cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Telomere length deregulation and enhanced sensitivity to genotoxic stress in Arabidopsis mutants deficient in Ku70

The Ku70/80 heterodimer is a critical component of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway and of the telomere cap in yeast and mammals. We report the molecular characterization of the KU70 and KU80 genes in Arabidopsis and describe the consequences of a Ku70 deficiency. Arabidopsis KU70/80 genes are ubiquitously expressed and their products form stable heterodimers in vitro. Plants harboring a T-DNA insertion in KU70 exhibit no growth or developmental defects under standard growth conditions. However, mutant seedlings are hypersensitive to γ-irradiation-induced double-strand breaks. Unexpectedly, we found that mutants are hypersensitive to methyl methanosulfonate during seed germination, but lose this sensitivity in seedlings, implying that the requirement for NHEJ varies during plant development. Lack of Ku70 results in a dramatic deregulation of telomere length control, with mutant telomeres expanding to more than twice the size of wild type by the second generation. Furthermore, in contrast to the situation in mammals, chromosome fusions are not associated with a Ku deficiency in Arabidopsis. These findings imply that Ku may play a different role in capping plant and animal telomeres.
Psychosocial needs of HIV-positive children on antiretrovirals: A survey of South African children's homes

Although the distribution of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is still far from adequate, where such therapy is accessible, HIV has largely been transformed from a fatal to chronic infection. The South African government began a national ART rollout in 2003, providing ART free to medically qualifying individuals. Institutions caring for HIV-positive children have since seen a significant increase in the life expectancies of the children for whom they care. These institutions are experiencing a major transformation from their original role as a hospice for sick and dying patients to a children's home raising relatively healthy children with a chronic illness. This anthropologically based research was done in Johannesburg, South Africa, using a social survey and semi-structured interviews conducted with administrators and caregivers from local children's homes. The specific aim was to assess the current state of children's homes caring for HIV-positive children and the psychosocial challenges they face. The 23 ...
Production of γ-Interferon by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: An Important Diagnostic Tool for Detection of Subclinical Paratuberculosis

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from noninfected control cows and from cows with either subclinical or clinical paratuberculosis (Johne s disease). Cells were incubated for 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours in complete medium with the following mitogens: concanavalin A (ConA), phytohemagglutinin-P (PHAP), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. In addition, cells were incubated for the same time periods with a Mycobacterium paratuberculosis sonicate (MpS) and live and heat-killed M. paratuberculosis at 10:1 bacteria: cell ratio. After incubation, cell-free supernatants were analyzed for y-interferon (γ-IFN) production. Cells from subclinical cows produced significantly higher levels of γ-IFN than did cells from clinical animals after stimulation with mitogens ConA, PHAP, and PWM. Levels of γ-IFN produced by noninfected control animals generally followed the pattern of those of subclinical animals. After incubation with MpS, significantly greater quantities of γ-IFN were pro...
Reexamination of SU(6) symmetry breaking in high energy phenomenology

Abstract Relativistic wave functions are used to examine the SU(6) configuration mixing contradiction discovered by Le Yaouanc et al.
An explicit local norm residue symbol

Abstract The reciprocity law of local class field theory is shown to hold for a local field which is naturally associated with an ultraproduct of an algebraic number field. The norm residue symbol for such a local field is constructed by means of a system of characters of the residue class field. The existence and proof of the essential compatibility properties of the characters is shown by passing to an ultraproduct using explicit computations in finite fields.
PEPSIN CAN BE USED TO SUBCULTURE VIABLE MAMMARY EPITHELIAL CELLS

Normal mouse mammary epithelial cells in primary culture can be passaged as viable single cells using 0.5 to 1.0 mg/ml pepsin in Hanks’ salt solution. After 5 min the pepsin treatment preferentially removes fibroblasts, leaving a monolayer of purified epithelial cells that can be removed by pipetting and transferred to new culture vessels or injected into animals.
EXAFS, XANES and in-situ SR-XRD characterization of biogenic manganese oxides produced in sea water

Natural manganese oxide nanoparticles and grain coatings are ubiquitous in the environment and profoundly impact the quality of sediments via their ability to degrade and sequester contaminants. These oxides are believed to form dominantly via oxidation of Mn(II) by marine and freshwater bacteria and have extremely high sorptive capacities for heavy metals. We have used XANES, EXAFS, and synchrotron (SR)-XRD techniques to study biogenic manganese oxides produced by spores of the marine Bacillus sp., strain SG-1 in sea water as a function of reaction time under fully in-situ conditions. The primary biogenic product is a nanocrystalline solid with an oxidation state and layered phyllomanganate local structure similar to that in δ-MnO2. XRD data show the biooxides to have a phyllomanganate 10 A basal plane spacing, suggesting the interlayer is hydrated and contains calcium. Fits to EXAFS spectra suggest the octahedral layers of the biooxides to be relatively flat (out-of-plane bend <10°) and to have relatively low octahedral layer Mn site vacancies (12 to 14%). These results suggest that aqueous Ca2+ is inserted into the biogenic oxide structure after completion of the enzymatic oxidation process. The biooxides observed in this study may be the most abundant manganese oxide phase suspended in the oxic and sub-oxic zones of the oceanic water column.
Effectiveness of tiger moth (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) chemical defenses against an insectivorous bat (Eptesicus fuscus)

