cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depression and altered serum lipids in cynomolgus monkeys consuming a Western diet

Abstract Research over the past 15 years has suggested a high comorbidity of depression and coronary heart disease (CHD). However the mechanisms responsible for this relationship are poorly understood. This study was designed to examine the relationships between depressive behaviors and concentrations of circulating lipids and lipid signaling molecules that may be common to both CHD and depression in a cohort of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) consuming a ‘Western’ diet, enriched with saturated fat and cholesterol. Socially-housed adult female cynomolgus monkeys (n = 36) were fed the Western diet for 27 months and depressive behavior was recorded weekly. Body weight, body mass index and circulating cholesterol profiles were measured in all animals, and fatty acids (FA) and FA-based signaling molecules were measured in the 6 least and 6 most depressed monkeys. Monkeys consuming the Western diet exhibited a broad range of percent time spent in depressive behavior. The percent time spent depressed was positively correlated with total plasma and LDL cholesterol and negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol. Despite being leaner, depressed monkeys had higher concentrations of monounsaturated fats (C16:1 and C17:1), a higher ω6/ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio and higher concentrations of omega-6 (ω6) PUFAs, particularly C18:2ω6 and C20:3ω6. FA ratios suggest that stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 activity was increased in depressed monkeys. Depressed female cynomolgus monkeys had elevated concentrations of serum lipids and lipid signaling molecules that are typically associated with obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, which may account in part for the comorbidity of depression and CHD.
Alternaria cassiae Alters Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia)

Phenylpropaniod metabolism has been implicated in plant defence mechanism(s) against pathogen attack. In this study, phenylpropanoid metabolism was examined over a 72 h time course in the weed sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) in relation to pathogenic effects of the fungus Alternaria cassiae. When 3- to 4-week old seedlings were challenged by the pathogen, extrable phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, E.C. 4.3.1.5) activity was dramatically increased above that in uninfected plants severalhours after inoculation and exposure to dew. Greatest increases of enzyme activity (3-fold, specific activity basis) occurred at ca 15–23 after treatment with fungal spores. After this peak of activity, PAL activity declined with time in infectedtissue, but remained greater than in uninfected plants through 65 h after treatment. Total methanol-soluble hydroxyphenolic compound levels (PAL products) were higher in shoots (stems and leaves) of infected plants at 48–72 h. Leaves contained a higherconcentration (per gram fresh weight) of hydroxyphenolic compounds than did stems, and infected leaves exhibited a phenolic content greater than that of uninfected leaves at ca 27–72 h. Increased soluble phenolic compound production correlated with the appearance of lesions and necrotic spots on leaves and stems. UV irradiation examination and spectrofluorometric analysis of thin layer chromatographic separations of methanolic exatracts revealed a substantial increase of several components ininfected tissue 48 h after inoculation. Results support the view that PAL activity increases correlate with increased phenolic compound production in this host/pathogen interaction.
Chemical and biochemical characteristics of O-demethylation of chlorotrianisene in the rat.

Abstract The effects of NADPH concentration and of two inhibitors of the microsomal mixed function oxidase system [2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2-diphenyl valerate hydrochloride (SKF 525-A) and metyrapone] on rat liver microsomal O -demethylation of the triphenylethylene estrogen chlorotrianisene (CTA) were studied. Comparative data were obtained using untreated and phenobarbital-pretreated rats of both sexes. In the presence of microsomes from males, O -demethylation was induced slightly by phenobarbital (PB), and it was inhibited substantially by SKF 525-A, particularly with uninduced microsomes. Metyrapone had little inhibitory effect. In the presence of microsomes from females, O -demethylation was neither induced by PB nor inhibited significantly by SKF 525-A or metyrapone. Incubation of CTA with male rat microsomes afforded, after purification, a mixture of monophenolic metabolites which consisted primarily of a 1:1 mixture of E - and Z -desmethylchlorotrianisene (DMCTA).
Garnet compositions as recorders of P-T-t history of metamorphic rocks

Abstract On the basis of tests made in recent studies, we conclude that the simultaneous solutions of the equilibrium conditions of garnet–biotite Fe–Mg exchange and Grs = Plag + Aluminosilicate + Qtz (GASP) reactions, as formulated on the basis selected experimental data and well constrained thermodynamic mixing properties of garnet and plagioclase, offer robust estimates of P – T conditions of metapelitic assemblages that consist of the above minerals. Additional calculations are presented to show the compatibility of the retrieved P – T conditions of natural assemblages with the aluminosilicate phase diagram. We also calculate the minimum grain sizes of garnets that should be used for the calculation of the peak metamorphic P – T ( P p , T p ) conditions, using reasonable initial guessed values of minimum cooling rate and maximum T p . To retrieve the thermal history of metapelites, we have developed a finite difference scheme for modeling multicomponent diffusion profiles in garnet, incorporating provisions for continuous nucleation and growth. This has been interlinked with a genetic algorithm that permits retrieval of the temperature vs. time path of metapelites through modeling of the zoning profiles in garnets, keeping several model parameters as floating variables. The numerical code has been applied to retrieve the T – t history of the low pressure–high temperature Royke metamorphic belt, Japan, by modeling the concentration profiles of Fe, Mn, Mg and Ca of garnets of different sizes that have been inferred to have developed by a process of continuous nucleation and growth.
Signaling in social network and social capital formation

