cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SYS-Mut: Decoding the Functional Significance of Rare Somatic Mutations in Cancer

Current tailored-therapy efforts in cancer are largely focused on a small number of highly recurrently-mutated driver genes but therapeutic targeting of these oncogenes remains challenging. On the other hand, the vast number of genes mutated infrequently across cancers have received less attention, in part, due to a lack of understanding of their biologic significance. Here we present SYS-Mut, a systems biology platform that can robustly infer the biologic consequences of somatic mutations by integrating routine multi-omic profiles in primary tumors. We established the accuracy of SYS-Mut by recapitulating the functional impact of known driver genes in PanCancer datasets. Subsequent application of SYS-Mut on low-frequency gene mutations in Head and Neck Cancers (HNSC), followed by molecular and pharmacogenetic validation, revealed the lipidogenic network as a novel therapeutic vulnerability in aggressive HNSC. SYS-Mut is thus a robust scalable framework that enables discovery of new targetable avenues in cancer.
Rationales: rejected, imagined and real – provocation, loss of control and extreme mental or emotional disturbance

What makes intentional killing under provocation less reprehensible than murder? The answer to this question determines the rationale for the law; and the choice of the primary rationale – justificatory or excusatory – determines the scope and fundamental features of the partial defence.In this article, I attempt to parse through two reforms – one promulgated by the Model Penal Code (MPC), the other by the Law Commission for England and Wales – and compare their versions of the defence both to each other and to the ‘loss of self-control’ defence of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 in the hope of determining and appraising the governing rationales for each version of the defence. I conclude that the largely justificatory defence of provocation developed by the Law Commission (and to a lesser degree the ‘loss of self-control’ defence) is legally and morally preferable to the largely excusatory defence proposed by the MPC.
Dreading delayed punishment: Reconceptualizing sanction “celerity”

The celerity tenet has traditionally been interpreted to suggest that a swift punishment is more effective than one that is delayed because it is more aversive, which should prompt individuals to p...
The Reliability of Our Medical Knowledge as a Product of Industry Relationships

Comparing Americans’ life expectancy and medical expenditures to those of the other industrialized countries hardly leads to the conclusion that we receive the best medical care in the world. Far from it. But the argument is legitimately made that Americans receive more medical treatments and procedures—like joint replacements, cataract surgeries, cardiac procedures, and the like—that improve our quality but not necessarily the length of our lives. To promote more meaningful comparisons between citizens of different countries, the World Health Organization created a more dimensional index of overall health known as Healthy Adjusted Life Expectancy (“HALE”). Calculated as the average number of healthy years of life experienced by each nation’s sample population, this index represents the number of years that a country’s citizens can expect to live in good health. 1 For example, if a citizen of one nation lives to be eighty-six, but has chronic renal failure for the last six years of life, compromising his quality of life by fifty percent, then his years of healthy life would be eighty-six minus half of six, or eighty-three. Figure 1 shows the relationship between HALE and per person medical expenditures for the twenty-two wealthiest Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) countries. Those with the most effective and efficient healthcare systems are located in the upper left quadrant, where healthy life expectancy is greatest and per
Treating Self-Stimulatory Behavior

Mentally retarded and other developmentally disabled people perform repetitious motor behavior to such an excess that they are readily distinguished from developmentally normal people. They may rock their bodies in a stereotypic manner, wave their hands in front of their faces, weave their hands from side to side, rub their fingers together, grind their teeth, twirl their hair around their fingers, repeatedly make stereotypic sounds, grimace, tap their feet, etc. Some developmentally disabled people perform repetitious behaviors that produce physical injury to themselves (e.g., bang their heads against objects, bite their arms, slap their faces), a class of repetitious acts generally called “self-injurious behavior.” (For a discussion, see Chapter 3.) In the present chapter, the discussion will be confined to those repetitious acts generally referred to as “self-stimulatory behavior”—behaviors that are stereotyped and performed repetitiously, and that fail to produce any apparent positive environmental consequences or physical injury.
My Mother: Childhood and Navigating Shared Marital Space

This memoir is a reflection of the construction of a woman, my mother as she grows up, becoming a mother and confronting the depths of insidious scheme of socialization designed to enforce women’s unquestioning submission to culturally sanctioned excesses of patriarchal privilege. The true value of this reflection lies in its exposure of the challenges she faced as she resiliently acted to break through and away from the scripted role which inhibited, at every stage of her life, the space for choice, free voice and self-worth. It highlights the sense of dignity with which she chose to resiliently pursue the path of freedom and establish her worth as a woman a mother with a clear motherly vision.
Low-Dimensional and Symplectic Topology

