, we linked these deficits to verbal and visual working memory. High-NCP (n = 37) and low-NCP control (n = 31) participants completed an instrumental balance task, highly sensitive to subtle variations in postural sway, along with a brief working memory battery. Results We found that high-NCP participants presented with increased postural sway area (i.e., worse postural control) relative to low-NCP controls on a difficult condition (with limited proprioceptive cues), but not on an easier condition. Furthermore, results indicated that the sway area was correlated with poorer performance on working memory tasks in the high-NCP group. Conclusion These findings suggest that CTCC circuit abnormalities are present across the lower end of the psychosis spectrum and that they may be contributing to a range of motor and cognitive behaviors seen in the population. However, evidence suggests that the signs are subtle, and that sensitive assessment devices and challenging conditions may be necessary for detection.
Opioids and sleep.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Summarize the effects of opioids on sleep including sleep architecture, sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and restless legs syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS Opioids are associated with the development of central sleep apnea (CSA) and ataxic breathing. Recent reports suggest that adaptive servo-ventilation may be an effective treatment for CSA associated with opioids. SUMMARY Opioids have multiple effects on sleep, sleep architecture and SDB. Although originally described with methadone use, most commonly used opioids have also been shown to affect sleep. In patients on chronic methadone, sleep architecture changes include decreases in N3 and REM sleep. However, in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain, opioids improve sleep quality and sleep time. Opioids, generally at a morphine equivalent dose more than 100 mg/day, are associated with an increased incidence of CSA and ataxic breathing as well as obstructive sleep apnea. Other risk factors may include concomitant use of other medications such as antidepressants, gabapentinoids and benzodiazepines. Opioid-induced CSA can be potentially treated with adaptive servo-ventilation. Finally, opioids are a potential therapeutic option for restless legs syndrome unresponsive to dopamine agonists and other medications. However, use in patients with restless legs syndrome should proceed with caution, taking into account the risk for dependence and development of SDB.
Rheumatologists' perspective on hydroxychloroquine guidelines.

Objective Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinal toxicity is an ongoing concern for rheumatologists. The revised 2016 American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) guidelines created controversy regarding the correct dosing and evaluation of HCQ toxicity. The current study was initiated to further understand rheumatologists’ practices regarding HCQ. Methods A questionnaire-based survey was distributed electronically to rheumatologists. We collected information on HCQ dosing, clinical decision-making processes, familiarity with the AAO 2016 guidelines, and perceived disparities between the AAO 2016 guidelines and rheumatological clinical practice. Results 78 rheumatologists completed the survey (49% from USA, 90% academic practices, 82% self-identified as lupus experts). Only lupus expert (n=64) data were included in subsequent analysis. The mean cohort size was 747 (50–6571), a total cohort 45 612 patients. HCQ was prescribed to >75% of patients with SLE by 81.3% of SLE experts, with routine counselling about ophthalmic risks. The typical dose of HCQ used was 200–400 mg/day. 17% of rheumatologists use doses up to 600 mg/day, while 6.2% use up to 6.5 mg/kg/day. HCQ adherence is routinely assessed. 479 cases of HCQ retinal toxicity (1.05%) and 9 cases of HCQ-associated blindness (1.8 per 10 000 patients) were reported. 89.1% of respondents reported familiarity with the AAO guidelines. Those aware of the guidelines cited limited dosing options (54.7%), lack of supporting evidence (57.8%) and low patient adherence (43.8%) as obstacles to greater implementation of the guidelines. Conclusion These data suggest that HCQ toxicity and blindness are rare in patients with SLE. Rheumatologists treating patients with SLE are aware of the guidelines and appreciate the importance of partnering with ophthalmologists in preventing retinal toxicity.
Gait analysis in a rat model of traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Gait disruptions following traumatic brain injury (TBI) are noted in the clinical population. To date, thorough analysis of gait changes in animal models of TBI to allow for correlation of pathological alterations and utilization of this as a therapeutic outcome have been limited. We therefore assessed gait using the DigiGait analysis system as well as overall locomotion using the Beam Walk test in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats following a commonly used model of TBI, parietal lobe controlled cortical impact (CCI). Rats underwent DigiGait baseline analysis 24 h prior to injury, followed by a moderate CCI in the left parietal lobe. Performance on the DigiGait was then assessed at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days post-injury, followed by histological analysis of brain tissue. Beam walk analysis showed a transient but significant impairment acutely after injury. Despite observance of gait disturbance in the clinical population, TBI in the parietal lobe of rats resulted in limited alterations in hind or forelimb function. General hindlimb locomotion showed significant but transient impairment. Significant changes in gait were observed to last through the sub-acute period, including right hindpaw angle of rotation and left forelimb and right hindlimb swing phase duration. Slight changes that did not reach statistical significant but may reflect subtle impacts of TBI on gait were reflected in several other measures, such as stride duration, stance duration and stance width. These results demonstrate that moderate-severe injury to the parietal cortex and underlying structures including corpus callosum, hippocampus, thalamus and basal ganglia result in slight changes to gait that can be detected using the Digigait analysis system.
Route of Hysterectomy: Robotic