This paper presents a model of social capital and social network formation. The key interaction within the model is that whom an individual chooses to become friends with affects the value (social capital) of the friendship. In the model, how a player searches for and then forms friendships reveals how willing she is to engage in cooperation with a potential friend. Individuals observe their local network structure (friends and cliques) and the actions of players within these. Willingness to cooperate is private information and is captured by the discount factor of an individual. Cooperative types have high discount factors and can signal their type by forming a clique through befriending a friend of a friend. Uncooperative types do not form these kinds of friendships because of the local observability of their actions to all members of a clique. Thus, when a player meets someone with whom she shares a friend, her belief that the individual has a high discount factor is greater than the population average. In this sense, people “trust” each other more when they share a friend in common. Finally, I relate the primitives of the model to characteristics of the implied social network by nesting the sequential equilibrium in an algorithm of network formation proposed by Jackson and Rogers (Am Econ Rev 97(3):890–915, 2007). The model highlights a trade-off between maximizing the total amount of social capital in a society and distributing it equitably across individuals.
Experimental investigation of turbulent density fluctuations and noise generation from heated jets

Low-frequency noise sources in heated single-stream jets were identified by cross-correlating turbulent density fluctuations ρ′ with the far-field sound pressure fluctuations p′. The turbulent density fluctuations were measured by a molecular Rayleigh-scattering technique. For a fixed jet velocity Uj, the normalized correlation coefficient 〈ρ′; p′〉/(ρ′rms p′rms is found to increase progressively with an increase in the plume temperature (subscript rms stands for root-mean-square). The result indicates an improvement of the noise radiation efficiency with heating. Directly measured noise spectra from fixed velocity jets with increasing temperature ratio show confusing trends. However, if such spectra are normalized by theplume density, then a consistent trend of increasing noise level with increased plume temperature emerges. The increased noise is the most prominent at the low-frequency end, consistent with the correlation data. The effect of increasing jet velocity keeping the plume temperature constant was also studied. The correlation coefficients were found to improve significantly with velocity; a result consistent with prior observation from unheated jets. Additional findings on the time-averaged density variations and the changes in the air density fluctuations with increasing plume temperature are also discussed.
Mosfet fabrication using ion beam nitridation

Ion beam nitridation has been suggested as an alternative to the conventional local oxidation process which is used in the fabrication of most metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuits. The implantation of 2 keV nitrogen ions in doses of up to 8 x 1017 cm-2 results in the formation of a silicon nitride layer approximately 10 nm thick. Herein we describe the electrical characteristics of n-channel silicon gate metal-oxide-semiconductor-field-effect-transistors (MOSFETs) fabricated using this modified local oxidation process, and compare them to devices fabricated simultaneously but using the conventional local oxidation technology. The effective device channel lengths and widths are determined from the electrical characteristics of devices with mask (ideal) dimensions of 4, 6, 8 or 10 μm. The ion beam nitrided devices exhibit a significant reduction in the lateral oxidation effect. A 1.3 μm increase in channel width relative to conventional processing is observed for the ion beam nitrided devices with a 690 mm thick field oxide. On the other hand, fixed oxide charge densities are found to increase by a factor of about two due to the nitrogen implantation, and device channel mobilities are reduced by about 25%.
Education Column [Introduction to "A bio-inspired printed-antenna transmission-range detection system"]

Presents an introduction to the article which focuses on biolgically inspired antenna systems.
Comparison of Toluene Distillation and Karl Fischer Methods for Determining Moisture in Dry Whole Milk

Abstract The toluene distillation and Karl Fischer methods for determining the moisture content of dried whole milk were compared. In this study both methods were employed simultaneously with a single sample. The study also included noncomparative data, i.e., analytical data obtained by one or the other method. The data were compared at four moisture ranges. In the comparative study the statistical analysis was between methods and operators. The statistical analysis of the noncomparative data was between moisture levels, for each operator and method. The results of the first comparison indicate that the mean value by the Karl Fischer method was almost identical to that obtained by toluene distillation. The statistical evaluation illustrated that the two methods do not have the same precision, especially above 7% moisture. From 0 to 7% moisture the toluene method is more precise, having confidence limits (for duplicates) of ±0.130 to 0.199. The confidence limits for Karl Fischer titration ranged from ±0.130 to 0.292. The results also indicate the existence of operator differences with both methods.
Building a Democratic Learning Community Within a PDS

