cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Consequences of Glucose and Oxygen Deprivation in Engineered MSC-Based Cartilage Constructs

Clinical implementation of stem cell-based cartilage repair techniques has been limited by the inability of these cells to produce cartilaginous tissue equivalent to that produced by native chondrocytes. We have recently shown that while bulk mechanical properties of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-laden constructs are lower than chondrocyte-laden constructs, MSCs can in fact produce tissue that matches or exceeds the biochemical and mechanical properties produced by chondrocytes in regions where there is maximal nutrient supply [1]. We also noted that in the central regions of constructs, where nutrient and oxygen availability is lowest (due to consumption through the construct depth), MSC viability was markedly lower than in the outer regions and drastically lower than the center of chondrocyte-laden constructs maintained similarly. These data suggest that MSCs can achieve a high anabolic functionality when they undergo chondrogenesis (via the provision of TGF-β3) and in doing so can produce tissue of equivalent or greater properties than chondrocytes. However, unlike chondrocytes, MSCs appear thrive only when they are provided with a sufficient nutrient supply. To further delineate the role of microenvironmental stressors [2, 3, 4] on MSC viability and functional capacity, we evaluated the impact of glucose and oxygen deprivation, in the presence and absence of TGF-β, during long term culture. Furthermore, since MSC isolation procedures result in a heterogeneous cell population [5,6], we investigated whether different clonal populations respond to these microenvironmental stressors in a distinct fashion.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Upstream Polybasic Region in Peptides Enhances Dual Specificity for Prenylation by Both Farnesyltransferase and Geranylgeranyltransferase Type I

Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) and protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I (GGTase I) catalyze the attachment of a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl lipid, respectively, near the C-terminus of their protein substrates. FTase and GGTase I differ in both their substrate specificity and magnesium dependence, where the activity of FTase, but not GGTase I, is activated by magnesium. Many protein substrates of these enzymes contain an upstream polybasic region that is proposed to increase the affinity of the substrate and aid in plasma membrane association. Here, we demonstrate that the addition of an upstream polybasic region to a peptide substrate enhances the binding affinity of FTase ∼4-fold for the peptide but diminishes the catalytic efficiency of the reaction, reflected by decreases in both the prenylation rate constant and kcat/KM. Specifically, the prenylation rate constant decreases 7-fold at 5 mM MgCl2 for the peptide KKKSKTKCVIM (C-terminal sequence of K-Ras4B) in comparison to TKCVIM. This decrease ...
Layers of noncooperative games

Abstract We model and analyze classes of antagonistic stochastic games of two players. The actions of the players are formalized by marked point processes recording the cumulative damage to the players at any moment of time. The processes evolve until one of the processes crosses its fixed preassigned threshold of tolerance. Once the threshold is reached or exceeded at some point of the time (exit time), the associated player is ruined. Both stochastic processes are being “observed” by a third party point stochastic process, over which the information regarding the status of both players is obtained. We succeed in these goals by arriving at closed form joint functionals of the named elements and processes. Furthermore, we also look into the game more closely by introducing an intermediate threshold (see a layer), which a losing player is to cross prior to his ruin, in order to analyze the game more scrupulously and see what makes the player lose the game.
Population Model for Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and an Analysis of Grasshopper Population Fluctuations in Colorado

A population dynamics model for Melanoplus sanguinipes F. was developed using previously reported data on nymphal development and adult longevity and between-season dynamics (eggs) of M. sanguinipes. Nymphs and adults were modeled using a conventional cohort approach. M. sanguinipes diapause was hypothesized to be a 2-phase process composed of diapause and embryogenesis. Egg hatch occurs only after both phases are completed. To model both phases concurrently, an individual-based modeling paradigm for M. sanguinipes diapause was adopted. The model simulations produced results that are consistent with observations on the relative timing of egg hatch and occurrence of the nymphal and adult stages. Simulations over a 40 yr period, using only maximum-minimum temperatures as input, at each 4 geographically separated sites in eastern Colorado, did not compare favorably with USDA-APHIS Annual Survey data in eastern Colorado. Addition of precipitation-mediated mortality greatly improved model predictions and results were more consistent with known broad-scale population trends. The results of the simulations suggest that, in Colorado, temperature conditions for grasshopper development and reproduction are generally favorable. In most years, there is sufficient heat for development and even in cooler, less favorable years, lowered temperatures do not appear to be greatly limiting. Grasshopper populations in eastern Colorado may be more limited by the lack of suitable forage which is regulated by the amount and seasonal occurrence of precipitation. Future research efforts may yield important insights into grasshopper population fluctuations by focusing on identifying and understanding the most significant mortality factors that act on M. sanguinipes populations.
Diffuse optical measurement of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in adult brain

