cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Super-resolved critical dimensions in far-field I-line photolithography

Background: Resolution enhancement combined with multiple patterning enables photolithography to write patterns with both feature size and spacing below the diffraction limit. Continued resolution enhancement at i-line will enable an older generation of lithographic tools to reach resolutions typically achieved using deep UV (DUV). Aim: A demonstration and deterministic model of large critical dimension enhancement at i-line. In addition to enhanced resolution, the technique must also achieve high repeatability and low line edge roughness (LER), while using commercial resists. Approach: Overexposing photoresist with high-contrast interference nulls leads to subwavelength critical dimensions. Starting with a theoretical analysis of the technique, we consider limits imposed by optics, linewidth scaling rates, and LER. This analysis shows that low LER and deterministic linewidth control are both readily achievable. Results: We demonstrate large area, i-line patterning of features with 50-nm linewidth, without the aid of subsequent trim or etch and with LER of 5 nm. Linewidth is shown to scale with dose as predicted from the optical model, independent of photoresist. Conclusions: These dimensions are similar to what may be achieved using scanning near-field, DUV, or e-beam lithography, yet achieved with far-field near UV exposures over a large area. Deterministic linewidth control and low LER make this process viable for fabrication at length scales well below those typically achieved with i-line tools.
Moyamoya-Related Stroke Risk During Pregnancy: An Evidence-Based Reappraisal

Background Moyamoya is a rare, yet classic etiology of stroke in young adults, affecting predominately women of childbearing age. The impact of pregnancy on the natural history of symptomatic moyamoya remains a matter of extensive debate, however. Methods In October 2017, a MEDLINE search was performed using 14 keywords. A total of 12 original articles reporting on cohorts of at least 5 patients were retrieved and reviewed. Individual study data were extracted, pooled, and analyzed. Results A total of 736 pregnancies in 483 patients were included in our analysis. The mean age at delivery was 31 years, and the mean age at diagnosis (before pregnancy) was 22.6 years. Clinical presentation was ischemic stroke in 50.8%, hemorrhagic stroke in 45.9%, headaches in 2.1%, and ischemic-hemorrhagic stroke in 1.2%. After excluding patients first diagnosed during or after pregnancy (n = 283) and those who had been revascularized before pregnancy (n = 183), a total of 270 pregnancies in 188 patients were analyzed. During 224.6 patient-years of follow-up, 22 moyamoya-related neurologic events occurred (annual event rate 9.8%), more than two-thirds of which were transient (12 transient ischemic attacks and 3 seizures). Seven strokes occurred (6 hemorrhagic and 1 ischemic), yielding an annual stroke risk of 3.1%. As a result, 1 patient died and 2 were permanently disabled (annual death/disability rate 1.3%). All remaining patients experienced favorable functional outcomes. Conclusions The risk of moyamoya-related stroke during pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period appears to be similar to or lower than that suggested by published natural history studies in symptomatic patients. A neuroprotective effect of pregnancy in moyamoya patients cannot be excluded.
Collaborative Design Curation: Supporting Creativity in Teams

This proposed research investigates new media and interaction techniques to address creativity challenges facing design teams. I propose role-based layers within zoomable spaces, as a novel technique for reducing collaborative fixation, while maintaining shared awareness and shared visual context. My research will enable design teams to create layered, multiscale design curation spaces which can modulate individual and collaborative creative processes.
Teaching NeuroImages: Enlarged parietal foramina inadvertently labeled as burr holes.

A 49-year-old woman presented with status migrainosus. A CT head revealed only bilateral symmetric burr holes in the posterior paramedian calvarium despite no prior cranial surgery (figure). These holes ultimately represented enlarged parietal foramina (EPF) unrelated to her presentation. EPF are rare developmental defects of the parietal bones (prevalence of 1:15,000–50,000) commonly due to an abnormal ossification pattern associated with heterogeneous homeobox gene mutations. Though rarely associated with craniofacial and vascular malformations, headaches, and epilepsy, EPF are usually benign, incidental findings, ranging from few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter, and frequently located in the upper, posterior parietal bones.1,2
Acute bacterial meningitis and stroke.

