cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multimedia modeling of the fate of environmental chemicals

The development of a methodology for preliminary assessment of a chemical's behavior in the environment is the objective of the work reported here. The model produces concentration estimates used in the exposure calculations that support risk analysis. It goes beyond traditional fate models by explicitly treating transfer and transformation in air, soil, and biota as well as in water. This multimedia formulation is generalized in its capability to accept various types of chemicals and modes of their release into the environment. The first version of the model described here is designed for manual execution using a programmable calculator; however, the logic is structured to allow future substitution of computer-aided modules. These features were adopted to meet requirements of lead time, ease in application, and model evaluation. The development efforts have generated scientific narratives, flow charts, user instructions, and generic environmental data sets for various regions. These outputs are described and directions for future work are summarized.
8 – THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIALS

To understand the behavior of a thermodynamic system when one or more of its intensive parameters are held constant requires forms of the fundamental equation in which one or more of the extensive parameters are replaced by the conjugate intense parameter without loss of information. If these forms of the fundamental equation are derived in the energy representation, they are referred as “alternative thermodynamic potentials.” An alternative thermodynamic potential is a fundamental equation containing one or more intensive parameters as canonical variables. Such a fundamental equation cannot be obtained simply by replacing an extensive parameter by its conjugate intensive parameter. A simple replacement does not turn a fundamental equation into another one. Instead, it produces an equation of state, with an attendant loss of information. This chapter discusses these thermodynamic potentials, their derivation through the use of the Legendre transformation, and their properties. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the Gibbs–Duhem equation and the degrees of freedom of a thermodynamic system.
Tragic Brilliance: Equilibrium Party Hegemony in Mexico

Why do citizens acquiesce in regimes of which they obviously disapprove? We provide a model that exhibits a general mechanism underlying the survival of one-party dominant, authoritarian regimes. The "tragic brilliance" of one-party dominant systems is that the party employs a complex system of rewards and punishments that lead citizens to actively support the party. We study the long-standing hegemonic dominance in Mexican politics by the PRI. We model the PRI's credible threat to punish localities electing the opposition. We also explore our model's implications for the Mexican transition to democracy. Our empirical evidence at the municipal level supports the model. Our conclusions relate to the comparative literature on one party systems, elections, democratization and the political economy of Mexico.
Architecture Model and Tools for Perceptual Dialog Systems

In this paper, we present an architecture model for context-aware dialog-based services. We consider the term "context" in a broader meaning including presence and location of humans and objects, human behavior, human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction, activities of daily living, etc. We expect that the surrounding environment from which context is gathered is a "smart environment", i.e. a space (such as office, house, or public area) equipped with different sets of sensors, including audio and visual perception. Designing the underlying perceptual systems is a non-trivial task which involves interdisciplinary effort dealing with the integration of voice and image recognition technologies, situation modeling middleware, and context-aware interfaces into a robust and self-manageable software framework. To support fast development and tuning of dialog-based services, we introduce a simulation framework compliant with the proposed architecture. The framework is capable of gathering information from a broad set of sensors, of an event-based abstraction of such information, interaction with an integrated dialog system, and of a virtual representation of a smart environment in schematic 2D or realistic 3D projections. We elaborate on use-cases of architecture model referring the two projects where our system was successfully deployed.
Dexamethasone for bacterial meningitis.

We9re indebted to Dr Wald and colleagues for their careful multicenter investigation of the effect of dexamethasone therapy on the outcome of bacterial meningitis1 and to Dr Prober for his thoughtful commentary and advice.2 These esteemed colleagues conclude against beneficial effect of dexamethasone and against recommending its use for most children with suspected bacterial meningitis. Perched on the same fence of uncertainty, with the same data in hand from this study and others, one could slip (equally uncomfortably) into the mud on the other side of the fence.
Growth of the atrial septum after Amplatzer device closure of atrial septal defects in young children.

Background Trans-catheter closure of atrial septal defects (ASD) with the Amplatzer Septal Occluder (ASO) device is safe and effective, but concern over erosions has increased. Devices are placed in growing children but septal growth after ASOs is ill-defined. Understanding the device relationship to cardiac structures as a child grows may help us understand erosions. Objective: To define (1) how preprocedural septal measurements change after ASO and (2) the effect of somatic growth on these dimensions. Methods: Data were collected retrospectively. Echocardiograms were reviewed and rims measured prior to ASO, immediately after ASO, and at follow-up. Demographic, procedural and device data were collected. Results: Thirty-three patients were enrolled; mean age 5.2 ± 3.2 years with 4.0 ± 2.2 years follow-up. All septal measurements decreased after ASO. Thirty-one of 33 devices (94%) contacted the aortic root after ASO; all remained in contact at follow-up with only the IVC rim growing significantly over time. Change in BSA predicted an asymmetric septal growth with increases in superior (P = 0.01) and IVC (P = 0.005) rims and no increase in aortic or AVV rims. No episodes of erosion occurred. Conclusions: ASDs in young children are not central in the septum, but proximate to the aorta. After ASO, the device remains in close proximity to the aorta. With somatic growth, the septum grows asymmetrically, and device position relative to the aorta is constant. Our study was not powered to detect rare serious adverse events such as erosion, but aortic rims were consistently zero and yet no events occurred. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social sensor analytics: Making sense of network models in social media

