cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensor deployment optimization based on optimal recovery interpolation

Obtaining the desired signals in wireless sensor networks can be challenging due to various constraints on sensor placement or deployment. Retrieving the information accurately from sensors placed at non-uniform locations, is a problem of sensor communication and signal interpolation. In this research, the optimal recovery (OR) method, a deterministic framework that can use a priori bandwidth or spectral shape information, is used to interpolate from the given non-uniformly spaced samples. The error to be minimized is the maximum possible norm difference over a set of feasible signals. In the OR problem formulation and solution, the role of worst case feasible signals can be recognized but these signals are very difficult to find analytically. Computer simulations of feasible signals can help to produce estimates of the theoretical minimal worst-case error bounds. In this paper, monitoring of OR error bounds serves to assess sensor deployment configuration quality and to optimize the placement of additional sensors. Starting from an initial configuration of sensors, optimal deployment of additional sensors is clearly a more powerful option than random deployment of such sensors. These two approaches are compared and contrasted to show the improvement that is possible using the OR framework for one-dimensional and two-dimensional signals.
Measurement of Interfacial Energy at Solid Polymer Surfaces

Interfacial energy plays the role of a multiplicative prefactor to rate-dependent rheological phenomena in practical measurements of adhesion energy. Interfacial energy can also be correlated, in w...
A fast path-based ILP formulation for offline RWA in mesh optical networks

RWA is a fundamental problem in the design and control of optical networks. We introduce the concept of symmetric RWA solutions and present a new ILP formulation to construct optimally such solutions. The formulation scales to mesh topologies representative of backbone and regional networks. Numerical results demonstrate that the new formulation achieves a decrease of up to two orders of magnitude in running time compared to existing formulations. In particular, optimal solutions for topologies up to 20 nodes can be obtained within minutes using commodity CPUs, and larger networks can be solved in reasonable time. Our approach significantly lowers the barrier to entry in fully exploring the solution space of optical network design and in investigating the sensitivity of design decisions to forecast demands via extensive “what-if” analysis. Such analysis cannot be carried out currently without large investments in computational resources and time.
Effects of standardization of whole milk with dry milk protein concentrate on the yield and ripening of reduced-fat cheddar cheese.

Abstract Commercial milk protein concentrate (MPC) was used to standardize whole milk for reduced-fat Cheddar cheesemaking. Four replicate cheesemaking trials of three treatments (control, MPC1, and MPC2) were conducted. The control cheese (CC) was made from standardized milk (casein-to-fat ratio, C/F ∼1.7) obtained by mixing skim milk and whole milk (WM); MPC1 and MPC2 cheeses were made from standardized milk (C/F ∼1.8) obtained from mixing WM and MPC, except that commercial mesophilic starter was added at the rate of 1% to the CC and MPC1 and 2% to MPC2 vats. The addition of MPC doubled cheese yields and had insignificant effects on fat recoveries (∼94% in MPC1 and MPC2 vs. ∼92% in CC) but increased significantly total solids recoveries (∼63% in CC vs. 63% in MPC1 and MPC2). Although minor differences were noted in the gross composition of the cheeses, both MPC1 and MPC2 cheeses had lower lactose contents (0.25 or 0.32%, respectively) than in CC (0.60%) 7 d post manufacture. Cheeses from all three treatments had ∼10 9 cfu/g initial starter bacteria count. The nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) grew slowly in MPC1 and MPC2 cheeses during ripening compared to CC, and at the end of 6 mo of ripening, numbers of NSLAB in the CC were 1 to 2 log cycles higher than in MPC1 and MPC2 cheeses. Primary proteolysis, as noted by water-soluble N contents, was markedly slower in MPC1 and MPC2 cheeses compared to CC. The concentrations of total free amino acids were in decreasing order CC>MPC2>MPC1 cheeses, suggesting slower secondary proteolysis in the MPC cheeses than in CC. Sensory analysis showed that MPC cheeses had lower brothy and bitter scores than CC. Increasing the amount of starter bacteria improved maturity in MPC cheese.
Information Security in Higher Education: A Neo-Institutional Perspective

External pressures could be a compelling force that drives higher education institutions to attain information security. Drawing on the neo-institutional theory, this study examined how the three external expectations: regulative, normative, and cognitive expectations drive the higher education of the United States to attain information security. The research findings suggest that, through regulatory and social normative pressure, cognitive expectation indirectly promotes information security in higher education. That is, cognitive expectation or stakeholder’s perception of higher education determines information security in higher education by harnessing the coercive force of regulatory pressure and leveraging the pressure of meeting social normative expectation.
Regression Models for Time Series Analysis

(2004). Regression Models for Time Series Analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 99, No. 465, pp. 299-299.
Indomethacin inhibits the cellular receptor-dependent processing of low density lipoproteins; cyclic nucleotides have no effect.

