cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The incremental variance of morphological knowledge to reading comprehension in grades 3-10 beyond prior reading comprehension, spelling, and text reading efficiency☆

Abstract We know that knowledge of word structure—morphology—relates to reading, but there is limited research on its unique contribution to reading comprehension, especially with students in middle and high schools and with the nesting of students within classrooms taken into account. In this study with 4780 students in grades 3 to 10, we examined how students' winter scores in morphological knowledge, spelling, text reading efficiency, and reading comprehension predicted spring scores in reading comprehension. Reading comprehension was measured by a computeradaptive, interim reading assessment. Bivariate relations were examined and a strong relation between morphological knowledge and reading comprehension was observed in all grades except grade 10. Multilevel analyses showed that morphological knowledge added 2%–9% unique variance beyond the autoregressor in predicting spring reading comprehension at the student level and that over 90% of the large variability between classrooms was explained by performance on these component skills. Educational implications were discussed.
Electrical Postcompensation of SOA Impairments for Fiber-Optic Transmission

An electrical postcompensation scheme for semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) impairments has been proposed. An on-off keying transmission over 100-km standard single-mode fiber and three SOAs was demonstrated experimentally with SOA impairment compensation. An 8-dB improvement in Q-factor has been achieved.
PALEOLIMNOLOGY OF THE MAYA LOWLANDS: Long-term perspectives on interactions among climate, environment, and humans

Since the late 1950s, scientists have used sediment cores from lakes on the Yucatan Peninsula to explore the complex interactions among climate, environment, and ancient Maya culture. Early paleolimnological studies generally assumed that late Holocene climate was invariable. Consequently, paleolimnologically inferred environmental changes that occurred during the past 3,000 years or so—for example, forest decline and soil erosion—were attributed wholly to anthropogenic activities such as land clearance for agriculture and construction. Recent high-resolution, proxy-based paleoclimate records from continental and insular sites around the Caribbean Sea contradict the assumption of late Holocene climate stability. Instead, these core data suggest that regional drying began about 3,000 years ago and that the past three millennia were characterized by variable moisture availability. Paleoclimate inferences from Lakes Chichancanab and Punta Laguna, northern Yucatan Peninsula, indicate that drought events over the past 2,600 years were cyclical. These dry events, thought to have been driven by solar forcing, appear to have occurred approximately every two centuries (about 208 years). The driest period of the late Holocene occurred between a.d. 800 and 1000, coincident with the Classic Maya Collapse. We review the history of paleolimnological studies in the Maya Lowlands, discuss the difficulty of differentiating climatic signals from anthropogenic signals in late Holocene lake sediment profiles, and assess current understanding of past climate changes in the region based on regional lacustrine sediment studies. Contemporary issues such as overexploitation of marine fisheries, increasing acidity of precipitation, heavy-metal pollution, soil erosion and degradation, and lake eutrophication have created a heightened awareness of human effects on the environment. Both natural and social scientists have long been fascinated by the complex interactions between humans and the ecosystems they inhabit. Archaeologists have provided a historical perspective on this issue by elucidating case studies of human effects on ancient environments (Redman 1999). Clearly, the effects of people on their surroundings are only one way of viewing “human-environment” relationships. Advocates of “environmental determinism” viewed the interaction “in reverse,” positing that the environment limits human cultural development. This point of view has gone in and out of favor, often for political reasons, but it is undeniable that environmental variables influence society in many ways. We sim
The Moderating Effects of Locus of Control on Performance Incentives and Participation

Prior research has suggested that matching individual characteristics with task expectations and requirements leads to improved performance. The objective of this study was to examine the role of locus of control, an important individual characteristic, in moderating the impact of performance-contingent incentives and participation on performance. The results, based on a laboratory experiment, indicate that locus of control moderates the performance effects of both participation and incentives. The interaction with incentives is a substitute type in which either the person factor (locus of control) or the situation factor (incentives) blocks the effects of the other factor. The interaction with participation is a blocking type, wherein external orientation diminishes the performance effect of participation.
A Bottom-up Approach to Peacebuilding