We carefully revisit our definition of a social media signal from previous work both in terms of time-varying features within the data and the networked nature of the medium. Further, we detail our analysis of global patterns in Twitter over the month of June 2014, detect and categorize events, and illustrate how these analyses can be used to inform graph-based models of Twitter, namely using a recent network influence model called PhySense: similar to PageRank but tuned to behavioral analysis by leveraging a sociologically inspired probabilistic model. We ultimately identify a signature of information dissemination via analysis of time series and dynamic graph spectra and corroborate these findings through manual investigation of the data as a requisite step in modeling the diffusion process with PhySense. We have made our time series and dynamic graph analytical code available via a GitHub repository 1 and our data are available upon request.
Fabrication of an X-Band conformal antenna array on an additively manufactured substrate

Conformal antenna arrays are useful for applications that require directive radiation patterns while constrained to non-planar geometries. Most prototype implementations achieve conformality by tiling planar elements or utilizing flexible substrates. In this paper, we demonstrate the fabrication of an array of X-Band patch radiators fabricated with their feed network directly atop a non-planar substrate which was produced using additive manufacturing. Measurements of the far field radiation patterns are consistent with simulations, which show the conformal array can achieve performance similar to a tiled or planar alternative.
Design and Dynamic Simulation of a Novel Piano Action Mechanism

A novel piano action mechanism is presented, which is based on a multi-lobed lifting cam. The cam replaces several bodies in the standard action mechanism and allows the upright piano to achieve fast repetition of a single note, which is a quality more commonly attributed to grand piano actions. The use of simulation software to aid in tuning of the design is described, and the final simulation results are presented. These results indicate the ability of the new mechanism to achieve good performance over a range of playing intensities and to play repeated notes in rapid succession.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Influencing: a critical skill for managing digital library project teams

Purpose – To develop an understanding of the role successful influencing plays in managing a digital library project team.Design/methodology/approach – Building on a prior article that discussed methodologies for coming to decisions within a group, the question remains of how to deal with situations where the team leader needs to influence people in order to accomplish the work of the project. This article outlines a methodology for practising effective influencing in a project team environment.Findings – Project managers can be more successful in influencing if they are attentive to the differing needs of team members and how they can best meet those differing needs. Different influencing styles interact with different personality types, so no one influencing style is universally appropriate and project managers need to be comfortable using several styles.Originality/value – All people are influenced, one way or another, by other people. This paper fills a gap in the digital project management literature...
Branched projections of cat sensorimotor cortex: multiple retrograde labeling via commissural corticocortical, decussated corticostriatal and undecussated corticostriatal axons

The common origins and interrelationships of commissural corticocortical and descending corticostriatal projections were assessed by multiple retrograde labeling of neurons in the precruciate sensorimotor cortex of the cat. The major finding was that some of these neurons had axons that branched at least twice to send collaterals to contralateral cortical sites and bilateral subcortical sites in the caudate nucleus. Regardless of their collateralization, these axons originated mainly from pyramidal neurons of small-medium size located in cortical laminae III-V. A considerable component of the corticocortical and corticostriatal inputs derived from the same neurons. These fibers subserve both intra- and interhemispheric linkages of the sensorimotor cortex with itself and the basal ganglia.
Evidence for Molecular Differences in Prostate Cancer between African American and Caucasian Men

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of ERG rearrangement, PTEN deletion, SPINK1 overexpression, and SPOP mutation in prostate cancer in African American and Caucasian men. Experimental design: Dominant tumor nodules from radical prostatectomy specimens of 105 African American men (AAM) were compared with 113 dominant nodules from Caucasian men (CaM). Clinical and pathologic characteristics of the two groups were similar. SPINK1 overexpression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, ERG rearrangement and PTEN deletion by FISH, and SPOP mutation by Sanger sequencing. Results: ERG rearrangement was identified in 48 of 113 tumors (42.5%) in CaM and 29 of 105 tumors (27.6%) in AAM ( P = 0.024). PTEN deletion was seen in 19 of 96 tumors (19.8%) in CaM and 7 of 101 tumors (6.9%) in AAM ( P = 0.011). SPINK1 overexpression was present in 9 of 110 tumors (8.2%) in CaM and 25 of 105 tumors (23.4%) in AAM ( P = 0.002). SPOP mutation was identified in 8 of 78 (10.3%) tumors in CaM and 4 of 88 (4.5%) tumors in AAM ( P = 0.230). When adjusted for age, body mass index, Gleason score, and pathologic stage, ERG rearrangement and SPINK1 overexpression remain significantly different ( P = 0.018 and P = 0.008, respectively), and differences in PTEN deletion and SPOP mutation approach significance ( P = 0.061 and P = 0.087, respectively). Conclusions: Significant molecular differences exist between prostate cancers in AAM and CaM. SPINK1 overexpression, an alteration associated with more aggressive prostate cancers, was more frequent in AAM, whereas ERG rearrangement and PTEN deletion were less frequent in this cohort. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether these molecular differences explain some of the disparity in incidence and mortality between these two ethnic groups. Clin Cancer Res; 20(18); 4925–34. ©2014 AACR .
Extracting unrecognized gene relationships from the biomedical literature via matrix factorizations

