cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spline spaces on TR-meshes with hanging vertices

Polynomial spline spaces defined on mixed meshes consisting of triangles and rectangles are studied for the C 0 case. These include triangulations with hanging vertices as well as T-meshes. In addition to dimension formulae, explicit basis functions are constructed, and their supports and stability are discussed. The approximation power of the spaces is also treated.
Excitonic AND Logic Gates on DNA Brick Nanobreadboards

A promising application of DNA self-assembly is the fabrication of chromophore-based excitonic devices. DNA brick assembly is a compelling method for creating programmable nanobreadboards on which chromophores may be rapidly and easily repositioned to prototype new excitonic devices, optimize device operation, and induce reversible switching. Using DNA nanobreadboards, we have demonstrated each of these functions through the construction and operation of two different excitonic AND logic gates. The modularity and high chromophore density achievable via this brick-based approach provide a viable path toward developing information processing and storage systems.
Mixture periodic autoregressive time series models

Mixture periodic autoregressive models are introduced to fit periodic time series with asymmetric or multimodal distributions. The stationary conditions of such series are derived, the asymptotic property of maximum likelihood estimators is obtained, and the application of EM algorithm is discussed. The new model class is illustrated by analyzing the particulate matter concentrations in Cleveland, OH.
Increased expression of ska gene in emm49-genotyped strains of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from patients of severe invasive group A streptococcus infections

Abstract Since 2000, emm49-genotyped Streptococcus pyogenes strains have been isolated from patients of severe invasive GAS infections in Japan, but not isolated before 1999. In all cases, renal impairment was caused in the early stage. We thought that this renal impairment in the early stage was due to the increase of streptokinase (ska) expression. In the present study, we compared ska transcriptional level between emm49-genotyped strains from severe invasive and non-severe invasive streptococcal infections. We showed that the ska transcriptional levels in the strains isolated from patients of severe invasive infections were higher than those of non-severe invasive infections, and this enhancement of the transcription was not caused by Fas activator and sagA/pel mRNA that activate ska expression.
RabD, a Dictyostelium Rab14-related GTPase, regulates phagocytosis and homotypic phagosome and lysosome fusion.

RabD, a Dictyostelium Rab14-related GTPase, localizes in the endo-lysosomal pathway and contractile vacuole system of membranes. Cell lines expressing dominant-negative RabD were defective in endocytosis, endosomal membrane flow and homotypic lysosome fusion. In support of a role for RabD in fusion, cells overexpressing constitutively active RabD Q67L accumulated enlarged hydrolase-rich acidic vesicles ringed with GFP-RabD, consistent with RabD directly regulating lysosome fusion. To determine whether RabD also regulated phagocytosis and/or homotypic phagosome fusion (a process stimulated by many intracellular pathogens), cells overexpressing dominant-active (RabD Q67L ) or dominant-negative (Rab N121I ) RabD were analyzed microscopically and biochemically. The rate of phagocytosis was increased two-fold in RabD Q67L -expressing cells and reduced by 50% in RabD N121I -expressing cells compared with control cells. To examine the role of RabD in the formation of multiparticle phagosomes, we performed a series of pulse-chase experiments using fluorescently labeled bacteria and fluorescent latex beads. The rate of fusion of newly formed phagosomes was five times higher in the RabD Q67L -expressing cells and reduced by over 50% in RabD N121I -expressing cells as compared with control cells. GFP-RabD Q67L was found to ring multiparticle spacious phagosomes, which supports a direct role for this protein in regulating fusion. Inhibition of PI 3-kinase activity, which is known to regulate phagosome fusion in the wild-type cells, reduced the rate of phagosome fusion in RabD Q67L+ cells, indicating that RabD acted upstream of or parallel with PI 3-kinase. We hypothesize that RabD and, possibly, Rab14, a related GTPase that associates with phagosomes in mammalian cells, are important regulators of homotypic phagosome and endo-lysosome fusion.
A thermodynamic study of nonstoichiometric cerium dioxide

Abstract Thermogravimetric measurements were performed on nonstoichiometric CeO2−x in the temperature range 750–1500°C and from oxygen pressures of 10−2 to 10−26 atm. From this data the deviation from stoichiometry x = x(T, Po2) was determined. The thermodynamic quantities Δ H o2 and Δ S o2 were calculated in the region 0.001⩽ x ⩽ 0.3 and found to be independent of temperature. In the composition region 0.001 S o2 with x is consistent with a defect model involving randomly distributed doubly ionized oxygen vacancies. The experimental P o 2 - 1 5 dependence of x and σ (electrical conductivity) is shown to be consistent with this model as Δ H o2 (≈ -10 eV) exhibits a slight dependence on x. It is postulated that the variation in Δ H o2 may result from lattice parameter increases with x, while the defects remain essentially randomly distributed. In the composition region 0.006 P o 2 − 1 n with 1 P o 2 − 1 n with n increasing rapidly with x to n≅ 30. This behavior is believed to result from increasing defect interaction with increasing departures from stoichiometry. It is interesting to note that the ordered phase observed by Bevan and Kordis between CeO1·72 and CeO1·70 was not observed in this study at temperatures between 1300° and 1500°C.
Improving plasmid DNA-mediated liver gene transfer by prolonging its retention in the hepatic vasculature.

