cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signal‐Averaged Electrocardiograms in Normal Doberman Pinschers

Signal-averaged electrocardiograms (SAECGs) were performed on nonsedated normal dogs in left-lateral recumbency. Following signal averaging, both time-domain and 3-dimensional frequency-domain analyses were performed. For time-domain analysis, the high-frequency QRS (HFQRS) duration, duration of the terminal QRS complex less than 40 microV (LAS40), and root mean square (RMS) voltages (microV) of the terminal 40 milliseconds (RMS40) and 30 milliseconds of the QRS complex were calculated. For frequency-domain analysis, correlation ratios were calculated for 30-, 40-, 50-, and 60-millisecond segment lengths begun 10, 15, or 20 milliseconds before the end of the QRS complex. Spectro-temporal mapping was also performed. All of the parameters of the SAECGs analyzed in the time domain were associated with each other. LAS40 and RMS voltages regressed significantly (P 0.8 and > 0.61 in 67% of all analyses, respectively.
Potassium channels: The importance of transport signals

The number, type and distribution of ion channels on a neuron's surface determine its electrical response to stimulation. One way that a cell determines how many molecules of each channel type are sent to the surface has been eludicated in a recent study of intrinsic protein transport signals within potassium channels.
Designing file systems for digital video and audio

We address the unique requirements of a multimedia file system such as continuous storage and retrieval of media, maintenance of synchronization between multiple media streams, and efficient manipulation of huge media objects. We present a model that relates disk and device characteristics to the recording rate, and derive storage granularity and scattering parameters that guarantee continuous access. In order for the file system to support multiple concurrent requests, we develop admission control algorithms for determining whether a new request can be accepted without violating the realtime constraints of any of the requests.We define a strand as an immutable sequence of continuously recorded media samples, and then present a multimedia rope abstraction which is a collection of individual media strands tied together by synchronization information. We devise operations for efficient manipulation of multi-stranded ropes, and develop an algorithm for maintaining the scattering parameter during editing so as to guarantee continuous playback of edited ropes.We have implemented a prototype multimedia file system, which serves as a testbed for experimenting with policies and algorithms for multimedia storage. We present our initial experiences with using the file system.
Tribological performance evaluation of tungsten carbide-based cermets and development of a fracture mechanics wear model

Abstract Relatively low fracture toughness of WC-Co materials compared to high speed tool steels is a major concern. Tungsten carbide tools may exhibit sudden brittle fracture at high stresses such as are encountered in shear and slitter knives. This has limited the use of tungsten carbide tools to certain applications in spite of their high hardness and wear resistance. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the tribological performance of selected cermets and develop a fracture mechanics wear model. Six compositions of WC-Co materials (Co ranging from 4 to 30% by weight) with or without TiC, NbC, TaC, or Mo2C were selected for relating wear modes of these tool materials to pertinent mechanical properties such as fracture toughness and hardness. The influence of mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, hardness, fracture toughness, modulus of rupture, and Weibull modulus on wear rates and wear modes of the selected materials is presented and discussed. The major mechanisms of wear in WC-Co materials are discussed as they apply to the development of suitable relationships between wear and mechanical properties. The wear process is by the transfer of steel from the ring to the cemented carbide block specimens, initiation of mode I cracks normal to the mating surface, propagating of mode II cracks parallel to the wear surfaces and the subsequent separation of platelets with adhered WC and Co particles through adhesive forces with the steel ring. The wear rates of the cermets do not show a consistent relationship with mode I or mode II fracture toughness, but a general trend of decreasing wear rate with hardness is seen. This suggests that the tribological performance of these cermets depends on certain specific functions of pertinent parameters including fracture toughness, hardness, applied load, coefficient of friction and microstructural characteristics. A fracture mechanics-based wear model has been developed to relate the steady state wear rate (W52) to hardness, mode II fracture toughness, coefficient of friction, and applied load.
The psychometric properties of the Health Locus of Control Scale with medical and surgical patients.

Examined the psychometric properties of the Health Locus of Control (HLC) Scale with inpatients from medical and surgical wards (N = 111) at a Veterans Administration Medical Center. Factor analyses suggested that the two-factor solution met important criteria that involved simple structure, parsimony, and psychological meaningfulness. Factor I was comprised entirely of salient items that were internally worded, and Factor II was comprised of salient externally worded items. Item remainder correlation coefficients were calculated; the lowest value was 0.18 for item 5, and the highest value was 0.45 for items 1 and 10. Cronbach's alpha was 0.63 for the internally worded items and 0.56 for the externally worded items. The psychometric properties were considered adequate, although results were somewhat lower than those reported in the original HLC article. Clinical application of the scale with medical and surgical inpatients is discussed with particular emphasis on outcome studies.
Should Firms be Allowed to Indemnify Their Employees for Sanctions