Background The construction of literature-based networks of gene-gene interactions is one of the most important applications of text mining in bioinformatics. Extracting potential gene relationships from the biomedical literature may be helpful in building biological hypotheses that can be explored further experimentally. Recently, latent semantic indexing based on the singular value decomposition (LSI/SVD) has been applied to gene retrieval. However, the determination of the number of factors k used in the reduced rank matrix is still an open problem.
Acetylation Regulates the Interaction of Huntingtin with Lipid Membranes: Implications for Huntington Disease

Huntington disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) domain in the N-terminus of the huntingtin (htt) protein which facilitates its aggregation. The first 17 amino acids (Nt17) in htt is an amphiphathic α-helix lipid-binding domain that promotes the formation of a diverse population of nanoscale aggregates. This domain undergoes numerous posttranslational modifications that modulate htt's toxicity, subcellular localization, and trafficking of vesicles. More specifically, N-terminal acetylation of htt has been implicated in the etiology of HD. Given the importance of acetylation in HD, we employed mass spectrometry (MS), both in situ and ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM), and spectroscopic techniques to evaluate the impact of lysine acetylation on htt's aggregation kinetics in solution and on model lipid bilayers. Acetylation of htt exon 1 (51Q), and synthetic truncated htt exon 1 peptide (Nt17Q35P10KK) was achieved using a selective covalent label sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHSA) in molar ratios of 1x, 2x, and 3x NHSA per peptide. With these molar ratios, all three lysine residues (K6, K9, and K15) in Nt17 were significantly labeled, as verified by MS. N-terminal htt acetylation retarded fibril formation in solution; however, the resulting fibril morphology was unaltered. Htt acetylation strongly impacted the protein's ability to bind lipid membranes, as demonstrated by a combination of lipid binding assays and AFM. Acetylated htt was found to bind to lipid vesicles, and disrupt lipid bilayer morphology less aggressively compared to the unlabeled htt. Our results highlight that N-terminal acetylation influences the aggregation of htt and its interaction with lipid bilayers.
Arcadia for some: The strange story of autonomous housing

Abstract Hardy and Ward's work reminds us that there was an important tradition of self‐build housing in Great Britain in the 1920s and 1930s. The lotissements of the Paris region represent a similar working class style of autonomous housing in the same era. Just as John Turner and others were celebrating this method of low‐cost housing production as an answer to the problems of shelter in the Third World, planning systems in the First World were systematically crushing it. But the new emphasis on community design may mean a belated return to it.
Optimal kernel estimation of densities

Precise asymptotic behavior for mean integrated squared error (MISE) is determined for sequences of kernel estimators of a density in a broad class, including discontinuous and possibly unbounded densities. The paper shows that the sequence using the kernel optimal at each fixed sample size is asymptotically more efficient than a sequence generated by changing the bandwidth of a fixed kernel shape, regardless of the kernel shape. The class of densities considered are those whose characteristic functions behave at large arguments like the product of a Fourier series and a regularly varying function. This condition may be related to the smoothness of an m-th derivative of the density.
Recombinant human neutral endopeptidase ameliorates pancreatic elastase-induced lung injury.

Abstract Background. Genetic deletion of neutral endopeptidase (NEP), a cell-surface metalloprotease that degrades proinflammatory peptides, exacerbates lung injury induced by pancreatic elastase in a model of pancreatitis-associated lung injury. We tested 3 hypotheses: (1) genetic deletion of NEP prolongs lung recovery after elastase injections; (2) elastase-mediated lung injury is associated with down-regulation of NEP; and (3) pretreatment of NEP (−/−) and (+/+) animals with recombinant human NEP (rhNEP) reduces pulmonary damage in this model. Methods. NEP (+/+) or (−/−) mice were injected with pancreatic elastase (0.085 U/g/dose intraperitoneally) or saline carrier at t = 0 hours and t = 1 hour. Some mice were pretreated with rhNEP (3 mg/kg intraperitoneally). Serum elastase, lung histologic score, myeloperoxidase, and NEP activities were measured at 4, 8, or 12 hours. Results. NEP (−/−) mice had worse pulmonary inflammation at 4 and 8 hours versus (+/+) mice. Lung NEP activity was similar in elastase-treated and control (+/+) animals. Pretreatment with rhNEP reduced myeloperoxidase and improved histology at 4 hours in NEP (−/−) and (+/+) mice. Conclusions. Pancreatic elastase induces lung injury that is worse and prolonged in NEP (−/−) mice. Pretreatment with rhNEP ameliorates this injury. Thus, upregulation of NEP is a potential therapeutic approach for pancreatitis-associated lung injury. (Surgery 2002;132:193-9.)
Toward a Geographic Biography : Mi la ras pa in the Tibetan Landscape