An Erratum has been published for this article in The Journal of Gene Medicine 4(3) 2002, 342. Background Naked DNA is the simplest and safest method to deliver genes to the liver. In this study, we demonstrate that significant gene expression could be achieved in the liver by transiently restricting blood flow through the liver immediately following peripheral intravenous injection of plasmid DNA. Methods Mice were intravenously (tail vein) injected with plasmid DNA in 100 µl of saline (0.9% NaCl) immediately followed by 8 s of occlusion of blood flow through the liver. The occlusion of blood flow was performed by using a clip at either the vena cava (VC) or at the portal vein and hepatic artery (PV+HA). Alternatively, the VC was clamped for 4 s followed by clamping the PV+HA for 4 s (VC and PV+HA). Results Gene transfer to the liver was completed after blood flow through the liver was blocked for as short as 1 s. Up to 560 pg of luciferase protein per mg of extracted protein was observed from the liver after a single injection of 80 µg of plasmid DNA. Gene expression was increased more than 50-fold by the combination of clamping and electroporation. Conclusion This is the first demonstration of gene transfer to the liver via systemic administration without using any carrier system or physical force. Also, the technique provides new insights into the mechanism of hepatic gene transfer. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From the Arab Spring to the Chinese Winter: The institutional sources of authoritarian vulnerability and resilience in Egypt, Tunisia, and China:

Following the collapse of long-lived dictatorships in Tunisia and Egypt in early 2011, many analysts have turned their attention to China to identify possible stirrings of revolution. Of course, whereas efforts spiraled into revolutionary outcomes in the Middle East and North Africa, the Chinese Jasmine Revolution stimulated little domestic interest and failed to materialize into a popular movement. Beginning with the cases of Egypt and Tunisia, this article critically examines recent literature identifying the causes of the 2011 Arab Spring revolutions to develop several hypotheses on the sources of regime vulnerability in these countries and considers their applicability in explaining the exceptional resilience of single-party rule in China.
An Exploratory Study of HIV+ Adolescents’ Spirituality: Will You Pray with Me?

The aims of the study were (1) to determine whether adolescents find it acceptable to have physicians explore their spiritual beliefs as part of their medical care, (2) to characterize the role of spirituality and religious beliefs in adolescents with and without HIV, and (3) to examine associations between spirituality/religion and quality of life. Adolescents receiving their medical care at an urban Adolescent Health Clinic completed a study-specific questionnaire about spiritual inquiry by their physician, the Brief Multidimensional Measurement of Religiousness/Spirituality, and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0. Chi-squared analysis, Fischer’s exact test, and t tests were used to assess associations. A total of 45 participants enrolled: 19 HIV+ (53% vertical transmission) and 26 HIV−; mean age 17.2 years; 80% African American. Four out of 45 (9%) had ever been asked by their doctor about their spiritual/religious beliefs, and only 8 (18%) had ever shared these beliefs with their healthcare provider. Most teens wanted their provider to ask them about their spiritual beliefs during some visits, especially when dealing with death/dying or chronic illness (67%). Those with HIV were more likely to endorse wanting their doctors to pray with them (42% vs. 15%), feeling “God’s presence” (Mean = 3.95 vs. 2.83), being “part of a larger force” (Mean = 2.58 vs. 1.69), and feeling “God had abandoned them” (Mean = 1.63 vs. 1.15). There are certain circumstances in which healthcare providers should include a spiritual history with teenage patients. Few differences emerged in the teens studied with and without HIV.
Superconducting heavy-ion accelerating structures

This paper briefly reviews the technical history of superconducting ion-accelerating structures. Various superconducting cavities currently used and being developed for use in ion linacs are discussed. Principal parameters and operational characteristics of superconducting structures in active use at various heavy-ion facilities are described.
Torsades de Pointes Induced by Erythromycin

We describe two patients who develop torsades de pointes in a temporal relationship to the intravenous administration of erythromycin lactobionate in the absence of other drugs or metabolic abnormalities known to cause the arrhythmia. We also review the current literature regarding this topic, including other case histories and the evidence for erythromycin's effect on cardiac tissue. Due to the increasing use of erythromycin in clinical practice, we believe it is important that all physicians be made aware of this potential complication, which was not recognized at our institutions until these patients were seen by one of us (B.G.).
Correlated color temperature

Color temperatures of sources that do not match a blackbody at any temperature are determined by use of “isotemperature” lines drawn in some chromaticity diagram. Those lines were derived from conjectures, not from any observational data. The only known observational data of the kind are at least 35 years old, but are published here for the first time. Recent CIE recommendation of two new color-difference formulas implies that the isotemperature lines should be correspondingly changed. The changes indicate that color temperatures of some common light sources should be several hundred degrees different than their present ratings. Observations are advocated, to determine whether those changes are appropriate.
Commoditization of PACS and the Opportunity for Disruptive Innovation

