cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Injury control in practice. home radiator burns in inner-city children

Objective: To describe thermal burns from radiators in the homes of children in the inner city and an intervention to decrease the risk for this pediatric injury. Setting: Academic medical center in Chicago. Patients: Case series of 10 radiator-related burns. Results: The burns described were found to be clustered in an area of a public housing project served by steam radiators. No burns were associated with hot water radiators. Just 14% of housing units with young children had adequate radiator covers and radiator pipe insulation. Radiator covers and insulation have now been replaced or repaired in all units of the 11 housing project buildings served by steam radiators. Conclusions: Steam radiators in the home represent a particular childhood burn hazard. Community-based clinicians are in a unique position to recognize local patterns of injury and work with other agencies in injury control efforts. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:954-957
Ultra and the American war against Japan: A note on sources

(1988). Ultra and the American war against Japan: A note on sources. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 195-204.
Area-minimizing surfaces, faces of Grassmannians, and calibrations

(1988). Area-minimizing Surfaces, Faces of Grassmannians, and Calibrations. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 95, No. 9, pp. 813-822.
Magnetic properties of the Bi1.95Sr2.05−xLaxCuOy (Bi-2201) superconducting phase

Abstract We have investigated the reversible mixed-state magnetization M of three lanthanum substituted Bi1.95Sr2.05−xLaxCuOy (Bi-2201) ceramic samples having different critical temperatures Tc ranging from 20.0 to 35.5 K. As for the Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi-2212) phase, we found that anisotropy of Bi-2201 is large. A manifestation of this anisotropy is the field independent magnetization M ∗ observed at a temperature T ∗ . In the framework of the London model, and including thermal fluctuations of vortices, we found for the temperature dependence of the penetration depth λ ab (T) = λ ab (0)[1 − (T/T c 0 ) n ] − 1 2 , with n 1.7 and λ ab (T = 0) 4000 A . The estimated upper critical fields μ0Hc2,c are of the order of 10 T. We observe a peculiar negative slope αM/αT at low temperature and sufficiently high external magnetic field. This feature seems to be a characteristic of the Bi-2201 phase. However, we do not know whether it is associated with the superconducting mixed-state. A small amount of magnetic impurities could also be responsible for this behavior. Finally, the behavior of the reversible magnetization of the Bi-2201 samples investigated, which are situated at the optimal and in the overdoped region, did not indicate any unusual temperature dependence for the upper critical field Hc2,c.
A Mathematical Model of the Solid‐Polymer‐Electrolyte Fuel Cell

This paper presents a mathematical model of the solid-polymer-electrolyte fuel cell and apply it to (i) investigate factors that limit cell performance and (ii) elucidate the mechanism of species transport in the complex network of gas, liquid, and solid phases of the cell. Calculations of cell polarization behavior compare favorably with existing experimental data. For most practical electrode thicknesses, model results indicate that the volume fraction of the cathode available for gas transport must exceed 20% in order to avoid unacceptably low cell-limiting current densities. It is shown that membrane dehydration can also pose limitations on operating current density; circumvention of this problem by appropriate membrane and electrode design and efficient water-management schemes is discussed. The authors' model results indicate that for a broad range of practical current densities there are no external water requirements because the water produced at the cathode is enough to satisfy the water requirement of the membrane.
Progress in research on ligands, nuclides and techniques for labeling monoclonal antibodies

This paper reviews the current methods for radiolabelling monoclonal antibodies with particular emphasis on radiometals useful for radioimmunoscintigraphy. The discussion, however, is equally applicable to therapeutic radionuclides. The advantages and the pitfalls of the various techniques are critically evaluated. Both direct labeling methods, as well as indirect methods using the bifunctional chelating agent approach, are covered. Recent work on the development and synthesis of new and more specific chelating agents, including the approach of utilizing rigid polyaminocarboxylates, is described. Preliminary promising results with these newer generation chelating agents are presented.
Discussion of difficult assessment cases: psychodynamic perspectives.

I discuss the papers of Kleiger (this issue), Husain (this issue), and Bram (this issue), each of whom described their personality assessment of a very challenging case. Each case illustrates the way in which experienced personality assessors integrate psychoanalytic theory with clinical reasoning, multi-method assessment, and an understanding of the patient–examiner relationship when evaluating patients with serious psychiatric needs. The discussion elaborates particular aspects of each case and integrates the different estuaries through which personality assessors use psychoanalytic theory to develop diagnostic and treatment inferences.
Non-specific effects of 4-chloro-m-cresol may cause calcium flux and respiratory burst in human neutrophils

