cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of hot-electron trapping and aging of nMOSFETs

An analysis of the degradation of 1- mu m-gate-length nMOSFET operating under normal biasing conditions at room temperature is reported. A physical model of hot-electron trapping in SiO/sub 2/ is developed and is used with a two-dimensional device simulator (PISCES) to simulate the aging of the device under normal biasing conditions. The initial degradation takes place near the high-field drain region and spreads over a long time toward the source. The degraded I-V characteristics of the MOSFET exhibit a shift of the pinchoff voltage and a compression of the transconductance, for forward and reverse operation, respectively. The simulated degradation qualitatively agrees with reported experimental data. Large shifts of the MOSFET threshold voltage for small drain voltages result as the degradation is spreading toward the source. An inflection point arises for low gate and drain voltages in the drain I-V characteristics of the MOSFET. This inflection point originates when the pinchoff of the channel-induced trapped-electron charge is overcome by the drain voltage; the drain acts as a second gate (short-channel effect). The estimation of the device's lifetime by simulated aging is proposed. >
Disease‐Modifying Antirheumatic Drug Use and the Risk of Incident Hyperlipidemia in Patients With Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Objective To compare the risk of incident hyperlipidemia in early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA) patients after initiation of various disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
Establishment and Serial Passage of Cell Cultures derived from LuCaP Xenografts

BACKGROUND LuCaP serially transplantable xenografts derived from primary and metastatic human prostate cancer encompass the molecular and cellular heterogeneity of the disease and are an invaluable resource for in vivo preclinical studies. A limitation of this model, however, has been the inability to establish and passage cell cultures derived from the xenografts. Here, we describe a novel spheroid culture system that supports long-term growth of LuCaP cells in vitro. METHODS Xenografts were minced and digested with collagenase. Tissue dissociation was terminated while the majority of cells remained as clusters rather than single cells. The cell clusters were suspended in StemPro medium supplemented with R1881 and Y-27632, a Rho kinase inhibitor, and placed in ultralow attachment dishes for spheroid culture. Serial passage was achieved by partial digestion to small clusters with trypsin/EDTA in the presence of Y-27632. Cell viability, growth and phenotype were monitored with LIVE/DEAD®, MTS, qRT-PCR, and immunocytochemical assays. RESULTS Cells from six LuCaP xenografts formed proliferating spheroids that were serially passaged a minimum of three times and cryopreserved. Two of the cell lines, LuCaP 136 and LuCaP 147, were further passaged and characterized. Both expressed biomarkers characteristic of the xenografts of origin, were determined to be of independent origin by STR fingerprinting, and were free of mycoplasma. LuCaP 147 formed tumors similar to the original xenograft when injected into mice. CONCLUSIONS The ability to culture LuCaP cells affords new opportunities for fast, cheap, and efficient preclinical studies and extends the value of the LuCaP xenograft models. Prostate 73:1251–1262, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Model Compound Approach for Polymer-Metal Interfaces: ESCA Studies

ESCA studies of two molecules which are similar in structure to the PMDA and ODA constituents of the PMDA-ODA polyimide monomer are discussed. Their interaction with in-situ evaporated Cr and Cu films are compared. The PMDA model compound interacts with Cr through the imide group, while very little interaction is observed with Cu. The ODA model compound (oxydianiline) interacts with Cr via the ether linkage and the terminal amino groups, whereas very little interaction is observed with Cu.
Expanding the application of the tablet processing workstation to support the sample preparation of oral suspensions.

Sample preparation is the most time-consuming part of the analytical method for powder for oral suspension (POS) assay, purity, and preservative analysis, as this involves multiple dilution and filtration steps. The Tablet Processing Workstation (TPW) was used to automate the sample preparation of a POS formulation. Although the TPW is typically used to automate the preparation of solid oral dosage forms and powders, it contains all of the necessary components to perform POS sample preparation. The TPW exhibited acceptable repeatability in testing 3 lots using 10 replicate preparations per lot. Acceptable linearity of the drug and preservative in the presence of excipients was demonstrated over the range corresponding to 50–150% of intent. Accuracy showed suitable recoveries for all points evaluated. TPW results were shown to correlate to results obtained with the manual method. The TPW method was used to prepare samples in support of manufacturing scale-up efforts. With the efficiencies gained using the ...
Bulls, Goats, and Pedagogy: Engaging Students in Overseas Development Aid.

