cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymptotic Expansion: Weak and Strong Interactions

This chapter presents the asymptotic expansion of singularly perturbed Markov chains with slow and fast components subject to weak and strong interactions. Such time-scale separation stems from various applications in production planning, queueing networks, random fatigue, system reliability, competing risk theory, control and optimization of large-scale dynamical systems, and related fields. The underlying models in which some components change very rapidly whereas others vary relatively slowly, are more complex than those of Chapter 4.
Perfectionism and Relationship Status Influence Health Evaluations of Faces with Limbal Rings

Research consistently demonstrates that limbal rings are a visual cue to health, given their peak vibrancy is observed in healthy individuals. Such perceptual acuity toward limbal rings is especially apparent among women evaluating male faces. The current research was designed as a replication and extension of previous findings demonstrating how women perceive limbal rings. Additionally, we sought to determine if this preference was moderated by relationship status and related to individual differences in perfectionistic tendencies, consistent with past research demonstrating moderation of good genes preferences by personality and relationship status. Women evaluated the perceived health of faces with and without limbal rings before responding to measures assessing perfectionistic tendencies. We replicated previous findings indicating that limbal rings are indeed a health cue, particularly in male faces. Furthermore, we extended previous findings by demonstrating that women higher in other-oriented perfectionism, a dimension of perfectionism associated with exceedingly high criteria for others’ abilities, perceive faces with limbal rings as particularly healthy. Importantly, this perceptual acuity was only apparent among single women. We frame results in terms of how perfectionism facilitates recognition of good gene cues.
Safety Assessment of Food Additives: Case Example With Myrcene, a Synthetic Flavoring Agent

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the safe use of food ingredients, including food additives. Food additives are subject to FDA premarket review and approval, a process conducted by FDA scientists to evaluate the additive's safety for the intended conditions of use. Typically, an acceptable daily intake level is established by toxicologists based on the highest no observable adverse effect level for the most sensitive noncancer toxicity end point determined from a pivotal nonclinical study with application of an appropriate safety factor. Utilizing other information, including the additive's use and exposure levels, a safety determination (reasonable certainty of no harm) is made. During ongoing safety assessments, pathologists are often consulted by toxicologists for case-specific reasons, which may include verifying that an observed pathological effect is treatment related and adverse, confirming the determination of the pivotal study, endorsing a mode of action, or evaluating the human relevance of a toxicological effect found in experimental animals. Last year, the FDA took regulatory action to no longer allow the use of the food additive myrcene, a synthetic flavoring agent, based on results from National Toxicology Program carcinogenicity studies. The cancer and noncancer end points from the rat studies are discussed.
Motivated Circulation: How Misinformation and Ideological Alignment Influence the Circulation of Political Content

This article investigates the factors that shape the circulation of political content on social media. We analyze an experiment embedded within a nationally representative survey of U.S. youth that randomly assigned participants to see a short post designed to resemble content that circulates through social media. The post was experimentally manipulated to vary in both its ideology and whether it contained factually inaccurate information. In general, we found that participants’ intentions to circulate a post on social media were strongly influenced by whether that post aligned with their ideology, but not by whether it contained misinformation. The relative effects of ideological alignment and misinformation were found to differ according to participants’ level of political knowledge and engagement, indicating that different groups of young people are susceptible to particular kinds of misinformation.
EP793 Ovarian teratoma – one case report

Introduction/Background The ovarian cancer is one of the most common ginaecological tumor after breast and uterus tumor, and the most common are benign (80%) and 20% of malign ovarian tumor. The diagnosis was performed with physical exam. and Abdominal Ultrasound and to complete the study was requested the abdominal. CT Scan and blood tests, It was an Open Surgery with resection of the left ovarian TERATOMA (8 cm) with PERITONITIS management during the surgery, drenages was needed. Methodology A single woman of 33 y,o, with no historical diseases, no medication, no deliveries, IMC 25%, came to the E.R. with lower abdominal pain, and went to Surgery after Ecography and abdominal CT Scan done,blood test: leucocitosis,with Neutrophylia, fever, and high PCR, HB.: 12.We decided open surgery because of the big size of the tumor (8 cm) and we managed the complication of the teratoma (peritonitis). Results The Ovarian Teratoma (size 8 cm) and a left plastrom was removed by open surgery, and abdominal drenages needed. After surgery, the patient had SEPSIS (hypotension, tachycardia, hb: 9, PCR: 500, and Saturation of Oxygen low: 89%), she went to ICU and required Ventilation, central i.v line,antibiotics, fluids, She was at the intensive Unit for 4 days. The serum CA 19,9 was 9,000 U/lt, CA 125; 365 and the histopathology study was BENIGN TERATOMA. Conclusion The ovarian germinal cells Teratoma (benign) is the most common type of teratoma, and peritonitis isnt a common presentation, (0,2%), but our patient did. The Laparotomy is the first choice but in our patient the key for Pritonitis complication management was the Open Surgery. Disclosure Nothing to disclose.
Statistical Correction of Average Customer Ratings for Product Ranking

