cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practicable calculating method of indirect ground shock in soil at surface contact explosion

To study the indirect ground shock produced by air shock wave with short duration time under conventional explosions,the theory formulas of indirect ground shock caused by air shock wave of sudden triangle utilizing the one dimension plane wave theory and the method of characteristic line were amended according to the test data and the numerical simulation results.Then,the practicable calculating method of indirect ground shock produced by the conventional surface contact explosion was proposed.The propagating law of the indirect ground shock produced by the conventional surface contact explosion was analyzed,and the characteristics of the practicable calculating formulas set up in this paper were demonstrated.In contrast with the test and the numerical simulation,the amended formulas are basically consistent,which shows that the calculating method can well reflect the law of the indirect ground shock at a surface contact explosion transmitting in the soil.
Determination of Epitopes by Mass Spectrometry

As a response to an infection, the immune system produces antibodies. The determination of the antigenic structure recognized by the antibody through epitope mapping provides information about the interaction between antigen and antibody for the diagnosis of a disease on a molecular level, for characterizing the pathogenesis of the infectious material, and for the development of interfering drugs or preventative vaccines. Here we present the determination of the fine structure of the linear epitope located on the gp41 protein of the human immunodeficiency virus recognized by the monoclonal antibody 2F5. In this approach we coupled the antigen SOSgp140 to the antibody 2F5, which was covalently linked to an Fc-specific antibody immobilized on cyanogen bromide (CNBr)-activated Sepharose beads. Digestion of the antigen with endoproteinase LysC resulted in an affinity-bound peptide whose fine structure was characterized by digestion with carboxypeptidase Y and aminopeptidase M. All steps of this method were monitored by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI/MS). The epitope recognized by 2F5 was identified to be the 16-mer peptide with the sequence NEQELLELDKWASLWN.
Cholinergic stimulation produces oscillations of cytosolic Ca2+ in a secretory epithelial cell line, T84

The effects of carbamylcholine (carbachol) on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) of T84 cells were examined using the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura-2 and microfluorometric techniques. In single isolated cells, carbachol (100 microM) caused a rapid increase in [Ca2+]c of 184 +/- 15 nM (SE, n = 44) from a resting value of 56 +/- 7 nM. This initial transient was followed by a series of oscillations in 68% of the cells. Atropine (10 microM) blocked this response. Removal of bath Ca2+ did not inhibit the rise in [Ca2+]c or oscillations, but the response duration was shortened in 47% of the cells. The amplitude and latency of the initial Ca2+ rise, frequency of oscillations, and number of responding cells varied with the agonist concentration. We have previously shown that carbachol induces an oscillating K+ conductance in T84 cells [D. Devor, S. Simasko, and M. Duffey. Am. J. Physiol. 258 (Cell Physiol. 27): C318-C326, 1990]. Simultaneous measurement of membrane K+ current and fura-2 fluorescence in the same cell demonstrated a correlation between the rise in [Ca2+]c and increase in K+ current. These results show that a rise in [Ca2+]c and oscillations is likely to underlie the membrane K+ current responses to carbachol in T84 cells. Responses from a single cell within a subconfluent monolayer were different from those of isolated cells. In cells of a monolayer the initial [Ca2+]c rise (111 +/- 8 nM; n = 41) was followed by a decline to a stable plateau, and oscillations were not seen. Removal of bath Ca2+ both reduced the initial transient and eliminated the plateau phase of the response. These results suggest that cell-to-cell contact or differentiation during monolayer formation influences the Ca2+ handling mechanisms of T84 cells.
Ca-induced K+-outward current in Paramecium tetraurelia

Late K-outward currents upon membrane depolarization were recorded in Paramecium tetraurelia under a voltage clamp. A Ca-induced K-outward component is demonstrated by subtracting the value of the outward current in a pawn A mutant lacking functional Ca-channels (pwA500). The Ca-induced K-outward current activates slowly, reaching a peak after 100 to 1000 ms. The current then remains steady or reaches the steady state after a decline of several seconds. EGTA2-injection experiments show that the Ca-induced K-outward current is dependent on the internal Ca2+ concentration. The current is shown to depend on the voltage-dependent Ca conductance, by study of the leaky pawn A mutant (pwA132), which has a lowered Ca conductance as well as a lowered Ca-induced K-current. The Ca-induced GK is thus indirectly dependent on the voltage. The maximal GK is about 40 nmho/cell at +7 mV in 4 mM-K+. The Ca-induced K current is sustained throughout the prolonged depolarization and the prolonged ciliary reversal.
Conductor specification and validation for high-luminosity LHC quadrupole magnets

