cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signal probability and the listening band

A two-interval detection procedure was used to study the effects of signal probability on the listening band. The signal was chosen randomly on each trial from a set of three sinusoid segments of 650, 750, or 850 Hz. The relative likelihood of a specific frequency signal being present on a trial was varied over three experimental conditions: (I) P(650) = P(750) = P(850) = .33; (2) P(650) = P(850) = .17, P(750) =.66; and (3) P(750) = 1.0. Plots of P(C) vs signal frequency indicated small but consistent differences between the three experimental conditions. The effective listening band appears to be sharper when the center frequency signal has a higher presentation probability. Analysis of the sequential probabilities failed to support an interpretation of the results in terms of short-term band changes. It is argued that there are relatively long term changes in the effective listening band as a function of presentation probability.
Micromachined gyroscopes: challenges, design solutions, and opportunities

Micromachined gyroscopes are probably the most challenging type of transducers ever attempted to be designed in micro-world. A nail-size dynamic system integrated with control electronics on the same silicon chip is designed to be a very sensitive sensor which is potentially able to detect maneuvers and motions beyond human perception. Along with exciting opportunities which MEMS gyroscopes could bring to everyday life, the miniaturization introduces many new technical challenges. Multi-degree of freedom dynamics, sensitivity to fabrication imperfections, dynamic instability, limited control resources - all these raise a number of fundamentally challenging issues in the design, analysis, and control of micromachined gyroscopes. In this paper, we summarize principles of operation, review recent research and development efforts, and discuss potential applications and the future market of silicon based micromachined gyroscopes.
Developing Early Alerting Mechanism to Support Robust Terminal Radar Approach Control Operations

This paper describes the development of an automated mechanism to alert aviation traffic managers of the need to take action to adjust the rate of aircraft arriving into airports. When rates are too high, air traffic controllers are forced to do costly maneuvering and to hold aircraft to maintain required spacing. When arrival rates are too low, valuable airport landing capacity goes unused. In today's operations, mismatches between the planned and actual arrival rates often occur gradually and may not even be noticed until too late, after significant problems have materialized. This paper proposes an alerting mechanism that uses real-time signal metrics based on actual airspace operations to alert controllers of impending problems. Alerts would be triggered when signal metrics crossed their respective threshold values, which would be tailored for specific airspaces and generated with sufficient lead time to allow for mitigating actions. The alerting mechanism would reduce reliance on manual monitoring an...
Characterizing Triplet States of Quinonoidal Dinitrenes as a Function of Conjugation Length

Photolysis of para,para‘-diazide precursors in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran gives biradical ESR spectra assignable to quinonoidal dinitrenes with excited triplet biradical states. The zero field splitting (zfs) parameters for the biradicals at 77 K are as follows: 1,4-phenylenedinitrene (|D/hc| = 0.169 cm-1, |E/hc| = 0.004 cm-1); 4,4‘-biphenyldinitrene (|D/hc| = 0.188 cm-1, |E/hc| ≤ 0.002 cm-1); 4,4‘-stilbenedinitrene (|D/hc| = 0.122 cm-1, |E/hc| < 0.002 cm-1); 1,4-bis(p-nitrenophenyl)buta-1,3-diene (|D/hc| = 0.0865 cm-1, |E/hc| < 0.002 cm-1); 1,8-bis(p-nitrenophenyl)octa-1,3,5,7-tetraene (|D/hc| = 0.0442 cm-1, |E/hc| < 0.001 cm-1). These zfs parameters are inconsistent with simple dipole−dipole analysis of the ESR spectra in localized biradicals, but are reconcilable with a spin-polarized model involving the π-electrons of the biradicals.
Ca2+- and Mg2+-modulated lipolysis in neonatal rat brain slices observed by one- and two-dimensional NMR.

Superfused cortical brain slices from neonatal rats demonstrated large increases in levels of NMR-detectable lipids after sample preparation and perfusion with standard artificial CSF. These increases were reduced by an average of 58% by perfusion with buffer with low (no added) Ca 2+ or by perfusion in Ca 2+ -free buffer. Perfusion with buffer with elevated MgSO 4 (10 mmol/L) reduced the lipid changes by 47%. A reduction of 88% was observed in samples perfused in buffer with both low Ca 2+ and high Mg 2+ , suggesting a role for Mg 2+ in reducing lipolysis distinct from its known ability to block Ca 2+ influx.
Induction of avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma proteins by toxic bile acid inhibits expression of glutathione synthetic enzymes and contributes to cholestatic liver injury in mice

