cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of Five Putative Yeast RNA Helicase Genes

The RNA helicase gene family encodes a group of eight homologous proteins that share regions of sequence similarity. This group of evolutionarily conserved proteins presumably all utilize ATP (or some other nucleoside triphosphate) as an energy source for unwinding double-stranded RNA. Members of this family have been implicated in a variety of physiological functions in organisms ranging from Escherichia coli to human, such as translation initiation, mitochondrial mRNA splicing, ribosomal assembly, and germinal line cell differentiation. We have applied polymerase chain reaction technology to search for additional members of the RNA helicase family in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using degenerate oligonucleotide primers designed to amplify DNA fragments flanked by the highly conserved motifs V L D E A D and Y I H R I G, we have detected five putative RNA helicase genes. Northern and Southern blot analyses demonstrated that these genes are single copy and expressed in yeast. Several members of the RNA helicase family share sequence identity ranging from 49.2% to 67.2%, suggesting that they are functionally related. The discovery of such a multitude of putative RNA helicase genes in yeast suggests that RNA helicase activities are involved in a variety of fundamentally important biological processes.
The Dependability of NSSE Scalelets for College- and Department-Level Assessment.

College and university administrators, as well as faculty members, are more likely to take responsibility for student learning if they believe that the assessment data represent their students and suggest specific actions for improvement. This study examined whether it is feasible to develop scalelets (i.e., focused measures, usually consisting of four or five items) that provide dependable metrics for assessing student learning at the college or department level. A generalizability analysis of 12 scalelets from the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) indicated that the scalelets provided dependable measures of educational effectiveness with 25–50 respondents.
Cultivating cacao Implications of sun-grown cacao on local food security and environmental sustainability

The reasons why upland farmers on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi are engaged in a cacao boom and its long term implications are addressed in the context of protected area management regulations, and political and economic conditions in Post-Suharto, Indonesia. In the remote case study village of Moa in Central Sulawesi, we found that while few households cultivated cacao in the early 1990s, all had planted cacao by 2000. Furthermore, the vast majority cultivate cacao in former food-crop focused swidden fields under full-sun conditions. Farmers cultivate cacao to establish property rights in light of a land shortage driven in part by the prohibition of farming and forest product collecting in a nearby national park, and to secure a future source of income, a concern that has been exacerbated by Indonesia's economic crisis. However, conversion of swidden fields to sun-grown cacao constrains future food production opportunities, increases susceptibility to drought stress and potential soil nutrient and organic matter losses, and increases household dependence on a commodity that is subject to extreme price volatility. These factors raise significant concerns for local food security and agricultural sustainability.
How much influence does landscape-scale physiography have on air temperature in a mountain environment

Spatio-temporal patterns of temperature in mountain environments are complex due to both regional synoptic-scale and landscape-scale physiographic controls in these systems. Understanding the nature and magnitude of these physiographic effects has practical and theoretical implications for the development of temperature datasets used in ecosystem assessment and climate change impact studies in regions of complex terrain. This study attempts to quantify the absolute and relative influence of landscape-scale physiographic factors in mediating regional temperatures and assess how these influences vary in time. Our approach was to decompose the variance in in situ temperature measurements into components associated with regional free-air temperature estimates and local physiographic effects. Near-surface air temperature data, collected between 1995 and 2006 from 16 meteorological stations in the Lake Tahoe region of California, USA were regressed against free-air temperature (North American Regional Reanalysis dataset) for the same period. Residuals from this fit represent spatial deviations from the regional mean and were modeled as a function of physiographic position on the landscape using variables derived from terrain analysis techniques. Linear models relating temperature residuals to physiographic variables explained roughly 10–90% of the variance in temperature residuals and had root mean squared error of 1.2–2.0 8C, depending upon the type of measurement and time of year. Results demonstrate that: (1) regional temperature patterns were the principle driver of surface temperatures explaining roughly 70–80% of the variance in in situ measurements; (2) the remaining variance was largely explained by spatial variability in landscapescale physiographic variables; (3) the influence of physiographic drivers varied seasonally and was influenced by regional conditions. Periods of well-mixed atmospheric conditions lend themselves to the use of simple elevation-based lapse rate models for temperature estimation whereas other physiographic effects become more prominent during periods of enhanced atmospheric stability; and lastly (4) small differences in temperature due to landscape position, when integrated over time, can have a prominent effect on water balance and thus hydrologic and ecologic processes.
Lack of Correlation of Central Nervous System Inflammation and Neuropathology with the Development of Seizures following Acute Virus Infection

