cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The behavior of liquid bridges between two relatively moving particles

Abstract The strength and rupture point of a liquid phase between two moving spherical particles in air were studied experimentally and theoretically. The liquid forms an axisymmetrical bridge when the particles are in close proximity which subsequently elongates and finally ruptures as the spheres are moved away from each other in an axial direction. The resistance of the liquid to the movement of the spheres (bridge strength) was measured using a strain gauge and high-speed photography. It was found that dynamic bridges are much stronger than geometrically identical static bridges where the attraction force is due to surface tension only. The force required to separate two moving particles is sometimes orders of magnitude higher than that required in static systems because the viscosity of the fluid resists the motion in the dynamic case. These findings explain why in fluidized beds, for example, where either high temperatures create sticky granules by surface softening (melting) or an added liquid creates a viscous surface coating, quenching or collapsing of the bed is such a catastrophic phenomenon. It also explains why in other systems such as coating and drying devices and wet powder processing, small amounts of fluid drastically change the properties and the behavior of the system.
Species specificity in serum albumins

Abstract 1. 1. The serum albumins of six mammalian species have been studied by methods which permit comparison of their primary structure. 2. 2. Chromatograms of the peptides produced by tryptic digestion of performate-oxidized proteins revealed patterns indicating major species differences. 3. 3. Possible explanations of the basis for these structural differences and a rationalization of the results with known physical and physiological properties of the serum albumins have been advanced.
FROM FLUORESCENCE TO FITNESS: VARIATION IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATE AFFECTS FECUNDITY AND SURVIVORSHIP

Genetic variation in photosynthetic traits within populations provides the potential for evolution, but few studies relate phenotypic variation in these traits to variation in fitness. We tested the prediction that a lower photosynthetic rate reduces fecundity and survivorship by comparing wild-type (WT) Amaranthus hybridus family lines to those having a single-gene mutation that confers resistance to atrazine (R) and lowers the rate of photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Wild-type and R family lines with nearly uniform nuclear genomes were used to minimize the confounding effects of other loci. We established experimental populations in agricultural and one-year-old field plots and measured chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange, and the fecundity and survivorship of WT and R genotypes for two generations. The R genotype had a lower efficiency of electron transport through photosystem II, which translated into a 20–30% decrease in photosynthetic rate at light levels above 400 μmol·m−2·s−1. Compared to the WT, the R genotype also had lower water-use efficiency, higher specific leaf area, and greater leaf nitrogen concentration on a mass, but not area, basis. In five of six replicate populations, the R genotype had lower fecundity than the WT in the first generation. Survivorship of seed over winter was similar for the two genotypes, but survivorship of R seedlings during early establishment was lower than the WT in the agricultural field. The consistent pattern of selection against the R genotype during vegetative growth stages suggests that a lower photosynthetic rate reduces fitness. This selection, paired with heritable variation for photosynthetic traits within populations, provides a more complete scenario for the evolution of photosynthetic traits.
Protective Resistance to Experimental Borrelia burgdorferi Infection of Mice by Adoptive Transfer of a CD4+ T Cell Clone

The anti-spirochete T cell immune response to immunization with Borrelia burgdorferi was investigated. The cellular immune response to vaccination of immunocompetent BALB/c mice was characterized initially in vitro by assay of the proliferative response of primary lymph node cells to B. burgdorferi sonicate. Subsequently, an anti-spirochete T cell line (RBN2.1) and clone (97.1) were derived from lymph node cells of BALB/c mice primed with B. burgdorferi antigen. Both the line and clone were CD4+ by flow cytometric analysis. Significantly, RBN2.1 and clone 97.1 were able to transfer resistance to infection to syngeneic naive recipients. Assay of antigen-specific interleukin-2, interleukin-4, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma production demonstrated that clone 97.1 was of the Th2 subclass. When B. burgdorferi sonicate was fractionated on SDS-PAGE and then electroeluted, clone 97.1 was reactive exclusively to a spirochete protein of approximately 21 kDa. These data suggest that T-cell-mediated protective immunity to infection by B. burgdorferi can be elicited by active immunization.
The effects of distal limb segment shortening on locomotor efficiency in sloped terrain: implications for Neandertal locomotor behavior.

