cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Principals' value‐informed decision making, intrapersonal moral discord, and pathways to resolution: The complexities of moral leadership praxis

Purpose – This research seeks to explore the inevitable internal struggle experienced by school leaders when making ethically‐informed judgments. The study acquired principals' intimate reflections about professional decision making in response to personal versus organizational and/or professional value discrepancy as identified in the ethic of the profession and its model for promoting students' best interests.Design/methodology/approach – A modified phenomenological research method, appropriate for an educational research context, was used to capture administrators' perspectives about moral practice and decision‐making experiences. The primary data collection strategy was participant interviews by means of purposeful sampling.Findings – A clash between personal beliefs and values and organizational/professional expectations was very real for participants. The experience was generally frequent, but varied among principals. The struggle can be characterized as a phenomenon of intrapersonal moral discord e...
β-Glucosidase Activity in Phytopathogenic Bacteria

Most of 58 isolates of phytopathogenic and related bacteria comprising 24 species in the genera Agrobacterium, Erwinia, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, and Xanthomonas exhibited β-glucosidase activity, especially the gall-nonforming pathogenic pseudomonads and soft rot organisms. The gall-forming pseudomonads and P. fluorescens exhibited no β-glucosidase activity, with the exception of one isolate of P. savastanoi which showed slight activity on an inorganic nitrogen-arbutin medium. The best medium for demonstrating β-glucosidase activity contained peptone as the nitrogen source and arbutin. β-Glucosidase activity in this medium was indicated by either acid production or browning. P. syringae, in contrast to other bacteria tested, produced most β-glucosidase in a medium containing large amounts of glucose. Chromatographic analyses confirmed that splitting of the glucoside occurred at the glucosidic linkage. Reaction of sonically treated bacterial cells with indican or p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucoside proved a rapid method for assaying relative amounts of β-glucosidase among bacterial species. Harda9s paper-strip method of detecting β-glucosidase also was useful in revealing the distribution and relative amounts of β-glucosidase in most bacteria, but did not indicate the relatively greater amount of β-glucosidase in P. syringae.
Tunneling holes in microparticles to facilitate the transport of lithium ions for high volumetric density batteries

Microscale materials generally have a higher tap density than that of random nanoparticles. Therefore, microparticles have been attracting much attention for application as high volumetric density electrodes for lithium ion batteries. However, microparticles have much longer electrolyte diffusion and Li-ion migration length and less accessibility to the electrolyte than that of nanoparticles. Therefore, it will be interesting to tunnel-holes in the high volumetric density microparticles to facilitate the reversible storage of lithium ions. Here, tunnel-like holes were generated in microparticles to dramatically increase the accessibility of the active materials to facilitate the lithium ion transfer. A plausible formation mechanism to explain the generation of tunnel-like holes was proposed based on time-course experiments and intensive characterization. Impressively, the as-prepared microbeads with tunnels demonstrated dramatically improved performance compared to the solid microbeads without tunnels in lithium ion storage. The microparticles with tunnels could achieve comparable electrochemical performances to those nanoparticles reported in the literature, suggesting that microparticles, properly tuned, could be promising candidates as negative electrodes for lithium-ion batteries and worthy of further studies. We also directly measured the volumetric density of the microparticles. We would like to highlight that a superior volumetric capacity of 514 mA h cm−3 has been achieved. We hope to promote more frequent use of the unit mA h cm−3 in addition to the conventional unit mA h g−1 in the battery community.
A new genus of rhinocerotoid from the Eocene of Utah and the status of North American “Forstercooperia”

ABSTRACT A skeleton of a primitive rhinocerotoid from the Uintan (middle Eocene) of Utah provides the basis for a new genus and species, Uintaceras radinskyi: Hyrachyus grande Peterson, 1919 is a nomen dubium. The anterior dentition of this specimen is unlike that of any other known rhinocerotoid, although it most resembles the anterior teeth of some primitive rhinocerotids. The cheek teeth are primitive in morphology and similar to those of specimens referred to “Forstercooperia” grandis. North American specimens referred previously to Forstercooperia are here referred to this new genus. This taxonomic change implies that the evolution of indricotheriine hyracodontids was restricted to Eurasia. The postcranial skeleton of Uintaceras is robust and shows many primitive characters, including a tetradactyl manus. Uintaceras is the sister taxon of the Rhinocerotidae and demonstrates that rhinocerotids, at their origin, retained the primitive condition for many characters, including some that have been used to...
Zfp488 promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation of neural progenitor cells in adult mice after demyelination

Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors Olig1 and Olig2 critically regulate oligodendrocyte development. Initially identified as a downstream effector of Olig1, an oligodendrocyte-specific zinc finger transcription repressor, Zfp488, cooperates with Olig2 function. Although Zfp488 is required for oligodendrocyte precursor formation and differentiation during embryonic development, its role in oligodendrogenesis of adult neural progenitor cells is not known. In this study, we tested whether Zfp488 could promote an oligodendrogenic fate in adult subventricular zone (SVZ) neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). Using a cuprizone-induced demyelination model in mice, we examined the effect of retrovirus-mediated Zfp488 overexpression in SVZ NSPCs. Our results showed that Zfp488 efficiently promoted the differentiation of the SVZ NSPCs into mature oligodendrocytes in vivo. After cuprizone-induced demyelination injury, Zfp488-transduced mice also showed significant restoration of motor function to levels comparable to control mice. Together, these findings identify a previously unreported role for Zfp488 in adult oligodendrogenesis and functional remyelination after injury.
Providers, Payers, The Community, And Patients Are All Obliged To Get Patient Activation And Engagement Ethically Right

Active and engaged patients seek the understanding, knowledge, and skills to promote their own health. Efforts to promote such patient activation and engagement are ethically justified because they are consonant with the well-established principle of respect for persons and, as the evidence shows, because they are likely to produce better outcomes for patients. Yet patient activation and engagement can also go ethically awry if, for example, nonadherent patients are abandoned or are unduly disadvantaged by punitive policies and practices, or if the conditions for successful activation and engagement are missing. In this article we discuss the ethical issues and responsibilities that pertain to patients, clinicians, health care organizations, delivery systems, insurers, payers, and communities. For example, physicians or payers could hold patients blameworthy for not following recommendations, but we suggest that a better approach would be for providers and payers to empower patients to effectively share r...
Menopausal symptoms as consequences of dysrhythmia.

A theoretical model is presented for understanding physical and psychological changes which frequently accompany the menopausal transition. According to this, as yet untested, model, as the menopausal transition progresses, hormonal patterns become unpredictable and previously learned homeostatic mechanisms can no longer provide a balanced internal milieu. The consequences of this dysrhythmia are the physical and psychological disruptions typical of jet travel and shift work. Internal attributions of illness and deficiency, promoted by the medical model and the popular media, have transformed these disruptions into a universal “deficiency disease.” The model represents a theoretical integration and synthesis of diverse and, historically, unrelated areas; it is presented in order to promote empirical research on the causes, correlates, and interventions of menopausal symptoms.
The evolution of time measurement, Part 5: radio controlled clocks [Recalibration]

Frustrating as it is to time metrologists, a group of independent clocks can't keep the exact same time. To prove this, synchronize a group of wristwatches and then check them again a month later. You'll likely find that they disagree with each other by at least a few seconds. If you attempt the same exercise with a group of cesium clocks, the time differences will be tiny, nanoseconds instead of seconds, but again, the clocks won't keep the exact same time. The British horologist Frank Hope-Jones recognized these problems more than a century ago and became an advocate for collectivism, rather than individualism in clocks. The clocks of Hope-Jones' era were typically self-wound, were synchronized from different sources, and ran at very different rates. Therefore, none of them would come close to agreeing with the others.
Direct Probe of Iron Vibrations Elucidates NO Activation of Heme Proteins

We use nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) to identify the Fe−NO stretching frequency in the NO adduct of myoglobin (MbNO) and in the related six-coordinate porphyrin Fe(TPP)(1-MeIm)(NO). Frequency shifts observed in MbNO Raman spectra upon isotopic substitution of Fe or the nitrosyl nitrogen confirm and extend the NRVS results. In contrast with previous assignments, the Fe−NO frequency of these six-coordinate complexes lies 70−100 cm-1 lower than in the analogous five-coordinate nitrosyl complexes, indicating a significant weakening of the Fe−NO bond in the presence of a trans imidazole ligand. This result supports proposed mechanisms for NO activation of heme proteins and underscores the value of NRVS as a direct probe of metal reactivity in complex biomolecules.
Contemporary Psychological Science and the Theory of Work Adjustment: A Proposal for Integration and a Favor Returned

Abstract The Minnesota Theory of Work Adjustment is a psychological theory of work adjustment. A hallmark of the theory since its inception in the Minnesota Studies of Vocational Rehabilitation is that its major propositions have been clearly derived from research in the basic psychological sciences, especially individual differences and learning. It is the thesis of this paper that recent advances in psychological science may improve the theory′s predictive power and enrich it as a scientific theory of vocational psychology practice. I specifically review contemporary research in personality and, more briefly, cognitive psychology and suggest how the findings from this research may be incorporated into the Theory of Work Adjustment. No new propositions are proposed, but a few tentative hypotheses are offered for future study.
Long-term effect of erbium-YAG laser (2.9 microns) on the primate cornea.

