cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
[X-ray-induced mutation spectra of different germ-cell stages of Drosophila males with a double marked Y-chromosome and either a normal X-or a ring-X-chromosome (author's transl)].

Abstract Different germ-cell stages of Drosophila males with a double marked Y-chromosome and either a normal X- or a ring-X chromosome were irradiated with X-rays, inducing the following aberrations: chromosome loss, chromosome gain (XYX-females), partial Y loss and isochromosomes of the Y-chromosome. Doses of 520 rad in spermatocytes and spermatids and 2600 rad in sperm, produced the same effect in these stages with regard to the chromosome loss in the males with a normal X, and the following results were obtained: (a) The partial Y loss in postmeiotic stages is small in comparison with spermatocytes in both stocks. This could mean that in spermatocytes this aberration is determined by exchange processes which can only be induced and/or detected in premeiotic stages. (b) In spermatocytes and mature sperm of males with a ring-X chromosome, the chromosome loss was 2.9 times greater than in those with a normal X. In spermatids of the males with a ring-X the rate of loss was only 1.5 times greater. In spermatocytes of either males with a ring-X or a normal X a similar high rate of isochromosomes could be induced. However, in spermatids and mature sperm the rate of induction of isochromosomes was found to be very small. These results seem to indicate that in mature sperm the rejoining of breaks in the Y-chromosome takes place before, and in the X-chromosome usually after the replication. If in post-meiotic stages of Drosophila the X- and Y-chromosomes existed as chromatid-like subunits then in spermatids these should behave as a structural unit. In sperm we were able to induce similar frequencies of individuals with a single isochromosome type in all body cells as of individuals with two types of isochromosomes (isochromosome mosaics). This result seems to indicate that after irradiation of sperm one of the first two division nuclei is lethal in an proportion of the zygotes.
Distinct Patterns of Neuropeptide Gene Expression in the Lateral Hypothalamic Area and Arcuate Nucleus Are Associated with Dehydration-Induced Anorexia

We have investigated the hormonal and hypothalamic neuropeptidergic substrates of dehydration-associated anorexia. In situ hybridization and hormone analyses of anorexic and paired food-restricted rats revealed two distinct profiles. First, both groups had the characteristic gene expression and endocrine signatures usually associated with starvation: increased neuropeptide Y and decreased proopiomelanocortin and neurotensin mRNAs in the arcuate nucleus (ARH); increased circulating glucocorticoid but reduced leptin and insulin. Dehydrated animals are strongly anorexic despite these attributes, showing that the output of leptin- and insulin-sensitive ARH neurons that ordinarily stimulate eating must be inhibited. The second pattern occurred only in anorexic animals and had two components: (1) reduced corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA in the neuroendocrine paraventricular nucleus (PVH) and (2) increased CRH and neurotensin mRNAs in the lateral hypothalamic (LHA) and retrochiasmatic areas. However, neither corticosterone nor suppressed PVH CRH gene expression is required for anorexia after dehydration because PVH CRH mRNA in dehydrated adrenalectomized animals is unchanged from euhydrated adrenalectomized controls. We also showed that LHA CRH mRNA was strongly correlated with the intensity of anorexia, increased LHA CRH gene expression preceded the onset of anorexia, and dehydrated adrenalectomized animals (which also develop anorexia) had elevated LHA CRH gene expression with a distribution pattern similar to intact animals. Finally, we identified specific efferents from the CRH-containing region of the LHA to the PVH, thereby providing a neuroanatomical framework for the integration by the PVH of neuropeptidergic signals from the ARH and the LHA. Together, these observations suggest that CRH and neurotensin neurons in the LHA constitute a novel anatomical substrate for their well known anorexic effects.
On zeta functions and Iwasawa modules

We study the relation between zeta-functions and Iwasawa modules. We prove that the Iwasawa modules Xfor almost all p determine the zeta function (k when k is a totally real field. Conversely, we prove that the A-part of the Iwasawa module Xk is determined by its zeta-function (k up to pseudo-isomorphism for any number field k. Moreover, we prove that arithmetically equivalent CM fields have also the same ,u-invariant.
True toxemia of pregnancy occurring before the third trimester: Report of three cases and review of the literature

Abstract We have reviewed the English literature relating to carly toxemia of pregnancy and have presented our own experience with this interesting complication. It is important for the obstetrician to recall that true toxemia may occur before the last trimester. It is also important to realize that the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in the early months of gestation is hazardous. The obstetrical diagnostician must demand that there be no evidence of pre-existing cardiovascular or renal disease, and the diagnosis would be sub-stantiated if the signs and symptoms of toxemia cleared rapidly and completely with the termination of pregnancy. However, this latter criterion cannot be an absolute requisite for in many cases true toxemia occurring in the last trimester of pregnancy leaves the patient with residual cardiovascular renal damage. It is, perhaps, a defect of our presentation that we have not followed these patients for a longer period. However, it has seemed to us that at least two of these cases, and possibly the third, have been as definitive examples of this entity as we might hope to discover.
Characteristics of the growth inhibition and cytotoxicity of long-chain (sphingoid) bases for Chinese hamster ovary cells: evidence for an involvement of protein kinase C