Peacebuilding in the Balkans: The View from the Ground Floor. By Paula M. Pickering Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007. 242 pp., $39.95 cloth (ISBN-13: 978-0-8014-4576-7). In Peacebuilding in the Balkans: the View from the Ground Floor , Paula M. Pickering attempts to re-center our attention on the dynamic process by which ordinary people build the micro-foundations of peace in their everyday lives. She argues that efforts to build peace from the top-down fail to recognize what is happening at the individual level, and these efforts fail to support the progress ordinary citizens are able to make in rebuilding their lives (p. 165). The central theme of the book is that in post-conflict societies ordinary people soldier on, rebuilding their lives in spite of polarized elites, weak institutions, and the international community. Pickering's analysis begins with a basic question: why would refugees who fled ethnic cleansing campaigns return to communities where they will almost certainly face intense discrimination? To answer this question, she merges interviews, the occasional statistical analysis, and extensive fieldwork with a “multilevel” theoretical framework developed by Robert Kaiser and Elena Nikiforova (2006). The “multilevel model” integrates a range of actors and institutions to understand the context in which ordinary people exist and forge cooperative (or non-cooperative) relations. This range of actors and institutions includes the nationalizing state and external homelands as well as local, national, and transnational activists. This multilevel model is an intriguing conceptual tool, simultaneously offering to banish overly simplistic views of identity and incentives while bringing order to the complex tangle of actors that affect ordinary people. Unfortunately, Pickering does not incorporate the multilevel model to …
Relationships Among Children's Music Audiation and Their Compositional Processes and Products

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among music audiation, I the processes of composition, and the musical characteristics of songs composed by 9-year-olds. Subjects (N = 40)...
Analysis, modeling and estimation through a similarity based approach: an economic signal case study

A key issue in a time varying signal estimation is the problem of identification and extraction of existing underlying patterns. Pattern consistency is not a common rule in certain types of dynamics, particularly those related to economic processes. In that case, it is very difficult to provide an accurate estimation. An approach is described to analyze, capture and model those more complex structured, possibly nonlinear and nonstationary time series. Spectral analysis and digital filter theory are used to break the original series into more coherent and power compatible components. Each resulting component is then treated individually as a totally independent time series. The individual results are combined to provide future estimations for the original signal. An example of a four-week forecast of an oil price time series is presented, leading to a normalized root mean square error of 0.18. >
Clinical Decision Making by Experienced and Inexperienced Pediatric Physical Therapists for Children With Diplegic Cerebral Palsy

Background and Purpose. This qualitative study was designed to explore, identify, and describe clinical decision-making processes used by pediatric physical therapists. Subjects. Clinical decision-making processes of three experienced therapists and three inexperienced therapists were assessed as they worked with 18 children with diplegia. Methods. Retrospective think-aloud procedures were used to elicit verbalizations, which were transcribed, coded, and analyzed. Results. Four characteristics of clinical decision making were identified: (1) Movement scripts provided insights into the clinical application of cognitive schemata based on previous experiences, (2) procedural changes occurred rapidly during within-session decision making, (3) psychosocial sensitivity was important for positive interaction during therapy, and (4) self-monitoring appeared to be pivotal in making clinical decisions as therapists self-assessed their practice. Contrasting data illustrated similarities and differences of experienced and inexperienced clinicians. Conclusion and Discussion. Findings are generally consistent with existing clinical decision-making literature and provide important information for physical therapy practice, research, and education.
Rotation invariant indexing of shapes and line drawings

We present data representations, distance measures and organizational structures for fast and efficient retrieval of similar shapes in image databases. Using the Hough Transform we extract shape signatures that correspond to important features of an image. The new shape descriptor is robust against line discontinuities and takes into consideration not only the shape boundaries, but also the content inside the object perimeter. The object signatures are eventually projected into a space that renders them invariant to translation, scaling and rotation. In order to provide support for real-time query-by-content, we also introduce an index structure that hierarchically organizes compressed versions of the extracted object signatures. In this manner we can achieve a significant performance boost for multimedia retrieval. Our experiments suggest that by exploiting the proposed framework, similarity search in a database of 100,000 images would require under 1 sec, using an off-the-shelf personal computer.
Weak Tie Support Preference and Preferred Coping Styles as Predictors of Perceived Credibility Within Health-Related Computer-Mediated Support Groups

Drawing upon an optimal matching model framework, this study examined weak tie support preference and coping style as predictors of credibility perceptions among members of health-related computer-mediated support groups. One hundred and thirty-five participants from various health-related online support groups responded to a survey questionnaire. The results indicated that increases in weak tie support network preference and problem-focused coping scores predicted increases in perceptions of credibility of online support group members. However, emotion-focused coping was not a significant predictor of perceived credibility. The implications of these findings for weak tie support network, coping, and credibility theories are discussed along with limitations of the study and directions for future research.
Adolescent Cognitive and Emotional Development

It is fundamental to the understanding of adolescents, indeed to the comprehension of all individuals, that the developmental point of view be kept in mind. This may be conceived of as three overlapping circles, one representing physical maturational growth, one expressing cognitive development, one evincing emotional and interpersonal evolution. All of these must be thought of as concurrently dynamic, that is, in a constant state of activity.
Feminist Legal Theory

This article begins with a historical overview of the emergence of feminist scholarship in the legal academy. Illuminating the discernable definitions and competing theoretical perspectives, it chronicles efforts to achieve gender equity through the law. Additionally, it underscores major debates that have helped to define the contours and broaden the paradigm of analysis in feminist legal theory and practice.
Modulation of Bcl-2 Protein by CD4 Cross-Linking: A Possible Mechanism for Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and for Rescue of Apoptosis by Interleukin-2

