cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain tissue-resident immune memory cells are required for long-term protection against CNS infection with rabies virus.

Immune memory cells residing in previously infected, nonlymphoid tissues play a role in immune surveillance. In the event that circulating antibodies fail to prevent virus spread to the tissues in a secondary infection, these memory cells provide an essential defense against tissue reinfection. CNS tissues are isolated from circulating immune cells and antibodies by the blood-brain barrier, making the presence of tissue-resident immune memory cells particularly needed to combat recurrent infection by neurotropic viruses. Wild-type and laboratory-engineered rabies viruses are neurotropic, differ in pathogenicity, and have varying effects on BBB functions. These viruses have proven invaluable tools in demonstrating the importance of tissue-resident immune memory cells in the reinfection of CNS tissues. Only Type 1 immune memory is effective at therapeutically clearing a secondary infection with wild-type rabies viruses from the CNS and does so despite the maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity.
Sepsis in the urgent care setting

Sepsis, in particular severe sepsis, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatrics. It is most likely to affect very young children and children with significant medical comorbidities. The definition of sepsis in pediatrics is currently rapidly evolving but the best treatment for children with severe sepsis remains early goal directed therapy with intravenous fluids and antibiotics. It is therefore important for any pediatric urgent care providers to be able to recognize and treat patients with severe sepsis. It is also important for pediatric urgent care providers to be aware of certain groups of patients who have an increased risk of mortality when they develop sepsis. This article summarizes the current understanding of pediatric sepsis and then focuses on the management of these patients in the pediatric urgent care setting, with special attention paid to groups at higher risks of negative outcomes.
Sciatic-to-Femoral Nerve End-to-End Coaptation for Proximal Lower Extremity Function in Patients With Acute Flaccid Myelitis: Technical Note and Review of the Literature

Background Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is an acute-onset anterior horn disease resulting in flaccid paralysis of extremities, trunk, facial, and cervical musculature in children following upper respiratory or gastrointestinal viral illness. Nerve transfer procedures have been shown to restore function. Objective To present a technical description of sciatic-to-femoral nerve transfers in 4 children with AFM. Methods Retrospective review of relevant cases was performed. Results A total of 4 cases are presented of young children with persistent quadriparesis in the setting of AFM, presenting between 4 and 15 mo following initial diagnosis. Electromyography showed denervation of muscles innervated by the femoral nerve, with sparing of the sciatic distribution. The obturator nerve was also denervated in all patients. We therefore elected to pursue sciatic-to-femoral transfers to restore active knee extension. These transfers involved end-to-end coaptation of a sciatic nerve fascicle to the femoral nerve motor branches supplying quadriceps muscles. Conclusion We present technical descriptions of bilateral sciatic-to-femoral nerve neurotization for the restoration of quadriceps function in 4 patients with AFM. The sciatic nerve fascicles are a reasonable alternative donor nerve for patients with proximal muscle paralysis and limited donor options in the lower extremity.
Statistics on restricted Fibonacci words

We study two foremost Mahonian statistics, the major index and the inversion number for a class of binary words called restricted Fibonacci words. The language of restricted Fibonacci words satisfies recurrences which allow for the calculation of the generating functions in two different ways. These yield identities involving the $q$-binomial coefficients and provide non-standard $q$-analogues of the Fibonacci numbers. The major index generating function for restricted Fibonacci words turns out to be a $q$-power multiple of the inversion generating function.
U.S. News & World Report Ophthalmology Hospital Rankings and Research Productivity

Introduction Despite the wide usage of U.S. News & World Report (U.S. News) rankings of ophthalmology hospitals among the public, residency applicants, and ophthalmologists, there is disagreement in the literature on the role of quality of care, research productivity, and other factors in the ranking system. This study investigated the association of U.S. News ranking of ophthalmology hospitals and objective measures of research productivity. Methods The 2020 U.S. News “Best Hospitals for Ophthalmology” ranking lists 38 hospitals by reputation score and numerically ranks the top 12 institutions. For our analysis, top 12 hospitals were classified as group A and the remaining 26 as group B. The Clinicaltrials.gov, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditures and Results (RePORTER), and NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools (RePORT) were systematically searched for total clinical trials, NIH funding, and the National Eye Institute (NEI) funding for fiscal years 2017, 2018, and 2019. Faculty size and the number of publications by ophthalmology faculty per hospital were recorded from a previous study in 2016. Results Independent measures of research productivity significantly associated with group A status after multivariate logistic regression analysis were mean faculty Hirsch's index (h-index) over 15 (odds ratio [OR]: 6.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.14–32.94]) and conducting five or more total clinical trials (OR: 8.77, 95% CI: [1.39–55.16]). Conclusion This study suggests that the reputation-based U.S. News ranking may serve as a proxy for an ophthalmology department's contribution to research measured by mean faculty h-index and number of clinical trials.
Locked-in Intact Functional Networks in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case-Control Study

