cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Present Vegetation with Pollen-Spectra in Surface Samples from Brownington Pond, Vermont

Pollen-bearing sediments found in lakes or bogs provide a record of past vegetation, presumably arranged in a stratigraphic column. MVany pollen deposits contain essentially the same pollen types throughout. Thus description of a deposit depends largely upon a quantitative determination of the relative proportions of pollen types at various levels. Interpretation of pollen deposits assumes that frequencies of pollen types deposited reflect the complexion of the surrounding vegetation. Therefore, changes in frequencies of pollen types within the stratigraphic column are assumed to reflect changes in proportions of species or genera in the surrounding vegetation. These changes are often interpreted as the result of climatic change, one of the major factors affecting species composition of vegetation. For this reason, interpretations of pollen-bearing deposits are of great interest to students in such fields as glacial geology and paleoclimatology. It has long been recognized, however, that the efficiency of pollen production and dispersal in different species of plants varies widely. A reasonal)le interpretation of a pollen spectrum can be made only if the relative pollen dissemination efficiency of each species is known. Attempts to estimate pollen production and pollen dispersal distance have been made in Europe (reviewed by Faegri and Iversen 1950) and in Japan (e.g. Tsukada 1958), but research in this aspect of pollen analysis has been largely neglected in North America. Pollen analysts here have tended to rely on European estimates of pollen production, a dangerous practice because the pollen production of congeneric species has been shown to vary (Pohl 1937). In a few areas, the present vegetation. studied at least in part quantitatively, has been compared to the pollen spectra in surface moss polsters or lake muds: the Great Smoky Mountains (Carroll 1943), Oregon (Hansen 1949), Alaska (Livingstone 1955), Alberta (Erdtman 1943) and Quebec (Potzger et al. 1956). However, pollen dissemination character-
Toxic systemic reactions of bupivacaine and etidocaine

Since the introduction of the long-acting agents, bupivacaine in 1983 and etidocaine in 1985, to the dental local anesthetic armamentarium, their use has increased rapidly. Although an estimated one-half million local anesthetic injections are administered in the United States daily, the actual risks of toxicity from these local anesthetic injections remain unknown. Our review of the literature reveals numerous cases of severe adverse reactions associated with the administration of bupivacaine and etidocaine. This case review includes several fatalities, even after injection of only very small amounts of these long-acting local anesthetics. Results from animal studies have demonstrated increased systemic toxicity associated with bupivacaine and etidocaine as compared with lidocaine, the most extreme of which include severe central nervous system and cardiovascular reactions, eventually leading to hemodynamic instability, cardiovascular collapse, and death. Although many aspects of the side effect profile of bupivacaine and etidocaine are common to all local anesthetics, the physiochemical properties of the long-acting local anesthetics enhance their adverse effects. It is therefore imperative that the dental practitioner who uses these long-acting local anesthetics become familiar with the adverse reactions of these drugs.
Electrical Stimulation and Tumbling Affect Pre‐Rigor Cured, Sectioned and Formed Ham Roasts

In pre-rigor tissue, as electrical stimulation (ES) voltage levels (0 to 540 V) increased, the pH of post-tumbled meat declined. Curing and tumbling (0 to 6 hr) reduced the rate of decrease. Linear relationships were found between pre-rigor tumbling and cellular disruption, bind strength, cohesion, tenderness and color distribution. Yield of cooked tissue showed a quadratic relationship with tumbling and as tumbling time increased, the influence decreased. Results suggest that pre-rigor ES can produce cellular disruption, increased salt soluble protein extraction (up to 180 V) and bind; therefore, an acceptable product can be produced with reduced tumbling times.
PAPINEAU ON CAUSAL ASYMMETRY

(7) The arguments of the preceding sections were based on T which is Putnam's version of incommensurability. But Putnam's version is not the version I introduced when examining the relation between comprehensive theories such as Newton's mechanics and relativity or Aristotelian Physics and the new mechanics of Galileo and Newton (cf. Feyerabend [1975] 268ff and [1981], Vol. i, chapter 4, section 5). There are two differences. First, incommensurability as understood by me is a rare event. It occurs only when the conditions of meaningfulness for the descriptive terms of one language (theory, point of view) do not permit the use of the descriptive terms of another language (theory, point of view); mere difference of meanings does not yet lead to incommensurability in my sense. Secondly, incommensurable languages (theories, points of view) are not completely disconnected-there exists a subtle and interesting relation between their conditions of meaningfulness. In my [1975] I explained this relation in the case of Homeric Commonsense vs. the language aimed at by the early Greek philosophers. In [i98I] Vol. i, chapter 4 I explained it in the case of Aristotle-Newton. I should add that incommensurability is a difficulty for philosophers, not for scientists. Philosophers insist on stability of meaning throughout an argument while scientists, being aware that 'speaking a language or explaining a situation means both following rules and changing them' (see section 5 of this paper) are experts in the art of arguing across lines some philosophers regard as insuperable boundaries of discourse.
The glomerular response to injury: progression or resolution?