We previously showed that hepatic expression of glutathione (GSH) synthetic enzymes and GSH levels fell 2 weeks after bile duct ligation (BDL) in mice. This correlated with a switch in nuclear anti-oxidant response element (ARE) binding activity from nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) to c–avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma (c-Maf)/V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog G (MafG). Our current aims were to examine whether the switch in ARE binding activity from Nrf2 to Mafs is responsible for decreased expression of GSH synthetic enzymes and the outcome of blocking this switch. Huh7 cells treated with lithocholic acid (LCA) exhibited a similar pattern of change in GSH synthetic enzyme expression as BDL mice. Nuclear protein levels of Nrf2 fell at 20 hours after LCA treatment, whereas c-Maf and MafG remained persistently induced. These changes translated to ARE nuclear binding activity. Knockdown of c-Maf or MafG individually blunted the LCA-induced decrease in Nrf2 ARE binding and increased ARE-dependent promoter activity, whereas combined knockdown was more effective. Knockdown of c-Maf or MafG individually increased the expression of GSH synthetic enzymes and raised GSH levels, and combined knockdown exerted an additive effect. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) or S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) prevented the LCA-induced decrease in expression of GSH synthetic enzymes and promoter activity and prevented the increase in MafG and c-Maf levels. In vivo knockdown of the Maf genes protected against the decrease in GSH enzyme expression, GSH level, and liver injury after BDL. Conclusion: Toxic bile acid induces a switch from Nrf2 to c-Maf/MafG ARE nuclear binding, which leads to decreased expression of GSH synthetic enzymes and GSH levels and contributes to liver injury during BDL. UDCA and SAMe treatment targets this switch. (HEPATOLOGY 2010.)
Lumbar discography: Diagnostic role in discogenic pain

Although modern imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography are useful in detecting anatomic abnormalities within the intervertebral disc, they cannot provide any information regarding the presence or absence of pain arising from anatomic abnormalities. Discography is currently the only diagnostic method that is available to determine whether an anatomically abnormal intervertebral disc is the cause of a given patient's ongoing pain. However, discography is a subjective test, relying entirely on the patient's pain experience during the conduct of this brief procedure, which is without effective controls. This article discusses the current scientific evidence regarding the use of discography at lumbar spinal levels, describes the technique and associated complications, and explores the controversies surrounding the usefulness of this diagnostic test.
Structure-Activity Relationship of Phosphonic Acid Analogs of Acyclovir or Ganciclovir Against Human Cytomegalovirus in MRC-5 Cells

Abstract In vitro anti-HCMV activity of 22 phosphonic acid analogs of acyclovir or ganciclovir (DHPG) was determined in MRC-5 cells to establish structure-activity relationships.
Anti-ship missile tracking with a chirped AM ladar - Update: design, model predictions, and experimental results

Shipboard infrared search and track (IRST) systems can detect sea-skimming, anti-ship missiles at long ranges. Since IRST systems cannot measure range and line-of-sight (LOS) velocity, they have difficulty distinguishing missiles from false targets and clutter. In a joint Army-Navy program, the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is developing a ladar based on the chirped amplitude modulation (AM) technique to provide range and velocity measurements of potential targets handed-over by the distributed aperture system - IRST (DAS-IRST) being developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR). Using the ladar's range and velocity data, false alarms and clutter will be eliminated, and valid missile targets' tracks will be updated. By using an array receiver, ARL's ladar will also provide 3D imagery of potential threats for force protection/situational awareness. The concept of operation, the Phase I breadboard ladar design and performance model results, and the Phase I breadboard ladar development program were presented in paper 5413-16 at last year's symposium. This paper will present updated design and performance model results, as well as recent laboratory and field test results for the Phase I breadboard ladar. Implications of the Phase I program results on the design, development, and testing of the Phase II brassboard ladar will also be discussed.
Effect of tillage-induced soil macroporosity on water infiltration

In some areas of the inland Pacific Northwest, surface runoff is a major source of water loss. Chiseling or plowing in the fall of the year, following wheat harvest, are farming practices to increase water infiltration especially in areas where frozen soil is anticipated. Water infiltration, overwinter water storage, and soil macroporosity were measured in fall tillage treatments of: (1) no tillage (NT); (2) chiseled stubble (C); (3) Paraplowed stubble (P). In spring, final infiltration rates for the respective treatments were 9.2, 22.8 and 23.5 mm h−1. Over winter, all treatments stored the same amount of water in the 3.35-m profile, however there were differences in the distribution of water in the profile. The fraction of macroporosity in a horizontal cross-section of soil, was different for each treatment and depth of cross-section. For the C treatment, macroporosity decreased from about 20% at the 7.6-cm depth to <1.0% at 25.4 cm, In contrast, macroporosity decreased with depth to a minimum of 6.9% at the 12.7-cm depth and increased to a maximum of 17.2% at 25.4 cm for the P treatment. NT had <1.0% macroporosity. Over winter soil settling is uncertain, however, water infiltration and macroporosity measurements conducted in March attest to the overwintering stability of the macropore structure of both C and P treatments.
The Sommerfeld half‐plane problem revisited, V: The bifurcated guide with mixed boundary conditions on the septum

We discuss the solution of the boundary value problem in a duct with a centered septum [9]. On the lower wall of the duct a Neumann condition is applied while on the upper wall a Dirichlet condition is applied. On the septum we apply a Dirichlet condition on the lower side and a Neumann condition on the upper one. This problem is formulated as a pair of integral equations of the Wiener–Hopf type for which we supply solutions for two modes of excitation as well as real and complex wave number. A critical examination is made of the construction, which reduces the problem to one in complex analysis. For real wave number, the physical parameters are provided in very simple forms.
ASPUN, Design for an Argonne Super Intense Pulsed Neutron Source

