cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
XPACK: A HIGH-PERFORMANCE WEB DOCUMENT ENCODING

XML is an increasingly popular data storage and exchange format whose popularity can be attributed to its self-describing syntax, acceptance as a data transmission and archival standard, strong internationalization support, and a plethora of supporting tools and technologies. However, XML’s verbose, repetitive, text-oriented document specification syntax is a liability for many emerging applications such as mobile computing and distributed document dissemination. This paper presents XPack, an efficient XML document compression system that exploits information inherent in the document structure to enhance compression quality. Additionally, the utilization of XML structure features in XPack’s design should provide valuable support for structure-aware queries over compressed documents. Taken together, the techniques employed in the XPack compression scheme provide a foundation for efficiently storing, transmitting, and operating over Web documents. Initial experimental results demonstrate that XPack can reduce the storage requirements for Web documents by up to 20% over previous XML compression techniques. More significantly, XPack can simultaneously support operations over the documents, providing up to two orders of magnitude performance improvement for certain document operations when compared to equivalent operations on unencoded XML documents.
Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes on Ready-to-Eat Meats Using Bacteriocin Mixtures Based on Mode-of-Action

Bacteriocin-producing (Bac+) lactic acid bacteria (LAB) comprising selected strains of Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactococcus lactis, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Enterococcus faecium and thailandicus were examined for inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes during hotdog challenge studies. The Bac+ strains, or their cell-free supernatants (CFS), were grouped according to mode-of-action (MOA) as determined from prior studies. Making a mixture of as many MOAs as possible is a practical way to obtain a potent natural antimicrobial mixture to address L. monocytogenes contamination of RTE meat products (i.e., hotdogs). The heat resistance of the bacteriocins allowed the use of pasteurization to eliminate residual producer cells for use as post-process surface application or their inclusion into hotdog meat emulsion during cooking. The use of Bac+ LAB comprising 3× MOAs directly as co-inoculants on hotdogs was not effective at inhibiting L. monocytogenes. However, the use of multiple MOA Bac+ CFS mixtures in a variety of trials demonstrated the effectiveness of this approach by showing a >2-log decrease of L. monocytogenes in treatment samples and 6–7 log difference vs. controls. These data suggest that surface application of multiple mode-of-action bacteriocin mixtures can provide for an Alternative 2, and possibly Alternative 1, process category as specified by USDA-FSIS for control of L. monocytogenes on RTE meat products.
Density profile characterization and modeling at Paranal and Armazones 2k sites

The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) in the southern hemisphere will be installed at Armazones 2k site in northern Chile. Scarce atmospheric observations are available in the region, particularly radiosonde data. This study analyzes radiosondes launched at Paranal observatory, located at about 21 km from the CTA site, from 24 October and 4 November 2011, to understand the behavior of density in the atmosphere near the CTA site. High-resolution numerical simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are validated with Paranal radiosondes to quantify its ability to represent the atmospheric conditions in the region. In addition, the seasonal and diurnal evolution of atmospheric density at the CTA site were studied during 2011 using the high-resolution weather forecasts from the WRF model.
Vector population growth and condition-dependent movement drive the spread of plant pathogens

Plant viruses, often spread by arthropod vectors, impact natural and agricultural ecosystems worldwide. Intuitively, the movement behavior and life history of vectors influence pathogen spread, but the relative contribution of each factor has not been examined. Recent research has highlighted the influence of host infection status on vector behavior and life history. Here, we developed a model to explore how vector traits influence the spread of vector-borne plant viruses. We allowed vector life history (growth rate, carrying capacity) and movement behavior (departure and settlement rates) parameters to be conditional on whether the plant host is infected or healthy and whether the vector is viruliferous (carrying the virus) or not. We ran simulations under a wide range of parameter combinations and quantified the fraction of hosts infected over time. We also ran case studies of the model for Barley yellow dwarf virus, a persistently transmitted virus, and for Potato virus Y, a non-persistently transmitted virus. We quantified the relative importance of each parameter on pathogen spread using Latin hypercube sampling with the statistical partial rank correlation coefficient technique. We found two general types of mechanisms in our model that increased the rate of pathogen spread. First, increasing factors such as vector intrinsic growth rate, carrying capacity, and departure rate from hosts (independent of whether these factors were condition-dependent) led to more vectors moving between hosts, which increased pathogen spread. Second, changing condition-dependent factors such as a vector's preference for settling on a host with a different infection status than itself, and vector tendency to leave a host of the same infection status, led to increased contact between hosts and vectors with different infection statuses, which also increased pathogen spread. Overall, our findings suggest that vector population growth rates had the greatest influence on rates of virus spread, but rates of vector dispersal from infected hosts and from hosts of the same infection status were also very important. Our model highlights the importance of simultaneously considering vector life history and behavior to better understand pathogen spread. Although developed for plant viruses, our model could readily be utilized with other vector-borne pathogen systems.
Correspondence: Analytical flaws in a continental-scale forest soil microbial diversity study.

