cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distance as a predictor of treatment attendance in a family based pediatric weight management program in rural areas.

Purpose The primary aim of this study was to determine whether demographic variables and distance to treatment were significant predictors of treatment attendance in a family based healthy lifestyle intervention program held in rural counties. Methods Two hundred forty-nine children aged 8-12 who were overweight or obese and their parents participated in a 21-session healthy lifestyle intervention. Measures were obtained at baseline, and attendance included the number of the first core 12 sessions attended. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted to identify variables that significantly predicted treatment attendance, and exploratory moderation analyses were conducted to examine if demographic variables moderated effects of distance to treatment site predicting group attendance. Findings Results support significant inverse relationships between distance to treatment and treatment attendance. Additionally, parents’ marriage status significantly moderated the relationship between distance to treatment and treatment attendance. Conclusions These results expand the literature to a rural sample and indicate the importance of marital status for treatment attendance. Knowledge of these barriers to treatment provides information to tailor interventions to improve attendance in the future. Possible strategies include addressing cultural norms, providing resources to overcome time and travel barriers, and implementing e-health interventions.
Modeling Biology Using Relational Databases

There are several different methodologies that can be used for designing a database schema; no one is the best for all occasions. This unit demonstrates two different techniques for designing relational tables and discusses when each should be used. These two techniques presented are (1) traditional Entity-Relationship (E-R) modeling and (2) a hybrid method that combines aspects of data warehousing and E-R modeling. The method of choice depends on (1) how well the information and all its inherent relationships are understood, (2) what types of questions will be asked, (3) how many different types of data will be included, and (4) how much data exists.
Simplified thermal modeling of indirect evaporative heat exchangers

A simplified model using a modified effectiveness–Number of Transfer Units (NTU) method for thermal performance simulation of indirect evaporative heat exchangers is presented and then validated utilizing experimental data from the literature. The objective of this model is to facilitate efficient computer simulation of indirect evaporative cooling or hybrid indirect evaporative cooling/direct expansion vapor compression systems, both of which include an indirect evaporative heat exchanger as a core component. Through some approximations, the governing differential equations that describe indirect evaporative heat exchanger heat/mass transfer behavior are modified to produce a methodology that is analogous to the effectiveness–NTU method for sensible-only heat exchangers. The simplified set of equations can then be solved within short computation times and with numerical stability. An examination of the Lewis factor impact on evaporation processes using this model indicates that the approximation of unity...
Computational investigations of blunt trailing-edge and twist modifications to the inboard region of the NREL 5 MW rotor

The effects of twist and section shape modifications in the inboard region on the aerodynamic characteristics of the NREL 5 MW rotor have been examined using a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes method OVERFLOW2. The baseline rotor blade was modified by increasing the trailing-edge thickness over the inboard region by modifying the sections’ thickness distribution aft of the maximum thickness location. Results when compared with the baseline rotor show that a modest increase of trailing-edge thickness to 10–20%c increased power capture by 1%. Further increases in trailing-edge thickness decrease in effectiveness to the point of reducing power capture when thicknesses reach 40%c. Increasing trailing-edge thicknesses also leads to an increase in thrust, but this load is concentrated in the inboard region, resulting in a small increase in root bending moments. The blunt trailing-edge concept greatly reduces the spanwise extent of inboard flow separation evident in the baseline NREL 5 MW rotor. The low-pressure region aft of the trailing edge, created by the geometry, acts to reduce the spanwise spreading of the inboard separation. Rotors with modified twist distributions over the inboard 35%R of span are also compared. Inboard twist angles are varied from + 6° to − 6° from the baseline twist schedule. Increasing inboard blade twist reduces overall rotor power capture but reduces thrust at a faster rate. Power capture remains constant with decreasing inboard geometry twist, whereas thrust increases approximately linearly by 0.75% for a decrease in thrust of 6°. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congregational political activity and same-sex marriage: Social movement theory and evidence for contextual influence

We interpret three strands of social movement theory (social threat, opportunity structure, and resource mobilization) to understand religious congregations' political activity related to same-sex marriage. Using a unique, national data set from the 2008 presidential election, we show the importance of the anti-same-sex marriage discursive opportunity structure (DOS) for facilitating, and occasionally constraining, congregational political activity. Other theoretical factors influence congregations under limited, although important, conditions. Our research develops a nuanced understanding of congregations' roles in social movements that prioritize institutionalized political activity and expands DOS theory in relation to local religious organizations.
Digestion and Absorption

In this chapter, data on human material only are reviewed, since it is not possible to describe animal studies due to limitations in the scope of this volume. Only where there is a lack of human data have I briefly discussed animal experiments in that particular area. Space restrictions have forced me to omit from the finished review some of the text and some references. As a result, some comparative aspects have disappeared, and the priority of the researchers is not always apparent. The originators of an approach are then only cited in the listed work by their followers. I therefore apologize to the authors in question and to the reader for this incompleteness.
Numerical Study of a Cold Air Outbreak over the Ocean

