cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Properties of an oligomycin-sensitive adenosine diphosphate-adenosine triphosphate exchange reaction in intact beef heart mitochondria.

Abstract Intact beef heart mitochondria having high acceptor control ratios catalyze an oligomycin-sensitive adenosine diphosphate-ATP exchange reaction in the presence of 6.0 mm Mg++ at a rate of about 400 to 600 mµmoles per min per mg of mitochondrial protein, or somewhat higher than the rate of oxidative phosphorylation in beef heart mitochondria. The oligomycin-sensitive component of the total ADP-ATP exchange activity is saturated with Mg++ at much lower concentrations (∼1.0 mm) than the oligomycin-insensitive component (∼8.0 mm). Gramicidin, valinomycin, aurovertin, azide, arsenate, and atractyloside inhibit the ADP-ATP exchange, to an extent not exceeding the inhibition by oligomycin, whereas the adenylate kinase activity is insensitive to these agents. Beef heart mitochondria also catalyze uridine diphosphate-UTP, cytidine diphosphate-CTP, guanosine diphosphate-GTP, and ADP-dCTP exchanges, but these are insensitive to oligomycin and occur at less than 10% of the rate of the ADP-ATP exchange. Freezing and thawing of beef heart mitochondria, which has been reported not to cause loss of oxidative phosphorylation as measured by the P:O ratio, caused loss of the oligomycin-sensitive ADP-ATP exchange, loss of acceptor control of respiration, and gain of ATPase activity. It is suggested that the loss of oligomycin-sensitive ADP-ATP exchange activity during preparation of phosphorylating submitochondrial particles is caused by a molecular transformation of the ATP-synthesizing system so that the affinity for ADP is decreased, with a resulting gain of ATPase activity.
Culture of L1210 cells stored at -190 degrees C.

Abstract Cultured L1210 lymphocytic leukemia cells that were frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen up to 1 year were recultured directly without an intermediate passage in mice. There was no significant change in the population doubling time of 16 hr, and the cells retained their ability to induce leukemia in DBA/2 mice.
Jacob Mincer's Contribution to Modern Labor Economics: A Review Essay

One of the key figures in the development of modern labor economics is Jacob Mincer (1922-2006). His contributions have recently been highlighted and assessed in two books. The most in-depth and substantive of these volumes is by Portuguese economist Pedro Teixeira, entitled Jacob Mincer: A Founding Father of Modern Labor Economics (2007). Also valuable and well done is an edited volume by Shoshana Grossbard, Jacob Mincer: A Pioneer of Modern Labor Economics (2006). It is composed of a number of short remembrances by Mincer's colleagues and students, an oral history interview with Mincer by Teixeira, several larger review chapters on important parts of Mincer's research program, and several speeches and short articles by Mincer.In this review essay I provide a brief summary and evaluation of Mincer's research contributions and place in the history of thought in labor economics, drawing largely on these two books but with some of my own observations and perspectives interspersed.
Shock timing on the National Ignition Facility: The first precision tuning series

Ignition implosions on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [Lindl et al., Phys. Plasmas 11 , 339 (2004)] are driven with a very carefully tailored sequence of four shock waves that must be timed to very high precision in order to keep the fuel on a low adiabat. The first series of precision tuning experiments on NIF have been performed. These experiments use optical diagnostics to directly measure the strength and timing of all four shocks inside the hohlraum-driven, cryogenic deuterium-filled capsule interior. The results of these experiments are presented demonstrating a significant decrease in the fuel adiabat over previously un-tuned implosions. The impact of the improved adiabat on fuel compression is confirmed in related deuterium-tritium (DT) layered capsule implosions by measurement of fuel areal density (ρR), which show the highest fuel compression (ρR ∼ 1.0 g/cm2 ) measured to date.
X-Rays from Jets and Lobes

The current status of X-ray detections (and non-detections) of radio jets and lobes is presented. High resolution images obtained with the Einstein Observatory reveal X-ray emission associated with jet and lobe components of Virgo A, Centaurus A, 3C273, and possibly other radio structures. The Vir A and Cen A jet emission is probably synchrotron in origin, requiring in situ particle acceleration to extremely high energies. Inverse Compton emission is the likely cause of asymmetrical X-ray features in the halo of Vir A, supporting the assumption of equipartition.
Antioxidant Action of Carotenoids

Several modes of antioxidant action of beta-carotene are discussed. In particular, the focus is on the ability of beta-carotene to function as a chain-breaking antioxidant in a lipid environment at physiological O2 partial pressures. This is the mode considered most likely to operate in mammalian cells.
Increased Translocation of Cardiac Protein Kinase C β2 Accompanies Mild Cardiac Hypertrophy in Rats Fed Saturated Fat

