cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Improved Comprehensive Medication Review Process to Assess Healthcare Outcomes in a Rural Independent Community Pharmacy

For years many pharmacists have been performing ‘brown bag’ medication reviews for patients. While most pharmacists and student pharmacists are familiar with this process, it is important to determine the value patients receive from this service. Over the course of this study the authors attempted to modernize the medication reconciliation process and collect data on patient prescription drug and over-the-counter drug use, along with quantifying the types of interventions the pharmacy’s clinical staff performed for patients during this process. The pharmacy partnered with a Quality Improvement Organization to trial their Blue Bag Intervention (BBI) program. The BBI program offered several additional services to the traditional brown bag review. The BBI was instituted as a follow-up tool in the pharmacy’s diabetes self-management education/training clinic to aid in patient follow-up and help the clinical staff identify medication-related events such as medication adherence issues and drug–drug interactions. The clinical staff identified approximately 2.2 events per patient with over 50% being issues that affected patient safety.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the Surgical Management of Infants Less than One Year of Age with Feeding Difficulties.

Abstract Background We compared the cost-effectiveness of the common surgical strategies for the management of infants with feeding difficulty. Methods Infants with feeding difficulty undergoing gastrostomy alone (GT), GT and fundoplication, or gastrojejunostomy (GJ) tube were enrolled between 2/2017 and 2/2018. A validated GERD symptom severity questionnaire (GSQ) and visual analog scale (VAS) to assess quality of life (QOL) were administered at baseline, 1 month, and every 6 months. Data collected included demographics, resource utilization, diagnostic studies, and costs. VAS scores were converted to quality adjusted life months (QALMs), and costs per QALM were compared using a decision tree model. Results Fifty patients initially had a GT alone (71% laparoscopically), and one had a primary GJ. Median age was 4 months (IQR 3–8 months). Median follow-up was 11 months (IQR 5–13 months). Forty-three did well with GT alone. Six (12%) required conversion from GT to GJ tube, and one required a fundoplication. Of those with GT alone, six (14%) improved significantly so that their GT was removed after a mean of 7 ± 3 months. Overall, the median GSQ score improved from 173 at baseline to 18 after 1 year (p Conclusions Most patients improved with GT alone without needing GJ tube or fundoplication. GT and GJ tube were associated with improvement in symptoms and QOL. GJ tube patients reported greater gains in QALMS but incurred higher costs. Further analysis of willingness to pay for each additional QALM will help determine the value of care. Study and level of evidence Cost-effectiveness study, Level II.
Diagnosis and Classification

Diagnosis and classification are processes of using tests and other measures to assess the educational needs of children with special needs. Unlike assessment in general education, assessment of children with special needs is different for each child and must be an intra-individual process for each child’s needs. Finally, diagnosis and classification can be modified to fit the unique needs of children requiring special education, and this is the premise of this article.
Conserved Oligomeric Golgi (COG) Complex Proteins Facilitate Orthopoxvirus Entry, Fusion and Spread

Although orthopoxviruses (OPXV) are known to encode a majority of the genes required for replication in host cells, genome-wide genetic screens have revealed that several host pathways are indispensable for OPXV infection. Through a haploid genetic screen, we previously identified several host genes required for monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection, including the individual genes that form the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex. The COG complex is an eight-protein (COG1–COG8) vesicle tethering complex important for regulating membrane trafficking, glycosylation enzymes, and maintaining Golgi structure. In this study, we investigated the role of the COG complex in OPXV infection using cell lines with individual COG gene knockout (KO) mutations. COG KO cells infected with MPXV and vaccinia virus (VACV) produced small plaques and a lower virus yield compared to wild type (WT) cells. In cells where the KO phenotype was reversed using a rescue plasmid, the size of virus plaques increased demonstrating a direct link between the decrease in viral spread and the KO of COG genes. KO cells infected with VACV displayed lower levels of viral fusion and entry compared to WT suggesting that the COG complex is important for early events in OPXV infection. Additionally, fewer actin tails were observed in VACV-infected KO cells compared to WT. Since COG complex proteins are required for cellular trafficking of glycosylated membrane proteins, the disruption of this process due to lack of individual COG complex proteins may potentially impair the virus-cell interactions required for viral entry and egress. These data validate that the COG complex previously identified in our genetic screens plays a role in OPXV infection.
Association of vitamins, minerals, and lead with Lipoprotein(a) in a cross-sectional cohort of US adults.

