cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Which Risk Factors Play a Role in Decision-Making?

There are three choices for management of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), ie, endovascular repair (EVAR), open repair (OR), and continuing surveillance (OBS). The treating physician must weigh the risk of no intervention, in terms of ultimate death from rupture, against the more immediate risk associated with either form of repair, considering in the process those risk factors that directly or indirectly relate to outcome. These risk factors include AAA size and the patient's comorbidities, age, gender, and AAA anatomy, as well as the skills and experience of the treating physicians and the health care environment in which the patient is treated. While individualization is clearly required, a generalizable platform for decision-making derived from past trials and other pertinent observational studies is also useful. This article attempts to present pertinent background information and develop it into generally applicable guidelines.
Impact of Hydrophilic Surfaces on Interfacial Water Dynamics Probed with NMR Spectroscopy.

In suspensions of Nafion beads and of cationic gel beads, NMR spectroscopy showed two water−proton resonances, one representing intimate water layers next to the polymer surface, the other corresponding to water lying beyond. Both resonances show notably shorter spin−lattice relaxation times (T1) and smaller self-diffusion coefficients (D) indicating slower dynamics than bulk water. These findings confirm the existence of highly restricted water layers adsorbed onto hydrophilic surfaces and dynamically stable water beyond the first hydration layers. Thus, aqueous regions on the order of micrometers are dynamically different from bulk water.
Identification of Beta-Blocker Responsive Genes in Human Heart Failure with a Multi-Comparison Pharmacogenomic Analysis

Background: Studies with beta-blockers (BB) in heart failure have consistently shown improved myocardial function, but the molecular mechanisms of this improvement remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify changes in myocardial gene expression associated with BB use in humans. Methods: We performed microarray analysis on high-quality left ventricular specimens obtained at transplantation from 14 nonfailing hearts (NF), 112 failing hearts not on BB (HF-NBB), and 51 failing hearts on BB (HF-BB). Recognizing that not all beta-blocker associated changes represent normalization, we developed a new analytical strategy in which three separate comparisons are generated. Results: Conventional two-way analysis demonstrated that there were 3140 genes with dysregulation in HF-NBB compared with NF. Similarly, there were 531 genes with differential regulation between HFNBB and HF-BB. However, the multi-comparison analysis demonstrated that, only 70 genes exhibited a true recovery pattern. Of the genes exhibiting recovery pattern, none had a greater than two-fold-change in expression, and most have a less than 1.5fold difference in mean transcript abundance. We also employed a separate multicomparison analysis to explore which genes might exhibit an expression pattern suggestive of persistent pathologic dysregulation. This analysis demonstrates that genes showing a pattern of persistent dysregulation are almost 35 times more abundant than genes showing a recovery despite beta-blocker therapy. When we assessed the effect of heart failure etiology on BB-induced transcriptional changes, multicomparison analysis revealed about twice as many genes showing recovery in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) group receiving BB compared to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Our analysis also demonstrated that the proportion of genes showing a recovery or persistence pattern varies in a pathway-specific fashion. For example, several sarcomeric proteins and Ca handling proteins appear to normalize with BB therapy, while genes associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism show a persistent dysregulation despite BB treatment. Conclusion: These studies provide new insights into the pharmacologic actions of beta blocker therapy and the biology of myocardial recovery. These studies may also help define where post-transcriptional changes may be most important. This approach may also help identify which pathways require adjuvant interventions to promote more comprehensive myocardial recovery with beta-blockers.
Distributive Justice and Capitalism: A Rawlsian Exercise:

In this small group exercise, students brainstorm to figure out what the fairest way for a society to distribute gross national product on a weekly basis is. After debating alternative proposals, students examine their own biases regarding the nature of both capitalism and the working poor and explore how capitalist society can be made more fair and just.
The changing aspects of the serodiagnosis of viral infections.

Summary Problems in the serodiagnosis of viral infections have been discussed and illustrated by appropriate examples. While the first infection with a member of a given group of viruses often leads to a strain-specific or type-specific antibody response, subsequent infections with other members of that group may recall antibodies from earlier experiences and lead to a general broadening of antibody spectra. In the face of such multiple antibody responses, a specific diagnosis cannot be made unless the offending virus is isolated from the patient. Attempts at isolation of virus should, therefore, constitute the primary approach to the diagnosis of viral infections.
Are They Grieving? A Qualitative Analysis Examining Grief in Caregivers of Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease

Although there is an abundance of caregiving literature, there is a paucity of research that examines the grief reactions of caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Qualitative research methodology was utilized to identify themes about the grief reactions expressed by caregivers. Results found that although some caregivers reported that they were not grieving, there was still a strong sense of loss in their descriptions of their caregiving experience. Additionally, for the caregivers who reported that they were grieving, their grief was characterized by multiple losses that accumulated during the disease process.
The Entanglement of Race and Cognitive Dis/ability