Signal transduction through protein kinase C (PKC) beta2 may modulate cardiac hypertrophy in pressure-overloaded rat myocardium. Because PKC beta2 can be activated by fatty acids and diacylglycerol, we hypothesized that altering the level and type of dietary fat might modulate cardiac PKC activation and stimulate hypertrophy in otherwise normal rat myocardium. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 32) were randomly assigned to either a low fat [10% total energy intake (TEI)] or high fat diet (40% TEI) based on corn or coconut oil as a source of saturated or unsaturated fat. After 40 d of isoenergetic diet consumption, the heart/body weight ratio was slightly greater in rats fed saturated fat diets compared with those fed unsaturated fat (P = 0.05). Increased activation of PKC beta2, as evidenced by greater membrane translocation, was also observed in all rats fed saturated fat diets (P < 0.01). PKC alpha, beta1 and epsilon did not change. These results suggest that dietary fat type can alter PKC beta2 activation in the heart, and exert a mild hypertrophic effect on the heart.
Molecular cloud properties and CO line emission in z ≳ 6 galaxies

We explore molecular cloud properties and the physics of CO transition lines in z > 6 Lymanbreak galaxies and predict their COfluxes using an analytic formalism built from global models of star formation in high-redshift galaxies that minimizes our reliance on local observations. Our model includes a new approach to calculating the molecular gas fraction that takes the total gas density, the star formation rate and the star formation efficiency in clouds as the principal inputs. This method agrees with chemical equilibrium calculations of the molecular fraction based on local chemistry if galaxies at z>6 have metallicities on the order of a few per cent of solar. Such low metallicities in turn imply that much of the carbon in these systems exists in ionized form rather than as CO. Moreover, we find that the higher-order CO transitions observable at high redshift with Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) will typically be sub-thermally populated but that the details depend sensitively on the presence of turbulent clumps within molecular clouds. Ultimately, we expect current facilities will only be able to observe the CO signal from reionization epoch galaxies with great difficulty. We estimate that at least ~100 h of integration time with ALMA will be required to detect the CO(6-5) transition in z = 6 systems with rest-frame UV magnitudes of -20. © 2013 The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Phage typing sets

Bacteria are susceptible to phage (viral) infections. One of the most important properties of phages is host specificity. Phages can be so selective that they will distinguish varieties among apparently identical organisms. By exposing an isolate growing on the surface of an agar plate to a battery of different phages a pattern develops contingent on the susceptibility or resistance of the culture to the phages. A culture sensitive to a particular phage is destroyed and the destruction is manifested by areas devoid of bacterial growth. Using phages to differentiate bacteria is referred to as phage typing. Phage typing can be extremely important in many health situations because it can identify random, unrelated organisms as well as the isolates that are actually responsible for a given problem. Aside from relating an organism to an outbreak, this laboratory method can also be used for surveillance, assessing strain distribution, and ascertaining the effectiveness of therapeutic measures. Phage typing requires the use of a standard collection of dissimilar phages. In the process of developing a phage typing set, numerous phages are first isolated and tests are undertaken to determine if they are different and useful in delineating the types of organisms under study. To make the procedure more cost effective and less labor-intensive the final set is reduced to a manageable number with the assistance of a computer. Selecting a smallest phage typing set is an NP-hard combinatorial search problem so no efficient algorithm for finding it is believed to exist. However, with a powerful computer very good solutions and sometimes optimal solutions can be found by intelligent searching. Using a variety of heuristic techniques and a variety of computers small phage sets have been found previously for Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. These programs have been rewritten to take advantage of the greater speed and address space of the IBM 3090. We are now able to obtain better results because searching can be done more exhaustively and are able to find optimal phage typing sets, something that we were not able to do with earlier programs running on less powerful computers. We are currently working on a phage typing set for Staphylococcus aureus. Besides finding optimal solutions we also tested a greedy algorithm. Our results suggest that the greedy algorithm works well and should enable us to solve very large problems using powerful computers.
Temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus type 3: Defects in viral maturation as studied by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy

Abstract Studies using electron microscopy and immunofluorescence have been performed on cells infected with five different groups of temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus type 3. Mutants of groups A and E induce normal appearing viral factories. Mutants of group B induce factories which accumulate viral cores, while factories of groups C and D accumulate empty viral capsids. It is suggested that the latter three genetic groups consist of mutants with defects in virion assembly.
Behavioral predictors of substance-use initiation in adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to examine substance-use initiation in healthy adolescents and in adolescents who have been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. METHODS. Seventy-eight adolescents (28 healthy and 50 with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) participated in an ongoing longitudinal study of predictors of substance use. The substances most commonly reported were tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana. Aggression, conduct problems, hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention, anxiety/depression, social difficulties, and somatic complaints were assessed at study entry and tested as predictors for later substance use. RESULTS. With an average of 4 years into the study, 37 adolescents had not used any substances, 41 had experimented with at least 1 substance, and 29 experimented with >1 substance. Psychiatric diagnoses (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and depression/anxiety) did not influence reports of substance use. Distinct behavioral measures collected at study entry predicted use of different substances. In a multivariate analysis, aggression had the greatest association with tobacco smoking and marijuana use. Impulsivity was associated with alcohol use. Severity of drug exposure, indexed by the number of substances used, was predicted by aggression. CONCLUSIONS. This 4-year longitudinal study captured the onset of substance use, not abuse. Behavioral predictors differed with the type of substance used. These behavioral characteristics may raise suspicion among pediatricians for enhanced risk for substance-use initiation.
The Floating World Revisited

