cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enlarged symmetry algebras of spin chains, loop models, and S-matrices

Abstract The symmetry algebras of certain families of quantum spin chains are considered in detail. The simplest examples possess m states per site ( m ⩾ 2 ), with nearest-neighbor interactions with U ( m ) symmetry, under which the sites transform alternately along the chain in the fundamental m and its conjugate representation m ¯ . We find that these spin chains, even with arbitrary coefficients of these interactions, have a symmetry algebra A m much larger than U ( m ) , which implies that the energy eigenstates fall into sectors that for open chains (i.e., free boundary conditions) can be labeled by j = 0 , 1 , … , L , for the 2L-site chain such that the degeneracies of all eigenvalues in the jth sector are generically the same and increase rapidly with j. For large j, these degeneracies are much larger than those that would be expected from the U ( m ) symmetry alone. The enlarged symmetry algebra A m ( 2 L ) consists of operators that commute in this space of states with the Temperley–Lieb algebra that is generated by the set of nearest-neighbor interaction terms; A m ( 2 L ) is not a Yangian. There are similar results for supersymmetric chains with gl ( m + n | n ) symmetry of nearest-neighbor interactions, and a richer representation structure for closed chains (i.e., periodic boundary conditions). The symmetries also apply to the loop models that can be obtained from the spin chains in a spacetime or transfer matrix picture. In the loop language, the symmetries arise because the loops cannot cross. We further define tensor products of representations (for the open chains) by joining chains end to end. The fusion rules for decomposing the tensor product of representations labeled j 1 and j 2 take the same form as the Clebsch–Gordan series for SU(2). This and other structures turn the symmetry algebra A m into a ribbon Hopf algebra, and we show that this is “Morita equivalent” to the quantum group U q ( sl 2 ) for m = q + q −1 . The open-chain results are extended to the cases | m | 2 for which the algebras are no longer semisimple; these possess continuum limits that are critical (conformal) field theories, or massive perturbations thereof. Such models, for open and closed boundary conditions, arise in connection with disordered fermions, percolation, and polymers (self-avoiding walks), and certain non-linear sigma models, all in two dimensions. A product operation is defined in a related way for the Temperley–Lieb representations also, and the fusion rules for this are related to those for A m or U q ( sl 2 ) representations; this is useful for the continuum limits also, as we discuss in a companion paper.
Needle muscle biopsy in infants and children

Percutaneous muscle biopsies were performed in 77 infants and children using the Bergstrom musclebiopsy needle and local anesthesia. Satisfactory specimens for histochemistry and electron microscopy were obtained in all but one case, and the procedure was well tolerated by all patients. No complications were observed. The percutaneous biopsy is a useful technique for the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders in children.
Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations of the Coma Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4874 and the Value of the Hubble Constant

We have used the Keck I telescope to measure K-band surface brightness fluctuations (SBFs) of NGC 4874, the dominant elliptical galaxy in the Coma Cluster. We use deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) WFPC2 optical imaging to account for the contamination due to faint globular clusters and improved analysis techniques to derive measurements of the SBF apparent magnitude. Using a new SBF calibration that accounts for the dependence of K-band SBFs on the integrated color of the stellar population, we measure a distance modulus of 34.99 ± 0.21 mag (100 ± 10 Mpc) for the Coma Cluster. The resulting value of the Hubble constant is 71 ± 8 km s-1 Mpc-1, not including any systematic error in the HST Cepheid distance scale.
Interchanging discrete event simulation process-interaction models using the web ontology language - OWL

Discrete event simulation development requires significant investments in time and resources. Descriptions of discrete event simulation models are associated with world views, including the process-interaction orientation. Historically, these models have been encoded using high-level programming languages or special purpose (typically vendor-specific) simulation languages. These approaches complicate simulation model reuse and interchange. The current document-centric World Wide Web is evolving into a Semantic Web that communicates information using ontologies. The Web Ontology Language - OWL, was used to encode an ontology for representing discrete event process-interaction models (DEPIM). The DEPIM ontology was developed using ontology engineering processes. The purpose of DEPIM is to provide a vendor-neutral open representation to support model interchange. Model interchange provides an opportunity to improve simulation quality, reduce development costs, and reduce development times.
“Sleeping reactor” irradiations: The use of a shut-down reactor for the determination of elements with short-lived activation products

Neutron activation analysis utilizing the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) immediately following SCRAM is a workable solution to obtaining data for ultra-short lived species, principally Al, Ti, Mg, and V. Neutrons are produced in the HFIR core within the beryllium reflector due to gamma-ray bombardment from the spent fuel element. This neutron flux is not constant, varying by over two orders of magnitude during the first 24 hours. The problems associated with irradiation in a changing neutron flux are removed through the use of a specially tailored activation equation. This activation equation is applicable to any irradiation at HFIR in the first 24 hours after SCRAM since the fuel elements are identical from cycle to cycle, and the gamma-emitting nuclides responsible for the neutrons reach saturation during the fuel cycle. Reference material tests demonstrate that this method is successful, and detection limit estimates reveal that it should be applicable to materials of widely ranging mass and composition.
A review of educational outcomes in the children's mental health treatment literature

