cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hodge Decomposition and the Shapley Value of a Cooperative Game

Abstract We show that a cooperative game may be decomposed into a sum of component games, one for each player, using the combinatorial Hodge decomposition on a graph. This decomposition is shown to satisfy certain efficiency, null-player, symmetry, and linearity properties. Consequently, we obtain a new characterization of the classical Shapley value as the value of the grand coalition in each player's component game. We also relate this decomposition to a least-squares problem involving inessential games (in a similar spirit to previous work on least-squares and minimum-norm solution concepts) and to the graph Laplacian. Finally, we generalize this approach to games with weights and/or constraints on coalition formation.
Bedtime Use of Technology and Associated Sleep Problems in Children

Children comprise one of the largest consumer groups of technology. Sleep is fundamental to optimal functioning during childhood, including health and behavior. The purpose of this study was to explore bedtime electronic use and its impact on 3 health consequences—sleep quantity and quality, inattention, and body mass index. Parents of 234 children, ages 8 to 17 years, were surveyed to quantify hours of technology use (computer, video games, cell phone, and television), hours of sleep, and inattentive behaviors. Using any device at bedtime was associated with a statically significant increased use of multiple forms of technology at bedtime and use in the middle of the night, reducing sleep quantity and quality. Little association was found between technology use and inattention. A statistically significant association was found between bedtime technology use and elevated body mass index. Clinicians should discuss the impact of technology at bedtime to prevent harmful effects of overexposure.
Social media applications and emergency management: A literature review and research agenda

Abstract Social media applications have proven to be a dependable communication channel even when traditional methods fail. Their application to emergency management offers new benefits to the domain. For instance, analysis of information as the event unfolds may increase situational awareness, news and alerts may reach larger audiences in less time and decision makers may monitor public activities as well as coordinate with stakeholders. With such benefits, it seems the adoption of social media applications to emergency management should be automatic. However, their implementation introduces risks as well. To better understand the benefits and challenges, a review and analysis of the literature regarding the application of social media to emergency management was conducted. Identified research gaps were mapped into social and technological challenges. These challenges were then analyzed to set research directions for practitioners and researchers.
Serotonin Syndrome Following Septal Myectomy in Association With Fentanyl and Methylene Blue: A Case Report

Abstract The present case report describes a case of serotonin syndrome which developed post septal myectomy in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This case contributes to an emerging awareness of serotonin syndrome in the context of prescribed serotonergic agents, such as SSRIs, and triggered by the addition of fentanyl and methylene blue, particularly in conjunction cardiological procedures. Clinicians should be aware of such interactions which increase the emergence of the serotonin syndrome and the appropriate management of comorbid delirium post-serotonin syndrome.
Evidence on the relation between managerial ability and financial reporting timeliness

While prior research has investigated the relation between firm‐level attributes and financial reporting timeliness, there is little evidence on whether managerial ability is associated with financial reporting timeliness. We examine the relation between managerial ability and financial reporting timeliness. Managers with higher ability possess greater human capital and are better able to maintain the systems and controls underlying the company's financial information. We therefore predict that managers with higher ability produce more timely financial disclosures. We find that, incremental to firm‐level attributes, higher managerial ability is associated with a shorter earnings announcement lag, a shorter audit report lag, and a lower probability of a late US Securities and Exchange Commission filing. Collectively, our results suggest that managerial ability has a positive influence on the timeliness of financial reporting.
Edge breaking strength of wood composites

The variability in edge breaking strength obtained for various boards included in this study indicate that there is a need for a test to evaluate this property of composites. This information is of value for the product engineering of cases since it indicates the ultimate bending strength that can be obtained in corner joints with certain types of mechanical fasteners. Obviously, significant differences in strength exist from board to board, and further tests are justified in order to develop a method to determine which boards have properties best suited for use in furniture.
Photoradiation therapy--clinical and drug advances.

Photoradiation therapy (PRT) using hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD1) as photosensitizer is becoming widely investigated by many groups in the U.S. and abroad for a variety of malignancies. At Roswell Park, while most of our reported data deals with treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, largely in patients with advanced disease, we are increasingly investigating PRT for other types of lesions. Elsewhere in this volume, our studies on endoscopic PRT for lung and tracheal lesions will be described by Dr. Vincent, and studies of esophageal tumors by Dr. Douglass. In addition we are carrying out treatment of brain tumors with Dr. West and head and neck tumors with Drs. Shedd, Sako and Raczak. In addition, we will be reporting on several basic studies regarding the active component of HPD as well as uptake and retention studies of HPD in vitro (Henderson, Bellnier).
Factor-based structural equation modelling: Going beyond PLS and composites

Partial least squares (PLS) methods offer many advantages for path modelling, such as fast convergence to solutions and relaxed requirements in terms of sample size and multivariate normality. However, they do not deal with factors, but with composites. As a result, they typically underestimate path coefficients and overestimate loadings. Given these, it is difficult to fully justify their use for confirmatory factor analyses or factor-based structural equation modelling (SEM). We addressed this problem through the development of a new method that generates estimates of the true composites and factors, potentially placing researchers in a position where they can obtain consistent estimates of a wide range of model parameters in SEM analyses. A Monte Carlo experiment suggests that this new method represents a solid step in the direction of achieving this ambitious goal.
Wide-field whole eye OCT system with demonstration of quantitative retinal curvature estimation.

