cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Responses by White Christians to Recent Latino Immigration in the Rural U.S. Midwest

Over the last twenty-five years, the rural U.S. Midwest has undergone dramatic demographic changes as the population of white people decreased in many areas and the number of Latinos surged. These shifts are especially noteworthy in areas that had stable, relatively homogeneous populations over at least the last half-century. Many Christian churches, both Protestant and Catholic, are responding by reaching out to new residents. Such efforts have sometimes led to tension as Anglo Christians seek to reconcile the moral claims of their faith communities with the prejudices and fears they have of Latino immigrants. This article describes how Anglo-majority mainline Protestant congregations and Catholic parishes are responding to these demographic changes, notes key differences between the two groups’ responses, and then sketches several possible explanations for the differences, including the underlying theology of their efforts, the prior religious affiliation of Latino newcomers, the organizational structure of church bodies, and varying impetuses for action. The paper concludes with observations about the future of Christian communities in the rural Midwest.
Labor Productivity and Agricultural Development: Boserup Revisited

Labor productivity is a major component of agricultural development. Boserup is the scholar most associated with the view that labor productivity declines with intensification of agriculture. This paper reviews the theoretical argument and empirical support for the decline thesis. An empirical test is conducted by means of a comparative study of traditional rice agriculture in Southeast Asia. The decline thesis is rejected. The implications for agricultural development are discussed.
The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe

We determined the origin of corticospinal neurons in the frontal lobe. These neurons were labeled by retrograde transport of tracers after injections into either the dorsolateral funiculus at the second cervical segment or the gray matter of the spinal cord throughout the cervical enlargement. Using retrograde transport of tracer from the arm area of the primary motor cortex, we defined the arm representation in each premotor area in another set of animals. We found that corticospinal projections to cervical segments of the spinal cord originate from the primary motor cortex and from the 6 premotor areas in the frontal lobe. These are the same premotor areas that project directly to the arm area of the primary motor cortex. The premotor areas are located in parts of cytoarchitectonic area 6 on the lateral surface and medial wall of the hemisphere, as well as in subfields of areas 23 and 24 in the cingulate sulcus. The total number of corticospinal neurons in the arm representations of the premotor areas equals or exceeds the total number in the arm representation of the primary motor cortex. The premotor areas collectively comprise more than 60% of the cortical area in the frontal lobe that projects to the spinal cord. Like the primary motor cortex, each of the premotor areas contains local regions that have a high density of corticospinal neurons. These observations indicate that a substantial component of the corticospinal system originates from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe. Each of the premotor areas has direct access to the spinal cord, and as a consequence, each has the potential to influence the generation and control of movement independently of the primary motor cortex. These findings raise serious questions about the utility of viewing the primary motor cortex as the “upper motoneuron” or “final common pathway” for the central control of movement.
Male Gender Is Associated with a High Risk for Chronic Antibiotic-Refractory Pouchitis and Ileal Pouch Anastomotic Sinus

Background and Aims The impact of gender on the development of chronic ileal pouch disorders following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) has not been evaluated. This study was aimed to assess the association between gender and pouch outcomes.
A Comparison Of Untreated Banding Materials For Capturing Codling Moth Larvae

In comparative tests of several kinds of untreated bands for capturing the larvae of the codling moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella L.) at Yakima, Wash., a paper-burlap band proved equal or superior to one of burlap, which is customarily used, and is much less expensive. Heavy roofing paper and light crepe paper were the least effective of the banding materials. In an unsprayed block in 1927, bands averaged from 167 to 258 larvae per band for the season. In 1928 in another unsprayed orchard, bands averaged from 336 to 1,322 larvae per band for the period July 10 to November 14.
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins in the Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism

More than 621 patients diagnosed with a PE have been treated with LMWH. This review included five randomized clinical trials (> 433 patients treated with LMWH) comparing LMWH with UFH. The remainder of the clinical studies were dose-response trials, noncomparative trials, or trials that included a subset of patients diagnosed with a PE. Additionally, 138 patients diagnosed with a PE were included in the group of 510 patients with venous thromboembolism and were subsequently treated with an LMWH. The data available suggest that LMWHs may be safe and effective in the treatment of submassive PE. However, the current data on LMWHs are limited by small sample size, inadequate patient description, and inadequate follow-up. The majority of studies fail to provide concurrent disease state information (e.g., renal disease), thus limiting their usefulness. The results of these trials must be confirmed in comparative studies using different LMWHs (since they may not be interchangeable) in various patient populations before LMWHs are considered to be a safe and effective alternative to UFH in the management of submassive PE.
Physical processes in proximity microbridges

Weakly superconducting circuits have been developed - based on the proximity effect in hard superconductors - which show Josephson-like phenomena over a wide range of electrical and superconducting parameters. Characteristics of these circuits will be discussed and a simple physical model will be presented to account for a modification of the Josephson phenomena at high current density in these devices. Response of the devices at high frequency will be emphasized with special emphasis on detection processes and the Dayem-Wyatt effect.
Attaching a new understanding to the patient-physician relationship in family practice.

