cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initial and degraded performance of thin film CdTe solar cell devices as a function of copper at the back contact

Abstract Copper performs an important role in obtaining high-performance thin-film CdTe solar cell devices . Both initial performance and performance after stress depends strongly on the total copper content at the back-contact, the Cd to Te ratio on the backside, the etching process, and the way the copper is activated. With regard to getting high open circuit voltage a small amount of Cu seems sufficient upon the right anneal treatment. However, regarding open circuit voltage degradation for stressed devices there seems to be an optimum amount of Cu. Te-enrichment does not seem to have a big impact on device stability.
The Scattering of Infrared Radiation from Clouds

The scattering of infrared radiation from clouds composed of spherical water droplets has been calculated by Mie theory. For wavelengths in the range from 2.5 to 6 μ and for large angle scattering, the effective reflectivity is due to single rather than multiple scattering by water droplets. This is a consequence of the rather large absorption cross section and of the forward peak in the differential scattering cross section. The effective diffuse reflectivity under these conditions is of the order of 2% at λ = 2.7 μ and 15% at λ = 4.3 μ for scattering through angles θ ≳ 60°.
Testosterone Measurements in Social and Clinical Psychology

Activity of the endocrine system often matches the pace of social interaction. Testosterone has a characteristic baseline level for each individual, which predicts individual differences in behavior. Testosterone levels also change over periods of minutes and hours in response to social stimuli. Testosterone is thus both a cause and an effect of social interaction, part of a system rather than a purely dependent or independent variable. Testosterone is related to sexual activity, antisocial behavior, occupational achievement, and experiences of success and failure
BIAS BY MALE ENGINEERING UNDERGRADUATES IN THEIR EVALUATION OF TEACHING

This study assessed the gender biases of male engineering undergraduates when evaluating a college teacher of a technical course. Students (n = 126) rated an hypothetical calculus teacher on a vari...
Neighbor effect on PPII conformation in alanine peptides.

The polyproline II (PPII) conformation is dominant in short alanine oligomers. The noncooperativity of PPII structure in alanine peptides indicates that PPII in water is locally determined and that alanine neighbors are consistent with Flory's isolated pair hypothesis. However, neighbor effects from β-branched or bulky aromatic residues tend to increase the Φ angle of the nearest neighbor as observed in coil library data. Here we demonstrate directly the neighbor effect using short alanine model peptides GGAAAGG, GGLnALnGG (Ln is norleucine), GGIAAGG, and GGIAIGG. The far-UV CD spectra, NMR 3JαN coupling constant, and H−D hydrogen exchange measurements reveal that Ile reduces the PPII content of the probe Ala side chain relative to Ala or norLeu. The free energy differences are consistent with predictions from electrostatic solvation free energy (ESF) calculations. The results indicate that prediction of PPII propensities or scales requires including the neighbor effect.
Estimates of Projection Overlap and Zones of Convergence within Frontal-Striatal Circuits

Frontal-striatal circuits underlie important decision processes, and pathology in these circuits is implicated in many psychiatric disorders. Studies have shown a topographic organization of cortical projections into the striatum. However, work has also shown that there is considerable overlap in the striatal projection zones of nearby cortical regions. To characterize this in detail, we quantified the complete striatal projection zones from 34 cortical injection locations in rhesus monkeys. We first fit a statistical model that showed that the projection zone of a cortical injection site could be predicted with considerable accuracy using a cross-validated model estimated on only the other injection sites. We then examined the fraction of overlap in striatal projection zones as a function of distance between cortical injection sites, and found that there was a highly regular relationship. Specifically, nearby cortical locations had as much as 80% overlap, and the amount of overlap decayed exponentially as a function of distance between the cortical injection sites. Finally, we found that some portions of the striatum received inputs from all the prefrontal regions, making these striatal zones candidates as information-processing hubs. Thus, the striatum is a site of convergence that allows integration of information spread across diverse prefrontal cortical areas.
Maintenance of the plant genome under natural light