This article illustrates the profound learning that occurs-for students and instruc tor alike-when a class on third-world development attempts to undertake foreign aid. With undergraduate, graduate, and departmental money, I purchased bulls and carts for farmers, and goats for widows, in two West African villages. Such experiential learning personalized for students the study of micropolitics under conditions of poverty, the devel opment of organizational structure, and north-south dependency.
History of the recognition of organic geochemistry in geoscience

The discipline of organic geochemistry is an outgrowth of the application of the principles and methods of organic chemistry to sedimentary geology. Its origin goes back to the last part of the nineteenth century and the first part of the twentieth century concurrent with the evolution of the applied discipline of petroleum geochemistry. In fact, organic geochemistry was strongly influenced by developments in petroleum geochemistry. Now, however, organic geochemistry is considered an umbrella geoscience discipline of which petroleum geochemistry is an important component.
Modified horner–emmons reaction of polymeric phosphonates: Versatile synthesis of pendant stilbene‐containing polymers

Poly[styrene-co-(diethyl vinylbenzylphosphonate)] and poly[methylmethacrylate-co-(diethyl vinylbenzylphosphonate)] were prepared and used in modified Horner-Emmons reactions to synthesize polymers with covalently attached stilbene groups. This versatile new method allowed for the preparation of polymers with either electron-donor (OCH3, CH3) or electron acceptor (Br, NO2) substituents on the stilbene aromatic ring. The resulting polymers were characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR, UV-visible, DSC, and size exclusion chromatography. Efficient transformation of polymeric phosphonates to the polymeric stilbene derivatives was realized. Size exclusion chromatographic analyses demonstrated that the reaction conditions have no deleterious effect on the molecular weight distribution of the various polymers that were prepared. Photochromic behavior was demonstrated for one of the derivatives. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Behavioral Modeling of Transmission Gates in VHDL

This paper presents a technique for describing the behavior of transmission gates (TGs) in VHDL. The concept of virtual signal is introduced into the TG's data structure to represent the nature of the connection. The model's semantics are coded in three parts: the state transition, the steady states, and the connecting protocol. Simulation results indicate that the model is correct and robust.
DR parsers: a generalization of LR parsers

A method is presented to construct a parser for a visual language whose specification can be done by a context-free grammar. The main idea is to allow a traditional LR parser to choose the next symbol to parse from a two-dimensional space. The positional grammar is defined, and some examples are given. The DR parser, along with the parsing algorithm and examples, is presented ('D' stands for driven scanning of the input, and 'R' for rightmost derivation in reverse.) The construction of DR(0) items and simple DR parsing tables are shown. Considerations of ambiguity are given, along with the construction of a simple DR parser for the arithmetic expression grammar. The results of a practical implementation using the Yacc tool are given. >
Location independent compact routing for wireless networks

While reactive routing protocols such as AODV operate efficiently for small ad hoc wireless networks, their O(N) perflow control overhead limits deployment on larger-scale networks. Deployment of compact routing protocols such as geographic routing have met with challenges. In this paper, we present Table Attenuation Routing Protocol (TARP), a protocol that combines compact per-node routing state with scalability to large networks. Preliminary evaluation shows that TARP performs similar to AODV in smaller networks and better in larger networks.
Identification of sequences required for AL2-mediated activation of the tomato golden mosaic virus-yellow vein BR1 promoter.

A 108 bp sequence has been identified in the tomato golden mosaic virus-yellow vein (yvTGMV) B component that is necessary and sufficient for AL2-mediated activation of the BR1 promoter. The sequence appears to have a bipartite arrangement, with elements located between −144 to −77 and −59 to −36 from the transcription start site, with both being required for activation by AL2. These sequences are located upstream of a TATA box and bind nuclear proteins from spinach, tomato and Arabidopsis. These sequences are also capable of binding Arabidopsis PPD2, which has been shown previously to interact with the yvTGMV coat protein (CP) promoter. We have identified two putative transcription factor-binding sites (CCAAT and GTGANTG10) that are conserved in sequences necessary for activation of the yvTGMV BR1, as well as the yvTGMV and cabbage leaf curl virus (CabLCV) CP promoters, which are all activated by AL2. The yvTGMV BR1 promoter exhibits AL2-independent expression in vascular tissue, similar to the yvTGMV, CabLCV and spinach curly top virus CP promoters. Together, this further confirms a common regulatory mechanism for AL2-mediated activation of bipartite begomovirus promoters.
Alternative facility layouts for semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities

Semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities are widely acknowledged to be among the most complicated industrial systems from a production planning and control point of view. The design of most wafer fabrication facilities has followed the process layout, where similar machines are located together. This feeds to complex, reentrant product flows through the facility. In this paper, we examine the effects on fab cycle time of a number of alternative layouts or machine dedication policies using a process for manufacturing three-dimensional (3-D) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices as a research vehicle. We examine the performance of the layouts under different levels of machine breakdown, utilization, transfer time between stations, and setup times. Results show that cellular layouts, where machines are dedicated to a limited number of process steps, require more machinery but perform well when setup and transfer times are high and machinery is reliable. As machines become more unreliable, the flexibility of the process layouts becomes a major advantage. An interesting result is that the addition of modest amounts of extra capacity at critical workstations can significantly improve the cycle time performance of a fab.
Erwinia-Like Microorganisms Isolated from Animal and Human Hosts

