cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A NEW SET OF STRUCTURALLY RELATED ENANTIOPURE POLYPYRAZOLYL LIGANDS OF VARYING ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY : SYNTHESIS, METAL COMPLEXATION, AND COMPARISON OF ASYMMETRIC INDUCTION

A new family of enantiomerically pure pyrazoles with a variety of substitutions on a key stereogenic center was synthesized from (R)-(+)-pulegone by a straightforward, large-scale route involving initial construction of the pyrazole ring via formylation/dehydration with hydrazine followed by ozonolysis to yield a readily functionalized ketone (5). Alkylation of 5 with a variety of Grignard reagents, dehydration, hydrogenation, and recrystallization afforded the set of new chiral pyrazoles (7a−c). Cis and/or trans diastereomers of one of these pyrazoles having a phenyl substituent (7a) were elaborated into enantiopure, multidentate C1-symmetric bis(pyrazolyl)diphenylborate (Tl[cis-Ph2Bppm]), C2-symmetric bis(pyrazolyl)methane (cis- and trans-Xpm), and C3-symmetric tris(pyrazolyl)phosphine oxide (cis- and trans-OPpm) and tris(pyrazolyl)hydroborate (K[trans-Tppm]) ligands. Interestingly, epimerization of the benzylic stereogenic center occurred during the synthesis of K[trans-Tppm], as determined by comparis...
Lump detection with a gelsight sensor

A GelSight sensor is a tactile sensing device comprising a clear elastomeric pad covered with a reflective membrane, coupled with optics to measure the membrane's deformations. When the pad is pressed against an object's surface, the membrane changes shape in accord with mechanical and geometrical properties of the object. Since soft tissue is more compliant than hard tissue, one can detect an embedded lump by pressing the GelSight pad against the tissue surface and observing the hump that forms over the lump. We tested this system's sensitivity by constructing phantoms of soft rubber with hard embedded lumps. The system is quite sensitive; for example it could detect a 2mm lump at a depth of 5mm. The sensor was more sensitive than previous tactile lump detectors. It was also better than human observers using their fingertips. Such a capability could help in tumor screening, and could augment the sensory information available in telemedicine or minimally invasive surgery.
A study of hydrogen exchange of monoclonal antibodies: specificity of the antigen-binding induced conformational stabilization.

Amide-hydrogen exchange of three anti-yeast iso-1-cytochrome-c monoclonal antibodies and the Fab, prepared from one of them, were studied by infrared spectrophotometry in the presence and absence of the deuterated immunogen and evolutionarily related species (the deuterated immunogen contained a population of a dimer. Each subunit of the dimer appeared to bind to the antibodies in a manner similar to the monomer). The number of hydrogens of the antibodies whose exchange was suppressed on binding to the immunogen was found to exceed that estimated for the residues shielded by the immunogen. Analysis of the data suggests that such suppression of hydrogen exchange occurs mainly for the Fab domains, but not for the Fc. One of the antibodies showed two distinct classes of amide-hydrogens. Class-1 hydrogens (approx. 36/site) exchange faster than class 2 (approx. 37/site). The exchange of class-1 hydrogens was suppressed by binding to the immunogen, but not to the evolutionarily related species. The exchange of class-2 hydrogens was suppressed by binding to the evolutionarily related species, as well as to the immunogen. Thus, the suppression of exchange of class-1 hydrogens appears to occur by some kind of conformational stabilization, the mechanism of which differentiates between the deuterated immunogen and the evolutionarily related species. Evidence suggests that the trans-interactions of the Fab domains may modulate the hydrogen exchange. If it is assumed that the antigen-binding strengthens the trans-interactions in such a way that the exchange of the slower exchanging hydrogens is suppressed, this could explain the suppression of exchange of exchange of class-2 hydrogens.
Neural coordination: Taking the lead from a model

It is rare these days that theory leads experiment in the biological sciences, but it still happens. A recent study has experimentally confirmed the predictions of a model aimed at explaining how neural networks interact to produce the coordinated patterns of motor activity necessary for effective behavior.
Contributions of stepper lenses to systematic CD errors within exposure fields

We have studied systematic line width (CD) errors as functions of field coordinates for three late-model i-line steppers from different manufacturers by measuring electrical resistance of lines patterned in poly-silicon. The combination of reticle errors with non-linear imaging accounts for a significant fraction of the total line width errors. After removing the effects of reticle errors, CD contour maps are consistent with aberration patterns in which the Strehl intensity is highest at the center of the field.
Thin Films of p-Type CdTe Grown with Ion-Beam-Assisted Doping

The purpose of the present work is to investigate p-CdTe thin films grown by ionassisted doping (IAD). Controlled doping in homo-epitaxial films resulting in carder densities up to 2×10 17 cm -3 was obtained using P ions as the dopant. About 1.5% of the impinging P ions became electrically active in the films. Solar cells of n-CdS/p-CdTe were prepared and used as a diagnostic tool in understanding the p-CdTe films.
A mass merchandiser's role in enhancing pharmacy students' business plan development skills for medication therapy management services.