A 20-year-old white man with a history of cocaine use presented with headache, mucopurulent sinusitis, and hypertension. The patient had had microscopic hematuria 6 months previously. He had no history of intravenous drug use. On physical examination, the blood pressure was 160/100mm Hg. A left facial paralysis (thought to be an idiopathic Bell's palsy) was present. The lungs were clear to auscultation, and the cardiac examination was normal. He had no hepatosplenomegaly and no edema. The serum creatinine was 4.1 mg/dl; BUN, 35 mg/dl; albumin, 2.9 g/dl; glucose, 130 mg/dl; sodium, 138 mEq/liter; potassium, 4.4 mEq/liter; chloride, 97 mEq/liter; and bicarbonate, 27 mEq/liter. Urinalysis revealed a pH of 6.5; specific gravity, 1.020; 4+ protein; 2+ blood; 10—20 erythrocytes/high-power field; and erythrocyte and granular casts. A 24-hour urine collection contained 10 g protein, and the creatinine clearance was 15 mI/mm. Other laboratory studies included C3, 118 mg/dl (normal, 60—150 mg/dl); C4, 44 mg/dl (normal, 12—40 mg/dl); ANA, negative; ANCA, negative; rheumatoid factor, negative; anti-GBM antibodies, negative; and negative hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus serologies. A renal biopsy was performed. Light microscopy revealed 10 glomeruli per section, of which one-half demonstrated global glomerulosclerosis. Mesangial cell proliferation, with an increase in both cellularity and matrix, was present in intact glomeruli. Focal cellular crescents were present in 2 glomeruli. Coincident extensive tubular atrophy was associated with interstitial fibrosis and a nonspecific mononuclear cell infiltrate; there was no evidence of vasculitis. Immunofluorescence demonstrated 3+ IgA deposition in the mesangium with no significant
An improved bound for k-sets in four dimensions

We show that the number of halving sets of a set of n points in ℝ4 is O(n4−1/18), improving the previous bound of [10] with a simpler (albeit similar) proof.
A bacterial one-hybrid system for determining the DNA-binding specificity of transcription factors

The DNA-binding specificities of transcription factors can be used to computationally predict cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) that regulate gene expression. However, the absence of specificity data for the majority of transcription factors limits the widespread implementation of this approach. We have developed a bacterial one-hybrid system that provides a simple and rapid method to determine the DNA-binding specificity of a transcription factor. Using this technology, we successfully determined the DNA-binding specificity of seven previously characterized transcription factors and one novel transcription factor, the Drosophila melanogaster factor Odd-skipped. Regulatory targets of Odd-skipped were successfully predicted using this information, demonstrating that the data produced by the bacterial one-hybrid system are relevant to in vivo function.
The potential relationship between levels of perceived stress and subtypes of major depressive disorder (MDD)

Objective: We wanted to explore whether major depressive disorder (MDD) subtypes (melancholic depression, atypical depression, double depression, and MDD with anger attacks) were related to levels of perceived stress, as measured by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Method: Our sample [n = 298; female = 163 (55%); mean age 40.1 ± 10.5 years] consisted of out-patients with MDD. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Anger Attack Questionnaire, and the PSS were administered prior to initiating treatment. Results: Depressed women had significantly higher levels of perceived stress (P = 0.02) than depressed men. Greater severity of depression at baseline was significantly related to higher levels of perceived stress (P < 0.0001). After adjusting for age, gender, and severity of depression at baseline, higher levels of perceived stress were significantly related to the presence of anger attacks (P < 0.0001; t = −4.103) as well as to atypical depression (P = 0.0013; t = 3.26). Conclusion: Out-patients with MDD who are more irritable and/or present with atypical features have higher levels of perceived stress, indicating a potential reactive component to their depression.
Alteration of voltage-dependent calcium channels in canine brain during global ischemia and reperfusion.

Summary: Elevated intracellular calcium (iCa2 + ) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of ischemic brain damage. The mechanisms by which iCa2+ increases are uncertain. Recent evidence implicates the voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) as a likely site for the alteration in Ca2 + homeostasis during ischemia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether VDCCs are altered by global ischemia and reperfusion in a canine cardiac arrest, resuscitation model. We employed the radioligand, [3H]PN200-110, to quantitate the equilibrium binding characteristics of the VDCCs in the cerebral cortex. Twenty-five adult beagles were separated into four experimental groups: (a) nonischemic controls, (b) those undergoing 10-min ventricular fibrillation and apnea, (c) those undergoing 10-min ventricular fibrillation and apnea followed by spontaneous circulation and controlled respiration for 2 and (d) 24 h. Brain cortex samples were taken prior to killing of the animal, frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen, and crude synaptosomal membranes isolated by differential centrifugation/filtration. After 10 min of ischemia the maximal binding (Bmax) of [3H]PN200-110 increased to >250% of control values (control Bmax 11.16 ± 0.98; ischemic 28.35 ± 2.78 fmol/mg protein; p < 0.05). Bmax returned to near control values after 2 h of reperfusion but remained significantly greater than the control at 24 h. Although the affinity constant (Kd) (control = 0.12 ± 0.03 nM) appeared to increase with ischemia and normalize with reperfusion, the changes were not statistically significant. We conclude that the binding of [3H]PN200-110 to L-type VDCCs is increased after 10 min of global ischemia/anoxia produced by ventricular fibrillation and apnea in the dog. This change is only partially reversible after 24 h of reperfusion. This study supports the hypothesis that ischemia increases the number of VDCCs in the cell membrane which may allow increased entry of Ca2 + into the cell during ischemia and early reperfusion.
Delayed phytohemagglutinin-stimulated production of adenosine triphosphate by aged human lymphocytes: Possible relation to mitochondrial dysfunction