Past studies of human locomotor efficiency focused on movement over flat surfaces and concluded that Neandertals were less efficient than modern humans due to a truncated limb morphology, which may have developed to aid thermoregulation in cold climates. However, it is not clear whether this potential locomotor disadvantage would also exist in nonflat terrain. This issue takes on added importance since Neandertals likely spent a significant proportion of their locomotor schedule on sloped, mountainous terrains in the Eurasian landscape. Here a model is developed that determines the relationship between lower limb segment lengths, terrain slope, excursion angle at the hip, and step length. The model is applied to Neandertal and modern human lower limb reconstructions. In addition, for a further independent test that also allows more climate-terrain cross comparisons, the same model is applied to bovids living in different terrains and climates. Results indicate that: (1) Neandertals, despite exhibiting shorter lower limbs, would have been able to use similar stride frequencies per speed as longer-limbed modern humans on sloped terrain, due to their lower crural indices; and (2) shortened distal limb segments are characteristic of bovids that inhabit more rugged terrains, regardless of climate. These results suggest that the shortened distal lower limb segments of Neandertals were not a locomotor disadvantage within more rugged environments.Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Heat capacity of plutonium dioxide below 325° K

The low-temperature heat capacity behavior of PuO/sub 2/ was found to be anomalous and irreproducible, changing slightly after every one of seven liquid helium coolings. Data obtained from a second series of liquid helium coolings, made after refiring three of four original FuO/sub 2/ wafers in air, were consistent with the last run of the first series. The final low-temperature heat capacity vs temperature curve was more like that reported for ThO/sub 2/ than it was for similar curves reported for UO/sub 2/ and NpO/sub 2/. A least squares equation relating heat capacity and temperature is given for the low-temperature region. Values of heat capacity, entropy, and enthalpy are listed for several temperatures. (auth)
Rapid design of neural networks for time series prediction

The article explores the possibility of rapidly designing an appropriate neural net (NN) for time series prediction based on information obtained from stochastic modeling. Such an analysis could provide some initial knowledge regarding the choice of an NN architecture and parameters, as well as regarding an appropriate data sampling rate. Stochastic analysis provides a complementary approach to previously proposed dynamical system analysis for NN design. Based on E. Takens's theorem (1981), an estimate of the dimension m of the manifold from which the time series originated can be used to construct an NN model using 2m+1 external inputs. This design is further extended by M.A.S. Potts and D.S. Broomhead (1991) who first embed the state space of a discrete time dynamical system in a manifold of dimension n>>2m+1, which is further projected to its 2m+1 principal components used as external inputs in a radial basis function NN model for time series prediction. Our approach is to perform an initial stochastic analysis of the data and to choose an appropriate NN architecture, and possibly initial values for the NN parameters, according to the most adequate linear model.
The Effect of the Wet Granulation Process on Drug Dissolution

AbstractWet granulation can be an important processing step for pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. In this investigation emphasis was directed towards the influence of a “simple” wet granulation process on drug release from granules and their resulting tablets. Direct compression blends of the same materials were used as controls. Binary mixtures containing a 5% level of either theophylline, hydrochlorothiazide or chlorpheniramine maleate in microcrystalline cellulose or lactose were granulated with water. Experimentally, the powders were dry blended in a planetary mixer, wet granulated, and subsequently wet milled and dried. No dry milling step was included. Granule characterization consisted of particle size, density, porosity, compression and dissolution testing. Dissolution results varied with the drug, as expected, and dissolution at 10 minutes ranged from 35 to 95 % release. In general, however, the results indicate that dissolution from granules and the corresponding direct compression blend are si...
ECOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROLS OF SPECIES COMPOSITION IN GREEN MACROALGAL BLOOMS

Green macroalgal blooms have substantially altered marine community structure and function, specifically by smothering seagrasses and other primary producers that are critical to commercial fisheries and by creating anoxic conditions in enclosed embayments. Bottom-up factors are viewed as the primary drivers of these blooms, but increasing attention has been paid to biotic controls of species composition. In Washington State, USA, blooms are often dominated by Ulva spp. intertidally and Ulvaria obscura subtidally. Factors that could cause this spatial difference were examined, including competition, grazer preferences, salinity, photoacclimation, nutrient requirements, and responses to nutrient enrichment. Ulva specimens grew faster than Ulvaria in intertidal chambers but not significantly faster in subtidal chambers. Ulva was better able to acclimate to a high-light environment and was more tolerant of low salinity than Ulvaria. Ulvaria had higher tissue N content, chlorophyll, chlorophyll b: chlorophyll a, and protein content than Ulva. These differences suggest that nitrogen availability could affect species composition. A suite of five grazers preferred Ulva to Ulvaria in choice experiments. Thus, bottom-up factors allow Ulva to dominate the intertidal zone while resistance to grazers appears to allow Ulvaria to dominate the subtidal zone. While ulvoid algae are in the same functional-form group, they are not functionally redundant.
“If They Don't Read Much, How They Ever Gonna Get Good?”