Introduction. Acute bacterial meningitis remains a common disease, especially in developing countries. Although advances over the last century have improved mortality and morbidity, the neurological adverse effects remain high. Specifically, acute ischaemic stroke is a serious comorbidity that represents both disease severity and poor prognosis. This review presents the clinical connection between meningitis and stroke, and discusses the neuroinflammatory components that have direct ties between these diseases. State of the art. Ischaemic stroke is the direct result of the inflammatory response produced to eradicate infectious pathogens. Bacterial virulence factors and pathogen-associated molecular patterns cause direct damage to the blood-brain barrier and trigger leukocytes to react to the infection. Cytokines are released that cause further destruction of the blood-brain barrier, lead to neuronal death, and recruit the prothrombotic effects of the coagulation cascade through the complement system. Unfortunately, this inflammatory response causes vasculopathy and hypercoagulation of the cerebral blood vessels, leading to cerebral ischaemia. Clinical implications. Pharmacological attempts to mitigate this inflammatory response have produced both positive and negative results. On the one hand, corticosteroids have been shown to improve mortality if given early in patients with bacterial meningitis, particularly pneumococcal meningitis. On the other hand, corticosteroids have been linked to delayed cerebral infarction and other adverse effects. Future directions. New targets for specific inflammatory markers have shown success in rodent models, but have not yet been proven beneficial in humans. Genetic markers are on the horizon, and may serve as individualised targets for diagnosis and therapy.
Faculty Perspectives of Teaching Pain Management to Nursing Students.

Abstract Background Pain management education is threaded through prelicensure nursing education. However, the perspectives of faculty teaching pain assessment and management within the context of the opioid crisis are not addressed in the literature. Pain assessment and management is a complex process requiring critical thinking and clinical reasoning. The current opioid crisis has brought new challenges to health care professionals who provide pain management, and this is a concern for nurses. Aims The purpose of the study was to discover the perspectives of nursing faculty on teaching pain management content in prelicensure nursing programs. Design Following a systematic review to determine gaps in knowledge, a qualitative study was conducted using nursing faculty as participants. Participants The sample consisted of 17 faculty members from 15 nursing programs on the East Coast. Methods The qualitative descriptive approach allowed for a rich, detailed exploration of faculty perspectives. Qualitative content analysis of the participant narratives indicated the need to approach pain management education from a perspective of relieving suffering and preventing harm to patients rather than focusing on the opioid crisis. Results Participants perceived the opioid crisis as distinct from the legitimate use of pain medication. The findings indicate that nursing curricula includes only the basics of pain management. Conclusions Participants’ teaching practice was based on experiential learning rather than formal education and often was heavily influenced by a seminal event in their own nursing practice. The findings support the need to improve the education of undergraduate nursing students about pain management in the context of the current opioid crisis.
Detecting BGP Route Anomalies with Deep Learning

Fake or mistaken BGP updates can cause serious damage to Internet routing. We note that an expert network administrator can develop a “gut feeling” that lets them identify mistaken or attack updates. Might it be possible to capture such intuition in a learning-based anomaly detection mechanism? Our idea is that good route updates share characteristics which bad updates do not, and even if such characteristics are subtle (i.e. cannot be captured in clear rules), they can be learned. More specifically, an auto-encoder (trained on known-good BGP routing data) will successfully encode good route updates, but will perform more poorly with random or malicious updates. In our system, we use two auto-encoders, each trained to detect a specific type of anomalous BGP update. If either auto-encoder performs poorly (i.e. shows large differences between input and output), we report the BGP update as likely-anomalous. Our detector shows promising early results in identifying anomalous MOAS conflicts as well as prefix hijack attacks.
Unfolding the Structure of a Document using Deep Learning

This work was partially supported by National Science Foundation grant 1549697 and gifts from IBM and Northrop Grumman.
Quantifying youth football helmet performance: assessing linear and rotational head acceleration

Youth football helmet testing standards have served to largely eliminate catastrophic head injury from the sport. These standards, though, do not presently consider concussion and do not offer consumers the capacity to differentiate the impact performance of youth football helmets. This study adapted the previously developed Summation of Tests for the Analysis of Risk (STAR) equation for youth football helmet assessment. This adaptation made use of a youth-specific testing surrogate, on-field data collected from youth football players, and a concussion risk function developed for youth athletes. Each helmet is subjected to 48 laboratory impacts across 12 impact conditions. Peak linear head acceleration and peak rotational head acceleration values from each laboratory impact are aggregated into a single STAR value that combines player exposure and risk of concussion. This single value can provide consumers with valuable information regarding the relative performance of youth football helmets.
Canadian Jewish Population, 2019

The Canadian Jewish population has seen only modest growth in the past 20 years, following a more significant increase between 1981 and 1991. The latter decade coincided with the beginning of significant immigration by Jews from the Former Soviet Union. Jews reside in every region of Canada including the Northern Territories, although they are concentrated heavily in the major urban centers. The metropolitan area of Toronto is home to 188,710 Jews and includes about half (48.2%) of Canada’s Jewish population. The Montreal community numbers 90,780 Jews. The median age of Canadian Jews is slightly older than the national average but much older than ethnic groups with large numbers of more recent immigrants.
Structured Laser Light Improves Tripping Hazard Recognition for People with Visual Impairments.