An erbium-YAG (2.9 μm) laser was used in the primate eye to irradiate the anterior surface of the cornea in one group and the midstroma in another group after temporary lamellar keratectomy. The eyes were observed clinically up to a period of eight months, when the animals were sacrificed. The initial opacification of the cornea caused by the erbium laser application gradually disappeared over the observation period and was replaced by a faint haze. The healing process was faster in Group II (midstromal laser ablation). Some degree of flattening of the cornea after laser ablation was seen in both groups by photokeratoscopy. At the end of the observation period, the irradiated corneas demonstrated normal appearing corneal structure without significant damage to the corneal epithelium, stroma, or endothelial cells. Further experimental studies are needed to improve the laser delivery system and reduce the degree of corneal damage produced by long laser pulses.
The Anodic Dissolution and Passivation of Zinc in Concentrated Potassium Hydroxide Solutions

In this study, mainly two sets of experiments were carried out to obtain a better understanding of the tendency of the alkaline zinc electrode to passivate. Either photomicrographs of the electrode surface were taken in‐situ at different potentials during an anodic voltage sweep or the two components of the electrode impedance were measured with a small signal of superimposed 1000 Hz A.C. The course of the passivation was found to depend strongly on the convective conditions in the electrolyte near the zinc electrode. The conditions for the formation of two different types of solid films have been defined and their effects on the current‐potential curve have been determined. Type I film is white, loose, and flocculent. It forms in the absence of convection by precipitation from a supersaturated layer of zincate near the surface. When the conditions for supersaturation are largely removed by stirring, the formation of the type II film can be observed. The latter is more compact and appears to form directly at the surface rather than by precipitation. Its color can range from light gray to black depending on the potential and time of formation. The type II film is considered responsible for the transition from the active to the passive state of zinc in alkaline solution.
Effects of age and body lead burden on CNS function in young children. I. Slow cortical potentials

Abstract The effects of body Pb burden on slow cortical potentials were studied in 63 children aged 13–75 months. Slow wave (SW) voltage during sensory conditioning varied as a linear function of blood lead (PbB) level. The slope of this function, moreover, changed systematically with age. For children under 5 years of age, SW voltage tended to be positive at low PbBs and to be negative above 30 μg/dl. For children over 5 years of age, SW voltage tended to be negative at low PbBs and to be less negative (or positive) above 30 μg/dl. These results provide evidence of altered CNS function at the lowest Pb effect level ever reported.
Combining coordination and supramolecular chemistry for the formation of uranyl-organic hybrid materials

Three hybrid compounds have been synthesized through hydrothermal reactions of UO2(NO3)2·6H2O with 4-halobenzoic acid (X = Cl, Br, I). The formation of these compounds utilizes a composite synthesis methodology that explicitly employs aspects of both coordination chemistry and supramolecular chemistry (namely halogen⋯halogen interactions).
Fragmentation of atomic systems

We report recent progress toward a nonperturbative formulation of many-body quantum dynamics that treats all constituent particles on an equal footing. This formulation is capable of detailing the evolution of a system toward the diverse fragments into which it can break up. We illustrate the general concept with the simple example of the simultaneous excitation of both electrons in a helium atom. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Contact lens material characteristics associated with hydrogel lens dehydration

Purpose: To determine the association between material dehydration and hydrogel contact lens material characteristics, including water content and ionicity. Methods: Water content and refractive index data were derived from automated refractometry measurements of worn hydrogel contact lenses of 318 participants in the Contact Lens and Dry Eye Study (CLADES). Dehydration was determined in two ways; as the difference between nominal and measured (1) water content and (2) refractive index. Multiple regression models were used to examine the relation between dehydration and material characteristics, controlling for tear osmolality. Results: The overall measured and nominal water content values were 52.58 ± 7.49% and 56.88 ± 7.81% respectively, while the measured and nominal refractive indices were 1.429 ± 0.015 and 1.410 ± 0.017. High water content and ionic hydrogel lens materials were associated with greater dehydration (p < 0.0001 for both) than low water content and non-ionic materials. When dehydration was assessed as the difference in refractive index, only high water content was associated with dehydration (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: High water content and ionic characteristics of hydrogel lens materials are associated with hydrogel lens dehydration, with the former being more strongly associated. Such dehydration changes could in turn lead to important clinical ramifications such as reduced oxygen transmissibility, greater lens adherence and reduced tear exchange.
Über bakteriostatische Wirkung des Honigs

Es wurde der bakteriostatische Effekt von 16 Honigen verschiedener Herkunft gegenuberStreptococcus faecalis (grampositiv) undShigella dysenteriae (gramnegativ) bestimmt. Die Honige zeigten alle inhibitorische Wirkung, wenn auch bei den einzelnen Proben in verschiedenem Ausmas.
The effects of ohmic heating frequency on hot-air drying rate and juice yield