We examined the measurement of educational outcomes related to children's mental health treatments. A total of 85 papers describing 88 randomized controlled trials that included at least one educational outcome and one mental health outcome were included in these analyses. Forty-five different measures were identified as the primary educational outcome of interest in these studies. Educational measures reflected academic achievement (64.2%), academic and behavioural skills (20.1%), attendance (11.2%), quality of the learning environment (3.4%) and academic self-efficacy (1.1%). Positive educational outcomes were demonstrated by treatments delivered in school and non-school settings. There was a significant association between improvement on educational and mental health outcomes. Within the literature of children's mental health treatments, few studies (14.86%) measure educational outcomes. Of those that do, there is significant diversity in measurement methods. Nevertheless, these results offer promise t...
User-Centered Generation of New Product Concepts: A Case Study of Human Factors and Industrial Design Collaboration

This paper describes a non-traditional user-centered approach for developing the first concepts for a consumer product having a new technology not yet seen in the marketplace at the time of the study. The method facilitates significant user contributions to the generation of compelling concepts by engaging them in both graphically and physically visualizing and communicating their perceptions. A Human Factors Engineer and an Industrial Designer collaborated to apply the method for the purpose of ultimately developing usability and appearance models for the new product. Interviewing and real-time sketching were used to translate users' ideas to graphical form. In addition, the children's game, Mr. Potato Head, was adapted to allow users to physically build concepts. Twelve participants were engaged in the study and the result was a diverse set of candidate concepts for the product. Although the study met our objectives, learnings are discussed that could enhance future deployment of the method.
Effects of headings and familiarity with a text on strategies for searching a text

College students were videotaped while they searched chapter-length texts for answers to specific questions. The texts either did not contain headings or contained one of three types of headings that varied in the information that they provided about text organization and content. Familiarity with the text was varied by manipulating (1) the number of prior searches of the text and (2) whether or not the text was read before searching. Measures were taken of the time spent examining each page and of the sequence of examination of pages. Cluster analyses of the search measures revealed that familiarity with the text influenced a searcher's strategy for selecting which pages to examine. Once a page was selected for examination, both headings and familiarity influenced how the page was inspected.
Energy-Efficient Routing for Signal Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks

For many envisioned applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the information processing involves dealing with distributed data in the context of accurate signal detection and energy-efficient routing, which have been active research topics for many years, respectively. In this paper, we relate these two aspects via joint optimization. Considering the scenario of using distributed radar-like sensors to detect the presence of an object through active sensing, we formulate the problem of energy- efficient routing for signal detection under the Neyman-Pearson criterion, apparently for the first time. The joint optimization of detection and routing is carried out in a fusion center which precomputes the routes as a function of the geographic location to be monitored. Accordingly, we propose three different routing metrics that aim at an appropriate tradeoff between the detection performance and the energy expenditure. In particular, each metric relates the detection performance explicitly in terms of probabilities of detection and false alarm, with the energy consumed in sensing and routing. The routing problems are formulated as combinatorial optimization programs, and we provide solutions drawing on operations research. We present extensive simulation results that demonstrate the energy and detection performance tradeoffs for each proposed routing metric.
Steroidal regulation of uterine resistance to bacterial infection in livestock

Postpartum uterine infections reduce reproductive efficiency and have significant animal welfare and economic consequences. Postpartum uterine infections are classified as nonspecific, but Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Escherichia coli are usually associated with them in cattle and sheep. Pyometra is the most common type of uterine infection in dairy cattle, and it is detected almost exclusively in cows with active corpora lutea. Luteal progesterone typically down-regulates uterine immune functions and prevents the uterus from resisting infections. Progesterone also can down-regulate uterine eicosanoid synthesis. This seems to be a critical event in the onset of uterine infections, because eicosanoids can up-regulate immune cell functions in vitro. In addition, exogenous prostaglandin F2 alpha stimulates uterine secretion of prostaglandin F2 alpha and enhances immune functions in vivo. Thus, one may hypothesize that eicosanoids can override the negative effects of progesterone and that the up-regulatory effects of exogenous prostaglandin F2 alpha allow the uterus to resolve an infection, regardless of progesterone concentrations. Based on the results of studies to test that hypothesis, cows, sheep, and pigs in various physiological statuses are resistant to intrauterine infusions of Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Escherichia coli, unless progesterone concentrations are increased. In sheep and pigs, exogenous prostaglandin F2 alpha stimulates uterine production of prostaglandin F2 alpha and allows the uterus to resolve Arcanobacterium pyogenes-Escherichia coli-induced infections, even when progesterone is maintained at luteal phase concentrations before and after treatment. Prostaglandin F2 alpha is a proinflammatory molecule that stimulates the production of various proinflammatory cytokines, and it may enhance uterine production of leukotriene B4. Proinflammatory cytokines and leukotriene B4 enhance phagocytosis and lymphocyte functions. Even though there are clear associations among prostaglandin F2 alpha, leukotriene B4, proinflammatory cytokines, phagocytosis, and lymphocyte functions, the mechanism of action of exogenous prostaglandin F2 alpha in overriding the down-regulatory effects of progesterone and resolving uterine infections has not been elucidated. Defining this mechanism should yield new prevention and treatment strategies for uterine infections that do not rely on antibiotic and antimicrobial compounds.
Pan-grave faunal practices - Ritual deposits at five cemeteries in Lower Nubia

