cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic aspects of the viceregal entrance in Mexico city.

On November 4, 1640, a ship two months out of Cadiz entered the harbor of Veracruz and dropped anchor opposite the fortress of San Juan de Ulua. On board was the new Viceroy of the Kingdom of New Spain, the Duque de Escalona, Diego Lopez Pacheco. The viceroy’s arrival in Veracruz was but the first act in the elaborate drama of colonial government. Escalona and his party tarried in the port, passing the time inspecting the king’s troops and fortifications while they recuperated from the crossing and prepared for the journey to Mexico City. Accompanied by a mounted escort, gentlemen from the towns and cities of New Spain, a retinue of priests, servants and relatives, a herd of sheep, cattle, and other livestock, and by a baggage train carrying the stores of food and wines he brought with him from Spain, the viceroy would climb from sea level to the central meseta of New Spain, an ascent of nearly 8000 feet. The trip to Mexico City was a time for introductions, feasts, toasts, and pageants; but, it was also a time for politics, as the local notables, merchants, and government officials who accompanied the viceroy’s party vied for a favorable processional position and attempted to arrange a place at court for themselves, their relatives, and clients. Each village or town through which the viceroy passed would welcome him according to local custom and means. In larger towns like Puebla, this meant sumptuous entertainment, a procession to the cathedral followed by a reception and banquet. The viceroy could expect a more humble, but no less colorful reception when he passed through one of the dozens of smaller Indian communities along the route.
Is passion contagious? The transference of entrepreneurial passion to employees

Abstract The scholarly entrepreneurship community is coming to recognize what practicing entrepreneurs have known for some time — that passion is a central element of the entrepreneurial process. Recent developments have more carefully defined the construct of entrepreneurial passion and modeled its impact on entrepreneurial behaviors. This paper takes the next step by building a model of how that passion may be transferred from entrepreneur to employees. The question of interest is how entrepreneurs can facilitate the contagion of their own passion to others.
A novel approach to Czochralski growth of volatile compounds

Abstract Single crystals of Pb1−xSnxTe have been grown by LEC using B2O3 as encapsulant and an IR reflector installed coaxially about the growing crystal and partially immersed into the encapsulant. The IR reflector provides for an increase in the viscosity of B2O3 due to a steeper thermal gradient in the axial direction which in turn results in a uniform coating of the crystal.
Butyrate induces sLex synthesis by stimulation of selective glycosyltransferase genes.

Abstract Sialyl Lewisx (sLex) is an important tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen present on the cell surface glycoconjugates involved in leukocyte migration and cancer metastasis. We report the formation of sLex epitope in butyrate-treated human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells expressing MUC1 and core 2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT). Butyrate treatment stimulates not only the transgene but also a group of endogenous glycosyltransferase genes involved in the synthesis of sLex. Current finding raises a concern about the proposed use of butyrate as a cancer therapeutic agent.
Review of the putative cell-surface receptors for alpha-fetoprotein: identification of a candidate receptor protein family

The identification of a receptor for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has long been sought in the field of medicine. The uptake and endocytosis of AFP by rat tumor cells in 1984 sparked a series of confirmatory reports and the original studies were then extended to include multiple tumor types in rats, mice, and humans. The following year, French investigators partially characterized the binding properties of the AFP receptor, but they were not able to purify the receptor. It was not until 1991–1992 that an AFP receptor was partially purified and characterized from both human monocytes and breast cancer cells. By 1993, a monoclonal antibody had been raised against the AFP receptor produced from a breast cancer extract with claims that the receptor was a widespread (universal) oncofetal biomarker for cancer. However, that receptor has yet to be cloned and/or purified due to its complex multimeric binding interactions and associations. The present report will review the literature of the multiple putative AFP receptors described to date, the cellular uptake and endocytosis of AFP, and the biochemical characterization of these putative cell-surface proteins. In addition, evidence derived from computer modeling, proteolytic degradation patterns, and amino acid sequence analysis will be presented in a proposed identification of a family of multi-ligand binding receptors; this family fits many, if not most, of the criteria required for an AFP receptor. The purposed receptor protein family is tentatively identified as the Scavenger receptors which comprise several classes of single- and double-pass integral transmembrane proteins. Present data do not support the concept that the AFP receptor is a “universal” tumor receptor and/or biomarker.
Navigating Nationality in the Emigration of Minorities between Bulgaria and Greece, 1919—1941

The 1919 Convention for Emigration of Minorities between Bulgaria and Greece was an important prototype for minority handling and population exchange in Eastern Europe after World War I. Based on r...
Repair of an Inadvertent Buttonhole or Leaking Filtering Bleb

• Buttonholing of conjunctival flaps at the time of filtering glaucoma surgery or a leak in the flap postoperatively can cause serious problems and may be most difficult to repair. A new delicate atraumatic needle has been used successfully in five cases to close conjunctiva to conjunctiva or conjunctiva to cornea defects.
Input-specific dynamic power optimization for VLSI circuits

