cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomistic insight into viscosity and density of silicate melts under pressure

The viscosity of polymerised silicate melts is known to decrease up to a pressure of 3–5 GPa. Here, the authors demonstrate that this abnormal behaviour corresponds to the tetrahedral packing limit, below which the structure is compressed via tightening of the inter-tetrahedral bond angle.
Desferrithiocin analogue uranium decorporation agents.

Purpose: Previous systematic structure-activity studies of the desferrithiocin (DFT) platform have allowed the design and synthesis of analogues and derivatives of DFT that retain the exceptional iron-clearing activity of the parent, while eliminating its adverse effects. We hypothesized that a similar approach could be adopted to identify DFT-related analogues that could effectively decorporate uranium.Materials and methods: The decorporation properties of nine DFT-related analogues were determined in a bile duct-cannulated rat model. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) served as a positive control. Selected ligands also underwent multiple and delayed dosing regimens. Uranium excretion in urine and bile or stool was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS); tissue levels of uranium were also assessed.Results: The two best clinical candidates are (S)-4,5-dihydro-2-[2-hydroxy-4-(3,6,9-trioxadecyloxy)phenyl]-4-methyl-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid [(S)-4′-(HO)-DADFT-PE (9)], with...
Structural analysis of Rauscher virus Gp70 using monoclonal antibodies: sites of antigenicity and P15(E) linkage.

Abstract A linear map of 19 monoclonal antibody-binding domains on Rauscher retroviral gp70 was generated using a technique we have designated PEC-MAP (partial enzymatic cleavage-monoclonal antibody precipitation). We used eight proteolytic enzyme preparations in limited digests to produce 39 gp70 fragments. Immune precipitation of these fragments by monoclonal antibodies from 51 cell lines allowed us to define 19 binding sites by virtue of overlapping fragments and differential precipitation patterns. The sites most accessible to proteolytic attack and antibody binding were then mapped by analyzing the apparent molecular weights of the various gp70 fragments. This analysis revealed three hyperreactive regions in gp70 located approximately within the first 2000 daltons of the amino end of gp70 as well as 18,000 and 38,000 daltons from the amino end of the M r 47,000 deglycosylated gp70 molecule. In addition, we used monoclonal antibodies directed against the disulfide-linked p15(E) molecule to localize its linkage site to Domain XVII, estimated to be between 34,000 and 38,000 daltons from the amino end of deglycosylated gp70. These data place certain constraints on the tertiary structure of gp70 and suggest a mechanism for the generation of leukemogenic MCF recombinants.
Sodium and potassium in mitochondrial membrane fractions.

IN a preliminary attempt to explain the observations that muscle1 and liver2 mitochondria are able to transport actively potassium but not sodium, the concentrations of these ions in mitochondrial membrane fractions were studied and compared with those in intact mitochondria. The results indicated that the specific activity (µgm. sodium or potassium/mgm. dry weight) of sodium was several times greater in mitochondrial membrane fractions than in intact particles, whereas the reverse was found with potassium.
2D k-barrier duty-cycle scheduling for intruder detection in Wireless Sensor Networks

Intruder detection is an important application in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Barrier coverage, which requires much fewer sensors than full coverage, is broadly known as an appropriate model of coverage for such an application. However, previous works all focus on providing 1D barrier coverage on a thin belt region based on global network information. In this paper, we introduce the concept of 2D k-barrier, and investigate establishing 2D barriers on a square region only with sensors’ local neighbor information. To provide 2D k-barrier coverage in the field, a distributed scheme is proposed. The scheme targets on providing low detection delay and low energy consumption. The barriers constructed in both horizontal and vertical directions guarantee the detection of any intruder whose crossing path can be in any of the two directions. Extensive performance evaluation based on NS2 simulator shows that the proposed scheme outperforms existing mechanism in terms of both detection delay and energy consumption.
Praising child compliance: Reinforcement or ritual?

Praising child compliance is a common therapeutic recommendation to parents with noncompliant children. There are currently no studies documenting the independent contribution of the praise component to successful parent training programs. Three projects were designed to evaluate the hypotheses underlying the use of contingent praise routines. Namely, it has been suggested that conduct-disordered children are relatively unresponsive to adult approval at pretreatment, yet become responsive by posttreatment. In contrast to the hypotheses, data indicated that child compliance levels were not associated with child responsivity to maternal social reinforces; noncompliant children were responsive to maternal praise both before and after treatment; child responsivity to maternal praise did not covary with successful treatment; previously noncompliant but successfully treated children continued to comply to maternal instructions after contingent praise was withdrawn; a nonclinic child demonstrated extensive compliance persistence in the absence of contingent praise. Praising child compliance appeared to be more of a polite ritual than an active therapeutic component for altering noncompliance.
Organization and expression of the Drosophila melanogaster D-Gγ1 gene encoding the G-protein gamma subunit

