cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emulation of multipath effects on a wireless testbed and its impact on MAC layer performance

Field experiments are an important part of research in wireless networks. Since the wireless channel varies with location and time, the results vary for the same field experiment at a different place and time. Assumptions about the wireless environment can lead to biased results. It is necessary to shield wireless transmission from uncontrolled interference in order to make the experiment repeatable. This paper describes $$\underline{A}$$ dvanced wirele $$\underline{SS}$$ $$\underline{E}$$ nvironment $$\underline{R}$$ esearch $$\underline{T}$$ estbed (ASSERT) which uses shielded co-axial cables as the communication media for radio signals to conduct reliable, scalable and accurate wireless experiments. Shielding the transmission also protects the signal from random burst of noise introduced by the environment. The paper describes how the combination of programmable attenuators and RF splitters/combiners, which are part of ASSERT, helps in emulating complex and varying environments including those in which multipath interference plays a significant role. Our experimental results indicate that (1) tweaking the MAC layer and retransmissions at the application layer neutralize, to an extent, the impact of multipath effects when the received signal strength is extremely good, and (2) when the received signal strength falls below a certain threshold multipath interference plays a significant role.
Investigation of particle-induced timing sensitivity in one-megabit DRAMs

The understanding of failure mechanisms causing yield loss continues to be important when guaranteeing the reliability of a device to the customer. As vertical integration has increased and the horizontal geometries decreased in VLSI devices, the investigation of failure mechanisms has become increasingly more difficult. It has become necessary to incorporate more advanced equipment and techniques in the analysis of these failures. This investigation is an effort to understand the physical defect(s) related to a timing parameter sensitivity of a one megabit DRAM. These defects are primarily observed on repaired devices which have degraded such that they induce failures beyond the area of repair. This paper will provide an explanation of how the defect can effect the internal operation of the device and how this defect can degrade with time or be accelerated with reliability stressing. Advanced equipment such as a Focused Ion Beam system (FIB) and a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) were essential for precise milling, high magnification imaging, and elemental analysis capabilities. An advanced technique called SAXTEM (specific area TEM cross section) was also necessary in the analysis of the failure mechanism. Finally, corrective actions which will prevent the occurrence of this problem will be specified.
Failure to appreciate implications of effects of cold in exertional angina pectoris.

I n the last decade or two, the idea of coronary artery spasm as a factor in the production ofsymptoms has achieved great prominence. The modern story, however, properly begins half a century ago, with the observation of Riseman and Stern’ that the amount of walking that will precipitate angina pectonis in patients is highly reproducible when conditions are standardized with respect to ambient temperature. This has been corroborated, most recently by Khurmi et al,’ using the most modern technology. Riseman’s exercise test’ was designed only to (a) test the effect of medication on anginal pain and (b) distinguish diagnostically between the chest pain of exertional angina and the chest pain of esophageal disease (including hiatus hernia) and ofcervical arthritis. It was not offered as a means of proving the presence or absence of coronary artery disease. Although exercise is clearly important in the genesis of angmnal pain, it is not the sole factor. Cold temperatures have a decisive part in the process.’ Accordingly, analysis of the effects of cold in exertional angina pectoris is important. Changes in pulse rate and arterial blood pressure during exposure to cold do not correlate with the occurrence of anginal pain.� Studies of ventricular status can be made by means of radioisotopes, such as radioactive thallium, technetium, or gold. When such studies are made during exposure to cold without exercise, abnormalities in ventricle status or function occur in normal hearts as well as in hearts with coronary artery disease. The test does not reliably distinguish one heart from another, or patients with angina pectoris from those without it.�8 It is apparent from currently available data obtained by modern technology that when normal persons, patients with coronary artery disease, and patients with angina pectoris in the presence of normal coronary arteriograms, are studied by the latest tech
Mantle geodynamics: Older and hotter

Volcanic rocks erupted at mid-ocean ridges can record the temperature of the underlying mantle. Ancient crust in the Atlantic Ocean formed from anomalously hot mantle, possibly warmed by continental insulation before the opening of the ocean basin.
Lattice Boltzmann computations of incompressible laminar flow and heat transfer in a constricted channel

A multi-population thermal lattice Boltzmann method (TLBM) is applied to simulate incompressible steady flow and heat transfer in a two-dimensional constricted channel. The method is validated for velocity and temperature profiles by comparing with a finite element method based commercial solver. The results indicate that, at various Reynolds numbers, the average flow resistance increases and the heat transfer rate decreases in a constricted channel in comparison to a straight channel. The effect of the constriction ratio is also investigated. The results show that the presented numerical model is a promising tool in analyzing simultaneous solution of fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena in complex geometries.
Opportunities of social media in health and well-being

Intelligently leveraging data from millions of social media posts is a modern public health approach that has the potential to save many lives.
Ion Atmosphere Relaxation and Percolative Electron Transfer in Co Bipyridine DNA Molten Salts