Solar UV interacts with and alters a number of cellular components. Among these, DNA is perhaps the most critical and irreplaceable target. The majority of UV-induced damage takes the form of pyrimidine dimers. These lesions act both as blocks to the progression of both replicative DNA polymerases and the RNA polymerase holoenzyme. Expression of "dimer bypass" DNA polymerases may also lead to permanent changes (mutations) in DNA sequence, by inserting potentially incorrect bases opposite the lesion. Thus the excision or reversal of UV-induced damage is important both in the soma, as it is required for the maintenance of gene expression, and in the germline, where error-free repair pathways maintain genomic integrity. The basic mechanisms of photoreactivation and excision repair of UV-induced dimers are well understood in plants, although we would like to learn more about the tissue-specificity and environmental regulation of these important UV-protective mechanisms. Field experiments suggest that repair of UV-induced dimers is not essential to the survival of Arabidopsis plants, nor is the expression of the sinapic acid esters that act as natural sunscreens. However, plants that are defective in both repair and sunscreen production die within hours of exposure to natural light. Progression through the cell cycle in the presence of unrepaired DNA damage products leads to a progressive deterioration of the genome. During S phase, persisting lesions are either miscopied or produce daughter strand gaps opposite dimers, which are difficult to repair in an error-free manner. For this reason, cells respond to persisting DNA damage by arresting the cell cycle in order to provide time prior to the initiation of S phase (G1/S arrest), the continuation of S phase (intra-S arrest) or progression into M (G2/M arrest). These DNA damage-induced cell cycle "checkpoints" are now being characterized in plants. Given the homologies between plant and mammalian damage checkpoint genes, it is likely that many aspects of cell cycle regulation by UV-induced damage are shared between plants and animals. One UV-induced mammalian response to persisting DNA damage is the induction of programmed cell death. This actively induced apoptosis and necrosis of damaged cells leads to the inflammation observed in sunburn. The induction of cell death has two beneficial effects: the resulting bursts of radicals are thought to further stimulate the repair response of neighboring cells, and the suicide of damaged cells precludes their possible progression into cancer. Plant cells can also be killed by very high doses of UV light, in what might be a programmed response (as the genomic "laddering" characteristic of programmed cell death occurs), but it is not clear that such a response occurs under natural light. Given plants natural resistance to the lethal effects of cancer, it is possible that plants differ from mammals in this aspect of UV-response, and lack a sensitive apoptotic response to DNA damage.
Effects of hyperoxia on human sensorimotor cortex activity produced by electrical stimulation of the median nerve: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

This study investigated the effect of hyperoxia on sensorimotorcortical activity resulting from electrical stimulation of the median nerve, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Nine volunteers underwent stimulation at 5 and 100 Hz while breathing 21% FIO2 (fraction of inspired oxygen) or 100% FIO2. fMRI data were correlated with a stimulus predictor curve, transformed into Talairach space and averaged by group. Normoxic (21% FIO2) and hyperoxic (100% FIO2) sensorimotor activation volumes were compared using Student's t-test.There were no significant differences between the primary somatosensory/primary motor/Brodmann area 40 (SI/MI/Ba40) and secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) activation volumes for normoxia and hyperoxia. (P>0.05). There was no difference between SI/MI/Ba40 and SII activations at 5 and 100 Hz. In contrast to results previously reported for primary visual cortex (V1), hyperoxia did not enhance sensorimotor cortical activation in area SI/MI/Ba40 or SII. These results indicate that there is regional heterogeneity of the fMRI response to hyperoxia in the cerebral cortex.
Keynote 1: The golden age of pervasive computing

The notion of Ubiquitous (or Pervasive) Computing was first eloquently described by Mark Weiser at Xerox PARC in the early 1990's. He proposed a vision in which the personal computing model would evolve from one person using one computer, to many (perhaps hundreds) of computers per person; and that computing would become wirelessly embedded in the world around us, tacitly supporting our work practice. Today, twenty years later, we find ourselves surrounded by smartphones, tablets, and digital televisions much like the components of his vision: Tabs, Pads and LiveBoards. This talk will look back on what was envisioned, compare it with the reality of todays mobile market, examining what was correctly predicted, what worked and what did not. And then, reviewing key market trends, we will look forward to consider the future opportunities for pervasive computing, and some of the challenges and important use cases that we now need to consider.
Late-glacial palynology of the Myrtaceae of southern Chile

Abstract Systematic study of modern pollen of 24 species belonging to nine genera of the Myrtaceae of Chile, using combined techniques of scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and computer imaging, indicates that genera and a number of species can be reliably distinguished by means of pollen type classification, differences in exine sculpture, and grain size. These criteria applied to the identification of fossil pollen in late-glacial deposits (14,000–10,000 radiocarbon yr BP), following the last glacial maximum (25,000–14,000 yr BP), provide grounds for the recognition of previously unidentifiable species of Myrtaceae and for the refinement of palaeoclimate interpretation. Fossil pollen of the Myrtaceae occurs in four late-glacial sequences from the southern Chilean Lake District and island of Chiloe (41–43°S) with ages ranging between 13,600 and 10,000 yr BP. The chronology is controlled by 21 conventional and AMS radiocarbon dates. Identifiable species indicate generally consistent temperature trends, which are compatible overall with trends inferred by pollen assemblages in the records. Major indicators are Amomyrtus, Ugni, Myrceugenia chrysocarpa , and Myrteola; Myreugenia ovata and M. parvifolia are less important. The implication of the data is that temperatures moderated after 14,000 until about 13,000 yr BP and thereafter fluctuated until the end of the late-glacial.
Can Serologic Markers Help Determine Prognosis and Guide Therapy

The search for biologic markers that can assess the natural history and perhaps predict the course of an individual's disease - including response to treatments over time - has become an important focus of inflammatory bowel disease research. The knowledge of an individual's prognosis can help physicians and patients make important management decisions and aid communication on risks and benefits of disease and treatment.
Food intake reduction and immunologic alterations in mice fed dehydroepiandrosterone

