cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution and predictors of depressive symptoms in osteoarthritis

Objective To determine the prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms in a sample of elderly persons with osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Secondary analysis of cross sectional interview data from 108 community living persons age 50 or over who met American College of Rheumatology clinical criteria for OA of the hip and/or knee. Results The prevalence of substantial depressive symptomatology appeared to be no greater than would be expected in the general population for this age group. However, persons currently under a physician's care for OA were significantly more depressed than those not under care, and, with the exception of those who had post-high school education, depression was a better predictor of being under care than OA symptoms. The direct and interactive effects of 3 variables--education, age and self-perceived impact of the OA problem--were found to explain 40% of variance in depression scores in the total sample and 50% among those currently receiving care. Younger and less educated subjects had relatively more depressive symptoms and, furthermore, in this subgroup the correlation between OA impact and depression was high. Conclusions The importance of assessing depression in persons who seek care for OA is supported. Furthermore, our results suggest that the observed relationship between education and arthritis outcomes could be mediated, at least in part, by depression.
Antisense Nucleic Acids — Prospects for Antiviral Intervention:

Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides are a promising new class of antiviral agent. Because they bind in a sequence-specific manner to complementary regions of mRNA, oligos can inhibit gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. The ‘antisense’ approach has been used successfully to block cellular expression and replication of several viruses including Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1), and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). However, the antiviral effect of oligodeoxynucleotides is not limited to sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression. Non sequence-specific effects are frequently observed, presumably as a result of their properties as polyanions. Occasionally (e.g. for HIV-1) these non sequence-specific effects are also therapeutic. The prospects for antisense oligodeoxynucleotide therapy for viral disease are discussed.
ASSESSING THE INCREMENTAL VALUE OF KABC‐II LURIA MODEL SCORES IN PREDICTING ACHIEVEMENT: WHAT DO THEY TELL US BEYOND THE MPI?

The current study examined the incremental validity of the Luria interpretive scheme for the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (KABC-II) for predicting scores on the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement-Second Edition (KTEA-II). All participants were children and adolescents (N = 2,025) drawn from the nationally representative KABC-II/KTEA-II linked standardization sample. Consistent with previous studies, the full scale Mental Processing Index (MPI) score accounted for clinically significant portions of KTEA-II score variance in all of the regression models that were assessed. In contrast, the Luria factor scores collectively failed to provide meaningful incremental predictive variance after controlling for the effects of the MPI. Individually, the factor scores consistently accounted for trivial portions of achievement variance. Potential implications of these results for the correct interpretation of the KABC-II within clinical practice are discussed.
The Trajectory of Bollywood Lyrics

Elaborate songs and dances are the distinct markers of Bollywood. Many cinematic songs dominate the musical landscape of the country. Ali Mir and Raza Mir investigate the deployment of songs in Bollywood, sometimes to propel the cinematic narrative and sometimes to interrupt it. They trace the trajectory of song lyrics in Bollywood films from the early days of anticolonial struggle, through the period of the hegemony of the Progressive Writers’ Association (i.e., a movement by lyricists to use popular music to effect social transformation), to the current period of neoliberalization, where lyrics are either fantastical or a form of depolitization.
Childhood Victimization in a National Sample of Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders

There are a number of hidden populations in the United States whose victimization goes undetected and unreported. This study aims to assess the victimization experiences of one such population: American children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Utilizing the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ), this study obtained past-year and lifetime prevalence rates of interpersonal violence in a sample of children with ASDs (N = 262). Results showed that almost 89% of these children had experienced an incident of victimization in their lifetime, while almost as many (82.1%) had experienced an incident within the last year. Among those who had been victimized once within the last year, 92% experienced at least a second victimization within that same time period, pointing to significant levels of poly-victimization. Risk ratios confirm that if a child experiences an incident of victimization in the past year, s/he is at risk to experience another type of victimization during that time frame, no matter what type of initial victimization exposure was examined. Previous research specifically addressing the victimization of children with ASDs in the United States has been limited and often focuses on a specific form of victimization, such as bullying. Implications include considering the impact of exposure to multiple forms of victimization and addressing the possibility of long-term trauma resulting from chronic exposure to victimization.
R-HCVAD Alternating with R-Methotrexate Cytarabine in Younger Patients (pts) with IH and High-Risk Age Adjusted-IPI DLBCL