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has the potential to investigate abnormalities in brain network structure and connectivity on an individual level in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), paving the way toward using this technology for a personalized, precision medicine approach to diagnosis and treatment. Using a case-control design, we compared five patients with severe regressive-type ASD to five patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) to examine the association between brain network characteristics and diagnosis. All children with ASD and TLE demonstrated intact motor, language, and frontoparietal (FP) networks. However, aberrant networks not usually seen in the typical brain were also found. These aberrant networks were located in the motor (40%), language (80%), and FP (100%) regions in children with ASD, while children with TLE only presented with aberrant networks in the motor (40%) and language (20%) regions, in addition to identified seizure onset zones. Fisher’s exact test indicated a significant relationship between aberrant FP networks and diagnosis (p = 0.008), with ASD and atypical FP networks co-occurring more frequently than expected by chance. Despite severe cognitive delays, children with regressive-type ASD may demonstrate intact typical cortical network activation despite an inability to use these cognitive facilities. The functions of these intact cognitive networks may not be fully expressed, potentially because aberrant networks interfere with their long-range signaling, thus creating a unique “locked-in network” syndrome.
Topological Transmission Line Metamaterials for Microwave Applications

Recent years have witnessed a lot of interest about topological metamaterials for their ability to guide waves around corners or other discontinuities with no reflection. Such metamaterials are typically made of lattices of coupled resonators, which imposes strict limits over their bandwidth. Here, we present a new type of topological metamaterial based on a dual lattice of transmission lines, which exhibits robust topological properties over broad bandwidths. Importantly, the proposed metamaterial is based on differential pairs of transmission lines, making it suitable for combination with discrete circuit components, like varactors or transistors. Therefore, the new metamaterial can form the basis of new types of microwave devices, like phased antenna arrays and traveling-wave amplifiers, with inherent topological propection and reduced sensitivity to structural imperfections.
Associated and Incremental Storage: Opportunities for Increased CO 2 Removal with Enhanced Oil Recovery

Carbon dioxide removal is essential to reaching emmission reductions goals. Enhanced oil recovery with CO2 has the potential to sequester significant amounts of carbon oxide though well-established and readily dispatchable technologies. Programs, including 45Q, encourage use of anthroprogenic CO2 in enhanced oil recovery. These assets also present an opportunity for additional injection and storage of CO2 following the conclusion of economic recoveries of oil and gas, not only advancing decarbonization but providing opportunities for economic development and employment. This chapter examines legal and regulatory opportunities to maximize the decarbonization potential of CO2-EOR and incremental storage.
Interactions of Simulated Waste Radionuclides and Rocks

In order to predict the long term sorptive properties of common rock minerals in the vicinity of a radioactive waste repository, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of sorption as well as to know which are the active sorptive minerals. This paper describes the results of an electron microprobe study designed to further understanding of these processes and materials. Ion exchange is usually assumed to be the most important mechanism of sorption; therefore, radionuclides are assumed to be associated with minor clay constituents. However Jenne (1) has questioned the role of ion exchange in many geologic sorption processes. Wet chemical studies do not easily lend themselves to the discovery of the active sorptive minerals without the destruction of the rock and the possible altering of the sorption properties. This study is nondestructive and has sought correlations between concentrations of test ions on the surface of the rocks and the associated mineralogy in elemental distribution photomicrographs obtained with the automated electron microprobe. Although individual clay particles are usually smaller than the resolution of the electron microprobe, we have seen that active clays are frequently found in clusters or exist as detrital grains which lend themselves to examination.
Economics of Recommendations Systems: The Role of Customer Responsiveness to Prices and Quality

To our knowledge, recommendation systems in the current literature do not account for preferences in terms of responsiveness to prices and quality. The major goal of this project is to fill this gap in the literature by employing the economic concept of elasticity with respect to prices and quality. Elasticity of demand with respect to any variable (price, income, quality, etc.) is the ratio of relative changes in quantity to those in the variable in question. Collaborative and content-based filtering methods as well as their hybrid systems take into account various characteristics of past purchases, but we will attempt to venture a step ahead: incorporate the behavior of the customer ‘at margin’, i.e., compute the degree of responsiveness to changes in prices and ratings. The algorithm involves two stages: some recommendations are short-listed using existing methods in the first stage and they are further fine-tuned using elasticity in the second stage, into “buy” and “not buy” categories. We also predict the percentage changes in purchases of items, in response to changes in prices and quality. We illustrate the usefulness of this methodology using a movie ratings dataset.
Uniform spinning sampling gradient electron paramagnetic resonance imaging.