The organization and expression of the Drosophila melanogaster G-protein gamma subunit-encoding gene (D-G gamma 1) were analyzed. The results showed that the three D-G gamma 1 RNAs (1.1, 1.3 and 2.6 kb) are differentially expressed in different tissues. While the 2.6-kb RNA is found only in the neural tissues of late embryo, larva and adult, the 1.3-kb RNA is expressed only in the adult ovary. The 1.1-kb RNA, on the other hand, is predominantly expressed during embryogenesis and in the neural tissues of late embryo, larva and adult. Moderate expression of this RNA is also found in the imaginal discs and other larval tissues. Nucleotide (nt) sequence analysis showed that the 70-amino-acid polypeptide encoded by the 1.3-kb transcript of D-G gamma 1 is the same as that encoded by the 1.1- and 2.6-kb D-G gamma 1 transcripts reported earlier [Ray and Ganguly, J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 6086-6092]. Both the 1.3- and 1.1-kb RNAs utilize the same polyadenylation site, but their 3'-UTR are 1662 nt shorter than that of the 2.6-kb RNA. Although transcription of all three RNAs starts at the same transcription start point (tsp), the 5'-UTR of the 1.3-kb RNA is 190-nt longer than that of the other two RNAs, due to the utilization of an 3' alternative splice site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The structure of the kinetochore at meiosis

1. It is suggested that the kinetochores of Amphibia and those of several plants are basically alike in structure and that the superficially striking dissimilarity between them arises from differences in their meiotic properties. 2. The spindle spherule of the kinetochore is fully divided already in the late prophase of the first meiotic division. 3. It is reiterated that the kinetochore is a compound body and that the element directly involved in mitosis is the spindle spherule which lies in a commissural mass or cup. 4. It is suggested that there is some reorganization of the kinetochore at every mitotic cycle and that functional fragments, such as reported by McClintock, originate at a time when the final form shown in metaphase has not yet been assumed.
The role of footwall deformation and denudation in controlling cooling age patterns of detachment systems: An application to the Kongur Shan extensional system in the Eastern Pamir, China

Abstract Determining the relationship between deformation and exhumation history in the footwall rocks of major low-angle normal faults (i.e., detachment faults) provides a way to quantify different models of continental extension. Although pressure–temperature–time ( P–T–t ) datasets are commonly used to infer magnitude and rates of slip across detachment faults, correct use of these datasets requires a sound understanding of coupling effects between footwall deformation and advection of isotherms on the distribution of cooling ages. In this study we present thermo-kinematic modeling results which examine the relationship between different footwall kinematic models, erosion, and the spatial distribution of muscovite and biotite 40 Ar/ 39 Ar cooling ages. Our results show that large magnitudes of footwall erosion during normal faulting significantly affect cooling age patterns as footwall rocks at different distances from the fault surface pass through different thermal gradients. We apply our modeling results to simulating muscovite and biotite cooling-age patterns from the footwall of the Cenozoic Kongur Shan normal fault system in the Pamir. Previous studies had interpreted a documented ~5-fold increase in cooling rate at ~ 2 Ma to indicate an increase in exhumation rate during the Quaternary. However, our results show that the observed cooling age patterns and increase in cooling rate can be produced by a constant exhumation rate over the last 7 Ma due to the effect of changes in the rate of isotherm advection during exhumation.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-retargeted measles virus strains effectively target EGFR- or EGFRvIII expressing gliomas

A retargeted measles virus strain MV-GFP-HAA-scEGFR was generated by engineering the MV-NSe Edmonston vaccine strain to incorporate both CD46 (Y481A) and signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) (R533A) ablating mutations in the hemagglutinin protein in combination with the display of a single-chain antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at the C terminus of hemagglutinin. The unmodified MV-GFP virus was used as a positive control. Specificity of the EGFR retargeted virus was demonstrated in non-permissive Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected to express either the natural receptors CD46 or SLAM or the target receptors EGFR and EGFRvIII. In vitro, the retargeted virus had potent antitumor activity against EGFR- or EGFRvIII-overexpressing primary glioblastoma multi-forme (GBM) cell lines that was comparable to the activity of the unmodified MV-GFP virus. Intratumoral administration of MV-GFP-HAA-scEGFRvIII in orthotopic GBM12 xenografts resulted in tumor regression, as demonstrated by bioluminescence imaging and significant prolongation of survival, that was comparable to the effect of the unmodified strain. In contrast to MV-GFP, central nervous system administration of the targeted MV-GFP-HAA-scEGFR virus in measles replication-permissive Ifnarko CD46 transgenic mice resulted in no neurotoxicity. In conclusion, EGFR-retargeted measles virus strains have comparable therapeutic efficacy to the unmodified virus in glioma cells overexpressing EGFR or EGFRvIII in vivo and in vitro, and improved therapeutic index, a finding with potential translational implications in glioma virotherapy.
Palaeoanthropology: Asian Homo erectus converges in time.

