cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compact Hankel operators on harmonic Bergman spaces

We study Hankel operators on the harmonic Bergman spaceb2(B), whereB is the open unit ball inRn,n≥2. We show that iff is in\(C(\bar B)\) then the Hankel operator with symbolf is compact. For the proof we have to extend the definition of Hankel operators to the spacesbp(B), 1<p<∞, and use an interpolation theorem. We also use the explicit formula for the orthogonal projection ofL2(B, dV) ontob2(B). This result implies that the commutator and semi-commutator of Toeplitz operators with symbols in\(C(\bar B)\) are compact.
Kinetic study of cyclooctene epoxidation with aqueous hydrogen peroxide over silica-supported calixarene-Ta(V)

Abstract Replacing traditional TaCl5 precursors, calixarene–Ta(V) complexes are grafted on SiO2 at self-limiting loadings of 0.2 mmol·g−1 (0.25 Ta·nm−2) to synthesize an active and selective catalyst for epoxidation with aqueous H2O2. The catalyst is synthesized in a one-pot procedure and has turnover rates that are a very weak function of Ta surface density, in contrast with catalysts that are subsequently calcined, following traditional practice. Cyclooctene epoxidation turnover rates exceed 240 h−1 and epoxide hydrolysis to the cyclooctanediol is extremely low,
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE CHICKEN N-CADHERIN GENE

N-cadherin (CDH2) is a member of the cadherin family of Ca2(+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecules. To investigate mechanisms controlling CDH2 transcription, we isolated and analyzed a genomic DNA sequence containing 2.8 kb of 5' flanking region and the first two exons of chicken CDH2. Sequence analysis of the promoter region of CDH2 revealed no CCATT or TATA boxes, but showed a high overall GC content, high CpG dinucleotide content, and several consensus Sp1 and Ap2 binding sequences. When fused to the cat reporter gene in transient transfection experiments, the sequence from positions -3231 to -118 (relative to the translation start site) directed high-level expression in CDH2-expressing chicken primary retinal cells and mouse N2A cells, but was much less active in chicken embryonic fibroblast cells and mouse 3T3 cells which do not express CDH2. Similarly, this promoter fragment directed variable, but neuronal-specific, expression of reporter genes in adult transgenic mice, but failed to produce the correct pattern of expression in other tissues, implying that additional sequences further upstream and/or within introns of CDH2 may play important roles in the transcriptional control.
Organizational socialization of service customers

Abstract This study considers the organizational socialization of the customers of service organizations. Service customers contribute to service quality through what they do (customer technical quality) and how they do it (customer functional quality). The level of organizational socialization achieved by customers was found to be positively related to customer perceptions of the organizational climate for service, the motivational direction of customers, and customer satisfaction. Organizational climate and motivational direction were positively related to customer technical quality. Motivational direction was inversely related to customer functional quality, whereas customer satisfaction was positively related to customer technical and functional quality.
A radiologic and histologic study of the os peroneum: Prevalence, morphology, and relationship to degenerative joint disease of the foot and ankle in a cadaveric sample

The present study investigated the prevalence of an os peroneum (OP, a sesamoid bone) in a cadaveric sample and its relationship to the shape of the cuboid tuberosity, and cartilage degeneration at the cuboid tuberosity and in regional joints within the foot (first metatarsophalangeal and calcaneocuboid) and ankle. The fibularis longus tendon of 33 embalmed human cadavers (mean age 81 years) were obtained from the anatomy laboratory. Nineteen of 64 tendons (30%) displayed an OP both radiographically and histologically. The os peronei ranged in size from small spicules to prominent masses: mean area 2.48 mm2 (left) and 2.70 mm2 (right). Histologically, the os peronei were cancellous bone, the largest occupying most of the tendon at the point of contact with the cuboid tuberosity. Fibrocartilage was present at their borders, merging with dense regular fibrous tissue and peritenon. The talocrural, calcaneocuboid, and first metatarsophalangeal joints were examined for cartilage integrity and osteophytes based on an earlier suggestion that there may be an association between degenerative joint disease and endochondral bone formation. There was no statistical correlation between presence of an OP with any of the following parameters: age, gender, body size, cartilage degeneration, or osteophytes within any of the joints examined. Therefore, the presence of an OP does not appear to be associated with increased endochondral ossification or degenerative joint disease. This study does not preclude the possibility that sesamoid bone formation may be associated with biomechanical functions within the foot; thus, future studies may be warranted. Clin. Anat. 22:747–754, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Improved synthesis capability for “T” ring-stiffened cylindrical shells under hydrostatic pressure☆☆☆