Erwinia-like microorganisms were isolated from the vital organs of more than 40% of a large deer population examined as well as from 13% of a small random sampling. Over a brief period of observation, a similar isolate was recovered from throat cultures of two children and one adolescent. There is no obvious explanation of the presence of the plant pathogen or its significance under these circumstances.
Enhanced Fracture Toughness in Layered Microcomposites of Ce‐ZrO2 and Al2O3

Laminar composites, containing layers of Ce-ZrO2 and either Al2O3 or a mixture of Al2O3 and Ce-ZrO2, have been fabricated using a colloidal method that allowed formation of layers with thicknesses as small as 10 μm. Strong interactions between these layers and the martensitic transformation zones surrounding cracks and indentations have been observed. In both cases, the transformation zones spread along the region adjacent to the layer, resulting in an increased fracture toughness. The enhanced fracture toughness was observed for cracks growing parallel to the layers as well as for those that were oriented normal to the layers.
Eurynome and Eurycleia in the Odyssey

Bergk in his Griechische Litertur geschichte, Vol. I., pp. 708, 709, 710, 715, and elsewhere, rejected all verses in the Odyssey where reference is made to Eurynome, a servant or attendant in the palace of Odysseus. His comments on p. 715 concerning the first verses of the twentieth book are typical: ‘Right at the beginning of this book the appearance of Eurynome shows the activity of the imitator. This very passage proves beyond a doubt that Eurynome had no part in the original poem, and that a later bard arbitrarily used her name instead of the name of Eurycleia, who was the true female attendant in the old form of the Odyssey.’
Triceps Tendon Ruptures Requiring Surgical Repair in National Football League Players.

Background:Complete triceps tendon ruptures are relatively rare in the general population but slightly more prevalent in professional football. One prior study found 11 complete ruptures over a 6-season period.Hypothesis:Triceps ruptures occur more commonly in football linemen due to forced elbow flexion during an eccentric contraction and may occur more commonly with the increasing size and speed of professional players. Surgical repair allows full return to sports, but with a lengthy recovery time.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:A search of the National Football League Injury Surveillance System (NFLISS) found a total of 37 triceps tendon ruptures requiring surgical repair from the years 2000 to 2009. Data were obtained for setting of injury, player position, activity causing injury, play type, time of game when injury occurred, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and number of days lost from football.Results:There were 37 players requiring surgical repair for triceps tendon ru...
Photoelectrochemical characterization of titania photoanodes fabricated using varying anodization parameters

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has long been considered a model photoanode material for electrolysis of water using solar energy. A number of studies have looked into the synthesis methods to optimize physical as well as chemical properties of titania photoanodes. Electric field assisted anodic oxidation of titanium (Ti) for fabrication of titania photoanodes is a relatively new synthesis technique. This paper presents a systematic study of this technique by varying anodization parameters. The current-time behavior of Ti anodization was also studied. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristic of these samples was measured under dark and illumination conditions. The electrode fabricated using 20 Volts for 20 minutes demonstrated the best performance among all the samples tested. The photocurrent density obtained under visible radiation was 0.528 mA/cm2. This study will assist in design and fabrication of new electrodes for photoelectrolysis using a material that is photoactive, stable, corrosion resistant, and cost effective.
The capacity of the Omega rule

The author presents results on the performance of a neural network using Omega learning. Unlearning is performed on single neurons. The performance was computed experimentally. Each memory consisted of 36 neurons, and an unlearning rate of 20 was used. Seven runs were performed starting with 10 memories, each run increased by five memories. The results indicate a performance intermediate between that of Hebbian and Delta learning. The memories used for each run were generated randomly. It was noted on the larger memory runs that the learning/unlearning limit was reached on the later memories. Different versions of the learning scheme were analyzed. Time complexity in learning/unlearning, and sensitivity to the learning/unlearning rate are discussed. >
244 CHONDROGENIC PELLET CULTURES FOR CARTILAGE TISSUE ENGINEERING GROW BY DEPOSITION OF MATRIX AND NOT BY CELLULAR PROLIFERATION