Abstract A cold air outbreak over the East China Sea was simulated by using a high-resolution mesoscale planetary boundary layer model developed at Purdue University. The model includes the major physical processes such as surface fluxes of heat and moisture, condensation and evaporation, and vertical turbulent transfer of heat, moisture, and momentum. The distribution of specific humidity during the passage of the front reveals that moisture is pushed upward along the frontal surface as observed. The cold dry air behind the cold front is quickly modified by strong convection over the warm water surface, especially over the Kuroshio. A cloud-free region exists near the coast where the air is very cold and dry. As air moves over the water and undergoes modification, a layer of stratocumulus forms downstream from the cloud-free region. The depth of the convective boundary layer increases toward the Kuroshio. In the horizontal momentum equations, the diffusion term almost balances the ageostrophic force in t...
Surface Airflow Over East Antarctica

Abstract Surface winds over the Antarctic interior occur mainly due to the strong radiational cooling of the ice slopes. As a consequence, such winds exhibit a high degree of persistence with a predominant direction closely related to the terrain orientation. Using detailed contour maps of the interior ice topography and representative values of the mean wintertime strength of the temperature inversion, it is possible to infer the terrain-induced accelerations. A simple diagnostic equation system is formulated, from which a time-averaged surface airflow pattern of East Antarctica is generated. The results appear consistent with observations. The occurrence of localized, anomalously strong katabatic winds is explained as a result of typographically forced patterns of cold-air convergence depicted in the airflow analysis.
Application of empirical data-fitting techniques to agglomeration experiments

Etude de l'agglomeration du produit resultant du procede d'extraction par solvant, d'huile de schiste. Optimisation du procede. Representation des donnees par des modeles lineaires
A new small-molecule Stat3 inhibitor.

In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, Schust et al. [1] report the discovery of a small molecule (Stattic) that inhibits the binding of a high affinity phosphopeptide for the SH2 domain of Stat3. Stattic is a new tool for studying Stat3 signaling and demonstrates that the SH2 domain is not a dead target.
Mechanisms of mRNA decay.

• Clarifying complementary roles for natural and genetically manipu- lated microorganisms. • Assuring that bioremediation does not produce toxic inter- mediates or hazardous end products in treated environments. • Broadening the range of priority chemicals treatable by biological processes. • Studying the fate of microbial genoines in the environment, es- pecially for genetically engineered strains. I should like to add to the list the development of methods that genuinely solve problems associated with metals and radionuclides, the development of procedures that handle mixed wastes and the edu- cation of the public and govern- ments throughout the world on the true costs, benefits, and risks of environmental biotechnology.
DNA repair synthesis following exposure of guinea-pig pancreatic slices to methyl-N-nitrosourethane in vitro.

Nachweis, dass Behandlung mit Methyl-n-Nitrosouretan die DNA-Synthese in Gewebeschnitten von Meerschweinchen-Pankreas in vitro induziert.
Uncomfortably Numb: Countercultural Impulses in the Postmodern Era

Informed by 1960s research suggesting that early signs of emerging social psychological trends are visible in countercultural groups, the article uses in-depth interviews and participant observation to explore the attitudes of the “Freaks”—a group of countercultural students. Finding that they express pessimism and cynicism, rejection of metanarratives and fragmented identities, the article suggests some comparisons between the Freaks' attitudes and those held by their 1960s predecessors and elaborates on the meaning of these attitudes in light of contemporary theoretical debates about a postmodern self.
Specific antibody synthesis in vitro. I: Technical considerations

Abstract Previously described methods for measuring specific antibody production in vitro are complex and frequently require the addition of a non-specific mitogen and 2 or more sepaparate steps including a lymphocyte culture and then an antibody assay. In this report we present further details regarding a 1-step, non-mitogen requiring assay for specific antibody synthesis combining microculture and enzyme-linked immunoassay techniques. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from recently immunized subjects are cultured in antigen-coated plastic wells and the specific antibody produced and adhered to the solid-phase antigen is measured in an enzyme-linked immunoassay. The production of specific antibody in vitro did not occur in lymphocyte preparations that were frozen, thawed and incubated, nor did it occur in cultures containing puromycin. T cell separation and remixture experiments indicated that T cells provide significant augmentation under the conditions of this assay. It is apparent that the antibody measured was synthesized in vitro and that cell-cell interactions are operant. The assay may prove useful in the assessment of immune competence and in determining in vitro the effect of certain biologic response modifiers on antibody production.
Interspecific associations of Diana monkeys, Cercopithecus diana, in Sierra Leone, West Africa: biological significance or chance?

