cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Winter ecology and spring dispersal of Common Ravens in Wyoming

Numbers of Common Ravens (Corvus corax) have increased in western North America, and these high abundances are the source of problems throughout the species' range. Little is known about the winter ecology of ravens. We studied a population of ravens in Wyoming during the winters of 2013–2015; our goals were to examine use of landfills for foraging and use of anthropogenic structures for roosting, as well as dispersal patterns of ravens from these landfills in the spring. On average, 22% of radio-marked ravens foraged at landfills on a given day and 68% roosted at anthropogenic sites (e.g. on buildings or underneath bridges) each night. Daily counts at an anthropogenic roost and at the nearest landfill were positively correlated. Decreased temperatures increased raven use of landfills and anthropogenic roost sites. In the spring, radio-marked and GPS-marked ravens (n = 56) dispersed an average of 38 km from the landfills where they were captured. Use of landfills and anthropogenic roost sites in the winter likely contributes to an increase in the number of ravens by improving survival and body condition of breeding-age birds. In the spring, ravens moved outward from these locations, and the area most susceptible to raven damage was localized within a 40-km radius of where ravens wintered.
The Fundamental Crimes

As this chapter explains, there are two. In What Is Property? Proudhon formulated the first, that property is theft, which Shaw calls the only truism on the subject. In fact, “Thieves” was the title of Shaw’s first public lecture, in 1888, and he held Proudhon’s view throughout his life. In his play Major Barbara and his Preface to it, he formulated the second fundamental social offence, that the worst crime is poverty, compared to which all other crimes are virtues.
Multilayer Adaptation Based Complex Echo Cancellation and Voice Enhancement

The paper proposes an efficient signal processing system mainly consisting of an adaptation-based nonlinear echo cancellation (NLEC) layer and a joint perceptual subband residual echo suppression (SBRES) layer and noise reduction (SBNR) layer. The theoretical analyses, subjective and objective test results show that the proposed signal processing system can offer a significant improvement for automatic speech recognition and full-duplex voice communication performance in emerging artificial intelligence speakers. The proposed SBRES and NLEC layers can reduce various types of echoes including linear, nonlinear, and time-variant echo. Correspondingly, the proposed SBNR layer can effectively reduce not only noises but also echoes that have the similar statistical characteristics to noises. Non-uniform auditory perceptual critical bands are employed so as to better reflect cochlea mechanisms. The SBRES and SBNR layers are jointly accomplished in frequency domain, which results in a significant reduction of MIPS consumption from real time implementation point of view.
Underwater acoustic ground cloak development and demonstration

Acoustic ground cloaks, which conceal an object on a rigid surface, utilize a linear coordinate transformation to map the flat surface to a triangular void by compressing space into two triangular cloaking regions consisting of a homogeneous anisotropic acoustic metamaterial. Transformation acoustics allows for the realization of a coordinate transformation through a reinterpretation of the scale factors as a new material in the original coordinate system. An underwater acoustic ground cloak was constructed from perforated steel plates and experimentally tested to conceal an object on a pressure release surface. The perforated plate acoustic ground cloak successfully cloaked the scattered object. There was excellent agreement between the phase of the surface reflection and cloak reflection with a small amplitude difference. Above 15 [kHz], the cloaking performance decreased as the effective material parameters of the perforated plate metamaterial deviated from the required material parameters.Acoustic ground cloaks, which conceal an object on a rigid surface, utilize a linear coordinate transformation to map the flat surface to a triangular void by compressing space into two triangular cloaking regions consisting of a homogeneous anisotropic acoustic metamaterial. Transformation acoustics allows for the realization of a coordinate transformation through a reinterpretation of the scale factors as a new material in the original coordinate system. An underwater acoustic ground cloak was constructed from perforated steel plates and experimentally tested to conceal an object on a pressure release surface. The perforated plate acoustic ground cloak successfully cloaked the scattered object. There was excellent agreement between the phase of the surface reflection and cloak reflection with a small amplitude difference. Above 15 [kHz], the cloaking performance decreased as the effective material parameters of the perforated plate metamaterial deviated from the required material parameters.
Rooting of baldcypress cuttings.

