cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
7 – Structural Changes in Occupational Mobility among Men in the United States

There has been no change over time in the relative mobility chances of American men whose fathers held different occupations. Changes in the occupational structure are the only source of systematic variation in rates of intergenerational occupational mobility. Based on this assumption, we have constructed detailed tables of the occupational mobility of U. S. men in 1952, 1962 and 1972. Both between and within cohorts, systematic trends appear which include increasing upward mobility, decreasing downward mobility and, by some measures, a weakening of the relationship between father's and son's occupations. At least for men in the U. S., the shifting occupational structure is the driving force and the problematic issue in changing intergenerational mobility patterns. We suggest that these same ideas be applied in cross-societal research. If there be invariances in the mobility process across societies which match those across time within the U.S., then comparative mobility research should be reoriented to investigate the sources and consequences of transformations of the occupational structure.
Temperature Measurement with the Hall Variable Capacitance Temperature Transducer

A new variable capacitance temperature transducer can be used to measure temperatures within a few millidegrees in predetermined ranges from 0° to 1200° or 1300°K. Originally developed to measure temperatures of cryogens to accuracies not possible with existing devices, it operates on the principle of large changes in pressure-volume relationship of gases and gas mixtures as a function of temperature in the range to be measured. Opposing variable capacitors and electrical readout eliminate errors and avoid inherent problems caused by capillary tubes or mechanical devices.
GAMETOPHYTIC GROWTH BY MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (PHAEOPHYTA) IN RESPONSE TO VARIOUS IRON AND ZINC CONCENTRATIONS1

Batch culturing experiments were conducted to examine effects on Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. A. Agardh gametophytic growth of various iron and zinc concentrations in the chemically defined, artificial seawater medium, Aquil. A least squares fit of experimental data represented the relative importance of these micronutrient effects. Optimal iron and zinc concentrations in Aquil were estimated at 340 nM (7 × 10−11 nM as [Fe3+]) and 135 nM (6 × 10−2 nM as [Zn2+]), respectively.
Economic growth does not reduce the ecological intensity of human well-being

Recent analyses of sustainability emphasize the tradeoff between human well-being and stress placed on the environment as measured as the ecological intensity of human well-being (EIWB), a ratio of environmental stress to human well-being. Here, we examine the effects of economic growth on EIWB for developed and less developed nations over the last half century. We find that since the early 1970s economic growth has little effect on EIWB in less developed countries and leads to somewhat increased intensity in developed countries. This suggests that current trajectories of economic growth will be problematic for sustainability unless special steps are taken to reduce the unintended harm placed on the environment.
The Calcium/Calcineurin Pathway Promotes Hemidesmosome Stability through Inhibition of β4 Integrin Phosphorylation

Cell migration depends on cells being able to create and disassemble adhesive contacts. Hemidesmosomes are multiprotein structures that attach epithelia to basal lamina and disassemble during migration and carcinoma invasion. Phosphorylation of the β4 integrin, a hemidesmosome component, induces disassembly. Although kinases involved in β4 phosphorylation have been identified, little is known about phosphatases countering kinase action. Here we report that calcineurin, a serine-threonine protein phosphatase, regulates β4 phosphorylation. Calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A (CsA) and calcineurin-siRNA increase β4 phosphorylation, induce hemidesmosome disassembly, and increase migration in HaCat keratinocytes, suggesting that calcineurin negatively regulates β4 phosphorylation. We found no direct dephosphorylation of β4 by calcineurin or association between β4 and calcineurin, suggesting indirect regulation of β4 phosphorylation. We therefore assessed calcineurin influence on MAPK and PKC, known to phosphorylate β4. CsA increased MAPK activity, whereas MAPK inhibitors reduced CsA-induced β4 phosphorylation, suggesting that calcineurin restricts β4 phosphorylation by MAPK. Calcineurin is activated by calcium. Increased [Ca2+]i reduces β4 phosphorylation and stabilizes hemidesmosomes, effects that are reversed by CsA, indicating that calcineurin mediates calcium effects on β4. However, MAPK activation is increased when [Ca2+]i is increased, suggesting that calcineurin activates an additional mechanism that counteracts MAPK-induced β4 phosphorylation. Interestingly, in some squamous cell carcinoma cells, which have reduced hemidesmosomes and increased β4 phosphorylation, an increase in [Ca2+]i using thapsigargin, bradykinin, or acetylcholine can increase hemidesmosomes and reduce β4 phosphorylation in a calcineurin-dependent manner. These findings have implications in calcineurin-inhibitor induced carcinoma, a complication of immunosuppressive therapy.
Metabolism of glutamic acid-1-14C and aspartic acid-4-14C in rat brain and kidney homogenates.

