cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF VARYING AMOUNTS OF POTASSIUM ON THE GROWTH AND POTASSIUM ACCUMULATION OF YOUNG APPLE TREES.

throughout the plant. Batjer and Degman (1) in studying the effect of varying amounts of potassium on the growth and assimilation of young apple trees found that growth was better on those trees supplied with nutrient solution containing 117 ppm potassium, which was the highest concentration used, than at any of the lower concentrations. Wallace (8) grew apple trees in quartz sand supplied with nutrient solution containing 385 ppm potassium and found high potassium content in the foliage of trees in this treatment. Varying concentrations of potassium were not used in this study by Wallace, therefore it is not possible to conclude whether this concentration of potassium brought about the maximum growth and maximum potassium accumulation, or whether that condition would have been reached at lower or higher concentrations. The present study was made to determine to what extent growth of the plant will continue to increase with increased potassium supply in the culture media, and whether potassium uptake by the plant will continue after that concentration is reached which results in maximum growth. Also, the movement of potassium from one part of the plant to another, the level of potassium in the leaves at the time deficiency symptoms appear, and the variation of potassium content of the tissues at different periods during the seasonal growth cycle were matters which were also given attention in this study. To afford an opportunity of following the movement of potassium in the plant it was decided to initiate the study with trees which were making vigorous growth and were relatively high in potassium content.
A PRODUCT FORM SOLUTION FOR TREE NETWORKS WITH DIVISIBLE LOADS

A product form solution for the optimal fractions of divisible load to distribute to processors in a multi-level tree network is described. Here optimality involves parallel processing the load in a minimal amount of time. This tractable solution is similar to the product form solution for equilibrium state probabilities arising in Markovian queueing networks. The existence of this product form solution answers a long standing open question for divisible load scheduling.
Distribution of Cystine in the Cortex of Wool

The paracortex (more stable fraction) of the wool fiber, as isolated by enzymatic digestion of partially supercontracted fibers, contains considerably more cystine than the orthocortex (less stable fraction). This preponderance of cystine on one side of the fiber has also been demon strated by means of a histochemical method involving the deposition of metallic sulfides.Experiments have been carried out which indicate that the (A + B)—or more reactive- fraction of the cystine reported by other investigators occurs predominantly on the orthocortical side of the fiber.
Bodies that speak and the promises of queer: looking to two lesbian/queer bathhouses for a third way

In utilizing my ethnographic research on two Canadian lesbian/queer bathhouses, Pussy Palace in Toronto and SheDogs in Halifax, I seek to show the centrality of queer and the concomitant promises of a queer project when it comes to bodily speech and sexual articulation. While many feminists have criticized queer as being regressive and ineffective, I explicate the ways in which the queering of space employed by the organizers of Pussy Palace and SheDogs enables the discursive and physical conditions for intelligibility among bathhouse patrons. The result is a body that speaks, a body that through its very specificity is recognized and affirmed.
Relationship of properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to sequestration in soil.

Abstract A study was conducted to determine whether the sequestration of 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil was correlated with their properties. From 22 to 58% of the PAHs was not extracted with n -butanol after their addition to soil. After 28 days of aging, the percentage of the PAHs remaining in the soil increased to 47–77%; however, nearly all of each compound was recovered by Soxhlet extraction. Correlations were based on the amounts of aged compound extracted with butanol. Properties of compounds used in the correlations included K ow , molecular length and molecular-connectivity indices (MCIs). No one property, including log K ow , resulted in an R 2 value greater than 0.26. A chain MCI ( 6 χ ν CH ) together with log K ow or a first-order MCI ( 1 χ) resulted in R 2 values of 0.49 and 0.54, respectively. The data suggest that the properties tested are not important to predicting the sequestration of PAHs in soil.
Trends in heavy rainfalls in the observed record in selected areas of the U.S.

There is popular perception driven by statements in authoritative literature that heavy rainfalls have become more frequent, and that this trend will increase with global warming. Most of the scientific literature examines this question from the point of view of climatology using definitions of “heavy”, “very heavy”, or “extreme” rainfall, which are different from those commonly used by civil engineers and municipal, state and Federal planners. This difference in semantics has lead to a gap in the understanding of impacts of climate change on precipitation frequency estimates. This paper identifies the differences in semantics used by the climate and civil engineering communities and examines trends in the observed record in precipitation frequency estimates. We use terms recognized as the basis for design of the Nation’s civil infrastructure. Specifically, we look at trends in the number of exceedances of thresholds for a variety of precipitation frequencies and event durations, with thresholds taken from Volumes of NOAA Atlas 14, “Precipitation-Frequency Atlas of the United States” (Bonnin et al, 2006a, 2006b). We quantify observed trends and place them in the context of uncertainty associated with the precipitation frequency estimates themselves. NOAA Atlas 14 provides precipitation frequency estimates for the U.S. and is the source of Federal, civil engineering, probabilistic design standards for rainfall, and for the regulations issued by many Federal state and local governments.
Ion–neutral correlations from the dissociation of metal oxide cluster ions in a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer

A time-of-flight mass spectrometer with an electrostatic mirror was used to probe the composition and structure of polyatomic secondary ions via their metastable dissociation following the impact of MeV energy primary ions. The experimental approach combines event-by-event bombardment and detection and coincidence counting, allowing the correlation of neutral and ion fragments originating from the same precursor molecule or cluster ion. To evaluate the ion-neutral correlation method, the dissociation pathways for metal oxide cluster ions sputtered from bismuth [(Bi 2 O 3 ) n BiO + ], lanthanum [(La 2 O 3 ) n LaO + ] and calcium nitrate [(CaO) n H + , (CaO) n Ca + ] were determined. The metal oxide clusters dissociate by shedding stoichiometric units. For instance, (La 2 O 3 ) n LaO + cluster ions dissociate by evaporating a single La 2 O 3 unit. Similar results were obtained for the bismuth oxide cluster ions. The (CaO) n H + , cluster ions from calcium nitrate dissociate by evaporating one or more CaO units, and show preferential decay into fragment ions with favored face-centered-cubic structures such as (CaO) 2 H + and (CaO) 4 H + .
Effect of Variations in Practice of ASTM D7522 Standard Pull-Off Test for FRP-Concrete Interfaces

The recently promulgated ASTM D7522 Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Strength for FRP Bonded to Concrete Substrate provides a method for quality control and acceptance testing of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) systems adhesively bonded to a concrete substrate. In the process of developing ASTM D7522, a number of comments and questions were received—some were incorporated as best practices and some were tabled, requiring further investigation. The present study addresses the latter issues and thereby directs future amendments of the ASTM D7522 standard method. Specifically, this study addresses the effects of specimen shape, the effects of variation in specimen cut depth, methods of cutting square specimens, and the impact of retesting specimens that do not fail during their initial test. It is shown that square specimens should be permitted although their results may not be directly compared with round specimens and they may have some other practical considerations affecting their use. Additionally, it is shown that cutting too deeply into the concrete substrate results in lower values of pull-off strength.
Virial coefficients and equations of state for mixed fluids; application to CH4-H2O

Abstract The statistical mechanics of both pure and mixed fluids yields expressions in terms of virial expansions. The composition dependencies of various virial coefficients are well established, as are the integrals expressing their values in terms of intermolecular potentials. These expressions are simple for the second virial coefficient but increase in complexity so rapidly for higher coefficients that it is not yet feasible to generate a complete equation of state from intermolecular potentials by this method. But it will be shown that these properties for the second, third, and fourth virial coefficients can be combined in a very useful manner with information from the complete equations of state for the component pure fluids to yield a form for the equation for the mixed fluid which maintains consistency with an of the pertinent principles and has a minimum number of parameters to be evaluated empirically. The system CH 4 -H 2 O is presented here as an example and other very recent applications are cited.
GENERALITY OF RESPONSE TO HUMOR AND WIT IN CARTOONS, JOKES, STORIES AND PHOTOGRAPHS

In his book Jokes a?& their relation to the unco?zscioas ( 1960), Freud presents the view that humor and wit serve fundamentally different functions. He describes humor as an attitude by which the ego converts potential distress into triumphant pleasure, whereas wit takes an object and thus symbolically fulfills an aggressive or sexual aim. Since the distinction between the two forms is based on underlying psychological processes, it follows that the use of diverse media, such as jokes, cartoons, or stories, should be less important than the thematic content and structure. O'Connell (1964) illustrates this point in his demonstration that a given verbal anecdote may be provided with an ending alternatively representing Freud's definitions of humor, hostile wit, or resignation. Rather than positing different processes within the same media, the present study was designed to assess the generality of the humor response, or the extent to which diverse media reflect common underlying processes. METHOD Thirty men and 30 women served as Ss at a small, eastern liberal arts college, where their participation was credited toward a laboratory requirement in introductory psychology. The humor stimuli were presented in the context of a larger study concerned with humor and aesthetics, while the present report is restricted to a consideration of cartoons, jokes, literary selections, and photographs. Four types of cartoons were distinguished: (1) purposive wit with an aggressive object, (2) purposive wit with a sexual object, (3) innocent (absurd) wit serving the purpose of amusement, and (4) displacement humor, which follows Freud's view that unpleasure is transformed into pleasure through displacement of affect. Twenty-four cartoons were selected from magazines to meet the definitions of aggressive, sexual, absurdity, and displacement themes.
Effect of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Upon the Foreign Trade of the United States