Current conventional clinical OCT systems image either only the anterior or the posterior eye during a single acquisition. This localized imaging limits conventional OCT’s use for characterizing global ocular morphometry and biometry, which requires knowledge of spatial relationships across the entire eye. We developed a “whole eye” optical coherence tomography system that simultaneously acquires volumes with a wide field-of-view for both the anterior chamber (14 x 14 mm) and retina (55°) using a single source and detector. This system was used to measure retinal curvature in a pilot population and compared against curvature of the same eyes measured with magnetic resonance imaging.
Tetrahydrocannabinol Reduces Hapten-Driven Mast Cell Accumulation and Persistent Tactile Sensitivity in Mouse Model of Allergen-Provoked Localized Vulvodynia

Vulvodynia is a remarkably prevalent chronic pain condition of unknown etiology. An increase in numbers of vulvar mast cells often accompanies a clinical diagnosis of vulvodynia and a history of allergies amplifies the risk of developing this condition. We previously showed that repeated exposures to oxazolone dissolved in ethanol on the labiar skin of mice led to persistent genital sensitivity to pressure and a sustained increase in labiar mast cells. Here we sensitized female mice to the hapten dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) dissolved in saline on their flanks, and subsequently challenged them with the same hapten or saline vehicle alone for ten consecutive days either on labiar skin or in the vaginal canal. We evaluated tactile ano-genital sensitivity, and tissue inflammation at serial timepoints. DNFB-challenged mice developed significant, persistent tactile sensitivity. Allergic sites showed mast cell accumulation, infiltration of resident memory CD8+CD103+ T cells, early, localized increases in eosinophils and neutrophils, and sustained elevation of serum Immunoglobulin E (IgE). Therapeutic intra-vaginal administration of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) reduced mast cell accumulation and tactile sensitivity. Mast cell-targeted therapeutic strategies may therefore provide new ways to manage and treat vulvar pain potentially instigated by repeated allergenic exposures.
Gender, Learning, and Overconfidence: Why Females Create More Accurate Earnings Estimates

We analyze the underlying source of gender differences in earnings estimates on a crowd-sourcing platform with low barriers to entry. This platform allows us to examine gender differences within earnings estimates among a sample of non-professional analysts in an effort to better understand the development of analyst ability. Estimates made by females are more accurate than those made by males. We eliminate explanations of more talented females joining the platform, an innate ability of females to process information, females utilizing more up-to-date information, superior stock selection among females, and survivor ship bias. Rather, our evidence is consistent with females learning faster and males exhibiting greater overconfidence. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanisms behind the increase in accuracy documented among professional female analysts. Finally, we observe a positive market response when females provide more optimistic estimates.
Bureaucracy Between Populism and Technocracy

Democratic institutions were on the rise in the 1990s but in many instances are under stress currently threatened by populist authoritarianism. The independence of the civil service, of the courts,...
Endovascular Management of Thoracic and Abdominal Trauma

Endovascular methods to achieve torso hemorrhage control continue to evolve. Early results suggest that endovascular hemostasis is associated with fewer systemic complications when compared with open repair for many vascular beds. This chapter is designed to outline the contemporary utilization of endovascular techniques in the setting of NCTH as an adjunct to surgery for control and as definitive repair. We will describe developed and refined approaches for hemorrhage associated with axillosubclavian injuries, blunt thoracic aortic injuries, visceral injuries, aortic injuries, and pelvic injuries.
When Is Top-Down State-Building Appropriate?

The state has a key role to play in facilitating reconstruction of failed states under certain conditions, such as when there is a breakdown of self-governance and when there are economies of scale in public goods provision, such as with roads and security. Since failed states lack implementation capacity, the donor community has a potentially key role in supporting the state in its efforts to respond to crises. Much like any government intervention, donor responses are subject to information and incentive problems. To increase the chances that donor-assisted state-building works, it is necessary that there are mechanisms to elicit information about the strength and limitations of self-governance at the local level.
Trends in Procedures to Initiate Renal Replacement Therapy among People Living with Spina Bifida.