Objectives. To develop a relationship between a pharmacy management course and a mass merchandiser and to determine whether involving pharmacy managers from the mass merchandiser in the course would enhance student skills in developing a business plan for medication therapy management services. Design. The pharmacy managers from the mass merchandiser participated in lectures, provided panel discussions, and conducted a business plan competition. Learning was assessed by means of 4 examinations and 1 project (ie, the business plan). At the conclusion of the semester, surveys were administered to solicit student input and gain insight from pharmacy managers on the perceived value of this portion of the course. Assessment. Students’ average grade on the business plan assignment, which included the oral presentation, the peer assessment, and the written proposal, was 92.2%. Approximately 60% (n = 53) of surveyed students agreed or strongly agreed that their management skills had improved because of the participation of pharmacy managers from the mass merchandiser. All of the managers enjoyed participating in the experience. Conclusions. The involvement of pharmacy managers from a mass merchandiser enhanced student learning in the classroom, and managers felt that their participation was an important contribution to the development of future pharmacists.
Spectroscopy Of Stored Ions Using Fluorescence Techniques

Fluorescence light is used in spectroscopic experiments on stored ions. We discuss applications in (1) high resolution microwave and rf/optical double resonance spectroscopy, (2) single ion detection, (3) mass spectroscopy and (4) studies of stored ion clouds which exhibit properties of strongly coupled plasmas.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Polar amplification: is atmospheric heat transport important?

Surface albedo feedback is widely believed to be the principle contributor to polar amplification. However, a number of studies have shown that coupled ocean-atmosphere models without ice albedo feedbacks still produce significant polar amplification in 2 × CO2 runs due to atmospheric heat transports and their interaction with surface conditions. In this article, the relative importance of atmospheric heat transport and surface albedo is assessed using a conceptual 2-box energy balance model in a variety of different model climates. While both processes are shown to independently contribute to the polar amplified response of the model, formal feedback analysis indicates that a strong surface albedo response will tend to reduce the effect of atmospheric heat transport in the full model. We identify several scenarios near the present day climate in which, according to this formal feedback analysis, atmospheric heat transport plays no role in shaping the equilibrium warming response to uniform forcing. However, a closer analysis shows that even in these scenarios the presence of atmospheric heat transport feedback does play a significant role in shaping the trajectory by which the climate adjusts to its new equilibrium.
HOW SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS (STEM) PROJECT-BASED LEARNING (PBL) AFFECTS HIGH, MIDDLE, AND LOW ACHIEVERS DIFFERENTLY: THE IMPACT OF STUDENT FACTORS ON ACHIEVEMENT

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether participating in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) project-based learning (PBL) activities effected students who had varied performance levels and to what extent students’ individual factors influenced their mathematics achievement. STEM PBL has been a critical challenge to be embedded in schools, thus the effect of STEM PBL should to be examined. Teachers in 3 high schools attended sustained professional developments provided by 1 STEM center based in a Southwestern university and were required to implement STEM PBLs once in every 6 weeks for 3 years (2008 through 2010). The participants were 836 high school students in these 3 schools who took the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) test and had scores at least in the initial year. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze the data using student’s mathematics TAKS scores and demographic information for the longitudinal study. STEM PBL instruction influenced student achievement in mathematics by both student demographic backgrounds and performance levels. Low performing students showed statistically significantly higher growth rates on mathematics scores than high and middle performing students over the 3 years. In addition, student’s ethnicity and economic status were good predictors of academic achievement. Results of the present study implied that STEM PBLs in schools benefitted low performing students to a greater extent and decreased the achievement gap.
Regulation of neurotrophin-induced axonal responses via Rho GTPases.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) and related neurotrophins induce differential axon growth patterns from embryonic sensory neurons (Lentz et al. [1999] J. Neurosci. 19:1038-1048; Ulupinar et al. [2000a] J. Comp. Neurol 425:622-630). In wholemount explant cultures of embryonic rat trigeminal ganglion and brainstem or in dissociated cell cultures of the trigeminal ganglion, exogenous supply of NGF leads to axonal elongation, whereas neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) treatment leads to short branching and arborization (Ulupinar et al. [2000a] J. Comp. Neurol. 425:622-630). Axonal responses to neurotrophins might be mediated via the Rho GTPases. To investigate this possibility, we prepared wholemount trigeminal pathway cultures from E15 rats. We infected the ganglia with recombinant vaccinia viruses that express GFP-tagged dominant negative Rac, Rho, or constitutively active Rac or treated the cultures with lysophosphatitic acid (LPA) to activate Rho. We then examined axonal responses to NGF by use of the lipophilic tracer DiI. Rac activity induced longer axonal growth from the central trigeminal tract, whereas the dominant negative construct of Rac eliminated NGF-induced axon outgrowth. Rho activity also significantly reduced, and the Rho dominant negative construct increased, axon growth from the trigeminal tract. Similar alterations in axonal responses to NT-3 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were also noted. Our results demonstrate that Rho GTPases play a major role in neurotrophin-induced axonal differentiation of embryonic trigeminal axons.
A decomposition method for quadratic programming