Purpose Using a geometrically derived model and a virtual curb simulator, we quantify the degree to which a wearable device that projects a laser line onto tripping hazards in a pedestrian's path improves visual recognition for people with visual impairments (VI). We confirm this with subjects' performance on computer simulations of low contrast curbs. Methods We derive geometric expressions quantifying the visual cue users perceive when a single laser line is projected from their hip onto a curb. We show how the efficacy of this cue changes with the angle of the laser line relative to the subject's walking trajectory. We confirm this result with data from three subjects with VI in a simulated curb recognition task in which subjects classified computer images as an "Ascending," "Flat," or "Descending" curb. Results The derived model predicts that human recognition performance depends strongly on the laser line angle and the subject data confirms this (r2 = 0.86,P < 0.001). The laser line cue improved subject accuracy from a chance level of 33% to 95% for a simulated, one-inch, low-contrast curb at a distance of five feet. Conclusions Recognition of curbs in low light can be improved by augmenting the scene with a single laser line projected from a user's hip, if the angle of laser line is appropriately selected. Translational Relevance A majority of people with VI rely on their impaired residual vision for mobility, rather than a mobility aid, resulting in increased injury for this population. Enhancing residual vision could promote safety, increase independence, and reduce medical costs.
Performance of a THz Transceiver using a 1550-nm-Pulsed Superradiant Source

We present the performance characteristics of a new THz transceiver based on a quasi-sinusoidal pulsed source emitting primarily in the 200–300 GHz band. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) reaches 80 dB, and by an RF gating circuit increases by ~11 dB.
A Form to Develop Goals for Dairy Production Medicine Programs

Clearly defined goals facilitate the delivery of production medicine programs. Carefully defined monitors that reflect specific tasks and respond in timely fashion can help motivate people to accomplish goals. Time spent with a carefully constructed form to overview major health and production areas can serve as an effective motivator and as a written agreement to address production problems.
Scrambling and the Survive Principle

Languages with free word orders pose daunting challenges to linguistic theory because they raise questions about the nature of grammatical strings. Ross, who coined the term Scrambling to refer to the relatively ‘free’ word orders found in Germanic languages (among others) notes that “… the problems involved in specifying exactly the subset of the strings which will be generated … are far too complicated for me to even mention here, let alone come to grips with” (1967:52). This book offers a radical re-analysis of middle field Scrambling . It argues that Scrambling is a concatenation effect, as described in Stroik’s (1999, 2000, 2007) Survive analysis of minimalist syntax, driven by an interpretable referentiality feature [Ref] to the middle field, where syntactically encoded features for temporality and other world indices are checked. The purpose of this book is to investigate the syntactic properties of middle field Scrambling in synchronic West Germanic languages, and to explore, to what possible extent we can classify Scrambling as a ‘syntactic phenomenon’ within Survive -minimalist desiderata.
Optical Properties of Nanoscale Transition Metal Oxides

Transition metal oxides are celebrated for their novel properties. Just as physical and chemical tuning are at the heart of our ability to design, understand, and control advanced materials in their bulk form, size–shape tuning is of emerging importance in the field of functional oxide nanomaterials. This is because finite length scale effects (1) expand the usable structure–property phase space and (2) can drive emergent phenomena. And in the same way that optical spectroscopy reveals the dynamics of bulk materials, it is beginning to do so in nanoscale compounds, particularly in combination with first principles calculations and various confinement models. This review takes the case study approach, highlighting recent findings in selected transition metal oxides where various types of length scale effects are important. Systems of interest include (1) the Mott–Hubbard compound VO2, (2) La0.5Sr1.5MnO4 in high magnetic field, (3) pristine and chemically substituted vanadium oxide nanoscrolls, (4) quantum size effects in ZnO and TiO2, (5) polar oxide thin films and nanoparticles based upon BiFeO3, and (6) H2 binding in metal-organic frameworks. In these examples, efforts were made to bring simple chemical systems together with appropriate models of insulator-to-metal transitions, confinement, local strain, charge and bonding, excitons, and the role of defects for high level physical understanding of nanoscale texture, strain, and confinement. The overarching goals are to provide perspective for this emerging field and to outline prospects for optical spectroscopy to advance the fundamental understanding of functional oxides.
Kids Killing Kids in School: Comparing Cases in the United States and South Africa

The school systems of South africa and the United States are vastly different, and yet they share a common feature: school violence. A decision case about a real incident is presented to encourage reflection and disucssion by educators about school safety in both countries.
An input-output separation principle for observing and controlling spatially distributed systems

An input-output separation principle for spatially distributed systems is presented. Using this result, it is possible to develop an observer which reconstructs spatially distributed information from one measurement. Then a controller that uses all of this spatially distribution information to apply a control signal to one point or region can be designed separately. This approach, however, uses nonrational transfer functions rather than the more common state space approach. >
On Disjunctive Representations of Distributions and Randomization

We study the usefulness of representing a given joint distribution as a positive linear combination of disjunctions of hypercubes, and generalize the associated results and techniques to Bayesian networks (BNs). The fundamental idea is to pre-compile a given distribution into this form, and employ a host of randomization techniques at runtime to answer various kinds of queries efficiently. Generalizing to BNs, we show that these techniques can be effectively combined with the dynamic programming-based ideas of message-passing and clique-trees to exploit both the topology (conditional independence relationships between the variables) and the numerical structure (structure of the conditional probability tables) of a given BN in efficiently answering queries at runtime.
The impact of a cancer education program on the knowledge base of participating students.