Lipoprotein(a)(Lp[a]) is a low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)-like particle with potent pro-atherothrombotic properties. The association of Lp(a) with several circulating factors, including vitamins, remains unresolved. We performed an observational analysis using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III cohort, a cohort used to monitor the nutrition status of US-citizens. We used multivariable linear regression to test associations of Lp(a) and LDL-C with levels of serum vitamins and minerals and whole-blood lead. Analyses controlled for factors known to associate with Lp(a) (age, sex, race/ethnicity, statin use, hemoglobin A1c, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, glomerular filtration rate, alcohol intake, and saturated fat intake). LDL-C was corrected for Lp(a) mass. Multiple sensitivity tests were performed, including considering factors as categorical variables (deficient, normal, elevated). Among 7,662 subjects, Lp(a) correlated (β-coefficient) positively (change per 1 conventional unit increase) with carotenoids (lycopene (0.17(0.06,0.28), p=0.005), lutein (0.19(0.07,0.30), p=0.002), β-cryptoxanthin (0.21(0.05,0.37), p=0.01), β-carotene (0.05(0.02,0.09), p=0.003), and α-carotene (0.15(0.01,0.30), p=0.04)) and lead (0.54(0.03,1.05), p=0.04) levels when tested as continuous variables. LDL-C had similar associations. Lp(a) did not associate with vitamins A, B12, C, or E retinyl esters, folate, RBC-folate, selenium, ferritin, transferrin saturation, or calcium. With factors as categorical variables, Lp(a) but not LDL-C negatively associated with elevated vitamin B12 (-5.41(-9.50, -1.53), p=0.01) and folate (-2.86(-5.09, -0.63), p=0.01). In conclusion, Lp(a) associated similarly to LDL-C when vitamins, minerals, and lead were tested as continuous variables, while only Lp(a) correlated with vitamin B12 and folate when tested as categorical variables. These observations are hypotheses generating and require further studies to determine causality.
Reclaiming All of Me: The Racial Queer Identity Framework

The current chapter describes how previous literature on sexual orientation identity developed failed to capture the ways that gender, race, ethnicity, and other factors contributed to the ways that people of color have learned to understand themselves as sexual beings. As similar processes also occur with traditional racial identity development models, the authors propose the Racial Queer Identity Framework, as a way of understanding how identities development simultaneously and how multiple forms of oppression influence identities and senses of self. The chapter ends with a case study to demonstrate the model, while also providing insights for psychotherapists who may work with queer people of color who may struggle with their identities.
Prevalence of Precipitation from Warm-Topped Clouds over Eastern Asia and the Western Pacific

Abstract Land and ship surface synoptic reports of nondrizzle intensity precipitation in progress were matched with 3596 nearly coincident full disk 4-km resolution infrared images from the GMS-5 geostationary satellite, covering 18 calendar months, in order to derive regional and seasonal estimates of the contribution of relatively warm-topped clouds to the total time in precipitation. Minimum infrared temperatures of 273 K or warmer were found to be associated with 20%–40% of the surface reports of nondrizzle precipitation over much of the ocean east of Australia during all four seasons. Similar or even larger fractions were found during December–March over parts of Indochina, southern China, and the adjacent South China Sea. Although reports of precipitation of moderate or heavy intensity were found to be associated more often with colder cloud tops, there were still regions for which a substantial fraction of these reports were associated with relatively warm clouds. These results suggest at least a p...
Rotator cuff tear shape characterization: a comparison of two-dimensional imaging and three-dimensional magnetic resonance reconstructions

Background The purpose of this study was to see if 3-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could improve our understanding of rotator cuff tendon tear shapes. We believed that 3D MRI would be more accurate than two-dimensional (2D) MRI for classifying tear shapes. Methods We performed a retrospective review of MRI studies of patients with arthroscopically proven full-thickness rotator cuff tears. Two orthopedic surgeons reviewed the information for each case, including scope images, and characterized the shape of the cuff tear into crescent, longitudinal, U- or L-shaped longitudinal, and massive type. Two musculoskeletal radiologists reviewed the corresponding MRI studies independently and blind to the arthroscopic findings and characterized the shape on the basis of the tear's retraction and size using 2D MRI. The 3D reconstructions of each cuff tear were reviewed by each radiologist to characterize the shape. Statistical analysis included 95% confidence intervals and intraclass correlation coefficients. Results The study reviewed 34 patients. The accuracy for differentiating between crescent-shaped, longitudinal, and massive tears using measurements on 2D MRI was 70.6% for reader 1 and 67.6% for reader 2. The accuracy for tear shape characterization into crescent and longitudinal U- or L-shaped using 3D MRI was 97.1% for reader 1 and 82.4% for reader 2. When further characterizing the longitudinal tears as massive or not using 3D MRI, both readers had an accuracy of 76.9% (10 of 13). The overall accuracy of 3D MRI was 82.4% (56 of 68), significantly different (P = .021) from 2D MRI accuracy (64.7%). Conclusion Our study has demonstrated that 3D MR reconstructions of the rotator cuff improve the accuracy of characterizing rotator cuff tear shapes compared with current 2D MRI–based techniques.
Immune reconstitution syndrome in a patient with disseminated histoplasmosis and steroid taper: maintaining the perfect balance.