The advantages of interspecific associations are invoked frequently without first testing the null hypotheses: (1) observed associations occur by chance, and (2) when associations do occur, the organism's behaviour is unaffected. During a study of two groups of Diana monkeys on Tiwai Island, Sierra Leone, the duration and frequency of interspecific associations were recorded along with behavioural and ecological data. Interspecific associations occurred in 36·6% of the samples from one group and 89·5% of the samples from the other. Predicted values of association based on null hypothesis 1 were generated using both Waser's gas model and computer simulation based on species density and group spread. For interspecific associations of Diana monkeys with the six other species of forest monkeys resident on Tiwai Island, only associations with olive colobus, Procolobus verus, could not be accounted for by random events (i.e. exceeded null model predictions). For both study groups, associations were non-random with respect to their range use. The frequency of different behavioural categories of Diana monkeys was not independent of association status, but both varied with time of day. No significant relationship between interspecific association and behaviour was found for either study group, when controlling for time of day. The effects of random processes must be considered before biological significance is attributed to interspecific associations.
Constraints on neutrino mass from Sunyaev-Zeldovich cluster surveys

The presence of massive neutrinos has a characteristic impact on the growth of large scale structures such as galaxy clusters. We forecast on the capability of the number count and power spectrum measured from the ongoing and future Sunyaev-Zeldovich cluster surveys, combined with cosmic microwave background (CMB) observation to constrain the total neutrino mass ${M}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ in a flat $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\mathrm{CDM}$ cosmology. We adopt self-calibration for the mass-observable scaling relation and evaluate constraints for the South Pole Telescope normally and with polarization, Planck, and Atacama Cosmology Telescope Polarization surveys. We find that a sample of $\ensuremath{\approx}1000$ clusters obtained from the Planck cluster survey plus extra information from CMB lensing extraction could tighten the current upper bound on the sum of neutrino masses to ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{{M}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}}=0.17\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ at 68% C.L. Our analysis shows that cluster number counts and the power spectrum provide complementary constraints, and as a result they help reducing the error bars on ${M}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ by a factor of 4--8 when both probes are combined. We also show that the main strength of cluster measurements in constraining ${M}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ is when good control of cluster systematics is available. When applying a weak prior on the mass-observable relations, which can be at reach in the upcoming cluster surveys, we obtain ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{{M}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}}=0.48\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ using cluster only probes and, more interestingly, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{{M}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}}=0.08\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ using cluster $+$ CMB, which corresponds to a $S/N\ensuremath{\approx}4$ detection for ${M}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\ge}0.3\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$. We analyze and discuss the degeneracies of ${M}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ with other parameters and investigate the sensitivity of neutrino mass constraints with various surveys specifications.
Functional Unfolding in E. coli Adenylate Kinase

It has become increasingly clear that proteins have evolved for their entire energy landscape including excited states that are important for their biological functions. However, excited state conformations are difficult to study due to their low population and transient nature. One such excited state has been stabilized in E. coli adenylate kinase (AK) using an entropy-enhancing mutation scheme. Mutating solvent exposed residues from valine to glycine has preferentially stabilized a locally unfolded (LU) excited state in the LID domain of AK while maintaining the same ground-state structure. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements of these variants demonstrate direct evidence of the LU state and verify previous thermodynamic data. Furthermore, NMR relaxation dispersion experiments give access to the kinetics of the local unfolding transition, which in conjunction with entropy-enhancing variants that modulate the enzymatic activity of AK, should allow insight into the protein dynamics that drive enzymatic activity. These studies illuminate the ensemble nature of the native state and provide insight on how conformational excursions can tune biological activity in other systems.
Dry etching processes for fabrication of QWIPs and other detector structures

The fabrication of QWIPs and various grating structures for detectivity improvements requires the ability to selectively or non-selectively or non-selectively etch GaAs/AlGaAs, GaAs/InGaP, AlInAs/InGaAs and other heterostructure systems with high resolution. For selective etching of GaAs over ALGaAs, plasma chemistries involving BCl3 or SiCl4 with additions of SF6 or CF4 can provide selectivities over 600:1 when the ion energies and fluxes in the plasma are relatively low. The selectivity is severely reduced when the ion energy exceeds approximately 150 eV, because of sputter-enhanced removal of the AlF3 which provides the etch-stop reaction. Fluorine-free, chlorine- based chemistries provide equi-rate etching of AlxGa1-xAs across the entire composition range as long as water vapor is excluded from the reactor chamber. This is readily achievable in load-locked systems, and BCl3 is an attractive choice as the plasma chemistry because of its ability to get water vapor and to attack the native oxide on III-V materials. The CH4/H2 plasma chemistry is selective for InGaAs over AlInAs at low ion energies, and also provides smooth controlled etching of II-VI compounds such as HgCdTe and related materials. ECR plasma sources have a number of advantages over conventional RIE systems, including higher etch rates, but typically display lower etch selectivities because of the very high ion fluxes. We also describe new etch processes developed for the III-N materials such as GaN, AlN and InN. Their high bond energies relative to the more common compound semiconductors have generally led to reports of low etch rates and the need for very high dc self-biases, but we show it is possible to use new plasma chemistries such as ICl under ECR conditions which produce efficient etching of these materials.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain with long period grating pairs using low resolution detection

An investigation showing the performance of compact long period grating (LPG) pairs under demanding experimental conditions, making comparisons with the use of single LPGs for the simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature is presented. In this work, a LPG pair (LPGP) sensor comprising two weak (∼2.5 dB each) LPGs, 13 mm apart, was compared against the performance of two single LPG sensors (LPG1 & LPG2) with coupling strengths of 2.5 dB and 12.5 dB, respectively. All the LPG sensors used were subjected to extreme conditions arising from the fabrication, by choosing a high amplitude mask period with short physical length LPGs, and the high temperature annealing processes. In addition, a low resolution detection instrument was used to capture the spectra under study. Results have shown that the LPGP is ∼40 times better than the first single LPG used (LPG1) and three times better than the second LPG (LPG2). Using the error analysis methodology of Brady et al., the temperature and strain errors due to the uncertainty of the wavelength measurement for each of the LPG1, LPG2, and LPGP were compared with the typical performance of various fibre Bragg grating (FBG)-based sensor schemes under similar testing conditions. It was found that LPGPs offer the best performance especially when using low resolution detection instrumentation.
Recovery of oxygen utilization efficiency after global myocardial ischemia

The time required for myocardial oxygen utilization to recover from 12 minutes of warm ischemia was studied in 15 sheep. Five control animals had 42 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass at 37 degrees C with the heart beating and vented. In 10 experimental animals, the aorta was clamped for 12 minutes during bypass with the heart vented, and the animals were perfused 30 additional minutes after removal of the clamp. In both groups, measurements of left ventricular coronary arterial blood flow, oxygen consumption (LVO2), peak systolic pressure, circumferential systolic stress integral (CSI), and pressure volume area (PVA) were made 30 minutes after and hourly for 5 more hours after cardiopulmonary bypass ended. Reversible ischemia significantly increases the relationship between LVO2/PVA and LVO2/CSI 1 hour after the clamp is released, but the relationships return to prebypass values by 2 hours. Ischemia significantly decreases end-systolic elastance, which remains depressed thereafter. Cardiopulmonary bypass without myocardial ischemia significantly decreases total ventricular mechanical energy output and oxygen utilization efficiency of the working sheep heart but does not significantly alter end-systolic elastance or the LVO2/PVA and LVO2/CSI relationships. Twelve minutes of warm ischemia impairs oxygen utilization efficiency in the reperfused sheep heart for more than 60 minutes but less than 120 minutes.
A statistical representation of imprecision in expert judgments

Abstract One of the difficulties encountered in the development of an expert system is the fact that the available information or evidences are not known with certainty and very often they are inconsistent and conflict with one another to some extent. Judgment ratios are information of this type; they are seldom completely consistent. A statistical representation is presented in this paper that attempts to quantify this imprecision in the available information. The imprecision is modeled using log-normal Weibull, beta, and gamma distributions of error factors. The parameters of the corresponding error distributions are specified to maintain the same central value and spread represented by the median and the variance, respectively. The inconsistency in expert judgments is represented by the random behavior of these error factors. The deviations of the priorities computed from these expert judgments are calculated for each error model. The appropriateness of each distribution is tested by comparing its performance with performances exhibited by other probable distributions. Numerical simulation is carried out by constructing a large number of matrices of judgment ratios conforming to the chosen error distribution. The resulting priorities are compared with the actual values. A comparative analysis of the four distributions shows that the log-normal distribution best represents the error factors.
The basis set dependence of structures and energies of various states of cyclodisiloxane

Several common basis sets, ranging from minimal to double-zeta, are applied to study the neutral singlet and triplet as well as positive- and negative-ion doublet states of cyclodisiloxane. The effect of d-polarization function exponents on the equilibrium geometries and energies is analyzed. The d-type functions seem to be essential in the basis set of silicon, whereas their presence on oxygen is less critical. The optimum exponents (with respect to SCF energy) are determined to be 0.45 for Si and 0.60 for O, very close to those recommended for the 6–31G** basis set. The best structural predictions are obtained with the 6–31G(2d, p) basis set, which contains two sets of d functions on the heavy atoms. The predicted SiO bond length is 166 pm; the SiSi and OO distances are 237 and 232 pm, respectively, which correspond to an O—SiO angle of 88.6°. The ground state is found to be a singlet. All higher states have longer SiO bonds and Si—Si distances, whereas O—O distances are shorter. The energy separation between the singlet and other states is modified by electron correlation (MP treatment) by only a few kcal/mol.
Meet the corneal myofibroblast: the role of myofibroblast transformation in corneal wound healing and pathology

In recent years the role of the myofibroblast in corneal wound healing has been extensively studied. The transformation of the corneal keratocyte to the fibroblast and myofibroblast phenotypes is a critical process in normal and pathologic corneal wound healing. This review will introduce this important transformation and its role in corneal wound healing and pathology.
Evidence for a glycosaminoglycan on the nudel protein important for dorsoventral patterning of the drosophila embryo.