The transition from film-based (i.e., analog) to filmless (i.e., digital) medical imaging represented a radical innovation in medical imaging practice and technology, which in large part was driven by the creation of the picture archival and communication system (PACS). For the first time, medical imaging professionals could capture, archive, transmit, and display medical images digitally, thereby eliminating the inefficiencies associated with hard copy film, which had been the norm for almost a century. This radical technology innovation in turn led to a myriad of medical imaging practice innovations including the outsourcing of professional medical imaging services (i.e., teleradiology), rapid report turnaround times (through speech recognition software), and instantaneous and ubiquitous access to medical imaging data. While the early adoption of PACS in the USA was in large part restricted to the academic practicing community, its dissemination over time has effectively permeated the entire medical imaging community. The result is that the PACS market has been transformed from a new purchaser to replacement market, which has dramatically reduced economic opportunity for PACS vendors. Along with this shift in market dynamics, PACS technologic innovation has declined, which in part is attributable to its longevity. The early and mid-stages of the PACS S-curve were defined by incremental innovations leading to substantive performance gains in workflow, productivity, and operational efficiency, which effectively created a positive return on investment (ROI) for PACS vendors [1]. The late stage of the PACS S-curve has been associated with a relative dearth of innovation and lack of performance improvement measures, which has led to its commoditization. The resulting declines in PACS profit margins and new sales have in turn lead to a further decline in R&D expenditures, which perpetuates this commoditization trend and lack of innovation. While this may seem like a lost economic and technologic cause, the reality is that these market conditions have created an opportunity for disruptive innovation. If successful, this could reinvigorate the PACS marketplace and produce a new cycle of technologic and practice innovation.
A Recurring Theme: The Need For Minority Physicians

There is compelling evidence for the need to increase diversity within the physician workforce to ensure high-quality medical education, access to health care for the underserved, advances in research, and improved business performance. To have enough physicians to meet the future needs of the general public, as well as of minority citizens, we must recruit from diverse populations. The need for physicians, particularly under-represented minorities, will continue to grow. Addressing shortages requires inventive efforts to counter obstacles created by the anti–affirmative action movement, as well as strategies to encourage institutions to become more engaged in diversity efforts.
Commutators method for Boson mapping in the seniority scheme

Abstract A new approximate method for carrying out the boson mapping in the seniority scheme is described, in which the boson expansions of the pair and multipole operators are determined by satisfying the commutation relations for the associated Lie algebra. The method is illustrated for the single- j shell-model algebra SO(2(2 j + 1)). The calculation is successively carried out to lowest and to next-higher order, the latter exhibiting the necessity of including g-bosons in the calculation in order to reach algebraic consistency. Agreement with the exact result of Ginocchio for j = 3 2 is established to the order considered.
Ancient subduction, mantle eclogite, and the 300 km seismic discontinuity

A seismic discontinuity is frequently observed near 300 km depth beneath continents and island arcs. Here we show that this discontinuity is generated by SiO2-stishovite formation in eclogitic assemblages. Such free silica is petrologically anticipated within materials of mid-oceanic-ridge basalt chemistry at these depths, and the 300 km discontinuity is likely associated with either the coesite to stishovite transition or exsolution of stishovite from clinopyroxenes containing excess silica. The presence and amplitude of this seismic feature provide a means for determining how much subducted, or delaminated, formerly basaltic material is present at deep upper-mantle depths. Thus, the distribution of the 300 km discontinuity yields a measure of mantle geochemical heterogeneity and provides a means for locating the residue of ancient subduction within the upper mantle.
Housing Quality among the Elderly: A Decade of Changes

Little research has been conducted on housing quality among the elderly. The fault lies partly with the lack of reliable data. Studies on elderly housing quality are spotty, anecdotal, and unsystematic. Many rely on decennial census data which provide a limited and unsatisfactory portrait of special housing needs of elders in general. This article seeks to fill this void by reporting a comprehensive study of elderly housing quality. For all units, logistic regression revealed that region and race are the most important predictors of housing inadequacy; tenure and the gender of the person living alone are moderately powerful influences upon inadequacy. Housing inadequacy is greater among blacks, in the South, for males living alone, and for renters.
MSWs with and without long‐term substance abuse training: Agency, community, and personal outcomes

Behavioral outcomes in agency, community, and personal arenas were examined for 81 social workers with Masters degrees (MSWs) who completed a clinical postgraduate substance abuse (SA) training program (trainees) and a matched group of 78 MSWs not enrolled in such a program (comparison subjects). Subject self-report data was collected via telephone interviews of 30–40 min. With little or limited prior SA training, trainees took this clinical training to a broader level: they were significantly more likely than comparison subjects to provide agency SA training, receive SA training and supervision outside the agency, engage in SA community service, present SA papers at conferences, and intervene with their SA-troubled significant others. With more MSW students now receiving SA training in their graduate programs, the impact of such postgraduate education is likely to be even greater.
Dopamine D2 receptors exert tonic regulation over discrete neurotensin systems of the rat brain