Abstract 3707 Background: The management of pts with untreated, high-risk DLBCL needs improvement. R-HCVAD/R-MTX-ARA-C is a regimen with significant activity in Burkitt9s, ALL, and mantle cell lymphomas. The aim of this phase II study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of R-HCVAD in patients up to 60 years with IH or High risk DLBCL by age adjusted IPI. Methods: Pts with untreated indolent DLBCL with aa-IPI score of 2 or 3 risk were eligible. Treatment was R-HCVAD alternating with R-Methotrexate-cytarabine unless the patient had an effusion that precluded from receiving methotrexate. Prophylactic antibiotics and growth factors were routinely given to pts, and intrathecal prophylaxis were given in patients who were considered to be at high risk for CNS recurrence. Response was assessed every 2 cycles using the International Working Group Response Criteria 2007 incorporating PET scan. Results: A total of 48 pts received at least one cycle of treatment and were evaluable for toxicity. Forty-five were evluable for response. Pts characteristics are the followings; male 60%, median age 50 (24–60), elevated LDH 92%; stage IV 79%, III 19%, PS>1 69%, AA IPI IH 42%, High 58%. Pts received a median of 6 cycles (1–6). Two patients died after 1stcycle, 1 due to sepsis, another pulmonary embolism. Another patient refused treatment after the second cycle and died of disease. CR was observed in 83%,PR in 6%, PD 2%. At the moment of this evaluation, with a median follow of 30 months, 35 (73%) are alive in first remission, 2 (4%) died in CR of glioblastoma and anal cancer, 5 (10%) died of disease, 2 are alive with disease, 2 are alive after transplant, and 2 patients died of toxicity. Conclusion: R-HCVAD/R-MTX-Cytarabine is a very active regimen in DLBCL with high-risk features. We however observed significant hematological toxicities and early death in this study. Disclosures: Fanale:Genetech: Research Funding. Younes:Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Allos: Research Funding. Wang:Onyx Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria, Research Funding. Fayad:Roche: Research Funding.
Mitral valve coaptation and its relationship to late diastolic flow: A color Doppler and vector flow map echocardiographic study in normal subjects

Background Three competing theories about the mechanism of mitral coaptation in normal subjects were evaluated by color Doppler and vector flow mapping (VFM): (1) beginning of ventricular (LV) ejection, (2) "breaking of the jet" of diastolic LV inflow, and (3) returning diastolic vortices impacting the leaflets on their LV surfaces. Methods and results We analyzed 80 color Doppler frames and 320 VFM measurements. In all 20 normal subjects, coaptation occurred before LV ejection, 78±16 ms before onset. On color Doppler frames the larger anterior, and smaller posterior vortices circle back and, in all cases, strike the ventricular surfaces of the leaflets. On the first closing-begins frame, for the first time, vortex velocity normal to the ventricular surface of the anterior leaflet (AML) is greater than that in the mitral orifice, and the angle of attack of LV vortical flow onto the AML is twice as high as the angle of flow onto the valve in orifice. Thus, at the moment coaptation begins, vortical flow strikes the mitral leaflet with higher velocity, and higher angle of attack than orifice flow, and thus with greater force. According to the "breaking of the jet" theory, one would expect to see de novo LV flow perpendicular to the leaflets beginning after transmitral flow terminates. Instead, the returning continuous LV vortical flow that impacts the valve builds continuously after the P-wave. Conclusions Late diastolic vortices strike the ventricular surfaces of the mitral leaflets and contribute to valve coaptation, permitted by concomitant decline in transmitral flow.
Water, Water Everywhere: Perceptions of Chaotic Water Regimes in Northeastern Siberia, Russia

This paper explores applied anthropological research examining perceptions, understandings and responses to increasing water on the land, one of the major effects of global climate change for native Viliui Sakha agropastoralist communities of northeastern Siberia, Russia. The paper draws on fieldwork investigating perceptions, understandings and responses to the local effects of global climate change for native Viliui Sakha agropastoralist communities of northeastern Siberia, Russia. For Viliui Sakha, global climate change translates locally into a highly altered climate system and water regime. 2008 fieldwork shows Inhabitants observing warmer winters, increased snowfall, excessive precipitation, changed seasonality, and the transformation of their ancestral landscape due to increased water on the land and degrading permafrost. One urgent change is how the increased water on the land is turning hayfields into lakes, inundating households and ruining transportation networks. The increasing water on the land interferes with subsistence and threatens to undermine settlement. Beyond these physical changes, what does the increased water on the land mean to Viliui Sakha? Inhabitants expressed not only concern about their future but also common fear that they would ‘go under water.’ Water has visceral meaning to Sakha, based on their historically-based belief system, their adaptation to their environment, and knowledge system. In response, 2009 field research looked in more depth at communities’ perceptions of water, and worked to bring those perceptions and beliefs into our 2010 knowledge exchange exercise. This paper will present our initial findings and make suggestions on how these findings can be understood more broadly for other peoples unprecedentedly affected by water crises in the face of global climate change.
Mapping Latin American Security in the Post-Cold War Era: Transnational Organized Crime in the Region

Transnational organized crime will be one of the major problems facing policy makers in the 21st century. It will be a defining issue of the 21st century as the Cold War was for the 20th century and Colonialism was for the 19th. No area of international affairs will remain untouched as political and economic systems and the social fabric of many countries will deteriorate under the increasing financial power of international organized crime groups.
Rhythms of metabolism in adipose tissue and mitochondria.