Every eight years since 1961, the University of Georgia has hosted a major international topology conference aimed at disseminating important recent results and bringing together researchers at different stages of their careers. This volume contains the proceedings of the 2009 conference, which includes survey and research articles concerning such areas as knot theory, contact and symplectic topology, 3-manifold theory, geometric group theory, and equivariant topology. Among other highlights of the volume, a survey article by Stefan Friedl and Stefano Vidussi provides an accessible treatment of their important proof of Taubes' conjecture on symplectic structures on the product of a 3-manifold and a circle, and an intriguing short article by Dennis Sullivan opens the door to the use of modern algebraic-topological techniques in the study of finite-dimensional models of famously difficult problems in fluid dynamics. Continuing what has become a tradition, this volume contains a report on a problem session held at the conference, discussing a variety of open problems in geometric topology.
In Search of Semantic Compositionality in Vector Spaces

In spite of the widespread usage of geometric models of meaning in computational linguistics and information retrieval research, they have been until recently mostly utilized for modeling lexical meaning. The ability to deal with concept combination, however, is the essential capacity of human language, and any semantic theory should be able to handle it. Making use of Word Space Models (Schutze 1998) and Random Indexing (Sahlgren 2005), we explore the hypothesis that compositional meaning can be captured in such models by adopting a number of mathematical operations for vector composition (summation, component product, tensor product and convolution) to model semantic composition in a multiword unit identification task.
Abuse of Confidentiality and Fabricated Controversy: Two Proposals

Public faith in the legal profession is not merely low but is declining at a disturbing rate. During the past decade the percentage of people willing to rate lawyers' honesty and ethical standards as "high" or "very high" has dropped from 22% to 13% (according to Gallup). This is an average decline of nearly 1% per year. While polls may not be perfect reflections of public sentiment, it seems safe to say that, in terms of our reputation for ethics and honesty, the past 10 years have not exactly been a decade of progress. If the Canons were right, it may be "peculiarly essential" to the long-term stability of our American form of government that the public can trust the lawyers who steward its laws and its justice. As long as people do not trust the integrity of the lawyers who administer the legal system, they will never find it easy to trust the system as a whole, and the distrust of lawyers runs deep. The documented public cynicism about lawyer ethics and trustworthiness is, moreover, a valuable measure of how well the profession is performing its responsibilities of self-regulation. It is doubtful that our poor professional reputation for honesty and ethical standards could be so persistent without some genuine foundation in the ways lawyers behave. Ironically, however, most lawyers seem rather scrupulous to observe what they believe to be the profession's ethical standards. Accordingly, it may well be that there is something wrong in the ethical standards themselves, soomething which leads lawyers to act in ways the public finds repugnant. This article considers the hypothesis that the public's negative view of lawyers is tied directly to two related forms of advocacy, both seemingly rooted in the Model Rules of Professional Conduct. They are designated here, respectively, as (1) fabrication of controversy, or pretending disagreement in order to gain some non-"deserved" legal advantage, and (2) abuse of confidentiality, the deliberate effort to foster false inferences through partial disclosures and half-truths. Both of these lawyering techniques are stoutly defended (albeit under different names) by many in the bar, and are perhaps even regarded as crucial aspects of the adversary system. At the same, however, neither would likely be recognized as genuinely "honest" or "ethical" as those conceptions are generally understood in ordinary, non-lawyer contexts. Worse than that, both are readily perceivable as detracting from the legal system's ability to achieve the "gold standard" of justice and of the rule of law, namely, the "substance of the law applied to the events that actually occur." Nonetheless, both of these forms of advocacy behavior are reinforced and propagated by a fair reading of the current Model Rules. The bulk of the article is framed as a discussion of two proposals that would modify the Model Rules to eliminate these marginally honest practices?first, by declaring fabricated controversy to be out of bounds and, secondly, by expressly forbidding abuse of confidentiality in an effort to undercut the law's search for truth.
TCRμ Recombination and Transcription Relative to the Conventional TCR during Postnatal Development in Opossums

Marsupials are a distinct lineage of mammals notable for giving birth to highly altricial (relatively less developed) young. The recent discovery of a unique TCR chain in marsupials, TCRμ, raises questions about its possible role in early development. Here we compare the timing of V(D)J recombination and appearance of TCRμ transcripts relative to the conventional TCRα, β, γ, and δ mRNA during postnatal development in the opossum. There are two TCRμ transcript isoforms, TCRμ1.0 and TCRμ2.0. TCRμ1.0, which uses prejoined V(D)J segments, is detectable as early as day 1, when the thymus is primarily undifferentiated epithelium. The other isoform, TCRμ2.0, which requires V(D)J recombination and contains an unusual double V configuration, is not detectable until day 13 when the thymus is histologically mature. Surprisingly, we were able to detect TCRα, β, and δ mRNA transcribed from loci that had completed V(D)J recombination as early as day 1 as well. At this early age there is apparent evidence for preference in the V segments used in the TCRα and β genes. In the case of Vα this preference appears to be associated with position in the TCRα/δ locus. In Vβ, however, preference may be due to the use of microhomology in the V, D, and J segments. Mature TCRγ transcripts were not detected until day 8, suggesting that, in contrast to eutherian mammals, in the opossum αβ T cell development precedes γδ T cell development. The results support that there may be differences in T cell subset development between marsupials and placental mammals.
The first evidence that a single cellulase can be essential for cellulose degradation in a cellulolytic microorganism

