cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein and enzyme electrophoresis profiles of selected Candida species.

The cellular protein profiles and malate dehydrogenases, superoxide dismutases, alkaline phosphatases, and esterases from whole cell extracts of Candida spp. were studied with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We investigated isolates that differed in their ability to assimilate sucrose as the sole carbon source. The protein and enzyme patterns of Candida tropicalis and its sucrose-negative variant "Candida paratropicalis Baker, Salkin, Pincus et D9Amato" were indistinguishable. Although the cellular protein and superoxide dismutase patterns of Candida albicans and its sucrose-negative variant "Candida stellatoidea" were quite similar, differences were noted in the profiles of the other enzymes studied. In addition, the C. stellatoidea isolates were found to be separable, on the basis of their enzyme profiles, into the same two types that have been reported by Kwon-Chung et al. (K.J. Kwon-Chung, B.L. Wickes, and W.G. Merz, Infect. Immun. 56:1814-1819, 1988). Images
A method that significantly improves accuracy of MU/time calculations for wedged asymmetric fields

Wedged asymmetric fields are commonly encountered in radiation therapy. Most treatment planning systems (TPSs) calculate the off-axis wedge factors (WF/sub oc/) by multiplying the central axis wedge factor (WF/sub c/) by the ratio of transmissions along the off-axis ray to that along the central-axis. Therefore the wedge shape determines the off-axis wedge factors. However, during TPS commissioning, it is often necessary to modify the physical wedge shape in order to fit the measured wedged dose distributions. This can result an inaccurate calculation of WF/sub oc/. To determine the accuracy of TPS calculations, WF/sub oc/ measurements for various asymmetric beams produced by dual energy VARIAN 2100C and 6/100R linear accelerators and a Theratronics-1000 Co-60 unit were done. For the 2100C linear accelerator, the FOCUS calculated WF/sub oc/s for all wedges were in good agreement with measured values (<2% for 15/spl deg/, 30/spl deg/, and 45/spl deg/ wedges, and approximately 3% for 60/spl deg/ wedge). For 6/100R and Co-60 unit, the difference between calculated and measured WF/sub oc/ varied from 4-10% depending on the wedge angle and off-axis distance. To improve the accuracy of WF/sub oc/ calculations, wedges were represented in the TPS in two versions: planning and calculational. The planning wedge has a shape that produces accurate calculations of dose distributions and the calculational wedge shape assures an accurate (within /spl ap/1%) calculation of WF/sub oc/s.
Challenges on designing electrostatic discharge protection solutions for low power electronics

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is a process in which a finite amount of charge is transferred from one object (i.e., human body) to the other (i.e., microchip). This process can result in a very high current passing through the object within a very short period of time [1-2]. When a microchip or electronic system is subject to an ESD event, the huge ESD-induced current can likely damage the microchip and cause malfunction to the electronic system if the heat generated in the object cannot be dissipated quickly enough. It is estimated that about 35% of all damaged microchips are ESD related, resulting in a revenue loss of several hundred million dollars in the global semiconductor industry every year [3]. The continuing diminishing in the size of MOS devices makes the ESD-induced failures even more prominent, and one can predict with certainty that the availability of effective and robust ESD protection solutions will become a critical component to the successful development of the CMOS-based integrated circuits [4-7].
Image segmentation by background extraction refinements

An image segmentation method refining background extraction in two phases is presented. In the first phase, the method detects homogeneous-background blocks and estimates the local background to be extracted throughout the image. A block is classified homogeneous if its left and right standard deviations are small. The second phase of the method refines background extraction in nonhomogeneous blocks by recomputing the shoulder thresholds. Rules that predict the final background extraction are derived by observing the behavior of successive background statistical measurements in the regions under the presence of dark and/or bright object pixels. Good results are shown for a number of outdoor scenes.
Nonlinear Flutter Analysis of a Missile Fin/Actuator

An analysis method based on simulation in the time and frequency domain is described for analyzing flutter of a missile fin actuator in the presence of nonlinearities. The method is illustrated by applying it to a hydraulic actuator with backlash and to a pneumatic actuator having nonlinear gas dynamics. All the work was done through computer simulation using the higher order language, ACSL (Reference 1).
Physicochemical properties of isocitrate dehydrogenase from lactating bovine mammary gland: effect of substrates and cofactors.

