cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential regulation of Ca2+-dependent Cl− currents by FP prostanoid receptor isoforms in Xenopus oocytes

Abstract The FP A and FP B prostanoid receptor isoforms are G-protein-coupled receptors that are activated by prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ). Differences in their carboxyl termini prompted us to examine the intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) signaling of these receptor isoforms using the Xenopus oocyte expression system. Protein expression was determined by immunofluorescence microscopy and whole cell binding with [ 3 H ]PGF 2α . Positive immunolabeling was observed on the outer membranes of oocytes expressing FLAG-tagged FP receptor isoforms, but not on control (water-injected) oocytes. Intracellular signaling was examined using a two-electrode voltage clamp. Specific whole-cell binding was also detected for both receptor isoforms. Bath application of 10 μM PGF 2α to FP A -expressing oocytes produced a chloride (Cl − ) current response similar to that of an injection of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP 3 ) (5.76±0.6 μA, peak current; N=23) that returned to control levels within 25 min. In FP B -expressing oocytes the activation of the Cl − current was delayed or completely absent (1.38±0.2 μA, peak current; N=18). Control oocytes were not responsive to the application of PGF 2α (0.87±0.1 μA, peak current; N=10). Activation of Cl − currents for both FP receptor isoforms was dependent upon intracellular Ca 2+ stores as a 30-min pretreatment with thapsigargin (1 μM; N=5) blocked the PGF 2α induction of the Cl − current. These data indicate that the FP prostanoid receptor isoforms differ in their ability to activate Ca 2+ -dependent Cl − channels when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The difference appears to be in the ability of the two FP prostanoid receptor isoforms to mobilize intracellular calcium.
Comparison of BIOMED-2 Versus Laboratory-Developed Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays for Detecting T-Cell Receptor-γ Gene Rearrangements

Detecting clonal T-cell receptor (TCR)-γ gene rearrangements (GRs) is an important adjunct test for diagnosing T-cell lymphoma. We compared a recently described assay (BIOMED-2 protocol), which targets multiple variable (V) gene segments in two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reactions (multi-V), with a frequently referenced assay that targets a single V gene segment in four separate PCR reactions (mono-V). A total of 144 consecutive clinical DNA samples were prospectively tested for T-cell clonality by PCR using laboratory-developed mono-V and commercial multi-V primer sets for TCR-γ GR. The combination of TCR-β, mono-V TCR-γ and multi-V TCR-γ detected more clonal cases (68/144, 47%) than any individual PCR assay. We detected clonal TCR-β GR in 47/68 (69%) cases. Using either mono-V or multi-V TCR-γ primers, the sensitivities for detecting clonality were 52/68 (76%) or 51/68 (75%). Using both mono-V and multi-V TCR-γ primers improved the sensitivity for detecting clonality, 60/68 (88%). Combining either mono-V or multi-V TCR-γ primers with TCR-β primers also improved the sensitivity, 64/68 (94%). Significantly, TCR-γ V11 GRs could only be detected using the mono-V-PCR primers. We conclude that using more than one T-cell PCR assay can enhance the overall sensitivity for detecting T-cell clonality.
Analysis of Seismic Response for the Mega-Sub Controlled Frame with Friction Damper

Friction damped (FD) structure is first design as the sub-structure in the mega-sub controlled (MSC) frame to further reduce structural dynamical responses. Three different building structures, i.e. a conventional mega-sub frame, the MSC frame and the MSC frame with FD sub-structure, are designed, with reference to the conventional mega-sub frame used in Tokyo City Hall The comparative dynamical analyses among the three building structures are made. The controlling effectiveness of the MSC frame with different sub-structural stiffness is examined. Moreover, the nonlinear dynamic equations and the method to assembling structural parameter matrixes for the MSC frame with FD sub-structure are presented. Researching results illustrate that the MSC frame with FD sub-structure has more excellent dynamic properties and more predominant controlling effectiveness, compared to the traditional mega-sub frame and the MSC frame.
Novel Titanatranes with Different Ring Sizes: Syntheses, Structures, and Lactide Polymerization Catalytic Capabilities

The new titanatranes (Ar = 2,6-di-i-Pr-phenoxy; Ar‘ = 2,4-di-MeC6H2; x = 0, 5; x = 1, 6; x = 2, 7; x = 3, 8) featuring three six-membered chelating rings (5) to three five-membered chelating rings (8) in a stepwise fashion through 6 and 7 were synthesized from the corresponding trihydroxy chelating ligands 1−4, respectively, using an equimolar mixture of Ti(O-i-Pr)4 and 2,6-di-i-Pr-phenol. The molecular structures of 5 and 6, determined by X-ray means, revealed that in both of these complexes the transannular N−Ti bond lengths [2.305(2) A, 5; 2.287(4) A, 6] are at the short end of the range for titanatranes possessing three five-membered rings. These compounds show good catalytic activity for the bulk homopolymerization of l- and rac-lactide at 130 °C.
High levels of triglycerides in pleural fluid in parapneumonic effusion and empyema may indicate severe disease. 1942

High levels of triglycerides in pleural fluid in parapneumonic effusion and empyema may indicate severe disease. 1942
The Komen-Planned parenthood controversy: bringing the politics of breast cancer advocacy to the forefront.

