cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
71 Advances in analysis of soil liquefaction during earthquakes

This chapter focuses on the advances in analysis of soil liquefaction during earthquakes. Soil liquefaction has caused major damage during past earthquakes. Based on laboratory experiments on saturated soil specimens, soil liquefaction was understood to be the result of an increase in pore water pressure associated with a decrease in soil frictional resistance during earthquake shakings. The engineering understanding of soil liquefaction during earthquakes is based largely on case histories of liquefaction occurrence and related ground deformation, documented from past earthquakes. In geotechnical earthquake engineering practice, liquefaction-induced ground deformations are usually estimated using three different types of empirical models that predict separately (1) the occurrence of liquefaction, (2) ground settlement, and (3) lateral ground deformation. Soil liquefaction has been investigated successfully in great depth by means of physical models using specimens in the laboratory and reduced-scale models in shaking tables and centrifuges. Many numerical models have been proposed for simulating soil liquefaction. They fall into two main categories: (1) simplified when they simulate only a few particular aspects of soil liquefaction for practical engineering applications, and (2) generalized when they attempt to account for a large number of soil liquefaction features. There are two recent developments in soil liquefaction: soil liquefaction as a material instability, and computer simulations with discrete element methods.
John Michael Cooper, Mendelssohn, Goethe, and the Walpurgis Night: The Heathen Muse in European Culture, 1700–1850

John Michael Cooper begins his most recent book by explaining that it is grounded in several “convergences of contradictory elements” (p. xiii). As we come to learn, these convergences, which encom...
Complex responses to climate drivers in onset of spring flowering across a semi-arid elevation gradient

Summary 1. Many studies have documented advancement in spring plant phenology; however, studies in dry climates, where water, rather than temperature, is the limiting factor, are rare. To better understand how plants of a water-limited environment may respond to predicted changes in climate, we used a species-rich 20-year data set collected in a semi-arid ecosystem to determine species’ relationships with precipitation and temperature for seasons coincident with and previous to flowering. Our data were collected across a 1200-m elevation gradient, allowing us to explore the consistency in relationships with climatic variables from desert scrub to pine forest. A second objective was to document evidence of changes in the onset of spring flowering over this 20-year period. 2. Onset of spring flowering for species at the lowest elevations was most commonly driven by temperature and precipitation conditions of the previous autumn. In contrast, onset of spring flowering for species in high-elevation communities was more often associated with spring temperatures, a pattern consistent with communities of higher latitudes. Despite these coarse patterns, species’ relationships to climate variables were highly variable and individualistic. 3. Approximately 10% of species showed a significant trend in changes in first flowering date over the period 1984–2003; most trends were in the direction of later onset. The decrease in autumn precipitation observed over the study period appears to explain the delay in onset observed for many of the species across the elevation gradient. Other species’ delays in spring flowering appear to be related to the slight decrease in spring temperature observed over the study period. 4. Synthesis. The south-western USA is expected to become warmer and drier. Climate relationships documented in this study suggest divergent, individualistic changes in the onset of spring flowering. Low-elevation plants may exhibit delayed spring flowering due to changes in the timing or amount of precipitation or insufficient chilling. High-elevation species may show advancement in spring flowering due to warming temperatures. The highly individualistic responses to climate change may result in significant changes in the diversity, composition and abundance of plants in flower. Variable changes in phenology such as these have major implications for species population dynamics and ecosystem functioning.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of flexible opiate conformations at monoclonal antibody binding sites: Quantitative interproton distances obtained from comparing theoretical and experimental transferred nuclear Overhauser enhancement: Correlation with antibody sequence

A previous publication described the use of qualitative intramolecular 1H-transferred nuclear Overhauser effect measurements to determine the conformations of flexible ligands at monoclonal anti-opiate antibody binding sites. This paper concentrates on the quantitative interpretation of experiments of this type using the ligand nalorphine (N-allyl morphine) and a single anti-opiate monoclonal antibody. I compare the experimental unidimensional driven nuclear Overhauser effect buildup curves to theoretical curves derived with a knowledge of the fixed interproton distances in the ligand. The discussion covers the potential accuracies of derived distances and concentrates on two problem areas associated with determining structures from this type of experiment. The most serious one is the case where, because of particular multiproton spatial distributions, spin diffusion is so rapid that it cannot be determined experimentally and where numerical fits of theoretical calculations are misleading. The results show that, while intraligand spin diffusion complicates the interpretation for some proton pairs, with many others accuracies within about 0·3 A for interproton distances from 2 to 4 A are attainable. The results confirm the earlier report that the conformation of nalorphine in this antibody binding site differs from the major one present in solution or in the crystal. An important aspect of the work is that theoretical prediction of nuclear Overhauser effect time-dependence is an important practical tool for recognizing cases where interpretation of experiments will be difficult. Initial data on protein-to-ligand transferred nuclear Overhauser effect are presented, which show that at least one aromatic amino acid residue is closely involved in the binding of the ligand. The companion paper presents the primary sequences of the variable regions of the antibodies being used in our studies. In this paper, these and associated immunochemical studies are correlated with the nuclear magnetic resonance results. The combination of data presented in the two papers provides a basis for future work on protein-ligand interproton distances in the range 1 to 5 A using both transferred nuclear Overhauser effect (for rapidly exchanging ligands) and isotope-edited, indirectly detected nuclear Overhauser effect (for tightly bound ligands).
Physiological role of tryptophanase in control of tryptophan biosynthesis in Bacillus alvei.

