cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organic Enrichment, Physical Phase State, and Surface Tension Depression of Nascent Core–Shell Sea Spray Aerosols during Two Phytoplankton Blooms

Sea spray aerosols (SSAs) affect the Earth’s climate directly by scattering solar radiation and indirectly by acting as ice and cloud condensation nuclei. The relative magnitude of these effects remains uncertain, in part, from substantial compositional and morphological variability between individual particles. Here, the evolving heterogeneity within populations of primary SSAs produced from wave breaking of natural seawater within a wave flume is investigated. Over the course of the study, two successive phytoplankton blooms were induced in the seawater. The morphology, organic volume fraction, hygroscopicity, phase state, and surface tension of individual SSAs collected via deposition on a substrate were characterized using atomic force microscopy. Particles between ca. 0.3 and 1 μm in volume equivalent diameter displayed a distinctive morphology revealing an inorganic core coated with an organic shell. The inferred organic volume fraction was the largest at the peak of the first bloom. The corresponding shell thicknesses ranged from 21 to 40 nm at 20% relative humidity (RH). The organic shell phase state of the majority of the particles during both blooms was semisolid at 20% and 60% RH. At 20% RH, a minor fraction of the organic shells behaved as a solid, while at 60% RH some behaved as liquids during the first bloom. Similar results were evident at 20% RH for the second bloom but with no observed liquid particles at 60% RH. The thick, semisolid organic coatings could potentially reduce atmospheric water and gas uptake efficiencies onto SSAs at lower RH, along with the potential for ice nucleating activity. However, at 80% RH, the SSAs deliquesced and exhibited liquid-like behavior with surface tension values measured over individual particles of 41–87 mN m–1, demonstrating high particle-to-particle variability. The suppressed surface tension at 80% RH relative to pure water is attributed to the high concentrations of surface-active organic compounds, potentially further limiting the diffusion rate of gas molecules through the interface.
Meteorology and Oceanography on a Flat Earth.

To build insight into the atmosphere and ocean, it is useful to apply qualitative reasoning to predict the geophysical fluid dynamicss of worlds radically different from our own such as exoplanets, earth in Nuclear Winter, other solar system worlds, and far future terrestial climates. Here, we look at atmospheric and oceanic dynamics on a flat earth, that is a disc-shaped planet rather like Sir Terry Pratchet's fantasy Discworld. Altough this has the disadvantage that this geometry is a completely imaginary, there is a rich larray of videos by flat earth proponents whose errors illuminate how concepts can be misconceived and misapplied by amateurs and freshman science studients. As such, this case is very useful to geophysics instructors. We show that weather and ocean flows on a flat, nonrotating earth and a rotating spherical planet are wildly different. These differences are a crushing debunk of the flat earh heresy, if one were needed. The "high contrast" of these very different atmospheres and oceans is valuable in instilling the open-mindedness that is essential in understanding excoplanets and Nuclear Winter and Post-Climate-Apocalypse earth.
Assessment of Squirrel-Caused Power Outages

Squirrel-caused power outages in Lincoln and Omaha, Nebraska, were evaluated by examining company power outage reports and by consulting with power company representatives. Reports showed that squirrel-caused outages at pole-mounted transformers were most prevalent during May, June, and October (48% of total) and between 1 and 4 h after sunrise (38%), patterns that coincide with squirrel dispersal or morning activity periods. In Lincoln, 1980 and 1981, squirrels caused 177 outages per year, which was 24% of all outages and 90% of animal-caused outages. Estimated minimum annual costs were $23 364 for repairs, public relations, and lost revenue while meters were not running. In Omaha, 1985 and 1986, squirrels caused 332 outages per year, costing at least $47 144 annually. Squirrel-caused outages at substations cost an additional $400 (Lincoln) to $810 (Omaha) annually. Between 1982 and 1985, squirrel guards were installed on all 13 000 Lincoln transformers at an estimated minimum cost of $20 per guard, or $260 000 total. Records from Lincoln after all guards were installed (1986 and 1987) indicate that annual costs were reduced 78% to $5148. Life expectancy of the guards is unknown. The extent of squirrel-caused outages and associated costs may vary among cities and regions. Assessment of these outages as described here can be used for timing biological studies and as a procedural structure for making similar economic assessments in other areas.
Transfer the best and biopsy the rest? Blastocyst euploidy rates differ by morphology and day of biopsy