We have previously demonstrated that CD4 cross-linking (CD4XL) results in apoptosis of CD4+ T cells and augmentation of Fas antigen (CD95, APO-1) expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Here we demonstrate that CD4XL mediated by both, anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope protein gp120 reduces the expression of the proto-oncogene Bcl-2 in CD4+ T cells, but not in CD8+ T cells, concurrently with the induction of CD4+ T cell-apoptosis. Additionally, the Bcl-2dim population expressed high levels of Fas antigen. Bax, an antagonist of Bcl-2, was brightly expressed even in the Bcl-2dim population. Addition of interleukin (IL)-2 rescued CD4+ T cells from CD4XL-induced Bcl-2 downmodulation and apoptosis induction. These results support the hypothesis that CD4 ligation by HIV-1 envelope protein in vivo in HIV-infected patients selectively reduces Bcl-2 protein in CD4+ T lymphocytes, thereby facilitating Fas/Fas-ligand triggered apoptosis; furthermore the findings reported expand the rationale for use of IL-2 in HIV disease.
Congress's Temptation to Defect: A Political and Economic Theory of Legislative Resolutions to Financial Common Pool Problems

In this Article, I characterize the Bankruptcy Code as a fragile collection of statutory liability rules that are intended to resolve the common pool problems faced by the creditors of a financially distressed debtor. I argue that creditors' self-interested races to amend these bankruptcy laws have not resulted in welfare-maximizing legislation, much in the same way that rational creditors' races to levy against the assets of a financially distress debtor do not maximize creditors' collective interests. Part I briefly reviews bankruptcy scholarship on the politics of bankruptcy law. It concludes that, although bankruptcy theorists have considered the necessity for bankruptcy law and its normative underpinnings, they have not addressed the process by which Congress enacts these laws. Part II draws on game theory to define the circumstances under which a common pool problem occurs and is solved, either through self-help or the enactment of statutory rules of liability. Part III next critically and comparatively describes economic and political theories of legislation. Part IV then combines game theory with public choice and interest group theories in a model of legislative resolutions to common pool problems. It identifies the weaknesses inherent when rules of liability are enacted to resolve common pool problems, generally, and financial common pool problems, specifically, and distinguishes the pressure for their enactment or repeal from the pressure for their revision.
That was then: elderly survivors of incest

1. Psychosocial ramifications of incest last a lifetime for some and may be of crucial importance in treating patients in the later developmental stages of life. 2. Nursing assessments that include current and past history of violence are important for understanding presenting symptomology and interpersonal dynamics, but they are often neglected. 3. There is a need for nursing research that looks at all facets of elderly incest survivors, including incidence, late life symptomology, and special treatment needs.
TEACHERS’ HOMEWORK STRATEGIES IN THE CONTEXT OF AMBITIOUS MATHEMATICS INSTRUCTION: DEVELOPING NEW PRACTICES

This article examines teaching practices designed to support community college students in productively engaging with mathematics homework. Two cases of how teachers set up homework, or prepare students to leave class and do homework are presented. The case studies examine how the teachers developed and implemented their strategies, with a focus on how their identities as teachers and the meanings they attach to homework shape their decisions. The study was conducted in a professional development component of a mathematics department committed to ambitious instructional practices, that is, those aligned with NCTM and Common Core Standards. Thus the teaching strategies presented in the cases, and the analysis of how teachers developed their practices, have implications for current efforts to implement new curricula and teaching practices.
Revisiting coroutines

This article advocates the revival of coroutines as a convenient general control abstraction. After proposing a new classification of coroutines, we introduce the concept of full asymmetric coroutines and provide a precise definition for it through an operational semantics. We then demonstrate that full coroutines have an expressive power equivalent to one-shot continuations and one-shot delimited continuations. We also show that full asymmetric coroutines and one-shot delimited continuations have many similarities, and therefore present comparable benefits. Nevertheless, coroutines are easier implemented and understood, especially in the realm of procedural languages.
Tipping the Balance: Hepatotoxicity and the 4 Apical Key Events of Hepatic Steatosis

Hepatic steatosis is a condition were fat accumulates in the liver and it is associated with extra-hepatic diseases related to metabolic syndrome and systemic energy metabolism. If not reversed, steatosis can progress to steatohepatitis and irreversible stages of liver disease including fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death. From a public health standpoint, identifying chemical exposures that may be factors in steatosis etiology are important for preventing hepatotoxicity and liver disease progression. It is therefore important to identify the biological events that are key for steatosis pathology mediated by chemical exposure. In this review, we give a current overview of the complex biological cascades that can disrupt lipid homeostasis in hepatocytes in the context of 4 apical key events central to hepatic lipid retention: hepatic fatty acid (FA) uptake,de novoFA and lipid synthesis, FA oxidation, and lipid efflux. Our goal is to review these key cellular events and visually summarize them using a network for application in pathway-based toxicity testing. This effort provides a foundation to improve next-generation chemical screening efforts that may be used to prevent and ultimately reverse the growing incidence of fatty liver disease in our population.
The moderating impact of interacting with distressed families of decedents on trauma exposure in medical examiner personnel.