A lovely volume, being the catalog of an exhibition held at the Portland Art Museum. Its subject is the golden age (roughly 1780 to 1800) of what the Japanese call ukiyo-e, a term that embraces, but is not limited to, what in the West are simply called Japanese prints. In addition to the exhibition
Proteomic analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis following propionate adaptation

Background Salmonella Enteritidis is a highly prevalent and persistent foodborne pathogen and is therefore a leading cause of nontyphoidal gastrointestinal disease worldwide. A variety of stresses are endured throughout its infection cycle, including high concentrations of propionate (PA) within food processing systems and within the gut of infected hosts. Prolonged PA exposure experienced in such milieus may have a drastic effect on the proteome of Salmonella Enteritidis subjected to this stress.
Performance bounds and associated design principles for multi-cellular wireless OFDMA systems

In this paper, we consider the downlink of large-scale multi-cellular OFDMA-based networks and study performance bounds of the system as a function of the number of users K, the number of base-stations B, and the number of resource-blocks N. Here, a resource block is a collection of subcarriers such that all such collections, that are disjoint have associated independently fading channels. We derive novel upper and lower bounds on the sum-utility for a general spatial geometry of base stations, a truncated path loss model, and a variety of fading models (Rayleigh, Nakagami-m, Weibull, and LogNormal). We also establish the associated scaling laws and show that, in the special case of fixed number of resource blocks, a grid-based network of base stations, and Rayleigh-fading channels, the sum information capacity of the system scales as Θ(B log log K/B) for extended networks, and as O(B log logK) and Ω(log logK) for dense networks. Interpreting these results, we develop some design principles for the service providers along with some guidelines for the regulators in order to achieve provisioning of various QoS guarantees for the end users and, at the same time, maximize revenue for the service providers.
#31-S interaction between childhood socioeconomic position, adult body mass index and 34-YEAR incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between childhood socioeconomic position (SEP), adult body mass index (BMI), and the cumulative incidence of Type 2 diabetes in 5,913 adults from Alameda County, CA. METHODS: Childhood SEP was assessed by the respondent's father's occupational category (white- or blue-collar) or years of education. Covariates included sociodemographics, height, blood pressure, depression, behavior, health care access, education, income and occupation. Cox proportional hazard models estimated the risk of incident diabetes in men and women from 1965-1999. Effect modification was assessed by stratified analyses and tests for statistical interaction between childhood SEP and adult BMI (obesity, overweight or normal weight). RESULTS: Low or moderate childhood SEP was associated with a higher incidence of Type 2 diabetes. The effect of childhood SEP was stronger for women, even after adjustment for all covariates [relative hazard: MEN: low childhood SEp = 1.12 (95%CI = 0.7–1.8) /moderate = 1.22 (95%CI = 0.8–1.8) and WOMEN: low childhood SEp = 1.55 (95%CI = 1.0–2.4) /moderate = 1.82 (95%CI = 1.3–2.6)]. Adult BMI modified the impact of childhood SEP on diabetes risk. Obese subjects with low/moderate childhood SEP were at greatest risk. The effect of BMI remained after all model adjustments. The effect of SEP was explained by covariate adjustment for men, but persisted for women [full model relative hazard: low/moderate childhood SEP-obese (RH = 4.38 (95%CI = 2.1–9.3) for men and 5.39 (95%CI = 2.8–10.3) for women), high SEP-obese (RH = 4.27 (95%CI = 1.7–10.7) for men and 3.13 (95%CI = 1.4–6.9) for women) and low/moderate SEP-normal weight (RH = 1.19 (95%CI = 0.7–2.1) for men and 1.46 (95%CI = 1.0–2.2) for women)]. CONCLUSION: Childhood SEP is a robust predictor of incident Type 2 diabetes, although the effect is stronger in women and not completely removed by adjustment for covariates. Multiplicative and additive models suggest a positive interaction between childhood SEP and adult BMI for both men and women.
An experimental study of the antenna with nonreflecting resistive loading

The current amplitude, input admittance, and radiation field pattern of a dipole antenna with a step-function internal impedance were measured in the UHF range and compared with theory. The zero-order theory gives accurate descriptions of the current distribution, the field pattern, the wide bandwidth property, and the existence of the traveling wave on the antenna. The agreement in the input admittance is not good, but it can be improved with the help of the variational principle. The field pattern of this resistive antenna when displayed as a 90\deg V antenna was found to be directional and insensitive to changes in frequency.
A hybrid visual environment for models and objects

