cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vivo intraoperative radiotherapy: a novel approach to radiotherapy for early stage breast cancer.

Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) has the potential to eliminate the access problems associated with standard 6-week post-operative external beam radiotherapy for patients with breast cancer. However, accurate delivery of the IORT dose for breast cancer has been problematic due to difficulty estimating the tumor bed after tumor removal and tissue reapproximation. We are investigating the feasibility of partial breast irradiation using a single fraction of IORT delivered to the tumor in vivo prior to surgical resection. In a trial, approved by the University of North Carolina School of Medicine Institutional Review Board, patients ≥55 years old with infiltrating ductal carcinoma without an extensive intraductal component with an overall tumor size ≤3.0 cm receive a single dose of IORT in place of standard post-operative radiotherapy. All patients undergo preoperative ultrasonography to define the target volume. In a standard operating room, the tumor is exposed through a standard partial mastectomy incision. IORT is then delivered using a mobile, self-shielded, magnetron-driven X-band linear accelerator (Intraop Corp, Santa Clara, CA, USA). 15 Gy is delivered to the 90% isodose line covering the tumor with a 1 cm margin anterior–posterior and 2 cm margins laterally. After IORT, partial mastectomy is performed in the usual manner. IORT for breast cancer, delivered to the exposed tumor in vivo, is feasible and allows accurate estimation of the tumor bed. Further follow-up is ongoing to determine the efficacy of this approach.
The general thermal circulation in equatorial regions

Abstract An approximation valid near the equator is developed for a model of the general thermal circulation. The existence of equatorial effects is related to the vanishing of the Coriolis parameter, and the equatorial approximation is related to the mid-latitude circulation. Qualitative features of the solutions are discussed.
Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) depolymerization: Ethenolysis of 1,4‐polybutadiene using a ruthenium complex

α,ω-Vinyl-terminated butadiene oligomers can be generated through the cross-metathesis of ethylene and high molecular weight 1,4-polybutadiene catalyzed by the complex RuCl2(CHPh)(PCy3)2. The effect of varied ethylene pressure is studied in order to obtain the highest conversion to the monomer 1,5-hexadiene. A dramatic increase in yield of this monomeric diene is realized relative to previous published attempts utilizing a well-defined group VI metal alkylidene in the same chemistry. Traces of side products are observed, and alternate mechanisms for their formation were proposed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 1857–1861, 1999
Ongoing research to identify environmental risk factors in breast carcinoma.

Environmental exposures, timing and duration of exposure, and one's genetic susceptibility all contribute to breast carcinoma and its progression. The purpose of this article was to identify known and suspected environmental causes of breast carcinoma, identify some environmental risk factors that may represent significant risk factors for certain groups, and describe current studies, supported by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, that clarify how environmental factors contribute to the development of breast carcinoma. Known and suspected environmental risk factors include organochlorine pesticides and other synthetic chemicals, hormonal factors (including exogenous endocrine disrupters), diet, tobacco and alcohol use, radiation, and magnetic fields. In at least 50% of breast carcinoma cases, none of the known risk factors apply. It is likely that an environmental component accounts for much of the unknown 50% of risk. Knowing the environmental factors for breast carcinoma development is an area that should be investigated intensely because it offers our best hope for prevention. Understanding why African-American women have a more aggressive form of breast carcinoma, whether they receive adequate follow-up treatment, and how these factors contribute to increased mortality rates requires further exploration. Data that demonstrate the lower incidence rate of breast carcinoma in Asian women, the relation to low fat diets and diets high in phytoestrogens, and how this might serve as a model for all women should be investigated. Finally, differences in behavioral and cultural attitudes, ethnicity, economic status, and life-style influences among different groups of women require further study to determine how these factors contribute to enhancing or reducing breast carcinoma risk.
WAVE FRONT ANALYSIS FOR DESIGN OF FIXED-BED ADSORBERS

Prevailing approaches utilize empty bed contact time (or EBCT) as the primary design parameter for fixed-bed adsorbers; this despite studies that demonstrate that wave front velocity analysis is a mathematically more straightforward approach for adsorber design and operation. There are a number of assumptions inherent in the wave front approach, however, that generate important design questions related to the timing and nature of the development of the constant pattern. These questions are addressed in a numerical study of the rate of movement of the fluid phase concentration wave front as the constant pattern is approached in a granular activated carbon bed. Analyses for two organic compounds of dissimilar adsorption characteristics, trichloroethylene and para-bromophenol, revealed highly variant approaches to the constant pattern condition. More importantly, the exercise demonstrates how dynamic model simulations can insure thai verification studies at the pilot scale are properly designed to obtain a c...
Tampa Bay catheter: a new guiding catheter for endomyocardial biopsy via femoral approach.

