cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Locating emitters using a cross-spectral cross-ambiguity function (CSCAF)

We present two methods to accurately estimate the location of an emitter from the received signal. The first of these methods is a variation of the standard cross-ambiguity function (CAF) for which we introduce a cross- spectral frequency estimation technique to replace the conventional methods based on the power spectrum. We demonstrate the use of the CSCAF in estimating the source location of an RF emission. The CSCAF is computed as the product of the complex-valued CAF and the conjugate of the time-delayed CAF. The magnitude of the CSCAF is the conventional CAF energy surface, and the argument of the CSCAF is the unquantized frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) computed as the phase of the CAF differentiated with respect to time. The advantage of the CSCAF is that it provides an extremely accurate estimate of FDOA. We demonstrate the use of the CSCAF in providing emitter location estimates that are superior to those provided by the conventional CAF. The second method presented provides a precision geolocation of the emitter from the signal received by a single moving receiver. This method matches the Doppler characteristics of the received signal to the Doppler characteristics estimated from the geometry of the transmitter and receiver. Both the CSCAF and the single receiver methods are enabled by cross-spectral frequency estimation methods that provide extremely accurate frequency estimation and tracking.
USE OF THE GIBBS SAMPLER TO INVERT LARGE, POSSIBLY SPARSE, POSITIVE DEFINITE MATRICES

Abstract A problem that is frequently encountered in statistics is that of computing some of the elements (e.g., the diagonal elements) of the inverse of a large, possibly sparse, positive definite matrix. Let W ={ w ij } represent an m × m positive definite matrix, let V ={ v ij } = W −1 , and let x ={ x i } represent an m × 1 random vecor whose distribution is multivariate normal with null mean vector and variance-covariance matrix V . The Gibbs sampler can be used to generate a sequence of m × 1 vectors x (1) , x (2) ,… such that, for sufficiently large values of k , x ( k ) can be regarded as a sample value of x . Letting x 1 ( k ) , …, x m ( k ) represent the elements of x ( k ) , x i ( k ) is a draw from a univariate normal distribution with mean and variance w ii −1 . The sample values of x can be used to obtain a Monte Carlo estimate of expectation E ( x i x i ) and hence [since v ij = E(x i x j )] of v ij . A possibly more efficient alternatives is to use the sample values to evaluate the outer expectation in the expression E[E(x i x j | x T )] , where x T is a subvector of x that excludes x i and/or x j . Sparsity (or various other kinds of structure) in W can be used to (computational) advantage in generating the draws x (1) , x (2) , … Numerical results indicate that if W is well-conditioned, then the statistical dependence between the draws is relatively small, reasonably accurate Monte Carlo estimates can be obtained from a relatively small number of draws, and the conditioning of x i x j on x T leads to significant improvements in accuracy.
Sphingolipids in cancer: Regulation of pathogenesis and therapy

Sphingolipids are known to play important roles in the regulation of cell proliferation, response to chemotherapeutic agents, and/or prevention of cancer. Recently, significant progress has been made in the identification of the enzymes and their biochemical functions involved in sphingolipid metabolism. In addition, development of new techniques for the quantitative analysis of sphingolipids at their physiological levels has facilitated studies to examine distinct functions of these bioactive sphingolipids in cancer pathogenesis and therapy. This review will focus on the recent developments regarding the roles of bioactive sphingolipids in the regulation of cell growth/proliferation, and anti-cancer therapeutics.
Predictive bias with referred and nonreferred black, Hispanic, and white pupils

Predictive bias was examined using data obtained from ethnically diverse referred and nonreferred samples. Achievement and intelligence measures included the Wechsler Intelligence Scale-Revised, Kaufman Achievement Battery, Woodcock-Johnson Psychoeducational Battery and the Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery. The sample consisted of 236 subjects selected from a large urban district in Texas. Results revealed evidence of predictive bias in several sets of intelligence-achievement measures. For the most part, intercept bias was more evident than slope bias (differential validity). The need for test developers to assess predictive bias in new or revised tests is emphasized.
Hardening from metal interstitials in a face centered cubic lattice - PbAg

Observations of pronounced increases in the yield stress of fcc Pb crystals due to Ag doping are reported. The introduction of silver solutes in lead produces a dramatic increase in the yield strength of the crystals. This hardening effect is produced by a solute concentration too small to be associated with substitutional solutes causing the hardening such as the case of tin in lead and is more consistent with solutes which produce interstitial hardening in crystals. The extent of hardening is dependent on the amount of interstitial silver trapped in solution. Further experiments are presently being conducted to more accurately determine the concentration dependence of the yield stress in the light of an observed increased hardening. In addition the influence of interstitials on the difference in flow stress between the normal and superconducting states is also under investigations and will be reported elsewhere. (auth)
Neutron Scintillation Counters