Models and objects that are modeled are usually kept in different places when we consider most modern simulation software packages. Software that permits the user to view 3D objects may also permit a viewing of the dynamic models for the objects, but these views are usually separate. The object can be rotated, translated and navigated while the model is represented in a 2D fashion using text or 2D iconic graphics. We present an approached based on the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML), where the object and model reside in the same space. A browsing capability is built to allow the user to search for models "within" objects. Aside from the visual benefits derived from this integrated approach, this methodology also suggests that models are really not very different from objects. Any object can serve to model another object, and when these objects are made "Web-friendly", it becomes feasible to use VRML to create distributed models whose components can reside anywhere over the World Wide Web.
Multiphoton detachment of an electron from H

The generalized multiphoton detachment cross sections for n=1\char21{}7 photons are evaluated for ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ in a zero-range plane-wave approximation. Results are compared with the recent experiments of Tang et al. [Phys. Rev. A 39, 6068 (1989)] and Smith et al. [J. Opt. Soc. Am. (to be published)] on these processes using relativistic ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ beams interacting with Doppler-shifted ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ laser pulses. Many features of the data are qualitatively consistent with the present calculation, but significant differences in shape and magnitude still remain.
Application of an enzyme kinetics based respiration model to closed system experiments for fresh produce

An approach was developed to use a respiration model, based on enzyme kinetics principle, along with the closed system method for generating respiration rates of fresh produce as a function of O2 and CO2 concentrations. to verify this approach, experiments were conducted to measure the respiration rates of cut broccoli contained in closed jars at 0, 7, 13 and 24C. the respiration model was found to fit the experimental data very well, and the model parameters were estimated using multiple linear regression analysis. Another experiment was also conducted with a permeable package containing cut broccoli at 13C, and the experimental respiration rates were found to compare well with those predicted using the model parameter values estimated above.
The search for indigenous lunar organic matter

It is argued that the absence of organic compounds from returned lunar samples is to be expected even for a lunar history rich in primordial organics. The sites most likely to yield lunar organic compounds have not been investigated, and there may be an area of investigation conceivably critical to problems in prebiological chemistry and the early history of the solar system awaiting continued lunar exploration, manned or unmanned.
Art and Procreative Illusion in the Sepik: Comparing the Abelam and the Arapesh

This essay extends Anthony Forge's ideas about the 'unspoken meanings' of Abelam ritual art, by testing them against cognate forms among the neighboring Ilahita Arapesh, and by invoking L.R. Hiatt's insights into 'pseudo-procreation rites' among Australian Aborigines. It is argued that the meanings of Abelam visual art and Arapesh myth are comparably ineffable, and that in both cases this non-verbal quality conduces to the expression of ideas that are cognitively, socially, or emotionally unacceptable to consciousness. The conclusions are, first, that veiled, ritual and aesthetic expressions of 'procreation' permit the men to enact a fantasy of male parthenogenesis; and, secondly, that the cult-sponsored tricks and illusions surrounding these expressions have the effect of surreptitiously appropriating female procreative power to the concealed goals
Microbiology: Intimate strangers

A more robust view of the diversity of prokaryotes has come from sequencing rRNAs amplified directly from environmental samples. This approach has now been used to examine microbial communities in the human body, revealing populations rich in undescribed species whose impact on humans remains to be determined.
Overview of angiotensin II-receptor antagonists

T renin–angiotensin system is integral to the mechanisms that regulate cardiovascular homeostasis. The renin–angiotensin system has an important role in the pathophysiology of hypertension and heart failure via the vasoconstricting effects of angiotensin II, which sustain elevated blood pressure levels in hypertension and increase afterload in chronic heart failure. Angiotensin II also affects the structure and function of the glomerulus, stimulates the release of aldosterone (causing sodium and water retention), has growth-promoting effects in the myocardium and arterial wall, induces left ventricular hypertrophy, and may mediate proliferative and hypertrophic processes involved in atherosclerosis (Table I).1 Blocking the formation or effects of angiotensin II has important clinical implications for treating cardiovascular diseases and slowing the progression of the cardiovascular disease continuum. The first available class of drugs to affect the renin–angiotensin system was the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Numerous clinical trials and extensive clinical experience with ACE inhibitors have clearly demonstrated the therapeutic benefits of blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. More recently, angiotensin II-receptor blockers (ARBs) were introduced for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. This article provides a brief overview of the pharmacology and clinical use of ARBs with some comparisons to ACE inhibitors.
Essential fatty acid deficient hairless mouse: the effects of topical agents on the epidermis.

