cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytic Assessment of the Significant Emission Area and Integrated Enhancement Factor for Ellipsoidal Electron Field Emitters

A lower bound to the field emitter surface area that significantly contributes to the overall field emitter current is found for ellipsoidal and spheroidal emitters. Equations are also given for the upper bound on the spheroidal emitter's integrated enhancement factor βI, which is defined as the enhancement factor obtained by curve fitting field emission data to the Fowler-Nordheim equation. Both bounds are highly dependent on the applied field over common experimental field ranges. For a large range of emitter geometric aspect ratios and applied fields, a succinct empirically determined equation set is provided to determine a lower bound on the spheroidal emitter significant emission area that provides for all but 0.0001% of the total emission current. At extremely high applied fields, βI saturates to a constant value. The saturation value is suggested as an alternative nonfield-dependent “terminal” field enhancement factor to be used in evaluating emitter performance. An alternate expression for the integrated enhancement factor obtained using the Fowler-Nordheim slope method (SM) βI,SM is given and is shown to differ from βI. An equation is presented to determine under what conditions is the SM's usage valid for spheroid emitters to obtain the “terminal” field enhancement factor.
Incidence of scleritis and episcleritis: results from the Pacific Ocular Inflammation Study.

Purpose To ascertain the incidence of scleritis and episcleritis in a Hawaiian population and describe variations by age, sex, and race. Design Retrospective, population-based cohort study. Methods All electronic medical records for enrollees in Kaiser Permanente Hawaii (n = 217 061) from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2007 were searched for International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition (ICD-9) codes associated with ocular inflammation. Chart review was conducted to verify a clinical diagnosis of scleritis or episcleritis. Confirmed cases were used to calculate incidence rates per 100 000 person-years. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for each incidence rate, including age-, sex-, and race-specific rates, using bias-corrected Poisson regression. To assess for confounding, a multivariate analysis adjusting for age, sex, and race was also performed. Results Of 217 061 eligible patients, 17 incident scleritis cases and 93 incident episcleritis cases were confirmed. The overall incidence rates of scleritis and episcleritis were 4.1 (95% CI: 2.6-6.6) and 21.7 (95% CI: 17.7-26.5) cases per 100 000 person-years, respectively. Women were overrepresented among scleritis patients ( P = .049). Pacific Islanders were the most underrepresented racial group among cases of scleritis and episcleritis ( P = .006, P = .001). Blacks had the highest incidence of scleritis ( P = .004). Conclusions These results provide a population-based estimate of the incidence of scleritis and episcleritis in a diverse population and highlight differences in patients' demographic characteristics. Differences in incidence by sex and race raise questions about genetic and environmental influences on the development of these conditions.
OT constraints are categorical

In Optimality Theory, constraints come in two types, which are distinguished by their mode of evaluation. Categorical constraints are either satisfied or not ; a categorical constraint assigns no more than one violation-mark, unless there are several violating structures in the form under evaluation. Gradient constraints evaluate extent of deviation ; they can assign multiple marks even when there is just a single instance of the non-conforming structure. This article proposes a restrictive definition of what an OT constraint is, from which it follows that all constraints must be categorical. The various gradient constraints that have been proposed are examined, and it is argued that none is necessary and many have undesirable consequences.
Multi-generational oxidation model to simulate secondary organic aerosol in a 3-D air quality model

Multi-generational gas-phase oxidation of organic vapors can influence the abundance, composition and properties of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Only recently have SOA models been developed that explicitly represent multi-generational SOA formation. In this work, we integrated the statistical oxidation model (SOM) into SAPRC-11 to simulate the multi-generational oxidation and gas/particle partitioning of SOA in the regional UCD/CIT (University of California, Davis/California Institute of Technology) air quality model. In the SOM, evolution of organic vapors by reaction with the hydroxyl radical is defined by (1) the number of oxygen atoms added per reaction, (2) the decrease in volatility upon addition of an oxygen atom and (3) the probability that a given reaction leads to fragmentation of the organic molecule. These SOM parameter values were fit to laboratory smog chamber data for each precursor/compound class. SOM was installed in the UCD/CIT model, which simulated air quality over 2-week periods in the South Coast Air Basin of California and the eastern United States. For the regions and episodes tested, the two-product SOA model and SOM produce similar SOA concentrations but a modestly different SOA chemical composition. Predictions of the oxygen-to-carbon ratio qualitatively agree with those measured globally using aerosol mass spectrometers. Overall, the implementation of the SOM in a 3-D model provides a comprehensive framework to simulate the atmospheric evolution of organic aerosol.
Upf1p, Nmd2p, and Upf3p Are Interacting Components of the Yeast Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay Pathway

Rapid turnover of nonsense-containing mRNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is dependent on Upf1p, Nmd2p, and Upf3p, the products of the UPF1, NMD2/UPF2, and UPF3 genes, respectively. We showed previously that Upf1p and Nmd2p interact and that this interaction is required for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (F. He and A. Jacobson, Genes Dev. 9:437-454, 1995; F. He, A. H. Brown, and A. Jacobson, RNA 2:153-170, 1996). In this study we have used the yeast two-hybrid system to define other protein-protein interactions among the essential components of this decay pathway. Nmd2p-Upf3p and Upf1p-Upf3p interactions were identified, and the respective domains involved in these interactions were delineated by deletion analysis. The domains of Upf1p and Upf3p putatively involved in their mutual interaction were found to correspond to the domains on the two proteins which interact with Nmd2p, suggesting that Nmd2p bridges Upf1p and Upf3p. This conclusion was reinforced by experiments showing that: (i) deletion of NMD2 completely abolishes interactions between Upf1p and Upf3p and (ii) overexpression of full-length Nmd2p or Nmd2p fragments that retain Upf1p- and Upf3p-interacting domains promotes 10- to 200-fold enhancement of Upf1p-Nmd2p-Upf3p complex formation. These results; the observation that cells harboring either single or multiple deletions of UPF1, NMD2, and UPF3 inhibit nonsense-mediated mRNA decay to the same extent; and an analysis of the possible targets of a dominant-negative NMD2 allele indicate that Upf1p, Nmd2p, Upf3p, and at least one other factor are functionally dependent, interacting components of the yeast nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway.
Application of Network Analysis to the Implementation of a Complex Project

Network analysis is applied to implementation problems in a case study of the Century Freeway Project in Los Angeles. The analysis shows the impact that network ties have on the ability of managers to implement a complex public project. The concept of “multilateral brokerage role”, is introduced to explain how managers in this setting are able to adapt.
Effect of growth factors on collagen metabolism in cultured human heart fibroblasts.

Using human heart fibroblasts (HHF), we studied the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) on the gene expression of type I collagen, collagenase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP). Initially, treatment of HHF with bFGF alone (10 ng/ml) resulted in elevated secretion of collagenase into the culture medium. Subsequent treatment of HHF with TGF-β in combination with bFGF suppressed collagenase secretion. Northern blot analysis reinforced this observation by revealing an enhancement of the steady-state mRNA level of collagenase in response to bFGE In order to examine if the collagenase gene was affected by bFGF at the transcriptional level, transfection experiments were carried out with a plasmid containing collagenase promoter linked to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (CAT). Basic FGF stimulated CAT activity by four-fold, indicating increased promoter activity whereas the combination of TGF-β and bFGF resulted in decreased CAT activity....
MALPRACTICE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY: An Overview

A generation ago, psychotherapy was rarely the subject of a malpractice suit. Most litigation involving psychiatrists resulted from physical harm, rather than emotional harm, to the patient. During the last twenty-five years, the situation has changed with juries returning verdicts in a large number of cases awarding damages totaling millions of dollars. More recently, restrictions on bringing medical malpractice claim generally have multiplied, but now the role of managed care is affecting the standard of care and choice of treatment.
Metformin for weight loss in schizophrenia: safe but not a panacea

Obesity and diabetes rates are two to three times higher among patients with schizophrenia than they are for the general population, as reflected by higher morbidity and mortality rates. Weight gain induced by antipsychotic medication is implicated. Metformin is shown to delay diabetes conversion and produce modest weight loss among prediabetic obese patients in the general population.1 It has also been shown to attenuate olanzapine-induced weight gain in patients with first-episode schizophrenia.2
Epidermal growth factor receptor amplification does not have prognostic significance in patients with glioblastoma multiforme

Purpose: There have been conflicting reports in the literature regarding the prognostic significance of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The purpose of this study is to determine the prognostic significance of EGFR amplification in patients with GBM treated at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Methods and Materials: A retrospective review of GBM patients treated with surgery at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation was performed. Amplification of EGFR was evaluated with fluorescence in situ hybridization in a total of 107 patients diagnosed between December 1995 and May 2003. In addition to EGFR status, various prognostic factors were evaluated to determine the factors that influenced survival and radiographic response rate. The median follow-up was 9 months. Results: The overall median survival was 9.8 months, with a 1-year survival of 40%. Of the 107 patients in whom EGFR status was evaluated, 36 (33.6%) were found to have EGFR amplification. On multivariate analysis, median survival was found to be significantly improved for patients with age p = 0.0061), patients with Karnofsky Performance Status ≥70 (12.1 months vs. 4.4 months, p p = 0.002), and patients who received a radiation dose ≥60 Gy compared with no radiation (12.7 months vs. 3 months, p p = 0.03) was found to predict for improved local control. Treatment with radiation did not remain statistically significant on multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Epidermal growth factor receptor amplification was not found to be a significant prognostic indicator of overall survival or radiographic local control in patients with GBM treated with surgery at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Further studies are needed to fully delineate the significance of this molecular marker in patients with GBM.
A phase II trial of high dose carboplatin and paclitaxel with G-CSF and peripheral blood stem cell support followed by surgery and/or chest radiation in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer: CALGB 9531

Abstract Purpose We designed a phase II trial to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of high dose induction chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel with G-CSF and stem cell support followed by surgical resection and/or chest radiotherapy in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients and methods Patients had pathologically confirmed stage IIIA–IIIB NSCLC, adequate end-organ function, no prior chemotherapy or radiation, and performance status 0–1. Peripheral stem cells were mobilized with G-CSF stimulation on days 1–5 and collected prior to chemotherapy. Chemotherapy consisted of 2 cycles of paclitaxel 250 mg/m 2 over 3 h and carboplatin at an AUC 18 on days 11 and 32, each followed by stem cell reinfusion. Stable and responding patients went on to surgical resection (in patients deemed resectable) followed by post-operative radiation, or to conventional chest radiotherapy to 66 Gy in unresectable patients. Results Twelve patients (11 eligible) were accrued from 1996 to 1999. The 11 patients were predominately male (64%), white (82%), of performance status 0 (64%), and with weight loss less than 5% (55%). The median age was 51 (range 31–63). Ten (10) patients (91%) experienced grade 4 toxicity. There were no lethal toxicities. Grade 3–4 toxicities most commonly reported included: platelets (100%), lymphocytopenia (91%), leukopenia (91%), neutropenia (73%), anemia (55%), pain (45%), and nausea (27%). Three patients (27%) had a partial response to induction chemotherapy. Of the 11 patients, 7 underwent surgical exploration, and 10 received radiation. Two patients were completely resected, 3 patients had incomplete resections, and 2 patients had no resection. There were 4 complete responses and 3 partial responses following surgery and/or radiation. The median overall survival time was 17.8 months. The median failure-free survival time was 8.3 months. One-year and 2-year overall survival are estimated at 64% and 27%, respectively. Conclusions High dose induction chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel and stem cell support in patients with stage IIIA–IIIB NSCLC produced response rates and survival similar to standard therapy. Excessive toxicity (and cost) suggests that this approach does not merit further investigation.
Energy efficient routing based on cooperative MIMO techniques

We consider sensor networks where energy is a limited resource so that energy consumption must be minimized while satisfying given throughput requirements. Moreover, energy consumption must take into account both the transmission energy and the circuit processing energy for short-range communications. In this context, we analyze energy-efficient joint routing and link scheduling to achieve the optimal tradeoff between energy and delay. For networks composed of multiple clusters of nodes, we propose and analyze the cooperative multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) approach where multiple sensor nodes in the same cluster cooperate in signal transmission and/or reception. We show that local information exchange within the cluster is not necessary for node cooperation based on Alamouti diversity codes if the transmissions are properly scheduled. We further show that the routing optimization problem based on cooperative MIMO can be solved by designing an equivalent single-input single-output (SISO) system, where each cluster is treated as a super node. For both SISO-based and MIMO-based cases, we derive the best energy-delay tradeoff curves and show that the cooperative MIMO approach dramatically improves the energy-delay performance.
Direct evidence for imidazoline (I1) receptor modulation of ethanol action on norepinephrine-containing neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Background Enhancement of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) presympathetic (norepinephrine, NE) neuronal activity represents a neurochemical mechanism for the pressor effect of ethanol. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that ethanol action on RVLM presympathetic neurons is selectively influenced by the signaling of the local imidazoline (I1) receptor. To support a neuroanatomical and an I1-signaling selectivity of ethanol, and to circumvent the confounding effects of anesthesia, the dose-related neurochemical and blood pressure effects of ethanol were investigated in the presence of selective pharmacological interventions that cause reduction in the activity of RVLM or nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) NE neurons via local activation of the I1 or the alpha2-adrenergic receptor in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats. Results Local activation of the I1 receptor by rilmenidine (40 nmol) or by the I1/alpha2 receptor mixed agonist clonidine (1 nmol), and local activation of the alpha2-adrenergic receptor (alpha2AR) by the pure alpha2AR agonist alpha-methylnorepinephrine (alpha-MNE, 10 nmol) caused reductions in RVLM NE, and blood pressure. Intra-RVLM ethanol (1, 5, or 10 microg), microinjected at the nadir of the neurochemical and hypotensive responses, elicited dose-dependent increments in RVLM NE and blood pressure in the presence of local I1--but not alpha2-receptor activation. Only intra-NTS alpha-MNE, but not rilmenidine or clonidine, elicited reductions in local NE and blood pressure; ethanol failed to elicit any neurochemical or blood pressure responses in the presence of local activation of the alpha2AR within the NTS. Conclusion The findings support the neuroanatomical selectivity of ethanol, and support the hypothesis that the neurochemical (RVLM NE), and the subsequent cardiovascular, effects of ethanol are selectively modulated by I1 receptor signaling in the RVLM.
Serotypic Variations Among Virulent Pneumococci in Deposition and Degradation of Covalently Bound C3b: Implications for Phagocytosis and Antibody Production

serum reconstituted with [3H]C3, covalent binding ranged from 2.9 x 104 to 1.5 x 105 C3b molecules per organism and increased at least two-fold in the presence of type-specific anticapsular antibody. We compared amide- and ester-linked forms of covalently bound C3b among unencapsulated and encapsulated isolates and differentiated cell wall from capsular binding. Analysis of proteolytic degradation of C3b, covalently bound at the capsular level, revealed C3b, iC3b, and C3d on the capsular surfaces of serotypes 3 and 4, whereas serotypes 6A and 14 displayed only iC3b. We conclude that pneumococcal serotypes, differing in their capsular polysaccharides, differ as well in the amount and site of covalently bound C3b and in its degradative processing to iC3b and C3d. We describe how these differences may explain the well-recognized patterns of serotypic variance in resistance to phagocytosis and in stimulation of antibody production.
Evaluation of electromyographic biofeedback for the quadriceps femoris: a systematic review.

Objective: To critically review evidence for the effectiveness of electromyographic biofeedback (EMGB) of the quadriceps femoris muscle in treating various knee conditions. Data Sources: Databases used to locate randomized controlled trials included PubMed (1980–2010), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL, 1995–2007), Web of Science (1986–2010), SPORTDiscus (1990–2007), and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). Key words were knee and biofeedback. Study Selection: The criteria for selection were clinical randomized controlled trials in which EMGB of the quadriceps femoris was used for various knee conditions of musculoskeletal origin. Trials were excluded because of research designs other than randomized controlled trials, articles published in a non-English language, inclusion of healthy research participants, inability to identify EMGB as the source of clinical improvement, and lack of pain, functional outcome, or quadriceps torque as outcome measures. Data Extraction: Twe...
Computational Analysis of Behavior.

In this review, we discuss the emerging field of computational behavioral analysis—the use of modern methods from computer science and engineering to quantitatively measure animal behavior. We discuss aspects of experiment design important to both obtaining biologically relevant behavioral data and enabling the use of machine vision and learning techniques for automation. These two goals are often in conflict. Restraining or restricting the environment of the animal can simplify automatic behavior quantification, but it can also degrade the quality or alter important aspects of behavior. To enable biologists to design experiments to obtain better behavioral measurements, and computer scientists to pinpoint fruitful directions for algorithm improvement, we review known effects of artificial manipulation of the animal on behavior. We also review machine vision and learning techniques for tracking, feature extraction, automated behavior classification, and automated behavior discovery, the assumptions they m...
Mutational analysis of protein stability: Current Opinion in Structural Biology 1992, 2:46…-51

Abstract Folded proteins can accomodate a wide spectrum of amino acid substitutions, and these modified proteins have provided one of the main tools for analyzing protein stability. Residues in the hydrophobic core seem to play a key role in stabilizing proteins and determining their detailed structure.
Measurements of Bone Growth by Alizarine Injections.

Sixteen white rats 3 months of age were given 2 intraperitoneal injections of 0.5 cc. of 2% Alizarine Red S (Sodium Sulphalizarate) of color index 1034 (Coleman and Bell Company) 4 or 6 days apart and killed 2 days after the last injection. The dosage ranged from 39 to 62 mg. per kg.Microscopic examination of transverse ground sections of the mid-root level of the upper molar teeth showed a red line in the alveolar bone that was calcifying at the time of each injection.The amount of bone laid down in 24 hours was obtained by measuring the vertical distance between the 2 red lines in μ and dividing this amount by the number of days intervening between the 2 injections. The measurements were made of fields in which the 2 red lines followed a parallel course for at least a short distance. Tangential planes were avoided.A total of 471 measurements were made by M. M. Hoffman, M. Engel and the author, who found the average amount of alveolar bone growth per 24 hours to be 4(3.98), 4(4.04) and 4(3.99) μ respecti...
Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients After Total Pancreatectomy with Islet Autotransplantation

Abstract Background: Among postsurgical and critically ill patients, malglycemia is associated with increased complications. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in the inpatient population may enhance glycemic control. CGM reliability may be compromised by postsurgical complications such as edema or vascular changes. We utilized Clarke Error Grid (CEG) and Surveillance Error Grid (SEG) analysis to evaluate CGM performance after total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation. Materials and Methods: This subanalysis evaluated Medtronic Enlite 2 CGM values against YSI serum glucose in seven post-transplant patients (86% female; 38.6 ± 9.4 years) on artificial pancreas for 72 h at transition from intravenous to subcutaneous insulin. Sensor recalibration occurred for absolute relative difference (ARD) ≥20% x2, ≥30% x1, or by investigator discretion based on trend. Results: Sensor analysis showed mean absolute relative difference (MARD) of 11.0% ± 11.5%. The sensors were recalibrated 8.3 times/day; active ...
Metabolism and cardiac actions of a polar aminocardenolide and digoxin in the conscious dog.

We studied the metabolism and cardiac actions of a polar aminocardenolide, 3-beta-O-(4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl) digitoxigenin (ASI-222), in conscious, chronically instrumented dogs and compared the cardiac actions of this compound with those of digoxin. Chloroform-soluble metabolites and the excretion patterns of ASI-222 in urine and feces were identified and measured using thin-layer chromatography. The deaminated metabolite of ASI-222 appeared both in the urine and the feces together with the genin, digitoxigenin and the parent drug which constituted the majority of the radioactivity excreted. There was a secondary rise in the plasma concentration of ASI-222 starting 2 hr after the i.v. administration, which strongly suggests its enterohepatic recycling. The secondary increase in the plasma concentration was not seen in the dogs receiving digoxin. ASI-222 produced increases in cardiac contractility and systolic blood pressure which were more rapid in onset and shorter in duration than those produced by an equimolar dose of digoxin. Amplitudes of these physiologic responses to these two compounds in conscious dogs were approximately 2 times higher than the effects previously reported to similar doses in anesthetized dogs.
EMD in the cyclic spectrum detection

To solve the cyclic autocorrelation function of the multi-component signal demodulation when the crossterm interference problem,this paper based on empirical mode decomposition(EMD) method,which can effectively eliminate the cross-term interference.
Litho-paleogeographic evolution in the Middle-Late Triassic in western Sichuan Province and its significance for petroleum exploration

During the Middle and Late Triassic,western Sichuan Province experienced a transforming process-from marine facies,transitional facies,to continental facies.Most source rocks and reservoir rocks developed du-ring that period.Based on drilling and outcrop data and regional geological characteristics,this paper examines its litho-paleogeographic features and evolution.During the deposition of the Leikoupo Formation to the Ma'antang Formation,from west to east,the sedimentary environment was deepwater basin,platform margin and platform.The high-energy platform-edge shoal/reef facies and intra-platform shoal facies are favorable targets for petroleum exploration.During the deposition of the 2nd member and the 3rd member of the Xujiahe Formation,it was a marine-terrestrial transitional setting with delta deposits.Several microfacies,such as delta plain distributary channels,delta front subaqueous distributary channels and mouth bars,are favorable for the development of re-servoirs.They have been the main exploration targets in recent years.The Anxian Movement,which occurred at the end of deposition of the 3rd member of the Xujiahe Formation,is a key point for the transition of marine facies to terrestrial facies in western Sichuan Province.At that time,the Longmen Mountain area was folded to mountains completely and the whole Sichuan Basin was turned into a continental sedimentary environment.Du-ring the deposition of the 4th member and the 5th member of the Xujiahe Formation,western Sichuan Province was dominated by fluvial fans,lacustrine deltas and lake systems.By systematically examining the Middle-Late Triassic litho-paleogeographic framework and evolution in western Sichuan Province,we can further check our exploration and appraisal approaches,analyze exploration strategies and figure out main exploration targets,so as to guide exploration in future.
Exploring Wage Determination by Education Level A U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Area Analysis From 2005 to 2012

The purpose of this study is to explain urban wage differentials with a special focus on educational levels. The authors explore whether the share of people with a bachelor’s degree or higher in th...
Imaging of Volleyball Injuries

Volleyball has become one of the most popular sports worldwide, practiced by millions of people of all ages and genders. This is probably the most important factor related to the increase in volleyball-related injuries in recent decades, along with the increase in frequency, in intensity, as well as in duration of training. Because the types of injuries as well as the body part affected are represented by a broad spectrum in volleyball, in this chapter we will focus on the most common injuries and the most common sites in the musculoskeletal system related to volleyball and discuss the imaging methods available for their detection as well as their imaging features.
The non-vanishing of central values of automorphic L-functions and Landau-Siegel zeros

We describe a number of results and techniques concerning the non-vanishing of automorphic L-functions at s = ½. In particular we show that as N → ∞ at least 50% of the values L(½, f), with f varying among the holomorphic new forms of a fixed even integral weight for Γ0(N) and whose functional equations are even, are positive. Furthermore, we show that any improvement of 50% is intimately connected to Landau-Siegel zeros. These results may also be used to show that X0(N) = Γ0(N)\ℍ has large quotients with only finitely many rational points. The results below were announced at the conference “Exponential sums” held in Jerusalem, January 1998. The complete proofs, which were presented in courses at Princeton (1997), are being prepared for publication.
Injection Pharyngoplasty With Autologous Fat as Treatment for Stress Velopharyngeal Insufficiency in Brass and Woodwind Musicians.

Importance Stress velopharyngeal insufficiency (SVPI) is an uncommon but often career-threatening condition affecting professional brass and woodwind musicians. Objectives To review the evaluation of and treatment for SVPI in professional musicians with lipoinjection to the posterior pharyngeal wall. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective medical record and literature review. Two professional musicians with SVPI treated with autologous lipoinjection to the posterior pharyngeal wall were included. Nasopharyngoscopy was performed while patients played their instrument both before and after injection. Main Outcomes and Measures To assess the effectiveness of autologous fat injection to the posterior pharyngeal wall to treat stress velopharyngeal insufficiency in 2 professional instrumentalists. Successful treatment was the absence of VPI during playing as visualized by flexible nasopharyngoscopy. Results After autologous lipoinjection of the posterior pharyngeal wall, 1 patient resumed full play with complete resolution, now 3 years after lipoinjection pharyngoplasty. The other patient received temporary resolution. Both had no surgical complications. Stress VPI is often a career-threatening condition for professional brass and woodwind musicians, with a cited incidence of 34%. Various treatment options in the literature include observation, speech and language pathology referral for pharyngeal strengthening, lipoinjection of the soft palate, and more invasive options, such as sphincter pharyngoplasty, pharyngeal flaps and V-Y pushback. Conclusions and Relevance Autologous fat injection pharyngoplasty of the posterior pharyngeal wall may be a less invasive treatment option for musicians with SVPI.
Estimating intersection turning volumes from actuated traffic signal information

Abstract Actuated traffic signals usually use loop detectors. The current practice in many cities is to install four consecutive loop detectors in each lane to reduce the chance of undetected vehicles. Due to practical reasons, all four loop detectors in each lane and other detectors referring to the same phase are spliced together. Thus, it is possible for several vehicles to be counted as one single car. This way of detector wiring to the cabinet reduces the accuracy of detectors for collecting traffic volumes. Our preliminary studies show cases with an error greater than 75 percent. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide a simple method to obtain turning volumes from signal information in actuated non-coordinated traffic signals without using loop detector data. To produce the required data, a simulation was performed in VISSIM with different input volumes. To change turning volumes, a code was developed in COM interface. With this code, the inputs did not have to be changed manually. In addition, the COM code stored the outputs. Data were then exported to a single Excel file. Afterwards, regression and the adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) were used to build models to obtain turning volumes. The accuracy of models is defined in terms of mean absolute percent error (MAPE). Results of our two case studies show that during peak hours, there is a high correlation between actuated green time and volumes. This method does not need extensive data collection and is easy to be employed. The results also show that ANFIS produces more accurate models compared to regression.
Bilobed Flap for Nasal Reconstruction

Commonly used in the reconstruction of facial skin defects, the double transposition bilobed flap is particularly suited for nasal defect reconstruction. Initially described by Zitelli in 1989, the bilobed flap has become the repair of choice for defects in the lower third of the nose (lateral tip, supratip, ala near the tip) measuring between 0.5 and 1.5 cm. By enabling the transposition of skin over a larger distance than would be possible via a single flap, the bilobed flap allows for the use of local tissue well matched in color and texture to the recipient site. Its design is favorable as the secondary defect may be closed primarily with minimization of dog-ear formation. The flap can be designed with its base medially or laterally, best suited for alar or nasal tip defects, respectively. The defect, flap, and surrounding donor site should all be undermined widely in the submuscular, perichondrial, and periosteal planes, in order to facilitate unrestricted flap transposition. This reduces the potential for nasal distortion, pin cushioning, or trap-door deformity.
ASSESSING ANTICOAGULATION SAFETY AND EFFICACY IN ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME PATIENTS MONITORED BY FACTOR II ACTIVITY ASSAY

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine if monitoring antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) patients on warfarin by factor II activity assay (FIIAA) would decrease thrombus risk or if elevating international normalized ratio (INR) goal based on FIIAA would increase bleeding risk. Methods: A community hospital retrospective chart review was conducted on anticoagulation clinic APS patients (n=49) over 50 months. Patients with an APS-associated diagnosis compliant warfarin therapy were included as long as they were at least 18 years of age. Patients were excluded if they were monitored in the clinic for <6 months, became pregnant, or developed cancer during the study period. The primary outcome was to determine if FIIAA monitoring reduced thrombus risk or increased bleeding risk. Results: No statistical difference in bleeding event, age, comorbidities, or sex was determined between the FIIAA monitored and non-FIIAA monitored group. Thromboembolic events approached statistical significance (p=0.053) in the monitored group. Two of the 3 patients had a subtherapeutic INR and one had additional thrombophilias. Conclusion: Thromboembolic risk was not reduced by FIIAA monitoring in APS patients. INR goal increases based on FIIAA monitoring did not increase bleeding risk. A larger study may help determine the most appropriate way to monitor APS patients using warfarin. Keywords: Antiphospholipid syndrome, Factor II activity assay, Warfarin, Thrombosis, Anticoagulation and bleeding.
Abortion Facility Closings and Abortion Rates in Texas

From 2004 to 2014, the overall abortion rate in Texas fell by almost a third from 10.7 to 7.2 abortions per 1000 women aged 10 to 49 years. During this same period, the number of abortion clinics operating at least 6 months in the year fell from 40 to 27. We examined the relationship between the abortion rate and the proximity of abortion facilities. We matched annual, county-level data on abortion rates in Texas from 2004 through 2014 with the distance from the county centroids to the nearest abortion facility in operation. Linear regressions were used to estimate the association between abortion rates and proximity to abortion facilities. The regressions controlled for county-level and state-level characteristics as well as the availability of abortion services in neighboring US states and Mexico. We found that a 100-mile increase in distance to the nearest abortion facility was associated with a 10% decrease in the overall abortion rate. The relationship appeared to be driven largely by distances of 200 miles or more. The overall relationship was generally present for whites and blacks, whereas the pattern was less clear for Hispanics. The analysis indicated that the overall association was driven largely by women aged 20 to 34 years. Decreased access to abortion facilities was associated with decreases in the abortion rate, yet the relationship varied by race/ethnicity and age. As such, regulations that affect the operational status of abortion facilities likely have differential effects on women.
When and Why Women Regret Sex in Hookups More Than Men Do: An Analysis of the Online College Social Life Survey

Using data from the Online College Social Life Survey, we examine the contexts in which there is a gender gap in regretting hookups, as well as the mechanisms that explain these gender gaps. Result...
Negative-Pressure Ventilation in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Failure

BACKGROUND: The objective of this work was to describe the use of negative-pressure ventilation (NPV) in a heterogeneous critically ill, pediatric population. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted of all patients admitted to a pediatric ICU with acute respiratory failure supported with NPV from January 1, 2012 to May 15, 2015. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-three subjects at a median age of 15.5 months were supported with NPV for various etiologies, most commonly bronchiolitis (70%). Median (interquartile range) duration of support was 18.7 (8.7–34.3) h. The majority were NPV responders (70%), defined as not needing escalation to any form of positive-pressure ventilation. In non-responders, escalation occurred at a median (interquartile range) of 6.9 (3.3–16.6) h. More NPV non-responders had upper-airway obstruction (P = .02), and fewer had bronchiolitis (P = .008) compared with responders. A bedside scoring system developed on these data was 98% specific in predicting NPV failure by 4 h after NPV start (area under the curve 0.759, 95% CI 0.675–0.843, P CONCLUSIONS: NPV is a noninvasive respiratory support for pediatric acute respiratory failure from all causes with few complications and a 70% response rate. Children receiving NPV often required intravenous sedation for comfort, and one third received delayed enteral nutrition. Those who required escalation from NPV worsened within 6 h; this may be predictable with a bedside scoring system.
Clinical Approach to the Trauma Patient

Abstract This review article is designed as an introductory reference to the clinical management of trauma patients by interventional radiologists. The article is geared toward the radiology nurse participating in the care of these patients alongside the interventionalist to provide a framework to understand the process of working up, treating, and managing trauma patients using minimally invasive techniques. Special emphasis is placed on the preoperative and postprocedural care issues that are relevant specifically to nursing staff as they relate interventional radiology. A sample case is provided at the end to further emphasize key points discussed in the article.
Comparative Evaluation of U.S. Brand and Generic Intravenous Sodium Ferric Gluconate Complex in Sucrose Injection: Biodistribution after Intravenous Dosing in Rats

Relative biodistribution of FDA-approved innovator and generic sodium ferric gluconate (SFG) drug products was investigated to identify differences in tissue distribution of iron after intravenous dosing to rats. Three equal cohorts of 42 male Sprague-Dawley rats were created with each cohort receiving one of three treatments: (1) the innovator SFG product dosed intravenously at a concentration of 40 mg/kg; (2) the generic SFG product dosed intravenously at a concentration of 40 mg/kg; (3) saline dosed intravenously at equivalent volume to SFG products. Sampling time points were 15 min, 1 h, 8 h, 1 week, two weeks, four weeks, and six weeks post-treatment. Six rats from each group were sacrificed at each time point. Serum, femoral bone marrow, lungs, brain, heart, kidneys, liver, and spleen were harvested and evaluated for total iron concentration by ICP-MS. The ICP-MS analytical method was validated with linearity, range, accuracy, and precision. Results were determined for mean iron concentrations (µg/g) and mean total iron (whole tissue) content (µg/tissue) for each tissue of all groups at each time point. A percent of total distribution to each tissue was calculated for both products. At any given time point, the overall percent iron concentration distribution did not vary between the two SFG drugs by more than 7% in any tissue. Overall, this study demonstrated similar tissue biodistribution for the two SFG products in the examined tissues.
Probing structure and motion of the mitochondrial cytochromes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the constraints of the mitochondrial membrane in determining and regulating electron transfer function. It focuses on the heme-containing components of the inner mitochondrial membrane, namely, the cytochromes. These cytochromes provide interesting intrinsic chromophores suitable for optical probing in situ. It provides an overview on physical techniques, which determine orientation, distances, structure, and motion of the electron carriers. It is generally accepted that the respiratory chain components undergo independent diffusion. The rotational and transverse motions of cytochrome c oxidase and cytochrome c are directly measured. The rotational motion of the ADP/ATP translocator has been established and the transverse diffusion of the cytochrome bc1 complex has been demonstrated. The chapter also explains that specificity is achieved by having specific interaction domains on the electron carrier for its redox partners. In this regard, much work has been done on cytochrome c to explain its interaction domains with the oxidase and the reductase
Taking American Citizenship Seriously and the Recovery of the Fourteenth Amendment, Chapter 3

In this chapter, I present a new history of the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment. I rely, in part, on some documentary evidence that has not yet been discussed and, unlike most other accounts, I place heavy emphasis on those details that seem most relevant to recovery the original meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment, including explaining the actual and apparent disagreements among supporters as to its meaning. That explanation and that recovery will be the subject of chapters 4 and 5.
Long-lasting improvement following tDCS treatment combined with a training for reading in children and adolescents with dyslexia.

Abstract Noninvasive brain stimulation transiently modulates reading ability in individuals with dyslexia by facilitating the underactive neural pathways in them. However, its long-term effects have not been determined. This study confirmed the ameliorative effects of multiple sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with a training for reading on the reading abilities of children and adolescents with dyslexia and examined whether they are long-lasting. Twenty-six children and adolescents with dyslexia received 3 20-min sessions per week for 6 weeks (18 sessions) of left anodal/right cathodal tDCS, set to 1 mA, over the parieto-temporal regions, combined with training for reading. The participants were randomly assigned to receive active or sham treatment. Reading measures (text, high- and low-frequency words, non-words) were recorded before and immediately after the treatment and 1 and 6 months later. The long-term tolerability to tDCS was also evaluated. The active group received long-lasting benefits in reading. Specifically, the non-word reading efficiency index improved at every time point, as did the low-frequency word reading efficiency index at 1 and 6 months after the end of the treatment. No differences emerged in the sham group. No long-term adverse effects were documented. This study provides evidence of persistent improvements in reading in children and adolescents with dyslexia, constituting a new rehabilitative approach for the remediation of dyslexia.
Multilevel algorithms for finite difference discretizations on sparse grids

We propose some algorithms to solve the system of linear equations arising from the finite difference discretization on sparse grids. For this, we will use the multilevel structure of the sparse grid space or its full grid subspaces, respectively.
Our current understanding of major chemical and physical processes affecting mercury dynamics in the atmosphere and at the air-water/terrestrial interfaces

The predictions of atmospheric chemical models are limited by the accuracy of our understanding of the basic physical and chemical processes that underlie the models. In this work we review the current state of our knowledge of the chemical processes that transform atmospheric mercury species via gas and aqueous phase reactions and the physical processes of deposition. We concur with the conclusions of other recent reviews that our understanding of the basic chemistry that controls mercury is incomplete and the experimental data either limited or nonexistent. In spite of this recent experimental and theoretical studies of mercury reaction kinetics have clarified some issues. Observations in Polar Regions suggest that Hg0 can undergo fast oxidation in the presence of elevated levels of bromine compounds. Both experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the recombination of Hg0 with Br atoms is sufficiently fast to initiate this oxidation process. However there is a large uncertainty in the value of the rate coefficient for this recombination reaction and in the fate of the reaction product, HgBr. Most global mercury models incorporate reactions of Hg0 with OH and O3. Based on the most recent high level ab-initio calculations of the stability of HgO it appears that neither of these reactions is likely to play a significant role in mercury oxidation. The most important aqueous oxidation for Hg0 appears to be reaction with O3 however that there has only been one determination of the Hg + O3 reaction rate constant in the aqueous phase. Aqueous phase reduction of oxidized mercury via reaction with HO2 is the only significant reduction reaction in current models but now seems unlikely to be significant. Again this suggests that the chemistry controlling mercury transformation in current models requires significant modification.
Three classical papers in respiratory physiology by Christian Bohr (1855–1911) whose work is frequently cited but seldom read

History has been kind to Christian Bohr (1855–1911). His name is attached eponymously to three different areas of respiratory physiology. The first is the Bohr dead space, which refers to the porti...
Team Approach: Guideline-Based Management of Skin Injury in Individuals with Myelomeningocele.

As many as 100,000 people in the United States live with myelomeningocele.Due to recent advancement in treatment, about 75% of children with myelomeningocele reach adulthood. Up to 77% of patients with spina bifida report skin-breakdown issues annually.The management of patients who have myelomening
Intrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometer Fiber Sensor by Femtosecond Laser Induced Rayleigh Backscattering Enhancement

This paper reports enhanced Rayleigh backscattering points fabricated in single-mode fiber using a femtosecond laser direct-writing technique for the formation of an intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) fiber sensor. The temperature sensitivity of the FPI is measured as 7.8pm/°C. © 2019 The Author(s)
Enrich-by-Need Protocol Analysis for Diffie-Hellman

Enrich-by-need analysis characterizes all executions of a security protocol that extend a given scenario. It computes a strongest security goal the protocol achieves in that scenario. cpsa, a Cryptographic Protocol Shapes Analyzer, implements enrich-by-need analysis.