cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration of Health Literacy Content Into Nursing Curriculum Utilizing the Health Literacy Expanded Model

Abstract Nurses must have the ability to adapt care for patients with low health literacy, making health literacy education of nursing students essential. This article presents a health literacy content curriculum integration project in an associate degree nursing curriculum. A health literacy learning needs assessment survey constructed from the health literacy expanded model and identified gaps in health literacy content. The survey results, current best practice, and the health literacy expanded model provided a framework for the health literacy curriculum integration plan.
Cultures Merging: A Historical and Economic Critique of Culture

Cultures Merging is a book-length treatise on the interaction of culture and economics—a field of inquiry Eric L. Jones has been pursuing since the early 1990s. The analytical framework for the boo...
De novo genome assembly of Cercospora beticola for microsatellite marker development and validation

Abstract Cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora beticola is a significant threat to the production of sugar and table beet worldwide. A de novo genome assembly of C. beticola was used to develop eight polymorphic and reproducible microsatellite markers for population genetic analyses. These markers were used, along with five previously described microsatellite loci to genotype two C. beticola populations from table beet fields in New York, USA. High allelic and genotypic diversity and low population differentiation were found between fields. Linkage disequilibrium of loci after clone-correction of datasets was attributed to the presence of two distinct clonal lineages within the populations. Linkage equilibrium of loci in one of the clusters supported the presence of sexual reproduction. The draft de novo genome assembly will help elucidate the reproductive system of C. beticola through investigating evidence of recombination in the C. beticola genome.
The Epidemiology and Natural History of Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia

The objective of this chapter is to review the epidemiology and natural history of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. Epidemiology seeks to explain and comprehend diseases by studying the characteristics of diseases in populations. For this chapter, these characteristics include morbidity, mortality, incidence and prevalence rates, and risk factors for herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. The sources of epidemiological data in this chapter include cohort studies, case-control studies, clinical trials, large case series, and case reports.
GASP IV: A combined continuous - discrete FORTRAN-based simulation language:

GASP IV is a FORTRAN-based simulation language which provides the framework for modeling systems involving both continuous and discrete phenomena. A general ization of the definition of "event" allows for time to be advanced in a next-event fashion while permit ting a step-wise evaluation of system state variables described by difference or differential equations. Subprograms are included in GASP IV to handle the details of state and event control (including state- variable integration when necessary), information storage and retrieval, collection and analysis of data on system performance, and generation of reports and plots. In this paper, the GASP IV philosophy and modeling approach are described. Descriptions of the subpro grams included in GASP IV and the required user- written subprograms are given. The types of applica tions that have utilized GASP IV are listed. A com panion paper (beginning on p. 71) presents a detailed example of the use of GASP IV for simulating a continuous reaction process in...
Abstract 1115: Germline single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA repair genes in urothelial cancer patients

Introduction: Germline single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been investigated in several cancers. Repair of DNA damage is a key cellular process involved in the development of chemotherapy-resistance. The role of germline SNPs in DNA damage repair genes (DRGs) in determining resistance to DNA-damaging agents in urothelial carcinoma (UC) patients is not completely understood. Methods: We examined a cohort of 53 UC patients (median age 67, 42 males) enrolled in our IRB-approved Precision Medicine program. Patients had histologically confirmed UC (43 bladder, 10 upper tract UC) and received treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy. We isolated germline DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes or buccal swabs, and used whole exome sequencing (WES) to examine germline SNPs. As a reference for SNP frequencies we used the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) database, which represents the largest, randomly selected, germline WES database in the general population, including 60,706 individuals, among which 7,601 patients with multiple cancer types from the Tumor Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. Results: Twelve different DRG SNPs were identified in germline DNA samples from 53 patients, affecting genes involved in non-homologous end-joining (RECQL4, n = 18, 54.50%; POLQ, n = 2, 6%), nucleotide excision repair (ERCC6, n = 2, 6%; XPA, n = 1, 3%; CCNH, n = 1, 3%; POLK, n = 1, 3%), homologous recombination (RNF168, n = 1, 3%; RAD17, n = 1, 3%; POLE, n = 1, 3%), Fanconi anemia pathway (POLN, n = 1, 3%), mismatch repair (EXO1, n = 1, 3%) and mitochondrial DNA repair (POLG, n = 2, 6%). The frequency of rs11342077 of the DNA helicase RECQL4 was significantly higher in our cohort (18/53, 34%) compared to its frequency in the ExAC database (p Conclusions: Germline SNPs in DNA repair pathway genes are common in UC. Additional study of the role of these SNPs as potential biomarkers of response DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agents, including platinum-based chemotherapy or/and PARP inhibitors is needed in a larger cohort. Citation Format: Bishoy M. Faltas, Panagiotis J. Vlachostergios, Linda Lam, Tuo Zhang, Olivier Elemento, Mark A. Rubin. Germline single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA repair genes in urothelial cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1115. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1115
Nicotinic Receptors in the Motor Endplate and in Sympathetic Ganglia

The first important account of the actions of a drug on autonomic ganglia was given in a series of papers by Langley (1, 2) in which the stimulating and blocking actions of nicotine on sympathetic ganglia were described. By applying nicotine to the surface of the ganglia it was possible to demonstrate that nicotine first imitated and then suppressed the responses of various end-organs to electrical stimulation of preganglionic nerves. The application of this experimental technique to a wide variety of sites in the peripheral nervous system made it possible for Langley to outline the general pattern of autonomic innervation of organs.
Flexibility in the FDA approach to orphan drug development.