1We thank Bonnie Lacey, Jennifer LaMarra, Jo Nelson, Annie Williford of Kendon Elementry School for their contributions.
Special session — Cognitive processes critical for ill-defined problem solving: Linking theory, research, and classroom implications

Research on ill-defined problem solving and design thinking is rich but spread across diverse disciplines. Some of the signature work had been done over previous decades by cognitive scientists while other work, such as research on design thinking, is more recent. During this special session, our goal is to present and discuss this literature with engineering educators who are interested in researching ill-defined problem solving and related ways to support student learning in their classrooms. As we examine these studies within the context of engineering, we will introduce key theories such as cognitive dissonance. We will also discuss how these studies inform teaching and student learning.
The Efficiency and Consistency of Approximations to the Jackknife Variance Estimators

Abstract The problem considered is the computation reduction for general delete-d jackknife variance estimators. The delete-d jackknife estimator was proved consistent (Shao and Wu 1986), and in this article its mean squared error is shown to have order o(n –2), where n is the sample size. These properties are not shared by the traditional delete-1 jackknife in some situations. Use of the delete-d jackknife, however, requires ( n d ) recomputations of a point estimate θ, which increases rapidly as n and d increase. Using techniques from survey sampling, a shortcut can be taken with θ evaluated only m times, m ≪ ( n d ). The efficiency and consistency of the resulting jackknife-sampling (hybrid) variance estimators (JSVE's) are studied. If m is chosen so that n/m → 0, the increase in mean squared error by using the JSVE is relatively negligible. For the consistency of JSVE, m → ∞ is sufficient. Hence the JSVE with m < n can also be used to alleviate the computational burden for the delete-1 jackknife in th...
The experience of African American women living with HIV: creating a prevention film for teens.

The personal and social costs of HIV are well documented. What remains unknown is the effect of public disclosure of HIV status on the individual who is doing the disclosing. This study describes the experience of four African American women living with HIV who participated in the development of an intergenerational education intervention for African American adolescent girls. These women suggested that they be filmed discussing the “dark side” of HIV in an effort to create an intergenerational education intervention that would alter the risk-taking behavior that they observed in young women in their community. After a rough cut of the film was completed, these women viewed the film and participated in a focus group during which they discussed what it was like to reveal and revisit their own painful experiences associated with becoming infected and then living with HIV. Findings from content analysis of transcribed dialogue included the following positive themes: (a) self-acceptance by telling one’s own story and hearing the stories of the other women, (b) a sense of liberation by disclosing publicly one’s image and message and letting go of others’ judgments, (c) feeling supported by meeting other women who share the same experience, (d) value of using the film to impact or save young people from the pain one has experienced. A negative theme emerged related to personal pain in reliving the individual’s history with HIV.
Novel (bisarylmethoxy)butylpiperidine analogues as neurotransmitter transporter inhibitors with activity at dopamine receptor sites

A series of (bisarylmethoxy)butylpiperidine derivatives was prepared and evaluated in vitro and in vivo to determine the structural requirements necessary for dual activity at the DAT and DA/5-HT receptor sites. These hybrid ligands, constructed by combining pharmacophores specific for the DAT and DA/5-HT receptors, could be useful drugs for treating cocaine addiction by assisting cocaine addicts in maintaining abstinence. The series was evaluated in vitro for DAT and DA/5-HT receptor activity and then selected compounds were tested in vivo for their effects on cocaine-induced hyperlocomotor activity (LMA). The majority of the new compounds demonstrated high to moderate affinity (4-191 nM) for the DAT with 4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidine analogues 14 and 15 possessing the greatest affinity. Compounds 15 and 22 exhibited the highest ratio of reuptake inhibition-to-binding (discrimination ratio, DR), 111 and 323, respectively. These derivatives had modest affinity and antagonistic activity for dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptors. Compounds 9 and 15 (DR=0.9 and 111, respectively) stimulated locomotor activity, whereas the other compounds suppressed this response. All compounds tested except for 17 and 21 attenuated cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion.
Loss Through the Lens of Attachment to God

This article explores the experience of loss in part through the lens of “attachment to God.” While attachment theory is a familiar frame for understanding loss, the area of attachment to God is still largely neglected. After an overview of attachment theory and a summary of contemporary work done on attachment to God, this article presents two case vignettes in order to highlight possible spiritual implications of an “attachment to God” framework for working with those who have experienced significant loss.
Prognostic Value of Dipyridamole Stress Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography: Comparison with Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Background Dipyridamole stress myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) can be used to detect coronary artery disease (CAD). Because it measures myocardial blood flow velocity in addition to measuring myocardial blood volume, it was hypothesized that it should have greater prognostic utility than single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT), which measures only myocardial blood volume. Because blood flow mismatch precedes wall thickening (WT) abnormalities during demand ischemia, it was also postulated that perfusion on MCE would be superior to WT abnormalities on echocardiography for this purpose. Methods The incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction and cardiac death was determined in 261 patients with known or suspected CAD over a mean follow-up period of 14 months who underwent simultaneous dipyridamole stress MCE and 99m Tc-sestamibi SPECT. Comparisons of survival curves were conducted with stratified (and unstratified) log-rank tests. Results Abnormal results on MCE were found to be the best predictor of an adverse outcome (odds ratio, 23; 95% confidence interval, 6-201; P 60 years, the presence of ≥3 cardiac risk factors, known peripheral vascular disease, prior myocardial infarction, and left ventricular systolic function), inducible WT abnormalities, and SPECT. Prognoses were worst in patients who had both abnormal results on MCE and inducible WT abnormalities and best in those who had neither. Patients with abnormal results on MCE but no inducible WT abnormalities had intermediate outcomes. Conclusion In patients with known or suspected CAD undergoing dipyridamole stress, MCE provides powerful prognostic information that is superior to clinical variables, electrocardiography, left ventricular systolic function, WT analysis, and SPECT. MCE may therefore serve as a method of choice for myocardial perfusion assessment in patients with known or suspected CAD. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Reversible inhibition of photochemistry of photosystem II by Ca2+ removal from intact cells of Anacystis nidulans

Depletion of Ca2+ from Anacystis nidulans produces an inhibition of O2 evolution that is accompanied both at 39°C and 77 K by a loss of chlorophyll fluorescence of variable yield. This indicates that Ca2+-depletion causes disruption of normal photosystem II function, manifested by the disappearance of photoreduction of Q. Delayed light emission in the ms time range is also eliminated in Ca2+-depleted cells, which confirms that Ca2+ removal prevents charge separation and recombination in reaction centers of photosystem II. Readdition of Ca2+ to depleted cells restores fully the fluorescence of variable yield and delayed light emission, as well as O2 evolution. Thus, Ca2+ may be a required component for photosystem II in A. nidulans.
A model for finite-deformation plasticity

We propose a new large deformation viscoplastic model which includes the effects of static and dynamic recovery in its strain rate response as well as the plastic spin in its rotational response. The model is directly obtained from single slip dislocation considerations with the aid of a maximization procedure and a scale invariance argument. It turns out that the evolution of the back stress and the expression for the plastic spin are coupled within the structure of the theory. The model is used for the prediction of nonstandard effects in torsion, namely the development of axial stress and strain as well as the directional softening of the shear stress. The comparisons between the present continuum model and both experiments and self-consistent polycrystalline calculations are very encouraging.
The convex hull of consecutive pairs of observations from some time series models

We examine the asymptotic behavior of the number of vertices of the convex hull spanned by n consecutive pairs from a time series model. We consider data from three models, the moving average (MA) process with regularly varying noise, the stochastic volatility (SV) process with regularly varying noise and the GARCH process. The latter two processes are commonly used for modeling returns of financial assets. If \(N_n\) denotes the number of vertices of the convex hull of n consecutive pairs of observations, we show that for a SV model, \(N_n \stackrel {P}{\rightarrow } 4 \) as \(n \rightarrow \infty\), whereas for a GARCH model, \(N_n \geq 5\) with positive probability. This provides another measure that distinguishes the behavior of the extremes for SV and GARCH models. Geometrically the extreme GARCH pairs fall in butterfly-like shapes away from the axes, while the SV pairs suitably scaled drift towards the coordinate axes with increasing n. MA pairs show a similar flavor as the SV pairs except that their convex hull vertices produce segments of extreme pairs that no longer align themselves exclusively along the axes, but are also distributed along other directions, determined solely by the MA coefficients. We show that the non-degenerate limiting distribution of \( N_n \) as \(n \rightarrow \infty \) depends on the model parameters and limiting law of the ratio of the maximal and minimal observations.
Cognitive behavior therapy with and without size perception training for women with body image disturbance.

Twenty-four normal weight women with disturbed body image, but without eating disorders, were randomly assigned to cognitive behavior therapy with or without training in accurate body size perception. Treatment was provided for six weeks in a small group format. Both treatments involved modification of distorted and negative thoughts about physical appearance and exposure to avoided situations which provoked negative body image. In addition, subjects in one treatment condition were provided with exercises to correct size and weight overestimation. At posttreatment and follow-up, subjects in the two treatment conditions showed equivalent improvements in size overestimation, body dissatisfaction, and behavioral avoidance of provocative situations. Treatment benefits also extended to more positive self-esteem and decreased psychological symptoms, dietary restraint, guilt and concern about eating, and binge-eating. Cognitive behavior therapy effectively improves body image disturbance in young women, but corrective feedback about size perception may be unnecessary.
Providing Remarkable Customer Service and Resources Across a Health Care System

