cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Theory of Statistical Inference for Nonlinear Science

This article shows how standard errors can be estimated for a measure of the number of excited degrees of freedom (the correlation dimension), and a measure of the rate of information creation (a proxy for the Kolmogorov entropy), and a measure of instability. These measures are motivated by nonlinear science and chaos theory. The main analytical method is central limit theory of U-statistics for mixing processes. The paper takes a step toward formal hypothesis testing in nonlinear science and chaos theory.
Radiometric corrections of visible/infrared satellite data over terrestrial environments: angular, atmospheric and topographic effects

Monitoring ground conditions through land-surface reflectance retrieval from satellite data in the solar spectrum requires accurate radiometric corrections. Such corrections have been usually decoupled in atmospheric, topographic and intrinsic angular corrections. Actually, the decoupling is only possible when the effects are described at the first order of approximation, and the actual coupling introduces nonlinear terms which must be also accounted for. In a full description of the effects, inversion of surface reflectance from measured radiance values becomes almost impossible, unless some assumptions are made. In this paper, a review is made of the different alternative formulations, and a complete model is proposed to simultaneously account for spatially varying atmospheric, topographic and angular effects in such a way that practical application to actual remote sensing data (model inversion) is possible while still keeping consideration of all the major intervening effects.
Shielded Microstrip: Transmission Media for MM-Wave Integrated Circuits

This paper will address the use of thin, flexible and low relative dielectric constant material as substrate material for shielded microstrip to realize cost effective millimeter wave integrated circuits. W-band experimental results will be reported on many of the necessary transfer functions needed for system applications.
Assessment of long term endocrine function after transplantation of frozen-thawed human ovarian tissue to the heterotopic site: 10 year longitudinal follow-up study.

Purpose To assess the longevity of ovarian grafts in five cancer patients who underwent heterotopic autotransplantation of frozen-thawed ovarian tissue.
Using ontologies for recognition: an example

In this paper we investigate a scenario in which the fusion process (the algorithm) could be synthesized at run time. This goal can be achieved in two steps: first synthesize a formal specification of the fusion process and then generate code from the specification. In this paper we show the first of these steps.
Contribution of the ovary versus hypothalamus-pituitary to termination of estrous cycles in aging rats using ovarian transplants.

Vaginal smear patterns were monitored for 80 days after orthotopic ovarian transplants (OvTr) between young and old rats to examine the importance of the ovary and the hypothalamuspituitary in the termination of estrous cyclic activity. At the end of this period, the rats were sacrificed at 2200 h, blood was collected for measurement of ovarian steroids and gonadotropins, and ovaries were prepared for histological study. A second experiment examined the effect of a reduction in ovarian tissue by unilateral ovariectomy of old rats on estrous cyclicity during the first 16 days following surgery. During the 80 days of observation, 25% of the old and 0% of the young sham-operated rats showed irregular estrous cycles. This decrease in cyclicity followed a decrease in the total number of oocytes in the ovaries. Rats with OvTr did not cycle as regularly as young or old intact rats; and 75% of both young and old recipients with OvTr were acydic by Day 80. Ovarian factors were implicated in the termination of cyclicity since: 1) old ovaries in either old or young recipients were found to have a limited ability to maintain cyclicity compared to young or prepuberal ovaries; 2) rats with OvTr which continued to cycle had more ovarian tissue and oocytes than rats which had become constantly estrous or anestrous, but fewer oocytes than intact rats; and 3) in Experiment 2, a greater number of old unilaterally ovariectomized rats demonstrated irregular cycles by 16 days after surgery compared to old intact rats. Within the group of acyclic rats with OvTr, more (P<0.05) old than young recipients became constantly estrous, while more young than old recipients became anestrous. Since numbers of follicles were not different between rats with constant estrus and anestrus, this suggested that there also were alterations at the hypothalamicpituitary axis with advancing age. As long as cyclicity was maintained, there were no significant differences in serum concentrations of the 6 measured steroids or prolactin at 2200 h on metestrus between intact rats and rats with OvTr. However, compared to intact rats, concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were increased in the cycling rats with OvTr. A further increase in Lii and FSH occurred during constant estrus, with castration levels found in anestrous rats. The increase in gonadotropins and the decrease in estrous cyclic activity accompanied a decrease in the number of growing follicles. This increase in gonadotropins cannot be explained by changes in steroids alone, since a significant decline in ovarian steroids was not found at this particular sampling time, except in rats with OvTr which were anestrous. It is concluded that a reduced amount of ovarian tissue and number of follicles plays a major role in the decline in reproductive function, probably through a reduction in inhibin. However, some difference at the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is responsible for the increased incidence of constant estrus in older rats.
Enhanced transgene expression in androgen independent prostate cancer gene therapy by taxane chemotherapeutic agents

Purpose: Chemotherapy is often used as a primary therapy for metastatic cancer because it kills cells en masse. However, high doses of chemotherapeutic drugs can cause toxicity in nontarget organs. Gene therapy may provide a better alternative to chemotherapy because its targeting of specific genes may reduce the undesirable toxicity associated with chemotherapy. We evaluated whether the chemotherapeutic agent docetaxel or paclitaxel may be combined with gene therapy to create a new therapeutic regimen for metastatic androgen independent prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: The 2 androgen independent prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU 145 were treated with docetaxel or paclitaxel. Three recombinant adenoviruses containing p21WAF-1/CIP1, p53 protein or β-galactosidase complementary DNA under the control of cytomegalovirus promoter were used to determine transgene expression. They were evaluated by Western blot analysis, β-galactosidase activity or in vitro growth assays. The [3H] labeled E1 deleted a...
Acute shortness of breath.