Polypyridyl complexes of Co decorated with 350-Da polyether chains (Co3502+) form molten phases of nucleic acids when paired with DNA counterions (Co350DNA) or 25-mer oligonucleotides. Analysis of voltammetry and chronoamperometry of mixtures of these phases with complexes having ClO4- counterions (Co350(ClO4)2) and no other diluent provides charge transport rates from the oxidation and reduction currents for the complexes. As the mole fraction of the Co350(ClO4)2 complex in the mixture is varied from ca. 0.25 to 1, the physical diffusion constants derived from the CoIII/II wave increase from 1 × 10-11 cm2/s to 5 × 10-10 cm2/s, and apparent diffusion constants dominated by the CoII/I electron self-exchange increase from 1 × 10-10 cm2/s to 2 × 10-8 cm2/s. Pure Co350DNA melts, containing no Co350(ClO4)2 complex, do not exhibit recognizable voltammetric waves; DNA suppresses the CoII/I electron transfer reactions of Co complexes for which it is the counterion. There are therefore two microscopically distinct...
Intensity fluctuations produced by multimode lasers in combination with dielectric beam splitters

The combination of an unpolarized multimode laser with standard dielectric beam control devices can give rise to large intensity fluctuations that can be troublesome in visual science experiments. A number of ways to avoid this problem are discussed.
Survey of arthropods in vineyards of Erie County, Pennsylvania: Acari

Abstract Intensive sampling in commercial Concord grape vineyards in North East, Erie Co., PA, during 1971–73 revealed the presence of 61 species of Acari representing 26 families. Common predatory species collected from leaves in commercial vineyards were Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman), Amblyseius andersoni (Chant), Anystis baccarum (L.), and Zetzellia mali (Ewing). The most abundant phytophagous species collected was the European red mite (ERM), Panonychus ulmi (Koch). Populations of ERM reached peaks from early to mid-September in the absence of predatory mites. ERM populations declined after a mixed population of the predators N. fallacis and Z. mali increased to a level of 1.5 mites/leaf in late Aug.; however, the resulting foliage injury from ERM eventually caused reduced juice quality.
A Suggested Improvement in the U. S. P. Method for Determining Morphine in Opium

Abstract This suggested modification of the officially described U. S. P. assay method for opium has been found to reduce the required over‐all assay time by at least one third. The efficiency of extraction appears to be practically the same by both methods. The modified method should eliminate any errors that may be due to the prolonged nitration that is now required by the U. S. P. procedure. The accuracy of this proposed method has been found to be at least equal to that of the currently official procedure and the results obtained by both methods are in good agreement.
Escherichia coli tryptophan operon leader mutations, which relieve transcription termination, are cis-dominant to trp leader mutations, which increase transcription termination

Abstract Strains with increased expression of the Escherichia coli trp operon were selected from trp leader mutants, which have decreased trp operon expression. The trp leader nucleotide sequences of 22 mutant strains with trp operon-linked mutations were determined. The strains were shown to be either true revertants or to have secondary site mutations in the trp leader region. All the secondary site mutations were located immediately proximal to the transcription termination site and overlapped with previously identified single base-pair mutations, which relieve transcription termination.
Superresolution microscope image reconstruction by spatiotemporal object decomposition and association: application in resolving t-tubule structure in skeletal muscle

One key factor that limits resolution of single-molecule superresolution microscopy relates to the localization accuracy of the activated emitters, which is usually deteriorated by two factors. One originates from the background noise due to out-of-focus signals, sample auto-fluorescence, and camera acquisition noise; and the other is due to the low photon count of emitters at a single frame. With fast acquisition rate, the activated emitters can last multiple frames before they transiently switch off or permanently bleach. Effectively incorporating the temporal information of these emitters is critical to improve the spatial resolution. However, majority of the existing reconstruction algorithms locate the emitters frame by frame, discarding or underusing the temporal information. Here we present a new image reconstruction algorithm based on tracklets, short trajectories of the same objects. We improve the localization accuracy by associating the same emitters from multiple frames to form tracklets and by aggregating signals to enhance the signal to noise ratio. We also introduce a weighted mean-shift algorithm (WMS) to automatically detect the number of modes (emitters) in overlapping regions of tracklets so that not only well-separated single emitters but also individual emitters within multi-emitter groups can be identified and tracked. In combination with a maximum likelihood estimator method (MLE), we are able to resolve low to medium density of overlapping emitters with improved localization accuracy. We evaluate the performance of our method with both synthetic and experimental data, and show that the tracklet-based reconstruction is superior in localization accuracy, particularly for weak signals embedded in a strong background. Using this method, for the first time, we resolve the transverse tubule structure of the mammalian skeletal muscle.
Distribution of behavioural science faculty in United States medical schools: 1968–1969 and 1978–1979