Purpose To improve the quality and speed of electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) acquisition by combining a uniform sampling distribution with spinning gradient acquisition. Theory and Methods A uniform sampling distribution was derived for spinning gradient EPRI acquisition (uniform spinning sampling, USS) and compared to the existing (equilinear spinning sampling, ESS) acquisition strategy. Novel corrections were introduced to reduce artifacts in experimental data. Results Simulations demonstrated that USS puts an equal number of projections near each axis whereas ESS puts excessive projections at one axis, wasting acquisition time. Artifact corrections added to the magnetic gradient waveforms reduced noise and correlation between projections. USS images had higher SNR (85.9 ± 0.8 vs. 56.2 ± 0.8) and lower mean-squared error than ESS images. The quality of the USS images did not vary with the magnetic gradient orientation, in contrast to ESS images. The quality of rat heart images was improved using USS compared to that with ESS or traditional fast-scan acquisitions. Conclusion A novel EPRI acquisition which combines spinning gradient acquisition with a uniform sampling distribution was developed. This USS spinning gradient acquisition offers superior SNR and reduced artifacts compared to prior methods enabling potential improvements in speed and quality of EPR imaging in biological applications. Magn Reson Med 71:893–900, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Interrupting Blood Flow on Gastric Potential and HCI Secretion

Summary Studies were made on the correlation between the potential difference across the stomach wall and the rate of secretion of H + ions, both during and following periods in which the blood flow to the stomach was interrupted. It was found that there was not a single instance of a marked reduction in P.D. without a marked reduction in secretory rate. These findings are evidence in favor of a theory of HCl production summarized in the introduction. It was found that following the interruption of the blood flow the P.D. often markedly overshot its original level. Similar experiments were performed on the resting stomach, and it was found that there was relatively little overshooting in the resting stomach. An explanation is offered for the marked overshooting in the secreting stomach. It was also found that the P.D. of the stomach with its pedicle clamped was dependent on the O 2 tension of the fluid in contact with the mucosa. On the basis of these latter data, it is suggested that some of the EMF's that contributed to the P.D. across the stomach originate near the mucosal surface.
Application of strain energy density and maximum circumferential stress criteria to dynamic crack curving

ABSTRACT Dynamic photoelastic experiments were conducted to provide information regarding the state of stress associated with a rapidly curving crack. Analysis of the crack tip isochromatic patterns permitted evaluation of both the singular and non singular components of the mixed mode stress field over a region of reasonable size around the crack tip at various positions along the crack path. The stress field coefficients obtained were then used to predict the direction of the next segment of crack extension using the strain energy density and the maximum circumferential stress criteria. This predicted crack path was compared with the experimental data and showed good agreement.
Reply to Comment on "Nature of Spin Glass State"

This is a reply to cond-mat/0010033 by Newman and Stein, which is a comment on on our paper Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3017 (2000), cond-mat/0002134.
Bacillus cereus-Induced Fluid Accumulation in Rabbit Ileal Loops

The usefulness of the ligated rabbit ileal loop as an experimental model of Bacillus cereus food poisoning was investigated. Positive responses, as measured by fluid accumulation in the loop, were obtained from 19 of 22 strains of B. cereus. Four of six strains of B. thuringiensis also elicited fluid accumulation, but eight strains of other Bacillus spp. failed to evoke a response. The growth medium employed markedly affected the ability of a given strain of B. cereus to provoke a response. Brain heart infusion broth (BHI) (Difco) proved to be best for this purpose. Loop fluid-inducing activity was produced by exponentially growing cells and was present in cell-free culture filtrates and associated with washed vegetative cells. Intraluminal growth of B. cereus did not elicit fluid accumulation. Cultures grown at temperatures in the range of 18 C to 43 C were loop active. When BHI cultures of selected loop positive strains were injected intraluminally into the normal ileum of rabbits, they failed to elicit diarrhea.
The Role of Collaborative Reflection on Shaping Engineering Faculty Teaching Approaches

Over the last several years, engineering faculty and learning scientists from four universities worked in collaboration to develop educational materials to improve the quality of faculty teaching and student learning. Guided by the How People Learn (HPL) framework, engineering faculty worked in collaboration with learning scientists to develop learner-centered, student-focused instructional methods. In consultation with learning scientists, engineering faculty carried out educational inquiry in their classrooms aimed at investigating student learning and enhancing instruction. In this paper we discuss the extent to which faculty engaged in these collaborative endeavors and how their teaching approaches differed as a result of their level of engagement. Study findings reveal the role that collaborative reflection plays in shaping teaching approaches. Results from this study provide insights for researchers and other practitioners in engineering and higher education interested in implementing engineering faculty development programs to optimize the impact on teaching.
Aversion substance(s) of the rat coagulating glands

The aversive substance(s) present in adult male urine were not found in castrate rat urine. Removal of the coagulating glands also resulted in a loss of the aversion compounds. The aversion substances were restored to the urine after androgen treatment of the castrate rats.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE LATENT PERIOD IN THE PHOTIC RESPONSE OF MYA ARENARIA.

