cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiments on the Self-Organized Critical State of 4He

When a heat flux Q is applied downward through a sample of ^4He near the lambda transition, the helium self organizes such that the gradient in temperature matches the gravity-induced gradient in T_λ. All the helium in the sample is then at the same reduced temperature ϵ=T−T_λ_T_λ and the helium is said to be in the Self-Organized Critical (SOC) state. We have made the first measurements of the ^4He SOC state specific heat, C_(∇T) (T(Q)). There is no measurable difference between C_(∇T) and the static zero-gravity 4He specific heat for temperatures between 650 and 250 nK below T_λ. Closer to T_λ , the specific heat is depressed and reaches a maximum value at 50 nK below T_λ. This depression is similar to that predicted theoretically as reported by R. Haussmann (Phys. Rev. B 60, 12349, 1999). Contrary to the expectations of theory, however, we see another depression far below T_λ. In addition, over the heat flux range of 30 nW/cm^2 to 13 μW/cm^2, we have made improved measurements of the speed of a recently discovered propagating thermal mode, which travels only upstream against the nominal heat flux of the SOC state. We are able to accurately predict the speed of this wave by treating the helium of SOC state as a traditional fluid with a temperature dependent thermal conductivity.
How Young Is Too Young: Marketing To The Tween Generation

A girl yanks on a pair of hipster jeans. Her mother is aghast, “You can’t go to school looking like that,” the mother says sternly. The mom then pulls the pants lower, proving she is hip to the current styles.
Reaction of benzoxazine-based phenolic resins with strong and weak carboxylic acids and phenols as catalysts

The reaction of 3,4-dihydro-3,6-dimethyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazine using strong and weak carboxylic acids and phenols as catalysts has been studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The auto-accelerated curing using sebacic acid as catalyst is further documented using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and dielectric analysis. Termination of curing, using strong acids or no catalyst, are discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 1913–1921, 1999
Multiwavelength Frequency-Division-Multiplexed Light Source Based on Dispersion-Mode-Locking

Two dispersion-mode-locked laser experiments, each using a single, actively modulated linear optical amplifier and one or more fiber Bragg gratings, are presented. The first experiment demonstrates multiwavelength lasing based on dispersion-mode-locking. This mode-locking technique offers an intrinsic benefit that each wavelength is intensity modulated at a unique frequency, thus producing a frequency-division-multiplexed output. The second experiment shows fine-tuning of the dispersion-mode-locked lasing wavelength. Tunability from ~1546.5-1547 nm with a linewidth of ~0.06 nm was achieved. All experimental results should be applicable to other gain and dispersion media. A combination of the two experiments produces an excellent multiwavelength light source for sensing applications: for example, each of the multiple wavelengths can be tuned and locked to a gas absorption feature. The transmission at each wavelength can then be monitored using a single photoreceiver and a multichannel lock-in amplifier.
The Family Wage System in Pennsylvania's Anthracite Region: 1850–1900

Using data from the U.S. Census manuscript collections from 1850 1860 1870 1880 and 1900 this study examines the prevalence of the family wage economy among different categories of occupations and across ethnic groups. Two aspects of family wage economies are examined: the use of child labor and the use of the labor of young adults and/or adolescents. We find that there are marked differences in the levels of use of both types of labor across occupational and ethnic categories and over time. In general our data show that it was those workers who were most economically distressed who turned to the family wage system as a way of adapting to the emerging industrial economy. (EXCERPT)
A comparison of modulation schemes in bandlimited AWGN channels

In recent years, as data rates rise for seemingly decreasing available bandwidths, a great deal of research has been directed toward finding bandwidth efficient modulation schemes. Two such methods are partial-response signaling and trellis-coded modulation. Both of which promise performance gains in a bandlimited channel when compared to uncoded systems. This paper will compare the performance of these schemes, when applied to a QPSK system over various channel bandwidths.
Generalizing the Ramsey Problem through Diameter

Given a graph $G$ and positive integers $d,k$, let $f_d^k(G)$ be the maximum $t$ such that every $k$-coloring of $E(G)$ yields a monochromatic subgraph with diameter at most $d$ on at least $t$ vertices. Determining $f_1^k(K_n)$ is equivalent to determining classical Ramsey numbers for multicolorings. Our results include $\bullet$ determining $f_d^k(K_{a,b})$ within 1 for all $d,k,a,b$ $\bullet$ for $d \ge 4$, $f_d^3(K_n)=\lceil n/2 \rceil +1$ or $\lceil n/2 \rceil$ depending on whether $n \equiv 2 (mod 4)$ or not $\bullet$ $f_3^k(K_n) > {{n}\over {k-1+1/k}}$ The third result is almost sharp, since a construction due to Calkin implies that $f_3^k(K_n) \le {{n}\over {k-1}} +k-1$ when $k-1$ is a prime power. The asymptotics for $f_d^k(K_n)$ remain open when $d=k=3$ and when $d\ge 3, k \ge 4$ are fixed.
On-Chip processing for the wave union TDC implemented in FPGA