To determine if blastocyst euploidy rates differ by embryo morphology or day of biopsy. We performed a retrospective analysis of euploidy rates based on patient age, overall embryo morphology grade (good, fair, or poor), and day of biopsy (days 5, 6, or 7) for blastocysts undergoing preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A). Our primary analysis included 904 embryos from oocytes age 33–39 years at retrieval. In our primary analysis, euploidy rates were higher for good quality embryos than poor (64% vs. 48%, p < 0.01) and for fair quality embryos than poor (61% vs. 48%, p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the euploidy rate between good and fair quality embryos (64% vs. 61%, p = 0.56). Embryos biopsied on day 5 were more likely to be euploid than embryos biopsied on day 6 (59% vs. 50%, p < 0.01) or day 7 (59% vs. 37%, p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the euploidy rate between day 6 and day 7 embryos (50% vs. 37%, p = 0.07). PGT-A may be more useful in cycles where a lower euploidy rate is expected based on age at oocyte retrieval, embryo morphology, and day of biopsy. There may be little benefit to biopsy of embryos with a high euploidy rate. Young patients with one or more good quality day 5 embryos may benefit from a “transfer the best fresh and biopsy the rest” strategy.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided through-the-needle microforceps biopsy improves diagnostic yield for pancreatic cystic lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background and study aims Given variable diagnostic yield of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) for pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs), a through-the-needle (TTN) microforceps biopsy device passed through a 19-gauge FNA needle has been devised to improve tissue sampling. This was a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the feasibility, diagnostic yield, and safety of EUS-guided TTN microforceps biopsy for diagnosis of PCLs. Methods Individualized searches were developed in accordance with PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. This was a cumulative meta-analysis performed by calculating pooled proportions with rates estimated using random effects models. Measured outcomes included pooled technical success, diagnostic yield, accuracy, and procedure-associated adverse events (AEs) as well as comparison to conventional FNA. Results Eleven studies (n = 518 patients; mean age 64.13 ± 5.83 years; 58.19 % female) were included. Mean PCL size was 33.39 ± 3.72 mm with the pancreatic head/uncinate (35.50 %) being the most common location. A mean of 2.47 ± 0.92 forceps passes were performed with a mean of 2.79 ± 0.81 microbiopsies obtained per lesion. Pooled technical success was 97.12 % (95 % CI, 93.73–98.71; I2 = 34.49) with a diagnostic yield of 79.60 % (95 % CI, 72.62–85.16; I2 = 56.00), and accuracy of 82.76 % [(95 % CI, 77.80–86.80; I2 = 0.00). The pooled serious adverse event rate was 1.08 % (95 % CI, 0.43–2.69; I2 = 0.00). Compared to conventional FNA, TTN microforceps biopsy resulted in significant improvement in diagnostic yield [OR 4.79 (95 % CI: 1.52–15.06; P = 0.007)] and diagnostic accuracy [OR 8.69 (95 % CI, 1.12–67.12; P = 0.038)], respectively. Conclusions EUS-guided TTN microforceps biopsy appears to be safe and effective for diagnosis of PCLs with improvement in diagnostic yield and accuracy when compared to FNA alone.
Progress Toward the Elusive Pseudomonas aeruginosa Vaccine

Background: The gram-negative bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes a wide range of infections, mostly in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients, those with burns, surgical wounds, or combat-related wounds, and in people with cystic fibrosis. The increasing antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa confers a pressing need for vaccines, yet there are no P. aeruginosa vaccines approved for human use, and recent promising candidates have failed in large clinical trials. Discussion: In this review, we summarize recent clinical trials and pre-clinical studies of P. aeruginosa vaccines and provide a suggested framework for the makeup of a future successful vaccine. Murine models of infection suggest that antibodies, specifically opsonophagocytic killing antibodies (OPK), antitoxin antibodies, and anti-attachment antibodies, combined with T cell immunity, specifically TH17 responses, are needed for broad and potent protection against P. aeruginosa infection. A better understanding of the human immune response to P. aeruginosa infections, and to vaccine candidates, will eventually pave the way to a successful vaccine for this wily pathogen.
Children's Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption: Striking Parallels With Substance Use Disorder Symptoms

Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake contributes to obesity and cardiometabolic disease (1). Children's SSB consumption considerably exceeds public health recommendations (2), and efforts to reduce intake have had limited success (3). In addition to high sugar content, many SSBs also contain caffeine, and caffeinated SSBs are the predominant source of caffeine intakes among youth (4). Sugar activates central reward pathways, and similar to drugs of abuse, stimulates dopamine release (5), and meets several criteria for addiction (6). Chronic caffeine intake causes tolerance and withdrawal in children (7), which are core behavioral indicators of substance use disorders (SUDs) (6). Compelling evidence for addictive-like responses to excess sugar intake is emerging, with accumulating support in rodent models (5). Synergistic biopsychological effects of caffeine and sugar may reinforce unfavorable beverage consumption patterns (7). SSBs are a novel stimulus from an evolutionarily standpoint, yet products containing sugar and caffeine (e.g., energy drinks) are increasingly available (8) and heavily advertised to children (7). Children have developing brains and less inhibitory control compared to adults, and thus, are particularly vulnerable to addictive substances (9). Added caffeine in already highly palatable SSBs increases their hedonic and reinforcing properties (10) and may further promote excess added sugar intakes (11). Emerging evidence indicates that children's consumption of highly processed foods, typically high in added sugar and/or saturated fat, can lead to an addictive process reflected by core behavioral indicators of SUDs (12). These include craving, loss of control, tolerance, and withdrawal (12). Children who demonstrate more signs of addiction in their highly processed food consumption are more likely to have higher reward drive for food and higher body mass index (12). Signs of addiction have also been reported among children in response to frequent SSB consumption (13, 14). In our qualitative study (14), parents of children 8–17 years old reported that children experienced physical and affective withdrawal symptoms when caffeinated SSB intake was restricted. Similarly, Falbe et al. (13) reported that adolescents, who reported habitual SSB consumption, regardless of whether SSBs were caffeinated or caffeine-free indicated increased SSB cravings and headaches, and decreased motivation, contentment, concentration, and well-being during 72 h of SSB cessation. It is likely that other aspects of addiction (e.g., tolerance, craving, repeated unsuccessful efforts to reduce) represent important and overlooked obstacles to sustained SSB reduction. Herein, we propose that children's SSB consumption may reflect SUD symptomology and focus specifically on caffeinated SSBs, which are manufactured to contain a highly rewarding mixture of added sugar and caffeine, two ingredients that do not naturally occur in combination.
Toward Distributed Optimization for Critical Service Restoration with Distributed Energy Resources

