cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Update on pulmonary and pleural lymphoproliferative disorders

Abstract Pulmonary lymphoproliferative disorders consist of a spectrum of malignant and benign proliferations of lymphoid cells which primarily affect the lung. In recent years, the development of new molecular and immunohistochemical techniques has greatly enhanced our understanding of the classification and pathogenesis of these disorders. This review will highlight the pathological features of these entities and discuss the implications of recent discoveries regarding their pathogenesis.
“I Just Want to Be Myself”: Adolescents With Disabilities Who Identify as a Sexual or Gender Minority

Adolescents with disabilities who identify as a sexual or gender minority are at high risk for negative school experiences and poor outcomes, including peer rejection, bullying, and dropping out. U...
Tensile Strength Characteristics of Unsaturated Sands

Tensile strength characteristics of unsaturated sands are examined through a combined theoretical and experimental study. The characteristics of tensile strength in all three water retention regimes of pendular, funicular, and capillary are examined. A simple direct tensile strength apparatus is employed to determine tensile strength for sands with a broad range of particle sizes from silty sand to fine sand and medium sand over a full range of degree of saturation. Tensile strength characteristic curves TSCC are established experi- mentally for these sands and are used to validate the existing theories for tensile strength in the pendular regime. The TSCC for sand characteristically exhibits two zeros at 0 and near 100% saturation, and two peak values occurring in the pendular and capillary regimes, respectively. A minimum tensile strength is observed in the dense fine sand, indicating that either water bridges or pore pressure contributes exclusively to the tensile strength in the funicular regime of this sand. The maximum tensile strength for the silty sand is 1,448 Pa, the fine sand is 1,416 Pa, and the medium sand is 890 Pa. Comparison between the soil-water characteristic curves obtained for these sands indicates that the peak tensile strength in the capillary regime is highly correlated to the air-entry pressure. Photographs of the failure surfaces clearly delineate distinct geometric characteristics for different water retention regimes. Analysis of the patterns of failure surfaces in different water retention regimes indicates that the effective stress principle is valid for tensile stress failure in unsaturated sands.
ACTIVITY IN SINGLE CUTANEOUS AFFERENTS: SPINAL PATHWAYS AND CORTICAL EVOKED POTENTIALS

Abstract Averaged cortical evoked potentials were obtained from the postcruciate cortex of anesthetized cats in response to single action potentials over various cutaneous afferent channels. Type I afferents were particularly emphasized because of their well-defined receptive field and stimulus-response characteristics. Cortical potentials were evoked by one or two action potentials in single type I afferents or in other afferents which are associated with receptor structures near tactile pads. Such potentials occurred after a latency of 12–20 msec, had a duration of 25–40 msec, had a maximum positivity of 5–40 μV, and engaged less than 13 sq. mm of cortex. In addition the second of two impulses found the cortical mechanisms depressed for up to 1 sec. These effects re-emphasize the security of somatic pathways to the cortex and provide evidence of fairly restricted projections for some afferent systems. Possible spinal pathways to the cortex are discussed.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF STREPTOCOCCUS VIRIDANS AND CERTAIN OF ITS CHEMICAL FRACTIONS : I. SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS OBTAINED WITH ANTIBACTERIAL SERA.

1. Agglutination and precipitation by the specific substance of Streptococcus viridans are parallel phenomena. Separate specific substances have been extracted from strains which are distinct by ordinary serological tests. Preliminary chemical examination indicates that the specific substances may be complex carbohydrates. 2. A close relationship between nucleoproteins from different strains of Streptococcus viridans is suggested by the existence of a certain amount of cross-precipitation and a larger degree of cross-complement fixation. But the occurrence of stronger reactions with homologous nucleoproteins than with heterologous indicates that there is some degree of individual difference in proteins from separate strains. 3. Two distinct antibodies are present in the sera antibacterial for Streptococcus viridans: one of high titer implicated in the parallel phenomena of agglutination and precipitation by the soluble specific substance, the other usually of low titer and involved in precipitation by nucleoproteins but probably little, if at all, in agglutination. The significance of these results obtained from the study of antibacterial sera will be considered in the general discussion of the antigenic components of Streptococcus viridans after the results from the study of antinucleoprotein sera have been presented in the succeeding paper.
The peripheral xylem of grapevine (Vitis vinifera). 1. Structural integrity in post-veraison berries

During the development of many fleshy fruits, water flow becomes progressively more phloemic and less xylemic. In grape (Vitis vinifera L.), the current hypothesis to explain this change is that the tracheary elements of the peripheral xylem break as a result of berry growth, rendering the xylem structurally discontinuous and hence non-functional. Recent work, however, has shown via apoplastic dye movement through the xylem of post-veraison berries that the xylem should remain structurally intact throughout berry development. To corroborate this, peripheral xylem structure in developing Chardonnay berries was investigated via maceration and plastic sectioning. Macerations revealed that, contrary to current belief, the xylem was comprised mostly of vessels with few tracheids. In cross-section, the tracheary elements of the vascular bundles formed almost parallel radial files, with later formed elements toward the epidermis and earlier formed elements toward the centre of the berry. Most tracheary elements remained intact throughout berry maturation, consistent with recent reports of vascular dye movement in post-veraison berries.
A Binary Tree for Probability Learning in Eye Detection