The wave union TDC implemented in FPGA utilizes multiple measurement method to reach time resolution beyond the natural carry cell delay in FPGA. Lacking of analog compensation for bin width control available in ASIC, the wave union TDC takes the after-fact digital calibration approach. In addition to the temperature drift, non-uniformity of the carry chain structure in FPGA causes complicate differential non-linearity pattern which imposes significant on-chip calibration challenge. In this paper, processing strategies for the wave union TDC are discussed. Actual implementations in low-cost FPGA with 20ps and 10ps RMS resolutions are also presented.
State of the Science: The Association Between Perinatal Brain Injury and School Performance in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Abstract Preterm infants are a vulnerable population. Their shorter gestation and lower birth weight place them at greater risk for a variety of health and developmental problems including long-term motor, cognitive, behavioral, and growth problems. This article reviews the epidemiology and morbidities of low-birth-weight infants, with a specific emphasis on perinatal brain injury and its impact on school performance. The pathogenesis of brain injury is complex and not fully understood. The principle brain lesions that underlie much of the neurologic manifestations seen in preterm infants are intraventricular hemorrhage (and its accompanied complication, periventricular hemorrhagic infarction) and periventricular leukomalacia. Nursing participation in advocating for interdisciplinary services including physical therapy, speech therapy, and using position devices and appropriate stimulation while the infant is in the neonatal intensive care unit is essential to maximize functional capacity. Nurses are also uniquely positioned at the forefront of public health to substantially improve school performance in these children by optimizing a child's home environment for maximal environmental stimulation.
Abstract 17261: Inhibition of Fibrinolysis Attenuates Influenza A-induced Lung Injury

Rationale: Influenza A virus (IAV) is the leading cause of death from an infectious cause and ranks 8th in the list of attributable annual mortality in the United States. Currently available antiviral treatments are limited and may become ineffective as resistant strains emerge. The coexistence of hemostatic alterations with inflammatory responses to viral infections support the idea that common molecular mechanisms contribute to the regulation of these systems. Previous studies demonstrated that IAV induces the activation of both coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways, and that the impairment of the latter is mainly attributable to high levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI-1), the major inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). Interferon-α (IFN-α) plays a key role in the control of viral replication and overall shaping of the immune response. We sought to determine whether PAI-1, plays a role in the immune response and morbidity and mortality associated with IAV infection. M...
Glenoid version and its relationship to glenohumeral instability and labral tears.

Background Evidence suggests a relationship between glenoid retroversion and posterior instability, but no literature exists comparing glenoid version referencing the scapular body versus the endosteal vault. This study evaluated glenoid version and its relationship to unidirectional instability and labral tears. Methods Glenoid version in patients with unidirectional instability or labral tears was measured with magnetic resonance imaging by either the Friedman method or the Poon and Ting method. Analyses of variance followed by independent t tests were used to compare 3 groups: anterior instability or labral tears (anterior pathology group, n = 33); posterior instability or labral tears (posterior pathology group, n = 34); and stable controls (n = 30). The referencing error for 2-dimensional axial images was evaluated for variance by imaging facility. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability scores were calculated. Results With the Friedman method, the posterior pathology group (−9°) was more retroverted than the control group (−4°) ( P = .0005) and the anterior pathology group (−5°) ( P = .0104) but there was no difference between the control group and anterior pathology group ( P = .38). The referencing error in the sagittal plane averaged 23° and varied by facility ( P = .0365). The coronal-plane error averaged 1° and did not vary by facility ( P = .7180). Intraclass correlation coefficient scores showed good to excellent intrarater and inter-rater reliability. Conclusion The posterior pathology group had 5° more retroversion than controls using the Friedman method. Glenoid version using the Poon and Ting method or the Friedman method did not predict anterior instability or labral tears. Axial magnetic resonance images were constructed with a referencing error in the sagittal plane that varied by magnetic resonance imaging facility and has implications for improving 2-dimensional axial imaging protocols.
Housing hardship and energy insecurity among native-born and immigrant low-income families with children in the United States