While acknowledging the importance of practice in developing reading competence, the author questions whether incentive programs (such as Accelerated Reader or the Pizza Hut Book It! program) are useful, particularly for struggling readers. She asks, “Do popular incentive programs accomplish their goal—particularly for struggling readers? Do your struggling readers read more and read more willingly because of the incentive programs you have in place?” Her experience makes her believe that the opposite is true, and that such programs are actually “demotivating” most struggling readers.
Mapping pre-European settlement vegetation at fine resolutions using a hierarchical Bayesian model and GIS

In the Midwestern United States, the General Land Office (GLO) survey records provide the only reasonably accurate data source of forest composition and tree species distribution at the time of pre-European settlement (circa late 1800 to early 1850). However, GLO data have two fundamental limitations: coarse spatial resolutions (the square mile section and half mile distance between quarter corner and section corner) and point data format, which are insufficient to describe vegetation that is continuously distributed over the landscape. Thus, geographic information system and statistical infer- ence methods to map GLO data and reconstruct historical vegetation are needed. In this study, we applied a hierarchical Bayesian approach that combines species and environment relationships and explicit spatial dependence to map GLO data. We showed that the hierarchical Bayesian approach (1) is effective in predicting historical vegetation distribution, (2) is robust at multiple classification levels (species, genus, and functional groups), (3) can be used to derive vegetation patterns at fi ne resolutions (e.g., in this study, 120 m) when the corresponding environmental data exist, and (4) is applicable to relatively moderate map sizes (e.g., 792 · 763 pixels) due to the limitation of computa- tional capacity. Our predictions of historical vege- tation from this study provide a quantitative and spatial basis for restoration of natural floodplain vegetation. An important assumption in this approach is that the current environmental covari- ates can be used as surrogates for the historical environmental covariates, which are often not available. Our study showed that terrain and soil covariates least affected by past natural and anthro- pogenic alternations can be used as covariates for GLO vegetation mapping.
Variable N-type negative resistance in an injection-gated double-injection diode

Double-injection (DI) switching devices consist of p+and n+contacts (for hole and electron injection, respectively), separated by a near intrinsic semiconductor region containing deep traps. Under proper conditions, these devices exhibit S-type differential negative resistance (DNR) [1]-[10] similar to silicon-controlled rectifiers. With the added influence of a p+gate appropriately placed between the anode (p+) and cathode (n+), the current-voltage characteristic of the device has been manipulated for the first time to exhibit a variable N-type DNR. The anode current and the anode-to-cathode voltage levels at which this N-type DNR is observed can be varied by changing the gate-to-cathode bias. In essence, the classical S-type D1 diode can be electronically transformed into an N-type diode. A first-order phenomenological model is proposed for the N-type DNR.
Molecular signals required for the establishment and maintenance of ectomycorrhizal symbioses

Summary Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbioses are among the most widespread associations between roots of woody plants and soil fungi in forest ecosystems. These associations contribute significantly to the sustainability and sustainagility of these ecosystems through nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms controlling the mutual recognition between both partners are still poorly understood. Elegant work has demonstrated that effector proteins from ECM and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi regulate host defenses by manipulating plant hormonal pathways. In parallel, genetic and evolutionary studies in legumes showed that a ‘common symbiosis pathway’ is required for the establishment of the ancient AM symbiosis and has been recruited for the rhizobia–legume association. Given that genes of this pathway are present in many angiosperm trees that develop ectomycorrhizas, we propose their potential involvement in some but not all ECM associations. The maintenance of a successful long-term relationship seems strongly regulated by resource allocation between symbiotic partners, suggesting that nutrients themselves may serve as signals. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the early and late signal exchanges between woody plants and ECM fungi, and we suggest future directions for decoding the molecular basis of the underground dance between trees and their favorite fungal partners.
A Faceted Requirements-Driven Approach to Service Design and Composition

The Web services research community has proposed a number of approaches for service composition, ranging from manual to semi-automatic to completely automatic. However, it is often difficult to take independently developed services and compose them, since they may not work together correctly. For service composition to occur, the services in question must be designed and developed in a manner that facilitates their composition. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for service design and composition that combines top-down and bottom-up elements. Our approach is driven by faceted, tag-based functional requirements provided by end-users. These requirements describe, at a high-level, the families of compositions that end-users desire. The requirements kick off a top-down service development lifecycle, where enterprise architects and service developers design, develop and test workflows and services, possibly reusing existing flows and services in the process. At runtime, end-users can specify goals, which are satisfied through a bottom-up composition of flows from the available services. The composed flows include those explicitly designed by the architects as well as new ones that are assembled in a serendipitous manner from the available services. With examples from a case study in the financial services domain, we demonstrate our approach for designing and developing services that can be composed into myriad workflows based on end-user goals.
Self-Preparation Stannous Fluoride Prophylactic Technique in Preventive Dentistry: Report after Two Years

A study was done on 18- to 22-year-old enlisted men in the US Navy to test the cariostatic potential of a self-preparation stannous fluoride prophylaxis technique. An improved treatment method was sought because of the time required for professional application of the three-agent stannous fluoride treatment used in the Navy’s preventive dentistry program. Results after two years showed significant reductions in DMFS and DMFT increments in the treated groups when compared to the control groups.
Rho1 regulates Drosophila adherens junctions independently of p120ctn