ABSTRACT Middle Nubian Horizon faunal material has rarely been the main focus of study, both in relation to the daily consumption of animals as well as the symbolic and ritualised use of fauna in a burial context. Owing to the excavation history of the area, the data available in the archaeological literature is often based on other sources than actual excavated faunal material. This article presents an interpretation based on an analysis of five Pan-grave cemeteries excavated by the Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia (SJE) in 1961–64, focusing on the large SJE 47 cemetery. The results reveal a consistent tradition of faunal deposit practices and the existence of two distinct types of deposits varying in both context and content. The most characteristic evidence is the large number of cut and painted skulls of goat (Capra hircus), sheep (Ovis aries) and cattle (Bos taurus), deposited in circular ditches around the graves. Through the use of ethnographic analogies and an in-depth analysis of t...
Substrate Inhibition of Uracil Phosphoribosyltransferase by Uracil Can Account for the Uracil Growth Sensitivity of Leishmania donovani Pyrimidine Auxotrophs

The pathogenic protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani is capable of both de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis and salvage of pyrimidines from the host milieu. Genetic analysis has authenticated L. donovani uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (LdUPRT), an enzyme not found in mammalian cells, as the focal enzyme of pyrimidine salvage because all exogenous pyrimidines that can satisfy the requirement of the parasite for pyrimidine nucleotides are funneled to uracil and then phosphoribosylated to UMP in the parasite by LdUPRT. To characterize this unique parasite enzyme, LdUPRT was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant enzyme was purified to homogeneity. Kinetic analysis revealed apparent Km values of 20 and 99 μM for the natural substrates uracil and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate, respectively, as well as apparent Km values 6 and 7 μM for the pyrimidine analogs 5-fluorouracil and 4-thiouracil, respectively. Size exclusion chromatography revealed the native LdUPRT to be tetrameric and retained partial structure and activity in high concentrations of urea. L. donovani mutants deficient in de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, which require functional LdUPRT for growth, are hypersensitive to high concentrations of uracil, 5-fluorouracil, and 4-thiouracil in the growth medium. This hypersensitivity can be explained by the observation that LdUPRT is substrate-inhibited by uracil and 4-thiouracil, but 5-fluorouracil toxicity transpires via an alternative mechanism. This substrate inhibition of LdUPRT provides a protective mechanism for the parasite by facilitating purine and pyrimidine nucleotide pool balance and by sparing phosphoribosylpyrophosphate for consumption by the nutritionally indispensable purine salvage process.
ELECTROEXCITATION OF GIANT-RESONANCE, SURFACE-PHONON STATES IN $sup 12$C.

The generalized Goldhaber-Teller model is used for a calculation of electroexcitation of giant resonance states with a superimposed surface-vibration phonon. A behavior similar to that of the giant resonances is found as a function of momentum transfer.
MicroRNAs of the mammalian eye display distinct and overlapping tissue specificity.

Purpose: In mammals, endogenous, noncoding RNAs, designated as microRNAs (miRNAs), inhibit the translation of a target messenger RNA, thereby silencing protein production. MiRNAs have been shown to regulate many aspects of development and differentiation in a wide range of tissues. Surprisingly, little consideration has been directed towards characterizing the expression of miRNAs in mammalian ocular tissues. Methods: Low molecular weight (LMW) RNA isolated from the adult mouse corneal epithelium, lens/ciliary body, and a retina fractions of the eye was analyzed by miRNA arrays. The validity of the miRNA expression profiles were confirmed by northern blots and the tissue distribution of selected miRNAs was determined by in situ hybridization. Results: MiRNAs exhibited distinct tissue and cell-type specificity in the ocular regions studied. MiRNA (mir)-184 had the highest hybridization signal in the corneal and lens arrays. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that mir-184 was expressed in the basal and immediately suprabasal cells of the corneal epithelium. In contrast, expression of mir-205 was detected throughout the anterior segmental epithelia as well as in the epidermis. Within the lens, expression of mir-184 was more strongly expressed in the epithelial cells of the germinative zone, whereas expression of mir-204 was uniformly expressed in all lens epithelial cells. Mir-181, -182, and -183 were detected in retinal and brain tissues, and their distribution patterns within the retina were both distinct and overlapping. Conclusions: The tissue and cell specificity of ocular miRNAs suggests that these noncoding RNAs may be regulating aspects of development and differentiation.
Hybrid single nanowire photonic crystal structure