Dorsoventral patterning of the Drosophila embryo requires Nudel, a large mosaic protein with a protease domain. Previous studies have implicated Nudel's protease domain as the trigger of a proteolytic cascade that activates the Toll signaling pathway to establish dorsoventral polarity in the embryo. However, the function of other regions of Nudel has been unclear. By using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and site-directed mutagenesis, we have obtained evidence that the N-terminal region of Nudel contains a site for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attachment that is required for dorsoventral patterning. Disruption of this site blocks a disulfide-based association between N- and C-terminal Nudel polypeptides and proteolytic activation of Nudel's protease domain. We discuss how a GAG chain on Nudel might be required for Nudel protease activation.
Characterization of the purified microsomal FAD-containing monooxygenase from mouse and pig liver

The FAD-containing monooxygenase (FMO) has been purified from both mouse and pig liver microsomes by similar purification procedures. Characterization of the enzyme from these two sources has revealed significant differences in catalytic and immunological properties. The pH optimum of mouse FMO is slightly higher than that of pig FMO (9.2 vs. 8.7) and, while pig FMO is activated 2-fold by n-octylamine, mouse FMO is activated less than 20%. Compounds, including primary, secondary and tertiary amines, sulfides, sulfoxides, thiols, thioureas and mercaptoimidazoles were tested as substrates for both the mouse and pig liver FMO. Km- and Vmax-values were determined for substrates representative of each of these groups. In general, the mouse FMO had higher Km-values for all of the amines and disulfides tested. Mouse FMO had Km-values similar to those of pig FMO for sulfides, mercaptoimidazoles, thioureas, thiobenzamide and cysteamine. Vmax-values for mouse FMO with most substrates was approximately equal, indicating that as with pig FMO, breakdown of the hydroxyflavin is the rate limiting step in the reaction mechanism. Either NADPH or NADH will serve as an electron donor for FMO, however, NADPH is the preferred donor. Pig and mouse FMOs have similar affinity for NADPH (Km = 0.97 and 1.1 microM, respectively) and for NADH (Km = 48 and 73 microM, respectively). An antibody, prepared by immunizing rabbits with purified pig liver FMO, reacts with purified pig liver FMO but not with mouse liver FMO, indicating structural differences between these two enzymes. This antibody inhibited pig FMO activity up to 60%.
13NMR CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMIC MATTER PRESENT IN DIFFERENT OIL SANDS

ABSTRACT Insoluble organic matter (humic matter) present in oil sands can alter the wettability of the inorganic matrix and thereby cause serious problems during bitumen recovery. Using a cold water agitation test, solids rich in organic matter were isolated from various oil sands which were chosen to reflect different behavior in the hot water extraction process.13C NMR examination of these separated solids showed significant structural variations between samples isolated from different oil sands. Humic matter from Utah oil sand appeared to be more aliphatic than that derived from Athabasca oil sand. Humic acids extracted from organic rich solids as a result of prolonged treatment with 2% NaOH show remarkable similarity in their 13C NMR spectra. Humins differ substantially in the relative contribution of the terrestrial and marine source material. There was apparent correspondence between poor bitumen separation and the presence of humin with highly paraffinic structures.
Seasonal Characteristics of Two Saline Lakes in Washington

The limnology of two highly saline lakes in Washington was studied in relation to the physical and chemical conditions which influence the growth and distribution of phytoplankton. The lakes were sampled at frequent intervals for a period of more than a year in 1950 and 1951. Morphometric conditions were determined, and routine sampling included measurements of temperature, transparency, oxygen, pH, alkalinity, phosphate, chlorophyll, and quantitative samples of phytoplankton. Lake Lenore, the less saline of the two (T.D.S. 14 g/liter), is shallow and was unstratified during the investigation. Dissolved nutrients were high and showed erratic variations during the summer. The phytoplankton population was taxonomically simple and was made up mainly of two species of diatoms—Amphora sp. which formed the spring bloom, and Chaetoceros elmorei which made up the late summer bloom. Soap Lake is relatively deep, meromictic, and saline (T.D.S. 35 g/liter). Temperature conditions were dichothermic, and the nutrient content was high, especially in the monimolimnion. A winter maximum and a summer minimum was observed in the phytoplankton population, and a change in the biota has been noted during dilution of the lake in recent years. Indication of grazing by zooplankton was found in both lakes.
Mean Surface Stress Curl over the Oceans as Determined from the vorticity Budget of the Atmosphere

Abstract The vertically integrated atmospheric vorticity budget over the oceans offers, in principle, a possibility of determining the surface stress curl from upper wind data without the need to specify a relationship between the surface stress and surface wind. Results for the wind stress curl obtained by this vorticity method, using upper wind data for the period 1968–73, are compared with the recent stress-curl calculations by Hellerman from surface data. The two completely independent methods give basically similar mean latitudinal distributions of the stress curl. In the midlatitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, where the transient eddies are the main mechanism of vorticity transfer. the two estimates of the basin-wide longitudinal averages of the stress curl do not deviate from each other. by ≳20%. However, in the Northern Hemisphere the agreement is less. This seemingly strange result appears to be due to the sensitivity of the vorticity method to errors in the estimates of vorticity advection by t...
Mathematical Model to Predict Regions of Chromatin Attachment to the Nuclear Matrix