In this paper we proposed to solve the eye detection and localization problem under a general statistical model based object detection framework. A binary tree representation is used to discover the objects underlying statistical structure. Tree structures enable us to describe the object local statistical structure in a coarse-to-fine fashion. Each subtree explains the statistics for certain local substructure. The tree is built in a top-down fashion. Subsets with negligible conditional independency are found by k-means clustering using mutual information. The conditionally independent features are separated into different subtrees, while more dependent features are tended to appear close in the tree. The distribution of the object can be learned accordingly. Gaussian mixture in the independent component analysis (ICA) subspace is used to model the distribution of each high dependent feature subset, where each independent component explains the local substructure. The use of tree structure enables us to learn the distribution recursively by applying Bayesian criterion. Substantial experiments were done to evaluate the performance over the eyes detection accuracy as well as the localization ability. Experimental results show a better detection accuracy than the Viisage system with a reasonable localization ability, which validate the algorithm.
Taboo words: The effect of emotion on memory for peripheral information

In three experiments, we examined memory for peripheral information that occurred in the same context as emotion-inducing information. In the first two experiments, participants studied either a sentence (Experiment 1) or a pair of words (Experiments 2A-2C) containing a neutral peripheral word, as well as a neutral, negative-valence, or taboo word, to induce an emotional response. At retrieval, the participants were asked to recall the neutral peripheral word from a sentence fragment or emotion-inducing word cue. In Experiment 3, we presented word pairs at encoding and tested memory with associative recognition. In all three experiments, memory for peripheral words was enhanced when it was encoded in the presence of emotionally arousing taboo words but not when it was encoded in the presence of words that were only negative in valence. These data are consistent with priority-binding theory (MacKay et al., 2004) and inconsistent with the attention-narrowing hypothesis (Easterbrook, 1959), as well as with object-based binding theory (Mather, 2007).
Static-Electric-Field-Induced, High-Energy Plateau for Scattered X-Ray Photons in Laser-Assisted, X-Ray–Atom Scattering

We consider scattering of x rays by H atoms in the presence of both a linearly polarized laser field and a static electric field. Results for the differential cross section as a function of the number of photons $n$ exchanged with the laser field are presented. For x-ray--atom scattering in the presence of a ${10}^{14}\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ laser field the differential cross section has a plateau only for emitted photons ( $nl0$). Adding a static electric field gives rise to an extended plateau for absorbed photons ( $ng0$), indicating a substantial increase of the scattered x-ray energies. We present a quasiclassical explanation of these results.
Reaganomics and Its Implications for African-American Family Life:

Since President Reagan was elected for the first time in 1980, some have argued that his policies were disadvantageous to the dispossessed, in general, and to Black Americans, in particular (see Joint Center for Political Studies, 1983). While many of these arguments which were written by Black scholars, are understandably concerned with actions of the Reagan administration insofar as they impacted on Black Americans, they tend not to look at the government's policies in terms of its underlying thrust-supply-side economics. This article, therefore, approaches the task of assessing the economic policies of the Reagan administration, or Reaganomics as it is sometimes called, and their impact on the BlackAmerican family in terms of the premises and substance of supply-side economics. It begins by looking at the theoretical aspects of Reaganomics, after which practical manifestations are examined in terms of their implications for the family life of American Blacks. The article concludes that although Reaganomics stressed such well-known American values as hard work, thrift, independence, and freedom of choice, its major thrust affected the poor, among whom Blacks are disproportionately represented, more negatively than the rich.
Feature preserving manifold mesh from an octree

We describe an algorithm to generate a manifold mesh from an octree while preserving surface features. The algorithm requires samples of a surface (coordinates) on the octree edges, along with the surface normals at those coordinates.The distinct features of the algorithm are:the output mesh is manifold,the resolution of the output mesh can be adjusted over the space with octree subdivision, andsurface features are generally preserved.A mesh generation algorithm with this combination of advantages has not been presented before.
A Web Services Application for the Data Quality Management in the B2B Networked Environment

Characteristics of Web services such as interoperability and platform independence make Web service a promising technique to manage data quality effectively in inter-organizational information exchanges. In this paper, we describe an application of Web services for managing data quality in the B2B information exchange that is typically characterized by large volumes of information, widely distributed data sources, and frequent information interchanges. In such environments, it is important that organizations are able to evaluate the quality of information they get from other organizations. We propose a framework for managing data quality in inter-organizational settings using the information product approach. We highlight the requirements for data quality management and the developing Web service standards to show why Web services offer a unique, yet simple platform for managing data quality in inter-organizational settings.
A 2-year-old presents following methanol ingestion with serum creatinine of 8.6 mg/dl: Questions

