cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An unbiased method for estimation of total epidermal nerve fibre length

It is of interest to quantify accurately lineal biological features such as nerve fibres, capillaries, and tubules for studies of development and diseases such as sensory neuropathy, and for evaluation of therapeutic regimens in humans and animal models. An unbiased stereological method to sample and estimate total length of immunostained epidermal nerve fibres by using vertical sections of punch skin biopsies from two human volunteers is presented. The essential steps in the procedure are as follows: (1) serially section the skin punch in a random plane perpendicular to the cutaneous surface; (2) immunostain a known fraction of total sections with antibody specific for nerve fibres; (3) orient a test line-grid over the epidermis; and (4) count intersections between test lines and immunostained epidermal nerve fibres. The optical fractionator method is employed to estimate total length of immunostained epidermal nerve fibres in the biopsy. By using these techniques the total length of nerve fibre in a defined region can be determined without methodological bias, assumptions or correction factors.
Heparin releases heparan sulfate from the cell surface.

Abstract Heparan sulfate of the cell surface of cultured Chinese hamster cells (line CHO) was promptly released when the cells were incubated with balanced salt solutions containing heparin. The released heparan sulfate included multichain proteoglycan of high molecular weight. The data suggest that the cell-surface localization of heparan sulfate is dependent, at least in part, upon cell-surface receptors with binding sites for the sugar chain moieties of sulfated glycosaminoglycans.
Bimetallic Aluminum and Gallium Chelates with N2O2 Ligands

A wide range of bimetallic aluminum molecules are formed in combinations between Salen Schiff base ligands and either AlR3 or AlR2Cl. They are of the general formulas L(AlR2)2 and L(AlRCl)2 with R = alkyl and L = Salen(tBu) ligand with relatively unusual “backbone” connections between the nitrogen atoms, 1,2-cyclohexylene (Salcen(tBu)), 1,4-butylene (Salben(tBu)), 1,5-pentylene (Salpten(tBu)), 1,6-hexylene (Salhen(tBu)), and 1,4-phenylene (1,4-Salophen(tBu)). Additionally, previously unknown ligands were employed with the “backbones” 1,4-bis(p-aminobenzyl)benzene (Salmaben(tBu)), 1-(m-aminobenzoyl)-4-(m-aminobenzyl)benzene (Salmabmaben(tBu)), and 4,4‘-bis(m-aminobenzoyl)diphenylmethane (Salmadmen(tBu)). The ligands for these compounds were designed to feature two group 13 sites at long and varying distances from one another. The compounds were characterized by mp analyses, IR, and 1H NMR, and X-ray structures were determined for the examples R,R‘-Salcen(tBu){AlMe2}2 (1), Salben(tBu){AlMe2}2 (2), 1,4-Salop...
Vibration-rotation energy transfer between CO2(ν2) and orthohydrogen

Abstract Vibrational relaxation times have been measured for CO2 mixed with 2% and 5% normal hydrogen and parahydrogen at 303°K. It is concluded that vibration-rotation energy transfer gives a relaxation rate for CO2- orthohydrogen collisions equal to about twice that for CO2- parahydrogen.
Kinetic and Structural Characterization of Dihydrofolate Reductase from Streptococcus pneumoniae

Drug resistance associated with dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has emerged as a critical issue in the treatment of bacterial infections. In our efforts to understand the mechanism of a drug-resistant dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from a pathogenic bacterial source, we report the first kinetic characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae DHFR (spDHFR) along with its X-ray structure. This study revealed that the kinetic properties of spDHFR were significantly different from those of Escherichia coli DHFR. The product (tetrahydrofolate) dissociation step that is the rate-limiting step in E. coli DHFR is significantly accelerated in spDHFR so that hydride transfer or a preceding step is rate-limiting. Comparison of the binding parameters of this enzyme to those of a mutant spDHFR (Sp9) confirmed that the Leu100 residue in spDHFR is the critical element for the trimethoprim (TMP) resistance. Steady-state kinetics exhibited a pH dependence in kcat, which prompted us to elucidate the role of the new catalytic r...
Temperature and orientation dependence of kinetic roughening during homoepitaxy: A quantitative x-ray-scattering study of Ag

Kinetic roughening during homoepitaxial growth was studied for Ag(111) and Ag(001). For Ag(111), from 150 to 500 K, the rms roughness exhibits a power law, {sigma}{proportional_to}{ital t}{sup {beta}} over nearly three decades in thickness. {beta}{approx_equal}1/2 at low temperatures, and there is an abrupt transition to smaller values above 300 K. In contrast, Ag(001) exhibits layer-by-layer growth with a significantly smaller {beta}. These results are the first to establish the evolution of surface roughness quantitatively for a broad thickness and temperature range, as well as for the case where growth kinetics are dominated by a step-ledge diffusion barrier. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Personality correlates of helping behavior.

