cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Socio-economic justice and poverty in Nahj Al-Balagha

Purpose – This paper aims to present an account and discussion of Imam Ali’s view on poverty and socio-economic justice. The concept of socio-economic justice is of utmost importance in Islamic teachings. Design/methodology/approach – This exercise is based on examining Nahj al-Balagha, a tenth century collection of sermons and letters of Imam Ali Ibn Abutalib. Findings – First, in Imam Ali’s view, socially just outcomes can only be achieved through just means and procedures. Second, acute and visible inequalities and side-by-side co-existence of extreme wealth and poverty in a society point to the existence of socio-economic injustices. Third, a society that is suffering from severe and continuous socio-economic injustices or, in other words, acute poverty and inequality will cease to prosper and develop. Fourth, the main objective of an Islamic governance system is to adopt policies, institutions and procedures that would reduce or eliminate socio-economic injustices. A government that fails to reduce s...
Studies on a specific glucocorticoid-hormone receptor in the developing chick retina.

Abstract A specific receptor for glucocorticoid hormones is present in the retina of the chick embryo. As demonstrated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, the macromolecule is a protein of relatively high molecular weight and is present in the soluble (cytosol) fraction of retinal homogenates. The receptor binds both natural (cortisol) and synthetic (dexamethasone) glucocorticoids and also progesterone. Competition between the steroids is observed for receptor binding indicating a limited number of high-affinity binding sites available to the three steroids. Specific binding of dexamethasone was observed in the bovine retinal cytosol fraction but no receptor binding was demonstrable in the cytosol fraction of the human or bovine lens. The receptor may play an important role in retinal development and/or function.
Photodriven reduction and oxidation reactions on colloidal semiconductor particles: Implications for prebiotic synthesis

Abstract Photoelectrochemical reactions on mineral surfaces may have contributed to the synthesis of prebiotic molecules on early Earth. Laboratory experiments were conducted to develop this idea. Colloidal particles of ZnS were selected as a prototypical semiconducting mineral material. We investigated (1) the capability of the ZnS colloid to reduce aqueous CO 2 under ultraviolet irradiation to yield formate in the presence of a sulfur hole scavenger and (2) to oxidize formate to yield CO 2 in the absence of a hole scavenger. In the presence of the hole scavenger, the initial quantum efficiency is 10% for formate production from CO 2 at pH 6.3. The reaction rate is sensitive to the pH of the solution, increasing with acidity for the pH range of 5–9. The initial formate production rate is proportional to the concentration of aqueous inorganic carbon from 13 to 65 mM, suggesting an absence of surface saturation. Photoproducts other than formate also form, including acetate and propionate, a finding which demonstrates the formation of carbon–carbon coupling products. In the absence of hole scavenger but in the presence of the ZnS colloid, formate is photooxidized with a quantum efficiency of 1.1%. The likely presence of semiconducting colloidal particles in the oceans of the prebiotic Earth suggests that photochemical reactions on their surfaces could have played a significant role in the synthesis of organic molecules.
Encoding tasks and free recall in children

In two experiments, children were compared on recall following orienting tasks that involved attention to semantic or nonsemantic features of words. In Experiment 1, young children benefited from a semantic task as much as older children, compared to a nonsemantic task, but younger children still recalled fewer words after either task. In Experiment 2, subjects had experience with various versions of tasks at the same level, then were transferred to a task that required no overt orienting decision. There was no evidence that experiences derived from overt classifications were spontaneously carried over to benefit general memory performance. This suggests that the benefits of semantic over nonsemantic orienting tasks are due to the automatic by-products that result for different types of orienting tasks, rather than to the priming of generalizable strategies.
Enhancement of cytomegalovirus detection in mink lung cells using CMV TurboTreat

Abstract Background: Detection of HCMV from clinical specimens was a slow process until the development of shell vial method with staining for immediate early antigen (IEA). Culture though still considered insensitive is widely used for other than blood samples. A method to improve culture sensitivity is desirable. Objectives: TurboTreat™, a CMV pretreatment medium from Diagnostic Hybrids Inc., was evaluated on Mv1Lu, R-Mix and MRC-5 cells for improved sensitivity for HCMV detection. Study design: Monolayers of Mv1Lu, R-Mix and MRC-5 cells in 48-well plates were treated with TurboTreat™ for overnight (o/n), 4 h or left untreated and then inoculated with previously positive HCMV specimens. After o/n incubation, cells were fixed, stained and positive cells counted. Results: CMV TurboTreat™ enhanced detection 2–3-fold after 4 h treatment and 4–6-fold after o/n treatment in Mv1Lu and R-Mix cells and to a lesser extend in MRC-5 cells with clinical isolates of HCMV. With frozen clinical specimens, Mv1Lu cells treated o/n, 4 h or untreated detected 23, 21 and 15 positive specimens, respectively. R-Mix cells detected 19, 18, and 14 positives, respectively and MRC-5 cells detected 16, 15 and 15 positives, respectively. In no case was a positive detected in another cell line regardless of treatment that was not detected in Mv1Lu treated o/n. Conclusion: The o/n pretreatment with CMV TurboTreat™ on Mv1Lu cells is the optimum condition of treatment and significantly enhanced the detection of HCMV. Even 4 h pretreatment of Mv1Lu cells showed significant enhancement over untreated Mv1Lu, R-Mix and MRC-5 cells. Pretreatment of Mv1Lu cells with CMV TurboTreat™ for 4 h or longer increased the sensitivity of rapid HCMV detection.
Differential thermal analysis of polymers. I. The glass transition

