cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Respiratory Physiology

There is substantial evidence for intrinsic sex differences in respiratory and pulmonary anatomy and physiology across the life span, indeed starting in utero and extending through aging. Such differences are likely modulated by gonadal hormones throughout life, further influenced by environmental and behavioral factors. Furthermore, intrinsic sex differences also modulate pathophysiology, incidence, morbidity, and mortality of several lung diseases including inflammatory and allergic diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, cancers, and pulmonary vascular disease. In this introductory chapter, we establish the existence and portfolio of inherent sex differences in the structure and function of the respiratory system across the age spectrum, setting the stage in subsequent chapters to understand their potential role in disease pathways, along with the modulatory role of sex steroids and the environment. The importance of focusing on sex differences lies in the increasing incidence of lung diseases particularly in women and the need to address lung diseases across the life span from neonatal wheezing, asthma, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia through both obstructive and restrictive diseases in the elderly for example.
Comparison of 3-, 5-, and 7-day post-treatment evaluation periods for measuring therapeutic response to tilmicosin treatment of bovine respiratory disease

Three-hundred steer calves with clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and a rectal temperature of 104oF (40oC) or greater were enrolled in a 56-day study to evaluate the effect of a 3-, 5- or 7-day post-treatment evaluation (PTE) period on therapeutic response to tilmicosin. Trial calves (average weight 557 lb; 253 kg) were purchased from livestock auction markets in Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma and Wyoming, and delivered to the trial site in Wellington, Colorado. Upon randomization to a treatment group, tilmicosin was administered at 4.55 mg/lb (10 mg/kg) of body weight. Three treatment groups were defined by the number of days (3, 5 and 7) post-treatment during which they were not eligible for retreatment for BRD. The 7-day PTE group had a significantly higher treatment success rate compared to the 3-day PTE group (P=0.05). The 3-day PTE group had a higher (P<0.05) first relapse rate than the 7-day PTE group, and a higher (P<0.01) second relapse rate than either the 5- or 7-day PTE groups. There were a total of five BRD-associated mortalities in the study; all occurred within the first eight days of the study. Results from this trial suggest that a 3-day PTE period following tilmicosin administration could result in an overestimation of treatment failure rates compared to a 7-PTE period.
Mitochondrial oxidant stress mediates methamphetamine neurotoxicity in substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons.

Abstract Methamphetamine abuse is associated with an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, it was found that methamphetamine increases mitochondrial oxidant stress in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopaminergic neurons by releasing vesicular dopamine (DA) and stimulating mitochondrially-anchored monoamine oxidase (MAO). As mitochondrial oxidant stress is widely thought to be a driver of SNc degeneration in PD, these observations provide a potential explanation for the epidemiological linkage. To test this hypothesis, mice were administered methamphetamine (5 mg/kg) for 28 consecutive days with or without pretreatment with an irreversible MAO inhibitor. Chronic methamphetamine administration resulted in the degeneration of SNc dopaminergic neurons and this insult was blocked by pretreatment with a MAO inhibitor – confirming the linkage between methamphetamine, MAO and SNc degeneration. To determine if shorter bouts of consumption were as damaging, mice were given methamphetamine for two weeks and then studied. Methamphetamine treatment elevated both axonal and somatic mitochondrial oxidant stress in SNc dopaminergic neurons, was associated with a modest but significant increase in firing frequency, and caused degeneration after drug cessation. While axonal stress was sensitive to MAO inhibition, somatic stress was sensitive to Cav1 Ca2+ channel inhibition. Inhibiting either MAO or Cav1 Ca2+ channels after methamphetamine treatment attenuated subsequent SNc degeneration. Our results not only establish a mechanistic link between methamphetamine abuse and PD, they point to pharmacological strategies that could lessen PD risk for patients with a methamphetamine use disorder.
Freehand versus Grid-Based Transperineal Prostate Biopsy: A Comparison of Anatomical Region Yield and Complications.

Purpose:The freehand (FH) technique of transperineal prostate biopsy using commercialized needle access systems facilitates a reduction in anesthesia requirements from general to local or local/sed...
Editorial Commentary: Indications for Needle Arthroscopy as an Alternative to Magnetic Resonance Imaging: More to the Picture Than Meets the Eye

