cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning and Applications of Chemical Signals in Vertebrates for Human–Wildlife Conflict Mitigation

Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) is a pervasive, global conservation issue that occurs whenever interactions between people and wildlife result in a negative outcome for either or both parties or the resources upon which they rely. Humans are impacted by wildlife either directly through their survival or health, or indirectly through damage to their food resources or property. Alleviating HWC has relied upon means from the individual to the population scale. Problem animals can be killed, relocated, or trained to avoid human habitations. Animal populations can be reduced through lethal or non-lethal means. Lethal control or relocation often have consequences such as biodiversity loss, unforeseen trophic cascades, and other ecologically detrimental effects. In many cases, the preference may be to keep the animals in question in the region but to reduce their impact on humans. In such situations, barriers can be constructed but these also have potential negative ramifications for other species as well as high costs for construction and maintenance. For invertebrate pests, a push–pull integrated pest management strategy has become increasingly popular. Chemical signals in the form of a natural repellents and attractants serve to keep pests away from crops and attract them to other areas, often traps. For vertebrates, the lack of known chemical signals hampers this approach and furthermore, the lethal trapping of individuals often is undesired. However, biological fences in concert with training animals to avoid the conflict area (e.g., crop or livestock) have potential for reducing HCW, especially for longer-lived, medium- to large-sized vertebrates. In lieu of using natural signals with known function, the proposition is to invoke a novel odor that would be unusual in the range of the problem species. Such an odor would be associated with strongly aversive stimuli near points of conflict and used as a warning of such a stimulus for future encounters. This novel scent fence would elicit anxiety and arouse a memory of discomfort and fear in the animal, motivating it to move away from the area without another interaction with the aversive stimulus. The odor would create an atmosphere of unease and avoidance rather than be the repellent itself. This approach provides further impetus for understanding better the chemical communication and the specific chemical signals used by vertebrates. In advance of those discoveries, odors may be useful as part of an aversive conditioning program to alter movement patterns of animals and keep them away from crops and livestock.
Electronic marketing

Electronic marketing is an established and fast growing research stream within electronic commerce that continues to evolve. New methods, models, lessons and best practices continue to be tested, discovered, refined and advanced. Our minitrack, now in its seventh year, highlights several interesting studies done in this area. We have accepted papers in two areas: 1) quantitative, empirical research with strong theoretical underpinnings, and 2) novel methods and approaches for envisioning and creating effective online/Internet marketing theory development or managerial best practice.
Joint Training Simulation Exercises: Missed Elements in Prehospital Patient Handoffs

Abstract Background Communication handoffs between fire rescue, medical transport, and hospital-based teams are not standardized, potentially leading to miscommunication, medical errors, and adverse patient outcomes. There is evidence from other acute care settings that structured handoffs improve communication and reduce adverse patient outcomes. Method Researchers analyzed ten video-recorded joint training simulation exercises between prehospital rescue and air medical transport crews to identify gaps in the communication and handoff process. Results Eight of the 30 essential items were missed more than 50% of the time. The most commonly missed elements included: the air medical team thanking fire rescue for their help (100%), capturing the time the incident occurred (90%), and the air medical crew identifying a team leader during the patient handoff. Conclusion High-fidelity joint training simulations provided an as-real-as possible environment to assess patient handoffs between fire rescue and air medical transport crews in unstructured environments.
A New Method to Eliminate First Order Internal Multiples for a Normal Incidence Plane Wave on a 1D Earth

A new method to remove internal multiples has been derived under 1D normal incidence. This new method is a step further from the inverse scattering series(ISS) internal-multiple attenuator(IMA) to an eliminator under 1D normal incidence. In the procedure of the method, it constructs the reflection coefficients in order to remove the extra transmission coefficients of the events and then constructs a new function based on the reflection coefficients. This method may be relevant and provide value when primaries and internal multiples interfere with each other in both on-shore and off-shore data under near 1D circumstances. This method does not seek higher order terms in the ISS to construct an algorithm that eliminate first order internal multiples generated by all reflectors.
You Catch More Flies With Honey: Sex Work, Violence, and Masculinity on the Streets†

Violence among inner-city men is a pressing social concern, and the central focus of much academic research. Many frame it as a phenomenon that certain men perpetuate—those who inhabit disadvantaged, impoverished communities—and argue it is linked to performances of “street” masculinity. In this article, I examine male street-based sex workers’ willingness to become embroiled in violent exchanges. In a departure from theoretical predictions, my findings reveal these men expend considerable effort to remain nonviolent with others immersed in the sex trade, a decision based upon their desire for the acquisition of capital as well as their calculation of risks. In doing so, they construct and perform a nuanced version of masculinity, which I call pacifist masculinity. Few studies analyze peaceful and conciliatory interactions among men in these contexts, an absence that only serves to reify assumptions about rampant hostility and aggression. I draw on interviews with 19 men involved in street prostitution in Chicago in 2012. This article contributes to a clearer understanding of male–male violence in high-risk environments, examines the prominent factors that inform decisions to assault others, and explores how such actions challenge hegemonic masculinity.
A NOVEL P53 BYSTANDER EFFECT INDUCES GLIOBLASTOMA CELL DEATH THROUGH A GLYCOSYLATION-DEPENDENT MECHANISM

