cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lithography, metrology and nanomanufacturing.

Semiconductor chip manufacturing is by far the predominant nanomanufacturing technology in the world today. Top-down lithography techniques are used for fabrication of logic and memory chips since, in order to function, these chips must essentially be perfect. Assuring perfection requires expensive metrology. Top of the line logic sells for several hundred thousand dollars per square metre and, even though the required metrology is expensive, it is a small percentage of the overall manufacturing cost. The level of stability and control afforded by current lithography tools means that much of this metrology can be online and statistical. In contrast, many of the novel types of nanomanufacturing currently being developed will produce products worth only a few dollars per square metre. To be cost effective, the required metrology must cost proportionately less. Fortunately many of these nanofabrication techniques, such as block copolymer self-assembly, colloidal self-assembly, DNA origami, roll-2-roll nano-imprint, etc., will not require the same level of perfection to meet specification. Given the variability of these self-assembly processes, in order to maintain process control, these techniques will require some level of real time online metrology. Hence we are led to the conclusion that future nanomanufacturing may well necessitate “cheap” nanometre scale metrology which functions real time and on-line, e.g. at GHz rates, in the production stream. In this paper we review top-down and bottom-up nanofabrication techniques and compare and contrast the various metrology requirements.
A New Defense of State-Imposed Congressional Term Limits

Do states have the authority to limit the legislative terms of their members of Congress? Up until very recently this question was merely hypothetical, pondered by those with the luxury to ask and develop answers to an assortment of constitutional “what if's.” However, the success of the term limitation movement across the nation has moved this hypothetical question to the center stage of relevant constitutional debate.Voters in fifteen states, including California, Florida, Michigan, Oregon, and Washington, have now approved initiatives to limit the number of terms served by their members of Congress. In nine other states term limit advocates are actively gathering signatures to place similar initiatives on the ballot in 1994, some for the second time. By 1995, as many as 24 states could have adopted initiatives to limit congressional terms. In the remaining states activists continue to lobby for legislation to limit the terms of state and federal legislators.Since a state's authority to impose term limits on members of Congress is of questionable constitutionality, it is likely many of these initiatives will end up in litigation (see Barnicle 1992; Corwin 1991; Greenberger 1991; and Kovacevich 1992). Lawsuits challenging the constitutionality of state-imposed term limits on members of Congress have already been filed and dismissed in Missouri and Florida. Legal action is pending in Nebraska and in the state of Washington where House Speaker Tom Foley has teamed up with the League of Women Voters to challenge the constitutionality of that state's term limitation initiative. The legal strategy against term limits has succeeded in overturning one initiative.
An approach to transitioning FAA air/ground communications to a digital system

The current VHF air-to-ground communication system used by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for air traffic control (ATC) is projected to reach the limit of its capacity in high traffic density areas within five to ten years. Regardless of the specific architecture of a replacement system, there will be a significant period of time during which the FAA must operate both the old and new systems. The single most important factor that lends urgency to the design, development, and installation of a new system is the dwindling availability of radio frequencies on which to operate both systems. The authors discuss a proposed replacement system that will use digital modulation and multiple channel per frequency access techniques, that will employ full-duplex frequency assignments to dramatically increase frequency reuse, and that will make possible several features that will deliver direct operational benefits to users. They compare the proposed system to current and planned terrestrial cellular systems and present an analysis of the advantages offered by full duplex operation. An analysis is also presented that shows why channel splitting is not a viable long-term solution to the impending shortage of frequencies in the ATC band. >
Computational fluid dynamics modelling of UR-UVGI lamp effectiveness to promote disinfection of airborne microorganisms

This paper focuses on using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling methods to study the effectiveness of upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UR-UVGI) lamps in healthcare facilities. This work develops and uses simplifications for boundary conditions in CFD, while details of UR-UVGI lamps and microorganism characteristics were obtained from existing experimental studies. Three approximation methods were developed to implement the effects of UR-UVGI lamps on microorganism dispersion patterns represented with the Eulerian and the Lagrangian methods in CFD simulations. Then, a non-dimensional parameter, the UR-UVGI effectiveness, was introduced to study the effectiveness of UR-UVGI lamp(s) disinfection process with respect to the combined effect of UR-UVGI lamp(s) and ventilation systems. Although comparisons of results obtained from CFD simulations and experimental data show that local microorganism numbers/concentrations depend on boundary condition modelling methods, global variables such as the fraction of remaining microorganisms remain relatively unchanged and in a good agreement with the measured data.
Low power synchronization for wireless sensor network modems