Abstract A diet containing 0.4% DHEA was fed to male mice of a long-lived strain from 3 weeks until 18 weeks of age. These mice were compared with others fed a control diet ad libitum and with mice pair-fed the control diet in amounts approximating the intake of the DHEA-fed group. Mice fed the DHEA diet failed to eat all of food presented to them whereas the pair-fed mice ate all of their food. All mice were studied at 18 weeks of age for twp age-sensitive immune parameters (spleen lymphocyte proliferation induced by T-cell mitogens [PHA or ConA] and natural killer cell lysis of an allogeneic tumor). DHEA feeding led to: 1) a decrease in food intake ( ∼30% less than for mice fed the control diet ad libitum ), 2) a lower body weight at 18 weeks of age ( ∼40% lower than for ad libitum controls) due to a decrease in the body weight gained from 3 weeks through 18 weeks of age ( ∼55% lower than controls), 3) a lower spleen weight ( ∼30% lower than controls) but without lower numbers of nucleated cells per spleen, 4) an increase in PHA-induced proliferation by spleen lymphocytes ( ∼100% higher than for controls) and, 5) no influence on splenic natural killer cell activity. The inhibition of body weight gain for mice fed DHEA appeared due to both a reduction in food intake and a metabolic effect since mice eating DHEA gained less body weight per gram of food eaten than did mice in eithergroup eating the control diet.
Fabrication and Performance of Anode-Supported Micro-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

A solid oxide fuel cell was fabricated using standard NiO/8YSZ cermet anode, 8 mol % yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte, and lanthanum strontium manganite cathode. The anodes were extruded using an hydraulic ram extruder. An electrolyte was deposited using a novel technique allowing obtaining a 3-5 μm thin and dense YSZ layer. The cathode was deposited by brush painting. The cells were operated under different temperature and fuel conditions, and showed excellent performance of up approximately 0.6 W cm -2 at 890°C. Performance data as well as scanning electron microscopy micrographs of the cells are presented.
Autoimmune lymphocytic hypophysitis in association with autoimmune eye disease and sequential treatment with infliximab and rituximab

Introduction Autoimmune lymphocytic hypophysitis associates predominantly with other autoimmune endocrinopathies and is most commonly treated with glucocorticoids and/or decompressive pituitary surgery. Here we report a new association and treatment modality for lymphocytic hypophysitis.
Complexity and algorithms for nonlinear optimization problems

Nonlinear optimization algorithms are rarely discussed from a complexity point of view. Even the concept of solving nonlinear problems on digital computers is not well defined. The focus here is on a complexity approach for designing and analyzing algorithms for nonlinear optimization problems providing optimal solutions with prespecified accuracy in the solution space. We delineate the complexity status of convex problems over network constraints, dual of flow constraints, dual of multi-commodity, constraints defined by a submodular rank function (a generalized allocation problem), tree networks, diagonal dominant matrices, and nonlinear knapsack problem’s constraint. All these problems, except for the latter in integers, have polynomial time algorithms which may be viewed within a unifying framework of a proximity-scaling technique or a threshold technique. The complexity of many of these algorithms is furthermore best possible in that it matches lower bounds on the complexity of the respective problems. In general nonseparable optimization problems are shown to be considerably more difficult than separable problems. We compare the complexity of continuous versus discrete nonlinear problems and list some major open problems in the area of nonlinear optimization.
Social influences, school motivation and gender differences: an application of the expectancy‐value theory

The present study examined the structural relations of social influences, task values, ability beliefs, educational expectation and academic engagement for both boys and girls. The structural equation modelling analyses provided nationally representative evidence of gender differences in: (1) the links from teacher–student relationship and peer friends’ academic value to student task values; and (2) the relations of student values and educational expectation with student academic engagement. Despite the detected gender differences, similar findings across gender groups were also noted. In addition, results from the Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause analyses demonstrated the existence of latent factor mean non‐invariance between boys and girls on multiple school motivational factors and social influences.
A COMPARISON IF IMPEDENCE EPIGASTROGRAPHY WITH A DYE DILUTION METHOD TO MEASURE GASTRIC IN INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN

Established methods for measuring gastric emptying are scintigraphy and dye dilution. Both are invasive. Scintigraphy also requires sophisticated equipment and is not portable. The dye dilution method requires laboratory faciities and considerable time to prepare materials and process results. Impedance epigastrography is a non-invasive and inexpensive method which has been evaluated in adults. The aim of this study was to assess the value of impedance epigastrography in infants and young children. The basis of the test is that when liquids of low electrical conductivity enter the stomach the impedance of the epigastric region increases. This increase and subsequent return to baseline can be measured and recorded using paired electrodes placed anteriorally and posteriorally over the stomach and connected to specially designed equipment. 8 preterm infants, mean age of 57 days, eman weight 2.69 kg and one developmentally delayed child aged 56 months (8,4kg) were studied by simultaneiously measuring gastric emptying by impedance and dye dilution. Paired results could not be obtained in one child due to movement interfering with impedance measurement and in one chid due to milk residue interfering with dye dilution assay. The results were compared using Peasons's correlation coefficient. In individual patients the correlatin coefficient ranged from 0.522 - 0.993. Pooling the results gives a correlation coefficient of 0.508 with a significant P value of 0.003. The half emptying time according to impedance v aried between 2.6 minutes and 10 minutes (mean 6.8 minutes. Impedance epigastrography was easy to learn and administer and gave rapidly interpretable results i most cases. This study suggests that epigastric impedance testing deserves further evaluation in infants and children.
THE POLITICS OF DEFENSE POLICY COMMUNICATION: THE “THREAT” OF SOVIET STRATEGIC DEFENSE

This paper suggests a technique for evaluating threat assessments when reliable data is unavailable. Previously, scholars have found that political leaders manipulated threat assessments to achieve desired defense policy outcomes. Yet contemporary communication about threats are not easily studied, leading some writers to call for new studies of Clausewitz's so-called “social” dimension of strategy – the efforts by governments to assure domestic support for defense policies. To apply the suggested technique, this paper examines the Reagan Administration's claim that the threats from Soviet strategic defenses justify the U.S. Strategic Defense Initiative. The Administration's arguments are found to be unclear and internally inconsistent. Despite some fear appeals about Soviet threats, Reagan officials typically noted that American offensive forces will continue to render Soviet defenses impotent and obsolete for the forseeable future. Indeed, vague and inconsistent statements about Soviet forces may have undermined Administration efforts to fulfill SDI funding goals, to codify early deployment plans, and even to establish Manhattan or Apollo-type policy preeminince.
The effect of postmortem trauma on neuronal cell types stained histochemically for phospholipids

Abstract With Baker's acid hematein method, blue and yellow neurons occur after fixation by immersion or after inadequate fixation by perfusion as the consequence of postmortem trauma. They increase in number when such trauma is intentionally applied to cerebral surfaces prior to fixation by either procedure, and their formation is prevented by successful perfusion of the fixative prior to removal of the cranium. The formation of blue and yellow cell types is not influenced by variations in composition of the fixative, embedding procedure or tissue preparation, age or species of animal, or treatment with pyridine. Prolonged delays in fixation do not affect the affinity for acid hematein in neurons next to superficial injuries caused by dissection. The two cell types are therefore regarded as artifactitious, comparable to dark neurons demonstrable by other staining techniques. It is concluded that the neuronal stainability with Baker's acid hematein is nonspecific and that the identification of neurons according to histochemical composition is equivocal in both normal and experimental material.
Current trends of community college lab curricula in biology: an analysis of inquiry, technology, and content

We examined science inquiry, technology, and content in laboratory curricula of first-semester, general biology at six randomly selected community colleges in Colorado, USA. We derived a seven-point scale to assess science inquiry. For each exercise, we recorded the technology used, the biological principle examined, and whether the lab was derived from a commercial manual or a manual generated by the institution. Results showed that lab curricula at all six schools addressed an average of less than three categories of science inquiry. The main deficiencies were in deriving problems/hypotheses, variables, methods, and extensions. Labs implementing technology addressed significantly fewer categories of inquiry than those without technology. Microscopes were the most common source of technology, but were used almost exclusively for observations of teacher-determined objects, rather than as tools to increase the number of categories of science inquiry addressed. Labs from commercial manuals allowed students ...
Energy Metabolism in Rat Brain Synaptosomes from Nembutal-Anesthetized and Nonanesthetized Animals

: Cellular energetic parameters including the intramitochondrial and cytosolic [NAD+]/[NADH] ratios, the cellular [ATP]/[ADP][Pi and [creatine phosphate]/[creatine] ratios, the concentration of cytochrome c and its redox state and the respiratory rate were studied in suspensions of rat brain synapto-somes isolated from nembutal-anesthetized and nonanesthetized animals. The ratio of [3-hydroxybutyrate] to [acetoacetate] was 2.0 in synaptosomes isolated from nonanesthetized rats and 5.55 in those from anesthetized animals. The [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio was 3.8 in the former and 10.9 in the latter preparation. The [ATP]/[ADP][Pi] was 3838 M−1 in the synaptosomes from anesthetized rats and 840 M−1 in those from nonanesthetized animals and the [creatine phosphate]/[creatine] ratios were 0.79 and 0.39, respectively. Cytochrome c was about 15% reduced in both preparations; however, the mitochon-drial cytochrome concentration was almost twofold higher in the synaptosomes from nonanesthetized animals. Calculations of the free energy relationships between the mitochondrial redox reactions and ATP synthesis showed that in synaptosomes isolated from the brains of nembutal-anesthetized rats the first two sites of oxidative phosphorylation were at near-equilibrium, in agreement with observations for intact cells and tissues. The energetic parameters for synaptosomes from anesthetized rats are very similar to the values for intact whole brain, whereas those for synaptosomes from nonanesthetized rats are lower and suggest that nembutal anesthesia protects against some irreversible damage to the synaptosome during isolation. It is concluded that synaptosomes isolated from brains of nembutal-anesthetized rats can be used as a convenient model system for studies of neuronal metabolism.
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and overtraining effects on extradimensional shift (EDS) learning.