A differential thermal analysis device (DTA) for measuring the glass and other polymer transitions is described. A theory on the manner in which a glass transition is manifested in a DTA thermogram, and on the manner for obtaining the real value from the thermogram is presented. Experimental results on polymethyl methacrylate and atactic polypropylene verify the various predictions of the theory.
Fixed Points and Reflexive Domain Equations in Categories of Continuity Spaces

Abstract This paper continues the study of the general theory, begun in [4], of semantic domains based on the notion of a symmetrically compact ν -continuity space, where ν is a value quantale. It was previously shown that this theory naturally includes the traditional examples of domains of cpo's and metric spaces, is closed under the key type forming operations needed in denotational semantics, and provides new examples which may be suitable for modeling language constructs that occur in concurrent and probabilistic programming. Here it is shown that ν -Dom supports a rich theory of fixed points for morphisms and has solutions to a wide class of reflexive domain equations.
Confirmatory factor analysis of eating disorder symptoms in college women

Recent studies have found that the eating disorders can best be conceptualized as multidimensional. Four factors have consistently emerged from factor analytic studies of eating disorder symptoms: dietary restraint, bulimic behaviors, neurotic personality characteristics, and body image/body dysphoria. Confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to determine if this four-factor structure of eating disorder symptoms would be found in a sample of college women. Principal components analysis extracted four factors which were supported with a confirmatory factor analysis procedure. These four factors were negative affect and body dysphoria, bulimic behaviors, restrictive eating, and body image. The negative affect and body dysphoria factor was positively correlated with the other factors (i.e., bulimic behaviors, restrictive eating, and body image). This factor structure was similar to the factor structure found in samples of patients with bulimia and anorexia nervosa, except that the factors were more highly intercorrelated in the nonclinical sample. Results suggest that the measures of eating disorder symptoms used in this investigation are measuring the same multidimensional constructs in clinical and nonclinical subjects.
Peripheral Vascular Complications During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Management and Potential Role of Chronic Steroid Use

Purpose To report a case of a major vascular complication during TAVR and the endovascular management thereof. Additionally, we discuss a possible correlation with long-term steroid use.
Genotypic differences in organogenesis from callus of ten triticale lines

Callus was obtained from immature excised embryos of triticale using MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/l 2,4-D and 1 mg/l kinetin. The presence of 2,4-D was essential for continued callus proliferation. Plantlets were induced from the calli by sub-culturing on medium either devoid of auxin or containing 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D. The capacity to produce callus and to form organs and plantlets differed markedly among the genotypes used. Lines also had distinct response to presence and absence of 2,4-D in the regeneration media. The callus of most triticale lines used differentiated into organs more readily on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D than on medium without growth regulators. Very high frequencies (up to 75%) of plantlet regeneration were observed in several of the triticale lines studied.
Mechanism of the Reaction of Polynucleotides and HgII

THE reversible reaction of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and HgII has been known for some nine years1during which it has been studied by a wide variety of techniques1–5. All the studies concur in demonstrating that the binding is quite strong but can nevertheless be completely reversed by a variety of common chemical reagents which complex HgII. After reversal the DNA is both structurally and functionally intact despite the large changes in physical properties which accompany and characterize the reaction. Initially thought to be a reaction which occurred primarily with phosphoryl groups1 it was later convincingly suggested by Thomas2 that the reaction occurred primarily at the bases. A few years later this observation was confirmed and extended to a greater variety of polydeoxyribonucleotides3,5 and most recently to the polyribonucleotide of tobacco mosaic virus6.
The preparation and characterization of liposomes containing X-ray contrast agents.

Abstract Unilamellar phospholipid vesicles loaded with the water-soluble, ionic X-ray contrast agent diatrizoate (Hypaque®, Renografin®) were manufactured by reverse-phase evaporation for use as organ-enhancing agents in X-ray computed tomography. Encapsulation efficiency was determined as a function of various diatrizoate concentrations in vesicles of varying lipid composition. Loss of encapsulated diatrizoate over 24 h was examined in vesicles composed of several egg phosphatidylcholine / cholesterol ratios. Size estimates for loaded vesicles were obtained by negative-stain electron microscopy. Millipore filtration and light microscopy. Intravenous in vivo injection of loaded vesicles in the rat resulted in significant enhancement of both spleen and liver on subsequent scans. Vesicles were similarly prepared with the water-soluble, nonionic agent metrizamide (Amipaque®). Encapsulation efficiency was determined, and in vivo behavior was observed.
Note on the space part of anti-symmetric wave functions in the many-electron problem