Abstract The influence of substrates and cofactors on the oligomeric structure of the cytosolic form of NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) from lactating bovine mammary gland was investigated using analytical ultracentrifugation and kinetic methods. In guanidine-HCl, the monomer molecular weight for reduced and carboxymethylated IDH was found to be 50,000 to 52,000. In nondenaturing solvents IDH behaves as a homogeneous solute with a molecular weight of 97,200. When added separately, manganous isocitrate, isocitrate, manganous citrate (substrate analog), and a mixture of the substrate analog and NADP+ do not significantly alter the sedimentation coefficient or the molecular weight of IDH as judged by direct observation of the enzyme at 0.1 to 3 μ m using sedimentation velocity and equilibrium. Active enzyme sedimentation (AES) was used to assess the degree of dissociation of IDH at lower concentrations, and Kd for the dimer-monomer equilibrium was estimated to be 2 n m . In enzymatic studies, the specific activity at several levels of substrate does not vary as the subunit concentration of enzyme is reduced from 10 to 0.3 n m . Estimates for Kd by AES indicate the presence of a significant fraction of monomer at assay concentrations of 1 n m and below, where the weight fraction of monomer is predicted to be 0.6. If the monomer has a lower activity than the dimer, a drop in specific activity is expected below 1 n m . Significant decreases occur only when the IDH is not protected from denaturation. The concentration of cytoplasmic IDH in bovine mammary tissue is estimated to be 5.7 μ m , at least 100-fold greater than our estimates of Kd. Since over 90% of the enzyme is present in the dimeric form, ligand-induced changes in aggregation state cannot play a significant role in the regulation of the cytosolic form of IDH in situ in this tissue.
Subducted greywacke in the Olympic Mountains, USA—implications for the origin of Archaean sodic gneisses

IN Archaean greenstone belts the earliest granitic rocks are sodic or quartz dioritic gneisses and migmatites that surround and diapirically intrude the greenstones. The granitic rocks have been considered as the sialic basement on which the greenstones were deposited1,2 and as sialic underplatings of a primordial greenstone crust3–5. But the structural relationships between greenstones and greywackes in the Olympic Mountains of Washington State, USA, suggest that the Archaean gneisses may have formed by subduction of greywacke suites and associated volcanic rocks beneath nearly coeval oceanic crust.
On the Microanatomy of the Cephalic Nervous System of Nereidae (Polychaeta), with a Preliminary Discussion of Some Earlier Theories on the Segmentation of the Polychaete Brain

Abstract Earlier papers dealing with the microanatomy of the nereid brain have been studied. On this basis a re-investigation of the cephalic nervous system and of the innervation and homologues of the anterior end appendages of these animals appeared necessary: the existing literature proved insufficient for detailed comparisons with other polychaete families and many earlier statements were quite contradictory. In the present paper, the brain commissures and the innervation of, inter alia, the antennae and the palps of Neanthes virens and Nereis pelagica are described. Special attention was paid to the roots of the circum-oesophageal connectives and the ganglia in this part of the nervous system. The results, summarized in schematic diagrams and tables, are compared with corresponding observations in 14 other polychaete families. In a discussion of the architecture of the polychaete nervous system as a phylogenetic instrument, the supposed segmentation of the polychaete brain is questioned and the idea that the configuration of the polychaete nervous system offers support to the cyclomer theory is rejected. Other conclusions concerning the relationships within the Polychaeta are pointed out.
A rapid-deployable imaging system for environmental system studies

This paper describes an Airborne Multi-Spectral Imaging System (AMIS) and the development of its system software. This system has been developed so as to be rapidly deployed in response to episodic events such as hurricanes and tropical storms which may occur year round in coastal zones. The system uses digital video cameras to provide high resolution images at a very high collection rate. The system is software controlled so as to provide a minimum distraction for the aircraft pilot by providing for the remote manipulation of the camera and the GPS receiver. The system is viable for many applications that require good resolution at low cost. Such applications include vegetation detection, oceanography, marine biology, and environmental coastal science analysis.
Differential effects of response-contingent and response-independent nicotine in rats.

Passive administration of nicotine activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and sympathetic nervous system. However, little is known about the effects of self-administered nicotine. Drug-naive rats were trained to respond for food reinforcement and then tested in one, 1-h session in which they received response-contingent i.v. nicotine or response-independent i.v. nicotine or saline. Blood draws were taken immediately prior to the session, 15 min after the first infusion and immediately after the session. Both response-contingent and response-independent nicotine (RI/N) increased corticosterone within 15 min, however, corticosterone levels returned to baseline in animals receiving response-contingent nicotine (RC/N) by the end of the session while remaining elevated in those receiving RI/N. Furthermore, only RI/N increased plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels; RC/N produced no effect. These differences indicate that nicotine's acute effects are powerfully modified by the presence of a contingency relationship between drug administration and the animal's behavior and that this relationship develops very rapidly.
Envelope proteins of vesicular stomatitis virions: Accessibility to iodination

Abstract The glycoprotein and, to a lesser extent, the matrix membrane protein of intact vesicular stomatitis virions were specificially iodinated by oxidation with lactoperoxidase or chloramine T. The virion envelope provided an effective barrier against iodination of nucleocapsid proteins. Selective removal of glycoprotein by trypsin or Triton X-100 exposed the membrane matrix protein to somewhat more extensive iodination but the nucleocapsid N protein became only slightly more accessible to iodination; the nucleocapsid L and NS proteins remained unlabeled.
‘Cartesianism’ Redux or Situated Knowledges

