cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TH‐CD‐207A‐12: Impacts of Inter‐ and Intra‐Fractional Organ Motion for High‐Risk Prostate Cancer Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy

Purpose: We are conducting a clinical trial on stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for high-risk prostate cancer. Doses to three targets, prostate, intra-prostatic lesion, and pelvic lymph node (PLN) region, are escalated to three different levels via simultaneous integrated boost technique. Inter-/intra-fractional organ motions deteriorate planned dose distribution. This study aims at developing a dose reconstruction system to comprehensively understand the impacts of organ motion in our clinical trial. Methods: A 4D dose reconstruction system has been developed for this study. Using a GPU-based Monte-Carlo dose engine and delivery log file, the system is able to reconstruct dose on static or dynamic anatomy. For prostate and intra-prostatic targets, intra-fractional motion is the main concern. Motion trajectory acquired from Calypso in previously treated SBRT patients were used to perform 4D dose reconstructions. For pelvic target, inter-fractional motion is one concern. Eight patients, each with four cone beam CTs, were used to derive fractional motion. The delivered dose was reconstructed on the deformed anatomy. Dosimetric parameters for delivered dose distributions of the three targets were extracted and compared with planned levels. Results: For prostate intra-fractional motion, the mean 3D motion amplitude during beam delivery ranged from 1.5mm to 5.0mm and the average among all patients was 2.61mm. Inter-fractional motion for the PLN target was more significant. The average amplitude among patients was 4mm with the largest amplitude up to 9.6mm. The D95% deviation from planned level for prostate PTVs and GTVs are on average less than<0.1% and this deviation for intra-prostatic lesion PTVs and GTVs were more prominent. The dose at PLN was significantly affected with D95% reduced by up to 44%. Conclusion: Intra-/inter-fractional organ motion is a concern for high-risk prostate SBRT, particularly for the PLN target. Our dose reconstruction approach can also serve as the basis to guide treatment adaptation.
Introduction: Funhouse Mirrors — Popular Culture’s Distorted View of Girl/Womanhood

Popular culture as of late has painted a blissful and utopic image of gender equality in the United States and elsewhere in the Western world. If you believe everything you read in books and see on the screen, then we are living in a wonderland full of female success. It’s the age of girl/woman power — of Frozen, Girls, The Hunger Games, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, Hermione Granger, Olivia Pope, Lady Gaga, and Michelle Obama. The past decade has produced our first female speaker of the House, and Presidential elections that found women perpetually in the spotlight as nominees for Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates. Today, we’re being told that if women want to succeed in the work force, they just have to ‘lean in’.1 And perhaps they don’t even have to lean in all that far because, according to media proclamations, we’ve supposedly arrived at ‘the end of men’.2 However — surprise, surprise — this simply is not the case.
Contrasting Impacts of Dams on the Metacommunity Structure of Fish and Macroinvertebrate Assemblages

AbstractImpoundments are common features of many rivers that often impact abiotic conditions and the organisms that inhabit impacted reaches. As dams alter both local environmental conditions and the ability of organisms to move throughout the habitat, it is difficult to know which factors are driving changes in assemblage composition. To separate these effects, we employed a metacommunity approach to evaluate drivers of assemblage composition in fish and macroinvertebrate communities across two impoundments slated for removal in Danville, Illinois. Based on movement ability, we would expect dams to represent barriers to fish populations, whereas macroinvertebrates, with their motile adult phases, should be easily able to move across impoundments. Therefore, we would expect the assemblage structure of these two groups to be driven by different processes. We sampled habitat quality (measures) and both fish and macroinvertebrate communities in a replicated series of sites across two low-head dams. As expect...
The resident scholar program: a research training opportunity for internal medicine house staff.

Background. Housestaff research training is a challenging task that is complicated by the lack of a structured process and dedicated time. The Resident Scholar Program (RSP) at the University of Cincinnati, Department of Internal Medicine was created to overcome these challenges.Methods. Interested internal medicine house staff are required to submit an application to the residency research director including a project description signed by a faculty mentor. If the project is approved, a 4-month elective rotation is scheduled for the following year. Residents spend the first month on a consult service in the subspecialty area of their research and the remaining 3 months performing their research project. The RSP was launched in July 2003.Results. The percentage of residents participating in research more than tripled. The subspecialty areas represented by RSP research were more diverse than those represented in prior years. Most participants participated in clinical research projects (84%), with 63% of projects being prospective in design. The RSP residents were twice as likely to obtain subspecialty fellowship positions compared to non-RSP residents (89% vs 46%, respectively).Conclusion. The RSP enables house staff to participate in research opportunities in their areas of interest. Development of a more systematic assessment method to study the impact of the program is underway, but the high participation rate reflects resident interest in such a program, particularly for residents with aspirations in pursuing fellowship training.
The development of a PC, image-based, on-line particle-size analyzer