Abstract Albino rats were treated with MSH or a diluent control solution and tested with a visual discrimination problem. After acquisition of the visual discrimination, half of the rats were overtrained and all of the animals were tested with a spatial EDS problem. Overtraining significantly disrupted performance of the EDS. A subproblem analysis indicated that MSH resulted in inferior performance of the changed dimension of the EDS. Overtraining together with MSH treatment resulted in the poorest performance of the changed dimension of EDS. Thus, overtraining and MSH were not additive and it is possible that MSH may exert a paradoxical effect on behavior under certain conditions.
Working Wives and the Marginal Propensity to Consume Food Away from Home

Contrary to predictions from the new household economics theory and heuristic thought, income earned by wives working full time did not increase the marginal propensity to consume food away from home. Tobit estimates of the same propensity from other income sources in married U.S. households in 1978 showed that income earned by part-time working wives and children, asset income, and transfer payments increased this propensity above that from husband's labor income. Whites had higher expenditures, higher marginal propensities to consume, and lower income elasticities for food away from home than nonwhites.
The dilution factor of intravenously injected hemopoietic stem cells

In order to measure the total number of stem cells present in a given preparation, it is necessary to know the fraction of stem cells which settle in the spleen and form macroscopically visible colonies. The intravenous injection does not allow a direct measurement of this fraction. However, its value is established by injecting stem cells directly into the spleen, thus minimizing the dilution of stem cells through the circulation. It has been measured with this procedure, that only 4% of intravenously injected stem cells form spleen colonies.
Children's agency and Islam: unexpected paths to solidarity

This ethnographic study analyzes the experiences of Palestinian children's agency of religion and its manifestation in religion as resistance while it is fighting the globalized hegemony. Children's agency of religion as resistance is cultivated within the debate of Islamist movements and the evolution of Palestinian national identity while it serves as a call for global solidarity. It is this creative construct of agency of religion that transcends borders and distinguishes itself from the old generation method of resistance. The differences between generations on this construct, as described by children's agency and their ability to transform, is constructed by particular meanings of Islamist symbols and rejects the assumption that children's roles are defined. The agency of religion as resistance evolves as the role of religion in national discourse is deliberated in secularism and sectarianism.
Induction of murine macrophage TNF‐α synthesis by Mycobacterium avium is modulated through complement‐dependent interaction via complement receptors 3 and 4 in relation to M. avium glycopeptidolipid

We studied whether complement receptor (CR) mediated Mycobacterium avium interaction modulated macrophage TNF-α expression. Compared to control conditions, infections performed with C3-depletion yielded significantly higher TNF-α levels. Blockage of the CR4 iC3b site yielded increases in TNF-α for all morphotypic variants of a virulent serovar-8 strain (smooth transparent (SmT), smooth opaque (SmO), serovar-specific glycopeptidolipid (ssGPL) deficient knockout mutant) whereas CR3 blockage increased TNF-α only for SmT and ssGPL-deficient strains. Thus, complement-mediated binding of M. avium to CR3 and CR4 was shown to modulate TNF-α expression. The differential activation of morphotypic and isogenic variants of a single strain provides an excellent model system to delineate signaling pathways.
Leniency and Halo in Student Ratings of College Instructors: a Comparison of Three Rating Procedures with Implications for Scale Validity

Nine college instructors were rated by their students on five performance dimensions. Randomized thirds of each class used either standard graphic, behaviorally anchored, or mixed standard scales to make their ratings. Analyses of the ratings indicated (a) somewhat less positive leniency when the mixed standard scales were used rather than the graphic or behaviorally anchored rating scales, (b) generally lower interdimension correlations for ratings made on mixed standard or behaviorally anchored scales than on standard graphic scales, and (c) no significant relationship between mean instructor ratings and instructor leniency in assigning grades. Implications for scale validity were also considered.
HPV autoinoculation: A case report

Abstract A genital papilloma infection, probably acquired at delivery, in a 5-year-old child is described. The primary lesion was noted in early infancy as a wart on the inner thigh. With somatic growth, the wart migrated further from the genital area. At age 5, the patient apparently autoinocu-lated her vulva with the papilloma virus. Human papilloma virus (HPV) typing of the inner thigh wart and a representative vulvar wart demonstrated identical genital HPV types.
Artificial dielectric superlattices with broken inversion symmetry.