Abstract Background. Partners in Research is a ten‐week summer elective designed to provide cancer‐related educational activities. This study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of the program on the general cancer knowledge of medical students, pharmacy students, and undergraduate biology majors. Methods. The 24 students enrolled in 1999 were evaluated using a pretest and post‐test with 75 multiple‐choice questions. Results. The mean test score increased significantly from 46.6% to 53.0% (p = 0.001). Improvements were significant for general cancer knowledge and three specific disease categories (breast, gastrointestinal, and skin cancers). Conclusions. The results indicate that the program does increase the cancer‐related knowledge of students.
RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TOFU2

The rheological behavior of four types of tofu was evaluated through compressive stress-strain relationships, relaxation parameters, and percent recoverable work at different strains. It is shown that tofu's deformability mode, like that of sponges, is regulated by both the solid matrix properties and internal hydrostatic pressure. Because the latter is strongly affected by the specimen geometry and the deformation rate, the dependency of mechanical parameters on these factors should be considered as an inherent characteristic of tofu's texture.
ANCIENT TRADITIONS, MODERN CONSTRUCTIONS: INNOVATION, CONTINUITY, AND SPIRITUALITY ON THE POWWOW TRAIL

In contemporary Indian Country, the majority of people who identify as Indian fall into the urban category: away from traditional lands and communities, in cities and towns wherein the opportunities to live one s identity as Native can be restricted, and even more so for American Indian religious practice and activity. This article will explore a possible theoretical model for discussing the religious nature of urban Indians, using aspects of the contemporary powwow as exemplary, and suggest ways in which the discourse on Native American religious practices can inform the larger discussion of religion in general by implying a comparative direction between urban Indians and other religious actors in American secular society.
Correlation of cardiac performance, ultrastructural morphology, and mitochondrial function in endotoxemia in the dog

Abstract : The role of myocardial deterioration in the pathogensis of endotoxin (septic) shock is under serious consideration in both basic and clinical reports. The present collaborative study was devised to join together the expertise of several laboratories in the evaluation and correlation of cardiac performance, myocardial mitochondrial activity and ultrastructural morphology in the canine heart response to lethal endotoxin administration. Studies were conducted on adult animals in which both intack and isolated hearts were studied 4-7 hours post-endotoxin. Results demonstrated cardiac failure evidenced by markedly elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressure, while mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and energy production capacities, as measured in isolated mitochondria, were within normal ranges. Ultrastructural studies carried out on separate animals during the same time period after endotoxin revealed minimal mitochondrial edema formation together with moderate swelling of T-tubular structures.
Pontine Nitric Oxide Modulates Acetylcholine Release, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Generation, and Respiratory Rate

Pontine cholinergic neurotransmission is known to play a key role in the regulation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and to contribute to state-dependent respiratory depression. Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to alter the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in a number of brain regions, and previous studies indicate that NO may participate in the modulation of sleep/wake states. The present investigation tested the hypothesis that inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) within the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) of the unanesthetized cat would decrease ACh release, inhibit REM sleep, and prevent cholinergically mediated respiratory depression. Local NOS inhibition by microdialysis delivery of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (NLA) significantly reduced ACh release in the cholinergic cell body region of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and in the cholinoceptive mPRF. A second series of experiments demonstrated that mPRF microinjection of NLA significantly reduced the amount of REM sleep and the REM sleep-like state caused by mPRF injection of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine. Duration but not frequency of REM sleep epochs was significantly decreased by mPRF NLA administration. Injection of NLA into the mPRF before neostigmine injection also blocked the ability of neostigmine to decrease respiratory rate during the REM sleep-like state. Taken together, these findings suggest that mPRF NO contributes to the modulation of ACh release, REM sleep, and breathing.
Calculations of the spatial distribution of charge density in the environment of DNA.