1. The effect of temperature on the reaction time of Mya to light is mainly confined to the latent period. The sensitization period, representing a photochemical process, is changed comparatively little. 2. The relation between the latent period and the temperature is adequately expressed by the Arrhenius equation, for temperatures below 21°C. Above this temperature, the latent period becomes increasingly longer than is required by the Arrhenius formula when µ = 19,680. 3. These deviations, occurring above the highest environmental temperature of Mya, are explained on the assumption that the principal product formed during the latent period is inactivated by heat. 4. Calculation of the velocity of the hypothetical inactivation reaction at different temperatures shows that it also follows the Arrhenius rule when µ = 48,500. This value of µ corresponds to those generally found for spontaneous inactivations and destructions.
The dynamic spectacle: Transforming experience into social forms of community

Inherent in the rhetorical tradition of symbolic form is the search for the rhetorical processes which convert experience into the social forms of community. Fusing Robert Scott's notion of rhetoric as dynamic with the rhetorical concept of “spectacle,” this essay explores “the dynamic spectacle” as a rhetorical document of community building. Black America's struggle for identity in White America is offered as a case study.
The woggle technique for suture closure of hemodialysis access catheterization sites

The Woggle technique is a modification of the purse-string suture technique, which is used to achieve hemostasis at hemodialysis catheterization sites. A tension collar (plastic guide wire introducer or similar device) is placed over the ends of a purse-string suture and secured with a suture lock (hemostat or stopcock) to tighten the suture without making a knot. The device is left in place for 20 to 60 minutes after the sheath is removed and then the woggle device is released and, if hemostasis is achieved, the suture is removed. This technique allows the patient to be discharged without a suture in place.
Prediction of bone strength of distal forearm using radius bone mineral density and phalangeal speed of sound

This investigation compares quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measurement of the phalanges with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement of the forearm, to estimate the strength of the distal radius in 13 cadaveric forearms. The cadavers were scanned at the distal radius by pQCT and DXA for bone mineral density (BMD) and at the approximate phalanges by QUS for speed of sound (SOS). The distal radii were subjected to a simulated Colles fracture produced with a materials testing machine. The load at which the distal radius was fractured was considered as a representation of bone strength. The bone strength correlated significantly with SOS at different phalanges (r = 0.63-0.72), BMD at different regions of interest by DXA (r = 0.67-0.75), and cortical BMD at different sites by pQCT (r = 0.61-0.67). Standard stepwise regression analysis showed that adding phalangeal SOS into forearm densitometric variables significantly enhanced the statistical power for prediction of the strength of the distal radius. Our results suggest that, for assessment of site-specific distal forearm strength, QUS measurement of the phalanges is comparable to forearm densitometry. Phalangeal QUS may add clinical value if distal forearm strength has a high priority.
Pattern recognition using artificial neural networks

Abstract In this paper we examine the key features of simple neural networks and their application to pattern recognition. Beginning with a three-layer backpropagation network we examine the mechanisms of pattern classification. We relate the numbers of input, output and hidden nodes to the problem features and parameters. In particular, each hidden neuron corresponds to a discriminant in the input space. We point out that the interactions between number of discriminants, the size and distribution of the training set, and numerical magnitude make it very difficult to provide precise guidelines. We found that the shape of the threshold function plays a major role in both pattern recognition, and quantitative prediction and interpolation. Tuning the sharpness parameter could have a significant effect on neural network performance. This feature is currently under-utilized in many applications. For some applications linear discriminant is poor choice. As an example the conventional BPN finds it almost impossible to separate concentric semicircles or “onion rings”, which are readily separated if the a quadratic discriminant is used. Our work suggests varying performance for different basis functions in different applications. Four different types of basis functions were discussed in this study, including two which, as far as we know, have not been previously published.
Scintillations and Interstellar Lévy Flights

We present the new model for interstellar scintillations, which assumes that the electron density fluctuations causing the scintillations obey Levy statistics rather than Gaussian statistics, as was thought previously. Our model explains the observed anomalous scaling of the signal time-width with respect to the pulsar distance, which remained a puzzle for more than 30 years.
An optimal control model of neural networks for constrained optimization problems

Optimization neural networks have been studied and applied in the literature, and the mechanism of such neural networks has been investigated from the point of view of optimization theory. Yet, no studies have been found by the authors to investigate the mechanism from a control systems' perspective. In this communication, the mechanism of the optimization neural networks will be studied from the point of view of control systems. It will be shown that an optimization neural network can be modelled as an optimal control problem. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The continuing value of electron microscopy in surgical pathology.