SUMMARY Essential fatty acid deficient (EFA deficient) hairless mice were used to test the ability of topical agents to reduce the high epidermal DNA synthesis and acanthosis present in EFA deficiency. An established therapeutic agent known to be effective in psoriasis (betamethasone 17-valerate) significantly reduced the epidermal DNA synthesis, mitotic count and epidermal cell thickness. Linoleic acid reduced DNA synthesis and returned epidermal histology towards that of normal skin. Prostaglandin E2 analogue (15 (S)-15-methyl PGE2 methyl ester) reduced epidermal DNA synthesis both in treated and distant skin sites. Prostaglandin E2 was less effective than the analogue but slightly reduced epidermal DNA synthesis and thickness. Prostaglandin F2α had no obvious effect on the epidermis. Chlorambucil reduced epidermal DNA synthesis and thickness. Vitamin A acid increased DNA synthesis and epidermal cell thickness but reduced the hypcrkcratosis of EFA deficiency. A rapid epidermal cell transit was found in EFA deficient mice, approximately three times faster than in normal mouse epidermis.
Variation in contact zone dynamics between two species of topminnows, Fundulus notatus and F. olivaceus, across isolated drainage systems

Spatially variable selection pressure within heterogeneous environments can result in the evolution of specialist phenotypes that facilitate co-occurrence of closely related species and limit genetic exchange. If divergent selection pressures maintain reproductive isolation, hybridization is expected to correlate with the strength of underlying ecological gradients and the traits shaped by adaptive processes. We sampled ten replicate topminnow (Fundulus olivaceus and Fundulus notatus) hybrid zones in isolated drainages throughout central and southern North America. In all drainages, species were distributed in an upstream–downstream manner with contact zones localized at confluences featuring abrupt shifts from tributary to river habitat. In two drainages, the typical up and downstream positions of species were reversed. Phenotype differences between the species reflect predicted selection differences along stream gradients. Downstream populations (lower food availability and greater predator pressure) generally showed larger investment in reproduction (higher gonadal somatic index), smaller body size and lower somatic condition compared to upstream populations. Phenotypic differences between the species in the two reversed drainages were consistent with convergence of life history traits in the respective habitats. Phenotypes of individuals of hybrid origin (F1 hybrids or backcrosses) were not significantly different from the average of the two parental forms, though there were trends towards reduced fitness. The prevalence of hybridization among drainages ranged from no hybrids in two drainages to near random mating. The strongest correlates of hybridization rate among replicate hybrid zones were similarity in body shape and the homogeneity of habitat through tributary-river confluences. The two reversed orientation hybrid zones also exhibited high prevalence of hybrids suggesting that phenotypic convergence could lead to increased hybridization.
3-D Wave Propagation Solution Of A Stable Resonator, Free-Electron Laser

Rigorous numerical solutions of a stable resonator, free-electron laser are obtained using 3-D wave propagation algorithms in the presence of a radially and azimuthally varying gain. Assumptions of this time-independent formulation of the loaded-resonator cavity are discussed. Wave propagation in the cavity is performed by computing numerically the Fresnel-Kirchoff diffraction integral by the Gardner-Fresnel-Kirchoff algorithm. Results of steady-state numerical iterative solutions, in which both the gain and the optical fields achieve self-consistency throughout the resonator, are presented. These consist of: (1) mode pattern and (2) variations in gain with variations in the resonator parameters.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparative Volatilization of Three Lures for Male Tephritids in Hawaii: Methyl Eugenol (Oriental Fruit Fly), Cue-Lure (Melon Fly), and Trimedlure (Mediterranean Fruit Fly)

Abstract Volatilization of cue-lure, methyl eugenol, and trimedlure, the synthetic lures for male melon flies, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, oriental fruit flies, D. dorsalis Hendel, and Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), respectively, was found to take place at different rates: cue-lure showed a low level of volatility; trimedlure is comparatively very volatile; methyl eugenol is intermediate but was more similar to cue-lure than to trimedlure. Traps baited with even trimedlure would need only infrequent servicing if a lure reservoir were incorporated with the wick, and if the reservoir were made large enough to contain adequate supplies of trimedlure.
Need for Cognition, Causal Processing, and Memory for Behavior

Previous research by Srull, Lichtenstein, and Rothbart has shown that individuals high in the need for cognition exhibit better recall for a target person's behaviors than individuals low in the need for cognition, particularly when those behaviors are inconsistent with an initial impression of the person. The present authors argue that this pattern of results is due in part to the fact that high- (relative to low-) need-for-cognition individuals are likely to engage in more extensive causal processing. Study I directly tested and supported the proposition that a higher need for cognition is indeed associated with a tendency toward greater explanatory thinking. Study 2 replicated this finding as well as the pattern of recall results reported by Srull and colleagues. Most important, a path analysis indicated, as hypothesized, that recall performance was mediated in part by amount of explanatory thinking. Implications of these data for research on need for cognition, attribution, and person memory are discu...
Identifiable nitrergic neurons in the central nervous system of the nudibranch Melibe leonina localized with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous intercellular messenger produced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In this study, we used two different techniques—nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and NOS immunocytochemistry—to demonstrate that NOS is present in a pair of identifiable cells in the central nervous system of the nudibranch Melibe leonina. In the Melibe brain, NADPH-d histochemistry revealed only a single pair of bilaterally symmetrical cells in the cerebropleural ganglia. NOS activity also was found in the neuropil of the cerebral, pedal, and buccal ganglia; in the tentacles of the oral hood; in the sensory end of the rhinophores; and in the epithelial tissue of the mouth, preputium, and glans penis. Immunocytochemistry using NOS antisera corroborated the results of the NADPH-d histochemistry by staining the same two cells in the cerebropleural ganglia. Each of these identifiable nitrergic neurons projects into the ipsilateral pedal ganglion. Because the pedal ganglia play a critical role in the control of locomotion, our results provide morphological evidence suggesting that NO may influence swimming or crawling in Melibe leonina. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:70–78, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clutter isolation and cardiac monitoring using harmonic doppler radar with heterodyne receiver and passive RF tags