Background: As a result of continuity of care with patients and their families, family physicians are uniquely poised to form enduring clinical relationships with their patients. The degree of collaboration in and satisfaction with the patient-provider alliance has been shown to have important implications for treatment outcomes across a range of medical problems. Providing optimal care can require family physicians to appreciate the sequelae of having clinically relevant aspects of past relationships emerge in the health care relationship, both in their patients and in themselves. A conceptual model is essential to assist in recognizing these key aspects. Methods: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE. Key words entered were “illness” and “attachment theory.” Thirty-five English-only articles appeared from which further relevant references were gathered. Results: Attachment theory serves as a useful model for highlighting important features of physician-patient relationships, which can affect treatment outcome in the family practice setting. It posits that everyone has an innate need to form strong attachment bonds to their earliest caregivers. To ensure survival, the child adapts its bonding to the caregiver’s attachment style. With time, the maturing person develops a style of relating in subsequent caregiving relationships based on these early, and to some extent later, close relationships. Insecure attachment styles that can develop—dismissing, preoccupied, and fearful—have been shown to affect the clinical relationship and medical treatment outcomes often in important and predictable ways. Conclusion: Family physicians can more easily adopt an understanding, compassionate, and flexible treatment stance by recognizing patients’ unique attachment relationship patterns, thereby improving medical treatment outcome.
Avermectin-milbemycin synthetic studies. 6. Stereoselective elaboration of the “southern hemisphere” oxahydrindene

Abstract An economic, stereoselective synthesis of the highly oxygenated oxahydrindene nucleus of the avermectin-milbemycin family of anthelmintics has been achieved, exploiting a facile intramolecular SN2′ cyclization as the key step.
Functional Reconstitution as an Assay for Biochemical Isolation of Channel Proteins: Application to the Molecular Identification of a Bacterial Mechanosensitive Channel

Abstract A functional approach to molecular identification of the large conductance mechanosensitive channel (MscL) from Escherichia coli cell envelope is described. Isolated membranes were solubilized in octylglucoside, and proteins were fractionated on several columns. Individual or pools of fractions were reconstituted into azolectin liposomes, which were then examined for the characteristic MscL activity (2.5-nS mechnoactivated currents) by the patch-clamp technique. Averaging the numbers of MscL conducting units in several patches allowed us to rule out inactive fractions and select MscL-containing fractions for subsequent steps of enrichment. We have thereby correlated MscL activity with the presence of a 17-kDa protein, whose gene, mscL, was then cloned. We confirmed a direct relationship between the mscL product and the channel activity by heterologous expression of this gene in two different systems. Here we describe the techniques used to record the characteristic MscL currents from liposomes reconstituted with material from MscL-expressing yeasts or with canine microsomes into which MscL protein was synthesized by a cell-free expression system.
Potentiation of morphine hyperthermia in cats by pimozide and fluoxetine hydrochloride

Abstract Administration of morphine sulfate (1–4 mg/kg i.v.) to cats produces changes in body temperature, with hyperthermia appearing with larger doses. Since the central neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin have been implicated in thermoregulation, studies were done to determine whether morphine's action could be mediated via these transmitters. Temperature responses were measured in freely moving cats by means of rectal thermometer probes. Either pimozide, 0.5 mg/kg i.p., a specific DA receptor blocker, or fluoxetine HCl, 10 mg/kg i.p., a specific inhibitor of 5-HT uptake, was administered 2—3 h prior to morphine injection. Temperatures were monitored for 3.5 h after morphine administration. Both agents were found to enhance the hyperthermic response to morphine with the maximum morphine effect occurring in most cases by 2h. The results indicate that a balance in the ratio of 5-HT : DA may be involved in cat thermoregulation and that the hyperthermic responses in the cat to morphine may be affected by shifting this 5-HT : DA ratio.
External validation of a preoperative renal stone grading system: reproducibility and inter-rater concordance of the Guy's stone score using preoperative computed tomography and rigorous postoperative stone-free criteria.

Objective To validate the Guy's stone score (GSS) using preoperative computed tomography (CT) and to assess its inter-rater concordance and association with rigorous definitions of stone clearance. Methods The preoperative CT scans of 166 consecutive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) patients treated by a single surgeon were independently reviewed by 2 urology residents and graded according to GSS. Concordance was calculated using Cohen's kappa score. Residual fragments (RFs) were evaluated on CT or plain radiography on postoperative day 1. GSS was correlated with 3 different outcomes; RFs Results Higher GSS was associated with decreased stone clearance by any metric on a CT scan: RFs Conclusion The GSS is a straightforward grading system of the complexity of renal stones. When applied to preoperative CT scans, it offers good inter-rater concordance and is associated with rigorous endpoints of stone clearance. The inter-rater concordance could be further improved by explicit definitions of abnormal anatomy, partial vs complete staghorn stones, and the size of a calculus that constitutes a separate stone.
Detrital mineral ages from the Ross Supergroup, Antarctica: Implications for the Queen Maud terrane and outboard sediment provenance on the Gondwana margin