Obstacles to statistical evaluation, 80. — Several types of measurement used: proportion of world trade transacted by the United States, 82; proportion of our trade with agreement and non-agreement countries, 84; analysis of exports and imports, 86; trade in concession and non-concession products, 90. — Trade with Canada as illustrative of first part of the period, 91. — Trade with other agreement countries as illustrative of second part of the period, 92. — Reasons for the results found, 93. — Probable effects, 94.
Coda and counterpoint

AbstractThis essay responds to several of the issues raised by the various review essays on the author's book, Semiotics of Religion: Signs of the Sacred in History, while simultaneously offering some observations on the nature, current state, and future prospects of the semiotics of religion; on the explanatory ambitions and methodological limitations of this field; and on the location of semiotics in the human sciences and in historical and cultural studies, as distinguished from universalizing or Cartesian approaches.
Blood clotting system in the pathogenesis of the Sanarelli-Shwartzman reaction of the rabbit.

Chromatographiertes, Autoprothrombin-C-freies Thrombin wurde Versuchstieren allein bzw. in Verbindung mit Endotoxin oder nach Blockierung des RES mittels Thorotrast, infundiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Thrombin in der angegebenen Dosierung vorbereitende, nicht aber auslosende Eigenschaften besitzt.
Congress, controlled substances, and physician-assisted suicide--elephants in mouseholes.

In January 2006, the Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. attorney general does not have the authority to prohibit Oregon physicians from prescribing medications to assist terminally ill patients who wish to end their lives. In this article, George Annas reviews the Court's decision and discusses its implications.
Improved flow cytometric sorting of X‐ and Y‐chromosome bearing sperm: Substantial increase in yield of sexed semen

The yield of flow cytometric sorted X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm in a given time period is an important factor in the strategies used for fertilization and the production of sex-preselected off- spring. This yield is dependent on the efficiency with which the modified flow cytometer/cell sorter analyzes the DNA of spermatozoa. The efficiency is directly related to the number of sperm with the correct orientation during DNA analysis. Currently, the effi- ciency of flow cytometric sperm sorting is low since orientation of the sperm head to laser excitation is rate limiting. To overcome this problem, a new nozzle was designed to enhance sperm orientation and tested under flow cytometric sorting conditions. The degree of orientation improvement was determined with different sample rates using viable sperm and dead sperm of several different species. There was at minimum, a two-fold increase in the proportion of oriented sperm when comparing the new nozzle with the currently used modified flow cytometer/cell sorter employing a bev- eled needle. More than 60% of intact bull sperm and boar sperm were correctly oriented compared with 25% to 30% using the beveled needle system. A unique charac- teristic of the novel nozzle was that the proportion of oriented sperm was independent of sample rate and of sperm motility. The accuracy of DNA measurement together with high purity sorting was tested using the novel nozzle. The novel nozzle was unique in that accuracy of measurement and sorting performance were not diminished. Using the new nozzle, samples of 88% purity of sorted X-sperm and Y-sperm were obtained for viable bull and boar sperm. The yield of flow cytometric sorted X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm using the novel nozzle was, on average, twice that obtained by using the beveled needle system in conjunction with a standard equipment nozzle for orientation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 52:50-56, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. †
Chip structure classification based on mechanics of its formation

Abstract Understanding chip formation is the first step to good chip control, a necessity for automated machining. Such understanding results in the prediction of chip breakability for a wide range of machining conditions. This paper presents a generalized model of chip formation in metal cutting. The mechanical properties of the workpiece are of prime concern. A new classification of chip structure is proposed, according to which classification, seven different chip structures are distinguished, namely: the regular broken chip, the irregular broken chip, the continuous fragmentary chip, the continuous fragmentary chip with a wedge-shaped texture, the continuous chip, the continuous hump-back chip, and the fragmentary hump-back chip. Unlike the known classifications which often have a post-process nature, the proposed classification considers the chip structure, the chip stress and strains as the results of chip-formation dynamics. The methodology presented in this paper provides a new and viable means to predict chip breakability. The results of this study give clear ideas to the tool designer, technologist, or even to the foreman, as to what kind of chip-breaking should be used for a given set of machining conditions.
Molecular mechanism of tumor necrosis factor-α modulation of intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier

A TNF-α-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) permeability has been proposed to be an important proinflammatory mechanism contributing to intestinal inflammation in Crohn's ...
Bounding the end-to-end response time in multiprocessor real-time systems

In a multiprocessor real-time system, a task may execute in turn on several processors before it completes. The task may have different priorities on different processors and may execute on some processors more than once. Existing techniques for bounding the response times of such tasks are not effective. In this paper, we present a method to compute tighter upper bounds on their response times. >
A simple algorithm for finding frequent elements in streams and bags