A harmonic radar employing the use of harmonic passive RF tags can be successfully used to isolate the human respiration from environmental clutter. This paper describes the successful use of heterodyne receiver architecture with Doppler radar to track the heart-rate of a human being using passive body-worn harmonic tags in presence of a controlled noise generator at distances up to 120 cm. The heterodyne system results have been compared with those of a conventional Doppler radar for cardiopulmonary monitoring that fails to isolate the noise from heart-rate in presence of a noise source.
Analyzing Political Art to Get at Historical Fact: Guernica and the Spanish Civil War

(2006). Analyzing Political Art to Get at Historical Fact: Guernica and the Spanish Civil War. The Social Studies: Vol. 97, No. 4, pp. 168-171.
Urea and sodium in sheep kidneys during ethacrynic acid diuresis.

The possibility of uphill transport of urea from the collecting ducts of sheep fed diets containing 14% protein (HP) and 4.9% protein (LP) was explored by measuring cortex to papilla and urine to papilla gradients of urea during ethacrynic acid diuresis. Clearance studies were done on adult, unanesthetized, hydropenic, vasopressin infused sheep. Saline was given to compensate for urine loss during ethacynic acid diuresis. Following a period of antidiuresis, ethacrynic acid administration caused an increase in fractional water excretion to 0.33 (HP) and 0.44 (LP), an increase in fractional sodium excretion to 0.28 (HP) and 0.41 (LP), and an average increase in glomerular filtration rate of 14.7%. Fractional potassium excretion showed no consistent change. Renal concentrating ability and medullary sodium accumulation were inhibited. Antidiuretic LP and HP medullary urea accumulation patterns were lost. However, identical but small ascending cortex to papilla urea gradients remained in the LP and HP animals. There was no significant difference between the urea concentration in urine and papilla tissue water. The results fail to provide support for the presence of active urea transport from the collecting ducts of sheep fed high or low protein diets.
Potential energy parameters from crystalline state properties

The parameters of the potential functions suggested byMorse, Rydberg andVarshni in the higher approximation with respect to the number of nearest-neighbours are determined using experimental values for the energy of sublimation, the compressibility, the lattice constant, the distance between nearest-neighbours in the crystal lattice at any given temperature.
Survivability of Flip Chips Using PCBs with Carbon Fiber in a Fatigue Environment

Flip chip packaging technology is being developed using printed circuit boards (PCBs) with carbon fiber composites or STABLCORreg, to withstand low temperature, fatigue conditions on Mars, from -130degC to +85degC, for a 1 year mission. This technology will benefit future rovers by allowing for electronic packaging to be incorporated as highly dense, low mass multifunctional structures outside a warm electronics box (WEB). STABLCORreg is fabricated within the PCB in proximity to the flip chips. The flip chips on boards with and without carbon fiber weave failed due to thermal strain and, ultimately, fatigue. It was also found that the carbon fiber weave within the board affects the flatness and, ultimately, the survivability of flip chips. Further experiments must be performed in order to fully determine if STABCLORreg increases the flip chip survivability in this extreme environment. This paper describes the design, assembly, and testing of flip chips in this extreme environment, and additional experiments needed for the flip chip packaging on boards with and without STABLCORreg.
Cloning in on the gene for Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

In a recent report in Nature, J. M. Murray and co-workers at St Mary's Medical School, London describe the genetic linkage of a cloned human DNA sequence, λRC8, to the gene responsible for the Duchenne type of muscular dystrophy (DMD) in man2. This report represents a crucial opening salvo in a process which must inexorably lead to the eventual isolation and characterization of the gene responsible for DMD. As recently discussed in TINS (see September 1982 issue and also centrefold in this issue), the approach taken by Murray et al. is a general one which is potentially applicable to the isolation and characterization of the DNA sequence responsible for any phenotype which is inherited in a Mendelian fashion, in man or an experimental animal. Included in this category are a significant number of genes affecting neurological and/or muscular function. The Murray et al. paper provides an opportunity to observe this process unfolding.
The C. elegans LIM homeobox gene lin-11 specifies multiple cell fates during vulval development.

