cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Going public as an AIDS family caregiver.

Abstract Images of AIDS invoke fears of contagion, disability and formidable death, and moral overtones directed toward drug use, sexuality and sexual identity and freedom. Responses to these images are both private and public, and have profound consequences for individuals whose lives have been touched by the disease, both the person with AIDS and the family caregiver. The purpose of this paper is to analyze in detail ‘going public,’ one category of a substantive theory of AIDS family caregiving. This category was developed from a grounded theory study of 53 AIDS family members who were asked to describe their experiences as an AIDS family caregiver during an indepth interview. Data were content analyzed using constant comparative analysis. Going public referred to how AIDS family caregivers let others know that they were caring for a PWA. Specifically, going public entailed selecting appropriate persons and audiences to tell, formulating approaches to communicating information, and considering the risks and benefits of the possible choices. The description of going public as an AIDS family caregiver details the assertiveness involved in political action and social change, contrasted with the isolation and secrecy involved in maintaining relationships with others under the condition of a stigmatizing illness. Data revealed a particular emphasis on the phenomenon of ‘guilt by association’. Because of their close relationship to a person with AIDS, caregivers were obligated to share the stigma of AIDS and were likewise discredited. Findings from our study emphasize the tremendous personal suffering experienced by caregivers which was associated with AIDS stigma in the form of rejection, loss of friends and harassment. Data also revealed the strong commitment of many caregivers to social activism which ranged from participating in educational efforts to marching in demonstrations. The rationale for the apparent increased activism among AIDS family caregivers compared to other groups of caregivers is explored. Going public highlights both the personal suffering and social manifestations of AIDS, significant issues to consider in planning health services for the second decade of the AIDS epidemic.
Out on the limb: the place of medicine in Descartes' philosophy.

In the final paragraph of the Discours de la Methode published in 1637, Descartes "resolved to devote the rest of [his] life to nothing other than trying to acquire some knowledge of nature from which we may derive rules in medicine."' In 1645, with a retrospective air, Descartes wrote to the Marquess of Newcastle, "the preservation of health has always been the principal end of my studies"; and the following year he wrote to Hector-Pierre Chanut that his practical interests resulted in his having "spent much more time" in medical pursuits than most other subjects.2 Descartes' sincerity on these points seems guaranteed by a number of facts surrounding his life. For one, in 1633 the University of Bologna sought him out to fill a vacant chair in theoretical medi cine. Even more impressive, without ever having produced a proper medical text, Descartes generated a school of medical thought promul gated by Dutchmen like Regius, de Raey, Schuyl, and Sylvius. Yet, in spite of Descartes' own declarations and his conspicuous influence on
Presidential Agenda Setting in Foreign Policy

The traditional model of agenda setting places the Presidency as the primary agenda setter in American politics, particularly in foreign policy. Recent challenges to the traditional model argue tha...
Finding the best system design flow for a high-speed JPEG encoder

26 students at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) studied system level design methodologies through the design of a high-speed JPEG encoder. The results produced by 5 different design flows onto various target platforms demonstrate the high impact of tools on design quality.
Response of Colonic Smooth Muscle from Newborn and Adult Rabbits to Electrical Field Stimulation

Electrical field stimulation (EFS) of circular smooth muscle from the proximal and distal colon of adult rabbits elicits region-specific patterns of contraction and relaxation referred to as on and off responses. The present study examined EFS-mediated on and off responses in neonatal (3- to 5-d-old), juvenile (2-wk-old), and adult rabbits to determine whether colonic motility undergoes a period of postnatal maturation with respect to the pattern of contraction/relaxation that develops in response to stimulation of the enteric nervous system. Muscle strips from the proximal and distal colon were oriented parallel to the circular muscle layer and stimulated electrically (80 V;0.5-ms pulse width) for 10 s using platinum wire electrodes. Stimulus frequency varied between 1 and 64 Hz. EFS stimulation of circular smooth muscle from the proximal colon of neonatal, juvenile, and adult rabbits was characterized by the development of atropine-sensitive on-contractions. The frequency-response curves were similar for each age group. In the distal colon, EFS of circular smooth muscle from neonatal, juvenile, and adult rabbits produced on-relaxations and atropine-insensitive off-contractions. The frequency-response data for the off-contractions were similar for each age group. Although no age-related differences were observed with respect to the pattern of contractile response to EFS, the force of the proximal colon on contractions and the distal colon off-contractions increased as the animals matured. The results suggest that the pattern of colonic enteric neurotransmission is established early in the neonatal period and does not undergo any significant change during the postnatal period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Normal and hermitian tensor products

Abstract If A 1 ,…, A p are square complex matrices and A = A 1 ⊗⋯⊗ A p ≠0 is normal then A i is normal, i =1,…, p . Similar results are available when A is hermitian or skew-hermitian. If T : V → V is linear and K ( T ) is the induced linear map on a general symmetry class of tensors then normal, hermitian, and skew-hermitian properties of K ( T ) imply similar properties for T .
Determinants of Complexity in Mexican-American and Anglo-American Mothers' Conceptions of Child Development.

