cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of sex steroid measurements in men by immunoassay versus mass spectroscopy and relationships with cortical and trabecular volumetric bone mineral density

In men, measurement of serum testosterone and estradiol levels with immunoassays correlated with mass spectroscopic measurements, and correlations of sex steroids with volumetric bone mineral density were similar. While immunoassays have been used extensively for measurement of serum testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) levels, there is concern about their specificity, particularly at low E2 levels as present in men. We compared T and E2 measured by mass spectroscopy to levels measured by immunoassay in men (n = 313, age 22 to 91 years) and related these to volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) at various skeletal sites. Serum T and non-SHBG bound (or bioavailable) T levels by immunoassay correlated well with the corresponding mass spectroscopy measurements (R = 0.90 and 0.95, respectively, P < 0.001); the correlations for serum E2 measured using the two techniques were less robust (R = 0.63 for total E2 and 0.84 for bioavailable E2, P < 0.001). Overall relationships between serum bioavailable T and E2 levels with vBMD at various skeletal sites were similar for the immunoassay and mass spectroscopic measures. Although E2 levels with immunoassay correlate less well with the mass spectroscopic measurements than do the T measurements in men, our findings indicate that the fundamental relationships observed previously between vBMD and the sex steroids by immunoassay are also present with the mass spectroscopic measurements.
A mixed computational algorithm for plane elastic contact problems—I. formulation

Abstract A mixed variational statement and corresponding finite element model are developed for an arbitrary plane body undergoing large deformations (i.e. large displacements, large rotations and small strains) under external loads using the updated Lagrangian formulation. The mixed finite element formulation allows the nodal displacements and stresses to be approximated independently. Two different contact algorithms are presented for the separate cases of a thin plate in contact with a rigid pin and a flexible pin, and the algorithms account for the computational difficulties that arise from the unknown contact area and the presence of friction between the pin and the plate.
MOTHERS' COMMENTS ABOUT TV Relation to Family Communication Patterns

Interview data from a sample of 336 mothers of elementary school children were used to examine the relationship between family communication style (that is, the degree of concept orientation or socio-orientation) and mothers' comments to their children about the content of TV programs. The major findings were as follows: Concept orientation was associated positively with mothers' exploration of moral issues raised by TV programs in discussions with their children (but not with the giving of explicit directives about the implications of these issues for the children's own conduct). Concept orientation was also associated with mothers' use of TV as an occasion for giving their children information about historical, geographic, or scientific details pertinent to a TV program. Finally, concept orientation was associated with mothers' statements to their children that things on TV are just make-believe. Socio-orientation, on the other hand, was associated with mothers' statements to their children that various...
Transportation Problems and Simplicial Polytopes That Are Not Weakly Vertex-Decomposable

Provan and Billera defined the notion of weak k-decomposability for pure simplicial complexes in the hopes of bounding the diameter of convex polytopes. They showed the diameter of a weakly k-decomposable simplicial complex Δ is bounded above by a polynomial function of the number of k-faces in Δ and its dimension. For weakly 0-decomposable complexes, this bound is linear in the number of vertices and the dimension. In this paper we exhibit the first examples of non-weakly 0-decomposable simplicial polytopes. Our examples are in fact polar to certain transportation polytopes.
Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Is Inversely Associated With Circulating Interleukin-6 Among Middle-Aged Men A Twin Study

Background— The Mediterranean diet is protective against cardiovascular disease; a proposed mechanism is through a reduction in systemic inflammation. It is unknown to what extent the association between the Mediterranean diet and inflammation is due to genetic or other familial factors. Methods and Results— We administered the Willett food frequency questionnaire to 345 middle-aged male twins and assessed adherence to the Mediterranean diet using a published adherence score. Fasting plasma levels of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and known cardiovascular risk factors were measured. Mixed-effect regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between diet score and inflammatory biomarkers after accounting for known cardiovascular risk factors. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with reduced levels of interleukin-6 (P<0.001) but not C-reactive protein (P=0.10) after adjustment for total energy intake, other nutritional factors, known cardiovascular risk factors, and use of sup...
Achieving high availability and performance computing with an HA-OSCAR cluster

High availability (HA) computing has long gained much attention in enterprise and mission critical systems. HA goals are to maximize the uptime, thus undoubtedly complementing high-performance computing (HPC) objectives. HA-OSCAR is a project that aims to improve HA in commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS)-based HPC environments. In this paper, we introduce a multi-head HPC cluster architecture. Server redundancy is an initial key aspect aiming toward downtime reduction. Two HA-OSCAR types, active-standby and active-active, are studied. We evaluate system dependability for given two models. Stochastic Reward Nets (SRN) are used to model the system availability. We describe our SRN modeling using Stochastic Petri Net Package, and compute several interesting results that characterize HA-OSCAR availability.
Correlation plane integration of time-sequenced binary phase-only filter responses