Adult tiger moths exhibit a wide range of palatabilities to the insectivorous big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus. Much of this variation is due to plant allelochemics ingested and sequestered from their larval food. By using a comparative approach involving 15 species from six tribes and two subfamilies of the Arctiidae we have shown that tiger moths feeding on cardiac glycoside-containing plants often contain highly effective natural feeding deterrents. Feeding on pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants is also an effective deterrent to predation by bats but less so than feeding on plants rich in cardiac glycosides. Moths feeding on plants containing iridoid glycosides and/or moths likely to contain biogenic amines were the least deterrent. By manipulating the diet of several tiger moth species we were able to adjust their degree of palatability and link it to the levels of cardiac glycosides or pyrrolizidine alkaloids in their food. We argue that intense selective pressure provided by vertebrate predators including bats has driven the tiger moths to sequester more and more potent deterrents against them and to acquire a suite of morphology characteristics and behaviors that advertise their noxious taste.
Interactive and anisotropic geometry processing using the screened Poisson equation

We present a general framework for performing geometry filtering through the solution of a screened Poisson equation. We show that this framework can be efficiently adapted to a changing Riemannian metric to support curvature-aware filtering and describe a parallel and streaming multigrid implementation for solving the system. We demonstrate the practicality of our approach by developing an interactive system for mesh editing that allows for exploration of a large family of curvature-guided, anisotropic filters.
Mean Commute Time for Random Walks on Hierarchical Scale-Free Networks

In recent years, there has been a surge of research interest in networks with scale-free topologies, partly due to the fact that they are prevalent in scientific research and real-life applications. In this paper, we study random-walk issues on a family of two-parameter scale-free networks, called (x, y)-flowers. These networks, which are constructed in a deterministic recursive fashion, display rich behaviors such as the small-world phenomenon and pseudofractal properties. We derive analytically the mean commute times for random walks on (x, y)-flowers and show that the mean commute times scale with the network size as a power-law function with exponent governed by both parameters x and y. We also determine the mean effective resistance and demonstrate that it changes sharply between different choices of x and y. Furthermore, we compare mean commute times for (x, y)-flowers with those for Erdős–Renyi random graphs. Our theoretical results are verified by numerical studies.
Nondestructive Assessment of Damage in Concrete Bridge Decks

Impact-echo tests were performed on a precast, reinforced concrete bridge slab that was removed from a maintenance bridge built in 1953 in South Carolina. Impact-echo tests were first performed to nondestructively assess the initial condition and the distribution of damage throughout the slab by analyzing the variation in propagation wave velocity. It was found that the velocity varied by as much as 900 m/s throughout the slab. After the in-service condition was assessed, the slab was subjected to a full-scale static load test in the laboratory and impact-echo tests were again performed, this time to evaluate the initiation and progression of damage (stiffness loss and crack development) within the slab. After structural failure of the slab, a reduction in propagation wave velocity up to 6% was observed correlating to a reduction in slab stiffness. Cracks were detected within the concrete slab that were not visible from the surface. Areas with preexisting damage experienced more crack growth when subjected to the load test than those that were initially intact. Locations exhibiting stiffness loss, crack propagation, and localized damage can be differentiated such that the method can be used to make decisions between rehabilitating and replacing concrete bridge decks depending upon the severity of damage.
Resident continuity clinic: an oxymoron?

The management of patients with chronic illnesses is widely regarded to be a major weakness of 20th century primary care, perhaps its most glaring deficiency.1,2We have much to learn about how best to care for such patients, but we have even more to learn about how to teach residents and students the skills they will need to do a better job of this than their teachers have done. Thus, it is timely and appropriate that this supplement of the Journal of General Internal Medicine is devoted to a series of papers addressing how chronic disease care might be taught more effectively in primary care residencies. The reports from the University of California, San Francisco, and San Jose-O’Connor Family Medicine Residencies relay encouraging evidence regarding chronic disease management in the context of a residency practice, but they also highlight the persistent challenge faced by all primary care residency programs.3,4How do we teach residents to care for patients over time when the length of the residency is short and the availability of residents to these patients is sporadic? The typical patient with diabetes or hypertension will live with their illness for decades. Residents are with us on a part-time basis for only 3 years. Even in those residencies with the greatest focus on ambulatory care, residents still spend less than half of their time in such settings. Is it inherently contradictory to describe the outpatient activity of our residents as “Continuity Clinics,” when this activity is usually anything but continuous for either the resident or the patient?
Fetal Adrenal Demedullation Lowers Circulating Norepinephrine and Attenuates Growth Restriction but not Reduction of Endocrine Cell Mass in an Ovine Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Placental insufficiency is associated with fetal hypoglycemia, hypoxemia, and elevated plasma norepinephrine (NE) that become increasingly pronounced throughout the third trimester and contribute to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). This study evaluated the effect of fetal adrenal demedullation (AD) on growth and pancreatic endocrine cell mass. Placental insufficiency-induced IUGR was created by exposing pregnant ewes to elevated ambient temperatures during mid-gestation. Treatment groups consisted of control and IUGR fetuses with either surgical sham or AD at 98 days gestational age (dGA; term = 147 dGA), a time-point that precedes IUGR. Samples were collected at 134 dGA. IUGR-sham fetuses were hypoxemic, hypoglycemic, and hypoinsulinemic, and values were similar in IUGR-AD fetuses. Plasma NE concentrations were ~5-fold greater in IUGR-sham compared to control-sham, control-AD, and IUGR-AD fetuses. IUGR-sham and IUGR-AD fetuses weighed less than controls. Compared to IUGR-sham fetuses, IUGR-AD fetuses weighed more and asymmetrical organ growth was absent. Pancreatic β-cell mass and α-cell mass were lower in both IUGR-sham and IUGR-AD fetuses compared to controls, however, pancreatic endocrine cell mass relative to fetal mass was lower in IUGR-AD fetuses. These findings indicate that NE, independently of hypoxemia, hypoglycemia and hypoinsulinemia, influence growth and asymmetry of growth but not pancreatic endocrine cell mass in IUGR fetuses.
Making way for emergency vehicles at oversaturated signals under vehicle-to-vehicle communications