Author(s): Cooley, LD; Ghosh, AK; Dietderich, DR; Pong, I | Abstract: The high-luminosity upgrade of the large hadron collider (HL-LHC) at CERN will replace the main ring inner triplet quadrupoles, identified by the acronym MQXF, adjacent to the main ring intersection regions. For the past decade, the U.S. LHC Accelerator RaD Program, LARP, has been evaluating conductors for the MQXFA prototypes, which are the outer magnets of the triplet. Recently, the requirements for MQXF magnets and cables have been published in [P. Ferracin et al., IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 26, no. 4, Jun. 2016, Art. no. 4000207], along with the final specification for Ti-alloyed Nb3Sn conductor determined jointly by CERN and LARP. This paper describes the rationale beneath the 0.85-mm-diameter strand's chief parameters, which are 108 or more subelements, a copper fraction not less than 52.4%, strand critical current at 4.22 K not less than 631 A at 12 T and 331 A at 15 T, and residual resistance ratio of not less than 150. This paper also compares the performance for ∼100 km production lots of the five most recent LARP conductors to the first 163 km of strand made according to theHL-LHCspecification.Two factors emerge as significant for optimizing performance and minimizing risk: a modest increase of the subelement diameter from 50 to 55 μm, and a Nb:Sn molar ratio of 3.6 instead of 3.4. The statistics acquired so far give confidence that the present conductor can balance competing demands in production for the HL-LHC project.
Evolution of Cataract Surgery

The word cataract derived from the Latin cataracta, waterfall. The white froth of a waterfall represented the clouding of the lens that occurs with an advanced cortical cataract. The Romans saw suffusion between the pupil and the lens. We now think of cataract as the consequence of natural aging changes [1].
CHAPTER 14 – Platelet Polymorphisms

The first 30 years of investigations into platelet polymorphisms focused on the alloimmune thrombocytopenias. The nature of the alloantigen, the identification of the alloantibody, and the immune basis for antibody formation were discovered for those platelet membrane antigens most commonly responsible for alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Based on this knowledge, rational treatment strategies were developed for fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) and posttransfusion purpura (PTP) (see Chapter 53). As molecular biologists uncovered the genetic bases for these polymorphisms, DNA testing became a useful addition to patient evaluation and management. The second phase of platelet polymorphism history began when investigators started to consider the genetic basis of common multifactorial diseases, such as vascular thrombosis. The impact of genetic variations as modifiers of disease processes led to the investigation of platelet polymorphisms as risk factors for arterial thrombosis and modifiers of hemorrhage. This new area of medicine presents unique challenges for the platelet researcher, such as the accurate detection of a small but real effect on the platelet and the clinical phenotype affected by the inherited sequence variation. Although in its infancy, this area of platelet biology promises to have a signifi cant impact on future strategies for managing disorders such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. We have now entered a third phase comprising the intersection of information derived from the sequencing of the human genome with the study of inherited variations of platelet genes. This phase has identifi ed large numbers of sequence variations in platelet genes via very different approaches than previously used by immunohematologists, using comprehensive genome searches for polymorphisms and resequencing specific genes. In the first half of this chapter we consider the genetic basis for platelet alloantigens and the evidence for alterations in protein antigenicity and function. The second half of the chapter covers the clinical consequences of these inherited variations.
A comparative study of prokaryotic diversity and physicochemical characteristics of Devils Hole and the Ash Meadows Fish Conservation Facility, a constructed analog

Devils Hole is the sole natural habitat of the critically endangered Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis). To establish a backup population, the Ash Meadows Fish Conservation Facility (AMFCF), a full-scale replica of the uppermost 6.7 m of Devils Hole, was constructed by management agencies in the mid-2010s. Despite rigorous efforts to mimic the bathymetric and physical details of the Devils Hole environment, the biogeochemistry and microbiology of the AMFCF refuge tank remain largely unaddressed. We evaluated water physicochemistry and employed Illumina DNA sequencing of 16S rRNA gene libraries to evaluate planktonic and benthic bacterial and archaeal community composition within their respective physicochemical contexts in Devils Hole and AMFCF on the same day. Major ion concentrations were consistent between the two systems, but water temperature and dissolved oxygen dynamics differed. Bioavailable nitrogen (primarily nitrate) was 5x lower in AMFCF. Devils Hole and AMFCF nitrogen:phosphorus molar ratios were 107:1 and 22:1, indicative of different nutrient control mechanisms. Both sites are microbiologically diverse, with over 40 prokaryotic phyla represented at each, with 37 shared between them and nearly than half deriving from candidate divisions. The abundance and composition of predicted photosynthetic primary producers (Cyanobacteria) was markedly different between sites: Devils Hole planktonic and sediment communities were dominated by Oscillatoria spp. (13.2% mean relative abundance), which proved virtually undetectable in AMFCF. Conversely, AMFCF was dominated by a predicted heterotroph from the Verrucomicrobiaceae family (31.7%); which was comparatively rare (<2.4%) in Devils Hole. We propose that the paucity of bioavailable nitrogen in AMFCF, perhaps resulting from physical isolation from allochthonous environmental inputs, is reflected in the microbial assemblage disparity, influences biogeochemical cycling of other dissolved constituents, and may ultimately impact survivorship and recruitment of refuge populations of the Devils Hole pupfish.
Diffuse Galactic Light