Abstract Hoch, J. A. (University of Illinois, Urbana), and R. D. DeMoss. Physiological role of tryptophanase in control of tryptophan biosynthesis in Bacillus alvei. J. Bacteriol. 91:667–672. 1966.—Indole excretion occurred early in the exponential growth phase, and derived mainly from biosynthetic intermediates of tryptophan. Tryptophan cleavage by tryptophanase contributed about 1.5% of the indole excreted. In the presence of exogenous tryptophan (5 to 10 μg/ml), excretion of early indole was not observed. Experiments with isotopically labeled indole and tryptophan showed that a low rate of endogenous tryptophan biosynthesis occurred constantly during growth. Both exogenously and endogenously supplied tryptophan were degraded by tryptophanase. As a consequence, the intracellular tryptophan concentration appeared to be maintained at a constant low level. It was suggested that the action of tryptophanase is an example of an enzymatic mechanism which controls the level of a specific metabolite pool.
Accurate and efficient gesture spotting via pruning and subgesture reasoning

Gesture spotting is the challenging task of locating the start and end frames of the video stream that correspond to a gesture of interest, while at the same time rejecting non-gesture motion patterns. This paper proposes a new gesture spotting and recognition algorithm that is based on the continuous dynamic programming (CDP) algorithm, and runs in real-time. To make gesture spotting efficient a pruning method is proposed that allows the system to evaluate a relatively small number of hypotheses compared to CDP. Pruning is implemented by a set of model-dependent classifiers, that are learned from training examples. To make gesture spotting more accurate a subgesture reasoning process is proposed that models the fact that some gesture models can falsely match parts of other longer gestures. In our experiments, the proposed method with pruning and subgesture modeling is an order of magnitude faster and 18% more accurate compared to the original CDP algorithm.
Stellar Properties of OH/IR Stars

The rapid accumulation of data makes it possible to begin to determine the positions of OH/IR stars on the mass-luminosity plane. With the assumption of fundamental mode pulsation, the accurately determined period-luminosity-color relationships in the Mira region will be extrapolated to the larger OH/IR region, where the Mira variables have evolved. OH/IR star luminosities and periods are needed in order to estimate positions on the mass-luminosity plane.
Response of Offshore Structures to Random Wave Forces

Response of offshore structures to random wave action is presented. A theory for evaluating the response of these structures in deep water is described by the linear wave theory and the Gaussian processes. Hydrodynamic forces are computed through the Morrision-O’Brien-Britschneider formula. Some results of this application to several towers are given.
Focused on fairness: Alcohol intoxication increases the costly rejection of inequitable rewards

Abstract This research examined the effect of alcohol intoxication on the propensity to behave inequitably and responses to inequitable divisions of rewards. Intoxicated and sober participants played ten rounds of a modified ultimatum game in two studies. Whereas intoxicated and sober participants were similarly generous in the proposals they made to their partners, intoxicated participants more often rejected unfair offers than did sober participants. These results were consistent whether alcohol intoxication was self-determined (Study 1) or randomly assigned (Study 2). The results provide insight into the cognitive processes underlying standards of equity and responses to inequity, and elucidate how intoxication influences these processes and subsequent behavioral responses.
The Development Theory of Transportation Infrastructure Examined in the Context of Central and West Africa

The study sought to test the tenability of the hypothesis of a positive link between transportation infrastructure and development in the context of less developed countries (LDCs). The west and central Africa region, comprising twenty-four contiguous countries, constitutes the empirical referent. Two main forms of the generalized linear model, including zero-order and multiple regression involving natural logarithms and assuming the classic Cobb-Douglas production function, are employed. Development, the dependent variable, is operationalized in terms of the Human Development Index (HDI) and Growth National Income per capita (GNI/Cap). The independent variables include the different major forms of transportation infrastructure (roads, rail, airports, seaports, waterways, and pipelines). The results show a strong positive relationship between transportation infrastructure and development. Not only does this revelation conform to the findings of previous studies in more developed countries (MDCs), it suggests that the link between transportation infrastructure and development may actually be stronger in LDCs than in MDCs.
Reduced readmission rate for alternating diagnoses of heart failure and pulmonary disease after implementation of B-type natriuretic peptide testing

