cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of the Enzymes of the β‐Ketoadipate Pathway in Moraxella calcoacetica

The inducible enzymes responsible for the dissimilation of aromatic compounds through the β-ketoadipate pathway by Moraxella calcoacetica are subject to a high degree of coordinate control. The five enzymes which catalyze the conversion of protocatechuate to β-ketoadipyl-CoA are coordinately synthesized, the probable inducer being protocatechuate. In the conversion of catechol to β-ketoadipyl-CoA, there are two separate inductive events, though both are mediated by one metabolite-inducer, cis,cis-muconate. One is the induction of catechol oxygenase; the other is the coordinate induction of the four enzymes that catalyze conversion of cic,cis-muconate to β-ketoadipyl-CoA.
Fault detection and management system for fault-tolerant switched reluctance motor drives

The unique characteristics that promote the switched reluctance motor (SRM) for fault tolerance capability, i.e. its ability to continue operation despite faulted motor windings or inverter circuitry, are discussed. It is shown that the magnetic independence of the motor phases and the circuit independence of the inverter phases permit the SRM drive to continue operation with one or more phases disabled. Winding fault detectors indicate the existence of faulted motor windings, and control circuitry acts to block the gating signals to the semiconductor power switches of the affected phase, thus removing excitation from the faulted winding and halting damaging effects that can result from the continued excitation of a faulted winding. The drive an continue operation without the faulted phase. >
Winding losses caused by harmonics in high-frequency flyback transformers for pulse-width modulated dc-dc converters in discontinuous conduction mode

High-frequency transformers used in pulse-width modulated (PWM) converters conduct periodic non-sinusoidal currents, which give rise to additional winding losses because of harmonics. This study presents expressions for winding power losses in a two-winding transformer subject to non-sinusoidal excitation operated in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). Dowell's equation is used to determine the winding resistances because of eddy currents as a function of frequency. Both skin and proximity effects are taken into account. Fourier series of the primary and secondary triangular current waveforms in isolated dc–dc power converters and the primary and secondary winding resistances are used to determine the primary and secondary winding power losses at various harmonics, respectively. The harmonic winding loss factors FRph and FRsh are introduced. The theory is illustrated by the case study of the two-winding flyback converter operating in DCM. Plots of the winding power losses are given as functions of the output power and the dc input voltage.
Comparison of image compression techniques for high quality based on properties of visual perception

The growing interest and importance of high quality imaging has several roots: Imaging and graphics, or more broadly multimedia, as the predominant means of man-machine interaction on computers, and the rapid maturing of advanced television technology. Because of their economic importance, proposed advanced television standards are being discussed and evaluated for rapid adoption. These advanced standards are based on well known image compression techniques, used for very low bit rate video communications as well. In this paper, we examine the expected improvement in image quality that advanced television and imaging techniques should bring about. We then examine and discuss the data compression techniques which are commonly used, to determine if they are capable of providing the achievable gain in quality, and to assess some of their limitations. We also discuss briefly the potential of these techniques for very high quality imaging and display applications, which extend beyond the range of existing and proposed television standards.
Demonstration of Ebstein's Anomaly by Simultaneous Catheter-Tip Localization of the Tricuspid Valve and Right Coronary Artery Visualization: A New Method

The diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly has traditionally been made by angiocardiography and confirmed by simultaneous intracardiac electrocardiographic and pressure recordings. These techniques may result in false positive or negative tests. A new method is proposed, whereby the right coronary artery is used as an angiographic marker for the tricuspid annulus and a pressure catheter simultaneously marks the position of the tricuspid valve. In the right anterior oblique position the tip of the pressure catheter should be just under the right coronary artery as the tricuspid leaflets close in systole, indicating the normal relationship of the tricuspid leaflets and annulus. In Ebstein's anomaly the tip of the catheter extends well past the coronary artery in systole, demonstrating the characteristic displacement of the attachments of the tricuspid valve downward toward the right ventricular apex.
Fatal Diffuse Alveolar Damage Associated with Oxaliplatin Administration

Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy regimens are currently a standard of care for the treatment of colorectal cancer in both the adjuvant and metastatic disease settings. Significant improvements in survival have resulted from the use of oxaliplatin-based combinations. This article describes the use of oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in a patient with stage III colon cancer who developed fatal diffuse alveolar damage during his adjuvant therapy. Other cases of pulmonary toxicity associated with oxaliplatin use are presented and the proposed pathophysiology of this rare occurrence is discussed.
Incessant Tachycardia Using a Concealed Atrionodal Bypass Tract

A case of incessant supraventricular tachycardia continuing despite AV block is reported. Atrial tachycardia and AV nodal reentrant tachycardia were excluded, as was orthodromic tachycardia using a concealed accessory AV pathway. The earliest retrograde atrial activation was at the posterolateral tricuspid annulus, and the tachycardia was eliminated by ablation at this site. The findings in this case are explained only by a concealed atrionodal pathway.
Correlation of an Alcohol's αC-D Stretch with Hydrogen Bond Strength in Complexes with Amines