Few Tibetan figures have left an impression on the Himalayan landscape, both literary and geographic, as indelibly as Mi la ras pa (ca. 1028–1111), whose career as meditator and poet was punctuated by travel across the borderlands of southern Tibet. This essay will begin to address the defining role of place in Tibetan biographical literature by examining the intersections of text and terrain in the recording of an individual's life. In particular, this study examines sites of transformation in Mi la ras pa's biographical narratives, arguing for what might be called a geographic biography by examining the dialogical relationship between a life story recorded on paper and a life imprinted on the ground. It first considers the broad paradigms for landscaping the environment witnessed in Tibetan literature. It then examines ways in which the yogin's early biographical tradition treated the category of sacred place, creating increasingly detailed maps of the yogin's life, and how those maps were understood and reinterpreted. The paper concludes by addressing two specific modes of transformation in the life story — contested place and re-imagined place — exploring new geographies of consecration, dominion, and praxis.
Associational Freedom, Equality, and Rights Against the State

Freedom of association has long been recognized as a fundamental freedom protected by the liberal state yet it has not received nearly the theoretical attention of other such freedoms as worship or speech. This essay explores a tension between two deeply held convictions of liberal theorists and citizens. First is that like-minded citizens should be free to assemble in order to pursue their conceptions of the good so long as they do not harm others. Second is that the state must treat all citizens with equal respect and that doing so requires government to forbid "publicly supported" associations from imposing membership restrictions (favored by members) that deny some citizens equal opportunity or protection under law. I suggest that a significant contemporary strain in liberal theory, represented by Rawls and Dworkin, gives too much weight to the egalitarian concern and too little to the good associating does for members. By discussing concrete cases, I develop what I call a liberal perfectionist defens...
Risk-informed extension of the inservice inspection interval for pressurized water reactor vessel from 10 to 20 years

Abstract The Pressurized Water Reactor Owners Group (PWROG) methodology for extending the inservice inspection interval for reactor vessel welds in pressurized water reactors is described in technical report, WCAP-16168-NP, Revision 1. This report presents a risk-informed basis for extending the interval between inspections from the current interval of 10–20 years. This paper discusses the background of the PWROG inservice inspection interval extension methodology and the results of pilot plant studies on typical Westinghouse, Combustion Engineering, and Babcock and Wilcox plant designs. These pilot plant studies showed that the change in risk associated with the proposed inspection interval extension was within the guidelines specified in the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Regulatory Guide 1.174 for an acceptably small change in risk. This paper also discusses the application of the extended interval to other pressurized water reactors and provides examples of the application.
Reducing noise in extended depth of field microscope images by optical manipulation of the point spread function

This work describes improved methods and algorithms for implementing extended depth of field (EDF) microscopy through point spread function (PSF) engineering. It utilizes adaptive optics to create a test bed on which to evaluate new phase shapes for EDF. Being able to quickly and cheaply design novel PSFs is essential to overcome limitations of EDF that have prevented the technology from reaching mainstream use. Further improvement is made by reducing the noise normally seen in EDF images. Computational optics principles are used to first encode the noise with an identifiable pattern and a specially-tailored non-linear algorithm then removes the noise. This approach improves a microscope's imaging capabilities in photon-starved applications such as live-cell fluorescence and object tracking.
Behavioral assessment and treatment of pediatric burn injuries: A review *

This article reviews the research literature on the behavioral assessment and treatment of pediatric burn injuries. Highlighted applications include modification of distress during medical procedures (hydrotherapy, debridement, dressing changes, and physical therapy), consummatory behavior, sleep-related problems, and self-excoriation. Results of studies suggest that behavioral procedures hold considerable promise in impacting on the multiple problems of the burn-injured child. Methodological issues and future directions for applied burn research are presented. Additionally, the potential contributions of behavior therapy to the multiple difficulties of burned children and their families are discussed. Finally, the need for primary prevention efforts is emphasized.
Safety of Apheresis Donation

