cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The persistence potential of transferable plasmids.

Conjugative plasmids can mediate the spread and maintenance of diverse traits and functions in microbial communities. This role depends on the plasmid’s ability to persist in a population. However, for a community consisting of multiple populations transferring multiple plasmids, the conditions underlying plasmid persistence are poorly understood. Here, we describe a plasmid-centric framework that makes it computationally feasible to analyze gene flow in complex communities. Using this framework, we derive the ‘persistence potential’: a general, heuristic metric that predicts the persistence and abundance of any plasmids. We validate the metric with engineered microbial consortia transferring mobilizable plasmids and with quantitative data available in the literature. We believe that our framework and the resulting metric will facilitate a quantitative understanding of natural microbial communities and the engineering of microbial consortia. Conjugative plasmids mediate the spread and maintenance of diverse traits in microbial communities, but the conditions underlying plasmid persistence are poorly understood. Here, Wang and You present a modeling framework for analysis of gene flow and prediction of plasmid persistence and abundance in complex communities.
Panel: Economic Policy and Governance during Pandemics using AI.

The global food supply chain (starting at farms and ending with consumers) has been seriously disrupted by many outlier events such as trade wars, the China demand shock, natural disasters, and pandemics. Outlier events create uncertainty along the entire supply chain in addition to intervening policy responses to mitigate their adverse effects. Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods (i.e. machine/reinforcement/deep learning) provide an opportunity to better understand outcomes during outlier events by identifying regular, irregular and contextual components. Employing AI can provide guidance to decision making suppliers, farmers, processors, wholesalers, and retailers along the supply chain, and policy makers to facilitate welfare-improving outcomes. This panel discusses these issues.
744 Single cell profiling of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and its microenvironment reveals a CD8 continuum and adaptable T cell plasticity in response to PD-1 blockade-based therapy

Background Allogeneic stem cell transplantation can cure relapsed/refractor (R/R) AML via grafted T cells versus leukemia effect, but not a viable option to many patients. By combining azacitidine with nivolumab, we harnessed T cell activity and demonstrated 33% response rates. The tumor microenvironment (TME) factors impacting response and resistance to PD-1 blockade-based treatment in AML are unknown. Methods We performed single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) on 113,394 bone marrow (BM) cells, paired with >30,000 single cell T cell receptor (scTCR) repertoires, from 8 pre- and 14 post- azacitidine/nivolumab treatment aspirates of 8 R/R AML patients (median age 73 years; 3 responders; 3 non-responders; 2 stable disease) (figure 1). Results Inferred copy number loss of chromosome 7/7q (chr7/7q) by scRNAseq was associated with resistance to azacitidine/nivolumab (figure 2A), which was validated in a larger cohort based on clinical karyotyping (figure 2B). There was significant enrichment (q Conclusions Chr7/7q loss is associated with resistance to PD-1 blockade. CD8 cells exist in a continuum in BMs of patients with AML and GZMK expression identifies a stem-like, memory T cell subset. The subverted T cells can be reinvigorated via PD-1 blockade and induce responses in AML driven via novel and expanded clones demonstrating AML T cell plasticity and adaptability. Further functional characterization of GZMK expressing lymphocytes in mediating antileukemic responses is underway. Ethics Approval The study was approved by IRB at MD Anderson Cancer Center
The Timescale of Control: A Meta-Control Property that Generalizes across Tasks but Varies between Types of Control

Prominent models of control assume that conflict and the probability of conflict are signals used by control processes that regulate attention. For example, when conflict is frequent across preceding trials (i.e., high probability of conflict), control processes bias attention toward goal-relevant information on subsequent trials. An important but underspecified question regards the meta-control property of timescale-that is, how far back does the control system "look" to determine the probability of conflict? To address this question, Aben, Verguts, and Van den Bussche (2017) developed a statistical model quantifying the timescale of control. In a flanker task, they observed short timescales for lists with a low probability of conflict (which induce reactive control) and long timescales for lists with a high probability of conflict (which induce proactive control). To investigate the domain generality of these timescales, we applied their model to two additional conflict tasks that manipulated the list-wide probability of conflict. Our findings replicated Aben et al. suggesting meta-control may be task general with respect to timescales operating on the list level. We subsequently modified their model to examine timescale differences for items in the same list that differed in their probability of conflict but not the type of control engaged. We failed to detect a difference in timescales between items. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that differences in the timescale of control are task general and suggest that timescale differences are driven by the type of control engaged and not by the probability of conflict per se.
The Survey of Recognition about Rehabilitative Robots for Treatmentin Physical Therapists

