cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Virtue and Self-Interest in the Design of Constitutional Institutions

Constitutional political economy addresses four questions: (1) the causal question: What explains the constitutional institutions we observe? (2) the consequential question: What consequences do constitutional institutional have? (3) the ideal question: What constitutional institutions does justice require? and (4) the design question: What constitutional institutions are best for a polity given the constraints imposed by its current situation? Answers to the ideal and design questions require a theory of behavior that predicts how individuals will behave within constitutional institutions. Analysts usually assume that this theory of behavior corresponds to the explanatory theory developed to answer the second, consequential question. This essay argues that the assumption of rational self-interested behavior as the basis for a behavioral theory is not justified.
The role of marriage in explaining racial and ethnic disparities in access to health care for men in the US

Reducing disparities in access to health care is a long-standing objective of the federal government. Building on research showing that marriage can provide important resources for obtaining needed health care, we suggest that racial and ethnic differences in marriage could explain persistent disparities in access. Using data from MEPS and NLSY we investigate the association between marriage and access to health care among men, and estimate the extent to which racial and ethnic differences in both the returns to marriage and marital rates explain differences in access and preventive service use. We find that marriage accounts for up to 24 % of racial and ethnic differences in access and preventive use. The returns to marriage for whites and blacks, however, are greater than that for Hispanics. We suggest that differences in spousal characteristics such as education and income could explain why whites and blacks benefit from marriage more than Hispanics. We find support for this hypothesis: differences in spousal characteristics account for up to 37 % of the gap in access and preventive use among married adults.
Efficient metadeliberation auctions

Imagine a resource allocation scenario in which the interested parties can, at a cost, individually research ways of using the resource to be allocated, potentially increasing the value they would achieve from obtaining it. Each agent has a private model of its research process and obtains a private realization of its improvement in value, if any. From a social perspective it is optimal to coordinate research in a way that strikes the right tradeoff between value and cost, ultimately allocating the resource to one party- thus this is a problem of multi-agent metadeliberation. We provide a reduction of computing the optimal deliberation-allocation policy to computing Gittins indices in multi-anned bandit worlds, and apply a modification of the dynamic-VCG mechanism to yield truthful participation in an ex post equilibrium. Our mechanism achieves equilibrium implementation ofthe optimal policy even when agents have the capacity to deliberate about other agents' valuations, and thus addresses the problem of strategic deliberation.
The utility of providing automated medication dose reminders to young children on chronic medication

We investigated the effect of text message reminders about medication administration. The study concerned children with cystic fibrosis. We provided 20 children (aged 5-12 years) with pagers that they could customize. For the first two weeks, we sent friendly text messages (non-reminder content) near medication times to acquaint them with the use of the pager. For the second two weeks, we sent messages reminding children to take their medications. The parents completed a survey to assess the child's overall use of the pager and degree of participation in medication management. Sixteen out of 20 children completed the study. Of these, 14 children (88%) were able to help notify parents when medications were due. Children as young as seven years of age may be able to receive reminders about medication administration events. The pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of involving younger children in pager technology related to medication adherence.
Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses: Echoviruses, Coxsackieviruses, and Others

Enteroviruses (family Picornaviridae) are ubiquitous human pathogens, with a wide range of clinical presentations, including asymptomatic infection, mild illness such as common colds and undifferentiated fever, febrile rash (hand, foot, and mouth disease, herpangina, Boston exanthem), conjunctivitis, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and acute flaccid paralysis. There are over 100 enterovirus types defined, traditionally by antigenic tests but more recently according to genome sequence criteria. The human parechoviruses were formerly classified as enteroviruses but now constitute their own genus in Picornaviridae; however, their spectrum of illness is essentially the same as that of the enteroviruses. The viruses are primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral and respiratory routes, with a distinct spring-to-fall seasonality in temperate climates.
The Emerging Challenge of Knowledge Management Ecosystems: A Silicon Valley High Tech Company Signals the Future

A Silicon Valley case study serves as a leading indicator of knowledge management challenges emerging in high-tech knowledge economies. Though a leader in technology innovation, this multi-billion-dollar semiconductor company struggles with traditional knowledge management efforts in technical support owing to the sheer complexity and dynamism of their intellectual property. Add to this the back-end knowledge linkages to suppliers and customer-driven knowledge channels sprouting like weeds and a managed ecosystem perspective emerges. Implications of these emerging phenomena for knowledge management theory and practice are discussed.
Corporate Paternalism and the Problem of Harmful Products