One of the issues facing hospital librarians today is how to provide remarkable customer service and authoritative medical resources to patrons in a health care world where budgets and staffing rem...
Clinical Pharmacology of Tolmetin: Comparisons in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients and Normal Volunteers

: The pharmacokinetics of tolmetin sodium were studied in five patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and five normal volunteers to determine whether data derived from normals could be applied to RA patients. In addition, prostaglandin E (PGE) levels in synovial fluid were compared with tolmetin levels in serum and synovial fluid. Both groups received 400 mg tolmetin every 6 hours for seven days. During a 24-hour washout period after the dose of tolmetin (400 mg) on day 8, blood and urine samples were obtained from all study participants, and synovial fluid samples from the RA patients only. The patients continued into a second 24-hour drug-free period, after which they received a single 400-mg dose of tolmetin. Blood and urine samples were again collected. No clinically or statistically significant differences in tolmetin kinetics between normal volunteers and RA patients were found. A comparison of multiple-dose and single-dose results in the patient group showed an 11 per cent increase in the tolmetin serum concentration after multiple dosing. Total PGE levels in synovial fluid remained significantly depressed in the patient group for 24 hours after the 400-mg test dose of tolmetin on day 8. These findings suggest that tolmetin serum kinetics may not be an appropriate indicator of the duration of biologic activity of tolmetin.
OSTEOMYELITIS AS A COMPLICATION OF VESICA PERCUTANEOUS BLADDER NECK SUSPENSION

Complications of bladder neck suspension procedures have been well documented in the urological literature.’ Infection, urinary retention, suprapubic pain, erosion or infection of sutures, osteitis pubis and failure to correct incontinence have been described. New techniques warrant critical review of their potential complications. To our knowledge our case represents a previously unreported complication of the Vesica* system of bladder neck suspension.
From island arc to oceanic islands: Fiji, southwestern Pacific

Removal from a subduction site has resulted in a significant diminution of andesitic volcanism in Fiji during the past 5 m.y. During this period Fiji became stranded on a remnant arc (Lau-Colville Ridge) by opening of an interarc basin (Lau Basin); simultaneously, Fijian volcanism changed from being predominantly andesitic to predominantly basaltic. The early postsubduction basalts shared similar trace-element and isotopic characteristics with preceding andesites, but later ones are more like ocean-island basalts in minor- and trace-element composition. This may reflect return of subarc mantle to physical and chemical conditions unaffected by subduction. Frontal arc, interarc basin, and remnant arc volcanic rocks older than 5 m.y. differ in composition, but all have Sr 87 /Sr 86 = 0.7032 to 0.7043. Some have Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratios higher than expected from their Rb/Sr ratios. This contrasts with nearby Samoan basalts on the Pacific plate, which are separated from the previously mentioned provinces by an arc-arc transform fault zone and have more radiogenic Sr, lower concentrations of of K and Rb relative to Na, and higher concentrations of highly charged cations such as Ti, Zr, and light rare-earth elements than do basalts from Fiji having similar normative mineral content. These differences presumably reflect the history and present state of the mantle in the respective areas.
Effects of feeding and insulin on extracellular acetylcholine in the amygdala of freely moving rats

Extracellular levels of acetylcholine (ACh) were measured in the central nucleus of the amygdala using microdialysis in 20-min intervals before, during, and after 1 h feeding in food-deprived rats. The results were compared to the effects of peripheral injections of glucose or 'low' (200 mU) and 'high' (1 U) doses of insulin. Feeding caused a 40% increase in extracellular ACh in the amygdala during the hour-long meal. Acetylcholine returned to baseline 1 h after food was removed. Systemic injections of either glucose or insulin in ad libitum fed rats also resulted in an increase in ACh levels (+50-60%), but with a different time course. Glucose elevated ACh to a plateau within 20 min for an hour's duration; whereas both doses of insulin caused a peak in ACh release in the first 20 min followed by gradual return to baseline. The 'low' and 'high' doses of insulin had similar effects on ACh release even though they had different hypoglycemic potency as measured in blood samples. These results suggest that ACh in the AMY is involved in feeding and the response to glucose utilization.
Online learning with minority class resampling

This paper considers using online binary classification for target detection where the goal is to identify signals of interest within a sequence of received signals generated by a shifting background. In this setting, we assume there is significant class imbalance (100∶1 or greater), the sequence of examples is arbitrarily long and the distribution of the majority (negative) class is slowly time-varying. This setting is typical in detection and classification problems in which time-varying effects are caused by some combination of shifting channel characteristics and interferers that enter and exit the scene. We show empirically that the addition of caching and minority class oversampling to online learners improves the g-means performance under these conditions by compensating for class imbalance.
Miro: visual specification of security

Miro is a set of languages and tools that support the visual specification of file system security. Two visual languages are presented: the instance language, which allows specification of file system access, and the constraint language, which allows specification of security policies. Miro visual languages and tools are used to specify security configurations. A visual language is one whose entities are graphical, such as boxes and arrows, specifying means stating independently of any implementation the desired properties of a system. Security means file system protection: ensuring that files are protected from unauthorized access and granting privileges to some users, but not others. Tools implemented and examples of how these languages can be applied to real security specification problems are described. >
Open commit protocols for the tree of processes model

The authors propose three different two-phase commit (2PC) protocols that ensure that, even in the presence of permanent node failures, all sane nodes participating in a particular transaction eventually terminate the transaction in a consistent way. A node is defined to be sane if it eventually recovers from failures. These protocols, called open 2PC protocols, are based on a tree-of-processes model and provide means for transferring the coordinator function within process trees. Besides describing the open 2PC protocols in detail, the authors compare these protocols with regard to their message and time complexity. They also include a discussion of related work. >
Charcot-Marie-tooth disease.

I n 1886, Jean-Martin Charcot and Pierre Marie 1,2 and Henry Tooth independently described the hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy that now bears their names. Their precise clinical description provided the foundation on which later physiological and genetic understanding of hereditary neuropathies is based. This article will trace the historical development of our understanding of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) from its early descriptions to recent genetic discoveries.
Vascular Neural Network Phenotypic Transformation After Traumatic Injury: Potential Role in Long-Term Sequelae

The classical neurovascular unit (NVU), composed primarily of endothelium, astrocytes, and neurons, could be expanded to include smooth muscle and perivascular nerves present in both the up- and downstream feeding blood vessels (arteries and veins). The extended NVU, which can be defined as the vascular neural network (VNN), may represent a new physiological unit to consider for therapeutic development in stroke, traumatic brain injury, and other brain disorders (Zhang et al., Nat Rev Neurol 8(12):711–716, 2012). This review is focused on traumatic brain injury and resultant post-traumatic changes in cerebral blood flow, smooth muscle cells, matrix, blood–brain barrier structures and function, and the association of these changes with cognitive outcomes as described in clinical and experimental reports. We suggest that studies characterizing TBI outcomes should increase their focus on changes to the VNN, as this may yield meaningful therapeutic targets to resolve posttraumatic dysfunction.
Tenckhoff peritoneal dialysis catheters: the use of fluoroscopy in management.

Manipulation of the Tenckhoff catheter under fluoroscopic guidance is a useful procedure in patients who undergo chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). We reviewed 50 manipulations in 28 patients. There were no significant complications attributable to the procedure. Ten per cent of the manipulations were performed for visceral pain, 40% for malfunction within the first two weeks of catheter placement, and the remaining 50% for malfunction after two weeks of adequate dialysate flow. Overall, an initial success rate of 88% was recorded, and, after long term study, a durable success rate of 58% was demonstrated. Early malfunction (i.e., within the first two weeks) is a more ominous prognostic indicator than previously realized, with only 30% of these manipulations ultimately succeeding vs. 60% of manipulations in late onset catheter failure. Nevertheless, at least one attempt is warranted in manipulation of a malfunctioning Tenckhoff catheter.
Characterization of a High‐Spin Non‐Heme {FeNO}8 Complex: Implications for the Reactivity of Iron Nitroxyl Species in Biology

Stable but able: Chemical and electrochemical reduction of a five-coordinate high-spin non-heme {FeNO}(7) complex (see structure: N blue, Fe orange, and O red) generated the first stable high-spin (S=1) non-heme {FeNO}(8) model complex. The finding that the reduction is metal-centered and causes a decrease in FeNO covalency indicates that in biological systems, reduction activates stable non-heme FeNO units for further transformations.
Confidence measure estimation in dynamical systems model input set selection

An information-theoretic input selection method for dynamical system modeling is presented that qualifies the rejection of irrelevant inputs from a candidate input set with an estimate of a measure of confidence given only finite data. To this end, we introduce a method of determining the spatial interval of dependency in the context of the modeling problem for bootstrap mutual information estimates on dependent time-series. Additionally, details are presented for determining an optimal binning interval for histogram-based mutual information estimates.
Racism, Antisemitism, and the Schism between Blacks and Jews in the United States: A Pilot Intergroup Encounter Program.