We discuss the algorithms used in the Optimization Subroutine Library for the solution of convex quadratic programming problems. The basic simplex algorithm for convex quadratic programming is described. We then show how the simplex method for linear programming can be used in a decomposition crash procedure to obtain a good initial basic solution for the quadratic programming algorithm. We show how this solution may be used as a starting solution for the simplex-based algorithm. Besides its ability to obtain good starting solutions, this procedure has several additional properties. It can be used directly to find an optimal solution to a quadratic program instead of simply finding a good initial solution; it provides both upper and lower bounds on the objective function value as the algorithm proceeds; it reduces the complexity of intermediate calculations; it avoids certain numerical difficulties that arise in quadratic, but not linear programming
Characterization of Canopy Photosynthesis of Chlorophyll-Deficient Soybean Isolines

The chlorophyll-deficient, near-isogenic lines of the soybean genotype «Clark», Clark y 9 and Clark y 11 , have similar photosynthetic CO 2 -exchange rates (CER) per unit leaf area as the wild-type at full sun photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD). We hypothesized that, because of increased leaf reflectance and transmittance in such lines, more PPFD may penetrate the canopy, causing an increase in canopy CER
INHIBITION OF INSULIN SYNTHESIS BY CYPROHEPTADINE: EFFECTS ON TRANSLATION

The antihistaminic, antiserotonergic drug cyproheptadine (CPH) is known to inhibit insulin synthesis in vivo and in vitro. This inhibition of insulin synthesis occurs without a commensurate decrease in preproinsulin mRNA (PPImRNA) levels, suggesting a post-transcriptional mechanism of action. The goal of the present study was to investigate the direct effects of CPH on translation of PPImRNA in RINm5F cells. Results produced using a subcellular fractionation technique followed by real-time RTPCR indicated that a 2-h 10 M CPH treatment resulted in a decrease in the percentage of cellular PPImRNA associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bound polysomes and increases in the percentages of translationally uninitiated and monoribosome-associated PPImRNA. These alterations in PPImRNA distribution were found to be concentration-dependent, chemical structurespecific, and reversible with a time course consistent with a previously reported CPH-induced inhibition of insulin synthesis. Further investigations to examine the possible effect of CPH on translation initiation were then undertaken by examining the phosphorylation state of the translation initiation factors eIF2, eIF4E, and 4E-BP1 after CPH treatment. CPH (10 M) treatment resulted in increased phosphorylation of eIF2, and decreased phosphorylation of both eIF4E and 4E-BP1. These changes are all consistent with decreased initiation of translation. Taken together, these results suggest that the inhibition of insulin synthesis known to be elicited by CPH treatment of RINm5F cells and intact
Nonlinear Control of Incompressible Fluid Flow: Application to Burgers' Equation and 2D Channel Flow☆

Abstract This paper proposes a methodology for the synthesis of nonlinear finite-dimensional feedback controllers for incompressible Newtonian fluid flows described by two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations. Combination of Galerkin's method with approximate inertial manifolds is employed for the derivation of low-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) systems that accurately describe the dominant dynamics of the flow. These ODE systems are subsequently used as the basis for the synthesis of nonlinear output feedback controllers that guarantee stability and enforce the output of the closed-loop system to follow the reference input asymptotically. The method is successfully used to synthesize nonlinear finite-dimensional output feedback controllers for the Burgers' equation and the two-dimensional channel flow that enhance the convergence rate to the spatially uniform steady-state and the parabolic velocity profile, respectively. The performance of the proposed controllers is successfully tested through simulations and is shown to be superior to the one of linear controllers.
Molecular evidence for a founder effect in invasive house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) populations experiencing an emergent disease epidemic

The impact of founder events on levels of genetic variation in natural populations remains a topic of significant interest. Well-documented introductions provide a valuable opportunity to examine how founder events influence genetic diversity in invasive species. House finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) are passerine birds native to western North America, with the large eastern North American population derived from a small number of captive individuals released in the 1940s. Previous comparisons using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers found equivalent levels of diversity in eastern and western populations, suggesting that any genetic effects of the founder event were ameliorated by the rapid growth of the newly established population. We used an alternative marker system, 10 highly polymorphic microsatellites, to compare levels of genetic diversity between four native and five introduced house finch populations. In contrast to the AFLP comparisons, we found significantly lower allelic richness and heterozygosity in introduced populations across all loci. Three out of five introduced populations showed significant reductions in the ratio of the number of alleles to the allele size range, a within-population characteristic of recent bottlenecks. Finally, native and introduced populations showed significant pairwise differences in allele frequencies in every case, with stronger isolation by distance within the introduced than native range. Overall, our results provide compelling molecular evidence for a founder effect during the introduction of eastern house finches that reduced diversity levels at polymorphic microsatellite loci and may have contributed to the emergence of the Mycoplasma epidemic which recently swept the eastern range of this species.
Comparison between the two theories of cyclotron resonance lineshape for a two-dimensional electron-impurity system