Summary Immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS) is an increasingly common condition that has been described in immunosuppressed individuals once immune function is restored. In this case, we describe a patient who had a renal transplant and subsequently developed pulmonary histoplasmosis. His course was also complicated by the development of a clinical syndrome that was originally attributed to thrombocytopenic thrombotic purpura (TTP). When he did not improve with plasmapheresis and high dose prednisone, a bone marrow biopsy revealed disseminated histoplasmosis and administration of prednisone was rapidly tapered. While on 5 mg of prednisone, he developed an inflammatory syndrome characterised by haemoptysis and respiratory distress, full work-up with pathology was consistent with immune reconstitution syndrome. Treatment for IRS consists of continuing treatment for the underlying infection and consideration of administering anti-inflammatory medication for supportive care. This syndrome should be considered in patients who develop worsening inflammatory symptoms while receiving appropriate treatment for their fungal infection in the setting of restoration of immune function.
Involvement of cytochromes in the anaerobic biotransformation of tetrachloromethane by Shewanella putrefaciens 200

Shewanella putrefaciens 200 is an obligate respiratory bacterium that can utilize a variety of terminal electron acceptors, e.g., NO3-, NO2-, Fe(III), and trimethylamine N-oxide, in the absence of O2. The bacterium catalyzed the reductive transformation of tetrachloromethane (CT) under anaerobic conditions. The only identified product was trichloromethane (CF), but CF production was not stoichiometric. No dichloromethane, chloromethane, or methane was produced. A chloride mass balance indicated that fully dechlorinated products were not formed. Studies with [14C]CT suggested that a portion of the transformed CT reacted with biomass to form unidentified soluble and insoluble products. Intermediate production of a trichloromethyl radical can explain observed product distribution without significant CO2 formation. Evidence suggests that respiratory c-type cytochromes are responsible for the dehalogenation ability of S. putrefaciens 200. Previous growth under microaerobic conditions ([O2], < 2.5 microM) results in (i) a 2.6-fold increase in specific heme c content and (ii) a 2.3-fold increase in specific rates of anaerobic CT transformation. Manipulation of heme content by growth on iron-free medium or medium amended with delta-aminolevulinic acid showed that CT transformation rates increase with increases in specific heme c content. Transformation of CT is inhibited by CO. Dehalogenation studies with periplasmic, cytoplasmic, and membrane fractions indicated that only periplasmic and membrane fractions possessed dehalogenation ability. Cytochromes c were the predominant cytochromes present. Membranes were also found to contain smaller amounts of cytochrome b. Observed CT transformation patterns are consistent with a cometabolic description involving fortuitous CT reduction by reduced c-type cytochromes.
Integrated reasoning support in system design: design derivation and theorem proving

Practical applications of formal methods research require the integrated use of distinct tools for reasoning and design. Many approaches to this problem involve embedding specialized verification procedures in a theorem prover or logical framework. In fact, some theorem provers are promoted as frameworks of just this kind. We discuss some of the problems inherent to such monolithic treatments, illustrating with studies we have done in ad hoc heterogeneous reasoning. For both technical and pragmatic reasons we conclude that shallow embedding, that is, integration through superficial syntax translation, is a reasonable and even necessary approach.
Postmodernism and Integrative Therapies

What is reality? Can it be known? Do people respond to reality? Or to their ideas about it? As Anderson (1990) suggests, postmodernism radically changes thinking about reality. Modernist assumptions that empiricism will eventually lead to a grand theory that accurately portrays essential qualities of reality accurately is challenged by a postmodern skepticism that suggests there always is more than one useful way to think about reality. This is especially true for human actions and thought whose limits are conditioned by evolving cultural practices and concepts. Orson Scott Card’s quote suggests the possible constructions of reality by an individual are even more variable.
The source of value of voting rights and related dividend promises

Abstract This paper examines the relative share pricing of 98 firms with two classes of common stock trading in the United States from 1984 to 1999. The firms feature common stock classes with differential voting rights and, in some cases, differential rights to dividends. The observed voting premiums are higher than those reported in previous studies of U.S. firms and are dependent on the form of dividend promise to the low-vote shareholder. The voting premium is higher in the presence of a control threat, when insiders do not hold controlling voting power, and during periods of poor firm performance.
Dynamical basis for the Poincaré stresses

Abstract We explore the possibility that the Poincare stresses needed to stabilize a completely electrodynamical electron arise through a phase transition in the vacuum. By extending our previous work on dynamical symmetry breaking in finite quantum electrodynamics we are able to look for extended structures to see whether a composite electron could be stabilized by critically polarizing its own negative energy sea.
Flying hot-wire measurements in an axisymmetric sudden expansion