Pellet cultures are commonly used to study chondrogenic differentiation in vitro. Our laboratory has demonstrated pellets made with chondrocytes grow in size during culture and produce cartilage matrix, but pellets made with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC) grow only slightly, producing little cartilage matrix. The objective of this study was to determine if differences in chondrocyte and ASC pellet growth result from differences in cell proliferation or in deposition of extracellular matrix. Primary chondrocytes and ASC from adult pigs were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum. To determine baseline proliferation rates in monolayer culture, cells were grown on coverslips in 10 µM bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for 24 h and immunostained for BrdU labelling. For pellet cultures, 5 × 105 cells were placed in 15 mL-conical tubes, pelleted by centrifugation in 1.0 mL of chondrogenic base media (CBM: DMEM + 40 µg mL–1 of proline, 50 µM ascorbic acid-2-phosphate, 100 nM dexamethasone, and 1× insulin-transferrin-selenium), and cultured in CBM for 1, and 4 weeks. To detect proliferation in pellets, 1- and 2-week cultured samples were labelled with 10 µM BrdU for 24 h before harvest. Pellets were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded, and sectioned on a Leica CM1900 cryostat (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany). To assess chondrogenic differentiation and matrix expression, sections were stained for collagen II, keratin sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate. Images were captured and distance between adjacent nuclei in 1- and 4-week pellets were measured using Zeiss imaging software. As expected, cells on coverslips showed BrdU labelling, with higher labelling in ASC cultures indicating faster proliferation (n = 5, 77.3 ± 3.74% chondrocyte v. 92.1 ± 2.88% ASC; α = 0.05; P < 0.0001; Student’s t-test). However, BrdU labelling was not seen in sections from ASC or chondrocyte pellets (n = 5), at either 1 or 2 weeks. Absence of cellular proliferation in pellets was verified by negative staining for the mitotic marker Aurora KinaseB (AurKB). Cartilage matrix staining was strong in chondrocyte pellets at all time points and absent in ASC pellets. Cell nuclei were closely packed in both ASC and chondrocyte pellets at 1 week, but a significant increase in distance between adjacent nuclei with interspersed matrix staining was noted in chondrocyte pellets at 4 weeks (n = 4, 11.88 ± 0.67 µm at 1 week v. 26.85 ± 2.06 µm at 4 weeks; α = 0.05; P < 0.0001; Student’s t-test). As TGFβ3 has been shown to induce chondrogenesis in ASC, ASC pellets were cultured in CBM + 10 ng of TGFβ3 for 1 and 2 weeks (n = 4). The TGFβ3 treatment did not induce cell proliferation in pellets, as sections were negative for BrdU. However, expression of cartilage markers keratan sulfate and chondroitin were noted. Based on our data, neither ASC nor chondrocytes proliferate in pellet culture, and chondrocyte pellet growth is due to extracellular matrix deposition.
Management of capacitor voltages in split-AC switched reluctance motor drives with power factor correction

Reduced switch count switched reluctance motor drives are among the technologies proposed to replace single-phase induction machines in industrial drives including the compressor market. The split-ac drive in particular can offer relatively high performance with half of the number of switches and diodes per phase as compared to the asymmetric bridge which is typically used in SRM drives. Its main disadvantage, however is that it relies on a split capacitor bus that must be properly controlled. This work proposes methods to manage both overvoltage at startup and voltage drift during normal operation, while maintaining near unity power factor.
Perceived Difficulty and Success Rate of Standard Versus Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation in a Novice Study Group A Randomized Crossover Trial

Objectives To our knowledge, no previous studies have evaluated the perceived levels of difficulty between traditional and ultrasound (US)-guided peripheral intravenous (IV) access in the novice provider. We attempt to show that, in a group of medical students who have limited peripheral IV experience, US-guided peripheral IV cannulation can be achieved more effectively and with a lesser degree of difficulty than standard peripheral IV cannulation. Methods We performed a randomized crossover study of 61 first- and second-year medical students. After a 1-hour training session, participants were randomized to either standard cannulation on a standard peripheral IV trainer or US-guided cannulation on a standard US IV trainer. Results One hundred percent (61 of 61) of the participants in the US-guided IV group successfully achieved cannulation versus 56% (34 of 61) of the participants in the standard IV group (P < .001). The average number of attempts to obtain access in the US-guided IV group was 1.31 versus 2.16 in the standard IV group (P < .001). The average difficulty score assigned to US-guided cannulation was 2.81 of 10 versus 3.90 of 10 in the standard IV group (P = .003). Conclusions Our study shows a decrease in perceived difficulty and a concomitant increased ability to cannulate a vein using US versus traditional landmark guidance techniques, even in the novice phlebotomist.
The Role of Stochastic Noise on the Glass Transition

Glasses are amorphous solids that exhibit an intricate structural relaxation. A broad relaxation time spectrum always emerges when these systems are perturbed. By using a Langevin-type differential equation to describe the structure dynamics of these materials, it is depicted how the broad relaxation time spectrum arises due to the stochastic noise and how this affects the system's structure evolution as it is cooled down into the glass transition region. This stochastic model provides a macroscopic as well a microscopic view of the glass relaxation process.
Current attitudes and clinical practice towards the care of pregnant women with underlying CHD: a paediatric cardiology perspective