: To consider blackness and cognitive disability together is paradoxical. On one hand, supposed black intellectual deficit has been used by white elites as a justification for antiblack oppression. On the other, both black children who are struggling in school and black adults labeled with developmental disabilities are less likely than their white counterparts to access the best support services available. These problems cut across a commonly drawn—but, I argue, erroneous—divide between the “judgment” categories of mild cognitive impairment into which black children are disproportionately placed and the “organic” categories of severe cognitive impairment. This division is itself part of the contemporary collective denial of the racialized history and construction of our notion of intellect that ends up harming black Americans.
Do Northeast Ohio’s Drivers Derive Competitive Advantage from Shared Labor?

Hill and Brennan, in an article in this issue, find statistical evidence of competitive industry clusters in the Cleveland-Akron Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA) on the basis of bu...
Internal anal sphincter achalasia: Outcome after internal sphincter myectomy

Abstract Background: Internal anal sphincter achalasia (IASA), also referred to as ultrashort segment Hirschsprung's disease (HD), is a clinical condition with presentation similar to HD, but with the presence of ganglion cells on rectal biopsy. The diagnosis of IASA is made on anorectal manometry, which shows the absence of rectosphincteric reflex on rectal balloon inflation. Altered intramuscular innervation has been reported in IASA. The purpose of this study was to review the outcome after internal sphincter myectomy in patients with IASA. Methods: Fifteen consecutive patients (age range, 2 years to 12 years) with IASA underwent posterior internal sphincter myectomy. All patients presented with severe constipation with or without soiling. The diagnosis of IASA was made by anorectal manometry. HD was excluded in these cases by the presence of ganglion cells and normal acetylcholinesterase activity on suction rectal biopsies. Internal sphincter (IS) specimens were examined using immunohistochemistry for the general neuronal marker PGP 9.5 and synapsin 1 (a presynaptic marker) and using general histochemistry for NADPH-diaphorase. All patients underwent follow-up for periods from 2 years to 6 years. Results: PGP 9.5, synapsin 1 and NADPH-diaphorase positive nerve fibers were either absent or markedly reduced in IASA specimens compared with controls, confirming previous reports of defective intramuscular innervation in IASA. At the time of follow-up, 7 patients have regular bowel motions and are not on any laxatives. Six patients have normal bowel habits but are on small doses of laxatives. One patient is able to stay clean with regular enema regimen. One patient required resection of dilated and redundant sigmoid colon and now has normal bowel habits with laxatives. Conclusion: The majority of patients with internal anal sphincter achalasia can be treated successfully by internal sphincter myectomy. J Pediatr Surg 36:736-738. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
A unified approach to grain boundary sliding in creep and superplasticity

Abstract Rachinger grain boundary sliding is a characteristic of high temperature deformation in both creep when the grain size is large ( d > λ ) and superplasticity when the grain size is small ( d λ ), where d and λ are the grain size and the subgrain size, respectively. An analytical procedure is used to determine the rate equation for Rachinger sliding when d > λ . Data for superplastic metals are examined to give the rate equation for Rachinger sliding when d λ . A unified model is developed for Rachinger sliding at all grain sizes, where the rate of sliding is controlled by the rate of accomodation through intragranular slip. It is demonstrated that the predictions of this model are in good agreement with experimental data under both creep and superplastic conditions.
Angiographic perfusion score: an angiographic variable that integrates both epicardial and tissue level perfusion before and after facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract Background Both epicardial and myocardial perfusion have been associated with clinical outcomes in the setting of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and the performance of adjunctive/rescue percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may further improve clinical outcomes after fibrinolytic administration. Methods The goal was to develop a simple, broadly applicable angiographic metric that takes into account indices of epicardial and myocardial perfusion both before and after PCI to arrive at a single perfusion grade in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization after fibrinolysis. The angiographic perfusion score (APS) is the sum of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade (TFG; 0–3) added to the TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG; 0–3) before and after PCI (total possible grade, 0–12). Failed perfusion was defined as an APS of 0 to 3, partial perfusion was defined as an APS of 4 to 9, and full perfusion was defined as an APS of 10 to 12. The APS was evaluated in patients from the Double-blind, Placebo-contolled, Multicenter Angiographic Trial of Rhumab CD18 in Acute Myocardial Infarction (LIMIT-AMI; n=394) and Enoxaparin as Adjunctive Antithrombin Therapy for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (ENTIRE-TIMI) 23 trials (n = 483), and infarct size (120–216 hours after AMI SPECT Technetium-99m Sestamibi data) was assessed in the LIMIT-AMI trial. Results The APS was associated with the incidence of death or myocardial infarction (failed, 16.7% [n = 18]; partial, 2.5% [n = 155]; full, 2.4% [n = 82]; P = .039 for trend) and larger SPECT infarct sizes (failed, median 39% [n = 10]; partial, 12% [n = 79]; and full, 8% [n = 35]; P = .002). No patient with full APS died, whereas the mortality rate was 11.1% in patients with a failed APS ( P = .03). Conclusions The APS combines grades of epicardial and tissue level perfusion before and after PCI or at the end of diagnostic cardiac catheterization to arrive at a single angiographic variable that is associated with infarct size and the rates of 30-day death or MI. Partial or full angiographic perfusion scores are associated with a halving of infarct size, and no patients with full angiographic perfusion died.
Prevalence of CVD risk factors and impact of a two-year education program for premenopausal women

