cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cell-cell contact between adult rat cardiac myocytes regulates Kv1.5 and Kv4.2 K+ channel mRNA expression.

Regulation of voltage-gated K+ channel genes represents an important mechanism for modulating cardiac excitability. Here we demonstrate that expression of two K+ channel mRNAs is reciprocally contr...
Assessing the UN Security Council: A Concert Approach

This article distinguishes between the UN Security Council’s “governance” and “concert” functions and argues that the latter is important in assessing the body’s diplomatic value. It presents data suggesting that serving together on the Council deepens diplomatic linkages between permanent members. It also argues that Council membership may offer several benefits for managing relations between the permanent members. Specifically, the Council provides a mechanism through which permanent members have slowed the pace of crises that might threaten their relations, used ambiguity to produce exits from potentially dangerous situations, and mitigated diplomatic humiliation. The article contends that many proposals for Council reform pay little attention to this concert function and, if adopted, may unwittingly diminish a key benefit of the institution.
Clinical use of evidence-based medicine: Studies used to assess harm

Studies of harm are often carried out in cohort or case-controlled studies. We reviewed a prospective cohort study by Halton et al that assessed increased cardiovascular events in women on a low carbohydrate diet. This study did not show an increase in cardiovascular events. However, the diet assessment was very subjective, and the control group was dissimilar. The fact that these women were not trying to lose weight may have also affected the results. The randomized controlled trial by Trudy et al compared weight loss in 4 different commercially available diets and revealed similar weight loss in all 4 groups. Cholesterol levels did not increase in the Atkins group and systolic blood pressure decreased, although not significantly. Our patient will likely lose weight if she is able to continue with any of these diets. Although the evidence evaluating increased cardiovascular events in patients on the Atkins diet is not strong, the available evidence does not show that the Atkins diet increases this risk.
A suppressor mutation that creates a faster and more robust σE envelope stress response

ABSTRACT The σE envelope stress response is an essential signal transduction pathway which detects and removes mistargeted outer membrane (OM) β-barrel proteins (OMPs) in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. It relies on σE, an alternative sigma factor encoded by the rpoE gene. Here we report a novel mutation, a nucleotide change of C to A in the third base of the second codon, which increases levels of σE ( rpoE_S2R ). The rpoE_S2R mutation does not lead to the induction of the stress response during normal growth but instead changes the dynamics of induction upon periplasmic stress, resulting in a faster and more robust response. This allows cells to adapt faster to the periplasmic stress, avoiding lethal accumulation of unfolded OMPs in the periplasm caused by severe defects in the OMP assembly pathway. IMPORTANCE Survival of bacteria under conditions of external or internal stresses depends on timely induction of stress response signaling pathways to regulate expression of appropriate genes that function to maintain cellular homeostasis. Previous studies have shown that strong preinduction of envelope stress responses can allow bacteria to survive a number of lethal genetic perturbations. In our paper, we describe a unique mutation that enhances kinetics of the σE envelope stress response pathway rather than preinducing the response. This allows bacteria to quickly adapt to sudden and severe periplasmic stress.
Chlorine Isotope Geochemistry

Chlorine played a prominent role in the discovery of isotopes. The famous Cavendish Laboratory scientists were fascinated with the atomic mass of Cl. Most elements have a mass that is a close approximation of the multiple of hydrogen (e.g., Aston 1927). By 1920, it was recognized that the atomic weight of Cl was ~35.5, which appeared to violate Francis Aston’s whole number rule. Sir Joseph J. Thomson started the famous “Discussion on Isotopes” (Thomson et al. 1921) with the following: “I will plunge at once into the most dramatic case of the isotopes—the case of chlorine”. The discussion that followed between three Nobel Prize winners pitted Thomson against Aston and Frederick Soddy, the latter two in defense of multiple isotopes of a single element. And so the game began. Aston (1919, 1920) argued that the mass spectra of Cl-bearing compounds (e.g., HCl, COCl) supported the existence of at least two isotopes of Cl, 35Cl and 37Cl. However, Thomson contended that the spectra may be the result of different compounds of Cl and not necessarily different isotopes of Cl (Thomson et al. 1921). Ultimately, Aston was proven correct (e.g., Harkins and Hayes 1921; Harkins and Liggett 1923) and is now credited with the discovery of the two stable isotopes of Cl, which is notable for the unusually large abundance of its “rare” isotope. The relative abundances of 35Cl and 37Cl are currently accepted to be 75.76% and 24.24%, respectively (Berglund and Wieser 2011). It was not until ~75 years after the discovery of the stable isotopes of Cl that they become more “routinely” analyzed and the chlorine isotope compositions of various chlorine reservoirs were beginning to be determined. Here we summarize the current state of chlorine isotope standards, analytical methods, and fractionation, as well …
Twists and Turns of a Senior Design Project