We examined the effects of 4-chloro-m-cresol (4-CmC, a potent and specific activator of ryanodine receptors) on Ca(2+)-release/influx and respiratory burst in freshly isolated human PMN as well as HL60 cells. 4-CmC induces Ca(2+) store-depletion in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations between 400muM and 3mM, however no dose-dependent effect on Ca(2+)-influx was found. 4-CmC depleted Ca(2+) stores that were shared with the GPC agonists such as fMLP and PAF, and therefore 4-CmC presumably depletes Ca(2+) from ER. Since the authentic ligand for RyR is cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), we assessed the functional relevance of RyR in PMN by studying the presence and function of membrane-bound ADP-ribosyl cyclase (CD38) in PMN. First, expression of CD38 was confirmed by RT-PCR using cDNA from HL60 cells. Second, PMN from trauma patients showed significantly enhanced CD38 expression than those from healthy volunteers. In addition, although no chemotaxis effect was detected by 4-CmC, it stimulated respiratory burst in PMN in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that RyRs exist in human PMN and that RyR pathway may play an active role in inflammatory PMN calcium signaling. 8-Br-cADPR and cyclic 3-deaza-ADP did not have inhibitory effects either on 4-CmC-induced Ca(2+) store-depletion or on respiratory burst, on the other hand, PLC inhibitor, U73122, completely attenuated both 4-CmC-induced Ca(2+) store-depletion and respiratory burst. Although it has been used as a specific activator of RyR, 4-CmC has non-specific effects which cause Ca(2+) store-depletion and respiratory burst at least in human PMN.
Transport and retention of engineered nanoporous particles in porous media: Effects of concentration and flow dynamics

Abstract Engineered nanoporous particles are an important class of nano-structured materials that can be functionalized in their internal surfaces for various applications including groundwater contaminant sequestration. This paper reported a study of transport and retention of engineered nanoporous silicate particles (ENSPs) that are designed for treatment and remediation of contaminants such as uranium in groundwater and sediments. The transport and retention of ENSPs were investigated under variable particle concentrations and dynamic flow conditions in a synthetic groundwater that mimics field groundwater chemical composition. The dynamic flow condition was achieved using a flow-interruption (stop-flow) approach with variable stop-flow durations to explore particle retention and release kinetics in saturated porous media. The results showed that the ENSPs transport was strongly affected by the particle concentrations and dynamic flows. The experimental data were used to evaluate the applicability of various kinetic models that were developed for colloidal particle retention and release in describing ENSPs transport. Both experimental and modeling results indicated that dynamic groundwater flow condition is an important parameter to be considered in exploring and modeling engineered particle transport in subsurface porous media.
Temperature-dependent elastic and anelastic behavior of silicon-based fiber-reinforced silicon carbide ceramic matrix composites

Abstract Temperature-dependent elastic and anelastic properties of silicon-based fiber-reinforced silicon carbide ceramic matrix composites were determined by establishing continuous flexural vibrations in the material at its lowest resonance (eigen) frequency. Anelastic behavior as a function of temperature was determined by observation of the time-dependent amplitude free decay of the sample. The elastic modulus of all the materials studied decreased with increasing temperature, with the exception of carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC). Elastic behavior between ceramics is similar up to 600°C, above which material behavior differentiates. Melt-infiltrated composite materials exhibited the greatest modulus decrease to only 88% of its room temperature value at 1200°C. Anelastic strain-independent behavior of composites and monoliths display constant internal friction from room temperature to 400°C. Above 400°C, internal friction differentiates depending upon fabrication method. The highest internal friction occurs in Slyramic fiber-reinforced melt-infiltrated silicon carbide (SiC/SiC) with a value of 200×10 −4 in units of logarithmic decrement (log dec). With the high-temperature background removed, an energy absorption peak with a height of 100×10 −4 log dec is observed centered at 800°C.
The Vallance-Owen (“Synalbumin”) Insulin Antagonist: Reproducibility and Reliability of Results in Nondiabetic and Diabetic Humans

Cellulose acetate, starch gel, and immunoelectrophoresis of human serum “albumin” extracts were performed. TCA/ethanol extraction altered the albumin so that polymers were present in addition to normal monomer albumin. Alpha 1 globulin was also present in the extracts, proving them to be heterogeneous in nature. Nevertheless, extracts from nondiabetic and diabetic sera demonstrated insulin antagonism when measured on rat hemidiaphragms in physiologic serum concentration (4.0 per cent). Reduced concentration (1.25 per cent) of diabetic extracts still demonstrated insulin antagonism; normal extracts did not. These results, consistently found, support the idea that a difference exists between nondiabetic and diabetic humans in quantity of insulin antagonist associated with circulating protein. Extracts of the same blood sample, or of blood from the same subject on different days, gave reproducible results from one observation to another. Despite constancy of insulin concentration in hemi-diaphragm preparations, biologic effect of insulin (glucose uptake increase) varied. At all levels of insulin effect diabetic extracts significantly antagonized insulin compared to nondiabetic extracts. To show differences in effect among individual extracts, comparison was made between per cent change from basal uptake produced by extract-plus-insulin and that produced by insulin alone. In twenty-seven of thirty-three nondiabetic subjects (82 per cent) change in glucose uptake produced by insulin-plus-extract was over 60 per cent of that produced by insulin alone; in six (18 per cent) the change lay between 50 per cent and 60 per cent. In all thirty-nine diabetic subjects change from basal uptake was less than 60 per cent of that produced by insulin alone.
Vision Training Revisited