Abstract An apparatus was designed and fabricated so that hot-wires could be used to obtain velocity measurements in an axisymmetric sudden expansion. The recirculating flow that exists in a sudden expansion and the directional insensitivity of hot-wires, required a device that would propel the hot-wires through the flow field faster than the flow was recirculating. Such a device, termed a “flying” hot-wire system, literally collected data “on the fly”. The sudden expansion facility has an expansion ratio of 3:1; and all of the measurements were at a Reynolds number of 41,000 based on bulk velocity and inlet pipe diameter. Significant simultaneous multi-point cross-wire measurements were obtained using this system. From these measurements, the mean velocities and normal stresses in all three directions as well as the dominant shear stress could be calculated as a function of streamwise distance. These quantities were used to perform a kinetic energy balance between the mean convection, production, turbulent diffusion and dissipation. From this energy balance, knowledge of the spatial variation of the isotropic dissipation was obtained. From these measurements, the velocity two-point correlation tensor, a quantity difficult to obtain in a separated flow, was calculated. In this paper, the two-point correlation tensor is utilized to calculate the integrated length scales in this flow geometry at several downstream locations.
Motivation for gambling as revealed in the marketing methods of the legitimate gambling industry.

An analysis of the marketing appeals made by the legal Nevada gambling industry yields three main categories of motive toward which appeals are made: (1) rational-economic motives, (2) recreational motives, and (3) prestige-seeking motives. It was noted that the industry seems loath to exploit motives which may be related to psychopathology, such as the desire to lose in order to alleviate guilt.
The development of far UV spectrometers for synchrotron radiation facilities

Abstract In the early days of synchrotron radiation research conventional instruments were adapted for use with the radiation. While these instruments yielded fluxes that were adequate for simple experiments, such as absorption spectroscopy, and produced exciting results, stringent demands imposed by the higher flux requirements of photoelectron spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy created a need for instruments that were designed and optimized for synchrotron radiation as a source. Furthermore, the fundamental challenge of developing designs that maintain a fixed exit slit position and exit beam direction has yielded over the years an evolving array of instrumentation that deliver higher and higher fluxes to the specimen with resolutions adequate for solid state and gas phase experiments of greater and greater sophistication. Since the last conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation instruments have been proposed, designed, and constructed for the synchrotron radiation facilities throughout the world, and in particular, in the United States at existing facilities and at the new laboratories under construction. Monochromators that yield 1011 photons/s - 100 mA - 0.1 eV at a photon energy of 100 eV with 0.03 eV resolution are in operation. Monochromators have also been constructed that yield 1012 photons/s - 100 mA - 0.01 eV at photon energy of 10 eV. Designs that exploit the wavelength region below 100 A with planned resolution of 0.02 A and with expected throughputs of about 1011 photons/s - 100 mA - 0.1 eV are under construction. These are exciting developments which provide dramatic evidence of the continuing progress in monochromator design for the exploitation of synchrotron radiation as an important tool for scientific research.
The Paradox in Using Electrically Stimulated Skeletal Muscle to Pump Blood

For over four decades, various methods have been described for the use of electrically stimulated skeletal muscle to pump blood. To date, there has been no way of predicting the efficacy or long-term pumping capabilities of these methods. This article reviews the basic physiological properties of skeletal muscle and relates them to the blood pumping task and illustrates the paradox, namely a high preload is needed for a forceful contraction, but a high prolonged preload produces muscle ischemia and early fatigue. However, the high preload is only required just before muscle contraction. Two methods are described to attain the high preload and high muscle capillary blood flow.
Childhood depression: Peer reactions to depression and life stress

The present study investigated children's responses to a peer's childhood depression. Younger children in third and fourth grade and older children in fifth and sixth grade were exposed to one of four films. The four films portrayed a female peer who was either depressed or not depressed and who had experienced numerous recent life stresses or no recent life stress. Overall, children rated the depressed peers as less likable and attractive, as engaging in fewer positive current and future behaviors, and as needing therapy more than a nondepressed peer. There was a tendency to rate the depressed peer with high life stress more positively than the depressed peer with low life stress; this tendency decreased with age. Girls rated all of the peers and especially the stressed peers more positively than did the boys. The results are discussed in terms of the implications of children's social interaction for the initiation or maintenance of childhood depression.
Differential expression and induction of mRNAs encoding two inducible nitric oxide synthases in rat kidney

Differential expression and induction of mRNAs encoding two inducible nitric oxide synthases in rat kidney. We used quantitative PCR methods and renal microdissection to characterize the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNAs in rat kidney and cultured glomerular mesangial cells. A partial cDNA homologous to murine macrophage iNOS (macNOS), but distinct from rat vascular smooth muscle iNOS (vsmNOS), was cloned from normal rat kidney. macNOS was the principal iNOS isoform tonically expressed in microdissected glomeruli, proximal tubules, medullary thick ascending limbs (mTAL), cortical and inner medullary collecting ducts (IMCD), and cultured mesangial cells, whereas vsmNOS was the major isoform expressed in arcuate and interlobular arteries. Basal macNOS expression was greatest in mTALs and IMCDs. Restriction mapping of RT-PCR products indicated that basal expression of macNOS mRNA was comparable to that of vsmNOS in cortex, but greater than vsmNOS in outer and inner medulla. However, compared to controls, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats exhibited a much greater proportion of vsmNOS mRNA and higher levels of total iNOS mRNA in each zone. Similarly, TNFα and IF-γ preferentially induced expression of vsmNOS mRNA in cultured mesangial cells. We conclude that two iNOS isoforms are constitutively and heterogeneously expressed in the normal rat kidney, and that endotoxemia and cytokines differentially induce their expression.
Aromatase P450 gene expression in human adipose tissue. Role of a Jak/STAT pathway in regulation of the adipose-specific promoter.