Initially, endomyocardial biopsies were obtained almost exclusively using the jugular vein approach. Lately, the femoral vein route has gained popularity and in many centers, including ours, it is preferred. Despite this, guiding catheters specifically designed for endomyocardial biopsy via femoral vein approach are not available. Here, the experience with the Tampa Bay catheter, designed for endomyocardial biopsy using the femoral vein is described. From 1–1-89 to 1–31-90, a total of 486 endomyocardial biopsies were performed in 78 post-heart transplant patients (1–17, mean 6 per patient); 106 were performed via internal jugular vein (22%) and 380 (78%) via femoral vein. Of these, 100 were performed using the Tampa Bay catheter. The remaining 280 biopsies were done using a long sheath or a Judkin's right coronary angioplasty guiding catheter. Biopsy specimens were adequate for diagnosis of rejection in all 106 biopsies performed via internal jugular vein (100%) in 99 of 100 biopsies via femoral vein using the Tampa Bay catheter (99%) and in 274 of the 280 (98%) biopsies using the long sheath or the right Judkin's coronary angioplasty guiding catheter (NS). The femoral vein is larger and easier to find than the internal jugular vein. More important, complications such as right pneu-mothorax, Horner's syndrome, recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, and right phrenic nerve paralysis, known to occur when the internal jugular vein approach is used, can be completely avoided when the femoral vein approach is used.
CD40 Ligand Influences Platelet Release of Reactive Oxygen Intermediates

Objective— Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) has been recently implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Elevated levels of sCD40L in acute coronary syndrome patients suggests enhanced platelet function; however, the exact mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. In this study, we examined the effect of sCD40L on platelet function and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generation. Methods and Results— Platelet stimulation in the presence of recombinant sCD40L (rsCD40L) led to enhanced generation of RONS as measured by DCFHDA oxidation and confocal microscopy. Incubation with rsCD40L led to enhanced platelet P-selectin expression, aggregation, and platelet-leukocyte conjugation. Platelets isolated from CD40L-deficient mice had decreased agonist-induced NO release as compared with wild-type mice. Incubation of platelets with rsCD40L enhanced stimulation-induced p38 MAP kinase and Akt phosphorylation. Conclusion— Soluble CD40L enhances platelet activation, aggregation, and platelet-leukocyte conjugation, as well as increases stimulation-induced platelet release of RONS through activation of Akt and p38 MAP kinase signaling pathways. These data suggest that sCD40L regulates platelet-dependent inflammatory and thrombotic responses that contribute to the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis.
Amplification of Marine Methanotrophic Enrichment DNA with 16S rDNA PCR Primers for Type II α Proteobacteria Methanotrophs

Abstract Type II α proteobacteria methanotrophs are capable of a wide range of cometabolic transformations of chlorinated solvents and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and this activity has been exploited in many terrestrial bioremediation systems. However, at present, all known obligately marine methanotrophic isolates are Type I γ proteobacteria which do not have this activity to the extent of Type II methanotrophs. In previous work in our laboratory, determining the presence of Type II α proteobacteria methanotrophs in marine enrichment cultures that co-metabolized PAHs required a more sensitive assay. 16S rDNA PCR primers were designed based on oligonucleotide probes for serine pathway methanotrophs and serine pathway methylotrophs with an approximate amplification fragment size of 870 base pairs. Comparison of the primers using double primer BLAST searches in established nucleotide databases showed potential amplification with all Methylocystis and Methylosinus spp., as well as potential ampl...
Brain lipid metabolism in the cPLA2 knockout mouse

We examined brain phospholipid metabolism in mice in which the cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2, Type IV, 85 k11111111111111111135) was knocked out (cPLA2−/− mice). Compared with controls, these mice demonstrated altered brain concentrations of several phospholipids, reduced esterified linoleate, arachidonate, and docosahexaenoate in choline glycerophospholipid, and reduced esterified arachidonate in phosphatidylinositol. Unanesthetized cPLA2−/− mice had reduced rates of incorporation of unlabeled arachidonate from plasma and from the brain arachidonoyl-CoA pool into ethanolamine glycerophospholipid and choline glycerophospholipid, but elevated rates into phosphatidylinositol. These differences corresponded to altered turnover and metabolic loss of esterified brain arachidonate. These results suggests that cPLA2 is necessary to maintain normal brain concentrations of phospholipids and of their esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids. Reduced esterified arachidonate and docosahexaenoate may account for the resistance of the cPLA2−/− mouse to middle cerebral artery occlusion, and should influence membrane fluidity, neuroinflammation, signal transduction, and other brain processes.
Addiction in the Making

This review traces the literatures in cultural anthropology and neighboring disciplines that are focused on addiction as an object of knowledge and intervention, and as grounds for self-identification, sociality, and action. Highlighting the production of disease categories, the staging of therapeutic interventions, and the ongoing work of governance, this work examines addiction as a key site for the analysis of contemporary life. It likewise showcases a general movement toward accounts of addiction that foreground complexity, contingency, and multiplicity.
Fibrinolytic therapy in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction

ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is related to acute occlusion of a coronary artery by a fibrin-rich thrombus. Early reperfusion in STEMI reduces infarct size and improves prognosis. Acute reperfusion may be achieved with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and/or fibrinolytic agents. When performed in a timely manner, primary PCI is the preferred method of reperfusion; however, due to logistic reasons, including lack of PCI-capable hospitals and delay in the first medical contact-to-balloon time, this simplified approach lacks universal applicability. Due to clinical efficacy and the ease of administration, fibrinolysis is still an important reperfusion modality in patients with STEMI who cannot have primary PCI within guideline-recommended time. This review focuses on the role of fibrinolysis in patients with STEMI.
The character of womanhood: How African American women’s perceptions of womanhood influence marriage and motherhood

This qualitative paper will focus on how black women understand and perceive womanhood, and will explore how black women’s perceptions regarding womanhood shape their attitudes and behaviours toward marriage and motherhood. Using a black feminist approach, I assert that black women’s perceptions of womanhood are not based on European notions as the family structure and experiences of African American women is characteristically different from that of white women. Further, I assert that African American women create a modified version of womanhood based on their education, social class and economic position in relation to black men, and which may, in turn, inform their decisions regarding marriage and motherhood. Specifically, I examine the written responses of fifteen African American women between the ages of 18 and 55 (mean age of 32.6 years) regarding what is expected of them as women. Qualitative analyses of the data revealed that womanhood was defined in terms of feminine attitudes (strength, sensiti...
Raising Taxes to Reduce Smoking Prevalence in the US: A Simulation of the Anticipated Health and Economic Impacts

Summary Objective To estimate health and economic outcomes of raising the excise taxes on cigarettes. Methods We use a dynamic computer simulation model to estimate health and economic impacts of raising taxes on cigarettes (up to 100% price increase) for the entire population of the USA over 20 years. We also perform sensitivity analysis on price elasticity. Results A 40% tax-induced cigarette price increase would reduce smoking prevalence from 21% in 2004 to 15.2% in 2025 with large gains in cumulative life years (7 million) and quality adjusted life years (13 million) over 20 years. Total tax revenue will increase by $365 billion in that span, and total smoking-related medical costs would drop by $317 billion, resulting in total savings of $682 billion. These benefits increase greatly with larger tax increases, and tax revenues continue to rise even as smoking prevalence falls. Conclusions Increasing taxes on cigarettes is a unique policy intervention that reduces smoking prevalence, generates additional tax revenue, and results in significant savings in medical care costs.
Identity elements and aminoacylation of plant tRNATrp

Mutation of the Arabidopsis thaliana tRNA (Trp)(CCA) anticodon or of the A73 discriminator base greatly diminishes in vitro aminoacylation with tryptophan, indicating the importance of these nucleotides for recognition by the plant tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. Mutation of the tRNA (Trp)(CCA) anticodon to CUA so as to translate amber nonsense codons permits tRNA (Trp)(CCA) to be aminoacylated by A.thaliana lysyl-tRNA synthetase. Thus, translational suppression by tRNA (TRP)(CCA) observed in plant cells includes significant incorporation of lysine into protein.
Historical factors that have shaped the evolution of tropical reef fishes: a review of phylogenies, biogeography, and remaining questions.

Biodiversity patterns across the marine tropics have intrigued evolutionary biologists and ecologists alike. Tropical coral reefs host 1/3 of all marine species of fish on 0.1% of the ocean’s surface. Yet our understanding of how mechanistic processes have underpinned the generation of diversity is limited. However, it has become clear that the biogeographic history of the marine tropics has played an important role in shaping the diversity of tropical reef fishes we see today. In the last decade, molecular phylogenies and age estimation techniques have provided a temporal framework in which the ancestral biogeographic origins of reef fish lineages have been inferred, but few have included fully sampled phylogenies or made inferences at a global scale. We are currently at a point where new sequencing technologies are accelerating the reconstruction and the resolution of the Fish Tree of Life. How will a complete phylogeny of fishes benefit the study of biodiversity in the tropics? Here, I review the literature concerning the evolutionary history of reef-associated fishes from a biogeographic perspective. I summarize the major biogeographic and climatic events over the last 65 million years that have regionalized the tropical marine belt and what effect they have had on the molecular record of fishes and global biodiversity patterns. By examining recent phylogenetic trees of major reef associated groups, I identify gaps to be filled in order to obtain a clearer picture of the origins of coral reef fish assemblages. Finally, I discuss questions that remain to be answered and new approaches to uncover the mechanistic processes that underpin the evolution of biodiversity on coral reefs.
Development of a synthesis engine for the design of products made by process manufacturing

The authors describe a synthesis engine which is part of a system for designing lubricant blends. This engine integrates heuristic search and knowledge based systems and operates independently of the mathematical form of design analysis. The approach is called the decision support problem (DSP) technique. It is being developed and implemented to provide support for human judgment in designing systems that can be manufactured and maintained. All decisions in the DSP technique are categorized as selection, compromise, or a combination of these. A designer controls the exploration of the design space through quantitative and qualitative relationships. >
Organic and Nano-Structured Composite Photovoltaics: An Overview