Argonne pioneered the pulsed spallation neutron source with the ZING-P and IPNS-I concepts. IPNS-I is now a reliable and actively used source for pulsed spallation neutrons. The accelerator is a 500 MeV, 8-9 ..mu..a, 30 Hz rapid cycling proton synchrotron. Other neutron spallation sources are now in operation or in construction. These include KENS-I at the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics in Japan, the WNR/PSR at Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the SNS at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in England. Newer and bolder concepts being developed for more intense pulsed spallation neutron sources include SNQ at the KFA Laboratory in Germany, ASTOR at the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Physics, and ASPUN, the Argonne concept. ASPUN, presented in this paper, is based on the Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient concept. The design goal is to provide a time-averaged beam of 3.5 ma at 1100 MeV on a spallation target in intense bursts, 100-200 nanoseconds long, at a repetition rate of no more than 60 to 85 Hz. Design parameters are given.
Rupture of major vessels after radiation.

Rupture of irradiated large vessels is an uncommon complication which tends to occur in carotid, aorta, and femoral arteries, in decreasing order of incidence. It particularly affects men subjected to surgery and radiotherapy for epidermoid carcinomas in oropharynx, esophagus, or genitalia. Contrary to some opinion, radiation is not the most significant cause; this spontaneous arterial rupture can occur without radiation. The perforation is not associated with tumor invasion of arterial wall, as has been claimed. Surgical complications, especially necrosis of skin flaps, infection, and fistulas are most important etiologically. Only 2 of the 11 instances that we describe appear to have been caused mainly by radiation. The perforation is usually fatal, but several patients, including 3 of our series (2 carotid, 1 femoral), have been saved by hospital personnel aware of this complication. To prevent it, prolonged exposure or infection of arteries, whether irradiated or not, should be avoided. (auth)
Embedding and knotting of positive curvature surfaces in 3-space

Abstract In 3-space, compact orientable surfaces with nonempty boundary and positive curvature play the role of Seifert surfaces in a curvature-sensitive version of knot theory. The following result states that the isotopy classes of such surfaces are in a one-to-one correspondence with the isotopy classes of ordinary surfaces which have no constraint on their curvature.
Antagonism of methylphenidate-induced behavior by neostigmine or hemicholinium-3

Abstract This study investigated the hypothesis that there is a dopaminergic-cholinergic balance in the brain which is functionally antagonistic. Depletion of acetylcholine by intraventricular hemicholinium-3 (10μg) failed to potentiate the behavioral activation by methylphenidate (40 mg/kg, i.p.). Intraventricular injection of neostigmine (30 nmol) blocked the stereotyped and locomotor activity induced by methylphenidate. An assay was developed for neostigmine using ion-pair extraction and gas chromatography. Measurement of neostigmine and acetylcholine levels demonstrated that the prolonged increase in acetylcholine was correlated with the presence of neostigmine in the brain. The half-life of neostigmine was biphasic with an initial time of 36 min. In the present study, cholinergic overactivity inhibited the stereotyped and motor activity produced by methylphenidate and these results supported the functional imbalance hypothesis. However, when cholinergic underactivity was produced by hemicholinium-3 the hypothesis was not supported.
Methodology for Intrinsic Exergy Analysis as Guide for Process Improvement With a Fuel Droplet Combustion Example

While exergy analysis is by now commonly used on the system level to identify losses and recommend ways for reducing them, its use on the “intrinsic”, field, level where the exergy of a process is calculated as a function of location and time, is still developing. Intrinsic exergy analysis is a most useful method for identifying and understanding the specific reasons for exergy losses in a process, and in devising methods for their reduction. A good example, which is the sample case of this paper, is the analysis of exergy losses in combustion processes, which are known to be responsible for around 30 % of the fuel potential to produce power. In this paper we develop a methodology for intrinsic exergy analysis and for its use for process improvement, using the case of combustion of a n-heptane droplet as example. The time-dependent continuity, energy and species conservation equations together with the reaction kinetics, state equations, and temperature and concentration dependent transport properties, are solved numerically to determine the temperature and concentrations fields. These results are then used to calculate the rates of local entropy generation to determine the spatial and temporal irreversibilities produced during the combustion process, as well as the exergy efficiency. The results obtained indicate, among other things, that after ignition has taken place, the exergy loss (or entropy generation) component most responsible for the overall exergy loss is the chemical entropy, having the same order of magnitude as the rest of the entropy generation terms combined for all the cases evaluated. The computed exergy efficiency for the base case is 68.4%, in agreement with previous droplet combustion exergy studies. To develop guidelines for the process improvement, the sensitivity of the second law efficiency to the initial gas temperature (Tgi ), reaction rate (ω), and combustion duration were analyzed. The results generated several promising improvement avenues.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Toxicity in Aged Rats