We present a simple, exact algorithm for identifying in a multiset the items with frequency more than a threshold θ. The algorithm requires two passes, linear time, and space 1/θ. The first pass is an on-line algorithm, generalizing a well-known algorithm for finding a majority element, for identifying a set of at most 1/θ items that includes, possibly among others, all items with frequency greater than θ.
Categorical 12-step involvement and continuous abstinence at 2 years☆

A longitudinal analysis of 12-step involvement was conducted among a U.S. sample of patients exiting treatment for substance dependence. Categorical involvement in a set of 12-step activities and summary scores of involvement from the Alcoholics Anonymous Affiliation Scale were examined in relation to continuous abstinence and aftercare (Oxford House or usual care) condition. Participants who were categorically involved in 12-step activities were significantly more likely to maintain continuous abstinence at 2 years compared with those who were less involved, predicting a greater likelihood of complete abstinence than summary scores of involvement. In addition, participants in the Oxford House condition were significantly more likely to remain continuously abstinent throughout the course of this randomized clinical trial. Findings suggest that categorical involvement in a set of 12-step activities and communal-living settings such as Oxford Houses are independent factors associated with continuous abstinence from both alcohol and illicit drugs among substance dependent persons.
The mental patient as betrayer

Goffman's analysis of betrayal in relation to mental hospitalisation focuses on the betrayal of the mental patient by his or her next-of-relation, and is an ungendered analysis. This paper expands the notion of betrayal in the family relations of mental patients in two ways. First, betrayal is considered as a process with a number of dimensions, including not only the betrayal of the mental patient by family members but also betrayal of the family by the mental patient. Second, aspects of this process are analysed in the context of gender roles in the 1950s family.
Polymer-based wide-bandwidth and high-sensitivity micromachined electron tunneling accelerometers using hot embossing

The first PMMA-based membrane tunneling accelerometers were fabricated by hot embossing replication with silicon molds. The silicon molds were prepared by a combinative etching technique involving anisotropic bulk etching and modified plasma dry etching. The constructed molds hold both pyramid pits and positive profile sidewalls with smooth surfaces and steep angles, which were necessary for the hot embossing demolding. After electrodes patterned on embossed PMMA structures, the accelerometers, 8 mm /spl times/8 mm /spl times/1 mm, were packaged and assembled on a measurement circuit board. The exponential relationship between tip currents and applied deflection voltages presented a tunneling barrier height of 0.17 eV. The natural frequency of sensors was about 128 Hz. The bandwidth of the feedback system was 6.3 kHz. The sensitivity of voltage over acceleration was 20.6 V/g, and the resolution was 0.2485 /spl mu/g//spl radic/Hz (g=9.8 m/s/sup 2/).
Implications of a market economy for technical communications in Russia

Technical communications in a market economy call for consideration of other disciplines not usually associated with the communication of technical information. The implications for technical communicators of the following topics are explored: audience analysis, public relations, crisis communications, total quality and other change programs, problem-solving, marketing communications, corporate culture, ethics and technical information, dealing with the media responsible technical communications in a global market environment demand that corporations and governments develop a partnership with their various publics.
Collaborative Position Location for Wireless Networks Using Iterative Parallel Projection Method

In this work, we propose a set-theoretic approach to collaborative position location for wireless networks. The proposed method borrows the concept from the parallel projection method (PPM), originally developed for signal recovery with inconsistent convex feasibility sets, revises and extends the technique to an iterative and distributed numerical framework to estimate node locations, based on incomplete and noisy inter-node distance estimates. We demonstrate that the proposed iterative PPM is computationally much more efficient than existing methods, while achieving comparable and often better localization accuracy and robustness to non-line-of-sight (NLOS) bias. Our proposed method can be implemented in a parallel and distributed fashion, and is scalable for large network deployment.
Who Gets Care? Mental Health Service Use Following a School-Based Suicide Prevention Program

ABSTRACT Objective To examine symptomatology and mental health service use following students' contact with a large urban school district's suicide prevention program. Method In 2001 school district staff conducted telephone interviews with 95 randomly selected parents approximately 5 months following their child's contact with the district's suicide prevention program, a School Gatekeeper Training model. Parents provided information regarding service use, their child's depressive symptoms (using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Predictive Scale, Depression module), and their perceptions of their child's need for services. Information about the crisis intervention was abstracted from a standardized assessment form. Results More than two thirds of students received school or community mental health services following contact with the suicide prevention program. Depressive symptoms, but not past year suicide attempt, predicted community mental health service use. Latino students had lower rates of community mental health service use than non-Latinos. School-based service use did not differ by student characteristics including race/ethnicity. Conclusions Most students identified by a school-based suicide prevention program received follow-up care, although Latinos were less likely to access services outside the school. School-based mental health services may be an important way in which underserved populations at risk of suicide can receive care.
A CASE OF SPONTANEOUS PIGMENT LOSS IN THE BROWN LEGHORN CAPON AND THE PLUMAGE REACTION TO THYROXINE