A test of the rooting performance and growth of cuttings from 1-year-old and 25-to 50-year old baldcypress (Taxodium distichum L.) branch tips is reported. Rooting of cuttings from one-year-old trees averaged 75% (0.1% IBA treatment) and 88% (control), cuttings from 25 to 50-year-old trees averaged 12% in both the IBA treatment and the control treatment. Indole-3-butyric acid at a 0.1% concentration did not enhance rooting, but resulted in a significant increase in shoot dry weight on cuttings from one-year-old trees. The results of this experiment suggest that cuttings from mature baldcypres trees have the potential to root, thereby, additional rooting techniques such as girdling and stump sprouts is worthy of pursuing.
Visual-Neural Correlate of Speechreading Ability in Normal-Hearing Adults: Reliability

In 1977, Shepherd and colleagues reported significant correlations (-.90, -.91) between speechreading scores and the latency of a selected negative peak (VN130 measure) on the averaged visual electroencephalic wave form. The primary purpose of this current study was to examine the stability, or repeatability, of this relation between these cognitive and neurophysiologic measures over a period of several months and thus support its test-retest reliability. Repeated speechreading word and sentence scores were gathered during three test-retest sessions from each of 20 normal-hearing adults. An average of 56 days occurred from the end of one to the beginning of another speechreading sessions. During each of four other test-retest sessions, averaged visual electroencephalic responses (AVERs) were evoked from each subject. An average of 49 days intervened between AVER sessions. Product-moment correlations computed among repeated word scores and VN130 measures ranged from -.61 to -.89. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the VN130 measure of visual neural firing time is a reliable correlate of speechreading in normal-hearing adults.
Lipid Switches: Stimuli‐Responsive Liposomes through Conformational Isomerism Driven by Molecular Recognition

Advancements in the field of liposomal drug carriers have culminated in greatly improved delivery properties. An important aspect of this work entails development of designer liposomes for release of contents triggered by environmental changes. The majority of these systems are driven by chemical reactions in the presence of different stimuli. However, a promising new paradigm instead focuses on molecular recognition events as the impetus for content release. In certain cases, these platforms exploit synthetic lipid switches designed to undergo conformational changes upon binding to target ions or molecules that perturb membrane assembly, thereby triggering cargo release. Examples of this approach reported thus far showcase how rational design of lipid switches can result in dramatic changes in lipid assembly properties. These strategies show great promise for opening up new pathophysiological stimuli that can be harnessed for programmed content release in drug delivery applications.
When Activists Attack: Activism, identity and changes to corporate practices

This paper builds on prior identity and social movement scholarship to examine when and why activist campaigns modify contentious corporate practices at the firm and industry levels. Activist campa...
698. Effective Depletion of Pre-Existing Anti-AAV Antibodies Requires Broad Immune Targeting

Pre-existing antibodies (Abs) poses a critical challenge for the translation of gene therapy approaches using viral vectors, especially AAV, which is widespread in humans. It is known that very complex anatomical niches, molecular signals and cellular components are required for the development, priming and survival of Ab producing plasma cells (PCs), and the maintenance of Ab production. We therefore hypothesize that overcoming pre-existing Abs requires broad immune targeting. In preliminary studies, we generated a mouse model of pre-existing AAV9-Abs by an IP injection of 1e10vg rAAV9 vector, and tested multiple immunosuppressants (IS), including proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib (Bort), m-TOR inhibitor rapamycin (Rap) and the classical broad IS agent prednisolone (Pred), individually or in combination at routine clinical doses for humans. As a result, we have identified an effective approach combining Rap and Pred, that led to significant reduction in serum AAV9-Abs, by 70-80% at 4wk and 85-93% at 8wk of treatment. Flow cytometry and ELISpot showed that Rap+Pred treatment led to significant decreases in bone marrow B cell and PC frequency, and in the frequency of IgG-secreting and AAV9-specific Ab-producing PCs. Splenocyte analyses of Rap+Pred treated mice showed significantly reduced frequencies of class-switched (IgD−IgG+) B cells, and of CD4+ T cells expressing the co-inhibitory receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1). While the mechanisms remain unclear, our data indicate that Rap+Pred may have selective inhibitory effects on both T helper type 2 support of B cell activation in the spleen, and on PC survival in the bone marrow, leading to effective depletion of pre-existing AAV9-Abs. This promising immunomodulation approach for depleting pre-existing Abs is highly translatable to clinical applications. Ongoing efforts are to identify the optimal Rap+Pred regimen for maximal effect and minimal risk of potential side effects.
Semanteco annotator

Generating useful RDF linked data is not a straightforward process for scientists using today's tools. In this paper we introduce the SemantEco Annotator, a semantic web application that leverages community-based vocabularies and ontologies during the translation process itself to ease the process of drawing out implicit relationships in tabular data so that they may be immediately available for use within the LOD cloud. Our goal for the SemantEco Annotator is to make advanced RDF translation techniques available to the layperson.
Moving Toward Transdisciplinary Instruction: A Longitudinal Examination of STEAM Teaching Practices