Dr. Martin Lucenti: Today’s case is that of a 46-yearold man with a history of aortic insufficiency, who was in his usual state of health when he developed shortness of breath while playing golf. He had associated mild chest discomfort, which he described as heaviness, and a sensation that his heart was racing. Shortly after the onset of these symptoms he developed a cough with bloody sputum. He became more short of breath and was brought to a community hospital by his friends. Vital signs upon presentation to the outside hospital were: temperature 36.4°C (97.6°F), blood pressure 198/68 mm Hg, heart rate 119 beats per minute, respiratory rate 25 breaths per minute, and oxygen saturation 90% on room air. The patient was described as mildly diaphoretic, sitting upright, and working hard to breath. The lung examination revealed bilateral crackles, and the heart was tachycardic with a question of a heart murmur. The patient was placed on a cardiac monitor, supplemental oxygen was administered, and an intravenous line was placed. Laboratory data showed a white blood cell count of 11.4 k/mm, hematocrit 42%, platelet count 331 k/mm, sodium 140 mmol/L, potassium 4.7 mmol/L, chloride 107 mmol/L, carbon dioxide 22.9 mmol/L, BUN 22 mg/dL, creatinine 1.0 ng/dL, and glucose 120 mg/dL. The electrocardiogram was interpreted as sinus tachycardia with left ventricular hypertrophy. The chest X-ray study showed bilateral infiltrates and cardiomegaly. The patient was given ceftriaxone 1 gram i.v., azithromycin 500 mg orally, and vancomycin 1 gram i.v. due to a concern for possible pneumonia. The patient developed worsened hypoxia at the community hospital and he was transferred to our Emergency Department (ED) for further evaluation. Dr. Eric Nadel: Are there any questions about the prehospital course? Dr. Nathan Mick: Was there consideration of etiologies other than pneumonia, including cardiac etiologies such as myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure (CHF)? Dr. Lucenti: It is unclear whether other etiologies were considered. There was no treatment administered for ischemic heart disease or CHF. Upon arrival in our ED, the patient was diaphoretic and in moderate respiratory distress, sitting upright, and speaking in 2–3 word phrases. He complained of palpitations but denied chest pain, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. The patient’s past medical history was significant for severe aortic insufficiency. He had an echocardiogram 1 year prior to presentation that showed a bicuspid aortic valve with moderate aortic insufficiency, normal right-sided heart function, left ventricular hypertrophy, and an ejection fraction of 65%. The patient also had a history of gastroesophageal reflux and hypercholesterolemia. The patient was taking nifedipine, omepra-
Properties of dynamic foam columns

Abstract The properties of aqueous stable foams moving in vertical columns were studied in detail. The volume fraction of liquid in the foam, f, is related to the average bubble diameter, −d, column diameter, Dc, and the linear foam velocity, vf, by the equation f=K.vf/−d2Dc0·2; where K is a constant. f was independent of foam height and surfactant concentration. The experimental results are discussed and compared with published theories.
Reemergence of Monkeypox: Prevalence, Diagnostics, and Countermeasures

Human monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease that occurs mostly in the rain forests of central and western Africa. However, the disease recently emerged in the United States in imported wild rodents from Africa. Monkeypox has a clinical presentation very similar to that of ordinary forms of smallpox, including flulike symptoms, fever, malaise, back pain, headache, and characteristic rash. Given this clinical spectrum, differential diagnosis to rule out smallpox is very important. There are no licensed therapies for human monkeypox; however, the smallpox vaccine can protect against the disease. The discontinuation of general vaccination in the 1980s has given rise to increasing susceptibility to monkeypox virus infection in the human population. This has led to fears that monkeypox virus could be used as a bioterrorism agent. Effective prevention relies on limiting the contact with infected patients or animals and limiting the respiratory exposure to infected patients.
A Metric for Automatically Evaluating Coherent Summaries via Context Chains

This paper introduces a new metric for automatically evaluation summaries called ContextChain. Based on an in-depth analysis of the TAC 2008 update summarization results, we show that previous automatic metrics such as ROUGE-2 and BE cannot reliably predict strong performing systems. We introduce two new terms called Correlation Recall and Correlation Precision and discuss how they cast more light on the coverage and the correctness of the respective metric. Our newly proposed metric called ContextChain incorporates findings from Giannakopoulos et al. (2008) and Barzilay and Lapata (2008) [2]. We show that our metric correlates with responsiveness scores even for the top n systems that participated in the TAC 2008 update summarization task, whereas ROUGE-2 and BE do not show a correlation for the top 25 systems.
Access to Scientific Data in the 21st Century: Rationale and Illustrative Usage Rights Review

Making scientific data openly accessible and available for re-use is desirable to encourage validation of research results and/or economic development. Understanding what users may, or may not, do with data in online data repositories is key to maximizing the benefits of scientific data re-use. Many online repositories that allow access to scientific data indicate that data is “open,” yet specific usage conditions reviewed on 40 “open” sites suggest that there is no agreed upon understanding of what “open” means with respect to data. This inconsistency can be an impediment to data re-use by researchers and the public.
New Immigrant Youth Interpreting in White Public Space

ABSTRACT Bilingual children are frequently called on to use their linguistic and communicative virtuosity to interpret for monolingual speakers. In this article, we theorize child interpreters’ positionalities within the interstices of several borderlands: as children; as interpreters and translators interpreting different languages, registers, and discourses; and as immigrants seeking services within white public space. We analyze how youths are positioned to provide service and surveillance within overdetermined interpreter-mediated practices. In examining these practices, we raise to consciousness some of the social and ideological conditions that circumscribe working-class Latino/a and new Mexican immigrant children within inherently unequal subject positions. [Keywords: interpreter-mediated interactions, childhood, Mexican new immigrants, racialization, white public space]
Investigation of the robustness of time reversal acoustics in solid media through the reconstruction of temporally symmetric sources

We investigate some of the limitations of time reversal acoustics (TRA) in solid media with transducers attached to the surface. In particular, we consider the limitations due to the finite size of the transducers and elastic wave propagation. Using a theoretical approach, numerical simulations and validation from laboratory ultrasound experiments, we find that finite size transducers and the existence of longitudinal and shear waves play significant roles in perturbing the time reversal process. Despite these limitations, we show that TRA in solids is very robust, providing the means to reconstruct the main features of the source signal. The analysis of TRA retro-focusing properties in solid specimens is of foremost importance for the development of new non-destructive evaluation techniques.
The use of multiple transbronchial biopsies as the standard approach to evaluate lung allograft rejection

Flexible bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy (TBB) is routinely performed in adult and pediatric lung transplant recipients. The clinical signs and symptoms of acute cellular rejection (ACR) are often identical to those of infection. TBB is a fairly sensitive and specific tool in which to diagnose ACR and can be performed safely in children of all ages. The utility of TBB is unquestioned during periods of worsening clinical symptoms. The utility of TBB for routine surveillance of the allograft remains unproven. The data suggests that during the first 4-6 months post-transplant there is a high incidence of clinically silent ACR. The significance of subclinical rejection in lung transplantation is unknown. Randomized, controlled trials are required to determine if multiple surveillance TBB, can impact the incidence of obliterative bronchiolitis.
Excursus on gravity gliding and gravity spreading

Abstract The terms ‘gravity gliding’ and ‘gravity spreading’ have long been used to describe deformation driven by gravity alone. However, the traditional definitions of these terms cannot be applied unambiguously in many situations. The primary difficulties arise because rocks are not ideally rigid, detachment surfaces may not be planar, substrates may be deformable, and rock bodies do not deform in isolation. The term ‘gravity spreading’ is still useful if it is simply defined as gravity-driven lateral extension and vertical contraction, regardless of basal slope and coherence of the body. I suggest that the term ‘gravity gliding’ should be used rarely, and only if the defining characteristics are clearly stated and understood. In most cases, more detailed descriptions should be used instead of, or in addition to, either of these terms to capture the behavior of rock masses deforming under gravity.
The mitochondrial permeability transition in neurologic disease

Mitochondria, being the principal source of cellular energy, are vital for cell life. Yet, ironically, they are also major mediators of cell death, either by necrosis or apoptosis. One means by which these adverse effects occur is through the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) whereby the inner mitochondrial membrane suddenly becomes excessively permeable to ions and other solutes, resulting in a collapse of the inner membrane potential, ultimately leading to energy failure and cell necrosis. The mPT may also bring about the release of various factors known to cause apoptotic cell death. The principal factors leading to the mPT are elevated levels of intracellular Ca2+ and oxidative stress. Characteristically, the mPT is inhibited by cyclosporin A. This article will briefly discuss the concept of the mPT, its molecular composition, its inducers and regulators, agents that influence its activity and describe the consequences of its induction. Lastly, we will review its potential contribution to acute neurological disorders, including ischemia, trauma, and toxic-metabolic conditions, as well as its role in chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Implications of type 2 diabetes on adolescent reproductive health risk: an expert model.

