cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pre-pregnancy Obesity and the Risk of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy.

Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate the contribution of pre-pregnancy obesity and overweight to peripartum cardiomyopathy. Study design This population-based study used linked birth record and maternal hospital discharge data from live births in California during 2007 to 2012 (n = 2,548,380). All women who had a diagnosis of peripartum cardiomyopathy during the childbirth hospitalization or who were diagnosed with peripartum cardiomyopathy during a postpartum hospital readmission within 5 months of birth were identified as cases. Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) was classified as normal weight (18.5-24.9), overweight (25.0-29.9), obesity class 1 (30.0-34.9), obesity class 2 (35.0-39.9), and obesity class 3 (≥40). Because of small numbers, we excluded women with underweight BMI, and in some analyses, we combined obesity classes into one group. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) expressing associations between BMI and peripartum cardiomyopathy, adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, health care payer, parity, plurality, and comorbidities. Results The overall prevalence of peripartum cardiomyopathy during hospital admissions was 1.3 per 10,000 live births (n = 320). Unadjusted ORs were 1.32 (95% CI: 1.01-1.74) for women with overweight BMI and 2.03 (95% CI: 1.57-2.62) for women with obesity, compared with women with normal pre-pregnancy BMI. Adjusted ORs were 1.26 (95% CI: 0.95-1.66) for overweight women and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.04-1.84) for women with obesity. The ORs suggested a dose-response relationship with increasing levels of obesity, but the 95% CIs for the specific classes of obesity included 1.00. Conclusion Pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with an increased risk of peripartum cardiomyopathy. These findings underscore the importance of BMI during pregnancy. There is a need to recognize the increased risk of peripartum cardiomyopathy in women with high BMI, especially in the late postpartum period. Key points · Pre-pregnancy obesity affects maternal health.. · Effects may extend to peripartum cardiomyopathy.. · The risk includes peripartum cardiomyopathy that emerges postpartum..
Assédio moral e castigo: a face perversa da administração pública

O artigo investiga o tema do assedio moral na Administracao Publica, a partir do Caso do Castigo julgado pelo Superior Tribunal de Justica. Trata-se de acao administrativa ilegitima associada com as disfuncoes da burocracia, surgindo no âmbito do exercicio de poderes, em especial o disciplinar e o hierarquico. O assedio moral ocorre em contextos de dominacao e violencia simbolica. O agente publico assediador desenvolve acoes, pratica atos, emite palavras ou adota gestos contra a vitima, objetivando desqualificar, desmoralizar e desestabilizar a posicao ocupada no campo administrativo. A metodologia utilizada foi pesquisa bibliografica, com estudo de caso. Apos a descricao do paradigma, localiza-se o estudo do assedio moral sob a perspectiva sociologica, valendo-se da importância da analise de conteudo para refletir sobre os documentos. Com a construcao de indicadores, a pesquisa situa o assedio moral no campo burocratico da Administracao Publica, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de acoes preventivas.
Evaluation of Hyperbolic Attention in Histopathology Images

We bring together into a common framework three key ideas — multi-scale medical image analysis, the attention mechanism, and hyperbolic embeddings. The formulation and evaluation of hyperbolic-attention models for multi-scale medical image analysis have not been previously explored. In this paper, we evaluate a hyperbolic-attention model on two classification tasks using histopathology image datasets. The experiments show improvement compared to other commonly used models. Our method directly captures the multi-scale structure of histopathology images, and we speculate that the hyperbolic attention mechanism naturally singles out one or more structures at one or more scales that are most discriminatory.
Survey on Acceptance of Passive Technology Monitoring for Early Detection of Cognitive Impairment.

Introduction: Digital biomarkers may act as a tool for early detection of changes in cognition. It is important to understand public perception of technologies focused on monitoring cognition to better guide the design of these tools and inform patients appropriately about the associated risks and benefits. Health care systems may also play a role in the clinical, legal, and financial implications of such technologies. Objective: To evaluate public opinion on the use of passive technology for monitoring cognition. Methods: This was a one-time, Internet-based survey conducted in English and Spanish. Results: Within the English survey distributed in the USA ( n = 173), 58.1% of respondents would be highly likely to agree to passive monitoring of cognition via a smartphone application. Thirty-eight percent of those with a higher degree of experience with technology were likely to agree to monitoring versus 20% of those with less experience with technology ( p = 0.003). Sixty-two percent of non-health-care professionals were likely to agree to monitoring versus 45% of health-care workers ( p = 0.012). There were significant concerns regarding privacy ( p < 0.01). We compared the surveys answered in Spanish in Costa Rica via logistic regression ( n = 43, total n = 216), adjusting for age, education level, health-care profession, owning a smartphone, experience with technology, and perception of cognitive decline. Costa Rican/Spanish-speaking respondents were 7 times more likely to select a high probability of agreeing to such a technology ( p < 0.01). English-speaking respondents from the USA were 5 times more likely to be concerned about the impact on health insurance ( p = 0.001) and life insurance ( p = 0.01). Conclusions: Understanding public perception and ethical implications should guide the design of digital biomarkers for cognition. Privacy and the health-care system in which the participants take part are 2 major factors to be considered. It is the responsibility of researchers to convey the ethical and legal implications of cognition monitoring.
Making Title VII Law and Policy: The Supreme Court's Sexual Harassment Jursiprudence