Purpose: This study examined the recognition of rehabilitative robots for treatment in physical therapists. Methods: This study surveyed 100 physical therapists in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do using Google Form, an online survey tool. The question naire consisted of 21 questions, including eight questions on the general characteristics, 13 questions on the recognition of rehabilitative robots. Results: The general characteristics of the physical therapists showed differences and influences on recognition of rehabilitative robots, and there were statistically significant differences. There were significant differences in the recognition of rehabilitation robots according to general characteristics in gender, age, education degree, type of hospital, average weekly working time, and treatment field. Multiple regression analysis found that gender and the type of hospital influenced the recognition of rehabilitation robots. Conclusion: Physical therapists showed differences in recognition of rehabilitative robots according to their general characteristics, and gender and the type of hospital influence the recognition of rehabilitation robots. Sufficient systematic education programs should be provided, and physical therapists require policy adjustments to increase their accessibility to rehabilitation robots through continuing ed ucation.
A Rare Case of Statin-Induced Diplopia: An Often-Overlooked but Reported Side Effect

Statins are a class of medications indicated for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and dyslipidemia. Ever since their introduction, various side effects have been reported with their use. Statin-induced myopathy is a well-established side effect of the medication, ranging in severity from mild myotoxicity to fatal rhabdomyolysis, with or without an increase in creatine kinase levels. Statin-induced diplopia, ptosis, or ophthalmoplegia are very rare, but they have been reported as adverse events in a handful of cases. These adverse events typically result from the progressive weakening of the external ocular musculature or the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. In this report, we present a rare case of statin-induced diplopia in a patient who had been on atorvastatin therapy for years. We believe this report will increase awareness among physicians about such an adverse event related to statins.
Transgresiones domésticas y agencia femenina en “Las dependencias” (1999) de Lucrecia Martel=Domestic Transgressions and Female Agency in Lucrecia Martel’s Las dependencias (1999)

Resumen Este trabajo estudia la representacion filmica de la empleada domestica en Las dependencias (Lucrecia Martel, 1999), telefilm dedicado a la escritora argentina Silvina Ocampo. Este documental es pionero dentro del cine latinoamericano contemporaneo por el lugar central que la domestica ocupa como sujeto femenino complejo e idiosincratico, un protagonismo inexistente en el cine del siglo pasado. A traves del analisis de los testimonios de las empleadas, de los espacios y objetos domesticos y de la intertextualidad con el cuento de Ocampo Las vestiduras peligrosas , exploro la representacion de las diferencias de clase, la dinamica de poder en la relacion afectiva entre criada-senora y las diferentes estrategias de resistencia que hacen de la empleada un sujeto con voz y agencia propia. Abstract This article studies the filmic representation of the female domestic worker in Las dependencias (Lucrecia Martel, 1999), a film about the Argentine writer Silvina Ocampo. This is a pioneer documentary in contemporary Latin American cinema based on the centrality given to the housekeeper as a complex and idiosyncratic character, a portrayal not found in 20 th century Latin American cinema. Through the analysis of the female workers’ testimonies, domestic places and objects, and the intertextuality with Ocampo’s short story Las vestiduras peligrosas , we explore the representation of class differences, the power dynamics and the affective dimensions found in the servant-mistress relationship, and the strategies of resistance that make the domestic worker a subject with a voice and agency of her own.
Selective phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the protein B-50.

Publisher Summary The absence of any tyrosine residues in the amino acid sequence of B-50 eliminates it as a potential substrate for tyrosine kinases. Of a number of serine/threonine protein kinases tested for their abilities to phosphorylate B-50, only casein kinase II has been reported to phosphorylate B-50 with stoichiometry similar to that seen with protein kinase C. This chapter summarizes this work, compares the properties of casein kinase II and protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of B-50, and discusses the potential relationship between casein kinase II-mediated phosphorylation of B-50 and growth-associated processes. In addition, work from this and other laboratories on dephosphorylation of B-50 by a number of identified protein phosphatases has been summarized in the chapter.
A q-product Tutorial for a q-series Maple Package

This is a tutorial for using a new q-series Maple package. The package includes facilities for conversion between q-series and q-products and finding algebraic relations between q-series. Andrews found an algorithm for converting a q-series into a product. We provide an implementation. As an application we are able to effectively find finite q-product factorisations when they exist thus answering a question of Andrews. We provide other applications involving factorisations into theta-functions and etaproducts.
An energy efficient CDMA scheme for in-situ communications on Mars

To extend the battery life of a Martian surface unit it is desired to minimize the energy consumed by the surface to orbit communications transceiver. The performance of three different transmission schemes are evaluated in terms of the energy-per-bit required by the transmit power amplifier to achieve a desired energy-per-bit at the receiver. A fixed-power variable-rate transmission scheme is shown to provide the largest savings in energy. Using this as the basis for selecting a multiple access system, a code division multiple access system is presented and its performance is analyzed.
Deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster embryos.