Summary Cellulose is the most abundant carbon source in nature but it is very difficult to degrade because of its insolubility, quasi-crystalline structure and its presence in plant cell walls in a matrix with other polymers that limit access to the cellulose surface. Most cellulose in soils is degraded by cellulolytic microorganisms that use a number of different approaches to overcome the recalcitrance of cellulose in plant cell walls. All of these approaches involve multiple cellulases and, since cellulose is insoluble and microorganisms cannot ingest particles, the cellulases are present outside of the cell although they can be attached to its outer surface. An impressive article by Tolonen et al. in this issue of Molecular Microbiology shows that deletion of the single family 9 cellulase gene in Clostridium phytofermentans prevents growth on cellulose although the mutant strain grows perfectly well on glucose and its other cellulase genes are transcribed normally. These results show for the first time that a single cellulase can be essential for cellulose degradation by an organism despite the presence of several other cellulases. It will be interesting to learn the detailed mechanism that C. phytofermentans uses to degrade cellulose.
North Dakota assistance program for dementia caregivers lowered utilization, produced savings, and increased empowerment

North Dakota’s state-funded Dementia Care Services Program provides individualized assistance to caregivers of persons with dementia. Caregivers can contact program representatives at any time and ...
Membrane separation processes and freeze concentration in the 1980s.

Food production and preservation in the 1980s will require greatly increased flexibility in materials and processes, because of the likely occurrences of shortages in specific raw material and energy resources, and of specific crises with respect to environmental and public health impacts of food processes. Concentration and separation processes will be of increasing importance in food production from new sources, including waste streams and single cell organisms grown on various substrates. Freeze concentration will have a particularly great potential in food and pharmaceutical products requiring mild treatment and maximum preservation of flavour qualities. New techniques for efficient conduct of freeze concentration have been developed in pilot plant studies and will become commercialized in the next decade. Membrane separation and concentration, as well as other complex food production schemes using membranes as part of the overall process will become increasingly important. The present paper will summarize the important features of freeze-concentration and membrane processes, and present examples of applications likely to become important in the 1980s.
The adjustment of a shelfbreak jet to cross-shelf topography ☆

Abstract A rigid-lid, finite-difference numerical model is used to study the adjustment of inviscid, along-shelf, barotropic shelfbreak jets to cross-shelf, channel topography. The channel is embedded in the shelf topography perpendicularly to the shelfbreak, the shelfbreak jet flows with the direction of propagation of long-wavelength, topographic Rossby waves, and the coast is sufficiently distant so as not to affect the flow. Three models are used that vary the strength of the channel topography S = f Δ hD/Uh , where f is the Coriolis parameter, Δh is the difference between the shelf depth and the channel depth, D is the width of the slope into the channel, U is the maximum speed of the jet at the inflow, and h is the depth of the shelf. Estimation of the path of the jet from the inflow parameters and the geometry of the channel is possible in some cases. Generally, for large S the flow follows the topography of the channel and for small S the flow crosses the channel. The motivation for this study is the episodic flow of Scotian Shelf water from the Scotian Shelf across the Northeast Channel to Georges Bank. The steady, inviscid, non-linear, barotropic dynamics studied here do not allow such a flow for a channel of similar dimensions to the Northeast Channel and for flow speeds within the oceanographic range. Other factors such as stratification, wind stress and time variability need to be introduced to account for this phenomenon.
Are Tariffs Inflationary

Economists universally regard tariffs to be inflationary and free trade to be deflationary, a view that this paper challenges. It is argued that while rotectionism has generally created inflation in developing economies, the experience of the United States was totally different. Tariffs in the US were never associated with rising prices, and trade liberalization with declining prices. High tariffs were always followed by sharp drops in the cost of living. A theoretical model is developed to explain the deflationary effects of tariffs in the United States. Thus tariffs produce inflation only in nonmarket or ualistic developing economies, but not in advanced economies.
Simulation of tail buffet using delta wing-vertical tail configuration