Low density lipoproteins (LDL) are taken up by cells via specific adsorptive endocytosis, lipoproteins are then disassembled in lysosomes, and cholesterol is delivered to microsomes where it regulates intracellular cholesterol metabolism. A number of agents affect the LDL pathway. For example, Nethylmaleimide inhibits the internalization of LDL receptors; colchicine, a microtubule-disaggregating agent, inhibits the fusion of pinosomes with lysosomes; and chloroquine inhibits the lysosomal degradation of LDL. Because prostaglandins and cyclic nucleotides affect many receptor-related cell functions, we examined the effects of inhibitors of prostaglandin cyclooxygenase on the LDL pathway of cultured human cells whose LDL receptors were expressed, suppressed, or deficient. The effects of cyclic nucleotides and phosphodiesterase inhibitors were also examined. Heparin-elutable surface binding, heparin-resistant intracellular accumulation, and lysosomal degradation of [125I]-LDL were assessed in the presence of ...
Laser mode locking by active external modulation

Coupling of the longitudinal modes of an ultraviolet argon ion laser has been accomplished by actively modulating the light leaving the laser cavity and feeding back a portion through the output coupling mirror. The method involves no modification of the free-running laser. Several different acoustooptic devices were used to create amplitude and single sideband modulation, which resulted in different pulse train characteristics. A theoretical model of the system has been developed and is compared to the experimental results. >
Current applications of hologram interferometry at Ford USA

Testing of vehicle components with holometry to improve their structural characteristics is a proven methodology. Full field, high sensitivity holometric measurement capabilities are used for the iterative improvement of prototype structures (static and dynamic). The combination of modeling methods and Computer Aided Holometry (CAH) is just beginning to impact structural design. Current examples of studies of static and dynamic behavior of vehicle components using continuous wave CAH techniques are presented.
A novel cadmium-nicotinato linked square-basket metal-organic polymer displaying a thick covalent 2-D layer structure

Abstract The reactions of Cd(NO3)2⋅4H2O, Co(NO3)2.6H2O with nicotinic acid and 1,2-Di(4-pyridyl) ethylene under hydrothermal reaction conditions resulted in a metal-organic polymer [(H2O)Cd(C6H4O2N)2] 2[(C6H4O2N)2Co(H2O)2] 1. The compound 1 is the first nicotinato-linked mixed cobalt–cadmium compound displaying a square basket-like thick covalent 2-D layer structure.
Evolutionary Pressure on Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Is Consistent with a Role of CytbI7T Affecting Longevity during Caloric Restriction

Background Metabolism of energy nutrients by the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is implicated in the aging process. Polymorphisms in core ETC proteins may have an effect on longevity. Here we investigate the cytochrome b (cytb) polymorphism at amino acid 7 (cytbI7T) that distinguishes human mitochondrial haplogroup H from haplogroup U. Principal findings We compared longevity of individuals in these two haplogroups during historical extremes of caloric intake. Haplogroup H exhibits significantly increased longevity during historical caloric restriction compared to haplogroup U (p = 0.02) while during caloric abundance they are not different. The historical effects of natural selection on the cytb protein were estimated with the software TreeSAAP using a phylogenetic reconstruction for 107 mammal taxa from all major mammalian lineages using 13 complete protein-coding mitochondrial gene sequences. With this framework, we compared the biochemical shifts produced by cytbI7T with historical evolutionary pressure on and near this polymorphic site throughout mammalian evolution to characterize the role cytbI7T had on the ETC during times of restricted caloric intake. Significance Our results suggest the relationship between caloric restriction and increased longevity in human mitochondrial haplogroup H is determined by cytbI7T which likely enhances the ability of water to replenish the Q(i) binding site and decreases the time ubisemiquinone is at the Q(o) site, resulting in a decrease in the average production rate of radical oxygen species (ROS).
D-state effects in low-energy () and () reactions

Abstract Measurements of the tensor analyzing powers are presented for ( d , t ) reactions on 91Zr,119Sn and 208Pb and for the ( d , 3 He ) reaction on 63Cu. The measurements are sensitive to D-state components in the three-nucleon bound-state wave function and allow one to determine the value of the parameter D2. The D2 values are compared with recent theoretical predictions.
Excystation of Isospora arctopitheci Rodhain, 1933 with notes on a similiar process in Isospora begemina (Stiles, 1891) Lühe, 1906.