What is the proper role and function of the federal courts in this country’s separation-of-powers governmental structure? The separationof-powers doctrine, popularized prior to this nation’s founding by Baron de Montesquieu, rests on the principle that state power should be fragmented and dispersed among governmental branches. As set forth in the United States Constitution, “[a]ll legislative Powers . . . shall be vested in a Congress of the United States,” the “executive Power shall be vested in a President,” and the “judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.” Concerned with “the distribution of powers among the three coequal Branches,” “the separation of powers ‘left to each [Branch] power to exercise, in some
Deactivation trends of Pd/SSZ-13 under the simultaneous presence of NO, CO, hydrocarbons and water for passive NOx adsorption

Abstract Pd-functionalized chabazite (Pd/SSZ-13) was evaluated for passive NOx adsorption (PNA) using low temperature combustion with diesel (LTC-D) reaction feed of the “United States Driving Research and Innovation for Vehicle efficiency and Energy sustainability” (U.S.DRIVE) protocol. Notably as per the protocol conditions, 12 % O2 + 6 % CO2 + 6 % H2O was flown in all cases. NO-uptake studies in the presence of the LTC-D feed showed a systematic decline with (NO:Pd)molar changing from 0.5 to 0.4 after 10 trials. Control experiments showed more pronounced decline for NO + CO case, with appreciable intial (NO:Pd)molar value of 0.4, yet comparable-to-the-LTC-D-feed decline after 8 trials. CO-induced particle formation and larger extent of particle sintering was also evident from TEM analysis. Other controls did not exhibit trial-dependent deactivation as (NO:Pd)molar values were similar between trials, at 0.3, 0.2, 0.5 and 0.2 for NO, NO+H2, NO + unsaturated hydrocarbon (C2H4, C3H6) and NO + saturated HC (C3H8, C10H22) feeds respectively. In addition to these quantitative differences, desorption behaviors are qualitatively different. While only one major desorption event was observed for the full LTC-D feed, NO + CO and NO + unsaturated HC-controls, desorption occured in two distinct stages for NO, NO + saturated HCs and initial-NO+H2 trials. This arises due to inherent differences in Pd sites while exposed to these chemically distinct feeds. The presence of CO and unsaturated HCs in the feed resulted in almost complete elimination of lower, sub-200 °C desorption peak. The higher temperature desorption peaks, at > 300 °C is associated with NO strongly bound to ionic Pd sites and are prevalent under reducing conditions. Using DRIFTS also, three complexes leading to PNA are assigned, [O N–Pd2+(OH)–Z], [O N–Pd2+(Z2)] and [O N–Pd2+(H2O)y–Z] with the latter being clearly observed upon water exposure. Pd/SSZ-13 showed higher hydrocarbon trapping than the SSZ-13 counterpart.
Semi-supervised semantic segmentation of prostate and organs-at-risk on 3D pelvic CT images.

Automated segmentation can assist radiotherapy treatment planning by saving manual contouring efforts and reducing intra-observer and inter-observer variations. The recent development of deep learning approaches has revoluted medical data processing, including semantic segmentation, by dramatically improving performance. However, training effective deep learning models usually require a large amount of high-quality labeled data, which are often costly to collect. We developed a novel semi-supervised adversarial deep learning approach for 3D pelvic CT image semantic segmentation. Unlike supervised deep learning methods, the new approach can utilize both annotated and un-annotated data for training. It generates un-annotated synthetic data by a data augmentation scheme using generative adversarial networks (GANs). We applied the new approach to segmenting multiple organs in male pelvic CT images, where CT images without annotations and GAN-synthesized un-annotated images were used in semi-supervised learning. Experimental results, evaluated by three metrics (Dice similarity coefficient, average Hausdorff distance, and average surface Hausdorff distance), showed that the new method achieved either comparable performance with substantially fewer annotated images or better performance with the same amount of annotated data, outperforming the existing state-of-the-art methods.
A Transatlantic Divide on the Balance Between Fundamental Rights and Security

The lawyers of the Bush administration have taken criticism for giving legal advice that some commentators have argued was unethical. In prosecuting the war on terror, the reaction within the United States was different than that of many European countries. In comparing the belief systems underlying the different reactions, this Article argues that the European response, which is due in part to their longer experience with terrorism and a greater commitment to international law is the healthier one. Ethical lawyers need to use good faith in giving their advice and be prepared to justify their decisions or perhaps be criminally or civilly liable.
A New Twist in Camping

(1959). A New Twist in Camping. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 40-41.
SURFACE AREA EFFECTS ON THE OXIDATION KINETICS OF PYROLYTIC GRAPHITE

Abstract : The oxidation kinetics of pyrolytic graphite was studied as a function of temperature, air velocity, and surface area. The transition temperature between chemical and diffusion control may be significantly increased or decreased by decreasing or increasing the surface area of pyrolytic graphite. Kinetic theory calculations showed that the maximum reaction rate in the diffusion-controlled region is 50,000 times the observed rate for specimens having the smallest surface area.
An Overview of Clinical Cancer Chemoprevention Studies with Emphasis on Positive Phase III Studies