Indicators of cardiovascular disease risk in premenopausal women before, during, and after a 2-year educational intervention measured prevalence of risk and program effectiveness. Women (n = 277) were assigned to either treatment/education (n = 174) or control (n = 103) group. Many had at least one cardiovascular disease risk factor: high BMI (n = 123); high-fat diet (n = 160); and/or high body fat percent (n = 136). The treatment group was significant for change in calories from fat (P < .01). This study shows that premenopausal women have cardiovascular disease risks that should be addressed, and that nutrition education can successfully change dietary behavior.
Validation and Implementation of Control Strategies for Liquid Composite Molding Processes

The manufacturing of polymeric composites ranges from using a rudimentary hand lay-up to the use of automated processes such as Liquid Composite Modeling (LCM) developed over the past decades in order to increase the yield of manufactured composite parts. In these processes, fiber preforms are placed in a closed mold and resin is infused into the mold to saturate the preform. After the resin cures, the mold is opened and the net shape composite part is demolded. However, by introducing more complexity into the part, one also introduces higher probability of flow disturbances, such as race tracking along preform edges, into the molding system. This can lead to incomplete saturation of fiber performs resulting in flaws such as dry spots in the composite part. The strength and existence of race-tracking is a function of the fabric type, perform manufacturing method, and its placement in the mold. It can vary from one part to the next in the same production run, and therefore it is not repeatable. In this work, after illustrating experimentally the unpredictability of variation of race-tracking and its influence on the flow, two approaches have been investigated and validated to address this issue associated with the variation of inherent disturbances in LCM processes. An active control strategy method using process models and simulations along with sensing and control to address flow disturbances during the impregnation stage of the process was shown to be reliable and effective for Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process. In an attempt to improve the automation of RTM process, a modular RTM workstation including all hardware and software necessary to implement active control strategies for various part geometries and a novel injection system was designed and tested. In addition, a passive control method for Vaccum Assisted RTM (VARTM) aimed at optimizing the placement of distribution media for a given set-up in order to reduce dry spot formation and filling time was developed and validated experimentally. The optimization method employs numerical flow simulations and global optimization search techniques (Genetic algorithm) to generate the design for strategic flow control system.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Premature Sexual Precocity in a Young Girl

PREMATURE sexual precocity is not rare. In the case reported here, daily gonadotropic, estrogenic, androgenic (17-ketosteroids) and progestin metabolic products (sodium pregnanediol complex) assays were made almost every day for 50 days. This child apparently was endocrinologically a normal adult female, but in age a child. CASE FINDINGS R.J., a girl 4 years and 11 months of age, was brought to the author's office because of precocious menstruation and abnormally rapid growth. She was born February 21, 1935, as shown by the birth certificate; delivery was normal. She weighed 9¾ pounds at birth and 17 pounds at two months. The father of the patient was 32 years old, weighed 128 pounds and was 5 feet and 8 inches tall. The mother was 28 years old, weighed 173 pounds and was 5 feet and 5 inches tall. The mother's menstrual periods began at the age of 12 years. The patient had one sister, 10 years old, apparently normal.
Academic Faculty in University Research Centers: Neither Capitalism's Slaves nor Teaching Fugitives

This study addresses university-industry interactions for both educational and industrial outcomes. The results suggest that while academic faculty who are affiliated with centers are more involved with industry than non-affiliated faculty, affiliates are also more involved with and supportive of students at the undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral levels.
A stibonium-modified clay and its polystyrene nanocomposite

Triphenylhexadecylstibonium trifluoromethylsulfonate has been prepared and ion-exchanged with sodium montmorillonite to obtain a new organically-modified clay. The clay has higher thermal stability than an ammonium clay; only a portion of the alkyl chain is lost during degradation and all of the antimony is retained. This clay has been used to prepare a polystyrene nanocomposite in which the clay is not uniformly distributed throughout the polymer. Nonetheless the polymer does insert into the clay layers and the d-spacing of the clay expands from 2.0 to 3.0 nm. The enhanced thermal stability of this system may mean that it could be useful for polymers which must be processed at temperatures above that at which the ammonium clays undergo degradation.
Weather and human conception.