During animal development, adherens junctions (AJs) maintain epithelial cell adhesion and coordinate changes in cell shape by linking the actin cytoskeletons of adjacent cells. Identifying AJ regulators and their mechanisms of action are key to understanding the cellular basis of morphogenesis. Previous studies linked both p120catenin and the small GTPase Rho to AJ regulation and revealed that p120 may negatively regulate Rho. Here we examine the roles of these candidate AJ regulators during Drosophila development. We found that although p120 is not essential for development, it contributes to morphogenesis efficiency, clarifying its role as a redundant AJ regulator. Rho has a dynamic localization pattern throughout ovarian and embryonic development. It preferentially accumulates basally or basolaterally in several tissues, but does not preferentially accumulate in AJs. Further, Rho1 localization is not obviously altered by loss of p120 or by reduction of core AJ proteins. Genetic and cell biological tests suggest that p120 is not a major dose-sensitive regulator of Rho1. However, Rho1 itself appears to be a regulator of AJs. Loss of Rho1 results in ectopic accumulation of cytoplasmic DE-cadherin, but ectopic cadherin does not accumulate with its partner Armadillo. These data suggest Rho1 regulates AJs during morphogenesis, but this regulation is p120 independent.
From Behaviorism to Neobehaviorism

Nelson’s (1975) detailed article on behaviorism and stimulus-response theory provides an opportunity for me to reformulate my own viewpoint and to clarify certain confusions in the informal discussion I gave of my formal results on the stimulus-response theory of finite automata (Suppes, 1969b).
Innate Recognition by Host Fish of their Cleaning Symbiont

Naive damselfish, Dascyllus albisella, were tested for their initial response to the Hawaiian cleaning wrasse, Labroides phthirophagus. Contrary to some current theory, some individuals, including both lab-reared and wild-caught fish, showed a full ‘pose’ response to visual stimuli from the cleaner without prior tactile stimulation, while others failed to show this response even after 4 d of exposure to visual and tactile stimuli. These individual differences could have resulted from innate differences or uncontrolled variables in their experience.
Ultrasensitive biomolecular assays with amplifying nanowire FET biosensors

In this paper, we review our recent development and validation of the ultrasensitive electronic biomolecular assays enabled by our novel amplifying nanowire field-effect transistor (nwFET) biosensors. Our semiconductor nwFET biosensor platform technology performs extreme proximity signal amplification in the electrical domain that requires neither labeling nor enzymes nor optics. We have designed and fabricated the biomolecular assay prototypes and developed the corresponding analytical procedures. We have also confirmed their analytical performance in quantitating key protein biomarker in human serum, demonstrating an ultralow limit of detection and concurrently high output current level for the first time.
Effect of Electrospun Fibers on the Interlaminar Properties of Woven Composites

Failure by delamination of composite laminates due to low velocity impact damages is critical because of the subsurface nature of delamination. Traditional methods such as stitching and Zpinning, while improving interlaminar properties in woven composites, lead to a reduction of the inplane properties. To alleviate these problems, use of Tetra Ethyl Orthosilicate (TEOS) nano fibers manufactured using electrospinning technique in fiber Glass-Epon composite laminates is investigated for their potential to improve the interlaminar properties. Electrospun coated fiber glass woven mats are impregnated with epoxy resin using Heated-Vaccum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (H-VARTM) process. The interlaminar properties of the nano engineered hybrid composites obtained using ASTM Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) tests and short beam shear tests are compared with those without the presence of electrospun fiber layers, to study their influence. The short beam shear tests revealed a 20% improvement due to presence of TEOS interlaminar electrospun nanofibers. It is also noteworthy that fibers cured at different temperature levels had variation in performance as observed in MSBS test results.
Clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic characteristics of intestinal lymphangiectasia in dogs: 17 cases (1996-1998).

Objective—To characterize the clinical, clinicopathologic, and imaging findings in dogs with intestinal lymphangiectasia and to compare the histologic grade of lymphangiectasia with clinicopathologic and imaging abnormalities. Design—Retrospective study. Animals—17 dogs with a histologic diagnosis of intestinal lymphangiectasia. Procedure—Medical records of dogs with a histologic diagnosis of intestinal lymphangiectasia were reviewed for signalment, history, clinical signs, results of exploratory laparotomy, and clinicopathologic, radiographic, ultrasonographic, and histologic findings. Results—Mean age of dogs was 8.3 years; the most common clinical signs were diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, and weight loss. Abnormal physical examination findings included dehydration, ascites, and signs of pain on palpation of the abdomen. The most notable clinicopathologic findings were low serum ionized calcium concentration and hypoalbuminemia. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed in 12 dogs and revealed in...
IL-21 and CD40L Synergistically Promote Plasma Cell Differentiation through Upregulation of Blimp-1 in Human B Cells