Postphenomenology, in a complementary role with other science studies disciplines, remains within the trajectory of those theories which reject early modern epistemology and metaphysics, including rejection of ‘subject’–‘object’ distinctions, and holds, instead, to an inter-relational, co-constitutive ontology. Here the critiques which sometimes echo vestiges of such early modern epistemology are counter-challenged.
Fish community response to floodplain inundation in a regulated river

Floodplain connectivity has been identified as an important element of river ecosystem function for enhancing biological productivity, yet most of the world's large rivers have been managed to reduce river–floodplain connectivity to protect human interests. Flow events in the Missouri River basin during the summers of 2010 and 2011 offered a unique opportunity to investigate the influence of floodplain connectivity on fish communities. The floods created aquatic habitats not generally available on the main stem and the magnitude and duration of the 2011 event have not occurred since the main-stem dams were closed. Therefore, the objectives were to: (1) document species use on available floodplain habitats and assess age-0 fish presence, (2) compare spatial and temporal distribution of fish species, and (3) evaluate fish community responses at different discharges. Age-0 fish dominated the fish community during the 2010 and 2011 floods, representing 90% and 94% of all fish collected each year. Species comp...
ON SOME CENTIPEDES FROM GEORGIA

In a small collection from Georgia sent me for identification by P. W. Fattig of Emory University are representatives of the chilopods listed below. The types of the two new species described are in the author's collection.
Ontogenetic changes in the position of hair cell loss after acoustic overstimulation in avian basilar papilla

High intensity sound was used to produce localized hair cell damage within the basilar papilla of chicks at three different ages: embryonic day 20, post-hatch day 10 and post-hatch day 30. At each age separate groups of animals were exposed to broadband white noise or pure tones at 500, 1500 or 3000 Hz for 12 h at 125 dB SPL. Chicks were killed 10 days later. Their basilar papillae were then fixed, dissected free, osmicated, embedded in Epon, sectioned serially and stained. Hair cells were counted at 100 micron intervals throughout the length of the papilla. There was a systematic developmental shift in the position of damage produced by each of the acoustic stimuli. Broadband white noise produced damage only in the basal one half of the cochlea in the embryonic animals while at later ages it produced damage throughout the length of the papilla. Exposure with each of the pure tones produced a discrete area of hair cell loss. However, with each frequency the region of damage shifted apically as a function of the age of the animal at the time of sound exposure. These results suggest that the frequency representation along the basilar papilla is not fixed, but changes during the development of hearing.
Fault Tolerance in Petascale/ Exascale Systems: Current Knowledge, Challenges and Research Opportunities

The emergence of petascale systems and the promise of future exascale systems have reinvigorated the community interest in how to manage failures in such systems and ensure that large applications, lasting several hours or tens of hours, are completed successfully. Most of the existing results for several key mechanisms associated with fault tolerance in high-performance computing (HPC) platforms follow the rollbackârecovery approach. Over the last decade, these mechanisms have received a lot of attention from the community with different levels of success. Unfortunately, despite their high degree of optimization, existing approaches do not fit well with the challenging evolutions of large-scale systems. There is room and even a need for new approaches. Opportunities may come from different origins: diskless checkpointing, algorithmic-based fault tolerance, proactive operation, speculative execution, software transactional memory, forward recovery, etc. The contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) we summarize and analyze the existing results concerning the failures in large-scale computers and point out the urgent need for drastic improvements or disruptive approaches for fault tolerance in these systems; (2) we sketch most of the known opportunities and analyze their associated limitations; (3) we extract and express the challenges that the HPC community will have to face for addressing the stringent issue of failures in HPC systems.
Influence of Temperature on the Changes Produced in Milk by Certain Bacteria

Summary Comparisons were made of the changes produced in milk at room temperature and at 37°C. by various organisms. With certain species the temperature seemed to influence only the rate of change, while with others it also influenced the type. The changes produced at the two temperatures showed the greatest difference with certain of the proteolytic types, although other organisms also showed some differences; with these proteolytic organisms coagulation was much more conspicuous at 37°C. than at room temperature. The type of change was not influenced by the temperature with the true lactic acid organisms, although with certain of them the rate was greatly influenced. The results suggest the necessity of giving definite information as to the temperature used when the changes produced in milk are recorded in the descriptions of organisms.
Soft mode behavior of the high-superconducting transition temperature Sn-and pb-ternary molybdenum sulfides

