cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid domain-specific kits

As part of Hewlett-Packard Laboratories research into systematic, domain-specific reuse, we are exploring the notion of domain-specific kits. Kits are comprised of compatible, domain-specific components, frameworks, and languages, supported by a variety of well-integrated technologies and tools, such as domain-specific languages, builders, generators, and domain-tailored environments. We are particularly interested in hybrid kits, which make visible the combination of both generative and compositional reuse. We have prototyped several sample kits and have designed a framework for analyzing and comparing kits.
Salamosa: Examining a Small-Market Newspaper Covering a Local Crisis

This paper explores crisis coverage in local, small-market newspapers. Comparing relevant theory with the practice of journalism in Alamosa, CO’s Valley Courier, this content analysis suggests close relationships between media, government and business in small communities, contributing to coverage that veers away from journalism’s best practices. The result is coverage that overlooks potentially important information about the crisis’ causes and eschews journalism’s watchdog and investigative responsibilities, while offering local elite sources significant degrees of power over the shape of the coverage. As national news coverage contracts, situations like this rise in prominence.
Prevention of Fractures after Solid Organ Transplantation: A Meta-Analysis

Context: Bone loss and fracture are serious sequelae of organ transplantation, particularly in the first posttransplant year. Most interventional studies have been inadequately powered to detect effects on fracture. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether treatment with bisphosphonates (BP) or active vitamin D analogs (vitD) during the first year after transplantation reduces fracture risk and estimate the effect of these interventions on bone loss. Data Sources: Sources included PUBMED, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and abstracts from scientific meetings (presented 2003–2010). Study Selection: Randomized controlled clinical trials of BP or vitD in solid organ transplant recipients were included if treatment was initiated at the time of transplantation and fracture data were collected. Data Extraction: Two investigators independently extracted data and rated study quality. Fixed effect and random-effects models were used to obtain pooled estimates. Data Synthesis: Eleven studies of 780...
Heart lung interactions during mechanical ventilation.

Purpose of reviewTo survey the recent medical literature examining studies of the hemodynamic effects of mechanical ventilation.Recent findingsVentilation-induced dynamic changes in arterial pulse pressure and stroke volume variation (PPV and SVV, respectively) identify volume responsiveness. The ca
Spectroscopy, dynamics, and electron transfer in GaSe nanoparticles

ABSTRACT The synthesis, characterization and spectroscopy of GaSe nanoparticles are described in this paper. The particles are synthesized from the reaction of trioctylphosphine selenium with trimethylgallium in a solution of trioctylphosphine and trioctylphosphine oxide at 280 0 C. TEM images show that this synthesis produces GaSe nanoparticles in the size range of 2  6 nm. These particles may be size segregated by column chromatography or size selective precipitation and relatively monodisperse nanoparticles are obtained. Electron diffraction results indicate that these particles have a two-dimensional single tetra-layer type structure. The particles have absorption onsets in the 360 to 450 nm region, with the smallest particles absorbing furthest to the blue. The particles are emissive, with emission quantum yields of about 10 - 15%. Following 400 nm excitation, these particles exhibit a static emission maximum at 480 nm. This emission is polarized and the anisotropy is largest on the blue edge of the emission spectrum. Both the total (unpolarized) emission kinetics and the emission anisotropy kinetics are obtained. Static emission spectra along with wavelength dependent kinetic results permit the reconstruction of time dependent spectra. The kinetic results are interpreted in terms of an energetic model that is based on the relative energetics of the band edge and trap states in bulk GaSe. The emission kinetics show an 80 ps decay component in the total emission, but not in the anisotropy decay kinetics. There is a ca. 270 cm
Investigating Compression Failure Mechanisms in Composite Laminates with a Transient Fiberglass-epoxy Birefringent Material

The response and failure of a + or - 45s class laminate was studied by transparent fiberglass epoxy composite birefringent material. The birefringency property allows the laminate stress distribution to be observed during the test and also after the test if permanent residual stresses occur. The location of initial laminate failure and of the subsequent failure propagation are observed through its transparency characteristics. Experimental results are presented.
The Role of Non-Chemical Stressors in Mediating Socioeconomic Susceptibility to Environmental Chemicals

Growing evidence suggests that lower socioeconomic position (SEP) communities may be more susceptible to environmental exposures. SEP, however, represents a complex mix of social and environmental exposures accumulating over the lifecourse, and those components that most impact susceptibility remain undetermined. One plausible hypothesis is that the chronic psychological stress associated with stressors in many lower-SEP communities (e.g., housing instability, food insecurity, fear of violence) may lead to altered immune, endocrine, and metabolic function. These alterations, together with environmental exposures, may ultimately contribute to increased risk of developing a variety of chronic diseases. Clearer insight into which specific components of SEP may magnify susceptibility to toxic environmental exposures is needed to improve epidemiologic analyses, and to design more effective environmental health policies and interventions. Here, we compile recent evidence published since 2009, when we conducted a similar review of this topic, towards developing a better understanding of chronic stress as a possible mediator of SEP-related pollution susceptibility. We discuss recent findings on common patterning (i.e., spatial correlation) between these exposures and methodological needs to facilitate disentangling health effects of non-chemical and chemical stressors. Finally, we briefly discuss the implications of disentangling SEP- and stress-related susceptibility for cumulative risk assessment.
Observations in Pittsburgh Ghetto Schools