Abstract The decreased immune response associated with aging may, in part, reflect intrinsic age-related biochemical alterations in lymphocytes from older animals. We measured levels of lymphocyte adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and continuous [3H]thymidine incorporation in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from young and old humans, and the effects thereon of inhibitors of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and protein synthesis. No difference was found in adenine nucleotide content between young and old subjects. After 24 hours of culture there was a decrease in ATP, with recovery and 2–3-fold increase at 48 hours in young cells after phytohemagglutinin stimulation. We observed a clearcut delay in older lymphocytes of the increase in ATP and [3H]thymidine incorporation following phytohemagglutinin stimulation. We found no evidence for decreased viability or diminished number of responding units in aged cultures. The evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a role in the immunodeficiency of aging.
Effect of compliant wall motion on turbulent boundary layers

A critical analysis of available compliant wall data which indicated drag reduction under turbulent boundary layers is presented. Detailed structural dynamic calculations suggest that the surfaces responded in a resonant, rather than a compliant, manner. Alternate explanations are given for drag reductions observed in two classes of experiments: (1) flexible pipe flows and (2) water−backed membranes in air. Analysis indicates that the wall motion for the remaining data is typified by short wavelengths in agreement with the requirements of a possible compliant wall drag reduction mechanism recently suggested by Langley.
Applications of diffusion models to reliability analysis of Daniels systems

Abstract Failure time is estimated for Daniels systems subject to quasistatic narrow band and dynamic broad band Gaussian load processes. Daniels systems are parallel systems with components (fibers) of independent indentically distributed resistances. The analysis is based on an approximate representation of response by diffusion models and probabilistic characteristics of the first passage time of these models. These characteristics include the mean and the probability of the first passage time and can be obtained respectively from a solution of an ordinary differential equation and by the path integral method. Results are given for simple Daniels system with two and three fibers.
Configuring a MapReduce Framework for Dynamic and Efficient Energy Adaptation

MapReduce has become a popular framework for Big Data applications. While MapReduce has received much praise for its scalability and efficiency, it has not been thoroughly evaluated for power consumption. Our goal with this paper is to explore the possibility of scheduling in a power-efficient manner without the need for expensive power monitors on every node. We begin by considering that no cluster is truly homogeneous with respect to energy consumption. From there we develop a MapReduce framework that can evaluate the current status of each node and dynamically react to estimated power usage. Inso doing, we shift power consumption work toward more energy efficient nodes which are currently consuming less power. Our work shows that given an ideal framework configuration, certain nodes may consume only 62.3% of the dynamic power they consumed when the same framework was configured as it would be in a traditional MapReduce implementation.
Neocarzinostatin induction of DNA repair synthesis in HeLa cells and isolated nuclei

Abstract The antitumor antibiotic neocarzinostatin that causes DNA strand breaks in vivo and in vitro is shown to induce DNA repair synthesis in HeLa S3 cells. In the repair assay, the parental DNA was prelabeled with 32P and a density label (bromodeoxyuridine) was introduced into the new synthesized DNA. Quantitation of the repair synthesis as measured by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the light parental DNA at varying doses of the drug indicate that there is a significant repair response at low levels of the drug (0.2–0.5 μg/ml) which cause DNA strand breakage and inhibition of DNA synthesis. In isolated HeLa nuclei neocarzinostatin stimulates the incorporation of dTMP many-fold. This enhancement of dTMP incorporation, which requires the presence of a sulf-hydryl agent, is a consequence of the drug-induced DNA strand breakage and is in the parental DNA. These results suggest that an intact cell membrane is not required for DNA strand breakage and its subsequent repair.
Eruptive nevi of the palms and soles

The sudden eruption of atypical and benign melanocytic nevi has been associated with a number of disease states and primary skin conditions. Most case reports and series of patients have linked eruptive nevi with blistering skin disease or immunosuppression. Subsets of patients in the immunosuppressed category have remarkably increased numbers of nevi on the palms and soles. We describe a case of multiple eruptive nevi of the palms and soles in association with immunosuppression, and the potential underlying mechanisms promoting such nevogenesis are explored. Although both the absolute number of nevi and presence of dysplastic nevi have been correlated with an increased relative risk of melanoma, actual risk of melanoma in patients with eruptive nevi is unknown.
Atomistic simulation of formation of misfit dislocations if f.c.c. heterostructures