Cancer prevention aims to halt or reverse the development and progression of precancerous cells through the use of noncytotoxic nutrients and/or pharmacologic agents during the lengthy time period between tumor initiation and frank malignancy. This paper reviews cancer chemoprevention studies and focuses on Phase III trials, which are large, randomized, placebo-controlled studies that usually last several years. Studies may include multiple agents and dose levels, long-term toxicity evaluations or the modulation of surrogate endpoint biomarkers. Sample sizes of individual studies vary depending on statistical concerns and the demographics of the subject population. Recent Phase III trials include several promising agents: retinol; the retinoids 13-cis retinoic acid, all-trans-retinoic acid and 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide; beta-carotene; finasteride and tamoxifen. Because one of the many actions of retinoids is the induction of epidermal differentiation, clinical trials with this class of agents have largely been conducted in epithelial or squamous cell tumor types. Several Phase III studies that have targeted the reversal of premalignant lesions or the prevention of second primary tumors have shown promising positive results. In contrast, some studies have shown that chemopreventive agents may have limited activity against the recurrence or progression of cells that have already undergone malignant transformation. Thus, the role of chemoprevention appears to lie in reversal of the premalignant process rather than suppression of malignant growth.
Organizações Internacionais e Responsabilidade: O caso do painel de inspeção do Banco Munidial

O presente estudo busca examinar, de maneira breve, a questao da responsabilidade das organizacoes internacionais, e em particular daquele que tem se transformado no mecanismo mais revolucionario no esforco de fazer as organizacoes internacionais mais transparentes e responsaveis por suas acoes: o Painel de Inspecao do Banco Mundial. A questao da responsabilidade do Banco Mundial guarda alguns aspectos bem definidos: lentidao na reacao e controversia. Durante um longo tempo, o Banco formalmente considerou que como mero financiador (e nao executor) de projetos, sua responsabilidade pelos resultados que financiava era limitada ou quase nenhuma, devendo qualquer tipo de correcao ou reparacao ser de alcada do pais ou entidade executora. Aos poucos, com a democratizacao de varios de seus paises membros e o incremento do numero de organizacoes nao-governamentais (e o natural aumento na atividade politica), o banco se viu a forcado a rever sua posicao sobre o tema.
Solar System: Two shades beyond Neptune

Kuiper-belt objects are bodies of up to a few hundred kilometres in diameter, orbiting beyond Neptune, probably made mostly of volatile ices. We know that the composition of bodies in the Solar System changes with distance from the Sun — for example, the rocky Earth-like inner planets give way to the outer, giant planets, made of ices and gases. But, unexpectedly, there appear to be two basic compositions of bodies at the outer extremity of the planetary system: Kuiper-belt objects fall into two spectral classes, one red, one grey, with nothing in between.
New Insights into the Mechanism of the Kinase and Phosphatase Activities of Escherichia coli NRII (NtrB) and Their Regulation by the PII Protein

Publisher Summary The NRI/NRII two-component system controls the expression of nitrogen regulated (Ntr) genes in response to signals of carbon and nitrogen status. NRII dimers consist of three types of protein domains: N-terminal domains involved in intramolecular signal transduction; a central domain mediating dimerization involved in kinase, phosphotransfer, and phosphatase catalytic activities; and C-terminal ATP-binding domains. Data indicate that the kinase and phosphatase activities of the central domain of NRII are regulated by the binding of the PII protein to the C-terminal ATP-binding domains of NRII and the N-terminal domains of NRII are involved in stabilizing the "phosphatase" conformation of the NRII central domain. The two subunits of the NRII dimer act in a highly concerted manner during the autophosphorylation reaction. An "alternating sites" hypothesis is used to explain the autophosphorylation mechanism of NRII and the regulation of NRII activities by PII.
Maturation of Hypothalamic-pituitary Control of Thyroid Function in the Human Fetus

The human fetal thyroid is capable of concentrating iodine and synthesizing hormone by 12 weeks. Fetal thyroxine (T4) production is thyrotropin (TSH) dependent and the fetal pituitary contains TSH by 10–12 weeks. Little is known, however, about maturation of neuroendocrine control of fetal thyroidfunction. Serum T4, free T4 (FT4) and/or immunoreactive TSH were measured in paired maternal and cord blood specimens obtained at the time of therapeutic abortion or lpremature delivery of 35 pregnancies 11 to 34 weeks in duration and 17 pregnancies at term. Fetal pituitary were obtained when possible for determination of TSH content. Maternal T4 and TSH did not change between 11 and 40 weeks but the mean FT4 between 11 and 18 weeks was higher than the value at term. Fetal T4, FT4 and TSH were low between 11 and 18 weeks. TSH and T4 increased abruptly between 18 and 22 weeks and, with FT4, increased progressively thereafter to term. Fetal pituitary TSH content also increased abruptly between 18 and 22 weeks. There was no correlation between maternal and fetal serum T4, FT4 or TSH values. The data indicate that a) the fetal pituitary thyroid system; b) rapid maturation of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary control occurs between 18 and 22 weeks; c) fetal T4 secretion increases progressively between 24 weeks and term.
Comparison of the BD Veritor System for Flu A+B with the Alere BinaxNOW Influenza A&B Card for Detection of Influenza A and B Viruses in Respiratory Specimens from Pediatric Patients