A PC, image-based, on-line instrument for measuring coarse particle size on a conveyor belt is under development. The hardware and software required to implement such a system are discussed, including the interface for the special image-acquisition hardware. The system concept is given with examples to illustrate the step-by-step procedure for the implementation of image-processing algorithms.
Homological Criteria for Minimal Multiplicity

Abstract Lower bounds on Hilbert–Samuel multiplicity are known for several types of commutative noetherian local rings, and rings with multiplicities which achieve these lower bounds are said to have minimal multiplicity. The first part of this paper gives characterizations of rings of minimal multiplicity in terms of the Ext-algebra of the ring; in particular, we show that minimal multiplicity can be detected via an Ext-algebra which is Gorenstein or Koszul AS-regular. The second part of this paper characterizes rings of minimal multiplicity via a numerical homological invariant introduced by J. Herzog and S. B. Iyengar called linearity defect. Our characterizations allow us to answer in two special cases a question raised by Herzog and Iyengar.
Abstract 5797: Semaphorin 5A preserves epithelial phenotype in pancreatic cancer cells by regulating cross-talk between Wnt and TGF-β signaling

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the deadliest forms of cancers. In spite of recent advances, minimal progress has been made in our understanding of PC progression, metastasis, and treatment of PC patients with advanced disease. Striking similarity between the process of cancer metastasis and guidance of neuronal cells to their target sites has generated interest in pharmacologically targeting guidance cue molecules for treatment of metastasis. Among the guidance cue family members, Semaphorin5A (SEMA5A), was found to be involved in organ-specific homing during PC metastasis. With an interest to delineate the function of SEMA5A in PC, we generated SEMA5A knockdown in metastatic PC cell lines. Knock down of SEMA5A expression resulted in loss of cellular differentiation and epithelial phenotype with higher motility as compared to vector control cells. This observation is in accordance with our previous finding that SEMA5A expression was higher in well-differentiated tumors in comparison with undifferentiated pancreatic tumors. Loss of SEMA5A increased TGF-β2 production, decreased expression of E-cadherin, and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Furthermore, we observed higher Wnt activity and increased expression of the transcription factor SNAIL in SEMA5A knockdown cells in comparison with vector control cells. Higher Wnt signaling along with increased TGF-β2 production explains the loss of differentiation and epithelial markers. Moreover, we observed that non canonical TGF-β2/AKT mediated inhibition of GSK3-β is responsible for increased stability of β-catenin and SNAIL, thereby activating Wnt signaling in SEMA5A knockdown cells. Our observations demonstrate that SEMA5A has a potential role in maintaining the epithelial phenotype in PC cells by keeping cross-talk between Wnt and TGF-β signaling under check. Citation Format: Sugandha Saxena, Abhilasha Purohit, Surinder K. Batra, Rakesh K. Singh. Semaphorin 5A preserves epithelial phenotype in pancreatic cancer cells by regulating cross-talk between Wnt and TGF-β signaling [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5797. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5797
A multi-scale framework for simultaneous optimization of the design and operating strategy of residential CHP systems

Abstract The expected increase in energy demand in the United States has led to the pursuit of more efficient methods to generate thermal and electrical energy for the residential sector. One possible approach that could both increase generation efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions is Combined Heat and Power (CHP). CHP plants, powered by natural gas, can act as an integrated residential utility supplier by producing the thermal and electrical energy needed to meet the heating, cooling, and electricity demands of a (future) residential neighborhood. However, a CHP plant operating in island (i.e., grid-disconnected) mode must be optimally sized to maximize efficiency and to lower the capital and marginal costs. In this paper, we describe a novel simultaneous optimization of design and operating strategies for a CHP plant as a utility producer for a residential neighborhood. The plant, operating in island mode, integrates distributed residential photovoltaic solar power generation, and is optimized to meet a time-dependent energy demand profile characteristic of residential energy use. To accurately capture the variability (hourly and seasonal) and uncertainty in residential energy demand and rooftop photovoltaic generation, a vast amount of energy data were incorporated in the problem formulation. The multi-scale optimization problem was solved using a temporal Lagrangean decomposition method, generating the design of a CHP plant that can efficiently meet all residential utility demands, taking into consideration the long-term (design) and short-term (operational) costs.
Pediatric Spinal Cord Tumors and Masses

Background/Objective: Spinal cord tumors are a relatively rare diagnosis, accounting for 1% to 10% of all pediatric central nervous system tumors. Understanding the etiology and clinical outcomes o...
Product Architecture Decision Under Lifecycle Uncertainty Consideration: A Case Study in Providing Real-time Support to Automotive Battery System Architecture Design

