cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Re-examination of the temperature dependence of the classical nucleation rate: Homogeneous crystal nucleation in glass

A comparison is made between the experimentally determined and predicted (Classical Nucleation Theory) temperature dependence of the homogeneous crystal nucleation rate in glass. Literature data for several glass-forming systems are analyzed. It is shown that the standard assumptions which are invoked to replace the free energy of activation for transport across the liquid-crystal interface, ΔGD, in favor of a more easily measured parameter (viscosity) are not required. It is demonstrated that ΔGD may be found experimentally by determining the temperature dependence of the nucleation transient time. Furthermore, it is shown that precise thermodynamic data are not necessarily required in order to make comparisons between the theoretically predicted and experimentally determined temperature variation of the nucleation rate. It is concluded that the temperature dependence of the classical homogeneous nucleation rate is still a matter of controversy.
Extending Mobile Interaction Through Near-Field Visible Light Sensing

Mobile devices are shrinking their form factors for portability, but user-mobile interaction is becoming increasingly challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel system called Okuli to meet this challenge. Okuli is a compact, low-cost system that can augment a mobile device and extend its interaction workspace to any nearby surface area. Okuli piggybacks on visible light communication modules, and uses a low-power LED and two light sensors to locate user's finger within the workspace. It is built on a light propagation/reflection model that achieves around one-centimeter location precision, with zero run-time training overhead. We have prototyped Okuli as an Android peripheral, with a 3D-printed shroud to host the LED and light sensors. Our experiments demonstrate Okuli's accuracy, stability, energy efficiency, as well as its potential in serving virtual keyboard and trackpad applications.
Lepton masses in a dynamical model of family symmetry

The hierarchy of lepton masses is studied in a dynamical model of family (horizontal) symmetry. Left-right symmetry for both vertical (electroweak) and horizontal gauge groups is favored. The decay μ→eγ puts a strong constraint on couplings as well as on the masses of both the horizontal gauge boson and the right handed Z boson.
Starch characteristics in cultures of normal and mutant maize endosperm.

Vigorously growing suspension cultures of ‘normal’, amylose-extender (ae) and waxy (wx) maize endosperm were established from near isogenic lines of maize inbred A636. The recovery of the ability to produce vigorous cultures of ae and wx endosperm by backcrossing demonstrate the genetic control of endosperm growth in vitro. Phenotypic expression of the endosperm mutants in culture was studied by examining the properties of starch accumulated in endosperm cultures and starch from developing and mature kernels of the same genotype. After 9 months in culture, the amylose contents of the starch in normal callus tissue and normal endosperm tissue were not significantly different, 28.2% and 31.7%, respectively. Starch granules from normal cultures and endosperm stained blue-black with iodine and were round to polygonal in shape. The starches of wx endosperm and callus cultures contained no amylose, and wx starch granules stained brown-orange with iodine. Although, wx starch granules were primarily round, a few granules with “jagged edges” were observed in starch samples isolated from cultures and kernels. The percent amylose in starch from ae callus was significantly lower than the amylose content of starch from ae endosperm tissue, 39.9% and 67.7%, respectively. Starch granules from ae endosperm and cultures were smaller than normal and wx starch granules. Irregular starch granules which are typical of ae endosperm were present in ae callus tissue, but were less frequently observed. We conclude that specific endosperm mutant phenotypes are expressed in vitro.
Ambient light intensity and direction determine relative attractiveness of yellow traps to Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Understanding factors that influence attraction of tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to objects can lead to development of more sensitive traps for fly detection. Here, the objective was to determine if differences in attractiveness between two sticky yellow rectangle traps to western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, depend on ambient light intensity and direction. The translucent plastic Yellow Sticky Strip (YSS) was compared with the less translucent yellow cardboard Alpha Scents (AS). Flies were released inside a box or cage opposite a trap or traps illuminated from outside at different intensities to generate variable light passage. Regardless of type, the trap with greatest light passage was most attractive. When the same light intensity was shone on both traps, the YSS, which allowed greater light passage, was more attractive than the AS. When the light was inside a cage and shone onto the two traps in the same direction as approaching flies, the AS reflected more light and was more attractive. A field experiment generally supported light passage effects seen in the laboratory. Results suggest trap placement with respect to sunlight intensity and direction affects light passage and the attractiveness of yellow traps to R. indifferens.
C-C1-04: How to Win Friends and Influence People with the SAS Output Delivery System