Re-evaluation of the age of Zhoukoudian, a prominent site of Homo erectus occupation in China, prompts a rethink of the species' distribution in both the temperate north and the equatorial south of east Asia.
Optimum Photometric Range of Ultraviolet Spectrophotometers

Gridgeman (1) assumed that a spectrophotometer would be limited in photometric performance by the readout mechanism. The absorbance, A, is related to the transmittance, T, by: A = – log T, then dA/dT = – (log e)/T.
Channel estimation under asynchronous packet interference

This paper investigates the placement of training symbols within the data packets of a wireless system in which transmissions are subject to asynchronous interference. The minimum mean square error of the training-based channel estimator is expressed as a function of the Fisher information of the received signal. It is shown that the placement that minimizes the minimum mean square error should be searched for within a set containing half as many elements as the number of training symbols in the packet. Furthermore, a lower bound on the minimum mean square error is derived and analyzed. It is shown that this bound is tight when the power of the interference is high. The placement of the training symbols in two clusters of equal or quasiequal length at the two edges of the data packet minimizes the lower bound for all values of the parameters and, thus, gives the solution of the problem for high values of the interference power. The influence of the training symbols placement on the data transmission performance is also investigated.
Medical management of Ménière's disease.

Objectives: Meniere's disease (MD) is poorly understood with respect to its etiology, pathophysiology, clinical course, and treatment. Furthermore, in the absence of controlled clinical studies, empiric treatments have been used with varying degrees of success. In this paper, the authors review the current medical management of MD. Study Design: Literature review. Results: Because of a dearth of well-controlled studies, the medical management of MD remains empirical and is largely restricted to lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapy, and office-based procedures. The development of transtympanic therapies represents a true therapeutic advance that has largely supplanted surgical intervention. A treatment algorithm for acute and chronic medical management is reviewed. Conclusions: Despite absence of a complete understanding of MD, medical management or its natural history leads to control of vertigo in the majority of patients. Basic research is needed to understand its pathophysiology so that directed therapies can be developed and can be tested in well-controlled clinical trials.
Effects of in utero JP-8 jet fuel exposure on the immune systems of pregnant and newborn mice

The US Air Force has implemented the widespread use of JP-8 jet fuel in its operations, although a thorough understanding of its potential effects upon exposed personnel is unclear. Previous work has reported that JP-8 exposure is immunosuppressive. In the present study, the effects of in-utero JP-8 jet fuel exposure in mice were examined to ascertain any potential effects of jet fuel exposure on female personnel and their offspring. Exposure by the aerosol route (at 1000 mg/m3 for 1 h/day; similar to exposures incurred by flight line personnel) commencing during the first (d7 to birth) or last (d15 to birth) trimester of pregnancy was analyzed. It was observed that even 6-8 weeks after the last jet fuel exposure that the immune system of the dams (mother of newborn mice) was affected (in accordance with previous reports on normal mice). That is, thymus organ weights and viable cell numbers were decreased, and immune function was depressed. A decrease in viable male offspring was found, notably more pronounced when exposure started during the first trimester of pregnancy. Regardless of when jet fuel exposure started, all newborn mice (at 6-8 weeks after birth) reported significant immunosuppression. That is, newborn pups displayed decreased immune organ weights, decreased viable immune cell numbers and suppressed immune function. When the data were analyzed in relation to the respective mothers of the pups the data were more pronounced. Although all jet fuel-exposed pups were immunosuppressed as compared with control pups, male offspring were more affected by jet fuel exposure than female pups. Furthermore, the immune function of the newborn mice was directly correlated to the immune function of their respective mothers. That is, mothers showing the lowest immune function after JP-8 exposure gave birth to pups displaying the greatest effects of jet fuel exposure on immune function. Mothers who showed the highest levels of immune function after in-utero JP-8 exposure gave birth to pups displaying levels of immune function similar to controls animals that had the lowest levels of immune function. These data indicated that a genetic component might be involved in determining immune responses after jet fuel exposure. Overall, the data showed that in-utero JP-8 jet fuel exposure had long-term detrimental effects on newborn mice, particularly on the viability and immune competence of male offspring.
A P2P Model for SIP Based Telecom Services

This paper describes an architecture for providing services using only generic network functions and without requiring service-specific intelligence in the network. We also describe its rationale, our implementation and use some SIP based call services as examples to show how the architecture can facilitate creation of peer-to-peer instantiations of services.
T regulatory cells: sentinels against autoimmune heart disease.