Abstract Whole rat kidney and rat brain homogenates utilize the l -form of aspartic acid or glutamic acid only. If the supernatant is incubated, the same conclusion holds, except in the case of brain tissue supernatant where the d -form might be utilized somewhat. Whole rabbit kidney homogenate dissimilates d -aspartic acid. Both AMP and ATP inhibit the oxidation of aspartic acid by kidney homogenate. But AMP stimulates this reaction in brain. Addition of DPN, TPN, pyruvate or a -ketoglutarate enhances dissimilation of this amino acid by either whole kidney or brain homogenates. In the case of the kidney (but not the brain) the enzymes responsible for the oxidation are present in the supernatant obtained by centrifuging. ATP, AMP, DPN, TPN, oxalacetate have a stimulatory effect on the catabolismof glutamic acid by rat kidney or brain homogenates. The responsible enzymes can be extracted into the supernatant, at least to some degree. The oxidation of aspartic acid and glutamic acid by various tissues decreases in the following order: liver, kidney, brain, spleen and blood. Activity in the blood is nil. The rate of oxidation of the two amino acids is low in fetal liver, livers of Walker tumor bearing hosts, and in the tumor tissue itself.
A Gamma‐Ray Induced Absorption Band in Some Lead Borate Glasses

Observations made on some lead borate, lead aluminoberate, and lead beroaluminosilicate glasses showed that an absorption band is induced at 1.5 ev (825 m mu ) by gamma irradiation. Experimental evidence indicates that this band is associated with Pb/sup 2+/ ions and beron in the structure of these glasses. On replacing PbO by Tl/sub 2/O in a borate glass, two strong bands were observed; one band corresponds to the 1.5 ev band induced in lead bcrate glasses and a completely new band at 1.0 ev (1235 m mu ). A postulate for the center responsible for the absorption band at 1.5 ev is proposed. (auth)
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Dialogical Ethics and Market Information

We apply dialogism to ethical thought to form a theory of Dialogical Ethics (DE). Specifically, DE is defined as the interplay between four historic ethical traditions: Formal (Kantian) Ethics, Content-Sense (Utilitarian) Ethics, Answerability Ethics, and Value/Virtue (Story) Ethics. On a broader level, DE can be understood as the interplay between the ethical ideas of society. We then use DE to analyze a number of problems in business including sweatshop labor and environmental degradation. To counteract these injustices, we propose two recommendations: (1) a rebalancing of Kantian and Utilitarian ethics in business with the ontological focus of Answerability and Value Ethics and (2) a revolution in business education. No longer can business education focus only on techne. Instead, educators must challenge students to develop phronesis, so that they become better able to understand how their actions and how our living stories interacts with the stories of others.
A high-speed CMOS comparator for use in an ADC

A dynamic latch preceded by an offset-cancelled amplifier is used in the 3- mu m CMOS comparator to obtain a response time of 43 ns. The offset-cancelled amplifier reduces the input-referred offset so that medium-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) can be built with this comparator. The use of pipelining within the comparator enables the offset cancellation to be done as the dynamic latch is enabled. Power and area are optimally distributed within the amplifier to minimize response time. >
Blunt Chest Trauma: Review of Selected Pulmonary Injuries Focusing on Pulmonary Contusion

Pulmonary injuries resulting from blunt chest trauma remain a common clinical entity for critical care and emergency nurses. In this article, the epidemiology and mechanism of injury most often observed in patients with blunt chest trauma are reviewed. Selected pulmonary injuries are discussed in te
Histogenesis of Osteoclasts

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUA HISTOGENESE DE OSTEOCLASTAS.—Rattos blanc esseva subjicite a duo injectiones de 200 unitates de Parathormon con un intervallo de 12 horas. Tres horas post le prime injection, thymidina a tritium esseva administrate. Autoradiogrammas del maxillas esseva preparate ab specimens colligite inter hora 6 e hora 72 a partir del comenciamento del experimento. Marcate osteoplastas esseva trovate post hora 18. Illos se formava per le fusion de libere cellulas de tissu conjunctive del periodontio e del medulla. Le osteoclastas dispareva ab le lacunas inter hora 48 e hora 72. Le apparition de marcate osteocytos a iste tempore monstrava que etiam illos habeva lor origine in libere cellulas conjunctive occupante le spatio create per lacunas de Howship.
The effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid and related lignans on formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase and carboxylesterase.