A simplification of synchronization requirements is necessary to meet the low power goals of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Simply scaling existing synchronization systems to WSN data rates consumes more power than the entire allotted node budget. In this work, simplification of synchronization requirements was achieved through system level design of modulation scheme, data rate, packet length, and clock accuracy. Analog and digital implementations of the resulting synchronization functions are explored. A digital implementation was chosen because it requires a smaller header length and therefore reduces system energy consumption. The chosen scheme achieves better than 1e/sup -4/ BER at 13 dB SNR, an implementation loss of 1.6 dB over the ideal detection case, while consuming under 300 /spl mu/W.
Analysis of ring-metal-aperture VCSELs for single- lateral-mode operation

The role of metal apertures in lateral-mode confinement in VCSELs is clarified by a detailed effective-frequency-method analysis of an oxide-confined VCSEL structure. The conditions for suppression of higher-order lateral modes using metal apertures are established.
Methodological Review: Content overlap in nurse and physician handoff artifacts and the potential role of electronic health records: A systematic review

Purpose: The aims of this systematic review were: (1) to analyze the content overlap between nurse and physician hospital-based handoff documentation for the purpose of developing a list of interdisciplinary handoff information for use in the future development of shared and tailored computer-based handoff tools, and (2) to evaluate the utility of the Continuity of Care Document (CCD) standard as a framework for organizing hospital-based handoff information for use in electronic health records (EHRs). Methods: We searched PubMed for studies published through July 2010 containing the indexed terms: handoff(s), hand-off, handover(s), shift-report, shift report, signout, and sign-out. Original, hospital-based studies of acute care nursing or physician handoff were included. Handoff information content was organized into lists of nursing, physician, and interdisciplinary handoff information elements. These information element lists were organized using CCD sections, with additional sections being added as needed. Results: Analysis of 36 studies resulted in a total of 95 handoff information elements. Forty-six percent (44/95) of the information overlapped between the nurse and physician handoff lists. Thirty-six percent (34/95) were specific to the nursing list and 18% (17/95) were specific to the physician list. The CCD standard was useful for categorizing 80% of the terms in the lists and 12 category names were developed for the remaining 20%. Conclusion: Standardized interdisciplinary, nursing-specific, and physician-specific handoff information elements that are organized around the CCD standard and incorporated into EHRs in a structured narrative format may increase the consistency of data shared across all handoffs, facilitate the establishment of common ground, and increase interdisciplinary communication.
Proportionally Difficult: Testing for Nonproportional Hazards in Cox Models

The Cox proportional hazards model is widely used to model durations in the social sciences. Although this model allows analysts to forgo choices about the form of the hazard, it demands careful attention to the proportional hazards assumption. To this end, a standard diagnostic method has been developed to test this assumption. I argue that the standard test for nonproportional hazards has been misunderstood in current practice. This test detects a variety of specification errors, and these specification errors must be corrected before one can correctly diagnose nonproportionality. In particular, unmodeled nonlinearity can appear as a violation of the proportional hazard assumption for the Cox model. Using both simulation and empirical examples, I demonstrate how an analyst might be led astray by incorrectly applying the nonproportionality test.
Parasitic and mutualistic associations between a mycorrhizal fungus and soybean: The effect of phosphorus on host plant‐endophyte interactions

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Kent] plants were colonized by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxt. sensu Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe in pot cultures using an inert medium and a nutrient solution. Phosphorus was provided initially as 0, 25,50, 100 or 200 mg hydroxyapatite [HAP, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] per pot. Under the low (0 mg HAP) and high (100 and 200 mg HAP) P regimes, VAM plants showed 20, 25 and 38% growth retardation, respectively, relative to non-colonized controls. At 50 mg HAP, VAM plant growth was significantly enhanced (14%). Dry weight and P content of both VAM and control plants increased with increased P availability throughout the HAP gradient. Intraradical VAM fungal biomass increased linearly with increasing P availability. Extraradical VAM fungal biomass was smaller than the intraradical component of the fungus at the lowest and highest levels of P addition in the growth medium. The ratio of extra- to intraradical mycelium, a suggested index of VAM fungal effectiveness, was greatest for the 50 mg HAP treatment, coinciding with growth enhancement of the host plant. This enhanced growth of the host at an intermediate P level was apparently a result of increased P uptake by the endophyte.
On linear equalization of multiple FIR Volterra channels

A deterministic approach for blind equalization of single-input multiple-output (SIMO) Volterra FIR channels is addressed. It is shown that SIMO Volterra channels can be blindly equalized using only linear FIR filters, provided that a generalized Sylvester resultant constructed from Volterra kernels has maximum column rank and that a minimal persistence-of-excitation order is satisfied by the input. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of linear equalizers are established. Simulations comparing the blind with non-blind equalization are provided.
A perturbation method for stochastic meshless analysis in elastostatics