Abstract The cyclotron resonance lineshape for a two-dimensional electron-impurity system is calculated, based on the proper connected diagram expansion of Kubo's formula. The results for the resonance width are in agreement with the Green-function theory of Ando and Uemura in the short-range limit. Discrepancies are appreciable however in the region where the force range is comparable to the radius of the cyclotron orbit corresponding to the lowest Landau states. For the Coulomb interaction, we obtain for the width associated with transitions between n and (n + 1)th Landau levels Γ n = (n + 1) − 1 2 π 1 2 (κ;h) −1 ze 2 n s 1 2 , where ns is the concentration of scatterers. The frequency shifts Δn vanish for any interaction under the present approximations. Our theoretical results are in qualitative agreement with experimental data available.
Polymorphism of Transporter Associated with Antigen Presentation 1 as a Potential Determinant for Severity of Disease in Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis Caused by Human Papillomavirus Types 6 and 11

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare disease caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs). It is characterized by multiple recurrences of benign neoplasms and has a variable clinical course, ranging from infrequent recurrence to acute airway obstruction. One way in which HPV subverts the immune system in RRP is by interfering with TAP1 (transporter associated with antigen presentation 1). We examined whether a known TAP1 polymorphism in the ATPase domain altered the severity of disease in patients with RRP. The presence of this polymorphism was significantly correlated with severity of disease (P = .015). Because of the proximity of the TAP1 gene to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes on chromosome 6, we postulated that a linkage disequilibrium may exist. Of the patients with polymorphic TAP1, 36% were positive for HLADRB1 ⋆ 0102 (P = .021; P = .147 with Bonferroni's correction). However, this association appeared to mitigate the severity of disease (P = .04). Therefore, severity of disease in a patient with RRP might be determined by sequencing TAP1, in conjunction with HLA class II genes.
Educating engineers for times of rapid change

We live in times of rapid change. Today's engineering students must learn to cope with more and more change. The author proposes two educational approaches that will help students react to change. The first is to stress the unchanging fundamentals, and the second is to give students a realistic understanding of the limitations of the engineering process. The author believes that if students see the process as other than ideal it will be easier for them to adjust to changes when they come.
Duplication 12p and Pallister–Killian syndrome: A case report and review of the literature toward defining a Pallister–Killian syndrome minimal critical region

Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS) is a multisystem sporadic genetic condition characterized by facial anomalies, variable developmental delay and intellectual impairment, hypotonia, hearing loss, seizures, pigmentary skin differences, temporal alopecia, diaphragmatic hernia, congenital heart defects, and other systemic abnormalities. PKS is typically caused by the presence of a supernumerary isochromosome composed of the short arms of chromosome 12 resulting in tetrasomy 12p, which is often present in a tissue limited mosaic state. The PKS phenotype has also often been observed in individuals with complete or partial duplications of 12p (trisomy 12p rather than tetrasomy 12p) as the result of an interstitial duplication or unbalanced translocation. We have identified a proposita with PKS who has two small de novo interstitial duplications of 12p which, along with a review of previously reported cases, has allowed us to define a minimum critical region for PKS.
Simultaneous shield and repeater insertion

Resource based optimization for high performance integrated circuits is presented. The methodology is applied to simultaneous shield and repeater insertion, resulting in minimum coupling noise under power, delay, and area constraints. Design expressions exhibiting parabolic noise behavior are compared with SPICE simulations. Due to the parabolic coupled noise behavior, the minimum noise is established. Good agreement between the analytic results and SPICE simulations is shown.
Neurocognitive test performance predicts functional recovery from acute exacerbation leading to hospitalization in bipolar disorder

