cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precision and accuracy of bioelectrical impedance analysis devices in supine versus standing position with or without retractable handle in Caucasian subjects.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) could be facilitated in subjects who are able to stand by using scales without (BIAstd4) or with a retractable handle (BIAstd8), provided that they are as precise as BIA devices commonly used in the supine position in the hospital setting (BIAsup). This observational prospective cross-sectional study aimed to compare the precision and accuracy of BIAstd4, BIAstd8 and BIAsup in a Caucasian population. METHODS Fat mass percentage (FM%) was measured in 160 healthy Caucasian subjects (80 men/80 women) aged 20-60 years, with a body mass index (BMI) ≥18.5 and < 30 kg/m2, using the HAGRID Body Fat Scales (Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., China) in BIAstd4 or BIAstd8 mode, and the Nutriguard-M (Data Input GmbH, Germany) as BIAsup. Intra-unit and inter-unit precisions of each device were evaluated by calculating the coefficients of variation (CV%) of 3 measurements with 3 different units of each device. Inter-device precisions were evaluated with Pearson correlations, Bland-Altman plots, and repeated measures ANOVA followed by post-hoc Bonferroni tests. Accuracy of these BIA devices was estimated in a subgroup of 16 subjects, using comparison with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS The study population was 40 ± 12 years old, with a body height and weight of 171 ± 10 cm and 72.2 ± 11.5 Kg, respectively. All three devices were very precise with intra-unit CV% of 0.5%, 0.9%, and 0.3% and inter-unit CV% of 0.5%, 1.1%, and 0.4% for BIAstd4, BIAstd8 and BIAsup, respectively. Inter-device precision was ±2.1% for BIAstd4/BIAsup, ±1.9% for BIAstd8/BIAsup, and ±1.3% for BIAstd8/BIAstd4. Bland-Altman plots showed bias ±1.96 SD of 0.3 ± 5.2% for BIAstd4/BIAsup, -0.4 ± 4.5% for BIAstd8/BIAsup and -0.6 ± 3.1% for BIAstd8/BIAstd4. Compared to DXA, all three devices tended to underestimate FM% in men with low BMI, while only BIAstd4 and BIAstd8 tended to overestimate FM% in women with high BMI. FM% measurement accuracy was ±2.6% for BIAsup/DXA, ±3.3% for BIAstd4/DXA, and ±3.4% for BIAstd8/DXA. CONCLUSIONS Both BIAstd4 and BIAstd8 show a good intra- and inter-unit precision close to BIAsup, making them suitable for rapid body composition assessment in non-bedridden subjects. However, all these three devices should not be used interchangeably, because BIAstd4 and BIAstd8 tend to accentuate FM% changes during body composition monitoring compared to BIAsup and DXA. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrial.gov no. NCT04504799.
Manganese and Copper Determinations in Body Fluids

A method is discussed for the assay of manganese and copper, in body fluids, consisting of sample dialysis prior to irradiation followed by gamma-ray spectrometric quantitation. Sodium level is greatly reduced and the residual radioactivity is low. The nondialyzable levels of manganese and copper were established for serum, cerebrospinalfluid, saliva, and urine.
Selective attachment of multiple cell types on thermally responsive polymer

Programmable surface chemistry has been achieved by depositing a temperature sensitive polymer onto arrays of micro-fabricated metallic heaters. Activating a single heater causes a localized change in the device surface chemistry from non-fouling to fouling in an aqueous environment. Two types of proteins and two types of cells were used to demonstrate localized immobilization of proteins and cells on such surface. These experiments show, for the first time, selective cell attachments on thermally responsive polymer controlled by a micro heater array. It suggests a new approach to realize proteomic chips and cell chips.
Analysis of facet degradation of high power 830 nm laser diodes

Catastrophic optical damage (COD) and other facet-related degradation of high power 830 nm laser diodes was analyzed. Correlation between COD output power limit and the COD depth into the laser and its application to separate facet-related degradation from bulk degradation is described. The role of coating defects and contamination in the package environment as analyzed by SEM/EDS, Auger etc., is described. The diodes described here are GaAs/AlGaAs single quantum well gain guided lasers.
Mexican American Attitudes Towards Crime

Abstract The study seeks to determine (1) whether the crime seriousness ranking hierarchy identified by Rossi et al. in 1974 persists and (2) whether intra-group agreement on the relative ordering of crimes exists within a Mexican American sample stratified by age and sex. A self-administered survey questionnaire surveyed a sample of 525 college students and 426 parents. Respondents were asked to rank 20 crime offenses according to perceived seriousness. The analyses indicate that the older cohort of respondents is more conservative than the college students and that female students have lower tolerance for crime than their male counterparts. Among Mexican Americans, significant generational and sex differences exist in how serious certain behaviors are perceived.
EDUCATION: UTILIZING A SCHOOL FOR HANDICAPPED CHILDREN IN MEDICAL EDUCATION

An integrated program for training medical students in the diagnosis and treatment of handicapped children is presented. Jointly sponsored by a medical school and a public school system on the basis of mutual advantage, it utilizes the invaluable teaching material provided by a School for Physically Handicapped Children. The chief educational advantage of the program lies in providing means for medical students to see handicapped children not merely as patients in a hospital or clinic but as children engaged in the normal co-operative and competitive activities of an educational setting. This unique feature is in accord with the current trend in medical education toward providing opportunities to observe children in normal social situations. It is anticipated that as more medical schools and resident training centers recognize the feasibility of teaching programs that utilize community facilities for handicapped children, new programs will develop in many areas. Reports on these programs as they develop can be valuable in stimulating further interest in integrating independent facilities and personnel into medical education.
Learning Patterns from Unix Process Execution Traces for Intrusion Detection

In this paper we describe our preliminary experiments to extend the work pioneered by Forrest (see Forrest et al. 1996) on learning the (normal abnormal) patterns of Unix processes. These patterns can be used to identify misuses of and intrusions in Unix systems. We formulated machine learning tasks on operating system call sequences of normal and abnormal (intrusion) executions of the Unix sendmail program. We show that our methods can accurately distinguish all abnormal executions of sendmail from the normal ones provided in a set of test traces. These preliminary results indicate that machine learning can play an important role by generalizing stored sequence information to perhaps provide broader intrusion detection services. The experiments also reveal some interesting and challenging problems for future research. much effort has been devoted to the problem of detecting intrusions as quickly as possible. There are two basic approaches to intrusion detection: ¯ Misuse Intrusion Detection: known patterns of (past
A New Instrumented Airborne Platform for Atmospheric Research

AbstractThe NASA Ames Research Center operates a new research platform for atmospheric studies: an instrumented Alpha Jet. The present complement of instruments allows for the determination of carbon dioxide, ozone, water vapor, and methane concentrations as well as measurements of three-dimensional wind speeds, temperature, and pressure. Planned future instrumentation includes an Air-Core sampler and an instrument to measure formaldehyde. We give examples of measurements that have been made, including measurements carried out during a downward spiral over an expected methane source. An attractive property of this airborne system is its ability to respond rapidly to unexpected atmospheric events such as large forest fires or severe air quality events.
A MEMS-based charge pump

A micro-scale mechanical charge pump, cf., comprising a circuit of micromechanical resonant switches (a.k.a., resoswitches) has been demonstrated that generates 3V and 9V from 1V and 3V power supplies, respectively, using a 2-stage design; and 6V from 1V supply using a 5-stage design; all while avoiding the diode voltage drop and breakdown voltage limitations of conventional CMOS-based charge pumps. This MEMS-based charge pump additionally accepts a much wider input voltage range than semiconductor technology and obviates the need for custom high voltage CMOS for applications where large voltages are needed, e.g., MEMS-based timing references, thereby allowing the use of virtually any CMOS process for a wide variety of MEMS-based products.
Bioactive Proteinase 3 on the Cell Surface of Human Neutrophils: Quantification, Catalytic Activity, and Susceptibility to Inhibition

Although proteinase 3 (PR3) is known to have the potential to promote inflammation and injure tissues, the biologic forms and function of PR3 in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) from healthy donors have received little attention. In this paper, we show that PMN contain 3.24 ± SD 0.24 pg of PR3 per cell, and that the mean concentration of PR3 in azurophil granules of PMN is 13.4 mM. Low levels of PR3 are detectable on the cell surface of unstimulated PMN. Exposure of PMN to cytokines or chemoattractants alone induces modest (1.5- to 2.5-fold) increases in cell surface-bound PR3. In contrast, brief priming of PMN with cytokines, followed by activation with a chemoattractant, induces rapid and persistent, 5- to 6-fold increases in cell surface expression of PR3, while causing minimal free release of PR3. Membrane-bound PR3 on PMN is catalytically active against Boc-Alanine-Alanine-Norvaline-thiobenzyl ester and fibronectin, but in marked contrast to soluble PR3, membrane-bound PR3 is resistant to inhibition by physiologic proteinase inhibitors. PR3 appears to bind to the cell surface of PMN via a charge-dependent mechanism because exposure of fixed, activated PMN to solutions having increasing ionic strength results in elution of PR3, HLE, and CG, and there is a direct relationship between their order of elution and their isoelectric points. These data indicate that rapidly inducible PR3 expressed on the cell surface of PMN is an important bioactive form of the proteinase. If PR3 expression on the cell surface of PMN is dysregulated, it is well equipped to amplify tissue injury directly, and also indirectly via the generation of autoantibodies.
Quantifying subtropical North Pacific gyre mixed layer primary productivity from Seaglider observations of diel oxygen cycles

Using autonomous underwater gliders, we quantified diurnal periodicity in dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll, and temperature in the subtropical North Pacific near the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) Station ALOHA during summer 2012. Oxygen optodes provided sufficient stability and precision to quantify diel cycles of average amplitude of 0.6 µmol kg−1. A theoretical diel curve was fit to daily observations to infer an average mixed layer gross primary productivity (GPP) of 1.8 mmol O2 m−3 d−1. Cumulative net community production (NCP) over 110 days was 500 mmol O2 m−2 for the mixed layer, which averaged 57 m in depth. Both GPP and NCP estimates indicated a significant period of below-average productivity at Station ALOHA in 2012, an observation confirmed by 14C productivity incubations and O2/Ar ratios. Given our success in an oligotrophic gyre where biological signals are small, our diel GPP approach holds promise for remote characterization of productivity across the spectrum of marine environments.
Internet delay statistics: Measuring Internet feel using a dichotomous Hurst parameter

As Internet delay times affect the perceptions of users, the ability to differentiate the feel of Internet sites using statistical measures beyond average packet delays may be of commercial value. One such statistical measure is the Hurst parameter of a long-range dependent (LRD) process. A dichotomous Hurst parameter derived from segmented day and night delay data suggests that variations in Internet delay statistics are real and may be caused by diurnal human activity.
Kawasaki disease following Rocky Mountain spotted fever: a case report

Introduction Kawasaki disease is an idiopathic acute systemic vasculitis of childhood. Although it simulates the clinical features of many infectious diseases, an infectious etiology has not been established. This is the first reported case of Kawasaki disease following Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Nutritional Requirements of Allisonella histaminiformans, a Ruminal Bacterium that Decarboxylates Histidine and Produces Histamine

Histamine is an inflammatory agent that contributes to bovine laminitis. Cattle fed silage-containing rations often have large populations of Allisonella histaminiformans, but this obligate histidine-decarboxylating bacterium could not be isolated from cattle fed timothy hay. The growth of A. histaminiformans was stimulated by yeast extract, protein hydrolysates, and water-soluble extracts of alfalfa or corn silage. Extracts of alfalfa were more potent than corn silage. Because growth and histamine production were not stimulated by Casamino Acids or a mixture of purified amino acids, it appeared that A. histaminiformans requires peptides. The idea that A. histaminiformans requires peptides is consistent with the observation that alfalfa silages often have a large amount of peptide nitrogen.
Exchange on the Nixon Administration and the Vietnam War

I am grateful for the generally favorable review given my book The Vietnam War Files: Uncovering the Secret History of Nixon-Era Strategy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004) in the Winter 2007 issue of the Journal of Cold War Studies. Unfortunately, the reviewer, James J. Wirtz, grossly misrepresented the nature of the book and my theses, while also failing to place these theses in historiographic context. Wirtz asserts, for example, that “Kimball seems most interested in using the documentary evidence to demonstrate that [President Richard] Nixon was in fact ‘mad’ in seeking to create the impression that he was becoming increasingly irrational.” To the contrary, I do not claim that either Nixon or Henry Kissinger was necessarily mad or certiaably crazy in pursuing “madman theory” stratagems. I do demonstrate, however, that they were naive and unsuccessful in using this stratagem. The reviewer implies that I claim that Nixon and Kissinger “realized that Chinese and Soviet ofacials were willing to aght in Vietnam to the last North Vietnamese soldier.” Nixon and Kissinger thought no such thing. Indeed, their “triangular” and “linkage” diplomacy was based on quite different assumptions. Wirtz claims that “Nixon and Kissinger were masterful practitioners of realpolitik” and that “Kissinger also emerges as a consummate diplomat,” thus implying that I drew these conclusions or that the documentary evidence I present in the book supported them. Instead, I argue that all parties—including Vietnamese, Soviet, and Chinese—engaged in realpolitik, but that of all the players Nixon and Kissinger were the least successful. Concerning Kissinger’s diplomatic skills, he was tactically very clever and a good debater, but he was also, as Nixon himself often commented, a poor negotiator. Wirtz refers to the documentary excerpts in the book as “fragments.” In fact, most of the documents are substantial excerpts, and some are whole documents—all properly referenced to the originals. The book, as I explain in the preface, is not intended to be a comprehensive compendium or, in the re-
A Digital Computer Program for the Automatic Determination of Dynamic Stability Limits

The ability to calculate the dynamic stability limits of synchronous machines is of increasing importance today as generation and transmission equipment are being applied with higher reactances and correspondingly lower stability margins. This paper describes a digital computer program which enables the rapid computation of dynamic stability limits for a single machine connected to an infinite receiving system through a transmission line. Effects of excitation and prime mover power controls are included making the program a valuable tool for the equipment designer. Typical results illustrate the effect of terminal voltage, transmission line reactance, and machine inertia on the stability limits. The concept of damping ratio as an index to relative stability is discussed and illustrated. Also shown are the effects of neglecting saturation and other second-order effects on the calculation of dynamic stability.
Advances in the treatment of works on paper from the Asian Art Collection of the National Gallery of Victoria

The National Gallery of Victoria exhibition The cricket and the dragon: Animals in Asian Art included 120 works and presented an ideal opportunity to undertake conservation treatment on a number of artworks that had not previously been displayed due their fragile nature (Cains 2008, p. 5). The treatment program spanned 10 months and involved a number of interesting treatments that required considerable research into the various art forms. Using the case studies of an Indian miniature painting, an Indian paper cutting and Japanese hanging scroll, this paper presents an overview of our preparation for the exhibition, including research into materials and techniques, technical examination, sourcing indigenous tools and materials for use in treatment and the development of new techniques that embrace both contemporary and traditional materials for treating a diverse selection of works of art on paper.
Prediction of pressure drop and void-fraction in annular two-phase flows

The polynomial vvelocity profile due to Pai (1953), applicable to transition and turbulent conditions in single phase flow, has been used to solve the equations of two-phase annular flow with appropriate matching conditions at the interface and at the boundaries. The results obtained enable one to predict the pressure drop and the void-fraction, when the interfacial friction factor is specified. Entrainment of the liquid in the core of the flowing gas has been taken into account by using the empirical relation of Hutchinson and Whalley (1973). It has been shown that the theory provides results in agreement with horizontal tube and vertical tube adiabatic flow data, in addition to predicting the liquid film thickness accurately. Pour resoudre les equations de l'ecoulement annulaire a deux phases, on a employe le profil de vitesse polynomial de Pai (1953) applicable aux regimes transitoire et turbulent dans un ecoulement monophasique. Les resultats obtenus permettent de predire la perte de charge et le degre de vide, lorsqu'on specifie le facteur de friction a l'interface. On a tenu compte de l'entrainement du liquide dans le gaz qui s'ecoule au centre, en employant la relation empirique d'Hutchinson et de Whalley (1973). On a constate que la theorie fournit des resultats en accord avec donnees de l'ecoulement adiabatique dans les tubes horizontaux et verticaux, tout en prevoyant d'une maniere exacte l'epaisseur du film liquide.
Optical model analysis for protons at 180 MeV

Abstract It is shown that the experimental results for the elastic scattering cross section, polarization and reaction cross section for 180 MeV protons scattered by nuclei can be interpreted in terms of an optical potential, the real part of which is repulsive in the central region of the nucleus, and that an interpretation in terms of a more orthodox optical potential would be difficult to achieve. The analysis is performed for the nucleide 56 Fe. A possible explanation of the result in terms of the behaviour of the two-body t -matrix off the energy shell is suggested.
A new parallel implementation for particle filters and its application to adaptive waveform design

Sequential Monte Carlo particle filters (PFs) are useful for estimating nonlinear non-Gaussian dynamic system parameters. As these algorithms are recursive, their real-time implementation can be computationally complex. In this paper, we analyze the bottlenecks in existing parallel PF algorithms, and we propose a new approach that integrates parallel PFs with independent Metropolis-Hastings (PPF-IMH) algorithms to improve root mean-squared estimation error performance. We implement the new PPF-IMH algorithm on a Xilinx Virtex-5 field programmable gate array (FPGA) platform. For a one-dimensional problem and using 1,000 particles, the PPF-IMH architecture with four processing elements utilizes less than 5% Virtex-5 FPGA resources and takes 5.85 μs for one iteration. The algorithm performance is also demonstrated when designing the waveform for an agile sensing application.
Photoreceptor repair in response to RPE transplants in RCS rats: outer segment regeneration.

Purpose. We have previously shown that transplants of normal rat neonatal RPE cells rescued photoreceptor cells in retinas of Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) dystrophic rats for up to one year. In this study, we investigated the photoreceptor rescue effects in RCS rats within the first three weeks following transplantation in an attempt to determine if RPE transplants initiate repair mechanisms, specifically, outer segment (OS) regeneration.Methods. Freshly isolated RPE cells from neonatal pigmented Long Evans rats were transplanted into the subretinal space of 22–23 day-old RCS rats using a transscleral approach. For controls, vehicle was similarly injected.Results. When analyzed at 10 days post-transplantation, long inner segments were observed with short buds of outer segment growth in the area of the RPE-cell transplants. The outer segments were of insufficient length to be measured at 10 days, but by 14 and 21 days, OS were 2.02 ± 0.32 μm and 18.80 ± 2.78 μm, respectively. In vehicle-injected retinas...
In Situ Detection of Adsorbates at Silica/Solution Interfaces by Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy Using a Silica-Coated Internal Reflection Element

A silica-coated ZnSe internal reflection element (IRE) was used to acquire attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of ethyl acetate at an n-heptane/silica surface. A thin silica film was deposited onto the IRE by withdrawing the substrate from a suspension of fumed silica; upon drying, a durable, porous SiO2 layer is formed on the IRE that is stable in contact with aprotic solvents. The layer thickness is targeted to be comparable to the depth of penetration of infrared radiation beyond the IRE/film interface. These films were used to investigate the adsorption of ethyl acetate onto silica from n-heptane. A multidimensional least-squares fit of the spectroscopic data reveals multiple surface-site energies on the silica surface, as reflected in both the solution concentration dependence of ethyl acetate accumulation on the surface and the frequencies of vibrational modes that shift upon adsorption.
Radiosensitivity and Radiation-Induced Mutability: An Empirical Relationship

The total genome size of various species can apparently define the radiation-induced mutability and radiosensitivity for these species. An empirical expression has been derived which relates the radiation-induced mutation rates of different species to their total DNA content and radiation-induced inactivation rates.
The application of thermography to large arrays of solar energy collectors

The general principles of thermography are outlined and its application to solar energy research at the USAF Academy is discussed. Topics considered include the prediction and observation of flow problems within a large solar collector array, as well as the results of actions taken to alleviate them through the use of thermography. (SPH)
A Very Low-Profile, Omnidirectional, Ultrawideband Antenna

We present a compact, ultra-low-profile, ultrawideband (UWB) antenna with monopole-like radiation characteristics. The antenna is composed of two bent diamond-shaped loops that are fed in parallel and loaded with a common capacitive top hat to reduce their lowest frequencies of operation. A series capacitor is used at the feeding terminals of one of the loops to create an additional resonance below the lowest frequency of operation of one of the loops and, hence, further reduce the lowest frequency of operation of the antenna. At the lowest frequency of operation, the proposed antenna has electrical dimensions of L × W × H = 0.22λmin × 0.22λmin × 0.033λmin, where λmin is the free-space wavelength. The antenna demonstrates a VSWR lower than 3:1 and consistent monopole-like, omnidirectional radiation patterns over a 4:1 bandwidth. A prototype of the antenna with physical dimensions of 7 × 7 × 1 cm3, which operates in the 1.0-4.0-GHz frequency range, is fabricated and characterized using a near-field system.
Somatotopic organization of inputs from the hand to the spinal gray and cuneate nucleus of monkeys with observations on the cuneate nucleus of humans.

Central termination patterns of primary afferents from the hand and forelimb were studied following subdermal injections of HRP conjugates in macaque monkeys. In the middle layers of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, afferents from digits 1–5 terminated in a rostrocaudal sequence in separate, elongated columns at cervical levels 5–7. Afferents from teh glabrous digits extended to the medial margin of the dorsal gray, while afferents from the dorsal skin of the digits terminated more laterally. Afferents from the dorsal hand and palm terminated lateral to those from the digits, while inputs from the forearm occupied tissue rostral and caudal to the representation of the hand. In the cuneate nucleus, terminations from each digit formed an elongated column that was densely labelled in the central pars rotunda and sparsely labelled in both the rostral and caudal reticular poles. Within the pars rotunda, digits 1–5 were represented in order from lateral to medial. Inputs from the digit tips terminated ventral to inputs from the proximal digits. Afferents from the dorsal skin of the digits terminated in an even more dorsal position, while the most dorsal portion of the pars rotunda related to the glabrous and dorsal hand. Within the pars rotunda, terminations from specific parts of the hand overlapped parcellated clusters of neurons. These clusters were densely reactive for cytochrome oxidase (CO) and were surrounded by myelinated fibers. Much sparser label in the reticular poles was found consistently only after injections in the glabrous digits. Inputs to the poles appeared diffuse and overlapping while preserving some somatotopic order. When treated for CO or stained for Nissl substance or myelin, the pars rotunda of humans showed parcellation patterns that closely resembled the patterns seen in monkeys. From the relationship of inputs to the CO dense cell clusters in monkeys, it was possible to postulate in detail the somatotopic organization of inputs to pars rotunda of humans. The present results provide a comprehensive description of the somatotopic patterns of termination of afferents from the skin of the hand and forearm in the spinal cord and cuneate nucleus of macaque monkeys. A direct relationship of afferent somatotopy and identifiable cell clusters in the pars rotunda of the cuneate nucleus is further demonstrated. Finally, the patterns of cell clusters in the pars rotunda of macaque monkeys and humans suggest that the somatotopic organization of the cuneate nucleus may be very similar in human and nonhuman primates.
Response of the Hypophyseal-Testicular Axis in Monkeys to Stalk-Median Eminence Extract

SummaryAfter an injection or an infusion of an extract from ovine stalk-median eminence (SMEE) into the femoral vein of mature rhesus males, peripheral serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) were measured by radioimmunossay and competitive protein binding, respectively. Within 2 to 3 min the SMEE injection initiated a 2- to 30-fold increase in serum LH which rapidly returned to base line whereas an SMEE infusion lasting 120 min resulted in a prompt elevation of serum LH which persisted throughout the infusion period. Infusions of cerebral cortical tissue extract (CCE) caused no change in the base line values of LH (430 to 550 ng/ml LER-M-907D) although anesthesia appeared to lower levels by 10 to 25%. Preanesthesia concentrations of T were high (>12 ng/ml) in 4 of 8 trials, decreased more slowly than LH after anesthesia and CCE infusions, and began to rise later than LH, reaching a maximum of 2-to 12-fold above base line within 15 to 90 min after the beginning of SMEE administration...
Matthew Hale on judges and judging

(1988). Matthew Hale on judges and judging. The Journal of Legal History: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 201-213.
Measuring Surgical Trainee Perceptions to Assess the Operating Room Educational Environment

Objective To determine measurable differences in the perception of learning between junior and senior residents in the operating rooms of an obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) residency program. Design, Setting, and Participants Using a cross-sectional design, the Operating Room Educational Environment Measure (OREEM), a 40-item educational environment inventory, was administered to 28 OBGYN residents from 1 training program, who train at 3 hospital sites. The OREEM measures a trainee's perceptions of the teaching surgeon, learning opportunities, operating room atmosphere, and workload. The primary outcome was total OREEM scores and secondary outcomes were OREEM subscale scores, global impression of education, and internal consistency and validity of the OREEM scale. Group sample sizes of 10 and 10 achieved 80% power to detect a 10% difference between group mean OREEM scores ± 10% with a significance level of 0.05. Results Twenty-four residents including 11 junior (postgraduate years 1 and 2) and 13 senior (postgraduate years 3 and 4) residents were included in the analysis. Total OREEM scores, learning opportunities, and workload/support subscale scores were significantly lower for junior residents compared with senior residents across all sites. Perceptions of learning at a multispecialty tertiary referral hospital were lower than the community and regional hospitals. This was secondary to complexity of cases, subspecialty fellows, and decreased opportunities to first-assist in the operating room. The OREEM demonstrated acceptable reliability and construct validity. Conclusions There are measurable differences in perception of the operating room educational environment between junior and senior OBGYN residents using the reliable and valid Operating Room Educational Environment Measure.
The exchange-correlation energy of a metallic surface

Abstract The exchange-correlation energy of a metal surface is analyzed in terms of the wavelength of the fluctuations which contribute to it. A scheme is proposed to interpolate between the short-wavelength region properly described by the local density functional approximation and the long-wavelength region for which an exact limiting form is established. This interpolation scheme is tested and verified for the soluble infinite barrier model and then applied to realistic density profiles.
Empirical evidence that school-university collaboration is multicultural education

Abstract Four frames of reference existing in school and university cultures were defined: (1) work tempo and the nature of professional time; (2) professional focus, from theoretical to practical; (3) career reward structure and the nature and importance of rewards for work; and (4) sense of personal power and efficacy, or the degree to which one perceives one's efforts lead to intended outcomes. A survey instrument indexing the four dimensions with four summated rating scales was mailed to a sample of 1225 educators from the 19 Midwest Holmes Group universities and the public schools with which they work. Results indicated that Tempo, Focus, Reward, and Power standardized scale scores differed by position, collaboration experience, and university affiliation. These differences are presented and discussed with respect to their meaning in the context of school-university collaboration.
Low-cost organic light-emitting devices for general illumination

Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) have shown great promise for general lighting applications. Over the past several years, tremendous progress has been made in improving performance attributes such as light quality, efficacy and lifetime of OLEDs. However, achieving the low cost manufacturing potential of OLEDs, another stringent requirement to enable lighting applications, has so far not been well addressed and explored. Here, we describe a vacuum-free, direct lamination process that could reduce OLED manufacturing costs substantially below what is currently possible. With this technique, OLEDs can be made by laminating an anode component to a separately engineered cathode component using a roll laminator. When coupled with a solution-based chemical n-doping strategy to enable efficient electron injection from an inert cathode into polymeric organic semiconductors, the lamination technique is able to produce high performance OLEDs with efficiency comparable to conventionally fabricated devices utilizing a vacuum-deposited, reactive metal cathode.
Electron paramagnetic resonance in Y1-cH1.92:Erc

Abstract We have investigated the EPR of isotopically enriched 168 Er 3+ in Y 1− c H 1.92 : Er c where c = 100 and 1400 ppm, at both 1.4 and 9 GHz and between 1.5 and 50 K. Resonance lines were observed from Er 3+ ions in both sites of cubic symmetry and sites of axial symmetry. We determine the numbers of Er 3+ in cubic, and C 4v axial symmetry to be in the ratio 2:1. The cubic site resonance line is at g = 6.85 ± 0.07 and is attributed to a Γ 7 doublet. The linewidth has a linear thermal broadening of 3.9 ± 0.05 gauss K -1 below circa 7 K. From the nonlinear thermal broadening above this temperature we determine the first excited state, in the cubic crystal field scheme, to be a Γ 8 at 35 ± 10 K above the Γ 7 ground state. We have investigated the origins of the ( T = 0) residual linewidth for the ions in cubic symmetry, and conclude there to be a small but significant contribution due to unresolved transferred hyperfine structure from the surrounding hydrogen nuclei.
3D Printers Can Provide an Added Dimension for Teaching Structure–Energy Relationships

A 3D printer is used to prepare a variety of models representing potential energy as a function of two geometric coordinates. These models facilitate the teaching of structure–energy relationships in molecular conformations and in chemical reactions.
The Prevalence and Incidence of Intimate Partner and Interpersonal Mistreatment in Older Women in Primary Care Offices

Self-report information about mistreatment experiences and perpetrators were collected from a large sample of women over 55 years of age who sought care from Midwestern primary care offices. A significantly larger proportion of women had experienced sexual mistreatment since turning 55 that was perpetrated by an intimate partner than committed by an interpersonal perpetrator. The women experienced significantly more threats, physical mistreatment, and caregiver mistreatment since turning 55, and more threats and caregiver mistreatment within the last year by an interpersonal perpetrator than by an intimate partner. Several women described different types of perpetrators who had threatened or mistreated them. Few women reported the mistreatment to anyone. Implications for elder service providers and advocates are discussed.
SERPVAL Construct Validation in Multi-Service Industries of Chinese Context

Service personal values are key elements in consumers' cognitive structure, and have long been considered an important variable in understanding consumer purchasing behaviors. In this paper, we will validate SERPVAL scale by measuring the personal values that are associated with mobile service, banking, restaurant and retail in Chinese regional consumption context. The result shows that the data fit the first-order and higher-order model well, and the scale has a good validity.
Characterization and site description of Solemya borealis (Bivalvia; Solemyidae), another bivalve-bacteria symbiosis

Solemya borealis Totten was collected from anoxic sediments in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts in April and July 1989 and examined for the presence of symbiotic, chemoautotrophic bacteria. In addition, sediment cores collected at the same site were analyzed throughout the year, to provide a detailed description of the S. borealis habitat. Here we present structural, enzymatic, biochemical, and stable isotope data which suggests that S. borealis, like the related species Solemya velum Say and Solemya reidi Bernard, contains high concentrations of symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria in gill bacteriocytes which play a significant role in nutrition. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of rod-shaped cells, which resemble Gram-negative bacteria, within gill epithelial cells. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity in cell-free extracts of S. borealis gill tissue was comparable with that found in other invertebrate-chemoautotroph symbioses. Very negative δ34S ratios (-32.6 to-15.7‰) suggest the utilization of porewater sulfides as both an energy and a sulfur source for the symbionts. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios were extremely negative (δ13C=-32 to-34.6‰, δ15N=-9.7 to-8.6‰), similar to those of other bivalve-chemoautotroph symbioses. High concentrations of cis-vaccenic acid, a fatty acid previously found in other invertebrate-chemoautotroph symbioses, were found in all the major lipid classes of the gills of S. borealis. The stable isotope ratios and lipid composition of S. borealis suggest that most of this bivalve's nutritional requirements are supplied by bacterial endosymbionts. High levels of taurine in the free amino acid pool of S. borealis suggest the existence of unusual amino acid metabolic pathways which may be the result of endosymbiont activity. The S. borealis specimens were found in relatively shallow water sediments dominated by silts and clays. The sediments contain high concentrations of organic carbon and nitrogen, exhibit limited oxygen penetration, and have high rates of ammonium and sulfide input from the anaerobic microbial community. Sediment C and N stable isotope ratios reflect the input of algal-derived nutrients to the sediments (δ13C=-20.7 to-20.9‰, δ15N=+7.7 to +20.8‰). Sediment δ34S ratios ranged from-18.7 to-25.1‰ demonstrating the presence of sulfur produced by bacterial dissimilatory sulfate reduction processes.
Multimedia feedback control in ATM local area networks

Multimedia networking refers to the transfer of related audio, video, image and data streams among networked computers. A key problem in multimedia networking is the synchronization of audio and video streams to maintain their timing relationships. In addition, due to the large time--varying resource demands of real--time video, an automatic mechanism is needed to dynamically modify the video source output in order to track changing network traffic levels. We have developed a receiver--initiated feedback control scheme to allow video sources to respond to changing network conditions while maintaining synchronization with their associated audio streams. The receiver informs the sender about the current transmission quality, and the sender responds to this information by adjusting some transmission parameters which temporarily decrease video quality (if the receiver is reporting problems) or increase the video quality (if the receiver is reporting no problems but the quality is less than its target). We present simulation results which indicate that our feedback mechanism can help to maintain audio--video synchronization in Asynchronous Transfer Mode local area networks, as well as reduce the network traffic congestion which leads to glitches in the first place.
Inherited correlation in crystal size distribution

Crystal size distribution analysis has been applied extensively to chemical engineering and geosciences. Here I show that crystal size distribution analysis is based on the inherited correlation of −3ln( L ) versus L , where L is crystal size and is therefore flawed. All features and problems of crystal size distribution analysis, including why it has seemingly produced reasonable results, can be explained by this inherited correlation with modifications from crystal mass and shape.
Optimization and sensitivity of a global biogeochemistry ocean model using combined in situ DIC, alkalinity, and phosphate data

We present a systematic parameter optimization and sensitivity analysis of a three-dimensional global ocean biogeochemistry model. We use the global data sets of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), alkalinity, and phosphate to constrain the parameters of a biogeochemistry model which include the stoichiometric ratios rC:P and rN:P, the fraction σ of organic material production allocated to dissolved organic matter (DOM), the lifetime 1/κ of DOM, the exponent α in the power law for the depth profile of the remineralization of particulate organic carbon (POC), the rain ratio R of CaCO3, and the e-folding length scale d for the depth profile of CaCO3 dissolution. The data-constrained parameter values are rC:P = 137 ± 11, σ = 0.74 ± 0.04, 1/κ = 1.7 ± 0.5 years, α = −0.97 ± 0.07, R = 0.081 ± 0.008, andd = 2100 ± 300 m. The postoptimization carbon export from POC is 15 ± 1 Gt/a and from CaCO3 is 1.2 ± 0.1 Gt/a of which 67 ± 4% dissolves above 2000 m. The ± ranges indicate an average 1% decrease in the fraction of the spatial variance in the observed tracer data captured by the model. The sensitivity of the model to its parameters is presented in terms of sensitivity patterns defined as the derivative of the model's equilibrium tracer distribution with respect to the parameters (S patterns). The soft-tissue, carbonate, and gas exchange pump mechanisms responsible for the sensitivities are presented. The pump decomposition of the S patterns illustrates quantitatively how changes in organic and inorganic carbon fluxes are coupled with the large-scale ocean circulation and how the gas exchange pump couples to the global ventilation patterns through changes in surface chemistry.
Political Action and Party Formation in the United States Constitutional Convention

Using data on state voting patterns, we examine the positions taken by state delegations on questions that arose over the course of the United States Constitutional Convention of 1787. Whereas existing accounts tend to assume that this type of collective decision making can be understood by linking fixed interests—either material or ideological—to specific, decontextualized propositions, we argue that the meaning of any one issue was dependent upon its position relative to other issues in the overall sequence of questions. Consequently, each decision changed the meaning of future issues, and hence how actors understood where their commonalities of interest lay. Devoted to the task of rebuilding the institutions that constituted the national state, delegates explicitly reshaped the board on which the political game would be played such that patterns of action within the Convention had implications for patterns of action outside of the Convention. As each subsequent decision within the Convention fixed a pr...
Farley-buneman instability in a dusty plasma

Abstract The effect of charged dust on the Farley-Buneman instability is investigated. Linear kinetic theory is used to estimate the critical electron drift in the presence of either negatively or positively charged dust. The charge-to-mass ratio of the dust is much smaller than that of the ions, and the dust influences the instability through its effect on equilibrium charge neutrality. It is shown that in certain regimes, the critical drift can decrease as the charge density carried by negatively charged dust increases. Possible application to dusty plasmas in the upper D/lower E region boundary region of the Earth's ionosphere is discussed.
Pathline tracing on fully unstructured control-volume grids

The trend toward unstructured grids in subsurface flow modeling has prompted interest in the issue of streamline or pathline tracing on unstructured grids. Streamline tracing on unstructured grids is problematic because a continuous velocity field is required for the calculation, while numerical solutions to the groundwater flow equations provide velocity in discretized form only. A method for calculating flow streamlines or pathlines from a finite-volume flow solution is presented. The method uses an unconstrained least squares method on interior cells and a constrained least squares method on boundary cells to approximate cell-centered velocities, which can then be continuously interpolated to any point in the domain of interest. Two-dimensional tests demonstrate that the method correctly reproduces uniform and corner-to-corner flow on fully unstructured grids. In three dimensions using regular hexahedral grids, the method agrees well with established semianalytical methods. Tests also demonstrate that the method produces physically realistic results on fully unstructured three-dimensional grids.
Myocardial Doppler tissue imaging: Findings in inferior myocardial infarction and left ventricular hypertrophy—Wall motion assessment

Abstract Background: Because of the geometry of the basal inferior wall and its relation with the posterior medial papillary muscle, differentiating abnormal from normal basal inferior wall motion can be challenging. Methods: We performed pulsed wave Doppler echocardiography of the basal inferior wall and basal interventricular septum in 26 patients (63 ± 14 years) with a normal echocardiogram, 33 patients (67 ± 14 years) with inferior myocardial infarction (MI) associated with hypokinesis to dyskinesis of the basal inferior wall, and 38 patients (67 ± 14 years) with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Results: Systolic velocity was significantly lower in the basal interventricular septum (0.071 ± 0.013 m/s versus 0.084 ± 0.023 m/s) and basal inferior wall (0.075 ± 0.014 m/s versus 0.085 ± 0.019 m/s) in the MI group compared with the LVH group, and both were significantly lower compared with normal values at the interventricular septum (0.090 ± 0.023 m/s, P P P Conclusion: Doppler tissue imaging velocities of the basal inferior wall and basal interventricular septum may help differentiate normal from infarcted and hypertrophied myocardium. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2001;14:867-73.)
Electrical microstimulation of primate posterior parietal cortex initiates orienting and alerting components of covert attention

The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is implicated in the control of visuospatial orienting, including both overt saccadic eye movements and covert shifts of attention (i.e., attention to a location other than at visual fixation). Some studies have suggested that the attentional system is part of the premotor processing in the brain, while others suggest they are separate. Here, we test how the PPC controls covert attention shifts in the absence of executed eye movements. Electrical microstimulation was applied to the right PPC while monkeys performed a spatial, cued target detection task, in which they were not allowed to move their gaze. At high currents, contralateral saccades were evoked. With currents below the thresholds for eliciting saccades, microstimulation produced a purely attentional shift (as indexed by decreased target reaction time) when a cue and target were presented in the contralateral visual field. This suggests that microstimulation can move attention specifically in the absence of any overt movements of the eyes or limbs. In addition, there was a reduction in reaction times in trials that did not evoke attentional orienting, suggesting a more general alerting effect of microstimulation These data provide direct evidence that the PPC may be a source of both attentional modulation of neuronal responses and saccadic eye movements to peripheral visual stimuli.