cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Notes on UAS and Remote Sensing of Insect Damage

The development in the past decade of both unmanned aerial systems, or drones, and near infrared camera technology has significantly augmented the use of remote sensing in agriculture. The increased consumer availability, rapid deployment, and simple operation of drones when partnered with the smaller size and high resolution of imagery obtained by newer near infrared cameras makes them an ideal tool for obtaining very current assessments of crop health and pest status in crops. We discuss some of the potential uses and successful applications of these technologies in scouting for insects in potato.
Wires, Sheaths, and Catheters

Endovascular procedures include vessel access, obtaining diagnostic images, navigating and crossing the lesion, treating the lesion, and vessel closure. To accomplish these tasks, the operator needs to have a continuous platform between the vascular access site and the true lumen of the vessel distal to the lesion. Devices used to establish that platform are guidewires, catheters, guiding catheters, and sheaths.
Bio-orientalism and the Yellow Peril of Yellow Life

While recent literature on Asiatic racial form has drawn attention to the ways that techno-orientalism represents Asian life as mechanically non-human, the COVID-19 pandemic and other developments under the Anthropocene draw renewed attention to the construction of Asian peoples as a source of biological and contagious threat to the West. In this article I argue that a unique discourse of bio-orientalism contributes to the depiction of Asians as a "Yellow Life" that is an existential threat to Western forms of life. Western life posits that this Yellow Life must be resisted and ultimately eliminate for the flourishing of all non-Asian life. Through an attention to biological depictions of Asian life in yellow peril literature, I chart how bio-orientalism imagines Yellow Life as ontologically different from Western life forms and as innately animate through both its macroscopic growth and microscopic threat of contagion. Rather than embracing an Asian Americanist response that would also seek to disavow Yellow Life, in a reading of Bryan Thao Worra's poetry I speculate upon embracing Yellow Life as another mode in which Asian American studies imagines otherwise forms of life that challenge and move beyond contemporary Western-centric and humanist responses to anti-Asian racism.
SEC v. Telegram: A Global Message

In 2020, pursuant to a request by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in SEC v. Telegram, Judge Castel of the Southern District of New York ordered a global preliminary injunction against the sale of a new cryptoasset. Although the order was issued prior to trial, the proposed issuer’s eventual decision not to appeal means that this order is the latest judicial pronouncement about the global impact of U.S. securities laws in the rapidly developing cryptoasset ecosystem. While there are potentially valid reasons to apply U.S. securities laws extraterritorially, there are even more that make this approach problematic. Not only is the U.S. approach based on a statute that dates back nearly 90 years, but the test being used to determine application of that statute dates back to 1946. Neither the statute nor the test were developed with the special attributes of cryptoassets in mind, yet the SEC has insisted on a relatively aggressive and nearly monolithic response to crypto offerings, saying that only Bitcoin, Ethereum, and a few non-convertible forms of crypto should be beyond the securities law requirements. By insisting on application of the U.S. law to assets sold by foreign issuers to foreign investors, the U.S. is running the risk of decreasing the possibility of international consensus, diminishing the international influence of the U.S., and reducing potential support for otherwise valid and viable business operations for both investors and entrepreneurs. This article makes the case that it is unwise to demand such a wide extraterritorial application of U.S. law. Instead, it suggests that the SEC change its operational focus, or that courts choose not to follow the rule announced in SEC v. Telegram. If neither of those occurs, Congress should step in to redirect such efforts in the future.
What Alexander Hamilton Can Teach Us About Cyber Policy

In 1774, Alexander Hamilton posited that good policy consists of three ingredients: “First, that the necessity of the times require it. Secondly, that it be not the probable source of greater evils, than those it pretends to remedy. And lastly, that it have a probability of success.” Though this Hamiltonian framework is useful for any policy discussion, it is a particularly good lens for the cyber realm, for it encourages policymakers to balance the expected effects and unintended consequences of a proposed policy; and to harmonize concerns over too little, or too much, government intervention. This article applies the first Treasury Secretary’s principles to addressing Chinese economic espionage against the U.S.
Empirical evaluation of kinematic soil-structure interaction effects in structures with large footprints and embedment depths

Abstract Kinematic soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects cause foundation-level motions to deviate from free-field motions. Simplified procedures to account for kinematic SSI effects are available in design guidelines for regular buildings and have been calibrated for regular buildings with limited foundation size and depth of embedment. As a result, their application to structures with much larger foundation footprints and deeper embedment depths is questionable. Kinematic interaction effects can be used to reduce foundation-level ground motions relative to those specified in the free-field, and this can be cost-effective especially for structures with larger footprints and embedment depths. The objective of this study is to quantify the extent of deviations between the use of available simplified procedures and empirical data for a select group of structures with larger footprints and embedment depths. In this study, a dataset of earthquake motions recorded at the instrumented structures in Japan is used to evaluate kinematic SSI effects, which are quantified in terms of the transfer function and the ratio of response spectra between foundation motions and corresponding free-field motions. Transfer functions represent the ratio between the free-field and the foundation level of a structure motion in the frequency domain and can be obtained by dividing Power Spectral Density functions of foundation motion and corresponding free-field motion. Finally, these empirical functions are compared to the available simplified formulations such as the semi-empirical transfer function and the ASCE/SEI 41–17 recommended ratio of response spectra, and the results are presented in terms of residuals. The overall trends of residuals indicate that the current simplified procedures tend to overestimate the foundation motions in structures with large footprints and embedment depths, and the extent of overestimation is higher for the ratio of response spectra compared to transfer functions. Thus, in future studies, these simplified procedures should be revised for applications in structures with large footprints and embedment depths.
Expression of programmed death ligand 1 in drug-resistant osteosarcoma: An exploratory study