The various types of neutron scintillation detectors are examined with respect to efficiency, background sensitivity, pulse height and time response. Actual performance of certain counters under different source conditions are considered. These are given in Fig. 1, and include a few imaginary (3) cases.
DISPLACEMENT ENERGY MEASUREMENTS FOR ION-IRRADIATED 6H-SIC

Abstract Single crystal 6H–SiC wafers were separately irradiated at 180 or 190 K with energetic He + , C + and Si + ion beams to doses ranging from 0.008 to 0.42 dpa, with corresponding damage levels ranging from isolated point defects to complete amorphization. The accumulation of disorder on the Si sublattice has been followed using in-situ RBS measurements along the 〈0 0 0 1〉-axial channeling direction. In conjunction with SRIM-97 simulations and the Kinchin–Pease approximation, the average displacement energy for the Si sublattice at each dose has been estimated from the damage profile and integrated disorder concentration. At low defect concentrations, these energies approach the threshold displacement energy for perfect crystals.
Identifying Interruption Clusters in the Emergency Department

Interruptions can adversely affect human performance, particularly in fast-paced and high-risk environments. Much of the research on interruptions has been laboratory based and the extension of these methods to real-world settings has been challenging and limited. This paper discusses the development and usage of a new tool, TaskTracker, to increase understanding of interruptions in the emergency department. With the data collected from this tool we identified several temporal groupings of interruptions, what we define as interruption clusters. We found significantly more clusters during self-initiated computer tasks. In this setting, we also observed the tendencies of assistants, technicians, students, and nurses to interrupt attending physicians in clusters. A deeper understanding of who engages in interruption clusters and why may provide insights for future systemic strategies that could facilitate better communication patterns.
Mortality of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and S. granarius (L.) in atmospheres produced by an exothermic inert atmosphere generator

Abstract The exposure to atmospheres with low O 2 required to kill 50 and 95% of the developing Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and S. granarius (L.) indicated that the earlier and later stages were more susceptible and the middle stages were less susceptible. At 27°C, the duration of exposure required to produce 95% mortality during the 4th instar through early pupal development was about 10 days for S. oryzae and 6 days for S. granarius . The toxicity of the atmosphere produced by an exothermic inert atmosphere generator to each stage of S. oryzae was higher at 27°C than at 21°C. Larvae and pupae of S. granarius were more susceptible to the atmosphere than corresponding stages of S. oryzae . The type of grain in which the S. oryzae were developing did not significantly alter the mortality due to the generated atmosphere.
Inhibition of actin polymerization enhances commitment to and execution of apoptosis induced by withdrawal of trophic support.

We have previously shown, using jasplakinolide, that stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton enhanced apoptosis induced upon cytokine withdrawal (Posey and Bierer [1999] J. Biol. Chem. 274:4259-4265). It remained possible, however, that a disruption in the regulation of actin dynamics, and not simply F-actin stabilization, was required to affect the transduction of an apoptotic signal. We have now tested the effects of cytochalasin D, a well-characterized agent that promoted actin depolymerization. Actin depolymerization did not affect CD95 (Fas)-induced death of Jurkat T cells in the time course studied but did enhance the commitment to cytokine withdrawal-induced apoptosis of factor-dependent cell lines. The induction of cell death was not the result of direct cytoskeletal collapse, since treatment of the cells with cytochalasin D in the presence of IL-2 did not promote death. As with jasplakinolide, the enhancement of commitment to apoptosis could be delayed by overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-x(L), but, unlike jasplakinolide, cytochalasin D modestly affected the "execution" stage of apoptosis as well. Taken together, these results suggest that changes in actin dynamics, i.e., the rate of actin polymerization and depolymerization, modulate the transduction of the apoptotic signal committing lymphocytes, withdrawn from required growth factors, to the death pathway.
Blinding in clinical trials: A practical approach

Abstract Blinding is important in the conduct of clinical trials, yet it generally receives less attention and effort than other trial components (e.g., randomization, compliance) that are rigorously treated in the design and/or analysis stages. Furthermore, although the word “blind” commonly appears in the titles of publications, its use is not always well justified. We are human beings, and our behavior or decisions can change depending on whether our eyes are open or closed. That is why virtually everyone in the clinical trial community, including subjects, investigators, treating practitioners, and outcome assessors, would agree that some form of blinding is needed to reach a fair and objective conclusion uninfluenced by knowledge of intervention assignment. Despite our best efforts, however, blinding may not always be successful. There is a considerable body of literature about blinding and the need to assess whether it has been properly implemented and maintained. By discussing how the trialist and ...
The Baccalaureate Origins of Chicana and Chicano Doctorates in the Social Sciences