Abstract We present new U–Pb zircon and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar muscovite isotopic data for detrital minerals from deformed sandstones of the Ross Supergroup in the Queen Maud Mountains, Antarctica. Zircon U–Pb analyses of three samples previously assigned to the Proterozoic Beardmore Group have yielded 1230–549 Ma zircon age populations with 563 + 15/− 10 Ma (Duncan Formation), 558 + 17/− 15 Ma (Starshot Formation), and 550 + 11/− 7 Ma (Starshot Formation) maximum depositional ages. Single-step single-grain 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages for detrital muscovite from the ≤ 550 Ma Starshot sample yield a strong ~ 550 Ma mode comparable to the youngest zircon age population. Detrital zircon U–Pb analyses of four early Paleozoic Liv Group samples yielded 1725–488 Ma zircon age populations, with 559 + 8/− 7 Ma (Taylor Formation), 509 + 9/− 8 Ma (Henson Marble Member, Fairweather Formation), 504 + 6/− 6 Ma (Fairweather Formation), and 502 + 16/− 16 Ma (Greenlee Formation) maximum depositional ages. The younger suite of these maximum depositional ages provides new evidence for Cambrian deposition and subsequent deformation along this sector of the orogen. The age populations are consistent with the erosion and transport of sediment primarily derived from late Mesoproterozoic–early Neoproterozoic and middle Neoproterozoic–Early Ordovician-aged Gondwana sources, with zircon U/Th ratios primarily pointing to magmatic parent rocks. A regional comparative analysis of detrital zircon data indicates that inboard stratigraphic successions and those located outboard of the East Antarctic craton margin have similar age populations, an observation that challenges the notion that the outboard successions form part of an exotic terrane (the Queen Maud terrane) that docked with Gondwana during the Ross orogeny. The similar provenance signatures of sandstones from these areas and their affinity to Gondwanan sources provide important new evidence that places these areas in relative proximity to each other and within the peri-Gondwana realm during the latest Neoproterozoic to Cambrian.
Effect of protein supplementation on expression and distribution of urea transporter-B in lambs fed low-quality forage.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of ruminal protein degradability, supplementation frequency, and increasing dietary protein on the expression and distribution of urea transporter-B (UT-B) in lambs fed low-quality forage (mature crested wheatgrass hay; 4.2 to 4.7% CP). In Exp. 1, 15 Dorset wether lambs (initial BW = 45.8 ± 1.3 kg) were blocked by initial BW and assigned to 1 of 3 treatments within a randomized complete block design for 28 d, with supplements fed to achieve 7, 10, or 13% total dietary CP. In Exp. 2, 13 Dorset wether lambs (initial BW = 34 ± 4 kg) were used in a completely randomized design and given 1 of 4 isonitrogenous supplements: 1) ruminally degradable protein (RDP) fed daily (n = 3), 2) RDP fed on alternate days (n = 3), 3) ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) fed on alternate days (n = 3), or 4) a 50:50 mixture of RDP and RUP fed on alternate days (n = 4) for 18 d. Alternate-day treatments were fed at twice that of daily supplementation. On the last day of both experiments, lambs were killed and samples taken for Western blot analyses for UT-B. Immunoblotting using a rabbit polyclonal antibody to UT-B confirmed the presence of distinct 32-kDa (consistent with a nonglycosylated UT-B protein) and 47-kDa (probable N-glycosylated form of UT-B) protein bands in all 9 tissues analyzed. In both experiments, the liver, dorsal rumen, reticulum, and ventral rumen displayed strong bands at 32 kDa and lighter bands at 47 kDa, whereas the cecum, large colon, spiral colon, and parotid salivary gland displayed slight 32-kDa bands and stronger, more visible bands at 47 kDa. Both protein bands were apparent in the kidney at similar visual intensities in Exp. 1, whereas the relative intensities of the 2 UT-B bands in the kidney were variable, and appeared somewhat reciprocal among animals in Exp. 2. Although the abundance of the 47-kDa UT-B band in the ventral rumen was greater (P = 0.03) in lambs fed RDP daily in Exp. 2, no other treatment differences (P ≥ 0.15 to 0.99) in the abundance of the 32- or 47-kDa UT-B proteins within tissues were observed in either experiment. Although protein supplementation strategy had little effect on UT-B expression in tissues other than the ventral rumen, differences in the degree of glycosylation of UT-B across tissues may provide insight into its regulation.
The Role of Nutritional Intake & Creatine Supplementation on Strength/Body Composition of Successful Division One College Football Players