See related article, pages 1109–1116 Myocarditis is an acute inflammatory disease of the heart and a precursor of dilated cardiomyopathy.1–8 Dilated cardiomyopathy is a more chronic disease which is characterized by ventricular hypertrophy and which may be a direct result of myocarditis and lead to heart failure.1–3,9 Myocarditis is often characterized by a cellular infiltrate, and if inflammation of the myocardium does not resolve during the acute stage, the heart may be compromised because of necrosis and direct loss of myocytes,10 scarring from granulomatous inflammation,11,12 or fibrosis because of proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen deposition.13,14 Although TH1 or TH2 cell mediated immunity is blamed for disease, myocarditis has been reported to develop independently of TH1 and TH2 mechanisms.15 In some cases of myocarditis, antibody deposition and antibody-mediated cell signaling of the β-adrenergic receptor or the calcium channel may affect cardiomyocyte function and lead to cardiomyopathy or apoptosis in the myocardium.16–18 Whichever type of disease occurs, the myocardium may deteriorate from relapsing and remitting disease and become enlarged and functionally weakened because of the immune attack on the heart. In this issue of Circulation Research , Huber and colleagues report that a coxsackievirus variant can affect the outcome of myocarditis by inducing regulatory T cells which abrogate disease in the tumor necrosis …
Configurational effects in visual information processing

These experiments show that the perceptual organization of a multielement display affects both the speed and accuracy with which a target letter in it is detected. The first two experiments show that a target is detected more poorly if it is arranged in good form (a perceptual Gestalt) with noise elements than if it is not. This effect is not confounded with target-noise proximity or display size, and it holds for stimuli terminated by the subject’s response as well as for stimuli of very brief duration. Increasing the number of noise elements can actually improve performance if the added noise elements increase the degree to which the noise elements form perceptual groups separately from the target. A third experiment tries out a new method for scaling the perceptual structure of an array, and it shows that the main features of the first two experiments can be predicted from the scaled perceptual structure of the arrays they used.
The US Healthcare System 2010 Problems, Principles, and Potential Solutions

Ten years ago, the US healthcare system was declared “broken,” and it has not improved. Fixes promised by managed care have not materialized. Premiums are rising. Hassles for patients and physicians abound. Nearly 45 million Americans are uninsured. Over the next decade, these problems will worsen and new challenges will arise. Although new technology will increase efficiency, the cost of new tests and treatments will outweigh the savings. As physicians get better at treating problems, they will lengthen patients’ lives and increase the number of people requiring care. As baby boomers age, these new patients will demand top-quality care “their way.” As costs rise, the status quo will not be acceptable to employers. Some will eliminate benefits for new hires. Others will get out of the insurance business entirely, contributing some funds to coverage costs but no longer providing coverage themselves. These changes will cause the number of uninsured citizens to grow. The result will be an increasingly disenfranchised middle class. They—and employers—will vote for radical change. In my role as a citizen rather than as the president of the American College of Cardiology (ACC), I have developed a proposal to transform our healthcare system by the year 2010. This proposal outlines 6 problems, 6 principles for addressing them, …
Psychiatry and criminal justice in modern Germany, 1880—1933

This article presents an overview and analysis of the relationship of psychiatry and criminal justice in three different areas: the role of medical expert testimony in criminal trials; the role of psychiatrists in criminological research; and the influence of psychiatry on the penal reform movement. The first section argues that the increased use of medical expert testimony in the criminal courts demonstrates the increasing social acceptance of the psychiatric claim that borderline mental abnormalities were widespread and frequently connected to criminal behaviour. The second section examines the reasons why psychiatrists became so interested in research into the causes of criminal behaviour, and relates this interest to psychiatrists’ efforts to expand their professional territory. The third section argues that psychiatry exerted an important influence on the penal reform agenda. Not only was psychiatry crucial to the treatment of mentally deficient offenders, but the penal reformers’ demand to make ever...
PTEN modulators: a patent review

Introduction: PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) plays a pivotal role in controlling intracellular signaling for cell survival and proliferation by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway, and its dysfunction is associated with several neoplastic diseases. PTEN is frequently found mutated in many pathological conditions highlighting its importance in normal physiological function. Unlike several cellular proteins which are activated by phosphorylation, PTEN is inactivated upon phosphorylation by specific kinases which phosphorylate serine and threonine residues in its C-terminal region. Therefore, development of therapeutic agents that specifically target kinases and kinase-domain-containing proteins affecting PTEN would lead to the treatment of PTEN-related diseases. Areas covered: With increasing evidence on the role of PTEN in many human diseases, the present review focuses on the clinical relevance of PTEN with a comprehensive list of currently identified modulators of PTEN, and pr...
LTV controller design for vehicle lateral control under fault in rear sensors