Abstract Long-chain bases are potent inhibitors of protein kinase C and cellular processes mediated by this enzyme. However, when added to cells they usually cause some degree of growth inhibition and cytotoxicity and it is unclear whether this reflects inhibition of protein kinase C or nonspecific detergent effects of these amphipathic compounds. This study examined the effects of sphinganine on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to gain more insight into these possibilities. Sphinganine concentrations between 0.75 and 4 μM resulted in a combination of growth inhibition and cytotoxicity that correlated with protein kinase C inhibition by five criteria: (1) the effective concentrations were comparable to those for protein kinase C inhibition in vitro and in other intact cells; (2) the structural specificity for the long-chain base moiety paralleled the potency of protein kinase C inhibition; (3) sphinganine blocked changes in protein phosphorylation patterns that occurred in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (and vice versa); whereas (4) a mutant cell line that exhibited increased resistance to sphinganine cytotoxicity lacked both phorbol ester- and sphinganine-induced phosphorylation changes and differed somewhat in the behavior of protein kinase C assayed in vitro; and (5) sphinganine did not appear to be acting as a detergent (except at higher concentrations) nor as a lysosomotrophic agent. While the complexity of this cellular behavior mandates caution in interpreting these results, they suggest that the cytotoxicity and growth inhibition may be a consequence of protein kinase C inhibition.
Development and Urbanization

This article examines the interrelationship between economic prosperity and the growth of cities, tracing the field from its original preoccupation with overurbanization and underdevelopment in the 1950s and 1960s to its current fixation on dynamic global cities with redeveloped property markets that showcase new forms of wealth creation. The historical change in emphasis chronicled here is understood to be combined product of three different causalities. The first is the shift from industrialization to financial and other services as the principal source of wealth creation in the post-1980s era. The second is the changing territorial scale of accumulation, reflected in the shifting importance of global markets vis-a-vis national markets and in the increasingly key mediating role that cities play in facilitating this transition. The third is the rescaling of state power, seen not just in terms of decentralization but also in the declining capacities of national states to discipline global investors in an era of intensifying economic liberalization. The article ends with a discussion of the emergent social and spatial problems that accompany these shifts, ranging from the rise of urban informality to dispossession and displacement to newfound struggles over urban property rights.
Structure and Regional Diversity of the Meadowood Interaction Sphere

This monograph offers the first major synthesis of the Meadowood phenomenon, one of the earliest and largest interaction spheres in northeastern North America. Stretching over 1.5 million km2, this social network is recognized by common burial practices and the widespread distribution of carefully thinned bifaces, finely crafted polished objects, native copper and marine shell items, probably together with hides, furs, and crude pottery (likely full of specialty foods such as fatty meats and fish oils). The richly documented analyses contained in this monograph take the staid archaeological reports of previous years, and, together with unpublished data and reanalysis of curated material, breathe social and political life into the remains of this Early Woodland phenomenon (3000–2400 BP). The main objectives of this study are to identify the factors involved in the emergence of the Meadowood Interaction Sphere, define its structure, and understand the social dynamics behind its maintenance and transformation. Building upon the assumption that fundamentally different motivations for participating in a large-scale network of interactions resulted in distinct archaeological signatures, explicit material correlates are proposed to assess the relative importance of ritual, economic, and sociopolitiStructure and Regional Diversity of the Meadowood Interaction Sphere by Karine Tache
Fracture toughness testing with notched round bars

Current fracture toughness testing is conducted with planar specimens, such as the compact tension C(T) specimen and the single edge bend SE(B) specimen. The crack front in a planar specimen has a constraint condition which varies through the thickness from plane stress on the lateral surfaces to plane strain in the middle of the specimen. This change in constraint makes the geometry of planar specimens three-dimensional; however, two-dimensional analyses based on the assumption of plane stress or plane strain are often performed. An alternative specimen geometry is the notched round bar (NRB ) . This ax­ i symmetric geometry has the advantage of constant constraint in the circumferential direction. Additionally, the NRB geometry can be modeled using an axisymmetric formulation--essent ially a two-dimensional analysis. The suitability of the notched round bar geometry for fracture toughness test­ ing •vas studied. Notched round bars with finite notch root radii were loaded to failure in tension to generate load-displacement curves. In an effort to simplify test methodology, no fatigue precracking was done. Four different materials with a range of strength and hardening characteristics were tested: 2024-T351 aluminum alloy, averaged 2024, a modified A302B pressure vessel steeL and nylon 6/6. Three differ­ ent notch root radi i p were used . The apparent fracture toughness values using finite p were l inearly extrapolated to a zero notch root radius to infer sharp-crack fracture toughness. For the 2024-T351 and the modified A302B KRB specimens, apparent fracture toughness KJc versus yp was extrapolated to v75 = 0 . The extrapolated frac­ ture toughness values closely agreed with fracture toughness values obtained from precracked C (T) specimens. The �RB results for modified A302B were used to de­ termine T0, the reference temperature in a three-parameter vVeibull model for char­ acterizing the ductile to brittle transition. The resulting NRB master curve agreed closely to the master curve developed from precracked C(T) specimens .
Use of Data Base Linkage Methodology in Epidemiological Studies of Mental Retardation