With the advent of high speed spatial light modulators, it is possible to write binary phase-only filters (BPOFs) faster than standard video rates. However, an optical correlation system which uses a camera operating at standard video rates to capture output correlation responses is limited to a maximum filter rate of 60 Hertz. This paper examines the use of a charge injection device (CID) camera to speed up the processing time of a BPOF-based rotation-invariant optical correlation system. Having integrating capabilities, the CID camera can integrate several output correlation plane responses during the frame time of the camera. In this paper, the performance of an integrating correlator is presented. The influence of factors such as the input image noise density, the number of integrated correlation responses, and the size of ternary low-frequency blocks on correlation responses are explored.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A case of insertional translocation involving chromosomes 2 and 4

We report on a 6-year-old Caucasian boy with direct insertion of genetic material from the short arm of chromosome 4 to the short arm of chromosome 2. He was referred for evaluation because of global developmental delay and seizure disorder. A karyotype performed at 4 1/2 months of age, by a laboratory elsewhere, reportedly showed a deletion of chromosome 4(p12). When we saw him, he had macrocephaly, hypotonia, psychomotor retardation, multiple minor congenital anomalies, and EEG abnormalities. Repeat chromosomes performed by our laboratory revealed that his karyotype was 46,XY,dir ins(2;4)(p24;p15.3p13). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, using chromosomes 2 and 4 painting probes confirmed that material from 4p has been translocated to 2p. Also, FISH analysis using the Wolf-Hirschhorn critical region probe revealed that both loci are intact. Parental chromosomes were normal. This complex rearrangement, though it appears balanced, probably might have resulted in either a structural loss of genetic material or functional loss of a gene action. Thus, his phenotype could be explained by this de novo insertion of chromosome 4 material into chromosome 2. There is no reported case of this specific chromosome rearrangement.
The Association Between Foster Care and Substance Abuse Risk Factors and Treatment Outcomes: An Exploratory Secondary Analysis

The child welfare and substance abuse systems are integrally linked through the children and families they both serve. There is a dearth of knowledge, however, on how children who have experienced foster care fare when they are treated for substance abuse issues as adults. This article presents an exploratory study using the Alcohol and Drug Services Study (ADSS) data set. To pursue a set of exploratory questions, adults in substance abuse treatment who were formerly in foster care were matched with a group who had not experienced substitute care. Their experiences before and after treatment were compared. This article presents the methodological and substantive findings.
POPULATION ESTIMATES FOR UCA PUGNAX (SMITH, 1870) ON THE DUPLIN ESTUARY MARSH, GEORGIA, U.S.A. (DECAPODA BRACHYURA, OCYPODIDAE)

model, several additional compartments have been considered. The Uca spp. populations may represent a bio-energetically significant group of macro-inverte brates in the salt marsh ecosystem. Standing stock data from Uca pugnax popula tions (the most widely distributed and most abundant species of the genus) coupled with transfer rates between U. pugnax and other compartments, provide a new pathway for quantification. Standing stock data for the crabs are presented herein. Efforts already underway (by SFS) are focusing on potential net energy transfer rates between fiddler crabs and other compartments of the mathematical model. Once necessary flux rates and standing stock have been incorporated into the model, we can more accurately assess the importance of fiddler crab populations in the energy flow of the salt marsh. Three species of fiddler crabs, U. pugnax (Smith, 1870), U. pugilator Bosc, 1801, U. minax (Le Conte, 1855), are among the most conspicuous macro-faunal consumers of the Georgia salt marsh. These detritus feeders (Marples, 1966) may play a large role in the energy flow of the marsh, based solely on their abundance. Teal (1958) divided the marsh habitat into seven types; creek bank, tall Spartina edge marsh, medium S par tina levee marsh, short Spartina low marsh, short Spar tina high marsh, Salicornia and Distichlis marsh, and funcus marsh and estimated adult crabs from each habitat except the funcus marsh. Fiddler crabs were found in all of these areas; however, each species occupied characteristic zones. Teal (1962) also published estimates of Uca spp. populations (excluding the young, <0.2 g wet weight) on creek bank, levee, short Spartina and Salicornia-Distichlis marshes. These populations were sampled by placing metal rings (30 cm high) on the marsh at high tide and removing organisms within the ring at low tide. Crabs were separated, counted and weighed. Rings of 0.20 m2 were used for adults
Determination of the contractile characteristics of the motor units in skeletal muscle through twitch characteristics.