This is a descriptive account by a black anthropologist of observations in some Pittsburgh ghetto schools. It illustrates variations in life-styles and in educational milieu. The paper describes some of the impacts of these on the educational experiences of the students. The author discusses the possible pedagogical incorporations of the subcultural variations as one approach to learning experiences in these ghetto public schools.
Sn 2006gy : Discovery of the most luminous supernova ever recorded, powered by the death of an extremely massive star like η carinae

We report the discovery and early observations of the peculiar Type IIn supernova (SN) 2006gy in NGC 1260. With a peak visual magnitude of about -22, it is the most luminous supernova ever recorded. Its very slow rise to maximum took ~70 days, and it stayed brighter than -21 mag for about 100 days. It is not yet clear what powers the enormous luminosity and the total radiated energy of ~1051 erg, but we argue that any known mechanism—thermal emission, circumstellar interaction, or 56Ni decay—requires a very massive progenitor star. The circumstellar interaction hypothesis would require truly exceptional conditions around the star, which, in the decades before its death, must have experienced a luminous blue variable (LBV) eruption like the 19th century eruption of η Carinae. However, this scenario fails to explain the weak and unabsorbed soft X-rays detected by Chandra. Radioactive decay of 56Ni may be a less objectionable hypothesis, but it would imply a large Ni mass of ~22 M☉, requiring SN 2006gy to have been a pair-instability supernova where the star's core was obliterated. While this is still uncertain, SN 2006gy is the first supernova for which we have good reason to suspect a pair-instability explosion. Based on a number of lines of evidence, we eliminate the hypothesis that SN 2006gy was a ``Type IIa'' event, that is, a white dwarf exploding inside a hydrogen envelope. Instead, we propose that the progenitor was a very massive evolved object like η Carinae that, contrary to expectations, failed to shed its hydrogen envelope. SN 2006gy implies that some of the most massive stars can explode prematurely during the LBV phase, never becoming Wolf-Rayet stars. SN 2006gy also suggests that they can create brilliant supernovae instead of experiencing ignominious deaths through direct collapse to a black hole. If such a fate is common among the most massive stars, then observable supernovae from Population III stars in the early universe will be more numerous than previously believed.
Old Men Created by Young Artists: Time-Transcendence in Tennyson and Picasso:

In their youth both Tennyson and Picasso created masterpieces that envisioned old men. Both the poet and the artist would live to become old men themselves. This paper explores the context within which these early masterpieces were created, the style and substance of the works themselves, and the possible relationships between their young and old selves as mediated by their own artistic creations. "Ulysses" was written and "The Old Guitarist" was painted soon after the young artists had suffered the sudden death of a close friend. Numerous other similarities between Tennyson and Picasso are noted, although their lives and personalities also differed in many obvious ways. Both remained creative in old age and both found a way to express their attitudes toward life and death in their last works. Although Tennyson and Picasso are obviously "exceptional cases," there is reason to believe that many other people also transcend their momentary position on the lifespan and, by acts of empathic imagination, "commune" with past and future selves. Developmental theory might enrich itself considerably by considering these processes and their functions and consequences.
THE END OF NEO-LIBERALISM AND THE BEGINNINGS OF INTEGRAL ECONOMICS

A burgeoning policy shift from neo-liberal economics is underway, with leadership by presidential candidate Dennis Kucinich (D-Ohio). His platform positions stem in part from his negative experiences with neo-liberalism when he was Mayor of Cleveland more than 30 years ago. Although his response as Mayor was based on confrontation politics, examples of community-based economies built on collaborative planning, ownership, and management have since become more widely known. We can now show that the successful Grameen Bank and the Mondragon Cooperatives were constructed on principles consistent with Integral Science.
Early map use as an unlearned ability.

Abstract Four experiments demonstrated that certain fundamental principles of map use can be accessed without any specific training. Results showed that a 4-year-old congenitally blind child with no previous map-use experience could use a 2-symbol map to directionally guide her locomotion in space, with successful location of objects in front of her, behind her, to her left, or to her right. She could do so under conditions where the map and space were aligned in front of her (canonical condition), and under various transformation conditions: sideways translation, front-behind translation, and vertical rotation. In these conditions, there was no straightforward spatial relationship between her position in space, and her represented position on the map; therefore, mental alignments of the map with external space were necessary. Control data from sighted children showed that, by 4 years, they too could interpret and use these maps. Analysis of the requirements of this simple map task suggests that a core of the knowledge required to use maps is a readily accessible product of a spatial knowledge system common to both the blind and sighted.
Dynamic imaging of tumor vasculature in rodents: carbogen-induced contrast enhancement