The lignans nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), heminordihydroguaiaretic acid (HNDGA) and norisoguaiacin were found to inhibit formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.3.4.3) and carboxylesterase (carboxylic-ester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.1) activity from a wide variety of sources. In all cases, NDGA was the most effective inhibitor. Synthetase activity was reduced by half at NDGA concentrations between 0.11 and 0.24 mM. Esterase activity consisted of NDGA-sensitive and NDGA-resistant forms. The sensitive class was half-inhibited by 2–4 μM NDGA. Irreversible inhibition of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase by NDGA was observed both at low protein concentration (< 0.2 mg/ml) and at high protein concentration where precipitation of protein was observed. Inhibition of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase by NDGA arises from a decrease in Vmax and increase in Km for all substrates. In contrast, NDGA affects only the Vmax parameter of the esterase activity. It is suggested that the broad range of enzymes inhibited by NDGA may be a consequence of the amphipathic character of the molecule and the flexibility to accommodate to a variety of binding sites. It is also suggested that the previously reported ability of NDGA to inhibit phagocytosis may be due to the compound's ability to inhibit carboxylesterases.
The Intercomponent Vibrations of the Second Sound in Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension

Wide splitting of the second sound and sound vibrations between the A and P components of this sound were observed in 9 out of 12 cases of pulmonary hypertension. This extends to the clinical field a previous observation made in experimental animals.
Adenoviral Gene Transfer of β3 Integrin Subunit Induces Conversion from Radial to Vertical Growth Phase in Primary Human Melanoma

Expression of the β3 subunit of the αvβ3 vitronectin receptor on melanoma cells is associated with tumor thickness and the ability to invade and metastasize. To address the role of αvβ3 in the complex process of progression from the nontumorigenic radial to the tumorigenic vertical growth phase of primary melanoma, we examined the biological consequences of overexpressing αvβ3 in early-stage melanoma cells using an adenoviral vector for gene transfer. Overexpression of functional αvβ3 in radial growth phase primary melanoma cells 1) promotes both anchorage-dependent and -independent growth, 2) initiates invasive growth from the epidermis into the dermis in three-dimensional skin reconstructs, 3) prevents apoptosis of invading cells, and 4) increases tumor growth in vivo. Thus, αvβ3 serves diverse biological functions during the progression from the nontumorigenic radial growth phase to the tumorigenic and invasive vertical growth phase primary melanoma.
Resting-state multi-spectrum functional connectivity networks for identification of MCI patients.

In this paper, a high-dimensional pattern classification framework, based on functional associations between brain regions during resting-state, is proposed to accurately identify MCI individuals from subjects who experience normal aging. The proposed technique employs multi-spectrum networks to characterize the complex yet subtle blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal changes caused by pathological attacks. The utilization of multi-spectrum networks in identifying MCI individuals is motivated by the inherent frequency-specific properties of BOLD spectrum. It is believed that frequency specific information extracted from different spectra may delineate the complex yet subtle variations of BOLD signals more effectively. In the proposed technique, regional mean time series of each region-of-interest (ROI) is band-pass filtered ( Hz) before it is decomposed into five frequency sub-bands. Five connectivity networks are constructed, one from each frequency sub-band. Clustering coefficient of each ROI in relation to the other ROIs are extracted as features for classification. Classification accuracy was evaluated via leave-one-out cross-validation to ensure generalization of performance. The classification accuracy obtained by this approach is 86.5%, which is an increase of at least 18.9% from the conventional full-spectrum methods. A cross-validation estimation of the generalization performance shows an area of 0.863 under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, indicating good diagnostic power. It was also found that, based on the selected features, portions of the prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, temporal lobe, and parietal lobe regions provided the most discriminant information for classification, in line with results reported in previous studies. Analysis on individual frequency sub-bands demonstrated that different sub-bands contribute differently to classification, providing extra evidence regarding frequency-specific distribution of BOLD signals. Our MCI classification framework, which allows accurate early detection of functional brain abnormalities, makes an important positive contribution to the treatment management of potential AD patients.
Proofreading your own writing? Forget it!

First, let's define the difference between proofreading and editing your work. Editing is revising to improve abstract and opinion-rooted characteristics like clarity, flow, organization, and development. They are easy to name and hard to identify, but you know them when you see them abused in someone else's writing. Proofreading is much more straightforward: It is finding and correcting mistakes. This includes misspellings (or correctly spelled words used in the wrong place, the bane of computer spell chequers, sic), sentence fragments, punctuation, subject-verb agreement, word omissions, all those things on which teachers drilled us in school. Too often, these overzealous teachers stressed correctness over content. Both are important, but not at the expense of the other (a topic for another day). Proofreading is typically the last stage before you dance the “I'm done!” jig, or it should be. But if you rely on your own eyes and brain to ferret out those mistakes, you may be making another mistake.
Recovery functions of human cortical potentials evoked by tones, shocks, vibration, and flashes12

Averaged evoked “Vpotentials” were obtained from four Ss at five interstimulus intervals from 0.5 to 10.0 sec. Amplitude-recovery functions for vibro tactile, electric shock, auditory, and visual stimulation were quite similar in form but differed in slope. In the range from 1.0 to 5.0 sec, the percentage increase in amplitude for doubling of the interstimulus interval was: for vibration, 48; for shocks, 41; for tones, 35; and for flashes, 16.
Kinetics of Energy Transfer from the Triplet State in Rigid Solutions