The idea that there is a causal relationship between visual, or visual-perceptual processes and learning disabilities is one of the oldest and most controversial in our field. Even in the short history of the Topical Review series, we have had several papers that have taken strong stands on either side of this question. This month's Topical Review addresses questions about the efficacy of visual training directly. It is important not only because it presents a balanced and critical review of research that is not widely available, but also because it points out the diversity of programs and procedures that are often referred to as “visual training.”—JKT
Effect of antioxidants on refined palm oil

Alkali refined palm oil and hydrogenated cotton-seed oil were stabilized with butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, and tertiary butylhydroquinone. Under bulk storage temperatures significant reductions in the peroxide formation of palm oil were obtained only with tertiary butyl-hydroquinone. The reduction in peroxide formation with tertiary butylhydroquinone was much greater than anticipated from the active oxygen method results. The stability improvement of a snack product fried in palm oil stabilized with tertiary butylhydroquinone depended greatly on the frying conditions used. Under mild frying conditions tertiary butyl-hydroquinone had somewhat greater carry-through than butylated hydroxytoluene. Under more severe frying conditions tertiary butylhydroquinone provided less protection than butylated hydroxytoluene. Both palm oil and hydrogenated cottonseed oil stabilized with only butylated hydroanisole had higher active oxygen stabilities than the unstabilized controls; however, no reduction in peroxide formation of the butylated hydroxyanisole oils compared to the controls was found during storage of the oil or the snack product at 50–60 C.
Composing the digital rainstick

This paper describes work on a composed instrument, the digital rainstick. The instrument is an acoustic rainstick that is augmented by five sensors that send real time performance data to the computer. A generative mechanism creates sound outputs that extend the sonic and expressive means of the rainstick, while collaborating with the performer to generate a compelling musical form that unfolds over the duration of the piece. The design and implementation of the hardware and software tools are first described, followed by a discussion of the results of this work.
The tandem flowing afterglow-shift-drift

Abstract The design of a new tandem flowing afterglow-SIFT-drift instrument which provides high sensitivity, resolution, and chemical versatility is described. The performance of the instrument is evaluated in terms of (a) the intensities and variety of ions which can be generated, mass-selected, and injected; (b) the efficiency of the dual annulus SIFT injector as a venturi inlet; and (c) the reliability of the kinetic data.
Bridging across content and tools

Over the past 10 years, I have contributed to the development of two kinds of "multimedia environments." In the first, the human-machine partnership evolved as a means of accessing specific content for discovery and enjoyment - this was true for works such as "New Orleans in Transition" (1987), "Elastic Charles" (1988) as well as for several fictional narratives. In the second, the human-machine partnership was designed to allow users facilities for describing, managing and sequencing content. Both types of environments encourage the invention of richer human-readable pneumonics and incorporate machine-readable description as tools for content-look-ahead. What has fascinated me over the years is the complementarity which binds the generation of content and the design of tools. In fact we cannot talk about form without discussing content and the tools for accessing that content.
Ab initio studies of RO− … HOR′ complexes. Solvent effects on the relative acidities of water and methanol

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations are reported for complexes of hydroxide and methoxide anions with water and methanol. The basis set dependence of the results is carefully considered for HO− H2O. 4-31G and 6-31G* calculations yield similar geometrical predictions; however, the 6-31G* basis set is superior for computing dissociation energies. Further extension to the 6-31G** level provides little change. The dissociation energies for the complexes range from 25 to 37 kcal/mole with hydroxide ion and methanol acting as the strongest base and acid. The difference in gas phase acidities of water and methanol is halved by the introduction of one solvent molecule.
The persistence and size of thermal anomalies on Venus

Thermal maps of Venus on 16 days during a span of 43 days just before inferior conjunction were obtained during 1973-1974 and are described. The research represents a first step towards the goal of using ground-based observations to determine the time and space scales of dynamical events taking place in the Venus clouds. The described average limb darkening differs from that reported by Ingersoll and Orton (1974). Real day-to-day changes in limb darkening, one occasion of a 4-day repetition of a thermal anomaly, solar-related anomalies, and a southern hemisphere solar-related disturbance are discussed.
Impact of left atrial size on the outcome of wide area circumferential ablation vs lasso-guided pulmonary vein isolation