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene are required for the development of many malignancies, including brain tumors. Yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying p53's anti-tumor effects remain incompletely understood. In the present study we demonstrate the existence of a novel cell-extrinsic mechanism whereby p53 can antagonize tumor growth. METHODS: To activate p53-dependent DNA damage, cells were either untreated (Ctrl) or treated with 25 µM etoposide (VP16), ultraviolet light (UV; 60 mJ per cm2) or γ-radiation (5 Gy). Gene and protein expression were analyzed by Northern Blot, Western blot and/or RT/PCR analyses. Standard apoptosis assays, crystal violet cytotoxicity assays, soft-agar colony formation assays and in vivo tumorigenicity experiments were used. RESULTS: We found that following DNA damage, cells with activated p53 can control the viability of adjacent tumor cells through secretion of galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside-binding lectin. Gal-3 specifically induced the killing of bystander cancer cells but not normal cells by paracrine induction of caspase 9-mediated apoptosis. Induction of Gal3 secretion in tumor cells could also antagonize glioblastoma tumor growth in subcutaneous and intracranial models. Mechanistically, p53 indirectly induced Gal-3 export through transcriptional regulation of p53-tumor suppressor activated pathway-6 (TSAP6), a key component of the non-classical exosome-mediated secretory pathway. Investigation into the mechanism of tumor-specific killing by Gal-3 revealed preferential binding to β1 integrin on the surface of tumor cells due to differential post-translational N-glycosylation resulting from the coordinated upregulation of several glycosyltransferases in the tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS: The bystander apoptosis effect defined here is significant because it represents a novel paracrine tumor suppressive mechanism for p53, which increases our understanding of p53 function and has therapeutic implications. It is important for the optimization of chemo- and radiotherapies as well as reactivation of p53 through small molecule or gene therapies. These data also suggest that Gal-3 has potential as an anti-cancer therapeutic. This work was supported by NIH R01 CA163722. SECONDARY CATEGORY: n/a.
Synthesis, isolation, characterization, and reactivity of high-energy stereogenic-at-Ru carbenes: stereochemical inversion through olefin metathesis and other pathways.

The synthesis, isolation, purification (routine silica gel chromatography), and spectroscopic characterization of high-energy endo stereogenic-at-Ru complex isomers, generated by ring-opening/cross-metathesis (ROCM) reaction of the corresponding exo carbenes, are disclosed. We provide experimental evidence showing that an endo isomer can undergo thermal or Bronsted acid-catalyzed polytopal rearrangement, causing conversion to the energetically favored exo carbene.
Serotype, Virulence and Drug Resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Ningbo Small Aquatic Products

Objective To understand the serotype distribution, toxin-producing characteristics and resistance to antibiotics of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from small aquatic products.Method Using the standard technique GB/T 4789.7—2003, 27 stains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were isolated from small aquatic products collected from Ningbo market. Their serotypes were determined by PCR and virulence genes tdh and trh were also determined. Agar diffusion method was used to test the antibiotic susceptibility. Results 27 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus consisted of nine serum groups: O∶4 33.3% (9/27), O∶3 14.8% (4/27),O∶2 14.8% (4/27), O∶11 11.1% (3/27), O∶5 7.4% (2/27), O∶1 7.4% (2/27), O∶7 3.7% (1/27), O∶9 3.7% (1/27), O∶10 3.7% (1/27). Neither nor tdh nor trh virulence gene was identified in any of the 27 strains. Susceptibility tests showed that some of the 27 strains were resistant to penicillins, β-lactams, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, quinolones and cephalosporins.Conclusion The Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from the small aquatic products in Ningbo City have diversified characteristics of serological type and antibiotic susceptibility.
Maximizing the Minimum Angle with the Insertion of Steiner Vertices

We consider the problem of inserting a vertex inside a star-shaped input polygon at the location that maximizes the minimum angle in the resulting triangulation. An existing polynomial-time algorithm solves for the intersection of three polynomial surfaces (a prior paper indicates that these are eighth-degree polynomials) and computes the maxima of the curve of intersection of two such surfaces to solve the problem. We developed a similar technique through the geometric insight that at least two angles (typically, three) of the triangulation have to be identical at the optimal location. We combinatorially process the angles to compute the optimal location in each case. The worst-case complexity of the algorithm remains O(n 3 logn), but it is much easier to implement partly because our algorithm requires the solutions of an (at most) eighth-degree, univariate polynomial for each combination of the angles. We also modied the algorithm to lower the expected running time to O(n 2 ) using a recursive, randomized algorithm for LP-type problems. We extend the algorithm by imposing constraints on the location of the Steiner vertex and solving the constrained optimization problem in a similar manner. We also extend the algorithm to simultaneously insert two vertices by considering all possible topologies and ensuring that the necessary conditions for local maxima are satised.
Effects of laidlomycin propionate and monensin on the in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation.