Correspondence: Analytical flaws in a continental-scale forest soil microbial diversity study
A framework for the meta-analysis of Bland-Altman studies based on a limits of agreement approach

Bland-Altman method comparison studies are common in the medical sciences and are used to compare a new measure to a gold-standard (often costlier or more invasive) measure. The distribution of these differences is summarized by two statistics, the 'bias' and standard deviation, and these measures are combined to provide estimates of the limits of agreement (LoA). When these LoA are within the bounds of clinically insignificant differences, the new non-invasive measure is preferred. Very often, multiple Bland-Altman studies have been conducted comparing the same two measures, and random-effects meta-analysis provides a means to pool these estimates. We provide a framework for the meta-analysis of Bland-Altman studies, including methods for estimating the LoA and measures of uncertainty (i.e., confidence intervals). Importantly, these LoA are likely to be wider than those typically reported in Bland-Altman meta-analyses. Frequently, Bland-Altman studies report results based on repeated measures designs but do not properly adjust for this design in the analysis. Meta-analyses of Bland-Altman studies frequently exclude these studies for this reason. We provide a meta-analytic approach that allows inclusion of estimates from these studies. This includes adjustments to the estimate of the standard deviation and a method for pooling the estimates based upon robust variance estimation. An example is included based on a previously published meta-analysis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial Segregation and the Impact of Linguistic Multicultural Policies Within the USA

In this article, we examine the impact of multicultural linguistic policy on the residential outcomes of Hispanic and Asian groups in the USA. Arguments linking multiculturalism to residential segregation outcomes are a hotly contested political issue. While spatial segregation is one form of social integration for immigrants, scholars are particularly concerned with residential outcomes because it is theorized to strongly facilitate a wide variety of other forms of integration including language acquisition, the convergence of socio-cultural gender and sexual norms, employment, friendship ties, and intermarriage. From data drawn from the 2010 U.S. Census, we calculate the dissimilarity index for these two groups. We find multicultural linguistic policies increase segregation levels between Asians and non-Hispanic whites, but not between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. The results are robust to a host of alternative explanations and model specifications. However, the estimated positive effect of linguistic policy is modest at best and run contrary to fears that multiculturalist policies drastically alter residential outcomes. We close by questioning normative accounts that problematize rising levels of segregation within ethnic communities, which are a far cry from the minority ghettos that are politically portrayed.
Relativity and Time

Cosgrove in this concluding chapter addresses the status of time in relativity theory in light of the critique of Minkowski spacetime. Cosgrove argues that although neither absolute simultaneity nor becoming or “tensed time” registers in relativity theory due to methodological constraints, both are entirely consistent with the theory of relativity and may be affirmed on philosophical grounds.
Architecting Scientific Data Systems in the Cloud

Scientists, educators, decision makers, students, and many others utilize scientific data produced by science instruments. They study our universe, make new discoveries in areas such as weather forecasting and cancer research, and shape policy decisions that impact nations fiscally, socially, economically, and in many other ways. Over the past 20 years or so, the data produced by these scientific instruments have increased in volume, complexity, and resolution, causing traditional computing infrastructures to have difficulties in scaling up to deal with them. This reality has led us, and others, to investigate the applicability of cloud computing to address the scalability challenges. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is at the forefront of transitioning its science applications to the cloud environment. Through the Apache Object Oriented Data Technology (OODT) framework, for NASA’s first software released at the open-source Apache Software Foundation (ASF), engineers at JPL have been able to scale the storage and computational aspects of their scientific data systems to the cloud – thus achieving reduced costs and improved performance. In this chapter, we report on the use of Apache OODT for cloud computing, citing several examples in a number of scientific domains. Experience, specific performance, and numbers are also reported. Directions for future work in the area are also suggested.
Defining Climate Change: What to Expect in a Warmer World

Climate change is likely to have important security implications on a global scale, yet most discussions covering this topic fail to outline or define the specific environmental impacts that should be expected in a warmer world. At present, there is overwhelming scientific evidence that average surface temperatures across the planet are rising, with the best science currently suggesting most if not all of the observed warming is due to human activity. The expected impacts of climate change on the physical environment are wide-ranging and include stronger, but not necessarily more frequent hurricanes. Tornado activity is unlikely to change appreciably in the future, although sea level will continue to rise, possibly at a faster pace. Future flooding is likely to become worse, partially due to increasing atmospheric water vapor, while drought is also expected to become more common as a result of heightened evaporation. Severe heat waves, a particularly dangerous natural disaster for the mid-latitudes, are also expected to become more frequent and intense. A firm understanding of climate change and its most likely impacts are a vital component to any discussion relating climate change and the security environment.
Abstract 385: HIF1A can regulate Wnt signaling in human colon cancer cells

