cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on circulating blood

Observations of 31P and 13C NMR signals in intact tissue have shown that they can provide valuable information in the study of isolated systems (I, 2). It has been possible, for example, to determine in vivo kinetics of both phosphorus and carbon metabolites, measure the intracellular pH, and aid in the discovery of unexpected compounds (3). Unfortunately, the method has been limited to isolated perfused organs because of the lack of spectrometers with specifications that allow the manipulation of larger animals within them. Using an imaging modality, proton NMR has examined some whole animals; however, to obtain spatial resolution one must sacrifice chemical shift information (4, 5). Topical magnetic resonance combines both chemical shift information and some spatial selectivity which is accomplished by detecting NMR signals from well-defined areas (6). It is a promising new tool but it involves a very expensive instrument that is still limited to small animals and human extremities (7). To pursue in vivo studies on larger animals using conventional spectrometers and still maintain a high degree of spectral information, one must have a tissue that is deformable enough to fit into the available space and still maintain contact with the animal. Blood, of course, naturally comes to mind. We have developed an exterior arterio-venous bypass system with the NMR tube as part of the circuit which will allow circulating whole blood to be examined. The blood is shunted in a loop from the femoral artery to the jugular vein of a dog. In this loop, it is passed through an NMR tube coated to prevent clotting and sealed so that one has a closed system. The tube is placed in the magnetic field and observation begun while the blood is flowing. As the following will show, the bypass system gives good quality spectra from the blood even as the heart pumps it. The spectral conditions are listed in the legend of Fig. 1. The technique is nondestructive and totally repetitive; all the spectra shown in this paper were obtained from one dog. The animal has been used over five times with no ill effect; hence, one has a built-in control from experiment to experiment. The experiments are also satisfactory in that they cause the animal little distress. There are numerous nuclei which could be examined but we will show three which have direct scientific and medical significance, 3’P, “F, and 23Na. Each takes
Demand (and supply) in an inter-district public school choice program

Abstract This study examines parents’ demand for sending their children to a public school located outside their residential school district. Using a unique data set that contains information concerning both inter-district transfers and rejections of transfer applications, I am able to identify which school district characteristics attract the greatest demand for incoming transfers. The analyses reveal that mean student test scores are stronger predictors of transfer demand than both students’ socio-economic characteristics and school district spending, suggesting that parents care more about outcomes than inputs. In addition, while districts are only supposed to reject transfer students due to capacity concerns, districts’ supply decisions are also correlated with differences in student performance across neighboring districts.
Deletion algorithms for hashing that preserve randomness

Abstract This paper studies the problem of finding efficient deletion algorithms for the coalesced hashing method, in which a portion of memory (called the address region ) serves as the range of the hash function while the rest of memory (called the cellar ) is devoted solely to storing records that collide when inserted. First we present a deletion algorithm, which solves the open problem described in [6, Sect. 6.4–23]. The main result of this paper, Theorem 3, shows that the deletion algorithm preserves randomness for the special case of standard coalesced hashing (when there is no cellar), in that deleting a record is in some sense like never having inserted it. This means that the formulas for the search times (which are analyzed in [8, 9]) are still valid after deletions. There is as yet no known deletion algorithm that preserves randomness for the general case (when there is a cellar). We give some reasons why and then discuss some heuristics that seem to make deletions practical anyway.
New tools for the simulation and design of calorimeters

Abstract Two new approaches to the simulation and design of large hermetic calorimeters are presented. Firstly, the shower library scheme used in the fast generation of showers in the Monte Carlo of the calorimeter for the DO experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron is described. Secondly, a tool for the design of future calorimeters is described, whcih can be integrated with a computer-aided design system to give engineering designers an immediate idea of the relative physics capabilities of different geometries.
On the linear algebra of local complementation

Abstract We explore the connections between the linear algebra of symmetric matrices over GF ( 2 ) and the circuit theory of 4-regular graphs. In particular, we show that the equivalence relation on simple graphs generated by local complementation can also be generated by an operation defined using inverse matrices.
Nucleosynthesis below A = 100 in Massive Stars

The production of nuclei up to and including the weak s-process component at A ≈ 60-90 is calculated for all stages of stable and explosive nuclear burning in stars of 15, 20, and 25 M☉ with initial solar metallicity. An extended nuclear reaction network of 480 isotopes is employed along with approximately two dozen recent revisions to key nuclear reaction rates. As noted previously, the new rates suggest a greatly diminished production of 17O and 18O in massive stars. 22Ne is also moderately enhanced. We find that a combination of preexplosive s-process, γ-process, and (mild) r-processes in massive stars gives a consistently solar production of almost all isotopes from mass 64 through 90. However, even after the late stages of evolution are complete and the explosion is over, this same group of elements is overproduced compared to what is needed for the Sun, especially in the 25 M☉ model.
Permanent magnets based on 4f-3d compounds

This paper briefly traces the 20-year development history of the magnets that are based on intermetallic compounds of rare-earth and iron-group transition metals. Some fundamental properties that make the 4f-3d alloys useful for permanent magnets are reviewed. The wide variety of practical magnet types, methods for their production and some economic aspects are discussed. Prospects for further development and improvement of these magnets are analyzed in terms of various application requirements.
Multiresolution broadcast for digital HDTV using joint source/channel coding

The use of multiresolution (MR) joint source-channel coding in the context of digital terrestrial broadcasting of high-definition television (HDTV) is shown to be an efficient alternative to single-resolution techniques, which suffer from a sharp threshold effect in the fringes of the broadcast area. It is shown how matched multiresolution source and channel coding can provide a stepwise graceful degradation and improve the behavior, in terms of coverage and robustness of the transmission scheme, over systems not specifically designed for broadcast situations. The alternative available for multiresolution transmission through embedded modulation and error correction codes are examined. It is also shown how multiresolution trellis-coded modulation (TCM) can be used to increase coverage range. Coding results and simulations of noisy transmission are presented, and tradeoffs are discussed. >
Binding of thrombin to human platelets.

MUCH work has been carried out aimed at elucidating the mode of action of thrombin on platelets1–5. These studies were based on the assumption that hydrolysis of a protein by thrombin constitutes the primary event culminating in aggregation of platelets. Results of recent studies suggest that the primary step in this process might be binding of thrombin to a receptor site, triggering viscous metamorphosis of the platelets6,7. The processes of binding and proteolysis need not be mutually exclusive, however, binding may be followed by proteolysis. Here I present direct evidence of thrombin binding by human platelets and discuss some of its implications.
"Smart" Isolation for Seismic Control

Consideration of near-source, high velocity, long-period seismic pulses, as were recorded during the Northridge and Kobe earthquakes, has taught engineers and researchers that ground motions due to such earthquakes can be difficult to accommodate. This paper discusses a base isolation system using "smart" dampers, such as magnetorheological fluid dampers, that can adapt to, and protect against, seismic excitatiorn of different characteristics. A linear, two degree-of-freedom, lumped-mass model of a base-isolated budding is used as the testbed for this study. Linear viscous dampers are shown to have an optimal damping level for several design earthquakes to achieve minimum peak accelerations. A study of a family of controllers for the smart damper is used to find an "optimal" isolation system over the suite of ground motions considered. This "optimal" system further decreases the base drift compared to the "optimal" linear viscous damper without increasing the accelerations imparted into the superstructure. The "smart" damper is shown to be a most effective alternative for a broad class of earthquakes including near-source events.
Implementation of a semianalytic satellite theory with recovery of short period terms

Abstract First order averaging is applied to the artificial satellite problem to obtain the averaged orbit which includes the secular, long and medium period effects of the oblateness of the Earth and the third body perturbations of the moon and sun. Perturbation theory is then used to recover the short period effects due to J2, the moon, and sun. The perturbation analysis is carried out by means of Lie series and is developed through the first order. Optimization of the resulting short period series was then accomplished in several steps: first all separate algebraic coefficients were precalculated and stored; then all redundant SIN/COS calls were eliminated; next all repetition of numeric and algebraic coefficients were precalculated in pairs; application of the distributive principle allowed a significant reduction in additions and multiplications; finally trigonometric identities were used to further reduce the SIN/COS computations. The result of this optimization along with an interpolator for the averaged equations of motion results in a computer program which requires only 1 6 the CPU time (with no loss in accuracy) of the original non-optimized test program.
R-symmetry breaking versus supersymmetry breaking

Abstract We point out a connection between R-symmetry and supersymmetry breaking. We show that the existence of an R-symmetry is a necessary condition for supersymmetry breaking and a spontaneously broken R-symmetry is a sufficient condition provided two conditions are satisfied. These conditions are: genericity, i.e. the effective lagrangian is a generic lagrangian consistent with the symmetries of the theory (no fine tuning), and calculability, i.e. the low-energy theory can be described by a supersymmetric Wess-Zumino effective lagrangian without gauge fields. All known models of dynamical supersymmetry breaking possess such a spontaneously broken R-symmetry and therefore contain a potentially troublesome axion. However, we use the fact that genericity is not a feature of supersymmetric theories, even when non-perturbative renormalization is included, to show that the R-symmetry can in many cases be explicitly broken without restoring supersymmetry and so the axion can be given an acceptably large mass.
Regenerative stochastic Petri nets

Abstract The stochastic Petri net (SPN) model is well suited to formal representation of concurrency, synchronization, and communication. We define the marking process of an SPN in terms of a general state space Markov chain which describes the net at successive transition firing times. Using structural properties of the SPN and recurrence theory for generalized semi-Markov processes, we establish conditions which ensure that the marking process of an SPN is a regenerative process and that the expected time between regeneration points is finite. This leads to a theory of regenerative simulation in the SPN setting.
Amide enolate additions to acylsilanes: in situ generation of unusual and stereoselective homoenolate equivalents.