In the present report we describe a heretofore unrecognized role for a Jak/STAT signaling pathway, namely the stimulation of expression of the aromatase P450 (CYP19) gene, and hence of estrogen biosynthesis, in human adipose tissue. Expression of this gene in adipose tissue as well as in adipose stromal cells maintained in the presence of serum and glucocorticoids is regulated by a distal TATA-less promoter, I.4, which contains a glucocorticoid response element, an Sp1 binding site, and an interferon-γ activation site (GAS) element. The stimulatory action of serum (in the presence of dexamethasone) can be replaced by interleukin (IL)-11, leukemia inhibitory factor, and oncostatin-M, as well as by IL-6, providing the IL-6 soluble receptor is also present. Stimulation of the cells by these factors led to rapid phosphorylation of Jak1, but not Jak2 or Jak3, on tyrosine residues. STAT3 but not STAT1 was also phosphorylated and bound to the GAS element in the I.4 promoter region. When regions of this promoter were fused upstream of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene and transfected into the cells, mutagenesis or deletion of the GAS element led to complete loss of reporter gene expression. Since adipose tissue is the major site of estrogen biosynthesis in men and in postmenopausal women, this pathway involving a Jak/STAT signaling mechanism acting together with glucocorticoids and Sp1 appears to be the principal means where-by estrogen biosynthesis is regulated in the elderly.
Effects of microsomal enzyme inducers on animals poisoned with hepatotoxins

Abstract The effects of microsomal enzyme inducers on hepatic function in mice and rats were studied when these drugs were given before or after chemical poisoning. If gastric administration of phetharbital (50–75 mg/kg/day) was begun 12–18 hr after CCl 4 (1.4–1.8 ml/kg) was given, the 20 min sulfobromophthalein (BSP) retention returned to normal in 3–4 days, while animals not receiving the inducer still had markedly abnormal values. SGPT values, which rose after CCl 4 , were not affected by phetharbital. The rise in BSP retention after white phosphorus (2–7.5 mg/kg) also returned to normal more rapidly if daily phetharbital followed the administration of the poison. After phosphorus, SGPT did not rise and phetharbital had no effect on the activity of this enzyme. Phenobarbital had the same effect as phetharbital on BSP retention if given after phosphorus, but 3,4-benzpyrene, oxyphenbutazone or cyclizine did not share this effect. No inducer affected mortality or weight gain after phosphorus poisoning of mice. Phenobarbital pretreatment increased mortality after CCl 4 but not after phosphorus.
Electron Transfer in Phenothiazine/Ru(bpy)32+ Donor−Chromophore Complexes

Time-resolved emission studies have been performed on a series of covalently linked Ru(bipyridine)3−phenothiazine complexes. The emissive Ru(bipyridine)3 metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited state is quenched by electron donation from a phenothiazine (PTZ) donor. The rates of electron transfer (ET) to the MLCT states from the PTZ donor have been analyzed in terms of Marcus theory, in which each phenothiazine acts independently of other phenothiazines in the complex. Reaction energetics were determined from electrochemical data for Ru(2+/1+) and PTZ(1+/0) reduction potentials and MLCT state energies. Quantitative agreement was found between the model's predictions and measured ET times. The results are compared to those obtained for the analogous electron transfer leading to charge separated state formation in a related donor−chromophore−acceptor system.
Kondo Resonance and logT Conductivity in Highly Conducting Trans-Polyacetylene

The density of states of a U-impurity in a chain of trans-polyacetylene is calculated as a function of the atomic impurity level and the hybridization energy. A residual gap in the density of states of the conduction band is included. It is shown that a Kondo-like resonance exists at the top of the gap and that a logT behavior should occur in the resistivity of the sample, as experiments have revealed. We demonstrate that in order to observe the resonance, the gap must be smaller than the Kondo temperature in the gapless system.
Identification of urushiols as the major active principle of the Siddha herbal medicine Semecarpus Lehyam: Anti-tumor agents for the treatment of breast cancer