It is pointed out that if a many-electron antisymmetric wave function is expanded as a sum of spin-product functions, each multiplied by a function of coordinates, the resulting functions of coordinates have many of the same useful features found with the symmetric and antisymmetric functions representing singlet and triplet states in a two-electron system. For finding the energy, or any function of coordinates only, in the approximation in which spin-orbit interaction is neglected, one such function of coordinates can be used, the spins being disregarded. Simple procedures allow one to find matrix components of such operators as S2 and L . S from the functions of coordinates. These procedures are much easier to visualize than the use of projection operators, the permutation group, or other methods in current use. The general procedures are illustrated by application to the three-electron problem of the lithium atom, as treated by Lunell, Kaldor, and Harris, and their application to the contact hyperfine structure is pointed out.
Obtaining rapid and effective hemostasis: Part I. Update and review of topical hemostatic agents

Effective and rapid hemostasis is critical to optimize surgical outcomes. An advantageous adjunct in accelerating the clotting process during dermatologic surgery is the use of topical hemostatic agents, which allow dermatologic surgeons to quickly clear the surgical field while avoiding the adverse effects of systemic medications. The growing rate of patients with pacemakers and defibrillators limits the possibility of electrosurgery. It is not unusual for patients to be taking ≥1 anticoagulant medication(s). For these reasons, the use of topical hemostatic agents is likely to gain more recognition in the literature. The term topical hemostatic agents encompasses an array of pharmacotherapies, sealants, adhesives, absorbable agents, biologics, and combination products. The optimal use of topical hemostatic agents demands that dermatologic surgeons be familiar with each of these options, because the type of product used must be selected based on surgical location, wound size, and the extent of bleeding. With few randomized controlled trials in existence reviewing the efficacy of these medications, the subject of topical styptic agents has largely gone unstudied. Part I of this continuing medical education article reviews the available topical hemostatic agents and the ideal clinical settings for their use.
Estimate of pulmonary diffusing capacity for oxygen during exercise in humans from routine O2 and CO2 measurements

A method to estimate pulmonary diffusing capacity for O(2) (D(LO2)) during exercise based on routine O(2) and CO(2) transport variables is presented. It is based on the fitting of a mathematical model to gas exchange data. The model includes heterogeneity (described as two exchanging compartments), diffusion limitation and right-to-left shunt. Mass conservation equations and Bohr integration were solved to calculate partial pressures in each compartment. Diffusion was distributed with perfusion. Two-compartment ventilation and perfusion distributions were estimated at rest during conditions of negligible diffusion limitation. These distributions were used during hypoxic and normoxic exercise to obtain the D(LO2) from the model computations (D(LO2)2C) compatible with experimental data. Three normals, four sarcoid patients and four patients after lung resection were studied. An independent technique for carbon monoxide was used to provide experimental estimates of DLo2 (D(LO2)EXP, rebreathing technique for sarcoid patients and single breath for lung resection). D(LO2)2C was highly correlated with D(LO2)EXP (r2 = 0.95, P<0.001) and the slope of the regression line was not statistically different from 1. The mean (D(LO2)EXP - D(LO2)2C) difference was -1.0 +/- 7.4 ml min-1 mmHg-1. The results suggest that use of a refined analytical procedure allows for assessment of D(LO2) from routine O(2) and CO(2) measurements comparable with those obtained from independent carbon monoxide techniques. The method may be an alternative for estimates of D(LO2) during exercise.
The complex relation between morality and empathy

Morality and empathy are fundamental components of human nature across cultures. However, the wealth of empirical findings from developmental, behavioral, and social neuroscience demonstrates a complex relation between morality and empathy. At times, empathy guides moral judgment, yet other times empathy can interfere with it. To better understand such relations, we propose abandoning the catchall term of empathy in favor of more precise concepts, such as emotional sharing, empathic concern, and affective perspective-taking.
NF-κB Regulates Transcription of the Mouse Telomerase Catalytic Subunit

Expression of the telomerase catalytic subunit (TERT) is the rate-limiting determinant of telomerase activity in most cells. Analysis of the mouse TERT promoter revealed a potential NF-κB binding site 350 base pairs upstream from the translational start site. An oligonucleotide from this region of the TERT promoter bound to proteins in a nuclear extract prepared from a mouse hepatoma cell line. These proteins were identified as NF-κB by a number of criteria: 1) the protein complex formed on the TERT oligonucleotide had an electrophoretic mobility similar to that formed on an NF-κB consensus oligonucleotide; 2) protein binding to this site was enhanced by NF-κB activators tumor necrosis factor-α, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and interleukin-1β; and 3) the complex was specific and could be supershifted with antibodies against the p50 or p65 NF-κB subunits. The NF-κB binding site from the mouse TERT promoter activated transcription when fused to a basal SV40 promoter and enhanced the activity of the native TERT promoter in mouse hepatoma cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Transcriptional activation by the TERT NF-κB site could also be enhanced by co-transfection with an NF-κB1 expression vector. NF-κB may therefore contribute to the activation of TERT expression observed in mouse tissue.
Tectonic evolution of Northeastern Siberia and adjacent regions

