cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Classification of the Streptococci by their Action Upon Carbohydrates and Related Organic Media

When Gordon1 first suggested the systematic use of a number of carbohydrate media in the classification of streptococci it appeared that there was at last some hope of clearing up the relationships of this puzzling group. He studied the action of streptococci upon 35 different organic compounds and finally selected seven as promising the most significant results. These included two .disaccharides, lactose and saccharose; one trisaccharide, raffinose; one polysaccharide, inulin; two glucosides, salicin and coniferin; and one alcohol, mannit. He applied these tests, with the clotting of milk and the reduction of neutral red, to 300 cultures from normal saliva,2 and to 101 from air.3 Houston examined in the same way 300 strains of streptococci from human feces,4 172 from milk,5 and 100 from cow dung.6 Andrewes and Horder7 made a comparative statistical study of most of these records and of some obtained by themselves in the examination of over 200 pathogenic forms, the entire series including 1,200 strains. They were led to the conclusion that virulence tests had little systematic value on account of the readiness, with which this property may be lost or gained. The fermentation reactions, on the other hand, showed themselves remarkably constant, and the difference between long chained and short chained forms appeared on the whole to be of value. When individual strains were considered an almost infinite series of
A Real-time Multiobjective Electric Energy Allocation Optimization Approach for the Smelting Process of Magnesia

The process of smelting magnesia grain is multiple-modes, parallel-operating and high energy-consuming. To maximize the energy efciency within the constraint of power capacity, it is desired to allocate the limited amount of electric energy to a number of furnaces for optimizing the plant-wide yields and grade of magnesia. First the allocation optimization model is developed by the least squares support vector machine. The priority of operating mode and dimension reduction strategies are proposed to simplify the optimization problem. A novel ranking approach is devised to find the non-dominating set in a population efciently. The approach is used to improve the real-time performance of traditional multi-objective particle swarms optimization. The proposed approach is validated by a factual case.
STATUS OF DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION EFFECTS OF HOSPITALS IN YUNNAN PROVINCE

Objective To investigate the status of disinfection and sterilization quality of hospitals in Yunnan Province,and to improve the management level of disinfection and sterilization and the methods of nosocomial infection control in hospitals.Methods Data of 5 246 hospitals were collected and analyzed with the same methods of surveillance and estimation.Results 27 403 samples were tested and the overall eligible rate was 88.6%.The eligible rate of county level was the lowest.The eligible rates of sterilization endoscopic and respirators were the highest,which were both 100%.While the eligible rate of indoor air was the lowest,which was 61.9% only.Conclusion The quality of disinfection and sterilization in different hospitals in Yunnan Province is imbalance.It is necessary to increase the quality of disinfection and sterilization in county level hospitals.
381 AN INVERSE INTERACTION BETWEEN SURVIVIN AND MAP KINASE PHOSPHATASE 1 REGULATES NITRIC OXIDE-INDUCED APOPTOSIS.

In human breast cancer cells, exposure to nitric oxide (NO) causes an early up-regulation of MAP kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) followed by a signaling cascade that culminates in apoptosis through the mitochondria-regulated pathway. While the downstream pathway has been studied, less is known about the events occurring between NO exposure and MKP-1 up-regulation. Using microarray analysis, survivin, an antiapoptosis protein that is overexpressed in many cancers, was found to be down-regulated 4-fold and Western blot analysis confirmed that this down-regulation corresponded to the up-regulation of MKP-1. Down-regulating survivin using siRNAs facilitated MKP-1 up-regulation and rendered cells more sensitive to apoptosis by NO, while overexpressing survivin attenuated the NO-induced up-regulation of MKP-1 and made the cells more resistant to apoptosis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation identified a potential binding site for survivin approximately 1,500 base pairs upstream of the MKP-1 gene. These results demonstrate a novel inverse relationship between survivin and MKP-1 levels during NO-induced apoptosis and suggest that survivin may regulate MKP-1 by directly or indirectly (via a co-regulatory protein) binding the MKP-1 promoter.
Mad dogs, Englishmen and apoptosis: The role of cell death in UV-induced skin cancer

Apoptosis plays a critical role in the development and progression of ultraviolet-induced skin cancers. In particular, Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) interactions are known to control the development of “sunburn cells” or apoptotic keratinocytes in the UV-exposed epidermis. In the absence of functional Fas/FasL signaling, UV-induced apoptosis is diminished and mutations rapidly accumulate. UV-induced suppression of host immunity, a process regulating skin cancer outgrowth, is also controlled through Fas/FasL interactions. Other death receptors, such as the receptor for tumor necrosis factor, may also contribute to UV-induced carcinogenesis and progression. Understanding the involvement of cell death in cancers caused by exposure to sunlight may provide novel approaches for prevention and therapy of these ever-increasing malignancies.
Manufacturing Squares: An Integrative Statistical Process Control Exercise