Many e-commerce websites allow customers to contribute product ratings and reviews. Such customer feedback can be used to rank products and make recommendations. As a standard approach, products are typically ranked by their average customer ratings. A problem of this approach is that average ratings based on small samples exhibit very little statistical confidence. They can differ significantly from true average ratings resulting in misleading rankings of products. In this paper, we investigate a systematic approach that applies statistical correction to average customer ratings leading to more robust rankings of products. We also implement the approach with the Yelp API to demonstrate its utility.
Comparison of Continuous Wave and Frequency Domain functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy estimates of Focal Hemodynamic Changes with Finite Element Simulations

Using finite element simulations of photon diffusion, we show that Frequency Domain (FD) and Continuous Wave (CW) Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy provide different estimates of hemodynamic changes due to functional activation.
Effects of Cocooning on Coronavirus Disease Rates after Relaxing Social Distancing

As coronavirus disease spreads throughout the United States, policymakers are contemplating reinstatement and relaxation of shelter-in-place orders. By using a model capturing high-risk populations and transmission rates estimated from hospitalization data, we found that postponing relaxation will only delay future disease waves. Cocooning vulnerable populations can prevent overwhelming medical surges.
Expelled from Childcare: Suspension and Expulsion Practices in One State’s Community Childcare Centers

Suspension and expulsion, typically thought of as discipline practices for high school students, occur at the early childhood level. In fact, 3- and 4-year old children are suspended and expelled from school at a rate three times that of their teenage counterparts (Gilliam, Foundation for Child Development, 2005). In many states, legislation exists preventing the suspension and expulsion of our youngest learners; however, such legislation often does not apply to community (private) childcare programs that are not receiving federal or state funding. This study attempted to comprehensively assess the prevalence of suspension and expulsion practices in one state’s community childcare centers. It explored the characteristics of suspended/expelled students, childcare program demographics, and the reasons childcare centers cited for their chosen disciplinary actions. Data from 368 participants found that 199 individual children were suspended in a 12-month period and the most common reason cited for these suspensions was that the child was hurting others. In this timeframe, 196 individual children were expelled, also most often for hurting others. The majority of administrators reported that they did not have the resources to support a child displaying challenging behaviors. Finally, the authors discuss implications for program administrators, state legislation, and funding.
The Moral Evaluation of Abortion Within the Wesleyan Methodist Movement

Old-line denominations that once dominated the religious corner of the public square are moving rapidly toward societal insignificance. Evangelicalism has grown over the past 50 years but increasingly finds its cultural assumptions challenged politically and in the popular media. Methodism and the movement’s denominations, represented in old-line and evangelical streams of American Protestantism, are no exception. Arguably, differences on social issues, along with the rejection of bureaucratization, the intellectual post-WWII failure of theological liberalism, demographic swings, and broader cultural changes, have all been factors in the realignment. Not coincidentally, abortion, though not the cause, is the most visible indicator of the new demarcations. However, comprehensive statements about the moral positions of the various Methodist tradition denominations are problematic. They all are “adjusting” in response to internal conflict and external cultural changes. The holiness-centered denominations (e.g., Wesleyans, Free Methodists, Nazarenes) have generally held that abortion is a moral wrong. These groups usually favor legislation outlawing abortion on demand, though are not particularly active in advocating for such. Pentecostal churches with Wesleyan Holiness theology tend to strongly oppose abortion on demand. In Holiness and Pentecostal Wesleyan churches in the Global South, opposition to abortion seems to be, if anything, stronger.
Nanochemical Activity for Undergraduates with ChemToy2

Nanochemistry is an important aspect of modern chemical science. Though few educational institutions teach nanochemistry as a formal course, general exposure of students to nanoscience is yet important. Thus, we present a nanochemical activity that could be used as part of many chemistry courses or laboratories based on ChemToy2. This activity is judged to be fun and enjoyable by students and is conducted over a one-week observation period. During this time, gold and silver nanochemistry results in 45 fundamental states or changes in the five observed solutions. Possible observations include a myriad of colors centered on purples and greens, photochemistry, the common states of matter, the Tyndall effect, surface-wetting phenomena, detergent action, gradients, and discontinuity. Each student’s power of observation can be scored at the end of the observation period, and discussions and further activities based upon their findings can proceed. We provide nanochemical results on ChemToy2 to support these activities; data include localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), optical light scattering, dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle-synthesis growth maps, and results of testing by 114 undergraduate students.
Effects of RF Magnetron Sputtering Deposition Power on Crystallinity and Thermoelectric Properties of Antimony Telluride and Bismuth Telluride Thin Films on Flexible Substrates