Assuming the energy transfer is dependent on the inverse nth power of the donor—acceptor distance (1/Rn), Inokuti and Hirayama derived an expression for the observed decay of donor emission, using flash excitation of a random solid solution, I=I0exp[−t/τ−(2/π1/2)Γ(1−3/n)γ(t/τ)3/n], where τ is the measured lifetime in the absence of an acceptor, γ is linear in acceptor concentration, and n is the distance dependence parameter. This reduces to the Forster result for a dipole—dipole interaction where n=6. The extent to which we can determine n experimentally will allow us to measure the ``purity'' of the dipole—dipole interaction presumed to induce the transfer.To this effect, a detailed kinetic analysis of triplet—singlet energy transfer in rigid solution has been carried out using triphenylene‐d12 as the donor and rhodamine B as the acceptor. A computer fit of the decay data to the above expression was carried out with a nonlinear regression routine that determined I0, γ, and n simultaneously using the lea...
Testing for the Equality of Two Nonparametric Regression Curves with Long Memory Errors

This article discusses the problem of testing the equality of two nonparametric regression functions against two-sided alternatives for uniform design on [0,1] with long memory moving average errors. The standard deviations and the long memory parameters are possibly different for the two errors. The article adapts the partial sum process idea used in the independent observations settings to construct the tests and derives their asymptotic null distributions. The article also shows that these tests are consistent for general alternatives and obtains their limiting distributions under a sequence of local alternatives. Since the limiting null distributions of these tests are unknown, we first conducted a Monte Carlo simulation study to obtain a few selected critical values of the proposed tests. Then based on these critical values, another Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to study the finite sample level and power behavior of these tests at some alternatives. The article also contains a simulation study ...
Magnetic and Electric Manipulation of a Single Cell in Fluid

Magnetic and electric manipulation of a single cell in a microfluidic channel was demonstrated using a microelectromagnet matrix and a micropost matrix. The microelectromagnet matrix is two perpendicular arrays of straight wires that are separated and topped by insulating layers. The micropost matrix is an array of post-shaped electrodes embedded in an insulting layer. By controlling the current in each wire of the microelectromagnet matrix or the voltage on each electrode of the micropost matrix, versatile magnetic or electric fields were created on micrometer length scales, controlling the motion of individual cells in fluid. Single or multiple yeast cells attached to magnetic beads were trapped and moved by the microelectromagnet matrix; a single yeast cell was directly trapped and moved by the micropost matrix.
A numerical study of the particle size distribution of an aerosol undergoing turbulent coagulation

Coagulation and growth of aerosol particles subject to isotropic turbulence has been explored using direct numerical simulations. The computations follow the trajectories of 262 144 initial particles as they are convected by the turbulent flow field. Collision between two parent particles leads to the formation of a new daughter particle with the mass and momentum (but not necessarily the energy) of the parent particles. The initially monodisperse population of particles will develop a size distribution over time that is controlled by the collision dynamics. In an earlier study, Sundaram & Collins (1997) showed that collision rates in isotropic turbulence are controlled by two statistics: (i) the radial distribution of the particles and (ii) the relative velocity probability density function. Their study considered particles that rebound elastically; however, we find that the formula that they derived is equally valid in a coagulating system. However, coagulation alters the numerical values of these statistics from the values they attain for the elastic rebound case. This difference is substantial and must be taken into consideration to properly predict the evolution of the size distribution of a population of particles. The DNS results also show surprising trends in the relative breadth of the particle size distribution. First, in all cases, the standard deviation of the particle size distribution of particles with finite Stokes numbers is much larger than the standard deviation for either the zero-Stokes-number or infinite-Stokes-number limits. Secondly, for particles with small initial Stokes numbers, the standard deviation of the final particle size distribution decreases with increasing initial particle size; however, the opposite trend is observed for particles with slightly larger initial Stokes numbers. An explanation for these phenomena can be found by carefully examining the functional dependence of the radial distribution function on the particle size and Stokes number.
Turbulent forced convection in microtubes

Abstract The anomalous and opposing trends in the published data dealing with turbulent flow friction factor and heat transfer coefficient in microchannels, and their apparent disagreement with macroscale correlations, are discussed. It is shown that the modification of turbulent eddy diffusivities, consistent with the way suspended particles may modify turbulence, can explain the observed higher-than-expected heat transfer coefficients in some data. It is thus suggested that suspended microscopic particles may be a major contributor to the aforementioned inconsistencies and disagreements in some of the published data.
Fossil diatoms and scales of Chrysophyceae in the recent history of Hall Lake, Washington