A stepwise increase in stimulation voltage was applied to a pair of synchronously firing plate electrodes placed across the spinal roots innervating the soleus, medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles of the cat. The resultant muscle twitches were stored and analysed by an Intel 8080a microprocessor to determine the speed of contraction and the peak tension of the compound muscle twitches. From these results, the speed of contraction and the strength distribution of the motor units within that muscle were estimated. These data were then compared with the actual fibre composition and speed distribution measured for the same three muscles. The results of these determinations showed that the distribution of strength and speed of contraction of the motor units of these muscles could be approximated through stimulation of their motor nerves.
Thermal Adaptation of Viruses and Bacteria

A previously established multiscale population genetics model posits that fitness can be inferred from the physical properties of proteins under the physiological assumption that a loss of stability by any protein confers the lethal phenotype to an organism. Here, we develop this model further by positing that replication rate (fitness) of a bacterial or viral strain directly depends on the copy number of folded proteins, which determine its replication rate. Using this model, and both numerical and analytical approaches, we studied the adaptation process of bacteria and viruses at varied environmental temperatures. We found that a broad distribution of protein stabilities observed in the model and in experiment is the key determinant of thermal response for viruses and bacteria. Our results explain most of the earlier experimental observations: the striking asymmetry of thermal response curves; the absence of evolutionary tradeoff, which was expected but not found in experiments; correlation between denaturation temperature for several protein families and the optimal growth temperature of their carrier organisms; and proximity of bacterial or viral optimal growth temperatures to their evolutionary temperatures. Our theory quantitatively and with high accuracy described thermal response curves for 35 bacterial species using, for each species, only two adjustable parameters—the number of rate-determining genes and the energy barrier for metabolic reactions.
Energy-efficient geographic routing with virtual anchors based on projection distance

Geographic routing is an effective routing technique based on locally available position information. It uses greedy forwarding whenever possible and switches to detouring mode when a local minimum is reached. Detouring mode in geographic routing usually results in lengthy paths. To shorten the path and reduce the possibility of detouring, geographic routing using anchor nodes as intermediate relays has been proposed. In this paper, we propose to obtain the anchor list based on the projection distance of nodes in detouring mode with respect to the virtual line linking the source and destination. For existing anchor-based schemes, once an anchor list is obtained, the path from the source to the destination usually does not change unless the network topology changes, which may lead to the quick depletion of the energy for some nodes. To better distribute energy consumption among nodes in the network and thus prolong the network lifetime, we further propose to introduce a random shift to the location of anchors to obtain virtual anchors for each packet sent. Simulation results show that our projection distance-based algorithm outperforms existing anchor-based algorithms with shorter paths and fewer anchors in random network topology. We also demonstrate that the lifetime-improving strategy with virtual anchors is effective in increasing the number of packets delivered in the lifetime of sensor networks.
Odor perception and beliefs about risk.

Although the perceptual response to environmental odors can be quite variable, such variation has often been attributed to differences in individual sensitivity. An information-processing analysis of odor perception, however, treats both the reception and the subsequent evaluation of odor information as determinants of the perceptual response. Two experiments investigated whether a factor that influenced the evaluation stage affected the judgement of odor quality and the degree of adaptation to the odor. People were surveyed in order to measure their tacit perceptions of the healthfulness or hazardousness of nine common olfactory stimuli, and the instructional context influenced quality perception. In a second experiment subjects were exposed to an ambient odor under one of three different conditions, and odorant characterization influenced the degree of adaptation to the odor. Subjects who were led to believe the odor was a natural, healthy extract showed adaptation ; those told that the odor was potentially hazardous showed apparent sensitization ; while those told that the odor was a common olfactory test odorant showed a mixed pattern : some exhibited adaptation, whereas others showed sensitization. However, detection thresholds obtained before and after exposure showed adaptation effects that are characteristic of continuous exposure. These findings raise the possibility that cognitive factors may be modulating the overall sensory perception of odor exposure (i) for some individuals who exhibit extreme sensitivity to odors and (ii) in situations where adaptation to environmental odors is expected but does not occur.
Three-body recombination of cold fermionic atoms

Recombination of identical, spin-polarized fermions in cold three-body collisions is investigated. We parametrize the mechanisms for recombination in terms of the `scattering volume' Vp and another length scale r0. Model two-body interactions were used within the framework of the adiabatic hyperspherical representation. We examine the recombination rate K3 as a function of the collision energy E for various values of Vp. Not only do we consider the dominant JΠ = 1+ case, but also the next-leading order contributions from JΠ = 1- and 3-. We discuss the behaviour near a two-body resonance and the expected universality of fermionic recombination. Comparisons with boson recombination are considered in detail.
Characterization of the Dose Effect in Secondary Electron Emission

Summary form given only. Secondary electron emission (SEE) results from bombarding materials with electrons, atoms, or ions. When studying SEE, one is usually interested in determining the secondary electron yield, defined as the number of secondary electrons produced per incident primary electron. The amount of secondary emission is well known to depend on factors such as bulk and surface properties of materials, energy of incident particles, and their angle of incidence. However, results presented here indicate large variation of yield with incident electron dose/current density in addition to the above factors. There has been little effort in literature to quantify this effect. Experiments in this thesis aim to fill this gap.
Preference for higher sucrose concentrations in cocaine abusing-dependent patients.