The in vitro excystation process of sporozoites of Isospora arctopitheci Rodhain, 1933 from the titi marmoset Saguinus geoffroyi and of Isospora bigemina (Stiles, 1891) Luhe, 1906 from the bobcat, Lynx rufus is presented. Sporocysts of both species lack a Stieda body and when exposed to a trypsin-sodium taurocholate (pH 7.4) excysting fluid the walls of both collapse in a similar fashion, along apparently predetermined lines. Similarities and differences in excystation between I. arctopitheci, I. bigemina, and other Isospora, Eimeria, and Sarcocystis species are summarized. Such studies show that 2 distinct patterns of sporozoite excystation have been described to date, and both appear to be related to the structure of the sporocyst.
Ranking the International Business Journals

This study seeks to assess and rank the relative quality of 30 international business journals using both a citation analysis and a survey approach. Journal rankings are presented using both approaches in addition to a composite ranking. The rankings provide an objective analysis of journal quality for tenure and promotion committees, for IB researchers considering journal submission options and provide the academic community with a better understanding of which international business publication outlets are the most influential in guiding research in this discipline.
The function of mucous secretions in the cushion star Pteraster tesselatus Ives

In all previous studies involving the behavior of the cushion star Pteraster tesselatus Ives, the possibility that this asteroid's copious secretions of mucus are defensive in nature has been suggested, but never studied to any degree. Our research shows that discharge of mucus from Pteraster was triggered not only by physical stimulation, but also from contact with the asteroid-consuming sea stars Solaster dawsoni Verrill and Pycnopodia helianthoides (Brandt). It was also found that mucus repelled these two asteroids so effectively that it provided Pteraster tesselatus with protection from predation for essentially 100% of the time. Pteraster specimens were easily and harmlessly rendered defenseless by removing their mucous-cell-containing supradorsal membranes by dissection. Without the mucous secretions available for discharge, it was shown that P. tesselatus was easily preyed upon by both Solaster dawsoni and Pycnopodia helianthoides.
Robust diffeomorphic mapping via geodesically controlled active shapes

This paper presents recent advances in the use of diffeomorphic active shapes which incorporate the conservation laws of large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping. The equations of evolution satisfying the conservation law are geodesics under the diffeomorphism metric and therefore termed geodesically controlled diffeomorphic active shapes (GDAS). Our principal application in this paper is on robust diffeomorphic mapping methods based on parameterized surface representations of subcortical template structures. Our parametrization of the GDAS evolution is via the initial momentum representation in the tangent space of the template surface. The dimension of this representation is constrained using principal component analysis generated fromtraining samples. In this work, we seek to use template surfaces to generate segmentations of the hippocampus with three data attachment terms: surface matching, landmark matching, and inside-outside modeling from grayscale T1 MR imaging data.This is formulated as an energy minimization problem,where energy describes shape variability and data attachment accuracy, and we derive a variational solution. A gradient descent strategy is employed in the numerical optimization. For the landmark matching case, we demonstrate the robustness of this algorithm as applied to the workflow of a large neuroanatomical study by comparing to an existing diffeomorphic landmark matching algorithm.
The development and application of a radioimmunoassay to lens crystallins

Abstract A radioimmunoassay was developed for mouse α- and γ-crystallins. A standard inhibition curve against known quantities of the crystallins served as a basis for quantitating unknown samples. The sensitivity of the assay was 2 ng for α-crystallin and 4 ng for γ-crystallin. It was possible to quantitate the amount of γ-crystallin present in the cultures from normal mouse and Nakano mouse lenses. The results were consistent with the previous immunofluorescent observation of γ-crystallin localization in the lentoid bodies. In addition, changes in the lens crystallins in normal and Nakano mouse lenses were followed. A dramatic decrease of γ-crystallin occurred during cataract development, however the level of α-crystallin in the soluble lens protein remained unchanged during this period.
Cost-assessment of alternative management strategies for achalasia.

Achalasia is a primary oesophageal motor disorder characterised by the abnormal relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) and absent oesophageal peristalsis. It is a rare disease, with an estimated incidence of ∼ 1/100,000 and a prevalence close to 10/100,000 [1]. Its exact aetiology remains unknown. Autoimmune, infectious, degenerative and hereditary processes have all been proposed as factors that lead to a chronic inflammatory response in the myenteric plexus, thus resulting in selective loss of inhibitory neurons [2] and failure of the LES to relax and aperistalsis in the body of the oesophagus. The most common symptoms of achalasia are dysphagia for solids and liquids, regurgitation, chest pain, weight loss and heartburn in > 90 ∼ 75, 40 – 50, ∼ 60, ∼ 40%, respectively [3,4]. The diagnosis is based on symptoms, barium swallow and manometry. A barium oesophagram typically shows a dilated oesophagus that tapers into a ‘bird-beak’ at the gastro-oesophageal junction with lack of normal peristal...
Associations between macrofauna and sediment hydrocarbons from treated ballast water effluent at a marine oil terminal in Port Valdez, Alaska.

