cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An operational Eddy resolving 1/16° global ocean nowcast/forecast system

The first real-time eddy resolving nearly global ocean nowcast/forecast system has been running daily at the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) since 18 October 2000 and it became an operational system on 27 September 2001. Thirty-day forecasts are made once a week. The system, which was developed at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), uses the NRL Layered Ocean Model (NLOM) with 1/16j resolution and seven layers in the vertical, including a Kraus–Turner type bulk mixed layer. Sea surface temperature (SST) from satellite IR and satellite altimeter sea surface height (SSH) data from TOPEX/ POSEIDON (T/P), ERS-2 and Geosat-Follow-On (GFO), provided via NAVOCEANO’s Altimeter Data Fusion Center (ADFC), are assimilated into the model. The large size of the model grid (4096 � 2304 � 7) and operational requirements make it necessary to use a computationally efficient ocean model and data assimilation scheme. The assimilation consists of an optimum interpolation (OI) based scheme that uses an OI deviation analysis with the model as a first guess, a statistical inference technique for vertical mass field updates, geostrophic balance for the velocity updates outside of the equatorial region and incremental updating of the model fields to further reduce inertia–gravity wave generation. A spatially varying mesoscale covariance function determined from T/P and ERS-2 data is used in the OI analysis. The SST assimilation consists of relaxing the NLOM SST to the Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS) SSTanalysis, which is performed daily at NAVOCEANO. Realtime and archived results from the model can be viewed at the NRL web site http://www.ocean.nrlssc.navy.mil/global_nlom. This includes many zoom regions, nowcasts and forecasts of SSH, upper ocean currents and SST, forecast verification statistics, subsurface temperature cross-sections, the amount of altimeter data used for each nowcast from each satellite and nowcast comparisons with unassimilated data. The results show that the model has predictive skill for mesoscale and other types of variability lasting at least 1 month in most regions and when calculated globally. D 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
When to use social cues: Conspecific attraction at newly created grasslands

ABSTRACT Social cues are often used by birds when selecting breeding habitats, however, little is known about the timing and influence of social cues within or across seasons. The ontogeny of social information within newly available habitat is essentially unknown and potentially relevant to habitat management, as the primary approach of many conservation initiatives is to simply create habitat. We investigated the influence of conspecific attraction via social cues (conspecific playbacks) on newly created grasslands for Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) in Central Illinois over a 2-year period. We found that Grasshopper Sparrows quickly locate and settle at newly created grasslands without the need for social cues, however, social cues are used later in the season. At sites where social cues (i.e. conspecific vocalizations) were broadcast the densities of Grasshopper Sparrows were nearly double that of sites without the additional social cues, however, this difference occurred later in the bre...
The Meaning of Killing

The modern lawyer thinks of homicide as a crime of result. To convict a suspect of homicide, the prosecution must prove she committed an act causing the death of another, accompanied by a culpable mental state. The law conceived homicide very differently in seventeenth-and eighteenth-century England: a killing required an act culturally recognizable as a violent assault. By “rethinking” killing as a kind of act rather than a result, this paper explains the transformation of homicide from unexcused killing to culpable causing. It examines a cross-section of the homicide cases reported in the Proceedings of the Old Bailey between 1674 and 1834. The study’s cases suggest that the categories of murder, manslaughter, and accidental death were distinguished primarily on the basis of differences in conduct rather than mental states, and that intent to kill was almost completely peripheral in seventeenth and eighteenth century English homicide law.
Cardiovascular disease risk factors for women. A life course-events perspective

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women is the most common cause of death and in 2009 accounted for one third of all deaths. The purpose of this paper is to present what conditions during pregnancy and during the pre-menopause period lead to a greater risk of CVD. The early recognition and the application of interventions may decrease this risk. To emphasize this point we have taken a «Life course-events perspective». Current data suggests that genetic predisposition to disease in conjunction with behavior and environmental factors during fetal life is related to permanent changes in fetalplacental-maternal physiology and function, resulting in fetal programming characterizing the phenotype of the child which may persist into adulthood. Longitudinal studies have identified biological, behavioral and environmental factors related to childhood diseases such as hypertension, insulin resistance and mental health disorders. Gender differences have been identified and animal studies have suggested that estrogens in women are protective and when the risk of CVD in men is considered, the risk in women is delayed by 10 years. Thus, a normal pregnancy may be protective and reduce the risk of CVD in women. However, hypertension developing in women before or during pregnancy is a significant risk factor for women and diabetes further increases this risk of CVD, as does smoking. It is very clear that an «intervention action plan» must be developed. It is the current opinion of the authors that this action plan must be implemented early in life to decrease the risk for the development of CVS in women.
Retelling Carter Woodson's Story: Archival Sources for Afro-American Church History