Background and Aims: Long-time SAS users remember the days when SAS output was embarrassingly ugly. Version 7 saw the introduction of the Output Delivery System (ODS). ODS has matured into a very capable subsystem that gives users powerful reporting options. This presentation will highlight useful features and outline a macro-based system for handling multiple ODS destinations simultaneously. Nowadays there is no excuse for ugly SAS output! When building reports, SAS users should think about the needs of those using the reports. Some people just want to review frequency tables, and are happy to do so on a monitor. Others want to be able to print data for review in a meeting. And, there are always those that want to work with the data in a spreadsheet. Consider the ideal formats for each of the users outlined above. For the casual data browser, HTML output is ideal. For printing, PDF is preferred. And for the additional analysis, Excel is a popular option. With ODS, we can meet all of these needs. Methods: Because ODS permits opening multiple output destinations simultaneously, a single procedure can be used to generate data in HTML, PDF, and Excel at once. The presentation will demonstrate the following: o- basic ODS syntax for HTML, PDF, and Excel output o- custom HTML table of contents o- using the ExcelXP tagset for multi-tab spreadsheets o- a custom macro for managing multiple ODS destinations simultaneously o- simple PROC Template code for easy customization o- techniques for consistent output from multiple platforms. Results: The techniques outlined here have been well-received in a variety of business reporting environments. Conclusions: The SAS ODS provides a wide array of reporting options. Don’t limit yourself to just one type of output.
The Vascular-Ablative Agent VEGF121/rGel Inhibits Pulmonary Metastases of MDA-MB-231 Breast Tumors

VEGF121/rGel, a fusion protein composed of the growth factor VEGF121 and the recombinant toxin gelonin (rGel), targets the tumor neovasculature and exerts impressive cytotoxic effects by inhibiting protein synthesis. We evaluated the effect of VEGF121/rGel on the growth of metastatic MDA-MB-231 tumor cells in SCID mice. VEGF121/rGel treatment reduced surface lung tumor foci by 58% compared to controls (means were 22.4 and 53.3, respectively; P < .05) and the mean area of lung colonies by 50% (210 ± 37 m2 vs 415 ± 10 m2 for VEGF121/rGel and control, respectively; P < .01). In addition, the vascularity of metastatic foci was significantly reduced (198 ± 37 vs 388 ± 21 vessels/mm2 for treated and control, respectively). Approximately 62% of metastatic colonies from the VEGF121/rGel-treated group had fewer than 10 vessels per colony compared to 23% in the control group. The VEGF receptor Flk-1 was intensely detected on the metastatic vessels in the control but not in the VEGF121/rGel-treated group. Metastatic foci present in lungs had a three-fold lower Ki-67 labeling index compared to control tumors. Thus, the antitumor vascular-ablative effect of VEGF121/rGel may be utilized not only for treating primary tumors but also for inhibiting metastatic spread and vascularization of metastases.
An International Discourse on Culture in the Classroom: Teachers from Four Countries Share their Perspectives

Researchers explored perspectives of teachers from four countries about how they recognizeand address their students’ cultural backgrounds; how they incorporate students’ culture intotheir teaching; and what impact their efforts have on the learning environment. Participants (n= 41) were engaged in an online discussion board and posted thoughts and responses to otherparticipants. Researchers performed a content analysis to identify patterns in participants’observations and perspectives, which revealed that most participating teachers recognize andaddress students’ cultural backgrounds in academic, affective, and social contexts. Teacherswho attend to these needs enjoy effective academic connections with students, have aheightened sense of confidence in their ability to connect with students, are able to devoteample time to the content they are teaching, and deal with fewer behavioral issues.
Easigami: virtual creation by physical folding

With the advent of affordable three-dimensional printing and fabrication devices, the design of 3D objects has become an increasingly central activity in creative computational work. A recurring issue in this sort of design, however, is overcoming the "two-dimensional bottleneck" of the standard computer screen and associated conventional input devices: that is, it is difficult to create and visualize tangible objects using such hardware combination and (generally complex) modeling software. As a consequence, there is a growing need for a variety of innovative 3D input tools and techniques that allow users to create, customize, and visualize spatial objects and information "by hand". This paper describes a working example of such a tool: a tangible 3D sketching tool called Easigami, which permits users to assemble a wide variety of polyhedral objects by connecting and folding polygonal pieces. The physical arrangement of Easigami pieces is read into a computer and displayed interactively, in real time. Thus Easigami, by its design, blends the natural physical ability of folding paper-like materials with the power of computational representation. This paper describes the design of Easigami, presents a scenario of its use, and outlines ongoing and planned future work of the system.
ADAPTIVE GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN WESTERN SCRUB-JAYS

