cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial Testicular Torsion and Torsion-Detorsion Syndrome:

Testicular torsion (TT) is a common cause of acute scrotal pain in young men and accounts for as many as 26% of cases of acute scrotum. Accurate diagnosis and differentiation of TT from acute epididymo-orchitis is essential because TT is treated surgically and epididymitis with or without orchitis is treated medically. Distinguishing TT from epididymo-orchitis is generally a clinical dilemma. Sonography remains the best imaging modality for these entities, but the sonographic findings can be complex and can mimic complicated epididymo-orchitis when dealing with partial TT and torsion-detorsion syndrome. This case report illustrates the complex sonography findings of surgically proven partial TT with torsion-detorsion syndrome.
Hepatitis B virus and persistent antigenemia in adolescents

Adolescents attending a municipal outpatient adolescent clinic in New York City were evaluated for the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers and persistent antigenemia. Among 313 teenagers tested in 1 year, 11.8% were HBV marker positive, and 4.8% had persistent antigenemia. Hispanic teens had a marker rate of 6.4% and an antigenemia rate of 1.4%. Dominican Republic teens had a significantly higher marker rate than Puerto Rican teens. Among Hispanics, sexual activity status and foreign- vs. U.S.-born status were not significantly related to the presence of HBV markers. Asian teenagers had a 50% marker rate and a 27.2% rate for persistent antigenemia. Marker and antigenemia rates were highest in the most recent immigrants. Unexplained persistent hematuria occurred more frequently in patients with HBV markers than in patients without markers. We recommend routine hepatitis B surface antigen screening in Hispanic and Asian adolescents. The greatest at-risk groups are Asians, especially recent immigrants, immigrants from the Dominican Republic, and probably patients with unexplained persistent hematuria.
VLSi architecture design for algebraic soft-decision Reed-Solomon decoding

Reed-Solomon (RS) codes have very broad applications in digital communication and storage systems. The recently developed algebraic soft-decision decoding (ASD) algorithms of RS codes have caught much attention. These algorithms can achieve substantial coding gain with polynomial complexity by incorporating the reliability information from the channel into an algebraic interpolation process. ASD algorithms have two major steps: the interpolation and factorization. This paper first gives a review of available algorithms that can be used for the implementation of these steps. Particularly, we focus on the Nielson's and Lee-O'Sullivan algorithms for the interpolation and the Roth-Ruckenstein algorithm for the factorization. Then hardware implementation bottlenecks of these algorithms are outlined, and existing efforts on VLSI architecture design for these algorithms are discussed. In addition, implementation results and comparisons are provided.
Semi‐analytic solution for multiple interacting three‐dimensional inhomogeneous inclusions of arbitrary shape in an infinite space

This paper develops a semi-analytic solution for multiple arbitrarily shaped three-dimensional inhomogeneous inclusions embedded in an infinite isotropic matrix under external load. All interactions between the inhomogeneous inclusions are taken into account in this solution. The inhomogeneous inclusions are discretized into small cuboidal elements, each of which is treated as a cuboidal inclusion with initial eigenstrain plus unknown equivalent eigenstrain according to the Equivalent Inclusion Method. All the unknown equivalent eigenstrains are determined by solving a set of simultaneous constitutive equations established for each equivalent cuboidal inclusion. The final solution is obtained by summing up the closed-form solutions for each individual equivalent cuboidal inclusion in an infinite space. The solution evaluation is performed by application of the fast Fourier transform algorithm, which greatly increases the computational efficiency. Finally, the solution is validated by taking Eshelby's analytic solution of an ellipsoidal inhomogeneous inclusion as a benchmark and by the finite element analysis. A few sample results are also given to demonstrate the generality of the solution. The solution may have potentially significant applications in solving a wide range of inhomogeneity-related problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
natural selection of asymmetric traits operates at multiple levels

natural selection of asymmetric traits operates at multiple levels. some asymmetric traits (like having a dominant eye) are tied to more universal aspects of the environment and are coded genetically, while others (like pedestrian turning biases) are tied to more ephemeral patterns and are largely learned. species-wide trends of asymmetry can be better modeled when different levels of natural selection are specified.
Waiting for Crisis: Regulatory Inaction and Ineptitude and the Guadalupe Dunes Oil Spill