Scientific advances, in combination with government incentives and commercial opportunity, have fuelled strong investment in orphan drugs, resulting in many innovative therapies. Here, we discuss the approach of the FDA to a range of issues that remain crucial to maintaining this momentum, such as the use of the totality of evidence in evaluating orphan drugs.
Seasonally Varying Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation From In-Situ Oxidation of Near-Highway Air

The extent to which motor vehicles contribute to ambient secondary organic aerosol (SOA) remains uncertain. Here, we present in situ measurements of SOA formation at a near-highway site with substantial tree-cover 10 m from Interstate 40 near Durham, North Carolina. In July 2015 (summer) and February 2016 (winter), we exposed ambient air to a range of oxidant (O3 and OH) concentrations in an oxidation flow reactor (OFR), resulting in hours to weeks of equivalent atmospheric aging. We observed substantial seasonal variation in SOA formation upon OFR aging; diurnally varying OA enhancements of ∼3–8 μg m–3 were observed in summer and significantly lower enhancements (∼0.5–1 μg m–3) in winter. Measurements in both seasons showed consistent changes in bulk OA properties (chemical composition; volatility) with OFR aging. Mild increases in traffic-related SOA precursors during summer partly explains the seasonal variation. However, biogenic emissions, with sharp temperature dependence, appear to dominate summer ...
AAA Consumer Arbitration

Organizations that administer arbitration and other ADR services can by rulemaking, in consultation with industry and claimant groups, improve the fairness of the process for the parties. Consumer disputes present a particular challenge for arbitration systems when the small size of an individual consumer's claim may, as a practical matter, preclude even assertion of the claim. This is a problem also in litigation, but class actions, which can aggregate small clains, may be more readily available in court. Christopher Drahozal examines the initiatives of the American Arbitration Association, the leading ADR provider in the country, to promote fair consumer arbitrations. Whether arbitration – resolution of a dispute by a private judge rather than in the public court system – increases or reduces access to justice is hotly debated. Samuel Estreicher, for instance, urges that “[a] properly designed arbitration system … can do a better job of delivering accessible justice for average claimants than a litigation-based approach.” Others, notably Jean Sternlight and David Schwartz, argue that arbitration increases costs and discourages lawyers from taking consumer cases, thereby reducing consumer access to justice but increasing corporate profits. This chapter does not take sides in that debate. Instead, it seeks to advance the debate by presenting information on arbitrations involving disputes between consumers and businesses that are administered by the American Arbitration Association (AAA). During 2010–12, the AAA received over 7,000 consumer arbitration filings, and is commonly named in consumer arbitration clauses as the sole administrator or one of several administrators of consumer arbitrations. The types of businesses involved in AAA consumer arbitrations include credit card issuers and other consumer lenders, cell phone companies, car dealers, mobile home sellers, real estate brokers, home builders, insurance companies and extended warranty providers, and law and accounting firms, among others. AAA consumer arbitration has become a widely used process for resolving disputes between businesses and consumers, and this chapter seeks to provide a better understanding of how that process works. AAA CONSUMER ARBITRATION PROCEDURES As noted earlier, businesses commonly name the AAA as the arbitration administrator in their standard form contracts with consumers. The AAA, like other arbitration administrators, does not itself act as the arbitrator – that is, it does not itself issue a binding decision that resolves the parties’ dispute.
Towards a Secure Internet of Things

Embedded, networked sensors and actuators are everywhere. They are in engines, monitoring combustion and performance. They are in our shoes and on our wrists, helping us exercise enough and measuring our sleep. They are in our phones, our homes, hospitals, offices, ovens, planes, trains, and automobiles. Their streams of data will improve industry, energy consumption, agriculture, business, and our health. Software processes these streams to provide real-time analytics, insights, and notifications, as well as control and actuate the physical world. The emerging Internet of Things has tremendous potential, but also tremendous dangers. Internet threats today steal credit cards. Internet threats tomorrow will disable home security systems, flood fields, and disrupt hospitals.The Secure Internet of Things Project (SITP) is 5-year collaboration between Stanford and UC Berkeley. Its goal is to rethink how we design, implement and test the Internet of Things so that it is secure and dependable. I'll give an overview of the project, its research goals, and its participants. I'll talk about two research efforts in the project: Tock, a secure embedded operating system, and Beetle, a new abstraction layer for Bluetooth networks that is able to support a much wider range of applications.
The Use of Viral Vectors to Enhance Cognition