In the midst of the many political attacks against Planned Parenthood and abortion rights over the past year (Guttmacher Institute, 2012b), the news that Komen for the Cure was halting future funding to Planned Parenthood for breast cancer screening and breast health education still managed to create shock waves among women’s health advocates and the general public. Within hours of the news breaking, social media sites erupted with the sounds of outrage and significant pressure was placed on Komen to reverse its decision (Gates, 2012; Lynch, 2012b; Preston & Harris, 2012). As the national interest in the controversy grew, news outlets began to focus on the socially conservative employee within Komen who was seen as engineering a new policy to provide cover for the defunding of Planned Parenthood (Lynch, 2012a). Unable to withstand the pressure or fearful of growing public backlash, Komen reversed its decisions and amended its policy to allow Planned Parenthood to continue to be eligible for new awards (Belluck, Preston, & Harris, 2012). Soon the media coverage declined and the world of online pundits turned to trying to assess the damage done to the Komen brand and the implications of the debate for Washington politics (Cohen, 2012; Sauer, 2012; Sutton, 2012). What remained unaddressed in the media frenzy surrounding the Komen–Planned Parenthood faceoff was the reality that breast cancer, and Komen’s approach to breast cancer advocacy, have a history of politicization (King, 2006;
Hair Cycle-Specific Immunolocalization of Retinoic Acid Synthesizing Enzymes Aldh1a2 and Aldh1a3 Indicate Complex Regulation

Retinoic acid has long been known to alter skin and hair growth but an exact mechanism is unclear. This study was performed to examine the sites of endogenous retinoic acid synthesis in the cycling hair follicle to better understand the role retinoic acid plays in this process. Retinal dehydrogenases (Aldh1a1, 2, and 3, formerly Raldh 1, 2, and 3) are the enzymes responsible for the last step in retinoic acid synthesis. Immunohistochemistry was performed on adult C57BL/6J mouse skin sections with antibodies against Aldh1a2 and Aldh1a3. Aldh1a2 expression was seen primarily in the outer root sheath and basal/spinous layer during all stages of the hair cycle, and in the bulge during anagen and early catagen, whereas Aldh1a3 expression was primarily in the dermal papilla, pre-cortex, and hair shaft during mid–late anagen. The expression patterns of these two similar retinoic acid synthesizing enzymes at specific follicular sites suggest that they mediate and are regulated by different epithelial proliferation and differentiation signaling pathways.
Modeling and control of batch-to-batch polymer processes

The modeling and control of a typical cyclic polymer process, such as injection molding or thermoforming, are considered. The purpose of control is to achieve a specified product quality for a sequence of parts. First, conventional feedback controllers are compared to statistically based controllers with respect to random noise disturbances. It is shown that conventional controllers may not react quickly to load disturbances without magnifying background noise and reducing product yield. It is demonstrated that statistically based controllers are able to differentiate between noise and load disturbances, proving them superior when part quality tolerance is tight and noise level relatively large. Next, the responsiveness of conventional controllers (proportional, integral, and proportionalintegral) is compared with several statistically based controllers (CUSUM, Western Electric runs rules, and simple Shewhart) when subjected to load disturbances. Three load disturbances were modeled; steps, ramps, and sinusoids. Again, statistically based methods generally prove superior to and, at worst, comparable to conventional controllers.
Contrast echocardiographic documentation of paradoxical embolism.

Pandian NG: Hemodynamic effects of volume expansion and nitroprusside compared with pericardiocentesis in patients with acute cardiac tamponade. N Engl J Med 307:929, 1982. 12. Hancock EW: Subacute effusive-constrictive pericarditis. Circulation 43:183, 1971. 13. Gibson TC, Grossman W, McLaurin LP, Moos S, Craig E: An echocardiographic study of the interventricular septum in constrictive pericarditis. Br Heart J 38~738, 1976.
Planktonic and sediment-associated aerobic methanotrophs in two seep systems along the North American margin

Methane vents are of significant geochemical and ecological importance. Notable progress has been made toward understanding anaerobic methane oxidation in marine sediments; however, the diversity and distribution of aerobic methanotrophs in the water column are poorly characterized. Both environments play an essential role in regulating methane release from the oceans to the atmosphere. In this study, the diversity of particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoA) and 16S rRNA genes from two methane vent environments along the California continental margin was characterized. The pmoA phylotypes recovered from methane-rich sediments and the overlying water column differed. Sediments harbored the greatest number of unique pmoA phylotypes broadly affiliated with the Methylococcaceae family, whereas planktonic pmoA phylotypes formed three clades that were distinct from the sediment-hosted methanotrophs and distantly related to established methanotrophic clades. Water column-associated phylotypes were highly similar between field sites, suggesting that planktonic methanotroph diversity is controlled primarily by environmental factors rather than geographical proximity. Analysis of 16S rRNA genes from methane-rich waters did not readily recover known methanotrophic lineages, with only a few phylotypes demonstrating distant relatedness to Methylococcus. The development of new pmo primers increased the recovery of monooxygenase genes from the water column and led to the discovery of a highly diverged monooxygenase sequence which is phylogenetically intermediate to Amo and pMMO. This sequence potentiates insight into the amo/pmo superfamily. Together, these findings lend perspective into the diversity and segregation of aerobic methanotrophs within different methane-rich habitats in the marine environment.
Stability of multivariable least-squares models: a solution via spectral analysis

