cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Use and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Implications for Micronutrient Supplementation

This literature review examines whether smoking or alcohol use during pregnancy increases maternal micronutrient requirements and whether smoking or alcohol use interacts with micronutrient deficiencies to affect pregnancy outcomes. Studies suggest that vitamin C requirements increase for pregnant smokers. Studies also indicate that beta-carotene, vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6 and folate concentrations appear lower in pregnant smokers than in pregnant nonsmokers, although it is unclear whether lower serum concentrations are due to increased requirements, lower dietary or supplement intakes or other factors. Experimental animal studies suggest that iron supplementation partially ameliorates impaired fetal growth caused by cadmium, a heavy metal inhaled from cigarette smoke, but studies in humans have not substantiated cadmium's effect on fetal growth. Animal studies also suggest chronic alcohol consumption at levels of 20-50% of energy intake during pregnancy may mobilize fetal vitamin A concentration from the liver and result in increases in vitamin A in fetal organs and subsequent defects. Evidence is lacking, however, on whether zinc metabolism is altered by alcohol intake during pregnancy. Health care practitioners should consider increasing nutrient levels in pregnant women who do not meet the Recommended Dietary Allowances through their diet. Future studies that examine the nutrient levels of women exposed to cigarette smoke and alcohol should control for dietary intake. In addition, randomized controlled studies of the health impact of micronutrient supplementation in pregnant women should consider stratification by exposure to cigarette smoke and alcohol use.
Assessing the Impact of State Estate Taxes

The author writes that total estate taxes will decline for all estates, whether the person leaving the estate lived in a state that has retained an estate tax or not. Also, the amount of state estate tax owed by estates that are large enough to be taxable is less than it might appear based on the rate schedule.
120: PRMT5 dimethylates R30 of the p65 subunit to activate NF-κB

The ubiquitous inducible transcription factor NF-κB plays central roles in immune and inflammatory responses and in tumorigenesis. Complex posttranslational modifications of the p65 subunit (RelA) are a major aspect of the extremely flexible regulation of NF-κB activity. Although phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and lysine methylation of NF-κB have been well described, arginine methylation has not yet been found. We now report that, in response to IL-1β, the p65 subunit of NF-κB is dimethylated on arginine 30 (R30) by protein-arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5). Expression of the R30A and R30K mutants of p65 substantially decreased the ability of NF-κB to bind to κB elements and to drive gene expression. A model in which dimethyl R30 is placed into the crystal structure of p65 predicts new van der Waals contacts that stabilize intraprotein interactions and indirectly increase the affinity of p65 for DNA. PRMT5 was the only arginine methyltransferase that coprecipitated with p65, and its overexpression increased NF-κB activity, whereas PRMT5 knockdown had the opposite effect. Microarray analysis revealed that ∼85% of the NF-κB-inducible genes that are down-regulated by the R30A mutation are similarly down-regulated by knocking PRMT5 down. Many cytokine and chemokine genes are among these, and conditioned media from cells expressing the R30A mutant of p65 had much less NF-κB-inducing activity than media from cells expressing the wild-type protein. PRMT5 is overexpressed in many types of cancer, often to a striking degree, indicating that high levels of this enzyme may promote tumorigenesis, at least in part by facilitating NF-κB-induced gene expression.
Gene therapy of established mesothelioma xenografts with recombinant p16INK4a adenovirus.

The absence of expression of the p16INK4a gene product is observed in virtually all mesothelioma tumors and cell lines, whereas wild-type pRB expression is maintained. We have examined the potential therapeutic role of re-expressing the p16INK4a gene product in mice with established human mesothelioma xenografts. Experiments using Adp16 treatments in mesothelioma xenografts demonstrated prolonged survival and potential cure following treatment with p16INK4a-based gene therapy. These results demonstrate that p16INK4a gene transfer may play a therapeutic role in the treatment of mesothelioma. Cancer Gene Therapy (2000) 7, 1421–1425
Novel technology for satellite based wind sensing

This paper discusses the technology needed to profile the Earth's winds from space with a pulsed laser radar (lidar or ladar) system; the status of the key system components; and the efforts being made at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC), and NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to develop the required technology.
Detection and Biochemical Characterization of Insecticide Resistance in the German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