A 2-year-old was transferred to our hospital for further evaluation of a serum creatinine of 8.6 g/dl following presentation to an outside hospital for methanol ingestion. The father stated that he found the patient holding a bottle of model racing fuel that contains 20 % methanol. The patient’s father estimated that 30–40 ml of racing fuel was missing from the bottle. The child was immediately brought to the local emergency room. His past medical history was unremarkable except for a previous hospital admission for opioid ingestion at 18 months of age. Physical examination revealed a weight of 13.7 kg (50– 75th percentile), a height of 86.5 cm (10–25th percentile), a pulse of 118 beats/min, and a blood pressure of 106/64mmHg. Physical examination including mental status was otherwise unremarkable. Laboratory tests at the outside emergency room ∼ 60 min after ingestion revealed a normal complete blood count. Other laboratory findings included a serum sodium of 137 mg/dl, a serum potassium of 4.2 mg/dl, a serum chloride of 105 mg/dl, a serum bicarbonate of 24 mg/dl, a blood urea nitrogen of 10 mg/dl, a serum creatinine of 8.6 mg/dl, and a serum osmolality of 290 mOsm/L. Because of the serum creatinine, poison control recommended transfer to our facility for further management of methanol toxicity. Following transfer, laboratory studies were repeated immediately upon the patient’s arrival, which was approximately 4 h after the ingestion, revealing a serum sodium of 139mg/dl, serum potassium of 4.4 mg/dl, a serum chloride of 108 mg/dl, a serum bicarbonate of 20 mg/dl, a blood urea nitrogen of 8 mg/dl, and a serum creatinine of 5.8 mg/dl. Venous blood gas revealed pH 7.33, pCO2 50, pO2<30, HCO3 20. Toxicology results from the transferring facility were available 9 h after his initial presentation and revealed a methanol level of 17mg/dl. Serum acetone, ethanol, and isopropanol levels were undetectable.
Extreme Estimation Uncertainty and Audit Assurance

SUMMARY: The overall uncertainty inherent in financial statements has increased in recent decades, but the related reports and required level of audit assurance have changed very little. In our study, “Extreme Estimation Uncertainty in Fair Value Estimates: Implications for Audit Assurance” (Christensen et al. 2012a), we examine estimates reported by public companies and find that estimates based on management's subjective models and inputs contain estimation uncertainty that is many times greater than typical audit materiality. We do not question the value that audits provide to the marketplace or the ability of auditors to deploy up-to-date auditing techniques. Rather, we suggest that the convergence of relatively recent events is placing an increasingly difficult and perhaps, in some cases, unrealistic burden on auditors. We discuss potential changes to financial reporting and auditing standards that may improve the information provided to users, and also address the concerns raised in our study.
State-Selection in a Space-Time-State Block Coded MIMO Communication System Using Reconfigurable PIXEL Antennas

In this paper, we propose a novel Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) wireless communication system employing reconfigurable PIXEL antennas at the receiver. We design a Space-Time-State Block Coding scheme for the PIXEL-based reconfigurable MIMO system and propose optimal and ad hoc state-selection algorithms that achieve maximum diversity gains. Moreover, we prove that in state-selection schemes, contrary to antenna selection, there is no benefit in selecting more than one state. Furthermore, we discuss the gains of state-selection over the state-switching scheme proposed in [1]. Finally, we evaluate the theoretical findings through simulations. These simulations are conducted using a realistic channel model, that takes into account the radio-electric characteristics (radiation pattern, gain, efficiency, etc.) of the PIXEL antennas.
Analysis of hybrid concurrency control schemes for a high data contention environment

Analytical models are developed to study hybrid CC (concurrency control) schemes which employ a different CC scheme to handle rerun transactions, since their characteristics are different from the first run of transactions. These include switching to static or dynamic locking during rerun (referred to as static and dynamic hybrid OCC (optimistic concurrency control) schemes, respectively), and switching to broadcast OCC during rerun, while doing pure OCC for the first run. In a high data contention environment where locking is inferior to OCC, analysis shows that the performance can be substantially improved by using this hybrid approach and the authors study the tradeoff of the different hybrid CC schemes. The analytic models are based on a decomposition approach and use a mean-value-type analysis. The accuracy of the analysis is validated through simulations. >
Rheumatic Fever—A Half-Century Perspective