The synthesis of β-hydroxy carbonyl compounds is an important goal due to their prevalence in bioactive molecules. A novel approach to construct these structural motifs involves the multicomponent reaction of acylsilanes, amides, and electrophiles. The addition of amide enolates to acylsilanes generates β-silyloxy homoenolate reactivity by undergoing a 1,2-Brook rearrangement. These unique nucleophiles formed in situ can then undergo addition to alkyl halides, aldehydes, ketones, and imines. The γ-amino-β-hydroxy amide products derived from the addition of these homoenolates to N-diphenylphosphinyl imines are generated with excellent diastereoselectivity (≥20:1) and can be efficiently converted to highly valuable γ-lactams. Finally, the use of optically active amide enolates delivers β-hydroxy amide products with high levels of diastereoselectivity (≥10:1).
Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl-Governed Aldehyde Cross-Aldol Cascade Reaction

The use of the tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl (TTMSS) group in aldehyde-derived silyl enol ethers affords aldehyde cross-aldol products with high yields and allows for unprecedented reactivity. The reaction is catalyzed by 0.05 mol % of HNTf2, and can easily be managed to give β,δ-bis-, β,δ,γ-tris-, and β,δ,ζ-tris-hydroxy-aldehydes with extremely high selectivity by simple stoichiometric control. High diastereoselectivity is obtained in all cases, and the use of chiral aldehydes affords Felkin products when there are nonchelating substituents, chelation products when there is a chelating sbustituent, and syn products when there is β-substitution. HNTf2 is proposed to be an initiator, and highly Lewis acidic TTMSSNTf2 is the true catalyst.
THERMAL EMISSION AND TIDAL HEATING OF THE HEAVY AND ECCENTRIC PLANET XO-3b

We determined the flux ratios of the heavy and eccentric planet XO-3b to its parent star in the four Infrared Array Camera bands of the Spitzer Space Telescope: 0.101% +- 0.004% at 3.6 {mu}m; 0.143% +- 0.006% at 4.5 {mu}m; 0.134% +- 0.049% at 5.8 {mu}m; and 0.150% +- 0.036% at 8.0 {mu}m. The flux ratios are within [-2.2, 0.3, -0.8, and -1.7]sigma of the model of XO-3b with a thermally inverted stratosphere in the 3.6 {mu}m, 4.5 {mu}m, 5.8 {mu}m, and 8.0 {mu}m channels, respectively. XO-3b has a high illumination from its parent star (F{sub p} {approx} (1.9-4.2) x 10{sup 9} erg cm{sup -2} s{sup -1}) and is thus expected to have a thermal inversion, which we indeed observe. When combined with existing data for other planets, the correlation between the presence of an atmospheric temperature inversion and the substellar flux is insufficient to explain why some high insolation planets like TrES-3 do not have stratospheric inversions and some low insolation planets like XO-1b do have inversions. Secondary factors such as sulfur chemistry, atmospheric metallicity, amounts of macroscopic mixing in the stratosphere, or even dynamical weather effects likely play a role. Using the secondary eclipse timing centroids, we determinedmore » the orbital eccentricity of XO-3b as e = 0.277 +- 0.009. The model radius-age trajectories for XO-3b imply that at least some amount of tidal heating is required to inflate the radius of XO-3b, and the tidal heating parameter of the planet is constrained to Q{sub p} {approx}< 10{sup 6}.« less
Cloning of human ovarian cancer cells in soft agar from malignant effusions and peritoneal washings

Abstract We have used a technique for the direct cloning in soft agar of human ovarian cancer cells (Hamburger et al. , Cancer Res., 38: 3438–3444, 1978) to grow ovarian cancer colonies from 81% of malignant effusions obtained from 27 patients with ovarian cancer as well as from 92% of cytologically malignant peritoneal washings from 13 patients, collected in the absence of ascites. Ovarian cancer colonies were grown from washings obtained at peritoneoscopy or via an indwelling Tenckhoff dialysis catheter. No ovarian cancer colony growth was observed in cytologically negative peritoneal washings from 13 patients with ovarian cancer. Sufficient clonogenic malignant cells were collected by copious peritoneal lavage to allow for in vitro chemotherapy sensitivity testing using this same assay in three of six patients. These results indicate that the sensitivity of human ovarian cancer cells to antitumor agents can be determined even in patients without malignant effusion or readily biopsiable tumors if they have malignant peritoneal washings. Thirty separate in vitro chemotherapy sensitivity assays were performed using Adriamycin, cis -platinum, melphalan, and 5-fluorouracil. In previously treated patients, there were no instances of in vitro sensitivity using these agents at doses approximating clinically achievable plasma levels. However, in untreated patients, in vitro sensitivity to melphalan and Adriamycin was observed. These in vitro results correspond to clinically observed patterns of chemotherapy sensitivity in patients with ovarian cancer and provide indirect evidence that the stem cell assay is predictive for in vitro sensitivity to antitumor agents.
Evolution in minority games. (II). Games with variable strategy spaces