Abstract The new “Direct Search-Feasible Direction” (DSFD) nonlinear mathematical programming optimization algorithm is applied to the design of stiffened submersible shells. An automated design capability for this problem (SBSHL6) is described wherein the program will generate the least weight design by locating the optimal, or near optimal, values of skin thickness, web thickness and height, flange thickness and width, and stiffener spacing given the design parameters such as shell size, immersion pressure, shell eccentricity, materials properties, and minimum natural frequency. Constraint equations control, general, panel (between stiffener), web, and flange instability, skin and stiffener yielding, and minimum natural frequency. The DSFD procedure appears capable of reliably locating optimal designs whereas earlier attempts in investigations using other optimization methods, including the popular SUMT procedure, failed to provide optimal solutions to the same problem. This and an earlier detailed comparison study strongly suggest that SUMT is not a reliable procedure for structural optimization while DSFD seems to provide reasonably reliable performance. Designs generated by SBSHL6 are presented and compared with those of the earlier studies. The results of a series of synthesis runs from widely separated starting points are also presented. The designs developed by SBSHL6 are substantially lighter than those reported earlier. The multipath runs for each set of parameters studied all converged to similar designs of essentially identical weights demonstrating program reliability.
Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the retina of the larval tiger salamander.

The pharmacology and autoradiographic localization of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in retinal slices of the larval tiger salamander have been examined using the muscarinic antagonist [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard. Under the conditions of these experiments the binding of this ligand is irreversible. Saturation and maximum specific binding of 270 pM of ligand per gram protein are observed after an incubation of 1 h, and autoradiographic studies show that this does not reflect surface binding alone. Muscarinic but not nicotinic drugs suppress the binding of propylbenzilylcholine mustard at physiologically relevant concentrations; half-maximal suppression of binding by the muscarinic antagonists atropine sulfate and quinuclidinyl benzilate occurs, respectively, at 9.0 and7.5 × 10−10M. Light microscopic autoradiography reveals the discrete localization of the ligand to the sites of synaptic contact, the retinal plexiform layers, predominantly the inner plexiform layer. The implications of the present study on current theories of cholinergic function in the vertebrate retina are discussed.
Global crop yield reductions due to surface ozone exposure: 2. Year 2030 potential crop production losses and economic damage under two scenarios of O3 pollution

We examine the potential global risk of increasing surface ozone (O3) exposure to three key staple crops (soybean, maize, and wheat) in the near future (year 2030) according to two trajectories of O3 pollution: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (IPCC SRES) A2 and B1 storylines, which represent upper- and lower-boundary projections, respectively, of most O3 precursor emissions in 2030. We use simulated hourly O3 concentrations from the Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers version 2.4 (MOZART-2), satellite-derived datasets of agricultural production, and field-based concentration:response relationships to calculate crop yield reductions resulting from O3 exposure. We then calculate the associated crop production losses and their economic value. We compare our results to the estimated impact of O3 on global agriculture in the year 2000, which we assessed in our companion paper [Avnery et al., 2011]. In the A2 scenario we find global year 2030 yield loss of wheat due to O3 exposure ranges from 5.4 to 26% (a further reduction in yield of þ1.5e10% from year 2000 values), 15e19% for soybean (reduction of þ0.9e11%), and 4.4e8.7% for maize (reduction of þ2.1e3.2%) depending on the metric used, with total global agricultural losses worth $17e35 billion USD2000 annually (an increase of þ$6e17 billion in losses from 2000). Under the B1 scenario, we project less severe but still substantial reductions in yields in 2030: 4.0e17% for wheat (a further decrease in yield of þ0.1e1.8% from 2000), 9.5e15% for soybean (decrease of þ0.7e1.0%), and 2.5e6.0% for maize (decrease of þ 0.3e0.5%), with total losses worth $12e21 billion annually (an increase of þ$1e3 billion in losses from 2000). Because our analysis uses crop data from the year 2000, which likely underestimates agricultural production in 2030 due to the need to feed a population increasing from approximately 6 to 8 billion people between 2000 and 2030, our calculations of crop production and economic losses are highly conservative. Our results suggest that O3 pollution poses a growing threat to global food security even under an optimistic scenario of future ozone precursor emissions. Further efforts to reduce surface O3 concentrations thus provide an excellent opportunity to increase global grain yields without the environmental degradation associated with additional fertilizer application or land cultivation.
21.3: Power Efficient RGBW AMOLED Displays Incorporating Color‐Down‐Conversion Layers

We present a novel RGBW AMOLED display that uses color-down-conversion layers to reduce power consumption. The proposed display is calculated to have a 20% reduction in the power consumption compared to a conventional RGBW display.
Ulrastructure of cytoskeletal element of endothelial and stromal cells of rat marrow

This study reports the distribution of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments in endothelial cells, reticular cells, and macrophages of bone marrow of rats following fixation with glutaraldehyde, tannic acid, and saponin. In endothelial cells bundles of microfilaments are seen along the basal surface, where these cells adhere to underlying extracellular materials. The reticular cells, especially those that are closely associated with the endothelium of sinusoids, contain many intermediate filaments and microtubules as well as microfilaments. The reticular cell processes that partially cover the endothelium and extend among the blood cells have numerous microtubules and intermediate filaments arranged longitudinally within them; these cytoskeletal elements appear to provide mechanical support for the processes. Macrophages also have many microtubules and intermediate filaments but these organelles do not extend into the thin processes of these cells as is the case with reticular cells. Bundles of microfilaments are observed in the cytoplasm of adventitial and endothelial cells at sites where migrating blood cells are attached to these cells producing local regions of stress.
Qualitative understanding of scene dynamics for mobile robots

In this paper, we present a new approach to analyzing motion sequences as they are observed from a mobile robot operating in a dynamic environment. In particular, we address the problems of (a) estimating the robot's egomotion, (b) recon structing the 3D scene structure, and (c) evaluating the mo tion of individual objects from a sequence of monocular images. Our approach consists of a two-stage process starting from given sets of displacement vectors between distinct image features in successive frames. First, the robot's egomo tion is computed in terms of rotations and the direction of translation. To cope with the problems of noise, we have extended the concept of the Focus of Expansion (FOE) by computing a Fuzzy FOE, which defines an image region rather than a single point. In the second stage, a 3D scene model is constructed by analyzing the movements and posi tions of image features relative to each other and relative to the Fuzzy FOE. Using a mainly qualitative strategy of rea soning and modeling, ...
The Spring Runoff Event, Thermal Bar Formation, and Cross Margin Transport in Lake Superior

Abstract Retention of materials delivered during the spring runoff event in the nearshore is mediated by physical phenomena such as the thermal bar. Here we investigate the timing of the runoff event vis-a-vis formation of the thermal bar and quantify its impact on the fate of materials of terrestrial origin (TSS, total suspended solids) in the nearshore waters of Lake Superior. It was estimated that the spring runoff event delivers an average of 70% of the annual TSS load for a 33-year period of record (1966–1998). The average dates for the midpoint of the spring runoff event and thermal bar formation are 9 April (range, mid-March to late April) and 2 May (range, early April to late May), respectively. This offset of 3–4 weeks provides an opportunity for materials which are discharged and retained in suspension by wave action to be transported from the nearshore before trapping by the thermal bar can occur. Model calculations indicate that 23 ± 28% (range 99%) of the spring runoff event TSS loading remains available for trapping at the time of thermal bar formation. In terms of mass, predicted retention varied from negligible amounts to in excess of 700,000 metric tons. The spring runoff event is predicted to have the potential to raise average nearshore TSS levels more than 4.1 ± 2.7 times above background levels and to sustain that elevation for more than 60 days. The range in the nearshore TSS response reflects interannual variability in the magnitude of the spring runoff event and its timing relative to the formation of the thermal bar.
Peroxidase-induced enhancement of chemiluminescence by murine peritoneal macrophages

A number of substances have been shown to enhance the respiratory burst (RB) of macrophages. Many of these substances are not normally found in vivo. The present study suggests that a group of enzymes characterized as peroxidases have the ability to significantly enhance the RB and concomitant phagocytosis by murine peritoneal macrophages. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), lactoperoxidase (LPO), and microperoxidase (MPO) can significantly augment these functions. Both resident and thioglycollate-induced macrophages exhibited exhanced chemiluminescence (CL) upon exposure to HRP, however, the effect was more pronounced with the latter. The increase in CL was correlated with an increase in production of superoxide, which was measured by reduction of cytochrome c. Horseradish peroxidase immobilized on an inert carrier, was capable of enhancing the RB suggesting that it does not have to enter the cell in order to function. Hemin, hematoheme and hematoporphyrin had little effect on macrophage stimulated CL. All of the peroxidases tested caused increased phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan These studies indicate that peroxidases are capable of stimulating the RB, phagocytosis and possibly other macrophage functions.
High-performance liquid chromatography with mercury cathode electrochemical detection: application to lipid hydroperoxide analysis.

Abstract Lipid hydroperoxide species can be analyzed with high sensitivity and specificity, using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with reductive mode electrochemical detection on a mercury drop cathode [HPLC-ED(Hg)]. The purpose of this study was to examine different variables in the operation of HPLC-ED(Hg) and to select optimal conditions for the analysis of several biologically relevant peroxides, including species derived from cholesterol, cholesteryl linoleate, oleate, linoleate, and two synthetic phosphatidylcholines. Parameters such as operating potential and mobile-phase solvent proportions, electrolyte composition, and ionic strength were evaluated for each peroxide class. Under optimal conditions, we have achieved baseline separation of four cholesterol hydroperoxide species, not only from one another, but also from phospholipid hydroperoxides; detection limits were
The effect of irrelevant cues and overtraining on discrimination reversal in the pigeon

A discrimination reversal was learned more slowly when the same irrelevant cues were present during both original learning and reversal than when they were present only during reversal. No overtraining reversal effect was obtained.
Corticosterone and dexamethasone potentiate cytotoxicity associated with oxygen-glucose deprivation in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures

Many patients display elevated levels of serum cortisol following acute ischemic stroke. Given that glucocorticoids may potentiate some forms of insult, these studies examined the effects of corticosterone or dexamethasone exposure on cytotoxicity following oxygen-glucose deprivation in the cerebellum, a brain region susceptible to stroke. In organotypic cerebellar slice cultures prepared from neonatal rat pups, 90-min of oxygen-glucose deprivation at 15 days in vitro resulted in significant cytotoxicity at 24-, 48-, and 72-h post-oxygen-glucose deprivation, as measured by uptake of propidium iodide. Exposure of cultures following oxygen-glucose deprivation to the antioxidant trolox (500 microM), but not to the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 (10 microM), completely blocked oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cytotoxicity. Corticosterone (1 microM) or dexamethasone (10 microM) exposure alone did not significantly increase propidium iodide uptake above levels observed in control cultures. However, corticosterone or dexamethasone exposure after oxygen-glucose deprivation potentiated oxygen-glucose deprivation-mediated propidium iodide uptake at each time point. Trolox, as well as RU486, co-exposure of cultures to corticosterone or dexamethasone after oxygen-glucose deprivation abolished all cytotoxicity. In conclusion, these data demonstrated that glucocorticoid exposure modulated oxygen-glucose deprivation-mediated propidium iodide uptake, which likely involved glucocorticoid receptor activation and pro-oxidant effects.
Consumer Complaints and Traffic Fatalities: Insights from the NHTSA Vehicle Owner’s Complaint Database

Driving simulators, crash databases, and more recently, naturalistic studies all help understand how changes to vehicle design affect driving safety. The rapid computerization of cars makes it increasingly important to capitalize on these sources and exploit others. The present study explores a rarely analyzed data source on traffic fatalities: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's vehicle owner's complaint database. The textual data within the event description field of each complaint is extracted and analyzed using a text mining approach that involves the use of latent semantic analysis (LSA) for reducing the dimensionality of the problem. Hierarchical clustering is then employed to identify clusters of complaints that share content. Clusters are described in terms of the most frequent terms and the time trends of the complaints within them. The analysis highlights how text mining analysis can help unlock the wealth of information contained in consumer complaint databases. Language: en
Potential mechanisms contributing to sulfatide depletion at the earliest clinically recognizable stage of Alzheimer’s disease: a tale of shotgun lipidomics

Shotgun lipidomics is a rapidly developing technology, which identifies and quantifies individual lipid molecular species directly from lipid extracts of biological samples. Alterations in lipid molecular species in the brain induced by neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) could provide fundamental clues to disease pathogenesis. To date, the cause(s) leading to AD pathogenesis are still unknown and apolipoprotein E (apoE) allele 4 is the only known major risk factor for this devastating disease. By utilizing shotgun lipidomics, we have recently shown that a substantial and specific depletion of sulfatide (a class of specialized myelin sphingolipids) is present in postmortem brains from subjects at the earliest clinically recognizable stage of AD. In subsequent studies to identify the biochemical mechanisms underlying sulfatide depletion at this very mild stage of AD, we have found that apoE is associated with sulfatide transport and mediates sulfatide homeostasis in the nervous system through lipoprotein metabolism pathways and that alterations in apoE-mediated sulfatide trafficking can lead to sulfatide depletion in the brain. Thus, a working model related to the potential biochemical mechanisms underlying sulfatide depletion in AD can be derived based on these results. Collectively, the results obtained from lipidomic analyses of brain samples provide important insights into the biochemical mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis.
SU‐FF‐I‐53: Mega‐Voltage CT Image: An Attempt to Enhance Image Quality

Purpose: TomoTherapy uses Megavoltage CT (MVCT) to verify patient position and alignment prior to treatment and it is usually good enough to verify the patient's position and anatomy prior to treatment. However, a greater resolution and contrast in patient images obtained by the MVCT scan would be beneficial in verifying patient anatomy and set‐up. The effects that changing the MVCT dose and consequently the signal to noise ratio (SNR) had on MVCT image quality and resolution were studied. Method and Materials: A “cheese” phantom with a resolution plug (different size holes) was scanned. The machine pulse amplitude control (PAC) value was varied in intervals from 2.22 to 3.34 to adjust delivered dose and the resulting images were analyzed. The dose was measured with an A1SL ion chamber at the clinically used PAC value of 2.78 to be 2 cGy, 0.4 cGy at a Pac value of 2.22 and 3.8 cGy at a PAC value of 3.34. Results: Increasing the PAC value leads to an increase in both dose and energy. In observing the images that were taken, it can be see that the resolution and quality of the image improves as the PAC value is increased. When comparing the MVCT image taken at the normal PAC value of 2.78 and an increased PAC value of 3.34, the smaller diameter density plug holes can be seen more clearly, the contrast between the holes and the cheese phantom are more sharply defined, and the holes appear more concentric for the image taken at PAC 3.34. Conclusion: Slightly higher dose during an MVCT scan can improve the image quality and resolution for the TomoTherapy system. These observations will be used in future investigation of more complex imaging tasks to improve MVCT imaging.Conflict of Interest: Main author is an employee of TomoTherapy, Inc.
Promoter sequences direct cytoplasmic localization and translation of mRNAs during starvation in yeast

A universal feature of the response to stress and nutrient limitation is transcriptional upregulation of genes that encode proteins important for survival. Under many such conditions, the overall protein synthesis level is reduced, thereby dampening the stress response at the level of protein expression. For example, during glucose starvation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), translation is rapidly repressed, yet the transcription of many stress- and glucose-repressed genes is increased. Here we show, using ribosomal profiling and microscopy, that this transcriptionally upregulated gene set consists of two classes: one class produces messenger RNAs that are translated during glucose starvation and are diffusely localized in the cytoplasm, including many heat-shock protein mRNAs; and the other class produces mRNAs that are not efficiently translated during glucose starvation and are concentrated in foci that co-localize with P bodies and stress granules, a class that is enriched for mRNAs involved in glucose metabolism. Surprisingly, the information specifying the differential localization and protein production of these two classes of mRNA is encoded in the promoter sequence: promoter responsiveness to heat-shock factor 1 (Hsf1) specifies diffuse cytoplasmic localization and higher protein production on glucose starvation. Thus, promoter sequences can influence not only the levels of mRNAs but also the subcellular localization of mRNAs and the efficiency with which they are translated, enabling cells to tailor protein production to the environmental conditions.
Emg responses of intact and spinal ground squirrels to tactile stimulation during hibernation, hypothermia and normothermia

Abstract 1. 1. Variations in sensitivity to tactile stimulation (as determined by bursts of muscle action potentials) were measured in Citellus lateralis and C. tridecemlineatus. 2. 2. Sensitivity of intact hibernating ground squirrels is not correlated with body temperature or the number of days in hibernation. 3. 3. In the spinal hibernator, sensitivity is correlated strongly with body temperature. 4. 4. Unlike spinal ground squirrels, intact animals (whether active, anesthetized or hypothermic) showed no bursts of muscle action potentials when stimulated. 5. 5. The random sensitivity of the intact hibernator may be dependent upon a neural area above the level of C1.
The Moderating Role of Coping Strategies in Understanding the Effects of Intragroup Race-Related Stressors on Academic Performance and Overall Levels of Perceived Stress for African American Students

The purpose of the current study was to test coping strategies as moderators of the effects of intragroup race-related stressors on academic performance and overall perceived stress for 201 African...
A fast general slew constrained minimum cost buffering algorithm

As VLSI technology moves to the nanoscale regime, ultra-fast slew buffering techniques considering buffer cost minimization are highly desirable. The existing technique proposed in [S. Hu, C. Alpert, J. Hu, S. Karandikar, Z. Li, W. Shi, C.-N. Sze, Fast algorithms for slew constrained minimum cost buffering, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 26 (11) (2007) 2009-2022] is able to efficiently perform buffer insertion with a simplified assumption on buffer input slew. However, when handling more general cases without input slew assumptions, it becomes slow despite the significant buffer savings. In this paper, a fast buffering technique is proposed to handle the general slew buffering problem. Instead of building solutions from scratch, the new technique efficiently optimizes buffering solutions obtained with the fixed input slew assumption. Experiments on industrial nets demonstrate that our algorithm is highly efficient. Compared to the commonly used van Ginneken style buffering, up to 49x speed up is obtained and often 10% buffer area is saved. Compared to the algorithm without input slew assumption proposed in [S. Hu, C. Alpert, J. Hu, S. Karandikar, Z. Li, W. Shi, C.-N. Sze, Fast algorithms for slew constrained minimum cost buffering, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 26 (11) (2007) 2009-2022], up to 37x speedup can be obtained with slight sacrifice in solution quality.
Mall effect of molybdenum and molybdenum-rich holybdenum-iron alloys at liquid He, liquid N2 and room temperatures

Abstract The Hall coefficient, R h , of molybdenum-iron alloys with up to 15 at.% iron was measured at room temperature at 7 kOe and at liquid nitrogen and liquid helium temperatures in fields up to 100 kOe. R h was, within experimental accuracy, independent of the applied field. R h was always positive and reached its highest value of 34 × 10 ∮13 volt-cm/amp-Oe at liquid He temperatures for an alloy with 1 at.% iron. At liquid N 2 temperatures, the maximum occurred at 2 at.% iron and at room temperature at 5 at.% Fe.
Fertigation Frequency for Subsurface Drip‐Irrigated Broccoli

Subsurface-drip irrigation and fertigation with fluid N fertilizer sources offers substantial flexibility for N fertilizer management. Fertigation events can be scheduled as often as irrigation, up to several times per day. However, because of system or management constraints very frequent fertigation may not be possible or desirable for some growers. Optimum fertigation interval for subsurface drip-irrigated crops has not been well researched. A 3-yr field experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil in southern Arizona with subsurface drip-irrigated broccoli (Brassica olearacea L. Italica) to i) determine the effects of N rate and fertigation frequency on crop yield, quality, and crop N status, and ii) estimate a N balance. Broccoli was planted in two rows per raised bed 1.02 m apart, with one drip line buried 0.15 to 0.20 m deep within each bed. The experiment included factorial combinations of two N rates and four fertigation frequencies (intervals of 1, 7, 14, and 28 d). Broccoli marketable yield and quality were responsive to N rate, but not to increased fertigation frequency. During one of three seasons, fertigation frequency significantly (P ≥ 0.05) affected crop N uptake, but there was no trend of increasing N uptake with increasing fertigation frequency. Unaccounted fertilizer N and apparent N use efficiency (ANUE) were calculated for two seasons. Unaccounted fertilizer N averaged 20 and 75 kg ha -1 and ANUE 90 and 81% with 250 and 350 kg N ha -1 applied, respectively. Neither was significantly affected by fertigation frequency. We conclude, therefore, that for broccoli production with subsurface-drip irrigation on sandy loam or finer soils, fertigation can be applied as infrequently as monthly, without compromising crop yield or quality, or causing excessive N losses.
Postpubertal experience establishes signal value of mammalian sex odor