There have been striking changes in the incidence of rheumatic fever in the United States over the past 50 years. Rheumatic fever was a serious health problem for young people during the 1930s and 1940s. This may be appreciated best by briefly sharing with you my own experience in 1946 when I worked for a year in a rheumatic fever convalescent hospital on the outskirts of New York City. The hospital was filled with 90 children and adolescents, and there was even a waiting list. Almost all of the patients had heart disease and were convalescing from 6 months to 1 year after one or more attacks of acute rheumatic fever. This experience had a deep and lasting impression on me, and nurtured my interest in this disease over the last half century. There were a number of such convalescent hospitals near cities with large urban populations. For example, the House of Good Samaritan here in Boston cared for >2000 rheumatic fever patients between 1921 and 1970. My associate, Dr Leon Gordis, conducted a study on the incidence of rheumatic fever in Baltimore City between 1960 and 1964. He found an incidence of 24 per 100 000—only a modest decline from earlier figures. He identified 261 patients with an attack of rheumatic fever during a 5-year period in the early 1960s. The majority of these patients lived in inner-city Baltimore. At that time, and for decades before that, rheumatic fever had almost always been concentrated in urban populations living in poor, crowded neighborhoods. Dr Gordis repeated the rheumatic fever incidence survey in Baltimore for the years 1977 to 1981 and found a striking decline to 0.5 per 100 000 population, a remarkable 50-fold drop.1Incidence figures reported from other parts of the country were almost equally as low. The virtual disappearance …
Vascular Permeability Factor/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Induces Lymphangiogenesis as well as Angiogenesis

Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF, VEGF-A) is a multifunctional cytokine with important roles in pathological angiogenesis. Using an adenoviral vector engineered to express murine VEGF-A164, we previously investigated the steps and mechanisms by which this cytokine induced the formation of new blood vessels in adult immunodeficient mice and demonstrated that the newly formed blood vessels closely resembled those found in VEGF-A–expressing tumors. We now report that, in addition to inducing angiogenesis, VEGF-A164 also induces a strong lymphangiogenic response. This finding was unanticipated because lymphangiogenesis has been thought to be mediated by other members of the VPF/VEGF family, namely, VEGF-C and VEGF-D. The new “giant” lymphatics generated by VEGF-A164 were structurally and functionally abnormal: greatly enlarged with incompetent valves, sluggish flow, and delayed lymph clearance. They closely resembled the large lymphatics found in lymphangiomas/lymphatic malformations, perhaps implicating VEGF-A in the pathogenesis of these lesions. Whereas the angiogenic response was maintained only as long as VEGF-A was expressed, giant lymphatics, once formed, became VEGF-A independent and persisted indefinitely, long after VEGF-A expression ceased. These findings raise the possibility that similar, abnormal lymphatics develop in other pathologies in which VEGF-A is overexpressed, e.g., malignant tumors and chronic inflammation.
Autism and vitamin D.

Summary Any theory of autism's etiology must take into account its strong genetic basis while explaining its striking epidemiology. The apparent increase in the prevalence of autism over the last 20 years corresponds with increasing medical advice to avoid the sun, advice that has probably lowered vitamin D levels and would theoretically greatly lower activated vitamin D (calcitriol) levels in developing brains. Animal data has repeatedly shown that severe vitamin D deficiency during gestation dysregulates dozens of proteins involved in brain development and leads to rat pups with increased brain size and enlarged ventricles, abnormalities similar to those found in autistic children. Children with the Williams Syndrome, who can have greatly elevated calcitriol levels in early infancy, usually have phenotypes that are the opposite of autism. Children with vitamin D deficient rickets have several autistic markers that apparently disappear with high-dose vitamin D treatment. Estrogen and testosterone have very different effects on calcitriol's metabolism, differences that may explain the striking male/female sex ratios in autism. Calcitriol down-regulates production of inflammatory cytokines in the brain, cytokines that have been associated with autism. Consumption of vitamin D containing fish during pregnancy reduces autistic symptoms in offspring. Autism is more common in areas of impaired UVB penetration such as poleward latitudes, urban areas, areas with high air pollution, and areas of high precipitation. Autism is more common in dark-skinned persons and severe maternal vitamin D deficiency is exceptionally common the dark-skinned. Conclusion : simple Gaussian distributions of the enzyme that activates neural calcitriol combined with widespread gestational and/or early childhood vitamin D deficiency may explain both the genetics and epidemiology of autism. If so, much of the disease is iatrogenic, brought on by medical advice to avoid the sun. Several types of studies could easily test the theory.
Discussion: Electrochemical Techniques for Studying Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel: Limitations and Advantages

Abstract F. Mansfeld discusses “Electrochemical Techniques for Studying Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel: Limitations and Advantages,” by J.A. Gonzalez, J.M. Miranda, N. Birbilis, and S. Feliu, which was published in= Corrosion =61, 1 (2005), p. 37–50. A reply from J.A. Gonzalez, J.M. Miranda, N. Birbilis, and S. Feliu follows=.
Critical Appraisals of the Proposed DSM-5 Paraphilia Diagnoses