Time-domain least-squares equation-error models are widely used for estimation of an input-output (I/O) parametric transfer function. It is known that an autoregressive constraint on the input is sufficient to ensure stability of the estimated multivariable model. In this letter, we consider a frequency-domain solution to the least-squares equation-error multivariable system identification problem using the power spectrum and the cross-spectrum of the I/O data to estimate the I/O parametric transfer function. The considered approach is shown to yield stable fitted multivariable models for arbitrary stationary inputs so long as they are persistently exciting of sufficiently high order.
I Meant to Do That: Determining the Intentions of Action in the Face of Disturbances.

Our actions often do not match our intentions when there are external disturbances such as turbulence. We derived a novel modeling approach for determining this motor intent from targeted reaching motions that are disturbed by an unexpected force. First, we demonstrated how to mathematically invert both feedforward (predictive) and feedback controls to obtain an intended trajectory. We next examined the model’s sensitivity to a realistic range of parameter uncertainties, and found that the expected inaccuracy due to all possible parameter mis-estimations was less than typical movement-to-movement variations seen when humans reach to similar targets. The largest sensitivity arose mainly from uncertainty in joint stiffnesses. Humans cannot change their intent until they acquire sensory feedback, therefore we tested the hypothesis that a straight-line intent should be evident for at least the first 120 milliseconds following the onset of a disturbance. As expected, the intended trajectory showed no change from undisturbed reaching for more than 150 milliseconds after the disturbance onset. Beyond this point, however, we detected a change in intent in five out of eight subjects, surprisingly even when the hand is already near the target. Knowing such an intent signal is broadly applicable: enhanced human-machine interaction, the study of impaired intent in neural disorders, the real-time determination (and manipulation) of error in training, and complex systems that embody planning such as brain machine interfaces, team sports, crowds, or swarms. In addition, observing intent as it changes might act as a window into the mechanisms of planning, correction, and learning.
Mating-Type Locus of Cryptococcus neoformans: a Step in the Evolution of Sex Chromosomes

The sexual development and virulence of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is controlled by a bipolar mating system determined by a single locus that exists in two alleles, α and a. The α and a mating-type alleles from two divergent varieties were cloned and sequenced. The C. neoformans mating-type locus is unique, spans >100 kb, and contains more than 20 genes. MAT-encoded products include homologs of regulators of sexual development in other fungi, pheromone and pheromone receptors, divergent components of a MAP kinase cascade, and other proteins with no obvious function in mating. The α and a alleles of the mating-type locus have extensively rearranged during evolution and strain divergence but are stable during genetic crosses and in the population. The C. neoformans mating-type locus is strikingly different from the other known fungal mating-type loci, sharing features with the self-incompatibility systems and sex chromosomes of algae, plants, and animals. Our study establishes a new paradigm for mating-type loci in fungi with implications for the evolution of cell identity and self/nonself recognition.
Sport Psychology An Emerging Domain in the Counseling Psychology Profession

Sport psychology has been identified as an emerging domain of interest in counseling psychology; however, little is known about professional counseling psychologists' involvement in this area Therefore, a national survey ofSO50male and 500female Division 17 members was conducted. Based on 585 usable questionnaires, results indicated that counseling psychologists (a) were minimally involved in sport psychology research and teaching activities (e.g., having published articles or taught courses), and (b) had received virtually no formal training (e.g., coursework) or supervision in the field Many, however, had worked professionally with athletes in either individual (69%) or group (25%) therapy, or had consulted with an athlete or sport team (37%). Implications of the findings for counseling psychology training and practice are discussed.
Vibrational spectra of cyclopropyl cyanide and cyclopropyl cyanide‐α‐d1

$^{1}$J. Maillols, V. Tabacik, and S. Sportouch, J. Raman Spectrosc., 11, 312 (1981). $^{2}$C. Schrumpf, Spectrochim. Acta, 39A, 511 (1983).
Magnetic Resonance Elastography of Uterine Leiomyomas: A Feasibility Study

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) assesses mechanical properties of in vivo tissues in a three-step process: First, an external vibrating mechanical driver coupled to the human body transmits shear waves into the relevant tissue. Second, an MRE waveimaging sequence is designed to capture images of the propagating shear waves in the tissue. Finally, an MRE algorithm is used to analyze the resulting wave images and calculate a stiffness map of the tissue, called an elastogram (9). In vitro and in vivo data show that elastic modulus significantly correlates with pathologic findings of diseased tissues. Data from breast specimens have consistently shown that shear modulus of various types of carcinoma are much higher than the value of normal adipose-glandular tissue (10–12). In vivo hepatic elastographic data shows that fibrotic or cirrhotic livers are much firmer than normal ones (13–19); although benign liver tumors are significantly softer than malignant ones (20). Our hypothesis was that leiomyomas differ in elasticity. The primary aim of this pilot study was to investigate the feasibility of MRE for uterine leiomyomas and to obtain data regarding the variability of leiomyoma elasticity in vivo.
Migration of Small Pores in Potassium Chloride Due to a Temperature Gradient