For a survey history of the Afro-American churches in the United States, one will still not do better than Carter G. Woodson's The History of the Negro Church a three hundred-page study first published nearly seventy years ago.' Given the extraordinary increase during the last quarter century in scholarly attention to black religious life, it may seem surprising that there has not appeared a modern study capable of supplanting Woodson's classic but dated work. It is, however, in part the very increase in the scholarly literature on the black churches that has deterred would-be synthesizers from attempting a comprehensive survey. Where Woodson confronted his sources more or less unaided and undetained by a significant body of contemporary scholarship, the modern scholar faces a thickening array of articles, books, and dissertations.2
On the Concentration of Antistreptococcus Serum

The concentration of antipneumococcus serum by the dilution method has been extensively studied by Felton.1 Reference was made by him to a linkage of antibodies for green-producing streptococci and meningococci with the globulin fraction.10 During the study of serums prepared against a variety of green-producing streptococci, it has been possible to verify many of the observations made by Felton. The technic has been modified, the rate of precipitation of antibodyeuglobulin has been shortened to a few hours, and subsequent refinements have been eliminated. The horses were immunized by Rosenow with green-producing streptococci isolated during his studies on elective localization. They were grown immediately in large quantities of dextrose broth as soon after isolation as possible and preserved in a glycerol and sodium chloride solution throughout the period of immunization to insure uniformity of antigen. All strains were serologically distinct; their biologic behavior in tissues differed, in accord with the principles of elective localization 2 for green-producing streptococci
Effect of Feeding of Salmonella Organisms to Rats on Balanced and on Unbalanced Diets

In previous experiments one1 of us fed Salmonella enteritidis to rats on diets deficient in vitamin A; although the organism fed was frequently recovered from the intestinal tract, spleen, liver, lungs and kidneys, symptoms of food poisoning occurred in only two of nineteen rats, and both of these were controls, having been kept on an adequate diet.lb In the present paper we report similar work with rats on diets variously unbalanced with respect to starch, sugar or protein; Salmonella aertrycke was used, as well as S. enteritidis?two strains of each. While the results were not cleancut, as between the rats on the different balanced and unbalanced diets, we were successful in producing diarrhea in a considerable number of the animals. A consistent difference in the
Studies on Topical Antiinflammatory Corticosteroids. II. : Synthesis and Vasoconstrictive Activity of 11β, 17α, 21-Trihydroxy-6α-methyl-1, 4-pregnadiene-3, 20-dione 17-Methoxy- and (Methylthio)acetates

17-Methoxyacetate (3a) and 17-(methylthio)acetate (3b) of 11β, 17α, 21-trihydroxy-6α-methyl-1, 4-pregnadiene-3, 20-dione (6α-methylprednisolone, 1) and their 21-esters (4a and 4b) were synthesized and tested for vasoconstrictive activities. The activities of the 17-(methylthio)acetate derivatives (3b and 4b) were more potent than those of the corresponding 17-methoxyacetates (3a and 4a). The activities of 3b, 4a2, 4b1-4 and 4b5 were equivalent to that of 9α-fluoro-11β, 21-dihydroxy-16β-methyl-17α-valeroyloxy-1, 4-pregnadiene-3, 20-dione (betamethasone 17-valerate, BV). The reaction of 6α-methylprednisolone (1) with triethyl orthomethoxyacetate afforded a stereoisomeric mixture of 6α-methylprednisolone 17, 21-cyclic ortho esters (2aA and 2aB) in a ratio of 22 : 78, while the reaction of 1 with triethyl ortho(methylthio)acetate resulted in the formation of a single isomer (2bB) of the isomeric 17, 21-cyclic ortho esters (2b).
Flight behavior of normal and anocellate cabbage loopers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The influence of the ocelli on the regulation of flight and initiation intensity was studies in cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni Hubner. Control, sham, and anocellate female moths fly most intensely at sunset; males fly most intensely in the middle of the night. Female activity was lower than that of males. Control and sham males flew significantly more than anocellate males. Because of females' lower flight activity, the flight intensities of control, sham, and anocellate females did not differ significantly. Control and sham males can adjust to changes in the time of sunset better than anocellate male moths.
Effect of Xiyanping injection on hand-food-mouth disease

Objective To discuss the effect of Xiyanping injection on hand-food-mouth disease.Methods From May 2009 to May 2011,45 cases with hand-food-mouth disease were divided into study group with 22cases and control group with 23 cases.The study group was treated with Xiyanping injection,and the control group was treated with Ribavirin injection.The clinical efficacy of two groups were compared.Results The total effective rate of study was higher than control group,temperature to restoring time and deflorescence time was shorter(P all 0.05);Liver function recovery rate and troponin negative-inverted rate were highere than control group,but has no significant difference(P 0.05).Enterovirus negative-inverted of study group was 100.0%.Conclusion Xiyanping in treatment of hand-food-mouth disease is characteristic of curative effect,little side effect.
Monoclonal antibodies for clinical applications. Patents and literature