This paper presents a new strategy to enable emergency vehicles to navigate through congestion at signalized intersections more efficiently. The proposed strategy involves communicating control messages to vehicles to change their behavior so that the emergency response vehicle (EV) can go through the congested intersection as quickly as possible. To achieve that, the vehicular queue on one of the traffic lanes is split at a critical point so that the EV can proceed at its maximum speed while the disruption to the rest of the traffic is minimized. The proposed method makes use of the kinematic wave theory (i.e., shockwave theory) to determine this critical point. The proposed method is simulated in a microscopic traffic simulator for validation and evaluation. The results show that this strategy can shorten the trip time for EVs significantly.
Regulation of cytokine-induced neuron death by ovarian hormones: involvement of antiapoptotic protein expression and c-JUN N-terminal kinase-mediated proapoptotic signaling.

Mechanisms underlying the divergent effects of ovarian hormones on neuron death induced by TNFα were investigated in differentiated PC12 cells (dPC12). dPC12 cells were exposed to 17β-estradiol (E, 1.0 nm), progesterone (P, 100 nm), or a combination of both hormones for 0–72 h before treatment with TNFα (0–150 ng) to induce cell death. Cells undergoing apoptosis were identified by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting after 18 h. Cell death induced by TNFα was decreased 89% after E treatment and increased 2-fold after P treatment compared with cells treated with TNFα alone. Treatment with E for 24 h before TNFα exposure was required for maximum neuroprotection, whereas P-enhanced death was maximal after a 30-min P treatment. TNFα induced a 3-fold increased activity of c-JUN-N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1 in d PC12 cells within 20 min that could be increased 5- to 8-fold by P together with TNFα. A peptide inhibi...
The Crystal Structure of the Primary Ca2+ Sensor of the Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Reveals a Novel Ca2+ Binding Motif

The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger is a plasma membrane protein that regulates intracellular Ca2+ levels in cardiac myocytes. Transport activity is governed by Ca2+, and the primary Ca2+ sensor (CBD1) is located in a large cytoplasmic loop connecting two transmembrane helices. The binding of Ca2+ to the CBD1 sensory domain results in conformational changes that stimulate the exchanger to extrude Ca2+. Here, we present a crystal structure of CBD1 at 2.5A resolution, which reveals a novel Ca2+ binding site consisting of four Ca2+ ions arranged in a tight planar cluster. This intricate coordination pattern for a Ca2+ binding cluster is indicative of a highly sensitive Ca2+ sensor and may represent a general platform for Ca2+ sensing.
Barbiturate serum levels and protection against kindled amygdaloid seizures in the rat.

Abstract The barbiturates have been reported to be very effective against kindled amygdaloid seizures in the rat. In this study, the anticonvulsant effectiveness of pentobarbital, phenobarbital and primidone was studied in a systematic, multiple-dose evaluation. A correlation at 30 min between increased anti-convulsant protection and increased serum levels of pentobarbital and phenobarbital was seen. A possible correlation at 30 min, 2 hours and 48 hours between summed serum levels of the metabolites phenylethylmalonamide and phenobarbital was seen with the primidone treated animals. Serum primidone levels appeared to contribute little to the delayed protection against kindled amygdaloid seizures seen with primidone.
Psychophysiological changes in feeling therapy.