Teaching senior design courses and labs has not been an easy task for the two authors. It has been rather a daunting working task associated with great learning experiences. It was decided early on from the initiation of the mechanical engineering program at the McCoy School of Engineering at Midwestern State University that the senior design project within the senior design class is a testing and enriching experience for senior mechanical engineering students as well as the teaching faculty. The senior design course and labs are conducted as a research experience for undergraduate students and their assigned faculty. The proposed senior project spans over two semesters, fall and spring, where the students experience a full mechanical engineering related project from the inception phase, through the design and construction phases, and finishing with the testing and analysis phases. The inception phase stands essentially for the brainstorming phase where the students are required to come-up with a set of diverse solutions to their assigned project problem. The design and construction phases stand for choosing an optimal particular solution for their problem according to a set of defined criteria. Then, the students start the preliminary design phase with related cost estimation, and then finalize the design with a set of final drawings.After the design phase, the students start building a machine, an apparatus, a prototype or putting together the elements of a process. In this period they work intensely, with their faculty, the purchasing department, and mostly the department machinist, or the surrounding town machine shops. The testing and analysis phase stands for designing an experimental set-up, writing a testing procedure, and obtaining real time recorded data and proceeding with its analysis. In this technical paper, the authors talk about the requirements for a senior project known as the deliverables, the teaching tools used throughout the class work and labs, the students’ partial and final PowerPoints presentations and weekly and final reports. The authors describe the students overall achievements, and the archiving of the projects. Additionally, the authors talk about the twists and turns encountered during a senior project, with students, other faculty, the machinist, the lab technician, the secretary, and suppliers, and other difficulties experienced in running a full project with real final products. Finally, the authors talk about the aftermath of a senior project, eventual publications related to the project, and what is the view point of the American Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET) on these senior projects.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
William Harvey’s Rejection of Materialism: Underdetermination and Explanation in Historical Context

This essay explores a familiar concept from the philosophy of science—underdetermination—in an unfamiliar context: explanation. Underdetermination is usually deployed in the realism debate, or in discussions of theory confirmation. Here, instead, I am concerned with how underdetermination, interpreted as the necessity of background assumptions, can help us understand a specific historical case involving a dispute about explanatory success. In particular, I look at the work of William Harvey, discoverer of the circulation of the blood, and his rejection of materialist modes of explanation in the course of his De generatione animalium (1651). I articulate the nature of three background assumptions at work here, which affect Harvey’s conception of: (1) how to explain; (2) what to explain; and (3) the larger explanatory stakes.
Dry matter and nutrient accumulation in corn hybrids from the 1960's to 2000's

10 INTRODUCTION 11 OBJECTIVES 15 MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 Overview 15 Sampling dates 16 2007 growing season information 17 2008 growing season information 19 WEATHER DATA 22 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 22 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 22 Grain yield and moisture 22 Dry matter 24 Nitrogen uptake 25 Phosphorus uptake 26
Impact on Clinical Management of After-Hours Emergent or Urgent Breast Ultrasonography in Patients with Clinically Suspected Breast Abscesses

Newly diagnosed breast abscesses are generally treated as a medical emergency that may necessitate immediate interventional treatment. At our institution, there is no in-house after-hours coverage for breast ultrasonography. We could find no peer-reviewed studies on the cost-effectiveness or clinical management impact of on-call ultrasound technologist coverage for imaging of breast abscesses. The purposes of this study were to determine the incidence of breast abscess in patients with clinical findings highly suggestive of abscess, identify clinical factors associated with breast abscess in such patients, and determine the impact of after-hours emergent or urgent breast ultrasonography on the clinical management of breast abscesses in both outpatients and inpatients. We retrospectively reviewed 100 after-hours breast ultrasound studies performed at our tertiary care center from 2011 to 2015 for evaluation of a suspected breast abscess. Only 26% of our patients with clinically suspected abscess ultimately had a confirmed abscess. Factors associated with breast abscess were a palpable abnormality and a history of breast surgery within the eight weeks before presentation. After-hours diagnosis of an abscess was associated with after-hours clinical intervention. Of the 74 patients in whom after-hours ultrasound imaging showed no evidence of abscess, only three patients underwent after-hours drainage. Our findings support overnight and weekend breast ultrasound coverage in large tertiary care centers.
Tensor products, Homs, and duality

Two of the most fundamental and useful operations on the module category are the functors Hom and ⊗ from kG mo∂ × kG mo∂ to kG mo∂. The two are intimately related through duality, and they can be used to develop some interesting piece of information about the group algebra and its modules. In this section we investigate the duality and a couple of its ramifications. The most important application of the section is the proof that group algebras are self-injective algebras, and hence that the subcategories of projective and injective modules coincide.
Soil Organic Matter Models and Global Estimates of Soil Organic Carbon

The large size and potentially long residence time of the soil organic matter pool make it an important component of the global carbon cycle (Schlesinger, 1977; Post et al., 1982, 1985, 1990). The input rates and decomposition rates for different terrestrial ecosystems vary over several orders of magnitude resulting in widely different amounts and turnover rates of soil organic matter. The amounts of carbon stored in soils and the rates of exchange of soil carbon with the atmosphere depend on many factors related to the chemistry, biology, and physics of soil and soil organic matter.
Motherhood and the Lesbian Wage Premium

