cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Does Anxiety Affect Adults with Skin Disease? Examining the Indirect Effect of Anxiety Symptoms on Impairment Through Anxiety Sensitivity

Emerging research suggests social anxiety, health anxiety, and generalized anxiety disorder symptoms are particularly relevant for dermatology patients. Unfortunately, very few studies have investigated how these anxieties affect quality of life among individuals with skin disease. The aims of the present study were to characterize the rates of these anxiety syndromes among adults with active skin disease symptoms, examine correlations between anxiety and skin disease symptoms, and test the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in skin-related impairment. A considerable number of participants (N = 237) screened positive for social anxiety disorder (62.9%), health anxiety (18.1%), and generalized anxiety disorder (32.5%). Consistent with hypothesis, each anxiety syndrome was indirectly related to skin-related impairment through anxiety sensitivity. Overall, the findings emphasize the importance of anxiety symptoms in dermatological outcomes.
Tunneling in Unimolecular and Bimolecular Reactions

Tunneling is an important quantum phenomenon in reaction dynamics. In this chapter, the effects of tunneling on photodissociation and reactive scattering are discussed using two prototypical examples. The first deals with a unimolecular decomposition reaction, namely the photodissociation of NH3 in its first (A) absorption band and the second is concerned with an important bimolecular reaction in combustion: HO + CO → H + CO2. In the former case, the lifetimes of low-lying vibrational resonances in the predissociative excited state are influenced by tunneling through a small barrier in the dissociation (N–H) coordinate, which is also responsible for a strong H/D isotope effect. The latter, on the other hand, is affected by tunneling through a tight barrier in the exit channel primarily along the H–O dissociation coordinate, which is manifested by the non-Arrhenius rate constant at low temperatures, kinetic isotope effects, and vibrational mode selectivity. In addition, the photodetachment of HOCO− produces metastable HOCO species, the decomposition of which is dominated by deep tunneling to the H + CO2 products. Since both systems are influenced by multidimensional tunneling, an accurate characterization of the dynamics requires a quantum mechanical (QM) treatment, preferably with full dimensionality. In this chapter, we review the recent advances in understanding the effects of tunneling in these two reactive systems.
Designing an Elusive C•G→G•C CRISPR Base Editor

Protein engineering advances, including DNA repair manipulation of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat) machinery, have paved the way for the first set of DNA precision base editors (C•G→T•A and A•T→G•C), with wide-ranging implications for treating many human genetic diseases. By utilizing the latest protein evolution advances, a hypothetical model for the first transversion (C•G→G•C) base editor can now be proposed.
Analysis of the Prevalence of Microsatellite Instability in Prostate Cancer and Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade

Importance The anti–programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody pembrolizumab is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of microsatellite instability–high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair–deficient (dMMR) solid tumors, but the prevalence of MSI-H/dMMR prostate cancer and the clinical utility of immune checkpoint blockade in this disease subset are unknown. Objective To define the prevalence of MSI-H/dMMR prostate cancer and the clinical benefit of anti–PD-1/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapy in this molecularly defined population. Design, Setting, and Participants In this case series, 1551 tumors from 1346 patients with prostate cancer undergoing treatment at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center were prospectively analyzed using a targeted sequencing assay from January 1, 2015, through January 31, 2018. Patients had a diagnosis of prostate cancer and consented to tumor molecular profiling when a tumor biopsy was planned or archival tissue was available. For each patient, clinical outcomes were reported, with follow-up until May 31, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Tumor mutation burden and MSIsensor score, a quantitative measure of MSI, were calculated. Mutational signature analysis and immunohistochemistry for MMR protein expression were performed in select cases. Results Among the 1033 patients who had adequate tumor quality for MSIsensor analysis (mean [SD] age, 65.6 [9.3] years), 32 (3.1%) had MSI-H/dMMR prostate cancer. Twenty-three of 1033 patients (2.2%) had tumors with high MSIsensor scores, and an additional 9 had indeterminate scores with evidence of dMMR. Seven of the 32 MSI-H/dMMR patients (21.9%) had a pathogenic germline mutation in a Lynch syndrome–associated gene. Six patients had more than 1 tumor analyzed, 2 of whom displayed an acquired MSI-H phenotype later in their disease course. Eleven patients with MSI-H/dMMR castration-resistant prostate cancer received anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Six of these (54.5%) had a greater than 50% decline in prostate-specific antigen levels, 4 of whom had radiographic responses. As of May 2018, 5 of the 6 responders (5 of 11 total [45.5%]) were still on therapy for as long as 89 weeks. Conclusions and Relevance The MSI-H/dMMR molecular phenotype is uncommon yet therapeutically meaningful in prostate cancer and can be somatically acquired during disease evolution. Given the potential for durable responses to anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, these findings support the use of prospective tumor sequencing to screen all patients with advanced prostate cancer for MSI-H/dMMR. Because not all patients with the MSI-H/dMMR phenotype respond, further studies should explore mechanisms of resistance.
The Effect of Instructions, Anxiety, and Locus of Control on Intelligence Test Scores.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of instructions, anxiety, and locus of control on scores obtained on a group-administered intelligence test. One hundred and thirteen fifth-g...
Effect of Aging on Component Reliability in Harsh Thermal Cycling

