cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of UV, Fluorescence, and Electrochemical Detectors for the Analysis of Formaldehyde-Induced DNA Adducts

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for normal and formaldehyde-modified deoxynucleosides after hydrolysis of exposed and unexposed human placental DNA was compared with ultraviolet (UV), fluorescence (FL), and electrochemical (EC) detectors. The lower quantifiable limits (LQL) for UV detection at 254 nm were 10-22 pmol for N(6)-hydroxymethyldeoxyadenosine (N(6)-dA), N(2)-hydroxymethyldeoxyguanosine (N(2)-dG), and N(4)-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine (N(4)-dC), with N(4)-dC having the highest LQL and the 2 purines the lowest LQL. Similarly, LQLs using FL (excitation: 264 nm; emission: 340 nm) were 14-30 pmol, with N(2)-dG having the lowest LQL and N(6)-dA the highest. The LQL for N(2)-dG by EC detection at +1.10 V was 27 pmol, over 50-fold greater sensitivity than for the other hydroxymethyl deoxynucleosides; deoxyguanosine was similarly detected more sensitively than the other normal deoxynucleosides. Percent relative standard deviations ranged between 6 and 13% for both intra- and interrun assays for all detectors. HPLC-UV allows all the deoxynucleosides to be detected without the flow cell washing and use of fresh solutions necessary for the more selective FL detection, the latter not having enzyme blank interferences. EC allows only deoxyguanosine and N(2)-dG to be detected at pmol levels with no blank interferences. HPLC-UV allowed more sensitive detection of N(2)-dG and N(6)-dA than the other techniques and is recommended. The UV, FL, and EC properties of the hydroxymethyl deoxynucleosides of dA, dG, and dC are reported for the first time.
Comparison of Decoupled and Coupled Analyses for Hydrogen Transport in Fracture Specimens

Hydrogen embrittlement is an important issue in many industries. Fracture resistance of metals is often weakened by the presence of hydrogen. In this paper, two diffusion models are compared for hydrogen transport analysis. One is the coupled model where the concentration of hydrogen in the lattice is integrated with mechanical properties. The other is the decoupled model in which the hydrogen diffusion is independent of the mechanical properties; but depends on the stress state. Finite element analyses are performed for a boundary layer specimen with a blunting crack and a four-point bend specimen with rounded notch. Hydrogen concentration profiles around the blunt crack (or notch) are compared under different boundary conditions and material properties. It is observed that, in spite of the difference in constitutive models, there is a similarity between hydrogen concentration in normal interstitial sites by the two models. In case that large plastic strain is present (such as those in low to moderate strength steels) there is a substantial difference in hydrogen concentration between the two models.Copyright © 2007 by ASME and Washington Savannah River Company LLC
Affective states, familiarity and music selection: power of familiarity

This study is aimed to examine the influence of familiarity of media contents (music) and affective states (sad vs. happy) on music selection. Based on the previous studies on mood and selective exposure, it was assumed that both sad and happy individuals will prefer to listen to low energeticjoyful (sad) music over the high energeticjoyful music. However, it was predicted that unfamiliarity of the music will prevent such preference tendency for sad people but in some degree it will incite curiosity of happy people. The results confirmed that the familiarity of the music is more important factor in music selection than the current sad or happy feelings. However, the happy participants showed similarly low preference for the unfamiliar music as the sad participants did. Unexpectedly, the unfamiliar/low energeticjoyful music provided sad participants with happy and energetic affects. The familiar/high energeticjoyful music enjoyed more but both types of music were favourably rated.
Fiber-optic asynchronous delta-sigma modulator

A novel photonic analog-to-digital convertor (ADC) based on an asynchronous delta-sigma modulator (ADSM) has been investigated and demonstrated in this paper. Because of the non-negative signal in the optical domain, a pseudo-positive feedback loop requires the design of an inverted bistable quantizer, promising non-interferometric optical implementation. The principles of the proposed optical 1st-order and 2nd-order ADSM are modeled and analyzed. Two main components of the new optical ADSM; the leaky integrator and the inverted bistable quantizer have been analyzed, simulated mathematically, constructed, and characterized. Finally, a prototype fiber-optic ADSM is constructed. The prototype operates at 25 MS/s and corresponding binary output have ENOB of 4. The operation characteristics, such as signal-to-noise ratio, dynamic range of this fiberoptic ADSM will be reported.
An object space framework for design/construction integration