Infection of C57BL/6 mice by the intracerebral route with the Daniels (DA) strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) resulted in acute behavioral seizures in approximately 50% of the mice. By titration, the viral dose correlated with the percentage of mice developing seizures; however, neuropathological changes were similar over the dose range, and viral clearance from the brains occurred uniformly by day 14 postinfection (p.i.). Other TMEV strains and mutants (GDVII, WW, BeAn 8386 [BeAn], DApBL2M, H101) induced seizures in C57BL/6 mice to various degrees. The BeAn strain and DApBL2M mutant were similar to the DA strain in the percentages of mice developing seizures and neuropathological changes and in the extent of infected cells. The GDVII and WW strains caused 100% mortality by days 5 and 6 p.i., respectively, at which time neuropathological changes and neuronal infection were extensive. The H101 mutant induced seizures and caused 100% mortality by day 7 p.i.; however, only minor neuropathological changes and few infected cells were observed. Thus, in H101 mutant infections, it appears that elevated levels of cytokines, rather than neuronal cell death, play the dominant role in seizure induction.
Cesium incorporation and diffusion in cancrinite, sodalite, zeolite, and allophane

Abstract At the US Department of Energy’s Hanford site, high level nuclear waste has leaked from underground storage tanks. The waste consists of hyperalkaline solutions, which upon contact with the sediments, caused dissolution of silicate minerals and precipitation of new aluminosilicate minerals. Cancrinite, sodalite, LTA zeolite, and allophane have been identified as the new mineral phases in laboratory simulations. Cesium, the major radionuclide in the waste solutions, may be incorporated into the structural framework of the precipitates. The objectives of this study were to determine the resistance of incorporated Cs + to ion exchange and the mobility and diffusion coefficient of Cs in the minerals. The minerals were synthesized in solutions mimicking the tank waste and were washed with deionized water. Two sets of experiments were conducted to test the resistance of Cs + to ion exchange. In the first set, Cs + was exchanged three times at 80 °C by 0.5 N Na + , K + , or Ca 2+ . The Cs remaining in minerals was quantified after acid digestion. In the second set, we studied the Cs + desorption kinetics using 0.1 M Na + as the ion exchanger. Cesium concentration in the solution phase was measured as a function of time for 23 days. Cesium incorporated in sodalite and cancrinite was far more difficult to replace than that in LTA zeolite or allophane. Most of the incorporated Cs + (94–99%) in LTA zeolite and allophane was readily exchangeable with Na + or K + ; less than 20% of Cs + in sodalite and + in cancrinite could be exchanged. The fraction of desorbed Cs + was also affected by the exchanging ions; the ion with lowest dehydration energy (K + ) was the most effective in replacing Cs + . The ions had to partially dehydrate to access the cages of the minerals. The results of the desorption kinetics experiments showed that Cs + desorbed quickly from LTA zeolite and the Cs + diffusion coefficient was close to that in solution; i.e., about 10 −9 m 2 /s. Solid-state NMR analysis also provided evidence for the high mobility of Cs + in LTA zeolite. Cesium desorption from cancrinite, sodalite, and allophane, however, was slow, suggesting that Cs + was trapped in cages and channels of these minerals. Effective diffusion coefficients for Cs + in cancrinite and sodalite were near 10 −14 m 2 /s.
Discovery of a widely distributed toxin biosynthetic gene cluster

Bacteriocins represent a large family of ribosomally produced peptide antibiotics. Here we describe the discovery of a widely conserved biosynthetic gene cluster for the synthesis of thiazole and oxazole heterocycles on ribosomally produced peptides. These clusters encode a toxin precursor and all necessary proteins for toxin maturation and export. Using the toxin precursor peptide and heterocycle-forming synthetase proteins from the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, we demonstrate the in vitro reconstitution of streptolysin S activity. We provide evidence that the synthetase enzymes, as predicted from our bioinformatics analysis, introduce heterocycles onto precursor peptides, thereby providing molecular insight into the chemical structure of streptolysin S. Furthermore, our studies reveal that the synthetase exhibits relaxed substrate specificity and modifies toxin precursors from both related and distant species. Given our findings, it is likely that the discovery of similar peptidic toxins will rapidly expand to existing and emerging genomes.
Why we need more breast cancer screening trials

Despite a high false-positive rate, screening mammography fails to detect one in five breast cancers and even fewer in women with dense breasts. New technologies have been developed to address these limitations, including digital mammography, breast tomosynthesis, MRI and computer-aided detection (CAD). Conceivably, a new technology—either alone or alongside mammography—could yield net benefits to women, ushering in a new era of breast cancer screening. But what sort of data will be needed to infer that a new screening method is better than mammography alone? New breast cancer screening modalities would ideally be evaluated in head-to-head randomised trials comparing breast cancer mortality in patients screened with the new modality versus patients screened with conventional mammography. In light of variable interpretation across radiologists and the relatively small incremental benefits of new screening modalities, head-to-head trials would likely require huge sample sizes of patients and radiologists to achieve sufficient statistical power.1 In addition, for mortality outcomes, many years of follow-up are …
Associations Between QSOs and Groups of Galaxies