A stochastic meshless method is presented for solving boundary-value problems in linear elasticity that involves random material properties. The material property was modelled as a homogeneous random field. A meshless formulation was developed to predict stochastic structural response. Unlike the finite element method, the meshless method requires no structured mesh, since only a scattered set of nodal points is required in the domain of interest. There is no need for fixed connectivities between nodes. In conjunction with the meshless equations, classical perturbation expansions were derived to predict second-moment characteristics of response. Numerical examples based on one- and two-dimensional problems are presented to examine the accuracy and convergence of the stochastic meshless method. A good agreement is obtained between the results of the proposed method and Monte Carlo simulation. Since mesh generation of complex structures can be a far more time-consuming and costly effort than the solution of a discrete set of equations, the meshless method provides an attractive alternative to finite element method for solving stochastic mechanics problems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of functions and procedures in behavioral VHDL

VHDL procedures and functions greatly increase the power and utility of the language for specifying designs. While these constructs are being used extensively for modeling, most VHDL synthesis tools limit their synthesis to a single implementation style such as treating them as a component. The authors evaluate four techniques for the synthesis of procedures/functions and discuss their relative merits and demerits. They examine these implementation styles in the light of VHDL signals and wait statement semantics. The results of the various implementation styles are shown on several examples. >
Time series prediction using chaotic neural networks: case study of IJCNN CATS benchmark test

KIII is a strongly biologically inspired neural network model. It has a multi-layer architecture with excitatory and inhibitory neurons, which have massive lateral, feedforward, and delayed feedback connections between layers. KIII has been shown previously to be an efficient tool of classification and pattern recognition. In this work, we develop a methodology to use KIII for multi-step time series prediction. The method is applied for the IJCNN CATS benchmark data.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of the 120-Kilodalton Protein Gene of Ehrlichia canis and Application of the Recombinant 120-Kilodalton Protein for Serodiagnosis of Canine Ehrlichiosis

The 120-kDa outer membrane protein (p120) is a potential adhesin of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and recombinant p120 is very useful for serodiagnosis of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis. The analogous gene of p120 in Ehrlichia canis was cloned, sequenced, and expressed. Like the E. chaffeensis p120, the E. canis p120 contains tandem repeat units. However, neither the repeat number nor the amino acid sequences in the repeats are identical in the two Ehrlichia species. The repeat units are hydrophilic and by probability analysis are predicted to be surface exposed in both species. The repeat regions of the p120s of the two species have common amino acid sequences that are predicted to be surface exposed. The overall amino acid sequence of the E. canis p120 is 30% homologous to that of E. chaffeensis p120. Protein immunoblotting demonstrated that the recombinant E. canis p120 reacted with convalescent sera from dogs with canine ehrlichiosis. These results indicate that the recombinant p120 is a potential antigen for the serodiagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis.
QTL and candidate genes phytoene synthase and ζ-carotene desaturase associated with the accumulation of carotenoids in maize

Carotenoids are a class of fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin compounds present in maize ( Zea mays L.) that may provide health benefits to animals or humans. Four carotenoid compounds are predominant in maize grain: beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and lutein. Although beta-carotene has the highest pro-vitamin A activity, it is present in a relatively low concentration in maize kernels. We set out to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting carotenoid accumulation in maize kernels. Two sets of segregating families were evaluated-a set of F2:3 lines derived from a cross of W64a x A632, and their testcross progeny with AE335. Molecular markers were evaluated on the F2:3 lines and a genetic linkage map created. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed to measure beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and lutein on both sets of materials. Composite interval mapping identified chromosome regions with QTL for one or more individual carotenoids in the per se and testcross progenies. Notably QTL in the per se population map to regions with candidate genes, yellow 1 and viviparous 9, which may be responsible for quantitative variation in carotenoids. The yellow 1 gene maps to chromosome six and is associated with phytoene synthase, the enzyme catalyzing the first dedicated step in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. The viviparous 9 gene maps to chromosome seven and is associated with zeta-carotene desaturase, an enzyme catalyzing an early step in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. If the QTL identified in this study are confirmed, particularly those associated with candidates genes, they could be used in an efficient marker-assisted selection program to facilitate increasing levels of carotenoids in maize grain.
Sources and transport of terrestrial organic matter in Vancouver Island fjords and the Vancouver‐Washington Margin: A multiproxy approach using d13Corg, lignin phenols, and the ether lipid BIT index