Abstract Previous models for the tectonic evolution of northeastern Siberia have proposed the existence of a Kolyma plate composed of the Kolyma and Omolon massifs of presumed Precambrian age. Lithologic similarities between the Siberian platform and the Cherskiy Mountains and the presence of oceanic and island arc type deposits in the Kolyma-Indigirka interfluve suggest that no such plate exists. The eastern margin of the Siberian plate is suggested to lie along a line between the Ulakhan Sis Range, the Alazeya uplift and the Arga Tas Range; the Cherskiy Mountains and the Verkhoyansk fold belt are parts of the Siberian plate. The Paleozoic deposits of the Omolon massif are unlike those found in the Cherskiys or Siberia. Paleomagnetic data from the Omolon massif are discordant from data from Siberia. It is suggested that the Omolon massif represents a microplate which accreted onto Siberia in the Jurassic. Ophiolites in central Chukotka are of the same emplacement age as in the western Brooks Range and may have been emplaced at the initiation of the rotation of Arctic Alaska. Geometric and limited stratigraphic data suggest that the East Siberian Sea may be floored by oceanic crust left by an incomplete closure between Arctic Alaska, Siberia and Omolon. The tectonic position of the Prikolymsk massif remains ambiguous.
Zirconium and Molybdenum in Individual Circumstellar Graphite Grains: New Isotopic Data on the Nucleosynthesis of Heavy Elements

We have analyzed 32 individual graphite grains from the Murchison meteorite for their Mo and/or Zr isotopic compositions by resonant ionization mass spectrometry. Enormous isotopic anomalies were observed in some of these grains for both elements. The data for Zr revealed the largest isotopic anomalies, with {sup 96}Zr/{sup 94}Zr ratios ranging from 0.074 times to 10 times the solar value. The isotopic data on Mo show one population of graphite grains with close-to-terrestrial Mo composition in all isotopes and five grains with an {ital s}-process nucleosynthesis signature, i.e., correlated depletions in the {ital p}- and {ital r}-process isotopes. For eight grains we were able to measure both Mo and Zr isotopic compositions. Three of these eight graphite grains have {ital s}-process isotopic characteristics for both Zr and Mo, which suggests low-mass, thermally pulsed asymptotic giant branch stars as their origin. Four grains are puzzling, since they have nearly normal Mo compositions but significant anomalies in Zr, in particular, large depletions or enhancements in the {sup 96}Zr/{sup 94}Zr ratio. Two of these grains have extraordinary enrichments in {sup 96}Zr, with {sup 96}Zr/{sup 94}Zr ratios 10.4 {plus_minus} 1.3 and 2.5 {plus_minus} 0.3 times the solar system value. These enrichments are suggestive ofmore » the {ital r}-process, implying that these grains condensed from the ejecta of core-collapse supernovae, but these enrichments could also be made by the {ital s}-process if the neutron density were unusually high. {copyright} {ital {copyright} 1998.} {ital The American Astronomical Society}« less
Increased prevalence of sustained return of spontaneous circulation following transition to biphasic waveform defibrillation

Summary Primary objective We sought to assess the prevalence of shock-induced sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and neurologically intact discharge survival before (1990–1997) and after (1998–2006) transition to biphasic waveform defibrillation in our population-controlled EMS setting. Materials and methods All victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with ventricular fibrillation as the initial rhythm from November 1990 to December 2006 were included for analysis. Data were acquired prospectively and analyzed retrospectively during two periods: before (period 1) and after (period 2) transition from monophasic damped sine to biphasic truncated exponential and rectilinear biphasic waveform defibrillation. We compared the prevalence of sustained ROSC and survival in the two periods. Results Very high survival was observed during both periods. During period 1, sustained ROSC with shocks only was obtained in 37 (27.6%) patients; in period 2, sustained ROSC was obtained in 39 (40.2%) ( p =0.04). Fifty-three (39.6%) survived to neurologically intact discharge in period 1, and 45 (46.4%) in period 2 ( p =0.29). For bystander-witnessed arrests, ROSC was obtained in 34 (31.5%) in period 1 and 34 (45.3%) in period 2 ( p =0.06). Forty-eight (44.4%) survived in period 1 and 39 (52.0%) in period 2 ( p =0.31). We observed no other significant differences in patient or EMS-performance characteristics in the two time periods. Conclusions Return of sustained pulses with shocks alone increased after transition to biphasic waveform defibrillation, with no other differences to explain the increase. High survival was noted in both periods, with a trend toward higher survival in the second period.
The computation of laminar flames