The costs for rent and utilities account for the largest share of living expenses, yet these two critical dimensions of material hardship have seldom been examined concurrently in population-based studies. This paper employs multivariate statistical analysis using American Community Survey data to demonstrate the relative risk ratio of low-income renter-occupied households with children experiencing "rent burden," "energy insecurity," or a "double burden" as opposed to no burden. Findings suggest that low-income households are more likely to experience these economic hardships in general but that specific groups are disproportionately burdened in different ways. For instance, whereas immigrants are more likely to experience rental burden, they are less likely to experience energy insecurity and are also spared from the double burden. In contrast, native-born African Americans are more likely than all other groups to experience the double burden. These results may be driven by the housing stock available to certain groups due to racial residential segregation, decisions regarding the quality of housing low-income householders are able to afford, as well as home-country values, such as modest living and energy conservation practices, among immigrant families. This paper also points to important policy gaps in safety net benefits related to housing and energy targeting low-income households.
Life tables of Smicronyx fulvus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on cultivated sunflower

A life table was developed for two consecutive univoltine generations of the red sunflower seed weevil, Smicronyx fulvus LeConte, a major pest of cultivated sunflower in North Dakota. A mean mortality of 86.9% for fifth instar and pupa in the soil was the highest for all life stages. A 94.6% generation mortality indicates a slightly declining weevil population for the two years of the study.
Atomistic simulations of the surfaces of thin films of random copolymers

Amorphous thin films of styrene-butadiene and styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers containing a small amount of acrylic acid are generated using molecular dynamics and energy minimization simulations. The structure of the films shows an interior region of bulk density and a thin outer surface layer where the density falls to zero. The surface layer over which the density changes is approximately 5 A in thickness. The film mass density at its center of mass is close to the bulk values. The orientation function parameter of the backbone carbon-carbon bonds, averaged over the ensemble of representative cells, shows a random nature in the dense region and an inclination towards an orientation somewhat along the plane of the surface layer in the external parts of the film. The styrene rings are mostly located in the bulk region, with random spatial and orientation distributions. The polar groups in the acrylonitrile segment of the SBA films are mostly found in the surface region, where they contribute to the marked enhancement in the surface energy for SBA films compared to SB films. The surface energy values deduced from the models are systematically slightly lower than independent estimates.
A Study of the Relationships between Hospital Advertising Practices and Hospital Characteristics

Health care costs are expected to account for 13 percent of the Gross National Product in 1996, an increase from 11.1 percent in 1988. Currently, advertising expenditures constitute nearly $1 billion in outlays for the hospital industry and account for almost half of the marketing budgets of U.S. hospitals (Johnsson 1990). The size of these expenditures make advertising a very important consideration of hospital administrators. In 1989 and 1990, hospital advertising budgets rebounded from a spending slump which began in late 1987, and appear not to have been adversely affected by the current advertising recession.
Dynamic modulation approach to topological photonics(Conference Presentation)

We show that dynamic refractive index modulation provides a route towards non-reciprocal topological photonics. In particular, the phase of the modulation provides an effective gauge field for photons that breaks time-reversal symmetry, and can be used to create a wide range of topological effects, in both real space as well as in spaces that involve a synthetic frequency dimension. These topological effects are pointing to new capabilities for controlling the properties of light.
Securitization and Credit Quality

Banks are usually better informed on the loans they originate than other financial intermediaries. As a result, securitized loans might be of lower credit quality than otherwise similar nonsecuritized loans. We assess the effect of securitization activity on loans’ relative credit quality employing a uniquely detailed dataset from the euro-denominated syndicated loan market. We find that, at issuance, banks do not seem to select and securitize loans of lower credit quality. Following securitization, however, the credit quality of borrowers whose loans are securitized deteriorates by more than those in the control group. We find tentative evidence suggesting that poorer performance by securitized loans might be linked to banks’ reduced monitoring incentives.
Amplification of Homologous Fermentative Genes in Clostridium Acetobutylicum ATCC 824

Clostridium acetobutylicum, a natural producer of butanol, acetone and ethanol, is of interest as a potential commercial source of these solvents. The biochemistry by which C. acetobutylicum initially produces acetate and butyrate and subsequently the above solvents, in batch culture, is well understood. The genetics of this anaerobic, highly regulated, branched, primary metabolism is, however, poorly understood despite the fact that many of the genes responsible for the formation of the various acids and solvents have recently been cloned [1–5].
Microwave-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis of DNA for mass spectrometric analysis: A new strategy for accelerated hydrolysis.