In the studies related to problems of sex pursued under the direction of Professor F. R. Lillie at the Whitman Laboratory of Experimental Zoology, the experiments for the most part have been carried out on the Brown Leghorn fowl and thus numerous examples of this breed have been under observation for varied periods of time. At intervals, particularly among the capons, an individual has become noticeable because of the relatively conspicuous distribution of white feathers among the normally orange and black plumage. This white feathering seems to appear first in the region of the head and of the neckhackles, but it was also evident in the wing feathers, especially in the primaries where either white patches appeared or else the entire vane became involved. While these birds were severally remarked on and the general plumage appearance noted, no particular attention was devoted to the feathering until recently, when an entirely white individual was brought to my attention by the poultry caretaker, Mr. Stange.
EFFECTS OF ASPARTATE ON GROWTH AND ON THE SYNTHESIS OF α-AMYLASE IN PSEUDOMONAS SACCHAROPHILA

Eisenstadt, Jerome M. (Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass.), and Harold P. Klein. Effects of aspartate on growth and on the synthesis of α-amylase in Pseudomonas saccharophila . J. Bacteriol. 87: 1355–1363. 1964.—Protein synthesis by starch-grown cells of Pseudomonas saccharophila is inhibited by low concentrations of d-aspartate, whereas assimilation continues for several hours under these conditions. These effects are also observed when the cells are grown with cellobiose or maltose, but not with a wide variety of other carbon sources. l-Aspartate at a ratio of about 6:1 completely reverses these effects, whereas adenosine partially does so. One possible basis of the inhibitory effects of d-aspartate is in the synthesis of adenosine from inosine.
The Influence of Religiosity and Spirituality on Psychological Well-Being Among Black Women:

The influence of religiosity and spirituality on psychological well-being was examined among a sample of 167 Black American women in this web-based study. Findings suggest direct links between both religiosity and spirituality and psychological well-being. Moreover, results from bootstrapping procedures indicated that spirituality fully mediated the relation between religiosity and global mental health and between religiosity and life satisfaction. Implications of the findings are discussed.
A pilot study examining the role of regional cerebral oxygen saturation monitoring as a marker of return of spontaneous circulation in shockable (VF/VT) and non-shockable (PEA/Asystole) causes of cardiac arrest

Abstract Background Non-invasive monitoring of cerebral perfusion and oxygen delivery during cardiac arrest is not routinely utilized during cardiac arrest resuscitation. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using cerebral oximetry during cardiac arrest and to determine the relationship between regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in shockable (VF/VT) and non-shockable (PEA/asystole) types of cardiac arrest. Methods Cerebral oximetry was applied to 50 in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Results Overall, 52% (n = 26) achieved ROSC and 48% (n = 24) did not achieve ROSC. There was a significant difference in mean ± SD rSO2% in patients who achieved ROSC compared to those who did not (47.2 ± 10.7% vs. 31.7 ± 12.8%, p Conclusions Cerebral oximetry may have a role as a real-time, non-invasive predictor of ROSC during cardiac arrest. The main utility of rSO2 in determining ROSC appears to apply to asystole and PEA subgroups of cardiac arrest, rather than VF/VT. This observation may reflect the different physiological factors involved in recovery from PEA/asytole compared to VF/VT. Whereas in VF/VT, successful defibrillation is of prime importance, however in PEA and asytole achieving ROSC is more likely to be related to the quality of oxygen delivery. Furthermore, a persistently low rSO2
Arterioureteric fistula: successful treatment of two cases.

Arterioureteric fistula is a rare condition mainly seen after extensive pelvic surgery for cancer, followed by radiation therapy, or after vascular surgery involving the iliac arteries. This complication causes massive and/or recurrent haematuria; symptoms are nonspecific and the diagnosis is made late and with difficulty. As with other uncommon conditions, physicians’ awareness can really make the difference and can significantly reduce mortality and morbidity. We report two cases of arterioureteric fistula observed in the last 7 years in the Vascular Surgery Unit of ‘A. Gemelli’ University Hospital in Rome.
Consumption of Less Than 10% of Total Energy From Added Sugars is Associated With Increasing HDL in Females During Adolescence: A Longitudinal Analysis

