cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osgood-Schlatter's disease complicating anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Osgood-Schlatter's disease (OSD) is generally felt to be a benign self-limited disorder. In a small number of patients a symptomatic free bone ossicle persists at the tibial insertion of the patellar tendon. We report the case of a collegiate soccer player with a history of OSD who sustained an acute rupture of his anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The presence of a free bone ossicle in his patellar tendon necessitated modification of our routine approach to ACL reconstruction. Awareness of the potential for patellar tendon graft problems in patients with previous OSD will allow surgeons to plan alternative reconstructive techniques based on the specific needs of the patient.
SOLAR SOFT X-RAY FLARE SPECTRA FROM OSO-4.

Solar flare spectral data, covering the wavelength range 0.7–8.5 A, are derived from the NRL Bragg crystal spectrometers aboard OSO-4. A detailed analysis of the soft X-ray spectra for the 3b flare of 16 November 1967 (2140 UT) is presented, and it is found that electron temperatures derived from continua and emission lines are compatible with a two or more component plasma, differing in temperature by 6–10 × 106K.
Role of immigrants and migrants in emerging infectious diseases

Population migration plays a critical role in the spread of disease by initiating outbreaks of acute diseases, changing the prevalence of infectious diseases at a given location, and changing the face of chronic disease resulting from previous infection. This article focuses on the recent demographic changes in North America that have facilitated the introduction and spread of new microbial threats, the role migrant populations play in changing the demographics of specific infectious diseases, and the potential responses of clinicians and public health officials in addressing the challenges posed by these infections. The emphasis of the article is on immigrant and migrant populations entering North America; the role of travelers in emerging infectious diseases is addressed in another article in this issue.
Structure of the genome of moloney murine leukemia virus: a terminally redundant sequence

The genome of the Moloney strain of murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) has been analyzed by digestion with ribonuclease T1 and separation of the digestion products by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Thirty large oligonucleotides isolated from such a fingerprint have been characterized. One of these oligonucleotides (number 21) was found to be present in twice the molar yield of the rest. The 30 oligonucleotides were mapped on the genome by determining their yields in various size classes of 3' terminal fragments of Mo-MuLV RNA. The physical map obtained in this way suggested that oligonucletoide 21 was present very near the 3' end of the geome as well as in another location near or at the 5' end. The genome structure suggested by these results was confirmed by analyzing oligonucleotides in Mo-Mulv RNA complementary to strong stop DNA, which is shown to be a copy of the 5' terminal 134 nucleotides of the MoMuLV genome. Some of the oligonucleotides in the RNA protected from RNAase digestion by hybridization to this DNA, including oligonucleotide 21, were present near both the 3' and 5' ends. Comparison of these with the nucleotide sequence of strong stop DNA shows that there is a terminal redundancy of 49-60 nucleotides in the Mo-MuLV genome RNA.
Righi-Leduc Effect in InSb between 25°C and 300°C

The Righi-Leduc effect has been measured for n-type InSb crystals of various mobilities and was found to increase with temperature in a manner to indicate that the unipolar contribution is prevalent over the bipolar part of the effect. The experimental values measured over the temperature range between 25°C and 300°C agree well withPutley's theory. The Righi-Leduc coefficient was also determined as a function of the magnetic field and the strong decrease observed is explained in terms of the magnetoresistance.
Dynamic and Static Quenching of Fluorescence by 1−4 nm Diameter Gold Monolayer-Protected Clusters

How the efficiency of molecular quenching by Au nanoparticles depends on nanoparticle size is reported for (a) dynamic (collisional) quenching of four different fluorophores by three Au nanoparticles having similar protective layers but differing core diameters (1.1, 1.6, and 2.0 nm) and (b) static quenching in the electrostatic association between [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and five tiopronin-protected Au nanoparticles having core diameters from 1.3 to 3.9 nm. The quenching constants systematically increase with core size. In (a), the dynamic constants scale with the molar absorbance coefficients of the nanoparticles, showing the essentially of the absorbance/emission spectral overlap, and the associated nanoparticle core density of electronic states, in energy-transfer quenching. In (b), the fluorescence of the Au nanoparticle itself was enhanced by energy transfer from the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ fluorophore.
Conformational changes of βH-crystallin in riboflavin-sensitized photooxidation