The enthalpies of H-bond formation between 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) as donor and tertiary amines of varying pK a 's as acceptors were determined by isothermal calorimetry. The stretching frequencies of the aC-D of HFIP-d 2 in dilute solution and in different H-bonded amine solvents were measured by Raman spectroscopy. Dilute HFIP-d 2 in chloroform showed two C-D stretching features at 2195 and 2168 cm - 1 which are assigned to the anti and gauche conformations of the molecule on the basis of precedent and theoretical calculations. The molecular structure, relative energies, and C-D stretching frequency (v C - D ) of the anti and gauche conformations of HFIP and HFIP-d 2 and their H-bonded complexes with trimethylamine were calculated by density functional theory using a B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) basis set. In the monomeric state, the calculated v C - D for the gauche conformation was 52 cm - 1 lower than the anti conformations. Both v C - D bands were red-shifted when the O-H(D) group functioned as a H-bond donor with amine receptors. Among the different tertiary amines, the alcohol forms the weakest H bond with N,N-dimethylaniline and the strongest bond with quinuclidine. The enthalpy of H-bond formation and the gauche and anti aC-D, stretching frequencies were correlated, having slopes of -2 ′ I and -4 ′ 1.5 cm - 1 /(kcal mol - 1 ), respectively. The results indicate increasing H-bond strength results in an increase in negative hyperconjugation of the vicinal C-D bond. Observation of v C - D of specifically labeled (HO)C-D groups can be used to provide a spectroscopic characterization of a specific H bond present in macromolecular complexes when the OH group is bound to a single H-bond acceptor.
Complements to various Stone-Weierstrass theorems for C * -algebras and a theorem of Shultz

J. Glimm's Stone-Weierstrass theorem states that ifA is aC*-algebra,P(A) is the set of pure states ofA, andB is aC*-subalgebra which separates\(\overline {P(A)} \cup \left\{ 0 \right\}\), thenB=A. We show that ifB is aC*-subalgebra ofA andx an element ofA such that any two elements of\(\overline {P(A)} \cup \left\{ 0 \right\}\) which agree onB agree also onx, thenx∈B. Similar complements are given to other Stone-Weierstrass theorems. A theorem of F. Shultz states that ifx∈A**, the enveloping von Neumann algebra ofA, and ifx, x*, x, andxx* are uniformly continuous onP(A)∪{0}, then there is an element ofA which agrees withx onP(A). We show that the hypotheses onx*x andxx* can be dropped.
Instability of plastic flow in the directions of pure shear: II. Experimental

Two aspects of the phenomenon of plastic instability in direction of pure shear are examined, namely that the condition dσ = 0 (maximum in true flow stress) is necessary for localization of flow along characteristics as defined in continuum plasticity, and that fracture is initiated and propagates along characteristics. Two types of sheet specimens were employed, the standard-type flat sheet specimens, and specimens simulating both plane stress and plane strain. Grids were placed on gage sections and photographs were taken successively in the plastic range to enable strains to be calculated and instabilities to be observed and recorded. The principal variable in the flat specimen test was theW/T ratio (width to thickness). In the plane* strain specimens, both the gage length (constantW/T) and the strength level of the material (quenched and tempered AISI 4340 steel) were varied. A maximum in true flow stress is found consistently at the onset of instabilities. Fracture propagated consistently along the instability band-matrix interface. Variations in specimen geometry produces significant changes in stress state, directions of characteristics, and ductility. For a given specimen geometry, plane strain is more closely approached the higher the strength level of the material. In mixed mode fracture paths slant fracture is associated with the more embrittling stress state.
Oncology Summer Camp: Benefits of Social Comparison

In this study, we examined social comparison, perceived self-competence, and social isolation among 34 adolescents with cancer who attended an oncology summer camp. Participants completed questionn...
Preharvest application of fungicides for postharvest disease control on early season tangerine hybrids in Florida

Abstract Postharvest anthracnose and stem-end rot, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Lasiodiplodia theobromae , respectively, can be severe problems to certain ethylene-degreened early season citrus cultivars in Florida. Preharvest application of fungicides can be an effective approach for control of these diseases. The potential of five fungicides, benomyl, thiophanate methyl, azoxystrobin, fludioxonil and pyraclostrobin applied 2, 14, 21, and 28 d before harvest for control of postharvest anthracnose, stem-end rot, and green mould ( Penicillium digitatum ) was evaluated on early season Florida Fallglo and Sunburst tangerine hybrids in 2003 and 2004. Most fungicides significantly reduced anthracnose incidence on Fallglo when applied 2 d before harvest in both years and at 14 and 21 d before harvest in 2003. At other application dates, none of the fungicides was effective. On Fallglo fruit in 2004, the five tested fungicides reduced postharvest anthracnose by 37.4–62.6% when sprayed 2 d before harvest. Little anthracnose was observed on Sunburst fruit in either year. On both cultivars and in both years, benomyl and thiophanate methyl consistently and significantly reduced stem-end rot incidence. Other fungicides were less effective or ineffective in controlling stem-end rot. Benomyl and thiophanate methyl also reduced green mould incidence by 58.9–100% on Sunburst tangerines in 2004, but were ineffective in 2003 due to the presence of resistant strains. Thiophanate methyl appears to be an excellent alternative to benomyl for citrus postharvest disease control since benomyl, the only registered fungicide for preharvest application for postharvest decay control, is no longer being produced in the USA.
Impact of norm selections on the performance of prior image constrained compressed sensing (PICCS)