Various anesthetics are metabolized by different forms of cytochrome P-450 yielding the same toxic metabolite, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE). The toxicity of TFE is a consequence of its metabolism catalyzed by cytochrome P-450. Since a marked age difference exists in the composition and inducibility of the hepatic mixed function oxidase system, we have elucidated the toxicity of TFE in 36-month-old aged Wistar rats. The aged rats were injected with sublethal doses of TFE (0.10 g/kg once per week for 5 weeks), after which they were sacrificed for pathologic examination. The major TFE-related lesions observed were severe hepatocyte degenerative changes such as basophilic, eosinophilic, vacuolated hepatocytes, bile duct hyperplasia, accumulation of lipofuscin pigments, and preneoplastic nodules. Other changes seen were the hyalinization of gastric submucosal wall, generalized testicular atrophy due to the loss of seminiferous tubules, coagulation necrosis of intestinal mucosal wall, hyperpigmentation, and more advanced and severe chronic progressive glomerulonephropathy in the TFE-treated rats. More severe lipofuscin and vacuolation of white matter of thalamic area, pons, midbrain, and cerebellum reflective of enhanced aging were also seen. Ultrastructural studies of liver from TFE-treated rats revealed rather diffuse loss of glycogen, fragmentation of endoplasmic reticulum, mineralization of mitochondria, and loss of other organelles within the hepatocytes versus saline-treated aged rats. Hepatic cytochrome P-450 concentrations, measured as a possible index of endoplasmic reticulum damage, were not affected by TFE administration.
Stochastic estimation of large structures in an incompressible mixing layer

High-vector density planar velocity fields were obtained for an incompressible mixing layer using particle image velocimetry (PIV) for the purpose of determining spatial correlations of velocity fluctuations and linear stochastic estimates of the large-scale structures. The linear stochastic estimates were calculated based on the deformation tensor. The velocity ratio of the mixing layer was 0.575, and the density ratio was unity. At the location where the PIV images were obtained, Re x = 1.8 × 10 5 , Reδ ω = 1.1 × 10 4 , and the pairing parameter was Rx/λ = 8
Ocean chemistry: Biogeochemical regimes in focus

The ocean's biological pump transfers carbon to long-term storage in deep waters and sediments. Two inverse modelling studies describe the export of organic matter throughout the surface layer of the world's oceans in exceptional detail.
Advanced extrauterine pregnancy: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

Objective The objective of the study was to identify women with advanced extrauterine pregnancy, specifically assessing the problems encountered with their diagnosis and management, preoperative evaluation, and surgical removal. Study Design This was a case series including women diagnosed with an extrauterine pregnancy of 18 weeks’ gestation or greater at our institution from 1980 to 2005. Results We identified 10 women with advanced extrauterine pregnancies during the study period. Diagnosis was not optimal, and only 6 were discovered preoperatively. Despite the fact that only 3 of 10 women met diagnostic criteria for an abdominal pregnancy, surgical dissection was universally difficult, and hemorrhage was common with 9 of 10 patients requiring blood transfusions. In 2 women, the placenta was left in situ, and both developed serious complications. All 5 viable fetuses survived, but their courses were long and complicated. Conclusion Irrespective of placental implantation site, an advanced extrauterine pregnancy is a serious condition. The currently accepted definition of abdominal pregnancy is too exclusive.
Instabilities and elastic recoil of the two-fluid circular hydraulic jump

The two-fluid circular hydraulic jump, also called “rinsing flow,” is a common process where a jet of one liquid impinges upon a layer of a second liquid. We present an experimental analysis of rinsing flows using a high-speed camera and model fluids to decouple the effect of shear-thinning and elasticity. Varying the rheology of the coating fluid produced several types of instabilities at both the air–liquid interface and liquid–liquid interface. Layered “stepped jumps” and “crowning” on the rim of the jumps were both suppressed by fluid elasticity, while Saffman–Taylor fingering patterns showed strong dependence on both shear-thinning and normal stresses. In addition, the hydraulic jump evolution was quantitatively determined using a laser triangulation technique, and “recoil” of the jump front resulting from fluid elasticity was observed. Our work shows that the non-Newtonian two-fluid circular hydraulic jump is very complex, and the instabilities that arise also introduce additional complications when developing theoretical models.
Structural Basis for l-Lysine Feedback Inhibition of Homocitrate Synthase

The α-aminoadipate pathway of lysine biosynthesis is modulated at the transcriptional and biochemical levels by feedback inhibition. The first enzyme in the α-aminoadipate pathway, homocitrate synthase (HCS), is the target of the feedback regulation and is strongly inhibited by l-lysine. Here we report the structure of Schizosaccharomyces pombe HCS (SpHCS) in complex with l-lysine. The structure illustrates that the amino acid directly competes with the substrate 2-oxoglutarate for binding within the active site of HCS. Differential recognition of the substrate and inhibitor is achieved via a switch position within the (α/β)8 TIM barrel of the enzyme that can distinguish between the C5-carboxylate group of 2-oxoglutarate and the ϵ-ammonium group of l-lysine. In vitro and in vivo assays demonstrate that mutations of the switch residues, which interact with the l-lysine ϵ-ammonium group, abrogate feedback inhibition, as do substitutions of residues within the C-terminal domain that were identified in a previous study of l-lysine-insensitive HCS mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Together, these results yield new insights into the mechanism of feedback regulation of an enzyme central to lysine biosynthesis.
Adolescent and Young Adult Female Determinants of Visceral Adipose Tissue at Ages 26-28 Years