A puzzle has emerged from studies examining the wage effects of sexual orientation for women. Although lesbian and bisexual women face discrimination in the labor market, most studies of the wages of female full-time workers in same-sex couples versus those in different-sex couples find that the lesbians earn more, even controlling for differences in present labor market supply, education, years of experience, area of residence, and occupation. However, previous studies of the sexual orientation wage gap consistently suffer from two important omissions: first, the role of motherhood in the straight-lesbian wage gap has not been adequately addressed, and second, researchers have taken the sample of lesbians to be a homogenous group compared to straight women without considering the possibility that there is a “primary” and “secondary” group of earners among lesbians, as there is in different-sex couples. This paper uses 2010 American Community Survey data to preform OLS wage regressions, a Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, and a DiNardo-Fortin-Lemieux decomposition to test for a wage gap between lesbians and straight women, giving particular attention to the role of motherhood and incorporating the possibility that in terms of wages, two distinct groups of lesbians exist. The results show that while motherhood is typically negatively correlated with wages for straight women, it is positively related to wages for the group of lesbians as a whole. The positive relationship between earnings and wages holds only for primary lesbian partners; the relationship between motherhood and wages is negative for the secondary partners. JEL Categories:
Case of Missing Plastic: Foreign Body Bronchiectasis

Bronchiectasis is a well-known entity where the airways abnormally dilate losing their natural function. Most common causes of non-cytic fibrosis bronchiectasis in the middle age group include secondary immunodeficiency, aspiration, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Obstructive foreign body is an uncommon cause of bronchiectasis and is often a missed diagnosis in a localized disease. Foreign bodies can be missed making the diagnosis and treatment more challenging and hence foreign body bronchiectasis should be considered in patients presenting with focal disease. Here we describe a patient with a retained foreign body that was discovered post lobectomy during gross pathological examination of the specimen with no significant aspiration history, non-diagnostic imaging of the chest and negative bronchoscopy.
Effect of 1-week betalain-rich beetroot concentrate supplementation on cycling performance and select physiological parameters.

Betalains are indole-derived pigments found in beet root, and recent studies suggest that they may exert ergogenic effects. Herein, we examined if supplementation for 7 days with betalain-rich beetroot concentrate (BLN) improved cycling performance or altered hemodynamic and serum analytes prior to, during and following a cycling time trial (TT). Twenty-eight trained male cyclists (29 ± 10 years, 77.3 ± 13.3 kg, and 3.03 ± 0.62 W/kg) performed a counterbalanced crossover study whereby BLN (100 mg/day) or placebo (PLA) supplementation occurred over 7 days with a 1-week washout between conditions. On the morning of day seven of each supplementation condition, participants consumed one final serving of BLN or PLA and performed a 30-min cycling TT with concurrent assessment of several physiological variables and blood markers. BLN supplementation improved average absolute power compared to PLA (231.6 ± 36.2 vs. 225.3 ± 35.8 W, p = 0.050, d = 0.02). Average relative power, distance traveled, blood parameters (e.g., pH, lactate, glucose, NOx) and inflammatory markers (e.g., IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα) were not significantly different between conditions. BLN supplementation significantly improved exercise efficiency (W/ml/kg/min) in the last 5 min of the TT compared to PLA (p = 0.029, d = 0.45). Brachial artery blood flow in the BLN condition, immediately post-exercise, tended to be greater compared to PLA (p = 0.065, d = 0.32). We report that 7 days of BLN supplementation modestly improves 30-min TT power output, exercise efficiency as well as post-exercise blood flow without increasing plasma NOx levels or altering blood markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and/or hematopoiesis.
Technical and Technological Advances in Robotic Partial Nephrectomy

Robotic parital nephrectomy is an ever-changing field with new technologies and techniques being introduced constantly. The goal of all these advances is to achieve the trifecta, meaning no complications, negative margins and minimal decrease in renal function postoperatively. In this chapter, we discuss many of the new techniques and technologies helping urologists achieve the idea of the trifecta for partial nephrectomy.
Comparing Risperidone and Olanzapine to Tetrabenazine for the Management of Chorea in Huntington Disease: An Analysis from the Enroll‐HD Database