Abstract We continue our study of evolution in minority games by examining games in which agents with poorly performing strategies can trade in their strategies for new ones from a different strategy space. In the context of the games discussed in this paper, this means allowing for strategies that use information from different numbers of time lags, m. We find, in all the games we study, that after evolution, wealth per agent is high for agents with strategies drawn from small strategy spaces (small m), and low for agents with strategies drawn from large strategy spaces (large m). In the game played with N agents, wealth per agent as a function of m is very nearly a step function. The transition is at m=mt, where mt≈mc−1. Here mc is the critical value of m at which N agents playing the game with a fixed strategy space (fixed m) have the best emergent coordination and the best utilization of resources. We also find that overall system-wide utilization of resources is independent of N. Furthermore, although overall system-wide utilization of resources after evolution varies somewhat depending on some other aspects of the evolutionary dynamics, in the best cases, utilization of resources is on the order of the best results achieved in evolutionary games with fixed strategy spaces. Simple explanations are presented for some of our main results.
Physiological climatology as a field of study.

(1953). Physiological Climatology as a Field of Study. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 127-137.
Dynamic tunneling algorithm for global optimization

A dynamic tunneling algorithm for global optimization, which is motivated by the concept of dynamic flow and tunneling phenomena, is proposed. The algorithm requires the memory of the most recently found minimum and the focal smoothness in the energy landscape. It is based on two systems: a dynamic optimization system by which a local minimum is found, and a dynamic tunneling system by which a new initial condition in a 'lower valley' is determined. The computation is based on every equilibrium dynamic system always going to the equilibrium to which its initial condition belongs. Numerical results for several typical examples are presented, which clearly illustrate the efficiency of the algorithm. >
Quantum mechanics on the noncommutative plane and sphere

Abstract We consider the quantum mechanics of a particle on a noncommutative plane. The case of a charged particle in a magnetic field (the Landau problem) with a harmonic oscillator potential is solved. There is a critical point with the density of states becoming infinite for the value of the magnetic field equal to the inverse of the noncommutativity parameter. The Landau problem on the noncommutative two-sphere is also solved and compared to the plane problem.
A General Method for Copper-Catalyzed Arene Cross-Dimerization

A general method for a highly regioselective copper-catalyzed cross-coupling of two aromatic compounds using iodine as an oxidant has been developed. The reactions involve an initial iodination of one arene followed by arylation of the most acidic C-H bond of the other coupling component. Cross-coupling of electron-rich arenes, electron-poor arenes, and five- and six-membered heterocycles is possible in many combinations. Typically, a 1/1.5 to 1/3 ratio of coupling components is used, in contrast to existing methodology that often employs a large excess of one of the arenes. Common functionalities such as ester, ketone, aldehyde, ether, nitrile, nitro, and amine are well-tolerated.
Generalized Inverse Computations Using the Gradient Projection Method

A number of methods have been proposed for computing the (Moore-Penrose-Bjerhammar) generalized inverse A+ of an arbitrary m by n complex matrix A of rank r-and-le;m-and-le;n. Boot, Ben-Israel and Wersan have recently published methods which require the formation either of AA* or BB*, where B is an r by n submatrix of A having rank r. In this paper a procedure for computing A+ is given which consists of a variant of the gradient projection method. The procedure, which is equivalent to a Hestenes conjugate directions method in the special case r-and-equil;m, may be applied to any complex matrix. The basic procedure requires the application of the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process, first to the column vectors (a(i)*) of A*, then, if A is not of full row rank, to the column vectors (c(j)) of A.
Global–Local Analysis of Composite Plate with Thin Notch

Laminated composites are becoming very popular in the aerospace industry because of their high strength-to-weight ratio and the fact that their properties can be tailored by changing different parameters like fiber and matrix materials, ratio of fiber to matrix volumes, fiber orientations, sequence of the plies, etc. However, because of their heterogeneity, an accurate analysis of composite laminates requires very high time and storage space. In the presence of structural discontinuities like cracks, delaminations, cutouts, etc., the computational complexity increases significantly. A possible alternative to reduce the computational complexity is the global–local analysis, which involves an approximate analysis of the whole structure followed by a detailed analysis of a significantly smaller region of interest. We investigate here the performance of the global–local scheme based on the finite-element method by comparing it to the traditional finite-element method. To do so, we conduct a two-dimensional st...
Total synthesis of cyclotheonamides E2 and E3: application of cyano ylide methodology

Abstract A total synthesis of cyclotheonamides E 2 and E 3 is reported. A key step in the synthesis involves the formation of the α-keto amide linkage by application of the cyano ylide activation of a carboxyl group as developed in our earlier syntheses of cyclic peptides in the family of protease inhibitors.
Passive damping of thin film Nitinol