Policymakers have questioned whether firms should be allowed to indemnify their employees for personal sanctions for corporate crimes. This article provides the first formal analysis of this form of indemnification. Targeting employees with unindemnifiable sanctions carries the social cost of exposing employees of law-abiding firms to the risk of mistaken government prosecution. Deterrence is typically achieved more efficiently by sanctioning the firm alone. We find the circumstances under which the government should additionally sanction employees to be quite limited and the circumstances under which the government should ban indemnification of these sanctions to be more limited still. One circumstance is when an unindemnifiable employee sanction provides prosecutors with leverage to adjust the employee's sanction in exchange for his cooperation against the firm. (JEL K22, D82, L20) The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Yale University. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.
Electron microscopic studies of human monocyte and lymphocyte interaction with immunoglobulin- and complement-coated erythrocytes.

Abstract Electron microscopic studies of the interaction of human monocytes and lymphocytes with erythrocytes coated with IgG and complement have been performed using the lanthanum colloid tracer and ferritin-labelled antibody techniques. Interaction between monocytes and IgG coated erythrocytes results in rosette formation with a space of 400 A between opposing monocyte-erythrocyte membranes. Zones of interaction occurred with a periodicity which corresponded to the erythrocyte Rho antigenic sites. When monocytes are incubated with complement coated red cells erythrophagocytosis occurs. The rosettes which form between complement coated red cells and about 20% of human blood lymphocytes differ from monocyte rosettes and show zones of contact separated by spaces of 100–200 A. The lanthanum colloid tracer penetrates the broad zones of attachment between opposing lymphocyte-erythrocyte membranes; the presence of areas devoid of lanthanum suggests the possibility of discrete subunits in these zones which may be similar to junctional type structures. The type of interaction observed with complement receptor lymphocytes may be important in cell-cell interaction in the immune response.
Hydrogen-using bacteria in a methanogenic acetate enrichment culture

In a study of the anaerobic utilization of acetate, an enrichment culture of sewage sludge organisms was initiated with calcium acetate as the sole carbon and energy source. A mixed bacterial population became established from which 14 anaerobic species were isolated. Two of the isolates were methanogenic bacteria but only one of these, Methanosarcina barkeri, utilised acetate as an energy source in axenic culture. The other methanogenic isolate, a Methanobacterium sp., utilised H2/CO2 but not acetate. A third methanogen, which was morphologically identical to Methanothrix soehngenii, was detected in the enrichment but was not obtained in monoculture. 2-Bromoethanesulphonate, a specific inhibitor of methanogenesis, completely inhibited the enrichment at a concentration of 10 mumol/l. Addition of H2 formate or methanol to the enrichment did not affect the rate of methanogenesis. An H2-utilizing Desulfovibrio sp. was also isolated from the enrichment.
Measuring the complete spatio-temporal field of focused ultrashort laser pulses for multi-photon microscopy

ABSTRACT We present two complementary interferometric techniques for measuring the complete spatio-temporal intensity and phase, E (x,y,z,t), of ultrashort pulses. The first technique, called SEA TADPOLE, allows for the first time the complete measurement of pulses near a focus, while the second technique, called STRIPED FISH, allows the complete measurement of mostly collimated pulses, but on a single-shot basis. Keywords: Ultrashort pulse, spatio-temporal profile, in terferometry, multi-photon microscopy. 1. INTRODUCTION Most applications of ultrashort pulses, such as multi-photon microscopy or ultrafast micro-machining, invo lve focusing the pulse. In order to optimize the pulse at the focus, it is important to be able to directly measure the electric field as a function of space and time. While techniques for characterizing the temp oral or spatial field alone e xist, measuring the complete spatio-temporal field is much more difficult, especially at or near a focus or on a single shot. So we intr oduce, to our knowledge, the first method that measures the complete E (x,y,z,t) at and near a focus and the first technique to measure E (x,y,z,t) on a single shot . One technique is based on spectral interf erometry (which measures a pulse vs. time or frequency), and we call it SEA TADPOLE
Transitory Control of Unsteady Separation using Pulsed Actuation

The dynamic mechanisms of transitory flow attachment effected by pulsed actuation of the separated flow over a stalled airfoil are investigated experimentally. Actuation is effected by momentary pulsed jets generated by a spanwise array of combustion-based actuators such that the characteristic time of jet duration is nominally an order of magnitude shorter than the flow's convective time scale. The transitory flow field in the cross stream plane above the airfoil and in its near wake is investigated using multiple high-resolution PIV images that are obtained phase-locked to the actuation for continuous tracking of vorticity concentrations. The brief actuation pulse leads to severing of the separated vorticity layer and the subsequent shedding of large-scale vortical structures owing to the collapse of the separated flow domain which is accompanied by strong changes in the circulation about the entire airfoil. By exploiting the disparity between the characteristic times of flow response to actuation and relaxation, it is shown that successive actuation pulses can extend the flow attachment and enhance the global aerodynamic performance. It is also shown that coupling of the actuation to the airfoil's motion during cyclical pitch enhances the effect of transitory flow control and leads to a significant suppression of dynamic stall.
Estimation of a Sensitivity-Based Metric for Detecting Market Power

