cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stereocontrolled synthesis of the sterically encumbered F ring of lancifodilactone G.

A stereochemically linear strategy has been developed to prepare the heavily congested F-ring sector of lancifodilactone G (1) from commercially inexpensive (R)-carvone. Prominent operations in our synthesis include Negishi-type sp2−sp3 cross-coupling and intramolecular free-radical cyclization for the purpose of appending the sidearm links of the D and H rings onto the F platform.
Nosocomial Infections in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Based on five years of surveillance in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), host and therapeutic risk factors for nosocomial infection were determined and the impact of staffing and environment on the rate of nosocomial infection was evaluated. From January 1974 to February 1977, infants occupied a crowded, hectic NICU that lacked basic infection control features, and 5.2% of the infants had at least one major nosocomial infection. The risk of nosocomial infection was associated with low birth weight, patent ductus arteriosus, surgery, and multiple supportive measures. After a new NICU opened in February 1977, 0.9% of the patients had major nosocomial infections (relative risk [old nursery/new nursery] = 5.06; P less than 10(-5); 95% confidence interval, 2.62-9.73). Improvements included 50% more nurses, increased space per infant, convenient sinks, and isolation facilities. Host and therapeutic risk factors for nosocomial infections were comparable in the old and new nurseries. The decrease in the rate of nosocomial infections therefore appeared to be due to improved staffing and environment.
Sequences of two cDNAs and expression of the genes encoding methionine-rich storage proteins of Manduca sexta☆

Abstract In Manduca sexta, storage proteins accumulate during the final larval stadium for utilization during subsequent larval-pupal-adult transformations. Two cDNA clones (designated clone 119 and clone 201), that represent two distinct but related genes (42% sequence identity), were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from day 7 fifth instar larval fat body and found to encode two different storage proteins synthesized during the last larval instar. Northern blot analyses revealed that the two clones hybridize to 2.4 kb transcripts that are translated to 79 kDa protein products during in vitro translation experiments. Clone 119 encodes a methionine-rich storage protein, designated as SP1A, that shares 37% sequence identity with the Bombyx mori sex-specific storage protein SP1. Clone 201, on the other hand encodes a storage protein, designated as SP1B, that is more closely related to B. mori SP1 (63% identity), and is probably identical to the Manduca female-specific storage protein (FSP). Insert DNA from clone 201, but not clone 119, cross-hybridizes to that of FSP cDNA (Webb and Riddiford, Dev. Biol.130, 671–691, 1988a). Both storage proteins are synthesized only in the fat body and only during the fifth larval stadium, indicating tissue- and stage-specific expression of the two genes. Both genes exhibit sex-specific differences in expression. In the fifth larval stadium, the mRNAs for the SP1A and SP1B proteins begin to accumulate at about day 2 in the female fat body but appear 2 or 3 days later in the male fat body. In both sexes SP1A mRNA remains relatively high beyond the time when SP1B mRNA has already declined to low levels, suggesting differences in mRNA stability or expression. Injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone into ligated fifth instar abdomens causes substantial increases in the levels of both mRNAs, whereas topical application of the juvenile hormone mimc, fenoxycarb, to feeding fifth instar larvae produces substantial declines in the mRNA levels, indicating hormonal effects at the transcriptional level. The data support the hypothesis that the expression of these M. sexta methionine-rich storage protein genes is stimulated by ecdysteroid and inhibited by juvenile hormone.
Choking Loops on Surfaces

We present a method for computing “choking” loops-a set of surface loops that describe the narrowing of the volumes inside/outside of the surface and extend the notion of surface homology and homotopy loops. The intuition behind their definition is that a choking loop represents the region where an offset of the original surface would get pinched. Our generalized loops naturally include the usual 2g handles/tunnels computed based on the topology of the genus-g surface, but also include loops that identify chokepoints or bottlenecks, i.e., boundaries of small membranes separating the inside or outside volume of the surface into disconnected regions. Our definition is based on persistent homology theory, which gives a measure to topological structures, thus providing resilience to noise and a well-defined way to determine topological feature size. More precisely, the persistence computed here is based on the lower star filtration of the interior or exterior 3D domain with the distance field to the surface being the associated 3D Morse function.
Developing a Positioning Strategy for a University

ABSTRACT If a school is able to establish a distinctive position relative to its competitors, it enhances its ability to maintain or increase enrollments. This paper focuses on the steps necessary for a school to create an effective positioning strategy. Success at positioning, however, does not occur easily or rapidly. Through the use of a variety of survey methods, it can be determined whether the strategy employed has resulted in the desired positioning for the school. Schools that have properly positioned themselves to meet the needs of their student market will flourish while those that have failed to do so will languish.
A Tribute to Seymour Benzer, 1921–2007