ABSTRACT We have studied the dynamic changes in tissue vasculature following the inhalation of hyperoxic gasses in rodents as a model for optical breast cancer detection. We have used a CW apparatus to measure the near infrared (NIR) optical properties of animal models immersed in a liquid tissue phantom. By looking at the transmission of different wavelengths in the NIR, we were able to qualitatively observe changes in blood oxygenation following the inhalation of different mixtures of CO 2 and O 2 . These changes enhanced the image contrast between cancerous tissue and normal tissues of the rodents. The oxygenation dynamics of the tumors, following inhalation of the hyperoxic gases, exhibited differences from surrounding tissues in both the magnitude of the observed signal change and the dynamic response. Keywords: Compensated transillumination, animal models, tumor vasculature, breast cancer, tumor detection, in vivo imaging contrast enhancement. 1. INTRODUCTION The near infrared (NIR) region between 700 nm and 900 nm provides a relatively transparent spectral window for observing physiologically important chemical compounds. Two of the important NIR absorbers in tissue are oxygenated (HbO
Identification of acidic NSO compounds in crude oils of different geochemical origins by negative ion electrospray Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Abstract We present the selective ionization, resolution and identification of acidic NSO compounds in three crude oils of different geochemical origins by negative ion electrospray ionization (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Selective ionization by ESI affords direct detection of neutral nitrogen compounds and carboxylic acids in petroleum without pre-chromatographic isolation. Ultra-high resolution/mass accuracy allows detailed and positive identification of acidic NSO compounds in the crude oils. Observed compositional differences reflect known crude oil properties/histories. Collectively, ∼14,000 masses, spanning 18 different heteroatomic classes, are identified unequivocally, demonstrating the potential of ESI-FT-ICR MS for geochemical applications.
Dual recognition of CENP-A nucleosomes is required for centromere assembly

Centromeres contain specialized nucleosomes in which histone H3 is replaced by the histone variant centromere protein A (CENP-A). CENP-A nucleosomes are thought to act as an epigenetic mark that specifies centromere identity. We previously identified CENP-N as a CENP-A nucleosome-specific binding protein. Here, we show that CENP-C also binds directly and specifically to CENP-A nucleosomes. Nucleosome binding by CENP-C required the extreme C terminus of CENP-A and did not compete with CENP-N binding, which suggests that CENP-C and CENP-N recognize distinct structural elements of CENP-A nucleosomes. A mutation that disrupted CENP-C binding to CENP-A nucleosomes in vitro caused defects in CENP-C targeting to centromeres. Moreover, depletion of CENP-C with siRNA resulted in the mislocalization of all other nonhistone CENPs examined, including CENP-K, CENP-H, CENP-I, and CENP-T, and led to a partial reduction in centromeric CENP-A. We propose that CENP-C binds directly to CENP-A chromatin and, together with CENP-N, provides the foundation upon which other centromere and kinetochore proteins are assembled.
Injectable versus topical anesthesia for cataract surgery: Patient perceptions of pain and side effects

Abstract Objective To compare patient reports of intraoperative pain and postoperative side effects by different anesthesia strategies for cataract surgery. Design Prospective cohort study. Participants Men and women 50 years of age and older undergoing 19,250 cataract surgeries at nine centers in the United States and Canada from June 1995 through June 1997. Intervention Topical anesthesia or anesthesia with injection, with or without sedatives, opioid analgesia, hypnotics, and diphenhydramine (Benadryl). Main outcome measures Patient ratings of intraoperative pain, satisfaction with pain management, and early postoperative side effects (drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, or a combination thereof). Results Twenty-six percent of surgeries were performed using topical anesthesia alone, and the remainder were performed with peribulbar, retrobulbar, or facial nerve block, or a combination thereof. Local anesthesia by injection with sedatives and diphenhydramine resulted in the lowest reporting of any intraoperative pain (1.3%), with postoperative drowsiness (9.6%) and nausea, vomiting, or both (1.5%) comparable with those administered topical anesthesia alone. Among those receiving topical anesthesia, use of sedatives and opioids reduced reports of any pain during surgery by 56% (95% confidence interval [CI], 34%, 70%), but increased nausea and vomiting (odds ratio, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.26, 4.09) compared with those administered topical anesthesia alone, after adjusting for age, gender, race, American Society of Anesthesiologists risk class, self-reported health status, and duration of surgery. Among those receiving local injections, use of opioids reduced reports of any pain among those receiving sedatives by 37% (95% CI, 15%, 54%), but did not increase postoperative side effects. The use of diphenhydramine among those receiving sedatives decreased reports of any pain by 59% (95% CI, 33%, 75%) and also reduced drowsiness and nausea and vomiting by 57% (95% CI, 48%, 65%) and by 60% (95% CI, 36%, 75%), respectively. Use of hypnotics with sedatives was associated with increased reports of any pain during surgery and increased nausea and vomiting after surgery. Conclusions Patient reports of any pain during cataract surgery (5%) and postoperative side effects (16% drowsiness and 4% nausea and vomiting) were low, but varied by anesthesia strategy. Patient perceptions of pain and side effects can be helpful in guiding the appropriate choice of anesthesia strategy.
Technical Tips for Thoracic Aortic Endografting