Introduction Huntington's chorea (HC) is commonly managed with neuroleptic medications, though there is little evidence to support their use. This study aimed to perform a real-world comparison of the efficacy of risperidone and olanzapine to tetrabenazine (TBZ) for HC. Methods The Enroll-HD database was used to perform a propensity score-matched comparison of risperidone and olanzapine to TBZ, regarding their efficacy in controlling chorea. Participants with motor manifest Huntington's disease (HD) were grouped according to their use of risperidone, olanzapine, or TBZ. For the three groups, independent propensity score matching was performed on participants' baseline total functional score (TFC), baseline total motor score (TMS), disease burden score, CAG repeat length, baseline age, region, sex, and body mass index. Independent samples t test was used to calculate the differences between the groups in the annual rate of change of the TMS from the baseline to the second available visit. Results The risperidone (n = 72) and olanzapine groups (n = 77) had annualized increases (worsening) in the TMS of only 1.47 points and 3.20 points, respectively, compared to 5.70 points in the two matched TBZ groups (n = 72) (P = 0.019) and (n = 77) (P = 0.143), respectively. Conclusions In the absence of prospective data, this analysis of the Enroll-HD database found that the neuroleptics risperidone and olanzapine seemed to at least be comparable to TBZ at controlling HC. These results demonstrate that neuroleptics may have comparable efficacy to TBZ for the treatment of HC. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Closed-Loop Planning for Disaster Evacuation with Stochastic Arrivals

Effective evacuation efforts can save lives during natural disasters. Uncertainty makes planning optimal evacuation routes difficult. Most current approaches use open-loop deterministic linear programming and integer programming. Robust programming variants have also been proposed. In this paper, we frame the evacuation route planning problem as a Markov decision process (MDP). We solve the MDP approximately using deterministic mixed-integer programs (MIPs) solved in a closed-loop fashion. We benchmark this policy against the optimal MDP policy where tractable. We also solve deterministic integer programs in an open-loop fashion to compare against our closed-loop MIP solutions. Closed-loop integer programming techniques are shown to obtain up to 90% of the performance of the optimal MDP policy, and can outperform open-loop approaches by as much as 52%. Performance is measured in terms of number of lives saved.
Nurses' professional values: Influences of experience and ethics education

Aims and objectives To measure the professional values of registered nurses and determine whether these values are significantly related to postlicensure ethics education and years of experience. Background Nursing guilds in many countries reference the American Nurses Association's code of ethics to define expected professional nursing values. Strong professional values contribute to high-quality patient care and are influenced by complex practice environments. Design Causal-comparative design. Methods A convenience sample of actively licensed registered nurses in Washington State, United States of America, participated in an electronically administered survey (N = 2,439). Analyses were conducted using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and correlation. Reporting utilised the STROBE checklist. Results Results suggested values of highest and lowest importance to nurses. Scores varied significantly based on years of nursing experience; a higher score indicated stronger orientation toward professional nursing values. Nurses with experience of 10 years or more had the highest scores. There was a modest, positive relationship between professional values and amount of time spent in postlicensure ethics education. Conclusions Professional values of Washington State nurses are similar to other nurses in national and global workforces. Results suggest key areas of strength in nurses' professional values and areas needing additional focus and support. Professional values are highest among nurses with longer practice experience and among nurses who have had increased ethics education. Relevance to clinical practice Knowledge of nurses' priority values can assist leaders and educators to identify areas of needed support among nursing staff members. Organisational commitment to support of nurses' professional values through investment in ethics education may produce positive enduring consequences, such as workplace retention and high-quality patient care. Healthcare leaders and clinical educators who promote ethics education may help to mitigate negative effects of morally challenging situations, such as moral distress and work leaving.
Have Films Become More Visually Intense

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that motion pictures today are more visually intense than those of the past. We compute the visual intensity for a sample of 550 films over the last 100 years. Our results show that, on average, recent movies are 2.5 times as visually intense as those from the Golden Age of Hollywood. We also observed a substantial increase in all genres of film. Finally, we propose a simple five-point rating system for visual intensity as a guide for viewers.
Effect of fractures on overall survival in cancer patients: The NHANES database.

e23024Background: Fractures are a significant cause of morbidity, institutionalization and mortality in older adults who are cancer-free. We evaluated the effect of fractures on overall survival in...
Technical Note: Quality assurance of proton central axis pencil-beam spread-out Bragg peak using large-diameter multilayer ionization chambers

Purpose The aim of this work is to describe a method of machine quality assurance (QA) by measuring proton spread-out Bragg peak constructed by the integrated depth dose via a large-diameter (12-cm) multilayer ionization chamber (LD-MLIC). Methods Two types of contours are used to create the nominal plan. The final nominal plan is composed of mixed-energy proton pencil-beam spots located close to the central axis. The integrated depth dose (IDD) curve contains a flat SOBP region. The LD-MLIC-measured IDD was compared to the IDD curve exported from the treatment planning system (TPS). In addition, three plans with intentionally modified energy layers to simulate wrong-delivered energy layers were created and measured by the LD-MLIC. The water equivalent thickness (WET) difference between the inserted and replaced energies was 0.2 cm. Six weeks of measurements were analyzed. A low-pass filter was introduced to mitigate the high-frequency noise in the IDD signal ratios. The filtered IDD signal ratios between the modified plans in different weeks and the baseline were used to check the energy accuracy. Results The differences between the LD-MLIC-measured and TPS-exported IDDs of the nominal plan were within 2% in most parts of the curve. Bumps/dips (~1%) were noted in the filtered IDD ratio between the modified plans and the baseline. Conclusions The LD-MLIC can be used to check the accuracy of multiple energies Bragg peak locations quickly in proton machine QA. The LD-MLIC was sensitive in identifying an erroneous energy with 0.2 cm in WET.
Drug development challenges in polycythemia vera.