Abstract Atomistic simulations were performed to study formation and characteristics of misfit dislocations in heterostructures. The f.c.c. Au/Ni (15.9% mismatch) system was used for analysis. When the strain energy of the system, computed using Lennard-Jones potentials [ Physica status solidi (a) 30 , 619 (1975)], (or potentials based on embedded atom method [ Phys. Rev. B 41 , 9717 (1990)]) was minimized, misfit dislocations were generated. The dislocation type depended upon the orientation of the substrate, being 90° type for a (001) interface and 60° type for a (111) interface. The latter orientation also resulted in greater relaxation of the strain energy. Multiple dislocations were generated at appropriate spacings in large computational cells relaxed using rigid boundaries. When infinitely large computational cells were simulated using periodic boundaries, the size of the periodic unit affected the dislocation spacing and the energy relaxation. Based on the structure of the intermediate defect configurations, it is hypothesized that the nucleation of misfit dislocations starts with formation of vacancies at the film surface. As the vacancies migrated towards the substrate, a dislocation loop moved to the interface.
Monitoring Tablet Dissolution with a Sodium Ion-Selective Glass Electrode

The usefulness of the sodium ion-selective electrode (SIE) in measuring the disintegration and dissolution of tablets containing sodium salicylate was evaluated. This potentiometric measurement of sodium appearance in solution was found to agree with spectrophotometric assays for salicylate and sodium in solution. The SIE employed in this manner provides an accurate, inexpensive, and readily automated methodology for following tablet disintegration and dissolution.
Transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis of submucosal and peribronchial bronchogenic carcinoma.

Although exophytic endobronchial lesions can readily be diagnosed by routine forceps biopsy through the fiberoptic bronchoscope, submucosal or peribronchial tumor can be difficult to diagnose with nonsurgical techniques. We evaluated the utility of transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) through the fiberoptic bronchoscope in 31 patients presenting with endoscopic abnormalities suggestive of submucosal or peribronchial tumor. TBNA was performed using a 20 g×1 cm needle, followed by forceps biopsy of the same area. Forceps biopsy was positive in 17 cases (55 percent) and TBNA in 22 (71 percent) (p = .302). The combination of forceps biopsy and TBNA was positive in 27 cases (89 percent), which was significantly better than forceps biopsy alone (p=.00195). In addition, the wash or the brush detected three additional carcinomas, so the combination of TBNA, forceps biopsy, wash, and brush had a diagnostic yield of 97 percent. We conclude that TBNA significantly increases the yield over forceps biopsy alone in the detection of submucosal or peribronchial bronchogenic carcinoma and that the maximal diagnostic yield is obtained by the combination of TBNA, forceps biopsy, wash, and brush when appropriate endoscopic abnormalities are encountered.
Persistent personal names for globally connected mobile devices

The Unmanaged Internet Architecture (UIA) provides zero-configuration connectivity among mobile devices through personal names. Users assign personal names through an ad hoc device introduction process requiring no central allocation. Once assigned, names bind securely to the global identities of their target devices independent of network location. Each user manages one namespace, shared among all the user's devices and always available on each device. Users can also name other users to share resources with trusted acquaintances. Devices with naming relationships automatically arrange connectivity when possible, both in ad hoc networks and using global infrastructure when available. A UIA prototype demonstrates these capabilities using optimistic replication for name resolution and group management and a routing algorithm exploiting the user's social network for connectivity.
Hormonal effects on purine synthesis in dog thyroid.

Abstract Previous studies have established a close qualitative correlation between the actions of thyroid stimulating hormone and acetylcholine in control of thyroid metabolism. This paper reports the results of a comparative evaluation of the effects of these two hormones upon purine synthesis de novo in dog thyroid slices and establishes that marked differences in their effects exist. Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates purine synthesis in dog slices in the presence and absence of glucose as measured by increases in [14C]formate incorporation into purine bases derived from acid-soluble nucleotides and RNA. Acetylcholine, in the absence of glucose, severely limits purine synthesis de novo. In the presence of glucose, synthesis of purines is still inhibited, but less intensely than in its absence. Inhibitory effects with acetylcholine-eserine are observed at levels as low as 2.8·10 −8 M acetylcholine. The oxidation of [14C]lactate and [14C]acetate to 14CO2 is shown to be inhibited by acetylcholine in the absence of exogenous glucose. These data are interpreted to suggest that decreased nucleotide and RNA synthesis in the presence of acetylcholine may be related to decreased or limited synthesis of high-energy phosphate compounds derived from tricarboxylic acid cycle activity.
The new growth point of retail enterprise-the enlightenment of development of retail enterprise private brand in occident

The earliest private brand came from retail enterprises of occident, which still holds the leading position in development. Private Brand is the result of fierce competition of retail industries, which is also an effective method of competition of retail enterprises. It can consolidate consumers' loyalty to the enterprise and promote profit, which is also a powerful weapon in competition of differentiation. At present, Chinese private brand is still in the stage of exploration, there is a big gap compared with matured private brand. This essay takes examples by successful experiences of brand strategies of retail dealer in occident with the purpose of finding out problems existing in private brand of China's retail dealer and accelerating the development of private brand of retail enterprises in China.
Aging and Proteolysis of Oxidized Proteins