AA drugs and duration of pAF was 6.4 5.6 yrs, and in LALA pts mean age was 61.4 10 yrs, LVEF 60 9%, LA size 3.3 2.1, 18 pts failed AA drugs, and duration of pAF was 8.1 6.8 yrs (all p NS for AVPI vs. LALA pts). Using only 5 mm tip catheters, APVI was performed at 50 watts and 52°C guided by a LassoTM catheter, and LALA was performed at 50watts and 55°C guided by the ESI NAVXTM system until electrogram amplitude was 0.5 mv. Post-ablation all AVPI pts were followed up at 1 and every 6 mos and LALA pts at 1 and 6 mos for symptomatic pAF and ECGs were obtained. Results: There were no complications with APVI or LALA. Fluoroscopy time was 119 32 min for APVI and 139 22 min for LALA. Post-APVI at 22.7 4.4 mos 8 pts (40%) had recurrent AF, and post-LALA at 3.6 2.2 mos 1 pt (5%) had recurrent AF. After APVI no pts (0%) had LA flutter (LAFL), whereas after LALA 7 pts (35%) had LAFL. After repeat APVI 5 pts had no AF recurrence, and 3 are improved with or without AA drugs. LAFL after LALA required repeat ablation in 1 pt, and 6 pts have had no recurrence after cardioversion on AA drugs. Conclusions: 1) Our new LALA approach results in a higher cure rate of pAF than APVI. 2) LAFL is more common after LALA than after APVI. 3) LAFL may require ablation, but can be controlled with AA drugs and may revolve with followup.
GRIN microendoscopes for high resolution in-vivo fluorescence imaging in small animals

Intravital imaging of small animal models is a powerful technique in basic and preclinical studies. Due to the physical size of conventional microscope optics, there is a need to carry out extensive surgery procedures so as to expose tissues of an organ during each imaging session. This limits the length of time and periodicity of each imaging session for the same animal, thus results in low experimental throughput. Advancements in micro-optics and fiber optics technology have paved way in removing such physical constraints. In this study, we fabricate high quality micro-endoscope based on graded-index lenses for carrying out minimally invasive imaging procedures in live animals.
Social Modulation of Circulating Hormone Levels in the Male

SYNOPSIS. In many species, social interactions rapidly modulate circulating hormone levels in the male. Sexual interaction or mere exposure to a conspecific female results in rapid, transient elevation of both plasma luteinizing hormone and testosterone concentrations in a variety of species. In contrast, aggressive interactions result in decreased plasma gonadotropin and testosterone levels and increased levels of adrenal corticoids. In general, these changes are more profound and of longer duration than those accompanying sexual interactions, particularly among subordinate males. These fluctuations in circulating hormone levels appear to be related to an individual's behavioral responsivity. For example, plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone during a social encounter are positively correlated with the degree of sexual arousal shown by a male during the interaction. Similar correlations have been found between plasma androgen or corticoid levels and patterns of behavior shown by males during both sexual and aggressive interactions. The causal relationship between such rapid hormone fluctuations and behavior remains unclear. Are fluctuating hormone levels causing differences in behavior or aredifferent patterns of behavior causing differences in plasma hormone levels between males? Or is the correlation between these two variables caused by their relationship to another unidentified factor? There are some data favoring the first possibility. Increasing the magnitude of socially induced hormone fluctuations during an aggressive encounter or preventingsuch fluctuations entirely significantly alters an animal's behavior. These data suggest that the endocrine system may play a more important role in an individual's minute-to-minute response to critical social stimuli than was previously realized.
Association Between Chronic Kidney Disease Detected Using Creatinine and Cystatin C and Death and Cardiovascular Events in Elderly Mexican Americans: The Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging

Objectives: Creatinine, the current clinical standard to detect chronic kidney disease (CKD), is biased by muscle mass, age and race. The authors sought to determine whether cystatin C, an alternative marker of kidney function less biased by these factors, can identify elderly Mexican Americans with CKD who are at high risk for death and cardiovascular disease. Design: Longitudinal, with mean follow-up of 6.8 years. Setting: Sacramento Area Latino Study of Aging (SALSA). Participants: One thousand four hundred and thirty five Mexican Americans aged 60 to 101. Measurements: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2) was determined according to creatinine (eGFRcreat) and cystatin C (eGFRcys), and participants were classified into four mutually exclusive categories: CKD neither (eGFRcreat ?60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; eGFRcys ?60 mL/min per 1.73 m2), CKD creatinine only (eGFRcreat <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; eGFRcys ?60 mL/min per 1.73 m2), CKD cystatin only (eGFRcreat ?60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; eGFRcys <60), and CKD both (eGFRcreat <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2; GFRcys <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2). The associations between each CKD classification and all-cause death and cardiovascular (CV) death were studied using Cox regression. Results: At baseline, mean age was 71 ± 7; 481 (34%) had diabetes mellitus, and 980 (68%) had hypertension. Persons with CKD both had higher risk for all-cause (HR = 2.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.78�2.98) and CV disease (CVD) (HR = 2.75, 95% CI = 1.96�3.86) death than CKD neither after full adjustment. Persons with CKD cystatin C only were also at greater risk of all-cause (HR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.37�2.67) and CV (HR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.64�3.99) death than CKD neither. In contrast, persons with CKD creatinine only were not at greater risk for CV death (HR = 1.39, 95% CI = 0.71�2.72) but were at higher risk for all-cause death (HR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.27�2.98). Conclusion: Cystatin C may be a useful alternative to creatinine for detecting high risk of death and CVD in elderly Mexican Americans with CKD.
Molecular Cloning and Expression of Bovine κ-Casein in Escherichia coli