PurposeThe purpose of this article was to summarize scientific knowledge from an expert panel on reproductive health among adolescents with type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsUsing a mental model approac...
A desktop electrohydrodynamic jet printing system

This paper discusses the design and integration of a desktop system for electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing. E-jet printing is a micro/nano-manufacturing process that uses an electric field to induce fluid jet printing through micro/nano-scale nozzles. This enables better control and resolution than traditional jet-printing processes. The printing process is predominantly controlled by changing the voltage potential between the nozzle and the substrate. The push to drive E-jet printing towards a viable micro/nanomanufacturing process has led to the design of a compact, cost effective, and user friendly desktop E-jet printing system. The hardware and software components of the desktop system are described in the paper. Experimental results are presented to validate the performance of the system.
A Baseline Input—Output Model with Environmental Accounts (IOEA) Applied to E-Waste Recycling:

This article reports the authors’ efforts to construct a baseline input—output (IO) model with environmental accounts for use in modeling geographically specific e-waste recycling systems. The auth...
Cerebral Abnormalities in Duchenne MD

Investigators from Leiden University, the Netherlands, used quantitative MR imaging to study brain microstructure in 30 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and 22 age-matched controls (age 8-18 years).
Variations in the ability of adsorbed fibrinogen to mediate platelet adhesion to polystyrene-based materials: A multivariate statistical analysis of antibody binding to the platelet binding sites of fibrinogen

Platelet adhesion to the surfaces of biomaterials preadsorbed with plasma previously has been shown to be mediated exclusively by surface-bound fibrinogen and does not seem to involve the other adhesion proteins in plasma (Tsai et al., J Biomed Mater Res 2002;60:348–359). In this study, the influence of surface-bound fibrinogen on platelet adhesion to five different types of polystyrene-based microtiter plates preadsorbed with plasma was analyzed relative to the amount of adsorbed fibrinogen and monoclonal antibody binding to the adsorbed fibrinogen. There was no significant correlation between platelet adhesion and the absolute amount of adsorbed fibrinogen. However, platelet adhesion was positively correlated to the ability of the adsorbed fibrinogen to bind three types of monoclonal antibodies. The antibodies used bound to the sites on fibrinogen thought to be involved in platelet binding (the two γ chain C-terminal dodecapeptides and the RGDF and RGDS sequences in each of the Aα chains). A partial least-squares calibration model was used to analyze the relative importance of these binding sites in fibrinogen to platelet adhesion. The γ chain C-terminal dodecapeptide was shown to be the most important site in adsorbed fibrinogen in mediating platelet adhesion. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 67A: 1255–1268, 2003
A genetically targetable near-infrared photosensitizer

Upon illumination, photosensitizer molecules produce reactive oxygen species that can be used for functional manipulation of living cells, including protein inactivation, targeted-damage introduction and cellular ablation. Photosensitizers used to date have been either exogenous, resulting in delivery and removal challenges, or genetically encoded proteins that form or bind a native photosensitizing molecule, resulting in a constitutively active photosensitizer inside the cell. We describe a genetically encoded fluorogen-activating protein (FAP) that binds a heavy atom-substituted fluorogenic dye, forming an 'on-demand' activated photosensitizer that produces singlet oxygen and fluorescence when activated with near-infrared light. This targeted and activated photosensitizer (TAPs) approach enables protein inactivation, targeted cell killing and rapid targeted lineage ablation in living larval and adult zebrafish. The near-infrared excitation and emission of this FAP-TAPs provides a new spectral range for photosensitizer proteins that could be useful for imaging, manipulation and cellular ablation deep within living organisms.
Mendacity and deception: Uses and abuses of common ground

The concept of common ground — the mutual understanding of context and conventions — is central to philosophical accounts of mendacity; its use is to determine the meaning of linguistic expressions and the significance of physical acts, and to distinguish certain statements as conveying a conventional promise, warranty, or expectation of sincerity. Lying necessarily involves an abuse of common ground, namely the willful violation of conventions regulating sincerity. The ‘lying machine’ is an AI system that purposely abuses common ground as an effective means for practicing mendacity and lesser deceptions. The machine's method is to conceive and articulate sophisms — perversions of normative reason and communication — crafted to subvert its audience's beliefs. Elements of this paper (i) explain the described use of common ground in philosophical accounts of mendacity, (ii) motivate arguments and illusions as stratagem for deception, (iii) encapsulate the lying machine's design and operation, and (iv) summarize human-subject experiments that confirm the lying machine's arguments are, in fact, deceptive.
Roosting by Pelagic Seabirds: Energetic, Populational, and Social Considerations

Great Frigatebirds (Fregata minor) and Red-footed Boobies (Sula sula) roost in large numbers on the guy wires of the LORAN-C tower on Sand Island, Johnston Atoll, in the central Pacific Ocean. We quantified the diurnal pattern of movement to and from the atoll by the roosting, but nonnesting birds. The total number of birds using the atoll is difficult to determine but must be considered when making population estimates. By counting the roosting birds at 10 min after sunset a reliable estimate can be made of the maximum number of birds which will roost that evening. The number of roosting birds increases significantly when the trade winds decrease in velocity. Utilizing energy from winds and thermals is critical to these species for efficient flight, and energetic considerations may determine roosting patterns. Social interactions probably are secondary and result from the scarcity of suitable roost sites in the pelagic zone.
Novel personalized pathway-based metabolomics models reveal key metabolic pathways for breast cancer diagnosis