Increased penetration of distributed energy resources, especially solar at a community level, can provide additional resiliency and improve the reliability of the distribution system. By altering the statuses of switches, dynamic microgrids that feature adjustable topologies and boundaries can use distributed generation to serve one or more critical service facilities within them. In this paper, the critical service restoration problem is first formulated in a distributed manner. Moreover, a heuristic distributed optimization approach is proposed, whose optimality gap is shown to be bounded. The case study compares the proposed algorithm with the centralized optimization approach.
«Pensemus qualiter viri prehonorati a propria diverterunt» (DVE, I, xiv, 5): els textos occitans d’un cercle de poetes toscans

Abstract - This article re-examines a set of Occitan texts written by a circle of Tuscan poets and their importance for understanding the reception of troubadour culture in medieval Tuscany. Often viewed as marginal, these texts have not been adequately analyzed for what they can tell us about the use of Occitan as a literary language in Italy at the end of the thirteenth and the beginning of the fourteenth centuries. Instead of casting them as unoriginal, derivative, or linguistically incorrect attempts at Occitan composition by foreign poets, this article considers their originality, innovation, and the transformations they may have undergone in their transmission history. Arguing that these texts be viewed as invaluable evidence of a vibrant Occitanophone literary culture in Tuscany, I advocate for further inquiry into the multilingual compositions of this circle of Tuscan poets. Keywords - Dante Alighieri, Occitan Literature in Italy, Occitan Literature in Catalonia, Medieval Multilingualism, Sonnet.
Sound energy harvesting by leveraging a 3D-printed phononic crystal lens

We investigate the harvesting of sound waves by exploiting a 3D-printed gradient-index phononic crystal lens. The concept is demonstrated numerically and experimentally for focusing audio frequency range acoustic waves in air to enhance sound energy harvesting. A finite-element model is developed to design the unit cell dispersion properties and to construct the 3D lens for wave field simulations. Numerical simulations are presented to confirm the focusing of incident plane waves and to study the sensitivity of the refractive index profile to the direction of wave propagation. The theoretical predictions are validated experimentally using a scanning microphone setup under speaker excitation, and a very good agreement is observed between the experimental and numerical wave fields. A circular piezoelectric unimorph harvester is placed at the focal position of the lens, and its performance is characterized with a resistor sweep in the absence and presence of the lens, resulting in more than an order of magnitude enhancement in the harvested power with the lens. The 3D-printed lens presented here substantially enhances the intensity of sound energy via focusing, yielding micro-Watt level power output, which can find applications for wireless sensors and other low-power electronic components.
ParticLS: Object-oriented software for discrete element methods and peridynamics

ParticLS (Particle Level Sets) is a software library that implements the discrete element method (DEM) and meshfree methods. ParticLS tracks the interaction between individual particles whose geometries are defined by level sets capable of capturing complex shapes. These particles either represent rigid bodies or material points within a continuum. Particle-particle interactions using various contact laws numerically approximate solutions to energy and mass conservation equations, simulating rigid body dynamics or deformation/fracture. By leveraging multiple contact laws, ParticLS can simulate interacting bodies that deform, fracture, and are composed of many particles. In the continuum setting, we numerically solve the peridynamic equations—integro-differential equations capable of modeling objects with discontinuous displacement fields and complex fracture dynamics. We show that the discretized peridynamic equations can be solved using the same software infrastructure that implements the DEM. Therefore, we design a unique software library where users can easily add particles with arbitrary geometries and new contact laws that model either rigid-body interaction or peridynamic constitutive relationships. We demonstrate ParticLS’ versatility on test problems meant to showcase features applicable to a broad selection of fields such as tectonics, granular media, multiscale simulations, glacier calving, and sea ice.
The Use of Multiplexing to Identify Cytokine and Chemokine Networks in the Immune-Inflammatory Response to Trauma.