A cDNA library was constructed using poly(A) +RNA from bovine mammary gland. This cDNA library of 6000 clones was screened employing colony hybridization using 32P-labelled oligonucleotide probes and restriction endonuclease mapping. The cDNA from the selected plasmid, pKR76, was sequenced using the dideoxy-chain termination method. The cDNA insert of pKR76 carries the full-length sequence, which codes for mature kappa-casein protein. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA sequence fits the published amino acid sequence with three exceptions; the reported pyroglutamic acid at position 1, tyrosine at position 35, and aspartic acid at position 81 are, respectively, a glutamine, a histidine, and an asparagine in the clone containing pKR76. The MspI-, NlaIV-cleaved fragment (630 base pair) from the kappa-casein cDNA insert has been subcloned into expression vectors pUC18 and pKK233-2, which contain a lac promoter and a trc promoter, respectively. Escherichia coli cells carrying the recombinant expression plasmids were shown to produce kappa-casein protein having the expected mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and being recognized by specific antibodies raised against natural bovine kappa-casein.
Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate did not mitigate sickness behavior in mice

In response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), macrophages secrete cytokines that transmit a message to the brain and induce sickness behavior. Because dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfated ester (DHEA-S) reportedly improve mental health and modulate cytokine production, we hypothesized that DHEA-S administration would inhibit LPS-induced sickness behavior. Mice were provided drinking water with 0% or 0.01% DHEA-S for 2 weeks and then injected intraperitoneally with saline or LPS (1 μg). Sickness behavior was quantified using a social investigation paradigm, and DHEA-S in plasma and brain was determined at the study's end. DHEA-S did not affect water intake, food intake, or body weight during the 2-week period. As anticipated, LPS depressed social behavior. The maximum depression was observed 2 h postinjection, after which social investigation steadily increased until returning to baseline level at 8 h. DHEA-S did not mitigate the effects of LPS on social behavior even though DHEA-S in plasma and brain was increased 150- and 6-fold, respectively, in mice given DHEA-S. In a separate study, mice were given DHEA-S for 3 months and then challenged with LPS. Consistent with the first study, LPS reduced social behavior irrespective of DHEA-S treatment. However, 3 months administration of DHEA-S reduced the depression from baseline after injection of saline or LPS. DHEA-S in plasma and brain for mice given DHEA-S for 3 months was similar to that observed after 2 weeks. Collectively, these results suggest that DHEA-S has neuromodulatory effects but is ineffective at ameliorating LPS-induced sickness behavior.
CMOS-compatible titanium dioxide deposition for athermalization of silicon photonic waveguides

We discuss titanium dioxide material development for CMOS compatible fabrication and integration of athermal silicon photonic components. Titanium dioxide overclad ring modulators achieved athermal operation (< 0.2 GHz/°C).
The replication and expression of maternal and paternal genomes in a blocked echinoid hybrid.

Abstract The interordinal echinoid hybrid, Dendraster excentricus ♀ × Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ♂, blocks during gastrulation before undergoing appreciable differentiation. Several biochemical traits fail to appear, suggesting interference in the replication or expression of the paternal genome. By DNA-DNA annealing experiments, the repetitive part of the genome of the hybrid has been found to contain nearly equal amounts of both parental DNAs. The DNA synthesized by the hybrid cannot be distinguished on the basis of thermal stability of DNA-DNA duplexes from that synthesized by each parent. The blocked hybrid synthesizes RNA as efficiently as do control maternal larvae of the same age. This RNA anneals with equal affinity to repetitive DNA sequences from both parents. Competition experiments indicate that the hybrid makes and stores transcripts from evolutionarily conservative genes, shared by both parents, as well as from species- and stage-specific genes which are different in the two species. The amounts of these transcripts, per genome in the blocked hybrid, are not distinguishable from the amounts present in the respective parental species. The base-pair matching of the RNA-DNA duplexes made from hybrid RNAs and each DNA is very slightly less than for duplexes made from either parental RNA. The two genomes have apparently been replicated and expressed normally in this very distant cross, and it is probable that the block in morphogenesis is at some other phase of genetic expression.
Systemic glycerol decreases neonatal rabbit brain and cerebellar growth independent of intraventricular hemorrhage

Systemic glycerol decreases neonatal rabbit brain and cerebellar growth independent of intraventricular hemorrhage
Report On ‘Assessing Student Outcomes’