The research represents a national examination of the doctorate production and baccalaureate origins of Chicanas and Chicanos in the social sciences. As the first study of this population, there were two objectives. Thefirst was to provide baseline information in the form of a national overview of Chicanalo doctorate production from U.S. universities generally and in the social sciences specifically. Indeed, the research found that Chicanas/os are the most underrepresented population in doctorate production overall and in the social sciences in particular The second objective was to examine the baccalaureate origins of Chicanalo doctorates generally and in the social sciences specifically. The research found that certain small (mostly private) institutions, with significant percentages of Latino students, whose primary institutional mission is teaching and that are located in thefive southwestern states of California, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado appear to be the major producers of Chicanalo s...
Polymers for Solar Domestic Hot Water: Long-Term Performance of PB and Nylon 6,6 Tubing in Hot Water

Polymers offer a lightweight, low cost option for solar hot water system components. Key to the success of polymer heat exchanger components will be the long term mechanical performance of the polymer. This is particularly true for heat exchangers in which one of the fluids is pressurized hot water. For domestic hot water systems, polymer components must not fail after many years at a constant pressure (stress levels selected to correspond to 0.55 MPa in a tube) when immersed in 82°C potable water In this paper, the long term performance of two potential heat exchanger materials, polybutylene and nylon 6,6, is presented. Two failure mechanisms are considered: failure caused by material rupture (as indicated by the hydrostatic burst strength) and failure caused by excessive deformation (as indicated by the creep modulus). Hydrostatic burst strength and creep modulus data are presented for each material. Master curves for the creep compliance as a function of time are derived from experimental data. These master curves provide a mechanism for predicting creep modulus as a function of time. A case study is presented in which tubing geometry is selected given the hydrostatic burst strength and creep compliance data. This approach can be used to evaluate properties of candidate polymers and to design polymer components for solar hot water applications.
How can energy balance be achieved by free-living human subjects?

Human subjects in modern affluent environments ingest nutrients in a variety of complex situations which contain stimuli that can have major effects on intake. These include the immediate environmental, temporal, social and psychological stimuli and the properties of the foods. The immediate environment contains signals, both learned and unlearned that influence the amounts of nutrients ingested and food choices. These signals include lo- cation, companions, weather conditions, noise and even the distance of items from the subject (Engel
A novel implicit solver for the Vlasov-Maxwell system

Summary form only given. We present a novel method for solving Maxwell's equations, designed specifically to solve the Vlasov-Maxwell system. In such problems, the relevant plasma phenomena exist over a time scale that is long compared to that introduced by the speed of light. Our solver is built with the intent to accurately and efficiently simulate electrodynamics problems, but that can also transition to an efficient magneto static solver.
HMQC-NOESY: Application to a polynuclear aromatic at natural abundance

Orientation of proton spin systems relative to one another in polynuclear aromatics through the use of 1H homo-nuclear nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE) detected by heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation (HMQC-NOESY) at natural abundance is reported. The experiment was explored as a potential alternative for problems in which a solution cannot be obtained by more conventional methods. Optimization of the HMQC-NOESY experiment is discussed.
Alternative coolants for intense thermal loading on optical components

This paper provides the results of a parametric study conducted to assess the relative performance advantages derived from the use of coolants other than water to improve the peformance of the cooled optic or crystal. Cryogenic coolant and liquid gallium were investigated for their effectiveness in temperature and distortion control of an optical surface with an underlying pin post heat exchanger. The heat exchanger configuration remained the same but included changes in entrance and exit areas to accommodate the different coolants studied. The synergism of cooled beam line optics and high energy laser cooled element sees multiple passes by the beam before the beam is outcoupled, and, while smaller amounts of energy are absorbed, the resulting distortion is significant because of the accumulation of wave front distortion from the multiple passes. In the beam line application, large amounts of energy are absorbed but the number of passes is limited to one, and the resulting distortion occurs from the one pass. Thus, the heat exchanger design analysis tools developed for the laser apply to the beam line case without significant modification for the application. The experience base includes anchored analysis techniques that are low-cost and contribute a streamlined design approach toward achieving the desired cooled optical element performance.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Preliminary studies on pig saliva.

Abstract Using pentobarbital anaesthesia and pilocarpine stimulation, cannulated parotid saliva and whole saliva were collected from three ordinary and four miniature pigs aged 2–5 months. Measurements of flow rate, density, and sodium, potassium, phosphorus and calcium gave unrelated variable results. The range of values for the electrolytes was comparable to those for human saliva collected at comparable flow rates.
Human rhinovirus C infections in pediatric hematology and oncology patients