Abstract Needle arthroscopy (using a 1- to 1.9-mm diameter arthroscope) is not new, and new interest is a result of the expense and inconvenience of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including time out of work, prolonged diagnostic dilemmas, and finite advanced imaging resources. Improvements in the image quality with the modern needle arthroscope have made it a viable option for use as a diagnostic tool in the operative setting, and eventually, if surgeons are able to create strict criteria for proper diagnostic use of the needle arthroscope, it may become an excellent tool for in-office use despite financial or legal hurdles. Specific clinical scenarios for use of an diagnostic needle arthroscopy instead of an MRI (and typically immediately followed by therapeutic arthroscopy in the same setting) include (1) a patient with a clinically obvious meniscus tear with a locked knee, (2) a patient with an outdated but previously positive MRI with recurrent injury such as a recurrent shoulder or patella dislocations, (3) a patient who is ineligible for an MRI such as those with pacemakers or spinal implants who have clear and obvious clinical findings to suggest intra-articular pathology, and (4) a patient who is over the age of 50 years with positive rotator cuff testing after a shoulder dislocation in which I have a high degree of suspicion of a rotator cuff tear. In the future, we envision using multiple needle arthroscopes to provide simultaneous views from different angles during surgery and giving ourselves a 360° view. I envision an operating room in the future with multiple small needle scopes in joint and multiple viewing monitors providing a new 3-dimensional world of arthroscopy.
Mitochondrial Transplantation in Cardiomyocytes: Rescue of Mitochondrial Function and Replacement of mtDNA

Background: Previously, we have demonstrated that the transplantation of mitochondria into the myocardium significantly enhanced cardioprotection. Our studies established that mitochondria are inte...
Blood volume changes and blood loss associated with labor. I. Correlation of changes in blood volume measured by I-131 albumin and Evans blue dye, with measured blood loss.

Abstract Pre- and postdelivery blood volume measurements were made on 21 women with the I 131 -albumin (RISA) and Evans blue dye techniques. All the blood lost in between the 2 measurements was collected and measured by the cyanmethemoglobin method. The results showed that the blood volume decreased by an average amount of 1,115 ml. with the RISA method and 1,023 ml. with the Evans blue dye method. The measured blood loss was 1,006 ml., or 1,106 ml. when the estimated amount of maternal blood in the placenta was included. These findings show that the difference between pre- and postdelivery blood volumes is due to the blood loss associated with labor, and not to sequestration of red cells. The results also suggest that the average amount of blood lost during delivery is greater than is presently estimated and is probably in the region of 1,000 ml.
Combining many searches in the FAHRENHEIT discovery system

Abstract Modeling scientific discovery requires combining a large variety of searches into one complex system. This causes conceptual difficulty and slows development of discovery systems. This paper discusses a version of the discovery system FAHRENHEIT which uses search templates to represent a number of different searches in a homogeneous way and a search interpreter to run the system. Search interpreter generates search instances and executes them, and takes care of interaction between searches. Practice shows that the clarity of control increases and that the changes to each search are much easier in the implementation that uses search templates and search interpreter.
The uterine hemodynamic response to repetitive unilateral vascular embolization in the pregnant ewe

The longitudinal hemodynamic response of the uterine circulation to pregnancy and to repetitive embolic insult was assessed in 23 singleton ewe pregnancies by means of electromagnetic flow transducers and radionuclide-labeled microspheres. The data indicate that the longitudinal hemodynamic changes observed in the uterine circulation were directly related to the growth rate of the tissue which it supplied. The hemodynamic impact of embolization appears to be secondary to its impact on tissue growth. Embolization simply blunts the normal incremental increases in uterine perfusion and the cross-sectional area of the uterine vascular bed. It alters actual tissue perfusion only within a portion of the cotyledonary circulation. Finally, the data support the presence of functional arterial anastomoses between the two sides of the uterine circulation in this species.
Reduced Turbulence and New Opportunities for Fusion

Thermonuclear fusion is a highly efficient energy source for the stars; however, attempts to harness the process of fusion for energy production on Earth have been stymied by many difficult challenges. One of the most frustrating is the significant leakage of energy from magnetically confined plasmas, which is due to so-called anomalous transport. In their Perspective, [Krushelnick and Cowley][1] discuss recent work to understand the basis of this anomalous transport and find ways to control it. An approach that has created excitement in the fusion community involves the creation of transport barriers, that is, regions of plasma with just the right conditions to reduce turbulence that leads to energy leakage. Recently a combination of experimental and computational advances has led to increased understanding of these transport barriers in fusion plasmas, potentially bringing the use of controlled fusion as an energy source much closer. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5740/1502
Plant canopy information extraction from composite scene reflectance of row crops

As an aid in the interpretation of remotely sensed data from row crops with incomplete canopies, a model was developed that allowed the calculation of the fractions of sunlit soil, shaded soil, sunlit vegetation, and shaded vegetation for each resolution element in a scan of a remote sensor for a given set of conditions (plant cover, plant height/width ratio, row spacing, row orientation, time of day, day of year, latitude, and size of resolution element). Using measured representative reflectances of the four surfaces, composite reflectances were calculated as a function of view angle. Also, representative temperatures for each surface were used to simulate composite temperatures viewed by an IR scanner. With composite reflectances and temperatures known as a function of view angle, ways were explored to extract plant cover and plant temperature data from the composite data.
Defining High Conflict

The term high conflict is used regularly across various literatures; such as divorce, family court, and psychotherapy; to describe relationships that are mired in conflict. Despite its widespread use, the term has not been precisely defined in a clinically meaningful way. This article offers a definition of high conflict based on a synthesis of previous literatures related to high conflict, observations of court personnel, and the authors’ own clinical experiences working with this population. A case study illustrates the pervasive negative exchanges and hostile insecure emotional environment that characterize these couples. The implications of this definition for clinical practice are also discussed.
GRAY‐SCALE ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE CANINE ABDOMEN