Advances have been made in recent years in computed tomography (CT) as a result of the development and implementation of new iterative reconstruction methods. Prior Image Constrained Compressed Sensing (PICCS) is one such iterative reconstruction method which iteratively minimizes an objective function to approach a target image. To date, published studies have employed the L 1 norm in the minimization of the objective function. In this study, we investigate the use of L p norms with p > 1 and investigate how image quality depends on the selection of the L p norm used in the minimization of the objective function.
Human factors implications of text display rates for computer-assisted instruction

An experiment was conducted to test the effects of varying text display parameters on student performance in a computer-assisted instruction (CAI) course. Seventy-two undergraduate computer science majors took part. Two text display rate treatments were administered: 30 characters per second and 400 characters per second. Two states of help availability were also tested: one in which students had the ability to back up to the previous screen and see the definition of specific terms on the screen, and one in which these features were not available.
Constrictive Pericarditis Following Cardiac Surgery

Five patients with constriction secondary to pericarditis or membrane formation following cardiac surgical procedures are reported. In 4 of the 5 patients, a postpericardiotomy syndrome developed after the original procedure. Constriction occurred from ten weeks to almost 6 years after the cardiac operation. Clinicians should watch carefully for the delayed onset of constriction in patients with a postpericardiotomy syndrome after cardiac operation.
Effects of conantokins on L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-induced behavior and immediate early gene expression

Conantokins, peptides from Conus snails, are N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. NMDA receptor antagonists potentiate L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced rotation in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rodents, an index of anti-Parkinsonian potential. This study examined the effects of conantokin-G, conantokin-T(G), CGS 19755, and ifenprodil on L-DOPA-induced contralateral rotation and immediate early gene (IEG) expression in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. Rats received unilateral infusions of 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle. Three weeks later, rats were treated with an NMDA receptor antagonist, followed by an injection of L-DOPA. Contralateral rotations were recorded for 2 h. In addition, the expression of zif268 and c-fos were examined. Conantokin-G, conantokin-T(G), and CGS 19755 potentiated L-DOPA-induced rotation. Conantokin-G and ifenprodil had no effect on L-DOPA-induced IEG expression, whereas conantokin-T(G) and CGS 19755 attenuated expression. These data suggest that conantokins may be useful in treating Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, different NMDA receptor antagonists have distinct effects on striatal gene expression.
Is thyroid frozen section too much for too little

Abstract Background The role of frozen section (FS) in thyroid disease is controversial. The goal of this study was to identify a cohort of patients who may or may not benefit from FS. Methods Two hundred thirty-one patients who underwent thyroidectomy were evaluated in regard to fine-needle aspiration (FNA), FS, and the extent of surgery. Results In all, 155 patients underwent FNA, 140 patients underwent FS, and 103 patients had both. A final diagnosis of malignancy was obtained in 47 of 231 patients. FNA had a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 99%, and FS had a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 100% for diagnosing malignancy. Accounting for the clinical findings and FNA results, FS results altered the extent of thyroidectomy in 1 of 103 patients. Conclusions The increased costs for the operative time and the pathologists needed to obtain routine FS are not supported with any substantial benefit in patient outcome.
Facilitated diffusion of monosaccharides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Theoretical considerations of asymmetry.

Abstract The many derivations of kinetic expressions for monosaccharide transport in yeast may all be reduced to two basic forms: (a) the independent type and (b) the conservation of carrier type. The only difference within each basic group lies in the interpretation of the kinetic constants. An examination of these basic expressions reveals that neither form inherently states that transport is symmetrical. The attainment of equilibrium signifies only a net velocity of zero, not an identity of each factor determining permeant velocity, such as equilibrium concentrations or kinetic constants. Furthermore since the kinetic constants are determined by the velocity constants, differences in environment on opposite sides of the membrane may indeed effect. an asymmetric transport. Therefore, laboratory investigations of transport should not be based on assumptions of symmetry, and experimental results should be examined and interpreted in light of possible asymmetry and the affects of environmental changes on that asymmetry.
Lidar sensing of aerosols and clouds in the troposphere and stratosphere

Advances in the development and application of lidar as a tool for the remote sensing of atmospheric aerosols and clouds are reviewed. The lidar sensing technique is described, and various approaches for solving the lidar equation to retrieve aerosol properties are summarized. Examples are presented of lidar applications of aerosol and cloud sensing in both the troposphere and stratosphere. These include environmental monitoring, atmospheric boundary layer studies, retrieval of aerosol optical and physical properties, sensing of clouds, and investigation of volcanic effects in the stratosphere. Comments are offered regarding the future outlook for aerosol and cloud sensing by both ground-based and spaceborne lidar. >
The putative essential nutrient pyrroloquinoline quinone is neuroprotective in a rodent model of hypoxic/ischemic brain injury