Breast cancer (BCa) is the most commonly occurring cancer in women, comprising almost one third of all malignancies. Previously we reported that the n-hexane fraction (hSL) of the Siddha herbal medicine, Semecarpus Lehyam, relatively sensitized estrogen receptor-negative (ER(-)) BCa when compared to estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+)) BCa cells. In this study we used a bioassay-guided fractionation approach leading to a simplified fraction of hSL that effectively sensitized both ER(+) (MCF-7) and ER(-) (MDA-231) BCa cells. Further bioassay-guided isolation led to the purification of three potent anti-cancer components from hSL which significantly induced apoptosis in both the BCa cell lines. Their structures were identified through NMR and mass spectroscopic analysis as (7;Z,10;Z)-3-pentadeca-7,10-dienyl-benzene-1,2-diol (1), (8;Z)-3-pentadec-10-enyl-benzene-1,2-diol (2) and 3-pentadecyl-benzene-1,2-diol (3). Compounds (1) and (2) turned out to be more active than (3). The overall results of this study suggest that these major components of hSL may be solely responsible for the anti-tumor effect of SL.
The CDF Forward/Backward Hadron Calorimeter

We have constructed and tested a hadron calorimeter composed of proportional tube chambers and steel plates designed for the forward/backward spectrometer of the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF). The readout of this calorimeter is accomplished through sensing the induced charge pulses produced on the chamber's cathode in response to a hadronic cascade shower. We describe the main features of these chambers and present the results of a performance tests for the first group of chambers produced.
Policy voting and the electoral process: The vietnam war issue

The infrequency of issue voting in American presidential elections is usually attributed to a lack of policy rationality among voters. An examination of the Vietnam war issue in 1968 suggests, however, that much of the explanation may lie instead with the electoral process itself, and with the kinds of choices which are offered to citizens.Policy preferences concerning Vietnam were only weakly related to the two-party vote. Less than 2 per cent of the variance in voting choices between Nixon and Humphrey could be accounted for by opinions on Vietnam. Yet the absence of issue voting could not be fully explained by voters' failings. Most people had strong opinions about Vietnam. The public was generally able to perceive where prenomination candidates stood on the issue. People were able and willing to take account of Vietnam in evaluating other candidates.Voters did not bring their Vietnam preferences to bear upon the choice between Nixon and Humphrey because they saw little difference between the positions of the two, and because they were not certain precisely where either one stood. These perceptions, in turn, were rooted in reality. Humphrey's and Nixon's campaign speeches show that they did differ rather little on specific proposals about Vietnam. Further, both candidates indulged in so much ambiguity about Vietnam that public confusion over their positions was understandable.There are theoretical reasons for believing that candidates in a two-party system often have an incentive to converge at similar policy positions, and to be vague. If they generally do so, their behavior may contribute significantly to the apparent nonrationality of voters. In addition, it may have important implications for questions of collective rationality and social choice.
Studies on glutathione reductase and regeneration of reduced glutathione in normal human adult and cord red cells

Abstract A comparative study of the kinetic characteristics of glutathione reductase and regeneration of reduced glutathione in normal adult and cord red cells was performed. After treatment of intact cord red cells with methyl phenylazoformate, a striking initial delay and a significantly decreased regeneration of reduced glutathione at low temperatures were observed in cord red cells in spite of increased glutathione reductase activity assayed in cord hemolysates.The Michaelis constants of glutathione reductase for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and oxidized glutathione in cord hemolysates were similar to that in adult hemolysates. Maximum glutathione reductase activity was obtained at pH 7.2 and pH 6.8 in cord blood and in adult red cells, respectively.The active form constituted 79% and the inactive form 21% of glutathione reductase in cord hemolysates compared to 68 and 32%, respectively, in adult cells at 37°. Total glutathione reductase activity in cord hemolysates was 1.5 times higher than in adult hemolysates.The functionally lower activity of glutathione reductase in cord blood suggests that the enzyme may be a different one from that of adult red cells.
Image surface approximation with irregular samples

A method to approximate image surfaces using irregular samples is proposed. Experimental results show that a high compression ratio can be achieved for simple or complicated images. A method accounting for the three-dimensional effects is proposed as a way of selecting the irregular samples from the image. Approximation spline knots are chosen along the contours, and the knot replacement is sensitive to the curvature along contours and the density of contours in the near neighborhood. In general, the proposed method was shown to reduce the reconstruction error both qualitatively and quantitatively, and can be used to model the image surface for the purpose of data compression and representation. This approach retains key features in images and throws away redundant data. >
Effects of PV on Conventional Generation

In 2010, photovoltaic generation accounted for 0.28 percent of the renewable generation mix in USA. It has recently been growing at an annual rate of over 220 percent [9]. The proliferation of PV systems offers opportunities (such as a reduction in peak load and loss) but also potential for use in Volt/Var management and control. It also creates need for additional generation that covers uncertainty involved in PV output. In fact, they may in some cases increase fossil fuel consumption (compared to not using renewables with rapid output changes) because of their intermittency. In addition, viewed in hourly resolution (averaged every hour), the PV system has a stable output. Rapid variations in short-term PV generation, typically in minute-averaging resolution, result from transient weather changes. Therefore, this study models the short-term intermittency and investigates the impact that it may have on operation of thermal resources intended to complement the renewables.
Morphologic and cytochemical identification of microperoxisomes in human and non-human primate placental trophoblast

