cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metal Transfer in Double-Electrode Gas Metal Arc Welding

Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is the most widely used process for metal joining because of its high productivity and good quality, but analysis shows that the fundamental characteristic restricts conventional GMAW from further increasing the welding productivity. A novel GMAW process, refereed to as double-electrode GMAW or DE-GMAW, thus has been developed to make it possible to increase the melting current while the base metal current can still be controlled at a desired level. This fundamental change provides an effective method to allow manufacturers to use high melting currents to achieve high melting speed and low base metal heat input. A series of experiments have been conducted to uncover the basic characteristics of this novel process. Results obtained from analyses of high-speed image sequences and recorded current signals suggest that DE-GMAW can lower the critical current for achieving the desired spray transfer, shift the droplet trajectory, reduce the diameter of the droplet, and increase the speed and (generation) rate of the droplets.
Situational constraint and type of causal explanation: The effects on perceived “mental illness” and social rejection

Abstract The present study investigated the effects of situational constraint and type of causal explanation on the degree to which described behavior would be perceived as evidencing “mental illness” and the degree to which it would lead to social rejection. Results showed that both of these variables influenced the degree of attributed “mental illness”, the degree of attributed psychological disturbance, and the degree of social rejection. Behavior inappropriate to a situation was rated higher on all three of these variables. Behavior attributed to external pressures received lower ratings on these variables than that attributed to internal causes, to organic causes, or for which no apparent explanation was available.
Optimum design of electronic communities as economic entities

Electronic communities can be designed to organize consumers, to pool their purchasing power, and to guide their purchasing decisions. Such commercial electronic communities have the potential to facilitate the creation of novel marketplaces, and even radically change the buyer-seller interaction, as physical communities did throughout the history. Commercial electronic communities are groups of consumers that participate in the marketplace as a single unit. In addition to bargaining power gained from such bundling, such communities can expand markets by reducing market uncertainty, and they have the potential to drastically reduce consumers' transaction costs, by facilitating group transactions and bulk purchasing. Communities are characterized by their size, their pricing strategy, and their membership characteristics. Analytical models and numeric analysis is utilized to compute the optimum size of a community for given market characteristics. Two major community pricing strategies are analyzed to improve the community design, and the conditions are derived where one dominates the other. Finally, market segmentation techniques are introduced to control the membership characteristics of the community to further improve the design.
An experimental study of high temperature potassic alteration

Abstract A magmatic volatile phase (MVP) may be a supercritical fluid, low salinity vapor, or high salinity brine. The MVP causes hydrothermal alteration and can also transport metals in ore forming environments. Unfortunately, there is a lack of experimental data regarding mineral alteration by high salinity liquids (brines) in porphyry systems. This study was designed to expand the experimental data set on mineral alteration by chloride-rich subcritical, vapor-undersaturated high-salinity brines. The phase stability and equilibrium brine compositions in the K-feldspar–andalusite/sillimanite–quartz–brine system (the brine was 70 wt% KCl equivalent; KCl–HCl–H 2 O) were determined from 600 to 750 °C and 50 to 80 MPa for the equilibrium: KAlSi 3 O 8 + HCl = 1 / 2 Al 2 SiO 5 + KCl + 5 / 2 SiO 2 + 1 / 2 H 2 O. The stable mineral phase was ascertained by an examination of crystal morphology, optical microscopy, and by the compositions of the run products. The mineral stability fields were plotted as a function of temperature, pressure, and molar (KCl/HCl) concentration ratios, C KCl brine / C HCl brine , of the brine. K-feldspar was observed to be stable over the entire temperature range of the experiments whereas andalusite was only stable at temperatures 2 SiO 5 polymorph at 750 °C. The K-feldspar–andalusite/sillimanite–quartz–brine equilibrium boundaries at 80 MPa and 600, 650, 700, and 750 °C are at C KCl brine / C HCl brine of 38 ± 6, 29.5 ± 0.5, 22 ± 8, and 6 ± 2, respectively (uncertainties are half-widths of the reversal brackets). Pressure effects were examined by fixing temperature at 600 °C while varying pressure to 50, 65 and 80 MPa. The K-feldspar–andalusite–quartz–brine phase boundaries at 600 °C and 50, 65 and 80 MPa were determined to be at C KCl brine / C HCl brine of 11 ± 3, 30 ± 10 and 38 ± 6, respectively. These data show that with increasing pressure and/or decreasing temperature, the equilibrium boundaries shift to higher C KCl brine / C HCl brine values in the brine. These phase boundaries are not consistent with the metastable extensions of the reaction boundaries involving low salinity fluids and illustrate that the chloride content of the MVP has an impact on the equilibrium KCl/HCl during potassic alteration. A thermodynamic model was developed from the determined equilibrium boundaries that allows for the comparison of low- and high-salinity systems. The model shows that there is a more substantial deviation from ideality in high-salinity systems when compared to low-salinity systems and that these deviations can be quantified by the calculated activity, a KCl brine / a HCl brine , and activity coefficient, γ KCl brine / γ HCl brine , ratios determined in this study.
Selection of Vehicle Architecture for EcoCAR Competition Using Axiomatic Design Principles