The annual percentage of hysterectomies performed with robotic-assisted laparoscopy has steadily increased since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the platform for gynecologic su...
Data Consult Service: Can we use observational data to address immediate clinical needs?

OBJECTIVE A number of clinical decision support tools aim to use observational data to address immediate clinical needs, but few of them address challenges and biases inherent in such data. The goal of this article is to describe the experience of running a data consult service that generates clinical evidence in real time and characterize the challenges related to its use of observational data. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 2019, we launched the Data Consult Service pilot with clinicians affiliated with Columbia University Irving Medical Center. We created and implemented a pipeline (question gathering, data exploration, iterative patient phenotyping, study execution, and assessing validity of results) for generating new evidence in real time. We collected user feedback and assessed issues related to producing reliable evidence. RESULTS We collected 29 questions from 22 clinicians through clinical rounds, emails, and in-person communication. We used validated practices to ensure reliability of evidence and answered 24 of them. Questions differed depending on the collection method, with clinical rounds supporting proactive team involvement and gathering more patient characterization questions and questions related to a current patient. The main challenges we encountered included missing and incomplete data, underreported conditions, and nonspecific coding and accurate identification of drug regimens. CONCLUSIONS While the Data Consult Service has the potential to generate evidence and facilitate decision making, only a portion of questions can be answered in real time. Recognizing challenges in patient phenotyping and designing studies along with using validated practices for observational research are mandatory to produce reliable evidence.
Effects of Venous Insufficiency in Patients Undergoing Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: An Analysis of 1.2 Million Patients.

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is extraordinarily prevalent in our aging population with over 30 million people in the United States suffering from the disease. There is a paucity of data analyzing the effects of CVI on outcomes following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to utilize a nationwide administrative claims database to determine whether patients with CVI undergoing TKA have higher rates of: (1) in-hospital lengths of stay (LOS); (2) readmission rates; (3) medical complications; (4) implant-related complications; and (5) costs of care compared to controls. Using a nationwide database, we matched patients with CVI undergoing TKA to controls without CVI undergoing TKA in a 1:5 ratio by age, sex, and medical comorbidities associated with CVI. Primary outcomes analyzed within the study included LOS, 90-day readmission rates, 90-day medical complications, 2-year implant-related complications, in addition to 90-day total global episode of care costs. The query yielded 1,265,534 patients with (n = 210,926) and without (n = 1,054,608) CVI undergoing primary TKA. Patients with CVI had significantly longer LOS (4 vs. 3 days, p
Treatment of Primary CNS Lymphoma: Maximizing Clinical Benefit, Minimizing Neurotoxicity

The optimal treatment for newly diagnosed and refractory or relapsed primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is not fully defined. We review the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and current management strategies for newly diagnosed PCNSL as well as emerging treatments for refractory and relapsed disease. In recent decades, the incidence of PCNSL has increased in the elderly population. With advancements in chemotherapy for PCNSL, survival has improved. However, outcomes remain inferior when compared with other forms of extranodal lymphoma. Additionally, treatments can be associated with clinically significant neurotoxicities. Despite advances in the treatment of PCNSL, current treatment regimens remain suboptimal in terms of response rates and neurotoxicity. Well-tolerated agents, especially for the elderly, are still needed.
Stability of Rigid Frames with Nonuniform Members

Buckling capacities of rigid frames with nonuniform members are analyzed by a numerical method using divided segments. Fundamental and higher buckling loads and modes result from the eigenvalues an...
Turning Leaf: Eco-visualization for Mobile User Engagement☆