Computational simulation of the vertical tail buffet problem is accomplished using a delta wing-vertical tail configuration. Flow conditions are selected such that the wing primary-vortex cores experience vortex breakdown and the resulting flow interacts with the vertical tail. This multidisciplinary problem is solved successively using three sets of equations for the fluid flow, aeroelastic deflections and grid displacements. For the fluid dynamics part, the unsteady, compressible, full Navier-Stokes equations are solved accurately in time using an implicit, upwind, flux-difference splitting, finite-volume scheme. For the aeroelastic part, the aeroelastic equation for bending vibrations is solved accurately in time using the Galerkin method and the four-stage Runge-Kutta scheme. The grid for the fluid dynamics computations is updated every few time steps using a third set of interpolation equations. The computational application includes a delta wing of aspect ratio 1 and a rectangular vertical tail of aspect ratio 2, which is placed at 0.5 root-chord length downstream of the wing trailing edge. The wing angle of attack is 35 deg and the flow Mach number and Reynolds number are 0.4 and 10,000, respectively.
Elasticity and adhesion of thin films by a mechanical resonance method

We describe a simple experimental apparatus capable of simultaneous measurements of elastic and anelastic properties of film/substrate composites in controlled atmospheres (10-6-104 Pa) from 25 to 1000°C. The apparatus employs the technique of dynamic resonance in which the mechanical response of a material can be determined over a wide range of frequency (0.1–100 kHz) with a resolution of ±1 μHz. We present experimental results for thin films (approximately 100 nm) of nickel and gold on sapphire substrates. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of the apparatus to both the adhesion and the elasticity of the supported film.
Myocarditis and Endomyocardial Biopsy in Unexplained Heart Failure: A Diagnosis in Search of a Disease

Excerpt Sakakibara and Konno in 1962 (1) and 1963 (2) first described a safe technique for transvascular, closed chest, right and left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy. Ten years later Caves and a...
The role of need for cognition and reader beliefs in text comprehension and interest development

Abstract This study was an attempt to integrate motivation into reading comprehension, with active knowledge construction as a linkage. The study examined two motivational constructs, need for cognition and reader’s beliefs, in terms of their role in text comprehension and interest development. The results of the study provided empirical evidence for the independent contributions of the two variables to reading comprehension. Furthermore, the results suggested that effects of these variables on comprehension cut across expository and narrative genres. The study further explored direct and mediated effects of need for cognition and transaction belief on topic interest and the possible mediational role of comprehension. Strong effect sizes of relations found between these variables support the notion of motivational processes as an integral part of effective text comprehension, and suggest the dynamic interplay of reader characteristics, comprehension activity, and interest development.
Cadmium adsorption by oxic sediment

Abstract To understand the strong pH dependency of cadmium adsorption by oxic sediment, we investigated the surface charge of sediment particles by potentiometric titration with acid and base. Metal adsorbed by sediment can occur by complexation of metal ions with weakly acidic functional groups or by ion exchange of metal ions. A multi-site binding model, which incorporates the effect of pH, has been applied to describe the adsorption of cadmium onto sediment. The model has been used to satisfactorily predict the extent of adsorption over the pH range of 4.5–7.0.
Resistance Minimum of Magnesium: Heat Capacity between 3°K and 13°K

Heat capacities were measured for two samples of slightly impure magnesium identical with those whose transport properties have been measured. Although the samples exhibit markedly different transport properties, any systematic difference in their specific heats was found to be less than 5% in the range of measurement. Atomic heat values were in agreement with earlier measurements on pure Mg in this temperature range.
Informal Accountability in Multisector Service Delivery Collaborations

Multiagency collaboration is widely used in contemporary service delivery systems. This article explores the interpersonal interactions within collaborative systems, among subsystems, and among organizations. Our focus is on illuminating the informal mechanisms that facilitate collaboration, joint production, coordination and integration of service delivery, and sustained effort. Such interactions generate unofficial expectations, discretionary behaviors, and provider “communities” that can ameliorate or exacerbate problems of interorganizational networks where collaboration is appropriate or desirable. We use a multiple case–study approach to explore the dynamics of informal accountability among individuals working within county-based children’s service systems in three states. We find informal interpersonal dynamics nested in combinations of vertical and horizontal ties with mixed administrative authority arrangements derived from both formal and informal accountability relationships. These data reveal shared norms, facilitative behaviors, informal rewards and sanctions, and challenges that create the dynamics of informal accountability. Informal accountability is shaped by the prevalence of relationship building and champion behavior as facilitative behaviors, discernible tension between the operation of formal and informal accountability systems, a gap between the rhetoric of collaboration and the reality of collaborative service provision, differences in informal accountability dynamics across hierarchical levels within service delivery systems, and the critical roles of street-level caseworkers in informal accountability.
Purification and properties of Semliki Forest virus nucleocapsids.