Abstract Circadian clocks synchronize the daily functions of organisms with environmental cues like light-dark cycles and feeding rhythms. The master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus of the brain and the many clocks in the periphery are organized in a hierarchical manner; the master clock synchronizes the peripheral clocks, and the peripheral clocks provide feedback to the master clock in return. Not surprisingly, it has been shown that circadian rhythms and metabolism are closely linked. Metabolic disorders like obesity have a large cost to the individual and society and they are marked by adipose tissue and mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria are central to energy metabolism and have key functions in processes like ATP production, oxidative phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species production and Ca2+ homeostasis. Mitochondria also play an important role in adipose tissue homeostasis and remodeling. Despite the extensive research investigating the link between circadian clock and metabolism, the circadian regulation of adipose tissue and mitochondria has mostly been unexplored until recently, and the emerging data in this topic are the focus of this review.
Intense Granular Sheetflow in Steep Streams

Quantifying sediment transport rates in mountainous streams is important for hazard prediction, stream restoration, and landscape evolution. While much of the channel network has steep bed slopes, little is known about the mechanisms of sediment transport for bed slopes between 10% < S < 30%, where both fluvial transport and debris flows occur. To explore these slopes, we performed experiments in a 12‐m‐long sediment recirculating flume with a nearly uniform gravel bed. At 20% and 30% bed gradients, we observed a 4‐to‐10 particle‐diameter thick, highly concentrated sheetflow layer between the static bed below and the more dilute bedload layer above. Sheetflow thickness increased with steeper bed slopes, and particle velocities increased with bed shear velocity. Sheetflows occurred at Shields stresses close to the predicted bedload‐to‐debris flow transition, suggesting a change of behavior from bedload to sheetflow to debris flow as the bed steepens.
Primitive Recursive Functions

This chapter discusses primitive recursive functions. In combine functions, computable functions are combined in such a way that the output of one becomes an input to another. A function is called primitive recursive if it can be obtained from the initial functions by a finite number of applications of composition and recursion. A function is primitive recursive if it belongs to every primitive recursive class. Primitive recursive are also computable. The function is a primitive recursive function as it is obtained by composition of primitive recursive functions.
Abstract 101: The Role of MicroRNAs in the Regulation of Human Aldosterone Synthase Gene Expression

The human aldosterone synthase ( hCYP11B2 ) gene encodes a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of aldosterone which is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Molecular variants in this gene have been associated with essential hypertension. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small, noncoding RNAs that bind to the 3’-untranslated region (3’UTR) of the gene and regulate its expression. Our main objective in this study was to investigate whether miRNAs bind at the polymorphic sites present in the 3’UTR of hCYP11B2 gene and modulate its expression. Previous studies have suggested that -344T/C (rs1799998) polymorphism in the hCYP11B2 promoter is associated with hypertension. Here, we compared nucleotide sequences of the promoter and 3’UTR of hCYP11B2 gene from hypertensive and normotensive subjects and found that rs1799998 is in linkage disequilibrium with 735G/A (rs28491316). Thus, variant -344T almost always occurs with variant 735G; whereas variant -344C almost always occurs with variant 735A. Bioinformatic algorithms of the full-length 3’UTR for miRNAs revealed that hsa-miR-766 was possibly binding at the 735G allele. To examine if this miRNA regulates hCYP11B2 gene expression, reporter constructs were made where luciferase gene was attached to 1.4 kb of hCYP11B2 3’UTR containing either 735G, or 735A and co-transfected into HEK293 cells with either pre-miR-766 or anti-pre-miR-766. Our results showed that pre-miR-766 reduced luciferase activity in a dose dependent manner in the presence of 735G allele. There was a significant decrease (65+2%) in the luciferase activity with pre-miR-766 (50 nM) in the presence of 735G allele, whereas it was insignificant (4+5%) in the presence of 735A allele. In H295R cells that express hCYP11B2 gene, pre-miR-766 (50nM) reduced luciferase activity by 81+1% in the presence of 735G allele. We also showed that transfection of pre-mir-766 reduced hCYP11B2 mRNA level by about 23.6% in H295R cells. In corroboration with these results, anti-pre-miR-766 did not decrease luciferase activity in presence of either allele in both cell cultures. Our results suggest that hCYP11B2 gene expression may be regulated by differential binding of miR-766 at 735G/A polymorphism present in its 3’UTR.
Plant peroxisomes at the crossroad of NO and H2O2 metabolism