Abstract Awareness of environment trends and global warming is widespread, but personal knowledge of energy consumption is not provided in real-time or in an actionable manner to individual consumers. Using recent work in eco-visualization, an innovative mobile application has been developed, depicted with a turning leaf. The illustration of individual energy use in a mobile hand held device is designed to improve awareness while encouraging personal conservation. Additional user motivation may be present, with the turning leaf symbolizing turning over a new leaf or encouraging positive social behaviors. The mobile application is illustrated, with an analysis of the motivation and behavior which would be expected from energy-aware users.
Analysis of vesicle immunolysis assays: The direct binding model

Assays based on lysis of lipid vesicles have shown high sensitivity. However, little as yet is known about the quantitative relationships among the various assay parameters, due in part to the lack of a predictive theoretical model. This paper presents the derivation of the equations that describe a simple model assay system in terms of the total fraction of vesicles with bound antibodies and the distribution of vesicles with one, two, or more antibodies bound. The equations show how the binding of antibodies to vesicles is affected by such variables as: vesicle concentration, antigen density on vesicle surfaces, antibody concentration, and antibody affinity. With the distribution functions, experiments can be designed to determine the minimum number of antibodies needed to lyse a vesicle. In addition, it is shown how estimations of the ultimate sensitivity of lipid vesicle lytic assays can be made. The model can be used to optimize vesicle lysis assay systems.
"Digital labor: The Internet as playground and factory," edited by Trebor Scholz

Review of Trebor Scholz, ed., Digital labor: The Internet as playground and factory. New York: Routledge, 2013, paper, $37.95 (258p) ISBN 978-0-415-89695-5; hardcover $150 (258p) ISBN 978-0-415-89694-8.
The Classical Limit

The aim of this book is to provide you with an introduction to quantum mechanics, starting from its axioms. It is the aim of this chapter to equip you with the necessary mathematical machinery.
In my end is my beginning: developmental trajectories of adverse childhood experiences to late-life suicide

Objectives: Converging evidence suggests that the sequelae of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) including childhood abuse (e.g., sexual, physical, emotional/verbal abuse, neglect) and other ACE (e.g., family dysfunction, parental loss, parental psychopathology, substance abuse, incarceration, and domestic violence) have pronounced effects on suicidal behaviors (suicidal ideation, attempts, and death by suicide) in older age. There are fundamental changes in the developmental trajectory of biological, psychological and behavioral processes that result from ACE and that exert influence throughout the life span. Different moderators and mediators may affect the extent and nature of the relationship. However, the literature on the specific mechanisms whereby ACE affects suicidality in later life has not been well identified.Method: We review and draw from extant multidisciplinary evidence to develop a heuristic framework through which to understand how ACE may lead to suicide in later life.Results: Propose...
Magnetic measurements of the storage ring quadrupole magnets for the 7-GeV Advanced Photon Source

The pre-production quadrupole magnet for the Advanced Photon Source (APS) storage ring has been tested. The multipole coefficients meet the tolerance requirements. The field-gradient integrals are measured relative to a reference quadrupole. By using two laser beam units, the magnetic and geometrical axes of the magnet are aligned within 0.2 mrad. The dependencies of the sextupole coefficient and the magnetic center on the excitation current are corrected by shunting the magnetic potentials of the top and bottom yokes. >
Prenatal Sonographic Diagnosis of Hemivertebrae Associations and Outcomes

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate associated anomalies and outcomes of fetuses with prenatally diagnosed hemivertebrae. METHODS Fetuses with prenatally diagnosed hemivertebrae, excluding those associated with spina bifida, were identified by searching the prospectively maintained ultrasound databases of 4 institutions from 1997 to August 2007. Associated birth defects were tabulated by organ system and hemivertebra location. Outcomes included karyotypes, gestational ages, and routes and outcomes of deliveries. RESULTS Nineteen fetuses had a diagnosis of hemivertebrae at a mean gestational age +/- SD of 20.5 +/- 5.4 weeks. Fourteen (73.7%) fetuses had additional anomalies, of which 5 (35.7%) were syndromic (4 with cloacal exstrophy and omphaloceles and 1 with Jarcho-Levin syndrome). Karyotypes were normal in all 11 available cases, each of which had additional anomalies. Fourteen (73.7%) neonates were live born at a mean gestational age of 34.9 +/- 4.3 weeks, of which 7 (50%) were born by cesarean delivery. Ten neonates (71.4%) were delivered before term, and 4 (28.6%) were growth restricted (<10th percentile). Two (14.3%) of these neonates died; both had cloacal exstrophy and large omphaloceles. The remaining pregnancies were terminated (4 [21.1%]) or had a fetal death (1 [5.3%]). CONCLUSIONS Most fetuses with prenatally diagnosed hemivertebrae have additional anomalies, often syndromic, which affect the prognosis. Affected pregnancies have high rates of cesarean delivery and growth restriction. Neonates with nonisolated hemivertebrae are more often delivered before term and have higher mortality rates.
Composite-film hydrodynamic bearings