For years, the STEAM movement has been touted by businesses, universities, and even governments as a way to move beyond focusing on single disciplines such as science but instead toward multiple modes of problem-solving and viewpoints (Connor AM, Karmokar S, Whittington C. International Journal of Engineering Pedagog 5(2):37–47, 2015). However, STEAM education in the K-12 setting is still relatively new, which has led to a limited conceptual understanding of how to conceptualize, design, or enact STEAM education (Kim & Park, The effect of STEAM education on elementary school student’s creativity improvement. In Kim T, Stoica A, Fang W, Vasilakos T, Villalba J, Arnett K,… Kang B (eds), Computer applications for security, control and system engineering. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35264-5_16, 2012). This limited understanding often leads teachers to use existing STEM models and attempt to “add-on” experiences with the arts or humanities (Henriksen D, DeSchryver M, Mishra P, Deep-Play Research Group, TechTrends 59:5, 2015). In response, the authors have spent the last 3 years conducting a longitudinal study exploring how STEAM teaching practices are enacted in a variety of settings in the southeast of the United States in order to understand teachers’ implementation strategies (Herro D, Quigley C, Prof Dev Educ, 1–23, 2016a, On the Horizon 24:190–204, 2016b; Quigley C, Herro D, J Sci Educ Technol 25:410–426, 2016; Quigley, Herro, & Jamil. 2017). Based on a qualitative study examining classroom observations, teachers’ reflective journals during STEAM implementation, and focus-group teacher interviews, this chapter will highlight vignettes of these classrooms including elementary and secondary school examples as well as discipline-focused STEAM examples. The goal of this chapter is to inform teacher educators and provide support to teachers who are attempting to implement this transdisciplinary approach to learning.
A laboratory demonstration of transmission and prevention of hereditary tumors in hybrid rats

A42 Hereditary tumors develop spontaneously through endogenous mechanisms that are not preventable and rarely curable. Herditary tumors were originally identified by familial clustering (multiple cases per family), by onset at early age, by aggressive growth patterns, and by speculations that they were transmitted in dominant mode from fathers to sons by inheritance. However benign tumors also express hereditary characteristics. Two disparate strains of inbred rats were selected, each developing spontaneously up to age 24 months, differences in tumor type, in organ site, and in optimal level of endogenous testosterone for tumor development. Male Fischer (F344) rats that develop benign interstitial testicular (Leydig cell) tumors (ITT) linked to low physiological levels of endogenous testosterone (T) and prevented by high levels of T, were mated with female Lobund-Wistar (LW) rats, a strain that develops prostate cancer (PC) linked to abnormally high levels of endogenous T and prevented by early T-deprivation. Low physiological levels of T are ~ 250 pg/ml serum and abnormal high levels of T are >1800 pg/ml serum. At age 24 months, the male hybrids carried low levels of T, and 50% of the F1 hybrids developed overt ITT, a pattern that was repeated in F2 and F3 hybrids. Hybrids were free of overt and of microscopic biomarkers of PC, however a) a subset of hybrids (37%) developed overt PC following IV inoculation of mutagenic methylnitrosourea plus implants of exogenous testosterone propionate ,and b) like LW control rats, hybrids were susceptible to the unique hormone refractory PC (PAIII) transplanted cell, that was rejected by control Fischer rats. This innovative experiment a) confirms the speculations of male to male transmission of ITT in hybrids linked to low levels of T and b) revealed the inherited genomic potential in hybrids derived from both of their parents.
Introduction: Landscapes of Slavery in Africa

This thematic collection of articles on landscapes of slavery in Africa examines how landscapes form and reform over time and explores a diversity of heritage and memory investments of displaced pe...
Acute Stress Increases Intraocular Pressure in Nonhuman Primates.

Purpose To quantify intraocular pressure (IOP) change and time course during stressful activity. Design Experimental study. Participants Three nonhuman primates (NHPs). Methods Bilateral IOP and aortic blood pressure (BP) were recorded continuously and then averaged for periods of 8 to 30 seconds before, during, and after a common anesthetic induction procedure (cage squeeze followed by intramuscular injection). Experiments were repeated 4 times in each NHP. Main Outcome Measures Intraocular pressure, BP, and heart rate (HR) change during an anesthetic induction procedure. Results Intraocular pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and HR increased rapidly and significantly by 27%, 38%, and 34%, respectively, in anticipation of anesthetic induction (P Conclusions Intraocular pressure increases rapidly and significantly in response to stressful situations in the NHP.
Scott M. Powers. Confronting Evil. The Psychology of Secularization in Modern French Literature. West Lafayette: Purdue UP, 2016. 262 pp.