Definition The diffuse galactic light is the weak background ultraviolet and visible radiation produced by ▶ interstellar dust grains scattering light from stars in the disk of the ▶Milky Way galaxy. It is not easily separable observationally from the ▶ zodiacal light (sunlight scattered by dust in the solar system) and from airglow (emission from atoms and molecules in the Earth’s upper atmosphere).
Achilles Tendon Pathology

The Achilles tendon is the main plantar flexor of the ankle. Patients can also develop a non-insertional tendonitis, insertional calcific tendinopathy, retrocalcaneal bursitis, or rupture of the tendon. Insertional Achilles tendonitis is pain and tendon thickening at the Achilles insertion into the calcaneus. This is usually treated conservatively but can require debridement, reinsertion of the tendon, and sometimes tendon transfer. Retrocalcaneal bursitis is an inflammation between the bursa anterior to the Achilles and the posterior aspect of the calcaneus. A Haglund deformity of the calcaneus is often present. This is usually treated conservatively but can require debridement, reinsertion of the tendon, and sometimes tendon transfer. Rupture of the Achilles tendon is most common in men ages 30–40 years of age and can occur during sudden forced plantarflexion or dorsiflexion in a plantar flexed foot. The rupture usually occurs 4–6 cm above the calcaneal insertion in the hypovascular area of the tendon. Treatment can be nonoperative in functional bracing/casting in equinus or operative with repair and sometimes either a VY advancement and/or FHL transfer.
Cultural Constraints on Conflict Transformation: The Social Construction of Conflict as Represented in the News Media

Cultural Constraints on Conflict Transformation: The Social Construction of Conflict as Represented in the News Media By Jessica Katz Jameson, Ph. D. Assistant Professor Department of Communication North Carolina State University Campus Box 8104 Raleigh, NC 27695-8104 Tel: 919-513-1477 Fax: 919-515-9456 jameson@unity.ncsu.edu Robert M. Entman, Ph. D. Professor Department of Communication North Carolina State University Campus Box 8104 Raleigh, NC 27695-8104 Tel: 919-513-4851 Fax: 919-515-9456 entman@ncsu.edu Partial funding for this project was provided by the Drum Major Institute, New York, NY. Paper to be presented at the Annual Conference of the International Association for Conflict Management, Melbourne, Australia, June 15-18, 2003
The Taylor Series and Its Applications

Apparently it started with a discussion in Child’s Coffeehouse where Brook Taylor (1685–1731) got the idea for the now famous series. He was talking with his friend John Machin about solving Kepler’s problem. As it turned out, the Taylor series was of such importance that Lagrange called it “the basic principle of differential calculus.” Indeed, it plays a very important part in calculus as well as in computation, statistics, and econometrics. As it is well known, a calculator or computer can only add and, in fact, can deal only with 0 s and 1 s. So how is it possible that you punch in a number and then press a button, and the calculator finds the logarithm or exponential of that number? Similarly, how can a machine capable of only adding give you the sine and cosine of an angle, find solutions to an equation, and find the maxima and minima of a function? All these and more can be done due to the Taylor series.
Quantification of airborne odor plumes using planar laser-induced fluorescence

Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) is used to quantify spatiotemporal structure of gaseous scalar plumes (Sc $$\approx 1.5$$ ) in a benchtop-scale low-speed wind tunnel. The study is motivated by a desire to understand variations in information content in odor plumes used by animals for navigation. Acetone vapor is used as a fluorescent odor surrogate and is released isokinetically to form a neutrally buoyant plume. Three cases are investigated: a near-bed scalar release at 10 cm/s, a freestream scalar release at 10 cm/s, and a second freestream scalar release at 20 cm/s. PLIF image data are collected at 15 Hz and processed to provide distributions of instantaneous concentrations. Spatial distributions of mean concentration, root-mean-square fluctuations, and concentration intermittency are presented, along with probability density functions of concentrations at select locations. The results demonstrate significant differences in spatiotemporal structure of the scalar plumes across the three tested cases. In particular, the near-bed plume is markedly different from those released in the freestream. The results have important implications for understanding gaseous plume structure. Specifically, the results suggest that different flow and release conditions control constraints and opportunities for animals using odor plumes for navigational purposes.
Maternal Predictors of Child Dietary Behaviors and Weight Status