Recovering cognitive function of human by viral gene therapy sounds futuristic, and still regarded within the entity of basic research. Gene therapy is conceptually simple: genes of interest will be delivered into the specific region of brains to protect neurons, enhance neural regeneration, and promote cognitive function. There are many promising results from basic research. Among all viral vectors, adeno-associated virus (AAV) is the most widely used vector for basic research and clinical trials focused on neurodegenerative disorders. AAV is promising for use as a vector for the central nervous system gene therapy because it can infect dividing and nondividing cells after a single delivery without causing pathogenicity, immune reactions, or toxicity, leading to long-term transgene expression without significant complications. This chapter discusses the background of AAV vector system, successful transgene candidates for enhancing neurogenesis and hippocampal functions, and its application to cognitive enhancement.
Excitation of Strong Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances in Highly Metallic Titanium Nitride Nano-Antennas for Stable Performance at Elevated Temperatures

New opportunities for plasmonic applications at high temperatures have stimulated interest in refractory plasmonic materials that show greater stability at elevated temperatures than the more commonly used silver and gold (Au). Titanium nitride (TiN) has been identified as a promising refractory material, with deposition of TiN thin films through techniques ranging from plasma-enhanced atomic laser deposition to sputter deposition to pulsed laser deposition, on a variety of substrates, including MgO, polymer, SiO2, and sapphire. A variety of plasmonic devices have been evaluated, including gratings, nanorods, and nanodisks. An implicit metric for TiN behavior has been the comparison of its plasmonic performance to that of Au, in particular at various elevated temperatures. This paper carries out a one-to-one comparison of bowtie nanoantennas formed of TiN and Au (on both Si and MgO substrates), examining the far-field characteristics, related to the measured near-field resonances. In both cases, the optic...
Electronic, magnetic, and structural properties of Fe2MnSn Heusler alloy

We performed combined theoretical and experimental studies of electronic, structural, and magnetic properties of Fe2MnSn Heusler alloy. The density functional theory calculation shows that the Fe2MnSn alloy has two energetically close phases, namely, hexagonal D019 and cubic L21, which agrees well with the experimental results. Both the hexagonal and cubic phases are ferromagnetic, with large magnetization values of about 6 μB/f.u. and high Curie temperature above room temperature. The hexagonal phase shows high magnetic anisotropy of 5.1 Merg/cm3. These findings may be interesting for magnetic applications where large saturation magnetization, high Curie temperature, and high magnetic anisotropy are desired.
Rewards and challenges of parenting a child with Down syndrome: a qualitative study of fathers’ perceptions

Aim: Most studies on parenting children with Down syndrome and other intellectual disabilities have focused on stress and coping; however, research has shown many rewards in parenting such children...
Comparative Expected Value Analysis Study on Programs, Treatments, Medications and Products Reducing the Prevalence of Smoking, Alcoholism, Depression and Obesity in the United States

It was determined that medication provided the most value reducing the prevalence of smoking, alcoholism, and obesity, while exercise provided the most value treating depression. Value was determined by dividing treatment cost with success rate. Medication provided the most value reducing the prevalence of alcoholism followed by Alcoholics Anonymous, outpatient drug free treatment, detoxing, residential treatment and inpatient treatment. Medication provided the most value reducing the prevalence of smoking followed by hypnotherapy, nicotine gum, nicotine patch, Chantix, nasal spray and nicotine inhaler. Acupuncture, lozenges, strips, sticks and laser therapy were not effective smoking cessation treatment options. Medication provided the most value in weight loss followed by liposuction, personal trainer and lap band. Exercise and meditation provided the most value reducing the prevalence of depression followed by medication, support groups and psychotherapy
A Survey of the Mobile Phone-Based Interventions for Violence Prevention Among Women

Information Communication Technologies (ICT), particularly mobile phone technology, has increased the propinquity between individuals by enhancing their ability to frequently communicate with one another through different mediums, like text, audio, video, and emojis. Cell phone technology is being used to combat various social issues, including several public health-related problems such as violence against women. Over the past two decades several cellphone-based apps, including Circle of 6, MyPlan, Panic Button, and Aspire News have been developed in several countries to prevent violence against women. Anecdotal evidence suggests that these apps are effective both as violence prevention and as an intervention tool in public as well as private spaces. However, very little awareness exists among social workers about these mobile phone applications (apps), particularly the capabilities and limitations of these apps. Based on a brief survey and classification of the existing mobile phone apps designed to prevent violence against women, this paper aims to explain how these apps work, and point out their capabilities and limitations so that social workers and public health professionals can better guide their clients in using these technology-based services. It is highly recommended that social workers evaluate how their clients are affected by the use or non-use of violence prevention apps and advocate for their client’s right to digital literacy and internet access.
Pros and cons of mental health treatment: reports from depressed clients with suicidal ideation