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of laidlomycin propionate and monensin on the in vitro fermentation of ground corn, Trypticase, or alfalfa hay by mixed ruminal microorganisms. Ruminal fluid was collected from two steers fed 9.27 kg DM of a high-concentrate (62.2% ground corn and 17.4% cottonseed hulls) diet per day and composited. In the first study, no ionophore was included in the diet; the diet in the second study contained 11.1 g of laidlomycin propionate per ton of feed. The animals were allowed an adjustment period of 14 d for each dietary treatment before samples were collected. When ruminal fluid from unadapted animals was used, both monensin and laidlomycin propionate decreased (P <.05) CH 4 concentration and the acetate:propionate ratio with ground corn and alfalfa hay. Monensin reduced (P <.05) in vitro dry matter disappearance of alfalfa and increased ( P <.05) final pH in the ground corn and alfalfa hay fermentations. Both laidlomycin propionate and monensin decreased (P <.05) concentrations of acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, CH 4 , and NH 3 in Trypticase fermentations. When ruminal fluid from adapted animals was used, both ionophores still reduced the concentrations of most fermentation products. However, there was generally less inhibition compared with fermentations inoculated with unadapted mixed ruminal microorganisms. In the presence of 5 mM maltose, mixed ruminal bacteria produced high concentrations (10 to 11 mM) of lactate, and addition of both ionophores to these fermentations was effective in reducing (P <.05) lactate production. In conclusion, laidlomycin propionate alters the mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation in a manner similar to monensin, but, at the concentrations used in this study, monensin seemed to be a more potent inhibitor.
Induction of drug metabolism. VII. Differences in P-420 hemoproteins from untreated and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats.

Cytochromes P-450 and P 1 -450 (P-448), found predominantly in hepatic microsomes from untreated and from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats, respectively, are reported to be distinct molecular entities. To test this hypothesis, a comparison was made of soluble P-420 hemoproteins obtained from membrane-bound P-450 hemoproteins by digesting microsomes with steapsin. Partially purified, soluble cytochromes P-420 and P 1 -420 from microsomes from untreated and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats, respectively, were found to differ in their electrophoretic mobilities and in the molar absorbances of their carbon monoxide complexes (P-420, 110 mM -1 cm -1 ; P 1 -420, 134 mM -1 cm -1 ); when caused to aggregate, cytochrome P-420 exhibited both type I (hexobarbital) and type II (aniline difference spectra, but aggregated cytochrome P 1 -420 exhibited a type II difference spectrum only. That cytochrome P 1 -450 is not simply a complex of cytochrome P-450 with 3-methylcholanthrene or its metabolites was demonstrated by the failure of soluble, purified cytochrome P 1 -420 from rats treated with tritiated 3-methylcholanthrene to exhibit radioactivity. These studies support the view that cytochromes P-450 and P 1 -450 are distinct molecular entities.
The significance of pancreatic heterotopia in relation to cancer of the head of the pancreas.

Review of the pathologic findings from 64 pancreatoduodenal resec­tions revealed the presence of ectopic pancreatic tissue in the duo­denal wall in half of resections for carcinoma of the head of the pan­creas. Ectopic pancreatic tissue was uncommon in the resections for periampullary carcinoma and for inflammatory disease.
Marxist Criticism of the English Novel: Arnold Kettle’s An Introduction to the English Novel and Raymond Williams’s The English Novel from Dickens to Lawrence

Although not only Edmund Wilson and The Partisan Review but even such formalists as Kenneth Burke and Dorothy Van Ghent approached the novel with a leftist political bias and included an ideological component in their critical perspective, Marxist criticism has not had a profound effect on traditional novel criticism in England and America. In this chapter I shall discuss two quite different figures: Arnold Kettle and Raymond Williams. For both, literature is related to the society that produced it. The two most significant Marxist critics of the English novel, they show both the expected focus on evaluating the degree to which a work mirrors a particular concept of reality. But they are also interested in the infinite variety and creativity of the artist. While the main focus of Marxist criticism is on art as representation of the socio-economic forces and the effects of those forces on human life, that is by no means the exclusive concern of Kettle or even Williams. Kettle’s non-theoretical and less ideological Marxism is roughly similar to that of Wilson and The Partisan Review circle, whereas Williams represents a more ideological and theoretical strain Marxism that owes much to European Marxists such as Adorno, Althusser, Goldmann, and Gramsci.
Wenlockian (Silurian) conodont biostratigraphy, depositional environments, and depositional history along the eastern flank of the Cincinnati Arch in southern Ohio