Reliability of solder joints has been a serious concern since tin-lead solders were replaced with SnAgCu based solder alloys, especially in harsh thermal cycling environments. Aging has been adding to the detrimental effects of harsh environments on solder joints. Aging has been found to alter the mechanical and structural properties of solder joints, which in turn deteriorates its fatigue life. Several new elements such as Bi (bismuth), Ni (nickel), Sb (antimony) have been micro-alloyed to mitigate the aging effects and thus improve the reliability of solder joints. In this paper, we investigate the effects of aging with different factors such as solder paste, solder sphere alloy and surface finish that constitute a solder joint. Two Bi-based pastes and one non-Bi based paste are considered for this study. Popular solder sphere alloys, namely, SAC105 and SAC305 are considered. The surface finishes are ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold) and ImAg (Immersion Silver). The test vehicle used in the study consists of 15mm and 6mm Ball Grid Array (BGA) components, 5mm Quad Flat No-lead (QFN) packages and 2512 Surface Mount Resistors (SMR). One set of boards are isothermally aged at 125°C for 12 months and subjected to thermal cycling with a temperature range of −40°C to + 125°C. Another set of boards were thermally cycled after assembly. After the test, it was observed that most of the CABGA208s (15mm) failed while there were few failures for the other components. So, only the larger BGAs (15mm) are considered in the statistical analyses. Two-parameter Weibull analysis is done to quantify the performance of the different combinations. DOE analysis is also done to determine the most influential factors affecting the reliability. The results showed that aging affects the fatigue life of solder joints and that addition of elements such as Bi, Sb, Ni, Co has helped to mitigate the aging effects.
Substituent effects on energetics and crystal morphology modulate singlet fission in 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracenes

Singlet fission (SF) converts a singlet exciton into two triplet excitons in two or more electronically coupled organic chromophores, which may then be used to increase solar cell efficiency. Many known SF chromophores are unsuitable for device applications due to chemical instability or low triplet state energies. The results described here show that efficient SF occurs in derivatives of 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA), which is a highly robust and tunable chromophore. Fluoro and methoxy substituents at the 4- and 4′-positions of the BPEA phenyl groups control the intermolecular packing in the crystal structure, which alters the interchromophore electronic coupling, while also changing the SF energetics. The lowest excited singlet state (S1) energy of 4,4′-difluoro-BPEA is higher than that of BPEA so that the increased thermodynamic favorability of SF results in a (16 ± 2 ps)−1 SF rate and a 180% ± 16% triplet yield, which is about an order of magnitude faster than BPEA with a comparable triplet yield. By contrast, 4-fluoro-4′-methoxy-BPEA and 4,4′-dimethoxy-BPEA have slower SF rates, (90 ± 20 ps)−1 and (120 ± 10 ps)−1, and lower triplet yields, (110 ± 4)% and (168 ± 7)%, respectively, than 4,4′-difluoro-BPEA. These differences are attributed to changes in the crystal structure controlling interchromophore electronic coupling as well as SF energetics in these polycrystalline solids.
Analysis of OpenMP 4.5 Offloading in Implementations: Correctness and Overhead

Abstract The OpenMP language features have been evolving to meet the rapid development in hardware platforms. This journal focuses on evaluating implementations of OpenMP 4.5 target offload features in compilers such as Clang, XL and GCC that are an integral part of the software harness on supercomputers and clusters. We use Summit (Top supercomputer in the world as of November 2018) as one of our experimental setup. Such an effort is particularly critical on such supercomputers as that is being widely used by application developers to run their scientific codes at scale. Our tests not only evaluate the OpenMP implementations but also expose ambiguities within the OpenMP 4.5 specification. We also assess the overhead of the different OpenMP runtimes in relationship to the different directives and clauses. This helps in assessing the interaction of different OpenMP directives independent of other application artifacts. We are aware that the implementations are constantly evolving and Summit is advertised as having only partial OpenMP 4.x support. This is a synergistic effort to help identify and fix bugs in features’ implementations that are required by applications and prevent deployment delays later on. Going forward, we also plan to interact with standard benchmarking organizations like SPEC/HPG to donate our tests and mini-apps/kernels for potential inclusion in the next release versions of SPEC benchmark suite.
Soil Permeability in Centrifuge Modeling