Organic photovoltaic devices are poised to fill the low-cost, low power niche in the solar cell market. Recently measured efficiencies of solid-state organic cells are nudging 5% while Gratzel’s more established dye-sensitized solar cell technology is more than double this. A fundamental understanding of the excitonic nature of organic materials is an essential backbone for device engineering. Bound electron-hole pairs,“excitons,” are formed in organic semiconductors on photo-absorption. In the organic solar cell, the exciton must diffuse to the donor-accepter interface for simultaneous charge generation and separation. This interface is critical as the concentration of charge carriers is high and recombination here is higher than in the bulk. Nanostructured engineering of the interface has been utilized to maximize organic materials properties, namely to compensate the poor exciton diffusion lengths and lower mobilities. Excitonic solar cells have different limitations on their open-circuit photo-voltages due to these high interfacial charge carrier concentrations, and their behavior cannot be interpreted as if they were conventional solar cells. This article briefly reviews some of the differences between excitonic organic solar cells and conventional inorganic solar cells and highlights some of the technical strategies used in this rapidly progressing field, whose ultimate aim is for organic solar cells to be a commercial reality.
An assessment of the deep heating capabilities of a rotating multi-transducer ultrasound hyperthermia system

The HELIOS ultrasound system is a large aperture multitransducer array designed to heat deep-seated tumors for hyperthermia therapy of cancer. The development of a treatment simulation program, which uses measured ultrasound beam data to calculate anticipated temperature distributions for various treatment configurations, is described. This program is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the HELIOS applicator in its original configuration, and to investigate the potential improvement from proposed system modifications. Results from this program are presented in terms of practical heating strategies and pretreatment planning schemes. >
Organization and detailed parcellation of human hippocampal head and body regions based on a combined analysis of Cyto‐ and chemoarchitecture

The hippocampal formation (HF) is one of the hottest regions in neuroscience because it is critical to learning, memory, and cognition, while being vulnerable to many neurological and mental disorders. With increasing high-resolution imaging techniques, many scientists have started to use distinct landmarks along the anterior-posterior axis of HF to allow segmentation into individual subfields in order to identify specific functions in both normal and diseased conditions. These studies urgently call for more reliable and accurate segmentation of the HF subfields DG, CA3, CA2, CA1, prosubiculum, subiculum, presubiculum, and parasubiculum. Unfortunately, very limited data are available on detailed parcellation of the HF subfields, especially in the complex, curved hippocampal head region. In this study we revealed detailed organization and parcellation of all subfields of the hippocampal head and body regions on the base of a combined analysis of multiple cyto- and chemoarchitectural stains and dense sequential section sampling. We also correlated these subfields to macro-anatomical landmarks, which are visible on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Furthermore, we created three versions of the detailed anatomic atlas for the hippocampal head region to account for brains with four, three, or two hippocampal digitations. These results will provide a fundamental basis for understanding the organization, parcellation, and anterior-posterior difference of human HF, facilitating accurate segmentation and measurement of HF subfields in the human brain on MRI scans.
A simple index to measure hygiene behaviours

Methods We observed hygiene behaviours in 588 households in four rural Guatemalan communities over 36 months. Four indices related to drinking water (DWI; score 5 0–3), food (FI; score 5 0–3), personal hygiene (PHI; score 5 0–3), and domestic household hygiene (DHI; score 5 0–6) and one summary hygiene index (SHI; range 0–15) were created. Morbidity of 694 children aged birth to 36 months living in the study households was assessed using biweekly recall. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to assess within-household repeatability; the generalized estimating equations approach was employed to analyse diarrhoea morbidity. Results Households were observed a mean of 22.1 6 11.2 times. All indices decreased with duration of follow-up (SHI 5 � 0.67 6 0.05 points/year; WI 5 � 0.04 6 0.01; FI 5 � 0.07 6 0.01; PHI 5 � 0.21 6 0.01; DHI 5 � 0.37 6 0.02; all P , 0.05). Intraclass correlations were low to moderate (SHI 5 0.35–0.51; DWI 5 0.17–0.21; FI 5 0.16–0.18; PHI 5 0.27–0.32; DHI 5 0.27–0.38). Six separate spot checks would be needed to estimate a household’s underlying level of hygiene within 20%. SHI and PHI scores were inversely associated with diarrhoea morbidity (both P , 0.05). Conclusions Hygiene indices created using spot checks can be a rapid and efficient method for assessing hygiene and useful for predicting diarrhoea morbidity in young children. Multiple measures are required to accurately estimate the true hygiene pattern of a household.
Parent and teacher ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms: Factor structure and normative data.

Changes in the diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have necessitated the creation of new measures for clinical assessment. The factor structure of a parent rating scale containing the 18 symptoms of ADHD was examined in this study. Factor analyses and assessment of differences in ADHD ratings across sex, age, and ethnic group were conducted using a sample of 4666 participants ranging in age from 4 to 20 years old who attended kindergarten through 12th grade in 22 school districts across the United States. Two factors (Inattention and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity) were derived and normative data for a nationally representative sample are presented. A higher frequency of ADHD symptoms was found for boys, younger children, and African-American participants. Potential uses of this scale in clinical practice and research are discussed.
A risk index for pregnancy during anesthesia.