Withstanding the many important differences between tobacco and firearms, the goal of this article is to analyze a similar set of public relations strategies in these industries. The tobacco industry seeks to focus things on the family and uphold a behavioral and psychological model of risk management in the face of alternative public health, regulatory, and preventative approaches. My concern is with discourse analysis, and in exploring the motives, interests, and effects of corporate communications, I document a convergence in how the tobacco and firearms industries approach questions of responsibility and agency. These case studies permit a wider theorization of the dynamics of what Michel Foucault calls “problematization.”
Does variation in movement tactics and trophic interactions among American alligators create habitat linkages

1. Highly mobile top predators are hypothesized to spatially and/or temporally link disparate habitats through the combination of their movement and feeding patterns, but recent studies suggest that individual specialization in habitat use and feeding could keep habitats compartmentalized. 2. We used passive acoustic telemetry and stable isotope analysis to investigate whether specialization in movement and feeding patterns of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in an oligotrophic subtropical estuary created habitat linkages between marine and estuarine/freshwater food webs. 3. Individual alligators adopted one of the three relatively distinct movement tactics that were linked to variation in diets. Fifty-six per cent of alligators regularly travelled from the upstream (freshwater/mid-estuary) areas into the downstream (marine-influenced) areas where salinities exceed those typically tolerated by alligators. Thirty-one per cent of the alligators made regular trips from the mid-estuarine habitat into the upstream habitat; 13% remained in the mid-estuary zone year-round. 4. Stable isotopic analysis indicated that, unlike individuals remaining in the mid-estuary and upstream zones, alligators that used the downstream zone fed at least partially from marine food webs and likely moved to access higher prey abundance at the expense of salt stress. Therefore, 'commuting' alligators may link marine food webs with those of the estuary and marshes in the coastal Everglades and create an upstream vector for allochthonous nutrient inputs into the estuary. 5. This study lends further support to the hypothesis that large-bodied highly mobile predators faced with trade-offs are likely to exhibit individual specialization leading to habitat linkages, rather than compartmentalization. However, the conditions under which this scenario occurs require further investigation.
High-resolution surface plasmon resonance sensor based on linewidth-optimized nanohole array transmittance.

A high spectral resolution, 2D nanohole-array-based surface plasmon resonance sensor that operates at normal or near normal incidence--facilitating high spatial resolution imaging--is presented. The angular and spectral transmittance of the structure is modified from a Fano type to a pure Lorentzian line shape with a parallel and orthogonal polarizer-analyzer pair. This change leads to a linewidth narrowing that maximizes the sensor resolution, which we show to be of O(10−5) refractive index units (RIU). We estimate the potential of this system of O(10−6) RIU under optimal conditions.
Childhood Victimization, Race, and Violent Crime

This study employed a logit analysis with retrospective self-report data to assess the importance of three types of childhood victimization experiences-physical abuse, spouse abuse, and emotional neglect-to the commission of violent crimes as a young adult. The exploratory model is based on data collected on 100 male inmates incarcerated for crimes of violence and 65 nonincarcerated, nonviolent males matched on age, race, and neighborhood. Findings from the analyses, estimated separately for Blacks and Whites, indicated that the childhood experiences associated with violent crime differed for Blacks and Whites and that the model fit the experiences of Blacks better than those of Whites.
Utilization of Larval and Pupal Detritus by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

The utilization of detritus sources by mosquito larvae during development may significantly affect adult life history traits and mosquito population growth. Many studies have shown invertebrate carcasses to be an important detritus source in larval habitats, but little is known regarding how invertebrate carcasses are utilized by mosquito larvae. We conducted two studies to investigate the rate of detritus consumption and its effect on larval development and life history traits. Overall, we found that Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae rapidly consumed larval detritus, while pupal detritus was consumed at a significantly slower rate. We also found that the consumption of larval detritus significantly increased larval survivorship and decreased male development time but did not significantly influence female development time or pupal cephalothorax length for either sex. Our results suggest that the direct consumption of larval detritus can support the production of adults in larval habitats that lack allochthonous detritus inputs or where such organic inputs are insufficient. These studies indicate that different forms of invertebrate detritus are utilized in distinct ways by mosquito larvae, and therefore different forms of invertebrate detritus may have distinct effects on larval development and adult life history traits.
Serum Amyloid A Promotes Cholesterol Efflux Mediated by Scavenger Receptor B-I