Bill size and shape of Western Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma californica) vary geographically in relation to habitat. Scrub-jays occupying pinyon-juniper woodlands ("pine" scrub-jays) have relatively long, shallow bills, while scrub-jays occupying oak woodlands ("oak" scrub-jays) have relatively stout, decurved bills. We captured five pine and five oak scrub-jays, and submitted them to feeding trials on pinyon pine (Pinus mnon- oph)ylla) cones and acorns (Quercus agrifolia) to determine whether geographic variation in bill structure was adaptive for foraging on these critical food resources. Three lines of evidence indicated that scrub-jays occuring in habitat dominated by either pinyon pine or oak had adaptive bill structure. First, scrub-jays exhibited a steep trade-off in feeding performance on pine cones and acorns. Pine scrub-jays extracted and consumed pinyon seeds more than 30% faster than did oak scrub-jays. Oak scrub-jays penetrated and con- sumed acorns twice as fast as pine scrub-jays did. Second, measures of feeding performance were moderately to strongly correlated with different measures of bill structure. Third, bill shape as measured by the ratio of bill length to depth was the metric that (1) best accounted for variation in feeding rates and (2) was related to the relative amount of pine and oak in habitats of 12 different populations of scrub-jays. These results, as well as others, were consistent with observed geographic variation in scrub-jays.
Early postnatal development of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) expression, TRH receptor binding, and TRH responses in neurons of rat brainstem

We investigated the postnatal development of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-containing raphe system in the brainstem of neonatal rats. Postnatal changes in TRH expression in nucleus (n.) raphe obscurus (ROb) and n. raphe pallidus (RPa) were evaluated by in situ hybridization using an 35S-labeled oligonucleotide probe complementary to TRH precursor mRNA. TRH mRNA expression was low at birth [postnatal day 0 (P0)], but was clearly evident by P7 and increased from that time to reach sustained high levels from P14 to P28. Consistent with this postnatal increase in TRH expression, we found increases in the density of TRH-immunoreactive (IR) fibers, which are derived from ROb and RPa, in the hypoglossal nucleus (nXII). TRH-IR fibers in nXII were very sparse at P0, but increased markedly over the first 2 postnatal weeks. The change in TRH innervation of nXII was closely matched by concomitant increases in 3H-methyl-TRH binding in nXII; specific TRH binding increased from very low levels at birth to high levels of P14. Finally, we recorded intracellularly the electrophysiological responses to TRH of hypoglossal motoneurons (HMs; n = 42) of neonatal rats (P0- P21) in a brainstem slice preparation. The response of neonatal HMs to TRH, in contrast to adult HMs, was highly variable. In some neonatal HMs, even at P0, TRH caused a depolarization with a decrease in input conductance (GN) that was characteristic of the response of all adult HMs. However, in other neonatal HMs, TRH was either without effect or caused a slight depolarization with no apparent change in GN, responses that were unlike those of adult HMs. A response was considered typical (i.e., “adult-like”) if GN decreased to < 85% of control. The percentage of cells responding in a typical manner increased progressively from 25% at P0-P2 to 100% after P11. In addition, we found that the density of TRH-sensitive current (normalized to cell capacitance) increased with postnatal age in HMs that responded in a typical manner, suggesting that expression of the TRH-sensitive conductance is also developmentally regulated. Together, these data indicate that the TRH raphe neuronal system of the rat brainstem is not fully mature at the time of birth but develops over the first few postnatal weeks. This was true of levels of TRH mRNA in caudal raphe nuclei, density of TRH-IR fibers and 3H-methyl-TRH binding in nXII, and also the manner and magnitude of electrophysiological responses of HMs to exogenously applied TRH.
Colonoscopy Completion in a Large Safety Net Health Care System

Background & Aims: Anecdotally, patients in safety net health care systems have difficulty completing screening and diagnostic colonoscopies, but this is poorly characterized. It is important to understand this phenomenon to improve low rates of colorectal cancer screening in vulnerable populations and to ensure that patients with signs and symptoms complete medically indicated colonoscopic evaluations. Methods: We performed a 6-month retrospective review of outpatient endoscopy laboratory scheduling and procedure logs and electronic medical records at Denver Health Medical Center (DHMC), a large safety net health care system, to describe rates and sociodemographic predictors of colonoscopy nonattendance and inadequate (fair/poor) bowel preparation. Predictor variables included patient age, gender, race/ethnicity, procedure indication, and insurance type. Results: The nonattendance rate was 41.7% for all scheduled outpatient colonoscopies without difference between screening and diagnostic procedures. Consistent with non–safety net systems, the rate of inadequate bowel preparation was 30.2%; however, the rate of poor bowel preparation that absolutely precluded an exam was 9.9%. Correctional care patients had markedly higher rates of nonattendance and inadequate bowel preparation compared with other groups. Conclusions: A very large proportion of patients scheduled for colonoscopy in a large safety net health care system do not attend their procedures, and among those who do, there is a high rate of inadequate bowel preparation leading to incomplete and aborted evaluations. Interventions are needed to promote the more efficient use of a limited and expensive resource and to achieve higher rates of screening and medically indicated diagnostic colonoscopies in vulnerable patient populations.
Phase tree: a periodic, fractional flux quantum vernier for high-speed interpolation of analog-to-digital converters