Sediment-dwelling macrofauna, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and abiotic parameters were monitored annually in benthic marine sediments from 1989–2007 in Port Valdez, a period of declining routine discharge of treated marine ballast water containing residual PAH from a major crude oil loading facility. The resulting dataset was used to evaluate associations between macrofauna and environmental characteristics including PAH concentrations. The influences of natural abiotic gradients on macrofauna were stronger than associations between macrofauna and sediment PAH. Though overall associations of PAH with macrofaunal community structure were weak, effects were greater for the tube-dwelling polychaete worms Galathowenia oculata and Melinna cristata which responded negatively to low PAH values near sediment quality criteria (threshold effects concentration: TEC and field-based sediment quality criterion: fb-SQG: ∼300 ng g − 1). Effects of PAH on benthic fauna may be strongest through poor survival of juveniles and failed recruitment over multiple years. Comparison of measured PAH concentrations to the TEC and field-based fb-SQG suggest that the observed levels of change in Port Valdez are minor and the criteria are ecologically appropriate for environmental monitoring. By demonstrating positive responses of sensitive fauna to reduction of PAH concentration, this study contributes to understanding the temporal change, ecological importance, and size of effects expected on benthic fauna in the presence of continuous exposure to low levels of hydrocarbons.
A generalization of Connor's inequality to t -designs with automorphisms

Abstract In this paper the incidence algebra for t-designs with automorphisms and the fundamental theorem discovered in [4] are exploited to obtain a generalization of Connor's inequality.
An “A la Carte” Academic Radiology Compensation Plan: Something for Everyone

The mechanism used to compensate faculty members within academic radiology practice poses a complex challenge to radiology administrative leaders. In this article, the authors discuss a novel compensation plan model that addresses many of the demands faced by modern academic radiology practices.
Factors influencing corporate compliance with financial reporting requirements in New Zealand

The objective of this research was to examine factors that impact union elections in the trucking sector. Since trucking firms are labor intensive, unions can have an impact on the cost of doing business and competitiveness. One hundred and ninety‐nine union elections conducted by the National Labor Relations Board in trucking firms between January 2001 and December 2002 were examined. Type of union, size of bargaining unit, election delays, and voter turnout significantly impacted union win rates. Type of election, type of state, and type of bargaining unit did not impact union win rates. Implications for managers, educators, and union leaders in trucking are discussed.
Remote system for production of carbon‐11 labeled palmitic acid

Carbon-11-labeled palmitic acid is produced routinely at Washington University School of Medicine for studies ofmyocardial metabolism. To accomodate the needs of 8–15 preparations per week and the large amounts of radioactivity (>20 mCi/study) required, a remotely-controlled system for the preparation of [1-11C]palmitic acid has been constructed. The system is small (0.04 m3), completely portable and contained totally within a small lead-shielded hood. Large quantities of C-11 palmitic acid (up to 675 mCi) have been prepared, with minimum radiation exposure to the operator. This system has been in full operation for two years, and has been used for more than 200 syntheses with a failure rate of less than 5%.
Using case-control studies to assess the prevention of inflicted traumatic brain injury

Because the incidence of inflicted traumatic brain injury (inflicted TBI) is low, even in populations at increased risk, very large samples are necessary to have adequate statistical power to conduct a randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of a potential intervention to prevent inflicted TBI. This requirement for large samples, in addition to the logistic demands of prospective clinical trials, makes it prohibitively expensive to conduct such studies. Case-control studies provide a statistically efficient and logistically and economically feasible alternative approach to evaluating such interventions. However, because these are observational studies, they are susceptible to bias. Approaches are presented to conducting and analyzing case-control studies to evaluate interventions to prevent inflicted TBI while assessing and minimizing possible bias.
The unfairness of equal treatment: objectivity in L2 testing and dynamic assessment

This paper considers dynamic assessment (DA) as it relates to second language (L2) development. DA is grounded in Vygotsky's (1987) sociocultural theory of mind, which holds that human consciousness emerges as a result of participation in culturally organized social activities where mediation plays a key role in guiding development. In DA, the evidential basis for diagnosing and promoting development includes independent as well as mediated performance. Unlike in conventional testing, objectivity derives not from standardization, which treats everyone in precisely the same manner; rather, objectivity is argued on the grounds that mediation is guided by a viable theory of mind. Fairness in assessment is thus reframed with the understanding that the quality of support offered may vary across individuals. The paper illustrates how this transpires in the case of classroom-based and formal testing applications of DA with L2 learners.
Benchmarking training and development practices: a multi-country comparative analysis

This study compares training and development practices within and across nine countries and one region, and addresses whether there are universal training and development practices. After a brief review of the literature on training and development for the countries and region examined, the study identifies country-specific and region-specific training and development practices. The results are descriptive in nature and discussed as benchmarks of current and desired levels of training and development practices within and across countries. While the results do not indicate any universal practices across all countries studied, they do indicate significant similarities in practices within country clusters. The common practices found within these clusters are believed to be influenced by cultural values and industry trends. The study emphasizes the importance of context and provides practitioners with guidelines in designing training and development practices across countries and researchers with insight into future research questions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Free plasma estrogens in the ewe during the estrous cycle.