After undergoing Ig somatic hypermutation and Ag selection, germinal center (GC) B cells terminally differentiate into either memory or plasma cells (PCs). It is known that the CD40L and IL-21/STAT3 signaling pathways play critical roles in this process, yet it is unclear how the B cell transcription program interprets and integrates these two types of T cell-derived signals. In this study, we characterized the role of STAT3 in the GC-associated PC differentiation using purified human tonsillar GC B cells and a GC B cell-like cell line. When primary GC B cells were cultured under PC differentiation condition, STAT3 inhibition by AG490 prevented the transition from GC centrocytes to preplasmablast, suggesting that STAT3 is required for the initiation of PC development. In a GC B cell-like human B cell line, although IL-21 alone can induce low-level Blimp-1 expression, maximum Blimp-1 upregulation and optimal PC differentiation required both IL-21 and CD40L. CD40L, although having no effect on Blimp-1 as a single agent, greatly augmented the amplitude and duration of IL-21-triggered Jak-STAT3 signaling. In the human PRDM1 locus, CD40L treatment enhanced the ability of STAT3 to upregulate Blimp-1 by removing BCL6, a potent inhibitor of Blimp-1 expression, from a shared BCL6/STAT3 site in intron 3. Thus, IL-21 and CD40L collaborate through at least two distinct mechanisms to synergistically promote Blimp-1 activation and PC differentiation.
Deadly Symbiosis: When Ghetto and Prison Meet and Mesh

To explain the astounding over-representation of blacks behind bars that has driven mass imprisonment in the United States, one must break out of the `crime-and-punishment' paradigm to reckon the e...
Minimax policies for a two-location/ two-product inventory system

This paper deals with a one period, single-item-twolocation/ two-product inventory distribution problem. A function called the maximum inventory cost, is defined and its expected value is used to derive minimax lot-sizing policies. The resulting policies are shown to avoid shortages as much as possible. Exponential and uniform demand distributions are discussed.
Rectal Wall Recurrence of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma

Case 1. A 60-year-old man was treated with 72 Gy. external beam radiation therapy for Gleason score 4 3 adenocarcinoma of the prostate diagnosed by transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy. After treatment prostate specific antigen (PSA) decreased to 1.3 ng./ml. One year later PSA had increased to 2.0 ng./ml. Transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy revealed recurrent prostatic adenocarcinoma. Salvage cryosurgical ablation of the prostate was then performed, after which PSA decreased to less than 0.5 ng./ml. Three years after primary therapy, repeat transrectal ultrasound was performed for a superficial palpable nodule noted on digital rectal examination. At that time PSA was 1.8 ng./ml. Transrectal ultrasound demonstrated a fusiform mass in the rectal wall. Biopsy of the mass showed Gleason score 4 4 adenocarcinoma. The patient subsequently received hormone ablation therapy. Six years after initial treatment he is living with hormone refractory prostate cancer. Case 2. A 74-year-old man underwent cryosurgical ablation of the prostate for Gleason score 2 3 adenocarcinoma, which was detected by transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy. Sixteen months after cryotherapy PSA had increased to 6.0 ng./ml. and transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy revealed Gleason score 3 4 adenocarcinoma. Salvage cryosurgical ablation of the prostate was then performed, after which PSA decreased to less than 0.1 ng./ml. Forty-two months after the second cryoablation transrectal ultrasound was performed for increasing PSA and a palpable mass on digital rectal examination. The scan demonstrated a fusiform hypoechoic lesion within the muscularis propria of the rectum (see figure). Biopsies of the mass showed Gleason score 3 4 adenocarcinoma. The patient was subsequently treated with external beam radiation therapy, and PSA was undetectable 27 months after treatment.
Relative importance of genetic, ontogenetic, induction, and seasonal variation in producing a multivariate defense phenotype in a foundation tree species

Plant adaptations for defense against herbivory vary both among species and among genotypes. Moreover, numerous forms of within-plant variation in defense, including ontogeny, induction, and seasonal gradients, allow plants to avoid expending resources on defense when herbivores are absent. We used an 18-year-old cottonwood common garden composed of Populus fremontii, Populus angustifolia, and their naturally occurring F1 hybrids (collectively referred to as “cross types”) to quantify and compare the relative influences of three hierarchical levels of variation (between cross types, among genotypes, and within individual genotypes) on univariate and multivariate phytochemical defense traits. Within genotypes, we evaluated ontogeny, induction (following cottonwood leaf beetle herbivory), and seasonal variation. We compared the effect sizes of each of these sources of variation on the plant defense phenotype. Three major patterns emerged. First, we observed significant differences in concentrations of defense phytochemicals among cross types, and/or among genotypes within cross types. Second, we found significant genetic variation for within-plant differences in phytochemical defenses: (a) based on ontogeny, levels of constitutive phenolic glycosides were nearly three times greater in the mature zone than in the juvenile zone within one cottonwood cross type, but did not significantly differ within another cross type; (b) induced levels of condensed tannins increased up to 65 % following herbivore damage within one cottonwood cross type, but were not significantly altered in another cross type; and (c) concentrations of condensed tannins tended to increase across the season, but did not do so across all cross types. Third, our estimates of effect size demonstrate that the magnitude of within-plant variation in a phytochemical defense can rival the magnitude of differences in defense among genotypes and/or cross types. We conclude that, in cottonwood and likely other plant species, multiple forms of within-individual variation have the potential to substantially influence ecological and evolutionary processes.
Future directions in computer simulation.