Thoracic aortic endografting is proving to be extremely useful for correcting a variety of lesions with few complications. Endovascular intervention avoids sternotomy or thoracotomy, the use of chest tubes, respirators, and general anesthesia, and limits blood loss. Compared with traditional open surgery, complications such as paraplegia, renal failure, and cardiac and pulmonary difficulties are minimized; hospital and rehabilitation times are also reduced. Selection of patients on the basis of favorable anatomy and pathology for a specific device is critical to procedural success. In some cases, a retroperitoneal conduit may be useful. In addition, left carotid-subclavian bypass or a transposition of the left subclavian artery to the left common carotid artery may be necessary before endografting, and spinal cord fluid drainage may be important when there is potential for cord ischemia.
Ethnic identification and the project of individual identity: The life of Mary Ann wodrow Archbald (1768–1840) of little cumbrae island, Scotland and Auriesville, New York

A totalizing and privileging of ethnicity, to the exclusion of other sources of identification, in American historiography has created a tendency to conflate group identity and individual identity in historical subjects. While ethnic group identities are ultimately rooted in cultural representations and ideologies, individual (or personal) identity is the ongoing effort to maintain a sense of continuity. Personal identity assures us we remain the same person that we have been previously. The letters of a Scottish immigrant to the United States are examined to suggest the role of ethnicity in personal identity.
Turnover of starch-bound lysophosphatidylcholine in germinating barley☆

Abstract Free and starch-bound lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) in germinating barley was isolated and quantified during the first 8 days of germination. During the first 4 days the starch-bound LPC remained at a relatively constant level ( ca 0.4,μmol/seed) and then declined during the next 2 days to ca 0.1 μmol/seed. There appeared to be no further loss of this starch-bound lipid on further germination. The decrease in the content of starch-bound LPC is not due to the action of phospholipase C and/or D on the starch lipid because there was no corresponding accumulation of starchbound lysophosphatidic acid or monoacylglycerol. The free LPC remained relatively constant at 0.02 to 0.04 μmol/seed during the entire germination period indicating that the LPC released from the starch during days 5 and 6 is further metabolized. Amylase activity was also measured in the germinating seed and increased 20-fold between days 2 and 4 which just precedes the rapid decline in starch-bound LPC. The starch content of the seed however declined to ca one third of the original value by day 5. LPC represents 65–70 % of the starch-bound lipid phosphorus in the dry seed. Through days 5 and 6 when the loss of LPC is most rapid there is no marked change in this percentage. After 8 days, however, the LPC is only ca 30%. of the starch-bound lipid phosphorus. Ofthe two major populations of starch-bound LPC, the one bearing a linoleyl group appears to decline more rapidly during days 4–6 than does that carrying a palmitoyl group. The role of starch-bound LPC in barley development and germination is discussed.
Multiperiod Decision Models with Alternating Choice as a Solution to the Duopoly Problem

In the previous chapter we illustrated some of the ways that Bayesian analysis can be used in duopoly theory. Duopoly and oligopoly theory is characterized by the fact that an infinite number of models can be generated by assuming different values for the conjectural variations term (Cohen and Cyert 1975; Kamien and Schwartz 1983). No general solution exists and there is no basis, either empirical or theoretical, for preferring one of the models over the other.
Interactions of clonidine with phencyclidine and ketamine: studies of radial maze performance and righting reflex in rats.

Abstract Rats were trained to obtain food pellets in an 8-arm radial maze until a criterion of 89% efficiency, i.e., all arms entered within 9 arm entries, was reached in 5 consecutive sessions. Decreases in efficiency caused by phencyclidine (PCP; 4 to 9 mg/kg, IP, 15 min before testing) or ketamine (25 mg/kg, IP, 5 min) were attenuated when subjects were pretreated with clonidine (0.05 mg/kg, IP, 30 min). However, significant improvements in performance in the maze were not observed when clonidine (0.05 to 0.4 mg/kg, IP) was administered 15 min after PCP (9 mg/kg, IP, 45 min). Subsequent studies of righting reflex demonstrated an increased frequency and duration of anesthesia when clonidine (0.05 mg/kg, IP) was administered 15 minutes before PCP (12.5 to 50 mg/, IP) or ketamine (50 to 100 mg/kg, IP). When clonidine (0.05 mg/kg, IP) was administered 15 minutes before [ 3 H]PCP (40 μCi/kg, IP), brain levels of tritium were reduced by 42 to 55%. The present findings do not support the suggestion that clonidine may be useful in the treatment of PCP intoxication. The data do indicate that pretreatment of surgical patients with clonidine may reduce the dose of ketamine required for anesthesia.
Why Kad lookup fails