Thin film Nitinol is evaluated for a new damping solution to microscale damping. In this study, thin film Nitinol was mechanically tested under steady and cyclic tensile loads in a DMA Q800 load frame to determine stiffness and hysteric losses (tan δ = 0.17). A method of determining the damping properties of a multilayered laminate was derived and evaluated using measured and predicted values of Nitinol film damping. Hysteretic loss of tan δ = 0.76 was predicted for a tensile/compressive loading of a film indicative of loading in a MEMS structure. Damping in a silicon/Nitinol laminate using the tensile/compressive loading film damping prediction was calculated to be tan δ = 0.127.
Chiral catalyst controlled diastereoselection and regioselection in intramolecular carbon-hydrogen insertion reactions of diazoacetates

Individual enantiomers of substituted cyclohexyl diazoacetates or 2-octyl diazoacetates matched with a configurationally suitable chiral dirhodium(II) carboxamidate catalyst provide an effective methodology for the synthesis of lactones with exceptional diastereo- and regiocontrol. Enantiomerically pure (1S,2R)-cis-2-methylcyclohexyl diazoacetate forms the all-cis-(1R,5R,9R)-9-methyl-2-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-3-one with complete diastereocontrol in reactions catalyzed by dirhodium(II) tetrakis[methyl 1-(3-phenylpropanoyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-4(R)-carboxylate], Rh2(4(S)-MPPIM)4, but the configurational mismatch results in a mixture of products. The same diazoacetate produces (1S,5R)-5-methyl-2-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-3-one with virtually complete selectivity by catalysis with dirhodium(II) tetrakis[methyl 2-oxopyrrolidine-5(S)-carboxylate], Rh2(5(S)-MEPY)4. Similarly high stereo- and regiocontrol is also achieved with enantiomerically pure trans-2-methylcyclohexyl diazoacetates. Product control from insertion...
Multiple bonds to silicon: 20 years later

Abstract The discovery of stable compounds containing SiC and SiSi bonds in 1981 led to the overturning of the ‘double bond rule’, and paved the way for the recent explosive growth in multiple bond chemistry of the heavier elements. This paper traces the events leading up to the 1981 discoveries, summarizes some of the developments in multiply-bonded silicon chemistry since that date, and outlines challenges for further research in this area.
EFFICACY OF ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IS DIFFERENTLY DEPENDENT ON LEFT ATRIAL REMODELING

Objectives: The association between the efficacy of AADs and LA size in AF management remains unclear. Methods: 383 patients with symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent AF (PeAF) (282 male, 59±12 years), who were treated with class Ic drug (n=343; flecainide, n=336 or propafenone, n=54) or amiodarone (n=155), were analyzed. Results: 165 (48%) did not respond to class Ic drug and 92 (59%) did not to amiodarone. Class Ic drug failure group had more PeAF (39% vs 14%, p 41 mm (61% vs 44%, p 0.05). Amiodarone failure group had more PeAF (49% vs 29%, p 0.05). PeAF (OR 4.5, 95% CI: 2.588∼7.823, p 41 mm (OR 1.7, 95% CI: 1.057∼2.703, p=0.03) were independent predictors of class Ic drug failure, whereas only PeAF was an independent predictor of amiodarone failure. Class Ic drug failure rates in paroxysmal AF with LAd 41 mm, PeAF with LAd 41 mm were 33%, 45%, 70% and 77% respectively (p<0.01). Conclusions: The efficacy of class Ic AADs was dependent on LA size and AF type synergistically, whereas the efficacy of amiodarone was not associated with LA size.
On the dynamics of light quarks in QCD

Abstract We describe recent results concerning the behavior of lattice QCD with light dynamical Wilson and Staggered quarks. We show that it is possible to reach regions of parameter space with light pions m π ≈ 0.2/ a using Wilson fermions. If the Hybrid Molecular Dynamics (HMD) algorithm is used with the same parameters it gives incorrect results. We also present preliminary results using a higher-order integration scheme.
Fat and heart disease: yes we can make a change--the case of North Karelia (Finland).

Background/Methods: The exceptionally high mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Finnish population in the 1970s ensued the initiation of preventive health intervention
Error Probabilities for Spread-Spectrum Packet Radio with Convolutional Codes and Viterbi Decoding

The use of convolutional coding in packet radio systems introduces problems in evaluating performance, since the errors out of the decoder are not independent. A new bound on the packet error probability out of a Viterbi decoder may be used to evaluate these systems. We present results on the packet error probability for frequencyhop and direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems. In addition, we show that the assumption of independent errors out of the decoder gives an upper bound that is not as tight as our new bound. Comparisons are made with frequency-hop systems using Reed-Solomon codes.
Iron-Catalyzed Heterocycle and Arene Deprotonative Alkylation

A method for iron-catalyzed deprotonative alkylation of arene C−H bonds by alkyl iodides and bromides has been developed. In the presence of an amide base, both primary and secondary alkyl halides can be coupled with furans, thiophenes, pyridine derivatives, and some electron-withdrawing-group containing arenes.
Scattering for the quartic generalised Korteweg–de Vries equation