Abstract Free plasma estrogens were measured during the estrous cycle of the ewe. Estrogens measured were estrone (1, 3, 5(10)-estratriene-3-ol-17-one), estradiol-17β (1, 3, 5(10)-estratriene-3, 17β-diol), and 16-ketoestradiol-17β (1, 3, 5(10)-estratriene-3, 17β-diol-16-one), which were identified in plasma from pregnant ewes. The total estrogen level was found to increase from a low value of 0.14 μg/100 ml plasma at two days following ovulation to a high value of 2.53 μg/100 ml plasma just prior to ovulation. Ketoestradiol was found to be the estrogen with the highest concentration of all estrogens measured during the estrous cycle.
Kierkegaard and Confucius: The Religious Dimensions of Ethical Selfhood

To date, there have been few attempts to compare the thought of Confucius and Kierkegaard, and these few attempts have focused on the contrast between Kierkegaard’s stress on the individual and Confucius’s emphasis on the social aspect of human existence. In this article, I point instead to substantial agreement between the analyses of ethical existence offered by Confucius and two of Kierkegaard’s pseudonymous figures, Judge William of Either/Or and Johannes Climacus of The Concluding Unscientific Postscript. I seek to use this parallelism to better discern the specific character of Confucius’s religious consciousness.
Logrolling and the arrow paradox: A note

In an article that appeared in a recent issue of this journal, Peter Bernholz shows that "logrolling implies the presence of the Arrow-paradox at least for two issues with two alternatives."' In this note I will present an alternate proof of this point, which is simple and direct and covers any number of issues with any number of alternatives. I will also point out that this argument has been made before indeed, it has previously appeared in this journal. Consider several issues, A, B, etc., each including several alternatives; e.g., al, a2, etc., for issue A. Each distinct combination of alternatives, one from each issue, specifies a "platform," or "policy package," or (to use Bernholz's term) a "complex alternative;" I shall use the term "platform." Consider also an odd number N of voters with strong preferences over the platforms. I assume (as does Bernholz) that voters' preferences are "separable" or "independent" with respect to the several issues that is, each voter can establish a preference ordering of the alternatives in any one issue considered alone. For example, with respect to issue A, voter i prefers a1 to a2 regardless of how other issues may be resolved; put otherwise, he prefers any platform including a1 to the otherwise identical platform including a2. (This assumption certainly is not *University of Maryland, Baltimore County.
Perceiving heading with different retinal regions and types of optic flow.

We examined the ability to use optic flow to judge heading when different parts of the retina are stimulated and when the specified heading is in different directions relative to the display. To do so, we manipulated retinal eccentricity (the angle between the fovea and the center of the stimulus) and heading eccentricity (the angle between the specified heading and the center of the stimulus) independently. Observers viewed two sequences of moving dots that simulated translation through a random cloud of dots. They reported whether the direction of translation—the heading—in the second sequence was to the left or right of the direction in the first sequence. The results revealed a large and consistent effect of heading eccentricity: Judgments were much more accurate with radial flow fields (small heading eccentricities) than with lamellar fields (large heading eccentricities), regardless of the part of the retina being stimulated. The results also revealeda smaller and less consistent effect of retinal eccentricity: With radial flow (small heading eccentricities), judgments were more accurate when the stimulus was presented near the fovea. The variation of heading thresholds from radial to lamellar flow fields is predicted by a simple model of two-dimensional motion discrimination. The fact that the predictions are accurate implies that the human visual system is equally efficient at processing radial and lamellar flow fields. In addition, efficiency is reasonably constant no matter what part of the retina is being stimulated.
HISTORY, SOCIAL DIVISIONS, AND PUBLIC GOODS IN RURAL INDIA

We examine the influence of three historically important sources of social divisions on the availability of public goods in rural India: colonial power, landowner-peasant relations as determined by the land tenure system and social fragmentation based on the Hindu caste system and the presence of sizable religious minorities. Using data on public goods from 1991, we find that regions that were under British colonial power in the pre-independence period and those where agrarian power was concentrated in the hands of landlords have lower access to these goods as do areas with high levels of social fragmentation. (JEL: H41, P16)
On the general treatment of a cracked multi-layered medium in antiplane viscoelasticity

An arbitrary crack lying in a viscoelastic multi-layered medium under an anti-plane concentrated load is discussed in this paper. The fundamental elastic solution is obtained as a rapidly convergent series in terms of complex potentials via successive iterations of the Mobius transformation in order to satisfy continuous conditions on multiple different interfaces. Based on the correspondence principle, the Laplace transformed viscoelastic solution is then directly determined from the corresponding elastic one. Using the singular integral technique, the time-dependent mode-III stress intensity factor of the crack tip can be solved numerically in a straightforward manner. Finally, some typical examples showing the effect of bonded layers and crack orientations on the stress intensity factor are also discussed. The results show that the stress intensity factor decreases monotonically with time if the bonded layer is stiffer than the cracked layer.
Image Analysis of Floc Blanket Dynamics: Investigation of Floc Blanket Thickening, Growth, and Steady State