Axiomatic design (AD) techniques have not previously been applied in designing the overall architecture of an automobile. The present work investigates use of axiomatic design concepts for vehicle design in the Texas Tech University Eco-CAR program. The three different architectures considered are fuel cell, two-mode hybrid, and belt alternator/starter system (BAS+). The objective in using axiomatic design methods is to choose an architecture for the EcoCAR competition vehicle that follows the principles of axiomatic design, and in turn, should prove to be the best choice of vehicle architecture among the three considered. Function means trees (FMT) and design matrices (DM) are constructed for each of the architectures and are used in deciding whether the architecture is a coupled, uncoupled, or decoupled design per the independence axiom. The choice is supported by means of simulation results obtained for each architecture. Finally, a two-mode hybrid architecture is selected based on the use of axiomatic design and the simulation results.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
An adttechment-dtheoretical perspectice on the use of splitting defences

Abstract The present investigation examined relationships among childhood emotional bonds with parents, current stress, adult attachment styles and the tendency to employ splitting defences within a nonclinical sample of college students. Our jindings indicated that (a) participants' childhood recollections of parental care and warmth had a significant, although modest, direct effect on splitting scores and (b) controlling for early parental care, both current Stress levels and adult attachment styles had significant direct and interactive effects on splitting scores. In general, secure and dismissive students evidenced significantly lower splitting scores than did their preoccupied and fearful peers; however, when the splitting scores of distressed and nondistressed participants within each attachment style group were compared, only distressed persons in the three insecurely attached groups exhibited modestly to prominently elevated splitting scores. Implications of our findings to counselling practice a...
Interrogating the interaction of race, gender, and class within U.S. labor movement revitalization efforts

Synopsis This article engages the subject of labor movement ‘revitalization’ in the United States (U.S.), and considers the integrated challenge of building the representation and leadership base of females of color in labor organizations. The project methodology draws on participant data gathered from the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) Union Summer program — a national campaign that brought mostly college student interns to work on campaigns throughout the U.S. beginning in 1996. The author finds that the AFL-CIO was unable to maintain longer-term commitment or ‘buy-in’ from most activists of color as subsequent labor movement actors. Furthermore, working class females generally, and working class females of color particularly, were very under-represented among those retained as emergent activists. The study highlights the need for strenuous consideration of the racial and gender dynamics entrenched in labor movement culture.
The double life of netrin.

Netrin-1 initially attracts and later repels retinal axons. A new paper shows that both intrinsic and extrinsic cues are involved in regulating this developmental switch in responsiveness.
Creating a Performance Culture Incentives, Climate, and Organizational Change

Performance management, despite its popularity as a strategy to improve the quality of public services, has had mixed results. One reason is that successful performance management reform depends not just on changes in formal systems but also on changes in organizational values. This article analyzes a large urban school district to measure the role that external incentives and organizational climate play in the development of performance management values. In contrast with prior research, it finds that organizational incentives have only a small effect on the espousal of performance values and have a negative and significant impact on the adoption of performance management behavior. By contrast, organizational climate has a strong and positive impact on performance values. These findings raise serious questions about the efficacy of high-stakes accountability reforms, and highlight the need for policymakers to consider alternate approaches that foster organizational trust and build up a capacity for reform.
Structural and acoustic noise generated by turbulent flow over the edge of a coated section of an elastic plate

Abstract An analytical investigation is made of the sound and vibration produced by low Mach turbulence in mean flow over the edge of a coated region of an elastic plate. The coating is idealized as a semi-infinite pressure release surface on one side of a thin, infinite plate, and the configuration may be regarded as modelling interactions occurring in a mean flow duct, the interior surface of which is lined over a finite axial length, say in the neighborhood of a rotor or other flow control device. Particular attention is given to the case of heavy fluid loading, which occurs in underwater applications, when a substantial fraction of the energy extracted from the mean flow during the interaction can be expected to appear as bending waves propagating in both the coated and uncoated sections of the plate. The subsequent scattering of these waves at remote structural inhomogeneities can generate sound which augments that produced by direct scattering from the flow at the edge of the coating. Numerical results are given for typical cases of heavy fluid loading. It is deduced, for example, that the flexural wave power generated in steel or aluminum plates in water can exceed that scattered directly into sound at the edge by 10-20 dB at frequencies smaller than the coincidence frequency of the plate, and that this is effectively independent of flow Mach number M when M is small.
COMPARATIVE ACUTE TOXICITY OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE TO NONTARGET AQUATIC ORGANISMS