In an attempt to identify the physiological effects of an intense psychotherapy, for 19 new patients entering Feeling Therapy pulse, rectal temperature, and blood pressure were recorded immediately...
Properties of the mean acquisition time for wide-bandwidth signals in dense multipath channels (Keynote Address)

This paper investigates important properties of acquisition receivers that employ commonly used serial-search strategies. In particular, we focus on the properties of the mean acquisition time (MAT) for wide bandwidth signals in dense multipath channels. We show that a lower bound on the MAT over all possible search strategies is the solution to an integer programming problem with a convex objective function. We also give an upper bound expression for the MAT over all possible search strategies. We demonstrate that the MAT of the fixed-step serial search (FSSS) does not depend on the location of the first resolvable path within the uncertainty region, thereby simplifying the evaluation of the MAT of the FSSS. The results in this paper can be applied to the design and analysis of fast acquisition systems in various wideband scenarios.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Overall mass transfer coefficients and controlling regimes in catalytic monoliths

Abstract It is well known that the performance of a catalytic monolith is bounded by two limits: the kinetic regime at low temperatures (or before ignition for the case of exothermic reactions) and the external mass transfer controlled regime at sufficiently high temperatures (or after ignition). The washcoat diffusional resistance can also be significant over an intermediate range of temperatures. The transition temperatures at which the controlling regime changes from kinetic to washcoat diffusion to external mass transfer depend on the various geometric properties of the monolith, flow properties, the catalyst loading and washcoat properties. We present analytical criteria for determining these transition temperatures. These are derived using the recently developed low-dimensional model and the concepts of internal and external mass transfer coefficients. The criteria are more general than those in the literature and are useful in analyzing the experimental data. Further, we present an explicit expression for the experimentally measurable dimensionless apparent mass transfer coefficient ( Sh app ) in terms of individual transfer coefficients in each phase. It is shown that Sh app can be lowered by orders of magnitude compared to the theoretical upper bound obtained in the limit of external mass transfer control. Low values of Sh app are obtained due to a small value of effective diffusivity in the washcoat, low catalyst loading or a reaction with low activation energy. The analytical criteria may be used for the design of monolith properties and experimental conditions so that the performance of the monolith approaches the upper limit defined by the external mass transfer controlled limit.
Differential skeletal preservation at Windover Pond: Causes and consequences

In this paper, we evaluate the causes of differential skeletal preservation in the Windover Pond skeletal series (8BR246). We collected data on sex and age for approximately 110 individuals, and calculated a pres- ervation score for each individual based on the presence of 80 skeletal landmarks. Our research questions evaluated the relationship between bone preservation and individ- ual age and sex, and between the presence of preserved brain material and skeletal preservation, and the effects of burial location on bone preservation. The results indi- cate variability in average preservation for the sample ( 0.53, SD 0.22) with an apparent lack of sex-specific (P 0.79) or age-specific (P 0.37) differences in preser- vation. The relationship between brain and skeletal pres- ervation (P 0.15) was not significant. The horizontal distribution of burials was not significantly correlated with skeletal preservation (north: r 0.10, P 0.93; east: r 0.09, P 0.45); however, vertical depth was a significant predictor of preservation (r 0.31, P
Are sex-role attitudes useful in explaining male/female differences in rates of depression?

This study used an untreated sample of husbands and wives to investigate the effect of a wife's employment status on her spouse's depression score. A consistency between attitudes toward appropriate sex-role behavior and actual situation was expected to enhance mental well-being. Data demonstrate that when a measure of sex-role attitudes was paired with situation, it was a significant indicator of depression scores for unemployed females. Housewives with liberal views toward sex roles felt more restricted and were more depressed than were traditional housewives. Sex-role orientation was not effective in explaining depression scores for working wives or for husbands in the sample. The findings emphasize the necessity for examining the impact of sex-role orientation on depression both by sex and by situation.
“Pseudo-parallel” infrared bands of oblate symmetric tops: Cyclopropane ν11

Abstract New high resolution data on the cyclopropane ν 11 infrared band have been investigated in detail using an l -type resonance calculation computer program. An analysis has been made based on the computer simulation technique both to simulate the shape of the observed P , Q and R branches in detail and to obtain a precise match to the frequency of all the fine structure “lines” in the P and R branches. Our results represent an improvement on previous values of the band constants. In addition, we have shown conclusively that the observed P and R branch “lines” arise from clusters of closely spaced P P K ( J ) and R R K ( J ) lines of a given J and that in this band the peaks of these “lines” correspond to the most intense K = J component or very close to it.
Forging Reform in China: The Fate of State-Owned Industry

List of tables and figures Preface 1. Introduction: China's ailing state enterprises Part I. Conceptual Approaches to Post-Socialist Enterprise Reform: 2. Property rights, privatization and the state-owned firm 3. The nested problems dynamic: an alternative approach Part II. Enterprise Case Studies: The Commanding Heights in Transition: 4. The living museum of iron and steel technology 5. King of the red chips: Ma'anshan steel and the debacle of the 'public' SOE in China 6. Shougang: the rise and fall of an industrial giant Part III. Reassessing Chinese Patterns of Economic Development: 7. Extending the argument: budget constraints and patterns of growth in China 8. Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index.
Concentration of Stearic Acid in Monolayers Adsorbed from Solution