The following four contributions grew out of two presentations at the annual meetings of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, in 2009 in Baltimore, MD, and in 2010 in Tucson, AZ. The first involved an appraisal by each of the four authors offering their criticisms of the Diagnostic and
'WTO-Plus' Obligations and Their Implications for the World Trade Organization Legal System - An Appraisal of the China Accession Protocol

This article examines a set of special rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that prescribe "WTO-plus" obligations for China at the time of its accession to the WTO in 2001. These obligations, most of them permanent, impose more stringent disciplines on China with respect to its economic system, rule of law, and foreign investment regulation than those required by the generally applicable WTO provisions. Prior to China's accession, very few member-specific WTO-plus obligations existed. The article analyzes the positive and negative implications of WTO-plus obligations for the WTO legal system. While recognizing the benefits such obligations may bring, the article contends that imposing WTO-plus obligations on a member-specific basis is inherently incompatible with, and may seriously undermine, a rule-based WTO system. Given that member-specific rulemaking is permitted only in the case of accession, the article makes specific recommendations concerning reform of the WTO accession process.
Combating Corruption in Campaign Finance in the United States: Why a Grass Roots Approach Is the Only Solution

This paper suggests a viable solution about how to curb the influence that wealthy individuals and corporations have in federal elections because this influence not only perpetuates a system of corruption, but also creates problems for voters. When corporations and wealthy individuals can use money to influence elections, congressional and presidential representatives that received monetary support are beholden to their donors, not their constituencies. Part two will discuss recent Supreme Court precedent that has changed campaign finance laws and the effect that these changes had on the deregulation of campaign finance that allowed super PACs to flourish. Part three will examine international principles and comparison of trends in the regulation of campaign finance in the United States. Part four will explain that the only means of combatting deregulation that allows corruption to take place in federal campaign finance, is to empower the citizens of the United States with knowledge about which corporations and wealthy individuals are promoting or calling for defeat of specific candidates.
Actuator Fault Diagnosis Using Two-Stage Extended Kalman Filters

This paper discusses modeling of actuator faults and design of actuator fault estimators for nonlinear systems. An actuator fault is modeled by a pair of parameters that quantify the amount of loss of control e ectiveness and the position at which the actuator is locked. Fault parameter estimators are implemented as two-stage extended Kalman lters, and are tested on the NASA generic transport aircraft model (GTM). The paper also discusses the need for persistent excitation as a condition for convergence of loss of e ectiveness and locked position parameter estimates. Lack of excitations in estimating separate locked position parameters in split surfaces is dealt with by a two-step identi cation procedure. The application of the algorithm to GTM is aimed at real-time identi cation of fault conditions parameterized for its actuators to support the e ort of real-time reliable ight envelope assessment.
The Structure of Cyclized Polybutadiene

Abstract Polybutadiene was cyclized with sulfuric acid under rather drastic conditions. The cyclization was confirmed by the decrease of unsaturation and the change of physical properties. The low degree of unsaturation of cyclized polybutadiene, as determined by the iodine-bromide method, suggested the formation of polycyclic structures. Oxidation of cyclized polybutadiene with acidic permanganate gave a dibasic acid, C16H22O4, which corresponds to a tricyclic ring system. Consequently, the structure of cyclized polybutadiene may be considered to include polycyclic structures joined by uncyclized segments of the molecular chain together with isolated six-membered rings. Further study will be necessary to fully establish the structure of cyclized polybutadiene.
Nonsurgical Management of Hearing Loss

This article presents the salient points involved in age-induced hearing loss (i.e., presbycusis). The general evaluation, screening, diagnosis, and treatment modalities are discussed. Also, advances in hearing aid technology are described.
Living-related pediatric liver transplantation

Living-related liver transplantation (LRLT) was developed to reduce preoperative mortality in the small pediatric patient. It has now been successfully used for recipients ranging in size from 0.3 to 50 kg. Besides reducing preoperative mortality, LRLT offers the ability to electively schedule transplantation at the optimal time for the child's survival, evidenced by recent series with greater than 90% recipient survival coupled with 0% donor mortality or long-term complications. Living-related transplantation (LRT) should be made available at centers with experience to all children with end-stage liver disease.
Linear partitioning in binary solutions: A review with a novel partitioning array