Evidence that most presently known low-redshift QSOs are associated with groups of galaxies has led to a program aimed at determining the typical properties of these groups. For the 3C273 field, observations of essentially all galaxies with mB ≤ 21.5 over a region 10.1′ (∼1.5 Mpc) in diameter yield four galaxies having redshifts close to that of the QSO. Consideration of the present evidence concerning the richness of groups associated with QSOs leads to the conclusion that, for at least those QSOs that are radio sources, their galactic environment is similar to that of radio galaxies, except that they seldom, if ever, occur in the centers of rich clusters of galaxies.
Di­bromo­bis­(methyl­di­phenyl­phosphine)­nickel(II)

The single-crystal structure of the title compound, [NiBr2(C13H13P)2], was determined by X-ray diffraction at 100 K. The mol­ecule has approximately tetrahedral geometry and exhibits twofold symmetry in the solid state.
Changes in Milk Fat Phospholipids During Lactation

Changes in lipid composition were studied in milk obtained on postpartum d 3 (colostrum), 7, 42, and 180 from 12 Holstein cows. Triglycerides, 96 to 97% of total lipids, were relatively constant during lactation. Phospholipids and cholesterol declined with advancing lactation. Concentrations of the fatty acids synthesized within the mammary gland, C10:0 to C16:0, increased about 50% from 7 to 42 d of lactation. During this period, compensatory decreases were observed in C18:1. The phospholipids were separated into five major classes: sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl choline, serine, inositol, and ethanolamine for fatty acid analysis. The changes that occurred in milk total fatty acids were reflected in phosphatidyl phospholipid fatty acid composition: an increase in medium-chain fatty acids and a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids of 18, 20, and 22 carbon atom chain length as lactation progressed. These changes are consistent with the theory that milk phospholipids are synthesized de novo entirely in the mammary gland.
Atomic and molecular beam scattering and diffraction from solid surfaces

Abstract Thermal molecular beam scattering experiments are reported from well-characterized metal single crystal surfaces in an ultrahigh vacuum environment. The results of scattering all the rare gases from the W(110) surface as well as the (111) surfaces of Au, Ag, Ni and Pt allow three phenomenological scattering regimes to be identified: the quasielastic, the inelastic, and the trapping-dominated regimes. In addition, atomic and molecular diffraction of He and D2 from a carbided W(110) surface was observed. The utility of atomic beam scattering as a probe of the surface structure as well as the nature of the gas-surface potential function is emphasized.
Conditioned-safe ceremonies and a user study of an application to web authentication

We introduce the notion of a conditioned-safe ceremony. A “ceremony” is similar to the conventional notion of a protocol, except that a ceremony explicitly includes human participants. Our formulation of a conditioned-safe ceremony draws on several ideas and lessons learned from the human factors and human reliability community: forcing functions, defense in depth, and the use of human tendencies, such as rule-based decision making. We propose design principles for building conditioned-safe ceremonies and apply these principles to develop a registration ceremony for machine authentication based on email. We evaluated our email registrationceremony with auser studyof 200participants. We designed our study to be as ecologically valid as possible: we employed deception, did not use a laboratory environment, and attempted to create an experience of risk. We simulated attacks against the users and found that email registration was significantly more secure than challenge question based registration. We also found evidence that conditioning helped email registration users resist attacks, but contributed towards making challenge question users more vulnerable.
The role of past experience in apparent movement: a revaluation.

An attempt is made to provide a theoretical framework within which data concerning effect of stimulus connotations on perceived movement might be evaluated. Jones's & Bruner's (1954) results, and those of our own study, have been examined in this context. In both cases, it was possible to demonstrate that loading through meaning, to be effective, had to be compatible with generalized past experiences with movement, or (from a structuralist viewpoint) with physiological mechanisms underlying movement perception. Jones's & Bruner's failure to obtain satisfactory positive results could thus be regarded as due to their underestimation of determinants underlying stroboscopie movement as such. Similarly, successful loading with an adaptation of von Schiller's paradigm could be anticipated, given fact that equipotential movement alternatives were provided. extent of phenomenal results of loading through connotation was assumed to provide a measure of influence of relevant past experiences.
A Case Study in Instructional Design FOR WEB-BASED COURSES

Abstract When offering a Web-based course, the challenge is to deliver content in a format that enables the student to learn, think critically about the content, and grow as a result of the learning. This article presents a framework for designing an online course that achieves these goals. The framework is based on Knowles' (1) principles for adult learning. The process of course design begins with a review of the existing syllabus and organization of the course content into logical modules. A course in the RN to BSN program is used as an illustration. Lessons learned pertaining to the changing role of the faculty, the development of a community online, and the need to keep technology simple conclude the article.
Porphyrinogens and Porphodimethenes, Intermediates in the Synthesis of meso-Tetraphenylporphins from Pyrroles and Benzaldehyde.