Literature proposes linear programming (LP) methods for glitch-less design of digital circuits. Considering the worst-case these methods ensure absence of glitches for any arbitrary state of primary input as well as internal signals. In this paper, we examine an unexplored aspect, i.e., glitch-free design with respect to a specific set of vectors (patterns). Introducing the logic-level concepts of glitch-generation patterns and glitch-generation probability, which are analyzable through logic simulation, we remove glitch filtering requirements from gates on which the given set of input vectors cannot produce glitches. We relax constraints of any existing LP either selectively or probabilistically. Such input-specific design from an LP model without process variation and another with process variation reduced the number of delay buffer overhead by up to 80% and 63%, respectively, while maintaining the power reduction and overall delay.
Low vitamin B-12 concentrations in patients without anemia: the effect of folic acid fortification of grain

Background In some patients with vitamin B-12 deficiency mistakenly treated with folic acid, anemia resolved but neurologic complications became worse (masking). Fortification of enriched cereal grains with folic acid has raised concerns that people who consume large quantities of cereal grains, particularly the elderly, may be at increased risk of masking. It is unclear, however, what proportion of people with low vitamin B-12 concentrations do not have anemia and whether the proportion is increasing. Objective We investigated whether fortification has increased the proportion of patients with low vitamin B-12 but without anemia. Design We reviewed the laboratory results of every patient for whom a vitamin B-12 concentration was measured at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Washington, DC, between 1992 and 2000. Those with a low vitamin B-12 concentration ( Results There were 1573 subjects with a low vitamin B-12 concentration. The proportion without anemia did not increase significantly from the prefortification period (39.2%) to the period of optional fortification (45.5%) and the postfortification period (37.6%). These findings did not change when the analysis was limited to patients aged > 60 y or when a more conservative definition of low vitamin B-12 ( Conclusions Despite evidence that folic acid exposure has increased dramatically since food fortification began, this population showed no evidence of an increase in low vitamin B-12 concentrations without anemia. If confirmed, these results would indicate that food fortification has not caused a major increase in masking of vitamin B-12 deficiency.
PS1-16: Directions for Future Patient-Centered and Comparative Effectiveness Research for People with Serious Mental Illness

Background/Aims Individuals with serious mental illnesses can experience significant disability, affecting ability to guide and adhere to treatment and navigate systems. Needs for a range of services are common, yet despite recent efforts to improve care quality, persistent challenges blunt or derail reforms. Obstacles include: difficulties changing the focus of care from acute symptom control/relapse prevention to patient-centered/recovery-focused care; constructing coherent, integrated services; coordinating care while managing multiple, fluctuating funding streams; and high staff turnover that produces poor continuity of care. Our goal is to provide guidance for future comparative effectiveness and patient-centered outcomes research (CER, PCOR) to improve individual-level patient-centered outcomes (PCOs).
The Centrality of Emotion to Psychological Change

Despite ongoing discussion over how best to define and operationalize emotions, therapists increasingly agree on emotions’ centrality to psychological health and change. Research suggests that accurately recognizing emotions is critical to psychological health, and most major therapeutic approaches aim to address deficits in emotional awareness. Interventions also strive to regulate emotions, with cognitive-behavior therapy typically working to reduce negative emotions such as anxiety and depression, and experiential and psychodynamic therapists to augment emotional experiencing. Increasingly, however, these approaches are converging toward using emotional experience within therapy to ultimately reduce negative emotions. This application of emotions’ role in meaning change and human behavior points to the way in which drawing on basic emotion research can enable us to create assessments and treatments grounded in an empirically supported understanding of mechanisms of change, and in so doing foster greater psychotherapy integration.
Dissolving the problem of infectious medical waste

Decisions in purchasing healthcare products are based on fiscal responsibility, employee safety, regulatory agency guidelines, and environmental conservation. One of today's major dilemmas in health care is that of disposing of medical waste. The Isolyser Company of Norcross, Georgia, is one of the first to develop a biocycle system to reduce the problem of contaminated waste. A description of the system is provided, along with its advantages and disadvantages.
Soft Error Rates with Inertial and Logical Masking

We analyze the neutron induced soft error rate (SER). An induced error pulse is modeled by two parameters, probability of occurrence and probability density function of the pulse width. We calculate failures in time (FIT) rates for ISCAS85 benchmark circuits. A comparison with measured SER for SRAMs shows better relevance of our work over other published work. Our CPU times are reasonable; benchmark circuit C1908 with 880 gates requires only 1.14seconds. Further, we study the influence of circuit topology on SER. We find that for some circuits with many levels of logic there exists a critical single event transient (SET) width. For smaller induced pulse width the SER depends not on the size of the circuit but only on the gates near the output, and only those need to be protected. For an inverter chain in TMSC035 technology, the critical width is between 25ps and 50ps. For a shallow circuit, e.g., a ripple-carry adder, the critical SET width may not exist.
Negotiating medications: patient perceptions of long-term medication use.