The heat capacities and magnetic susceptibilities of SnMo5S6 and PbMo5.1S6 were measured between 2 and 400 K. Superconducting transitions occur at Tc-values of ∼11.4 K and ∼12.3 K for the Sn-and Pb-ternaries, respectively. The ratio of the electronic heat capacity to susceptibility indicates a lower limit for λ, the electron-phonon mass enhancement, of unity for both materials. The effective Debye temperature of each material varies with temperature much more strongly than that for a simple metal, and suggests, as does the crystal structure, that the molybdenum-sulfur units can, to at least a low-order approximation, be regarded as molecular units, which are weakly bound to each other and to the Sn or Pb. Average internal-and external-mode frequencies are obtained using a simple harmonic model phonon spectrum to fit the heat-capacity data.
For all the world to see: Anesthesia at the 1939 New York World's Fair

Abstract The 1939 New York World's Fair presented a unique opportunity for the newly recognized specialty of anesthesiology to be presented to the general public. With funding supplied by the Winthrop Chemical Company of New York City and careful planning, a committee of physician-anesthetists was able to design a display that illustrated all aspects of the physician-anesthetist's role in health care: general "gas" anesthesia, regional techniques, pain management, resuscitation, and oxygen therapy. Further information was offered concerning training of physicians in the specialty, and speculation involving the future mission of anesthesiology was presented. Surprisingly, issues and discussions concerning the fashion in which anesthesia was to be presented at this exhibit remain germane to current presentations of the specialty to the general public. Although no record remains of the public's response to the exhibit, the World's Fair was an international showcase and an important opportunity for public recognition of anesthesiology.
Cation exchange by anion-exchanging clays: the effects of particle aging

We have observed the effects of exposure to aqueous transition metal cations of freshly prepared, and thermally aged, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) of type Mg2Al(OH)6Cl·xH2O. For M(II) = Co(II), Ni(II), or Zn(II), freshly prepared material undergoes complete reconstitution to give products of composition (M(II)Mg)2Al(OH)6Cl, while thermally aged LDH undergoes surface adsorption of a small amount of M(II) cations. Infrared spectroscopy shows that the former represents a distinct phase, different from both the parent and the M(II)2Al(OH)6Cl, which we prepared for comparison. The same appears true for M(II) = Mn(II), although facile air oxidation complicates the picture. With Cu(II), as might be expected from its high acidity, more extensive changes occur with destruction of the LDH lattice. The results from both types of parent LDH suggest a significant difference in reaction pathways.
Antibacterial Chemotherapeutants for Finfish Aquaculture: A Synopsis of Laboratory and Field Efficacy and Safety Studies

Abstract This review summarizes the extensive and disparate world literature pertaining to antibacterial chemotherapeutants which may be of use in finfish aquaculture. Currently, the veterinarian or fish health professional in the USA has only two legal antibacterials available, Terramycin for Fish® and Romet-30®, each with limited and specific indications for use including treatable fish species and pathogens. If an indicated bacterial pathogen is not sensitive to these chemotherapeutants, the producer has limited treatment options. Extralabel usage of these or other antibacterials is not permitted via the feed (currently the only practical route for treating large populations of fish) without specific U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval, including the Investigational New Animal Drug (INAD) process or an emergency INAD exemption. Research to develop and approve new antibacterials to treat commercial aquaculture species has identified specific fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin, sarafloxacin), macrolid...
Role of Lipid Metabolism in Smoothened Derepression in Hedgehog Signaling

The binding of Hedgehog (Hh) to its receptor Patched causes derepression of Smoothened (Smo), resulting in the activation of the Hh pathway. Here, we show that Smo activation is dependent on the levels of the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol-4 phosphate (PI4P). Loss of STT4 kinase, which is required for the generation of PI4P, exhibits hh loss-of-function phenotypes, whereas loss of Sac1 phosphatase, which is required for the degradation of PI4P, results in hh gain-of-function phenotypes in multiple settings during Drosophila development. Furthermore, loss of Ptc function, which results in the activation of Hh pathway, also causes an increase in PI4P levels. Sac1 functions downstream of STT4 and Ptc in the regulation of Smo membrane localization and Hh pathway activation. Taken together, our results suggest a model in which Ptc directly or indirectly functions to suppress the accumulation of PI4P. Binding of Hh to Ptc derepresses the levels of PI4P, which, in turn, promotes Smo activation.
Theory of Excitons Bound to Ionized Impurities in Semiconductors

The quantum-mechanical variational theorem is used to study the conditions under which an exciton can be bound to a Coulomb center in a semiconductor. The model used is that in which the electron and the hole constituting the exciton can be regarded as charged particles with effective masses ${m}_{e}$ and ${m}_{h}$, respectively. It is shown that an exciton is bound to a singly ionized donor if ${m}_{e}l0.2{m}_{h}$ and to a singly ionized acceptor if ${m}_{e}l0.25{m}_{h}$. Estimates are given of the binding energy of the exciton-impurity complexes, and they are discussed in relation to experimental observations in semiconductors such as GaSb.
Identification of an alternatively processed nicotinic receptor α7 subunit RNA in mouse brain