The performance characteristics of two commercially available rapid tests for influenza, the BD Veritor System for Flu A+B (BD) and the Alere BinaxNOW influenza A&B card (BN), were evaluated using 200 frozen clinical specimens collected from January 2011 to June 2012 from pediatric patients. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was used as the gold standard to evaluate the results obtained by the two different assays. Of the 200 specimens tested, real-time RT-PCR assay detected influenza A or B virus in 116 samples, while BD detected 104 samples and BN detected 84 samples as positive. The overall sensitivity and specificity for detection of both influenza A and B virus in comparison to those of real-time RT-PCR were 89.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 82.2 to 94.3) and 98.8% (95% CI, 92.6 to 99.9) for BD Veritor and 72.4% (95% CI, 63.2 to 80.0) and 100% (95% CI, 94.5 to 100.0) for BinaxNOW. Workflow analysis indicated that overall processing times for a batch size of 10 specimens were virtually identical between both systems. Overall, these results indicate that the BD Veritor assay was more sensitive than the BinaxNOW assay in detection of influenza A and B viruses in respiratory specimens from pediatric patients.
Measurement of contact stresses for different truck tire types to evaluate their influence on near-surface cracking and rutting

Two pavement distress mechanisms have become more prevalent in recent years: near-surface rutting and surface-initiated wheelpath cracking. Some possible factors causing these failure mechanisms include higher traffic volumes, use of lower-quality materials, and changes in tire type and structure. Although all of these factors may play a role, this study concentrated on the effects of changes in tire type and structure on surface distress. Within the last decade, trucking companies have shifted from operation on bias ply tires to an exclusive use of radial tires and the gradual introduction of wide-base (super-single) radial tires. This prevalence of radial tires causes a major change in pavement surface loading characteristics and is shown to help explain the development of surface rutting and cracking. Tire contact stresses were measured for bias ply, radial, and wide-base radial truck tires at various loads and inflation pressures to investigate the effects of tire structure, loading, and inflation pressure on surface loads applied to pavements. It was determined that contact stresses vary significantly for the different types of tires investigated. The observed variations were explained by the differences in tire construction. In fact, tire structure appeared to have a greater influence on contact stresses than variations in either load or inflation pressure for a given tire type. It was shown that the specific characteristics of the complex contact stresses under truck tires have a strong influence on asphalt pavement cracking and rutting and must be considered for proper design and evaluation of asphalt pavements.
A drug-selected Plasmodium falciparum lacking the need for conventional electron transport

Mitochondrial electron transport is essential for survival in Plasmodium falciparum, making the cytochrome (cyt) bc1 complex an attractive target for antimalarial drug development. Here we report that P. falciparum cultivated in the presence of a novel cyt bc1 inhibitor underwent a fundamental transformation in biochemistry to a phenotype lacking a requirement for electron transport through the cyt bc1 complex. Growth of the drug-selected parasite clone (SB1-A6) is robust in the presence of diverse cyt bc1 inhibitors, although electron transport is fully inhibited by these same agents. This transformation defies expected molecular-based concepts of drug resistance, has important implications for the study of cyt bc1 as an antimalarial drug target, and may offer a glimpse into the evolutionary future of Plasmodium.
Affective expectations and information gain: Evidence for assimilation and contrast effects in affective experience.

According to the Affective Expectation Model (Wilson, Lisle, Kraft, & Wetzel, 1989), affect is formed with reference to a prior expectation. The model predicts that people's affective reactions to a stimulus are generally assimilated to a prior expectation, except in cases when a discrepancy between the affective expectation and the actual stimulus information exists and is noticed. In such cases, affective reactions are expected to be contrasted away from affective expectations. In the present study, both the assimilation and contrast predictions were tested using the unitization paradigm (Newtson, 1973). We predicted that observers who unitized a not-so-funny film clip at a gross level (thereby extracting a relatively small amount of stimulus information) would assimilate their affective reactions to a prior positive expectation, whereas those who unitized the film clip at a fine level (thereby extracting a relatively large amount of stimulus information) would contrast their affective reactions with the positive expectation. The results supported these predictions, thereby providing the first evidence that affective expectations can produce both assimilation and contrast effects in affective experience.
Seismic constraints on mantle flow and topography of the 660-km discontinuity: evidence for whole-mantle convection

Recent seismic models of three-dimensional mantle structure and topography on the transition-zone seismic discontinuities permit the direct evaluation of the buoyancy forces that drive large-scale mantle flow. This buoyancy distribution, coupled with radial viscosity models that are consistent with the observed geoid, predicts flow patterns with significant vertical flow through the 660-km phase boundary. The observed topography on the 660-km discontinuity acts to inhibit convection across the boundary, but is two to four times too small to prevent whole-mantle convection.
Chemical shifts of Si-H stretching frequencies at Si(100) surfaces pre-exposed to oxygen in the submonolayer range