Abstract The effect of riboflavin-sensitized photooxidation on calf lens βH-crystallin has been investigated by using fluorescence and circular dichroism techniques. βH-Crystallin showed a pronounced change in its tertiary structure (conformation) as manifested in the near-u.v. circular dichroism spectra and fluorescence yield of tryptophan residues. The rate of tryptophan photolysis was significantly diminished under anaerobic conditions, but was not affected appreciably when D2O was used in the reaction mixture instead of H2O. Ferricyanide and ferricytochrome c added to the solution prior to irradiation inhibited the rate of photolysis of tryptophan, suggesting the involvement of O 2 − anion in the photoreactions. Quantitative assays of O 2 − and H2O2 in the irradiated protein solution strongly suggest that the Type I photosensitization pathway is involved in the RF-sensitized photooxidation of βH crystallin. The effect of photolysis on the cysteine residues of the protein was also studied. The sulfhydryl specific fluorophore N-iodoacetyl-N′-(5-sulfonaphthyl) ethylenediamine (1,5-IAEDANS) was used to study the change in the microenvironment of the cysteine (sulfhydryl) residues of the protein by photolysis. The results indicate that there is a quantitative loss of IAEDANS labeling sites due to photooxidation as well as structural changes of the protein. Fluorescence lifetime measurements indicate that the probe is bound in two environments—the major one (95%) is exposed and the minor one (5%) hydrophobic. A decrease in the lifetimes of the bound label occurs after photooxidation. However, the relative proportion of the hydrophobic IAEDANS-labeling sites increases in the photooxidized βH crystallin, probably due to the formation of supra-aggregated protein by photolysis.
And so we plough along: the nature and nurture of partnerships for inquiry

New approaches to inquiry that partner researchers with practitioners and policy makers have become more common in the early childhood field as it has embraced a wider variety of research traditions. In this introductory article for the special issue on partnerships for inquiry, we explore the nature, origins, and purposes of collaborative research in early childhood. We also identify and discuss the challenges that arise in conducting collaborative research. The other articles in this special issue are discussed as they illustrate the diverse approaches to collaboration and provide examples of the challenges and how they are dealt with in practice. Equality between partners emerges as a major issue based on our explorations of the literature and the other articles in this special issue.
Analysis of the multiple-strip H guide

A consideration of the field distribution and the characteristics of an H guide, with the dielectric bar sub-divided into an arbitrary number of dielectric strips separated by air layers, is presented. Low-loss wave modes with the magnetic-field components parallel to the boundary surfaces are analysed. Approximate thin-layer equations which indicate methods leading to considerable improvements of the attenuation of the H guide are derived.
Indeterminate diagnosis in fine-needle aspiration of the pancreas: Reasons and clinical implications

An indeterminate diagnosis made on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) samples of the pancreatic lesions can cause dilemmas in clinical management. We retrospectively analyzed FNA features of such lesions in 65 consecutive pancreatic FNAs from 56 lesions to learn more about the sources of uncertainty and their clinical implications. A definitive diagnosis based on follow-up information was available in 50 lesions. Radiologically, 39% of the lesions showed a cystic component, and 25% of the lesions were ill-defined. Cytologically, contributing factors included scant atypical cells, coexistence of gastrointestinal epithelium, pancreatitis, poor cellular preservation, and interpretation error. Repeat sampling, as requested by clinicians prior to treatment, was performed in 33 (66%) of the 50 lesions, leading to a definitive pathologic diagnosis in 20 (61%) lesions. Seventeen lesions were eventually resected, of which a definitive preoperative diagnosis was attempted in 12 lesions via repeat sampling and was successful in seven. We concluded that indeterminate cytologic diagnosis of a pancreatic lesion often needs to be pursued for optimal management. Although intrinsic natures of a lesion such as cystic component may contribute to insufficient sampling, diagnostic certainty can be improved by proper specimen handling, interpretation, and clinical and/or radiographic correlation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces actin reorganization, intercellular gap formation, and endothelial barrier dysfunction in pulmonary vascular endothelial cells: concurrent F-actin depolymerization and new actin synthesis.

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) influences pulmonary vascular endothelial barrier function in vitro. We studied whether LPS regulates endothelial barrier function through actin reorganization. Postconfluent bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell monolayers were exposed to Escherichia coli 0111:B4 LPS 10 ng/ml or media for up to 6 h and evaluated for: (1) transendothelial 14C-albumin flux, (2) F-actin organization with fluorescence microscopy, (3) F-actin quantitation by spectrofluorometry, and (4) monomeric G-actin levels by the DNAse 1 inhibition assay. LPS induced increments in 14C-albumin flux (P < 0.001) and intercellular gap formation at ≥ 2–6 h. During this same time period the endothelial F-actin pool was not significantly changed compared to simultaneous media controls. Mean (±SE) G-actin (μg/mg total protein) was significantly (P < 0.002) increased compared to simultaneous media controls at 2, 4, and 6 h but not at 0.5 or 1 h. Prior F-actin stabilization with phallicidin protected against the LPS-induced increments in G-actin (P = 0.040) as well as changes in barrier function (P < 0.0001). Prior protein synthesis inhibition unmasked an LPS-induced decrement in F-actin (P = 0.0044), blunted the G-actin increment (P = 0.010), and increased LPS-induced changes in endothelial barrier function (P < 0.0001). Therefore, LPS induces pulmonary vascular endothelial F-actin depolymerization, intercellular gap formation, and barrier dysfunction. Over the same time period, LPS increased total actin (P < 0.0001) and new actin synthesis (P = 0.0063) which may be a compensatory endothelial cell response to LPS-induced F-actin depolymerization. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Free fermion representation of a boundary conformal field theory

The theory of a massless two-dimensional scalar field with a periodic boundary interaction is considered. At a critical value of the period this system defines a conformal field theory and can be reexpressed in terms of free fermions, which provide a simple realization of a hidden SU(2) symmetry of the original theory. The partition function and the boundary [ital S] matrix can be computed exactly as a function of the strength of the boundary interaction. We first consider open strings with one interacting and one Dirichlet boundary, and then with two interacting boundaries. The latter corresponds to motion in a periodic tachyon background, and the spectrum exhibits an interesting band structure which interpolates between free propagation and tight binding as the interaction strength is varied.
Coaxial line measurement and analysis of electromagnetic properties of soils for sensor applications

We report complex permittivity, conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, and attenuation for soils collected from a typical site in a current theater of operations. Our experimental setup consists of three network analyzers along with custombuilt sample holders and data reduction and analysis software. The sample holder has the advantage of large sample volume and a resulting higher signal to noise ratio. This system was developed to determine the electrical properties of soils over a wide frequency range from 100 Hz to 8 GHz. The lower frequencies are applicable to capacitive sensors for small shallow targets, while the higher frequencies are applicable to ground-penetrating radar (GPR) from 50 MHz to 2 GHz and beyond. S-parameter data is collected and reduced using a method, initially developed by Nicolson and Ross (1970) 1 , for the determination of dielectric permittivity, magnetic permeability, and loss tangent from measured Sparameter data. Experimental results are compared with site geology and mineralogy. Applications include detection of tunnels, land mines, unexploded ordinance (UXO), concrete reinforcements, and other shallow compact targets.
Inhibition of discharge of an external demand pacemaker by an electric razor

Abstract An external demand pacemaker was used in a 54 year old man for atrial pacing in combination with antiarrhythmic drugs to control ventricular irritability after a myocardial infarction. When the patient was shaving with an electric razor, the discharge of the pacemaker was completely inhibited. This phenomenon could be reproduced when the shaver was brought within 6 inches of the pulse generator even at the minimal setting of the demand circuit sensitivity. Individuals caring for patients with pacemakers should be aware that apparently innocuous everyday electric devices may produce an electromagnetic field that can cause complete dysfunction of some demand pacemakers despite “safe” settings of the level of input sensitivity.
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease: the MPTP primate model of the human disorder.

Abstract: The striatum is viewed as the principal input structure of the basal ganglia, while the internal pallidal segment (GPi) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) are output structures. Input and output structures are linked via a monosynaptic “direct” pathway and a polysynaptic “indirect” pathway involving the external pallidal segment (GPe) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). According to current schemes, striatal dopamine (DA) enhances transmission along the direct pathway (via D1 receptors), and reduces transmission over the indirect pathway (via D2 receptors). DA also acts on receptors in GPe, GPi, SNr, and STN. Electrophysiologic and other studies in primates rendered parkinsonian by treatment with the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP have demonstrated a reduction of neuronal activity of GPe and an increase of neuronal discharge in STN, GPi. and SNr. These findings are compatible with the view that striatal DA loss results in increased activity over the indirect pathway. Prominent bursting, oscillatory discharge patterns, and increased synchronization of neighboring neurons are found throughout the basal ganglia. These may result from changes in the activity of local circuits (e.g., the GPe-STN “pacemaker”) or from more global abnormalities of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical network. These findings have been replicated in human patients undergoing microelectrode-guided stereotactic procedures targeted at GPi or STN. PET studies in patients with Parkinson's disease have lent further support to the proposed circuit abnormalities. The current models of basal ganglia function have recently been criticized. For instance, the strict separation of direct and indirect pathways and the segregation of D1 and D2 receptors have been questioned, and the almost complete absence of motor side effects of pallidal or thalamic lesions in human patients and animals is inconsistent. These results suggest that changes in discharge patterns and synchronization between basal ganglia neurons, abnormal network interactions, and compensatory mechanisms are at least as important in the pathopohysiology of parkinsonism as changes in discharge rates in individual basal ganglia nuclei. Lesions of GPi or STN are effective in treating parkinsonism, because they reduce or abolish abnormal basal ganglia output, enabling remaining circuits to function more normally.
Evaluations of matrix functions by real similarity transformation

Abstract An effective way of constructing transforming matrix which similarly transforms a real square matrix to a quasi-diagonal form, is obtained. The transforming matrix as well as the quasi-diagonal form are real, regardless whether the given matrix has real eigenvalues or not. Formulas are included; they can be applied conveniently to evaluate a matrix function f(A) from the given scalar function f(λ). Three examples are given to illustrate the ease of application. These are the solutions of system differential equations of first and second order, and the determination of Nth root of a square matrix.
Photochemical attenuation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and other nitrosamines in surface water.

The aqueous photolysis of seven alkyl nitrosamines was studied by irradiation in a solar simulator. Nitrosamines included N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA), N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPip), and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPyr). Direct photolysis at irradiations of 765 W/m2, representing Southern California midsummer, midday sun, resulted in half-lives of 16 min for NDMA and 12−15 min for the other nitrosamines. The quantum yield for NDMA was determined to be Φ = 0.41 and Φ = 0.43−0.61 for the other nitrosamines. Quantified products of NDMA photolysis included methylamine, dimethylamine, nitrite, nitrate, and formate, with nitrogen and carbon balances exceeding 98 and 79%, respectively. Indirect photolysis of nitrosamines in surface water was not observed; increasing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) slowed the NDMA photolysis rate because of light screening. Removal of NDMA measured in tertiar...
James M. Hagen, Community in the Balance: Morality and Social Change in an Indonesian Society . Boulder: Paradigm Publishers, 2006, 568 pp.

In Hagen's Community in the Balance, one finds both a fine and deeply empathetic ethnography of a marginal hill-people in Eastern Indonesia and a subtle meditation on the fragility of this, and indeed any, human community.
Cyclopeptide alkaloid model studies. A two-step conversion of 5-aminoisoxazoles to amino acid bis-amides

Abstract Thermolyses of substituted 5-aminoisoxazoles, readily available from common starting materials, lead to azirines in good yields. Subsequent hydration affords bis -amide derivatives of amino acids.
Subdirect decompositions of finitely generated commutative semigroups

All finitely generated commutative semigroups which do not have proper finite subdirect decompositions are determined. This yields subdirect decompositions of finitely generated commutative semigroups and some idea of their structure.
THE EXCRETION OF PREGNANE-3α,17α,21-TRIOL 20-ONE (TETRAHYDRO S) IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGIC URINE

PREGNANE-3α,17α,21-triol-20-one (tetrahydro S) has previously been identified in the urine of patients with adrenocortical tumors (1, 2) and in the urine of a man following the administration of corticotropin, by this laboratory (3). Eberlein and Bongiovanni (4) have found it in large quantities in the urine of a subject with adrenal hyperplasia. We have also identified it as the major alpha-ketolic metabolite in the urine following ingestion of Δ4-pregnene-17α,21-diol-3,20-dione (Reichstein's compound S) by a patient with anterior pituitary failure (5). The following report describes the characterization of tetrahydro S and the situations under which this steroid was or was not found in urine during a more extensive series of observations. Observations were made on pooled normal urine and on urine specimens from 2 normal subjects, 9 patients with hyperadrenocorticism, 1 with hypoadrenocorticism, and 8 with miscellaneous conditions, including pregnancy (Table 1). MATERIALS AND METHODS Methods. The methods...
Automated classification of optical coherence tomography images for the diagnosis of oral malignancy in the hamster cheek pouch

Most studies evaluating the potential of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for the diagnosis of oral cancer are based on visual assessment of OCT B-scans by trained experts. Human interpretation of the large pool of data acquired by modern high-speed OCT systems, however, can be cumbersome and extremely time consuming. Development of image analysis methods for automated and quantitative OCT image analysis could therefore facilitate the evaluation of such a large volume of data. We report automated algorithms for quantifying structural features that are associated with the malignant transformation of the oral epithelium based on image processing of OCT data. The features extracted from the OCT images were used to design a statistical classification model to perform the automated tissue diagnosis. The sensitivity and specificity of distinguishing malignant lesions from benign lesions were found to be 90.2% and 76.3%, respectively. The results of the study demonstrate the feasibility of using quantitative image analysis algorithms for extracting morphological features from OCT images to perform the automated diagnosis of oral malignancies in a hamster cheek pouch model.
Education and growth in East Asia

Abstract In the new endogenous growth and augmented Solow models, human capita is central to the growth process. Its role in the diffusion of knowledge and technology offsets the diminishing returns to physical capital that otherwise occurs. Per capita output thereby grows, given appropriate policies, without bounds. This paper applies production functions with education externalities to the rapidly growing countries of East Asia. It tests for the net effects of differences in policies concerning enrollments vs expenditures at each level, and for feedbacks through the effect of education on rates of physical capital investment. It finds that since most countries had universal primary education early, the rate at which secondary education expanded (necessary to successful exports), was crucial in achieving high rates of investment and high per capita growth. Secondary and higher education expenditures are more significant after primary enrollments are universal. There is evidence of convergence within the region. [ JEL 011, 047, 053, 120]
Structure and energy of grain boundaries

Abstract Pairwise interactions have been previously used to simulate the structure and calculate the energy of high angle grain boundaries. The present work studies the structure of short period coincidence grain boundaries by considering the interactions between two three-dimensional arrays of atoms. In the three-dimensional cases the pairwise interactions for atomistic separations less than second nearest neighbors, and the interactions for atomic separations less than third nearest neighbor were both considered. Longer period boundaries were studied by determining the structure of the two dimensional analogue in an effort to reduce computational time. Pairwise interactions for separations of less than forth nearest neighbors were considered in determining the structure of these junctions between two dimensional arrays. Three different forms of pairwise interactions were used for the calculations, the Morse potential, the Lennard-Jones 6–12 and the 4–7 potential.
LO QUEVEDESCO Y EL POETA COMO HOMBRE ENTRE BASTIDORES EN EL RAYO QUE NO CESA, DE MIGUEL HERNÁNDEZ

Neste estudo, analisa-se a visao de amor em El rayo que no cesa, de Miguel Hernandez (1910-1942), tendo como referencia a poesia amorosa de Francisco de Quevedo (1580-1645). Enquanto o poeta barroco oferece uma interpretacao idealizada e abstrata do amor, o poeta contemporâneo expressa o amor atraves de sua propria paixao, sua alma, seu impulso criador e revela sua intensa inspiracao. El rayo que no cesa e principalmente uma obra que desenvolve os temas corporais de amor, pena e morte. Os fatores mais intimos que salpicam a sua poetica - a morte dos amigos Sije e Manresa, e possivelmente, do seu primeiro filho - , sao as forcas que levam Hernandez a imaginar uma poetica tao profunda e emotiva.
Absolute structure determination of the highly biologically active bisdehydrodoisynolic acids.

In a project designed to relate the unexpected in vivo and in vitro properties exhibited by (+)- and (-)-bisdehydrodoisynolic acid with their absolute stereochemical structure, an X-ray crystal-structure analysis was undertaken of the highly estrogenic, poorly binding (-) enantiomer. (1) and (13)C NMR spectra are also reported for the first time. The crystal structure shows the cis juxtaposition of the carboxyl and ethyl groups, which are separated by a large torsion angle, and that only the carbon atom holding the carboxyl group is out of the plane in which the remainder of the fused three-ring moiety lies. The crystal structure, which unequivocally characterizes the (-) enantiomer as cis-13(S),14(R) and, implicitly, the (+) enantiomer as cis-13(R),14(S), will be useful in continued studies aimed at explaining the selective estrogen receptor modulation (SERM) of these enantiomers which, in some cases, produces significantly different end-organ effects compared to those of estradiol, in both males and females, affording the promise of a variety of therapeutic and pharmacologic applications.
Coma from Worsening Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension After Subdural Hematoma Evacuation

Background Low cerebrospinal fluid volume is typically diagnosed in patients presenting with positional headaches. However, severe intracranial hypotension and brain sagging may cause orthostatic coma. We present a case that illustrates this uncommon presentation.
Use of lumbar trunk muscles in isometric performance of mechanically complex standing tasks

Ten subjects performed 25 tasks isometrically while standing. Those tasks imposed substantial extension, lateral bending, and twisting moments on the lumbar spine. Mechanically complex trunk muscle actions were called for to resist those moments. Biomechanical model analyses were used to predict the trunk muscle contraction forces needed to perform those tasks, and surface myoelectric activities were measured to validate those predictions. Predictions and measurements were linearly well correlated.
Drug therapy for geriatric depression.

Depression is a common problem in elderly patients. The identification and treatment of depression may be more complex in older than in younger patients because of co-existing illnesses and concurrent drug therapy. In addition, a variety of medical conditions and drugs can cause depression. The pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of the cyclic antidepressants have been extensively studied. These agents are hepatically metabolised, often to an active agent. The clearance of the parent compound and the active metabolite(s) may be reduced in elderly patients, causing drug accumulation and increased toxicity. The cyclic antidepressants interact with a variety of neurotransmitters and their receptors. While these effects explain many of the adverse effects of the cyclic antidepressants, it is not clear whether the noradrenergic and serotoninergic effects of such drugs explain their antidepressant effects. Cyclic antidepressant therapy is associated with a variety of adverse effects, including sedation, anticholinergic effects and effects caused by α-adrenergic blockade. The cyclic antidepressants differ in their relative ability to cause these adverse effects. The newer cyclic antidepressants such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are relatively free of sedative and anticholinergic effects, but cause insomnia, nausea and possibly cardiac arrhythmias. All cyclic antidepressants appear to be equally effective. Therefore, the choice of a cyclic antidepressant for a specific patient must be based on several factors, including the risk of adverse effects. In elderly patients, the initial dose of cyclic antidepressants should be lower than the usual dose recommended for younger adults, and titrated slowly. All antidepressants require at least 2 to 3 weeks for their antidepressant effects to be seen. Because depression is a relapsing disease, maintenance antidepressant therapy may be indicated to reduce the risk of recurrent depression. The monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors are effective antidepressants, especially in atypical depression. However, the adverse effects and risk of potentially lethal drug interactions of the older agents preclude their routine use. However, the new reversible MAO inhibitors may prove to be a well tolerated alternative in older patients. Antidepressant therapy should not be avoided simply because of a patient’s age. However, the clinician must be conservative in the use of cyclic antidepressants in elderly patients and monitor closely for adverse drug reactions.
Isolation and characterization of a retroelement from B chromosome (PSR) in the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis

Molecular characterization of the paternal-sex-ratio (PSR) chromosome in Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) has led to the isolation of a dispersed repetitive element. The element is a LTR-containing retrotransposon which has been named NATE (NAsonia Transposable Element). NATE has direct terminal repeats and has an internal amino acid sequence similar to reverse transcriptases of other retroelements. Phylogenetic analysis indicates NATE is a member of the Gypsy/Ty3 group of retrotransposons, and represents the first isolated from Hymenoptera. Five closely related copies of NATE were isolated from the PSR chromosome, but cross-hybridizing elements were not detected on the autosomes of N. vitripennis. Strongly cross-hybridizing elements were, however, detected in two other Nasonia species. This observed distribution of NATE is interesting, because the supernumerary PSR chromosome may be derived from the genome of a sibling species of N. vitripennis.
Market and Non-market Child Labour in Rural India: The Role of the Mother's Participation in the Labour Force

The main purpose of this paper is to study market (outside the home) and non-market (domestic) child labour in rural India and see how this is influenced by a mother's participation in the labour force. The paper also investigates whether this participation has a different impact on sons as compared with daughters. The empirical analysis is based on household survey data from rural households in northern and eastern India. The results show that a mother's labour is not a substitute for, but a complement to, market and non-market child labour, while a mother's education, along with the father's education, reduces the likelihood of child labour. Gender-based analysis lends support to existing literature regarding the gender bias in domestic child labour. Additionally, a mother's participation in the labour force is found to increase the likelihood of daughters working outside the home as well. Thus, an increase in the opportunity for mothers to work in the labour-intensive agricultural sector makes child la...
Enhancement of extinction learning attenuates ethanol-seeking behavior and alters plasticity in the prefrontal cortex

Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder in which relapse is often initiated by exposure to drug-related cues. The present study examined the effects of mGluR5 activation on extinction of ethanol-cue-maintained responding, relapse-like behavior, and neuronal plasticity. Rats were trained to self-administer ethanol and then exposed to extinction training during which they were administered either vehicle or the mGluR5 positive allosteric modulator 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) or CDPPB. CDPPB treatment reduced active lever responding during extinction, decreased the total number of extinction sessions required to meet criteria, and attenuated cue-induced reinstatement of ethanol seeking. CDPPB facilitation of extinction was blocked by the local infusion of the mGluR5 antagonist 3-((2-methyl-4-thiazolyl)ethynyl) pyridine into the infralimbic (IfL) cortex, but had no effect when infused into the prelimbic (PrL) cortex. Analysis of dendritic spines revealed alterations in structural plasticity, whereas electrophysiological recordings demonstrated differential alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission in the PrL and IfL cortex. Extinction was associated with increased amplitude of evoked synaptic PrL and IfL NMDA currents but reduced amplitude of PrL AMPA currents. Treatment with CDPPB prevented the extinction-induced enhancement of NMDA currents in PrL without affecting NMDA currents in the IfL. Whereas CDPPB treatment did not alter the amplitude of PrL or IfL AMPA currents, it did promote the expression of IfL calcium-permeable GluR2-lacking receptors in both abstinence- and extinction-trained rats, but had no effect in ethanol-naive rats. These results confirm changes in the PrL and IfL cortex in glutamatergic neurotransmission during extinction learning and demonstrate that manipulation of mGluR5 facilitates extinction of ethanol cues in association with neuronal plasticity.
Kinetic Analysis of Controlled/“Living” Radical Polymerizations by Simulations. 1. The Importance of Diffusion-Controlled Reactions

Controlled/“living” atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), which is subject to the persistent radical effect, has been examined through computer simulations. It was found that the peculiar time-dependent rates predicted by the persistent radical effect may not be observed experimentally because termination is dependent on chain length and viscosity. In the early stages of the polymerizations the deactivating species is produced very fast through irreversible radical−radical termination; however, as the polymerization progresses, less deactivator is produced because termination reactions are slowed, thus resulting in a steady rate of polymerization. Thermal initiation of styrene was found to be insignificant in ATRP under the conditions examined, in contrast to systems characterized by a low equilibrium constant, such as TEMPO-mediated polymerization, where the rate of styrene polymerization is dominated by thermal initiation. Inclusion of termination rate coefficients that decrease during polymeriza...
Protein-Bound Water Molecule Counting by Resolution of 1H Spin-Lattice Relaxation Mechanisms

Water proton spin-lattice relaxation is studied in dilute solutions of bovine serum albumin as a function of magnetic field strength, oxygen concentration, and solvent deuteration. In contrast to previous studies conducted at high protein concentrations, the observed relaxation dispersion is accurately Lorentzian with an effective correlation time of 41 +/- 3 ns when measured at low proton and low protein concentrations to minimize protein aggregation. Elimination of oxygen flattens the relaxation dispersion profile above the rotational inflection frequency, nearly eliminating the high field tail previously attributed to a distribution of exchange times for either whole water molecules or individual protons at the protein-water interface. The small high-field dispersion that remains is attributed to motion of the bound water molecules on the protein or to internal protein motions on a time scale of order one ns. Measurements as a function of isotope composition permit separation of intramolecular and intermolecular relaxation contributions. The magnitude of the intramolecular proton-proton relaxation rate constant is interpreted in terms of 25 +/- 4 water molecules that are bound rigidly to the protein for a time long compared with the rotational correlation time of 42 ns. This number of bound water molecules neglects the possibility of local motions of the water in the binding site; inclusion of these effects may increase the number of bound water molecules by 50%.
Perceptions of Research Ethics Practices: IntegratedEthics™ Staff Survey Data from the VA Health Care System

Background: There are limited empirical data on factors that influence ethical practices in research settings. To broaden our understanding of ethical practices in research in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and to understand researcher- and organizational-level factors associated with positive perceptions of practices, we assessed researchers’ perceptions of practices in research ethics. Methods: We analyzed data from 10,661 respondents to the 2010 IntegratedEthics™ Staff Survey (IESS) at VA who self-identified as research staff and who worked at facilities with Federalwide Assurance for the Protection of Human Subjects. We used descriptive statistics to evaluate these respondents’ perceptions of ethical practices in research and multivariate logistic regression analyses to evaluate associations between researcher- and organization-level characteristics and positive perceptions of ethical practices. Results: The results suggest that the majority of researcher respondents have positive percep...
Performance Study of Unstructured P2P Overlay Streaming Systems

One of the major differences among current P2P solutions for multimedia streaming is the way they organize the exchange of multimedia data among their peers. We compare the performance of two of these organizations, namely, an unrestricted mesh using a tit-for-tat incentive policy and a directed mesh that allows peers to dynamically replace poorly performing parents. We first observe that both organizations performed fairly well under ideal circumstances where all peers were cooperating and connections never failed. We then considered how the same two organizations would perform in the presence of connection failures and observe that the sole organization capable of providing a high quality of service was an unrestricted mesh organization that allowed at least eight concurrent downloads per peer. The same was not true for the directed mesh whose performance actually decreased when we allowed more than four concurrent downloads.
Enhancing a human-robot interface using Sensory EgoSphere

Shows how a Sensory EgoSphere (SES), a robot-centric geodesic dome that represents the short term memory of a mobile robot, could enhance a human-robot interface. It is proposed that the addition of this visual representation of the sensor data on a mobile robot enhances the effectiveness of a human-robot interface. The SES migrates information presentation to the user from the sensing level to the perception level. The composition of the vision with other sensors on the SES surrounding the robot gives clarity and ease of interpretation. It enables the user to better visualize the present circumstances of the robot. The human-robot interface (HRI) will be implemented through a graphical user interface (GUI) which contains the SES, command prompt, compass, environment map, sonar and laser display. This paper proposes that the SES increases situational awareness and allows the human supervisor to accurately ascertain the present perception (sensory input) of the robot and use this information to assist the robot in getting out of difficult situations.
Influence of hen age and strain on eggshell exterior, eggshell interior with membranes, and egg contents of microflora, and on Salmonella incidence during a single production cycle

SUMMARY Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) infection in humans has been associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked eggs. This study was conducted to determine if increasing hen age influenced the total microflora counts or the incidence of Salmonella spp. on the eggshell surface, inside the shell, or in the egg contents. Eggs from Hy-Line W-98 and Bovans White layer strains were sampled once a month over a 12-mo period from 17 to 65 wk of age. The layers were reared in accordance with the guidelines set by the 35th North Carolina Layer Performance and Management Test. Bacteria on the eggshell exterior, in the shell interior and membranes, and in the egg contents were enumerated to obtain total aerobic counts and were tested for the prevalence of SE. Sampling of the eggs began with rinsing the exterior of the shell to recover microorganisms from the surface. The pooled shell rinsates of 9 eggs per layer strain times 5 replicates were expressed as the exterior counts. Egg content sampling included both the yolk and albumen components, as well as the chalazae. Of 120 total egg pools, only 1 positive Salmonella sample was detected from the exterior and 1 was detected from the interior shell and membranes. Hen age significantly (P < 0.05) affected the total microbial loads on the egg components tested. Exterior shell populations increased at wk 32. Interior shell and membrane counts increased significantly (P < 0.05) over time, increasing by 2 log cfu/mL of sample during the 12-mo cycle. Egg contents microflora data showed an increase from nondetectable to 1 log cfu/mL of sample at 36, 40, and 65 wk of age. Although Salmonella serotypes Ohio and Infantis were discovered in the study, no SE-positive samples were found for this trial. Although hen age did play a significant role in the increase of microflora, it had little effect on the incidence of SE.
A Simple Development of the Wiener-Hopf Equation and the Derived Kalman Filter

The Wiener-Hopf equation is developed using only a knowledge of elementary calculus and the definition of ensemble average from statistics. Then using the Leibniz equation for differentiating an integral, the Kalman filter and its relation to orthogonal projection is presented.
The Great American Housewife: From Helpmate to Wage Earner, 1776-1986

In this innovative historical survey, Annegret S. Ogden addresses the need for the modern housewife to adapt to the additional role of wage earner. By examining a variety of diaries, letters, domestic fiction, and household books of the past two centuries, as well as solid statistical and historical data, she seeks not only to uncover the motivations and origins of the typical American housewife, but also to discover an alternative life pattern that has characterized a virtually unrecognized minority of American women. These are the immigrant, black, and frontier women, as well as any other part-time homemakers, who long ago forged the survival tools that are needed by today's majority of working housewives. It is Ogden's contention that an understanding of the historical housewife, as well as her working counterpart, will light the way for those modern American housewives who must adapt their role as both homemaker and wage earner to the shifting complexities of contemporary American life.
Microbial adherence to and invasion through proteoglycans.

A large array of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans decorate the surfaces of animal cells. These glycoconjugates mediate many fundamental cellular processes, including cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, motility, growth, and signaling (28, 110). Over time, many pathogenic microorganisms have learned to exploit cell surface glycoconjugates as receptors for attachment, a process which ultimately facilitates tissue colonization and invasion. The interaction of specific proteins on the surface of microorganisms (adhesins) with carbohydrate chains on the glycoconjugate (receptors) enables the microbes to take their first step towards establishing an infection. This review concentrates on proteoglycans as adhesion receptors for bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Microbial binding to glycolipids and glycoproteins also occurs and has been discussed elsewhere (27, 40, 61–63, 85, 94). Proteoglycans are ubiquitous among animal cells, and as discussed below, their carbohydrate chains (glycosaminoglycans) bind many different protein ligands. Different experimental criteria have been used to establish a role for proteoglycans in attachment and invasion of host cells, including direct binding measurements, identification of microbial carbohydrate-binding proteins, competition studies with defined polysaccharides, loss of adhesion upon enzymatic removal of host glycans, and altered adherence to animal cell mutants with defective glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Overall, the experimental evidence for microbial adhesion to host cell proteoglycans is compelling, and future molecular studies may provide a basis for designing therapeutic strategies based on these interactions.
Correction of Bulk Density and Sampling Method Biases Using Soil Mass per Unit Area

This study compared linear depth from the soil surface vs. equivalent sample mass for interpreting soil water content and concentration data. Our first experiment sampled soils that differed only in surface bulk density. A second experiment compared different soil sampling tools. In both cases, analysis by mass instead of depth corrected water content discrepancies caused by bulk density or sample compaction differences. In a third experiment, samples collected from an on-farm test resulted in many significant differences in soil moisture between tillage practices for linear depth data that did not exist when analyzed using equivalent sample mass. When it is important to avoid confounding bulk density, depth from the surface, or sampling method with quantitative measurements, sampling by mass instead of volume is more accurate and precise than many quantitative methods currently in use, and represents an important advance in our ability to make comparative measurements across time, treatments, locations, and equipment.
Strategies for feedback on reliability and robustness from automobile warranty data

Yearly warranty cost of major automobile companies runs into billions of dollars. In addition, market- driven need for wider warranty coverage exposes these companies to the risk of higher warranty spending. Warranty cost reduction programmes have thus become a major objective and challenge in these companies. Towards this, warranty data that capture vehicle failures in field conditions contain rich source of information for useful feedback to designers and engineers working on current and forward model vehicles for reliability and robustness improvements. However, obtaining accurate feedback using warranty data becomes challenging due to issues involving data quality. This paper presents strategies for automobile warranty data analysis that helps obtain meaningful feedback towards reliability and robustness improvements leading to warranty cost reduction. Role of hazard plots in giving clues about nature of noise factors that influence failure is presented. Strategies for stratification of warranty data in terms of customer-reported concerns and/or parts reported to be the cause of failure to prioritise reliability and robustness improvement projects are discussed. Uses of geographic plots in gaining insight about seasonality and location effect are also provided.
Coulomb excitation of 144 ,146,148,150Nd

Coulomb excitation of $_{60}^{144,146,148,16050}\mathrm{Nd}$ by 10.5 and 11 MeV alpha particles was studied by magnetic analysis of particles scattered into 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Values of B(E${2;0}^{+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${2}^{+}$) for the ${2}^{+}$ states at 696, 454, 302, and 130 keV are 0.58(1), 0.78(1), 1.390(20), and 2.816(35) ${e}^{2}$${\mathrm{b}}^{2}$, respectively. For $^{148}$,150Nd, values of B(E${3;0}^{+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${3}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$) for ${3}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ states at 999 and 932 keV are 0.40(8) and 0.18(3) ${e}^{2}$${\mathrm{b}}^{3}$, respectively. For $^{148}$,150Nd the hexadecapole transition matrix elements were deduced to be ${0.36}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}12}^{+10}$ and 0.25(12) e ${\mathrm{b}}^{2}$, respectively. Our measurements are compared to others and to interacting boson model predictions.