In this volume dedicated to the ways in which four modern French authors have addressed the concept of evil, Scott M. Powers revisits some familiar territory while striking out in a few new directi...
Error Bounds for Cumulative Distribution Functions of Convolutions via the Discrete Fourier Transform

In statistical theory, convolutions are often avoided in favor of asymptotic approximation or simulation. Much of this is due to the fact that convolution is a challenging problem. With abundant computational resources, numerical convolution is a more viable option than in past decades. This paper proposes mathematical error bounds for the cumulative distribution function of the convolution of a finite number of independent univariate random variables. The discrete Fourier transform and its companion, the inverse discrete Fourier transform, are used to provide fast and easily obtainable mathematical error bounds for these convolutions. Examples and applications are provided to demonstrate a few possible uses of the error bounds.
Reconstructing Binary Trees in Parallel

We study the parallel query complexity of reconstructing binary trees from simple queries involving their nodes. We show that a querier can efficiently reconstruct a binary tree with a logarithmic number of rounds and quasilinear number of queries, with high probability, for various types of queries.
Response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic by the Spine Division at a Level-I Academic Referral Center.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly become a ubiquitous health concern and a global pandemic. In an effort to slow disease spread and protect valuable healthcare resources, cessation of non-essential surgery including many orthopaedic procedures, has recently become commonplace in areas affected by the novel coronavirus. This crisis has created a unique situation in the care of spine patients as we must balance the urgency of patient evaluation, surgical intervention, and continued training against the risk of disease exposure and resource management.The Spine division of an Orthopaedic Surgery Department at a tertiary care and academic center has taken an active role in enacting protocol changes in anticipation of COVID-19. In the past four weeks, since these changes were enacted, the Spine division has performed ten surgeries compared to an average of 60.4 spine cases performed annually over the same time period between 2015-2019. Furthermore, the number of clinic visits decreased from an average of 417.4 over this time period, to 322 with the percentage of new patient visits decreasing from 28% to 20%. During COVID-19, 318 of the 322 spine clinic visits were performed remotely via telehealth.The response to COVID-19 has been variable among surgical subspecialties and geographic regions. We present the changes that have been made regarding the care of spine patients at a busy academic center. Although these changes have been forced upon us by necessity, we feel that our division and department will emerge in a more responsive, agile and stronger state. As we look to the coming months and beyond, it will be important to continue to adapt to the changing landscape during unprecedented times.
Post-traumatic Arthritis of the Elbow

There have been considerable advances in elbow fracture management over the last 50 years with a transition from nonsurgical treatment to management in accordance to modern articular fracture principles. Post-traumatic elbow arthritis continues to be relatively common following intra-articular elbow fractures especially intra-articular distal humerus fractures. Treatment options are numerous and range from arthroscopic debridement to elbow arthrodesis. Surgical planning for these cases requires an extensive discussion of patient expectations and demands as there are many surgical options with each carrying its own risks and benefits. This chapter will explore the management of post-traumatic elbow arthritis from preoperative evaluation to surgical options. Case examples will highlight available surgical options.
Evaluating the empirical evidence for three transdiagnostic mechanisms in anxiety and mood disorders.

High co-morbidity among mental disorders indicates that common transdiagnostic mechanisms underlie various psychopathology, yet there has been little research effort to empirically explicate transd...
Multi-Threaded Simulation Optimization Platform for Reducing Energy Use in Large-Scale Water Distribution Networks with High Dimensions

Hydraulic simulation models are used to improve the energy use of pumps at water distribution networks through simulation optimizations by selecting operating policies which reduce energy usage while meeting customer water demand. Typical simulated optimizations of complex hydraulic systems have high dimensional decision spaces and require significant time to evaluate. This study presents the design of a new multi-threaded simulation optimization software platform to determine pump operations for water distribution networks. The platform explores rule-based controls for pumps using derivative-free simulation optimization methods as independent, parallelized computational tasks. Decision spaces are reduced through domain division which produces smaller subproblems to be sequentially optimized. The platform is applied to a real urban water distribution system case study to determine energy efficient pump operating policies. The performance of several optimization techniques are compared, indicating that domain division approaches may improve consistency of optimization but are not necessarily beneficial for all optimization techniques.
Targeting protein–protein interactions in the DNA damage response pathways for cancer chemotherapy

Cellular DNA damage response (DDR) is an extensive signaling network that orchestrates DNA damage recognition, repair and avoidance, cell cycle progression and cell death. DDR alteration is a hallmark of cancer, with the deficiency in one DDR capability often compensated by a dependency on alternative pathways endowing cancer cells with survival and growth advantage. Targeting these DDR pathways has provided multiple opportunities for the development of cancer therapies. Traditional drug discovery has mainly focused on catalytic inhibitors that block enzyme active sites, which limits the number of potential drug targets within the DDR pathways. This review article describes the emerging approach to the development of cancer therapeutics targeting essential protein–protein interactions (PPIs) in the DDR network. The overall strategy for the structure-based design of small molecule PPI inhibitors is discussed, followed by an overview of the major DNA damage sensing, DNA repair, and DNA damage tolerance pathways with a specific focus on PPI targets for anti-cancer drug design. The existing small molecule inhibitors of DDR PPIs are summarized that selectively kill cancer cells and/or sensitize cancers to front-line genotoxic therapies, and a range of new PPI targets are proposed that may lead to the development of novel chemotherapeutics.
A Privacy Attack on Coded Caching by Colluding Users

Coded caching is beneficial due to its ability to leverage the multicast property of a wireless channel. Under specific network settings, the coded caching scheme has been shown to reveal the user file requests. In prior work, a privacy attack by a single attacker on coded caching was presented. In this letter, we focus on a relatively secure setting whereby only the intended users access the files. Nevertheless, we show that, even in this setting, privacy is compromised if the users are colluding. The time complexity of the attack on a network with $N$ files, $K$ users, and $l \leq K$ colluding users is shown to be in the order of $\sqrt {\ln (N(K-l))}N^{(K-l)/2}$ steps.
Histological Changes Observed in Placentas Exposed to Medication-Assisted Treatment.