Abstract Hydrocarbon fuels will remain a major source of energy well into the second half of the 21st century and, despite dire warnings about their limited supply, known resources have actually increased over the past decade. Nevertheless, finite supplies and increasing demand will exert pressure on the efficient use of these fuels, especially if their price continues to climb. Specifically, electricity generation and propulsion will continue to rely heavily upon the burning of hydrocarbon fuels for many years to come. Although an understanding of combustion in practical combustors is essential to the goals of reducing pollution and increasing energy efficiency, three-dimensional models of these systems with detailed transportation fuel chemistry and complex transport are beyond our current computational capabilities. Instead, one can study flames with complex chemistry in simpler laminar configurations to provide insight into the chemical and physical processes occurring in many engineered systems. In this paper, we trace the development of mathematical models and computational methods for laminar flame problems, with a particular emphasis on numerical algorithms that enable their coupled solution. While most of the focus is on steady systems, we also discuss issues related to time-dependent flames.
Pharmacists as providers of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis

The efficacy of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been demonstrated in four clinical trials to date; however, the success of PrEP is largely dependent on high levels of medication adherence. Due to their extensive experience and expertise in medication adherence counseling, as well as their ability to monitor and manage medication adverse effects and drug–drug interactions, clinical pharmacists are well-equipped to play a key role in effective PrEP utilization. Here we discuss reasons favoring the establishment of a protocol-based, pharmacist-run PrEP clinic.
Low dose methylprednisolone prophylaxis to reduce inflammation during one-lung ventilation.

BACKGROUND The specific aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of a low dose of methylprednisolone in minimizing inflammatory response in juvenile piglets when given 45-60 min prior to onset of one-lung ventilation. METHODS Twenty piglets aged 3 weeks were assigned to either the control group (n = 10) or methylprednisolone group (n = 10). The animals were anesthetized and after 30 min of ventilation, they had their left lung blocked. Ventilation was continued via right lung for 3 h. The left lung was then unblocked. Following another 30 min of bilateral ventilation, the animals were euthanized and both lungs were harvested. The methylprednisolone group had a single dose (2 mg x kg(-1)) of methylprednisolone given i.v. 45-60 min prior to onset of one-lung ventilation. Physiological parameters (PaO2, resistance, and compliance) and markers of inflammation (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha, interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8) were measured at baseline and every 30 min thereafter. Lung tissue homogenates from both collapsed and ventilated lungs were analyzed for TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8. RESULTS The methylprednisolone group had higher partial pressure of oxygen (P = 0.01), lower plasma levels of TNF-alpha (P = 0.03) and IL-6 (P = 0.001) when compared with control group. Lung tissue homogenate in the methylprednisolone group had lower levels of TNF-alpha (P < 0.05), IL-1beta (P < 0.05), and IL-8 (P < 0.05) in both the collapsed and the ventilated lungs. CONCLUSIONS In a piglet model of one-lung ventilation, use of prophylactic methylprednisolone prior to collapse of the lung improves lung function and decreases systemic pro-inflammatory response. In addition, in the piglets who received methylprednisolone, there were reduced levels of inflammatory mediators in both the collapsed and ventilated lungs.
An Early Cretaceous extinct spreading center in the northern Natal valley

Abstract We have identified an extinct E–W spreading center in the northern Natal valley on the basis of magnetic anomalies which was active from chron M11 (∼133 Ma) to ∼125.3 Ma, just before chron M2 (∼124 Ma) in the Early Cretaceous. Seafloor spreading in the northern Natal valley accounts for approximately 170 km of north–south motion between the Mozambique Ridge and Africa. This extension resolves the predicted overlap of the continental (central and southern) Mozambique Ridge and Antarctica in the chron M2 to M11 reconstructions from Mesozoic finite rotation parameters for Africa and Antarctica. In addition, the magnetic data reveal that the Mozambique Ridge was an independent microplate from at least 133 to 125 Ma. The northern Natal valley extinct spreading center connects to the spreading center separating the Mozambique Basin and the Riiser-Larsen Sea to the east. It follows that the northern Mozambique Ridge was either formed after the emplacement of the surrounding oceanic crust or it is the product of a very robust spreading center. To the west the extinct spreading center connects to the spreading center separating the southern Natal valley and Georgia Basin via a transform fault. Prior to chron M11, there is still a problem with the overlap of Mozambique Ridge if it is assumed to be fixed with respect to either the African or Antarctic plates. Some of the overlap can be accounted for by Jurassic deformation of the Mozambique Ridge, Mozambique Basin, and Dronning Maud land. It appears though that the Mozambique Ridge was an independent microplate from the breakup of Gondwana, ∼160 Ma, until it became part of the African plate, ∼125 Ma.
A theoretical analysis of some interrelationships and mechanisms of heat and mass transfer in dispersions

Some of the main interrelationships that govern heat and mass transfer in dispersions are considered. Qualitative and quantiative analyses of the effects of holdup, average residence time, surface active agents, viscosity, and average particle size on transfer rates are made for two major domains. In the first domain a convective mass transfer model is formulated for the case of low dispersed phase holdup values and a steady motion of a swarm of bubbles with clean interfaces. A second domain is established for high dispersed phase holdup values and fine dispersions that contain surfactants. A semidynamic model for unsteady state heat (or mass) transfer from a swarm of droplets in a multistage liquid-liquid disperser is demonstrated in this domain by a simultaneous solution of two differential equations (one for each phase).
Textile and Apparel Industry Support for the Crafted with Pride Campaign: A Systems Perspective:

The U.S. textile and apparel industries have until quite recently displayed a limited capacity to change in spite of continued challenges presented by foreign competition and other environmental factors. The apparent improvement in industry economic indicators since 1986 suggests that these industries may be demonstrating a new and positive adaptability. To some extent this turnaround coincides with the creation and execution of the Crafted With Pride (CWP) campaign. A national survey of presidents in both industries shows that support of CWP is correlated with innovative business practices. These results are logical from a systems perspective which suggests that structure and management of a system are given energy by inputs from the external environment; inputs are then converted by the system into outputs. In this project, CWP is viewed as a component in the external marketing environment of the textile and apparel industries.
Enzyme-triggered hydrogelation via self-assembly of alternating peptides.

α-Chymotrypsin catalyzed oligomerization of the “dipeptide lego” KL-ethyl ester (OEt) in aqueous media triggers a rapid sol–gel transition due to formation of alternating (KL)x. Resulting mixed chain oligomers, at alkaline pH, self-assemble into β-sheets. Thereafter, intermolecular backbone hydrogen bonding between peptides causes formation of physically entangled nanofibrillar networks.
Application of flow calorimetry to the determination of the enthalpies of mixing of organic liquids

Abstract A flow modification of the Beckman Model 190 Microcalorimeter is described with which the enthalpies of mixing of pairs of liquids can be very conveniently and accurately measured. The enthalpies of mixing of ten pairs of liquids at 25 °C are reported, composition ranges at least as wide as volume fraction 0.05 to 0.95 of one component being covered. Of the systems studied, only cyclohexane + carbon tetrachloride and n-octane + iso-octane were found to conform within experimental error to the strict requirements of Scatchard's description of regular solutions. The systems cyclohexane + cis-decalin and cyclohexane + trans-decalin are endothermic over only part of the composition range, changing to exothermic in decalin-rich mixtures; the two decalins mix exothermically throughout the composition range. Cyclohexane + n-hexane and cyclohexane + n-heptane show rather marked deviations from symmetric behavior. The remaining systems, benzene + toluene, toluene + o-xylene and o-xylene + p-xylene, though differing widely in enthalpies of mixing, exhibit only slight deviations from regular behavior. The results confirm the Scatchard-Hildebrand equation in suggesting that enthalpies of mixing in cases such as those studied here are best presented in the form of values of ΔQ >φ 1 >φ 2 given as a function of >φ1. In this expression, ΔQ is the enthalpy of mixing per unit volume and >φ1 and >φ2 are the volume fractions of the components.
Central connections of the retinal ON and OFF pathways.

Slaughter and Miller have recently demonstrated that in the isolated eye cup of the mudpuppy and the rabbit, DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) reversibly blocks the ON responses in the retina: on infusion of APB, ON bipolar, ON amacrine and ON ganglion cells become unresponsive; receptors, horizontal cells, OFF bipolars, OFF amacrines and OFF ganglion cells are unaffected1. The centre-surround organization of OFF-centre ganglion cells appears unaltered. I have used these findings to determine how the ON-centre and OFF-centre retinal ganglion cells, whose characteristics have been extensively studied in mammals2–7, exert their influence on the neurones of the central visual system. Recordings made in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and striate cortex of the rhesus monkey while the retinal ON responses were reversibly blocked with APB showed that in the LGN, retinal APB infusion blocked the responses of ON-centre cells and had little effect on OFF-centre cells. The centre-surround organization of OFF-centre cells was unaffected. APB infusion eliminated the light-edge responses of cortical cells, revealed a dark-edge response in some, but had no discernible effect on orientation and direction specificities. These results suggest that the ON and OFF systems do not interact significantly at the level of the LGN, but do so in the striate cortex.
Political and economic processes in the privatization of the Korea telecommunications industry: A case study of Korea Telecom, 1987-2003

Abstract The Korean government completed its privatization of Korea Telecom (KT) in May 2002. Privatization was undertaken at a gradual pace at first mainly because the Korean government did not want to hand over its managerial power to the privatized telecommunications service company, although it announced its plan in 1987. However, the inauguration of the World Trade Organization (WTO) system and the Korean economic crisis of 1997 forced the government to accelerate its full privatization plan. During this process, several main players such as the Korean government, transnational corporations, international organizations, and large domestic conglomerates played important roles. The full privatization of KT is the result of the political, social, and economic demands of these players.
Autonomous dial-a-ride transit introductory overview

Abstract This paper introduces a modernized version of many-to-few dial-a-ride called autonomous dial-a-ride transit (ADART), which employs fully-automated order-entry and routing-and-scheduling systems that reside exclusively on board the vehicle. Here, “fully automated” means that under normal operation, the customer is the only human involved in the entire process of requesting a ride, assigning trips, scheduling arrivals and routing the vehicle. There are no telephone operators to receive calls, nor any central dispatchers to assign trips to vehicles, nor any human planning a route. The vehicles' computers assign trip demands and plan routes optimally among themselves, and the drivers' only job is to obey instructions from their vehicle's computer. Consequently, an ADART vehicle fleet covers a large service area without any centralized supervision. In effect, the vehicles behave like a swarm of ants accomplishing their chore without anyone in charge.
Implementation of pharmacy services in a telemedicine intensive care unit