Linear partitioning refers to a graphical plot of a partition ratio D ≤1.0 against a composition ratio X 2 given as the mole fraction of a refractory component 2. When this plot is linear from D = 1.0, X 2 = 0.0, its intercept at X 2 = 1.0 is a value on the D scale here identified as the value of the exchange coefficient K D . The plot is generated from phase compositions 1 and 2 in states L V or L S or S S depending on whether the system is a boiling mixture, a melting equilibrium, or a solid-solid equilibrium. The linear partitioning equation so generated is a mathematical description of a binary solution loop, and it has the form y = ax + b where y ≡ D , a ≡ K D , x ≡ X 2 , and b = 1 − x ≡ 1 − X 2 . In practice, the linearity is tested by regressing values of D against X 2 to find the intercept K D . If linearity occurs, the system is a binary solution loop; if it does not occur, the system is not a binary loop. Strict linearity is not always observed even in true binary solutions; in such cases the path to K D may be either segmented or moderately curved. Such is the case with the melting equilibria of both plagioclase and olivine, possibly a clue to the non-ideality of solution. Loop width is an inverse function of K D , and can vary with pressure as in the case of plagioclase in troctolites and gabbros. Systems with two loops joined at a common minimum or maximum are called azeotropes and all of them show linear partitioning. Sanidine crystalline solutions form a classic example of such behavior. When the system An-Ab is revisited to repeat the Bowen thermodynamic calculation from the latent heats of fusion with modern data, the array shows a single modest curvature. The monoclinic pyroxene pairs augite and pigeonite form a binary loop; augite-orthopyroxene does not. The olivine compositions of rocks in the Kiglapait intrusion follow a linear partitioning line with K D = 0.26 for data above 50% crystallized (50 PCS). All the rocks below 50 PCS occupy a new trend in the linear partitioning diagram. This trend is anchored at D = 0.0, X 2 S = 1.0 and runs to the calculated liquid composition at its intercept with the D = 1.0 upper bound. The new trend is an artifact of a nearly constant liquid composition and serves only to show low Fo contents in the range 0–50 PCS.
Phosphorylation in erythrocyte membranes from abnormally shaped cells

Erythrocyte protein phosphorylation was examined in membrane preparations of 25 patients with hereditary spherocytosis (HS). Reduced phosphorylation in substrate polypeptides was observed in 22 HS erythrocyte membranes for both splenectomized and nonsplenectomized patients. A reduction in labeling was also observed in a polypeptide which was labeled only in the presence of cAMP. No reduction was observed in membranes from immunologically acquired spherocytosis cells or from cells from patients with hereditary elliptocytosis. Heating membranes to 45 degrees C caused negligible inhibition of membrane protein phosphorylation, while heating to 50 degrees C extensively inhibited phosphorylation. Dephosphorylation of membrane protein that occurred in isolated membranes was not dependent upon cAMP.
Corrosion behavior of low alloy pipeline steel in saline solution saturated with supercritical carbon dioxide

The carbon dioxide corrosion behavior of low alloy pipeline steel was investigated by immersion experiment. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to reflect the microstructure of the tested material and the corrosion morphology characterization. Results show that precipitate particles may accelerate the iron cabonate crystal formation process of the nucleation growth and promote the formation of compact layer. The major corrosion phases are FeCO3 and complexity compound containing Fe and Cr. The corrosion behavior consists of three stages. At the first stage, a thin inner layer and an inhomogeneous outer layer have appeared. At the second stage, the outer layer becomes homogeneous and compact, which prevents corroding the steel substrate further. At the third stage, iron carbonate crystal tends to nucleate and grow locally. The corrosion rate obtained by weight loss method increases abruptly first and then decreases quickly with increasing corrosion time. The mutual relation among microstructure, corrosion surface morphology, corrosion phases and corrosion kinetics is discussed.
The cross-publics of ethnography: The case of “the Muslimwoman”

Engaged anthropology, public anthropology, and public ethnography are names for a long tradition of trying to make a difference beyond the academy. The passionate and polarized responses of both nonacademic publics and engaged scholars in adjacent fields to my attempt to intervene in public debates about Muslim women's rights raise questions about the ethics, politics, and potentials of ethnography's travels across fractured global publics. They illuminate the geopolitical terrain of current debates about feminism and Islamophobia and reveal that ethnography may be most effective in interrupting or unsettling hegemonic representations and political formations when it makes available alternative accounts of lives and communities that can then authorize and give substance to critics’ arguments. Does this instrumentalization of ethnography benefit those whose lives anthropologists share through fieldwork? [engaged anthropology, public ethnography, rights, ethics, feminism, Islamophobia, Muslim women]
Feasibility and acceptability of post-hospitalization ecological momentary assessment in patients with psychotic-spectrum disorders.