A Josephson junction circuit that can rapidly track and record a magnetic flux signal to a small binary fraction of the flux quantum is proposed. This so-called phase tree circuit behaves periodically, recording the residue of the signal modulo the flux quantum in 2/sup p/ths of a flux quantum for a p-level binary tree. Signal quantization is accomplished by comparators that read the 2/sup p-1/ circulating currents in the leaf-level branches, providing a total of 2/sup p/ possibilities in the periodic code. The phase tree can therefore be used as a vernier, linear over a large number of periods because a single analog element determines the quantization levels once the network is properly biased. A system consisting of a conventional m-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC m approximately=4-7) and an auxiliary p-bit phase tree interpolator (p approximately=2-5) can achieve at least m+p-1 bits without loss of bandwidth or sample rate. >
Bacterial translocation and changes in the intestinal microbiome in mouse models of liver disease

Background & Aims: Intestinal dysbiosis and bacterial translocation are common in patients with advanced liver disease, and there is strong evidence that the translocation of bacteria and their products across the epithelial barrier drives experimental liver disease progression. The aims of our study were to investigate dynamics of bacterial translocation and changes in the enteric microbiome in early stages of liver disease. Methods: Cholestatic liver injury was induced by ligation of the common bile duct (BDL) and toxic liver injury by injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in mice. Results: Increased intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation occurred one day following liver injury in both disease models. This was accompanied by decreased intestinal expression of the tight junction protein occludin. Although BDL resulted in a rapid onset of intestinal bacterial overgrowth, bacterial overgrowth was observed in mice injected with CCl4 only in advanced stages of liver fibrosis. To further assess the qualitative changes in the intestinal microbiome, massively parallel pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed minor microbial changes following BDL, while CCl4 administration resulted in a relative abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria compared with oil-injected mice. Four different liver disease models (cholestasis, toxic, alcohol, obesity) show few similarities in their intestinal microbiome. Conclusions: Acute liver injury is associated with an early onset of increased intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation that precede changes in the microbiome. The enteric microbiome differs with respect to the etiology of liver disease. 2012 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published
Problems of genetic model testing in early onset periodontitis.

Familial aggregation of early onset or juvenile Periodontitis (JP), a disorder that varies in expression and age of onset, has been recognized for some time. Autosomal recessive and X-linked inheritance patterns have been suggested, and one large pedigree has demonstrated autosomal dominant inheritance. The variability and age limitations in clinical phenotypic diagnosis present several problems to genetic analysis, because information on members of the youngest and older generations may be lost to the analysis. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the genetic basis of JP by formal pedigree analysis and comparison of competing genetic models. Twenty-eight families were included, with general and specific autosomal models, and an X-linked model being compared. The autosomal recessive model provided the most parsimonious explanation of the data, and its likelihood was not significantly different from the more general model. Likelihoods for the sporadic (nongenetic) and X-linked models were cons...
Quadriparesis following cervical epidural steroid injections: case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Background context Cervical epidural steroid injections are frequently used in the conservative management of neck pain, cervical radiculitis, and cervical radiculopathy. Between 64–76% of patients who receive injections report subjective pain improvement. Injections are usually well-tolerated with only mild, transient side effects, although a few case reports of patients with adverse effects do appear in the literature. Some clinicians have expressed concerns about epidural injections above the C7-T1 level, and in the use of methylprednisolone epidurally; as yet, neither is a consensus viewpoint. Purpose This case report describes severe adverse effects (quadriplegia and respiratory arrest) associated with an epidural injection into the C6-C7 space. Although the patient's symptoms improved somewhat with supportive care, quadriparesis appears irreversible. No reports of quadriparesis after cervical epidural injection were found in the literature, although other adverse effects have been reported. Study design/setting The patient was injected by a fellowship-trained pain management specialist in an outpatient surgicenter using C-arm fluoroscopic guidance. Immediately he experienced respiratory arrest with quadriplegia. He was intubated and transferred to the hospital, then transferred again to Christiana Health Care Services. Methods The patient was hospitalized, treated with steroid protocol within 8 hours, and followed clinically for 6 months. Results Magnetic resonance imaging within 6 hours of the injury and 6 months later showed no significant findings aside from lordosis (40° angle) of the cervical spine at the C6-C7 level. Conclusion Although evidence is not conclusive, this patient may have suffered a vascular event from a cervical epidural injection.
Ring-opening hydroformylation of α-cyclopropylstyrene by HMn(CO)5, and structure of a novel Mn2(CO)9(η1-aldehyde) complex