The Branched and Isoprenoid Tetraether (BIT) index (a ratio of marine and terrestrial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether [GDGT] membrane lipids) was recently introduced as a proxy for the fraction of fluvially derived organic carbon (OC) buried in marine sediments. We investigate the source and distribution of terrestrial OC in marine sediments in a large spatial data set that encompasses the Washington–Vancouver Island Margin, Vancouver Island fjords, and Puget Sound with the goal of comparing the BIT index to other traditional measures of terrestrial OC (d13 Co f OC [d13Corg] and lignin phenols). d13Corg values and lignin concentrations indicate that the fjords are a significant trap for undegraded, wood-derived terrestrial material, with surface sediments containing up to 76% terrestrial OC. These proxies also show significant terrestrial OC contributions to margin sediments (up to 54%), with most likely an angiosperm source from the Columbia River. In contrast to d13Corg values and lignin concentrations, BIT index values indicate extremely low terrestrial carbon throughout the study area (BIT index values range from 0 to 0.28) and are uncorrelated with the other proxies. Though the BIT index did not correlate with other proxies, margin GDGT concentrations varied offshore similarly to other terrestrially derived OC and are well-correlated with other proxies. We suggest that the BIT index is best interpreted as a proxy for soil- or peat-derived OC. The majority of terrestrially derived OC delivered to sediment in this area has a lignin-rich, nonsoil source. The disparity between the BIT index and other proxies implies that the BIT index significantly underestimates terrestrial relative to marine OC input to sediments in areas in which riverine OC input is not soil or peat derived. Burial of organic carbon (OC) on continental margins is estimated to account for the majority of the total carbon burial in the ocean and is a significant sink for terrestrial OC (Hedges and Keil 1995). Understanding the sources and fate of this terrestrial OC in marine sediments is thus of importance in understanding global biogeochemical cycles. In this study, we use two traditional proxies for terrestrial OC input to sediments—the d 13 C of bulk sedimentary OC (d13Corg) and the concentration of lignin phenols—to examine the sources and quantity of terrestrial OC in sediments throughout the Washington–Vancouver Island Margin, Vancouver Island fjords, and Puget Sound. We compare these results to those obtained using a recently introduced proxy for terrestrial OC in marine sediments, the Branched and Isoprenoid Tetraether (BIT) index
Visualization of hypercube pedagogical parallel programs

Examines algorithm animation requirements for the various visualization purposes and extends the capabilities of any existing facilities, the AFIT Algorithm Animation Research Facility (AAARF). The structure of AAARF is summarised and its visualization capabilities presented and analysed. This analysis focuses on the parallel data requirements of the AAARF users, and the meaningful display of large amounts of data. This paper discusses a series of refined animations suitable for a variety of purposes which are capable of conveying detailed information in a concise and timely manner. These animations are built upon pedagogical efforts in a classroom environment. The educational merits of AAARF are discussed in terms of demonstrations, algorithm analysis, and program debugging. To assist novice users in accomplishing these tasks with AAARF, an 'expert system' interface has been implemented to advise on optimizing the environment configuration. Other AAARF improvements are also mentioned, which extend the capabilities of this public domain package. >
Ethics and professionalism in higher education

It is noted that with rapid and dizzying changes and crises in public life have come greatly increased and complex interactions of universities with public affairs. These changes have brought to light old and new questions about the nature of teaching and learning, the obligations to faculty to teaching and research and other commitments, and the impediments to unity of academic purpose and incentives to fragmentation. The problems and challenges for students, faculty, and administrators are explored in light of internal trends and external pressures. >
Anelasticity and grain boundary sliding

We describe a theoretical and numerical analysis of an existing model of anelasticity owing to grain boundary sliding. Two linearly elastic layers having finite thickness and identical material constants are separated by a given fixed spatially periodic interface across which the normal component of velocity is continuous, whereas the tangential component has a discontinuity determined by the shear stress σ * ns and the boundary sliding viscosity η *. We derive asymptotic forms giving the complex rigidity for the extremes of low-frequency forcing and of high-frequency forcing. Using those forms, we create master variables allowing results for different interface shapes, and arbitrary forcing frequency, to be collapsed (very nearly) into a single curve. We then analyse numerically, with finite interface slope, three proposed factors that may weaken and broaden the theoretical prediction of a single Debye peak in the loss spectrum. They are, namely, stress concentrations at interface corners, spatial variation in grain size and spatial variation in boundary sliding viscosity η *. Our results show that all these factors can, indeed, contribute to a moderate weakening of the loss peak. By contrast, the loss peak markedly broadens only when the boundary sliding viscosity η * differs by an order of magnitude across adjacent interface. The shape of the loss spectrum (self-similar to a single Debye peak) is insensitive to the other two factors.
The NIMA-related kinase 2, Nek2, is expressed in specific stages of the meiotic cell cycle and associates with meiotic chromosomes