Swift and ameliorative governmental response to a range of threatening circumstances is crucial to public health and safety. This is especially the case given the expanding role such "control organizations" play in modern life. In this capacity, government organizations are in a position to arbitrate "acceptable risk" by either pursuing issues that affect the public or not. With this as its backdrop, this paper analyzes governmental response to a petroleum spill that over four decades of unmitigated leaks became the United State's largest on record. Using notions of "organized anarchy," modified to address an inter-organizational decision-making context, it is shown that regulators' incapacity to act on this toxic yet non-acute hazard was the interactive outcome of 1) crescive trouble: a genre of "problem" government administrators are not organized to detect and 2) organized anarchy: organizational coordination difficulties that further hampered inter-agency cooperation and problem interdiction. The organizational response this spill gained exemplifies shortcomings found in the way administrative systems manage and respond to "a crisis in the making." The analysis and conclusions drawn have implications for a range of nascent social problems that under current institutional mandates are left to fester until they manifest as acute traumas or involve substantial immiseration.
The reflection on the blackboard: student teacher self‐evaluation

A common aim of teacher education is to encourage prospective teachers to analyze carefully their instructional performance. Yet, research on teacher cognition heretofore has concentrated primarily on experienced teachers’ planning and instructional thinking. We need more information on how student teachers think about and engage in the evaluation of their teaching performance. This study used data from initial structured interviews to elicit student teachers’ self‐evaluation concerns and examined the student teachers’ journals, a final written self‐evalution, and tapes from post‐teaching interviews to create a profile of each student teacher's responses about self‐evaluation. In this paper I analyze the student teachers’ pre‐conceptions about success, examine their processes of self‐evaluation, and explore a conception of “interactive self‐evaluation.” I offer suggestions about the conditions that may enable student teachers to enhance their analytical processes.
Aussagen über das Deformationsverhalten von Polymernetzwerken aus ESR‐Untersuchungen

Das Elektronenspin-Resonanzverfahren (ESR) hat sich in den letzten Jahren zu einem wesentlichen Hilfsmittel bei der Erforschung des mechanischen Verhaltens von Kunststoffen entwikkelt. Der Verfasser behandelt zunachst die Anwendungsmoglichkeiten des Verfahrens auf Vorgange in Oberflachenschichten. Ausfuhrlicher wird dann auf Fragen der Kohasion und Deformation teilkristalliner Kunststoffe eingegangen, die sowohl bei der Adhasion von Polymerschichten als auch in ESR-Untersuchungen bedeutsam sind. Die Voraussetzungen fur das Entstehen von Kettenbruchen und die Beziehung zwischen Kettenbruchen und Mikrorisbildung werden erlautert. Deformation Behaviour of Cross-Linked Polymers by ESR-Studies Electron spin resonance procedure (ESR) has during the past years developed to an important tool for studying the mechanical behaviour of plastics. The author describes the possible applications of this method in the study of processes in surface layers. The problems related to cohesion and deformation of partly crystalline plastics are treated extensively; these problems are significant both with regard to adhesion of polymer layers and for the ESR-investigations. The conditions leading to the cleavage of chains and the relationship between such cleavages and the formation of microfine cracks are explained.
Book and Media Review: Coalitions and Partnerships in Community Health

Coalitions and Partnerships in Community Health is a newly released text written by Frances D. Butterfoss. This book achieves the stated goal of being a one-stop shop for creating effective and long-lasting coalitions and partnerships as an effective strategy to achieve public health goals. The text is divided into four parts covering the importance of coalitions and partnerships, building and maintaining effective coalitions and partnerships, and coalitions and partnerships in action. Numerous figures, exhibits, examples, and resources make this 500+ page book an outstanding resource and roadmap for practitioners and researchers in all segments of public health and academia.
HOM4PS-2.0: a software package for solving polynomial systems by the polyhedral homotopy continuation method

HOM4PS-2.0 is a software package in FORTRAN 90 which implements the polyhedral homotopy continuation method for solving polynomial systems. It updates its original version HOM4PS in three key aspects: (1) new method for finding mixed cells, (2) combining the polyhedral and linear homotopies in one step, (3) new way of dealing with curve jumping. Numerical results show that this revision leads to a spectacular speed-up, ranging up to 1950s, over its original version on all benchmark systems, especially for large ones. It surpasses the existing packages in finding isolated zeros, such as PHCpack (Verschelde in ACM Trans Math Softw 25:251–276, 1999), PHoM (Gunji et al. in Computing 73:57–77, 2004), and Bertini (Bates et al. in Software for numerical algebraic geometry. Available at http://www.nd.edu/~sommese/bertini), in speed by big margins.
Size and Density Separation in Granular Materials

We review mechanisms leading to the separation of granular mixtures according to the size or density of the constituent particles. Besides a general overview, the focus of this article is on separation induced by vertical vibrations of the vessel holding the granular material, and specifically on recent results showing a density-dependence to the separation process. A convenient measure of the separation speed is the rise time of a larger “intruder particle” from some fixed initial depth to the free surface, where it will remain. Recent experiments have shown that for large intruder sizes the rise time depends on the density of the intruder particle. Furthermore, in three-dimensional systems we found that this density dependence is highly nonmonotonic. While there is no detailed theoretical understanding available yet, our experiments demonstrate that this surprising behavior is produced by interactions not only between the large intruder particle and the smaller particles of the surrounding granular bed, but also between the particles and the interstitial air.
Ten-year comparison of the influence of organic and conventional crop management practices on the content of flavonoids in tomatoes.