Background Atherosclerotic changes associated with dyslipidemia and increased cardiovascular disease risk are believed to begin in childhood. While previous studies have linked added sugars consumption to low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), little is known about the long-term impact of this consumption. This study aims to assess the association between added sugars intake and HDL cholesterol levels during adolescence, and whether this association is modified by obesity. Methods and Results We used data from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Growth and Health Study, a 10-year cohort study of non-Hispanic Caucasian and African-American girls (N=2379) aged 9 and 10 years at baseline recruited from 3 sites in 1987-1988 with biennial plasma lipid measurement and annual assessment of diet using a 3-day food record. Added sugars consumption was dichotomized into low (0% to <10% of total energy) and high (≥10% of total energy). In a mixed model controlling for obesity, race, physical activity, smoking, maturation stage, age, and nutritional factors, low compared with high added sugar consumption was associated with a 0.26 mg/dL greater annual increase in HDL levels (95% CI 0.48 to 0.04; P =0.02). Over the 10-year study period, the model predicted a mean increase of 2.2 mg/dL (95% CI 0.09 to 4.32; P =0.04) among low consumers, and a 0.4 mg/dL decrease (95% CI −1.32 to 0.52; P =0.4) among high consumers. Weight category did not modify this association ( P =0.45). Conclusion Low added sugars consumption is associated with increasing HDL cholesterol levels throughout adolescence.
Re-democratization in Guyana and Suriname: Critical Comparisons

Guyana and Suriname both re-assumed the path to democracy in the early 1990s. Guyana had from 1968 to 1992 experienced an authoritarian regime with the People’s National Congress (PNC), led by Forbes Burnham, maintaining power by rigged elections and the support of the security forces. In Suriname, on the other hand, the elected government of Prime Minister Henck Arron was overthrown by a military coup in 1980. This article traces the establishment of authoritarianism in these two countries and examines the factors which propelled each country towards the restoration of democracy. The central argument is that authoritarianism in Guyana resulted from the success of Forbes Burnham in subordinating the military to party rule while the military take-over in Suriname resulted from the mismanagement of civil-military relations by the government of Henck Arron. However, maintaining an authoritarian regime proved costly in both cases. The need for external aid rendered the regimes susceptible to foreign pressure for a return to free and fair elections. All of this occurred in a new hemispheric context shaped by the end of the Cold War, the stated goal of the United States to have the area become a zone of democracy, and impending foreign military intervention to restore the ousted Aristide government to power in Haiti. Resumen: Redemocratizacion en Guyana y Suriname: Comparaciones Criticas Tanto Guyana como Suriname retomaron el camino hacia la democracia a comienzos de la decada de los noventa. Desde 1968 hasta 1992, Guyana tuvo un regimen autoritario con el Congreso Nacional del Pueblo (People’s National Congress o PNC), liderado por Forbes Burnham, que se mantuvo en el poder gracias a la manipulacion de las elecciones y al apoyo de las fuerzas de seguridad. En Suriname, por otro lado, el gobierno electo del primer ministro Henck Arron fue derrocado por un golpe de estado militar en el ano 1980. Este articulo describe el establecimiento del autoritarismo en estos dos paises y examina los factores que empujaron a cada uno de ellos hacia la restauracion de la democracia. El argumento central es que el autoritarismo en Guyana fue consecuencia del exito de Forbes Burnham a la hora de subordinar el ejercito al partido, mientras que en Suriname el golpe de estado militar fue el resultado de la negligencia en el manejo de las relaciones civiles-militares por parte del gobierno de Henck Arron. Sin embargo, el mantenimiento de un regimen autoritario demostro ser costoso en ambos casos. La necesidad de ayuda externa hizo que ambos regimenes fueran vulnerables a la presion extranjera a favor de un retorno a las elecciones libres y justas. Todo esto ocurrio en un contexto hemisferico delineado por el fin de la Guerra Fria, el claro objetivo de los Estados Unidos de hacer que el area se convirtiera en una zona de democracia, y una inminente intervencion militar para restaurar en el gobierno de Haiti al derrocado Aristide.
Limited Genetic Heterozygosity and Status of Two Populations of the Ramsey Canyon Leopard Frog: Rana subaquavocalis

Using starch gel electrophoresis, we examined proteins specified by 41 presumptive loci representing two breeding populations of Rana subaquavocalis, a recently described species of leopard frog from Arizona. Individual and population levels of heterozygosity were low. Mean number of alleles detected (1.2) and mean levels of individual heterozygosity were higher at the Barchas Ranch location (0.042) compared with those from Ramsey Canyon (0.029). Nine loci among the 41 surveyed were polymorphic. Four of these were common to both populations. Each population was polymorphic for the remaining three loci, and each possessed one unique allele. Both populations went extinct by 1996.
Radiation from kinky, cuspless cosmic loops.

We discuss a new class of trajectories of loops of cosmic string which are more generic than the ones considered thus far. The gravitational and Goldstone-boson radiation from such loops is calculated and is found to be of the same order of magnitude as radiation due to other loops. If the string is superconducting, the loop emits ''fanlike'' beams of electromagnetic radiation and the energy emission is strongly anisotropic.
Promoting medical student research productivity: the student perspective.