Complexity of parental reasoning about child development was studied in mothers who varied in ethnic background and biculturalism. Middle-class mothers from Mexican-American and Anglo-American backgrounds were compared on their level of concepts of development on a scale from categorical to perspectivistic reasoning. Categorical mothers interpreted child development as being caused by single constitutional or environmental factors. Perspectivistic mothers interpreted development as the result of the dynamic interplay between constitution and environment over time and accepted that the same developmental outcome could have multiple determinants. In a comparison among moderately acculturated Mexican-Americans, highly acculturated Mexican Americans, and Anglo Americans, the highly acculturated Mexican-American group scored as more perspectivistic than the other two groups, despite the fact that the Anglo-Americans were the most acculturated. When the 2 Mexican-American groups were subdivided into monocultural (Mexican or American) and bicultural subgroups and compared with the Anglo-American group, the bicultural subgroup of the highly acculturated Mexican-American mothers was the most perspectivistic. These results suggest a complex picture of diversity in Mexican-American mothers who retain values and beliefs from their own culture, as well as taking on values and beliefs of the American culture. Maternal intelligence and adherence to traditional cultural values were not found to correlate significantly with level of developmental reasoning.
Nonepileptic seizures treatment workshop summary

In May 2005, an international, interdisciplinary group of researchers gathered in Bethesda, MD, USA, for a workshop to discuss the development of treatments for patients with nonepileptic seizures (NES). Specific subgroup topics that were covered included: pediatric NES; presenting the diagnosis of NES, outcome measures for NES trials; classification of NES subtypes; and pharmacological treatment approaches and psychotherapies. The intent was to develop specific research strategies that can be expanded to involve a large segment of the epilepsy and psychiatric treatment communities. Various projects have resulted from the workshop, including the initial development of a prospective randomized clinical trial for NES.
Cross-species investigations of prenatal experience, hatching behavior, and postnatal behavioral laterality.

Turning biases have been reported in some mammalian species, but less is known about such biases in nonmammalians. This study investigated turning biases in domestic chicks, bobwhite and Japanese quail, leopard geckos, and snapping turtles. Domestic chicks (white leghorn and bantam) and bobwhite quail demonstrate strong group laterality. Japanese quail chicks, snapping turtles, and leopard geckos demonstrate no significant group bias. Results are discussed with regard to differences in embryonic experience, hatching behavior, and postnatal environment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 84–91, 2001
Poled and unpoled polymers with chromophore dopants for optical sensors

Optical properties such as index of refraction and optical absorption of many chromophore-doped polymers are sensitive to the physical and chemical environment to which the polymers are exposed. Detection sensitivity is further enhanced by optical micro-resonator structures such as waveguide micro-ring resonator and fiber Bragg gratings. Chromophore-doped polymers also offer some desirable flexibility in device fabrication. Ultraviolet light and electron beam can reduce the index of refraction of the polymer. The photobleaching and electron beam bleaching methods form optical waveguides in a single fabrication step and do not involve solvents or wet chemicals, and can be applied to polymers that are not compatible with other waveguide fabrication techniques. This Paper provides an overview of the basic principles and designs of such sensors. A chemical sensor to detect trace explosives and a broadband fiber optic electric-field sensor are presented as practical examples.
The absence of a permanent nematode fauna in Baltic rock pool ecosystems

Rock pools situated on islands close to the Tvarminne Zoological Station, southern archipelago of Finland, were investigated and various micrometazoan groups were recorded, namely: Turbellaria, Rotifera, Nematoda and Arthropoda. Nematodes were surprisingly few in numbers and when present they appeared to be immigrants from intertidal algae or terrestrial moss-carpets. It is concluded that the presence of nematodes in Baltic rock pools is an occasional phenomenon, with no resident breeding populations.
Torsion of an internal mammary graft during percutaneous transluminal angioplasty: A case report

A successful percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the distal anastomosis of a tortuous left internal mammary artery graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery was complicated by the development of a focal lesion in the mid-graft region. Dilatation at the site failed to improve the angiographic appearance. Withdrawal of the guidewire resulted in immediate resolution of the apparent mid-graft lesion. The abnormality is felt to have been due to torsion of the graft upon itself, caused by guidewire and balloon catheter manipulation.
Sensory Examination of Four Organic Acids Added to Wine

SUMMARY Difference thresholds for 4 organic acids, determined at a reference concentration of 0.615 (as g of tartaric acid per 100 ml), were found to be ±0.13 g per 100 ml for tartaric, ±0.18 g per 100 ml for citric, ±0.10 g per 100 ml for fumaric, and ±0.13 g per 100 ml for adipic. The response reaction of the panel to these acids appeared to be to molar concentration rather than to pH or normality when dealing with near-threshold amounts added to a highly buffered medium. When the acids were compared directly by addition of equal molar amounts of each, to a wine (equal to 0.20 g tartaric acid per 100 ml on a molar basis), citric acid was judged most sour, fumaric and tartaric about equal, and adipic the least sour. Preference, data indicated trends in favor of citric and tartaric acids over fumaric and adipic acids.
Preferential chemical etching of blazed gratings in (110)-oriented GaAs

Blazed gratings with a theoretical blaze angle of 35 degrees 16' are etched into (110) GaAs surfaces by preferential chemical etching, using a photoresist mask. A maximum total diffraction efficiency of 15% was measured at 6328 A from a blazed grating with a 2.23-microm period, and the diffracted light was concentrated in a single order. To demonstrate the applicability of such gratings in integrated optics, gratings with periods in a 3000- to 5000-A range were made, and epitaxial growth on (110) GaAs substrates was carried out using a method of growth that deposits high-quality, nearly defect-free layers on such substrates.
Sorting out landscapes by mesoscopic noise

Abstract Although complex landscape models have been proposed for many disordered systems, insufficient attention has been paid to experimental methods of distinguishing among different landscape types. The very broad distribution of relaxation rates often cited as being a useful diagnostic is actually far too generic. We present experimental results on two spin-glass materials showing that non-Gaussian fluctuation statistics provide sensitive discrimination between different spin-glass models, and allow surprisingly detailed determination of parameters of the state space. Related experiments on highly non-equilibrium systems, such as vortex dynamics in superconductors, will be briefly mentioned.
Composition of stable set polyhedra

Barahona and Mahjoub found a defining system of the stable set polytope for a graph with a cut-set of cardinality 2. We extend this result to cut-sets composed of a complete graph minus an edge and use the new theorem to derive a class of facets.
The Role of Internationalization in the Product Innovation of Emerging Market Firms

Previous studies on internationalization have shown that firms’ expansion into global markets will enhance their innovation. In this study, we examine how a firm’s domestic-overseas market split ma...
A neural network model for limb trajectory formation

This paper deals with the problem of representing and generating unconstrained aiming movements of a limb by means of a neural network architecture. The network produced time trajectories of a limb from a starting posture toward targets specified by sensory stimuli. Thus the network performed a sensory-motor transformation. The experimenters trained the network using a bell-shaped velocity profile on the trajectories. This type of profile is characteristic of most movements performed by biological systems. We investigated the generalization capabilities of the network as well as its internal organization. Experiments performed during learning and on the trained network showed that: (i) the task could be learned by a three-layer sequential network; (ii) the network successfully generalized in trajectory space and adjusted the velocity profiles properly; (iii) the same task could not be learned by a linear network; (iv) after learning, the internal connections became organized into inhibitory and excitatory zones and encoded the main features of the training set; (v) the model was robust to noise on the input signals; (vi) the network exhibited attractor-dynamics properties; (vii) the network was able to solve the motorequivalence problem. A key feature of this work is the fact that the neural network was coupled to a mechanical model of a limb in which muscles are represented as springs. With this representation the model solved the problem of motor redundancy.
TU-FF-A3-04: An In Vivo Comparative Study of the MV and KV Cone Beam Computed Tomography Image Quality of a Lung Patient

Purpose: To compare image quality, reconstruction artifacts and tumorvisibility for kV and MV cone‐beam computed tomography(CBCT) scans reconstructed with the same algorithm. Method and Materials: A protocol lung‐cancer patient was set up in the identical treatment position for kV and MVCBCT using a Varian On‐Board ImagerCBCT and an inhouse MVCBCT imaging system. For both scans the gantry made a 1‐minute, 360° continuous rotation. For the MVCBCT, ∼460 projection images were acquired at 6MV for ∼13 MU; for kVCBCT ∼600 projections were acquired using 125 kVp, 80 mA and 25‐ms exposure time per projection, resulting in ∼2cGy at isocenter. Reconstruction was performed using the Feldkamp back projection algorithm. Both scans were registered to the treatment plan CT. The visibility of three selected regions (bronchus, vertebrae, heart) is compared using the corresponding signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). The contrast ratio (CR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) at the tumor are also compared for ease of tumor identification. Results: The SNR of bronchus, vertebrae and heart are 25, 34 and 33 respectively for MVCBCT while the corresponding values in kV scan are 17, 33 and 42. For tumor identifiability, CNR and CR are 11 and 2 respectively for MV scan, and 10 and 2 for kV scan. The CNR of the vertebrae in MV and kV cases are 2 and 6. Time to register the kV image is approximately 50% less than MV image. Similar breathing artifacts are present in both scans. Conclusions: Both kV and MV scans deliver usable images. The tumor can be discriminated from the lung background. Higher bone contrast in kV scan helps to reduce time required to register the scan with the planning CT.Conflict of Interest: Research sponsored by NCI Grant P01‐CA59017 and Varian Medical Systems; Research agreement with Varian Medical Systems.
Site-specific modulation of morphine and swim-induced antinociception following thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the rat periaqueductal gray