In the exercise, students in a junior-level operations management class are asked to manufacture a simple product. Given product specifications, they must design a production process, create roles and design jobs for each team member, and develop a statistical process control plan that efficiently and effectively controls quality during production. During an in-class exercise, students test their plan in a pilot study. After class, they are asked to determine whether their process is stable and capable, critique their plans, and recommend plan modifications before they commence mass production. This exercise provides students with a unique opportunity to combine several fundamental topics from an operations management course into one assignment. Furthermore, assessment of learning outcomes before and after the exercise suggests that it improves learning outcomes in several areas.
Understanding Substance Use and Addiction Through the Lyrics of Black Sabbath: A Content Analysis

ABSTRACTBackground: Heavy metal music is distinguished for its deep sound and lyrical fixation with dark themes including war, destruction, doom, and misery. Such subjects permeate the music of Black Sabbath, the band generally considered the pioneers of heavy metal. One theme–substance use–is recurrent in Black Sabbath's songs and personal lives of its members. Objective/Methods: This study explored the band's relationship with substance use though a content analysis of all songs containing lyrics written and recorded in studio by Black Sabbath. The analysis included 156 songs across 19 albums recorded from 1970 to 2013. Results: Three key findings emerged. First, a minority of songs (13%) contained substance references. Second, the songs with substance references were overwhelmingly (60%) negative, a pattern that increased over time. Third, despite many line-up changes over the band's 43-year period, every song referencing substance use except one featured vocalist Ozzy Osbourne and lyricist Geezer Butl...
PARALLEL EVALUATION OF DIVISION-FREE EXPRESSIONS

The problem of the parallel evaluation of division-free arithmetic expressions is investigated, under the assumption that a sufficiently large number of processors is available. A given arithmetic expression involving only addition, multiplication and |E | distinct variables (a primitive expression) is constructively restructured so that the depth of the resulting computation tree is no greater than log |E|/log β, where β is the positive real root of the equation z2 = 2z + 1, giving l/log2β 2.0806… This shows that if the operations of addition and multiplication take unit time, E can be evaluated in at most 2.0806 log2 |E| steps. We also consider a family {E.} of primitive expressions, where the computation tree Tj or Ej. is recursively defined by Tj = Tj-3 Tj-4 + T 0) + Ejcan be evaluated in j steps our algorithm and [Ej] grows as cβj, for some constant c. We formulate the conjecture that the evaluation of Ej cannot be further sped-up by algebraic manipulations; this Conjecture suggests that 2.0806 log2|E| - c' (c' a constant) is a lower-bound to the evaluation time of certain division-free expressions.
Using Information Literacy to Prepare Practice-Ready Graduates

How can we ensure that today’s law graduates are “practice ready” when law practice—particularly legal research and writing—are changing so rapidly?Today’s law graduates find themselves standing at the intersection of two different eras in the practice of law. Law practice is currently dominated by senior practitioners who grew up and entered law practice before the digital revolution that digital technologies have wrought. In contrast, recent law graduates are generally technologically savvy and have grown up as digital natives who don’t remember a time before the existence of interactive digital media. At this intersection lies a gap in the use of technology between these generations, particularly in the degree to which technology is integrated into the day-to-day practice of law. Legal research and legal writing are two areas in which this gap can be seen most acutely. What constitutes “cutting edge” legal research and writing skills is almost ever-changing; these are also areas where senior practitioners are likely to feel wedded to the methods and technologies they learned and first encountered in practice. Bridging this gap poses a great challenge to both the new lawyers trying to navigate it and educators striving to prepare new graduates to enter the profession ability to hit the ground running. As law firm structures have changed and job prospects have declined, calls for “practice-ready” law graduates have steadily increased over the last two decades. The ABA has adopted new accreditation standards providing that schools require experiential courses for graduation, and recommending that schools develop programs to “develop practice ready lawyers,” putting additional pressure on law schools to prepare their students.The first step in helping law students and new lawyers bridge the technology gap is to shift from thinking about research and writing as fixed skills, and to focus instead on self-learning and skill development, so that new lawyers can be flexible and adapt as the technological landscape continues to change. Thinking about these skills in terms of “information literacy” can help us take this first step.This article serves as an attempt to find a new way to think about how to prepare law students to be “practice ready” for the legal research and writing tasks they will face as they enter law practice, and how to equip them with the skills they need to communicate with older generations of lawyers while adapting to new and evolving technologies. In essence, recent law school graduates must be ambassadors of technology, simultaneously able to communicate with lawyers who may not be conversant in, or even understand, the new technologies taking over law practice and able to use those new technologies to be effective lawyers. This article traces the paths that led to the current state of technology in law practice, and discusses ways educators might rethink what it means to be “practice ready” in this environment.
One Size Fits All: The Fashionable Kanga of Zanzibari Women