OBJECTIVES: Prior research has examined the incidence of posttraumatic stress stemming from either direct or indirect trauma exposure in employees of high-risk occupations. However, few studies have examined the contribution of both direct and indirect trauma exposure in high-risk groups. One particularly salient indirect trauma often endorsed as the most stressful by many occupational groups is interacting with distressed family members of victims of crime, illness, or accidents. The present study examined the extent to which interacting with distressed families moderated the impact of cumulative potentially traumatic event (PTE) exposure on depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in 245 employees of medical examiner (ME) offices. METHOD: Employees from 9 ME office sites in the United States participated in an online survey investigating the frequency of work place PTE exposures (direct and indirect) and mental health outcomes. RESULTS: Results revealed that cumulative PTE exposure was associated with higher PTSD symptoms (PTSS) for employees who had higher frequency of exposure to distressed family members. After controlling for cumulative and direct PTE exposure, gender, and office site, exposure to distressed families was significantly associated with depressive symptoms, but not PTSS. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of our research underscore the need for training employees in high-risk occupations to manage their reactions to exposure to distraught family members. Employee training may buffer risk for developing PTSD and depression. (PsycINFO Database Record(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Multiscale modelling of evolving foams

We present a set of multi-scale interlinked algorithms to model the dynamics of evolving foams. These algorithms couple the key effects of macroscopic bubble rearrangement, thin film drainage, and membrane rupture. For each of the mechanisms, we construct consistent and accurate algorithms, and couple them together to work across the wide range of space and time scales that occur in foam dynamics. These algorithms include second order finite difference projection methods for computing incompressible fluid flow on the macroscale, second order finite element methods to solve thin film drainage equations in the lamellae and Plateau borders, multiphase Voronoi Implicit Interface Methods to track interconnected membrane boundaries and capture topological changes, and Lagrangian particle methods for conservative liquid redistribution during rearrangement and rupture. We derive a full set of numerical approximations that are coupled via interface jump conditions and flux boundary conditions, and show convergence for the individual mechanisms. We demonstrate our approach by computing a variety of foam dynamics, including coupled evolution of three-dimensional bubble clusters attached to an anchored membrane and collapse of a foam cluster.
Parity in Airborne Populations of the Biting Gnat Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Northeastern Colorado

Female Culicoides variipennis (Coquillet) collected with a vehicle-mounted trap in Northeastern Colorado during April to November 1978 were examined to determine diel and seasonal patterns of parity. Of 3,125 females collected, 25% were nulliparous, 39% were parous, 36% were gravid, and 9% had a visible blood meal. The percentage of nulliparous females decreased as the season progressed, and none was observed after mid-October. Proportionately more nulliparous females were active before sunset and less active after sunset. Parous females were more active after sunrise in contrast to other groups and most active after the end of evening nautical twilight. Gravid females were very active after sunset until the end of evening nautical twilight and were least active after sunrise. Gravid females were very active at full moon, and parous females were more active at new moon.
Near-IR emissive chlorin-bacteriochlorin energy-transfer dyads with a common donor and acceptors with tunable emission wavelength.

Design, synthesis, and optical properties of a series of novel chlorin–bacteriochlorin energy transfer dyads are described. Each dyad is composed of a common red-absorbing (645–646 nm) chlorin, as an energy donor, and a different near-IR emitting bacteriochlorin, as an energy acceptor. Each bacteriochlorin acceptor is equipped with a different set of auxochromes, so that each of them emits at a different wavelength. Dyads exhibit an efficient energy transfer (≥0.77) even for chlorin–bacteriochlorin pairs with large (up to 122 nm) separation between donor emission and acceptor absorption. Excitation of the chlorin donor results in relatively strong emission of the bacteriochlorin acceptor, with a quantum yield Φf range of 0.155–0.23 in toluene and 0.12–0.185 in DMF. The narrow, tunable emission band of bacteriochlorins enables the selection of a series of three dyads with well-resolved emissions at 732, 760, and 788 nm, and common excitation at 645 nm. Selected dyads have been also converted into bioconjug...
Molecular Mechanisms of Monocyte Adhesion to Interleukin-1β–Stimulated Endothelial Cells Under Physiologic Flow Conditions