Objective To assess adolescent and young adult determinants of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) at ages 26-28 years. Study design Prospective study (ages 9-28 years) of cardiometabolic measures, menarche age, menses irregularities, metabolic syndrome, impaired fasting glucose-type 2 diabetes mellitus, and VAT in 400 girls (248 black, 152 white). Results Adolescent (age 14-19) independent variables for greater VAT at ages 26-28 included larger mean waist circumference (partial R 2 = 30.8%), earlier age at menarche (0.9%), and white race (1.8%). Young adult (ages 20-28 years) independent variables for greater VAT included larger mean waist circumference (partial R 2 = 61.7%), greater triglyceride levels (3.3%), lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.0%), and greater insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance; 0.4%). Independent variables for greater VAT when both adolescent and young adult variables were used included waist (tertile rank change from adolescence to young adulthood, partial R 2 = 58.3%), greater young adult triglyceride levels (4.4%), white race (1.8%), greater young adult homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (age 20-28, 2.4%), and earlier menarche age (0.7%). Menses irregularities were not independently associated with young adult VAT. Conclusions Adolescent girls with early menarche and larger waist circumference should be targets for primary prevention of accretion of VAT. In young adulthood, VAT is associated with dysregulated cardiometabolic profiles, which is greater for those with waist circumference increases from adolescence to adulthood. Waist circumference during young adulthood, and to a lesser degree during adolescence, is an inexpensive surrogate for VAT at ages 26-28 years.
The effects of feedback with and without strength training on lower extremity biomechanics.

BackgroundFeedback instruction is a proven modality for the alteration of motion patterns. There are no existing data on the contribution of strength training, when combined with feedback instruction, to the altering of lower extremity biomechanics.HypothesisLower extremity muscle strength training provides an increased capacity to alter knee and hip biomechanics during a stop-jump task in response to a feedback protocol.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsKnee and hip 3-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were collected for 58 female recreational athletes while performing 3 stop-jump tasks after completing a 9-week strength training program (ST-FB; n = 29) or a 9-week period of no strength training (FB; n = 29). Data were then collected for both groups after completing a jump-landing feedback instruction protocol. Knee and hip joint angles, as well as resultant forces and moments, were calculated.ResultsAcross all participants, there were decreased peak vertical ground-reaction forces (P < ...
Time-optimal problems in batch distillation for multicomponent mixtures and for columns with holdup

Abstract This paper concerns a twofold generalisation of the conventional policies of binary batch distillation. First, multicomponent separations are considered in a system with negligible holdup and an exact reflux policy is found for a ternary system by application of the maximum principle. Second, the effect of liquid holdup on the optimum policy for binary systems is investigated. Consideration of the plate holdup results in a considerable increase in the dimensionality of the problem, rendering methods of solution based upon the maximum principle and finite dimensional search computationally impracticable. For this case a numerical procedure for generating successive approximations to the optimum policy is developed using the method of steepest-descent in a function space. Computational details are given.
Unit signs of visual cortex modulation by the lateral geniculate body

Abstract In unanesthetized cats with intercollicular transection of the brain-stem, significant positive correlation was found between the amplitude of the population response in striate cortex to stimulation of the visual radiation and the number of spikes discharged in the preceding second by spontaneously active units in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body. Correlation was usually highest for units discharging in the 250 msec interval immediately prior to stimulation but in some cases correlation was found with activity in the interval 500–1000 msec prior to stimulation. Spontaneously active units were not found in those preparations which did not exhibit variable amplitude of the cortical response. In conjunction with the observations of an earlier report (Rosen and Vastola 1962), these results strongly suggest that the variation in amplitude of the cortical response under our experimental conditions is determined in the main by modulatory activity in the geniculate body which is carried to the cortex by the visual radiation. It also seems probable that this geniculo-cortical system mediates some of the modulatory influences upon the cortex of reticular and thalamic activity during other experimental conditions, e.g. , arousal and alerting.
STUDIES ON THE LIPIDS OF ROYAL JELLY.

Abstract A chromatographic study has been conducted on the lipid components of the food of queen larvae (royal jelly) of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. In addition to previously characterized decanoic acid derivatives, this material is shown to contain small amounts of a number of uncharacterized hydroxy acid components, two of which have been isolated in crystalline form. The chromatographic properties of a number of decanoic acid derivatives are described. A useful relationship between retention time on gas-liquid columns and structure of the substituted decanoic acid derivatives, similar to the relationship described by Clayton for sterol derivatives, is discussed.
Selection of a lysine-resistant CHO-K1 mutant with reduced amino acid transport through multiple systems

High levels ofl-lysine were used to select for resistant variants of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. Surviving colonies were screened for altered lysine transport and two with reduced uptake were picked. Clone CH-Kr, derived from the more severely affected colony, was analyzed in detail. In starved cells theV max of lysine uptake in CH-Kr was half that of CHO whileK m was unaltered. The intracellular pool of lysine, a substrate of cationic amino acid transport system y+, was significantly lower in CH-Kr. However, transport and pools of other amino acids, which are not substrates of y+, were also reduced in CH-Kr, as was the internal sodium concentration, while hexose import was increased. It appears that the mutation in CH-Kr is pleiotropic, affecting some general aspects of amino acid transport.
Human motion analysis and modeling

Georgia Tech has investigated methods for the detection and tracking of personnel in a variety of acquisition environments. This research effort focused on a detailed phenomenological analysis of human physiology and signatures with the subsequent identification and characterization of potential observables. As a fundamental part of this research effort, Georgia Tech collected motion capture data on an individual for a variety of walking speeds, carrying loads, and load distributions. These data formed the basis for deriving fundamental properties of the individual's motion and supported the development of a physiologically-based human motion model. Subsequently this model aided the derivation and analysis of motion-based observables, particularly changes in the motion of various body components resulting from load variations. This paper will describe the data acquisition process, development of the human motion model, and use of the model in the observable analysis. Video sequences illustrating the motion data and modeling results will also be presented.
Development and Validation of Scores on a Computer Programming Self-Efficacy Scale and Group Analyses of Novice Programmer Self-Efficacy.

Self-efficacy theory was applied to the domain of computer programming to develop a thirty-two-item self-efficacy scale for computer programming, primed to the C++ programming language. To assess its construct validity, the scale was administered to 421 students enrolled in an introductory course in C++ programming at the beginning and the end of the course. The reliability of the scores was high. An exploratory factor analysis, with oblimin rotation, yielded a four-factor solution. There was a growth in self-efficacy between two administrations of the scale twelve weeks apart, particularly for students who initially had low self-efficacy. The computer programming self-efficacy of males and females did not differ substantially in practical terms.
Hydrogen Bond Strengths in Phosphorylated and Sulfated Amino Acid Residues

Post-translational modification by the addition of an oxoanion functional group, usually a phosphate group and less commonly a sulfate group, leads to diverse structural and functional consequences in protein systems. Building upon previous studies of the phosphoserine residue (pSer), we address the distinct nature of hydrogen bonding interactions in phosphotyrosine (pTyr) and sulfotyrosine (sTyr) residues. We derive partial charges for these modified residues and then study them in the context of molecular dynamics simulation of model tripeptides and sulfated protein complexes, potentials of mean force for interacting residue pairs, and a survey of the interactions of modified residues among experimental protein structures. Overall, our findings show that for pTyr, bidentate interactions with Arg are particularly dominant, as has been previously demonstrated for pSer. sTyr interactions with Arg are significantly weaker, even as compared to the same interactions made by the Glu residue. Our work sheds light on the distinct nature of these modified tyrosine residues, and provides a physical-chemical foundation for future studies with the goal of understanding their roles in systems of biological interest.
Psychoactive medication prescribing practices for U.S. Children: Gaps between research and clinical practice

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine national pediatric prescribing practices for psychotropic agents and to examine these practices in view of the available evidence concerning their safety and efficacy in this age group. Method Prescribing data from 2 national databases based on surveys of office-based medical practices were determined and reviewed vis-a-vis available safety and efficacy evidence. Results Data indicate that levels of psychotropic prescribing in children and adolescents are greatest for stimulants, resulting in nearly 2 million office visits and 6 million drug “mentions” in 1995. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were the second most prescribed psychotropic agents, while anticonvulsant mood stabilizers (prescribed for a psychiatric reason), tricyclic antidepressants, central adrenergic agonists, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and lithium were also prescribed for a substantial number of office visits. Comparison of prescribing frequencies with available safety and efficacy data indicates significant gaps in knowledge for commonly used agents. Conclusions Most psychotropic agents require further sustained study to ensure appropriate health care expenditures and vouchsafe children's safety. Recommendations for researchers, parents, federal agencies, and industry are offered as a means to accelerate the pace of research progress.
Synthesis of unsaturated organosilicon heterocycles - reaction of silylenes with cyclic dienes

Im Gegensatz zu anderen bekannten Additionsreaktionen zwischen Silenen und Olefinen erhalt man bei der gemeinsamen Pyrolyse von 1,2-Dimethyltetramethoxydisilan (I) mit 1,3-Cyclooctadien (III) uber das Silen (II) und ein Primaraddukt (IV) das 1-Methoxy-1-methyl-1-sila-2,8-cyclononadien (V) in 28 % Ausbeute.
NMR-paramagnetic relaxation due to the high-spin d3 electron configuration: Cr(III)-TSPP.