SUMMARY. Scales of several members of the Chrysophyceae (family Synuraceae) were examined from a core of the recent sediments of Hall Lake, Washington, in conjunction with a study of fossil diatoms. Both types of microfossils revealed communities changing with the historical development of the lake. Increases in planktonic diatoms and in two species of Mallomonas occurred about the time of European settlement. Several acidophilous species among the Chrysophyta disappeared with the establishment of a sawmill and meromictic conditions in the lake. When extensive road construction around the lake ended the period of meromixis, the ratio of Synuraceae, in general, to diatoms, declined. Besides the change in ratio of Synuraceae to diatoms there was a change in the composition of the community of Synuraceae at that time. Species of Synura that had been rare before became the most abundant, and Mallomonas became relatively rare. Throughout the recent history of the lake the dominant Synuraceae seemed to respond more strongly to disturbance around the lake than the most abundant diatoms; thus, scales of Mallomonas, Synura, and other Synuraceae are valuable microfossils for paleolimnological studies.
In Search of Synthesis

The American scientific community currently is being challenged to provide the basic and applied research that is necessary for the nation to make better decisions related to the environment. Concern with the environment has led to the demand for a more synthetic perspective, one that identifies linkages among the cultural, social, political, economic, physical, biological, chemical, and geological systems that govern our world. Geography has a historic opportunity to position itself at the nexus of the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the humanities, and to lead the search for synthesis. In order to achieve this goal, however, we must leave the isolated intellectual realms into which we have retreated, dampen the fires of criticism that have polarized us, rethink the way graduate education is structured, foster new networks of communication, and develop a disciplinary culture that values both specialized analytical research and broader integrative research.
One- and two-dimensional oxygen ordering in YBa2Cu3Oz

Abstract It is shown that the (three-dimensional) tetragonal to orthorhombic transition in the 1-2-3 superconducting compound can be mapped onto a two-dimensional Ising model with anisotropic second neighbor effective pair interactions. The cluster variation method (CVM) has been used to calculate a phase diagram based on interaction parameters provided by first principles linear muffin-tin orbital-atomic sphere approximation (LMTO-ASA) calculations performed by P. Sterne at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. At high temperature, agreement with experimental phase transition data is excellent. At low temperatures, two-dimensional ordering gives way to quasi one-dimensional states of order as described by the linear chain Ising model for which the thermodynamics are known exactly. Structures produced by Monte Carlo simulation and theoretical diffraction patterns are in striking agreement with recent experimental results.
“Very Very Risky”: Sexuality Education Teachers' Definition of Sexuality and Teaching and Learning Responsibilities

Sexuality education teachers are responsible for providing quality health education to students. While data exist on young peoples' understanding of sexuality, little research has focused on the teachers responsible for providing sexuality education. This qualitative study explored the way in which school-based sexuality education teachers understand and define sexuality. Based on qualitative interviews with teachers throughout the United States, the findings suggest that while teachers rely on sex-positive definitions of sexuality, they often perceive their responsibility as combating risk, and perceive young people as immature and oversexualized. Recommendations include providing ongoing training for teachers in sexuality education.
A High-Order Mixture Homogenization of Bi-laminated Composites

An asymptotic mixture theory of bi-laminated composites with periodic microstructure is presented for rate-independent inelastic responses, such as elastic-plastic deformation. Key elements are the modeling capability of simulating critical interaction between adjacent layers and the inclusion of the kinetic energy of microdisplacements. A variational procedure is adopted in order to construct a mixture model, which is deterministic, instead of phenomenological. The principle of virtual work is used for total quantities to construct mixture equations of motion, while Reissner’s mixed variational principle (1984, 1986) applied to rate boundary value problems is used to yield mixture constitutive relations. In order to assess the model accuracy in the time domain, the predicted values were compared with experimental and numerically exact data. Good agreements between the predicted and experimental or numerically exact data for plastic as well as elastic waves were observed.
A system for brain tumor volume estimation via MR imaging and fuzzy connectedness

This paper presents a method for the precise, accurate and efficient quantification of brain tumor (glioblastomas) via MRI that can be used routinely in the clinic. Tumor volume is considered useful in evaluating disease progression and response to therapy, and in assessing the need for changes in treatment plans. We use multiple MRI protocols including FLAIR, T1, and T1 with Gd enhancement to gather information about different aspects of the tumor and its vicinity. These include enhancing tissue, nonenhancing tumor, edema, and combinations of edema and tumor. We have adapted the fuzzy connectedness framework for tumor segmentation in this work and the method requires only limited user interaction in routine clinical use. The system has been tested for its precision, accuracy, and efficiency, utilizing 10 patient studies. The percent coefficient of variation (% CV) in volume due to operator subjectivity in specifying seeds for fuzzy connectedness segmentation is less than 1%. The mean operator and computer time required per study for estimating the volumes of both edema and enhancing tumor is about 16 min. The software package is designed to run under operator supervision. Delineation has been found to agree with the operators' visual inspection most of the time except in some cases when the tumor is close to the boundary of the brain. In the latter case, the scalp, surgical scar, or orbital contents are included in the delineation, and an operator has to exclude this manually. The methodology is rapid, robust, consistent, yielding highly reproducible measurements, and is likely to become part of the routine evaluation of brain tumor patients in our health system.
Evaluating climate indices and their geochemical proxies measured in corals