Ohmic pretreatment of fruit and vegetable samples has been shown to increase hot-air drying rate, shift desorption isotherms, and increase juice yields over raw samples or those pretreated with conventional or microwave heating. The frequency of alternating current has been found to alter heat and mass transfer properties. In this study, the hot-air drying rate of yam and the juice yields of apples were compared using a 60 Hz sine wave and a 4 Hz sawtooth wave to determine if lowering the frequency would result in additional improvements to these processes. The 4 Hz sawtooth wave resulted in a faster hot-air drying rate of yam cylinders than the 60 Hz sine wave. The drying rates of the 4 Hz pretreated samples were significantly greater during most of the drying process, with the most pronounced differences occurring during intermediate stages of drying. The electric field strength affected the drying curves in the range tested at 4 and 60 Hz. Apple juice yield was improved by ohmic pretreatment, with 4 Hz sawtooth samples yielding significantly greater quantities than the 60 Hz sinusoidal pretreatment. Due to increased electrical conductivity at 4 Hz, pretreatments at this frequency require considerably less time than pretreatments at 60 Hz The efficiency of mass transfer processes appears to be significantly dependent on waveform and frequency of alternating current. These phenomena could have useful applications for food processing.
Temperature dependence of intramolecular dynamics of the basic leucine zipper of GCN4: implications for the entropy of association with DNA

Abstract The basic leucine zipper domain of the yeast transcription factor GCN4 consists of a C-terminal leucine zipper and an N-terminal basic DNA-binding region that achieves a stable structure only after association with DNA. Backbone dynamics of a peptide encompassing the basic and leucine zipper bZip domain (residues 226–281) are described using NMR spectroscopy. The 15N longitudinal relaxation rates, 15N transverse relaxation rates, and {1H}-15N nuclear Overhauser effects were measured for the backbone amide nitrogen atoms at 290 K, 300 K, and 310 K. The relaxation data were interpreted using reduced spectral density mapping to determine values of the spectral density function, J(ω), at the frequencies 0, ωN, and 0.87ωH to characterize overall and intramolecular motions on picosecond-nanosecond timescales. To account for the temperature dependence of overall rotational diffusion, the J(0) values were normalized using Stoke’s Law. At 310 K, the 13Cα and 13CO chemical shifts in conjunction with the spectral density values indicate that the leucine zipper sequence forms a highly ordered α-helix, while the basic region populates an ensemble of highly dynamic transient structures with substantial helical character. The normalized values of J(0) and the values of J(0.87ωH) for residues in the leucine zipper dimerization domain are independent of temperature. In contrast, residues in the basic region exhibit pronounced increases in the normalized J(0) and decreases in J(0.87ωH) as temperature is decreased. A strong correlation exists between the temperature dependence of 13CO chemical shifts and of J(0.87ωH). These results suggest that, for the basic region, lowering the temperature increases the population of transient helical conformations, and concomitantly reduces the amplitude or timescale of conformational fluctuations on picosecond-nanosecond timescales. Changes in the conformational dynamics of the peptide backbone of the basic region that accompany DNA binding contribute to the overall thermodynamics of complex formation. The change in backbone conformational entropy derived from NMR spin-relaxation data agrees well with the result calculated from calorimetric measurements. Restriction of the conformational space accessible to the basic region may significantly reduce the entropic cost associated with formation of the basic region helices consequent to DNA binding.
Efficiency and stability of distributed fiber amplifiers

Distributed fiber amplifiers are being considered as an alternative to discrete fiber amplifiers.1 The gain in the distributed amplifier typically is envisioned to make up for the passive loss of the fiber, to form a lossless link. In this paper, the pump power requirements and the stability of such transparent systems are investigated numerically and experimentally.
Mechanistic Research in Aquatic Toxicology: Perspectives and Future Directions

On the 30th anniversary of the journal, I provide a perspective on some of the questions and opportunities for new understanding that will interest aquatic toxicologists during the next 30 years. I focus on mechanisms of toxicity involving transcription factors, signalling pathways, and gene networks involved in toxic and adaptive responses in aquatic animals. Prominent questions address the value of a toxicity pathways approach in aquatic systems, issues involving extrapolation among species, identification of susceptibility genes and useful biomarkers of adverse effect, new emerging contaminants, the importance of epigenetic mechanisms, effects of multiple stressors, evolutionary toxicology, and the relative roles of technical and conceptual limitations to our understanding of chemical effects on aquatic systems.
The use of electron beam exposure and chemically enhanced vapor etching of SiO2 for nanoscale fabrication

Abstract We review recent results in nanolithography and nanofabrication using electron beam patterning by SEM and STM and chemically enhanced vapor etching (CEVE). This process has successfully produced robust silicon dioxide lithographic masks which have been used in a variety of etching, selective area reaction, and lift-off processes. Pattern transfer to silicon and the formation of nanoscale conductors are discussed. The use of self-assembled monolayers of various organic acids is shown to have potential as monolayer resists in combination with CEVE.
Tandem DNA Binding of E. coli's Transactivator PhoB

In this issue of Structure, Blanco et al. describe the first structure of a two-component response regulator effector domain bound to its target DNA, showing novel tandem binding to successive direct repeat sequences of pho boxes from the phoA operon promotor.
Estimates of asymmetric Freud polynomials on the real line