Objectives The growing number of women with CHD presents unique challenges, including those related to pregnancy, which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. We sought to evaluate the perception of paediatric cardiologists towards the reproductive health of women with CHD. Methods Paediatric cardiologists in the United States of America were invited to participate in a cross-sectional, anonymous survey. Information solicited included knowledge of contraceptive methods, experience caring for pregnant women with CHD, and referral patterns including the utilisation of high-risk obstetric and adult CHD specialists. Results A total of 110 cardiologists responded - 90% with an academic affiliation and 70% with ⩾10 years' clinical experience. Although 95% reported an understanding of available contraceptive options, 32% did not feel comfortable recommending birth control. Pregnant women with CHD were seen by 83% of responders, and 37% of the responders reported a low level of comfort in doing so. Among all respondents, 73% indicated that they would refer a pregnant CHD patient to a high-risk obstetrician and 60% to an adult CHD specialist - almost all respondents would not transfer care to a non-adult CHD cardiologist. Among paediatric cardiologists, 81% indicated that they would resume their patient's care following delivery. Conclusion Our results illustrate a gap in what physicians feel should be done and the care that they feel comfortable providing pregnant women with CHD. As this population continues to grow, training adult CHD cardiologists with specific skills in reproductive health in women with CHD is the first step to closing the care gap that exists in the management of such patients.
Stable-Isotope-Based Strategies for Rapid Determination of Drug Resistance by Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry (MS) is one of several molecular-level technologies that have revolutionized the practice of clinical microbiology for accurate microorganism identification. Several different MS protocols and assays are being developed and implemented for screening and detection of drug-resistant strains of microorganisms. Functional assays that involve the combination of MS and stable-isotope labeling for establishing drug resistance are reviewed here. These assays include global or local labeling of growth media with C, N, or H stable isotopes in abundance ratios differing from the natural-isotope abundances of these elements. Drug resistance is determined by observing characteristic mass shifts of one or more microorganism-specific biomarkers. A related approach involves the amplification of organism-specific bacteriophages in targeted microorganisms. In this approach, the shift in biomarker masses for phages, initially proliferated in isotopically manipulated growth medium and subsequently grown in microorganisms in growth medium with elements of natural abundance ratios, is monitored and is an indication of drug resistance. Advantages of these assays as well as tools for automating the data analysis are also briefly discussed.
The Standard Theory of Conscious Perception.

In this paper I argue that the prioritization of sensory input by top-down attention is constitutive of and essential to conscious perception. Specifically, I argue that top-down attention is required to provide informational integration at the level of the subject, which can be contrasted with integration at the level of features and objects. Since the informational content of conscious perception requires integration at the level of the subject, top-down attention is necessary for conscious perception as we know it. I present this argument through a theory, which I call the “Standard Theory.” According to this theory, top-down attention brings about subject-level integration for sensory input by prioritizing that input with respect to a subject-level standard.
Browning of White Fat: Novel Insight Into Factors, Mechanisms, and Therapeutics

What is more interesting about brown adipose tissue (BAT) is its ability to provide thermogenesis, protection against obesity by clearing triglycerides, releasing batokines, and mitigating insulin resistance. White adipose tissue (WAT) on the other hand stores excess energy and secretes some endocrine factors like leptin for regulating satiety. For the last decade there has been an increasing interest in the browning of fat keeping in view its beneficial effects on metabolic disorders and protection in the form of perivascular fat. Obesity is one such metabolic disorder that leads to significant morbidity and mortality from obesity-related disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and cardiovascular disease risk. Browning of white fat paves the way to restrict obesity and obesity related disorders. Although exercise has been the most common factor for fat browning; however, there are other factors that involve: (1) beta aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA); (2) gamma amino butyric acid (GABA); (3) PPARɣ agonists; (4) JAK inhibition; and (5) IRISIN. In this review, we propose two novel factors musclin and TFAM for fat browning. Musclin a myokine released from muscles during exercise activates PPARɣ which induces browning of WAT that has beneficial metabolic and cardiac effects. TFAM is a transcription factor that induces mitochondrial biogenesis. Since BAT is rich in mitochondria, higher expression of TFAM in WAT or TFAM treatment in WAT cells can induce browning of WAT. We propose that fat browning can be used as a therapeutic tool for metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 61-68, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Book review: Nunan, Fiona. 2015: Understanding Poverty and the Environment: Analytics Frameworks and Approaches:

Nunan, Fiona. 2015:Understanding Poverty and the Environment: Analytical Frameworks and Approaches. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. xiv + 206 pp. US$145 ISBN 978–0-415–707565 (hardback), US$62.95 978–0-415–707596 (paperback).
The Diffusion Equation

In his Analytical Theory of Heat, Joseph Fourier developed a mathematical equation which governs the diffusion of heat—and the resulting distribution of temperatures—in bodies of various shapes, sizes and compositions.1 Essential to Fourier’s analysis is the precise stipulation of the thermal boundary conditions of the body, such as the initial temperature within the body and the rate of heat flow through the exterior surfaces of the body. Fourier’s treatment of thermal diffusion was both exhaustive and mathematically sophisticated. On the other hand, in Chap. 18 of his popular Theory of Heat, Maxwell presents Fourier’s method in a simpler and more intuitive manner. This is the text included below. Maxwell begins by defining the thermal conductivity of a substance. This includes a discussion of dimensional analysis (another topic which was pioneered by Fourier). He then explains how Fourier’s diffusion equation can be used to calculate the time-evolution of the temperature distribution within a heated substance. In so doing he recalls Fourier’s method of describing the temperature within a body as a series of harmonic temperature distributions of various spatial frequencies.2 The high-frequency (short wave-length) terms in the series die out most rapidly as heat diffuses through the substance, leaving the low-frequency (long wave-length) components as the most long-lived. Maxwell then goes on to explain how the diffusion equation can be used to solve geophysical problems such as seasonal variations of Earth’s subsurface temperature, and perhaps even to determine the maximum age of Earth’s crust.
“I Have Ten Peer Reviewed Articles. Now What?” How Political Science Research Methods Textbooks Teach Students About Scholarly Context