571 male members of volunteer groups and 699 nonvolunteers scored significantly differently on Cattell's 16 PF scale, volunteers being extroverted (out-going, happy-go-lucky, venturesome, and tende...
The ACR BI-RADS® Experience: Learning From History

The Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System ® (BI-RADS ® ) initiative, instituted by the ACR, was begun in the late 1980s to address a lack of standardization and uniformity in mammography practice reporting. An important component of the BI-RADS initiative is the lexicon, a dictionary of descriptors of specific imaging features. The BI-RADS lexicon has always been data driven, using descriptors that previously had been shown in the literature to be predictive of benign and malignant disease. Once established, the BI-RADS lexicon provided new opportunities for quality assurance, communication, research, and improved patient care. The history of this lexicon illustrates a series of challenges and instructive successes that provide a valuable guide for other groups that aspire to develop similar lexicons in the future.
On the robustness of centrality measures under conditions of imperfect data

An analysis is conducted on the robustness of measures of centrality in the face of random error in the network data. We use random networks of varying sizes and densities and subject them (separately) to four kinds of random error in varying amounts. The types of error are edge deletion, node deletion, edge addition, and node addition. The results show that the accuracy of centrality measures declines smoothly and predictably with the amount of error. This suggests that, for random networks and random error, we shall be able to construct confidence intervals around centrality scores. In addition, centrality measures were highly similar in their response to error. Dense networks were the most robust in the face of all kinds of error except edge deletion. For edge deletion, sparse networks were more accurately measured.
Influence of single crystal orientation on homogeneous dislocation nucleation under uniaxial loading

Abstract Atomistic simulations are used to investigate how the stress required for homogeneous nucleation of partial dislocations in single crystal copper under uniaxial loading changes as a function of crystallographic orientation. Molecular dynamics is employed based on an embedded-atom method potential for Cu at 10 and 300 K. Results indicate that non-Schmid parameters are important for describing the calculated dislocation nucleation behavior for single crystal orientations under tension and compression. A continuum relationship is presented that incorporates Schmid and non-Schmid terms to correlate the nucleation stress over all tensile axis orientations within the stereographic triangle. Simulations investigating the temperature dependence of homogeneous dislocation nucleation yield activation volumes of ≈ 0.5 – 2 b 3 and activation energies of ≈ 0.30 eV . For uniaxial compression, full dislocation loop nucleation is observed, in contrast to uniaxial tension. One of the main differences between uniaxial tension and compression is how the applied stress is resolved normal to the slip plane on which dislocations nucleate—in tension, this normal stress is tensile, and in compression, it is compressive. Last, the tension–compression asymmetry is examined as a function of loading axis orientation. Orientations with a high resolved stress normal to the slip plane on which dislocations nucleate have a larger tension–compression asymmetry with respect to dislocation nucleation than those orientations with a low resolved normal stress. The significance of this research is that the resolved stress normal to the slip plane on which dislocations nucleate plays an important role in partial (and full) dislocation loop nucleation in FCC Cu single crystals.
Multi-pass perforated tube silencers : A computational approach

A time domain computational approach is applied to predict the acoustic performance of multiple pass silencers with perforated tube sections. This non-linear, one-dimensional method may readily include temporal and spatial variations in sound pressure level, orifice flow velocities, and mean duct flow, all of which affect the local orifice behaviour of perforated tube elements, and therefore the overall noise reduction characteristics. The transmission loss of two anechoically terminated multiple pass muffler configurations is determined computationally and experimentally for the limiting case of low sound pressure levels and zero mean flow. Comparisons between the numerical results and experimental data are shown to correlate well for frequencies where the one-dimensional assumption is justified.
Vibrational Dynamics of Iron in Cytochrome c

Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) and Raman spectroscopy on 54Fe- and 57Fe-enriched cytochrome c (cyt c) identify multiple bands involving vibrations of the heme Fe. Comparison with predictions from Fe isotope shifts reveals that 70% of the NRVS signal in the 300−450 cm−1 frequency range corresponds to vibrations resolved in Soret-enhanced Raman spectra. This frequency range dominates the “stiffness”, an effective force constant determined by the Fe vibrational density of states (VDOS), which measures the strength of nearest-neighbor interactions with Fe. The stiffness of the low-spin Fe environment in both oxidation states of cyt c significantly exceeds that for the high-spin Fe in deoxymyoglobin, where the 200−300 cm−1 frequency range dominates the VDOS. This situation is reflected in the shorter Fe−ligand bond lengths in the former with respect to the latter. The longer Fe−S(Met80) in oxidized cyt c with respect to reduced cyt c leads to a decrease in the stiffness of the iron environme...
Identification of putative human T cell receptor delta complementary DNA clones