Background: Patients with heart failure (HF) or pulmonary diseases (PD) present with similar symptoms. Effective disease management requires an accurate diagnosis. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is increased in patients with HF and is normal in PD patients without cardiac involvement. Objective: To determine if the readmission rate for patients with either HF or PD who later present with the alternate diagnosis (PD or HF) is decreased with the implementation of BNP testing at one hospital. Methods: We retrospectively determined the impact of BNP testing on reducing diagnostic ambiguities for patients admitted to an emergency department (ED) with these diseases. We compared a HF DRG (Diagnostic Related Group) (#428) and PD DRGs (#480–496) before vs. 1 and 2 y after implementation of BNP testing. Results: In a 12-month period before BNP, there were 42 total visits (15 cases) where a patient presented with a HF DRG and returned within 6 months with a PD DRG, and 41 visits (14 cases) where there was a PDHF readmission. One year after BNP implementation, the corresponding number of visits decreased 52% to 20 visits (15 cases) for HFPD, and 73% to 11 visits (8 cases) for PDHF readmissions. A similar reduction in readmissions was observed in the second year after BNP testing. The total number of HF and PD cases in 1999 (1029 patients) was similar to 2001 (985), and was higher in 2002 (1350) during these time intervals. The ED length-of-stay (LOS) was slightly higher for the HFPD cases with BNP testing, whereas there was no change in LOS for the PDHF cases. Conclusion: We hypothesize that prior to BNP implementation, there may have been diagnostic ambiguities in the initial diagnosis of HF or PD, which contributed to a repeat visit for the alternate diagnosis (PD or HF). With BNP testing, the apparent number of inappropriate visits decreased. Reducing unnecessary ED admissions helps justify the costs for implementing BNP testing in the hospital.
Potential locus and mechanism of blockade of conditioned avoidance responding by neuroleptics.

Abstract In order to assess the possible loci of action of neuroleptics in blocking the acquisition of a one-way conditioned avoidance response, microinjections of three neuroleptics and seven putative neurotransmitters were made into several brain regions and their effects on this behavior were assessed. When injected into the amygdala, the ED50 values for haloperidol (0.128 nmol), chlorpromazine (1.04 nmol) and thioridazine (1.41 nmol) were appropriate in relation to their clinical potency. Injections of neurotransmitters were without effect except in a few cases. Most significantly, the intra-amygdaloid administration of glutamate diethyl ester (an antagonist at quisqualate-type receptors) produced a blockade of avoidance acquisition which, as in the case of the neuroleptics, was not diminished by pretreatment with atropine. Following intraperitoneal injection of chlorpromazine, a statistically-significant blockade of avoidance acquisition and of glutamate, released from slices of amygdala, was obtained at doses of 2 mg kg or more. With haloperidol, comparable behavioral effects and release of glutamate were found at doses of 0.05 mg kg or more. The depression of release of glutamate from amygdaloid slices could be attributed to glutamate derived from glutamine. These data suggest a possible role for glutamatergic transmission in the effects of neuroleptics.
Coatings for fusion reactor environments

Abstract The internal surfaces of a toroidal magnetically confined fusion reactor control the impurity injection and gas recycling into the fusion plasma. Coating of internal surfaces may provide a desirable and possibly necessary design flexibility for achieving the temperatures, ion densities and containment times necessary for net energy production from fusion reactions. In this paper the reactor environments experienced by various components are reviewed along with possible materials responses. Characteristics of coating-substrate systems that are important to fusion applications are delineated and the present status of coating development for fusion applications is reviewed. Coating development for fusion applications is just beginning and poses a unique and important challenge for materials development.
Cholinesterases within neurofibrillary tangles related to age and Alzheimer's disease

Enzyme histochemistry showed that a substantial number of cortical neurofibrillary tangles contain acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in patients with Alzheimer's disease and in nondemented aged individuals. In some areas of the brain, tangles containing each of these two enzymes were differentially distributed. In other areas, there was a very close overlap between the two types of cholinesterase.
SPCp1-05: On Some Techniques for Reducing the Feedback Requirement in Precoded MIMO-OFDM

Multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) is a spectrally efficient modulation scheme which combines the advantages of having multiple antennas at both transmitter and receiver and the ease of equalization afforded by OFDM. When channel state information (CSI) is available at the transmitter a simple technique called linear preceding can be used to improve the error rate performance in both beamforming and spatial multiplexing systems. However, in frequency division duplex (FDD) systems there is typically a lack of channel reciprocity and precoder matrices have to be designed at the receiver and sent back through a limited feedback channel with the help of codebooks. By constraining the precoders to lie on the Grassmann manifold optimal codebook design for the single carrier MIMO channel has been well studied. If these codebooks are used in a MIMO-OFDM system and precoder information for all subcarriers is sent back, the amount of feedback can get prohibitively large. In this paper we use simple geometrical ideas on the Grassmann manifold to further reduce this feedback requirement. The performance of these algorithms are shown to provide improvement over existing schemes.
Connexins modulate autophagosome biogenesis

Connexins localize to the plasma membrane, where they form gap junctions between cells. Cuervo and colleagues report that connexins associate with autophagosome precursor structures in the plasma membrane and inhibit autophagosome biogenesis. Nutrient deprivation relieves this inhibition and promotes autophagic degradation of connexin proteins.
a Discrete Element Study of the Relationship of Fabric to Wave Propagational Behaviours in Granular Materials