A technique for modeling the structured environmental charge distribution about isolated polyions of arbitrary geometry is presented and applied to B-DNA. It describes the three-dimensional variation of the continuous space charge and allows estimation of local electrostatic potentials and fields that the electrolytic environment induces at nuclei of the polyion. Calculations involve an iterative solution to the set of equations coupling electrostatic potential and average charge density in space. By dividing the region around a DNA segment into finite volume elements, sets of numerically stable atmospheric charge densities have been obtained over a range of concentrations of added monovalent salt. Results are in good agreement with those of Poisson-Boltzmann calculations on comparable systems and are consistent with findings from Monte Carlo simulations of DNA.
Characterization of human T cell‐derived IgE‐potentiating factor

We have previously shown that Fc epsilon receptor-positive (Fc epsilon R+) T cell lines from patients with the hyper IgE syndrome secrete IgE-binding factors which selectively enhance IgE but not IgG synthesis in cultures of B cells obtained from patients with allergic rhinitis but not from nonatopic subject. In the present study we have tested the effect of supernatants from Fc epsilon R+ T cell lines on a large panel of B cells from atopic patients (n = 20). We found that IgE synthesis was selectively enhanced only in B cell cultures in which there was ongoing spontaneous synthesis of IgE. The target of IgE-potentiating factor(s) was a large low-density B cell present in the circulation of responding atopic donors. In addition, we further characterized IgE-potentiating factors derived from Fc epsilon R+ T cell lines. The factor(s) fractionated into 2 peaks on Sephadex G-75 with approximate molecular masses of 15,000 and 60,000 kDa, and had affinity for lentil lectin but not for peanut agglutinin. Release of IgE-potentiating factor(s) was enhanced by the addition of exogenous human IgE to Fc epsilon R+ T cell cultures and was inhibited by tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-glycosylation. These studies suggest a close homology between the physicochemical characteristics of human and rodent IgE-potentiating factors and the immune signals which modulate production of these IgE regulatory factors.
Review of the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) Trial: Warfarin Versus Dabigatran

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained arrhythmia in clinical medicine affecting over 2 million Americans. As the population ages, the risk of atrial fibrillation increases with a prevalence of 9%, and a yearly incidence of 2% in octogenarians [1–3]. Atrial fibrillation is an independent risk factor for stroke, with a yearly rate of ischemic stroke of approximately 5% [3, 4]. Patients with atrial fibrillation have an increased mortality compared with matched controls [3, 5]. Warfarin has been the recommended antithrombotic for prevention of strokes in patients with atrial fibrillation and at least one risk factor for ischemic stroke [6]. Warfarin is more effective than placebo in decreasing stroke risk, with a relative risk reduction in ischemic stroke of 64% [7]. Antiplatelet agents when compared with placebo only decrease the risk of stroke by 22% [7]. In addition, warfarin is more effective than antiplatelet agents, with a 39% relative risk reduction in ischemic stroke [7, 8]. However, warfarin has many potential drawbacks, making it difficult to implement in clinical practice. Factors such as drug and dietary interactions, delayed onset and offset of action, cumbersome International Normalized Ratio (INR) monitoring, elevated risk of bleeding, and difficulties maintaining a therapeutic INR all contribute to limiting the number of patients prescribed warfarin, as well as decreasing the time in the therapeutic window for patients on warfarin therapy. Given the large and growing population with and at risk for atrial fibrillation as well as the difficulties encountered in utilizing warfarin for stroke prevention, new antithrombotic medications have been developed. One of the first class of medications to undergo clinical testing has been the direct thrombin inhibitors. Dabigatran etexilate (Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Biberach, Germany) has recently been tested in a large clinical trial (RE-LY [Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy]). Dabigatran etexilate is an orally administered competitive and reversible direct thrombin inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is metabolized to its active form by plasma and hepatic esterases. It is not metabolized by the P450 system, has a 6.5% bioavailability, and is predominately renally excreted. Dabigatran does not require periodic monitoring and there is no widespread available test to determine the magnitude of anticoagulation [9–11].
On Separable Unordered Codes

Unordered codes have proven useful for designing failsafe, fault-secure, and self-checking logic circuits. In many applications it may be desirable to have separate information bits and check bits, i.e., a separable code. This correspondence gives a procedure for adding check bits to a set of information k-tuples to produce an unordered code. The general case where not all 2k possible k-tuples are used is considered. For an arbitrary set of k-tuples, the minimum number of check bits is shown.
Grid generation in two dimensions using the complex variable boundary element method

Abstract An iterative variation of the linear-element complex variable boundary element method (CVBEM) is used to generate grid points in two-dimensional simply connected spatial domains. As in many grid generation techniques, the solution of Laplace's equation is involved; however, the boundary element formulation results in a much smaller set of simultaneous equations, and once the values of the complex potential at the boundaries are fully determined, the internal grid point distribution can be altered without resolving the elliptic system. The boundary conditions implemented produce grid line orthogonality at the domain boundaries. Additionally, by using complex variables in the formulation, numerical integration is avoided. The utility of the method is demonstrated by (1) generating grid systems for several irregular geometries and (2) obtaining a numerical solution for the flow field associated with one of the geometries.
A long period superlattice in dilute vanadium-oxygen alloys