Abstract A method is described for the purification of Semliki Forest virus nucleocapsids from infected chick embryo cells. Cell extracts are sedimented through a 5–20% sucrose gradient, and the peak of nucleocapsids at 145 S is recovered and dialyzed against a buffer lacking magnesium, to dissociate contaminating cellular ribosomes and ribosome oligomers. The dialyzed material is sedimented twice in succession into sucrose gradients of high viscosity, giving rise to a monodisperse band of nucleocapsids free of other ultraviolet-absorbing components or of particulate contamination. Purified nucleocapsids are spherical particles 40 nm in diameter which are frequently penetrated by negative stains. They have a mottled surface appearance suggestive of a subunit structure. They contain predominantly 45 S viral RNA and a single protein of molecular weight approximately 32,000. Purified nucleocapsid preparations are essentially free of contaminating cellular RNA, but 25% of the the protein in these preparations is derived from the host cells. This contaminating protein cosediments with nucleocapsids and is of a variety of molecular weights; it may be adsorbed to the viral RNA in the nucleocapsids. Nucleocapsids have a 260 nm:280 nm ultraviolet absorbance ratio of 1.75–1.80, and buoyant densities in potassium tartrate and cesium chloride of approximately 1.34 and 1.47 g/ml, respectively. These figures suggest that the RNA content of nucleocapsids may be substantially higher than 30% of their total mass.
Extreme value risk analysis in the structural design of reactor components

Abstract The tendency to confuse “uncertainties” associated with design assumptions and parameters and compensated by the safety factor with objective ‘risks of failure’ implicit in the design, has been characteristic of the approach to probability-based structural design on all levels. However, a clear differentiation between uncertainty and risk is required to remove the lack of correlation between design safety analysis and risk analysis implicit in the present approach to the design of major structural and mechanical components of nuclear reactors as well as other structures. In a recent paper [5] the author has used the definition of the safety factor as a random variable (distribution of a quotient) to construct a probability model that justifies the introduction of the asymptotic distributions of extreme values as the physically relevant distributions of the design parameters governing ultimate load failure on which a realistic risk assessment can be based. Realistic reliability and risk assessment of reactor components subject to fatigue and creep, i.e. design conditions that exceed in practical importance that of ultimate load failure, can be based on the use of the third asymptotic distribution of smallest values. In the case of structural components working under complicated conditions it becomes necessary to perform full-scale tests reproducing, as closely as possible, the anticipated operational and, whenever necessary, critical limiting conditions to be provided in the design as well as in the associated reliability and risk assessment. The economic necessity of keeping the number of such full-scale tests to a minimum which, in the case of larger components, is usually a single or very small number of tests, raises the problem of integration of the test results into the framework of a reliability and risk assessment.
A coupling scheme relevant to high angular momenta and intermediate nuclear deformations

Abstract Based on the particle-plus-rotor model, it is shown that a new coupling scheme should occur in nuclei under certain conditions. In this coupling scheme, j is quantized along the direction of I rather than along the symmetry axis. Simple approximate wave functions for this scheme have been developed and compared with the exact solutions of the particle-plus-rotor model.
Kinetics and performance of a mediated biosensor for hypoxanthine using deflavo xanthine oxidase

Abstract Deflavo xanthine oxidase was prepared by removing the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) group from the native enzyme using 2 M CaC12. Unlike the native enzyme, the resulting deflavo xanthine oxidase no longer reacted with dioxygen for the oxidation of hypoxanthine. However, its capability for oxidizing hypoxanthine remained intact since deflavo xanthine oxidase reacted with 1,1'-dimethylferricinium through its molybdenum and iron reactive groups. Using cyclic voltammetry, the second order homogeneous rate constant, ks, of the reaction between the reduced enzyme and the mediator for native and deflavo enzymes were determined to be (10.2 ± 0.5) × 104M−1s−1 and (9.6 ± 0.5) × 104M−1s−1, respectively. The deflavo enzyme was effectively stabilized by 5 mM EDTA in Tris buffer, pH 8 at 277 K and retained about 80% of its activity after several days when stored in this medium. The deflavo enzyme was cross-linked by glutaraldehyde and retained onto the sensing area of a glassy carbon electrode by a porous Nylon membrane with a pore size of 5 μm. The limiting catalytic current attained a maximum value around an enzyme loading of about 0.12 nmol/cm2. The ks value was estimated to be 1.64 × 104 M−1 s−1 which was six-fold lower than the value obtained for the homogeneous enzyme system. The biosensor with immobilized deflavo enzyme showed high operational and storage stabilities with a detection limit of about 0.1 μM for hypoxanthine. No significant sensitivity loss was observed on the enzyme electrode after 150 repeated analyses during a 7.5-h operation. The deflavo enzyme biosensor retained 80% of its sensitivity when stored at 277 K after a month.
Joint diagonalization applied to the detection and discrimination of unexploded ordnance