A novel T cell receptor (TCR) subunit termed TCR delta, associated with TCR gamma and CD3 polypeptides, was recently found on a subpopulation of human T lymphocytes. T cell-specific complementary DNA clones present in a human TCR gamma delta T cell complementary DNA library were obtained and characterized in order to identify candidate clones encoding TCR delta. One cross-hybridizing group of clones detected transcripts that are expressed in lymphocytes bearing TCR gamma delta but not in other T lymphocytes and are encoded by genes that are rearranged in TCR gamma delta lymphocytes but deleted in other T lymphocytes. Their sequences indicate homology to the variable, joining, and constant elements of other TCR and immunoglobulin genes. These characteristics, as well as the immunochemical data presented in a companion paper, are strong evidence that the complementary DNA clones encode TCR delta.
Management of extremity soft-tissue sarcoma

Abstract Soft-tissue sarcomas remain relatively uncommon neoplasms, but they present major problems for both the patient and clinician. The identification of prognostic variables based on both clinical and histologic factors has allowed comparisons to be made between various therapeutic regimens. In extremity sarcoma, a more conservative operation utilizing adjuvant radiotherapy has decreased the need for radical surgery and maximized function without loss of survival benefit. The identification of highrisk groups, that is, patients with high-grade, large lesions, has highlighted the inadequacies of treatment in some areas. Similarly, this has led to more aggressive and innovative developmental programs. The progress, understanding, and therapeutic management of extremity lesions have not been matched in visceral and retroperitoneal tumors. Current efforts are directed at more appropriate use of radical surgery, maximizing conservative function-sparing operations with the use of adjuvant local therapy, and development of new regimens directed at prevention and treatment of metastatic disease.
Justifying Party Identification: A Case of Identifying with the “Lesser of Two Evils”

Despite the centrality of party identification to our understanding of political behavior, there remains remarkable disagreement regarding its nature and measurement. Most scholars agree that party identities are quite stable relative to attitudes. But do partisans defend their identities, or does this stability result from Bayesian learning? I hypothesize that partisans defend their identities by generating “lesser of two evils” justifications. In other words, partisan identity justification occurs in multidimensional attitude space. This also helps to explain the weak relationship between attitudes toward the two parties observed by proponents of multidimensional partisanship. I test this hypothesis in an experiment designed to evoke inconsistency between one’s party identity and political attitudes. To establish generalizability, I then replicate these results through aggregate level analysis of data from the ANES.
Clinical heterogeneity of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome) and pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration.

Hallervorden Spatz syndrome (HSS), also referred to as neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), is a rare inherited neurodegenerative disorder with childhood, adolescent, or adult onset. Patients with HSS/NBIA have a combination of motor symptoms in the form of dystonia, parkinsonism, choreoathetosis, corticospinal tract involvement, optic atrophy, pigmentary retinopathy, and cognitive impairment. After the recent identification of mutations in the PANK2 gene on chromosome 20p12.3–p13 in some patients with the HSS/NBIA phenotype, the term pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) has been proposed for this group of disorders. To characterize clinically and genetically HSS/NBIA, we reviewed 34 affected individuals from 10 different families, who satisfied the inclusion criteria for NBIA. Relatives of patients who had clinical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or pathological findings of NBIA were included in the study. Four patients were found to have mutations in the pantothenate kinase 2 (PANK2) gene. We compared the clinical features and MRI findings of those with and without PANK2 mutations. The presence of mutation in the PANK2 gene is associated with younger age at onset and a higher frequency of dystonia, dysarthria, intellectual impairment, and gait disturbance. Parkinsonism is seen predominantly in adult-onset patients whereas dystonia seems more frequent in the earlier-onset cases. The phenotypic heterogeneity observed in our patients supports the notion of genetic heterogeneity in the HSS/NBIA syndrome. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Transfer prices in decentralized self-managed enterprises

Abstract This article examines the effect of transfer prices on the allocation of resources in a labor-managed socialist economy. If enterprises are truly decentralized, transfer prices do play an important role in determining the efficiency of the system. The proper transfer price for services performed by one division at the request of another can correct the misallocation that arises when the labor-managed socialist firm decentralizes. Nonlabor inputs are also examined. The conclusion is that the efficiency loss in a labor-managed socialist enterprise is likely to be less than the loss caused by the same nonoptimal transfer price in a capitalist firm.
Coulometric determination of barium and separation from strontium by controlled-potential electrolysis

Abstract By controlled-potential electrolysis with a mercury cathode, in aqueous solutions containing tetraethliylammonium iodide as supporting electrolyte, barium ion can be separated easily from strontium ion. This technique serves well for separating large quantities of barium from small amounts of strontium prior to the determination of the latter polarographically. The barium can be determined coulometrically, after appropriate corrections are made for the concomitant reduction of water, for the reaction of the barium amalgam with water, and for a small “blank”.
TNF-α Pretreatment Induces Protective Effects Against Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice

Cytokines are recognized to play an important role in acute stroke. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is one of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and is expressed in ischemic brain. We hypothesized that TNF might play a role in the regulation of tolerance to ischemia when administered prior to the ischemic episode. We studied the effects of pretreatment of TNF administered intravenously, intraperitoneally, or intracisternally in mice that were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) 48 h later. MCAO was performed in BALB/C mice by direct cauterization of distal MCA, which resulted in pure cortical infarction. A significant reduction in infarct size was noted in mice pretreated by TNF at the dose of 0.5 microgram/mouse (p < 0.01) intracisternally. At the doses used in this study, administration of TNF by intravenous or intraperitoneal routes was not effective. Immunohistochemical analysis of brains subjected to 24 h of MCAO revealed a significant decrease in CD11b immunoreactivity after TNF pretreatment compared with control MCAO. Preconditioning with TNF affects infarct size in a time- and dose-dependent manner. TNF induces significant protection against ischemic brain injury and is likely to be involved in the signaling pathways that regulate ischemic tolerance.
A study of the effect of compression on the performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and dimensional change analysis

Abstract Compression plays an important role in the performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). In this study, dynamic compression is applied using a cell compression unit (CCU) to study the effect on performance of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with dimension change. The stress/strain characteristics of the MEA are observed to be dominated by the gas diffusion layer (GDL), with the GDL exhibiting a degree of plasticity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is used to delineate the effect of compression on contact resistance and mass transfer losses. With increasing compression, a significant reduction in net performance is observed, with the most significant differences occurring in the mass transport regions of the performance curves. As the compression increases, the high-frequency resistance reduces with the improvement in contact resistance between the GDL and bipolar plate material, concurrently the low frequency resistance increases with increasing compression.
Adolescent sexual assault disclosure: the impact of peers, families, and schools

Adolescent sexual assault survivors are more likely to seek support from peers and families than to formal help systems, such as the medical and legal systems. In this study, we conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with N = 20 adolescent sexual assault survivors aged 14–17 who obtained services from Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner Programs to understand the pathways that led them to seek formal help. Our goal was to examine how survivors’ initial disclosures to peers, families, and schools facilitated adolescents’ access to formal help systems. Additionally, we explored how peer, family and school systems interact as mesosystems to effect subsequent disclosures. Results show that the peer and family microsystems were decisive in survivors’ willingness to enter formal systems. Disclosure became more complex when peer, family, and school personnel all became aware of the assault. When these mesosystem interactions occurred with survivors’ consent and produced a helpful response, they were perceived as positive. Alternatively, mesosystem interactions in which survivors had minimal control resulted in greater reluctance to enter formal systems. These conclusions highlight the need educating informal support providers about community services in order to make the disclosure process easier and beneficial for survivors’ recovery and well-being.
Efficacy of Vaccination Against Streptococcus iniae During Artificial Spawning of the Red-Tail Black Shark (Epalzeorhynchos bicolor, fam. Cyprinidae)

Artificial spawning may precipitate high mortalities of red-tail black shark (Epalzeorhynchos bicolor) broodstock from Streptococcus iniae infection. Two vaccine formulations (aluminum or oil adjuvant) were evaluated for effectiveness. Fish (mean weight 21.2 ± 5.7 g) were harvested, acclimatized, and vaccinated by intracoelomic injection. After 21 days, fish were moved to a biosecure laboratory and, one day later, simultaneously spawned and challenged by bath or by intracoelomic injection with S. iniae. Both formulations increased relative% survival (RPS) in unspawned (RPS [formulation]: 80 [aluminum]; 54 [oil]) and spawned fish (87–95 [aluminum]; 73–75 [oil]), suggesting that vaccination increases survival of red-tail black shark broodstock after spawning.
Properties of ‘bulk' GaAsSbN/GaAs for multi-junction solar cell application: Reduction of carbon background concentration

Abstract GaAsSbN epitaxial films on GaAs substrate grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) were investigated for integration into multi-junction solar cells. These films are nominally lattice-matched to the GaAs substrate with band gap energies ( E g ) in the 1–1.3 eV range. The high background carbon concentrations often observed in MOVPE-grown dilute-nitride materials are correlated with poor minority carrier lifetime and hence low photoluminescence (PL) intensity. In the MOVPE growth of dilute-nitride materials, this background hole concentration is quite sensitive to the selection of the gallium and antimony precursor, and the growth temperature. The lowest background carbon concentration is achieved in the dilute-nitride-antimonide alloys when triethyl gallium (TEGa) and Tris-dimethylamino antimony (TrisSb) sources are utilized. Based on GaAsSb/GaAs superlattice (SL) growth, higher-Sb incorporation efficiency occurs when TEGa and TrisSb are utilized compared to films grown using trimethyl gallium (TMGa) and trimethly antimony (TMSb) precursors. The background hole concentration of GaAsSbN ( E g ~1.23 eV) grown using TEGa and TrisSb is an order of magnitude lower than that observed when using TMGa and TMSb. Hall measurements indicate a background hole concentration of ~8.5×10 17 cm −3 ( E g ~1.23 eV) from the thermally annealed GaAsSbN films grown at 525 °C using TEGa and TrisSb. In addition, higher growth temperature 610 °C is utilized for further reducing the background hole concentration (3.2×10 17 cm −3 ). Carrier lifetimes of up to ~448 psec were obtained from thermally annealed GaAsSbN double hetero (DH) structure samples with energy bandgap ~1.25 eV.
Interactive simulation model for risky financial decision making