Abstract This article examines the treatment of one aspect of information literacy—establishing and understanding the scholarly context of research—in political science research methods textbooks. This important information literacy skill speaks to the ability of students to synthesize and engage with information. We analyzed how the most commonly assigned research methods textbooks addressed how to understand and use scholarly research and how these discussions compare to national standards and performance indicators for information literacy. We find that there are substantial discussions of how to establish and understand the scholarly context, at least in some of the textbooks. These discussions tend to focus on teaching students how to write a literature review for their research projects, stressing the importance, one hand, of reading and understanding the scholarly literature, and, on the other, understanding the key debates and concepts in the literature. Only a handful of textbooks provide concrete advice to undergraduates about how to go about this process. We conclude with some suggestions about how instructors and librarians can work to do more to integrate the lessons from these textbooks into assignments and also course and curriculum design.
Thermal Comfort as a Criterion for the Classification of Climates

It is proposed to use the degree of thermal well-being or liveability for man as a measure of climate. The greatest deviations from conventional classifications are found in the area of warm humid climates.
Biomarkers for Musculoskeletal Pain Conditions: Use of Brain Imaging and Machine Learning

Chronic musculoskeletal pain condition often shows poor correlations between tissue abnormalities and clinical pain. Therefore, classification of pain conditions like chronic low back pain, osteoarthritis, and fibromyalgia depends mostly on self report and less on objective findings like X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes. However, recent advances in structural and functional brain imaging have identified brain abnormalities in chronic pain conditions that can be used for illness classification. Because the analysis of complex and multivariate brain imaging data is challenging, machine learning techniques have been increasingly utilized for this purpose. The goal of machine learning is to train specific classifiers to best identify variables of interest on brain MRIs (i.e., biomarkers). This report describes classification techniques capable of separating MRI-based brain biomarkers of chronic pain patients from healthy controls with high accuracy (70–92%) using machine learning, as well as critical scientific, practical, and ethical considerations related to their potential clinical application. Although self-report remains the gold standard for pain assessment, machine learning may aid in the classification of chronic pain disorders like chronic back pain and fibromyalgia as well as provide mechanistic information regarding their neural correlates.
Factors Related to Sexual Assault Experience Among Early Adolescents in Japan

ABSTRACTThis study examined factors related to sexual assault among early adolescents in Japan. During a 6-month period, an anonymous questionnaire survey was distributed to 1,246 students ages 13– 15 years at eight junior high schools. Consent to participation in this study was obtained from a total of 1,125 (90.3%) students. It was found that the prevalence of sexual assault was higher among both female and male students who had sent a message/photo to or met a person they initially contacted via the Internet, while the prevalence was lower among students with a conservative attitude toward sexual activity. In addition, female students who recognized the signs of dating violence had less experience of sexual assault. These findings indicate the need for increased education about the Internet and dating violence for effective prevention of sexual assault.
Electrical Stress Influences the Efficiency of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Perovskite Light Emitting Devices

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials are emerging as semiconductors with potential application in optoelectronic devices. In particular, perovskites are very promising for light-emitting devices (LEDs) due to their high color purity, low nonradiative recombination rates, and tunable bandgap. Here, using pure CH3 NH3 PbI3 perovskite LEDs with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 5.9% as a platform, it is shown that electrical stress can influence device performance significantly, increasing the EQE from an initial 5.9% to as high as 7.4%. Consistent with the enhanced device performance, both the steady-state photoluminescence (PL) intensity and the time-resolved PL decay lifetime increase after electrical stress, indicating a reduction in nonradiative recombination in the perovskite film. By investigating the temperature-dependent characteristics of the perovskite LEDs and the cross-sectional elemental depth profile, it is proposed that trap reduction and resulting device-performance enhancement is due to local ionic motion of excess ions, likely excess mobile iodide, in the perovskite film that fills vacancies and reduces interstitial defects. On the other hand, it is found that overstressed LEDs show irreversibly degraded device performance, possibly because ions initially on the perovskite lattice are displaced during extended electrical stress and create defects such as vacancies.
Case Report: Metastatic Phyllodes Tumor

This report describes the clinical presentation, imaging findings, and treatment options of a case of metastatic malignant phyllodes.
Fragility in epileptic networks: The epileptogenic zone

