cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vulgar Ethics for Public Administration

Can goodness be taught? How? Though committed to ethical concerns in the teaching and practice of public administration, this article warns how little basis there is for an evidently burgeoning confidence in the ability to prepare others to do good actions. Yet skepticism is not despair, and ethical reflection is surely required. Ethics may, paradoxically, be both the easiest and the most difficult element of public administration to teach. This article examines the possibilities of teaching a "vulgar ethics" of public administration.
Toxicologic pathology: looking ahead.

The field of toxicologic pathology is being impacted, as are other fields of science and medicine, by rapid transitions to take advantage of new science and technology. The new technology represents great opportunities toadvance our understanding of toxicology and pathology to exciting new levels, but it also poses new challenges. We must be seriously engaged in that transition to assure that the outcome reflects the knowledge and discipline that are hallmarks of today's decision-making process in areas of product development and approval. New expertise will be required to deal with new issues. How well and how rapidly we adapt as the field moves from "...icities" to "... omics" will, at least in part, determine the role of toxicologic pathologists in the product development and approval processes of the future.
Dispersal of dense protostellar material - NH3 hot cores and outflows in Sagittarius B2

VLA observations of Sgr B2 in six ammonia transitions have uncovered two 200-K condensations with approximately 0.2 pc diameters associated with water maser sources which are similar to the Orion hot core but are more massive. Total NH3 mass of the northern source is 1000 times higher than in the Orion hot core. The hot core emission traces dense gas around newly formed massive stars, and is produced during a relatively brief stage after the star begins to heat the surrounding medium and before the dense gas is dispersed by outflow and the emergence of an expanding H II region. 36 references.
Fundus autofluorescence imaging in punctate inner choroidopathy with blind spot enlargement.

Purpose: To present a case report in which fundus autofluorescence (FAF) helped to diagnose and monitor the clinical course of a patient diagnosed with punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC).Methods: Retrospective chart review of patient data.Results: FAF showed multiple hypoautofluorescent spots in the posterior pole.It also showed an area of hypoautofluorescence surrounded by a ring of hyperautofluorescence, which corresponded to a larger lesion seen clinically. As the disease became inactive, the number of hypoautofluorescent spots decreased. The rim of hyperautofluorescence surrounding the macular lesion became attenuated.Persistent hypofluorescent areas grew in size.Conclusions: FAF is a useful imaging modality to better visualize and delineate the extent of damaged retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in PIC. FAF also helps the clinician to assess the resolution of the disease by the appearance of the RPE.
Asymmetric cerebral blood flow patterns in migraine

Although asymmetric EEG abnormalities have been reported during the headache-free period in migraineurs, asymmetries of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) have not been studied. Headache-free rCBF values measured by 133Xe inhalation were lower in migraineurs than in controls. Interhemispheric CBF and regional (anterior versus posterior) CBF did not differ between the groups. When a novel scoring system was used to obtain a mean asymmetry index (MAI), the MAI of the classic/complicated group was significantly higher than that of the controls but not significantly different from that of the common migraine group. These data suggest that in the headache-free interval rCBF asymmetries, variable in location, exist in classic/complicated migraineurs. These rCBF changes may be related to the cause or the effect of the focal neurologic dysfunction that occurs during an attack in these patients.
USABILITY ANALYSIS WITH ARTIFACTS ON PANELS

A practical user interface analysis method is proposed, to provide a rationale for user interface design. The approach has three aspects:1. To express a rationale by obtaining quantitative metrics from designers' artifacts2. To visualize the metrics3. To analyze designs interactively.
Early Paleozoic paleogeography and accretionary history of the Newfoundland Appalachians

New paleomagnetic results were obtained from several units in the Central Mobile belt of the north-central Newfoundland Appalachians. Combined with recently published data, the results place important limits on interpretations of early Paleozoic paleogeography and evolution of the Appalachian-Caledonian orogen. The Ordovician Appalachian margin of North America, located at low paleolatitudes and facing roughly south, was separated from the southern margin of Iapetus (Avalon-Armorica) by ∼3500 km. Primary directions in pillowed volcanic rocks of the Moreton9s Harbour Group that are part of an Early Ordovician island arc show that these rocks were formed near the North American margin, at a paleolatitude of 12°S. Early to Middle Ordovician volcanic rocks of the Roberts Arm, Chanceport, and Summerford groups, on the other hand, were extruded at paleolatitudes of 30°-40°S. Unconformably overlying volcanics of the Silurian Botwood Group were extruded subaerially at a paleolatitude of 24°S. Combined with tectonostratigraphic data, these results suggest the following tectonic history. In Early Ordovician time, northerly subduction of the main Iapetus basin was accompanied by the formation of a volcanic arc and a back-arc basin near the North American margin. Middle Ordovician emplacement of ophiolites on the North American margin reflects the closure of this back-arc basin (Iapetus I), and continued northerly subduction in Silurian time closed the main basin (Iapetus II).
ACCURATE MODELING OF THE CYLINDRICAL WIRE KERNEL