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is used worldwide in freshwater pond aquaculture for treatment and prevention of waterborne external parasitic, bacterial, and fungal diseases. Nevertheless, KMnO4 has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and insufficient information exists to allow evaluation of the environmental risk of KMnO4 exposures. Limited data exist concerning KMnO4 toxicity to nontarget species in systems receiving aquaculture effluent from treated ponds. The goal of this research is to generate effects data for use in developing an ecological risk assessment of KMnO4. Toxicity tests were used to compare the relative sensitivities of five standard aquatic test species to KMnO4. Acute toxicity test results using synthetic moderately hard water show static 96-h mean median lethal concentration (LC50) values +/- standard deviation (SD) of 0.058 +/- 0.006 mg/L for Ceriodaphnia dubia, 0.053 +/- 0.009 mg/L for Daphnia magna, 2.13 +/- 0.07 mg/L for Pimephales promelas, 4.74 +/- 1.05 mg/L for Hyalella azteca, and 4.43 +/- 0.79 mg/L for Chironomus tentans. Most of these values are below the recommended KMnO4 treatment rate of at least 2.0 mg/L or 2.5 times the water's potassium permanganate demand (PPD; an estimation of the available reducing agents in the exposure water), suggesting significant environmental risk. However, repeating these laboratory tests using pond water resulted in significantly reduced toxicity, with static 96-h mean LC50 values (+/-SD) of 2.39 +/- 0.36 mg/L for C. dubia, 1.98 +/- 0.12 mg/L for D. magna, 11.22 +/- 1.07 mg/L for P. promelas, 13.55 +/- 2.24 mg/L for H. azteca, and 12.30 +/- 2.83 mg/L for C. tentans. The PPD of synthetic moderately hard water was 0.329 +/- 0.114 mg/L; however, pond water PPD was 5.357 +/- 0.967 mg/L. The effective disease-treating dose based on 2.5 times the PPD would thus be 0.823 and 13.392 mg KMnO4/L, respectively, exceeding the LC50 for most of these nontarget organisms, even in pond water, immediately after treatment.
Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the initial transcribed regions of the tryptophan operons of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.

The nucleotide sequences of the initial transcribed regions of the tryptophan ( trp ) operons of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were determined. These regions include the leader segment of each operon and the segment coding for the first approximately 30 amino acid residues of the respective trpE polypeptide chains. Similar nucleotide sequences are found in the G+C and A+Trich sequence blocks in the vicinity of the transcription-termination control sites contained within each leader region. In addition, potentially translatable sequences are present in each leader region that correspond to similar 14-residue peptides, each containing tandem tryptophan residues at positions 10 and 11. The RNA transcripts synthesized from the leader regions of the two trp operons could form stable “stem and loop” secondary structures in the segment corresponding to the region preceding the transcription termination site. Comparison of the trpE coding regions shows that synonymous codon differences predominate over those resulting in amino acid changes.
An interpretation of the observed polymorphism of potato yellow dwarf virus.

Abstract In the series of experiments reported here, osmium tetroxide and glutaraldehyde were used as fixatives to protect the particles of potato yellow dwarf virus from the disruptive effects associated with its extraction from tissues, treatment with potassium phosphotungstate, and dehydration. When virus was fixed in situ , prior to extraction and negative staining, the particles showed a consistent shape, bringing them into accord, in their morphology, with the virus profiles observed in thin sections of infected tissues. From the observations reported, it was concluded that a relatively uniform, bacilliform morphology is characteristic of the potato yellow dwarf virus with which the diverse and apparently discrepant profiles reported in earlier studies could be reconciled on the basis of their being induced distortions of bacilliform originals.
Decreased Intracellular Calcium Stimulates Renin Release via Calcium-Inhibitable Adenylyl Cyclase

Intracellular calcium and cAMP are the 2 second messengers that regulate renin release; cAMP stimulates renin release from juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, whereas increased intracellular calcium inhibits it. We hypothesized that decreased intracellular calcium acts by activating calcium-inhibitable isoforms of adenylyl cyclase, increasing cAMP, and stimulating renin secretion. We used a primary culture of JG cells isolated from C-57/B6 mice. Cells were plated to a density of 70% in serum-free medium and incubated for 2 hours with or without 100 micromol/L of the cytosolic calcium chelator 5'5-dimethyl-1,2-bis-(2-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid (BAPTA-AM) to decrease intracellular calcium. JG cell cAMP content and renin release were determined by radioimmunoassay. Intracellular cAMP content was 4.04+/-0.92 pM/mL per milligram of protein, and it increased by125+/-33% (P<0.01) with BAPTA-AM. Basal renin was 1.28+/-0.40 microg of angiotensin I per milliliter per hour per milligram of protein, and BAPTA-AM increased it by 182+/-62% (P<0.025). Western blots using an antibody that recognizes adenylyl cyclase types V and VI yielded a characteristic band of approximately 135 kDa. When primary cultures of isolated JG cells were tested for the calcium-inhibitable isoforms of adenylyl cyclase, they showed intense focal cytoplasmic staining. Cells stained for both renin and adenylyl cyclase V/VI showed colocalization in the cytoplasm, primarily on the granules. An adenylyl cyclase inhibitor (SQ 22,536) completely blocked BAPTA-AM-stimulated renin release and JG cell cAMP content. We conclude that calcium-inhibitable isoform(s) of adenylyl cyclase (types V and/or VI) exist within the JG cell. Thus, decreased intracellular calcium stimulates adenylyl cyclase, resulting in cAMP synthesis and, consequently, renin release.
Digital video delivery for a digital library in computer science