This manuscript demonstrates that gray-scale ultrasonography can be useful for the diagnosis of many canine abdominal disorders. It is safe, noninvasive, and requires minimal patient preparation. Size, shape, and location of abdominal organs can be determined readily. The unique physical properties of ultrasound allow detection and characterization of mass lesions and parenchymal pathology associated with abdominal organs. Ultrasonography can complement existing imaging modalities by adding information not obtainable by other methods. The effective use of ultrasound requires knowledge of its advantages, limitations, and how it complements other diagnostic procedures. The medical histories of four dogs were reported in order to illustrate proper application of ultrasound to clinical problems. Basic findings concerning ultrasound utilization for investigation of the liver, kidney, and caudal abdomen were discussed.
Microbial survival curves - The reality of flat shoulders and absolute thermal death times

Abstract Occasionally, experimental survival curves of micro-organisms exposed to a lethal agent have a flat region and traditionally it has been interpreted as evidence of the existence of a “shoulder”. However, if the survival curve is considered the cumulative distribution of lethal events, which reflects a spectrum of resistances, or sensitivities, then when the distribution's mean, or mode, is large relative to its spread, a region resembling a “shoulder” will be observed irrespective of whether the distribution is symmetric or skewed. Computer simulated survival curves generated with the Fermi and Weibull distributions as models demonstrate that the shape of the survival curve alone is, therefore, insufficient to confirm any specific inactivation mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level, although it can refute the existence of some. Microbial mortality has also been assumed to be a process following an exponential decay and hence that a certain degree of survival is inevitable. It is not inconceivable, however, that there can be an absolute thermal death time if the survivors are being progressively weakened by a prolonged exposure to the lethal agent. This testable possibility is demonstrated with simulated survival curves generated with two mathematical models.
Multiscale Reactive Molecular Dynamics for Absolute pKa Predictions and Amino Acid Deprotonation.

Accurately calculating a weak acid’s pKa from simulations remains a challenging task. We report a multiscale theoretical approach to calculate the free energy profile for acid ionization, resulting in accurate absolute pKa values in addition to insights into the underlying mechanism. Importantly, our approach minimizes empiricism by mapping electronic structure data (QM/MM forces) into a reactive molecular dynamics model capable of extensive sampling. Consequently, the bulk property of interest (the absolute pKa) is the natural consequence of the model, not a parameter used to fit it. This approach is applied to create reactive models of aspartic and glutamic acids. We show that these models predict the correct pKa values and provide ample statistics to probe the molecular mechanism of dissociation. This analysis shows changes in the solvation structure and Zundel-dominated transitions between the protonated acid, contact ion pair, and bulk solvated excess proton.
Focus on land seismic technology: The near-surface challenge

A new era in land seismic is at hand. Growing energy demand will spur greater efforts in exploration and development into regions of the world where hydrocarbons occur in land environments. Interpreters will require accurate near-surface solutions for mapping low-relief structures and stratigraphic traps, and to improve data quality for placing horizontal wells. This will require solutions to near-surface challenges, such as energy penetration, scattering, source-generated noise, surface-generated multiples, statics, and source and receiver coupling. Solutions to these problems will become possible due to advances in seismic acquisition, including simultaneous source acquisition and wireless seismic-driven ultrahigh channel systems. Additionally, advances in seismic processing technology for processing the resulting huge data volumes will be made possible by continual growth in computational capability. These advances will for the first time allow acquisition of true 3D seismic data. This will not only re...
Decorated lattice models for surface phase transitions

We have developed a lattice model in the mean-field approximation in order to study the surface phase behaviour of the Lennard-Jones system. This model reproduces the phase diagram of Lennard-Jones atoms to reasonable accuracy. We have studied the effects of all of the inherent approximations in the model, and performed many supplementary calculations to determine the sensitivity of the bulk and surface phase diagrams to these approximations. We have investigated the phenomenon of surface melting using this model, and found that the three different crystal faces we consider all exhibit different degrees of layering behaviour at the onset of surface melting. A more careful analysis indicates that this behaviour is due to a perturbation caused by the reference lattice. Although a very similar model has been used to study the same system by A. Trayanov and E. Tosatti (1988, Phys. Rev. B, 38 6961), much of this behaviour went unobserved. We have determined that this is due to their observing a melting point t...
A development environment for horizontal microcode programs

This paper describes a development environment for horizontal microcode. The environment uses Percolation Scheduling, a transformational system for parallelism extraction, and an interactive profiling system to give the user control over the microcode compaction process while reducing the burdensome details of architecture, correctness preservation, and synchronization. Through a graphical interface the user suggests what should be done in parallel, while the system performs the actual changes using semantics-preserving transformations. If a request cannot be satisfied, the system reports the problem causing the failure. The user may then help eliminate the problem by supplying guidance or information not explicit in the code.
Understanding the genesis of nonmarine calcite deposits through quadrupole mass spectrometric analysis of fluid inclusion gases