One-third of medical students complete medical school without significant exposure to research. This gap in their medical education is significant: research not only exposes medical students to scientific methodology and academic writing, but also encourages them to multitask, communicate, and critically analyze the scientific literature – valuable skills that will serve them well in their future medical careers. We report herein the proceedings from a student-led symposium that aimed to promote student involvement in research at the Alpert Medical School of Brown University by providing practical information on how to successfully complete a research project.
When Descriptive Norm Cues Fail As Persuasion Agents in Green Supermarket Advertising

This article examines the effectiveness of descriptive norm cues in the context of green advertising for large grocery chains through the lens of the persuasion knowledge model. Across two experiments with real brands, the authors demonstrate that descriptive norms in green advertising can activate consumers' perceptions of deceptive intent on the part of the marketer, resulting in negative attitudes and less compliant green buying intentions. The results suggest that green advertising might be more productive if retailers frame their messages without descriptive norm cues and reliance on whether they are seen as “green” (e.g., Whole Foods) or “non green” (Wal-Mart).
Remarks: ‘One Size Fits All’ Consolidation and Difference in Intellectual Property Law

These remarks to the 2008 ATRIP Annual Conference addressed the question of whether “one size fits all” in intellectual property law. Are there sufficient commonalities among the component parts of the field that we could realistically construct a unitary body of intellectual property law? I first set out the different inquiries that might be subsumed by the question of whether “one size fits all” in intellectual property law, focusing on the possibility of a single form of intellectual property, common treatment of different subject matter within regimes, and uniform intellectual property laws across borders. Focusing on this last aspect of the question, I note that the backwards-looking aspect of the classical international system, which tended to favor national autonomy and keep internationally-mandated levels of protection low, has been somewhat disrupted of late. Although it remains the case that one size does not fit all, there is much to be gained by seeking greater commonality. But if the focus of the current international system requires greater commonality - greater attention to a one size fits all approach on certain issues - it does so both with respect to the rights conferred on IP right holders and with respect to the new rights that might potentially be conferred on users.
Increased frequency and suppressive function of CD4+ CD25high regulatory T-cells in acute myeloid leukemia patients

7054 Background: Regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells (T reg) are critical regulators of immune tolerance. However, the functional role of T reg in human tumor immunity has been less well studied. The freq...
Effect of NSSC Spent Liquor on Granule Formation and Specific Microbial Activities in Upflow Anaerobic Reactors

This study was conducted to evaluate the capability of sulfonated lignin (S-lignin) to induce the flocculation of anaerobic sludge in upflow wastewater treatment. Two upflow anaerobic sludge bed-filter (UBF) reactors fed with a synthetic sugar waste were operated at a specific loading rate of 0.6 to 1.8 g of chemical oxygen demand (COD) per g of volatile suspended solid (VSS) per day (d). One of these reactors was stepwise supplemented with a spent liquor rich in S-lignin from a neutral sulfite semi-chemical (NSSC) pulping plant to reach an addition rate of 0.17 g S-lignin/g VSS d; 50 % of the S-lignin was adsorbed onto the biomass. This resulted in pre-granulation of the anaerobic sludge: 50 to 60% of the biomass was in particles > 0.3 mm versus 70 to 80% with a size < 75 µm in the control reactor. In addition, the S-lignin supplementation slightly enhanced the specific metabolic activities of the biomass. Calcium ion addition following the S-lignin treatment enhanced the stability and the density of the aggregates.
Development of Online Spectroscopic pH Monitoring for Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Plants: Weak Acid Schemes.

In nuclear fuel reprocessing, separating trivalent minor actinides and lanthanide fission products is extremely challenging and often necessitates tight pH control in TALSPEAK (Trivalent Actinide-Lanthanide Separation by Phosphorus reagent Extraction from Aqueous Komplexes) separations. In TALSPEAK and similar advanced processes, aqueous pH is one of the most important factors governing the partitioning of lanthanides and actinides between an aqueous phase containing a polyaminopolycarboxylate complexing agent and a weak carboxylic acid buffer and an organic phase containing an acidic organophosphorus extractant. Real-time pH monitoring would significantly increase confidence in the separation performance. Our research is focused on developing a general method for online determination of the pH of aqueous solutions through chemometric analysis of Raman spectra. Spectroscopic process-monitoring capabilities, incorporated in a counter-current centrifugal contactor bank, provide a pathway for online, real-ti...
Prothrombin activation cycle.