Wave propagation in granular materials is numerically studied through discrete element simulation. Two-dimensional (2-D) model material systems composed of large numbers of circular particles were numerically generated. The particles in these model materials were randomly distributed with a biasing algorithm to produce fabric anisotropy so as to create preferred directions within the material. Wave motion is introduced through dynamic loadings to appropriate boundary particles to produce horizontal and vertical plane wave propagation within each model material. Discrete element simulation with a non-linear hysteretic interparticle contact law is used to model the dynamic behaviour of the model granular systems, and this yields information on the wave speed and amplitude attenuation. Through the investigation of several model systems, relationships are established between wave propagational characteristics and granular microstructure or fabric. Specific fabric measures which were used included branch vectors, path microstructures and void characteristics. Distributions of these fabric descriptors were determined, and comparisons and correlations were made with the discrete element wave propagation results. Conclusions of this study indicated that while all three fabric measures provided some degree of correlation with the wave motion behaviours, the void fabric descriptor produced the best correlation for the assemblies under investigation. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Yttrium‐90 biodistribution by yttrium‐87 imaging: A theoretical feasibility analysis

Yttrium-90 is widely used in radioimmunotherapy but does not emit photons for imaging. Indium-111, a chemically similar atom has been used instead as a tracer for the distribution of 90 Y -labeled antibodies. Recent advances in gamma camera technology have made it possible to image at energies higher than 364 keV. This work provides a theoretical analysis of the feasibility of using 87 Y (485 keV, 92.2% yield) as a tracer for in vivoimaging of 90 Y -labeled antibodies. Yttrium-87 may be produced by the 87 Sr(p,n) 87 Y reaction in a cyclotron and has a 3.3 day half-life. This reaction also yields a metastable state of 87 Y ( 87m Y ). Yttrium-87, itself decays to a metastable state of 87 Sr ( 87m Sr ). The level of these contaminants and their anticipated impact on the utility of 87 Y as a tracer for 90 Y are examined theoretically. Dosimetry is performed to assess the absorbed dose associated with using 87 Y . A 100 h delay following the end of bombardment of an isotopically enriched 87 Sr target reduces the activity of the metastable state of 87 Y in the product by 10- to 15-fold, with greater delays resulting in a further reduction. A rapid equilibration between 87 Y and its daughter, 87m Sr , is expected, in vivo. Although strontium is known to concentrate in bone, the electron emissions of 87m Sr are short range, thereby making possible biologic effects highly position dependent; the photon emissions allow for independent imaging which may be used to perform dosimetry and thereby directly assess potential toxicity. 87 Y merits further consideration as an imaging tracer for 90 Y .
Apparent pK of photolabile proton binding to bacteriorhodopsin.

Summary Low intensity steady illumination induces release of protons from isolated sheets of purple membrane at alkaline pH. This effect was studied by differential titration under various conditions of ionic strength and detergent. The stoichiometry of steady-state proton release is consistent with a three-state model for a single proton binding site. The apparent pK of the photodissociable proton binding is 9.9 in water.
P‐45: Fast Addressing in Color PDPs by Multiple‐Erase‐Scanning and Picture‐Quality ‐Enhancement Techniques

An alternate new addressing scheme for AC PDP involves “W” scanning and multiple erase-scanning per sustain cycle in conjunction with other techniques invented to enhance the picture quality. TMs provides fast addressing which will enable panels with HDTV vertical resolution to be addressed with 8 or more bits of grayscale. This scheme was implemented as color AC PDP of 640×480 resolution.
Complications in pediatric urological laparoscopy: results of a survey.

AbstractPurpose: To assess the level of activity in pediatric urological laparoscopy and its relationship to complications a survey of the membership of the American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Urology was conducted.Materials and Methods: An anonymous questionnaire was mailed to 251 pediatric urologists and 153 responses were recorded.Results: Of the respondents 75 percent reported performing diagnostic and operative laparoscopy (average 54 cases). Patient age ranged from newborn to 20 years. Average case load for laparoscopy was 19 of 401 total cases yearly. More than 5,400 laparoscopic cases are represented by the reported experience. Complications were reported in 5.38 percent of cases (average complication rate 6.06 percent per practitioner). Excluding preperitoneal insufflation or subcutaneous emphysema the complication rate was 1.18 percent. Complications requiring surgical repair occurred in 0.39 percent of cases, including bowel, bladder and great vessel injury. The clearest predictor of com...
Voting, Lotteries, and Justice