AbstractThe strategic location of the Swahili people along the East African coast has facilitated the incorporation of several newcomers into Swahili society, leading to a constant redefinition of the Swahili identity. Various tools have been used in this redefinition process. This article explores the use of a clothing item known as Kanga in this process. Kanga is a rectangular, multicolored printed cotton cloth that was invented in the late nineteenth century and remains the favorite cloth of Swahili women today. Swahili women identify each individual Kanga with a specific name, to which a certain meaning is attached. The women use these Kanga names to encode and decode messages passed through other forms of communication in society to express themselves. Research indicates that Kanga is a tool used by Zanzibari women in similitude in social interactions in their Islamic society. The term “similitude” here describes a strategy where minority members of a society claim to share the perspectives of the do...
Defining pediatric inpatient cardiology care delivery models: A survey of pediatric cardiology programs in the USA and Canada

Background The treatment of children with cardiac disease is one of the most prevalent and costly pediatric inpatient conditions. The design of inpatient medical services for children admitted to and discharged from noncritical cardiology care units, however, is undefined. North American Pediatric Cardiology Programs were surveyed to define noncritical cardiac care unit models in current practice. Method An online survey that explored institutional and functional domains for noncritical cardiac care unit was crafted. All questions were multi-choice with comment boxes for further explanation. The survey was distributed by email four times over a 5-month period. Results Most programs (n = 45, 60%) exist in free-standing children's hospitals. Most programs cohort cardiac patients on noncritical cardiac care units that are restricted to cardiac patients in 39 (54%) programs or restricted to cardiac and other subspecialty patients in 23 (32%) programs. The most common frontline providers are categorical pediatric residents (n = 58, 81%) and nurse practitioners (n = 48, 67%). However, nurse practitioners are autonomous providers in only 21 (29%) programs. Only 33% of programs use a postoperative fast-track protocol. When transitioning care to referring physicians, most programs (n = 53, 72%) use facsimile to deliver pertinent patient information. Twenty-two programs (31%) use email to transition care, and eighteen (25%) programs use verbal communication. Conclusion Most programs exist in free-standing children's hospitals in which the noncritical cardiac care units are in some form restricted to cardiac patients. While nurse practitioners are used on most noncritical cardiac care units, they rarely function as autonomous providers. The majority of programs in this survey do not incorporate any postoperative fast-track protocols in their practice. Given the current era of focused handoffs within hospital systems, relatively few programs utilize verbal handoffs to the referring pediatric cardiologist/pediatrician.
Update on thyroid-associated Ophthalmopathy with a special emphasis on the ocular surface.

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a condition associated with a wide spectrum of ocular changes, usually in the context of the autoimmune syndrome, Graves’ disease. In this topical review, we attempted to provide a roadmap of the recent advances in current understanding the pathogenesis of TAO, important aspects of its clinical presentation, its impact on the ocular surface, describe the tissue abnormalities frequently encountered, and describe how TAO is managed today. We also briefly review how increased understanding of the disease should culminate in improved therapies for patients with this vexing condition.
Phenomenological classification of cultural heritage: role of virtual reality

Human consciousness is always the consciousness toward some thing and our perception of cultural heritage is no exception. Thus, understanding human cognition is closely related to understanding how the perceptible objects are classified in human mind. The perceptible objects include both physical and virtual experiences and thoughts, and it is important and necessary to analyze the types and the effective levels of those objects. With the emergence of Virtual Reality (VR) technologies in cultural heritage field, it is necessary to understand how and why different cognitive media such as realor visual reality including VR, are differently recognized by people. This study suggests the philosophical and theoretical frame for the usage of phenomenological classfication and analysis. By using this new classification with the case of Korean built heritage, the role of VR is explained in cultural discourse of the community.
Crystal structure of 2,2′-bi­pyrrole

The complete mol­ecule of the title compound, C8H8N2, is generated by a crystallographic center of symmetry. In the crystal, short N—H⋯π [H⋯π = 2.499 (19) A] inter­actions link the mol­ecules into a herringbone structure.
Risk factors and pharmacologic prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in elective spine surgery.