Standard ocean/climate indices such as the Nino-3 sea surface temperature (SST) index, based on sparse instrumental data, and atmospheric indices such as the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), may now be substituted and/or extended by coral-based indices. Several elements or their isotopes are incorporated in coral aragonitic skeletons at predictable concentrations, some of which are temperature or salinity dependent. The availability of century-old corals, at key oceanographic sites, permits the establishment of a network of proxy climate indices.
LD Status and Achievement Confounding Variables in the Study of Children's Social Status, Self-Esteem, and Behavioral Functioning

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of achievement in explaining the poor social and behavioral functioning associated with LD status, and to evaluate potential gender differences in patterns of interpersonal functioning among youth with learning disabilities (LD) and nondisabled (NLD) youth. Thirty-two students with learning disabilities (21 boys, 11 girls) were matched with same-sex, same-race classmates whose reading achievement was low (LA) or average (AA), and these groups were compared on peer ratings of liking and disliking, perceptions of self-worth and social acceptance, and teacher ratings of conduct problems, anxiety-withdrawal, and attention problems. Students with learning disabilities were less accepted and less well-liked than children in the LA or AA groups and also perceived their self-worth and social acceptance to be lower than LA or AA students. Group by Sex interactions were apparent for several of the peer rating and behavioral variables, indicating that differen...
Enzymatically Active and Inactive Phosphodiesterases and Diguanylate Cyclases Are Involved in Regulation of Motility or Sessility in Escherichia coli CFT073

Intracellular concentration of cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP), a second messenger molecule, is regu- lated in bacteria by diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) (synthesizing c-di-GMP) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs) (degrading c-di- GMP). c-di-GMP concentration ((c-di-GMP)) affects motility and sessility in a reciprocal fashion; high (c-di-GMP) typically in- hibits motility and promotes sessility. A c-di-GMP sensor domain, PilZ, also regulates motility and sessility. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli regulates these processes during infection; motility is necessary for ascending the urinary tract, while sessility is essential for colonization of anatomical sites. Here, we constructed and screened 32 mutants containing deletions of genes en- coding each PDE (n11), DGC (n13), PilZ (n2), and both PDE and DGC (n6) domains for defects in motility, biofilm formation, and adherence for the prototypical pyelonephritis isolate E. coli CFT073. Three of 32 mutations affected motility, all of which were in genes encoding enzymatically inactive PDEs. Four PDEs, eight DGCs, four PDE/DGCs, and one PilZ regulated biofilm formation in a medium-specific manner. Adherence to bladder epithelial cells was regulated by (c-di-GMP). Four PDEs, one DGC, and three PDE/DGCs repress adherence and four DGCs and one PDE/DGC stimulate adherence. Thus, specific effec- tors of (c-di-GMP) and catalytically inactive DGCs and PDEs regulate adherence and motility in uropathogenic E. coli. IMPORTANCE Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) contains several genes annotated as encoding enzymes that increase or de- crease the abundance of the second messenger molecule, c-di-GMP. While this class of enzymes has been studied in an E. coli K-12 lab strain, these proteins have not been comprehensively examined in UPEC. UPEC utilizes both swimming motility and adherence to colonize and ascend the urinary tract; both of these processes are hypothesized to be regulated by the concentration of c-di-GMP. Here, for the first time, in a uropathogenic strain, E. coli CFT073, we have characterized mutants lacking each pro- tein and demonstrated that the uropathogen has diverged from E. coli K-12 to utilize these enzymes to regulate adherence and motility by distinct mechanisms.
Development and validation of the Comprehensive Indoor Tanning Expectations Scale.

Importance Strong links between indoor tanning behavior and skin cancer have been demonstrated across several studies. Understanding the complex belief systems that underlie indoor tanning in young women is a crucial first step in developing interventions to deter this behavior. Objectives To develop and validate a comprehensive, multidimensional, theory-based outcome expectations measure to advance an understanding of the sets of beliefs that underlie indoor tanning behavior among young women. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional study comprising a web-based survey of 11 sororities at a large university in the southeastern United States. Study participants (n = 706) were aged 18 to 25 years; 45.3% had tanned indoors in their lifetime and 30.3% in the past year. Main Outcomes and Measures Intention to tan indoors, frequency of indoor tanning behavior in the past year, and indoor tanner type (nontanner, former tanner, or current tanner). Results A comprehensive scale assessing indoor tanning outcome expectations was developed. In total, 6 positive outcome expectations factors and 5 negative outcome expectations factors were identified. These subscales were reliable (coefficient α range, 0.86-0.95) and were significantly (mostly at P P Conclusions and Relevance Results suggest that the Comprehensive Indoor Tanning Expectations (CITE) Scale provides a reliable and valid assessment of the complex sets of beliefs that underlie indoor tanning, including positive (motivational) and negative (deterrent) beliefs. This new scale may further advance research on indoor tanning beliefs and can guide health communications to prevent and deter indoor tanning behavior.
Near-infrared dichromic fluorescent carbocyanine molecules.