Abstract Design and Construction are two disciplines whose integration can be achieved through software. In this paper, the Skull Object Space framework is presented which allows for such integration to develop. The Skull Object Space is a collection of essential abstraction and part-of hierarchies to which the design objects of an artifact are attached. As the artifact's design objects enter and traverse through the Skull Object Space, they are augmented with implicit design intent otherwise taken for granted by design professionals. The object-oriented and rule-based programming paradigms are employed to derive or to query the designer about design rationale that would remain implicit otherwise. The artifact's design objects leave the Skull Object Space carrying with them geometrical, topological, rationale, and specification knowledge which contractors can then apply in such common construction tasks as Value Engineering proposals, Shop Drawing preparation, and Proprietary Brand Name or Equal Specifications interpretation. The name Skull Object Space was selected to convey the notion of a skeleton that can be fleshed out in many different ways, each corresponding to a specialized application, like Value Engineering.
Estimation of unobserved counts from partially observed multinomial distributions

Abstract The paper is concerned with the problem of estimating (predicting) unobserved counts based on partially observed multinomial panel data from several independent realizations of finite Markov chains. The minimum mean-squared error predictors depend on unknown model parameters which need to be estimated from the same data. The maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters and their limit distributions are derived. The decomposition and approximations of the prediction mean-squared error of the estimated predictors are discussed.
Estimation of survival rates and population size from mark-recapture experiments of bait-caught haematophagous insects

A method of calculating survival rates and population size from mark-recapture experiments for bait-caught haematophagous insects is presented. The method fits the data to a series of simultaneous equations. This procedure is not affected by the cyclical nature of the recapture rate experienced in this type of experiment. Methods are presented which allow estimates of the confidence limits on the estimated parameters. Unlike earlier methods based upon a regression analysis of the log (number recaptured), this method allows estimates of the population size in addition to the survival and length of the feeding cycle of the mosquitoes. The methods have been applied to data collected in Papua New Guinea and give estimates of the total number of Anopheles feeding per night in different villages ranging from 3000 to 46 000.
Ionization equilibria and electronic spectroscopy of the chelating quinolinecarboxylic acids

Abstract pH and Hammett acidity dependences of the electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of quinaldic acid. quinoline-8-carboxylic acid and their methyl esters have been studied. Conversions of the quinoline-like absorption spectra of the anions to quinolinium-like absorption spectra of the uncharged species show that the uncharged ground state species derived from the free acids consist overwhelmingly of the zwitterions. The excited singly charged cation of quinaldic acid appears to undergo an acidity-dependent phototautomerism. However, the 8-isomer does not exhibit this phenomenon. The long emission wavelengths of the esters relative to the zwitterions indicate that of the two electron-withdrawing groups, the carboxyl group is stronger than the heterocyclic nitrogen in the excited state. The fluorescence of quinoline-8-carboxylic acid in sulfuric acid could be very useful for quantitative analysis of transition metal chelates of this ligand.
Elementary School Teachers' Attitudes toward Different Subjects.

This study investigated the favorite subject to teach and enjoyment of teaching of 490 elementary school teachers (K–5) from two rural school districts in the southeastern United States. Reading and language arts were consistently ranked among the favorite and most enjoyed subjects to teach, whereas science and writing were consistently ranked among the least favorite and least enjoyed subjects to teach. However, the complexity of teachers' attitudes was evidenced by interactions with grade level and attitude measure that existed with mathematics, writing, and social studies. Further, primary-level teachers, compared to upper elementary teachers, were found to be more subject generalists in terms of their relative enjoyment for teaching all subjects. Implications for teacher preparation and policies related to elementary school teaching assignments are discussed.
Algorithms for correlating severely obscured images in nonoverlapping zero-mean noise

In a previous report, we developed optimization algorithms showing how optical correlation filters operating with obscured inputs were affected by disjoint constant background illumination. We extend these studies by upgrading our algorithms to include the theoretical treatment of zero-mean disjoint noise, as well as constant background illumination. Computer simulations involving noise clutter but no background illumination are used to characterize the performance of our upgraded algorithms.
The Semantic Web: Its Role As an Aid to Collaboration

This article completes a three-part series on the educational potential of the Semantic Web. Earlier columns in this journal focused on the Semantic Web as an aid to locating information and as an aid to data integration. The focus of this article is on the Semantic Web as an aid to collaboration of many kinds. Various proposals for using the Semantic Web to foster collaboration are reviewed. Also discussed are problems and issues that will determine whether the Semantic Web will succeed in education.
Factorial Invariance of the Statistical Anxiety Rating Scale across Sex and Students' Classification

Summary The Statistical Anxiety Rating Scale (STARS) was used to measure statistics anxiety across 423 graduate and undergraduate students from a midsized university, in the western United States. Students' responses were analyzed using confirma-tory factor analysis (CFA) to assess the validity of scores from the proposed six-factor model, which was well-fitting, according to various adjunct fit indexes. Students' responses were then examined using multigroup CFA to explore factorial invariance across sex and student classification (i.e., undergraduates and graduates). The model was found to be factorially invariant across sex, but not across student classification, possibly meaning graduate and undergraduate students ascribed different meaning to some items. If one ignores the test of factorial invariance, between-groups statistical tests can be unduly influenced by measurement artifacts, sometimes erroneously identifying statistically significant mean differences when there are none.
Immunology: T cells hang in the balance