Flexibility is valuable when the future market and customer needs are uncertain, especially if the product development process is long. This chapter focuses on what the firm can do to increase their flexibility before a product is produced and sold. The flexibility is built into the product architecture, which then enables the firm to take a staged decision process. Flexibility-in-the-Project approach was developed by de Neufville and Sholtes (2011), and has been successfully applied to large infrastructure projects. Real options analysis has only been utilized in high-level product planning decisions. The case study described in this chapter is the first successful application of the Flexibility-in-the-Project framework, providing real-time engineering design decision support to Ford Motor Company engineering efforts in future vehicle electrification. In hybrid and electric vehicle applications, the high voltage battery pack hardware and control system architecture will experience multiple engineering development cycles in the next 20 years. Flexibility in design could mitigate risk due to uncertainty in both engineering and consumer preferences. Core engineering team decisions on battery pack voltage monitoring, thermal control, and support software systems will iterate as technology evolves. The research team valued key items within the technology subsystems and developed flexible strategies to allow Ford to capture upside potential while protecting against downside risk, with little-to-no extra cost at this early stage of development. The methodology used to evaluate the uncertainty, identify flexibility, and provide the real options value of flexibility is presented.
Sugar Nucleotide Transporters

Sugar nucleotide transporters are proteins in the membrane of the Golgi apparatus. Their role is to translocate, from the cytosol into the Golgi lumen, nucleotide substrates for the glycosylation of proteins and lipids. Mutants in the above transporters have biochemical and developmental phenotypes, resulting in diseases such as leukocyte adhesion deficiency II.
Bleiaufnahme und Ausscheidung in ihrer Bedeutung für die Diagnose von Bleivergiftung

In den letzten Jahren wurde zunehmend Nachdruck auf die Bestimmung von Blei in den Faeces und im Urin gelegt als spezifischer Beweisunterlage dafur, ob in Fallen vermuteter Bleivergiftung Blei als ursachlicher Faktor anzunehmen oder auszuschliesen sei. Diese Sachlage ist in gewissem Mase hervorgerufen durch eine ungluckliche Neigung in der medizinischen Praxis, Methoden von erwiesener oder vermeintlicher wissenschaftlicher Genauigkeit an die Stelle klinischer Beobaehtung und Beurteuung zu setzen. Diese Tendenz macht sich besonders auf medizinisch-juristischem Gebiet bemerkbar, wo aus verschiedenen Grunden das medizinische Gutachten nicht immer nach seinem offenbaren Wert gewurdigt wird. Vielleicht ist sie in noch hoherem Mase auf die Schwierigkeiten zuruckzufuhren, die der Arzt zu uberwinden hat, um zu einer richtigen Auslegung des Verlaufes einer beruflichen Bleieinwirkung zu gelangen. Auf jeden Fall verlangt das wachsende Vertrauen zu analytischen Masnahmen bei der Feststellung von Bleivergiftungen nach einer klaren Erkenntnis ihrer Zweckdienlichkeit sowie ihrer Grenzen.
Performance improvement and energy consumption reduction in refrigeration systems using phase change material (PCM)

Abstract This paper presents a review of various research investigations on the application of phase change material (PCM) in refrigeration systems. Application of PCMs mostly in vapor compression refrigeration systems refrigeration systems have illustrated significant effects on the performance of the system, compressor on-off cycle and electricity consumption reduction. Since PCM must be chemically and thermally stable over a large number of freezing/melting cycles to be applicable for thermal energy storage in refrigerators, PCM selection for refrigeration systems is discussed as an important issue. Moreover, influences of some parameters such as PCM thickness and phase change temperature of PCM on the performance of refrigeration systems are reviewed. The advantages and drawbacks of using PCM in the evaporator, condenser, compartment section and compressor are evaluated. Using PCM at the evaporator section minimizes the fluctuation of compartment temperature and provides stable conditions against thermal load variations. Since incorporation of PCM at the evaporator increases the compressor running time initially and raises the condensation temperature, several investigations were performed to incorporate PCM at the condenser section. With an alarming rate of rise in the use of refrigerators, along with their total electrical consumption in today’s world, the application of PCM on refrigerators looks like a viable measure to increase the efficiency of refrigerators and reduce the energy consumption.
One parameter is always enough

We construct an elementary equation fθ(x) with a single real valued parameter θ ∈ [0, 1] that, as θ varies, is capable of fitting any scatter plot on any number of points to within a fixed precision. Specifically, given ϵ > 0, we may construct fθ so that for any collection of ordered pairs {(xj,yj)}j=0n with n,xi∈N and yi ∈ (0, 1), there exists a θ ∈ [0, 1] giving |fθ(xj) − yj| < ϵ for all j simultaneously. To achieve this, we apply results about the logistic map, an iterated map in dynamical systems theory that can be solved exactly. The existence of an equation fθ with this property highlights that “parameter counting” fails as a measure of model complexity when the class of models under consideration is only slightly broad.
A qualitative examination of recruitment and motivation to become a Guardian ad Litem in the child welfare system