Abstract Background Context Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a known complication after spine surgery, but prophylaxis guidelines are ambiguous for patients undergoing elective spine surgery. Purpose The objective of this study was to characterize the incidence and risk factors for VTE and the association of pharmacologic prophylaxis with VTE and bleeding complications after elective spine surgery. Study Design/Setting This is a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing elective spine surgery in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database and a retrospective cohort analysis at an academic medical center. Patient Sample This study included 109,609 patients in the NSQIP database from 2005 to 2014 and 2,855 patients at the authors' institution from January 2013 to March 2016 who underwent elective spine surgery. Outcome Measures The incidence and risk factors for VTE were assessed in both cohorts based on the NSQIP criteria. The incidence of bleeding complications requiring reoperation was assessed based on operative reports in the institutional cohort. Materials and Methods Associations of patient and procedure factors with VTE were characterized in the NSQIP population. In the single-institution cohort, in addition to NSQIP variables, a chart review was completed to determine the use of VTE prophylaxis, the history of prior VTE, and the incidence of hematoma requiring reoperation. The association of patient and procedure variables, including pharmacologic prophylaxis and history of prior VTE, with VTE and hematoma requiring reoperation were determined with multivariate regression. Results Among 109,609 elective spine surgery patients in NSQIP, independent risk factors for VTE were greater age, male gender, increasing body mass index, dependent functional status, lumbar spine surgery, longer operative time, perioperative blood transfusion, longer length of stay, and other postoperative complications. There were 2,855 patients included in the institutional cohort. Pharmacologic prophylaxis was performed in 56.3% of the institutional patients, of whom 97.1% received unfractionated heparin. When controlling for patient and procedural variables, pharmacologic prophylaxis did not significantly influence the rate of VTE, but was associated with a significant increase in hematoma requiring a return to the operating room (relative risk=7.37, p=.048). Conclusions Pharmacologic prophylaxis, primarily with unfractionated heparin, after elective spine surgery was not associated with a significant reduction in VTE. However, there was a significant increase in postoperative hematoma requiring reoperation among patients undergoing prophylaxis. This raises questions about the routine use of unfractionated heparin for VTE prophylaxis and supports the need for further consideration of risks and benefits of chemoprophylaxis after elective spine surgery.
An Unreliable Quorum Queueing System with Single and Multiple Vacations

This paper contributes to the literature of single server queueing models with a vacationing server. We have incorporated many features for a better control over the system. The server implements the N-policy, takes both single and multiple vacations, and is subject to breakdowns. The embedded Markov chain technique is used to obtain the pgf of the system size at a service completion epoch in the steady-state. The semi-regenerative technique is used to obtain the pgf of the system size at an arbitrary instant of time in the steady-state.
Extremely fast feeding strikes are powered by elastic recoil in a seahorse relative, the snipefish, Macroramphosus scolopax

Among over 30 000 species of ray-finned fishes, seahorses and pipefishes have a unique feeding mechanism whereby the elastic recoil of tendons allows them to rotate their long snouts extremely rapi...
The Effect of Exercise on Bone Growth and Development in Weanling Horses

Nineteen weanling horses (average age = 147 d) were divided into exercised (EX; n = 10) and nonexercised (NEX; n = 9) groups, with age, sex and breed represented as equally as possible. The EX group was exercised on an automatic walker at a medium trot for up to 20 min, 5 d each week. Both groups were fed to meet 100% of their protein and 110% of their energy requirements (NRC, 1978). The EX group's diet was supplemented, on exercise days, with corn starch to meet the additional energy requirements for exercise. The experiment was conducted over a 111-d period. Body weight was measured at 10-d intervals, and height at the withers and metacarpal circumference was measured at 20-d intervals. Radiographs of the distal radius, metacarpal joint and the proximal and distal ends of the third metacarpal were taken at 147, 218 and 255 d of age to determine bone density and to observe any possible bone abnormalities. There were no differences between groups in weight or wither height gain; however, gain in third metacarpal circumference was greater (P less than .01) in the EX group than in the NEX group from 167 to 215 d of age. Bone density in the EX group increased by a greater amount (P less than .06) than in the NEX group by the end of the trial. There were no lameness problems or bone abnormalities observed in either group. Exercise training of horses during the weanling to yearling age period was shown to improve the stress-bearing characteristics (radiographic bone density and metacarpal circumference) of the third metacarpal without affecting the quantity of body growth.
Cozymase. A study of purification methods

Cozymase is one of the essential components of the complex enzyme mixture which effects alcoholic fermentation in the absence of living cells. The separation of the mixture into zymase and cozymase was first accomplished by Harden and Young [1] by means of ultrafiltration through a gelatin-impregnated Chamberland filter candle. The residue and filtrate as thus prepared possessed, separately, no fermentative action, but when mixed were found to produce a rapid fermentation. The active constituent of the residue was named zymase, while that constituent of the filtrate responsible for the reactivation of the residue was named cozymase. We studied the purification produced in our material by a variety of reagents. In the investigation we have repeated much of the work done by von Euler and Myrbak [2], and several differences have been found, which appear difficult to explain solely upon the basis of the lower initial purity of our material. As certain of the experiments show distinct promise, we hope to be able to extend the work upon a material of considerably higher original purity, such as was employed by von Euler and Myrbak.
Breath Tests for Assessment of Gastric Emptying