In this issue of Blood, Mascarenhas et al report on the safety and efficacy of oral idasanutlin in high-risk patients with polycythemia vera [PV]) with the goal of targeting hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells (HSC/HPCs) in this indolent malignancy.1
Depression in the Primary Care Setting

A 45-year-old woman with hypothyroidism that has been treated with a stable dose of levothyroxine presents to her primary care provider with depressed mood, negative feelings about herself, poor sleep, low appetite, poor concentration, and lack of energy. These symptoms began several months ago during a conflict with her partner. Although she has been able to continue work and life responsibilities, she feels sadness most days and occasionally thinks that she would be better off dead. How would you evaluate and treat this patient?
CRT-100.61 Clinical and Prescribing Outcomes in a Predominantly Minority Population Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and CYP2C19 Genotyping

The objective of this study was to evaluate post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) prescribing and clinical outcomes in patients receiving CYP2C19 genotype-guided P2Y12 therapy at an urban academic health center serving an ethnically diverse population. PCI patients who underwent CYP2C19
Voice Change Following Testosterone Supplementation in Women: A Multi-Institutional Case Series.

Summary Objectives To describe voice changes as a result of the off-label use of androgen supplementation in women. Methods A multi-institutional retrospective consecutive case series identified women taking androgen supplementation who presented to voice clinics at two institutions with a chief complaint of voice change between 2014 and 2019. Age, occupation, hormone therapy, indication, Voice Handicap Index-10, fundamental frequency, semitone pitch range, testosterone blood level, treatment undertaken, and long-term outcome were collected. Results Nine women presented with voice change after initiation of androgen hormone supplementation. The mean age was 55 and three patients were performers. All patients underwent hormone therapy with testosterone supplementation, most commonly subcutaneous testosterone pellets. Six patients (67%) were being treated for menopause symptoms, one patient for decreased libido, one patient for breast cancer, and one patient who desired additional muscle gain. Time of symptom onset after hormone therapy initiation was highly variable, ranging from 0 to 48 months with a mean of 15 months. Mean Voice Handicap Index-10 was 21, mean fundamental frequency at comfortable speaking level was 155 Hz and mean semitone pitch range was 22 semitones. Two patients had markedly elevated serum total testosterone levels. Hormone therapy discontinuation and voice therapy were recommended in six (67%) patients each. Five patients returned for follow-up after treatment and noted some subjective benefit. Conclusions Female patients treated with androgen supplementation may experience unintended voice changes, most prominently reduction in fundamental frequency. Although some benefit may be obtained from voice therapy and cessation of hormone therapy, voice changes may be permanent. Caution should be exercised when prescribing these medications to women.
Utilization of clinical genetic counseling among childhood and young adult cancer survivors in a registry trial

We describe utilization of clinical genetic services among survivors of childhood and young adult cancer after participation in a genetic registry. Clinical genetic counselors flagged 162 out of 1069 pedigrees (15.2%) as suggestive of inheritable cancer susceptibility, resulting in 126 (11.8%) referral letters. Following delivery of the referral letters, 19 (15.1%) participants completed clinical genetic counseling, 16 (12.7%) received testing, and four (3.2%) were found to have actionable results. Our results suggest a discordance between reported willingness to undergo genetic counseling and real-world utilization.
DeepMSRF: A Novel Deep Multimodal Speaker Recognition Framework with Feature Selection

For recognizing speakers in video streams, significant research studies have been made to obtain a rich machine learning model by extracting high-level speaker’s features such as facial expression, emotion, and gender. However, generating such a model is not feasible by using only single modality feature extractors that exploit either audio signals or image frames, extracted from video streams. In this paper, we address this problem from a different perspective and propose an unprecedented multimodality data fusion framework called DeepMSRF, Deep Multimodal Speaker Recognition with Feature selection. We execute DeepMSRF by feeding features of the two modalities, namely speakers’ audios and face images. DeepMSRF uses a two-stream VGGNET to train on both modalities to reach a comprehensive model capable of accurately recognizing the speaker’s identity. We apply DeepMSRF on a subset of VoxCeleb2 dataset with its metadata merged with VGGFace2 dataset. The goal of DeepMSRF is to identify the gender of the speaker first, and further to recognize his or her name for any given video stream. The experimental results illustrate that DeepMSRF outperforms single modality speaker recognition methods with at least 3% accuracy.
A quantitative evaluation of viscosity regularization in predicting transient flows of viscoplastic fluids