A strain of German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), collected from an institutional kitchen and cafeteria in Marietta, GA, in 1992, was examined for insecticide resistance. Topical insecticide bioassays revealed that the Marietta strain was resistant to bendiocarb (46-fold), cypermethrin (28-fold), propoxur (17-fold), permethrin (12-fold), and chlorpyrifos (7-fold). Pretreatment with the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide, reduced the resistance level to the carbamates to varying degrees, but resulted in an increased resistance ratio to the pyrethroids. Similarly, the est erase inhibitor, S, S, S - tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF), partially reduced the resistance to bendiocarb while increasing the resistance ratio to permethrin. Detoxication enzyme assays revealed that activities of microsomal oxidases (aldrin epoxidase, phorate sulfoxidase, methoxyresorufin O -demethylase, p -chloro- N -methylaniline N -demetahylase, ethoxycoumarin O -deethylase), glutathione S -transferases (DCNB, CDNB, PNPA), hydrolases (general and carboxylesterase), and Cytochrome c reductase were 1.4- to IS-fold higher in the Marietta strain than in the susceptible strain. In addition, levels of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 were 2.5- and 2.3-fold higher in the resistant strain than in the susceptible strain. The bimolecular rate constant for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by dichlorvos was similar in the resistant and susceptible strains. The results indicated that the broad spectrum of insecticide resistance observed in the Marietta strain was the result of multiple resistance mechanisms.
Delayed bilateral fibrinous anterior chamber reaction following autologous bone marrow transplant and cataract surgery

Abstract Purpose Immune reconstitution uveitis (IRU) is a well-described phenomenon that by definition occurs in patients with AIDS who undergo highly active antiretroviral therapy resulting in a rebound inflammatory response to the presence of clinically latent cytomegalovirus (CMV). We hypothesize that similar phenomena may exist in other cohorts who undergo transient immunosuppression with rapid white blood cell count recovery. Observations A patient developed rebound inflammation a few months after cataract surgery with intraocular lens placement characterized by photophobia, significant anterior chamber cell and fibrinous deposits. She had a history of multiple myeloma treated with chemotherapy and a recovery of white blood cell counts following autologous bone marrow transplant. She underwent a thorough work-up for infectious etiologies, as well as the presence of intraocular CMV, which were negative. Her vision and symptoms improved to baseline with the use of topical steroids and at one year her exam remained stable. Conclusions and Importance With a negative work-up for infectious etiologies, and the timing and clinical presentation, the patient's inflammation was likely the result of rapid white blood cell count recovery following iatrogenic immunosuppression similar to the mechanism described for IRU.
Blog Consumption and International Relations

ABSTRACTInternational relations professors have sought to incorporate current events into their curriculum through various mechanisms. A traditional way to incorporate the news into the classroom is to have students either subscribe and read a particular newspaper or watch the nightly news and hold them responsible for that information. However, with the growing body of professional political science blogs available to the general public, we now have access to immediate current-event updates framed through the lens of political science. This article tests to see if having students regularly read professional political science blogs increases student achievement on multiple-choice exams when compared to students that were not following blogs in introductory to international relations courses. While controlling for other factors, the regression models demonstrate a 5% increase in performance on later exams by blog-consuming students over those who were not required to read blog posts. These results indicate...
Surgical treatment of 249 cases with infective endocarditis

Objectives To summarize the diagnosis, operation time and curative effect of 249 cases with infective endocarditis. Methods 249 cases with infective endocarditis receiving operation between January 1998 and June 2006 were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were treated by operation,and color-Doppler echocardiography were carried out before operation. The principles of the operations were to remove the infection tissue,correct and cure the pathological changes of valve and cardiac anomalies. Results Among the 249 cases,89 cases of them had congenital heart disease(35.7%), 134 cases had rheumatic heart disease (53.8%), and 26 cases had no structural pathological changes(10.4%). Before surgical treatment, echocardiography found that 191 cases had vegetations on heart and great vessels (76.8%), positive blood cultivations were found in 103 cases. After operation, 9 cases(3.6%)died. Conclusions The key to treat infective endocarditis successfully depends on early diagnosis, operation at the right time, and combination of internal and surgical treatment.
Histiocytic Diseases of Bone Marrow

The disease most likely to be associated with large numbers of bone marrow storage histiocytes is Gaucher's disease. In our community of western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio, and West Virginia, we have encountered 30 patients with Gaucher's disease during the past 25 years. During the same 25 years, a group of about 20 other patients have been examined for storage cells caused by diseases other than Gaucher's disease. These other conditions are associated with smaller numbers of storage cells, and these patients require a more extensive examination that should include serum or tissue lipid analyses, enzymology, and electron microscopy to assist in the diagnosis.
New developments in Sjögren's syndrome.

The growing number of conditions associated with sicca manifestations and focal sialadenitis has shed further light on the heterogeneity of Sjogren's syndrome. Viral and retroviral infections, lymphoproliferative disorders, as well as various autoimmune syndromes, target the lacrimal and salivary glands and incite a local immune response. This awareness has not only intensified the search for a viral or retroviral cause of Sjogren's syndrome, but it has also provided a daunting challenge to investigators who are striving to improve diagnostic testing and classification. A better understanding of Sjogren's syndrome is needed to develop innovative and more effective therapies.
FLT3-ITD. Clinical (Sorafenib/AC220)

A plethora of new molecular abnormalities has been identified to be associated with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). These markers have contributed to a more accurate prognostic stratification of these patients, and have nurtured hopes for effective targeted therapies. One such abnormality is the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3, or FLT3 gene mutation, present in approximately 30 % of AML patients. The presence of the FLT3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) confers a poorer prognosis with higher risk of relapse for this subset of AML patients. Rapid development of a large number of FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has enabled an exciting era of research and treatment for patients with these abnormalities. The expectation is that FLT3 inhibition may offer improvements in outcomes in this poor prognosis group of patients. Early data suggest that this promise may be materializing for patients. This chapter will focus on two of these FLT3 inhibitors, sorafenib (Nexavar®) and AC220 (quizartinib).
Effects of Focus Type and Argument Length on the Dative Alternation

The arguments of English double object verbs appear in the dative form (ex: “Give the sailor the cup.”) or the PP-frame (ex: “Give the cup to the sailor.”). We conducted a production study to test (i) whether information focus or contrastive focus drives this word order variation, and (ii) whether focus interacts with weight. The study found that heavy themes and information focused constituents appear sentence finally, but contrastive focus does not effect the word order. Furthermore, information focus was a stronger motivator than weight. This suggests that at least two types of focus need to be considered in any theory of word in addition to weight.
ON THE REACTION OF CYANIDE WITH CYSTINE AND CYSTINE PEPTIDES

Abstract Redox and equilibrium considerations are applied to the reaction of cyanide with cystine and cystine peptides and attention is called to a hypothetical half-cell, RSH + HCN ≡ RSCN + 2H+ + 2e-, for organic thiocyanate formation and to the thermodynamic possibility of a thiocarbamate as a reaction product. Equilibrium can be demonstrated with N, N'-dicarbobenzyloxy-cystinyl-diglycine and the apparent equilibrium constant at pH 7.0, 35≡ is 0.02. The reaction of cyanide with cystine peptides proceeds, as expected, by a nucleophilic displacement mechanism, the kinetics of the reaction with several compounds being bimolecular. Diacylation of cystine does not markedly influence the reaction rate whereas simultaneous diacylation and diamide formation, seemingly, markedly increases the reaction rate. Secondary reactions leading to appearance of thiocyanate ion and formation of lanthionine do not occur with N, N'-diacylcystine derivatives and their occurrence with cystine containing polypeptides is discussed in the light of existing data and present concepts.
Medical Application of Neutron Capture γ-Ray Spectroscopy: Measurement of Cadmium and Nitrogen in Living Human Subjects

A significant environmental-medical problem is the internal deposition of cadmium in man. Cadmium is absorbed by human beings via inhalation of polluted air or ingestion of contaminated food and water. Absorbed cadmium is concentrated in the liver and kidneys. The “Standard American Man” has been reported to contain approximately 30–50 mg of Cd in the whole body of which about one- half is in the kidneys and the liver together. The small quantity of cadmium found in the human newborn (<1µg) as contrasted with the accumulation with age lead to the hypothesis that certain chronic diseases could be the result of Cd toxicity. Cd has been suggested as a possible causative agent of hypertension, emphysema, renal disfunction and osteomalacia. In-vivo measure of the liver and kidney Cd provides a direct index of Cd exposure and can help in the determination of dose-effect relationships.
Climate change and dissolved organic carbon export to the Gulf of Maine

Ongoing climate change is affecting the concentration, export (flux), and timing of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) exported to the Gulf of Maine (GoM) through changes in hydrologic regime. DOC export was calculated for water years 1950 through 2013 for 20 rivers and for water years 1930 through 2013 for 14 rivers draining to the GoM. DOC export was also estimated for the 21st century based on climate and hydrologic modeling in a previously published study. DOC export was calculated using the regression model LOADEST to fit seasonally-adjusted concentration discharge (C-Q) relations. Our results are an analysis of the sensitivity of DOC export to changes in hydrologic conditions over time since land cover and vegetation were held constant over time. Despite large inter-annual variability, all rivers had increasing DOC export during winter and these trends were significant (p < 0.05) in 10 out of 20 rivers for 1950 to 2013 and in 13 out of 14 rivers for 1930 to 2013. All rivers also had increasing annual export of DOC although fewer trends were statistically significant than for winter export. Projections for DOC export during the 21st century were variable depending on the climate model and greenhouse gas emission scenario that affected future river discharge through effects on precipitation and evapotranspiration. The most consistent result was a significant increase in DOC export in winter in all model-by-emission scenarios. DOC export was projected to decrease during the summer in all model-by-emission scenarios, with statistically significant decreases in half of the scenarios.
Estimation of near-source ground motions from a teleseismically derived rupture model of the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake

Abstract A rupture model for the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake obtained from inversion of teleseismic body waves is used to calculate the mainshock, near-source, strong ground motions. The effectiveness of both synthetic and empirical (aftershock) Green9s functions is evaluated in terms of velocity response spectra over the period range from 0.1 to 10 sec. A strictly deterministic approach is used in the simulation of near-source ground motion with both the synthetic and aftershock Green9s functions. A deterministic method has advantages in that it is simple to apply and there is no stochastic element to introduce variability in the solution. Response spectral values are very sensitive to the choice of the mainshock source-time function. Using a 1.0-sec triangular time function obtained from the teleseismic study gives good estimates of response spectra from 1- to 2-sec period for aftershock Green9s functions and from 1- to 10-sec period for synthetic Green9s functions. The limited long-period response of the aftershock summations is due to the restricted bandwidth of the recording sensor. Using a 0.5-sec Kostrov time function extends the bandwidth of validity of the aftershock summations to 0.1- to 2-sec period and the synthetic Green9s function summations to 0.3- to 10-sec period. The limited short-period bandwidth of the synthetic Green9s function summations is due to the lower-frequency content (5 Hz) and absence of accurate high-frequency propagation effects in the synthetic seismograms. Although the teleseismic study could not distinguish between a 1.0-sec triangular time function and a 0.5-sec Kostrov time function, we feel justified in using the Kostrov function because it lies within our broader knowledge of earthquake source-time functions.
Synthesis of Dichlorophosphinenickel(II) Compounds and Their Catalytic Activity in Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions: A Simple Air-Free Experiment for Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory

In this experiment, students perform an air-free synthesis of three dichlorophosphinenickel(II) compounds, NiCl2(PPh3)2, NiCl2(PCy3)2, and NiCl2(DPPE), using NiCl2·6H2O and the appropriate phosphine as the precursors. These colorful nickel compounds are air-sensitive in solution, but are stable toward air once isolated in the solid form. The synthesized nickel products will be utilized in a catalytic Suzuki cross-coupling reaction between phenylboronic acid and 1-bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene. The formation of the desired product, 4-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl, is observed and determined quantitatively by 19F{1H} NMR spectroscopy. The effect of the phosphine ligands on the formation of the nickel products and their catalytic activity will also be determined.
Jennifer Parks at Pillarpoint Home Loans: Developing a New-Growth Initiative

Jennifer Parks, a newly appointed business development officer at PillarPoint Home Loans, is given a mandate to identify and develop a new-growth initiative for her company, a small mortgage division of one of the largest U.S. credit card issuers. The company has more than 60 million accounts worldwide and a reputation as a leader in direct marketing and online services. After studying the industry, Parks identifies what she believes is a high-potential growth opportunity: a home mortgage product aimed at high-net-worth customers of the parent company. As she gets ready to present her idea to PillarPoint's executives, what should she propose as the next steps for moving the initiative forward? Excerpt UVA-ENT-0102 Rev. Jun. 29, 2015 Jennifer Parks at PillarPoint Home Loans: Developing a New-Growth Initiative In the summer of 2007, Jennifer Parks, a newly appointed business development officer at PillarPoint Home Loans, was given a mandate to identify and develop a new-growth initiative. Her company was a small mortgage division of PillarPoint Financial—one of the largest credit card issuers in the United States; it had more than 60 million accounts worldwide and a reputation as a leader in direct marketing and online services. Besides credit cards, PillarPoint Financial offered a variety of financial services, including auto loans, small-business loans, home-equity loans, and second mortgages. It did not, however, offer first mortgages. Although Parks had experience in IT development and operations, she was new to the mortgage business. For several months, she had immersed herself in the ins and outs of the mortgage industry. She soon identified what she believed was a high-potential growth opportunity: a home mortgage product aimed at the parent company's high-net-worth customers. . . .
Multi-physics optimization for high-frequency air-core permanent-magnet motor of aircraft application

High-specific-power electrical machines are a key enabling technology of electric aircraft propulsion. The machine specific power (power-to-weight ratio) is usually constrained by the thermal and mechanical properties of material. To maximize machine specific power, electrical, thermal and mechanical capabilities have to be considered together. In this paper, an efficient multi-physics model of a high-frequency air-core Halbach-array PM motor, has been developed for the use of a large-scale genetic-algorithm-based optimization. The detailed electromagnetic (EM) and thermal models, and finite-element-analysis (FEA) validation, are presented and discussed. Effects of key machine sizing parameters, such as speed, rotor volume, magnetic loading, and electric loading, in the multi-disciplines and objectives optimization, will be presented and discussed.
Rapidity correlations in the RHIC Beam Energy Scan Data

Abstract A pair-normalized two-particle covariance versus the rapidity of the two particles, called R 2 , was originally studied in ISR and FNAL data in the 1970's. This variable has recently seen renewed interest for the study of the dynamics of heavy-ion collisions in the longitudinal direction. These rapidity correlations can be decomposed into a basis set of Legendre polynomials with prefactors 〈 a mn 〉 , which can be considered the rapidity analog of the decomposition of azimuthal anisotropies into a set of cosine functions with prefactors v n . The 〈 a mn 〉 values have been suggested to be sensitive to the number of particle emitting sources, baryon stopping, viscosities, and critical behavior. The rapidity correlations have been measured by the STAR collaboration as a function of the beam energy for 0–5% central Au+Au collisions with beam energies ranging from 7.7 to 200 GeV. The experimental results and comparisons to the UrQMD model are presented.
Significantly Improving the Prediction of Molecular Atomization Energies by an Ensemble of Machine Learning Algorithms and Rescanning Input Space: A Stacked Generalization Approach

Machine learning holds the promise of learning the energy functional via examples, bypassing the need to solve complicated quantum–chemical equations and realizing efficient computing of molecular electronic properties. However, a single machine learning model may reach an upper limit of prediction accuracy even with optimal parameters. Unlike the “bagging” and “boosting” approaches, which can only combine the machine learning algorithms of a same type, the stacking approach can combine several distinct types of algorithms through a meta-machine learning model to maximize the generalization accuracy. Here, we present a stacked generalization approach for predicting the ground state molecular atomization energies. The results suggest prediction error from stacked generalization frameworks are significantly reduced by 38%, compared to the best level 0 individual algorithm that construct the stacked generalization framework. Furthermore, compared to conventional stacked generalization framework, it shows tha...
Adhesion of Triblock Copolymer-Based Thermoreversible Gels and Pressure Sensitive Adhesives

Triblock copolymers with poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) end blocks and a poly (n-butyl acrylate) (PnBA) midblock have been synthesized as model pressure sensitive adhesives and thermoreversible gels. These materials dissolve in a variety of alcohols at temperatures above 60 °C to form freely flowing liquids. At lower temperatures the PMMA end-blocks associate so that the solutions form ideally elastic solids. In our case the solvent is 2-ethylhexanol, polymer volume fractions vary from 0.05 to 0.3, and the elastic moduli are close to 10,000 Pa. We have conducted three types of experiments to elucidate the origins of adhesion and bulk mechanical properties of these materials: 1) Weakly adhering gels: The adhesive properties of the gels are dominated by the solvent. Very little adhesion hysteresis is observed in this case, although we do observe hysteresis associated with the frictional response of the layers. 2) Strongly adhering gels. By heating the gels in contact with a PMMA surface, it is possible to bond the gels to the surface. Development of adhesion as the PMMA blocks penetrate into the PMMA substrate can be probed in this case. The cohesive strengths of the gels are found to be substantially greater than their elastic moduli, so that these materials can be reversibly extended to very high strains. These properties have enabled us to probe the origins of elastic shape instabilities that play a very important role in the behavior of thin adhesive layers. 3) Dried gels — model pressure sensitive adhesives. By removing the solvent at low temperatures, the underlying structure of the gel is preserved, giving a thin elastic layer with excellent performance as a pressure sensitive adhesive. Resistance to adhesive failure, expressed as a velocity-dependent fracture energy, greatly exceeds the thermodynamic work of adhesion. This energy is further magnified by ‘bulk’ energy dissipation when the stress applied to the adhesive layer exceeds its yield stress.
The Premenstrual Syndrome

The major purpose of this article is to review the current status of research on the premenstrual syndrome, pointing out specific areas which have been neglected and suggesting considerations for future research.
Ocular Adnexal Lymphoma: Staging and Treatment

A definitive diagnosis of ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL) is based upon biopsy as benign conditions including reactive lymphoid hyperplasia cannot be differentiated based on clinical grounds alone. Once the diagnosis has been established, OAL is classified and staging is performed. OAL can coexist with lymphoma in other systemic sites in 15–25 % of cases. For this reason, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary and includes a thorough systemic evaluation and referral to an experienced medical oncologist.
What is Y2K and how did the University of Nevada system solve it

What is the Y2K phenomenon and How Did the University of Nevada System Computer Services solve the Problem a Year Early?
Juxtacellular Labeling of Individual Neurons In Vivo: From Electrophysiology to Synaptology

This chapter summarizes details pertaining to the extracellular recording and juxtacellular labeling method and its application to the characterization of basal forebrain neurons. Juxtacellular labeling is compared to other single-cell labeling techniques. Compatibility of the method with fluorescent retrograde/anterograde neural tracing, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopy techniques is also illustrated.
The Jurisprudence of Edward S. Robinson

THE PAGES of a law journal are ill adapted to express the sense of bitter tragedy and irreparable personal loss which all of us at Yale feel in the loss of our friend and colleague, Edward S. Robinson. I will not try it. I prefer as a final tribute to him to attempt to put on paper a glimpse of that brilliant, restless, pioneering mind, unusual in any generation of scholars. Professor Robinson viewed the entire world of social institutions from the angle given him by his long training in observing what most of us call the 'human mind." He refused to accept the traditional learning or the traditional limitations of any subject. He avoided the sedate security of what scholars call a "field." When his observation told him that the "law" must necessarily be a very simple and somewhat primitive technique, he had the courage to act on that assumption and write down his observations on law and lawyers. Many lawyers thought him a trespasser upon their exclusive territory, and many psychologists considered him a wanderer from the established limitations marked out by the constitutional fathers of that subject. A certain hostility of this kind was inevitable. Broad points of view are not congenial to the attitude which has departmentalized our institutions of learning. The queer country of scholarship has been mapped out in little irregular patches of domain, staked out and appropriated by different groups with names derived from Latin and Greek sources. It is all right for the neighbors to get together now and then for a housewarming, or for a cooperative effort in which the resources of their respective principalities are joined for the common good. But when one man crosses to his neighbor's domain to make maps and sketches of the fortifications, as if he contemplated changing the boundaries, he is greeted with suspicion and alarm. Scholarship has its own capitalistic system and thousands of earnest and industrious men are dependent on it for both prestige and income. They do not want their separate properties taken away without due process. They have spent endless effort building books and articles on these properties. The separation of powers between lawyers, economists and psychologists is the most important concept in the federation of independent intellectual sovereignties known as a University. Even inside these independent sovereignties, enterprise is far from communistic. The law has its own little fields, within its larger field. Deans of law schools, when a "property man" resigns, seek to replace him with another "property man," and will not hear of hiring a "con-
Characterization of mechanical properties of thin-film Li-ion battery electrodes from laser excitation and measurements of zero group velocity resonances

The mechanical properties of thin-film Li-ion battery electrodes are controlled by the microstructure of the constituent materials. In this work, a noncontact and nondestructive measurement of the mechanical properties of electrode films is performed by measurement of zero-group velocity (ZGV) resonances. Theoretical models are used to quantify the sensitivity of the ZGV resonances to changes in mechanical properties. The ZGV Lamb modes of a solid bilayer consisting of a thin metallic layer and a thin compliant coating layer are shown to be dependent on Young’s moduli, thicknesses, densities, and Poisson’s ratios of the layers. Experimental ZGV resonances are excited using a pulsed infrared laser and detected using a laser interferometer. Commercial-grade battery films with different coating materials, densities, and thicknesses are measured. Young’s moduli of the battery electrode layers are estimated using the combination of a theoretical model and experimental results. The effect of the calendering process on the battery materials is also investigated. Results suggest that Young’s modulus of the electrode coating increases drastically after the battery films are calendered. This technique can be used to quantitatively study the mechanical properties of Li-ion battery electrodes in order to improve overall battery performance.The mechanical properties of thin-film Li-ion battery electrodes are controlled by the microstructure of the constituent materials. In this work, a noncontact and nondestructive measurement of the mechanical properties of electrode films is performed by measurement of zero-group velocity (ZGV) resonances. Theoretical models are used to quantify the sensitivity of the ZGV resonances to changes in mechanical properties. The ZGV Lamb modes of a solid bilayer consisting of a thin metallic layer and a thin compliant coating layer are shown to be dependent on Young’s moduli, thicknesses, densities, and Poisson’s ratios of the layers. Experimental ZGV resonances are excited using a pulsed infrared laser and detected using a laser interferometer. Commercial-grade battery films with different coating materials, densities, and thicknesses are measured. Young’s moduli of the battery electrode layers are estimated using the combination of a theoretical model and experimental results. The effect of the calendering pro...
The development of corporal third-party punishment.

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that toddlers are willing to punish those who harm others. This work, however, has predominantly focused on punishment in the form of resource reduction—taking away a resource or withholding access to a resource from an antisocial other. Here, in two studies, we examined whether 4- to 7-year-old children (N = 141) engage in direct, corporal punishment against antisocial others in third-party contexts. Children were given the opportunity to press buttons so that antisocial and prosocial puppets would be hit with a hammer. In Study 1, younger children (∼4-year-olds) hit the antisocial and prosocial puppets indiscriminately, whereas older children (∼7-year-olds) tended to preferentially hit the antisocial puppet. In Study 2, we tested a larger sample of 4- to 7-year-olds, and found that none of the children engaged in corporal punishment. Collapsing across both Studies 1 and 2 also indicated a null effect—children did not engage in third-party corporal punishment. We observed these findings even though children evaluated the antisocial puppet as mean and understood that pressing the hit button hurt the puppets. These findings suggest that children lack a strong desire to corporally punish third-party social wrongdoers. Our results illustrate the importance of considering different types of punishment in assessing the development of third-party punishment, and raise questions about the development of corporal third-party punishment.
Terahertz field–induced ferroelectricity in quantum paraelectric SrTiO3

"Hidden phases" are metastable collective states of matter that are typically not accessible on equilibrium phase diagrams. These phases can host exotic properties in otherwise conventional materials and hence may enable novel functionality and applications, but their discovery and access are still in early stages. Using intense terahertz electric field excitation, we found that an ultrafast phase transition into a hidden ferroelectric phase can be dynamically induced in quantum paraelectric strontium titanate (SrTiO3). The induced lowering in crystal symmetry yields substantial changes in the phonon excitation spectra. Our results demonstrate collective coherent control over material structure, in which a single-cycle field drives ions along the microscopic pathway leading directly to their locations in a new crystalline phase on an ultrafast time scale.
Nutritional Risk Factors, Microbiota and Parkinson's Disease: What Is the Current Evidence?

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a frequent neurodegenerative disease among elderly people. Genetic and underlying environmental factors seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of PD related to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the striatum. In previous experimental researches oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, homocysteine, and neuroinflammation have been reported as potential mechanisms. Among environmental factors, nutrition is one of the most investigated areas as it is a potentially modifiable factor. The purpose of this review is to provide current knowledge regarding the relation between diet and PD risk. We performed a comprehensive review including the most relevant studies from the year 2000 onwards including prospective studies, nested case-control studies, and meta-analysis. Among dietary factors we focused on specific nutrients and food groups, alcoholic beverages, uric acid, and dietary patterns. Furthermore, we included studies on microbiota as recent findings have shown a possible impact on neurodegeneration. As a conclusion, there are still many controversies regarding the relationship between PD and diet which, beside methodological differences among studies, may be due to underlying genetic and gender-specific factors. However, some evidence exists regarding a potential protective effect of uric acid, poly-unsaturated fatty acids, coffee, and tea but mainly in men, whereas dairy products, particularly milk, might increase PD risk through contaminant mediated effect.
Cochlear Implantation in Craniometaphyseal Dysplasia.

Objective Describe the first case of cochlear implantation (CI) for auditory rehabilitation of a patient with craniometaphyseal dysplasia (CMD) and progressive mixed hearing loss. Patients A 65-year-old woman with known autosomal dominant CMD presented with progressive mixed hearing loss and declining benefit from conventional hearing aids. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed hyperostosis of the entire craniofacial skeleton. Hearing evaluation demonstrated pure-tone thresholds in the profound range bilaterally by air conduction, and bone conduction thresholds that matched aided thresholds for her left ear, though testing was somewhat limited by inability to mask at high air-conduction thresholds. CI candidacy testing confirmed poor word and sentence scores in the right ear. Intervention Due to the inability to access the cochlea via a conventional mastoidectomy and facial recess approach, cochlear implantation via a postauricular subtotal petrosectomy approach with ear canal overclosure was performed. Main outcome measures Post-implantation word and sentence testing. Results Despite extensive internal auditory canal stenosis, the patient demonstrated excellent early speech understanding results 5 weeks after device activation. Postimplantation audiologic evaluation showed thresholds between 20 and 30 dB HL from 250 to 6000 Hz. Word and sentence testing scores were 76% Consonant-nucleus-consonant in quiet (up from 2% preoperatively) and 77% AzBio sentences in quiet (up from 10% preoperatively). Conclusion This report describes the first description of CI for CMD. Despite the extensive radiologic abnormalities, the patient has demonstrated excellent benefit from implantation. Further study of rare temporal bone dysplasias, such as CMD, is critical to better characterize the progression of otologic disease and determine optimal treatment.
Two-Way Cultural Transmission in Study-Abroad: U.S. Host Families and Japanese College Students in Short-Term Homestay Programs

This study addresses a gap in the study-abroad literature, examining both student and host family experiences of two-way cultural transmission. Interviews, participant observation and reflective jo...
Sublethal Effects of Dermal Exposure to Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances on Postmetamorphic Amphibians

Studies of the toxicity of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on amphibians, especially after metamorphosis, are limited. We examined effects of dermal PFAS exposure (30 d) on survival and growth of juvenile American toads (Anaxyrus americanus), eastern tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum), and northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens). Chemicals included perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) at 0, 80, 800, or 8000 ppb on a moss dry weight basis. Exposure to PFAS influenced final snout-vent length (SVL) and scaled mass index (SMI), a measure of relative body condition. Observed effects depended on species and chemical, but not concentration. Anurans exposed to PFOS, PFHxS (frogs only), and 6:2 FTS demonstrated reduced SVL versus controls, whereas salamanders exposed to 6:2 FTS showed increased SVL. Frogs exposed to PFHxS and 6:2 FTS and toads exposed to PFOS had increased SMI compared to controls; salamanders did not demonstrate effects. Concentrations of 6:2 FTS in substrate decreased substantially by 30 d, likely driven by microbial action. Perfluorooctane sulfonate had notable biota-sediment accumulation factors, but was still <1. Although a no-observable-effect concentration could not generally be determined, the lowest-observable-effect concentration was 50 to 120 ppb. Survival was not affected. The present study demonstrates that PFAS bioaccumulation from dermal exposures and sublethal effects are dependent on species, chemical, and focal trait. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:717-726. © 2020 SETAC.
Experimental Study on Ring Stiffness of Cable Conduit

Ring stiffness is an important factor in the construction and design of buried cable conduit, which determines whether the pipe can resist external forces for a long time. This paper focuses on the experimental study of the ring stiffness of cable conduit. The ring stiffness tests of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and modified polypropylene (MPP) under different conditions are carried out to verify the influence of thickness and temperature on the ring stiffness of pipe. The test results show that both thickness and temperature have a significant effect on the ring stiffness of pipe. At the same time, the influence of temperature on the ring stiffness of different materials is different, and the possible reasons are analyzed. The conclusion of the experiment has guiding significance for the quality inspection and practical application of cable conduit.
Efficiency of School Administration and the Participation in Students’ Quality Development of Wat Adisorn School that Affiliated with Prathumthani Primary Educational Service Area Office 2.

The purposes of this study are for 1) To study the Efficiency Level of School Administration. 2) To study the Participation Level of Students’ Quality Development. 3) To Compare the Efficiency Level of School Administration distinguish by Personnel Types. 4) To Compare Participation Level of Students’ Quality Development distinguish by Personnel Types. And, 5) To find the Relationship between Efficiency of School Administration and the Participation in Students’ Quality Development of Wat Adisorn School that Affiliated with Prathumthani Primary Educational Service Area Office 2. Thus, the stratified random group sample is used for the process and the total of 60 stakeholder personnel from Wat Adisorn School educational management is obtained. Research instrument is Questionnaire and the statistical application is mean, t-Test, Pearson’s simple correlation moment product. The study results found that Efficiency in School Administration is in very high level and the Participation in Student’s Quality Development is also in high level. Meanwhile, Comparison Level of Efficiency in Administration of Wat Adisorn School when distinguish by Personnel Types, results found have no difference. However, Comparison Level of Student’s Quality Development Participation when distinguish by Personnel Types, found that difference is in statistical significant level of .01 and also found that School Efficiency in School Administration and the Participation in Students’ Quality Development have relationship in the low level in the statistical significant level of .01 with the coefficient correlation value of .414.
Oral contraceptive use and gestational choriocarcinoma.

Substantial advances have occurred in the treatment of gestational trophoblastic disease, but little is known about the etiology. Routine screening of data from a case-control study of several diseases revealed an association between gestational choriocarcinoma and oral contraceptive (OC) use. A detailed analysis of 23 cases of gestational choriocarcinoma, 34 of invasive hydatidiform mole, and 49 of hydatidiform mole, each matched on age and geographic area to 4 controls who had been pregnant at least once, was carried out. Relative to women who had never used oral contraceptives, the estimated relative risk of choriocarcinoma for women who had used oral contraceptives for at least 5 years was 6.0 (95% CI, 1.3 to 28); for invasive mole and hydatidiform mole, the relative risks were elevated but not statistically significant. Oral contraceptive use has also been associated with an increased risk of gestational choriocarcinoma in a recent study conducted in the western U.S. These findings raise the hypothesis that long-term oral contraceptive use, or a correlate of use such as exposure to sexually transmitted infections, increases the risk of one or more of the manifestations of gestational trophoblastic disease.
Toxicity assessment of concurrent gabapentin/pregabalin administration with high-dose melphalan in autologous hematopoietic cell transplant recipients

A theoretical pharmacokinetic interaction mediated through l-amino acid transporter 1 and 2 exists between gabapentin (GP) and pregabalin (PG) with melphalan. Peripheral neuropathy is a common toxicity of various multiple myeloma regimens commonly utilized prior to autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (auto-HCT) with high-dose melphalan (HD-Mel). Therefore, it is likely concurrent administration of either GP or PG will occur in patients receiving HD-Mel conditioning for auto-HCT, which could potentially increase cellular uptake and worsen the mucosal injury. A retrospective chart review of adult patients from January 2012 to July 2016 who received HD-Mel (140–200 mg/m2) at West Virginia University Medicine was performed to assess toxicity and outcomes in these patients. A total of 80 patients were included in the study, with 30 patients receiving GP or PG and 50 control patients. There were no significant differences in grade 2 or higher mucositis, admissions for nausea/vomiting/diarrhea, intravenous opioid requirements, oral topical therapies, antidiarrheal medication use, rescue anti-emetics, days of nausea or vomiting, pain scores, neutrophil or platelet engraftment, treatment-related mortality, progression-free survival, or overall survival. Our data suggest that it is safe to continue GP/PG therapy throughout HD-Mel therapy, with no negative transplant outcomes. Prospective studies or evaluations of larger databases are necessary to better characterize the clinical effect of concomitant therapy.
Toward a Comparative History of Racial Thought in Africa: Historicism, Barbarism, Autochthony

Using material from the history of African thought, this essay proposes a strategy for writing a comparative history of race that ranges beyond a consideration of white supremacy and its anti-racist inflections. Studies of race outside the global north have often been hobbled by rigid modernist assumptions that over-privilege the determining influence of Western discourses at the expense of local intellectual inheritances. This essay, in contrast, proposes a focus on locally inherited discourses of difference that have shown signs of becoming racialized, at times through entanglement with Western ideas. It pays particular attention to discourses that arranged “human kinds” along a progression from barbarian to civilized, suggesting the presence of African historicisms that in modern times have converged with the stadial ideas that played a major role in Western racial thought.