The data in this report describe the discovery and characterization of a previously unidentified alternatively processed RNA for the neuronal nicotinic receptor alpha7 subunit. The unique transcript contains an extra exon that arises from alternative splicing of intron nine of the alpha7 subunit RNA. The alpha7 subunit protein resulting from this alternatively processed RNA is truncated shortly after transmembrane domain three. The variant protein also has a predicted amino acid substitution in the large N-terminal domain as a consequence of a non-templated nucleotide substitution present in the variant alpha7 subunit RNA. The mechanism responsible for the nucleotide substitution is not known. Initial characterization of the variant alpha7 subunit suggests that it is expressed in mouse brain in a pattern similar to the standard alpha7 subunit although at reduced levels. The variant alpha7 subunit was also found to act as a dominant-negative effecter of normal alpha7 subunit function.
Forgiveness aversion: developing a motivational state measure of perceived forgiveness risks

Given the demonstrated psychological, physical, and social benefits of forgiveness, it is striking that there are still strong impediments to its attainment. In this paper, we introduce the multi-dimensional construct of forgiveness aversion, an offense-specific motivational state based on perceived forgiveness risks. The construct and our proposed measure (the Forgiveness Aversion Scale) are composed of three related dimensions: unreadiness, self-protection, and face concerns. Unreadiness refers to the ongoing emotional turmoil that keeps victims from sincerely forgiving. Self-protection refers to the concerns about how offenders will interpret forgiveness. Finally, face concerns reflect victims’ concerns for their reputation. Four studies were completed to develop a state measure of forgiveness aversion through correlation, structural equations modeling, longitudinal analysis, and a hypothetical scenario experiment. Results of four studies reveal differential predictors of the three dimensions of forgiveness aversion and demonstrate that our understanding of the forgiveness process and impediments thereto is enhanced by addressing situation-specific impediments to forgiveness.
The Project in Intergroup Education and Sarason's Modal Process of Change: A Historical Exemplar of Educational Reform.

In 1971, Seymour Sarason published his now classic book on educational reform entitled, The Culture of the School and the Problem of Change. In the text, Sarason devotes an entire chapter to what he terms the modal process of change. The characteristics of this process, unfortunately, remain salient in today’s educational climate. The Project in Intergroup Education was an educational reform that attempted to bring issues of intolerance and discrimination into K-12 classrooms during the post WWII era. In this article, I contend that using the conceptual lens suggested by Sarason’s modal process, the examination of the Project offers a historical exemplar of an educational change and illuminates ways in which we might seek to challenge the typical implementation of change. Specifically we can see counterevidence to the modal process in the Project’s emphasis on the significance and inclusion of the classroom teacher, the importance of school contexts and particular needs of students, and in the ways in which the curricular work of participating teachers evinced the changes sought by Project leaders.
Recognition of images of Markov-1 model by least-squares linear mapping technique

When the statistics of pixels in an image can be described by the first-order Markov process, which implies decreasing correlation between pixels of increasing geometrical separation, the least-squares linear mapping technique (LSLMT) can be simplified for pattern recognition. The basis functions of LSLMT are shown to be a linear combination of the means of all training classes. Experimental results obtained by using the basis functions from the simplified method show reliable recognition.
Ulnar neuropathy caused by a thrombosed ulnar vein. Case report and literature review

Summary A previously unreported finding of ulnar nerve compression at the wrist caused by a thrombosed ulnar artery vena comitans is described. The value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluating wrist masses is reviewed.
A new technique to study transient conductivity under pulsed monochromatic light in Cr-doped GaAs using acoustoelectric voltage measurement

The transient conductivity of high-resistivity, Bridgman grown, Cr-doped GaAs under pulsed monochromatic light is monitored using transverse acoustoelectric voltage (TAV) at 83 K. Keeping the photon flux constant, the height and transient time constant at the TAV are used to calculate the energy dependence of the trap density and its cross section, respectively. Two prominent trap profiles with peak trap densities of approximately 10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/ eV/sup -1/ near the valence and the conduction bands are detected. These traps have very small capture cross sections in the range of 10/sup -23/-10/sup -21 /cm/sup 2/. A phenomenon similar to the persistent photoconductivity with transient time constants in excess of a few seconds (in some cases, a few hundred seconds) in high-resistivity GaAs at T=83 K is also detected using this technique. These long relaxation times are readily explained by the spatial separation of the photo-excited electron-hole pairs and the small capture cross section and large density of trap distribution near the conduction band. The technique is nondestructive and, because of the dependence of the polarity of the acoustoelectric voltage on the carrier type, it yields information about the charge of the transient carriers and the type of deep traps involved in the release or trapping of these carriers. >
Treatment of recurrent paget's disease of the vulva with topical bleomycin