A variety of three-constituent superlattice patterns were made in atomic layer-by-layer films, with patterns breaking inversion symmetry giving effective permanent bias fields ranging up to about 200 kV/cm. Dielectric constants at room temperature were nearly ${10}^{3}$, with loss tangents under 0.01. Most of the response came from discrete dipoles comprising multiple unit cells, but without any ferroelectric phase transition.
Immortalized anterior pituitary α T3 gonadotropes contain functional luteinizing hormone/human chrionic gonadotropin receptors

Abstract Immortalized α T3 gonadotropes contain a major 5.0-kb and minor 3.6-, 2.4- and 1.6-kb luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin (LH/hCG) receptor transcripts and an 80-kDa receptor protein which can specifically bind 125I-hCG. The relative abundance of the receptors in α T3 cells is, however, lower than in gonadal tissues. Culturing α T3 cells with highly purified hCG resulted in a dose- and time-dependent and hormone-specific increase in steady-state levels of LH-α subunit mRNA. Culturing α T3 cells with hCG also resulted in a concomitant increase in the LH-α protein levels. As expected, culturing with GnRH also resulted in an increase of LH-α subunit mRNA and protein levels. In summary, we conclude that α T3 cells contain LH/hCG receptors which are functionally coupled to the up-regulation of LH-α subunit gene expression.
Optical Reflectivity of Asymmetric Dielectric–Metal–Dielectric Planar Structures

We report simulations and experimental results on the incidence-angle dependence of the optical reflectivity of asymmetric dielectric-metal-dielectric planar structures. Transfer-matrix method and 2-D finite-element analysis revealed the presence of multiple resonances that were attributed to the surface plasmon (SP) polariton mode at the metal-dielectric interfaces and guided-wave polariton modes within the asymmetric dielectric-metal-dielectric waveguide. The number of guided-wave polariton resonances scale with the thickness of the dielectric guiding layer while the SP resonance remained essentially unaltered. These findings were validated through reflectivity measurements on sapphire-metal-polymer structures.
Cystic hygroma-lymphangioma: A rare and still unclear entity

Hygroma cysticum coli or cystic hygroma remains a complex entity in terms of its development and management. Most recently, cystic hygroma has been categorized as part of a larger spectrum that includes lymphangiomas. The majority of lymphangiomas occur in the head and neck as cystic hygromas with the posterior cervical region as the most common site. Since its original description, there have been many attempts at treatment modalities: surgical excision remains the treatment of choice. The literature is reviewed and 40 cases from the author's institution are presented. The purposes of this review are, first, to bring some order to the theories and development of this lesion and its various pathological presentations. Second, to approach the treatment of these difficult lesions in an objective manner and to set up guidelines for management.
The Adoption and Impact of Bovine Somatotropin on U.S. Dairy Farms

Data from a national survey representative of U.S. dairy operations were used to assess adoption and the production and financial impacts of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST). Adoption rates of rbST varied significantly across the nation, but were higher among larger diary operations in all regions. However, the scale bias of rbST adoption was substantially diminished when the influence of location and the use of related technologies were measured. An increase in milk production per cow was associated with rbST adoption, but estimated financial impacts were not statistically significant due to substantial variation in the net returns of rbST adopters.
Paraphrase Identification as Probabilistic Quasi-Synchronous Recognition

We present a novel approach to deciding whether two sentences hold a paraphrase relationship. We employ a generative model that generates a paraphrase of a given sentence, and we use probabilistic inference to reason about whether two sentences share the paraphrase relationship. The model cleanly incorporates both syntax and lexical semantics using quasi-synchronous dependency grammars (Smith and Eisner, 2006). Furthermore, using a product of experts (Hinton, 2002), we combine the model with a complementary logistic regression model based on state-of-the-art lexical overlap features. We evaluate our models on the task of distinguishing true paraphrase pairs from false ones on a standard corpus, giving competitive state-of-the-art performance.
Captopril does not affect reflex increases in adrenal or lumbar sympathetic nerve activity to hypoglycemia in rats.

Abstract Blockade of angiotensin II (ANGII) receptors or converting enzyme inhibition attenuates reflex increases in epinephrine during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Because ANGII receptors are found in several sites within the central nervous system, the aim of this study was to examine whether acute captopril attenuates the reflex increase in adrenal preganglionic sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) induced by hypoglycemia. We infused vehicle (control) or insulin (30 U/kg IV) in anesthetized rats or in rats pretreated with captopril (Cap-insulin; 2.5 mg/kg, then 1 mg/kg per hour IV) while measuring hemodynamics and SNA from adrenal preganglionic, adrenal postganglionic, and lumbar sympathetic nerves. Hypoglycemia elicited similar adrenal preganglionic SNA increases in insulin-treated (260% ± 31% from 100% baseline) and Cap-insulin–treated (255% ± 34%) rats. Likewise, increases in adrenal postganglionic SNA and lumbar SNA were equivalent in the insulin and Cap-insulin groups. Hypoglycemia also elicited a tachycardia in insulin-treated rats that was attenuated in Cap-insulin–treated rats, and corresponding blood pressure decreases in insulin rats were enhanced in Cap-insulin–treated rats. Thus, blockade of ANGII formation by captopril did not affect hypoglycemia-induced activation of adrenal preganglionic SNA, indicating that the renin-angiotensin systems in the brain and spinal cord do not modulate increases in adrenal SNA during hypoglycemia.
Synthesis of the dioxabicyclononane unit of tirandamycin

A seven-step synthesis of (±)-3b an advanced, common intermediate for construction of the dioxabicyclononane units of both tirandamycin and streptolydigin from 14 is described (Scheme 1). Conversion of 3b to the fully developed fragment of tirandamycin is also reported.
Adenovirus-associated viruses: enhancement by human herpesviruses.