An η1-aldehyde complex, Mn2(CO)9[Me(Ph)CCHCH2CH2CHO], was isolated from the reaction of α-cyclopropylstyrene with wet HMn(CO)5; the crystal structure of this unusual compound confirmed the η1(σ) bonding of the aldehyde oxygen as an equatorial ligand on Mn2(CO)9.
Sequential procedures for multiple responses factor screening

This paper considers the factor screening problem with multiple responses for simulation experiments. The objective is to identify important factors with controlled Family-Wise Error Rate. We assume a multiple-response first-order linear model, the responses follow a multivariate normal distribution, and estimated effect coefficients also follow multivariate normal distribution. Two likelihood ratio based procedures, Sum Intersection Procedure (SUMIP) and Sort Intersection Procedure (SORTIP), are proposed and verified. Numerical studies are provided to demonstrate the validity and efficiency of our proposed procedures.
Honored Citizens of Barcelona: Patrician Culture and Class Relations, 1490-1714

The Description for this book, Honored Citizens of Barcelona: Patrician Culture and Class Relations, 1490-1714, will be forthcoming.
Non-linearity within the primary measurement range of a lipase assay as the cause of a gap in the interpatient lipase results distribution.

Abstract Objectives Interpatient distribution data for lipase (Roche Cobas® assay) showed an unexpected data gap, where no results were reported. This gap occurred beginning at a point just above the assay's primary measurement range (i.e., above the cutoff (300 U/L) for automated repeat-on-dilution). Calculation or other errors within the automated dilution process were ruled out. Linearity of assay results was investigated. Design and methods Linearity of experimental sample dilution series data was assessed by correlation coefficient, intercept, and constancy of slope. Results Dilution experiment data demonstrated a discontinuity of results between 300 and 400 U/L consistent with the observed gap in patient data. Although data within the presumed linear range of the assay had a high linear correlation coefficient (r2 > 0.99), a non-zero intercept and progressively variable slope were inconsistent with linearity. Although the assay was assessed as linear by the College of American Pathology linearity survey, survey data also demonstrated non-linearity for this assay when analyzed for slopes and intercept. Conclusions Non-linearity in the presumed linear range of an assay can produce gaps in patient data above a repeat-on-dilution cutoff. As in this instance, CAP linearity surveys may not identify certain forms of non-linearity.
Three theorems on n-REA degrees: proof-readers and verifiers

We first show that an n-REA degree is array recursive if and only if it is r.e. traceable. This gives an alternate proof that an n-REA degree has a strong minimal cover if and only if it is array recursive. Then we prove that an n-REA degree is strongly jump traceable if and only if it is strongly superlow. These two results both generalize corresponding equivalence theorems for the r.e. degrees. In these proofs, we provide an interesting technique to handle n-REA degrees, which also gives a new proof of an old result that every FPF n-REA degree is complete.
The Transfusion Reaction

A 38-year-old male who underwent craniotomy surgery 2 months ago presents today for outpatient red blood cell (RBC) transfusion of two units for symptomatic anemia, hemoglobin (Hgb) level 7.4 g/dL. The patient had received multiple RBC transfusions during the craniotomy surgery and postoperatively in recovery; all of the RBC units were issued by immediate spin crossmatch. A type and crossmatch sample (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA anticoagulant) is submitted to the blood bank and two units are crossmatched by immediate spin and are transfused without incident.
Constructing superviews

A method is described for integrating two or more databases into a conceptual "superview", through a set of schema transformations. Such integration may be useful when it is required to produce a unified view of two databases while preserving their physical independence. Each transformation defines a mapping of queries against the superview into the appropriate set of queries against the underlying databases and imposes a constraint that is checked when the query is evaluated. A program that interactively aids the user in constructing the superview and that performs this query transformation is being developed.
Sympathetic and vascular responses to head-down neck flexion in humans

Animal studies have demonstrated increases in sympathetic nerve outflow with vestibular stimulation. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether vestibulosympathetic reflexes are enga...
Optimizing Utilization of Rare Resources and in Support of Anatomical Study

Copyright: © 2012 Rothschild B. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Whatever one’s persuasion, the greening of the earth has led to greater attention to reducing waste. This is especially true for animal studies. If animal study is essential, then it makes sense to facilitate full utilization of the resource. As an economically-compromised graduate student, study of nerve function in squid was fine for a calamari fan. Some prefer alternative study, in lobster – top assure full utilization (augmentation of student diet) after the experiment was concluded.
Part-Time Student Employees’ Commitment: The Role of Culture Types