Suicide is a major public health problem; rates in the US have risen significantly across all age groups over the past decade. Outpatient mental health services can help to mitigate the risk of sui...
Small-Scale Variations of H I Spectra from Interstellar Scintillation

I suggest that radio-wave scattering by the interstellar plasma, in combination with subsonic gradients in the Doppler velocity of interstellar H I, is responsible for the observed small-scale variation in H I absorption spectra of pulsars. Velocity gradients on the order of 0.05-0.3 km s-1 across 1 AU can produce the observed variations. I suggest observational tests to determine the relative importance of such gradients and AU-scale absorbing cloudlets in producing the spectral variations.
Interaction between epilaryngeal and laryngeal adjustments in regulating vocal fold contact pressure

This study investigates the peak vocal fold contact pressure at different conditions of epilaryngeal narrowing and laryngeal adjustments. The results show that for a given subglottal pressure, the peak vocal fold contact pressure may increase or decrease with epilaryngeal narrowing, depending on a complex interaction between vocal fold vertical thickness, initial glottal angle, and subglottal pressure. However, epilaryngeal narrowing also significantly increases vocal efficiency so that for a target sound pressure level, the peak vocal fold contact pressure decreases with epilaryngeal narrowing. Overall, the peak vocal fold contact pressure and respiratory effort can be minimized by epilaryngeal narrowing, adopting a small initial glottal angle, and an intermediate vocal fold thickness.
Determination of Dynamic Modulus Master Curve of Damaged Asphalt Pavements for Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Rehabilitation Design:

For pavement rehabilitation design, the current mechanistic–empirical (ME) pavement design guide provides three levels of analysis methodology to determine dynamic modulus master curves for existin...
Catabolite Repression in the d-Serine Deaminase System of Escherichia coli K-12

The induced synthesis of d-serine deaminase in Escherichia coli is subject to three catabolic effects: inhibition on inducer uptake, transient repression, and catabolite repression. Inhibition on d-serine uptake is not significant at the d-serine concentration normally used for induction. Transient repression and catabolite repression of d-serine deaminase synthesis are abolished by mutations in dsdCy, which appears to be an operator locus. The decline in the rate of constitutive synthesis observed in dsdCx mutants growing with glycerol as carbon source at temperatures above 37 C is due to catabolite repression. The low level of constitutivity at 37 C and the partial cis dominance of dsdCx mutants are not artifacts of catabolite repression. It is suggested that a product of one of the genes of the dsd operon may regulate the expression of the operon.
Endogenous Expansion of Regulatory T Cells Leads to Long-Term Islet Graft Survival in Diabetic NOD Mice

Donor pancreatic lymph node cells (PLNC) protect islet transplants in Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. We hypothesized that induced FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) were required for long-term islet engraftment. NOD or NOD.NON mice were treated with ALS (antilymphocyte serum) and transplanted with NOR islets +/–PLNC (5 × 107). In vivo proliferation and expansion of FoxP3+ Tregs was monitored in spleen and PLN from ALS- and ALS/PLNC-treated recipient mice. Anti-CD25 depletion was used to determine the necessity of Tregs for tolerance. FoxP3+ numbers significantly increased in ALS/PLNC-treated recipients compared to ALS-treated mice. In ALS/PLNC-treated mice, recipient-derived Tregs localized to the transplanted islets, and this was associated with intact, insulin-producing β cells. Proliferation and expansion of FoxP3+ Tregs was markedly increased in PLNC-treated mice with accepted islet grafts, but not in diabetic mice not receiving PLNC. Deletion of Tregs with anti-CD25 antibodies prevented islet graft tolerance and resulted in rejection. Adoptive transfer of Tregs to secondary NOD.scid recipients inhibited autoimmunity by cotransferred NOD effector T cells. Treg expansion induced by ALS/PLNC-treatment promoted long term islet graft survival. Strategies leading to Treg proliferation and localization to the transplant site represent a therapeutic approach to controlling recurrent autoimmunity.
Post-Gastric Bypass Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia: Fructose is a Carbohydrate Which Can Be Safely Consumed.