Central to major advances in biochemical assays, molecularsensor technologies, and molecular optical imaging arefluorescent materials that provide high detection sensitivityformolecularprocesses.Inbiologicalopticalimaging,thelowtissueautofluorescenceandthedeeppenetrationoflightintothetissuesobservedatwavelengthsbetween650 and900nmallow the use of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dyes ascontrast agents in heterogeneous systems.
Single path flooding chain routing in ad hoc networks

In this paper, we present a new position-based routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks. The proposed algorithm minimizes the effect of inaccurate location information on routing, which is caused by periodical updates of the node location information in the network. The algorithm achieves low communication complexity of O(/spl radic/n), compared to other existing position-based algorithms with O(n) complexity, where n is the number of nodes in the network. In addition, unlike some existing routing algorithms, the new algorithm is insensitive to the mobility of mobile nodes and consistently performs well for various mobilities.
A novel microdroplet cassette for biochemical screening

We propose a lab-on-a-chip screening cassette which generates an array of droplets in oil and greatly simplifies conventional screening techniques. A unique droplet generation method is introduced which forms precision droplets under static conditions. Drop sizes and locations are pre-programmed by the geometric configuration of the cassette and no external flow control is required. The microfluidic device is initially fabricated on PDMS, and then transferred directly on printed circuit boards for electrical sensing. The crystallization event in each droplet chamber is monitored by electrodes measuring conductivity across each droplet. Automated triggering circuit can flag crystallization sites with a digital report to listening computers.
Diverse porphyrin dimers as candidates for high-density charge-storage molecules

Porphyrinic molecules have been shown to be viable candidates for a molecular-based information storage medium on the basis of redox activity. An optimal redox-based information storage medium requires a large charge density in the molecular footprint on the anchoring substrate. The use of dimeric versus monomeric architectures affords one route to achieving increased charge density without sacrificing surface cross sectional area. Towards this goal, a series of zinc and cobalt containing porphyrin dimers has been prepared and characterized. The interporphyrin linkages in the dimers include p-phenylene, ethynyl, 1,4-butadiynyl, and ethynylphenylethynyl joining porphyrin meso-positions; Crossley-type fusion bridging porphyrin β-positions, and Osuka-type triple fusions bridging one meso- and two β-positions. The electrochemical features of each dimer have been evaluated.
Choroid plexus protects cerebrospinal fluid against toxic metals.

Although heavy metal ions are known to be toxic to the central nervous system (CNS), the mechanisms by which the CNS may protect itself from initial challenges of such toxic ions is unknown. The choroid plexus is the principal site of formation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which bathes the brain. We have determined in rats and rabbits that after intraperitoneal administration of lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic compounds, these toxic metal ions accumulated in the lateral choroid plexus at concentrations of Pb, Hg, and As that were 70-, 95-, and 40-fold higher, respectively, than those found in the CSF. Cd was not detected in the CSF. In addition, concentrations of these heavy metal ions were found to be many fold greater in the choroid plexus than in the brain or blood. The accumulation of Pb in the choroid plexus was dose-dependent and time-related. When the choroid plexus was preincubated, in vitro, with ouabain (1.5 mM), the uptake of Cd from the CSF side of the choroid plexus was inhibited 57%....
Reconstructing Middle Horizon mobility patterns on the coast of Peru through strontium isotope analysis

The pre-Columbian coastal site of Ancon, Peru frequently has been interpreted as an important outpost of the highland Wari Empire, inhabited by individuals from the sierra and the coast. In order to test this hypothesis, bone-tooth pairs from 35 Middle Horizon (550 AD-1000 AD) Ancon skeletons were analyzed for strontium isotopes, which vary by geologic provenance. Results indicate that 34 of the 35 individuals have 87 Sr/ 86 Sr enamel and bone values higher than Ancon's biologically available strontium isotope range. Nitrogen and carbon isotope data from a subset of the Ancon skeletons suggest that the higher than expected 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values among the Ancon sample likely reflects a diet rich in marine resources rather than migratory activity, and highlight the need to use multiple lines of evidence to track residence change at sites where individuals relied on resources other than locally grown terrestrial foods. The one remaining individual, a young female of elite status, has an enamel strontium isotope signature much lower than the available data for local fauna and soil indicating that she was not raised locally. Her enamel 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio fits well within the range of strontium isotope values established for the inland Wari site of Conchopata (Tung, T.A., Knudson, K.J. Social identities and geographical origins of Wari trophy heads from Conchopata, Peru. Current Anthropology, in press.), and suggests that highland, Wari immigrants may have been present at Ancon during the Middle Horizon.
Contributions of Electron Microscopy to the Understanding of Reactions on Compound Semiconductor Surfaces