Pore migration in KCl crystals subjected to a temperature gradient occurs by a vaporization-condensation mechanism. The behavior of small (<100 /mu/m) pores was observed using hot-stage microscopy. A size-dependent probability of pore motion was noted in which the fraction of mobile pores in a given size range steadily increased with size. Pores larger than /approximately equals/50 /mu/m were always mobile. These observations are explained in terms of the probabilities of pore-dislocation intersections. Screw-type dislocations are found to be essential for proving molecular height surface ledges needed for vaporization and pore motion. The observation that some small pores moved and then stopped is explained by the fact that the vaporization rate becomes very low when the pore-dislocation intersection occurs at the edge of a faceted pore. 13 refs.
A quantitative evaluation of cache types

The authors classify caches according to both index and tag. Since both index and tag could be either virtual or real, the classification results in four combinations or cache types. The real address caches with virtual tags under investigation are prediction-based, since index bins are generated from a small array and predictions could be false. As a result, the authors also discuss and evaluate real address most recently used (MRU) caches with real tags, and propose a new cache structure, virtually indexed MRU caches with real tags. Each of the four cache types and MRU caches are discussed and were evaluated using trace-driven simulation. >
Beam pen lithography as a new tool for spatially controlled photochemistry, and its utilization in the synthesis of multivalent glycan arrays†

Herein, we describe how cantilever-free scanning probes can be used to deposit precursor material and subsequently irradiate the precursor to initiate polymerization, resulting in a 3D lithographic method wherein the position, height and diameter of each feature can be tuned independently. Specifically, acrylate and methacrylate monomers were patterned onto thiol terminated glass and subsequently exposed to UV light produced brush polymers by a photoinduced radical acrylate polymerization reaction. Here, we report the first examples of glycan arrays, comprised of methacrylate brush polymers that are side-chain functionalized with α-glucose, by this new lithographic approach. Their binding with fluorophore labeled concanavalin A (ConA) was assayed by fluorescence microscopy. The fluorescence of these brush polymers was compared to glycan arrays composed of monolayers of α-mannosides and α-glucosides prepared by combining polymer pen lithography (PPL) with the thiol–ene photochemical reaction or the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition. At high ConA concentration, the fluorescence signal of the brush polymer was nearly 20 times greater than that of the glycan monolayers, and the brush polymer arrays had a detection limit nearly two orders of magnitude better than their monolayer counterparts. Because of the ability of this method to control precisely the polymer length, the relationship between limit of detection and multivalency could be explored, and it was found that the longer polymers (136 nm) are an order of magnitude more sensitive towards ConA binding than the shorter polymers (8 nm) and that binding affinity decreased systematically with length. These glycan arrays are a new tool to study the role of multivalency on carbohydrate recognition, and the photopolymerization route towards forming multivalent glycan scaffolds described herein, is a promising route to create multiplexed glycan arrays with nanoscale feature dimensions.
Thoracic spinal cord stimulation is useful for pain treatment after incomplete cervical spinal cord injury

Central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury continues to represent a therapeutic challenge, perhaps due to the lack of understanding and consensus as to the neuropathophysiological symptomatic etiology. Spinal cord stimulation is a sophisticated minimally invasive alternative for the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain; however, in this case, we present a patient in whom thoracic spinal cord stimulation was the only successful approach to the treatment of lower extremity neuropathic pain after an incomplete cervical spinal cord injury.
Does Wechsler Intelligence Scale administration and scoring proficiency improve during assessment training

Studies have found that Wechsler scale administration and scoring proficiency is not easily attained during graduate training. These findings may be related to methodological issues. Using a single-group repeated measures design, this study documents statistically significant, though modest, error reduction on the WAIS-III and WISC-III during a graduate course in assessment. The study design does not permit the isolation of training factors related to error reduction, or assessment of whether error reduction is a function of mere practice. However, the results do indicate that previous study findings of no or inconsistent improvement in scoring proficiency may have been the result of methodological factors. Implications for teaching individual intelligence testing and further research are discussed.
Brownian Microscopy for Simultaneous In Situ Measurements of the Viscosity and Velocity Fields in Steady Laminar Microchannel Flows

Brownian microscopy is an intriguing technique that enables in situ determination of the local fluid properties and velocity fields in microfluidic devices. We report application of Brownian microscopy to steady laminar microchannel flows and demonstrate accurate measurements of the viscosity of glycerin/water mixtures, as well as the velocity profiles. A theoretical model is developed to evaluate statistical errors in the measured Brownian diffusivity while accounting for complications associated with the electronic noise and finite exposure time of an imaging system. The model is validated using both Monte Carlo simulations and experiments.
Relationship of sarcopenia and body composition with osteoporosis