Equally important as the immune system's function in fighting invaders is its ability to tolerate self. But environmental toxins could shift the equilibrium between these activities one way or the other.
Radical Legacies: Antonio Gramsci and Contemporary American Politics

This article seeks to introduce some of the basic concepts that Antonio Gramsci developed and apply them to recent American politics. It especially looks at political consciousness in the United St...
The Birth of the Citizenship Schools: Entwining the Struggles for Literacy and Freedom.

In a 1981 interview, civil rights leader Andrew Young commented, “If you look at the black elected officials and the people who are political leaders across the South now, it's full of people who had their first involvement in civil rights in the Citizenship Training Program.” Informally known as Citizenship Schools, this adult education program began in 1958 under the sponsorship of Tennessee's Highlander Folk School, which handed it over to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1961. By the time the project ended in 1970, approximately 2500 African Americans had taught these basic literacy and political education classes for tens of thousands of their neighbors. The program never had a high profile, but civil rights leaders and scholars assert that it helped to bring many people into the movement, cultivated grassroots leaders, and increased black participation in voting and other civic activities.
The globalization of care work: Neoliberal economic restructuring and migration policy

Abstract Significant scholarly research has focused on the ‘globalization of care work’, or how care has been distributed and redistributed in an international system where immigrant workers provide care in wealthier countries. We argue that nation-states, through a range of contradictory policies and bilateral agreements, explicitly create and reinforce the redistribution and internationalization of care work. We show how economic restructuring has helped create both demand for and a supply of immigrant care workers, while migration policies have played a key role in shaping migration flows. We examine two dyads of sending and receiving flows: Morocco/France and Poland/Germany. These cases share both similarities and differences, which allows us to consider how the global political and economic processes shaping the international division of care work play out in different contexts.
Housing and labor market distortions in Poland : linkages and policy implications

Poland's housing and macroeconomic policies have restricted investments in housing and urban infrastructure to a level well below that of other European countries. This has resulted in a shortage of housing typified by 15 to 20 year waits for government sponsored housing. Shortages of this magnitude are likely to cause distortions with impacts on patterns of savings and consumption, the price level, and on the functioning of labor markets. This paper focuses particularly on how housing market distortions are transmitted to labor markets, with impacts on rates of migration, relative wage levels among different regions, and, by implication, on the productivity of the Polish work force. The basic thesis of the paper is that if housing markets are prevented from reaching their competitive equilibrium that labor markets will similarly be prevented. Evidence is examined on the extent of housing and labor market disequilibria, and estimates econometric models that relate internal migration and relative wages to alternative measures of housing market disequilibria. From these analyses it is concluded that labor markets are in fact distorted by housing market distortions, with potentially major macroeconomic costs.
Nonlinear displacement-based finite-element analyses of composite shells: a new total Lagrangian formulation

Presented here is a new total Lagrangian finite-element formulation for general laminated composite shells undergoing large-displacement, large-rotation, and large-strain motion. The theory fully accounts for geometric nonlinearities (large rotations), large in-plane strains, general initial curvatures, transverse shear deformations, and interlaminar normal stresses by using Jaumann stress and strain measures, an exact coordinate transformation, and a new concept of orthogonal virtual rotations. In addition, with the inclusion of transverse normal and shear stresses, the theory accounts for three-dimensional stress effects and gives accurate effective structural stiffnesses. Because of the inclusion of all possible initial curvatures, the developed strain-displacement expressions can be used for any surface structures and are fully nonlinear, which contain von Karman strains as a special case. Moreover, the theory accounts for the continuity of interlaminar shear and peeling stresses and the normal and shear stress conditions on the bonding surfaces by using a new layer-wise local displacement field, which results in a higher-order shear theory that contains most shear deformation theories as special cases. In this paper, we develop a fully nonlinear displacement-based finite-element formulation based on the derived shell theory. The verification and accuracy of the theory will be presented in a subsequent paper by comparing obtained numerical results with some exact solutions.
Herpesviruses remodel host membranes for virus egress

Herpesviruses replicate their DNA and package this DNA into capsids in the nucleus. These capsids then face substantial obstacles to their release from cells. Unlike other DNA viruses, herpesviruses do not depend on disruption of nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes for their release. Enveloped particles are formed by budding through inner nuclear membranes, and then these perinuclear enveloped particles fuse with outer nuclear membranes. Unenveloped capsids in the cytoplasm are decorated with tegument proteins and then undergo secondary envelopment by budding into trans-Golgi network membranes, producing infectious particles that are released. In this Review, we describe the remodelling of host membranes that facilitates herpesvirus egress.
Reliability of an index of child characteristics