Abstract Study of DNA base composition, DNA adducts and modification in its primary structure is a subject of interest in different fields of scientific research. Various methods like immunochemistry, capillary electrophoretic separation, chromatographic separation coupled with mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) detection have been developed for DNA analysis. During the past decade LC-MS/MS has emerged as a more sensitive and selective technique and now frequently used for the analysis of DNA. The workflow for the DNA analysis include DNA extraction, hydrolysis of DNA into mononucleosides and analysis. Though high-throughput methods are available for the analysis DNA hydrolysis oftentimes is a rate limiting step. Conventional enzymatic hydrolysis of DNA using a multienzyme mixture will take a minimum of 6–17 h to complete the hydrolysis. In this work, we developed an accelerated enzymatic hydrolysis of DNA using microwave-technology for the first time. 1.00 μg of calf thymus DNA was used to demonstrate the microwave assisted enzymatic hydrolysis of DNA. The resultant mononucleosides were separated on Atlantis T3 (50 × 2.1 mm i.d.; 3 μ particle size) C18 column and analyzed on ABSCIEX QTRAP 5500 LC/MS system. The sample through put and recovery of microwave-assisted digestion were compared with the conventional enzymatic hydrolysis. Efficient digestion of DNA with a performance similar to that obtained by the conventional overnight digestion procedure was attained in just 30 min with a hydrolysis yield of ≥90%. Furthermore, our method was found to be much more accurate and easier to perform. Thus, this new application of microwave technology to DNA enzymatic digestion will facilitate the application of DNA analysis in biological and clinical research.
Succession and Self-organization

The self-organization process by which ecosystems develop structure, functions, and diversity from available energies and matter is called succession. These processes occur in microcosms, often rapidly, when the components are small with short turnover time. What actually occurs depends on the initial seeding of matter and available species. On a longer scale of time, the mature states which follow initial growth may oscillate, alternating production, consumption, and diversity. The simulation models in Figures 2.12 and 2.13 show how growth of biomass is related to initial conditions, available nutrients, and organic matter. However, succession is more than growth; it includes species additions and change. Figure 3.1 is a simulation minimodel that includes species seeding and diversity, and their contribution to production efficiency. In Figure 3.1b, the simulation first develops biomass, which supports more species, in turn, increasing efficiency, but additional species put additional demands on the biomass. The simulation with a small overshoot produces results which parallel what is observed in many microcosms, and suggest some consistency between model simulations and theory. Figures 3.2–3.9 show sequences of species in microcosm succession.
Reflection and the priority method in E-recursion theory

A central issue in E-recursion theory is the relative status of E-recursive enumerability and Σ1-definability in an E-closed structure. In most initial segments of L these two are not the same. However, as is shown here, every E-closed initial segment of L is canonically represented as the union of Π1-absolute admissible sets with gaps, in which sets the two notions are identical. This representation is used to prove a meta-theorem which provides a translation of Friedberg-style finite injury constructions from classical recursion theory into successful E-recursion theoretic constructions for initial segments of L. The key to the method is to construe an E-recursive enumeration as a direct limit of Σ1-enumerations, in each of which, requirements are satisfied using techniques from α-recursion theory. Suppose that L k is E-closed; a subset of κ is said to be scattered if its order type is less than ρ k1 , the E-recursively enumerable projectum of L k . As an application of this method, it is shown that there is an E-recursively enumerable degree on L k which is not scattered.
Prefigurative Design as an Alternative Approach to Civic Engagement

This submission describes my participatory action research with activist and advocacy organizations in Atlanta. This works shows patterns across these groups' technological and organizational practices and reveals assumptions on digital tools and civic participation. Activist practices point to alternate sociopolitical values through which we might broaden understandings of digitally mediated civic engagement. Drawing from ethnographic fieldwork and anarchist organizing literature, I suggest prefigurative design as a means to better leverage design in solidarity with radical community work. Prefigurative design is a prompt to re-evaluate our professional practices and resources to better support progressive political efforts.
Exploring the Therapeutic Landscape of Sphingomyelinases.

Sphingosine, ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and other related sphingolipids have emerged as important bioactive molecules involved in a variety of key cellular processes such as cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, exosome release, and inter- and intracellular cell communication, making the pathways of sphingolipid metabolism a key domain in maintaining cell homeostasis (Hannun and Obeid, Trends Biochem Sci 20:73–77, 1995; Hannun and Obeid, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9:139–150, 2008; Kosaka et al., J Biol Chem 288:10849–10859, 2013). Various studies have determined that these pathways play a central role in regulating intracellular production of ceramide and the other bioactive sphingolipids and hence are an important component of signaling in various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases (Chaube et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 1821:313–323, 2012; Clarke et al., Adv Enzyme Regul 51:51–58, 2011b; Horres and Hannun, Neurochem Res 37:1137–1149, 2012). In this chapter, we discuss one of the major enzyme classes in producing ceramide, sphingomyelinases (SMases), from a biochemical and structural perspective with an emphasis on their applicability as therapeutic targets.
When a patient talks about suicide: Adding a social worker led session on the pharmacist's role in suicide prevention to the PharmD curriculum.