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To examine the role a NCAA division one, projected first or second team football player's caloric intake, diet composition & creatine supplementation has on strength/body composition. Optimal nutrition and supplementation are often used to enhance performance. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the role kilocalorie (kcal) intake, diet composition and creatine monohydrate supplementation (CMS) had on strength/body composition of 28 NCAA division one football players during the same, intense 15-day training period. Nutritionally, athletes primarily consumed school cafeteria food (33/45 meals) though were permitted to eat ad libitum from any source. Daily diet forms, listing menu items and recommended intake based on body mass, were utilized. All food consumed was recorded by the athlete, either by marking number of servings, or by a write-in entry. Creatine monohydrate or a placebo was administered (random, double-blind design) in a "load" phase (20 grams/day, 7 days) and in a subsequent "maintenance" phase (10 grams/day, 8 days). Results indicated no significant difference between the groups for nutritional intake (kcals: p=0.89; 5,162/5,203 kcal, mean macronutrients: p=0.62; carbohydrate 61/58%, protein 18/19%, fat 22/23%), strength volume during the "load" phase (p = 0.98) or in a pre-post "max bench press output" during a combination "load-maintenance" phase of CMS (p = 0.19). No significant difference existed for skinfold body composition measurements (p = 0.79) but a significant increase in body mass was observed in the experimental group (p
Egg Phospholipids and Cardiovascular Health

Eggs are a major source of phospholipids (PL) in the Western diet. Dietary PL have emerged as a potential source of bioactive lipids that may have widespread effects on pathways related to inflammation, cholesterol metabolism, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function. Based on pre-clinical studies, egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin appear to regulate cholesterol absorption and inflammation. In clinical studies, egg PL intake is associated with beneficial changes in biomarkers related to HDL reverse cholesterol transport. Recently, egg PC was shown to be a substrate for the generation of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbe-dependent metabolite associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. More research is warranted to examine potential serum TMAO responses with chronic egg ingestion and in different populations, such as diabetics. In this review, the recent basic science, clinical, and epidemiological findings examining egg PL intake and risk of CVD are summarized.
Rietveld quantification of montmorillonites in lead-contaminated soils

Abstract Differences between the observed and calculated X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns when a Rietveld phase quantification of Pb-contaminated montmorillonite soil was attempted were found to be attributed to a misfit of the montmorillonite diffraction input data. This was due to the scattering properties of Pb combined with the ill-defined structure of montmorillonite. X-ray powder diffraction data of pure Pb-exchanged montmorillonites suggest a structural ordering of interlayer Pb. Based on structural modeling of Ca-, (Ca,Pb)- and Pb ion-exchanged montmorillonite forms, an “observed” powder file was developed, which may be used as input to Rietveld quantification of Pb-exchanged montmorillonites.
Thrombocytopenic Purpura: The Dentist’s Responsibility

The dentist, rather than the physician, may be the first to see a patient with thrombocytopenic purpura or a related blood disorder. Therefore, he should be able to recognize these blood disorders and to perform diagnostic tests in his office. The patient may then be referred to a physician for proper treatment before dental procedures are performed.
A spectroscopic and computational study of the singlet and triplet excited states of synthetic β-functionalized chlorins

This paper presents a comparative investigation of the absorption, fluorescence, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and transient triplet–triplet absorption spectroscopic properties and triplet state dynamics of two functionalized, synthetic, meso-phenylchlorins. The chromophores investigated are the novel 2-hydroxy-3-oxa-5,10,15,20-tetrakisphenylchlorin (3) and the known 2,3-dioxo-5,10,15,20-tetrakisphenylchlorin (4). In these chromophores, one peripheral ACH@CHA bond of the parent porphyrin meso-tetrakisphenylporphyrin (TPP, 1) was formally replaced by a ACH(OH)OA (lactol) or a b-diketone moiety. The spectroscopic data are compared with results from investigations on the parent porphyrin TPP studied here and the parent chlorin 5,10,15,20-tetrakisphenylchlorin (TPC, 2) from the literature. The spectroscopic observables are examined both qualitatively within the framework of the four orbital model and quantitatively using MNDO-PSDCI methods. The results delineate the role of b-lactol and b-dicarbonyl moieties in controlling the electronic and spectroscopic properties of these chromophores. This investigation serves as the foundation from which to derive a general understanding of the effects of b-functionalization on the electronic properties of chlorin-type chromophores. This knowledge is required for the design and understanding of longwavelength absorbing and fluorescing chromophores to be used in light harvesting systems and photomedicine. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Linear sufficiency and some applications in multilinear estimation

In the linear model Y = Xβ + u the question arises when a linear transformation z = Ly contains all information of the linear model. This problem was solved byBaksalary and Kala (Annals 1981), Drygas (Sankhya, forthcoming) and J. Muller (Ph.D. thesis, Kassel 1982). As an application the estimation of the variance of the observations, its skewness, and its kurtosis are considered. This is done by considering so-called derived models. (Anscombe, F. J. (1961), Fourth Berkeley Symp. Math. Statist. Prob. 1, 1–36; Pukelsheim, F. (1980), Metrika 27, 103–113;Kleffe, J. (1978), Math. Operationsforsch. Statist. Ser. Statist. 9, 443–478). Linear sufficient statistics are derived for these problems.
Optimal harvesting policy for an age-specific population