Central administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) produces a short-lived antinociceptive response in rats, and also modulates opioid and non-opioid forms of antinociception. Given the presence of TRH cells, fibers and receptors in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), the present study examined the effects of TRH administered into the PAG upon antinociception following either continuous cold-water swims (CCWS, 2 degrees C for 3.5 min) or morphine (0.1-2.5 micrograms) administered into the PAG on the tail-flick and jump tests, and measured changes in core body temperatures as well. Histological examination revealed two groups in which anterior PAG placements were found rostral to the dorsal raphe nucleus, and posterior PAG placements which were at the level of this nucleus. TRH produced brief (5-15 min) but significant increases in latencies and thresholds without altering body temperature in both anterior and posterior PAG placements. Whereas TRH in anterior PAG placements dose dependently (0.1-10 micrograms) decreased CCWS antinociception on both tests, TRH in posterior PAG placements significantly increased CCWS antinociception on the jump test. TRH in both placements reduced the magnitude of CCWS hypothermia. TRH significantly potentiated the magnitude and duration of both morphine antinociception and hyperthermia in both anterior and posterior PAG placements, and shifted mesencephalic morphine's antinociceptive dose-response curve significantly to the left. These data are discussed in terms of the role of the PAG in opioid and non-opioid forms of stress-induced antinociception as well as morphine antinociception, and in terms of the roles of TRH and anterior PAG placements as potential candidates for a collateral inhibition model of antinociceptive responses.
Sperm lytic activity and its relation to fertilization in the frog Rana pipiens.

Fully jellied frog oocytes lost their fertilizability with time after being placed in 10% Ringer's, the normal medium for fertilization. One stage in the loss of fertilizability was the appearance of blebs on the surface of the unfertilized oocytes. The blebs resulted from the weakening or lysis of the vitelline coat surrounding the oocyte by the sperm and the subsequent failure of sperm penetration into the oocyte. Both blebbing and fertilization were inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor. The inhibitor did not harm the sperm or the oocyte, or prevent the sperm from travelling through the jelly. The lytic activity was therefore necessary but not sufficient for fertilization. The lytic activity appeared to be induced by the jelly surrounding the frog oocyte. Sperm of the toad Bufo americanus did not fertilize oocytes of Rana pipiens but did cause blebbing. The blebbing was inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor.
Adherence to breastfeeding guidelines and maternal weight 6 years after delivery.

OBJECTIVES: There is a dearth of information on the long-term maternal effects of breastfeeding. The objective of this study was to examine adherence to breastfeeding recommendations of exclusive breastfeeding for ≥4 months and continuation of breastfeeding for ≥1 year and maternal weight retention 6 years after delivery. METHODS: Using data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II (IFPS II), we categorized women by the degree to which they met breastfeeding recommendations. Mothers’ self-reported weight 6 years after delivery (IFPS Year 6 Follow-Up) was compared with self-reported prepregnancy weight from IFPS II. Using linear regression models, adjusting for covariates, we examined associations between breastfeeding recommendation adherence and weight retention. RESULTS: Of the 726 women in our study, 17.9% never breastfed. Among those who initiated breastfeeding, 29.0% breastfed exclusively for ≥4 months, and 20.3% breastfed exclusively for ≥4 months and continued breastfeeding for ≥12 months. Prepregnancy BMI modified the association between breastfeeding recommendation adherence and weight retention. Adjusting for covariates, we found no association between breastfeeding recommendations adherence and weight retention among normal and overweight mothers. Among obese mothers, there was a significant linear trend ( P = .03), suggesting that those who fully adhered to breastfeeding recommendations retained less weight (−8.0 kg) than obese women who never breastfed. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that improving adherence to breastfeeding recommendations may help reduce long-term maternal weight retention among obese mothers. Larger studies, with diverse populations and similar longitudinal designs, are needed to explore this relationship.
Uncertainty in Trajectory Calculations Due to Low Resolution Meteorological Data.