This study identifies multiple pathways used by monocytes to adhere to 4-hour interleukin-1β stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells under flow conditions. Physiologic shear stresses were simulated in a flow chamber with parallel plate geometry; quantitation of primary adhesion, secondary adhesion, and transmigration was performed using phase contrast videomicroscopy. Neuraminidase treatment of monocytes reduced primary interaction by 50%, whereas blocking L-selectin or very late antigen-4 showed significant but smaller effects (∼30% inhibition). However, a combined treatment against all three pathways was able to reduce interaction by 80%. Blocking β2 and α4 integrin pathways together inhibited secondary/firm adhesion by 75%. Only 40% of firmly adherent monocytes transmigrated across the endothelial monolayer with significantly increased transmigration times when both β2 and α4 integrins were blocked. These results demonstrate that monocytes can use multiple receptors to interact with endothelial cells at both primary and secondary adhesion stages, and that these pathways have to be blocked simultaneously for maximum inhibition.
Chaos near a resonant inclination-flip

Abstract Horseshoes play a central role in dynamical systems and are observed in many chaotic systems. However most points in a neighborhood of the horseshoe escape after finitely many iterations. In this work we construct a new model by re-injecting the points that escape the horseshoe. We show that this model can be realized within an attractor of a flow arising from a three-dimensional vector field, after perturbation of an inclination-flip homoclinic orbit with a resonance. The dynamics of this model, without considering the re-injection, often contains a cuspidal horseshoe with positive entropy, and we show that for a computational example the dynamics with re-injection can have more complexity than the cuspidal horseshoe alone.
Symbiosis between the holothurianScotoplanessp. A and the lithodid crabNeolithodes diomedeaeon a featureless bathyal sediment plain

Vulnerability to predation may be high for many megafaunal taxa in deep-sea sedimentary habitats where physical heterogeneity is low. During ROV observations in a bathyal sediment plain off Central California, juveniles of the lithodid crab Neolithodes diomedeae were frequently observed on or under the holothurian (sea cucumber) Scotoplanes sp. A, and are hypothesized to benefit from this association as a nursery or refugium from predation. Ninety-six percent (n = 574 of 599) of the juvenile N. diomedeae observed (density varied from 0.02–0.75/m2 among sites and seasons) in the study area were associated with Scotoplanes sp. A. Of the 2596 Scotoplanes sp. A observed (density varied from 0.48 to 25.90/m2), 22% were attended by at least one juvenile crab, and rarely two crabs (n = 4). Solitary N. diomedeae were rarely observed. This decapod–holothurian symbiosis appears to be largely commensal, with juvenile crabs (carapace width = 0.03–0.31 × holothurian length) observed on or beneath Scotoplanes sp. A in a habitat with few refugia from epibenthic predators. Other hypotheses may explain or enhance the potential benefits of the association for N. diomedeae, such as elevated food availability due to the activities of Scotoplanes sp. A. The relationship may be mutualistic if there is a benefit for the holothurian, including the removal of epizoic parasites. Ultimately, the nursery or other effects on the population dynamics of N. diomedeae may be minimal in low-relief, sediment-dominated habitats, as very few sub-adult crabs were observed in the study area and were likely consumed upon outgrowing their refugia. While sedimentary habitats may be a sink for N. diomedeae populations, growth of juvenile crabs during their association with Scotoplanes sp. A should increase energy flow to its predator populations. This association has not been reported previously but may be expected in sediment-dominated habitats where these species overlap.
Tuning of Silver Catalyst Mesostructure Promotes Selective Carbon Dioxide Conversion into Fuels

An electrode's performance for catalytic CO2 conversion to fuels is a complex convolution of surface structure and transport effects. Using well-defined mesostructured silver inverse opal (Ag-IO) electrodes, it is demonstrated that mesostructure-induced transport limitations alone serve to increase the turnover frequency for CO2 activation per unit area, while simultaneously improving reaction selectivity. The specific activity for catalyzed CO evolution systematically rises by three-fold and the specific activity for catalyzed H2 evolution systematically declines by ten-fold with increasing mesostructural roughness of Ag-IOs. By exploiting the compounding influence of both of these effects, we demonstrate that mesostructure, rather than surface structure, can be used to tune CO evolution selectivity from less than 5 % to more than 80 %. These results establish electrode mesostructuring as a powerful complementary tool for tuning both catalyst selectivity and efficiency for CO2 conversion into fuels.
Cahn–Hilliard on surfaces: A numerical study

Abstract The Cahn–Hilliard system has been used to describe a wide number of phase separation processes, from co-polymer systems to lipid membranes. In this work the convergence properties of a closest-point based scheme are investigated. In place of solving the original fourth-order system directly, two coupled second-order systems are solved. The system is solved using an approximate Schur-decomposition as a preconditioner. The results indicate that with a sufficiently high-order time discretization the method only depends on the underlying spatial resolution.
Efficient data supply for hardware accelerators with prefetching and access/execute decoupling