Abstract The optimal equilibrium harvesting policy for an age-specific population of females is investigated. Using a Leslie growth model, we consider admissible harvesting policies in which a certain fraction of each age group is harvested in such a way that the population returns to an identical age configuration after each harvest. The optimal harvesting policy, that policy which maximizes the yield subject to a linear ecological or economic constraint, is found. It is shown to consist of harvesting a certain fraction of a primary age group and all of a secondary age group. The primary age group is younger than, or the same age as, the “surplus” age group, that age group during which the cumulative expected number of daughters born to a female first exceeds one. The secondary age group is older than the surplus age group, though in some cases it is absent from the problem. The two harvesting ages are dependent on the birth and death rates and the economic parameters of the problem.
Binding affinity and antimuscarinic activity of σ and phencyclidine receptor ligands

The characterization of the σ receptor has been hampered by the lack of a functional bioassay system. Drugs that bind to σ receptors have been reported to inhibit carbachol-induced phosphatidylinositol turnover in rat brain; however, these drugs might directly affect muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. The purpose of the present study was to determine the affinity for muscarinic receptors and the antimuscarinic activity of σ and phencyclidine receptor ligands. All of the drugs tested inhibited the binding of [3H]N-methylscopolamine to guinea pig cerebral cortical membranes with K1 values in the micromolar range and also inhibited carbachol-induced contractions in the guinea pig ileum. These results demonstrate that these compounds have substantial antimuscarinic activity which might limit the use of the inhibition of carbachol-induced phosphatidylinositol turnover as a functional assay system for studying σ ligands. Furthermore, this antimuscarinic activity must be considered when evaluating the effects of these compounds after in vivo administration.
The decline in mortality in British Guiana, 1911-1960

In this paper an attempt is made to describe the pattern of declining mortality in British Guiana between 1911 and 1960. Specifically we identify the disease-specific mortality rates whose declines contributed most to the overall improvement, we consider the possibility that changing economic circumstances may have contributed to the decline in mortality, and we survey the improvements in public health facilities which occurred during the period. Broadly our conclusion is that improvements in public health facilities and not economic advances were responsible for the dramatic decline in mortality which was experienced. Before 1940 these advances took the form of improvements in the quality of the country’s water supplies, in methods of disposing of waste, and in medical facilities especially on the colony’s sugar estates. In addition, there was an advance in the dissemination of information with respect to pre- and post-natal care. In the postwar period British Guiana’s famous D.D.T. experiment was the most important reason death rates continued to fall.
Effects of potassium ion on sludge settling, dewatering and effluent properties

Potassium ions appear to play an important role in determining the nature of activated sludge flocs. Relative to sodium, the concentration of potassium ions in most industrial activated sludge is typically low. Laboratory and field studies were conducted to examine the influence of potassium on activated sludge properties. The concentration of potassium affected the concentration of readily extractable (slime) proteins in the floc and the proteins in the surrounding solution. In laboratory tests, an increase in this cation's concentration beyond nutrient requirements impeded sludge dewatering properties as measured by capillary suction time (CST) and specific resistance to filtration (SRF) and associated with an increase in soluble protein. An increase in effluent total organic carbon and effluent turbidity was observed at higher concentrations of this ion. Conversely, an increase in concentration of potassium ion improved the settling properties of sludge with low equivalent monovalent to divalent cation ratio.
Risk Budgeting, Parameter Uncertainty,and Risk Realizations

Risk budgeting is a process by which investors make asset allocation decisions subject to a portfolio-to-benchmark tracking error constraint. We use simulations of multi-asset class portfolio returns to compare risk budgeting outcomes in two contexts: a world in which the parameters of the distribution of asset returns are known (parameter certainty) and one in which those parameter values vary from evaluation period to evaluation period (parameter uncertainty). Even under parameter certainty, risk budgets are different from resource budgets in that high tracking error (active return volatility) does not imply a violation of the risk budget. Under the level of parameter uncertainty (variation in the parameters of asset return distributions) observed during the 1976–2004 period, tracking error volatility across simulations is approximately twice as large as is observed under risk certainty. Our results suggest that risk budgeting does not provide an appropriate analytical framework for measuring the realized performance of portfolios or portfolio managers relative to their benchmarks
Stability of Hingeless Rotor Blades in Hover with Pitch-Link Flexibility

A stability analysis of a single cantilevered helicopter rotor blade in hover is presented. The blade is represented by an elastic uniform beam, cantilevered in bending and having a torsional root spring to simulate pitch-link flexibility. Nonlinear equations are adapted for a linearized stability analysis about the blade equilibrium operating condition. Numerical results are obtained for hingeless rotor configurations having pitchlink flexibility, precone, droop, twist, and flap-lag structural coupling. The results indicate that hingeless rotor stability characteristics are sensitive to changes in most configuration parameters. For a given torsion frequency, the effect of pitch-link flexibility is generally found to be similar to the effect of blade torisional flexibility. Droop and precone, although physically similar, exhibit different effects on stability when pitch-link flexibility is present. Twist is shown to influence the stability by altering the flap-lag structural coupling.
The association of acetyl-coenzyme a carboxylase with the microsomal fraction of pigeon liver