Purpose:Given the increasing prevalence of chronic kidney disease in people with spina bifida, we sought to determine if this is associated with an increase in end stage kidney disease. We examined...
Rot and Renewal: The 2020 Election in the Cycles of Constitutional Time

This essay discusses the 2020 election and its aftermath in terms of the theory of constitutional cycles described in my book The Cycles of Constitutional Time. The book argues that we can understand American constitutional development in terms of three kinds of cycles. The first involves the rise and fall of political regimes featuring dominant political parties. The second is a long cycle of polarization and depolarization that stretches from the Civil War through the present. The third cycle is a series of episodes of constitutional rot and constitutional renewal. Constitutional rot is the process by which a constitutional republic becomes less democratic and less republican over time. I draw three conclusions from the 2020 election and the Capitol Hill insurrection of January 6th, 2021. First, although the Reagan regime that has structured American politics since the 1980s is nearing its end, we cannot yet be certain that it has reached its conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic and the economic contraction that accompanied it have handed the Democrats an opportunity to forge a new political regime, but whether they will successfully capitalize on these possibilities is yet to be determined. The book points out, for example that the Democrats missed an opportunity to begin a new regime in 1896, and proved unable to do so in 2008. Years later, we may retroactively identify the end of the Reagan regime with the 2020 election and the Capitol Hill insurrection that followed it. But we cannot say for sure at present. Second, our deeply polarized politics, which is currently organized around issues of identity and status conflict, will continue until party coalitions slowly begin to change, leading the parties to face off over a new set of issues. Those changes are already in motion, but the transformations will take time. Third, the gravest threat we face today is not political polarization but constitutional rot — a deepening decay in our political and legal institutions. This decay began well before the election of President Donald Trump. But Trump accelerated constitutional rot in the United States, by his creation of a cult of personality, by his abuses of power, and by his refusal to accept the legitimacy of the 2020 election and the opposition party’s ascension to power through democratic means.
Comfort care plan to periviable infants: associated decision reversals and missed opportunity of antenatal steroids.

OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify how often families of periviable infants had a care plan stating whether to provide active or comfort care and how often the care plan was reversed, close to or after the delivery. STUDY DESIGN In this retrospective study, we reviewed the medical records of all mother-infant dyads (single or twin infants with no known congenital anomalies) who were delivered between 23 0/7 and 24 6/7 weeks gestational age from January 2012 to December 2016. RESULT Ninety-nine women met the inclusion criteria - 6 (6%) did not have a care plan available, 85 women (86%) chose for active care and received antenatal steroids (ANS). Six women (6%) who chose comfort care and two women (2%) who chose limited resuscitation during antenatal counseling opted out of the ANS. Two thirds of the women (4/6) who initially opted for comfort care later desired active care, while none of the women who chose active care reversed their decisions. CONCLUSION The majorities of the families (94%) had a prenatal care plan in place. Two-thirds (4/6) of the families who opted for comfort care changed their decisions resulting in a missed opportunity for ANS.
Load balancing guardrails: keeping your heavy traffic on the road to low response times (invited paper)

This talk is about scheduling and load balancing in a multi-server system, with the goal of minimizing mean response time in a general stochastic setting. We will specifically concentrate on the common case of a load balancing system, where a front-end load balancer (a.k.a. dispatcher) dispatches requests to multiple back-end servers, each with their own queue. Much is known about load balancing in the case where the scheduling at the servers is First-Come-First-Served (FCFS). However, to minimize mean response time, we need to use Shortest-Remaining-Processing-Time (SRPT) scheduling at the servers. Unfortunately, there is almost nothing known about optimal dispatching when SRPT scheduling is used at the servers. To make things worse, it turns out that the traditional dispatching policies that are used in practice with FCFS servers often have poor performance in systems with SRPT servers. In this talk, we devise a simple fix that can be applied to any dispatching policy. This fix, called "guardrails" ensures that the dispatching policy yields optimal mean response time under heavy traffic, when used in a system with SRPT servers. Any dispatching policy, when augmented with guardrails becomes heavy-traffic optimal. Our results also yield the first analytical bounds on mean response time for load balancing systems with SRPT scheduling at the servers. Load balancing and scheduling are highly studied both in the stochastic and the worst-case scheduling communities. One aim of this talk is to contrast some differences in the approaches of the two communities when tackling multi-server scheduling problems.
Diagnóstico Precoce do Cancro Oral: Prevenção Secundária sob a Forma de Rastreio Oportunista ou Rastreio Organizado?

Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world with around 300 000 new cases annually, with a five-year survival rate after diagnosis of 40%.2 In Portugal, there are about 1000 new cases per year and 500 deaths.2 Oral cancer appears more frequently in men (2: 1 ratio male / female) after the fourth decade, although it has been documented worldwide, an increased number of this cancer in younger adults and women. [...]
The design of stabilizing controllers and observers for uncertain strongly coupled symmetric composite systems

This paper presents a procedure for designing a full state observer and feedback control law which will stabilize a given uncertain symmetric composite system with strong interconnections. In the design procedure, the state feedback gain matrix and the observer gain matrix which will stabilize the class of systems can be conducted by the solutions of lower order algebraic Riccati equations. The uncertainties considered in the systems may be time-varying. However the values of the uncertainties are constrained to lie within some known admissible bounds. >
Aortic cholesterol esterase in rabbits: Effect of duration of cholesterol feeding

Summary The cholesteryl ester synthesizing (S) and hydrolysing (H) activities of rabbit aorta have been assayed in rabbits fed an atherogenic regimen (2% cholesterol in 6% corn oil). Both synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters increase over control levels, but the increase in synthetase activity is much greater than that of hydrolase activity. The S/H ratio is sharply increased after 5–7 days on the atherogenic diet, a time when serum and liver cholesterol levels have risen but no atheromata are grossly visible.
Thrombin as procoagulant and anticoagulant

Thrombin is a Na(+)-activated, allosteric serine protease that plays opposing functional roles in blood coagulation. Binding of Na(+) is the major driving force behind the procoagulant, prothrombotic and signaling functions of the enzyme, but is dispensable for cleavage of the anticoagulant protein C. This basic regulatory feature of thrombin has fostered the rational engineering of mutants with selectively compromised fibrinogen and PAR1 cleavage. The discovery of the Na(+) effect on thrombin interaction with substrates and the mapping of functional epitopes by Ala scanning mutagenesis have provided a rational and effective strategy for dissociating the procoagulant and anticoagulant activities of the enzyme. Thrombin mutants with selectively compromised activity toward fibrinogen and PAR1 are effective in vivo as anticoagulant and antithrombotic agents.
A/D converters with midpoint correction

The analog to digital converter (ADC) has been widely used in modern electronic systems and instruments. Characterizing and improving the performances of ADCs has been an active research area for years based on IEEE Standard 1241 (2001), B.E. Peetz et al. (1982), J. Doernberg et al. (1984), G. Chiorboli et al. (1996) and N. Giaquinto et al. (1996). In this paper, we introduce a simple algorithm, namely, the midpoint correction algorithm, to improve the signal to noise ratio (SNR) performance of an ADC with nonlinearity errors. The residual mean square error (MSE) after the application of the midpoint correction algorithm is obtained in closed form. An approximate equation governing the relationship between the residual mean square error of an ADC and the normalized mean square error (MSE/sub DNL/) of the residual differential nonlinearity (DNL) is also derived. It can be shown that MSE /spl cong/ (q/sup 2//12)*(1+3*MSE/sub DNL/), where q is the quantization step-size of an ideal ADC. Computer simulation results are also presented to validate the theoretical results.
Reversible Blocking of Amino and Carboxyl Groups

In the preparation of even the smallest peptide, it becomes obvious that certain functional groups must be blocked. If amino acid H2N—CHR—COOH (A) has to be coupled with amino acid H2N—CHR’—COOH (B) to produce the dipeptide H2N—CHR—CO—NH—CHR’—COOH (AB), then, in order to acylate the amino group of the amino-component (B), we have to activate the carboxyl group of the carboxyl-component (A).
High performance disk systems for workstation environments

Quantum chemistry using computers has not changed much in the past decade however the technology and cost of computer and computer related peripherals has. Large quantum chemistry calculations were once only available on the larger mainframe class of computers. As technology matured, the super-minis were able to handle some but not all of the larger calculations. One characteristic of quantum chemistry programs used at the Radiation Laboratory is the requirement for large physical memory and fast disk sub-systems. The high cost of mainframe type systems justified the configuration of smaller high speed workstations with unique disk IO configurations. This paper will discuss the features and limitations of several different systems and the evaluation criteria used in selecting potential workstation vendors.
Molecular evidence that invasive adenocarcinoma can mimic prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and intraductal carcinoma through retrograde glandular colonization

Prostate cancer often manifests as morphologically distinct tumour foci and is frequently found adjacent to presumed precursor lesions such as high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). While there is some evidence to suggest that these lesions can be related and exist on a pathological and morphological continuum, the precise clonal and temporal relationships between precursor lesions and invasive cancers within individual tumours remain undefined. Here, we used molecular genetic, cytogenetic, and histological analyses to delineate clonal, temporal, and spatial relationships between HGPIN and cancer lesions with distinct morphological and molecular features. First, while confirming the previous finding that a substantial fraction of HGPIN lesions associated with ERG-positive cancers share rearrangements and overexpression of ERG, we found that a significant subset of such HGPIN glands exhibit only partial positivity for ERG. This suggests that such ERG-positive HGPIN cells either rapidly invade to form adenocarcinoma or represent cancer cells that have partially invaded the ductal and acinar space in a retrograde manner. To clarify these possibilities, we used ERG expression status and TMPRSS2-ERG genomic breakpoints as markers of clonality, and PTEN deletion status to track temporal evolution of clonally related lesions. We confirmed that morphologically distinct HGPIN and nearby invasive cancer lesions are clonally related. Further, we found that a significant fraction of ERG-positive, PTEN-negative HGPIN and intraductal carcinoma (IDC-P) lesions are most likely clonally derived from adjacent PTEN-negative adenocarcinomas, indicating that such PTEN-negative HGPIN and IDC-P lesions arise from, rather than give rise to, the nearby invasive adenocarcinoma. These data suggest that invasive adenocarcinoma can morphologically mimic HGPIN through retrograde colonization of benign glands with cancer cells. Similar clonal relationships were also seen for intraductal carcinoma adjacent to invasive adenocarcinoma. These findings represent a potentially undervalued indicator of pre-existing invasive prostate cancer and have significant implications for prostate cancer diagnosis and risk stratification.
Nutritional status of adults in rural Mali.