Plant peroxisomes are subcellular compartments involved in many biochemical pathways during the life cycle of a plant but also in the mechanism of response against adverse environmental conditions. These organelles have an active nitro-oxidative metabolism under physiological conditions but this could be exacerbated under stress situations. Furthermore, peroxisomes have the capacity to proliferate and also undergo biochemical adaptations depending on the surrounding cellular status. An important characteristic of peroxisomes is that they have a dynamic metabolism of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNS and ROS) which generates two key molecules, nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). These molecules can exert signaling functions by means of post-translational modifications that affect the functionality of target molecules like proteins, peptides or fatty acids. This review provides an overview of the endogenous metabolism of ROS and RNS in peroxisomes with special emphasis on polyamine and uric acid metabolism as well as the possibility that these organelles could be a source of signal molecules involved in the functional interconnection with other subcellular compartments.
Poly(benzoxazine-f-chitosan) films: The role of aldehyde neighboring groups on chemical interaction of benzoxazine precursors with chitosan

Abstract This study reports the preparation and characterizations of chitosan-azomethine derivatives containing oxazine ring as new crosslinked polymers. The novel chitosan derivatives have been prepared by functionalization with reactive benzoxazine precursors. Two types of aldehyde-terminated benzoxazine precursors have been synthesized using two different polyetheramines (Jeffamines), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and paraformaldehyde. The benzoxazine precursors are covalently attached to chitosan via Schiff’s base formation. Benzoxazine structure is confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), whereas the imine-linkage formation is confirmed by FT-IR. The benzoxazine-f-chitosan films are crosslinked by cationic ring-opening polymerization of benzoxazine. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) are used to study the thermal behavior of the obtained films. Wettability behavior of the resulting films was studied by contact angle measurements and compared with wettability of the neat chitosan film.
Rapidly progressive pleural effusion.

A 33-year-old nonsmoker presents with severe pleuritic chest pain; the differential diagnosis is broad.
Incremental Health Care Expenditure of Chronic Cutaneous Ulcers in the United States.

Importance Despite the increasing incidence of chronic cutaneous ulcers (CCUs), limited information exists regarding their incremental economic burden. Objective To provide nationally representative estimates regarding the incremental health care cost of CCUs, controlling for comorbidities and sociodemographic characteristics. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective analysis used 9 years of longitudinal data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS; January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2015). Patients with CCUs were identified using Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality–produced software that included several codes from theInternational Classification of Disease, 9th Revision Clinical Modification, for chronic ulcers of the skin. A cross-validated 2-part generalized linear model estimated the adjusted incremental expenditure for individuals with CCUs while controlling for comorbidities and sociodemographic covariates. Data were analyzed from July 1 through September 1, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Incremental cost of CCUs, total cost of care, and expenditures associated with inpatient care, outpatient care, prescription medications, emergency department visits, and home health care. Results A total of 288 698 patients (52.4% female; mean [SD] age, 38.2 [22.4] years) were included, of whom 1786 had CCUs and 286 912 did not. Patients with CCUs were more likely to be female (1078 [60.4%]), non-Hispanic (1388 [77.7%]), previously or currently married (1440 [80.6%]), and covered by Medicaid/Medicare (852 [47.7%]) and had a lower income (954 [53.4%]) when compared with patients without CCUs (P Conclusions and Relevance Results of this study suggest that chronic cutaneous ulcers are associated with substantial incremental increases in annual health care expenditure. Expenses for patients with CCUs are increasing, particularly with regard to outpatient cost of care and prescription medication expenditure. As health care costs rise, investigators must identify strategies to prevent and treat CCUs.
Elucidation of Causal Direction Between Asthma and Obesity: A Bi-Directional Mendelian Randomization Study

BACKGROUND Observational associations between asthma and obesity are well established, but inferring causality is challenging. We leveraged publicly available summary statistics to ascertain the causal direction between asthma and obesity via Mendelian randomization in European-ancestry adults. METHODS We performed two-sample bi-directional Mendelian randomization analysis using publicly available genome-wide association studies summary statistics. Single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with asthma and body mass index at genome-wide significance were combined using a fixed effect meta-analysis in each direction. An extensive sensitivity analysis was considered. RESULTS There was evidence in support of increasing causal effect of body mass index on risk of asthma (odds ratio 1.18 per unit increase, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.11, 1.25), P = 2 × 10-8. No significant causal effect of asthma on adult body mass index was observed [estimate -0.004, 95% CI (-0.018, 0.009), P = 0.553]. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirmed that in European-ancestry populations, adult body mass index is likely to be causally linked to the risk of asthma; yet the effect of asthma on body mass index is small, if present at all.
Capital Allocation in Developing Countries