Abstract There is limited research that examines the experiences of Guardians ad Litems or Court Appointed Special Advocates appointed to cases to represent the best interest of children involved with the child welfare system. The purpose of this paper is to (1) identify and explore the primary mechanisms through which Guardians ad Litem are recruited and/or learn about the program and (2) identify and categorize the motivations that individuals describe for becoming a Guardian ad Litem. Data were collected as part of a larger cross-sectional, qualitative study of the Florida Statewide Guardian ad Litem Office. The perspectives of 553 volunteers and employees comprise the sample. Themes pertaining to how advocates were recruited or became involved included personal contacts; media and advertising; involvement with GAL due to professional/career opportunity; targeted/purposeful recruitment efforts by GAL programs; and employment-related opportunity or involvement. In relation to what motivated advocates to volunteer, themes were life transitions; advocacy for children and families; volunteerism; personal fulfillment; personal/familial experiences; career or professional experiences; time; personal fit or interest; and attitudes/opinion of the GAL program. Implications for recruitment and motivation are discussed, as well as directions for future research.
High Speed Internet Access and Innovation: The Effects of Broadband on Patents within Korea and the U.S.

This study explores the influence of broadband speed on patents in South Korea and the U.S. A fixed effect regression model with quarterly balanced panel data from 2007–2014 was used in the analysis. An interaction term was included to measure the effect of interaction between the speed and penetration of broadband on patents. Given this objective, this study investigates how the innovative effect of broadband changes with the intensities of high- and low-technology. The International Patent Classification index was adopted in the analysis. Macro indicators were retrieved from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and the World Bank database. Data on broadband speed were collected from Akamai Technologies, Inc., a company that provides content delivery network services for media and software and offers regular reports on access and speed of the Internet. The result of this study shows the existing effect of broadband on patent applications. The estimated coefficients of broadband speed and the interaction between speed and penetration are statistically significant. The mean speed of broadband in Korea and the U.S. that contributed 0.25% to the growth in patent applications, compare to the previous quarter, is 10.4 Mbps. The coefficient of broadband interaction focuses on the trade-off between increased speed and increased penetration as indicated in the -0.0069% impact on patent applications. This study also found the effect of technology intensity. The possibility of obtaining high patent applications in high-technology increased by 12%. Such an increase offered an assumption on the synergic impact of interaction between broadband and high-technology.
An Ethic of Constraint: Citizens, Sea-Level Rise Viewers, and the Limits of Agency:

The design of online interactive visualizations is an ongoing area of research within technical communication, with recent work focusing on visualizations in risk-based contexts. This article share...
Connecting Theory to Practice in an Online Introductory Signals and Systems Course

This research to practice full paper presents the experience and evaluation of engaging students in a theoretical online signals and systems course through a set of application-oriented MATLAB lab exercises. Learning signals and systems concepts often poses challenges to students due to the abstract nature of the concepts and students’ lack of prior experience. Many interventions have been proposed in the literature to address this issue with the goal of improving the student learning experience. The challenge is how to select/adapt these activities for use in a compact, accelerated online introductory signals and systems course, in which students have a wide range of prior experience and limited interactions with faculty and peer. Specifically, this paper will discuss how five MATLAB lab exercises were introduced to connect theory to practice. The impact of this addition was evaluated through student survey and grade analysis. Survey results showed that most students, regardless of course performance, enjoyed the labs. They acknowledged that the labs helped them solidify theory through practice and also helped them connect and apply signals and systems concepts to real world applications.
Comparing Two Different Cursor Control Methods which Use Single-Site Surface Electromyography*

Electromyography (EMG) can be used as an input signal for Human-Computer Interfaces, which are used in the disabled community. Typically, both the user-condition and the end-goal application dictate the number and locations of EMG sensors. We developed two cursor control methods intended for high-level spinal cord injury patients, where available muscle sites are limited to the head and neck areas. For patient comfort, it is desirable to minimize the number of sensors and their intrusiveness while maximizing the functionality of the control method. Both our control methods use a single, noninvasive, surface, differential EMG sensor at the temporalis muscle that controls a cursor in two degrees of freedom (DOF). Fourteen inexperienced able-bodied subjects completed a Fitts’s law task-based cursor-to-target paradigm using both control methods ("auto-rotate" and "manual rotate"). Subjects evaluated and compared performance between the two control methods, which both enabled the cursor to move in 2-DOF. They differed in the level of user control, where one allowed direction manipulation in 1-DOF and 2-DOF in the other. Subjects also completed pre- and post-session surveys and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index for workload assessment. In general, subjects’ performance improved with subsequent sessions within each control method. Subjects achieved a higher throughput (better performance) in the auto-rotate method, had lower workload scores, and tended to prefer this control method. However, about half the subjects felt the manual rotate method allowed them more control over cursor behavior. Our results suggest that a viable cursor control method can be achieved with only a single muscle site.
The acidic pathway of bile acid synthesis: Not just an alternative pathway

Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity, and metabolic syndromes (MS) such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have dramatically increased. Bile acids play a major role in the digestion, absorption of nutrients, and the body's redistribution of absorbed lipids as a function of their chemistry and signaling properties. As a result, a renewed interest has developed in the bile acid metabolic pathways with the challenge of gaining insight into novel treatment approaches for this rapidly growing healthcare problem. Of the two major pathways of bile acid synthesis in the liver, the foremost role of the acidic (alternative) pathway is to generate and control the levels of regulatory oxysterols that help control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis. Cholesterol transport to mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StarD1), and the subsequent 7α-hydroxylation of oxysterols by oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) are the key regulatory steps of the pathway. Recent observations suggest CYP7B1 to be the ultimate controller of cellular oxysterol levels. This review discusses the acidic pathway and its contribution to lipid, cholesterol, carbohydrate, and energy homeostasis. Additionally, discussed is how the acidic pathway's dysregulation not only leads to a loss in its ability to control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, but leads to inflammatory conditions.
An efficient ketone-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation using hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) as primary oxidant

Abstract High enantioselectivities have been obtained for asymmetric epoxidation of olefins using a fructose-derived chiral ketone (5) as catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as primary oxidant.
Seaweed communities in four subtidal habitats within the Great Bay estuary, New Hampshire: Oyster farm gear, oyster reef, eelgrass bed, and mudflat

Abstract The seaweed communities that developed on oyster farm gear in the Great Bay Estuary in New Hampshire (NH) were compared to three adjacent natural subtidal habitats: an oyster reef, eelgrass bed, and a mudflat. Both farm gear and oyster reefs have received little attention with respect to associated seaweeds. Comparisons were based upon replicate quadrat samples taken during August, and October 2014, plus August 2015. Mean species richness (all dates combined, N = 12) was significantly and substantially lower on the mudflat (2.86 ± 0.56 SE taxa/0.25 m2), but not different among the other three habitats (range: 9.00 ± 0.97 to 11.00 ± 1.41 taxa/0.25 m2). Mean biomass was also statistically different across habitats (P
Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Autistic Adults

Background: Research examining attitudes toward autistic adults has relied on explicit self-report measures, which may be susceptible to socially desirable responding. Because implicit attitudes pr...
Identifying a Break in the Chain: An Analysis of Where Ureteroscope Damage Occurs in the Hospital Cycle.

Abstract Objective To assess the timing and variables associated with damage to flexible ureteroscopes (fURS) at our institution. Flexible ureteroscopy is an important modality in the treatment of benign and malignant conditions of the upper urinary tract. While the durability and versatility of fURS have improved considerably, repair costs remain high and time out of commission diminishes workflow. After purchasing new digital fURS, we studied how and when these instruments were being damaged. Materials and Methods Between September 1, 2017 and June 30, 2018, we performed leak testing on fURS both before and after use. We gathered intraoperative data related to the user, the surgical indication, and the associated tools used in all cases that employed a digital or fiber optic fURS. Categorical and continuous variables were analyzed to identify risk factors for intraoperative fURS damage. Results During the study period, complete data was gathered for 281 cases. Twenty-two fURS failed leak testing indicating an overall leak failure rate of 7.8%. Of these, 15 failed leak testing preoperatively indicating nonoperative damage occurring sometime during transport, handling, or sterile processing. The other 7 failures occurred during the procedures. No intraoperative variables were significantly associated with failures. Conclusion Our institutional leak failure rate is 8% (22/281). The majority of these failures did not occur during surgery. Of the 7 that occurred during surgery, larger stone burden and higher wattage showed mild association. Ongoing evaluation will target minimizing fURS damage outside of the operating room.
Physicochemical attributes of white petrolatum from various sources used for ophthalmic ointment formulations.

Abstract Excipients from different sources may lead to significant differences in the performance of drug products, posing challenges in product quality control. A previous report showed that the drug release rates from ophthalmic ointments were affected by source variation of white petrolatum. To understand the physicochemical properties including the microstructure of white petrolatum and the impact of this on the performance of finished products, the following were investigated: rheological properties, thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)), as well as structural characteristics (polarized light microscopy (PLM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS)). The rheological parameters may be indicative of the drug release rate of the finished ophthalmic ointments when using a process involving hot-melting with immediate cooling. The white petrolatum from the four different sources also showed different thermal behavior. According to SAXS and WAXS, all of the petrolatum showed semi-crystalline behavior with different extents of crystallinity (from 9.5% to 16.9%). The crystalline domains of the petrolatum are ordered in an orthorhombic structure forming lamellar sheets with a periodicity from 9.1 nm to 9.9 nm. An in-depth understanding of the semi-crystalline structure was obtained and it provided valuable information for formulation optimization and characterization of petrolatum-based products.
Biological Hip Torque Estimation using a Robotic Hip Exoskeleton