The use of monoclonal antibodies for clinical applications has increased dramatically in the past few years. Monoclonal antibodies are used for the detection of bacterial and viral infections, determination of the presence and stage of cancer, and as diagnostics for the detection and quantitation of low molecular weight compounds of clinical and biochemical interest. The latter application has also taken place through the development of monoclonal antibody-based sensors. The ease of monoclonal antibody synthesis and their high degree of antigen specificity has made monoclonal antibodies ideal for the aforementioned clinical applications. Recent US patents and scientific literature on clinical applications of monoclonal antibodies are surveyed. Patent abstracts are summarized individually and a list of literature references are given.
Anisotropic Thermal Transport in Thermoelectric Composites of Conjugated Polyelectrolytes/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

We report a method to determine the thermal conductivities of polymer composites with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) using time-domain thermoreflectance. Both through-plane and in-plane thermal conductivities were determined. Two types of CPEs used in these studies are of the same conjugated backbone but with either cationic (CPE-PyrBIm4) or anionic (CPE-Na) pendant functionalities. The CPE-Na/SWNT composites are p-type conductors, whereas the CPE-PyrBIm4/SWNT counterparts exhibit n-type charge transport. The CPE/SWNT films were prepared through a filtration method that preferentially aligns the SWNTs in the in-plane direction. Attaching the composites onto glass substrates with a precoated heat transducer allows one to measure the through-plane thermal conductivity of materials with rough surfaces. The in-plane thermal conductivity can be measured by embedding thick samples into epoxy followed by microtoming to expose the relatively smooth cross sections. The thermal conductivity along the in-pla...
Abstract 4722: Selective inhibition of DNA methyltransferases and efficacy of novel DNMT inhibitors in leukemia xenografts

Background. DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 plays an important role in tumorigenesis and is responsible for maintenance and propagation of DNA methylation patterns, and DNMT3A and DNMT3B are involved in de novo DNA methylation. 4’-Thio-5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-aza-T-dCyd) and 4’-thio-2’-deoxycytidine (T-dCyd) are novel DNMT inhibitors in development. In this investigation, we test the hypothesis that DNMTs are differentially modulated by DNMT inhibitors that may contribute to treatment efficacy. Methods. Animals (5 per group) bearing HL-60 leukemia cell xenografts were treated with saline or aza-T-dCyd at 2 mg/kg with and without 100 mg/kg tetrahydrouridine (ThU) for 5 days weekly for 2 weeks and cycle repeat after 9-day rest. Two other groups were dosed with T-dCyd at 4 mg/kg and decitabine at 0.75 mg/kg, respectively. Tumor growth was assessed by measuring tumor size. Expression of DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B was examined by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded tumors resected at day 11. Results. Expression of DNMT1 was high, DNMT3B intermediate, and DNMT3A at low levels in saline control group. Significant growth delay was achieved in the aza-T-dCyd (86%) and aza-T-dCyd plus ThU cohorts (45%), compared with the controls. In the aza-T-dCyd treated xenografts, histological examination confirmed a significant reduction (77%) in tumor area (P = 0.002). Expression of DNMT1 and DNMT3B (n = 2 in aza-TdCyd group) was reduced in aza-T-dCyd cohort (P = 0.01 and P = 0.04) as well as aza-T-dCyd in combination with ThU group (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03). In contrast, no growth inhibition but decrease in DNMT3A and DNMT1 were observed by dosing with decitabine. There were neither delays for tumor growth nor changes of all three DNMTs by T-dCyd treatment with the dose administered. Conclusions. Aza-T-dCyd and aza-T-dCyd plus ThU treatments result in significant tumor growth inhibition in HL-60 leukemia xenografts. The anti-tumor activity is associated with simultaneous inhibition of the two drug targets — DNMT1 and DNMT3B. The preclinical results provide compelling evidence to advance aza-T-dCyd for clinical development and perhaps in the context of companion biomarker approach. Citation Format: Dat Nguyen, Melinda Hollingshead, Larry Rubinstein, James Doroshow, Sherry X. Yang. Selective inhibition of DNA methyltransferases and efficacy of novel DNMT inhibitors in leukemia xenografts. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4722.
A 25 Gb/s Hybrid-Integrated Silicon Photonic Source-Synchronous Receiver With Microring Wavelength Stabilization

Single-mode wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) optical links are an attractive technology to meet the growing interconnect bandwidth demand in data center applications. This paper presents a multi-channel hybrid-integrated photonic receiver based on microring drop filters and waveguide photodetectors implemented in a 130 nm SOI process and high-speed optical front-ends designed in 65 nm CMOS. The source-synchronous receiver utilizes an LC injection-locked oscillator (ILO) in the clock path for improved jitter filtering, while maintaining correlated jitter tracking with the data channels. Receiver sensitivity is improved with a large input-stage feedback resistor transimpedance amplifier (TIA) cascaded with an adaptively-tuned continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE). In order to stabilize the microring drop filter resonance wavelength, a peak-detector-based thermal tuning loop is implemented with a 0.7 nm range at $43~\mu \text {W}$ /GHz efficiency. When tested with a waveguide photodetector with 0.45 A/W responsivity, the receiver achieves -8.0 dBm OMA sensitivity at a BER $= 10^{\mathrm {-12}}$ with a jitter tolerance corner frequency near 20 MHz and a per-channel power consumption of 17 mW including amortized clocking power.
Discontinuous Galerkin methods for a contact problem with Tresca friction arising in linear elasticity