With support from four NSF awards we aim to develop a prototype digital library in computer science and apply it to improve undergraduate educations. First, Project Envision, `A User- Centered Database from the Computer Science Literature,' 1991-94, deals with translation, coding standards including SGML, retrieval/previewing/presentation/browsing/linking, human-computer interaction, and construction of a partial archive using text and multimedia materials provided by ACM. Second, `Interactive Learning with a Digital Library in Computer Science,' 1993-96, supported by NSF and ACM with additional assistance from other publishers, focuses on improving learning through delivery of materials from the archive. Third, `Networked Multimedia File System with HyTime,' funded by NSF through the SUCCEED coalition, considers networking support for distributed multimedia applications and the use of HyTime for description of such applications. Fourth, equipment support comes from the Information Access Laboratory allotment of the `Interactive Accessibility: Breaking Barriers to the Power of Computing' grant funded by NSF for 1993-98. In this paper we report on plans and work with digital video relating to these projects. In particular we focus on our analysis of the requirements for a multimedia digital library in computer science and our experience with MPEG as it applies to that library.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Physicochemical evaluation of bioactive polymeric composites based on hybrid amorphous calcium phosphates.

Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)-filled methacrylate composites were recently found to effectively remineralize in vitro caries-like enamel lesions. Their inferior mechanical properties compared to glass-filled composites, however, limit their use as a dental restorative material. In this study, the feasibility of introducing glass-forming elements (tetraethoxysilane or zirconyl chloride) during the low-temperature synthesis of ACP was investigated. Composites based on such hybrid fillers (mass fraction, 40%) were evaluated to establish whether hybridization strengthened the composites via improved interfacial interactions with the polymer phase without compromising the release of the mineral ions. Two types of visible-light cured resins were prepared: BTHZ resin from 2,2-bis[p-(2'-hydroxy-3'-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (BisGMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and zirconyl methacrylate (ZrM), and TP resin from TEGDMA and pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate (PMGDM). Hybridized fillers and BTHZ- and TP-based composites were characterized by the IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, dissolution/transformation kinetic studies, and biaxial flexure strength (BFS) testing before and after immersion in buffered saline solutions. The feasibility of improving the BFS via hybridization, while retaining, if not enhancing the remineralizing potential was demonstrated for BTHZ-based composites. Both BFS and remineralizing ability of the TP-composites, however, deteriorated upon their exposure to an aqueous environment. Therefore, hybridized ACP-filled BTHZ composites have a potential for utilization in more demanding restorative, sealant, and adhesive applications. Published 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater); 53:381–391;2000
Bargaining and the MISO interference channel

We examine the MISO interference channel under cooperative bargaining theory. Bargaining approaches such as the Nash and Kalai-Smorodinsky solutions have previously been used in wireless networks to strike a balance between max-sum efficiency and max-min equity in users' rates. However, cooperative bargaining for the MISO interference channel has only been studied extensively for the two-user case. We present an algorithm that finds the optimal Kalai-Smorodinsky beamformers for an arbitrary number of users. We also consider joint scheduling and beamformer selection, using gradient ascent to find a stationary point of the Kalai-Smorodinsky objective function. When interference is strong, the flexibility allowed by scheduling compensates for the performance loss due to local optimization. Finally, we explore the benefits of power control, showing that power control provides nontrivial throughput gains when the number of transmitter/receiver pairs is greater than the number of transmit antennas.
Rain-free requirement and physiological properties of cotton plant growth regulators

Greenhouse studies were conducted to (1) evaluate the rain-free requirement for mepiquat chloride and mepiquat chloride plus cyclanilide with and without surfactant and to (2) evaluate absorption and translocation of cyclanilide, a component of a new cotton plant growth regulator. No significant differences in the number of nodes, leaf area, and plant organ fresh and dry weight were observed with any PGR treatment and rainfall simulation combination. Both plant growth regulators responded similarly to rainfall interval. As rain-free period increased, cotton height was reduced. Based on these data, a rain-free period of 8 h is needed to maximize efficacy, regardless of the use of surfactant. Absorption of cyclanilide ranged from 11 to 15% at 3 and 48 h after treatment, respectively. Averaged over harvest intervals, 18% of the applied cyclanilide remained in the treated leaf while 1.7 and 6.5% of the applied cyclanilide was found in the above and below treated leaf tissue, respectively.
Effectiveness of a Highly Rated Science Curriculum Unit for Students with Disabilities in General Education Classrooms