A Distributed Hash Table (DHT) is a structured overlay network service that provides a decentralized lookup for mapping objects to locations. In this paper, we study the lookup performance of locating nodes responsible for replicated information in Kad — one of the largest DHT networks existing currently. Throughout the measurement study, we found that Kad lookups locate only 18% of nodes storing replicated data. This failure leads to limited reliability and an inefficient use of resources during lookups. Ironically, we found that this poor performance is due to the high level of routing table similarity, despite the relatively high churn rate in the network. We propose solutions which either exploit the high routing table similarity or avoid the duplicate returns using multiple target keys.
A product-of-norms model for recurrent neural networks

The authors present a model for recurrent artificial neural networks which can store any number of any prespecified patterns as energy local minima. Therefore, all the prespecified patterns can be stored and retrieved. The authors summarize the model's stability properties. They then give two examples, showing how this model can be used in image recognition and association. >
Fish, factory trawlers, and imitation crab: the nature of quality in the seafood industry

As the last major food that is primarily wild-caught, fish offers unique perspectives on relationships among nature, quality, and agro-food production. Developing a case study of changing constructions of quality in the global surimi seafood industry, this paper explores how ideas about quality are not simply social constructions that have material effects, but are complex interactions between natural inputs and their environments, production techniques and technologies, and foods and their uses. Surimi is a fish paste made from a variety of fish species, including Alaska pollock, the largest fishery in the world, and is used to make a variety of seafood products, including both traditional Japanese fish cakes and imitation seafood products (e.g. ‘krab’), which is the most common form in the US and Europe. Drawing on recent approaches to relationality, the analysis treats product quality neither as a purely objective measure nor subjective judgment, but instead as an assemblage of interactions at multiple stages of commodity chains. Analysis of how quality in the surimi industry has changed as production and consumption have moved to new places, and how quality then affects patterns of production and consumption, reveals that physical characteristics of the fish, and the environments from which they come, play key roles in quality definitions. Yet at the same time, which characteristics count as quality is defined within the production networks. Rather than focusing on relationships between ‘nature’ and ‘society’, analysis of individual production networks elucidates how specific aspects of what we call ‘the natural world’ participate in specific interactions. The key is not whether natural processes put constraints on economic activities or whether economic actors are able to outflank nature through technical innovation, but rather how specific elements and activities within production networks define each other in their interactions.
Chemiluminescence detection of ATP release from red blood cells upon passage through microbore tubing.

A novel approach for the determination of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released from red blood cells (RBCs) after passage through microbore capillaries is described. ATP is often released from RBCs in vessels and has been linked to the production of nitric oxide, a known vasodilator. The system described here uses a syringe pump to deliver microliter flow rates (5–15 μl min−1) of reagent and sample through fused silica capillary tubing of varying dimensions (25–75 μm) to a photomultiplier tube. The released ATP is characterized by the detection of chemiluminescent emission from the luciferin–luciferase reaction. The amount of ATP released is directly proportional to the number of RBCs injected into the system. Results also suggest that the amount of released ATP decreases from 6.9 μM to 1.4 μM as the tubing diameter is increased from 25 μm to 75 μm. An investigation of capillary lengths ranging from 15 to 35 cm resulted in ATP concentrations of 1.5 μM to 2.4 μM being released. Results also indicate that increases in flow rate also induce increased amounts of ATP release. These results are consistent with those of previous systems attempting to model the physiological release of ATP from red blood cells.
Design and implementation of a fine-grained software inspection tool

Although software inspection has led to improvements in software quality, many software systems continue to be deployed with unacceptable numbers of errors, even when software inspection is part of the development process. The difficulty of manually verifying that the software under inspection conforms to the rules is partly to blame. We describe the design and implementation of a tool designed to help alleviate this problem. The tool provides mechanisms for fine-grained inspection of software by exposing the results of sophisticated whole-program static analysis to the inspector. The tool computes many static-semantic representations of the program, including an accurate call graph and dependence graph. A whole-program pointer analysis is used to make sure that the representation is precise with respect to aliases induced by pointer usage. Views on the dependence graph and related representations are supported. Queries on the dependence graph allow an inspector to answer detailed questions about the semantics of the program. Facilities for openness and extensibility permit the tool to be integrated with many software development processes. The main challenge of the approach is to provide facilities to navigate and manage the enormous complexity of the dependence graph.
Performance modeling of MIMO OFDM systems via channel analysis

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas can be combined with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) to achieve diversity gain and/or to increase system spectral efficiency through spatial multiplexing. In this letter, we derive the probability density function (pdf) expressions of the condition number (i.e., the maximum-to-minimum-singular-value ratio, MMSVR) of the channel state information (CSI) matrix. We show that this ratio is directly related to the noise enhancement in open-loop MIMO systems and provides a significant insight on the overall system capacity. The pdf of this ratio could be used to predict the relative performances of various MIMO configurations without complex system-level simulations. The pdf can also be used to compute the probability of whether certain channels fail in the high-throughput mode. Extensive simulations are performed to validate the accuracy of the closed-form pdf of the MMSVR derived in this letter
Friends and neighbors on the Web