Children with cancer and HSCT recipients are at high risk for common viral infections. We sought to define the viral etiology of ARI and identify risk factors. Nasal wash samples were collected from pediatric hematology–oncology patients and HSCT recipients with ARI during the 2003–2005 winter seasons. Real-time RT-PCR was performed to detect Flu A, influenza B, RSV, PIV 1-3, human MPV, and HRV. HRV specimens were sequenced and genotyped. Seventy-eight samples from 62 children were included. Viruses were detected in 31 of 78 samples (40%). HRV were detected most frequently, in 16 (52%) including five HRVC; followed by seven (22%) RSV, five (16%) Flu A, four (13%) MPV, and two (6%) PIV2. There was a trend toward higher risk of viral infection for children in day care. Only 8% of the study children had received influenza vaccine. HRV, including the recently discovered HRVC, are an important cause of infection in pediatric oncology and HSCT patients. Molecular testing is superior to conventional methods and should be standard of care, as HRV are not detected by conventional methods.
An End to Student Segregation: No More Separation Between Distance Learning and Regular Courses

A discussion on the need for integration of distance learning into regular courses to ensure quality of education for all. Face‐to‐face students and distance learners should exist in the same communication environment, and faculty who introduce new technology in this way should be rewarded.
High-resolution structure of the Escherichia coli ribosome.

Protein synthesis by the ribosome is highly dependent on the ionic conditions in the cellular environment, but the roles of ribosome solvation have remained poorly understood. Moreover, the functions of modifications to ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins have also been unclear. Here we present the structure of the Escherichia coli 70S ribosome at 2.4-A resolution. The structure reveals details of the ribosomal subunit interface that are conserved in all domains of life, and it suggests how solvation contributes to ribosome integrity and function as well as how the conformation of ribosomal protein uS12 aids in mRNA decoding. This structure helps to explain the phylogenetic conservation of key elements of the ribosome, including post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications, and should serve as a basis for future antibiotic development.
Development of Instrumented Manikin Hands for Characterizing the Thermal Protective Performance of Gloves in Flash Fire Exposures

This paper describes a newly developed instrumented hand manikin fire test system called Pyrohands. This system is designed to measure the thermal protective performance of gloves in controlled flame exposures, including predicted second and third degree burns and the distribution of burns to the hands. This paper also describes a study that demonstrates the utility of the Pyrohands system for comparing the thermal protective performance of gloves made with different materials and constructions. The skin burn protective performance of gloves is of significant interest to firefighters, to soldiers and to others requiring thermal protection against hazardous flame exposures to the hands.
Teaching the basics of redox biology to medical and graduate students: Oxidants, antioxidants and disease mechanisms

This article provides a succinct but limited overview of the protective and deleterious effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in a clinical context. Reactive oxygen species include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, single oxygen and lipid peroxides. Reactive nitrogen species include species derived from nitric oxide. This review gives a brief overview of the reaction chemistry of these species, the role of various enzymes involved in the generation and detoxification of these species in disease mechanisms and drug toxicity and the protective role of dietary antioxidants. I hope that the graphical review will be helpful for teaching both the first year medical and graduate students in the U.S. and abroad the fundamentals of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in redox biology and clinical medicine.
Changing Teachers' Negative Expectations

The purpose of my study was to examine the effects of a shortrange interactive process, involving teacher and child, on changing the teacher's negative expectations of a child to positive ones. This interactive process involved a demonstration of teaching strategies, the selection of curricular priorities, and a planning session with teachers, which all related to the performance of children experiencing difficulties in the classroom. The motivating factors for the process (hereafter referred to as the demonstration planning system*) were the growing failure rates in our public school system (Schain 1972), and the increasing number of children identified as learning disabled or educationally vulnerable.
Local stress analysis of discretely supported rotational shells: Method and computer program

Abstract The stresses in the vicinity of discrete support points for rotational shells are considered using a superposition approach. The solution is composed of a continuous boundary case and a self-equilibrated line load case, both of which are represented in Fourier series. The necessary equations to evaluate the Fourier coefficients are derived and a computer code to facilitate evaluating the coefficients is given. The procedure is applicable to shells which are open at the base such as hyperbolic and similarly shaped cooling towers.
African American Adolescent Girls in Impoverished Communities: Parenting Style and Adolescent Outcomes

The relationship between parenting style and adolescent functioning was examined in a sample of 302 African American adolescent girls and their mothers who lived in impoverished neighborhoods. Although previous research has found that authoritative parenting, as compared with authoritarian, permissive, and disengaged parenting, is associated with positive adolescent outcomes in both European American, middle-class and large multiethnic school-based samples, these parenting categories have not been fully explored in African American families living at or near poverty level. Data were collected from adolescent girls and their self-identified mothers or mother figures using in-home interviews and self-administered questionnaires. Parenting style was found to be significantly related to adolescent outcome in multiple domains including externalizing and internalizing behaviors, academic achievement, work orientation, sexual experience, and pregnancy history. Specifically, teens whose mothers were disengaged (low on both parental warmth and supervision/monitoring) were found to have the most negative outcomes.
The immunodominant CD8+ T cell epitope region of Theiler's virus in resistant C57BL/6 mice is critical for anti-viral immune responses, viral persistence, and binding to the host cells.