The Association of American Medical Colleges' faculty profiles were analyzed for 117 U.S. medical schools for the years 1968/1969 and 1978/1979. The growth of behavioral science faculty more than matched that of all medical school faculty (i.e. 78 vs 65%) in full-time tenure-track positions over this 10-year period. Most behavioral science medical school faculty are psychologists. Although still small in numbers, faculty from other disciplines such as anthropology and sociology have gained increasing acceptance, and these 117 medical schools now employ at least 20 full-time economists and 13 who have earned degrees in political science. The growth of behavioral science faculty has been primarily in clinical departments, and those who are associated with independent departments of behavioral science remained virtually static (87 vs 88) over this 10 year period.
Physical factors determining the utility of radiation safety glasses

Ten types of lenses were tested for their radiation protection properties in three experimental circumstances: (a) Their good geometry (scatter free) attenuation was determined as a function of HVL in a direct x‐ray beam. (b) Their dose reducing properties were determined under simulated clinical fluoroscopic conditions, using both ion chambers and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD’s) while the lenses, mounted in frames, were worn by a head phantom. The head was oriented in four different directions to simulate clinical conditions in a fluoroscopic room. (c) Their dose reducing properties were measured with TLD’s while the glasses were worn by radiologists during clinical fluoroscopic procedures. Although several of the lenses could attenuate a direct x‐ray beam several thousand times, none of the glasses offer more than a factor of 8 reduction in eye exposure when the glasses are worn during fluoroscopy. This is attributed to backscatter from the fluoroscopist’s head and deficient lateral shielding. Some of the glasses may even be causing an increase in eye exposure when the TV monitor is located 90° or more from the patient.
Markets and medical care: the United States, 1993-2005.

Many studies arguing for or against markets to finance medical care investigate “market-oriented” measures such as cost sharing. This article looks at the experience in the American medical marketplace over more than a decade, showing how markets function as institutions in which participants who are self-seeking, but not perfectly rational, exercise power over other participants in the market. Cost experience here was driven more by market power over prices than by management of utilization. Instead of following any logic of efficiency or equity, system transformations were driven by beliefs about investment strategies. At least in the United States' labor and capital markets, competition has shown little ability to rationalize health care systems because its goals do not resemble those of the health care system most people want.
Proinflammatory Cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-like Weak Inducer of Apoptosis (TWEAK) Suppresses Satellite Cell Self-renewal through Inversely Modulating Notch and NF-κB Signaling Pathways

Satellite cell self-renewal is an essential process to maintaining the robustness of skeletal muscle regenerative capacity. However, extrinsic factors that regulate self-renewal of satellite cells are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that TWEAK cytokine reduces the proportion of Pax7+/MyoD− cells (an index of self-renewal) on myofiber explants and represses multiple components of Notch signaling in satellite cell cultures. The number of Pax7+ cells is significantly increased in skeletal muscle of TWEAK knock-out (KO) mice compared with wild-type in response to injury. Furthermore, Notch signaling is significantly elevated in cultured satellite cells and in regenerating myofibers of TWEAK-KO mice. Forced activation of Notch signaling through overexpression of the Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) rescued the TWEAK-mediated inhibition of satellite cell self-renewal. TWEAK also activates the NF-κB transcription factor in satellite cells and inhibition of NF-κB significantly improved the number of Pax7+ cells in TWEAK-treated cultures. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that a reciprocal interaction between NF-κB and Notch signaling governs the inhibitory effect of TWEAK on satellite cell self-renewal. Collectively, our study demonstrates that TWEAK suppresses satellite cell self-renewal through activating NF-κB and repressing Notch signaling.
A New Sample of Nearby M Dwarfs Discovered by ROSAT

I am using the ROSAT All-Sky Survey to identify M dwarfs within 25 pc of the Sun that are missing from the Catalogue of Nearby Stars. Selection by X-rays is very efficient for this purpose since the stars found will tend to be young and, hence, have small space motions. It is just such stars that are missing from the Catalogue of Nearby Stars, which largely consists of stars first discovered in proper-motion surveys. In this paper, I present an initial list of 54 M dwarfs, which, by virtue of their photometric parallaxes, should be included in the Catalogue. These preliminary results are also used to estimate that, because of this effect, the amount of mass that is missing from estimates of the local Galactic mass density is 0.003 M☉ pc-3. This amount is insufficient to solve the Galactic "missing mass" problem.
Chronic ethanol and triglyceride turnover in white adipose tissue in rats : Inhibition of the anti-lipolytic action of insulin after chronic ethanol contributes to increased triglyceride degradation