Pyrroloquinoline quinone is a ubiquitous redox cofactor and putative essential nutrient in mammals. Pyrroloquinoline quinone has recently been demonstrated to depress N-methyl-D-asparate induced electrical responses and is neuroprotective in vitro. In addition, pyrroloquinoline quinone has been demonstrated to act as a free radical scavenger in mammalian tissues. In this study, we demonstrate a neuroprotective effect of pyrroloquinoline quinone in an in vivo cerebral hypoxia/ischemia model in the rodent. Significant reduction in infarct size resulted from pyrroloquinoline quinone pretreatment and also when pyrroloquinoline quinone was administered following induction of hypoxia/ischemia. The neuroprotective effect was not dependent on change in core or cranial temperatures, as there was no difference between temperature measurements in pyrroloquinoline quinone-treated and vehicle-treated controls. No changes in electroencephalographic activity were observed at neuroprotective doses. These findings suggest that pyrroloquinoline quinone may represent a novel class of quinoid reagents of potential use in the treatment of neurological disorders that involve excitotoxicity. This study demonstrates a protective effect of the novel essential nutrient pyrroloquinoline quinone on brain injury in a rodent model of cerebral hypoxia/ischemia. Pyrroloquinoline quinone was neuroprotective when administered before and even after the insult, and did not appear to have significant neurobehavioral side effects. Pyrroloquinoline quinone represents a new class of agents with potential use in the therapy of stroke.
Polyimidazopyrrolones: A new route to ladder polymer

Synthesis of polyimidazopyrrolones, using previous macromolecular synthesis of ladder segments of aromatic-heterocyclic polymers
Effect of thermal injury on the expression of transcription factors that regulate acute phase response genes: The response of C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, and C/EBPδ to thermal injury

Background. Eukaryotic organisms possess natural defense mechanisms that protect against stress stimuli. One such mechanism is the activation of families of stress response genes (e.g., the acute phase response). Transcription of many of these genes is regulated by the leucine zipper or bZIP proteins (CCAAT binding/enhancer binding proteins [C/EBPs]). The aim of this study was to show that the C/EBP transcription factor genes respond to thermal injury. Methods. Age- and weight-matched male Buffalo, Sprague-Dawley, and Fischer 344 12- to 16-week-old rats (275 to 325 gm) received a 40% total body surface area scald burn. Total RNA was isolated from livers at 0, 2, 5, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Northern blot hybridization was performed with 32 P-labeled C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, and C/EBPδ cDNAs. Relative amounts of each mRNA were determined by densitometric analyses. For Western analyses liver nuclear and cytoplasmic protein extracts were prepared from burned and control rats. Nuclear protein extracts were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, blotted onto a PVDF membrane, and detected by using an enhanced chemiluminescence detection kit. Results. Expression of C/EBP genes is regulated in response to 40% total body surface area scald burn. A simultaneous decrease in C/EBPα and an increase in C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ mRNA levels occur in response to thermal injury. Western analyses detect changes in C/EBPα and C/EBPβ pool levels that suggest a differential regulation of these genes in response to thermal injury. Conclusions. The responses of C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, and C/EBPδ are similar in Buffalo, Sprague-Dawley, and Fischer rats. The induced level, however, of C/EBPβ mRNA was highest in the Sprague-Dawley strain and lowest in the Buffalo strain and correlates well with the mortality of these strains. Because C/EBPβ is associated with the transactivation of stress response genes, this may explain the intensity of the response in the susceptible strains. This agrees with our hypothesis that the higher degree of sensitivity of the Sprague-Dawley rat to stress relative to the Buffalo strain may be due to inherently higher levels of factors such as C/EBP whose functions are associated with activation of stress response genes.
European labour in a single market: ‘1992’ and the implications of maastricht

(1994). European labour in a single market: ‘1992’ and the implications of maastricht. History of European Ideas: Vol. 19, No. 1-3, pp. 453-459.
Survival in cancer patients undergoing in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a meta-analysis.

Summary Introduction Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is thought to be a low-yield intervention in cancer patients. In patients with metastatic disease the procedure is thought to be futile. Comprehensive data on survival to discharge in subsets of cancer patients undergoing in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation, however, are lacking. Objective To determine the rate of survival to discharge for adult cancer patients undergoing in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Method A systematic search of MEDLINE and our primary sources’ references was performed for studies involving in-hospital cardiac arrest, in clearly defined subsets of adult cancer patients, with outcomes that included survival to hospital discharge. Results Forty-two studies from 1966–2005, comprising 1707 patients met our minimal inclusion criteria. Overall survival to discharge was 6.2%. Survival in patients with localized disease was 9.5%, and in patients with metastatic disease was 5.6%. Analysis of data reported since 1990 reveals a narrowing of the survival gap, with survival rates in patients with localised disease of 9.1%, and in patients with metastatic disease of 7.8%. Survival in patients resuscitated on the general medical/surgical wards was 10.1%, while survival in patients resuscitated on intensive care units (ICUs) was 2.2%. Conclusions Overall survival of CPR to hospital discharge in cancer patients compares favorably to survival rates in unselected inpatients. Improved outcomes in recent years in patients with metastatic disease are likely to reflect more selective use of CPR in cancer patients, with the sickest patients deselected.
Fiber Technologies: Materials and Processes

This tutorial will review the requirement of key glass attributes and processes for optical fiber fabrication for both soft (multi-component) glasses, and high-silica based glasses. Examples will be given in each case on how the glass properties are tailored via composition and/or advanced processing for successful fiber optic applications. Article not available.
Characterization of Phomopsis spp. infecting grapevines in the Great Lakes region of North America.