We combined diffuse optical (DOS) and correlation (DCS) spectroscopies to simultaneously measure the oxyhemoglobin (rHbO2), deoxyhemoglobin (rHb), total hemoglobin (rTHC) concentration and blood flow (rCBF) in adult human brain during a hypercapnic episode and sensorimotor stimulation. These measurements allowed calculation of the relative cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (rCMRO2) in the human brain for the first time, to our knowledge, by use of all-optical methods. Briefly, 3 mW of light from three amplitude modulated lasers at 690, 785, and 830 nm were fiber-coupled to the head. Photons transmitted were detected in reflection mode. Spectroscopic analysis was carried to calculate rHb, rHbO2 and rTHC. A narrowband laser (5 mW at 800 nm), photon-counting, avalanche photo-diodes and a custom-build autocorrelator board was used for blood flow by fitting the obtained autocorrelation functions. The maximum penetration depth was about 2 cm from the top of the scalp and we report averaged values from the probed tissue volume after a partial volume correction1. As a first step towards validation in human brain, measurements were made in five subjects at a resting cerebral pCO2 and during 4-6 minute periods of increased pCO2 induced by respiration of a 6% CO2 gas mixture. The end tidal CO2, heart rate, blood pressure and arterial oxygenation were monitored continuously. A typical response is shown in Figure 1 (right panel). Over the five subjects a sustained mean CBF increase of 35.49.6% corresponding to 14.74.7 mmHg increase in pCO2 was observed. This corresponds to a 2.40.4 %/mmHg rise in CBF, well within the values reported in the literature (2-3.6%/mmHg). Seven male volunteers participated in the sensorimotor cortical activation studies. One subject further participated in a 3-T fMRI study in which BOLD and arterial spin-labeled (ASL) perfusion data were obtained sequentially to compare to optical results from the same subject. Figure 1 (left panel) shows group averaged results which indicate mean changes for rCBF rHBO2, rHB, rTHC, rCMRO2 of 3910%, 12.52.8 uM, -3.80.8 uM, 8.32.3 uM and 10.14.4% respectively in agreement with the literature. When the probe was placed away from the activation area, no significant, correlated changes were observed in the optical signals, demonstrating the local nature of the response. The feasibility of noninvasive optical measurement of blood flow and oxygen metabolism through the skull of the adult human is thus feasible, and the clinical potential of this hybrid, all-optical noninvasive, methodology is now being explored in patients suffering from severe head trauma. The optical technique offers a great deal of promise as a portable, non-invasive and relatively cheap modality, capable of doing longitudinal measurements of multiple important parameters.
High-Level ab Initio and Density Functional Theory Evaluation of Combustion Reaction Energetics: NO2 and HONO Elimination from Dimethylnitramine

Dimethylnitramine (DMNA) is used as a model system for investigating accurate and efficient electronic structure methods for nitramines. Critical points on the potential energy surfaces of DMNA, CH3NCH3, CH3NCH2, NO2, HONO, and the transition state to HONO elimination were located through geometry optimizations using the B1LYP, B3LYP, MPW1PW91, and BH&HLYP density functional methods, in addition to MP2, G2(MP2), and QCISD ab initio theories using the cc-pVDZ basis set. For cost-effective determination of nitramine reaction energetics, highly correlated single-point calculations at DFT geometries are recommended. Our best estimated reaction enthalpies for N−N bond scission and HONO elimination are 41.6 and −0.9 kcal/mol, respectively, determined at the QCISD(T)//QCISD level of theory. These numbers can be reproduced to within 1.3 kcal/mol for the N−N bond and to within 0.5 kcal/mol for the HONO reaction by calculating QCISD(T) energies at B1LYP geometries, thus saving considerable computational cost withou...
Mutational analysis of PRDM1 indicates a tumor-suppressor role in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.

The PR (PRDI-BF1-RIZ) domain zinc finger protein 1 (PRDM1) is a transcription repressor with a pivotal role in plasma-cell differentiation. We identified clonal inactivating mutations in PRDM1 in the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell line OCI-Ly3 and in 8 of 35 de novo clinical DLBCL samples. The mutational spectrum consists predominantly (7 cases) of single-nucleotide mutations affecting consensus splice donor sites, some of which are recurrent, that lead to splicing aberrations and premature translation termination. In 2 of these cases, point mutations appear to be caused by RNA editing with G-to-A and U-to-G conversions. Other mutations include frame-shift deletion and chromosomal inversion. Except for one mutant, which may act as a dominant-negative, all mutations are associated with either deletion or silencing of the paired PRDM1 allele. This study identifies PRDM1 inactivation as a recurrent genetic defect in DLBCL cells and establishes PRDM1 as a potential tumor suppressor gene in DLBCL. Moreover, it implies inhibition of terminal differentiation as a pathogenetic pathway in DLBCL, particularly for the activated B-cell–like DLBCL. It also demonstrates for the first time the potential role of RNA editing in lymphomagenesis.
Inhibitors of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1α-hydroxylase: Thiavitamin D analogs and biological evaluation