Significance: The immunoinflammatory responses that follow trauma contribute to clinical trajectory and patient outcomes. While remarkable advances have been made in trauma services and injury mana...
Computing Mordell-Weil ranks of cyclic covers of elliptic surfaces

We give explicit formulas for computing the Mordell-Weil ranks of the elliptic surfaces Er: y2 = X3 + a(tr)X + b(tr) subject to some restrictions on the surface E1. Let : E -? P1 be a smooth complex relatively minimal elliptic surface with section. For each positive integer r, define Wr: Er -+ PI to be the relatively minimal compactification of the Neron model of the generic fiber of E Xpi P1 of the pullback of E by the morphism of PI defined by t tr. The main result of [F1], [F2] is that under certain conditions on E, the rank of the Mordell-Weil group of sections of Er is bounded independently of r. The purpose of this paper is to use this result to compute or give explicit upper bounds on the rank of E,.(P1) for several examples. We begin by showing that the following theorem is a consequence of the proof given in [Fl], [F2]: Theorem 1. Let : E -? PI be a nontisotrivial elliptic surface. For each t C P1 let Et be the fiber of E over t, let ft be the conductor of Et, and let et be the Euler characteristic of Et. For t = 0 and oc, if Et is of type I, or Irat let nt = n. Otherwise, let nt 0. Define ^/ Z (ft et/6) 6no j and assume that ty < 1. For each positive integer r let P1 -?4 P1 be the morphism defined by qr(t) = tr, and let Er be the pullback of E via 0r* Let r = p" ... p'-. Then rank Er(P1) < E $(pl1 pln). 0<1, <m? pi <21(1-ay) It is not known whether the rank of an elliptic surface over PI is bounded. The largest known rank for an elliptic surface over PI is 56 (see Example 1, and [Sh2], [St]). We will see that we can often use a variant on the proof of Theorem 1 to get an explicit formula for the rank of the surfaces Er, so that the technique outlined below can be used to look for elliptic surfaces with large rank. We have the following corollary to Theorem 1. Received by the editors April 8, 1999. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 14J27, 11G05. ?)2001 American Mathematical Society
Adult Brain Tumors

Metastasis. A metastasis arises from the spread of a systemic malignancy or nonadjacent primary central nervous system (CNS) malignancy to the brain or its coverings. Parenchymal metastases account for about half of all brain tumors. The incidence of metastases to brain parenchyma tends to increase with age. Parenchymal metastasis has peak prevalence at 65 years old and a slight predominance in men. Extra-axial metastasis is more common in the pediatric population. Survival of patients with cranial metastasis is dictated by size, number, and location of lesions. Metastasis to the brain parenchyma, however, generally indicates a poor prognosis as most patients who receive whole brain radiation therapy have a median survival of 3–6 months.
Alternative curriculum models for integrating computer science and information systems analysis, recommendations, pitfalls, opportunities, accreditations, and trends

As the computing field grows and matures, many schools have added, or are considering adding undergraduate programs in Information Systems that bridge the gulf between Computer Science and Business. Obvious and potentially contentious issues arise, concerning how to position the new degree program, and in which school shall the new program reside. A new program that is created within the College of Business Administration will become a Management of Information Systems degree program, while a new program created within a College of Science, perhaps within the existing computer science department, will become a Information Systems Science (ISS) program or Computer Information Systems (CIS) program. How alternative IS program models interface, overlap, and complement existing business and computer science programs is a curriculum design issue with implications for program accreditation and resource efficiency. The alternatives also define the program's degree of technical orientation and rigor.One particularly important factor in this decision for small institutions is resource efficiency and the synergy with existing programs. Small institutions especially tend to be resource constrained - limited numbers of classrooms, qualified faculty, and funding for computing resources.This paper analyzes the alternative program models and program positioning in regards to resource efficiency, synergy with existing programs, accreditation issues, and faculty concerns. Kennesaw State University's experience of integrating IS and CS in a single department is presented, along with analysis, problems and pitfalls, and recommendations. Finally, an analysis of current trends suggested that enrollment demand, employment opportunities, and emerging technology specializations may favor both program options (MIS and CIS) supported at an institution, a model currently evolving at Kennesaw State University.
Application management services: collaboration in branch banking

The concept of collaboration between employees in branch banking as facilitated by various software methods is intended to reduce problems with training, turnover, and level of experience encountered with branch bank employees. The authors demonstrate how these problems were reduced by online collaboration between bank branch employees through the use of facilities provided by the NCR Application Management Services (AMS) product. This concept of collaboration is presented, along with technical problems experienced and overcome during the course of development. The collaborative features of AMS allow an experienced supervisor to solve problems encountered by new users and less experienced users without having to leave his or her desktop computer. The supervisor may be located in the same LAN workgroup or may have access to the workgroup through a telecommunications link. The six features that support collaboration within the bank branches are described. AMS is based on a client/server architecture in which the clients are Windows or MS-DOS based workstations and the server is a UNIX or OS/2 based system providing a communication gateway and database services as well as file and print services. >
Flow Controller Design and Performance Analysis for Self-Similar Network Traffic

Recent studies of high-resolution traffic measurement discovered the self-similarity in both LAN and WAN traffic. In this paper, we introduce a two-degree of freedom rate based flow controller, which includes a robust H\infity control block and an LMMSE based capacity predictor. The former part can guarantee the robust stability against time-varying time delay uncertainties and the latter improves the transient response by predicting the self-similar cross-traffic. Implementation issues are discussed and performance analysis is provided to validate our design. We also investigate the prediction and control in larger time scale which is more applicable for the real network environment
Health Promotion in Multicultural Populations: A Handbook for Practitioners and Students (3rd Ed.)