Abstract Ribonucleic acid polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster embryos has been isolated and partially characterized. Drosophila embryos contain two major forms of the enzyme which are further resolvable into four distinct enzyme forms. This resolution depends on exposure of the enzyme to phosphocellulose prior to chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose.
A Critical Care and Transplantation-Based Approach to Acute Respiratory Failure after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Children

Abstract Acute respiratory failure contributes significantly to nonrelapse mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although there is a trend of improved survival over time, mortality remains unacceptably high. An understanding of the pathophysiology of early respiratory failure, opportunities for targeted therapy, assessment of the patient at risk, optimal use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, strategies to improve alveolar recruitment, appropriate fluid management, care of the patient with chronic lung disease, and importantly, a team approach between critical care and transplantation services may improve outcomes.
Stagnation, income distribution and the agrarian constraint: a note

through an accelerator effect. A problem with the model is that it ignores completely a very important feature of less developed economies like India, namely, the agricultural sector. The model considered production under oligopolistic conditions with firms holding an excess capacity of capital. While this may be an accurate depiction of the industrial sector, it is totally inaccurate for an agricultural sector with many peasant farms and where output seems to be constrained by factors other than effective demand. It is therefore necessary to re-examine the issue of the relation between distribution and growth by making explicit allowance for a separate agricultural sector in the model. It may be argued that the existence of the agricultural sector invalidates the positive relation between income equality and growth. Kumar (1989), for example, has claimed that the slow growth of the agricultural sector, rather than the problem of effective demand caused by the high degree of monopoly power, is the constraint on Indian growth. This can be taken to mean that, since growth in agriculture achieved by the relaxation of
CRB1 gene mutations are associated with keratoconus in patients with leber congenital amaurosis.

PURPOSE. To present an association of mutations in the CRB1 gene with keratoconus in patients with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). METHODS. Sixteen patients with genotyped LCA (having the CRB1, CRX, RetGC, RPE65, and AIPL1 mutations) were recruited from one ophthalmology practice and examined for the presence of keratoconus. Corneal topography, visual acuity, and slit lamp biomicroscopic examination were performed in all cases. RESULTS. The mean age of the patients was 34.5 years (range, 13―74). Visual acuities ranged from 20/40 to light perception. Corneal topography was successfully collected in 15 of the cases. Five of the 16 cases had slit lamp and/or topographic features consistent with keratoconus. One patient had a clinical picture that was keratoglobus-like. Of these six cases, four had a CRB1 mutation and two had a CRX mutation. Of the three subjects with the CRX mutation, one had keratoconus, one had the keratoglobus-like presentation, and one was normal. Our cohort represents 14 separate, unrelated families. Only one family comprised multiple members with LCA. These were three affected brothers, one with keratoconus, all with CRB1 mutations. CONCLUSIONS. Although the results cannot exclude other gene mutations, they suggest that LCA patients with a CRB1 mutation may have a particular susceptibility to keratoconus.
EVIDENCE THAT BREAST MILK PROTECTS AGAINST OTITIS PAMEDIA WITH EFFUSION (OME) IN INFANTS WITH CLEFT PALATE

In a prospective study of nutrition and middle-ear disease in 252 infants with cleft palate, entailing frequent standardized pneumatic otoscopic examination, we encountered sporadic infants with one or both ears effusion-free on one or more occasions. Each was additionally unusual in having been fed breast milk. We therefore reviewed the prospectively obtained feeding histories of all subjects in relation to the recorded presence or absence of OME at each examination, excepting examinations subsequent to myringotomy if performed. Of the 252 infants enrolled in an 8-yr. period, 231 (91.7%) were ≤ 2 mos. of age at entry. Two hundred twenty-two (88.1%) received cow milk or soy formulas with no reported admixture of breast milk; 30 (11.9%) received breast milk exclusively or in part for varying periods, in virtually all instances expressed by the mother and provided via artificial feeder. In none of the 222 infants fed only formula was either ear effusion-free at any examination during the first 18 mos. of life, whereas in 11 (37%) of the 30 infants fed breast milk, one or both ears were effusion-free at one or more examinations (P < 0.0001). Freedom from OME was found across categories of cleft type, race, sex, SES, and birth order. These findings provide evidence (1) that in infants with cleft palate, impaired Eustachian tube function is not the sole factor in the pathogenesis of OME, and (2) that breast milk protects against the development of otitis media in infancy.
Genetic analysis of the bacterial flagellum

Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium invest considerable resources in making flagella, motor organelles that function much like the propellers on a ship. Both classical and molecular genetic studies have begun to reveal how flagellar genes are regulated and how their products build and operate these remarkable devices.
The Limits of Pricing Carbon

Many analysts agree that we need to put a price on carbon through either a carbon tax or a cap-and-trade program. And yet, some of the most dramatic successes in carbon abatement have come from policies that do not put a price on carbon. This article considers some of the limits to price as an effective mechanism for transformation of the fossil fuel economy.
The chromatographic microassay of cholesteryl ester fatty acids (CEFA).