The Aspergillus nimA gene encodes a Ser/Thr protein kinase which is required for mitosis, in addition to Cdc2, and which has been suggested to have a role in chromosomal condensation. In this study, we isolated a potential murine homologue of nimA, Nek2, which was shown to be expressed most abundantly in the testis of the adult tissues examined. Its expression in the testis was restricted to the germ cells, with highest levels detected in spermatocytes at pachytene and diplotene stages. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Nek2 localized to nuclei, exhibiting a non-uniform distribution within the nucleus. Nek2 appeared to be associated with meiotic chromosomes, an association that was better defined by immunolocalization to hypotonically dispersed meiotic chromosomes. This localization was more apparent in regions of dense chromatin, including the sex vesicle, and was also obvious at some of the chromosome ends. The presence of Nek2 protein was not unique to male germ cells, as it was found in meiotic pachytene stage oocytes as well. Furthermore, in an in vitro experimental setting in which meiotic chromosome condensation was induced with okadaic acid, a concomitant induction of Nek2 kinase activity was observed. The expression of Nek2 in meiotic prophase is consistent with the hypothesis that in vivo, Nek2 is involved in the G2/M phase transition of the cell cycle. Our results further provide evidence that in vivo, mouse Nek2 is involved in events of meiosis, including but not limited to chromosomal condensation.
Switching characteristics of MCT in resonant DC link soft-switching power converters

Simulations and experiments were performed using a MOS-controlled thyristor (MCT) in both zero voltage switching and zero current switching resonant power converters. A computer model was used to simulate the turn-on and turn-off dynamics of the MCT device in the resonant DC link (RDCL) voltage and current source converters, and the performances were compared. A laboratory experiment was designed and constructed to test the switching behavior of the MCT in two different RDCL topologies. The experimental results are presented and compared to those from the simulation. It was shown that the MCT device would perform well in either type of circuit. For the simple circuits tested, both simulations and experiments showed higher losses in the zero current switching. For more practical circuits it is believed that these losses would be more equal. >
Narratives of Low-Income Mothers in Addiction Recovery Centers: Motherhood and the Treatment Experience

ABSTRACT This study examines the narratives shared by low-income women in addiction recovery centers about the meaning they attach to being a parent in recovery and how they view current program models that include children in daily treatment. Their stories reflect the centrality of the mothering role to women in recovery and offer insights that can guide treatment and program planning with families.
Computing load aware and long-view load balancing for cluster storage systems

In large-scale computing clusters, when the server storing a task's input data does not have sufficient computing capacity, current job schedulers either schedule the task and transmit the input data to the closest server or let the task wait until the server has sufficient computing capacity, which generates network load or task delay. To handle this problem, load balancing methods are needed to reduce the number of overloaded servers due to computing workloads. However, current load balancing methods either do not consider the computing workload or assume that it is proportional to the number of data blocks in a server. Through trace analysis, we demonstrate the diversity of computing workloads of different tasks and the necessity of balancing the computing workloads among servers. Then, we propose a cost-efficient Computing load Aware and Long-View load balancing approach (CALV). In addition to the computing load awareness, CALV is also novel in that it achieves long-term load balance by migrating out data blocks from an overloaded server that contribute more computing workloads when the server is more overloaded and contribute less computing workloads when the server is more underloaded at different epochs during a time period. CALV also has a lazy data block transmission method to improve the load balanced state and avoid network load peak. Trace-driven experiments in simulation and a real computing cluster show that CALV outperforms other methods in terms of balancing the computing workloads and cost efficiency.
Electrically controlled pulse shaping and frequency scanning of terahertz submillimeter waves

With the optical excitation of a train of properly spaced laser pulses, the direction of the emitted submillimeter wave can be electrically steered in free space by varying the static bias voltage on each antenna element of the array,1 However, if the away is illuminated by a single laser pulse, the pulse shape and the center wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation at a fixed direction in far field can be electrically controlled. We demonstrale a frequency scanning range from 140 GHz to over 1 THz from a 3.2 mm photoconducting antenna array.
Fermion Monte Carlo Algorithms for Quantum Fluids

Accurate first-principles calculations of the macroscopic properties of quantum fluids from microscopic interactions remain a key focus of many-body theorists.1 Our approach can be presented in summary fashion by saying that we seek to solve the Schrodinger equation: $$ H\psi _0 = E\psi _0 $$ (1) to obtain the ground-state wave funetion ψ for a given Hamiltonian H whose energy eigen value is E. For anyone familiar with many-body approaehes to this problem , it is clear that we are presented with a problem of shocking proportions: we are seeking to solve one equation whieh has (at least) four unknowns: 1. We generally do not know the correct Hamiltonian which eorresponds to material reality. 2. We generally do not know in closed form the ground-state wave function. 3. We generally do not know the energy eigenvalue for the exact Hamiltonian. 4. We generally do not know how to proceed with the calculation of the many-dimensional integrals inherent in the problem. The history of where to begin and how to proceed with narrowing the number of unknowns in the problem, then, traces the history of many-body theory over the past half century.2
Accuracy feedback improves word learning from context: evidence from a meaning-generation task