Chronic ethanol consumption disrupts whole-body lipid metabolism. Here we tested the hypothesis that regulation of triglyceride homeostasis in adipose tissue is vulnerable to long-term ethanol exposure. After chronic ethanol feeding, total body fat content as well as the quantity of epididymal adipose tissue of male Wistar rats was decreased compared with pair-fed controls. Integrated rates of in vivo triglyceride turnover in epididymal adipose tissue were measured using (2)H(2)O as a tracer. Triglyceride turnover in adipose tissue was increased due to a 2.3-fold increase in triglyceride degradation in ethanol-fed rats compared with pair-fed controls with no effect of ethanol on triglyceride synthesis. Because increased lipolysis accompanied by the release of free fatty acids into the circulation is associated with insulin resistance and liver injury, we focused on determining the mechanisms for increased lipolysis in adipose tissue after chronic ethanol feeding. Chronic ethanol feeding suppressed beta-adrenergic receptor-stimulated lipolysis in both in vivo and ex vivo assays; thus, enhanced triglyceride degradation during ethanol feeding was not due to increased beta-adrenergic-mediated lipolysis. Instead, chronic ethanol feeding markedly impaired insulin-mediated suppression of lipolysis in conscious rats during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp as well as in adipocytes isolated from epididymal and subcutaneous adipose tissue. These data demonstrate for the first time that chronic ethanol feeding increased the rate of triglyceride degradation in adipose tissue. Furthermore, this enhanced rate of lipolysis was due to a suppression of the anti-lipolytic effects of insulin in adipocytes after chronic ethanol feeding.
Integer-N digital PLL using ADC-based phase detector

Phase-to-digital converter (PDC) is a critical building block in digital phase-locked loops (DPLL). To improve its phase noise performance, an integer-N DPLL that employs an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to digitize the phase error is presented. Compared to the conventional time-to-digital converter (TDC), the proposed ADC-based PDC with the same number of bits can be shown to reduce the quantization noise contribution to the DPLL output jitter variance by more than an order of magnitude. Design examples are presented to verify the functionality and performance of the proposed approach.
Shocked Molecular Hydrogen in the LkHα234 Region

We present near-IR images of the shocked gas in in HH 167 (the LkHα234 jet) and HH 103. The H2 1-0 S(1) (2.122µm) and the 1.644µm [FeII] lines were observed. The relative spatial distribution of these two lines provides some insight into the nature of the shocks producing the objects.
The SQL StandarD: How it Happened

Donald R. Deutsch joined the US government agency now called the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the last 1970s and the X3H2 Database Standards Committee (DSC) in Washington DC in April 1978. Initially chartered only to develop a standard Data Definition Language (DDL) for network DBMSs, in time the DSC became the epicenter of US and international SQL standardization. Deutsch became the DSC vice chair at the second meeting and chair at the committee's 11th meeting in May 1980. Throughout his career that included (in addition to NIST) GE, Sybase, and now Oracle, he has continued to chair the DSC. From this perspective, this article describes how the SQL standard happened.
Spiritual journeys in aging: A buddhist view.

The spiritual journey of a Buddhist devotee is a continual exploration of the truth of interdependence which Siddhartha Gautama realized to become the Buddha, “the Enlightened One.” On the morning of the enlightenment, the Buddha apprehended the truth that all things and all beings are interconnected and mutually dependent in time and space. One measure of the spiritual maturity of the Buddhist devotee is his or her appreciation for the profound responsibilities and gratitude we share for all things. To illustrate the significance of interdependence in our lives, the author turns to the wisdom contained inVital Involvement in Old Age by Erik and Joan Erikson and Helen Q. Kivnick.
Interferon-Gamma and Mycobacterial Infections

Excerpt Murray's recent review (1) provides a welcome discussion of the role of interferon-gamma as an immune activator of macrophages against microbial pathogens. A small section of it, however, m...
Inhibition of bovine adrenocortical cytochrome P-450scc by 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine.

Abstract The effect of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine ( o -dianisidine) on the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone was investigated in a reconstituted side chain cleavage system using enzymes purified from bovine adrenal cortex; d- p -aminoglutethimide was also assayed under similar conditions for comparison. 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine was found to be a potent inhibitor of pregnenolone formation, causing 50% inhibition at a concentration of 1.5 μM when using 70 μM cholesterol — this dose is approximately one fourth that required of 3-methoxybenzidine and one twentieth that required of benzidine for equal inhibition. In the same system, d- p -aminoglutethimide exhibited an I 50 value of about 55 μM. No effects of 3,3'-dimetoxybenzidine on adrenodoxin reductase or adrenodoxin activities could be detected, and inhibition of side chain cleavage could be relieved by dilution suggesting that the inhibitor acts by reversibly binding to cytochrome P-450scc.
Dietary Lipid Lowering Reduces Tissue Factor Expression in Rabbit Atheroma

Background—The mechanisms by which lipid lowering reduces the incidence of acute thrombotic complications of coronary atheroma in clinical trials remains unknown. Tissue factor (TF) overexpressed in atheroma may accelerate thrombus formation at the sites of plaque disruption. A cell surface cytokine CD40 ligand (CD40L) enhances TF expression in vitro. Methods and Results—To test the hypothesis that lipid lowering reduces TF expression and activity, we produced atheroma in rabbit aortas by balloon injury and cholesterol feeding for 4 months (Baseline group, n515), followed by either a chow diet (Low group, n510) or a continued high-cholesterol diet for 16 months (High group, n55). Immunolocalization of TF, CD40L, and its receptor CD40 was quantified by computer-assisted color image analysis. Macrophages in atheroma of the Baseline and High groups strongly expressed TF. Intimal smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells also contained immunoreactive TF. Regions of expression of CD40L and CD40 colocalized with TF. Protein expression of TF diminished substantially in the Low group in association with reduced expression of CD40L and CD40. In situ binding of TF to factors VIIa and X, detected by digoxigenin-labeled factors VIIa and X, colocalized with TF protein in atheroma and decreased after lipid lowering. We also determined reduced TF biological activity in the Low group by use of a chromogenic assay. The level of TF mRNA detected by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction also decreased after lipid lowering. Conclusions—These results suggest decreased expression and activity of TF as a novel mechanism of reduced incidence of thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis by lipid lowering. (Circulation. 1999;100:1215-1222.)
Steady-state penetration rates of electron beam-irradiated, highly cross-linked polyethylene at an average 45-month follow-up.