If the same prototype soil and water are used for a centrifuge model, as it is generally accepted, the seepage velocity in the centrifuge is increased by N times earth gravity produced by the centrifuge environment. The increased seepage velocity produces a time scaling conflict between diffusion time and dynamic time. Many centrifuge researchers prefer not to scale soil particle size; thus, the viscous fluid is used to resolve the time conflict. The purpose of viscous fluid is to maintain the same seepage velocity as in the prototype condition. In other words, the hydraulic conductivity of model soil in centrifuge environment is same as in the prototype condition. For a parametric study, especially, a comparison of test results produced by multiple centrifuge facilities such as the LEAP project, the soil permeability should be consistent. Viscous fluid should be prepared carefully and accurately measured fluid viscosity used for each centrifuge test should be reported because it could affect the soil permeability significantly. It is ideal that the permeability of soil with viscous fluid is measured in the laboratory following ASTM standards before each test. The permeability test should be conducted in such a way that it validates the Darcy’s flow behavior for the hydraulic gradients (and seepage velocity) anticipated in the centrifuge test. Permeability of the sample using the viscous fluid should be reported for each test conducted by each facility. It is unlikely that the permeability will match perfectly between each test but numerical validation can account for the variation of the soil permeability.
Examining the Effectiveness of Genetic Counselors' Communication of Variant of Uncertain Significance Results of Breast Cancer Genes.

Receiving a variant of uncertain significance (VUS) result is quite common for individuals who undergo genetic testing. Because VUS results are often unexpected and necessarily complex, they are ch...
2H SOLCOR: A Novel Tool for Reducing Volume Variation as A Source of Error in External Standard Quantitative NMR

Tube to tube volume difference presents a challenge in obtaining correct external standard quantitative NMR (esqNMR) results. Deuterium (2 H) NMR is easily observable, intrinsically quantitative, present in all samples, free of interfering signals, and insensitive to probe tune/match and sample saltiness. These properties make 2 H peak integral an ideal parameter in esqNMR for correcting volume differences between the reference standard and analyte. We demonstrate a novel and practical technique abbreviated as "2 H SOLCOR" (2 H SOLvent CORrected), where the 2 H peak integral from the solvent is used as a universal internal standard to correct volume variations in NMR tubes, thereby improving accuracy and precision of esqNMR method. Herein, this simple yet effective technique is described, and practical considerations for successful implementation are presented. 2 H SOLCOR can be applied anywhere esqNMR is used, including where precious samples need to be accurately quantified for qualification as an authentic analytical standard.
Highly Emissive Semi-Ladder-Type Copolymers, Aggregation State, and Solution-Processed Organic Light-Emitting Transistor

An organic light-emitting transistor (OLET) integrates the logic function of a field-effect transistor (FET) with electroluminescence of a light-emitting diode (LED) into a single device. This has ...
Error Prone Repair-Emphasis Weigle Reactivation

There are several ways that living cells repair damage inflicted upon their genetic material (DNA) by ultraviolet light. The best understood, but by no means the only, type of photochemical damage is the dimerization of adjacent pyrimidine bases in the DNA chain, the most prevalent ones being thymine-thymine (TT) dimers. Almost certainly, we haven’t discovered all of the repair mechanisms present in cells. However, at present, three distinct types of repair are demonstrable; (1) dark repair (2) photoreactivation and (3) “error prone” repair
Information access and homeowners insurance purchases

This paper examines how information access—proxied by three treatment variables: high speed internet connection at home, English speaking ability and difficulty getting out—affects homeowners insurance purchases. There are only a few studies on how information access to markets affects insurance purchases. To make causal estimates of the impact of access proxies on insurance purchases by consumers, we match treated (little access) to control groups (more access) using several alternative algorithms (propensity scores, Euclidean matching and singular value decomposition (SVD) matching). Access, as proxied by fast internet connection and ability to get out, increases the amount spent on homeowners multi-peril insurance, while English speaking ability has no impact in the U.S. We find that while all the matching algorithms in our U.S. sample from the American Community Survey generally provide the same quantitative estimates, SVD matching appears to match surprisingly well on ‘out of sample’ variables.
Adenoviral cytopathic changes in pleural fluid: A unique cytological presentation mimicking malignancy

Adenoviruses are emerging as important viral pathogens in immunocompromised patients due to immunodeficiency diseases and recently hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients, impacting morbidity and even mortality. Immunocompromised children are prone to respiratory infection, due to alterations in their immune system. When confronted with diseases involving the pleural effusions, such as viral infections, the diagnostic problem becomes more complex and special effort is needed to recognize and characterize them accurately and to differentiate them from other pathologies such as malignancies. However, cytology of adenoviral infection in pleural effusions has not been reported before. We report a case of an adenovirus infection of the pleural effusion which included lymphocytosis associated with background atypical cells showing a cytopathic effect (cytoplasmic viral particles). The differential diagnosis included lymphoma and infections. Immunohistochemical stain for adenovirus was positive and confirmed by molecular studies. Usually in viral infections there are cytopathic changes due to viral particles affecting epithelial cells but this case is unique as the viral particles were identified in macrophages. We discuss the significance of such infection in comparison with other viral changes indigenous to the pleural effusions, which could also occur in such specimens.
Influenza surveillance in the U.S. department of Veterans Affairs (VA): 2019-2020 seasons