Background Inhibition of the programmed death ligand 1, programmed death 1 pathway has been successfully used for treatment of multiple advanced adult cancers. However, its use in pediatric osteosarcoma is still in its infancy. In this study, we investigated programmed death ligand 1 and other checkpoint molecules' expression to determine the potential usefulness as targets for drug therapy. Methods We incubated human wild-type osteosarcoma cells with incremental concentrations of doxorubicin to create a doxorubicin-resistant cell line. Matrigel in vitro invasion assays were used to compare invasiveness. Comparative programmed death ligand 1 expression was evaluated by Western blot assays. An immuno-oncology checkpoint protein panel was used to compare concentrations of 16 other checkpoint molecules. Chi-square tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to determine significant differences. Results A doxorubicin-resistant cell line was successfully created and was significantly more invasive than wild-type cells (0.47 vs 0.07, P < .001). On Western blot assay, doxorubicin-resistant but not wild-type cells expressed programmed death ligand 1. Doxorubicin-resistant cells had significantly higher levels of T-cell immunoglobulin-3 and cluster of differentiation 86 and higher cluster of differentiation 27, cluster of differentiation 40, lymphocyte-activation gene-3, cluster of differentiation 80, programmed death ligand 1, programmed death ligand 2, and inducible T-cell costimulatory expression than wild-type cells. Both lines expressed B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator, cluster of differentiation 28, herpesvirus entry mediator, and programmed death 1. Herpesvirus entry mediator, cluster of differentiation 40, and programmed death ligand 2 were also present in the culture media of both cell lines. Conclusion Doxorubicin-resistant osteosarcoma seems to express higher programmed death ligand 1 than nonresistant wild-type cells. Benchmarking checkpoint molecules may provide the basis for future studies that elucidate pathways of drug resistance and tumor metastasis, biomarkers for cancer prognosis or recurrence, and future targets for directed drug therapy.
Molecular simulation-guided and physics-informed mechanistic modeling of multifunctional polymers

Polymeric materials have a broad range of mechanical and physical properties. They have been widely used in material science, biomedical engineering, chemical engineering, and mechanical engineering. The introduction of active elements into the soft matrix of polymers has enabled much more diversified functionalities of polymeric materials, such as self-healing, electroactive, magnetosensitive, pH-responsive, and many others. To further enable applications of these multifunctional polymers, a mechanistic modeling method is required and of great significance, as it can provide links between materials’ micro/nano-structures and their macroscopic mechanical behaviors. Towards this goal, molecular simulation plays an important role in understanding the deformation and evolution of polymer networks under external loads and stimuli. These molecular insights provide physical guidance in the formulation of mechanistic-based continuum models for multifunctional polymers. In this perspective, we present a molecular simulation-guided and physics-informed modeling framework for polymeric materials. Firstly, the physical theory for polymer chains and their networks is briefly introduced. It serves as the foundation for mechanistic-models of polymers, linking their chemistry, physics, and mechanics together. Secondly, the deformation of the polymer network is used to derive the strain energy density functions. Thus, the corresponding continuum models can capture the intrinsic deformation mechanisms of polymer networks. We then highlight several representative examples across multiphysics coupling problems to describe in detail for this proposed framework. Last but not least, we discuss potential challenges and opportunities in the modeling of multifunctional polymers for future research directions.
Discordance between immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry C4d staining and outcomes following heart transplantation

BACKGROUND Capillary deposition of C4d is an important marker of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) following heart transplantation (HT). There are two immunopathologic assay methods for detecting C4d: frozen-tissue immunofluorescence (IF) and paraffin immunohistochemistry (IHC). The clinical significance of discrepancy between the results of IF and IHC has not been understood. METHODS AND RESULTS We reviewed 2187 biopsies from 142 HT recipients who had biopsies with assessment of both IF and IHC staining. Among them, 103 (73%) patients had negative IF and IHC C4d staining (Negative Group) and 32 (23%) patients had positive IF but negative IHC staining (Discordant Group). At the time of positive biopsy, 6 (19%) Discordant patients had graft dysfunction, compared to 5 (5%) Negative patients (p = .022). Cumulative incidence of cellular rejection at 1 year was comparable (31% vs. 29%, p = .46); however, cumulative incidence of AMR was significantly higher in the Discordant group (21% vs. 4%, p = .004). Overall 1-year survival was comparable (90% vs. 96%, p = .24); however, freedom from heart failure (HF) was significantly lower in the Discordant group (70% vs. 96%, p < .001). CONCLUSION The Discordant group showed higher rates of graft dysfunction, AMR and HF admission than the Negative group.
The X-Ray Crystallographic Structure of Endoxylanase Xyn10C from Xanthomonas axonopodis at 1.6 Angstrom Resolution