This workshop was composed of three interrelated topics: (1) learning styles, (2) teaching beliefs, and (3) group problems. To demonstrate different learning styles, an introductory survey was given to the participants to determine what learning styles were present in the group. The results of the survey were then discussed. The teaching beliefs of the participants were explored using another handout. The results from the group were then discussed as well as how the beliefs relate to teaching philosophy. Group problems were introduced through examples, and the workshop as a whole then negotiated a list of worthwhile characteristics for group problems.
Effect of porosity on the ferrimagnetic resonance linewidth

Abstract The results of careful measurements of the effective porosity P eff and linewidth ΔH of single crystals of Y 3 Mn X Fe 5−x O 12 indicate that the porosity contribution to the linewidth may be represented by 0.64 (4τM)p eff . The constant 0.64 is substantially smaller than the values estimated from theory. Since the magnetic hardness coefficient may be expressed as a ≅ α (4τM)p eff , it is also shown that α is reduced from its original value of 0.10 to 0.043, in close agreement with the 0.035 value calculated from the Neel model. These results lead to the suggestion that the major contribution to high effective porosity is produced by magnetic inhomogeneities rather than nonmagnetic volume.
Community disaster management assets: A case study of the farm community in Sussex County, Delaware

While government mandates and programs continue to expand to meet the increasing challenges of disaster management, there is growing recognition that government cannot do it all alone. This has led to a quest to better understand local capacities, through partnerships with the private sector and volunteer organizations but also in relation to individual citizens. The Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) recent Whole Community initiative constitutes a policy shift towards more local engagement and responsibility. However, before devising strategies to better engage and support various actors, the nature of their disaster management resources needs to be more clearly understood. What disaster management resources do communities supply? This case study examined the assets of one community group, the farm community in Sussex County, Delaware. The conceptual framework was based on a community asset approach, which currently recognizes eight types of community capital and is comprised of active, inactive, positive, and negative resources. The study found a striking discrepancy between actually used and perceived community resources. Farm community resources were primarily used for implementation activities during disaster preparedness. The types of resources used fell into three broad categories: equipment/supplies; experience/lessons learned; and access to other community and professional networks. The findings highlighted the use of four community capitals—human, social, physical, financial—and the existence of active, inactive, negative, and positive resources. Tools currently employed to register community resources, such as the National Incident Management System (NIMS) resource inventory management for rural communities, are designed for professional emergency services but do not recognize the full range of potentially relevant community assets.
In Situ Erosion Testing and Clay Levee Erodibility

Earthen levee damage from storm surge overtopping in the New Orleans area was observed and documented after Hurricane Katrina. Some levee reaches were undamaged and some were slightly eroded, while other portions were completely breached. The in situ jet index test method was applied along selected post-storm reconstructed levee reaches to assess levee fill erodibility. Jet index testing was also conducted at three undamaged (un-eroded) levee surface locations. Pre-storm levee profiles (elevations) were compared to post-storm modeled stormwater elevations to estimate overtopping depths at the test sites. Also, pre-storm levee profiles were compared to post-storm profiles to estimate erosion depths at the test sites. The jet index test results were integrated with pre-storm soil boring data (i.e., stratigraphy and soil classification), post-storm erosion depths, and overtopping depths to investigate soil surface erodibility relationships. The results showed the validity of using the jet index test method for levee soil erodibility assessments.
Emics, Etics, and Social Objectivity

Emic analysis, whether seen as opposed or as complementary to etic modes, is regarded as essential for ensuring that culture-specific particularities are not suppressed in efforts to subsume social phenomena under cross-culturally valid generalizations. Particularly, there is concern that the aim of providing an account of the concepts and principles subjects use to organize reality will be frustrated if alien etic notions function in ethnographic systematization where emic ones should. This paper examines this and other aspects of the emics/etics problem, with particular emphasis on the ostensible function of emic analysis to avoid interpreter imposition of etic categories. It is argued that ethnographic objectivity must acknowledge some degree of imposition but that this does not render emic analysis pointless. Particular emphasis is given to W. V. Quine's idea of the indeterminacy of translation, which seems antithetical to emics but which, with some reconstruction, provides a basis for a viable emic mode.
Determination of Phenolic Herbicides in Soil by Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence

Abstract Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence was used for the determination of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), and bromofenoxim (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde-0-(2,4-dinitrophenyloxime). Both compounds are potent herbicides and the presence of phenolic hydroxy group makes them amenable to analysis by peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence. Determinations were carried out in the soil, without prior separation. In contrast to previous analytical work, homogeneous solutions were used. Calibration curves are linear over a concentration range spanning three orders of magnitude and the limit of detection is 10 ppm in soil. para-Cyanophenol was also determined by peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence, and a limit of detection of 1 × 10−12M was found.
Customer coalitions, monopoly price discrimination and generic entry deterrence