Abstract Background and purpose Suicide is the tenth leading cause of death in the US. Frontline health professionals like pharmacists can be trained to intervene with patients displaying warning signs of suicide. The purpose of this activity was to introduce student pharmacists to suicide prevention concepts. Educational activity and setting A social worker on faculty at the school of social work and a pharmacy practice faculty member collaborated to deliver a 50-min didactic session to first year students on the role of pharmacists in suicide prevention. The session included: (1) suicide statistics and public health signiifcance, (2) protective factors, risk factors, and warning signs of suicidal ideation, (3) strategies for asking about suicidal ideation, including practice asking about suicide, (4) resources and referrals, and (5) brief case scenarios and student questions. Findings An electronic survey was administered to 108 students and 83 responses (76.9%) were received. The results suggested the topic was new to most students and was relevant to their role as pharmacists. Most students (91%) reported that the session increased their confidence in asking about suicide for someone displaying warning signs. Student comments on the survey were generally positive with students requesting additional exposure to scenarios. Pharmacy programs may benefit from collaborating with social work or mental health professionals to deliver basic suicide intervention training tailored to pharmacy. Summary A social worker-led session about suicide prevention was positively received by first year student pharmacists.
Managing Sudden Loss

Managers often face tough, emotional situations at work. One of the biggest is guiding employees and departments successfully through the loss of a coworker. Not only are there emotional components but there are also more technical and procedural responsibilities that may be overlooked. These facilities, technological, and human resources tasks need to be handled sensitively and in a timely manner. Remembering whom to contact, what property needs to be considered, and how to produce final paychecks are just a few of the concerns managers will face in a trying time. This guide aims to serve as a checklist of the basic components and tasks managers will face after the sudden loss of an employee.
Anatomic Pathology of Hirschsprung Disease

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital malformation of the enteric nervous system with many associated pathological features in addition to aganglionosis. The diagnosis is generally established by an experienced pathologist based on histopathological studies of rectal biopsies. Identification of ganglion cells in rectal biopsies is complicated by variation in the spacing of ganglia in the distal rectum, cytological maturation of ganglion cells, and amount of sampled submucosal tissue, as well as other factors. Therefore, concomitant alterations in the density and caliber of extrinsic nerve fibers and the expression of specific neurochemical markers in mucosal nerves are especially helpful. Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, calretinin immunohistochemistry, or other immunohistochemical approaches simplify and improve diagnostic accuracy, but interpretation of these ancillary techniques requires knowledge of their strengths and limitations. Once the diagnosis is established, intraoperative pathology support is a key to successful HSCR surgery. During the operation, the level at which the bowel is transected is dictated initially by the presence/absence of ganglion cells in a frozen section. Keys to examination of such biopsies include tissue orientation, an adequate number of sections, and recognition of histological mimics of ganglion cells (e.g., swollen endothelial cells). The transition zone between aganglionic and ganglionic bowel is characterized by neuroanatomic alterations including partial circumferential aganglionosis, myenteric hypoganglionosis, and submucosal nerve hypertrophy. The ability to recognize these three histopathological findings is important because contemporary surgical management of HSCR dictates resection of the transition zone as well as the aganglionic distal bowel. Intraoperative histological examination of frozen sections from the anastomotic margin to exclude transition zone pathology should be considered standard practice to reduce the likelihood of persistent postoperative obstructive symptoms due to transition zone pull-through. Many other primary and secondary alterations exist in the aganglionic and ganglionic bowel of some HSCR patients. Some alterations such as skip areas are profoundly relevant to clinical management, whereas others (e.g., eosinophilic ganglionitis) have uncertain significance and are targets for investigative research.
Accidental drug overdose deaths in Connecticut, 2012-2018: The rise of polysubstance detection?

Objectives To examine trends in polysubstance detection associated with drug-related overdose deaths in Connecticut. Methods We used 2012-2018 data provided by Connecticut's Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) on accidental overdose deaths. We estimated annual trends, standardizing the number of deaths per 100,000 Connecticut residents each year. We then conducted stratified analyses by polysubstance use status. We also examined the numbers of deaths involving fentanyl in a separate analysis. We obtained data in April 2019, and statistical analyses were performed from April to September 2019. Results The rate of overdose deaths in Connecticut increased from 9.9 per 100,000 residents in 2012 to 28.5 per 100,000 residents in 2018-a 221 % increase-with the majority occurring among persons aged 35-64 (65.3 %), men (73.9 %), and non-Hispanic whites (78.5 %). Among deaths involving fentanyl, the overall deaths escalated from 5.2 deaths per 100,000 residents in 2015 to 21.3 deaths per 100,000 residents in 2018, and more than 50% of these fentanyl-related deaths involved polysubstance use. Conclusions Connecticut experienced a more-than doubling of opioid-involved overdose deaths, largely driven by fentanyl and polysubstance use. The role of polysubstance use should be considered in efforts toward reducing opioid-related overdose incidents.
Mastocytosis in Pregnancy

Mastocytosis is a rare disorder characterized by increased mast cell proliferation and accumulation in organs. There is, unfortunately, limited information in the literature about the effect of mastocytosis on pregnancy and vice versa.
Placement of Students with Severe Disabilities Who Have Complex Health Care Needs in General Education Classes.