Abstract Quadrupole mass spectroscopy was used to analyze fluid inclusion volatiles in different types of nonmarine calcites including travertines, phreatic calcretes, hydrothermal vein calcites, and pedogenic calcites. The objectives of the study were to determine if there were any diagnostic or characteristic differences between the inclusion volatiles from the different calcites, and to see if the quadrupole results could be used to understand the processes and environmental conditions that controlled calcite precipitation. The calcites formed under saturated conditions have water-dominated inclusions with well-constrained N 2 /Ar ratios and either CO 2 or N 2 as the dominant inclusion gas. Some calcretes and travertines were exceptions to the above characteristics, but it is likely that these were subjected to secondary precipitation in an environment different from the primary precipitation phase. Results for the pedogenic calcites are quite different from calcites formed in water-saturated systems. Pedogenic calcites have gas-dominated (water-poor) inclusions, unexpectedly large CH 4 contents, low O 2 contents, and highly variable N 2 /Ar ratios. The dominance of CH 4 and low O 2 contents in the pedogenic calcites suggest that anaerobic conditions occurred during at least part of the precipitation process. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of the pedogenic calcites shows fungal remains, bacteria-like forms, and gels from fungi or plant roots. The quadrupole and SEM results suggest pedogenic calcite precipitation occurred as a result of aerobic and, ultimately, anaerobic microbial decay processes.
Flexible casts used in making indirect interim restorations

This article describes a procedure for making indirect interim restorations from a cast and dies made of polyvinyl siloxane impression material. The use of these flexible casts and dies facilitates the removal of the polymerized resin from the cast and the rapid set of the polyvinyl materials reduces the time involved in making the indirect interim restorations.
‘Being Saved without Honor’: A Conceptual Link between 1 Corinthians 3 and 1Enoch 50?:

Do early Jewish and Christian traditions of eschatological salvation include the possibility of an inferior or diminished state of ‘being saved’ for certain individuals? This article explores the possibility that both 1 Cor. 3.10-15 and 1 En. 50.1-5 represent either a common eschatological tradition or similar rhetorical strategy. Each passage is evaluated in its own literary setting with a view to determining its author’s rhetorical objective. The results are compared in order to ascertain whether Paul employs an eschatological description of ‘being saved without honor’, which also appears in early Jewish literature and, if so, whether he does this on grounds uniquely his own.
Factors affecting cosmesis after breast conserving surgery without oncoplastic techniques in an experienced comprehensive breast center.

Abstract We aimed to study the factors affecting cosmetic outcome (CO) in breast conserving surgery (BCS) without oncoplastic techniques in our center with a BCS rate higher than 60% in more than 1000 breast cancer surgeries a year. In this study 284 patients who underwent BCS without oncoplastic techniques were included. Surgeries were performed by two experienced breast surgeons with more than 25 years of experience. These patients were followed in our established Wellness Clinic postoperatively. The CO is evaluated according to the " Harvard Breast Cosmesis Grading Scale " by a breast surgeon who did not participate in the patient's surgery. The correlation among patient factors (age, breast volume, menopausal status), tumor factors (size, location, distance to areola) and treatment factors (excision volume, breast skin excision, axillary surgery, adjuvant therapy) and CO were evaluated. The mean age was 57.6 [33–98] years in the successful CO group and 58.1 [34–85] years in the unsuccessful CO group ( p > 0.05). The mean follow-up time was 37.9 [24–84] months. The CO was successful in 88.7% ( n :252) of the patients. Tumor size, retroareolar location of the tumor, adjuvant chemotherapy administration and whole breast radiation therapy (WBRT) were correlated with a poorer CO ( p
BIOSYNTHESIS OF L-ASCORBIC ACID IN RAT LIVER MICROSOMES: INFLUENCES OF AGE, SEX, DIETARY CHANGES, AND WHOLE-BODY X-IRRADIATION.

Abstract The activities of the liver microsomal enzymes in rat, namely, d -glucurono reductase, l -gulono dehydrogenase, and l -gulono oxidase, which convert d -glucuronolactone and l -gulonolactone into l -ascorbic acid, are very low in the embryonic stage. The activity increases after birth, attains a maximum on the 14th day, and then falls. Besides the effect of age, sex has also some influence on the biosynthetic capacity. Starvation or injection of l -ascorbic acid in rats results in a marked decrease in the enzymic activity of the liver microsomes. The biosynthetic capacity is also impaired after a lethal dose of whole-body X-irradiation, but this impairment again is caused by inanition rather than by a specific effect of X-irradiation. The results indicate that very probably the above-mentioned enzymes are adaptive enzymes.
Induction of histone H1° differs with different treatments among different cell lines