Efforts to discriminate buried unexploded ordnance from harmless surrounding clutter are often hampered by the uncertainty in the number of buried targets that produce a given detected signal. We present a technique that helps determine that number with no need for data inversion. The procedure is based on the joint diagonalization of a set of multistatic response (MSR) matrices measured at different time gates by a time-domain electromagnetic induction sensor. In particular, we consider the Naval Research Laboratory’s Time-Domain Electromagnetic Multisensor Towed Array Detection System (TEMTADS), which consists of a 5 × 5 square grid of concentric transmitter/receiver pairs. The diagonalization process itself generalizes one of the standard procedures for extracting the eigenvalues of a single matrix; in terms of execution time, it is comparable to diagonalizing the matrices one by one. We present the method, discuss and illustrate its mathematical basis and physical meaning, and apply it to several actual measurements carried out with TEMTADS at a test stand and in the field at the former Camp Butner in North Carolina. We find that each target in a measurement is associated with a set of nonzero timedependent MSR eigenvalues (usually three), which enables estimation of the number of targets interrogated. These eigenvalues have a characteristic shape as a function of time that does not change with the location and orientation of the target relative to the sensor. We justify analytically and empirically that symmetric targets have pairs of eigenvalues with constant ratios between them.
A theory of Fisher's reproductive value

The formal Darwinism project aims to provide a mathematically rigorous basis for optimisation thinking in relation to natural selection. This paper deals with the situation in which individuals in a population belong to classes, such as sexes, or size and/or age classes. Fisher introduced the concept of reproductive value into biology to help analyse evolutionary processes of populations divided into classes. Here a rigorously defined and very general structure justifies, and shows the unity of concept behind, Fisher's uses of reproductive value as measuring the significance for evolutionary processes of (i) an individual and (ii) a class; (iii) recursively, as calculable for a parent as a sum of its shares in the reproductive values of its offspring; and (iv) as an evolutionary maximand under natural selection. The maximand is the same for all parental classes, and is a weighted sum of offspring numbers, which implies that a tradeoff in one aspect of the phenotype can legitimately be studied separately from other aspects. The Price equation, measure theory, Markov theory and positive operators contribute to the framework, which is then applied to a number of examples, including a new and fully rigorous version of Fisher's sex ratio argument. Classes may be discrete (e.g. sex), continuous (e.g. weight at fledging) or multidimensional with discrete and continuous components (e.g. sex and weight at fledging and adult tarsus length).
Analysis and Implementation of Internet Based Remote Voting

Voting over the internet has been a topic of great interest for many years. We researched E-Voting: its theory, its practice, and its examples. We found many potential problems with E-Voting; concerns both for election integrity and voter privacy. We found many strengths of E-Voting as well; advantages it has over traditional, booth-based voting systems such as guaranteed accuracy, resilience against corruption, and strength against unauthorized voting. As well as the concept of E-Voting, three real-world E-Voting systems were researched and an implementation of the most recent was developed.
Fluid inclusions in high-grade gneisses of the Kapuskasing structural zone, Ontario: metamorphic fluids and uplift/erosion path

Fluid inclusions in quartz grains from five samples of high-grade rocks (two paragneisses, an amphibolite, a mafic gneiss and a tonalite dike) from the 2.7 Ga Kapuskasing structural zone (KSZ), Ontario, were examined with petrographic, microthermometric and laser Raman techniques. Three types of fluid inclusions were observed: CO2-rich, H2O-rich and mixed CO2-H2O. CO2-rich fluid inclusions are pseudosecondary or secondary in nature and are generally pure CO2; a few contain varying amounts of CH4·H2O-rich fluid inclusions are secondary in nature, contain variable amounts of dissolved salts, and generally contain daughter crystals. Mixed CO2-H2O fluid inclusions occur where trails of H2O-rich inclusions intersect trails of CO2-rich inclusions. Isochores for high density (p=1.03 g/cm3) pseudosecondary, pure CO2 inclusions intersect the lower pressure portion of the estimated P-T field for high-grade metamorphism, implying that pure CO2 was the peak metamorphic fluid. The variable CH4 content of CO2 inclusions within graphite-bearing samples suggests that CH4 was introduced locally after the formation of the CO2 inclusions; however the origin of the CH4 remains problematic. An aqueous fluid clearly penetrated the gneisses after the peak metamorphism (during uplift/erosion), forming secondary inclusions and contributing to the minor retrogressive hydration observed in these rocks. The presence of the pseudosecondary, high-density CO2 inclusions in quartz crystals in the KSZ rocks constrains the uplift/ erosion path for the KSZ to one of simultaneous decrease in pressure and temperature.
University Students using a Screen Reader for Education Tasks