To provide scientific evidence showing links between parenting/feeding, child eating, and weight status and recommend best practices for creating a feeding environment protective against childhood obesity. Current research shows that authoritative styles in both feeding and general parenting contexts has been consistently associated with better child health outcomes. Authoritative feeding styles have been associated with better child dietary quality and weight. Indulgent feeding styles have been associated with problematic child eating behaviors and higher weight. Authoritative general parenting styles have predicted healthier child weight status overtime. Highly controlling feeding behaviors in the form of parental styles or practices hinder development of healthy eating in children. It is more productive to study styles of feeding as opposed to practices as feeding styles show less variability in predicting child health outcomes. Areas that warrant further research are identified and recommendations of beneficial feeding behaviors are provided.
Integrated CMOS-compatible Q-switched mode-locked lasers at 1900nm with an on-chip artificial saturable absorber

We present a CMOS-compatible, Q-switched mode-locked integrated laser operating at 1.9 µm with a compact footprint of 23.6 × 0.6 × 0.78mm. The Q-switching rate is 720 kHz, the mode-locking rate is 1.2 GHz, and the optical bandwidth is 17nm, which is sufficient to support pulses as short as 215 fs. The laser is fabricated using a silicon nitride on silicon dioxide 300-mm wafer platform, with thulium-doped Al2O3 glass as a gain material deposited over the silicon photonics chip. An integrated Kerr-nonlinearity-based artificial saturable absorber is implemented in silicon nitride. A broadband (over 100 nm) dispersion-compensating grating in silicon nitride provides sufficient anomalous dispersion to compensate for the normal dispersion of the other laser components, enabling femtosecond-level pulses. The laser has no off-chip components with the exception of the optical pump, allowing for easy co-integration of numerous other photonic devices such as supercontinuum generation and frequency doublers which together potentially enable fully on-chip frequency comb generation.
Legal Assistance: The John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 and Protecting Soldiers Against Predatory Lending

As of 1 October 2007, provisions of the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) and subsequent Department of Defense (DOD)-issued regulations establish new protections for Soldiers and their dependents from the many lending traps that target the military. Collectively known as the Military Lending Act, these laws and regulations specifically circumscribe the conduct of pay-day lenders, title loan companies, and providers of tax refund anticipation loans. The Military Lending Act requires the lender to disclose certain terms to Soldiers and their dependents. These disclosure requirements serve two purposes: (1) to ensure that the Soldier is aware that greater protections exist for Soldiers and their dependents, and (2) to ensure that the Soldier understands the terms and conditions of the loan before completing the transaction. Additionally, the regulations specifically prohibit certain conduct by the lender. Violations of these regulations may result in making the entire lending agreement void and creating a cause of action against the lender.
Flash Journalism: How to Create Multimedia News Packages

This book will assist journalists and Flash developers who are working together to bring video, audio, still photos, and animated graphics together into one complete Web-based package.This book is not just another Flash book because it focuses on the need of journalists to tell an accurate story and provide accurate graphics. This book will illustrate how to animate graphics such as maps, illustrations, and diagrams using Flash. It will show journalists how to integrate high-quality photos and audio interviews into a complete news package for the Web.Each lesson in the book is followed by a learning summary so that journalists can review the skills they have acquired along the way. In addition, the book's six case studies will allow readers to study the characteristics of news packages created with Flash by journalists and Web developers at The Washington Post, MSNBC.com, and Canadian and European news organizations.
Testing a susceptibility threshold for risk promotion messages in the shark diving context

This paper presents the results of two experiments designed to test a susceptibility threshold in the shark cage diving context, positing that persons who are high relative to low sensation-seekers...
Dominant vs. Non-Dominant Wrist Placement of Activity Monitors: Impact on Steps per Day

It has become common to wear physical activity monitors on the wrist to estimate steps per day, but few studies have considered step differences between monitors worn on the dominant and non-domina...
Severe acute stent malapposition follow-up: 3-month and 12-month serial quantitative analyses by optical coherence tomography

Abstract Background Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to assess serial changes in severe acute stent malapposition (ASM) after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. Methods The maximal depth and axial lengths of ASM after DES implantation were serially quantified at percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and at 3 and 12-month follow-up, for 100 lesions in 96 patients. Severe ASM was defined as a maximal malapposed depth ≥400 μm or maximal malapposed axial length ≥1 mm. Results Of the 100 lesions, 23 lesions (23%) had a severe ASM depth at PCI. At 3 months, the maximal depth decreased to Conclusion Half of the severe ASM cases resolved within 3 months, and another half resolved during 3–12 months of follow-up. Our findings provide a better understanding of the time-dependent natural course of severe ASM using OCT.
Toward the Engineering of Virtuous Machines

While various traditions under the 'virtue ethics' umbrella have been studied extensively and advocated by ethicists, it has not been clear that there exists a version of virtue ethics rigorous enough to be a target for machine ethics (which we take to include the engineering of an ethical sensibility in a machine or robot itself, not only the study of ethics in the humans who might create artificial agents). We begin to address this by presenting an embryonic formalization of a key part of any virtue-ethics theory: namely, the learning of virtue by a focus on exemplars of moral virtue. Our work is based in part on a computational formal logic previously used to formally model other ethical theories and principles therein, and to implement these models in artificial agents.
A copycat crime meme: Ghost riding the whip:

A 2006 US copycat crime wave came into being, surged with thousands of crimes committed, and dissipated without substantial news media attention. The development of this early copycat crime meme is...
Poly[bis­(μ3-benzyl­oxyimino­acetato)nitratotrisilver(I)]

The title compound, [Ag3(C9H8NO3)2(NO3)]n, exists as a three-dimensional framework and possesses a trinuclear unit consisting of three Ag atoms bridged by two benzyl­oxyimino­acetate monoanions via N and O atoms, one Ag atom having also a monodentate nitrate ligand. The three Ag atoms are independent and exist in different coordination environments.
In Situ Nanocomposite Fabrication for RF Electronics Applications With Additive Manufacturing

Using additive manufacturing (AM), in this article, we show the dynamic mixing of polymer ceramic composite materials during the 3-D printing process. Using this in situ mixing strategy, we print polyimide and barium titanate (BaTiO 3) nanocomposite films with variable levels of ceramic loading. This is accomplished with multimaterial aerosol jet printing. The relative dielectric constant and loss tangent of these composite materials are characterized using two ring resonator circuits designed for the first resonance below 12 and 110 GHz, respectively. This yields material characterization results from the X-band to the W-band. We use these results to estimate the ceramic loading by volume in the composites. In addition, we use scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to characterize the dispersion and ceramic loading of the composite films. Using this process, we demonstrate a range of relative dielectric constants from 3.1 to 8.9. To demonstrate the capabilities of this process, a continuous gradient of material is also shown in a printed film. Finally, we demonstrate a slightly modified process in order to lower the loss characteristics of the printed films to provide insight into the loss mechanisms. By mixing composites in situ , we are able to dynamically alter the ceramic loading of the printed material without formulating multiple inks and pattern 3-D structures without the use of photosensitive materials. This allows us to manufacture material gradients and patterns that would otherwise be impractical to fabricate using conventional microfabrication. Using composite mixing in place adds a new dimension to the flexibility and capability of AM.
Fast 3D Clear: A Fast, Aqueous-Based, Reversible Three-Day Tissue Clearing Method for Adult and Embryonic Mouse Brain and Whole Body

Abstract To date, a variety of optical clearing methods have emerged that serve as powerful tools to study intact organs and neuronal circuits. Here we describe a newly developed, aqueous-based clearing protocol named “Fast 3D Clear”, that relies on tetrahydrofuran (THF) for tissue delipidation, and iohexol (Histodenz) for clearing such that tissues can be imaged under immersion oil in light sheet imaging systems. Fast 3D Clear requires three days to achieve high transparency of adult and embryonic mouse tissues, while maintaining their anatomical integrity, and preserving a vast array of transgenic and viral/dye fluorophores, such as GCaMP3/6, tdTomato, Fast Blue, and IRF670. A unique advantage of Fast 3D Clear is its complete reversibility, and thus compatibility with tissue sectioning and immunohistochemistry. Fast 3D Clear can be easily and quickly applied to a wide range of biomedical studies, thereby greatly facilitating the acquisition of high- resolution, two - and three -dimensional images.
Anxieties of Interdisciplinarity

Anxieties provoked by interdisciplinarity have been part of broader ideological disputes about the legitimacy of boundaries. This essay looks at how critics have uncovered how the structures of the...
Reviewing the Test Reviews: Quality Judgments and Reviewer Agreements in the Mental Measurements Yearbook

Buros’ Mental Measurements Yearbook (MMY) has provided professional reviews of commercially published psychological and educational tests for over 80 years. It serves as a kind of conscience for th...
An algorithm for J-spectral factorization of certain matrix functions.

The problems of matrix spectral factorization and J-spectral factorization appear to be important for practical use in many MIMO control systems. We propose a numerical algorithm for J-spectral factorization which extends Janashia-Lagvilava matrix spectral factorization method to the indefinite case. The algorithm can be applied to matrices that have constant signatures for all leading principle submatrices. A numerical example is presented for illustrative purposes.
Pruitt-Igoe, Saint Louis, MO, USA

The Pruitt-Igoe public housing project in St. Louis, Missouri, occupies a significant niche in the annals of architectural “riches to rags” stories. Designed for low-income families, the complex comprised 33 high-rise, 11-story, buildings containing 2870 apartments on 57.5 acres. As with most “conventional” public housing of this period, that were built, owned, and managed by a government agency, Pruitt-Igoe was part of the larger post-World War II slum clearance and urban renewal efforts launched by the partnership of local municipalities and the federal government which resulted with the housing units demolition. Several facts concerning conventional public housing in the USA are essential to an understanding of the problems that Pruitt-Igoe faced despite efforts to embellish it with the most advanced design features of the times and the decline and missed assessment of their design added value.
Responses to Senator Cassidy's Questions for the Record to Professor David Gamage