The reaction between pyrroles and benzaldehyde in refluxing acetic acid gives meso-tetraphenylporphins and chlorins. The initial condensations give a porphyrinogen which undergoes an acid catalyzed autoxidation to porphyrin via a porphodimethen e. The chlorin is shown to be derived from the reduction of porphyrin.
Nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems: current theory, remaining questions and recent advances

Nitrogen saturation is a continuum, not a state or threshold. The trajectories of change for several different processes along this continuum from N-limited to non-N-limited have been well-defined and can be summarized in a coherent theory. Forests in many parts of the world and under different climatic regimes follow much the same pathway. Key changes along this continuum include the inducement of nitrification and nitrate leaching and the initiation of declines in forests growth. Previous land use history appears to be an important factor determining the initial degree of N limitation in forests, while vegetation type (evergreen versus deciduous) determines the rate at which N saturation proceeds. Because of the predictable nature of the syndrome of N saturation, either single stand characteristics (e.g. foliar N concentration) or indices which integrate several characteristics appear to be useful in mapping current conditions. Detection of temporal trends in N saturation through these indicators can be made difficult by the effects of interannual variability in climate or pulse disturbance events. Remaining mysteries associated with N saturation focus on the mechanisms by which very large amounts of nitrogen continue to be immobilized into soils even after large cumulative doses have been received. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that chemical or abiotic incorporation of mineral N into dissolved organic carbon or solid phase soil organic matter is an important and very poorly understood pathway in the N cycle of forests. The possible role of mycorrhizae in the assimilation and stabilization of large amounts of added N remains unclear.
Variations in Medicare Reimbursement in Radiation Oncology: An Analysis of the Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data Set.

Purpose The purposes of this study were to summarize recently published data on Medicare reimbursement to individual radiation oncologists and to identify the causes of variation in Medicare reimbursement in radiation oncology. Methods and Materials The Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data: Physician and Other Supplier Public Use File (POSPUF), which details nearly all services provided by radiation oncologists in 2012, was used for this study. The data were filtered and analyzed by physician and by billing code. Statistical analysis was performed to identify differences in reimbursements based on sex, rurality, billing of technical services, or location in a certificate of need (CON) state. Results There were 4135 radiation oncologists who received a total of $1,499,625,803 in payments from Medicare in 2012. Seventy-five percent of radiation oncologists were male. The median reimbursement was $146,453. The code with the highest total reimbursement was 77418 (radiation treatment delivery intensity modulated radiation therapy [IMRT]). The most commonly billed evaluation and management (E/M) code for new visits was 99205 (49%). The most commonly billed E/M code for established visits was 99213 (54%). Forty percent of providers billed none of their new office visits using 99205 (the highest E/M billing code), whereas 34% of providers billed all of their new office visits using 99205. For the 1510 radiation oncologists (37%) who billed technical services, median Medicare reimbursement was $606,008, compared with $93,921 for all other radiation oncologists ( P P P P =.007) were predictive of higher Medicare reimbursement. Conclusions The billing of technical services, with their high capital and labor overhead requirements, limits any comparison in reimbursement between individual radiation oncologists or between radiation oncologists and other specialists. Male sex and rural practice location are independent predictors of higher total Medicare reimbursements.
Words: Evaluative, Emotional, Colourful, Musical!

of the talk Beyond literal meaning, words have associations with sentiment, emotion, colour, and even music. Identifying such associations is of substantial benefit for information visualization, data sonification, and sentiment analysis, which in turn have applications in commerce, education, art, and health. I will present methods to generate highcoverage resources that capture such associations. I will show how these resources can be used for analyzing emotions in text, detecting personality from essays, and generating music from novels. Finally, I will show how word-sentiment association lexicons have helped create the top-ranking systems in recent SemEval competitions on the sentiment analysis of social media posts.
Turbulent Flows: An introduction to modelling and simulation

The challenge In the study of turbulent flows – as in other fields of scientific inquiry – the ultimate objective is to obtain a tractable quantitative theory or model that can be used to calculate quantities of interest and practical relevance. A century of experience has shown the ‘turbulence problem’ to be notoriously difficult, and there are no prospects of a simple analytic theory. Instead, the hope is to use the ever-increasing power of digital computers to achieve the objective of calculating the relevant properties of turbulent flows. In the subsequent chapters, five of the leading computational approaches to turbulent flows are described and examined. It is worthwhile at the outset to reflect on the particular properties of turbulent flows that make it difficult to develop an accurate tractable theory or model. The velocity field U ( x , t ) is three-dimensional, time-dependent, and random. The largest turbulent motions are almost as large as the characteristic width of the flow, and consequently are directly affected by the boundary geometry (and hence are not universal). There is a large range of timescales and lengthscales. Relative to the largest scales, the Kolmogorov timescale decreases as Re −1/2 , and the Kolmogorov lengthscale as Re −3/4 . In wall-bounded flows, the most e nergetic motions (that are responsible for the peak turbulence production) scale with the viscous lengthscale δ v which is small compared with the outer scale δ, and which decreases (relative to δ) approximately as Re −0.8 .
Ethics and Transgender Service Members, Dependents, and Retirees.