In The Concept of Constituency, Andrew Rehfeld proposes that American citizens be assigned to congressional constituencies not according to where they live, but via random selection.1 Randomly selected constituencies are, Rehfeld believes, the best way to achieve a combination of heterogeneity, stability, and involuntariness, properties he maintains all constituency systems should strive to satisfy (177).2 Constituencies with these features best accommodate the intuitive demand that representatives be accountable to those who have elected them. Such constituencies also generate the right incentives for representatives. Heterogeneous districts, such as those created by random selection, closely mirror the nation as a whole. Descriptively, the composition of the former is virtually identical to that of the latter. This implies that the interests of the former will more or less correspond to the national interest. For this reason, the representatives of randomly selected constituencies will face no conflict between the duty to serve the national interest and the desire to get reelected (200). I would like to raise three questions regarding the implications of Rehfeld's proposal. First, how much of the idea of "one person, one vote" survives Rehfeld's account of the values that constituency systems ought to advance? Second, how tight is the relationship between these values and the idea of randomly selected constituencies? Third, can Rehfeld successfully separate the concepts of justice and democracy, as his argument seems to require?
Photonic properties of bicontinuous cubic microphases

Band structures of three dimensionally periodic bi- and tricontinuous cubic structures have been calculated using the plane-wave method for solving Maxwell's equations. In particular, we consider the single primitive, single diamond, single gyroid, double primitive, double gyroid, and double diamond level surface families as examples of such structures found in self-organizing systems. We also provide design guidelines for creating three-dimensional photonic crystals with a complete photonic band gap from block copolymer systems and other self-organizing systems.
Fetal baboon sex specific outcomes in adipocyte differentiation at 0.9 gestation in response to moderate maternal nutrient reduction

Fetal baboon sex-specific outcomes in adipocyte differentiation at 0.9 gestation in response to moderate maternal nutrient reduction
Defective Tibetan PHD2 Binding to p23 Links High Altitude Adaption to Altered Oxygen Sensing

The Tibetan population has adapted to the chronic hypoxia of high altitude. Tibetans bear a genetic signature in the prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2/EGLN1) gene, which encodes for the central oxygen sensor of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. Recent studies have focused attention on two nonsynonymous coding region substitutions, D4E and C127S, both of which are markedly enriched in the Tibetan population. These amino acids reside in a region of PHD2 that harbors a zinc finger, which we have previously discovered binds to a Pro-Xaa-Leu-Glu (PXLE) motif in the HSP90 cochaperone p23, thereby recruiting PHD2 to the HSP90 pathway to facilitate HIF-α hydroxylation. We herein report that the Tibetan PHD2 haplotype (D4E/C127S) strikingly diminishes the interaction of PHD2 with p23, resulting in impaired PHD2 down-regulation of the HIF pathway. The defective binding to p23 depends on both the D4E and C127S substitutions. We also identify a PXLE motif in HSP90 itself that can mediate binding to PHD2 but find that this interaction is maintained with the D4E/C127S PHD2 haplotype. We propose that the Tibetan PHD2 variant is a loss of function (hypomorphic) allele, leading to augmented HIF activation to facilitate adaptation to high altitude.
What we know about the structure of NCX1 and how it relates to its function

NCX1 is modeled to contain nine transmembrane segments (TMS) with a large intracellular loop between TMS 5-6 and two reentrant loops connecting TMS 2-3 and TMS 7-8. NCX1 also contains two regions of internal repeats. The alpha repeats are composed of TMS 2 and 3 and TMS 7 and 8 and are involved in ion binding and transport. The beta repeats are in the large intracellular loop and are involved in binding of regulatory Ca2+. Our studies on the structure/function analysis of NCX1 have focused on the alpha- and beta-repeat regions and on how the TMS pack in the membrane. We have examined the alpha1 repeat by mutagenesis of residues modeled to be in the reentrant loop and TMS 3 and by determination of ion affinities of the mutants. Our results show that TMS 3 and not the reentrant loop is involved in Na+ binding. No mutants demonstrated altered affinity for transported Ca2+. We have synthesized a fusion protein composed of the beta1 repeat. This fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The fusion protein binds Ca2+ and shows conformational changes on binding. The crystal structure of the beta1 repeat shows that it is composed of a seven-stranded beta-sandwich with Ca2+-binding sites located at one end of the sandwich. Four Ca2+ ions bind to the beta1 repeat in a manner reminiscent of Ca2+ binding to C2 domains. Packing of TMS in the membrane has been studied by cross-linking induced mobility shifts on SDS-PAGE. Interactions between TMS 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8 have been identified.
Unsolicited advice for new chairs.