Schilder, A. M. C., Erincik, O., Castlebury, L., Rossman, A., and Ellis, M. A. 2005. Characterization of Phomopsis spp. infecting grapevines in the Great Lakes region of North America. Plant Dis. 89:755-762. Seventy-five isolates of Phomopsis were obtained from grapes (Vitis spp.) with Phomopsis cane and leaf spot symptoms in Ohio, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Ontario (Canada). Four isolates from California and one from Europe were also included in the study. Isolates were grouped on the basis of DNA sequences from intron regions in the translation elongation factor 1-α and calmodulin genes. According to DNA sequence comparisons with the type isolate, all isolates except two (OH-48 and CAL-5) were determined to be P. viticola, confirming the etiology of this disease in the Great Lakes region. Thirty representative isolates were evaluated for mycelial growth rate in vitro, conidial size, and pathogenicity on grapevine (Vitis interspecific hybrid ‘Seyval’) leaves and internodes. A subsample of 13 isolates was also evaluated for pathogenicity on fruit and rachises. All isolates of P. viticola caused disease on grape but differed in virulence. Among P. viticola isolates, virulence on leaves and internodes was positively correlated, and virulence on fruit and rachises was positively correlated, but there was no relationship between ratings on vegetative versus reproductive grape tissues. Some isolates that were not virulent on leaves or internodes were highly virulent on fruit and rachises and vice versa, indicating some specialization with respect to host tissues. However, differences were mostly of a quantitative nature, which makes it difficult if not impossible to assign biotypes. Among P. viticola isolates, virulence on fruit and rachises was positively correlated with mycelial growth rate in vitro. For the two isolates that were not P. viticola, the internal transcribed spacer regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced for identification purposes. Based on the best match available in GenBank, CAL-5 was determined to be close to Diaporthe phaseolorum, while the sequence of OH-48 matched that of Phomopsis sp. from Eucommia ulmoides in China. Both isolates had shorter alpha conidia and significantly higher mycelial growth rates than the P. viticola isolates, and were not or only slightly pathogenic to Vitis interspecific hybrid ‘Seyval’.
Reversible disruption of BCL6 repression complexes by CD40 signaling in normal and malignant B cells

Germinal center (GC) B cells undergo somatic hypermutation, class switch recombination, and rapid clonal expansion to produce high-affinity antibodies. The BCL6 transcriptional repressor facilitates this phenotype because it can repress DNA damage checkpoint genes. GC B and T cells can make transient direct physical contact; T cells were observed to be associated with dead B-cell fragments. We thus hypothesized that one function of CD40 signaling from T cells within this timeframe could be to modulate BCL6 activity. CD40 signaling rapidly disrupts the ability of BCL6 to recruit the SMRT corepressor complex by excluding it from the nucleus, leading to histone acetylation, RNA polymerase II processivity, and activation of BCL6 target genes, such as CD23b, ATR, and TP53. Washout of CD40 to emulate transient T-cell contact permitted BCL6 target gene mRNA levels to return to their repressed levels, demonstrating that this is a reversible process, which could allow centroblasts that pass quality control to either continue proliferation or undergo terminal differentiation. These data suggest that transient CD40 signaling in the GC might allow T cells to weed out heavily damaged centroblasts while at the same time promoting survival of intact B cells, which could undergo differentiation or additional rounds of proliferation.
Cyclooxygenase-2 is involved in HIV-1 Tat-induced inflammatory responses in the brain

Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, a rate-limiting enzyme for prostanoid synthesis, can be involved in inflammatory-mediated cytotoxicity. Although the contribution of COX-2 to peripheral inflammation is well understood, its role in brain inflammation is not fully recognized. In particular, COX-2 involvement in inflammatory responses induced by HIV proteins in the central nervous system is not known. Therefore, the present study focused on COX-2 expression and its role in modulating the expression of brain inflammatory-related genes following exposure to the HIV-1 transactivating protein Tat. Intrahippocampal injections of Tat induced dose-dependent upregulation of COX-2 mRNA and protein levels in C57BL/6 mice. COX-2 immunoreactivity was primarily localized in microglial cells and astrocytes. Tat-induced COX-2 expression was partially prevented by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, a potent antioxidant and an inhibitor of the transcription factor, nuclear factor κB. Most importantly, administration of the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 attenuated Tat-mediated upregulation of mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory mediators, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Moreover, treatment with NS-398 significantly attenuated Tat-induced activation of microglial cells. These results provide evidence that COX-2 overexpression can modulate induction of brain inflammatory mediators in response to HIV-1 Tat protein. Such alterations may play an important role in the development of brain inflammatory reactions in HIV-infected patients and contribute to the development of neurological complications in the course of HIV-1 infection.
Isoprenoid Fatty Acids Isolated from the Kerogen Matrix of the Green River Formation (Eocene)