SUMMARY The ABlLlTlES index provides a means to describe nine areas of functional abilities and disabilities. In this study, the authors examined the agreement between ratings made by 130 parents and teachers, 130 parents and specialists, and 125 teachers and specialists. Stability of ratings was assessed by asking 40 teachers to complete the index a second time, an average of 34 days after the first rating. The results suggest that raters who vary considerably in expertise, discipline and relationship to the child generally agree as to the child's presenting characteristics. REESUME Fidelite d'un index de caracteristiques in faniiles L’‘ABILITIES Index’ fournit un moyen de decrire neuf dornaines de sapacites et incapacites fonctionnelles. Dans cette etude, les auteurs ont etudie l'accord entre les appriciations faites par 130 parents et enseignants, 130 parents et specialistes, et 125 enseignants et specialists. La stabilite des evaluations fut appreciee en demandant a 40 enseignants de completer I'indes une seconde fois, en moyenne 34 jours apr%eAs la premiere evaluation. Les resultars suggerent quc. les examinateurs qui varient considerablement dans le type d'approche, la discipline et les relations avec les enfants sont en general en bon accord sur les caracteristiques presentees par les enfants. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Zu verlassigkeit eines 1nde.y iiber kindlictie Charakteristika Der ABlLlTlES Index ist eine Methode zur Charakterisierung von neun Bereichen der funktionellen Fahigkeiten und Storungen. In dieser Studie haben die Autoren die Ubereinstimmung der Beurteilungen von 130 Eltern und Lehrern, 130 Eltern und Spezialisten und 125 Lehren und Spezialisten untersucht. Die Zuverlassigkeit der Beurteilungen wurde dadurch uberpruft, daβ 40 Lohrer gebeten wurden, den Index ein zweites Ma1 auszufullen, durchschnittlich 34 Tage nach der ersten Befragung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daβ Untersucher, die sich in Fachkenntnis, Beruf und Beziehung zum Kind erheblich unterscheiden, im allgemeinen bei der Beurteilung dcr kindlichen Charakteristika ubereinstimmen. RESUMEN Fiabilidad de un indice de las caracteristicas de un niTno El Indice’ de Habilidades proporciona un medio de describir neuve areas de habilidades y dishabilidades funcionales. En este estudio 10s autores examinaron las concordancias entre las proporciones realizadas por 130 padres y maestros, 130 padres y especialistas y 125 maestros especialistas. La estabilidad de las proporciones se evaluo pidiendo a 40 maestros que completaran el indice por segunda vez, al cabo de un promedio de 34 dias despues de la primera vez. Los resultados sugieren que 10s examinadores, que varian considerablemente en destreza, disciplina y relaciones con el niTno, en general coinciden en 10s que respecta a las caracteristicas que presenta este.
Vision: does top-down processing help us to see?

Abstract Anatomical studies of the visual cortex have identified massive back-projecting pathways. Theoretical studies suggest how such pathways may play important roles in vision by mediating ‘top-down' processing, in which information from a relatively high level is fed back to early visual stages.
A NUMERICAL METHOD FOR THE EXTERIOR DIRICHLET PROBLEM FOR THE REDUCED WAVE EQUATION.

Abstract : A digital computer technique for approximating the solution of the exterior Dirichlet problem for the reduced wave equation is described and discussed. (Author)
The expansion of a fluidized bed containing biomass

The expansion of a fluidized bed containing biomass, such as proposed for the removal of phenolic compounds from a concentrated coal processing waste, depends in general on the way the biomass is distributed over the bed particles and on the solids mixing condition. However, it can be approximated over a wide range by a linear function which is independent of these factors. This function, which should prove useful both for inferring the quantity of biomass in a bed and for predicting the bed height, has been verified in experiments with beds of 40 x 45 mesh coal in a 44.5 mm dia Plexiglas column and an influent stream containing 125 mg/l. of Dextrose, 475 mg/l. of sodium nitrate, a phosphate buffer in dechlorinated tap water, and a bacterial seed culture.
Elucidation of Calcium Ion and Phospholipid Binding Profiles of Multiple Dysferlin Isoforms

Dysferlin is a large type II peripheral membrane protein associated with the sarcolemma and T-tubular system of muscle fibers. It contains seven C2 domains and two DysF domains and has been implicated in membrane repair. This repair is thought to be mediated through calcium-triggered exocytosis of intracellular vesicles, which leads to the formation of a membrane patch. Due to dysferlin's structural similarity to synaptotagmin1 it is assumed that its role in the overall scheme of membrane repair is to act as a calcium and membrane sensor. The C2A domain is the first of the seven C2 domains and is assumed to be the protein's main calcium and membrane sensor.The C2A domain exists in nature as a combination of two different isoforms derived from alternative readings of the first exon sequence: the canonical C2A (WT) isoform derived from exon 1, and the C2Av1 (V1) isoform derived from exon 1'. The two different isoforms of the C2A domain were studied to probe the calcium and lipid binding affinities of dysferlin. Using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) the calcium and lipid binding profiles of the two constructs were established. These profiles indicate a difference in the phospholipid dependence of calcium binding between the two constructs as well as a uniform calcium dependence on the phospholipid binding. Initial approximations of the constructs' binding parameters were estimated individually and can be fit globally using a partition function approach.By determining dysferlin's binding profile we can better characterize its function in the scheme of membrane repair, as well as form a better understanding of the intramolecular communication that tunes its physiological response.
Building apartheid: on architecture and order in imperial Cape Town

In the groundbreaking book, Homes Apart: South Africa’s Segregated Cities, a collection of essays on urban segregation in South Africa’s major cities, geographer Anthony Lemon correctly notes:In th...
shRNA and siRNA delivery to the brain

The limiting factor in in vivo RNA interference (RNAi) is delivery. Drug delivery methods that are effective in cell culture may not be practical in vivo for intravenous RNAi applications. Nucleic acid drugs are highly charged and do not cross cell membranes by free diffusion. Therefore, the in vivo delivery of RNAi therapeutics must use targeting technology that enables the RNAi therapeutic to traverse biological membrane barriers in vivo. For RNAi of the brain, the nucleic acid-based drug must first cross the brain capillary endothelial wall, which forms the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo, and then traverses the brain cell plasma membrane. Similar to the delivery of non-viral gene therapies, plasmid DNA encoding for short hairpin RNA (shRNA) may be delivered to the brain following intravenous administration with pegylated immunoliposomes (PILs). The plasmid DNA is encapsulated in a 100 nm liposome, which is pegylated, and conjugated with receptor specific targeting monoclonal antibodies (MAb). Weekly, intravenous RNAi with PILs enables a 90% knockdown of the human epidermal growth factor receptor, which results in a 90% increase in survival time in mice with intra-cranial brain cancer. Similar to the delivery of antisense agents, short interfering RNAi (siRNA) duplexes can be delivered with the combined use of targeting MAb's and avidin-biotin technology. The siRNA is mono-biotinylated in parallel with the production of a conjugate of the targeting MAb and streptavidin. Intravenous RNAi requires the combined use of RNAi technology and a drug targeting technology that is effective in vivo.
Role of the hemopexin domain of matrix metalloproteinases in cell migration

The biological functions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) extend beyond extracellular matrix degradation. Non-proteolytic activities of MMPs are just beginning to be understood. Herein, we evaluated the role of proMMPs in cell migration. Employing a Transwell chamber migration assay, we demonstrated that transfection of COS-1 cells with various proMMP cDNAs resulted in enhancement of cell migration. Latent MMP-2 and MMP-9 enhanced cell migration to a greater extent than latent MMP-1, -3, -11 and -28. To examine if proteolytic activity is required for MMP-enhanced cell migration, three experimental approaches, including fluorogenic substrate degradation assay, transfection of cells with catalytically inactive mutant MMP cDNAs, and addition of hydroxamic acid-derived MMP inhibitors, were employed. We demonstrated that the proteolytic activities of MMPs are not required for MMP-induced cell migration. To explore the mechanism underlying MMP-enhanced cell migration, structure-function relationship of MMP-9 on cell migration was evaluated. By using a domain swapping approach, we demonstrated that the hemopexin domain of proMMP-9 plays an important role in cell migration when examined by a transwell chamber assay and by a phagokinetic migration assay. TIMP-1, which interacts with the hemopexin domain of proMMP-9, inhibited cell migration, whereas TIMP-2 had no effect. Employing small molecular inhibitors, MAPK and PI3K pathways were found to be involved in MMP-9-mediated cell migration. In conclusion, we demonstrated that MMPs utilize a non-proteolytic mechanism to enhance epithelial cell migration. We propose that hemopexin homodimer formation is required for the full cell migratory function of proMMP-9.
Evaluation of a structure-based statine cyclic diamino amide encoded combinatorial library against plasmepsin II and cathepsin D

A structure-based 18,900-member combinatorial library was synthesized containing a statine template and three cyclic diamino acids as potential P1, P2-P4 surrogates. Evaluation of this encoded library against two aspartyl proteases, plasmepsin II and cathepsin D, led to the identification of selective inhibitors for each enzyme.
Blocking Transformation in Field Theory