Part-time student employees fulfill vital roles for the university, while also gaining valuable work experience that direct perceptions and opportunities for future employment. This study examined the direct effect of organizational culture types on affective commitment of part-time student employees of college recreation departments. Specifically, using the Competing Values Framework (CVF), four major forms of organizational culture types (i.e., hierarchy, market, clan and adhocracy) were examined. Multiple regression was used to analyze the relationships. The findings from 442 part-time student employees revealed clan and adhocracy cultures were significant positive predictor variables of affective commitment in recreational sport organizations. These findings are practically relevant given the flexible state of life students experience while working in college.
Lateral Buckling of Eccentrically Loaded I-Columns

The critical combination of thrust and unequal end moments, or eccentricities, for the lateral buckling of columns that are elastically restrained against rotation about the principal axes at the e...
Cattle Colonialism: An Environmental History of the Conquest of California and Hawai‘i . Flows, Migrations, and Exchanges Series. By John Ryan Fischer.

Cattle Colonialism: An Environmental History of the Conquest of California and Hawai‘i . Flows, Migrations, and Exchanges Series. By John Ryan Fischer. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015. xiii + 266 pp. Illustrations, table, notes, bibliography, index. $39.95.) To what extent did domestic livestock and other organisms shape the cultural, economic, and ecological transformations associated with European colonialism in the Western Hemisphere? John Ryan Fischer uses cattle to answer this question, and his book is an admirable contribution to the Flows, Migrations, and Exchanges Series from the University of North Carolina Press. Fischer argues that cattle provided the “sinews” for trade, labor, and property in California and Hawai‘i during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, offering an essential “medium of exchange” that facilitated … Matthew.a.pearce-1{at}ou.edu
Will Countries that Receive Insufficient Aid Please Stand Up

The Accra Agenda for Action contains a commitment to increase aid effectiveness by “addressing the issue of countries with insufficient aid.” This paper highlights the difficulties in identifying such countries unequivocally, given the limited theoretical and empirical knowledge on optimal aid allocations. Actual aid receipts by low income countries are compared to several benchmarks derived from different aid allocation models. These models differ primarily with regard to the weights assigned to country needs and performance. The analysis shows that different aid allocation models identify different sets of countries as receiving insufficient aid. The paper does not find a greater tendency for fragile states to receive insufficient aid compared to non-fragile states. However, there appears a greater tendency for bilateral aid to leave countries with insufficient aid compared to multi-lateral aid, which in fact in many cases partly compensates for under-funding from bilateral donors. The potential aggregate cost of increasing aid to countries with insufficient aid varies significantly depending on which aid allocation model is used, but could be as high as US$7 billion annually. Enhanced coordination of donors’ aid allocation decisions to ensure that no low income country ends up inadvertently as an aid orphan would be an important step in addressing “the issue of countries with insufficient aid.”
Tractography (Pull-Out Tractography)

This section provides a comprehensive procedural report for tractography (pull-out tractography) procedure with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications and contraindications, and potential complications in an organized and practical format.
Autonomous appliance scheduling based on time of use probabilities and load clustering

The ultimate smart grid will operate autonomously by implementing intelligent decision-making schemes with as little consumer intervention as possible. Its success will be heavily reliant on accurate real-time information exchange between the grid and the consumers. Customers will be expected to submit energy demand schedules to actively monitor energy price signals and participate in energy bids and respond to energy management signals in real time. This kind of smart grid-user interaction will be overwhelming and can result in consumer apathy. There is therefore a need to develop intelligent systems that will execute all these tasks without the active involvement of the consumer. This paper proposes such an approach. Demand response scheme by smart scheduling of household electrical appliances is presented. The scheduler calculates individual device hourly probabilities that it uses to automatically generate optimal schedules. An optimal schedule is considered to be the one that meets the consumer's deadlines while ensuring energy cost savings to the customer.
TOMAS: A novel TOpology-aware Meta-Analysis approach applied to System biology

With the explosion of high-throughput data, an effective integrative analysis is needed to decipher the knowledge accumulated in multiple studies. However, batch effects, patient heterogeneity, and disease complexity all complicate the integration of data from different sources. Here we introduce TOMAS, a novel meta-analysis framework that transforms the challenging meta-analysis problem into a set of standard analysis problems that can be solved efficiently. This framework utilizes techniques based on both p-values and effect sizes to identify differentially expressed genes and their expression change on a genome-scale. The computed statistics allow for topology-aware pathway analysis of the given phenotypes, where topological information of genes is taken into consideration. We compare TOMAS with four meta-analysis approaches, as well as with three dedicated pathway analysis approaches that employ multiple datasets (MetaPath). The eight approaches have been tested on 609 samples from 9 Alzheimer's studies conducted in independent labs for different sets of patients and tissues. We demonstrate that the topology based meta-analysis framework overcomes noise and bias to identify pathways that are known to be implicated in Alzheimer's disease. While presented here in a genomic data analysis application, the proposed framework is sufficiently general to be applied in other research areas.
Proteomics analysis of Hsp90 modulation