Abstract In this article, we propose and analyze discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods for a contact problem with Tresca friction for the linearized elastic material. We derive a residual based a posteriori error estimator for the proposed class of DG methods. The reliability and the efficiency of a posteriori error estimator is shown. We further investigate a priori error estimates under the minimal regularity assumption on the exact solution. An important property shared by a class of DG methods, allow us to carry out the analysis in a unified framework. Numerical experiments are reported to illustrate theoretical results.
Rescue alemtuzumab for refractory acute cellular rejection and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation

Refractory acute cellular rejection (rACR) is associated with death and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) post-lung transplantation. We report the largest cohort of lung transplant recipients (LTRs) treated with rescue alemtuzumab for rACR or BOS. RACR outcomes included burden of ACR 30 days before and 180 days after rescue assessed by a novel composite rejection standardized score (CRSS, range 0-6) and freedom from ≥A2 ACR. BOS outcomes included freedom from BOS progression and FEV1 decline >10%. Univariate parametric and nonparametric statistical approaches were used to assess treatment response. Kaplan-Meier method with log rank conversion was used to assess freedom from events. Fifty-seven alemtuzumab doses (ACR 40 and BOS 17) given to 51 patients were included. Median time to rescue was 722 (IQR 42-1403) days. CRSS declined significantly (3 vs 0.67, P 10% was 70% in BOS grade 1 and 14.3% in advanced BOS grades 2-3. Infections developed in 72.5% and 76.5% of rACR and BOS groups. Rescue alemtuzumab appears useful for rACR. Patients with BOS 1 may have transient benefit, and patients with advanced BOS seem not to respond to alemtuzumab.
Crystal structure of penta-sodium hydrogen dicitrate from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and DFT comparison.

The crystal structure of penta­sodium hydrogen dicitrate, Na5H(C6H5O7)2, has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Each of the two independent citrate anions is joined into a dimer by very strong centrosymmetric O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, with O⋯O distances of 2.419 and 2.409 A. Four octa­hedrally coordinated Na+ ions share edges to form open layers parallel to the ab plane. A fifth Na+ ion in trigonal–bipyramidal coordination shares faces with NaO6 octahedra on both sides of these layers.
Ethics and Security under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act

The dynamic nature of today’s capital markets creates issues that increasingly move beyond the bright line of black and white. New industries, spurred by new services and new technologies, are creating new questions and challenges that must be addressed. Today, we are witnessing a broad shift from an industrial economy to a more service based one; a shift from bricks and mortar to technology and knowledge. (Levitt, 1999)
Paravertebral calcification as a potential indicator for nonaccidental trauma

We report a case of nonaccidental trauma (NAT) involving a 23-month-old boy who presented with seizures, acute subarachnoid hemorrhage, and acute subdural hemorrhage. Ophthalmologic examination showed bilateral intraretinal hemorrhages. Further evaluation revealed that he had bilateral thoracolumbar paravertebral calcifications. The Children's Protective Services agency was involved in the case. The child was discharged to an inpatient rehabilitation facility. Vertebral fracture associated with paravertebral calcification has been reported as a sign of NAT. This case was unique because our patient had paravertebral calcifications without vertebral fracture. Paravertebral calcification alone could serve as an indicator of NAT.
Zebrafish: Retinal Development and Regeneration

Zebrafish is an ideal model system to study retinal development and regeneration of the damaged adult retina. While much is known about the molecules and mechanisms underlying development, significantly less is understood about regeneration. Recent studies make it clear that regeneration is not a simple recapitulation of developmental mechanisms. Regeneration involves Muller glial activation and reentry into the cell cycle to produce neuronal progenitor cells, which continue to proliferate and migrate to the damaged retinal layer and differentiate into the lost neurons. Several new approaches promise to reveal the molecules and processes underlying regeneration of retinal neurons.
1.09 – Molecular Dynamics

This chapter describes the key attributes of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in a manner that makes clear why and how MD enables the characterization of the physical properties and processes that primarily control microstructural evolution. The discussion is illustrated with the results of case studies related to crystal stability, elastic constants, and dislocation mobility. It is further supplemented by a description of the virtues and limitations of MD in materials research across multiple length and time scales.
Nonmonotonic logics: meaning and utility

We propose a unifying framework for nonmonotonic logics, which subsumes previously published systems, and at the same time is very simple. We discuss some of the technicalities of the new general framework, illustrate briefly how some previous systems are special cases of it, and finish an informal discussion of the intuitive meaning of nonmonotonic inferences.
Suspected hematologic malignancy complicates lupus cerebritis treatment

Comorbidities make determining a patient's optimal treatment plan substantially more difficult. This article describes lupus cerebritis, a neuropsychiatric presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus, in a patient with a risk for hematologic malignancies. The patient's primary care team had to weigh the benefit versus potential harm of various therapies to find the best treatment.
The effects of short-term medroxyprogesterone acetate on rut related behaviors, semen characteristics and fertility in farmed reindeer bulls.