Introduction To compare the effects of medication-assisted treatment on the placenta in pregnant women with opioid use disorder and uncomplicated pregnancies. Methods This is a case-controlled study of pregnant women utilizing medication-assisted treatment, buprenorphine or methadone, which were matched to healthy uncomplicated controls by gestational age. Placental evaluations and neonatal outcomes were evaluated. Data analysis performed standard statistics and relative risk analysis with a p < 0.05 considered significant. Results There were 143 women who met the inclusion criteria: 103 utilizing MAT, 41 buprenorphine and 62 methadone, and 40 uncomplicated matched healthy controls. The incidence of delayed villous maturation was 36% in the medication-assisted group compared with 10% in controls (RR 3.6: 95% CI 1.37-9.43; p < 0.01). The placental weight was greater (541 ± 117 g versus 491 ± 117 g; p = 0.02), and the fetoplacental weight ratio was lower (5.70 ± 1.1 versus 7.13 ± 1.4; p < 0.01) in the medication-exposed pregnancies compared with controls. The mean birth weight of the MAT newborns was significantly lower than that of the healthy controls (3018 ± 536 g versus 3380 ± 492 g; p < 0.01). When evaluating the subgroups of the MAT newborns, the birth weight of the methadone-exposed newborns (2886 ± 514 g) was significantly lower than that of the buprenorphine-exposed newborns (3218 ± 512 g; p < 0.01). Conclusion Medication-exposed pregnancies have a greater incidence of delayed villous maturation, a larger placental size, and a decreased fetoplacental weight ratio compared to the healthy controls. Larger long-term follow-up studies to evaluate outcomes with the presence of delayed villous maturation are needed.
Shortened telomere length is associated with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation among cardiovascular patients enrolled in the Intermountain Heart Collaborative Study

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) diminishes quality of life and accounts for approximately one-third of all strokes. Studies have associated mitochondrial dysfunction with both AF and telomere length (TL). Objective The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis of a relationship between AF and TL. Methods Blood was collected from consenting participants in the Intermountain Heart Collaborative Study (n = 3576) and DNA extracted. TL was determined by multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction, normalized to a single copy gene, and reported as telomere/single gene ratio (t/s). Patient information was extracted from Intermountain Healthcare's electronic records database. Prevalent AF was determined by discharge ICD-9 code. AF subtype (paroxysmal [Px], persistent [Ps], long-standing persistent/permanent [Pm]) was determined by chart review. Results The t/s decreased with age (P Conclusion The present study supports an association between Px AF and TL. Short TL may be a previously unrecognized risk factor for AF with potential applications in diagnosis and therapy.
Role of DNA Repair in Cell Inactivation, Aging, and Transformation: A Selective Review, A Speculative Model1

Publisher Summary Radiations produce important biological changes in mammals and their cells, and induce DNA metabolic activities in irradiated cells that are considered to be repair processes. This chapter presents a speculative model for the direct correlation of radiation-induced DNA repair and radiation-induced cellular changes in a framework consistent with evolutionary principles. DNA repair is a difficult process to measure in mammalian cells. In theory, it can be considered to be the totality of processes that restitute DNA and its associated molecules to a structural condition identical to that in the preirradiated cell. In reality—even at low doses—DNA repair processes can fail, and irradiated cells exhibit changes that most probably reflect alterations in DNA structure. Such failure of restitution could result from nonrepair or misrepair or could result directly from the repair processes themselves. The proposed model speculates that observed DNA repair activities may have biological purpose beyond that of restituting DNA structure and that several observed cellular changes—although seemingly disparate—share a common basis in the characteristics of this repair and do not result solely from unrestituted radiation damage.
Discovering Immigration into Turkey: The Emergence of a Dynamic Field