This paper presents an architecture framework to easily design hardware accelerators that can effectively tolerate long and variable memory latency using prefetching and access/execute decoupling. Hardware accelerators are becoming increasingly popular in modern computing systems as a promising approach to achieve higher performance and energy efficiency when technology scaling is slowing down. However, today's high-performance accelerators require significant manual efforts to design, in large part due to the need to carefully orchestrate data transfers between external memory and an accelerator. Instead, the proposed framework utilizes automated program analysis along with High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools to enable prefetching and access/execute decoupling with minimal manual efforts. The framework adds tags to accelerator memory accesses so that hardware prefetching can effectively preload data for accesses with regular patterns. To handle irregular memory accesses, the framework generates an accelerator with decoupled access/execute architecture using program slicing. Experimental results show that the proposed optimizations can significantly improve performance of HLS-generated accelerators (average speedup of 2.28x across eight accelerators) and often reduce energy consumption (average of 15%).
Comparison of Etomidate and Ketamine for Induction during Rapid Sequence Intubation of Adult Trauma Patients

Study objective Induction doses of etomidate during rapid sequence intubation cause transient adrenal dysfunction, but its clinical significance on trauma patients is uncertain. Ketamine has emerged as an alternative for rapid sequence intubation induction. Among adult trauma patients intubated in the emergency department, we compare clinical outcomes among those induced with etomidate and ketamine. Methods The study entailed a retrospective evaluation of a 4-year (January 2011 to December 2014) period spanning an institutional protocol switch from etomidate to ketamine as the standard induction agent for adult trauma patients undergoing rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department of an academic Level I trauma center. The primary outcome was hospital mortality evaluated with multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for age, vital signs, and injury severity and mechanism. Secondary outcomes included ICU-free days and ventilator-free days evaluated with multivariable ordered logistic regression using the same covariates. Results The analysis included 968 patients, including 526 with etomidate and 442 with ketamine. Hospital mortality was 20.4% among patients induced with ketamine compared with 17.3% among those induced with etomidate (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92 to 2.16). Patients induced with ketamine had ICU-free days (adjusted OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.63 to 1.00) and ventilator-free days (adjusted OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.20) similar to those of patients induced with etomidate. Conclusion In this analysis spanning an institutional protocol switch from etomidate to ketamine as the standard rapid sequence intubation induction agent for adult trauma patients, patient-centered outcomes were similar for patients who received etomidate and ketamine.
Scotty, Sage of Sagada

These reminiscences are personal experiences and anecdotes drawn from my decades-long close relationship with William Henry Scott (1921–1993), an Episcopal lay missionary in the Philippines who was famous in that land as a world-class historian and scholar, a prominent voice against the Marcos dictatorship, and one of the most unusual personalities that could be imagined.
CS 1: Beyond Programming

In this special session, we share a variety of ways in which CS 1 courses can broaden their focus beyond programming. These courses strive to effectively introduce the fundamental ideas of computer science, and the importance of computing in broader contexts, without sacrificing programming rigor.
Religious Cognitions and Well-Being: A Meaning Perspective

The vast majority of research on the topic of religion and well-being has focused on behaviors (e.g., service attendance, prayer), motivation (e.g., intrinsic religiousness), or inner experiences (e.g., transcendence). Instead, the present chapter focuses on the important and understudied intersection of religious beliefs and well-being. First, religious beliefs are defined and described as a central feature of meaning making systems. The relevant literature linking religious beliefs and well-being is reviewed and limitations of current research are discussed. A more comprehensive model is then proposed. Directions for future research conclude this chapter.
Abstract 4250: Molecular alterations in the breast associated with early menarche