Abstract When prepared in a salt-free sucrose medium, pigeon liver microsomes as well as the supernatant fraction incorporated acetyl-CoA into fatty acids. In the case of the microsomes, this incorporation was bicarbonate-dependent but avidin-insensitive. The partition of activity between microsomal and supernatant fractions depended upon the dilution of the homogenate prior to the separation of the fractions, the microsomes from concentrated homogenates being the more active. Addition of Mg++ just prior to separation of the microsomes increased the acetyl-CoA incorporating activity of the microsomes, but decreased the activity in the supernatant fraction to a greater extent. The malonyl-CoA incorporating activities were not comparably affected. Evidence is presented that these effects reflect an association of acetyl-CoA carboxylase with the microsomal fraction. This association is favored by separation of the microsomes from concentrated homogenates and also by the presence of Mg++. It is concluded that in vivo the acetyl-CoA carboxylase may be membrane associated.
Droplet Combustion in a Simulated Reduced-Gravity Environment

Abstract Experimental results are presented on combustion of freely-falling droplets in an apparatus that promotes spherical symmetry. Design of the apparatus is based upon the principle that gravitation-ally-induced pressure gradients in gases may be significantly reduced by accelerating the gases with properly-contoured tubes. Droplets travelling with the gases experience substantially reduced forced-convective and buoyant (gravitational) flow effects, strongly promoting spherically symmetrical combustion. It was found that burning rates for single-component alkane fuel droplets were significantly lower in our contoured tube than in a straight tube where similar initial conditions were applied. The results suggest that use of a contoured drop-tube significantly diminished the degree of natural and forced convection experienced by the falling droplets, allowing droplet burning rate measurements to be made under very weak buoyant and forced-convective flow conditions. This is desirable so that fundamental...
A simplicial branch and bound duality-bounds algorithm for the linear sum-of-ratios problem

In this article, we present and validate a simplicial branch and bound duality-bounds algorithm for globally solving the linear sum-of-ratios fractional program. The algorithm computes the lower bounds called for during the branch and bound search by solving ordinary linear programming problems. These problems are derived by using Lagrangian duality theory. The algorithm applies to a wide class of linear sum-of-ratios fractional programs. Two sample problems are solved, and the potential practical and computational advantages of the algorithm are indicated.
Neural Correlates of Familiar and Unfamiliar Face Processing in Infants at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders

Examining the neural correlates associated with processing social stimuli offers a viable option to the challenge of studying early social processing in infants at risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The present investigation included 32 12-month olds at high risk for ASD and 24 low-risk control infants, defined on the basis of family history. Infants were presented with familiar and unfamiliar faces, and three components of interest were explored for amplitude and latency differences. The anticipated developmental effects of emerging hemispheric asymmetry for face-sensitive components (the N290 and P400) were observed, as were familiarity effects for a component related to attention (the Nc). Although there were no striking group differences in the neural response to faces, there was some evidence for a developmental lag in an attentional component for the high-risk group. The infant ASD endophenotype, though elusive, may be better defined through expanding the age of study and addressing change over time in response to varied stimuli.
A DNA Polymerase β in the Mitochondrion of the Trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata

Abstract We previously purified a Crithidia fasciculata mitochondrial DNA polymerase that has unusual properties. Unlike a conventional mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ, this enzyme is small, non-processive, deficient in 3′-exonuclease activity, and error prone (Torri, A. F., Kunkel, T. A., and Englund, P. T.(1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 8165-8171). In all of these characteristics, the enzyme resembles DNA polymerase β, a nuclear enzyme thought to be involved in DNA repair. We have now cloned and sequenced the gene for this enzyme. The mitochondrial polymerase has significant homology, about 33% identity at the amino acid level, with human DNA polymerase β. However, sequence analysis of the clone revealed the presence of a cleaved N-terminal presequence, presumably a mitochondrial import signal, which resembles presequences on other C. fasciculata mitochondrial proteins. The polymerase's function may be to repair the many gaps in newly replicated kinetoplast (mitochondrial) DNA minicircles in this parasite. This enzyme is the first example of a mitochondrial DNA polymerase β.
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt signaling pathway in medullary thyroid cancer.