Demineralized oil shale was oxidized with chromic acid, and C(14) to C(22) isoprenoid fatty acids were isolated and identified. The major components of the branched-chain acid fraction after successive 3-, 6-, and 15-hour oxidations are C(15) and C(16) branched-chain acids; C(17), C(19) (norphytanic acid), and C(20) (phytanic acid) were obtained in lower concentration; no C(18) product was obtained. Separations were effected by column and gas-liquid chromatography, and the structures of individual components were determined by high- and low-resolution mass spectrometry.
EXTERNAL FIELDS AND THE RENORMALIZATION GROUP

Scaling arguments are used to relate the external field dependence of the vacuum functional to the changes in the other parameters characterizing the model. Under certain circumstances, this renormalization group equation can be solved, at least approximately, for the external field dependence of the effective action. In particular, we focus on the case of a strong external magnetic field.
Distributed Automatic Modulation Classification Based on Cyclic Feature via Compressive Sensing

Automatic modulation classification (AMC) is an important component in cognitive radio and many efforts have been made to improve the AMC's successful classification rate, especially when the environment is noisy. The cyclic feature has excellent resiliency to noise, so it has been frequently adopted as the feature for AMC. In this paper, in order to enhance the reliability of the system, we propose a distributed AMC scheme based on compressive sensing by taking advantage of the sparse property of cyclic feature map. A novel method based on compressive sensing principle for capturing the prominent peaks of the feature map is introduced, which is able to achieve good modulation recognition performance at sub-Nyquist rates. And a novel neural network fusion strategy is proposed for better cooperation. It is shown that the proposed distributed approach improves the classification rate compared with the single radio and can reduce the required samples compared with traditional sampling scheme.
The elusive isolated hypogastric artery aneurysm: novel presentations

Isolated aneurysms of the internal iliac artery are rare. Their anatomic location makes them true pelvic aneurysms and they may grow to a large size undetected. Their late recognition may be prompted by rupture or symptoms related to compression of neurologic, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, or venous structures. We have encountered three isolated hypogastric artery aneurysms with unique presentations. In one patient with bilateral isolated hypogastric artery aneurysms, one ruptured into the bladder, and at a later time the other caused ureteral obstruction. Another patient had obturator neuropathy as a result of his aneurysm. In the patient with large bilateral aneurysms, one was detected by rectal examination, and the other was found by palpation of the abdomen. The second patient with a smaller aneurysm required examination of the pelvis by CT scanning to establish the diagnosis. Awareness of the existence of these lesions is required to identify such patients who describe symptoms uncommonly associated with abdominal aneurysms. Operative management consisted of exclusion of the aneurysm and partial or complete aneurysmorrhaphy with preservation of iliac arterial flow to maintain extremity perfusion. Recovery was complete in each instance. A review of published cases is presented.
Entrepreneurial ability and market selection in an infant industry: evidence from the Japanese cotton spinning industry

Abstract In this paper we develop a new insight into the process of learning in an infant industry, in a setting where entrepreneurs are differentiated by talent. The learning rate depends on the quality of ideas, not on the scale of the industry, and a competitive open economy regime may furnish a better environment for innovation-led industrial growth even in the presence of industry-wide increasing returns to scale. Competitive market selection of ablest entrepreneurs forms a crucial condition for successful industrialization. The model is tested against the evidence of the industrial revolution in Japan, which presents a unique historic experiment in which an internationally competitive textile industry was eventually set up without government protection after earlier experiments with subsidized firms had failed.
International licensing of technology: empirical evidence

Abstract This paper summarizes recent empirical evidence on international licensing of technology and its determinants. Two empirical questions are treated. First, does evidence support a view that international licensing is more prevalent than domestic licensing? Second, what does the evidence imply about the causes of international versus domestic differences? Aggregate licensing data support the view of greater international than domestic licensing. This evidence is not conclusive, however, because the size of a country in relation to the rest of the world has an important influence on the data. Some evidence supports an ‘expansion constraint’ view that financial and organizational constraints are greater for overseas than domestic expansion and therefore licensing tends to be more popular internationally. More extensive evidence supports an additional view of the causes of international versus domestic licensing differences. This explanation, the ‘oligopoly’ view, is that firms seek to maintain segmented geographic markets by not licensing their technology to domestic competitors. Support for the ‘oligopoly’ view comes from our previous study of US licensing, from Japanese data, and from an independent British study. An interpretation of empirical results for Japan is that in other countries, notably the US, rival firms are unwilling to license their know-how and production secrets to each other for fear of losing their market position. There is, however, a valuable pool of technology which they could license, and in fact are willing to license to firms that aren't expected to be direct competitors. These licensees tend to be in foreign countries because the rivals' possibilities for expansion there are limited.
Contrast Effects in Performance Ratings: Another Look Across Time