Patients are often evaluated for gastric motility disorders, such as gastroparesis by measuring gastric emptying. For nearly 30 years, scintigraphy has been considered the main test for measuring gastric emptying and documenting delayed gastric emptying. There are a variety of ways to measure gastric emptying with scintigraphy with marked variations in the type of meal and duration of imaging. Clinically, it is best to measure the emptying of solids because liquid emptying can often be normal when solid emptying is markedly delayed. Recently, it has become apparent that prolonging the GES for 4 h may improve the diagnostic utility of the test. However, institutions perform the test in different ways with regards to meal content, imaging intervals, and length of test. These differences in performance of gastric emptying scintigraphy at different institutions have made this test less helpful in clinical settings. Scintigraphy is also limited by several drawbacks, including radiation exposure, expensive equipment, and the limited availability of facilities. Thus, there has been great interest in developing alternatives for effective measurement of gastric emptying in a standardized fashion. One such alternative is nonradioactive isotope breath testing.
That Mystery Category “Fourthness” and Its Relationship to the Work of C. S. Peirce

C. S. Peirce posits that the self is known only through negation—by the knower finding out that he or she is wrong. Even more importantly he considers a man to be nothing more than a sign. This is existentially inadequate. In this chapter, Stacey Ake shows the shortcomings of Peirce’s Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness in creating human identity by utilizing and developing Walker Percy’s notion of Fourthness in order to show that there is a positive way to create identity and, more importantly, community.
Social Control in Schools: The Relationships between School Security Measures and Informal Social Control Mechanisms

Social control and procedural justice theories indicate that informal social control reduces problem behaviors. However, many schools have implemented formal control mechanisms such as school secur...
Impact of Physical Conditioning on Outcomes in Transplant Patients: Retrospective Data Analysis

Background Stem cell transplantation is a potential curative procedure for many patients with hematologic malignancies. These patients because of age, co-morbid medical conditions and prior therapies can present in various physical conditions from good performance status to poor or frail. This may affect transplant outcome in terms of survival and relapse free survival. A component of our transplant program is a pre-transplant evaluation with cancer rehab specialists. Standard measures are obtained including the visual analog scales for pain and fatigue, timed up and go, and distress thermometer. An exercise program is prescribed for the patient prior to admission as well as during hospitalization and discharge. At day 60 after transplant these standard measures are re-assessed. Our study aims to assess the relationship of measurable physical conditioning metrics and outcomes in survival, progression free survival, relapse rate and transplant related mortality. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 134 patients who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with at least 60 days of follow-up. We collected the data from their pre-transplant cancer rehab evaluation and their 60 day post transplant evaluation including their Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) score, timed up and go, fatigue and distress measurements. Using their KPS score patients were categorized as high performers (KPS >80) and low performers (KPS Results Our data showed there was increased survival of high performers compared to low performers (p=0.0270). Patients experienced significant decreases in pain scores, fatigue, and distress after transplant. There were no significant differences in progression free survival, relapse rate, or transplant related mortality between high performers and low performers. Conclusions Physical conditioning can lead to better outcomes in terms of survival and symptoms; fatigue, pain, and distress. Future studies of rehab interventions are needed to better understand our observed survival and symptom benefit.
Evaluating the Cost-Effective Use of Follow-Up Colonoscopy Based on Screening Findings and Age.