Data reveal that insufficient progress has been made in increasing the number of students with severe disabilities who are educated in general education classes. Agran et al. asked why this is happ...
Moving the mountain in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: evolving immunotherapies for a dire disease

Despite advances in diagnostic, surgical/interventional, and supportive care strategies, lung cancer remains a lethal entity representing the most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide (1). Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) represent the vast majority of these cases. With more than half of all patients presenting with advanced stage disease at initial diagnosis, there has been a persistent and pressing need for improved systemic therapies—both with regards to efficacy and toxicity. Even so, platinum doublets have remained the mainstay of palliative therapy for the past several decades. Based on a number of randomized trials, platinum doublet chemotherapy administered to fit and willing patients achieves improved survival and quality of life (QoL) as compared to best supportive care alone and has long remained the unchallenged standard of care (2). Though many chemotherapeutic agents have been studied in combination with a platinum agent, none has demonstrated superior outcomes in unselected cohorts (3).
Diatoms in tsunami deposits

Abstract Diatoms found within widespread sand beds deposited by tsunamis provide the framework for some of the most detailed historical and long-term (centuries to millennia) earthquake and tsunami reconstructions. In this chapter, we explore how the salinity preferences, life forms, and valve structures of diatoms are particularly useful for identifying tsunami sands within a variety of low-energy coastal environments around the world. We discuss the highly variable “signature” of diatoms within tsunami deposits and describe instances where clearly anomalous, allochthonous marine and brackish diatoms within tsunami deposits help support a marine incursion. We highlight how the fragmentation and sorting of diatom valves may provide evidence of high-energy transport during the rapid, turbulent flow of a tsunami; the potential use of diatoms to estimate tsunami runup beyond the landward limit of sedimentation; and the challenges in differentiating tsunami from storm deposits using diatoms.
National Self-Determination in Historical Perspective 1789/1989: Insights from the French Revolution for Today's Debates

This article explores the role of the nation-state principle in international politics: that is, the often tacit assumption that nations and states are or should be congruent, and that a presumptive right to national self-determination exists where this is not the case. The political resonance of the nation and sympathy for claims to its ethical primacy come largely from the association between nationhood and self-government, a connection often traced to the French Revolution. The article identifies four "paradoxes" involved in claims to national self-determination, derived from a close reading of political debates at the time of the French Revolution: conception, constitution, composition, and confrontation. Conception refers to the puzzle of how one can imagine a voluntarist nation separate from political institutions. Constitution involves the problem of identifying authoritative spokespeople who can make political and territorial claims on behalf of the nation. Composition refers to the challenge of defining membership criteria that are maximally inclusive, while fostering sufficient cohesion, commitment, and compliance to support shared social, legal, and political institutions. Confrontation involves the tensions between universalism and particularism in international relations, particularly for nation-states that seek to export their domestic political models. This historically grounded analysis suggests how the tenacity of the nation-state principle complicates efforts to imagine, and to implement, more flexible models of governance.
Medical, Endovascular, and Surgical Treatment of CTEPH

The past four decades have witnessed considerable advancements in our understanding of the pathophysiology, and the diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). The development of an effective surgical treatment for this disease has been one of the most remarkable achievements to realize a cure for many afflicted with this form of pulmonary hypertension. For those patients with inoperable CTEPH, the past 8 years have been similarly marked by new developments. Studies demonstrating effective pulmonary hypertension-targeted medical therapy and the advancement of balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) now provide patients who are not candidates for surgery beneficial treatment options. However, long-term efficacy of these treatment modalities and the selection of patients appropriate for BPA are topics of ongoing debate and research. This report provides an overview of the current, state-of-the-art therapeutic approach to the CTEPH patient.
The theory of bifurcated educational system and its implications for school improvement

Educational reforms fail again and again. One reason for the failure is that educational reform stops just outside the classroom door. During the last 25 years, the dominant educational reform init...
The Prevalence, Correlates, and Consequences of Racial Apathy Among Black Teenagers

Racial apathy is a socially desirable and contemporary form of white racial prejudice that resonates with color-blind ideologies. Survey researchers assert it indicates whether whites do not care about racial equality. Deviating from prior studies, we investigate racial apathy among black teenagers. Specifically, we examine racial apathy’s prevalence and correlates, and associations with emotional well-being and alcohol use. Analyzing data from the 2003 National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR, n = 3290), we find one in four black teenagers does not care about racial equality. In terms of correlates, we find daily importance of faith links negatively with racial apathy. Low grades and school difficulties directly predict racial apathy among black teenagers. Living in the West, compared to other regions, associates with larger odds of expressing racial apathy. Finally, black teenagers’ expressions of racial apathy do not predict their emotional well-being or alcohol use.
Gauge invariance of meson photo- and electroproduction currents revisited