The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between sarcopenia and body composition and osteoporosis in cohorts of three different races with a total of 17,891 subjects. Lean mass and grip strength were positively associated with bone mineral densities (BMDs). Subjects with sarcopenia were two times more likely to have osteoporosis compared with normal subjects. The relationship between sarcopenia and osteoporosis is not totally clear. First, the present study assessed this relationship by using two different definitions for sarcopenia. Second, we examined the associations of body composition (including muscle mass as a major and important component) and muscle strength on regional and whole-body BMDs. In total, 17,891 subjects of African American, Caucasian, and Chinese ethnicities were analyzed. Sarcopenia was defined by relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass (RASM) cut points and also by the definition of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (low RASM plus low muscle function). Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the association of fat mass, lean mass (including muscle mass), and grip strength with regional and whole-body BMDs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the association between sarcopenia and osteopenia/osteoporosis. BMDs were positively associated with lean mass and negatively associated with fat mass, after controlling for potential confounders. Grip strength was significantly associated with higher BMDs. Each standard deviation (SD) increase in RASM resulted in a ~37 % reduction in risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis (odds ratio (OR) = 0.63; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.59, 0.66). Subjects with sarcopenia defined by RASM were two times more likely to have osteopenia/osteoporosis compared with the normal subjects (OR = 2.04; 95 % CI = 1.61, 2.60). Similarly, subjects with sarcopenia (low muscle mass and low grip strength) were ~1.8 times more likely to have osteopenia/osteoporosis than normal subjects (OR = 1.87; 95 % CI = 1.09, 3.20). High lean mass and muscle strength were positively associated with BMDs. Sarcopenia is associated with low BMD and osteoporosis.
Perceived stressors and coping strategies of occupational therapy students

Objectives Occupational therapy students often perceive their curriculum to be stressful. Anecdotal reports have described occupational therapy students' stress and coping strategies during their academic education; this study quantifies students' perceptions. Method A questionnaire was used to survey 1,095 occupational therapy students representing the major geographical regions of the United States about perceived stress and coping strategies. The data were analyzed to determine patterns and frequencies of subjects' stress and coping strategies. Results At least 86% of the subjects reported their top stressors to be examinations, amount of class work, lack of free time, long hours of study, and grades. Sixty-two percent of subjects said that the stress they experienced strengthened their commitment to their professional education. Conclusions Academic issues and time pressures were more stressful than nonschool issues for occupational therapy students. Subjects' strategies for coping with these stressors usually included perseverance and rarely involved drugs, sex, or alcohol.
Synthesis of hierarchical zinc oxide nanotubes

In this paper, we report on the synthesis and structure of hierarchical zinc oxide nanotubes. Hierarchical nanotubes grown by physical vaporization of zinc in the presence of a catalyst were decorated with many secondary zinc oxide nanorods on the outer surface. The axis of these nanotubes with an average diameter of 65 nm was aligned along the c axis of wurtzite zinc oxide. The hierarchical zinc oxide nanotubes, many of which were single crystals, were transparent or opaque, depending on whether they had a zinc layer inside. The opaque nanotubes showed an abrupt change in electronic transmittance during investigation with transmission electron microscopy. The unique structure of the hierarchical ZnO nanotubes and the quantum effect resulting from the reduced dimension will modify the original properties of ZnO, leading to novel applications.
Late Pleistocene Glacial Geology of the Okpilak-Kongakut Rivers Region, Northeastern Brooks Range, Alaska

Abstract Glacial mapping combined with cosmogenic exposure dating provides the first detailed assessment of the late Pleistocene glacial history in the northeastern Brooks Range, Alaska. Former ice limits were identified in the Okpilak, Jago, Aichillik, Egaksrak, and Kongakut River valleys. Relative-weathering data support our correlations with the well-studied glacial sequence of the central Brooks Range. Of the 16 boulders from four moraines analyzed for 10Be, the exposure ages on two moraines are tightly clustered. The results indicate that the glacier in the Jago River valley reached its maximum extent during the Itkillik II glaciation by about 23.2 ± 2.8 ka. The ice retreated rapidly, and a prominent, but local, readvance took place by 19.1 ± 2.8 ka within a tributary valley. The relative size of glaciers and the difference in ice extent between the Itkillik I and Itkillik II glaciations varied among the river valleys, with the Aichillik River valley showing the greatest difference. A first-order tre...
Forecasting light-duty vehicle demand using alternative-specific constants for endogeneity correction versus calibration

We investigate parameter recovery and forecast accuracy implications of incorporating alternative-specific constants (ASCs) in the utility functions of vehicle choice models. We compare two methods of incorporating ASCs: (1) a maximum likelihood estimator that computes ASCs post-hoc as calibration constants (MLE-C) and (2) a generalized method of moments estimator that uses instrumental variables (GMM-IV) to correct for price endogeneity. In a synthetic study we observe significant coefficient bias with MLE-C when the price-ASC correlation (endogeneity) is large. GMM-IV successfully mitigates this bias given valid instruments but exacerbates the bias given invalid instruments. Despite greater coefficient bias, MLE-C yields better forecasts than GMM-IV with valid instruments in most of the cases examined, including most cases where the price-ASC correlation present in the estimation data is absent in the prediction data. In a market study of U.S. midsize sedan sales from 2002 – 2006 the GMM-IV model predicts the 1-year-forward market better, but the MLE-C model predicts the 5-year-forward market better. Including an ASC in predictions by any of the methods proposed improves share forecasts, and assuming that the ASC of each new vehicle matches that of its closest competitor vehicle yields the best long term forecasts. We find evidence that the instruments most frequently used in the automotive demand literature may be invalid.
Receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase A2 and arachidonic acid release in signal transduction.

Neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines, growth factors and other ligands transmit their specific messages by binding to receptor molecules on the cell surface. The ligand-bound receptors activate effector systems such as adenylate cyclase, cyclic nueleotide phosphodiesterase, ion channels, and phospholipases via membrane-associated transducing systems to generate second messengers. Receptors activate effector systems via signal transducing elements called GTPbinding proteins (G-proteins) which are heterotrimers composed of a-, Band y-subunits. When a receptor binds ligands, the G-protein disassociates into the aand Bysubunits [ 11. The disassociation of subunits is caused by the exchange of GTP for GDP which is bound to the a-subunit. Specific a-subunits are associated with the inhibition of adenylate cyclase and activation of cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase, voltage-sensitive ion channels, adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C. The a-subunits have endogenous GTPase activity which hydrolyses the bound GTP to GDP, resulting in the reassociation of the a and By-subunits and subsequent termination of the signal [ 11. Phospholipase A, as an effector enzyme can mediate receptor-induced arachidonic acid release regulated by an unknown G-protein [2]. Phospholipase A, hydrolyses arachidonic acid-containing phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserinc, phosphatidylinositides, phosphatidic acid and plasmalogcns, to generate free arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. The arachidonic acid is further metabolized by cyclo-oxygenase to prostaglandin and thromboxanes; by lipoxygenase to leukotricnes and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids ( HETEs), and by epoxygenases to epoxides. Metabolites of arachidonic acid havc many important biological actions [3, 41. Our intcrest in phospholipase A, as a receptor-mediated effector enzyme stemmed from the initial observation that the chcmotactic peptide, fMetLeuPhe, liberated free arachidonic acid from neutrophils prelabeled with IT-arachidonic acid 151. A direct association between the amount o f arachidonic acid released by NetLeuPhe and the extent of chemotaxis was also demonstrated. Several pathways exist for the receptor-mediated generation o f arachidonic acid. The most direct involves coupling o f the receptor protein with phospholipasc A, activation through a G-protein of unknown character 161. Indirect routes havc been demonstrated involving the releasc of arachidonic acid from diacylglycerol by diglyceridc lipase 171. Diacylglycerol can be generated from the action of phospholipasc C on several phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. Alternatively, arachidonic acid can he released from phosphatidic acid by diglyceride lipase. Phosphatidic acid can be produced from the hydrolysis o f phospholipids by phospholipase D 181. In many studies, receptor-mediated release of arachidonic acid was found to be calcium dependent, while phospholipase C and D are partially or insensitive to calcium [9, lo].
Dielectric properties and energy storage capability of antiferroelectric Pb0.92La0.08Zr0.95Ti0.05O3 film-on-foil capacitors

Antiferroelectric (AFE) Pb0.92La0.08Zr0.95Ti0.05O3 (PLZT) films were grown on nickel foils with lanthanum nickel oxide buffer by chemical solution deposition. We observed field-induced AFE-to-ferroelectric (FE) phase transition. The electric field for the AFE-to-FE phase transition (EAF ≈ 270 kV/cm) and that for the reverse phase transition (EFA ≈ 230 kV/cm) were measured at room temperature on samples with PLZT films of ≈1-µm thickness. Relative permittivity of ≈560 and dielectric loss of 5000 h when the capacitors are operated at room temperature with an applied field of ≈300 kV/cm.
Tanning bed use and melanoma: Establishing risk and improving prevention interventions☆

Purpose Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from indoor tanning devices is thought to cause melanoma and other negative health consequences. Despite these findings, the practice of indoor tanning in the United States remains prevalent. In this paper we aim to present a clear discussion of the relationship between indoor tanning and melanoma risk, and to identify potential strategies for effective melanoma prevention by addressing indoor tanning device use.
Thermodynamic feature of a Brownian heat engine operating between two heat baths.

A generalized theory of nonequilibrium thermodynamics for a Brownian motor operating between two different heat baths is presented. Via a simple paradigmatic model, we not only explore the thermodynamic feature of the engine in the regime of the nonequilibrium steady state but also study the short time behavior of the system for either the isothermal case with load or, in general, the nonisothermal case with or without load. Many elegant thermodynamic theories can be checked via the present model. Furthermore the dependence of the velocity, the efficiency, and the performance of the refrigerator on time $t$ is examined. Our study reveals a current reversal due to time $t$. In the early system relaxation period, the model works neither as a heat engine nor as a refrigerator and only after a certain period of time does the model start functioning as a heat engine or as a refrigerator. The performance of the engine also improves with time and at steady state the engine manifests a higher efficiency or performance as a refrigerator. Furthermore the effect of energy exchange via the kinetic energy on the performance of the heat engine is explored.
Morphologic manifestations of monoclonal gammopathies.