A schism now exists between Blacks and Jews in the United States, 2 groups that were strong allies during the civil rights movement. The authors describe the historical antecedents of and contributing factors to this schism and present information on and lessons learned from 2 Black-Jewish dialogues that were conducted. Existe en la actualidad un cisma entre Negros y Judios en los Estados Unidos, 2 grupos que fueron grandes aliados durante el movimiento de reivindicacion de los derechos civiles. Los autores describen los antecedentes historicos y los factores que han contribuido a este cisma y presentan la informacion obtenida y las lecciones aprendidas a partir de 2 conversaciones llevadas a cabo entre individuos Negros y Judios.
Real-Time Motion Base Simulation

The use of military vehicle performance simulation methods is playing an increasing role in the design and development of combat and tactical vehicle systems. Analytical and physical simulation tools are being used to reduce the time and high cost associated with conventional prototype-based “build-test-break-fix” military vehicle design and development programs. Their use also ensures, prior to fabricating prototypes, that new system designs meet specified performance levels. The emphasis of this paper is on the application of real-time physical simulation tools to structural integrity investigations in support of reliability forecasting.
Student Athletes' Perceived Barriers to and Preferences for Seeking Counseling

The purpose of this study was to investigate attitudes of intercollegiate student athletes regarding their use of counseling services. The authors assessed student athletes’ perceived barriers to seeking counseling services and their preferred characteristics of a helping professional. Several barriers to counseling were identified. Results suggest student athletes have strong preferences for counselor characteristics, including familiarity with sports, gender, and age. Practical applications of these findings are discussed.
Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy of CdTe Solar Cells Measured Under Different Bias Conditions

We have investigated different methods for preparing CdTe/CdS cross sections for electrical measurements, including the following: cleaving; using GaAs substrates; and sandwiching the structure between the substrate and a glass slide, and polishing with diamond discs and alumina suspension. The latter method proved to be the most reliable, with a success rate of over 90%. We investigated cross sections of CdTe/CdS samples with scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) using two different methods: applying the alternate bias with a frequency equal to 18.5 kHz, or equal to the frequency of the second cantilever resonance peak. The results showed that using the second resonance frequency produced a smoother signal, allowing the calculation of the electric field inside the device using just the raw SKPM data. We were able to measure the distribution of the electrical potential inside working devices. Then, by taking the first derivative of the potential, we calculated the electric field and determined the location of the p-n junction.
Origin-independent plasmid replication occurs in vaccinia virus cytoplasmic factories and requires all five known poxvirus replication factors

Replication of the vaccinia virus genome occurs in cytoplasmic factory areas and is dependent on the virus-encoded DNA polymerase and at least four additional viral proteins. DNA synthesis appears to start near the ends of the genome, but specific origin sequences have not been defined. Surprisingly, transfected circular DNA lacking specific viral sequences is also replicated in poxvirus-infected cells. Origin-independent plasmid replication depends on the viral DNA polymerase, but neither the number of additional viral proteins nor the site of replication has been determined. Using a novel real-time polymerase chain reaction assay, we detected a >400-fold increase in newly replicated plasmid in cells infected with vaccinia virus. Studies with conditional lethal mutants of vaccinia virus indicated that each of the five proteins known to be required for viral genome replication was also required for plasmid replication. The intracellular site of replication was determined using a plasmid containing 256 repeats of the Escherichia coli lac operator and staining with an E. coli lac repressor-maltose binding fusion protein followed by an antibody to the maltose binding protein. The lac operator plasmid was localized in cytoplasmic viral factories delineated by DNA staining and binding of antibody to the viral uracil DNA glycosylase, an essential replication protein. In addition, replication of the lac operator plasmid was visualized continuously in living cells infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus that expresses the lac repressor fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein. Discrete cytoplasmic fluorescence was detected in cytoplasmic juxtanuclear sites at 6 h after infection and the area and intensity of fluorescence increased over the next several hours. Replication of a circular plasmid lacking specific poxvirus DNA sequences mimics viral genome replication by occurring in cytoplasmic viral factories and requiring all five known viral replication proteins. Therefore, small plasmids may be used as surrogates for the large poxvirus genome to study trans-acting factors and mechanism of viral DNA replication.
Essential role of filopodia in chemotropic turning of nerve growth cone induced by a glutamate gradient

Pathfinding of growing neurites depends on turning of the growth cone in response to extracellular cues. Motile filopodia of the growth cone are known to be critical for mediating contact-dependent guidance of the growth cone. However, whether filopodia also play an essential role in growth cone turning response induced by a diffusible chemotropic substance is unclear. Growth cones of cultured Xenopus spinal neurons exhibited chemotropic turning responses in a gradient of glutamate within a limited range of concentrations. This turning response depends on the activation of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors and requires the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Time-lapse differential interference contrast microscopy with quantitative analysis of filopodia dynamics showed a close correlation between an increased number of filopodia on the side of the growth cone facing the glutamate source and the turning. Such filopodia asymmetry was observed within minutes after the onset of the glutamate gradient, before any detectable turning of the growth cone. In Ca(2+)-free medium, no filopodia asymmetry was induced by the glutamate gradient, and no growth cone turning was observed. Furthermore, elimination of filopodia with a low concentration of cytochalasin B completely abolished the turning response without substantially affecting neurite extension. Thus, filopodia may be required for chemotropic guidance of the growth cone, and an asymmetry in filopodia distribution may be an early cellular event responsible for determining the direction the growth cone advances.
Hymenoptera Genome Database: integrated community resources for insect species of the order Hymenoptera