For decades, transmission electron microscopy has played a valuable diagnostic role in surgical pathology. The continuing importance of electron microscopy, however, can be debated, given the major advances that have occurred in immunohistochemistry and other techniques. Electron microscopy retains excellent educational potential and broad research applicability, and it continues to be a necessity for the evaluation of a small subset of surgical pathology cases, such as renal biopsies and cilia specimens. The real controversy, then, centers on the contribution of electron microscopy in the evaluation of neoplasms. The opinion of many experts indicates that electron microscopy is still vital in the diagnostic assessment of some neoplasms, and that both electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry are more powerful when viewed as complementary rather than competitive techniques. For electron microscopy to be used to its potential, however, electron microscopists must function effectively as consultants. Whe...
Isolation of subunits from trypsin-cleaved sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transport adenosine triphosphatase.

Controlled tryptic digestion of purified rat skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-adenosine triphosphatase yields two products designated Fragments 3a and 3b with molecular weights of 65,000 and 56,000 respectively. The isolation of these products in high yield should facilitate exploration of the molecular characteristics of this adenosine triphosphatase. A simple, rapid method for accomplishing this isolation was developed which provides a high yield and utilizes mild conditions. The fragments obtained by this method were used to determine the phospholipid and sulfhydryl contents of Fragments 3a and 3b. In addition, information was obtained on the orientation of these adenosine triphosphatase components in the enzyme lipoprotein complex.
Is There a Link between Foreign Exchange Market Stability and Stock Market Correlations? Evidence from Canada

The link between foreign exchange and stock markets has numerous practical business implications. If international diversification strategies are to be successful, these markets should display low levels of correlation. In addition, understanding the determinants of asset volatilities, as well as their international correlations, are important parameters for the day to day risk management of financial institutions, the risk management of firms operating internationally, and the pricing of contingent claims. This paper examines whether there is a link between exchange rate stability and stock market volatility and correlations. I find that the connection between exchange rates and stock market correlations and volatilities extends beyond periods of extreme crisis.
Role of lon and ClpX in the post-translational regulation of a sigma subunit of RNA polymerase required for cellular differentiation in Bacillus subtilis.

The RNA polymerase sigma subunit, σH (Spo0H) of Bacillus subtilis, is essential for the transcription of genes that function in sporulation and genetic competence. Although spo0H is transcriptionally regulated by the key regulatory device that controls sporulation initiation, the Spo0 phosphorelay, there is considerable evidence implicating a mechanism of post-translational control that governs the activity and concentration of σH. Post-translational control of spo0H is responsible for the reduced expression of genes requiring σH under conditions of low environmental pH. It is also responsible for heightened σH activity upon relief of acid stress and during nutritional depletion. In this study, the ATP-dependent proteases LonA and B and the regulatory ATPase ClpX were found to function in the post-translational control of σH. Mutations in lonA and lonB result in elevated σH protein concentrations in low-pH cultures. However, this is not sufficient to increase σH-dependent transcription. Activation of σH-dependent transcription upon raising medium pH and in cells undergoing sporulation requires clpX, as shown by measuring the expression of lacZ fusions that require σH for transcription and by complementation of a clpX null mutation. A hypothesis is presented that low environmental pH results in the Lon-dependent degradation of σH, but the activity of σH in sporulating cells and in cultures at neutral pH is stimulated by a ClpX-dependent mechanism in response to nutritional stress.
Gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric identification and quantification of aniline after extraction from serum and derivatization with 2,2,2-trichloroethyl chloroformate, a novel derivative

Aniline is widely used as an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes. It is also used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, photographic developers, shoe polish, etc. Exposure to aniline is toxic because it produces methemoglobin. In humans, blood methemoglobin levels are often measured as an index of exposure to aniline. Here a method is described for identification and quantification of aniline by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after extraction from human serum and derivatization with 2,2,2-trichloroethyl chloroformate. Aniline, along with the internal standard N-methylaniline, were extracted from alkaline serum using chloroform. Aniline and the internal standard were derivatized with 50 microl 2,2,2-trichloroethyl chloroformate. After evaporating excess derivatizing reagent, the residue was reconstituted in 50 microl chloroform and injected into the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system. A positive identification of derivatized aniline can be made by observing strong molecular ions at m/z 267 and 269. Similarly, the derivatized internal standard showed strong molecular ions at m/z 281 and 283. The within-run and between-run precisions of the assay were 3.61 and 5.92%, respectively, at an aniline concentration of 5 mg/l. The assay was linear for serum aniline concentrations of 0.5-25.0 mg/l. The detection limit was 0.1 mg/l. The assay was not affected by lipemia, hemolysis or high bilirubin concentration in serum.
Effect of benzamide on cell growth, NAD and ATP levels in cultured chick limb bud cells