This work focuses on vehicle lateral control for automated highway systems (AHSs) studied as a part of the California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) Program. In the PATH lateral control system, magnetometers are installed under both front and rear bumpers of the vehicle; these magnetometers measure the lateral deviation of the vehicle relative to the magnets buried along the centerline of each automated lane. Lateral controllers have been designed and tested successfully provided that there is no fault in magnetometers. It has been argued that these controllers are NOT tolerant to the fault in magnetometers. The focus of This work is the degraded-mode lateral control under fault in rear magnetometers. The aim of the controller design is to accomplish adequate performance with the remaining set of magnetometers, the front magnetometers. The effects of the fault are examined, and the significance of the linear time-varying (LTV) property of the front-magnetometer-based vehicle lateral dynamics is recognized. Popular control methods for LTV systems generally involve gain scheduling by switching between several linear time-invariant (LTI) controllers. Such methods are complicated and it is difficult to prove the stability of the switching mechanism. To derive a simple effective LTV controller, feedback linearization is applied to approximately cancel out the time-varying terms in the plant and to function as a gain scheduler. However, due to the weakly damped zeroes of the plant, feedback linearization with state feedback or matched observer state feedback results in weakly damped internal dynamics. In order to tune the internal dynamics, a mismatched observer is designed based on H-infinity optimal control techniques. Experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the controller design.
A radius-bucketing approach to fast vector quantization encoding

The authors present a computationally efficient encoding scheme for vector quantization. Efficiency is achieved by combining techniques: homes are bucketed into the subset of codewords in the same region as the input point; the energy of the input point eliminates codewords not in the same energy range; the smallest hyperrectangle parallel to the coordinate axes that bounds the Voronoi region associated with the codeword acts as a discriminant; and approximations to the actual distortion are used to avoid multiplications. Simulations on Gaussian sources with ranges of codebook sizes and block sizes indicate that the encoding time, measured in multiplications, actually falls with increasing codebook size. It is shown that with no increase in signal/noise ratio the algorithm substantially outperforms tree search and binary hyperplane testing search. >
Parameter Stability in Cross-Sectional Models of Ethnic Shopping Behaviour

Various research projects in the past have attempted to determine the extent to which individual patterns of consumer spatial behaviour may be considered to be invariant or quasi-invariant. Most notable in this regard have been those studies adopting a format of revealed space preference. However, there are difficulties associated with the use of this approach. The present endeavour offers an alternative set of analytical procedures which, although incapable of ascertaining whether spatial behaviour is invariant or otherwise, afford the researcher the opportunity to assess the degree of statistical similarity existing among observed patterns of interaction displayed by assorted groups of consumers. In this respect the present contribution may be viewed as complementing the technique of revealed space preference. The tools employed were developed by econometricians interested in testing the stability of sets of coefficients generated by different regression equations. Evidence of stability among regression...
Emergence of Diverse Helicobacter Species in the Pathogenesis of Gastric and Enterohepatic Diseases

Since Helicobacter pylori was first cultivated from human gastric biopsy specimens in 1982, it has become apparent that many related species can often be found colonizing the mucosal surfaces of humans and other animals. These other Helicobacter species can be broadly grouped according to whether they colonize the gastric or enterohepatic niche. Gastric Helicobacter species are widely distributed in mammalian hosts and are often nearly universally prevalent. In many cases they cause an inflammatory response resembling that seen with H. pylori in humans. Although usually not pathogenic in their natural host, these organisms serve as models of human disease. Enterohepatic Helicobacter species are an equally diverse group of organisms that have been identified in the intestinal tract and the liver of humans, other mammals, and birds. In many cases they have been linked with inflammation or malignant transformation in immunocompetent hosts and with more severe clinical disease in immunocompromised humans and animals. The purpose of this review is to describe these other Helicobacter species, characterize their role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal and enterohepatic disease, and discuss their implications for our understanding of H. pylori infection in humans.
An Expert Supervisor For A Robotic Work Cell

To increase task flexibility in a robotic assembly environment, a hierarchical planning and execution system is being developed which will map user specified 3D part assembly tasks into various target robotic work cells, and execute these tasks efficiently using manipulators and sensors available in the work cell. One level of this hierarchy, the Supervisor, is responsible for assigning subtasks of a system generated Task Plan to a set of task specific Specialists and on-line coordination of the activity of these Specialists to accomplish the user specified assembly. The design of the Supervisor can be broken down into five major functional blocks: resource management; concurrency detection; task scheduling; error recovery; and interprocess communication. The Supervisor implementation has been completed on a VAX 11/750 under a Unix environment. PC card Pick-Insert experiments were performed to test this implementation. To test the robustness of the architecture, the Supervisor was then transported to a new work cell under a VMS environment. The experiments performed under Supervisor control in both implementations are discussed after a brief explanation of the functional blocks of the Supervisor and the other levels in the hierarchy.
Thermal simulation for IC devices with large number of heat sources