An anthropometric assessment was conducted of 441 adults from six rural villages in southern Mali. As is typical for human populations, females are shorter and lighter than males. Both females (N = 320) and males (N = 121) are shorter and lighter than their U.S. counterparts. Mean weight in the sample is 53.4 ± 8.5 kilos for females and 58.8 ± 6.5 kilos for males. Mean height is 160.4 ± 5.7 cm for females and 171.3 ± 6.6 cm for males. The data for height in males are very similar to those reported from other surveys in Mali, and show no evidence for a positive secular trend in height. Mean body mass index (BMI) is 20.8 for females and 20.0 for males. These are lower than U.S. averages, but well above suggested cutoff points for malnutrition in adults. Average arm circumference is 26.5 cm for females and 26.4 cm for males. Females have relatively large arm circumferences due, in part, to the heavy manual labor they perform. Average head circumference is 53.0 cm for females and 54.8 cm for males. For both sexes, these values are more than 1 standard deviation (SD) below the U.S. means. Adult values for anthropometric measurements reflect childhood stresses of malnutrition and disease, and a lifetime of accommodation to a high-carbohydrate, low-protein diet, and hard physical labor. Females are significantly closer to the U.S. standards than males for weight, height, BMI, and arm circumference; these findings support the idea that females are buffered from environmental stresses relative to males. In addition, females exhibit significantly more variability than males for weight, arm circumference, and head circumference, but not for height, suggesting that variability in adult height does not reflect the presence or absence of female buffering or the level of environmental adversity. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep®1 ambulation system: Part 2. Effects on physiological responses to peak arm ergometry

Abstract Objective: To examine the task-nonspecific effects of functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS)—assisted ambulation training on the physiological responses of persons with paraplegia to upper extremity exercise challenge. Design: Before-after trial. Setting: Human spinal cord injury (SCI) applied research laboratory. Participants: Twelve men and three women with motor- and sensory-complete thoracic-level SCI (T4–T11), mean age 28.2 ± 6.8yrs (range, 21.1 to 45.2yrs), mean injury duration 3.7 ± 3.Oyrs (range, 7 to 8.8yrs). Intervention: Thirty-two sessions of FNS ambulation training using a commercial six-channel system (Parastep® 1). This system is composed of a microprocessor-controlled electrical stimulation unit and a walking frame outfitted with finger switches that allow the user to independently control the system and stimulation parameters. Outcome Measures: Peak and subpeak physiological responses to arm ergometry testing and upper extremity strength measures, obtained before and after the FNS ambulation training. Results: Statistically significant increases in peak values for time to fatigue, peak power output, and peak VO 2 (all p p Conclusions: FNS ambulation by persons with SCI paraplegia results in task-nonspecific training adaptations. Central cardiovascular adaptations were indicated as the primary source of these beneficial alterations in exercise responses.
In vitro studies of contact hypersensitivity: lymphocyte transformation in nickel sensitivity.

The in vitro response of lymphocytes correlates with patch testing results for nickel sensitivity when optimal concentrations are employed. The development of an in vitro test for nickel allergy allows further study into the mechanisms of delayed hypersensitivity without interference from the mediators of inflammation. Rigid controls and accurate calibration are necessary to insure reproducibility of results and these techniques are discussed. The potential usefulness of this in vitro test includes the simple evaluation of clinical allergy, investigation of immune surveillance, and the study of anergy associated with infectious and malignant diseases.
CHANGING ASSOCIATION BETWEEN COMMUNITY OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE AND ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE MORTALITY IN THE UNITED STATES

The changing association between community occupational structure and ischaemic heart disease mortality in white men and women of the United States from 1968 to 1982 has been investigated. Occupational structure was represented by the proportion of workers in white-collar jobs. A negative association, with lower mortality in communities with higher levels of white-collar employment, emerged over the period in both men and women. The results for men may be interpreted as suggesting a recapitulation in the US of the changing association between social class and heart disease observed in Britain. Occupational structure, however, reflects resources and opportunities in a community derived from its contribution to the national and international economy. Thus the growing inequalities in heart disease mortality presented in this ecological study relate more appropriately to communities than to individual workers.
‘Butterfly’ small-angle X-ray scattering patterns in semicrystalline polymers are double-elliptical

Abstract We have previously shown that most small-angle scattering (SAS) patterns from a range of polymer fibers can be best fit using elliptical coordinates, where the minor axis of the ellipse is parallel to the fiber axis. Analysis of small-angle X-ray scattering patterns obtained during elongation of poly(ethylene-co-1-octene) films now shows that elliptical coordinates also provide a natural way to fit four-point radiating-out patterns, also called “butterfly” or “eyebrow” patterns. To fit this type of pattern the minor axis of the ellipse is tilted away from the fiber draw direction by some angle α, and as the films have rotational symmetry, the pattern is fitted with the sum of two ellipses, at +α and −α. As a result, the reflections appear to fall on a hyperbolic arc – the butterfly pattern. The Matlab code to carry out this analysis on full 2D data is available on request. The elliptical analysis is primarily an empirical fit, much strengthened by its ability to be applied to all observed types of SAS patterns and by its relevance to the mechanical behavior of polymers.
Consequences of moderate cross-gender behavior in preschool children.

FAGOT, BEVERLY I. Consequences of Moderate Cross-Gender Behavior in Preschool Children. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1977, 48, 902-907. The reactions of peers and teachers to sex-typed behaviors of 106 boys and 101 girls in preschool classrooms were examined. Boys received significantly more peer and teacher criticism for engaging in stereotypic feminine behaviors, but more favorable reactions when engaging in task behaviors. Girls received more teacher criticism when they played in role activities with groups of boys. Boys who showed cross-gender preferences were given significantly more peer criticism and fewer positive reactions. Girls with cross-gender preferences did not receive differential peer reaction.
Dynamic emergence of situational willingness to communicate in a second language

Abstract This article reports on a qualitative study that shows how situational willingness to communicate (WTC) in a second language (L2) can dynamically emerge and fluctuate during a conversation situation. From inductive analysis of data from interviews, videotaped conversations, and stimulated recalls, it was found that situational WTC in L2 emerged from the joint effect of three interacting psychological conditions of excitement, responsibility, and security, each of which was co-constructed by interacting situational variables such as topic, interlocutors, and conversational context. Based on the findings, I propose a multilayered construct of situational WTC and a new definition of WTC in L2, in which WTC is suggested as a dynamic situational concept that can change moment-to-moment, rather than a trait-like predisposition. I also present pedagogical implications, suggesting ways in which situational variables can be controlled to create L2 learners’ situational WTC.
Preparedness and resistance to extinction to fear-relevant stimuli: a failure to replicate.

Experimental tests of the preparedness theory of phobias have found that skin conductance responses (SCRs) conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli (e.g. pictures of snakes and spiders) exhibit more resistance to extinction than those conditioned to fear-irrelevant stimuli (e.g. pictures of flowers and geometric figures). However, there are no published replications of this phenomenon outside the laboratories of Ohman and his associates. The experiment reported here failed to replicate previous findings insofar as SCRs established to fear-relevant stimuli were no more resistant to extinction than those established to fear-irrelevant stimuli. Indeed, ‘preparedness’ effects were absent even in Ss who reported prior fear of snakes and spiders. Correlational analyses indicated that the strength of conditioning was the only predictor of resistance to extinction to fear-relevant stimuli—a finding consistent with general process-learning theories.
Simulation of human autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa in transgenic mice expressing a mutated murine opsin gene

Autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP), slowly progressing over decades, leads to severe visual impairment and in some cases to complete blindness. More than 40 mutations in the human opsin gene have been linked to some forms of this genetically heterogeneous disease. In photoreceptor cells of ADRP patients with mutations in the opsin gene, normal rhodopsin is thought to be synthesized concomitantly with mutated rhodopsin, which, by an unknown mechanism, causes the slow degeneration of the photoreceptor cells. To establish a transgenic mouse line that carries a mutated mouse opsin gene in addition to the endogenous opsin gene, we introduced a mouse opsin gene containing mutations in exon 1 into the germ line of a normal mouse. The alterations consisted of three amino acid substitutions near the N terminus of rhodopsin, Val-20-->Gly (V20G), Pro-23-->His (P23H), and Pro-27-->Leu (P27L). The P23H mutation is the most prevalent mutation in human ADRP patients. During early postnatal development, mice heterozygous for the mutated opsin gene appear to develop normal photoreceptors, but their light-sensitive outer segments never reach normal length. With advancing age, both rod and cone photoreceptors are reduced progressively in number. The slow degeneration of the transgenic retina is associated with a gradual decrease of light-evoked electroretinogram responses. Our results show that simultaneous expression of mutated and normal opsin genes induces a slow degeneration of both rod and cone photoreceptors and that the course of the retinal degeneration of the mutant mouse retina mimics the course of human ADRP.
Brønsted acidity of substrates influences the outcome of passerini three-component reactions.

Passerini three-component reactions of aldehydes, isocyanides, and strong carboxylic acids (i.e., pKa < 2) yield α-acyloxycarboxamides and/or α-acylaminocarboxamides, the characteristic products of...
Constraining MODIS snow albedo at large solar zenith angles: Implications for the surface energy budget in Greenland

[1] An understanding of the surface albedo of high latitudes is crucial for climate change studies. MODIS albedo retrievals flagged as high-quality compare well with in situ Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net) measurements but cover too small an area to fully characterize Greenland's albedo in nonsummer months. In contrast, poor quality MODIS retrievals provide adequate spatiotemporal coverage, but are not recommended for use at large solar zenith angles (SZAs) where they have a systematic low bias. We introduce an empirical adjustment to the poor quality data based on high-quality reference albedos and constrained by GC-Net data and theory, and use the adjusted data to improve estimates and fill in gaps of the year-round, Greenland-wide, albedo and surface energy budget. For observations made with SZAs between 55° and 75°, the mean differences (MODIS minus GC-Net) between our adjusted MODIS albedo and GC-Net measurements are −0.02 and −0.03 at Saddle and Summit, respectively, compared to −0.05 and −0.08 between the unadjusted MODIS albedo and GC-Net measurements. The adjusted MODIS snow albedos are usually between 0.75 and 0.87 over dry snow when SZA is larger than 55°, and they reduce unrealistic seasonal and meridional trends associated with MODIS retrievals at large SZA, defined as SZA > 55° and 70°, respectively, for low- and high-quality retrievals. The impact of the adjusted albedo on the surface energy budget, relative to the unadjusted albedo from all MODIS data, is smallest (−0.7 ± 0.1W/m2) in June, and largest (−6.2 ± 0.9 W/m2) in September for the black-sky albedo (BSA). The mean annual absorbed solar radiation (ASR) reduction by the adjusted MODIS albedo in Greenland from 2003 to 2005 is 3.1 ± 0.2 and 4.3 ± 0.2 W/m2 for BSA and white-sky albedo (WSA), respectively, about 8.0 ± 0.5% and 10.8 ± 0.4% of ASR based on the raw BSA and WSA. The ASR reduction by the adjusted blue-sky (actual) albedo is between 2.9 and 4.5 W/m2, enough to annually melt 27.1 to 41.7 cm snow water equivalent (SWE), or to sublimate 3.2 to 4.9 cm SWE. The ASR difference between the adjusted MODIS BSA and CERES albedo in March from 2003 to 2005 is only −0.1 ± 0.9 W/m2, much less than the difference (4.9 ± 1.4 W/m2) between the unadjusted MODIS BSA and CERES. The albedo adjustments exceed the likely direct anthropogenic radiative forcing experienced by Greenland due to greenhouse gases or aerosols. The proposed adjustment preserves most of the zonal and meridional structure of raw MODIS albedo, and extends its usefulness as a cryospheric climate record in times and regions of Greenland with large SZA.
Molecular psychiatry: Moving away from one-polymorphism genetic association studies.

Molecular Psychiatry receives now more than one new manuscript a day. We can only publish a fraction of the articles we receive. We therefore have to be selective in what we choose to publish. Our editorial goal is to be the best source of high-quality translational studies in the field of psychiatry. To achieve that goal, we publish papers in a variety of fields from fundamental molecular biology to imaging, pharmacology, and clinical research. Genetics has been a key area for us. In order to continue to publish some of the most exciting papers in psychiatric genetics, it has become necessary to develop guidelines for the submission of such articles.
Influence of load and strength correlation on the reliability of ductile systems

Abstract Probability-based limit-states design methods allow structural performance considerations to enter into design decisions in a quantitative way. In probability-based limit-states design the overall reliability of a structural system serves as a logical basis for the evaluation of structural performance. This paper analytically clarifies how the reliability of ductile structures with regard to plastic collapse is influenced by both the correlation between loads as well as the correlation between strengths. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the significant role of such correlations, and to illustrate the relatively minor effect of the method used for global reliability evaluation. The results could be used for indicating priorities in future system-reliability developments.
Decomposition of hydrazine complexes of cadmium sulfate

Abstract A series of complexes of cadmium sulfate with hydrazine has been synthesized and the decomposition reactions of the complexes have been studied using TG and DSC. Some of the complexes were found to lose hydrazine at ambient temperature. In general, several of the complexes appear to be nonstoichiometric, with hydrazine to CdSO 4 ratios in the range of 1.05 to 2. Kinetic parameters and Δ H values are presented for some of the reactions, but others were found to be too indistinct to permit reliable analysis of the TG data.
Comparative Skeletal Pathology and the Case for Conspecific Care in Middle Pleistocene Hominids

Abstract Lebel et al . (2001, Proc Natl Acad Sci 98, 11097) claim that the pathological alterations to the Aubesier 11 partial mandible demonstrate that Middle Pleistocene hominid populations, “had achieved a level of sociocultural elaboration sufficient to maintain debilitated individuals and to provide the motivation to do so”. This hypothesis is tested here by comparing the pathological processes seen in the Aubesier 11 hominid specimen with those evident in wild non-human primate skeletal material. A variety of wild non-human primates have similar pathological processes of equal or greater severity than that seen in Aubesier 11. There is also no evidence of any condition in Aubesier 11 which would have prevented that individual from providing for himself/herself. Therefore the Aubesier 11 partial mandible cannot be taken as evidence for an increased level of conspecific care in Middle Pleistocene hominids, contra Lebel et al . (2001). This illustrates the importance of a comparative approach to palaeopathology.
The importance of modeling spatial spillovers in public choice analysis

It is frequently assumed that regional observations on local government behavior, voters, regional taxes, etc. can be analyzed using ordinary least-squares (OLS) methods. We discuss spatial regression models in empirical studies of public choice issues using impacts arising from population migration on the provision of county-level government services as an illustration. Spatial regressions allow an examination of the direct and indirect (spatial spillover) effects which taken together determine the total impact (on the dependent variable) arising from a change in the explanatory variables. This decomposition should be quite useful in empirical public choice studies.
Theory of the structure of high-pressure GaAs II

We examine proposals for the high-pressure phase of GaAs II using a first-principles pseudopotential approach. An orthorhombic structure is found to have lower energy than those of previously studied $\ensuremath{\beta}$-Sn and NaCl structures at a volume near which the phase transition occurs. The structure and the calculated lattice parameters are in excellent agreement with recent x-ray experiments.
A free‐volume‐based approach to modeling thermoset cure behavior

The free-volume theory for the temperature dependence of transport properties of glass-forming polymers is extended to obtain their relationship to the extent of cure. This treatment centers on the unifying role of molecular mobility and yields a model which connects extent of reaction, viscosity, diffusivity, ionic conductivity and dipole relaxation time. The temporal dependence of these properties is expressed by coupling the extended free-volume model with a relationship for the rate of cure, which included diffusional limitations. Analyses based on this model are applied to the observed behavior of a model epoxy-amine resin system. The intrinsic kinetics of this model system are shown to be first order. It is shown that diffusional limitations strongly affected the progress of the reaction in the final stages of cure. The diffusion-modified rate expression predictions agree with extent of reaction versus time data over the range of experimental temperatures. The temporal dependence of viscous behavior of the curing resin is measured. The extended free-volume model accurately describes the evolution of resin viscosity during cure. The dielectric behavior is similarly characterized and is in close agreement with the predictions of the general free-volume expression. The results of this study indicate that the free-volume theory modified to account for molecular weight effects allows prediction of resin properties with a two-parameter model. The results show that a power-law relationship exists between viscosity and ionic conductivity. This result suggests that electrical properties may be used for on-line measurement of resin viscosity during cure.
Chemical shift assignments of the C-terminal Eps15 homology domain-3 EH domain

The C-terminal Eps15 homology (EH) domain 3 (EHD3) belongs to a eukaryotic family of endocytic regulatory proteins and is involved in the recycling of various receptors from the early endosome to the endocytic recycling compartment or in retrograde transport from the endosomes to the Golgi. EH domains are highly conserved in the EHD family and function as protein-protein interaction units that bind to Asn-Pro-Phe (NPF) motif-containing proteins. The EH domain of EHD1 was the first C-terminal EH domain from the EHD family to be solved by NMR. The differences observed between this domain and proteins with N-terminal EH domains helped describe a mechanism for the differential binding of NPF-containing proteins. Here, structural studies were expanded to include the EHD3 EH domain. While the EHD1 and EHD3 EH domains are highly homologous, they have different protein partners. A comparison of these structures will help determine the selectivity in protein binding between the EHD family members and lead to a better understanding of their unique roles in endocytic regulation.
Bradycardic response during submersion in infant swimming

UNLABELLED The diving response involves reflex bradycardia, apnoea and peripheral vasoconstriction and is known to exist in human infants. The response diminishes with increasing age and has been reported to disappear by the age of 6 mo. This study was performed to analyse the physiological events during natural diving of full-term healthy infants and describe how these events alter with maturation. Thirty-six infants were studied during diving exercises in infant swimming. All of the infants who participated showed an immediate decrease in heart rate when submerged. On average, the heart rate decreased by 25% (range -5.0% to -50.7%, p <0.0001). The bradycardia was sustained during the dive and for some seconds afterwards. The response was often followed by a tachycardia as the bradycardia ceased. A decline of reflex bradycardia was observed with increasing age (p = 0.03), but the response was still clearly evident in infants over the age of 6 mo. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the existence of a diving response in infants, which includes an immediate bradycardic response, suggesting vagal mediation. Although the bradycardic response gradually decreases, the study shows that a clear-cut response exists in children older than has previously been reported.