Abstract Theiler's virus infection induces an immune-mediated demyelinating disease, providing a relevant animal model of human multiple sclerosis. VP2121–130-specific CD8+ T cells in resistant H-2b mice account for the majority of CNS-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. To further study the role of the CD8+ T cells, we generated a panel of mutant viruses substituted with L, G, or T at the anchor residue (M130) of the VP2121–130 epitope. M130L virus (M130L-V) with a substitution of M with L displayed similar properties as wild-type virus (WT-V). However, M130G-V and M130T-V could not establish a persistent infection in the CNS. The level of both virus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses is significantly reduced in mice infected with these variant viruses. While all mutant and wild-type viruses replicate comparably in BHK cells, replication of M130G-V and M130T-V in macrophages was significantly lower compared to those infected with WT-V and M130L-V. Interestingly, these mutant viruses deficient in replication in primary mouse cells showed drastically reduced binding ability to the cells. These results suggest that the anchor residue of the predominant CD8+ T cell epitope of TMEV in resistant mice is critical for the virus to infect target cells and this deficiency may result in poor viral persistence leading to correspondingly low T cell responses in the periphery and CNS. Thus, selection of the cellular binding region of the virus as the predominant epitope for CD8+ T cells in resistant mice may provide a distinct advantage in controlling viral persistence by preventing escape mutations.
Structural insights into fibrinogen dynamics using amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry.

We determined the amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange profile of native human fibrinogen under physiologic conditions. After optimization of the quench and proteolysis conditions, more than 1,200 pep...
Differential effects of economic factors on specialist and family physician distribution in Illinois: a county-level analysis.

CONTEXT Uneven distribution of physicians across geographic areas of the United States remains a significant problem that may have implications for health. PURPOSE To develop a statistical model of physician distribution in Illinois counties that predicts where specialists and family physicians practice, and to suggest policy strategies for alleviating shortages. METHODS Three-stage least squares, an estimation technique, was utilized to create a model where 19 variables suggested by the literature predicted specialist and family physician distribution within geographic areas, specifically counties in Illinois. FINDINGS Non-economic quality of life factors seemed to be related to specialist physician practice location (eg, percent graduates and professionals located in the area, public school expenditures, nonpublic teachers per capita, and sufficient hospital beds). In contrast, economic factors were related to family physician practice location (eg, per capita income, total population [an indicator of demand for medical care]). CONCLUSION Indicators suggest quality of life factors appear important in specialist location and retention, whereas indicators suggest economic factors appear important to family physician location and retention. Subsidies are suggested to encourage more family physicians to locate and remain in rural areas.
Selection of a causal background: Role of expectation versus feature mutability.

Two experiments test the hypothesis that people construct the causal background from features of the target episode as suggested by D. Kahneman and D. T. Miller's (1986) norm theory instead of adopting the usual or expected case as the preferred comparison. Results of Experiment I indicate that unsuccessful males are contrasted with successful males, regardless of the task, whereas unsuccessful females are contrasted with successful males for typically male tasks and unsuccessful females for typically female tasks. Results of Experiment 2 indicate that successful males are contrasted with unsuccessful males, whereas successful females are contrasted with unsuccessful females
Potential movement on surface airflow of a bivoltine population of European corn borer (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) into a historically univoltine habitat

Larval collections of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner),were made in and surrounding a seed corn nursery at Johnstown, ND, a year before and each of 3 yr during a test for hybrid resistance to this insect. Johnstown is in an area known to maintain a univoltine population of O. nubilalis . The 30,000 inbred corn plants tested for resistance, however, were infested each year with a bivoltine population of O. nubilalis . Each sample site collection was maintained as a separate population, and the 2nd laboratory-reared generation was tested for diapause frequency in growth chambers programmed to force most univoltine individuals to enter larval diapause and allow a minimum of 50% of bivoltine individuals to continue development. These results illustrate that bivoltine populations dispersed at least 32 km/yr. The results indicate further that light southerly or easterly surface winds (under 8 km/h) were the essential transport mechanisms for this dispersal. It is probable that bivoltine O. nubilalis have been invading the historically univoltine areas of northwestern Minnesota, North Dakota, and the Canadian prairie provinces from the south for years.
Effect of Various Goiter-Producing Diets on the Growth of Carcinoma, Sarcoma, and Melanoma in Animals

It is said that in Switzerland, where goiter is prevalent, the incidence of cancer is much higher than in the south of Europe. Although certain authorities maintain that no relation exists between the incidence of cancer and goiter, the fact is known that the metabolism of the cancer cell is more active than that of the normal cell, and that the marked cellular hyperplasia of severe Graves9 disease equals that of some malignant tumors (1). The present study was undertaken for the purpose of determining the influence of a diet either deficient in iodine or rich in iodine, upon the growth of tumors in animals.
Inertia of the stein transformation with respect to some nonderogatory matrices