NOVEMBER 2007 was marked by the loss of Seymour Benzer, long considered the father of the field of neurogenetics. Benzer's scientific contributions are broad and span from physics (his Ph.D. training) to molecular biology (defining the linearity of the gene) to behavioral genetics (establishing the field). Benzer's unswerving devotion to science led him to continue running a vibrant laboratory at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California, until his death at the age of 86. Quite astonishing was his ability to recreate himself multiple times in widely different disciplines and to achieve remarkable scientific insights and discoveries in each of these fields.
Low‐temperature sputter deposition of high‐Tc superconducting niobium‐germanium films

Sputter‐deposited ’’Nb3Ge’’ films have been found to be fully superconducting at temperatures as high as 20.8 K with an onset of 21.8 K. Conditions under which high‐Tc films were formed were unique in that the highest Tc’s were obtained at deposition temperatures nearly 200 °C lower than previously reported.
Creating Positive Group Project Experiences: An Examination of the Role of the Instructor on Students’ Perceptions of Group Projects

The role of the instructor in influencing students’ attitudes, beliefs, and concerns toward group projects was assessed in a survey of students at 32 educational institutions. Results from a path-analytic model support the view that the instructor plays a significant role in influencing students’ attitudes, perceived benefits, and work and grade equity concerns regarding group work. The research showed that students were more likely to have positive attitudes about group work if they had instructors who discussed group management issues (e.g., group dynamics) and used methods to evaluate individual performance within the group (e.g., peer evaluations). In addition, the findings indicate that in general, instructors are not doing enough to facilitate students’ group experiences.
A study on biliary ductal system and bile fistula in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis

The anomalous arrangement of bile ducts in the Crocodylia has not been fully appreciated. A clear understanding of biliary anatomy is necessary in order to create complete bile drainage in these reptiles. The object of this study was to clarify the anatomy of the bile ductal system and to establish total bile fistulas in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis. Bile duct anatomy was studied in 104 juvenile alligators, and bile fistulas were constructed in seven alligators. In 93 out of 104 (89%) of the juveniles dissected there was an interconnection between the right and left hepatic duct before the right hepatic duct emptied into the gallbladder. The left hepatic duct then entered the duodenum independently of the cystic duct which drained the gallbladder directly into the duodenum. In 8% of the animals, the left hepatic duct did not enter the duodenum but joined with the right duct, forming a common hepatic duct that emptied into the gallbladder. In 3% of the cases, the right hepatic duct emptied into the gallbladder, while the left duct had no communication with the right hepatic duct and drained separately into the duodenum. This arrangement of bile ducts is similar to that seen in birds and reflects the common ancestry of crocodiles and birds. In other reptiles, the biliary system shows much more variability and is different from the alligator. In five of seven alligators in which total biliary diversion was attempted, the biliary catheter remained in place and stayed patent from 2–7 weeks. Bile flow was extremely low (1.5–2.5 ml/24 h) when compared to that of mammals (80–100 ml/24 h). This study demonstrates the variable nature of the biliary ductal system in Alligator mississippiensis and suggest a method for constructing an effective total bile fistula in these animals. J. Exp. Zool. 279:554–561, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An efficient and effective similarity measure to enable data mining of petroglyphs

Rock art is an archaeological term for human-made markings on stone, including carved markings, known as petroglyphs, and painted markings, known as pictographs. It is believed that there are millions of petroglyphs in North America alone, and the study of this valued cultural resource has implications even beyond anthropology and history. Surprisingly, although image processing, information retrieval and data mining have had a large impact on many human endeavors, they have had essentially zero impact on the study of rock art. In this work we identify the reasons for this, and introduce a novel distance measure and algorithms which allow efficient and effective data mining of large collections of rock art.
Imaging of hippocampal neural activity in freely behaving animals.

We examined intrinsic activity of neurons in the cat dorsal hippocampus following stimulation of the posterior medial hypothalamus and following a 2.5 mg/kg intravenous administration of cocaine. Posterior hypothalamic stimulation elicited banding of optical activity in the dorsal hippocampus, suggestive of spatial organization of neural activity underlying synchronous rhythmical slow wave activity. Cocaine administration resulted in a major decline in reflected light at 700 nm, possibly representing diminished oxygenation to the underlying tissue. The activity was examined by a new technique which uses principles of reflectance at specific bandwidths of light during cellular activity, and allows acquisition of images in the freely behaving animal. The imaging device consists of a 1.6 mm diameter coherent optic fiber bundle of 25 μm fibers attached to a 128×128 pixel charge-coupled device (CCD) array which can be cooled to reduce thermal noise. The target is illuminated by a light emitting diode array producing light at a number of operator-selectable narrow bandwidths which permits assessment of physiological characteristics of neural tissue. The CCD output is digitized, stored by computer, and the resulting images are averaged to obtain a greater signal-to-noise ratio. The procedure shows considerable promise for providing on-line, real-time indications of activity in localized brain regions.
Significant Reductions in Drinking Following Brief Alcohol Treatment Provided in a Hepatitis C Clinic