INTRODUCTION It is estimated that the military currently has approximately 15,500 transgender service members. It has indicated it will soon be accepting openly transgendered members, as it accepted homosexual members a few years ago. This policy change will pose new ethical challenges for service members, military families, clinicians, and policy makers. This column will discuss several of these ethical challenges. Throughout this discussion, I shall refer to those who want to change their gender or have changed it as service members or persons, not patients, to avoid incorrectly implying that these persons have a disorder rather than a gender identity.
Secondary Infestations of Cigarette Beetle in Soybean Seed Damaged by Southern Green Stink Bug

The cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.), is a cosmopolitan species which infests a wide variety of host materials. Strong and Okumura (1958) reported it from 24 different hosts in California including stored seed of many cereals, small grains, vegetables, and in processed products of many of these, including soybean meal. However, they did not report this insect from stored soybean seed. As far as we can determine, L. serricorne has not been reported as infesting stored soybean seed.
Chinese Soft Power and Green Energy Investment in the Greater Middle East

Green energy investment is one avenue through with the Chinese government is beginning to create a new relationship with the Middle East. Chinese solar panel firms have research and production advantages in the world market, but face rising labor costs at home. The Communist Party under Xi Jinping has pursued two major policies, “Go out!” and “One Road, One Belt.” The first refers to Chinese firms creating factories abroad to benefit from cheap labor and from local low-tariff trade blocs. China will therefore set up solar panel factories in the United Arab Emirates and in Morocco. Both countries have strong national commitments to renewable energy, but also have access to a wide range of export markets. This sort of investment changes China’s relationship to the region from being one of buying hydrocarbons to a much more intensive set of interactions, including acting as employer for local labor.
Dual-Element Effects in Pigeons’ Matching-to-Sample with Temporal and Visual Stimuli

The present study examined whether the dual-element effect occurs when temporal and visual stimuli appear simultaneously in a zero-delayed, symbolic matching-to-sample task. Two groups of pigeons were first exposed to either a red or green sample stimulus, for either 30 s or 5 s. The sample was followed by the presentation of yellow and blue comparisons. For pigeons in one group, the duration of the sample was the relevant cue. Responses to the yellow comparison were reinforced if the sample was 30 s, and responses to the blue comparison were reinforced if the sample was 5 s. For the other group, sample duration was irrelevant. Responses to the yellow comparison were reinforced if the sample had been green and responses to the blue comparison were reinforced if the sample had been red. Both groups then learned a second matching task in which the sample and comparison stimuli were vertical and horizontal lines. Finally, matching performance was examined when the lines appeared together with the temporal or color elements. The results showed that the line matching task was acquired more slowly for pigeons that were first trained to attend to duration. More importantly, matching was reduced when the temporal and line elements appeared simultaneously, and the effects were similar to those obtained when visual elements are combined.
Islamic Reformism as Networks of Meaning

This study focuses on the issue of Islamic reformism and provides insights to a highly diverse and ambiguous phenomenon. Located in contemporary Ethiopia, the case in point for the study is what I have labeled the Intellectualist movement. De-institutionalized and decentered in character, the movement was a major player on the Ethiopian religious and political scene, and contributed significantly to the shaping of generations of young Muslims from the early 1990s to up until today. The Intellectualist movement is a good example of a kind of reformism that often escapes analysts’ attention, and the argument is that movement’s informal character points to an important trend among many contemporary religious reformism: their appearance as social networks and the processural character of reform itself. Applying the concept of network of meaning, which points to how movements are loosely structured and constituted around personal and face-to-face interactions, the study emphasizes reform movements as venues for learning, for ideological production, and for the creation of new subjects. This means that they are more than instruments for direct action, but that they are fields for symbolic exchange and self-reflexive relationships engagement, which in turn constitute processes for the realization of alternative behavior and for the mobilization of action.
An Introduction to Systems Thinking Using Plastic Dinosaurs

All the manufactured objects that surround us are the products of a complex set of interacting systems. These diverse, interconnected systems need to be examined if we are to redesign them to maximize the triple bottom line of environment, equity, and economics. The activity in this chapter engages students in collaboratively constructing a concept map depicting the connections among many of the natural and human systems involved and resources used in the production of a common toy, a plastic dinosaur. After completing the activity, students should be able to (1) describe the interacting and overlapping systems involved in our manufacturing systems; (2) trace the paths of materials, energy, and people in those systems; and (3) approach new problems using critical systems thinking.
P2PTunes: A Peer-to-Peer Digital Rights Management System