Representatives of 12 conodont species, including Oulodus equirectus n. sp., have been recovered from the Silurian Lilley Formation, Lilley–Peebles transition unit, and Peebles Dolomite at six localities in southern Ohio. The Lilley, Lilley–Peebles transition unit, and Peebles belong in the Kockelella ranuliformis–K. amsdeni to Ozarkodina? crassa Chronozone and are late early to middle Wenlockian in age. The Lilley is conformable and transitional with the underlying Bisher Formation and overlying Peebles. The unconformity between the upper Niagaran Peebles and overlying lower Salinan Greenfield Dolomite represents middle Wenlockian to late Ludlovian or early Pridolian time. The Lilley, Lilley–Peebles transition unit, and Peebles were deposited in a gradually shoaling sea that was controlled by eustatic sea-level fall during the late early to middle Wenlockian. Uplift along the Cincinnati Arch, probably due to northward tilting of the arch, began during/after deposition of the Peebles in the middle Wenlockian. The combined effects of uplift and eustatic sea-level fall caused the sea to withdraw from southern Ohio. The Peebles was exposed and eroded prior to return of the sea to begin Greenfield deposition in the late Ludlovian or Pridolian (Ozarkodina remscheidensis Chronozone).
¿Modas o modelos? El dandi en El extraño y La raza de Caín de Carlos Reyles

In “Cartas americanas,” the Spanish writer and literary critic Juan Valera complained about what he considered the “desaforado entusiasmo por la ultima moda de Paris” in Spanish-American writers. In particular, he disapproved Carlos Reyles’s central character in his work El extrano, which he considered a copy of French heroes. In “?Modas o modelos?, el dandi en El extrano y La raza de Cain de Carlos Reyles,” I study Reyles’ fiction and establish that, contrary to Valera’s perception, the dandy in Reyle’s works is not a copy, but rather a genuine representation of a Spanish-American type whose formulation allows Reyles to portray an accurate representation of fin de siecle Uruguayan society.
Parent Perceptions of Child Weight Status in Mexican-Origin Immigrant Families: An Investigation of Acculturation, Stress, and Coping Factors

Parents often underestimate their child's weight status, particularly when the child is overweight or obese. This study examined acculturation, stress, coping, and involuntary responses to stress and their relation to estimation of child's weight status among Mexican-origin immigrant families. Eighty-six families provided data on child's height and weight, caregiver's perception of their child's weight status, and caregiver's responses to acculturation, stress, and coping scales. Parents underestimated their child's weight status, particularly when the child was overweight or obese. Although acculturation and stress were not associated with accuracy, parents' responses to stress were linked to parent perceptions. Parents who reported more frequent use of involuntary engagement (e.g., rumination, physiological arousal) were more accurate. Future research, as well as healthcare providers, should consider how parents manage and respond to stress in order to fully understand the factors that explain weight perceptions among Mexican-origin immigrant parents.
Strategic Roadmapping of Robotics Technologies for the Power Industry: A Multicriteria Technology Assessment

Abstract This paper presents an application of a strategic technology management tool in the power sector. Technology Development Envelope is an extension of hierarchical decision modeling and Analytical Hierarchy Process into the future. The process yields multiple paths for technology development enabling organizations to build roadmaps depicting their strategies. The focus of this paper is robotics technologies and their applications in the power sector. As robotics technologies advance, they replace humans in very critical areas such as maintenance of transmission lines or hydro dams as well as operations in nuclear power plants. A decision model was developed and quantified through this study. It is validated with a case study from Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) reflecting their priorities. The model establishes a framework that any other organization can adopt and use to evaluate any emerging robotics technologies.
WHEN HOUSING FIRST LASTS: EXPLORING THE LIVED EXPERIENCE OF SINGLE-SITE HOUSING FIRST RESIDENTS

Single-site Housing First (HF) entails the provision of immediate, permanent, low-barrier supportive housing to chronically homeless individuals within a single building. Studies have shown that greater time spent in HF is associated with reduced publicly funded service utilization and improved health outcomes, but more research is needed to clarify how HF programs might maximize housing stability. In this study, semistructured, qualitative interviews were conducted (N = 11) to document the experiences of continuously and discontinuously housed residents of single-site HF. Grounded theory methods led to the identification of 3 dialectic themes: sense of community (seeking connection while seeking space), stability (seeking stability while having concerns about stagnation), and control (gaining autonomy while relinquishing control). Findings suggest that the community environment and the stability offered by single-site HF support longer stays in housing and that ensuring adequate privacy and providing additional programming could further enhance residents’ ability to remain stably housed.
Creating Thermal Icons—A Model-Based Approach

The objective of this set of experiments was to evaluate thermal pattern recognition on the hand and arm and to determine which features of thermal stimuli are encoded by cutaneous thermoreceptors and perceived by the user of a thermal display. Thermal icons were created by varying the direction, rate, and magnitude of change in temperature. It was found that thermal icons were identified more accurately when presented on the thenar eminence or the wrist, as compared to the fingertips and that thermal patterns as brief as 8s could be reliably identified. In these experiments, there was no difference in performance when identifying warm or cool stimuli. A dynamic model of the change in skin temperature as a function of the thermal input was developed based on linear system identification techniques. This model was able to predict the change in skin temperature from an unrelated experiment involving thermal icons. This opens the possibility of using a model-based approach to the development of thermal icons.
Human Nature, the Regime and War