Sulfonated metalloporphyrins (Me−TSPP, where Me = Cr(III), Mn(III), Fe(III), and Mn(II)) comprise a well-characterized series of water-soluble paramagnetic complexes with electron spins of S = 3/2, 2, 5/2, and 5/2, respectively, which provide important model systems for mechanistic studies of paramagnetic NMR relaxation in solution. Previous studies of Mn(III), Fe(III), and Mn(II)−TSPP have uncovered relaxation mechanisms which differ qualitatively from each other and exhibit numerous unexpected features. In this study, Cr(III)−TSPP was examined as a model system for the d3 S = 3/2 electron configuration. Magnetic relaxation dispersion (MRD) profiles of the water proton R1 were measured as a function of pH between pH 1 and pH 9. In acid samples, R1 results from acid-catalyzed prototropic chemical exchange involving the Cr(III)−TSPP·2H2O. In neutral and basic solution, this species deprotonates, and base-catalyzed prototropic exchange becomes important. The pH 1 data were analyzed quantitatively using theo...
Evaluation of the Gradation Effect on the Dynamic Modulus

The importance of aggregate characteristics has been emphasized in the Superpave® asphalt mixture design procedure. However, criteria for guidelines for the selection of suitable aggregate gradations—other than gradation limits for different nominal maximum size aggregate blends, including the restricted zone—have been neglected. With the move toward mechanistic-empirical pavement design, the dynamic modulus is used to account for mixture properties in the pavement design. It is of significant importance to mix designers to possess a framework for determining how to optimize a mixture for ensuring an adequate dynamic modulus. This paper presents the results from a study of the effects of gradation characteristics on the dynamic modulus. Power law-based gradation factors are obtained for 13 aggregate gradations (coarse and fine graded) composed of limestone and granite aggregates. These gradation factors were used to identify and evaluate relationships between gradation factors and the dynamic modulus at h...
Extracorporeal Peritoneovenous Shunt for the Management of Postaneurysmectomy Chylous Ascites in a Marfan Patient

Chylous ascites is an uncommon complication after aortic and other retroperitoneal surgeries. The management is very specific to the etiology and clinical status of the patient. The mortality from chylous ascites is not negligible, and aggressive measures are often needed. A voluminous chylous ascites developed in a 38-year-old woman after an open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair that was refractive to initial therapeutic interventions. We used an extracorporeal peritoneovenous shunt to control the abdominal ascites and improve the patient's immunologic and nutritional status.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL BASES FOR METABOLICALLY LINKED MECHANICAL ACTIVITY IN MITOCHONDRIA I. Reversible Ultrastructural Changes with Change in Metabolic Steady State in Isolated Liver Mitochondria

By means of a new "quick-sampling" method, micropellets of mouse liver mitochondria were rapidly prepared for electron microscopy during the recording of steady state metabolism. Reversible ultrastructural changes were found to accompany change in metabolic steady states. The most dramatic reversible ultrastructural change occurs when ADP is added to systems in which only phosphate acceptor is deficient, i.e., during the State IV to State III transition as defined by Chance and Williams. After 15 min in State IV, mitochondria display an "orthodox" ultrastructural appearance as is usually observed after fixation within intact tissue. On transition to State III, a dramatic change in the manner of folding of the inner membrane takes place. In addition, the electron opacity of the matrix increases as the volume of the matrix decreases, but total mitochondrial volume does not appear to change during this transition. This conformation is called "condensed." Isolated mitochondria were found to oscillate between the orthodox and condensed conformations during reversible transitions between State III and State IV. Various significant ultrastructural changes in mitochondria also occur during transitions in other functional states, e.g., when substrate or substrate and acceptor is made limiting. Internal structural flexibility is discussed with respect to structural and functional integrity of isolated mitochondria. Reversible changes in the manner of folding of the inner membrane and in the manner of packing of small granules in the matrix as respiration is activated by ADP represent an ultrastructural basis for metabolically linked mechanical activity in tightly coupled mitochondria.
Graduate honors programs with industry in E. E. at the university of Pittsburgh

THOSE educational activities, which might be termed graduate honors programs and on whichI am qualified to report, all involve the University of Pittsburgh and the Westinghouse Electric Corporation. More specifically, they relate to electrical engineering. I shall report on these, but also speculate to some extent on the future; for I believe that within these programs, there has been maintained a consistent and valuable theme which points the way for the future of the activity.
Dielectric hysteresis and relaxation in the charge-density-wave compound K 0.3 MoO 3

The electrical properties of the charge-density-wave compound blue bronze (${\mathrm{K}}_{0.3}$${\mathrm{MoO}}_{3}$) have been investigated at several temperatures around T=4.2 K. A nonlinear current-voltage relationship was observed with an increase of the conductance by six orders of magnitude above a well-defined threshold voltage ${V}_{T}$. A giant remanent dielectric polarization was recorded below ${V}_{T}$. The polarization exhibits slow relaxation with a logarithmic or stretched exponential time dependence over the time domain of 10 msec\char21{}1000 sec.
Pattern transfer of electron beam modified self-assembled monolayers for high-resolution lithography