A statistically significant inverse relationship was found between mean monthly temperature 9 mo. prior to delivery and 7,312 live births in a midwestern community. A curvilinear relationship fit the data more closely than a linear one, suggesting both extremely cold and hot weather were related to the birth rate 9 mo. later. Illegitimate and legitimate births followed nearly the same pattern. Marriages and the number of births 9 or even 10 mo. later were not related. Apparently the weather, particularly cold' weather, has a powerful influence on behavior resulting in conception.
Should Antidiscrimination Laws Limit Freedom of Association? The Dangerous Allure of Human Rights Legislation

This article defends the classical liberal view of human interactions that gives strong protection to associational freedom except in cases that involve the use of force or fraud or the exercise of monopoly power. That conception is at war with the modern antidiscrimination or human rights laws that operate in competitive markets in such vital areas as employment and housing, with respect to matters of race, sex, age, and increasingly, disability. The article further argues that using the “human rights” label to boost the moral case for antidiscrimination laws gets matters exactly backwards, given that any program of forced association on one side of a status relationship (employer, not employee; landlord, not tenant) is inconsistent with any universal norm governing all individuals regardless of role in all associative arrangements. The articled also discusses the tensions that arise under current Supreme Court law, which protects associational freedom arising out of expressive activities (as in cases involving the NAACP or the Boy Scouts), but refuses to extend that protection to other forms of association, such as those involving persons with disabilities. The great vice of all these arrangements is that they cannot guarantee the stability of mandated win/lose relationships. The article further argues that a strong social consensus against discrimination is insufficient reason to coerce dissenters, given that holders of the dominant position can run their operations as they see fit even if others do otherwise. It closes with a short model human rights statute drafted in the classical liberal tradition that avoids the awkward line drawing and balancing that give rise to modern bureaucracies to enforce modern antidiscrimination laws.
Communicating hydrocephalus secondary to diffuse meningeal spread of Wegener's granulomatosis: case report and literature review.

Objective and importance We present a very unusual case of diffuse spread of Wegener's granulomatosis causing hydrocephalus. Clinical presentation A 53-year-old man presented in 1985 with bilateral middle ear infections requiring myringotomies. During the next 18 months, he went on to develop a left Bell's palsy. The patient then began to develop recurrent occipital headaches along with left sixth and seventh nerve palsies and a green nasal discharge requiring hospitalization. Workup included magnetic resonance imaging showing pronounced enhancement of the tentorium and meninges in the occipital region with normal ventricle size. An x-ray of the chest showed multiple pulmonary nodules. A regimen of prednisone and cyclophosphamide was initiated. The patient did well for 2 years until he again developed middle ear infections and headache. Serial lumbar punctures showed increased pressures. A circulating antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody was positive. Cyclophosphamide was administered, with acetazolamide added for treatment of the elevated intracranial pressure. The patient stabilized for another 2 years but then presented in 1994 with recurrent headache, bilateral papilledema, and mild left arm and right leg weakness. A lumbar puncture was performed with an opening pressure of 52 cm H2O. Computed tomography of the head revealed moderate enlargement of the lateral third and fourth ventricles, consistent with communicating hydrocephalus. Intervention A right frontal ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed. A leptomeningeal biopsy performed at the side of catheter placement (far away from any meningeal enhancement revealed by magnetic resonance imaging) showed chronic meningitis and multinucleated giant cells. Cyclophosphamide therapy was begun again. The patient has not experienced recurrence of headache, cranial nerve deficits, or papilledema for more than 3 years. Conclusion This is the first reported case of diffuse involvement of the meninges from Wegener's granulomatosis. Fortunately, this patient responded well to shunting and sustained medical management. Although rare, Wegener's granulomatosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of chronic aseptic meningitis, communicating hydrocephalus, and papilledema.
Thermodynamic properties of liquid polyethylene

Thermodynamic properties of molten polyethylene are calculated for the temperature range 100° to 300°C and for pressures up to 3000 atmospheres. The calculations are based on limited experimental data augmented by a corresponding-states correlation and an empirical equation of state. Specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, and solubility parameter are presented as functions of temperature and pressure. The results of this study may be useful for engineering design in the high-pressure polyethylene process.
Impact of turbulence on riverine zooplankton: a mesocosm experiment

Summary 1. With increases in river discharge over time and space, zooplankton generally encounter increased turbulence, turbidity, hydraulic forces, downstream advection and food limitations, all of which should affect species diversity and densities. Of these factors, the role of turbulence on the distribution of zooplankton is least known along longitudinal and lateral dimensions in river networks. 2. We tested the factorial effects of turbulence and grazing level on Ohio River potamoplankton in spring and summer using twelve 1600-L, outdoor mesocosms. Turbulence was calculated using the Froude number for equal depths but with current velocities of 0.064 and 0.32 m s−1. Grazing levels corresponded to a high density treatment (=ambient river densities of rotifers, copepods and cladocerans) and a low density treatment (initially no zooplankton >64 μm). All tanks had the same water residence time, and hydraulic stress was minimized by circular flow patterns. 3. Zooplankton densities and population growth rates were significantly affected by turbulence level and season. In general, rotifer populations grew faster in high turbulence tanks (though Keratella and Brachionus populations flourished in both treatments in summer) and microcrustaceans thrived better in low turbulence environments. The larger, calanoid copepods handled more turbulent conditions much better than cyclopoids or nauplii. Zooplankton had no detectable effects on particulate organic carbon concentrations in either month (values were higher in spring), but rotifers reduced chlorophyll concentrations in both months. 4. The relative importance of turbulence in controlling potamoplankton is probably to vary not only on a longitudinal basis in river networks but also with both the hydrogeomorphic complexity of river reaches and the type and amount of river regulation. Plans for river rehabilitation and management should incorporate non-turbulent habitats in large rivers as a means of enhancing zooplankton populations and providing an important food web component for planktivores.
Truthful incentive mechanisms for k-anonymity location privacy

Tremendous efforts have been made to protect the location privacy of mobile users. Some of them, e.g., k-anonymity, require the participation of multiple mobile users to impede the adversary from tracing. These participating mobile users constitute an anonymity set. However, not all mobile users are seriously concerned about their location privacy. Therefore, to achieve k-anonymity, we need to provide incentives for mobile users to participate in the anonymity set. In this paper, we study the problem of incentive mechanism design for k-anonymity location privacy. We first consider the case where all mobile users have the same privacy degree requirement. We then study the case where the requirements are different. Finally, we consider a more challenging case where mobile users can cheat about not only their valuations but also their requirements. We design an auction-based incentive mechanism for each of these cases and prove that all the auctions are computational efficient, individually rational, budget-balanced, and truthful. We evaluate the performance of different auctions through extensive simulations.
Origins of enantioselectivity during allylic substitution reactions catalyzed by metallacyclic iridium complexes.

In depth mechanistic studies of iridium catalyzed regioselective and enantioselective allylic substitution reactions are presented. A series of cyclometalated allyliridium complexes that are kinetically and chemically competent to be intermediates in the allylic substitution reactions was prepared and characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopies and single-crystal X-ray difraction. The rates of epimerization of the less thermodynamically stable diastereomeric allyliridium complexes to the thermodynamically more stable allyliridium stereoisomers were measured. The rates of nucleophilic attack by aniline and by N-methylaniline on the isolated allyliridium complexes were also measured. Attack on the thermodynamically less stable allyliridium complex was found to be orders of magnitude faster than attack on the thermodynamically more stable complex, yet the major enantiomer of the catalytic reaction is formed from the more stable diastereomer. Comparison of the rates of nucleophilic attack to the rates of ep...
The Impact Of Lasers In Spectroscopy

Since the development of the laser, beginning only about 12 years ago, the conduct of the entire field of spectroscopy has undergone major and far-reaching changes. The laser is far more than just an improved light source; its impact has rather been qualitative, in the same way that the development of nuclear magnetic resonance has altered the conduct of synthetic organic chemistry, or as the digital computer has made modern systems analysis possible. Some indication of this impact may be gained from the increase in the number of articles published in the Journal of Chemical Physics which make experimental use of lasers, or deal directly with laser problems; this is shown, for the period 1963-1974, in Figure 1 (following page). Since this particular journal is a basic one in its field, not particularly devoted to new developments in quantum electronics, the increase shown is a good measure of the extent to which laser techniques have permeated such classical areas as molecular spectroscopy and reaction dynamics. Following an induction period of several years, in which the technology was developed by physicists and electrical engineers and filtered down from these to chemists and spectroscopists, the usage of lasers showed a sharp increase - far more than could be accounted for simply by an increase in the overall volume of publications - until today 60 to 90 laser-related articles appear in each semi-annual volume of this journal alone.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on amphetamine-induced dopamine release in the caudate nucleus of the adult rabbit.

Abstract Acute amphetamine (AMPH) challenge has been used to probe the neurochemical and behavioral integrity of dopaminergic neurons under various conditions including prenatal cocaine exposure. In this study, we employed in vivo microdialysis to examine the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on AMPH-induced dopamine (DA) release in the caudate nucleus of the awake adult rabbit. Pregnant rabbits were given intravenous injections of either saline or cocaine (4 mg/kg) twice a day from gestational day 8 (G8) through G29. Microdialysis was performed in adult saline and cocaine progeny at approximately postnatal day 70 (P70). There were no significant differences between cocaine and saline progeny in their basal concentrations of DA or its metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA). AMPH (5 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly increased extracellular DA in the caudate of both groups. However, AMPH-induced DA release was 2 to 3-fold greater in cocaine progeny than in the saline controls. Although, DOPAC decreased in both groups following AMPH injection, there was no significant group effect. In addition, there were no significant changes in concentrations of HVA. AMPH is known to release DA by a mechanism of exchange diffusion via the presynaptic DA transporter (DAT). Therefore, we examined the binding of [ 3 H ]WIN 35,428 to membrane fractions prepared from fresh caudate tissue to determine whether prenatal exposure to cocaine had altered the density (Bmax) or affinity (Kd) of the DAT. While the Bmax for [ 3 H ]WIN 35,428 binding increased 3-fold between P3 and P120, there were no significant differences between saline and cocaine progeny at any age examined. The Kd for [ 3 H ]WIN 35,428 binding did not change with postnatal age and did not differ between cocaine and saline progeny. These findings suggest that prenatal exposure to cocaine produces a long-term increase in the size of the presynaptic, AMPH releasable, cytoplasmic pool of DA.
On Optimal Retirement

We pose an optimal control problem arising in a perhaps new model for retirement investing. Given a control function f and our current net worth X(t) for any t, we invest an amount f(X(t)) in the market. We need a fortune of M ‘superdollars’ to retire and want to retire as early as possible. We model our change in net worth over each infinitesimal time interval by the Ito process dX(t) = (1 + f(X(t)))dt + f(X(t))dW(t). We show how to choose the optimal f = f 0 and show that the choice of f 0 is optimal among all nonanticipative investment strategies, not just among Markovian ones.
Gas composition measurements in arc heated flowfields via mass spectrometry

Gas compositions for an arc heated flowfield were determined by mass spectrometry on gas samples drawn from the flowfield through a sample probe. Surveys were made across the freestream flow using sample probes made of copper and quartz. Oxygen atoms reaching the mass spectrometer ranged from 6 to 9.4% and was a direct function of arc heater current and resultant stream enthalpy. Likewise, mole percents of nitrogen atoms ranged from 13.5 to 19 for total enthalpies of 7.0 to 18.4 MJ/kg. Species gradients existed in both the radial and axial directions. Atomic concentrations were highest near the centerline and at the nozzle exit. Some skewness off the centerline in the concentration profiles was noted. A species survey was completed around a shock that was established by a copper blunt body placed in the flowfield. The results showed strong species gradients following the shock edge, with atom mole fractions highest along the shock edge. Overall, the results provide insight into gas composition by point measurements in arc heated flowfields. The results suggest that nitrogen may begin dissociating before all of the oxygen dissociates and that past assumptions based on frozen chemistry models may be faulty.
Constructive regulation of non-government organizations

Abstract Most of the world's population lives and works in the informal sector. A key role of Civil Society Organizations, such as NGOs, is to develop community capacity to link with formal sector institutions. Regulation of NGOs themselves can legitimize their role, improve their professional standards, and assure accountability to the general public. Care should be taken not to excessively regulate, which restricts innovation and outreach of NGOs. Constructive regulation should include simple registration, self-help regulatory mechanisms, and formal regulation of important services such as microfinance. Drawing on experience in Bangladesh and Dominican Republic, the author demonstrates how regulation can improve the effectiveness of development intervention of NGOs.
Oxido-reductive titrations of cytochrome c oxidase followed by EPR spectroscopy.

Experiments are described on oxido-reductive titrations of cytochrome c oxidase as followed by low-temperature EPR and reflectance spectroscopy. The reductants were cytochrome c or NADH and the oxidant ferricyanide. Experiments were conducted in the presence and absence of either cytochrome c or carbon monoxide, or both. An attempt is made to provide a complete quantitative balance of the changes observed in the major EPR signals. During reduction, the maximal quantity of heme represented in the high-spin ferric heme signals (g ∼ 6; 2) is 25% of the total heme present, and during reoxidation 30%. With NADH reduction there is little difference between the pattern of disappearance of the low-spin ferric heme signals in the absence or presence of cytochrome c. The copper and high-spin heme signals, however, disappear at higher titrant concentrations in the presence of cytochrome c than in its absence. In these titrations, as well as in those with ferrocytochrome c, the quantitative balance indicates that, in addition to EPR-detectable components, EPR-undetectable components are also reduced, increasingly so at higher titrant concentrations. The quantity of EPR-undetectable components reduced appears to be inversely related to pH. A similar inverse relationship exists between pH and appearance of high-spin signals during the titration. At pH 9.3 the quantity of heme represented in the high-spin signals is < 5%, whereas it approximately doubles from pH 7.4 to pH 6.1. In the presence of CO less of the low-spin heme and copper signals disappears for the same quantity of titrant consumed, again implying reduction of EPR undetectable components. At least one of these components is represented in a broad absorption band centered at 655 nm. The stoichiometry observed on reoxidation, particularly in the presence of CO, is not compatible with the notion that the copper signal represents 100% of the active copper of the enzyme as a pair of interacting copper atoms.
Condensation Effects on Rayleigh Scattering Measurements in a Supersonic Wind Tunnel

Rayleigh and Raman scattering measurements have been performed in the 20-inch, Mach 6 wind tunnel at the NASA Langley Research Center. Rayleigh results show signal levels which are much higher than expected for molecular scattering in the tunnel, while densities deduced from spontaneous Raman scattering of molecular nitrogen are in good agreement with the expected nitrogen densities in the facility. The apparent discrepancy in the Rayleigh result is attributed to cluster formation as a result of expansion in the tunnel. The dependence of the Rayleigh signal on the stagnation pressure and temperature is also discussed.
Computation of MINQUE Variance Component Estimates

Abstract A matrix containing all information sufficient for the computation of MINQUE variance component estimates (Rao 1973) in random and mixed models is exhibited. The use of this matrix leads to an efficient computer algorithm which saves both computer time and memory usage.
Trial by media?: Media reliance, knowledge of crime and perception of criminal defendants

Previous research has linked extensive news media coverage of crimes and the criminal process to pretrial jury bias against defendants. Most research, however, has tested the effects of reading fab...
MONOALLELIC MATERNAL EXPRESSION OF STAT5A AFFECTS EMBRYONIC SURVIVAL IN CATTLE

Reproductive disorders and infertility are surprisingly common in the human population as well as in other species. The decrease in fertility is a major cause of cow culling and economic loss in the dairy herd. The conception rate has been declining for the past 30–50 years. Conception rate is the product of fertilization and embryonic survival rates. In a previous study, we have identified associations of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the signal transducer and activator 5A (STAT5A) with fertilization and survival rates in an in vitro experimental system. The objectives of this study are to fine map the STAT5A region in a search for causative mutations and to investigate the parent of origin expression of this gene. We have performed a total of 5,222 fertilizations and produced a total of 3,696 in vitro fertilized embryos using gametes from 440 cows and eight bulls. A total of 37 SNPs were developed in a 63.4-kb region of genomic sequence that includes STAT5A, STAT3, and upstream and downstream sequences of these genes. SNP153137 (G/C) in exon 8 of STAT5A was associated with a significant variability in embryonic survival and fertilization rate compared to all other examined SNPs. Expression analysis revealed that STAT5A is primarily monoallelically expressed in early embryonic stages but biallelically expressed in later fetal stages. Furthermore, the occurrence of monoallelic maternal expression of STAT5A was significantly higher in blastocysts, while paternal expression was more frequent in degenerative embryos. Our results imply that STAT5A affects embryonic survival in a manner influenced by developmental stage and allele parent of origin.
Nitrogen Excretion in Cockroaches: Uric Acid Is Not a Major Product

Thin-layer chromatographic and enzymatic spectrophotometric analyses have failed to detect uric acid in fecal extracts from American cockroaches on specified diets. Uric acid appears in the excreta when it is a dietary constituent, although most of it is apparently absorbed and stored internally. Surprisingly, ammonia is a major excretory product.
Magnetic traps for neutral atoms

Magnetic trapping of neutral atoms is highly desirable for many applications. Because of the necessarily shallow depths of practical traps, atoms must be cooled to very low temperatures in order to be confined in them. Trapping and cooling are therefore inextricably coupled for practical, but not fundamental reasons. We have built and are presently testing a magnetic trap consisting of a pair of opposed coils. This trap can contain sodium atoms having energy equivalent to T = 0.017 K.
A common path optical coherence tomography based electrode for structural imaging of nerves and recording of action potentials

Current technologies for monitoring neural activity either use different variety of electrodes (electrical recording) or require contrast agents introduced exogenously or through genetic modification (optical imaging). Here we demonstrate an optical method for non-contact and contrast agent free detection of nerve activity using phase-resolved optical coherence tomography (pr-OCT). A common-path variation of the pr-OCT is recently implemented and the developed system demonstrated the capability to detect rapid transient structural changes that accompany neural spike propagation. No averaging over multiple trials was required, indicating its capability of single-shot detection of individual impulses from functionally stimulated Limulus optic nerve. The strength of this OCT-based optical electrode is that it is a contactless method and does not require any exogenous contrast agent. With further improvements in accuracy and sensitivity, this optical electrode will play a complementary role to the existing recording technologies in future.
Holocene Lake Evolution in the Elmali Basin, Southwest Turkey

