cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping Dynamics and Symmetry

In the previous chapter, dynamics of switching systems were discussed. In this chapter, mapping dynamics and symmetry in discontinuous dynamical systems will be discussed. The G-function of the discontinuous boundary will be presented first. To understand of nonlinear dynamics of a flow from one domain to another domain, mapping dynamics of discontinuous dynamics systems will be presented, which is a generalized symbolic dynamics. Using the mapping dynamics, one can determine periodic and chaotic dynamics of discontinuous dynamical systems, and complex motions can be classified through mapping structure. The nonlinear dynamics of the Chua’s circuit system will be presented as an example. The flow grazing property of a flow will be discussed, which is a source to generate the complex motions in discontinuous dynamical systems. The flow symmetry in discontinuous dynamical systems will be discussed through the mapping dynamics and grazing. The strange attractor fragmentation generated by the grazing of flows to the boundary will be presented.
Pulp and papermaking residues as feedstuffs for ruminants

Summary N a search for a more productive outlet I for the fibrous residues generated during commercial pulp and paper operations, repre­ sentative residues were screened for their potential as feedstuffs for ruminants, In vitro rumen digestibilities of many of the residues ranged from 45 to 60% ; some attained levels as high as 90%. Analytical data for Klason lignin, total carbohydrate, and ash constituents were also obtained. Four typical residues-screen rejects from the sulfite pulping of aspen, unbleached paren­ chyma cell fines from an aspen sulfite tissue mill, unbleached fines from a southern pine kraft mill, and bleached fines from a mixed hardwood southern kraft mill-wereobtained in sufficient quantity for feeding trials with goats, sheep, and steers. The residues were blended with other ration ingredients, and pelleted. In vivo digestibilities for the four residues are estimated to be 58, 52, 47 and 78%, respectively, indicative of substantial utilization of the available carbohydrate con­ stituents. A ration containing 77.4% paren­ chyma cell fines adequately maintained ewes for 2.5 months, and had good acceptability. Steers were fed rations containing 0 and 50% unbleached southern pine kraft pulp fines ad libitum for 58 days. Average daily gain was 0.77 and 0.54 kg, daily feed intake as a percent of body weight was 2.84 and 2.48, and feed/gain ratio was 9.44 and 11.69 for the 0 and 50% pulp rations, respectively. Rumen pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acid ranged from 6.4 (0 pulp ration) to 6.6 (65% 1
Erotetic Teaching Strategies

In any given narrative style the choice of character and plot are unlimited. In this chapter we will explore some of the more obvious possibilities. Since it is our purpose to apply the erotetic narrative directly to the improvement of teaching we will refer to these narrative possibilities as “erotetic teaching strategies.”
Identification of DK419, a potent inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and colorectal cancer growth

The Wnt signaling pathway is critical for normal tissue development and is an underlying mechanism of disease when dysregulated. Previously, we reported that the drug Niclosamide inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling by decreasing the cytosolic levels of Dishevelled and β-catenin, and inhibits the growth of colon cancers both in vitro and in vivo. Since the discovery of Niclosamide's anthelmintic activity, a growing body of literature indicates that Niclosamide is a multifunctional drug. In an effort to identify derivatives of Niclosamide with improved pharmacokinetic properties that maintain the multifunctional drug activity of Niclosamide for clinical evaluation, we designed DK419, a derivative containing a 1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4-carboxamide substructure, using the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the Niclosamide salicylanilide chemotype. Similar to Niclosamide, we found DK419 inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling, altered cellular oxygen consumption rate and induced production of pAMPK. Moreover, we found DK419 inhibited the growth of CRC tumor cells in vitro, had good plasma exposure when dosed orally, and inhibited the growth of patient derived CRC240 tumor explants in mice dosed orally. DK419, a derivative of Niclosamide with multifunctional activity and improved pharmacokinetic properties, is a promising agent to treat colorectal cancer, Wnt-related diseases and other diseases in which Niclosamide has demonstrated functional activity.
Clickable photoaffinity ligands for the human serotonin transporter based on the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (S)-citalopram.

Abstract To date, the development of photoaffinity ligands targeting the human serotonin transporter (hSERT), a key protein involved in disease states such as depression and anxiety, have been radioisotope-based (i.e., 3H or 125I). This letter instead highlights three derivatives of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) (S)-citalopram that were rationally designed and synthesized to contain a photoreactive benzophenone or an aryl azide for protein target capture via photoaffinity labeling and a terminal alkyne or an aliphatic azide for click chemistry-based proteomics. Specifically, clickable benzophenone-based (S)-citalopram photoprobe 6 (hSERT Ki = 0.16 nM) displayed 11-fold higher binding affinity at hSERT when compared to (S)-citalopram (hSERT Ki = 1.77 nM), and was subsequently shown to successfully undergo tandem photoaffinity labeling-biorthogonal conjugation using purified hSERT. Given clickable photoprobes can be used for various applications depending on which reporter is attached by click chemistry subsequent to photoaffinity labeling, photoprobe 6 is expected to find value in structure-function studies and other research applications involving hSERT (e.g., imaging).
Dissipating stop-and-go waves in closed and open networks via deep reinforcement learning