Abstract The Si-H stretching vibrations have been measured with high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and Si(100) 2 × 1 surfaces pre-exposed at room temperature to submonolayer coverages of oxygen. The absorption of atomic hydrogen at room temperatures and subsequent isochronal annealing makes evident different stages of oxidation. The Si-H stretching frequencies vary between 261 and 283 meV, depending on the number of the adjacently bound oxygen atoms. The upward shift in frequency, empirically described in terms of Pauling's electronegativity sum for the next-nearest neighbors of the hydrogen atoms, is in agreement with infrared band frequencies for oxygenated polysilane samples and for air exposed hydrogenated a-films. Empirical relations indicate that the Si-H bonding distance decreases from 1.50 to 1.46 A as the number of oxygen next-nearest neighbors increases from zero to three. Simultaneously, the s character of the Si-H bond is increased from 0.42 to 0.61.
The role of bacteria in chronic rhinosinusitis.

The upper respiratory tract including the nasopharynx serves as the res-ervoir for pathogenic bacteria that can cause respiratory infections includingrhinosinusitis [1]. Potential pathogens can relocate during a viral respiratoryinfection, from the nasopharynx into the sinus cavity, causing sinusitis [2].Establishing the correct microbiology of all forms of sinusitis is of primaryimportance as it can serve as a guide for choosing adequate antimicrobialtherapy. This article presents current information regarding the microbiol-ogy of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).The human mucosal and epithelial surfaces are colonized by aerobic andanaerobic microorganisms [3]. These organisms are predominantly anaero-bic and colonize the upper respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract. Alimited number of transient organisms, however, may by appear at thesesites. Microﬂora also vary in diﬀerent sites within the body, as in the oralcavity; the microorganisms present in the buccal folds vary in their concen-tration and types of strains from those isolated from the tongue or gingivalsulci. The organisms that prevail in one body system, however, tend to be-long to certain major bacterial species, and their presence in that system ispredictable. The relative and total counts of organisms can be aﬀected byvarious factors, such as age, diet, anatomic variations, illness, hospitaliza-tion, and antimicrobial therapy. These sets of bacterial ﬂora, however,with predictable pattern, remain stable through life, despite their subjectionto perturbing factors.Anaerobes outnumber aerobic bacteria in all mucosal surfaces, and cer-tain organisms predominate in the diﬀerent sites. The number of anaerobesat a site generally is related inversely to the oxygen tension [3]. Predomi-nance in the skin, mouth, nose, and throat, which are exposed to oxygen
A deformation theory approach to betti numbers of finite length modules

Let R=k[x,, . xd] be a polynomial ring in d variables with d at least 2 over a field k and let A4 be a finite length R module. Buchsbaum and Eisenbud [B.E.] conjecture that the ith betti number, pi, should be at least (f). In their work on linkage Huneke and Ulrich [H.U.] prove this if M= R/I, where I is a licci ideal, by observing on pages 317-318 that after deforming and localizing they can assume that Z is a complete intersection. This paper extends this remark to ideals generated by monomials. The technique works because deformation preserves the betti numbers exactly while localization can only make them go down. In this paper we consider a sequence of localizations and deformations until we arrive at a module whose betti numbers we can compute. In [C] one of us showed that if R = kCx I, ..., xd] and Z was an ideal generated by monomials in the xi such that /(R/Z) < co and Z is not an R sequence then the pi satisfy stronger inequality that pi 2 (f) + (II::). In this paper we give a deformation theoretic proof of this by showing [Theorem l] that if Z is a finite colength ideal generated by monomials and is not a complete intersection then after a sequence of deformations and localizations we arrive at a new monomial ideal generated by d + 1 elements consisting of powers of each of the xi and one other monomial,
Parsing the association between bipolar, conduct, and substance use disorders: a familial risk analysis.

Abstract Background: Bipolar disorder has emerged as a risk factor for substance use disorders (alcohol or drug abuse or dependence) in youth; however, the association between bipolar disorder and substance use disorders is complicated by comorbidity with conduct disorder. We used familial risk analysis to disentangle the association between the three disorders. Methods: We compared relatives of four proband groups: 1) conduct disorder + bipolar disorder, 2) bipolar disorder without conduct disorder, 3) conduct disorder without bipolar disorder, and 4) control subjects without bipolar disorder or conduct disorder. All subjects were evaluated with structured diagnostic interviews. For the analysis of substance use disorders, Cox proportional hazard survival models were utilized to compare age-at-onset distributions. Results: Bipolar disorder in probands was a risk factor for both drug and alcohol addiction in relatives, independent of conduct disorder in probands, which was a risk factor for alcohol dependence in relatives independent of bipolar disorder in probands, but not for drug dependence. The effects of bipolar disorder and conduct disorder in probands combined additively to predict the risk for substance use disorders in relatives. Conclusions: The combination of conduct disorder + bipolar disorder in youth predicts especially high rates of substance use disorders in relatives. These findings support previous results documenting that when bipolar disorder and conduct disorder occur comorbidly, both are validly diagnosed disorders.
Misère annihilation games

Abstract Graph games with an annihilation rule, as introduced by Conway, Fraenkel and Yesha, are studied under the misere play rule for progressively finite graphs that satisfy a condition on the reversibility of non-terminal Sprague-Grundy zeros to Sprague-Grundy ones. Two general theorems on the Sprague-Grundy zeros and ones are given, followed by two theorems characterizing the set of P-positions under certain additional conditions. Application is made to solving many subtraction games, and solutions to two games not covered by the general theory are presented indicating a direction for future research.
POST-NEWTONIAN GRAVITATIONAL RADIATION FROM POINT MASSES IN A HYPERBOLIC KEPLER ORBIT.