Background Although the hepatitis C virus (HCV) alone increases the risk of cirrhosis, alcohol use is thought to act synergistically with HCV to significantly hasten the development of fibrosis. Objective The authors assessed the impact of brief medical counseling or integrated-care approaches to lessen or eliminate alcohol use in these vulnerable patients. Method This retrospective study describes the effect of brief alcohol treatment delivered in a hepatitis clinic on drinking outcomes and antiviral treatment eligibility: 47 heavy-drinking chronic hepatitis C patients received a brief intervention performed by medical clinicians, with follow-up by a psychiatric nurse-specialist. Results At the last follow-up, 62% of patients reported >50% drinking reduction; these included 36% who achieved abstinence. Only 6% of patients were excluded from antiviral therapy. Discussion Brief treatment addressing heavy drinking delivered by hepatitis clinicians with psychiatric-specialist follow-up was associated with abstinence or a significant reduction in alcohol consumption in over 50% of patients.
Maternal Employment and Socioeconomic Status as Factors in Daughters' Career Salience: Some Substantive Refinements.

Research on children of working mothers has indicated that an important relationship exists between maternal employment and subsequent career salience of female offspring. Effects caused by socioeconomic factors have been noted in this relationship but have not been examined either systematically or over time. In the present study, socioeconomic differences were controlled for examination of longitudinal data on established critical factors in career salience of female college graduates. Multiple regression models were estimated for three points in time, covering an eight-year period, for subsamples of single and married women. Details about mother's employment history, respondent's recollection of the attitudes of family members concerning that employment, and indicators of daughter's sex-role ideology were independent variables. Maternal employment was significantly related to both single and married daughters' career salience but in opposite directions and accounted for only a minimum of the observed variance. Related maternal employment variables are associated with career salience of single women early in their postbaccalaureate careers and are not associated with the career salience of married women until somewhat later. Sex-role ideology was important for the career salience of married women but not for single women. The importance of a generalizable context for these findings is discussed.
Specific adhesion of membranes simultaneously supports dual heterogeneities in lipids and proteins

Membrane adhesion is a vital component of many biological processes. Heterogeneities in lipid and protein composition are often associated with the adhesion site. These heterogeneities are thought to play functional roles in facilitating signalling. Here we experimentally examine this phenomenon using model membranes made of a mixture of lipids that is near a phase boundary at room temperature. Non-adherent model membranes are in a well-mixed, disordered-fluid lipid phase indicated by homogeneous distribution of a fluorescent dye that is a marker for the fluid-disordered (Ld) phase. We specifically adhere membranes to a flat substrate bilayer using biotin–avidin binding. Adhesion produces two types of coexisting heterogeneities: an ordered lipid phase that excludes binding proteins and the fluorescent membrane dye, and a disordered lipid phase that is enriched in both binding proteins and membrane dye compared with the non-adhered portion of the same membrane. Thus, a single type of adhesion interaction (biotin–avidin binding), in an initially-homogeneous system, simultaneously stabilizes both ordered-phase and disordered-phase heterogeneities that are compositionally distinct from the non-adhered portion of the vesicle. These heterogeneities are long-lived and unchanged upon increased temperature.
Sepsis: Stimulation of Energy-Dependent Protein Breakdown Resulting in Protein Loss in Skeletal Muscle

Muscle catabolism is a characteristic metabolic response to sepsis, severe infection, and injury. In patients with severe and protracted sepsis, the catabolic response results in muscle wasting and fatigue, which may adversely affect the outcome in these patients. An understanding of the regulation of muscle protein breakdown during sepsis and the mechanisms involved is important from a clinical standpoint and is essential for the development of new therapeutic modalities to prevent protein loss from muscle tissue. Studies in septic patients and experimental animals have provided evidence that the myofibrillar proteins actin and myosin are particularly sensitive to the effects of sepsis. Among the factors that regulate muscle protein breakdown during sepsis, the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1, together with glucocorticoids, are the principal mediators. Intracellular protein breakdown is regulated by multiple proteolytic pathways. Among these, the energy-ubiquitin-dependent pathway accounts for a major portion of muscle protein breakdown during sepsis. The development of specific proteasome inhibitors may make it possible in the future to target the molecular mechanisms of sepsis-induced increase in muscle proteolysis. Such treatment may prove an important avenue to reduce the metabolic cost in patients with severe infection or sepsis.
VISUAL RESOLUTION AND CONTOUR INTERACTION.