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein whose expression is markedly up-regulated during inflammation and infection. The physiological function of SAA is unclear. In this study, we reported that SAA promotes cellular cholesterol efflux mediated by scavenger receptor B-I (SR-BI). In Chinese hamster ovary cells, SAA promoted cellular cholesterol efflux in an SR-BI-dependent manner, whereas apoA-I did not. Similarly, SAA, but not apoA-I, promoted cholesterol efflux from HepG2 cells in an SR-BI-dependent manner as shown by using the SR-BI inhibitor BLT-1. When SAA was overexpressed in HepG2 cells using adenovirus-mediated gene transfer, the endogenously expressed SAA promoted SR-BI-dependent efflux. To assess the effect of SAA on SR-BI-mediated efflux to high density lipoprotein (HDL), we compared normal HDL, acute phase HDL (AP-HDL, prepared from mice injected with lipopolysaccharide), and AdSAA-HDL (HDL prepared from mice overexpressing SAA). Both AP-HDL and AdSAA-HDL promoted 2-fold greater cholesterol efflux than normal HDL. Lipid-free SAA was shown to also stimulate ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux in fibroblasts, in line with an earlier report (Stonik, J. A., Remaley, A. T., Demosky, S. J., Neufeld, E. B., Bocharov, A., and Brewer, H. B. (2004) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 321, 936-941). When added to cells together, SAA and HDL exerted a synergistic effect in promoting ABCA1-dependent efflux, suggesting that SAA may remodel HDL in a manner that releases apoA-I or other efficient ABCA1 ligands from HDL. SAA also facilitated efflux by a process that was independent of SR-BI and ABCA1. We conclude that the acute phase protein SAA plays an important role in HDL cholesterol metabolism by promoting cellular cholesterol efflux through a number of different efflux pathways.
Lost in Translation: Helping patients understand the risks of inflammatory bowel disease therapy

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are commonly treated with immunomodulators and biologic therapy. These treatments can be very effective, but are associated with risks of adverse events that need to be discussed with patients. Effectively communicating risks of therapy can be challenging based on time constraints, misinformation available on the Internet and from others, and the lack of tools to efficiently share accurate data with patients and their families. Providers need to acknowledge the emotional aspect involved in the perception of risk, and be aware of mistakes that can easily be made in communicating with patients. Tools are available to make medical data easier to understand, and these techniques have been adapted for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. By more clearly communicating with patients, we can ensure that they are making informed medical decisions that fit with their personal preferences for treatment.
History and Anthropology: The State of Play

This paper is an exploration of two models, “Anthropologyland” and “Historyland,” which exist in the practices and minds of anthropologists and historians. It is about how particular forms of knowledge are created, written and spoken about. It is about what historians and anthropologists do and say they do.
Guilty Associations: Joint Criminal Enterprise, Command Responsibility, and the Development of International Criminal Law

Contemporary international criminal law is largely concerned with holding individual defendants responsible for mass atrocities. Because the crimes usually involve the concerted efforts of many individuals, allocating responsibility among those individuals is of critical importance. This Article examines two liability doctrines - joint criminal enterprise and command responsibility - that play a central role in that allocation of guilt in international criminal tribunals. The Article posits a general model for understanding the development of international criminal law as in outgrowth of three legal traditions: domestic criminal law, international human rights law, and transitional justice. We explore the application of that model to joint criminal enterprise and command responsibility doctrine, and argue that viewing the doctrine through the lens of our model shows the need for certain doctrinal reforms. Finally, we discuss the application of liability doctrines developed in the context of international criminal tribunals to prosecutions for transnational crimes in other forums, such as military tribunal prosecutions for terrorism, that do not share the same roots as international criminal law.
Alcohol consumption and problem drinking in white male veterans and nonveterans.

The relation between veteran status and 15 indicators of alcohol consumption and problem drinking is examined using data from the 1977, 1983, and 1985 National Health Interview Surveys conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. After simultaneous adjustment for age, region of the US, urbanization, ethnicity, marital status, education, and income, a greater proportion of White male veterans than White male nonveterans were heavy drinkers and a smaller proportion were abstainers. This association appeared in all three survey years; further, veterans consistently reported a high daily consumption level (the equivalent of approximately six bottles of beer, five glasses of wine, or four mixed drinks) compared to nonveterans. Among White male veterans, 6.9 percent reported family or marital problems and 13.9 percent reported motor vehicle crashes or violations compared to 4.4 percent and 8.9 percent, respectively, among nonveterans. The same pattern was observed for lifetime prevalences of alcoholi...
A simplified java bytecode compilation system for resource-constrained embedded processors