Understanding how environment, crop management, and other factors, particularly soil fertility, influence the composition and quality of food crops is necessary for the production of high-quality nutritious foods. The flavonoid aglycones quercetin and kaempferol were measured in dried tomato samples (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Halley 3155) that had been archived over the period from 1994 to 2004 from the Long-Term Research on Agricultural Systems project (LTRAS) at the University of CaliforniasDavis, which began in 1993. Conventional and organic processing tomato production systems are part of the set of systems compared at LTRAS. Comparisons of analyses of archived samples from conventional and organic production systems demonstrated statistically higher levels (P < 0.05) of quercetin and kaempferol aglycones in organic tomatoes. Ten-year mean levels of quercetin and kaempferol in organic tomatoes [115.5 and 63.3 mg g -1 of dry matter (DM)] were 79 and 97% higher than those in conventional tomatoes (64.6 and 32.06 mg g -1 of DM), respectively. The levels of flavonoids increased over time in samples from organic treatments, whereas the levels of flavonoids did not vary significantly in conventional treatments. This increase corresponds not only with increasing amounts of soil organic matter accumulating in organic plots but also with reduced manure application rates once soils in the organic systems had reached equilibrium levels of organic matter. Well-quantified changes in tomato nutrients over years in organic farming systems have not been reported previously.
Long-term changes in cognitive bias and coping response as a result of chronic unpredictable stress during adolescence

Animals that experience adverse events in early life often have life-long changes to their physiology and behavior. Long-term effects of stress during early life have been studied extensively, but less attention has been given to the consequences of negative experiences solely during the adolescent phase. Adolescence is a particularly sensitive period of life when regulation of the glucocorticoid “stress” hormone response matures and specific regions in the brain undergo considerable change. Aversive experiences during this time might, therefore, be expected to generate long-term consequences for the adult phenotype. Here we investigated the long-term effects of exposure to chronic unpredictable stress during adolescence on adult decision making, coping response, cognitive bias, and exploratory behavior in rats. Rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (e.g. isolation, crowding, cage tilt) were compared to control animals that were maintained in standard, predictable conditions throughout development. Unpredictable stress during adolescence resulted in a suite of long-term behavioral and cognitive changes including a negative cognitive bias (F1,12 = 5.000, P < 0.05), altered coping response (T1,14 = 2.216, P = 0.04), and accelerated decision making (T1,14 = 3.245, P = 0.01). Exposure to chronic stress during adolescence also caused a short-term increase in boldness behaviors; in a novel object test 15 days after the last stressor, animals exposed to chronic unpredictable stress had decreased latencies to leave a familiar shelter and approach a novel object (T1,14 = 2.240, P = 0.04; T1,14 = 2.419, P = 0.03, respectively). The results showed that stress during adolescence has long-term impacts on behavior and cognition that affect the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli, behavioral response to adverse events, and how animals make decisions. Stress during adolescence also induced short-term changes in the way animals moved around a novel environment.
Incorporating International Financial Reporting Standards Into The United States Financial Reporting System: Timeline And Implications

In the United States of America (US), all the accounting procedures and guidelines for measurement and reporting by business firms are governed by a body of principles and concepts known as “Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).” These GAAP are presently issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) with the authority delegated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Historically, each country developed its own GAAP and there was no uniformity among the GAAPs of different countries. Comparison of financial statements issued by business firms from different countries has become impossible leading toward suboptimal capital allocation across countries in the world. Gradually, with the advent of multinational corporations, there emerged a global demand for convergence of GAAP of different countries into a single set uniform accounting standards applicable to all countries. Initiative for uniform global accounting standards came from International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) which was established in 1973. The IASC formed International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in 2001 which began issuing International Financial Accounting Standards (IFRS). Till now about 100 countries have adopted IFRS for their financial reporting purposes. The SEC has yielded to the global pressure to adopt IFRS in the US. SEC has set a timeline for US business firms to change over from US GAAP to IFRS. This paper presents the background and development of the movement of IFRS, timeline for the change in US and the implications involved in the adoption of IFRS in the US.
Metalloproteins: The long and the short of it

Preparation and structural characterization of the catalytic intermediates of two similar thiolate-ligated haem proteins (cytochrome P450 Compound-I and chloroperoxidase Compound-I) has explained the structural basis for the difference in their reactivity.
From Capability Trap to Effective Disaster Risk Management Capacity: What Can Governments, Communities, and Donors Do?