Recemment, Murphy, Balzer, Lockart et Eisenman (1985) rapporterent que les effets de contraste dans une comparaison intra-personnelle disparaissent subsequemment a un court delai d'evaluation d'un stimulus-cible. Les deux experimentations que nous decrivons indiquent que les effets de contraste dans une comparaison inter-personnelle resisterent meme apres un delai de trois semaines entre l'evaluation d'un stimulus de reference et d'un stimulus-cible. Dans l'experience 1, 270 etudiants furent repartis en neuf groupes experimentaux (n= 30) qui representent toutes les combinaisons possibles de trois indices de performance (eleve, bas, moyen) en deux temps differents. Un effet de contraste significatif fut observe chez ceux des participants qui viserent et obtinrent une performance moyenne au Temps 2 (omega au carre= 0.16). Dans l'experimentation 2, 270 etudiants MBA (avec un minimum d'experience de deux annees d'assistanat) repeterent les resultats de l'experimentation 1 (omega au carre= 0.18). Ces resultats groupes indiquent que les effets de contraste resistent au temps et valorisent les projets de recherche dans ce domaine.
London relation and fluxoid quantization for monopole currents in U(1) lattice gauge theory.

We explore the mechanism of quark confinement in four-dimensional U(1) lattice gauge theory by measuring the color-magnetic current distribution from Dirac magnetic monopoles in the presence of a static quark-antiquark pair. Our results give the first direct evidence that the quarks induce a solenoidal current distribution that screens the color-electric flux of the quarks in an electric analogue of the Meissner effect in a superconductor. We show that the vacuum state of U(1) lattice gauge theory obeys both a dual version of the London equation and an electric fluxoid quantization condition.
Syntheses of [(π-Me3SiC5H4)Fe(CO)2]2 and [(π-Me3SiC5H4)Mo(CO)3]2 reactions Of 5-(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene with Fe(CO)5 and Mo(CO)6

Abstract 5-(Trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadiene has been observed to react with Fe(CO)5 and Mo(CO)6 at slightly elevated temperatures (110–130°) to yield. [π-Me3SiC5H4)-Fe(CO)2]2 and [(π-Me3SiC5H4)Mo(CO)3]2, respectively. No evidence of products which might have arisen from cleavage of or insertion into the silicon-ring bond was found.
Data collection systems, their application and design

A distinction is drawn between two types of data gathering systems. Possible applications for one of these, namely data collection systems, are discussed. The requirements of such systems are then outlined and two types of data collection system are described to indicate possible solutions to these requirements. The final section deals with the totalsystems approach and the effect it will have on future data collection systems.
Identification of mammalian aspartate-4-decarboxylase

Several animal tissues were examined for aspartate-4-decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.12) activity. Highest activity was seen in murine livers, in rodent livers, and in rodent kidneys. The rat liver enzyme was membrane associated and could be solubilized and partially purified with the aid of detergents. The purification studies, and studies on the stoichiometry and kinetics of the reaction, showed that aspartate is directly converted to alanine. Such a metabolic reaction had not been reported before in animals. The rat liver enzyme differed significantly from the microbial aspartate-4-decarboxylases. Among other things, the rat liver beta-decarboxylase could be purified away from a cysteine sulfinate desulfinase activity. Also, unlike the bacterial enzymes, the mammalian beta-decarboxylase could not be inactivated by preincubation with aspartate or cysteine sulfinate. These later observations strongly suggest that the mammalian aspartate-4-decarboxylase does not have an inherent transaminase activity. Like many decarboxylases, rat liver aspartate-4-decarboxylase could be inhibited by reagents which react with carbonyl groups; however, the enzyme showed no dependence on pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.
Open-Label, 8-Week Trial of Olanzapine and Risperidone for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder in Preschool-Age Children

Background To evaluate short-term safety and efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in a single-site, prospective, open-label, 8-week study of risperidone and olanzapine monotherapy in preschoolers with bipolar disorder (BPD). Methods Risperidone was initiated at an open-label dose of .25 mg/day, increased weekly according to response and tolerability to a maximum does of 2.0 mg/day. Olanzapine was initiated at 1.25 mg/day and increased to no more than 10 mg/day. Results Thirty-one children aged 4–6 years were treated with olanzapine ( n = 15, 6.3 ± 2.3 mg/day) or risperidone ( n = 16, 1.4 ± .5 mg/day). At study end point (week 8 or last observation carried forward), there was a 18.3 ± 11.9 point ( t = –5.6, p t = –4.4, p t = 1.4, p = .2). Response criteria (Clinical Global Impression improvement of "Much" or "Very Much" improved or a YMRS change of ≥ 30% or more) indicated no difference in rate of response with risperidone and olanzapine (69% vs. 53%, χ 2 (1) = .8, p=.4). Conclusions This prospective open study suggests that treatment with risperidone or olanzapine may result in a rapid reduction of symptoms of mania in preschool children with BPD. Because of substantial residual symptomatology and adverse effects, however, a pressing need exists to identify additional safe and effective treatments for the management of BPD in this high-risk population.
β-Catenin Signaling Levels in Progenitors Influence the Laminar Cell Fates of Projection Neurons