In 22 years as chair of a radiology department, I learned a lot about succeeding in that role. Even when I stepped down, I still had much more to learn. Most of us are not prepared when we take on such a responsibility. ! would like to share with new chairs a few of the things I have learned--many the hard way, by trial and error. I hope my advice will at least give new chairs some points to consider. Set departmental goals, not personal ones. The biggest change when assuming the chairmanship is to realize that success is now measured by how much the department advances, not how much you advance. How well you promote your faculty and their careers is now the measure of your success. Develop short-term and long-term departmental plans.--The entire faculty should have input in the development of these plans and an opportunity for open discussion. Although changes will be necessary as plans are implemented, letting the faculty know what you envision for the future of the department is absolutely vital. Report to the faculty each year on the department's progress and modifications of the plan for the next year. Strategic plans should be dynamic, "living" creatures. Systematically solicit input from the faculty, residents and fellows, and staff.--The best approach is to talk to each person individually. However, if the department is too large to do this, annual questionnaires covering various topics can be very valuable. Develop a loyal, competent administrative team.--The team can include a business manager, vice chair, administrative assistant, or several people, but it should be appropriate for the size of the department. A department chair's
Reviewing the Reviewers: Ideological Bias in the APSR Book Section

Most of the books selected for review adhere to the orthodox ideological values of today's political establishment. More importantly, these books almost invariably are reviewed by political scientists who share the same centrist ideological slant as the authors they are reviewing. In the reviews dealing with international relations, for instance, cold war terms like "totalitarianism", "Castroism", "subversion" and "Free World" are employed uncritically. Western capitalist nations are described as having "governments", while socialist nations are said to have "regimes", usually identified as being under the tutelage of one personage, hence: "Mao Tse-tung's regime", and "Fidel Castro's Cuba".' The idea that popular sentiments and democratic in-puts might be part of the governance of countries like Cuba or China is not entertained.
The correlation infrared process analyzer

Abstract The equations for describing the operation of the basic positive and negative filtering configurations of NDIR analyzers are derived and compared. These equations are experimentally verified for carbon dioxide. It is shown that data obtained with dispersive spectrophotometers (Perkin-Elmer Model 21 and the Digilab FTS-14) may be used to predict the response of the nondispersive instrument for carbon monoxide. The response of the correlating configuration is theoretically less than that for the conventional instrument using a pneumatic detector, but its advantages in selectivity, use of solid state detectors, and extension to a multi-component instrument make up for this disadvantage.
Automatic insertion of simulated microcalcification clusters in a software breast phantom

An automated method has been developed to insert realistic clusters of simulated microcalcifications (MCs) into computer models of breast anatomy. This algorithm has been developed as part of a virtual clinical trial (VCT) software pipeline, which includes the simulation of breast anatomy, mechanical compression, image acquisition, image processing, display and interpretation. An automated insertion method has value in VCTs involving large numbers of images. The insertion method was designed to support various insertion placement strategies, governed by probability distribution functions (pdf). The pdf can be predicated on histological or biological models of tumor growth, or estimated from the locations of actual calcification clusters. To validate the automated insertion method, a 2-AFC observer study was designed to compare two placement strategies, undirected and directed. The undirected strategy could place a MC cluster anywhere within the phantom volume. The directed strategy placed MC clusters within fibroglandular tissue on the assumption that calcifications originate from epithelial breast tissue. Three radiologists were asked to select between two simulated phantom images, one from each placement strategy. Furthermore, questions were posed to probe the rationale behind the observer’s selection. The radiologists found the resulting cluster placement to be realistic in 92% of cases, validating the automated insertion method. There was a significant preference for the cluster to be positioned on a background of adipose or mixed adipose/fibroglandular tissues. Based upon these results, this automated lesion placement method will be included in our VCT simulation pipeline.
Remedies for misrepresentation in applications in the presence of fraudulent intent

Many contracts are based upon information provided in written applications, including insurance and employment contracts. However, the remedies used in these two contexts for material misrepresentation in the application differ. Insurers use the remedy of rescission and restitution, which returns the parties to status quo ante. Employers simply terminate the contract, leaving the parties where they are at the time of termination. This paper examines the role played by each remedy in the context of intentional misrepresentation. It is shown that rescission and restitution expands the situations in which mutually beneficial contracting will occur. It is also shown that insurers can offer lower premiums when the remedy of rescission and restitution is available.
Amphibian alkaline phosphatase—I. Biochemical characterization of alkaline phosphatase in tissues of Rana pipiens

Abstract 1. 1. The basic characteristics of amphibian alkaline phosphatase are similar to mammals and birds. 2. 2. The pH optimum of frog bone, plasma, kidney and urine alkaline phenylphosphatases is 10·4; enzyme activity is increased by exogenous magnesium. 3. 3. Incipient heat denaturation of amphibian phosphatases occurs between 30–40°C, but they are sufficiently thermostable to retain 50 per cent of their activity after 60 min at 51–53°C. 4. 4. Tissue-specific variations of enzyme activity occur; kidney specific activity is 3-, 7-, 32-, and 300-fold greater than metaphysis, epiphysis, bone shaft and plasma, respectively. 5. 5. Cold-acclimation significantly depresses alkaline phosphatases activity in plasma and kidney.
Heavy metal FIX for Christmas wounds

Comment on Hoffman et al, page [3053][1] Hoffman and colleagues provide evidence for the link between the coagulation process, wound healing, and angiogenesis. Compared with wild-type mice, those with Christmas disease lacking coagulation factor IX (FIX) developed subcutaneous hematomas and
Stochastic phosphorous model for Onondaga Lake