Six A-ring analogs of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1, 1alpha,25-(OH)2-D3) 3-deoxy-3-thia-1alpha,25-(OH)2-D3 (3), 3-deoxy-3-thia-1alpha,25-(OH)2-D3-3alpha-oxide (6), 3-deoxy-3-thia-1alpha,25-(OH)2-D3-3beta-oxide (7) and the 5,6-trans counterparts 5, 8, and 9, respectively--were tested for their ability to inhibit 25-hydroxy-D3-1alpha-hydroxylase (1-OH-ase) in vitro in mitochondria isolated from kidneys of vitamin D deficient chicks. The six analogs were also evaluated in terms of their ability to bind to the chicken intestinal nuclear receptor (VDR) in comparison to the natural hormone 1alpha,25-(OH)2-D3. Analog 7 is not only the best inhibitor of the 1-OH-ase but it also binds effectively to the chick intestinal receptor. It is established that vitamin D analogs must have a 1alpha oxygen group for effective inhibition of the 1-OH-ase. This functional group is also needed for effective binding to the chick intestinal VDR.
Reporting Physical Assault: How Experiences With Violence Influence Adolescents' Response to Victimization

Although numerous studies have explored youth formal and informal help-seeking, including reporting to the police and disclosing victimization experiences to others, there has been little discussion in how other experiences with violence, such as witnessing and perpetrating violence, may impact responses to victimization. The current study uses multinomial probit analyses to explore how multiple victimizations, violent behavior, and witnessing violence impact youth decisions to call the police, report to school authorities, or informally disclose their victimization. The results suggest that, accounting for alternative responses to victimization, reporting to the police is inhibited by the respondent’s violent background and witnessing violence.
Law and Loss: Response to Catastrophein Numbers 15

The episode of the wood-gatherer (U*XU ©BpQ) in Num 15:32-36 is concisely narrated. The Israelites, in the wilderness, catch a man gathering wood on the Sabbath. They convey him to Moses and the congregation, evidently for judgment, but they cannot determine what his fate should be. A watch is therefore set over him until the matter can be clarified. Then God, presumably in response to an inquiry by Moses, informs him that the prisoner is to be stoned. The congregation forthwith executes the judgment. The story is sharply demarcated, on the one side by the law concerning unintentional and intentional sins (15:22-31) and on the other by the law of tassels (15:37^1). The present essay offers an interpretation of this story that situates it meaningfully in its current literary context and in the historical milieu in which it was redacted. I shall argue that the episode of the wood-gatherer addresses the force of covenantal law in the aftermath of national catastrophe. The wood-gatherer's case is one of four stories in the Pentateuch whose commonalities were perceived already in antiquity.1 The other three are the cases of the blasphemer (Lev 24:10-23), the second Passover (Num 9:1-14), and the daughters of Zelophehad (Num 27:1-11). In each episode, an event gives rise to a legal question of first instance, to which God responds. There is, however, an
Topiramate attenuates exaggerated acoustic startle in an animal model of PTSD.

Exaggerated acoustic startle is a prominent symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, its physiological basis is not well understood, and there are few available treatments. Neurobiological research has suggested that anti-kindling agents and/or glutamate antagonists can attenuate the acoustic startle response (ASR) in animal models. The anticonvulsant topiramate is an AMPA antagonist that also demonstrates potent anti-kindling effects and may, therefore, have promise in treating trauma-enhanced ASR. To evaluate the ability of topiramate to attenuate stress-induced increases in ASR in a previously validated animal model of PTSD. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=36) served as controls or received single prolonged stress (SPS). SPS consisted of 2 h restraint, forced swim and ether anesthesia, then a 7-day “undisturbed” period. Animals then received vehicle, 10 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg of topiramate orally, twice daily for 7 days. ASR was assessed for all animals before and after the study, in light and dark environments. SPS produced a sustained increase in the ASR in both environments, an effect that was significantly reduced by topiramate. Meanwhile the ASR of control animals remained unaffected by topiramate. The current results provide one of the few demonstrations of a single stress episode producing sustained enhancement of ASR. In addition, topiramate demonstrates promise in treating exaggerated acoustic startle symptoms in PTSD or other stress-related disorders.
The application of electron/ion beam technology to microelectronics

The use of electron and ion beams in the field of microelectronics has grown rapidly over the past ten years. For example, fine-focused electron beams, which initially were employed in diagnostic tests on integrated circuits and semiconductor devices, now are being utilized in the laboratory for creating devices and circuits with resolutions considerably higher than the values achievable by photolithography, and ion beams are being employed in the production of integrated circuits. It is seen that the beam approach offers a number of advantages compared with contemporary techniques. This article describes some of the devices that can be fabricated with electron beams, thus indicating the state of the art, discusses the advantageous features of ion implantation doping, and points out the limitations on beam processes imposed by fundamental electron/ion optical effects.
Optically non-linear organic molecules cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

The crystalline 1:1 inclusion complex between p-nitroaniline and β-cyclodextrin has been observed to genarate second harmonic radiation when exposed to the output of Nd-YAG laser. The conversion efficiency is 2–4 times that of a urea standard. The implications of efficient SHG in such a complex are discussed with reference to its structure.
Sexual Activity and Satisfaction in Healthy Community-dwelling Older Women