In the last couple of decades, Turkey has become an important country of immigration. In parallel, a new scholarly field has developed to study this largely unrecognized phenomenon. In this paper, I take stock of this new literature. I first show how students of immigration into Turkey had to define the field in relation to the powerful existing fields studying emigration from Turkey and internal migration in Turkey, as well as how they distinguished between “old” and “new” immigration. I then study the emergence of this field under the lead of Ahmet Icduygu and Kemal Kirisci. Later, with the establishment of two central research centres (CARIM and MiReKoc), the field gained important institutional anchors and attracted many new scholars. Today, the field is characterized by a strong dynamism, a plurality of talented scholars and a diversity of concerns and approaches. Even though the field is still at an early stage, it is bound to grow rapidly, as the phenomenon of migration into Turkey remains a highly strategic and lasting phenomenon. It is therefore crucial for the field to become self-aware of its strength and weaknesses. Consequently, in the final section, I identify important future directions for the field, especially the need for scholars to better understand the diverse political ramifications (foreign and domestic politics) associated with immigration into Turkey.
Dynamic study of wireless intracranial pressure monitoring of rotational head injury in swine model

For what is believed to be for the first time, the dynamic study of wireless intracranial pressure measurements in a swine model of traumatic brain injury is described. This achieves an extremely important milestone, since the measurements demonstrate the system's robustness, and the feasibility of acquiring wireless readings of the intracranial pressure resulting from non-impact rotational head injury in swine. The fully implanted device uses a capacitive pressure sensor modulating an RF oscillator, coupled to a planar inverted-F antenna. The results match well those obtained from a standard fibre-optic based (tethered) commercial intracranial pressure monitor, as well as published literature data, and may enable a future trend in the use of implantable wireless systems for research or clinical diagnoses.
Political Entrepreneurs and the Transfer Demanding Process: Homesteading the Unassigned District

This paper introduces the transfer-demanding entrepreneur to help bridge the gap between static equi- libria in an interest group theory of government and process theories. The transfer demanding entrepreneur acts in a creative, discontinuous fashion to organize latent demand for a particular transfer into an effective interest group. The disequilibrating, re-equilibrating transfer demanding entrepreneur provides a theoretical framework for understanding the movement between static political equilibria. This paper considers the transfer demand- ing entrepreneurship necessary to bring together the western railroads, organized labor, and potential Oklahoma colonists in the passage of white settlement and coal-lease ratification legislation in the Indian Territory.
Atlantic Coastal Plain Aquifers and Other Uncosolidated Subsurface Sediments: Microbiological Aspects

Sites Sampling the Subsurface Methods for Community Analysis Presence, Abundance, and Diversity of Microorganisms in Atlantic Coastal Plain Sediments Keywords: aquifers, Atlantic Coastal Plain; Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifers; subsurface microbiology
A case-based review of a simplified quantitative approach to acid-base analysis

Objective – To present a simplified quantitative approach to acid-base analysis and to demonstrate its clinical utility. Data Sources – Original research articles and textbooks. Data Synthesis – A simplified quantitative approach to acid-base analysis is presented, which is derived from the Fencl-Stewart approach and calculates the magnitude of the effect on the standardized base excess (SBE) of 5 separate variables: (1) a free water effect (marked by sodium concentration), (2) an effect marked by the chloride concentration, (3) an albumin effect, (4) a lactate effect, and (5) a phosphate effect. Six clinical cases with acid-base abnormalities are presented in which the quantitative approach provides information that is not apparent from the traditional approach. Conclusion – This simplified quantitative approach provides a comprehensive evaluation of complex acid-base disorders, identifies individual processes and their relative influence on SBE, and aids in the development of an appropriate therapeutic plan.
The Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database (BMCD) catalogs and summarizes the information concerning crystallization that is available in the literature as an aid in the development of crystallization strategies to produce large single crystals suitable for X-ray structural investigations. The BMCD also has become the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) Archive, providing access to details and results of crystallization experiments undertaken in microgravity. The BMCD includes data for all classes of biological macromolecules for which diffraction-quality crystals have been obtained and reported in the literature. These include peptides, proteins, protein–protein complexes, nucleic acids, nucleic acid–nucleic acid complexes, protein–nucleic acid complexes, and viruses. The information contained in the BMCD can be divided into three major categories: biological macromolecule, crystallization, and summary and reference data. The data are organized into separate entries for biological macromolecules and for crystal forms. Each biological macromolecule in the database has a unique biopolymer sequence.
Steroid-protein interactions. XXII. Extrapolation technique for determination of corticosteroid-binding globulin by gel filtration.

Abstract A method has been developed for the quantification of the corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) which eliminates the disadvantages of the gel filtration technique (dissociation, possible reversible adsorption). Binding capacity values are obtained with three different amounts of Sephadex G-50, and are extrapolated to a gel volume of zero. CBG concentrations have been measured for two normal and two pregnancy sera. The results have been found in agreement with those obtained by two independent procedures based on equilibrium dialysis.
Combining heterogeneous data sources for accurate functional annotation of proteins