Human and non-human primate placental villi (near term) were incubated in an alkaline 3,3′ diamino benzidine (DAB) medium to identify the distribution of microperoxisomes in these tissues. Catalase-positive microperoxisomes were present in small numbers in cytotrophoblast, but were virtually absent from syncytiotrophoblast. Microperoxisomes were roughly circular in shape and about 0.2–0.3 μm in diameter. They always had a close association with an element of agranular endoplasmic reticulum. The function of microperoxisomes in placenta, as in many other tissues, is uncertain. What-ever their function, they are presumably more important in cytotrophoblast metabolism than in syncytium.
Solvent removal from water with hydrophobic aerogels

Hydrophobic aerogels are shown to be efficient absorbers of solvents from water. Solvents miscible with water are separated from it because the solvents are more volatile than water and they enter the porous aerogel as a vapor across the liquid water/solid interface. Solvents that are immiscible with water are separated from it by selectively wetting the aerogel. Adsorption isotherms are presented for hydrophobic silica aerogels, for several solvents (e.g., toluene, ethyl alcohol, trichloroethylene, chlorobenzene) in water mixtures. The adsorption capacities are compared with the standard activated carbon. Our measurements show that the adsorption capacity of the hydrophobic silica aerogels exceed the capacity of comparable granular activated carbon (GAC), on a gram-per-gram basis, for all of the solvents tested. The improved performance of adsorption capacity by the aerogel over the GAC ranged from factors of ∼30 times for low molecular weight, highly soluble solvents, to factors of 130 times for immiscible solvents.
Factors regulating sperm transfer in an hermaphroditic sea hare, Aplysia parvula Mörch, 1863 (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)

Abstract Factors regulating sperm transfer were investigated in an hermaphroditic sea hare, Aplysia parvula Morch. When the duration of each copulation was experimentally manipulated, the number of sperms transferred to the sperm recipient increased as the duration became longer, indicating that sperm transfer is slow and continuous during copulation in this sea hare. The number of sperms transferred during a complete copulation without interruption was positively correlated with the body size of the recipient but not with the body size of the donor. The adaptive significance of the relationship between the recipient's size and the quantity of transferred sperms is discussed. It is argued that the transfer of more sperms to large recipients is a reflection of the donor's preference for partners that have more eggs.
Myocardial infarction before age 36 years in women: Predominance of apparent nonatherosclerotic events

To examine whether myocardial infarction (MI) in young women resulted from atherosclerosis, we studied 19 women aged 18 to 35 years who had documented MI at our institution from 1955 to 1979. They were compared to 20 similar men who were selected randomly. All 20 men had at least one major coronary risk factor; six of the women did not (p < 0.01). The risk factors were up to four times more common in men. Coronary anatomy, defined in 13 women and 13 men, demonstrated patent vessels or single stenotic disease in 10 (77%) women but in only one (8%) man, and multilesion disease in only three (23%) women but in 12 (92%) men (p < 0.005). All with patent coronaries were women. Thus atherosclerosis is more advanced and accounts for most myocardial infarcts in young men, but is less evident and accounts for only a minority of MI in young adult women, who have a greater preponderance of nonatherosclerotic related infarcts.
Momentum Transfer to Cathode Surfaces by Impacting Positive Ions in a Helium Arc.

The momentum transfer to an auxiliary cathode has been studied in the positive column of a low-voltage helium arc. The auxiliary cathode was a flat molybdenum plate insulated on one side by glass and suspended in such a way that its deflection gave a measure of the pressure against it. The measured pressure on the cathode is believed to be due to two phenomena. The first is the recoil of those ions which retain some of their kinetic energy after neutralization. The second is a radiometer effect due to the heating of the cathode by positive ion bombardment. On the basis of these assumptions it was possible to calculate from the experimental data an accommodation coefficient for helium positive ions and the fraction of the measured current carried by electrons. Although the accuracy of the experiment is not high, the values of the accommodation coefficient are in qualitative agreement with those obtained by Compton and Van Voorhis. The fraction of the current carried by electrons agrees fairly well with the results of Harrington.
Forecasting and Inventory Management of Short Life-Cycle Products

In this paper, we provide an integrated framework for forecasting and inventory management of short life-cycle products. The literature on forecasting and inventory management does not adequately address issues relating to short life-cycle products. We first propose a growth model that can be used to obtain accurate monthly forecasts for the entire life cycle of the product. The model avoids limiting data requirements of traditional methods. Instead, it extracts relevant information from past product histories and utilizes the information on total life-cycle sales and the peak sales timing. Using disguised demand data from a personal computer PC manufacturer, we validate the model. Next, we model the inventory management problem for the short life-cycle environment. The uncertainty in demand is modeled through the uncertainty in the realized values of the parameters of the forecasting model. The high cost of terminal inventory, shortages, and rapidly changing procurement costs are all included in the model. Extensions to the basic model are also developed. Using optimal control theory, we derive a solution that provides valuable information on procurement cutoff time and terminal service levels. A detailed example explains the characteristics of the policy and its relevance in decision making. Many of the issues covered in the models were brought to our attention while implementing a forecasting model at a PC manufacturer. The benchmark monthly forecasts and the associated inventory levels provide information that can be very helpful in planning and controlling marketing, sales, and production.
Absorption of antibiotics by plant cells. II. Streptomycin.