Abstract The effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on velvet antler cleaning, hypophagia, aggressive behavior and fertility were evaluated in farmed reindeer bulls during a 2-year study. Eight reindeer bulls aged 1–4 years were divided into 2 groups balanced for age. During each year, one group (MPA, n = 4) was treated with MPA 2 wk prior to the expected onset of rut while the other group (CTL, n = 4) served as untreated controls. Feed consumption, behavior and antler cleaning were recorded daily or 3 x weekly for 3 mo. Each year a dominant CTL and MPA bull were put into separate harems of estrous synchronized females for 1 wk in mid-September. Following harem breakup, semen was collected from all bulls via electroejaculation and evaluated. In Year 2 the bulls were switched such that year 1 MPA bulls received the CTL treatment and year 1 CTL bulls received MPA treatment. In Year 2 all eight bulls received MPA treatment/booster following semen collection. In both years, MPA treatment reduced rut associated body weight loss (p ≤ 0.05), rut associated hypophagia (p ≤ 0.001), interfered with velvet antler cleaning, and abolished aggressive rut related behavior. All of these changes suggest suppression of testosterone mediated effects. Alternatively, semen parameters differed little between treatment groups with the exception of reduced sperm concentration and total sperm production in MPA bulls (p ≤ 0.05). All CTL bulls in Year 2 exhibited full rut behavior with the dominant bull successfully breeding 100% of females available for breeding, suggesting no carryover effect of MPA treatment from the previous year. The MPA bull successfully bred 4 of 6 females (Year 1) but the MPA bull in Year 2 failed to sire any offspring. A single 400 mg treatment of MPA just prior to rut was sufficient to suppress rut associated aggression and hypophagia on a short-term (3 mo) basis. It did not however, completely suppress fertility.
Identifying C n -symmetric higher-order topology and fractional corner charge using entanglement spectra

We study the entanglement spectrum (ES) of two-dimensional ${C}_{n}$-symmetric second-order topological insulators (TIs). We show that some characteristic higher-order topological observables, e.g., the filling anomaly and its associated fractional corner charge, can be determined from the ES of atomic and fragile TIs. By constructing the relationship between the configuration of Wannier orbitals and the number of protected in-gap states in the ES for different symmetric cuts in real space, we express the fractional corner charge in terms of the number of protected in-gap states of the ES. We show that our formula is robust in the presence of electron-electron interactions as long as the interactions preserve ${C}_{n}$ rotation symmetry and charge-conservation symmetry. Moreover, we discuss the possible signatures of higher-order topology in the many-body ES. Our methods allow the identification of some classes of higher-order topology without requiring the usage of nested Wilson loops or nested entanglement spectra.
Complications from Pulmonary Contusions after Rib Plating: A Case Series and Lessons Learned

Background: Surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF) is increasing in popularity with low reported complication rates. Pulmonary contusion (PC) has been cited as a relative contraindication to SSRF in cases of patients with respiratory failure due to chest wall injury. However, the reported experience and clinical data regarding PC on this topic remain limited. The objective of this study was to describe the experience treating patients with moderate-to-severe PCs utilizing SSRF and identify risk factors for pulmonary complications postoperative acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods: The trauma registry of a Level 1 trauma center was reviewed from 2015 to 2019, and patients who underwent SSRF were assessed. Computed tomography was examined, and PC score was calculated in patients with a documented PC by a researcher and verified by a board-certified radiologist using the PC score as described by Chen et al. Demographic, clinical, and outcome data were analyzed and reported. Results: Ninety-two patients were included in the initial analysis as having undergone SSRF in the study period. The patients were 72.8% male and averaged 5.5 ± 4.4 days from admission to SSRF. Nine patients with severe chest trauma and PCs underwent SSRF. Of these patients, four had severe bilateral PCs and five had severe unilateral PC, totaling >20% of total lung capacity. Three patients had ipsilateral moderate-to-severe PCs with traumatic pneumatoceles. They underwent SSRF within 48 h of admission per standard practice. They were all placed in the lateral decubitus position with the affected side up. Their intraoperative courses were complicated by bloody secretions present in the endotracheal tubes. Only one patient had lung isolation using dual-lumen endotracheal intubation and had an uneventful perioperative course. Postoperatively, the other two patients developed severe ARDS that required mechanical ventilation for several days, significantly complicating their recovery. Discussion: This case series highlights the relative risk of SSRF in patients with significant PC. Early SSRF in patients with PC ≥3 was associated with ARDS when patients did not undergo intraoperative lung isolation. In two patients with severe PC, the contusions themselves did not produce respiratory failure on admission; however, intraoperative positioning resulted in the aspiration of bloody secretions from the contused lung into the unaffected lung, causing severe postoperative ARDS. Suggested measures to prevent future events may include isolating the contused lung intraoperatively or delaying SSRF until contusion has resolved, if feasible.
Socio-demographic characteristics of the association between knowledge of antibiotic therapy and prudent use in Ghana