Classical Realism provides a more convincing explanation for war than Neo-Realism. This is because human nature, not anarchy, is the most fundamental cause of war. Human beings desire not only to survive, but to preserve honor, win glory and acquire power. The causes and effects of these motives are investigated. How and to what extent they lead to international conflict depends in part on whether they are regulated or intensified by political regimes. Wars occur when a revisionist leader animated by power and glory, unrestrained or encouraged by his regime, attempts to seize territory or provokes others to attack. The validity of this approach will be tested in twenty case studies grouped according to regime type: Monarchy; Republic; and Dictatorships of four sub-types.
Quantitative Information Extraction From Social Data

Social data is a rich data source for identifying trends and topics of interest based on user activity. Social data also provides opportunities to collect numerical data about events like elections, sport games, disasters or economic news. We propose the problem of identifying relevant quantitative information from social data as annotations for a topic. We investigate how to extract quantitative information and perform a number of experiments and analysis with Twitter data.
Comparison of sublingual immunotherapy and oral immunotherapy in peanut allergy

The prevalence of food allergy has been increasing over the past few decades at an alarming rate with peanut allergy affecting about 2% of children. Both oral immunotherapy (OIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) have shown promise as a treatment option for peanut allergy. Immunotherapy induces desensitization and reduces the risk of reaction during accidental ingestion and may also enable those who are successfully desensitized to include the food allergen in their diet. OIT has been very well studied and has been found to be more efficacious that SLIT with an acceptable safety profile. However, SLIT is associated with fewer side effects. Studies indicate that a combination of SLIT and OIT may together induce a significant increase in challenge thresholds with fewer adverse events. More head-to-head clinical trials that direct compare OIT and SLIT as well as SLIT and OIT combination studies are warranted.
Senolytic activity of piperlongumine analogues: Synthesis and biological evaluation

Selective clearance of senescent cells (SCs) has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for age-related diseases, as well as chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced adverse effects. Through a cell-based phenotypic screening approach, we recently identified piperlongumine (PL), a dietary natural product, as a novel senolytic agent, referring to small molecules that can selectively kill SCs over normal or non-senescent cells. In an effort to establish the structure-senolytic activity relationships of PL analogues, we performed a series of structural modifications on the trimethoxyphenyl and the α,β-unsaturated δ-valerolactam rings of PL. We show that modifications on the trimethoxyphenyl ring are well tolerated, while the Michael acceptor on the lactam ring is critical for the senolytic activity. Replacing the endocyclic C2-C3 olefin with an exocyclic methylene at C2 render PL analogues 47-49 with increased senolytic activity. These α-methylene containing analogues are also more potent than PL in inducing ROS production in WI-38 SCs. Similar to PL, 47-49 reduce the protein levels of oxidation resistance 1 (OXR1), an important oxidative stress response protein that regulates the expression of a variety of antioxidant enzymes, in cells. This study represents a useful starting point toward the discovery of senolytic agents for therapeutic uses.
Planning for Community Resilience Under Climate Uncertainty

Community resilience requires an accurate estimate of the stressors to which that community could be subjected, and the likelihood of their occurrences and magnitudes. Causation of natural hazards can be categorized conveniently into four general classifications: hydrological, climatological, meteorological and geophysical. For all of these categories, future risk generally has been based on probability models calibrated from past experience. But for the first three, climate uncertainty demands a reexamination of that approach. This reassessment is particularly important for communities subjected to riverine and coastal flooding. In this chapter we address the vulnerability of flood-prone communities as a whole, rather than their individual structures. We look at community vulnerability, first to dams and levees and then to coastal flooding, and then introduce the concept of adaptive management for a changing climate. Finally, we examine the importance of incorporating future cots in community decision-making.
Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species: Activating Signals in Inflammation

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), once viewed solely as toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism and components of leukocyte bactericidal defenses, have since gained recognition as important intra- and intercellular signalling molecules in both normal as well as pathological conditions. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are formed in cells during oxidant stress, in reperfusion injury, and in response to several growth factors and cytokines (120). Indeed, these species may represent a novel class of second or third messengers. Like other 2nd messenger systems (e.g. Ca2+, cAMP), reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are ideal signalling molecules. They are rapidly formed and highly labile, which may serve to restrict them to specific cellular compartments and improve target specificity while reducing unwanted, non-specific effects. Most importantly, the biochemical modifications induced by modest levels of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species are largely reversible (119).
Nucleotidases and Nucleoside Analog Cytotoxicity