Abstract The blocking approach to the renormalization group by Kadanoff and Wilson is presented in the loop expansion. It generates the local irrelevant operators as well and makes the investigation of the infrared Fixed point possible in a systematical manner.
Sex Instruction in the Norwegian Culture

The moral culture of the Norwegian people is a marbling mixture of unverbalized attitudes stemming from the peasant tradition, from theological and ethical codes and principles deriving from Lutheranism and from neo-platonic roots, and from modern urban, continental and sophisticated behavior patterns. The newspapers, the arts, and the beaches are far more candid but more relaxed about sex than are our puritanical hypocrisies, our arrant exhibitionisms and figleaves. Both the Norwegian and the American cultures have paradoxical elements of rigidity and freedom, of guilt and naturalism in sex, but the combinations and conflicts differ. When one learns of a certain casualness of premarital relations among some young Norwegians in connection with even their healthy outdoor winter excursions, one is forced to keep an open mind. At least it is all on a simpler and more healthy emotional level than is the hothouse and limousine night-life of too many competitive Ameri-
Trends in the actions of mammalian masticatory muscles

The actions of the masticatory muscles of a variety of mammals in which feeding behavior and the configuration of the masticatory apparatus differ have been reported. The most common approach used in these studies involves (1) obtaining a good anatomical perception of the musculature, (2) deriving a theoretical model of the actions of these muscles during jaw movement, and (3) testing this model by recording muscle activity and jaw movements simultaneously. A catalogue of the activity patterns in eleven species of mammals during food reduction reveals certain trends in the actions of the masticatory muscles. Horizontal jaw movements are generated primarily by differential activities of the deep temporalis, superficial masseter, and medial pterygoid. Vertical movements and the maintenance of tooth to food contact apparently are produced by action of the superficial temporalis, deep masseter, and zygomaticomandibularis. Thus, horizontal movements are seemingly generated by muscles having fibers arranged in marked anteroposterior direction, whereas vertical movements are generated by muscles having more or less vertically arranged fibers. The asymmetry of jaw movement and the muscular activity generating it suggest that mastication involves an interactionbetween an unbalanced and flexible functional unit (muscles) and a balanced and stable structural unit (skull and teeth). Thus, any unbalancing of the structural unit results in a further unbalancing of the masticatory process.
Effects of colloidal silica incorporation on oxygen/nitrogen separation properties of ceramic-supported 6FDA-IPDA thin films

Abstract The effect of silicon dioxide particles on the gas transport properties of 6FDA-IPDA thin films was investigated in this work by casting the films on silica impregnated ceramic substrates. The pore structure of the Anopore TM ceramic support provided an ideal environment for bringing the silica particles into intimate contact with the polymer chains. Overall the properties of the resulting membranes for separation of oxygen from nitrogen are significantly improved compared to the properties of a homogeneous film of 6FDA-IPDA.
Plasmonic nano-protractor based on polarization spectro-tomography

We propose and experimentally realize a “plasmonic protractor”: a spectroscopic device capable of detecting the orientation, position, and length of a small optically dark object using the polarization-resolved dark field microscopy.
Two opposing effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the expression of the inducible cyclooxygenase. Mediation through different signaling pathways.

The efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is considered to be a result of their inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase (COX) activity. Here, we report that flufenamic acid shows two opposing effects on COX-2 expression; it induces COX-2 expression in the colon cancer cell line (HT-29) and macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7); conversely, it inhibits tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced COX-2 expression. This inhibition correlates with the suppression of TNFα- or LPS-induced NFκB activation by flufenamic acid. The inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, p38, or NFκB does not affect the NSAID-induced COX-2 expression. These results suggest that the NSAID-induced COX-2 expression is not mediated through activation of NFκB and mitogen-activated protein kinases. An activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2, also induces COX-2 expression and inhibits TNFα-induced NFκB activation and COX-2 expression. Flufenamic acid and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 also inhibit LPS-induced expression of inducible form of nitric-oxide synthase and interleukin-1α in RAW 264.7 cells. Together, these results indicate that the NSAIDs inhibit mitogen-induced COX-2 expression while they induce COX-2 expression. Furthermore, the results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of flufenamic acid and some other NSAIDs are due to their inhibitory action on the mitogen-induced expression of COX-2 and downstream markers of inflammation in addition to their inhibitory effect on COX enzyme activity.
Far ultraviolet scatter performance from holographic gratings