Let A be an n-by-n nonderogatory matrix all of whose eigenvalues lie on the unit circle, and let π and ν be nonnegative integers with π + ν = n. Let π′ and ν′ be positive integers and δ′ a nonnegative integer with π′ + ν′ + δ′ = n. In this paper we explore the existence of a Hermitian nonsingular matrix K with inertia (π, ν, 0), such that the Stein transformation of K corresponding to A, SA(K) = K − AKA∗, is a Hermitian matrix with inertia (π′, ν′, δ′). The study is done by reducing A to Jordan canonical form. If C is an n-by-n nonderogatory matrix all of whose eigenvalues lie on the imaginary axis, then the results obtained for SA(K) are valid for the Lyapunov transformation, LC(K) = CK + KC∗, of K corresponding to C.
Dynein and Intraflagellar Transport

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a brief background on intraflagellar transport (IFT) and reviews the studies culminating in the identification of the dynein motor that powers retrograde IFT. IFT is the active movement of multi-subunit particles along axonemal doublet microtubules in the space between the outer-doublet microtubules and the membrane of cilia and flagella. Following this, it describes the known subunits of this dynein, discussing their specific functions, and examining how they fit together in the intact motor. Furthermore, it discusses the function of the dynein in recycling IFT proteins and other flagellar components, in transporting signals from the cilium to the cell body, in ciliary maintenance, and so on. Finally, it states that the basic function of cytoplasmic dynein 2 as the motor for retrograde IFT is now well established, and its general molecular architecture can be accurately predicted. However, much remains to be learned about this unique and important dynein. The currently intense focus on investigating ciliary function and assembly (and disassembly) is likely to provide more information on the role of dynein 2 in the transport of specific proteins and signals out of the cilium. Whether dynein 2 functions as a microtubule motor in other places where IFT particles are found besides the cilium is an important question that has yet to be addressed.
The Principal's Role in Special Education Programming

Here's a review of the basic issues a principal is likely to encounter in dealing with special education placements.
The Chloride Corrosion Behavior of Silver-base Casting Alloys

The chloride corrosion behavior of five silver-palladium dental casting alloys was investigated in a 1% NaCl solution through the use of electrochemical hysteresis technique. The corrosion mechanism has been interpreted in terms of the microstructure of these alloys and their possible electrochemical reactions.
The Design and Analysis of Multisite Effectiveness Trials: A Decade of Progress in the National Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network

This Special Issue brings together articles that reflect 12 years of experience in the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Clinical Trials Network (CTN) with methodological and statistical issues that arise in the design and conduct of controlled, multisite, community-based effectiveness trials. To date, the CTN has randomized over 13,000 patients into 27 completed trials, with more trials currently ongoing, providing a wealth of experience in design, implementation, and analysis of effectiveness trials. We hope that these articles will prove useful in the future to investigators conducting effectiveness research in the addictions, as well as other branches of mental and behavioral health.
Hemothorax: A Rare Complication of Splenoportography

An instance of left-sided hemothorax complicating splenoportography is described in a 59-year-old alcoholic cirrhotic patient with esophageal varices. Trans-diaphragmatic laceration of diaphragmatic-intercostal venous collaterals consequent to portal systemic shunting associated with portal hypertension was felt to be the basis of the unusual complication encountered.
Nanofluidics and the role of nanocapillary array membranes in mass-limited chemical analysis

Integrated microfluidic structures, comprised of three-dimensional assemblies of microfluidic channels, can effect sequentially-linked analytical operations with mass-limited samples. This three-dimensional operation is enabled by electrically-switchable nanocapillary array membranes with novel transport properties.
Quasiclassical mobility for extrinsic semiconductors

Abstract A quasiclassical formulation for mobility in extrinsic semiconductors is presented based on scattering from ionized impurity atoms. Quantum theory enters the otherwise classical Chapman-Enskog expansion of the Boltzmann equation through incorporation of the Thomas-Fermi interaction potential together with the Bom approximation for evaluation of scattering integrals. The following expression results for mobility μi, (cgs): μ i 3 2 ϵ 2 n s e 3 m ∗ 2 2 k B T 2φ 3 2 1 f(γ) , f(γ)=[(1+γ)e γ E 1 (γ)−1] , where ns is impurity concentration, m∗ is effective mass, E1(γ) is the exponential integral, ϵ is dielectric constant and γ is dimensionless Thomas-Fermi energy. The structure of the dimensional factor in the preceding expression for μi agrees with previous expressions for this parameter.
Backscattered wave calculation using the De Wolf approximation and a phase-screen propagator