B160 Background: Hsp90 is a pleiotropic cytosolic chaperone protein that is involved in stabilization and maturation of over 100 ‘client’ proteins, many of which are upregulated or mutated in human cancers. Preclinical data indicates that not all client proteins are affected by Hsp90 inhibition equally and some proteins such as HER-2 have been identified as more sensitive client proteins than others. The wealth of potential cellular functions in which Hsp90 plays a role potentially offers a plethora of biomarkers for drug sensitivity, and activity. Proteomic analysis represents a comprehensive and efficient method to improve our understanding of the cellular consequences of Hsp90 modulation. Hsp90 and other cellular chaperones function primarily by regulating protein stability, sub-cellular protein location, composition of the secreted proteome, and affects protein phosphorylation, all of which can be monitored globally and simultaneously by proteomic analysis. Methods: To explore the astounding complexity of proteome, we have developed a robust and fully automated non-labeled tandem multidimensional separation system on-line coupled with ESI-MS (LC/LC/LC-MS/MS/MS). This platform provides reliable and sensitive analysis and gives over 10,000 high-confidence protein identifications from a typical sample load (100 ug). Multiplex iTraq labeling has been applied to provide accurate quantification. This mass spectrometry based platform was utilized to investigate the consequences of small-molecule inhibition of Hsp90. Both in vitro and ex vivo experiments were designed to focus on the changes occurring over 1 to 48 hours by both marginally and strongly active concentrations of the Hsp90 inhibitor BIIB021 in either HER-2+ breast cancer cells or normal human PBMCs. Additionally, tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) was explored as a source of secreted biomarker candidates in an in vivo setting using a xenograft model of tumor regression. Results: Consistent changes in protein expression level were observed in various metabolic and signaling pathways after BIIB021 exposure, including ribosomal proteins and purine metabolism. In agreement with results from antibody based techniques, BIIB021 induced HER-2 degradation in both a dose and time dependant manner. Both the intracellular and extracellular domains of HER-2 peptides were detected. Additionally, we found other proteins that also decreased in a similar dose and/or time dependant manner. Conversely, antibody based techniques have revealed the upregulation of heat shock protein Hsp70 as a consequence of Hsp90 inhibition. Our results confirmed Hsp70 upregulation but it does not show a dose dependant response. In addition, more proteins were identified that demonstrated a dose dependant upregulation in response to Hsp90 inhibition. Conclusions: Proteomics analysis of Hsp90 modulation has confirmed and extended our knowledge of the dose dependent changes in abundance for existing biomarkers such as HER-2 and HSP70.
Explore consumer needs and design purposes of smart clothing from designers’ perspectives

ABSTRACTFrom both users’ and creators’ perspectives, this study examined: (1) designer-users’ needs of smart clothing, (2) designer-identified consumer needs, (3) design purposes, and (4) the relationships among needs and design purposes. Fifteen participants were interviewed. Results indicated, first, users were most interested in affordable, fashionable, and enjoyable smart clothing. Second, designers believed the most important consumer needs were function, no technical problems, and affordability. Third, design purposes focused on function and solving technical problems. Fourth, two gaps existed: designers did not fully understand all consumer needs; although designers understood some needs, their design purposes did not always meet these needs. By investigating consumer needs from users who had purchasing experiences, this study provides a unique contribution to the scholarly literature. Findings identified gaps among user needs, designer-identified consumer needs, and design purposes, which will hel...
School Psychologists as Mental Health Providers: The Impact of Staffing Ratios and Medicaid on Service Provisions.

As one out of five children in the United States demonstrate some type of mental or behavioral health concern warranting additional intervention, federal policies have emphasized the need for school-based mental health (SBMH) services and an expansion of Medicaid reimbursement for eligible children and families. Most youth access mental health services at school; therefore, it is important to evaluate how staffing ratios, credentialing, and state Medicaid policies may influence school psychologists’ involvement in the delivery of SBMH services. A survey of 192 school psychologists found that as practitioner to student ratios increased, the availability and provision of SBMH services decreased. As state Medicaid policies have been found to influence the provision of mental health services at school, current study results demonstrate an association between state level Medicaid policies and the number of school psychologists qualified to bill for Medicaid-reimbursable services. Implications for service delivery and policy development are discussed.
Still Part of the Conversation: Gender Issues in Science Education

Gender differences in science achievement and participation have decreased in the past three decades. Despite calls from science educators for a more refined analysis of gender differences that include other social categories such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, religion and sexuality, there is little information on how these factors, along with a student’s gender, impact her/his learning, attitudes toward science, achievement, and/or participation in science. Further, although previous research has documented how teachers’ practices and instruction can mediate students’ learning, we have yet to examine in detail how teachers’ expectations for students and pedagogical practices are nuanced by gender. Black feminists have challenged researchers to utilize intersectionality to explore how power, identity, and ideology across time and space impact gendered experiences and circumstances. In this chapter, I present a review of recent studies in gender and science education and propose future directions for gender research in science education.
Photochemistry of the Atmospheric Aqueous Phase

The coupled gas- and aqueous-phase photochemistry of a stratiform cloud in a remote region of the marine atmosphere is investigated with a time dependent box model. Both scavenging of ambient acidic aerosols and gases as well as aqueous-phase chemical reactions within droplets are found to be important sources of acidity to cloud water and can lead to pH levels in cloudwater in the remote marine atmosphere well below 5.6. The major sources of acidity via aqueous-phase chemical reactions are the generation of sulfuric acid from dissolved SO2 and the generation of formic acid from dissolved formaldehyde. In both cases aqueous-phase free radicals can play a significant role either by directly oxidizing dissolved SO2 and HCHO or indirectly by producing the aqueous-phase oxidant H2O2. While the transfer of HO2 and OH from the gas to the aqueous phase during the daylight hours can represent a significant source of free radicals to cloudwater, calculations indicate that another, potentially important source of aqueous-phase free radicals may arise from coronal discharges from droplets in electrified clouds. The rate of SO2 conversion to sulfuric acid is sensitive to a variety of parameters including the accommodation or sticking coefficient for SO2, H2O2, O2, HO2, and OH, the droplet growth rate and liquid water content, and the ambient levels of SO2, HNO3, and other acidic or basic gases. Because the SO2-to-sulfuric acid conversion rate is inhibited by low pH, the possibility exists that the pH of precipitation in polluted regions will respond non-linearly to reduced S emissions.
Complexation of calcium and copper with carbohydrates: Implications for seawater speciation

Abstract The extent of complexation of calcium(II) and copper(II) with 33 carbohydrates found in seawater has been determined potentiometrically using calcium and copper ion-selective electrodes. The measurements were performed in an essentially neutral aqueous medium at 25°C in 0.70 M KNO3. Neutral sugars form very weak 1:1 complexes with Ca(II) and Cu(II) ions. Sugars with carboxylate groups from much stronger complexes. K′Cu(II) >K′Ca(II)) for a given sugar. The extent of complexation is dependent on the conformation of the sugar ligand.
Polypeptide-chain-elongation rate in Escherichia coli B/r as a function of growth rate

By evaluating the kinetics of radioactive labelling of nascent and finished polypeptides, the peptide-chain elongation rate for Escherichia coli B/r at three different growth rates (mu) was determined to be 17 amino acids/s for the fast-growing cells (mu equals 1.3 and 2.0 doublings/h) and 12 amino acids/s for slow-growing cells (mu equals 0.67 doublings/h). The results agree with the growth-rate-dependence of the rate of peptide-chain elongation found for the translation of newly induced beta-galactosidase messenger in this strain and under these conditions of growth [Dalbow & Young (1975) Biochem. J. 150, 13-20]. Together with the previously observed ribosome efficiency at these growth rates [Dennis & Bremer (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 84, 407-422] the results indicate that the fraction of ribosomes engaged in protein synthesis is about 0.8 at all three growth rates.
Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysms

Ruptured intracranial aneurysms cause the vast majority of subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). While SAH is a relatively uncommon type of stroke, it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Successful treatment of aSAH requires a thorough understanding of this complex and multifaceted condition including diagnosis, aneurysm repair, treatment of hydrocephalus, and treatment of vasospasm. This chapter reviews these facets of care with emphasis on endovascular treatment.
Potable Water: Nature and Purification

Clean potable water is a matter of life. Scarcity of potable water is becoming the single most technologically challenging problem of the twenty-first century, because human activities are changing the environment and rendering significant amounts of water unfit for the sustenance of life. Whatever the origin of water, it is now clear that potable water can only be obtained through a process of filtration either at the source or at the sink. At present, there are no clean sources of water in many major population centers of the world. This overview deals with some of the basic principles of aquatic chemistry, such as speciation and surface-complexation reactions, through a computational equilibrium model, a continuous proton-binding model to calculate p K a spectra for solid sorbents and dissolved organic matters, an octanol-water partitioning model and the bio-concentration factor for nonelectrolytes. The urgent need for water filter development is highlighted by some recent developments in the use of iron-based sorbents in removing arsenic species from groundwater. The utility of a multiphysics approach with finite element analysis software (COMSOL) is exemplified with a sorption column for arsenic removal. The role of analytical chemistry in the study of aquatic chemistry is highlighted with special reference to quality control issues. It is argued that understanding water filtration as a science is the key to the solution of the present water crisis.