Embedded platforms are resource-constrained systems in whichperformance and memory requirements of executed code are ofcritical importance. However, standard techniques such as full just-in-time(JIT) compilation and/or adaptive optimization (AO) may not be appropriate for this type of systems due to memory and compilation overheads.The research presented in this paper proposes a technique that combines some of the main benefits of JIT compilation, superoperators(SOs) and profile-guided optimization, in order to deliver a lightweight Java bytecode compilation system, targeted for resource-constrained environments, that achieves runtime performance similar to that of state-of-the-art JIT/AO systems, while having a minimal impact on runtime memory consumption.The key ideas are to use profiler-selected, extended bytecode basic blocks as superoperators (new bytecode instructions) and to perform few, but very targeted, JIT/AO-like optimizations at compile time only on the superoperators. bytecode, as directed by compilation .hints. encoded as annotations. As such, our system achieves competitive performance to a JIT/AO system, but witha much lower impact on runtime memory consumption. Moreover,it is shown that our proposed system can further improveprogram performance by selectively inlining method calls embedded in the chosen superoperators, as directed by runtime profiling data and with minimal impact on classfile size.For experimental evaluation, we developed three Virtual Machines(VMs) that employ the ideas presented above. The customized VMs are first compared (w.r.t. runtime performance) to a simple, fast-to-develop VM (baseline) and then to a VM that employs JIT/AO. Our best-performing system attains speedups ranging from a factor of 1.52 to a factor of 3.07, w.r.t. to the baseline VM. When compared to a state-of-the-art JIT/AO VM, our proposed system performs better for three of the benchmarks and worse by less than a factor of 2 for three others. But our SO-extended VM outperforms the JIT/AO system by a factor of 16, on average, w.r.t. runtime memory consumption.
EFFECT OF EXCHANGE ON MAGNETOSTATIC MODES

Abstract : When surface spin pinning is included in the thin-film magnetostatic-mode eigenvalue problem, exchange must be included even when the exchange energy is negligible. The magnetization is changed drastically in general, but the intensities and frequencies are essentially the same as for the pure magnetostatic modes (exchange constant D = 0 and no explicit pinning mechanism). (Author)
Better Understanding of Rejection After Organ Transplantation

Solid organ transplantation (SOT) and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are the only curative approaches for patients with organ failure or certain high-risk hematological malignancies, respectively. Graft rejection, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and disease recurrence are the major complications of these treatments and are important in affecting the overall outcome of patients with the transplant. Graft rejection and GVHD are mediated by host and donor T lymphocytes, respectively. The graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect is also mediated by donor T lymphocytes targeting leukemic cells and is correlated inversely with relapse. Therefore, to obtain a better insight into graft injury and rejection in SOT as well as the interplay between GVHD and GVL in HSCT, better understanding of the recipient immune reaction against transplanted organs and donor T-cell reconstitution and function is essential. Next-generation sequencing approaches to comprehensively characterize the TCR repertoires in patients undergoing SOT or HSCT are becoming readily available. Such approaches provide valuable, comprehensive longitudinal analyses that define the kinetics of each TCR-alpha and -beta clone and the changes in the diversity of CDR3. They also allow for identification of the expanded T-cell clones that are possibly associated with the disease conditions and clinical outcome.
Preventing influenza: vaccine systems and practices in the Southeast.

SYNOPSIS Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine from state and local health departments: (1) how they purchase, distribute, and fund influenza vaccine; (2) whether they experienced a shortage in 2003/04; (3) how the shortages were handled; and (4) how they prepared for distribution in 2004/05. Methods. A web-based survey was completed from June to August 2004 in eight Southeastern states. Results. Data were obtained from each state and 222 local health departments. Major differences between and within states were found with regard to purchasing, distributing, and funding influenza vaccine. Although the majority of health departments experienced periods of shortages in 2003/2004, surpluses of vaccine remained at the end of the season. There was little evidence of interaction between the public and private sectors to share vaccine resources in response to shortages. Tracking systems for redistribution of vaccine or follow-up were often not in place. Entering the 2004/05 season, 25% of states and 11% of counties were not developing any special procedures to deal with shortages beyond what was in place earlier. Conclusions. Better systems and funding are needed, especially for adult influenza vaccine delivery and for redistribution of influenza vaccine in response to shortages.
Structure–Activity Relationships for Vitamin D3-Based Aromatic A-Ring Analogues as Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors

A structure–activity relationship study for a series of vitamin D3-based (VD3) analogues that incorporate aromatic A-ring mimics with varying functionality has provided key insight into scaffold features that result in potent, selective Hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibition. Three analogue subclasses containing (1) a single substitution at the ortho or para position of the aromatic A-ring, (2) a heteroaryl or biaryl moiety, or (3) multiple substituents on the aromatic A-ring were prepared and evaluated. Aromatic A-ring mimics incorporating either single or multiple hydrophilic moieties on a six-membered ring inhibited the Hh pathway in both Hh-dependent mouse embryonic fibroblasts and cultured cancer cells (IC50 values 0.74–10 μM). Preliminary studies were conducted to probe the cellular mechanisms through which VD3 and 5, the most active analogue, inhibit Hh signaling. These studies suggested that the anti-Hh activity of VD3 is primarily attributed to the vitamin D receptor, whereas 5 affects Hh inhibition th...
Electrochemical Model-Based Adaptive Estimation of Li-Ion Battery State of Charge