Digital Rights Management (DRM) technology is used to control access to copyrighted digital content. Apple employs a DRM system known as Fairplay in its iTunes online music store. Users communicate with the centralized iTunes server to download, purchase, play, and preview digital content. The iTunes music store has the potential disadvantage of a bandwidth bottleneck at the centralized server. Furthermore, this bandwidth bottleneck problem will escalate with increasing popularity of online music and other digital media, such as video. In this paper we analyze the Fairplay DRM system. Then we consider a modified architecture that can be employed over existing peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. Our new system, P2PTunes, is designed to provide the benefits of a decentralized P2P network while providing DRM content protection that is at least as strong as that found in Fairplay.
Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast: report of 2 cases and literature review

Neuroendocrine tumors of the breast are very rare accounting for less than 0.1% of all breast cancers and less than 1% of all neuroendocrine tumors. Focal neuroendocrine differentiation can be found in different histologic types of breast carcinoma including in situ and invasive ductal or invasive lobular. However, primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast requires the expression of neuroendocrine markers in more than 50% of the cell population, the presence of ductal carcinoma in situ, and the absence of clinical evidence of concurrent primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of any other organ. Reports discussing the imaging characteristics of this rare carcinoma in different breast imaging modalities are scarce. We present 2 cases of primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast for which mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging findings and pathology findings are described. A review of the medical literature on this particular topic was performed, and the results are presented.
Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase activity helps support glycolysis in actively proliferating cells and cancer

Increased glucose consumption is a hallmark of cancer cells. The increased consumption and subsequent metabolism of glucose during proliferation creates the need for a constant supply of NAD, a co-factor in glycolysis. Regeneration of the NAD required to support enhanced glycolysis has been attributed to the terminal glycolytic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). However, loss of glucose carbons to biosynthetic pathways early in glycolysis reduces the carbon supply to LDH. Thus, alternative routes for NAD regeneration must exist to support the increased glycolytic rate while allowing for the diversion of glucose to generate biomass and support proliferation. Here we demonstrate, using a variety of cancer cell lines as well as activated primary T cells, that cytosolic malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1) is an alternative to LDH as a supplier of NAD. Moreover, our results indicate that MDH1 generates malate with carbons derived from glutamine, thus enabling utilization of glucose carbons for glycolysis and for biomass. Amplification of MDH1 occurs at an impressive frequency in human tumors and correlates with poor prognosis. Together, our findings suggest that proliferating cells rely on both MDH1 and LDH to replenish cytosolic NAD, and that therapies designed at targeting glycolysis must consider both dehydrogenases.
Regulation of Platelet Adhesion Receptors

Platelet adhesion to subendothelial matrices and cohesion to other platelets is essential for hemostasis, but recent studies have revealed that platelet adhesive interactions may also generate cross-talk with other cell types, including leukocytes, tumor cells, and microbial pathogens. In so doing, these adhesive interactions may impact a variety of protective or disease-promoting processes, and they are mediated by platelet adhesion receptors from several gene families, most notably integrins, as exemplified by the platelet-restricted integrin, αIIbβ3. During hemostasis, multiple brakes and controls on platelet adhesion receptors prevent pathological thrombosis. Thus, threshold levels of excitatory stimuli must be surpassed and sufficient to drive intracellular signaling for full activation of integrin receptors. Stimuli for primary hemostasis derive from released or generated soluble agonists, vascular matrices exposed by vessel injury, or by hydrodynamic shear stress. While the non-integrin adhesion receptor, GPIb-V-IX, is critical for platelet adhesion to matrix von Willebrand factor (VWF) during hemostasis and is a mediator of platelet aggregation through interactions with VWF at pathologically high shear stresses in atherosclerotic arteries, finely regulated interactions of αIIbβ3 with fibrinogen and other Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing ligands are required for platelet aggregation in hemostatic thrombi. In this chapter we present an overview of classical and nonclassical regulation of platelet adhesion receptors and associated signaling pathways, with a principle focus on platelet signaling pathways that converge on and regulate αIIbβ3.
Quantum interferometry with photon-subtracted twin beams

I propose a new type of Heisenberg-limited quantum interferometer: a Mach-Zehnder interferometer whose two-mode input is frequency-degenerate twin beams, emitted by a type-II optical parametric oscillator above threshold, and from which a photon was subtracted.
A Nonlinear Computational Model for Floating Wind Turbines