Abstract Portfolio and capital markets theory are reviewed. Procedures are proposed to select a portfolio of risky alternatives that best reflects a level of risk appropriate to parameters established for individual decision makers. The ability of financial accounting information to enable these decision makers to select a portfolio of risky alternatives that best reflects this desired exposure to risk is evaluated by an interactive simulation model. The model is appropriate for evaluating the ability of accounting information to convey information to decision makers for the purposes of portfolio selection or managerial financial decision making.
Efficient distributed snapshots in an anonymous asynchronous message-passing system

We present a global snapshot algorithm with concurrent initiators, with termination detection in an anonymous asynchronous distributed message-passing system having FIFO channels. In anonymous systems, process identifiers are not available and an algorithm cannot use process identifiers in its operation. Such systems arise in several domains due to a variety of reasons. In the proposed snapshot algorithm for anonymous systems, each instance of algorithm initiation is identified by a random number (nonce); however, this is not used as an address in any form of communication. In the algorithm, each process can determine an instant when the local snapshot recordings at all the processes have terminated. This is a challenging problem when an algorithm cannot use process identifiers and a process does not know the number of processes in the system or the diameter of the network and cannot use a predefined topology overlay on the network, because there is no easy way to identify the global termination condition. The message complexity of our algorithm is (cn^2), where c is the number of concurrent initiators and n is the number of processes in the system, which is much better than that of the algorithm by Chalopin et al. (2012) [6]. Further, the algorithm by Chalopin et al. also requires knowledge of the network diameter.
Assessing Conditions Leading to Severe Wind Erosion in the Antelope Valley, California, 1990–1991

The Antelope Valley is situated in the semi-arid Mojave Desert and normally supports sufficient vegetative cover to impede wind erosion. During 1990 and early 1991, however, approximately 10,000 hectares were eroded as the result of substantially reduced natural vegetation cover caused by eight years of below-normal precipitation and two years of severe drought. The drought conditions also led to the abandonment of agricultural fields and an increase in sheep grazing that left land susceptible to wind erosion. The erosion led to severely degraded air quality, millions of dollars in crop damage, and roads and homes buried by sand. These conditions prevailed despite light wind conditions. Wind erosion of this magnitude is rare in Antelope Valley, but should be considered when planning future development in this region.
Bleached chondrules: Evidence for widespread aqueous processes on the parent asteroids of ordinary chondrites

— We present the first detailed study of a population of texturally distinct chondrules previously described by Kurat (1969), Christophe Michel-Levy (1976), and Skinner et al. (1989) that are sharply depleted in alkalis and Al in their outer portions. These “bleached” chondrules, which are exclusively radial pyroxene and cryptocrystalline in texture, have porous outer zones where mesostasis has been lost. Bleached chondrules are present in all type 3 ordinary chondrites and are present in lower abundances in types 4–6. They are most abundant in the L and LL groups, apparently less common in H chondrites, and absent in enstatite chondrites. We used x-ray mapping and traditional electron microprobe techniques to characterize bleached chondrules in a cross section of ordinary chondrites. We studied bleached chondrules from Semarkona by ion microprobe for trace elements and H isotopes, and by transmission electron microscopy. Chondrule bleaching was the result of low-temperature alteration by aqueous fluids flowing through finegrained chondrite matrix prior to thermal metamorphism. During aqueous alteration, interstitial glass dissolved and was partially replaced by phyllosilicates, troilite was altered to pentlandite, but pyroxene was completely unaffected. Calcium-rich zones formed at the inner margins of the bleached zones, either as the result of the early stages of metamorphism or because of fluid-chondrule reaction. The mineralogy of bleached chondrules is extremely sensitive to thermal metamorphism in type 3 ordinary chondrites, and bleached zones provide a favorable location for the growth of metamorphic minerals in higher petrologic types. The ubiquitous presence of bleached chondrules in ordinary chondrites implies that they all experienced aqueous alteration early in their asteroidal histories, but there is no relationship between the degree of alteration and metamorphic grade. A correlation between the oxidation state of chondrite groups and their degree of aqueous alteration is consistent with the source of water being either accreted ices or water released during oxidation of organic matter. Ordinary chondrites were probably open systems after accretion, and aqueous fluids may have carried volatile elements with them during dehydration. Individual radial pyroxene and cryptocrystalline chondrules were certainly open systems in all chondrites that experienced aqueous alteration leading to bleaching.
Limitations of C-reactive protein in diagnosis of neonatal infection caused by coagulase-negative staphylococcus