This white paper responds to questions asked by Senator Cassidy in regard to testimony that Professor Gamage presented to the Senate Finance Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Growth Subcommittee on April 27, 2021. The questions are on estate and wealth taxes and liquidity concerns, on concerns related to “double taxation”, and on endowments and the tax benefits provided to tax exempt institutions such as universities and churches.
Electronic Structure, Cohesion, and Effective Interatomic Potentials in Small Transition Metal Particles

The electronic properties of small metal particles are of interest for a variety of scientific and technical reasons. These reasons range from the development of molecular beam techniques for the production of well-characterized N-atorn particle data to efforts to understand and control clustering and segregation in alloys, and to the exploitation of chemical reactivity and selectivity essential for catalytic applications. In recent years, it has become possible to apply self-consistent field models in the framework of local density theory to provide a description of electronic energy levels and spectroscopic properties of systems of a reasonable size, say N < 100. In addition, sufficiently precise numerical methods are now available to permit the calculation of atomic binding energies and to determine the relative stability of different cluster geometries. This opens the door to fruitful interactions between “first-principles” theory and the semiempirical models used in dynamical and thermodynamical simulations, and to interpretations of current data on physically interesting systems.
Packet-based control

This paper studies a novel control method for networked control systems. This method is motivated by a more efficient use of the packet structure. Use of multipoint packets to reduce network traffic and computation time is considered. A solution is obtained by first transforming the sampled-data problem into a multirate sampling/control setting. Upon which, the associated, 7/2-optimal, sampled-data controller is derived. The paper concludes with a performance comparison of this method to some more traditional ones.
Resilient Parenting of Preschool Children at Developmental Risk.

Background Given the great benefits of effective parenting to child development under normal circumstances, and the even greater benefits in the face of risk, it is important to understand why some parents manage to be effective in their interactions with their child despite facing formidable challenges. This study examined factors that promoted effective parenting in the presence of child developmental delay, high child behaviour problems, and low family income. Method Data were obtained from 232 families at child age 3 and 5 years. Using an adapted ABCX model, we examined three risk domains (child developmental delay, child behaviour problems, and low family income) and three protective factors (mother’s education, health, and optimism). The outcome of interest was positive parenting as coded from mother‐child interactions. Results Levels of positive parenting differed across levels of risk. Education and optimism appeared to be protective factors for positive parenting at ages 3 and 5, and health appeared to be an additional protective factor at age 5. There was an interaction between risk and education at age 3; mothers with higher education engaged in more positive parenting at higher levels of risk than did mothers with less education. There was also an interaction between risk and optimism at age 3; mothers with higher optimism engaged in more positive parenting at lower levels of risk than did mothers with less optimism. The risk index did not predict change in positive parenting from age 3‐5, but the protective factor of maternal health predicted positive changes. Conclusions This study examined factors leading to positive parenting in the face of risk, a topic that has received less attention in the literature on disability. Limitations, future directions, and implications for intervention are discussed.
1/f Resistance Fluctuations

The essential experimental properties of 1/f noise in solids are reviewed. The lack of universality and deviation from power law behavior suggested by recent experiments are emphasized. Theoretical questions relating to the equilibrium origin of 1/f resistance fluctuations, and to random walk models for excess low frequency noise are also discussed.
The Impact of Sonication on the Surface Quality of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

ABSTRACT: Sonication process is regularly adopted for dispersing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in an aqueous medium. This can be achieved by either covalent functionalization of SWCNTs with strong acid or by noncovalent functionalization using dispersants that adsorb onto the surface of SWCNTs during dispersion. Because the dispersion process is usually performed using sonication, unintentional free radical formation during sonication process may induce covalent modification of SWCNT surface. Herein, we have systematically investigated the status of SWCNT surface modification under various sonication conditions using Raman spectroscopy. Comparing I D / I G (Raman intensities between D and G bands) ratio of SWCNTs under various sonication conditions suggests that typical sonication conditions (1–6h bath sonication with sonication power between 3 and 80W) in aqueous media do not induce covalent modification of SWCNT surface. In addition, we confirm that SWCNT dispersion with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) involves noncovalent adsorption of ssDNA onto the surface of SWCNTs, but not covalent linkage between ssDNA and SWCNT surface. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 104:2594–2599, 2015
Leveraging AI Teaching in the Cloud for AI Teaching on Campus

In this column I describe my experience adapting the content and infrastructure from massive, open, online courses (MOOCs) to enhance my courses at the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in Vanderbilt University. I begin with my informal, early use of MOOC content, and then move to two deliberatively designed strategies for adapting MOOCs to campus (that is, wrappers and small private online classes [SPOCs]). I describe student reactions, and touch on selected policy and institutional considerations. In the never-ending search for increasing student bang-for-the-buck, I was motivated to increase the bang, rather than reduce the buck, the latter being well above my pay grade. I close with some vision for teaching on campus with resources from the cloud, notably on how it may strengthen community and collaboration in teaching.
Pole Estimation for Target Recognition via Late Time Scattering