Abstract Meteorological observations conducted during the Cross Appalachian Tracer Experiment (CAPTEX) were utilized to quantify the uncertainty in boundary layer trajectory calculations due to low-resolution meteorological data [the current National Weather Service (NWS) rawinsonde network). Evaluation of several spatial and temporal interpolation techniques against high-resolution measurements revealed mean absolute errors of 2–4 m s−1 in estimation of horizontal wind components. A trajectory of errors procedure is introduced that allows the quantification of probable errors in transport calculation due to imprecise interpolation. Our results, based on the observed distributions of spatial and temporal interpolation errors during CAPTEX, indicate dust boundary layer trajectories calculated using the current NWS network with 12 h resolution contain a 50% chance of exceeding horizontal displacement errors of 350 km after 72 h travel time. An increase in spatial resolution is shown to improve the accuracy ...
A comparison of 9-inch, 70mm, and 35mm cameras

Successful aerial photography depends on aerial cameras that provide acceptable photographs within the cost restrictions of the job. For topographic mapping where ultimate accuracy is required, only large-format mapping cameras will suffice. For mapping environmental patterns of vegetation, soils, or water pollution, 9-inch cameras often exceed accuracy and cost requirements, and small formats may be an overall better choice. In choosing the best camera for environmental mapping, relative capabilities and costs must be understood. This study compares resolution, photo interpretation potential, metric accuracy, and cost of 9-inch, 70 mm, and 35 mm cameras for obtaining simultaneous color and color-infrared photography for environmental mapping purposes.
A comparison of predicted solar insolation with measured values at San Diego, California

Insolation data obtained at San Diego is summarized. The 93 clear days in the 347 day data base account for 1943 MJ/m/sup 2/ yearly exposure. The number of clear days per month ranged from a low of one day in August to a high of 13 days in Jan. with Nov., Dec., and Jan. containing 34 days or 36% of total clear days in the data base. (WDM)
Fault tolerant adaptive filters based on arithmetic coding techniques

Previous work reported the hybrid combination of a Walsh-Hadamard Transform architecture and Modulus Replication RNS arithmetic to produce a fault tolerant adaptive filter structure (WHT-MRRNS). This paper further analyzes fault tolerant capabilities of the WHT-MRRNS architecture that uses MRRNS coding to provide both RNS (digit) redundancy and PRNS (polynomial) redundancy. Interactions between these two types of redundancy are characterized and strategies are proposed that enable error detection and correction while updating filter coefficients and computing the filter outputs. The proposed fault tolerant architecture relies on MRRNS error correction to eliminate erroneous transient behavior caused by both soft and hard errors.
Estimating the mean temperature and salinity of the Chesapeake bay mouth

We used an extensive temperature and salinity data set to develop a statistically meaningful way of estimating mean temperature and salinity from discrete measurements in the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. From April 1992 to December 1998, the Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography completed 73 monthly hydrographic sections at high spring tide across the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Time series of area weighted mean bay mouth temperature (MBMT) and salinity (MBMS) were calculated. We found that at any time the temperature at any location in the section correlated with the MBMT with a r2 of 0.95 or better. A similar analysis for salinity showed that the best correlation was about 0.9 with many locations below 0.8. A correlation between MBMT and temperature at a nearby tide station indicated it was possible to estimate MBMT from the temperature at the tide station to ±0.74°C (90% confidence interval). Salinity was not measured at the tide station, but the correlation at a location in the section similar to the tide station indicates that MBMS can be estimated with an error of ±1.5 (90% confidence interval).
Effect of strong disorder in a three-dimensional topological insulator: Phase diagram and maps of the Z 2 invariant

We study the effect of strong disorder in a three-dimensional topological insulator with time-reversal symmetry and broken-inversion symmetry. First, using level-statistics analysis, we demonstrate the persistence of delocalized bulk states even at large disorder. The delocalized spectrum is seen to display the levitation and pair annihilation effect, indicating that the delocalized states continue to carry the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ invariant after the onset of disorder. Second, the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ invariant is computed via twisted boundary conditions using an efficient numerical algorithm. We demonstrate that the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ invariant remains quantized and nonfluctuating even after the spectral gap becomes filled with dense localized states. In fact, our results indicate that the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ invariant remains quantized until the mobility gap closes or until the Fermi level touches the mobility edges. Based on such data, we compute the phase diagram of the Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$ topological material as a function of disorder strength and position of the Fermi level.
The N-terminal domain of the androgen receptor drives its nuclear localization in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells.

Androgen-independent nuclear localization is required for androgen receptor (AR) transactivation in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and should be a key step leading to castration resistance. However, mechanism(s) leading to androgen-independent AR nuclear localization are poorly understood. Since the N-terminal domain (NTD) of AR plays a role in transactivation under androgen-depleted conditions, we investigated the role of the NTD in AR nuclear localization in CRPC. Deletion mutagenesis was used to identify amino acid sequences in the NTD essential for its androgen-independent nuclear localization in C4-2, a widely used CRPC cell line. Deletion mutants of AR tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) at the 5'-end were generated and their signal distribution was investigated in C4-2 cells by fluorescent microscopy. Our results showed that the region of a.a. 294-556 was required for androgen-independent AR nuclear localization whereas a.a. 1-293 mediates Hsp90 regulation of AR nuclear localization in CRPC cells. Although the region of a.a. 294-556 does not contain a nuclear import signal, it was able to enhance DHT-induced import of the ligand binding domain (LBD). Also, transactivation of the NTD could be uncoupled from its modulation of AR nuclear localization in C4-2 cells. These observations suggest an important role of the NTD in AR intracellular trafficking and androgen-independent AR nuclear localization in CRPC cells.
Functional and fatty changes in liver during chronic vitamin B complex deficiency.

SummaryA chronic vitamin B complex deficiency in dogs on a 41% casein diet produced a marked decrease in voluntary food intake, but liver function tests remained normal and liver sections showed no increase in fat. A similar chronic B complex deficiency using dogs on a 20% casein diet produced an abnormal liver function and fatty changes in liver biopsy specimens. These findings were absent in the inanition and normal control dogs. Therapy with yeast extract restored the liver function to normal and the fatty change in the liver decreased, even though protein and caloric intake were restricted.
Transvaginal bladder neck suspension to Cooper's ligament: a review of the literature.

The aim of this paper was to review the surgical technique and clinical experience of transvaginal bladder neck suspension to Cooper’s ligament. A computerized MEDLINE search identified five English-language articles published between January 1990 and December 1998. The success rate obtained with this procedure is comparable to that obtained with the traditional Burch procedure and ranges between 86.4% and 100%. Postoperative de novo detrusor instability occurs infrequently, with an incidence ranging between 0% and 20%. Complications occur infrequently and postoperative voiding dysfunction is rare. Limited postoperative urodynamic data are available. Transvaginal suspension of the bladder neck to Cooper’s ligament combines the technique of a needle suspension with the anatomic effect of the Burch procedure.
Health-connect: An ontology-based model-driven information integration framework and its application to integrating clinical databases

Information integration, interoperability and adaptation to evolving data are the key components of clinical information system with high potential impact. Most existing systems accomplish integration and interoperability by employing specific data model standards with static mapping rules that makes system inflexible and inextensible. In response to this drawback, we present Health-Connect system that exploits ontology-based model-driven code generation process to provide integration among heterogeneous databases and adaptation capability for frequent requirements changes. Given an ER model over each source-ontology, our tools are able to generate integrated database schema, dynamically create mapping between data sources using UMLS, translates user queries to access the data sources. In addition, this approach provides domain experts a higher level of operation abstraction. Our positive experience shows ontology-based model-driven code generation is a promising approach for clinical information systems that integrate heterogeneous sources and evolve as the application and data sources changes.
Perioperative Care of the Patient with Tuberculosis

Approximately 1.7 billion people are thought to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The estimated mortality rate is 3 million people per year. Multidrug resistant-tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) are serious problems that threaten global TB control. Patients who are inadequately treated remain chronic carriers and can spread the disease to family members and their communities. Treatment recommendations for TB include directly observed treatment and monitoring the patient's response to medications. Perioperative nurses must protect the patient and other health care workers when a patient with TB undergoes a surgical procedure.
Biochemical properties of big renin extracted from human plasma.

The properties of big renin, a relatively inactive form of renin isolated from human plasma, were examined following partial purification by gel filtration. Exposure of big renin to pH 3.0–3.6, or brief incubation with trypsin or pepsin, resulted in a ten-fold increase in enzymatic activity. Activation was not effected by 4M NaCl, 6M urea, or incubation with neuraminidase. Both before and after activation, big renin eluted from Sephadex gel more rapidly than normal plasma renin. During polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, inactive big renin migrated more slowly than either normal renin or big renin previously activated. Using sheep substrate, the enzyme kinetics of normal renin and previously activated big renin were identical, while inactive big renin possessed a higher Michaelis constant. These data indicate that big renin is closely related biochemically to normal plasma renin. As the activation of big renin results in the formation of the substance even more similar to normal renin, the p sibility...
Loss of SHIP and CIS Recruitment to the Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptor Contribute to Hyperproliferative Responses in Severe Congenital Neutropenia/Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

Mutations in the G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) in patients with severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) are postulated to contribute to transformation to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). These mutations result in defective receptor internalization and sustained cellular activation, suggesting a loss of negative signaling by the G-CSFR. In this paper we investigated the roles of SHIP and cytokine-inducible Src homology 2 protein (CIS) in down-modulating G-CSFR signals and demonstrate that loss of their recruitment as a consequence of receptor mutations leads to aberrant signaling. We show that SHIP binds to phosphopeptides corresponding to Tyr744 and Tyr764 in the G-CSFR and that Tyr764 is required for in vivo phosphorylation of SHIP and the formation of SHIP/Shc complexes. Cells expressing a G-CSFR form lacking Tyr764 exhibited hypersensitivity to G-CSF and enhanced proliferation, but to a lesser degree than observed with the most common mutant G-CSFR form in patients with SCN/AML, prompting us to investigate whether suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins also down-modulate G-CSFR signals. G-CSF was found to induce the expression of CIS and of CIS bound to phosphopeptides corresponding to Tyr729 and Tyr744 of the G-CSFR. The expression of CIS was prolonged in cells with the SCN/AML mutant G-CSFR lacking Tyr729 and Tyr744, which also correlated with increased G-CSFR expression. These findings suggest that SHIP and CIS interact with distal phosphotyrosine residues in the G-CSFR to negatively regulate G-CSFR signaling by limiting proliferation and modulating surface expression of the G-CSFR, respectively. Novel therapeutic approaches targeting inhibitory pathways that limit G-CSFR signaling may have promise in the treatment of patients with SCN/AML.
Preferential induction of G1 arrest in androgen-responsive human prostate cancer cells by androgen receptor signaling antagonists DL3 and antiandrogen bicalutamide.