# Background Increasing resistance of bacterial infections to current treatment threatens to derail progress made to reduce the global burden of diseases. Inadequate knowledge about prudent use of antibiotics is considered a determinant of increasing risks of antibiotic resistance. However, there is insufficient research on effective ways to target information that could increase public knowledge toward improvement of antibiotics stewardship. The aim of this study was to assess the association between knowledge and use of antibiotics in Ghana. # Methods Four hundred residents of the Greater Accra and Upper West regions of Ghana, aged 18 years and older, who had previously used antibiotics, completed a standardized questionnaire survey during the months of September-October 2018. The survey collected information on individual knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Principal component and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the different components of knowledge and their association with antibiotic use. # Results Two main principal components were identified; (i) knowledge about treatment of common illnesses (ii) knowledge about prudent use of antibiotics. There was a significant association between gender and the first component, with women having higher knowledge about the treatment of malaria, headaches, and body aches (beta, b= 0.25; P<0.05; 95% confidence interval, CI=0.01-0.48). Similarly, older individuals aged 25-54 years scored significantly higher than the referent 18-24-year group. The second component revealed significant differences in age, education, and residence, with older adults, persons with higher educational attainment, and Greater Accra residents exhibiting better knowledge about the prudent use of antibiotics for bacterial infections. Likewise, the odds of using antibiotics appropriately was 1.4 times higher for individuals with knowledge about the prudent use of antibiotics (adjusted odds ratio, AOR=1.40; P<0.01; 95% CI=1.15-1.69). Participants who had received a medical prescription during the last occurrence of illness had better knowledge about the treatment of gonorrhea and bladder/urinary tract infections and were knowledgeable about the risks of sharing and buying antibiotics, compared to individuals who had not received a prescription. # Conclusions Age, gender, residence, education, as well as experience with antibiotics therapy were identified as determinants associated with knowledge of antibiotics and their uses, thereby providing opportunities to improve community-level antibiotics stewardship.
Catalytic coproduction of methanol and glycol in one pot from epoxide, CO2, and H2

An atom (100%) and energy-efficient approach to coproduce two commodity chemicals, methanol and glycol, has been demonstrated for the first time using H2, CO2, and epoxide as feeds. A basic medium used for CO2 capture, polyethyleneimine (PEI600), is shown to facilitate the formation of a key reaction intermediate, cyclic carbonates. Upon hydrogenation of cyclic carbonates in the presence of a homogenous Ru-PNP catalyst, a 1 : 1 mixture of methanol and glycol is produced. This approach has been demonstrated in one pot by adding all the required reactants directly or stepwise. The stepwise addition of reactants resulted in good yields (>95% for PG and 84% for methanol) and selectivity of products.
Provider Attitudes on Regionalization of Maternity Care: A National Survey.

To explore provider perspectives surrounding national guidelines proposing regionalization of maternal care. An 18-item survey focused on provider attitudes and practices surrounding regionalized maternity care was administered to a national sample of practicing obstetricians. We classified respondants reporting less than 500 annual deliveries at their hospital as low-volume providers and those practicing at hospitals performing 500 or more annual deliveries as high-volume providers. We compared responses according to hospital delivery volume using univariate analysis. Of the 497 physicians surveyed, 278 people responded (56%) with 229 currently practicing obstetrics. The median annual delivery volume amongst respondents was 200 (interquartile range 100–1900) with 146 (63.7%) practicing in low-volume delivery centers. The need for medical or surgical expertise was the most commonly reported indication for maternal transfer (19.7%) and independent of practice setting. Ninety-six percent of providers agreed with the concept of regionalization, but respondents in high-volume centers reported higher familiarity with the levels of maternal care paradigm compared to their low-volume counterparts (81.9% v. 62.3%, p < 0.01). Financial factors (60.3%), geography (48.9%), and access to care (43.2%) were the most cited major barriers to regionalization. High-volume providers endorsed geography as a major barrier more often than low-volume providers (57.8% v. 43.8%, p = 0.04). Obstetricians may agree with the concept of regionalized maternity care but also identify significant barriers to its implementation. Early and frequent engagement of providers reflecting the diversity of delivery centers in a region is a simple but necessary step in any attempts to designate levels of maternal care.
Identification of covalent inhibitors that disrupt M. tuberculosis growth by targeting multiple serine hydrolases involved in lipid metabolism