Abstract Alloys of vanadium containing up to 10 at.% oxygen were examined by transmission electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction. The presence of the V 9 O phase was confirmed and several electron diffraction patterns of important reciprocal lattice planes of this phase were obtained. These patterns are explained using a long-period-superlattice which is 4 × 4 × 6 vanadium atom cells in dimension. It is further shown that the sites of this long-period-superlattice correspond to tetrahedral positions for the interstitial atoms. The possibility of octahedral site occupation is discussed.
Farm animal welfare in the context of other society issues: toward sustainable systems

The measurement of farm animal well-being has evolved through several stages to return to the most agreed-upon system of evaluation that uses a multidisciplinary approach. The multidisciplinary approach includes measures of animal behavior, physiology, anatomy and health and immunity. However, the multidisciplinary approach must be used in the context of other important society issues including: food safety, environmental protection, worker health and safety, economics, international trade, domestic protection, public perception and consumer economics. Only by taking into account all society issues, can the multidisciplinary approach yield useful information to the modern consumer in a manner that can develop sustainable animal production systems. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Case Report: Fatal High Altitude Pulmonary Edema Associated with Absence of the Left Pulmonary Artery

A15-YEAR-OLD BOY went with some friends on a trip to climb a 3700 m high mountain. The intention was to climb a nontechnical route to the summit and down over 2 days. The first day involves hiking from an elevation of 300 m to a campsite at 2600 m. The next day involves climbing to the summit and descending. On the first day, the boy started out hiking with the rest of his group, but lagged behind with one companion for most of the ascent. They all arrived at the 2600 m camp without any significant problems. However, within an hour or so the boy developed a severe headache, followed by progressive disorientation and marked shortness of breath. A helicopter rescue was organized and, several hours later, he was evacuated to the local base hospital. Throughout the evacuation, the boy was tachypneic, but remained conscious. Upon arrival at the hospital, he became unresponsive with a pulse of a 115/min, blood pressure of 60/40, and a respiratory rate of 28/min. A chest radiograph showed diffused fluffy opacities that were much more prominent in the right lung than in the left lung. Despite intubation and intensive attempts to reverse the process, the boy died within about 4 h of arriving at the hospital. The boy’s past medical history was significant. As an 8-year-old he experienced decreased exercise tolerance compared to his friends and was referred by his family physician to a pediatric pulmonologist and cardiologist. The subsequent work-up, including chest radiographic and echocardiographic studies, strongly suggested congenital absence of his left pulmonary artery. Ventilation–perfusion scans and right heart catheterization confirmed this suspicion. His pulmonary artery pressures were measured at 45 mmHg. The boy was advised to continue his activity level to within tolerance. He was an enthusiastic and positive participant in most school sports and group activities, but continued to have some limitation with shortness of breath and exercise intolerance compared to his colleagues. The postmortem examination revealed diffuse proteinaceous pulmonary edema in his right lung and confirmed the absence of his left pulmonary arterial trunk.
Microbiological examination of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario sediments

Diver collected cores from three sites in Lake Erie, west of Cleveland, Eastern basin and near Buffalo, and one from Lake Ontario near the mouth of the Niagara River, were sectioned to 20 cm and examined for sulfur cycle and nitrogen cycle bacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, insoluble organic and inorganic phosphate solubilizing bacteria and manganese oxidizing bacteria. Eh, pH, nitrogen, organic carbon and percentage moisture determinations were also made. Data from this study support and confirm other microbiological data collected from Lower Great Lakes sediment and also support the hypothesis that microbial flora of similar type sediments are numerically similar irrespective of the sediments source within the Lower Great Lakes.
Static discovery and remediation of code-embedded resource dependencies

Many enterprises perform data-center transformation, consolidation, and migration in order to improve the efficiency of their IT infrastructures. These transformation projects begin with the discovery of the existing infrastructure, in particular the dependencies between applications. These dependencies are needed in planning, in order to determine how components influence one another, and in relinking, so that the component names and addresses can be updated. Typically, dependency discovery is done by network monitoring and middleware configuration analysis. These existing approaches will often fail to detect dependencies expressed in the application code. In this paper, we present the first method and tool for automatically identifying code-embedded external dependencies in Java Enterprise Edition applications. In addition, our tool can automatically alter the application code to update the dependencies, or externalize them to configuration files. We analyzed over 1000 Java EE applications from three enterprise environments. The results demonstrate the prevalence of code-embedded dependencies that would otherwise have to be identified manually, often causing failures during user-acceptance testing.
Model-based analysis of messages about equipment

The aim of PROTEUS - a system for the analysis of short technical texts - is to increase the reliability of the analysis process through the integration of syntactic and semantic constraints, domain knowledge, and knowledge of discourse structure. This system is initially being applied to the analysis of messages describing the failure, diagnosis, and repair of selected pieces of equipment. This has required us to develop a detailed model of the structure and function of the equipment involved. We focus in this paper on the nature of this model and the roles it plays in the syntactic and semantic analysis of the text.
Visual field defects in optic nerve hypoplasia.