The main objective of this study was to investigate the possible cause(s) of the age-related augmentation of oxidatively damaged proteins in animal tissues. The hypothesis that activity of alkaline proteases, involved in the proteolysis of oxidized proteins, declines during aging was tested in the adult male housefly and further explored in the rat. Alkaline protease activity was measured fluorometrically by the release of trichloroacetic acid-soluble fluorescamine-reactive material from X ray-oxidized bovine serum albumin (BSA). Alkaline protease activity in the housefly was linearly related to the number of protein carbonyl groups. Possible involvement of serine or serine and thiol proteases was deduced from a 70% proteolytic inhibition by aprotinin and a 50% inhibition by leupeptin. Protease activity of houseflies for oxidized or native BSA did not alter with age. In contrast, a varied age-related pattern of protease activity was observed in the tissues of the rat. A comparison of 3-, 13-, and 23-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats indicated no age-related decline in alkaline protease activity in the brain, a 50% decline in the liver, and a 20% decline in the heart during 13 to 22 months. Results of this study suggest that in some species or tissues an age-related increase in the oxidized protein content is primarily due to a corresponding increase in the rate of protein oxidation, while in some other tissues a decline in proteolysis may be a contributory factor.
Multifocal VZV vasculopathy with temporal artery infection mimics giant cell arteritis

Objective: To address the incidence of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection in patients with biopsy-negative giant cell arteritis (GCA), we examined archived biopsy-negative temporal arteries from subjects with clinically suspected GCA for the presence of VZV antigen. Methods: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded temporal arteries that were pathologically negative for GCA and normal temporal arteries were analyzed immunohistochemically for VZV and herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) antigen. Results: Five (21%) of 24 temporal arteries from patients who were clinically suspect but biopsy negative for GCA revealed VZV but not HSV-1 by immunohistochemical analysis. Thirteen normal temporal arteries did not contain VZV or HSV-1 antigen. All 5 subjects whose temporal arteries contained VZV antigen presented with clinical and laboratory features of GCA and early visual disturbances. Conclusion: Multifocal VZV vasculopathy can present with the full spectrum of clinical features and laboratory abnormalities characteristically seen in GCA.
The relative signs of the NMR coupling constants in styrene oxide by double resonance

Relative signs of nuclear magnetic resonance spin- spin coupling constant in styrene oxide by double resonance
DISEASE IMPACT AND LOCAL GENETIC DIVERSITY IN THE CLONAL PLANT PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM.

Genotypic diversity is restricted within local colonies of mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), due to extensive asexual reproduction. Transplant experiments were used to examine whether disease impact from a specialist fungal pathogen (Puccinia podophylli) was affected by the local frequency of host genotypes within colonies. In each of six large mayapple colonies, I measured infection intensity on 1) ramets replanted in their native colony (which were thus surrounded mostly by identical genotypes) and 2) transplants from two foreign colonies (surrounded by different genotypes). Disease incidence during the pathogen's first generation did not vary significantly between native (11% infected) and foreign host genotypes (6% infected). In the pathogen's second generation, significant variation in infection intensity occurred among ramets from different source populations. However, at five of the six transplant sites, mean infection intensity was higher on some nonnative plants (locally rare host genotypes) than on natives (locally common host genotypes). In this system, pathogen attack does not act in a frequency-dependent manner to promote local genetic diversity among hosts.
Microcanonical master fields

This paper introduces the concept of microcanonical master fields, a new variety of master field which solves the classical microcanonical equations of motion of very large systems. Examples of the new master fields are obtained explicitly in a number of simple large-N systems. A general development of microcanonical equations on manifolds is also given, including a simple set of equations for lattice QCD.
Research highlights with the spin spectrometer

Abstract The excitation energy and angular momentum dependence of the entry states in fusion reactions measured with the spin spectrometer is discussed. A new decay mode involving the onset of localized stretched dipole radiation at half the accompanying stretched E2 collective radiation is found in 157–161 Yb. The appearance of this mode correlates smoothly with neutron number and spin. Possible interpretations are presented in terms of the evolution of the nuclear shapes from prolate to aligned-quasiparticle oblate to collective oblate and then to triaxial. Evidence for nuclear deformation that increases with spin at very high excitation is presented based on α-particle angular distributions measured relative to the spin direction, using a new method for deriving the spin alignment.
Fenfluramine and N-ethyl amphetamine: comparison of the reinforcing and rate-decreasing actions in the rhesus monkey.