Introduction. Colorectal cancer (CRC), if not detected early, can be costly and detrimental to one’s health. Colonoscopy can identify CRC early as well as prevent the disease. The benefit of screening colonoscopy has been established, but the optimal frequency of follow-up colonoscopy is unknown and may vary based on findings from colonoscopy screening and patient age. Methods. A partially observed Markov process (POMP) was used to simulate the effects of follow-up colonoscopy on the development of CRC. The POMP uses adenoma and CRC growth models to calculate the probability of a patient having colorectal adenomas and CRC. Then, based on mortality, quality of life, and the costs associated with diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance of colorectal cancer, the overall costs and increase in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) are calculated for follow-up colonoscopy scenarios. Results. At the $100,000/QALY gained threshold, only one follow-up colonoscopy is cost-effective only after screening at age 50 years. The optimal follow-up is 8.5 years, which gives 84.0 QALYs gained/10,000 persons. No follow-up colonoscopy was cost-effective at the $50,000 and $75,000/QALY gained thresholds. The intervals were insensitive to the findings at screening colonoscopy. Conclusion. Follow-up colonoscopy is cost-effective following screening at age 50 years but not if screening occurs later. Following screening at age 50 years, the optimal follow-up interval is close to the currently recommended 10 years for an average risk screening but does not vary by colonoscopy result.
Myofibroblast-specific YY1 promotes liver fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is a common consequence of various chronic hepatitis and liver injuries. The myofibroblasts, through the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, are closely associated with the progression of liver fibrosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of fibrogenic genes and ECM proteins in myofibroblasts remain largely unknown. Using tamoxifen inducible myofibroblast-specific Cre-expressing mouse lines with selective deletion of the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1), here we show that YY1 deletion in myofibroblasts mitigates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. This protective effect of YY1 ablation on liver fibrosis was accompanied with reduced expression of profibrogenic genes and ECM proteins, including TNF-α, TGF-β, PDGF, IL-6, α-SMA and Col1α1 in liver tissues from YY1 mutant mice. Moreover, using the human hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line LX-2, we found that knockdown of YY1 in myofibroblasts by siRNA treatment diminished myofibroblast proliferation, α-SMA expression, and collagen deposition. Collectively, our findings reveal a specific role of YY1 in hepatic myofibroblasts and suggest a new therapeutic strategy for hepatic fibrosis-associated liver diseases.
Electroreduction of carbon dioxide to formate at high current densities using tin and tin oxide gas diffusion electrodes

We investigate tin (Sn) and tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticle catalysts deposited on gas diffusion layers for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to formate. The performance and durability of these electrodes was evaluated in a gas-fed electrolysis cell with a flowing liquid electrolyte stream and an integrated reference electrode. The SnO2 electrodes achieved peak current densities of 385 ± 19 mA cm−2 while the Sn electrodes achieved peak current densities of 214 ± 6 mA cm−2, both at a formate selectivity > 70%. The associated peak formate production rates of 7.4 ± 0.6 mmol m−2 s−1 (Sn) and 14.9 ± 0.8 mmol m−2 s−1 (SnO2) were demonstrated for a 1-h electrolysis and compare favorably to prior literature. Post-test analyses reveal chemical and physical changes to both cathodes during electrolysis including oxide reduction at applied potentials more negative than − 0.6 V versus RHE, nanoparticle aggregation, and catalyst layer erosion. Understanding and mitigating these decay processes is key to extending electrode lifetime without sacrificing formate generation rates or process efficiency.
Changes in taste function and ingestive behavior following bariatric surgery

Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity and its related comorbidities. Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) and Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG) are currently the most popular weight-loss surgeries used worldwide. Following these surgeries, many patients self-report changes in taste perception and decreased preference for unhealthy foods. These reported changes might account for increased adherence to healthier diets and successful weight loss after surgeries. However, researchers have used a variety of methodologies to assess patients' reported changes andresults are discrepant. The goal of this review is to summarize the literature regarding changes to taste function and ingestive behavior following RYGB and SG to examine differences in findings by methodology (indirect vs. direct measurements). We focused our review around changes in sweets, fats, and alcohol because most of the documented changes in ingestive behavior post-surgery are related to changes in these dietary items. We found that studies using surveys and questionnaires generally find that subjects self-report changes in taste and decrease their preference and cravings for energy-dense foods (particularly, sweets and high-fats). However, studies using validated sensory techniques that include oral sampling or by using direct food intake measurements find little to no change in subjects' ability to perceive taste or their preference for energy-dense foods. Therefore, reported changes in taste and food preferences are unlikely to be explained by alterations in taste intensity and diet selection, and are rather related to changes in the rewarding value of food. Further, that RYGB, and likely SG, is associated with increased alcohol consumption and arisk to develop an alcohol use disorder) supports the notion that these surgeries alter central circuits of reward that are critical in the regulation of ingestive behavior.
Redirecting Normal and Cancer Stem Cells to a Mammary Epithelial Cell Fate

Tissue microenvironments, also known as stem cell niches, influence not only resident cells but also cells in surrounding tissues. Physical and biochemical intercellular signals originating from resident stem cells or non-stem cells participate in the homeostasis of the tissue regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, wound healing, tissue remodeling, and tumorigenesis. In recent publications it has been demonstrated that the normal mouse mammary microenvironment can provide development and differentiation guidance to not only resident mammary cells but also cells of non-mammary origin including tumor-derived cells. When placed in reforming mammary stem cell niches the non-mammary cells proliferate and differentiate along mammary epithelial cell lineages and contribute progeny to reforming mammary gland outgrowths. The tumor-derived cells that are redirected to assume mammary epithelial phenotypes lose their cancer-forming capacity and shift their gene expression profiles from a cancer profile towards a normal mammary epithelial expression profile. This review summarizes the recent discoveries regarding the ability of the normal mouse mammary microenvironment to dictate the cell fates of non-mammary cells introduced into mammary stem cell niches.
Partners in financial literacy: Outreach to student entrepreneurs