Since the development of the singularity expansion method (SEM), several authors have attempted to identify targets via their SEM parameters. Many of these techniques require estimate of the poles of all modes that contribute significantly to the late time scattered signal. In this paper we describe a new pole estimation algorithm for target recognition. The new algorithm is compared to existing pole estimation algorithms, and estimation results are shown.
Genetic Privacy and the Fourth Amendment: Unregulated Surreptitious DNA Harvesting

Genetic privacy and police practices have come to the fore in the criminal justice system. Case law and stories in the media document that police are surreptitiously harvesting the out-of-body DNA of putative suspects. Some sources even indicate that surreptitious data banking may also be in its infancy. Surreptitious harvesting of out-of-body DNA by the police is currently unregulated by the Fourth Amendment. The few courts that have addressed the issue find that the police are free to harvest DNA abandoned by a putative suspect in a public place. Little in the nascent surreptitious harvesting case law suggests that surreptitious data banking would be regulated either under current judicial conceptions of the Fourth Amendment. The surreptitious harvesting courts have misapplied the Katz reasonable-expectation-of-privacy test recently reaffirmed in *United States v. Jones* by the Supreme Court. They have taken a mistakenly narrow property- based approach to their analyses. Given the potential for future abuse of the freedom to collect anyone's out-of-body DNA without even a hunch, this Article proposes that the police do not need a search warrant or probable cause to seize an abandoned item in or on which cells and DNA exist. But they do need a search warrant supported by probable cause to enter the cell and harvest the DNA. An interdisciplinary perspective on the physical, informational, and dignitary dimensions of genetic privacy suggests that an expectation of privacy in the kaleidoscope of identity that is in out-of-body DNA. Using linguistic theory on the use of metaphors, the Article also examines the use of DNA metaphors in popular culture as a reference point to explain a number of features of core identity in contrast to the superficiality of fingerprint metaphors. Popular culture's frequent uses of DNA as a reference point reverberate in a way that suggests that society does recognize as reasonable an expectation of privacy in DNA.
Radiation pressure driving of a dusty atmosphere

Radiation pressure can be dynamically important in star-forming environments such as ultra-luminous infrared and submillimeter galaxies. Whether and how radiation drives turbulence and bulk outflows in star formation sites is still unclear. The uncertainty in part reflects the limitations of direct numerical schemes that are currently used to simulate radiation transfer and radiation-gas coupling. An idealized setup in which radiation is introduced at the base of a dusty atmosphere in a gravitational field has recently become the standard test for radiation-hydrodynamics methods in the context of star formation. To a series of treatments featuring the flux-limited-diffusion approximation as well as a short-characteristics tracing and M1 closure for the variable Eddington tensor approximation, we here add another treatment that is based on the Implicit Monte Carlo radiation transfer scheme. Consistent with all previous treatments, the atmosphere undergoes Rayleigh-Taylor instability and readjusts to a near-Eddington-limited state. We detect late-time net acceleration in which the turbulent velocity dispersion matches that reported previously with the short-characteristics-based radiation transport closure, the most accurate of the three preceding treatments. Our technical result demonstrates the importance of accurate radiation transfer in simulations of radiative feedback.
THE ROLE OF EL PASO POLYCHROME IN REFINING SITE CHRONOLOGY AT ROADMAP VILLAGE AND LAS ANIMAS VILLAGE, NEW MEXICO

AbstractDuring the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries of the Late Postclassic period (ca. A.D. 1200 – 1450), a cluster of large pueblo villages formed along western tributaries of the Rio Grande in the eastern Mimbres area. These appear to have been contemporaneous but dissimilar in several regards. They exhibit a high degree of variability in architectural style, settlement layout, and frequency of nonlocal diagnostic ceramics. Mogollon Prehistoric Landscapes Project (MPLP) research focuses, in part, on determining whether the occupations of these pueblos were indeed coincident with one another, and whether different traditions co-occurred within this cluster.El Paso Polychrome, found at most of the sites in the Late Postclassic eastern Mimbres cluster, can be used to assess the contemporaneity of sites. As a ceramic type, it dates to ca. A.D. 1100–1450, a relatively long time period. Jomada-produced El Paso Polychrome jars, however, have temporally sensitive rim attributes and can be ordered in time us...
What the protocol stack missed: the transfer service

This WIP proposes a new architecture for applications that perform bulk data transfers. This architecture, called DOT (for data-oriented transfer), cleanly separates out two functions that are comingled in today's applications. Using DOT, applications perform content negotiation to determine what content to send. They then pass that data object to the transfer service to perform the actual data transmission. This separation increases application flexibility, enables the rapid development of innovative transfer mechanisms, reduces developer effort, and allows increased efficiency through cross-application sharing.
Accounting for averaging time in air pollution modeling