The purpose of this study was to further characterize cell growth-inhibitory effects of a recently identified androgen receptor (AR) signaling inhibitor 6-amino-2-[2-(4-tert-butyl-pnenoxy)-ethylsulfanyl]-1H-pyrimidin-4-one (DL3)5 and antiandrogen bicalutamide (Bic). DL3 was more potent than Bic in induction of G1 arrest and reduction of G1-related cell cycle protein expression in AR-positive LNCaP cells. DL3, but not Bic, moderately inhibited growth of AR-negative PC-3 cells independent of G1 arrest. The data indicated that DL3 inhibit cell growth in both AR-dependent and -independent manners and is potentially a potent therapeutic agent for the management of advanced human prostate cancer.
Effect of interval between inseminations when using frozen-thawed boar sperm on fertility and fetal paternity in mature gilts.

Abstract Multiple artificial inseminations (AI) are used in swine to compensate for variation in time of ovulation and following each insemination, a uterine immune response occurs to remove dead and damaged sperm. There are more dead and damaged sperm inseminated with use of frozen-thawed-semen (FTS) and closer insemination intervals are required to compensate for the reduced lifespan of the sperm. Therefore, the objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the effect of interval between inseminations and estrus to ovulation interval (EOI) on fertility and the impact of each AI using fetal paternity in mature gilts when using FTS. Semen from 11 boars was collected and frozen in 0.5mL straws at 1.4×10 9 cells/mL. Time of estrus was synchronized in gilts ( n =191) using Matrix ® and assigned at estrus to AI treatment: (1) AI at a 4h interval (34 and 38h); (2) AI at an 8h interval (30 and 38h); or (3) AI at a 16h interval (22 and 38h). Ultrasonography was performed to determine time of ovulation. In each treatment, the first and second AI were from unique sires to allow for paternity identification using microsatellite markers. Each sire was represented across first and second inseminations. Gilts received an AI with 2×10 9 motile FTS in 80mL of extender. Pregnancy rate and litter size were assessed at slaughter on Day 33 following AI. Interval between inseminations affected pregnancy rate ( P 0.01) with AI intervals of 8 (80%) and 16h (75%) greater than the 4h interval (55%). The EOI also affected pregnancy rate ( P P >0.05). There was an interaction of treatment with EOI ( P P
Disequilibrium and Development: The Family Counseling Internship Experience

This study explored the mechanisms at play as new family counselors are learning to apply a systems approach. A qualitative case study was used to investigate the experiences of nine family counseling interns over two semesters of internship through the lens of constructive developmental theory. The findings extend our understanding by providing students' accounts of the ways by which disequilibrium preceded development when accommodation was stimulated, and the outcomes when assimilation occurred. It also generated data about positive emotional response to clients that is new and intriguing and which may impact developmental growth. Implications for counselor education that incorporate developmental considerations are presented.
A new SoC test architecture with RF/wireless connectivity

When moving into the billion-transistor era, the direct or bus interconnects in conventional SoC test control models are rather restricted in not only system performance, but also signal integrity and transmission with continued scaling of the feature size. Recent advances in silicon integrated circuit technology are making possible tiny low-cost transceivers to be integrated on chip. In this paper, we propose a new distributed multihop wireless test control network based on the recent development in "radio-on-chip" technology. Under the multilevel tree structure, the system optimization is performed on control constrained resource partitioning and distribution. Several challenging system design issues, such as RF nodes placement, clustering, and routing are studied, with the integrated resource distribution and system optimization on TAM design and test scheduling. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can efficiently minimize the overall testing cost.
Testing a Typology of Adaptations to Same-Sex Sexual Orientation among Men:

Previous research has yielded important understandings of how sexual minorities adjust to living in a heteronormative culture, but scholarly critiques of assimilation and Merton's research on adaptations to deviance suggest value in examining whether there are distinct types of adaptation. Applying Merton's definition of adaptations in anomic environments suggests that different patterns can be defined depending on the importance placed on assimilation and on sexual expression. Using the 1996 Urban Men's Health Study (n = 2,585) data, four different adaptation patterns are defined: MSM conformist, MSM innovator, MSM nonconformist, and MSM uninvolved. To establish criterion validity, expected correlates of membership in each group are then examined. The distinct groups, each representing from 20 percent to 30 percent of the sample, largely conformed to expectations on measures of sexual self-identification, involvement in gay culture, intimacy and sexual exploration, health, and income. Scholarly and policy implications of the adaptation typology are considered.
Effective Area Limit for Large Mode Area Laser Fibers

We analyze practical constraints of fibers designs for achieving large mode area and single mode operation for fiber lasers, and provide estimated upper limits for the core diameter and effective area.
Policies for online privacy in the United States and the European Union

This article examines how public and private sector institutions in the United States and the European Union have reacted to public demand for increased and improved online privacy protection. We argue that self-regulatory attempts do not adequately protect privacy online and that legislative intervention, as is happening in the European Union, is not only a good idea for the United States, but may be necessary to secure future online exchange of personal information.
Moyamoya Disease Associated with Asymptomatic Mosaic Turner Syndrome: A Rare Cause of Hemorrhagic Stroke

Moyamoya disease is a rare cerebrovascular anomaly involving the intracranial carotid arteries that can present clinically with either ischemic or hemorrhagic disease. Moyamoya syndrome, indistinguishable from moyamoya disease at presentation, is associated with multiple clinical conditions including neurofibromatosis type 1, autoimmune disease, prior radiation therapy, Down syndrome, and Turner syndrome. We present the first reported case of an adult patient with previously unrecognized mosaic Turner syndrome with acute subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage as the initial manifestation of moyamoya syndrome. A 52-year-old woman was admitted with a subarachnoid hemorrhage with associated flame-shaped intracerebral hemorrhage in the left frontal lobe. Physical examination revealed short stature, pectus excavatum, small fingers, micrognathia, and mild facial dysmorphism. Cerebral angiography showed features consistent with bilateral moyamoya disease, aberrant intrathoracic vessels, and an unruptured 4-mm right superior hypophyseal aneurysm. Genetic analysis confirmed a diagnosis of mosaic Turner syndrome. Our case report is the first documented presentation of adult moyamoya syndrome with subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage as the initial presentation of mosaic Turner syndrome. It illustrates the utility of genetic evaluation in patients with cerebrovascular disease and dysmorphism.
Patch-Reef Communities and Succession in the Oligocene of Antigua, West Indies

The carbonate rocks of the Antigua Formation have been regarded as the reference series for the marine Oligocene of the Western Hemisphere since the pioneering work on Antigua (Fig. 1) by Vaughan (1919). Vaughan9s work and sub-sequent additions to or comparisons with it have consisted largely of taxonomic and comparative paleontology. The general geology of the island has been reported on at intervals, largely by Europeans while the island was still a British colony (for example, Spencer, 1901; Brown, 1913; Earle, 1923; Trechmann, 1941; Thomas, 1942; Martin-Kaye, 1959, 1969; Christman, 1972). Most such reports are not by paleontologists, so the progress of knowledge of the geology and geologic history of Antigua has been dichotomous. Frost has long worked to understand the community structure, ecology, and ecological succession of Oligocene organisms. The Antigua Formation (Fig. 2) is only locally coralliferous and does not contain the large volumes of massive reef rock that might be expected from the faunal lists for, the unit. Rather, it is a unit of soft and marly limestones, with some shaly or mudstone units, widespread sparse coral, foraminiferid, and molluscan debris in poorly cemented limestone, and local patch reefs in which these same fossil materials are abundant. The terrigenous material in the formation is largely of volcanic origin, as is most of the noncarbonate rock of the island.
A new structure with spectrum-tuning of residual noise for active noise control

Typical active noise control (ANC) system aims primarily at reducing the acoustic noise over the entire frequency band. Non-uniformity of human hearing response in frequency domain and diversity of individual preference for spectral content require tuning of the residual noise spectrum in ANC system. In this paper, we propose a new ANC structure featuring spectrum-tuning of the residual noise. Simulation results show good tuning performance and little influence on system adaptation for the proposed system.
The neural crest cell lineage problem: Neuropoiesis?

The neural crest is a remarkable invention of vertebrate embryogenesis. It consists of a population of precursor cells that detaches from the apical neural tube and then rapidly disperses into the embryo along complex pathways of migration. The proliferating crest cells arrest their migration in various locales where they aggregate to form the sensory and autonomic ganglia of the peripheral nervous system. Neural crest cells also invade developing tissues such as the skin, gut, and adrenal gland to generate differentiated cell populations within these tissues, e.g., melanocytes, enteric neurons, and adrenal medullary chromaffin cells, respectively. The diversity of the cell types derived from the neural crest (Table 1) poses the problem of how uncommitted embryonic cells acquire particular developmental fates.