Seven patients with recurrent Paget's disease of the vulva underwent treatment with topical bleomycin (NSC 125066-Blenoxane®, Bristol Laboratories) ointment. None had an associated invasive carcinoma. Four patients experienced a complete, objective response to this therapy, and one of these has responded completely to treatment of a subsequent recurrence. In two patients the response could not be evaluated. All patients experienced pain in the treated area; one, developed systemic toxicity to bleomycin requiring cessation of therapy. Topical bleomycin appears to benefit selected patients with recurrent Paget's disease of the vulva.
Identification of the rotaviral gene that codes for hemagglutination and protease-enhanced plaque formation

Temperature-sensitive mutants of bovine rotavirus, UK Compton strain, and rhesus monkey rotavirus, MMU18006 strain, were used to derive 16 reassortants by coinfection of MA104 cells. The parental viruses differed phenotypically in their neutralization specificity, their ability to hemagglutinate, and their requirement for exogenous trypsin for infectivity. When the reassortants were assayed for neutralization specificity and hemagglutination, four phenotypes were observed, indicating that these two rotaviral functions segregated independently. Protease-enhanced infectivity phenotype segregated with the HA phenotype indicating that these two functions were manifestations of the same gene product. In order to determine the gene responsible for these rotaviral functions, the reassortants were genotyped by hybridizing 32P-labeled parental transcripts and denatured reassortant genomic RNAs and analyzing the resulting hybrids by gel electrophoresis. The fourth RNA segment was clearly shown to code for HA and protease enhanced plaque formation in MA104 cells. The neutralization antigen was linked to the eighth and ninth RNA segments that comigrated during gel electrophoresis and thus could not be differentiated.
Interactions of SiH radicals with silicon surfaces: An atomic-scale simulation study

A comprehensive study is presented of the interactions of SiH radicals originating in silane containing plasmas with crystalline and amorphous silicon surfaces based on a detailed atomic-scale analysis. The hydrogen concentration on the surface is established to be the main factor that controls both the surface reaction mechanism and the reaction probability; other important factors include the location of impingement of the radical on the surface, as well as the molecular orientation of the radical with respect to the surface. On the ordered crystalline surfaces, the radical reacts in such a way as to maximize the number of Si–Si bonds it can form even if such bond formation requires dissociation of the radical and introduction of defects in the crystal structure. The radical is established to be fully reactive with the pristine Si(001)-(2×1) surface. This chemical reactivity is reduced significantly for the corresponding H-terminated surface with a hydrogen coverage of one monolayer. SiH is found to be ...
An empirical approach to subtype identification in individuals with social phobia.

Background. The present study used cluster analysis procedures to identify empirically subgroups of patients with social phobia in a large clinical sample. Method. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) was administered to 382 patients from several studies of the treatment of social phobia. LSAS fear ratings were summed into four subscale scores (social interaction, public speaking, observation by others, eating and drinking in public) based on a previous factor analytical study of the LSAS. In order to produce a stable and robust solution, these factor scores were submitted to a two-stage clustering procedure consisting of an agglomerative-hierarchical clustering method followed by an iterative non-hierarchical clustering method. Results. Three patient subgroups were identified based on their pattern of feared social situations on the LSAS. These groups were labelled: (1) pervasive social anxiety; (2) moderate social interaction anxiety; and (3) dominant public speaking anxiety. Clusters diered significantly on age and age of social phobia onset, as well as on measures of social anxiety, general anxiety and depressive symptomatology. Clusters also diered in the percentage of assigned patients who met criteria for the generalized subtype of social phobia and avoidant personality disorder. Conclusions. The results provide empirical support for the existence of three subgroups in a clinical sample of individuals with social phobia and contribute to the growing evidence for the heterogeneity of social phobia. Further study of the conceptual, clinical and aetiological significance of these subgroups is needed.
Separation and slip between a layer and a substrate caused by a tensile load

Abstract The paper treats the elastic layer that is pressed uniformly against a half space and is subsequently subjected to a concentrated force tending to induce slip and separation between the bodies. The formulation, based on known results for discrete dislocations, reduces the problem to a coupled system of integral equations which is solved numerically. Various results of interest are given graphically.
Highly nonlinear chalcogenide glasses for all-optical switching

In recent years a considerable effort has been aimed at developing and characterizing glasses with large and fast optical nonlinearities, motivated largely by the potential application of these materials in all-optical switching devices. We will review our work in this area, with a focus on femtosecond measurements of new materials at 1.3 and 1.55 microns. These provide all possible information about the nonlinear response of the materials. Recent studies of As-S-Se, Ge-As-Se, and Ge-As-S-Se glasses reveal several materials with nonlinear refractive indices 1000 times larger than that of fused silica, as well as materials with figures of merit that are adequate for effective optical switching. These studies also provide information about the dispersion of the nonlinearities, which in turn sheds light on the mechanisms responsible for the nonlinear response.
The rhinology experience in otolaryngology residency: a survey of chief residents.