This paper investigates the sources of capital misallocation across a group of 11 developing and developed countries. The main findings are (i) technological frictions, namely, adjustment costs and uncertainty, account for only a modest share of observed misallocation, leaving ample scope for other factors; (ii) heterogeneity in firm-level technologies potentially explains between one-quarter and one-half; but (iii) dispersion in markups is much smaller; and (iv) after accounting for these factors, on average, at least 50 percent of misallocation within each of these countries remains unexplained, suggesting a large role for additional, potentially distortionary factors. These factors are largely attributable to a component that is correlated with firm size/productivity and one that is essentially permanent to the firm. The paper reports a broad set of moments describing firm-level investment dynamics and detailed parameter estimates on a country-by-country basis, with an eye toward future work in this area.
Elucidating nano and meso-structures of lignin carbon composites: A comprehensive study of feedstock and temperature dependence

Abstract The production of carbon materials from renewable biofeedstocks is rapidly expanding with commercial applications in the areas of advanced materials, energy storage, and biochemicals. Present-day challenges exist in understanding how the distribution of monomeric units in lignin feedstocks impacts the structure and properties of carbon composites as a function of processing. This research investigates the effect of lignin feedstock and processing conditions on the structure of carbon composites. X-ray data was collected at a synchrotron source for lignin from hardwood, softwood, and grass feedstocks, processed under varying temperature and environmental conditions. The relative abundance of the principal monomeric units—guaiacyl, p-hydroxyphenyl, and syringyl—varies with feedstock and result in reproducible variations in the x-ray data. Statistical analyses for over fifty carbon materials were performed to determine the influence of feedstock, reduction temperature, and furnace humidity. The changes in the pair distribution function correspond to changes in material structure. Taken together, the analyses support the observation that graphitic structures form and grow in size with increasing reduction temperature. The characteristic size of the graphitic crystallites varies with feedstock, with kraft softwood and organosolv switchgrass leading to carbon composites with larger graphitic domains.
Multiple conceptions of resource rationality

Resource rationality holds great promise as a unifying principle across theories in neuroscience, cognitive science, and economics. The target article clearly lays out this potential for unification. However, resource-rational models are more diverse and less easily unified than might appear from the target article. Here, we explore some of that diversity.
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 333 confirmed cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Shanghai, China.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease first identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. As of 19 February 2020, there had been 333 confirmed cases reported in Shanghai, China. This study elaborates on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 based on a descriptive study of the 333 patients infected with COVID-19 in Shanghai for the purpose of probing into this new disease and providing reference. Among the 333 confirmed cases in Shanghai, 172 (51.7%) were males and 161 (48.3%) were females, with a median age of 50 years. 299 (89.8%) cases presented mild symptoms. 139 (41.7%) and 111 (33.3%) cases were infected in Wuhan and Shanghai, respectively. 148 (44.4%) cases once had contact with confirmed cases before onset, while 103 (30.9%) cases had never contacted confirmed cases but they had a sojourn history in Wuhan. The onset date of the first case in Shanghai was 28 December, with the peak appearing on 27 January. The median incubation period of COVID-19 was estimated to be 7.2 days. 207 (62.2%) cases had fever symptoms at the onset, whereas 273 (82.0%) cases experienced fever before hospitalization. 56 (18.6%) adults experienced a decrease in white blood cell and 84 (42.9%) had increased C-reactive protein after onset. Elderly, male and heart disease history were risk factors for severe or critical pneumonia. These findings suggest that most cases experienced fever symptoms and had mild pneumonia. Strengthening the health management of elderly men, especially those with underlying diseases, may help reduce the incidence of severe and critical pneumonia. Time intervals from onset to visit, hospitalization and diagnosis confirmed were all shortened after Shanghai's first-level public health emergency response. Shanghai's experience proves that COVID-19 can be controlled well in megacities.
How Do You Manage Online Delivery Package Waste

Packaging is a critical element in the online product delivery process. Even the best products will not attract customers if they are delivered to end users with damage. Many companies use mixed protective packaging, often, overpackaging, attempting to ensure logistics effectiveness and increase customer satisfaction. This practice does not fully consider resources consumption in producing packaging or environmental damage from excess packaging disposal. Packaging waste is a growing problem for firms that practice mixed protective packaging. Managers need to act to rationalize the type and amount of packaging materials they adopt. Product delivery is a complex decision that involves diverse managerial perspectives and may cause tensions for cross-functional organizational performance. Major supply chain parties including product sellers, online platforms, logistics carriers, and consumers each share concerns, which are unique to their situation. This article proposes an online product delivery scorecard that performs as measurement tool to evaluate product packaging from an integrated perspective of product sellers, online platforms, logistic carriers, and consumers using dynamic metrics. We challenge the traditional assumption of the positive relationship between packaging and customer satisfaction. Excessive packaging may also hurt customer satisfaction. Managerial considerations are also discussed to provide solutions for managing online delivery package waste.
Long-term prognosis and impact factors of recurrent wheezing in young children