Machine learning (ML) algorithms present an opportunity to estimate joint kinetics using a limited set of mechanical sensors. These estimates could be used as a continuous reference signal for exoskeleton control, able to modulate exoskeleton assistance in real-world environments. In this study, sagittal plane biological hip torque during level ground, incline and decline walking was calculated using inverse dynamics of human subject data. Subsequently, this torque was estimated using neural network (NN) and XGBoost ML models. Model inputs consisted solely of mechanical sensor data onboard a robotic hip exoskeleton. These results were compared to a baseline method of estimating hip torque as the mean torque profile during ambulation. On average across conditions, the NN and XGBoost models estimated biological hip torque with an RMSE of 0.116±0.015 and 0.108±0.011 Nm/kg, respectively, which was significantly less than the baseline estimation that had an RMSE of 0.300±0.145 Nm/kg (p<0.05). Fitting the baseline method to ambulation mode specific data significantly reduced overall RMSE by 59.3%; however, the ML models were still significantly better than the baseline method (p<0.05). These results show that machine learning algorithms can estimate biological hip torque using only mechanical sensors onboard a hip exoskeleton better than simply using an average torque profile. This suggests that these estimation models could be suitable for modulating exoskeleton assistance. Additionally, no evidence suggested the need to train separate ML models for each ambulation mode as estimation RMSE was not significantly different across unified and separated ML models.
Constitutional Change, Originalism, and the Vice Presidency

Constitutional formalists posit that the Article V amendment process represents the only legitimate method of achieving constitutional change. This view is challenged by numerous widely-accepted judicial decisions that have introduced new meaning into constitutional language by departing from original intentions, expectations, or meaning. A similar, though less discussed, process occurs as, independent of judicial work, constitutional institutions evolve to take forms inconsistent with what the Founders imagined or the language they wrote suggested. The history of the Vice Presidency offers an important example of how constitutional institutions do and should change, sometimes in ways quite different from what various theories of originalism would suggest. Although the Founders placed the Vice President primarily in the legislative branch and provided that he/she would be “President of the Senate,” the office has evolved to become a central part of the executive branch whose occupant almost never discharges the formal legislative role the Constitution assigns. Nor does the Vice President’s successor role account for his/her activities. Instead, the office has been transformed to function as an active part of the executive branch essentially through a common-law-like process. To the extent that Article V is associated with constitutional change regarding the vice-presidential duties, it has largely confirmed, rather than prescribed, the changes that had otherwise occurred. The reimagining of the Vice Presidency has occurred with broad support. The experience of the Vice Presidency provides a counterexample to constitutional formalism generally and to originalism more specifically. Constitutional change through institutional evolution should become more relevant in thinking about constitutional amendment and originalism, especially as the proponents of originalism justify it increasingly not as a means of promoting judicial restraint, but rather as the appropriate way to interpret the Constitution. This change lends greater importance to studying examples of institutional behavior in considering the merits of originalism as a guiding theory of constitutional interpretation.
Mortgage Refinancing Activity: An Explanation [1990-2001]

Mortgage refinancing activity reached unprecedented high levels during 1990-2001. Using GARCH to control for heteroskedasticity and separating the data into regimes to control for potential structural changes over time, we estimate a model explaining changes in mortgage refinancing activity over the period studied. We find changes in refinancing activity to be negatively related to current as well as past changes in the 30-year mortgage rate with a declining significant lag over time. Similarly, there is a significant lagged dependent variable with a declining lag. Moreover, mortgage refinancing activity is a substitute for other investments during certain regimes. These results offer evidence that home owners cash out the mortgage for other investments. The lags suggest that the process is delayed for a variety of reasons. The declining lag signals a faster response by consumers. The reasons for a faster response include a consumer perception that interest rates have bottomed out, the presence of an increase in consumer sophistication, and improvements in technology and market coordination that facilitate and reduce the cost of the refinancing process.
On the Sexual Assault of Men

Anyone who engages in sexual intercourse with someone who is under the influence of drugs or alcohol, unconscious, oblivious to their surroundings or not able to voice dissent can be charged with the crime of rape. No individual should be used, without their consent, for another person’s pleasure. The lack of informed consent makes rape unethical. Ethically the victim being male should be irrelevant. Yet male rape is rarely reported and frequently minimized, as will be shown by the 2010 CDC National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey as well as other sources in this paper which will show that male rape happens about as often as female rape, and possibly exceeds it. Evidence also shows that 80% of those who rape men are women. Reconsidering stereotypes of the rape of men is an important part of rethinking masculinity. Among these stereotypes is the assumption that male rape is rare, as well as assumptions about the experience of male rape victims. The goal of this paper is to show that male rape is a prevalent problem and that the victims endure the same emotional and psychological after-effects as female rape victims.
What Should EDA Fund? Developing a Model for Pre-Assessment of Economic Development Investments