Summary Objective: To investigate how adults with one of several chronic illnesses (bipolar disorder, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder, or systemic lupus erythematosus) perceive their need to take medications during the course of their illness. Method: Eighty-three adults, aged 18–64 years, all members of a health maintenance organization, were interviewed. Each participant completed an ethnographic interview that was transcribed verbatim and analysed using grounded theory techniques. Results: Participants described two forms of ongoing efforts to negotiate their need for medications, internal and external. The former category includes struggles over self-identify (e.g. worries about becoming dependent on drugs, feeling like a ‘guinea pig’). The latter includes negotiations with health care providers over the type, route, and frequency of medication use. Dimensions of both negotiation types include acceptance and resistance. Specifically, patients with chronic illness must manage not only drug regimens, but also renegotiate their self-identities as formerly well persons. During this dynamic process, patients may accept and/or resist taking prescribed medications. Conclusion: Practitioners should recognize that patients experience not only physical, but emotional side effects of medications, and that resistance might be part of a negotiation process rather than a final stance.
Effect of simultaneous exposure to differences in photoperiod and temperature on the seasonal molt and reproductive system of the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus

Abstract 1. 1. Only mice under a short day photoperiod (9:15 LD) exhibit a seasonal molt and gonadal regression. 2. 2. Cold exposed (5°C) mice under a short day photoperiod molt 2 weeks earlier than warm acclimated (26°C) controls.
Copyright and Trademark Issues in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Generic Compliance or Brand Drug Imitating: 'Copycat or Compliance'

Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery; that is, unless the imitation is of a product produced by a multi billion-dollar industry. Then, imitation has the potential to involve intellectual property litigation. For the pharmaceutical industry, the majority of intellectual property litigation stems from the interplay between generic or imitator drug and brand name or pioneer drug manufacturers.
Soil moisture redistribution as a mechanism of facilitation in savanna tree-shrub clusters.

Plant–soil water relations were examined in the context of a selective removal study conducted in tree–shrub communities occupying different but contiguous soil types (small discrete clusters on shallow, duplex soils versus larger, extensive groves on deep, sandy soils) in a subtropical savanna parkland. We (1) tested for the occurrence of soil moisture redistribution by hydraulic lift (HL), (2) determined the influence of edaphic factors on HL, and (3) evaluated the significance of HL for overstory tree–understory shrub interactions. Diel cycling and nocturnal increases in soil water potential (Ψsoil), characteristic signatures of HL, occurred intermittently throughout an annual growth cycle in both communities over a range of moisture levels (Ψsoil=−0.5 to −6.0 MPa) but only when soils were distinctly stratified with depth (dry surface/wet deep soil layers). The magnitude of mean (±SE) diel fluctuations in Ψsoil (0.19±0.01 MPa) did not differ on the two community types, though HL occurred more frequently in groves (deep soils) than clusters (shallow soils). Selective removal of either Prosopis glandulosa overstory or mixed-species shrub understory reduced the frequency of HL, indicating that Prosopis and at least one other woody species was conducting HL. For Zanthoxylum fagara, a shallow-rooted understory shrub, Prosopis removal from clusters decreased leaf water potential (Ψleaf) and net CO2 exchange (A) during periods of HL. In contrast, overstory removal had neutral to positive effects on more deeply-rooted shrub species (Berberis trifoliolata and Condalia hookeri). Removal of the shrub understory in groves increased A in the overstory Prosopis. Results indicate the following: (a) HL is common but temporally dynamic in these savanna tree–shrub communities; (b) edaphic factors influencing the degree of overstory/understory development, rooting patterns and soil moisture distribution influence HL; (c) net interactions between overstory and understory elements in these woody patches can be positive, negative and neutral over an annual cycle, and (d) Prosopis-mediated HL is an important mechanism of faciliation for some, but not all, understory shrubs.
Scientific output of small and medium size firms in high tech industries

The author focuses on the scientific output of small and medium-sized firms in high-tech industries in the US. The indicators for technological output have been defined differently by different researchers. Economists have used patents as the measure of research and development (R&D) output, partly because they are easier to delineate than other indicators. Behavioral researchers interested in the R&D management process have relied on publications as a surrogate measure for R&D output, while research in science policy and innovation has focused on products and processes as indicators of innovation and technical output. The author focuses on all three measures as indicators of R&D output and investigates the interrelationship among them as well as the correlates for this output. Except for the chemical industry. R&D expenditure is closely related to size as measured by annual sales, rather than the net income. It is observed that a growing firm is more likely to spend proportionately more money in R&D. The three output measures-patents, papers, and new products-are correlated, but the pattern of the relationship is different in different industries. It is noted that a firm's grown is linked with new products in only some industries. Patents do not seem to have any effect on sales growth. The growth in R&D is not a factor leading to a higher level of scientific productivity. The important factor is the average level of R&D spending. The policy implication for this observation is to maintain a steady funding level of R&D, avoiding sudden changes in R&D budget. >
A Francisella tularensis Locus Required for Spermine Responsiveness Is Necessary for Virulence

Tularemia is a debilitating febrile illness caused by the category A biodefense agent Francisella tularensis. This pathogen infects over 250 different hosts, has a low infectious dose, and causes high morbidity and mortality. Our understanding of the mechanisms by which F. tularensis senses and adapts to host environments is incomplete. Polyamines, including spermine, regulate the interactions of F. tularensis with host cells. However, it is not known whether responsiveness to polyamines is necessary for the virulence of the organism. Through transposon mutagenesis of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica live vaccine strain (LVS), we identified FTL_0883 as a gene important for spermine responsiveness. In-frame deletion mutants of FTL_0883 and FTT_0615c, the homologue of FTL_0883 in F. tularensis subsp. tularensis Schu S4 (Schu S4), elicited higher levels of cytokines from human and murine macrophages compared to wild-type strains. Although deletion of FTL_0883 attenuated LVS replication within macrophages in vitro, the Schu S4 mutant with a deletion in FTT_0615c replicated similarly to wild-type Schu S4. Nevertheless, both the LVS and the Schu S4 mutants were significantly attenuated in vivo. Growth and dissemination of the Schu S4 mutant was severely reduced in the murine model of pneumonic tularemia. This attenuation depended on host responses to elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines. These data associate responsiveness to polyamines with tularemia pathogenesis and define FTL_0883/FTT_0615c as an F. tularensis gene important for virulence and evasion of the host immune response.
MR microscopy of formalin fixed paraffin embedded histology specimens.

Purpose Archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue collections represent a valuable informational resource for numerous studies. However, there is no NMR signal from FFPE specimens at room temperature. To obtain MR images and enable comparison of magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) and histology studies we propose to image FFPE tissue at elevated temperature. Methods A FFPE tissue block was imaged at 7 Tesla (T) and 16.4T at 70–80°C using T2-weighting methods. The only difference from standard MR microscopy (MRM) is elevated temperature at which the embedding medium melts. Results Using FFPE murine brain tissue, we were able to demonstrate the feasibility of tissue MRM from paraffin embedded specimens. Histology images taken from the specimen after MRM demonstrate that keeping the FFPE specimen in paraffin melt at 70–80°C for dozens of hours does not affect subsequent histology analysis. Conclusion MRM of FFPE tissue from paraffin melt opens new avenues for analyzing archived histological specimens (biopsies, post mortem, etc.) and for correlating MR images with histology (optical microscopy). In addition, 3D MRM of FFPE specimens could guide histology in search for appropriate regions of interest and subsequently minimize occurrences of false negatives in tissue analysis. Magn Reson Med 71:1989–1994, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fugitives in the United States

abstract Available online 16 May 2014 Little is known, empirically, about fugitives in the U.S. There is no research describing basic facts such as theprevalence of warrants or how features of warrants vary across geography or demographics of fugitives.Purpose: To (A) describe the prevalence of warrants in the U.S., including variation in warrant features acrossgeography as well as demographics of fugitives (age, race, and gender). In addition, the paper (B) models akey feature of warrants (extradition limits) as a function of legal and extra-legal factors.Methods: This study draws on the Wanted Persons ﬁle—the central operational database maintained by theNational Criminal Information Center (NCIC) for tracking warrants from all jurisdictions in the United States.Warrant factors are described across demographic groups via bivariate comparisons. Extradition is modeledviaamultivariateﬁxed effects logistic regression framework (i.e., within state comparisons)Results: The data show approximately 2 million warrants are active on any given day. Warrant features varysigniﬁcantly across states (per capita), and fugitive demographics. Extradition varies as a function of legal(e.g., crime seriousness) and extra-legal factors (e.g., race of fugitive).Conclusions:Warrantsmayprovideanimportantnewavenueforscholarshipondisparity,criminalcarreers,andthe administration of justice.Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Long-term energy consumptions of urban transportation: A prospective simulation of ''transport-land uses'' policies in Bangalore $

Abstract The current trends of urban dynamics in the Third World are alarming with regard to climate change, because they are giving an increasingly important role to cars—to the detriment of public and non-motorized transportation. Yet this is the type of energy consumption that is expected to grow the fastest, in business-as-usual scenarios. How can these market-based urban trends be influenced? What level of emissions reduction can be achieved? This article shows that first, there is a relevant and urgent need to tackle the urban dynamics of cities in developing countries focusing on the “transport–land uses” couple, and second, that existing transport technologies and decision-helping tools are already available to take up the climate change challenge. Through the application of an integrated “transport–land uses” model, TRANUS, this study demonstrates that transit technologies affordable to an emerging city like Bangalore can significantly curb the trajectories of energy consumption and the ensuing carbon dioxide emissions, if and only if they are implemented in the framework of appropriate urban planning. Furthermore, this study establishes that there are tools which are available to facilitate the necessary policy-making processes. These tools allow stakeholders to discuss different political alternatives integrating energy issues, based on quantitative assessments.
Residual Gas Saturation to Aquifer Influx: A Calculation Method for 3-D Computer Reservoir Model Construction

Residual gas saturation controls the volume of gas trapped in that portion of the reservoir that has experienced water encroachment. As water moves into a rock volume filled with gas, the water displacement of the gas is incomplete. The water fills pores and pore throats, causing capillary pressure and relative permeability effects to stop the flow of gas and allow only water to pass through the rock volume. This stoppage results in gas being trapped behind the encroaching waterfront as residual gas. The volume and location of the residual gas are controlled by the distribution of the petrophysical properties. A method based on interrelationships between petrophysical properties is used to create a model for calculating maximum residual gas saturation (Sgrm). The model is developed as a function of porosity, permeability, capillary pressure, and initial water saturation. The input to the model and its results compare favorably with actual field data where aquifer encroachment is verified from well production history.
Anxiety reduction in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization following massage and guided imagery.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of massage with or without guided imagery in reducing anxiety prior to cardiac catheterization. Method A total of 55 inpatients and outpatients received massage, guided imagery, or massage with guided imagery prior to cardiac catheterization. Self-reported anxiety levels and blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were evaluated in participants and a matched comparison group. Results Massage with and without guided imagery resulted in significant reductions in self-reported anxiety ( p p p Conclusions Massage with or without guided imagery immediately reduced self-reported anxiety. This pilot study has certain limitations: a non-randomized, convenience sample and a matched control group that was created retrospectively. However, the study indicates a benefit to providing massage or massage with guided imagery prior to anxiety-inducing medical procedures such as cardiac catheterization.
State-Space Approach to Computing Spacecraft Pointing Jitter

Pointing jitter refers to unwanted line-of-sight motion incurred by a pointing system over a time window of specified duration. Jitter acts to smear images and degrade the quality of science obtainable from camera-type instruments. A recent mathematical expression for finite window pointing jitter involves the frequency-domain integral of a rational polynomial multiplied by a transcendental weighting function. Because of its complexity, the expression is generally evaluated using numerical integration. The main contribution of this paper is a state-space method for evaluating the frequency-domain integral. In particular, an exact state-space expression is developed that can be evaluated by computing a matrix exponential and solving a Lyapunov equation.
Homogenization of Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

An automated homogenization algorithm based on the pairwise comparison of monthly temperature series is described. The algorithm works by forming pairwise difference series between serial monthly temperature values from a network of observing stations. Each difference series is then evaluated for undocumented shifts, and the station series responsible for such breaks is identified automatically. The algorithm also makes use of station history information, when available, to improve the identification of artificial shifts in temperature data. In addition, an evaluation is carried out to distinguish trend inhomogeneities from abrupt shifts. When the magnitude of an apparent shift attributed to a particular station can be reliably estimated, an adjustment is made for the target series. The pairwise algorithm is shown to be robust and efficient at detecting undocumented step changes under a variety of simulated scenarios with step- and trend-type inhomogeneities. Moreover, the approach is shown to yield a lower false-alarm rate for undocumented changepoint detection relative to the more common use of a reference series. Results from the algorithm are used to assess evidence for trend inhomogeneities in U.S. monthly temperature data.
Structure, variability, and salt flux in a strongly forced salt wedge estuary

This researchwas funded by National Science Foundation grant OCE‐0452054. Ralston also received partial support from The Penzance Endowed Fund in Support of Assistant Scientists and The John F. and Dorothy H. Magee Fund in Support of Scientific Staff at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Investigation of the performance of two types of the doppler catheter in vitro

There is considerable interest in the use of Doppler catheters for measuring coronary flow reserve in humans. Two types are currently available, these being models having side-mounted or tip-mounted transducers. The performance of these catheters was carefully observed in Silastic tubing perfused with blood by a roller pump. Each catheter was used with two types of positioning wire: a rigid wire and a standard J-tip guidewire. Linear regressions of velocity vs. flow rate were performed. Both catheters performed well with the rigid wire (r greater than or equal to 0.992). When used with the J-tip, the end-mounted catheter suffered decreased performance because of positioning difficulties, while the side-mounted catheter performance was within 6% of the ideal. Measurements made with the side-mounted catheter at low flow rates underestimated the expected response for forward flow. Because of the ease of positioning, the side-mounted catheter is judged to be more useful in measuring flow ratios.
Role of Stasis and Oxidative Stress in Ileal Pouch Inflammation

Abstract Background. Although ileal pouch–anal anastomosis has become the operation of choice for patients with chronic ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis coli, ileal pouch inflammation or pouchitis remains a significant postoperative complication. Numerous factors such as fecal stasis have been implicated in the etiology of pouchitis; however, pouchitis remains poorly understood due to the lack of a small animal model. One of the primary goals of this study was to surgically create a reservoir or U-pouch in the ileum of a rat in which stasis would occur in a manner that was unimpeded by other complicating factors such as a colectomy. This model would allow investigation of the hypothesis that intestinal stasis leads to biochemical changes that predispose the ileal pouch to inflammation and oxidative stress. Materials and methods. A U-pouch was surgically created in the terminal ileum of Lewis rats just proximal to the ileocecal valve without a colectomy. Stasis was assessed by serial barium radiographs over 48 h. Thirty days after surgery, mucosa was obtained from the ileal U-pouches and nonoperated ileum to assess inflammation and neutrophil infiltration histologically and by measuring myeloperoxidase activity. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring 8-isoprostane levels in urine. Once the model was validated and it was established that stasis and inflammation occurred in the pouch, either vitamin E or allopurinol was administered for 30 days after which myeloperoxidase and 8-isoprostane levels were again measured. Results. In our experimental model, ileal stasis resulted in increases in both mucosal myeloperoxidase activity and urinary 8-isoprostane levels, suggesting that oxidative stress was associated with stasis. Thirty-day treatment with vitamin E or allopurinol reduced ileal myeloperoxidase activity and urinary 8-isoprostane levels. Conclusion. These studies demonstrated that stasis in the ileum occurred and was associated with neutrophil infiltration and oxidative stress. Antioxidant treatment reduced the inflammatory response suggesting a role for antioxidant therapy in the treatment of pouchitis.
How to the Smash Next Billion Mobile App Bugs

With users increasingly dependent on their phones, tablets, and wearables, the mobile app ecosystem is more important today than ever before. Creating and distributing apps has never been more accessible. Even single developers can now reach global audiences. But mobile apps must cope with extremely varied and dynamic operating conditions due to factors like diverse device characteristics, wireless network heterogeneity, and varied user behavior. App developers and operators of app marketplaces both lack testing tools that can effectively account for such diversity and, as a result, app failures and performance bugs (like excessive energy consumption) are commonly found today. To address this challenge to mobile app development, we have developed key techniques for scalable automated mobile app testing within two prototype services --- VanarSena and Caiipa. In this paper, we describe our vision for SMASH, a unified cloud-based mobile app testing service that combines the strengths of both previous systems to tackle the complexities presently faced by testers of mobile apps.
Metals removal by algal biofilms

The objective of this research is to evaluate the possibility of enhanced metal precipitation inside algal biofilms. The pH environment surrounding microorganisms growing in biofilms is frequently different than the environment of the bulk liquid because products of metabolic reactions are limited in their ability to diffuse out of the biofilm. This occurs with algal biofilms, in which CO 2 utilization during photosynthesis results in an increase in the pH. The pH inside algal biofilms can be several units higher than the pH of the surrounding liquid. This higher pH favors removal of metals by precipitation and possibly adsorption. Laboratory studies were conducted in which biofilms of Cladophora glomerata were grown in buffered nutrient media. Copper or nickel was added to the media to study short term metal removals. Experimental results were compared to predictions of solubility based on a theoretical model of pH inside algal biofilms. Results provide evidence to support the theory that higher internal pH can result in greater metal removal by the biofilms.
A Decent Home for Every American: Can the 1949 Goal Be Met?

This article follows the shift in federal housing policy from a production emphasis during the decade after the Kerner Commission Report to a policy of limited support that enables a few low-income people to choose their own housing. It details specific legislation enacted over this period and highlights the continuing debate about the most effective use of federal housing funds. Also, discussed is the growth of state and local housing support programs, as well as the non-profit community housing development movement. The author points out that the legislative framework is in place for an effective national housing policy designed to reach those without access to decent housing. He argues for a reaffirmation of the national housing goal of a decent home for every American and a redirection of policy so that more of the funds reach those who need them most. Specific recommendations include capping the mortgage interest tax deduction, endorsing a low-income housing investment trust fund, decentralizing housing spending decisions to the states, establishing “permanently affordable” housing, and revitalizing public housing.
Cation exchange in ZnSe nanocrystals for signal amplification in bioassays.

ZnSe nanocrystals (NCs), possessing low native luminescence but high biocompatibility, were employed as labeling tags in bioassays. They were able to amplify each target recognition event thousands of times through a cation-exchange reaction (CXAmp) that released over 3000 encapsulated Zn2+ from one single NC. The freed cations in turn triggered strong fluorescence from the Zn-responsive dyes. The present study demonstrated that CXAmp with ZnSe delivered superior detection performance in comparison to the conventional labeling methods. The overall fluorescence intensity of CXAmp using 5 nM ZnSe NCs was 30 times higher than that from 5 nM core−shell CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs). The limit of detection (LOD) obtained with ZnSe-based CXAmp was 10-fold lower than with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeling, and the detection sensitivity, represented by the slope of the signal-versus-concentration curve, was 20-fold higher. When applied to detect immunoglobulin E (IgE) in a sandwich format, a LOD of 1 ng/mL was ...
Post-Niebuhrian Political Theology: A Book Review Article

The thesis of William R. Coats's God in Public: Political Theology beyond Niebuhr is easily summarized. The author's basic premise is that "apocalyptic thought provides the original context for understanding the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth .... Jesus preached the coming of the kingdom of God, namely the imminent earthly reign of God in which the present age would give way to a new transformed age" (p. 40). The Old Testament teaches that man's destiny is historical, and New Testament eschatology means that God wills the transformation of all earthly affairs. Most, if not all, existing political and social systems have failed to achieve anything remotely approxi mating justice. Thus, the political task of Christians is to create a more just and humane society, namely, a true political de mocracy and a socialist economy. It is the eschatological vision of the transformation of society within history that frees Christians to fulfill this task. This sounds reminiscent of the teaching of Wal ter Rauschenbusch. But Mr. Coats wants to disassociate himself from the Social Gospel movement, which is more reformist than revolutionary, and he finds more suggestive clues to understand ing the present social system in the writings of Karl Marx than he does in those of older Christian socialists. Although he appears to be aware of the writings of Reinhold Niebuhr, as the title of his book indicates, he is not persuaded by Niebuhr's arguments. In fact he nowhere examines them in any detailed way. Refer ences are made to Niebuhr only in passing. One wonders why he invokes Niebuhr's name at all. Perhaps it is to suggest that the author's analysis is a little more "up-to-date." Rather the Protes tant theologian whom he admires is Jurgen Moltmann and the
119 DECREASED SEXUAL FUNCTION AND TESTOSTERONE LEVELS IN WOMEN WITH HYPOPITUITARISM

Objective The psychological and physiological role of testosterone in women sexual function remains poorly understood. Women with hypopituitarism have severely diminished ovarian and adrenal androgen production and thus represent an excellent model to study the consequences of androgen deficiency. We hypothesized that women with hypopituitarism would exhibit altered sexual function as a result of androgen deficiency. Method Total testosterone, objective sexual function (blood flow and somatosensory thresholds) and the subjective Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) were measured in 15 women with documented hypopituitarism (median age 37.5±7.1, BMI 28.1±5.2) and 9 aged matched healthy volunteers (median age 26±9.2, BMI 25.6±4.2) in an IRB-approved study. Results Total testosterone levels were markedly diminished among women with hypopituitarism (4.74±3.92 ng/dl) compared to normal volunteers (25.5±2.7 ng/dl, p≤0.0002). Although pre-stimulation of clitoral and labial blood flow were similar between the groups in this study, there was a trend toward decreased post-stimulation clitoral blood flow in patients with hypopituitarism (36±5.6 cm/sec) compared with healthy volunteers (48.5±4.9 cm/sec). Moreover, the hypopituitary patients (17.2±5.3 cm/sec, p≤0.05) showed decreased clitoral blood flow increment following stimulation compared to the healthy volunteers (29.5±5.2 cm/sec). Quantitative somatosensory testing showed statistically significant (p≤0.05) impairment in vibratory and thermal thresholds in patients with hypopituitarism compared to healthy volunteers. All areas (desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction and pain) of the subjective FSFI in hypopituitary patients showed statistically significant (p≤0.0002) impairment compared to controls. Conclusion Based on this data, we postulate that testosterone deficiency in women with hypopituitarism leads to impairment in both physiological and subjective sexual function. These data provide compelling rationale for placebo-controlled, randomized trials of testosterone replacement in women with hypopituitarism.
Abstract P2-12-12: MarginProbe device use and re-excision rates for breast conservation surgeries

Background: Current methods of intraoperative assessment of lumpectomy margins are limited. Previous studies have found a lower rate of re-excisions with the adjunctive use of the MarginProbe device (Dune Medical Devices Ltd, Israel). The purpose of this study was to compare the tumor characteristics and re-excision rates before and after the use of MarginProbe for patients who had breast conservation surgery (BCS) at our institution. Methods: The Breast Cancer Database of our medical center was queried for patients who underwent BCS from 1/2010-3/2015 by three breast surgeons. 2 surgeons used the MarginProbe to direct excision of additional margins at the time of primary lumpectomy surgery and 1 surgeon performed routine 6-surface cavity shavings. We compared our historical data (1/2010-12/2014) to MarginProbe data (1/2015-4/2015). The following variables were included: age, mammographic breast density, tumor characteristics, and re-excision rates. Statistical analyses were performed using Pearson9s Chi-Square and Fisher9s Exact Tests. Results: We had a total of 1201 women who had BCS among the 3 breast surgeons. The median age was 61 years. The median invasive size was 1.2 cm. Majority of cancers were early stage (stage 0, I), invasive ductal carcinoma (61%), ER-positive (86%), PR-positive (74%), and Her2Neu-negative (88%). These tumor characteristics were not statistically different in the pre- and post-MarginProbe groups. The majority of patients had dense breasts (51%) and density did not differ among the pre- and post-MarginProbe groups (p=0.86). For the surgeons who used the MarginProbe for margin assessment at the time of surgery, the re-excision rate fell from 17% to 0% and 35% to 20% during the 4-month period. In contrast, the surgeon who routinely performed 6-surface shavings had a re-excision rate that fell from 13% to 12% in the same time period. 88% of MarginProbe readings were false positive. There was one false negative reading. Conclusions: Routine use of the MarginProbe device was associated with lower re-excision rates compared to historical data and concurrent 6-cavity shaving approach. Better intraoperative margin assessment and lower re-excision rates will decrease the burden of breast cancer on patients and the health care system and support the practice of breast conserving surgery. Citation Format: Schnabel F, Guth A, Axelrod D, Chun J, Schwartz S, Shapiro R. MarginProbe device use and re-excision rates for breast conservation surgeries. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-12-12.
GPU Behavior on a Large HPC Cluster

We discuss observed characteristics of GPUs deployed as accelerators in an HPC cluster at Los Alamos National Laboratory. GPUs have a very good theoretical FLOPS rate, and are reasonably inexpensive and available, but they are relatively new to HPC, which demands both consistently high performance across nodes and consistently low error rate.
The Social Sciences and Spatial Analysis

“[F]ull information should be given as to the degree in which the customs of the tribes and races which are compared together are independent. It might be, that some of the tribes had derived them from a common source, so that they were duplicate copies of the same original. …It would give a useful idea of the distribution of the several customs and of their relative prevalence in the world, if a map were so marked by shadings and colour as to present a picture of their geographical ranges.” Sir Francis Galton at The Royal Anthropological Institute, 1888 The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 18: 270. INTRODUCTION Concepts of space and geography play prominent roles in many social science theories. In fields as diverse as anthropology, criminology, demography, political science, sociology, and public health, our theories predict that spatially proximate units are more likely to behave similarly than spatially distant units. These theories, in short, predict positive spatial autocorrelation or spatial dependence, the spatial clustering of similar behaviors, processes, and events among neighboring observations. This common interest in geography across the social sciences is not surprising. The social sciences are defined by their focus on phenomena that are inherently social and interdependent. Shared concerns combine with spatial proximity to promote familiarity. This familiarity in turn breeds both contempt and conflict and interaction and interdependence. Until recently our ability to incorporate the spatial dimension of our theories in our models was quite limited, relying primarily on dummy variables to capture differences in behavior across geographically disparate units. Such an approach is suboptimal, as it is unable to address some of the central issues posed by spatially dependent data. Consider, for example, Sir Francis Galton's comment in the epigraph to this chapter. Sir Galton's comment in response to Edward Tylor's presentation at the Royal Anthropological Institute in November 1888 clearly ranks among the most influential comments expressed at an academic presentation, remembered as it is more than a century later. Sir Galton's critique, which has since come to be known as Galton's problem, focuses on the critical substantive distinction between two alternative explanations for spatially dependent behavior.
Operations scheduling in reverse supply chains: Identical demand and delivery deadlines

Abstract This study addresses an integrated operations scheduling problem in reverse supply chains, where delivery deadlines and identical demand are involved. The supply chains consist of contracted collectors, a manufacturer, and many secondary markets. Both collectors and manufacturer are capacitated. The manufacturer remanufactures returned/used products shipped from collectors and then ships finished products directly to demand points geographically dispersed in secondary markets, following order quantity and delivery due date that each demand point requests. Each demand point orders the same quantity, which can be true in supply chain practices (i.e., grouping demand points into customer zones). Furthermore, the manufacturer is imposed penalties for late deliveries. The problem is to determine shipping quantities from collectors to the manufacturer and the assignment of collectors and demand points to the manufacturer, subject to the capacity constrains on both collectors and the manufacturer. This paper formulates the scheduling problem as a bi-criteria mixed integer program with the objective of minimizing both total shipping and penalty costs and delivery lateness. For the problem with the order sizes of one unit, the total unimodularity of its constraint matrix allows for the development of a polynomial time algorithm. The problem where order sizes are the same is solved by a dynamic programming based algorithm. The respective numerical examples are provided to verify two problems and their corresponding solution approaches.