Limitations of C-reactive protein in diagnosis of neonatal infection caused by coagulase-negative staphylococcus
Specific Heat of the Kondo Model

The magnetic impurity contribution to the specific heat of metals is calculated as a function of temperature. The calculation, based on the solution of a recently proposed spinless model for the Kondo problem, shows the specific heat as a universal function of the temperature scaled by the Kondo temperature. The universal function is well described by the analytically solvable resonant-level model over the entire temperature range.
Sliding-Block and Random Source Coding with Constrained Size Reproduction Alphabets

Recent research has shown that nearly optimum ratedistortion function performance can be obtained in encoding memoryless continuous-amplitude sources using a constrained-size reproduction alphabet. In this paper, we use a four-letter reproduction alphabet in encoding the Gaussian and Laplacian sources with the squared-error distortion measure. We introduce a sliding-block code generator/decoder and perform extensive coding simulations at a rate of one bit/source symbol. The average distortions in those simulations are much below the optimum quantization distortion and, with much smaller search intensity, are about the same or lower than distortions reported previously in comparable research. The slidingblock code results are also compared to those of parallel random coding simulations with the same reproduction alphabet and rate.
Effect of correlation in diversity systems with Rayleigh fading, shadowing, and power capture

With the growth of wireless personal communications networks and wireless local area networks (WLAN's), the need for increased reliability of the radio link has become evident. The use of diversity techniques, such as dual receiving antennas, helps mitigate the effect of multipath fading in both the in-building and land mobile radio environments. A significant issue in the design of such systems is the degree to which correlation between the two or more diversity signals can be tolerated. In this paper, we consider the use of diversity techniques in radio systems that are subject to correlation. Rayleigh fading, lognormal shadowing, and the radio capture effect. In the presence of two simultaneously transmitting stations, the throughput, conditioned on the local-mean power, is determined exactly for the case of a dual diversity receiving station. The insight gained from the two-station analysis is used to develop an accurate approximation for cases with more than two stations. The degree to which correlation can be tolerated without significant performance loss relative to the case of independent diversity signals is quantified, as are the effects of different system parameters (i.e., the capture ratio, power roll-off coefficient, and the amount of shadowing). Furthermore, the relationship between the envelope and power correlation coefficients is presented. An application of the capture results to the slotted ALOHA protocol is also included.
Dislocations in as‐Grown CVD α‐Silicon Nitride

CVD {alpha}-Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} has been studied by transmission electron microscopy, and dislocations are found to occur in as-grown material. Two-beam contrast analysis has been used to determine that these dislocations have Burgers vectors of , 1/3 , and 1/3 . Because of their smaller Burgers vector, dislocations are dominant. Their dissociation into half partials has been observed.
Electronic and magnetic properties of ferromagnetic p-(In,Mn)As/n-InAs heterojunctions [spintronic device applications]

In this work, (InMn)As/InAs p-n heterojunctions have been fabricated and their electronic and magnetic properties characterized. The (In,Mn)As films, deposited by atmospheric pressure meta organic vapor phase epitaxy, are ferromagnetic at room temperature as determined by magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) measurements and variable-temperature magnetic force microscopy. The J-V characteristics of these junctions were measured over the temperature range of 78 to 300 K. In addition, the magnetic field dependence of the I-V characteristics has been measured. The magnetoresistive properties of these heterojunctions suggest they may be suitable for use in spintronic devices.
Time-domain hybrid global–local concept for guided-wave propagation with piezoelectric wafer active sensor

This article presents a combined finite element method and analytical process to predict the one-dimensional guided- wave propagation for nondestructive evaluation and structural health monitoring application. Analytical methods can per- form efficient modeling of wave propagation but are limited to simple geometries. In response to today's most complex cases not covered by the simulation tools available, we aim to develop an efficient and accessible tool for structural health monitoring application. This tool will be based on a hybrid coupling between analytical solution and time-domain numerical codes. Using the principle of reciprocity, global analytical calculation is coupled with local finite element method analysis to utilize the advantages of both methods and obtain a rapid and accurate simulation method. The phe- nomenon of interaction between the ultrasonic wave, the defect, and the structure, leading to a complex signature, is efficiently simulated by this hybrid global-local approach and is able to predict the specific response signal actually received by sensor. The finite element mesh is used to describe the region around the defects/flaws. In contrast to other hybrid models already developed, the interaction between Lamb waves and defects is computed in the time domain using the explicit solver of the commercial finite element method software ABAQUS.
Good Governance: A Radical and Normative Approach to Nonprofit Management