Background: Menarche, the onset of the female menstruation, is a marker of pubertal timing. Age at menarche varies widely between girls and is highly dependent on nutritional status and body fat accumulation. The occurrence of menarche at an early age is linked to an increased risk of several adverse health conditions later in life, such as obesity, type-2 diabetes, breast and endometrial cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Indeed, for every one year decrease in age at menarche (from an average age at menarche of 12.5 years), breast cancer risk is increased by 5%. Several genome wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variants (i.e. in the LIN28B gene) that are associated with early age at menarche, however little is known about the changes occurring in the breast tissue of women with early menarche. We hypothesize that early age at menarche results in permanent molecular alterations in the breast tissue and that those abnormalities may contribute to the tissue’s susceptibility to carcinogens and breast cancer development. Methods: To test our hypothesis we used the resources available at the Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank at the Indiana University Simon Cancer Center (KTB). We selected histologically normal breast tissue from healthy, young women with either early (age ≤ 10 years) or late menarche (age ≥ 15 years), and matched for age, race, BMI, and menstrual phase. Breast tissue biopsies from these women were microdissected to isolate the breast epithelium and next generation RNA-sequencing was used to generate a transcriptome profile for each sample. Differential expression was performed using DESeq2 in R. The tissue samples were also evaluated using immunostaining. Results/Conclusions: Preliminary data show significant differences when comparing the transcriptome profiles of the microdissected breast epithelium from the early and late menarche sample cohorts. The tissue from women with early menarche had upregulation of genes associated with defense against oxidative stress and/or infectious bacteria (lactotransferrin [LTF], ceruloplasmin [CP]), cell adhesion, (ITGα11, ITGαX, ITGαM, ITGαL, ITGβ2), immune response (CARD9, LAIR1), and had downregulation of ubiquitination pathways (USP40, AMFR) and lipoprotein metabolism (OSBPL1A, LIPH, PIGN). Immunohistochemical evaluation of markers of oxidative stress (LTF, CP), cell proliferation (Ki67), and immune infiltrates (CD45, CD20, CD8, CD68) is underway. Together, this information will give us the opportunity to better understand early age at menarche as a breast cancer risk factor and advance research for women’s health. Citation Format: Mariah L. Johnson, Natascia Marino, Anna Maria V. Storniolo, Bradley A. Hancock, Milan Radovich, George E. Sandusky. Molecular alterations in the breast associated with early menarche [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4250. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4250
Design, specification, implementation and evaluation of a freeway queue warning system

The formation and propagation of queues on urban freeways is an unavoidable result of the ever-increasing traffic demand. This paper presents the design, specification, implementation and evaluation of an infrastructure based Queue Warning system (QWARN) that is capable of detecting dangerous traffic conditions, i.e. crash-prone conditions, on freeways and delivering warning messages to drivers, in order to increase their alertness to these traffic conditions and ultimately reduce the crash frequency on urban freeways. This study utilizes measurements of individual vehicle speeds and time headways at two fixed locations on the freeway mainline. The Queue Warning system was implemented at the right lane of a 1.7-mile-long freeway segment of Interstate 94 WB where the event frequency prior to the systems installation was 11.9 crashes per million vehicles traveled and 111.8 near crashes per million vehicles traveled. The control algorithm assesses the dangerousness of the given traffic condition and responds with a warning result based on a multi-metrics traffic evaluation model. The system translates the warning result into readable messages and delivers them to the two sets of signs located upstream of the detection zone. A three-month investigation of the operations of the QWARN system showed the event frequency reduced to 9.34 crashes per million vehicle traveled and 51.8 near crashes per million vehicle traveled. The result shows a 20% decrease of crash frequency and the feasibility of the proposed methodology.
Financial conflicts of interest among editorialists in high-impact journals.

Prior studies have shown that financial relationships between editorialists and the biopharmaceutical industry are associated with increased likelihood of favorable descriptions of evidence, even when that evidence is unfavorable.1 How financial conflicts among editorialists should be managed—whether disclosure or recusal is necessary—has been a longstanding debate in medicine. In 1990 under editor and chief Arnold Relman, the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) introduced a policy of recusal for editorialists with financial ties to drugs or devices discussed in the editorial.2 This policy was re-affirmed in 1993 by editors Jerome Kassirer and Marcia Angell,3 but in 2002, citing difficulty in recruiting authors, Jeffrey Drazen and Gregory Curfman relaxed this requirement, and instituted the current policy where editorialists ‘not have any significant financial interest in any biomedical company relevant to the topics and products discussed in the article4’, where significant became defined as $10 000 or less in financial conflicts.5 Other journals, such as the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and Annals of Internal Medicine maintain a disclosure policy for relevant conflicts of interest for editorial writers.
Quantum Monte Carlo calculation of neutral-current ν−C12 inclusive quasielastic scattering

Quasielastic neutrino scattering is an important aspect of the experimental program to study fundamental neutrino properties including neutrino masses, mixing angles, mass hierarchy, and charge-conjugation parity (CP)- violating phase. Proper interpretation of the experiments requires reliable theoretical calculations of neutrino-nucleus scattering. In this paper we present calculations of response functions and cross sections by neutral-current scattering of neutrinos off $^{12}\mathrm{C}$. These calculations are based on realistic treatments of nuclear interactions and currents, the latter including the axial, vector, and vector-axial interference terms crucial for determining the difference between neutrino and antineutrino scattering and the CP-violating phase. We find that the strength and energy dependence of two-nucleon processes induced by correlation effects and interaction currents are crucial in providing the most accurate description of neutrino-nucleus scattering in the quasielastic regime.
Recent Developments in Finite Rigid Plasticity