Background: VA conducts annual surveillance for seasonal influenza VA's large elderly population is at higher risk for influenza complications, including hospitaliza-tion and death Herein we summarize VA's 2019-20 national surveillance data for influ-enza activity and vaccinations Methods Influenza telephone triage, influenza-like-illness (ILI) encounters and antiviral prescriptions plus outpatient visits, laboratory testing (antibody tests excluded), hospitalizations and deaths for influenza were obtained from VA data sources (9/29/19-5/16/20) and compared to prior seasons and national CDC FluView data Influenza vaccinations were captured starting 8/1/2019 Vaccination rates were calculated based on VA users during the fiscal year Surveillance metrics are presented (Table) ILI visits ranged from 0 9%-3 1% during the season Influenza activity peaked during 2020 Weeks 6-7 and dropped rapidly beginning in Week 12, matching trends reported by CDC for influenza activity (Figure 1) Testing revealed 23,357 influenza positives out of 162,102 tests performed (14 4%) 17% of laboratory-confirmed influenza cases were hospitalized (compared to 23% during the prior season) with a median length of 3 days Total influenza positives, telephone triage encounters, outpatient visits and antiviral use were higher than the prior season, whereas coded hospitalizations and deaths were fewer (Table, Figure 2) Conclusion: The 2019-20 influenza season was of moderate severity when compared to prior seasons and continues to track well with national CDC data Overall, vaccination levels have increased modestly and high-dose/adjuvanted vaccine administration increased from 6 to 26% of total vaccine given over the seasons evaluated Influenza activity dropped precipitously after Week 12 even though testing for influenza remained high in the setting of COVID-19 This may have been influenced by widespread social distancing and masking measures adopted in response to COVID-19 (Table Presented)
On the Catastrophic Impact That the Many Myths Created by Joan Robinson Between 1936 and 1980 About J M Keynes and the General Theory Have Had on Macroeconomic History

The many, many myths created by Joan Robinson about J M Keynes and the General Theory, starting in the early 1930’s, have become embedded in the history of macroeconomics. These myths, such as the claim that Joan Robinson worked closely with Keynes on the writing of the General Theory, that R. Kahn developed, explained and taught Keynes the theory of the multiplier, that there was no IS-LM model in the General Theory, that J. Hicks originated and developed the IS-LM model in the April,1937 issue of Econometrica, that fundamental uncertainty, as opposed to the uncertainty related to Keynes’ Evidential Weight of the Argument concept from his A Treatise on Probability (1921) ,was the central foundation of the General Theory, that Kalecki had written a version of Keynes’s General Theory in 1933-1935 in Polish that covered Keynes’s Theory of Effective Demand, that Keynes had not taken the 20 minutes necessary to learn the theory of value, that there was no formal, mathematical, microeconomic foundations in the General Theory, that Keynes did not understand the purpose of the General Theory and had to have it explained to him, that the General Theory was written as a chain of literary statements without the use of mathematical analysis, that Keynes was a Marshallian who had destroyed all of his mathematical analysis in the General Theory before publishing it, etc., are all simply the silly, stupid, foolish unexamined assertions of a mathematically illiterate economist who, due to her extreme mathematical and statistical ignorance, could not pass a sixth grade grammar school introduction to elementary algebra. An examination of a 2019 paper by G. Akerlof shows how deeply these myths of Joan Robinson have become entrenched in the history of macroeconomics. It is simply not possible for economics to be called scientific, much less a science, given the extent of this mythology, of which I have barely scratched the surface in my discussions about examples above. I can find no claim made about J M Keynes or the General Theory made by Joan Robinson in her lifetime that is not at least partially or completely false.
Elastic Hyperparameter Tuning on the Cloud

Hyperparameter tuning is a necessary step in training and deploying machine learning models. Most prior work on hyperparameter tuning has studied methods for maximizing model accuracy under a time constraint, assuming a fixed cluster size. While this is appropriate in data center environments, the increased deployment of machine learning workloads in cloud settings necessitates studying hyperparameter tuning with an elastic cluster size and time and monetary budgets. While recent work has leveraged the elasticity of the cloud to minimize the execution cost of a pre-determined hyperparameter tuning job originally designed for fixed-cluster sizes, they do not aim to maximize accuracy. In this work, we aim to maximize accuracy given time and cost constraints. We introduce SEER---Sequential Elimination with Elastic Resources, an algorithm that tests different hyperparameter values in the beginning and maintains varying degrees of parallelism among the promising configurations to ensure that they are trained sufficiently before the deadline. Unlike fixed cluster size methods, it is able to exploit the flexibility in resource allocation the elastic setting has to offer in order to avoid undesirable effects of sublinear scaling. Furthermore, SEER can be easily integrated into existing systems and makes minimal assumptions about the workload. On a suite of benchmarks, we demonstrate that SEER outperforms both existing methods for hyperparameter tuning on a fixed cluster as well as naive extensions of these algorithms to the cloud setting.
Multiple genes for lysozyme in birds.