Benzamide, an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase, which augments chondrocytic differentiation, significantly decreased poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase activity in cultured chick limb bud cells. Benzamide significantly increased cell proliferation, but did not affect DNA synthesis per cultured cell. Furthermore, benzamide significantly increased NAD levels and synthesis, while it did not affect ATP levels and synthesis except for ATP synthesis on day 1. Thus, we suggest that benzamide augments both cell proliferation and NAD synthesis during chondrocytic differentiation.
The association between Mi-2 antibodies and dermatomyositis

Antibodies to Mi, an antigen in calf thymus extract, have been demonstrated by complement fixation inhibition in polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) sera but not in the sera of individuals without myositis. The original Mi reference serum defined 2 precipitating antibodies, using immunodiffusion (ID). Anti-Mi-1 was not active in complement fixation. We have now studied in further detail anti-Mi-2, which appears to be the antibody in Mi serum that fixes complement. Mi-2 antigen was purified by immuno-affinity chromatography. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure Mi-2 antibody, using this antigen, was used to test the sera of 139 myositis patients: 52 had DM and 87 had PM. Control sera from 35 normal subjects and 93 patients with other connective tissue diseases were also tested. Only 13 sera were considered definitely positive for anti-Mi-2. All were from patients who had myositis, 11 of whom had DM. Only DM sera had anti-Mi-2 by ID, and all sera with anti-Mi-2 by ID were positive by ELISA. A number of other sera, including many from patients with other connective tissue diseases and 2 from normal subjects (all without precipitating antibodies) had lower elevations which were of uncertain significance. Detection of anti-Mi-2 by ID as well as by ELISA was significantly more frequent in DM than in PM. Anti-Mi-2 appears to be closely linked to DM, and is the first specific serologic marker for this form of myositis.
Managed forests and migratory bird populations: evaluating spatial configurations through simulation

We developed a simulation model of forest succession in managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) short-leaf pine (Pinus echinata) plantations to explore factors that influence temporal variability in avian richness. We simulated 16 unique landscapes through a full harvest rotation (i.e. 25 years from planting to harvest). In the model, Neotropical migrant birds colonized tree stands based on habitat parameters such as vegetation type, stand size and configuration, and amount of edge. The model predicted species richness and abundance for each stand and across the landscape. Results demonstrated how stand size, stand configuration, and habitat fragmentation may play a substantial role in landscape suitability concerns for Neotropical migrant birds. An intermediate level of landscape fragmentation appeared to decrease variation in total bird abundance and to provide greater overall species richness, the latter an important consideration when the concern lies with optimizing multiple species management.
Structure and conformation studies from temperature dependent infrared spectra of xenon solutions and ab initio calculations of cyclobutylgermane

Abstract The infrared spectra (3500–220 cm−1) of cyclobutylgermane, c-C4H7GeH3 have been recorded of the gas. Also variable temperature (−65 to −100 °C) studies of the infrared spectra (3500–400 cm−1) of the sample dissolved in liquid xenon were recorded and both the equatorial and axial conformers were identified. The enthalpy difference has been determined from 10 band pairs 8 temperatures to give 112 ± 11 cm−1 (1.34 ± 0.13 kJ mol−1) with the equatorial conformer the more stable form. The percentage of the axial conformer present at ambient temperature is estimated to be 37 ± 1%. From ab initio calculations conformational stabilities have been predicted from both MP2(full) and density functional theory calculations from a variety of basic sets. The r0 structure parameters have been obtained for both conformers from the previously reported rotational constants from the three isotopologues. The determined heavy atom distances for the equatorial [axial] form are (A) Ge–Cα = 1.952(3) [1.950(3)], C α – C β , C β ′ = 1.557 ( 3 ) [ 1.565 ( 3 ) ] , C γ – C β , C β ′ = 1.551 ( 3 ) [1.551(3)] and angles in degrees (°) ∠GeCαCβ = 118.6(5) [113.4(5)], ∠ C β C α C β ′ = 88.3 ( 5 ) [ 88.0 ( 5 ) ] , ∠CαCβCγ = 87.8(5) [88.8(5)], ∠ C β C γ C β ′ = 88.7 ( 5 ) [ 89.0 ( 5 ) ] and a puckering angle of 29.1(5) [25.1(5)]. Data from ab initio calculations were used to predict vibrational harmonic force constants, fundamental wavenumbers, infrared intensities, Raman activities and depolarization ratios for both conformers. The results are compared to the corresponding properties of some related molecules.
Counselor Trainees’ Experiences in Triadic Supervision: A Qualitative Exploration of Transcendent Themes