Objective: Bipolar disorder (BPD) is associated with significant functional morbidity at a rate which is particularly elevated among patients discharged from hospital. The aim of this study was to examine the degree to which neurocognitive test performance, measured following hospitalization for an acute affective episode, is predictive of functional recovery 1 year later. Methods: Seventy-eight Zucker Hillside Hospital patients aged 18–59 years and having Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar I disorder (BPD I), bipolar II disorder (BPD II) or BPD not otherwise specified (NOS) confirmed through a rigorous diagnosis consensus procedure, underwent a comprehensive neurocognitive test battery after initial stabilization (baseline) and were followed for at least 12 months (follow-up). Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and Clinician-Administered Rating Scale for Mania (CARS-M) ratings were made at baseline and follow-up. At follow-up, functionality was assessed using the Multidimensional Scale for Independent Functioning (MSIF). Logistic regression was used to examine the predictive value of each of six validated neurocognitive domains for determining functionality (MSIF) at follow-up. Baseline and follow-up HAM-D and CARS-M were entered as covariates as was number of days between baseline and follow-up. Results: Attention and Ideational Fluency were significantly predictive of functional recovery 12 months later. Residual mania but not depression was associated with 12-month MSIF rating. Lithium and benzodiazepine treatment at the time of neurocognitive testing did not affect the results. Conclusions: This is the first study examining the predictive value of neurocognitive deficits, independent of residual mania or depression, for long-term functional recovery following hospitalization. Selective neurocognitive deficits are predictive of long-term functional recovery and, as such, should be candidate targets in treatment and rehabilitation programs.
Transcriptional activation of cyclin D1 promoter by FAK contributes to cell cycle progression.

Integrin-mediated cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix is required for normal cell growth. Cyclin D1 is a key regulator of G1-to-S phase progression of the cell cycle. Our previous studies have demonstrated that integrin signaling through focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays a role in the regulation of cell cycle progression, which correlates with changes in the expression of cyclin D1 and the cdk inhibitor, p21, induced by FAK. In this report, we first investigated the roles of both cyclin D1 and p21 in the regulation of cell cycle progression by FAK. We found that overexpression of a dominant-negative FAK mutant C14 suppressed cell cycle progression in p21 / cells as effectively as in the control p21 / cells. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of ectopic cyclin D1 could rescue cell cycle inhibition by C14. These results suggested that cyclin D1, but not p21, was the primary functional target of FAK signaling pathways in cell cycle regulation. We then investigated the mechanisms underlying the regulation of cyclin D1 expression by FAK signaling. Using Northern blotting and cyclin D1 promoter/luciferase assays, we showed that FAK signaling regulated cyclin D1 expression at the transcriptional level. Using a series of cyclin D1 promoter mutants in luciferase assays as well as electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), we showed that the EtsB binding site mediated cyclin D1 promoter regulation by FAK. Finally, we showed that FAK regulation of cyclin D1 depends on integrin-mediated cell adhesion and is likely through its activation of the Erk signaling pathway. Together, these studies demonstrate that transcriptional regulation of cyclin D1 by FAK signaling pathways contributes to the regulation of cell cycle progression in cell adhesion.
Recursive XML schemas, recursive XML queries, and relational storage: XML-to-SQL query translation

We consider the problem of translating XML queries into SQL when XML documents have been stored in an RDBMS using a schema-based relational decomposition. Surprisingly, there is no published XML-to-SQL query translation algorithm for this scenario that handles recursive XML schemas. We present a generic algorithm to translate path expression queries into SQL in the presence of recursion in the schema and queries. This algorithm handles a general class of XML-to-relational mappings, which includes all techniques proposed in literature. Some of the salient features of this algorithm are: (i) It translates a path expression query into a single SQL query, irrespective of how complex the XML schema is, (ii) It uses the "with" clause in SQL99 to handle recursive queries even over nonrecursive schemas, (iii) It reconstructs recursive XML subtrees with a single SQL query and (iv) It shows that the support for linear recursion in SQL99 is sufficient for handling path expression queries over arbitrarily complex recursive XML schema.
Competing Norms of Distribution in Coalition Games

Most social psychological studies of coalition formation involve the assignment to subjects of different quantities of some resource such as weights or votes. Most coalition theories assume that these resources, or "sources of entitlement" as they are referred to here, call into play appropriate norms of distribution (such as parity) which determine the outcome of the game. There has been, however, little work on the effect of the competition of such norms when individuals may make competing claims on the basis of the possession of different sources of entitlement. The research reported here represents an initial attempt to assess such effects. Subjects in a three-person coalition game were asked to act as representatives of groups which differed in size, the collective effort of its members, and its ability to increase the total payoff to a coalition. Two studies are reported; one employed responses to a questionnaire, and the second involved role-playing by participants. The results of the questionnaire...
Selection, gene interaction, and flexible gene networks.