Health Promotion in Multicultural Populations: A Handbook for Practitioners and Students (3rd ed.) is a 20-chapter book that provides health education and health promotion students and practitioners a quality overview of issues and concerns when working with multicultural and diverse populations. The authors of the chapters provide practical information, and the use of case studies is innovative and helpful for health education and health promotion students and practitioners working or planning to work in these areas.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of the Gα-interacting protein GIV promotes activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase during cell migration.

GIV (Gα-interacting vesicle-associated protein; also known as Girdin) enhances Akt activation downstream of multiple growth factor– and G protein (heterotrimeric guanosine 5′-triphosphate–binding protein)–coupled receptors to trigger cell migration and cancer invasion. We demonstrate that GIV is a tyrosine phosphoprotein that directly binds to and activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Upon ligand stimulation of various receptors, GIV was phosphorylated at tyrosine-1764 and tyrosine-1798 by both receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases. These phosphorylation events enabled direct binding of GIV to the amino- and carboxyl-terminal Src homology 2 domains of p85α, a regulatory subunit of PI3K; stabilized receptor association with PI3K; and enhanced PI3K activity at the plasma membrane to trigger cell migration. Tyrosine phosphorylation of GIV and its association with p85α increased during metastatic progression of a breast carcinoma. These results suggest a mechanism by which multiple receptors activate PI3K through tyrosine phosphorylation of GIV, thereby making the GIV-PI3K interaction a potential therapeutic target within the PI3K-Akt pathway.
Genetic diversity and host specificity varies across three genera of blood parasites in ducks of the Pacific Americas Flyway.

Birds of the order Anseriformes, commonly referred to as waterfowl, are frequently infected by Haemosporidia of the genera Haemoproteus, Plasmodium, and Leucocytozoon via dipteran vectors. We analyzed nucleotide sequences of the Cytochrome b (Cytb) gene from parasites of these genera detected in six species of ducks from Alaska and California, USA to characterize the genetic diversity of Haemosporidia infecting waterfowl at two ends of the Pacific Americas Flyway. In addition, parasite Cytb sequences were compared to those available on a public database to investigate specificity of genetic lineages to hosts of the order Anseriformes. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity of Haemoproteus Cytb sequences was lower than was detected for Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon parasites. Although waterfowl are presumed to be infected by only a single species of Leucocytozoon, L. simondi, diversity indices were highest for haplotypes from this genus and sequences formed five distinct clades separated by genetic distances of 4.9%–7.6%, suggesting potential cryptic speciation. All Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon haplotypes derived from waterfowl samples formed monophyletic clades in phylogenetic analyses and were unique to the order Anseriformes with few exceptions. In contrast, waterfowl-origin Plasmodium haplotypes were identical or closely related to lineages found in other avian orders. Our results suggest a more generalist strategy for Plasmodium parasites infecting North American waterfowl as compared to those of the genera Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon.
Displaytool: An Image Display Utility For Sun Workstations

Recent developments in microcomputer technology have resulted in the widespread availability of workstations with large memories, high processor speeds, and graphical displays. Because of the large number of applications in computer aided design and document preparation, most of the utilities which have been written for these workstations are designed to display wire-frame figures, shaded graphics models, or text. Such tools are not suited to the special needs of image processing. This paper describes displaytool, a utility which provides a window-based image display environment tailored for image processing. Displaytool supports subplane selection for multidimensional images; a large pixel value range, including negative values; interactive manipulation of colormaps for continuous contrast and brightness adjustment; statistical image summaries with graphical histogram display; interactive image subtraction; and simultaneous display of multiple images with arbitrary overlapping. The program runs under UN/X1 on Sun workstations within the Suntool window environment.
FPGA-friendly code compression for horizontal microcoded custom IPs