MATHIESON1 has recently obtained electron micrographs of oleophobic stearic acid films adsorbed on mica from hexadecane solution. These show islands of stearic acid in the monolayer, with only about one-third of the surface covered. The observations are in good agreement with the results reported by Cook and Ries2 for the adsorption of radioactive stearic acid on mica and gold from hexadecane solutions. They, too, found that only 20–30 per cent of a close-packed monolayer of stearic acid molecules was adsorbed on these inert substrates. Mathieson also points out that island structures are not formed when adsorption of stearic acid proceeds from the melt. These authors have interpreted their observations in terms of a solvent-solute interaction whereby stearic acid molecules adsorbed from solution are surrounded by hexadecane molecules in an oriented array.
Attitudes and mainstreaming: A literature review for school psychologists

“Mainstreaming” legislation requires that special needs students participate in regular classroom activities to the extent possible. Studies indicate, however, that, neither parents, peers, nor professionals may be expected to hold positive attitudes toward these students or be competent providers of positive growth experiences. Existing evidence supports the need for comprehensive training programs for these groups which provide an interface between their experiences with special needs students and an introduction to new knowledge. School psychologists should assume a leadership role in development and implementation.
Genotoxicity of nicotine and cotinine in the bacterial luminescence test

Cotinine was positive in the absence of S9 in the bacterial luminescence genotoxicity test at 1.25 mg/ml (9-15 h incubation) and at 2.50 mg/ml (18-30 incubation hours) signifying potential mutagenicity and teratogenicity. In the presence of S9, cotinine was positive at 1.25 mg/ml after 9 incubation hours. In contrast, nicotine was not at any concentration or incubation time. Nicotine/cotinine mixtures were still positive at physiological concentrations, with potentiation relative to cotinine alone with and without S9. Standard additions of nicotine to other positive controls such as 2-aminoanthracene (2AA) (a mutagen causing point mutations on activation), phenol (a DNA intercalator), and N-methyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) (a direct-acting point mutagen) revealed a complex nicotine effect. Nicotine antagonized MNNG without S9, and potentiated MNNG with S9, 2AA with and without S9, and phenol without S9. Cotinine was not a very potent agent relative to the positive controls. Since cotinine has been considered an inactive biological monitoring marker of nicotine absorption in humans, the present results indicate that the many health effect correlations based on cotinine in urine, serum, saliva, and blood may involve more cause and effect than thought hitherto.
Winter broiler litter gases and nitrogen compounds: Temporal and spatial trends☆

Abstract Understanding how animal activities, management, and barn structure affect litter gases and nutrients is fundamental to developing accurate emission models for meat-bird facilities. This research characterized the temporal and spatial variability of litter ammonia (NH 3 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) flux via a chamber method, as well as determined litter nitrogen (N) compounds by intensive sampling in two commercial broiler houses on aged litter. Thirty-six grid samples were taken during a winter flock in Mississippi on days 2, 22, and 45. On day 45, eight additional samples were taken near the feeders and waterers (F/W). Geostatistical contour plots indicate NH 3 flux on day 2 was elevated in the brood area of house one (H1) where litter and air temperatures were highest; a commercial litter treatment held the NH 3 flux near zero for approximately 45% of the brood area in house two (H2). Day 45 NH 3 fluxes were similar, averaging 694 mg m −2 h −1 in H1 vs. 644 mg m −2 h −1 in H2; both houses exhibited greater NH 3 flux near the cooling pads. Ammonia flux, litter moisture and pH were diminished at the F/W locations. Heavy cake near the exhaust fans provided the lowest recorded litter pH, highest litter moisture and ammonium (NH 4 ) with no NH 3 flux at the flock's end. Trends in litter condition based on bird activity were evident, but individual differences persisted between the houses. The importance of cake formation over the litter surface and differences based on location, both related to bird activity and house structure, should be considered in NH 3 mitigation strategies.
The Systems Approach to Instructional Design for Introductory Economics

(1980). The Systems Approach to Instructional Design for Introductory Economics. The Journal of Economic Education: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 55-59.
Identification of the Nonsubstrate Steroid Binding Site of Rat Liver GlutathioneS-Transferase, Isozyme 1-1, by the Steroid Affinity Label, 3β-(Iodoacetoxy)dehydroisoandrosterone

Abstract 3β-(Iodoacetoxy)dehydroisoandrosterone (3β-IDA), an analogue of the electrophilic substrate, Δ 5 -androstene-3,17-dione, as well as an analogue of several other steroid inhibitors of glutathione S -transferase, was tested as an affinity label of rat liver glutathione S -transferase, isozyme 1-1. A time-dependent loss of enzyme activity is observed upon incubation of 3β-IDA with the enzyme. The rate of enzyme inactivation exhibits a nonlinear dependence on 3β-IDA concentration, yielding an apparent K i of 21 μ m . Upon complete inactivation of the enzyme, a reagent incorporation of approximately 1 mol/mol of enzyme subunit or 2 mol/mol of enzyme dimer is observed. Protection against inactivation and incorporation is afforded by alkyl glutathione derivatives and nonsubstrate steroid ligands such as 17β-estradiol-3,17-disulfate but, surprisingly, not by Δ 5 -androstene-3,17-dione or any other electrophilic substrate analogues tested. These results suggest that the site of reaction is within the nonsubstrate steroid binding site of the enzyme, which is distinguishable from the electrophilic substrate binding site, near the active site of the enzyme. Two cysteine residues, Cys 17 and Cys 111 , are modified in nearly equal amounts, despite an average reagent incorporation of 1 mol/mol enzyme subunit. Isolation of enzyme subunits indicates the presence of unmodified, singly labeled, and doubly labeled subunits, consistent with mutually exclusive modification of cysteine residues across enzyme subunits; i.e., modification of Cys 111 on subunit A prevents modification of Cys 111 on subunit B and similarly for Cys 17 . Molecular modeling analysis suggests that Cys 17 and Cys 111 are located in the nonsubstrate steroid binding site, within the cleft between the subunits of the dimeric enzyme.
Behavioral Problems In The Utilization Of New Technology To Control Caries: Patients And Provider Readiness And Motivation