In the United States, an estimated 33, 550 cases of thyroid cancer were diagnosed in 2007 according to the American Cancer Society. Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) accounts for approximately 5% of these carcinomas and arises from calcitonin-secreting parafollicular C cells.1 While up to 25% of MTCs are hereditary, the majority of cases are sporadic. Hereditary forms of MTC include both multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 types (MEN 2A and MEN 2B) and familial MTC. Mutations of the RET (Rearranged during Transfection) proto-oncogene on chromosome 10q11 are present in over 95% of hereditary MTCs and about 25% of sporadic MTCs.2 Dominant-activating or gain-of-function mutations in the RET proto-oncogene lead to the constitutive activation of receptor tyrosine kinases and downstream pathways involved in cell survival and proliferation.
Passing the Torch: Intergenerational Influences as a Source of Brand Equity

Abstract In today’s competitive battleground, the concept of brand equity has proved to be an important source of strategic insights for marketers. However, one potentially valuable source of brand equity—the operation of intergenerational influences—has generally been overlooked in the marketing literature. This article reports the findings of two studies that show intergenerational impacts on brand equity to be persistent and powerful across an array of consumer packaged goods. However, as a strategic challenge, these effects seem to apply strongly for some brands but not for others—they are selective. In Study 1, the authors use parallel surveys of mother–daughter dyads to isolate and quantify intergenerational impacts, and the surveys reveal a differential range of effects at both the product category and the brand level. In Study 2, the authors use interpretivist methods to delve more deeply into these effects—the forms they take, the way they have developed, and factors that sustain or disrupt them....
P100 amplitude variability of the pattern visual evoked potential

Abstract This study quantifies the amplitude variability of the pattern visual evoked potential (P-VEP) and compares this variability (1) between the two eyes and (2) between individual runs recorded in the typical clinical laboratory. Cooperative adults were studied in order to obtain measurements under optimal conditions. Average P100 amplitudes of 10 runs for one eye were essentially equal to average P100 amplitudes of the other eye, as were the variances. Mean amplitude ratio (the smaller amplitude divided by the larger amplitude) was 0.91. With a group mean P100 amplitude of 10.06 μV, standard deviation for intrasubject data was 1.84, and for intersubject data was 3.75. Therefore, most of the amplitude variability between the two eyes is due to run-to-run variability. A minimum of 3 runs (100 stimuli each) and an optimum of 5 runs should be recorded before making an evaluation.
Subcortical projections to the centromedian and parafascicular thalamic nuclei in the cat

The primary objective of this study is to identify the totality of input to the centromedian and parafascicular (CM-Pf) thalamic nuclear complex. The subcortical projections upon the CM-Pf complex were studied in the cat with three different retrograde tracers. The tracers used were unconjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP), horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP), and rhodamine-labeled fluorescent latex microspheres (RFM). Numerous subcortical structures or substructures contained labeled neurons with all three tracing techniques. These labeled structures included the central nucleus of the amygdala; the entopeduncular nucleus; the globus pallidus; the reticular and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus; parts of the hypothalamus including the dorsal, lateral, and posterior hypothalamic areas and the ventromedial and parvicellular nuclei; the zona incerta and fields of Forel; parts of the substantia nigra including the pars reticularis and pars lateralis, and the retrorubral area; the pretectum; the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus; the periaqueductal gray; the dorsal nucleus of the raphe; portions of the reticular formation, including the mesencephalic, pontis oralis, pontis caudalis, gigantocellularis, ventralis, and lateralis reticular nuclei; the nucleus cuneiformis; the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum; the locus coeruleus; portions of the trigeminal complex, including the principal sensory and spinal nuclei; portions of the vestibular complex, including the lateral division of the superior nucleus and the medial nucleus; deep cerebellar nuclei, including the medial and lateral cerebellar nuclei; and lamina VII of the cervical spinal cord. Moreover, the WGA-HRP and rhodamine methods (known to be more sensitive than the HRP method) revealed several afferent sources not shown by HRP: the anterior hypothalamic area, ventral tegmental area, lateral division of the superior vestibular nucleus, nucleus interpositus, and the nucleus praepositus hypoglossi. Also, the rhodamine method revealed labeled neurons in laminae V and VI of the cervical spinal cord.
THE SHOENFIELD ABSOLUTENESS LEMMA

A new proof of Levy’s version of the Absoluteness Lemma is given—a proof which avoids dependent choices and leads to stronger versions of the lemma.
Diagnosis and clinical presentation of endometriosis.

Despite advances in diagnostic techniques, endometriosis remains an enigmatic condition. Clinical symptoms and signs often do not correlate with the anatomic stage of the disease, and morphologic characteristics vary widely. A definitive diagnosis can be established only by direct visualization, usually by laparoscopy. In some cases biopsy may be necessary to confirm the presence of disease.
Palatability, satiation and thresholds for stimulus-bound drinking

Abstract Rats were implanted with chronic electrodes in the drinking area of the lateral hypothalamus. Their drinking thresholds for tap water and moderately strong saccharine and quinine solutions were measured. The rats were always satiated on the solution under test. Compared to water, their mean ad lib intake of the saccharine solution increased by 149 per cent, and that of quinine decreased by 52 per cent. Their saccharine thresholds were lower than their water thresholds, and for 3 of the 4 rats quinine thresholds were higher than those for water. The results are interpreted in terms of taste-dependent intensities of input to reward circuits in the lateral hypothalamus generated by feedback from drinking. It is tentatively concluded that for any given solution, the greater its palatability the less the level of satiation attained on it.
The death of a person.