Context: Postprandial hypoglycemia after gastric bypass surgery is a serious problem. Available treatments are often ineffective. Objective: The objective was to test the hypotheses that injection of rapid-acting insulin before a high-carbohydrate meal or replacement of other carbohydrates with fructose in the meal would prevent hypoglycemia. Design: This was a randomized, crossover trial comparing a high-carbohydrate meal with premeal saline injection (control), a high-carbohydrate meal with premeal insulin injection, and a high-fructose meal with total carbohydrate content similar to the control meal. Setting: The setting was an academic medical center. Patients: Ten patients with post-gastric bypass hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia participated. Interventions: Interventions included lispro insulin injected before test meals and replacement of other carbohydrates with fructose in test meals. Main Outcome Measure: The main outcome measure was plasma glucose < 60 mg/dL after test meals. Results: After the co...
Experiences with Error Handling in Critical Systems

Over the past several years, we have analyzed the error-handling designs of a variety of critical applications and have discovered serious defects even in well-tested and mature systems. In this paper, we will describe specific recurring patterns of error handling defects we have observed in critical systems. It seems clear that the design, implementation, and testing of error handling are often not given adequate attention and resources.
Mining Fool's Gold

We discuss the popular Motley Fool's Foolish Four portfolio as a case study in data mining. We document the performance of the Foolish Four portfolio and use it to illustrate the mistaken inferences that can plague any investment research project. We describe the warning signs of data mining and discuss the antidotes to it—out-of-sample tests and the adjustment of returns for risk, transaction costs, and taxes. Finally, we document that the Foolish Four and Dow 10 trading rules have become popular enough to influence selected stock prices at the turn of the year.
Atmospheric extinction from Raman lidar and a bi-static remote receiver

The scattering of optical radiation in the visible, ultraviolet and infrared regions of the spectrum has a major impact on commercial air traffic and on many military systems. It has become critically important, with modern systems, that the electro-optical environment be properly characterized. Lidar techniques show great promise for describing the electro-optical scattering environment. Most of the past applications of lidar have failed to provide satisfactory results because the techniques have generally focused on measurements of the backscattered radiation at the laser fundamental wavelength. The authors have been able to demonstrate that the rotational and vibrational Raman backscatter can be used to determine the extinction profile through optical scattering regions containing aerosols and cloud layers. They have developed a secondary bi-static remote receiver designed to collect scattering angle and polarization information from a laser remote sensing system. This instrument collects an image of the radiation scattered from the first few kilometers of the atmospheric path to help determine atmospheric particle size distributions. By collecting data at different angles from the laser transmitter, additional information contained in the scattering angle phase function can be obtained. The Raman lidar extinction together with the backscatter phase function and polarization provide information on the particle size distribution that should allow extension of the extinction and transmission calculations to a wider range of wavelengths. >
George, Nicholas, and Wilhelm: Three Royal Cousins on the Road to World War I – By Miranda Carter

This author's eminently readable study of three cousins—George V of England, Nicholas II of Russia, and Wilhelm II of Germany—uses the biographies of these three descendants of Queen Victoria to tr...
Cricothyrotomy in the Emergency Department

Thirty-eight emergency cricothyrotomies were performed over a 3-year period. This was the first airway control maneuver attempted in 5 patients, 3 of whom had facial and/or neck injury, one apneic with upper airway hemorrhage, and one with aortobronchial fistula. The remaining 33 procedures were performed only after other airway management failed. Five indications were identified among these cases: 1) excessive emesis or hemorrhage (11), 2) possible cervical spine injury with airway compromise (9), 3) technical failure (7), 4) clenched teeth (5), and 5) masseter spasm following succinylcholine administration (1). Fourteen immediate complications occurred in 12 patients (32%). The most frequent was incorrect site of tracheostomy tube placement (5), with 4 of 5 misplaced through the thyrohyoid membrane. Others included execution time greater than 3 minutes (4), unsuccessful tracheostomy tube placement (3), and significant hemorrhage (2). Twelve of the 38 patients were long-term survivors. There was one long-term complication, a longitudinal fracture of the thyroid cartilage during forceful placement of an oversized tube (8 mm inner diameter) through the cricothyroid membrane. This required operative repair and left the patient with severe dysphonia.
GABAergic local circuit neurons and prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia.

Abstract The pathophysiology of schizophrenia involves dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and this dysfunction may be related to alterations in GABA neurotransmission. Determining the causes and consequences of altered GABA neurotransmission in schizophrenia requires knowledge of which subpopulations of cortical GABA neurons are affected. The chandelier class of GABA neurons are of interest in this regard because their axon terminals form distinctive vertical arrays (termed `cartridges') which synapse exclusively with the axon initial segments of pyramidal neurons, the principal class of cortical excitatory neurons. We evaluated the integrity of chandelier neuron cell bodies and axon cartridges in PFC areas 9 and 46 of schizophrenic subjects using immunocytochemical techniques and antibodies against parvalbumin and the GABA membrane transporter GAT-1. Schizophrenic subjects did not differ from matched control subjects in the relative density, laminar distribution or size of parvalbumin-containing neurons. In contrast, the density of GAT-1-immunoreactive chandelier neuron axon cartridges was decreased by 40% in schizophrenic subjects compared to both normal controls and subjects with other psychiatric disorders. The axon terminals of other subclasses of GABA neurons did not appear to be similarly affected. These findings suggest that disturbed GABA neurotransmission in the PFC of schizophrenic subjects may be due to a selective alteration of GAT-1 protein in the axon terminals of chandelier neurons.
Effect of the Galápagos hotspot on seafloor volcanism along the Galápagos Spreading Center (90.9–97.6°W)