An exact expression is derived for the meson production current off the nucleon for real and virtual photons which cleanly separates, in a model-independent manner, a tree-level expression that manifestly preserves local gauge invariance in terms of a generalized Ward-Takahashi identity from transverse final-state-interaction (FSI) terms. As discussed in some detail, this exact formulation is particularly well suited for implementing approximation schemes of exchange-current and FSI contributions (which in practice generally will be necessary) at any level of sophistication without violating local gauge invariance.
High-Throughput Screening Test for Adhesion in Soft Materials Using Centrifugation

High-throughput screening of mechanical properties can transform materials science research by both aiding in materials discovery and developing predictive models. However, only a few such assays have been reported, requiring custom or expensive equipment, while the mounting demand for enormous data sets of materials properties for predictive models is unfulfilled by the current characterization throughput. We address this problem by developing a high-throughput colorimetric adhesion screening method using a common laboratory centrifuge, multiwell plates, and microparticles. The technique uses centrifugation to apply a homogeneous mechanical detachment force across individual formulations in a multiwell plate. We also develop a high-throughput sample deposition method to prepare films with uniform thickness in each well, minimizing well-to-well variability. After establishing excellent agreement with the well-known probe tack adhesion test, we demonstrate the consistency of our method by performing the test on a multiwell plate with two different formulations in an easily discernible pattern. The throughput is limited only by the number of wells in the plates, easily reaching 103 samples/run. With its simplicity, low cost, and large dynamic range, this high-throughput method has the potential to change the landscape of adhesive material characterization.
Machine Learning Analysis for Data Incompleteness (MADI): Analyzing the Data Completeness of Patient Records Using a Random Variable Approach to Predict the Incompleteness of Electronic Health Records

The purpose of this article is to propose a methodology involving various methods that can be used to predict the data incompleteness of a dataset. Here the investigators have presented data incompleteness as both continuous and discrete random variables. In addition the investigators used transfer entropy for the purpose of advancing the science associated with the analysis of data incompleteness of electronic health records. The underlying methodology has been coined as “Machine Learning Analysis for Data Incompleteness” (MADI) with the intention of developing a possible solution to data incompleteness in electronic health records. MADI advances the analysis of data incompleteness with the use of Kolomogorov Smirnov goodness of fit, mielke distribution, and beta distributions for a holistic analysis. Alongside the methodology presented, the investigators explored stochastic gradient descent, generalized additive models, and support vector machines for comparison. Overall, the investigators have presented a complete set of methods and algorithms to help predict data incompleteness in a medical setting and provided suggestions for practical applications into the prediction of data incompleteness.
The Impact of NAFLD on Hospitalization Outcomes in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Nationwide Analysis.

BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Yet, the impact of NAFLD on outcomes, along with the contribution of nonmetabolic factors to NAFLD development, is unclear. To investigate these topics, we conducted a nationwide study examining the impact of NAFLD on hospitalization outcomes in IBD patients after adjusting for metabolic factors. METHODS Patients with IBD-related hospitalizations were identified using the Nationwide Readmissions Database from 2016 to 2018. Inflammatory bowel disease patients with and without NAFLD were matched based on IBD type, age, sex, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Primary outcomes were IBD-related readmission, IBD-related surgery, and death. Secondary outcomes were length of stay (LOS) and cost of care (COC). The primary multivariable model adjusted for obesity, dyslipidemia, Charlson-Deyo comorbidity index, hospital characteristics, payer, patient income, and elective status of admissions. RESULTS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was associated with a higher risk of IBD-related readmission (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.90; P < .01) and death (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.73; P < .01), 0.71-day longer LOS (P < .01), and $7312 higher COC (P < .01) in those with Crohn's disease. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was also associated with a higher risk of IBD-related readmission (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.65; P < .01), 0.64-day longer LOS (P < .01), and $9392 (P < .01) higher COC, but there was no difference in death in those with UC. No differences in risk of IBD-related surgery were observed. CONCLUSIONS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with worse hospitalization outcomes in IBD patients after adjusting for metabolic factors. These data suggest nonmetabolic factors may be implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD in IBD patients and may contribute to worsened clinical outcomes.
- DPyk2: Protein tyrosine kinase 2 (D. discoideum)