Summary The increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections is a global health threat necessitating the development of new antibiotics. Serine hydrolases (SHs) are a promising class of targets because of their importance for the synthesis of the mycobacterial cell envelope. We screen a library of small molecules containing serine-reactive electrophiles and identify narrow-spectrum inhibitors of M. tuberculosis growth. Using these lead molecules, we perform competitive activity-based protein profiling and identify multiple SH targets, including enzymes with uncharacterized functions. Lipidomic analyses of compound-treated cultures reveal an accumulation of free lipids and a substantial decrease in lipooligosaccharides, linking SH inhibition to defects in cell envelope biogenesis. Mutant analysis reveals a path to resistance via the synthesis of mycocerates, but not through mutations to SH targets. Our results suggest that simultaneous inhibition of multiple SH enzymes is likely to be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of M. tuberculosis infections.
Behavioral Mapless Navigation Using Rings

This paper presents work on the development and implementation of a novel approach to robotic navigation. In this system, map-building and localization for obstacle avoidance are discarded in favor of moment-by-moment behavioral processing of the sonar sensor data. To accomplish this, we developed a network of behaviors that communicate through the passing of rings, data structures that are similar in form to the sonar data itself and express the decisions of each behavior. Through the use of these rings, behaviors can moderate each other, conflicting impulses can be mediated, and designers can easily connect modules to create complex emergent navigational techniques. We discuss the development of a number of these modules and their successful use as a navigation system in the Trinity omnidirectional robot.
Focus on Technology: Flip Your Classroom to Increase Academic Achievement

In 2007, two science teachers—Jonathan Bergman and Aaron Sams—experimented with an innovative way to teach. Instead of lecturing in school, they made videos that allowed their students to view the ...
Diameter of random spanning trees in a given graph

Motivated by the observation that the sparse tree-like subgraphs in a small world graph have large diameter, we analyze random spanning trees in a given host graph. We show that the diameter of a random spanning tree of a given host graph G is between and with high probability., where c and c′ depend on the spectral gap of G and the ratio of the moments of the degree sequence. For the special case of regular graphs, this result improves the previous lower bound by Aldous by a factor of logn. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 69: 223–240, 2012 (Contract grant sponsor: ONR MURI; Contract grant number: N000140810747 (to F. C.); Contract grant sponsor: AF/SUB; Contract grant number: 552082 (to F. C.); Contract grant sponsor: NSF; Contract grant numbers: DMS 0701111 and DMS 1000475 (to L. L.).)
Ocular Neovascularization Caused by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection Results from Breakdown of Binding between Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A and Its Soluble Receptor

The normal cornea is transparent, which is essential for normal vision, and although the angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is present in the cornea, its angiogenic activity is impeded by being bound to a soluble form of the VEGF receptor-1 (sVR-1). This report investigates the effect on the balance between VEGF-A and sVR-1 that occurs after ocular infection with HSV, which causes prominent neovascularization, an essential step in the pathogenesis of the vision-impairing lesion, stromal keratitis. We demonstrate that HSV-1 infection causes increased production of VEGF-A but reduces sVR-1 levels, resulting in an imbalance of VEGF-A and sVR-1 levels in ocular tissues. Moreover, the sVR-1 protein made was degraded by the metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes MMP-2, -7, and -9 produced by infiltrating inflammatory cells that were principally neutrophils. Inhibition of neutrophils, inhibition of sVR-1 breakdown with the MMP inhibitor marimastat, and the provision of exogenous recombinant sVR-1 protein all resulted in reduced angiogenesis. Our results make the novel observation that ocular neovascularization resulting from HSV infection involves a change in the balance between VEGF-A and its soluble inhibitory receptor. Future therapies aimed to increase the production and activity of sVR-1 protein could benefit the management of stromal keratitis, an important cause of human blindness.
The development of a 3C-PIV system for the 12-foot pressure tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center

A three-component particle image velocimetry (3C-PIV) system was designed installed in the 12-foot (3.7 m) pressure tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center. The system was designed for the testing of a 1/8/sup th/ scale tractor-trailer model called the generic conventional model (GCM). The 12-foot PWT can be pressurized to 6 atmospheres to enable the testing of Reynolds number effects. The data requirements forced a complex system design. Furthermore, the system had to reside inside the plenum where components sensitive to high pressure had to be isolated. Data were obtained in the gap between the tractor and the trailer where Reynolds number effects were suspected to occur. Sample data from this experiment are presented in this paper.
Friends: The Role of Peer Influence Across Adolescent Risk Behaviors

This longitudinal project examined peer influence across five risk behaviors: cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, marijuana use, tobacco chewing, and sexual debut. A total of 1,969 adolescents aged 12–18 years completed two waves of data collection. Each respondent matched behavior data for at least one friend. Results found that a random same sex peer predicts a teen's risk behavior initiation; there is influence only to initiate cigarette and marijuana use; and that there is influence to initiate and stop alcohol and chewing tobacco use. This finding suggests that friends may protect adolescents from risk activities. The study has implications for understanding how peer influence, expressed as social norms, may be used in public health campaigns that target teen behavior.
Response to Intervention: An Alternative Means of Identifying Students as Emotionally Disturbed.

