cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model for reasoning about persistence and causation

In this paper, we describe a model of causal reasoning that accounts for knowledge concerning cause-and-effect relationships and knowledge concerning the tendency for propositions to persist or not as a function of time passing. Our model has a natural encoding in the form of a network representation for probabilistic models. We explore the computational properties of our model by considering recent advances in computing the consequences of models encoded in this network representation.
Massive gentamicin overdose in a 14-month-old.

A healthy 14-month-old girl received gentamicin 500 mg (56 mg/kg) intravenously as empiric therapy given fever. The overdosage was quickly recognized and the child transferred to a pediatric referral center. Two hours after administration, serum creatinine was 0.3 mg/dl, though serum gentamicin level was 89 mg/L. Hemodialysis was initiated approximately 4 h after gentamicin was given and stopped 4 h later, with a serum gentamicin level of 3.4 mg/L. Gentamicin level 4 h after completion of hemodialysis was 2.3 mg/L. Three months later, the child’s serum creatinine was 0.3 mg/dl, urinalysis showed no blood or protein, and audiometry showed normal hearing bilaterally at all frequencies. This child demonstrated the highest gentamicin level recorded in a patient with normal renal function. Her case demonstrates that prompt hemodialysis in this circumstance rapidly clears gentamicin without rebound. If left untreated, long-term adverse sequellae for hearing or renal function were possible; hemodialysis may have altered these outcomes.
Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects VIII. Effect of diet on the kairomonal activity of frass fromHeliothis zea (Boddie) larvae forMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson)

Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae were reared on fresh plant material (cowpea cotyledons) or on an artificial laboratory diet. Effect of these two diets on the kairomonal activity of the frass and cuticle from the larvae, as well as the kairomonal activity of the diets themselves, forMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) was determined. Diet was found to significantly affect the kairomonal activity of the frass although the diets themselves were not active.
Structure of the bovine natural resistance associated macrophage protein (NRAMP 1) gene and identification of a novel polymorphism.

The NRAMP 1 gene is a major candidate gene influencing the outcome of infections with intracellular pathogens in numerous species. NRAMP 1 is highly conserved in many mammalian species and the NRAMP 1 gene shows considerable conservation in structure between mice and humans. The association of NRAMP 1 gene polymorphisms with disease in cattle has been limited to a single microsatellite located within the 3′-non coding region of the bovine NRAMP 1 gene. In order to facilitate further studies on this important gene, we now report the nearly complete structure of the bovine NRAMP 1 gene, including sizes and positions of 13 introns relative to the bovine NRAMP 1 gene coding sequence and the DNA sequence of intron–exon junctions. Comparison of the bovine, murine and human NRAMP 1 gene structures revealed a high degree of conservation in intron placement, though the lengths of several introns were less-well conserved. In general, the greatest divergence in intron lengths occurred in regions of the NRAMP 1 gene ...
Glycine Decarboxylase Cleaves a “Malignant” Metabolic Path to Promote Tumor Initiation

Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) are thought to be critical for promoting tumorigenesis. In a recent Cell article, Zhang and colleagues found that non-small cell lung cancer TICs overexpress the metabolic enzyme glycine decarboxylase, which leads to increases in pyrimidine synthesis and is critical for proliferation and tumor initiation.
Protein and Lipid Composition of Radial Component‐Enriched CNS Myelin

: The radial component is a junctional complex that is believed to stabilize the apposition of myelin membranes in the internode of CNS myelin. Based on our previous finding that the radial component of compact myelin retains its structure in tissue treated with the detergent Triton X-100, we have attempted to isolate the junctional complex from spinal cord myelin treated with this detergent. Using 0.5% Triton X-100, our procedures yielded a fraction of isolated myelin that was enriched in well-preserved radial component. This fraction that contained morphologically well-defined radial component was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electropho-resis and immunoblotting, and TLC, and was found to be significantly and consistently enriched in the 21.5-kDa and 17-kDa isoforms of myelin basic protein, and in cerebro-sides, hydroxy sulfatide, and sphingomyelin. In addition, the myelin-associated enzyme 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase, tubulin, and actin tended to be resistant to Triton extraction. The fraction of isolated myelin that contained radial component was deficient in proteolipid protein and DM-20, the 18.5-and 14-kDa isoforms of myelin basic proteins, and in the major phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylserine. Our data indicate that the radial component can be isolated and that certain myelin and cytoskeletal proteins and lipids are closely associated with it.
Eight-wavelength distributed-Bragg-reflector (DBR) laser array transmitter for WDM applications

We report on the design, growth, fabrication and characterization of monolithic wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) laser array transmitter and receiver chips produced by the Canadian Solid State Optoelectronics Consortium. The transmitter chip includes multiple, discrete wavelength, distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser diodes monolithically integrated with waveguide combiners fabricated using an InGaAs/GaAs heterostructure. The corresponding wavelength demultiplexer unit is based on a Rowland circle grating spectrometer monolithically integrated with a metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) detector array fabricated on an InGaAs/AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure. The epitaxial layer wafers for both transmitter and receiver modules were grown in single molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) runs.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pathophysiological correlates of thallium-201 myocardial uptake in experimental infarction.

The pathophysiological correlates of thallium-201 (201T1) myocardial uptake were studied in a 24-hour-old closed-chest canine infarct model. Reduction in regional 201T1 uptake correlated well with the magnitude of tissue creatine phosphokinase depletion and microsphere estimates of transmural blood flow. In low flow endocardial regions 201T1 occasionally underestimated the magnitude of flow reduction. Even slight reductions of 201T1 uptake (<0.86 of normal) were associated with histopathological and histochemical evidence of necrosis.
IS LEPTON-QUARK MASS PRESET BY A CHARGE-NUMBER RELATION?

It is shown that a simple expression for m that depends exclusively on the charge-number Q gives experimentally admissible zero mass for the three neutrinos and accurately consistent mass values for the charged leptons and quarks over the five order-of-magnitude range characterized by the ratio mt/me≅3.6×105. Since this charge-number relation is patently predictive, with 12 fermion masses constituting substantial output relative to the postulational input, lepton and quark mass may indeed be preset by this charge-number condition. Hence, lepton-quark mass may actually be primary to the phenomenological standard model Lagrangian.
On the victims of terrorism and their innocence

Contrary to common usage, neither ‘victims’ nor their ‘innocence’ are necessary to the definition of the term ‘terrorism’. Though the primary targets ‐ as distinguished from audiences ‐ of most terrorist actions are people, and if the aim of the terrorists is to sow unreasoning fear, then symbolically important non‐human targets such as unmanned power sources, unoccupied government buildings and the like may serve the same purpose. Moreover, given that ‘victims’ are chosen for the shock value their death or injury may have, their ‘innocence’ (or even ‘guilt') may be incidental or even irrelevant to the violence visited upon them. A definition of ‘terrorism’ that focuses, generically, on its targets rather than on their qualities offers a more normatively neutral approach to the problem.
Laminar heat transfer in parallel plate flow

An exact solution for the fluid temperature due to laminar heat transfer in parallel plate flow is found. The formulas obtained are valid for an arbitrary velocity profile. The basic problem encountered involves finding certain expansion coefficients in a series of nonorthogonal eigenfunctions. This problem is solved by passing to a vector system of equations having orthogonal eigenvectors. The method is applicable to more general problems.
Educational infrastructure for radiology residency programs.

A radiology residency program cannot exist without an educational infrastructure. In this article, educational infrastructure refers not to the clinical resources of a department (eg, magnetic resonance imagers, radiographic rooms, interpretation areas) but rather to the educational resources shared by faculty and residents for teaching and learning. These include libraries, computer and network resources, teaching files, conference rooms, digital media laboratory, and Web sites. This article describes these resources not only in relation to Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requirements (Fig 1) (1,2) but also in relation to best practices. Educational infrastructure may also refer to the organizational features of a department or institution that support education, such as leadership positions or committee structure (3,4), but these aspects of infrastructure are not discussed herein.
Toward a reconceptualization of the reciprocal imitation phenomenon: Two experiments

Abstract This paper reports two experiments which consider the increased imitation exhibited by models who have been imitated. Experiment 1 was concerned with whether the reciprocal imitation effect is really reciprocal or if the subsequent imitation will generalize to someone else. It was found that adult subjects who were previously imitated at the 75% rate on a perceptual judgments task subsequently imitated their partner more, rated their partner more attractive, and felt more confidence when imitated than did subjects imitated at the 25% rate. These results were obtained regardless of which confederate the subjects imitated, thus indicating that reciprocal imitation is not necessarily reciprocal, but is generalizable. Experiment 2 assessed whether the subsequent imitation is the product of the effects of being imitated or is the result of the subject observing the imitator's imitation. The results indicated that after having observed imitation at a 75% rate, adult onlookers are more likely to subsequently imitate and be attracted to the imitator, the imitated person, and a person new to the situation than are onlookers who observed a 25% imitation rate. A theoretical modification is advanced which holds that subsequent imitation effects, whether from observing others imitate or from being the target of the imitation, result from a process of imitation of imitativeness. The results of these two experiments have implications for theory in imitation and social learning.
Imprisoned Fathers and Their Family Relationships: A 40-Year Review From a Multi-Theory View

This article reviews the literature on family relationships of incarcerated fathers, examining the literature's topics, samples, and theories. Nineteen studies were identified that treated fatherhood as a primary construct, with 20 relating indirectly to fatherhood. Various theories were represented in the literature, yet with a general lack of studies theoretically building on one another. This article synthesizes the research and theoretical work, situating it in identity theory, family process theory, and ecological systems theory, thereby providing needed structure for advancing theoretical models. Situating the research thus provides a more comprehensive view of a father's incarceration and provides guidance to future research. Language: en
Comment on The Two-Capacitor Problem Revisited: A Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator Approach

An expression is developed for the energy dissipated when a constant external force is suddenly applied to the end of a particle moving in 1D subject to a conservative restoring force and a general damping force. Assuming the particle was initially at rest and ends up in static equilibrium, the fraction of the mechanical energy lost depends only on the conservative force and on the net displacement of the particle. Mechanical models are suggested to illustrate the ideas and their capacitor circuit analogies. The treatment is appropriate for an intermediate-level undergraduate mechanics course.
Antimuscarinic agents: implications and concerns in the management of overactive bladder in the elderly.

Abstract Background: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a widespread problem that has a negative effect on quality of life, particularly among the elderly. Antimuscarinic agents are the only drug class with broad, accepted efficacy in the treatment of OAB. Their clinical usefulness, however, is limited by dose-dependent adverse effects. In the elderly, the most serious of these is central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, including cognitive impairment. Objective: This article examines currently available antimuscarinic agents for the treatment of OAB in terms of their likelihood of causing CNS dysfunction by crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blocking muscarinic type 1 (Ml) receptor sites in the brain. Methods: Pertinent studies were selected from a comprehensivereview of the OAB literature with a focus on muscarinic receptor-associated mechanisms leading to CNS adverse effects and their potential impact on elderly patients. MEDLINE was searched for articles published in the past 10 years, and additional articles were obtained from the reference lists of identified publications. Also searched were abstracts of recent meetings of the International Consultation on Incontinence, International Continence Society, American Urological Association, and European Association of Urology. Results: Antimuscarinic agents control involuntary detrusor muscle contractions through cholinergic blockade at the muscarinic receptors. The prevalence of OAB is highest in the elderly, the population most likely to be taking multiple anticholinergic medications and most vulnerable to the CNS adverse effects of these agents. Nonselective antimuscarinic agents that bind to the Ml receptor are most likely to cause significant cognitive adverse effects compared with the more selective antimuscarinic agents for the treatment of OAB. Conclusions: When considering use of an antimus-carinicagent for the treatment of OAB in elderly patients, prescribers should routinely consider the agent's receptor selectivity and ability to cross the BBB. The medical history should include all current medications that may contribute to the anticholinergic burden and cognitive impairment. Patients and caregivers should be educated to recognize anticholinergic adverse effects.
Smooth Invariant Foliations in Infinite Dimensional Spaces

One of the most useful properties of dynamical systems is the existence of invariant manifolds and their invariant foliations near an equilibrium or a periodic orbit. These manifolds and foliations serve as a convenient setting to describe the qualitative behavior of the local flows, and in many cases they are useful tools for technical estimates which facilitate the study of the local bifurcation diagram (see [6]). Many other important concepts in dynamical systems are closely related to the invariant manifolds and foliations. In finite dimensional space, the relations among invariant manifolds, invariant foliations, l-lemma, linearization, and homoclinic bifurcation have been studied in [ll]. It is well known that if each leaf is used as a coordinate, the original system is completely decoupled and the linearization follows easily (for example, see [27, 221). As a motivation, let us consider a linear system in Rmfn
Facial and autonomic activity in depression: social context differences during imagery

Previous research indicates that depressed patients show reduced facial expression as well as a lack of social context differences in frowning in response to sad imagery. The present study examined social context differences in facial electromyogram (EMG), self-reported emotion, skin conductance level and heart rate in 21 depressed and 22 non-depressed women assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory. Subjects were asked to imagine happy and sad situations both with and without visualizing other people. Depressed subjects showed a lack of social context differences in EMG-brow activity during sad imagery while heart rate was increased during sad-social compared to sad-solitary imagery. In contrast, non-depressed subjects showed increased EMG-brow activity during sad-social compared to sad-solitary imagery but no social context differences in heart rate. EMG-cheek activity and heart rate were increased during happy-social compared to happy-solitary imagery in depressed and non-depressed subjects. Skin conductance level was reduced in depressed compared to non-depressed subjects during baseline but failed to respond to imagery. Social context differences in heart rate and a lack thereof of frowning during sad imagery may indicate an altered psychosocial functioning in depression.
Reward and learning in the turtle

Abstract The effect of reduction in amount of reward on runway performance, and the effects of amount and probability of reward in acquisition on resistance to extinction, were studied in five groups of painted turtles trained in widely spaced trials. The results obtained—no depression effect, a direct relation between amount of reward and resistance to extinction, and a reversed PRE —are compared to those of analogous experiments with rats and fish.
Identification, Synthesis, and Field Testing of the Sex Pheromone of the Citrus Leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella

The citrus leafminer is an important vector of citrus canker in many of the major citrus production areas of the world. (7Z,11Z)-Hexadecadienal was reported as a sex attractant for this insect in the 1980s, based on trap catches during pheromone screening trials in Japan. However, attempts to reproduce this work in other areas of the world have not been successful. We report here that (7Z,11Z)-hexadecadienal is only one component of the pheromone, with the other critical component being the analogous trienal, (7Z,11Z,13E)-hexadecatrienal. Both compounds were identified in the effluvia from live female moths by coupled gas chromatography (GC)-electroantennography using nonpolar and polar GC columns, and the identifications were confirmed by comparisons of mass spectra with those of authentic standards. Stereoisomers of the two compounds, and a number of analogs, were synthesized to confirm the identifications. In field trials, neither compound alone was attractive to male moths, but blends of the two were highly attractive, with thousands of insects being caught per trial. Addition of the isomeric (7Z,11Z,13Z)-hexadecatrienal inhibited attraction to the two-component blend.
Powder Structure Solutions of the Compounds Potassium Phenoxide−Phenol: C6H5OK·xC6H5OH (x = 2, 3)

We report the ab initio structure solutions of two solvent containing potassium phenoxides by high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction. Both compounds are of interest for the classification of the ...
The DNA cleavage reaction of DNA gyrase. Comparison of stable ternary complexes formed with enoxacin and CcdB protein.

The potent synthetic fluoroquinolones and the natural CcdB protein encoded by the F plasmid both inhibit bacterial growth by attacking DNA gyrase and by stimulating enzyme-induced breaks in bacterial DNA. The cleavage mechanisms of these structurally diverse compounds were analyzed by purifying and characterizing stable ternary complexes of enoxacin and CcdB protein with gyrase bound to a strong gyrase binding site from bacteriophage Mu. Three differences between enoxacin- and CcdB-derived complexes were discovered. 1) Enoxacin binds to the DNA active site and alters the breakage/reunion activity of the enzyme. CcdB binds gyrase-DNA complexes but does not influence enzymatic activity directly. 2) Complexes that produce DNA cleavage with enoxacin are reversible, whereas similar complexes made with CcdB protein are not. 3) Enoxacin stimulates cleavage of both relaxed and supercoiled forms of DNA in the absence of ATP, whereas CcdB induces cleavage only after many cycles of ATP-dependent breakage and reunion. These differences in mechanisms can be explained by a model in which enoxacin induces formation of a novel 舠cleavable舡 complex, whereas CcdB protein traps a very rare 舠cleaved舡 conformation of the enzyme.
Employer-Employee Interaction and the Duration of Unemployment

This paper identifies three alternative approaches to the duration of unemployment—the screening, the formal search theory, and the intensity of search approaches. From these approaches, a unified model of the weekly probability of leaving unemployment (WPOLU) is developed. In this model, WPOLU is the product of the weekly probability of job vacancy location, the probability of offer extension, and the probability of offer acceptance. The determinants of these probabilities are analyzed. The model is tested with data from the 1970 Census Employment Survey. Evidence supporting all three approaches is found. An eclectic view of unemployment is called for.
Radical Cystectomy after BCG Immunotherapy for High-Risk Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer in Patients with Previous Prostate Radiotherapy

Purpose. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy is indicated for high-grade nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The efficacy of BCG in patients with a history of previous pelvic radiotherapy (RT) may be diminished. We evaluated the outcomes of radical cystectomy for BCG-treated recurrent bladder cancer in patients with a history of RT for prostate cancer (PC). Methods. A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients with primary NMIBC. We compared the outcomes of three groups of patients who underwent radical cystectomy for BCG-refractory NMIBC: those with a history of RT for PC, those who previously underwent radical prostatectomy (RP), and a cohort without PC or RT exposure. Results. From 1996 to 2008, 53 patients underwent radical cystectomy for recurrent NMIBC despite BCG. Those with previous pelvic RT were more likely to have a higher pathologic stage and decreased recurrence-free survival compared to the groups without prior RT exposure. Conclusion. Response rates for intravesical BCG therapy may be impaired in those with prior prostate radiotherapy. Patients with a history of RT who undergo radical cystectomy after failed BCG are more likely to be pathologically upstaged and have decreased recurrence-free survival. Earlier consideration of radical cystectomy may be warranted for those with NMIBC who previously received RT for PC.
Normalization of the External Carotid Pulse Tracing of Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis during Muller's Maneuver

Distinct patterns in the tracing of the external carotid arterial pulse have been well documented in cases of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. 1 The characteristic midsystolic retraction and late systolic wave associated with this disease have been noted to appear or become exaggerated during performance of Valsalva's maneuver. 2,3 We describe herein the “normalization” of a diagnostic carotid arterial pulse tracing during deep inspiration against a closed glottis (MUller's maneuver) in a patient with subaortic stenosis.
Human liver class III alcohol and glutathione dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase are the same enzyme

Human liver class III alcohol dehydrogenase (chi chi-ADH) and glutathione dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase are the same enzyme. The enzyme, chi chi-ADH, exhibits a kcat of 200 min-1 and a km of 4 microM for the oxidation of formaldehyde, but only in the presence of GSH. In the absence of GSH the enzyme is essentially inactive toward formaldehyde but very active toward long chain alcohols. Thus, as in the rat (Koivusalo, M., Baumann, M., and Uotila, L. (1989) FEBS Letters 257, 105-109), the class III alcohol dehydrogenase and the GSH dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase are identical enzymes. S-Hydroxymethyl derivatives of 8-thiooctanoate and lipoate are also very active substrates. The activity is specific for class III alcohol dehydrogenase; neither the class I and II nor the horse EE, ES, and SS isozymes oxidize hemithiolacetals. o-Phenanthroline competitively inhibits both activities and the two substrate types compete with each other.
“Studies on the estrogen receptor in breast cancer” — 20 years as a target for the treatment and prevention of cancer

In 1973, McGuire and Chamness (In: O'Malley BW and Means AR (eds) Receptors for Reproductive Hormones, Plenum Press) summarized their work on the estrogen receptor in animal and human breast tumors, and in so doing described a target for therapeutic intervention. At that time there were no clinically useful antiestrogens, but the subsequent development of tamoxifen for breast cancer therapy has revolutionized the approach to treatment. Long-term adjuvant tamoxifen adjuvant therapy (i.e. greater than one year) has proven efficacy to enhance the survival of breast cancer patients. In addition, because there is an associated 40% decrease in contralateral breast cancer during adjuvant tamoxifen therapy and tamoxifen maintains bone density and reduces fatal myocardial infarction, clinical trials to test the worth of tamoxifen as a preventive for breast cancer in high risk women have started in the United States, United Kingdom, and Italy. Initial concerns that long-term tamoxifen causes endometrial cancer have been placed in perspective and analyzed by a review of the literature. Tamoxifen only doubles the normal risk of detecting endometrial cancer, (i.e. to 2 per 1,000 tamoxifen-treated women per year), and 80% of these cases are early stage, good prognosis disease. Annual gynecological examinations and education are essential to provide reassurance for patients.
Light-induced genetic toxicity of thimerosal and benzalkonium chloride in commercial contact lens solutions.

Abstract Several commercial solutions used for daily care of contact lenses were tested for mutagenicity in 4 strains of Salmonella and for their ability to induce repairable DNA damage in the E. coli DNA polymerase A− assay. 5 of the 13 solutions tested were positive in the polymerase A− assay. These products demonstrated an increased level of genetic toxicity when the assay was conducted under conditions of illumination with visible light. Investigation of the genetic toxicity of some of their components, specifically the preservatives, indicated that thimerosal and benzalkonium chloride were capable of causing repairable DNA damage. Thimerosal was active only when the plates were incubated under conditions of illumination, and thus was light-induced. Benzalkonium chloride was active under conditions of dark incubation, and its genetic toxicity was enhanced when the plates were irradiated with visible light. These results were confirmed in a parallel experiment, in which cells were treated with the test agent and irradiated for a short period in liquid culture and viable cells then determined. None of the commercial products and none of the components tested, were mutagenic in the Salmonella assay.
Differential and bi-directional regulation between TR2/TR4 orphan nuclear receptors and a specific ligand mediated-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in human HaCaT keratinocytes

Abstract Background : We have reported that human TR2 orphan nuclear receptor (TR2) can modulate the transcriptional activity of the reporter gene containing an AGGTCA direct repeat-hormone response element. Objective : The aim of this study is to investigate the potential role and regulation of TR2 in human HaCaT keratinocytes. Methods : We performed mainly chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene assays (CAT assays), and Western blot analysis. Results : From CAT assays, TR2 can suppress retinoic acid (RA)-induced transactivation by 44.7% in HaCaT keratinocytes. This suppression is similar to our previous report showing TR4 orphan nuclear receptor (TR4) can suppress RA-induced transactivation. However, TR4 but not TR2 can significantly repress Wy-14643-mediated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) transactivation by 95%. Western blot analysis suggested that Wy-14643 can differentially regulate the expression of TR2 and TR4 (by increasing the expression of TR4 protein and decreasing that of TR2) in HaCaT keratinocytes. Conclusion : Our data not only provides the first evidence to demonstrate that close members of orphan nuclear receptors group, such as TR2 and TR4, can have distinct functions, but also suggests the existence of differential and bi-directional regulation between PPARα and TR2/TR4, that may play some important roles in the PPARα signaling pathway in human keratinocytes.
Shedding of TNF receptor 2 by effector CD8+ T cells by ADAM17 is important for regulating TNF-α availability during influenza infection

Elevated levels of solTNFR2 are observed in a variety of human pathophysiological conditions but regulation of TNFR2 levels during disease is not well understood. We found that solTNFR2 levels were increased following influenza infection or live-attenuated influenza virus challenge in mice and humans, respectively. As influenza-specific CD8(+) T cells up-regulated expression of TNFR2 after infection in mice, we hypothesized that CD8(+) T cells contributed, in part, to solTNFR2 production after influenza infection and were interested in the mechanisms by which CD8(+) T cells regulate TNFR2 shedding. Activation of these cells by TCR stimulation resulted in enhanced shedding of TNFR2 that required actin remodeling and lipid raft formation and was dependent on MAPK/ERK signaling. Furthermore, we identified ADAM17 as the protease responsible for TNFR2 shedding by CD8(+) T cells, with ADAM17 and TNFR2 required in "cis" for shedding to occur. We observed similar activation thresholds for TNF-α expression and TNFR2 shedding, suggesting that solTNFR2 functioned, in part, to regulate solTNF-α levels. Production of solTNFR2 by activated CD8(+) T cells reduced the availability of solTNF-α released by these cells, and TNFR2 blockade during influenza infection in mice enhanced the levels of solTNF-α, supporting this hypothesis. Taken together, this study identifies critical cellular mechanisms regulating TNFR2 shedding on CD8(+) T cells and demonstrates that TNFR2 contributes, in part, to the regulation of TNF-α levels during infection.
Local Food and International Ethics

Many advocate practices of ‘local food’ or ‘locavorism’ as a partial solution to the injustices and unsustainability of contemporary food systems. I think that there is much to be said in favor of local food movements, but these virtues are insufficient to immunize locavorism from criticism. In particular, three duties of international ethics—beneficence, repair and fairness—may provide reasons for constraining the developed world’s permissible pursuit of local food. A complete account of why (and how) the fulfillment of these duties constrains locavorism will require extensive empirical evidence about the relationship between agricultural demand-led industrialization, international trade (rules), and local food practices. In this paper I can only gesture at some of this evidence and, for that reason, my policy prescriptions are merely provisional. Instead, the upshot of this paper is that advocates of locavorism ought to be attentive to the empirical-dependence of the moral permissibility of their projects. As local food ‘scales up’—and comes to be embraced as a goal of political communities—these concerns should receive even greater attention.
Visuoconstructive deficit following infarction in the right Basal Ganglia: A case report and some experimental data

Visuospatial disorders are typically described as a consequence of right hemisphere, cortical lesions. We report the case of a female with visuoconstructive deficits with an infarct in the right basal ganglia, with no evidence of visual field defect, hemi-inattention, or sensory or motor loss. Using a process approach to obtain additional quantitative data, we showed that her visuoconstructive disorder could not be attributed to a defect in visual perception, per se. All other aspects of her neuropsychologic skills were normal. These findings provide additional support for the role of subcortical structures in spatially-related motor function and for the utility of applying experimental techniques to clarify the nature of deficits.
Transients in Certain Autonomous Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Nonlinear Vibrating Systems

Abstract : Oscillations of weakly nonlinear autonomous multiple degree of freedom dynamical systems are studied. The analysis includes nonlinear effects arising from the potential as well as the kinetic energies of the systems and the systems include elements that produce nonlinear dissipative forces. The method of averaging is applied to a suitably transformed set of equations. In several important cases nonperiodic solutions for arbitrary initial conditions are obtained by quadratures. (Author)
Resource-aware stream management with the customizable dproc distributed monitoring mechanisms

Monitoring the resources of distributed systems is essential to the successful deployment and execution of grid applications, particularly when such applications have well-defined QoS requirements. The dproc system-level monitoring mechanisms implemented for standard Linux kernels have several key components. First, utilizing the familiar /proc filesystem, dproc extends this interface with resource information collected from both local and remote hosts. Second, to predictably capture and distribute monitoring information, dproc uses a kernel-level group communication facility, termed KECho, which is based on events and event channels. Third and the focus of this paper is dproc's run-time customizability for resource monitoring, which includes the generation and deployment of monitoring functionality within remote operating system kernels. Using dproc, we show that: (a) data streams can be customized according to a client's resource availabilities (dynamic stream management); (b) by dynamically varying distributed monitoring (dynamic filtering of monitoring information), appropriate balance can be maintained between monitoring overheads and application quality; and (c) by performing monitoring at kernel-level, the information captured enables decision making that takes into account the multiple resources used by applications.
Moveout analysis for tranversely isotropic media with a tilted symmetry axis

The transversely isotropic (TI) model with a tilted axis of symmetry may be typical, for instance, for sediments near the flanks of salt domes. This work is devoted to an analysis of reflection moveout from horizontal and dipping reflectors in the symmetry plane of TI media that contains the symmetry axis. While for vertical and horizontal transverse isotropy zero-offset reflections exist for the full range of dips up to 90 ,t his is no longer the case for intermediate axis orientations. For typical homogeneous models with a symmetry axis tilted towards the reflector, wavefront distortions make it impossible to generate specular zero-offset reflected rays from steep interfaces. The ‘missing’ dipping planes can be imaged only in vertically inhomogeneous media by using turning waves. These unusual phenomena may have serious implications in salt imaging. In non-elliptical TI media, the tilt of the symmetry axis may have a drastic influence on normal-moveout (NMO) velocity from horizontal reflectors, as well as on the dependence of NMO velocity on the ray parameter p (the ‘dip-moveout (DMO) signature’). The DMO signature retains the same character as for vertical transverse isotropy only for near-vertical and near-horizontal orientation of the symmetry axis. The behaviour of NMO velocity rapidly changes if the symmetry axis is tilted away from the vertical, with a tilt of 6208 being almost sufficient to eliminate the influence of the anisotropy on the DMO signature. For larger tilt angles and typical positive values of the difference between the anisotropic parameters e and d, the NMO velocity increases with p more slowly than in homogeneous isotropic media; a dependence usually caused by a vertical velocity gradient. Dip-moveout processing for a wide range of tilt angles requires application of anisotropic DMO algorithms. The strong influence of the tilt angle on P-wave moveout can be used to constrain the tilt using P-wave NMO velocity in the plane that includes the symmetry axis. However, if the azimuth of the axis is unknown, the inversion for the axis orientation cannot be performed without a 3D analysis of reflection traveltimes on lines with different azimuthal directions.
Illness narratives: reliability, authenticity and the empathic witness

Several scholarly trends, such as narrative medicine, patient-centered and relationship-centered care, have long advocated for the value of the patient’s voice in the practice of medicine. As theories of textual analysis are applied to the understanding of stories of illness, doctors and scholars have the opportunity to develop more nuanced and multifaceted appreciation for these accounts. We realize, for example, that a patient’s story is rarely “just a story,” but is rather the conscious and unconscious representation and performance of intricate personal motives and dominant meta-narrative influences. Overall, this complexifying of narrative is beneficial as it reduces readers’ and listeners’ nao¨ve assumptions about reliability and authenticity. However, the growing body of scholarship contesting various aspects of personal narratives may have the unintended effect of de-legitimizing the patient’s voice because of concerns regarding its trustworthiness. Further, the academy’s recent focus on transgressive, boundary-violating counternarratives, while meant to right the balance of what constitutes acceptable, even valuable stories in medicine, may inadvertently trivialize more conventional, conformist stories as inauthentic. While acknowledging the not inconsiderable pitfalls awaiting the interpreter of illness narratives, I argue that ultimately, physicians and scholars should approach patient stories with an attitude of narrative humility, despite inevitable limits on reliability and authenticity. While critical inquiry is an essential part of both good clinical practice and scholarship, first and foremost both types of professionals should respect that patients tell the stories they need to tell. In the post-Flexnerian era, physicians increasingly viewed the patient’s story with a certain scepticism and discomfort because of its subjectivity and perceived unreliability. Instead, they came to depend more on impartial clinical data obtained from various technical manipulations of the Foucauldian clinical gaze (CT scans and MRI imagery, lab values, stress tests, etc), as well as on their own positivist scientific expertise. Various scholarly trends have reintroduced the importance of the patient’s story to the field of medicine. The thrust of narrative medicine scholarship, for example, has been to move the patient’s voice from a position of relative marginalisation to one reinvested with a measure of authority. 12 This scholarly development complemented the call for patient-centred 3 and relationship-centred 4 care, both of which reinstate the value of the patient’s story in caring for patients. However, despite these movements, as Sayantani DasGupta points out, for a variety of both medical and literary reasons, patients’ stories are still at risk of being perceived as untrustworthy, inaccurate, dishonest or mistaken. 5 From the clinical perspective, while diagnostic technologies are widely regarded as objective andreplicable, patientstories can change in both content and emphasis from one
Critical Conditions for Binding of Dimethyldodecylamine Oxide Micelles to Polyanions of Variable Charge Density

The binding of N,N-dimethyldodecylamine oxide micelles to oppositely charged polyanions of variable charge density, namely sulfonated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAS) and random copolymers of 2-(acrylamido)-2-methylpropanesulfonate and acrylamide (P(AMPS-AAm)), was studied using turbidimetry, dynamic light scattering, and potentiometric titration. Complexation occurs at a well-defined critical pH corresponding to a critical micelle surface charge density σc. The effects of ionic strength I on σc and polyelectrolyte average structural charge density ξ conform to σcξa ∼ κb, where κ is the Debye−Huckel parameter proportional to I1/2. Taken along with previous studies, the results show that the exponent b for cylindrical micelles is larger than that for spherical micelles. The effects of ξ cannot be explained solely on the basis of average charge spacing but must also take into account the sequence distributions of charged residues.
Earliest cranial surgery in North America

The archaeological evidence of ancient cranial surgery is limited to cases of trepanation and cauterization. I report here on the only known case of cranial surgery in direct association with the osseous image of a nontrauma-induced soft tissue lesion (sinus pericranii). This case, from Alameda County, California (Late Middle Period, ca. 300–500 AD), is the earliest and only definitive evidence of invasive surgery from prehistoric North America.1 Because this individual presents the only bony evidence of cranial surgery other than trepanation or cauterization, it contributes substantially to our extremely limited understanding of medical practices in preliterate societies. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Selenopotential Field Effects on Lunar Landing Accuracy

Various gravity field models are reviewed and their influence on the amount of A V required for a precision landing is investigated. The effect of the models on navigation of a lunar lander, using a precision navigation scenario, is introduced. An altitude navigation sensor, using an extended Kalman filter, is established as the external updating sensor in order to improve on the uncertainty in the gravity model. The Ji term of the lunar potential model is the dominant term, and most of the models agree on the value of its coefficient. However, the discrepancy between the models grows as the order of the harmonics increases. Simulation results show that a refined lunar potential model would increase landing target accuracy, thereby reducing guidance uncertainty and requiring less AV; however, the difference between the various models appears to have only a small effect on the AV required.
Electrical-resistance-based Sensing of Impact Damage in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Cement-based Materials:

Damage monitoring of the civil infrastructure is critically needed. This article provides the first report of impact damage self-sensing in cement-based materials. Cement mortar reinforced with short (57 mm) carbon fiber and in bulk or coating (510 mm thick) form is effective for sensing its own impact damage through DC/AC electrical resistance measurement, provided that the region of resistance measurement contains the point of impact. The mortar resistivity needs to be 10 4 10 5 X cm, as provided by pitch-based fiber (15mm diameter, unsized) at 0.5% or 1.0% by mass of cement, or type A PAN-based fiber (7mm diameter, desized) at 0.5%. Due to the low mortar resistivity of 10 3 X cm, pitch-based fiber at 1.5% and type B PAN-based fiber (7mm diameter, unsized) at 0.5% are less effective. Without fiber, there is no sensing ability. The surface resistance of the surface receiving the impact is an effective indicator of the damage, even for minor damage without cracking, inflicted by impact at 880 J. The oblique or longitudinal volume resistance is much less effective. The surface resistance increases abruptly upon impact, but it decreases abruptly upon impact after 540 impacts (number decreasing with increasing impact energy) have been inflicted. Key Word: cement, concrete, carbon fiber, sensing, damage, impact, electrical resistance, electrical resistivity.
Determination of acoustical nonlinear parameter β of water using the finite amplitude method.

Abstract The acoustic nonlinearity of water is investigated using a variation of the finite amplitude method with harmonic generation. The finite amplitude method provides information on the coefficient of nonlinearity, β, through the ratio of the amplitude of the fundamental and that of the second harmonic. The pressure of both the fundamental, p1, and that of the second harmonic, p2, are determined experimentally at different transmitter–receiver separation distances, eliminating the need for knowledge of the sound absorption in the medium. It was found that the experimental relationship between the slope of p2(x)/ p 1 2 (x) and transmitter–receiver separation distance, x, follows a linear relationship only in the near-field, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. A β of 3.5 ± 0.1 is determined for water at room temperature, in good agreement with previous results from both the isentropic equation of state and finite amplitude method.
Synchrotron radiation XANES spectroscopy of Ti in minerals; effects of Ti bonding distances, Ti valence, and site geometry on absorption edge structure

AssrRAcr The near K-edge X-ray absorption spectra of Ti in a suite of silicate and oxide minerals have been examined in an effort to improve Ti characterization in solids. The spectra consist ofelectronic excitations, occurring in the "pre-edge" region, and multiple scattering resonances on the side and top ofthe edge. The pre-edge features are insensitive to Ti-O bond length, but are sensitive to valence, occurring about 2.0 eV lower in energy in Ti3+ samples. The second pre-edge feature is also sensitive to octahedral site distortion and to the presence of tetrahedral Tia* owing to intensification created by d-p orbital mixing. The multiple scattering features shift to lower energy as Ti-O bond length increases and also change in number, intensity, and energy in response to varying ligand symmetry' Analysis ofthese spectral features suggests that tetrahedral Ti4* probably occurs only at very small concentration levels in silicates, even when the total Sia* and Al3+ concentration is well below that necessary to fill available tetrahedral sites, as in the melanite-schorlomite garnets. The levels of Ti3* are more difficult to determine because of an apparent sensitivity of the pre-edge Tio* features to bulk chemistry. However, the overall results are consistent with only small amounts of Ti3+, even in samples from localities where other analyses (wet chemical and Mossbauer) have indicated significant Ti3*.