SummaryHuman herpesviruses (EB, cytomegalovirus, herpes zoster, and herpes simplex) provide incomplete helper function(s) for the potentiation of the defective adenovirus-associated viruses (AAV) as contrasted with adenoviruses which provide all the required functions for a complete helper effect. AAV immunofluorescent-stainable antigen is formed in the presence of herpesviruses but infectious AAV is not produced.
Increasing the Reliability of Electronic Equipment by the Use of Redundant Circuits

Electronic equipments which employ large numbers of tubes and components are often unreliable because a large number of parts may fail. A means of countering the undesirable effects of increasing equipment complexity is by introducing even more tubes and components as redundant circuitry. A requirement for obtaining the conditions, in which redundancy is helpful is for the causes of failure of parts to be independent. This calls for circuits to be designed so that as parts fail, their failure will not cause others to fail. The equations relating reliability to the number of circuit elements in the redundant and nonredundant cases are derived and applied to examples which show the degree of improvement which can be achieved. It is shown that equipment having hundreds of tubes could be made sufficiently reliable to satisfy most requirements. This greatly increased reliability can be maintained indefinitely by providing maintenance periods during which replacements are made for the parts which have failed while the operation has continued satisfactorily, the faulty condition having been obscured by the redundancy. This latter property of redundant circuit must be considered when establishing maintenance doctrines for equipment using these principles, since operational tests do not usually indicate the presence of faulty components or tubes. Rather, each tube and component must be temporarily disconnected from its redundant counterpart for the purposes of the test.
The Outcomes of Life in Academe: Career Tracking of Marketing Ph.D. Students

The careers of marketing fellows from three AMA consortiums are tracked to gain information on degree completion, success in achieving tenure, publication records, and opinions about life in academe. The study replaces speculation on such topics with data, and thus should interest marketing educators, faculty recruiting committees, and those contemplating a Ph.D. degree, among others.
Economic Education Research: Part II, New Directions in Theoretical Model Building

This article on research methodology in economic education is the second in a three-part series. The first, which appeared in the Winter 1983 issue of this Journal, focused on issues and questions economic education researchers should address. The present article provides suggestions for the development of theoretical models in which these issues and questions can be conceptualized, organized, and formally stated as empirically testable hypotheses. The final article will review statistical and econometric techniques appropriate for model estimation and statistical testing of specific hypotheses about teaching methods and other issues related to the production of economic learning.
Properties and Synthesis of Heavy Nuclei and Properties of Neutron Star Matter

The nuclear Thomas-Fermi model which is based on nuclear matter calculations has been successfully applied to the study of the bulk properties of nuclei. It is ideally suited for extrapolation into the region of very neutron-rich and of superheavy nuclei. It is therefore a valuable approach for r-process calculations as well as for the study of neutron star matter at subnuclear densities.
Cardiovascular response and complications of glucocorticoid therapy in hypertensive pregnancies.

Abstract Forty-seven of 52 women with pregnancy-induced hypertension completed a protocol consisting of 4 gm of hydrocortisone given over 24 hours (1 gm every 8 hours). All patients' fetuses were
Catheter management of occluded superior baffle after atrial switch procedures for transposition of great vessels

We present successful catheter intervention in 4 patients with total occlusion of the superior baffle after an atrial switch procedure. A transseptal needle (in addition to the transhepatic route in 1 patient with known occluded femoral veins) was used to open the occluded segments and place stents. Additionally, we report the regression of multiple systemic-to-pulmonary venous fistulas that developed as a result of the occluded baffle.
Treatment of refractory thrombocytopenic purpura with cyclophosphamide

Cyclophosphamide, an immunosuppressive agent, was administered as an additional mode of therapy to 30 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) refractory to conventional management. Of 22 previously tested by splenectomy an excellent response was achieved in 12, who remained in complete hematologic remission for 14-96 months after therapy was discontinued; a fair response in 3, with definite increase in platelets, but not to normal levels; and a poor response in 7 who failed to improve. Of 8 nonsplenectomized patients who failed to respond to steroids or maintain a response after steroids were discontinued, 4 were considered excellent, 1 required continued therapy to remain in remission (good response), 2 were fair, and 1 was poor. Remission was observed in 2-10 weeks in both groups and appeared to be related to duration of disease; presence of disease for less than 1 year was associated with a much better response to treatment (11 of 15) when compared with disorders lasting over 2 years (6 of 15). Cyclophosphamide therapy offers additional means of treating patients with ITP who fail to respond to conventional therapy and may serve as an alternative to splenectomy when surgery is contraindicated.
Antidepressant Prescribing Patterns in the Nursing Home: Second-Generation Issues Revisited