Abstract A method has been developed for the microassay of serum cholesteryl ester fatty acid (CEFA) patterns by densitometry of the charred spots produced after chromatography on silica gel impregnated glass paper. Two important features of the procedure are “humidity conditioning” of the gel paper prior to and during chromatography, and the application of sulfuric acid to the chromatogram by a quasi-chromatographic technique instead of by spraying. The method has been extended to the analysis of not only serum extracts but also microliter volumes of serum by a directspotting technique. The fatty acid composition of the ester groups separated from human serum by the gel-paper chromatography has been established by silicic acid column chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography, as well as by the use of pure reference standards, both nonradioactive and “tagged” with cholesterol-4-C14. The reproducibility of the method was demonstrated both with lipid extracts of human and rat serum and with “direct-spotting” assay of the same sera. Satisfactory recoveries were obtained of pure cholesteryl esters added to lipid extracts of serum.
A neurogenic timing factor in control of the ovulatory discharge of luteinizing hormone in the cyclic rat.

INTRODUCTION It was reported in the preceding paper (Sawyer, Everett and Markee, 1949) that a neural factor is involved in the release of LH2 from the female rat hypophysis in response to estrogen treatment, thus extending to a “spontaneously” ovulating species principles whichhad been previously disclosed in the rabbit (Markee, et al., 1946, 1948; Sawyer, et al., 1947, 1948). Although estradiol benzoate injected on the fourth day of pregnancy in the rat regularly induces ovulation within 48 hours (Everett, 1947), this effect could be prevented in most cases by Dibenamine or atropine, administered as late as 20 hours after the estrogen. It was proposed that estrogen modifies the threshold of activation ofan hypothalamic center, or of certain afferentpathways leading to the “center,” and that a chief difference between the rabbit and rat lies in the particular afferent pathways concerned.
A strategic analysis of the Soviet Union

Abstract The reforms of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev are subjected to a strategic analysis of the type that a major corporation would use to examine a chance in its competitive environment. The salient policy changes embrace agriculture, industry, commerce, trade, politics, foreign relations, military, and culture. Impetus for change stems from international pressures. Soviet trade needs, and U.S. foreign policy, as well as problems internal to the U.S.S.R. It is argued that Western nations must respond to radical Soviet shifts in a proactive fashion.
Model Practice as a Valid Research Tool for Studying Actual Private Practice

Data from the actual private practices of two dentists were compared with respective data from the participation of the same two dentists in a laboratory model of private practice conducted in the University of North Carolina Dental Research Center. The findings show that a laboratory model can be established which accurately reflects the major parameters of an actual private practice.
SOME NUCLEAR CHANGES ACCOMPANYING DEVELOPMENT IN THE ENDOSPERM OF GLEDITSIA AND PODOPHYLLUM

The development of the endosperm in Gleditsia is marked by the growth of the average nucleus from 141 Al on June 12 to 978 Al on July 14. At the time of formation of a cellular endosperm the average nuclear volume commences dropping and by July 20 reaches an average of 224 Al throughout the endosperm. In Podophyllum at the time of cell formation the average nuclear volume begins to drop from a value of about 2850 A3 and falls to a value of from 500 ,t to 770 A , the latter estimates depending upon the mode of fixation of the material. The volume decrease in the Podophyllum endosperm nucleus is accompanied by a fall in mean relative DNA content of the average nucleus, as determined by microspectrophotometry with the two wavelength method. The possibility of degeneration of some of the higher "ploid" types is considered, as well as depolyploidization.
The Spiritual Care Team: Enabling the Practice of Whole Person Medicine

We will soon be piloting a project titled “Integrating Spirituality into Patient Care” that will form “spiritual care teams” to assess and address patients’ spiritual needs in physician outpatient practices within Adventist Health System, the largest Protestant healthcare system in the United States. This paper describes the goals, the rationale, and the structure of the spiritual care teams that will soon be implemented, and discusses the barriers to providing spiritual care that health professionals are likely to encounter. Spiritual care teams may operate in an outpatient or an inpatient setting, and their purpose is to provide health professionals with resources necessary to practice whole person healthcare that includes spiritual care. We believe that this project will serve as a model for faith-based health systems seeking to visibly demonstrate their mission in a way that makes them unique and expresses their values. Not only does this model have the potential to be cost-effective, but also the capacity to increase the quality of patient care and the satisfaction that health professionals derive from providing care. If successful, this model could spread beyond faith-based systems to secular systems as well both in the U.S. and worldwide.
A viewable e-voting scheme for environments with conflict of interest