More accurate diagnostic methods are pressingly needed to diagnose breast cancer, the most common malignant cancer in women worldwide. Blood-based metabolomics is a promising diagnostic method for breast cancer. However, many metabolic biomarkers are difficult to replicate among studies. We propose that higher-order functional representation of metabolomics data, such as pathway-based metabolomic features, can be used as robust biomarkers for breast cancer. Towards this, we have developed a new computational method that uses personalized pathway dysregulation scores for disease diagnosis. We applied this method to predict breast cancer occurrence, in combination with correlation feature selection (CFS) and classification methods. The resulting all-stage and early-stage diagnosis models are highly accurate in two sets of testing blood samples, with average AUCs (Area Under the Curve, a receiver operating characteristic curve) of 0.968 and 0.934, sensitivities of 0.946 and 0.954, and specificities of 0.934 and 0.918. These two metabolomics-based pathway models are further validated by RNA-Seq-based TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) breast cancer data, with AUCs of 0.995 and 0.993. Moreover, important metabolic pathways, such as taurine and hypotaurine metabolism and the alanine, aspartate, and glutamate pathway, are revealed as critical biological pathways for early diagnosis of breast cancer. We have successfully developed a new type of pathway-based model to study metabolomics data for disease diagnosis. Applying this method to blood-based breast cancer metabolomics data, we have discovered crucial metabolic pathway signatures for breast cancer diagnosis, especially early diagnosis. Further, this modeling approach may be generalized to other omics data types for disease diagnosis.
Lysis of chicken lymphocytes by infectious bursal disease viruses.

SUMMARY. Infectious bursal disease virus types 1 and 2 were able to induce direct lysis of chicken bursal cells, thymus cells, and peripheral blood lymphocytes in chromium-release assays. These two viruses were unable to lyse two established lymphoblastoid cell lines, although IBDV- 1 was capable of multiplying in MSB- 1 cells.
Study and application of assessment tool for wild poliovirus importation and transmission risk in Zhejiang

Objective To establish applicable assessment tool to determine the wild poliovirus( WPV) importation and transmission risk in Zhejiang province in 2014,and provide evidence for the prevention of wild poliovirus spread.Methods Brainstorming method was used. On the basis of risk assessment tool established by China CDC,our expert team made adjustments according to the actual situation in Zhejiang province. Results By using the assessment tool,the herd immunity,acute flaccid paralysis( AFP) surveillance performance and WPV importation risk( three level Ⅰindicators) were assessed. Each level Ⅰ indicator included several level Ⅱ indicators. Overall,the risk of WPV importation was lowin Zhejiang province. However,weakness still existed. In Nanxun district of Huzhou it is necessary to strengthen supplemental immunization activity of polio vaccine in children aged 2 months-4 years. In Jiaojiang district of Taizhou it is necessary to improve the sensitivity of AFP surveillance and emergency response capability. In Xihu district of Hangzhou,Jinhua and Yiwu it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of WPV importation risk.Conclusion The risk of importation of WPV cases exists in Zhejiang,but the risk of secondary transmission is low.Due to the changeable polio free status,it is necessary to make improvement on the risk assessment tool.
Marijuana use and use disorders in adults in the USA, 2002–14: analysis of annual cross-sectional surveys

Summary Background The study of marijuana use disorders is urgently needed because of increasing marijuana legalisation in multiple jurisdictions, the effect of marijuana use on future risk of psychiatric disorders, and deleterious effects of marijuana exposure. Thus, understanding trends of marijuana use and use disorders and examining factors that might drive these trends (eg, perceptions of harms from marijuana use) is essential. Methods We analysed data from US civilians aged 18 years or older who participated in annual, cross-sectional US National Surveys on Drug Use and Health from 2002 to 2014. The sample in each US state was designed to be approximately equally distributed between participants aged 12–17 years, 18–25 years, and 26 years or older. For each survey year, we estimated prevalence of marijuana use and use disorders, initiation of marijuana use, daily or near daily use, perception of great or no risk of harm from smoking marijuana, perception of state legalisation of medical marijuana use, and mean number of days of marijuana use in the previous year. Descriptive analyses, multivariable logistic regressions, and zero-truncated negative binomial regressions were applied. Findings 596 500 adults participated in the 2002–14 surveys. Marijuana use increased from 10·4% (95% CI 9·97–10·82) to 13·3% (12·84–13·70) in adults in the USA from 2002 to 2014 (β=0·0252, p Interpretation Prevalence and frequency of marijuana use increased in adults in the USA starting in approximately 2007 and showing significantly higher results in multivariable models during 2011–14 (compared with 2002). The associations between increases in marijuana use and decreases in perceiving great risk of harm from smoking marijuana suggest the need for education regarding the risk of smoking marijuana and prevention messages. Funding None.
Irreversible Platelet Activation Requires PAR1 Regulation of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates (PIPns) Activation of Rap1.