Nucleoside analogs are an important part of therapeutic strategies in a broad range of diseases, especially cancer and viral infections. Most nucleoside analogs need to be phosphorylated to attain full clinical potency; thus, knowledge of the metabolism of this class of drugs is required to improve their clinical use. The 5′-nucleotidases are a family of enzymes that catalyze the final dephosphorylation step of nucleotides in the cell and, by opposing the activation step catalyzed by nucleoside kinases, initiate subsequent purine and pyrimidine catabolism. They also catalyze a critical step in nucleotide analog degradation; therefore, their expression and regulation in various tissues will likely have an impact on a nucleoside drug’s half-life in the human body. Numerous studies in vitro and in vivo indicate that increased expression of 5′_nucleotidase may decrease nucleoside analog activation and thereby contribute to drug resistance. Because cloned 5′_nucleotidases have been described in human tissues, it is not always possible to assess which particular 5′-nucleotidase is important in nucleoside drug catabolism. In this chapter, we review the properties of all cloned 5′-nucleotidases and the important role of these enzymes in nucleoside analog metabolism and clinical resistance.
Retrovirus-Induced Arthritis

Initial experiments with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) demonstrated that leukoencephalomyelitis occurring in young kids of a goat herd could be transmitted with 220-nm filtrates of tissue suspensions [1]. A virus was subsequently isolated by explantation of synovial membrane from an arthritic adult goat from the same herd [2]. This virus replicated in fetal goat synovial cells and caused both arthritis and encephalitis when inoculated into Caesarean-derived, specific pathogen-free goat kids [2]. Evaluation of the physical and biochemical properties of the virus resulted in its classification as a retrovirus [2–4]. Immunologic and morphologic studies indicated similarities among CAE, maedi-visna, and progressive pneumonia viruses of sheep [2,5,6]. The primary immunologic similarity was cross reaction of the major structural protein of the viruses [5,7] even though cross reactions with other viral proteins occurred [6]. Competitive inhibition of hybridization, however, demonstrated that CAEV exhibited less than 20% genome sequence homology with visna and progressive pneumonia viruses and was therefore distinct from these ovine lentiviruses [7].
The Lp(E) Spaces

Let { X,A,μ} be a measure space and let E be a measurable subset of X. A measurable function \(f:E \to {{\mathbb{R}}^{*}}\) is said to be in L P (E) for P≥1 if is integrable on E, i.e., if $$ \left\| f \right\|_p \mathop = \limits^{def} \left( {\smallint _E \left| f \right|^p d\mu } \right)^{1/p} < \infty $$ (1.1)p
Traumatic Ptosis: Evaluation of Etiology, Management and Prognosis.

Introduction: To investigate whether a systematic approach to subgrouping traumatic ptosis according to etiology can allow for better tailoring of prognosis and treatment. Methods: Retrospective chart review of patients with trauma-related blepharoptosis managed by Oculoplastic surgery specialists at an academic medical center from January 1995 to November 2015. Injury mechanism, eyelid position and function, interventions, and outcomes were reviewed. Results: Of 648 patients treated for blepharoptosis, 55 (8.5%) were traumatic. Careful review revealed 4 subcategories of traumatic ptosis cases: aponeurotic (n = 16), myogenic (n = 18), neurogenic (n = 7), and mechanical (n = 14). Margin reflex distance (MRD1) at presentation was significantly worse for the myogenic subtype (-0.59 mm, SD ±2.09, P = 0.046). The aponeurotic subtype had the best average levator function at presentation (14.29 mm, SD ±2.05), while myogenic had the worst (8.41 mm, SD ±4.94) (P = 0.004). Thirty-five (63.6%) patients were managed surgically. Final MRD1 was significantly different for each subtype (P = 0.163), with aponeurotic 2.63 mm (SD ±1.01), myogenic 1.29 mm (SD ±2.24), neurogenic 1.79 mm (SD ±2.48), and mechanical 2.31 mm (SD ±1.18). There was a significant increase in MRD1 from presentation to final follow up across all groups (P Conclusion: Traumatic ptosis is heterogenous. Systematically evaluating traumatic ptosis cases by trauma mechanism can guide decisions about prognosis and management. Two-thirds of cases were treated surgically, with most patients responding well to conjunctiva-Muller resection or external levator advancement.While all subgroups demonstrated improvement in MRD1 at final follow up, aponeurotic cases had the best prognosis, while myogenic fared the worst and required the longest for maximal recovery.
Neural Correlates of Syntax and Proto-Syntax: Evolutionary Dimension.

The present fMRI study tested predictions of the evolution-of-syntax framework which analyzes certain structures as remnants (“fossils”) of a non-hierarchical (non-recursive) proto-syntactic stage in the evolution of language (Progovac 2015, 2016). We hypothesized that processing of these structures, in comparison to more modern hierarchical structures, will show less activation in the brain regions that are part of the syntactic network, including Broca’s area (BA 44 and 45) and the basal ganglia, i.e., the network bolstered in the line of descent of humans through genetic mutations that contributed to present-day dense neuronal connectivity among these regions. Fourteen healthy native English-speaking adults viewed written stimuli consisting of: 1) full sentences (e.g. The case is closed); 2) Small Clauses (e.g. Case closed); 3) Complex hierarchical compounds (e.g. joy-killer); 4) Simple flat compounds (e.g. kill-joy). Small Clauses (compared to full sentences) resulted in reduced activation in the left BA 44 and right basal ganglia. Simple (relative to complex) compounds resulted in increased activation in the inferior temporal gyrus and the fusiform gyrus (BA 37/19), areas implicated in visual and semantic processing. We discuss our findings in the context of current theories regarding the co-evolution of language and the brain.
Confirming the Constructs of Adlerian Personality Priority Assessment