We combine chemically-synthesized single nanowire emitters with lithographically-defined photonic crystal structures. Localized emission from engineered defects and light suppression in regions of the photonic crystal are demonstrated by photoluminescence imaging and spectroscopy measurements.
Mitogen-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of a 42-kD cellular protein: Evidence for a protein kinase-C requirement

Tyrosine phosphorylation of a 42-kD, cytosolic protein is a rapid consequence when quiescent cells are stimulated with any one of a diverse group of mitogenic agents. Among the inducers of this tyrosine phosphorylation are activators of protein kinase C, raising the possibility that this serine/threonine-specific protein kinase plays a role in mitogen-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Using fibroblastic cells depleted of protein kinase C by chronic treatment with the tumor promoter tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA), we now show that protein kinase C is required for the tyrosine phosphorylation of the 42-kD protein, even when epidermal growth factor (EGF), whose receptor is a tyrosine-specific protein kinase, provides the initial stimulus. EGF is able to induce other cellular phosphorylations independent of protein kinase C, whereas thrombin appears to require the protein kinase C-dependent pathway. These findings suggest that phosphorylation of the 42-kD protein is part of a protein kinase C-dependent kinase cascade involved in intracellular signalling.
Modeling of needle-tissue interaction forces during surgical suturing

This paper presents a model of needle tissue interaction forces that a rigid suture needle experiences during surgical suturing. The needle-tissue interaction forces are modeled as the sum of lumped parameters. The model has three main components; friction, tissue compression, and cutting forces. The tissue compression force uses the area that the needle sweeps out during a suture to estimate both the force magnitude and force direction. The area that the needle sweeps out is a direct result of driving the needle in a way that does not follow the natural curve of the needle. The friction force is approximated as a static friction force along the shaft of the needle. The cutting force acts only on the needle tip. The resulting force and torque model is experimentally validated using a tissue phantom. These results indicate that the proposed lumped parameter model is capable of accurately modeling the forces experienced during a suture.
Alcohol Hypoglycemia: IV: Current Concepts of Its Pathogenesis

Attempts to characterize the hypoglycemia that may follow alcohol ingestion have disclosed the following: The hypoglycemia can be reproduced with pure ethanol and it occurs at blood alcohol levels which do not exceed the range of mild intoxication. It is not attended by plasma changes characteristicof liver damage or peripheral “insulin-like” actions. Circulating immunologically-reactive insulin does not increase and pancreatic responsiveness to islet cell secretogogues such as glucose and tolbutamide is preserved. The hypoglycemia cannot be terminated by glucagon. From infusion experiments, it cannot be ascribed to enhanced peripheral utilization of glucose. In normal humans or dogs, induction of experimental alcohol hypoglycemia with alcohol requires several days of preliminary fasting; in patients with diminished gluconeogenic reserve, regardless of etiology, lesser dietary deprivation is required. Ethanol can also attenuate the prevailing hyperglycemia in fasted “juvenile” diabetics from whom insulin has been withheld to the point of early ketoacidosis. In vitro studies have corroboratedthat at least some of the blood sugar lowering actions of alcohol may be ascribed to a direct impairment in the endogenous formation of glucose from smaller precursors. Oxidative-decarboxylation of added substrates by slices of human, rabbit or rat liver is invariably reduced in the presence of alcohol.Under appropriate conditions, a concomitant inhibition of gluconeogenesis isobserved. It has been proposed that the effects of alcohol upon gluconeogenesis by cellular preparation may be conditioned by the alternative pathways available for reoxidizing the cytoplasmic NADH 2 which is generatedduring alcohol oxidation. A pivotal role has been assigned to the prevailing intrahepatic availability and turnover of pyruvate.
Valuing the life experience of old adults and change in depressive symptoms: exploring an overlooked benefit of involvement in religion.

Objective: Researchers argue that people may encounter difficulty finding productive roles in late life. The purpose of this study is to see whether older people who have found that fellow church m...
Ibuprofen and other widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit antibody production in human cells

The widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) function mainly through inhibition of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 (Cox-1 and Cox-2). Unlike Cox-1, Cox-2 is considered an inducible and pro-inflammatory enzyme. We previously reported that Cox-2 is upregulated in activated human B lymphocytes and using Cox-2 selective inhibitors that Cox-2 is required for optimal antibody synthesis. It is not known whether commonly used non-prescription and non-Cox-2 selective drugs also influence antibody synthesis. Herein, we tested a variety of Cox-1/Cox-2 non-selective NSAIDs, namely ibuprofen, tylenol, aspirin and naproxen and report that they blunt IgM and IgG synthesis in stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Ibuprofen had its most profound effects in inhibiting human PBMCs and purified B lymphocyte IgM and IgG synthesis when administered in the first few days after activation. As shown by viability assays, ibuprofen did not kill B cells. The implications of this research are that the use of widely available NSAIDs after infection or vaccination may lower host defense. This may be especially true for the elderly who respond poorly to vaccines and heavily use NSAIDs.
Next-Generation Performance Counters: Towards Monitoring Over Thousand Concurrent Events

We present a novel performance monitor architecture, implemented in the Blue Gene/PTM supercomputer. This performance monitor supports the tracking of a large number of concurrent events by using a hybrid counter architecture. The counters have their low order data implemented in registers which are concurrently updated, while the high order counter data is maintained in a dense SRAM array that is updated from the registers on a regular basis. The per formance monitoring architecture includes support for per- event thresholding and fast event notification, using a two- phase interrupt-arming and triggering protocol. A first implementation provides 256 concurrent 64b counters which offers an up to 64x increase in counter number compared to performance monitors typically found in microprocessors today, and thereby dramatically expands the capabilities of counter-based performance tuning.
Telecommunications: A Strategy for Teacher Preparation and Professional Development

This study examined the use of telecommunication networks as a mechanism for professional development. Results indicated that most teachers of children who are deaf/hard-of-hearing are not prepared to use this technology. The problems associated with telecommunication networks and the training to use this technology are presented. The study also outlines the basic design of an Internet based, deaf education telecommunication network that is currently being developed.
Exact frequency-domain reconstruction for thermoacoustic tomography. II. Cylindrical geometry

For pt. I see ibid., vol. 21, no. 7, p. 823-8 (2002). Microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography (TAT) in a cylindrical configuration is developed to image biological tissue. Thermoacoustic signals are acquired by scanning a flat ultrasonic transducer. Using a new expansion of a spherical wave in cylindrical coordinates, we apply the Fourier and Hankel transforms to TAT and obtain an exact frequency-domain reconstruction method. The effect of discrete spatial sampling on image quality is analyzed. An aliasing-proof reconstruction method is proposed. Numerical and experimental results are included.
Brangus Cow–Calf Performance Under Two Stocking Levels on Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland

Abstract Cow–calf productivity on 2 lightly (25%–30% use) and 2 conservatively grazed pastures (35%–40% use) were evaluated over a 5-year-period (1997 to 2001) in the Chihuahuan Desert of south-central New Mexico. Spring calving Brangus cows were randomly assigned to study pastures in January of each year. Experimental pastures were similar in area (1 098 ± 69 ha, mean ± SE) with similar terrain and distance to water. Use of primary forage species averaged 28.8% ± 4.3% in lightly stocked pastures and 41.8% ± 4.4% on conservatively grazed pastures. Perennial grass standing crop (168.8 ± 86 vs. 173.6 ± 58.3 kg·ha−1) and adjusted 205-day calf weaning weights (279.1 ± 7.5 vs. 270.7 ± 7.8 kg) did not differ among lightly and conservatively grazed pastures. Cow body condition scores in autumn, winter, and spring were similar among grazing levels as were autumn and winter body weights. However, cow body weights tended to be heavier (P < 0.10) in lightly grazed pastures relative to conservatively grazed pastures ...
Neurological Oscillations: Formulation of Mathematical Control Models and Applications to Clinical Syndromes

Oscillations are a closed mystery to the non-mathematical biologist. In this paper, we review the application of control theory to a number of different oscillatory mechanisms in neurology.
Upconverting NIR photons for bioimaging

Lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) possess uniqueanti-Stokes optical properties, in which low energy near-infrared (NIR) photons can beconverted into high energy UV, visible, shorter NIR emission via multiphoton upconversionprocesses. Due to the rapid development of synthesis chemistry, lanthanide-doped UCNPscan be fabricated with narrow distribution and tunable multi-color optical properties. Theseunique attributes grant them unique NIR-driven imaging/drug delivery/therapeuticapplications, especially in the cases of deep tissue environments. In this brief review, weintroduce both the basic concepts of and recent progress with UCNPs in material engineeringand theranostic applications in imaging, molecular delivery, and tumor therapeutics. The aimof this brief review is to address the most typical progress in basic mechanism, materialdesign as bioimaging tools.
THE APARTHEID ISSUE AT THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY: STALEMATE OR GATHERING STORM?

NEXT DECEMBER (1986), four decades will have elapsed since the United Nations General Assembly first took up the question of official race policy in the Union of South Africa. In 1946 and for several years thereafter the specific issue was limited to the complaint of India that the Union was officially discriminating against its then 285,000 citizens of Indian origin, in contravention of existing agreements between the two governments. General Assembly consideration of South African race relations in general commenced only at its seventh session in 1952, but since that time this topic (apartheid, as it is now universally known) has been raised in every session but one, the l9th in 1964.1 (For ten years the two related South African race questions were carried forward in parallel fashion in the General Assembly until they were finally merged in 19620) Surely, no subject matter has been more enduring before the world body than the discriminatory treatment officially accorded persons of colour in South Africa. Nor over the years has any topic been more time consuming. The highpoint in this respect to date probably occurred in the General Assembly's 27th session in 1972. In that year the Special Political Committee of the General Assembly (which has been the UN are2za wherein the fullest discussions of this matter have ordinarily been held) devoted no fewer than 19 of its total of 51 meetings to discussing just apartheid. In time this extensive consideration resulted in the General Assembly itself agreeing to seven resolutions on various aspects of the question, although all but one of these resolutions were approved in rapid succession on the same day, 15 November. The following year, fully 12 per cent of all resolutions adopted by the General Assembly contained attacks on South Africa in one form or
The Tax Exemption to Subchapter S Banks: Who Gets the Benefit?

The Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 allows U.S. banks to adopt the Subchapter S status. We investigate if the Subchapter S banks use tax benefits for the intended purposes of “protecting jobs,” “creating opportunities” and “increasing take home pay of workers.” We find that the tax benefits: (a) are not used in expenses related to protection of jobs, (b) do not lead to greater employment opportunities within the Subchapter S banks, and (c) do not benefit the employees in the form of increased salaries and benefits. Our results indicate that bank owners are sole beneficiaries of the tax exemption benefits.
Policy Debate: Introductory Remarks

Trade restrictions in the form of eco-tariffs addressing PPM pollution of imports have been considered by policy-makers, both in the context of domestic and global pollution. However, so far such eco-tariffs have not become part of environmental or trade policy. One reason for this is that they are not sanctioned by the multilateral trade regime, codified in the GATT/WTO. At the conclusion of the Uruguay Round1, a Committee on Trade and Environment (CTE) was established to assess whether a change of the regulations to further environmental protection and sustainable development may be warranted.
To Fix or Not to Fix? That is the Question.

Eventually, the algorithm for when to intervene on the tricuspid valve during left sided valve surgery will be more robust. Better discriminatory preoperative data will be required to sort the role of annular size, right ventricular function, and pulmonary artery pressures. As for now, there is a paucity of evidence that an aggressive approach to fixing moderate functional TR during left sided valve surgery improves clinical outcomes.
Cold-precipitation by heparin of a protein in rabbit and human plasma.

Summary1. Cold-precipitation of a mass of gelatinous protein material is produced by heparin in plasma obtained from rabbits between one and 6 hours after an injection of endotoxin derived from gram negative bacteria. The precipitate is redissolved on warming the plasma. It is demonstrable within 15-30 minutes after chilling heparinized plasma, or citrated plasma to which heparin has been added. 2. The heparin-precipitable protein is not demonstrable in serum. Its possible relationship to fibrinogen is indicated by similar migration in paper electrophoresis, and by the fact that it is partially clottable by thrombin. 3. The material disappears from the blood within 10 minutes after an intravenous injection of Liquoid (Na polyanethol sulfonate), an acidic polymer known to be capable of precipitating fibrinogen. 4. A heparin-precipitable protein of similar appearance is present in normal human plasma, and is much increased in the plasma of patients with acute rheumatic disease. In one patient with rheumatic...
Primary Gleason pattern as a predictor of disease progression in gleason score 7 prostate cancer: a multivariate analysis of 823 men treated with radical prostatectomy.

Gleason score (GS) is a powerful predictor of disease progression in men with prostate cancer (PCa). The majority of clinically localized prostate cancers, however, are moderately (GS5/6) or moderate to poorly (GS7) differentiated tumors with indeterminate prognosis. Differences in disease progression between patients with GS5/6 and GS7 tumors suggest the presence of any component of high-grade tumor (Gleason pattern [GP] 4/5) worsens prognosis markedly. Indeed, McNeal et al. have shown that quantification of GP4/5 provides prognostic information beyond the standard GS. Few investigators have analyzed whether primary and secondary GPs are important prognostically within GS7 PCa. All 823 whole-mount radical prostatectomy specimens with GS7 from a single surgeon (P.T.S.) were analyzed. Tumors were either 3+4 or 4+3, and primary GP was assigned by the same pathologist (T.M.W.). A total of 643 patients with 3+4 tumors and 180 patients with 4+3 tumors were studied. Statistical analysis using the log-rank test showed a significant difference in recurrence-free survival between patients with primary GP4 and those with GP3 (p <0.0001). However, in multivariate analysis with preoperative prostate-specific antigen, total tumor volume, surgical margin status, and the presence or absence of seminal vesicle involvement, extraprostatic extension, and lymph node metastasis, the primary GP did not retain independent significance (p = 0.0557). GS7 PCa is a heterogeneous group of tumors. In this cohort of men with GS7 tumors treated by radical retropubic prostatectomy, primary GP showed a significant correlation with other histologic and clinical predictors of disease progression; however, it was not independently predictive of disease progression in multivariate analysis (p = 0.76).
Is the open mouth mightier than the needle

In this issue of Blood, Bernard et al provide evidence that ibrutinib, the orally administered inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), crosses the blood-brain barrier and has activity against mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) in the central nervous system (CNS).
The Humanities in the Law School Curriculum: Courtship and Consummation

Today the humanities occupy a small corner of the law school curriculum. Might they instead become a more vibrant partner in legal education? Might law and humanities scholarship escape the pages of law reviews and teach us something important about how to read and understand the law?Despite the long theoretical dominance of legal realism in scholarly circles, much of legal education as we know it has remained mired in Langdell's formalist vision of the law — a vision of a narrow, abstract, impersonal system bereft of human meaning and value. But we can do better. We can approach law, and teach our students to approach law, not as a set of rules but as a form of life. If we decide to take up this life-giving journey, it is the humanities that can show us the way.
LEEP: Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure

Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP) uses alternating electrical current to remove abnormal cervical tissue, which provides a specimen for pathological review. Historically, physicians have used high frequency current for lesion removal as early as the 1940s. The introduction of the large loop with an insulated cross bar in 1989 by Prendeville revolutionized the treatment of cervical dysplasia. Other methods, such as cryotherapy and laser vaporization evaporated tissue, did not allow for pathologic review. LEEP confers the advantage over cryotherapy and laser by providing tissue for histopathological review, thus allowing for prediction of recurrence of disease [1].
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for strengthening steel structures

Abstract: This chapter summarizes the recent advances in the use of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials for repair, rehabilitation, and strengthening of steel structures. Conventional methods of strengthening and repairing steel structures are presented. The advantages and limitations of using FRP materials are summarized. Topics presented include strengthening of flexural members, strengthening with prestressed FRP materials, stress-based and fracture mechanics-based approaches to evaluating bond behavior, repair of cracked steel members, and strengthening of slender members subjected to compression forces. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of future trends in this field and a summary of other resources for further information.
Herpes simplex keratitis: challenges in diagnosis and clinical management

Herpes simplex virus is responsible for numerous ocular diseases, the most common of which is herpetic stromal keratitis. This is a recurrent infection of the cornea that typically begins with a subclinical infection of the cornea that establishes a latent infection of sensory ganglia, most often the trigeminal ganglia. Recurring infections occur when the virus is reactivated from latency and travels back to the cornea, where it restimulates an inflammatory response. This inflammatory response can lead to decreased corneal sensation, scarring, and blindness. The diagnosis of these lesions as the result of a recurrent herpes simplex virus infection can at times be problematic. Currently, herpetic stromal keratitis is diagnosed by its clinical presentation on the slit-lamp examination, but the literature does not always support the accuracy of these clinical findings. Other diagnostic tests such as polymerase chain reaction assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescent antibody, and viral cultures have provided more definitive diagnosis, but also have some limitations. That said, accurate diagnosis is necessary for proper treatment, in order to prevent serious consequences. Current treatment reduces the severity of lesions and controls further viral spread, but does not provide a cure.
Lattice point sets for state sampling in approximate dynamic programming

Summary This paper investigates the use of lattice point sets as an efficient method to sample uniformly the state space of discrete-time dynamic systems for the solution of finite-horizon optimal control problems using approximate dynamic programming. Lattice point sets are a kind of discretization method, commonly employed for efficient numerical integration, providing a regular and balanced sampling of the state space based on the repetition of elementary unit cells. A convergence analysis of the approximate solution of the control problem to the optimal one is provided, pointing out that such sampling schemes allow one to efficiently exploit possible regularities of the cost-to-go functions. Furthermore, it is shown that a higher accuracy may be obtained through suitable transformations of the state vector of the dynamic system. Another advantage of lattice point sets over other sampling schemes is the possibility of evaluating a priori the goodness of a given set over another through the explicit computation of a specific parameter. Simulation results concerning the optimal control of a water reservoirs system are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Consumption of crustaceans by megaherbivorous dinosaurs: dietary flexibility and dinosaur life history strategies.

Large plant-eating dinosaurs are usually presumed to have been strictly herbivorous, because their derived teeth and jaws were capable of processing fibrous plant foods. This inferred feeding behavior offers a generalized view of dinosaur food habits, but rare direct fossil evidence of diet provides more nuanced insights into feeding behavior. Here we describe fossilized feces (coprolites) that demonstrate recurring consumption of crustaceans and rotted wood by large Late Cretaceous dinosaurs. These multi-liter coprolites from the Kaiparowits Formation are primarily composed of comminuted conifer wood tissues that were fungally degraded before ingestion. Thick fragments of laminar crustacean cuticle are scattered within the coprolite contents and suggest that the dinosaurian defecators consumed sizeable crustaceans that sheltered in rotting logs. The diet of decayed wood and crustaceans offered a substantial supply of plant polysaccharides, with added dividends of animal protein and calcium. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that the fossilized fecal residues depict year-round feeding habits. It is more reasonable to infer that these coprolites reflected seasonal dietary shifts—possibly related to the dinosaurs’ oviparous breeding activities. This surprising fossil evidence challenges conventional notions of herbivorous dinosaur diets and reveals a degree of dietary flexibility that is consistent with that of extant herbivorous birds.
Deictic settings in Lisa Robertson’s The Weather