Detecting the position of the gap in a Landolt C is adversely affected by black bars placed tangential to the C and at a certain distance from it. The maximum bar separation affording interaction is proportional to the minimum angle of resolution, even in cases of amblyopia where resolution is presumably not limited by optical spread of the image. It is suggested that this contour interaction is related to the size of the receptive field (and hence to the resolving capacity) associated with the retinal region used to fixate the target.
Research communication: Computer interaction and the CVBEM in engineering design

Abstract The Complex Variable Boundary Element Method or CVBEM can be used in a computer-aided-design environment wherein the numerical analyst specifies additional boundary element nodal point locations based on computed errors in satisfying the problem boundary conditions. In this fashion, the analyst develops a problem geometry which is acceptable for the construction design, and the CVBEM determines the exact solution for potential problems redefined over this new geometry. Because the computer interactive technique uses graphical displays, the approach is efficient, and easy to use. Additionally, accurate solutions to potential problems can be obtained without the need for special training in the theory or use of the CVBEM.
Generalized Pairing and Commensurability Effects in High Temperature Superconductors

The strong correlation in CuO based superconductors may prevent pairing of real electrons in the planes, in particular, for small density of holes. It is suggested, based on some simple arguments, that a generalized ‘pairing’ involving certain number of singlet pairs and holes may take place in this system. This leads to some interesting commensurability effects even in the absence of chiral symmetry breaking and makes the \[\frac{1}{n}\] filled t-J model and Large U Ilubbard filled t-J model and Large U Ilubbard model special having enhanced pairing correlation and large gain in the kinetic energy.
Synthesis of sapphyrins, heterosapphyrins, and carbasapphyrins by a "4 + 1" approach.

Sapphyrins are an important group of expanded porphyrins that show valuable anion binding characteristics. In this study, a “4 + 1” route to sapphyrin systems has been developed. Reaction of dialdehydes with a known tetrapyrrole intermediate 11b incorporating a bipyrrolic subunit afforded a wide range of sapphyrin-type products. The best conditions for these reactions involved carrying out the condensation of the dialdehydes with the tetrapyrrole in TFA−dichloromethane, followed by oxidation with dilute aqueous solutions of ferric chloride. A pyrrole dialdehyde reacted under these conditions to give sapphyrin in 50% yield, while furan and thiophene dialdehydes afforded the corresponding oxa- and thiasapphyrins in 66−90% yield. Pyrrole dialdehydes with fused phenanthrene or acenaphthylene rings also reacted with 11b to give the related phenanthro- and acenaphthosapphyrins in excellent yields. As was the case for acenaphthoporphyrins, the acenaphthosapphyrin gave longer wavelength absorptions than the corre...
Hemodynamically "stable" patients with peritonitis after penetrating abdominal trauma: identifying those who are bleeding.

Hypothesis Despite initial presentation, hemodynamically stable patients with penetrating abdominal trauma may have significant ongoing hemorrhage and major intra-abdominal injuries requiring emergent surgical intervention. Design Cohort analytic study. Setting Academic, level I trauma center. Patients One hundred thirty-nine consecutive hemodynamically stable patients with penetrating abdominal trauma in whom peritonitis was the sole indication for laparotomy. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome was the amount of blood initially found at laparotomy. Secondary outcomes included additional intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative hypotension, transfusion, fluid, and vasopressor requirement; need for admission to the intensive care unit and mechanical ventilation; complications; survivor length of stay in the hospital and intensive care unit; and mortality. Results The admission systolic blood pressure (mean ± SD, 131 ± 22 mm Hg) and heart rate (mean ± SD, 91 ± 22 beats/min) were normal. Median time from peritonitis to incision was 40 minutes. Ninety-seven percent of patients had intra-abdominal injury, including 81%, hollow visceral; 36%, solid organ; and 11%, vascular injury. Though most patients had less than 750 mL 3 of blood found initially at laparotomy, there were 11% with 750 to 1500 mL 3 and 7% with 1500 mL 3 or more. Intraoperative hypotension (25%) and blood transfusion (39%) were common. Postoperatively, 40% of patients required intensive care (78% of them requiring mechanical ventilation) and 19% required additional transfusion within 24 hours. Complications occurred in 25% of patients, with intra-abdominal abscess (12%) and wound infection (7%) being the most common. Three patients died, 2 of exsanguination and 1 of multisystem organ failure. Conclusions Following penetrating abdominal trauma, peritonitis should be a trigger for emergent operation regardless of vital signs, because hemodynamic “stability” does not reliably exclude significant hemorrhage. Vascular injury, subsequent hypotension, blood transfusion, and complicated postoperative course are common in this population.
Long-term Follow-up of Initially Successful Trabeculectomy

Objective: The purpose was to study the long-term outcomes of primary trabeculectomies that were successful at 1 year. Design: A retrospective study of patients with various types of glaucoma who had trabeculectomies that were successful at 1 year and who had a follow-up of at least 10 years. Participants: There were 40 patients (40 eyes) who had primary trabeculectomies that were successful at 1 year and who had a follow-up range of 10 to 21 years. Intervention: Control of intraocular pressure (IOP) and disease progression was evaluated at 5, 10, and 15 years and at the last obtainable follow-up. Main Outcome Measures: Successful control of IOP was defined as IOP less than 21 mmHg or a reduction of 33% if preoperative IOP was less than 21 mmHg. Successful control of disease progression was defined as stable cup-disc ratios determined by examination, or color photographs or both, as well as stable visual fields. Results: If an eye was considered successful by IOP at 1 year, the probability of successful control of IOP was 82% at 5 years and 67% at 10 and 15 years. If an eye was considered successful by IOP at 1 year, the probability of successful control of disease progression at 5 years was 77%, at 10 years 61 %, and at 15 years 48%. If an eye did not require further glaucoma surgery at 1 year, the probability that it still would not need further surgery at 5 years was 90%, at 10 years 75%, and at 15 years 67%. Forty percent of eyes had cataract extraction by the time of last follow-up examination. Conclusions: Loss of IOP control and progression of glaucomatous damage occurs over time despite initial success at 1 year.
Relative influence of local and landscape factors on bird communities vary by species and functional group