Developments in computer hardware and software are making significant improvements in the availability of simulation for biomedical researchers. This paper reviews past and present techniques for digital computer simulation and looks at improvements likely in the near future. In the area of hardware, personal computers are making computing and simulation more widely available and at the same time, supercomputers and special-purpose numerical processors are making it possible to solve larger problems. Software developments for simulation are reducing the time, effort and special skills required to produce a simulation program. A new hierarchical linker is proposed to make it easy to synthesize a global model by combining existing submodels. In the more distant future, computer models may be constructed graphically and with the assistance of intelligent programs capable of analysis and information retrieval.
Effect of simultaneous inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 in HER-2/neu-positive breast cancer.

Purpose: HER-2/erbB2/neu is overexpressed in 25% to 30% of all invasive breast cancers and is associated with an aggressive course and reduced survival. HER-2/erbB2/neu breast tumors are frequently associated with up-regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, which promote enhanced cell growth and resistance to apoptosis. This study investigated whether simultaneously blocking both EGFR and COX-2 pathways with ZD1839 and celecoxib, respectively, would be more effective in inhibiting cell growth and inducing apoptosis than either agent alone. Experimental Design: The effects of ZD1839, celecoxib, and their combination on cell survival, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis were determined in NMF11.2 mouse mammary tumor cells. We also investigated the potential downstream EGFR-activated pathways that are altered by simultaneous inhibition of COX-2 and EGFR. Results: Celecoxib alone and ZD1839 alone produced a concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of cell survival. Both agents combined produced supra-additive inhibitory effects on cell survival and apoptosis compared with either agent alone. This effect was associated with increased cleaved poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase and reduced protein expression of bcl-2. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 was partially blocked by ZD1839 and celecoxib alone and was completely blocked by the combination of both agents. The enhanced proapoptotic effects of the combined agents were also associated with decreased phosphorylation of Akt and increased phosphorylation of p38. Conclusions: These findings show that both COX-2 and EGFR are important targets for inhibiting survival and inducing apoptosis in breast cancer. The data suggest a potential cross-talk between COX-2 and EGFR signaling in breast cancer cells overexpressing HER-2/erbB2/neu.
ELASTO-PLASTIC LARGE DEFORMATION ANALYSIS OF SPACE-FRAMES: A PLASTIC-HINGE AND STRESS-BASED EXPLICIT DERIVATION OF TANGENT STIFFNESSES

SUMMARY This paper deals with elasto-plastic large deformation analysis of space-frames. It is based on a complementary energy approach. A methodology is presented wherein: (i) each member of the frame, modelled as an initially straight space-beam, is sought to be represented by a single finite element, (ii) each member can undergo arbitrarily large rigid rotations, but only moderately large relative rotations; (iii) a plastic-hinge method, with arbitrary locations of the hinges along the beam, is used to account for plasticity, (iv) the non-linear bending-stretching coupling is accounted for in each member, (v) the applied loading may be non-conservative and (vi) an explicit expression for the tangent stiffness matrix of each element is given under conditions (i) to (v). Several examples, with both quasi-static and dynamic loading, are given to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the approaches presented.
Sperm Motility Requires Wnt/GSK3 Stabilization of Proteins

Inhibition of GSK3 by Wnt signaling stabilizes many cellular proteins, but proof that this effect is independent of β-catenin-mediated transcription is lacking. Koch, Acebron, and colleagues (2015) now demonstrate that transcriptionally silent mammalian sperm require Wnt signaling via exosomes to prevent protein degradation during their lengthy travels through the epididymis.
Biogenesis of Membrane Lipids