Abstract We find bounds for the polynomials pn(x) orthogonal with respect to asymmetric Freud weights of the form w(x) = exp(−Q(x)), where Q is an even degree polynomial with positive leading coefficient, by utilizing asymptotics for the recursion coefficients an and bn and an approximate differential equation satisfied by pn(x).
A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTRAOPERATIVE LYMPHATIC MAPPING AND SELECTIVE LYMPHADENECTOMY

Intraoperative lymphatic mapping (ILM) and selective lymphadenectomy are revolutionary concepts that, in a short period, have shown the potential to alter dramatically the management of many patients with solid neoplasms. The rapid adaptation of this approach to the staging of solid neoplasms by the surgical oncology community has resulted in an explosion of data. Initially described as a surgical technique in which each surgeon had to climb a learning curve, ILM and selective lymph node dissection (SLND) are now recognized as a multidisciplinary surgical approach to the management of the patient with cutaneous melanoma and breast cancer. The potential values of ILM and SLND are being examined vigorously now in numerous other solid neoplasms.
Model selection and prediction--normal regression

This paper discusses the topic of model selection for finite-dimensional normal regression models. We compare model selection criteria according to prediction errors based upon prediction with refitting, and prediction without refitting. We provide a new lower bound for prediction without refitting, while a lower bound for prediction with refitting was given by Rissanen. Moreover, we specify a set of sufficient conditions for a model selection criterion to achieve these bounds. Then the achievability of the two bounds by the following selection rules are addressed: Rissanen's accumulated prediction error criterion (APE), his stochastic complexity criterion, AIC, BIC and the FPE criteria. In particular, we provide upper bounds on overfitting and underfitting probabilities needed for the achievability. Finally, we offer a brief discussion on the issue of finite-dimensional vs. infinite-dimensional model assumptions.
Traumatic aortic injury: computerized tomographic findings at presentation and after conservative therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the computerized tomographic (CT) findings in traumatic aortic injury (TAI) at presentation and after conservative management. METHODS: Institutional review board-approved retrospective review of trauma registry during a 6-year period identified class 1 or 2 trauma patients with TAI. The CT findings were correlated with patient outcome. RESULTS: Forty-eight of 3350 patients had TAI. Seven had TAI limited to the abdominal aorta. Twenty-nine of 48 had early (12) or delayed (17) aortic repair. Common abnormalities were pseudoaneurysms (69%) and intramural hematoma (IMH) (65%). Forty-one of 48 TAI were confirmed on endovascular imaging or surgery. Subsequent CT was available in those who had delayed repair (n = 9) or conservative management (10) and showed stable pseudoaneurysms with resolving IMH (n = 11), resolving IMH (n = 4), intimal flap (n = 2), aortic thrombus (n = 1), and dissection (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: Traumatic aortic injury is rare. It commonly involves thoracic aorta with pseudoaneurysm and IMH. Significant TAI in stable patients remains stable on follow-up imaging. Minor TAI may resolve with conservative therapy.
Economic assessment of early initiation of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using propensity score matching.

Abstract Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation leading to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, is an important cause of morbidity, mortality, and increased health care utilization and expenditures. Objective: Observational data were used to examine potential benefits of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment initiated earlier than the current guideline-recommended stepwise approach among patients with COPD diagnosed between 1998 and 2004. Methods: Data for this retrospective cohort study of COPD patients aged ≥40 years were drawn from a large managed care claims database. All patients received ICS therapy in addition to regular inhaled bronchodilator treatment. Annual exacerbation events, defined by COPD-related resource utilization (hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and/or unplanned office visits) and expenditures, were compared between patients with early initiation (ie, within 3 months of starting regular bronchodilators) and those who began ICS treatment later. Propensity score matching was used to identify treatment and control groups, controlling for baseline characteristics that could influence treatment choices and outcomes. Logistic and negative binomial regression models were used to estimate differences in utilization. Differences in medical, pharmacy, and total expenditures were estimated using a generalized linear model. Results: The study included 7712 patients (4146 females, 3566 males; mean age, 61.6 years). The mean duration of follow-up was 1040 days (2.8 years). Early ICS initiation was associated with a lower likelihood of mild (49.6% vs 56.3%; P P Conclusions: ICS treatment initiated along with bronchodilators reduced COPD exacerbation events and expenditures in these managed care plans. Further research is needed to address potential selection bias due to unobserved factors.
Sibutramine, a serotonin uptake inhibitor, increases dopamine concentrations in rat striatal and hypothalamic extracellular fluid.