In a reading of Lisa Robertson’s book of poems The Weather (2004), this essay considers how poetry can produce new knowledge in addition to curating cultural artifacts. Robertson’s research poetics...
Education and Training: The Practitioner Model

Physicians and lawyers existed long before medical schools and law schools developed. The traditional method of training in these professions was through apprenticeship to a practitioner. Even when formal education began in these fields, most students aimed to go into practice rather than to be scientists, scholars, or professors. Psychology reversed this sequence in that the academic field came first and the practice later. The explicit training of practitioners in psychology occurred only after a struggle, one in which several Divison 12 leaders were involved.
Manganese accumulation by Escherichia coli: evidence for a specific transport system.

Abstract Manganese-54 is accumulated by cells of Escherichia coli by a process which is temperature dependent and inhibited by dinitrophenol and by cyanide. The rate of uptake of manganese is concentration dependent with a Km of about 5 × 10−8 M in dilute tryptone broth. The 54Mn which is accumulated by the cells is not tightly bound since it can be released by toluene and exchanges rapidly with excess nonradioactive manganese. The manganese accumulation system is highly specific: potassium, strontium, calcium and magnesium do not compete with manganese for cellular uptake.
Symbolic Dynamic Patterns of Verbal Exchange in a Creative Problem Solving Group

Dynamical patterns of psychological events, such as the types of verbal exchanges that transpire during creative problem solving sessions, often take the form of a series of nominal events. Nonlinear dynamical processes have been reported in past research for individual contributions in previous problem solving research. In this study we investigated dynamical processes in collective group behavior over time. One group of eight people played a game of Island Commission, and the transcripts of the game were coded and analyzed. An analysis technique was developed, wherein principles of symbolic dynamics were used to generate measures of Shannon and topological entropy, Lyapunov dimensionality, and ultimately a taxonomy of response strings. Likelihood chi-square and phi-square coefficients were used in addition to ascertain the optimal string length, which was a set of 4 responses in this case. The data set of 528 observed strings could be reduced to 79 strings that appeared more than once, and reduced again to four major conceptual categories. The interrelations among numeric indicators is discussed.
Equilibration and Learning1

The concept of equilibration constitutes the essential, dynamic force in Piaget's theory of the development of knowledge. The nature of the process of equilibration has been described as the achiev...
Synthesis of benzoylbenzamide derivatives of 17α-E-vinyl estradiol and evaluation as ligands for the estrogen receptor-α ligand binding domain.

A series consisting of substituted benzoylbenzamide derivatives of 17α-E-vinyl estradiol 6a-i and 7a-d was prepared in good overall yields from the corresponding novel iodinated benzoylbenzamide precursors using Pd(0)-catalyzed Stille coupling. Biological evaluation using competitive binding assays indicated that all compounds were effective ligands for the ERα- and ERβ-LBD (RBA = 0.5-10.0% of estradiol). Most of the compounds expressed lower stimulatory (agonist) potency (RSA <0.2-0.5%) compared to their binding affinity, however, the meta-substituted isomer 6h demonstrated a level of efficacy (RSA = 5.7%) comparable to its affinity (RBA = 9.5%). Docking studies of 6b, 6h, and 6i with the 2YAT crystal structure suggested that higher affinity and efficacy of 6h are due to an effective set of interactions with exposed receptor sidechains not observed with the ortho- and para- isomers. In this binding model, the terminal ring of the ligand is exposed to the solvent space, which would explain both the small variation in RBA values and the narrow SAR for the diverse structural features.
Separate and combined interactions of fibrinogen-gold and latex with surface-activated platelets.

Abstract Glycoprotein (GP)IIb-IIIa receptors on human platelets in suspension and after surface activation bind a variety of specific antibodies and ligands and transport them across the outside of the plasma membrane by processes of clustering, patching and capping, and endocytosis to the platelet interior. The present study evaluated the separate and combined interaction of fibrinogen coupled to colloidal gold (Fgn/Au) and small latex particles with fixed and unfixed, surface-activated platelets. Results demonstrate that populations of GPIIb-IIIa and other mobile receptors on fully spread platelets are not exhausted by binding and transporting a single ligand. Addition of a first ligand followed by a second one results in concentration of the initial wave in the platelet center, surrounded by a halo of second ligand. The margin of the double-labeled cell is cleared of both ligands. However, if the double-labeled platelet is fixed briefly and exposed to a third wave of ligand, that also will bind to the cell and cover the peripheral margin. How many waves of ligand can couple to spread platelets and translocate before the ability of the plasma membrane receptors to bind and clear has been depleted remains to be determined. Yet evidence of the interaction with three waves indicates that the surface-activated platelet has a nearly inexhaustible population of mobile receptors to participate in hemostatic events.