Abstract We show that the quartic generalised KdV equation u t + u x x x + ( u 4 ) x = 0 is globally well posed for data in the critical (scale-invariant) space H ˙ x − 1 / 6 ( R ) with small norm (and locally well posed for large norm), improving a result of Grunrock [A. Grunrock, A bilinear Airy-estimate with application to gKdV-3, Differential Integral Equations 18 (12) (2005) 1333–1339]. As an application we obtain scattering results in H x 1 ( R ) ∩ H ˙ x − 1 / 6 ( R ) for the radiation component of a perturbed soliton for this equation, improving the asymptotic stability results of Martel and Merle [Y. Martel, F. Merle, Asymptotic stability of solitons for subcritical generalized KdV equations, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 157 (3) (2001) 219–254].
The Use of Large Transparent Ceramics in a High Powered, Diode Pumped Solid-State Laser

The advent of large transparent ceramics is one of the key enabling technological advances that have shown that the development of very high average power compact solid-state lasers is achievable.
Efficient gathering of correlated data in sensor networks

In this article, we design techniques that exploit data correlations in sensor data to minimize communication costs (and hence, energy costs) incurred during data gathering in a sensor network. Our proposed approach is to select a small subset of sensor nodes that may be sufficient to reconstruct data for the entire sensor network. Then, during data gathering only the selected sensors need to be involved in communication. The selected set of sensors must also be connected, since they need to relay data to the data-gathering node. We define the problem of selecting such a set of sensors as the connected correlation-dominating set problem, and formulate it in terms of an appropriately defined correlation structure that captures general data correlations in a sensor network.We develop a set of energy-efficient distributed algorithms and competitive centralized heuristics to select a connected correlation-dominating set of small size. The designed distributed algorithms can be implemented in an asynchronous communication model, and can tolerate message losses. We also design an exponential (but nonexhaustive) centralized approximation algorithm that returns a solution within O(log n) of the optimal size. Based on the approximation algorithm, we design a class of centralized heuristics that are empirically shown to return near-optimal solutions. Simulation results over randomly generated sensor networks with both artificially and naturally generated data sets demonstrate the efficiency of the designed algorithms and the viability of our technique—even in dynamic conditions.
We have never been liberal: the environmentalist turn to liberalism and the possibilities for social criticism

The shifting relationship between environmental political theorists and liberalism is examined, moving from a total critique to an increasingly nuanced engagement. The argument here is neither for nor against the possibility of ‘greening' liberalism per se. Instead, it is argued that the preoccupation with ‘liberalism' in this context is a category mistake based upon the reification of liberalism as not just a political philosophy, but a characterisation of citizen values and practices in contemporary liberal democratic societies. A different way of thinking about the role and task of environmental political theory and social criticism is proposed. The key is to ask whether a theoretical argument resonates with citizens, not whether it can be reconciled with liberalism.
Mean reversion in asset returns with varying debt and equity components: Evidence and implications from preferred stock

Abstract This study documents the existence of mean reversion in three classes of preferred stock and high grade corporate bond returns. The lack of mean reversion in high grade preferred stock returns is consistent with the argument that high grade preferred stock resembles high grade corporate bonds which do not exhibit mean reverting behavior in returns. However, returns to both medium and speculative preferred stock exhibit mean reverting behavior during the pre-war period that intensifies as credit quality declines. We conclude, therefore, that a common force drives the mean reversion of returns found in common equity, medium and speculative grade preferred stock. This same force, however, does not appear to impact the return generating process of high grade preferred stock or corporate bonds.
An introduction to quintessence

There is a missing energy problem in cosmology: the total energy density of the Universe, based on a wide range of observations, is much greater than the energy density contributed by all baryons, neutrinos, photons, and dark matter. Deepening this mystery are the recent observations of type la supernovae which suggest that the expansion rate of the Universe is accelerating. One possible resolution is the existence of a cosmological constant which fills this energy gap. However, a logical alternative is “quintessence,” a time-dependent, spatially inhomogeneous, negative pressure energy component which drives the cosmic expansion. This lecture will serve as an introduction to the quintessence cosmological scenario.
Purposive Patterning: Jeff Donaldson Muhal Richard Abrams and the Multidominance of Consciousness

The painterJeff Donaldson and the composer Muhal Richard Abrams have been associated since the mid-1960s, when both artists, then based in Chicago, took part in meetings of the Coalition of Black Revolutionary Artists (COBRA). Like many twentieth-century African-American visual artists, Donaldson has always maintained that musical images have had a major impact on his art. In turn, Abrams not only studied art but is a painter himself, encouraging other AACM (Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians) members, such as Roscoe Mitchell, to take up the brush as well. As with Richard Powell's characterization of Donaldson's 1977 painting Victory in Zimbabwe, one aspect of Abrams' work may be viewed as having as its subject "black diasporal rhythm: a visual, oral and performative factor," where "black cultural subjectivity in art moves beyond a depicted black icon (or illustrative polemic) and, instead, becomes a design, word, [and] attitude" (Powell 1997, 20).
Test limitations of parametric faults in analog circuits