Abstract Study Objective: To determine the validity of limiting pregnancy testing only to females older than 14 years, hypothesizing that (1) if this recommendation were valid, we would find no incidence of pregnant patients receiving anesthesia in our department under age 15, and (2) by identifying all patients receiving anesthesia while pregnant versus those who are not pregnant might allow calculation of a relative risk index for pregnancy per age group. Design: A retrospective chart review. Setting: Department of Anesthesiology at Louisiana State University Medical Center in Shreveport. Measurements and Main Results: The relative numbers and ages of 1) all male versus female patients treated, 2) females presenting with viable pregnancy receiving anesthetic care, and 3) ages of conception in the youngest females were quantified to 4) correlate relative rates for pregnancy/anesthetic at each age. Of 16,033 anesthetics administered, 1,849 pregnant patients ages 13 to 44 years received 1,968 anesthetics (12.5% of total). One patient conceived at the age of 12. The rates of pregnant 13 (n = 4) and 14 (n = 24) year-olds in our anesthetized population equaled rates found with patients in the third and fourth decades of life, respectively. Conclusions: Louisiana State University Medical Center's current departmental guideline to preoperatively test all patients aged 12 to 44 years is supported by the desire to identify pregnancy prior to anesthesia and the encountered pregnancy distribution and incidence. Although radiation is a known danger to fetal development, our radiology department tests only females who "fail to confirm in writing a nonpregnant state." While females younger than 15 years deserve the same consideration as 30- and 40-year-old patients, multiple ethical, pragmatic, economic, and theoretical considerations may mitigate the need for mandatory testing of all patients.
Tough low profile additives in sheet molding compound

Thermosetting polyester in a sheet molding compound (SMC) shrinks by 7 to 10% and causes fiber show-through and poor surface quality. Adding certain thermoplastics results in zero shrinkage and smooth surfaces ; these are called low-profile additives (LPA). Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), a highly effective LPA, decreases the fracture energy from 66.3 to 35.1 J/m 2 when present as 14 wt% of the matrix, even though the PVAc is tough. It produces a nodular three dimensional network ; the crosslinked polyester nodules are interconnected by weak polyester bridges and the PVAc forms a thin coating on each nodule. The macroscopic crosslinking shrinkage is offset by void formation in the PVAc phase. Crack follows the void structure and cleaves the bridges between the nodules. Low matrix fracture toughness leads to high microcracking and early gross failure of the SMC. This paper presents alternative low profile additives that give excellent low profile effect with improved matrix fracture energy and SMC strength. Commercially available styrene-butadiene block copolymers were studied. These are less polar and form discrete cavitated domains of a few 100 μm in the solid polyester matrix. With this morphology, good low profile and toughening usually are contradictory, since the former requires small LPA particles for smooth surfaces and the latter requires large particles for crack bridging by the rubber. However, a good compromise was found in Epoxidized Kraton D1300X (a 50% diblock and 50% triblock copolymer of styrene and butadiene) with the compatibilizer Ricon 131MA17 (a maleic anhydride-polybutadiene adduct). This produces a low profile effect equivalent to PVAc, but with a higher matrix fracture energy of 70.7 J/m 2 and higher matrix modulus. With the epoxidized rubber, the flexural strength of the SMC increases by 13% over that with PVAc, with no sacrifice of the modulus or strain-to-failure.
Reliability of SiC MOS devices

Fundamental limitations to oxide reliability are analyzed in silicon carbide based devices. A barrier height primarily determined by band offsets between metal/SiC and the dielectric, and the electric field in the dielectric results in tunneling current into the dielectric, resulting in its degradation. Since band offsets for SiC to most dielectrics are smaller than those with respect to Si, a lower reliability is expected for SiC-dielectric based devices as compared to Si MOS devices. Other researchers have correlated interface states in the SiC–oxide as tunneling sites that increase gate leakage currents and influence the barrier to tunneling. Depending on the allowed maximum electric field in the gate oxide, there exists a trade-off between on-state resistance and SiC MOS reliability.
Retinal blood flow in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

Background Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) demonstrate the narrowing of retinal veins and decreased retinal venous blood flow compared with control subjects. We assessed whether these abnormalities are present in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
The effect of portacaval shunting on gastric secretion in cirrhotic dogs.

Summary Cirrhosis of the liver was induced in dogs with gastric pouches by the administration of a mixture of carbon tetrachloride and alcohol. The resulting gastric hypersecretion was augmented by 201 per cent to 510 per cent after portacaval transposition although this shunting procedure did not in itself cause any further decline of hepatic function.
The Hope for iPSC in Lung Stem Cell Therapy and Disease Modeling

The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell technology has provided revolutionary access to human biology. Studying human lung disease is notoriously difficult; iPSC provide the potential for the generation of reproducible systems for investigating the cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms that lead to the development and pathogenesis of human lung disease. In the future, this technology holds great potential for the development of novel screening techniques and even cell-based therapeutic approaches for human lung disease. This chapter discusses how iPSC and gene editing technologies are being applied to study human lung disease.
Nature of the plasma factor responsible for in vitro lysis of leucocytes by tuberculoprotein.