This article proposes a radical and normative approach to understanding governance as one of the core issues dealt with in nonprofit management. The radical component traces ideas of good governance through a series of historical transformations, from the governance of Italian city-states in the fourteenth century through the Enlightenment and on to the American Revolution. The normative component challenges the instrumental understanding of good governance as effective organizational behavior and puts the emphasis on the moral values underpinning managerial practices in the public sphere. In concluding, the radical and normative approaches are being integrated into a framework for nonprofit management education. Unlike existing curricula, the proposed model does not focus on preparing students for a particular type of organizations, but for the career of civic professionals engaged as intermediaries in the public sphere. In this respect, the article addresses both, researchers interested in overcoming the division that exists between descriptive and prescriptive approaches to understanding governance and faculty concerned about the relevance of nonprofit management in an increasingly complex organizational environment.
Roommate Relationships: A Comparison of Interracial and Same-Race Living Situations

The effects of same-race versus interracial dormitory roommate relationships were explored with regard to relationship dissolution and academic achievement (i.e., grade point average). The present investigation made use of archival data spanning two academic years at a large, relatively diverse university. Of primary interest were White and African American first-year students assigned to White or African American roommates upon their arrival on campus. Another factor that was incorporated into this analysis was whether students requested to live with their roommates or were randomly assigned. Interracial roommate relationships were more likely to dissolve than either same-race White or same-race African American relationships. Randomly assigned living situations were less successful than ones in which roommates requested to share a room. Concerning grade point average at the end of the first academic quarter, African American first-year students tended to do better in interracial living situations, where...
Pyloric Channel Stricture Secondary to High-Dose Ibuprofen Therapy in a Patient with Cystic Fibrosis

OBJECTIVE:To describe a case of pyloric channel stricture secondary to high-dose ibuprofen therapy in a pediatric patient with cystic fibrosis.CASE SUMMARY:A 12-year-old white girl started taking high-dose ibuprofen to treat the pulmonary manifestations of cystic fibrosis. The peak plasma concentration at dose initiation was within the accepted therapeutic range. Approximately one month later, the patient developed emesis and intolerance of solid foods, which persisted for several months and resulted in a weight loss of seven kilograms. The patient was referred to a pediatric gastroenterologist, who performed an upper endoscopy and subsequently diagnosed a pyloric channel stricture. The patient's pyloric channel was successfully dilated with two balloons. It is felt that the pyloric stricture developed from healing antral/pyloric channel ulcers. Ibuprofen was discontinued and omeprazole therapy was begun. Over the course of the following year, the patient was asymptomatic. Follow-up upper gastrointestinal...
P2G-4 Optimization of the 'En Face' Ultrasound Component in Hybrid RF/US Applicators Designed for Hyperthermia and Heat-Modulated Drug Delivery in Treatments of Locally Advanced Breast Cancer

Simulations of thermal therapy show that ultrasound (US) phased arrays noninvasively heat small regions to relatively high temperatures and that radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic phased arrays noninvasively deliver relatively mild temperatures to larger volumes. Individually, neither modality can achieve therapeutic temperatures continuously throughout a large breast tumor without severely overheating normal tissue. However, preliminary simulations indicate that US combined with RF attains higher, more uniform temperatures than either modality alone. This result motivates the design of optimal hybrid RF/US phased arrays for hyperthermia and for thermal targeting of drug delivery in treatments of locally advanced breast cancer. In one such hybrid array structure, the 'en face' ultrasound component is varied from 1MHz to 3 MHz. Both intervening tissue heating and bone heating beyond the tumor target are evaluated in this model, which shows that the optimal ultrasound frequency for this configuration is 1.9MHz for an ultrasound attenuation of 0.5dB/MHz/cm and 1MHz for an ultrasound attenuation of 1dB/MHz/cm. For both attenuation values, ultrasound is primarily focused in the core of the tumor and the portion of the tumor that is located closest to the ultrasound phased array, whereas the RF component delivers therapeutic heat to specific portions of the tumor periphery. This hybrid therapy approach, which fractionates heat delivered to the tumor volume with RF and US heating contributions, is expected to improve hyperthermia temperature distributions and enhance thermally-modulated drug delivery for treatments of locally advanced breast cancer
U.S. government (depository items)

Abstract In the past year, a new political administration swept into power under the banner of change, and change is truly the watchword for depository libraries. On one hand, GPO has experienced severe budget shortfalls and has had to make deep cuts in its depository program. On the other hand, government agencies are beginning to explore the new frontiers of electronic access and NREN. Throughout this change, the one constant is that GPO continues to issue publications containing valuable information. Two that come to mind immediately are Conduct of the Persian Gulf War: Final Report to Congress from the Defense Department and United States of America National Report prepared by the Council on Environmental Quality for the UN Conference on the Environment held in Rio last year. The documents included in this Notable Documents issue were received by depository libraries from midyear 1992 to midyear 1993. They were selected for their general interest, lasting value, research significance, or timeliness. Most of the documents are available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or one of the GPO bookstores around the country (see Monthly Catalog for a listing). Those documents that do not list a stock number or price may be available in limited quantities from the issuing agency. Special thanks to Cheryl Nyberg, University of Illinois Law Library, Champaign, for her contributions.
Human Natural Instruction of a Simulated Electronic Student