The spatial coverage of paleoecological research from southwestern Turkey is expanded by reporting on a ca. 12,690 14C yr BP (14,935 cal yr BP) proxy record recovered from the Elmali basin. Four AMS radiocarbon age determinations, the litho-stratigraphic analysis of a lake bed core, and the analysis of subsurface sediment samples from 15 shallow auger holes across the basin document sedimentation patterns during the Holocene. Based on the widespread occurrence of Chara gyrogonite, and several species of ostracoda and gastropoda, the Elmali basin was dominated by lacustrine and palustrine environments but was continually influenced by alluvial fan sedimentation. Contrasting stratigraphy in the Kara Gol and Avlan Golu sub-basins is a result of basin morphology, and possibly hydrologic control by karst features, and sub-basin isolation due to alluvial fan development. The cyclical deposition of marl/lime mud, gyttja, and peat in the Kara Gol core is indicative of periodic fluctuations in water level across a...
The vertical distribution and diel migration of euphausiids in the central waters of the eastern South Pacific

Abstract The range and complexity of variation in the vertical distributions and diel migrations of oceanic euphausiids from the central gyre in the eastern South Pacific have been examined. Five to nine depth intervals at six day-night stations were sampled during November-December 1970. Several opening-closing Bongo nets were towed simultaneously through 50- to 100-m strata in the upper 700 m. Twenty-seven species from 5 genera were identified from 94 hauls. The vertical distribution patterns of 19 species were associated with environmental gradients and differed according to time of day, locality, and age structure of the population. The extent to which these patterns serve as a model for other groups of vertically migrating organisms is discussed.
Does androgen deprivation improve treatment outcomes in patients with low-risk and intermediate-risk prostate cancer?

Does androgen deprivation improve treatment outcomes in patients with low-risk and intermediate-risk prostate cancer?
A trusted subject architecture for multilevel secure object-oriented databases

We address security in object-oriented database systems for multilevel secure environments. Such an environment consists of users cleared to various security levels, accessing information labeled with varying classifications. Our purpose is three-fold. First, we show how security can be naturally incorporated into the object model of computing so as to form a foundation for building multilevel secure object-oriented database management systems. Next, we show how such an abstract security model can be realized under a cost-effective, viable, and popular security architecture. Finally, we give security arguments based on trusted subjects and a formal proof to demonstrate the confidentiality of our architecture and approach. A notable feature of our solution is the support for secure synchronous write-up operations. This is useful when low level users want to send information to higher level users. In the object-oriented context, this is naturally modeled and efficiently accomplished through write-up messages sent by low level subjects. However, such write-up messages can pose confidentiality leaks (through timing and signaling channels) if the timing of the receipt and processing of the messages is observable to lower level senders. Such covert channels are a formidable obstacle in building high-assurance secure systems. Further, solutions to problems such as these have been known to involve various tradeoffs between confidentiality, integrity, and performance. We present a concurrent computation model that closes such channels while preserving the conflicting goals of confidentiality, integrity, and performance. Finally, we give a confidentiality proof for a trusted subject architecture and implementation and demonstrate that the trusted subject (process) cannot leak information in violation of multilevel security.
Awareness of Change in Forming Impressions of Personality

Abstract Our prototype study used a one-paragraph communication about a youth's behavior, with one half describing extrovert (E) behavior and the other half introvert (I) behavior. Awareness of change was heightened in this study, which subdivided the paragraph into eight subblocks, with descriptions of extrovert and introvert behavior in similar situations placed in juxtaposition. Of 68 college subjects, 34% explicity mentioned inconsistencies or change and 40% suggested that more than one person might be involved. In contrast, such responses were given by less than 4% of 446 college subjects who had received the one-paragraph communication. Differences in the same direction, although less marked, were found when 99 junior high school subjects were tested. Awareness of inconsistencies increased with age for 90 subjects equally divided among high school students, college students, and adults. Various age groups showed characteristically different reactions to attempts to classify and reconcile inconsisten...
Setting the polling agenda for the issue of AIDS.

Most scholarly attention to survey results focuses on the answers to the questions asked. When attention is directed to the questions, it usually concerns methodological issues of bias, format, and wording. Scholarly attention has completely ignored the issue of why surveys include questions on some issues and not on others. The present research investigates the polling agenda for the issue of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) from 1981 to 1987. Evidence from several over-time anal- yses supports the hypotheses that (1) the mass media agenda set the polling agenda for the issue of AIDS, and (2) the way in which the AIDS issue was portrayed in the mass media influenced the way in which survey questions addressed the issue of AIDS. The specific over-time relationship is discussed.
Hypoxia, anoxia, and O2 sensing: the search continues.

hypoxia elicits a wide range of adaptive responses at the systemic level, at the tissue level, and at the cellular level. Responses at the systemic level such as increased alveolar ventilation promote survival of the organism by maintaining arterial blood hemoglobin saturation and systemic oxygen