The present study asked whether accuracy feedback on a meaning generation task would lead to improved contextual word learning (CWL). Active generation can facilitate learning by increasing task engagement and memory retrieval, which strengthens new word representations. However, forced generation results in increased errors, which can be detrimental for learning if they are not corrected. The goal of this study was to determine whether immediate feedback on response accuracy would ameliorate this risk. The study was conducted using an intelligent tutoring system, which presents target words in multiple contexts and prompts users to generate a target word meaning after each context. One group of participants (feedback group) received immediate feedback based on Markov Estimation of Semantic Association (MESA), which estimates the distance between the learner response and the target word meaning. The control group did not receive feedback. Results from conventional (pre/post-test) measures showed greater gains in accuracy and confidence for the feedback group. Moreover, when contextual support was decreased mid-way through the training (from trial 3 to trial 4), MESA measures showed a corresponding drop in accuracy, but only for the No-Feedback group. These findings suggest that accuracy feedback can improve outcomes in CWL, particularly when there is an increased risk of errors. This strengthens the case for meaning generation as a tool to build high-quality lexical representations.
Sepsis in normal and premature infants with localization in the hip joint.

The case reports of five patients with sepsis, localizing in the hip joint, are presented. The age of onset was before 30 days of age. The weights at birth were in the premature range in three, normal in two; the first clinical sign was swelling of the region of the hip and thigh. The organisms were coagulase positive staphylococci in three cases, unknown in two cases. The differential diagnosis included cellulitis, trauma to the hip, and septic arthritis with abscess formation. Poliomyelitis, cancer, toxic synovitis and osteomyelitis of the femur were considered. Roentgenograms have been selected to show the slightness of the changes at onset, and the changes at 1, 5, and 12 years of age. Treatment should include general supportive measures, including administration of blood and nutritive elements, antibiotics and early drainage of the joint to prevent permanent damage of the head of the femur. This condition must be suspected in every instance of regional swelling of the hip in the newborn infant. Such swelling is an urgent indication for diagnostic aspiration of the joint.
Rethinking Consent: Proposals for Reforming the Judicial Confirmation Process

The Constitution places the authority for confirming federal judicial nominations with the U.S. Senate. For centuries this responsibility was undertaken with a sense of duty and purpose. Today, it seems as though many senators see the constitutional command that the Senate “advise and consent” to judicial nominations as an opportunity to delay and obstruct in the name of partisan, ideological, or electoral advantage. Indeed, this is the new norm of the judicial confirmation process, resulting in a judicial vacancy crisis and a fractured Senate. Past suggested reforms, however, do not go far enough. To free the judicial confirmation process from the current destructive dynamics requires significant changes. Drawing on past legislative efforts to address institutional gridlock, the Article provides new insights into the judicial confirmation problem, suggests dramatic reforms in the form of a Confirmation Commission, and offers a historic, constitutional, and political justification for the proposal.
23.2 A 32Gb/s bidirectional 4-channel 4pJ/b capacitively coupled link in 14nm CMOS for proximity communication

Proximity communication offers the convenience of a connector-less high-speed interface using energy-efficient mixed-signal transceivers [1–4]. Such interfaces are attractive for ultra-thin handheld/mobile devices with zero-insertion depth connectors on the periphery, modular phones, and hermetically sealed devices. Proximity communication near millimeter-range using inductive coupling is typically limited to relatively low sampling rates of <1.25GS/s [1] due to inductor self-resonance. While interfaces using coupled transmission line (CTL) couplers are wideband (<12GS/s) [2–3], implementations have been limited to a single-channel, which is likely due to inter-channel crosstalk. Multi-channel chip-to-chip communication using capacitive coupling has been demonstrated [4], albeit at a limited distance of 10µm. This work presents a 4-channel capacitively coupled interface (Fig. 23.2.1(a)) that supports an aggregate data-rate of 32Gb/s and up to 0.8mm air separation.
Men of Good Timber: An Archaeological Investigation of Labor in Michigan's Upper Peninsula

ion. With the theory and history sections providing a context for why, where, and when Coalwood existed and the social context in which it was situated, I will be able to explore the reproductive and productive behavior of everyday life through archaeological analysis. I will end with a discussion that brings all of these lines of evidence to a conclusion about everyday life at Coalwood. Figure 1: Picture taken of workers at Coalwood c. 1900. Much has been written about the economic context of logging and mining in America and neither stand as homogenous industries. Both include the procurement, transportation, and initial production of timbered or mined products. As extractive industries both mining and logging provide the natural resources needed to produce other useful products and generate wealth. Limitations such as natural resource depletion, natural disasters, and high startup cost made them risky, often short lived endeavors
Substance use in rural adolescents: The impact of social capital, anti-social capital, and social capital deprivation