Reacted films on compound semiconductor substrates present challenging materials characterization problems which often require the application of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. In this paper, both the problem — solving potential of the TEM techniques and the limits imposed by preparation of thin film/compound semiconductor TEM specimens are discussed. Studies of the Ni/GaAs, CuCl(aq)/CdS and Pd/GaAs reactions exemplify the role of TEM in identifying and determining the spatial distribution of interface — stabilized polymorphs and new ternary phases (e.g. tetragonal Cu2S, Ni3GaAs and PdxGaAs). These examples also serve to clarify the relationship between TEM and complementary analysis techniques such as Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Auger electron spectroscopy and glancing-angle x-ray diffraction. In particular, it is argued that a combination of (1) high-spatial-resolution information obtained by TEM and (2) an indication of the “average” behavior provided by data from a complementary characterization technique provide the minimum quality and quantity of data necessary to understand most reactions on compound semiconductor substrates.
An Overview of Production and Validation of the SMAP Passive Soil Moisture Product

The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission is an L-band mission scheduled for launch in Jan. 2015. The SMAP instruments consist of a radar and a radiometer to obtain complementary information from space for soil moisture and freeze/thaw state research and applications. By utilizing novel designs in antenna construction, retrieval algorithms, and acquisition hardware, SMAP provides a capability for global mapping of soil moisture and freeze/thaw state with unprecedented accuracy, resolution, and coverage. This improvement in hydrosphere state measurement is expected to advance our understanding of the processes that link the terrestrial water, energy and carbon cycles, improve our capability in flood prediction and drought monitoring, and enhance our skills in weather and climate forecast. For swath-based soil moisture measurement, SMAP generates three operational geophysical data products: (1) the radiometer-only soil moisture product (L2_SM_P) posted at 36-kilometer resolution, (2) the radar-only soil moisture product (L2_SM_A) posted at 3-kilometers resolution, and (3) the radar-radiometer combined soil moisture product (L2_SM_AP) posted at 9-kilometers resolution. Each product draws on the strengths of the underlying sensor(s) and plays a unique role in hydroclimatological and hydrometeorological applications. A full suite of SMAP data products is given in Table 1.
Law Out of Repugnance: Governance, Sensibility, and the Limits of Deliberation

The paper offers a genealogical assessment of repugnance and it focuses especially on the ways in which repugnance has served as a crucial aspect of American law. Repugnance has become central to a number of controversies dealing with issues of sexuality and reproduction (gay marriage, abortion, stem cell research). However, these studies tend to rely on a conception of repugnance that is largely focused on its emotional characteristics, not its legal features. My paper traces how repugnance operated as a feature of English charters and constitutions in colonial America. Repugnance, as Mary Sarah Bilder argues, was a key term of art for English colonies. Repugnance represented a standard not to be breached. However, the difficulty of determining repugnance also became a source of power and privilege for the colonies; it allowed colonists to stretch and even warp English law. And in many ways, repugnance allowed the colonies to pursue policies of accommodation and negotiation that would have been rejected by the Crown. This repugnance was not an aberrant phenomenon; it also appeared in later American constitutional practice, particularly in the 19th and 20th century. Thus, this more historicized conception repugnance, I argue in conclusion, provides a different perspective from which to examine our modern debates over sexual and reproductive practice-focusing less on the emotionality of repugnance than its deliberative and negotiated features.
The Costs and Benefits of Clinical Education

Although health care facilities must invest staff time, cope with supervisory stress, provide materials, allocate space, and pay student stipends, they receive many benefits by participating in clinical education programs for students of the allied health professions. The primary benefit is the opportunity to recruit graduates. This allows for increased revenue from student contributions that offsets the expense of staff time spent on teaching. Another benefit is the maintenance and upgrading of staff skills. Methods to calculate these costs and benefits are available but not standardized.
Clinical applications of fundus autofluorescence in retinal disease

Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) is a non-invasive retinal imaging modality used in clinical practice to provide a density map of lipofuscin, the predominant ocular fluorophore, in the retinal pigment epithelium. Multiple commercially available imaging systems, including the fundus camera, the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope, and the ultra-widefield imaging device, are available to the clinician. Each offers unique advantages for evaluating various retinal diseases. The clinical applications of FAF continue to expand. It is now an essential tool for evaluating age related macular degeneration, macular dystrophies, retinitis pigmentosa, white dot syndromes, retinal drug toxicities, and various other retinal disorders. FAF may detect abnormalities beyond those detected on funduscopic exam, fluorescein angiography, or optical coherence tomography, and can be used to elucidate disease pathogenesis, form genotype-phenotype correlations, diagnose and monitor disease, and evaluate novel therapies. Given its ease of use, non-invasive nature, and value in characterizing retinal disease, FAF enjoys increasing clinical relevance. This review summarizes common ocular fluorophores, imaging modalities, and FAF findings for a wide spectrum of retinal disorders.