Abstract Steady-state penetration rates were determined on 53 total hip arthroplasties with a minimum 3-year follow-up using electron beam highly cross-linked melted polyethylene by determining the femoral head penetration occurring after the first year in vivo. These data were compared with that of a matched control group. The average steady-state penetration rate of the control group was 144 ± 191 μ m/y, significantly higher than that of the highly cross-linked polyethylene group, 25 ± 99 μ m/y ( P = .0001). Linear regression analysis indicated that the magnitude of femoral head penetration did not increase with time in the cross-linked groups. Also, no significant difference existed between the steady-state wear rates of the highly cross-linked groups with two head sizes (28 vs 32 mm, P = .39).
Protective effect of LASIK flap in penetrating keratoplasty following blunt trauma.

Penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) often results in large and unpredictable refractive errors following suture removal in the postoperative period. Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) is an effective means of correcting these errors. However, LASIK following PKP is believed to further weaken an already weak graft–host junction and may predispose such eyes to traumatic dehiscence of the graft–host junction. We describe a case in which the LASIK surgery following PKP seemed to benefit the patient by preventing complete dehiscence of the graft–host junction. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
A 13-week comparison of passive and continuous ozone monitors at forested sites in north-central Pennsylvania.

ABSTRACT Ogawa passive O3 samplers were used in a 13-week study (June 1-September 1, 1999) involving 11 forested and mountaintop sites in north-central Pennsylvania. Four of the sites were collocated with TECO model 49 O3 analyzers. A significant correlation (p < 0.0001) was found for 24-hr average weekly O3 concentrations between the two methodologies at the four sites with collocated monitors. As expected, there were positive relationships between increasing elevation of the sites and increasing O3 concentrations. No O3 exposure patterns were found on a west-to-east or south-to-north basis; however, the area known for lower O3 exposures within a smaller subsection of the study area showed consistently lower O3 exposures. Preliminary results regarding relationships of symptom responses within O3-sensitive bioindicators are also presented with black cherry (Prunus serotina, Elirli.) and common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca, L.) showing clear evidence of increasing injury with increasing O3 exposures. Due to...
Evolution of social concerns and environmental policies for chemical mutagens.

The founding of the Environmental Mutagen Society 20 years ago coincided with the beginning of general social concern about exposure to chemical mutagens. Initially, this concern focused on the potential of chemicals to induce heritable genetic damage in humans. Within a few years, however, mutagenicity tests came to be regarded primarily as short-term tests for carcinogenicity. Serious doubts have recently been cast upon the relationship between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, and, as a result the real utility of mutagenicity tests is being questioned. Justification for the continued use of these tests will require (1) more detailed mechanistic knowledge concerning the role of genetic changes in the development of cancer and (2) an improved ability to relate the results of mutagenicity tests to the potential for inducing heritable genetic effects in humans.
Robust nonlinear state feedback under structured uncertainty

Mise en place d'un systeme de commande qui permet d'obtenir des limites superieures de la modelisation de l'erreur pour les processus non lineaires, et de concevoir une loi de retroaction qui garantit une stabilite et de bonnes performances pour toute perturbation entrant dans les limites donnees. Ce systeme est applique a la commande d'un reacteur parfaitement agite isotherme ou ont lieu, en phase liquide, des reactions consecutives du type: A⇄B→C ou P→Q→R
Effects of parameter uncertainty on the performance variability of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells

Operation of fuel cells is subject to inherent uncertainty in various material and operating parameters, which causes performance variability and impacts the reliability of the cells. Analysis of the interactive effects of parameter uncertainty on the fuel cell performance is imperative in a robust design endeavor. To this end, a methodology for simulation of fuel cell operation under uncertainty is presented by considering a one-dimensional nonisothermal description of the governing physical phenomena. A sampling-based stochastic model is developed, and parametric analysis is presented to elucidate the effects of uncertainty in several operating parameters on the variability of power density of the fuel cell. Robust design maps are derived from the analysis which provide for selection of cell temperature and anode and cathode pressures as functions of the input parameter uncertainty and target maximum acceptable variability in the power density.
Equine Colonic Lipomatosis