Standard-of-care treatment for KRAS mutant metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) combines a cytotoxic chemotherapy backbone (FOLFOX) with an antiangiogenesis biologic agent (i.e., bevacizumab). Despite significant efforts to improve treatment, the prognosis for this type of cancer remains poor with an average 5-year overall survival of ~11%. Oncogenic KRAS mutations lead to the overactivation of RAS/ERK/MAPK pathwa,y driving many hallmarks of cancer such as cell proliferation, growth, and altered metabolism. In particular, several studies have shown that oncogenic activation of KRAS leads to normoxic stabilization of HIF1A protein, which can then reprogram cellular metabolism towards aerobic glycolysis. Our studies have discovered that overactive Wnt signaling can also reprogram cancer cell metabolism towards aerobic glycolysis. Of note, KRAS (~40%) and Wnt signaling (~90%) are very frequently coactivated in colorectal cancer. Interestingly, an important, key metabolic gene targeted by Wnt signaling, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase I (PDK1), is also directly regulated by HIF1A, suggesting there may be crosstalk between the HIF1A and Wnt pathways. Indeed, several published studies support the idea that HIF1A can influence Wnt signaling, and our data show this may occur through regulation of the Wnt mediating transcription factors LEF1 and TCF1 (TCF7 gene). Using luciferase reporters driven by LEF/TCF promoters, we observed significantly increased LEF1/TCF7 promoter activity in hypoxic colon cancer cells but not for other TCF family members (TCF7L1/TCF7L2). We identified putative hypoxia responsive elements (HREs) in the human LEF1 promoter, and deletion of these HREs reduced responsiveness to hypoxia. Furthermore, we have found that targeting glycolysis and Wnt can be synergistic in inhibiting colon cancer cell colony growth. We find that HIF1A and LEF/TCF/beta-catenin complexes coregulate gene expression of metabolic targets as well as Wnt signaling components (e.g., LEF1 and TCF7). These data suggest that cross-regulation between the HIF1A and Wnt signaling pathway is important and may be a potential Achilles heel for novel therapeutics in targeting KRAS mutant colon cancer. Current studies are under way to further investigate the mechanisms of crosstalk and joint regulation of metabolic reprogramming in KRAS mutant colon cancer cells. Citation Format: Yung Lyou, George Chen, Marian Waterman. HIF1A can regulate Wnt signaling in human colon cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 385.
Simultaneous detection of multiple trace chemical species using quantum cascade laser sensing in the mid-infrared region

We show sensitive detection of methane, nitrous oxide and water-vapor using quantum cascade laser based spectroscopy systems. The technique is based on direct absorption and wavelength modulation spectroscopy to resolve and enhance sensitivity.
Impact of infected stent removal on recurrent cholangitis with time-to-event analysis

The optimal approach at treating infected biliary stents at the time of cholangitis remains unknown. This study aims to compare the efficacy of stent exchange versus stent sweeping/stent-in-stent approaches at treating cholangitis. The study was a retrospective cohort study. Patients with biliary stents and cholangitis were included. Outcomes were rate of recurrent cholangitis and time to recurrent cholangitis in those whose stents were left in place (stent sweeping and stent-in-stent) compared to those whose stents were removed (stent exchange). Primary analysis included patients with metal biliary stents only. Secondary analysis included those with metal and plastic biliary stents. A total of 182 patients (age 64 ± 12;89 F) with a metal biliary stent(s) at index cholangitis were included. Of these, 40 (22%) had stents removed, i.e., stent exchange. The remaining 142 (78%) did not have stent removal (97 with stent-in-stent and 45 with stent sweeping). Recurrent cholangitis occurred in 22.5% and 42.3% in the stent removal and non-removal groups, respectively (p = 0.02). Stent removal remained a negative predictor of recurrent cholangitis after controlling for age, sex, history of diabetes, and chemotherapy (OR 0.39, p = 0.03). Median time from index cholangitis to recurrent cholangitis was shorter for patients whose stents were not removed compared to those whose stents were removed (182 vs 450 days, p = 0.011). On Cox regression model, stent removal remained a negative predictor of recurrent cholangitis after controlling for age, sex, history of diabetes, and chemotherapy (HR 0.41, p = 0.01). The findings persisted in the secondary analysis including both metal and plastic biliary stents (303 patients). Biliary stent removal with stent exchange at the time of cholangitis appears to be more effective at preventing recurrent cholangitis than leaving an infected stent in the biliary system.
SRAM Physically Unclonable Functions Implemented on Silicon Germanium

Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are unidirectional circuits, commonly implemented on silicon wafers, which are able to provide unique outputs despite having the same physical layout as their counterparts. This research focuses on implementing SRAM PUF circuits on Silicon Germanium wafers, which is a process that is gaining in popularity in industry. Our PUF circuits are evaluated against tests from the National Institute of Standards and Technology for randomness. We also cover traditional metrics such as hamming distance for evaluation of uniqueness and reliability.
Saving the Forest: The Serialization of Wood Specimen Collections

Wood specimen collections cataloged tree life with actual pieces of wood. Rather than a scientific visual regime that merely stabilized and controlled nature, the serialization of these works trans...
A quantum mechanically based propagation model for serial three-wave interactions in optically pumped lasers: 50 μm AND 66 μm in D2O

Within the framework of a semiclassical description, Maxwell's equations coupled to the density matrix equations, the serial three-wave problem comprised of a strong pump (P(32) 9 μm CO2 band) and two emission waves (50 μm and 66 μm) is studied and compared with experiments in a single pass amplifier configuration. The overall evolution is shown to be consistent with emitted waves evolving as separate stimulated Raman waves, with a chirp on the FIR caused by AC Stark shifts by the pump, and with orientational effects leading to a preferential polarization. No evidence for three-photon interactions is indicated at the intensity levels available in the experiments.
(H)N(COCA)NH and HN(COCA)NH experiments for 1H-15N backbone assignments in 13C/15N-labeled proteins.

Triple resonance HN(COCA)NH pulse sequences for correlating 1H(i), 15N(i),1H(i-1), and 15N(i-1) spins that utilize overlapping coherence transfer periods provide increased sensitivityrelative to pulse sequences that utilize sequential coherence transfer periods. Although theoverlapping sequence elements reduce the overall duration of the pulse sequences, theprincipal benefit derives from a reduction in the number of 180° pulses. Two versions of thetechnique are presented: a 3D (H)N(COCA)NH experiment that correlates 15N(i),1H(i-1), and 15N(i-1) spins, and a 3D HN(COCA)NH experiment that correlates 1H(i), 15N(i),1H(i-1), and 15N(i-1) spins by simultaneously encoding the 1H(i) and 15N(i) chemical shiftsduring the t1 evolution period. The methods are demonstrated on a 13C/15N-enriched sampleof the protein ubiquitin and are easily adapted for application to 2H/13C/15N-enrichedproteins.
Digital Daimons: Algorithmic Rhetorics of Augmented Reality

Abstract This article develops a theoretical framework for studying the algorithmic underpinnings of contemporary augmented reality technologies. We delineate this framework through the rhetorical figure of the “daimon,” a greek mythological entity as well as a technical concept within computer science, to articulate an approach to AR algorithms as emergent, material processes that can create unpredicted, unintended effects. Ultimately, we argue that the conceptual framework of the “daimon” provides an interface through which writing and rhetoric scholars can better discern the algorithmic effects of emerging AR composing platforms.
Structural investigation of 2‐naphthyl phenyl ether inhibitors bound to WT and Y181C reverse transcriptase highlights key features of the NNRTI binding site

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 remains as a global health issue that is primarily treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy, a combination of drugs that target the viral life cycle. One class of these drugs are non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) that target the viral reverse transcriptase (RT). First generation NNRTIs were troubled with poor pharmacological properties and drug resistance, incentivizing the development of improved compounds. One class of developed compounds are the 2-naphthyl phenyl ethers, showing promising efficacy against the Y181C RT mutation. Further biochemical and structural work demonstrated differences in potency against the Y181C mutation and binding mode of the compounds. This work aims to understand the relationship between the binding mode and ability to overcome drug resistance using macromolecular x-ray crystallography. Comparison of 2-naphthyl phenyl ethers bound to Y181C RT reveal that compounds that interact with the invariant W229 are more capable of retaining efficacy against the resistance mutation. Additional modifications to these compounds at the 4-position, computationally designed to compensate for the Y181C mutation, do not demonstrate improved potency. Ultimately, we highlight important considerations for the development of future HIV-1 drugs that are able to combat drug resistance.
Analysis of Mechanical Deicing Method for Low Voltage Overhead Transmission Lines

Icing is one of the main natural disasters threatening the safety of transmission lines in cold regions, and mechanical deicing technology is one of the most important means to eliminate the adverse impact of icing. In this paper, by combing the important mechanical deicing methods at present, the characteristics and deicing requirements and the characteristics of applicable mechanical deicing schemes for low-voltage transmission lines and distribution lines is summarized are summarized. The significance of nonlinear finite element simulation technology for the design of mechanical deicing device and the optimization of deicing scheme is proposed, and the general design idea of a novel electromagnetic impact mechanical deicing device is proposed. This paper provides a useful support for accelerating the design of deicing devices for ice disaster prevention technology and improving the ability of transmission line to resist ice and snow disaster.
Nano-acoustic resonator with ultralong phonon lifetime