Epilepsy is a network phenomenon characterized by seizures that cause hypersynchronous activity of populations of neurons at the cortical level. In our previous work, we defined a seizure event as an outcome of a stable networked system switching to an unstable system. More specifically, we argued that the epileptic network is on the brink of instability, and that small perturbations to synaptic connections between populations of neurons (network nodes) render the stable network unstable, causing a seizure. Fragility of each network node was defined and computed for linear network models. Here, we applied the theory to the problem of identifying where seizures start from, defined as the epileptogenic zone (EZ), given intracranial electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings. We hypothesize that the most fragile nodes of an epileptic network correspond to the region of the brain that start seizures. We test our hypothesis by (i) estimating linear models from ECoG recordings obtained from two epilepsy patients, (ii) computing the fragility of each electrode contact (network node), and (iii) by comparing the most fragile nodes as derived from our model for each patient to clinically annotated EZ. We found that the most fragile nodes that destabilize the epileptic cortical network in each patient have a high degree of concordance with the clinical annotations and can thus be used to help identify the EZ which currently is a difficult, costly and time consuming process.
Online Statistical Inference for Large-Scale Binary Images.

We present a unified online statistical framework for quantifying a collection of binary images. Since medical image segmentation is often done semi-automatically, the resulting binary images may be available in a sequential manner. Further, modern medical imaging datasets are too large to fit into a computer’s memory. Thus, there is a need to develop an iterative analysis framework where the final statistical maps are updated sequentially each time a new image is added to the analysis. We propose a new algorithm for online statistical inference and apply to characterize mandible growth during the first two decades of life.
Structures of REV1 UBM2 Domain Complex with Ubiquitin and with a Small-Molecule that Inhibits the REV1 UBM2–Ubiquitin Interaction

REV1 is a DNA damage tolerance protein and encodes two ubiquitin-binding motifs (UBM1 and UBM2) that are essential for REV1 functions in cell survival under DNA-damaging stress. Here we report the first solution and X-ray crystal structures of REV1 UBM2 and its complex with ubiquitin, respectively. Furthermore, we have identified the first small-molecule compound, MLAF50, that directly binds to REV1 UBM2. In the heteronuclear single quantum coherence NMR experiments, peaks of UBM2 but not of UBM1 are significantly shifted by the addition of ubiquitin, which agrees to the observation that REV1 UBM2 but not UBM1 is required for DNA damage tolerance. REV1 UBM2 interacts with hydrophobic residues of ubiquitin such as L8 and L73. NMR data suggest that MLAF50 binds to the same residues of REV1 UBM2 that interact with ubiquitin, indicating that MLAF50 can compete with the REV1 UBM2-ubiquitin interaction orthosterically. Indeed, MLAF50 inhibited the interaction of REV1 UBM2 with ubiquitin and prevented chromatin localization of REV1 induced by cisplatin in U2OS cells. Our results structurally validate REV1 UBM2 as a target of a small-molecule inhibitor and demonstrate a new avenue to targeting ubiquitination-mediated protein interactions with a chemical tool.
Pesticide Application Laws, Regulations, and Training Programs Designed for Promoting Greater Worker Safety

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the pesticide application laws, regulations, and training programs designed for promoting greater worker safety. The first laws regulating the user of pesticides were the state pesticide custom applicator laws and regulations. These were adopted by California in 1949, and other states followed quickly during the 1950s and 1960s. California was also the first to recognize the hazard of pesticides to other farm workers, and adopted regulations for re-entry into treated areas in 1971. Minimum standards for the certification to be carried out by the states were published by EPA in the Federal Register on October 9, 1974. The regulations indicate that the private applicator is expected to be fully as competent within the limits of his own responsibility as the commercial applicator, but the commercial applicator is expected to have a broader field of knowledge so that the commercial applicator can deal competently with the diverse problems to which he will be exposed. Many training tools are being used with several states preparing their own or using selected parts from several to suit their particular needs.
Treatment of pterygium using thermal cautery

Reported therapies for primary pterygium have included surgical excision with or without adjunct radiation, antimitotic agents, and conjunctival transplants. The effectiveness of these strategies may be limited by recurrences, side effects of the treatment, or expensive and time-consuming procedures. We report the results of using thermal cautery to treat primary pterygium in three patients. In all cases the pterygia were successfully eliminated without recurrence.
Responding to Counterarguments: Learning from the Swing-Vote Cases

Persuasive legal writers must respond to even the strongest opposing arguments. The most difficult counterarguments naturally arise in those close issues that a reasonable jurist could decide either way. And there may be no closer call than the key question in a Supreme Court case that has been decided by a one-vote margin.A look at the Court’s 5-4 opinions from the 2011-2012 Term reflects that the Justices regularly, and explicitly, confront the strongest arguments against their positions. Because these opinions contain responses to the most challenging counterarguments, they illustrate specific rhetorical strategies to emulate in persuasive legal writing. These model strategies are explained and illustrated in Part I of this article. Part II of the article focuses on a different set of techniques, which can be found in the dissenting opinions of these same swing-vote cases. The tactics described in Part II are better avoided — unless the persuasive writer, like the dissenting judge, has already accepted defeat.
The TRPML3 channel: from gene to function.