LIM homeobox family members regulate a variety of cell fate choices during animal development. In C. elegans, mutations in the LIM homeobox gene lin-11 have previously been shown to alter the cell division pattern of a subset of the 2° lineage vulval cells. We demonstrate multiple functions of lin-11 during vulval development. We examined the fate of vulval cells in lin-11 mutant animals using five cellular markers and found that lin-11 is necessary for the patterning of both 1° and 2° lineage cells. In the absence of lin-11 function, vulval cells fail to acquire correct identity and inappropriately fuse with each other. The expression pattern of lin-11 reveals dynamic changes during development. Using a temporally controlled overexpression system, we show that lin-11 is initially required in vulval cells for establishing the correct invagination pattern. This process involves asymmetric expression of lin-11 in the 2° lineage cells. Using a conditional RNAi approach, we show that lin-11 regulates vulval morphogenesis. Finally, we show that LDB-1, a NLI/Ldb1/CLIM2 family member, interacts physically with LIN-11, and is necessary for vulval morphogenesis. Together, these findings demonstrate that temporal regulation of lin-11 is crucial for the wild-type vulval patterning.
Coprecipitation of pharmaceutical actives and their structurally related additives by the RESS process

Abstract Coprecipitation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) with additives can provide the ability to add functionality to API's at early stages of drug discovery and synthesis. It is with this objective that a number of drugs were recrystallized in the presence of structurally related additives. The rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) process was evaluated to recrystallize the drug–additive mixtures. Results of RESS aided coprecipitation studies involving twelve drug–additive mixtures are reported in this manuscript. Characterization of these mixtures revealed a number of interesting phenomena. These include habit modification, solubility enhancement, particle size reduction, eutectic formation, reduction in crystallinity, amorphous conversion, hydrate formation, polymorph conversion and selective extraction. In viewing each of these phenomena from an application standpoint, this manuscript serves as proof of concept for altering the physicochemical and mechanical properties of API's using supercritical fluid (SCF) coprecipitation. It was concluded from these studies that the rapid crystallization conditions offered by the SCF media alone does not provide the ability to consistently dope crystals. Competing mechanisms based on the relative solubility of drugs and additives in SCF media, as well as the selectivity of SCF solvents are to be taken into consideration while undertaking coprecipitations.
Autoshaping to a dark key

The present study examined the failure to autoshape of the forward-pairing dark-key subjects in Brown and Jenkins’ (1968) original demonstration of autoshaping. Twelve dark-key subjects and three light-key controls were given magazine training and autoshaping trials under a variety of conditions. All dark-key subjects came to peck at light offset as CS. The results are examined in connection with the generalization hypothesis of autoshaped keypecking.
A new second-order closure model for rough-wall turbulent flows using the Brinkman equation

Abstract A second-order turbulence closure is developed for the new rough-wall layer modeling approach using the Brinkman equation for turbulent flows over rough walls. In the proposed approach, we model the fluid dynamics of the volume averaged flow in the near-wall rough layer by using the Brinkman equation. The porosity can be calculated based on the volumetric characteristics of the roughness and the permeability is modeled. Interface stress jump conditions including the Reynolds stress components are also considered. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved numerically above the near-wall rough layer, while a second-order turbulence closure is employed in all regions. The rough-wall second-order closure is developed by adopting an existing smooth-wall model. The computational results, including the skin friction coefficient, the log-law mean velocity, the roughness function, the Reynolds stresses, and the turbulent kinetic energy, are presented and compared with those obtained by using a previously developed two-equation turbulence closure. The results show that the new rough-wall layer modeling approach with the second-order turbulence closure model satisfactorily predicted the skin friction coefficient, the log-law mean velocity, the roughness function, and the Reynolds shear stress. However, the results for the Reynolds normal stresses are different from the measured data in the inner 20–60% of the boundary layer due to the interface stress jump conditions employed in the present rough-wall layer modeling approach.
Effect of central catecholamine alterations by 6-hydroxydopamine on shuttle box avoidance acquistion

Abstract Rats treated intracisternally with multiple doses of 6-hydroxydopamine (2 × 200 μg) in combination with pargyline, which depleted both brain norepinephrine and dopamine, showed no evidence of acquisition of an avoidance response in the shuttle box. Mean intertrial interval (ITI) crosses were not significantly different from control. Treatment with 2 × 250 μg of 6-hydroxydopamine without pargyline also retarded acquisition of avoidance, but to a lesser extent. ITI crosses for this latter group were significantly increased. Preferential depletion of norepinephrine facilitated acquistion of avoidance and increased the number of ITI crosses. The rate of acquisiton of the avoidance response by rats in which dopamine was preferentially reduced was not significantly different from control animals even though ITI crossing was significantly increased. These results are discussed in relation to views concerning the role of brain catecholamines in avoidance responding.
Two Dangers, One Solution: Immigration, Race, and Labor in Cuba, 1900–1930