Electrochemical model-based estimation techniques have attracted increasing attention in the past decade due to their inherent insight about the internal battery operating conditions and limits while being able to monitor important li-ion battery states. The applicability of these methods is, however, limited due to the implementation complexity of their underlying models. In order to facilitate online implementation while maintaining the physical insight, a reduced-order electrochemical model is used in this work. This model, which is based on the commonly-used single particle model, is further improved by incorporating the electrolyte-phase potential. Furthermore, an output-injection observer, suitable for online implementation, is proposed to estimate SOC. The observer convergence is proved analytically using Lyapunov theory. Although the proposed observer shows great performance at low C rates, its accuracy deteriorates at high C-rates. To overcome this issue and achieve accurate SOC estimates for such charge/discharge rates, an adaptation algorithm is augmented to the observer. The adaptation algorithm, which can be implemented online, is used to compensate for model uncertainties, especially at higher C rates. Finally, simulation results based on a full-order electrochemical model are used to validate the observer performance and effectiveness.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Model for Simulating Consumption and Economic Injury Level for the Range Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

A simulation model for forage consumption by larvae of Hemileuca oliviae Cockerell is described. The model was constructed from a previously published model for population development and mortality, together with the results of laboratory studies on consumption rates and field studies on feeding behavior. Predicted consumption agreed favorably with forage losses observed in the field (R2 = 0.95). The model was used to investigate the relationship between age structure of the insect population and economic injury levels, which are defined for populations in all stages of development. The density of larvae which cause economic damage decreased during early population development because of considerable mortality in the first three instars. Economic injury levels remained relatively constant for the middle developmental period but increased dramatically during the late instars. Implications of the dynamic behavior of the system are discussed with reference to management practices and suppression strategies.
COMPARISON OF AGRONOMIC CHARACTERS, TOTAL SEED STORAGE PROTEINS AND THEIR USE FOR GENOTYPES DISCRIMINATION IN THE KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS (POA PRATENSIS L.)

This research aimed to investigate the genetic diversity among 11 Turkish Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) genotypes using seed storage proteins and agronomic traits. Thirty nine polypeptide bands in range of 10 to 82 kDa were recorded. Genetic similarity among genotypes was estimated basing on Euclidian coefficients. Cluster analysis was performed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA). Similarity, coefficients of 11 genotypes belonging to Poa pratensis ranged 85- 100% with low diversity of genetic variation in protein profiles. Average Euclidean distance used for agronomic data ranged from 1.51 to 8.11. This clustering pattern for protein profiles and agronomic data showed that same genotypes were revealed in same groups.
Dielectric Optical Antenna Solar Superabsorbers

The key challenge for massive utilization of solar energy is the high cost of existing solar conversion devices. Enhancing solar absorption by light trapping consists of a major strategy for the cost reduction and efficiency improvement of the devices. Regardless the significant advances that have been achieved so far, techniques to trap solar light more efficiently is needy to further lower the cost. We demonstrate a new approach to achieve extraordinary enhancement in the absorption of sunlight by exploring core-shell nanostructures. The core-shell structure consists of absorbing semiconductors and non-absorbing dielectric materials, such as ZnO, Si3N4. We thoroughly examine the fundamental physics underlying this strong absorption enhancement, and, building on the fundamental understanding, propose new designs of high-performance light trapping for practical solar cells.
Adaptive Neural Global Sliding Mode Control for Trajectory Tracking of Robot Manipulators

An adaptive neural global sliding mode control scheme is proposed for trajectory tracking of robot manipulators system with uncertainties. This controller employs a new global sliding mode manifold which enables system to have robustness over the whole response time. And a radial basis function neural network is employed to adaptively learn the unknown bounds of system uncertainties,then the output of the neural network is used to adjust the switching gain. Moreover,it is proved based on Lyapunov stability theory that this new controller can guarantee the asymptotic convergence of the tracking error of angle position vector and angle velocity vector of robot manipulators system to zero. Simulation results indicate that the control strategy presented enables robot manipulators system to achieve the quick trajectory tracking only in 0.5 second,so it is thus clear that this scheme is valid and effective.
The status of vector density and control measures in main travel industry sites of Chongqing city

Objective To understand the status of vector density and provide scientific proof for emergency controlling of vector efficiently. Methods According to the methods of "National Vector Surveillance plan",monitored the density of mice,mosquitoes,flies,cockroaches and so on.Also,analyzing and evaluating the invasion degree of vector in main travel industry sites in accordance with the National Sanitation City Criterions of National Patriotic health campaign committee and referring industry criterions.Results The mice density was 0.62%,in the criterion range.But it was highly exceeding(4.99%)in terminal markets.They had statistical difference in different months and places(P0.001).The mature mosquitoes density was 2.71 pieces per hour,prominently high in travel industry sites and hospitals,were respectively 5.42 and 4.42 per hour.The container index of mosquito larva was 9.15,3.05 times of the criterion.The flies density was 1.32 pieces per cage and controlled in the criterion range.The cockroaches density was 1.06 pieces per sheet,but the invasion rate was still obviously high for 11.46%,was 3.82 times of the criterion.The invasion rates were significantly different in different months and places(P0.001).Conclusion The status of vector density in main travel industry sites of Chongqing is not good,especially the mice density(in terminal markets),the density and container index of mosquitoes,the invasion rate of cockroaches are highly exceeding.It's necessary to take effective measures and strengthen the control of vector in order to keep the vector density in the criterion range and ensure tourists' health.
Results of cockroaches density inspecting from 1999 to 2002 in Fushun area