The energy and the angular momentum radiated away in the form of gravitational waves from a system of two point particles with positive total energy are calculated in the lowest nonvanishing post-Newtonian approximation. By these radiations a particle arriving from infinity can be captured, and the cross section for such captures is determined as a function of the energy at infinity. The radiation from elliptic (bound) orbits can also be inferred, and is found to be in agreement with known results.
Quasinormal modes of near extremal black branes

We investigate a method to evaluate quasinormal modes of D3-brane black holes by wave interpretation of fields on a D3-brane based on Feynman’s spacetime approach. We perturbatively solve the wave equation which describes propagation of a dilaton wave in a bulk space and its interaction with the D3-brane. The condition obtained for the quasinormal modes is qualitatively equivalent to that evaluated in the usual scattering of the dilaton in the black three-brane spacetime in the corresponding supergravity description.
Chemical studies of pheromone receptors in insects

In the current molecular model for insect olfaction, pheromones are recognized in a minimum-energy conformation by specific receptor proteins in a dendritic membrane following their binding-protein-mediated transit through the extracellula sensory lymph. Binding to the receptor protein then triggers a G-protein-linked phospholipase C, which releases a short pulse of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphate (IP3). IP3 may act via its receptor to mobilize Ca+ + ions, eventually leading to a transmembrane ion current; alternatively, IP3 may directly gate the ion channel. To understand this process, we have synthesized photoaffinity labels for the pheromone receptor sites and for the IP3 receptor sites. The latter probe, [125I]-ASA-IP3, is now being employed in joint projects to identify membrane IP3 receptors in the rat brain, locust brain, rat olfactory cilia, catfish olfactory cilia, and in cockroach and moth sensilla. Fluorine-substituted pheromone analogs have also been synthesized as probes of receptor site hydrophobicity. The rationale for this approach is presented, and biological studies with selectively-fluorinated analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate (Z5-10:Ac), (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:Ac), (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9-12:Ac), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:Ac), (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Al), and several functional group derivatives for a number of economically important moth species are described. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dimensional interaction of hue and brightness in preattentive field segregation

The interaction of hue and brightness dimensions during preattentive processing was assessed using a novel task. The method combined the texture segregation task of Beck (1966) with the stimulus manipulations of Garner and Felfoldy (1970). Observers were required to make field segregation judgments for textured visual arrays. Fields were segregated by differences on a single dimension, either hue or brightness. For some arrays the second dimension had a constant level, for others it varied irrelevantly. In Experiment 1, the extent of interaction between hue and brightness dimensions was assessed at two levels of hue discriminability. Irrelevant variation of brightness interfered with segregation judgments based on hue at both levels of hue discrirninability. Hue variation did not interfere with judgments based on brightness at either level. Segregation judgments were longer for both hue and brightness arrays in the hard than in the easy hue discriminability stimulus set. In Experiment 2, all arrays were randomly mixed in an unblocked design to determine whether blocking in Experiment 1 produced a general slowing of response for arrays in the hard discriminability set. An identical pattern of asymmetric interference was revealed. Irrelevant variation of brightness interfered with hue segregation judgments at both discriminability levels. Hue variation did not interfere with judgments based on brightness at either level. In the unblocked design, only hue arrays were influenced by the hue discriminability manipulation. In Experiment 3, diecriminability was reduced for brightness and enhanced for hue. A symmetric pattern, whereby hue variation interfered with brightness judgments and brightness variation with hue judgments, was obtained when hue was easy to discriminate. When hue was difficult to discriminate, only brightness variation interfered with hue judgments. These findings are consistent with the claim that simple properties of the stimulus mediate preattentive boundary judgments (Beck, 1966, 1982; Treisman, 1982). Furthermore, the results show that although the dimensions of hue and brightness can promote field segregation, they are highly susceptible to interference from other dimensions present in the array.
Gas phase observation of the 1.27-μ emission of singlet delta oxygen generated at atmospheric pressure by heterogeneous photosensitization

Singlet oxygen was generated in the gas phase using heterogeneous photosensitization and atmospheric pressure. The emission of O2 (1Δ → 3Σg) at 1.27-μ has been observed.
Superconductors with Structured Surfaces. Fields and Currents.