This article demonstrates the ability for model-free reinforcement learning (RL) techniques to generate traffic control strategies for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) in various network geometries. This method is demonstrated to achieve near complete wave dissipation in a straight open road network with only 10% CAV penetration, while penetration rates as low as 2.5% are revealed to contribute greatly to reductions in the frequency and magnitude of formed waves. Moreover, a study of controllers generated in closed network scenarios exhibiting otherwise similar densities and perturbing behaviors confirms that closed network policies generalize to open network tasks, and presents the potential role of transfer learning in fine-tuning the parameters of these policies. Videos of the results are available at: https://sites.google.com/view/itsc-dissipating-waves.
Qualitative Study of Factors That Influence Treatment Decision-Making Among Community Oncologists and Older Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Abstract Introduction: Despite data supporting the safety and efficacy of treatment for many older adults with AML, Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 community oncologists (9 states) and 9 patients aged ≥60 with AML at any stage of treatment to elicit potential factors that influence treatment decisions. Patients were recruited from the outpatient clinics in a single institution and oncologists were recruited via email using purposive samples (patients: based on treatment received and stage of treatment; oncologists: based on practice location). Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. We utilized directed content analysis and adapted the decision-making model introduced by Zafar et al. to serve as a framework for categorizing the factors at various levels. A codebook was provisionally developed. Using Atlas.ti, two investigators independently coded the initial transcripts and resolved any discrepancies through an iterative process. The coding scheme was subsequently applied to the rest of the transcripts by one coder. Results: Median age of the oncologists was 37 years (range 34-64); 62% were females, 92% were white, 38% had practiced more than 15 years, and 92% reported seeing Conclusions: Treatment decision-making for older patients with AML is complex and influenced by many factors at the patient, disease/treatment, physician, and organizational levels. Despite studies supporting the utility of objective fitness assessments, these were not commonly performed in the community due to several barriers. Our framework will be useful to guide a larger study to assess real-life treatment decision-making in the community settings. We also identified several barriers raised by community oncologists that could be targeted to allow incorporation of objective fitness assessments. Download : Download high-res image (543KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures Liesveld: Onconova: Other: DSMB; Abbvie: Honoraria. Stock: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy. Majhail: Anthem, Inc.: Consultancy; Atara: Honoraria; Incyte: Honoraria. Wildes: Janssen: Research Funding. Klepin: Genentech Inc: Consultancy.
Sintering processes in direct ink write additive manufacturing: A mesoscopic modeling approach

Abstract Direct ink write (DIW) is an emerging additive manufacturing technique that allows for the fabrication of arbitrary complex geometries required in many technologies. DIW of metallic or ceramic materials involves a sintering step, which greatly influences many of the microstructural features of the printed object. Herein, we explore solid-state sintering in DIW through a mesoscopic modeling framework that is capable of capturing bulk and interface thermodynamics and accounting for various mass transport mechanisms. Simulation results of idealized geometries identify regimes in materials parameter space, where densification rates are enhanced. With the aid of several statistical and topological descriptors, the role of particle size distribution (PSD) on the microstructural evolution is explored and quantified. More specifically, it is found that a bi-dispersed PSD enhances pore shrinkage kinetics. However, bi-dispersity yields microstructures with pores that are highly eccentric, an effect that could be detrimental to the mechanical properties of the printed material. On the whole, our modeling approach provides a capability to explore the phase space of DIW process parameters and determine ones that lead to optimal microstructures.
The Performance of Suction Caissons for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines under Inclined Cyclic Survival Loads

This paper assesses the design consideration of suction caisson for floating offshore structures by fulfilling the serviceability limit state (SLS) concerning the long-term deformation which would involve the influences of cyclic loadings for a long time on the caisson life-time. The accumulative deformation inspection is a significant issue regarding caissons design and particularly under cyclic loading. Therefore, reasonable estimates of the accumulative plastic displacements of suction caisson anchors in cohesive soils under an inclined cyclic force of the mooring line are presented. Results are presented in terms of both vertical and lateral accumulative displacements profiles. A parametric study is studied in which the effects of inclined load angle, cyclic amplitude, and soil stiffness is evaluated. The analyses have been contemplated with soil nonlinearity under cyclic loading where a bounding surface plasticity model is required. An axisymmetric finite element analysis has been utilized with the asymmetric Fourier elements to simulate the behavior of a suction caisson in clay using the software program ABAQUS.
Religion, law and state policing: accusations, inquests and arbitration of religious conflicts in colonial India

While religious groups have recurrently approached the state and its institutions to rationalize their acts and selves, government taking recourse to referee religious concerns has had a long histo...
Stemless shoulder arthroplasty: review of short and medium-term results.

Background The number of anatomic total shoulder (TSA), hemiarthroplasty (HA), and reverse total shoulder arthroplasties (RTSA) is rapidly increasing in the United States. Stemless shoulder arthroplasty has numerous theoretical advantages, including preserved bone stock, decreased operating time, reduced rate of intraoperative humerus fracture, and flexibility of anatomic reconstruction. Only recently studies with more than 5 years of mean follow-up have become available. Methods The MEDLINE database was systematically queried to identify all studies reporting outcomes regarding anatomic or reverse stemless shoulder arthroplasty. Studies were categorized according to mean reported follow-up. Outcome scores and range of motion measurements were compiled. Complication and revision rates due to failure of the humeral or glenoid components were summarized. Results Nineteen TSA and HA studies with a total of 1115 patients were identified, with 4 studies and 162 patients with a mean follow-up between 60 and 120 months. Six RTSA studies with a total of 346 patients were identified, all with a mean follow-up between 18 and 60 months. There was a reliable improvement in outcomes compared with preoperative scores across studies. A cumulative 0.7% (8 of 1115) humeral component complication rate was found for TSA and HA components. There was a cumulative 1.7% (6 of 346) humeral complication rate for RTSA prostheses. Conclusions In the studies reporting similar outcome measures, there were reliable improvements on par with stemmed counterparts. Aggregate complication rates appear similar to those published in the literature for stemmed components. Evidence supporting the utility and safety of stemless designs would be strengthened by longer-term follow-up and additional prospective comparative studies.
Introduction to Fuzzy Control and Modeling

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Why Fuzzy Control Conventional Modeling Why Fuzzy Modeling Two Types of Fuzzy Control and Modeling: Mamdani Type and TS Type Typical SISO Mamdani Fuzzy Controllers Typical MISO Mamdani Fuzzy Controllers Typical MISO and SISO TS Fuzzy Controllers Relationship between Fuzzy Control and Conventional Control Fuzzy Control vs. Classical Control When to Use Fuzzy Control Analytical Issues in Fuzzy Control Fuzzy Modeling Applicability and Limitation of Fuzzy Modeling Analytical Issues in Fuzzy Modeling Summary Notes and References This chapter contains sections titled: Exercises
As Necessary as the Cleaning Crew: Experiences of Respect and Inclusion Among Full-Time Non-Tenure-Track Electrical Engineering Faculty at Research-Intensive Institutions

Contribution: This article explores issues of respect and inclusion among full-time non-tenure-track (NTT) electrical engineering faculty. Background: NTT faculty members are an important and growing part of electrical engineering programs in the USA. This article complements prior research on NTT faculty member career satisfaction and effectiveness, providing perspectives from the NTT faculty members themselves on their experiences with respect and inclusion. Research Question: The research question for this article is: How do NTT faculty members experience respect and inclusion in electrical engineering departmental cultures? Methodology: Using a qualitative design and semi-structured interview protocol, data were collected via 45-min interviews with 13 full-time NTT engineering faculty. The analysis used thematic coding. Findings: Most participants in this article work in departmental cultures that diminish their effectiveness. They are keenly aware of whether they feel respected and included in their department and these factors significantly affect their career satisfaction. Many of the participants have been specifically excluded from departmental discussion affecting their work, have suffered the effects of policies that are biased against them, and have been told directly or indirectly that their appointments are not valued by their administration or other faculty.
The submillimeter-wave and infrared heterodyne spectra of deuterated fluoroform (CDF 3 )

We have analyzed the submillimeter-wave (SMMW) and infrared (IR) spectra of the v 5 band of the symmetric-top molecule CDF 3 . Our heterodyne measurements on 22 SMMW laser emissions and 404 IR absorptions have been analyzed together with previous data to determine the molecular constants of the ground and v 5 states. We predict over 300 new SMMW emission lines by optical pumping with nitrous oxide and isotopic carbon dioxide IR lasers.
The Effect of Number of Follower Cues and Organization Type on Perceived Social Norm Responses to CSR Campaigns on Social Media: A Gender Comparison

This study examined how social norms can be formed differently across gender in the context of perceiving an alcohol company’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) campaigns on social media (Faceb...
Care of Children with Supraventricular Tachycardia in the Emergency Department.

Prior studies have characterized children with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in inpatient settings, however there is a paucity of data regarding pediatric SVT in the Emergency Department (ED) setting. We sought to describe pediatric ED visits for SVT and assess whether variability exists in care. We performed a cross-sectional study of ED visits for SVT among children < 18 years old from 2010 to 2017 at 33 pediatric hospitals. Visits were included if made for a primary International Disease Classification Ninth or Tenth Revision diagnosis code for SVT and intravenous (IV) adenosine was given on the initial or 2nd hospital day. We evaluated factors associated with hospital admission using multivariate logistic regression and described variability in frequency of rate of hospitalization, second-line IV antiarrhythmic medication usage, and diagnostic testing across sites. We included 2329 ED visits made by 1738 children and the median patient age was 6.3 years (IQR 1.5–11.9). There were 2 deaths (0.1% of visits). Marked variability existed between centers in rates of admission to the hospital (range 17–85%) and ICU (range 4–60%). Factors associated with admission included: younger age, male sex and presence of comorbid conditions. A second IV antiarrhythmic agent was used in 17% of visits (range 4–41% across hospitals). There was variability in rates of diagnostic testing between centers [chest x-ray (range 10–47%), complete blood count (range 10–72%), electrolytes (range 22–86%), echocardiography (range 3–68%)]. Management of SVT is variable across pediatric hospitals, suggesting an opportunity for standardization in care.
Evidence for the Technical Adequacy of the Risk Assessment and Distress Recovery: Examining Risks While Avoiding Profiling Youth With Mental Health Difficulties:

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Risk Assessment and Distress Recovery (RADR) Scale—a new self-report psychological screening tool for high school students that explores risk ...
RESEARCH ARTICLE: Focus of societal responsibility in the vision and mission statements of the United States pharmacy schools/ colleges

Objective: To assess the prevalence of societal responsibility languages and themes on education, research, and professional service in pharmacy programmes’ vision and mission statements. Methods: The authors collected the vision and mission statements of 142 pharmacy programmes by visiting each programme’s website. The statements were compiled and uploaded in NVivo 12. Deductive qualitative analysis and a topic extraction method with embedded principal component analysis (WordStat 8) were used to identify thematic dimensions of the statements. The number of programmes citing the respective themes were recorded. A Chi-square test was used to statistically analyse the prevalence of themes between the programme categories. Results: Education, research, professional practice, and societal service emerged as prominent themes. The prevalence of research, professional practice, and leadership themes was significantly higher in the vision statements of public programmes than private programmes. In the mission statements, the citation of a research theme was significantly higher in public programmes than private programmes. The citations of serving the diverse population and underserved population were very limited in the vision (6% and 5%) and mission statements (11% and 6%). Topic analysis conformed to the identified prominent themes and lack of societal responsibility theme in the mission statements. Conclusions: The prominent themes included education, research, and professional service to society at large. There is a distinctive lack of citations of societal responsibility towards underserved populations in the vision and mission statements.
Patient-Reported Outcomes Following Living Kidney Donation: A Single Center Experience

This article describes the development and implementation of an initiative at one transplant center to annually assess psychosocial outcomes of living kidney donors. The current analysis focuses on a cohort of adults (n = 208) who donated a kidney at BIDMC between September 2005 and August 2012, in which two post-donation annual assessments could be examined. One and two year post-donation surveys were returned by 59 % (n = 123) and 47 % (n = 98) of LKDs, respectively. Those who did not complete any survey were more likely to be younger (p = 0.001), minority race/ethnicity (p < 0.001), and uninsured at the time of donation (p = 0.01) compared to those who returned at least one of the two annual surveys. The majority of donors reported no adverse physical or psychosocial consequences of donation, high satisfaction with the donation experience, and no donation decision regret. However, a sizable minority of donors felt more pain intensity than expected and recovery time was much slower than expected, and experienced a clinically significant decline in vitality. We describe how these outcomes are used to inform clinical practice at our transplant center as well as highlight challenges in donor surveillance over time.
Stabilizing cobalt catalysts for aqueous-phase reactions by strong metal-support interaction

Abstract High-temperature calcination and reduction treatments of cobalt particles (17–20 nm) supported on TiO2 create cobalt particles covered with a TiOy layer. The layer thickness ranges from 2.8 to 4.0 nm. These phenomena, commonly called strong metal-support interaction (SMSI), can be used to improve the catalyst stability and change the catalyst selectivity. For example, non-overcoated cobalt catalysts leached during aqueous-phase hydrogenation (APH) of furfuryl alcohol, losing 44.6% of the cobalt after 35 h time-on-stream. In contrast, TiOy-overcoated cobalt catalysts did not lose any measurable cobalt by leaching and the cobalt particle size remained constant after 105 h time-on-stream. The 1,5-pentanediol selectivity from furfuryl alcohol hydrogenolysis increased with increasing TiOy layer thickness. The stabilized cobalt catalyst also had high yields for APH of xylose to xylitol (99%) and APH of furfural to furfuryl alcohol (95%). These results show that the SMSI effect produces a catalyst with a similar structure as catalysts prepared by atomic layer deposition, thereby opening up a cheaper and more industrially relevant method of stabilizing base-metal catalysts for aqueous-phase biomass conversion reactions. In addition, the SMSI effect can be used to tune catalyst selectivity, thus allowing the more precise atomic scale design of supported metal catalysts.
Combined modality radioimmunotherapy. Promise and peril.

BACKGROUND Single-agent radioimmunotherapy (RIT), although potentially useful for slowing solid tumor growth, has not been effective in curing aggressive tumors, such as breast cancer. These cancers typically have p53 mutations and are less susceptible to apoptosis, the apparent mechanism of cell death from low dose-rate radiation. Thus, synergistic or combined modality radioimmunotherapy (CMRIT) agents are needed to increase radiosensitivity for therapeutic enhancement without additive toxicity. METHODS To assess synergy in CMRIT in a breast cancer xenograft model, we evaluated RGD peptide EMD 121974, an inhibitor of αvβ3 integrin; paclitaxel, an antimicrotubule; IMC-C225, a monoclonal antibody to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); and bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide G3139. Groups of mice received 90Y-DOTA-ChL6 in combination with each agent. Tumor size, survival, and blood counts were monitored for efficacy and toxicity. Immunopathologic evaluation of apoptosis was performed at selected time points after RIT and RIT + RGD CMRIT. RESULTS CMRIT with RGD peptide increased apoptosis and resulted in 57% cures, compared with 0% cures with RIT alone. CMRIT with paclitaxel after RIT increased cures to 88%, compared with 25% cures with RIT before paclitaxel administration. CMRIT with IMC-C225 resulted in up to 20% cures if given before RIT. A time-dependent increase in toxicity was observed with IMC-C225 after RIT. CMRIT with bcl-2 antisense G3139 resulted in no cures and an increased rate of regrowth compared with RIT alone. CONCLUSIONS Some combined modality therapies resulted in higher numbers of cures, while others decreased cures and responses and increased toxicity compared with RIT alone. These results support the potential for CMRIT but illustrate the complexity of predicting the efficacy and toxicity and the importance of the relationship between dose and sequence of administration. Cancer 2002;94:1320–31. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10303
Work and Welfare in Economics

. Today's conventional economics typically ignores the impact of alternative forms of work organization upon the welfare of the worker. In effect, its methodology is concerned with the welfare of the individual as a consumer, but not with the welfare of the individual as a worker. Hence, welfare conclusions of economics are subject to challenge on grounds of being incomplete. Whether the worker is alienated or achieves self-fulfillment, etc., stands in no necessary relationship to either the formal lines of enterprise ownership, political ideology or form of economic system. Questions of authority and power in work organizations and the workplace conditions affecting the worker on the job transcend them.
The Development of Moral Harassment (or Mobbing) Law in Sweden and France as a Step Towards EU Legislation

Moral harassment (or mobbing) is one of the most rapidly emerging workplace violence complaints, affecting around twelYe million workers in the EU annually. In 1993, Sweden was the first EU country to enact legislation against moral harassment with its Ordinance on Victimization at Work. Through the Social Modernization Law in 2002, France added both civil and criminal provisions condemning moral harassment. This Note explores the Swedish and French laws and the psychological theories by Heinz Leymann and Marie-France Hirigoyen, respectively, that preceded them. Since existing EU legislation is inadequate in covering moral harassment, a new directive should be adopted. This new directive could be modeled off of several exemplary existing directiYes and should consider various proYisions of the Swedish and French laws, as well as the analyses ofLeymann and Hirigoyen.
Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Understanding Nicotine Dependence

The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of a drug are important determinants of whether users become dependent on it and of the temporal patterns of drug use. Characteristics of cigarette smoking, which produces a high degree of dependence, and the use of nicotine gum, which has a relatively low risk of dependence, are compared. Nicotine from tobacco smoke is rapidly absorbed and transferred into the brain. This results in high brain concentrations and intensive psychological effects, with relatively little development of tolerance. The smoker may titrate the level of drug and associated psychological effects of nicotine. Thus, smoking provides a nearly optimal situation for behavioural reinforcement. Chewing nicotine gum results in slow absorption of nicotine, leading to lower levels of nicotine in the brain and substantial time for development of tolerance. Thus, the intensity of effect is less and the onset of effect is delayed from the onset of dosing, providing less opportunity for behavioural reinforcement. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling techniques have been applied to these processes and used to assess the implications for understanding the daily smoking cycle.
The rock physics basis for 4D seismic monitoring of CO2 fate: Are we there yet?

Monitoring, verification, and accounting (MVA) of CO2 fate are three fundamental needs in geological sequestration. The primary objective of MVA protocols is to identify and quantify (1) the injected CO2 stream within the injection/storage horizon and (2) any leakage of sequestered gas from the injection horizon, providing public assurance. Thus, the success of MVA protocols based on seismic prospecting depends on having robust methodologies for detecting the amount of change in the elastic rock property, assessing the repeatability of measured changes, and interpreting and analyzing the detected changes to make quantitative predictions of the movement, presence, and permanence of CO2 storage, including leakage from the intended storage location.
Association between gender and outcomes of lower extremity peripheral vascular interventions

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of gender with outcomes of peripheral vascular intervention (PVI) for intermittent claudication and critical limb ischemia (CLI). Methods We reviewed 3338 patients (1316 [39%] women) undergoing PVI for claudication (1892; 57%) or CLI (1446; 43%) in the Vascular Study Group of New England from January 2010 to June 2012. Kaplan-Meier analysis, stratified by indication, was used to assess relationships between gender and the main outcome measures of major amputation, reintervention, and survival during the first year. Results Indications for PVI included claudication (n = 719 [38%] vs n = 1173 [62%]) and CLI (n = 597 [41%] vs n = 849 [59%]) in women and men, respectively ( P = .0028). Women were older (69 vs 66 mean years; P P = .01), renal insufficiency (4.6% vs 7.3%; P = .0029), coronary artery disease (28% vs 35%; P P = .01), and statin use (60% vs 64%; P = .0058). Technical success (95% vs 94%; P = .11), vascular injury (1.3% vs 1.0%; P = .82), and distal embolization (1.6% vs 1.3%; P = .46) were similar. Higher rates of hematoma (7.1% vs 3.4%; P ≤ .0001) and access site occlusion (0.91% vs 0.24%; P = .0085) were observed in women compared with men. There were no differences in major amputation (0.6% vs 0.6%; P = .81) or mortality (2.1% vs 1.5%; P = .20) rates at 30 days between women and men. Reinterventions (surgical and percutaneous) were similar between genders for claudicants (log-rank test, P = .75) and CLI patients (log-rank test, P = .93). Major amputation rates during the first year were not different for women and men and with claudication (log-rank test, P P P = .19) or CLI (77% vs 79%; P = .35). Conclusions Whereas we observed higher rates of access site complications including hematoma and occlusion in women, we found no other evidence for gender disparity in reinterventions, major amputation, or survival rates after PVI for patients with claudication or CLI.
Protection by tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane against behavioral and neurochemical effects of hypoxia.

Abstract Pretreatment of mice with the buffer tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM) at alkaline but not acid pH protected against effects of anemic and histotoxic hypoxia. THAM delayed the loss of the righting reflex (from 20.3 ± 0.9 to 27.4 ± 2.0 min , P to 32 ± 2 min, P 2 ). Alkaline THAM reduced the number of animals who lost the righting reflex after the induction of histotoxic hypoxia by injection of 4 mg/kg of KCN (from 10 of 12 to 2 of 12, P 2 -induced) hypoxia. Although the detailed molecular mechanisms by which THAM acts remain to be clarified, these observations may have direct clinical relevance for the care of the large number of patients in whom brain dysfunction results from conditions in which the supply of oxygen to the brain is impaired but not abolished.
Functorial polar functions

W∞ denotes the category of archimedean l-groups with designated weak unit and complete l-homomorphisms that preserve the weak unit. CmpT2,∞ denotes the category of compact Hausdorff spaces with continuous skeletal maps. This work introduces the concept of a functorial polar function on W∞ and its dual a functorial covering function on CmpT2,∞.
Premarital sexual behavior among Chinese college students in the United States.

Little is known about sexuality among Chinese in the U.S. There are reasons to believe that their sexual attitudes and behaviors would differ from those of Chinese in Asia as well as other groups in the U.S. This survey of ethnic Chinese college students in the U.S. examined the permissiveness of their attitudes toward premarital sex and their premarital sexual behavior with an eye toward their levels of acculturation. Over 60% approved of premarital sexual intercourse when the partners were in love or engaged. There was no significant gender difference in sexual permissiveness. Most of the men and women had engaged in kissing, necking, and petting, but most had not engaged in sexual intercourse. Gender differences were found in sexual experience: Chinese men were less experienced than Chinese women. Sexual permissiveness and experience were related to level of acculturation. Those who dated only Caucasians were more sexually experienced than those who dated only Chinese. Results are discussed in terms of differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors between Caucasian Americans and Chinese Americans and in terms of acculturation.
Guaranteed to Fail: Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the Debacle of Mortgage Finance

Viral V. Acharya, Matthew Richardson, Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh & Lawrence White, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 2011, 222+x pp., US$24.95, ISBN 978 0 691 15078 9 The future of failed mortgag...
Alzheimer's disease shares gene expression aberrations with purinergic dysregulation of HPRT deficiency (Lesch-Nyhan disease).

Abstract Transcriptomic studies of murine D3 embryonic stem (ES) cells deficient in the purinergic biosynthetic function hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) and undergoing dopaminergic neuronal differentiation has demonstrated a marked shift from neuronal to glial gene expression and aberrant expression of multiple genes also known to be aberrantly expressed in Alzheimer’s and other CNS disorders. Such genetic dysregulations may indicate some shared pathogenic metabolic mechanisms in diverse CNS diseases.
A case of fetal heterotaxy syndrome

Heterotaxy syndrome is a disorder that results in abnormal placement of organs. We report the prenatal diagnosis of complex cardiac abnormalities associated with left isomerism. A 32-year-old multigravida was referred to our hospital for evaluation of abnormal sonographic findings. On prenatal sonography, we suspected a double outlet of the right ventricle, right ventricular hypertrophy, a ventricular septal defect, a large azygos vein instead of an inferior vena cava, a right-sided stomach, and asplenia. Postnatal imaging studies confirmed these findings, except a left-sided single spleen. After birth, the infant underwent a left modified Blalock-Taussing shunt and underwent a 2nd surgical procedure (Kawashima operation, right pulmonary artery angioplasty, and atrial septal defect widening). This report suggests intrauterine fetal sonography can accurately delineate abnormal fi ndings in heterotaxy, allowing perinatal counseling and postpartum planning for corrective surgery.
An economic analysis of norfloxacin prophylaxis against spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Abstract Background/Aims/Methods: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a frequent complication of advanced liver disease and in high-risk patients, it is associated with a mean (per episode) mortality of 29% and a mean 1-year mortality of 82%. The 1-year recurrence rate of SBP can be as high as 30–70%. Selective intestinal decontamination with antibiotic prophylaxis has been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of recurrent SBP. The aim of this study was to perform an economic analysis of norfloxacin prophylaxis to prevent SBP recurrence. Results: This analysis showed that nofloxacin prophylaxis in high-risk patients with cirrhosis resulted in USD 4632 savings per patient per year by avoiding SBP and its associated expense. A sensitivity analysis showed that the norfloxacin prophylaxis remained cost-saving, even if it resulted in only a modest reduction in the SBP recurrence rate. Conclusions: Selective gut decontamination with norfloxacin is not only efficacious in preventing SBP, but can also be cost-saving by avoiding the resource utilization associated with its treatment.
AN ANTERIOR EXTRAPERITONEAL INCISION FOR DONOR NEPHRECTOMY THAT SPARES THE RECTUS ABDOMINIS MUSCLE AND ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL NERVES

Purpose: To perform open donor nephrectomy with the least amount of body alteration and complication, a short extraperitoneal incision was developed that preserves the ipsilateral rectus abdominis muscle and abdominal branches of the intercostal nerves.Materials and Methods: Donor nephrectomy using the new incision was performed in 11 consecutive patients.Results: Morphine was required for pain relief for 1 to 3 days (mean 1.8), patients tolerated diet at 1 to 4 days (mean 2.2) and postoperative stay was 2 to 5 days (mean 3.5). Complications were minimal, consisting of postoperative fever 1 day in duration. A viable kidney was provided for transplantation in each case.Conclusions: The extraperitoneal, rectus abdominis muscle and nerve sparing incision resulted in a short course of pain medication, early diet toleration and a short hospital stay.
Maternal and amniotic fluid substrate levels during caloric deprivation in human pregnancy.

Abstract The concentrations of glucose β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, free fatty acids, and glycerol were determined in maternal blood and amniotic fluid obtained from fed and prolonged (84–90 hr) fasted women studied during week 16–22 of gestation prior to undergoing therapeutic abortion for psychiatric reasons. In the fasted group, maternal hypoglycemia ( 47.2±2 mg 100 ml ), hyperketonemia, and an increase in glycerol and free fatty acid levels were observed. Amniotic fluid glucose concentration fell to 40% below the level in the fed group, while acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate increased 10- and 30-fold, respectively, to levels comparable to maternal blood. The concentration of ketone acids in amniotic fluid was directly proportional to maternal blood levels. Glycerol concentration in amniotic fluid also rose with fasting, but free fatty acids remained unchanged. The data indicate that starvation in human pregnancy results in decreased availability of glucose and increased availability of ketones and glycerol in amniotic fluid, as well as maternal blood.
A simple construction of d -disjunct matrices with certain constant weights

Abstract We give a simple method of constructing d -disjunct matrices. For k > d , our construction yields a ( d n ) × ( k n ) d -disjunct matrix with column weight ( d k ) and row weight ( k − d n − d ).
Hospice use and public expenditures at the end of life in assisted living residents in a Florida Medicaid waiver program.

Objectives: To examine the association between hospice use and public expenditures in a sample of dually eligible assisted living (AL) residents at the end of life. Design: A retrospective cohort study. Setting: Florida AL facilities. Participants: Newly enrolled dually eligible older AL residents under Florida's Medicaid Assisted Living for the Elderly waiver program who died between January 2003 and December 2004 (N = 382). Measurements: Individual sociodemographic characteristics were obtained from Florida's Medicaid comprehensive assessment data. Medicaid eligibility status, enrollment in the AL waiver programs, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, codes and Medicaid claims data were obtained from Florida's Medicaid payment agency. Individual characteristics and Medicare and Medicaid claims data were merged with vital statistics to determine diagnoses, date of death, hospice enrollment, and public expenditures. Results: The mean age of the study sample was 84.8 (range 65�102); 71.5% were female, and 63.4% were white. During the average 9.6 months of follow-up, 35.6% of the sample enrolled in hospice, and the average hospice length of stay was 47.9 d; 73.3% of the sample had been admitted to a hospital, and 38.0% had been admitted to a nursing home. The generalized linear model showed that hospice use was not significantly associated with lower public expenditures (average marginal effect = -$1,127, 95% confidence interval = -$8,377, $6,122). Conclusion: Hospice use at the end of life may not be associated with lower public expenditures in older dually eligible AL residents. Future research should examine the association between hospice enrollment and the quality of end-of-life care.
Tests and Researches on Post Grouting Cast-in-Place Piles of Power Transmission and Transformation Project

Technology methods of cast-in-place pile post grouting has the advantages of easy operation, good reliability, low cost and bearing capacity growth. In order to study and demonstrate the method on bearing capacity level of cast-in-place pile, a series of tests including of vertical static loading test and horizontal static loading test were used in the job. Some testing results were obtained from the tests.
Why School is not Easy: An Analytical Perspective

An overarching theory that enables a systematic study of learning recently has been developed. Motivation, for example, is something we all think weknow when we see. It was an important step to recognize that motivation can be conceptualized in terms of allocating working memory and especially attention to a learning task. The unified learning model (ULM) was synthesized from the literature with this in mind. Using the ULM as a basis for analysis, it is possible to consider all aspects of learning. A good place to begin concerns schools in general and why, in particular, school is not thought of as being easy. The ULM explains that allocating working memory often requires effort, and any exertion of such effort may be perceived as being hard. This paper is an analysis of school learning and especially science learning (STEM learning) in terms of the ULM.
Ethical Issues in HIV/STD Prevention Research With High Risk Youth: Providing Help, Preserving Validity

Many preventive intervention studies with adolescents address high-risk behaviors such as drug and alcohol use, and unprotected sex. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) are the gold standard methodology used to test the effectiveness of these behavioral interventions. Interventions outside the rigidly described protocol are prohibited. However, there are ethical challenges to implementing inflexible intervention protocols, especially when the target population is young, experiences many stressful events, and lives in a resource-poor environment. Teens who are at high risk for substance use or sexual risk behaviors tend to be at risk for other problems such as exposure to violence, sexual and physical abuse, depression, and homelessness. How should investigators deal with the psychological and social needs of teenagers in prevention programs in an ethically appropriate way and at the same time preserve the validity of RCT results? We have identified program characteristics, participant characteristics, inte...
Handedness and aphasia: an inferential method for determining the mode of cerebral speech specialization.

Abstract This paper presents a method to infer the cerebral mode of speech in the left- and right-handed. The method is applied to the known reports on the incidence of aphasia following a unilateral brain injury in adults (1935–1973) [1]. Two different models were found. In the left-handed, a complex model of unilateral (left=0.24, right=0.00) and bilateral speech (0.76) was inferred. In the right-handed, a less complex model of unilateral speech specialization (left=0.95, right=0.05) was inferred.
Cytological and Morphological Effects of Atrazine and Propazine Application on Grain Sorghum

Effectiveness on weed control and injury on sorghum plants were compared for herbicides atrazine and propazine which were applied at four different rates, 0.56, 1.1, 2.2 and 4.5kg/ha. It was found that both herbicides at rates above 2.2kg/ha reduced plant height but propazine caused less injury than atrazine. The majority of cytological aberrations observed during meiosis were multiple nucleoli detected in diplotene and early diakinesis cells and asynchronization of chromosome movement as noted in metaphase II and telophase II cells. Cells with lagging chromosomes and aneuploid cells were rare and should not hinder the used of these herbicides.
Serum cross-reactive thymosin a1 levels in rats during induction of mammary carcinoma with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene: short- and long-term effects

Abstract The levels of serum cross-reactive thymosin a 1 (CRT a 1 ) were measured at various time intervals during the course of development of mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats intubated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]-anthracene (DMBA; 10 mg/rat). Matched control rats were also tested simultaneously. An increase in CRT a 1 in DMBA-treated animals was observed within 2 h of DMBA treatment. Thereafter the levels of CRT a 1 in the serum of the DMBA-treated rats remained elevated for another 3 weeks prior to declining to control levels. Levels remained stationary until an increase in serum CRT a 1 was observed at 9–11 weeks post-DMBA treatment. This correlated with the time when mammary tumors were either palpable or observed. Levels of CRT a 1 fell at 13 weeks but remained slightly elevated until sacrifice due to tumor burden at 18 weeks.
Self-Reported Fears of Rape Victims: A Preliminary Investigation

To test the hypothesis that rape victim fears are classically conditioned (i.e., present during or subsequent to the assault), 20 rape victims and 12 nonvictims completed a Modified Fear Survey which contained standard items from the Wolpe and Lang fear survey as well as items originating from victim reports of fearful situations. The survey was scored for rape fears and total fears. No difference was found between groups on mean rape fears or total fears. However, a significantly greater variance of rape fear scores was observed for victims. Subsequent analyses of items rated as extremely fear-provoking revealed differences between victims and nonvictims. Items and situations rated as most disturbing for rape victims support the hypothesis that victims are significantly disturbed by rape-related situations and associations. Content analysis of highly ranked items suggests that the violent, rather than sexual, aspects of the assaults are most fear-engendering.
The quality of mass support for democratization

Since the dramatic collapse of communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe, political scientists and sociologists have been conducting national sample surveys to monitor the support of mass publics for the transformation of authoritarian political systems into democracies. Much of their research to date, however, has been concerned primarily with its quantitative characteristics i.e., levels or amounts of mass preference for democracy or of mass commitment to the democratic political procedures of participation, competition, and tolerance. This paper seeks to examine qualitative characteristics of mass support for democratization. To this end, it proposes and tests a multi-dimensional model of democratic support with a set of national sample survey data recently collected in Korea.