N-ethyl amphetamine HCl (NEA) and fenfluramine HCl (meta-trifluoromethyl N-ethyl amphetamine) were evaluated as reinforcers in rhesus monkeys that had been previously trained to press a lever using food presentations and cocaine HCl injections as reinforcers. Each daily session consisted of episodic opportunities to obtain reinforcers under a fixed-ratio schedule of 30. A drug period was interpolated between two periods in which lever-press responding was maintained by food presentations. Compared to saline, none of the drugs altered the rate of responding in the food periods which preceded the drug sessions, indicating the absence of residual response-disrupting drug actions from previous sessions. However, NEA and fenfluramine self-injection resulted in dose-related decreases in response rates during the food periods which immediately followed the drug sessions. Cocaine HCl (30 Μg/kg/injection) maintained high response rates at over one response/second during the drug periods, as did the same dose of NEA. Doses of 10 and 100 Μg/kg/injection of NEA as well as all doses of fenfluramine HCl (10 through 300 Μg/kg/injection) maintained rates that were not different from those associated with saline injections. These results substantiate and extend earlier findings with fenfluramine and indicate that its failure to act as a reinforcer is attributable to its meta-trifluoromethyl group.
Rare earth hydrides formed by reaction of rare earth metals with water vapor

The reaction of Pr, Gd, Dy, and Er with water vapor has been studied in the temperature interval 100 to 140/sup 0/C. There was corroboration of the earlier observations of J. Dexpert-Ghys. et al. (J. Less Common Metals, 41, 105, 1975) to the effect that (1) DyH/sub 2/ forms when Dy is treated with water vapor and (2) there is no evidence by x-ray diffraction of the formation of Dy(OH)/sub 3/ and Dy/sub 2/O/sub 3/. Since the free energy change involved in forming DyH/sub 2/ and O/sub 2/ from Dy and H/sub 2/O is about + 17 kcal, the reaction was carried out under radiation in an effort to ascertain whether the missing energy was being photochemically supplied. Results were negative. Mass spectrometric examinations of the reacting system using O/sup 18/-enriched water showed no oxygen in the gaseous products. Study of the solid using Auger spectroscopy gave clear indication of large amounts of oxygen in the sample after reaction with water. Presumably the incorporation of oxygen in the lattice permits the thermodymamic requirements to be satisfied. Oxygen is not present in Dy in a phase with sufficient long-range order to give a detectable x-ray diffraction pattern. Pr and Gd inmore » the form of filings react with H/sub 2/O to give dihydride and hydroxide. Er is unreactive as judged from x-ray diffraction measurements. 2 figures, 1 table.« less
Decoding neural events from fMRI BOLD signal: A comparison of existing approaches and development of a new algorithm

Neuroimaging methodology predominantly relies on the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal. While the BOLD signal is a valid measure of neuronal activity, variances in fluctuations of the BOLD signal are not only due to fluctuations in neural activity. Thus, a remaining problem in neuroimaging analyses is developing methods that ensure specific inferences about neural activity that are not confounded by unrelated sources of noise in the BOLD signal. Here, we develop and test a new algorithm for performing semiblind (i.e., no knowledge of stimulus timings) deconvolution of the BOLD signal that treats the neural event as an observable, but intermediate, probabilistic representation of the system's state. We test and compare this new algorithm against three other recent deconvolution algorithms under varied levels of autocorrelated and Gaussian noise, hemodynamic response function (HRF) misspecification and observation sampling rate. Further, we compare the algorithms' performance using two models to simulate BOLD data: a convolution of neural events with a known (or misspecified) HRF versus a biophysically accurate balloon model of hemodynamics. We also examine the algorithms' performance on real task data. The results demonstrated good performance of all algorithms, though the new algorithm generally outperformed the others (3.0% improvement) under simulated resting-state experimental conditions exhibiting multiple, realistic confounding factors (as well as 10.3% improvement on a real Stroop task). The simulations also demonstrate that the greatest negative influence on deconvolution accuracy is observation sampling rate. Practical and theoretical implications of these results for improving inferences about neural activity from fMRI BOLD signal are discussed.
Dynamic behavior of a continuous stirred‐tank reactor

Solution of the non-linear differential equations of a continuous flow stirred-tank reactor, with a first-order reacting system, has been accomplished by the use of the analog computer. The three common modes of control have been programmed on the computer and, while controlling temperature or composition by means of the adjustment of cooling water flow rate, the regions of stability have been determined for various values of the controller constants. These results have been compared to those obtained by applying the root-locus method to the linearized forms of the differential equations previously derived.
Neuropathology of synthetic β-amyloid peptide analogs in vivo

Considerable evidence exists demonstrating that beta-amyloid protein and its fragments 1-40 and 25-35 (beta (25-35)) are neurotoxic to cells in the rat hippocampus both in culture and in vivo. This neurotoxicity has been correlated to the aggregational state of the peptides. Previously we have shown that beta (25-35) produces a cavitational lesion in rat hippocampus and also reduces the enzyme or transmitter expressions in two subcortical structures whose axons project to the hippocampus: the locus coeruleus (LC) and the medial septum. In the present study, we further investigated the amino acid sequence that might be responsible for these effects. A series of synthetic peptide analogs of beta (25-35) with glycine substituted for serine, asparagine, lysine and methionine at positions 26, 27, 28 and 35, respectively, were injected at a 3 nmol dosage into the rat hippocampus once a week for 2 weeks. The damage to the hippocampus and immunohistochemistry of the LC and medial septum were examined 1 week following the second treatment. All of the synthetic peptides with glycine substitution produced damage to the hippocampal tissue. This damage was similar to that seen with beta (25-35). However, the reduction of enzyme expressions in the LC and medial septum was less from these substituted peptides than from that of beta (25-35). While beta (25-35) application resulted in a similar reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glutamate (Glu) immunoreactivities in the LC, only TH was significantly reduced in the substituted peptide groups. The least reduction of TH and Glu immunoreactivities in the LC was observed in rats treated with peptides in which glycine replaced either lysine or methionine. In the basal forebrain medial septum, the application of beta (25-35) resulted in a marked decrease in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity. This reduction was found to be less by each of the synthetic peptides. These results suggest that the biological activity of beta (25-35) is sensitive to changes in the primary structure of the peptide. Among the 4 amino acid residues examined, lysine and methionine at positions 28 and 35 appear to play more important roles in determining the action of beta (25-35).
Severe polydipsia and antidiuresis produced by diazoxide.

Abstract Subcutaneous administration of diazoxide to rats in water balance produced a large, dose-related increase in 4-hr water intake. Five doses (40 mg/kg each) over a 15-hr period yielded a sustained polydipsia accompanied by antidiuresis and edema. The self-imposed, net positive water load which accumulated (45.8 ml) was approximately 12% of the body weight.
Critical properties of two-dimensional models

Critical properties of two-dimensional classical models and (1 + 1)-dimensional quantum models are obtained by solving a general dimerized spin chain. The staggered-electric exponent of the $F$ model is derived. The central role of umklapp scattering in controlling renormalization and determining Potts-model critical exponents is pointed out. The thermal exponent of the Potts model is evaluated, and the validity of den Nijs conjecture is established. Logarithmic singularities at the multicritical point are obtained.
Prevalence of in vitro chemotherapeutic drug resistance in primary malignant pleural mesothelioma: Result in a cohort of 203 resection specimens

Objective Optimizing the multimodality treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma depends on many factors including an adequate chemotherapeutic response. Currently, chemotherapy regimens for patients with mesothelioma are empirically selected. In vitro chemotherapy resistance in human mesothelioma has not been reported. Our goal was to determine the prevalence of drug resistance in a large sample of malignant pleural mesothelioma using a commercially available assay. Methods Tumors specimens (n = 203) were cultured for analysis of chemoresistance using the extreme drug resistance assay. Evaluable results were obtained in 168 (168/203 = 83%) specimens. Each specimen was tested with 3 drugs: cisplatin, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine. Drug resistance was characterized as low, intermediate, or extreme. Median age was 64 years (30–85 years). Forty-four (26%) patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy before sampling and testing. The distribution of histopathologic cell types was epithelial (103; 61%), mixed (57; 34%), and sarcomatoid (8; 5%). Results A significant proportion of tumors had extreme/intermediate drug resistance to cisplatin (27%), gemcitabine (31%), or vinorelbine (59%). Nineteen tumors (11%) had extreme/intermediate resistance to all 3 drugs. Resistance (extreme/intermediate) to cisplatin was more prevalent in epithelial tumors than in nonepithelial (33% vs 18%; P = .0394). No significant differences in chemoresistance were found in tumors of patients who had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared with those who had not. Conclusions The feasibility of performing off-site in vitro drug resistance assays on resected malignant mesothelioma specimens is reported. A significant proportion of mesothelioma tumors exhibited extreme/intermediate resistance to cisplatin, gemcitabine, or vinorelbine.
Autophagy in health and disease. 2. Regulation of lipid metabolism and storage by autophagy: pathophysiological implications

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradative pathway critical for the removal and breakdown of cellular components such as organelles and proteins. Despite striking similarities in the regulation and function of autophagy and lipid metabolism, the two processes have only recently been shown to be interrelated. This review details new findings of critical functions for autophagy in lipid metabolism and storage. Studies in hepatocytes and liver have demonstrated that macroautophagy mediates the breakdown of lipids stored in lipid droplets and that an inhibition of autophagy leads to the development of a fatty liver. In contrast, in adipocytes the loss of macroautophagy decreases the amount of lipid stored in adipose tissue through effects on white and brown adipocyte differentiation. Other investigations have indicated that the relationship between autophagy and lipids is bidirectional, with changes in cellular lipid content altering autophagic function. These newly described links between autophagy and lipid metabolism and storage have provided new insights into the mechanisms of both processes. The findings also suggest possible new therapeutic approaches to the problems of lipid overaccumulation and impaired autophagy that occur with aging and the metabolic syndrome.
Dendrimers functionalized with a single fluorescent dansyl group attached 'off center': Synthesis and photophysical studies