The Hymenoptera Genome Database (HGD) is a comprehensive model organism database that caters to the needs of scientists working on insect species of the order Hymenoptera. This system implements open-source software and relational databases providing access to curated data contributed by an extensive, active research community. HGD contains data from 9 different species across 200 million years in the phylogeny of Hymenoptera, allowing researchers to leverage genetic, genome sequence and gene expression data, as well as the biological knowledge of related model organisms. The availability of resources across an order greatly facilitates comparative genomics and enhances our understanding of the biology of agriculturally important Hymenoptera species through genomics. Curated data at HGD includes predicted and annotated gene sets supported with evidence tracks such as ESTs/cDNAs, small RNA sequences and GC composition domains. Data at HGD can be queried using genome browsers and/or BLAST/PSI-BLAST servers, and it may also be downloaded to perform local searches. We encourage the public to access and contribute data to HGD at: http:// HymenopteraGenome.org.
RELATIONSHIP OF PERSONALITY TRAITS AND COUNTERPRODUCTIVE WORK BEHAVIORS: THE MEDIATING EFFECTS OF JOB SATISFACTION

This study used path analysis to test a model that posits that relevant personality traits will have both direct relationships with counterproductive work behaviors (CPBs) and indirect relationships to CPBs through the mediating effects of job satisfaction. Based on a sample (n = 141) of customer service employees, results generally supported the hypothesized model for both boss- and self-rated CPBs. Agreeableness had a direct relationship with interpersonal counterproductive work behaviors (CPB-I); Conscientiousness had a direct relationship with organizational counterproductive work behaviors (CPB-O); and, job satisfaction had a direct relationship to both CPB-I and CPB-O. In addition, job satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between Agreeableness and both CPB-O and CPB-I. Overall, results show that personality traits differentially predict CPBs and that employees’ attitudes about their jobs explain, in part, these personality‐behavior associations.
Applications of particle-tracking techniques to bank infiltration: a case study from El Paso, Texas, USA

This paper presents results of a small scale study that utilized particle-tracking techniques to evaluate transport of river water through an alluvial aquifer in a bank infiltration testing site in El Paso, Texas, USA. The particle-tracking survey was used to better define filtration parameters. Several simulations were generated to allow visualization of the effects of well placement and pumping rate on flow paths, travel time, the size of the pumping influence zone, and proportion of river-derived water and groundwater mixing in the pumping well. Simulations indicate that migration of river water into the aquifer is generally slow. Most water does not arrive at the well by the end of an 18-day pumping period at 0.54 m3/min pumping rate for a well located 18 m from the river. Forty-four percent of the water pumped from the well was river water. The models provided important information needed to design appropriate sampling schedules for bank filtration practices and ensured meeting adequate soil-retention times. The pumping rate has more effect on river water travel time than the location of the pumping well from the river. The examples presented in this paper indicate that operating the pumping well at a doubled distance from the river increased the time required for the water to travel to the well, but did not greatly change the capture zone.
Augmented virtual environments (AVE): dynamic fusion of imagery and 3D models

An augmented virtual environment (AVE) fuses dynamic imagery with 3D models. The AVE provides a unique approach to visualize and comprehend multiple streams of temporal data or images. Models are used as a 3D substrate for the visualization of temporal imagery, providing improved comprehension of scene activities. The core elements of AVE systems include model construction, sensor tracking, real-time video/image acquisition, and dynamic texture projection for 3D visualization. This paper focuses on the integration of these components and the results that illustrate the utility and benefits of the resulting augmented virtual environment.
The return of cod transplanted from a spawning ground in southern Newfoundland

To investigate the navigation mechanisms used by Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to locate spawning grounds we conducted a biotelemetric study in which 23 large (74-98 cm) spawners were displaced in small groups up to 35 km from a coastal Newfoundland spawning ground at Bar Haven, Placentia Bay. Overall, approximately 60% of the transplanted fish returned to the grounds, most within a few days. The data derived from this exercise allow the development of hypotheses regarding the navigatory mechanisms used by cod during movements on a small scale spatially. The return success was negatively related to distance of the release sites from the spawning ground (p<0.05) but was higher when fish were released along a known migratory pathway, or when released upcurrent of the spawning site. There was no support for the hypotheses that cod conducted contra-natant spawning migrations or tracked water-borne chemical-olfactory signals respectively. Transplanted groups did not stay together but a group transplanted near a large cod aggregation stayed there for some time, although 50% eventually returned to Bar Haven. Finally, our data suggest that cod moved towards an omnidirectional “attractor”, such as a characteristic sound or geophysical signature, that dissipates with distance perhaps in combination with spatial memory of bathymetry or current structures and the presence of maturing conspecifics.