A new method of calculating synthetic seismograms of primary reflections or backscattering for surface reflection surveying is introduced using the De Wolf MFSB approximation and phase-screen one-way propagations. Two versions of algorithm are presented, both of which use the dual domain technique for computational efficiency. One is the direct use of MFSB approximation, in which the step length of calculating the backscattered waves uses the grid spacing, but the step length of forward propagation uses the screen interval which is much greater than the grid spacing. The other version is the screen approximation for both the forward and backward scattered waves and therefore both step lengths can adopt the screen interval, resulting in great computational efficiency. The screen-approximation involves small-angle approximation and may have some effects on large-angle backscattered waves. Numerical examples using both versions of algorithm show good results. Good agreements with finite difference calculation on the second example indicate that even though the screen approximation involves the small-angle approximation, satisfactory results can be obtained for many practical applications with a great computational efficiency.
The Economics of Lotteries: An Annotated Bibliography

This paper presents an annotated bibliography of all papers relating to the economics of lotteries as of early to mid 2011. All published scholarly papers that could be identified by the authors are included along with the published abstract where available.
Modeling Thermal Stresses in 3-D IC Interwafer Interconnects

We present a finite-element-based analysis to determine if there are potential reliability concerns due to thermally induced stresses in interwafer copper via structures in three-dimensional (3-D) ICs when benzocyclobutene (BCB) is used as the dielectric adhesive to bond wafers. We first partially validate our approach by comparing computed results against two types of experimental data from planar ICs: 1) volume-averaged thermal stresses measured by X-ray diffraction in an array of parallel Cu lines passivated with TEOS and 2) studies of failures induced by thermal cycling via chain structures embedded in SiLK or SiCOH. In the volume-averaged thermal stress study, predicted stress slopes (dsigma/dT) agree well with other modeling results. Our computed stress slopes agree reasonably well with experimental data along the Cu line direction and normal to the Cu lines surface, but we underestimate the stress slope across the Cu line. In the case of via chains, computed von Mises stresses agree with the results of thermal cycle experiments; we predict failure when SiLK is used as a dielectric and predict no failure when SiCOH is used as the dielectric. The approach is then employed to study thermal stresses in interwafer Cu vias in 3-D IC structures bonded with BCB. Simulations show that the von Mises stresses in interwafer Cu vias decrease with decreasing pitch at constant via size, increase with decreasing via size at constant pitch, and decrease with decreasing BCB thickness. We conclude that there is a concern regarding the stability of interwafer Cu vias. Guidelines for design parameter values are estimated, e.g., interwafer via size, pitch, and BCB thickness. For 2.6-mum-thick BCB, computations indicate that via size should be larger than 3 mum at a pitch of 10 mum to avoid plastic yield of Cu vias
An exciting new twist on a familiar approach: credit-based research groups at the University of Washington

A key competency for professionals in technical communication is an ability to understand, evaluate, and even contribute to the body of research relevant to the field. At the same time, helping students learn to understand and do research can be challenging within the constraints of a traditional curriculum. At the University of Washington, we are addressing these issues through the use of credit-based research groups. In this paper, we describe this initiative, present example of approaches taken by specific research groups, identify the models underlying these examples, and discuss lessons learned.
XplorSeq: A software environment for integrated management and phylogenetic analysis of metagenomic sequence data

Advances in automated DNA sequencing technology have accelerated the generation of metagenomic DNA sequences, especially environmental ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) sequences. As the scale of rDNA-based studies of microbial ecology has expanded, need has arisen for software that is capable of managing, annotating, and analyzing the plethora of diverse data accumulated in these projects. XplorSeq is a software package that facilitates the compilation, management and phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences. XplorSeq was developed for, but is not limited to, high-throughput analysis of environmental rRNA gene sequences. XplorSeq integrates and extends several commonly used UNIX-based analysis tools by use of a Macintosh OS-X-based graphical user interface (GUI). Through this GUI, users may perform basic sequence import and assembly steps (base-calling, vector/primer trimming, contig assembly), perform BLAST (Basic Local Alignment and Search Tool; [1–3]) searches of NCBI and local databases, create multiple sequence alignments, build phylogenetic trees, assemble Operational Taxonomic Units, estimate biodiversity indices, and summarize data in a variety of formats. Furthermore, sequences may be annotated with user-specified meta-data, which then can be used to sort data and organize analyses and reports. A document-based architecture permits parallel analysis of sequence data from multiple clones or amplicons, with sequences and other data stored in a single file. XplorSeq should benefit researchers who are engaged in analyses of environmental sequence data, especially those with little experience using bioinformatics software. Although XplorSeq was developed for management of rDNA sequence data, it can be applied to most any sequencing project. The application is available free of charge for non-commercial use at http://vent.colorado.edu/phyloware .
Relationships Among Sleepiness, Sleep Time, and Psychological Functioning in Adolescents

Objective This study examined associations among adolescent sleepiness, sleep duration, variability in sleep duration, and psychological functioning (symptoms of anxiety, depression, externalizing behaviors, and perceived health). Methods This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from a community-based cohort study of sleep and health. Participants were 247 adolescents (48.6% female, 54.3% ethnic minority, mean age of 13.7 years). Sleep duration and variability in sleep duration were measured by actigraphy and sleepiness was measured by adolescent questionnaire. Primary outcomes were measured by parent, teacher, and adolescent questionnaires. Results Sleepiness was associated with higher scores on measures of anxiety (Adjusted partial r 2 ¼.28, p<.001), depression (Adjusted partial r 2 ¼.23, p<.001), and perceived health (indicating more negative outcomes) (Adjusted partial r 2 ¼.19, p<.01). Significant associations between sleep duration
Additional stenting promotes intimal proliferation and compromises the results of intravascular radiation therapy: an intravascular ultrasound study.