Bone marrow specimens from 363 patients who had monoclonal gammopathies were studied; 192 patients (52%) had multiple myeloma, one had a solitary plasmacytoma, 68 (19%) had lymphoproliferative disorders, 65 (18%) had monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance (MGUS), 24 (7%) had nonimmunocyte malignancies, seven (2%) had amyloidosis, and six (2%) had autoimmune diseases. For patients with multiple myeloma, the monoclonal immunoglobulin (MIg) was IgG in 64%, IgA in 25%, IgD in 2%; 8% had light chain disease and 1% had biclonal spikes; none had an IgM MIg. The multiple myelomas were divided into five morphologic types, but the cytologic characteristics could be correlated with immunoglobulin class in only a very small number of cases of IgA multiple myeloma. Of patients with lymphoproliferative diseases, 59% had an IgM MIg, 32% had IgG, 6% had IgA, and 3% were biclohal. The lymphoproliferative disorders associated with a MIg were primarily small lymphocyte (B) malignancies (38%), plasmacytoid lymphomas (21%), and follicular center cell lymphomas (25%). The clinical findings of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia were present in 17 of the cases of lymphoproliferative disorder (nine plasmacytoid lymphomas and eight small lymphocyte (B) lymphomas); all had IgM MIg. Nuclear inclusions were found in neoplastic cells in 32% of 40 cases of lymphoproliferative disorders with an IgM MIg, but were also found in 19% of cases of IgA multiple myeloma. Of the patients with MGUS, 68% had an IgG MIg, 14% had IgA, 15% IgM, and 3% were biclonal; there was ho unifying clinical or morphologic feature among this group. Less than 2 g/dl of MIg was found in 24% of multiple myelomas, 61% of lymphoproliferative disorders, and 71% of MGUS. Nonmonoclonal immunoglobulins were decreased in 83% of multiple myelomas, 46% of lymphoproliferative disorders; and 29% of MGUS. Bence Jones protein was found in 69% of patients with multiple myeloma and.26% of patients with MGUS. Of eight patients in the study who were younger than 20 years old, two had lymphoproliferative disorders two had monoblastic leukemia, and four had aplastic anemia; in three of the latter, the MIg appeared following bone marrow transplant.
Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer: Revisiting the Issues

Abstract Objective To assess current ideas about the benefits and risks of estrogen and hormone replacement therapy (ERT/HRT) in post·menopausal women. Data Sources MEDLINE searches, supplemented by various texts, of the literature on HRT, ERT, and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs): tamoxifen, toremifene, and raloxifene. Data Synthesis HRT is primarily used for improving quality of life in women suffering from vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause. HRT is beneficial in postmenopausal women for preventing cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Review of meta-analyses of clinical trials showed that ERT/HRT ever·users (patients who have ever used ERT/HRT) did not have an increased risk of breast cancer, but current users did have an increased risk, with some studies reporting increasing risk with duration of ERT. No relationship was found between dose or the addition of progestin to ERT and increased breast cancer risk. Overall breast cancer mortality rates associated with HRT were decreased in current users. In general, HRT does not increase the risk of breast cancer in women with a family history of the disease, compared with those without a family history. New HRT strategies that could potentially prevent breast cancer are now being developed. The SERMs tamoxifen and toremifene appear to have positive clinical effects on bone and serum lipids; they are currently being investigated for use as breast cancer chemopreventive agents. Raloxifene, a new SERM used for the prevention of osteoporosis, is an alternative for women who cannot tolerate HRT. Unfortunately, these SERMS have anti-estrogenic effects and thus cause vasomotor adverse effects such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. In addition, SERMs do not protect against heart disease or prevent osteoporosis as well as does HRT. Conclusion Presently, SERMs will not become first-line HRT, as the positive effects of ERT/HRT may out·weigh any potentially increased risk of breast cancer. The development of new agents with pharmacodynamic profiles similar to that of ERT/HRT but lacking its adverse effects would be greatly beneficial for postmenopausal women.
Molecular-Level Mechanisms of Vibrational Frequency Shifts in a Polar Liquid

A molecular-level analysis of the origins of the vibrational frequency shifts of the CN stretching mode in neat liquid acetonitrile is presented. The frequency shifts and infrared spectrum are calculated using a perturbation theory approach within a molecular dynamics simulation and are in good agreement with measured values reported in the literature. The resulting instantaneous frequency of each nitrile group is decomposed into the contributions from each molecule in the liquid and by interaction type. This provides a detailed picture of the mechanisms of frequency shifts, including the number of surrounding molecules that contribute to the shift, the relationship between their position and relative contribution, and the roles of electrostatic and van der Waals interactions. These results provide insight into what information is contained in infrared (IR) and Raman spectra about the environment of the probed vibrational mode.
Memory storage: The first posttrial hour

Mice, tested for retention at various intervals after a single learning trial on a step-through inhibitory avoidance task, do not show a monotonic increase in memory storage. Retention increases rapidly within the first 15 min after Trial 1, drops sharply to 30 min, and then rises again to a broad peak 1 to 2 h after. The biphasic character of this retention curve is interpreted as being consistent with a multiprocess view of memory storage.
Abstract P6-10-02: Differential qRT-PCR-Based Gene Expression Signatures by Menopausal Status and Menstrual Phase in Random Fine-Needle Aspiration Samples from Healthy High-Risk Women