Recent results from a variety of different kinds of experiments, mainly using behavior as an assay, and ranging from laboratory selection experiments to gene interaction studies, show that a much wider range of genes can affect phenotype than those identified as “core genes” in classical mutant screens. Moreover, very pleiotropic genes can produce specific phenotypes when mild variants are combined. These studies also show that gene networks readily change configuration and the relationships between interacting genes in response to the introduction of additional genetic variants, suggesting that the networks range widely and have a high degree of flexibility and malleability. Such flexibility, in turn, offers a plausible mechanism for the molding of phenotypes through microevolution, as a prerequisite to making a suitable environment for the acceptance of newly arising large-effect mutations in the transition from microevolution to macroevolution.
Dynamic hierarchical database architecture for location management in PCS networks

This paper introduces a dynamic hierarchical database architecture for location management in personal communications service (PCS) networks. The proposed scheme allows the dynamic adjustments of user location information distribution based on the mobility and calling patterns of the mobile terminals (MTs). A unique distribution strategy is determined for each MT, and location pointers are set up at selected remote locations which indicate the current location of the MTs. This method effectively reduces the signaling and database access overhead for location registration and call delivery. Besides, the required processing is handled by a distributed network of directory registers and centralized coordination is not necessary. The functions of the other network elements, such as the home location register (HLR) and the visitor location registers (VLRs), remain primarily unchanged. This greatly facilitates the deployment of this scheme in current PCS networks.
Human Papillomavirus Carcinogenesis: an Identity Crisis in the Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Pathway

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and need to reprogram host cells to establish long-term persistent infection and/or to produce viral progeny. Cellular changes initiated by the virus trigger cellular defense responses to cripple viral replication, and viruses have evolved countermeasures to neutralize them. Established models have suggested that human papillomaviruses target the retinoblastoma (RB1) and TP53 tumor suppressor networks to usurp cellular replication, which drives carcinogenesis. More recent studies, however, suggest that modulating the activity of the Polycomb family of transcriptional repressors and the resulting changes in epigenetic regulation are proximal steps in the rewiring of cellular signaling circuits. Consequently, RB1 inactivation evolved to tolerate the resulting cellular alterations. Therefore, epigenetic reprograming results in cellular “addictions” to pathways for survival. Inhibition of such a pathway could cause “synthetic lethality” in adapted cells while not markedly affecting normal cells and could prove to be an effective therapeutic approach.
Exploitation of latent allostery enables the evolution of new modes of MAP kinase regulation.

Summary Allosteric interactions provide precise spatiotemporal control over signaling proteins, but how allosteric activators and their targets coevolve is poorly understood. Here, we trace the evolution of two allosteric activator motifs within the yeast scaffold protein Ste5 that specifically target the mating MAP kinase Fus3. One activator (Ste5-VWA) provides pathway insulation and dates to the divergence of Fus3 from its paralog, Kss1; a second activator (Ste5-FBD) that tunes mating behavior is, in contrast, not conserved in most lineages. Surprisingly, both Ste5 activator motifs could regulate MAP kinases that diverged from Fus3 prior to the emergence of Ste5, suggesting that Ste5 activators arose by exploiting latent regulatory features already present in the MAPK ancestor. The magnitude of this latent allosteric potential drifts widely among pre-Ste5 MAP kinases, providing a pool of hidden phenotypic diversity that, when revealed by new activators, could lead to functional divergence and to the evolution of distinct signaling behaviors.
Emotion Regulation Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: Cognitive Change Strategies Fail to Decrease the Neural Response to Unpleasant Stimuli

Contrary to early conceptualizations of emotional experience in schizophrenia (SZ), recent research indicates that patients do not self-report less in-the-moment pleasure than controls (CN). Rather, patients report experiencing elevated levels of negative emotionality in response to a range of evocative stimuli. In this study, we examined the possibility that elevations in negative emotionality in SZ may reflect an underlying emotion regulation abnormality. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from outpatients with SZ (n = 25) and demographically matched healthy controls (n = 21) during passive viewing of unpleasant and neutral photographs. Unpleasant images were preceded by an audio description that described the image as being either negative or neutral. Neutral images were preceded by neutral audio descriptions. The late positive potential (LPP), an ERP component sensitive to cognitive change strategies, was examined as an index of emotion regulation. Both CN and SZ showed an increased LPP to negatively described unpleasant images compared with neutral images. In addition, CN showed evidence of emotion regulation, as reflected by a smaller LPP for unpleasant images preceded by a neutral descriptor, relative to a negative descriptor. In contrast, SZ patients showed an inability to downregulate emotional response, as evidenced by no difference in the amplitude of the LPP for unpleasant images preceded by negative or neutral descriptors. Findings provide neurophysiological evidence for an emotion regulation abnormality in SZ and suggest that failures in cognitive change may underlie increased negative emotionality in SZ.
Neurocognitive Deficits After Radiation Therapy for Brain Malignancies

Radiotherapy (RT) has proven to be an effective therapeutic tool in treatment of a wide variety of brain tumors; however, it has a negative impact on quality of life and neurocognitive function. Cognitive dysfunction associated with both the disease and adverse effects of RT is one of the most concerning complication among long-term survivors. The effects of RT to brain can be divided into acute, early delayed, and late delayed. It is, however, the late delayed effects of RT that lead to severe neurological consequences such as minor-to-severe cognitive deficits due to irreversible focal or diffuse necrosis of brain parenchyma. In this review, we discuss current and emerging data regarding the relationship between RT and neurocognitive outcomes, and therapeutic strategies to prevent/treat postradiation neurocognitive deficits.
Family and Professional Perspectives on Early Intervention An Exploration Using Focus Groups

This study presents findings from a series of focus groups conducted to explore parent and professional experiences and perspectives regarding inclusion and early intervention. The 45 focus group p...
Highly purified pp60src induces the actin transformation in microinjected cells and phosphorylates selected cytoskeletal proteins in vitro.