Objective To analyse the results of cockroach density inspecting from 1999 to 2002,and to find out cockroackes sorts,composing and cockroaches distributing and its season growth and decay in Fushun.Methods Using cockroaches catching boxes with viscidity method,adopting average value of difference legal places.Results Only 3 sorts of cockroaches were found out in Fushun.Blattella germanica was advantage sort,abroad distributing and had steady density.From 1990,it became to be normal sort and distributed in narrow places.There were high density of cockroaches in restaurant,hotel and bathing business.It was active from June to October.Conclusion The important thing was to catch exist habits of Blattella germanica in Fushun,and develop integrated control.
Fast-Flowering Mini-Maize: Seed to Seed in 60 Days.

Two lines of Zea mays were developed as a short-generation model for maize. The Fast-Flowering Mini-Maize lines A and B are robust inbred lines with a significantly shorter generation time, much smaller stature, and better greenhouse adaptation than traditional maize varieties. Five generations a year are typical. Fast-Flowering Mini-Maize is the result of a modified double-cross hybrid between four fast flowering lines: Neuffer’s Early ACR, Alexander’s Early Early Synthetic, Tom Thumb Popcorn, and Gaspe Flint, followed by selection for early flowering and desirable morphology throughout an 11 generation selfing regime. Lines A and B were derived from different progeny of the initial hybrid, and crosses between Mini-Maize A and B exhibit heterosis. The ancestry of each genomic region of Mini-Maize A and B was inferred from the four founder populations using genotyping-by-sequencing. Other genetic and genomic tools for these lines include karyotypes for both lines A and B, kernel genetic markers y1 (white endosperm) and R1-scm2 (purple endosperm and embryo) introgressed into Mini-Maize A, and ~24x whole-genome resequencing data for Mini-Maize A.
Suffering, Separation, and Crying: Melodrama, Tears, and Girls’ Emotional Empowerment

Female villains who function as doubles for the protagonist are an empowering component of melodrama in girl culture—but so is crying. This chapter explores crying as melodrama’s most denigrated convention. Examining the form and function of suffering and tears in both Jane Eyre and the Twilight Saga shows how these melodramatic conventions validate emotional (even erotic) sensations, promote intimacy between girls, and even critique the limitations that produced such affective responses in the first place. And these rhetorical outcomes are expressed directly in girls’ conversations about crying while they read the saga. Girl readers empathize, but they also offer their own critical interpretations as they actively engage the saga’s messages about girlhood.
Prologue and Introduction

Autism spectrum disorder is a complex, multiply expressed disorder of the core of human functioning—social interaction. The diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have undergone significant evolution with a current prevalence rate of approximately 1 in 68. The impact of such high prevalence has resulted in demand for services. But paramount in the provision of services is the provision of effective, evidence-based services. Thus, there is the need to compare and contrast significant models for service delivery in a meaningful and comprehensive manner.
Analgesia in the surgical intensive care unit

Critically ill patients are a heterogeneous group with diverse comorbidities and physiological derangements. The management of pain in the critically ill population is emerging as a standard of care in the intensive care unit (ICU). Pain control of critically ill patients in the ICU presents numerous challenges to intensivists. Inconsistencies in pain assessment, analgesic prescription and variation in monitoring sedation and analgesia result in suboptimal pain management. Inadequate pain control can have deleterious effects on several organ systems in critically ill patients. Therefore, it becomes incumbent on physicians and nurses caring for these patients to carefully evaluate their practice on pain management and adopt an optimal pain management strategy that includes a reduction in noxious stimuli, adequate analgesia and promoting education regarding sedation and analgesia to the ICU staff. Mechanistic approaches and multimodal analgesic techniques have been clearly demonstrated to be the most effective pain management strategy to improve outcomes. For example, recent evidence suggests that the use of short acting analgesics and analgesic adjuncts for sedation is superior to hypnotic based sedation in intubated patients. This review will address analgesia in the ICU, including opioid therapy, adjuncts, regional anaesthesia and non-pharmacological options that can provide a multimodal approach to treating pain.
Selective Oxygen-Assisted Reactions of Alcohols and Amines Catalyzed by Metallic Gold: Paradigms for the Design of Catalytic Processes