As a step toward distinguishing problems with a screen reader (JAWS), web pages, and users, we tested two blind university students with our Usability Proficiency Assessment Tool (UPAT). We then tested their understanding of web-based software that they often used with JAWS in their education. One student had advanced skills and the other had intermediate skills in using tables, headings, forms, images, links, and combinations of these web features. Despite their more than adequate skills they had many problems using software that was in high compliance with World Wide Web consortium (W3C) standards (Ryan, 2008). The problems stemmed from gaps between JAWS and web pages. We review these gaps and make recommendations for closing them. Implementing our recommendations will require a dialogue among developers of screen readers and applications as well as users and trainers.
Cardiac effects of isoproterenol, norepinephrine and epinephrine in complete A-V heart block during experimental acidosis and hyperkalemia.

Acidosis was found to diminish the effectiveness of various sympathomimetic amines (isoproterenol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) in increasing the idioventricular rate in dogs with experimentally induced complete A-V heart block. This diminution was correlated with the degree of acidosis (metabolic and respiratory). Hyperkalemia without significant pH change had no such effect.
Partial Molar Volumes of Hexaamminecobalt(III) Nitrate in Proteated and Deuterated Water

The partial molar volumes (V 2) for hexaamminecobalt(III) nitrate in proteated and deuterated water were determined at 0.00 (for H2O only), 5.00, 10.00, 15.00, and 20.00 °C. The increase of the solute’s partial molar volume with increasing concentration and the negative second derivative of the solute’s partial molar volume at infinite dilution with respect to temperature were interpreted in terms of the solvent structure breaking property of the solute. In addition, the difference at each temperature between the solute’s partial molar volume at infinite dilution for proteated and deuterated water was used to estimate the solvent coordination number at each temperature.
Water Quality in Walnut Creek Watershed: Herbicides in Soils, Subsurface Drainage, and Groundwater

Herbicide transport in subsurface drainage can result in unacceptable levels of contamination in surface waters. This study assessed the extent of atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3-,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] and metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethyethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one transport to subsurface drainage and shallow groundwater. A corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation was used with corn receiving banded atrazine applications of 459 g ha -1 in 1992 and 561 g ha -1 in 1994. Soybean were treated with metribuzin at 420 g ha -1 in 1993 and 1995. Monthly flow-weighted average concentrations of atrazine in drainage water did not exceed 3 μg L -1 and annual losses ranged from 0.02 to 2.16 g ha -1 during the 4-yr study. Less than 3% of the groundwater samples contained atrazine concentrations exceeding the 3 μg L -1 maximum contaminant level for drinking water (MCL). Atrazine was detected more frequently in groundwater beneath the lowest parts of the field, despite greater than average sorption to soils in that area. Metribuzin was also found in groundwater, but only half as frequently as atrazine. The patterns observed in subsurface drainage and groundwater reflected the persistence of atrazine and metribuzin in soil. Atrazine was detected in >90% of surface soil samples up to 23 mo after application, whereas metribuzin was rarely detected during the second year following application. Atrazine was found far more commonly than metribuzin in soil below 30 cm depth.
Organizational Social Capital and Anticorruption Policies: An Exploratory Analysis

This paper relates the concept of organizational social capital (OSC) with the literature on corruption and anticorruption policies. Theories that analyze organizational social capital have always stated that positive and productive interactions and relationships among members of an organization lead to better performing public administrations. The article develops a theoretical framework that shows the positive effects that OSC has on diminishing the level of corruption within the public sector. A case study is provided to prove that current anti-corruption policies focus on factors that actually decrease OSC within a public administration.
Toward a self-consistent theory of elastoelectromagnetic neumann boundary value problems

Abstract The class of null Lagrangians is used to model inhomogeneous Neumann boundary data for elastic bodies that interact with electromagnetic fields in the presence of defects (dislocations and disclinations). The interface conditions of the various fields on the common boundary of two such bodies are studied, and the relations between the derivatives of null Lagrangians and corresponding quantities defined on the interface are derived. Explicit evaluations of the interface conditions, for a specific selected null Lagrangian, are given for an elastoelectromagnetic material with and without defects. Loading devices for the application of boundary tractions are also defined for elastic materials.
Creep effects on early damage initiation in a TBC system

High temperature superalloys coated with thermal barrier coating (TBC) may induce creep effects in different layers such as in the bond coat and the thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer. The effects of creep deformation in these layers were investigated on the magnitude of residual stresses in these layers. Results indicated that the residual stress after creep was considerably higher when compared with the stress without creep. This larger value of stresses is likely to enhance the initiation of microcracks and debonding of the TBC leading to spallation.
Charitable estate planning and subsequent wealth accumulation: Why percentage gifts may be worth more than we thought