Humans naturally use multiple modes of instruction while teaching one another. We would like our robots and artificial agents to be instructed in the same way, rather than programmed. In this paper, we review prior work on human instruction of autonomous agents and present observations from two exploratory pilot studies and the results of a full study investigating how multiple instruction modes are used by humans. We describe our Bootstrapped Learning User Interface, a prototype multi-instruction interface informed by our human-user studies.
Impact of pre- and postoperative multimodality therapy on rectal cancer.

Surgery is the primary treatment of rectal cancer. However, variability in surgical outcomes led to development of combined therapies including pelvic radiation and systemic chemotherapy. The evolution of these therapies both individually and combined, their successes and limitations is discussed in the context of an evolving understanding of rectal cancer biology. The impact of standardized optimal surgery on the need for additional therapy and trends in treating complete responders to neoadjuvant therapy is also reviewed. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:665–670. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ruthenium-catalysed Z-selective cross metathesis of allylic-substituted olefins

The Z-selective cross metathesis of allylic-substituted olefins is explored with recently developed ruthenium-based metathesis catalysts. The reaction proceeds with excellent stereoselectivity for the Z-isomer (typically >95%) and yields of up to 88% for a variety of allylic substituents. This includes the first synthesis of Z-α,β-unsaturated acetals by cross metathesis and their elaboration to Z-α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. In addition, the reaction is tolerant of a variety of cross partners, varying in functionality and steric profile.
THE ACTION OF COPPER IN IRON METABOLISM

The importance of copper as a supplement to iron for hemoglobin regeneration in anemic rats was first demonstrated 4 years ago by Hart, Steenbock, Waddell, and Elvehjem (1). This work showed definitely that in the presence of copper, soluble inorganic iron salts can be used directly for hemoglobin formation. Since that time a number of workers have studied factors affecting hemoglobin production in rats rendered anemic by whole milk diets. Most of this work has verified the original conclusions concerning the importance of copper, and today, although there are some who still feel that copper is not the only element in addition to iron which possesses hematopoietic properties, practically all workers agree that copper is an active agent in hemoglobin synthesis. In most of these studies the activity of copper has been measured by comparing the increase in the hemoglobin content of the blood of anemic rats when pure iron alone is fed. with the improvement obtained when the iron is accompanied by traces of copper. Aside from. the fact that the hemoglobin molecule does not contain copper (2), nothing is known about the action of this element. In other words, we know that copper is necessary for the production of the finished blood pigment, but we have no understanding of how it functions in this interesting synthesis. In this paper we wish to present the results obtained when special emphasis was placed on the action of copper on the storage and utilization of iron in the animal body. Since the liver and
Developing a New Interdisciplinary Computational Analytics Undergraduate Program: A Qualitative-Quantitative-Qualitative Approach

Statistics departments play a vital role in educating students on the analysis of data for obtaining information and discovering knowledge. In the last several years, we have witnessed an explosion of data, which was not imaginable in years past. As a result, the methods and techniques used for data analysis have evolved. Beyond this, the technology used for storing, porting, and computing big data has also evolved, and so now must traditionally oriented statistics departments. In this article, we discuss the development of a new computational modeling program that meets these demands, and we detail how to balance the qualitative and quantitative components of modern day data analyses for statistical education.[Received December 2014. Revised August 2015.]
Does Growth in the Executive System of Working Memory Underlie Growth in Literacy for Bilingual Children With and Without Reading Disabilities

This cohort-sequential study explored the components of working memory (WM) that underlie second language (L2) reading growth in 450 children at risk and not at risk for reading disabilities (RD) whose first language is Spanish. English language learners designated as balanced and nonbalanced bilinguals with and without risk for RD in Grades 1, 2, and 3 at Wave 1 were administered a battery of cognitive (short-term memory, WM, naming speed, and inhibition), vocabulary, and reading measures in Spanish and English. These same measures were administered 1 and 2 years later. Two important findings occurred: First, growth in the WM executive component was significantly related to growth in English word identification and passage comprehension when competing measures (phonological processing, naming speed, inhibition, and fluid intelligence) were entered into the multilevel growth model. Second, children defined as at risk for RD in Wave 1 had lower intercepts than children not at risk at Wave 3 across several measures of cognition, language, and achievement. However, except on measures of the executive component of WM, no significant group differences in linear growth emerged. These findings suggest that growth in L2 reading was tied to growth in the executive system of WM.