Metallic gold has emerged as a highly successful catalyst for selective oxygen-assisted coupling reactions of alcohols and amines to yield industrially important classes of molecules, including esters and amides. In expanding the substrate scope of this class of reactions, fundamental mechanistic principles determined for simple model systems have been used to predict new reactive pathways for other more complex molecular transformations. Given the importance of these fundamental reaction paradigms, this review aims to consolidate the understanding of oxygen-assisted coupling mechanisms on metallic gold catalysts across a broad range of reported studies, including gas-phase and liquid-phase systems. Furthermore, the review indicates areas where additional understanding is still needed, and where collaboration between the gas-phase and liquid-phase catalysis communities would be instrumental in the elucidation of detailed reaction mechanisms.
Detection of malaria parasites using digital image processing

Malaria is a very serious infectious disease caused by a peripheral blood parasite of the genus Plasmodium. Conventional microscopy, which is currently “the gold standard” for malaria diagnosis has occasionally proved inefficient since it is time consuming and results are difficult to reproduce. As it poses a serious global health problem, automation of the evaluation process is of high importance. In this work, an accurate, rapid and affordable model of malaria diagnosis using stained thin blood smear images was developed. The method made use of the intensity features of Plasmodium parasites and erythrocytes. Images of infected and non-infected erythrocytes were acquired, pre-processed, relevant features extracted from them and eventually diagnosis was made based on the features extracted from the images. A set of features based on intensity have been proposed, and the performance of these features on the red blood cell samples from the created database have been evaluated using an artificial neural network (ANN) classifier. The results have shown that these features could be successfully used for malaria detection.
Atomic-scale surface modifications and novel electrode designs for high-performance sodium-ion batteries via atomic layer deposition

Renewable clean energies such as wind and solar power are limited by their intermittent operation nature and therefore their wide implementation urgently needs large-scale stationary electrical energy storage (EES) devices. State-of-the art lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are dominant in portable electronics and their next generation technologies hold great promise for transportation. In this context, the restricted reserves of lithium on earth make LIBs luxurious for large-scale stationary EES. As an alternative, sodium ions share a similar chemistry as lithium ions. In particular, sodium is very abundant and cost effective. To this end, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are very promising in meeting the needs of large-scale EES devices. However, as LIBs still have many issues, SIBs also face many technical challenges in anodes, cathodes, electrolytes, and battery interfaces. To address these problems, a large variety of strategies has been investigated. In the past decade, atomic layer deposition (ALD) has first emerged as a new thrust for LIBs and recently in the past few years, ALD has also shown itself to be a very powerful technique in tackling technical issues in SIBs. Exclusively featuring its atomic-scale accuracy in material growth, unrivaled uniform and conformal deposition in any shaped substrates, crystallinity-tunability, and low temperature, ALD as a vapor-phase film deposition process remains to date the only route to tackle the interfacial issues by simply applying an ultrathin layer over battery electrodes. At the same time, ALD also distinguishes itself as an important avenue in searching for novel nanomaterials and solely enables optimizing materials in size, morphology, crystallinity, and composition. All these make ALD an irreplaceable tool in developing next-generation battery technologies. In this review, we summarize the updated advances of ALD in SIBs, covering atomic-scale surface modifications and novel electrode designs. The review is expected to stimulate more extensive and insightful studies on using ALD for high-performance SIBs.
Testing of next-generation nonlinear calibration based non-uniformity correction techniques using SWIR devices

A known problem with infrared imaging devices is their non-uniformity. This non-uniformity is the result of dark current, amplifier mismatch as well as the individual photo response of the detectors. To improve performance, non-uniformity correction (NUC) techniques are applied. Standard calibration techniques use linear, or piecewise linear models to approximate the non-uniform gain and off set characteristics as well as the nonlinear response. Piecewise linear models perform better than the one and two-point models, but in many cases require storing an unmanageable number of correction coefficients. Most nonlinear NUC algorithms use a second order polynomial to improve performance and allow for a minimal number of stored coefficients. However, advances in technology now make higher order polynomial NUC algorithms feasible. This study comprehensively tests higher order polynomial NUC algorithms targeted at short wave infrared (SWIR) imagers. Using data collected from actual SWIR cameras, the nonlinear techniques and corresponding performance metrics are compared with current linear methods including the standard one and two-point algorithms. Machine learning, including principal component analysis, is explored for identifying and replacing bad pixels. The data sets are analyzed and the impact of hardware implementation is discussed. Average floating point results show 30% less non-uniformity, in post-corrected data, when using a third order polynomial correction algorithm rather than a second order algorithm. To maximize overall performance, a trade off analysis on polynomial order and coefficient precision is performed. Comprehensive testing, across multiple data sets, provides next generation model validation and performance benchmarks for higher order polynomial NUC methods.
Brand Appearance in Chinese and American Top-Grossing Commercial Movies: A Comparison