Blockade of dopamine D2 receptors with either the selective antagonist, sulpiride, or the non-selective antagonist, haloperidol, induces 2- to 3-fold increases in the content of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in the striatum and the nucleus accumbens of the rat brain. Quantitatively similar increases were also observed (a) in the striatum following selective degeneration of more than 85% of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway with 6-hydroxydopamine and (b) in both the striatum and the nucleus accumbens after non-selective depletion of brain dopamine using reserpine plus alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Interestingly, treatment of animals with sulpiride or haloperidol, following the depletion of dopamine by either 6-hydroxydopamine or reserpine plus alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, did not add to the elevation in neurotensin content of either structure caused by the dopamine depletion alone. These data suggest that an intact dopamine system is required for the neuroleptics to exert their effects on individual neurotensin systems. In addition, the same mechanism appears to underlie the responses of the neurotensin pathways to treatments with the neuroleptics or dopamine-depleting drugs. A likely explanation for the effects of neuroleptics and dopamine-depleting drugs is that they eliminate tonic activity on D2 receptors by basally released dopamine in the striatum and the nucleus accumbens. Supportive evidence for this hypothesis is that concurrent administration of the D2 receptor agonist, LY 171555, with reserpine, completely blocked the effects of reserpine-induced dopamine depletion on neurotensin systems of the striatum and the nucleus accumbens.
Dartos Muscle Interposition Flap for the Treatment of Rectourethral Fistulas

Rectourethral fistula is a rare complication of pelvic surgery, trauma, or inflammation. The many techniques for repairing these fistulas vary in their success rates. Our goal was to describe the use of a dartos muscle interposition flap for repair of these fistulas. We performed a retrospective review of eight patients who underwent repair of a rectourethral fistula with a dartos muscle interposition flap. We describe the success rate and patient-related factors that may have affected success. The technique of dartos muscle interposition is described and compared with other previously described techniques. Six of eight patients had healing of their fistulas documented by follow-up cystogram. Dartos muscle interposition is a straightforward technique that can result in successful fistula repair but should not be used in patients with risk factors for poor wound healing, such as an immunocompromised state or previous radiation therapy.
Improving pediatric dosing through pediatric initiatives: what we have learned.

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to review the impact of pediatric drug studies, as measured by the improvement in pediatric dosing and other pertinent information captured in the drug labeling. METHODS. We reviewed the pediatric studies for 108 products submitted (July 1998 through October 2005) in response to a Food and Drug Administration written request for pediatric studies, and the subsequent labeling changes. We analyzed the dosing modifications and focused on drug clearance as an important parameter influencing pediatric dosing. RESULTS. The first 108 drugs with new or revised pediatric labeling changes had dosing changes or pharmacokinetic information (n = 23), new safety information (n = 34), information concerning lack of efficacy (n = 19), new pediatric formulations (n = 12), and extended age limits (n = 77). A product might have had ≥1 labeling change. We selected specific examples (n = 16) that illustrate significant differences in pediatric pharmacokinetics. CONCLUSIONS. Critical changes in drug labeling for pediatric patients illustrate that unique pediatric dosing often is necessary, reflecting growth and maturational stages of pediatric patients. These changes provide evidence that pediatric dosing should not be determined by simply applying weight-based calculations to the adult dose. Drug clearance is highly variable in the pediatric population and is not readily predictable on the basis of adult information.
To tell or not to tell: Managing HIV/AIDS disclosure in a low-prevalence context

Statement of Retraction The following article has been retracted from publication in SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 2010, volume 7, issue 1: “To tell or not to tell: Managing HIV/AIDS disclosure in a low-prevalence context” by Adebola A Adedimeji (pages 16-23, DOI 10.1080/17290376.2010.9724951).
Phaseolus vulgaris cultivar and Rhizobium strain variation in acid-pH tolerance and nodulation under acid conditions

Abstract Acid-soil pH is a major factor limiting nodulation and N 2 fixation in beans. The experiments reported here sought strains of Rhizobium and cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L. tolerant of acid pH, and to study the interaction of strains and cultivars differing in pH tolerance. Seventy-eight of 217 isolates of R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli grew on modified Keyser-Munns medium, pH 4.5. Of these, 33 grew at pH 4.5 in the presence of 100 μM aluminum and 40 tolerated pH 4.5 medium containing 200 μM manganese. Twenty isolates were both highly efficient in nitrogen (N 2 ) fixation and acid-pH-tolerant. Marked variation was also evident in the growth and nodulation at pH 4.5 of 126 cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris . Thus ‘Capixaba precoce’, ‘Preto 143’ and ‘Bico de Ouro’ had high nodule number and nodule mass plant −1 when grown at this pH, whereas BAT115 and BAT165 were essentially without nodules. When host cultivars and Rhizobium strains which differed in acid pH tolerance were used in inoculation experiments in soil of pH 4.5, nodulation and plant growth were most affected when both host and Rhizobium were intolerant of low pH. this was associated with reduced multiplication of Rhizobium in the rhizosphere 2 days after planting and with lack of attachment of the Rhizobium to the host root. Competition for nodule sites at acid pH was also affected. When either the Rhizobium strain or the cultivar was acid-tolerant, nodulation and plant development were similar to that achieved when both host cultivars and Rhizobium strain were acid-pH-tolerant.
Sexual Intent Perceptions: The Role of Perceiver Experience and the Real-Person Reduction