We measured, using microdialysis, the effects of sibutramine, given intraperitoneally, on brain dopamine and serotonin flux into striatal and hypothalamic dialysates of freely moving rats, and on the uptake of [(3)H]-DA into striatal synaptosomes. For microdialysis experiments, samples collected every 30 min were assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography, in a single run. Administration of a low dose of sibutramine (2.0 mg/kg, i.p) had no effect on dopamine or serotonin concentrations in striatal dialysates but higher doses increased both: 5 mg/kg increased these concentrations to 196+/-24% (p<0.01) and 221+/-28% (p<0.01) of baseline, respectively; 10 mg/kg increased dopamine to 260+/-66% (p<0.01) and serotonin to 160+/-20% (p<0.05) of baseline. In hypothalamus, the 5 mg/kg sibutramine dose increased the dopamine concentration to 186+/-40% (p<0.05) and that of serotonin to 312+/-86% (p<0.01) of baseline, while the 10 mg/kg (i.p.) dose increased dopamine to 392+/-115% (p<0.01), and serotonin to 329+/-104% (p<0.01) of baseline. In vitro, sibutramine blocked [(3)H]-dopamine uptake into striatal synaptosomes, with an IC(50) value of 3.8 microM. These findings indicate that sibutramine has at least as great an effect on brain extracellular dopamine levels as on brain serotonin, and suggest that the drug's antiobesity action may result from the changes it produces in brain dopamine as well as serotonin metabolism.
Southwestern Corn Borer Growth on Laboratory Diets Containing Lyophilized Corn Husks

Southwestern corn borer (Diatraea grandiosella Dyar) is a serious pest of corn (Zea mays L.) in the southern USA. Lack of reliable techniques for evaluating resistance after anthesis is a major problem. The objective was to develop a laboratory bioassay for evaluating southwestern corn borer larval growth on diets comprised primarily of lyophilized husks of corn inbred lines. Diets were prepared by adding 15 g of lyophilized husk tissue collected within 3 d after silk emergence to a mixture of 250 mL distilled water, 2400 mg agar, 12.5 mg gentamicin sulfate, 132 mg sorbic acid, and 528 mg ascorbic acid. Larvae were weighed after feeding on the test diet for 21 d. Larvae fed diets containing husks of different inbred lines varied significantly. Because southwestern corn borer larvae that infest corn plants at or after anthesis feed initially on husks, this bioassay is a potentially useful technique for identifying resistant germplasm.
Calculation of Chloroform/Water Partition Coefficients for the N-Methylated Nucleic Acid Bases

The chloroform/water partition coefficients have been determined for five N-methylated nucleic acid bases (9-methyladenine, 9-methylguanine, 1-methylcytosine, 1-methythymine, and 1-methyluracil) by calculating the absolute solvation free energies of the bases in chloroform and using the data for water calculated previously by Miller and Kollman (J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 8587). Thermodynamic perturbation calculations with explicit solvent were used to determine the absolute solvation free energies. Two separate sets of chloroform simulations were performed differing only in the choice of atomic charges for chloroform and the bases. In the first simulations, labeled as charge set 1 (CS1), RESP was used with the RHF/6-31G(3df,2p) basis set to determine the chloroform charges and the RHF/6-31G* basis set to determine the charges for the nucleic acid bases. For the second simulations, labeled as charge set 2 (CS2), the CS1 chloroform charges were scaled down to reproduce the experimental dipole moment in solu...
Cloning of Mouse Type VII Collagen Reveals Evolutionary Conservation of Functional Protein Domains and Genomic Organization

Type VII collagen is the major component of anchoring fibrils, attachment structures necessary for stable association of the dermal-epidermal basement membrane to the underlying dermis. The critical role of the anchoring fibrils in providing integrity to the cutaneous basement membrane zone is attested to by demonstration of mutations in the type VII collagen gene (COL7A1) in patients with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. To gain insight into the evolutionary conservation of the type VII collagen gene, in this study we have cloned the entire mouse type VII collagen cDNA and elucidated the intron-exon organization of the corresponding gene, Col7a1. The coding region of the cDNA consists of 8832 nucleotides encoding a polypeptide of 2944 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of approximately 295 kDa. Computer analysis predicted the presence of an 18-amino acid signal peptide. Comparison of the deduced mouse alpha1(VII) collagen polypeptide with the corresponding human sequence indicated 84.7% identity and 90.4% homology at the amino acid level. In addition, the domain organization, including imperfections and interruptions within the collagenous domain consisting of Gly-X-Y repeat sequences, was highly conserved. The unit of evolutionary period between the full-length human and mouse polypeptides was calculated to be 6.5 million years, however, suggesting relatively rapid evolutionary divergence in comparison to other collagen genes. Elucidation of the intron-exon organization of the mouse Col7a1 gene revealed 118 distinct exons, the same number as present in the human gene. These data indicate a high degree of structural conservation between the human and mouse type VII collagen, supporting the critical role of this collagen as the major component of the anchoring fibrils.
On an optimal linear pattern classification procedure

Abstract The problem of Optimal Linear Discrimination for 3-class pattern recognition is attacked. The Linear Discrimination Rule, under those circumstances, is devised according to the following optimality criterion: maximize the probability of correct classification into any one of the three classes, while keeping the other two such probabilities fixed. An explicit solution of the problem is given, and a search technique is implemented greatly reducing the problem complexity.
A KINETIC STUDY OF GROWTH MOVEMENTS AND PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS IN ETIOLATED PEA SEEDLINGS