Combining heterogeneous sources of data is essential for accurate prediction of protein function. The task is complicated by the fact that while sequence-based features can be readily compared across species, most other data are species-specific. In this paper, we present a multi-view extension to GOstruct, a structured-output framework for function annotation of proteins. The extended framework can learn from disparate data sources, with each data source provided to the framework in the form of a kernel. Our empirical results demonstrate that the multi-view framework is able to utilize all available information, yielding better performance than sequence-based models trained across species and models trained from collections of data within a given species. This version of GOstruct participated in the recent Critical Assessment of Functional Annotations (CAFA) challenge; since then we have significantly improved the natural language processing component of the method, which now provides performance that is on par with that provided by sequence information. The GOstruct framework is available for download at http://strut.sourceforge.net.
Zoonotic viruses of wildlife: hither from yon

The emergence of zoonotic viruses maintained by wildlife reservoir hosts is poorly understood. Recent discoveries of Hendra (HENV) and Nipah (NIPV) viruses in Australasia and the emergence of epidemic West Nile virus (WNV) in the United States have added urgency to the study of cross-species transmission. The processes by which zoonotic viruses are transmitted and infect other species are examined as four transitions. Two of these, inter-species contact and cross-species virus transmission (spillover), are essential and sufficient to cause epidemic emergence. Sustained transmission and virus adaptation within the spillover host are transitions not required for virus emergence, but determine the magnitude and scope of subsequent disease outbreaks. Ecologic, anthropogenic, and evolutionary factors modify the probability that viruses complete or move through transitions. As surveillance for wildlife diseases is rare and often outbreak-driven, targeted studies are required to elucidate the means by which important zoonotic viruses are maintained and spillover occurs.
Constrained total least squares

The Total Least Squares (TLS) method is a generalized least square technique to solve an overdetermined system of equations Ax\simeqb . The TLS solution differs from the usual Least Square (LS) in that it tries to compensate for arbitrary noise present in both A and b . In certain problems the noise perturbations of A and b are linear functions of a common "noise source" vector. In this case we obtain a generalization of the TLS criterion called the Constrained Total Least Squares (CTLS) method by taking into account the linear dependence of the noise terms in A and b . If the noise columns of A and b are linearly related then the CTLS solution is obtained in terms of the largest eigenvalue and corresponding eigenvector of a certain matrix. The CTLS technique can be applied to problems like Maximum Likelihood Signal Parameter Estimation, Frequency Estimation of Sinusoids in white or colored noise by Linear Prediction and others.
The Refined Three-Dimensional Structure of Pectate Lyase E from Erwinia chrysanthemi at 2.2 A Resolution

The crystal structure of pectate lyase E (PelE; EC 4.2.2.2) from the enterobacteria Erwinia chrysanthemi has been refined by molecular dynamics techniques to a resolution of 2.2 A and an R factor (an agreement factor between observed structure factor amplitudes) of 16.1%. The final model consists of all 355 amino acids and 157 water molecules. The root-mean-square deviation from ideality is 0.009 A for bond lengths and 1.721[deg] for bond angles. The structure of PelE bound to a lanthanum ion, which inhibits the enzymatic activity, has also been refined and compared to the metal-free protein. In addition, the structures of pectate lyase C (PelC) in the presence and absence of a lutetium ion have been refined further using an improved algorithm for identifying waters and other solvent molecules. The two putative active site regions of PelE have been compared to those in the refined structure of PelC. The analysis of the atomic details of PelE and PelC in the presence and absence of lanthanide ions provides insight into the enzymatic mechanism of pectate lyases.
Antibiotics are an important identifiable cause of perioperative anaphylaxis in the United States.

Background The diagnosis of perioperative anaphylaxis (PA) remains challenging, given its clinical setting, exposure to multiple medications, and rarity. Previous reports have found that PA is most frequently caused by neuromuscular-blocking agents. Objective To determine characteristics and causes of PA at our center. Methods We performed a retrospective medical record review to identify patients with anaphylaxis. Cases were further categorized by manifestations of anaphylaxis, age, sex, atopy, timing, tryptase level, and previous PA events. Cases with a cause identified by skin or in vitro tests were classified as IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Results Thirty cases were identified. Seventeen (57%) had an identifiable cause: antibiotics in 10 (59%)—β-lactams in and metronidazole in 1; latex in 3 (18%); and neuromuscular blockers in 4 (23%). There was no identifiable cause in 13 cases. The most frequent presenting sign of PA was hypotension (97%). Seven patients (23%) presented with cardiac arrest. A minority (17%) exhibited urticaria. Only four had a history of atopy. Most of the reactions occurred during the anesthesia induction phase. Elevated serum tryptase level was found in 10 of 10 (100%) cases of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis compared with 4 of 10 (40%) cases without an identifiable cause. Conclusions We found that antibiotics were the most common identifiable cause of PA. Our findings imply that antibiotic exposure warrants careful attention in the evaluation and management of patients with PA, particularly for those who require repeat and/or future surgeries.
Traitement endovasculaire des anévrysmes de l’aorte thoracique : ce que nous savons, ce qu’il faut attendre