A split-sample cross-validation confirmatory factor analysis (N = 1,210) confirmed the 4-factor structure of the Adlerian Personality Priority Assessment (APPA) with 2 distinct subsamples. Discrimi...
Whole Bone Marrow Transplantation

Treating ischemic heart failure remains one of the most challenging tasks in current cardiology practice. Despite recent technological advances, many heart failure patients are not ideal candidates for percutaneous or surgical revascularization. This so-called “no-option” patient group usually comprises those individuals who have undergone multiple revascularization procedures and have significant residual myocardial ischemia. The hallmark of the so-called no-option group of patients is that the current treatment approach yields unsatisfactory results once they continue to have unmanageable symptoms of refractory angina or heart failure.
CPD 2019: the 2nd international workshop on combining physical and data-driven knowledge in ubiquitous computing

In the real-world ubiquitous computing systems, it is difficult to require a significant amount of data to obtain accurate information through pure data-driven methods. The performance of data-driven methods relies on the quantity and 'quality' of data. They perform well when a sufficient amount of data is available, which is regarded as ideal conditions. However, in real-world systems, collecting data can be costly or impossible due to practical limitations. On the other hand, it is promising to utilize physical knowledge to alleviate these issues of data limitation. The physical knowledge includes domain knowledge from experts, heuristics from experiences, analytic models of the physical phenomena and etc. The goal of the workshop is to explore the intersection between (and the combination of) data and physical knowledge. The workshop aims to bring together domain experts that explore the physical understanding of the data, practitioners that develop systems and the researchers in traditional data-driven domains. The workshop welcomes papers, which focuses on addressing these issues in different applications/domains as well as algorithmic and systematic approaches to applying physical knowledge. Therefore, we further seek to develop a community that systematically analyzes the data quality regarding inference and evaluates the improvements from physical knowledge. Preliminary and on-going work is welcomed.
BRAF-V600E and microsatellite instability prediction through CA-19-9/CEA ratio in patients with colorectal cancer.

Background: Early identification of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients that are BRAF-V600E mutant and/or microsatellite instability-high (MSI-High), has both prognostic and predictive value. We wanted to highlight an observation of utilizing 2 simple, rapid and universally available lab tests, i.e., carbohydrate cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tumor markers, the ratio (CA-19-9/ CEA) of which can distinctly identify these patients from other molecular subsets of CRC. Methods: All patients with metastatic CRC from December 2016 to February 2019 were identified, and included in the study if they had both CA19-9 and CEA tests available. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) testing and tissue genetic testing results were used to categorize patients into BRAF V600E microsatellite stable (MSS), MSI-High, RAS mutant MSS and RAS/RAF wild type CRCs. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the CA19-9/CEA ratio between mutation types and the pairwise p values were adjusted for multiple comparisons with Holm method. For sensitivity analysis, the same analysis was repeated for the mean and median ratio of each patient. All tests were two-sided with alpha level set at 0.05 for statistical significance. Results: BRAF-V600E MSS CRC patients had a discordantly profound elevation in CA-19-9 levels as opposed to the CEA levels. Patients in the BRAF V600E MSS subset had the highest median CA19-9/CEA ratio versus the least median ratio in MSI-High patients. The median of maximum CA-19-9/CEA ratio was 28.92 (range, 2.76–707.27) in BRAF-V600E MSS patients and 4.06 (range, 0.46–166.74) in MSI-High subset of patients. Conclusions: To date, this is the first report utilizing the ratio of tumor markers CA19-9/CEA as a predictive rather than just prognostic tool to identify BRAF-V600E MSS and MSI-High CRC patients.
Jewish Capitalists, Jewish Bolsheviks: Conspiracy Thinking and Modern Judeophobia

We live in dark times, as Hannah Arendt might have said. Just open the Jewish or general press on any given day and you will read about swastikas scrawled on buildings. Or hear about the reiteration of anti-Jewish tropes by members of Congress or by the president of the United States or by any number of European prime ministers. You might discover the latest instance of the desecration of Jewish cemeteries or the burning of synagogues. Or perhaps you will linger on the most recent incident of the beating of Jews in New York or Paris or Berlin. Most spectacularly, white Christian nationalists or militant jihadi terrorists have slain Jews en masse in several horrific events, most famously at the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh and in the linked attacks on Charlie Hebdo and Hyper Cacher in Paris.
Autonomy, Obedience, and Manifest Illegality