This paper investigates the detectability of parameter faults in linear, time-invariant, analog circuits and sheds new light on a number of very important test attributes. We show that there are inherent limitations with regard to analog faults detectability. It is shown that many parameter faults are undetectable irrespective of which test methodology is being used to catch them. It is also shown that, in many cases, the detectable minimum-size parameter fault is considerably larger than the normal parameter drift. Sometimes the minimum-size detectable fault is two to five times the parameter drift. We show that one of the fault-masking conditions in analog circuits, commonly believed to be true, is, in fact, untrue. We illustrate this with a simple counter example. We also show that, in analog circuits, it is possible for a fault-free parameter to mask an otherwise detectable parametric fault. We define the small-size parameter fault coverage, and describe ways to calculate or estimate it. This figure of merit is especially suitable in characterizing the test efficiency in the presence of small-size parameter faults. We further show that circuit specification requirements may be translated into parameter tolerance requirements. By doing so, a test for parametric faults can, indirectly, address circuit specification compliance. The test limitations of parametric faults in analog circuits are illustrated using numerous examples.
Business groups and the natural state

Abstract Recent revisionist accounts of corporate governance in both business history and finance are challenging the tradition narrative, associated with Berle and Means (1932) and Chandler (1977) , in which the American model of diffuse ownership and coherent diversification is both an inevitable outcome of economic development and perhaps a normative standard for the world to follow. This essay is an attempt to rethink that narrative in light of the continued significance of the pyramidal business group as a governance structure around the world. I argue that business groups arise in response both to inadequacies in arm's-length markets and to the needs of what North et al. (2009) call the “natural state.” In this view, the quality of markets and the demands of the state are tightly interconnected phenomena. Such a perspective explains the emergence of business groups in developing countries as well as their persistence even in wealthy and sophisticated polities apart from the U.S. and the U.K. In the end, moreover, I endorse the view that the much-discussed and oft-misunderstood exceptionalism of the U.S. in corporate governance arises not only from the sophistication of American markets but also importantly from government policies toward corporate taxation and securities regulation—policies that arose from the unique Public Choice problem posed by the differential effect on the U.S. of the collapse of globalization during the middle years of the twentieth century.
Curvature Flow of Complete Convex Hypersurfaces in Hyperbolic Space

We investigate the existence, convergence, and uniqueness of modified general curvature flow (MGCF) of convex hypersurfaces in hyperbolic space with a prescribed asymptotic boundary.
Deficiency of Src family kinases compromises the repopulating ability of hematopoietic stem cells

Objective Src family kinases (SFK) have been implicated in regulating growth factor and integrin-induced proliferation, migration, and gene expression in multiple cell types. However, little is known about the role of these kinases in the growth, homing, and engraftment potential of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Results Here we show that loss of hematopoietic-specific SFKs Hck, Fgr, and Lyn results in increased number of Sca-1 + Lin − cells in the bone marrow, which respond differentially to cytokine-induced growth in vitro and manifest a significant defect in the long-term repopulating potential in vivo. Interestingly, a significant increase in expression of adhesion molecules, known to coincide with the homing potential of wild-type bone marrow cells is also observed on the surface of SFK −/− cells, although, this increase did not affect the homing potential of more primitive Lin − Sca-1 + SFK −/− cells. The stem cell−repopulating defect observed in mice transplanted with SFK −/− bone marrow cells is due to the loss of Lyn Src kinase, because deficiency of Lyn, but not Hck or Fgr, recapitulated the long-term stem cell defect observed in mice transplanted with SFK −/− bone marrow cells. Conclusions Taken together, our results demonstrate an essential role for Lyn kinase in positively regulating the long-term and multilineage engraftment of stem cells, which is distinct from its role in mature B cells and myeloid cells.
Intermolecular cross-double-michael addition between nitro and carbonyl activated olefins as a new approach in C-C bond formation.

A novel intermolecular cross-double-Michael addition between nitro and carbonyl activated olefins has been developed through Lewis base catalysis. The reaction took place with a large group of β-alkyl nitroalkenes and α,β-unsaturated ketone/esters, producing an allylic nitro compound in good to excellent yields.
Regioselective single and double conjugate additions to substituted cyclohexa-2,5-dienone monoacetals.

A series of quinone monoacetals bearing electron-withdrawing groups was treated with diethyl malonate and other bifunctional nucleophiles in the presence of KO-t-Bu in THF. Reactions of ethyl 3-nitropropionate or diethyl malonate resulted in single conjugate addition adducts. When ethyl acetoacetate was used as a nucleophile, bridged bicyclic products were obtained in good yields. The regiochemistry of conjugate addition was dependent on the quinone monoacetal substitution.
A Centre-Stable Manifold for the Energy-Critical Wave Equation in R^3 in the Symmetric Setting