SummaryThere is present in the plasma of tuberculous humans a heat-labile, non-dialyzable component which is responsible for the in vitro lysis of washed leucocytes by tuberculoprotein. Further properties of this lytic producing substance are its stability at 10°C for at least 7 days and its precipitation with the globulin fraction of the plasma proteins.
Coupled Rayleigh-Ritz/finite element structural analysis using penalty function method

In order to employ the classical Rayleigh-Rite and the popular finite element methods to model different structural regions so that each is used to its fullest advantage, a coupled Rayleigh-Rite and finite element formulation using the penalty function method is presented. The formulation is based on a constrained variational principle. Along the interface of two different regions, deformations obtained from the Rayleigh-Ritz method are set equal to deformations obtained from the finite element method. The potential energy of the Rayleigh-Rite and finite element regions with these deformation constraints is used to derive a coupled stiffness matrix. This coupled stiffness matrix contains stiffness contributions from each region and an interface stiffness contribution from the constraints. The derivation is given for one dimensional coupling of a beam and two dimensional coupling of an equivalent plate with membrane finite elements to model a wing-like structure with box beam and leadingltrailing edges. Displacements and stresses using the coupled analysis are compared with those of using a single finite element analysis. Results indicate that using the coupled RayleighRite and finite element analysis produces results with a level of accuracy approaching that of a finite element analysis, while providing enhanced modeling flexibility.
Abstract B75: Resveratrol and its analogues as chemopreventive and anticancer agents in prostate cancer: Epigenetic mechanisms of action

Nutritional chemoprevention is a promising approach for prostate cancer (PCa) management. Resveratrol (Res), found in plants, has antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Res may be considered as both a chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent on the basis of molecular and preclinical studies. We propose to investigate novel epigenetic mechanisms of the chemopreventive and anticancer effects of Res. We discovered that Res down-regulates metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) by causing its proteasomal degradation. MTA1 levels correlate with cancer aggressiveness and metastases and, as a part of the nucleosome remodeling deacetylation (NuRD) complex, MTA1 plays a role in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional repression. We hypothesize that MTA1 nuclear overexpression promotes PCa progression and metastasis by enhancing MTA1/HDAC1/NuRD deacetylation activity. We further hypothesize that Res, as a potent inhibitor of MTA1, exerts its anticancer effects, at least in part, through blocking MTA1/HDAC1/NuRD-mediated deacetylation. We propose: (1) determine the effects of Res on MTA1-mediated epigenetic modifications of PTEN and HIF-1α. We will use PCa cells with silenced MTA1 (shRNA-mediated knockdown) to examine the acetylation state of PTEN and HIF-1α in the presence or absence of Res. Transcriptional activation/repression of downstream signaling (PI3K/Akt) or target genes (VEGF) will be used as readouts. (2) evaluate MTA1-associated epigenetic anticancer effects of Res analogues in PCa. We will compare biopotency of natural and synthetic Res analogues in inhibiting MTA1, cell proliferation, invasion and migration in vitro. (3) evaluate MTA1-mediated Res chemopreventive and therapeutic efficacy in PCa mouse models. a. we will use orthotopic PCa xenografts to evaluate MTA1-mediated effects of Res on PCa initiation, progression and metastasis; b. we will evaluate Res chemopreventive and therapeutic effects using autochthonous, prostate-specific Pten −/− mouse model. Our study is the first to identify MTA1 as a specific molecular target of Res, further defining a novel epigenetic mechanism of Res anticancer activity as an HDAC inhibitor. The mechanism-based studies will significantly contribute to a better understanding of the role of MTA1 as an upstream epigenetic regulator of tumor suppressors and oncogenes. The results from this study will aid the development of preventive and curative strategies based on Res, its potent analogues, and synergy with other “epigenetic” agents. Our preclinical studies will provide a powerful base for initiating clinical trials in men. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B75.
SNO+ Electronic Upgrades

Abstract The SNO+ experiment is designed to explore several topics in neutrino physics, including neutrinoless double beta decay and low energy solar neutrinos. SNO+ uses the existing Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), with the heavy water target replaced with liquid scintillator. Only a few additional modifications are needed to transition from SNO to SNO+, but one of these will be an upgrade to the electronics to handle the higher rates expected with scintillation light as compared to Cherenkov light. The front end electronics are being upgraded to autonomously push data to a central data acquisition computer by using a field programmable gate array (FPGA) with an embedded processor.
A study on remedy patterns for Chinese crew casualties concerning foreign affairs

The increasing number of crew casualties concerning foreign affairs in recent years reveals the importance of the protection of crew rights.Crew casualties concerning foreign affairs for which Chinese laws are applicable include those which take place overseas or involve foreign ship owners.Based on several latest laws,regulations and judicial interpretations concerning crews,labors,social insurance and 2006 Maritime Labor Convention,four major remedy patterns,namely,injury insurance,PI insurance,commercial insurance and action for damages,are concluded,for which analyses on pros and cons are also discussed on details.
Melatonin receptors in the central nervous system.