Abstract The Internet has become a rich and large repository of information about us as individuals. Anything from the links and text on a user’s homepage to the mailing lists the user subscribes to are reflections of social interactions a user has in the real world. In this paper we devise techniques and tools to mine this information in order to extract social networks and the exogenous factors underlying the networks’ structure. In an analysis of two data sets, from Stanford University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), we show that some factors are better indicators of social connections than others, and that these indicators vary between user populations. Our techniques provide potential applications in automatically inferring real world connections and discovering, labeling, and characterizing communities.
Comparison of preparation design and material thickness on microbial leakage through Cavit using a tooth model system

Few studies have compared Cavit thickness and access design as factors in microbial leakage. The present study used an acrylic tooth model to measure leakage of Streptococcus mutans. Pilot studies confirming the sterility of Cavit showed it will inhibit microbial growth for 2 days. The experiments compared class I preparations where Cavit thickness was 4 mm with class II preparations where thickness was 2-3 mm. Accesses sealed with cotton pellets were compared with those without cotton. Results of the study showed no bacterial contamination in any of the class I samples (up to 14 days). Some class II samples showed contamination at day 1 (3 out of 14), with all contaminated at day 7 (14 of 14), yet only 1 contaminated at day 14 (1 out of 14). The results suggest that a 4-mm thickness of Cavit should prevent bacterial ingress for at least 2 weeks, but microbial leakage may occur if temporary thickness is less than 3 mm or in a complex access preparation.
Assertion techniques for dynamic monitoring of linear list data structures

In this paper, some techniques for dynamic mon itoring of most array-implemented linear list data structures are presented. The main advantage of these assertion techniques is the ability to construct a loop around a group of simple assertions. With this concept, the programmer can explicitly define the record traversal scheme for a linear list data structure implemented with either sequential or linked-list record allocation. A number of examples are given to illustrate how these techniques may be used in typical high level languages. These examples include various linear-list data structures, and both sequential and linked-list allocation schemes.
Learning Vocabulary from Television: Does Onscreen Print Have a Role?.

Vocabulary acquisition associated with watching high-quality educational television has been documented in a number of studies. One lingering question is whether adding strategically placed onscreen print to a program can enhance vocabulary acquisition beyond those effects attributable to viewing educational content alone. The present study was designed to test this question with 4- to 8-year-old children (N = 121). The moderating role of family socioeconomic status (SES) was also tested. Children were living either at or below the U.S. federal poverty level (low socioeconomic status; L-SES) or above the U.S. federal poverty level (working-class socioeconomic status; WC-SES). All children were asked to view 16 different episodes of the program Martha Speaks at least one time during a 4-week viewing phase (mean number of views = 24). Half the children (n = 61) viewed with target vocabulary words displayed onscreen when the word was first introduced in an episode, whereas the other half (n = 60) viewed without print. There were no direct effects associated with onscreen print. Instead, L-SES children identified more program-specific vocabulary words at the posttest when they saw the program without print, while WC-SES children identified more program-specific words at the posttest when they saw the program with print. Repeated exposure benefited L-SES children regardless of the presence or absence of onscreen print. In contrast, WC-SES children in the onscreen print group did not show additional gains from repeated exposure, whereas WC-SES children in the no-print group evidenced declining vocabulary scores with repeated exposure.
Injuries of the flexor and extensor tendons.

SUMMARY There are many diagnostic pitfalls in tendon injuries of the hand. Comparison with the opposite hand may be of value in detecting subtle differences. Early diagnosis and treatment is the key to success in these injuries. Some extensor tendon injuries can be treated by the primary care physician in the emergency room. Most flexor tendon injuries should be treated by the hand surgery specialist. The only true emergency in the hand is vascular compromise. Most tendon injuries can be treated by primary or delayed primary repair without adversely affecting the end result.
Dietary Modification of Physiological Responses to Chronic Psychosocial Stress: Implications for the Obesity Epidemic

The scientific community has been working feverishly on the problem of obesity, particularly since the Surgeon’s General’s 2001 call to action to prevent and decrease obesity.
Eruption of the Grande Ronde Basalt lavas, Columbia River Basalt Group: Results of numerical modeling