New research developments frequently are neither adopted by providers nor utilized by patients. This dual problem of impacting the behaviors of providers and patients presents a challenge. This paper will present behavioral theories and technologies that can be utilized to impact both provider and patient behaviors.
The relationship of computed tomography, gray-scale ultrasonography and radionuclide imaging in the evaluation of hepatic masses

Hepatic scintigraphy, gray-scale ultrasonography, and computed tomography have proven to be useful in the initial detection and evaluation of hepatic masses. These studies appear to be complimentary since each provides information not available from the others. Hepatic scintigraphy is currently the method of choice for the initial evaluation of the liver for mass lesions as it is easily performed, relatively inexpensive, and affords detectability of intrahepatic mass lesions at least as great as that of ultrasonography or computed tomography. When a definite or suspected abnormality is seen by hepatic scintigraphy, computed tomography or ultrasonography may be helpful in providing better anatomic definition or clarification of the nature of the abnormality. The choice between these latter two modalities depends on the type of scanning equipment available and the observer's experience with each method.
Downward translations of equality

In this paper we construct oracles relative to which DTIME(T(n)) equals NTIME(T(n)) and DTIME(t(n)) does not equal NTIME (t(n)), for t(n) sufficiently smaller than T(n). A stronger result than this is also obtained, though for fewer T(n), expressedin two parts. For T(n)⩽2n, there is an oracle relative to which DTIME(T(n)) equals NTIME(T(n)) and NTIME(2n) contains a set not in DTIME(t(n)) for any t(n) growing more slowly than T(n). For T(n)⩽22n+0(1), there is an oracle relative to which DTIME(T(n)) equals NTIME(T(n)) and NTIME(log T(n)) contains a set not in DTIME(t(n)) for t(n) growing more slowly than T(n). These results expand on those obtained by Dekhtyar (1976), Book et al. (1982), and Allender (1989).
Endogenous natriuretic factors 1: sodium pump inhibition does not correlate with natriuretic or pressor activities from uremic urine.

Abstract It is our purpose to isolate and characterize the putative “Natriuretic Hormone”, ostensibly responsible for ECF homeostasis, as well as identify endonenous pressors and compounds that induce prolonged natriuresis; we report here our initial progress in this area. Large volumes of pooled urine collected from uremic patients were fractionated, and the resulting isolates were evaluated for in vivo natriuretic and pressor effects and Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitory activity in renal cells. The purification steps involved ultrafiltration to obtain materials of less than 3000 da, gel filtration, and sequential reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After each HPLC step, the fractions were evaluated for their ability to elicit significant natriuresis and/or influence mean arterial pressure in the normal conscious female rat. Each fraction was also assayed for its ability to inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase as determined by the inhibition of 86Rb+ uptake into MDBK renal cells. While several of the fractions elicited profound natriuresis and/or pressor activity and other fractions inhibited Na+/K+-ATPase, there was no correlation among the activities in individual fractions. We have concluded that this plethora of bioactivities is responsible for much of the confusion and multiplicity of crude isolates claimed to be the putative hormone. Presently we are attempting to purify each of these activities to chemical homogeneity for structure determination.
Work–Family Balance, Well-Being, and Organizational Outcomes: Investigating Actual Versus Desired Work/Family Time Discrepancies

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to describe and test two new correlates of work–family balance, based on discrepancies between actual and desired hours spent in the work domain (work hour discrepancy, WHD) and family domain (family hour discrepancy, FHD).
2013 ASCO/CAP updated guidelines for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing: Impact on routine practice

Abstract The release of the new ASCO/CAP guideline recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing has led to clearer descriptive definitions for immunohistochemistry categories. As soon as we started to use them we realized that an increase in the number of ISH test was occurring. Herein we report our lab data obtained by comparing the semester after the release of the new guidelines with the same semester of the previous year. The impact on routine workpractice is highlighted.
The Effect of Metal Area and Line Spacing on TDDB Characteristics of 45nm Low-k SiCOH Dielectrics