Abstract A probabilistic phosphorus model that utilizes the Monte Carlo technique was developed and applied to address water quality management issues for Onondaga Lake, N.Y. Several analyses were conducted to support model development: (1) evaluation of the loading and concentration of phosphorus in the lake; (2) determination of the natural variability of flow and non-point loading to the lake; (3) validation of a deterministic total phosphorus model for the lake; and (4) examination of the uncertainty associated with the phosphorus model using Monte Carlo techniques. Simulations with the probabilistic model have been used to evaluate the significance of year-to-year changes in rainfall, the level and variability of point sources, operation at METRO and uncertainty in the model coefficients. The results indicate that substantial reductions in loading from point sources and some control of non-point sources are necessary to achieve distinct improvements in water quality in the lake. Furthermore, significant year-to-year differences in phosphorus concentration are expected in the lake in response to natural variations in rainfall and runoff.
An integrated process for biomolecule isolation and purification

Biomolecule isolation and purification from a fermentation broth usually involve centrifugation, filtration, adsorption, and chromatography steps. Each step contributes to the product cost and product loss. In this research, a cyclic process integrating commercially available ultrafiltration membranes and chromatographic resin beads was developed to achieve the same goal in one device. The device consisted of ion exchange beads on the shell side of a hollow fiber ultrafiltration module. Loading of proteins on the stationary phase on the shell side was carried out for a period of 5-20 min from the permeate on the shell side produced from tube-side feed in ultrafiltration. The eluent was then introduced either from the shell-side inlet or tube-side inlet; the chromatographic fractions were collected from the shell-side outlet. The column was regenerated/washed next to start a new cycle. Systems studied in this cyclic process include the following binary mixtures: myoglobin and beta-lactoglobulin; hemoglobin and bovine serum albumin; and myoglobin and alpha-lactalbumin. Excellent resolutions of the proteins were obtained. A yeast-based cellular suspension containing a mixture of myoglobin and alpha-lactalbumin was also applied to this device. The target proteins were recovered and purified successfully. The cyclic process-based device integrates clarification, concentration, and chromatographic purification of biomolecules and is suitable for both extracellular and intracellular products.
Fostering a Cultural Diplomacy Policy Dialogue: The Quest for Stewardship and Cooperative Engagement

In the face of increasing global diplomacy challenges and opportunities, cultural diplomacy (also known as public diplomacy, or a dimension of it in a number of countries) is the development and us...
Permeation of gases through Langmuir-Blodgett films of iron(III) stearate and iron(III) complexes

Abstract Ferric stearate and ferric complexes were successfully deposited onto porous support membranes. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of ferric stearate greatly reduced the permeabilities of carbon dioxide and nitrogen through the membrane. Above 65°C, a time-dependent change in the LB film leads to a permeability increase. Permeation through ferric stearate alone was mostly due to a Knudsen diffusion mechanism. LB films selective for carbon dioxide were made by co-depositing poly(2-vinylpyridine) with ferric stearate and with the ferric salt of poly(maleic anhydride 1-octadecene).
The prevalence of preterm births in pregnancies complicated with fetal gastroschisis

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of preterm births in pregnancies complicated by fetal gastroschisis in our tertiary referral center. We conducted a retrospective review of medical records of patients with fetal gastroschisis delivered at our institution between January 2004 and April 2012. A total of 63 patients met the study criteria. Of these, 32 (51 %) were delivered before 37 0/7 weeks of gestation. The mean estimated gestational age at delivery was 35 4/7 ± 1 week (range 32 6/7–36 6/7) weeks. Spontaneous preterm delivery occurred in 27 patients (43 %). The remaining 31 patients (49 %) delivered between 37 0/7 and 39 2/7 weeks of gestation. The majority of patients with fetal gastroschisis were delivered before 37 weeks of gestation with a significant proportion delivering due to spontaneous onset of preterm labor. In addition to antepartum surveillance for fetal well-being, monitoring patients for symptoms and signs of preterm labor is recommended.
Stacked generalization and simulated evolution.

Abstract A stacked generalization strategy in which an evolutionary algorithm generates baselevel predictive models is described. The evolutionary algorithm incorporates model validation and an inductive ranking criterion which encourages diversity of prediction errors. Higher levels of the stack of generalizers yield predictors that work through memory-based correction and combination of predictions produced by populations of models obtained in lower levels of the stack. The strategy has been applied to the classic problem of predicting annual sunspots activity. Baselevel predictors are drawn from a class of recurrent neural networks. Normalized mean squared errors of 0.064 and 0.19 for the conventional test intervals of 1921–1955 and 1956–1979, respectively, improve upon previously published results. The strategy has also been used to accurately forecast the behaviour of a synthetic system which makes random transitions between two states of low-dimensional chaos.
Comparison between analgesic effects of buprenorphine, carprofen, and buprenorphine with carprofen for canine ovariohysterectomy