Histone H1° is an HI subfraction whose level on the chromatin is inversely correlated with the mitotic index of the cell. We investigated the increase in H1° in 6 cell lines when cell division was blocked by 4 methods: 5 mM butyrate, 2% DMSO, serum withdrawal or density inhibition. The 6 cell lines (HeLa S1 and S3, CHO, 3T6, NIE-115 and Vero) responded differently to the treatments as regards the amount of increase in Hl° and comparisons among the lines reveal no obvious similarities between the lines in the differential effects of the various treatments on H1° levels. Histone H1°Cell cultureButyrateDMSOSerum withdrawalDensity inhibition
School-Based Prevention Of Depression And Anxiety Symptoms In Early Adolescence: A Pilot Of A Parent Intervention Component

Previous studies suggest that school-based cognitive-behavioral interventions can reduce and prevent depressive symptoms in youth. This pilot study investigated the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral depression prevention program, the Penn Resiliency Program for Children and Adolescents (the PR
Host regulation and release of parasitism-specific proteins in the system Toxoneuron nigriceps-Heliothis virescens.

Abstract The braconid wasp Toxoneuron nigriceps induced qualitative and quantitative changes in the protein composition of the moth Heliothis virescens host hemolymph. Total protein concentration was found to be higher in parasitized host 4 days after parasitism as compared to control hosts, mainly due to changes in a particular group of proteins. Host proteins with a molecular mass of 173 and 72 kDa were found in higher levels in the hemolymph of parasitized larvae as control hosts approached pupation, while an 80 kDa peptide was found in reduced concentration in the hemolymph of parasitized hosts. Levels of these three peptides were maintained throughout parasitoid development, while two of them (173 and 72 kDa) were cleared from the host hemolymph close to pupation. Besides the regulation of host proteins, three parasitism-specific proteins (PSPs) were released into the host hemolymph. Two of them (PSP1-MW = 116 kDa, p I = 6.3; PSP2-MW = 114 kDa, p I = 6.2) first appeared in the hemolymph of parasitized hosts soon after pupation of control host and increased in concentration as the parasitoid developed. The third PSP (PSP3-MW = 56 kDa, p I = 5.8) was produced towards the end of parasitoid larval development, close to parasitoid egression. Database searches based on the amino acid composition and amino terminal sequence of PSP1 and PSP2 did not produce any significant matches, while PSP3 was identified as a putative chitinase. Incubation of host derived tissues, parasitoid larvae and teratocytes in 35 S conditioned media suggested PSPs were a product of teratocytes. The role of the regulation of host proteins and release of PSPs by teratocytes for the successful development of T. nigriceps are discussed.
A fluorescent photo-affinity label for cyclic AMP binding proteins.

Summary A fluorescent analog of cyclic AMP which contains the photoroactive azide group has been synthesized and characterized. Since upon photolysis the molecule becomes irreversibly bound to its acceptor site it should prove useful as a fluorescent probe for cyclic AMP binding sites.
Inhibition of ceruloplasmin and other copper oxidases by thiomolybdate.

The dietary antagonism between copper and molybdate salts prompted a study of the inhibition of copper enzymes by thiomolybdate (TM). TM strongly inhibited the oxidase activity of five copper oxidase with I50% values in the 1-5 microM range. The mechanism of the TM effect on the copper oxidase, ceruloplasmin (Cp) (E.C. 1.16.3.1), was studied in detail. In Vmax vs. E plots, TM gave parallel data suggesting irreversibility but a large number of TM molecules per Cp were required. The inhibition of Cp by TM could not be reversed by dialysis. Isolation of TM-inhibited Cp on Sephadex G-10 did not yield any active Cp molecules. Cu(II) did not restore any inhibited oxidase activity. Gel electrophoresis supported the covalent binding of Cp by TM without any extensive change in protein structure. EPR results confirmed that Cu(II) is reduced to Cu(I) after reaction with TM. However, the Mo(VI) in MoS4(2-) did not change in oxidation number. Analysis of the TM-Cp compound accounted for all six Cu atoms as found in native Cp. The data suggest the covalent binding of sulfide to Cp copper. TM also inhibited the activity of ascorbate oxidase, cytochrome oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and tyrosinase. However, no inhibition of carbonic anhydrase, a zinc enzyme, was observed at 1 mM TM.
Metabolic control of muscle blood flow during exercise in humans.

Resume During muscle contraction, several mechanisms regulate blood flow to ensure a close cou- pling between muscle oxygen delivery and metabolic demand. No single factor has been identified to constitute the primary metabolic regulator, yet there are signal transduction pathways between skeletal muscle and the vasculature that induce vasodilation. A link be- tween muscle metabolic events and microvascular control of blood flow is illustrated by local dilation of terminal arterioles during contraction of muscle fibers and conduction of vasodilation upstream. Endothelial-derived vasodilator mechanisms are known to exert control of muscle vasodilation. Adenosine, nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin (PGI 2), and en- dothelial-derived hyperpolarization factor (EDHF) are possible mediators of muscle va- sodilation during exercise. In humans, adenosine has been shown to contribute to func- tional hyperemia as blood flow is reduced under nonselective adenosine-receptor block- ade. No clear role has been demonstrated for either NO or PGI 2, based on studies employ- ing selective inhibition of these substances individually, suggesting a redundancy of vasodi- lator mechanisms. This is supported by recent work demonstrating that combined blockade of NOS and PGI2, and NOS and cytochrome P450, both attenuate exercise- induced hyperemia in humans. Combined vasodilator blockade studies offer the potential to uncover important interactions and compensatory vasodilator responses. The signaling
The impact of agricultural injury on farm owners and workers in Alabama and Mississippi.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have assessed the consequences of agricultural injury and none have done so comparing Caucasian and African-American farm owners and workers. METHODS: 1244 farmers were enrolled and prospectively observed between 1994-1996 for farming-related injuries. Injured farmers provided information on the consequences of injuries. RESULTS: One-hundred and thirty-one subjects reported a total of 140 injuries. The majority of injuries were classified as minor or moderate and required medical attention. African-American farm workers tended to have more severe injuries. Nearly all injured subjects experienced acute residual effects (e.g., pain when moving), while persistent effects occurred in about half of the injured subjects, the latter being more common among African-American workers. Lost work was a frequent nonmedical effect of the injury. African-American workers tended to be more likely to lose work and/or be hurt financially. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of agricultural injury is nontrivial, particularly for African-American farm workers. The provision of better medical care facilities for African-American farm workers may be a positive approach for reducing the impact of agricultural injuries in this population. Language: en
Strength Envelope of Bolted Composite Joints under Bypass Loads

An investigation was performed to study the strength and failure of bolted composite joints subjected to bypass loads. The damage accumulation models developed previously by the authors were implemented in a nonlinear finite element code, designated "BJSTAT," for predicting failure and response of bolted composite joints.Utilizing the code, numerical simulations were conducted to generate the strength envelope for a bolted composite joint under multi-axial bypass loads. The predictions of bolted joints subjected to an axial bypass load were compared with available experimental data. The prediction agreed with the data very well. The envelope can provide information on the strength as well as the failure type of the joint as functions of the bypass loads and, therefore, is very useful in joint design.
Cardiac arrhythmias during routine tests of pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstruction of airways.

We studied the frequency of cardiac arrhythmias during routine tests of pulmonary function by using continuous electrocardiographic recording and a computerized method to quantitate arrhythmias. A total of 150 patients with chronic obstruction of airways were studied before, during, and after routine tests of pulmonary function performed before and after intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB) with a bronchodilator aerosol. The only significant (P
Determination of the Gas-Phase Acidity of Methylthioacetic Acid Using the Cooks’ Kinetic Method

We determined the gas-phase acidity of methylthioacetic acid (MTA) in a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer using the Cooks’ kinetic method with the consideration of entropy effects. The negatively charged proton-bound dimers were generated by electrospray ionization. Collision-induced dissociation was applied to the dimer ions and the product ion ratios were measured at four different collision energies. The gas-phase acidity (ΔHacid) of MTA was determined to be 340.0±1.7 kcal/mol using the extended kinetic method and 339.8±1.7 kcal/mol using the standard kinetic method. The entropy term is insignificant in this case and can be ignored. The standard kinetic method yielded a free energy of deprotonation of MTA (ΔGacid) of 333.0±1.7 kcal/mol. The entropy of the acid dissociation, ΔSacid, was estimated to be 22.8 cal/mol K. Theoretical prediction at the B3LYP/6-31+G* level of theory gives a similar value for ΔHacid of 338. 9 kcal/mol. In the gas-phase, MTA is a stronger acid than methoxyacetic acid, although in solution, MTA is a weaker one.
Coronary Artery Anatomy in Left Bundle Branch Block

It has previously been reported that the length of the left main coronary artery is short in patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) and that an unexpectedly large number of LBBB patients had dominant left coronary arterial distribution. The present coronary arteriographic study of 13 patients with LBBB revealed a mean length of the left main coronary artery ( ± 1 sd) of 10.9 ± 6.0 mm, a measurement which was not significantly different (P > 0.5) from that of the left coronary arteries in 78 patients in a control group (10.0 ± 3 mm). The arterial distribution patterns showed a contribution of the right coronary artery to the posterior descending artery in 12 of the 13 patients with LBBB. Coronary artery anatomy does not appear related to the presence of LBBB.
A stability analysis for a hydrodynamic three-wave journal bearing

The influence of the wave amplitude and oil supply pressure on the dynamic behavior of a hydrodynamic three-wave journal bearing is presented. Both, a transient and a small perturbation technique, were used to predict the threshold to fractional frequency whirl (FFW). In addition, the behavior of the rotor after FFW appeared was determined from the transient analysis. The turbulent effects were also included in the computations. Bearings having a diameter of 30 mm, a length of 27.5 mm, and a clearance of 35 microns were analyzed. Numerical results were compared to experimental results obtained at the NASA GRC. Numerical and experimental results showed that the above-mentioned wave bearing with a wave amplitude ratio of 0.305 operates stably at rotational speeds up to 60,000 rpm, regardless of the oil supply pressure. For smaller wave amplitude ratios, a threshold of stability was found. It was observed that the threshold of stability for lower wave amplitude strongly depends on the oil supply pressure and on the wave amplitude. When the FFW occurs, the journal center maintains its trajectory inside the bearing clearance and therefore the rotor can be run safely without damaging the bearing surfaces.
Corridor surgery: the current paradigm for skull base surgery

Introduction Clival chordomas are rare tumors, especially in the pediatric population. In this report, we present the case of a 3-year-old boy who was found to have a large posterior pharyngeal, clival, and posterior fossa tumor detected on a CT scan after a closed head injury.
Early postoperative small bowel obstruction: a prospective evaluation in 242 consecutive abdominal operations

Early postoperative small bowel obstruction: a prospective evaluation in 242 consecutive abdominal operations
On the wind-induced sinking of Sargassum

Abstract Sargassum has been photographed on the sea floor at depths of 5000 m. Sargassum was subjected to various pressures to simulate the effect of it being carried down in Langmuir circulation. The time-depth relation for Sargassum to become negatively buoyant was measured; the plant can become negatively buoyant at pressures of only 30 db if left at this pressure for ≈ 5 h. Both the higher critical pressure for the failure of gas vesicles and the longer resistance to subcritical pressure of pelagic Sargassum , compared with the benthonic varieties, suggest an evolutionary adaptation to an open ocean existence. Once negatively buoyant, Sargassum will sink to the sea floor in about 40 h. The measurements are consistent with large scale sinking of Sargassum given the conditions of strong winds and a deep mixed layer both of which exist in winter months in the Sargasso Sea.
Nixon, patton, and a silent majority sentiment about the Viet Nam war: The cinematographic bases of a rhetorical stance

The motion picture Patton had an acknowledged profound impact on Richard Nixon in the month preceding his 1970 decision to enter Cambodia. A significant source of its attractiveness could be the President's sensing from the film a Silent Majority acceptance of a Patton‐esque approach to war.
The construction and application of an atomistic J-integral via Hardy estimates of continuum fields

In this work we apply a Lagrangian kernel-based estimator of continuum fields to atomic data in order to estimate the J-integral for the analysis of cracks and dislocations. We show that this method has the properties of: consistency between the energy, stress and deformation fields; path independence of the contour integrals of the Eshelby stress; and excellent correlation with linear elastic fracture mechanics theory for appropriately constructed simulations. We discuss the appropriate reference configuration and reference energy for this type of analysis. Lastly, we use canonical examples to demonstrate that the proposed method is a direct and rational approach for estimating the configurational forces on atomic defects.
Analysis Of Justification For Modality Integration

Radiology Department Integration is challenged on the prediction that such integration demonstrate meaningful clinical and economic benefit. Environmental factors and their impact are examined including applications, economic, and technical aspects. Discussion focuses on key issues as they relate to demonstrating the justification for integration. Systems analysis techniques are proposed as a means of collecting sufficient quantitative data to properly assess clinical and economic impact. Results of preliminary Radiology Department Systems analysis and preliminary conclusions are discussed.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Prospective Study of Incident Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin in the Nurses' Health Study

Background : Few epidemiologic studies are available that quantify the magnitude of the risk of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin associated with sun exposure and related factors such as skin type. In addition, several studies have found an association between cigarette smoking and SCC. Purpose : We prospectively examined the risk of developing SCC in relation to phenotype and the effects of sun exposure, as well as to cigarette smoking and other factors, during 8 years of follow-up in a cohort of 107 900 predominantly white women aged 30-55 years at base line in 1976. Methods : Questionnaires regarding medical history and health-related variables were sent to Nurses' Health Study participants every 2 years, beginning in 1976. Information on constitutional factors (natural hair color, childhood and adolescent tendency to sunburn and tan, and lifetime number of severe sunburns), lifestyle factors (regular time spent outdoors in the summer and sunscreen use), the state lived in at birth and at ages 15 and 30 years, and cigarette smoking habits were ascertained by questionnaire. A total of 197 women with first-incident, histologically confirmed, invasive SCCs that were diagnosed from 1982 to 1990 were included in this analysis. Multivariate analysis using proportional hazards models was used to calculate the relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with adjustment for confounders. Results : The risk of SCC was increased in women living in California (RR = 1.8 ; 95% CI = 1.3-2.6) and Florida (RR = 2.1 ; 95% CI = 1.1-3.9) at base line, compared with those living in the northeastern states. This risk was higher for women living in those states at birth and at 15 years of age (RR = 2.5 ; 95% CI = 1.4-4.4 for California and RR = 3.0 ; 95% CI = 0.7-1.2 for Florida). Red (RR = 2.0 ; 95% CI = 1.1-3.7) and light brown (RR = 1.7 ; 95% CI = 1.2-2.4) hair colors were associated with an increased risk of SCC, compared with dark brown hair. After adjusting for the number of sunburns, women who tended to burn after 2 or more hours of sun exposure as children had a slightly higher risk of SCC than those who never burned (RR = 1.5 ; 95% CI = 0.9-2.5 for burn and RR = 1.1 ; 95% CI = 0.6-2.0 for painful burn), although the actual number of severe burns appeared to be a more important factor (RR = 2.4 ; 95% CI = 1.5-4.0 for six or more burns). Finally, current cigarette smokers showed a 50% increase in the risk of SCC compared with never smokers (RR = 1.5 ; 95% CI = 1.1-2.1). Conclusion : Exposure to the sun leading to sunburn, particularly at early ages, should be avoided to decrease the risk of incident SCC.
Beyond prototypes and classical definitions : Evidence for a theory-based representation of emotion concepts