Abstract This paper examines the validity of a commonly used expression to estimate concentrations for averaging times that are much smaller than that corresponding to the model estimate. These “peak” concentrations, which can be several times larger than the model estimate, are required in applications such as odor assessment. We show that this expression cannot be justified, and that information on short-term concentrations is only contained in the probability distribution of time-averaged concentrations. The paper proposes a simple model of concentration time series to examine the effect of averaging time on concentration probability distributions. The results from the model are compared with previous theoretical and experimental studies.
Waveguide measurements on dye‐filled hollow‐core fibers as laser systems

Preliminary measurements of the waveguide properties of hollow-core glass fibers filled with an index-matching dye solution indicate that such fibers may be useful as dye laser systems. Efficient guidance of 632.8 nm light is found for various core diameters and lightwave polarization is retained over 1-m lengths.
Quantum confined Stark effect of excitonic transitions in GaAs/AlGaAs MQW structures for implementation of neural networks: basic device requirements

We examine theoretically and experimentally the properties of two electrooptic devices based on quantum confined Stark effect of excitonic transitions. These two devices are shown to be critical in implementation of the Hopfield model as well as other neural type networks for associative memories. P–i(multiquantum wells)–n structures using GaAs/AlGaAs provide a controller–modulator device which has integrating–thresholding properties required of neurons. The p–i–n structures also provide programmable modulators which can serve as a synaptic mask. Using Monte Carlo techniques we examine an all-optical architecture to implement the Hopfield network. No external feedback-thresholding circuitry is required in this implementation due to special design of the controller–modulator device. Speed and stability issues of this architecture are also addressed. The computer simulation results provide valuable insight into how the controller–modulator device should be improved for better network implementation.
The Precedence of Power: Determining Who Should Authorize Military Force

The War Powers Resolution (WPR) has been incapable of resolving the constitutional question over whether the president or Congress should authorize the use of military force. The primary reason why this impasse has remained unresolved is that the debate has been framed in the context of exclusive constitutional prerogative. Wl'R offers no solution, nor the basis for a potential breakthrough. The fact that both branches have strong positions regarding the act, but have refused to go to the Supreme Court to resolve their competing views reveals the flawed nature of existing reasoning. Neither side is confident that the Court will grant exclusive prerogative. Both are right to be cautious, since ultimately the Constitution divides the power to authorize force. Adopting this assumption and developing a mechanism to implement authorization based on a conception of shared powers may be considered by some "out of box" thinking, but given the boxed-in nature of the status quo, imaginative reasoning is necessary. ...
Determination of Iron in Rainwater, Lakewater, and Tapwater by High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis after Precolumn Complexation with 1,10-phenanthroline

A high performance capillary electrophoresis method has been developed for direct determination of iron levels in rainwater, lakewater, and tapwater. The absorbance of Fe(II)-1,10-phenanthroline complex was measured at 270 nm instead of at 508 nm. It also has even stronger absorbances at 200 nm, 226 nm, and 270 nm. It was found that the molar absorptivity of Fe(II)-1,10-phenanthroline complex was highest at 270 nm and was 8-fold higher than at 508 nm. Different buffer systems have been tested and their effects on the separation of Fe(II)-1,10-phenanthroline complex and 1,10-phenanthroline were tabulated. A 50 mM NH4 Ac-HAc at pH 5 is ideal for this experiment. Under the ideal separation and detection conditions, a detection limit of 5 × 10−9 M iron with S/N = 5 can be obtained. In the iron concentration range of 1.0 × 10−7 M − 4 × 10−6 M, the linear regression equation for iron concentration vs. CE signal is: CFe(μM) = 1.00 × 10−4 A + 2.86 × 10−3 with 14 data points, and R2 is 0.9997. The iron level in rainwater, lakewater, and tapwater ranges from 2.5 × 10−7 M to 5.5 × 10−7 M. Recovery tests range from 90–107%, which means that the method can be quantitatively used for determination of iron level in natural water. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cooperative classes of finite sets in one and more dimensions

Abstract For x 1 x 2 x 3 let σ=( x 1 − x 2 )/( x 2 − x 3 ), ρ=max(σ, 1/σ). For α>1, the class C α of 3-sets with ρ n ≥α log 4+2, no n -set has all its 3-subsets in C α . For n ≥the Ramsey number N ([α log 4+3], q, q ; 3), every n -set has a q -subset none of whose 3-subsets is in C α . Likewise for q > d ≥1, ∈>0, α>1 there is a bound B such that every general n -ad, n≥B , in d -space has a comonotone q -sub-ad whose 2-sub-ads form with a certain ray R an angle R , are not in C α . Finally, for every general N (7, 7;4)-set S in 3-space there exists a knotted polygon whose vertices belong to S .