Abstract : This paper discusses the behavior of currents and fields along a structured superconductor. First the effect of surface structure on supercurrents is investigated. Then the effect of structure on the critical nucleation field is discussed in two cases, one with the magnetic field parallel to the ripples and the other with the field parallel to the grating wavenumber. In the first case, it is found that the critical field is reduced as a function of grating height, whereas in the latter case it is increased. Finally, the relevance of this work for laser-induced chemistry above a superconducting surface is discussed. The Ginzburg-Landau model is used throughout. Keywords: Superconductor; Structured surface; Supercurrent; External magnetic field; Critical nucleation field; Ginzburg landau theory.
Association of the transformed glucocorticoid receptor with a cytoskeletal protein complex.

Abstract In a recent paper we described a system in which glucocorticoid receptors associate with particulate complexes containing tubulin [Cancer Res.49 (1989) 2222s–2229s]. When L cell cytosol is mixed with a microtubule stabilizing buffer and heated to 37°C, the receptor becomes associated with a complex that can be centrifuged out of solution at 150,000 g. In this work we show that the glucocorticoid receptor—cytoskeletal protein complex forms in a temperature and glutamate-dependent manner. Molybdate does not affect generation of the cytoskeletal protein complex but it inhibits association of the receptor with the complex. This suggests that transformation of the receptor to its DNA-binding form is required for interaction with the cytoskeletal complex. Colchicine has no effect on generation of the particulate complex or on the association of receptor with it, suggesting that formation of the complex does not represent a classic in vitro process of tubulin polymerization.
Some studies of spontaneous emulsification

Abstract Kaminski and McBain have reported that spontaneous emulsification takes place when p-xylene is carefully placed on aqueous solutions of dodecylamine hydrochloride. In the present work it has been found that spontaneous emulsification does not occur if the dodecylamine hydrochloride is carefully purified, although apparently stable emulsions can be formed by shaking. These emulsions do not seem to be in thermodynamic equilibrium. A solution of unsaturated amine hydrochlorides will not produce emulsification even on shaking, but when mixed with the solution of purified dodecylamine hydrochloride the resulting solution is capable of spontaneously emulsifying p-xylene. Solutions of the purified dodecylamine hydrochloride were tested with a number of organic liquids and in no case did spontaneous emulsification occur. Some impurity, presumably an unsaturated one, thus seems to be essential in order to induce spontaneous emulsification of hydrocarbons by aqueous dodecylamine hydrochloride.
Transport and Thermodynamic Analyses of Steady-State Currents in Solids

The usual derivation of the well-known Gibbs-Duhem relation (or its electrochemical analog) from equilibrium thermodynamics is based on certain assumptions which are only approximately met for nonhomogeneous systems; the postulate of local equilibrium generally employed in nonequilibrium thermodynamics is commonly utilized to extend the results to the nonequilibrium domain. The application of the electrochemical Gibbs-Duhem relation to the particular case of several charged diffusing species in a solid is utilized herein to obtain an expression for the local electric field which is then compared with an expression for the field deduced by an ordinary phenomenological transport analysis. The two approaches yield consistent results only in the limit of thermodynamic equilibrium. Implications of the analyses are pointed out for the special problem of the growth of oxides and similar tarnish films on metals.
Compact roundtrip routing in directed networks (extended abstract)

The first sublinear average space universal compact routing schemes for directed networks are presented. For each integer k ≥ 1, they use O(k log n) size addresses; O(kn1/k+1)-sized routing tables on average at each node; and achieve roundtrip routes of stretch at most 2k+1-1 in any (weighted) directed network. We extend our results to yield universal compact roundtrip routing schemes with the stronger requirement that they use sublinear maximum space at every node. These schemes also use O(k log n) size addresses and achieve roundtrip routes of stretch at most 2k+1 - 1 in any (weighted) directed network, and they bound the maximum sized table at each node by O(kn3k+1/2·3k).
Grand challenges in cell death and survival: apoptosis vs. necroptosis.

Cell death is, perhaps paradoxically, essential for life. This is particularly so for multicellular organisms, where cell death plays crucial roles in regulating embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, immune function, tumor suppression, and infection resistance. Much of what is known about cell death has been developed through studies in the last two decades, an era that has witnessed an explosion of publication in the area of programmed cell death (PCD). In this Grand Challenges monograph, I provide a short background on what we've learned thus far. I will then highlight areas that are likely to be of strong focus in the future, focusing primarily on distinct forms of PCD including caspase-dependent apoptosis, programmed necrosis/necroptosis, and autophagic cell death. The relevance of these cell death pathways to disease is described, and the potential that manipulation of these pathways may be the key to treating such diseases is considered. My intent is not to provide an encyclopedic review of the field, a task that would likely fill many volumes. Instead, I wish to highlight areas that are likely to be relevant to our mission as we christen a new Frontiers Specialty area, Frontiers in Cell Death and Survival.
Rapid collision resolution in slotted Aloha without retransmission delays

A simple collision resolution algorithm is presented wherein a set of contending packets transmit randomly into a frame of n slots. Those packets involved in collisions retransmit in another n-slot frame, and so on till all originally contending packets achieve successful transmission. It is shown via a state space model that the algorithm attains a maximal throughput of 0.304 for the optimal frame length n=6. Delay analysis indicates reduction of average delays by a factor of seven or more relative to comparable Aloha systems.
Application of ALOGPS 2.1 to predict log D distribution coefficient for Pfizer proprietary compounds.