Platelet and granulocyte collections have been done for the past 15 years, and studies on the safety of these procedures have been carried out in many institutions in the USA and abroad. In general, no long-term harmful effects have been observed in donors who had undergone frequent cytapheresis. Significant decreases in donor platelet count were noted following repeated platelet apheresis. However, only a few donors became thrombocytopenic (platelet count less than 150,000/microliter). Interestingly enough, if the donor was allowed time to recover a normal platelet count, subsequent repeated platelet collection did not induce thrombocytopenia. Rebound of platelets has also been a common finding. Intensive granulocyte collections have not reduced the number of circulating granulocytes, nor has there been any report of leukopenia in donors who had undergone frequent leukocytapheresis. The limiting factor has been the need for hydroxyethyl starch as a sedimenting agent and corticosteroids to stimulate the granulocyte release from the marrow, which have known adverse effects of their own. No significant changes in plasma proteins and other biochemical and hematological parameters have been reported in cytapheresis donors. There is widely-held concern that because the collections of platelets and granulocytes are not selective to the exclusion of lymphocytes, the repeated cytapheresis may deplete the circulating lymphocytes with theoretical risk associated with long-term alterations of the immune response. In addition, if a significant number of red blood cells are removed, the frequent apheresis donations may render the donor anemic. Because of these theoretical risks, recommendations have been formulated in the USA in an attempt to ensure the safety of apheresis donors.
The Social Studies Teacher: An Exploration of Ethical Behavior.

Abstract This article identifies ethical criteria for social studies teachers. These criteria are synthesized from two sources: the criteria for educational processes presented by R. S. Peters in his book Ethics and Education and the values embedded in the democratic ethic which especially impinge on teachers of social studies. These criteria are set in the context of a parity principle which claims that each of the actors (parents, students, teachers) involved in an educational decision-making share in the function of ruling. In this context, the teacher is viewed as an agent of society who contributes to the socialization of youth. Finally, three examples of tensions between parents, students, and teachers are presented to illustrate how the ethical criteria impinge on the social studies teacher.
ADAPTIVE VALUE OF AROUSAL SWEATING AND THE EPIDERMAL MECHANISM RELATED TO SKIN POTENTIAL AND SKIN RESISTANCE

The following five experiments are reported. 1 After palmar sweating is abolished by atropine, the skin is easier to drill with a dental burr. This suggests that arousal sweating protects the skin against mechanical injury. 2 Intracutaneous injection of acetylcholine or mecholyl at the forearm will produce skin potential (SP) effects of both negative and positive polarity and also a reduction in skin resistance (SR). This suggests that a cholinergic substance is involved in the production of SP and SR. 3 Intracutaneous injection of mecholyl at the forearm will either lower or raise the pain threshold to a needle prick. A lowering of the pain threshold was associated with the presence of an SP negative effect and a rise was associated with an SP positive effect. It is concluded that the adaptive value of the cholinergic substance related to SP and SR is to modulate cutaneous sensitivity. 4 The pain threshold to an electric shock can be lowered or raised by mecholyl injection. This may show that the pain threshold can be varied by mecholyl injection independently of its effects on sweating. 5 Lowering of the electric shock pain threshold at the palm is associated with the appearance of both SP negative and positive responses. This further demonstrates a relation between SP activity and pain sensitivity but indicates that the direction of the change in the pain threshold is not dependent on SP response polarity.
Growth and structure of small gold particles on rutile Ti O 2 (110)

The growth and structure of small ${\mathrm{Au}}_{n}$ particles $(n=1\text{--}4)$ on a rutile $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}(110)$ surface have been examined using gradient corrected density functional theory slab calculations. We present potential energy maps for single Au atoms on the stoichiometric and reduced surfaces. This comparison shows that the presence of oxygen vacancies on $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}(110)$ drastically alters the adsorption and surface diffusion of single Au atoms, and in turn the growth and structure of Au particles. On the reduced surface, the delocalization of electrons from oxygen vacancies provides a low-energy diffusion channel for Au adatoms along a $\mathrm{Ti}(5c)$ row, while there is no preferential direction in Au diffusion on the stoichiometric surface. The small Au particles bind preferably to the vacancy site, with a sizable adsorption energy that oscillates with the number of constituent atoms by virtue of spin pairing. Based on the comparison of supported and gas-phase Au particles, we also discuss the effect of the particle-substrate interaction on the structure of small Au particles grown on $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}(110)$.
Landmine detection using frequency domain features from GPR measurements and their fusion with time domain features

We present in this paper the use of frequency domain features deduced from the energy density spectrum to improve the detection of landmines. The energy density spectrum is obtained from the GPR measurements at an alarm location, and a method to estimate the energy density spectrum is proposed. The energy density spectrum is shown to reveal distinct characteristics between landmine and clutter objects and therefore can be explored for their discrimination. The robustness and consistency of the frequency domain features are demonstrated through two different GPRs. The fusion of frequency domain features and time-domain features is also examined. Experimental results at several test sites confirm the advantages of frequency domain features to better discriminate between mine targets and clutter objects, and the effectiveness of fusion in frequency and time domain features to improve detection performance.
TIN SHIELDING THICKNESSES FOR ELECTRONS

Abstract The transmission of 6, 9, 12, 16, and 20 MeV electrons from a linear accelerator through tin and lead is studied at 0.5 cm depth in polystyrene. These measurements are performed using a 10 × 10 cm2 cone and extend well into bremsstrahlung region. The results show certain advantages of using tin to shield sensitive organs from electron beams. Tin is non-toxic and creates less additional bremsstrahlung even though it must be thicker than the equivalent lead shield.
Synthesis of tri(m‐sulfonatedphenyl)phosphine (tppts): The importance of ph in the work‐up

Abstract Controlling the pH during workup allows synthesis of TPPTS. P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3, without interference from the oxide. The recrystallized yield is 70% based on P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3 3H2O from PPh3.
Temporal thresholds for feature detection in flow visualization

Optic flow is the coherent motion of a region in the visual field, and the visual system is astoundingly effective at perceiving this large-scale and complex percept. Whenever you rotate your head or move through a scene, nearly every part of your visual field moves at a different speed and velocity. For example, as you walk through a forest, the trees in the horizon appear to slowly expand, and the trees on your sides appear to rapidly move to the extremities of your vision visual field and disappear. In spite of such a myriad of local motions, all of this information is concisely summarized as moving forward. Such summary encoding of a large variety of elements makes this percept a potentially useful tool to exploit for visualization. For that reason, our goal in this study is to test the visual system's ability to use optic flow for a basic visualization task, feature detection.
Sharp upper bounds for the orders of the recurrences output by the Zeilberger and q-Zeilberger algorithms

We do what the title promises, and as a bonus, we get much simplified versions of these algorithms, that do not make any explicit mention of Gosper's algorithm.
Metabolism of 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine by cultured rat colon epithelial cells

Abstract The colon carcinogen 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was cultured with rat colon epithelial cells to determine if these cells have the ability to metabolize DMH. Colon epithelial cells isolated from conventional and germfree Sprague‐Dawley rats were incubated in CMRL 1066 supplemented medium containing 14C‐DMH. Cells from both groups of rats metabolized DMH to gaseous metabolites, to metabolites in the medium that were putatively identified as azoxymethane and methylazoxymethanol, and to products that bound to DNA. Cells from germfree rats metabolized DMH at an equal or greater rate than cells from conventional rats for the criteria examined. This report demonstrates that rat colon epithelial cells can metabolize DMH without previous metabolism by other tissues or colon bacteria.
THE RETENTION INDEX AND THE RESCALED CONSISTENCY INDEX

as a measure ol'6t ofa character to a tree, has been widely and successfully employed, but might be capable of some improvement for certain applications. 'The purpose of this note is to dcwrihe two new indices, already in use in Hennig86, and to explain their interpretation. The consistency index,
The Symbolism of Death in the Later Middle Ages.

Historians of medieval art and letters have failed satisfactorily to explain the gruesome images of death occurring at the end of that period. The explanation offered here is that the images are a ...
Estimation of prospective locations in mature hydrocarbon producing areas

Kalman filtering is a methodology that has demonstrated great potential for solving a large number of problems in many areas. It has so far had its greatest success in the areas of control theory and process control, but is a method and it is not limited to this area. There are a great number of areas within oil and gas exploration where it can prove to be of great success. Of particular interest is an aid to exploration in mature hydrocarbon provinces. The identification of remaining reserves of hydrocarbons in stratigraphic traps in the world's mature hydrocarbon provinces is a difficult task. Often these traps are small compounding identification. A subset of this general problem is the appropriate location of new wells in known producing areas. The task reported on herein has been to complete an uncompleted pattern of successful and unsuccessful wells. Two dimensional Kalman filter and interpolation theory is used to estimate successful and unsuccessful well locations. Based on a map of the known well locations, the image representing the estimated pattern is completed. The majority of image pixels in this particular case will be unknown, and not just distorted off of its original value by noise. Examples are detailed and discussed.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
NeuroNet: Towards an Intelligent Internet Infrastructure

Malicious attacks against Internet infrastructure are one of the most damaging threats to modern society. Due to the inter-dependence between networks, attackers can paralyze or isolate the victim network without attacking it directly. Such kind of attacks could be a main weapon of cyber war in the foreseeable future, potentially detrimental to many national interests. Today's network security solutions designed under the end-to-end paradigm cannot address the malicious activities inside the core network effectively. This paper proposed to strengthen the network infrastructure by developing NeuroNet, a network neural system that plays a critical role similar to the role of the nervous system in the human body. A distributed information collection and processing mechanism is proposed, which coordinates the activities of core network devices, monitor for anomalies, construct alerts, and initiate countermeasures. Through intensive experiment of a distributed detection scheme against the low-rate TCP-targeted DDoS attacks, the effectiveness of the NeuroNet architecture is verified.
Uncovering privacy attitudes and practices in instant messaging