Abstract This paper analyzes the interplay between a profit-maximizing monopolist and a set of consumers who are able to form coalitions that bargain with the monopolist and/or integrate into production. We show that the monopolist will deter the formation of these ‘countervailing’ coalitions through strategic selection of ‘generic’ limit price offers to each consumer. These limit prices are derived as subgame perfect equilibria in two alternative models of customer- monopoly interplay. In both models, price discrimination emerges in environments wherein it has previously been considered unprofitable. Welfare analysis of the equilibria demonstrates the procompetitive effects of potential customer coalitions and generally provides an efficiency-based motivation for a government ban on price discrimination.
From query complexity to computational complexity

We consider submodular optimization problems, and provide a general way of translating oracle inapproximability results arising from the symmetry gap technique to computational complexity inapproximability results, where the submodular function is given explicitly (under the assumption that NP ≠ RP). Applications of our technique include an optimal computational hardness of (1/2 + e)-approximation for maximizing a symmetric nonnegative submodular function, an optimal hardness of (1-(1-1/k)k + e)-approximation for welfare maximization in combinatorial auctions with k submodular bidders (for constant k), super-constant hardness for maximizing a nonnegative submodular function over matroid bases, and tighter bounds for maximizing a monotone submodular function subject to a cardinality constraint. Unlike the vast majority of computational inapproximability results, our approach does not use the PCP machinery or the Unique Games Conjecture, but relies instead on a direct reduction from Unique-SAT using list-decodable codes.
Mapping temporal dynamics in social interactions with unified structural equation modeling: A description and demonstration revealing time-dependent sex differences in play behavior

Developmental science is rich with observations of social interactions, but few available methodological and statistical approaches take full advantage of the information provided by these data. The authors propose implementation of the unified structural equation model (uSEM), a network analysis technique, for observational data coded repeatedly across time; uSEM captures the temporal dynamics underlying changes in behavior at the individual level by revealing the ways in which a single person influences - concurrently and in the future - other people. To demonstrate the utility of uSEM, the authors applied it to ratings of positive affect and vigor of activity during children's unstructured laboratory play with unfamiliar, same-sex peers. Results revealed the time-dependent nature of sex differences in play behavior. For girls more than boys, positive affect was dependent upon peers' prior positive affect. For boys more than girls, vigor of activity was dependent upon peers' current vigor of activity.
Interstratification in Montmorillonite

Direct analysis by Fourier transform methods revealed interstratification of three components for a homogeneous, potassium-treated and organic-solvated montmorillon-ite. An initial simple interpretation based on random mixing of two components was shown to be incorrect. Ethylene glycol solvation showed enhanced expansion in agreement with earlier investigations. Glycerol solvation produced a noteworthy contribution from a 14 A component. An interpretation of the 14 A component is suggested, based on an asymmetric distribution of layer charge. Regular interstratification, bending or curling of clay layers and anomalous dehydroxylation temperatures may be a consequence of asymmetric layer charge distribution in montmorillonites.
Mandate for change: merging acquisitions and cataloging functions into a single workflow

In 2001, The University of Southern Mississippi (USM) Libraries cataloging and acquisition units merged to become a larger totally integrated department, renamed Bibliographic Services. Historically, acquisitions and cataloging functions were managed separately, although initial pre-order cataloging procedures were in place since late 1993. Prior to the merger in 2001, cataloging staff selected and exported MARC records in advance of the ordering functions performed exclusively by acquisitions staff. Library administrative personnel, concerned with the persistent lag time from receipt of the order card to actual receipt of the item, mandated change. After implementing new procedures and streamlining workflow, a sample analysis of productivity and fill rates for two fiscal years, before change and after, demonstrated significantly that cataloging at point of order is desirable in providing faster delivery of new materials.
Characterization of a cDNA clone coding for a sea urchin histone H2A variant related to the H2A.F/Z histone protein in vertebrates

A cDNA clone coding for a sea urchin histone H2A variant has been isolated. The coding region of the clone has been sequenced and the sequence found to be closely related to the H2A.F sequence in chickens. The nucleotide sequence of the sea urchin H2A.F/Z is 74% conserved when compared to chicken H2A.F and 51% conserved compared to sea urchin H2A early and 60% compared to sea urchin H2A late. The nucleotide-derived amino acid comparisons show that H2A.F/Z is 97% homologous with H2A.F in chickens and 57% and 56% homologous when compared to sea urchin H2A early and late respectively. There are between 3-6 copies of the H2A.F/Z sequence in the S. purpuratus genome. The H2A.F/Z gene sequence codes for the previously identified H2A.Z protein. All embryonic stages and adult tissues tested contain mRNA for H2A.F/Z. The mRNA appears in the poly A+ RNA fraction after chromatography over oligo dT cellulose.
Imaginary moneys as international units of account

The choice of unit of account in longer term unhedged contracts involving parties from multiple countries influences the size and distribution of currency risk. Contracts currently predominantly use the same unit as means of payment and as unit of account. The relative performance of such single currency units of account are contrasted with basket units of account (“imaginary monies” (Einaudi, 1953)) without associated payments function.
Spin-dependent delayed luminescence from nongeminate pairs of polarons in π-conjugated polymers

We measured cw photoinduced absorption (PA) and spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ PA- and photoluminescence detected magnetic resonance (PADMR and PLDMR, respectively) in films of two representative $\ensuremath{\pi}$-conjugated polymers; poly(phenylene-vinylene) and polythiophene. From the dependences of the polaron PA and PLDMR on the laser excitation intensity we conclude that the PLDMR is due to spin-dependent delayed luminescence from nongeminate pairs of polarons. Our findings imply that spin-dependent exciton formation in polymer light-emitting diodes leads to enhanced emission efficiency.
Internet search trends analysis tools can provide real-time data on kidney stone disease in the United States.