The Grande Ronde Basalt lavas constitute ~63% of the Columbia River Basalt Group, a large igneous province in the NW United States. The lavas are aphyric or contain less than 5% phenocrysts of plagioclase, augite, pigeonite, and olivine(altered). Plagioclase hygrometry shows that the erupted lavas generally contained less than 0.3% dissolved H2O; however, the presence of rare disequilibrium An96 plagioclase phenocrysts suggests that some magmas may have originally had 4.5 wt% dissolved H2O at depth, but they all degassed during ascent and eruption. The size of plagioclase phenocrysts suggests an average plagioclase phenocryst residence time in the magmas of 160 yr. Ignoring hiatuses between eruptions, we estimate that the ~110 flows of the Grande Ronde Basalt erupted over a cumulative time of 17,600 yr, with an average eruption rate of ~8.6 km3/yr. The average interval between eruptions is estimated to be 3658 yr. It is envisaged that a shallow intrusive dike-sill complex, rather than large kilometer-sized magma chamber(s), fed the Grande Ronde basalt lavas. We performed model simulations using the COMAGMAT software to retrace the preeruption histories of the Grande Ronde Basalt lavas. Based on such simulations and petrological reasoning, we fi nd that the primary melts could have been generated from a spinel peridotite source at 1.5 GPa, perhaps under hydrous conditions. Extensive melting of lithospheric eclogite may have played an important role as well; however, this is not constrained by our simulations. All lavas were contaminated by the crust, and they were last processed (mixing, crystallization) during their short residence within shallow (6 km) intrusive rocks prior to eruption. Our petrologic conclusions lead us to present a petrotectonic model that supports the hypothesis that the Columbia River Basalt Group magma generation was greatly aided by a thinned lithosphere and H2O that may have come off the asthenospheric wedge.
Rituximab Improves the Outcome of Patients with Grade 3 Follicular Lymphoma Receiving Anthracycline-based Therapy

Abstract Background The combination of rituximab with chemotherapy has improved the outcome of patients with follicular lymphoma (FL). However, data on Grade 3 FL (FL3) and its subtypes are lacking. The aims of the study were to determine: (1) the clinical features and outcome of patients with FL3 treated with rituximab and anthracycline-based chemotherapy; and (2) the clinical significance of the 3 subtypes of FL3. Patients and Methods Eighty-seven patients with Grade 1/2 FL, 84 with FL3 including 46 FL3A, 17 FL3B, and 21 follicular large cleaved cell (FL3C), and 411 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated with rituximab and anthracycline-based chemotherapy, and a historical cohort of 167 patients with FL3 who received only anthracycline-based chemotherapy (FL3*) were included in this retrospective study. Results The FL3 group had a significantly better overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) compared with those with FL3* or DLBCL. No significant differences in OS were found among the 3 subtypes of FL3. However, patients with FL3B had a shorter EFS than those with FL3A and FL3C. Moreover, patients with FL3B had an outcome similar to those with DLBCL, whereas patients with FL3A and 3C had significantly better outcomes than those with DLBCL. Less than 50% of the patients with FL3B and less than 20% of the patients with FL3A and 3C have relapsed, and relapses were uncommon after 5 years. Conclusion The use of rituximab with anthracycline-based chemotherapy significantly improved the survival of patients with FL3 and should be considered the benchmark by which other therapies for FL3 are evaluated in the future.
Working within Discretionary Boundaries: Allocative Rules, Exceptions, and the Micro-Foundations of Inequ(al)ity:

Organizations tasked with allocating limited resources face obvious distributive dilemmas. Allocative rules – when applied universally – seek to limit the discretion of organizational members and m...
Purification, identification, and synthesis of five novel antioxidant peptides from Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) protein hydrolysates

Abstract This study was done to isolate novel antioxidant peptides from Chinese chestnut protein (CCP) hydrolysed with alcalase. A series of purification steps including ultrafiltration, gel filtration chromatography, anion exchange chromatography, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography were used to purify the CCP. ABTS radical scavenging capacity was assessed to evaluate antioxidant activity. Five antioxidant peptides, VYTE, TKGQ, MMLQK, TPAIS, and VSAFLA, with molecular weights of 590.20, 592.17, 745.29, 647.20, and 606.34 Da, respectively, were obtained from the most active fractions and characterized using nano-liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry. VYTE and VSAFLA showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging capacity with IC50 values of 0.13 ± 0.01 and 0.28 ± 0.04 mg/mL, respectively (P
Using Illness Rating Systems to Predict Discharge Location Following Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Purpose: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is increasing in frequency and cost. Optimization of discharge location may reduce total expenditure while maximizing patient outcomes. Although preoperative illness rating systems―including the American Society for Anesthesiologists Physical Classification System (ASA), severity of illness scoring system (SOI), and Mallampati rating scale (MP)―are associated with patient morbidity and mortality, their predictive value for discharge location, length of stay (LOS), and total costs remains unclear. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 677 TKA patients (550 primary and 127 revision) treated at a single institution. The influence of ASA, SOI, and MP scores on discharge locations, LOS, and total costs was assessed using multivariable regression analyses. Results: None of the systems were significant predictors of discharge location following TKA. SOI scores of major or higher (β=2.08 days, p<0.001) and minor (β=-0.25 days, p=0.009) significantly predicted LOS relative to moderate scores. Total costs were also significantly predicted by SOI scores of major or higher (β=$6,155, p=0.022) and minor (β=-$1,163, p=0.007). Conclusions: SOI scores may be harnessed as a predictive tool for LOS and total costs following TKA, but other mechanisms are necessary to predict discharge location.
Microgrid Development Using Model-Based Design