Consider the focusing semilinear wave equation in ℝ3 with energy-critical nonlinearity This equation admits stationary solutions of the form called solitons, which solve the elliptic equation Restricting ourselves to the space of symmetric solutions ψ for which ψ(x) = ψ(-x), we find a local center-stable manifold, in a neighborhood of ϕ(x, 1), for this wave equation in the weighted Sobolev space Solutions with initial data on the manifold exist globally in time for t ≥ 0, depend continuously on initial data, preserve energy, and can be written as the sum of a rescaled soliton and a dispersive radiation term. The proof is based on a new class of reverse Strichartz estimates, recently introduced by Beceanu and Goldberg and adapted here to the case of Hamiltonians with a resonance.
Fragmentation of substituted 2-sila-1,3-dioxacycloalkanes under electron impact

The mass spectrometric dissociation of 2-sila-1,3-dioxacycloalkanes takes place mainly with loss of the substituent from position 2 of the heterocycle. The fragment formed here eliminates the molecular of carbonyl compounds or alkenes.
Metalated nitrile and enolate chlorinations.

Metalated nitriles and enolates rapidly and efficiently abstract chlorine from 2-chloro-2-fluoro-2-phenylacetonitrile to afford a diverse range of chloronitriles and chloroesters. The method provides the first general anionic chlorination of alkylnitriles, tolerates numerous functional groups, and addresses the challenge of synthesizing α-chloronitriles under mild conditions.
Computational Parametric Study of the Aerodynamics of Spinning Slender Bodies at Supersonic Speeds

Abstract : Three dimensional finite-difference flow field computation techniques have been employed to generate a parametric aerodynamic study at supersonic speeds. Computations for viscous turbulent and inviscid flow have been performed for cone-cylinder, secant-ogive-cylinder, and tangent-ogive-cylinder bodies for a Mach number range of 1.75 or = M or = 5. The aerodynamic coefficients computed are pitching moment, normal force, center of pressure, Magnus moment, Magnus force, Magnus center of pressure, form drag, viscous drag, roll damping and pitch damping. All aerodynamic coefficients are computed in a conceptually exact manner. The only empirical input is that required for turbulence modeling. Computed results are compared to experimental data from free flight aerodynamic ranges and wind tunnels in order to validate the computational techniques. parametric comparisons illustrate the effects of body configuration and Mach number for the ten aerodynamic coefficients. The results for Magnus and pitch damping are of particular interest.
Forward-link performance of satellite CDMA with linear interference suppression and one-step power control

Wideband direct-sequence (DS)-code-division multiple-access (CDMA) is a strong candidate for both terrestrial and satellite components of UMTS. The forward-link capacity of a satellite DS-CDMA system with a conventional matched filter (MF) receiver is limited by interference from adjacent beams and possibly overlapping beams from multiple satellites. In this paper, we study the performance of the linear minimum mean squared error (MMSE) receiver for the satellite forward link. System constraints are long propagation delay, which prevents accurate closed-loop power control, and low on-board power consumption, which implies a low received bit energy to noise density ratio at the mobile receiver. We consider a "one-step" power adjustment algorithm which attempts to compensate for random shadowing and path loss, and compare the associated performance of the MMSE and MF receivers. Dual-satellite diversity is also considered. The effect of code rate on performance is studied through the use of punctured convolutional codes and the evaluation of random coding bounds. Our results indicate that linear MMSE interference suppression can improve the quality of service and increase system capacity significantly.
Impacts of bias correction of lateral boundary conditions on regional climate projections in West Africa

Biases existing in the lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) influence climate simulations in regional climate models (RCMs). Correcting the biases in global climate model (GCM)-produced LBCs before running RCMs was proposed in previous studies as a possible way to reduce the GCM-related model dependence of future climate projections using RCMs. In this study the ICTP Regional Climate Model Version 4 (RegCM4) is used to investigate the impact of LBC bias correction on projected future changes of regional climate in West Africa. To accomplish this, two types of present versus future simulations are conducted using RegCM4: a control type where both the present and future LBCs are derived directly from the GCM output (as is done in most regional climate downscaling studies); an experiment type where the present-day LBCs are from reanalysis data and future LBCs are derived by combining the reanalysis data and the GCM-projected LBC changes. For each type of simulations, three different sets of LBCs are experimented on: 6-hourly synoptic forcing directly from the reanalysis or GCM, 6-hourly data interpolated from monthly climatology (without diurnal cycle), and 6-hourly data interpolated from the month-specific climatology of diurnal cycles. It is found that the simulations using different LBCs produce similar present-day summer rainfall patterns, but the predicted future changes differ significantly depending on how the LBC bias correction is treated. Specifically, both the bias correction applied at the synoptic scale and the bias correction applied to the monthly interpolated LBCs without diurnal cycle produce a spurious drying signal caused by physical inconsistency in the corrected future LBCs. Interpolated monthly LBCs with diurnal cycle alleviate the problem to a large extent. These results suggest that using bias-corrected LBCs to drive regional climate models may not guarantee reliable future projections although reasonable present climate can be simulated. Physical inconsistencies may be contained in the bias-corrected LBCs, increasing the uncertainties of RCM-produced future projections.