4. Roberts MC: 1985, Malabsorption syndromes in the horse. Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet 7:3637-S647. 7. Traub-Dargatz JL, Schultheiss PC, Riper ML, et al.: 1992, Intestinal fibrosis with partial obstruction in five horses and two 5. Schneider JE, Kennedy GA, Leipold HW: 1979, Muscular hyponies. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:603-608. pertrophy of the small intestine in a horse. J Eq Med Surg 3:226228. 8. Tsukada T, Tippens BA, Gordon D: 1987, HHF35, a muscle-
Floodplain influence on dissolved organic matter composition and export from the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River system to the Gulf of Mexico

Comparisons of the concentrations and compositions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) between the lower Mississippi River (MR) and its distributary, the Atchafalaya River (AR), indicated a strong influence of floodplains on DOM in the AR. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), lignin phenols, amino acids, neutral sugars, and chromophoric DOM (CDOM) absorption coefficients were higher in the AR than in the MR. Significantly lower syringyl to vanillyl phenol ratios (S:V) in the AR indicated substantial contributions from gymnosperms (e.g., Taxodium distichum). The lowest S:V values in the AR were measured during maximal litterfall in October‐November when yields of lignin phenols were highest. Lower spectral slope coefficients (S275‐295 )i n the AR were indicative of relatively high-molecular-weight CDOM. Yields and compositions of amino acids and neutral sugars indicated DOM in the AR was more bioavailable than in the MR. Nitrogen removal in the floodplain was in part responsible for the significantly lower concentrations of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in the AR. Seasonal variability in DOM composition was greater in the AR. About 35% of the DOC and . 44% of the lignin phenols, amino acids, and neutral sugars exported from the Mississippi‐Atchafalaya River system was carried by the AR, thereby revealing the important role of the AR in DOM export from the river system. DOC export from rivers was predominantly controlled by water discharge. The long-term (1996‐2010) average DOC export from the Mississippi‐Atchafalaya River system was 2.70 Tg yr21 (MR: 1.75 Tg yr21 ;A R: 0.95 Tg yr21), accounting for 0.8‐1.1% of global riverine DOC export.
Introduction to the IBM 3800 printing subsystem models 3 and 8

The IBM 3800 Printing Subsystem Models 3 and 8 are high-speed, non-impact, electrophotographic printers which are designed for system printing, text, and graphics applications requiring flexibility and high print quality. Features such as their print density of 240 × 240 pels/in2, and all-point addressability extend substantially their printing capabilities beyond those of the Models 1 and 2.
Role of Immunoglobulin A in Protection against Reovirus Entry into Murine Peyer's Patches

Reovirus type 1 Lang (T1L) infects the mouse intestinal mucosa by adhering specifically to epithelial M cells and exploiting M-cell transport to enter the Peyer's patches. Oral inoculation of adult mice has been shown to elicit cellular and humoral immune responses that clear the infection within 10 days. This study was designed to determine whether adult mice that have cleared a primary infection are protected against viral entry upon oral rechallenge and, if so, whether antireovirus secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) is a necessary component of protection. Adult BALB/c mice that were orally inoculated on day 0 with reovirus T1L produced antiviral S-IgA in feces and IgG in serum directed primarily against the reovirus ς1 attachment protein. Eight hours after oral reovirus challenge on day 21, the Peyer's patches of previously exposed mice contained no detectable virus whereas Peyer's patches of naive controls contained up to 2,300 PFU of reovirus/mg of tissue. Orally inoculated IgA knockout (IgA−/−) mice cleared the initial infection as effectively as wild-type mice and produced higher levels of reovirus-specific serum IgG and secretory IgM than C57BL/6 wild-type mice. When IgA−/− mice were rechallenged on day 21, however, their Peyer's patches became infected. These results indicate that intestinal S-IgA is an essential component of immune protection against reovirus entry into Peyer's patch mucosa.
Thermal imaging based on high-performance InAs/InP quantum-dot infrared photodetector operating at high temperature

We report a room temperature operating and high-performance InAs quantum-dot infrared photodetector on InP substrate and thermal imaging of 320times256 focal plane array based on this device up to 200 K.
Renal denervation chronically lowers arterial pressure independent of dietary sodium intake in normal rats

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that renal nerves chronically modulate arterial pressure (AP) under basal conditions and during changes in dietary salt intake. To test this hy...
Inelastic deformation and energy dissipation in ceramics: A mechanism-based constitutive model

A mechanism-based constitutive model is presented for the inelastic deformation and fracture of ceramics. The model comprises four essential features: (i) micro-crack extension rates based on stress-intensity calculations and a crack growth law, (ii) the effect of the crack density on the stiffness, inclusive of crack closure, (iii) plasticity at high confining pressures, and (iv) initial flaws that scale with the grain size. Predictions of stress/strain responses for a range of stress states demonstrate that the model captures the transition from deformation by micro-cracking at low triaxiality to plastic slip at high triaxialities. Moreover, natural outcomes of the model include dilation (or bulking) upon micro-cracking, as well as the increase in the shear strength of the damaged ceramic with increasing triaxiality. Cavity expansion calculations are used to extract some key physics relevant to penetration. Three domains have been identified: (i) quasi-static, where the ceramic fails due to the outward propagation of a compression damage front, (ii) intermediate velocity, where an outward propagating compression damage front is accompanied by an inward propagating tensile (or spallation) front caused by the reflection of the elastic wave from the outer surface and (iii) high velocity, wherein plastic deformation initiates at the inner surface of the shell followed by spalling within a tensile damage front when the elastic wave reflects from the outer surface. Consistent with experimental observations, the cavity pressure is sensitive to the grain size under quasi-static conditions but relatively insensitive under dynamic loadings.
Input-specific adaptation in complex cells through synaptic depression