The potentiation and subsequent initiation of transcription are complex biological phenomena. The region of attachment of the chromatin fiber to the nuclear matrix, known as the matrix attachment region or scaffold attachment region (MAR or SAR), are thought to be requisite for the transcriptional regulation of the eukaryotic genome. As expressed sequences should be contained in these regions, it becomes significant to answer the following question: can these regions be identified from the primary sequence data alone and subsequently used as markers for expressed sequences? This paper represents an effort toward achieving this goal and describes a mathematical model for the detection of MARs. The location of matrix associated regions has been linked to a variety of sequence patterns. Consequently, a list of these patterns is compiled and represented as a set of decision rules using an AND-OR formulation. The DNA sequence was then searched for the presence of these patterns and a statistical significance was associated with the frequency of occurrence of the various patterns. Subsequently, a mathematical potential value,MAR-Potential, was assigned to a sequence region as the inverse proportion to the probability that the observed pattern population occurred at random. Such a MAR detection process was applied to the analysis of a variety of known MAR containing sequences. Regions of matrix association predicted by the software essentially correspond to those determined experimentally. The human T-cell receptor and the DNA sequence from the Drosophila bithorax region were also analyzed. This demonstrates the usefulness of the approach described as a means to direct experimental resources.
Estimation of parameters for a beam on an elastic foundation with large deflections and built in at both ends

Abstract A method is presented for estimating the stiffness or the elasticity of the foundation of a beam on an elastic foundation undergoing large deflections, with built in ends, using the measurements along its length.
Schrödinger's Interpretation of Ψ as a Continuous Charge Distribution

Radiation theory is reformulated by reviving the interpretation of Ψ-waves as realistic material waves of electronic matter and the relation of this formulation to second quantized quantum field theory is discussed. Schrodingers Interpretation von Ψ als Kontinuierliche Ladungsverteilung Mit Hilfe der Interpretation der Ψ-Wellen als reale Materiewellen elektronischer Materie wird die Theorie der Strahlung neu formuliert. Das Verhaltnis dieser Formulierung zur Quantenfeldtheorie in zweiter Quantisierung wird diskutiert.
New world of knowledge

The Launching of Modern American Science 1846–1876. By Robert V. Bruce. Knopf: 1987. Pp.446. $30.
Toward high accuracy in channeling Rutherford backscattering spectrometry analysis

Channeling Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) has been widely used to quantitatively analyze displacements in monocrystalline solid state thin films. Its accuracy, however, relies on the approach of separating yields contributed by channeled components and by dechanneled components. In this study, efforts have been made to increase accuracy through three major approaches: first, we have considered the stopping power difference between channeled and non-channeled components; second, we have proposed a mathematical formula to describe a smooth transition from single scattering to multiple scattering in describing dechanneling of analyzing beams as a function of displacements; third, we have used an iterative approach to extract yields from dechanneling components without using any predetermined dechanneling cross sections. These novel approaches are expected to increase accuracy in channeling RBS analysis.
Genetically Effective Population Size of Large Mammals: An Assessment of Estimators

: We calculated genetically effective population sizes (Ne) for simulated grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) populations by tracing the loss of heterozygosity through time and compared them with estimates of N, produced by applying published formulas to demographic results from the simulation. Estimates of Ne using different formulas on identical data varied wadely. Equations published by Hill (1972), and modifications of those used by Ryman et al. (1981) and Reed et al. (1986), provided the most accurate estimates Minor population fluctuations had little effect on Ne but variation in lifetime reproductive success among mules (Vkm) greatly reduced N, from its expectation under random mating success All methods to estimate Ne for populations with complex demographics require extensive data, but estimates for Vkm in polygynous species are especially difficult to obtain. We suggest that simulation modeling may provide alternative methods to estimate Vkm and Ne Calculamos tamunos de poblaciones geneticamente efectivas (Ne) para poblaciones simuladas del oso gris (Ursus arctos) trazando la peridida de heterozigasidad a traves del tiempo, luego las comparamos con estimaciones de Ne Producidas aplicando formulas publicadas a los resultados demograficos de la simulacion. Los valores de Ne calculados usando diferentes formula.s con datos identicos, variaron mucho. Las ecuaciones publicadas por Hill (1972), y modificaciones de las usuadas por Ryman, et aL (1981) y Reed et al. (1986), proporcionaron los calculos mas precsios Fluctuaciones menores en las poblacionales tuvieron poco efecto sobre Ne pero la variacion en el exito repductivo por vida entre los machos Vkm redujo tremendamente el Ne comparado con el valor esperado bajo exito reproductivo al azar. Todos los metodos para calcular Ne para poblaciones con demografias complejas requieren datos extensos, pero estimaciones para Vkm en especies poligamas son especialmente dificiles de obtener. Sugerimos que modelos de simulacion pueden proveer metodos alternutivos para calcular Vkm y Ne.
Desflurane controls the hemodynamic response to surgical stimulation more rapidly than isoflurane