In this paper, we propose a distributed, verifiable, and viewable e-voting scheme. Our scheme mimics the real life voting environments such as multiple political parties with conflict of interest, and meets typical demands in such environments. Meanwhile, the computation is distributed among all voters and the entire voting process is transparent to all as well. A voter can not only verify his own vote, but also view all other individual votes, and consequently the vote total for each candidate. In particular, our scheme observes both anonymity and accountability, while managing fairness. Our analysis and experiment show that the scheme scales in polynomial.
Leveraging assets: a case study of the sustainability initiative at the University of Minnesota, Morris

Abstract This article presents an overview of the sustainability initiative at the University of Minnesota, Morris, key components of which include a realistic goal of energy self-sufficiency by 2010, a new environmental studies curriculum, and various research and outreach projects. Many non-obvious institutional assets – such as lobbying networks in the state legislature, and geographic/demographic features that are more commonly thought of as liabilities – turned out to play critical roles in setting the initiative in motion. The initial physical assets have been leveraged into complementary opportunities for research, teaching, and institutional development in this direction.
Modification of cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes by radiation grafting

Large excesses of a chain transfer agent, carbon tetrachloride, were introduced to a recipe for the mutual radiation grafting of styrene to cellulose acetate film. The effect of the carbon tetrachloride on the molecular characteristics as well as the reverse osmosis and time dependent mechanical properties of resulting graft copolymers was determined. Extremely short side chains were generated as a consequence of the high concentrations of chain transfer agent and the composite results further suggest that the morphology of the grafted films is best described as “destructured” or internally plasticized consequent to grafting in the presence of CCl4. Reverse osmosis fluxes increased with percent graft; salt rejection was high and unaffected by per cent graft up to 40% graft; and the tensile creep under wet conditions was significantly retarded by the grafting. These effects were shown to accrue from grafting per se by control experiments involving α-methylstyrene which will not propagate to form a polymer under these conditions. These results are compared and contrasted with earlier work on grafting in the absence of CCl4 where long side chains of polystyrene were generated resulting in a structuring of the polymer involving domains of polystyrene-rich material and domains of cellulose acetate rich polymer.
Iridium-catalyzed reduction of alkyl halides by triethylsilane.

A highly active cationic Ir(III) hydride complex catalyzes the reduction of primary, secondary, and tertiary chlorides, bromides, and iodides as well as certain fluorides by Et3SiH. The catalytic cycle appears to operate by a unique process in which an electrophilic iridium silane complex acts as a silylating reagent to produce a silyl-substituted halonium ion which is then readily reduced by the nucleophilic dihydride formed following silyl transfer.
Thermal dependence of neural activity in the hamster hippocampal slice preparation

1. Neural activity was recorded in an in vitro hamster hippocampal slice preparation while the temperature of the Ringer's solution bathing in the slice was controlled at selected levels. 2. The amplitude of the population spike (action potentials from a group of pyramidal cells) was measured as bath temperature was lowered from 35 degrees C to temperatures where a response could not be evoked. 3. Plots of population spike amplitude versus temperature have bell-shaped curves. The population spikes increased in amplitude as temperature was lowered from 35 degrees C, reached a peak amplitude between 25 and 20 degrees C, and then decreased until a response could not be evoked when temperature was further lowered. 4. These in vitro results obtained in the slice preparation are related to in vivo hippocampal studies. Results are interpreted as consistent with the proposal reviewed here that neural activity in the hippocampus plays a role at specific stages of entrance into and arousal from hibernation.
Consumer knowledge and use of information about fish and aquaculture

Abstract This paper explores consumers’ knowledge about fish and aquaculture and assesses the use and importance of different information cues about fish. Cross-sectional data were collected in 2008 through a consumer survey ( n = 3213) in the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Sweden and the UK. Consumers’ knowledge about fish generally, and about aquaculture in particular, was relatively low and differed significantly between countries. Consumers from all countries reported an indication of quality and/or food safety as an information cue when buying fish. The information sources most frequently used by Europeans were labelling and sellers in retail or supermarkets. The Internet was identified by consumers in all of the countries as one of the most important sources of information about sea and freshwater fish products. Policy makers and food marketers are encouraged to develop a simple and easily recognisable mark (relating to quality, food safety and nutrition) to assist consumer decision-making. Information campaigns focusing on issues such as the nutritional benefits of eating fish are also recommended.
An Isotope of Oxygen, Mass 18