Abstract Background Female sexual dysfunction is a focus of medical research, but few studies describe the prevalence and covariates of recent sexual activity and satisfaction in older community-dwelling women. Methods A total of 1303 older women from the Rancho Bernardo Study were mailed a questionnaire on general health, recent sexual activity, sexual satisfaction, and the Female Sexual Function Index. Results A total of 806 of 921 respondents (87.5%) aged 40 years or more answered questions about recent sexual activity. Their median age was 67 years; mean years since menopause was 25; most were upper-middle class; 57% had attended at least 1 year of college; and 90% reported good to excellent health. Half (49.8%) reported sexual activity within the past month with or without a partner, the majority of whom reported arousal (64.5%), lubrication (69%), and orgasm (67.1%) at least most of the time, although one third reported low, very low, or no sexual desire. Although frequency of arousal, lubrication, and orgasm decreased with age, the youngest ( 80 years) women reported a higher frequency of orgasm satisfaction. Emotional closeness during sex was associated with more frequent arousal, lubrication, and orgasm; estrogen therapy was not. Overall, two thirds of sexually active women were moderately or very satisfied with their sex life, as were almost half of sexually inactive women. Conclusion Half these women were sexually active, with arousal, lubrication, and orgasm maintained into old age, despite low libido in one third. Sexual satisfaction increased with age and did not require sexual activity.
Effect of enalaprilat on nitric oxide activity in coronary artery disease

Abstract Atherosclerosis is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction and reduced nitric oxide (NO) activity. Enhancement of NO activity may have an antiatherogenic action. This study was performed to determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition improves peripheral vascular NO activity in patients with atherosclerosis. In the femoral circulation of 43 patients with atherosclerosis and 10 controls, we studied endothelium-dependent vasodilation with bradykinin and acetylcholine, and endothelium-independent vasodilation with sodium nitroprusside before and after enalaprilat. In 22 patients, we repeated these infusions in the presence of l-N G monomethyl arginine (l-NMMA). Doppler-femoral artery flow velocity was measured. Before ACE inhibition, acetylcholine responses were depressed in patients with atherosclerosis compared with controls (p = 0.03). Enalaprilat did not alter femoral vascular tone at rest or vasodilation with sodium nitroprusside, but potentiated bradykinin-mediated vasodilation in patients (p
Weakly non-linear oscillator circuits and averaging: A general approach

The method of averaging has been used for years to prove the existence of oscillations in non-linear circuits. In the past the application of averaging has tended to be ad hoc rather than systematic. In addition the validity of the method was not well established. the purpose of this paper is to rigorize and systematize the analysis of weakly non-linear oscillator circuits via the method of averaging. In particular this paper will put on a rigorous foundation the work of Kuramitsu et al.1-3 on the ‘averaged potential’ and the work of T. Endo and others on the oscillatory modes of coupled oscillator circuits. Furthermore we give a novel way of simplifying the calculation of averages when we have a potential function representation.
Test method evaluation for fiber‐reinforced molding materials

Standard test methods ASTM D-651 for determining tensile properties and ASTM D-790 for flexure properties are evaluated. Heterogeneous fiber distributions due to molding flow conditions are shown to yield test specimens wherein fiber orientation near surfaces is highly collimated while orientations in central regions are oriented approximately transverse to the specimen axis. In addition, the converging and diverging flow fields in the dog bone (ASTM D-651) specimen with end gate are shown to yield a variation in fiber orientation along the specimen length. Finite element analysis of the dog bone (ASTM D-651) reveals that stress concentrations and a non-uniform stress distribution are introduced due to the required gripping arrangement of the test standard. The flexural specimen is decomposed into two elements of a collimated and transverse fiber orientations and a mathematical model is developed which reflects the composite behavior of the beam specimen. Finally, it is concluded that the D-651 and D-790 test methods do not reveal intrinsic design data for fiber reinforced molding materials.
Post Discharge Non-Compliance Increases Risk of Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) Malfunction but Does Not Affect Survival

Purpose Pre-implant counseling of LVAD patients stresses the importance of following established protocols of medical, social and therapeutic behaviors. Failure to comply with protocols may affect transplant candidacy (BTT) however, it is unknown whether non-compliance (NC) affects survival or provokes adverse events. Methods and Materials A retrospective review of compliance behavior was carried out in 111 patients (38 Destination Therapy and 73 BTT) who were discharged home (5/2005 to 2/2012). A minimum of six months of follow-up was necessary for inclusion. Compliance with the care contract for the LVAD program was documented as were the incidence of cerebrovascular accident(CVA), device infection(INF), device malfunction, gastrointestinal bleeding(GIB), and readmission. Results Fifty-one of 111 patients had a total of 490 events of NC. The freedom from NC was 47% at one year. The most common cause of NC was failure to have ordered laboratory studies drawn (54% of cases). Six of 51 NC patients accounted for more than half (328) of the episodes of non-compliance. Other reasons for NC included: not following the medical plan (26%), self-medication (7%), failure to communicate with the VAD team (7%), failure to abstain from drugs, alcohol, or smoking (3%), failure to follow diet or exercise (2%), and poor VAD care and education (1%). Actuarial freedom from CVA, INF, and GIB was not significantly different between compliant and NC patients. Two year actuarial freedom from device malfunction was significantly higher (83%) in compliant patients versus those who were NC (63%) (p Conclusions Although NC with established protocols creates challenges when caring for LVAD patients, 2 year adverse event profiles appear unaffected by NC with medical guidelines. Long-term device reliability is significantly less when the program of care is not strictly followed.
Recognition of Moving Objects Using Feature Signatures

An important application of machine vision systems is the recognition of known three-dimensional objects. A major difficulty arises when two or more objects project the same or similar two-dimensional image, often resulting in misclassification and degradation of system performance. The changes in images which result from the motion of objects provide a source of three-dimensional information which can greatly aid the classification process, but this three-dimensional analysis is computationally complex and subject to many sources of error. This work develops a methodology which utilizes the information derived from the apparent changes in object features over time to facilitate the recognition task, without the need to actually recover the three-dimensional structure of the objects under view. The basic approach is to generate a ``feature signature'' by combining the feature measurements of the individual regions in a long sequence of images. The static information in the individual frames is analyzed along with the temporal information from the entire sequence. These techniques are particularly applicable in situations where static image processing methods cannot discriminate between ambiguous objects. Two example implementations are presented to illustrate the application of the techniques of object recognition using motion information.
Equivalent Circuits of Imperfect Condensers

Imperfect condensers usually are represented by equivalent electrical circuits consisting either of a pure capacitance and a resistance in series or by a pure capacitance and a resistance (or conductance) in parallel. Algebraic relationships existing among these circuit parameters are well known and commonly are used in dielectric study and electric circuit computations. For most dielectrics the equivalent series and parallel capacitances are essentially equal; in this paper examples are given where this is far from true.
Young’s Modulus Measurement Using a Simplified Transparent Indenter Measurement Technique

In material nano- and micro-indentation research, it is well accepted to use the initial unloading stiffness of the load-depth curve to determine the material’s Young’s modulus. This approach requires the use of high-precision displacement sensors in order to calibrate the loading apparatus system compliance and thus obtain the load-depth curve accurately. In this research, using a transparent spherical indenter coupled with a multi-partial unloading technique, we present a simpler approach to measure the material’s Young’s modulus. Experimental results of several metallic alloys and related discussions are presented.
Field test data for 42 liter per minute PM2.5 aerosol sampler used during the PMTACS-NY intensives held at Queens College, Queens, NY

Abstract A 42 l min−1 (lpm) sampler (Hi-flo) was used to collect 6-h samples during the 2001 summer and the 2004 winter PM2.5 Technology Assessment and Characterization Study-New York (PMTACS-NY) intensives held at Queens College in urban Queens, NY. A sum total of 146 samples collected in 2001 and 113 samples collected in 2004. The samples were water-extracted and analyzed for sulfate by ion chromatography. In addition the 2001 samples had 15 metals determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy after water extraction (a soluble fraction) and also after a rigorous microwave digestion (total). The Hi-flo sampler allowed trace metal concentrations to be determined on 6-h samples with nearly the same minimum reporting level (mass loading) as 24-h samplers collected with commercial samplers that operate at 16.7 lpm. We present a comparison of the concentrations of SO4 and 15 selected trace metals measured on the filters collected with Hi-flo and co-located commercial PM2.5 samplers. The Hi-flo sampler is demonstrated to accurately reproduce SO4 and certain elements during the urban intensive. The average slopes of the regressions with a co-located commercial sampler differed from 1 by ±3%. Most aerosol species measured in the 6-h samples collected at Queens College during the 2001 intensive had maximum daily concentrations for the 0600–1200 h sample except sulfate which was maximum for the 1200–1800 h sample and Sb which was uniquely maximum between 0000 and 0600 h. Supporting data suggest afternoon maximum for sulfate is due to more efficient mixing down from aloft the air that was transported from distant sources rather than local photochemistry.
“Without Hysteria or Unnecessary Disturbance”: Desegregation at Spring Hill College, Mobile, Alabama, 1948–1954

Spring Hill College is Alabama's oldest institution of higher learning, one year older than the University of Alabama. Founded in 1830 by Michael Portier, the Catholic bishop of Mobile, it has been run by the Jesuits since 1847. When it desegregated in September, 1954, the four-year liberal arts college claimed 1,000 students, including its evening division in downtown Mobile. The desegregation of Spring Hill College (SHC) came just before the increased Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and White Citizens Council activity which led the backlash to the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision. Although volumes have been written about resistance to desegregation in the Deep South, almost no published research exists on the peaceful desegregation of white southern colleges, which anticipated and complied with Supreme Court rulings. This essay will place SHC's unique story in the context of the desegregation of higher education in the South and of race relations in Mobile, Alabama, in the decade before massive resistance. It will examine models for desegregation of Catholic colleges before the Brown decision and, finally, will detail SHC's desegregation as a gradual process that occurred between 1948 and 1954.
Microdetermination of dry mass content in the uterine fluid of four species of viviparous sharks (Squalus acanthias, Carcharhinus plumbeus, Mustelus canis and Rhizoprionodon terraenovae)

Abstract We describe a micromethod for the determination of dry mass content and wet weight in small (⩾ 20 μl) samples of shark uterine (periembryonic) fluid using a volumetric micropipette and electrobalance. Periembryonic fluid and maternal blood plasma from pregnant specimens of the viviparous sharks Squalus acanthias, Carcharhinus plumbeus, Mustelus canis and Rhizoprionodon terraenovae were analyzed for dry mass content. Values for dry mass (mg/ml), fluid density (g/ml) and percent dry mass are calculated for the periembryonic fluids and maternal blood plasmas of each species. These results are discussed in relation to the dry mass content of periembryonic fluids in other viviparous sharks.
Heart Failure in 1991

Congestive heart failure has emerged as an important public health problem world wide. It is the single most common cause for hospitalization of patients over the age of 65 years in the United States. The past decade has witnessed the completion of a number of clinical trials which have been helpful in formulating treatment strategies for patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have emerged as distinctly useful pharmacologic therapy for this condition, and digitalis and diuretics are still widely used. New clinical trials are being planned and conducted to further refine our knowledge of treatment. Future studies are likely to be focused on understanding how myocardial damage begins and progresses to end-stage heart failure, and how early therapy may prevent the advanced stages of the disease.
Chainmaking: A Note on Ornament, Intelligence, and Building

For the past fifteen-odd years, I’ve investigated the mutual influences of thinking and making, and their impact on design and learning. This article reflects on the traditional role of architectural ornament in equipping a mind with metaphors for wisdom and methods for learning. It then considers the reappearance of an ancient memory technique as an organizational metaphor in the design of a new, forward-looking university building, as foreshadowing to the companion article “Chainbuilding.”
On the role of 2,6-dichlorophenol as a tick sex pheromone (Acari: Ixodidae)

Abstract Structure-activity relationships of chlorophenols were studied to examine the role of 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) as a sex pheromone in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say). With regard to fed males, 2,6-DCP was predictably attractive and acted dually as an attachment stimulant by prompting a ‘feeding’ posture behavior. The action of 2,6-DCP could be mimicked by another dichlorinated phenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, but not by the monochlorinated phenols 4-chlorophenol and 2-chlorophenol. Both 2,6-DCP and 2,4-dichlorophenol were attractive to fed females and fed nymphs (no significant difference compared to attraction in males; P>0.05). Because neither females nor nymphs display clustering behavior on hosts, only attraction to 2,6-DCP by males has functional value (= sex pheromone). We conclude that receptors for detection of 2,6-DCP are activated as nymphs in preparation for adulthood, and that recognition of 2,6-DCP is based on the number, rather than position, of chlorine atoms present.
Planetary research in Kazakhstan

Abstract The history of planetary research in Kazakhstan is recounted from the 1940s up to now. The beginning of this research effort may be traced back to two renown astrophysicists, V.G. Fessenkov and G.A. Tikhov. For the most part, observational and theoretical programs have been directed towards the study of the major planets, especially Jupiter and Saturn. Occasionally, observations of Mars, the Moon, and of various phenomena of interest in the solar system have also been carried out. During the last few decades, planetary research—as well as research on many other astrophysical topics—has been actively developed at the Fessenkov Astrophysical Institute.
Daily evaluation of macroaspiration in the critically ill post-trauma patient.

Background Although critically ill trauma patients represent a high-risk population for macroaspiration, studies of trauma patients have not been explored. The study aims were to quantify rate and associated risks of macroaspiration and explore the pattern of antibiotic use and incidence of aspiration pneumonia within this patient group. Methods Consecutive trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) were prospectively observed for development of macroaspiration and subsequent aspiration pneumonia. Daily monitoring included chart review, laboratory and radiography results, and nurse inquiries for witnessed macroaspiration events. Results Seven of 60 patients included experienced a clinically confirmed macroaspiration event (11.7%). The incidence of pneumonia was similar, regardless of macroaspiration occurrence (28.6%: macroaspiration cases vs 17.0%: controls, p ≥ 0.05). Patients with macroaspiration required a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (15 vs 9.5 days, p = 0.021) and intensive care unit stay (28 vs 7 days, p = 0.015). Paralytic agent utilization was associated with an increased risk for aspiration (p = 0.045). Conclusions The incidence of macroaspiration within a critically ill trauma population may be less frequent compared with studies performed in other patient populations. Although macroaspiration was associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit stay, this condition may not be associated with an increased rate of pulmonary infection.
Crystal Structure of a γδ T Cell Receptor Ligand T22: A Truncated MHC-Like Fold