Low-k time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) is rapidly becoming one of the most important reliability issues in Cu/low-k technology development and qualification. Although considerable progress has been made in recent years in addressing the electric field dependence of low-k time-to-breakdown (tBD), there has been very little comprehensive work done on the effect of metal area and line spacing on low-k TDDB. The lifetime of a product chip is typically obtained by extrapolating TDDB data from small test structures to large chip areas, and the low-k TDDB line spacing scaling rule normally should be considered for the definition of operating voltages for various technologies to assure long-term reliability. Therefore, both area scaling and line spacing scaling relations are of great importance, in order to have a robust technology qualification. In this study, a thorough investigation into the 45 nm low-k SiCOH TDDB was conducted in order to understand the breakdown failure statistics, to model the area dependence, and to explore the line spacing scaling. With the help of experimental results and computational simulations, the effect of line-to-line spacing on low-k TDDB was clearly identified and a methodology for accurate determination of Weibull shape factor is proposed.
Trimethylsilyl derivatives of N4-Boc-cytosine and their effect on I2-mediated nucleosidation of O-MTM ethers

Abstract Mono- and bis(trimethylsilyl) derivatives of N 4 -Boc-cytosine were synthesized and characterized by 1 H NMR. Only the mono(trimethylsilyl)- N 4 -Boc-cytosine participates in the iodine-mediated nucleosidation of N -Fmoc- O -methylthiomethyl serine benzyl ester to produce the cytosine nucleoamino acid, while the bis(trimethylsilyl) derivative failed to give any product. A tentative mechanistic explanation is proposed.
Permanent intrinsic B cell immunodeficiency caused by phenytoin hypersensitivity

We report a patient who, 3 weeks after initiation of therapy, experienced a hypersensitivity reaction to phenytoin manifested as rash, lymphadenopathy, elevated serum transaminase levels, and subsequent panhypogammaglobulinemia with IgG, 180 mg/dl (control range 639 to 1349); IgA, 15 mg/dl (control range 70 to 312); and IgM, 0 mg/dl (control range 56 to 352). Repeated in vitro lymphocyte analysis documented normal T cell-mediated immunity including T cell surface markers (E rosettes), lymphocyte proliferation after mitogen stimulation, and T cell phenotypes (T4 or helper and T8 or suppressor cells). However, the patient had a paucity of circulating B-lymphocytes as assessed by the number of lymphocytes with surface membrane immunoglobulin (patient value of 0 compared to the control range 16 to 435 cells per microliter of blood) and by the number of lymphocytes bearing the B1 antigen (patient value of 13 compared to the control range 48 to 358 cells per microliter of blood). Hemolytic plaque assay revealed decreased immunoglobulin production (number of immunoglobulin-secreting cells per million circulating mononuclear cells) as compared to control subjects (patient unstimulated mean of 100 as compared to a control mean of 1753) and minimal enhancement on stimulation with pokeweed mitogen (patient stimulated mean of 250 as compared to control mean of 8946). Coculture experiments with the reverse hemolytic plaque assay revealed no evidence of suppression. No reversal of this patient's immunodeficiency has occurred 3 years after phenytoin withdrawal.
Index ranges for matrix calculi

The paper describes a scheme for symbolic manipulation of index expressions which arise as a by-product of the symbolic manipulation of expressions in the matrix calculi described by the authors in a previous paper. This scheme attempts program optimization by transforming the original algorithm rather than the machine code.The goal is to automatically generate code for handling the tedious address calculations necessitated by complicated data structures. The paper is therefore preoccupied with “indexing by position.” The relationship of “indexing by name” and “indexing by position” is discussed.
Reaction of Metallic Copper with Biological Substrates

Copper intrauterine devices (IUDs) weigh less after removal from the human uterus due to interaction of metallic copper with various biological substrates. 400 sq. mm of electrolytic grade copper foil was placed in a mixture of .5 ml human uterine secretion and 2 ml of saline. After 18 h at 37.5 degrees C this material was lyzed and no longer viscous; a precipitate had formed and the copper strip was blackened. The cupric ionsconcentration in the solution was .0018 M. A similar incubation in 2.5 ml of saline alone yielded a cupric ion concentration of .00004 M. When the copper was incubated in a pH 8 buffer the corrosive action was slight as with saline. The amount of copper dissolved by the uterine secretion (1 ml/day) calculated for a 200 sq mm copper surface amounts to 60 mcg/day. When 1.8 ml of secretion was incubated with 400 sq mm without saline lysis was shown and a cupric ion concentration of .01 M resulted. Bovineserum albumin served as a model substrate. The rate of dissolution of copper increased with increasing salt and albumin concentration. Copper immersed in albumin solution became dull due to preciptated protein on its surface the portion of the strip extending into the air remained shiny but a thin line at the interface became black suggesting that oxygen plays a role in the dissolution process. When oxidized .01 M glutathione was incubated with copper cupric ions were formed; with reduced gluthathione only a slight reaction occurred indicating the disulfide bond is a critical group in the copper dissolution process by biological materials. Turbidity being a function of albumin concentration arises from the precipitation of albumin by cupric ions which can be reversed at high albumin concentrations suggesting once cupric ions are formed there is little competition for these ions. The finding that disulfide bonds oxidize metallic copper suggests ways by which the copper IUD might act: precititate albumin and change the uterine wall reduce stickiness of secretions lyse nucoid materials inactivate enzymes and kill sperm with cupric ions.
AN OVERVIEW OF PLACEMENT AND ROUTING ALGORITHMS FOR MULTI-CHIP MODULES