Self‐assembled monolayers of octadecylsiloxane and octadecylthiol have been modified by high‐resolution electron beam lithography. Focused electron beams from 1 to 50 keV and scanning tunneling microscopy at ∼10 eV have been used as patterning tools. The patterns have been transferred into many substrates by wet, dry, and combinations of wet and dry etches. Wet etching almost always results in a positive tone, but reactive ion etching of GaAs with Cl2 at very low dc biases (<10 V) results in a negative tone. The effect of electron beam damage on the monolayers and the subsequent etching reactions has been explored through x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
What do we want our words and our concepts to do

In this commentary on John Agnew’s article, the overarching issue is identified as the relationship between us (humans), our words, and our world. The commentary considers the specific question ‘what do we want our concepts to do?’ Drawing from recent work in political economy and geography—much of it undertaken by feminist scholars—the effects of words and ideas on our world are stressed and the emphasis is placed on considering words’ work in creating future worlds. The argument is made that we assess our keywords based on how they assist us in imagining what might become, rather than what really is.
A Note on Multiple Comparison Procedures for Analysis of Ranked Data

Ranked samples typically arise in sensory evaluation studies, in which a group of paneliests independently rank the same set of samples. In this setting, Christensen and colleagues (Journal of Food Science 71:S132-S143, 2006) have proposed a nonparametric procedure for multiple comparisons of the samples, based on the sums of the ranks of the samples, summed across the panelists' rankings. Christensen and colleagues utilized a simulation procedure in order to estimate critical differences between rank sums, at various alpha levels and combinations of numbers of panelists and samples. In this note, exact distribution theory relating to the rank sums is derived, using probability generating functions; and, critical values can be determined through computer algebra.
Same organization, same electronic health records (EHRs) system, different use: exploring the linkage between practice member communication patterns and EHR use patterns in an ambulatory care setting

Objective Despite efforts made by ambulatory care organizations to standardize the use of electronic health records (EHRs), practices often incorporate these systems into their work differently from each other. One potential factor contributing to these differences is within-practice communication patterns. The authors explore the linkage between within-practice communication patterns and practice-level EHR use patterns. Design Qualitative study of six practices operating within the same multi-specialty ambulatory care organization using the same EHR system. Semistructured interviews and direct observation were conducted with all physicians, nurses, medical assistants, practice managers, and non-clinical staff from each practice. Measurements An existing model of practice relationships was used to analyze communication patterns within the practices. Practice-level EHR use was defined and analyzed as the ways in which a practice uses an EHR as a collective or a groupdincluding the degree of feature use, level of EHR-enabled
Precarious Subjects: Anticipating Neoliberalism in Northern Italy's Workplace

ABSTRACT In Italy, the term precarizzazione (precarious-ization) refers to the process of implementing neoliberal policies to transition toward a semipermanent and privatized labor regime but also to the normalization of psychic uncertainty and hypervigilance of worker-citizens. In this article, I examine “precarious workers” and a psychological harassment called “mobbing,” specifically, and suggest that these practices of labor exclusion of a transitional work regime produce emergent subjectivities through an analytics of anticipation. I illustrate the social, political, and psychic effects of imagining neoliberalism, as Italians do in this context, not as complete but, rather, as a metadiscursive object of emotionally charged apprehension and anticipation.
Research Note: Modified Orthogonal Central-Composite Designs

Simplified formulae for determining the coded value of α are presentedfor rotatable, blocked orthogonal second–order designs in which all data points are replicated an equal number of times. These three central–composite design parameters are compared, and the advantages and limitations of orthogonal designs are presented.
Serum γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Is a Determinant of Insulin Resistance Independently of Adiposity in Pima Indian Children

Context: Elevated activities of serum enzymes, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and -glutamyltransferase (GGT), have been associated with obesity and insulin resistance (IR). ALT is an independent predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adult Pima Indians, and GGT predicts T2DM in other adult populations. Objective: Our aim was to establish whether independent relationships exist between either adiposity or IR and hepatic enzymes in a group of Pima Indian children. Subjects and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 44 children (22 males and 22 females; 7–11 yr old) were measured for weight (WT), height, percent body fat, and serum activities of ALT, AST, and GGT. Body mass index (kilograms per meter squared) was calculated. IR was calculated from fasting plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Results: Hepatic enzymes were positively associated with obesity measures, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR. GGT was additionally associated with serum lipids and white blood cell count. GGT, but not AST or ALT, was a significant determinant of HOMA-IR independently of age, sex, and WT, body mass index, or percent body fat. The model that accounted for the largest portion of the variance in HOMA-IR included WT ( 0.004; P 0.008) and GGT ( 0.20; P 0.004; total R 2 0.62; P 0.0001). Conclusion:Significantrelationshipsbetweenadiposityandhepatic enzyme activities exist during childhood in Pima Indians. Whether serum GGT activity predicts the development of T2DM in these children remains to be determined in follow-up studies. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 1419–1422, 2006)