Abstract Studies along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) and East Pacific Rise (EPR) show that seamount abundance is a strong function of spreading rate. At the MAR, small axial seamounts are a dominant morphologic feature of the inner valley floor, while at the EPR seamounts are rarely observed within the neovolcanic zone. The Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC) provides an excellent location to test the influence of hotspot-related magma supply variations on seamount formation at a relatively constant spreading rate. In this study, we use multibeam bathymetry data to examine the distribution of axial seamounts with distance from the hotspot along the GSC. A numerical algorithm is developed to identify isolated volcanic edifices by searching bathymetry for closed, concentric contours protruding above the surrounding seafloor. Seamount populations are fit with a maximum likelihood model to estimate the total number of seamounts per unit area and the characteristic seamount height. The number of seamounts in the axial zone decreases significantly as the Galapagos hotspot is approached, varying from MAR-like abundances west of 95.5°W to EPR-like abundances east of 92.7°W. The along-axis variation in seamount density corresponds to a change in lava flow morphology from dominantly pillow flows in the west to a combination of pillows and sheet/lobate flows in the east. These changes in volcanic style suggest a transition from point-source to fissure-fed eruptions as magma supply increases. We find no evidence for along-axis variations in lava viscosity and, therefore, interpret the differences in seamount abundance and flow morphology to indicate an increase in effusion rates approaching the hotspot. Comparing seamount abundance with axial morphology, crustal thickness, and the presence and depth of an axial magma chamber (AMC), we find that the transition from point-source to fissure-fed eruptions is most sensitive to the presence of a steady-state AMC. In summary, the correlation between seamount abundance, lava morphology, and magma supply at the GSC suggests that effusion rate is directly related to the presence of a steady-state crustal magma chamber.
Security prospects in Southeast Asia: Collaborative efforts and the ASEAN regional forum

Abstract The problems faced by ASEAN today are, in the main, a result of an attempt to adjust what was in the 1980s a small subregional association with limited functions to a major Asia‐Pacific actor embracing an open array of functions. For the 1990s, the ASEAN Regional Forum, which evolved from the Post‐Ministerial Conferences, is the new structure for coping with Asia‐Pacific political‐security relationships. While its expansive membership risks political fragmentation and decisional stalemate, in so far as it facilitates communication, provides military information, increases transparency, and reduces uncertainty, the Forum may be able in the long run to create a partial security community in the Asia‐Pacific.
Involving Fathers of Handicapped Infants: Translating Research into Program Goals.

While most early intervention programs for handicapped children that involve parents focus on the needs of the handicapped child's mother, the research indicates that fathers play an important role in their child's development and often need help learning how to adapt to the birth of a handicapped child and to foster the child's development. Our increasing understanding of the paternal role and the special needs of fathers enables us to suggest activities for programs to offer for fathers of handicapped young children.
Exclusion of the stomatin, α‐adducin and β‐adducin loci in a large kindred with dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis

Defects in stomatin, α-and β-adducin have been implicated in erythrocyte disorders of cation permeability. We performed linkage analysis of the genetic loci for these proteins in a large kindred with xerocytosis (dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis). Using polymerase chain reaction-based genotyping techniques, all three loci are excluded as disease gene candidates. Am. J. Hematol. 60:72–74, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Further Differentiation of Common Factors

Weinberger's article presents an oversimplified conceptualization of so-called common factors in psychotherapy. Further differentiation of this concept is needed, considering the different role that may be played by variables subsumed under this rubric in different therapeutic approaches, in interaction with different therapist interventions, and with different types of patients and patient problems.
Field-induced neutron depolarization in amorphous RE-TM spin glasses

Abstract Neutron depolarization induced by an applied magnetic field is reported for the amorphous spin glass compositions DyCu, GdAl 2 and NdFe 2 . The different field-cooled behavior observed in the first two compositions is attributed to the different mechanisms (exchange fluctuations and random crystal field anisotropy) believed to stabilize the spin glass state in the two cases.
Shedding light on microbial detection

Rapid, accurate detection of pathogens is essential to managing disease. A recent study shows that genetically modified B lymphocytes represent a promising tool for identifying pathogens quickly.
Neu differentiation factor regulates tau protein and mRNA in cultured neonatal oligodendrocytes.