Case 1—A nine-year-old white girl was seen at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute in December, 1969, because of poor vision. The parents first sus­ pected that she had decreased vision at age two and one-half years after a bout of measles. At the age of six years, two examiners had recorded her visual acuity at 20/200 in each eye. At the age of seven years, because of the poor vision and pale disks, skull x-ray examination and a pneumoencephalogram had been performed and were negative. Past history and family history were otherwise normal. Examination revealed a corrected visual acuity of 14/200 in each eye. External eye examination was normal. Quantitative perimetry revealed dense bilateral cecocentral scotomas with relatively intact peripheral fields (Fig. 1). Roentgenograms dis­ closed the presence of small optic canals bilaterally. Ophthalmoscopy revealed bilateral hypoplasia of the optic nerves. Both parents and the one sibling were also examined and had normal eye findings. Serum VDRL and FT A-AB S tests on the patient's mother were nonreactive. At a recent follow-up examination, the patient's vision, fields, and fundi were unchanged, and she had merited the honor roll in school during the past two years. Case 2—This 16-year-old white boy was first seen at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute in Febru­ ary, 1970, because of poor vision. Although he was a premature baby, he did reasonably well until about the age of two years. He then developed whooping cough and pneumonia, followed by a no­ table hearing loss. His hearing was said to have been previously normal. Between the ages of two and nine years, he did rather well although he was a little slow because of the hearing loss. At the age of nine years, at a routine school vision test, the patient was first noted to have a visual deficit. His vision was said to be 20/50 at that time, and the optic disks were considered abnormal. The past his­ tory was otherwise unremarkable. Family history
Ntaya Virus. A Hitherto Unknown Agent Isolated from Mosquitoes Collected in Uganda.

SummaryA filterable neurotropic virus was isolated from mice inoculated intracerebrally with a mixed lot of mosquitoes captured in western Uganda. The agent is believed to be hitherto unknown and has been named Ntaya virus in respect of the locality in which the mosquitoes were caught. Certain of its pathogenic and immunological properties are discussed.
Nutrition for Pregnant Women Who Have Cystic Fibrosis

Abstract More women with cystic fibrosis (CF) are reaching reproductive age, becoming pregnant, and delivering babies. Available evidence based on retrospective chart reviews or national registries reveals that pregnancy does not affect survival. Some evidence indicates that women who, before conception, are at goal weight, with good pulmonary function, and do not have diabetes may have better pregnancy outcomes. Optimal nutrition, both before and during pregnancy, is essential for the well-being of the woman and her infant. Vitamin and mineral nutrition management in CF requires assessment and supplementation of the fat-soluble vitamins and minerals as indicated. Women who have CF are at risk for developing diabetes during pregnancy and evaluation is recommended throughout pregnancy. Limited information is available describing nutrition management of the pregnant woman who has CF. This chapter reviews available evidence describing pregnancy in women who have CF and provides information about nutrition management.
Genetic Variation for Salinity Tolerance in Spring Wheat

In order to determine the magnitude of genetic variation for salinity tolerance in spring wheat, broad sense heritabilities of different yield components and seed yield were estimated for two F2 populations. One population was derived from a cross of salt tolerant cv LU26S (from Pakistan) and salt tolerant cv Kharchia (from India). The second F2 population was derived from a cross of cv LU26S and cv Candeal (from CIMMYT). Both F2 populations and their corresponding parents were grown in pots containing soil salinized with 2.81 (control), 8, 16, and 24 dS/m prepared by dissolving NaCl + CaCl2 (1:l by wt.) in full strength Hoagland nutrient solution. Broad sense heritability estimates, calculated at different salinity levels, of number of tillers per plant ranged from 0.49 to 0.60; of 1000 seed weight, from 0.57 to 0.80; of number of grains per spike, from 0.64 to 0.78; and of seed yield, from 0.60 to 0.91. These results suggest that improvement in salinity tolerance in the spring wheat is possible through selection and breeding.
The creation of a service queue management system on barbershop administration

Queue Management has been a problem for many years in many domains including the Financial, Health Care, Public and Retail Sectors. In this age of technology it is not only important to organize the existing queue, but to gather statistics about the queue in order to identify trends that could be anticipated. For many barbershops, these needs are not addressed in a sophisticated manner. This study will suggest that a Queue Management System such as QueueAdmin will improve the satisfaction of a shop's customers as well as their barbers.
Regional Differences in the Critical Period Neurodevelopment in the Mouse: Implications for Neonatal Seizures