This paper describes the completion of a “comprehensive study of regionalism” that was conducted by a joint team of economists and economic development specialists for the Economic Development Administration (EDA). The project consisted of two main activities: an examination of the factors associated with economic development success and the creation of a practical interactive tool for EDA project assessment and comparison. Findings from surveys, interviews, and project case studies are discussed in terms of their support for a positive relationship between successful economic development efforts and factors such as leadership and private investment. Also, the authors discuss the creation of a quantitative assessment model utilizing well-known approaches such as economic impact multipliers and cluster theory. The primary contribution of this work to the existing body of EDA-focused research and evaluation literature is introducing a means of using standardized scores, also known as z-scores, to compare and assess economic development projects across both industries and regions.
Why Does Cerebral Cortex Fissure and Fold

The most striking, interesting, yet poorly understood gross morphological features of the cerebral hemispheres in mammals are the diverse and complex arrangements of their cortical gyri and sulci (Fig. 1). Among mammals, the spinal cord and brain-stem nuclei are morphologically quite similar, despite variations in size. However, during evolution, the cerebrum and cerebellum have undergone marked variations in size, shape, and convolutional complexity (Fig. 2). External morphological features of mammalian brains have long been utilized to judge not only the degree of phylogenetic development, but also the nature and level of complexity of brain functions. The great variety of living mammals exhibit a corresponding variety of brain shapes, sizes, and patterns of fissuration and convolution of the cerebral neocortex. The view has consistently been expressed that animals with brains having greater amounts of convoluted cerebral neocortex were more intelligent as well as perceptually and behaviorally more complex.
A Simple Model of a Three-Sided Market

We provide a simple model of a three-sided market. In a departure from existing models of two-sided markets, our model highlights that an increase in competition on one side does not necessarily increase prices on other sides. The direction of a price change depends on the interdependency across different sides. The comparative statics from our model match recent empirical findings on the effect of Craigslist’s entry on US newspapers.
Anomalous Higgs-Photon Interactions in Photon Fusion Processes at NLC

The Standard Model (SM) of the electroweak has proven to be successful in describing all the available precision experimental data. However, the Higgs mechanism, responsible for the electroweak symmetry breaking in the SM, still remains one of the most important open questions of the theory. The effect of new operators that give rise to anomalous Higgs boson coupling to two photons (HAA) is examined in the two-photon processes AA -> H \to bb, AA,W+W-,ZZ at a high energy linear e+ e- collider (NLC).
The human thymidine kinase gene promoter: Deletion analysis and specific protein binding

We report a functional analysis of the human thymidine kinase (tk) gene promoter. We have linked the tk promoter to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene to allow direct measurement of promoter strength by assaying chloramphenicol acetyltransferase enzyme activity after transfection into mouse L cells. Putative transcription elements have been identified by deletion and mutation analysis of this promoter. The promoter relies primarily on two "CCAAT" elements and a series of "GC" elements found farther upstream. Two-thirds of promoter activity is maintained by a construct containing 139 base pairs of sequence upstream of the initiation of transcription that contains only one GC and one of the CCAAT elements. In addition, an evolutionary comparison identifies two highly conserved promoter elements: the -40 CCAAT element and a "TATA" element located at -21. We have further characterized both CCAAT elements using a mutational as well as protein binding analysis. From this study we have determined that both the -70 and -40 CCAAT elements bind strongly to the same factor, with a slightly higher affinity for the -40 CCAAT. Competition studies suggest that the CCAAT factor that binds to this promoter is homologous to protein nuclear factor Y, which binds to the major histocompatibility complex class II E alpha gene promoter. In addition, either CCAAT element is capable of supplying almost as much promoter strength as is supplied in the presence of both.
A Note on L p Estimates for Parabolic Systems in Lipschitz Cylinders

Let Ω be a bounded Lipschitz domain in R n. Consider the parabolic system $$\frac{\partial\vec{u}}{\partial t} = \mu\Delta \vec{u} + (\lambda +\mu)\bigtriangledown (\text{div}\vec{u}) \ \ \text{in} \ \ \Omega_T = \Omega \times(0,T)$$ (1) where 0 0 and λ < −2μ/n are constants.
The micro-methemoglobin reduction screening test for G6PD deficiency in childhood.