Evaluation of the ALOGPS, ACD Labs LogD, and PALLAS PrologD suites to calculate the log D distribution coefficient resulted in high root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 1.0−1.5 log for two in-house Pfizer's log D data sets of 17 861 and 640 compounds. Inaccuracy in log P prediction was the limiting factor for the overall log D estimation by these algorithms. The self-learning feature of the ALOGPS (LIBRARY mode) remarkably improved the accuracy in log D prediction, and an rmse of 0.64−0.65 was calculated for both data sets.
GVHD—The Nuts and Bolts

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the most frequent, morbid complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Its clinical toxicity, requirement for intensive immunosup-pressive management, and associated infections lead to the greatest risks of nonrelapse mortality in HSCT recipients. In acute GVHD, donor-derived T lymphocyte-mediated alloreactivity is complicated by inflammatory responses, cytokine release, direct tissue injury through target cell apoptosis, and secondary tissue injury. The therapeutic management includes effective GVHD prophylaxis to limit the incidence and severity of acute GVHD, prompt and effective therapy if it develops-modified if possible to protect against chronic GVHD-and intensive supportive care relevant to its association with delayed immune reconstitution. As the major ongoing morbid complication following allografting, chronic GVHD is another barrier to patients' recovery and long-term survival. Recognition of the critical elements in the pathogenesis of GVHD has prompted new approaches to its management and its role in controlling the risks of malignant relapse after allotransplantation. Important elements in the practical management of GVHD will be reviewed.
Effects of 3,5-Dihalogenated-4-hydroxybenzonitriles on the Activity of Mitochondria From White Potato Tubers

Effects of the herbicide 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (ioxynil), and its dibromo and dichloro analogs, upon the respiration of mitochondria isolated from white potato tubers ( Solanum tuberosum L.) were investigated. Mitochondrial-mediated oxygen uptake was monitored polarographically with a platinum oxygen electrode. With succinate as substrate for mitochondrial oxidation, ioxynil stimulated both ADP-limited and ADP + phosphate-deficient oxygen utilization. Ioxynil also circumvented oligomycin-inhibited respiration and slightly stimulated mitochondrial ATPase activity. Responses produced by ioxynil on respiration were similar to, but occurred at lower concentrations than, those of 2,4-dinitrophenol. The dibromo- and dichloro-substituted analogs of ioxynil also stimulated ADP-limited respiration and released oligomycin-inhibited oxygen uptake. Based on concentration, the decreasing order of uncoupling activity was I > Br > Cl with respect to the halogen substituents.
Viral Sensitivity Testing in Patients With Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Clinically Resistant to Foscarnet or Ganciclovir

Purpose Resistance to antiviral therapy is a potential cause of progression of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. We investigated the results of viral sensitivity testing in a series of patients with clinically resistant retinitis who had positive results of blood or urine cytomegalovirus cultures. Methods All patients with newly diagnosed cytomegalovirus retinitis between January 1990 and December 1991 were prospectively studied. Blood and urine cultures for cytomegalovirus were obtained in a nonrandomized subgroup of this group. The results of in vitro sensitivity to foscarnet and ganciclovir, determined by a DNA hybridization assay, were then analyzed in seven patients with clinically resistant cytomegalovirus retinitis and whose blood or urine culture results, or both, were positive for cytomegalovirus while on a treatment regimen. Results Foscarnet-resistant cytomegalovirus (ID 50 > 300 μM) was isolated from two patients, one of whom was being treated with foscarnet. Ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus (ID 50 > 6.0 μM) was isolated from four patients, three of whom were being treated with ganciclovir. Foscarnet- and ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus occurred with previous ganciclovir therapy in one patient. Clinical improvement occurred in three patients whose change in therapy was based on viral sensitivity testing. In general, prolonged therapy with one drug was associated with a progressive increase in the ID 50 for that drug. Conclusions Viral resistance to foscarnet or ganciclovir may explain refractory cytomegalovirus retinitis in some patients.
Distribution of color-morphs of the Eastern Screech-Owl in Iowa

Abstract The distinct rufous and gray color-morphs of the Eastern Screech-Owl (Megascops asio) have long intrigued ornithologists. Eastern Screech-Owls range across the eastern half of the United States, where the morph ratio varies from >70% rufous birds in the center of the range to <30% rufous at the periphery. Although the adaptive significance of polymorphism is, in general, poorly understood, careful mapping of the morph-frequency and determination of ratio clines is a first step toward understanding this phenomenon. In this paper, I examine the distribution of Eastern Screech-Owl color-morphs in Iowa, which lies in the northwestern part of the species' range. I collected 519 records of Iowa screech-owls from museum curators, wildlife rehabilitators, bird-banders, and bird watchers. For all records combined, 41.0% were rufous morphs, 55.7% were gray morphs, and 3.3% were intermediates. For all birds of known sex, 44.7% (21/47) of males and 57.6% (34/59) of females were rufous; the difference was not...