Thrombin is the most potent activator of platelets, through reversible and then irreversible aggregation and mediates a diverse range of vascular effects which may result in acute coronary syndrome and stroke. We demonstrate that PAR1 signals human platelet activation through generation of a phosphatidylinositol phosphate signaling pathway; inhibition of this pathway blocked the formation of a stable platelet aggregate. Early Rap1 activation and platelet aggregation are insensitive to perturbations along the PI-kinase pathway, while stable aggregate formation requires this pathway. Computational lipidomics identified a single phosphatidic acid species required for PAR1-, but not PAR4-mediated Rap1 activation and platelet aggregation. Both PI5K and PI3Kg were required for stable PAR1-mediated platelet aggregation, and we show that these enzymes are present in a complex with activated Rap1. This novel lipid signaling pathway is a potential target for anti-platelet therapy.
The importance of inner-shell electronic structure for enhancing the EUV absorption of photoresist materials

In order to increase computation power and efficiency, the semiconductor industry continually strives to reduce the size of features written using lithographic techniques. The planned switch to a shorter wavelength extreme ultraviolet (EUV) source presents a challenge for the associated photoresists, which in their current manifestation show much poorer photoabsorption cross sections for the same dose. Here we consider the critical role that an inner-shell electronic structure might play in enhancing photoabsorption cross sections, which one can control by the choice of substituent elements in the photoresist. In order to increase the EUV sensitivity of current photoresists, it is critical to consider the inner-shell atomic structure of the elements that compose the materials. We validate this hypothesis using a series of halogenated organic molecules, which all have similar valence structures, but differ in the character of their semi-core and deep valence levels. Using various implementations of time-dependent density functional theory, the absorption cross sections are computed for the model systems of CH3X, X = H, OH, F, Cl, Br, I, as well as a representative polymer fragment: 2-methyl-phenol and its halogenated analogues. Iodine has a particularly high cross section in the EUV range, which is due to delayed absorption by its 4d electrons. The computational results are compared to standard database values and experimental data when available. Generally we find that the states that dominate the EUV oscillator strength are generated by excitations of deep valence or semi-core electrons, which are primarily atomic-like and relatively insensitive to the specific molecular structure.
Ghosting and destiny: Implicit theories of relationships predict beliefs about ghosting

Two studies examined how implicit theories of relationships are associated with ghosting (i.e., ending a relationship by cutting off all contact). Previous research on implicit theories of relation...
Creating Participatory Democratic Decision-Making in Local Organizations

Organizations at the local level that seek to resist hierarchy and conduct themselves along participatory democratic lines appeared so radical in the 1970s that they were called “alternative institutions”. They were born in social movements that wanted to create a more egalitarian, just and democratic society. In the last couple of decades, their model of inclusive decision-making has spread by the thousands into the non-profit sector, the public sector and even the for-profit sector. Indeed, it has become almost ubiquitous and a whole industry of consultants has developed to facilitate organizations’ efforts to develop more inclusive, participatory and empowering decisional processes. This paper seeks to explain how participatory democratic decision-making norms and practices have evolved over these decades, and in so doing, it identifies nine foundational elements of participatory democratic decisional processes and contrasts these characteristics with the processes used in representative democratic systems of decision-making, along these nine dimensions. Next, this paper examines four examples of participatory democratic organizations in action, each drawn from the recent research literature—a food cooperative, certain self-help groups, a Quaker meeting and some public organizations led by professional consultants seeking to advance voice and democratic participation in decision-making. From this investigation, it is evident that participatory and deliberative practices of decision-making can vary enormously between groups that share these goals. Nevertheless, these examples show that these efforts to guarantee voice to all members of the group can succeed in reconciling individual differences of views that may have existed, are generally very satisfying to the people involved, and, most importantly, may be essential for personal transformation to take place. Further, the author shows that these emergent “Democracy 2.0 standards” for decision-making, as she calls them, are not just about the right of members to share thoughts and experiences on an equal footing; they also pre-suppose an obligation on the part of the group to consider, deliberate and seek consensus. Thereby, these newer participatory decisional processes are catalyzing in participants not only greater capacity to speak, but also greater capacity to listen. When we turn our attention to group process characteristics that can give rise to personal growth, a feeling of connection with others and a sense of belonging to an enduring community, then we come to understand why so many people in recent decades have chosen to build or get involved in local organizations that offer equal and ample voice to all who would be affected by the decision at hand and where listening, consideration and consensus-seeking are the organizational practice.
The Brown–Black Continuum of Light-Absorbing Combustion Aerosols