Triadic supervision has been considered a credible and effective form of clinical supervision within counselor education programs since being included in the 2001 standards for the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). A phenomenological study was conducted to examine the experiences of masters-level counselor trainees in practicum with triadic supervision. Several transcendent themes emerged, namely: Initial Apprehensions, Shared Developmental Process, Vicarious Learning, Multiple Perspectives, and Safety through Trust and Relationship. The results of this study are discussed as they impact the field of counselor education and supervision.
How Great Wings Can Look Alike

In 1859, English naturalist Henry Walter Bates left Brazil after 11 strenuous, danger-filled, but blissful years of exploring and collecting in the Amazon. Despite all of the privations he had suffered, the self-taught amateur dreaded exchanging a land of “perpetual summer,” “endless streams,” and “boundless forests” for the “gloomy winters,” “murky atmosphere,” and “factory chimneys” of England ( 1 ). But Bates's return home could not have been timed better. Just as he began to sort out his vast collections, Darwin's On the Origin of Species appeared and gave him a framework for everything that he had seen in the jungle. Well, almost everything; Bates soon realized that he had noticed some things that had escaped the great Darwin's attention but that could lend support to Darwin's controversial new theory of natural selection.
Virtual reality laparoscopic skill assessment in microgravity.

Background Theobjective of the study was to assess if performance of basic laparoscopic skills on a virtual reality (VR) simulator is impaired in microgravity relative to normal gravitational influences. Materials and methods Fourteen subjects with various educational backgrounds underwent basic laparoscopy skill training for five consecutive days on the ground before flying aboard NASA’s KC-135 zero-gravity laboratory. The participants performed basic laparoscopic exercises (clip applying, grasping, cutting, and suturing) on a VR laparoscopy simulator, both on the ground and during 25-s microgravity windows in parabolic flight. Skill levels after ground training were compared with skill levels in performing the same tasks in microgravity. Blinded reviewers measured the number of tasks successfully completed, tissue damage number, left and right hand path lengths during task execution, and percentage of task attempts that resulted in successful completion. Results A significant increase in tissue injury (t test, P 0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrates decreased efficiency and increased injury to the simulated tissues in performing laparoscopic skills during microgravity as compared to performing these skills in standard gravitational influence. Additional experiments are indicated to further develop and validate VR microgravity surgical simulation.
Frequency of isolated panic attacks and panic disorder in patients with the mitral valve prolapse syndrome.

Abstract Panic disorder is a specific form of anxiety disorder that shares several clinical features with the mitral valve prolapse (MVP) syndrome. 1,2 Studies attempting to define the relation between these disorders have produced conflicting results. 3–5 This study prospectively assesses the frequency of isolated panic attacks and panic disorder in patients with the MVP syndrome.
Late Precambrian and early Paleozoic tectonism and associated sedimentation in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica

Northern Victoria Land, part of the Trans-antarctic Mountains, occupies a key position in the reconstructed Pacific margin of Gondwana, lying near the Oligocene rift between Antarctica, Tasmania, and Australia. Sedimentology, sedimentary petrology, and structural history of the Robertson Bay Group and the Bowers Supergroup are here used to develop a regional interpretation of these rocks in plate-tectonic terms. The Robertson Bay Group, a distal shale-turbidite sequence, is interpreted to have originated in a continent-continent collision environment and was com-pressionally deformed after the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary but before Devonian time. The Sledgers Group of the Bowers Supergroup, a proximal shale-turbidite and volcanic sequence, was derived from an undissected arc environment and was deformed during the same time interval as was the Robertson Bay Group and possibly also during the Silurian-Devonian. The Cambrian Mariner and overlying Leap Year Groups represent shallow-marine and terrestrial deposition. Reworking and selective removal of unstable clasts obscure provenance, but, although these units may be derived from dissected arc sources, they are quartz-rich. They appear to have been deformed by Silurian-Devonian tectonism. The Robertson Bay Group and the Bowers Supergroup occur in large, fault-bounded terranes. The plate-tectonic interpretations developed for these units in this paper place the arc-related Bowers Supergroup between the Antarctic craton to the west and the recycled orogen-related Robertson Bay Group to the east. This geometry is not readily related to in situ tectonic environments; therefore, it is concluded that the possibility exists that these terranes are “suspect,” that is, they may be entirely allochthonous to the Antarctic craton and have been added by later accretion.
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate: a mediator of hormone action at the fructose 6-phosphate/fructose 1,6-bisphosphate substrate cycle.