The question of how people represent emotions is eminently important for a number of different domains of psychological research. The present study tested the assumption that emotion concepts are represented similar to theories in that they are comprised of a set of causally interrelated features. Using emotional scenarios and investigating the emotion concepts of anger, anxiety, and sadness it was found that people's representations of emotion concepts essentially involved the representation of the causal relation of emotion features and that the causal status of a feature determined the feature's centrality in the concept. Moreover, people's representations of emotion concepts corresponded to basic assumptions of cognitive emotion theories, namely that cognitive appraisals cause other surface features of emotion, like expression and behaviour. By providing evidence for a theory-based representation, the present results show that the classical and the prototype approach are insufficient to model the repr...
Primary production in the glacial North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans

THE conditions controlling primary production are very different in the modern North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans1, a difference that is reflected in the composition of diatom fossils in surface sediments. By contrast, I report here evidence that during the last glacial interval the diatom assemblage, and by extrapolation the primary production, was very similar in the two regions. The modern analogues of these assemblages occur in sediments of Baffin Bay and the Sea of Okhotsk, both highly productive seas where ice is present. I infer that during the last glacial interval plankton biomass was at least as high as it is today in the North Atlantic, and was as much as an order of magnitude higher in the North Pacific. The glacial assemblage occurs in lithologies dominated by ice-rafted detritus, which is generally believed to indicate the presence of icebergs2–6. I hypothesize that the presence of numerous icebergs, possibly associated with sea ice, supported high production by physical mechanisms (such as turbulent mixing and enhanced density stratification) and/or biogeochemical ones (such as supply of major or trace nutrients).
The Eschatology of Tertullian

One of the most important results of the New Testament study that has gone on during the past generation is its realization that the theology of the New Testament is unintelligible outside the context of its eschatological message. The precise meaning of that message is still the subject of much investigation and controversy, but its importance has become a matter of general agreement among New Testament students. Much less general is the realization of the implications of this insight for other areas of theological concern. Rudolf Bultmann's recent essay on mythology and the New Testament has served to raise again the question of the relevance of New Testament eschatology for systematic theology. That question has far-reaching implications for the study of the history of theology as well, implications with which historical theology has not yet come to terms. The relation between primitive Christian eschatology and the development of ancient Christian theology is a problem deserving of more study than the standard interpretations of the history of dogma have given it, for it can help iiluminate the origins of such dogmas as the Trinity and ancient Christology. Among the historians of dogma, only Martin Werner has taken up the problem in great detail, and his discussion of it has not yet issued in any new historico-theological synthesis.
A Method to Predict Soil Saturation Frequency and Duration from Soil Color

Saturation frequency and duration must be estimated to determine if a site is a jurisdictional wetland, and such data also aid in assessing sites for on-site waste disposal. This study developed a method to estimate saturation frequency and duration by calibrating redoximorphic features to a 40-yr record of water table simulations in a catena of Atlantic Coastal Plain soils in North Carolina. Thirteen plots were established along a toposequence with moderately well-drained (Aquic Paleudults) and very poorly drained soils (Umbric Paleaquults) as end members. A hydrologic model (DRAINMOD) was calibrated for each plot. Redox potential measurements showed that an average of 21 consecutive days of continuous saturation was sufficient for Fe reduction to occur in the soils. Historic rainfall data were used in the DRAINMOD model to estimate the number of times each plot was saturated for 21 consecutive days or longer in each year of a 40-yr period. Redoximorphic features were significantly correlated with average number of saturation events computed to have occurred at depths of 45, 60, 75, and 90 cm across all soils. Relationships were linear and varied by depth when all soils were analyzed as a single population. The r 2 values for relationships between redox depletions and saturation events were >0.85 for saturation occurring during the growing season, and were >0.75 for saturation events occurring at any time during the year. These relationships allow prediction of the likelihood that a soil will saturate for ≥21 d by simply estimating the percentage of redoximorphic features at a given depth.
Real-Time Digital Image Reconstruction: A Description of Imaging Hardware and an Analysis of Quantization Errors

On decrit un systeme de formation d'image acoustique numerique en temps reel (appele DAISY) capable de reconstruire plus de 30 nouvelles images par seconde. Effets des erreurs de quantification dans les systemes de formation d'image numeriques