After encountering adult female mice (Mus musculus) odorized with perfume, adult male mice emitted 70-kHz courtship vocalizations in response to the perfume itself. Living with perfumed mothers odorized from birth to weaning, however, was without effect. This evidence supports the notion that some “sex pheromones” acquire their saliency as a result of adult experience.
Profound elevation of ventricular and pulmonary atriopeptin in a model of heart failure

Summary Recently, the concept of an atrial endocrine system has expanded to that of a cardiac endocrine system. In support of this expanded view, the cardiac ventricles have been demonstrated to be a source of the atrial hormone (atriopeptin). Markedly enhanced ventricular expression of atriopeptin has been shown to be associated with cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, we measured the levels of atriopeptin in atrial and extra-atrial tissues of the BIO 14.6 hamster, a genetic model of cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. The BID 14.6 hamsters (∼ 1 year of age) weighed 7.4% more than their age-matched controls, an indication of edema, and showed overt cardiac hypertrophy (control vs. BID 14.6 heart weight: .556 ± .045 g vs. .990 ± .043g). A survey of extra-atrial tissues indicated that pulmonary and ventricular tissue from both control and BID 14.6 hamsters possessed measurable levels of immunoreactive atriopeptin. However, a comparison of atriopeptin levels in the lungs and cardiac ventricles, respectively, of control and BID 14.6 hamsters revealed profound differences. Pulmonary atriopeptin levels were 30-fold greater, and ventricular atriopeptin levels were 13.3-fold greater, in the BID 14.6 hamsters. In addition, the total content of atriopeptin was 2.2-fold greater in the atria of BID 14.6 hamsters. Dot blot analysis indicated that atriopeptin mRNA levels were greater in the atria (3.4-fold) and ventricles (17.9-fold) of BID 14.6 hamsters. A similar analysis of atriopeptin mRNA in pulmonary tissue proved inconclusive. The function of the marked increase of pulmonary and ventricular atriopeptin is unknown; however, it is plausible that the peptide hormone serves to regulate the formation of pulmonary and peripheral edema.
Lymphocyte loss and immunosuppression following acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice as a potential mechanism of tolerance.

Current evidence suggests that drug-induced liver disease can be caused by an allergic response (drug-induced allergic hepatitis, DIAH) induced by hepatic drug−protein adducts. The relatively low incidence of these reactions has led us to hypothesize that tolerogenic mechanisms prevent DIAH from occurring in most people. Here, we present evidence for the existence of one of these regulatory pathways. Following a hepatotoxic dose of acetaminophen in C57Bl/6 mice, lymphocyte loss that appeared to be due at least in part to apoptosis was noted in the spleen, thymus, and draining lymph nodes of the liver. There was no observable lymphocyte loss in the absence of hepatotoxicity. Acetaminophen-induced liver injury (AILI) also led to a functional suppression of the immune system as determined by the inhibition of a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to dinitrochlorobenzene. Further studies with adrenalectomized mice suggested a role for corticosterone in the depletion of lymphocytes following APAP-induced li...
The Attraction of Spodoptera frugiperda Neonates to Cowpea Seedlings is Mediated by Volatiles Induced by Conspecific Herbivory and the Elicitor Inceptin

Neonate fall armyworms [FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith)] often encounter conspecific herbivore damage as they disperse from an egg mass to an initial feeding site. We investigated the orientation responses of dispersing neonates to herbivore damage in cowpea seedlings, specifically examining whether neonate behaviors were affected by inceptin, the primary elicitor of FAW-induced defenses in cowpea leaves. We focused on responses to damage caused by conspecific first instars, as might occur during the dispersal of siblings from an egg mass. Inceptin contents of damaging first instar FAW were controlled through their diets, with leaf-fed FAW producing inceptins in their oral secretions, and root-fed or starved FAW lacking these elicitors. In a bioassay designed to evaluate neonate dispersal off a host plant, a higher percentage of neonates remained on herbivore-induced or inceptin-treated plants than on undamaged plants, mechanically damaged plants, freshly damaged plants, or on plants damaged by FAW lacking inceptins. Further investigations of neonate responses to plant odors with a four-arm olfactometer demonstrated that neonate attraction to odors from 4-h old FAW damage was strongly dependent on previous diet of the damaging larvae. Neonates were attracted to odors from 4-h old FAW damage over odors from undamaged plants or fresh FAW damage, provided that the damaging larvae had previously ingested leaf material. In a direct comparison of odors from induced plants, plants damaged by leaf-fed FAW were as attractive as plants treated with synthetic inceptin. GC-MS analysis confirmed that (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) was the major volatile induced by FAW herbivory. While both DMNT and undamaged plant odors were more attractive than air, neonates preferred DMNT-supplemented plant odors. These results suggest that neonate FAW exploit herbivore-induced plant volatiles as host plant location and recognition cues.
Cost and efficiency in clinical trials: The U.S. physicians' health study