A series of three new fluorescent dendrimers containing a single, focally located dansyl group and 3 (1), 9 (2), and 27 (3) carboxylic acid groups in their peripheries were synthesized and characterized. The photophysical properties of these dendrimers were investigated in aqueous solution. The host−guest interactions of the dendrimers through their dansyl subunits with β-cyclodextrin and polyclonal anti-dansyl antibodies were also investigated by various methods. Photophysical measurements on the dendrimers demonstrate that the dansyl residue is progressively shielded from the solvent as the dendrimer generation increases, resulting in marked changes in spectral features, fluorescence quantum yields, excited-state fluorescence lifetimes, radiative and nonradiative decay rates, and rotational reorientation times. The excited-state intensity decay kinetics for 1−3 are well described by a single exponential. Contrary to the popularly held belief that lower generation dendrimers are “floppy” species in solut...
Man's Interaction With Holocene Environments On the Plains

Abstract The Northwestern Plains provide evidence of human occupation from Clovis times. The human groups involved were not spectacular and operated at the band level as hunters and gatherers. Changes in climate during the Altithermal Period may have caused some shifts in animal populations as a result of aridity with concomitant shifts in human occupations. The human groups were not adapted to storage of large quantities of food and as a result were operating in close harmony with the environment. Interdisciplinary efforts are needed to further resolve the past activities of human groups on the Plains.
The use of liquid chromatography with dual-electrode electrochemical detection in the investigation of glutathione oxidatin during benzene metabolism

Abstract Liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection provides a powerful tool for the study of glutathione oxidation during benzene metabolism. The use of two dual-electrode detectors allows for the detection of oxidized and reduced glutathione and of phenol and quinone metabolites of benzene. The role of glutathione as a reductant is explored in this paper. Results indicate that hydrogen peroxide is the oxidizing agent primarily responsible for glutathione exidation during benzene, phenol and hydroquinone metabolism.
Radiative Processes in Upper Tropospheric Mixed-Phase Clouds

The diffusional mass evolution of hydrometeors in upper tropospheric clouds for various radiative conditions in the cloud and for varying ambient moisture supply is simulated using a time dependent microphysical model. Radiation can play an important role in this mass evolution when only one phase is present. When both liquid droplets and ice crystals are situated in a typical upper tropospheric environment and the moisture supply is limited, radiation produces only a minor effect on the mass evolution of the hydrometeors. In these cases ice crystals grow quickly at the expense of the droplets and the droplets evaporate within several minutes, even under water supersaturation conditions. Radiation does not significantly influence the evaporation rates of the droplets in the coexisting cases. In the absence of ice crystals and under certain radiative conditions, the droplets can survive when the environment is subsaturated. For other radiative conditiions, the droplets can evaporate when the environment is supersaturated.
Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase: further studies on multiple electrophoretic forms.

Abstract Previous studies on chicken heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase suggested that the multiple electrophoretic forms differed only in conformation. Further experiments have now shown that, while it is possible to effect marked changes in the electrophoretic mobility of the various forms as previously described by extended reversible denaturation in either acid media or concentrated guanidine hydrochloride, the products of these treatments differ from the native enzyme in thermal stability.
Interleukin-6 stimulates hepatic triglyceride secretion in rats.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) not only regulates a variety of immune functions, but also is the most potent cytokine in inducing the hepatic acute phase proteins. We determined the effect of IL-6 on serum lipid levels and the mechanism of IL-6-induced hypertriglyceridemia in rats. Intravenous administration of IL-6 (0.1-10 micrograms/200 g BW) increased serum triglyceride levels in a dose-dependent manner. One hour after IL-6 administration, serum triglyceride levels were increased, with peak values at 2 h (2.2-fold increase). Serum cholesterol levels also increased, but the effect was delayed, first occurring at 4 h and peaking at 8 h (1.24-fold increase). IL-6 treatment increased hepatic triglyceride secretion without decreasing the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, indicating that the hypertriglyceridemia was due to increased secretion by the liver. Furthermore, IL-6 stimulates lipolysis, and the increased delivery of FFA to the liver significantly contributed to the IL-6-induced hypertriglyceridemia...
The activity of serum deoxycytidylate deaminase in various diseases.

Abstract A sensitive method has been utilized for the determination and demonstration of activity of deoxycytidylate deaminase in human sera. Variations in different diseases were also observed. Elevated values were found in all cases of acute liver diseases and acute infections. Serial studies indicated that the enzyme levels were correlated with the stages of the diseases. Elevations were also consistently observed in lupus erythematosus, and to a lesser extent, in rheumatoid arthritis and other collagen diseases. In malignant conditions, about half of the values were elevated. Normal results were obtained in most of the other diseases studied. The enzyme levels were also measured in some human tissues. The possible significance of the results has been discussed in terms of the role that deoxycytidylate deaminase may play in DNA synthesis.
Incorporation of Phytoremediation Strategies into the Introductory Chemistry Laboratory

An undergraduate laboratory exercise appropriate for introductory chemistry courses at the high school or college level is presented. The objective of the laboratory is to introduce the idea that plants can be used to remove contaminants from the environment–a process called phytoremediation. This laboratory connects the disciplines of chemistry and biology while enabling students to learn the skills of measurement, titration, calculation of molarity of an unknown solution, graphing, and interpretation of data.