Abstract Background Vascular brachytherapy (VBT) reduces in-stent restenosis (ISR). However, additional stenting at the time of radiation may be associated with a worse outcome. Methods and results Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was performed after VBT and at 6 months follow-up in 79 native artery ISR patients treated with γ-radiation who participated in the Washington Radiation for In-Stent restenosis Trial (WRIST), Gamma-1, and Angiorad Radiation Technology for In-Stent restenosis Trial in Coronaries (ARTISTIC) trials. Patients were treated with 192 Ir at 14 or 15 Gy at 2 mm from the source. Additional stents were used to treat the ISR lesions in 45 patients; these patients were then compared with the 34 patients treated without restenting. Paired measurements included stent, lumen, and intimal hyperplasia volumes. After the VBT procedure, intimal hyperplasia volume was smaller in the group treated with additional stents (54 ± 33 mm 3 vs 34 ± 33 mm 3 , P = .012), but minimal lumen area was similar between the 2 groups (4.3 ± 1.5 mm 2 vs 4.7 ± 1.4 mm 2 respectively, P = NS). Between the time of the VBT procedure and follow-up, intimal hyperplasia volume increased by 27 ± 19 mm 3 in the restented group and by 9 ± 21 mm 3 in the group treated without additional stents ( P = .014). At 6 months, intimal volume was similar in the 2 groups, but minimal lumen area was slightly smaller in the group treated with additional stents (3.4 ± 1.8 mm 2 vs 4.2 ± 1.7 mm 2 , P = .053). Patients treated with additional stents had more target lesion revascularizations than the group treated without additional stents (38% vs 15%, P = .02). Conclusions Additional stenting reduces intimal hyperplasia within the stents acutely. However, it compromises the benefit of VBT by promoting higher intimal regrowth within months after radiation.
Management of Choroidal and Ciliary-Body Melanomas

VEAL MELANOMA is the most common U primary intraocular malignancy. It is the only primary intraocular disease in the adult that can be fatal. The annual incidence of these tumors in the United States is 6 cases per 1 million people,' a rate approximately onefifteenth that of melanomas of the skin2 Uveal melanoma is many times more common in white than in black or Asian Americans.' People with fair skin and eye color and those with Northern European or British ancestry seem to be at increased risk of the disease.3 Environmental determinants of melanoma risk are less certain, but ultraviolet-light exposure from the sun and from artificial sources appears to be a strong and id ate.^ The incidence of metastases from uveal melanoma varies according to the site in which the tumor is diagnosed. As many as one half of patients with melanomas of the choroid or ciliary body will die from the disease within 10 to 15 years of en~cleation.~,~ In contrast, melanomas confined to the iris rarely, if ever, spread beyond the eye. A small number of patients (1%) are found to have metastatic disease at presentation. Before treatment, patients should receive a complete systemic examination to exclude metastasis or another primary malignancy. The liver is the primary site of metastasis in the great majority of patients; therefore, liverfunction studies should be routinely performed. A chest roentgenogram is also indicated because the lungs are frequently involved. If either the systemic examination or the laboratory tests show any abnormality, definitive studies including liver scan, ultrasonography, or computed axial tomography (CAT) of the abdomen, or a chest CAT scan should be performed. However,
An analysis of decision making in discharge planning.

A repeated-measures design was used to examine medical professionals' discharge planning strategies. Physicians, residents, nurses, and social workers were presented with 16 hypothetical case scenarios and asked to: (1) rate the appropriateness of four discharge options (nursing home, community nursing, adult day, and outpatient clinic care), and (2) select the most appropriate discharge plan for each case. Four within-group variables were included in the scenarios: physical impairment, caregiver availability, follow-up required, and patient compliance. Decisions were greatly influenced by caregiver availability. When a caregiver was available, respondents preferred community-based options (i.e., community nursing care or outpatient clinic); if the case involved complications (i.e., severe physical impairment, heavy follow-up, noncompliant patient), they considered community nursing care more appropriate than outpatient clinic. When a caregiver was unavailable, respondents preferred institution-based options (i.e., nursing home or adult daycare); if there were complications, they considered nursing home more appropriate than adult daycare.