Abstract From time-to-time, experts endeavor to estimate the amount of energy lost due to friction and wear. According to one such estimate, over 4.22 × 1018 J of energy were lost in the United States in 1978 alone – enough to supply New York city for the entire year. A major factor in limiting our energy efficiency is energy loss through friction in tribo-elements is [1] . In recognition of this, there have been significant efforts made during the past decades towards increasing the efficiency of bearing operations. The major influencing aspects of hydrodynamic lubrication are the structure of the lubricant film, the properties of the bearing surfaces, and the properties of the lubricant. Major past approaches for seeking efficiency improvement focused on the latter two of these aspects and concerned surface modification techniques and modification of lubricant properties. Here we advocate the third approach, modification of the structure of the lubricant film; this approach leads to what we call composite-film bearings (CFB). Composite-film bearings rely on a double layer, composite lubricant film to separate the load-bearing surfaces. We show in this paper that, while maintaining safe film dimensions, composite-film bearings perform with considerably lower frictional losses then do traditional bearings. In designing the CFB scheme, we rely on nature to seek out and maintain a configuration that minimizes viscous dissipation [4] . This will be achieved in our case by the localization of deformation, and thus of viscous dissipation, to the low-viscosity component of the film. The CFB construction appears to be particularly suitable to power generating equipment. The journal bearings of these large rotating apparatus dissipate considerable energy [5] ; the CFB has the potential to cut these losses.
Medical students' descriptions of self and ideal physician.

Abstract 287 first-year medical students in the United States and Britain were administered two versions of the 300-item Adjective Check List on wnich they had to describe themselves and the ideal physician. In addition, they were required on a questionnaire to rate their attraction toward and likelihood of entering 21 medical specialities. It was found that male and female students perceived the ideal physician in similar (androgynous) terms but that women saw themselves as being more different from that goal than men. Data also emerged showing that females showed some signs of resigning themselves to the more “appropriate” speciality areas.
Thermochemical properties of the HSO radical

Abstract Thermochemical properties of the HSO radical in the ideal gas state from 0 to 3000 K were calculated in the harmonic-oscillator, rigid-rotor approximation using recent spectroscopic data for the vibrational frequencies and heat of formation, and theoretical estimates of the molecular geometry.
Frequency Weighting for the H and H Control Design of Flexible Structures

The H and the related H(sub 2) controller design methodologies allow for the design of control systems that meet tracking requirements and, at the same time, maintain the binding disturbance rejection properties.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF HYALURONIDASE AND TYPE-SPECIFIC ANTI-M SERUM ON EXPERIMENTAL GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTIONS IN MICE

Five strains of encapsulated group A streptococci of different serological types, each with a glossy and a matt variant, were studied to compare the roles of the M substance and the hyaluronic acid capsule in virulence of these microorganisms. The results indicated that both contribute to the virulence of group A streptococci but that the M antigen is the more fundamental factor. Encapsulated variants, both glossy and matt, were slightly less susceptible to phagocytosis than those from which the capsule had been removed with hyaluronidase. Glossy variants, containing no M substance, were readily phagocyted; matt, M-containing variants were resistant to phagocytosis except in the presence of anti-M serum when they became fully susceptible. Only the M-containing, matt strains were mouse-virulent. Mice were protected against infections with these strains: (a) By removal of the capsule with hyaluronidase, which resulted in slight protection, but only against 10 M.L.D. Early and intensive treatment was required to produce this effect; i.e., simultaneous injection of enzyme and streptococci followed by prolonged enzyme therapy. (b) By a single injection of anti-M serum administered the day before inoculation of the streptococci, which resulted in protection against 100,000 M.L.D. (c) By combined use of enzyme and anti-M serum, an additive effect of the two protective agents occurred, which resulted in protection against 1,000,000 M.L.D.
Determination of N-methylcarbamate pesticides from spiked matrices using supercritical fluid extraction

Abstract There have been only a few studies using supercritical fluid extraction for carbamate pesticides. In this report, a method for the supercritical fluid extraction of carbamate pesticides (carbaryl, aldicarb, and carbofuran) from filter paper and silica gel matrices was developed. Analytes were determined in the extracts by HPLC with UV detection. Recoveries from spiked filter paper and silica gel ranged between 13% and 100%, depending on the analyte and the matrix components. The addition of a small volume (0.6–1.3 ml) of methanol to the extraction cell greatly enhanced the recoveries of target carbamates.
Process simulation for recombinant protein production: Cost estimation and sensitivity analysis for heparinase I expressed in Escherichia coli

Heparinase I from Flavobacterium heparinum has several potential clinical applications; the resulting high demands on protein purity and quantity can be met by recombinant expression in Escherichia coli. Based on laboratory scale experiments with insoluble heparinase I expression followed by renaturation, a process for pro- duction of 3 kg/year of heparinase I was designed. We present a comparative analysis of the production costs of soluble and insoluble heparinase I expression, as well as a generalized approach to sensitivity analysis, based on perturbation around a base case design scenario. This may assist focusing further development on process steps for which improvements both are feasible and re- sult in significant cost saving. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons,
Synthesis and biological activity of NOSH-naproxen (AVT-219) and NOSH-sulindac (AVT-18A) as potent anti-inflammatory agents with chemotherapeutic potential

Nitric oxide- (NO) and hydrogen sulfide- (H2S) releasing naproxen (NOSH-naproxen) and NO and H2S-releasing sulindac (NOSH-sulindac) were synthesized and their cell growth inhibitory properties were evaluated in four different human cancer cell lines. These cell lines are of adenomatous (colon, pancreas), epithelial (breast), and lymphocytic (leukemia) origin. Using HT-29 human colon cancer cells, NOSH-naproxen and NOSH-sulindac increased apoptosis, and inhibited proliferation. NOSH-naproxen caused a G0/G1 block whereas NOSH-sulindac caused a G2/M block in the cell cycle. Both compounds exhibited significant anti-inflammatory properties, using the carrageenan rat paw edema model. Reconstitution and structure–activity studies representing a fairly close approximation to the intact molecule showed that NOSH-naproxen was approximately 8000-fold more potent than the sum of its parts in inhibiting cell growth. Our data suggest that these compounds merit further investigation as potential anti-cancer agents.
Electron Microscopy Studies of the Alloying Behavior of Au on GaAs

Single crystal GaAs samples, containing Au films of thicknesses in the range 400 to 4500 A, have been alloyed at 550 °C for variable periods of time. Transmission electron microscopy studies of the substrate have revealed the presence of hexagonal AuGa, Au precipitation, and high dislocation densities as a function of depth into the sample. A thin heavily disordered near-surface region has been shown to arise from the high Au concentration and the outdiffusion of Ga and As at longer processing times. Proben von GaAs-Einkristallen mit einer Au-Schicht von 400 bis 4500 A Dicke wurden bei einer Temperatur von 550 °C und verschiedener Zeitdauer legiert. Untersuchungen des Substrats mittels Durchlichtelektronenmikroskopie weisen auf die Anwesenheit von hexagonalem AuGa, Au-Niederschlag und hohen Versetzungsdichten als Funktion des Probenquerschnitts hin. Es wird gezeigt, das durch die hohe Goldkonzentration ein stark ungeordneter, nahe der Oberflache liegender Bereich gebildet wird, und das bei langeren Versuchszeiten Ga und As herausdiffundieren.
Logic, gender and power

We will never be free of the ideas Goldberg promotes, nor the tone with which he promotes them unless we (1) radically rearrange our child rearing practices so that men are equally engaged with women in parenting children of all ages, (2) reconstruct our origin myths, so that women have a central, positive place in our beliefs about the origins of the species, and (3) reconstruct our economies so that women can truly compete on a par with men and remain independent of men if they so choose. []
Effects of conformation on the stereochemistry of solvent attack on benzylic beta-hydroxycarbocations: mechanisms of epoxide hydrolysis reactions.

The rates and products from the acid-catalyzed and the pH-independent reactions of two diastereomeric 6-methoxy-trans-1,2,3,4,4a,10a-hexahydrophenanthrene 9,10-oxides (5b and 7b), along with their cis and trans chlorohydrins, have been determined in dioxane/water solutions. The mechanisms of the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of 5b and 7b involve rate-limiting formation of benzylic carbocations (6b and 8b), which have sufficient lifetimes to be trapped by azide ion. Each carbocation is stabilized by the 6-methoxy group and held in single conformation by the adjacent trans-fused cyclohexane ring. The stereochemistry of the attack of water on each carbocation is independent of whether the precursor is an epoxide, a cis chlorohydrin, or a trans chlorohydrin, and the major diol hydrolysis product from each compound results from the axial attack of a solvent molecule on the carbocation intermediate. The hydrolysis of the trans chlorohydrin formed from the reaction of 5b with HCl exhibits a common ion rate depressio...
Evolving nanoscale associative memories with memristors

An associative memory is an essential building block for high-level networks for cognitive or brain-like computing. In this paper we consider the problem of designing associative memories using nano-scale memristors. Until now, memristors have been exploited solely as a synapse in neural networks. Our approach is novel because it exploits the analog, time-dependent properties of memristors, resulting in more efficient and simpler designs. We have designed two complementary evolutionary frameworks for the automated discovery of circuits. The memristor-based circuits are evaluated using ngspice. Our best circuit only uses three memristors for a fully functional associative memory of two inputs. HP has demonstrated practical memristors working at 3nm × 3nm sizes in terms of area. At these densities our associative memory could easily rival even the current sub-25 nm flash memory technology.
Cis-acting induction of adenovirus transcription

Abstract At early times after adenovirus infection, transcription from all early viral promoters requires the expression of a 289 amino acid phosphoprotein encoded in the pre-early transcription unit E1A. Mutations in E1A result in a marked delay in the induction of early viral transcription. To distinguish between possible models that could account for this delayed transcription, superinfection experiments were performed. Cells were first infected with one E1A mutant, incubated until viral transcription was detectable, and then superinfected with a second EIA mutant with distinguishable transcripts from early region 3 (E3). We found that the second virus to infect the cell recapitulated the delayed transcription induction of E3. Therefore, the delayed expression of early regions after infection with E1A mutants is the result of a time-dependent cis -acting modification of the template. Models which can account for these observations and for the function of E1A protein are discussed.
Antenatal detection of hiatus hernia

A routine ultrasound scan in a primigravida at 29 weeks' gestation showed that her fetus had a fluid-filled viscus above the diaphragm in the mid-line. This was initially thought to be the stomach, either as part of a congenital Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia or an hiatus hernia. Subsequent scans suggested that this was the stomach with an additional loop of bowel. After birth, laparotomy confirmed that the stomach had herniated into the chest through a very lax oesophageal hiatus. The stomach was easily reduced into the abdomen with no evidence to suggest a congenital short oesophagus, the crura were tightened, and an anterior fundoplication performed.
Integrating Traditional Organizational Behavior Theories and Issues for Employee Assistance Practice

Abstract Demands placed on the 21st century organizations because of the changing environment of work have increased the need for employee assistance practitioners to become knowledgeable in organizational assessment and development. This article presents some of the current issues facing organizations and discusses some of the major organizational behavior theories and management models. Such knowledge can add significantly to employee assistance programs (EAPs) in helping meet organizational needs most effectively and efficiently. Since organizational problems can contribute to employees' problems, an integrated system where the organization and the EAP work together will produce the greatest benefits to the organization and employees.
Analysis of the Kluyveromyces lactis positive regulatory gene LAC9 reveals functional homology to, but sequence divergence from, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GALA gene

The galactose metabolism positive regulatory gene from Kluyveromyces lactis, LAC9, has been isolated through its ability to activate expression of galactose metabolism enzyme genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The LAC9 gene also activates expression of the S. cerevisiae alpha-galactosidase (MEL1) and K. lactis beta-galactosidase (LAC4) genes in S. cerevisiae. Although LAC9-activated gene expression in K. lactis is not glucose repressed, activation of MEL1 gene expression by LAC9 in S. cerevisiae is. The LAC9 gene is expressed at an extremely low level as a approximately 2.9-kb mRNA, and encodes a protein of 865 amino acids. Although the LAC9 gene is functionally analogous to the S. cerevisiae GAL4 gene, the bulk of its protein sequence shows little homology to that of GAL4. Two of the three regions of homology that do exist, however, are restricted to areas of GAL4 protein already implicated in nuclear localization, DNA binding, and transcriptional activation.
US consumers' socioeconomic characteristics and consumption of grain‐based foods

A survey of US household primary grocery shoppers was used to determine the socioeconomic factors affecting the usage of grain-based foods and the differences in characteristics of consumers who choose nutritious versus less nutritious grain-based foods. Households with less educated or lower income shoppers tend to consume a narrower selection of grain-based foods. Male and lower income shoppers make poorer nutritional choices. Children positively influence purchases of white bread. Females, older shoppers, educated shoppers, and shoppers living in urban areas are heavier users of whole-wheat bread. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Histochemistry of aortic elastin in patients with nonspecific abdominal aortic aneurysmal disease.

• Histochemical studies of nine aneurysmal aortas revealed a conspicuous deficiency of iron hematoxylin—reactive elastin in four specimens, in comparison with eight atherosclerotic control specimens. A fibrillar matrix that morphologically resembled elastin was demonstrated in these same specimens under ultraviolet light. The phenomenon of substantial preservation of features of medial architecture suggests that, if the pathogenetic mechanism is enzymatic destruction, the process is highly selective. Comparisons with differences in human fetal vs newborn aortas and in Blotchy mouse vs normal mouse aortas suggest superficial similarities. These latter observations suggest that a hypothesis of maturation arrest might be considered as an alternative to enzymatic destruction. Definitive experiments to test the relative importance of maturation arrest vs enzymatic destruction in the pathogenesis of aneurysmal disease will require further studies. ( Arch Surg 1988;123:503-505)
Experimental measurement of the electroelastic effect in thickness-mode langasite resonators

The electroelastic effect describes the shift in resonant frequency that a resonator experiences as a result of the application of a dc electrical field. We report on experimental measurements of the electroelastic effect observed in fourteen plano-plano configuration thickness-mode langasite (La3Ga5SiO14) resonators. The orientations of the fourteen samples provide a sufficient data set to extract all eight of the third-order piezoelectric constants of this material. The role of this type of measurement in determining third-order piezoelectric constants is discussed. We compare the experimentally observed behavior to that predicted when using the langasite material constants currently available in the literature.
Two-year follow-up of behavioral treatment of irritable bowel syndrome

Fourteen patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and who had completed a multicomponent treatment involving thermal biofeedback, progressive muscle relaxation, IBS education, and cognitive therapy were evaluated 2 years posttreatment. Eight of the 14 patients (57%) who completed symptom monitoring diaries met our criteria for clinical improvement, i.e., achieving at least 50% reduction in primary symptom scores. When follow-up symptom means were compared with pretreatment means, significant (one-tailed) reductions were obtained on abdominal pain/tenderness, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and flatulence; the means on all measures at two-year follow-up were better than those obtained prior to treatment.
Synthetic modulators of the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors

Nuclear receptors (NR) are ligand-regulated transcription factors that control the expression of target genes involved in a range of physiological processes such as development, metabolism, and immunity. The retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors alpha, beta, and gamma (RORA, RORB, and RORC) comprise a distinct subfamily of nuclear receptors and are considered ‘orphan’ receptors, as they have no known generally agreed upon endogenous ligands, although these receptors do bind to and are modulated by oxysterols. Several recent reports have highlighted the potential role for RORs in human disease, and more importantly, studies have demonstrated that these receptors can be modulated by exogenous synthetic ligands. The identification of potent and selective ROR ligands will allow for a better understanding of the roles of the ROR receptors in human disease, and potentially pave the way for development of novel therapeutics. Here we review the current status of synthetic ligand development from both the primary and patent literature.
Truncated Estrogen Receptor Product-1 Stimulates Estrogen Receptor α Transcriptional Activity by Titration of Repressor Proteins *

The truncated estrogen receptor product-1 (TERP-1, or TERP) is a pituitary-specific isoform of estrogen receptor α (ERα), and its expression is regulated by estrogen. TERP modulates the transcriptional activity of ERα but has no independent effect on transcription of estrogen-response element-containing promoters. At low concentrations, TERP stimulates ERα transcriptional activity in transient transfection assays. At TERP concentrations equal to or greater than full-length ERα, TERP forms dimers with ERα and reduces both ligand-dependent and -independent transcription. A dimerization mutant of TERP, TERP L509R, stimulated ERα transcription at all concentrations. We hypothesized that TERP stimulates ERα transcriptional activity by titrating suppressors of ERα activity. We found that repressor of estrogen receptor activity (REA), originally isolated from human breast cancer cells, is present in mouse pituitary gonadotrope cell lines. Levels of REA vary slightly throughout the rat reproductive cycle, but TERP mRNA and protein vary much more dramatically. In transfection experiments, REA suppressed ERα transcriptional activity, and TERP L509R was able to alleviate transcriptional suppression by REA. In glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays, TERP bound to REA more efficiently than did ERα at equivalent concentrations, suggesting that REA will preferentially bind to TERP. Our findings suggest that the stimulation of pituitary ERα activity by low concentrations of TERP can occur by titration of corepressors such as REA.
Gas chromatography/flame ionisation detection mass spectrometry for the detection of endogenous urine metabolites for metabonomic studies and its use as a complementary tool to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Metabonomics is a relatively new field of research in which the total pool of metabolites in body fluids or tissues from different patient groups is subjected to comparative analysis. Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopyis thetechnologythat iscurrently mostwidelyusedfortheanalysis of these highly complex metabolite mixtures, and hundreds of metabolites can be detected without any upfront separation. We have investigated in this study whether gas chromatography (GC) separation in combination with flame ionisation detection (FID) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection can be used for metabolite profiling from urine. We show that although GC sample preparation is much more involved than for NMR, hundreds of metabolites can reproducibly be detected and analysed by GC. We show that the data quality is sufficiently high ‐ particularly if appropriate baseline correction and time-warping methods are applied ‐ to allow for data comparison by chemometrics methods. A sample set of urines from eleven healthy human volunteers was analysed independently by GC and NMR, and subsequent chemometrics analysis of the two datasets showed some similar features. As judged by NIST database searches of the GC/MS data some of the major metabolites that are detected by NMR are also visible by GC/MS. Since in contrast to NMR every peak in GC corresponds to a single metabolite, the electron ionisation spectra can be used to quickly identify metabolites of interest if their reference spectra are present in a searchable database. In summary, we show that GC is a method that can be used as a complementary tool to NMR for metabolite profiling of urine samples. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TRAINING STUDENTS HOW TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY READ

It has been nearly a decade since Dolores Durkin (1978-79) published her landmark study of comprehension instruction. This highly controversial and hotly debated study revealed that although many teachers believed they were teaching comprehension, according to Durkin's definition the teachers were only assessing but not teaching these skills. To qualify as comprehension instruction, according to Durkin, the teacher had to explain or model the process that the reader engages in when comprehending a text. Since the original study by Durkin, other investigations of comprehension instruction have supported the reliability of her first report, namely that few teachers engage in instructional activities which actively promote comprehension (Durkin, 1984; Wendler, Samuels, & Moore, in press).
The Collaborative Project: Principals' Perceptions Related to the Development and Implementation of a Teacher Performance Incentive Initiative.

The Collaborative Project (CP) began as a pilot project in five low-wealth rural school districts in North Carolina in August 2007. The Project included a performance incentive initiative for teachers and administrators along with a professional development component and a set of after-school programs for underachieving students. The pilot phase continued for three years. The objective of this study was to document and examine principals' perceptions of the performance incentive initiative to determine the challenges and successes encountered during the development and implementation of the program The researcher utilized a qualitative interview process to collect data. The participants in the study were principals from the participating districts who had served in their positions for two or more years of the performance incentive program. Every eligible principal consented to be interviewed for this study with the exception of the principals in the researcher's district who were excluded from the study because of the researcher's role as superintendent of the district. The principals' responses were analyzed and tables were constructed to show the main types of responses for each question the number of principals who voiced each type of response and short quotes illustrating each type of response. For triangulation purposes the results were compared with survey data from a June 2009 evaluation completed by the Carolina Institute for Public Policy. Overall the majority of the principals interviewed believed the student achievement professional development and principal's evaluation components of the teacher performance incentive criteria helped their schools. The results of the study provided insight into some of the anomalies encountered by the CP leadership during the development and implementation of this performance incentive program. For example some principals noted instances of teachers of non-tested grades/subjects receiving more performance incentive for student achievement than some teachers of tested grades/subjects. The interview process revealed some unanticipated results not mentioned in the review of the literature such as a quid pro quo between some principals and teachers. Therefore this study may provide a significant contribution to the literature on the development and implementation of performance incentive programs.
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in Geriatric Patients

: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the elderly is described under the headings: 1) a single episode of hematemesis, melena or rectal bleeding, 2) active persistent bleeding, 3) slow persistent bleeding, and 4) periodic bleeding. Illustrative cases are presented. Although the signs and symptoms are sometimes misleading, a careful history and examination will suggest the diagnosis in 70 per cent of cases. However, sometimes it is very difficult to locate the bleeding point preoperatively. Endoscopy, radiography and angiography are valuable aids. Initially, it is important to learn whether the hemorrhage comes from the upper or the lower gastrointestinal tract, as the selective diagnostic and surgical procedures differ. In all cases the effective management of major gastrointestinal hemorrhage requires rapid identification of the source of bleeding.