Abstract Quantitative microcomplement-fixation and immunodiffusion studies using antisera prepared against purified chicken and Embden goose lysozymes indicate that two lysozymes are present in black swan ( Cygnus atratus ) egg white. Their different antigenic structures suggest that these two forms of lysozyme may be the products of nonallelic genes. The possibility of multiple gene loci for lysozyme or other proteins calls for caution in the interpretation of data on the rate of protein evolution.
Measurement and Computation of the Dipole Moment of Globular Proteins. 4. α- and γ-Chymotrypsins

The dipole moments of α- and γ-chymotrypsins are determined using the dielectric constant measurement. The results are roughly comparable to those of electric dichroism measurements despite the principle and methodology of these two techniques are entirely different. Nevertheless, the differences which exist between them seem to be beyond the experimental error. The cause of disagreement appears to be, at least partially, due to the difficulty of finding the correct internal field. A new theory which is based on an ellipsoidal particle surrounded by a hydration shell is discussed. The model was found to improve the agreement markedly. Additionally, in order to corroborate the observed dipole moments with numerical computations, the dipole moments of α- and γ-chymotrypsins were calculated using protein data bases. The dipole moment of small proteins consists of two major components, the moment due to fixed surface charges and the core moment due to polar chemical bonds. The calculation of the surface charg...
Semiconductor unstable resonators with laterally finite mirrors

The design of semiconductor-based unstable resonators with laterally finite mirrors is investigated. A time-independent model used for tapered cavity semiconductor lasers is implemented to analyze this cavity design. Initial investigations show a significant improvement in external quantum efficiency, as well as a decrease in threshold current density as compared to the traditional tapered lasers with laterally infinite mirrors. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed design will be discussed.
Microstructure and tensile behavior of solid-state polymerized polyoxymethylene

Abstract Tensile testing of polyoxymethylene fibers formed by solid-state polymerization of trioxane needles has been performed. Specimens were polymerized by an isochronal, isothermal postirradiation heat treatment following irradiation at constant dose rate but at varying total dose (1.55–7.44 Mrad). It is found that the elastic modulus, “yield strength,” and ultimate tensile strength increase smoothly with irradiation dose up to a dose of 3.88 Mrad at room temperature. There were, however, significant decreases in all mechanical properties measured in going from 3.88 to 7.44 Mrad (second highest to highest dose). X-ray rotation photographs indicate no observable difference in structure or orientation for the several specimens. Density gradient column results show a density peaking at 3.88 Mrad dose. A small peak in melting point vs irradiation time is also noted at this dose level. Finally and most markedly, the diameter of the fibrillar crystallites which make up the polymer fiber decreases with incre...
Toward a Rearticulation of a Discourse on Class within the Practice of Parental Involvement

Class is essentially a person’s social position in relation to others within a cultural context. This article examines two representational approaches used in a study of parents’ perceptions of parental involvement to discuss the critical role representation plays in the production and reproduction of current discourses on class. Although these approaches both use the parents’ stories to engage the reader, one combines these into group-oriented “cultural stories” whereas the other focuses on individual-based “contextual stories.” The role these two forms of narrative might play in redressing the oppressive practices that contribute to maintaining class positions within social and cultural contexts is examined. The author concludes that localized scrutiny of social practices represented through the contextual stories enables a deeper understanding of how social class identities and positions are the result of different actions and interactions shaped within a shared social practice of involvement.
Intracellular BMP Signaling Regulation in Vertebrates: Pathway or Network?

Abstract Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), members of the TGF-β superfamily of secreted signaling molecules, have important functions in many biological contexts. They bind to specific serine/threonine kinase receptors, which transduce the signal to the nucleus through Smad proteins. The question of how BMPs can have such diverse effects while using the same canonical Smad pathway has recently come closer to an answer at the molecular level. Nuclear cofactors have been identified that cooperate with the Smads in regulating specific target genes depending on the cellular context. In addition, the pivotal role BMP signaling plays is underscored by the identification of factors that regulate members of this pathway at the cell surface, in the cytoplasm, and in the nucleus. Many of these factors are BMP-inducible and inhibit the BMP pathway, thus establishing negative feedback loops. Members of the BMP–Smad pathway can also physically interact with components of other signaling pathways to establish crosstalk. Finally, there is accumulating evidence that an alternative pathway involving MAP kinases can transduce BMP signals. The evidence and implications of these findings are discussed with an emphasis on early embryonic development of Xenopus and vertebrates.
A method for fitting stable autoregressive models using the autocovariation function