The abuse of market power is a potentially serious problem for market designers. Few indices, if any, exist to measure the potential for market power in real time. In this regard, Murillo-Sanchez et al. derived an expression for a dispatch-to-price sensitivity matrix, M . The expression requires information about network topology and parameters, as well as the rules used to operate the market. While computing the matrix is conceptually easy for those with all the market and system information, such as an independent system operator, the method is probably impractical for market participants due to the inaccessibility of much of the information. In this paper, a method for estimating the M matrix by using publically available data are suggested, indicating that any market participant who does the computation will know when conditions permit them to lower or raise prices through decreased/increased bids and/or offers.
Validity of the Bite Counter device in a controlled laboratory setting.

Abstract Body-borne sensors may be useful in assessing eating behaviors and have the potential to overcome some of the limitations of self-report instruments. The Bite Counter is a new commercial device, worn on the wrist that purports to track the number of bites taken per day. It contains a tri-axial accelerometer that detects an upward, arcing motion from the table to the mouth, known as a wrist roll. Purpose: To examine the validity of the Bite Counter device for measuring bites in individuals while consuming various foods and beverages. Methods: 15 adults (23–58 years old) wore the device on the wrist of their dominant hand. They were presented with a meal consisting of foods/beverages, each consumed with different utensils: meat (knife and fork), side items (fork), soup (spoon), pizza (hands), can of soda (hands), and a smoothie (straw). Each food or drink was consumed by itself, in consecutive order. A researcher observed them through a one-way mirror and counted the number of bites taken. Results: The percentage of actual bites taken varied as follows: Meat (127%), side items (82.6%), soup (60.2%), pizza (87.3%), soda (81.7%), and smoothie (57.7%). The overall mean was 81.2% of bites taken. Conclusion: The results indicate that the Bite Counter holds promise for being able to count the number of hand-to-mouth movements. In general, it underestimated hand-to-mouth movements, but some types of hand movements caused overestimation of bites. Future studies should be undertaken to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the Bite Counter device.
Future research in human milk.

ABSTRACT. Because of the importance of breast-feeding to child health, research in the formation, composition, and biological effects of human milk should be strongly encouraged. Future exploration should include the processes that are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of human milk; the nature and function of the physical compartments in human milk; the structure and function of certain proteins and other components in human milk; and the in vivo fate and effect of a host of constituents including nutrients, growth factors, hormones, inducers, immunological factors, and antiinflammatory agents. Because of the potential public health benefits, these studies should be a high priority in pediatric research for the next decade.
Multiple-marker screening in human immunodeficiency virus–positive pregnant women: screen positivity rates with the triple and quad screens

Abstract Objective The study was undertaken to determine the screen-positive rates of multiple-marker screening tests in pregnant women who are positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at our institution for open neural tube defects and aneuploidy, for both triple (α-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG], unconjugated estriol) and quad (α-fetoprotein, hCG, unconjugated estriol, inhibin A) screens, and to compare these rates with a matched control group. Study design A 1:1 matched case-control study was performed comparing multiple marker screening test results in 34 HIV-positive women with age- and race-matched HIV-negative controls. Individual serum markers and screen positive rates for both the triple and quad screens were compared among the cases and controls. Results In each group, there were 19 women with triple screens and 15 with quad screens. Serum hCG multiples of the median were significantly higher in the HIV-positive compared with the HIV-negative women ( P =.033). There was no difference in screen positive rates between the cases and controls using the triple screen, but there was a significantly higher overall screen positive rate in the HIV-positive group when the quad screen was used (33% vs 7%, P =.046). Conclusion There is a significantly higher rate of overall quad screen positivity on multiple-marker screening among HIV-positive women compared with a matched control group.
Quantum phase measurements and a general method for the simulation of random processes

Abstract Quantum interferences offer the potential for improving the effective resolution wavelength of many measurements by a factor of N . Coincidence detection methods to date have been limited to N = 4 due to an increase in complexity of the apparatus with N . We offer an alternative method of extracting this higher-order phase information from a standard (first-order) interferometer. This “phase function fitting” algorithm also eliminates the need to null the interferometer. We compare the interferometer’s statistics to those of the quantum phase measurement, which we also utilize to derive Heisenberg limits for the quantum noon states. States which surpass this noon state limit are then demonstrated; and we discuss how state optimization for various signal environments might proceed. The phase representation is also shown to yield computationally efficient and conceptually revealing forms for calculating the statistics of the interferometer itself. We define a static limit in which the signal varies slowly enough that we can make the integration time long enough to approach perfect measurement of the interferometer statistics. We discuss the sense in which the phase function fitting algorithm can approach zero error in this limit, while still at finite N —satisfying the power constraint (but approaching infinite energy as we collect over longer times). To incorporate the signal dynamics we present a general method in which we can approximately prescribe the autocorrelation, as well as the probability distribution, of a random process; and illustrate how probabilistic effects can mitigate the spectral distortions of a nonlinear mapping. Mathematical challenges in applying these techniques to the simulation of the quantum phase measurement are circumvented—enabling the simulation of a variety of quantum algorithms for the estimation and tracking of various signal models in this exciting application.
Oxytocin and vasopressin: Social neuropeptides with complex neuromodulatory functions

Oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are 2 closely related neuropeptides, widely known for their peripheral hormonal effects. However, OXT, AVP, and their receptors are also expressed in several areas of the CNS and exert widespread neuromodulatory effects on homeostasis and behavior. OXT and AVP have been referred to as “social” neuropeptides as they have a highly conserved role as mediators of complex social cognition and interaction in both animals and humans. Whereas both OXT and AVP promote social recognition, OXT also exerts anxiolytic and antidepressant effects whereas AVP promotes anxiety and stress response. Therefore, these neuropeptides may have a role in psychiatric or neurologic disorders characterized by impaired social behavior and provide potential therapeutic targets in these conditions. AVP and OXT may also exert important influences in hippocampal synaptic plasticity, circadian rhythms, autonomic responses, antinociception, and motoneuron excitability. The central neuromodulatory role of OXT and AVP and their roles in homeostasis, cognition, and social behavior have been reviewed recently.1−7 AD= : Alzheimer disease; AVP= : arginine vasopressin; bvFTD= : behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia; FTLD= : frontotemporal lobar degeneration; cAMP= : cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CeA= : central nucleus of the amygdala; CeL= : lateral part of the central nucleus of the amygdala; CeM= : medial part of the central nucleus of the amygdala; CRH= : corticotrophin-releasing hormone; ER= : estrogen receptor; GABA= : γ-aminobutyric acid; OXT= : oxytocin; PLCβ= : phospholipase-Cβ; PVN= : paraventricular nucleus; SON= : supraoptic nucleus
Valuing environmental benefits of silvopasture practice: a case study of the Lake Okeechobee watershed in Florida

Abstract Silvopasture, which combines trees, forages, and shrubs with livestock operations, has potential for limiting phosphorus runoff, sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide, and improving habitat for wildlife. This study estimates the public demand for these environmental services in south-central Florida's Lake Okeechobee watershed using a stated preference approach. The results from a random parameter logit model reveal that households would pay US$30.24–71.17 per year for 5 years for these environmental benefits. These estimates provide a basis for formulating policies to promote silvopasture practices in the Lake Okeechobee watershed.
Denervation induced abnormal phosphorylation in hippocampal neurons

This study demonstrates that combined dopaminergic and cholinergic denervation of the hippocampus results in the appearance of morphologically altered, Tau reactive, apical dendrites of granule cells in the rat dentate gyrus. The denervated granule cells and their apical dendrites also display immunoreactivity to a mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK-1, and also evidence of abnormal phosphorylation of these dendrites as revealed by SMI-31 immunoreactivity. Dopaminergic denervation alone also causes mitogen activated protein kinase reactivity without the Tau-reactive apical dendrities. These results suggest an analogy to synaptophysin loss and the appearance of dendritic threads described in Alzheimer's disease (AD), as an early stage in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). This is the first animal model in which abnormal phosphorylation of Tau has been shown to be produced experimentally in vivo.
Sum-frequency spectroscopic studies of ice interfaces

Sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy was used to study the (0001) surface of hexagonal ice (I h ) in contact with: air, a hydrophobic substrate, and a hydrophilic substrate. The spectra in the O-H stretch frequency rangewere obtained at various temperatures. For the air/ice interface, the degree of orientational order of the dangling OH bonds at the surface was measured as a function of temperature. Surface disordering appears to set in around 200 K and increases dramatically with temperature, which is a strong indication of the presence of surface melting of ice. For the hydrophobic and hydrophilic ice interfaces, a similar temperature dependence of the hydrogen-bonded OH stretch peak was observed. The free OH stretch mode, however, appears to be different from that of the air/ice interface due to the interactions with substrates at the interfaces.
SWITCHING FROM INTRACAVERNOUS PROSTAGLANDIN E1 INJECTIONS TO ORAL SILDENAFIL CITRATE IN PATIENTS WITH ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION: RESULTS OF A MULTICENTER EUROPEAN STUDY