Microgrids are recognized as highly efficient and economical ways to promote distributed resources, energy storage devices, advanced electronic controls, loads and to integrate smart grid technologies. As microgrids and associated technologies advance in popularity and complexity, it becomes ever more important to institute robust design methods to control these systems. Advances in communication, controls, power electronics, protection, and other intelligent techniques must also be accounted for. Model-based design (MBD) methodology developed for electric vehicle and industrial controls accounts for these factors as well as facilitates system verification, locates and correct errors, and enables reuse of developed designs. Our work described in this paper demonstrates how model-based design may be applied to microgrids to reap the same benefits as widely received in vehicle and industrial production. We present a microgrid design case in which the MBD approach is leverage for rapid development and verification.
The Impact of Faculty Validation on Male Students of Color at Community College.

ABSTRACTThis study addresses the impact of faculty validation on men of color in community colleges looking through lenses of self-efficacy, belonging, and welcomeness to engage. The study took place at a medium-sized, urban, ethnically diverse community college in California in 2016 (n = 1208). The Community College Survey of Men (CCSM) is explored; definitions of self-efficacy, engagement, and belonging are outlined, and their relationships are analyzed using ANOVA. Suggestions for taking action and directions for future research are also discussed.
Dynamic Lot Sizing with Demand Selection and the Pricing Analog

This chapter defines a model for production planning for a single product in a periodic setting, where the planner must select from a number of individual orders for the product. Associated with any order are a demand quantity, delivery period, and revenue. Acceptance of an order implies that it must be met on time and in full. Orders are placed in advance of the planning horizon, and the planner must determine which orders to accept as well as a production plan for meeting these orders on time over a finite horizon. Production in any period carries a fixed order cost as well as variable production costs, and inventory may be held from period to period, incurring an associated holding cost. The planner’s goal is to maximize profit from order acceptance decisions over the planning horizon.
Engineering-Scale Liquid Cadmium Cathode Experiments

Recovery of uranium and transuranic (TRU) actinides from spent nuclear fuel by an electrorefining process was investigated as part of the U.S. Department of Energy Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative. Experiments were performed in a shielded hot cell at the Materials and Fuels Complex at Idaho National Laboratory. The goal of these experiments was to collect, by an electrochemical process, kilogram quantities of uranium and plutonium into what is called a liquid cadmium cathode (LCC). For each experiment, a steel basket loaded with chopped spent nuclear fuel from the Experimental Breeder Reactor II acted as the anode in the electrorefiner. The cathode was a beryllium oxide crucible containing ∼26 kg of cadmium metal (the LCC). In the three experiments performed to date, between 1 and 2 kg of heavy metal was collected in the LCC after passing an integrated current between 1.80 and 2.16 MC (500 and 600 A h) from the anode to the cathode. Sample analysis of the processed LCC ingots measured detectable amounts of TRUs and rare earth elements.
Controlled gene delivery system based on thermosensitive biodegradable hydrogel.

Purpose. Currently, most pDNA delivery systems based on synthetic polymers are either nonbiodegradable or not sensitive to the release environment. The primary objective of this study was to develop and evaluate an aqueous-based, thermosensitive, biodegradable and biocompatible triblock copolymer to control pDNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. Methods. The triblock copolymers, poly[ethylene glycol-b-(D, L-lactic acid-co-glycol acid)-b-ethylene glycol] (PEG-PLGA-PEG), were synthesized as previously described. The molecular weight and polydispersity of PEG-PLGA-PEG were monitored by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The cytotoxicity of PEG-PLGA-PEG was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetra- zolium bromide assay. The release of 32P-labeled pDNA entrapped in aqueous dispersion of PEG-PLGA-PEG in 0.1 mol/L sodium phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) was studied at 37°C under agitation. Gene transfection efficiency was evaluated in a skin wound model in CD-1 mice. Results. The aqueous dispersion of PEG-PLGA-PEG flows freely at room temperature but form a gel at 37°C body temperature. The in vitro degradation of PEG-PLGA-PEG lasted for more than 30 days. The cytotoxicity of PEG-PLGA-PEG evaluated in HEK 293 cells was significantly lower than that of poly-L-lysine hydrochloride. The release profile of supercoiled pDNA from the polymer followed the zero-order kinetics up to 12 days. Maximal gene expression of luciferase was at 24 h in the skin wound of CD-1 mice and by 72 h, the expression dropped by nearly 94%. Conclusions. These results suggest hydrogel formed by PEG-PLGA-PEG could be a promising platform for delivery of pDNA, which represents a novel strategy that may serve as a non-viral vector for gene therapy in wound healing.