The hormone melatonin is synthesized primarily in the pineal gland of vertebrates from its precursor serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). Serotonin is N-acetylated by a relatively specific N-acetyltransferase to yield N-acetylserotonin, which in turn is methylated by hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase to melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine) (Axelrod, 1974).
Flue Gas Desulfurization Product Use on Agricultural Land

Abstract Combustion of coal produces over half of the electricity used in the United States and generates 123.5 m mt year − 1 of coal combustion products (CCPs). Only about 45% of CCPs are beneficially utilized and the rest are discarded, mainly in landfills. One class of CCPs, called flue gas desulfurization (FGD) products, generated by removal of SO 2 from the exhaust gas of power plants, has physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for beneficial uses in agriculture. FGDs can be used as a soil amendment to provide a nutrient source for crops; ameliorate acidic soils; remediate sodic soils; improve soil structure to increase infiltration and water storage; reduce soil erosion and movement of sediments, nutrients, and pesticides to surface water; and stabilize and enrich organic composts and manures. FGD gypsum produced by a forced oxidation step following wet scrubbing of SO 2 , is the most promising of the FGD materials for agricultural uses. FGD gypsum is comparable to commercially available mined gypsum. When applied to soil at agronomic rates, FGD gypsum appears to pose little environmental risk. However, more information is needed on risks associated with the introduction of trace elements such as Hg and As to the environment. Management practices for specific uses of FGDs also need to be developed across a range of soils, cropping systems, and climate regimes.
Pulsational variability in proto-planetary nebulae and other post-AGB objects

Light and velocity curves of several classes of pulsating stars have been successfully modeled to determine physical properties of the stars. In this observational study, we review briefly the pulsational variability of the main classes of post-AGB stars. Our attention is focused in particular on proto-planetary nebulae (PPNe), those in the short-lived phase from AGB stars to the planetary nebulae. New light curves and period analyses have been used to determine the following general properties of the PPNe variability: (a) periods range from 35 to 160 days for those of F—G spectral types, with much shorter periods (< 1 day) found for those of early-B spectral type; (b) there is a correlation between the pulsation period, maximum amplitude, and temperature of the star, with cooler stars pulsating with longer periods and larger amplitudes; (c) similar correlations are found for carbon-rich, oxygen-rich, and lower-metalicity PPNe; and (d) multiple periods are found for all of them, with P2/P1 = 1.0±0.1. New models are needed to exploit these results.
Acute Toxicity of Cyclopiazonic Acid in Selected Avian Species

Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a toxic indole tetramic acid with a molecular weight of 336.1, was first isolated and identified as a metabolite of Penicillium cyclopium Westling (Holzapfel, 1968). Several species of Penicillium and Aspergillus have been shown to produce CPA, including A. flavus (Dorner, 1983; Dorner et al., 1984; Gallagher et al., 1978; Holzapfel, 1968; Le Bars, 1979; Leistner and Pitt, 1977; Luk et al., 1977; Ohmono et al., 1973). Both peanuts and corn may be naturally contaminated with CPA and aflatoxin Bi (Gallagher et al., 1978; Lansden and Davidson, 1983). P. camemberti Thom, used in the commercial production of cheeses such as Camembert and Brie, was discovered to produce CPA (0.1 to 1.5 µg/g) in the mycelial crust but not in the interior of these cheeses (Le Bars, 1979).
Analysis of exhaled human breath via terahertz molecular spectroscopy

We report on our progress in utilizing THz breath sensing in several bio-medical diagnostic applications. Our work bears promise in applying this technology to non-invasive analysis of blood glucose based on chemical composition of breath, as well as assessment of asthma related airway inflammation. Our most recent testing of CMOS based THz breath sensor, in the evolution of this technology towards compact and affordable implementations, is discussed.
Estrogens: Properties, Behaviors, and Fate in Dairy Manure-Amended Soils

In 2012 there were 63% fewer dairies in the United States than there were in 1997 as a result of conglomeration of the dairy industry into concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) at the expense of smaller farms (USDA 2015). Today, 60% of all milk produced in the U.S. comes from 5% of the nation’s dairies (operations with ≥ 500 cows) (USDA 2014). Concentrated animal feeding operations are touted as economically efficient agricultural business models, hailed for their increased milk yields. Yet, with an average daily manure production of over 27,000 kg for a 500-head dairy, manure storage and disposal are serious management and environmental concerns. A common economical mode of manure disposal is application to nearby agricultural fields. However, a major concern with land-application of dairy manure is the fate of manure-borne hormones, compounds considered chemicals of emerging concern, and the potential threat these hormones pose to humans and the environment. The fate of these chemicals in the s...
Very-large-scale spectral solutions for spherical polytropes of index m > 5 and the isothermal sphere