We use the sample covariations to estimate the parameters in a univariate symmetric stable autoregressive process. Unlike the sample correlation, the sample covariation can be used to estimate the tail decay parameter of the process. The fitted model will be consistent with the dependence as measured by the covariation. The limit distribution of the sample covariation can be used to derive confidence intervals for the autoregressive parameter in a first order process. Simulations show that confidence intervals coming from the covariation have better coverage probabilities than those coming from the sample correlations. The method is demonstrated on a time series of sea surface temperatures.
A comparison of pooled and sampled relevance judgments

Test collections are most useful when they are reusable, that is, when they can be reliably used to rank systems that did not contribute to the pools. Pooled relevance judgments for very large collections may not be reusable for two easons: they will be very sparse and not sufficiently complete, and they may be biased in the sense that theywill unfairly rank some class of systems. The TREC 2006 terabyte track judged both a pool and a deep random sample in order to measure the effects of sparseness and bias.
Experimental study of ion beam optics in a two‐stage accelerator

Hydrogen ion beam optics in a two‐stage linear acceleration system is studied by examining the beam divergence as a function of the voltage and gap distribution, the beam perveance, the background gas pressure, the aspect ratio, and the total accelerating energy (60‐110 keV). The system consists of four electrodes with single, cylindrical, straight‐bore apertures acting as an extraction‐accel–decel column. An optimum relation between the field ratio and the extraction perveance is obtained from measurements for the minimum beam divergence condition. The HWHM divergence angle is <0.3° under optimum conditions. Qualitative agreement between the measurements and a previous theoretical study is noticed. A potential application of the results to high energy neutral beam injectors for fusion research is also discussed.
Effective Application of the Coorientation Communication Model in Disseminating Agricultural Information: A Review

Co-orientation is a measurement process which contributes to a consensus of views among communicators. Co -orientation analysis yields three measures of consensus: accuracy, congruencyand agreement. Accuracy refers to the similarity between one persons estimate of anothers perception and other persons actual perception. Congruency compares a persons perception with his or her estimate of anothers perception, while agreement is the sim ilarity between two persons perceptions. This paper examines the application of the co -orientation communication model for effective dissemination of agricultural information. A framework for applying the model was suggestedand other strategies for effec tive application of the model were discussed.
A Predictable Worm: Application of Caenorhabditis elegans for Mechanistic Investigation of Movement Disorders

Ongoing investigations into causes and cures for human movement disorders are important toward the elucidation of diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dystonia. The use of animal model systems can provide links to susceptibility factors, as well as therapeutic interventions. In this regard, the nematode roundworm, Caenorhabditis elegans, is ideal for examining age-dependent neurodegenerative disease studies. It is genetically tractable, has a short lifespan, and a well-defined nervous system. Green fluorescent protein is readily visualized in C. elegans because it is a transparent organism, thus the nervous system and factors that alter the viability of neurons can be directly examined in vivo. Through expression of the human PD-associated protein (α-synuclein in the worm dopamine neurons), neurodegeneration is observed in an age-dependent manner. Furthermore, expression of the early-onset dystonia-related protein torsinA increases vulnerability to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in C. elegans, because torsinA is located in the ER. Here we provide an overview of collaborative studies we have conducted that collectively demonstrate the usefulness of the nematode model to discern functional effectors of dopaminergic neurodegeneration and ER stress that translate to mammalian data in the fields of PD and dystonia. Taken together, the application of C. elegans toward the evaluation of genetic modifiers for movement disorders research has predictive value and serves to accelerate the path forward for therapeutic interventions.
Chicago 1974: Hot Air in the Windy City

In last Winter's PS, this space was devoted to a descriptive article entitled, "New Orleans 1973: Scholars as Saints and Sinners," instead of the usual terse publication of charts and tables. Political scientists may be amused to learn that reprints were subsequently requested by a School of Dentistry and three psychiatrists. It is difficult to predict just where interest will be aroused by this year's title.
An Iterative Approach For Geophysical Diffraction Tomography: Implication For True Amplitude Migration

This paper proposes an algorithm for diffraction tomography with respect to non-uniform background. Diffraction tomography can be understood as filtered backpropagation, i.e., migration plus a filter. The forbidding task of computing the filter explicitly in non-uniform background is avoided in this study, instead, the filter is computed implicitly by an iterative approach. Furthermore, a priori information can be taken into account easily in this algorithm. This algorithm offers great flexibility of inverting single as well as multi-frequency components at choice and opens the way for a regularized diffraction tomography. The proposed algorithm can be modified for image compensation toward true amplitude migration.
Review of research on sight word instruction

Abstract This review of 20 years of literature on sight word instruction for individuals with handicaps identifies several effective procedures. These procedures are described for the two types of learning required in sight word instruction — word recognition and comprehension. Criteria for procedural selection are recommended. Research limitations are critiqued with suggestions provided for further evaluation of sight word instruction.
Effect of maternally administered heroin on the motor activity of rat offspring.