Due to increasing component density in electronic devices, transient thermal simulations are required to be able to deal with a large number of small size heat sources in a large modeling domain. This paper presents a four-step modeling methodology, which can be applied to this type of thermal problems. The method is composed of multi-scale models and focuses on temporal and spatial temperatures of small size heat sources in a relatively large domain. In large-sale model, small size components are replaced with large volumes, and their material properties are also changed to conserve the thermal resistances and capacitances of the small components. Results from the large-scale model are used as boundary conditions for small-scale model. Mesh reduction and less computation time are the major benefits of the method as compared to directly modeling whole devices. The method is explained and discussed step by step. An example based on a simplified electronic board configuration is provided to demonstrate the methodology.
Interactions of Methyl Orange with Cyclodextrin/Sodium-Montmorillonite Systems Probed by UV–Visible Spectroscopy

Abstract Clay mineral colloids play important roles in the adsorption of polar organic contaminants in the environment. Similarly, cyclodextrins (CD) can entrap poorly water-soluble organic compounds. A combination of CDs and clay minerals affords great opportunities to investigate simultaneously complexation and adsorption processes involving organic contaminants. In this work, we investigated in situ the extent of adsorption and/or complexation of a molecular probe, methyl orange (MO), in CD/sodium montmorillonite systems using UV–visible spectroscopy. The anion form of MO interacts with the clay surface via cationic bridges, whereas the cation form is weakly adsorbed by a cation-exchange mechanism. Further, in acidic media, there is a local competition between MO and the montmorillonite surface for H+ ions. This inhibits protonation of MO in the immediate vicinity of the clay. The presence of CDs, however, perturbs the favored process of proton scavenging by the clay. In particular, in βCD-clay systems, βCD-complexed MO can compete successfully with the clay for H+ ions. The shielding effect of βCD appears to play a key role in preventing the deprotonation of complexed MO.
Therapeutic Interventions for Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a debilitating condition that has a significant negative impact on quality of life. As patients with BDD are preoccupied with their appearance, they commonly present first to a dermatologist or plastic surgeon for care. Therefore, it is highly valuable for the care provider to be adept at recognizing such patients so that proper therapy can be initiated. Current evidence-based therapeutic regimens utilize psychotherapeutic techniques, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), alone or in combination with pharmacologic agents such as selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors. This chapter will provide an overview of current approaches to the patient with BDD to provide the clinician with a resource for selecting the appropriate care plan for patients suffering with BDD.
Meanings of 'Haratine' in Mauritania's Assaba Region

Travelers, colonial officials, and scholars have long written about the Haratine in Mauritania, usually using this term to refer to ex-slaves or slave descendants. But during my ethnographic research, people in Kankossa debated the meaning of “Haratine”, using it to index current slave status, race, or membership in a unique ethnic group. Furthermore, many of my interlocutors who the academic literature or higher status Mauritanians would typically refer to as Haratine did not refer to themselves by this term at all, choosing instead to claim membership in other social categories or to create new ones altogether. In my paper, I focus on one woman, considering how she identifies herself in a variety of ways depending on the context as a means to illustrate some of the complexities embedded in these social categories. I ultimately examine the consequences for us as scholars of such complexities and consider how we should address them in our writing. Does it make sense to refer to “Haratine” as a category at all? And if it does not, how should we write about our interlocutors in ways that highlight the social categories they draw upon to define themselves while maintaining comprehensibility in our work?
Organisation of Syncope Management Units: The North American Experience

In summary, the SMU is uncommon in North America. Furthermore, relatively few arrhythmia specialty centres are contemplating establishment of such a facility, although most survey respondents believe that an SMU would be helpful. The survey findings suggest that establishment of such a unit is impeded by lack of leadership, resource limitations within medical centres, and absence of convincing published data regarding SMU effectiveness. Thus, at least in the near term, the SMU will remain the exception rather than the rule in North American medical practice.
Trafforithm: A traffic-aware shortest path algorithm in real road networks with traffic influence factors

The shortest path computation between two given locations in a road network is an important problem that finds applications in a wide range of fields. There has been a lot of research efforts targeting at the preciseness and performance of finding shortest paths in road networks. However, rarely of them have really taken into account the influence of traffic factors such as traffic lights, road conditions, traffic jams and turning cost. In other words, existing approaches are rather purely based on the topology of the network, but forgot that there are multiple factors in a real road network that impact the accuracy of the algorithm. The contribution of our paper is twofold. First, we present a generic two-layered framework for moving objects in road networks environment and demonstrate the important role of traffic factors on path finding and route planning. Second, we develop an efficient parallel shortest path algorithm in road networks with the consideration of traffic influence factors. Detailed analysis presented shows that our parallel TRAFFic-aware shortest path algORITHM (Trafforithm), is accurate and practical.
Optimal Low-Thrust Orbital Transfers for Rendezvous Between Active Spacecraft with Return Position Constraints