Purpose. The implementation of a remote intensive care unit (ICU) pharmacy service in a 13-hospital health system is discussed. Summary. Significant challenges for small hospitals are timely, consistent delivery of critical care and being able to have highly experienced critical care physicians, nurses, and pharmacists available onsite within the ICU during all hours of the day. To remedy these problems, Aurora Health Care turned to telemedicine. All 246 ICU beds in the health system are connected to a remote, office-based ICU monitoring facility powered by the e ICU, a telemedicine technology. The remote ICU is located in an independent facility. The staff consists of 5.2 full-time equivalent (FTE) pharmacists and 2.2 FTE pharmacy technicians and they monitor ICU patients at all of the hospitals in the system. Each remote ICU pharmacist was educated about expectations and is familiar with the different site processes and practices. All hospitals in the system were required to implement order-scanning technology to allow the remote ICU pharmacy staff to efficiently process orders. Computerized physician order entry, which results in orders being received directly by the pharmacy information system for verification, was also implemented within the system. The remote ICU pharmacists make recommendations for problems to either the hospital-based staff or the remote ICU team. Appropriate antimicrobial coverage and formulary support were the most common recommendations. Cost reduction is an important element of the remote ICU pharmacy service, but the primary motivation for implementation was to improve the quality of patient care. Conclusion. Implementation of a remote ICU pharmacy service in a 13-hospital health system resulted in the provision of consistent pharmaceutical care while minimizing costs.
Does the job matter? Comparing correlates of stress among treatment and correctional staff in prisons

Abstract The wealth of literature on stress in the correctional workplace focused on correctional officers, frequently ignoring treatment personnel employed in these same institutions. This study advanced the literature on correctional workplace stress by: (1) testing for differences in workplace stress between correctional officers and treatment personnel, (2) examining personal and environmental factors to determine whether distinct precursors to stress existed for these two groups, and (3) utilizing multiple measures of stress. Self-report survey data from 3,794 employees in ten adult prisons in a southwestern state demonstrated that both groups of employees reported moderately high levels of job stress and stress-related health concerns. Apart from perceptions of safety, sources of stress as well as protective factors against stress were similar for both groups with environmental factors demonstrating the most robust impact.
Criteria-based diagnosis and antibiotic overuse for upper respiratory infections.

Objective Studies of antibiotic overuse often rely on physicians' reports of diagnoses, which can overestimate bacterial illness. To assess potential overdiagnosis, we determine bacterial upper respiratory infection diagnoses by direct observation of visit videotapes. Design From an observational study of videotaped visits for upper respiratory symptoms (N = 66), coders assessed diagnostic criteria (symptoms, physician description of physical examination findings, and diagnostic tests), physician diagnosis, and prescribing. Survey data included patient demographics and health care utilization as well as physician/practice characteristics (n = 15). Outcomes Criteria-based diagnoses were determined from coded diagnostic criteria. Interrater reliabilities were determined for 33% (n = 22) of visits. Chi-square tests assessed concordance between the physician's diagnosis and the criteria-based diagnosis and compared rates of antibiotic overuse as determined from physician and criteria-based diagnoses. Results The criteria-based diagnosis agreed with 100% of physicians' diagnoses of streptococcal pharyngitis and 73% of physicians' acute otitis media diagnoses but with only 17% of physicians' sinusitis diagnoses. Antibiotic overuse occurred in 11% of visits based on physicians' diagnoses but in 32% of visits when criteria-based diagnoses were considered, a difference of 21% (95% confidence interval, 2%-38%; P Conclusions Criteria-based diagnoses revealed that antibiotic overuse occurred 3 times more frequently than suggested by physician diagnoses. Concordance between physician and criteria-based diagnoses was lowest for sinusitis. Future studies should consider the contribution of overdiagnosis to antibiotic overuse and target this practice to further reduce overuse.
Adverse effects of nitrate on stem nodules of Sesbania rostrata Brem

When the stems of Sesbania rostrata, growing vigorously in nutrient solution, are inoculated with Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS 571 and deprived of nitrate, hundreds of nodules with active N2 fixation (acetylene reduction) develop on each stem within 10 d. The numbers of nodules that develop are not affected by increasing the nitrate concentration in the medium from 0 to 9 mM. However, as the nitrate concentration is raised above about 2 mM the growth of the nodules is strongly inhibited and all aspects of acetylene reduction activity (ARA) are progressively curtailed as the nitrate concentration is increased from zero. In 6 mM nitrate, effects are seen at the earliest possible time of measurement (6 d after inoculation) with maximum inhibition of growth and ARA (about 80%) at 10 d. In plants with stem nodules that have developed in the absence of nitrate since inoculation, the addition of 9 mM nitrate leads to inhibition of further nodule growth and to prompt decrease in specific ARA. The 'growth' and 'activity' responses of the stem nodules of Sesbania are similar in degree and sensitivity to those of root nodules of other legumes and thus they can no longer be considered as resistant to fixed N.
Failure Analysis Applications of the Scanning Electron Microscope