The dynamic motion of floating wind turbines is studied using computational simulations. The full three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are solved on a regular structured grid, using a level set method for the free surface and modified immersed boundary method to model the turbine platform. The tethers, the tower, the nacelle and the rotor weight are include using reduced order dynamic models, resulting in an efficient numerical approach. Wind is modeled as a constant thrust force. Other aerodynamic loading, rotor gyroscopic effects, and aeroelastic effects are not considered in the current study. The response of a tension leg platform to moderate amplitude waves is examined. By using the current approach, nearly all the nonlinear and viscose effects can be considered while keeping the computational cost reasonable. The model is applied to a Tension Leg Platform (TLP) consisting of a ballasted cylindrical tank.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
On the Need to Move Toward an Evidence-Based Athletic Training (EBAT)

Evidence-based practice (EBP) is now a well-known paradigm for the athletic training (AT) profession. The Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education accredited programs have require...
Nitrogen and oxygen isotope measurements of nitrate along the US GEOTRACES Eastern Pacific Zonal Transect (GP16) yield insights into nitrate supply, remineralization, and water mass transport

Abstract In this study, stable isotope measurements of nitrate (δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3) and suspended particulate nitrogen (δ15NSPN, > 51 μm) were made on the 2013 US GEOTRACES Eastern Pacific Zonal Transect (GP16). This cruise extended from the nutrient-rich coastal waters of the Peru upwelling system to the oligotrophic waters of the south Pacific subtropical gyre, where low surface nitrate (NO3−) concentrations (
Fractional converter for high efficiency high power battery energy storage system

A family of bidirectional fractional DC-DC converter for high voltage, high power battery energy storage system is proposed in this paper. The proposed converter has the benefits of low cost, high efficiency since it only processes part of the total converted power. One extra low voltage battery pack is needed; however, it can be from a different voltage rail or seamlessly integrated with the high voltage battery pack. System efficiency and battery capacity calculation methodologies are given in details. A proof-of-concept fractional converter based on GaN transistor was fabricated. Experimental results of a 1.2kW prototype are presented to validate the analysis. With the proposed converter, a peak equivalent efficiency of 99.63% in a wide input/output voltage range are achieved. It is shown that the fractional converter can greatly reduce the cost of energy storage system while achieve high efficiency and high power-density in potential applications.
Teacher Research Methods in Language and Education

In a poem entitled ‘Inquiry,’ Mary Harbage captures the substance and spirit of teacher research: ‘To ease her disquietude,’ Harbage writes, ‘the teacher reached into the clutter of new ideas and untried ways... asked a question,... and said,... “I will test and try, adjust and watch, and make of this something good and new” ’ (1962, p. 391). The poem’s publication date also suggests the enduring nature of concerns with teacher research. An offshoot of post-World War II action research, teacher research is ‘systematic, intentional inquiry by teachers about their own school and classroom work’ (Cochran-Smith & Lytle, 1993, p. 5). The primary participants in teacher research are K-12 teachers, working individually or collaboratively with other teachers and university-based researchers. Motivated by questions arising out of teachers’ own practice — a ‘disquietude’ with the status quo, a dissatisfaction with existing theory — teacher researchers address questions of deep personal significance with an eye toward systemic change. Language and literacy have been of particular interest to teacher researchers and indeed, much of the current knowledge base in this area stems from teachers’ classroom inquiries and their wider examinations of the sociocultural contexts of language learning. All recent teacher research utilizes a qualitative, case study or ethnographic approach; the aim, Nixon (1987, p. 24) insists, is not generalize but to cultivate ‘wisdom which will inform our strategic action.’
Effects of chamber conditions on EUV source efficiency and optical system performance during high-frequency operation

Buffer gases, used for protection and cleaning of the optical system in the EUV source chamber, as well as the amount of residual vapor and fine mist due to the required high frequency operation for the high-volume manufacture (HVM) may affect the source performance and mitigating system efficiency. Interplay of injected gas flow and evolving Sn plasma/vapor should be studied in conditions closely related to laser produced plasma (LPP) chamber environment. We expanded and enhanced our models implemented in the HEIGHTS package to simulate LPPs in mixture environment of vapor/plasma created from Sn droplet and the background buffer gas (e.g., Ar) at various pressures. Our integrated models allowed self-consistent simulation of EUV produced and EUV induced plasma evolution in the entire chamber. We studied tin plasma evolution in single and dual pulse systems in conditions of Ar residual background gas at 3 and 30 Pa pressure. Details of Ar plasma induced by EUV photons were analyzed to predict conditions near mirror surfaces that could change performance of the surface layers and reflectivity of the collecting optical system. Processes of mixture and two plasmas expansion and cooling from both the pre- and the main pulse were simulated for the first time to predict chamber conditions at the next iteration of target/lasers coupling and interaction.
Are Phosphines Viable Ligands for Pd-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation Reactions? Contrasting Insights from a Survey of Six Reactions