Wheezing is one of the common clinical symptoms in young children, recurrent wheezing in early childhood may develop into typical asthma, and lead to decreased lung function.There are many causes of wheezing in young children, many causes of repeated attacks, and the prognosis is different.There are few studies on the prognosis of recurrent wheezing attack in young children in China.Therefore, the prognosis and influencing factors of repeated whee-zing in young children were summarized, so as to provide references for clinicians to evaluate and treat the conditions of wheezing in young children. Key words: Wheezing; Child; Prognosis; Impact factor
“Sealed in San José:” Paving of front yards diminishes urban forest resource and benefits in low-density residential neighborhoods

Abstract Paving over of front yards (soil sealing) reduces the environmental and social benefits of front yards and trees. There is substantial documentation that soil sealing has reduced ecosystem services in Europe, but studies about this phenomenon in the United States are limited. We assessed soil sealing across a sample of over 25,000 parcels in San Jose (California) in order 1) to quantify the potential loss of ecosystem services associated with soil sealing, and 2) to find associations between soil sealing and demographic, socio-economic and parcel characteristics. Our study found that soil sealing was common: 5 % of all lots included soil sealing beyond that which was originally installed, covering on those lots an additional 11 % of the previously-pervious surface, and leading to substantial reductions in ecosystem services. Extrapolated over the entire city, the sealed soil (>30 ha) precludes the planting of nearly 8000 trees, and generates annually an additional 139,000 m3 of runoff polluting the local waterways with, among others, an added 5.5 metric tons of suspended solids. Most demographic variables were not associated with soil sealing, but income was negatively correlated (areas of higher income had lower rates of sealing). Our results advance the understanding of the magnitude and impacts of the soil sealing problem in the USA, and we briefly suggest steps for policy and practice to reduce the extent and impacts of soil paving in low-density residential neighborhoods.
Bidirectional Permeation of Water and Amino Acids in the Cecum of Germfree Rats

The purpose of this work was to study transport across the cecal wall of germfree animals which has been found altered in previous experiments. Germfree (gf) and conventional control (conv) male Fisher (Ch.R., CD-F) rats, 8–10 months old, fed sterilized 5010C (water expt) or L-462 (amino acid expt) diets were used in urethane anesthesia (150 mg/100 g bodyweight). The labels employed were tritiated water, 14C UL glycine and serine in doses of 10 μC/rat. Absorption was studied by injection of the label into the intact cecal sack which was ligated at the emergence of the ileum and of the colon, and by the successive recovery from its contents. Efflux into the cecum was observed after injection into the saphenous vein. The duration of the experiment averaged 20 minutes. The corrected body weight was approx. 300 g in the 24 gf and 26 conv rats used to date in this series. The ceca of the gf rats were considerably enlarged (avg. 11% of the body weight); their contents were rather liquid (avg. 18% dry matter) and their osmolality was similar to that of blood plasma (in mOsm, mean, blood plasma 335 ± 10, gf cecal contents 326 ± 24). The results indicated that the efflux of tritiated water from blood into the cecum was increased in the gf group in comparison to conv controls.
Glycosaminoglycans as Multifunctional Anti-Elastase and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease

Neutrophil elastase (NE) is a major protease in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) that activates airway inflammation by several mechanisms. NE stimulates epithelial toll like receptors (TLR) resulting in cytokine upregulation and release, upregulates MUC5AC, a major airway mucin, degrades both phagocytic receptors and opsonins resulting in both neutrophil and macrophage phagocytic failure, generates oxidative stress via extracellular generation and uptake of heme free iron, and activates other proteases. Altogether, these mechanisms create a significant inflammatory challenge that impairs innate immune function and results in airway remodeling. Currently, a major gap in our therapeutic approach to CF lung disease is the lack of an effective therapeutic strategy targeting active NE and its downstream pro-inflammatory sequelae. Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are potent anti-elastase drugs that have additional anti-inflammatory properties. Heparin is a prototype of a glycosaminoglycan with both anti-elastase and anti-inflammatory properties. Heparin inhibits NE in an allosteric manner with high potency. Heparin also inhibits cathepsin G, blocks P-selectin and L-selectin, hinders ligand binding to the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, and impedes histone acetyltransferase activity which dampens cytokine transcription and High Mobility Group Box 1 release. Furthermore, nebulized heparin treatment improves outcomes for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, acute lung injury and smoke inhalation. However, the anticoagulant activity of heparin is a potential contraindication for this therapy to be developed for CF lung disease. Therefore, modified heparins and other glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are being developed that retain the anti-elastase and anti-inflammatory qualities of heparin with minimal to no anticoagulant activity. The modified heparin, 2-O, 3-O desulfated heparin (ODSH), maintains anti-elastase and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo, and has little residual anticoagulant activity. Heparan sulfate with O-sulfate residues but not N-sulfate residues blocks allergic asthmatic inflammation in a murine model. Polysulfated hyaluronic acid abrogates allergen- triggered rhinosinusitis in a murine model. Finally, nonsaccharide glycosaminoglycan mimetics with specific sulfate modifications can be designed to inhibit NE activity. Altogether, these novel polysulfated polymeric GAGs or GAG mimetics hold significant promise to address the unmet need for inhaled anti-elastase and anti-inflammatory therapy for patients with CF.
Promoting Upstanding Behavior in Youth: A Proposed Model:

Despite what we have learned about the causes and consequences of bullying, efforts to reduce bullying through interventions to date have yielded modest results. Most bullying prevention efforts ha...
Impact of Communication Packet Delivery Ratio on Reliability of Optimal Load Tracking and Allocation in DC Microgrids

Communication systems introduce uncertainties that directly impact power system management. Quantitative analysis of such impact is essential for power system reliability and resilience. This paper establishes rigorous relationships between communication packet delivery ratio and errors on optimal load tracking and allocation (OLTA) in DC microgrids (MGs). By modeling channel uncertainties using packet delivery ratio and communication network topologies, impact of communication packet loss on the distributed OLTA algorithm for DC MGs is studied. It is shown that communication packet loss directly affects the convergence rate of the distributed OLTA algorithm under intermittent renewable generations. The results of this paper quantitatively characterize a practical criterion for securing reliability of OLTA solutions under communication uncertainty. Simulation studies using a real-world DC MG are conducted to validate the theoretical findings.
Strategies to optimize management of incidental radiographic findings in the primary care setting: A mixed methods study.

Abstract Background Incidental adrenal masses (IAMs) are common. Primary care providers (PCPs) are frequently responsible for incidentaloma evaluations. We evaluated whether PCPs view this paradigm effective, barriers faced, and strategies to optimize care delivery. Methods This is a sequential explanatory study, comprised of surveys followed by focus groups of PCPs. Because lung nodules are another type of common incidental finding, we compared PCP views on management of lung nodules to their views on IAMs. Results For IAMs, 22.3% of PCPs “always refer” to specialists, but for lung nodules this was 11.5% (p = 0.026). For lung nodules, the most significant barrier was insufficient time/support to longitudinally follow results (69%), but for IAMs it was uncertainty about which tests to order (68%). Fear of litigation was equal (lung = 22.5%, IAMs = 21.3%). Consistent themes regarding the “ideal” system included specific recommendations in radiology reports; automation of orders for follow-up tests; longitudinal tracking tools; streamlined consultations; and decision guides embedded within the electronic health record. Conclusions Respondents are more comfortable with lung nodules than IAMs. Management of “incidentalomas” is within their scope of practice, but the current system can be optimized.
Employment Patterns of SSI-First Awardees Who Enter SSDI After Achieving Disability-Insured Status

This article uses administrative data from the Social Security Administration to explore the employment patterns and characteristics of individuals awarded Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefi...
Potential of extrusion-blown poly(lactic acid)/cellulose nanocrystals nanocomposite films for improving the shelf-life of a dry food product

Abstract The potential of neat poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and PLA/cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) blown films in extending the shelf-life of crackers, a moisture-sensitive food product, was assessed. Product’s shelf-life, i.e., the time required by the crackers to reach its critical moisture content (CMC) of 8%, was determined experimentally from moisture content versus storage time plots at a constant temperature (25 °C) and various conditions of relative humidity (RH). Neither crackers within PLA nor PLA/CNC packages reached the CMC when stored below 50% RH at 25 °C, indicating that crackers packaged in both films were shelf stable at these conditions. Above this RH, the crackers inside both packages reached the CMC at different times, however crackers in CNC-based packages had approximately 40% longer shelf-life than those in neat PLA package. The shelf-life of crackers packaged in films predicted from various simulation mathematical models supported the experimental data that the crackers packaged in the PLA/CNC films had higher shelf-life compared to those packaged in neat PLA films; clearly demonstrating the potential of CNC-based films to extend the shelf-life of dry-foods.
Sustainable Development Through a Mobile Application for a Community Clinic.

Implementing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) solutions can alleviate pressing problems in society and are a central component of sustainable development. Often, healthcare addresses the symptoms without approaching the socioeconomic limiters that can lead to reduced individual economic freedoms from receiving healthcare. This paper investigates the question: How can technology and training interventions enable clinicians to offer care that addresses the socioeconomic limitations of their patients? This paper observes the implementation of a mobile app designed to offer people who cannot access health resources in Omaha, Nebraska, a city in the Midwestern United States. This study follows the design science and action research approach, with clinicians participating in developing the mobile app. As a result of COVID, patients no longer have access to the free clinic because it was shut down. The app is available to the broader community needing basic resources to stay healthy. Through sets of application revisions and observations of usage, this paper arrives at insights into how such applications can support multi-ethnic and underserved communities. The contribution of this paper is to provide contextually specific and rich descriptions of how to implement sustainable ICT solutions to meet the information needs of patients in underserved communities.
Metamorphic evolution, partial melting and rapid exhumation above an ancient flat slab: insights from the San Emigdio Schist, southern California