The formation of new biological membranes actually begins with the biosynthesis and insertion into existing membranes of newly synthesized lipid and protein components. Newly synthesized lipid components must be inserted into membranes and placed on the proper side of the membrane (reflecting the known membrane asymmetry of membrane lipid across many biological membranes). The former goal is achieved through membrane localization (membrane-bound enzymes) of the enzymes that catalyze the terminal steps of lipid biosynthesis. The latter goal involves membrane proteins also, though the mechanistic details remain poorly described. The story here begins with the desaturation of fatty acids, an important means by which the biosynthetic machinery can have profound effects on biological membrane properties. Discrete biosynthetic pathways operate to produce each class of lipids described in chapter “The Lipids of Biological Membranes.” In eukaryotes, lipid synthesis largely takes place on the endoplasmic reticulum. Following biosynthesis, newly synthesized lipid must be transported by vesicles to target membranes.
ANALYSIS OF ACOUSTIC FEATURES FOR AUTOMATED MULTI-TRACK MIXING

The capability of the average person to generate digital music content has rapidly expanded over the past several decades. While the mechanics of creating a multi-track recording are relatively straightforward, using the available tools to create professional quality work requires substantial training and experience. We address one of the most fundamental processes to creating a finished product, namely determining the relative gain levels of each track to produce a final, mixed song. By modeling the time-varying mixing coefficients with a linear dynamical system, we train models that predict a weight vector for a given instrument using features extracted from the audio content of all of the tracks.
Colorimetric method for estimating number of cells in monolayer cultures without physiological damage.

SummaryA method has been presented for determining the number of cells in monolayer cultures of monkey kidney cells without physiologically damaging them. The method consists of determining the change in absorption of a phenol red solution after a 15-second exposure of the cultures under standard conditions. These conditions include the use of a standard solution defined with respect to pH, quantity of titratable phenol red, and buffering salt, and the use of the same type of glass in the different cultures. The change in absorption appears to be a simple consequence of the production of hydrogen ion by the cells. It is critically dependent on the presence of potassium but independent of an exogenous carbon source, and, independent of endogenous polysaccharide reserves over a wide range. The amount of hydrogen ion produced may be sufficiently independent of cell age and metabolism to be a reliable method for the estimation of growth in cultures.
Ultra-Precision Nanopore Tool to Study Enzymes at Work

The protein pore Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) is enabling single-molecule nanopore DNA sequencing. In nanopore sequencing an electric field causes an ion current to flow through a single nano-meter sized pore embedded in a membrane. The electric field also draws single-stranded DNA through the pore. DNA bases inside the pore specifically modulate the measured ion current. We use molecular motors to regulate DNA's translocation speed through MspA. Here, we use this system to examine these motors by measuring the movement of DNA. With MspA, we can detect DNA motion as low as 35 picometers on sub millisecond timescales. To demonstrate the sensitivity of MspA we studied the detailed motions of DNA moved by a Super Family II helicase.
Social Bonds Across Immigrant Generations: Bonding to School and Examining the Relevance of Assimilation

The focus of this study is to investigate school bonding among adolescents in immigrant families using a segmented assimilation theoretical framework. Data are drawn from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002, a nationally representative sample of 10th graders. We focus on a subsample consisting of 9,870 first- (N = 1,170, 12 %), second- (N = 1,540, 16 %), and third-plus-generation (N = 7,160, 73%) students in 580 public schools. Our findings suggest that adolescents’ school bond seems to diminish or “decline” as the children of immigrants assimilate. Implications for research on racial/ethnic and immigrant generational disparities in adolescent social bonds to school are also discussed.
Firm valuation effects of the decision to adopt relationally governed business process outsourcing arrangements

Business process outsourcing (BPO) has recently grown in incidence and importance. However, academic research on this phenomenon is sparse. Further, studies on outsourcing have primarily used a tra...
Seeking Greater Relevance for Athletic Training Education within American Higher Education and the Health Care Professions.

This paper addresses several of the challenges facing today's system of higher education, and discusses the implications of these challenges for the athletic training profession. Among the major challenges are cost, accountability, access, and value of a higher education. The paper next focuses on several issues about which athletic training educators should be thinking. They include the importance of a liberal arts education at the undergraduate level, athletic training's role in interprofessional education and practice, and the importance of diversity and inclusive excellence in helping to diversify the health care workforce and reduce health disparities. The paper concludes with a discussion of the evolution of athletic training from physical education to the health care professions and the transition to the professional master's degree as the entry-level degree in athletic training. The contents of this paper are based largely on the keynote address at the 2015 National Athletic Trainers' Association ...
Scientific Evidence as Foreign Law