Abstract In view of astrophysical applications, we obtain very large scale numerical solutions to the Lane-Emden equations for spherical polytropes of index m > 5 and for the isothermal sphere ( m = ∞ ), by considering ϕ − 1 , the inverse function of the gravitational potential. Since the domain of ϕ − 1 is bounded, and the asymptotic behavior of its end-point singularities is known, highly accurate solutions can be obtained by spectral collocation methods. This leads to solutions for ϕ that extend accurately to extremely large radii, well beyond those achieved by traditional numerical schemes on [0, ∞). As a reference, we include a table of values for the isothermal sphere (Lane–Emden function of the 2nd kind) spanning r = 10 − 4 through r = 10 150 with at least nine significant figures. The corresponding semi-analytical asymptotic solution as r → ∞ is ϕ a ( r ) = ln r 2 2 + 1.1779636 ± 1 × 10 − 7 r 1 / 2 cos ( 7 2 ln r + 1.0623271 ± 1 × 10 − 7 ) .
Coordination chemistry of thioether-carboranes in polynuclear metal carbonyl cluster complexes. B-H activation of thioether-carboranes by dirhenium carbonyl complexes

Abstract Two new dirhenium compounds Re2(CO)8[μ-η2-1,3-C2B10H10(1-SCH3)](μ-H), 1 (3.2 % yield) and Re2(CO)8[μ-η2-1,4-C2B10H10(1-SCH3)](μ-H), 2 (31 % yield) were obtained from the reaction of closo-o-(1-SCH3)C2B10H11 with Re2(CO)8[μ-η2-C(H)C(H)Bun](μ-H) in an octane solution heated to reflux. Both compounds contain a C2B10H10(1-SCH3) ligand that bridges the pair of rhenium atoms by the sulfur atom and one of the boron atoms of the carborane cage. The Re – B bonds were formed by oxidative addition of one of the B – H bonds of the carborane to one of the Re atoms. The isomers differ by which boron atom, B(3) for 1 and B(4) for 2, has been added to the Re atom. Compound 1 was isomerized to 2 by heating to 107 °C, but 2 does not isomerize back to 1. A mechanism for the isomerization that involves a reductive-elimination of B(3) and the hydride ligand of 1 followed by an oxidative-addition of the neighboring B(4)-H bond to form 2 is proposed. The new compound Re2(CO)7[μ-η3-C2B10H9(1,2-(SCH3)2](μ-H), 3 was obtained in 38% yield from the reaction of [o-1,2-(SCH3)2]C2B10H10 with Re2(CO)8[μ-η2-C(H)C(H)Bun](μ-H) in an octane solution heated to reflux for 2h. The bridging C2B10H9(1,2-(SCH3)2 ligand is coordinated to one of the rhenium atoms by the two sulfur atoms at one of the Re atoms and the carborane boron atom B(3) also underwent cleavage at the B(3) – H bond to form the Re – B(3) bond to the other Re atom.
Direct Performance Simulation Based on the Microstructure of SOFC Electrodes: A Phase Field Approach

A phase field model is developed to simulate the performance of SOFC electrodes. By solving the conduction equations on both the electrolyte and electrode phases, and incorporating the three-dimensional microstructure and reaction front at triple phase boundaries, the current-voltage relation of an electrode is directly simulated. By further coupling it to our recently developed coarsening model, we are able to investigate the effect of initial microstructure on the performance degradation in SOFC electrode. This model is applied to LSM-YSZ cathodes with different LSM volume fraction. The volume fraction effect on the electrode performance and its degradation rate has been analyzed and discussed.
Complete Genome Sequences of HonestAbe, Anthony, and Taffo16, Three Cluster C Bacillus cereus Group Bacteriophages.

ABSTRACT Three cluster C Myoviridae bacteriophages that infect Bacillus cereus group bacteria were isolated from soil collected in the mid-Atlantic region using B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki as a host. Bacillus phages HonestAbe, Anthony, and Taffo16 each shared 90% or higher average nucleotide identities within their subclusters.
Current Applications and Future Impact of Machine Learning in Radiology.

Recent advances and future perspectives of machine learning techniques offer promising applications in medical imaging. Machine learning has the potential to improve different steps of the radiology workflow including order scheduling and triage, clinical decision support systems, detection and interpretation of findings, postprocessing and dose estimation, examination quality control, and radiology reporting. In this article, the authors review examples of current applications of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques in diagnostic radiology. In addition, the future impact and natural extension of these techniques in radiology practice are discussed. © RSNA, 2018
Synthesis of Vinyl Cyclopropanes via Anion Relay Cyclization.

A method where an allyl alcohol is formed from a Tsuji–Trost allylation between a vinyl epoxide and an acyl containing nucleophile is described. Subsequently, a retro-Claisen condensation is utilized as a means of through-space anion relay. The anion relay results in the formation of a reactive carbanion and simultaneously activates an allylic alcohol toward intramolecular Tsuji–Trost cyclopropanation. Hence, in one pot, Tsuji–Trost allylation, retro-Claisen activation, and Tsuji–Trost cyclopropanation are combined to access synthetically useful vinyl cyclopropanes from vinyl epoxides using a mild and operationally simple procedure.