Axonal signals activate myelinogenesis via regulation of the extent to which oligodendrocyte (OLG) processes wrap around the axon. The cytoskeleton in OLG processes is actively involved in myelination and is a putative target for axonal regulation of myelination. The axon-associated neuregulins may regulate the cytoskeleton extensions in OLG processes. Here, we report that the neuregulin neu differentiation factor (NDF) increases the expression of tau mRNA and tau protein in OLGs. Treatment of neonatal OLGs with alpha-NDF or beta-NDF resulted in dramatic increases in the length of OLG processes, which appeared either as singular unbranched extensions or as a network of extensively branched processes. By immunoblot analysis with tau-1 mAb, which recognizes the dephosphorylated form of the tau proteins, neonatal OLGs treated with alpha-NDF or beta-NDF, had an increase in tau protein levels. The increase of tau levels in beta-NDF-treated cells is much greater than the twofold increase present in alpha-NDF-treated cells. By immunoblot analysis with the phosphorylation-insensitive tau-5 mAb, beta-NDF-treated cells had a twofold increase in tau. Immunoblot analysis suggest that alpha-NDF and beta-NDF promote a twofold increase in the tau protein levels in OLG, with the beta-factor also promoting a tau dephosphorylation. Using promoters spanning the amino-terminal region of tau, we found that OLGs treated with alpha-NDF or beta-NDF contained approximately twofold more tau mRNA than untreated cells. However, there was no qualitative difference between control and NDF-treated cells in the pattern of tau mRNA isoforms expressed. A model is proposed in which the axonal NDF-induced regulation of tau expression in OLGs may be part of the mechanism by which the axon regulates myelination.
Enumerative properties of triangulations of spherical bundles over S1

We give a complete characterization of all possible pairs (f"0,f"1), where f"0 is the number of vertices and f"1 is the number of edges, of any triangulation of an S^k-bundle over S^1. The main point is that Kuhnel's triangulations of S^2^k^+^1xS^1 and the nonorientable S^2^k-bundle over S^1 are unique among all triangulations of (n-1)-dimensional homology manifolds with 2n+1 vertices, first Betti number nonzero, and whose orientation double cover has vanishing second Betti number.
Control of protein synthesis in human fibroblasts by intracellular potassium.

Abstract Intracellular potassium ion (K+) in cultured human fibroblasts (HF cells) was maintained at reduced steady-state levels by incubating cells in various ouabain concentrations. Small decreases in cell K+ had no effect on protein synthesis and cell growth, but when cell K+ fell below 60–80% of control levels, the rate of protein synthesis decreased in proportion to further reductions in K+. DNA synthesis was also inhibited, presumably because of its dependence on protein synthesis. On the other hand, RNA synthesis remained uninhibited over a wide range of K+ concentrations, an effect characteristic of many specific inhibitors of protein synthesis. In ouabain-treated cells neither levels of ATP nor transport of amino acids was limiting for protein synthesis. Loss of activity of messenger or other species of RNA was not responsible for inhibition of protein synthesis, since in the presence of actinomycin D, the rate of protein synthesis could be decreased or increased solely by adjusting cell K+. Release from ouabain inhibition restored K+ levels, macromolecular synthesis, and cell growth, but there was no resulting synchrony of cell division. In cell populations partially synchronized by serum starvation and refeeding protein synthesis was sensitive to reduction in K+ levels throughout the cell cycle. Our quantitative results show that cell K+ levels, when sufficiently reduced, can determine the rate of protein synthesis and hence the rate of cell growth.
High eustatic sea level during the middle Pliocene:Evidence from the southeastern U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain

The middle Pliocene, {approximately}3.5-2.5 Ma, was a period of global warmth preceding the growth of major Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. The authors report on eustatic sea level for the middle Pliocene based on microspaleontologic study of marine deposits of the Duplin Formation of South Carolina and North Carolina. The Duplin was deposited during a middle Pliocene marine transgression that formed the Orangeburg scarp, a prominent wave-cut geomorphic paleoshoreline of the southeastern U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain. They concluded that (1) the scarp in South Carolina was formed mostly during the middle Pliocene (3.5-3.0 Ma), (2) eustatic sea level was about 35 {plus minus} 18 m higher than modern sea level (the scarp has been uplifted about 50-65 m since the middle Pliocene), and (3) ocean-water temperatures along eastern North America were warmer when the scarp was formed that they are at present.
Singular full-field stresses in composite laminates with open holes

Abstract A method of the superposition of a hybrid and displacement approximation was developed to provide the accurate stress fields in a multilayered composite laminate, including the singular neighborhood of the ply interface and the hole edge. Asymptotic analysis was used to derive the hybrid stress functions. The displacement approximation is based on the polynomial B-spline functions. The method provides the determination of the coefficient of the singular term along with convergent stress components including the singular regions. Reissner’s variational principle was employed. Simple [45/−45]s and quasi-isotropic IM7/5250 [45/90/−45/0]s laminates were analyzed. Uniaxial loading and residual stress calculation (quasi-isotropic laminate) were considered. A convergence study showed that accurate values of the coefficient of the singular term of the asymptotic stress expansion could be obtained with coarse out-of-plane and in-plane subdivisions. The interaction between the singular terms on the neighboring interfaces was found to be important for the convergence with coarse subdivisions. Converged transverse interlaminar stress components as a function of the distance from the hole edge, were shown for all examples.
A Critique of Modern Agriculture and its Effect on Personhood