What factors influence the amount of sexual intention accorded to a person's behavior? A perceiver's gender and personal experiences, and the nature of the relationship with the perceived were investigated. Two findings emerged. First, perceiver sexual and dating experiences predicted perceptions in addition to and independent of perceiver gender, but only for a “self” target. Second, hypothetical targets were perceived more sexually relative to targets that represented real people. These findings extended previous research suggesting that features of targets and perceivers in addition to gender are predictive of sexual perceptions. These target features (e.g., “self” vs. other, “real” vs. hypothetical) have distinct influences on sexual perceptions, suggesting that the choice of a target in research studies should be considered carefully.
Managing the anemia of prematurity: red blood cell transfusions versus recombinant erythropoietin.

Transfusion-dependent anemia remains a problem for preterm infants, particularly those with a birth weight less than 1.0 kg. Several studies have documented the efficacy and safety of transfusing red blood cells stored up to 42 days as a means to diminish donor exposures Recombinant erythropoietin therapy has not been widely adopted because it does not consistently reduce the need for red blood cell transfusion in very low-birth weight preterm infants.
The quantitative description of beach cycles

Abstract A quantitative method is developed to describe sequential changes in beach profile morphology. Dominant cycles in temporal eigenfunctions (computed by empirical eigenfunction analysis and rotary component analysis) are defined and used to construct a sequence of profiles representing the energetic portions of beach cycles. Five sets of beach profile data from Torrey Pines Beach in southern California were analyzed with these techniques. Because the first and second eigenfunctions account for between 65 and 90% of the variability of the data, the beach profiles are accurately described with only these two variables and the mean profile. Using rotary component analysis, beach changes represented by the two dominant eigenfunctions can be separated into many elliptical components, each representing a particular frequency associated with cycles in beach state. Profiles are reconstructed using points from the perimeter (latera recta) of these beach state ellipses. A frequency of 1 cpy is the most energetic frequency in the first and second eigenfunctions, corresponding to the cyclic onshore—offshore sediment movement associated with “bar” and “berm” profiles. Profiles constructed from points on the elliptical path associated with annual cycles graphically depict the sequential development of bar and berm during the beach cycle. Beach cycles corresponding to a frequency of 2 cpy are also significant, primarily due to the energy of the second eigenfunction. No other frequencies are consistently found to be as significant as the annual and semi-annual cycles at this beach. In particular, monthly beach cycles have little energy associated with them. The method described provides a uniform way to objectively discriminate energetic beach cycles, and yields a concise representation for beach modeling and prediction. It should be a valuable tool for uniform, quantitative intercomparison of beaches and beach cycles.
Spectroelectrochemical characterization of nitridorhenium porphyrins

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of three nitridorhenium(V) porphyrins has been characterized using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry. At a platinum disk electrode, five redox processes have been observed within the accessible potential window of several non-aqueous solvent/supporting electrolyte systems. Based on the voltammetric and spectroelectrochemical results, four of the redox processes are assigned as porphyrin-ring-centered reactions whereas the fifth is a reversible metal-centered oxidation.
Status of automotive electronics in the USA

A general overview is provided of the rationale for and the ongoing expansion of electronics in U.S. cars and trucks. Specific applications of electronic controls to the powertrain and to the overall vehicle, plus the increasing usage of digital electronics in instrumentation, entertainment, and communications are reviewed. Status of previously identified concerns relative to cost, especially that of sensors and actuators, and system quality and reliability are covered. Other major issues concerning diagnostics and self-diagnostics, software proliferation, electromagnetic interference and central versus distributed processing are also identified and discussed. A status overview - where are we and where are we going from here? - suggests that the pioneering phase of automotive electronics is currently giving way to a consolidation phase in the U.S. A short review of past predictions versus accomplishments plus several revised predictions are included. Although the 10% electronics content in U.S. vehicles by 1980 has not yet materialized, a steady growth is evident and is expected to continue at least into the mid-1980's.
Comments on the Manhattan Stratigraphic Measure