THE weak doublets of the atmospheric absorption bands of oxygen have been found to originate from a molecule consisting of an oxygen atom of mass 18 combined with one of mass 16. The interpretation recently published by Mulliken (Phys. Rev., 32, 880; 1928) for the strong bands holds in every detail for the weak band. The isotopic rotation–zero point vibration doublets have been calculated by means of the equations of Loomis (Bull. Nat. Res. Council, 2, chap. v.; 1926) and the atmospheric absorption data of Dieke and Babcock (Proc. N.A.S., 13, 670; 1927). The vibrational frequency used for the lower state is that calculated by Birge (Bull. Nat. Res. Council, 2, 232; 1927) from the available data. From the above, the formulae for the separation of the isotopic doublets in the four P and four R branches is as follows:The constants as given by Dieke and Babcock are
Hybrid method to calculate direct exchange areas using the finite volume method and midpoint intergration

This paper presents a hybrid method to calculate direct exchange areas for an infinitely long black-walled rectangular enclosure. The hybrid method combines the finite volume method (FVM) with the midpoint integration scheme. Direct numerical integration of direct exchange areas for adjacent and overlapping zones is difficult because of singularities in the integrand. Therefore, direct exchange areas of adjacent and overlapping zones are calculated using the FVM. Direct exchange areas of nonadjacent zones are calculated by the efficient midpoint integration scheme. Thus, direct exchange areas in an infinitely long enclosure can be obtained with both efficiency and accuracy. Volume-volume direct exchange areas of zones with various aspect ratios and optical thickness have been calculated and compared to exact solutions, and satisfactory results are found.
A debugger for message-based processes

This paper describes a debugger of message-based, communicating processes. This debugger is designed to reduce the apparent complexity of large systems of communicating programs by regarding only the interprocess activities of such programs. The debugger provides users with information about how sets of processes behave rather than what each program associated with each process does. It also provides various primitives for manipulating the interprocess activities of processes. In order to concentrate on just those operations pertinent to multi-process debugging, the debugger provides no ability to access the source code of any program. Our system includes a user-interface program, a mechanism to fire and execute interprocess debugging demons and a mechanism to obtain transcripts of interprocess activities. The user interface executes commands for the user at a terminal for creating and manipulating individual interprocess events. Demons are an event-driven mechanism used to automatically monitor and modify interprocess events. Transcripts provide a record of interprocess events executed for a process that can be replayed later. We make use of these tools to provide individual process control, communication monitoring and process testing.
The Laughing Tortoise: Speculations on Manuscript Sources and Women's Book History

The recovery and study of manuscript texts remains an important endeavor for those interested in early modern women writer, as much as it is an important part of recovering artifacts of literary history. These artifacts increase the amount of material on which we base our conclusions, but one could argue that such texts offer more than simply evidence of literary production. Unfortunately, the tendency in the new field of the history of the book to define “book” as being a printed object threatens once again to marginalize women's participation in literary culture in the same way that previous models of literary history based on “great man” or spirit of the age did in previous generations. Using as a case study the newly recovered manuscript volume by Hester Pulter (1595/96–1678), this essay concludes by examining some premises about early modern women's participation in various aspects of literary culture as being “exceptional,” or anomalous, or whether instead we are still in the process of recovering the materials that would make such conclusions warranted.
Laser Trap Characterization and Modeling of Phototaxis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The unicellular protist Chlamydomonasreinhardtii swims toward light sources using an anterior pair of flagella for propulsion and an eye spot that serves as a directional photoreceptor. Free-swimming Chlamydomonas rotate about the long axis of the cell, and the varying signal of the eye spot is thought to make one flagellum dominant in its beating, re-orienting the cell toward the light source. While dominance is broadly accepted, the underlying nature of dominance—changes in force, frequency, or synchrony—has yet to be determined. It has also yet to be directly demonstrated that this model accounts for phototaxis. We used a laser trap to capture free-swimming Chlamydomonas and measure the propulsive forces and beat frequencies generated by the flagella in the presence and absence of a directional light source. A 3D computational model of Chlamydomonas motility was developed using parameters measured in the laser trap. The data suggest that the most functionally significant change in the flagella in response to light is a waveform change in the trans flagellum that increases its lateral beat strength. The computational model shows that subtle changes in lateral beat strength are necessary and sufficient for phototaxis, and explains the conserved rotational rate of Chlamydomonas.
Electrical conductivity of doped LiCoPO4

Abstract The effect of Cr or Cu doping on the electronic conductivity of LiCoPO 4 was investigated. It was observed that neither type of doping for the samples heated under air lead to electronic conductivity values above ∼10 −9 S cm −1 . Based on these results it is suggested that the room temperature electronic conductivity of LiCoPO 4 is much lower than that for LiFePO 4 . For the case of the doped samples heated under argon, they all exhibited an electronic conductivity ∼10 −4 S cm −1 . It is likely that the enhanced conductivity of the LiCoPO 4 samples heated under argon versus air is a result of conductive Co 2 P along LiCoPO 4 particle surfaces that forms as a result of carbothermal reduction during heat-treatment. The electronic conductivity of the LiCoPO 4 samples heated under high-purity argon is essentially independent of dopant type and concentration. This is because it is the conductive Co 2 P layer that controls the electronic conductivity of the doped samples overriding any possible dopant effects.
Hydrogen Bonding Configurations Determined From H Evolution