TRPML3 is a transient receptor potential (TRP) channel that is encoded by the mucolipin 3 gene (MCOLN3), a member of the small mucolipin gene family. Mcoln3 shows a broad expression pattern in embryonic and adult tissues that includes differentiated cells of skin and inner ear. Dominant mutant alleles of murine Mcoln3 cause embryonic lethality, pigmentation defects and deafness. The TRPML3 protein features a six-transmembrane topology and functions as a Ca2+ permeable inward rectifying cation channel that is open at sub-physiological pH and closes as the extracytosolic pH becomes more acidic. TRPML3 localizes to the plasmamembrane and to early- and late-endosomes as well as lysosomes. Recent advances suggest that TRPML3 may regulate the acidification of early endosomes, hence playing a critical role in the endocytic pathway.
Crystal structure of an endotoxin-neutralizing protein from the horseshoe crab, Limulus anti-LPS factor, at 1.5 A resolution.

Abstract Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or endotoxin, is the major mediator of septic shock, a serious complication of Gram-negative bacterial infections in humans. Molecules that bind LPS and neutralize its biological effects or enhance its clearance could have important clinical applications. Limulus anti-LPS factor (LALF) binds LPS tightly, and, in animal models, reduces mortality when administered before or after LPS challenge or bacterial infection. Here we present the high resolution structure of a recombinant LALF. It has a single domain consisting of three alpha-helices packed against a four-stranded beta-sheet. The wedge-shaped molecule has a striking charge distribution and amphipathicity that suggest how it can insert into membranes. The binding site for LPS probably involves an extended amphipathic loop, and we propose that two mammalian LPS-binding proteins will have a similar loop. The amphipathic loop structure may be used in the design of molecules with therapeutic properties against septic shock.
Pancreatic Cytopathology: A Pragmatic Approach

This chapter discusses a general approach for the diagnosis of pancreatic lesions using cytologic samples. An algorithm is supplied that represents the authors’ best attempt to recapitulate our own thoughts when we approach samples from the pancreas. Although most cytologists likely use similar processes as they tackle specimens from all parts of the body, an algorithm is destined to be imperfect as it simplifies the multitude of clues that are used to arrive at final diagnoses while also complicating the process by not incorporating the numerous shortcuts that help us to avoid pitfalls. The approach described below utilizes our experience in evaluating pancreatic lesions and is an attempt to put into words a systematic method for the correct identification of most pancreatic lesions by combining clinical, radiographic, and cytologic findings. Specific pitfalls are discussed in the following chapters that describe the individual lesions in more detail.
“Like I’m Invisible”: IPV Survivor-Mothers’ Perceptions of Seeking Child Custody through the Family Court System

This qualitative descriptive study examines the perspectives of 19 mothers who survived intimate partner violence (IPV) and sought custody of one or more children through the family court system. We explored these mothers’ perceptions of the nature of court processes from start to finish, their understandings of the impact of court processes and outcomes on their well-being, and their recommendations for improvements to facilitate a process that is sensitive to survivors’ experiences with IPV. Mothers interviewed in this study described an experience that was largely invalidating and distressing, compounding the adverse effects of IPV on their well-being. Qualitative content analysis yielded six clusters: 1) survivors must enter into a court environment that implicitly presumes the absence of trauma, 2) survivors face obstacles to getting their stories of abuse across and heard, 3) survivors experience harmful and helpful interactions with court professionals, 4) survivors endure distress in the courtroom, 5) survivors suffer psychosocial consequences outside of the courtroom, and 6) survivors make recommendations for an improved custody process that is sensitive to experiences of IPV. Results paint a picture of a family court system that has the potential to cause grave, lasting harms to survivor-mothers who are separating from abusive partners.
A History of the Muslim World to 1750: The Making of a Civilization

A History of the Muslim World to 1750 traces the development of Islamic civilization from the career of the Prophet Muhammad to the mid-eighteenth century. Encompassing a wide range of significant events within the period, its coverage includes the creation of the Dar al-Islam (the territory ruled by Muslims), the fragmentation of society into various religious and political groups including the Shi'ites and Sunnis, the series of catastrophes in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries that threatened to destroy the civilization, and the rise of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. Including the latest research from the last ten years, this second edition has been updated and expanded to cover the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries. Fully refreshed and containing over sixty images to highlight the key visual aspects, this book offers students a balanced coverage of the Muslim world from the Iberian Peninsula to South Asia, and detailed accounts of all cultures. The use of maps, primary sources, timelines, and a glossary further illuminates the fascinating yet complex world of the pre-modern Middle East. Covering art, architecture, religious institutions, theological beliefs, popular religious practice, political institutions, cuisine, and much more, A History of the Muslim World to 1750 is the perfect introduction for all students of the history of Islamic civilization and the Middle East.