In this paper, we consider the problem of determining optimal low-thrust transfers required for rendezvous between two spacecraft in coplanar circular orbits. We specifically allow both spacecraft to perform an orbital transfer to complete the rendezvous. We also consider the that restrict the maneuvering satellites may need to return to their original orbital positions after the rendezvous. Using a direct optimization scheme to solve the formulated optimal control problem, we show via numerical examples that the optimal cooperative solution exhibits a bang-bang solution with intermittent coasting intervals when total transfer time is minimized, in contrast to optimal non-cooperative rendezvous when the thrust remains constant at the maximum level throughout the transfer. Through numerical examples, we compare the characteristics of solutions for non-cooperative rendezvous and cooperative rendezvous with/without return position constraints.
Aggregates and Methodological Individualism: A Relational Approach

Methodological individualism, coupled with radical subjectivity, leads naturally to skepticism regarding the objective theoretical value of economic aggregates. I restate the role of aggregates in the methodological individualist paradigm, focusing on the Austrian tradition, in a way consistent with Hodgson’s (2007) critique and emphasize belief and meaning as the relevant channel through which these aggregates operate. Viewing aggregates this way leads to a relational approach which is consistent with formulations made by scholars working within in the methodological individualist paradigm and answers Hodgson’s call for recognition of the importance of interactive relations between individuals.
Gas chromatography on monolayers

Discussion des phenomenes d'adsorption en utilisant le modele de solution de la particule entouree. Application au benzene sur Carbopack C
Study on Phase Composition of In-situ Synthesized B_4C-CeB_6/Al Composites

B4C-CeB6 porous preform was first produced by in-situ reaction of CeO2 and B4C powders,and then B4C-CeB6/Al composites was fabricated by pressureless infiltration technology. Phase composition of in-situ synthesized B4C-CeB6/Al composites was studied and analyzed by using XRD and DTA analysis. The results show that CeB6 was formed by in-situ reaction of CeO2 and B4C at a temperature range of 1240～1 300 ℃. The results also show that Al3BC,AlB2 and Al4C3 were formed by B4C reacting with Al at the different temperature. Al3BC and AlB2 were formed at relatively lower temperature,and Al3BC and AlB2 were formed at a temperature range of 645～690 ℃. Al4C3 were formed at relatively higher temperature. Al4C3 was formed at a temperature range of 1 150～1200 ℃.
Incidence of End Rots and Internal Necrosis in Sweetpotato Is Affected by Cultivar, Curing, and Ethephon Defoliation

Two distinct syndromes have emerged in some production areas that have caused losses of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) storage roots during postharvest storage: a complex of fungal rots (end rots) progressing from either end of storage roots and a necrotic reaction (internal necrosis) progressing internally from the proximal end of storage roots. This study was conducted in multiple environments to evaluate whether the use of preharvest ethephon application and storage with or without curing after harvest could be used to screen sweetpotato breeding lines for susceptibility/resistance to these two disorders. Treating vines with ethephon 2 weeks before harvest and placing harvested roots directly into storage at 60 F without curing resulted in the greatest incidence of end rots in each state and there were significant differences in incidence among the sweetpotato genotypes evaluated. However, when ethephon was not used and roots were cured immediately after harvest, the incidence of end rots was low in all the genotypes evaluated except for one breeding line. Incidence and severity of internal necrosis were greatest when ethephon was applied preharvest and roots were cured immediately after harvest, but two cultivars, Hatteras and Covington, had significantly more internal necrosis than all others.
Calculations in Support of JAEA ZEUS Experiments

A comparison of Los Alamos National Laboratory’s model for measuring Pb void reactivity with the JAEA. Comparison: •Stacking of HEU/Pbslightly off based on different “unit stack”composition.•LANL model has no “top plate”•LANL model does not have•Small difference in Pb/Al plates: 1.212 (JAEA) cm vs 1.2cm (LANL).•Material uncertainties•Composition of Pb is the largest uncertainty. Other issues could be in composition of upper reflector, lower reflector and corner and side reflectors
Surface Mount Technology

This chapter deals with surface mount technology (SMT), which is a collection of scientific and engineering methods needed to design, build, and test products made with electronic components. The electronic components are mounted to a surface of the printed circuit board without holes for leads. The main reasons to consider implementation of SMT include the following: Reduction in circuit board size, Reduction in circuit board weight, Reduction in number of layers in the circuit board and Reduction in trace lengths on the circuit board. Thermal management issues remain major concerns in the successful design of an SMT board and product. The chapter explains thermal Properties of Common printed circuit board Materials. To better understand solder joint formation, one must understand the make-up of solder paste used for SMT soldering. The new user of SMD must rapidly learn the packaging sizes and types for SMDs.
Du Bois as sociologist and sociological theorist

Ethnic and Racial Studies’ symposium on Aldon Morris’s The Scholar Denied: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Birth of Modern Sociology raises questions concerning Du Bois’s position as a sociologist and socio...
Video Summarization for Expression Analysis of Motor Vehicle Operators