This research is part of a study on scaling-up middle school science curriculum units in a large, diverse public school system. Chemistry That Applies (CTA), a guided inquiry unit based on conceptual change theory and highly rated according to the Project 2061 Curriculum Analysis, was implemented in five middle schools matched demographically with five comparison schools (N = 2,282 students). Eighth grade CTA students outscored their peers overall and when data were disaggregated, with small to medium effect sizes. Of particular interest are students with disabilities in general education science classrooms (n = 202 students with complete assessment records). Those who used CTA significantly outscored their comparison peers on the posttest, with a small to medium effect size.
Repulsive effect of low frequency phonons on superconductivity

Abstract The Eliashberg integral equations are investigated to determine the effect of low frequency phonons on the superconducting transition temperature Tc. It is found that phonons of frequency less than Tc are repulsive (diminish Tc) while phonons of higher frequency have a diminished attraction unless the frequency is substantially above Tc. Various implications are discussed concerning observed values of Tc and predicted mechanisms for raising Tc.
RETROSPECTIVE REPORTS IN ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH: A REEXAMINATION OF RECENT EVIDENCE

Retrospective reports of important organizational phenomena are commonly fused in strategic management and organization theory research. A recent study, however, suggested that these reports tend t...
Comment on "Heterojunction valence-band-discontinuity dependence on face orientation"

In a recent Rapid Communication [Phys. Rev. B 35, 6468 (1987)], Mun\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}oz, S\'anchez-Dehesa, and Flores presented a self-consistent tight-binding analysis of valence-band offsets in GaAs/AlAs and CdTe/HgTe, and found a sizable dependence upon interface orientation for the latter system. This result differs from that obtained by the present authors for CdTe/HgTe heterojunctions. A more general study, building upon our previous heterojunction calculations, indicates in fact that independence of interface orientation is a general characteristic of a wide class of nonpolar interfaces.
Errata: Multimodality bronchoscopic imaging of tracheopathica osteochondroplastica

Results of a commercial optical coherence tomography system used as part of a multimodality diagnostic bronchoscopy platform are presented for a 61-year-old patient with central airway obstruction from tracheopathica osteochondroplastica. Comparison to results of white-light bronchoscopy, histology, and endobronchial ultrasound examination are accompanied by a discussion of resolution, penetration depth, contrast, and field of view of these imaging modalities. White-light bronchoscopy revealed irregularly shaped, firm submucosal nodules along cartilaginous structures of the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea, sparing the muscular posterior membrane. Endobronchial ultrasound showed a hyperechoic density of 0.4 cm thickness. optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed using a commercially available, compact time-domain OCT system (Niris System, Imalux Corp., Cleveland, Ohio) with a magnetically actuating probe (two-dimensional, front imaging, and inside actuation). Images showed epithelium, upper submucosa, and osseous submucosal nodule layers corresponding with histopathology. To our knowledge, this is the first time these commercially available systems are used as part of a multimodality bronchoscopy platform to study diagnostic imaging of a benign disease causing central airway obstruction. Further studies are needed to optimize these systems for pulmonary applications and to determine how new-generation imaging modalities will be integrated into a multimodality bronchoscopy platform.
Variations in Pill Appearance of Antiepileptic Drugs and the Risk of Nonadherence

Background:Genericprescriptiondrugsarebioequivalent to brand-name versions but may not have consistent color or shape, which can cause confusion and lead to interruptions in medication use. We sought to determine whether switching among different-appearing antiepilepticdrugs(AEDs)isassociatedwithincreasedrates of medication nonpersistence, which can have serious medical, financial, and social consequences. Methods:Wedesignedanestedcase-controlstudyofcommercially insured patients in the United States who initiated an AED. Cases were patients who became nonpersistent, defined as failure to fill a prescription within 5 days of the elapsed days supplied. Controls had no delay in refillingandwerematchedbysex,age,numberofrefills,and thepresenceofaseizuredisorderdiagnosis.Weevaluated the 2 refills preceding nonpersistence and determined whether pill color and/or shape matched (“concordant”) or did not match (“discordant”). We compared the odds of discordance among cases and controls using multivariate conditional logistic regression, adjusting for baseline characteristics, and drug type. We repeated our analysis among patients with a seizure diagnosis. Results:TheAEDsdispensedhad37colorsand4shapes. Atotalof11472patientswithnonpersistencewerelinked to50050controls.Colordiscordancepreceded136cases (1.20%) but only 480 controls (0.97%) (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.27 [95% CI, 1.04-1.55]). Shape discordancepreceded18cases(0.16%)and54controls(0.11%) (OR, 1.47 [95% CI, 0.85-2.54]). Within the seizure disorder diagnosis subgroup, the risk of nonpersistence after changes in pill color was also significantly elevated (OR, 1.53 [95%, CI 1.07-2.18]). Conclusions: Changes in pill color significantly increase the odds of nonpersistence; this may have important clinical implications. Our study supports a reconsideration of current regulatory policy that permits wide variation in the appearance of bioequivalent drugs.
Gain and Defect Bi-Stability in Radiation Damaged Silicon Bipolar Transistors.