Background: Animal studies suggest that preference for relatively high concentrations of sweet solutions and lack of control over sweet solution consumption is related to a preference for alcohol over water. There also is evidence in humans that alcoholics prefer high concentration sweet solutions. This study was designed to determine whether patients with cocaine use disorder also prefer high concentrations of sweet solutions. Methods: Sixteen patients with cocaine abuse/dependency were compared with 16 inpatient controls with an affective disorder as to their preferences for increasing concentrations of sucrose solutions. Patients were administered aqueous sucrose solutions ranging from 0.05 to 0.83 M. They were then asked to rate their degree of preference for, and the degree of sweetness of each solution. Results: Cocaine abusing/dependent patients significantly more often preferred the highest sucrose concentration (0.83M). Conclusions: The above information suggests that cocaine abusing/dependent patients, like alcoholics, and in contrast to inpatient controls, share a preference for high concentrations of sucrose.
Suppression of lactation with ethinyl estradiol.

THE estrogens have proved their usefulness in the control of painful breast engorgement in the immediate postpartum period and in the early suppression of lactation. However, the ideal product, dosage and time of administration have not been reached. An attempt has been made in this study to evaluate the usefulness of ethinyl estradiol for the suppression of lactation after other measures had been discarded for either increased secondary uterine bleeding or for ineffectiveness. In 1933, Smith and Smith (1) demonstrated the inhibition of lactation in laboratory animals with the use of large doses of estrin. From this point, extensive trials (2–8) were undertaken with oral and parenteral administration to determine the worth of both the natural and the synthetic substances of estrogen potency. The earliest study with ethinyl estradiol was reported by Kurzrok, Livingston and Birnberg (9) in 1942. Their observations on a series of 59 puerperal women showed promising results.
Critical flow with high pressure water flowing in small diameter sharp-edged tubes

The transient critical flow experiment was carried out in the high-pressure test loop. The break sections were the sharp-edged tubes with inner diameter of nearly 4 mm but with quite different lengths. The initial pressure was up to 22.0 MPa and the inlet subcooling covered the range of 0 to 60∘C. New critical flow data were provided and the effects of inlet liquid subcooling and tube lengths were described. The proposed empirical nonequilibrium correlation was used to calculate the critical mass flow rate for such small diameter tube.
Comparison of Carbon Nutrition for Pathogenic and Commensal Escherichia coli Strains in the Mouse Intestine

The carbon sources that support the growth of pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the mammalian intestine have not previously been investigated. In vivo, the pathogenic E. coli EDL933 grows primarily as single cells dispersed within the mucus layer that overlies the mouse cecal epithelium. We therefore compared the pathogenic strain and the commensal E. coli strain MG1655 modes of metabolism in vitro, using a mixture of the sugars known to be present in cecal mucus, and found that the two strains used the 13 sugars in a similar order and cometabolized as many as 9 sugars at a time. We conducted systematic mutation analyses of E. coli EDL933 and E. coli MG1655 by using lesions in the pathways used for catabolism of 13 mucus-derived sugars and five other compounds for which the corresponding bacterial gene system was induced in the transcriptome of cells grown on cecal mucus. Each of 18 catabolic mutants in both bacterial genetic backgrounds was fed to streptomycin-treated mice, together with the respective wild-type parent strain, and their colonization was monitored by fecal plate counts. None of the mutations corresponding to the five compounds not found in mucosal polysaccharides resulted in colonization defects. Based on the mutations that caused colonization defects, we determined that both E. coli EDL933 and E. coli MG1655 used arabinose, fucose, and N-acetylglucosamine in the intestine. In addition, E. coli EDL933 used galactose, hexuronates, mannose, and ribose, whereas E. coli MG1655 used gluconate and N-acetylneuraminic acid. The colonization defects of six catabolic lesions were found to be additive with E. coli EDL933 but not with E. coli MG1655. The data indicate that pathogenic E. coli EDL933 uses sugars that are not used by commensal E. coli MG1655 to colonize the mouse intestine. The results suggest a strategy whereby invading pathogens gain advantage by simultaneously consuming several sugars that may be available because they are not consumed by the commensal intestinal microbiota.
Anionic polymerization of 2-vinylpyridine: a computational study of solvent effects on polymerization stereochemistry.†

Anionic polymerization of 2-vinylpyridine shows significant solvent effects on the polymer stereochemistry. Polymerization with butyllithium in tetrahydrofuran (THF) yields a largely isotactic polymer, while polymerization with butyllithium in tetramethyl-ethylenediamine (TMEDA) results in a material with nearly the same stereochemistry as radical polymerization. Semiempirical molecular orbital calculations were used to explain these solvent effects.
Enzymatic and Autoxidation of Defatted Peanuts

Ground, blanched, raw, and roasted peanuts with varying oil contents were analyzed for oxidation products. Peroxide values (PV) of blanched, ground raw (BRAW) peanuts, demonstrating enzymatic oxidation, and heat-treated rancid roasted peanuts (RRST), demonstrating autoxidation, exhibited decreases (p ≦ 0.05) with decreasing oil content. The Oxidative Stability Index (OSI) time at 110 °C increased (p < 0.05) with decrease in oil content of raw (BRAW) and roasted (BRST) ground peanuts. A higher OSI indicated more oxidative stability, thereby supporting the hypothesis of higher potential for autoxidation at higher oil contents. In addition, BRST exhibited a shorter OSI than BRAW, indicating slower autoxidation in BRAW. Roasted peanutty odor, burnt odor, and roasted peanutty flavor, rancid/oxidized flavor, and burnt flavor scores of rancid roasted peanuts decreased (p ≦ 0.05) with decreasing oil content.
The How, Whom, and Why of Parents’ Involvement in Children’s Academic Lives: More Is Not Always Better

A key goal of much educational policy is to help parents become involved in children’s academic lives. The focus of such efforts, as well as much of the extant research, has generally been on increasing the extent of parents’ involvement. However, factors beyond the extent of parents’ involvement may be of import. In this article, the case is made that consideration of the how, whom, and why of parents’ involvement in children’s academic lives is critical to maximizing its benefits. Evidence is reviewed indicating that how parents become involved determines in large part the success of their involvement. It is argued as well that parents’ involvement may matter more for some children than for others. The issue of why parents should become involved is also considered. Implications for future research and interventions are discussed.
The Nature of Parental Interactions in an Online Charter School.

A belief commonly held in the K–12 education community is that parents can have a positive impact on their child's learning. However, little research has examined parental involvement in an online learning environment. In this study, researchers using survey data found that generally students and parents viewed parent–instructor and learner–parent interactions as motivational. Students viewed learner–parent interaction as significantly more motivational than did their parents. The quantity of reported parental interactions was generally negatively correlated with course outcomes. These negative correlations may be the result of parents' tendency to increase interaction levels following poor student performance and may not reflect the actual impact of parental interactions on individual student learning.
Reflections on the High School Curriculum

I welcome this opportunity to address the Central Association of Science and Mathematics Teachers. Your group is an important force in the training of the young people of our country and I know that you are concerned with the problems of improving scientific curricula for them. I hope that my remarks will be a helpful addition to the interchange of ideas and experiences taking place at this meeting. The teaching of physics and the training of physics teachers have been major interests of mine for many years while I was a Professor of Physics and later Dean of the Graduate School at the University of Michigan. At the University, as many of you know, we instituted the Master^s degree in science teaching to enable high-school science teachers to broaden their science training with the help of special new courses in physics, chemistry, geology, mathematics, and biology, and we have conducted many year institutes and summer institutes for them. My interest in the high-school curriculum has been heightened by my recent appointment as Acting Director of the American Institute of Physics. The Institute is very much concerned about the highschool science curriculum and, of course, about physics in particular. At the AIP we are involved in many programs designed to strengthen the education of high-school students. Science and technology have become extremely important in our world today. The interest being shown in the science curriculum by many individuals and groups reflects that fact. We are living in what has been variously called the Space Age and the Atomic Age. A new era of space exploration and of exciting new scientific discoveries is before us. There are great opportunities for young people today who pursue scientific studies. New fields for research and discovery are opening up. There are still frontiers to conquer in the realm of science and technology. Equally important today is a basic knowledge of science for every citizen. Every high-school graduate must have a basic grasp of science to deal intelligently with the modern devices and equipment of everyday life, to vote intelligently in the face of the complex technological issues that face us, even to get and hold a job today. A look at any daily newspaper will provide evidence that new advances in science are permeating our everyday life. National and world political deci-
Modulation of OATP1B-Type Transporter Function Alters Cellular Uptake and Disposition of Platinum Chemotherapeutics

Expression of the human organic anion transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 have been previously believed to be restricted to hepatocytes. Here we demonstrate that the gene encoding OATP1B3, but not OATP1B1, is abundantly expressed in multiple human solid tumors that include hepatocellular, lung, and ovarian carcinomas. Surprisingly, OATP1B3 expression in a panel of 60 human tumor cell lines was linked with sensitivity to multiple cytotoxic agents, including the platinum anticancer drugs cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin. In addition, overexpression of OATP1B3 in mammalian cells increased cellular accumulation of platinum agents and decreased cell survival. In mice with a targeted disruption of the ortholog transporter Oatp1b2, the liver-to-plasma ratio of cisplatin was significantly reduced compared with wildtype mice, without concurrent changes in expression profiles of other transporter genes. Our findings indicate an unexpected role for tumoral and host OATP1B-type carriers in the toxicity and disposition of platinum anticancer drugs, and may provide a foundation for understanding the extensive interindividual pharmacodynamic variability seen with these drugs in patients.
Disparate diseases due to copycat copy number variations.

Archives of General Psychiatry Recurrent Rearrangements in Synaptic and Neurodevelopmental Genes and Shared Biologic Pathways in Schizophrenia, Autism, and Mental Retardation Audrey Guilmatre, PhD; Christele Dubourg, PhD; Anne-Laure Mosca, MD; Solenn Legallic, BSc; Alice Goldenberg, MD; Valerie Drouin-Garraud, MD; Valerie Layet, MD; Antoine Rosier, MD; Sylvain Briault, MD; Frederique Bonnet-Brilhault, MD, PhD; Frederic Laumonnier, PhD; Sylvie Odent, MD, PhD; Gael Le Vacon, MD; Geraldine Joly-Helas, MD; Veronique David, MD; Claude Bendavid, MD; Jean-Michel Pinoit, MD; Celine Henry, MD; Caterina Impallomeni, MD; Eva Germano, MD; Gaetano Tortorella, MD; Gabriella Di Rosa, MD; Catherine Barthelemy, MD; Christian Andres, MD; Laurence Faivre, MD, PhD; Thierry Frebourg, MD, PhD; Pascale Saugier Veber, PhD; Dominique Campion, MD, PhD Context: Results of comparative genomic hybridization studies have suggested that rare copy number variations (CNVs) at numerous loci are involved in the cause of mental retardation, autism spectrum disorders, and schizophrenia. Objectives: To provide an estimate of the collective frequency of a set of recurrent or overlapping CNVs in 3 different groups of cases compared with healthy control subjects and to assess whether each CNV is present in more than 1 clinical category. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Academic research. Participants: We investigated 28 candidate loci previously identified by comparative genomic hybridization studies for gene dosage alteration in 247 cases with mental retardation, in 260 cases with autism spectrum disorders, in 236 cases with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, and in 236 controls. Main Outcome Measures: Collective and individual frequencies of the analyzed CNVs in cases compared with controls. Results: Recurrent or overlapping CNVs were found in cases at 39.3% of the selected loci. The collective frequency of CNVs at these loci is significantly increased in cases with autism, in cases with schizophrenia, and in cases with mental retardation compared with controls ( P P = .01, and P = .001, respectively, Fisher exact test). Individual significance ( P = .02 without correction for multiple testing) was reached for the association between autism and a 350-kilobase deletion located at 22q11 and spanning the PRODH (606810) and DGCR6 (601279) genes. Conclusions: Weakly to moderately recurrent CNVs (transmitted or occurring de novo) seem to be causative or contributory factors for these diseases. Most of these CNVs (which contain genes involved in neurotransmission or in synapse formation and maintenance) are present in the 3 pathologic conditions (schizophrenia, autism, and mental retardation), supporting the existence of shared biologic pathways in these neurodevelopmental disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(9):947-956.
Is the non-market literature adequate to support coastal and marine management?

Analysts increasingly look to the literature for estimates of the non-market value of coastal and marine resources. We examine the comprehensiveness, timeliness, geographical completeness, and methodological breadth of the peer-reviewed literature on non-market valuation studies for coastal and ocean resources in the United States. With the exception of beaches and recreational fishing, the literature is generally insufficient to support effective policy-making. Most assets have not been well studied. Values for many assets have not been estimated in recent years, the geographical coverage is incomplete, and the application of methodologies is uneven. We offer recommendations to improve the policy usefulness of the valuation literature.
Grouping for Reading Instruction: Does One Size Fit All?

Twenty-nine third-grade teachers and selected students from their classes participated. Study 1 used teacher interviews and classroom observations to examine teachers' perceptions and practices for grouping for reading instruction; Study 2 examined the impact of these grouping practices on the academic progress, social progress, and attitudes about reading of students representing a range of achievement levels, including students with learning disabilities. Results indicated that, overall, teachers used whole class instruction for reading and the same materials for all students, including students with learning disabilities. Students with learning disabilities made little academic progress and their attitudes about reading did not improve over time.
Individual differences in positive affect moderate age-related declines in episodic long-term memory

Previous studies have attributed declining episodic memory in increased adult age to less efficient contextual markers that are typically associated with ventromedial prefrontal cortex function (e.g., Allen et al., 2005). However, this previous research found the link only for negative affect. Ashby, Isen, and Turken (1999) predicted that individual differences in positive affect should also have an impact on cognitive performance. The present study therefore extended our earlier work on negative affect to positive affect and showed that individual differences in NEO Extraversion scores (a proxy for affective intensity) moderated age differences in episodic memory. Older adults with lower extraversion scores performed more poorly on a test of long-term memory (the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task—RAVLT) than did older adults with high extroversion scores. Yet no such effect was found on a test of short-term memory (RAVLT Trial 1). Furthermore, restricting analyses to those high in extraversion (i.e., hig...
Amplitude and phase estimation considerations for asynchronous CDMA with successive interference cancellation

Successive interference cancellation, in conjunction with very low rate convolutional codes, has been shown to approach the Shannon capacity of a Gaussian channel. This approach to CDMA is very well suited to asynchronous (uplink) wireless channels. However, accurate phase and amplitude estimation is required for effective operation. In this paper, we develop a power control algorithm specifically designed to relax the requirements on estimation accuracy. Using this power control algorithm in conjunction with superorthogonal codes and successive interference cancellation, it is shown that even with average estimation error up to 30%, the capacity over an IS-95 CDMA system can be increased by an order of magnitude.
Complexes of Metabolites of Amphetamines with Hepatic Cytochrome P-450

Abstract1. Amphetamine, methamphetamine and many derivatives, in the presence of NADPH, O2 and hepatic microsomes, form complexes with cytochrome P-450, detectable by their absorbance at 455 nm.2. Para-hydroxylated amphetamines, the main metabolic products of amphetamine and methamphetamine in rats, and β-hydroxylated derivatives do not exhibit this spectral formation under similar conditions.3. The relationship between the amphetamines and other compounds known to exhibit this spectrum is discussed and indicates that an intermediate formed during an hydroxylation reaction may be responsible for the 455 nm absorbance.
Selective inhibition of histone deacetylase 6 alters the composition of circulating blood cells in a lethal septic model.

Background Phagocytes, especially monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, play a pivotal role in the innate and adaptive immune responses during sepsis. We have shown that inhibition of histone deacetylase 6 improves survival and increases bacterial clearance in a mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The aim of this study was to determine whether this effect was associated with changes in the number and composition of different blood cell types in the circulation.
2D Oculomotor Plant Mathematical Model for eye movement simulation

This paper builds a two dimensional oculomotor plant mathematical model (2DOPMM) that is capable of generating eye movement trace on a two dimensional plane. The key difference between the proposed model and the models presented previously is a design that is geared towards linearity and capability of integration into a real-time human computer interaction system while providing force output for each extraocular muscle with values close to physiological measurements. The model is represented as a twelve order system created by a set of linear mechanical components representing major anatomical properties of extraocular muscles and the eye globe: muscle location, elasticity, viscosity, eye-globe rotational inertia, muscle active state tension, length tension and force velocity relationships. Linearity is a key point ensuring a real-time performance in an online implementation of the model with twelve order representation providing close match to the eye anatomical structure. Practical applications of the proposed model lie in the area of extraocular muscle effort estimation and human computer interaction.
Pneumatically actuated micromachined synthetic jet modulators

Abstract Results presented in the synthetic jet literature have focused on the demonstration of and application of one or more single-orifice synthetic jet actuators in jet vectoring and other aerodynamic applications. For these applications, amplitude and phase modulation techniques are often used in conjunction with the oscillatory nature of the synthetic jet flow to achieve the desired results. In this work the authors present a multi-orifice synthetic jet actuator and investigate the feasibility of using integrated microvalves for dynamic orifice output modulation. A multi-orifice synthetic jet consists of a micromachined orifice array with integrated microvalves for flow modulation and a shared membrane actuator for synthetic jet generation. Individual orifice output modulation using microvalves could be used to compensate for manufacturing-induced or spatial variations in orifice output in a multi-orifice synthetic jet. Moreover, dynamic orifice output modulation could also be used to alter locally the zero net-mass-flux nature of the synthetic jet flow, producing localized flow regions over the multi-orifice synthetic jet in which the net-mass-flux is positive or negative instead of zero as in the case of traditional single-orifice synthetic jets. For instance, if a single oscillatory actuator is used to generate in parallel synthetic jet flow from an array of orifices, the microjet modulator associated with a particular orifice could be sequenced to open only during the intake (or exhaust) stroke of the actuator, creating a localized low (or high) pressure region at the given orifice. The use of dynamic modulation to create these localized regions with non-zero net mass flux could be harnessed to improve the efficiency synthetic jets in jet vectoring, flow control, or other applications. This paper discusses the fabrication and characterization of pneumatically actuated, micromachined synthetic jet modulator arrays and demonstrates the use of these synthetic jet modulators for dynamic modulation of multi-orifice synthetic jet flows. The multi-orifice synthetic jet presented here utilizes a traditionally machined synthetic jet actuator for generation of synthetic jet flows (5–20 m/s) and an array of individually addressable micromachined synthetic jet modulators for manipulation of the resulting synthetic jet flows. Included are qualitative and quantitative experimental results that demonstrate static on-off modulation and dynamic flow modulation at the jet generation frequency. Continuous variation of the output of individual jets from suction-only operation to exhaust-only operation was achieved by changing the phase of the modulation signal relative to the jet generation signal. Also presented is phase formulation of the modulated synthetic jet flow, which compares favorably with measurements of the exit pressure of the modulated synthetic jet flow. A sample application of the pneumatic microjet modulator array, a lateral air pump, is also presented to demonstrate the use of dynamic synthetic jet modulation to create localized regions with non-zero net mass flux.
Effect of radiation-induced charge on 1/f noise in MOS devices

The 1/f noise in MOS transistors is measured as a function of gate and drain bias, total ionizing dose, and postirradiation biased annealing time. The transistors tested varied in size, radiation hardness, and process technology. The radiation-induced 1/f noise correlates strikingly with the oxide trap charge through irradiation and anneal, but not with interface-trap charge, for frequencies up to 10 kHz. This implies that oxide trapped charge is the predominant factor which leads to the increased 1/f noise in irradiated MOS devices. >
Suicide-Related Concerns as a Mediator Between Physical Abuse and Self-Harm Behaviors in College Students

Abstract. Background: Multiple studies have found correlations between history of abuse and self-harm behaviors, but few have examined potential mediators. Studying suicide-related concerns as a mediator in this relationship could inform the interpersonal theory of suicide by identifying acquired capability as a necessary component in self-harm behavior. Aims: This study examined the link between childhood physical abuse, self-injurious behaviors, and suicide-related concerns in young adults. It was hypothesized that more physical abuse and fewer suicide-related concerns would predict self-harm behaviors, and that suicide-related concerns would mediate this relationship. Method: A sample of 212 university students completed self-report measures that assessed self-harm behavior history, reasons for living, and childhood physical abuse. Results: Results supported the hypothesis that more instances of abuse and less concern about pain and death were significantly associated with greater self-harm history. Su...
Baseline survey of Texas horned lizards, Phrynosoma cornutum, in Texas

Abstract I studied 102 Texas horned lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum) encountered along roads or fortuitously at 50 sites in northern, southern, eastern, western, and central Texas from May through September 1999. Female-to-male and juvenile-to-adult ratios were 58:44 and 56:46, respectively. Distribution of horned lizards by sites were 60%, 50%, 50%, 30%, and 0% for the western, southern, northern, central, and eastern portions of the state, respectively. Average number of lizards captured was greater in the southern region compared to the central and eastern regions. The size of juvenile lizards was similar by region and sex; however, adult lizards were heavier and larger in the southern region compared to the western region.
Propafenone: a novel type Ic antiarrhythmic agent.

Propafenone is an investigational type Ic antiarrhythmic agent that markedly slows conduction velocity in all cardiac tissues. Propafenone also possesses weak beta- and calcium-channel blocking pro...
AlN Barriers for Capacitance Reduction in Phase-Change RF Switches

We demonstrate four-terminal GeTe-based RF switches with independent thermal actuation (switching). These devices incorporate an AlN-based dielectric separating high-conductivity W micro-heaters from the RF signal path. With dc, pulsed, and RF testing, we show that an AlN barrier decreases the switch parasitic capacitance with minimal increases in the switching power. Decoupling these design variables, with the high thermal conductivity of the AlN, makes it possible to increase the electrical separation with a thicker AlN film for lower parasitic capacitance with minimal decrease in desirable thermal coupling. Increasing the AlN thickness from 105 to 170 nm results in switches with an improvement in cutoff frequency, $f_{\mathrm {CO}}$ from 5.3 to 8 THz, a $C_{\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ improvement from 15 to 10 fF, while maintaining the $R_{\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ at 2 $\Omega $ . This improvement was accompanied by normalized minimum power to amorphize increases of only 14% (from 1.5 to 1.7 W) for a 100-ns heater pulse.
Shining Light on Photoredox Catalysis: Theory and Synthetic Applications

Photoredox catalysis is emerging as a powerful tool in synthetic organic chemistry. The aim of this synopsis is to provide an overview of the photoelectronic properties of photoredox catalysts as they are applied to organic transformations. In addition, recent synthetic applications of photoredox catalysis are presented.
Flight activity of coprophagous beetles on a swine pasture.

A modified tissue-processing machine was used to make hourly catches of coprophagous beetles on a swine pasture in southern Georgia (USA). Flight activity of Phanacus vindex MacLeay began between 8 and 9 AM (Est), reached a peak between 12 noon and 1 Pm, and ceased between 7 and 8 Pm. Flight activity of P. igneus MacLeay began between 7 and 8 Am and ceased between 12 noon and 1 Pm. Activity of P. igneus resumed between 7 and 8 Pm and ceased again between 9 and 10 Pm. As the number of daylight hours decreased, the flight activity of P. igneus shifted to coincide with that of P. vindex . Flight activity of Canthon pilularius (L.) was limited to the daylight hours between 8 Am and 8 Pm, while that of Dichotomins carolinus (L.) and Copris minutus Drury was always at night. Most of the captured insects were Onthophagus spp., comprised mostly of O. hecate Panzer which were active during the daylight hours. Flight activity, coupled with other biological and ecological factors, indicated that P. vindex was the most important vector of swine spirurids (Nematoda: Spiruridae) in southern Georgia.