Multi-chip modules are now required to achieve higher system speed and greater density than the traditional single chip packages mounted on printed circuit boards. Algorithms for placement of bare dies and and routing of their interconnections on MCM substrates are reviewed in this paper. Comparisons are given to point out the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. This information can assist researchers in identifying those areas which need improvement and application designers in selecting the most appropriate algorithm for a specific application.
Im)possibility of safe exchange mechanism design

Safe exchange is a key issue in multiagent systems, especially in electronic transactions where nondelivery is a major problem. In this paper we present a unified framework for modeling safe exchange mechanisms. It captures the disparate earlier approaches as well as new safe exchange mechanisms (e.g., reputation, locking). Being an overarching framework, it also allows us to study what is inherently possible and impossible in safe exchange. We study this under different game-theoretic solution concepts, with and without a trusted third party, and with an offline third party that only gets involved if the exchange fails. The results vary based on the generality of the exchange setting, the existence (or creative construction) of special types of items to be exchanged, and the magnitude of transfer costs, defection costs, and escrow fees. Finally, we present an incentive-compatible negotiation protocol for selecting the best safe exchange mechanism when the agents do not know each others' costs for the different alternatives.
A Lesson in Survival: S. aureus versus the Skin

Staphylococcus aureus epidemic strain USA300 is a highly successful pathogen. However, the underlying basis of this success is not clear. Now, Thurlow and colleagues (2013) provide evidence linking the bacterial arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) to the dominance of USA300 as a pathogen of the skin.
Antibacterial activity of selected hydroxycinnamic acids.

The objective of this study was to determine the antibacterial effectiveness of selected hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic, ferulic, pcoumaric) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at pH 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0 and Bacillus cereus at pH 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0. p-Coumaric acid was generally the most effective inhibitor tested causing <99.9% inhibition of E. coli at 1000 μg/ml (pH 5.0, 48 hr), S. aureus at 500 μg/ml (pH 5.0, 48 hr), and B. cereus at 500 μg/ml (pH 7.0, 9 hr). Inhibition increased as pH decreased with E. coli and S. aureus but not B. cereus. Bacillus cereus appeared to be the most susceptible strain with 1000 μg/ml of the compounds tested causing <99% inhibition at all three pH's.
Frequency synchronization for generalized OFDMA uplink

In orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), the total spectral resource is partitioned into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. These subcarriers are assigned to different users for simultaneous transmission. OFDMA is very sensitive to frequency synchronization errors. In an unsynchronized OFDMA uplink, each user has a different carrier frequency offset (CFO) relative to the common uplink receiver. The orthogonality among subcarriers is thus destroyed resulting in multiple access interference as well as self interference. This problem is tackled in this paper by constructing the orthogonal spectral signals that would have been received if all users were frequency synchronized. A generalized OFDMA is described first considering arbitrary subcarrier assignments. A new signal model is formulated to characterize the interference on the generalized OFDMA uplink due to multiuser frequency synchronization errors. Least squares (LS) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) criteria are used to construct the orthogonal spectral signals from one received OFDMA block. An efficient implementation method is developed based on a banded matrix approximation, which is computationally inexpensive and provides good performance.
Gynandromorph analysis of some aspects of sexual behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Drosophila melanogaster gynandromorphs were introduced into a mating chamber containing two wild-type conspecific males. From the differential courting responses of these males, the only important factor that enables a male to distinguish between conspecific males and females and to direct persistent courtship only toward females could be concluded to be tissue composition of females. This fact is tentatively interpreted in terms of a female-specific sex pheromone. Genetic, embryological and anatomical considerations suggest that the pheromone producing cells of adult D. melanogaster females are dispersed throughout, and are part of, the female's tergites, sternites and thoracic integument. Behavioural observations indicate that as the intensity of the excitatory stimuli invoked by a gynandromorph increases, it tends to be courted more persistently and for longer periods of time. Preliminary fate mapping indicates that behavioural differences between males and females are determined by anteriorly located organ(s) and that these organ(s) can trigger behavioural responses regardless of the composition or physical structure of the target organs.
Analysis of linear turbo equalizer via EXIT chart

We propose a method for the analysis of linear turbo equalization based on extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts. Given channel knowledge, and therefore the optimum linear equalizer coefficients, the evolution of soft information of the soft-input soft-output (SISO) equalizer can be estimated by computing bit error rates (BER) analytically. Compared to conventional analysis methods, the proposed method predicts the linear turbo equalizer performance without running extensive simulations to obtain the SISO equalizer EXIT charts. Using an empirically generated SISO decoder EXIT chart, convergence analysis can be undertaken. Further, the method provides a bound on the achievable BER for given channels and an estimate of equalizer complexity. These approximate analyses are validated via computer simulations.