SummaryThe prothrombin activation cycle consists of a sequence described by the following: Prothrombin (sensitive to calcium + Ac-globulin + lung thromboplastin) → Prothrombin derivative I (not sensitive to calcium + Ac-globulin + lung thromboplastin) → Prothrombin derivative II (sensitive to calcium + Ac-globulin + lung thromboplastin) → Thrombin. Solutions of prothrombin standing at 4°C go through most of this cycle, the prothrombin molecule alone possessing the peculiar properties that enables it to do this.
Association of Leptin with Body Pain in Women

Abstract Leptin, an appetite-regulatory hormone, is also known to act as a proinflammatory adipokine. One of the effects of increased systemic leptin concentrations may be greater sensitivity to pain. We report the results of two studies examining the association between leptin and pain: a small pilot longitudinal study, followed by a large cross-sectional study. In Study 1, three women with physician-diagnosed fibromyalgia provided blood draws daily for 25 consecutive days, as well as daily self-reported musculoskeletal pain. Daily fluctuations in serum leptin were positively associated with pain across all three participants (F (1,63) = 12.8, p < 0.001), with leptin predicting ∼49% of the pain variance. In Study 2, the relationship between leptin and body pain was examined in a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 5676 generally healthy postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative. Leptin levels obtained from single blood draws were tested for a relationship with self-reported body pain....
Two-Sided Markets in Asset Management: Exchange-Traded Funds and Securities Lending

Asset management has long been a simple, fee-for-service business. Recently, however, exchange-traded funds (ETFs) have become increasingly engaged in two-sided markets between investors and stock borrowers. We show that ETF fees from lending securities match expense ratios on average and, in some cases, are much higher. We also show that managers tend to slant their holdings toward stocks with higher lending fees. Finally, we test for two-sidedness by showing that the ratio of lending fees to expense ratio drives asset growth. The results should be important to investors, who are no longer the customer buying service but are the product being sold.
The True Cost of Food

In many parts of the world in the 21st century, the year-round availability of produce and other types of food is an expected and welcomed part of everyday life. But like water, clothing, and elect...
Primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. How effective is medical therapy

Although a great deal of investigation has led to some novel approaches in treating primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), no method has been proven to definitively alter the long-term outcome of either disease. In addition, many of the medical regimens reviewed in this article have serious toxicity, which limits their widespread use. Furthermore, the natural history of PSC and PBC may vary widely between individual patients, complicating the decision of whom and when to treat. Ursodeoxycholic acid (Actigall) appears to be a safe and possibly effective agent for both diseases in their early stages, and its use in selected patients may be warranted. Methotrexate (Folex, Mexate, Rheumatrex Dose Pack) may improve liver enzyme levels in some patients, but it is hepatotoxic and should be used cautiously. The general application of toxic immunosuppressive agents should await the results of large, long-term, prospective trials. Liver transplantation is the only proven effective therapy for advanced, decompensated PSC and PBC.
Gender Expert Success in Public Policy: Towards a Better Understanding

The results of this research provide many reasons to be enthusiastic regarding the impact of gender experts in Western postindustrial democracies and prominent international institutions worldwide. Gender experts are getting into the policy process. They are being asked by government actors to testify in parliament, provide research on policy issues, and help develop policies and projects in some of the most important institutions globally. Perhaps even more importantly, gender expert recommendations are being incorporated into formally adopted policies and projects, increasing the chance for truly impacting the lives of women.
Metal Forming: Slip-Line Field Analysis

INTRODUCTION Slip-line field theory is based on analysis of a deformation field that is both geometrically self-consistent and statically admissible. Slip lines are planes of maximum shear stress and are therefore oriented at 45° to the axes of principal stress. Basic assumptions are: The material is isotropic and homogeneous. The material is rigid-ideally plastic (i.e. no strain hardening). Effects of temperature and strain rate are ignored. Plane-strain deformation. The shear stresses at interfaces are constant, usually frictionless or sticking friction. Figure 10.1 shows the very simple slip line for indentation where the thickness, t , equals the width of the indenter, b . The maximum shear stress occurs on line DEB and CEA. The material in triangles DAE and CEB is rigid. As the indenters move closer together the field must change. However, for now, we are concerned with calculating the force when the geometry is as shown. The stress, σ y , must be zero because there is no restrain to lateral movement. The stress, σ z , must be intermediate between σ x and σ y . Figure 10.2 shows the Mohr's circle for this condition. The compressive stress necessary for this indentation, σ x = –2 k . Few slip-line fields are composed of only straight lines. More complicated fields will be considered. GOVERNING STRESS EQUATIONS With plane-strain, all of the flow is in the x–y plane.
Toward a Phenomenological Philosophy of Nature

In our current philosophical culture, we well understand that the full meaning of the natural sciences does not lie in their theoretical and experimental contents alone. We readily admit (indeed insist) that what is conveyed by the concept of an “electron,” for example, or a “gene” or a “cognitive process,” needs to be elucidated within the full context of the historically developed, investigative practices — the theoretical and experimental research programs, together with the logical and epistemological assumptions — that lie behind their use. In short, we suppose that any putative scientific knowledge must be interpreted within the ongoing project of a critical philosophy of science.
Intracranial Hypertension and Cerebral Malaria

Intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) calculated in 23 African children suffering from cerebral malaria and treated at the Kenya Medical Research Institute, Clinical Research Center, Kilifi, Kenya.