Shrinking time-to-market and high demand for productivity has driven traditional hardware designers to use design methodologies that start from high-level languages. However, meeting timing constraints of automatically generated IPs is often a challenging and time-consuming task that must be repeated every time the specification is modified. To address this issue, a new generation of IP-design technologies that is capable of generating custom datapaths as well as programming an existing one is developed. These technologies are often based on Horizontal Microcoded Architectures. Large code size is a well-know problem in HMAs, and is referred to as "code bloating" problem.In this paper, we study the code size of one of the new HMA-based technologies called NISC. We show that NISC code size can be several times larger than a typical RISC processor, and we propose several low-overhead dictionary-based code compression techniques to reduce the code size. Our compression algorithm leverages the knowledge of "don't care" values in the control words to better compress the content of dictionary memories. Our experiments show that by selecting proper memory architectures the code size of NISC can be reduced by 70% (i.e. 3.3 times) at cost of only 9% performance degradation. We also show that some code compression techniques may increase number of utilized block RAMs in FPGA-based implementations. To address this issue, we propose combining dictionaries and implementing them using embedded dual-port memories.
The Electromechanics of DNA in a Synthetic Nanopore

We have explored the electromechanical properties of DNA on a nanometer-length scale using an electric field to force single molecules through synthetic nanopores in ultrathin silicon nitride membranes. At low electric fields, E < 200 mV/10 nm, we observed that single-stranded DNA can permeate pores with a diameter ≥1.0 nm, whereas double-stranded DNA only permeates pores with a diameter ≥3 nm. For pores <3.0 nm diameter, we find a threshold for permeation of double-stranded DNA that depends on the electric field and pH. For a 2 nm diameter pore, the electric field threshold is ∼3.1 V/10 nm at pH = 8.5; the threshold decreases as pH becomes more acidic or the diameter increases. Molecular dynamics indicates that the field threshold originates from a stretching transition in DNA that occurs under the force gradient in a nanopore. Lowering pH destabilizes the double helix, facilitating DNA translocation at lower fields.
Improving student learning of conceptual information: GSS supported collaborative learning vs. individual constructive learning

Abstract A great deal of time in the traditional classroom environment is spent gathering information (taking notes) rather than processing the information and assimilating the information. The traditional learning model goes from the gathering to recall stage without regard for whether the information is actually comprehended (processed and assimilated). The research reported in this paper employed a quasi-experimental design to examine whether technology-enabled collaborative learning involving case analyses is superior to individual constructive learning involving individual case analyses where the goal of both methods is to increase student interest in the course, increase student understanding of the material, and enhance student performance. The study found that students working collaboratively in either small or large groups were more interested in the material and perceived themselves to learn more than students that worked individually but that students that worked individually outperformed students that collaborated in small or large groups before working individually.
Low-Cost Rapid Prototyping of Whole-Glass Microfluidic Devices

A low-cost, straightforward, rapid prototyping of whole-glass microfluidic devices is presented using glass-etching cream that can be easily purchased in local stores. A self-adhered vinyl stencil cut out by a desktop digital craft cutter was used as an etching mask for patterning microstructures in glass using the glass-etching cream. A specific calcium-assisted glass-to-glass bonding at 115 °C in a standard laboratory oven for 2 h was used to complete the whole-glass microfluidic device fabrication process. Various functional microfluidic devices were demonstrated with this rapid prototyping method. The complete fabrication process from device-design concept to working device can be completed in approximately 3 to 4 h in a regular laboratory setting without the need of expensive equipment and the need to handle extremely hazardous hydrofluoric acid. This whole-glass rapid prototyping method will be of immediate benefit to the microfluidic and nano- or micro-fabrication community in potentially saving ti...
The Great Coastal Gale of 2007 from Coastal Storms Program Buoy 46089

During the first three days of December 2007, a series of powerful coastal storms and an associated wave approached the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia in rapid succession. The winter storms pummeled the states with a maximum 220 kilometers per hour gust along the coast and generated the first-ever hurricane warning in the Pacific Northwest by the National Weather Service. The Coastal Storms Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration had the National Data Buoy Center deploy a three meter discuss buoy 150 kilometers west of Tillamook, OR to monitor just this type of storm. The buoy was moored in 2200 meters of water in 2005. Although two other buoys closer to the coast were torn from their moorings, the CSP Tillamook buoy remained on station and reported wind speed and direction, barometric pressure, air temperature, waves, and currents throughout the storms. Water temperature and a redundant wind sensor failed during 3 December. The redundant wind sensor failed as the winds approached 23 m/s. The buoy survived storm generated significant wave heights that exceeded 14 meters and remained on station and reporting until the buoy was recovered in February 2008. Upon recovery, it was discovered that the wind fin that orients the buoy into the wind was bent against the buoy structure, resulting in stress fractures in the metal at several locations. Waves and currents continued to be measured and transmitted during and after the storm. The data are presented in an effort to determine the impact of waves and buoy motion on current profile data.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon induction of cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed-function oxidases in marine fish.