Abstract Introduction The object of this study was to provide an updated evaluation of the quality of antidepressant management and prescribing patterns in nursing homes in the context of organizational and resident factors. Design Pearson correlation and chi-square analyses were conducted using information gathered from random nursing home charts. Setting Nursing home facilities in and around the Louisville, KY, metropolitan area (n = 10). Participants Chart reviews were randomly chosen for 20% of long term care resident records in participating homes (n = 209). Measurements Demographic information, documentation of depression diagnoses, and antidepressant prescribing patterns were evaluated using the Quality of Depression Management and Antidepressant Prescribing rating scale and information found in the Minimum Data Set 2.0. Results Of the sample, 59.8% was prescribed antidepressants at the time of the chart review; 205 chart reviews indicated the absence or presence of a depression diagnosis. For those with documented depression diagnoses (n = 126), nearly one-quarter were not prescribed antidepressants. Of 79 chart reviews indicating no depression diagnosis, nearly a third were receiving an antidepressant. Documentation related to changes in dosing, the presence or absence of side effects, or reasons for continuation were suboptimal. Conclusion Discrepancy between antidepressant prescribing and the presence/absence of depression diagnoses continue to exist for nursing home residents. The quality of antidepressant documentation in nursing home charts continues to be inadequate. Future research should aim to explore possible solutions to these discrepancies and deficiencies in documentation.
Binding of Caspase-3 Prodomain to Heat Shock Protein 27 Regulates Monocyte Apoptosis by Inhibiting Caspase-3 Proteolytic Activation

Caspase-3 is an essential executioner of apoptosis responsible for regulating many important cellular processes, among them the number of circulating monocytes, central players in the innate immune response. The activation of caspase-3 requires its processing from an inactive precursor. Here we show that the small heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) associates with caspase-3 and protein-protein interaction experiments in vivo and with purified proteins demonstrate a direct interaction between Hsp27 and the amino-terminal prodomain of caspase-3. Using an in vitro caspase-3 activation assay, our results further establish that the interaction of Hsp27 with the caspase-3 prodomain inhibits the second proteolytic cleavage necessary for caspase-3 activation, revealing a novel mechanism for the regulation of this effector caspase. Hsp27 expression in monocytes is constitutive. Consistent with a central role of Hsp27 in blocking caspase-3 activation, Hsp27 down-regulation by double-stranded RNA interference induces apoptosis of macrophages, whereas Hsp27 overexpression increases the life span of monocytes by inhibiting apoptosis. Highlighting the importance of cell partitioning in the regulation of apoptosis, immunofluorescence, and subcellular fractionation studies revealed that whereas both caspase-3 and Hsp27 are cytoplasmic in fresh monocytes (i.e. not undergoing apoptosis), Hsp27 moves to the nucleus during apoptosis, a relocalization that can be blocked by promoting the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages or by inhibiting cell death. These results reveal a novel mechanism of caspase-3 regulation and underscore a novel and fundamental role of Hsp27 in the regulation of monocyte life span.
A new reversible design of BCD adder

Reversible logic is one of the emerging technologies having promising applications in quantum computing. In this work, we present new design of the reversible BCD adder that has been primarily optimized for the number of ancilla input bits and the number of garbage outputs. The number of ancilla input bits and the garbage outputs is primarily considered as an optimization criteria as it is extremely difficult to realize a quantum computer with many qubits. As the optimization of ancilla input bits and the garbage outputs may degrade the design in terms of the quantum cost and the delay, thus the quantum cost and the delay parameters are also considered for optimization with primary focus towards the optimization of the number of ancilla input bits and the garbage outputs. Firstly, we propose a new design of the reversible ripple carry adder having the input carry Co and is designed with no ancilla input bits. The proposed reversible ripple carry adder design with no ancilla input bits has less quantum cost and the logic depth (delay) compared to its existing counterparts. The existing reversible Peres gate and a new reversible gate called the TR gate is efficiently utilized to improve the quantum cost and the delay of the reversible ripple carry adder. The improved quantum design of the TR gate is also illustrated. Finally, the reversible design of the BCD adder is presented which is based on a 4 bit reversible binary adder to add the BCD number, and finally the conversion of the binary result to the BCD format using a reversible binary to BCD converter.
A New Species ofTrigonotylus(Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae: Stenodemini) from Central Oregon, United States

Abstract The new stenodemine mirid, Trigonotylus schuhi n. sp., is described from central Oregon, feeding on Poa secunda J. Presl ssp. secunda (Poaceae: Pooideae). Documentation of the male genitalia and dorsal habitus is provided and a diagnosis is given to distinguish the new species from similar congeners.