ABSTRACTThe study investigated different visual and audio factors of product placement in American and Chinese movies by analyzing top-grossing movies of the past decade. Forty movies were selected and analyzed. The results indicated major differences of brand appearances in Chinese and American movies. First, with respect to visual-only product placements, brands in Chinese movies were more saliently placed than those in American movies. Second, in relation to audio-only product placements, product attributes were more likely to be mentioned in Chinese movies than in American movies. Third, both leading and supporting characters were more likely to interact with brands in Chinese movies than in American movies. However, leading characters were less likely to mention a brand in Chinese movies than in American movies. Finally, no difference was found regarding supporting characters' mentioning of a brand in Chinese and American movies. Theoretical and practical implications were offered for the varying pat...
Projective Control Design Procedures for Power Plant/Power System Control

Abstract This paper presents an approach, illustrated through a case study, to designing a multivariable control system for large process models. The case study involves the development of a preliminary multivariable control design for load following and frequency regulation on an Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR). The design procedure is based on the suboptimal output feedback regulator problem solved by use of projective controls. The procedure is applicable to design of controls for any power plant. In designing static controllers the selection of the projective control is based on eigenvalue sensitivity criteria developed to single out eigenvalues in the reference system most sensitive to perturbations in the control. These eignevalues are then retained by the use of projective controls, and the gains are adjusted, if necessary, to meet additional criteria, such as bumpless transfer in this particular case study.
Phase Separation in Styrene-α-Methyl Styrene Block Copolymers

In previous work from this laboratory, it has been shown that diblock and triblock copolymers of styrene, S, and α-methy1 styrene, MS, are homogeneous up to considerably higher molecular weights than are mixtures of the corresponding homopolymers (1,2). Homogeneity was inferred from the presence of a single Tg, intermediate between those of polystyrene, PS, and of poly (α-methyl styrene), PMS, in the samples. The glass transition temperatures were measured using DTA, DSC, and dilatometry. The same techniques showed that, if low molecular weight PS or PMS was mixed with one of the block copolymers, phase separation was always enhanced (3). The molecular weight and composition at which microphase separation occurred in the block copolymers could be predicted quite well using a theoretical treatment developed by one of us (4). The data indicated that the interaction parameter between PS and PMS was between 0.0030 and 0.0036 for samples with Mw/Mn < 1.3. Block copolymer samples with broader molecular weight distributions showed enhanced microphase separation, i.e., they exhibited microphase separation even when their Mw was so low that homogenity was predicted theoretically (4). Furthermore, the addition of homopolymer to the block copolymers always enhanced microphase separation, even though it was predicted (5) that the presence of very low molecular weight homopolymer should serve to compatibilize the system.
New Results on Weight-Two Motivic Cohomology

Among Grothendieck’s manifold contributions to algebraic geometry is his emphasis on the search for a universal cohomology theory for algebraic varieties and a conjectured description of it in terms of motives [Ma]. Various authors have recently set out to describe the properties of and conjecturally define a cohomology theory for algebraic varieties, which has been baptized “motivic cohomology” by Beilinson, MacPherson, and Schechtman ([BMS],[Be],[Bl],[T],[L1],[L2]). It is hoped that this theory, when and if it is fully developed, will in some sense be universal and thus provide at least a partial response to Grothendieck’s question.
Spectrum and Mode of Action Of Poly A: U in the Stimulation of Immune Responses

It is now almost 20 years since we recognized that nucleic acids, apart from their specific informative properties based on nucleotide sequences, also can exert important regulating effects that are basically independent of nucleotide sequences. First in studies with bacteria, and later in studies with mammalian cells (compare Braun and Firshein, 1967), we as well as a few others (for example, Johnson, 1968) observed that oligo- and polynucleotides, in contrast to ineffective mononucleotides, can alter the rate of a number of biosynthetic events including rates of cell multiplication. When synthetic polynucleotides became available we tested their effects in a system that had proved susceptible to stimulation by natural oligo- and polynucleotides, namely antibody formation. At first, using single-stranded polynucleotides, such as poly A, poly U, poly C., and poly G, we found no effects. We were about to discard these homopolymers as inactive, when we made a final trial to determine the possible effectiveness of a mixture of these homo-polymers and discovered, in tests on antibody formation to sheep red blood cells (sRBC) in mice, a pronounced stimulation (Braun and Nakano, 1967). The rest is now history, documented by much of what is being reviewed at this Symposium: Complementary homopolymers, such as double-stranded poly A : U, poly C : G, or poly I : C., influence the behavior of cells involved in immune responses.