Abstract A number of experiments have reported that neurons in primary visual cortex can adapt in a stimulus-dependent manner. Synaptic depression is a plausible mechanism for this type of adaptation because its synapse specificity allows modification of particular inputs while allowing others to remain unaffected. Furthermore, a form of synaptic depression measured in slice experiments sets in and recovers over appropriate time scales to account for such an effect. We show that synaptic depression on feedforward, but not on recurrent, inputs can produce a fast form of spatial-phase-specific adaptation in a complex cell model.
Psidin, a conserved protein that regulates protrusion dynamics and cell migration

Dynamic assembly and disassembly of actin filaments is a major driving force for cell movements. Border cells in the Drosophila ovary provide a simple and genetically tractable model to study the mechanisms regulating cell migration. To identify new genes that regulate cell movement in vivo, we screened lethal mutations on chromosome 3R for defects in border cell migration and identified two alleles of the gene psidin (psid). In vitro, purified Psid protein bound F-actin and inhibited the interaction of tropomyosin with F-actin. In vivo, psid mutations exhibited genetic interactions with the genes encoding tropomyosin and cofilin. Border cells overexpressing Psid together with GFP-actin exhibited altered protrusion/retraction dynamics. Psid knockdown in cultured S2 cells reduced, and Psid overexpression enhanced, lamellipodial dynamics. Knockdown of the human homolog of Psid reduced the speed and directionality of migration in wounded MCF10A breast epithelial monolayers, whereas overexpression of the protein increased migration speed and altered protrusion dynamics in EGF-stimulated cells. These results indicate that Psid is an actin regulatory protein that plays a conserved role in protrusion dynamics and cell migration.
Effects of cortisone on ribosomal RNA synthesis in rat liver.

The early and long-term effects of cortisone on rat liver ribosomal RNA synthesis have been studied. Because of difficulties in estimating precursor pool sizes, methods have been employed which do not require estimation of rates of synthesis from rates of radioactive precursor incorporation. It is shown that a single large dose of cortisone—even in animals with intact adrenal glands—results in at least a doubling of the rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis over the ensuing 16 hr. In contrast to the effects of a single dose, repeated administration of the hormone does not result in a sustained stimulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis; the rates of turnover of liver ribosomal RNA in normal animals and in animals receiving large doses of hormone daily over a 2-week period are not appreciably different. (Endocrinology 86: 1033, 1970)
The ORF45 Protein of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Is Associated with Purified Virions

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF45 is encoded by an immediate-early gene in the KSHV genome. This protein was recently shown to interact with interferon regulatory factor 7 and inhibit virus-mediated alpha/beta interferon induction (Zhu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:5573-5578, 2002). ORF45 was characterized as a phosphorylated protein, and it is localized in the cytoplasm of infected cells. In this report, we provide evidence that ORF45 is associated with KSHV virions. (i) ORF45 was detected in gradient-purified virions by Western blotting along with known structural proteins of KSHV including gB, K8.1, and major capsid protein. In contrast, ORF50/Rta, K8, and ORF59/PF8 were not detected in the same virion preparation. (ii) ORF45 comigrates with KSHV virions in sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. (iii) Virion-associated ORF45 was resistant to trypsin digestion but became sensitive after the virions were treated with detergent which destroys the viral envelope. (iv) ORF45 remained associated with tegument-nucleocapsid complex when virion-specific glycoproteins were removed after detergent treatment. (v) An ORF45 protein band was visualized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of extensively purified KSHV virions and identified by mass spectrometry. (vi) By immunoelectron microscopy, virus-like structures were specifically stained by anti-ORF45 antibody. Based on the evidence, we conclude that ORF45 is associated with purified KSHV virions and appears to be a tegument protein. The presence of ORF45 in KSHV virions raised the possibility that this protein may be delivered to host cells at the start of infection and therefore have the opportunity to act at the very early stage of the infection, suggesting an important role of ORF45 in KSHV primary infection.
B- and T-cell immune responses to pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: divergence between carrier- and polysaccharide-specific immunogenicity.