The kinetics of the effects of inductive photomorphogenically active light on etiolated peas have been studied by means of time-lapse photography. The effects noted include: (1) A lightinduced decrease in the rate of stem elongation, beginning about 6 hr after the light treatment, and ending about 18 hr later. (2) A light-induced opening of the apical hook, beginning ca. 2-5 hr after light treatment, and reaching its peak rate ca. 6 hr later. (3) A light-stimulated eircumnutation, starting usually about 15-22 hr after the light, and resulting in a decreased period of oscillation (from ca. 86 to ca. 76 min) and an increased amplitude (from 150 total angular displacement to about 400). (4) A promotion of terminal bud growth, known from previous work to start at about 4 hr after irradiation and to reach a peak about 12 hr later. (5) A "bobbing" movement of the apex, apparently involving reversible hook and stem oscillations, which appears to be of endogenous origin and insensitive to light. These data furnish a kinetic background against which proposed biochemical mechanisms of de-etiolation can be assessed.
Vitreous Findings in Cases of Optic Nerve Pits and Serous Macular Detachment

We examined biomicroscopically the relationship between the optic nerve and the vitreous in 17 eyes of 16 consecutive patients with pits of the optic nerve that demonstrated an associated serous detachment of the macula. The posterior vitreous was attached in 15 eyes (88%); the posterior vitreous was partially detached with a vitreous strand terminating at the optic pit in two eyes (12%). Of the 15 eyes without posterior vitreous detachment, 11 (73%) had an anomalous Cloquet's canal that was markedly condensed and terminated at the margin of the pit. During ocular movement, we observed a back-and-forth movement of the anomalous Cloquet's canal and a pulsating translucent membrane that covered the pit. Our findings suggest that the intravitreal traction on the optic pit by the anomalous Cloquet's canal may have a role in the development of macular detachment.
Effective model theory vs. recursive model theory

Recursive model theory is supposed to be the study of the effectiveness of constructions and theorems in model theory. This often involves getting “effective” versions of various classical model-theoretic notions. The traditional way of doing this is to restrict attention to recursive models, and recursive isomorphisms between them, etc. Thus for example the following definition appears in the literature (in [3] and [1]).Definition. Given a recursive model A and an n Є ω, a subset R ⊆ An is called intrinsically r.e. provided that for every recursive model B ≈ A, the isomorphic image in B of R is an r.e. subset of Bn.It is clear that if R is definable by a (recursive, infinitary) Σ10 formula (with finitely many parameters from A), then R is intrinsically r.e. It seems natural for the converse to be true. Indeed, provided that (A, R) is sufficiently “regular” in a sense made precise in a theorem of Ash and Nerode (see [3]), the converse is true. However, if we drop the (rather strong) regularity conditions, there exist “pathological” examples of intrinsically r.e. relations which are not definable by a Σ10 formula (see [7]).In this paper, we suggest a rather different approach to studying the effectiveness of model theory, an approach we have dubbed “effective model theory”. The basic idea is to allow arbitrary nonrecursive models, but to require all notions to be relativized to the complexity of the models involved. (Much the same notion has been used in [2] under the name “relatively recursive model theory”.) Thus for example we have the following effective model theory version of the property of being intrinsically r.e.
Hematologic profile of sepsis in neonates: neutrophil CD64 as a diagnostic marker.

Objective The goal was to determine the utility of neutrophil CD64 as a diagnostic marker for sepsis in neonates. Methods A prospective study that enrolled consecutive infants with suspected sepsis was performed. Complete blood count with differential, blood culture, and CD64 index measurement were performed, and neutrophil CD64 indices were correlated with the diagnoses of confirmed and suspected sepsis. Results There were 293 episodes of sepsis evaluations for 163 infants. Infants with sepsis episodes (confirmed or suspected; n = 40) were of greater gestational age (34.7 +/- 0.9 weeks), compared with those (n = 123) with no sepsis (32.6 +/- 0.5 weeks), but had similar birth weights (2325 +/- 200 vs 1969 +/- 94 g) and Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes. There was no difference in the duration of hospitalization for the 2 groups. As expected, the hematologic profiles of sepsis episodes (n = 128) were characterized by higher white blood cell counts, absolute neutrophil counts, absolute band counts, and immature/total neutrophil ratios but lower platelet counts. Sepsis episodes had higher neutrophil CD64 indices (5.61 +/- 0.85 vs 2.63 +/- 0.20). For all sepsis episodes, the CD64 index had an area under the curve, in receiver operating characteristic analysis, of 0.74; with a cutoff value of 2.30, the CD64 index in combination with the absolute neutrophil count had the highest negative predictive value (93%) for ruling out sepsis and 95% sensitivity for diagnosing sepsis. For culture-positive sepsis episodes, the CD64 index had the highest area under the curve (0.852) of all hematologic variables, with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 79%, with a cutoff value of 4.02. Conclusions Neutrophil CD64 is a highly sensitive marker for neonatal sepsis. Prospective studies incorporating CD64 into a sepsis scoring system are warranted.
Biology and life tables for the predaceous earwig, Doru taeniatum [ Derm.: Forficulidae ]