The recent biochemical characterization of the xylanases of glycoside hydrolase family 10 (GH 10) has identified a distinctive endolytic mode of action, hydrolyzing the β-1,4 xylan chain at a speci...
The Power Pyramid

Susan Estrich has power—"the power to change the rules for others."1 In her book, Sex & Power? Estrich explores her own power and the power of women in general. Estrich examines a wide range of topics, from legal responses to gender inequality, to motherhood, to women in politics. Estrich knows these topics well. She is a law school professor,3 former presidential campaign manager,4 mother,5 nationally syndicated columnist,6 legal and political analyst,7 and author of several books.8 In Sex & Power,
A Winged Scapula and Dropped Wrist: Cervical Radiculomyelopathy as an Unusual Presenting Manifestation of Copper Deficiency (P4.034)

OBJECTIVE: To describe a patient with an atypical neurological presentation of copper deficiency. BACKGROUND: Copper deficiency is rare, but has been well documented in humans. The most common neurologic presentation of acquired copper deficiency is that of a myelopathy or myelo-neuropathy. Here we report the first patient who presented uniquely with scapular winging and wrist drop secondary to cervical radiculo-myelopathy. We are unaware of similar published cases of radiculo-myelopathy as a presenting manifestation of copper deficiency. DESIGN/METHODS: Case report and review of literature. RESULTS: A 63-year old gentleman with history of gastrectomy 11 years ago presented with sub-acute onset shoulder pain and his right scapula becoming increasingly prominent. He also noticed recent inability in moving his right wrist upwards. On further questioning, he reported burning sensation of his legs and a sense of imbalance. On examination, he had right-sided scapular winging and wrist drop. He was diffusely hyper-reflexic with bilateral patellar and ankle clonus along with Babinski responses. He had dissociated large fiber sensory impairment below his umbilicus. Following an exhaustive workup for nutritional, inflammatory, immunologic, infectious, and malignant etiology (all of which were found to be normal), his serum copper (39μg/dL) and ceruloplasmin (17mg/dL) levels were found to be low. Nerve conduction study revealed acute on chronic right C7-C8 radiculopathy. Radial nerve biopsy showed non-specific decrease in the number of small and large myelinated axons. Two months later, after receiving copper supplementation, the patient reported improved shoulder movements, less pain and resolution of his wrist drop. However he still continued to have clinical features of myelopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Winging of scapula and wrist drop are common physical signs, although they could indeed be a clue to an underlying systemic disease. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for copper deficiency, in the context of known risk factors for malabsorption, especially in the setting of additional findings of a myelopathic process. Disclosure: Dr. Jacob has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gupta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Archer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gundogdu has nothing to disclose.
Effects of oral contraceptives on phospholipids of human cervical mucus.

Abstract Human cervical mucus phospholipids have been fractionated and quantitated in normal patients. Mucus phosphatides, as determined by thin-layer chromatography, include phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidyl choline, cardiolipin, and glycerophosphoryl choline. It is suggested that the phospholipid content and fatty acid compositions are related to the three phases of the menstrual cycle. The oral contraceptives change the amount and fatty acid composition of phospholipid in the cycle. The total fatty acids of phospholipids tend to become more saturated with the contraceptives.
Measurements of the total surface emittance of charring ablators.

Total normal emittance measurements of charred ablator surfaces, discussing gas cap radiation effect
Adding time and intervals to procedural and hierarchical control specifications

In this paper we introduce the language Golog+HTNTI for specifying control using procedural and HTN-based constructs together with deadlines and time restrictions. Our language starts with features from GOLOG and HTN and extends them so that we can deal with actions with duration by being able to specify time intervals between the start (or end) of an action (or a program) and the start (or end) of another action (or program). We then discuss an off-line interpreter based on the answer set planning paradigm such that the answer sets of the logic program have a one to one correspondence with the traces of the Golog+HTNTI specification.
Associations among Albuminuria, C‐Reactive Protein Concentrations, Survival Predictor Index Scores, and Survival in 78 Critically Ill Dogs

Background: Microalbuminuria and C-reactive protein (CRP) are predictors of morbidity and survival in critically ill human patients. Hypothesis/Objectives: To evaluate results of microalbuminuria assays (untimed single-sample urine albumin concentration [U-ALB] and the urine albumin : creatinine ratio [UACR]), serum CRP, and survival predictor index (SPI2) scores as predictors of survival in critically ill dogs. Animals: Seventy-eight dogs admitted to intensive care units at University of Tennessee (UT) and Colorado State University (CSU). Methods: Prospective observational study. Critically ill dogs were eligible for enrollment, unless euthanized because of financial constraints. Samples were collected within 3 hours of admission. Spearman's rank-correlation coefficients were determined for U-ALB, UACR, CRP, and SPI2. U-ALB, UACR, CRP, and SPI2 were assessed for associations with 7- and 30-day survival by Mann-Whitney U-tests and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. P-values < .0125 were considered significant. Results: UT (n = 49) and CSU (n = 29) patients did not differ significantly. Forty percent (31/78) of dogs died. SPI2 was inversely correlated with U-ALB (rs=−0.39, P .1), or UACR (P > .1). U-ALB and UACR had very high correlation (rs= 0.95, P < .001). SPI2, U-ALB, and UACR differed significantly for survivors and nonsurvivors. SPI2, U-ALB, and UACR had areas under the ROC curve (AUC) from 0.68 to 0.74 for survival prediction. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Albuminuria and SPI2, but not CRP, are associated with survival in critically ill dogs. Suboptimal AUCs limit the value of microalbuminuria testing for clinical risk assessment. Additional studies are necessary to determine the usefulness of microalbuminuria testing in patient risk stratification for prospective research.
Fermentation of aqueous plant seed extracts by lactic Acid bacteria.

The effects of lactic acid bacterial fermentation on chemical and physical changes in aqueous extracts of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), peanut (Arachis hypogea), soybean (Glycine max), and sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) were studied. The bacteria investigated were Lactobacillus helveticus, L. delbrueckii, L. casei, L. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, and Streptococcus thermophilus. Organisms were inoculated individually into all of the seed extracts; L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus were also evaluated together as inocula for fermenting the legume extracts. During fermentation, bacterial population and changes in titratable acidity, pH, viscosity, and color were measured over a 72-h period at 37°C. Maximum bacterial populations, titratable acidity, pH, and viscosity varied depending upon the type of extract and bacterial strain. The maximum population of each organism was influenced by fermentable carbohydrates, which, in turn, influenced acid production and change in pH. Change in viscosity was correlated with the amount of protein and titratable acidity of products. Color was affected by pasteurization treatment and fermentation as well as the source of extract. In the extracts inoculated simultaneously with L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus, a synergistic effect resulted in increased bacterial populations, titratable acidity, and viscosity, and decreased pH in all the legume extracts when compared to the extracts fermented with either of these organisms individually. Fermented extracts offer potential as substitutes for cultured dairy products.
TOURISM, TERRORISM, AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY

Concepts of terrorism, political turmoil, and war appear unrelated to tourism. Closer examination of their points of convergence and impacts on tourism reveals otherwise. This paper examines literature focusing on the relationships between these phenomena. Research themes which emerge from available studies include impacts of terrorism and political instability on tourist demand, motives of terrorists in targeting tourists, using tourism as a political tool, the effects of political violence on destination image, crisis management, and recovery marketing efforts. The intent of this article is to synthesize research on these relationships, to present a comprehensive index of relevant publications, and to suggest topics for future research.
Efficient Website Development Strategies for the Nonspecialist Website Administrator Using Dreamweaver and SSI

One scenario in Website development using practical strategies for the Website administrator who is a nonspecialist is presented. Solid design planning that incorporates simply executed methods robust enough to achieve maintenance efficiency is described with practical examples for libraries facing technical and budgetary limitations. Simple yet powerful complementary Web tools and techniques using Adobe Dreamweaver's Templates and Library Items along with Server Side Include (SSI) statements are explored from start to finish.
The twain shall meet: Uniting the analysis of sex differences and within-sex variation

Spatial and mathematical abilities may be “sex-limited” traits. A sex-limited trait has the same determinants of variation within the sexes, but the genetic or environmental effects would be differentially expressed in males and females. New advances in structural equation modeling allow means and variation to be estimated simultaneously. When these statistical methods are combined with a genetically informative research design, it should be possible to demonstrate that the genes influencing spatial and mathematical abilities are sex-limited in their expression. This approach would give an empirical confirmation of Geary's evolutionary speculations.
Cost-of-illness studies in diabetes mellitus.

Several cost-of-illness (COI) studies related to diabetes mellitus have been performed over the last three decades. This review examines the results of these COI studies, identifies the strengths and limitations of the various methods utilised, and suggests future research that will help determine the economic burden of diabetes more accurately. Diabetes imposes a large economic burden on society. The economic cost of diabetes is estimated to be as much as $US100 billion per year in the US alone (1997 values). This estimated cost has increased notably over time, primarily due to price inflation and the increasing prevalence of diabetes. Differing methodologies have significantly influenced the cost estimates and made comparisons between COI studies problematic. For example, early reports tended to rely exclusively on data where diabetes was listed as the primary diagnosis or reason for healthcare use. To better capture the costs associated with diabetes-related complications, later studies have included costs related to diabetes as a secondary or tertiary diagnosis using the attributable risk methodology. Given the types of long-term complications that are associated with diabetes, attempts at capturing these secondary costs are appropriate. However, estimates of attributable risk can be limited by the epidemiological data currently available. The tremendous economic burden of diabetes makes the disease an important clinical and public health problem. In order to formulate an effective response to this problem, it is important to track future economic trends as healthcare delivery, morbidity and mortality patterns evolve. Future research efforts should focus on refining methods to estimate costs, improving the interpretation of study findings, and facilitating comparisons between studies.
Activated carbon load equalization of discontinuously generated acetone and toluene mixtures treated by biofiltration.

Studies were conducted to evaluate use of granular activated carbon (GAC) as a passively operated load-equalization mechanism for biofilters treating gas streams with dynamically varying (intermittent) pollutant loading. In the initial stage of research, abiotic fixed-bed sorption experiments and numerical modeling were conducted to assess the degree of load-equalization achieved by GAC columns for air flows containing intermittent loading of acetone and toluene present as single-component contaminants and as a mixture. In the subsequent stage of research, an integrated system consisting of a GAC column in series before a biofilter was used to treat a gas stream containing a mixture of acetone and toluene at influent concentrations of 430 ppmv and 100 ppmv, respectively. To simulate loading conditions expected from an industrial process with intermittent operation, contaminated air was supplied 8 h/day and uncontaminated air was supplied 16 h/day. The system was operated with different empty bed contact t...
Anomalous Dispersion of the Lamb Mode

The mode of the Lamb spectrum of an isotropic plate exhibits negative group velocity in a narrow frequency domain. This anomalous behavior is explained analytically by examining the slope of each mode first in its initial state and then near its turning points.
Evolution of a Near-Surface Model in an Area of Complex Topography

Summary This paper describes a case study of the evolution of the near-surface statics model for an area of complex topography giving large velocity contrasts in a short distance. The 2D lines were modeled with a single layer velocity model and local anomalies investigated. This technique is inadequate for the later 3D acquisition. A twolayer model was built using existing upholes; however local anomalies were still evident. This initial two-layer model was further refined by adding extra contol points to define the near-surface geology much more accurately than before. While this model defined the regional trends better than previous models, further work was to be done to confirm the structure.
An evaluation of zookeeper for high availability in system S

ZooKeeper provides scalable, highly available coordination services for distributed applications. In this paper, we evaluate the use of ZooKeeper in a distributed stream computing system called System S to provide a resilient name service, dynamic configuration management, and system state management. The evaluation shed light on the advantages of using ZooKeeper in these contexts as well as its limitations. We also describe design changes we made to handle named objects in System S to overcome the limitations. We present detailed experimental results, which we believe will be beneficial to the community.
N-terminal deletions and His-tag fusions dramatically affect expression of cytochrome p450 2C2 in bacteria.

The expression of mutants with deletions in the N-terminal signal-anchor sequence of cytochrome P450 2C2 and His-tag fusions was examined in Escherichia coli to determine the influence of N-terminal sequences on expression of the protein. Two mutants predicted to be translocated across the membrane inhibited bacterial growth. In other mutants, deletion of the N-terminal transmembrane domain (residues 2-20) reduced expression of functional P450 by about 75% and further deletion of the following linker sequence (residues 21-27) resulted in a modest further decrease. Expression of the mutant with residues 2-27 deleted contrasts with the lack of expression of functional protein if only the linker was deleted, which suggests that the linker sequence is critical for expression only if the protein is inserted into the membrane by the transmembrane domain. Fusion proteins of green fluorescent protein with full-length P450 2C2 and 2C2(Delta2-20) were predominantly membrane-associated in vivo as determined by fluorescence microscopy. Subcellular fractionation of bacteria expressing these proteins and extraction of the proteins from the membrane by high salt or alkaline buffer demonstrated that P450 2C2 was an integral membrane protein while 2C2(Delta2-20) was a peripheral membrane protein that associated with the membrane mainly by hydrophobic interactions. Residues 1-27 of P450 2C2 fused to green fluorescent protein resulted in a redistribution of fluorescence from cytosol to membrane, which, with the deletion studies, indicates that the P450 signal-anchor is both necessary and sufficient for normal membrane targeting and is the sole transmembrane domain of cytochrome P450 2C2 in bacteria. Addition of a His-tag at the N-terminus completely restored wild-type expression levels to the 2C2(Delta2-20) mutants in bacteria. In insect cells, functional 2C2(Delta2-20) was not expressed but an N-terminal His-tag also restored full expression. The increase in expression may be related to decreased association with the membrane mediated by the His-tag.
PAS in Kedah: cultural politics of pigs and development

On March 8, 2008, PAS led the coalition to victory in Kedah, winning 16 seats, while Barisan National won only 14 state seats. This paper highlights cultural dimensions of the shift from BN to the opposition coalition in this state of the Malay heartland. The PAS manifesto and campaign speeches in Kedah emphasized Islamic ethics, a just, clean, and pure government which would strive to improve the conditions of all the people. These notions of a “just” and “unmixed” party struggling to “strengthen Islam” resonated with many Malays in Kedah. In contrast, UMNO was depicted as corrupt practitioners of bribes and money politics who prioritize the interests of the rich over the needy. They were criticized as materialist, elitist figures stuck in their ways like the Pharaoh, while PAS’ commitment to upholding Islam was likened to the prophets. In addition, this paper discusses the way PAS approaches the issue of the “social contract” between Malays and other ethnic groups and the way their construct of Malay identity spoke to many Malay voters. I argue that PAS rhetoric must be viewed as more than political use of Islamic symbols, and that its effectiveness rests in the way it evokes more extensive cultural models. Finally, this paper considers the controversial post-election demolition of a pig slaughterhouse in a predominantly Malay kampong in Kota Setar, Kedah. Here I argue that this case embodies and reaffirms the cultural politics of the general election.
Treating Adolescents for Substance Abuse and Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders

Recent research has identified a cluster of standardized approaches that effectively treat adolescents with substance abuse disorders. Many of these approaches share elements that may be adopted to improve outcomes in substance treatment programs. In adolescents, treatment goals should be informed by a comprehensive assessment that includes the adolescent patient’s developmental history and evaluation of psychiatric comorbidity. Treatment for behavioral, psychosocial, and psychiatric problems should be integrated with substance abuse interventions. The author describes practical clinical guidelines, grounded in current research, for providing integrated treatment services. Special emphasis is given to strategies for integrating the treatment of comorbid psychiatric disorders with substance use disorders in adolescents.
In vitro Propagation of Solanum sarrachoides Sendt.

Summary Solanum sarrachoides is a possible source of the steroidal precursor solasodine. Conditions necessary for the in vitro cultivation of S sarrachoides were a preliminary shoot regeneration from internodal stems on regeneration medium (RG) with BAP (2.5 mg · 1−1) followed by cultivation on RG with IAA (2 mg · 1−1). Production of shoots, roots, flowers with viable pollen, and fruit was obtained. Callus was maintained on R3B medium with BAP (1 mg · 1−1) and NAA (2 mg · 1−1), and on MS medium with 2,4-D (3.6 x 10−7 M) and kinetin (7.2 x 10−7 M).
Crystal Structure of Bacillus anthracis Transpeptidase Enzyme CapD

Bacillus anthracis elaborates a poly-γ-d-glutamic acid capsule that protects bacilli from phagocytic killing during infection. The enzyme CapD generates amide bonds with peptidoglycan cross-bridges to anchor capsular material within the cell wall envelope of B. anthracis. The capsular biosynthetic pathway is essential for virulence during anthrax infections and can be targeted for anti-infective inhibition with small molecules. Here, we present the crystal structures of the γ-glutamyltranspeptidase CapD with and without α-l-Glu-l-Glu dipeptide, a non-hydrolyzable analog of poly-γ-d-glutamic acid, in the active site. Purified CapD displays transpeptidation activity in vitro, and its structure reveals an active site broadly accessible for poly-γ-glutamate binding and processing. Using structural and biochemical information, we derive a mechanistic model for CapD catalysis whereby Pro427, Gly428, and Gly429 activate the catalytic residue of the enzyme, Thr352, and stabilize an oxyanion hole via main chain amide hydrogen bonds.
Observations of a very thin collisionless shock

The structure of collisionless shock is governed by the upstream plasma conditions. The laminar collisionless shock is well studied and has been found to have a ramp thickness on the order of an ion inertial length. The behavior of the shock at higher Mach number and {beta} is not as thoroughly studied. However, it has been speculated that an exactly perpendicular shock behaves like the soliton wave solution from classic plasma theory. This would result in a much thinner shock ramp with a thickness on the order of electron inertial lengths. No such thin shock has been observed in the laminar regime. In this study of ISEE-1 and -2 crossings of supercritical, nearly-perpendicular bow shocks ({theta}{sub Bn} {gt} 80{degrees}), the authors find that the shock velocity is highly variable between spacecraft crossings and during observations. The fine structure of high velocity shocks is poorly resolved by the ISEE-1 and -2 magnetometers due to filters used to prevent aliasing of the digitized data. When the authors restrict their attention to slowly moving shocks, they find one example of a very thin shock with a ramp thickness of only two electron inertial lengths. They suggest that this thin structure arises when themore » nearly perpendicular shock moves into the perpendicular regime, but cannot confirm this conjecture because of the uncertainty and temporal variability of the normal. 21 refs., 3 fig., 2 tab.« less
Candida albicans Ssa1/2p Is the Cell Envelope Binding Protein for Human Salivary Histatin 5

Abstract Salivary histatins are a family of small histidine-rich peptides with potent antifungal activity. We previously identified a 70-kDa cell envelope protein in Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae that mediates binding of histatin (Hst) 5. Isolation of Hst 5-binding protein followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry analysis identified this protein as the heat shock protein Ssa1p. Ssa protein and Hst 5-binding protein were found to be co-localized on immunoblots of yeast β-mercaptoethanol cell wall extracts and cytosolic fractions. Yeast two-hybrid analysis showed strong interactions between Ssa1p and both Hst 3 and Hst 5. To assess functional roles of Ssa proteins in the Hst 5 antifungal mechanism in vivo, both binding and fungicidal assays were carried out using S. cerevisiae isogenic SSA1/SSA2 mutants. 125I-Hst 5 binding assays showed saturable binding (Kd = 2.57 × 10–6 m) with the wild-type SSA1/SSA2 strain; however, Hst 5 binding with the Δssa1ssa2 double mutant was reduced (Kd = 1.25 × 10–6 m). Cell wall HSP70 proteins were also diminished, but still detectable, in S. cerevisiae Δssa1ssa2 cells and are likely to be Ssa3p or Ssa4p. Hst 5 (31 μm) killed 80% of the wild-type cells in fungicidal assays at room temperature. However, only 50–60% killing of the single mutants (Δssa1 and Δssa2) was observed, and fungicidal activity was further reduced to 20–30% in the Δssa1ssa2 double mutant. Incubation of cells under heat shock conditions increased the sensitivity of cells to Hst 5, which correlated with increased Hst 5-binding activity in Δssa1ssa2 cells, but not in wild-type cells. This study provides evidence for a novel function for yeast Ssa1/2 proteins as cell envelope binding receptors for Hst 5 that mediate fungicidal activity.
WE‐E‐108‐05: Evaluation of the XRAD 225Cx MC Source Model in Heterogeneous Mediums

Purpose: This study was performed to benchmark a Monte Carlo source model of the XRAD 225Cx irradiator under heterogeneous conditions. Methods: The BEAM/EGS was used to model 225 kV photon beams from a small animal irradiator (Precision XRAD225Cx). Benchmarking the model in heterogeneous media was performed in a heterogeneous phantom (4×4×4 cm3) composed of solid water and cortical bone. The 10 mm field size virtual source from BEAMnrc was used to compute the 3D dose distribution in DOSXYZnrc. Benchmarking the simulation against measurements was performed using EBT2 film. Heterogeneous conditions were further validated using the phase space file for the 20 mm field size. Gamma analysis was performed to further validate the beam model for the heterogeneous configuration phantom. Results: The MC simulation indicates that there is a 2.4 times increased dose deposition in cortical bone, in agreement with published data. This increased dose deposition, however, was not observed in film measurements and it is investigated further. Gamma analysis was performed for 20 mm field size applicator and the Result of the analysis for a confined region. The single beam with 20 mm diameter circular field irradiation demonstrates a good agreement within the region of interest, with 94% of the calculated data meeting the 5%/0.5 mm criterion. Conclusion: Our kV Monte Carlo source model demonstrates excellent agreement with measurement in heterogeneous conditions.
Molecular epidemiology of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus reveals complex virus traffic and evolution within southern Idaho aquaculture

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a rhabdovirus which infects salmon and trout and may cause disease with up to 90% mortality. In the Hagerman Valley of Idaho, IHNV is endemic or epidemic among numerous fish farms and resource mitigation hatcheries. A previous study characterizing the genetic diversity among 84 IHNV isolates at 4 virus-endemic rainbow trout farms indicated that multiple lineages of relatively high diversity co-circulated at these facilities (Troyer et al. 2000 J Gen Virol. 81:2823-2832). We tested the hypothesis that high IHNV genetic diversity and co-circulating lineages are present in aquaculture facilities throughout this region. In this study, 73 virus isolates from 14 rainbow trout farms and 3 state hatcheries in the Hagerman Valley, isolated between 1978 and 1999, were genetically characterized by sequence analysis of a 303 nucleotide region of the glycoprotein gene. Phylogenetic and epidemiological analyses showed that multiple IHNV lineages co-circulate in a complex pattern throughout private trout farms and state hatcheries in the valley. IHNV maintained within the valley appears to have evolved significantly over the 22 yr study period.
SNR versus resolution in 3D 1H MRS of the human brain at high magnetic fields

It is commonly accepted that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR = peak-signal/RMS-noise) per-unit-time of proton MR spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS) is linearly proportional to the voxel volume. Consequently, with a headcoil and 30-min acquisition, 1 cm 3 is considered the SNR-limited spatial resolution barrier in the human brain. However, since local linewidths, Δυ* = (πT* 2 ) -1 , at high magnetic fields (B 0 ), are dominated by regional inhomogeneities (ΔB 0 ), i.e., T* 2 « T 2 , reducing the voxel dimensions may increase T* 2 . This could compensate, in part, for signal loss with volume decrease. It is shown that for two cubic voxels of sides I 1 and I 2 , I 1 > I 2 , as the volume decreases by (I 1 /I 2 ) 3 , their SNR ratio is reduced by only (I 1 /I 2 ) 2 due to a commensurate T * 2 increase of I 1 /I 2 . This is demonstrated in a phantom and the brains of volunteers, with 3D 1 H-MRS in a headcoil at 4 T. It is shown that while the cubic voxels' dimensions were all halved, reducing their volume eightfold, their metabolites' SNR decreased only fourfold, due to their Δυ*s' two-fold decrease. In other words, both spatial and spectral resolutions were doubled at a significantly, x2, smaller-than-expected SNR loss. This advantage was exploited to produce quality high spatial resolution, 0.75 x 0.75 x 0.75 cm 3 , metabolic maps in a 27-min acquisition.
Genetic engineering of cytolytic T lymphocytes for adoptive T-cell therapy of neuroblastoma.

Background Disease relapse is the leading cause of mortality for children diagnosed with disseminated neuroblastoma. The adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T cells is an attractive approach to target minimal residual disease following conventional therapies. We describe here the genetic engineering of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to express a chimeric immunoreceptor for re-directed HLA-independent recognition of neuroblastoma. Methods The CE7R chimeric immunoreceptor was constructed by PCR splice overlap extension and is composed of a single-chain antibody extracellular domain (scFv) derived from the L1-CAM-specific murine CE7 hybridoma fused to human IgG1 hinge-Fc, the transmembrane portion of human CD4, and the cytoplasmic tail of huCD3-ζ chain (scFvFc:ζ). Primary human T cells were genetically modified by naked DNA electrotransfer of plasmid expression vector CE7R-pMG then analyzed by Western blotting, flow cytometry for CE7R expression and cell surface trafficking, 4-h chromium release assay for re-directed neuroblastoma lysis, and ELISA for tumor-specific activation of cytokine production. Results CE7R is expressed as an intact chimeric protein that trafficks to the cell surface as a type I transmembrane protein. Primary human CE7R-expressing CD8+ CTL clones specifically recognize human neuroblastoma tumor cells and are activated for tumor cell lysis and Tc1 cytokine production. Conclusions These data demonstrate the utility of CE7R for re-directing the effector function of CTL to neuroblastoma and have provided the rationale to initiate a FDA-authorized (BB-IND#9149) pilot clinical trial to establish the feasibility and safety of adoptive transfer of autologous CE7R+CD8+ CTL clones to children with recurrent/refractory neuroblastoma. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and determinants of electrocardiographic abnormalities in African Americans with type 2 diabetes.

Background Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities are independently associated with poor outcomes in the general population. Their prevalence and determinants were assessed in the understudied African American population with type 2 diabetes.
Abnormal Stress Responsivity in a Rodent Developmental Disruption Model of Schizophrenia

Although numerous studies have implicated stress in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, less is known about how the effects of stress interact with genetic, developmental, and/or environmental determinants to promote disease progression. In particular, it has been proposed that in humans, stress exposure in adolescence could combine with a predisposition towards increased stress sensitivity, leading to prodromal symptoms and eventually psychosis. However, the neurobiological substrates for this interaction are not fully characterized. Previous work in our lab has demonstrated that rats born to dams administered with the DNA-methylating agent methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) at gestational day 17 exhibit as adults behavioral and anatomical abnormalities consistent with those observed in patients with schizophrenia. Here, we examined behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stress in the MAM model of schizophrenia. MAM-treated male rats were exposed to acute and repeated footshock stress at prepubertal, peripubteral, and adult ages. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), freezing, and corticosterone responses were quantified. We found that juvenile MAM-treated rats emitted significantly more calls, spent more time vocalizing, emitted calls at a higher rate, and showed more freezing in response to acute footshock stress when compared with their saline (SAL) treated counterparts, and that this difference is not present in older animals. In addition, adolescent MAM-treated animals displayed a blunted HPA axis corticosterone response to acute footshock that did not adapt after 10 days of stress exposure. These data demonstrate abnormal stress responsivity in the MAM model of schizophrenia and suggest that these animals are more sensitive to the effects of stress in youth.
Editors’ Introduction: Christianity and Latin American Art

‭This brief introduction discusses the need for scholars to turn their attention to the intersections between art and Christianity in Latin America, and traces the origins of this special double-issue of Religion and the Arts to a one-day scholarly symposium entitled “Christianity and Latin American Art: Apprehension, Appropriation, Assimilation.” This symposium was sponsored by the Association of Scholars of Christianity in the History of Art (ASCHA), and held at the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles, California, in February 2012.‬
The bacterial cell wall: The armor, artillery, and Achilles heel

The bacterial cell wall, like the outer shell of a submarine or a spaceship, is the armor of the bacteria which contains and protects its cytoplasmic contents. The cell wall also contains attachment, invasion, and toxin-secretory weapon systems (artillery). The importance of the cell wall makes it an Achilles heel, and disruption of the cell wall kills the bacteria. This review provides an overview of the structure of the bacterial cell wall, its components and their role as virulence factors, and the vulnerability of the cell wall as a target for antimicrobials and host innate and immune defenses.
Public Opinion and the Impeachment of Bill Clinton

(2000). Public Opinion and the Impeachment of Bill Clinton. British Elections & Parties Review: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1-31.
Nucleon recurrences in the cloudy bag model

Abstract The spectrum of nucleon recurences in the 1–2 GeV region is analyzed in the context of the Cloudy Bag Model. The (1470) Roper resonance is required to be two (1s) 2 2s three quark states split by ∼ 100 MeV. The P 11 (1710) can be accomodated as a (1s) 3 + TE gluon state.