Abstract The behavior of 21-day old rats whose mothers were administered heroin (5 mg/kg daily) throughout gestation and lactation was studied utilizing an activity wheel, activity cage, open field test, and step-down latency times from an elevated platform. The total score of all behavioral tasks of offspring from heroin-injected females was statistically different from that of pups from saline-injected mothers, with heroin-treated animals appearing more active.
Linking Corporate Community Programs and Political Strategies A Resource-Based View

This article examines the relationship between an aspect of a firm’s corporate social responsibility (CSR), corporate community programs (CCPs), and the effectiveness of its corporate political activity (CPA). Developing a conceptual model based on resource-based view of the firm, the authors argue that the mechanism linking a firm’s CCP to CPA mechanism is the effect of CCPs on the development of firm level resources. Specifically, the intensity of a firm’s CCPs enhances a firm’s human capital, organizational capital, and geographic resources, which in turn improve the effectiveness of two key aspects of CPA: information and constituency-building political strategies. This linkage of CCPs to CPA effectiveness may be particularly relevant when the firm faces unfavorable political markets.
Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope Fundus Perimetry After Surgery for Choroidal Neovascularization

Abstract Purpose: Submacular surgery is under investigation for the treatment of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration, ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, and other causes. The aims of this study were to determine whether the macular area from which choroidal neovascularization was removed surgically remained functional and whether there was any qualitative difference between eyes with different disease conditions or between eyes of younger and older patients. Methods: Our study included 19 patients (19 eyes) with choroidal neovascularization, seven cases caused by age-related macular degeneration and 12 caused by ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, pathologic myopia, or idiopathic causes. All tests were performed at least 6 months after surgical removal of choroidal neovascularization. All patients underwent fundus perimetry with the scanning laser ophthalmoscope for evaluation of dense and relative scotomas and fixation site. Results: After submacular surgery in 19 patients, 10 patients (one with age-related macular degeneration and nine with pathologic myopia, ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, or an idiopathic cause of choroidal neovascularization) fixated within an area that ophthalmoscopically and angiographically was an area of retinal pigment epithelial disturbance occupied by choroidal neovascularization preoperatively. Of 12 patients without age-related macular degeneration, seven of eight patients younger than 50 years of age compared with two of four patients 50 years or older fixated within the area of retinal pigment epithelial disturbance. Conclusions: Our data suggest that in patients without age-related macular degeneration who undergo submacular surgery, the surgically disturbed area previously occupied by choroidal neovascularization can remain functional postoperatively. Furthermore, occasionally a patient with age-related macular degeneration undergoing submacular surgery still can fixate in the area from which the choroidal neovascularization was removed.
Myogenic Knee Contracture From Acute Pelvic Venous Thrombosis

Abstract A unique case of knee extension contracture resulting from acute pelvic venous thrombosis is presented. Magnetic resonance imaging/angiography and electrodiagnosis aided in understanding the pathogenesis and hence in designing the treatment. Neuropathies contributed to the severity of the problem. Physical treatment to ease the edema improved knee joint range of motion but did not fully restore knee flexion.
Teacher feedback and achievement in physical education: Interaction with student practice

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between teacher feedback and achievement in physical education. Students ( N = 202) were pretested, received instruction, and posttested. An instrument was developed and validated to collect data on the amount and type of feedback received by individual students. Significant relationships were found for limited combinations where the type of feedback was positive, corrective, descriptive, or prescriptive. Various summed categories of prescriptive, descriptive, and corrective feedback showed significant part correlations with achievement when appropriate practice was a covariate. The results from this study suggest that relationships of feedback with achievement may be subject matter specific.
Topologically exact evaluation of polyhedra defined in CSG with loose primitives

Floating point round-off causes erroneous and inconsistent decisions in geometric modelling algorithms. These errors lead to the generation of topologically invalid boundary models for CSG objects and significantly reduce the reliability of CAD applications. Previously known methods that guarantee topological consistency by relying on arbitrary precision rational arithmetic or on symbol-manipulation techniques are too expensive for practical purposes. This paper presents a new solution which takes as input a “fixed precision” regularized Boolean combination of linear half-spaces and produces a polyhedral boundary model that has the exact topology of the corresponding solid. Each half-space is represented by four homogeneous coefficients infixed precision format (La bits for the three direction cosines and Ld bits for the constant term, i.e. the distance from the origin). Exact answers to all topological and ordering questions are computed using a fixed length, 3 La+ Ld+ 2 bits, integer format. This new guaranteed tight limit on the number of bits necessary for performing intermediate calculations is achieved by expressing all of the topological decisions based on geometric computations in terms of the signs of 4 by 4 determinants of the input coefficients. The coordinates of intersection vertices are not required for making the correct topological decisions and hence vertices and lines are represented implicitly in terms of planes.
Preserving Heritage and Nature During the “War on Terrorism”: The North Carolina Outlying Landing Field (“OLF”) Controversy