In 2018, small businesses employed 58.9 million Americans, totaling 47.5% of the U.S. private workforce. Libraries often play a central role in helping people make their entrepreneurial dreams a reality by providing resources to support the research that goes into developing, running, and expanding small businesses. Public libraries are traditional resource centers for small business, but universities and academic libraries are increasingly supporting student entrepreneurs through both curricular and extracurricular programming to help them develop new startups and small businesses. Though libraries are instrumental in providing access to business development information, they may miss a key service area for successful entrepreneurship—financial literacy programming.
New Frontiers in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease caused by the immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells that results in lifelong absolute insulin deficiency. For nearly a century, insulin replacement has been the only therapy for most people living with this disease. Recent advances in technology and our understanding of β cell development, glucose metabolism, and the underlying immune pathogenesis of the disease have led to innovative therapeutic and preventative approaches. A paradigm shift in immunotherapy development toward the targeting of islet-specific immune pathways involved in tolerance has driven the development of therapies that may allow for the prevention or reversal of this disease while avoiding toxicities associated with historical approaches that were broadly immunosuppressive. In this review, we discuss successes, failures, and emerging pharmacological therapies for type 1 diabetes that are changing how we approach this disease, from improving glycemic control to developing the "holy grail" of disease prevention.
Examining how classroom communities developed practice-based epistemologies for science through analysis of longitudinal video data.

Recent reforms in science education emphasize having students develop and refine core disciplinary ideas through participation in science knowledge–building practices. Supporting students’ meaningful participation in these practices is challenging, in part because our understanding of how this kind of participation develops is underexplored. This paper characterizes the epistemic dimension of classroom scientific practice—the underlying assumptions and criteria guiding students’ knowledge-building work—in moment-to-moment interactions, and how their use of these criteria shifted over time. These patterns of change illustrate how, by 8th grade, students were more consistently using sophisticated disciplinary forms of epistemic criteria than they were in 6th grade. The shifts toward disciplinary sophistication were cumulative over time and across content areas, suggesting that they reflected a shift in something other than content knowledge gains. Yet these cumulative shifts did not occur in a clean, predictable progression toward sophistication. This study documents the details of these shifts over time and across content areas. By providing an empirical account of the evolution of students’ knowledge-building work in practice over time, this study argues for the centrality of epistemic learning goals in science education and proposes implications for how to measure and support students’ meaningful participation in scientific practices in contextually valid ways. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
APIXABAN FOR STROKE PREVENTION IN END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: A META-ANALYSIS

Warfarin is used widely in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) for stroke prophylaxis but has been associated with higher bleeding rates, labile INR and skin necrosis. Apixaban has recently been approved as an alternative but evidence on its safety and efficacy is
The Impact of Music and Memory on Resident Level Outcomes in California Nursing Homes.

Abstract Objectives To study the effects of a nonpharmacologic intervention, Music and Memory (MM participants provided data at baseline and quarterly via an online survey that included select resident level data from the Minimum Data Set (psychotropic drug use, cognition, behaviors, mood, pain, and falls), experience with the M&M program, and resident use of music. NHs were eligible if they were Medicare- and Medicaid-certified and had 15 residents with a diagnosis of dementia or cognitive impairment or exhibited significant behavioral symptoms. Results M&M was associated with reductions in psychotropic medication use, reduced behaviors, and improved mood. The odds of antipsychotic use declined by about 11%, of antianxiety medications by 17%, and antidepressants by 9% per quarter. Aggressive behaviors, depressive symptoms, pain, and falls also declined significantly over time. The odds of residents exhibiting aggressive behaviors declined by 20% per quarter, depressive symptoms by 16%, reported pain by 17%, and falls by 8%. Conclusions and Implications This is the largest study of M&M to date. We found clinically and statistically significant reductions in psychotropic medications and improved behaviors in residents using M&M. Although the study showed positive results overall, the lack of a control group was a significant limitation that precluded determining how much more improvement participating residents experienced compared with nonparticipants. Future studies should include a control group so that better conclusions can be drawn regarding the effectiveness of the M&M program.
XPD gene Lys751Gln polymorphism is associated with an early onset of basal cell carcinoma