Brown carbon (BrC) exhibits highly variable light-absorption properties, with the imaginary part of the refractive indices (k) varying over several orders of magnitude. This poorly understood variability poses a challenge to accurately determining the BrC climate effect. Here, we present a framework to explain the variability in BrC k. We hypothesize that a fraction of BrC is composed of black-carbon (BC) precursors whose transformation to BC is not complete, and that there is a continuum of light-absorption properties along which BC and BrC lie. To test this hypothesis, we performed controlled-combustion experiments using benzene and toluene. By systematically varying the combustion conditions, we isolated BrC components along the brown–black continuum progressing from light (k = 0.004 at 550 nm) to dark (k = 0.25 at 550 nm). Using laser-desorption-ionization mass spectrometry and thermodenuder measurements, we show that the BrC progression from light to dark is associated with an increase in molecular s...
Modulation of Hepatic Function in Endotoxemia by Intercellular Communication

One of the hallmarks of endotoxemia is the impairment of glucose homeostasis (Hinshaw, 1976). The liver is a major site of glycogen storage and plays a pivotal role in the homeostasis of blood glucose. Glycogen synthesis and breakdown, and gluconeogenesis are under strict hormonal regulation. Besides the well known stimulators of glycogenolysis, i.e. glucagon, epinephrine, vasopressin (VP) (Kraus-Friedman 1984; Exton 1985), other factors e.g. the tumor-promoter phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (Garcia-Sainz and Hernandez-Sotomayor 1985) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) (Shukia et al 1983) also stimulate hepatic glycogenolysis. Endotoxemia is also associated with alterations in hepatic fatty acid and oxidation and ketogenesis (Wannemacher et al 1981).
Beta decay of O 20

Gamma rays from the \ensuremath{\beta} decay of $^{20}\mathrm{O}$, produced in the $^{18}\mathrm{O}$(t,p${)}^{20}$O reaction at ${E}_{\mathrm{t}=3.1}$ MeV using a Van de Graaff beam and a rabbit target-transfer system, were measured in a Ge-NaI(Tl) Compton-suppression spectrometer. In addition to the principal \ensuremath{\gamma} ray, measured as 1056.818(4) keV, a \ensuremath{\gamma} ray of 3488.21(10) keV was observed with an intensity corresponding to an $^{20}\mathrm{O}$ \ensuremath{\beta}-ray branch of 0.027(3)% to the 3488.54(10)-keV ${1}^{+}$ level of $^{20}\mathrm{F}$ with logft=3.65(6). Limits were placed on other \ensuremath{\beta}- and \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray branches; in particular the \ensuremath{\beta} branch to the probable ${1}^{+}$ level at 3172.6 keV in $^{20}\mathrm{F}$ is l0.012% with logftg5.1. The result for the new \ensuremath{\beta} branch to the 3488.5-keV level is in excellent agreement with a recent shell-model prediction for the decay to the second ${1}^{+}$ state of the (2s,1d${)}^{4}$ model space. The electromagnetic decays of some of the low-lying levels of $^{20}\mathrm{F}$ are calculated in this model space and a comparison to experiment reveals a serious discrepancy for level lifetimes in the l50 fs range. An incidental result is an adopted value of 8.2(6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$% for the \ensuremath{\beta}-ray branching of $^{20}\mathrm{F}$ to the 4966.5-keV level of $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$.
Nuclear Vibrations and Force Constants

While valuable information on chemical bonding can be obtained from studies of the static structure of a bound system, even more understanding can be obtained from the internal restoring forces which control molecular vibrational motions and the mechanical response of molecules to external forces. This chapter deals with the description of such motions in terms of molecular harmonic and anharmonic vibrational force constants. Methods are described for the experimental evaluation of these parameters from spectroscopy, but the primary emphasis is on their computational determination since this approach can give more complete and accurate information for medium-sized polyatomic molecules. Consideration is given to techniques which can provide the highest possible accuracy within the harmonic oscillator approximation for polyatomic molecules and also the progress that has been made in fully anharmonic evaluation of the molecular vibrational potential energy hypersurfaces and the anharmonic energy levels on these surfaces.
A process‐based approach to restoring depositional river valleys to Stage 0, an anastomosing channel network

Stream restoration approaches most often quantify habitat degradation, and therefore recovery objectives, on aquatic habitat metrics based on a narrow range of species needs (e.g., salmon and trout), as well as channel evolution models and channel design tools biased toward single‐threaded, and “sediment‐balanced” channel patterns. Although this strategy enhances perceived habitat needs, it often fails to properly identify the underlying geomorphological and ecological processes limiting species recovery and ecosystem restoration. In this paper, a unique process‐based approach to restoration that strives to restore degraded stream, river, or meadow systems to the premanipulated condition is presented. The proposed relatively simple Geomorphic Grade Line (GGL) design method is based on Geographic Information System (GIS) and field‐based analyses and the development of design maps using relative elevation models that expose the relic predisturbance valley surface. Several case studies are presented to both describe the development of the GGL method and to illustrate how the GGL method of evaluating valley surfaces has been applied to Stage 0 restoration design. The paper also summarizes the wide applicability of the GGL method, the advantages and limitations of the method, and key considerations for future designers of Stage 0 systems anywhere in the world. By presenting this ongoing Stage 0 restoration work, the authors hope to inspire other practitioners to embrace the restoration of dynamism and diversity through restoring the processes that create multifaceted river systems that provide long‐term resiliency, meta‐stability, larger and more complex and diverse habitats, and optimal ecosystem benefits.
The Constant Volume Heat Capacity of Gases

Little experimental data are available on the constant volume heat capacity of gases. Although the problems of constant volume calorimetry for gases have received less attention than those of constant pressure calorimetry, there are good thermodynamic reasons for making constant volume measurements. Consequently, a large volume gas calorimeter has been developed which yields heat capacity values that are reliable to within roughly one per cent, and modifications are indicated which will improve this precision. Data that have been obtained on several gases at appreciable densities have been correlated on a reduced property basis. Analysis of the constant volume heat capacity at several densities and temperatures has indicated some necessary characteristics that must be possessed by an equation of state for the pressure-volume-temperature behavior of a gas. By extrapolation to zero density the ideal-gas heat capacity can be compared with the predictions of statistical mechanics.
Can Investor Sentiment Be a Channel of Contagion During the 1997 Asian Crisis? Evidence from Closed-End Country Funds

This paper tests whether changes in investor sentiment can be a channel of contagion during the 1997 Asian crisis using data from US based closed-end country funds (CECFs) and the corresponding net asset values (NAVs). Specifically, I examine whether there are any incremental conditional mean and asymmetric volatility spillovers between domestic NAV and overseas CECF markets during the crisis after controlling for the shocks from economic fundamentals. The empirical results based on the tests of international CAPM in the absence purchasing power parity with multivariate GARCH-in-mean approach show that before the crisis local NAV investor sentiment is more important than US market sentiment in determining CECF returns, while US market sentiment is more important than CECF investor sentiment in determining NAV returns. During the crisis, the intensity of mean spillover from NAV to CECF has decreased, but it has increased significantly for the mean spillover from CECF to NAV, suggesting that the changes in foreign investor sentiment in particular the sentiment from US CECF investors played the major role in determining local NAV returns and therefore can be the potential cause of the 1997 Asian crisis. After the crisis, both the mean spillovers from NAV to CECF and from CECF to NAV have shifted back to their pre-crisis levels, but the mean spillovers from both US and foreign exchange markets have become more important for CECFs. Finally, there is a unidirectional relationship of asymmetric volatility shocks between CECF and its NAV where the direction of the shocks runs from NAV to CECF, and this relationship strengthens during the crisis. This finding implies that the trading behavior of local NAV investors is the major source of asymmetric volatility shocks to the corresponding CECF traded in the US, and the impact of these shocks increases significantly during the crisis.
Minimal 2-Fold Coverings of E d

Let N(k, d) be the smallest positive integer such that given any finite collection of open halfspaces which k-fold coversEd, there exists a subcollection of cardinality less than or equal toN(k,d) which k-fold coversEd. A well-known corollary to Helly's theorem proves N(1,d) =d+1. This provides an inductive base from which we show N(k; d) exists for all positive integers k.Our main result is \(N(2,d) = \left\lfloor {((d + 3)/2)^2 } \right\rfloor \).
Selling the Library without Sacrificing Your Values: Guiding Principles for Liaison Librarians

With changing roles on academic campuses, liaison librarians are now expected to market and promote their services. While some are uncomfortable with this idea of selling or considering patrons as ...
Characterization of Ethanol Extracted Cell Wall Components of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis.

Antigens extracted using ethanol (EtOH) and incorporated in the EtOH vortex ELISA (EVELISA) test have previously shown high specificity and sensitivity for detecting Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) and M. bovis infections in cattle. The objective of this study is to define the components present in the EtOH extract. We show that this extract is composed of lipid, carbohydrate, and proteins on the surface of the bacilli, and that EtOH removes the outer layer structure of Map which comprise these elements. To identify proteins, polyclonal antibodies to the EtOH prep were produced and used to screen a Map genomic expression library. Seven overlapping clones were identified with a single open reading frame, MAP_0585, common to all. MAP_0585, which encodes a hypothetical protein, was recombinantly produced and used to demonstrate strong reactivity in sera from hyperimmunized rabbits, but this protein is not strongly immunogenic in cattle with Johne’s disease. A panel of monoclonal antibodies was used to determine the presence of additional proteins in the EtOH extract. These antibodies demonstrated that a well-known antigen, termed MPB83, is present in M. bovis EtOH extracts and a fatty acid desaturase (MAP_2698c) is present in Map EtOH extracts, while lipoarabinomannan was common to both. The lipid and carbohydrate components of the extract were analyzed using thin layer chromatography and lectin binding, respectively. Lectin biding and protease treatment of the EtOH extract suggest the antigenic component is carbohydrate and not protein. These results give further insight into this important antigen prep for detecting mycobacterial diseases of cattle.