The Manhattan stratigraphic measure was proposed as a measure of congruence between temporal information retrieved from the fossil record and a phylogenetic hypothesis. This index is based on the fit of a Sankoff character representing the stratigraphic ages of terminal taxa and is calculated in a way analogous to the consistency index. Sample cases are analyzed in which this measure is insensitive to increasing amounts of conflict between stratigraphic and topological temporal information. A simple modification of the step matrix upon which the measure is based is proposed. The modified index, MSM*, overcomes the observed problem and is based on the measurement of the number and extent of ghost lineages.
TCP/IP: the next generation

After tracing the evolution of Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) from its academic and government research heritage to its current commercial use, we survey new directions in TCP/IP. We explore the issues that derive from growth in scale and function, which are prompting the Internet community to assess significant changes in the protocol suite. We relate these issues to the IBM Open Blueprint™. Much as the IBM Personal Computer brought computing to millions of people, the Internet service of the IBM Global Network and IBM's Internet Connection products are bringing networking to millions of people and are changing how customers are transacting business among themselves and with IBM.
Pressure-volume characteristics of dielectric elastomer diaphragms

With the ultimate goal of constructing diaphragm-type pumps, we have measured pressure-volume characteristics of single-layer dielectric elastomers diaphragms. Circular dielectric elastomer diaphragms were prepared by biaxial stretching of 3M VHB 4905 polyacrylate, or spin casting and modest or no biaxial stretching of silicone rubber films, followed by mounting to a sealed chamber having a 3.8 cm diameter opening. Pressure-volume characteristics were measured at voltages that provided field strengths up to 80 MV/m in un-deformed VHB films and 50-75 MV/m in silicone films. The most highly pre-strained VHB diaphragms were found to have linear pressure-volume characteristics whose slopes (diaphragm compliance) depended sensitively upon applied field at higher field strengths. Compliance of unstretched silicone diaphragms was nearly independent of field strength at the fields tested, but pressure-volume characteristics shifted markedly. For both kinds of dielectric elastomers, pressure-volume work loops of significant size can be obtained for certain operating pressures. Each type of diaphragm may have advantages in certain applications.
Ethnographies of terror

Cultural Survival Quarterly. Death and Disorder in Guatemala. Volume 7, number 1. Cambridge, MA: Cultural Survival, Inc., 1983. 53 pp. including 29 photographs, 8 tables, 1 map, and bibliography. $5.00 paper. Cultural Survival Quarterly. Voices of the Survivors: The Massacre al Finca San Francisco, Guatemala. Occasional Papers of the Anthropology Resource Center, Number 10. Cambridge, MA: Cultural Survival, Inc., 1983. ii + 105 pp. including 5 photographs, 2 maps, and glossary. $5.00 paper.
VCSEL End-Pumped Passively Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser with Adjustable Pulse Energy

A compact, passively Q-switched Nd:YAG laser utilizing a Cr4+:YAG saturable absorber, is end-pumped by the focused emission from an 804 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) array. By changing the VCSEL operating current, we demonstrated 2x adjustability in the laser output pulse energy, from 9 mJ to 18 mJ. This energy variation was attributed to changes in the angular distribution of VCSEL emission with drive current, resulting in a change in the pump intensity distribution generated by a pump-light-focusing lens.
The Role of Attention in Vestibular Processing

This study investigated the hypothesis that vestibular processing is facilitated by attention, and that suppression of the vestibule-ocular reflex will lead to dual-task interference in a secondary information processing task. Twelve patients with surgically confirmed absent unilateral vestibular function and twelve healthy age-matched controls participated in this study. All subjects underwent vestibular stimulation through two different types of rotational conditions, one a semicircular canal stimulus and the other an otolith stimulus, two different visual conditions (darkness and fixation of a laser point) and pursuit tracking of a moving laser point. Subjects also performed one of three different secondary information processing tasks (IPT) while undergoing the vestibular condition. The results of this study showed that dual-task interference occurs during vestibular stimulation in both patients and healthy controls, and this interference was more pronounced in patients during more complex IPTs. The r...
Malignant Papillomas of the Choroid Plexus: Report of Two Cases with a Review of the Literature

Papillomas of the choroid plexus are among the less commonly observed intracranial neoplasms. In a report of over 2000 verified intracranial tumors, Cushing (3) found an incidence of 0.6 per cent. Papillomas of the choroid plexus which show sufficient microscopic evidence of malignancy to merit the term carcinoma are particularly rare, and few such cases have been recorded. Of the 45 cases of papilloma which Van Wagenen (21) was able to collect from the literature in 1930, only 5 were considered as undoubted carcinomas. The tumors in the following two cases were situated in the third ventricle, and both showed unmistakable microscopic evidence of malignancy. Report of Cases Case I:1 L. H. (No. 101-903), a white housewife twenty-seven years of age, was first admitted to the hospital in March 1930, complaining of headaches of four months' duration. Six years previously the patient had undergone a plastic pelvic operation and appendectomy. Menstruation had been normal and regular until about fifteen months after operation, at which time the periods ceased suddenly with none of the apparent psychic manifestations that are frequently associated with such an occurrence. Following this there was a gradual gain in weight of about sixty pounds, although the appetite had been normal. Polyuria and polydipsia developed a short time later.
A STUDY OF THE ECLIPSING BINARY BETA AURIGAE.