820 Introduction: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the most common human cancers collectively termed as non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). NMSC risk factors include UV exposure, age, DNA repair capacity (DRC), and certain genetic traits. The prevalence of NMSC is higher among people of 55 years or older. Polymorphisms of DNA repair genes involved in the nucleotide excision pathway (NER) are particularly important in the development of cancer. Recent studies by Brewster et al. 2004 suggest that individuals with NMSC who have the variant Gln allele are at increased risk of developing a secondary primary cancer. Although two previous studies examined genotypic features of persons younger than 35 years with NMSC (Zhang et al, 2001; Dahl, et al 1992), no studies have been undertaken to determine whether polymorphisms in the XPD gene are associated with the early onset of NMSC. As part of a large-scale population study aimed at testing the hypothesis that reduced DNA repair capacity may explain differences in NMSC risk, we identified a group of seven (7) individuals that developed NMSC at an early age (≤35 years). This subpopulation was selected to examine the association between XPD Lys751Gln genotype and risk for the development of early onset NMSC. Methods: This pilot study was undertaken as part of an ongoing large scale (700 participants) case-control study aimed at identifying interindividual differences in DRC as a risk factor for NMSC. Inclusion and exclusion factors were previously described (Matta et al. 2003). Informed consent was obtained from each participant before enrollment and all the protocols were approved by the IRB at Ponce School of Medicine. The participants were residents of Puerto Rico and 21 years or older. The BCC participant9s diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically. Seven age-matched controls who were negative for skin cancer as confirmed by a dermatologist were selected for the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral lymphocytes. The XPD Lys751Gln genotype (A/A, A/C, C/C) was assessed by using Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: The C allele presented a 0.50 allele frequency in BCC participants in comparison with a 0.14 in the controls. The presence of the C allele (A/C or C) in this younger subpopulation resulted in a 15 fold increase risk (OR=15) for developing NMSC at an early age (≤35 years).These results were statistically significant (p=0.03, Student9s t-test) Conclusions: The presence of the mutant C allele for the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism is associated with the early onset of basal cell carcinoma. This is the first study that demonstrates that the XPD Lys751 polymorphism is associated with a higher risk of BCC in younger persons (≤35 years). Supported by 2G12 RR03050-17 RCMI Program, NCRR, NIH to Ponce School of Medicine.
Computer Navigation in Hip Arthroscopy

The term femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) was first described by Ganz et al. as an anatomic abnormality whereby there is a loss of femoral head-neck offset and prominence at the head-neck junction. The pathomechanics of hip impingement has been implicated as a significant cause of hip pain, and there is evidence to suggest that these changes are associated with the premature development of hip osteoarthritis. In addition, focal rim impingement of the acetabular labrum with subsequent damage and tearing has been suggested as an important step in the pathway of hip degeneration. Recently, arthroscopic surgical techniques have evolved to treat a spectrum of pathologic conditions associated with femoroacetabular impingement. Despite these advances, however, hip arthroscopy remains a technically challenging procedure with a steep learning curve. As a result, computer-assisted navigation and modeling have emerged as a potential solution to improve both the preoperative planning for FAI lesions, including determination of the location and size of cam and rim lesions, as well as increasing the accuracy of intraoperative correction of the osseous deformity. The goal of these technologies is to improve efficiency, reproducibility, and long-term clinical outcomes by minimizing the potential for incomplete correction of the osseous deformities.
First Duration, Then Convexity, Then What? Tilt?

Standard treatments of the impact of interest rate changes on bond prices include duration and convexity. These concepts derive from the first and second derivatives of a Taylor series expansion of an option-free bond price as a function of interest rates. Does the third derivative matter? This paper derives the formula for the third derivative- based term, which we call tilt, and explores its properties. Tilt tells how quickly the convexity changes. Similar to the properties of duration, a higher yield reduces tilt, a longer maturity increases tilt, and a higher coupon reduces tilt, ceteris paribus. Tilt adds little to the accuracy of the impact of small interest rate changes for default-free option-free bonds. Tilt becomes interesting for bonds with embedded options such as callable bonds and mortgage-backed securities. Such bonds can experience rapidly changing convexity and price under certain interest rate regimes.
Brief of Professor Nikolas Bowie as Amicus Curiae in Support of New York’s Opposition to ICE’s Motion to Dismiss

The Constitution gives Congress many powers, but it says nothing about a power to regulate immigration. Instead, for a little over a century, this sovereign power has been implied from the constitutional provisions that authorize Congress to “regulate Commerce with foreign Nations,” to “establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization,” to declare war and to ratify treaties, and to “make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers.” See Chinese Exclusion Case, 130 U.S. 581, 604 (1889). Although these provisions are broad, they do not permit Congress to do anything it wishes in the name of policing immigration. Yet that is what the federal government suggests when its agents claim the statutory authority to invade state courthouses and arrest immigrants without warrant—disrupting proceedings, intimidating witnesses, and scaring away seekers of justice. There is nothing necessary or proper about these courthouse arrests. Rather, they are premised on an exercise of power far beyond what the Constitution allows and what Congress has endorsed.