We present deep scatter measurements on a sinusoidal profile, high groove density, holographically ruled, large format grating. With long exposures and a low-noise detector, we were able to measure scatter at levels of 1 * 10 -6 /Ly α/nm at 100 nm. The result has potential impacts in the prospect of high sensitivity measurements of very faint objects at FUV wavelengths. Any instrument sensitive to hydrogen Lyman α, a bright geo-coronal airglow line, must control the scatter to make astrophysically significant measurements. Measurements of very faint emission line source - particularly ones that do not have known redshifts (i.e. wavelength solution), Lyman α scatter may be the dominant source of error. Therefore, characterization of the actual value of scatter is crucial to the success of future missions that will use diffraction-based measures for detecting very faint targets.
Abstract 4605: STK17A is a potential therapeutic target in glioblastoma

Current targeted therapies for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) fail to significantly improve clinical outcome. Identifying new molecular targets driving GBM tumorigenesis is imperative. Our previous study demonstrated that STK17A, a serine-threonine kinase in the death-associated protein family, is a bona fide p53 target gene. In silico analyses indicated that STK17A is highly overexpressed in GBM patients in a tumor grade-dependent manner. Furthermore, high STK17A expression correlated with poor clinical outcome and decreased survival of patients from multiple datasets. This correlation was independent of age, tumor subtype and known biomarkers such as EGFR, NF1, and IDH, suggesting STK17A may contribute to GBM development and progression. In vitro experiments confirmed increased mRNA and protein expression of STK17A in GBM cells compared to immortalized normal human astrocytes and other cancer types. ShRNA mediated STK17A knockdown in GBM cells decreased cell survival and sensitized cells to genotoxic stress. In addition, STK17A knockdown led to reduced tumor cell proliferation and clonogenicity, suggesting a tumor-promoting role for STK17A in GBM. Interestingly, STK17A depletion resulted in a cell morphological change from a spindle-like phenotype to a phenotype with a flattened, enlarged and more rounded shape that was associated with induction of actin stress fibers. This cytoskeleton remodeling was associated with impaired cell migration and invasion. In contrast STK17A overexpressing cells displayed a pronounced needle-like elongated phenotype. In addition genome-wide expression analysis of STK17A knockdown GBM cells revealed regulation of genes involved in glycolysis including PKM2, PGAM1 and HK2, suggesting that STK17A may also promote tumor growth and survival through regulating metabolism. Small molecule inhibitors that block the kinase activity of STK17A decreased cell survival of GBM cells cultured under both serum and serum-free conditions. Further investigation is required to understand the precise role of STK17A in GBM. Citation Format: Pingping Mao, Mary P. Jardine, Gilbert J. Rahme, Eric C. Yang, Janice Tam, Anita Kodali, Bijesh Biswal, Camilo E. Fadul, Arti B. Gaur, Mark A. Israel, Alexandre Pletnev, Michael Spinella. STK17A is a potential therapeutic target in glioblastoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4605. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4605
Estimation of Residual Stress Distribution in Railroad Wheels

Residual stresses in railroad wheel rims significantly affect the wheel failure life; therefore, it is important to consider residual stresses for wheel failure analysis. In this paper, an advanced computational methodology is developed to estimate residual stresses developed during both the manufacturing process and under service conditions. To estimate the residual stresses in the wheel, three-dimensional decoupled thermal-structural analyses are performed. To simulate the manufacturing process, thermal analysis is performed with convection boundary conditions on the wheel surfaces. The temperature distributions obtained from this thermal analysis are input as loads for structural analysis. The results represent as-manufactured residual stresses. To simulate the thermal brake loading under service conditions, thermal analysis is performed using a heat flux boundary condition on the tread surface. Structural analysis is performed, including the estimated as-manufactured residual stress as initial stress, and using the temperature distributions obtained from thermal analysis of the on-tread braking. The resultant stresses represent the complex combination of residual stresses developed during both the manufacturing process and on-tread braking. The computed results are compared with the experimental data obtained at TTCI and the values reported in the literature.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Marketing Deviance: The Selling of Cockfighting

We use conventional marketing concepts to examine the marketing of the deviant and stigmatized activity of cockfighting and show how the two differ. Our research is based on several years of active participant observation with cockfighters and the examination of several publications devoted to the sport. We find a paradoxical situation wherein people who compete with each other in an illegal activity must also establish their reputations for honesty and trustworthiness. Aspects of a gerontocracy characterize this deviant world.
Representations of commutative semitopological semigroups

Basic results.- The representation algebra.- Positive-definite and completely positive functions.- Discrete separative semigroups.- Subsemigroups of locally compact abelian groups and weakly almost periodic functions.- Representations in Q-algebras.- Special cases of Q-representations.- Hilbert space representations.
Using Authentic Assessment to Document the Emerging Literacy Skills of Young Children

(2001). Using Authentic Assessment to Document the Emerging Literacy Skills of Young Children. Childhood Education: Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 66-69.
Too Late and Too Little: Narratives of Treatment Disconnect in Early Psychosis.

Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders are a source of significant morbidity, both for patients and caregivers. The first 2–5 years after the onset of psychosis are a critical period wherein treatment might effect disproportionate improvements in long-term outcomes. Specialized services have been developed with the goal of providing early and effective treatment—however, engaging young patients in these services remains a challenge. In this study we sought to uncover possible reasons for this finding by collecting participants’ narratives of their early treatment experience. We conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 11 patients currently enrolled in a first episode psychosis program in Connecticut. Transcripts were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Participants reported that prior to them entering specialized treatment services, their initial contact with psychiatric care was brought about by abrupt behavioral changes that were noticed by others, and that this lead to treatment that was disconnected from their own concerns, which centered around more everyday challenges. This initial contact did not serve to engender trust or facilitate engagement in further treatment. Additional examples of disconnect were noted even after participants had entered specialized services, and these centered around the patients preference for conceptualizing their difficulties, treatment and recovery in multi-dimensional terms that emphasized social inclusion and vocational achievement. Participants in our study highlighted several areas of disconnect in the course of their early treatment. There is an opportunity to enhance early engagement by offering patients concrete evidence that their treatment priorities are understood and will be addressed.
Multiphasic CT and MRI appearances of extramedullary multiple myeloma involving the stomach, pancreas, and bladder

Multiple myeloma is a hematological malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of clonal plasma cells. Skeletal involvement is one of its hallmarks, while extraosseous involvement is comparatively uncommon. There have been no previous reports of the imaging findings of multiple myeloma involving the stomach, pancreas, and bladder in the same patient. The stomach and pancreatic lesions were demonstrated as hypervascular nodules on computed tomography (CT), more conspicuous on arterial phase images. Early phase post-contrast imaging might improve the detection of extraosseous myeloma.
Glucoamylase of Amylomyces rouxii

The production of glucoamylase by Amylomyces rouxii, a mold used in rice and cassava fermentations in the Orient, was demonstrated under solid substrate culture conditions. The enzyme purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, and Sephadex ion exchange column chromatography appears homogeneous. A. rouxii glucoamylase is a glycoprotein and has an optimum pH around 4.5, optimum temperature 60°C, a molecular weight of 55,600 daltons, and Km values of 15.8, 27.6, 16.8 mg/mL for soluble starch, glycogen, and amylopectin, respectively. Unlike the other fungal glucoamylases, which were found (from culture filtrates) to exist in multiple forms, A. rouxii glucoamylase, isolated from solid substrate fermentation, displayed only one form.
Stem cells as therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders

Aging is associated with a progressive increase in the risk of several prominent neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, stroke and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In each of these disorders specific populations of neurons become dysfunctional, then die and are not replaced. The adult brain and spinal cord contain populations of so-called neural stem cells (self-renewing and multipotent) and neural precursor cells (specified to a certain fate, but still mitotic) that may provide a continuing source of new neurons and glial cells during successful aging and after injury to the nervous system. Recent studies have shown that stem cells from embryos and adults can be transplanted into the nervous system, differentiate into neurons and glia and restore lost function in experimental models of neurodegenerative diseases. Embryonic stem cells may be a particularly effective donor cell type for transplantation-based therapies. Efficacy of stem cell therapies remains to be established in clinical trials in humans. Another approach is to mobilize endogenous neural stem cells. Animals studies have shown that dietary and behavioral modifications can indeed stimulate neurogenesis. Molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate the proliferation, differentiation and survival of neural stem cells and neural precursor cells are being elucidated and are revealing novel targets for the development of pharmaceuticals that promote neurogenesis.
Genetic alterations in the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt pathway in thyroid cancer.

Background: Aberrant activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway plays a fundamental role in thyroid tumorigenesis, particularly in follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) and aggres...
Externalizing Problems in Late Childhood as a Function of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Environmental Risk

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) predicts externalizing problems in late childhood. METHODS: Externalizing problems were assessed using caregiver, teacher, and child ratings and a laboratory task when children (N = 179; 74 cocaine exposed) were aged 8-10 years. PCE, environmental risk, sex, neonatal health, other prenatal exposures, and foster care history were examined as predictors of externalizing problems. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses indicated that PCE, environmental risk, and male sex explained significant variance in externalizing problems in late childhood. Models varied by source of information. PCE predicted externalizing problems for child laboratory behavior and interacted with sex because males with PCE reported more externalizing problems. PCE did not predict caregiver or teacher ratings of externalizing problems. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of PCE on externalizing problems may persist into late childhood. The findings highlight the potential importance of including child-based measures of externalizing problems in studies of prenatal exposure. Language: en