ABSTRACTMiddle- and high-school substance use is a pressing public health problem in the United States. Despite similar or, in some cases, elevated rates of substance use among rural youth, much of the extant research on adolescent substance use has focused on urban areas. The current study aims to uncover forms of social capital (e.g., ethnic identity), social capital deprivation (e.g., parent-child conflict), and anti-social capital (e.g., delinquent friends) that impact the use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana in a sample of middle- and high-school students from the rural south. It was hypothesized that social capital factors would be associated with decreased substance use while social capital deprivation and anti-social capital factors would be associated with increased substance use. The hypotheses were tested using logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations. The findings indicated that for middle school youth, anti-social capital in the form of aggression and delinquent f...
Laboratory Rearing and Field Observations on Carpophilus mutilatus

A sap beetle, Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson, is a major pest of ripening and partially dried figs in the San Joaquin Valley of California. An artificial diet for adults and larvae plus rearing procedures are described. Under laboratory conditions, mean developmental times were: egg, 2.2 days; egg to wandering stage larva, 10.4 days; wandering stage to adult, 15.5 days; and preoviposition period, 3.0 days. Some hosts of C. mutilatus are given. Viable larvae and adults were collected through most of the year. Adults collected during the winter were reproductively active when held in the laboratory. Apparently, there is no diapause in this species San Joaquin Valley.
Electron-Stimulated Desorption from Condense Branched Alkanes

The electron-stimulated dissociation or desorption (ESD) of hydrocarbons is of relevance to the study of radiation-induced surface damage in organic solids and polymers, surface analysis, and radiation-induced surface chemistry. A number of such studies have been carried out on gas phase hydrocarbon systems [1]. Caution should be observed, however, in extrapolating gas phase results to the solid, since dissociation in the gas phase often occurs after a conversion of electronic excitation energy to vibrational energy which is inherently localized due to the isolation and finite extent of the molecule [2]. In an organic solid or polymer, however, the vibrational energy may be dissipated prior to dissociation, and the excitation energy must be localized in some other manner if dissociation is to occur. Condensed organic molecular solids offer the experimenter several other conveniences, including a wellcharacterized chemical structure, ease of desorption and the ability to systematically alter chemical structure as readily as in a gas phase study.
Adaptation to heat stress reduces phenotypic and transcriptional plasticity in a marine copepod

Summary 1.Organisms may respond to changing environments through phenotypic plasticity or adaptive evolution. These two processes are not mutually exclusive, and may either dampen or strengthen each other's effects, depending on the genetic correlation between trait values and the slopes of their norms of reaction. 2.To examine the effect of adaptation to heat stress on the plasticity of heat tolerance we hybridized populations of the crustacean Tigriopus californicus that show divergent phenotypes for heat tolerance. We then selected for increased heat tolerance in hybrids and measured heat tolerance and the phenotypic plasticity of heat tolerance in both selected lines and unselected controls. 3.To test whether changes in phenotypic plasticity were associated with changes in the plasticity of gene expression, we also sequenced transcriptomes of selected and unselected lines, both under heat shock and at ambient temperatures. 4.We observed increased heat tolerance in selected lines, but also lower phenotypic and transcriptional plasticity in response to heat stress. The plastic response to heat stress was highly enriched for hydrolytic and catalytic activities, suggesting a prominent role for degradation of mis-folded proteins. 5.Our findings have important implications for biological responses to climate change: if adaptation to environmental stress reduces plasticity, then plasticity and adaptive evolution will make overlapping, rather than additive contributions to buffering populations from environmental change. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Circadian variation of the pancreatic islet transcriptome.

Pancreatic islet failure is a characteristic feature of impaired glucose control in diabetes mellitus. Circadian control of islet function is essential for maintaining proper glucose homeostasis. C...
Self-assembly of milli-scale robotic manipulators: A path to highly adaptive, robust automation systems