In the context of a strain-space formulation of finite plasticity, a constitutive theory is presented for rate-independent rigid-plastic materials. Both Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of the theory are discussed, and the nature of strain-hardening behavior is analyzed. Arbitrary objective rates are admitted. For special constitutive equations, a number of classical results, including the Hencky theorems, hold even at finite deformations.
A practical guide for making theory contributions in strategic management

Rather than introducing radical new “grand theory” paradigms, most theory contributions in strategic management extend, clarify, or apply received theories in new and interesting ways. Here we offer a guide on how to make these kinds of contributions to theory. Theory usually begins with a research question, which can come from the phenomenon of interest, variations/limitations of existing theory, or intellectual creativity. Along with the question, there are a number of more craftsmanship‐level aspects of a theory where contributions can be made: the mode of theorizing, the level of analysis, an understanding of the underlying phenomenon, causal mechanisms, constructs and variables, and boundary conditions. These aspects of the theory lead to a set of outcomes in the form of explanations, predictions, or prescriptions. The articles in this special issue are interpreted through our framework as illustrations of this approach to making theory contributions.
Species Formed from R2Mg and HMPA in Benzene1

Solutions prepared in benzene from (neopentyl)2Mg and HMPA exhibit NMR absorptions attributed to (neopentyl)Mg(HMPA)2+ and to (neopentyl)3Mg- (equilibrating with (neopentyl)2Mg). Absorptions for these ions are observed only for preparations having HMPA to (neopentyl)2Mg ratios greater than ca. 0.5 and less than ca. 2.
Critical role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in chronic endothelial activation−induced visual deficits in tie2‐tumor necrosis factor mice

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of vision loss among working-age adults. The interplay between hyperglycemia and endothelial activation in inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways and visual deficits in DR is not fully understood. To address this, we used a mouse model of chronic vascular activation using endothelial-specific tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-expressing (tie2-TNF) mice to induce diabetes with streptozotocin. At 4 weeks post streptozotocin, a significant 2-fold to 10-fold increase in retinal neurovascular inflammatory gene transcript response in tie2-TNF mice was further increased in diabetic tie2-TNF mice. A decrease in visual acuity and scotopic b-wave amplitude in tie2-TNF mice was further accentuated in diabetic tie2-TNF mice and these changes correlated with a multi-fold increase in retinal ER stress markers and a reduction in adherens junctions. Cultured retinal endothelial cells showed a significant decrease in trans-endothelial resistance as well as VE-cadherin expression under TNF-α and high glucose stress. These changes were partly rescued by tauroursodeoxycholic acid, a potent ER stress inhibitor. Taken together, constant endothelial activation induced by TNF-α further exacerbated by hyperglycemia results in activation of ER stress and chronic proinflammation in a feed forward loop ultimately resulting in endothelial junction protein alterations leading to visual deficits in the retina. Inhibition of ER stress and endothelial activation may prove to be a novel therapeutic target in DR.
Leisure Constraints to Participation in Competitive Activities and Intramural Sports: Comparing International and Domestic Students

The continuous increase in enrollment of international collegiate students into higher education highlights the importance of assessing diverse leisure opportunities that meet the needs of a diverse student population. The current study assessed the influence of leisure constraints on intramural and competitive sport participation rates between domestic and international students. A total of 273 participants were included for analysis (196 domestic students & 77 international students). International students were observed to have significantly higher intrapersonal and structural leisure constraints to participate in intramural sports, while domestic students had significantly lower leisure constraints. Implications of the study’s findings are discussed to include unique programming strategies for recreation and university administrators.
The prescription opioid crisis: role of the anaesthesiologist in reducing opioid use and misuse

Summary Reports of strategies to prevent and treat the opioid epidemic are growing. Significant attention has been paid to the benefits of opioid addiction research, clinical prescribing, and public policy initiatives in curbing the epidemic. However, the role of the anaesthesiologist in minimising opioid use and misuse remains underexplored. For many patients with an opioid use disorder, the perioperative period represents the source of initial exposure. As perioperative physicians, anaesthesiologists are in the unique position to manage pain effectively while simultaneously decreasing opioid consumption. Multiple opportunities exist for anaesthesiologists to minimise opioid exposure and prevent subsequent persistent opioid use. We present a global strategy for decreasing perioperative opioid use and misuse among surgical patients. A historical perspective of the opioid epidemic is presented, together with an analysis of opioid supply and demand forces. We then present specific temporal strategies for opioid use reduction in the perioperative period. We emphasise the importance of preoperative identification of patients at risk for long-term opioid use and misuse, review the evidence supporting the opioid sparing capacity of individual multimodal analgesic agents, and discuss the benefits of regional anaesthesia for minimising opioid consumption. We describe postoperative and post-discharge tools, including effective multimodal analgesia and the role of a transitional pain service. Finally, we offer general institutional strategies that can be led by anaesthesiologists, identify gaps in knowledge, and offer directions for future research.