The chapter focuses on the DPyk2 that plays a role in signal transduction during development. The DPYK2 locus was targeted by homologous recombination, and disruption of the gene was confirmed by genomic Southern analysis. The resulting strains exhibited normal development and produced viable spores. Kinase physiological substrates have not been identified. Features of the sequence of the catalytic domain might suggest that this kinase has specificity for serine or threonine and tyrosine also. When expressed in E. coli the DPYK2 partial cDNA caused the phosphorylation of a variety of polypeptides as assayed by antiphosphotyrosine staining of Western blots. Northern blots revealed an increase in the level of message early in development.
Nuclear import of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 preintegration complexes.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a brief overview of the pathways and mechanisms of cellular nuclear import and relate this to what is currently understood concerning import in three other viral systems: adenovirus, simian virus 40 (SV40), and influenza virus. Following infection-mediated entry into the cytoplasm, retroviral cores form large nucleoprotein complexes (PICs), which undergo reverse transcription and, ultimately, catalyze provirus formation. The ability of these complexes to be specifically imported into the nucleus via nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) explains why nondividing cells can be productively infected with lentiviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), whereas productive infection by the oncoretrovirus murine leukemia virus (MLV) is restricted to proliferating cells. Current evidence suggests that virally encoded protein components of the HIV-1 PIC, particularly integrase (IN) and Vpr, act in concert to target these complexes for nuclear import by recruiting cellular import factors and interacting with the NPCs. The chapter discusses various recent advances made in this complex and fascinating area of HIV-1 biology in relation to models for postentry nuclear import in other retroviral and nonretroviral systems.
Materials in the classroom ecology

Though there is an extensive literature on materials in language teaching, little if any of it examines the relationship between materials such as textbooks and the totality of the classroom experience. The present study makes use of the concept of classroom ecology (Tudor, 2001; van Lier, 1996) to explore the interrelationships among materials and other crucial elements in an advanced ESL grammar class offered in the Intensive English Program of an American university. We focus in particular on the ways in which the textbook-Azar's (2002) Understanding and using English grammar-constituted the de facto curriculum of the course, and how it provided structure for the majority of the classroom interaction. Finally, we speculate on the relationship between the materials and language learning in this classroom. We argue that the framework of ecology, with its emphasis on affordances and emergence, provides a compelling lens through which to study the ways in which materials are actually deployed in classrooms, and how teachers and students conceive of the work being done there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The fine structure of ceratium tripos, a marine armored dinoflagellate: I. The cell covering (theca)

In this, the first of three consecutive papers, the complex cell covering of Ceratium tripos is examined at different stages of development. During cytokinesis, the cleavage furrow is surrounded by a system of membranes which, together with the thecal plates, will comprise the future cell covering. The outermost membrane completely surrounds the cell and lies over a single layer of large flattened vesicles. An additional membrane, the thecal membrane, lies within the vesicles just below the region of eventual plate formation. The thecal membrane gradually becomes discontinuous in mature cells. Sutures are observed during the initial differentiation of the cell covering. Near the completion of cytokinesis, the portion of cytoplasm still joining the daughter cells is enclosed by only one membrane of the cell covering, the plasma membrane.
Association of complementary and alternative medicine use with highly active antiretroviral therapy initiation.

Objective—To assess whether complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use is associated with the timing of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected participants of the Women’s Interagency HIV Study.
Quivers with relations arising from Koszul algebras of g-invariants

Abstract Let g be a complex simple Lie algebra and let Ψ be an extremal set of positive roots. After Chari and Greenstein (2009) [9] , one associates with Ψ an infinite dimensional Koszul algebra S Ψ g which is a graded subalgebra of the locally finite part of ( ( End V ) op ⊗ S ( g ) ) g , where V is the direct sum of all simple finite dimensional g -modules. We describe the structure of the algebra S Ψ g explicitly in terms of an infinite quiver with relations for g of types A and C. We also describe several infinite families of quivers and finite dimensional associative algebras arising from this construction.
The Quest for Fine-Scale Anisotropy in the Relict Radiation

Up to Symposium Session IV, the observed properties of the large scale structure of the Universe have been discussed in terms of studies based on the spatial distribution of galaxies with redshift less than one; studies which indicate clustering on characteristic scales up to ~20 Mpc or equivalently ~1015M⊙. Such a survey is rather local in scope compared to what in principle could be inferred from the measurement of temperature fluctuations in the relict radiation surviving from Z ≃ 1000 as the fossil imprint of “primordial” density fluctuations on scales up to the horizon at the epoch of decoupling, M ≃ 1019M⊙. However, the investigation of structure over a still-larger sample volume and scales greater than 1015M⊙ is not a possibility which I wish to stress in this paper. Rather, given our present state of ignorance about the formation of structure, perhaps a more fruitful first approach would be to examine small angular scales in the relict radiation for insight into the evolution of density perturbations by a careful comparison between the observationally inferred “initial” spectrum of mass inhomogeneities present back at the epoch of decoupling, and the mass spectrum of clustering which characterizes the present Universe.