Today, trends in manufacturing automation favor high levels of adaptability and flexibility for rapid product change, customization, and new process integration. This paper looks at a new technology, diamagnetic micro manipulation (DM3), for taking adaptability of automation to a higher level. Experiments reported here show a path to automation systems that can self-assemble their own robotic manipulators, fabricate tools-on-demand to execute new processes, optimize existing processes, and/or replace or repair tools. These printed circuit board (PCB) systems can control very large numbers of milli-scale robots. Hence, as described in this paper and in contrast to conventional robotic systems, only a small percentage of DM3 system resources, approximately 5–10% of system area and robot numbers, are needed to achieve on-board self-assembly and tool-on-demand functions. This paper describes the key step of self-assembly of self-levitating magnet arrays using 1 mm × 1 mm × 0.4 mm magnets, with self-assembly times of less than 10 s. We also report experiments showing how milli-robots can build simple end effector tools (a straight probe tip, a forked tip, and a hook tip) on other milli-robots for on-board, tool-on-demand functions.
Supporting blood needs in patients undergoing haematopoietic cell transplantation

Over the past several decades, there has been an increasing use of haematopoietic cell transplantation for patients with malignant and non-malignant blood disorders. Blood transfusion support is essential for successful patient outcomes, as recipients have unique transfusion needs both pre- and post-transplantation. These needs must be carefully managed by transplant teams in partnership with the transfusion service. Patients may present to haematology clinic anaemic, thrombocytopenic and/or neutropenic related to their underlying blood disorder. They will need transfusions of blood products for support prior to transplantation. Following transplantation, multiple red blood cell and platelet transfusions may be required especially until engraftment occurs. Often there is an ABO mismatch between the donor and the recipient, and blood will need to be selected for major and minor ABO compatibility of red blood cell and plasma-containing blood components during the peri-transplant period. Both myeloablative and non-myeloablative preparative regimens are immunosuppressive, so irradiated blood products should be provided to minimize the risk of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease and cytomegalovirus-negative patients should receive cytomegalovirus-reduced risk blood products to prevent transfusion-associated infection. Leucocyte-reduced blood components are used to minimize adverse effects of transfused donor leucocytes including febrile reactions, alloimmunization and immunomodulation. Alloimmunization to red blood cell or platelet antigens may pose a challenge in the selection of compatible blood components and platelet refractoriness may develop. In short, patients undergoing haematopoietic cell transplantation require considerable blood component support and collaboration between the transfusion and clinical transplant services is essential to effectively manage their transfusion needs.
Bim identifies tumor-reactive effector CD8+ T cells in cancer patients respond to anti-PD-1 therapy

Endogenous tumor-reactive CD8 + T cell responses to tumors are controlled by immune checkpoints. Immune checkpoint blockade strategy has demonstrated therapeutic effects in some solid cancers. However, only a portion of patients responds to this therapy and there are no biomarkers to help predict and monitor treatment outcomes. We report that Bim is a downstream signaling molecule of the PD-1 pathway that reflects the degree of PD-1 interaction with its ligand B7-H1. B7-H1 protein directly induced Bim protein up-regulation in pre-activated human CD8 + T cells via regulation of AKT activation and phosphorylation of Bim. In mouse models, genetic absence of PD-1 in T cells and B7-H1 deficiency in tumors prevented Bim up-regulation in tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells. Among tumor-reactive PD-1 + CD11a high CD8 + T cells in the peripheral blood of cancer patients, Bim expression was significantly associated with expression of PD-1 and effector cell markers (T-bet and granzyme B). The frequency of Bim + PD-1 + CD8 + T cells significantly increased in the peripheral blood of advanced melanoma patients compared to healthy donors. In melanoma patients, high Bim levels were correlated with poor overall survival. Importantly, patients who experienced clinical benefit after anti-PD-1 therapy had higher frequency of Bim + PD-1 + CD8 + T cells in the peripheral blood at baseline compared to non-responding patients; however, this cell population decreased significantly after successful anti-PD-1 therapy. Our results indicate that Bim reflects the degree of PD-1 interaction with its ligand PD-L1 in effector CD8 + T cells, and measurement of Bim levels may provide a less invasive method to monitor or predict responses to anti-PD-1 therapy.
Foundations of Statics: An Assessment Study and Feedback Implementation

This paper highlights some important obstacles in student test performance resulting from different forms of testing procedures in Statics and Dynamics. A group approach dictates the core pedagogy in these classes, which are components of Engineering Sciences Core Curriculum (ESCC) at Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT). Our observations indicate that the difficulties start before engineering sciences due to incomplete understanding of mathematics and physics. While the human aspects of this assessment may not be revealed on tests, results of long hours of counseling sessions of students with faculty and academic advisors have now been imbedded in designing of our program. But in spite of our streamlined processes of improved delivery and testing, many good students demonstrate superior test scores on essay type questions but poor understanding of concepts as revealed from the analysis of Multiple Choice (MC) responses. This lack of performance has been tracked to a narrow focus and a lack of retention of prior concepts in their active memory. The paper discusses these topics using a select set of multiple choice questions administered on Statics and Dynamics examinations and offers remedial actions including proposal of a new course.Copyright © 2016 by ASME