AbstractFloc blankets are fluidized, concentrated beds of particles utilized in some upflow sedimentation tank reactor configurations in water treatment. The presence of a floc blanket can significantly enhance removal of turbidity when coupled with lamellar sedimentation. Blanket dynamics have not been extensively studied, but are important for understanding blanket formation and operational control in full-scale water treatment plants. This research employed image analysis to reveal the temporal dynamics of floc blanket suspended solids concentration and floc-water interface height. Turbidity measurements were used to corroborate image analysis as a valid method for measuring solids concentration in the floc blanket and in the floc blanket supernatant. Observations from image analysis reveal relatively distinct stages in the creation of a floc blanket: thickening (increasing suspended solids concentration) in the absence of a floc-water interface, thickening with an interface, and steady state. Prelimin...
Performance of a software MPEG video decoder

The design and implementation of a software decoder for MPEG video bitstreams is described. The software has been ported to numerous platforms including PC''s, workstations, and mainframe computers. Performance comparisons are given for several different bitstreams and platforms including a unique metric devised to compare price/performance across different platforms (percentage of required bit rate per dollar). We also show that memory bandwidth is the primary limitation in performance of the decoder, not the computational complexity of the inverse discrete cosine transform as is commonly thought.
Self-monitoring bond between steel and concrete

The bond strength and contact electrical resistivity between steel rebar and concrete were found to be linearly related, due to an interfacial phase of high volume resistivity that helps the boding. Acetone washing of the rebar increases the bond strength slightly and decreases the contact resistivity slightly, but does not affect the linear correlation, which provides a nondestructive method for bond strength assessment.
E-Research Collaboration in Academia and Industry

E-Collaboration has come of age in the last decade, with industry and academia using the latest web-based collaborative software to bring together groups of workers to work on common tasks. Research is a $370 billion industry in the United States and is conducted in every sector of the economy. It has collaboration at its core. Most innovations result from collaborative efforts between groups of workers who are often geographically dispersed. Academic leaders now seek the synergies that result from collaboration between their research faculty and others. Web 2.0-based research portals have emerged that allow knowledge sharing and lowering of social barriers between researchers. Another important development is cloud computing, which has dramatically reduced computing costs for organizations. These tools allow researchers in both industry and academia to extend their range and reach, gain synergies between dispersed groups, and increase research efficiency and effectiveness. This paper examines the use of e-research collaboration tools in industry and academia. It describes a framework that matches an organization's e-research collaboration needs to e-research collaboration solutions across several critical dimensions. The proposed framework will help to improve the understanding of available options for e-collaboration infrastructures, particularly in the sub-area of e-research. It will also help to identify the fit between these infrastructures and organizational e-research collaboration needs.
Beta-Decay Asymmetry and Nuclear Magnetic Moment of Neon-19

The asymmetry parameter and the nuclear magnetic moment of Ne/sup 19/ were determined to be -0.057 surface proces 0.005 and -1.886 surface proces 0.001 nm, respectively, by observing the reversal of beta-decay asymmetry that occurs when poiarized Ne/sup 19/ nuclei undergo resonance reorientation. The procedure and assumptions used are discussed. (D.C.W.)
A framework for the solution of the generalized realization problem

In this paper we present a novel way of constructing generalized state space representations [E, A, B, C, D] of interpolants matching tangential interpolation data. The Loewner and shifted Loewner matrices are the key tools in this approach.
Comparison of Outcomes of Drug-Eluting Stents Versus Bare-Metal Stents in Nonostial Proximal Left Anterior Descending Coronary Arteries

Drug-eluting stents (DES) have reduced the rate of in-stent restenosis compared with bare-metal stents, but are associated with an increased risk of late stent thrombosis. The proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD) is a large vessel and is considered to be at increased risk of both restenosis and stent thrombosis. The risk-benefit ratio of each type of stent therefore is of great clinical interest in this location. The aim was to compare 1-year outcomes of DESs and bare-metal stents in nonostial proximal LADs. Historic cohorts of patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention of nonostial proximal LAD lesions were compared. A total of 137 patients in the bare-metal stent group and 350 patients in the DES group were compared. The primary and secondary end points were target-lesion revascularization (TLR) rate and major adverse cardiac event rate, including death, myocardial infarction and TLR at 1-year follow-up. Patients in both groups had similar baseline characteristics. Intravascular ultrasound guidance was used in most percutaneous coronary intervention (bare-metal stents vs DESs 72.4% vs 74.5%; p = 0.6). Stent diameter was large in both groups (3.2 +/- 0.5 vs 3.2 +/- 0.3 mm; p = 0.6). Patients in the DES group had longer stents implanted (15 +/- 7 vs 17 +/- 7 mm; p <0.01). Major adverse cardiac event and TLR rates were not different (bare-metal stents vs DESs 16.4% vs 14.7%; p = 0.7 and 4.5% vs 5.2%; p = 0.8). In multivariate analysis, the TLR rate was independent of type of stent used. In conclusion, DESs carry no clinical benefit over bare-metal stents for nonostial proximal LAD lesions. Bare-metal stents therefore could be a cost-effective alternative in this location.
Seasonal Variation in the Biochemical Composition of the Embryos of Callinectes Sapidus Rathbun