Abstract Background Up to 50% of patients with psychotic-spectrum disorders are medication nonadherent. The use of real-time assessment via ecological momentary assessment (EMA) on mobile devices might offer important insights into adherence behaviors that cannot be measured in the clinic. However, existing EMA studies have only studied acutely ill patients during hospitalization or more stable patients in the community. Methods Feasibility and acceptability of EMA in 65 patients with psychotic-spectrum disorders who were recently discharged from the hospital were assessed. EMA was administered for four weeks via study-provided mobile devices. Feasibility was measured by study recruitment/retention rates, patients' connectivity, and completion rates. Quantitative and qualitative acceptability data were collected. Results Participants completed 28–31% of offered EMA assessments. The only significant predictor of reduced EMA completion was recent cannabis use. EMA completion was maintained from weeks 1 to 3 but significantly dropped at the fourth week. Patient acceptability feedback was generally positive; negative comments related primarily to technological problems. Conclusions This was the first study to use EMA in recently discharged patients with psychotic-spectrum disorders. EMA is feasible and acceptable in this population, but completion rates were lower than in more stable samples. Future research should consider limiting the assessment period, screening for substance use, and integrating assessment with intervention elements to increase EMA engagement.
Judicial accountability and court performance standards: managing court delay

Independence of the judiciary is a central principle under separation of powers and a vital bulwark in the achievement of constitutionalism. However, independence of the judiciary does not mean that the judiciary is only accountable to itself. The judiciary should take it upon itself to account for its performance. The introduction of performance standards is an attempt to provide guiding principles to assess and improve the performance of courts, particularly trial courts, so that they are responsive, effective and accountable for their performance. An important aspect of accountability is management of the pace of litigation to prevent undue delay. The judiciary has the power to create and implement time standards, and monitor its performance against these standards, thus providing better access to justice.
Applying mixed methods in community-based participatory action research: a framework for engaging stakeholders with research as a means for promoting patient-centredness:

An increased focus on patient-centred care in response to national efforts of improving the quality of health care calls for effective approaches to engaging patients and other stakeholders with research and its outcomes. Mixed methods research can provide a rigorous methodological foundation for community-based participatory action research (CBPAR) by synergistically combining qualitative stakeholder engagement methods with quantitative outcome-based oriented approaches for developing evidence-based, scientifically sound and patient-centred plans for improvement. CBPAR has long been applied in nursing research as a tool to engage patients and other stakeholders as co-researchers. When combined with mixed methods, CBPAR can assist stakeholders in developing better appreciation for a data-driven decision-making process by capitalising on the advantages of integrating quantitative and qualitative methods. This paper describes a mixed methods methodological framework for CBPAR as a means for promoting patien...
Over-the-counter medications containing diphenhydramine and doxylamine used by older adults to improve sleep

Background The unintentional misuse of over-the-counter sleep aids among older adults is an important public health problem and a focus of Healthy People 2020. Accordingly, the 2015 Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults recommends that individuals 65 years or older avoid use of diphenhydramine and doxylamine; however, many over-the-counter sleep products contain these active ingredients. Objective To identify the proportion of older adults using an over-the-counter medication containing diphenhydramine or doxylamine, and compare their characteristics with older adults using an over-the-counter medication that does not contain these ingredients. Setting Study participants were recruited from the Community Registry of the Pittsburgh Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center. Method The study sample was taken from a larger survey of 1025 participants on sleep health and over-the-counter sleep medication use conducted from February to April 2015. A subset of 169 participants aged 65 and older reporting taking at least one over-the-counter product to improve sleep within the past 30 days (16.5%) were selected for our analysis on associations between participant characteristics and potentially inappropriate use of over-the-counter sleep medications. Main outcome measure The proportion and characteristics of older adults taking at least one over-the-counter medication containing diphenhydramine or doxylamine. Results Of the 223 over-the-counter sleep medications listed by participants, 115 (52%) contained diphenhydramine or doxylamine. Using the Beers Criteria, we found that more than half of participants (59%) had used a potentially inappropriate over-the-counter medication containing diphenhydramine or doxylamine to improve sleep within the past 30 days. Participants taking at least one diphenhydramine or doxylamine containing medication were less likely to be aware of any safety risks in taking over-the-counter sleep medications than participants not taking these products (38 vs 49%, p = 0.016). Conclusion A majority of older adults in a limited sample from the United States taking an over-the-counter medication to improve sleep are taking a product containing diphenhydramine or doxylamine, both of which are classified as potentially inappropriate for older adults. Awareness of the safety risks of over-the-counter medications and addressing conditions that impact sleep quality could be facilitated through consultation with pharmacists and other healthcare providers.
Towards Distributed Software-Defined Environments

Service-based access models coupled with recent advances in application deployment technologies can support emerging dynamic and data-driven applications. However, due to evolving application requirements and the dynamicity of the underlying resources, it is necessary to support flexible and opportunistic composition of services in order to satisfy application needs. The goal of this work is to provide a programmable and dynamic framework that can support these applications. The framework uses software-defined environment concepts to drive the process of dynamically composing infrastructure services from multiple providers. The resulting distributed software-defined environment autonomously evolves over the application life cycle while meeting objectives and constraints set by the users, applications, and/or resource providers. We present two different approaches for programming resources and controlling the composition process, one that is based on a rule engine and another that leverages constraint programming. Preliminary results demonstrate the framework operation and performance using simulations and real experiments running Docker containers across multiple clouds.
How Accurate Is Your Activity Tracker? A Comparative Study of Step Counts in Low-Intensity Physical Activities.