Photoelectric spectrum scans and abundance analyses for effective temperature and surface gravity determination of eclipsing binary system beta Auriga
Integrating feminist theory and women's studies into the women's health nursing curriculum: Special topics in women's health

Special Topics in Women’s Health, are offered in conjunction with two clinical practica (12 credits). Clinical seminars reinforce theory and clinical practice issues. Perinatal Zsstles in Primary Cure includes all the obstetric and newborn content. Special Topics in Women’s Health covers advanced nursing assessment and management of high-incidence health problems in women. Feminist theories are used as the conceptual framework in the critique of women’s health care and are the foundation for clinical practice. This article describes how feminist theories and concepts from women’s studies are integrated to create a feminist approach to women’s health care. Course content is outlined here and detailed content is presented for selected classes to illustrate how this is accomplished
Estimating elasticities with frontier and other regressions in evaluating two advertising strategies for US Army recruiting

Abstract To help resolve a long-standing debate in the US Government on advertising strategies for military recruitment, this study applies ordinary least squares (OLS), which here includes (1) stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and (2) frontierized least squares (FLS), to evaluate two distinct advertising strategies: Service Specific vs. Joint. Thus, in contrast to the customary use of a single central tendency method, such as OLS, on different models, we here use multiple methods on a single model to cross check and validate results. In addition to serving as cross checks, the methods can be used to identify classic problems, including biases in the data and shortcomings in one or more of the methodologies employed. To avoid dealing with problems on identifying motives underlying various patterns in advertising expenditure, data are drawn from a statistically designed experiment where the expenditures were controlled as part of the experiment to resolve the issue of a choice between the two advertising strategies of interest. In contrast to earlier studies, the current paper finds that all methods used lead to the same conclusion: Service Specific is more efficient than Joint, at least for the US Army—which is, by far, the largest military advertiser. Finally, the paper introduces a new method for reallocating advertising budgets between the Uniformed Services which (a) is simpler than the customary use of cross partial derivatives, (b) avoids the need for the ceteris paribus assumptions for each such allocation, as in customary reallocation methods and (c) simplifies matters so that, for instance, it is not necessary to introduce an entirely new organization to administer the desired coordinating activities.
Is Dieting Advice From Magazines Helpful or Harmful? Five-Year Associations With Weight-Control Behaviors and Psychological Outcomes in Adolescents

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between frequent reading of magazine articles about dieting/weight loss and weight-control behaviors and psychological outcomes 5 years later in a sample of adolescents. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS. Data are from Project EAT (Eating Among Teens), a 5-year longitudinal study of eating, activity, weight, and related variables in 2516 middle and high school students. In 1999 (time 1), participants completed surveys and had their height and weight measured. In 2004 (time 2), participants were resurveyed. RESULTS. For female adolescents, the frequency of healthy, unhealthy, and extreme weight-control behaviors increased with increasing magazine reading after adjusting for time 1 weight-control behaviors, weight importance, BMI, and demographic covariates. The odds of engaging in unhealthy weight-control behaviors (such as fasting, skipping meals, and smoking more cigarettes) were twice as high for the most frequent readers compared with those who did not read magazine articles about dieting and weight loss. The odds of using extreme weight-control behaviors (such as vomiting or using laxatives) were 3 times higher in the highest frequency readers compared with those who did not read such magazines. There were no significant associations for either weight-control behaviors or psychological outcomes for male adolescents. CONCLUSIONS. Frequent reading of magazine articles about dieting/weight loss strongly predicted unhealthy weight-control behaviors in adolescent girls, but not boys, 5 years later. Findings from this study, in conjunction with findings from previous studies, suggest a need for interventions aimed at reducing exposure to, and the importance placed on, media messages regarding dieting and weight loss.
Spicing things up: synthetic cannabinoids

Rationale Recently, products containing synthetic cannabinoids, collectively referred to as Spice, are increasingly being used recreationally.
The transmembrane domain of CEACAM1-4S is a determinant of anchorage independent growth and tumorigenicity