ABSTRACT The biochemical composition of the embryos of Callinectes sapidus, spawned early in the reproductive season in North Carolina waters (water temperature 12–16°C), is compared with embryos spawned later in the reproductive season (water temperatures greater than 24°C). Embryos spawned early in the season (cultured at 16°C) have initially greater lipid levels, an equivalent amount of protein, and a lower carbohydrate and caloric content than embryos spawned later in the season (cultured at 26°C). During development of the 26°C embryos, lipids are utilized at a significant rate, but in the 16°C embryos protein is utilized to a greater extent. Overall, 45% of the lipid and 35% of the protein is utilized during the development at 26°C versus 55% lipid and 34% protein in the 16°C embryos. In the final stage before hatching the embryos at both temperatures have equivalent lipid, protein, and caloric contents. These results are compared with the results of previous studies on crustacean chemical embryology and possible explanations are given for the variations in substrate utilization with respect to seasonal temperature.
Preparation and superconductivity of Ba1−ϰKϰBiO3 single crystals

Electrochemical synthesis of millimeter-sized single crystals of Ba 1−ϰ K ϰ Bio 3 with superconducting transition temperatures of 31.0 K is detailed. The resulting crystals are cubic, well-faceted and exhibit remarkably high quality surfaces which aid in important studies of the transport properties of the material. In addition, an oxygenation treatment which increases and sharpens the transition temperature of the as-grown crystals is reported.
OPTIMAL DESIGNS FOR RATIOS OF LINEAR-COMBINATIONS IN THE GENERAL LINEAR-MODEL

Abstract Optimal designs are discussed for estimating a ratio of two linear combinations of the vector of parameters in the general linear model. Criteria are proposed based on minimization of the asymptotic variance of an often used estimator. The results are applied to specific problems in linear and quadratic regression.
Notch-independent regulation of Hes-1 expression by c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling in human endothelial cells

Our laboratory has recently demonstrated constitutive activation of the Notch signaling pathway in Kaposi's sarcoma tumor cells. As endothelial cells (EC) are believed to be the progenitor of these tumor cells, this study was designed to examine the effect of Notch activation on normal human EC. Recent reports suggest Notch activation induces EC growth arrest, and that this growth arrest may be linked to the establishment or maintenance of EC quiescence, the phenotype seen in contact-inhibited EC lining the vasculature. To gain further insight into Notch activation and quiescence, we first confirmed that Notch activation induced EC growth arrest. Next, we examined Notch activation in confluent, growth arrested EC (mimicking the cells lining the vasculature). In contrast to previous reports, we found confluent EC possess lower levels of activated Notch compared to proliferating control cells. Interestingly, these cells express elevated levels of Hes-1 protein (an immediate downstream target of Notch signaling) despite decreased Notch activation. Under these conditions, Hes-1 expression was mediated, at least in part, by a Notch-independent mechanism involving c-jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) signaling. This is the first report, to our knowledge, that JNK signaling can modulate Hes-1 expression in a Notch-independent manner.
TU‐C‐201C‐01: NCI Initiatives on Translational Research: An Overview of Opportunities

NCI has initiated a number of new initiatives that are focused on the development of methods to develop and robustly validate current and next generation of imaging platforms. Over the last decade while there has been significant development of a range of imaging platforms and methods that are designed to address the cancer problem, such as screening of early cancer;cancerdiagnosis, characterization, prediction and measurement of response to therapy, and image guided therapy including drug delivery systems. However as imaging methodologies move towards multi‐modality and molecular imaging platforms, coupled with recent advances in nano‐carriers and molecular probes, the ability to robustly validate these technologies, and perform multi‐parametric and quantitative measurements, is becoming increasingly complex. In addition the next generation of imagingtechnologies often involves imaging at resolution scales from the cellular to the organ level, where traditional pathological validation strategies are often limited. Thus the development and in particular the robust validation of these technologies, including clinical decision making, as required in the new era of personalized medicine, poses significant barriers for FDA approval, CMS reimbursement and ultimately their commercial dissemination as enabling tools for pre clinical and clinical research in cancer. NCI therefore has initiated several new initiatives that specifically address support for translational research that includes a means to broadly engage the research and industry community to develop both public resources and consensus methods to validate these emerging imaging platforms. The new initiatives will be of interest to medical physicists and computer scientists involved in imaging research and clinical practice. Learning Objective: 1. Understand the opportunity for research support for translational research at NCI 2. Understand the importance of development a consensus on how to validate emerging imagingtechnologies.
Discounted integral priority routing for data networks

A Discounted Integral Priority (DIP) packet routing algorithm is presented. The method is derived for the network flow model of packet routing used for the derivation of backpressure type methods. Unlike backpressure type methods, DIP routing is designed to reduce the queue lengths rather than simply stabilize them. Our work leverages time discounted integral control to generate an adaptive packet routing algorithm which significantly outperforms its optimization motivated counterparts. Connections are drawn with stochastic heavy ball methods which allow implementation of a decaying stepsize. Stability proofs are presented for a stochastic heavy ball variant of the Discounted Integral Priority routing algorithm with a decaying step size. Our numerical experiments implement Discounted Integral Priority Routing with a unit step size and demonstrate fast convergence and significantly smaller steady state queue backlogs as compared with Soft Backpressure and Accelerated Backpressure.
How 434 repressor discriminates between OR1 and OR3. The influence of contacted and noncontacted base pairs.