Abstract When cells of the alga Nitella clavata are placed in a streptomycin solution, the antibiotic enters rapidly and accumulates within the cells. The effects of variations in external concentration, pH, temperature, competitive ions, respiratory inhibitors, and glucose on the rate of streptomycin uptake suggest that the process is an active transport involving an expenditure of energy by the cell.
A conserved region in the σ54‐dependent activator DctD is involved in both binding to RNA polymerase and coupling ATP hydrolysis to activation

Rhizobium melioti DctD activates transcription from the dctA promoter by catalysing the isomerization of closed complexes between σ54-RNA polymerase holoenzyme and the promoter to open complexes. DctD must make productive contact with σ54-holoenzyme and hydrolyse ATP to catalyse this isomerization. To define further the activation process, we sought to isolate mutants of DctD that had reduced affinities for σ54-holoenzyme. Mutagenesis was confined to the well-conserved C3 region of the protein, which is required for coupling ATP hydrolysis to open complex formation in σ54-dependent activators. Mutant forms of DctD that failed to activate transcription and had substitutions in the C-terminal half of the C3 region were efficiently cross-linked to σ54 and the β-subunit of RNA polymerase, suggesting that they bound normally to σ54-holoenzyme. In contrast, some mutant forms of DctD with amino acid substitutions in the N-terminal half of the C3 region had reduced affinities for σ54 and the β-subunit in the cross-linking assay. These data suggest that the N-terminal half of the C3 region of DctD contains a site that may contact σ54-holoenzyme during open complex formation.
A microfabrication process for a vacuum-encapsulated microchamber

A process for creating and testing an on-chip microscale vacuum chamber utilizing standard microfabrication techniques was developed. The fabrication of the microchamber is compatible with the processing of vertical field emission (FE) devices. Using 14 @mm diameter patterned photoresist octagons as a mold, a rigid tungsten structure was deposited covering a 2 @mm diameter etched hole representing the device region. Standard microfabrication techniques were employed to etch eight-1 @mm diameter vias through the tungsten structural layer to allow for removal of the photoresist layer. Subsequent to the photoresist removal, an aluminum film was sputter deposited in vacuum to encapsulate the chamber in a sub-atmospheric pressure environment. Patterning of electrodes into the metallic layers allowed for subsequent testing of the microchamber. The results of current-voltage measurements that were performed on encapsulated and unencapsulated structures demonstrated the ability of the microchambers to maintain vacuum. The described fabrication process yielded a microchamber with a contained pressure of 50 mTorr, however, the process is also compatible with high-vacuum sealing. In this paper, we report the details of the fabrication process and provide the results of testing a vacuum-encapsulated microchamber.
Information, the Cost of Credit, and Operational Eﬃciency: An Empirical Study of Microfinance

We provide direct evidence on the impact of asymmetric information on both financing and operating activities through a study of credit evaluations of microfinance institutions (MFIs). We employ a regression discontinuity model that exploits the eligibility criteria of an evaluation subsidy ofered by a nonprofit consortium. Evaluations dramatically cut the cost of financing. This efect is strongest for commercial lenders and for short-term MFI--lender relationships. The impact of evaluations on the supply of finance is mixed. Evaluated MFIs lend more efciently, extending more loans per employee. The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org., Oxford University Press.
Synthetic approaches to long-wavelength photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy

Syntheses and chemical characterization of a number of new porphyrin-derived sensitizers related to ''benzoporphyrin derivative'' (BPD) are described. The work discussed centers in solving the isomer problem inherent in BPD synthesis from protoporphyrin IX, with regard to the 2- and 4-vinyls and the 6- and 7-propionic acid groups (Fischer nomenclature).© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thyroid Studies in Fast- and Slow-Feathering Rhode Island Red Chicks

Abstract RECENT investigations have indicated rather conclusively that the thyroid hormone is concerned in the growth and developmental processes of the domestic fowl. Parker (1943) reported that Rhode Island Red Chicks receiving small amounts of thyro-protein in their ration showed an increase in the rate of either growth or feathering or both, the actual effect depending upon the dosage level. At minimal dosage levels the growth rate was improved, but statistical analysis showed the increase to be of doubtful significance. Higher dosages of thyroprotein caused a highly significant increase in the rate of feathering. Irwin, Reineke and Turner (1943) noted a slight increase in growth rate and feathering of White Plymouth Rock Chicks receiving 36 gm. of thyroprotein per 100 lbs. of mash. Excessive levels caused a retardation of growth. However, the rate of feathering tended to increase in direct proportion to the amount of thyroprotein added to the ration. In . . .