Purpose: Intracavernous injection is a well established medical therapy for erectile dysfunction. We assessed the rate of success when patients with erectile dysfunction who were effectively treated with intracavernous injections of prostaglandin E1 were changed to oral therapy with sildenafil citrate.Materials and Methods: Only patients effectively managing erectile dysfunction by the intracavernous injection of 20 μg. or less prostaglandin E1 for more than 6 months were eligible for study enrollment. After a 4-week run-in phase while intracavernous prostaglandin E1 therapy continued and a 48-hour washout period 176 patients with erectile dysfunction received open label sildenafil orally for 12 weeks. Satisfaction with treatment was evaluated by the 11-item erectile dysfunction index of treatment satisfaction questionnaire. A successful change to sildenafil was prospectively defined as a questionnaire score of 0 to 100 after sildenafil that was greater than or equal to the score after intracavernous pros...
Communicating with Hispanics about crises: How counties produce and provide Spanish-language disaster information

Abstract Through a national survey of counties (n = 435) this study benchmarks how counties communicate disaster information to Spanish-speaking Hispanics. The study found that most counties employ at least one channel to communicate Spanish-language disaster information. Counties, however, believe that the Federal Emergency Management Agency and state emergency management agencies are most responsible and capable of developing and providing Spanish-language disaster information.
Generic pronoun use and perceived speaker credibility

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of various alternatives for generic pronoun usage on judgments of speaker credibility. The effects of pronoun usage were examined in interaction with the sex of speaker, sex of listener, and the sex‐typicality of speech topics. Four dimensions of speaker credibility were investigated: composure, dynamism, sociability, and competence. In terms of generic pronoun usage, the results of this study indicate that using “she” can negatively affect perceptions of social attractiveness for all speakers and, in particular, affect a male speaker's perceived competence. The generic “they,” however, did not hinder perceived credibility in any way and, in fact, for females enhanced listeners’ perceptions of their competence. In general, results of this study suggest that if a communicator wishes to use a nontraditional generic pronoun, especially “they,” to express a commitment to greater equity between the sexes, then their credibility will not be significantly dim...
Surface Migration in Diamond Growth

Growth of diamond has usually been discussed without invoking any form of surface diffusion. Our recent theoretical results identified, however, that bridging CH{sub 2} and CCH{sub 2} groups and radical vacancies can migrate on diamond [C@100]C surfaces. The present work further explores migration of hydrogen atoms, bridging groups, and surface radicals, investigating the migration in two dimensions. The analysis is based on quantum-mechanical computations of potential energy barriers and vibrational frequencies, transition-state-theory evaluation of reaction rates, chemical-kinetic analysis of localized reaction networks, and idealized random-walk calculations of migration lengths. It is demonstrated that migration of hydrogen atoms and the bridging groups is nearly isotropic in two directions, along dimer rows and along dimer chains, while migration of surface radicals introduces distinct anisotropy to the overall character of surface diffusion. In their entirety, the results substantiate the governing role of surface migration in chemical vapor deposition of diamond. 79 refs., 10 figs., 5 tabs.
Effects of estrogenic chemicals on development.

The sum of the evidence supports the necessity to continue to investigate the developmental effects of estrogenic and antiestrogenic compounds when exposure occurs early in life. Additional studies...
Introductory remarks concerning neural factors in essential hypertension.

The vasoconstrictor effect of neural stimuli from frontal and hypothalamic centers to the blood vessels, including the renal arterioles, is reviewed. Such a theory of the pathogenesis of hypertension is probably deficient, since humoral or atherogenic factors also play a part. Nevertheless, splanchnicectomy may sometimes alleviate superimposed vasoconstriction and help in treatment of the patient.
Construction of a 3D Probabilistic Atlas of Human Cortical Structures

Abstract We describe the construction of a digital brain atlas composed of data from manually delineated MRI data. A total of 56 structures were labeled in MRI of 40 healthy, normal volunteers. This labeling was performed according to a set of protocols developed for this project. Pairs of raters were assigned to each structure and trained on the protocol for that structure. Each rater pair was tested for concordance on 6 of the 40 brains; once they had achieved reliability standards, they divided the task of delineating the remaining 34 brains. The data were then spatially normalized to well-known templates using 3 popular algorithms: AIR5.2.5’s nonlinear warp (Woods et al., 1998) paired with the ICBM452 Warp 5 atlas (Rex et al., 2003), FSL’s FLIRT (Smith et al., 2004) was paired with its own template, a skull-stripped version of the ICBM152 T1 average; and SPM5’s unified segmentation method (Ashburner and Friston, 2005) was paired with its canonical brain, the whole head ICBM152 T1 average. We thus produced 3 variants of our atlas, where each was constructed from 40 representative samples of a data processing stream that one might use for analysis. For each normalization algorithm, the individual structure delineations were then resampled according to the computed transformations. We next computed averages at each voxel location to estimate the probability of that voxel belonging to each of the 56 structures. Each version of the atlas contains, for every voxel, probability densities for each region, thus providing a resource for automated probabilistic labeling of external data types registered into standard spaces; we also computed average intensity images and tissue density maps based on the three methods and target spaces. These atlases will serve as a resource for diverse applications including meta-analysis of functional and structural imaging data and other bioinformatics applications where display of arbitrary labels in probabilistically defined anatomic space will facilitate both knowledge-based development and visualization of findings from multiple disciplines.
Measurement of the Dielectric Constant and Index of Refraction of Water and Aqueous Solutions of KCl at High Frequencies

Dielectric constant of distilled water.---The dielectric constant of distilled water was measured with a vacuum tube source of voltage throughout a range of periods extending from about $T=1.31\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ second to $T=8.49\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ second corresponding to vacuum wave-lengths of 3.918 meters to 25.47 meters. The value obtained for the dielectric constant is $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=78.57$ at 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and is independent of the period within the above range of periods.Temperature coefficient of dielectric constant for distilled water.---The values of the dielectric constant $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ obtained for various temperatures $t$ between 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C satisfy the empirical equation ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{t}=78.57[1\ensuremath{-}0.00461(t\ensuremath{-}25)+0.0000155{(t\ensuremath{-}25)}^{2}\ensuremath{\cdots}].$Between 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C the applicability of this equation is somewhat uncertain. Dielectric constant of conducting solutions.---With distilled water, tap water, and aqueous KCl solutions of conductivity ranging from 0.97\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{7}$ e.s.u. to 178\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{7}$ e.s.u., and separating the conduction effects from the dielectric effects, we found the dielectric constant only slightly dependent on the ionic concentration of the solution and nearly the same as that of pure water. The errors of measurement are of the order of 0.1 percent for low conductivities but, because of attenuation, become of the order of 1 percent at the high concentrations of the salt. Method.---The method employed consists in the measurement of standing electric waves between a pipe and a wire concentrically located within the pipe. The liquid is the dielectric between the wire and the pipe. The frequencies employed were accurately measured by a piezo crystal standardizing a zero beat method, and the half wave-length within the dielectric were obtained by moving a piston in the liquid and observing reactions on the source. A theoretical discussion of the method is given.
Envisioning the Possibilities for a Good Life: Exploring the Public Policy Implications of Intersectionality Theory

SUMMARY Public policy is one of the younger, interdisciplinary subfields in the social sciences, but one of the most promising in terms of its social relevance. While public policy has made major strides in terms of analytical and methodological development, it has largely ignored the development of intersectional theory-a broad theoretical paradigm that has much to offer public policy scholars. In this article, the author discusses the contribution made by intersectionality scholars to the social sciences and advances ways in which intersectionality theory could extend efforts to elucidate public policy outcomes and women's political leadership.
Metallographic examination of TD-nickel base alloys

Techniques are evaluated for chemical, electrochemical, and thermal etching of thoria dispersed (TD) nickel alloys. An electrochemical etch is described which yielded good results only for large grain sizes of TD-nickel. Two types of thermal etches are assessed for TD-nickel: an oxidation etch and vacuum annealing of a polished specimen to produce an etch. It is shown that the first etch was somewhat dependent on sample orientation with respect to the processing direction, the second technique was not sensitive to specimen orientation or grain size, and neither method appear to alter the innate grain structure when the materials were fully annealed prior to etching. An electrochemical etch is described which was used to observe the microstructures in TD-NiCr, and a thermal-oxidation etch is shown to produce better detail of grain boundaries and to have excellent etching behavior over the entire range of grain sizes of the sample.
Characteristics of marital improvement following obesity surgery

Three years after obesity surgery, 14 of 41 married patients considered their marriage satisfactory and attributed marital improvement to the surgery. This selected group was contacted at five years to expand upon aspects of improvement and current marital satisfaction. Increased frequency and enjoyment of social activities, improved sexual relationships, and positive personal changes such as increased self-confidence were described. Differences between patients in improved and deteriorated marriages are discussed.
Disruption of innate immunity due to mitochondrial targeting of a picornaviral protease precursor

Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is an essential component of virus-activated signaling pathways that induce protective IFN responses. Its localization to the outer mitochondrial membrane suggests an important yet unexplained role for mitochondria in innate immunity. Here, we show that hepatitis A virus (HAV), a hepatotropic picornavirus, ablates type 1 IFN responses by targeting the 3ABC precursor of its 3C(pro) cysteine protease to mitochondria where it colocalizes with and cleaves MAVS, thereby disrupting activation of IRF3 through the MDA5 pathway. The 3ABC cleavage of MAVS requires both the protease activity of 3C(pro) and a transmembrane domain in 3A that directs 3ABC to mitochondria. Lacking this domain, mature 3C(pro) protease is incapable of MAVS proteolysis. HAV thus disrupts host signaling by a mechanism that parallels that of the serine NS3/4A protease of hepatitis C virus, but differs in its use of a stable, catalytically active polyprotein processing intermediate. The unique requirement for mitochondrial localization of 3ABC underscores the importance of mitochondria to host control of virus infections within the liver.
How We Do It: CT of the Spleen

(2004). How We Do It: CT of the Spleen. Critical Reviews in Computed Tomography: Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 1-9.
Inhibition of solid electrolyte interface formation on cathode particles for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract Thermal reactions between cathode particles (LiNi0.8Co0.2O2, LiCoO2, LiMn2O4 and LiFePO4) and ternary electrolyte (1.0 M LiPF6 in 1:1:1 diethyl carbonate/dimethyl carbonate/ethylene carbonate) with or without the thermal stabilizing additive dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) have been investigated. Ternary electrolyte reacts with the surface of lithiated metal oxides (LiNi0.8Co0.2O2, LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4) upon storage to corrode the surface and generate a complex mixture of organic and inorganic surface species, but the bulk ternary electrolyte does not decompose. There is little evidence for reaction between the surface of carbon coated LiFePO4 and ternary electrolyte upon storage at elevated temperature (>60 °C), but the bulk ternary electrolyte decomposes. Addition of DMAc to ternary electrolyte reduces the surface corrosion of the lithiated metal oxides and stabilizes the electrolyte in the presence of LiFePO4.
Voltammetric Determination of Lead Labelled Albumin and of Albumin Antiserum by Immunoassay

Abstract Differential pulse polarography was utilized in voltammetric immunoassay to determine human albumin and albumin antiserum. Albumin was labelled with lead, which exhibited a reduction peak with E1/2 at −680 mV vs SCE. The current is proportional to the concentration of lead labelled albumin, and hence the albumin at a fixed lead concentration, and it decreases in proportion to the amount of albumin antiserum added. Albumin concentrations of 2.0 × 10−6–10 × 10−6 M and 10–50 μl of goat albumin antiserum (titer 1:16 = maximum dilution causing precipitation with equal volume of 1 mg/ml human albumin) were measured in the presence of 2 × 10−6 M lead.
A Meta-Analytic Comparison of the Effects of Text Messaging to Substance-Induced Impairment on Driving Performance

According to the National Safety Commission, 28% of auto accidents or 1.6 million accidents per year are attributable to cell phone use and texting while driving. In response to this problem, state and federal agencies, as well as coalitions of citizens such as Mothers Against Texting and Driving, are leading public campaigns to ban texting while driving. The evidence in support of such campaigns often compares texting while driving to other forms of impairment, such as drunk driving, but the evidence is often anecdotal or is selectively drawn from single studies. Such appeals do little to overcome drivers’ overestimations of their abilities to “multi-task” while driving. Based on the assumption that scientific evidence regarding the comparative effects of text messaging while driving to other forms of impairment is required to establish credibility of campaigns, the authors conducted a planned contrast meta-analysis of the research in 3 domains. Results indicated large and comparable effects on poor driv...
Modeling Complex Cells in an Awake Macaque during Natural Image Viewing

We model the responses of cells in visual area V1 during natural vision. Our model consists of a classical energy mechanism whose output is divided by nonclassical gain control and texture contrast mechanisms. We apply this model to review movies, a stimulus sequence that replicates the stimulation a cell receives during free viewing of natural images. Data were collected from three cells using five different review movies, and the model was fit separately to the data from each movie. For the energy mechanism alone we find modest but significant correlations (rE = 0.41, 0.43, 0.59, 0.35) between model and data. These correlations are improved somewhat when we allow for suppressive surround effects (rE+G = 0.42, 0.56, 0.60, 0.37). In one case the inclusion of a delayed suppressive surround dramatically improves the fit to the data by modifying the time course of the model's response.
Precision cryogenic dilatometer for James Webb space telescope materials testing

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be a 6-meter diameter segmented reflector that will be launched at room temperature and passively cooled to about 40 Kelvin at the L2 point. Because of the large thermal load, understanding the thermophysical properties of the mirror, secondary optics, and supporting structure materials is crucial to the design of an instrument that will provide diffraction limited performance at 2 microns. Once deployed, JWST will perform continuous science without wave front re-calibrations for durations ranging from one day to a month. Hence understanding of how small temperature fluctuations will impact the nanometric stability of the optical system through thermal expansion is required. As a result, the JWST materials testing team has designed and built a novel cryogenic dilatometer capable of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) measurements of ULE accurate to ~ 1.6 and 0.1 ppb/K for a nominal CTE = 30 ppb/K and 20 and 280 K thermal loads, respectively. The dilatometer will be used to measure the CTE of samples from JWST primary mirror prototypes, local CTE variations from multiple locations on a prototype mirror, CTE variations from batch to batch of the same material, and thermal and mechanical creep measurements from room temperature down to 30 K.
Oxytocin in the prelimbic medial prefrontal cortex reduces anxiety-like behavior in female and male rats

The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) is anxiolytic in rodents and humans. However, the specific brain regions where OT acts to regulate anxiety requires further investigation. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been shown to play a role in the modulation of anxiety-related behavior. In addition, the mPFC contains OT-sensitive neurons, expresses OT receptors, and receives long range axonal projections from OT-producing neurons in the hypothalamus, suggesting that the mPFC may be a target where OT acts to diminish anxiety. To investigate this possibility, female rats were administered OT bilaterally into the prelimbic (PL) region of the mPFC and anxiety-like behavior assessed. In addition, to determine if the effects of OT on anxiety-like behavior are sex dependent and to evaluate the specificity of OT, male and female anxiety-like behavior was tested following delivery of either OT or the closely related neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) into the PL mPFC. Finally, the importance of endogenous OT in the regulation of anxiety-like behavior was examined in male and female rats that received PL infusions of an OT receptor antagonist (OTR-A). Overall, even though males and females showed some differences in their baseline levels of anxiety-like behavior, OT in the PL region of the mPFC decreased anxiety regardless of sex. In contrast, neither AVP nor an OTR-A affected anxiety-like behavior in males or females. Together, these findings suggest that although endogenous OT in the PL region of the mPFC does not influence anxiety, the PL mPFC is a site where exogenous OT may act to attenuate anxiety-related behavior independent of sex.
Health Interventions for African American and Latino Youth: The Potential Role of Mass Media

Children in Latino and African American families are far more likely to live in urban, high-poverty settings that greatly increase risks to healthy development. During adolescence, these settings are particularly hazardous for their role in the social transmission of risk behavior. Community-wide health promotion using local mass media can counteract these influences by reaching preadolescents and adolescents, their parents, and other adults in urban communities with safe-behavior messages. These messages can be designed to make safer behavior more acceptable and normative in the community, to increase awareness of community resources for adoles cents, and to reverse the stereotyping and disregard that characterize media content about impoverished communities. Evidence is reviewed that, despite their poverty status, African American and Latino communities have considerable social resources to which community-wide health promotion can appeal, including strong family bonds, religious attachment, and concern...
Amino Acid Uptake and Metabolism by Larvae of the Marine Worm Urechis caupo (Echiura), a New Species in Axenic Culture.

Axenic (bacteria-free) larval cultures of the marine echiuran worm, Urechis caupo, were reliably obtained by aseptically removing gametes directly from the gamete storage organs. Trochophore larvae only removed neutral amino acids from seawater as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). There was no detectable uptake, as measured by HPLC, of acidic or basic amino acids. Kinetic analysis showed that the transport system for alanine in 4-day-old larvae had a Kt of 4-6 µM and a Jmax of 9-10 pmol larva-1 h-1. Following a 50-min exposure, the majority of the radioactivity (95%) from 14C-alanine was found in the trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction. Very little label appeared as acid-insoluble material, and there was no detectable lipid biosynthesis from 14C-alanine. Approximately 12% of the total alanine transported was released in the form of 14CO2. Thin-layer chromatography of intracellular free amino acid pools demonstrated that aspartic acid and glutamic acid were radiolabeled from the alanine precursor. A comparison of the energy acquired from the transport of alanine, with the metabolic rate of 4-day-old larvae, revealed that 51% of the metabolic demand could be provided by the transport and complete catabolism of this single amino acid at a concentration of 595 nM in seawater.
Endovascular technology, hospital volume, and mortality with abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery.

Objective To determine whether the introduction of endovascular technology changed the relationship of hospital volume to mortality with abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Methods Data from all hospitals in the United States that performed abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery on Medicare patients from 2001 to 2003 were obtained from the national Medicare database. The primary outcome variable was death ≤30 days of operation or before hospital discharge. We determined the effect of total hospital volume on operative mortality for all types of repair and for endovascular and open repair separately. All analyses were adjusted for patient risk using logistic regression. Results The proportion of abdominal aortic aneurysms repaired with an endovascular approach increased from 27% to 39% during the 3-year study period. Hospital volume was significantly related to operative mortality in all comparisons. Mortality rates were 80% higher at hospitals in the lowest vs the highest quartile of total volume (odds ratio [OR], 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.62-2.04) when considering all types of repair together. A similar relationship between total hospital volume and mortality was found when separately examining open repair (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.33-1.73) and endovascular repair (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.32-2.22). Higher-volume hospitals were more likely to use the endovascular approach. The highest-volume hospitals used the endovascular approach 44% of the time compared with only 18% at the lowest-volume hospitals. This greater use of the endovascular procedure at high-volume hospitals accounted for 37% of the difference in mortality between high- and low-volume hospitals. Conclusion As the endovascular repair becomes more widespread, the relationship between hospital volume and operative mortality still remains. High-volume hospitals are more likely to use the endovascular approach, and this explains a significant portion of the observed impact of hospital volume on mortality.