Les anevrysmes de l’aorte thoracique descendante sont moins frequents et moins susceptibles de se rompre que les anevrysmes de l’aorte abdominale. Cependant, ils peuvent etre mortels en l’absence de traitement, qui est recommande en cas de diametre superieur ou egal a 6 cm ou de symptomes. Le traitement chirurgical ouvert des anevrysmes de l’aorte thoracique etait le traitement de reference lors de la derniere revue sur ce sujet dans les Annales de Chirurgie Vasculaire. Actuellement, les anevrysmes thoraciques relevent du traitement endovasculaire lorsqu’ils presentent une anatomie favorable. Cette revue presente les benefices du traitement endovasculaire (diminution de la mortalite et de la morbidite) mais egalement ses limites (absence de benefice sur la mortalite tardive) en se basant sur les donnees de la litterature. Les principales caracteristiques des endoprotheses disponibles ainsi que les specificites de ces populations a haut risque sont resumees.
The retrieval practice effect in associative recognition.

Recalling an item interferes with recall of related memories. Evidence is presented that retrieval interference occurs in associative recognition as well as recall. In Experiment 1, subjects studied pairs of category exemplars. Retrieval practice followed, during which some pairs appeared in a cued recall test. A final test of associative recognition (with remember—know judgments) found lower accuracy and hit rate for nonpracticed pairs belonging to retrieval-practiced categories. In Experiment 2, subjects studied noun pairs from overlapping sets, with study duration manipulated between subjects. Retrieval practice was manipulated by presenting some members of a set in a previous block during the recognition test. With long study duration, retrieval interference was evident in both recognition and remember judgments. With short study duration, it appeared only in remember judgments. These results support a dual-process account in which retrieval interference is specific to recollection and becomes evident in recognition performance only when recollection is sufficiently dominant.
Three possible futures for persuasive technology

I will share three possible paths that persuasive technologies might take in the coming years: MixMasters, Swishers, and MegaMonkeys. These speculative futures may help us reevaluate our methods for research and design. Even if my three scenarios never happen, what seems certain is that our current practices, in both industry and academics, will inevitably change as we develop better tools for creating, distributing, and measuring persuasive technologies. I believe these changes will come sooner than most expect.
Sexual History Inquiry and HIV Counseling: Improving Clinical Skills and Medical Knowledge through an Interactive Workshop Utilizing Standardized Patients.

Background Sexual history and HIV counseling (SHHIVC) are essential clinical skills. Our project’s purpose was to evaluate a standardized patient educational intervention teaching third-year medical students SHHIVC.
Peer Review in Journals Indexed in Index Medicus

Objective. —To determine whether peer review policies are published in English-language journals indexed in Index Medicus and, secondarily, to obtain information on the peer review practices of such journals. Design. —Examined one issue of a sample of all journal titles written in English and indexed in Index Medicus , and all indexed English-language journals in four subject fields. A questionnaire was sent to the editors of journals in the subject fields requesting information on their peer review practices. Setting. —Journals received at the National Library of Medicine. Participants. —Editors of journals in four subject fields. Main Outcome Measure. —Existence of a printed statement of the peer review process for manuscripts. Results. —Although the editors queried in the four subject fields indicated that overall, 56% to 65% of the articles were peer reviewed, clear statements about their peer review practices were not found in half of their journals or in the overall sample. Conclusions. —Editors should publish clear statements of the peer review process followed for each type of article published in their journals. ( JAMA . 1994;272:156-158)
The influence of host and tissue age on life span and growth rate of serially transplanted mouse mammary gland.

Abstract Mouse mammary gland has a finite life span when serially transplanted in isogenic female hosts, using declining rate of ductal growth as an indicator of aging. In the experiments reported here, young and old hosts were transplanted with mammary tissues from young and old donors, and the transplants were propagated serially until they were lost due to diminished capacity for growth. Mammary tissue derived from both young and old donors behaved similarly when propagated in young hosts, and no consistent effect of donor age was observed. Old hosts, in contrast, did not support vigorous growth of either old or young grafts, probably because of endocrine insufficiency. The lack of vigorous growth during the first transplant generation in old hosts did not reduce the growth potential of either young or old transplants, since both grew well when retransplanted into young hosts. The results suggest that the life span of mammary cells is primarily related to a limited potential for division.
Sequencing Jobs with Stochastic Task Structures on a Single Machine

A sequencing problem wherein there is a single processor and a finite number of jobs needing service is considered. Each job consists of a sequence of tasks generated probabilistically by a finite state Markov chain. Each state in the Markov chain is identified with a task and has a service-time requirement and a deferral cost, both of which are random variables. The goal is to minimize the expected value of the sum of the weighted finishing times of all the tasks. The sequencing discipline is nonpreemptive. It is shown that there exists an optimal priority sequencing rule based on a rank defined for each task; an efficient algorithm for calculating the rank is given.