Children and youth exhibiting serious emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems create substantial challenges for schools, teachers, their parents, and other students. Students having these characteristics are often underserved or unserved by educational and mental health systems in the United States. Recent prevalence rates for children served as emotionally disturbed (ED) under the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act is less than 1 percent although over 20 percent of the school population could qualify for a psychiatric diagnosis. A major reason for the underservice of children as ED lies in the federal definition of emotional disturbance which is nebulous, often illogical, and self-contradictory. An alternative approach to ED identification based on a student's response to an evidence-based intervention is proposed in this article. Response to intervention is defined and described along with methods and procedures for quantifying whether or not a student shows an adequate or inadequate response to an evidence-based intervention implemented with integrity.
Using Density Functional Theory Methods for Modeling Induction and Dispersion Interactions in Ligand–Protein Complexes

Abstract Density functional theory (DFT) is a relatively fast and inexpensive ab initio computational method that can be used to compute high-accuracy electronic and structural properties of molecular systems. Due to DFT’s formal and algorithmic flexibility, it has the potential to model much larger systems than any other ab initio method. One of the modern challenges in science, particularly computational science, is the accurate modeling of proteins and nucleic acids, and the interactions of these macromolecules with their small molecule substrates, including drugs. These intermolecular interactions include hydrogen bonding and other pure electrostatic interactions, which can be modeled accurately using a wide variety of computational methods, and induction/dispersion interactions, which are more difficult to model with current methods. DFT is the most promising method available today to model full-scale protein–ligand interactions including induction/dispersion. Currently, DFT has been applied to small models that represent these biological systems, and is increasingly being applied to small subsets of these biological systems. These applications provide proof of concept for the potential future application of these methods to full-scale protein–ligand interactions.
Fast two-level logic minimizers for multi-level logic synthesis

Two methods for two-level logic minimization tuned to a multilevel network environment are discussed. Each produces results superior to ESPRESSO. The tautology-based method is very simple and can be coded in less than 700 lines of C language using the existing data structures, and some routines in ESPRESSO. The reduced offset modification is somewhat more complicated but gives the best results. This algorithm has been incorporated into MISII. The authors have demonstrated that a simple filter applied to the don't care set in this application can be extremely effective. >
Differential Rotation of the Soft-X-Ray Corona over a Solar Cycle

Abstract The Yohkoh Soft X-ray Telescope has provided unprecedented high spatial and temporal resolution images of the solar corona in X-rays for a complete activity cycle. Building upon earlier work, we perform time-series analysis on latitude bins of the full-disk images (SFDs) to describe the differential rotation of the corona over latitude and cycle phase. The bins are formed by integrating over localized regions in heliographic longitude and latitude. Using tecniques of Bayesian harmonic analysis, we find that the rotation signal in the data comprises several components, of which the solar activity cycle is dominant. Typically, there are several rotation components, but one is usually preeminent. We find evidence for rotation power in the corona that matches signals found in solar neutrino experiments.
A Hierarchical Design Platform for Microelectrofluidic Systems (MEFS)

Composite microsystems that incorporate microelectromechanical and microelectrofluidic devices are emerging as the next generation of system-on-a-chip (SOC). Composite microsystems combine microstructures with solid-state electronics to integrate multiple coupled energy domains, e.g., electrical, mechanical, thermal, fluidic, and optical, on an SOC. The combination of microelectronics and microstructures enables the miniaturization and integration of new classes of systems that can be used for environmental sensing, control actuation, electromagnetics, biomedical analyses, agent detection, and precision fluid dispensing. There remain however several roadblocks to rapid and efficient composite system design. Primary among these is the need for modeling, simulation, and design/manufacturing optimization tools.
On hierarchical diameter-clustering, and the supplier problem

Given a data set in metric space, we study the problem of hierarchical clustering to minimize the maximum cluster diameter, and the hierarchical k-supplier problem with customers arriving online. We prove that two previously known algorithms for hierarchical clustering, one (offline) due to Dasgupta and Long and the other (online) due to Charikar, Chekuri, Feder and Motwani, are essentially the same algorithm when points are considered in the same order. We show that the analysis of both algorithms are tight and exhibit a new lower bound for hierarchical clustering. Finally we present the first constant factor approximation algorithm for the online hierarchical k-supplier problem.
Women in Medical Specialty Societies: An Update

The question of whether women are joining medical specialty societies at the same rate as their male counterparts has not been studied. A questionnaire was mailed to 48 medical specialty societies representing the 37 specialties listed in thePhysician Characteristics and Distribution in the U.S., 1986 Edition. The response rate was 79%. Twenty organizations were able to identify the sex of their members, including the 7 specialty societies that represent the 6 most frequently chosen specialties of women physicians. Only in the American Psychiatric Association and the American Academy of Family Physicians was the enrollment of potential female members equivalent to that of male members. If the medical specialty societies do not address the issue of women being underrepresented in their societies, they will lose a large potential resource of leadership, participation, and financial support. More important, the societies will not be truly representative of their specialties. (JAMA. 1989;262:3439-3443)