Abstract We present an assessment of viscosity regularization (VR) in predicting transient flows of viscoplastic fluids (VPF). Although VR has been the most popular approach for computational studies of VPF in the last decade, the understanding of its effects on the predicted flow behaviour has remained largely qualitative. To reveal the effects of VR, we present a systematic quantitative comparison of the solutions of the regularized and exact (i.e. not regularized) problems. We consider free convection of a Bingham fluid in a two-dimensional square cavity with differentially heated sidewalls. We use bi-viscosity as a representative VR model and use augmented Lagrangian (AL) method to solve the exact problem. We show that common methods of assessing the solution error can hugely overestimate the accuracy of the results of VR. In particular, complete loss of accuracy is observed when flow conditions approach the motionless state, rendering the lower computational cost and algorithmic simplicity of VR irrelevant. Furthermore, we quantify the accuracy of bi-viscosity regularization in predicting the unyielded regions. This analysis disproves by counterexample that using yield stress contours produces convergent numerical estimates of the unyielded regions.
Molecular Biology of Muscle and Neural Acetylcholine Receptors

Most theories of nervous system function depend heavily on the existence and properties of the synapse. For this reason, this structure has been a focal point for neuroscience research for many decades. The best understood synapse is the neuromuscular junction because of its accessibility to biochemical and electrophysiological techniques and because of its elegant, well-defined structure (for recent reviews see Conti-Tronconi and Raftery 1982; Maelicke 1984; Popot and Changeux 1984; Stroud and Finer-Moore 1985; Karlin et al 1986; McCarthy et al 1986).
Finite element analysis as a tool to design acoustic metamaterials by a non-expert user

Computational tools such as finite element methods are an extremely powerful tool for design of acoustic metamaterials. The ability of these tools to couple multi-physics such as structural mechanics and acoustics within an off the shelf graphical user interface opens the tools to a wide range of users. It is very easy, however, to use these tools without full understanding of the physics involved, which may lead to non-physical results. Additionally, FEM problems can be limited in their ability to handle large problems, such as 3D geometries, or small features on large parts, requiring simplifications on the part of the user. This presentation will review several acoustic metamaterial case studies where finite element methods are used to predict response of multi-physics problems, and compare those computational studies to experimentally measured results. These case studies will be presented from the perspective of a casual user of computational tools, someone who understands the physics of the problem, but may be limited in fully exploiting the capabilities of specific tools. Discussion will focus on areas where user tools and interfaces could be improved, as well as where shortcuts have been taken and the effect of those shortcuts.
Dietary Influences on Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk.

Professional organizations recommend various healthy dietary patterns for atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASCVD) prevention. The purpose of this review is to discuss the evidence for the recommended healthy dietary patterns and ASCVD risk reduction, as well as briefly review specific areas of controversy. The Mediterranean, Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension, and plant-based dietary patterns have been associated with lower ASCVD risk in observational studies. The Mediterranean dietary pattern has been demonstrated to reduce ASCVD event risk in a large, randomized, controlled trial. Observational studies demonstrate dietary patterns with higher quality foods are associated with decreased ASCVD risk and mortality. Healthy dietary patterns emphasize higher intakes of plant-based foods, lean animal protein sources, and non-tropical oils, while limiting intakes of sugar-sweetened products, refined grains, and processed meats. Encouraging individuals to consume healthy dietary patterns with high-quality foods can promote ASCVD prevention and overall health.
Induction of SREBP1 degradation coupled with suppression of SREBP1-mediated lipogenesis impacts the response of EGFR mutant NSCLC cells to osimertinib.

Emergence of acquired resistance to osimertinib (AZD9291), the first-approved third-generation EGFR inhibitor that selectively and irreversibly inhibits the activating EGFR mutations and the resistant T790M mutation, is a giant and urgent clinical challenge. Fully understanding the biology underlying the response of EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to osimertinib is the foundation for development of mechanism-driven strategies to overcome acquired resistance to osimertinib or other third-generation EGFR inhibitors. This study focused on tackling this important issue by elucidating the critical role of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) degradation in conferring the response of EGFR mutant NSCLC cells to osimertinib and by validating the strategy via directly targeting SREBP1 for overcoming osimertinib acquired resistance. Osimertinib facilitated degradation of the mature form of SREBP1 (mSREBP1) in a GSK3/FBXW7-dependent manner and reduced protein levels of its regulated genes in EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells/tumors accompanied with suppression of lipogenesis. Once resistant, EGFR-mutant NSCLC cell lines possessed elevated levels of mSREBP1, which were resistant to osimertinib modulation. Both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of SREBP1 sensitized osimertinib-resistant cells and tumors to osimertinib primarily through enhancing Bim-dependent induction of apoptosis, whereas enforced expression of ectopic SREBP1 in sensitive EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells compromised osimertinib’s cell-killing effects. Collectively, we have demonstrated a novel connection between osimertinib and SREBP1 degradation and its impact on the response of EGFR mutant NSCLC cells to osimertinib and suggested an effective strategy for overcoming acquired resistance to osimertinib, and possibly other EGFR inhibitors, via targeting SREBP1.
RNAi and chromatin remodeling pathways regulate reproductive phenotypic plasticity in C. elegans