This chapter focuses on understanding what the future holds for disaster risk management. The role of governments and communities in developing effective disaster risk management capacity is explored along with recommendations. The chapter focuses on two interrelated topics. First, do donors and international aid have a role to play? Second, how much capacity development for disaster management is actually about making the development happen in a right manner? This research has helped in conceptualizing how capacity building takes place and what factors are important for its effectiveness and sustainability at a local level. With a better understanding of determinants of capacity development, scarce resources can be effectively allocated. The findings will be useful in designing and implementing effective disaster risk mitigation programs that keep people and their assets safe from disasters, relying on better engagement with community, and supporting the critical role of change agents. This final chapter also discusses some methodological limitations and offers directions for future research.
American Ambition: Bonapartism, Jeffersonianism and the Case of Lewis Rand

This paper undertakes to give a reading of Mary Johnston's 1908 historical novel entitled Lewis Rand. The novel tells the story of a young Virginia man who receives a Jeffersonian education – literally – Lewis Rand is educated by Thomas Jefferson “in person.” The young man later breaks with the great man over the character of his own political ambition and the limits which would be put upon this ambition if he were to continue in his adherence to Jeffersonian principles. These principles had undergirded his climb from poverty and obscurity to the position of “rising star” in Virginia politics. But when forced to choose between these principles and the future prospect of joining the ranks of the great emperors and conquerors of history, Lewis Rand opts for the latter, which meant in his case to opt for ambition over his personal intimacy with Jefferson (although at the last moment he pulls back at the brink of political action). Lewis’s story is thus one concerning the limits of liberal democratic politics and the perennial dialectic between the politics of reason and the politics of tyranny. C. Ronald Cella explains that while Johnston’s art was shaped by her reading of such authors as Juvenal, Pascal, Macaulay, Hume, Gibbon, Shakespeare, Spenser, Keats, Shelley, Dickens and Scott, she was especially influenced by Darwin, Bergson, James, Nietzsche, Spinoza, and Kant.
Codeopticon: Real-Time, One-To-Many Human Tutoring for Computer Programming

One-on-one tutoring from a human expert is an effective way for novices to overcome learning barriers in complex domains such as computer programming. But there are usually far fewer experts than learners. To enable a single expert to help more learners at once, we built Codeopticon, an interface that enables a programming tutor to monitor and chat with dozens of learners in real time. Each learner codes in a workspace that consists of an editor, compiler, and visual debugger. The tutor sees a real-time view of each learner's actions on a dashboard, with each learner's workspace summarized in a tile. At a glance, the tutor can see how learners are editing and debugging their code, and what errors they are encountering. The dashboard automatically reshuffles tiles so that the most active learners are always in the tutor's main field of view. When the tutor sees that a particular learner needs help, they can open an embedded chat window to start a one-on-one conversation. A user study showed that 8 first-time Codeopticon users successfully tutored anonymous learners from 54 countries in a naturalistic online setting. On average, in a 30-minute session, each tutor monitored 226 learners, started 12 conversations, exchanged 47 chats, and helped 2.4 learners.
Revisiting the On-Sale Bar After Pfaff

The on-sale bar allows inventors a grace period to judge the worth of their ideas through limited commercialization. The Supreme Court set forth a test for triggering the bar in a decision five years ago, Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, but the test has caused excessive litigation. The test's first prong makes formal contractual distinctions having little to do with the way inventors do business, hurting innocent inventors while giving wilier ones a ready loophole. The second asks whether a sold invention was ready for patenting - at best causing immature ideas to be patented, at worst asking an unknowable question. In response this Article proposes a new, more concrete, on-sale bar test, starting the grace period only when an invention is built and delivered. It limits pre-filing commercialization by the inventor and reduces the possibility that the public will come to rely on the invention being in the public domain. It also gives inventors a better opportunity to judge the worth of their invention while still ensuring that they file promptly with the patent office. An early version of this article was printed in the Albany Law Journal of Science and Technology.
High Frequency Trading Do Regulators Need to Control this Tool of Informationally Efficient Markets

High Frequency Trading (HFT) is a form of algorithmic trading where firms use high-speed market data and analytics to look for short-term supply and demand trading opportunities that often are the product of predictable behavioral or mechanical characteristics of financial markets. Often called “equity market making,” HFT firms usually hold their positions for less than a minute while perpetually looking for opportunities to buy and sell. These transactions happen thousands of times a day, take micro¬seconds, and often net less than a penny in profit per share traded. Concerns have been raised in recent years about the potential market risks associated with HFT and algorithmic trading in general. Some opponents have argued that these practices create risk and require aggressive regulation. Purported risks to the stability and integrity of financial markets created by HFT include the creation of a two-tiered market system as a result of asymmetric information, potential volatility, “noise” and informational distortions, out-of-control algorithms, and “flash crashes.” However, many of these concerns are neither new nor exclusively related to HFT. HFT is, quite simply, a contemporary tool that facilitates informational market efficiency and, as such, is capable of being regulated by the market and market participants — indeed, there is significant evidence to indicate HFT activity is already being regulated by the market. At the same time, HFT improves market efficiency by lowering the costs to investors, controlling volatility, and improving liquidity. Many of the concerns raised by those calling for increased regulation predate the emergence of HFT, and thus those concerns are not particular to HFT. There are, however, opportunities for regulators, HFT firms, and exchanges to continue to work together to monitor and develop internal and external “circuit breakers” and consolidated audit trails to ensure continued market stability and integrity.
Effects of surface modification on polymeric biocomposites for orthopedic applications

Orthopedic conditions that utilize external materials to aid in fracture healing include screw augmentation, open tibial plateau fractures, and vertebroplasty. Polymer-based tissue engineering is a promising approach for meeting the shortcomings of external materials such as autografts, allografts, and calcium phosphate cements, due to the properties of polymeric materials (including mechanical properties, degradation rate, and microstructure). Polymeric biocomposites designed as an alternative approach to synthetic bone-graft materials for use to treat orthopedic conditions combine the bulk properties of at least one polymer and particulated solid filler, with theorized tougher mechanical properties, improved biological behavior, and modified degradation mechanisms. Within the polymeric biocomposite, the interface between the two phases is a vital relationship that has downstream effects on the biocomposite's ability to perform as intended and aid in localized bone remodeling. Surface modification via silane and/or polymer attachment to the particulated solid-filler component, before combination with the polymer phase, significantly alters this interface interaction through the primary properties of the solid filler (surface composition) and secondary surface properties (wetting, zeta potential, and dissolution/degradation), which consequently affect the resultant properties of the polymeric biocomposite (viscosity, mechanics, and fluid absorption). There are various methods for modifying the surface of particulated solid fillers and fabricating polymeric biocomposite that utilize surface-modified fillers. Despite these established methods and characterized effects, there is future potential to apply additional methods to this field, such as plasma polymerization, as well as biological attachment of active molecules to the surface as a delivery vehicle to localized bone fracture sites.
A reusable microfluidic device provides continuous measurement capability and improves the detection limit of digital biology

Current digital biology platforms lack the ability to perform continuous measurements for transient analysis. A fundamental challenge is to perform complex fluidic manipulation processes such as washing and mixing in individual reaction volumes. Here, we present a reusable digital biology platform where the reaction compartmentalization and commencement are controlled by micromechanical valves fabricated in high density through microfluidic very large scale integration (mVLSI) technology. Background noise correction enabled by the platform improves signal-to-noise ratio and thus eliminates the need for sophisticated imaging technologies. We have used the detection platform for probing single molecules of the β-galactosidase enzyme. The measurements were repeated hundreds of times at concentrations as low as 0.8 fM (resulting in a theoretical detection limit of 3 aM). We have also demonstrated multiple TNF-α measurements with a magnetic bead based digital ELISA assay. The assay showed that the average number of enzymes per magnetic bead is 0.55 for 10 pM TNF-α (compared to 0.08 for negative control). This automated and reusable digital platform allows on-chip assay preparation and continuous measurements; as a result, it will enable single cell/enzyme studies and clinical diagnostic tests (i.e. digital ELISA) to be performed in shorter time scales and with lower detection limits.
Biological Pathways Linking Mindfulness with Health

In order to consider how this capacity of the mind (‘mindfulness’) impacts our biology, this chapter is divided into three parts. First, I formalize an account for how mindfulness might affect health: the mindfulness stress-buffering hypothesis—and then consider the available evidence for this account. Second, I will ground this stress buffering account in an evidence-based biological model (Miller, Chen, & Cole, 2009) depicting how mindfulness influences stress-related neural and peripheral biological pathways, which in turn might explain a broad range of stress-related mental and physical health outcomes. Third, I conclude with thoughts about how this account stimulates new questions that could be fruitfully explored in subsequent research.
Extended solubility of Sr in LaPO4 monazite

Abstract Monazite-type LnPO 4 is a stable phase for many of the larger rare earths. The unusually asymmetric 9-fold coordinated La 3 + sites can be substituted by other large ions including aliovalents such as Sr 2 + . In the case of divalent ions, “charge balance” can be maintained by substituted monovalent anionic units such as (OH) − . The solid solution series has the chemical formula La 1 − x Sr x PO 4 − x (OH) x , which may exist without defects such as vacancies as long as sufficient water is present. X up to as high as 0.3 is found, much higher than previously reported, when using a direct precipitation process in hot, strong phosphoric acid. Physical properties of Sr-doped LaPO 4 up to that level, including proton transport, have been measured. At high temperatures, (> 400 °C) proton ionic conductivity in the bulk is expected to be high, but the structure becomes unstable. As (OH) − is given off, Sr also leaves the structure and forms an intergranular phase with phosphorus, a process that detrimentally affects the ionic conductivity and cannot be suppressed even when conducting measurements in water vapor that should encourage retaining (OH) − in the structure.
Time travel and chronotope: The Lost Empire and The Forbidden Kingdom as adaptations of Journey to the West

This essay examines two examples of contemporary adaptations of the Chinese classic Journey to the West (Xiyou Ji) in American popular media: the 2001 NBC TV mini-series The Lost Empire and the 200...
Diet and Lighting Conditions Modify the Effects of the Kappa Opioid Agonist U50,488H on Feeding Behavior in Rats

The effects of diet and lighting conditions on the actions of the kappa opioid receptor agonist, U50, 488H, on food and water intakes were examined in male Long—Evans rats. Animals were fed chow and water, or chow, water and either a 32% sucrose solution or a 0.15% saccharin solution. In the first part of the study, sucrose and saccharin solutions were removed for 24 h, and rats then injected with 0, 4.0 or 8.0 mg/kg U50, 488H at the beginning of the dark portion of the 24-h cycle. Chow and water intakes were measured 1, 2, 4 and 24 h later. This procedure was repeated weekly until all rats had received each dose of the drug. In the second part, the procedure was identical with the exception that injections were given at the beginning of the light. When injected in the dark, U50, 488H suppressed food intake in rats which had consumed sucrose, but had minimal effects on intakes in rats which had consumed saccharin or chow alone. When U50, 488H was injected in the light, food intakes were greater 1 and 2h a...
Henry Clarke Wright

Wright’s new career as an itinerant lecturer and writer on family reform proved more successful than his earlier work with the antislavery movement His support of women’s rights shifted from advocating women’s public rights in the 1830s to promoting women’s rights to control their bodies in the 1850s.
Reconstructing the Infrastructure of Damaged Societies

Peacekeeping efforts in the Balkans and Afghanistan demonstrated that there is a period from about 1 year to 18 months after the cessation of hostilities when the host nation is in limbo. In most cases, there is not enough infrastructure to facilitate economic recovery, there are not sufficient internal assets to provide the required infrastructure, and there is no external force in place that legally can provide the infrastructure help to promote the necessary economic growth. This chapter examines the complementary capabilities that civilian agencies and military forces bring to a peacekeeping mission demonstrating that a combined approach that meshes these capabilities should result in a more rapid reconstruction timeline. Using the case of Bosnia will illustrate the type of agencies that may be present in a peacekeeping operation and will further demonstrate arising issues when military and civilian forces are not coordinated.
Development of N-Substituted Hydroxamic Acids with Pyrazolone Leaving Groups as Nitrosocarbonyl Precursors

A novel class of nitrosocarbonyl precursors, N-substituted hydroxamic acids with pyrazolone leaving groups (NHPY), has been synthesized. Under physiological conditions, these compounds generate nitrosocarbonyl intermediates, which upon hydrolysis release nitroxyl (azanone, HNO) in excellent yields. The amount and rate of nitrosocarbonyl generation are dependent on the nature of the pyrazolone leaving groups and significantly on the structural properties of the NHPY donors. Pyrazolones have been found to be efficient nitrosocarbonyl traps, undergoing an N-selective nitrosocarbonyl aldol reaction. This trapping reaction has been used to confirm the involvement of nitrosocarbonyl intermediates in NHPY aqueous decomposition. In addition, NHPY compounds are shown to generate nitrosocarbonyls efficiently under mild basic conditions in organic solvent and may therefore also enjoy synthetic utility.
are children capable of collective intentionality

A familia apresenta um desafio interessante a muitas concepcoes sobre a atividade coletiva e a configuracao de grupos sociais. Os filosofos sociais definem grupos sociais como compostos por individuos que conscientemente consentem em ser membros do grupo ou que atuam voluntariamente para continuar sendo membros deste. Essa nocao de voluntarismo, construida no conceito de um grupo social, repousa sobre uma estreita concepcao de agencia que e dificil de estender alem dos adultos capacitados e autonomos. As familias, no entanto, comumente estao compostas por membros que supostamente carecem desse sentido desenvolvido de agencia e que, portanto, sao considerados incapazes de consentir em ingressar ou permanecer em um grupo: infantes e criancas pequenas. A familia, entao, parece ser uma adequacao estranha para a designacao de grupo social ainda que seja frequentemente anunciada como um exemplo paradigmatico do mesmo. Neste artigo argumento que as criancas e infantes sao, de fato, agentes capazes de intencionalidade coletiva, especialmente no contexto da familia onde agem cooperativa e reciprocamente com aqueles que os cuidam. Deste modo, apresento uma compreensao de familia como um grupo social que tem graus de voluntarismo para todos os membros nas formas de boa vontade e compromisso conjuntos . Argumento isso em tres etapas. Primeiro, emprego os conceitos de Margaret Gilbert de compromisso e atitude conjuntos como uma estrutura para a intencionalidade coletiva. Em segundo lugar, ecoando a Carol Gould, sustento que devemos expandir nossa concepcao de agencia para alem do caso ideal. Por ultimo, me baseio em uma pesquisa recente de Michael Tomasello que demonstra a habilidade da crianca em agir cooperativa e reciprocamente. Juntas, essas etapas provem um fundamento forte a afirmacao de que criancas e infantes sao agentes capazes de intencionalidade coletiva dentro das familias.
Myth 4: Deregulation Always Improves the Economy

Myth: Deregulation always improves the economy’s efficiency. Industries protected from competition, from the need to innovate and reduce costs would have to deal with the uncompromising realities of the market – the true test of efficiency. Deregulation represents a move toward free markets. It spurs the economy and raises productivity and eventually living standards.
Stabilization of Hypersonic Boundary Layers by Linear and Nonlinear Optimal Perturbations

The effect of stationary, finite-amplitude, linear and nonlinear optimal perturbations on the modal disturbance growth in a Mach 6 axisymmetric flow over a 7 deg. half-angle cone with 0:126 mm nose radius and 0:305 m length is investigated. The freestream parameters (M = 6, Re(exp 1) = 18 x 10(exp. 6) /m) are selected to match the flow conditions of a previous experiment in the VKI H3 hypersonic tunnel. Plane-marching parabolized stability equations are used in conjunction with a partial-differential equation based planar eigenvalue analysis to characterize the boundary layer instability in the presence of azimuthally periodic streaks. The streaks are observed to stabilize nominally planar Mack mode instabilities, although oblique Mack mode and first-mode disturbances are destabilized. Experimentally measured transition onset in the absence of any streaks correlates with an amplification factor of N = 6 for the planar Mack modes. For high enough streak amplitudes, the transition threshold of N = 6 is not reached by the Mack mode instabilities within the length of the cone; however, subharmonic first-mode instabilities, which are destabilized by the presence of the streaks, do reach N = 6 near the end of the cone. The highest stabilization is observed at streak amplitudes of approximately 20 percent of the freestream velocity. Because the use of initial disturbance profiles based on linear optimal growth theory may yield suboptimal control in the context of nonlinear streaks, the computational predictions are extended to nonlinear optimal growth theory. Results show that by using nonlinearly optimal perturbation leads to slightly enhanced stabilization of plane Mack mode disturbances as well as reduced destabilization of subharmonic first-mode disturbances.
Center post and rib length optimization of a high speed permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor

This paper presents the optimization of center post and rib length of a high speed permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa-SynRM) through the modeling of performance parameters. With low torque ripple, wider field weakening region and cost effective structure, PMa-SynRM can be a deserving candidate for high speed machine design. One of the most crucial factors for PMa-SynRM operating in high speed region is the mechanical stress and deformation in the rotor. To reduce these, center post and rib can be introduced in the design. But center post and rib length can lead to a reduced torque and an increased torque ripple and back emf. In this paper, apart from stress and deformation, the trend of performance parameters like average torque, torque ripple and back emf are considered for center post and rib length optimization. Through multivariate correlation and nonlinear regression analysis, the pattern of performance parameters has been captured by using initially designed high speed PMa-SynRM. The second order equation for each performance parameter was formed as a function of center post and rib length. Finally, by using fmincon optimization function with objective of stress minimization and performance parameter constraints, optimal value of center post and rib length was calculated. Simulation results in finite element analysis (FEA) shows noticeable improvement of average torque, torque ripple, stress compared to an initially designed model. This algorithm can effectively be used in high speed PMa-SynRM design to balance both mechanical and performance parameters.
From the Headlines to the Jury Room: An Examination of the Impact of Pretrial Publicity on Jurors and Juries

Pretrial publicity (PTP) encompasses all media coverage of a case occurring prior to trial (Greene & Wade, 1988; Studebaker & Penrod, 1997). Importantly, substantial PTP that is prejudicial and anti-defendant in nature can bias jurors’ opinions of the defendant’s character and increase the likelihood of a guilty verdict (see Steblay, Besirevic, Fulero, & Jimenez-Lorente, 1999 for review). Over the past decade, there have been dramatic changes in how the media covers, and the public follows, criminal and civil cases (e.g., blogs, Facebook, Twitter, Netflix, YouTube, and Internet news sources), which has increased the public’s access to case information and removed geographical boundaries. This chapter begins by providing a summary of important court decisions involving PTP, as well as the American Bar Association’s ethical rules for the dissemination of pretrial information. The second section of this chapter explores the amount and type/slant of PTP found in various media sources and the changing media landscape. The chapter then turns to reviewing the social science research and mechanisms through which PTP influences jurors’ decisions. The chapter then examines the effectiveness of current remedies available to address PTP. The chapter concludes with future directions for PTP research and policy implications.
Numerical simulation of weakly ionized hypersonic flow over reentry capsules

The mathematical and numerical formulation employed in the development of a new multi-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code for the simulation of weakly ionized hypersonic flows in thermo-chemical non-equilibrium over reentry configurations is presented. The flow is modeled using the Navier-Stokes equations modified to include finite-rate chemistry and relaxation rates to compute the energy transfer between different energy modes. The set of equations is solved numerically by discretizing the flowfield using unstructured grids made of any mixture of quadrilaterals and triangles in two-dimensions or hexahedra, tetrahedra, prisms and pyramids in three-dimensions. The partial differential equations are integrated on such grids using the finite volume approach. The fluxes across grid faces are calculated using a modified form of the Steger-Warming Flux Vector Splitting scheme that has low numerical dissipation inside boundary layers. The higher order extension of inviscid fluxes in structured grids is generalized in this work to be used in unstructured grids. Steady state solutions are obtained by integrating the solution over time implicitly. The resulting sparse linear system is solved by using a point implicit or by a line implicit method in which a tridiagonal matrix is assembled by using lines of cells that are formed starting at the wall. An algorithm that assembles these lines using completely general unstructured grids is developed. The code is parallelized to allow simulation of computationally demanding problems. The numerical code is successfully employed in the simulation of several hypersonic entry flows over space capsules as part of its validation process. Important quantities for the aerothermodynamics design of capsules such as aerodynamic coefficients and heat transfer rates are compared to available experimental and flight test data and other numerical results yielding very good agreement. A sensitivity analysis of predicted radiative heating of a space capsule to several thermo-chemical non-equilibrium models is also performed.
Category-Specific Knowledge

Questions about the organization of conceptual knowledge in the human brain can be addressed through category-specific semantic deficits: disproportionate and even selective impairment of conceptual knowledge of one category of objects compared to other categories. Recently, consensus has emerged regarding the basic facts of category-specific semantic deficits: (1) the categories that can be disproportionately impaired/spared are ‘animals,’ ‘fruit/vegetables,’ and ‘artifacts’; and (2) category-specific semantic deficits are not associated with disproportionate deficits for a type or modality of knowledge. These facts, together with findings in functional neuroimaging, indicate a complex organization of conceptual knowledge characterized by several independent dimensions of organization.
A passive two-degree-of-freedom ankle-foot prosthesis

Natural human ankle motion includes dorsiflexion/plantarflexion (the major contributor to gait) as well as smaller contributions from inversion/eversion and abduction/adduction motions. Many of the commercially available passive prostheses for amputees are either stiff in all these motion directions or are compliant mainly in the dorsiflexion/plantarflexion direction. This can make it difficult for amputees to walk on uneven or sloped surfaces, and leads to increased risk of falling [1–4].Copyright © 2018 by ASME
Periodontal disease and incident venous thromboembolism: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.

Aim Periodontal disease is a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor but few studies have considered the relationship between periodontal disease and venous thromboembolism (VTE). We hypothesized that periodontal disease is independently associated with increased risk of incident VTE. Materials and methods We used data from 8,092 participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study to examine periodontal disease in 1996-1998 and incident VTE through 2011. Periodontal disease was determined using self-reported tooth loss due to gum disease and dental examinations. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios for VTE and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for relevant confounders. Results and conclusions Participants were on average 62.7 years old at baseline and 13.9% self-reported tooth loss from gum disease. Over a mean of 12.9 years of follow-up, there were 313 incident VTE events. Self-reported tooth loss due to gum disease was associated with 30% higher VTE risk (HR = 1.29 (0.96, 1.73) after adjusting demographic factors, SES, periodontal risk factors, oral hygiene, and access to dental care variables. No statistically significant associations between clinical measures of periodontitis and VTE were observed after adjustment. Further research is needed to elucidate whether a relationship between periodontal disease and VTE exists.