We develop a mobile face analysis system to detect the stress of motor vehicle operators. This system has the potential to predict and notify the driver when their stress has reached a level that may affect their ability to drive. The primary goal is software that has reduced computational requirements to be deployed in a mobile environment. For a single subject, not all frames are needed to characterize the emotion in the scene. Some expressions may be spurious, neutral, or repetitive and reduce prediction accuracy. To this end, we investigate the importance of video summarization for facial emotion recognition in mobile applications.
Protein kinase C ε expression correlates with the aggressiveness of human prostate cancer

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 339 Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common type of cancer in men and ranks second to lung cancer in cancer-related deaths. PCa first manifests as an androgen-dependent (AD) disease and can be treated with androgen-deprivation therapy. Despite the initial success of androgen ablation therapy, PCa progresses from AD to androgen-independent (AI). The hormone refractory invasive PCa is the end stage and accounts for the majority of PCa patient deaths. Defining the molecular mechanisms linking the transition of AD PCa to a hormone refractory PCa is essential in planning strategies in the management of PCa. We determined that Protein kinase Ce (PKCe) may be linked in vivo to the progression of human AI PCa and should be explored as a molecular target for the prevention and therapy of hormone refractory PCa. PKCe is among the PKC isoforms expressed in human and mouse prostate tissue. PKCe levels were determined by immunohistochemistry of human prostate tissue microarrays prepared from paraffin-fixed benign, hyperplastic and carcimona (Grades I-IV) specimens ([Table][1]). Results showed that PKCe was located predominantly in the cytoplasm of both benign (non-neoplastic) and malignant (neoplastic) epithelial cells. PKCe was uniformly distributed in cancer cells. PKCe was more densely located in the apical (luminal) side of the cytoplasm in normal epithelial cells. In addition, some cancer cells showed slight dense staining for PKCe in the nuclear membrane. Stromal cells were also positive for PKCe, but the intensity was lower than that in epithelial cells. The results of the level of the expression of PKCe are shown in the [table][1]. The level of expression of PKCe appear to correlate with the aggressiveness of PCa. Also, evidence from in vitro studies have demonstrated that PKCe, as compared to AD prostate cancer cell lines, is overexporessed in AI cell lines DU145 and PC3. Also, PKCe has also shown to transform the AD human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP to an AI variant, which forms tumors in castrated male nude mice. PKCe may be a molecular marker of AI PCa. [Table][1]: PKCe expression in human prostate specimens. The level of expression is denoted by the sign +. One + is the lowest and four + is the highest. ![Figure][2] [1]: #F1 [2]: pending:yes
The influence of persuasive messages on healthy eating habits: a test of the Theory of Reasoned Action when attitudes and subjective norm are targeted for change

Messages designed to improve healthy eating habits are all around us, often aiming to change our attitudes and perceptions toward specific eating behaviors so that we will adopt better habits. This study provides a test of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to better understand the impact of influence messages on healthy eating. This longitudinal cohort study examined the TRA within two systems of change: (1) when attitudes and (2) subjective norms were influenced by messages to increase fruit/vegetable consumption and prevent meal skipping. Participants were assigned randomly to one of three messages: (1) no-message control group, (2) attitude message, and (3) subjective norm message. For fruit/vegetable consumption, when attitude or subjective norm changed, TRA's predictions were not consistent with the data. With no change present, TRA's predictions were consistent with control group data. These results were not replicated with skipping meals. The only model to predict accurately participants' skipped meals was a simple causal string (attitudes impacted intentions which predicted behavior). Persuasive messages can influence healthy eating behavior, but the mechanism is not consistent with TRA predictions. Also, using messages to influence healthy eating subjective norms proved difficult.
Design of a smartphone operated powerstrip

We live in a world where energy savings has become a frequently discussed topic. In this study, the design of a Smart Power Strip is discussed which can be operated using a smartphone. The Smart Power Strip will allow for a user-friendly experience to limit the amount of electricity consumed in the common power strip. The overall embedded system design and the Android app development are discussed in this paper.
Privacy-enhancing technologies

Privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs), which constitute a wide array of technical means for protecting users’ privacy, have gained considerable momentum in both academia and industry. However, existing surveys of PETs fail to delineate what sorts of privacy the described technologies enhance, which makes it difficult to differentiate between the various PETs. Moreover, those surveys could not consider very recent important developments with regard to PET solutions. The goal of this chapter is two-fold. First, we provide an analytical framework to differentiate various PETs. This analytical framework consists of high-level privacy principles and concrete privacy concerns. Secondly, we use this framework to evaluate representative up-to-date PETs, specifically with regard to the privacy concerns they address, and how they address them (i.e., what privacy principles they follow). Based on findings of the evaluation, we outline several future research directions.