We present an analysis of privacy attitudes and practices in Instant Messaging based on responses to an online questionnaire. On a 7-point Likert scale, the reported concern about IM privacy spanned the whole range, with the average being slightly below "medium". Respondents' justifications for privacy concerns revealed that the main contributing factors were: sensitivity of content, personal disposition towards privacy, understanding of technology, and potential persistence of conversations. Expectations for various categories of contacts differed significantly. Our findings indicate that it may be useful to leverage grouping functionality for privacy management. We also propose making the underlying technology more transparent.
Commentary: scale, rent, and symbolic capital: political economy and emerging rural landscapes

The papers collected here demonstrate that rural landscapes around the world are increasingly entering into global-scale circuits of capital accumulation and circulation for purposes other than the conventional ones of raw materials, cheap labor and agricultural commodities. Although the concepts of ‘‘exurbia’’ and ‘‘amenity migration’’ remain to be further specified, it is clear that emerging rural landscapes are an important and vast field for empirical and theoretical research. Four common threads run through the diverse cases presented here: (1) fictitious commodification of nature by capital, in various and novel forms that interact with each other and with antecedent forms; (2) the importance of the category of rent (both actual and potential) to understand these processes adequately; (3) the increasing scale, rate, and magnitude of capital production and circulation as drivers that widen the ‘‘rent gap’’ in rural areas; and (4) the symbolic character of capital invested in amenity forms of uneven development. What frequently results are cultural, political, economic and environmental struggles between ‘‘locals’’ and the bearers of extra-local capital, mediated in complex ways by the tension between simple speculation and more persistent varieties of migration. These struggles are the central research challenge that these papers reveal. Rural landscapes around the world have been subject to international capital flows for hundreds of years. What is new in recent decades, as demonstrated by the papers collected here, are the goals of these investments: no longer limited to raw materials, cheap labor and agricultural commodities, global capital now seeks out rural sites for tourism, residential development, luxury homes, environmental conservation, and speculation in all of these. These phenomena pose serious challenges not only to the residents and landscapes of rural areas, but also to conventional notions of development, capital, and ‘‘the rural’’ as a category. It should be emphasized at the outset that these processes both presuppose and reinforce global patterns of inequality and uneven development. The cases examined in this collection reveal widespread and novel phenomena—this is what makes them important and exciting. The larger picture remains stubbornly continuous, however, with the patterns and processes of uneven development witnessed since the emergence of capitalism. The widening disparity of wealth both within and among countries over the past 35 years must be recognized as a fundamental condition of possibility for the advent of most, if not all, of the new rural landscapes analyzed in these papers. Perhaps this goes without saying, but it should not be forgotten. The concepts of exurbia and amenity migration remain rather underspecified at this point, but the papers assembled here provide an opportunity to N. F. Sayre (&) Department of Geography, University of California, 507 McCone Hall #4740, Berkeley, CA 94720-4740, USA e-mail: nsayre@berkeley.edu
EUS features of recurrent transitional cell bladder cancer metastatic to the GI tract

Background Recurrent transitional cell bladder cancer (TCBC) can metastasize to the GI tract albeit uncommonly. This is the first report of the EUS appearance of metastatic TCBC to the GI tract. In addition to describing the EUS features of recurrent metastatic TCBC, this study determined the number of patients referred for evaluation of a primary GI luminal cancer in which EUS instead established the diagnosis of metastatic recurrent TCBC. Methods Patients referred from July 2000 through April 2004 for EUS evaluation of a suspected primary GI luminal cancer were retrospectively reviewed. For patients with an established diagnosis of recurrent metastatic TCBC, EUS images were retrospectively reviewed to identify characteristic features. Results Of 2216 patients undergoing EUS to evaluate a suspected primary GI luminal cancer, 3 men (0.14%: 95% confidence interval [0.02%, 0.29%]) (mean age 67 years, range 54-74 years) were found instead to have recurrent metastatic TCBC involving the duodenum (n=1) or rectum (n=2). The patients presented a mean of 32 months after diagnosis of the primary TCBC with change in bowel habit (n=1) and symptoms of bowel obstruction (n=2). In each patient, initial endoscopy revealed circumferential luminal stenosis and mucosal erythema, but mucosal biopsy specimens revealed normal tissue. EUS demonstrated hypoechoic, symmetric, circumferential wall thickening, loss of deep wall layers, and pseudopodia-like extensions into the peri-intestinal tissues. In the two patients with rectal involvement, no evidence of direct infiltration from the bladder bed was seen. EUS-guided FNA was diagnostic of metastatic TCBC in all patients. Conclusions Although most cases of hypoechoic bowel-wall thickening and stenosis are from primary GI neoplasia, recurrent TCBC should be considered in patients with a history of this tumor. Correct diagnosis is important, because this allows selection of appropriate therapeutic interventions. Although firm EUS criteria for TCBC cannot be established based on findings in 3 patients, certain features may prove useful. EUS-guided FNA can confirm the diagnosis.
Modeling the Behavior of Geosynthetic Encased Columns: Influence of Granular Soil Constitutive Model