Background: As commercially available activity trackers are being utilized in clinical trials, the research community remains uncertain about reliability of the trackers, particularly in studies that involve walking aids and low-intensity activities. While these trackers have been tested for reliability during walking and running activities, there has been limited research on validating them during low-intensity activities and walking with assistive tools. Objective: The aim of this study was to (1) determine the accuracy of 3 Fitbit devices (ie, Zip, One, and Flex) at different wearing positions (ie, pants pocket, chest, and wrist) during walking at 3 different speeds, 2.5, 5, and 8 km/h, performed by healthy adults on a treadmill; (2) determine the accuracy of the mentioned trackers worn at different sites during activities of daily living; and (3) examine whether intensity of physical activity (PA) impacts the choice of optimal wearing site of the tracker. Methods: We recruited 15 healthy young adults to perform 6 PAs while wearing 3 Fitbit devices (ie, Zip, One, and Flex) on their chest, pants pocket, and wrist. The activities include walking at 2.5, 5, and 8 km/h, pushing a shopping cart, walking with aid of a walker, and eating while sitting. We compared the number of steps counted by each tracker with gold standard numbers. We performed multiple statistical analyses to compute descriptive statistics (ie, ANOVA test), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), mean absolute error rate, and correlation by comparing the tracker-recorded data with that of the gold standard. Results: All the 3 trackers demonstrated good-to-excellent (ICC>0.75) correlation with the gold standard step counts during treadmill experiments. The correlation was poor (ICC<0.60), and the error rate was significantly higher in walker experiment compared to other activities. There was no significant difference between the trackers and the gold standard in the shopping cart experiment. The wrist worn tracker, Flex, counted several steps when eating (P<.01). The chest tracker was identified as the most promising site to capture steps in more intense activities, while the wrist was the optimal wearing site in less intense activities. Conclusions: This feasibility study focused on 6 PAs and demonstrated that Fitbit trackers were most accurate when walking on a treadmill and least accurate during walking with a walking aid and for low-intensity activities. This may suggest excluding participants with assistive devices from studies that focus on PA interventions using commercially available trackers. This study also indicates that the wearing site of the tracker is an important factor impacting the accuracy performance. A larger scale study with a more diverse population, various activity tracker vendors, and a larger activity set are warranted to generalize our results. [JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2017;5(8):e106]
Fuel Options for Next-Generation Chemical Propulsion

The state of research on developing fuel options for next-generation chemical propulsion is reviewed for aviation fuels and energetic fuels. For aviation fuels, the development is based on considerations of cost, energy security, and climate change, with Fischer–Tropsch synthetic fuels and biofuels hold potential as alternative aviation fuels. The need for basic research to develop predictive capability for the oxidative chemistry of evolving fuels in evolving engine designs is emphasized, illustrated by the intricate reaction pathways and the enormity of the reaction mechanisms involved. Recent research activities toward achieving the goal of fuel design are discussed through the development of detailed mechanisms, reduced mechanisms, and surrogate fuels. For the development of highenergy-density propellants, advances in several classes of materials are discussed, including metallized and hypergolic propellants and propellants with strained and functionalized molecules, as well as nanoparticle addition. The impact of the recent progress in chemical synthesis, materials science, and nano science on these advances is noted.
Radiation effects characterization of TI OPA4277-SP high precision operational amplifier

OPA4277-SP is a high precision operational amplifier with very low offset device that is released for space applications. OPA4277-SP has been characterized to pass Total Ionizing Dose (TID) of 50Krads and is shown to be latch-up immune up to 90.9 MeV-cm2/mg. Detailed Single Event Transient (SET) study was done to encompass multiple customer use case conditions.
Forest Land-Use Legacy Research Exhibits Aspects of Critical Physical Geography

This chapter explores the relationship between two emergent and related areas of interdisciplinary scholarship: forest land-use legacy (LUL) research and Critical Physical Geography (CPG). We review the peer-reviewed literature on LULs, provide a focused analysis of studies exploring LUL effects in forest ecosystems, and explore the relevance of this research to CPG. Specifically, we analyze the use of biophysical and human data in forest LUL research and the presence of intellectual tenets of CPG, namely, transdisciplinarity, reflexivity, and power and justice. The chapter concludes with a reflection on how adoption of a CPG approach can inform future research on forest LULs.
Optimization and the Many-Fermion Problem

This paper will review the techniques which have been used to overcome the problems in applying Monte Carlo to fermion systems. They include the “fixed node approximation”; a projection method often called “transient estimation”; a method, applicable to few-body systems in which the appropriate Green’s functions are cancelled in part; several proposals for optimizing the unknown nodal surface; and removing a set of configurations in such a way as to minimize the effect upon expectations for fermion systems.