Many existing numerical techniques used to analyze wire antennas assume the current distribution on the wire to be one-dimensional (1D). This assumption imposes geometric constraints on the ratio of the wire radius to the discretized antenna segment length. Moreover, many kernel approximations are so inaccurate that higher-order basis functions for wire modeling are unthinkable. More accurate kernel models are possible, but generally result in infinite series or require complicated integration rules. This work presents a new generalized approach to the modelling of cylindrical wire antennas. The method is not plagued by the aforementioned geometric restrictions and can be extended to model the higher-order behavior of wires. The numerical results show the method to be both stable and robust. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 740–744, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21461
This study into the perceptions of caregivers and people with aphasia following a course on total communication yielded promising results, but there are methodological concerns

Rautakoski, P. (2011). Training total communication. Aphasiology, 25(3), 344–365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2010.530671. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: This study was supported by grants from the Finnish Cultural Foundation; the original author of this research reports no conflicts of interest.
Below edge X-ray emission structure

Abstract High-resolution spectroscopy was used to study X-ray resonant Raman scattering, or the below edge X-ray emission structure, of three different chromium compounds. The measured energy shifts of the spectral features are not consistent with theoretical predictions. This work demonstrates that a technique based on BEXES can be developed for oxidation state determinations.
Autograding in the Cloud: Interview with David O'Hallaron

In this installment of Trend Wars, Dejan Milojicic discusses autograding with David O'Hallaron, a professor of computer science and electrical and computer engineering at Carnegie Mellon University. Featured here is an excerpt from the in-depth interview, which ranged from discussions on autograding to cloud computing. The Web extra includes the video, but you can stream it at www.computer.org/portal/web/computingnow/videos/trendwars.
An approach to software reliability measurement

Abstract This paper discusses an approach to the definition and measurement of software reliability which is embodied in statistical testing concept. Differences in the software and hardware reliability approaches are covered and the statistical modelling techniques for the software case are described. Statistical methods used in the random sampling of test inputs and the validation of model predictions are reviewed. Data from project experments is included to illustrate the application of the software reliability concepts in actual product developments.
Wetting of refractories of the CaO-MgO system by slags

An investigation was carried out of the spreading of slags on refractories of the CaOMgO system. The rate of spreading decreases with an increase in the content of calcium oxide of the refractory partly as a result of the decrease in the surface tension of the slag. The presence of a carbon phase causes the slag to spread more rapidly on the refractories for converter linings.
Immediate endoscopic closure of colon perforation by using a prototype endoscopic suturing device: feasibility and outcome in a porcine model (with video).

Background Perforation is an uncommon but potentially devastating complication of colonoscopy. Surgical closure is the standard of care. Immediate endoluminal closure of a perforation would avoid the morbidity and mortality associated with general anesthesia, laparotomy, and surgical repair. Objectives To evaluate the feasibility and safety of full-thickness endoscopic closure of colonic perforations with a prototype endoscopic suturing device, the Eagle Claw, in a porcine model. Design Endoscopic animal experimental study of closure of colon perforation by using a porcine model. Subjects Ten pigs were included in the study. Interventions The Eagle Claw was used to close small perforations (1.5 to 2 cm) of the colon created by needle-knife with the animal under general anesthesia by using the endoluminal route. All animals received intravenous antibiotics and were allowed to eat after 24 hours. Main Outcome Measurements The animals were monitored daily for signs of sepsis and peritonitis. On day 7, they were euthanized. The peritoneal cavity was examined for fecal peritonitis, and the colon perforation site was checked for wound dehiscence and pericolic abscess formation. Results Endoscopic closure of the colon perforation was successful in 7 animals, and they recovered well without any sepsis or peritonitis. Necropsy did not reveal fecal peritonitis or pericolonic abscess formation at the site of perforation, and the perforation healed well. Closure was successful in 1 animal, but necropsy revealed dehiscence of the colon perforation site. Endoscopic closure was unsuccessful in 2 animals, and these were euthanized immediately. Conclusions Closure of acute perforation of the colon is feasible with the Eagle Claw endoscopic suturing device in a porcine model.
Comment on "nuclear emissions during self-nucleated acoustic cavitation".

A Comment on the Letter by R. P. Taleyarkhan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 034301 (2006). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Upper and Lower Bounds for the Frequencies of Rectangular Cantilever Plates

Abstract : The authors use a recently developed procedre fr lower bounds and the Rayleigh-Ritz procedure for upper bounds to estimate frequencies of free vibration of thin rectangular cantilever plates. The applicability of the lower bound procedure is demonstrated, and calculations are given for a symmetry class of normal modes. The lower bounds seem to be the first rigorously obtained for this problem. The upper bounds are improvements over previously published rigorous results. (Author)
Sample Size and Statistical Power in [15O]H2O Studies of Human Cognition:

Determining the appropriate sample size is a crucial component of positron emission tomography (PET) studies. Power calculations, the traditional method for determining sample size, were developed for hypothesis-testing approaches to data analysis. This method for determining sample size is challenged by the complexities of PET data analysis: use of exploratory analysis strategies, search for multiple correlated nodes on interlinked networks, and analysis of large numbers of pixels that may have correlated values due to both anatomical and functional dependence. We examine the effects of variable sample size in a study of human memory, comparing large (n = 33), medium (n = 16,17), small (n = 11, 11, 11), and very small (n = 6, 6, 7, 7, 7) samples. Results from the large sample are assumed to be the “gold standard.” The primary criterion for assessing sample size is replicability. This is evaluated using a hierarchically ordered group of parameters: pattern of peaks, location of peaks, number of peaks, siz...
Cell surface distribution of Fc receptors II and III on living human neutrophils before and during antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

Microscopic techniques have been employed to study the cell surface distributions of the immunoglobulin Fc receptors (FcR) II and III on living human neutrophils. Fluorescein- or rhodamine-conjugated monoclonal IgG or Fab fragments directed against FcRII (CDw32) and FcRIII (CD16) were employed to label receptors. FcRII and III were found to be uniformly distributed at neutrophil surfaces during resting conditions. During neutrophil polarization and migration FcRII but not FcRIII preferentially accumulated at the uropod. Sheep erythrocytes (SRBCs) were opsonized with IgG and then incubated with neutrophils. When neutrophils were labeled prior to target addition, FcRII but not FcRIII were found to cluster at the target-effector interface. Little or no clustering of FcRs was observed if labeling was performed after target binding. SRBC oxidation was observed using Soret band illumination during transmitted light microscopy. Time-lapse studies of FcRII distribution and target oxidation were performed. FcRII formed clusters at target-effector interfaces prior to target oxidation. Three lines of evidence suggest that clustering is not a general plasma membrane response. Firstly, FcRIII do not cluster. Tannic acid-modified erythrocytes avidly bound to neutrophils but did not trigger clustering of FcRII. Furthermore, irrelevant neutrophil membrane labels were unaffected by the presence of IgG-opsonized erythrocytes. We suggest that FcRII clustering is one important component leading to the oxidative destruction of target cells.
First-year engineering students with dyslexia: Comparison of spatial visualization performance and attitudes

Student diversity in higher education tends to focus on gender, ethnicity/race, and socio-economic status. However, these factors do not address cognitive diversity. Cognitive diversity, within the context of this study, refers to the varying ability of brain functions such as reasoning and memory, excluding persons with a developmental disability. Students with learning disabilities (LD), specifically dyslexia, contribute to this cognitive diversity. This study aims to initiate scholarly research on academic success factors for First-Year Engineering (FYE) students with dyslexia. FYE student performances on the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test-Rotations (PSVT-R) and Student Attitudinal Success Instrument (SASI) have been found to be predictors of academic success in engineering. A preliminary analysis of entering FYE student performance on the PSVT-R and SASI is conducted for three populations: students with dyslexia, students with a LD, and students without a LD. The anticipated findings will support the inclusion of cognitive ability, with an emphasis on LD and dyslexia, in FYE engineering diversity programs.
Parkinsonism and Levodopa: A Five‐Year Experience

Seventy parkinsonian patients were treated continuously with levodopa for five years. During the first year, sixty-three patients (90 per cent) improved. After five years, however, only thirty-seven patients remained improved while thirty-three patients (48 per cent) experienced progressive disease. Complications of treatment, albeit nonfatal, increased in frequency during the five-year interval. The reason for early improvement and subsequent deterioration of parkinsonian symptoms and signs in spite of levodopa therapy remains unexplained. It suggests that Parkinson's disease may not be simply a striatal dopamine deficiency syndrome and that treatment with levodopa is more than replacement therapy.
Straight Allies: Supportive Attitudes Toward Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals in a College Sample

Little research has focused on the development of positive attitudes toward the LGB community amongst heterosexuals in the USA, despite evidence demonstrating increasing levels of acceptance for sexual orientation minorities. A convenience sample of 50 female and 18 male heterosexual Midwestern university students with positive attitudes toward LGB people participated in semi-structured interviews that addressed research questions about the formation of their attitudes. Results found three key features in attitude formation: (1) early normalizing experiences in childhood, (2) meeting LGB peers in high school or college as important to the development of their attitudes, and (3) experiences of empathy based on an LGB peer’s struggles and successes, or resistance to hatred expressed by those with negative attitudes.
The Framing of Competence

The challenge of how to appear competent (to oneself and others) is closely tied to the attributional relationship between ability (can) and effort (try). Data are presented to support the layperson's understanding of the discounting principle that describes this relationship: Holding performance constant, the lower the apparent effort and the more difficult the task, the greater the attributed ability. It is proposed that people in our culture attach great value to the appearance of basic, or "natural," ability. Depending on available opportunities, people will withdraw effort, emphasize task difficulty, and even handicap themselves to protect their competence image. Experimental results also make clear that self-promoters must avoid claims that are refutable, excessive, or seen as out of context.
Temperature scaling of absorption coefficients

Abstract A recently published conversion of room temperature absorption coefficients to absorption cross-sections at standard temperature, may lead to large errors due to inadequate temperature scaling. Specific examples are given and the general relation for temperature scaling of absorption coefficients is derived. Application is presented to temperature profiling of the atmospheres using differential absorption lidar measurements.
Association of cytoplasmic free Ca2+ gradients with subcellular organelles.

Previous investigations have identified gradients of intracellular free (Ca2+)i (Ca2+)i in the cytoplasm of human fibroblasts. In this study we have compared the spatial distribution of these gradients with the subcellular distribution of cytoplasmic organelles. Using the Ca2+-sensitive dye fura-2 and organelle-specific fluorescent dyes, we have found that the highest Ca2+ concentrations are found in the perinuclear cytoplasm and that these regions co-localize with the Golgi apparatus. The area occupied by the endoplasmic reticulum, which includes the Golgi region plus an adjacent area, is also significantly elevated above the average cellular (Ca2+)i. Most mitochondria are located in regions different from those with the highest (Ca2+)i. A variety of phenomena which could have given rise to artifactual (Ca2+)i gradients have been ruled out, including compartmentalization of fura-2 in subcellular organelles, incomplete hydrolysis of fura-2AM esters, and the presence of pH gradients which might change the Ca2+ binding characteristics of fura-2. The existence of gradients in (Ca2+)i between ER and Golgi containing regions of the cytoplasm supports the hypothesis (Sambrook:between Cell 61:197–199, 1990) that the traffic of membrane bound vesicles from ER to Golgi is directed by local variations in (Ca2+)i.
THE FINING OF BEER - AN INVESTIGATION*

A relationship between the speed with which a beer fines and the sedimentation rate of yeast in unfined beer has been established. The measurement of fining speed has been determined quantitively.
Turbulence, scalar transport, and reaction rates in flame-wall interaction

Turbulent premixed flames are studied in a Couette channel flow using direct numerical simulation (DNS). The combustion is simulated by a single-step reaction with heat release, and the flow is fully developed turbulence at a Reynolds number of 504 based on channel half-width The flow configuration consists of a V-shaped flame held in place by a flame holder. One flame is far from the walls and remains adiabatic, while the other flame interacts with a wall and is nonadiabatic. The flame alters the turbulent velocity profile. Near-wall viscous sublayer scaling is found provided both the pressure gradient and the local, average wall shear stress are used. However, in the log layer, the standard scaling does not collapse the velocity profiles, indicating the importance of additional transport mechanisms caused by the flame. The turbulent length scale is reduced in the flame brush region. In the adiabatic flame, the reduction is to approximately the laminar flame thickness. In the nonadiabatic wall flame, the reduction is not as dramatic due to wall heat loss causing weaker reaction rates. The probability density function (PDF) of the scalar progress variable has a classical bi-modal shape in the adiabatic flame. Thus, in the adiabatic flame, the DNS results compare well with the standard Bray-Moss-Libby (BML) expressions for the turbulent scalar flux and flame surface density. However, in the nonadiabatic flame, which interacts with the wall, the scalar PDF is less bi-modal. In this case, the DNS results and the BML expression for the flame surface density does not correctly capture the heat loss effects of the wall. Modifications to the flame surface area are suggested and compare well with the DNS results.
Larviculture of Red Front Shrimp, Caridina gracilirostris (Atyidae, Decapoda)

Aquatic ornamental species trade is a growing multimillion dollar industry. Over the past several years, many freshwater shrimp have been growing in popularity in the aquarium industry. This study evaluated the larval culture of the popular aquarium red front shrimp, Caridina gracilirostris (Atyidae). We found that the optimal larval and postlarval rearing conditions were 15 ppt, 27 C, fed with a phytoplankton mixture (Phycopure), and at the stocking density of 25 per L. Under these conditions, the newly hatched larvae developed, through six zoeal stages, into postlarvae in 15 d, with a survivorship of 90 ± 8%. The postlarvae acclimated to freshwater when they reached 69 d posthatch.
Group structure and the pointwise ergodic theorem for connected amenable groups

Abstract Let G be a connected amenable group (thus, an extension of a connected normal solvable subgroup R by a connected compact group K = G R ). We show how to explicitly construct sequences { U n } of compacta in G in terms of the structural features of G which have the following property: For any “reasonable” action G × L p ( X , μ ) ↓ L p ( X , μ ) on an L p space, 1 p f ∈ L p ( X , μ ), the averages A n f= 1 |U n | ∫ U n T g −1f dg (|E|= left Haar measure in G) converge in L p norm, and pointwise μ-a.e. on X , to G -invariant functions f∗ in L p ( X , μ ). A single sequence { U n } in G works for all L p actions of G . This result applies to many nonunimodular groups, which are not handled by previous attempts to produce noncommutative generalizations of the pointwise ergodic theorem.
Intra-population variation in behavior modification by the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus dirus : are differences mediated by host condition?