Background: The utility of archived breast tissue samples for risk-related research is limited by the fact that menopausal and menstrual status at the time of tissue sampling is often unknown. We evaluated the expression of a panel of genes in degraded RNA samples from women undergoing random fine-needle aspirate (rFNA) in preparation for a soy-isoflavone intervention. Our goal was to identify breast epithelial gene expression patterns related to menopause and menstrual phase. Methods: Among 86 at high risk women (a 5-year Gail risk estimate >1.6%, or a prior history of contralateral breast cancer but no systemic therapy), 46 were premenopausal (mean age 43.8 years) and 40 were postmenopausal (mean age 55 years). Stratification by menopause and menstrual phase was accomplished using menstrual dates and plasma estradiol (E 2 ) and progesterone(P 4 ) concentrations, measured by radioimmunoassay. 100 ng of RNA from baseline rFNA samples of the breast was reverse transcribed(mean RNA integrity 3.2). Amplicons of interest were linearly amplified to 10 cycles for 28 genes related to breast cancer and estrogen responsiveness. Assays were designed with small amplicons ( 2 , P 4 , and gene expression difference between pre-and postmenopausal groups, and between the follicular and luteal phase within the premenopausal group were conducted using the unpaired t-test. P-values from gene expression difference were adjusted via the Benjamini-Hochberg (1995) approach. Results: Within the premenopausal women group, there was no significant change in plasma E 2 level between follicular and luteal phase groups (p=0.1756) while P 4 level was higher in luteal phase (p=0.0474). The expression of five genes was significantly higher in the premenopausal than in the postmenopausal group: relative expression was 5-fold higher for progesterone receptor (PGR), 6-fold for pS2 (TFF1), 7-fold for gene regulated in breast cancer 1 protein (GREB1), 2-fold for prolactin receptor (PRLR) and 2-fold for CyclinD1 (CCND1) (adjusted p Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the expression of genes related to estrogenic response in the breast epithelium of premenopausal women declines following menopause, whereas the relative suppression of ESR1 and SCUBE2 relate to effects of progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. These changes may allow the development of a model to date archived breast samples by menopausal and menstrual status. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-10-02.
Analyzing superplastic microstructures using interactive EBSP methods

Microtexture and boundary characteristics have been analyzed in a comparative study of post-deformation tensile specimens of a superplastically processed Al-10Mg-0.1Zr alloy using electron backscatter pattern methods in the scanning electron microscope. Interactive methods were employed to capture nearest-neighbor (sub)grain diffraction patterns and the data were subsequently computer analyzed to produce information on the character of the interfacial boundary represented by the misorientation between neighboring crystals. The data from this study are used to determine whether grain boundary character is a microstructural feature responsible for the distinctly different tensile behavior observed in material processed according to two different thermomechanical processing schedules.
375 INCREASED INFECTION RISK OF NONCARDIAC SURGERIES AFTER HEART TRANSPLANTATION.

Purpose The risks and outcomes of nontransplant patients with noncardiac surgeries have been well reported. However, the risks and outcomes associated with noncardiac surgeries in the heart transplantation population are less well established. Heart transplant patients have unique cardiac physiology secondary to the denervated heart and have specific immunosuppression needs, which may all increase perioperative outcomes. Methods Between 1994 and 2002, 482 heart transplant patients were reviewed at our institution for those undergoing elective noncardiac surgeries and their perioperative outcomes. Patients on maintenance corticosteroids were given stress corticosteroid doses in the form of intravenous hydrocortisone perioperatively. For patients who could not tolerate oral calcineurin inhibitors postoperatively, the appropriate intravenous dose was administered. Results Seventy-three of 482 patients underwent 104 noncardiac surgeries; 68% were male, average age 58 years, and 63% were overweight (BMI > 25). There were 16 vascular surgeries, including 3 abdominal aortic aneurysm repairs. Forty-eight (46%) were inpatients and 56 (54%) were outpatients. There were 2 (2.7%) deaths during hospitalization associated with the nonvascular surgeries (ovarian cancer, neurosurgery). In-hospital morbidities included the following: 9 infections or 18.8% of hospitalized patients (2 chest infections, 6 wound infections, and 1 brain abscess) within 30 days of surgery and 1 patient (2%) with congestive heart failure. Of the 104 noncardiac surgeries, 61 (58.6%) used general anesthesia, 25 (24%) used local anesthesia, 2 (1.9%) used spinal anesthesia, 11 (10.6%) used monitored anesthesia care, and 5 (4.8%) used epidural. Readmission due to the operation was seen in 4 patients, and readmission not related to the operation was seen for 2 patients. Conclusions Even in an experienced heart transplant center, noncardiac surgery following heart transplantation is associated with an increased postoperative infection risk, likely related to the immunosuppressed state and elevated BMI.
Heat and Moisture Transfer Properties of Anti-bacterial Knitted Fabrics

The hot points in the development of the anti bacterial textile are the anti bacterial fibers and the cooperation of the anti bacterial properties and other functional properties.Heat and moisture transfer properties of knitted fabrics with anti bacterial fibers were studied.