Abstract The src gene product of Rous sarcoma virus (pp60src) was highly purified from a rat tumor cell line and shown to have physiological actin transformation activity in a cellular microinjection assay that measures the dissolution of actin microfilament bundles in vivo. The purified pp60src fraction consisted of two major proteins, seen on silver-stained sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels: a 60,000-dalton (60K) protein, identified as pp60src by immunoprecipitation with tumor-bearing rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) and peptide mapping, and an unrelated 65K protein. There was no evidence for proteolytic cleavage of pp60src. A 7,000-fold purification of the tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity of pp60src was achieved by this procedure. Purified pp60src phosphorylated tumor-bearing rabbit IgG heavy chains, casein, histones H1 and H2B, tubulin, and microtubule-associated proteins when assayed in vitro. When incubated with [γ-32P]ATP in the absence of exogenous phosphoacceptor substrates, purified pp60src became labeled with 32P at the tyrosine residues exclusively. Phosphatase and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activities were undetectable in the purified fraction. Microinjection of highly purified pp60src into the cytoplasm of normal Swiss 3T3 mouse fibroblasts caused rapid and reversible dissolution of actin stress fibers, as visualized by indirect immunofluorescence with actin antibodies. The actin-disrupting activity was thermolabile and sensitive to inhibition by coinjection of tumor-bearing rabbit IgG, and purified to about the same extent (8,000-fold) as did the IgG kinase activity of pp60src, thus implicating pp60src as the active agent. Examination of actin-associated proteins as substrates for the pp60src kinase in vitro showed that vinculin was phosphorylated directly by pp60src, although to a small extent. Actin, myosin, and tropomyosin were not phosphorylated. Thus, pp60src purified by this procedure retains native functional properties and provides a useful probe for analyzing transformation-dependent changes in actin cytoarchitecture.
The Term Structure of Interest Rates in India

We examine the term structure of interest rates in India to see if the yield curve can be rationalized based on the ‘expectations hypothesis’. Although we find evidence of predictability for holding period returns, we reject the null hypothesis that the expectations hypothesis holds for the period under consideration. Contrary to the finding in the US, the volatility of Indian bond returns is consistent with the expectations hypothesis. Returns on long-term bonds are less volatile than those of short-term bonds. The volatility puzzle documented by Shiller on US data is not observed in Indian bond returns.
Responses to the Discovery of Unethical Acts An Organizational Identity and Reputation Perspective

There has recently been a growth in research that examines how corporations respond to allegations of unethical actions. Although scholars have gained much insight about the range of responses avai...
The Current Targeting Process

This chapter examines the current targeting process. It begins by defining targeting as the process of selecting and prioritizing targets and matching the appropriate response to them, considering operational requirements and capabilities. The essential elements of targeting are highlighted: a process orientation, awareness of one’s own capabilities, and, perhaps most significantly, a linkage to a specific requirement. It then defines what the targeting process is not: arbitrary, fixated on the impossible or random. Next, this chapter lays out the targeting process by examining the US and NATO deliberate processes, along with their identical F2T2EA (Find, Fix, Track, Target, Engage, Assess) dynamic process. The author describes a targeting process that encompasses four steps: (1) objectives and guidance; (2) planning; (3) execution; and (4) assessment. This chapter identifies six dynamics that inform and influence the current targeting process: (1) tension between the art and science of targeting; (2) equal demands to both speed up and slow down the targeting cycle; (3) high demand for precision; (4) avoidance or at least mitigation of collateral damage; (5) non-lethal capabilities, increasingly relevant in today’s targeting; and (6) cognitive approach as the bedrock targeting principle. The author concludes by examining the future of the targeting process through the lens of robotics. As Artificial Intelligence increases, precision becomes more exact, the need for human beings in the loop lessen and greater isolation occurs from actual combat on the ground. These are unnerving possibilities that could impact targeting dynamics. For now, targeting remains focused on influence and coercion, leading one to the inescapable conclusion that targeting is a human activity. And this human activity, undertaken by humans and focused on other humans, drives the current targeting process.
Large diameter femoral heads: is bigger always better?