Thermoelectric materials carry significant promise for self-powering future generations of unattended microdevices and wearable devices. The current increased interest in such devices highlights the need for research to provide understanding of the basic material properties of thermoelectric materials, specifically in thin-film form, deposited on flexible polymer substrates. In this study, the surface topography, crystalline structure, and electrical properties of sputtered thin films of two of the most common thermoelectric materials, i.e., antimony telluride (Sb2Te3) and bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), supported on silicon and polymer substrates were investigated. The study focuses on determining the effect of the sputtering power and underlying substrate on the crystal structure formation as well as grain size of the resulting thin film. Radiofrequency (RF) magnetron sputtering with power levels from 50 W to 200 W was used to deposit these layers on several test structures. The results demonstrate that increasing the RF sputtering power resulted in (i) an increase in the crystalline size (from 0.48 nm to 29.66 nm for Sb2Te3 and from 10.60 nm to 20.29 nm for Bi2Te3), (ii) a significant increase in the content of tellurium (Te) in the Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3 thin films, (iii) an order-of-magnitude increase in the electrical conductivity of the Bi2Te3 thin film fabricated on silicon wafer, and (iv) a 150% increase in the Seebeck coefficient for both Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 samples. Furthermore, surface roughness analysis showed that deposition on polyimide substrate modestly increased the surface roughness (Ra), from 6.59 nm to 9.91 nm for Bi2Te3 and from 12.46 nm to 15.41 nm for Sb2Te3. The electrical resistivity of Bi2Te3 thin films on polyimide was found to be 2.72 × 10−3 Ω m, compared with 1.58 × 10−3 Ω m on silicon substrate, while for Sb2Te3,, the electrical resistivity on polyimide substrate increased to 580 × 10−3 Ω m as compared with 145 × 10−3 Ω m on silicon substrate. Taken together, the results of this work demonstrate that the use of high deposition power during RF sputtering of Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3 thin films results in significant improvements in their crystallinity, conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient, which are key material properties of great importance for thermoelectric materials.
Prolonged epigenomic and synaptic plasticity alterations following single exposure to a psychedelic in mice

Summary Clinical evidence suggests that rapid and sustained antidepressant action can be attained with a single exposure to psychedelics. However, the biological substrates and key mediators of psychedelics’ enduring action remain unknown. Here, we show that a single administration of the psychedelic DOI produces fast-acting effects on frontal cortex dendritic spine structure and acceleration of fear extinction via the 5-HT2A receptor. Additionally, a single dose of DOI leads to changes in chromatin organization, particularly at enhancer regions of genes involved in synaptic assembly that stretch for days after the psychedelic exposure. These DOI-induced alterations in the neuronal epigenome overlap with genetic loci associated with schizophrenia, depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Together, these data support that epigenomic-driven changes in synaptic plasticity sustain psychedelics’ long-lasting antidepressant action but also warn about potential substrate overlap with genetic risks for certain psychiatric conditions.
Using R Programming in a Financial Derivatives Course

R is a popular and free programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. We use a class project in an undergraduate financial derivatives course to introduce students to R programming. Specifically, through pricing options using the Black-Scholes model and the multi-period binomial option pricing model, students learn to import and manipulate data in R, use R to do calculations, construct user-defined functions, and apply third-party packages in R. The inclusion of relevant technology through this project also serves to maintain our curriculum currency, and we obtain overwhelmingly positive student responses to the project.
Impersonal Influence: How Perceptions of Mass Collectives Affect Political Attitudes

List of figures List of tables Preface Acknowledgments Part I. Theory and Historical Context: 1. The generalized other: social influence in contemporary American politics 2. Beyond personal Influence: the rise of impersonal associations 3. The origin of perceptions of mass collectives: mass media's role Part II. Effects of Perceptions of Mass Experience: 4. The politicization of personal and collective experience 5. Connecting the personal and the political: media as facilitator or inhibitor? Part III. Effects of Perceptions of Mass Opinion: 6. When does success succeed? A review of the evidence 7. The social psychology of impersonal influence from collective opinion 8. The role of collective opinion in individual judgment: processes and effects Part IV. Conclusion 9. Impersonal influence and the mass society tradition Appendix: Methodology References Index.
Mappings of βX to X

This chapter is devoted to the investigation of various types of mappings of βX to X*. The chapter will be in four parts. We will first consider a sequence of preliminary results giving sufficient conditions to ensure that the continuous image of a dense, C*-embedded subs pace will be C*-embedded in the image of the whole space. These results will then be applied to study mappings of βX onto X* and in particular to obtain necessary conditions for the existence of a retraction of βX onto X*. Next, the growths of the compactifications of a locally compact space X will be characterized as the continuous images of X*. Finally we will investigate mappings of extremally disconnected spaces and apply our results to mappings of Stone-Cech compactifications of discrete spaces. As a corollary we will obtain our third proof that ℕ* is not homogeneous.
Perineural Spread of Cutaneous Malignancy to the Brain A Review of the Literature and Five Patients Treated with Stereotactic Radiotherapy

BACKGROUND The retrospective analysis was performed to investigate the role of stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) techniques for patients with intracranial perineural spread (PNS) of a primary cutaneous malignancy. METHODS Five patients were identified who received SRT from 1993 to 2003 for cutaneous malignancies with intracranial PNS to the cavernous sinus (n = 3) or Meckel's cave (n = 2). Patients were treated with GammaKnife stereotactic radiosurgery (n = 2), linear accelerator (linac)-based fractionated SRT (n = 2), or linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery (n = 1). RESULTS The median overall survival (OS) periods from diagnoses of cutaneous malignancy and intracranial PNS were 63.0 months (range, 22.0–102.2 months) and 25.5 months (range, 22.0–55.2 months), respectively. The median OS from SRT was 24.2 months (range, 19.5–53.2 months). One patient was alive and without evidence of disease at 53 months of follow-up. The median durations of local and regional control from SRT were 19.5 months (range, 1.5–53.2 months) and 7.0 months (range, 1.5–53.2 months), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Previous reports generally have recommended that patients with intracranial PNS receive palliative external-beam radiotherapy. Results from the current study suggest that some of these patients may have prolonged survival, or even may be cured. Judicious use of SRT should be considered in their management. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Estimating reservoir sedimentation rates at large spatial and temporal scales: A case study of California

[1] Previous reservoir sedimentation models have ignored two key factors for large spatial and temporal modeling of multiple reservoirs: trapping by upstream dams and decreasing sediment trapping as reservoirs fill. We developed a spreadsheet-based model that incorporates both factors. Using California as a case study, we used measured sedimentation rates to estimate sediment yields for distinct geomorphic regions and applied those rates to unmeasured reservoirs by region. Statewide reservoirs have likely filled with 2.1 billion m3 of sediment to date, decreasing total reservoir capacity by 4.5%. About 200 reservoirs have likely lost more than half their initial capacity to sedimentation.
Interrogation of a Context-Specific Transcription Factor Network Identifies Novel Regulators of Pluripotency

The predominant view of pluripotency regulation proposes a stable ground state with coordinated expression of key transcription factors (TFs) that prohibit differentiation. Another perspective suggests a more complexly regulated state involving competition between multiple lineage-specifying TFs that define pluripotency. These contrasting views were developed from extensive analyses of TFs in pluripotent cells in vitro. An experimentally-validated, genome-wide repertoire of the regulatory interactions that control pluripotency within the in vivo cellular contexts is yet to be developed. To address this limitation, we assembled a TF interactome of adult human male germ cell tumors (GCTs) using the Algorithm for the Accurate Reconstruction of Cellular Pathways (ARACNe) to analyze gene expression profiles of 141 tumors comprising pluripotent and differentiated subsets. The network (GCTNet) comprised 1305 TFs, and its Ingenuity Pathway analysis identified pluripotency and embryonal development as the top functional pathways. We experimentally validated GCTNet by functional (silencing) and biochemical (ChIP-seq) analysis of the core pluripotency regulatory TFs POU5F1, NANOG, and SOX2 in relation to their targets predicted by ARACNe. To define the extent of the in vivo pluripotency network in this system, we ranked all TFs in the GCTNet according to sharing of ARACNe-predicted targets with those of POU5F1 and NANOG using an Odds-Ratio analysis method. To validate this network, we silenced the top 10 TFs in the network in H9 ES cells. Silencing of each led to downregulation of pluripotency and induction of lineage; 7 of the 10 TFs were identified as pluripotency regulators for the first time.
The Strategic Use of Prisons in Partisan Gerrymandering

The census data used to redraw legislative districts counts the country's nearly 2 million prisoners in the location of their incarceration, rather than their previous place of residence. By drawing these phantom populations into districts that lean heavily toward the majority party, legislators can free up eligible voters from those districts to be distributed among neighboring marginal ones, thereby increasing that party's likelihood of winning additional seats in the state legislature. An analysis of state senate district finds that prison populations shift systematically from districts controlled by one party to districts controlled by the other following a switch in partisan control.
Approach to the pediatric prescription in a community pharmacy

Pediatric patients are more susceptible to medication errors for a variety of reasons including physical and social differences and the necessity for patient-specific dosing. As such, community pharmacists may feel uncomfortable in verifying or dispensing a prescription for a pediatric patient. However, the use of a systematic approach to the pediatric prescription can provide confidence to pharmacists and minimize the possibility of a medication error. The objective of this article is to provide the community pharmacist with an overview of the potential areas of medication errors in a prescription for a pediatric patient. Additionally, the article guides the community pharmacist through a pediatric prescription, highlighting common areas of medication errors.
Exciton polaritons in transition-metal dichalcogenides and their direct excitation via energy transfer

Excitons, composite electron-hole quasiparticles, are known to play an important role in optoelectronic phenomena in many semiconducting materials. Recent experiments and theory indicate that the band-gap optics of the newly discovered monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is dominated by tightly bound valley excitons. The strong interaction of excitons with long-range electromagnetic fields in these two-dimensional systems can significantly affect their intrinsic properties. Here, we develop a semiclassical framework for intrinsic exciton polaritons in monolayer TMDs that treats their dispersion and radiative decay on the same footing and can incorporate effects of the dielectric environment. It is demonstrated how both inter- and intravalley long-range interactions influence the dispersion and decay of the polaritonic eigenstates. We also show that exciton polaritons can be efficiently excited via resonance energy transfer from quantum emitters such as quantum dots, which may be useful for various applications.
Effect of butanol challenge and temperature on lipid composition and membrane fluidity of butanol-tolerant Clostridium acetobutylicum

The effect of butanol challenge (0, 1.0, 1.5% [vol/vol]) and growth temperature (22, 37, 42°C) on the membrane composition and fluidity of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 and a butanol-tolerant mutant, SA-2, was examined in chemically defined medium. Growth of strain ATCC 824 into the stationary phase coincided with a gradual increase in the percent saturated to percent unsaturated (SU) fatty acid ratio. When challenged with butanol at 22 and 37°C, ATCC 824 demonstrated an immediate (within 30 min) dose-response increase in the SU ratio. This strain showed little additional change over a 48-h fermentation. Compared with ATCC 824, growth of SA-2 into the late stationary phase at 22 or 37°C resulted in an overall greater increase in the SU ratio for both unchallenged and challenged cells. This effect was minimized when SA-2 was challenged at 42°C, probably due to the combination of the membrane fluidizing effect of butanol and the elevated temperature. Growth at 42°C resulted in an increase in longer acyl chain fatty acids at the expense of shorter acyl chains for both strains. The membrane fluidity exhibited by SA-2 remained essentially constant at various butanol challenge and temperature combinations, while that for the ATCC 824 strain increased with increasing butanol challenge. By synthesizing an increased amount of saturated fatty acids, the butanol-tolerant SA-2 strain has apparently developed a mechanism for maintaining a more stable membrane environment. Growth of the microorganism is necessary for butanol to fluidize the membrane. Incorporation of exogenous fatty acids (18:1) did not significantly improve the butanol tolerance of either strain. Since SA-2 was able to produce only trace amounts of either butanol or acetone, increased tolerance to butanol does not necessarily coincide with greater solvent yields in this strain.
Mohawk: A new baking potato

The Mohawk variety of potatoes (U. S. D. A. Seedling 46,000) originated in Maine from a cross between Green Mountain and Katahdin. Since 1935 it has been tested for yield and quality under various sets of environmental conditions. Results have been promising in New York, especially in sections favorable for Green Mountain and Houma. Mohawk combines the high market quality of Katahdin with the high baking quality of Green Mountain. It produces high yields of mealy fleshed, regularly shaped, somewhat elongated, tubers. It is resistant to mild mosaic and moderately resistant to tip burn, flea-beetle injury, and hopperburn. Its tubers, so far, have not shown net necrosis. It is offered to the trade in New York State as a high quality baking variety.
Autonomous gene expression on the human inactive X chromosome.

Local derepression of the hpt locus on the human inactive X chromosome obtained in human female fibroblast x mouse L cell somatic cell hybrids was not correlated with the presence or absence of any specific human chromosome in the hybrids. Loss of the human active X, in particular, did not result in observable derepression of genes on the inactive X. Introduction of an active X, via a second hybridization of human cells having an active X with hybrid cells containing a locally derepressed X chromosome, did not restore repression of the derepressed hpt allele. The rate of hpt locus derepression in hybrid cells was estimated to be 10−6 per inactive X chromosome per cell generation.
The spectra of infinite hypertrees

A model of regular infinite hypertrees is developed to mimic for hypergraphs what infinite trees do for graphs. Two notions of spectra, or “first eigenvalue,” are then examined for the infinite tree, obtaining a precise value for the first notion and obtaining some estimates for the second. The results indicate agreement of the first eigenvalue of the infinite hypertree with the “second eigenvalue” of a random hypergraph of the same degree, to within logarithmic factors, at least for the first notion of first eigenvalue. — Author's Abstract
K-Shell X-Ray Production of Na, Mg, Al, P, S, and Cl by 0.4-2.4 MeV 11H and 42He Ions

K-shell x-ray cross sections for thin solid targets of 11Na, 12Mg, 13A1, 15P, 16S, and L.17Cl have been measured for 0.4-2.4 MeV H and He ions. Ratios of ?(He)/4?(H) are determined as a function of energy/ mass to reduce the experimental uncertainties. The absolute cross sections and the cross section ratios are compared to theoretical predictions of the binary encounter approximation, the plane wave Born approximation, and the perturbed stationary state theory with Coulomb deflection (CPSS). It is shown that the CPSS theory with an approximate correction for relativistic effects gives good estimates of the experimental data.
A Mississippian Mace at Iroquoia's Southern Door

This paper documents a Mississippian chipped stone mace, found by Lyle Edger, an amateur collector, in an agricultural field in Nichols, NY, along the Susquehanna River. This crown-form mace is made out of Dover chert and was probably produced by Mississippian people who lived in Middle Tennessee, circa A.D. 1200–1400. We argue that the Nichols Mace could have been acquired by Iroquoian people as the result of either a gift or diplomatic negotiations. We conclude that the meanings the mace held for Iroquoian people were likely tied to how they acquired it.
Low sooting combustion of narrow-angle wall-guided sprays in an HSDI diesel engine with retarded injection timings

Abstract An optically accessible single-cylinder high speed direct-injection (HSDI) diesel engine was used to investigate the spray and combustion processes with narrow-angle wall-guided sprays. Influences of injection timings and injection pressure on combustion characteristics and emissions were studied. In-cylinder pressure was measured and used for heat release analysis. High-speed spray and combustion videos were captured. NO x emissions were measured in the exhaust pipe. With significantly retarded post-top dead center (TDC) injections, smokeless combustion was achieved for wall-guided diesel spray. Premixed-combustion was observed from the heat release rates and the combustion images. Natural luminosity was found significantly lower for smokeless combustion case. However, NO x emissions were higher for the low sooting combustion cases. In addition, retarding injection timing lead to more complete combustion with more heat released from the same amount of fuel. Spray images revealed significant fuel impingement for all the conditions and the spray development was controlled and guided by the piston bowl curvature. NO x and natural luminosity trade-off trend was observed for these conditions. However, quite different from conventional diesel combustion, retarding post-TDC injection timing leads to lower natural luminosity and higher NO x emissions for narrow-angle wall-guided spray combustion. For the smokeless combustion case under moderate operating load, both homogeneous combustion and low-luminosity pool fires were observed during combustion process and the latter was due to fuel-piston impingement. The findings in this study could be used to solve the smoke issues associated with narrow-angle injection technique under high load conditions. With narrow-angle injectors, ignition could occur for significantly retarded post-TDC injections, which provides a unique mixing approach for diesel engines.
Trends in exchange coupling for trimethylenemethane-type Bis(semiquinone) biradicals and correlation of magnetic exchange with mixed valency for cross-conjugated systems.

A magnetostructural correlation (conformational electron spin exchange modulation) within an isostructural series of biradical complexes is presented. X-ray crystal structures, variable-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, zero-field splitting parameters, and variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements were used to evaluate molecular conformation and electron spin exchange coupling in this series of molecules. Our combined results indicate that the ferromagnetic portion of the exchange couplings occurs via the cross-conjugated π-systems, while the antiferromagnetic portion occurs through space and is equivalent to incipient bond formation. Thus, molecular conformation controls the relative amounts of ferro- and antiferromagnetic contributions to exchange coupling. In fact, the exchange parameter correlates with average semiquinone ring torsion angles via a Karplus−Conroy-type relation. Because of the natural connection between electron spin exchange coupling and electron...
226 METHYLXANTHINES CAUSE A MARKED REDUCTION IN CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS IN CULTURED GLIAL CELLS

Methylxanthines, such as theophylline, aminophylline and caffeine, are used extensively in the treatment of apnea in the neonatal period, a time of active membrane proliferation and myelination in the human brain. C-6 glial cells in culture are good models of the glia found in human brain during this developmental phase. Because cholesterol is a critical constituent of neural membranes, including myelin, we studied the effect of methylxanthines on biosynthesis of this lipid in cultured C-6 glial cells. Exposure of the cells to theophylline, aminophylline, and caffeine for just 24 hours in a concentration of 1×10-3 M resulted in marked reductions of cholesterol synthesis (from [14C] acetate), i.e. 29, 8 and 37% respectively of control values. Cell growth was not significantly affected by the drugs. Lower concentrations produced inhibitory effects after longer exposure times, e.g. theophylline, 5×10-4 M, caused a 50% reduction in cholesterol synthesis after 72 hours. To determine whether the methylxanthines cause an alteration in the critical rate-limiting enzyme, HMG-CoA reductase, we assayed this enzyme in treated and untreated C-6 glial cells. A marked decrease in reductase activity accompanied the decrease in cholesterol synthesis. The mechanism of this effect is currently under investigation. These data raise the possibility that methylxanthines have a deleterious effect on the development of the human brain.
City Planning and the Planning of Cities: The Recent Historiography

Recent historiography on city planning has greatly expanded its scope. Although the modern profession often dates its origins as the turn of the century, events of the earlier nineteenth century were actually incipient forms of contemporary planning. Moreover, though city planners are nonelected public employees, the profession has been inextricably tied to both the private sector and the political process. Much planning in U.S. cities has not been done by planners. In addition, a tension between idealism and realism has been present since the beginning. Because of external constraints, the planning profession's greatest impacts may have been in its indirect influence on the urban agenda and in the vision it has provided for a better urban future.
Internet-based tools to assess diet and provide feedback in chronic kidney disease stage IV: a pilot study.

Background Successfully changing patients' dietary behavior is a challenging problem in the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We conducted a pilot study to test the feasibility and acceptability of an Internet-based, self-administered, dietary assessment tool equipped with instructional feedback, aimed at facilitating dietary adherence to disease-specific nutritional guidelines among CKD stage IV patients while reducing resource burdens on providers. Methods Focus groups were used to develop a user-friendly dietary reporting format. The report was then calibrated to the dietary guidelines outlined by Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) and incorporated into the assessment tool. Elements of the report were developed based on the "transtheoretical model of behavior change" theory, aimed at facilitating patients to enter the action stage of change. The tool was later deployed in a nephrology care site at an academic medical center, where 12 patients diagnosed with stage IV CKD (late-stage, predialysis) completed a dietary assessment before their provider encounter as well as questionnaires gauging their computer literacy, nutritional education history, nutritional knowledge and awareness, and acceptability of the tool. The report was made available to the provider during the clinical encounter, and both patient and physician perception of the report's utility was assessed after the encounter. Results Approximately 25% to 30% of the patients were severely noncompliant to the K/DOQI guidelines for each nutrient. Awareness about the role of diet in CKD management was widely variable, ranging from 0% to 58% of the patients over different nutrients. All of the patients successfully completed the Web-based dietary assessment. Eighty-four percent of the patients positively rated the tool on its ability to record the patients' dietary data, 58% noted the tool was always able to satisfactorily estimate portion sizes, and 50% thought the navigation was easy or very easy. Eleven of the 12 patients were satisfied with the time taken (range: 10 to 40 minutes, median time: 20 minutes) to complete the dietary assessment. Patients and physicians differed considerably in their perception of the use of the report during the clinical encounter. Conclusion Dietary knowledge and adherence to K/DOQI guidelines among CKD patients is suboptimal. However, interest and motivation is high. Web-based tools are well accepted among CKD patients as an aid to assessing dietary adherence to K/DOQI guidelines and may pose a cost-effective approach to bridging the adherence gap.
Reproductive patterns in mantled howler monkeys: Estrus, mate choice and copulation

The present study was undertaken to evaluate non-random mating patterns in two groups of mantled howler monkeys in two tropical dry forest habitats. Sexual dimorphism, female estrus stage, male dominance rank, sexual solicitations and copulations were assessed. Males are significantly larger than females, but female weight varies more than male weight. The length of female estrus cycles is comparable in both habitats, but females in the more strongly seasonal habitat demonstrate greater estrus synchrony relative to their numbers. Males solicit potential mates more frequently than females, a pattern explained by the relatively high rate of sexual solicitation by high-ranking males. Females in “peak” estrus solicit “alpha” males, while females in other stages of estrus solicit males equally by rank. Intersexual aggression occurs rarely, and “forced copulations” are attempted but, apparently, are unsuccessful. Sexual solicitations by “alpha” males and “peak” estrus females are most likely to lead to copulation, and “alpha” males are more likely to copulate than “gamma” males. In general, latencies from first solicitation to copulation are expensive in time, especially for high-ranking males. Estimated annual reproduction success favors high-ranking males, and results indicate that male and female mating behavior is mutually coordinated and controlled.
Leadership substitutes as moderators of sales supervisory behavior

Abstract Previous research has found that a sales manager's supervisory behavior can influence salespeople's job attitudes and behaviors. A unique feature of many sales jobs that may reduce the impact sales managers have on sales personnel is that salespeople usually work alone. Researchers in organizational behavior have identified a variety of substitutes for leadership (which are comprised of individual, task, and organizational characteristics) that may serve to moderate the influence of a leader and thus offer guidance and support to subordinates beyond that which their manager can provide. Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that selected characteristics interact with a sales manager's leader behavior in influencing salespeople's job satisfaction.
A visual exploration of the orderliness of TREC relevance judgments

TREC topic specification statements 1-50 are converted to a similarity matrix, scaled, and plotted. Two close topics and two distant topics are selected from within the topic visual field. Subsequent scaling and visualization of documents associated with the close topics reveals a strong mixing of documents from both topic sets. Scaling and visualization of documents associated with the distant topics reveals a bifurcated distribution of documents from both topic sets. Relevant documents in both cases present near the center of both visualizations. Scaling and visualization of documents by multidimensional scaling using a maximum likelihood estimation method is shown to accurately model token similarity relationships among topic specification statements. The implications of these findings for prior critical arguments regarding IR test collections generally, and TREC specifically, by other scholars is examined.
Evolutionary genetics of Metridium senile. I. Kinetic differences in phosphoglucose isomerase allozymes.

Populations of the sea anemone Metridium senile from the northeast coast of the United States exhibit a one-locus, two-allele polymorphism for phosphoglucose isomerase. No additional “hidden” variation is exposed by changes in pH, gel pore size, or heat denaturation. The allozymes are similar in pH optimum, sensitivity of K m to pH, and sensitivity of K m and V max to temperature. In other respects they are functionally different, with the fast allozyme having a 3.5-fold higher specific activity and a slightly higher K m of fructose-6-phosphate than the slow form. In these respects, heterozygotes produce a mixture of enzymes that appears to function roughly as the sum of its component parts. Comparisons of V max/K m ratios reveal significant differences among genotypes, with the fast form having higher values at all temperatures than the slow form and heterozygotes falling intermediate. In addition, there is a significant difference among genotypes in sensitivity of this parameter to temperature, with the fast homozygote and heterozygote displaying greater sensitivity than the slow homozygote. Temperature is probably an important selective agent in maintaining this polymorphism.
Phase difference and frequency offset estimation for collaborative beamforming in sensor networks

A fast and power efficient phase difference and frequency offset estimation technique for collaborative beamforming in a wireless sensor network is presented. Common radio blocks are used to implement the phase difference estimation technique and we present an analytical expression for the phase difference estimation accuracy in an AWGN channel. The analysis including the effect of noise and multipath on the estimation accuracy shows the effectiveness of the proposed estimation technique for collaborative beamforming applications.
Human calicivirus genogroup II capsid sequence diversity revealed by analyses of the prototype Snow Mountain agent

The Snow Mountain agent (SMA) is the prototype genogroup II and serotype 3 human calicivirus responsible for epidemic outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. We have cloned the region of the SMA genome that encodes the single capsid protein. The predicted amino acid sequence of the capsid protein is distinct from other calicivirus strains that have been termed SMA-like based on sequence similarity between the RNA polymerase regions and IEM reactivity. In a previous report, a high sequence similarity in a small region of the RNA polymerase between SMA and another strain, OTH-25, suggested that the capsid proteins of OTH-25 and SMA would be very similar. In this report, we show that the capsid proteins of OTH-25 and SMA are more distinct than was predicted by homology in the RNA polymerase. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of a region of the RNA polymerase and of the N-terminal conserved domain of the capsid of 12 human caliciviruses resulted in trees with different topologies, suggesting that recombination has occurred within this group of viruses. Molecular characterization of the prototype calicivirus strains is important in determining the relationships between capsid similarity at the amino acid level, genetic grouping by sequence comparison, and antigenic reactivity.
Kolb's Learning Style Inventory—1985: Test-Retest Déjà VU

Kolb revised the Learning Style Inventory to improve psychometric properties such as test-retest reliability. The data from this study suggest the new instrument has no better stability coefficients than its predecessor.
Observations of significant magnetosheath antisolar energy flow

Results from the Imp 7 satellite reveal antisolar magnetosheath ion flows of 10 to the 18th to 10 to the 20th ergs/sec when they are integrated over the observed flow cross-sectional area. These results extend, in energy and spatial regions sampled, the earlier work of West and Buck (1976). The results show the existence of energized protons in the downstream magnetosheath which at energies above 50 keV carry an energy flow of the same magnitude as the extrapolated (above 1 keV) results of Baker and Stone (1977). Possible sources of the energy flow include dissipation processes due to a magnetopause electric field, leakage of magnetospheric particles through the magnetopause into the magnetosheath, bow shock acceleration, and magnetosheath acceleration.
Comparison of the renal medullary vascular systems of dog and chinchilla.

Abstract Renal vascular structures of dogs and chinchillas were investigated, using a low viscosity silicone rubber arterial injection technique. Cortical and medullary thicknesses were measured and compared to measurements reported by Sperber. Cortical and juxtamedullary structural differences were found in the dog and chinchilla. The juxtamedullary glomeruli had larger diameters, longer afferent and efferent arterioles, and much larger efferent arteriole lumen diameters compared to cortical glomeruli of the same kidney. The vasa recta bundles of dogs are of larger over-all diameter but of approximately the same length and spacing as in the chinchilla. A model for the medullary circulation has been proposed. This model represents three major flow routes to convoluted tubule capillaries, frizzled zone capillaries, and medullary tip capillaries in series with the juxtamedullary glomeruli. The probable contribution of countercurrent exchange of diffusible solutes, occurring between the medullary venous drainage and inflowing blood and its role in the conservation of medullary solutes is discussed.
Power-law fading of the frustration effect in a periodic rectangular superconducting network with increasing aspect ratio

It is shown that the same amount of total frustration imposed on a rectangular superconducting network produces a monotonically diminishing effect as the aspect ratio ab of the network is increased. Various types of power-law behavior are found in the limit of ab..-->..infinity, the most interesting one being that the slope discontinuities of T/sub c//sub 2//sup */T/sub c0/ at rational (pq) flux quanta per unit cell approaches zero according to the power law (ab)/sup -//sup q/, so that the higher-q cusps fade away faster than the low-q ones