Objectives: The development of rhinology as a distinct subspecialty is based on recent advances in the research, clinical, and surgical aspects of the field. The impact of this evolution on the rhinologic experience in otolaryngology residency programs is not currently understood. Methods: An anonymous, web-based survey of chief residents in otolaryngology residency programs was performed. Participants were asked to rate their residency experience in rhinology in terms of didactics, research opportunities, mentorship availability, clinical care, and surgical experience on an ordinal 5-point Likert scale with higher scores representing more favorable responses. Results: Forty-eight respondents completed the survey, yielding a response rate of 17.6%. The overall experience in rhinology was reported as positive (4.3 points). The individual items with statistically lower scores included availability of basic science research (P = .04), comfort level with the medical management of unusual rhinologic issues (P = .0006), and comfort level with advanced sinus procedures (P < .0001). However, overall ratings were high, and even the poorer-scoring items were still rated favorably. In programs with rhinology fellowships, basic science opportunities were reported as being higher (P = .04) than programs without fellowships. There were no other statistically significant differences in programs with rhinology fellowships. There was no correlation between responses and future career choice. Conclusion: The overall residency training experience in rhinology appears to be positive, and presence of a rhinology fellowship appears not to have a negative impact on resident rhinologic training.
Sensitivity of terahertz photonic receivers

We theoretically discuss sensitivity limitations of a THz receiver which is based on up-conversion of the THz radiation into optical domain using high quality factor crystalline whispering gallery mode resonators. We show that the sensitivity of the receiver operating in the nonlinear regime approaches the sensitivity of an ideal THz photon counter. Thermal noise of the counter can be substantially reduced because of transparency of the nonlinear material in the THz frequency range. We also show that the density of power fluctuations of the receiver operating in the linear regime is given by the THz shot noise.
Reducing children's pain-distress associated with injections using cold: a pilot study.

This study used an experimental design to test the question, “Does ice reduce the pain-distress children experience with injections?” One half of the 38 preschool children had ice applied to the preimmunization site for 30 seconds. The remaining children received the injection without the extra intervention. Measures included the Global Mood Scale, pulse rate, Oucher scale, and Faces scale. The results failed to show that ice reduces children's pain-distress with injections. Reasons for the failure are discussed, with comments on the various measures and suggestions for further study in this area of child nursing care.
Unloader braces for medial compartment knee osteoarthritis: Implications on mediating progression

Background: For persons with unicompartment knee osteoarthritis (OA), off-unloader braces are a mechanical intervention designed to reduce pain, improve physical function, and possibly slow disease progression. Pain relief is thought to be mediated by distracting the involved compartment via external varus or valgus forces applied to the knee. In so doing, tibiofemoral alignment is improved, and load is shifted off the degenerative compartment, where exposure to potentially damaging and provocative mechanical stresses are reduced. Objectives: To provide a synopsis of the evidence documented in the scientific literature concerning the efficacy of offloader knee braces for improving symptomatology associated with painful disabling medial compartment knee OA. Search Strategy: Relevant peer-reviewed publications were retrieved from a MEDLINE search using the terms with the reference terms osteoarthritis, knee, and braces (per Medical Subject Headings), plus a manual search of bibliographies from original and review articles and appropriate Internet resources. Results: For persons with combined unicompartment knee OA and mild to moderate instability, the strength of recommendation reported by the Osteoarthritis Research Society International in the ability of off-loader knee braces to reduce pain, improve stability, and diminish the risk of falling was 76% (95% confidence interval, 69%-83%). The more evidence the treatment is effective, the higher the percentage. Conclusions: Given the encouraging evidence that off-loader braces are effective in mediating pain relief in conjunction with knee OA and malalignment, bracing should be fully used before joint realignment or replacement surgery is considered. With the number of patients with varus deformities and knee pain predicted to increase as the population ages, a reduction of patient morbidity for this widespread chronic condition in combination with this treatment modality could have a positive impact on health care costs and the economic productivity and quality of life of the affected individuals.
Examining Practical Relevance of the Coursework of Doctoral Leadership Programs

This quantitative study investigated the extent to which doctoral leadership programs are practically relevant. Results revealed that community college leaders and leadership program faculty did not differ significantly on the importance ratings on the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC) competencies. The subsequent analysis, however, showed a significant gap between what were rated by faculty as important and what were emphasized in the leadership programs. The findings suggest possible reasons for the gap and raise important questions for future research.
Disposition and behavioral effects of amphetamine and β,β-difluoroamphetamine in mice