AbstractUsing a high-strength geosynthetic for encasement of granular columns increases the strength of a given column and improves its stress-displacement response. This paper describes the results from a series of three-dimensional finite-element analyses that were performed to simulate the behavior of a single geosynthetic-encased column in soft clay. To examine the sensitivity of the results to the constitutive model that was used to simulate the behavior of the encased granular soil, analyses were performed using models for the encased soil possessing various levels of sophistication. For each model that was studied, comparative analyses were performed to simulate the behavior of a dense and a loose granular soil within the encasement. The results demonstrate the importance of selecting a constitutive model that accurately captures the shear-induced volume-change behavior of the encased granular soil. Additional findings provide guidance for other researchers seeking to model the behavior of geosynth...
Mechanotransducers in Rat Pulpal Afferents

The hydrodynamic theory suggests that pain associated with stimulation of a sensitive tooth ultimately involves mechanotransduction as a consequence of fluid movement within exposed dentinal tubules. To determine whether putative mechanotransducers could underlie mechanotransduction in pulpal afferents, we used a single-cell PCR approach to screen retrogradely labeled pulpal afferents. The presence of mRNA encoding BNC-1, ASIC3, TRPV4, TRPA1, the α, β, and γ subunits of ENaC, and the two pore K+ channels (TREK1, TREK2) and TRAAK were screened in pulpal neurons from rats with and without pulpal inflammation. ASIC3, TRPA1, TREK1, and TREK2 were present in ~67%, 64%, 14%, and 10% of pulpal neurons, respectively. There was no detectable influence of inflammation on the proportion of neurons expressing these mechanotransducers. Given that the majority of pulpal afferents express ASIC3 and TRPA1, our results raise the possibility that these channels may be novel targets for the treatment of dentin sensitivity.
Neural computability. II

The authors present a general framework within which the computability of solutions to problems by various types of automata networks (neural networks and cellular automata included) can be compared and their complexity analyzed. Problems solvable by global dynamics of neural networks, cellular automata, and, in general, automata networks are studied as self-maps of the Cantor set. The theory derived from this approach generalizes classical computability theory; it allows a precise definition of equivalent models and thus a meaningful comparison of the computational power of these models. The authors show that neural networks are at least as powerful as cellular automata and that the converse is true for finite networks. Evidence indicates that the full classes are probably identical. The proofs of these results rely on the existence of a universal neural network, of interest in its own right. >
To Share or Not to Share: The “Pothead” Notebook and FERPA

This case focuses on how an administrator at an Alabama high school interpreted the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974. Specifically, the administrator had to determine whether a not...
Computation of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury

In this paper, an integrated numerical approach is introduced to determine the human brain responses when the head is exposed to blast explosions. The procedure is based on a 3D non-linear finite element method (FEM) that implements a simultaneous conduction of explosive detonation, shock wave propagation, and blast-brain interaction of the confronting human head. Due to the fact that there is no reported experimental data on blast-head interactions, several important checkpoints should be made before trusting the brain responses resulting from the blast modeling. These checkpoints include; a) a validated human head FEM subjected to impact loading; b) a validated air-free blast propagation model; and c) the verified blast waves-solid interactions. The simulations presented in this paper satisfy the above-mentioned requirements and checkpoints. The head model employed here has been validated again impact loadings. In this respect, Chafi et al. [1] have examined the head model against the brain intracranial pressure, and brain’s strains under different impact loadings of cadaveric experimental tests of Hardy et al. [2]. In another report, Chafi et al. [3] has examined the air-blast and blast-object simulations using Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) multi-material and Fluid-Solid Interaction (FSI) formulations. The predicted results of blast propagation matched very well with those of experimental data proving that this computational solid-fluid algorithm is able to accurately predict the blast wave propagation in the medium and the response of the structure to blast loading. Various aspects of blast wave propagations in air as well as when barriers such as solid walls are encountered have been studied. With the head model included, different scenarios have been assumed to capture an appropriate picture of the brain response at a constant stand-off distance of nearly 80cm (2.62 feet) from the explosion core. The impact of brain response due to severity of the blast under different amounts of the explosive material, TNT (0.0838, 0.205, and 0.5lb) is examined. The accuracy of the modeling can provide the information to design protection facilities for human head for the hostile environments.Copyright © 2009 by ASME