Hevolution spectra were measured for hydrogenated Amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) films of varying thickness. A low temperature evolution peak at about 380 °C was determined to arise from a surface monolayer. The bulk limited main peak of the evolution spectrum arises from a very narrow range of binding energies (<0.2 eV). The evolution spectra of a-Si:H, hydrogenated polycrystalline Si, and c-Si containing platelet structures are virtually identical in both size and temperature of the various peaks. Less than 5% of the H is released in an evolution peak occurring at about 800 °C, a peak possibly due to H bound at isolated dangling bonds.
Restless legs syndrome in end-stage renal disease

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and to determine its association with sleep disorders and premature discontinuation of dialysis ("sign-offs"). End-stage renal disease patients (N = 204) and a control group of patients with heart disease (N = 129) completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding symptoms of RLS, sleep habits, pruritus, and adherence to dialysis therapy. Laboratory measures and sensory nerve amplitudes were collected on the ESRD patients. Twenty percent of the ESRD patients and 6% of the cardiac patients reported moderate to severe RLS symptomatology. Sleep onset was delayed and total sleep time was diminished in ESRD patients compared with cardiac patients. Symptoms of RLS were directly correlated with all sleep measures as well as with pruritus. Symptoms of RLS, sleep onset latency, and transferrin saturation were independently associated with premature discontinuation of dialysis. Significantly increased risk for mortality was observed in patients with RLS at the 2.5-year follow-up. Restless legs syndrome is a common finding in patients with ESRD and is associated with substantial morbidity.
The emotive impact of medical language

Background Words can shape or reinforce a patient’s coping strategies. We measured the emotional content of hand surgery words and some synonyms or alternatives in five categories (19 words total).
Direct molecular analysis of whole-body animal tissue sections by imaging MALDI mass spectrometry.

Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) that utilizes matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) technology can provide a molecular ex vivo view of resected organs or whole-body sections from an animal, making possible the label-free tracking of both endogenous and exogenous compounds with spatial resolution and molecular specificity. Drug distribution and, for the first time, individual metabolite distributions within whole-body tissue sections can be detected simultaneously at various time points following drug administration. IMS analysis of tissues from 8 mg/kg olanzapine dosed rats revealed temporal distribution of the drug and metabolites that correlate to previous quantitative whole-body autoradiography studies. Whole-body MALDI IMS is further extended to detecting proteins from organs present in a whole-body sagittal tissue section. This technology will significantly help advance the analysis of novel therapeutics and may provide deeper insight into therapeutic and toxicological processes, reveal...
Efficient Synthesis of Light-Harvesting Arrays Composed of Eight Porphyrins and One Phthalocyanine

Effective light-harvesting arrays require multiple photoactive energy donors that funnel energy to an energy acceptor. Porphyrins and phthalocyanines are attractive components for light-harvesting arrays due to their strong absorption in the blue and red regions, respectively, and because energy transfer can occur from porphyrin to phthalocyanine regardless of their respective metalation states. Star-shaped light-harvesting arrays comprised of eight peripheral porphyrins and one core phthalocyanine have been prepared by a streamlined synthesis involving minimal reliance on protecting groups, a high degree of convergence, and facile chromatographic purification. The synthesis involves three distinct stages of complementary chemistries (porphyrin formation, Pd-mediated porphyrin dimer formation, phthalocyanine formation). Statistical reaction of p-iodobenzaldehyde, a phthalonitrile-linked benzaldehyde, and 5-mesityldipyrromethane afforded the desired trans-iodo/phthalonitrile-substituted porphyrin, which un...
Temperatures on Mars from 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology of ALH84001

The thermal history of Martian meteorite ALH84001 has critical implications for its petrological and deformational history, the age of its trapped atmospheric gases, the timing of the Martian dynamo, and possibly the evolution of Martian surface temperatures during the last 4 billion years (Gyr). Feldspathic glass in ALH84001 has been dated using 40 K/ 40 Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar chronometry by several laboratories. There is general agreement that these chronometers were last reset sometime between 3.9 and 4.3 billion years ago (Ga). Using the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data from Bogard and Garrison [Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 34 (1999) 451^473] to model several limiting thermal histories of the meteorite, here we show that most of ALH84001 feldspathic glass has probably not been heated to more than V350^ 500‡C and shocked to peak pressures Vs 1 GPa since the glass was last melted. This indicates that most of ALH84001 has been well below these temperatures since 3.9^4.3 Ga. Since these temperatures are below the Curie point of magnetite, much of the magnetization recently identified in ALH84001 carbonate [Weiss et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. this issue] must have been acquired by V4 Ga. This also provides an explanation for why ALH84001 contains a sample of an apparently ancient Martian atmosphere that is less evolved relative to that on present-day Mars. Our calculations also suggest that for the last 4 Gyr, average surface temperatures on Mars may not have been much higher than the present cold conditions. B 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome is a highly lethal event.