Abstract Objective To compare the analgesic effects of buprenorphine, carprofen, and their combination in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Study design Prospective, randomized blinded clinical study. Animals 60 dogs. Methods Treatments were buprenorphine 0.02 mg kg −1 , intramuscularly (IM) (group B); carprofen 4 mg kg −1 , subcutaneously (SC) (group C); or a combination of both (group CB). Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. A Dynamic Interactive Visual Analog Scale (DIVAS, 0–100 mm) and the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale (GCMPS, 0–24) were used to evaluate comfort and sedation at baseline, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours after extubation. Rescue analgesia was provided with buprenorphine (0.02 mg kg −1 ). Wound swelling measurements (WM) and a visual inflammation score (VIS) of the incision were made after surgery and 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours later. p Results Group C required more propofol (5.0 ± 1.4 mg kg −1 ) compared with B (3.3 ± 1.1 mg kg −1 ) and CB (3.2 ± 0.7 mg kg −1 ); respectively, p = 0.0002 and 0.0001. Rescue analgesia was required in nine dogs. B had a higher GCMPS and DIVAS III score at 6 hours (2.6 ± 2.5) and (23 ± 22.5 mm) compared with C (1.0 ± 1.3, 6 ± 7.3 mm) and CB (1.5 ± 1.4, 8 ± 10.7 mm); respectively, p = 0.02 and 0.006. Group C had a lower sedation score at 2 hours (43 ± 23.6 mm) compared with B (68 ± 32.1 mm) and BC (69 ± 22.1 mm); respectively, p = 0.03 and 0.004. Group B had a higher WM score at 2 hours (3 ± 0.8 mm) compared with C (2 ± 0.6 mm) p = 0.01 and at 6 hours (3 ± 1 mm) compared with C (2 ± 0.8 mm) and CB (2 ± 0.8 mm); respectively, p = 0.01 and 0.008. VIS was not different between groups. Conclusion and clinical relevance All treatments provided satisfactory analgesia for the first 6 hours and at 24 hours. C and CB pain score and WS were superior to B at 6 hours. No superior analgesic effect was noted when the drugs were combined.
Critical flicker fusion in normal and binocularly deprived cats.

Abstract CFF thresholds were determined for 3 normal and 3 binocularly deprived (BD) cats utilizing a simultaneous two-choice discrimination procedure. For all cats when adaptation level was steady-state for stimulus luminance, the CFF/luminance function showed a rod-cone break which took the form of a mesopic null. When the cats were maintained in a light-adapted state CFF declined as a monotonic function of luminance. Under most luminance and adaptation levels the BD cats' CFF was slower than that of the normal cats. The BD cats' depressed CFF is interpreted as a result of their LGNd Y-cell loss.
Hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth in rats and guinea pigs: quantitative morphometry and topographical differences.

Abstract Sympathetic ingrowth is an unusual neural rearrangement in response to damage of the septohippocampal pathway in which peripheral noradrenergic nerves grow into the hippocampal formation. Hippocampal ingrowth has been extensively studied in rats and has been suggested to be regulated by the mossy fibers of the dentate granule cells, hippocampal interneurons, or glial cells. Sympathetic ingrowth was found to occur in both rats and guinea pigs; however, a discrepancy between the species was observed in the topographical distribution of sympathetic ingrowth. Ingrowth fibers were found in the dentate hilus and area CA3 of guinea pigs and rats. However, in the guinea pig fibers extended into area CA1. Quantitative estimates of fiber number confirmed these observations and identified significant differences between the species in the intrahippocampal lamellar distribution of ingrowth fibers. The topographical differences in sympathetic ingrowth could not be explained by differences in the distribution of the mossy fibers (Timms stain), cholinergic septal afferents (anterograde HRP), or in hippocampal interneurons (GAD-immunoreactive neurons). These species differences are challenging to current theories concerning the regulation of sympathetic ingrowth and may provide a useful model for testing further hypothesis about axonal guidance and target selection.
Estimating wave crest distributions using the method of L-moments

Abstract The design of fixed or floating offshore structures requires accurate information of the met-ocean data at the intended offshore site. In the design process it is recognized that this environmental data is modified in the near-field by the interaction with the particular geometrical configuration of the offshore structure. This transformation of the incident wave field around and beneath an offshore structure presents a challenge for ocean engineers when specifying the wave gap elevation to avoid impact loads on the underside of the deck and inundation of the topsides. Thus, the accurate estimation of the wave crest distributions from measurements at various locations near and under the offshore structure during model test studies is essential. A semi-empirical approach is presented herein that builds upon the findings of previous studies and introduces the Method of L-moments. A three parameter model for a wave crest probability distribution function is presented and explicit relationships between the parameters of the distribution and its’ first three L-Moments are established. Furthermore, three narrow-band models from earlier research studies are reviewed and compared with the new model. Wave measurements from a mini-TLP model test program are used as the basis for comparison of the four distributions. The root-mean-square error is used as a metric to quantify the overall fit of the data and its accuracy in the high end tail of the data. The L-Moment model is shown to be more robust in representing the data in both the far-field and beneath the deck of the mini-TLP where the wave field demonstrates increased non-linear behavior.