CEACAM1 is a multifunctional Ig-like cell adhesion molecule expressed by epithelial cells in many organs. CEACAM1-4L and CEACAM1-4S, two isoforms produced by differential splicing, are predominant in rat liver. Previous work has shown that downregulation of both isoforms occurs in rat hepatocellular carcinomas. Here, we have isolated an anchorage dependent clone, designated 253T-NT that does not express detectable levels of CEACAM1. Stable transfection of 253-NT cells with a wild type CEACAM1-4S expression vector induced an anchorage independent growth in vitro and a tumorigenic phenotype in vivo. These phenotypes were used as quantifiable end points to examine the functionality of the CEACAM1-4S transmembrane domain. Examination of the CEACAM1 transmembrane domain showed N-terminal GXXXG dimerization sequences and C-terminal tyrosine residues shown in related studies to stabilize transmembrane domain helix-helix interactions. To examine the effects of transmembrane domain mutations, 253-NT cells were transfected with transmembrane domain mutants carrying glycine to leucine or tyrosine to valine substitutions. Results showed that mutation of transmembrane tyrosine residues greatly enhanced growth in vitro and in vivo. Mutation of transmembrane dimerization motifs, in contrast, significantly reduced anchorage independent growth and tumorigenicity. 253-NT cells expressing CEACAM1-4S with both glycine to leucine and tyrosine to valine mutations displayed the growth-enhanced phenotype of tyrosine mutants. The dramatic effect of transmembrane domain mutations constitutes strong evidence that the transmembrane domain is an important determinant of CEACAM1-4S functionality and most likely by other proteins with transmembrane domains containing dimerization sequences and/or C-terminal tyrosine residues.
Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Hepatitis C

ABSTRACT The major cause of chronic posttransfusion hepatitis, the hepatitis C virus (HCV), has been identified. HCV is a single-stranded linear RNA virus with characteristics similar to the flaviviruses. A different agent, the hepatitis E virus, is associated with epidemic (enterically-transmitted) non-A, non-B hepatitis. At present, infection with HCV is recognized by the finding of anti-HCV antibodies, positive in up to 90% of patients with chronic non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Antibodies to HCV are detected in 1 % of normal volunteer blood donors and in the majority of donors implicated in post-transfusion hepatitis. HCV antibodies are also found in patients with autoimmune liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, HCV infection may contribute to the pathogenesis of liver disease in alcoholic patients. The role of HCV infection in fulminant non-A, non-B hepatitis and hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia has not been elucidated as yet. Therapy of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis with recombinant human alpha-interferon has been shown to improve or normalize aminotransferase levels in ~50% of patients, most of whom have evidence of HCV infection. However, relapse after cessation of treatment is common. In the future, screening blood for evidence of HCV infection may prevent most cases of non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis.
Performance, kinetics, and substrate utilization in a continuous yeast fermentation with cell recycle by ultrafiltration membranes

A continuous single stage yeast fermentation with cell recycle by ultrafiltration membranes was operated at various recycle ratios. Cell concentration was increased 10.6 times, and ethanol concentration and fermentor productivity both 5.3 times with 97% recycle as compared to no recycle. Both specific growth rate and specific ethanol productivity followed the exponential ethanol inhibition form (specific productivity was constant up to 37.5 g/l of ethanol before decreasing), similar to that obtained without recycle, but with greater inhibition constants most likely due to toxins retained in the system at hight recycle ratios.
Monte Carlo study of U(1) and SU(2) gauge fields on four-dimensional random lattices☆

Abstract The asymptotic behavior of the random lattice gauge model is examined. Numerical results of the specific heat of U(1) and SU(2) on the random lattices of a different number of sites in four dimensions are reported and the phase structure is discussed.
Elephants, Ivory and International Law

So there has been little check on the killing of him [African elephants] for commercial gain, and his numbers are said to be fast diminishing. (Sir J. Arthur Thomson, The Outline of Natural History (New York, Putnam's, 1931), at 200)
Microfluorometric estimates of proteins associated with murine hepatocyte and thymocyte nuclei, residual structures, and nuclear matrix derivatives.

Isolated diploid hepatocyte and thymocyte nuclei and their derivatives (“residual structures” and nuclear matrices, as defined by Kaufmann et al. 1981) were evaluated by microfluorometry following reaction with the following fluorochromes: brilliant sulfaflavine (BSF) used at pH 2.8 for the demonstration of total protein; acridine orange (AO) used at pH 9.0 to reveal acidic groups of proteins; and 3-(4-maleimidylphenyl)-7-diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin (CPM) used under conditions required to demonstrate the sum of sulfhydryl (SH) and disulfide (SS) groups of proteins. The results suggested that the proteins reacting with AO and CPM differed from each other and from those revealed by fluorochroming with BSF. In every comparison, hepatocyte nuclei and their derivatives were more fluorescent than the respective populations of thymocyte nuclei and their derivatives. In material fluorochromed with BSF and AO, nuclear matrices were less fluorescent than residual structures, which, in turn, were less fluorescent than intact nuclei. In contrast, nuclear matrices fluorochromed with CPM were less fluorescent than intact nuclei but more fluorescent (paradoxically) than residual structures. The ratios of the total fluorescence values of hepatocyte and thymocyte nuclei fluorochromed with BSF changed significantly during extractions required to produce residual structures and nuclear matrices, while comparable ratios in material fluorochromed with AO or CPM did not change significantly. Comparisons of the ratios of the fluorescence values of intact nuclei and their derivatives in a variety of combinations yielded complex and variable results. In their totality, the results obtained in the present investigation suggested that microfluorometric data can provide a useful complement to data derived by biochemical and other approaches if sufficiently large numbers of preparations and end-group procedures are utilized.