In its morning edition of April 22, 1900, Diario de la Marina examined figures released from the 1899 census, nothing what it considered to be its most important feature: One-third of population was colored. The columnist elaborated that this situation represented an obvious “danger” for “the white race” living in the island and claimed that the only way to avert a future catastrophe was to further stimulate white immigration to Cuba.
Instrumentation of a high energy cyclotron experiment

Abstract The instrumentation for processing data from an (α, 2α) experiment is described. System requirements are set forth and the instruments for fulfilling them are discussed. Special attention is directed to fast linear gates, the stretching of narrow pulses, and a basic transistor amplifier used in the system. Additionally, gain stablization from the photocathode of photomultipliers to the input of a four-dimensional analyzer is discussed.
Polymer-bound titanium olefin isomerization catalysts

Abstract Polystyrene-bound bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium dichloride has been shown to react with Grignard reagents to form a reactive alkene isomerization catalyst, which converts 1-alkenes primarily into E -2-alkenes at room temperature. The catalyst specificity seen for this polymer-bound catalyst is altered from that seen in an analogous homogeneous system. Hydrogenation of alkenes has also been accomplished when 1-alkenes are allowed to react with these same catalysts under hydrogen. Internal alkenes are unreactive toward these catalysts. The efficacy of organomagnesium versus organolithium reagents for preparation of these catalysts and the application of 13 C NMR to the study of polymer-supported catalytic systems is described.
Projective Item Response Model for Test-Independent Measurement:

The problem of fitting unidimensional item-response models to potentially multidimensional data has been extensively studied. The focus of this article is on response data that contains a major dimension of interest but that may also contain minor nuisance dimensions. Because fitting a unidimensional model to multidimensional data results in ability estimates that represent a combination of the major and minor dimensions, such a procedure tends to produce ability estimates that cannot be compared across different tests targeting the same construct, or even across different test forms from the same test bank. In this paper, we build upon previous theoretical results in multidimensional IRT and propose a projective IRT framework that allows the projection of multiple dimensions onto a targeted single dimension that is of substantive interest. Two robust versions of standard error estimate for ability score are also evaluated. An important appeal of the projective IRT procedure is that it allows the direct m...
Effect of the grain protein content locus Gpc-B1 on bread and pasta quality

Grain protein concentration (GPC) affects wheat nutritional value and several critical parameters for bread and pasta quality. A gene designated Gpc-B1, which is not functional in common and durum wheat cultivars, was recently identified in Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. The functional allele of Gpc-B1 improves nitrogen remobilization from the straw increasing GPC, but also shortens the grain filling period resulting in reduced grain weight in some genetic backgrounds. We developed isogenic lines for the Gpc-B1 introgression in six hexaploid and two tetraploid wheat genotypes to evaluate its effects on bread-making and pasta quality. In common wheat, the functional Gpc-B1 introgression was associated with significantly higher GPC, water absorption, mixing time and loaf volume, whereas in durum wheat, the introgression resulted in significant increases in GPC, wet gluten, mixing time, and spaghetti firmness, as well as a decrease in cooking loss. On the negative side, the functional Gpc-B1 introgression was associated in some varieties with a significant reduction in grain weight, test weight, and flour yield and significant increases in ash concentration. Significant gene × environment and gene × genotype interactions for most traits stress the need for evaluating the effect of this introgression in particular genotypes and environments.
Comparison of a tissue solubilization and a wet combustion method for determining 14C in plant tissue

Abstract Nine different types of plant material labeled with14CO2were used to compare two methods for analyzing14C in biological material. The methods were total carbon by wet oxidation (TC) and tissue solubilization using hyamine hydroxide (HH). In addition 3 sizes of material were used and 3 variations of the HH method were evaluated. Overall there were no significant differences between the HH and TC methods for14C activity, provided the samples are finely ground. Significant differences occurred in total counts and counting efficiency when the plant particle size decreased from .84 mm to .25 ram. Differences also were found between quench reducing treatments in the HH method. Differences between methods in terms of total counts, may be plant material specific
Peripherally administered amitriptyline derivatives have differential anti-allodynic effects in a rat model of neuropathic pain.

Abstract We assessed if derivatives of amitriptyline could alleviate mechanical allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. N-methyl amitriptyline (NMA), and amitriptyline HCl (AHC) were compared to evaluate the antiallodynic effects produced by systemic and peripheral administration. Under general anesthesia with halothane, neuropathic injury was produced in rats by tightly ligating the left L5 and L6 spinal nerves. All animals developed neuropathic pain behaviors within 7 days after the surgery. For systemic delivery, three groups of rats were injected intraperitoneally with NMA (15 mg/kg), AHC (12.5 mg/kg), or saline. For peripheral routes of injection, rats were divided into 3×3 groups and injected with 100, 330, and 1000 nmol/kg doses of each NMA, AHC and 0.9% normal saline. NMA and AHC suppressed mechanical allodynia following peripheral administration but not following intraperitoneal injection. NMA was less potent but showed a longer-acting response than AHC. This study shows that NMA can be used to relieve mechanical allodynia and is a longer-acting agent than AHC.