Dislocation remains among the most common complications of, and reasons for, revision of both primary and revision total hip replacements (THR). Hence, there is great interest in maximising stability to prevent this complication. Head size has been recognised to have a strong influence on the risk of dislocation post-operatively. As femoral head size increases, stability is augmented, secondary to an increase in impingement-free range of movement. Larger head sizes also greatly increase the ‘jump distance’ required for the head to dislocate in an appropriately positioned cup. Level-one studies support the use of larger diameter heads as they decrease the risk of dislocation following primary and revision THR. Highly cross-linked polyethylene has allowed us to increase femoral head size, without a marked increase in wear. However, the thin polyethylene liners necessary to accommodate larger heads may increase the risk of liner fracture and larger heads have also been implicated in causing soft-tissue impingement resulting in groin pain. Larger diameter heads also impart larger forces on the femoral trunnion, which may contribute to corrosion, metal release, and adverse local tissue reactions. Alternative large bearings including large ceramic heads and dual mobility bearings may mitigate some of these risks, and several of these devices have been used with clinical success. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B(11 Suppl A):23–6.
Secondary exposure risks to patients in an airborne isolation room: Implications for anteroom design

Abstract Placing an Airborne Infectious Isolation Room (AIIR) into a negative pressure has proven to protect the hospital from fatal pathogens such as tuberculosis and other airborne diseases. However, this pressurization strategy could increase the risk of isolation patients acquiring secondary infections from contaminated air drawn in from adjacent spaces. As a result, an actual hospital was used to observe the transport of aerosol from a general patient room and nurse station to a nearby airborne infectious isolation room. Two experimental studies were designed to analyze the performance of a negative anteroom. Aerosols ≤3.0 μm (viruses and most airborne bacteria) were found to be capable of migrating out of a general patient room to the vicinity of the nurse station. Concentrations of aerosols within the anteroom and isolation room increased from ambient when injected at the nurse station, indicating the capability of aerosols to migrate into the isolation room upon negative pressurization. Subsequently, a series of CFD models, validated by the experiments, were developed to simulate a positively pressurized anteroom. An anteroom with a positive pressure was shown to effectively terminate cross-contamination between the corridor and the isolation room in both directions.
Clinical Applications of Epigenomics

Abstract Epigenetic programs are critical to normal cellular development and differentiation programs. These facts are supported by evolving knowledge of epigenetic regulatory controls that go awry in disease states, including cancer, perhaps the most vigorously studied to date. If we consider that the field of epigenomics is at its scientific infancy, then by that analogy, clinical applications are at a neonatal developmental stage. The quest for knowledge of the complete set of epigenetic modifications of the cellular material of normal and diseased tissues of an individual provides the same anticipation for breakthrough diagnostic understanding and new therapeutic opportunities projected for genetic advances when automated, large-capacity genomic technologies first became available. In this chapter, we primarily review investigations of cancer epigenomes, to illustrate the potential clinical applications of epigenomics. Not far behind, however, are evolving discoveries and applications in other fields of medicine. Potential future developments are discussed in this chapter.
Education and Employment Among Arab Americans: Pathways to Individual Identity and Community Resilience

Education and employment are highly valued in Arab culture owing to the manner in which both bring honor to the family. Achievement in both areas enhances psychological resilience, including cognitive and social competence, and academic success lays the groundwork for occupational success. Both schools and jobs are embedded in larger ecological systems which have witnessed an increase in anti-Arab bias following September 11, thereby requiring greater resilience on the part of Arab Americans to succeed. Increased bias complicates the developmental task of identity formation; yet, as socializing contexts, features of both schools and work can also serve as protective factors. This chapter describes aspects of both settings which can serve to support resilience on the part of Arab Americans while also requiring resilience in adapting to institutional sources of bias. Resilience is conceived of as a socially constructed process developing within an ecological framework rather than as a static trait.
Partition Membranes for Aqueous Dialysis

One of the purposes of this symposium is to focus on the state-of-the-art of a problem area — hopefully, to stimulate new ideas and approaches. Of interest in this section is the area of membranes for artificial kidney devices.
1973 Episodic Memory

The brain can represent past events as episodes in which visual, auditory, olfactory and other associations with a situation can be recalled and used to project potential future events.
High-brightness lasers on silicon by beam combining

High-brightness lasers are widely used in fields such as spectroscopy, infrared countermeasures, free-space communication, and industrial manufacturing. Integration of a broad-band, multi-spectral laser is made possible by heterogeneously integrating multiple gain materials on one silicon (Si) substrate chip. A single multi-spectral output with high beam quality can be achieved by wavelength beam combining in multiple stages: within the gain bandwidth of each laser material and then coarsely combining each spectral band to a single output waveguide. To make power scaling feasible with this system, heterogeneously integrated lasers spanning the near- to the mid-infrared with corresponding low-loss wavelength beam combining elements on chip must be demonstrated. In this work, a review of multi-spectral lasers integrated on Si is presented and various waveguide materials are discussed for spanning the visible to the mid-infrared. Recent work integrating 2.0μm diode and 4.8μm quantum cascade lasers on Si extend the previously available 1.3μm and 1.5μm diode lasers on Si to the mid-infrared. Spectral beam combining elements for spanning the visible to the mid-infrared with low loss are discussed.