Abstract Study Objective: To compare the control of hemodynamic response to surgical stimulus of desflurane to that of isoflurane. Design: Prospective randomized study. Setting: Operating room of a major U.S. teaching hospital. Patients: 59 ASA status I, II, and III patients 18 to 80 years of age and were undergoing orthopedic or intra-abdominal surgical procedures of 1 or more hours in duration. Interventions: Group 1 (n = 29) received desflurane in oxygen (O 2 ) for their surgical procedure. Group 2 (n = 30) received isoflurane in O 2 for their surgical procedure. Thiopental sodium 4 mg/kg and fentanyl 3 μg/kg provided induction; vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg facilitated intubation. Prior to incision the volatile anesthetic drug was titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure (SBP) within 20% of preinduction (baseline) values. Any time after incision, an SBP increase greater than 20% of baseline was treated with a 30% increase in inspired anesthetic concentration for 3 minutes, or until SBP was within 10% of baseline. Another three 30% increases were allowed at 3 minute intervals to return SBP to 10% of baseline. If four 30% increases did not return SBP to 10% of baseline, additional fentanyl up to 5 μg/kg or labetalol in 5 mg increments was given. Measurements and Main Results: Measurement of hemodynamics and anesthetic concentration occurred every 2 minutes prior to skin incision and every 5 minutes thereafter. Measurement of hemodynamics and anesthetic concentration occurred every minute during treatment of blood pressure (BP) response to surgical stimulus. Desflurane allowed for more rapid control of BP response to surgical stimulus median 2 minutes (range 1 to 12 minutes) for desflurane versus 6 minutes (range 1 to 12 minutes, p = 0.011). The desflurane group required fewer 30% incremental anesthetic increases than the isoflurane group (1.8 versus 2.5, p = 0.016) to control increased SBP. End tidal/inspired drug concentration ratios were closer to unity in the desflurane patients both before (0.94 versus 0.80) and after (0.86 versus 0.70) changes in drug concentration to treat increased SBP. Conclusion: Anesthetic depth can be more rapidly titrated with desflurane compared to isoflurane. Alveolar/inspired concentration ratio approaches unity more rapidly with desflurane anesthesia.
Acute ethanol intoxication suppresses E. coli lipopolysaccharide enhanced glucose utilization by hepatic nonparenchymal cells.

During infection or endotoxemia, the immune system is activated and its energy needs increase. Alcohol (ETOH) intoxication on the other hand suppresses the immune system and increases susceptibility to infection. Since the liver is the primary site both for metabolism of ETOH and detoxification of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), this investigation was directed at studying the effect of acute ETOH intoxication on the LPS-induced enhancement of in vivo glucose utilization in different types of hepatic cells. Rats were given an intravenous (IV) injection of ETOH followed by a constant infusion for 7 hr to maintain blood alcohol levels at about 175 mg/dl. E. coli LPS was administered IV at 4 hr and in vivo glucose utilization by the different types of liver cells was estimated 3 hr later using the 14C-2-deoxyglucose technique. Hepatocytes (HP), Kupffer (KC), and endothelial cells (EC), as well as the sequestered polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), were separated from the liver by collagenasepronase digestion followed by centrifugal elutriation and Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation. The number of PMN in the liver was increased several-fold 3 hr after LPS administration. The presence of ETOH did not inhibit the LPS-induced neutrophil migration into the liver. ETOH depressed the LPS-induced increase in glucose uptake in both EC and KC by 50 to 80%, respectively. It also reduced the LPS-induced increase of plasma tumor necrosis factor activity by 80%. ETOH alone did not produce any significant changes in the parameters studied. Since enhanced glucose metabolism of immunologically active cells is part of the host's immune response to LPS, ETOH by suppressing this normal response may contribute to the increased susceptibility of alcoholics to infection.
Musafirkhana Palace: the lost architectural treasure

This study provides an analytical historical and architectural account of the Musafirkhana Palace. The architectural configuration of this palace represented a rare and complete specimen of the upper-middle class homes in Mamluk and Ottoman Cairo (thirteenth to eighteenth centuries). This architectural treasure was burnt to the ground in 1998. The purpose of this study is to develop preliminary guidelines for the potential reconstruction of the Musafirkhana Palace or house. It includes a rich photographic catalogue of the house's different spaces before they were destroyed by fire. The study also contextualises the Musafirkhana within a broader typological framework that encompasses a range of elite and bourgeois houses which developed over several centuries in pre-modern Cairo. The study finally examines the house's concept of space and its relationship to the surrounding urban context. It questions the prevalent religious and climatic arguments that explain the introverted character of the Cairene house...
Amphetamine induces beta-adrenergic receptor supersensitivity.