The basic operation, advantages, and limitations of the scanning electron microscope are discussed. In applications the high magnification and large depth of field capabilities of the SEM are shown to aid in evaluating surface features such as metallization and wire bonds. Examples of both dynamic and static voltage contrast displays illustrate the localization of defects in integrated circuits. The electron beam induced current mode is used to detect sub-surface defects in discrete devices.
Laboratory investigation of flux reduction from dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) partial source zone remediation by enhanced dissolution.

Abstract This study investigated the benefits of partial removal of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zones using enhanced dissolution in eight laboratory scale experiments. The benefits were assessed by characterizing the relationship between reductions in DNAPL mass and the corresponding reduction in contaminant mass flux. Four flushing agents were evaluated in eight controlled laboratory experiments to examine the effects of displacement fluid property contrasts and associated override and underride on contaminant flux reduction (Rj) vs. mass reduction (Rm) relationships (Rj(Rm)): 1) 50% ethanol/50% water (less dense than water), 2) 40% ethyl-lactate/60% water (more dense than water), 3) 18% ethanol/26% ethyl-lactate/56% water (neutrally buoyant), and 4) 2% Tween-80 surfactant (also neutrally buoyant). For each DNAPL architecture evaluated, replicate experiments were conducted where source zone dissolution was conducted with a single flushing event to remove most of the DNAPL from the system, and with multiple shorter-duration floods to determine the path of the Rj(Rm) relationship. All of the single-flushing experiments exhibited similar Rj(Rm) relationships indicating that override and underride effects associated with cosolvents did not significantly affect the remediation performance of the agents. The Rj(Rm) relationship of the multiple injection experiments for the cosolvents with a density contrast with water tended to be less desirable in the sense that there was less Rj for a given Rm. UTCHEM simulations supported the observations from the laboratory experiments and demonstrated the capability of this model to predict Rj(Rm) relationships for non-uniformly distributed NAPL sources.
Occult carcinoma discovered after simple hysterectomy treated with postoperative radiotherapy.

Abstract Purpose: Treatment of patients with occult carcinoma of the cervix discovered after simple hysterectomy is controversial. The purpose of this review is to examine our results with postoperative radiotherapy and to compare them to similar reports and to reports of treatment with radical parametrectomy. Methods and Materials: Between November 1979 and April:, 18 patients were treated with radiotherapy at the University of Virginia for invasive carcinoma of the cervix discovered after simple hysterectomy. Simple hysterectomy was performed in all 18 patients for a variety of indications. After surgery gross residual carcinoma remained in four patients; and microscopic disease was present at the surgical margins in two patients. The remaining patients had no evidence of residual disease. All 18 patients had postoperative radiotherapy with or without brachytherapy. The endpoints for this study were local control, survival, and treatment-related toxicity. Actuarial rates were calculated using the Life Table method. Results: Median follow-up for all 18 patients was 42 months (range 2–202 months). Both the 5 and the 10-year actuarial local control rates were 88%. Five and 10-year actuarial overall survival rates were both 93%. Two patients had both local and distant cancer recurrences. There were no recurrences among the six patients treated with external beam alone. The remaining patients are all alive without evidence of disease, including two patients who had gross residual disease after surgery, and one patient with both microscopic positive margin and a positive lymph node (the only patient to undergo lymph node sampling). There was no severe acute morbidity and only one patient had severe late morbidity. Conclusions: Invasive carcinoma found after simple hysterectomy may be treated safely and effectively with postoperative radiotherapy. Patients with known residual disease following surgery do poorly with either radiotherapy or reoperation, but treatment with radiotherapy alone may be less morbid. Also, for the treatment of minimal disease external beam radiation to the pelvis appears to be as effective and possibly less morbid than radical reoperation.
The evolution of cancer-related genes in hominoids

The evolution of cancer suppression is essential for the maintenance of multicellularity. The lack of correlation between body size and cancer risk across species, known as Peto’s paradox, suggests that genetic variation in cancer resistance is sufficient to compensate for increases of cell numbers in bigger animals. To assess evolutionary dynamics of cancer-related genes, we analyzed Ka, Ks,and Ka/Ks values in 120 oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (TSG) among seven hominoid species, including two extinct species, Neanderthal and Denisovan. Ka/Ks of tumor suppressor genes tended to be higher relative to that of oncogenes, consistent with relaxed purifying selection acting on the former. Ka/Ks values were positively correlated with TSG scores, but negatively correlated with oncogene scores, suggesting opposing selection pressures operating on the two groups of cancer-related genes. Additionally, we found 108 species-divergent substitutions that were prevalent germline genotypes in some species but in humans appeared only as somatic cancerous mutations. Better understanding the resistance to cancer may lead to new methods of cancer prevention in humans.