Abstract Background: Recent reports have described resuscitation-induced, “secondary” abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) in trauma patients without intra-abdominal injuries. We have diagnosed secondary ACS in a variety of nontrauma as well as trauma patients. The purpose of this review is to characterize patients who develop secondary ACS. Methods: Our prospective ACS database was reviewed for cases of secondary ACS. Physiologic parameters and outcomes were recorded. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Results: Fourteen patients (13 male, aged 45 ± 5 years) developed ACS 11.6 ± 2.2 hours following resuscitation from shock. Eleven (79%) had required vasopressors; the worst base deficit was 14.1 ± 1.9. Resuscitation included 16.7 ± 3.0 L crystalloid and 13.3 ± 2.9 red blood cell units. Decompressive laparotomy improved intra-abdominal, systolic, and peak airway pressures, as well as urine output; however, mortality was 38% among trauma and 100% among nontrauma patients. Conclusions: Secondary ACS may be encountered by general surgeons in a variety of clinical scenarios; resuscitation from severe shock appears to be the critical factor. Early identification and abdominal decompression are essential. Unfortunately, in our experience, this is a highly lethal event.
Thermal histories of IVA iron meteorites from transmission electron microscopy of the cloudy zone microstructure

We have measured the size of the high-Ni particles in the cloudy zone and the width of the outer taenite rim in eight low shocked and eight moderately to heavily shocked IVA irons using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Thin sections for TEM analysis were produced by a focused ion beam instrument. Use of the TEM allowed us to avoid potential artifacts which may be introduced during specimen preparation for SEM analysis of high Ni particles <30 nm in size and to identify microchemical and microstructural changes due to the effects of shock induced reheating. No cloudy zone was observed in five of the eight moderately to highly shocked <13 GPa) IVA irons that were examined in the TEM. Shock induced reheating has allowed for diffusion from 20 nm to 400 nm across kamacite/taenite boundaries, recrystallization of kamacite, and the formation, in Jamestown, of taenite grain boundaries. In the eleven IVA irons with cloudy zone microstructures, the size of the high-Ni particles in the cloudy zone increases directly with increasing bulk Ni content. Our data and the inverse correlation between cooling rate and high-Ni particle size for irons and stony-irons show that IVA cooling rates at 350-200 °C are inversely correlated with bulk Ni concentration and vary by a factor of about 15. This cooling rate variation is incompatible with cooling in a metallic core that was insulated with a silicate mantle, but is compatible with cooling in a metallic body of radius 150 ± 50 km. The widths of the tetrataenite regions next to the cloudy zone correlate directly with high-Ni particle size providing another method to measure low temperature cooling rates.
Activation: will hot spots get the hot field in hot water?

“Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are” (Taylor, 1813). In the sky or elsewhere, bright spots have long captured the imagination, often leading to magical thinking and poetic verse. In the universe of functional imaging, representational schemes have typically depicted areas in the brain with the highest signal values following one or more subtractions or other contrasts as hot spots with the brightest values in a color scheme. Such spots are commonly regarded as activated areas of the brain. To many, the brighter the spot, the greater the activation, and by inference, the greater the functional significance to the behavior under study. Star gazing in the early imaging world often consisted of “peak picking” or identifying the brightest or hottest spots. As the interpretation of functional images has matured, many investigators have moved away from “peak picking” toward notions of brain networks, but this is not always a great departure from earlier conceptualizations because brain networks are often characterized simply as constellations of hot spots. In this special issue on activation, a number of problems with this concept will be discussed as they relate to the problem of establishing brain–behavior relationships.
Loss of morphine hyperphagia following neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment in rats

Morphine stimulates food intake in mildly-deprived and nondeprived rats. Neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) destroys the medial-basal hypothalamus and other circumventricular organs, including cells containing beta-endorphin that project to other hypothalamic nuclei proposed in the modulation of morphine hyperphagia. Food intake of MSG-treated and control rats were assessed following vehicle and morphine (1.0-5.0 mg/kg, sc) treatment in a mild (5h) food deprivation paradigm. Morphine hyperphagia was found to be absent in MSG-treated rats, although they responded normally to mild deprivation following vehicle treatment. These results add to the types of ingestive deficits observed in the MSG-treated rat, and suggest that the circumventricular system in general, and opioid medial-basal hypothalamic cells in particular may be implicated in morphine hyperphagia.