Conjugation of various serotypes of pneumococcal polysaccharide (PnPS) to carrier protein enhances the magnitude of the polysaccharide-specific antibody response, presumably by eliciting T-cell help. However, variability in PnPS serotype-specific immunogenicity has been observed. CBA/J mice immunized with either 6B or 19F PnPS conjugated to the protein carrier Cross Reactive Material197 (CRM197) produce a strong anti-PnPS antibody response; however, when mice are immunized with 23F PnPS conjugated to CRM197, they fail to produce a significant anti-PnPS response. In order to determine whether this difference was related to alterations in antigen processing of the carrier protein and the subsequent T-cell responses, we studied proliferation of lymphocytes from CBA/J mice immunized with CRM197 alone or conjugated to 6B, 19F, or 23F PnPS. T-cell proliferative responses to synthetic peptides demonstrated that lymph node cells elicited by the poorly immunogenic conjugate 23F-CRM197 recognized many, but not all, of the epitopes recognized by lymph node cells elicited by 6B- and 19F-CRM197 as well as additional epitopes. Despite marked differences in PnPS-specific immunogenicity, all mice made high titers of CRM197 antibodies of the immunoglobulin G1 isotype. Cells from mice immunized with any of the conjugates yielded vigorous T-cell responses to whole antigen. We conclude that the serotype of PnPS can alter the peptide specificities of T-cell responses, but even a poorly immunogenic PnPS conjugate can elicit a significant T-cell response. Thus, conjugation of PnPS to a carrier protein that elicits carrier-specific T- and B-cell responses does not necessarily enhance PnPS immunogenicity.
Aspect and American Textbooks of Russian

T HE introduction and presentation of Russian verb morphology ranges from fair to good in our elementary textbooks. Yet despite the recent appearance of several new grammars,' there has been no significant improvement over the traditional presentation of aspect. Unfortunately, discussion of the semantic nature of aspect is almost non-existent in American textbooks of Russian. While numerous articles on aspect have been published during the past three decades, the information contained in them has had little effect on the preparation of grammars.2 Nor have Soviet textbooks for foreigners been utilized properly.3 Clearly, the greatest deficiency in the treatment of aspect in our elementary texts is the lack of information concerning the meaning associated with the aspectual forms of relatively common verbs.
Socioemotional Wealth and Internationalization of Family Firms

In this paper, we hypothesize that the greater the importance placed on Socieoemotional Wealth (SEW) in a family firm, the more reluctant it will be to expand internationally. Moreover, we propose ...
Assessment of Construction Smoothness Specification Pay Factor Limits Using Artificial Neural Network Modeling

Many state highway agencies are using quality control/quality assurance construction smoothness specifications that provide for contractors' pay to be proportional to the riding comfort of the constructed new pavement. However, in many cases, the pay factor limits are based on subjective engineering judgment rather than rational analysis of the declining riding comfort of newly constructed pavements. This study used the artificial neural network methodology to develop time-dependent roughness prediction models for three types of pavements: Portland cement concrete pavement, asphalt overlay over concrete pavement, and asphalt pavement. The relationship of various pay factor limits and future roughness progression and the pavement service life were assessed. Rational pay factor limits were then developed for the zero blanking band profile index of the California Profilograph measurements employed in the construction smoothness specifications based on the predicted future riding comfort of the newly constructed pavements.
Application-specific topology-aware mapping for three dimensional topologies

The fastest supercomputers today such as Blue Gene/L and XT3 are connected by a 3-dimensional torus/mesh interconnect. Applications running on these machines can benefit from topology-awareness while mapping tasks to processors at runtime. By co-locating communicating tasks on nearby processors, the distance traveled by messages and hence the communication traffic can be minimized, thereby reducing communication latency and contention on the network. This paper describes preliminary work utilizing this technique and performance improvements resulting from it in the context of a n-dimensional k-point stencil program. It shows that for a fine-grained application with a high communication to computation ratio, topology-aware mapping has a significant impact on performance. Automated topology-aware mapping by the runtime using similar ideas can relieve the application writer from this burden and result in better performance. Preliminary work towards achieving this for a molecular dynamics application, NAMD, is also presented. Results on up to 32,768 processors of IBM's Blue Gene/L and 2,048 processors of Cray's XT3 support the ideas discussed in the paper.
The writing approaches of university students

University students' beliefs about themselves as writers and about the experience of learning in writing were investigated as related to writing approaches as measured by the Inventory of Processes in College Composition (Lavelle 1993). General findings included support for the deep and surface paradigm as well as variation in students' conceptions of writing, in their attitudes about themselves as writers, and in their felt need for personal expression in writing. Implications for instruction and further research are included.
Respiratory syncytial virus infection: therapy and prevention.

Infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) occurs in 50−67% of infants in the first year of life, causing wheezing in about 30% of those infected.1 Approximately 2% of all infants will be hospitalised annually for RSV infection, a frequency that appears to be increasing.2,3 Fatalities are uncommon in the USA among otherwise healthy children, with an estimated 200 to 500 fatal infections annually.2,3 However, mortality is more frequent in those with underlying heart or lung diseases, in immunocompromised children, and in the developing world. Clearly, improved methods of preventing or treating this infection are desirable. This article will discuss the current status of antivirals and vaccines against RSV, and the obstacles to development of more effective measures of treatment and prevention.