Abstract Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate was discovered in the course of studies on the regulation of hepatic 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase activity by glucagon. The compound is acid-labile but stable to heating in alkali. These properties are due to the presence of a phosphate on the hemiketalic hydroxyl group at C2. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate can be synthesized chemically by reacting fructose 1,6-bisphosphate with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide followed by base-catalyzed ring opening of the fructose 1,2-cyclic, 6-bisphosphate intermediate. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is a potent allosteric activator of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase and an inhibitor of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. It potentiates the effect of AMP on both enzymes. Since 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase is one of the most important control elements in glycolysis, it is likely that fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is a significant physiological regulator of this process in liver. Likewise, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is probably a significant physiological regulator of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, a key gluconeogenic enzyme. For example, the effect of glucagon to enhance carbon flux through fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and to inhibit flux through 6-phosphofructo-l-kinase in intact hepatocytes is explained by the ability of the hormone to lower the level of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. This decrease in fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is brought about, at least in part, by a cAMP-dependent phosphorylation and inactivation of the enzyme responsible for its synthesis, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase. This novel enzyme catalyzes the transfer of the γ phosphate of ATP to the C2 position of fructose 6-phosphate. Phosphorylation of this enzyme is catalyzed by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase in vitro with concomitant inhibition of enzyme activity. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and 6-phosphofructo-l-kinase are also substrates for the cAMP-dependent protein kinase both in vitro and in vivo. However, a role for phosphorylation in regulating their activity remains uncertain. The discovery of the unique sugar phosphate, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, has been an important advance in our understanding of the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in liver.
Inducing motor skill improvements with a declarative task

During sequence learning, individuals show motor-skill acquisition and an ability to verbally describe items within the sequence. We disrupted this latter, declarative component by having participants learn a word list immediately after sequence learning. This induced off-line skill improvements. We conclude that off-line memory processing relies not only on the engagement of neuroplastic mechanisms but also on the disengagement of an interaction between declarative and procedural memory systems.
Hadron Spectroscopy at CLAS and the Evolution of Strong Degrees of Freedom

Understanding the strong force constitutes one of the biggest challenges in fundamental science that we can and have to tackle now as the needed experimental and theoretical tools become available. Perturbative Quantum ChromoDynamics (pQCD) at small distances, which is governed by quark and gluon fields, and Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT) at larger distances, which is governed by pion fields, are both already experimentally validated. However, strong fields at intermediate distances, where they generate about 98% of the total mass of nucleons and therefore of all normal matter, are not understood on similarly firm grounds. Electron scattering in particular serves as an ideal tool to investigate this intermediate region by measuring the resonance transition form factors of three-quark systems with varying momentum transfer and spatial resolution of the probe. The status of the research program at Jefferson Lab to study baryon transition form factors and the evolution of the underlying effective degrees of freedom, or the origin of mass, will be exemplified by recent results in single and double-pion production obtained with CLAS by the Hall B collaborations. These results demonstrate that the separation of resonance and background contributions and therefore the extraction of the electro-coupling amplitudes of resonances become easier and cleaner at higher four-momentum transfers (Q2). Furthermore, the double-pion in comparison to the single-pion channel shows a higher sensitivity to energetically higher lying resonances and a distinctly different dependence on the contributing background amplitudes. The combined analysis of the single- and double-pion data thus reduces model dependent uncertainties significantly, which allows us to extract the resonant electro-coupling amplitudes in an unprecedented quality.
Manifestly gauge-independent formulations of the Z 2 invariants

We use a ``monodromy'' argument to derive new expressions for the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ invariants of topological insulators with time-reversal symmetry in two and three dimensions. The derivations and the final expressions do not require any gauge choice and the calculation of the invariants is based entirely on the projectors onto the occupied states. Explicit numerical tests for tight-binding models with strongly broken inversion symmetry are presented in two and three dimensions.
High-temperature solar thermal processing Zn(s) and CO from ZnO(s) and C(gr) using Ti2O3(s) and TiO2(s)

Abstract An analytical model of a two-step solar process that produces Zn(s) and CO from ZnO(s) and C(gr) is presented. The process occurs in two steps according to the following reaction scheme: Ti2O3(s) + ZnO(s) → Zn + 2TiO2(s) (low temperature), 2TiO2(s) + C(gr) → Ti2O3(s) + CO (high temperature). We demonstrate theoretical effects of operating conditions on process performance. The reactions were also studied experimentally. We produced Zn(s) with the first reaction in an electric furnace in the temperature range of 900–1275 K in 1 atm of Ar. The second reaction and related ones were performed in a solar furnace. Ti2O3(s) and higher TiNO2N−1(s) formed at temperatures between 1675 and 2175 K. These higher oxides also react with ZnO(s) to produce Zn(s). Some of our experiences and experimental techniques are described.