Objectives To evaluate the utility of using Internet search trends data to estimate kidney stone occurrence and understand the priorities of patients with kidney stones. Internet search trends data represent a unique resource for monitoring population self-reported illness and health information-seeking behavior. Methods The Google Insights for Search analysis tool was used to study searches related to kidney stones, with each search term returning a search volume index (SVI) according to the search frequency relative to the total search volume. SVIs for the term, "kidney stones," were compiled by location and time parameters and compared with the published weather and stone prevalence data. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the association of the search interest score with known epidemiologic variations in kidney stone disease, including latitude, temperature, season, and state. The frequency of the related search terms was categorized by theme and qualitatively analyzed. Results The SVI correlated significantly with established kidney stone epidemiologic predictors. The SVI correlated with the state latitude (R-squared = 0.25; P P P P P = .003, respectively). The national SVI correlated strongly with the average U.S. temperature by month (R-squared = 0.54; P = .007). The search term ranking suggested that Internet users are most interested in the diagnosis, followed by etiology, infections, and treatment. Conclusions Geographic and temporal variability in kidney stone disease appear to be accurately reflected in Internet search trends data. Internet search trends data might have broader applications for epidemiologic and urologic research.
Development and Evaluation of a Candidate Reference Method for the Determination of Total Cortisol in Human Serum Using Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Cortisol is an important diagnostic marker for the production of steroid hormones, and accurate measurements of serum cortisol are necessary for proper diagnosis of adrenal function. A candidate reference method involving isotope dilution coupled with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) has been developed and critically evaluated. An isotopically labeled internal standard, cortisol-d3, was added to serum, followed by equilibration and solid-phase and ethyl acetate extractions to prepare samples for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry electrospray ionization (LC/MS-ESI) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry electrospray ionization (LC/MS/MS-ESI) analyses. (M + H)+ ions at m/z 363 and 366 for cortisol and its labeled internal standard were monitored for LC/MS. The transitions of (M + H)+ → [(M + H)+ − 2H2O] at m/z 363 → 327 and 366 → 330 were monitored for LC/MS/MS. The accuracy of the measurement was evaluated by a c...
SU-E-T-608: Integrated Beam Orientation and Fluence Map Optimization in Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning.

Purpose: To efficiently select high‐quality coplanar or non‐coplanar beam orientations for IMRTtreatments while formally and explicitly incorporating the effect of the selected beam orientations on the quality of the dose distribution obtained by the treatment plan optimization model. Methods: Beam orientation models consider a discrete set of potential coplanar and/or non‐coplanar beam locations around the patient. A new greedy algorithm is proposed to solve a model that integrates beam orientation optimization (BOO) and fluence map optimization (FMO). The algorithm iteratively adds beams to a FMO model. In each iteration, an attractiveness measure is associated with each remaining candidate beam orientation. This attractiveness measure is based explicitly on an optimal dose distribution that allows only the currently selected set of beams to be used. Several alternate attractiveness measures are considered which use either first‐order information or both first and second‐order information. Performance of the algorithm was assessed on a clinical lungcancer case. Results: The developed beam selection algorithm was applied to a lungcancer case using either coplanar beams or both coplanar and non‐coplanar beams. In the coplanar case, beam orientations were found that produce a superior dose distribution to that using an equal number of equi‐spaced beams. In the non‐coplanar case it was found that fewer beams were needed to produce a dose distribution of comparable quality to that found in the coplanar case. Conclusions: The developed solution approach showcases the potential benefits of integrating different steps in the treatment plan optimization process. By integrating the BOO and FMO models, treatment plan quality was explicitly incorporated into the beam selection process. BOO can be automated and implemented efficiently, which eliminates the guesswork involved in manually adjusting beam orientations in IMRTtreatment planning.
A cross-species perspective on the selfishness axiom

Henrich et al. describe an innovative research program investigating cross-cultural differences in the selfishness axiom (in economic games) in humans, yet humans are not the only species to show such variation. Chimpanzees and capuchin monkeys show signs of deviating from the standard self-interest paradigm in experimental settings by refusing to take foods that are less valuable than those earned by conspecifics, indicating that they, too, may pay attention to relative gains. However, it is less clear whether these species also show the other-regarding preferences seen in humans.