Abstract β, β-Difluoroamphetamine, which has a lower p K value than amphetamine and so exists at physiological pH predominantly as a neutral molecule rather than as a cation, localized in epididymal fat to a greater degree than in brain in mice, in contrast to amphetamine. Difluoroamphetamine had a much shorter half-life in brain (19 min) than did amphetamine (51 min), and the half-life was not affected by a 4-chloro substituent (18 min), in contrast to that of amphetamine (261 min for 4-chloroamphetamine). The half-life of difluoroamphetamine and of 4-chloro-difluoroamphetamine was essentially the same in fat as in brain (16 and 20 min respectively). Due to its different distribution and its shorter half-life, difluoroamphetamine had to be given at higher doses to maintain brain levels comparable to those of amphetamine. Likewise, higher doses of the difluoroamphetamine were required for equivalent degrees of central nervous system (CNS) stimulation as measured by increased locomotor activity. The duration of CNS stimulation was shorter for difluoroamphetamine than for amphetamine, correlating with the more rapid removal of the former compound from brain. Two inhibitors of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes, 2,4-dichloro-6-phenylphenoxyethylamine (DPEA) and β-diethylaminoethyldiphenylpropylacetate (SKF 525-A), caused increased brain levels of difluoroamphetamine but not amphetamine, and desmethylimipramine (DMI) did not affect brain levels of either drug. The results suggest an alteration in metabolism as well as in tissue distribution resulting from the decreased basicity of the β, β-difluoro compound.
Goa Trance and the Practice of Community in the Age of the Internet

This article considers the online dialogue of an electronic mailing list devoted to discussion of a genre of music called Goa or psychedelic trance. Attending in particular to the ways legitimate participation is policed in this online forum, this article argues that the debate over the social potential of computer-mediated communication demands an attention to actual discursive practices and contexts in and through which online claims to community are articulated. Community must appear not as an already objectified standard against which novel social forms can be judged but a discursive context for the production of social identities and relations. As such, it is to the connections between textual productions of self and community and the online contexts or genres in which those categories are given life that we must turn in addressing the enormous affective investments in internet talk evident today.
Impact of Multimedia Presentation on Knowledge Acquisition for Complex Training

In this study we examined principles of multimedia training design within a complex task environment. We anticipated a differential effect for multimedia instructional format (redundant or non-redundant verbal information) on knowledge acquisition. Knowledge acquisition was assessed with increasingly more complex tasks, ranging from simple concept recognition assessment to transfer tasks tapping integrative knowledge. Our results show a significant benefit for redundant instruction on more complex transfer tasks. The discussion centers on the generalizability of multimedia design principles to computer-based training for complex systems.
Rabbit as a model of urinary bladder function

Micturition is a complex neuromuscular process. Although control mechanisms have been identified at several levels of the central nervous system and spinal cord, the final pathway in the control of micturition is the autonomic innervation of the urinary bladder and related structures. Following this line of reasoning further, micturition is ultimately dependent on the ability of the urinary bladder to both contract and generate intravesical pressure, and to modify its shape in such a way as to efficiently expel its contents without leaving a high residual volume. In order to understand the various elements of micturition, a wide variety of both in vivo and in vitro animal models has been developed. In many cases, animal models have been utilized to describe the effect of specific experimental pathologies on the lower urinary tract. The current review of the use of the rabbit in urological research is not meant to be a comprehensive treatise on the topic, but should provide a rational description of the how this species can be utilized to study both normal and pathological function.
Arch reconstruction without circulatory arrest: current clinical applications and results of therapy.

Laboratory and clinical data have confirmed the deleterious effects of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Long-term data and rigorous neuropsychiatric data are currently sparse, but that which are available show adverse outcomes following circulatory arrest, and therefore support the use of continuous perfusion techniques. There are no available long-term data on continuous perfusion techniques with respect to neurologic outcomes, but using these techniques the incidence of postoperative seizures or other neurologic events is rare. Currently available bypass systems and microsurgical techniques have allowed continuous flow and regional perfusion to become practical alternatives. Several innovative techniques for avoiding circulatory arrest during neonatal aortic arch reconstruction for univentricular and biventricular hearts are described. It would appear prudent and desirable to provide continuous perfusion now that long-term survival after repair of even the most complex cardiac anomalies including single ventricle defects is commonplace. Copyright © 2002 by W.B. Saunders Company
Ondergewicht in foodies heaven

Veel buitenlanders die hier komen wonen ontdekken dat Japan een foodies heaven is, dat zoveel meer te bieden heeft dan sushi, teriyaki en tempura. De Washoku, oftewel de traditionele Japanse keuken, is zelfs recentelijk op de lijst van UNESCO-werelderfgoed gekomen.