Drawing upon Lynne Baker's idea of the person derivatively possessing the properties of a constituting organism, I argue that even if persons aren't identical to living organisms, they can each literally die a biological death. Thus we can accept that we're not essentially organisms and can still die without having to admit that there are two concepts and criteria of death as Jeff McMahan and Robert Veatch do. Furthermore, we can accept James Bernat's definition of “death” without having to insist, as he does, that persons are identical to organisms or that persons can only die metaphorical deaths.
Derivation of Soil-Screening Thresholds to Protect the Chisel-Toothed Kangaroo Rat from Uranium Mine Waste in Northern Arizona

Chemical data from soil and weathered waste material samples collected from five uranium mines north of the Grand Canyon (three reclaimed, one mined but not reclaimed, and one never mined) were used in a screening-level risk analysis for the Arizona chisel-toothed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys microps leucotis); risks from radiation exposure were not evaluated. Dietary toxicity reference values were used to estimate soil-screening thresholds presenting risk to kangaroo rats. Sensitivity analyses indicated that body weight critically affected outcomes of exposed-dose calculations; juvenile kangaroo rats were more sensitive to the inorganic constituent toxicities than adult kangaroo rats. Species-specific soil-screening thresholds were derived for arsenic (137 mg/kg), cadmium (16 mg/kg), copper (1,461 mg/kg), lead (1,143 mg/kg), nickel (771 mg/kg), thallium (1.3 mg/kg), uranium (1,513 mg/kg), and zinc (731 mg/kg) using toxicity reference values that incorporate expected chronic field exposures. Inorganic contaminants in soils within and near the mine areas generally posed minimal risk to kangaroo rats. Most exceedances of soil thresholds were for arsenic and thallium and were associated with weathered mine wastes.
Brownian motion of highly charged poly(L-lysine). Effects of salt and polyion concentration

The Brownian motion of a single sample of high-molecular-weight poly(L-lysine) [(Lys)n, n = 955] has been studied by dynamic light scattering over a wide range of NaBr concentrations and at three different polyion concentrations. A substantial decrease in scattered intensity is associated with the transition from the ordinary phase to the low-salt extraordinary phase. At the salt concentration where the transition takes place the relaxations are non-exponential and appear to exhibit at all angles a rapid relaxation (τ ≅ 10 μsec) that is presumed to be a manifestation of the kinetics of the transition process. The K2 dependence of the slow relaxation rates in the extraordinary phase has been confirmed within the experimental error. The extrapolated infinite-dilution values of the diffusion coefficients in the ordinary phase are observed to decline precipitously below 10−2M salt to astonishingly small values, indicating a dramatic rise in the friction factors of the isolated polyions. An extensive discussion of these findings in relation to the theory employed here and to existing data in the literature is also given.
Going Vegetarian for the Day

Abstract To determine participants' willingness to go "meat-free" for the day, a twelve-item survey was distributed randomly at campus restaurants during meal periods. The sample consisted of over 600 students and staff. The results were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) statistical software. Nine percent (71% female & 29% male) claimed to be vegetarian with lacto-ovo vegetarianism the most popular. Vegetarians claimed to be so for the following reasons: 50% health, 10% ethical, 9.2% environmental, 11.5% religious, & 20% all reasons. The most popular response for not becoming vegetarian was the respondents'(61%)love of meat and animal sources. Eighty-seven percent (95% vegetarian & 88% non vegetarian) claimed to be concerned about healthy eating. A reported 92% of the participants acknowledged that a diet high in animal fat is linked to various diseases. Sixty-six (92% vegetarian & 63% non-vegetarian) of the sample reported their current eating habits were healthy. Although only 30% of the sample would consider becoming vegetarian, 67% claimed they would consider becoming vegetarian for the day. This supports the need for continued education of the college population on the benefits of following a predominantly plant-based diet for quality health now and in the future.
Spectral trimming of fano reflectors on silicon and glass substrates

Surface-normal ultra-compact narrowband optical filters and broadband reflectors can all be realized via Fano resonances on patterned single layer silicon nanomembranes (SiNM) layers on SOI. Recently, we reported Fano filters transferred onto glass or flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates, employing a low temperature wet-transfer process. Here we report demonstration of broadband reflectors based on Fano resonances, on SOI and on glass substrates, along with the spectral trimming for precise definition of cavity resonances, based on the effective index control of low index oxide layer surrounding patterned SiNM device layer.
Evolution of real-time computer systems for manned spaceflight

This paper describes the evolution of ground-based command and control systems used to support NASA's manned spaceflight program; it is an encapsulation of twenty years of development of real-time command and control systems at NASA's Real-Time Computer Complex (RTCC) in Houston, Texas. A brief description of manned spaceflight programs, their accomplishments, and IBM's involvement is provided as background information. Emphasis is given to the development of RTCC systems, as well as to the technological and architectural changes affecting this development. Also described are experiences gained in the management of complex, real-time software systems and the tools and techniques used in the development process.