The biology of the earwig,Doru taeniatum (Dohrn), a reported predator ofSpodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), was studied in the laboratory.D. taeniatum under laboratory conditions was easily reared, mated readily and females tended eggs and first instar nymphs.D. taeniatum developed through 4 nymphal instars and reached imago in approximately 30 days. It is an omnivore in the laboratory and capable of developing and reproduction on plant pollen alone, and on Lepidoptera eggs (Sitotroga carealella) (Olivier) alone. Immatures developed most rapidly and females were most fecund when fed either a combination ofS. cereallea eggs and pollen, orS. cerealella eggs alone.
Incorporating Critical Thinking and Authenticity into Business German Testing

For some time, foreign language proficiency theoreticians and practitioners as well as executives in international business have identified critical thinking as an essential skill. Despite this demand, the leading world-wide examinations for assessing oral and written communicative competence in Business German, the Prufung Wirtschaftsdeutsch International [International Business German Examination] (PWD) and the Zertifikat Deutsch fur den Beruf [German Certificate for Professional Purposes] (ZDfB), test only students' information retrieval skills and fail to assess their critical thinking abilities. This article proposes to integrate critical thinking and problem solving into the exams and to contextualize the tests' tasks in a more authentic business setting without compromising the PWD's and ZDfB's content. These proposals should then be researched using qualitative as well as statistical methods in order to develop a stronger test. For each component of these exams, this article offers ways to include an assessment of the students' ability to reflect on, analyze, and critically evaluate business information. Parallels are drawn to the ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines. Given the enormous influence of the PWD and the ZDfB on Business German curricula worldwide, these improvements will contribute to a more realistic preparation of Business German learners for their successful participation in the global marketplace.
Human milk in the modern world: breastfeeding and the cult of the dairy in "Adam Bede" and "Tess of the d'Urbervilles".

The lush dairy settings in George Eliot's Adam Bede and Thomas Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles have traditionally been perceived as timeless,
Factors Associated with Fatal Hemoptysis in Cancer Patients

We reviewed the clinical outcome of 58 patients with hemoptysis associated with either a hematologic or solid malignancy. Pulmonary hemorrhage causing death (fatal hemoptysis) occurred in 36 percent of these patients. Fatal hemoptysis occurred in six of eight patients with a hematologic malignancy and a fungal pneumonia. Examination of pathologic specimens from five of these patients revealed fungal invasion of blood vessels. An inflammatory response was absent in three, suggesting that granulocytes are not required for fungal-induced tissue destruction. In patients with a bronchogenic tumor, fatal hemoptysis occurred in six of seven patients with a necrotic squamous cell carcinoma. In contrast, hemoptysis was fatal in only two of ten patients with metastatic lung disease. We conclude that hemoptysis in cancer patients with a fungal pneumonia is an ominous sign that may warrant aggressive interventions to prevent a fatal complication.
The International Legal Framework and Armed Groups

This article explores the contribution of the international legal framework to strategies for exercising leverage over and engaging with non-state armed groups. In addressing the framework’s relevance in meeting these challenges, it examines the tensions between hierarchy and reciprocity in international law; key normative developments in international human rights and international humanitarian laws, the issue of existing gaps in the protective framework envisaged by these two bodies of law, and the impact of their growing intersections; recent trends in the international arena that point toward the expansion, as well as restriction, of the normative space and their implications; and, in light of the opportunities/challenges identified, the international legal framework’s prospects for articulating credible engagement strategies with non-state armed groups.
Effects of familiarity on preschool children’s recall

Effects of prior interaction with stimuli on preschool children’s free recall was examined. Half of the children in each of two age groups (3 years and 5 years) were given 6 items to play with for 5 days prior to free recall testing of those items plus 6 new items. The remaining subjects had no prior experience with any of the stimuli on the 12-item test list. Effects of prior interaction with stimuli were obtained for females in both age groups. Significant clustering based on play category was observed. In addition, prior interaction increased recall of play items and decreased recall of nonplay items.
‘Tongues as of Fire’: Judgment as a Function of Glossolalia in Luke’s Thought

The argument advanced in this paper is that the Pentecost language event signals judgment as well as blessing. The reference to ‘tongues as of fire’ in Luke’s description of Pentecost portends judgment. This is consistent both with Luke’s use of the image of fire elsewhere and with the very character of Pentecost as an eschatological event. The judgment in view is directed against those who fail to respond appropriately to the word of God present in the redemptive revelation centered in Jesus. The positive response of obedient disciples results in their experience of the baptism with the Holy Spirit. At the same time, the language of ‘another tongue’ that characterizes this experience serves to demonstrate the divine judgment that has come upon the disobedient.