The energy damping time in a mechanical resonator is critical to many precision metrology applications, such as timekeeping and force measurements. We present measurements of the phonon lifetime of a microwave-frequency, nanoscale silicon acoustic cavity incorporating a phononic bandgap acoustic shield. Using pulsed laser light to excite a colocalized optical mode of the cavity, we measured the internal acoustic modes with single-phonon sensitivity down to millikelvin temperatures, yielding a phonon lifetime of up to [Formula: see text] seconds (quality factor [Formula: see text]) and a coherence time of [Formula: see text] microseconds for bandgap-shielded cavities. These acoustically engineered nanoscale structures provide a window into the material origins of quantum noise and have potential applications ranging from tests of various collapse models of quantum mechanics to miniature quantum memory elements in hybrid superconducting quantum circuits.
Curriculum Making 1

Three narrative threads—curriculum making, reciprocal learning, and the best-loved self—seam this book into a cohesive whole. This first chapter—Curriculum Making 1—sets the stage for Curriculum Making 2 and other chapters that follow. I begin by underscoring the importance of teachers as communicated by well-known international researchers and supranational organizations. I then define Schwab’s curriculum commonplaces and introduce two dominant images of teaching: teacher-as-curriculum-implementer and teacher-as-curriculum-maker. Next, I spotlight the curriculum making of four teachers who I studied longitudinally in the US. I end with an overview of what I learned about curriculum making from my close work with these teachers and the contexts of their teaching. This prepares me for Curriculum Making 2 where I shine the spotlight exclusively on Chinese teachers-as-curriculum-makers and end with a synopsis of curriculum making that commingles what has been learned in both countries.
A review of inpatient nursing workload measures.

Background Fiscal constraints, an ageing populations and the increasing burden of chronic conditions are stressing health systems internationally. Nurses are the linchpin of effective healthcare delivery and their success is dependent on adequate staffing models, which must align knowledge, skills and competencies with workload. Objectives To compare measures of nursing workload in adult inpatient settings. Design, data sources and review method A review of published studies characterising nursing workload measures was undertaken. Databases-PubMed and CINHAL-were used to identify published studies. A description of the psychometric properties of each measure and its use in an inpatient setting was required for inclusion. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was used to guide and report the review. Results Of the 1,422 studies identified, 15 met the inclusion criteria. Nursing workload was measured in the intermediate care unit (n = 6), overall hospital (n = 7), emergency department (n = 1) and burn unit (n = 1) settings and also by mailed survey (n = 1). Eleven different workload measures were identified. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (n = 3), Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (n = 3) and Nursing Activities Score (n = 2) were the most common nursing workload measures identified with reported psychometric properties. Conclusion Researchers, clinicians and hospital administrators should carefully identify and assess the psychometric properties of nursing workload measures before using these in routine practice. Relevance to clinical practice Gaining a consensus on effective nursing workload measures is a crucial step in designing appropriate staffing models and policies, improving nurse productivity and well-being, as well as enhancing patient health outcomes in inpatient settings.
Epidemiology, risk factors, and association of antifungal prophylaxis on early invasive fungal infection in heart transplant recipients.

Background Invasive fungal infection (IFI) in heart transplant recipients is associated with poor outcomes. Estimated risk of 1-year IFI in heart transplant recipients is 3.4-8.6% with risk factors inconsistently identified in previous studies. The role of antifungal prophylaxis is unclear. The transplant program at Mayo Clinic provides 6 months of universal azole prophylaxis for those heart transplant recipients in Arizona. We sought to define risk factors for 1-year IFI and determine the effect of antifungal prophylaxis. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing heart transplantation at Mayo Clinic from January 2000 to March 2019. We analyzed demographics, details of transplant hospitalization, antifungal prophylaxis, and fungal infection. Multivariable Cox analyses were performed to identify risk factors of 1-year IFI and impact of IFI on posttransplant mortality. Results A total of 966 heart transplant recipients were identified with a median age of 56 years (IQR 47, 62). A total of 444 patients received antifungal prophylaxis. Over 1-year follow-up, 62 patients developed IFI with a cumulative incidence of 6.4%. In multivariable analysis, factors associated with IFI were renal replacement therapy (RRT) (HR 3.24, 95% CI 1.65-6.39), allograft rejection (HR 2.33, 95% CI 1.25-4.34), and antifungal prophylaxis (HR 0.32, 95% CI 0.11-0.96). RRT was also associated with invasive mold infection (HR 3.00, 95% CI 1.29-6.97). Conclusions RRT and allograft rejection after transplantation are associated with 1-year IFI, and RRT is also associated with invasive mold infection. Antifungal prophylaxis appears to be protective and further study is needed in the heart transplant population.
Functional Differences Between Native and Recombinant Forms of Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channel Currents

Two components of delayed rectifier potassium channels are known to contribute repolarizing currents in cardiac tissue. One component is characterized by very slow activation kinetics and insensitivity to class III antiarrhythmic agents such as E4031. This component, referred to as IKs, has been linked to a gene that encodes a unique and small (130 amino acids) protein that has been shown to induce channel activity in heterologous expression systems remarkably similar to native IKs. In this chapter, several lines of experimental evidence are reviewed that strongly suggest that, despite the similarity between native and recombinant forms of minK or IKs channel activity, a sufficient number of differences have emerged that raise the possibility that the minK gene product, while contributing to the functioning IKs channel, is not sufficient to account for important functional channel properties. Thus these data suggest that the channel underlying IKs is likely to be heteromultimeric with subunit components that are yet to be identified.
An Empirical Investigation of the Demand for Bank‐Owned Life Insurance

Key employee life insurance in the banking industry is called bank-owned life insurance (BOLI). Banks use BOLI to provide financial support to help reduce disruptions due to the death of a key executive and as a part of the executive compensation package. We investigate the characteristics of banks related to the amount of BOLI purchased. We find that BOLI purchases are positively related to bank size and leverage and negatively related to tax rates and employee salaries. We also find that BOLI purchases are related to bank ownership structure and profitability.
Accurate Elliptic Differential Equation Solver

This report describes accurate numerical methods for general elliptic problems defined on rectangular domains with boundary conditions of the third kind. The continuous model is discretized using finite differences and the resulting system of linear algebraic equations is solved iteratively. Several iterative algorithms are implemented in both interval, using IBM's ACRITH, and point arithmetic. Problems are exhibited for which the point algorithms perform poorly but the corresponding interval procedures do not.
Syntheses of Tetracyclic and Pentacyclic Condensed Thiophene Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the syntheses of various tetracyclic and pentacyclic condensed thiophene systems. The close physicochemical analogies between the benzene and thiophene rings are discussed. There are many advantages of using the thienolog correlation. Perhaps the most important advantage is that one can use the structural formulas of the known and predicted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as a point of reference for writing the structures of all of the numerous condensed thiophenes that are theoretically possible. Most commonly, tetracyclic and pentacyclic condensed thiophenes are synthesized by the process of annulation, i.e., by constructing one or more rings onto a precursor molecule by an intermolecular or intramolecular process. Thus, most of the synthetic methodologies are categorized first in terms of the nature of the ring produced, whether a sulfur heterocyclic ring or a carbocyclic one, and second in terms of the reagents or the type of reaction used. A few synthetic methods that do not fit neatly into one of the annulations categories are also discussed in the chapter.
Static control of combustion oscillations by coaxial flows: a large-eddy-simulations investigation

In the design process of lean premixed combustors, the suppression of combustion instabilities plays a crucial role. Because active control measures to suppress combustion instabilities involve costs and maintenance, passive or static control measures are a preferable choice. The current work focuses on vortex-driven combustion instabilities, where large-scale vortices trigger the instability. A skillful vortex management in the combustor by passive methods- such as a coaxial flow-should be able to decrease the influence of large-scale vortices on the flame or to suppress the creation of large vortices completely. The current study investigates the possibilities of manipulating the shear layer at the burner nozzle of an axisymmetric dump combustor by a small circumferential coaxial flow. To explore these possibilities of flow control, large eddy simulations (LES) of a confined Bunsen burner flame are performed using a flow solver based on a low-Mach-number assumption and the G equation. The flow is periodically excited in order to simulate the acoustic forcing of the combustion instability. Phase averaging delivers the flow response to the forcing, and transfer functions give information about the amplification of the forcing. The success of the control method is then determined by the ability of the control method to suppress an amplification of the periodic excitation. The results of LES of the cold flow shows that the swirled coaxial flow is able to destroy large-scale structures and to suppress the periodic flow response substantially. In the reacting case a coaxial flow is able to shield the main flow and the flame front from large-scale vortices, and the influence of vortices on the flame front decreases dramatically.
Activity‐induced musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) and subsistence strategy changes among ancient Hudson Bay Eskimos

Although archaeological evidence may express the results of several seasons of activity, the human skeleton, when correlated with archaeological and ethnographic data, provides information concerning daily activities performed throughout an individual's lifetime. Studies in occupational and sports medicine, along with electromyographic analysis of movement, have shown that different activities place different amounts of stress on human bone. In the present study, analysis of upper extremity musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) has been used to clarify habitual activity patterns of two ancient Thule Eskimo groups from northwest Hudson Bay, Canada. Distinct pattern differences in muscle use occurred between Thule adult males and females and suggest possible gender-specific activity patterns that are not always discernible from the archaeological record alone. Temporal applications of the MSM data for Early and Late Period Thule support McCartney's theory of a substantial change in subsistence strategies through time, particularly among the adult males.
Membrane domains of intestinal epithelial cells: Distribution of Na+,K+-ATPase and the membrane skeleton in adult rat intestine during fetal development and after epithelial isolation

The organization of the basolateral membrane domain of highly polarized intestinal absorptive cells was studied in adult rat intestinal mucosa, during development of polarity in fetal intestine, and in isolated epithelial sheets. Semi-thin frozen sections of these tissues were stained with a monoclonal antibody (mAb 4C4) directed against Na+,K+-ATPase, and with other reagents to visualize distributions of the membrane skeleton (fodrin), an epithelial cell adhesion molecule (uvomorulin), an apical membrane enzyme (aminopeptidase), and filamentous actin. In intact adult epithelium, Na+,K+-ATPase, membrane-associated fodrin, and uvomorulin were concentrated in the lateral, but not basal, subdomain. In the stratified epithelium of fetal intestine, both fodrin and uvomorulin were localized in areas of cell-cell contact at 16 and 17 d gestation, a stage when Na+,K+-ATPase was not yet expressed. These molecules were excluded from apical domains and from cell surfaces in contact with basal lamina. When Na+,K+-ATPase appeared at 18-19 d, it was codistributed with fodrin. Detachment of epithelial sheets from adult intestinal mucosa did not disrupt intercellular junctions or lateral cell contacts, but cytoplasmic blebs appeared at basal cell surfaces, and a diffuse pool of fodrin and actin accumulated in them. At the same time, Na+,K+-ATPase moved into the basal membrane subdomain, and extensive endocytosis of basolateral membrane, including Na+,K+-ATPase, occurred. Endocytosis of uvomorulin was not detected and no fodrin was associated with endocytic vesicles. Uvomorulin, along with some membrane-associated fodrin and some Na+,K+-ATPase, remained in the lateral membrane as long as intercellular contacts were maintained. Thus, in this polarized epithelium, interaction of lateral cell-cell adhesion molecules as well as basal cell-substrate interactions are required for maintaining the stability of the lateral membrane skeleton and the position of resident membrane proteins concentrated in the lateral membrane domain.
Analytical Formulae for Deconstructing Diversity Discourse

Abstract Human diversity, it is hypothesized, can greatly enhance social aggrandizement, if approached contextually within an analytical framework. The diversity typology in use is examined in its spatio-temporal contexts. Understanding of the nature of diversity in space and time domains is a key to designing social arrangements that we need in an increasingly diverse and complex world.
Treatment of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis with interferon gamma

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis is characterized by recurrent episodes of painful swollen lesions of the bone and overlying skin with radiographic changes and an elevated sedimentation rate. It resembles infectious osteomyelitis but with negative findings on bacterial culture and no response to antibiotics. We treated a 13-year-old girl with interferon gamma for 3 months. She had 11 episodes of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis m 21/2 years before therapy and has had none in the 15 months since therapy, an outcome suggesting a favorable therapeutic response.
Probable observation of unusual local vibrational modes in the oscillatory photoconductivity of semi-insulating GaAs

Abstract We have observed oscillatory photoconductivity with a period of 20.9 meV in semi-insulating GaAs at T = 18–23°K. These oscillations are associated with the 0.75 eV impurity level in GaAs which has often been attributed to O. It is suggested that the oscillations are due to a cascade process involving multiple emission of a local vibrational mode, of energy 20.9 meV, associated with the 0.75 eV defect.
Baroreceptor reflex in the rat after converting enzyme inhibition or angiotensin receptor blockade.

SUMMARY 1. One component of baroreflex responsiveness was quantitated in conscious rats using the heart rate response to a pressor injection of phenylephrine. 2. Endogenous angiotensin and its effectiveness were manipulated by sodium deprivation, converting enzyme inhibition and infusion of an angiotensin analogue. None of these manoeuvres changed the observed reflex responsiveness. 3. We conclude that endogenous angiotensin has no influence on the component of baroreceptor function that is described by the slope of the arterial pressure-heart rate relationship.
Synthesis of Some N-dialkylaminoalkyl-4-pyridones

Attempts to prepare some N-dialkylaminoalkyl-4-alkoxy- and 4-aryloxy-2-pyridones by oxidation of N-dialkylaminoalkyl-4-alkoxy- and 4-aryloxy-pyridinium halides with potassium ferricyanide in alkaline solution resulted instead in the formation of N-dialkylaminoalkyl-4-pyridones as a result of cleavage of the 4-alkoxy or 4-aryloxy group under the alkaline conditions used. The N-dialkylaminoalkyl-4-pyridones formed the dihydrochloride salt with HCl and the monosubstituted quaternary ammonium compounds with reactive alkyl halides.
Reducing the wrapping effect in flowpipe construction using pseudo-invariants

The reachability problem for a nonlinear hybrid automaton is often decomposed into steps where continuous successors are computed, and steps where discrete transitions and reset maps are processed. In this paper, we will show one method which can reduce the wrapping effect in the continuous-successor computation stage. A reduction in the wrapping effect can lead to both reduced error and reduced computation time.The key insight behind the proposed method is that, when computing continuous successors, time need not be tracked precisely. We split an individual mode of a hybrid automaton into a pair of modes by introducing an artificial invariant (and associated transition) which we call a pseudo-invariant. The resultant hybrid automaton is a bisimulation of the original one, and thus their exact set of reachable states is identical. However, since time information is often dropped across discrete transitions, practical methods for overapproximating reachability can experience less wrapping-effect error when run on the constructed bisimulation. We demonstrate the advantage of the approach of pseudo-invariants by computing reachability for a nonlinear dynamical system using Flow*, a state-of-the-art reachability tool.
Predictors of Pregnancy Outcome in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Review

In pregnant women, antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia, fetal intrauterine growth restriction, and other complications related to uteroplacental insufficiency. In the last two decades, several studies were performed to identify the predictive role of some parameters in relation to obstetric outcome in APS patients. Among these, the uterine velocimetry Doppler is the most studied. It provides a non-invasive method for the study of uteroplacental blood flow, being able to detect a condition of impaired placental perfusion, due to the presence of circulating antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). To date, the uterine artery Doppler velocimetry resulted to be a useful tool to identify APS pregnancies at higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. False-positive IgM for toxoplasmosis, others, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes viruses (TORCH) complex is associated to a worse pregnancy outcome because it reflects a dysregulation of the immune system which may amplify placental autoimmune damage. Moreover low levels of complement components are related to an increased incidence of obstetrical complications, suggesting that placental deposition of immune complexes and activation of complement cascade may contribute to placental failure APS related. The abnormal uterine Doppler velocimetry, false-positive TORCH IgM and low levels of complement components can be considered prognostic indexes of poor pregnancy outcome in APS.
Predicting the practice effects on the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) function of fMRI in a symbolic manipulation task

Based on adaptive control of thought-rational (ACT-R), a cognitive architecture for cognitive modeling, researchers have developed an information-processing model to predict the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response of functional MRI in symbol manipulation tasks. As an extension of this research, the current event-related functional MRI study investigates the effect of relatively extensive practice on the activation patterns of related brain regions. The task involved performing transformations on equations in an artificial algebra system. This paper shows that the base-level activation learning in the ACT-R theory can predict the change of the BOLD response in practice in a left prefrontal region reflecting retrieval of information. In contrast, practice has relatively little effect on the form of BOLD response in the parietal region reflecting imagined transformations to the equation or the motor region reflecting manual programming.
Further studies on two new lysergic acid compounds: d‐lysergic acid‐dl‐hydroxy‐butylamide‐2 (methergine) and dihydroergotamine (D. H. E. 45)†

The results of a study involving a comparison of the systemic effects of temperature, respiration, and pupil size in rabbits for methergine, dihydroergotamine, and ergonovine are reported.
Developing disciplinary literacy in a multilingual history classroom

Abstract This paper reports on a design experiment ( Brown, 1992 ) where we explored how providing a linguistic support for understanding historical documents affected students comprehension of historical documents and their disciplinary literacy. The functional approach to disciplinary literacy parallels historians’ reading practices while supporting language development. This language development is assisted through the discussion of difficult texts and complex issues using linguistic tools that support the development of metalinguistic awareness (see e.g. Schleppegrell, Achugar, & Oteiza, 2004 ). We collected data documenting the intervention (disciplinary literacy lessons) and students’ performance (pre and post test of reading comprehension tasks) from five multilingual history classrooms taught by the same teacher. The data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods to determine the characteristics of the disciplinary literacy lessons and students’ learning. The analysis of the data shows students expanded their linguistic resources and had a deeper understanding of historical texts at the end of the semester. The case studies presented also show the great diversity in a population that is homogeneously labeled (i.e. being English learners), but which has different linguistic resources and experiences to work with. The detailed functional analysis of their textual production revealed how they attempt to construct a disciplinary gaze.
Influence of occlusal schemes on the muscular activity of edentulous patients

Abstract An investigation utilizing different occlusal schemes on the same denture base was conducted to test the variance in muscle activity during mastication. Results indicate that the anatomic occlusion required the least activity from the closing muscles for all test foods. The reverse curve occlusal scheme required the greatest closing muscle activity during the chewing of carrots and peanuts. Thus, the form of posterior occlusion is an important factor in the amount of muscle activity during mastication.