The voltage-sensitive calcium channel probe 125I-ω-GVIA conotoxin has been shown to be a developmental marker in whole brain preparations of Swiss Webster mice. The present study looks more carefully at regional dissections of the mouse brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem) at postnatal day 8 and postnatal day 16. 125I-ω-GVIA conotoxin binding, thought to be presynaptic, showed a dramatic increase between postnatal days 8 and 16 in the cerebral cortex, a decrease in the cerebellum, and no change in the brain stem. The dramatic cerebral cortex increases indicated by these binding data correspond to a critical period between postnatal day 11 and postnatal day 14 in Swiss Webster mice; during this critical period, dendrites exhibit rapid outgrowth, sensory modalities come on line, electroencephalographic patterns mature, and the cortex reaches adult proportions. This period parallels a similar initiation of electrical maturation in the 28- to 32-week neonatal human brain. We conclude from these data t...
Association of Decreased Natural and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity and Production of Natural Killer Cytotoxic Factor and Interferon in Neonates'

Cord blood lymphocytes (CBL) were compared with adult peripheral blood lymphocytes (a-PBL) for their: (i) natural killer (NK) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic (ADCC) activities, (ii) target-binding capacity, (iii) ability to induce soluble natural killer cytotoxic factor (NKCF), (iv) interferon (IFN)-, interleukin 2 (IL-2)-, and lectin-induced augmentation of NK activity, and (v) ability to produce IFN against tumor targets in vitro. CBL depleted of adherent cells and Percoll-separated, NK-enriched subpopulations demonstrated significantly lower NK, ADCC, and target-binding activities compared to a-PBL. CBL produced significantly lower levels of NKCF directed against K562 tumor targets in comparison with a-PBL. Although the NK activity of CBL was not stimulated by either IFN or IL-2 to the same levels shown by a-PBL, the percentage enhancement of cytotoxicity of CBL by IFN and IL-2 was greater than that of a-PBL. Lectin-induced enhancement of cytotoxicity was significantly greater for CBL in comparison with a-PBL. Further, the ability of CBL lymphocytes to produce IFN-gamma in vitro against K562 target cells was significantly lower than that of adult PBL. These studies suggest an association between decreased NK, ADCC, and target-binding activities, induction of NKCF and IFN production by CBL, and increased susceptibility of neonates to infection.
A radiomimetic effect of hydrogen peroxide on bacterial luminescence

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in appropriate doses was found to mimic the reversible X-ray suppression of bacterial luminescence. Catalase protected against this suppression both by X-rays and H2O2, but albumin did not. Luminescence did not recover until H2O2 was destroyed. These results support our hypothesis that reduced intermediates of the luminescent pathway are reversibly oxidized by both X-rays and H2O2. Cyanide enhanced the effects of both X-rays and H2O2 and this result suggests that endogenous catalase is important to the survival of cells exposed to ionizing radiation.
Can “stranded” Fossil Fuel Reserves Drive CCS Deployment?☆

Abstract Recent studies have evaluated the climate change implications of burning all of the world's proven reserves of carbon. To stay below the ambitious target of two degrees Celsius of warming above average pre-industrial temperatures, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that we would need to emit no more than 884 GtCO 2 globally between 2012 and 2050, equivalent to burning approximately one third of current global carbon reserves. This would require leaving large amounts of coal, oil and natural gas in the ground. These unutilized fossil reserves have been referred to as “stranded”. In this paper, we analyze CCS not as a cost, but as a potential enabler of utilizing otherwise stranded fossil fuels. We examine case studies at Boundary Dam and Gorgon, introduce a “CO 2 Normalized Price” as a useful metric for bottom-up assessments, and evaluate top-down model results to help value CCS as a way to rescue stranded fossil fuel assets.
Poly(ethylene oxide) Dynamics in Blends with Poly(vinyl acetate): Comparison of Segmental and Terminal Dynamics

Deuterium NMR at Larmor frequencies of 15.6 and 76.7 MHz was used to study the segmental dynamics of perdeuteriopoly(ethylene oxide) (d4PEO) in miscible blends with poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc). Blends with PEO compositions of 2% and 50% were studied. The segmental dynamics of PEO are 9 orders of magnitude faster than the PVAc segmental dynamics for a 2% PEO blend near the blend Tg and could be described by the Lodge−McLeish model with a self-concentration of 0.3. The segmental dynamics of PEO in blends with PVAc show a weaker temperature dependence than the terminal dynamics of PEO in the same blends. We also compare the segmental and terminal dynamics of components in several other miscible polymer blends. For the fast component in a blend, it is commonly observed that terminal relaxation has a stronger temperature dependence than segmental relaxation. This effect correlates with the difference between the Tg values for the pure components and also with the ratio of the activation energies of the segmenta...