The mechanisms underlying the timing of the laminar fate decisions during cortical neurogenesis remain poorly understood. Here we show that β-catenin signaling in cortical neural precursors can regulate the laminar fate of their daughters. In ventricular zone neural precursors, β-catenin signaling is higher when deep-layer neurons are being generated and lower when upper-layer neurons are being generated. Overactivation of β-catenin in cortical precursors midway through corticogenesis increased the relative production of deep-layer neurons, while inhibition of signaling increased the relative production of upper-layer neurons. Furthermore, in late-gestation upper-layer precursors, overactive β-catenin signaling was able to partially restore production of deep-layer neurons. These observations suggest that increased β-catenin signaling can reset the timing of cortical precursors to promote the production of deep-layer neurons, while inhibition of β-catenin signaling advances the timing to promote upper-layer production.
Kinetic theory predictions of light fragment production in high energy heavy ion collisions

Formula for light fragment production in high energy heavy ion collisions on the basis of kinetic theories are derived. Special attention is paid to deuteron production and fluid dynamical models. Criteria for the validity of these formula are discussed in detail.
Follicle-stimulating hormone increases c-fos mRNA levels in rat granulosa cells via a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism.

Abstract Recent evidence has been presented that follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the induction of granulosa cell c-fos protooncogene mRNA in vivo (Pennybacker and Herman (1989) J. Cell Biol. 109, 151A; Delidow et al. (1990) Endocrinology 126, 2302–2306), yet the mechanisms by which FSH induces c-fos mRNA expression have not been delineated. To elucidate the mechanisms of FSH-dependent c-fos mRNA expression, we measured the time and dose dependence of c-fos mRNA levels using Northern blot analysis in intact ovaries and cultured granulosa cells in response to FSH. In intact ovaries, FSH-induced c-fos mRNA expression was time dependent with maximal expression at 90 min post FSH injection, while in cultures of granulosa cells obtained from estrogen-primed immature female rats, c-fos mRNA levels were highest after 30 min exposure to FSH and at a concentration of 100 ng/ml. Neither 8-bromo adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-br-cAMP), at doses ranging from 0.1 to 10 mM, nor 100 μM forskolin (in the presence or absence of 200 μM isobutyl-methylxanthine) or luteinizing hormone (LH, 100 ng/ml) were able to mimic FSH-induced c-fos mRNA expression in granulosa cell cultures. However, tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate (TPA, 200 nM) was able to induce c-fos mRNA expression. The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors H-7 (0.3–30 μM) and staurosporine (0.75 μg/ml) blocked FSH-induced c-fos mRNA expression in cultured granulosa cells while HA 1004, an inhibitor of cGMP- and cAMP-dependent protein kinases at 30 μM had no effect on TPA-induced c-fos expression, and only minimally inhibited FSH-induced c-fos expression. Both FSH (100 ng/ml) and forskolin (3 μM) increased progesterone production in cultured granulosa cells. These data support the hypothesis that FSH specifically induces c-fos mRNA expression by a PKC-dependent mechanism and that the cAMP arm of the FSH response pathway is operant in these cells.
Biosensor Microassembly Platform: Design and Automation

We present a custom built Biosensor Microassembly Platform (BMP) for assembling a nanoparticles-based microscale in-vivo biosensor. Conducting directed assembly of nanoparticles on a 0.01 mm2 microchip is a very challenging problem. Complexities arise from assembling micro-components of different materials, and assembling antibody functionalized nanoparticles into their predetermined nanoscale trenches on the biosensor. Using our designed platform, we merge vision information with motion control efficiently, so that precise manipulation of the stages and microscopes facilitates the assembly process of the in-vivo biosensor. Along with Biosensor Microassembly Platform system design and automation, we demonstrate assembly of an in-vivo biosensor which has numerous applications in biomedical and health industry.© 2009 ASME
Experimental investigation of cohesive powder rheology

An annular shear cell-type cohesive powder rheometer has been fabricated, which measures the shear and normal stress states over a range of shear rate and powder concentration. The rheological behavior of a 30-μm spherical silica powder and a 40-μm industrial polymer powder have been experimentally investigated for powder flow in the frictional regime. Although the silica powder appears to be cohesionless, based on Jenike shear cell yield locus measurements, and the industrial powder has strong cohesion, they both demonstrate similar rheological behavior in the frictional flow regime. At low shear rates, the shear stress increases with increasing shear rate until a critical shear rate is reached, at which point the shear stress decreases with increasing shear rate. The shear-to-normal stress relation with shear rate, for frictional flow, is apparently independent of powder concentration, and the data approximately collapse into a single curve for a given powder. The requirements for a constitutive model relating the stress tensor to the rate of deformation for the powder assembly are discussed.