The sequence of the bacteriophage 434 OR1 (ACAAAACTTTCTTGT) differs from its OR3 (ACAGTTTTTCTTGT) at positions 4-6. X-ray analysis shows that the side chain of Gln33 of the 434 repressor makes van der Waals' and H-bond contacts with the T at position 4′ in complex with OR1, but no specific contact is observed at this position in 434 repressor-OR3 complexes. No contacts are made by repressor to the bases at positions 5 or 6 in either binding site. The significance of the sequence differences between OR1 and OR3 in determining the operator affinity for repressor were examined by constructing synthetic variants of these operators. Measurements of the affinity of these operators for repressor as a function of ionic strength revealed that although base pairs 5 and 6 are not contacted by 434 repressor, they can nonetheless influence operator affinity for repressor by modulating the degree to which ionic interactions contribute to the overall binding energy. Both the magnitude and direction of their effect depends on the status of repressor's contacts to the bases at position 4. The role of contact made by Gln33 to position 4 was examined by mutating this amino acid to Ala and by examining the affinity of wild type repressor for an operator bearing a 5-methylcytosine at position 4′ in an OR1-4G mutant. These experiments showed that repressor's preferences at operator positions 5 and 6 are linked to its position 4 preference via a van der Waals' contact between amino acid 33 and a methyl group on the base at operator position 4′. Together, the results of the experiments shown here reveal that bases that do not contact the protein alter its preferences for bases at the contacted operator position 4.
Light-cued emergence and re-entry events in a strongly tidal estuary

Acoustic backscatter from an active sonar system (TAPS-6) over a range of six frequencies between 265 kHz and 3 MHz revealed characteristics of emergence and reentry events within 1 h of sunset and sunrise, respectively, at a site 10 m deep in the Damariscotta River estuary, Maine. Emergence traps indicated that the mysid shrimpNeomysis americana was the dominant migrator. Daily fluctuation in irradiance influenced the timing of dusk emergence. Local variability in irradiance apparently caused populations to emerge occasionally before sunset or to leave the surface after the beginning of nautical twilight near dawn. Emergence before sunset was marked by slower-than-average ascent, and departure from the surface after initiation of nautical twilight was marked by faster-than-average descent. This pattern would be expected for populations avoiding visual predators by concealment in dark water. Mean ascent (0.29 ± 0.03 cm s−1 [±1 SE]) and descent (−0.26 ± 0.02 cm s−1) velocities showed little difference in magnitude, suggesting that a similar mechanism controls both. Ascent initiation times for the first such event of the night were consistent with a cue based on relative rate of change in light intensity and inconsistent with either the progress of isolumes or with absolute rate of change in light intensity.
A non-canonical role for Rgnef in promoting integrin-stimulated focal adhesion kinase activation

Rgnef (also known as p190RhoGEF or ARHGEF28) is a Rho guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) that binds focal adhesion kinase (FAK). FAK is recruited to adhesions and activated by integrin receptors binding to matrix proteins, such as fibronectin (FN). Canonical models place Rgnef downstream of integrin–FAK signaling in regulating Rho GTPase activity and cell movement. Herein, we establish a new, upstream role for Rgnef in enhancing FAK localization to early peripheral adhesions and promoting FAK activation upon FN binding. Rgnef-null mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibit defects in adhesion formation, levels of FAK phosphotyrosine (pY)-397 and FAK localization to peripheral adhesions upon re-plating on FN. Rgnef re-expression rescues these defects, but requires Rgnef–FAK binding. A mutation in the Rgnef pleckstrin homology (PH) domain inhibits adhesion formation, FAK localization, and FAK-Y397 and paxillin-Y118 phosphorylation without disrupting the Rgnef–FAK interaction. A GEF-inactive Rgnef mutant rescues FAK-Y397 phosphorylation and early adhesion localization, but not paxillin-Y118 phosphorylation. This suggests that, downstream of FN binding, paxillin-pY118 requires Rgnef GEF activity through a mechanism distinct from adhesion formation and FAK activation. These results support a scaffolding role for Rgnef in FAK localization and activation at early adhesions in a PH-domain-dependent but GEF-activity-independent manner.
Taking advantage of models for legal classification

Legal reasoning is often couched in terms of legal classification. We examine how three models of classification — Classical, Probabilistic and Exemplar — are used to perform legal classification. We argue that all three models of classification are implicitly applied by existing AI methods. The CABARET (“CAse-BAsed REasoning Tool”) system is suggested as an architecture that applies all three models. The relative difficulty of revising knowledge in rule form, in HYPO-style dimension form, and exemplar form is considered.