Abstract Administration of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) and related chemicals (1,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, and 5,6-benzoflavone) by ip or im injection to five species of marine fish resulted in increases in their hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase activities with benzo( a )pyrene, 7-ethoxycoumarin, and 7-ethoxyresorufin as substrates. Cytochrome P -450 content was increased in some treated fish. Sheepshead injected im with 3-MC showed the most marked induction of cytochrome P -450 content. In sheepshead, the Soret maximum of the CO-reduced difference spectrum changed from 450 nm in control to 448 or 449 nm in 3-MC-treated fish. The time course of 3-MC induction of benzo( a )pyrene hydroxylase activity in sheepshead changed with season (water temperature) and was not the same as the time course of induction of cytochrome P -450 content or 7-ethoxyresorufin O -deethylase activity. In summer (water temperature 26°C), benzo( a )pyrene hydroxylase activities in hepatic microsomes from 3-MC-treated sheepshead were maximum at 3 days and were back to control levels at 14 days after the dose, whereas in winter (water temperature 14°C) maximum activities were observed 8 days after dosing, but elevated activities were still observed 28 days after one ip dose. Epoxide hydrase and glutathione S-transferase activities were not induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or 5,6-benzoflavone in the marine fish studied, at the doses tested.
Computational and experimental studies of spin chaos in magnetic resonance

Two prevalent interactions in high-field solution magnetic resonance -radiation damping and the dipolar field - are shown to generate instability in spin systems with bulk magnetization. The instability is studied numerically by computing the largest Lyapunov exponent associated with the long-time spin dynamics, which is shown to be positive. An algorithm for investigating dynamical fluctuations in a spatiotemporally chaotic spin system is presented, and the finite-time largest Lyapunov exponents are calculated to gain insight into the growth rates of the system as a function of time. Numerical simulations and experimental results are compared to account for the appearance of experimental anomalies observed in multiple spin echo and pulsed gradient spin echo experiments.
Immunohistochemical Localization and Comparison of Carboxypeptidases D, E, and Z, α-MSH, ACTH, and MIB-1 Between Human Anterior and Corticotroph Cell “Basophil Invasion” of the Posterior Pituitary:

Basophil invasion, i.e., invasion of basophilic corticotrophs from the residual intermediate lobe into the posterior lobe of the human pituitary gland, is believed to be a physiological phenomenon. This study evaluated the distribution of CPE, CPD, CPZ, α-MSH, ACTH, and Ki-67 immunoreactivity between human anterior pituitary and basophil invasion of the neurohypophysis. Mild to moderate immunoreactivities for CPE and CPZ were distributed relatively uniformly in the majority of the anterior pituitary cells and basophil invasion. In contrast, only corticotrophs exhibited intense CPD immunoreactivity. Basophil invasion showed similar immunoreactivities for α-MSH, ACTH, CPE, and CPZ as corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary, except for CPD, which was detected much less frequently. In the posterior lobe, CPE, CPD, and CPZ were present within the Herring bodies. Although no MIB-1 immunoreactivity was identified in anterior pituitary cells, limited MIB-1 labeling was detected in basophil invasion in five of ten...
2-Minimality, jump classes and a note on natural definability

Abstract We show that there is a generalized high degree which is a minimal cover of a minimal degree. This is the highest jump class one can reach by finite iterations of minimality. This result also answers an old question by Lerman.
Women Travel Writers and the Language of Aesthetics, 1716-1818

1. Aesthetics and Orientalism in Mary Wortley Montagu's letters 2. Janet Schaw and the aesthetics of colonialism 3. Landscape aesthetics and the paradox of the female picturesque 4. Helen Maria Williams' revolutionary landscapes 5. Mary Wollstonecraft's anti-aesthetics 6. Dorothy Wordsworth and the cultural politics of scenic tourism 7. The picturesque and the female sublime in Ann Radcliffe's Mysteries of Udolpho 8. Aesthetics, gender, and empire in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.
Lessons learned from a decade of partnering

Driven by the need to adapt to a changing competitive environment, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, turned to partnering for improving outcomes in large construction projects. In 1991, the partnering process was adopted throughout the Corps as an organizationwide initiative. The five cases discussed here reveal numerous lessons learned from the successful practice of partnering. Because the use of partnering is not industry-specific, these lessons can be applied to any business or government organization. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Underlying Ambiguities in Genetic Privacy Legislation

Advances in genetic testing and research are creating increasing concern regarding genetic privacy. Current and proposed federal and state legislation has failed to provide adequate protection due to confusion over the meaning of privacy, inconsistency in the definition of genetic information, and lack of clarity with regard to the role of insurers in a market driven healthcare environment. Drawing on examples of current and proposed legislation, this paper explores these ambiguities with a view toward future health policy alternatives.
Contrasts in the Geochemical Behavior of Carbonate and Siliciclastic Rocks During Carbon Storage and Sequestration

In order to better understand the geochemical behavior of carbonate and siliciclastic materials that may host carbon dioxide in the subsurface, we carried out experiments using a dolostone from the Weyburn formation and an arkosic sandstone from the Newark Basin. Synthetic brine (0.7 m NaCl) saturated with CO2 with or without CH4 reacted with the powdered materials for 30 to 60 days at 100 bars pressure and 50 – 150 °C. The reactivity of the material was monitored by release of elements from the rock to solution over time. A subset of experiments were carried out in which an acidic heavy metals solution was injected into a Weyburn experiment in order to simulate the release of metals to solution through injection of CO2-saturated brines. The results show that the heavy metals do not stay in solution and rapidly decrease in concentration to pre-injection levels after a few days’ time.
Characterization of substrate specificity of the protein tyrosine phosphatase purified from the electric organ of Torpedo californica