Abstract Following irradiation, the gain of silicon bipolar transistors can be improved by annealing at 350 K. We show that both the number of defects measured by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and the gain can be restored to the post irradiation state by injection of minority carriers. One can cycle between the post irradiation state and the 350 K annealed state by alternating minority carrier injection at 300 K with zero- or reverse-bias anneals at 350 K. The structure of the bistable defects is not known, but we observe that they affect capture kinetics into the shallow charge state of the silicon divacancy defect, V 2 (=/−). This suggests that the bistable defects are located within the neutron or ion damage cluster.
Inferring speakers’ physical attributes from their voices

Abstract Two experiments examined listeners’ ability to make accurate inferences about speakers from the nonlinguistic content of their speech. In Experiment I, naive listeners heard male and female speakers articulating two test sentences, and tried to select which of a pair of photographs depicted the speaker. On average they selected the correct photo 76.5% of the time. All performed at a level that was reliably better than chance. In Experiment II, judges heard the test sentences and estimated the speakers’ age, height, and weight. A comparison group made the same estimates from photographs of the speakers. Although estimates made from photos are more accurate than those made from voice, for age and height the differences are quite small in magnitude—a little more than a year in age and less than a half inch in height. When judgments are pooled, estimates made from photos are not uniformly superior to those made from voices.
The laser-excited fluorescence spectra of BO2

Abstract The laser-excited fluorescence spectra of BO2 have been observed and measured. Analysis of the spectrum yields values of vibrational constants in the ground electronic state.
Silicon multi-project wafer platforms for optoelectronic system integration

We report on several multi-project wafer (MPW) platforms for optoelectronic systems, which support monolithic integration of modulators and detectors at 25 Gb/s or higher. We also describe the Luxtera platform, which includes CMOS integration.
An enantioselective synthesis of the C(10) to C(23) backbone of the potent immunosuppressant FK506

Abstract The C(10) to C(23) fragment of FK506 has been prepared in a convergent, highly stereocontrolled, fashion. The key transformations entailed opening of a symmetrical trans -disubstituted epoxide with a trisubstituted vinylalane ate complex, the reductive removal of a β-ketosulfonyl group with tri- n -butyltin hydride, and a hydroxyl-directed ketone reduction.
Racial disparity in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer patients receiving trimodality therapy.

Abstract Introduction We assessed racial differences in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in relation to subtype in uniformly treated stage II–III breast cancer patients. Methods We reviewed records of 582 patients receiving post-mastectomy radiation (PMRT) between 1/1999 and 12/2009 and evaluated the effect of demographic, tumor, and treatment characteristics on PFS and OS. Results Median follow up was 44.7 months. 24% of patients were black and 76% white. All had mastectomy and PMRT; 98% had chemotherapy; Estrogen receptor (ER)+ patients received endocrine therapy. Black patients were more likely to have ER− (56% vs. 38%, p = 0.0001), progesterone receptor (PR)− (69% vs. 54%, p = 0.002), and triple negative (TN) (46% vs. 24%, p Conclusions Black women had worse survival outcomes in this cohort. This disparity was driven by (1) a higher proportion of ER− and TN tumors in black women and (2) worse outcome of similarly treated black women with ER+ breast cancer. The underlying causes of racial disparity within hormone receptor categories must be further examined.
Food intake and meal patterns of mice under various schedules of food reinforcement.

We have previously reported characteristics of meal taking by mice in closed economy operant environments (Vaughan et al., 2005, 2006) but no systematic study of demand in mice as a function of consummatory cost (price per pellet, PPP) has been performed. Mixed background 129/B6 mice were studied under several schedules of reinforcement. They lived for ∼23 h/day in single lever operant chambers; presses on the lever delivered nutritionally complete 20-mg food pellets. Data on presses and pellets earned were collected every minute; the meal criterion was 20 min without an earned pellet. Each phase was in force for ∼2 weeks and data were analyzed for the last 2–3 days on each ratio. With fixed ratio costs (FR1-50), meal number (mean ∼25) did not change systematically across this series but the amount earned fell by about 33% at FR50 compared with FR1. When variable ratio schedules were used instead with the same mean PPP, meal number was considerably less that for the corresponding FRs. A third schedule was a progressive ratio (PR) with reset which allows the animal to reduce the average PPP by taking more small meals. The cost of successive pellets within a meal was n,2n,3n, etc and the reset provision was that after 20 min without a response the program reverted to n. The meal number (∼34) did not change systematically between PR1 and PR10, although the mean intake dropped by ∼40% as the mean PPP rose from 7 to 35. (support: NIH-DK064712).
Nervous activity in a stem cell niche

In this issue of Cell, Katayama et al. (2006) report a new regulatory axis for the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells that links these cells to the nervous system and bone in an unanticipated way. The new findings suggest that the nervous system, which has the inherent ability to integrate information from throughout the organism, may govern the local relationship between stem cells and their niches.
Re-defining co-management to facilitate small-scale fisheries reform: An illustration from northwest Mexico