The San Emigdio and related Pelona, Orocopia, Rand and Sierra de Salinas schists of southern California were underplated beneath the southern Sierra Nevada batholith and adjacent southern California batholith along a shallow segment of the subducting Farallon plate in Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary time. These subduction accretion assemblages represent a regional, deeply exhumed, shallowly dipping domain from an ancient slab segmentation system and record the complete life cycle of the segmentation process from initial flattening and compression to final extensional collapse. An important unresolved question regarding shallow subduction zones concerns how the thermal structure evolves during the slab flattening process. New field relationships, thermobarometry, thermodynamic modelling and garnet diffusion modelling are presented that speak to this issue and elucidate the tectonics of underplating and exhumation of the San Emigdio Schist. We document an upsection increase in peak temperature (i.e. inverted metamorphism), from 590 to 700 °C, peak pressures ranging from 8.5 to 11.1 kbar, limited partial melting, microstructural evidence for large seismic events, rapid cooling (825–380 °C Myr^−1) from peak conditions and an ‘out and back’P–T path. While inverted metamorphism is a characteristic feature of southern California schists, the presence of partial melt and high temperatures (>650 °C) are restricted to exposures with maximum depositional ages between 80 and 90 Ma. Progressive cooling and tectonic underplating beneath an initially hot upper plate following the onset of shallow subduction provide a working hypothesis explaining high temperatures and partial melting in San Emigdio and Sierra de Salinas schists, inverted metamorphism in the schist as a whole, and the observed P–T trajectory calculated from the San Emigdio body. Lower temperatures in Pelona, Orocopia and Rand schists are likewise explained in the context of this overarching model. These results are consistent with an inferred tectonic evolution from shallow subduction beneath the then recently active Late Cretaceous arc to exhumation by rapid trench-directed channelized extrusion in the subducted schist.
Direct load control for reducing losses in the main and laterals of distribution systems

This paper presents a new approach to minimize power losses and the associated dollar costs in the distribution system. The approach is based on direct load control (DLC) of residential electric water heaters and on increasing the storage capacity of the water heaters under DLC. An optimization algorithm based on the Lagrange multiplier method has been developed to minimize the power system distribution losses. The objective function is obtained by the summation of the system peak real power loss cost, annual energy loss cost, and the cost associated with purchasing and installing the additional water heaters used for DLC. The objective function subject to a number of constraints is solved to obtain the optimal number and location of water heaters under DLC. The proposed method is applied to a main feeder with laterals.
Crowd Map: Accurate Reconstruction of Indoor Floor Plans from Crowdsourced Sensor-Rich Videos

Lack of an accurate and low-cost method to reconstruct indoor maps is the main reason behind the current sporadic availability of digital building floor plans. The conventional approach using professional equipment is very costly and only available in the most popular areas. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate Crowd Map, a crowd sourcing system utilizing sensor-rich video data from mobile users for indoor floor plan reconstruction with low-cost. The key idea of Crowd Map is to first jointly leverage crowd sourced sensory and video data to track user movements, then use the inferred user motion traces and context of the image to produce an accurate floor plan. In particular, we exploit the sequential relationship between each consecutive frame abstracted from the video to improve system performance. Our experiments in three college buildings show that Crowd Map achieves a precision of hallway shape around 88%, a recall around 93% and a F-measure around 90%. In addition, we achieve on average 9.8% room area error and on average 6.5% room aspect ratio error. The evaluation result demonstrates a significant improvement of accuracy compared with other crowd sourcing floor plan reconstruction systems.
Multiple Roles and Women's Health

In modern societies today the most common role set for women is that of wife, mother, and employee. Two hypotheses have been advanced regarding the impact of multiple roles on women's health. The first – the multiple burden or role strain hypothesis – suggests that additional roles bring more responsibilities, leading to negative impacts on health. The second – role enhancement – suggests that multiple roles represent greater social attachment, leading to improved health. Research has generally refuted the role strain hypothesis. Whether or to what extent multiple roles have positive influences on women's health depends on the social context and the meaning of the roles to the individual. Keywords: gender; health; labor; women
Special Data Section Domestic Debt Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa

This study discusses the role of domestic debt markets in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) based on a new data set covering 27 SSA countries during the 20-year period 1980-2000. The study finds that domestic debt markets in these countries are generally small, highly short term, and often have a narrow investor base. Domestic interest payments present a significant burden to the budget, despite much smaller domestic than foreign indebtedness. The use of domestic debt is also found to have significantly crowded out private sector lending. Finally, the study identifies significant differences among the size, cost, and maturity structure of domestic debt markets in heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs) and non-HIPCs. Copyright 2005, International Monetary Fund