THE interactions of amphetamines and catecholamines in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system and in the brain have been widely studied. Amphetamines have been reported to mimic catecholamines at their receptor sites1–3, inhibit monoamine oxidase4, impair reuptake mechanism for the catecholamines5 and to directly release catecholamines into the synaptic cleft6. Although the consensus of the available literature indicates that d-amphetamine indirectly stimulates catecholamine postsynaptic receptors by increasing the release and blocking the reuptake of catecholamines7,8, the question whether dopamine, noradrenaline or both, are of importance for the central actions of d-amphetamine is controversial7,8. Recently, α-adrenergic9, β-adrenergic10–13 and dopaminergic14,15 receptors in brain tissue have been successfully identified by measuring the binding of radiolabelled ligands to specific receptor sites. Availability of such methods has permitted the examination of the effects of acute and chronic administration of psychotropic drugs on the postsynaptic catecholaminergic receptors in brain tissue13,16. We report here the effects of acute and chronic administration of d-amphetamine on the postsynaptic β-adrenergic receptors in rat brain.
Multidisciplinary approach to traumatic intracranial aneurysms secondary to shotgun and handgun wounds

Background Traumatic intracranial aneurysms (TICAs) may develop following gunshot injuries to the head. Management of these lesions often combines various aspects of microneurosurgical and endovascular techniques to safely repair or obliterate vessel defects. Methods We reviewed our experience over the last 18 years and identified five cases of intracranial aneurysms following gunshot and handgun wounds that were treated surgically and/or endovascularly. Results All patients had successful obliteration of their lesions using a variety of therapeutic modalities aimed at preserving neurologic function while at the same time eliminating the aneurysm from the circulation. Conclusion Both microneurosurgery and endovascular surgery have important roles to play in the management of TICAs. In some cases, both methods can be combined to eliminate lesions and maximize patient recovery in a safe, efficient, and effective fashion.
Dielectric Relaxation Behavior and High Tunability in Cd 2 Nb 2 O 7

Dielectric behavior of Cd 2 Nb 2 O 7 has been studied from room temperature down to 10 K with and without dc electric fields. Three dielectric relaxation modes I, II, and III were reexamined. By using the Cole - Cole equation fitting of the frequency dependence of the dielectric constant and loss of Cd 2 Nb 2 O 7 , we have obtained more precise relaxation time data, compared to the data reported in the literature. The results indicate that the relaxation time follows both the Arrhenius law and Vogel - Fulcher relation in the frequency range of 10 2 - 10 5 Hz. With increasing dc bias, the relaxation modes were suppressed and eventually eliminated. The results show a significant suppression of the dielectric constant and loss by the application of dc fields. At above 10 kV/cm, only a dielectric peak remains. The high tunability (37 - 64%) under 15 kV/cm at 5 kHz in the wide temperature range of 50 - 180 K and very low dielectric loss (0.4 - 6 2 10 m 3 )) are observed.
Visualization in scientific and engineering computation

Some applications of visualization, based on an information flow model, are discussed. The model, which is described in detail, is designed to help in grasping an overview of this subject. It serves as a framework for describing various topics related to visualization in scientific and engineering computation. It consists of mathematical modeling, numerical solution and scientific computing, graph evaluation by extracting geometry, and transforming and rendering. To indicate trends and directions in visualization, three rather broad representative issues are discussed. They are algorithms and techniques for multidimensional data, user interfaces, and workload distribution and computing/network requirements. >
Temperament and the hospitalized child

There is increasing evidence to support that temperament is an important variable in considering approaches to nursing care for the hospitalized child. Nursing admission assessment can be expanded to include temperament data from parent interviews. A number of case studies are highlighted to illustrate the relationship between temperament assessment, nursing interventions, and expected outcomes. It is recommended that pediatric nurses incorporate temperament information in all steps of the nursing process.
Termination of Pregnancy and Milk Synthesis in the Viviparous Cockroach, Diploptera Punctata: a Role of Juvenile Hormone

Summary Females of the viviparous cockroach Diploptera punctata nourish their embryos with a milk secretion produced by the brood sac wall. Milk content of the brood sac undergoes a decline a few days prior to parturition. We have shown that this decline is dependent on juvenile hormone produced by the corpora allata. Allatectomy either early or late in pregnancy, times when juvenile hormone titer is low, delayed the normal decline of milk in the brood sac. Treatment of allatectomized females with the juvenile hormone analogue, ZR 512, restored the normal decline in the amount of milk. Fine structural analysis as well as injection of radiolabeled precursor demonstrated that the amount of milk in the brood sac at the end of gestation in allatectomized females reflected continued milk synthesis and not merely stasis. Corpora allata were shown to have the additional role of terminating pregnancy. Allatectomy of pregnant females delayed parturition even though it did not affect embryo development. Replacement...