Educational institutions receive a disproportionately large share of their gift income from estates. Charitable estate plans often donate a share of the total estate, rather than a specific dollar amount. The value of this type of planned gift depends not only on the value of the estate at the time the plan is signed, but also on the individual's tendency to accumulate or consume wealth afterwards. An analysis of 28 111 individuals in the 1995–2006 Health and Retirement Study using ordinary least squares and individual growth modeling indicated that the rate of subsequent wealth accumulation for those who entered the study with a charitable estate plan was 50 –100 percent greater than for those who entered the study without a charitable estate plan. This finding suggests that the ultimate value of percentage-based planned gifts is greater than what would be expected using standard estate growth projections.
Evaluating the physical demands when using sled-type stair descent devices to evacuate mobility-limited occupants from high-rise buildings

The physical demands on evacuators were investigated when using different types of sled-type stair descent devices designed for the emergency evacuation of high rise buildings. Twelve firefighters used six sled-type stair descent devices during simulated evacuations. The devices were evaluated under two staircase width conditions (1.12, and 1.32 m). Dependent measures included electromyographic (EMG) data, heart rates, Borg Scale ratings, and descent velocities. All stair descent speeds were below those reported during pedestrian egress trials. With the exception of the inflatable device, the devices operated by two evacuators had higher descent speeds than those operated by a single evacuator. High friction materials under the sleds facilitated control and reduced the muscle demands on stairs but increased physical demands on the landings. Usability assessments found devices with shorter overall lengths had fewer wall contacts on the landing, and handles integrated in the straps were preferred by the evacuators.
Solid-State Characterization of Two Polymorphs of Aspartame Hemihydrate

From the known crystal structure of aspartame hemihydrate, designated form 1, the theoretical powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern was calculated. This PXRD pattern differs significantly from that of the commercially available aspartame hemihydrate, which is therefore a different polymorph, designated form II. Form II transforms to form I during ball-milling or on heating for 30 min at 160 degrees C in the presence of steam. The two polymorphs were compared by PXRD, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, Karl Fischer titrimetry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy, 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis, and measurements of true density and intrinsic dissolution rate. Comparison of the 13C SSNMR and FTIR spectra of the two polymorphs suggests that the crystal structure of form II is less symmetric, with the side chains located in multiple environments. Although both hemihydrate polymorphs on heating in the absence of moisture dehydrate to a crystalline anhydrate, form I does so at a lower temperature, suggesting weaker interactions of water with aspartame molecules. At higher temperatures the anhydrate from both hemihydrate polymorphs yields 3-(carboxymethyl)-6-benzyl-2,5-dioxopiperazine (DKP) by a cyclization reaction for which the temperature, reaction enthalpy, and activation energy are very similar. Both hemihydrate forms, when in contact with liquid water, yield the 2.5-hydrate.
Magnetic recording — Pushing back the superparamagnetic barrier

Abstract Magnetic recording storage densities have increased by a factor of five million since the first disk drive was introduced. The history of this dramatic increase has been based on the timely discovery of new magnetic materials and magnetic phenomena. The most important developments will be highlighted. The way also has been marked by predictions of limitations on recording densities. The most recent suggests that superparamagnetism will become a limiting factor at about 40 Gbits/in 2 . This paper also describes the prospects for going beyond 100 Gbits/in 2 .
The Value of Reanalysis: TV Viewing and Attention Problems

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 1,159), this study reexamines the link between maternal reports of television viewing at ages 1 and 3 and attention problems at age 7. This work represents a reanalysis and extension of recent research suggesting young children's television viewing causes subsequent attention problems. The nonlinear specification reveals the association between television watching and attention problems exists-if at all-only at very high levels of viewing. Adding 2 covariates to the regression model eliminated even this modest effect. The earlier findings are not robust. This study also considers whether its own findings are sensitive to unobserved confounding using fixed-effects estimation. In general, it finds no meaningful relation between television viewing and attention problems.
Property enhancement of nickel electrodeposits by anodic current pulses

Abstract The yield and tensile strengths of nickel electrodeposits were increased by a factor of three by the periodic imposition of an anodic current pulse. The time periods between pulses were much longer than those used in periodic reversal plating. The increased strength was attributed to grain refinement resulting from nucleation on surfaces which became passivated during the anodic pulses. The reduced adhesion between layers plated between pulses resulted in a reduction in the coefficients of friction.
Measurement of the parameters of slowly time varying high frequency transients

A novel approach is presented for measuring the parameters of a nonstationary high-frequency signal. This type of signal was experienced in actual recordings of voltage waveforms of a large industrial load in power systems. The approach is based on the extended Kalman filtering technique. The parameters to be measured are the magnitude, frequency, and rate of decay. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm optimally tracks the frequency, its time variation, and all other parameters. >