This paper investigates a controversy between the U.S. Navy and rural North Carolinians in which Navy officials tried to procure local property for a Navy training facility or outlying landing field (“OLF”). Analysis suggests that locals who defined themselves as patriotic, common sense agents, and the scene as heritage, built a more credible connection to a patriotic American ethos than did the rhetoric of the Navy, which defined the OLF debate primarily as part of the war on terrorism. The locals' ultimate success reveals the rhetorical possibilities and limitations of war on terrorism and local heritage arguments, which both constrain local advocates and widen their access to oppositional voices.
A developmental study of destereotyping and androgynous activity preferences of tomboys, nontomboys, and males

A study of 210 fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth graders and adults was conducted to determine developmental trends in both destereotyping of traditionally gender-typed activities and preferences for those activities, and to compare activity preferences of tomboys with other females and with males at different ages. Tenth graders destereotyped less than the other age levels. Additionally, female subjects destereotyped traditionally boys' activities more than girls' activities and more than male subjects. Although nontomboys and boys showed a preference for gender-traditional activities, tomboys preferred traditional girls' and boys' activities equally. Self-defined tomboys do not reject traditionally female activities; instead, they expand their repertoire of activities to include both gender-traditional and nontraditional activities. It is suggested that girls who are able to transcend gender-role behavior in childhood may be the ones who will grow into androgynous adult women.
Comorbidity of ADHD and reading disability among clinic-referred children

Of a consecutive series of 115 boys diagnosed in a university outpatient clinic as ADHD, 39% also demonstrated a specific reading disability. Pure ADHD patients were compared with mixed ADHD + RD and normal controls on a battery of cognitive and attentional measures. The aim was to determine whether a distinct pattern of deficits would distinguish the groups. Both ADHD subgroups performed significantly worse than controls on measures of sequential memory and attentional tasks involving impulse control and planful organization. Only ADHD + RD boys differed from controls on measures or rapid word naming and vocabulary. The results are discussed within the framework of an automatic versus effortful information-processing model.
Food and water intake, meal patterns and activity of obese and lean Zucker rats following chronic and acute treatment with delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol

A series of experiments investigated the effects of delta9-THC on food and water intakes and wheel-running activity of Zucker rats. Following chronic drug treatment (15 days), food and water intakes of all rats were suppressed, but intakes and body weights of the obese rats recovered more slowly than those of lean rats. Acute effects of the drug (24 hr) were examined using techniques of meal pattern analysis and were discussed in relation to known patterns of anorectic drug action. The drug-induced anorexia was both delayed and of short duration, with no rebound eating observed for either solid or liquid diets. Both feeding rate and meal size were reduced, but meal frequency was transiently increased. The time of onset of the first meal remained unchanged. The time course of the suppression of feeding was paralleled by a suppression in running-wheel activity. These findings suggest that the drug-induced reduction in food and water intake may be the result of a decreased level of arousal.
The negotiation and selection of horizontal mechanisms to support post‐implementation ERP organizations

Purpose – For an organization to realize the intended benefits of an enternprise resource planning (ERP) investment, it must integrate both technical expertise and functional area knowledge, and it must have continuing support after implementation. The study aims to expand understanding of how organizations ensure the necessary support from functional experts during and after ERP installations. In particular, the study aims to address the question of the type of horizontal support mechanism chosen for this support and how managers make these choices.Design/methodology/approach – The study is a replicated case study based on interviews with project leaders in nine universities judged to have successful PeopleSoft ERP implementations. Thematic analysis is applied to identify the factors influencing managerial choices and organizational decisions made to assure post‐implementation ERP support.Findings – The findings indicate that managers of ERP implementations recognize the necessity for horizontal coordina...
Mahar–Dalit–Buddhist: The history and politics of naming in Maharashtra

By examining practices of naming, especially the recent adoption of a ‘Buddhist’ identity by middle-class Dalits in contemporary Maharashtra, this article analyses the multiple, shifting, and contested meanings of being Dalit. Examining the politics of this plurality shows the varied concerns at work in applying and contesting different names, especially the social and psychological challenges inherent in such acts of self-identification. By in-vestigating the ambiguities and ambivalences of being Dalit and Buddhist, the article demonstrates that the strategies of naming struggle against the burdens of a stigmatised past as well as the challenge of exclusion and inclusion vis-a-vis different Dalit castes.