Soldiers are trained to trust their commanders and superiors; as Marshal de Saxe put it, military discipline is “the soul of all armies.” How can the requirements of military discipline and obedience be reconciled with the powerful idea, expressed by Robert Paul Wolff, that individuals must never give up their autonomy, their duty to think for themselves and make up their own minds, in particular about life-and-death matters? I explore these questions primarily through the example of the 1968 My Lai massacre in Vietnam. I examine Michael Walzer’s discussion of My Lai in Just and Unjust Wars; the court’s decision in the trial of Lieutenant William Calley in the My Lai case; and several other legal decisions, including an Israeli case that appeals to the concept of “manifest illegality.” Some would argue, as situationists John Doris and Dominic Murphy do, that soldiers in high-stress situations are “cognitively degraded” and thus not generally morally responsible for crimes they carry out. I aim to resist this conclusion without lurching to the other extreme and neglecting the enormous pressures soldiers in combat face. Employing the standard legal excuses, ignorance and duress, shows how soldiers’ culpability is often mitigated.
Reconstructing Social Identity Through Physical Attractiveness

Attractiveness is an attribute of an individual’s interest and desire for someone or something that outlines affiliative behaviors in human interaction. Physical attractiveness is the aesthetic perception of the physical traits of a human-based on individuals’ subjective preferences and/or cultural and social differences. It has a significant contribution to how people are judged in sexual attractiveness, physical attractiveness, physique, social opportunities, relationships, and more.
Newtonian fractional-dimension gravity and rotationally supported galaxies

We continue our analysis of Newtonian Fractional-Dimension Gravity, an extension of the standard laws of Newtonian gravity to lower dimensional spaces including those with fractional (i.e., non-integer) dimension. We apply our model to three rotationally supported galaxies: NGC 7814 (Bulge-Dominated Spiral), NGC 6503 (Disk-Dominated Spiral), and NGC 3741 (Gas-Dominated Dwarf). As was done in the general cases of spherically-symmetric and axially-symmetric structures, which were studied in previous work on the subject, we examine a possible connection between our model and Modified Newtonian Dynamics, a leading alternative gravity model which explains the observed properties of these galaxies without requiring the Dark Matter hypothesis. In our model, the MOND acceleration constant $a_{0} \simeq 1.2 \times 10^{-10}\mbox{m}\thinspace \mbox{s}^{ -2}$ can be related to a natural scale length $l_{0}$, namely $a_{0} \approx GM/l_{0}^{2}$ for a galaxy of mass $M$. Also, the empirical Radial Acceleration Relation, connecting the observed radial acceleration $g_{obs}$ with the baryonic one $g_{bar}$, can be explained in terms of a variable local dimension $D$. As an example of this methodology, we provide detailed rotation curve fits for the three galaxies mentioned above.
Care of Transgender Patients: Oncological Concerns

The oncologic care of the transgender patient is an area of increasing interest as this patient cohort continues to grow. Caring for these patients may be challenging due to limited literature on this topic and a lack of standard screening recommendations. It is critical that providers have a thorough knowledge of the transgender patients’ surgical and medical history related to the affirmation process to guide their care. The following chapter describes the known oncologic concerns in these patients based on the limited available literature.
Enhanced nonlinear optical response of graphene-based nanoflake van der Waals heterostructures

The nonlinear optical properties of van der Waals bilayer heterostructures composed of graphene/h-BN and graphene/phosphorene nanoflakes are investigated using time-dependent density functional theory. Our calculated results show a significant enhancement of the first-hyperpolarizability value, β in heterostructures relative to the pristine nanoflakes at λ = 1064 nm. The calculated enhancement in optical nonlinearity mainly results from in-plane anisotropy induced by the interlayer electronic coupling between the adjacent nanoflake layers; a higher degree of anisotropy is induced by puckered phosphorene compared to atomically flat h-BN yielding χ(2) value corresponding to the second harmonic generation of ∼50 pm V−1 in the zigzag graphene/phosphorene bilayer heterostructure. The calculated results clearly show that graphene-based nanoflake heterostructures giving large NLO coefficients together with high electron mobility of these materials offer new opportunities as candidate materials of choice for next-generation photonics and integrated quantum technologies.
An all-female graduate student organization participating in chemistry outreach: a case study characterizing leadership in the community of practice

Outreach initiatives are typically framed as informal learning environments that provide an opportunity to increase the participants’ interest in science. Research on chemistry outreach has primarily focused on designing and implementing demonstrations for outreach. Recent studies indicate student organizations are at the forefront of chemistry outreach, describing their outreach practices and facilitators’ conceptual understanding of demonstrations. Although leadership has been linked to the success of groups and organizations, the leadership structure of student organizations is an understudied aspect of chemistry outreach. Here, we conceptualize student organizations participating in chemistry outreach as a community of practice (CoP) with the goal of expanding the chemistry education community's knowledge of this CoP. Specifically, we aim to characterize leadership styles within the student organization in the context of an outreach event. Using a case study approach, we collected multiple sources of data, including the organization's outreach practices, an assessment of leadership style, observations, and semi-structured interviews. Results indicate leaders of the student organization, particularly those in charge of planning outreach events, displayed behaviors associated with the transactional and laissez-faire leadership styles more frequently than behaviors associated with the transformational leadership style. As a long-term outcome for this study, the results can be used by national organizations to inform the development of new workshops for leadership training, with the purpose of teaching practices to leaders that can bring success to their chapter or local group.