In his dissent in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Chief Justice Rehnquist appeared skeptical as to whether federal judges could fulfill the gatekeeping role that the majority had constructed in its watershed opinion. In a sense, Margaret Berger’s defining contribution to the evidence world since Daubert has been to prove Chief Justice Rehnquist wrong. Her unflagging commitment to promoting science education for judges, whether through her Science for Judges program, her work on the Reference Manual for Scientific Evidence, or her work with the National Academy of Sciences, has set a shining example of how academic efforts can help solve, or at least positively impact, real world problems. The occasion to write for this festschrift in celebration of my colleague, friend, and mentor thus seemed to cry out for a contribution that encompassed both of these attributes: a topic that involved science and judging, as well as one that held academic interest yet had practical implications. I hope that the following succeeds in this regard, but even if it does, I can take only partial credit, for its success would be through following Margaret’s example. Most contemporary debates about scientific evidence focus on admissibility under Daubert and the Federal Rules of Evidence. That bias is quite understandable—after all, it is the framework imposed by the United States Supreme Court. Daubert, however, rests on a fundamental assumption: that courts should treat scientific facts like any other adjudicative facts ultimately left to the jury. Perhaps the involvement of
Analysis on the Combining Ability of Starch Content and Their Components in Glutinous Sorghum Grain

The combining ability of total starch,amylose and amylopectin content in glutinous sorghum grain was reserched by means of incomplete dialled model with 4 sterile lines and 5 restoring lines.The result indicated that combining ability of different characters of the same parent or different parents of the same character was different.So the parents of glutinous sorghum with high GCA of total starch and amylopectin content must be selected in the utilization of quality character heterosis for brewed liquor.
Strengthening the Efferent Arm in Public Health

The authors discuss the need to collaborate in order to strengthen public health. Topics include addressing shared health problems as a community and through effective communication, the Community Putting Prevention to Work awards initiated by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the passage of the U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA).
Prolonged Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Actions of a Pegylated Parathyroid Hormone (1-34) Peptide Fragment.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) addition can prolong the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic actions of a bioactive peptide in vivo, in part by impeding rates of glomerular filtration. For parathyroid hormone (PTH) peptides, pegylation could help in exploring the actions of the hormone in the kidney; e.g., in dissecting the relative roles that filtered versus blood-borne PTH play in regulating phosphate transport. It could also lead to potential alternate forms of treatment for hypoparathyroidism. We thus synthesized the fluorescent pegylated PTH derivative [Lys13 (tetramethylrhodamine {TMR}), Cys35 (PEG-20,000 Da)]PTH(1-35) (PEG-PTHTMR ) and its non-pegylated counterpart [Lys13 (TMR), Cys35 ]PTH(1-35) (PTHTMR ) and assessed their properties in cells and in mice. In PTHR1-expressing HEK-293 cells, PEG-PTHTMR and PTHTMR exhibited similar potencies for inducing cAMP signaling, whereas when injected into mice, the pegylated analog persisted much longer in the circulation (>24 hours versus ∼ 1 hour) and induced markedly more prolonged calcemic and phosphaturic responses than did the non-pegylated control. Fluorescence microscopy analysis of kidney sections obtained from the injected mice revealed much less PEG-PTHTMR than PTHTMR on the luminal brush-border surfaces of renal proximal tubule cells (PTCs), on which PTH regulates phosphate transporter function, whereas immunostained phosphorylated PKA substrate, a marker of cAMP signaling, was increased to similar extents for the two ligands and for each, was localized to the basolateral portion of the PTCs. Pegylation of a bioactive PTH peptide thus led to prolonged pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties in vivo, as well as to new in vivo data that support a prominent role for PTH action at basolateral surfaces of renal proximal tubule cells. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Romantic and Parent-Child Relationships at a Distance

Cultural expectations in U.S. society dictate that communication should be frequent and face-to-face in order to sustain close relationships, romantic partners should live in geographic proximity, and married individuals and parents and young children should share a residence. Such conceptions about communication in and residential structures of close relationships immediately call into question how geographically separated individuals can maintain close relational ties. Numerous types of long-distance relationships are reviewed, including dating relationships, dual-career couples, and spouses separated due to military deployments or incarceration. Parents and young children may also encounter separations because of divorce, military deployment, or imprisonment The variety of long-distance relationships (LDRs) and families calls us to reconsider traditional views of the role of communication in close relationships and family structures. Research must go beyond frequency, amount, or mode of interaction. Va...
Using Blind Reviews to Address Biases in Medical Malpractice

Expert witness bias, in which an expert's opinion at trial is influenced by factors outside the strict confines of the facts of the case, is an acknowledged problem in medical malpractice litigation. Informational biases that affect expert witnesses include framing, retrospective, outcome, and visual hindsight biases. Litigation biases affect expert witness work as well; they include selection, undersampling, and compensation biases. The result of expert witness bias is testimony that is frequently subject to challenge with respect to its objectivity. No-fault litigation in which damages but not liability are adjudicated has been suggested as a way to circumvent these biases. The use of evidence-based clinical guidelines, which provide a defendant physician with presumptive compliance with the standard of care, has also been proposed, but neither solution has proved practical. Another proposal to address these biases is to blind the witness. Using the medical specialty of radiology as a model, several methods of blinding an expert witness are provided, with an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each. Expert witness bias is difficult to eliminate, but steps can be taken to mitigate the effect of bias on medical expert testimony in malpractice litigation.