Environmental cues experienced early in development play a critical role in modulating adult phenotypes through largely uncharacterized mechanisms. We use C. elegans as a model system to investigate the mechanisms by which early life stress regulates adult behavior and physiology. We have shown previously that wildtype adults that briefly passed through an alternate stress-induced dauer stage (postdauers) exhibit changes in gene expression, genome-wide chromatin state, small RNA populations, and life-history traits compared to adults that bypassed the dauer stage (controls). One consequence of early environmental stress is that postdauer adults have a significantly larger brood size than their control adult counterparts, which is dependent on functional chromatin remodeling and small interfering RNA pathways. Reproduction in C. elegans hermaphrodites is sperm-limited; thus, an increased brood size suggests an increase in sperm production in postdauer development. To test this hypothesis, we are currently ...
Best Practice in Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry : Prostate Carcinoma and Its Mimics in Needle Core Biopsies

Abstract Context.—The unrelenting challenge encountered when differentiating limited-volume prostate carcinoma and sometimes subtle variants from its many morphologic mimics has increased the use o...
The effect of cell density on the expression of cell adhesive properties in a cloned rat astrocytoma (C-6).

Abstract The cell-cell adhesion characteristic of C-6 astrocytoma cells changes as a function of cell density. Cell suspensions prepared from monolayers having a density lower than 1 × 10 5 cells/cm 2 show maximal affinity for plasma membranes and cells obtained from monolayers at densities greater than 1 × 10 6 cells/cm 2 shows minimal affinity for plasma membranes. The adhesive component retained on plasma membranes is present at essentially equal levels in membranes prepared from cells at different density. This modulation in cell surface affinity appears to be due to cell-cell contact and appears to represent a suitable model for the study of the modulation of cell-cell adhesion as a result of cell contact.
High-order stimulated ionospheric diffuse plasma resonances: Significance for magnetospheric emissions

The paper presents Alouette 2/ISIS 1 data which furnish evidence for the stimulation of high-order D(n) resonances (n greater than 4) by topside sounders, confirming the prediction of Osherovich (1990) based on an analogy with naturally occurring narrowband magnetospheric emissions. The results indicate that observations of stimulated ionospheric emissions and naturally occurring magnetospheric emissions can be used as complementary data sets to address such fundamental questions as the nature of the excitation mechanism for these emissions and the nature of the waves (i.e., whether the waves predominantly electrostatic or with a significant magnetic component present), and the question of the dominance among the Dn, Dn(+), and Dn(-) resonances and the conditions required for all three to be present at the same time.
Repeated Intracarotid Amobarbital Tests

Summary: Rationale: Our goal was to determine the frequency of repeated intracarotid amobarbital test (IAT) at our center and to estimate the retest reliability of the IAT for both language and memory lateralization. Methods: A total of 1,249 consecutive IATs on 1,190 patients were retrospectively reviewed for repeat tests. Results: In 4% of patients the IAT was repeated in order to deliver satisfactory information on either language or memory lateralization. Reasons for repetition included obtundation and inability to test for memory lateralization, inability to test for language lateralization, no hemiparesis during first test, no aphasia during first test, atypical vessel filling, and bleeding complications from the catheter insertion site. Language lateralization was reproduced in all but one patient. Repeated memory test results were less consistent across tests, and memory lateralization was unreliable in 63% of the patients. Discussion: In spite of test limitations by a varying dose of amobarbital, crossover of amobarbital from one side to the other, testing of both hemispheres on the same day, practice effects, unblinded observers, fluctuating cooperation of the patients, and a biased sample of patients language lateralization was reproduced in all but one patient. In contrast, repeated memory test results were frequently contradictory. Memory results on IAT therefore seem much less robust than the results of language testing. Gain of reliable information versus the risks of complications and failed tests has to be considered when a patient is subjected to an IAT.
Motion and ballistocardiogram artifact removal for interleaved recording of EEG and EPs during MRI.

Abstract Artifactsgenerated by motion (e.g., ballistocardiac) of the head inside a high magnetic field corrupt recordings of EEG and EPs. This paper introduces a method for motion artifact cancellation. This method is based on adaptive filtering and takes advantage of piezoelectric motion sensor information to estimate the motion artifact noise. This filter estimates the mapping between motion sensor and EEG space, subtracting the motion-related noise from the raw EEG signal. Due to possible subject motion and changes in electrode impedance, a time-varying mapping of the motion versus EEG is required. We show that this filter is capable of removing both ballistocardiogram and gross motion artifacts, restoring EEG alpha waves (8–13 Hz), and visual evoked potentials (VEPs). This adaptive filter outperforms the simple band-pass filter for alpha detection because it is also capable of reducing noise within the frequency band of interest. In addition, this filter also removes the transient responses normally visible in the EEG window after echo planar image acquisition, observed during interleaved EEG/fMRI recordings. Our adaptive filter approach can be implemented in real-time to allow for continuous monitoring of EEG and fMRI during clinical and cognitive studies.
Additive effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor and testosterone on motoneuron survival; differential effects on motoneuron size and muscle morphology.

Testosterone and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) each enhance motoneuron survival in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) of newborn rats. Here we directly compared the effects of CNTF and testosterone, alone and in combination, on SNB motoneuron number, SNB cell size, and morphology of the levator ani (LA) target muscle. Female rat pups were treated daily from postnatal day 1 through 6 (P1-P6) with recombinant human CNTF (hCNTF), testosterone propionate (TP), both hCNTF and TP, or neither. Effects of treatment were assessed on P7. TP and hCNTF each increased the number of SNB motoneurons and did so to a similar degree. Females treated with both hCNTF and TP had significantly more SNB cells than those receiving either hCNTF or TP alone. TP administered from P1 to P6 also increased SNB motoneuron size on P7. In contrast, hCNTF alone did not significantly affect SNB cell size, and hCNTF in combination with TP antagonized the effect of TP on motoneuron size. TP also increased LA muscle fiber number and LA fiber size, whereas hCNTF did not significantly influence LA muscle morphology in this study. Immunohistochemistry established that virtually all SNB motoneurons of both males and females express the CNTF alpha receptor (CNTFRalpha) between embryonic day 20 and postnatal day 6. Thus, effects of TP and hCNTF on SNB motoneuron survival were additive, and increases in motoneuron survival were dissociated from changes in target muscle morphology in hCNTF-treated animals. SNB motoneurons express CNTFRalpha perinatally and are therefore potential direct sites of hCNTF action.
Mammary tumor virus activity in mammary tissues of hormone-stimulated BALB-cfC3H-Crgl mice.

SummaryHormonal stimulation leads to early MTV activity in the mammary glands of BALB/cfC3H female mice. Whereas substantial MTV activity does not appear until 13 weeks in the intact virgin BALB/cfC3H mammary gland, 3 weeks of hormonal stimulation leads to MTV activity in mammary ducts of 6-week-old BALB/cfC3H female mice. In addition, both BALB/c normal lobules and BALB/c hyperplastic nodule outgrowths possess MTV activity after 6 weeks in a MTV-positive host, following 3 or more weeks of hormonal stimulation.
Contextual reminders fail to trigger memory reconsolidation in aged rats and aged humans

There is strong evidence that hippocampal memory returns to a labile state upon reactivation, initiating a reconsolidation process that restabilizes it and allows for its updating. Normal aging is associated with deficits in episodic memory processes. However, the effects of aging on memory reconsolidation and its neural substrate remain largely unknown, and an animal model is lacking. In this study we investigated the effects of aging on context-dependent reconsolidation using an episodic set-learning task in humans and an analogous set-learning spatial task in rats. In both tasks, young and older subjects learned a set of objects (humans) or feeder locations (rats; Set 1) in Context A on Day 1. On Day 2, a different set (Set 2) was learned in either Context A (Reminder condition) or Context B (No Reminder condition). On Day 3, subjects were instructed (humans) or cued (rats) to recall Set 1. Young rats and humans in the Reminder condition falsely recalled significantly more items from Set 2 than those in the No Reminder condition, suggesting that the reminder context triggered a reactivation of Set 1 on Day 2 and allowed the integration of Set 2 items into Set 1. In both species, older subjects displayed a different pattern of results than young subjects. In aged rats, there was no difference between conditions in the level of falsely recalled Set 2 items (intrusions). Older humans in the No Reminder condition made significantly more intrusions than those in the Reminder condition. Follow-up control experiments in aged rats suggested that intrusions in older animals reflected general interference, independent of context manipulations. We conclude that contextual reminders are not sufficient to trigger memory updating in aged rats or aged humans, unlike in younger individuals. Future studies using this animal model should further our understanding of the role of the hippocampus in memory maintenance and updating during normal aging.
Protection by K+ and Mg2+ of growth and macromolecule synthesis in candicidin-treated yeast.

Abstract The requirements for growth and macromolecule synthesis by yeast treated with minimal lethal concentrations of the polyene antibiotic candicidin have been studied. 1. 1. Glucose utilization, but not protein synthesis or growth, was protected by preincubation of cells with cofactors required for glycolysis in vitro. 2. 2. Preincubation with 85 mM KCl and 45 mM MgCl 2 essentially eliminated the inhibition of protein synthesis and growth by candicidin. Both cations were needed during the preincubation and after addition of the antibiotic. Under these conditions amino acid uptake, RNA formation and glucose utilization were also unimpaired. 3. 3. Similar protection was obtained against amphotericin B or N- succinyl-fungimycin , but not against filipin. These findings emphasize the critical role of K + and Mg 2+ in the varied metabolic effects produced by the polyenes.