This paper outlines ways in which the alienated labor conditions of capitalism and certain technological applications in industrial agriculture contribute to the diminishing of one’s personhood through the production and consumption of industrial food. Personhood is defined as a person’s capacity to produce and consume food. The works of Karl Marx and Albert Borgmann are instrumental to the conclusions of this essay. Ultimately, the combination of Marx’s and Borgmann’s theories allow me to argue that a diminished form of personhood is the consequence of a food practice which encompasses the production and consumption of food using industrial agriculture.
Development of fungiform papillae, taste buds, and their innervation in the hamster

Fungiform taste buds in mature hamsters are less subject to neurotrophic influences than those of other species. This study evaluates taste-bud neurotrophism during development in hamsters by examining the relation between growing nerves and differentiating fungiform papillae. Chorda tympani (CT) or lingual (trigeminal) nerve (LN) fibers were labelled with Lucifer Yellow as they grew into (CT fibers) or around (LN fibers) developing taste buds. Developing fungiform papillae and taste pores were counted with the aid of a topical tongue stain. The tongue forms on embryonic days (E) 10.5–11 and contains deeply placed CT and LN fibers but no papillae. By E12, the tongue epithelium develops scattered elevations. These “eminences” selectively become innervated by LN fibers that grow to the epithelium earlier and in larger numbers than CT fibers. Definitive fungiform papillae form rapidly during E13–14 and become heavily innervated by LN fibers. Intraepithelial CT fibers, rare at E13, invariably innervate fungiform papillae containing nascent taste buds at E14. During E14–15 (birth = E15–16), most papillae contain taste buds with pores, extensive perigemmal LN innervation, and extensive intragemmal CT innervation. At birth, numbers of fungiform papillae and taste pores are adultlike. The results show that fungiform eminences begin forming in the absence of innervation. The subsequent differentiation of definitive fungiform papillae and their innervation by LN fibers occur synchronously, prior to the differentiation of taste buds and their CT innervation. The hamster is precocious (e.g., compared to rat) in terms of LN development and the structural maturity of the anterior tongue at birth. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Curvature of a cantilever beam subjected to an equi-biaxial bending moment

Results from a finite element analysis of a cantilever beam subjected to an equi-biaxial bending moment demonstrate that the biaxial modulus E/(1-v) must be used even for narrow beams.
Thermodynamics of the Thomas-Fermi Atom at Low Temperature

It is shown that an expression for the Helmholtz function on the Thomas-Fermi atom model permits one, in the limit of low temperature $T$, to expand the total energy as an asymptotic series in ${T}^{2}$. The leading term of the expansion is a known analytic expression for the energy at $T=0$, from which one can calculate the pertinent thermodynamic functions for this case in their dependence on the atom radius and on the boundary and initial parameters associated with a solution of the zero-temperature Thomas-Fermi equation. Published values of these parameters are fitted by functions of the atom radius having the correct asymptotic behavior in the two limiting cases of an infinitesimal and an infinite atom. This procedure makes thermodynamic functions in this case directly available. Thermodynamic functions for the case of a first-order temperature perturbation are derived from the corresponding term in the asymptotic expansion of the energy. They depend (in addition to dependence on parameters of the unperturbed atom) on two parameters derived from solution of the differential perturbation equation. These parameters differ according as the differential perturbation equation is solved under a condition of fixed atomic volume or of zero initial slope (which is computationally more convenient and corresponds to published solutions). The asymptotic forms of the parameters in the first case are determined for the two limits of an infinitesimal and an infinite atom. The boundary and initial parameters corresponding to fixed atomic volume are expressed in terms of the parameters corresponding to a solution under zero initial slope, and are evaluated in three cases from published solutions. These values are fitted by functions of the atom radius which have the proper limiting behavior for an infinitesimal and an infinite atom. Thus, approximate values of the first-order temperature perturbations of thermodynamic functions become directly available.
Wear behavior of wood-cutting edges☆

Abstract The performance of cutting edges has been extensively researched for many types of wood-cutting tools, usually with respect to tool geometry. The wear behavior of saw chain cutters, however, has received little attention and forms the subject of this investigation. In a series of field experiments, the relative “life to resharpening” of new steel and chromium-plated steel cutters was determined. A subsequent laboratory investigation was undertaken to ascertain the wear rates of the cutters. Chromium-plated cutters proved to be superior but the difference in wear rates was much greater than the difference in life to resharpening. From optical and scanning electron microscopy observations of the worn cutters, it is concluded that abrasive wear is the dominant deterioration process.