Murine T10 and T22 are highly related nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib proteins that bind to certain γδ T cell receptors (TCRs) in the absence of other components. The crystal structure of T22 b at 3.1 angstroms reveals similarities to MHC class I molecules, but one side of the normal peptide-binding groove is severely truncated, which allows direct access to the β-sheet floor. Potential γδ TCR-binding sites can be inferred from functional mapping of T10 and T22 point mutants and allelic variants. Thus, T22 represents an unusual variant of the MHC-like fold and indicates that γδ and αβ TCRs interact differently with their respective MHC ligands.
Electrical characterization of all-solid-state thin film batteries

Abstract All-solid-state thin film micro-batteries comprised of a lithium anode, lithium phosphorus oxy-nitride (LiPON) solid electrolyte and Li x CoO 2 cathode were evaluated at different temperatures from −50 to 80 °C for electrical behavior and impedance raise. The cell dimensions were ∼2 cm long, ∼1.5 cm wide and ∼15 μm thick. The rated capacity of the cells was about 400 μAh. The cells were cycled (charge/discharge) at room temperature over 100 times at a 0.25 C rate. The charge and discharge cut-off voltages were 4.2 and 3.0 V, respectively. The cells did not show any capacity decay over 100 cycles. The measured capacity was 400 μAh. The coulombic efficiency was 1, which suggests that the cell reaction is free from any parasitic side reactions and the lithium intercalation and de-intercalation reaction is completely and totally reversible. These cells also have good high-rate performance at room temperature. For example, these cells discharged at a 2.5 C rate delivered ∼90% of the capacity at a 0.25 C rate. However, the delivered capacities even at a 0.25 C rate at 80 and −50 °C were much lower than the room temperature capacity. Cells soaked at −50 °C were not damaged permanently as seen by the near normal behavior when returned to room temperature. However, cells heated to 80 °C were permanently damaged as seen by the lack of normal performance back at room temperature. Cell impedance was measured before and after cycling at different temperatures. The high-frequency resistance (generally ascribed to the electrolyte and other resistances in series with the electrolyte resistance) decreased with decreasing temperature. However, the interfacial resistance increased significantly with decreasing temperature. Further, the electrolyte resistance accounted for ∼2% of the total cell resistance. The cycled cells showed higher impedance than the uncycled cells.
Magnetic susceptibility and electron spin resonance investigations of polyaniline and polyaniline–poly(methyl methacrylate) blend

Abstract Magnetic susceptibility and electron spin resonance (ESR) investigations of polyaniline and polyaniline–poly(methyl methacrylate) (40:60) blend, both doped with paratoluenesulfonic acid, are presented as a function of temperature on unannealed and annealed samples. It is shown that magnetic susceptibility measurements yield the same value for density of states at the Fermi level as the one obtained from heat capacity measurements. Furthermore, ESR and magnetic susceptibility measurements are shown to indicate different structural order in polyaniline and the polyaniline–poly(methyl methacrylate) blend.
A mid-term terminal concept of operations: Evaluation and evolution analysis

To address the increasing need for improved capacity, efficiency, and controller productivity in the National Airspace System (NAS) while maintaining the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) commitment to safety, the MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD), defined a concept of operations for terminal arrival and departure operations for the mid-term timeframe identified in the FAA's Operational Evolution Partnership (OEP). Projected increases in traffic levels for the mid-term and controller workforce attrition are some of the primary factors driving the need for these improvements. CAASD also defined key evolution steps to achieve this concept of operations. This paper describes these envisioned mid-term terminal operations, simulation and analysis that were done to evaluate the benefits and feasibility of these operations, and describe evolution steps for achieving the operations. The benefits of different sets of operational tools and capabilities were evaluated through a series of human-in-the-loop (HITL) simulations involving certified professional controllers.
Evidence of heavy metal accumulations in Sooty Terns

Abstract Sooty Terns from the population that nests at Dry Tortugas, Florida, were found to have substantial burdens of cadmium, mercury and selenium. Analysis of selected tissues, faeces and eggs by neuteon activation techniques showed highest levels of mercury in eggs, feathers and blood; of cadmium in kidney and bone; and of selenium in kidney, liver and feathers. The concentrations of cadmium, mercury and selenium found in the eggs suggests that the heavy metals are being transmitted to succeeding generations. The significance of the concentrations, their effect on the reproductive success of the population, and the question of whether or not the metals transmitted to eggs represent “bio-magnification” merit further work.
Finite element RF analysis on distributed memory parallel computers

The paper describes the implementations of a 3D finite element code for high frequency electromagnetic analysis on a distributed memory parallel-computer. This implementation uses unstructured finite element meshes, high-order isoparametric approximation functions and newly developed iterative equation solutions for complex matrices. Results demonstrate the ability to solve large scattering problems.
Modeling GaAs high-voltage, subnanosecond photoconductive switches in one spatial dimension

Subnanosecond high-voltage gallium arsenide photoconductive switches are studied to understand how to improve their switching speed, efficiency, and durability. Two possible mechanisms for such switching are discussed: field-compression-induced ionization of valence states and field-dependent trapping of charge carriers. Analysis and computations suggest that field compression is limited to roughly a factor of two at low initial fields. This shows that one cannot achieve arbitrary amounts of field enhancement and so obtain avalanche-like performance at will. At initial field strengths of 10 to 50 kV/cm, Gunn instabilities produce large field compression, but carrier trapping and recombination quench intrinsic photoavalanching, according to the calculations presented. Observed avalanching may therefore be due to extrinsic effects related to deep levels. As an alternative to intrinsic impact ionization, it is shown that field-dependent trap filling can yield an avalanche-like rise in current and may account for two other experimental observations, the existence of a voltage threshold and a voltage-dependent delay between the start of illumination and the occurrence of switching. >
Studies of urinary corticosteroid by a method permitting analysis of steroids poorly soluble in water. I. Normal adrenal function.

A METHOD for determination of urinary corticosteroid permitting estimation of those steroids poorly soluble in water as well as those which are freely soluble in water has been described (1). The corticosteroid estimated by this method has been termed the “total corticosteroid.” At times the steroids which partition from benzene to water have also been determined. The material which partitions freely from benzene into water is called the “water soluble corticosteroid.” The material which remains in the benzene fraction is called the “corticosteroid poorly soluble in water.” The excretion of the materials by subjects with normal adrenal function has been described (1). The present report concerns the excretion of these materials by patients with adrenal insufficiency. METHODS The methods of uring collection and analysis have been previously described (1). Results Total corticosteroid excretion Eleven patients with adrenal insufficiency have been studied. Single or infrequent cortiscosteroid measurements we...
Divergent reactions of indoles with aminobenzaldehydes: indole ring-opening vs. annulation and facile synthesis of neocryptolepine

Indoles display a diverse pattern of reactivity upon reaction with different classes of aminobenzaldehydes. Whereas the acid-promoted reaction with secondary aminobenzaldehyde leads to indole annulation followed by spontaneous oxidation to neocryptolepine and analogues, the reaction with primary aminobenzaldehydes results in the formation of synthetically useful quinolinesvia a remarkably facile indole ring-opening.
Espin cross-links cause the elongation of microvillus-type parallel actin bundles in vivo

The espin actin-bundling proteins, which are the target of the jerker deafness mutation, caused a dramatic, concentration-dependent lengthening of LLC-PK1-CL4 cell microvilli and their parallel actin bundles. Espin level was also positively correlated with stereocilium length in hair cells. Villin, but not fascin or fimbrin, also produced noticeable lengthening. The espin COOH-terminal peptide, which contains the actin-bundling module, was necessary and sufficient for lengthening. Lengthening was blocked by 100 nM cytochalasin D. Espin cross-links slowed actin depolymerization in vitro less than twofold. Elimination of an actin monomer-binding WASP homology 2 domain and a profilin-binding proline-rich domain from espin did not decrease lengthening, but made it possible to demonstrate that actin incorporation was restricted to the microvillar tip and that bundles continued to undergo actin treadmilling at ∼1.5 s−1 during and after lengthening. Thus, through relatively subtle effects on actin polymerization/depolymerization reactions in a treadmilling parallel actin bundle, espin cross-links cause pronounced barbed-end elongation and, thereby, make a longer bundle without joining shorter modules.
Circuit technique for threshold voltage stabilization using substrate bias in total dose environments

Radiation tolerance of CMOS circuits to total dose can be improved by adjusting the p-substrate voltage to keep the n-channel threshold voltage above a minimum value. This paper presents a circuit design, implemented on an IC and on a breadboard, for dynamically adjusting the substrate voltage. Experimental results clearly show that devices with threshold voltage stabilization exhibit longer lifetime as compared to those without the stabilization circuit.
Molecular techniques to interrogate and edit the Chlamydomonas nuclear genome

The success of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model organism is to a large extent due to the wide range of molecular techniques that are available for its characterization. Here, we review some of the techniques currently used to modify and interrogate the C. reinhardtii nuclear genome and explore several technologies under development. Nuclear mutants can be generated with ultraviolet (UV) light and chemical mutagens, or by insertional mutagenesis. Nuclear transformation methods include biolistic delivery, agitation with glass beads, and electroporation. Transforming DNA integrates into the genome at random sites, and multiple strategies exist for mapping insertion sites. A limited number of studies have demonstrated targeted modification of the nuclear genome by approaches such as zinc-finger nucleases and homologous recombination. RNA interference is widely used to knock down expression levels of nuclear genes. A wide assortment of transgenes has been successfully expressed in the Chlamydomonas nuclear genome, including transformation markers, fluorescent proteins, reporter genes, epitope tagged proteins, and even therapeutic proteins. Optimized expression constructs and strains help transgene expression. Emerging technologies such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, high-throughput mutant identification, and a whole-genome knockout library are being developed for this organism. We discuss how these advances will propel future investigations.
TRAJECTORY DESIGN FOR RANGER AND MARINER MISSIONS

Generalized precision trajectory program for the ranger lunar and mariner interplanetary missions