The U.S. Physicians' Health Study, a primary prevention trial of low-dose aspirin in the reduction of cardiovascular disease and of beta-carotene in lowering cancer risk, implemented a number of design strategies to decrease costs and increase efficiency. These included the choice of physicians as the study population, use of a factorial design, implementation of a pre-randomization run-in phase, and the collection of pre-randomization blood specimens. The use of these strategies enabled us to enroll 22,071 subjects and maintain high compliance and long-term follow-up at a fraction of the usual cost of large-scale trials of primary prevention.
Characteristics of exercise behavior among college students: application of social cognitive theory to predicting stage of change.

Background Young adulthood is characterized by a steep decline in the level of physical activity, but few theory-based studies have examined characteristics associated with regular exercise in this population. This study applied Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and the Stages of Change Model (SCM) to determine personal, behavioral, and environmental characteristics associated with exercise behavior and intentions among undergraduate university students. Methods A random sample of 937 undergraduate students (mean age 22.0 +/- 5.6 years; 84.7% ages 17-24 years) enrolled at a large Midwestern university completed a mailed questionnaire. Valid and reliable instruments were used to measure personal, behavioral, and environmental variables based on the SCT that were hypothesized to influence stage of exercise behavior change. Multivariate discriminant analysis was used to determine associations among these variables with stage of exercise behavior change. Results Exercise self-efficacy, physical activity history, and nonexercise estimation of aerobic capacity were significant predictors of the stage of exercise behavior change for both males and females. Among females, exercise self-efficacy (P Conclusions The SCT framework predicted stage of exercise behavior change as defined by the SCM. Exercise self-efficacy was associated with exercise stage, but the source of significant social support (family versus friends) was different for males and females.
Benzofuran derivatives as Aβ-aggregate-specific imaging agents for Alzheimer’s disease

The purpose of this study is to develop potential I-123 labeled diagnostic imaging agents targeting amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Formation and accumulation of aggregates of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides in the brain are critical factors in the development and progression of AD. Small molecule-based benzofuran derivatives were designed and synthesized. Both 5- and 6-iodobenzofuran derivatives displayed excellent competition for I-125 TZDM binding to Abeta40 aggregates with K(i) values in the subnanomolar range. The radioiodinated ligands, with a high specific activity, were successfully prepared through an iododestannylation reaction from the corresponding tributyltin derivatives using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant in high yields (60-80%) and with high radiochemical purities (greater than 95%). After an iv injection, all four radioiodinated ligands displayed high brain uptakes ranging from 0.5 to 1.5% initial dose/organ in normal mice. The radioactivity washed out from the mouse brain slowly (less than 50% at 2 h post injection), suggesting high in vivo non-specific binding. In conclusion, the benzofuran ligands displayed excellent binding affinity for Abeta aggregates. The long retention of these ligands in the normal mouse brain suggests that there may be high binding for these probes in the brain not associated with Abeta plaques. Additional modifications are necessary to improve the in vivo imaging properties for plaque detection.
"Nonhedonic" food motivation in humans involves dopamine in the dorsal striatum and methylphenidate amplifies this effect.

The drive for food is one of the most powerful of human and animal behaviors. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved with motivation and reward, its believed to regulate food intake in laboratory animals by modulating its rewarding effects through the nucleus accumbens (NA). Here we assess the involvement of dopamine in "nonhedonic" food motivation in humans. Changes in extracellular dopamine in striatum in response to nonhedonic food stimulation (display of food without consumption) were evaluated in 10 food-deprived subjects (16-20 h) using positron emission tomography (PET) and [11C]raclopride (a D2 receptor radioligand that competes with endogenous dopamine for binding to the receptor). To amplify the dopamine changes we pretreated subjects with methylphenidate (20 mg p.o.), a drug that blocks dopamine transporters (mechanism for removal of extracellular dopamine). Although the food stimulation when preceded by placebo did not increase dopamine or the desire for food, the food stimulation when preceded by methylphenidate (20 mg p.o.) did. The increases in extracellular dopamine were significant in dorsal (P < 0.005) but not in ventral striatum (area that included NA) and were significantly correlated with the increases in self-reports of hunger and desire for food (P < 0.01). These results provide the first evidence that dopamine in the dorsal striatum is involved in food motivation in humans that is distinct from its role in regulating reward through the NA. In addition it demonstrates the ability of methylphenidate to amplify weak dopamine signals.
Mutation of EpCAM leads to intestinal barrier and ion transport dysfunction

Congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE) is a devastating diarrheal disease seen in infancy that is typically associated with villous changes and the appearance of epithelial tufts. We previously found mutations in epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) to be causative in CTE. We developed a knock-down cell model of CTE through transfection of an EpCAM shRNA construct into T84 colonic epithelial cells to elucidate the in vitro role of EpCAM in barrier function and ion transport. Cells with EpCAM deficiency exhibited decreased electrical resistance, increased permeability, and decreased ion transport. Based on mutations in CTE patients, an in vivo mouse model was developed, with tamoxifen-inducible deletion of exon 4 in Epcam resulting in mutant protein with decreased expression. Tamoxifen treatment of Epcam Δ4/Δ4 mice resulted in pathological features of villous atrophy and epithelial tufts, similar to those in human CTE patients, within 4 days post induction. Epcam Δ4/Δ4 mice also showed decreased expression of tight junctional proteins, increased permeability, and decreased ion transport in the intestines. Taken together, these findings reveal mechanisms that may underlie disease in CTE.
Infrared Astronomy After IRAS

The development of infrared astronomy in the wake of IRAS is discussed. Attention is given to an overview of next generation infrared telescope technology, with emphasis on the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) which has been built to replace IRAS in the 1990s. Among the instruments to be included on SIRTF are: a wide-field high-resolution camera covering the infrared range 3-30 microns with large arrays of detectors; an imaging photometer operating in the range 3-700 microns; and a spectrograph covering the range 2.5-200 microns with resolutions of 2 and 0.1 percent. Observational missions for the SIRTF are proposed in connection with: planetary formation; star formation; cosmic energy sources; active galactic nuclei; and quasars.
Ocular Surface Effects of Thyroid Disease

Abstract The orbital manifestations of ophthalmic Graves' disease have been appreciated since the first description of the disease many years ago. The effects of ophthalmic Graves' disease on the ocular surface, although some of the most bothersome and potentially damaging features of the disease, are often not as well appreciated. This review identifies and summarizes the manifestations of ocular surface disease attendant to ophthalmic Graves' disease and provides recommendations for clinical evaluation and management options to control the ocular surface problems.
Laminarescent, relaminarizing and retransitional flows

This report examines in detail all accelerated turbulent boundary layers and subcritical pipe or channel flows undergoing relaminarization and possible retransition, with a view to evolving a broad picture in regard to the status of experiments in these flows, the trustworthiness or shortcomings of the data, the sources of difficulties peculiar to these flows, etc. With the hindsight so acquired, a discussion is provided of the directions in which future work would most usefully supplement the existing data.
Failure of hyperthermia to activate experimental epileptogenic foci in monkey

S OME measure of the magnitude of the problem of infantile convulsions is given by the simple statement that they occur in 5 to 7 per cent of all childrenY "* The usual precipitating circumstance is a febrile illness, m o s t frequently respiratory. The highest incidence occurs between the ages of 6 months and 3 years, and a rapidly rising body temperature appears to be most effective in precipitating the convulsion. The seizure is usually abrupt and nonfocal in onset and consists of a generalized tonicclonic convulsion of relatively short duration. The diagnostic and prognostic significance o f these "febrile convulsions" has been the subject of considerable dispute. Pediatricians are likely to equate their occurrence with a chill in the adult and thus apply the term "ben ign" febrile convulsions. Others feel that the probability of subsequent habitual seizures is greatly increased and point out that serious cerebral damage may result from the mechanisms involved in the convulsion itself? -7 Roseman s has found that as high as 40 per cent of such cases have
Suppression of Water Formation over Stepped Pt(335) by Au

A partial monolayer of Au strongly modifies the kinetics of water adsorption and formation on the stepped Pt(335) surface. The effects are more than passivation. With a Au coverage of 0.7 ML as measured by Auger spectroscopy, saturation H and O adsorption are only 15% and 8.5%, respectively, of their values on bare Pt. Adsorption at step sites is nearly eliminated. Water formation is reduced to 5% of its bare Pt value: one-sixth of what would be expected if each Au atom blocked one site. Water formation on Pt has multiple reaction pathways. The partial Au layer eliminates only the low-temperature pathway. The H recombination temperature is reduced relative to bare Pt, so H recombination competes with water formation and reduces its efficiency. The partial Au layer also changes the desorption spectrum of water. At low water coverage, there is a single desorption peak, intermediate in temperature between those seen on Pt and Au.
Stained-glass politics and descriptive representation: does associational leadership by women engender political engagement among women?

The vast literature on the political effects of descriptive representation focuses solely on representatives in government. However, since non-governmental associations are essential to citizens' political engagement, we extend the reach of the descriptive representation literature to include associational leadership. We offer an initial glimpse at what this form of investigation may entail, asking what effect descriptive representation of women within religious associations (i.e. in the pulpit) might have on the political engagement of members of their congregations. Using a set of matched data gathered from clergy and members of their congregations, our findings suggest that women's associational leadership could be an important force boosting women's political engagement, although this is conditional on the content of elite political communication and, at times, comes at the expense of men's involvement in politics.