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the utility of different research designs for the study of mental retardation. In this context, it discusses cross-sectional prevalence studies; prospective studies, such as clinical or community trials and longitudinal studies; retrospective studies, such as case-control studies; and studies linking individual records from existing data sets. Computerized record linkage methodology is a powerful and cost-effective approach to study the epidemiology of mental retardation. Linking extant data sets allows compiling a longitudinal file for an individual without inherent problems in traditional longitudinal studies. The resulting intra-individual data can be used to address pertinent research hypotheses. These linked data sets can be used to quantify the risk associated with various factors for a particular individual and to address important public policy issues. As the need for surveillance of developmental disabilities, such as mental retardation increases, record linkage methodology will play a critical role in the development of appropriate and efficient study models.
Octuplets and ethics.

The births of the McCaughey septuplets in 1997 and the Chukwu octuplets in 1998 focused national attention on the issue of high-order multiple gestation. The term grand multifetal pregnancy is used when there are four or more fetuses, but in many ways these pregnancies are far from grand. They carry highly increased rates of fetal demise, intrauterine growth retardation, premature birth, congenital malformations, and neonatal death (1, 2). Newborns of multiple gestation often suffer from respiratory distress, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, and other problems associated with premature birth (1). Survivors have an elevated incidence of cerebral palsy, mental retardation, chronic lung disease, and learning disabilities (1, 3). The pregnant woman faces an enormously increased risk for pregnancyinduced hypertension, prolonged bedrest, frequent hospitalizations, cesarean section, and postpartum hemorrhage (2, 3). Rather than emphasize these risks, the national media gave much attention to the happy ending in the McCaughey case, involving survival of all the infants. However, the fact that the McCaughey septuplets all survived does not make the occurrence of high-order multifetal gestation acceptable. The outside chance that there might be a good outcome does not justify exposing the fetuses or children to the risks involved. Clearly, there is a need to identify ethically acceptable ways to avoid—or further reduce the likelihood of—such high-order pregnancies.
A New Space for Political Behavior: Political Social Networking and its Democratic Consequences

Social networking sites SNS currently boast more than half a billion active users worldwide, the majority of which are young people. With notable exceptions, few studies have ventured into the growing political realm that exists on these sites. This study expands research on SNS by examining both what encourages people to express themselves politically in this realm, and what effects such expression may have on classic questions of political participation. We test the proposition that political use of SNS among teens offers a new pathway to their political participation using hierarchical linear regression and panel data analysis. Results demonstrate that political SNS use strongly impacted both levels of and growth in traditional political participation during the 2008 election.
Direct and indirect mechanisms for regulation of fatty acid synthase gene expression by liver X receptors.

The nuclear receptors LXRα and LXRβ have been implicated in the control of lipogenesis and cholesterol homeostasis. Ligand activation of these receptors in vivoinduces expression of the LXR target gene SREBP-1c and increases plasma triglyceride levels. Expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS), a central enzyme in de novo lipogenesis and an established target of the SREBP-1 pathway, is also induced by LXR ligands. The effects of LXR ligands on FAS expression have been proposed to be entirely secondary to the induction of SREBP-1c. We demonstrate here that LXRs regulate FAS expression through direct interaction with the FAS promoter as well as through activation of SREBP-1c expression. Induction of FAS expression in HepG2 cells by LXR ligands is reduced, but not abolished, under conditions where SREBP processing is suppressed. Moreover, LXR ligands induce FAS expression in CHO-7 cells without altering expression of SREBP-1. We demonstrate that in addition to tandem SREBP sites, the FASpromoter contains a high affinity binding site for the LXR/RXR heterodimer that is conserved in diverse animal species including birds, rodents, and humans. The LXR and SREBP binding sites independently confer LXR responsiveness on the FASpromoter, and maximal induction requires both transcription factors. Transient elevation of plasma triglyceride levels in mice treated with a synthetic LXR agonist correlates with transient induction of hepatic FAS expression. These results indicate that the LXR signaling pathway modulates FAS expression through distinct but complementary mechanisms and suggest that the FAS gene may be a critical target in the control of lipogenesis by LXRs.
I Was a Mole in an IRB

The need to ensure the maximal safety of patients participating in clinical research has led to a number of regulations and oversight measures. None of these has had a more profound effect on the way such research is carried out in the United States than the establishment of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) system. While the individual rights of patients must be respected and confidentiality assured, such official scrutiny may actually inhibit the ability of physicians to initiate and conduct clinical research, thus defeating, at times, the very purpose of this research: the ultimate improvement in patient care. The experiences of one physician attempting to operate under this system and later taking part in administering it as an IRB member may offer some insights into both positive and negative aspects of the system.
Effect of Light and Temperature on Color and Flavor of Prepackaged Frozen Beef

Abstract The effects of light and storage temperature as well as packaging and freezing conditions on the color and flavor of steak-size cuts of beef were studied. After optimum development of color and vacuum packaging, prompt freezing by direct exposure to an air blast at about —20°F (—29°C) produced color similar to that of the unfrozen product. An initial meat temperature of about 32°F (0°C) was necessary for best results. Immersion freezing did not produce satisfactory appearance at any temperature tested. Exposure of the frozen beef to light at an intensity of 150-200 foot-candles caused appreciable color change in 1-7 days, depending on temperature, and pronounced change in 1-2 weeks, except at —40°F (—40°C) where comparable change occurred in three months. These marked changes were apparent though less pronounced after thawing. Off-flavor developed in samples exposed to light at 0°F and above in 1-2 months. Packaging material had no consistent effect on either color or flavor changes.
Cooling Requirements for the Ultra-Compact Combustor

Abstract : Over the past several years, AFIT and the Air Force Research Laboratory have collaboratively investigated a novel combustor system that is compact in design and has potential use in an inter-turbine burner system. The ultra-compact combustor (UCC) design wraps the combustion section circumferentially around the axial core flow and exploits the use of high-g combustion. The combustor's volume and weight are reduced by integrating the exit compressor vane and the turbine inlet vane. This creates a new hybrid vane that resides directly below the circumferential combustor. Recently, a computational effort to understand the fundamental aspects of the UCC on a fighter scale model revealed that high temperatures are likely to occur on the hybrid vane. To address this issue, film-cooling is being explored for the UCC in a computational manner. Simulations of normal coolant hole, contoured trench, and hybrid normal and contoured trench configurations were performed for blowing ratios of M=1, 1.5 and 2. Secondary reactions formed due to the oxygen-rich coolant air reacting with unburned fuel as it exited the circumferential cavity. Although secondary reactions occurred, a decrease in unburned radicals was noticed at the exit of the UCC due to enhanced completion of reactions upstream.
Key role of milling in the optimization of TiO2 nanoinks

Nanostructured films of TiO2 are becoming more and more attractive as a consequence of their improved sensing properties. Screen printing represents an important low-cost alternative for the production of high-performance devices for the automotive industry. However, to obtain films with superior properties, the composition and each step of the ink production must be carefully controlled. Milling strongly influences the rheological properties of the ink and, as a consequence, the quality of the deposited film. The as-prepared ink was homogenized in a four steps-process with a three-roll mill, and the rheological properties at each intermediate stage were measured. The results showed the dramatic effect of the milling on the flow properties of the nanoink and suggested the importance of a careful control of this step. The rheological behavior of the inks was explained using the basic idea of the transient network theory (TNT) for physically cross-linked networks of polymer solutions. Only an optimized cycle of milling can assure the necessary reproducibility of the ink properties as well as their time stability.
Multiple co-existing grouping overlays

This talk discusses issues in defining multiple overlays within P2P networks for the caching of application-data as well as conventional metadata i.e. adverts, or locations to data. I will discuss work carried out at Cardiff in this area that is being built on top of the P2PS middleware, which allows new types of super-peer overlays to be defined through grouping. Such overlays extend super-peer capabilities to help programmers create schemes for defining new ways for locating data sets as well as adverts. Data-caching groups co-exist with the conventional super-peer overlay, which still bootstraps the network by providing the discovery backbone. Parameters for super-peer or data caching groups can also be adjusted e.g. number of super-peer conenctions, caching policies (replication), security policies, etc, and we are also building interfaces for defining new matchmaking algorithms (for matching adverts with queries) as well as more sophisticated schemes for organising super peers (e.g. distributed hashtables, routing tables, agents, etc.) to be plugged into the network.
A groundwater source of nitrate in nearshore marine sediments

Contamination of groundwater is a pervasive and serious problem in many developed coastal areas1–3, but potential interactions of groundwaters with, and their impact on, adjoining coastal waters have generally not been considered. Although submarine ground-water discharge could be an important source of nitrogen to coastal marine environments4, there has been no direct evidence for this. Recently, subsurface discharge has been shown to account for about 10–20% of the freshwater input to Great South Bay, New York5. The upper aquifer is the presumed source of this discharge and, because it is heavily contaminated with nitrate6, we suggest that groundwater is an important source of nitrate to the bay. Our determinations of the interstitial nutrient chemistry of freshly collected cores from nearshore sediments support this hypothesis. Although highly variable in time, cores taken after substantial rainfall showed increasing nitrate concentrations and decreasing salinities with depth. We conclude that submarine groundwater discharge is indeed a source of nitrate which should be considered in estimates of nitrogen influx to coastal marine ecosystems.
A Preoperative Decolonization Protocol for Staphylococcus aureus Prevents Orthopaedic Infections

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an independent risk factor for orthopaedic surgical site infection (SSI). To determine whether a preoperative decolonization protocol reduces S. aureus SSIs, we conducted a prospective observational study of patients undergoing elective total joint arthroplasty (TJA) at our institution, with two control groups. The concurrent control group comprised patients of surgeons who did not participate in the intervention study. The preintervention control group comprised patients of participating surgeons who had undergone elective TJA during the year before the study. Patients in the intervention group were screened preoperatively for S. aureus by nasal swab cultures. S. aureus carriers were decolonized with mupirocin ointment to the nares twice daily and chlorhexidine bath once daily for 5 days before surgery. All 164 of 636 participants (26%) who tested positive completed the decolonization protocol without adverse events and had no postoperative S. aureus SSIs at 1-year followup. In contrast, 1330 concurrent control patients had 12 S. aureus infections. If these infections had occurred in the 26% of patients expected to be nasal carriers of S. aureus at a given time, the infection rate would have been 3.5% (12 of 345) in the control group. In addition, the overall infection rate of the participating surgeons, including nonstaphylococcal infections, decreased from 2.6% during the preintervention period to 1.5% during the intervention period, translating to an adjusted economic gain of $231,741 for the hospital. The data suggest a preoperative decolonization protocol reduces S. aureus SSIs in patients undergoing TJA.
TU-E-BRA-05: Reverse Geometry Imaging with MV Detector for Improved Image Resolution.

Purpose: Thick pixilated scintillators can offer significant improvements in quantum efficiency over phosphor screen megavoltage (MV) detectors. However spatial resolution can be compromised due to the spreading of light across pixels within septa. Of particular interest are the lower energy x‐ray photons and associated light photons that produce higher image contrast but are stopped near the scintillator entrance surface. They suffer the most scattering in the scintillator prior to detection in the photodiodes. Reversing the detectorgeometry, so that the incident x‐ray beam passes through the photodiode array into the scintillator, allows the light to scatter less prior to detection. This also reduces the Swank noise since now higher and lower energy x‐ray photons tend to produce similar electronic signals. In this work, we present simulations and measurements of detectorMTF for the conventional/forward and reverse geometries to demonstrate this phenomenon. Methods: A tabletop system consisting of a Varian CX1 1MeV linear accelerator and a modified Varian Paxscan4030 with the readout electronics moved away from the incident the beam was used. A special holder was used to press a 2.5W×5.0L×2.0Hcm3 pixellated Cesium Iodide (CsI:Tl) scintillator array on to the detector glass. The CsI array had a pitch of 0.784mm with plastic septa between pixels and the photodiode array pitch was 0.192 mm. The MTF in the forward and reverse geometries was measured using a 0.5mm thick Tantalum slanted edge. Geant4‐based Monte Carlo simulations were performed for comparison. Results: The measured and simulated MTFs matched to within 3.4(±3.7)% in the forward and 4.4(±1.5)% in reverse geometries. The reverse geometryMTF was higher than the forward geometryMTF at all spatial frequencies and doubled to .25 at 0.3lp/mm. Conclusions: A novel method of improving the image resolution at MV energies was demonstrated. The improvements should be more pronounced with increased scintillator thickness. Funding support provided by NIH (grant number NIH R01 CA138426)
Targeting calcium transport in ischaemic heart disease.

Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While timely reperfusion of acutely ischaemic myocardium is essential for myocardial salvage, it leads to a unique type of injury known as ‘myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury’. Growing evidence suggests that a defect in myocardial Ca2+ transport system with cytosolic Ca2+ overload is a major contributor to myocardial I/R injury. Progress in molecular genetics and medicine in past years has clearly demonstrated that modulation of Ca2+ handling pathways in IHD could be cardioprotective. The potential benefits of these strategies in limiting I/R injury are vast, and the time is right for challenging in vivo systemic work both at pre-clinical and clinical levels.
Sputter-etching and plasma effects on the electrical properties of titanium nitride contacts on n-type silicon

Abstract Titanium nitride Schottky barrier diodes were fabricated on n -type silicon and their current-voltage characteristics studied as a function of substrate treatment prior to TiN deposition and post-fabrication exposure to r.f. plasma. The data indicate that sputter-etching of the silicon is required to properly prepare the surface for device fabrication. Furthermore, the resulting surface quality is a sensitive function of the power at which predeposition sputter-etching is accomplished. Post-fabrication exposure to an r.f. plasma produces an increase in reverse leakage current due to degradation caused by photonic and ion bombardment effects. The degradation is more severe for an argon plasma than it is for nitrogen as expected from ion mass considerations.
The family in divorce: issues of parental anger.

Child psychiatrists continue to be increasingly involved with clinical aspects of divorce. Current legal practice relative to custody and visitation is reviewed and psychiatric consultation to courts is briefly discussed. Child psychiatrists' work with children and their parents after divorce often focuses upon the mutual hostility of parents which comes to have as a target their children as well. Effective interventions require of the child psychiatrist interest and skill in working with parents.
The relationship among demographics, reproductive characteristics, and intimate partner violence

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to examine the associations between demographics and reproductive characteristics on the occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) in young women. Study Design: An anonymous questionnaire was completed by 727 women between 14 and 26 years old who were seen in the family planning clinics in southeast Texas between March 1997 and February 1998 and who reported a current spouse or partner. Subjects completed a standardized measure of violence perpetrated by a partner and provided information on demographics and reproductive characteristics. Separate logistic regression analyses were used to analyze factors associated with physical and verbal violence. Results: Significant and positive associations with physical violence were found for race, employment, and parity (≥1); risk of verbal abuse included employment, history of sexual abuse, and inconsistent condom and prescription contraceptive use. Protective factors for physical violence included education level, use of hormonal methods of contraception or condoms at last intercourse, and older age at first intercourse and at first childbirth; protection from verbal assault included dual contraceptive use, as well as barrier and hormonal contraception at last intercourse. Conclusion: Different patterns of risk emerge between physical and verbal assault among young women seen in a publicly funded family planning clinic. Minority parous women with limited education, early onset of sexual activity, and who report no contraception use at last intercourse appear to be at highest risk for reporting physical violence, whereas history of sexual victimization, early sexual activity, and younger age at first child birth elevates risk for verbal abuse. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1002-7.)
Studies on norepinephrine-containing afferents to Purkinje cells of rat cerebellum. 3. Evidence for mediation of norepinephrine effects by cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate.

The relationship between cerebellar adenyl cyclase and norepinephrine (NE) receptivity of cerebellar Purkinje cells was explored by recording their spontaneous discharge during microiontophoretic application of various substances. The depression in firing rate of single Purkinje cells produced by NE was usually mimicked by adenosine 3′5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). The synthetic dibutyryl derivative of cyclic AMP, however, was no more potent than the parent compound. Two other adenine nucleotides, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 5′-AMP generally accelerated discharge rate or had no effect. The excitatory effects of the nucleotides may be related to chelation of divalent cations, since EDTA and citrate were universally found to accelerate unit firing while calcium ions always slowed or blocked spontaneous activity. Further evidence for a link between the effects of NE and cyclic AMP was seen with the administration of the methyl xanthines, which inhibit the enzymatic breakdown of cyclic AMP by phosphodiesterase. Theophylline and aminophylline, whether parenterally or iontophoretically administered, markedly potentiated the depressant effects of both NE and cyclic AMP on Purkinje cells. Methyl xanthines usually transformed the infrequent speeding effects of cyclic AMP to those of slowing, or brought about an inhibitory response in cells previously non-responsive to cyclic AMP. Furthermore, iontophoresis of prostaglandins E1 and E2 (but not F1α, F2α, linoleic or linolenic acids), and of nocotinate, reported to reduce cyclic AMP levels in peripheral neuro-effector systems, also block the action of iontophoretically applied NE in rat cerebellum. To determine if the locus of the action of the various iontophoretically applied substances was exerted presynaptically on the proposed adrenergic terminals on Purkinje cells, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HODA) treated animals were studied. Under these conditions the effects of all the drugs and their interactions appeared identical to those of normal cerebella, in spite of biochemical and histochemical evidence for complete degeneration of adrenergic nerve terminals. These studies provide indirect evidence for mediation of NE effects by cyclic AMP in a living single cell system. Thus, they parallel in vitro studies with cerebellar slices which show an increase in cyclic AMP levels with NE, as well as histamine. Taken with the histochemical data for norepinephrine nerves terminating on Purkinje cells, the findings point to a possible transsynaptic modulation of adenyl cyclase activity.
A Study of Cotton Fiber Perimeters as Calculated from Arealometer Values at Low and High Compression

For a group of cottons selected to show a wide range in fiber perimeter, differences in perime ter as calculated from arealometer specific surface and D, for ginned lint samples, were similar to differences in primary-wall perimeter; and the actual perimeter values differed little from those calculated from specific surface and array weight per inch. Moreover, calculated weight per inch differed little from values obtained by the array method. It was shown for a second group of cottons that, with but few exceptions, D, and consequently perimeter, etc., calculated from specific surface and D, decreased from raw stock to picker lap and then increased succes sively for card sliver, first and second drawing sliver, and roving, the greatest changes in D occurring in the conversion of card sliver to first drawing sliver and second drawing sliver to roving. These results indicate that the fiber property values calculated from A and D will be valid for ginned lint samples, but will vary with processed samples and particularly will not be valid for samples that have been subjected to considerable mechanical drafting.
Biotechnology of Forest Yield

Silvicultural and genetic manipulation of Douglas fir and loblolly pine plantations have increased their productivity 70 and 300 percent, respectively, over natural forests on the same sites. Yet these intensively managed plantations are achieving less than 50 percent of their potential productivity. Future increases in yield will result from optimization of nutritional treatments, control of noncrop vegetation, and advances in tree breeding and tissue culture techniques.
Changes in Quality of All-Beef and Soy-Extended Patties as Influenced by Freezing Rate, Frozen Storage Temperature, and Storage Time

All-beef and soy-extended patties were frozen to - 18°C in either 24, 48, 72 or 96 hr and stored at -23, -18 or -7°C for 0, 6, 9, 12, 18 or 24 months prior to evaluating various quality factors. In evaluations made immediately post-freezing, freezing to - 18°C in 96 hr reduced beef flavor intensity and juiciness for both types of patties. Except for juiciness, storage at -7°C for just 6 months produced sizeable reductions in quality. Longer storage produced gradual, but continual deteriorations in quality, especially color, odor, flavor and TBA values. Inclusion of soy reduced many of the negative effects of storage on quality.
An upper-bound analysis for equal-channel angular extrusion

Abstract Deformation of the material during a 90° equal-channel angular extrusion (ECAE) process is analyzed using upper-bound theorem. The model suggested includes the effect of friction between the sample and the die walls, radius of inner corner of the die and the dead metal zone on the deformation patterns during ECAE. The parameters of the model is explored in relation to the deformation of the material during the process. Further directions for progress in deformation analysis in severe plastic deformation processes are outlined.
The mineralogy and petrology of chondritic meteorites

Abstract Chondritic meteorites are naturally divided into five chemical groups according to their chemical compositions. Within each group a range of textures exists which is generally interpreted as representing progressive degrees of recrystallization, although there are also significant primary variations in each group. In most chondrites the major minerals are olivine, orthopyroxene, albitic feldspar, troilite, calcic pyroxene, and metallic nickel-iron; the compositions of the silicate minerals are usually uniform within recrystallized chondrites and very similar for individual chondrites belonging to a given group. In unrecrystallized chondrites the minerals are usually quite variable in composition and the primary structures of individual chondrules are well preserved. Most of the properties of chondrites can be interpreted in terms of metamorphic equilibration and recrystallization of primary chondritic matter, although alternative hypotheses exist.
Identification of Event Mentions and their Semantic Class

Complex tasks like question answering need to be able to identify events in text and the relations among those events. We show that this event identification task and a related task, identifying the semantic class of these events, can both be formulated as classification problems in a word-chunking paradigm. We introduce a variety of linguistically motivated features for this task and then train a system that is able to identify events with a precision of 82% and a recall of 71%. We then show a variety of analyses of this model, and their implications for the event identification task.
Analysis of synapsin III-196 promoter mutation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Background: The 22q13-linked gene synapsin III is a positional candidate gene for schizophrenia (SZ). One interesting synapsin III single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), –196G/A, has
Primacy, recency, and the availability heuristic

Primacy and recency effects in recall were used to assess an availability heuristic for judging category-frequency information. By “over-representing” the less frequently occurring category in the early and late positions of a list, relative-frequency information for these positions was biased. This manipulation significantly affected frequency estimates, but only when recall was not requested prior to the frequency-judgment task. Factors other than differential recall of category instances are likely involved in judgments of category frequency and the possible role of “automatic” frequency encoding is discussed.
The vaginal pressure profile.

Aims To describe the vaginal pressure profile in asymptomatic nulliparous women. Methods Fourteen nulliparous women without symptoms of anal or urinary incontinence were studied with vaginal manometry. A rapid pull-through technique utilized a four-channel water-perfused catheter on a motor-driven puller to create a pressure profile for each subject. The profiles were measured with the subject at rest and during a sustained contraction of the levator ani muscle. The individual subject's pressure profiles were averaged to create a composite profile at rest and during squeeze. Results The vaginal pressure profile at rest and during squeeze contains three pressure zones: proximal, mid, and distal. The pressure is highest in the mid pressure zone and was labeled as the vaginal high-pressure zone. In the vaginal high-pressure zone, the maximum pressure during squeeze is significantly higher than the maximum pressure at rest (P < 0.05). The length of the high-pressure zone is longer during squeeze as compared to rest (P < 0.05). The maximum pressures exhibit circumferential asymmetry with the pressures in anterior and posterior directions being significantly higher than those in the lateral directions (P < 0.05). Conclusions The vaginal pressure profile is more complex than previously described. Understanding of the vaginal pressure profile is crucial when employing vaginal manometry to assess pelvic floor muscle strength or as a surrogate for intra-abdominal pressure. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nitrous oxide-induced myeloneuropathy: report of cases.

The cases of four dentists with neurologic symptoms caused by prolonged exposure to nitrous oxide are reported, and the findings of a questionnaire addressed to dentists are discussed.
Vapor liquid equilibrium constants through a non-equation of state approach: Methane-free aliphatic binary systems

Using vapor liquid equilibrium measurements available in the literature for the three binaries of the system ethane—n-butane—n-heptane, correlations have been developed that predict K-constants for other aliphatic binary mixtures, not containing methane. This approach does not involve the use of an equation of state, but utilizes fundamental properties associated with the pure state components and the critical pressure of the mixture. This method produces for seven additional binary systems, K-values that are in good agreement with experimental measurements, and particularly in the vicinity of the critical point. En utilisant les mesures d'equilibre entre vapeurs et liquides deja publiees dans le cas de trois melanges binaires du systeme ethane-butane normal-heptane normal, on a mis au point des correlations qui prevoient des constantes K, lorsqu'il s'agit de melanges binaires et aliphatiques qui ne contiennent pas de methane. Ladite methode n'implique pas l'emploi d'une equation d'etat, mais on y utilise les proprietes fondamentales qui sont associees aux composants a l'etat pur et a la pression critique du melange. La methode en question produit, dans le cas de sept systemes binaires additionnels, des valeurs pour K qui concordent bien avec les mesures experimentales, particulierement a proximite du point critique.
Calcium metabolism in tumors, its relationship with chromium complex accumulation. IV. 51 Cr-alloxantin incorporation and calcium-phosphorus composition.

The chromium, calcium and phosphorus fractionation distribution in tumor-bearing mice tissues war compared and related to in vitro observations of the interaction calcium compound-c
ANTIRABIC IMMUNIZATION WITH CULTURE VIRUS RENDERED AVIRULENT BY ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT.

In the article by H. L. Hodes, G. I. Lavin and L. T. Webster, entitled "Antirabic immunization with culture virus rendered avirulent by ultra-violet light," printed in the issue of Science for November 12, 1937, the line "fatal dose of test virus, as contrasted with only one of" immediately before the table on the first column of page 448 was misplaced in the paging. It should be transferred to make it the last line of the text in that column.
Low-density polyurethane foam plate spark chamber

Abstract Development of a multi-gap, low-density visual spark chamber is described. The design has been used successfully to make spark chambers up to 2600 in2 in area with very uniform gap spacing. Individual plate thickness is approximately 0.125″. Density per plate is approximately 29 mg/cm3, or the radiation length equivalent to approximately 2 mil of aluminum. The chambers have been pulsed in bevatron experiment over 2.5 × 106 times with good efficiency.
Haemopoietic modulation in tumour-bearing animals: enhanced progenitor-cell production in femoral marrow.

Altered haematopoiesis in the femoral marrow was observed in mice bearing the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLca). During tumour growth, a marked reduction was observed in the myeloperoxidase-positive cells (granulocytes) of the marrow 7 days after inoculation of the LLca tumour reaching a nadir (17% of control) by day 28. Accompanying this suppression of mature white cells was a gradual expansion of the CFUc-GM compartment followed by an increase in the number of femoral CFUs. Humoral-stimulating activity (HSA) increased through day 14 in the serum of these animals; then returned to control levels by day 28. During this same interval, the more primitive erythroid progenitor (BFUe) compartment expanded to 168% of control, while the more differentiated (CFUe) compartment was reduced (45% of control at day 28). Reductions in both 59Fe-incorporation and erythroblasts/femur confirmed the suppression of erythroid differentiation in marrow during tumour growth. Similar results were observed following the daily injection (188 mg equivalent dose; q 24 hr × 10) of the supernatant prepared from LLca tissue. Marked differences were observed between the response of the spleen and the marrow to the supernatant. the data suggest that the growth of the LLca tumour results in a dissociation of the normal continuity of haematopoietic steady-state differentiation in the marrow of tumour-bearing animals.
The dispersion of radioactive phosphorus in the embryonated hen's egg

Summary Radioactive phosphorus inoculated extra-allantoically into the yolk sac of 7-day-old embryos has been traced throughout the components of the embryonated egg for 14 days. The labeled phosphorus left the yolk sac at an essentially constant rate and became dispersed within a few days throughout all components of the embryonated egg in varying degrees with the exception of the shell and the albumin. The embryo utilized more P32 than any of the other components under consideration with the allantoic membrane and the allantoic fluid acquiring the next larger portions of P32.