Abstract Small-scale fisheries face a suite of multi-level challenges, making the reliance on centralized governance approaches and self-governance alone unlikely to lead to long enduring solutions. Although co-management has been long proposed as a promising institutional arrangement, co-management can take many forms; thus, not any type of co-management will be effective for the suite of challenges facing small-scale fisheries today. This paper argues for moving beyond traditional conceptualizations of co-management, to ׳multi‐level co‐management,׳ in order to explicitly emphasize the principles of power devolution based on subsidiarity, cooperative partnerships, democratic participatory involvement, polycentricity, and governance networks. The experience of Northwest Mexico is used to illustrate the potential, opportunities, and barriers in achieving multi-level co-management in an effort to contribute to the constructive dialogue developing around the world, and in the region, on small-scale fisheries governance reform.
Site-directed Mutagenesis and Characterization of Uracil-DNA Glycosylase Inhibitor Protein ROLE OF SPECIFIC CARBOXYLIC AMINO ACIDS IN COMPLEX FORMATION WITH ESCHERICHIA COLI URACIL-DNA GLYCOSYLASE

Bacteriophage PBS2 uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitor (Ugi) protein inactivates uracil-DNA glycosylase (Ung) by acting as a DNA mimic to bind Ung in an irreversible complex. Seven mutant Ugi proteins (E20I, E27A, E28L, E30L, E31L, D61G, and E78V) were created to assess the role of various negatively charged residues in the binding mechanism. Each mutant Ugi protein was purified and characterized with respect to inhibitor activity and Ung binding properties relative to the wild type Ugi. Analysis of the Ugi protein solution structures by nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that the mutant Ugi proteins were folded into the same general conformation as wild type Ugi. All seven of the Ugi proteins were capable of forming a Ung.Ugi complex but varied considerably in their individual ability to inhibit Ung activity. Like the wild type Ugi, five of the mutants formed an irreversible complex with Ung; however, the binding of Ugi E20I and E28L to Ung was shown to be reversible. The tertiary structure of [13C,15N]Ugi in complex with Ung was determined by solution state multi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and compared with the unbound Ugi structure. Structural and functional analysis of these proteins have elucidated the two-step mechanism involved in Ung.Ugi association and irreversible complex formation.
Placing Food Systems in First World Political Ecology: A Review and Research Agenda

Author(s): Galt, RE | Abstract: In this paper, I review recent political ecological scholarship on first world agrifood systems and advocate for further development of the field. To do so, I first briefly examine the themes of first world political ecology and argue that food systems is an underdeveloped topic in first world political ecology relative to other themes because of the existence of agrarian political economy, a strongly allied field. This requires interrogating and teasing apart the relationship between political ecology and agrarian political economy. I then turn to review the current "political ecology of first world food systems" literature, which is both in line with established political ecological contours - examining global-local connections, conservation and degradation, and the utility of ecological metrics - but also recently extending analysis to alternative food networks and to the body-consumption nexus. In the conclusion, I outline an agenda for political ecological research praxis focused on increased interdisciplinary work with biophysical and technical scientists; the spatial, social, economic margins; the "invisible middle" of the food industry and the "end" of the food system in human waste and the necessity of mending the metabolic rift; and the need for increased societal engagement by political ecologists. © 2013 The Author(s) Geography Compass © 2013 John Wiley a Sons Ltd.
Hilbert space techniques for reactive power compensation with limited current bandwidth

The paper formulates and solves an optimization problem related to reactive power compensation with limited current bandwidth. The current bandwidth limitation is essential for all practical compensators that are built around switching power converters. We use the Hilbert space terminology stated in H. Lev-Ari and A.M. Stankovic (2003) to formulate and solve the corresponding constrained optimization problem. It turns out that our solution generalizes some results from the literature. Under operating conditions that are prevalent in practice, our solution leads to a decomposition of reactive power into three components - a component that can be compensated without energy storage, a component that can be compensated when energy storage is available, and a component that can not be compensated at all because of the limited bandwidth of the compensator.
Electronic and positronic guiding-center drift ions.

to form in recent experiments that create atomic antihydrogen by recombination of positrons and antiprotons [8,9]. We will show that it is possible that guiding-center ions are also formed in these experiments, although they have not yet been observed. We first examine a simple classical version of a guiding-center ion, consisting of a classical guidingcenter atom to which an electron or positron of charge e2 �� e is attached at a cylindrical radius r2. The electron in the atom, charge e1 �� e, circles the central proton (assumed fixed at the origin) at a radius r1 <r 2; but the presence of e2 affects the e1 orbit. A uniform magnetic field B in the z direction is assumed to be sufficiently strong so that the electron cyclotron fre
The Networked Democratic Spectator

In this brief essay, I argue that the idea of “social media” is symbolically powerful in the political domain precisely because political actors conflate it broadly with “social relations” and, eve...
Healing and recurrence of active duodenal ulcer with nizatidine

Nizatidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist for treatment of duodenal ulcer disease, was evaluated in a unique two-phase, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. Patients received either 150 mg nizatidine twice daily or placebo for 4 weeks (phase I). If ulcer healing did not occur during phase I, patients were randomly reallocated to receive either 150 mg nizatidine twice daily or placebo for an additional 4 weeks (phase II). Patients with a healed ulcer continued on the same therapy. All patients were endoscoped at week 8. Healing rates at week 2 were 93 of 265 (35%) nizatidine-treated patients and 55 of 260 (21%) placebo-treated patients (p < 0.001); at week 4, healing rates were 198 of 259 (76%) nizatidine-treated patients and 95 of 243 (39%) placebo-treated patients (p < 0.001). In phase II, ulcer healing occurred in 46 of 86 (53%) nizatidine-treated patients and in 23 of 90 (26%) placebo-treated patients (p = 0.002). In patients who had a healed ulcer at previous endoscopies, 18 of 178 (10%) nizatidine-treated patients and 10 of 81 (12%) placebo-treated patients had a recurrence of duodenal ulcer. Smokers who had histories of previous ulcers were more likely to have an early recurrence. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1989) 46, 310–316; doi:10.1038/clpt.1989.144
Space Shuttle Day-of-Launch Trajectory Design Operations

A top priority of any launch vehicle is to insert as much mass into the desired orbit as possible. This requirement must be traded against vehicle capability in terms of dynamic control, thermal constraints, and structural margins. The vehicle is certified to specific structural limits which will yield certain performance characteristics of mass to orbit. Some limits cannot be certified generically and must be checked with each mission design. The most sensitive limits require an assessment on the day-of-launch. To further minimize vehicle loads while maximizing vehicle performance, a day-of-launch trajectory can be designed. This design is optimized according to that day s wind and atmospheric conditions, which increase the probability of launch. The day-of-launch trajectory design and verification process is critical to the vehicle s safety. The Day-Of-Launch I-Load Update (DOLILU) is the process by which the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Space Shuttle Program tailors the vehicle steering commands to fit that day s environmental conditions and then rigorously verifies the integrated vehicle trajectory s loads, controls, and performance. This process has been successfully used for almost twenty years and shares many of the same elements with other launch vehicles that execute a day-of-launch trajectory design or day-of-launch trajectory verification. Weather balloon data is gathered at the launch site and transmitted to the Johnson Space Center s Mission Control. The vehicle s first stage trajectory is then adjusted to the measured wind and atmosphere data. The resultant trajectory must satisfy loads and controls constraints. Additionally, these assessments statistically protect for non-observed dispersions. One such dispersion is the change in the wind from the last measured balloon to launch time. This process is started in the hours before launch and is repeated several times as the launch count proceeds. Should the trajectory design not meet all constraint criteria, Shuttle would be No-Go for launch. This Shuttle methodology is very similar to other unmanned launch vehicles. By extension, this method would likely be employed for any future NASA launch vehicle. This paper will review the Shuttle s day-of-launch trajectory optimization and verification operations as an example of a more generic application of day-of-launch design and validation. With Shuttle s retirement, it is fitting to document the current state of this critical process and capture lessons learned to benefit current and future launch vehicle endeavors.
Improved accuracy for noncoplanar radiotherapy: an EPID-based method for submillimeter alignment of linear accelerator table rotation with MV isocenter

Accurate alignment of linear accelerator table rotational axis with radiation isocenter is critical for noncoplanar radiotherapy applications. The purpose of the present study is to develop a method to align the table rotation axis and the MV isocenter to submillimeter accuracy. We developed a computerized method using electronic portal imaging device (EPID) and measured alignment stability over time. Mechanical and radiation isocenter coincidence was measured by placing a steel ball bearing at radiation isocenter using existing EPID techniques. Then, EPID images were acquired over the range of table rotation. A MATLAB script was developed to calculate the center of rotation, as well as the necessary adjustment to move the table rotational axis to MV isocenter. Adjustment was applied via torque to screws at the base of the linac table. Stability of rotational alignment was measured with 49 measurements over 363 days on four linacs. Initial rotational misalignment from radiation isocenter ranged from 0.91–2.11 mm on the four tested linacs. Linac-A had greatest error (> 2 mm) and was adjusted with the described method. After adjustment, the error was significantly decreased to 0.40 ± 0.12 mm. The adjustment was stable over the course of 15 measurements over 231 days. Linac-B was not adjusted, but tracked from time of commissioning with 27 measurements over 363 days. No discernible shift in couch characteristics was observed (mean error 1.40± 0.22 mm). The greater variability for Linac-B may relate to the interchangeable two-piece couch, which allows more lateral movement than the one-piece Linac-A couch. Submillimeter isocenter alignment was achieved by applying a precision correction to the linac table base. Table rotational characteristics were shown to be stable over the course of twelve months. The accuracy and efficiency of this method may make it suitable for acceptance testing, annual quality assurance, or commissioning of highly-conformal noncoplanar radiotherapy programs.