The acanthocephalan parasite Acanthocephalus dirus infects the freshwater isopod Caecidotea intermedius as an intermediate host before completing its life cycle in a fish. Male C. intermedius infected by A. dirus parasites are less likely to engage in mating behavior than uninfected males but there is a significant intra-population variation in the occurrence of this behavioral change. Previous studies on uninfected isopods have shown that glycogen content is a predictor of male mating behavior and we examined whether the intra-population variation in the mating behavior of infected male C. intermedius could be explained by this relationship. A field-based behavioral experiment was used to quantify intra-population variation in male mating behavior, which showed that 50 % of infected males were responsive to females and 50 % were not responsive. Biochemical analysis of responsive and non-responsive males revealed that glycogen content was a predictor of the mating behavior for uninfected males but was not a predictor of mating behavior for infected males. For infected males, parasite intensity was a predictor of mating behavior. Males that contained more A. dirus parasites were less likely to undergo modification of mating behavior. We propose that the intra-population variation in the mating behavior of infected C. intermedius identified in nature was not mediated by host condition.
Up-regulation of splenic prohormone convertases PC1 and PC2 in diabetic rats

Abstract Organisms respond to infection in a complex manner involving bidirectional interactions between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. Many of the bioactive endocrine/immune factors are synthesized in a precursor form and are expected to be activated by prohormone convertases (PCs). Since patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes have an increased incidence and severity of infections, we hypothesized that in a condition of hyperglycemia, these processing enzymes would be activated in an immune tissue, the spleen. To test this hypothesis, we treated rats with intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg/day) daily for 5 days and measured splenic PC1 and PC2 mRNA by ribonuclease protection assay. We found that PC1 mRNA was increased 6.0±0.02-fold (P
Does Motivational Interviewing Counseling Time Influence HIV-Positive Persons’ Self-Efficacy to Practice Safer Sex?

Abstract Objective This study examined the impact of motivational interviewing (MI) counseling time on self-efficacy to practice safer sex for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Methods In 4 month intervals we followed a cohort of 490 PLWHA for 12 months. We conducted hierarchical linear regression models to examine changes in safer sex self-efficacy when participants received zero, low to moderate (5–131 min) and high (132–320 min) doses of MI time. We conducted a similar analysis using number of counseling sessions as the predictor variable. Results Participants with low to moderate doses of MI counseling had 0.26 higher self-efficacy scores than participants with zero MI time (p = 0.01). Also, they had 0.26 lower self-efficacy scores than participants with high amounts of MI time (p = 0.04). Participants with high doses of MI had a 0.5 higher self-efficacy score than participants with zero amount of MI time (p Conclusion MI time is a key to enhancing safer sex self-efficacy among PLWHA. Practice implications Safer sex self-efficacy improves the more MI counseling time and sessions PLWHA receive.
Quantum rates for a double well coupled to a dissipative bath: Accurate path integral results and comparison with approximate theories

We present accurate fully quantum calculations of thermal rate constants for a symmetric double well system coupled to a dissipative bath. The calculations are performed using the quasiadiabatic propagator path integral (QUAPI) methodology to evaluate the flux–flux correlation function whose time integral determines the rate coefficient. The discretized path integral converges very rapidly in the QUAPI representation, allowing efficient calculation of quantum correlation functions for sufficiently long times. No ad hoc assumption is introduced and thus these calculations yield the true quantum mechanical rate constants. The results presented in the paper demonstrate the applicability of the QUAPI methodology to practically all regimes of chemical interest, from thermal activation to deep tunneling, and the quantum transmission factor exhibits a Kramers turnover. Our calculations reveal an unusual step structure of the integrated reactive flux in the weak friction regime as well as quantum dynamical enhancement of the rate above the quantum transition state theory value at low temperatures, which is largely due to vibrational coherence effects. The quantum rates are compared to those obtained from classical trajectory simulations. We also use the numerically exact classical and quantum results to establish the degree of accuracy of several analytic and numerical approximations, including classical and quantum Grote–Hynes theories, semiclassical transition state theory (periodic orbit) estimates, classical and quantum turnover theories, and the centroid density approximation.
Magnetoresistance near the metal-insulator transition of Cd0.99Mn0.01Se

Abstract At 0.5 ≤ T ≤ 4.2 K samples of Cd 0.99 Mn 0.01 Se which are near the metal-insulator transition exhibit a large positive magnetoresistance (MR) in fields H ∽ 10 k0e. The effect is accompanied by an increase in the Hall coefficient and a decrease in the Hall mobility. At the lowest temperatures and for fields well above 10 k0e a small negative MR is observed. The positive MR is tentatively attributed to an increase in the screening radius r s , which leads to enhanced Coulomb-potential fluctuations.
NaCl transport by Madin Darby canine kidney cyst epithelial cells.

NaCl transport by Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cyst epithelial cells. The mechanism of NaCl transport across the epithelium of intact MDCK cysts grown in a collagen gel matrix was investigated. Double-barreled microelectrodes were used to measure basolateral membrane PD (V b1 ), transepithelial PD (V t ), and intracellular (Cl i ) and intralumenal (Cl cy ) Cl - activities in cysts under different conditions. In a control Ringer's solution (RS), Cl i (60 ± 1mM) and Cl cy (107 ± 2mM) exceeded the values corresponding to electrochemical equilibrium across the basolateral membrane and epithelium, respectively. Cl i was reduced by superfusing the cysts with a low Cl - RS (Cl i , 20 ± 3mM), a low Na + RS (Cl i , 40 ± 4mM), or by adding amiloride to the control RS (Cl i , 46 ± 1mM). Cl i was unaffected by removal of either K + or HCO 3 - from the RS or by adding furosemide or SITS to the control RS. V b1 in the control RS was -50 ± 2mV and was affected only by removal from the RS of K + (V b1 , -31 ± 3mV) or HCO 3 - (V b1 , -29 ± 4mV) or by the addition of SITS to the control RS (V b1 , -59 ± 5mV). V t in control RS was -2 ± 0.2mV (lumen negative), and was increased by reducing bath Na + (V t , -37 ± 2mV) but not by reducing bath Cl - . These data indicate that Cl - is secreted in a basolateral to apical direction by the cyst epithelium. Basolateral Cl - transport probably occurs mainly by an electroneutral Cl - /HCO 3 - exchanger. Transepithelial Na + transport seems to occur via a paracellular route which appears to be cation selective. These experiments also support the existence, in the basolateral membrane, of a Na + /K + ATPase, a Na + /H + exchanger, and possibly a Na + /HCO 3 - / CO 3 2- transporter.
Environment, Land, and Rural Out-migration in the Southern Ecuadorian Andes

Summary Out-migration, environmental degradation, and changes in land distribution are all key processes of rural transformation in the developing world, but few quantitative studies have investigated their interactions in migrant origin areas. This study uses survey data from the southern Ecuadorian Andes and an event history model to investigate the effects of land ownership and environmental conditions on out-migration to local, internal, and international destinations. The results indicate that the effects of land ownership and other factors differ strongly across migration streams. Also, negative environmental conditions and landlessness do not consistently increase out-migration as commonly assumed in the literature.
Energy for a new millennium--regulatory perspectives.

In summary, regulatory decisions about an energy-related claim on food will be based on safety considerations, scientific basis for the claim, food effect versus drug effect, and the wording of the claim.
PERCEPTUAL DETERRENCE AND DRINKING AND DRIVING AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

This research examines the effect of perceived legal risks on drinking and driving. Data are from college students who were surveyed three times. Self-reports of recent drinking and driving at Time 3 are regressed on Time 1 and Time 2 measures of perceived risk of punishment. Prior moral evaluations, past drinking and driving, and previous legal inervention for drinking and driving are controlled. Perceptions of risk of arrest and severity of punishment are not related to subsequent drinking and driving, but moral tolerance, prior drinking and driving, and previous legal intervention all predict subsequent drinking and driving.
Aberrant submaxillary gland tissue presenting as a cyst of the jaw. Report of a case.

Abstract A second case of aberrant submaxillary gland tissue presenting as a cyst of the mandible is reported. The diagnosis was not made prior to exploration. It is felt that this lesion is still very rare, since other cases have not been reported.
Performance analysis for MIMO systems with lattice-reduction aided linear equalization

Multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems equipped with multiple antennas have well documented merits in combating fading and enhancing data rates. MIMO V-BLAST transmission is a widely adopted method to achieve high spectral efficiency and low-complexity implementation. When the maximum likelihood (ML) or near-ML detector is employed, receive diversity is collected for MIMO V-BLAST systems to enhance the performance. However, because of its exponential complexity, ML detector may be infeasible for practical systems when the number of antennas and/or the constellation size is large. On the other hand, linear equalizers have much lower complexity but come with inferior performance. In this paper, we analytically quantify the diversity order of linear detectors for MIMO V-BLAST systems. Then, we adopt low-complexity complex lattice-reduction (LR) aided linear equalizers for V-BLAST systems to improve the performance and prove that LR-aided linear equalizers collect the same diversity order as that exploited by the ML detector but with much lower complexity. Relative to the existing real LR-aided equalizers, we illustrate that the complex LR further reduces the complexity while keeping the same performance. Simulation results corroborate our theoretical claims.
A Survey of Fear of Pregnancy and Depression

This report describes tests designed to assess fear of pregnancy and the results of an analysis of how this fear is related to depression. The tests included: a Fear Survey Schedule with 78 fears including fear of pregnancy to be rated on a 5 point scale a specially designed Fear of Pregnancy Test with 2 sets of 10 fears including fear of pregnancy to be ranked in order and the Elation-Depression Scale with moods to be selected and some questions on religion and sexual behavior. Of 106 white middle-class women clients of the Kaiser-Permanente health plan mean age 36.1 year 42 (39.6%) reported fear of pregnancy and 12 (11.3%) expressed fear of phobic intensity. Fear was unrelated to age but was greater for Catholics and for those with more depression and anxiety. Reasons most often given for fearing pregnancy were: "too old" responsibility for child care financial burden health risk emotional reaction during pregnancy completed family. The author concluded that women who fear pregnancy tend to be more depressed thus fear of pregnancy may predict depression in reaction to oral contraceptives.
Starting phenomena in a supersonic tube wind tunnel

An experimental study has been performed of the unsteady processes in the starting period of a supersonic Ludwieg tube, a device which operates like an intermittent supersonic wind tunnel. A quick opening diaphragm located downstream of the nozzle initiates the flow. Pressure and density measurements are made in a variety of ways in Mach number 1.67 and 3.0 nozzles. For the starting conditions treated, supersonic flow is established in the nozzle without producing shock waves. Various time dependent functions are observed in the adjustment of gasdynamic parameters to their steady supersonic values. These changes of pressure etc., include undershoots, overshoots, and other variations of the final steady-state values. Calculations based on an assumed zero-length nozzle do not adequately predict starting times and pressures.
Radar measurement of soil moisture content

The effect of soil moisture on the radar backscattering coefficient was investigated by measuring the 4-8 GHz spectral response from two types of bare-soil fields: slightly rough and very rough, in terms of the wavelength. An FM-CW radar system mounted atop a 75-ft truck-mounted boom was used to measure the return at 10 frequency points across the 4-8 GHz band, at 8 different look angles ( 0\deg through 70\deg ), and for all polarization combinations. A total of 17 sets of data were collected covering the range 4-36 percent soil moisture content by weight. The results indicate that the radar response to soil moisture content is highly dependent on the surface roughness, microwave frequency, and look angle. The response seems to be linear, however, over the range 15-30 percent moisture content for all angles, frequencies, polarizations, and surface conditions.
Theory for microwave thermal emission from a layer of cloud or rain

Microwave thermal emission from a layer of cloud or rain consisting of spherical particles has been investigated. Scattering effects are studied in great detail with both numerical and analytical approaches. In the absence of ground emission, it is found that scattering induces brightening for optically thin layers and vice versa for optically thick layers. As a function of observation angle brightening occurs near nadir while darkening occurs at large angles in the case of small optical thickness. For large optical thickness, darkening occurs at all angles because of backscattering effects. When the layer of cloud or rain is above an air layer and an ocean surface at a higher temperature, it is found that the darkening effect at large optical thickness is much more pronounced. The darkening effect is also larger for vertical polarizations because the ocean emits more vertically polarized components. The effect of thermal emission and molecular absorption by atmospheric gases is also taken into account. Results obtained from analytical formulas under single scatteirng assumptions are compared and illustrated.
Performance analysis of affinity clustering on transaction processing coupling architecture

Coupling multiple computing nodes for transaction processing has become increasingly attractive for reasons of capacity, cost, and availability. This paper presents a comparison of robustness (in terms of performance) of three different architectures for transaction processing. In the shared nothing (SN) architecture, neither disks nor memories are shared. In the shared disk (SD) architecture, all disks are accessible from all nodes, whereas in the shared intermediate memory (SIM) architecture, a shared intermediate level of memory is introduced. Coupling multiple nodes inevitably introduces certain interferences and overheads, which take on different forms and magnitudes under the different architectures. Affinity clustering, which attempts to partition the transactions into affinity clusters according to their database reference patterns, can be employed to reduce the coupling degradation under the different architectures, though in different ways. However, the workload may not be partitionable into N affinity clusters of equal size, where N is the number of nodes in the coupled system, so that the load can be evenly spread over all nodes. In addition to balancing the load, we need to maintain a large fraction of data references within the database affiliated with the affinity cluster. These become increasingly harder to achieve for large values of N. In this paper, we examine the impact of affinity on the performance of these three different coupling architectures. >
Improving genome annotations using phylogenetic profile anomaly detection

Motivation: A promising strategy for refining genome annotations is to detect features that conflict with known functional or evolutionary relationships between groups of genes. Previous work in this area has been focused on investigating the absence of 'housekeeping' genes or components of well-studied pathways. We have sought to develop a method for improving new annotations that can automatically synthesize and use the information available in a database of other annotated genomes. Results: We show that a probabilistic model of phylogenetic profiles, trained from a database of curated genome annotations, can be used to reliably detect errors in new annotations. We use our method to identify 22 genes that were missed in previously published annotations of prokaryotic genomes. Availability: The method was evaluated using MATLAB and open source software referenced in this work. Scripts and datasets are available from the authors upon request. Contact: tarjei@broad.mit.edu
Correlation of Valsalva Leak Point Pressure with Subjective Degree of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women

AbstractPurpose: We correlated symptoms of stress urinary incontinence in women with intrinsic urethral function, as measured by Valsalva leak point pressure. In addition, we assessed the effects of urethral hypermobility, baseline resting abdominal pressure, patient age and menopausal status on Valsalva leak point pressure.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 64 consecutive women (mean age 50 years, range 20 to 79) with complaints of stress urinary incontinence. Initially the patient history was obtained and the subjective degree of stress urinary incontinence was graded as 1, 2 or 3 according to the SEAPI-QMN classification. Multichannel video urodynamics were then performed. At a volume of 150 to 200 ml. (or half bladder capacity when functional capacity was less than 150 ml.) filling was stopped. Resting, coughing and progressive Valsalva maneuvers were performed to determine Valsalva leak point pressure and the presence of urethral hypermobility. Valsalva leak point pressure was defined as the minimum...
The 1.5 eV Polaron Transition of Polyaniline: The Spectra Electrochemical Resolution into Sub-Bands

Polyaniline is an interesting conducting polymer because of its chemical stability and its reversible electrochromic response. A typical cyclic voltammogram [1, 2] in acidic solution shows two voltametric waves marked as d and h in Fig. 1. When the electrochemical potential of the polymer is between these two waves the polymer is a green colored electrical conductor. The polymer changes into a colorless insulator at -0.2 V and changes into a blue insulator when is oxidized beyond +0.7 V related to saturate calomel electrode (SCE).
Writing, Reading, and Reading‐to‐Write in a Foreign Language: A Critical Review

ABSTRACT The development of reading and writing skills in a foreign language (FL) has a central role in the FL curriculum. The importance of these abilities is even stronger in upper-level courses where reading and writing are assigned in combination, as in the case of reading-to-write tasks. In these tasks students are asked to read articles or literary selections and to react and respond to them in an insightful and critical manner (Horowitz 1986; Spack 1988; Flower el al. 1990; Kem and Schultz 1992). The complexity involved in these skills as well as the web of processes that readers/writers orchestrate have been unveiled by researchers in both first (L1) and second/foreign languages (L2/FL) who seek an understanding of the cognition of reading-to-write acts. In this article a review is presented of the most influential work done on the process of reading-to-write in the last two decades. Also, reference is made to the impact that research on writing process and reading process has made on the FL profession.
Joystick text entry with word prediction for people with motor impairments

Joysticks are used by people with motor impairments as an assistive device which acts as a replacement for the keyboard and mouse. Most existing entry methods that use the joystick take the form of on-screen or selection keyboards which require multiple movements of a joystick to enter a single character, making text input slow. We try to reduce the number of required joystick movements by adding word completion and next word prediction. Evaluations show text entry with word prediction is 30% faster compared with entry on a regular selection keyboard and reduces the amount of movements by 50%, even for first-time users with less than 15 minutes of practice.
PERIOPERATIVE ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT OF PEDIATRIC TRAUMA

PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF PEDIATRIC TRAUMA Pediatric trauma is the leading cause of death in children between the ages of 1 and 15 years? A significant percentage of traumatic injuries occur in the pediatric age range, and, therefore, anesthesiologists must have a thorough understanding of the physiologic derangements of these patients and the anesthetic challenges of this population. Although pediatric trauma remains the primary cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, the cause of such trauma is rapidly evolving. Blunt-force injuries from falls and motor vehicle accidents are quickly being outnumbered by the penetrating wounds of guns and knives in the urban setting. The latter form of trauma accounts for the highest percentage of fatal injuries. Unlike adults, children with head injuries combined with major trauma have a 50% mortality rate. The pediatric population presents unique challenges to anesthesiologists. With respect to the "ABCs" (airway, breathing, and circulation), the pediatric airway is distinct from that of the adult in that the redundancy of soft tissues and relatively large head size place children at a higher risk for airway obstruction. These factors, coupled with a small aperture and relatively large tongue, make the pediatric airway potentially difficult even in the most experienced hands.14 The fact that the apnea-to-hypoxia interval is so short in children makes immediate airway assessment and intervention crucial in ensuring the successful resuscitation of pediatric trauma patients. A high percentage of pediatric trauma deaths are related to improper or inadequate airway management, and, thus,
The Yersinia pseudotuberculosis degradosome is required for oxidative stress, while its PNPase subunit plays a degradosome-independent role in cold growth

Yersinia polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), a 3'-5' exoribonuclease, has been shown to affect growth during several stress responses. In Escherichia coli, PNPase is one of the subunits of a multiprotein complex known as the degradosome, but also has degradosome-independent functions. The carboxy-terminus of E. coli ribonuclease E (RNase E) serves as the scaffold upon which PNPase, enolase (a glycolytic enzyme), and RhlB helicase all have been shown to bind. In the yersiniae, only PNPase has thus far been shown to physically interact with RNase E. We show by bacterial two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays that RhlB and enolase also interact with RNase E. Interestingly, although PNPase is required for normal growth at cold temperatures, assembly of the yersiniae degradosome was not required. However, degradosome assembly was required for growth in the presence of reactive oxygen species. These data suggest that while the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis PNPase plays a role in the oxidative stress response through a degradosome-dependent mechanism, PNPase's role during cold stress is degradosome-independent.