Introduction Both fine scale patterns of vegetation and coarser scale landscape patterns affect bird community composition, but the relative importance of these two sets of patterns tends to be context dependent, varying by location and taxonomic group. Here, we explore the relative roles of landscape pattern and stand structure and composition in defining bird communities in 44 remnant oak stands in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. We focused on: (1) whether bird communities are influenced more by landscape (matrix and patch) patterns or stand composition and structure, and (2) in what contexts each of these spatial scales are more important. Specifically, we focused on how different groups of bird species (functional groups, synanthropic and non-synanthropic species, and individual species) were differentially influenced by landscape and more local patterns.
A yield surface equation for doubly symmetrical sections

Abstract A four-parameter yield surface equation for the yield strength of doubly symmetrical steel sections (wide-flange, thin-walled circular tube, thin-walled box, rectangular and solid circular sections) under axial force combined with biaxial bending is presented. The proposed yield surface equation represents a smooth and convex surface in the three-dimensional stress-resultant space. Extensive comparisons have been made with the results of exact yield surfaces, providing the confirmation of the validity of the proposed equation. The proposed equation meets all special conditions and is easy to implement in a computer-based structural analysis. It is a useful limiting surface equation for most doubly symmetrical sections, and is therefore recommended for general use.
Locastro, Virginia. Pragmatics for Language Educators: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. New York/London: Routledge, 2012. Pp. xvii, 331. $49.95, paper. ISBN 978–0–41580–116–4.

A review of the book "Pragmatics for Language Educators: A Sociolinguistic Perspective," by Virginia Locastro, is presented.
Form, function, and fitness: pathways to survival.

Two hypotheses have been considered in the literature regarding how anuran morphology reduces predation risk: by (1) improving escape swimming performance, or (2) using the tail as a lure to draw predator strikes away from the body of the tadpole. We investigated these hypotheses using a modification of the morphology, performance, and fitness path analysis of Arnold (1983, Am. Zool. 23:347–361). Indirect effects of morphology on fitness, as mediated by burst swimming speed, as well as direct paths from morphology to survival with dragonfly larvae were included in the path model. Tadpole morphology did affect burst swimming speed, however, burst swimming speed did not influence survival. Fast tadpoles were larger overall, had long tails, deep tail muscles, and proportionally small bodies. In addition, a shape trait similar to published descriptions of the tail lure morphology had a direct relationship with survival. Thus, only the tail lure effect was supported. This study documents the utility of analyzing multiple trait effects and demonstrates that including direct paths between traits and fitness in the morphology, performance, and fitness path model allows evaluation of alternative hypothesis of selection.
Stoichiometrically controlled direct solid-state synthesis of C60H2

The direct solid-state synthesis of C60H2 has been demonstrated by controlling the amount of hydrogen introduced into the reaction with C60. Palladium hydride has been used as the source of hydrogen. The main product 1,2-C60 is the isomer predicted to have the lowest energy of the possible 23 isomers; in addition, small amounts of the thermodynamically most stable isomer of C60H4, 1,2,3,4-C60H4, have also been obtained.
For the Heroes are at Hand

The study of animal behavior is a newcomer to the interpretation of the rites and symbols of classical antiquity. Here its promise to produce new insights into old questions is fully matched by the threat of ready-made frames, into which scant and fragile fragments of evidence can only too easily be fitted.
The utility of narratives for promoting radicalization: The case of the Animal Liberation Front

Although terrorism scholars have begun to recognize the role of communication in the promotion of radicalization, there have been few (if any) studies to explore the radicalizing effects of specific types of communication. To redress this oversight, this study seeks to investigate one of the most prevalent types of communication used by terrorist groups – narratives. Specifically, this study features a theme analysis of narratives disseminated by a specific terrorist group, the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), and a discussion of the ways in which the ALF's narrative themes may promote the adoption of beliefs, attitudes, and intentions that are consistent with the group's ideology. Results demonstrate that the ALF narratives are primarily comprised of 10 themes that may promote radicalization through identification with story characters, elicitation of emotional responses, and distinction of in-groups and out-groups. Future avenues of research, including the development of counter-narratives, are also discu...
Liquid crystalline polyester and polysulphone mixtures: observation of phase separation and aggregation

Abstract As a preliminary investigation, the flexibility of a wholly aromatic paralinked random copolyester is studied from measurements of the radius of gyration by small angle X-ray scattering and of the hydrodynamic radius by viscosimetry. In this way, the persistence length has also been evaluated. The ability of this polyester to be oriented by means of a magnetic field (as shown by 1 H n.m.r.) confirms the high flexibility of the polyester backbone. In concentrated solutions, the polyester aggregates. An indication of the aggregate size is inferred from the wide angle light scattering (WALS) study. When polysulphone is added to these mixtures, the demixing process is also preceded by aggregation. The structure of these aggregates is investigated by WALS and indicates that a state of ordering exists which is a precursor to that found in the mixtures in the solid state.
Comment on Burbank and Silberman

The paper focuses on reform in the federal courts. That is not inappropriate since historically the federal courts have been the lead dog on the sled of reform. One should have in mind, however, that some 98% of all civil litigation in the United States takes place in the state courts. And state court systems tend to look less to the federal courts for leadership in reform now than they did in the past. The reason is that civil justice reform has become politicized and contentious. There was a time when the federal rules were drafted and revised by what could be called a group of wise men-lawyers and judges above the fray who looked dispassionately at the justice process and sought out what was best for it. But rule making is no longer an Olympian exercise and the rulemakers are no longer viewed as omniscient and detached. Much is at stake for particular litigation interests in the shaping of rules of procedure, and with the democratization of the rule making process, those interests have access and work to influence it. Special interests of various sortsmanufacturers, small business, insurance companies, civil rights lawyers, class action lawyers, personal injury lawyers, commercial lawyers and, not to be ignored, the judges themselves, and even Congress-confront each other. The product that emerges will not necessarily be a model for the highest and best form of administration of justice. Meanwhile states are pursuing their own initiatives: California, for example, has successfully implemented a fast track system, and
Diabetes-induced bile acid composition changes in rat bile determined by high performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract The distribution of glycine and taurine conjugated bile acids in bile from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Biliary bile acid output in diabetic rats was significantly greater compared to control (p
GROWTH HORMONE-INDUCED REDUCTION OF GLYCOSURIA AND PARTIAL REPAIR OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN PARTIALLY PANCREATECTOMIZED DIABETIC RATS1

SINCE it was demonstrated that administration of an extract of the anterior hypophysis results in permanent diabetes in several animal species, opinions have differed both as to which hypophyseal hormones affected the Islets of Langerhans and as to the mechanisms involved. With the advent of relatively pure preparations of the pituitary hormones, it has been shown that growth hormone (GH) is diabetogenic (1, 2, 3, 4) and is the only one of the highly purified hormones which will produce permanent diabetes in the intact animal (5). Although it has been pointed out that ACTH in small amounts will potentiate the effect of GH (6), ACTH alone in quite high dosage will not cause permanent diabetes. The permanent diabetes produced by GH is associated with anatomical abnormalities in the Islets of Langerhans and inability on the part of the pancreas to secrete insulin.
Deuterium kinetic isotopic study for hydrogenolysis of ethyl butyrate

Abstract The hydrogenation of ethyl butyrate, n-butyric acid, and n-butyraldehyde to their corresponding alcohol(s) has been studied over a γ-Al2O3-supported cobalt catalyst using a high-pressure fixed-bed reactor in the temperature range of 473–493 K. H2–D2–H2 switching experiments show that ethyl butyrate and n-butyric acid follow an inverse kinetic isotope effect (KIE) (i.e. rH/rD = 0.50–0.54), whereas n-butyraldehyde did not display any KIE (i.e. rH/rD = 0.98). DRIFTS experiments were performed over the support and catalyst to monitor the surface species formed during the adsorption of ethyl butyrate and n-butyric acid at atmospheric pressure and the desired temperature. Butanoate and butanoyl species are the stable surface intermediates formed during hydrogenation of ethyl butyrate. Hydrogenation of butanoate to a partially hydrogenated intermediate is likely involved in the rate-determining step of ethyl butyrate and butyric acid hydrogenation.
Téléphone arabe: From child’s play to terrorism – the poetics and politics of postcolonial telecommunication

The French term telephone arabe – the concept of an oral network or “bush telephone” that gives its name to a game of message‐passing – draws on the history of European fear and conquest of what Said called the “sheer, unadorned, and persistent fact of being an Arab” – the indecipherable, inaccessible and threatening otherness of the Arab “other”. A critical stereotype of the technological naivety of the colonized, it serves as a figure for pre‐technological social networks, the resourcefulness and reliability of humans over machines that, in colonial situations, resists and threatens colonial power, and that can even trump First World technologies. Recuperated by Arabic speakers, multilingual residents of former French colonies, immigrants or their transnational descendants in the metropole, the telephone arabe becomes a joke, mocking the legacy of exploitation by, and resistance, to metropolitan technology as well as its postcolonial adoption and absorption, in a self‐critique that merges with the colon...
Neutron Yield from the Nuclear Photoeffect

The yields of neutrons produced in photonuclear reactions by a bremsstrahlung-photon-spectrum are analyzed in terms of the multiplicity of neutron production. Approximating the neutron multiplicity as proportional to the photon energy, we derive the integrated photonuclear cross section from the experimental neutron yields. The integrated cross section from copper to bismuth is $\ensuremath{\int}{0}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}\ensuremath{\sigma}\mathrm{dW}=0.14\frac{\mathrm{NZ}}{A}$. (Uranium has a neutron yield 35 percent higher than given by this relation, probably due to photofission.) This relation has the correct form, but a somewhat higher absolute value than the theoretical relation $\ensuremath{\int}{0}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}\ensuremath{\sigma}\mathrm{dW}=0.060(\frac{\mathrm{NZ}}{A})(1+0.8x)$, where $x$ is the fraction of exchange force.
Multiscale wavelet representations for mammographic feature analysis

This paper introduces a novel approach for accomplishing mammographic feature analysis through multiresolution representations. We show that efficient (nonredundant) representations may be identified from digital mammography and used to enhance specific mammographic features within a continuum of scale space. The multiresolution decomposition of wavelet transforms provides a natural hierarchy in which to embed an interactive paradigm for accomplishing scale space feature analysis. Choosing wavelets (or analyzing functions) that are simultaneously localized in both space and frequency, results in a powerful methodology for image analysis. Multiresolution and orientation selectivity, known biological mechanisms in primate vision, are ingrained in wavelet representations and inspire the techniques presented in this paper. Our approach includes local analysis of complete multiscale representations. Mammograms are reconstructed from wavelet coefficients, enhanced by linear, exponential and constant weight functions localized in scale space. By improving the visualization of breast pathology we can improve the changes of early detection of breast cancers (improve quality) while requiring less time to evaluate mammograms for most patients (lower costs).
Genetic assembly of the heart: implications for congenital heart disease.

■ Abstract More children die from congenital heart defects (CHD) each year than are diagnosed with childhood cancer, yet the causes remain unknown. The remarkable conservation of genetic pathways regulating cardiac development in species ranging from flies to humans provides an opportunity to experimentally dissect the role of critical cardiogenic factors. Utilization of model biological systems has resulted in a molecular framework in which to consider the etiology of CHD. As whole genome sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism data become available, identification of genetic mutations predisposing to CHD may allow preventive measures by modulation of secondary genetic or environmental factors. In this review, genetic pathways regulating cardiogenesis revealed by cross-species studies are reviewed and correlated with human CHD.
Are diagnostic criteria for eating disorders markers of medical severity

The objective of this study was to compare the medical severity of adolescents who had eating disorders not otherwise spec- ified (EDNOS) with those who had anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). METHODS: Medical records of 1310 females aged 8 through 19 years and treated for AN, BN, or EDNOS were retrospectively reviewed. Pa- tients with EDNOS were subcategorized into partial AN (pAN) and par- tial BN (pBN) when they met all Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria but 1 for AN or BN, respec- tively. Primary outcome variables were heart rate, systolic blood pres- sure, temperature, and QTc interval on electrocardiogram. Additional physiologically significant medical complications were also reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 25.2% of females had AN, 12.4% had BN, and 62.4% had EDNOS. The medical severity of patients with EDNOS was interme- diate to that of patients with AN and BN in all primary outcomes. Pa- tients with pAN had significantly higher heart rates, systolic blood pressures, and temperatures than those with AN; patients with pBN did not differ significantly from those with BN in any primary outcome variable; however, patients with pAN and pBN differed significantly from each other in all outcome variables. Patients with pBN and BN had longer QTc intervals and higher rates of additional medical complica- tions reported at presentation than other groups. CONCLUSIONS: EDNOS is a medically heterogeneous category with se- rious physiologic sequelae in children and adolescents. Broadening AN and BN criteria in pediatric patients to include pAN and pBN may prove to be clinically useful. Pediatrics 2010;125:e1193-e1201
Transient Queueing Analysis

An APPL extension that computes the exact distribution of the nth customer’s sojourn time in an M∕M∕s queue with k customers initially present is derived in this chapter. Algorithms for computing the covariance between sojourn times for an M∕M∕1 queue with k customers present at time zero are also developed. Maple computer code is developed to implement the transient queue analysis for many system measures of performance without regard to traffic intensity (i.e., the system may be unstable with traffic intensity greater than one).
An educational program for home care to increase awareness of the needs of the aging client

The purpose of this article is to describe a home health care educational program that is designed to increase awareness of the needs of the aging client. A summary of goals and program content is provided. Experiential tasks are identified as well as the staff response to the participative learning experience. Key words: educational program, home care, aging, needs awareness
Induction of Apoptosis by Cannabinoids in Prostate and Colon Cancer Cells Is Phosphatase Dependent

Aim: We hypothesized that the anticancer activity of cannabinoids was linked to induction of phosphatases. Materials and Methods: The effects of cannabidiol (CBD) and the synthetic cannabinoid WIN-55,212 (WIN) on LNCaP (prostate) and SW480 (colon) cancer cell proliferation were determined by cell counting; apoptosis was determined by cleavage of poly(ADP)ribose polymerase (PARP) and caspase- 3 (Western blots); and phosphatase mRNAs were determined by real-time PCR. The role of phosphatases and cannabinoid receptors in mediating CBD- and WIN-induced apoptosis was determined by inhibition and receptor knockdown. Results: CBD and WIN inhibited LNCaP and SW480 cell growth and induced mRNA expression of several phosphatases, and the phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate significantly inhibited cannabinoid-induced PARP cleavage in both cell lines, whereas only CBD-induced apoptosis was CB1 and CB2 receptor-dependent. Conclusion: Cannabinoid receptor agonists induce phosphatases and phosphatase-dependent apoptosis in cancer cell lines; however, the role of the CB receptor in mediating this response is ligand-dependent.
Interfacial Properties of Isotropic Semi-Flexible Polymer Blends

We analyze interfacial behavior in binary blends of polymers with different flexibilities. Our starting point is a free energy functional calculated from a microscopic model of wormlike chains. We show how this functional can be used to calculate interfacial properties within the Cahn-Hilliard approach. Here we present preliminary results applicable to chains that are globally coil-like. At the interface between two isotropic phases, each rich in a different polymer, we find that the polymers tend to be extended parallel to the interface. Thus their shape is oblate rather than spherical at the interface.
Water Consumption the First Week by Egg Strain Chicks

Abstract Water consumption was measured on 12 groups of 75 straight run day-old Leghorntype chicks. For 2 years the consumption was measured on a per day basis for the first week. Control waterers were set up in the floor pens to measure evaporation. Feed consumption averaged 6.9 kg per pen for the week. Average water consumption in liters/1000 chicks/day for the first 7 days was as follows, respectively: 8.5, 8.6, 11.4, 11.9, 13.1, 15.5, 16.4. These values are slightly less than the National Research Council (1977) values and considerably less than other reported values.
Subtalar joint motion and the relationship to lower extremity overuse injuries

The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference between the subtalar joint ratio (transverse plane component to frontal plane component) in subjects with overuse symptoms in the foot compared with subjects with overuse symptoms in the leg and knee. Superior and posterior photographs were taken with the subtalar joint in pronation and supination while the subjects were in a seated position. The ratio of the transverse plane to frontal plane components of subtalar joint motion was calculated. A significant (p < 0.05) difference in the subtalar joint ratio existed between subjects with foot overuse symptoms and subjects with leg and knee overuse symptoms.
Broadband ultraviolet reflectance filters for space applications.

It is shown that a simple metal-dielectric-metal filter for broadband ultraviolet (BUV) reflectance control can provide a stable and effective means for reducing stray visible radiation in UV reflective optical systems. The application of such a filter in a BUV instrument resulted in a reduction of scattered visible light by at least an order of magnitude. The instrument has been in orbit for 2.5 year without loss of sensitivity or an increase in scattered light background.-
Cutting Generation Study Based On Cutter and Design Testing For Improved Drilling Performance

Summary Optimizing directional drilling performance in U.S. shale plays and around the world continues to focus on increasing the hydraulic efficiency of the drilling system consisting of the drill bit and the directional drilling tool (RSS/Motor). Bit/tool balling is one of the prevalent causes of redu ced system hydraulic efficiency, which leads to bit ROP degradation. This paper details knowledge gained from laboratory tests of drilling under pressure in a drilling simulator. The tests are designed to replicate the balling that occurs in the field and determine whic h variables cause the system to ball-up.
Competition, predation, and the distributions of four desert anurans

Several studies have shown that larval competition and susceptibility to predation affect distributions of amphibian assemblages across ephemeral and perennial habitats. However, few studies have examined mechanisms affecting distribution patterns and site use of anurans adapted to highly ephemeral habitats. This study examines hypotheses about competition and predation as mechanisms creating non-overlapping patterns of site use in four anurans that breed in highly ephemeral habitats: Scaphiopus couchii (Couch's spade-foot toad), Gastrophryne olivacea (narrow-mouthed toad), Bufo speciosus (Texas toad), and Bufo punctatus (red-spotted toad). These four anurans showed a significantly nonrandom pattern of co-occurrence. Only 12% of 95 ephemeral breeding sites surveyed were occupied by more than one species. We tested the hypotheses that non-overlapping use of breeding sites was due to activity rates of their tadpoles that in turn reflect their competitive ability and susceptibility to predation. Tadpoles of S. couchii were significantly more active and more susceptible to predation than were tadpoles of G. olivacea, B. speciosus, and B. punctatus. The masses of G. olivacea, B. speciosus, and B. punctatus were less when they were reared with S. couchii, demonstrating the possible competitive dominance of S. couchii. These results suggest that the competitive ability of S. couchii may play a role in excluding G. olivacea, B. speciosus, and B. punctatus from very ephemeral breeding sites, and that susceptibility to predation could play a role in excluding S. couchii from breeding sites of longer duration that are more likely to be colonized by aquatic predators.