Phosphines are the broadest and most important class of ligands in homogeneous catalysis, but they are typically avoided in Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidation reactions because of their susceptibility to oxidative degradation. Recent empirical reaction-development efforts have led to a growing number of Pd/phosphine catalyst systems for aerobic oxidative coupling reactions, but few of these studies have assessed the fate of the phosphine ligand. Here, we assess six different oxidative coupling reactions, including the homocoupling of boronic acids, amino- and alkoxycarbonylation reactions, intramolecular C–H annulation, and enantioselective Fujiwara–Moritani C–C coupling. The fate and role of the phosphine, analyzed by 31P NMR spectroscopy throughout the reaction time course in each case, varies in different reactions. In one case, the phosphine has an inhibitory effect and leads to lower selectivity relative to ligand-free conditions. In other cases, the phosphine ligands have a beneficial effect on the reac...
Effects of iodine and iodine-containing compounds on thyroid function

This article deals with iodine metabolism and the consequences of iodine deficiency and iodine excess. The mechanisms underlying the clinical presentation of these two conditions as well as the clinical implications, both diagnostic and therapeutic, are discussed. Special attention is paid to the influence of underlying thyroid disorders on the frequency and characteristics of clinical problems related to the excess of iodine. Finally, a section is devoted to iodinated organic molecules that affect thyroid function on the basis of their structure in addition to their high content of iodine.
Die oxidative Phosphorylierung

Die Menge an ATP, die Menschen fur ihr Leben benotigen, ist erstaunlich. Ein sitzender Mann mit einem Korpergewicht von 70 kg braucht etwa 8400 kJ fur die tagliche Aktivitat. Um diese Energie zur Verfugung zu stellen, sind 83 kg ATP erforderlich, doch der menschliche Korper besitzt nur 250 g. Dem Missverhaltnis zwischen der Menge an ATP, die wir enthalten, und der Menge, die wir benotigen, begegnet der Korper mit einer Regeneration des ATP aus ADP, wobei jedes ATP-Molekul pro Tag ungefahr 300-mal wieder aufbereitet wird. Diese Wiederverwertung erfolgt hauptsachlich durch die oxidative Phosphorylierung.
Classification and Typology (Archaeological Systematics)

Classification is probably the single most basic analytical procedure employed in archaeology. Excavation yields a very wide variety of material objects, and before they can be studied in any systematic way they must be sorted into recurring types on the basis of shared characteristics (attributes). They may be sorted and classified in a variety of ways which yield different classifications, according to the purposes of the archaeologist. This article discusses the different ways in which archaeological finds are classified, the purposes for which they are classified, and some of the problems involved in archaeological classification.
Liquid Crystalline Polymers: Phenomenological and Synthetic Aspects

Since the discovery of liquid crystallinity by Reinitzer3 in 1888 as he studied the melting behavior of cholesteryl benzoate, anisotropic structural ordering in fluid phases has been of considerable interest to chemists, physicists and other scientists. Polymers which exhibit liquid crystallinity either in solution (lyotropic) or in the neat state upon heating (thermotropic) have both theoretical and practical importance. Du Pont’s Kevlar®, a high modulus polyamide fiber spun from a lyotropic solution, is a prime example of such an application. In order to profitably discuss the structure and properties of polymeric liquid crystals it is necessary to briefly describe and define several aspects of liquid crystallinity in small molecule (low molar mass) compounds.
Academic Librarians, Information Overload, and the Tao of Discovery

Abstract This article explores the meaning of web-scale discovery and argues for the need to formulate a philosophy of discovery (consistent with library values) before using and deploying a discovery tool to make it easier to achieve goals and objectives. It also focuses on how user behavior and the success of Google Scholar can help guide us in improving these tools. At the same time, the essay describes the limitations of discovery tools and their perceived role in contributing to information overload.
Self-Awareness of Political Knowledge

Despite widespread concern over false beliefs about politically-relevant facts, little is known about how strongly Americans believe their answers to poll questions. I propose a conceptual framework for characterizing survey responses about facts: self-awareness, or how well people can assess their own knowledge. I measure self-awareness of political knowledge by eliciting respondent certainty about answers to 24 factual questions about politics. Even on “unfavorable” facts that are inconvenient to the respondent’s political party, more-certain respondents are more likely to answer correctly. Because people are somewhat aware of their ignorance, respondents usually describe their incorrect responses as low-certainty guesses, not high-certainty beliefs. Where misperceptions exist, they tend to be bipartisan: Democrats and Republicans perform poorly on the same questions and explain their answers using similar points of reference.
Wired at Birth: Childhood, Technology Engagement, and Travel Behavior:

The ongoing demographic transition from baby boomers to millennials and technology-fueled evolution of transportation bring to the fore key trends that will determine how the future of transportati...
Who Aspires to be a Partner in a Public Accounting firm? A Study of Individual Characteristics and Gender Differences

This research identifies characteristics influencing partner aspirations in public accounting firms with special emphasis on gender differences. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountan...