cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REALISTIC AUTOFARMING CLOSED-LOOP TRACTOR CONTROL OVER IRREGULAR PATHS USING KINEMATIC GPS

High-precision 'autofarming' makes possible farming techniques previously impractical using metre-level Differential GPS-based control systems: techniques such as tape irrigation, the elimination of guess rows, and precise contour farming. A Carrier-Phase Differential GPS positioning and attitude system with centimetre-level and 0.1° accuracy was installed in a large farm tractor. Four types of trajectories (lines, arcs, spirals, and curves) were identified as basic building blocks necessary to generate a 'global' trajectory for a realistic autofarming path. Information about each trajectory type was translated into reference state specifications that a linear controller used to control the tractor over velocities between 0.7 and 2.8 m/s to within approximately 6 cm (1 σ) without implement and I O cm (I σ) with implement on sloped terrain using a previously developed tractor model. These results are a significant step towards a realistic autofarming system because they not only demonstrate accurate control over various realistic operating speeds but over different types of trajectories necessary for a commercial system.
Preservation of ancient ice at Pavonis and Arsia Mons: Tropical mountain glacier deposits on Mars

Abstract Large tropical mountain glacier (TMG) deposits on the northwest flanks of the Tharsis Montes and Olympus Mons volcanoes are interpreted to be the record of ancient climates characteristic of Mars several hundred million years ago when planetary spin-axis obliquity was ~45°. During this era, polar volatiles (predominantly H2O) were mobilized and transferred equatorward, undergoing adiabatic cooling on the Tharsis volcano flanks, and precipitating snow and ice to form cold-based tropical mountain glaciers up to several kilometers in thickness. Subsequent climate change resulted in retreat, sublimation and collapse of the tropical mountain glaciers, leaving the three typical facies observed today: (1) concentric ridges, the ridged facies, interpreted as drop moraines; (2) knobby facies, interpreted as debris-dominated sublimation residue; and (3) the smooth facies, interpreted as remnant alpine glacial deposits. Ring-mold craters (RMCs) are distinctive features formed by impacts into debris-covered ice. We describe a set of relatively fresh ring-mold craters superposed on the Arsia and Pavonis Mons TMG deposits; we interpret these to indicate that the impact events penetrated a veneer of sublimation lag and excavated buried remnant glacial ice, despite the lack of detection of buried ice by orbital radar instruments. The diameter distribution of the RMCs suggest that the remnant ice lies at a depth of at least 16 m. The TMG deposit ages suggest that these ice deposits date from a period in the range of 125–220 million years before the present; the remnant ice may thus preserve records of the ancient atmospheric gas content and microbiota, as is common in terrestrial glacial ice. Preservation of this ice and the lack of any associated fluvial features suggest that the post-glacial climate has been cold, and related surface temperatures have not been sufficient to bring the buried deposits to the melting point of water.
An Application of Markov Chain Analysis to the Game of Squash

If the score in a squash game becomes tied late in the game, one player has a choice of how many additional points (from a prespecified set of possibilities) are to be played to determine the winner. This paper constructs a Markov chain model of the situation and solves for the optimal strategy. Expressions for the optimal strategy are obtained with a symbolic algebra computer package. Results are given for both international and American scoring systems. The model and analysis are very suitable for educational purposes. The resulting Markov chain is small enough that it can be easily presented in a classroom setting, yet the model is sufficiently complex that algebraic manipulation is nearly hopeless. The final results illustrate the power of the combination of mathematical and computer modeling applied to a problem of practical interest.
A Theory of Intraday Patterns: Volume and Price Variability

This article develops a theory in which concentrated-trading patterns arise endogenously as a result of the strategic behavior of liquidity traders and informed traders. Our results provide a partial explanation for some of the recent empitical findings concerning the patterns of volume and price variability in intraday transaction data. In the last few years, intraday trading data for a number of securities have become available. Several empirical studies have used these data to identify various patterns in trading volume and in the daily behavior of security prices. This article focuses on two of these patterns; trading volume and the variability of returns. Consider, for example, the data in Table 1 concerning shares of Exxon traded during 1981.1 The U-shaped pattern of the average volume of shares traded-namely, the heavy trading in the beginning and the end of the trading day and the relatively light trading in the middle of the day-is very typical and has been documented in a number of studies. [For example,Jain andJoh (1986) examine hourly data for the aggregate volume on the NYSE, which is reported in the Wall StreetJournal, and find the same pattern.] Both the variance of price changes
Higher Educational Cost-Sharing, Dual-Track Tuition Fees, and Higher Educational Access: The East African Experience

Three universal demands characterize higher education globally: the demand for higher quality, for increased access, and for greater equity. In East Africa, where resources are highly constrained, no nation has been able to meet these demands on the basis of public expenditures alone. Instead countries have had to increase resources from nonpublic sources, including tuition fees. In countries with strong resistance to tuition fees and where the difficulty of taxation is combined with a daunting queue of competing public sector needs, a dual-track tuition policy is especially popular whereby the most capable applicants are financed from public resources and other qualified students are allowed admission on a fee-paying basis. This article studies dual-track policies in Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda. We find that although rewarding ability, the dual-track policies did little to offer opportunities for the poor.
Isoforms of ankyrin-3 that lack the NH2-terminal repeats associate with mouse macrophage lysosomes.

We have recently cloned and characterized ankyrin-3 (also called ankyrin G ), a new ankyrin that is widely distributed, especially in epithelial tissues, muscle, and neuronal axons (Peters, L.L., K.M. John, F.M. Lu, E.M. Eicher, A. Higgins, M. Yialamas, L.C. Turtzo, A.J. Otsuka, and S.E. Lux. 1995. J. Cell Biol. 130: 313–330). Here we show that in mouse macrophages, ankyrin-3 is expressed exclusively as two small isoforms (120 and 100 kD) that lack the NH 2 -terminal repeats. Sequence analysis of isolated Ank3 cDNA clones, obtained by reverse transcription and amplification of mouse macrophage RNA (GenBank Nos. U89274 and U89275), reveals spectrin-binding and regulatory domains identical to those in kidney ankyrin-3 (GenBank No. L40631) preceded by a 29–amino acid segment of the membrane (“repeat”) domain, beginning near the end of the last repeat. Antibodies specific for the regulatory and spectrin-binding domains of ankyrin-3 localize the protein to the surface of intracellular vesicles throughout the macrophage cytoplasm. It is not found on the plasma membrane. Also, epitope-tagged mouse macrophage ankyrin-3, transiently expressed in COS cells, associates with intracellular, not plasma, membranes. In contrast, ankyrin-1 (erythrocyte ankyrin, ankyrin R ), which is also expressed in mouse macrophages, is located exclusively on the plasma membrane. The ankyrin-3–positive vesicles appear dark on phasecontrast microscopy. Two observations suggest that they are lysosomes. First, they are a late compartment in the endocytic pathway. They are only accessible to a fluorescent endocytic tracer (FITC-dextran) after a 24-h incubation, at which time all of the FITC-dextran– containing vesicles contain ankyrin-3 and vice versa. Second, the ankyrin-3–positive vesicles contain lysosomal-associated membrane glycoprotein (LAMP-1), a recognized lysosomal marker. This is the first evidence for the association of an ankyrin with lysosomes and is an example of two ankyrins present in the same cell that segregate to different locations.
The influence of temperature on muscle function in the fast swimming scup. II. The mechanics of red muscle

To understand better how scup can swim twice as fast as carp with its red muscle, we measured the mechanical properties of red muscle bundles in scup. The values of the mean maximum velocity of shortening (Vmax) at 10 degrees C (3.32 muscle lengths s-1) and at 20 degrees C (5.55 muscle lengths s-1; Q10 = 1.69) were nearly the same as those in carp. Isometric force, however, was approximately 50% greater (183 kN m-2; Q10 = 1.08). The maximal power generation was correspondingly about 50% greater in scup than in carp (71 W kg-1 at 10 degrees C and 134 W kg-1 at 20 degrees C; Q10 = 1.88). The larger power output of its muscle may be important in the faster swimming of the scup. In addition, the fact that scup use a less undulatory style of swimming means that, when they are swimming twice as fast, their red muscle shortens at the same velocity (V) and with the same V/Vmax (0.37, i.e. where maximum power is generated) as that of carp. The importance of V/Vmax is further shown by the comparison of scup swimming at different temperatures. The 1.69-fold higher Vmax at 20 degrees C than at 10 degrees C enables scup to swim with a 1.67-fold faster V at 20 degrees C. Thus, at both 10 degrees C and 20 degrees C, red muscle is used only over the same narrow range of V/Vmax (0.17-0.37), where experiments on isolated muscle suggest that power and efficiency are maximal. Therefore, V/Vmax appears to be an important design constraint that limits the range of velocities over which muscle is used in vivo, both at different temperatures and in fast- and slow-locomoting species.
The Historical Development of Diplomatic Asylum in Latin America

The development of the practice of diplomatic asylum in Latin America seems to be less the result of a conscious application of European patterns than of the fact that history often shows the development of similar institutions as a product of human interaction confronted by similar circumstances in different times and different places. On the other hand, it cannot be denied that in this case the very circumstances and antecedents which gave rise to the practice of diplomatic asylum in Latin America were in large part a product of Spanish culture which was transferred to the New World. Thus, Eduardo Anze Martienzo concludes that, in Latin America, Spain and Italy, religious asylum was defended the longest due to the intense struggle between the civil power and the power of the church. A case in point is the decree of Philip II which abolished the practice of asylum in all his possession but “which was shattered against the resistence of the people and the clergy. Thus it was possible for San Carlos Borromeo to maintain the ecclesiastical privileges against the Spanish government.” 1
High performance stream query processing with correlation-aware partitioning

State-of-the-art optimizers produce one single optimal query plan for all stream data, in spite of such a singleton plan typically being sub-optimal or even poor for highly correlated data. Recently a new stream processing paradigm, called multi-route approach, has emerged as a promising approach for tackling this problem. Multi-route first divides data streams into several partitions and then creates a separate query plan for each combination of partitions. Unfortunately current approaches suffer from severe shortcomings, in particular, the lack of an effective partitioning strategy and the prohibitive query optimization expense. In this work we propose the first practical multi-route optimizer named correlation-aware multi-route stream query optimizer (or CMR) that solves both problems. By exploiting both intra- and inter-stream correlations of streams, CMR produces effective partitions without having to undertake repeated expensive query plan generation. The produced partitions not only are best served by distinct optimal query plans, but also leverage the partition-driven pruning opportunity. Experimental results with both synthetic and real life stream data confirm that CMR outperforms the state-of-the-art solutions up to an order of magnitude in both the query optimization time and the run-time execution performance.
Cellular Monte Carlo Modeling of AlxIn1−xSb/InSb Quantum Well Transistors

In this work, an Indium Antimonide (InSb) quantum well transistor is investigated using full-band Monte Carlo simulations. The steady-state characteristic of the device is first analyzed, showing particle transport along the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). The small-signal behavior of the device is also investigated. Finally, the noise analysis is performed, allowing for a two-dimensional mapping of the noise within the device.
When patients reach out, scientists should reach back carefully

In the digital age, biomedical scientists are frequently contacted by lay individuals seeking medical help, but they still receive little, if any, training in how to respond. Researchers need to reach back to these patients, but in a way that steers clear of giving medical advice.
Metabolic clearance rate of progesterone during lactation in the Rhesus monkey.

SummaryNo difference in the MCR of progesterone was observed in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in the rhesus monkey. In lactating animals, however, the MCR was increased by 30%. This increase is insufficient to account for the 20-fold difference in circulating progesterone levels in luteal phase and lactating animals.
An Analysis and Performance Guide to Benjamin Lees' Odyssey I and II

Is art related to the 20th century American music? The author explains surrealistic features in Benjamin Lees? (b.1924) music through analyses of ?Odyssey I and II? and personal communications with the famous American composer. This book also provides guidelines for performing the solo piano works.
Productivity Behavior of Low Permeability Reservoirs

Natural productivity of low-permeability reservoirs is quite low.If wells produce at natural productivity,their flow rates decline with the same speed as the mid-and high-permeability reservoirs.It wells produce at higher rate than their natural productivity,the flow rates will certainly decline with higher speed,which is the inevitable result of earlier exploitation and late voidation of reservoirs.High speed declinationof flow rates of low-permeability reservoirs are not related to stress sensitivity in reservoir rocks.
Discussion on the Application of ISA in Computer Labs

This system introduces the structure and functions of ISA,and explains internet installation are implemented through ISA net structure,which promotes the management level of computer labs and its operating efficiency.
Review of Microstructure Simulation Technology in the Process of Hot-Forging

The mathematical models of microstructure evolution in the process of hot-forging is introduced. The simulation technology and development tendency for microstructure in hot-forging process is reviewed.
Functional analysis of the antimitogenic activity of tumor suppressors.

Loss of tumor suppressors contributes to numerous cancer types. Many, but not all, proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes have antiproliferative activity and halt cell-cycle progression. In this chapter, we present three methods that have been utilized to monitor the antimitogenic action exerted by tumor suppressors. Tumor suppressor function can be demonstrated by colony formation assays and acquisition of the flat-cell phenotype. Because of the anti-proliferative action of these agents, we also present two transient assays that monitor the effect of tumor suppressors on cell-cycle progression. One is based on BrdU incorporation (i.e., DNA replication) and the other on flow cytometry. Together, this triad of techniques is sufficient to determine the action of tumor suppressors and other antiproliferative agents.
Synchytrium microbalum sp. nov. is a saprobic species in a lineage of parasites.

Abstract The diversity of the Chytridiomycota is poorly known and sequence information is not well represented in databases, often preventing identification of chytrid sequences retrieved from environmental samples. We found an unknown, saprobic chytrid, related to Synchytrium, which heretofore has been considered a lineage of parasites. Because of its phylogenetic relationship, and ecological dissimilarity to other Synchytrium species, we considered this fungus of scientific interest and describe it herein. We based our study on an analysis of 18S rDNA, light microscopic morphology, and ultrastructural characters of the zoospores. The fungus is tiny and produces filamentous projections 4–5 times as long as the diameter of the sporangium. The small zoospores are longer than wide and their ultrastructure is similar to that of Synchytrium endobioticum, except that they lack a microtubule root. Our molecular analysis placed the organism within a clade of Synchytrium species and we name the new species Synchytrium microbalum.
Hyperparathyroidism of Renal Disease

Renal hyperparathyroidism (rHPT) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease characterized by elevated parathyroid hormone levels secondary to derangements in the homeostasis of calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D. Patients with rHPT experience increased rates of cardiovascular problems and bone disease. The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines recommend that screening and management of rHPT be initiated for all patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3 (estimated glomerular filtration rate, < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)). Since the 1990s, improving medical management with vitamin D analogs, phosphate binders, and calcimimetic drugs has expanded the treatment options for patients with rHPT, but some patients still require a parathyroidectomy to mitigate the sequelae of this challenging disease.
H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.: Beloved Mentor and Teacher

Most can agree that H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr. has a brilliant mind and a big personality: he can rehearse a large portion of history in the form of a question; he is often the source of much controversy; and as a professor and scholar he has had a profound impact on the fields of bioethics, philosophy of medicine, and Christian ethics. While Tris’ genius is evident in the written and oral presentation of his work, and his zeal for sustained academic debate and controversy is obvious at any conference he attends, Tris’ deep devotion, loyalty, and love for his friends and students is often underappreciated by those who have not had the distinct honor of occupying one of these roles. It is this elemental facet of Tris’ personality that I would like to honor in this essay.
Abstract 2877: Exercise, alone and in combination with a whole tumor cell vaccine reduces mammary tumor cell growth and enhances anti-tumor immunity

Regular, moderate exercise (EX) can reduce both the incidence and recurrence of breast cancer (BC), and improve survival. Numerous biological mechanism(s) have been proposed to explain these beneficial clinical effects of EX. However, little work has been done to examine the effect of EX on immunomodulation, i.e. the balance between anti-tumor immunity and the emergence of immunosuppressive cells, in particular myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC). We have previously demonstrated that moderate EX significantly enhances antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and reduces regulatory T cell function in tumor free-mice. Thus, the goal of the current study was to determine if EX could enhance effector function and reduce immunosuppression in tumor bearing mice, and determine if there were any synergistic effects of EX and the administration of a whole tumor cell vaccine on the aforementioned outcomes. Female Balb/c mice were randomized into EX or sedentary control (SED) groups (n = 14-16/group) and had access to running wheel or standard cages, respectively, for 12 weeks prior to the injection of 5×10^4 lucerifase-transfected 4T1.2 tumor cells into the 4th mammary fat pad. Mice were further randomized into vaccination (n = 6-8/group) or vehicle control (n = 4/group) and administered 1×10^6 irradiated 4T1.2 cells (VAC) or HBSS (VEH) at day 7, 14, 21, and 28 post tumor injection. All mice were fed the AIN-76A diet; however, the EX mice (n = 14) were fed 90% of caloric intake of SED animals to remain in energy balance (prevent weight gain) over the course of the study. Primary tumor growth was quantified, and at sacrifice (day 35) organs were collected to assess the following endpoints: splenic antigen-specific CD8+ effector function and myeloid derived suppressor cell (MDSC) accumulation, and metastatic burden in femurs. EX mice, with or without vaccine, weighed significantly less than SED mice (p Citation Format: William J. Turbitt, Donna Sosnoski, Andrea Mastro, Connie Rogers. Exercise, alone and in combination with a whole tumor cell vaccine reduces mammary tumor cell growth and enhances anti-tumor immunity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2877. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2877
The secretory pathway at 50: a golden anniversary for some momentous grains of silver

The secretory pathway along which newly synthesized secretory and membrane proteins traffic through the cell was revealed in two articles published 50 years ago. This discovery was the culmination ...
On the Selection of the Bandwidth Parameter for the k‐Chart

The k-chart, based on support vector data description, has received recent attention in the literature. We review four different methods for choosing the bandwidth parameter, s, when the k-chart is designed using the Gaussian kernel. We provide results of extensive Phase I and Phase II simulation studies varying the method of choosing the bandwidth parameter along with the size and distribution of sample data. In very limited cases, the k-chart performed as desired. In general, we are unable to recommend the k-chart for use in a Phase I or Phase II process monitoring study in its current form. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ghrelin is Supressed by Intravenous Alcohol and is Related to Stimulant and Sedative Effects of Alcohol.

Aims Evidence indicates that feeding-related peptides, such as ghrelin, have a role in the rewarding properties of addictive substances like alcohol. Oral alcohol administration significantly suppresses ghrelin. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of two doses of alcohol on ghrelin and examine if ghrelin levels predict the subjective effects of alcohol. Methods Healthy social drinkers (N = 20) participated in three, randomly assigned, and counterbalanced laboratory sessions. During each session they received a continuous IV infusion of either placebo (saline), low dose (40 mg%) or high dose (100 mg%) of alcohol. Participants were given a standardized, light breakfast 90 min before the start of the infusion. Ghrelin levels [acyl ghrelin (AG) and total ghrelin (TG)] were collected at four time points before, during and after the infusion. Subjective effects of alcohol, using the BAES, were evaluated before, during and after alcohol infusion. Results IV alcohol significantly reduced AG but not TG levels with no difference between the two doses of alcohol. The percent change (%∆) in AG suppression was substantial in both high dose (43.4%∆), and low dose (39.5%∆) of alcohol. Also, fasting AG and TG levels were significant predictors of alcohol stimulant and sedative effects. Higher fasting ghrelin levels were associated with longer and more intense subjective effects. Conclusions The results provide evidence that IV alcohol suppresses ghrelin levels similarly to oral alcohol. This study is the first to show that ghrelin predicts subjective effects of alcohol, suggesting that ghrelin may have a role in the rewarding mechanisms for alcohol. Short summary Intravenous alcohol infusion (low dose and high dose of alcohol) when compared to placebo (saline) significantly suppresses ghrelin in healthy social drinkers. Fasting ghrelin levels also predict subjective behavioral effects of alcohol. Those with higher fasting ghrelin levels tend to experience alcohol effects longer and more intensely.
Service and performance adjusted life cycle assessment: a methodology for dynamic assessment of environmental impacts in infrastructure systems

AbstractInfrastructure systems are at the core of the sustainability challenge. Currently life cycle assessment (LCA) is widely used for assessing environmental sustainability of infrastructure systems. However, infrastructure systems have specific traits that are incompatible with the requirements of LCA. In particular, infrastructure systems do not have definite ‘life cycle’ as a basis of LCA. In addition, environmental performance of infrastructure systems depends on the dynamic changes in the level of service and performance of infrastructure normally not captured in existing LCA approaches. The objective of the research presented in this paper attempts to address the limitations of existing LCA approaches by creating a service and performance adjusted LCA (SPA-LCA) methodology, one which is specifically tailored for the requirements of environmental assessment of infrastructure systems. Among other improvements, the created methodology introduces a dynamic conception of life cycle inventory analysis ...
Reducing total latency in online real-time inference and decoding via combined context window and model smoothing latencies

Real-time low-latency online inference and decoding in sequential probabilistic models are important in many interactive systems, including automatic speech recognition (ASR) and streaming environments. We study total inference latency (TL) in such systems, the additively combined latency of the inherent look-ahead of a deep neural network's (DNN) contextual window (CWL) in a DNN-HMM hybrid system and the latency incurred during Kalman-style smoothing in a dynamic probabilistic model (MSL) (hence, TL = CWL + MSL). For a fixed TL, the best accuracy can occur with a strictly positive MSL, often by quite a bit, a surprising result given the DNN's power. Furthermore, we find that accuracy is often improved with smaller TL and larger MSL. These results suggest that for optimal low-latency real-time decoding, the size of a DNN context window along with model smoothing should be jointly considered.
Health Insurance, Employment, and the Human Genome: Genetic Discrimination and Biobanks in the United States

Does genetic information warrant special legal protection, and if so how should it be protected? (See Feldman (2012), for a discussion of the implications of GINA for primary care providers). This question has taken on greater urgency in the United States as genetic testing has become more common and biobanks have developed repositories for large amounts of genetic information. One central concern raised by the collection and storage of genetic and biomedical information is that individuals will increasingly experience privacy violations and discrimination (Kaufman (2009), pp. 643–644). Biomedical researchers worry that public fear of discrimination and privacy violations will limit their ability to collect and analyze genetic information in biobanks. As genetic testing advances and biobanks grow, such concerns will be amplified. The possibility that fear of genetic discrimination would cause people to refrain from genetic testing, which would in turn inhibit scientific research and the discovery of potentially life-saving medical interventions, was in large part responsible for the passage of legislation that addresses the potential threat of genetic discrimination in the USA.
Ambiguity in Knowledge Organization: Four Proposed Types

Classification and categorization order by creating or seeking certainty. Yet inevitably we encounter things that defy ready placement, which we may label other or miscellaneous, or force into another category. The literature of knowledge organization recognizes the consequences of classification and misrepresentation, but has not systematically outlined what circumstances or conditions render a thing ambiguous to those who would seek to describe it. This paper proposes four major sources or type of ambiguity in classification. While examples of these types may be found in many disciplines and settings, they have in common similar requirements for accurate or improved representation. Multiplicity is a source of ambiguity when a resource or object requires more terms to describe than the system allows. Emergence is ambiguity that arises when phenomena, from medical observation to literary genre, is at an early stage of description and thus unstable. Privacy-related ambiguity is that which stems from a gap of understanding or trust between those classifying and what is being classified, particularly in human communities. Conditional ambiguity arises when something requires narrative due to conditional contexts such as temporality or geography. This term also describes things that have dichotomous or fragmentary identities that are not easily represented by most systems. These types of ambiguity may arise in formal and informal organization systems. While observing these types of ambiguity may not offer immediate or feasible solutions, it may allow us to discuss their unique challenges and to better understand their manifestations across disciplines.
Development of Metallic and Metal Matrix Composite Self-Healing Materials

In the preceding chapters, we discussed theoretical foundations of self-healing and surface healing. In this chapter, we will review recent developments in metallic self-healing materials with the emphasis on the work done at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Center for Composites (Rohatgi et al. 1986; Nosonovsky et al. 2009a, b, c; Ruzek 2009; Martinez-Lucci 2011). This includes testing of the feasibility of various approaches to self-healing using solders, metal matrix composites (MMC), shape memory alloy (SMA) reinforcement, embedding of low melting point material as a reinforcement and other methods, including solid state precipitation of material to close off voids or cracks. Computational fluid dynamic simulation of healing in metallic materials due to the flow of liquid healing agent into cracks to help predict the types of cracks which can be healed is also included.
Genetic variation associated with increased insecticide resistance in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles coluzzii

Malaria mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa have declined significantly in recent years as a result of increased insecticide-treated bed net (ITN) usage. A major challenge to further progress is the emergence and spread of insecticide resistance alleles in the Anopheles mosquito vectors, like An. coluzzii. A non-synonymous mutation in the para voltage-gated sodium channel gene reduces pyrethroid-binding affinity, resulting in knockdown resistance (kdr). Metabolic mechanisms of insecticide resistance involving detoxification genes like cytochrome P450 genes, carboxylesterases, and glutathione S-transferases are also important. As some gene activity is tissue-specific and/or environmentally induced, gene regulatory variation may be overlooked when comparing expression from whole mosquito bodies under standard rearing conditions. We detected complex insecticide resistance in a 2014 An. coluzzii colony from southern Mali using bottle bioassays. Additional bioassays involving recombinant genotypes from a cross with a relatively susceptible 1995 An. coluzzii colony from Mali confirmed the importance of kdr and associated increased permethrin resistance to the CYP9K1 locus on the X chromosome. Significant differential expression of CYP9K1 was not observed among these colonies in Malpighian tubules. However, the P450 gene CYP6Z1 was overexpressed in resistant individuals following sublethal permethrin exposure and the carboxylesterase gene COEAE5G was constitutively overexpressed. The significant P450-related insecticide resistance observed in the 2014 An. coluzzii colony indicates that ITNs treated with the P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) would be more effective in this region. The known insecticide resistance gene CYP6Z1 was differentially expressed exclusively in the context of sublethal permethrin exposure, highlighting the importance of tissue-specificity and environmental conditions in gene expression studies. The increased activity of the carboxylesterase COEAE5G in the resistant An. coluzzii colony suggests resistance to other insecticides like organophosphates. Additional gene expression studies involving other tissues (e.g. fat body) would provide a more comprehensive view of genes underlying metabolic insecticide resistance in An. coluzzii from Mali. Identifying genetic markers linked to these regulatory alleles is an important next step that would substantially improve insecticide resistance surveillance and population genetic studies in this important vector species.
Using Scan Statistic to Detect Heroin Overdose Clusters with Hospital Emergency Room Visit Data

Objective To utilize syndromic surveillance data timely detecting herion overdose outbreaks in the community. Introduction Early detection of heroin overdose clusters is important in the current battle against the opioid crisis to effectively implement prevention and control measures. The New York State syndromic surveillance system collects hospital emergency department (ED) visit data, including visit time, chief complaint, and patient zip code. This data can be used to timely identify potential heroin overdose outbreaks by detecting spatial-temporal case clusters with scan statistic. Methods Heroin overdose cases (Heroin_OD) were identified from ED visits by searching Heroin_OD key terms in the chief complaints. Then the space-time permutation model (using the SaTScan package) was applied to detect clusters of Heroin_OD. ED visit date served as the time variable and the case residential zip code was the spatial coordinate variable for the SaTScan analysis. A SAS program was developed to carry out the prospective scan statistics analysis weekly and produces reports of detected clusters in table and map format. Cluster detection parameters were set to detect heroin overdose aggregation in maximum geographic radium of 20 kilometer (km) and maximum time span up of 21 days at the P-value <= 0.05. Chief complaints within the clusters are reviewed to ensure accuracy of detection. Messages have been developed and are shared with community members including law enforcement and public health identifying the cluster and offering suggestions of activities that can occur at the local level to identify and address the cause of the cluster, as well as to reduce potential harm. This includes the 23 syringe exchange programs (SEPs) regulated by the New York State Department of Health. Results Using ED visit data from 138 NY upstate hospitals, a total of 12 Heroin_OD clusters were detected by the SaTScan analysis during the period of 9/1/2016 through 9/17/2017. There were 845 cases identified. The average age was 35 years and ranged from 7 to 95 years. Sixty nine percent (69%) of the cases was in 20 to 39 age group and 66% in males. A cluster was identified earlier 2017 in Suffolk County, and the local SEP was alerted. This encouraged communication between partners within the alerted county which ultimately resulted in identifying the substance endangering people who used drugs in the area. It also helped public health to partner with public safety, ensuring that the availability of the substance was interrupted. Conclusions As the space-time permutation scan statistic only requires disease counts, event date and disease location, the method can be easily implemented for detecting disease outbreaks using data routinely collected from disease surveillance systems. The current study showed that scan statistic is a useful tool for identifying clusters of non-fatal overdoses from specific drugs. This method also returns important information to assist outbreak investigations, such as geographic location and time-span of the potential outbreaks.
Design based automatic defect classification at advanced technology nodes: DI: Defect inspection and reduction

As the semiconductor industry continues to advance to smaller and smaller nodes, Defect Review Scanning Electron Microscopy (DR-SEM) and ADC (Automatic Defect Classification) face increasingly difficult challenges. The Defects of Interest (DOI) shrink as the features shrink, leading to imaging difficulty purely based on scale. Also, more complex defect analysis is required for DOI's formed during multiple patterning steps or DOI's created in previous steps. A smart approach to ADC must be adopted which allows for high quality defect classification focused on root cause analysis and yield prediction in short cycle times. In this paper, we present results from novel approach: Design Based ADC (DBA). Here, design information with current DR-SEM and ADC platforms is combined, leading to superior and robust classification.
Cancer and low level ionizing radiation

An overwhelming amount of data show that there is no safe level of exposure and no dose of radiation is so low that the risk of a malignancy is zero. The question is—how great is the risk?
Reflections on Developing an Identity for the Third Generation Nuclear Engineer in the Post-Fukushima Society

The March 2011 nuclear reactor accidents at the Fukushima, Japan nuclear reactor complex catalyzed public discussion about nuclear technology and energy worldwide. As part of this, in August 2011, the Department of Nuclear Engineering at the University of California-Berkeley (UCBNE) hosted the 2011 Advanced Summer School of Nuclear Engineering and Management with Social-Scientific Literacy: Reflections on the Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Beyond (the Summer School). This unique program featured world leaders in nuclear engineering, social science, and history. The student body was comprised of post doctorate researchers and graduate students. This chapter will discuss the identity of the nuclear engineer within the context of the post-Fukushima society. Specifically, this is directed to what will be termed the ‘third generation’ engineer. In the upcoming decades, it is this third generation that will lead and shape perspectives on nuclear technology and develop new relationships with society. This chapter is intended to pose questions to the third generation to consider as part of their own, professional self-assessment. This chapter draws primarily from the experiences at the Summer School in an effort to direct meaningful discussions about the need to consider the identity of this third generation nuclear engineer in the post-Fukushima society.
Role of chemical potential and limitations of growth kinematics on stoichiometry of indium antimonide nanowires

Abstract The conditions governing the growth of indium antimonide ( I n S b ) nanowires by antimonidization of indium ( I n ) droplets in a Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) system are examined. We report on factors that affect the I n S b nanowire morphology and stoichiometry when growth is catalyzed by a low surface energy metal like I n . Using thermodynamics and kinematics of nanowire growth, theoretical predictions are compared to experimental data. Results detailing the dependence of morphology and composition of these nanowires on temperature and diameter of the alloyed droplet are analyzed to show the dependence of these parameters on the chemical potential between vapor, liquid and solid phases. The Gibbs-Thomson (GT) effect is used to explain lower effective supersaturation and slower nucleation in small sized droplets, resulting in nanowires with diameters below a critical diameter range to be comprised of pure I n .
Using similarity measures for medical event sequences to predict mortality in trauma patients

Abstract We extend a similarity measure for medical event sequences (MESs) and evaluate its classification performance for retrospective mortality prediction of trauma patient outcomes. Retrospective mortality prediction is a benchmarking task used by trauma care governance bodies to assist with policy decisions. We extend the similarity measure, the Optimal Temporal Common Subsequence for MESs (OTCS-MES), by generalizing the event-matching component with a plug-in weighting element. The extended OTCS-MES uses an event prevalence weight developed in our previous study and an event severity weight developed for this study. In the empirical evaluation of classification performance, we provide a more complete evaluation than previous studies. We compare the predictive performance of the Trauma Mortality Prediction Model (TMPM), an accepted regression approach for mortality prediction in trauma data, to nearest neighbor algorithms using similarity measures for MESs. Using a data set from the National Trauma Data Bank, our results indicate improved predictive performance for an ensemble of nearest neighbor classifiers over TMPM. Our analysis reveals a superior Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve, larger AUC, and improved operating points on a ROC curve. We also study methods to adjust for uncommon class prediction: weighted voting, neighborhood size, and case base size. Results provide strong evidence that similarity measures for medical event sequences are a powerful and easily adapted method assisting with health care policy advances.
Bringing a dialogue between Buddhist multilogicality and evolutionary science into the science classroom

In the context of the science versus creationism debate, Elizabeth Watts thoughtfully explores Buddhism as a model of compatibility between science and religion, and as inspiration for the pedagogical potential of mindfulness practices to promote student receptivity to scientific views of evolution. However, Watts focuses on modern Buddhist movements in the West that seek to align with rational scientific, materialist worldviews. To expand the dialogue, I focus instead on the tradition of Mahayana Buddhism, and discuss ways that Mahayana Buddhist and scientific views conflict rather than cohere on their onto-epistemological and axiological grounds and on specific points of evolutionary theory. Further, I argue that the history and doctrines of Buddhism reflect and allow for a multilogicality (Kincheloe in The power of difference in knowledge production: multilogicality in the bricolage and postformalism, 2007) or pluralism of views and ways of knowing, and that the drive to modernize Buddhism by erasing its differences from Western science has resulted in a loss of its characteristic pluralism and axiological commitments. Therefore, in considering Watts’ proposal for engaging secularized mindfulness practices in the evolutionary science classroom, I suggest a return to an understanding of their traditional basis in commitments to generating compassion and care, and a re-valuing of multilogicality and difference in teaching and learning; only then will we truly enrich and support the understanding and receptivity of all students to evolutionary science.
Resilience of the Built Environment to Fire and Fire-Following-Earthquake

The issue of resilience of the built environment to fire is discussed in this chapter. Fire is considered either as a single or cascading multi-hazard event, with a dedicated section on fire-following-earthquake. First, a description of the fire issue in developed countries is provided based on discussion of past incidents and data on fire-related human and economic costs. Then, the current approach to fire safety is critically examined. It is argued that this approach is unable to deliver the resiliency level expected from the buildings and infrastructure systems in our modern, interconnected societies. The case is made for a complementary, performance-based approach to fire safety, which builds on new paradigms in terms of Goal, Scale, Uncertainty, and Hazard Scenario. Recent advances made in other structural engineering subfields, most notably seismic engineering, are briefly reviewed to provide context to resilience assessment and performance-based designs, while highlighting the specificities of structural fire engineering. Then, the research toward advancing the principles of resilience in structural fire engineering is examined, including current gaps in knowledge. The case of fire-following-earthquake is explored. Finally, the chapter concludes with perspectives on the future of the topic.
Machine Learning and Education in the Human Age: A Review of Emerging Technologies

Today’s emerging technologies are moving in the direction of the human age. As technologies emerge in the educational setting, humans can evolve in the way they learn because of technology; and machines can evolve in the way they learn because of humans. Technology can be used to effectively observe and assesses human behaviors to better understand and respond to them. Whether the behaviors need to be adjusted or the behaviors are worth modeling, technology can provide support such as tools to track and collect data, assess performance, and provide meaningful feedback to the learner. In the human age of machine learning, the focus is less on technology and more on being human. To adapt to changing educational contexts, more effective applications of emerging technologies are needed. This paper explores the following novel applications of human-centered approaches to using technology in education: the quantified self, affective computing, emotional design, and pedagogical agents.
Organic Electrode Materials for Metal Ion Batteries.

Organic and polymer materials have been extensively investigated as electrode materials for rechargeable batteries because of the low cost, abundance, environmental benignity, and high sustainabili...
Energy Storage Systems in Operation

An electric utility provides power to its customers at a rate equivalent to approximately 60 percent of its generating capacity. Of the remaining 40 percent, some power is needed for plant maintenance and emergency standby. The rest is available for any variations in the power demand on a daily, weekly and seasonal basis. On a daily basis the minimum load averages are only 60 to 70 percent of the peak load.
Degradation of groundwater quality in the coastal aquifers of the USA

The objective of this study is to analyze groundwater types and the extent of seawater intrusion in terms of ion concentrations in groundwater sample using USGS monitoring wells. Groundwater quality indices [fsea, GQI (dom), GQI (mix), GQI (swi)] were used to estimate the spatial distributions of groundwater types in the US coastal aquifers. Results showed that the dominating groundwater chemistry in the study area was Na+ and Cl−. Results also indicated that seawater intrusion of groundwater occurred in the US coastal aquifers. Based on the results of GQI (mix) and GQI (dom), most of the wells fell under domain II in the Piper diagram, indicating that they were of the Na–Cl water type. Na–Cl and mixed Ca–Mg–Cl were determined to be the two dominant groundwater types in the coastal aquifers of the US seawater intrusion evident in the Palm Beach and Miami-Dade counties of Florida, the San Diego and Santa Barbara areas of California, and within Virginia and New Jersey on the east coast. As the sea level continues to rise further inland, Na–Cl concentration in groundwater will increase, particularly in aquifers along low-lying coasts.