The nicotinic receptor is highly phosphorylated on tyrosine residues both in vivo and in vitro. Tyrosine phosphorylation has been shown to regulate the functional properties of the receptor. We have purified a protein tyrosine phosphatase from the electric organ of Torpedo californica that dephosphorylates the nicotinic receptor. The unique biochemical properties of the purified enzyme suggest that it may be a novel phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase. In this report, substrate specificity of the protein purified from T. californica was characterized using four different tyrosine-phosphorylated substrate proteins. In addition to the nicotinic receptor, the Torpedo phosphatase dephosphorylated insulin receptor and Reduced Carboxamidomethylated and Meleylated lysozyme (RCM lysozyme), however, at a rate much slower than for the nicotinic receptor. In contrast, it appeared to have no effect on the phosphotyrosine level of pp15, a fatty acid binding protein (O-phospho-tyr19-422/aP2) phosphorylated by insulin receptor kinase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Interestingly, a protein tyrosine phosphatase (HA1) purified from adipocyte dephosphorylated both nicotinic receptor and pp15 at a similar rate. These results suggest that the Torpedo protein tyrosine phosphatase is relatively specific for the nicotinic receptor.
Regulation of the gating of the sheep cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum ca2+-release channel by luminal Ca2+

We investigated the effects of changes in luminal [Ca2+] on the gating of native andpurified sheep cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-release channels reconstituted intoplanar phospholipid bilayers. The open probability (Po)of channels activated solely by cytosolic Ca2+ was greater at positive than negative holding potentials. Channels activatedsolely by 10 μm cytosolic Ca2+ exhibited no change in steady-statePoor in the relationship betweenPoand voltage when the luminal[Ca2+] was increased from nanomolar to millimolar concentrations. In the absence of activating concentrationsof cytosolic Ca2+, the channel can be activated by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor sulmazole (AR-L 115BS). However, cytosolicCa2+-independent activation of the channel by sulmazole requires luminal Ca2+. In the presence ofsulmazole, at picomolar luminal [Ca2+] the channel remains completely closed. Increasing the luminal [Ca2+]to millimolar levels markedly increases the Povia an increase in theduration of open events. The Poand duration of the sulmazole-activated, luminalCa2+-dependent channel openings are voltage dependent. In the presence of micromolar luminal Ca2+, thePoand duration of sulmazole-activated openings are greater atnegative voltages. However, at millimolar luminal [Ca2+], long openings are also observed at positive voltages and thePo appears to be similar at positive and negative voltages. Our findings indicate thatthe regulation of channel gating by luminal Ca2+ depends on the mechanism of channel activation.
Living Polymerization Methods

Living polymerization techniques can be used to achieve a high degree of control over polymer chain architecture. Examples of the type of polymers that can be synthesized include block copolymers, comb-shaped polymers, multiarmed polymers, ladder polymers, and cyclic polymers. This control of structure, in turn, results in polymers with widely diverse physical properties, even though they are made from readily available low-cost monomers.
Complex Synaptic Configurations in Planarian Brain

Complex synaptic configurations which appear to have especial evolutionary and functional significance are shown in the neuropil of the brain of the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala. Some of the endings in these synaptic attachments contain dense core vesicles, suggesting that nonadrenaline or serotonin or both are neurotransmitters at a more primitive phyletic level than reported hitherto. The spatial proximity and connectivity of the synapses suggest modes of action permitting greater functional complexity to the planarian brain than previously supposed. Closely adjacent cellular processes which contain polysomal ribosomes, unusual in the neuropil, suggest synaptic transmission-protein synthesis coupling and a possible role in memory.
Encapsulation of liquid and solid aerosol particles to form dry powders

Abstract This paper describes an aerosol encapsulation process for encapsulating liquid or solid chemicals routinely and simply. Encapsulation was effected by aerosol interaction enhanced by electrostatic charging. The liquid core material was converted to small, air-borne drops that collided with and were coated by droplets of the coating substance. The most successful experiment utilized a hard wax coating and a glycerine core. The process produced dry powder in the 0.1–5 μ range, which could be stored indefinitely for future use.
The Effectiveness of Applying Structured Writing Principles to Facilitate Undergraduate Students' Learning of Diversity Issues

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the application of structured writing principles to complex diversity training materials would improve students' under-standing of diversity. The study collected data from 166 participants in an undergraduate hospitality management course. The participants were randomly placed into three groups to learn from three different diversity training materials and completed a post-test afterwards. The results demonstrated that there were significant differences between the performances of the three groups. The results of the study suggested that implementing structured writing principles in the presentation of complex diversity training materials facilitates the students to learn the content.