A microscreening test for G6PD deficiency, based on methemoglobin reduction was studied in 219 Negro children and was found to be simple, reliable, and inexpensive. Heterozygotes were also detected by this method.
Human-computer interaction scenarios as a design representation

Research on the design of end-user applications has focused on methods for empirically determining user requirements, and for managing usability in the design process by analogy with the management of functionality. As an alternative to this approach, the authors propose that both sorts of design considerations be combined in a more comprehensive, task-oriented representation. End-user applications should be represented in the design process as a set of typical and/or critical user-interaction scenarios. An example of this approach is applied to the design of a new inspector for Smalltalk. >
Simulations of Flow Through the SSME LH2 Feed Line and LPFP Inducer

During a post-flight inspection of the liquid hydrogen feed lines leading the Space Shuttle main engines cracks were discover in slots on a flow liner just upstream of the low pressure fuel pump inducer. Numerical simulations have been performed for the feed line, the flow liner (including the slots and backing cavity) and the inducer. The predicted results have been compared with experimental data taken during hot-fire tests at NASA Stennis Space Center.
Acute myelogenous leukemia following irinotecan-based chemotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the small intestine.

Irinotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, is a camptothecan analogue with activity against gastrointestinal tumors [1]. Irinotecan is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for f...
Association of EB-virus infection with the post-perfusion syndrome.

Abstract The patterns of complement-fixing antibodies to three herpes-viruses-herpes simplex, cytomegalo, and EB virus—were determined in 5 patients after open-heart operations with cardiopulmonary bypass. All these patients were free of detectable EB-virus antibodies before operation. EB-virus antibodies rose postoperatively in 4 and persisted at maximal levels for many months. 2 of these patients remained symptom-free, 1 became febrile, and 1 developed 5 weeks after operation a mononucleosis-like illness characterised by fever, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, appearance of atypical lymphocytes in the blood, and heterophil agglutinins. The buffy-coat cells of this patient, obtained 11 months after operation, were established in continuous growing culture consisting of lymphoblastoid cells some of which contain EB-virus antigens. The evidence indicates that this patient acquired a chronic EB-virus infection, probably transmitted by blood and possibly related to the post-perfusion illness.
"Buuza Omulimisa" (ask the extension officer): text messaging for low literate farming communities in rural Uganda

This paper presents a study of a mobile based question and answer platform --- Buuza-Omulimisa --- that enables farmers to interact with their respective extension officers in their own local dialects. The study was conducted in the two villages of Ssebbi and Bukalango Kakiri Sub-county, Wakiso district central Uganda from June through August 2014. The objectives of the study were to: (1) examine the effect of the use of farmers' own languages on the use of the system; (2) investigate the information needs of farmers; and (3) examine the effectiveness and efficiency of the system in comparison with the conventional extension system. We also intended to examine how existing local extension agents can be integrated in the implementation of ICT based services for agriculture --- to reduce operational costs. The study provided useful insights into how the use of farmers' own local languages in implementing SMS based systems affects adoption; and important lessons on the feasibility of integrating existing local extension agents in the implementation of ICT based services for agriculture as a way to reduce operational costs and achieve long term sustainability. Findings suggest that using farmers' own languages in ICT services makes it easy and quick for farmers to learn and use the system and thus increases chances of adoption. It also helps overcome issues of illiteracy as most farmers can read and write in their own languages but cannot do the same in English. Findings further suggest that involving local extension agents in the implementation of ICT-based services for agriculture instead of bypassing them, significantly reduces operational costs and makes sustainability of ICT initiatives possible.
The medical management of problems related to surgery for congenital heart disease

Abstract Recent advances in the field of cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease have introduced problems of management for the physician. The general measures related to the preoperative care include psychic preparation, nutrition, prevention of respiratory complications, treatment of cardiac failure and arrhythmias and the restoration of electrolyte and acid-base balance. The medical considerations during the postoperative period are related to adequate tissue oxygenation, blood replacement, the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias and the recognition of specific problems such as right-sided failure following pulmonary valvotomy and left-sided failure in the correction of total anomalous venous return.
Two unusual rusts of grasses.

In 1934, the genus Anlgiopsora was proposed (4) for a group of rusts with catenulate teliospores in crusts on.grasses. Among the species transferred from Puccilia was Puccinia pallescens. This species was listed by Arthur and Fromnme (1) on Tripsacur latifolium Hlitch. and T. lanceolatum Rupr. from Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Salvador and on Zea Mays L. from Puerto Rico. As has already been pointed out (4) only uredinia have been known for the rust on maize. The urediniospores on this host were much larger than those on species of Tripsacum. Consequently the specific identity of the rust of maize was questioned. Recently a specimen of the maize rust collected by Mr. J. R. Johnston in Guatemala was received from Dr. George B. Cummins. Associated with the uredinia were well developed telia characteristic of the genus Angiopsora (FIG. 1, A). These also were found to differ from the telia of Angiopsora pallescens in several important respects and the rust of maize is consequently considered an unnamed species for which the following name is proposed: