cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Interpretation of Statements in Standard Logical Form by Preservice Elementary Teachers.

T he development of logical reasoning has long been accepted as an important goal of mathematics instruction. The importance of logical reasoning, not only as a long-term goal, but also as a tool for learning and doing elementary mathematics appears to be increasing with the current emphasis on problem solving. The nature of the reasoning processes used by elementary teachers is, therefore, of interest and importance. The use of class and conditional logic among various groups in the general population has been the subject of many studies in recent years; much of this research is reviewed by Wason and Johnson-Laird (1972) and by Roberge (1972). Two studies (Eisenberg & McGinty, 1974; Jansson, 1975) have investigated logical inference among preservice elementary teachers. Overall performance of subjects in these studies was low; Eisenberg and McGinty's population performed somewhat better (an average of 54.5% correct over five problem types) than Jansson's (an average of 36.8% correct over four problem types). Jansson (1975) and Eisenberg and McGinty (1974) revealed that preservice elementary teachers are insufficiently trained in the area of conditional reasoning and advised that development and implementation of instruction in logic for preservice teachers is overdue. Jansson suggested that efficient instruction can be accomplished only after further understanding of the problem is acquired. The current study was undertaken to determine how preservice teachers perform on two types of tasks related to the inference tasks studied by the researchers cited above. One of these tasks is similar to those used by Paris (1973) in a study of logical usage by subjects at five grade levels. The other type of task does not appear to have been studied before. The relationship of the tasks used in the current study to the inference tasks used by Eisenberg and McGinty and by Jansson is clarified by considering truth value as a function (TV) of statements. In traditional inference tasks, subjects are told the values of TV(p C q)# and one of TV(p) and TV(q); they are then asked to determine the missing value TV(p) or TV(q). This type of task is schematized in the first column of Figure 1. Figure 1 also provides schematic descriptions of the two types of tasks
Robust flat waves with a uniform feed using a randomized local search

Placement of radar emitters in non-uniformly spaced radar arrays typically involves optimizing the placement of a fixed number of emitter elements across the array. This paper explores optimizing for a flat wave under uniform feed where the number of emitter elements is not fixed. A randomized local search algorithm is used to generate an emitter design, and a greedy search is used to find the optimal solution in that neighborhood. This technique results in a near-field wave with less than 1 dB of amplitude ripple and less than 8 degrees of phase ripple across a width of 50λ. The designs chosen are robust in the sense that solutions with neighboring pixels on are also of high quality. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can also find array designs that generate flat waves that are not parallel to the emitter array. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TIMELY REPETITIVE ANTENATAL STEROIDS (AS) VS. SINGLE COURSE AS: EFFECT ON FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY (FRC) AND RESPIRATORY COMPLIANCE (CRS) IN PRETERM INFANTS. † 1357

TIMELY REPETITIVE ANTENATAL STEROIDS (AS) VS. SINGLE COURSE AS: EFFECT ON FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY (FRC) AND RESPIRATORY COMPLIANCE (CRS) IN PRETERM INFANTS. † 1357
Combining supine MRI and 3D optical scanning for improved surgical planning of breast conserving surgeries

Image-guided wire localization is the current standard of care for the excision of non-palpable carcinomas during breast conserving surgeries (BCS). The efficacy of this technique depends upon the accuracy of wire placement, maintenance of the fixed wire position (despite patient movement), and the surgeon's understanding of the spatial relationship between the wire and tumor. Notably, breast shape can vary significantly between the imaging and surgical positions. Despite this method of localization, re-excision is needed in approximately 30% of patients due to the proximity of cancer to the specimen margins. These limitations make wire localization an inefficient and imprecise procedure. Alternatively, we investigate a method of image registration and finite element (FE) deformation which correlates preoperative supine MRIs with 3D optical scans of the breast surface. MRI of the breast can accurately define the extents of very small cancers. Furthermore, supine breast MR reduces the amount of tissue deformation between the imaging and surgical positions. At the time of surgery, the surface contour of the breast may be imaged using a handheld 3D laser scanner. With the MR images segmented by tissue type, the two scans are approximately registered using fiducial markers present in both acquisitions. The segmented MRI breast volume is then deformed to match the optical surface using a FE mechanical model of breast tissue. The resulting images provide the surgeon with 3D views and measurements of the tumor shape, volume, and position within the breast as it appears during surgery which may improve surgical guidance and obviate the need for wire localization.
Alternating periodic and chaotic regimes in a chemical reaction — Experiment and theory

Abstract Experiments on the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction in a stirred flow reactor reveal a sequence of alternating periodic and chaotic regimes as the residence time is increased. The same sequence is predicted by a numerical study of a four-variable model that describes the primary chemical steps of the reaction.
Activity of NiO in (Ni,Mg)O Solid Solutions

Disagreement exists in the literature concerning the activity of NiO in (Ni,Mg)O solid solutions. Ideal behavior, as well as strong positive deviations and strong negative deviations from ideality, has been reported. In the present study, the activity of NiO was determined by electromotive force measurements using the solid-state cell Pt/Ni-NiO/0.92ZrO 2 -0.08Y 2 O 3 /Ni-(Ni,Mg)O/Pt. The compositions studied had NiO mole fractions of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9. In agreement with theoretical expectations, the solid solutions exhibited ideal behavior at 882 o and 982 o C. Possible reasons for the conflicting results in the literature are presented
Quantitative analysis of the inhibitory effect of HPMC on felodipine crystallization kinetics using population balance modeling

In the present paper, the effect of the polymer additive, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), on inhibiting the nucleation and growth of felodipine from supersaturated aqueous solutions was investigated. To characterize the growth and nucleation kinetics, seeded and unseeded desupersaturation experiments were carried out, respectively. A mathematical model for the batch crystallization of felodipine was constructed by using empirical expressions for nucleation and growth, a population balance equation, and a material balance. An optimization algorithm was employed to obtain the kinetic parameters in the nucleation and growth expressions by fitting the simulated results to the experimental data. Population balance modeling successfully allowed for the decoupling of the separate effect of HPMC on the nucleation and growth rates. In both the absence and presence of polymer, the growth mechanism of felodipine was determined to be intermediate between mass diffusion and surface integration controlled growth. HPMC was able to inhibit nucleation and growth at very low polymer concentrations (0.2 μg mL−1). However, the inhibitory impact was much greater on nucleation as opposed to growth. At a concentration of 3.5 μg mL−1, HPMC was found to decrease felodipine nucleation by up to eight orders of magnitude while it only decreased the rate of crystal growth by a factor of two. Furthermore, at high concentrations, the inhibitory impact of HPMC on growth reached a plateau and any further increases in polymer concentration were ineffective.
Video-assisted transumbilical appendectomy in children.

Abstract Background Video-assisted transumbilical appendectomy (VATA) is a combination of laparoscopic and open techniques and is not widely used in children. We are reporting our most recent experience with this technique. Methods After the institutional review board approval, the charts of patients who underwent VATA between December 2003 and October 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. All children presenting with a preoperative diagnosis of appendicitis were candidates. A 10-mm trocar was placed in the umbilicus. An operating laparoscope was used for mobilizing the appendix. The appendix was delivered through the umbilicus. A standard extracorporeal appendectomy was performed. The umbilical ring was closed and the wound irrigated. Demographic and outcome data were collected and is presented as mean ± SD. Results Sixty-one males and 50 females underwent VATA (n = 111). Age and weight were 11 ± 3.2 years and 49 ± 22 kg, respectively. Six patients had previous abdominal surgery. Operative time was 36 ± 24 minutes (range, 9-140 minutes). An additional trocar was placed in 2 patients, and 2 patients were converted to open. Five patients had additional procedures. Appendicitis was classified intraoperatively as acute (n = 44), suppurative (n = 5), gangrenous (n = 8), ruptured (n = 30), appendiceal colic (n = 13), and other (n = 11). Preoperative antibiotics were given to 95 patients and were continued in 35 patients postoperatively. Length of stay was 1.8 ± 1.7 days (range, 1-11 days). Length of follow-up was 13 ± 6.3 days (n = 90). Complications included intra-abdominal abscess (n = 1) and wound infection (n = 7). Conclusions Video-assisted transumbilical appendectomy minimizes equipment needs, thus, potentially reducing cost. Simple and complex appendectomies can be performed even if the patient has had previous abdominal surgery. Our complication rate was low, and our operating times and length of stay were short. Video-assisted transumbilical appendectomy is a safe and effective technique in children and can be used in lieu of the 3-trocar laparoscopic technique.
Benefits of Community MPLIS: Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Equity

Traditional measures of benefits have focused primarily on efficiency, with some attention directed towards effectiveness. This paper describes community systems – ostensibly multipurpose land information systems (MPLIS) – that produce three categories of benefits: efficiency, effectiveness and equity (or empowerment). Building on the theoretical model of MPLIS development, the paper defines each type of benefit and describes when and where they can be observed and how they can be measured. The understanding of system benefits promoted by this paper is significant in that it places a higher emphasis on uses of system products throughout the community beyond the agencies that initiate the systems – and therefore community benefits than previous geographic information science benefits research.
P03.02. Application of an Integrative Medicine Model in Pancreatic Cancer

Focus Area: Integrative Approaches to Care Introduction: An integrative model of care remains uncommonly utilized in oncology practice. We present the integrative Patient Empowered Care model practiced at our institution in two cases of pancreatic cancer.
Psychiatric morbidity in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review.

Objective: Acute lung injury (ALI), including its more severe subcategory, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), is a critical illness associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to summarize data on the prevalence of depressive, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other anxiety syndromes amongst survivors of ALI/ARDS, potential risk factors for these syndromes, and their relationships to quality of life. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review using Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Eligible studies reported data on psychiatric morbidity at least once after intensive care treatment of ALI/ARDS. Results: Ten observational studies met inclusion criteria (total n 331). Using questionnaires, the point prevalence of “clinically significant” symptoms of depression ranged from 17% to 43% (4 studies); PTSD, 21% to 35% (4 studies); and nonspecific anxiety, 23% to 48% (3 studies). Studies varied in terms of instruments used, thresholds for clinical significance, baseline psychiatric history exclusions, and timing of assessments (range 1 month to 8 years). Psychiatrist-diagnosed PTSD prevalence at hospital discharge, 5 years, and 8 years were 44%, 25%, and 24%, respectively. Three studies prospectively assessed risk factors for post-ALI/ARDS PTSD and depressive symptoms; significant predictors included longer durations of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stay, and sedation. All four studies that examined relationships between psychiatric symptoms and quality of life found significant negative associations. Conclusions: The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in patients surviving ARDS seems high. Future research should incorporate more in-depth diagnostic and risk factor assessments for prevention and monitoring purposes. Key words: acute respiratory distress syndrome, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, critical care, outcome assessment (health care).
Caché: caching location-enhanced content to improve user privacy

Location-enhanced content while useful for mobile users can also be harmful for their privacy. We present feasibility analysis and preliminary evaluation of Cache, an approach for preserving mobile users' privacy by caching location-enhanced content in advance.
The contested nature of historical GIS

The braid binding together history and geography has loosened and tightened many times since the two subjects became academic disciplines in the nineteenth century. Over the past 15 years or so, hi...
Broken-cloud enhancement of solar radiation absorption

Abstract Observations cited by Ramanathan et al. and Cess et al. indicate systematic errors in the solar radiation parameterizations of the current atmospheric general circulation models. Cloudy scenes have an observational excess (or calculational deficit) of atmospheric absorption. Pilewskie and Valero have also reported anomalously large absorption. A simple model is presented here to show how fields of broken clouds cause average photon pathlengths to be greater than those predicted by homogeneous radiative transfer calculations of cloud-atmosphere ensemble with similar albedos, especially under and within the cloud layer. This one-sided bias is a contribution to the anomalous absorption. The model is illustrated quantitatively with a numerical stochastic radiative transfer calculation. More than one-half the anomaly is explained for the parameters used in the numerical example.
Neointimal obstruction of Carpentier-Edwards valved conduit in two patients with modified Fontan procedure

Abstract In 2 patients (single ventricle and dextrotransposition of the great arteries with hypoplastic right ventricle) who underwent a modified Fontan procedure, significant disruption of the tricuspid patch developed. The valved conduits remained patent until reoperation at two and six months, respectively. At the time of reclosure of the tricuspid patch, unavoidable manipulation of the conduits from dissection of adhesions led to detachment and collapse of the neointima, thereby producing complete obstruction of the conduit. The problem was detected immediately in the first patient and prompted clearance of the conduit of the collapsed neointima. In the second patient, the diagnosis was made six months later and conduit replacement was required. Both patients did well following reoperation. We suggest that in patients with woven valved conduits inserted for a Fontan procedure who require reoperation and extensive manipulation of the conduit, removal of the neointima or conduit replacement should be considered.
A method for superfusion of the isolated perfused tubule.

The isolated perfused tubule technique has become a standard tool for studying renal function 11—31. It has been established that essentially all segments of the mammalian nephron can be dissected from the kidney parenchyma and studied in vitro under controlled conditions 13]. The method has been primarily applied to defining transport properties of individual nephron segments. Another type of potential application of this technique is the study of synthesis and release of hormones or autocoids by individual nephron segments. This type of application requires a method for making repeat quantitative bath collections. Standard methods exist for collecting tubular perfusate [I. 2]. and a method has been developed for collection of tubular reaborbate [4], but standard methods are not available for continuous, quantitative bath collection. Interruption of bath flow to allow accumulation ofa secreted product interrupts continuous delivery of fresh bath fluid to the tubule and results in uneven mixing. Bath changes are associated with mechanical disturbance to the tubule and can result in alterations in perfusion dynamics.'he relatively large volume of the standard bath chamber results in dilution of any secreted product, while reduction in chamber size increases the difficulty of initiating perfusion. In the present report we describe a technique for superfusion of the isolated perfused tubule. The method was developed to study the effect on renin secretion of changing fluid composition at the macuki densa [5]. but is potentially applicable to other nephron segments and other secreted products. It permits continuous quantitative collection of the fluid bathing the perfused tubule with minimal mechanical disturbance of the tubule.
Out-of-band detection of boot-sequence termination events

The popularization of both virtualization and CDP technologies mean that we can now watch disk accesses of systems from entities which are not controlled by the OS. This is a rich source of information about the system's inner workings. In this paper, we explore one way of mining the stream of data, to determine if the system had finished booting. Systems which we detect as failing to boot (or taking too long to boot) are flagged for further manual or automatic remediation. By performing this detection out-of-band, we gain a head start on any detection scheme that runs within the OS, and therefore must wait for the boot event to finish. Additionally, our scheme is agnostic to file-system layout and to kernel architecture.We implemented our solution for the x86 architecture under two different virtualization platforms, and tested it on both Windows and Linux virtual machines. Under a variety of workloads and configurations, our detector managed to successfully identify the boot termination event, in most cases within 5 seconds of the event.
Spin correlation, excitation, and relaxation of antiferromagnetic hematite α − Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles

We study the dynamics of spins in the canted antiferromagnetic hematite nanoparticles $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The system includes an antiferromagnetic exchange $(J)$ between two sublattices as well as the potential dominated by a uniaxial anisotropy and dissipates through the thermally triggered spin-phonon channel. It is known that two distinct kinds of spin dynamics can be observed in the system; the superparamagnetic relaxation along the easy axis and the collective excitation near the easy axis. We examine the role of the exchange $J$ in both types of dynamics and find that the exchange $J$ reduces the superparamagnetic relaxation and drives the incoherent relaxation of transverse spins (decreasing behaviors of the transverse relaxation with $T$) at low temperature especially when $T⪡J{S}^{2}$. In particular, it is found that the transverse relaxation would have a minimum near $T\ensuremath{\sim}J{S}^{2}$ and a slow upturn when $T⪢J{S}^{2}$. This means the exchange $J$ is essential in understanding the dynamics qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Results of recent inelastic neutron scattering experiments are semiquantitatively understood within a role of the exchange interaction $J$. Further, a reliable estimation for the relevant parameters of the system is done.
Mechanical Property Experiments with Ultra-High Strength Micrometer Scale Fibers

Recent advances in materials synthesis have resulted in the development of continuous carbon fibers with one micron diameter and tensile strengths exceeding 5 GPa. Mechanical experiments on such strong fibers with very small diameters require tensile forces of the order of 5 mN or larger, which presents a major challenge to surface micromachined MEMS–based methods, while making rather impractical the use of existing macroscale methods for fiber testing. The application of large forces results in nonlinear response and out-of-plane deflections of surface micromachined MEMS. Furthermore, existing means for attaching high strength microscale fibers to MEMS can bias the measurement of the mechanical strength or the elastic modulus. This study addresses these issues via the design of microscale mechanical testing devices with a full-range linear response for several microNewtons of applied force, while also employing a new compliant gripping method, which eliminates specimen sliding or failure initiation of high strength fibers at the grips. With this new method, high strength carbon fibers of 1 μm diameter, reinforced with carbon nanotubes, were 100 % successfully tested. Notably, the fiber strength measured with the new compliant gripping method which averted fiber failure at the grips, was 20 % higher than that measured using the prior state-of-the-art approach for fiber gripping via Pt deposition by a focused ion beam.
Electron microscopy of superhelical circular λ DNA

Abstract Electron microscopy confirms that circular λ DNA molecules contain supertwists. The average number of primary supertwists at low ionic strength (0.06) is 117, or 3.8 per million molecular weight. This number is not constant but decreases to an average of 12 when the ionic strength is increased to 2.0. The sedimentation rate of the superhelical molecules also decreases when the ionic strength is increased through this range. The change in number of twists as revealed by both sedimentation and electron microscopy indicates that the pitch of the primary DNA helix varies with ionic strength.
Repetition rate spectroscopy of the dark line resonance in rubidium

Abstract Spectroscopy of a Λ structure in 87 Rb is performed with a mode locked laser. A dark line, resulting from population trapping between the hyperfine levels, is observed when the repetition rate is 1/57th of the hyperfine splitting. Simulation of coherent interaction of Rb atoms with laser pulses shows darklines corresponding to different submultiple of the hyperfine splitting. It is demonstrated experimentally and theoretically that the resonance width is insensitive to fluctuations in optical frequency.
Breeding Perennial Ryegrass for Resistance to Gray Leaf Spot

Gray leaf spot, caused by the fungus Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc. [teleomorph Magnaporthe grisea (T.T. Herbert) Yaegashi & Udagawa], can be a devastating disease on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The identification and utilization of perennial ryegrass cultivars with improved resistance to gray leaf spot would reduce the need for fungicide applications. The objectives of this study were to: (i) evaluate cultivars, experimental selections, and single-plot progenies of perennial ryegrass for resistance to gray leaf spot, (ii) develop populations from selected resistant parents to determine improvements in the next generation, and (iii) determine heritability and the response to selection for gray leaf spot resistance in perennial ryegrass populations. Two perennial ryegrass field experiments consisting of commercial cultivars and experimental selections, were established in 2000 and 2001 at Adelphia, NJ. Susceptibility of germplasm to gray leaf spot was evaluated following ephemeral natural outbreaks of the disease that occurred three to four weeks post seeding. Parents with improved resistance to gray leaf spot were selected based on progeny turf plot evaluations in 2000, inter-pollinated and seeded into turf plots in the 2001 experiment. Most cultivars and selections evaluated in both experiments had greater than 50% gray leaf spot disease. The high broad-sense heritability estimate (0.92) and similar response of progeny compared to selected parents indicated that parent selection based on progeny tests was a good selection method to predict the combining ability of the parents. It also proved successful in improving gray leaf spot resistance in the next generation, which will be important for the development of more disease resistant cultivars.
Imaging stability in force-feedback high-speed atomic force microscopy.

Abstract We studied the stability of force-feedback high-speed atomic force microscopy (HSAFM) by imaging soft, hard, and biological sample surfaces at various applied forces. The HSAFM images showed sudden topographic variations of streaky fringes with a negative applied force when collected on a soft hydrocarbon film grown on a grating sample, whereas they showed stable topographic features with positive applied forces. The instability of HSAFM images with the negative applied force was explained by the transition between contact and noncontact regimes in the force–distance curve. When the grating surface was cleaned, and thus hydrophilic by removing the hydrocarbon film, enhanced imaging stability was observed at both positive and negative applied forces. The higher adhesive interaction between the tip and the surface explains the improved imaging stability. The effects of imaging rate on the imaging stability were tested on an even softer adhesive Escherichia coli biofilm deposited onto the grating structure. The biofilm and planktonic cell structures in HSAFM images were reproducible within the force deviation less than ∼0.5 nN at the imaging rate up to 0.2 s per frame, suggesting that the force-feedback HSAFM was stable for various imaging speeds in imaging softer adhesive biological samples.
Semiconduction in metal-molten salt mixtures

Abstract The semiconducting behaviour of intermediate concentrations of Bi in BiI3 and Te in TeI4 is discussed in terms of Mott's picture of disordered semiconductors.
The Rigidity Dependence of Solar Particle Scattering Mean Free Paths

The rigidity dependence of solar particle scattering mean free paths in the range from 0.1 to a few GV is a key parameter to distinguish between different models for the nature of wave-particle interactions and of interplanetary magnetic turbulence. Here we present an analysis of electron and ion data, covering a large portion of the above range, obtained from modeling intensity and anisotropy profiles of a series of solar particle events in 1982 August that show exceptionally large but finite mean free paths. Combined with particle measurements from previously analyzed events that exhibit mean free paths in the range of 0.02 to 0.5 AU, we find that a uniform shape of the functional form of the rigidity dependence, which varies only in absolute height for different events, can explain all observations. These results place severe constraints on any propagation theory and rule out a number of recently suggested models to improve the standard quasilinear theory of particle scattering. Our findings may indicate that the component of the turbulence the particles interact with does not vary much with respect to its decomposition into different modes and their respective spectral and angular wavenumber dependencies, and basically the total power of this component is responsible for the level of the mean free paths.
Weighting in instrumental variables and G-estimation.

We propose here a simple scheme to use information on compliance and prerandomization covariates to improve analysis of randomized trials with non-compliance. We use the data to determine the effect of randomization on treatment received among various strata defined by pretreatment covariates. When the effect of treatment received on the outcome of interest is the same across strata and pretreatment covariates predict non-compliance, weighting the estimating functions by the effect of randomization on treatment received can improve the precision of explanatory estimates of treatment effect and can increase the power of intent-to-treat tests of the null hypothesis. Efficiency gains under the weighting scheme are a simple increasing function of the variability of these weights. Such weighting schemes will often lead to improvements even when these conditions are not met. We use a randomized trial of cholestyramine to illustrate these points.
2-(S)-Phenethylaminothiazolones as Potent, Orally Efficacious Inhibitors of 11β-Hydroxysteriod Dehydrogenase Type 1

11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is the enzyme that converts cortisone to cortisol. A growing body of evidence suggests that selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1 could potentially treat metabolic syndrome as well as type 2 diabetes. Through modification of our initial lead 1, we have discovered trifluoromethyl thiazolone 17. This compound had a Ki of 22 nM, possessed low in vivo clearance, and showed a 91% inhibition of adipose 11β-HSD1 enzymatic activity in a mouse ex vivo pharmacodynamic model.
Influence of episodic acidification on leaf breakdown in neighboring streams of the western Adirondacks, USA

We tested whether leaf breakdown of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) was sensitive to slight differences in episodic acidification. We measured leaf breakdown in four headwater streams within the Adirondack Mountains, New York, USA, in summer and autumn 2005. We also investigated whether episodic acidification influenced the breakdown of beech and maple in leaf litter mixtures in autumn. Breakdown of maple was faster than that of beech for both summer and autumn, and species mixtures did not affect the breakdown rates of maple or beech. Breakdown rates of maple but not beech were highest in the circumneutral stream, but only in summer. Although microbial respiration rate for maple was greatest in the circumneutral stream in autumn, both maple and beech breakdown in autumn were greatest in one of the episodically acidified streams. Higher discharge and a greater proportion of riffle areas in this stream probably led to greater physical fragmentation rates in autumn when d...
Contrasting effects of chronic ethanol feeding on centrally and peripherally evoked hypotension in telemetered female rats.

Abstract Our previous studies have shown that ethanol compromises hypotension produced by centrally acting antihypertensive agents in normotensive and hypertensive male rats. The present study investigated whether female rats are as susceptible as male rats to the deleterious effect of ethanol on centrally evoked hypotension. The study was extended to investigate ethanol effects on the time-domain indices of variability in blood pressure [standard deviation of mean arterial pressure (SDMAP)] and heart rate [standard deviation of beat-to-beat intervals (SDRR) and root mean square of successive differences in R–R intervals (rMSSD)]. The hemodynamic effects of a single intraperitoneal dose of clonidine (30 μg/kg) were evaluated in radiotelemetered ethanol-fed (5%, 12 weeks) and pair-fed control Sprague–Dawley rats. In control rats, clonidine caused a significant reduction in MAP that continued for at least 6 h and was associated with reductions in SDMAP and SDRR but not rMSSD, suggesting inhibition of central sympathetic tone. A maximum hypotensive response of −16.4±1.7 mm Hg was demonstrated 40 min after clonidine administration. Ethanol feeding significantly attenuated clonidine hypotension whereas it potentiated the associated reduction in SDMAP. To verify the selectivity of ethanol–clonidine interaction, the effects of ethanol on peripherally mediated hemodynamic responses to hydralazine (0.5 mg/kg ip) were investigated. In contrast to its antagonistic effect on clonidine hypotension, ethanol significantly potentiated the hypotensive effect of hydralazine. Together, these findings demonstrate that chronic ethanol feeding exerts opposite effects on centrally (attenuation) and peripherally (potentiation) evoked hypotension in female rats. The interaction of ethanol with antihypertensive agents may not be related to changes in hemodynamic variability.
Scale decomposition in compressible turbulence

Abstract This work presents a rigorous framework based on coarse-graining to analyze highly compressible turbulence. We show how the requirement that viscous effects on the dynamics of large-scale momentum and kinetic energy be negligible—an inviscid criterion—naturally supports a density weighted coarse-graining of the velocity field. Such a coarse-graining method is already known in the literature as Favre filtering; however its use has been primarily motivated by appealing modeling properties rather than underlying physical considerations. We also prove that kinetic energy injection can be localized to the largest scales by proper stirring, and argue that stirring with an external acceleration field rather than a body force would yield a longer inertial range in simulations. We then discuss the special case of buoyancy-driven flows subject to a spatially-uniform gravitational field. We conclude that a range of scales can exist over which the mean kinetic energy budget is dominated by inertial processes and is immune from contributions due to molecular viscosity and external stirring.
Analysis of relay network duplexing, multiplexing, & multiple access: Application to aeronautical networks

Relay networks have seen use in many systems, including satellites, sensors, aeronautical systems, etc. 1,2 Advantages of relays include range extension, capacity increase, reduced transmission power, and possibly diversity. Disadvantages include increased latency and implementation complexity. In aeronautical applications, link distances can be orders of magnitude larger than in terrestrial cases, and propagation conditions are also substantially different. Thus, solutions for terrestrial settings are not necessarily applicable to aeronautical cases. Although relay networks have seen increased attention, optimal resource allocation methods have not been determined. The question of which multiple access, duplexing, and multiplexing (MA/Dup/Mux) techniques are preferable for relay networks is still under study. In this paper, we analyze several MA/Dup/Mux techniques in non-redundant uni-directional and bi-directional relay networks. These techniques allocate resources to network nodes in the time, frequency, and time-frequency domains. We provide comparisons among the various schemes for uni- and bidirectional relay networks, in terms of resource allocation, duty cycles, required data rate per transmission, required transmit power per link, and relative range. Although commonly employed techniques that only use time division appear adequate in some cases—such as short range networks—our results show that appropriate time-frequency schemes can be superior in terms of data rate and/or quality of service, especially for long range aeronautical networks. Pure frequency division schemes also attain the largest range for a given data rate and performance.
Decoding the quantitative nature of TGF-β/Smad signaling

How transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling elicits diverse cell responses remains elusive, despite the major molecular components of the pathway being known. We contend that understanding TGF-β biology requires mathematical models to decipher the quantitative nature of TGF-β/Smad signaling and to account for its complexity. Here, we review mathematical models of TGF-β superfamily signaling that predict how robustness is achieved in bone-morphogenetic-protein signaling in the Drosophila embryo, how changes in receptor-trafficking dynamics can be exploited by cancer cells and how the basic mechanisms of TGF-β/Smad signaling conspire to promote Smad accumulation in the nucleus. These studies demonstrate the power of mathematical modeling for understanding TGF-β biology.
Problems in Culling Corn Belt Hens

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a few of the problems encountered in the first Poultry Culling Campaign conducted by the Purdue University Poultry Department in 1918. The statements herein made are based mostly on observation and opinion rather than definite data and should be valued only as such. The ideas presented are from the point of view of an Extension worker who deals with farm flocks of various general purpose and mixed breeds, of uncertain ages and time of hatching, kept under a wide range of conditions in a corn belt state, instead of commercial flocks of Leghorns on which most of the experimental work has been conducted and upon which, perhaps too often, poultry propaganda has been based. The time of the campaign this year is to be limited to August and September, provided it is possible for the available field men to cover the territory, …
A Pastoral Theological Approach to the New Anxiety

Noting that we live in anxious times, and that the question is not whether but to what extent are the persons with whom pastoral and spiritual caregivers work today are experiencing anxiety, the paper claims that a basic understanding of the nature of anxiety is required in order to practice pastoral care effectively. To this end, it focuses on the role an uncertain future plays in the development of anxiety; on the importance of determining whether the person with whom one is working has a degree of anxiety that is out of proportion to the threat that he or she is under; and on the fact that although anxiety is endemic to the modern condition, it is also the case that a more acute form of anxiety is a primary feature of the super-modern condition. This “new anxiety” is complex and multifaceted, but a fundamental feature of this new anxiety is that it has less to do with the loss and more to do with an excess of meaning. Resources from the Judeo–Christian tradition include the teachings of Jesus on anxiety and the importance it places on hope experientially grounded in the living presence of a loving God.
Risk of Early Carotid Endarterectomy for Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis

Background and Purpose—The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the rate of stroke, myocardial infarction, and death in patients undergoing early and late carotid endarterectomy (CEA) after a symptomatic event and in asymptomatic patients. Methods—We conducted a retrospective analysis of all CEAs performed in the Department of Neurosurgery between January 2004 and May 2009. Patients were divided into 3 groups: Group 1, asymptomatic patients; Group 2, symptomatic patients operated on >2 weeks after their transient ischemic attack or stroke; and Group 3, symptomatic patients operated on ≤2 weeks of their transient ischemic attack or stroke. Primary outcomes were any myocardial infarction, stroke, or death occurring within 30 days postoperatively. The secondary end point was transient ischemic attack within 30 days postoperatively. Results—Five hundred thirty-two CEAs were performed on 507 patients during the study period. Thirty-day follow-up was available for 500 patients with 525 CEAs. Group...
Minority carrier effects in nanoscale Schottky contacts

We report the current–voltage behavior for nanoscale point contacts to Si(111) obtained in ultrahigh vacuum using scanning tunneling microscopy. Epitaxial CoSi2 islands provide single-crystal contacts with well-defined size and shape. The zero bias conductance is found to be independent of the island size (102–104 nm2) and shape, but varies strongly with the surface Fermi level position. This behavior is explained by the recombination–generation current from minority carriers at the free surface, which may be orders of magnitude larger than the majority carrier thermionic or tunnel currents across the contact interface. This can give rise to large shifts of the apparent ideality factor and Schottky barrier height for the point contact.
Recent progress in identifying genes regulating hematopoietic stem cell function and fate

Significant advances in the use of genetic and molecular biology strategies have recently begun to identify genes that have a major impact on the determination, commitment and developmental potential of hematopoietic stem cells. Using a variety of experimental strategies, genes such as SCL, GATA-2, HoxB4, Flk-2, c-mpl, dlk, and others have been implicated as important regulators of stem cell growth. In addition, genetic mapping has identified several loci that correlate strongly with stem cell numbers and proliferation.
An Examination of the Relationship Between Upward Influence Tactics and Assessments of Promotability

The study investigates the importance of subordinate influence tactics and individual differences on supervisors’ perceptions of promotability. Influence tactics were assessed by supervisors’ perceptions of subordinate use of three influence tactics (ingratiation, reasoning, and assertiveness), as well as subordinates ’self-reports. The four individual difference variables examined were education, organizational tenure, race, and gender. Results indicated the importance of both influence tactics and individual differences on assessments of promotability.
Effects of Temperature on Arachidonic Acid‐Induced Cellular Edema and Membrane Perturbation in Rat Brain Cortical Slices

The effects of temperature on arachidonic acid-induced cellular edema in the first cortical brain slices of rats were studied. Incubation of the cortical slice in arachidonic acid at 37 degrees C induced cellular swelling, and increased intracellular Na+ and lactic acid contents concomitant with decreased intracellular K+. When the incubation temperature was reduced these changes were reduced in severity. The uptake of [3H]arachidonic acid in cortical slices was temperature-dependent. The incorporation of [3H]arachidonic acid into various lipid fractions was further studied by HPLC. The majority of [3H]arachidonic acid was incorporated into triacylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol (PI), but the incorporation of [3H]arachidonic acid into PI was temperature-dependent, unlike that into other phospholipids and neutrolipids. Further, cortical (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity was inhibited whereas its subunit K+-activated p-nitrophenyl-phosphatase was activated by arachidonic acid at various incubation temperatures. The effects of arachidonic acid on these enzymes is similar to that of thimerosal, a lipid removal agent. These data suggest that both temperature and arachidonic acid play an important role in the development of cellular edema associated with membrane perturbation and inactivation of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity.
Sarcocystis neurona Encephalitis in a Dog

A 1.5-year-old male Feist dog was presented to a veterinarian for reluctance to stand on the hind legs. Treatment included dexamethasone and resulted in a favorable initial response, but posterior paresis returned and progressed to recumbency, hyperesthesia, and attempts to bite the owner. The dog was euthanized. The brain was negative for rabies by fluorescent antibody analysis. Multiple foci of encephalitis were found in the cerebrum and particularly in the cerebellum. Protozoa morphologically consistent with Sarcocystis sp. were identified at sites of intense inflammation and malacia. Additionally, multiple schizonts were identified in areas without inflammation. Immunohistochemistry using both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific for Sarcocystis neurona was strongly positive. No reaction to polyclonal antisera for Toxoplasma gondii or Neospora caninum was found. Polymerase chain reaction confirmed that the protozoa were S. neurona. Additional aberrant hosts for S. neurona other than horses have been identified, but S. neurona encephalitis has not been documented previously in the dog.
Palladium and platinum complexes containing diphenylphosphino(methylthio)methane

Preparation des complexes dinucleaires tels que [PtCl 2 (Ph 2 PCH 2 SMe) 2 ] (cis et trans), Pt 2 Cl 2 (μ-Ph 2 PCH 2 S−Me) 2 , et des equivalents Pd
FAMILIAL PROSTATE CANCER: A DIFFERENT DISEASE?

AbstractPurpose: We analyzed the outcome after radical prostatectomy of patients with familial prostate cancer versus patients with sporadic prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: The study included 720 patients with prostate carcinoma who were treated with prostatectomy between 1987 and 1996. Patients were excluded from the study if they had received adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment, or had no available pretreatment prostatic specific antigen (PSA) level, no available biopsy Gleason score, incomplete pathological information or no available followup PSA levels. The analysis was performed on 529 cases. Patients were considered to have a positive family history for prostate cancer when the index patient confirmed the diagnosis of prostate cancer in a first degree relative (brother or father). The outcomes of interest were biochemical relapse-free survival, local failure and distant metastases. Proportional hazards were used to analyze the effect of family history and confounding variables (that is age, st...
Precision column CO 2 measurement from space using broad band LIDAR

In order to better understand the budget of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere it is necessary to develop a global high precision understanding of the carbon dioxide column. To uncover the “missing sink” that is responsible for the large discrepancies in the budget as we presently understand it, calculation has indicated that measurement accuracy of 1 ppm is necessary. Because typical column average CO 2 has now reached 380 ppm this represents a precision on the order of 0.25% for these column measurements. No species has ever been measured from space at such a precision. In recognition of the importance of understanding the CO 2 budget to evaluate its impact on global warming the National Research Council in its decadal survey report to NASA recommended planning for a laser based total CO 2 mapping mission in the near future.
Electoral Politics and Voting Behavior in Western Germany

Voting has become truly an interdisciplinary object of investigation in recent years. Historians, statisticians, social psychologists, sociologists, and political scientists have focused their attention on electoral behavior, individually or in teams. Such studies have been principally the work of scholars in the traditional Western democracies—Britain, France, Norway, Sweden, the United States—and fall roughly into three patterns. One approach has been to analyze trends in group voting behavior on the basis of census and election statistics, and frequently poll data as well, in a search for meaningful correlations between voting trends and socio-economic factors. The work of Siegfried and, more recently, Goguel in France, of Heberle in Germany, Tingsten in Sweden, and Gosnell and Key in the United States belongs in this category. A second approach has been descriptive, identified in recent years particularly with Nuffield College at Oxford. The Nuffield studies of elections in Britain, France, Ireland, Poland, Italy, and Africa have focused on the efforts of candidates and parties to influence voters in a particular electoral campaign. They are intended primarily to be contributions to contemporary history and works of reference for future historians. Lastly, we have the investigations associated, in particular, with the Bureau of Applied Social Research at Columbia University and the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan. These have focused on the political images and electoral behavior of individual voters and, particularly, on changes in their attitudes during a campaign and the reasons for such changes. They have relied, almost exclusively, on survey research methods which involve questioning a panel of representative voters at length before and after an election and, lately, even over a period of several years and elections.