cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New placental proteins: Chemistry, physiology and clinical use

In the past decade, several new placental proteins have been isolated and studied. The 'pregnancy-specific' beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1) is a major placental product with unusual physicochemical properties that has been extensively investigated, but its biological function remains uncertain. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), a glycoprotein of mol. wt 400,000, has effects in vitro on the coagulation and complement cascades, probably by its properties of protease inhibition. Placental protein 5 (PP5) may be involved in the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, and in follicle maturation and semen liquefaction. 'Placental protein 12' (PP12) is not a product of the placenta at all; it appears to be produced in the female genital tract under the influence of progesterone and may also be produced by proliferating liver cells. Further study may reveal new roles for these placental proteins beyond their traditional roles as tumour markers.
Femoral Vein Homograft for Neoaortic Reconstruction in Norwood Stage 1 Operation

Femoral vein homografts are increasingly being used for arterial reconstruction in peripheral vascular surgery. We explored the suitability of using cryopreserved femoral vein homograft for neoaortic reconstruction in Norwood stage I operation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
Relationship between intact cell ATP levels and glucocorticoid receptor-binding capacity in the AtT-20 cell

Abstract This study tested the relationship between intact cell ATP levels and glucocorticoid receptor-binding capacity in the AtT-20 mouse pituitary tumor cell. Four treatments were used to alter intact cell ATP levels: (1) incubation with NaF, (2) incubation with 2,4-dinitrophenol, (3) alterations in culture age, and (4) incubation with dexamethasone. Each of these treatments clearly altered glucocorticoid receptor-binding capacity. Their effects on ATP levels, however, were not the same: NaF decreased ATP levels, dinitrophenol decreased ATP levels only transiently, and the last two treatments (increasing culture age and incubation with dexamethasone) produced an inverse relationship between ATP levels and receptor-binding capacity. It is concluded that, at least in the intact AtT-20 cell, receptor-binding capacity is not always directly related to ATP levels.
Macroscopic and Sensory Evaluation of Bread Supplemented with Sweet‐potato Flour

ABSTRACT: The macroscopic and sensory properties of breads supplemented with 50%, 55%, 60%, and 65% sweet-potato flour were evaluated. Moisture contents of the breads fluctuated during storage. Protein value was highest for the bread supplemented with 50% sweet-potato flour. Carbohydrate contents ranged from 18.2% to 24.4%. β-caro-tene contents and loaf volumes were highest in the breads supplemented with 65% and 50% sweet-potato flour, respectively. The breads were similarly firm, with comparable vitamin C contents at the end of storage. The bread with 65% sweet-potato flour had the most intense yellow-orange color. Twelve perceived sensory attributes, which could be used to differentiate the appearance, texture, and flavor of sweet-potato breads, were generated.
Grain reserve sizing: A multiobjective and probabilistic analysis

How large should a world grain reserve be in order to stabilize grain supplies through good or lean years of production? The paper discusses how to conceive of the institutions through which grain is produced and used; how to size a grain reserve with respect to multiple objectives; and how to assure reliable performance even during a series of sequential production shortfalls. An analytical technique is described, based upon tools from synthetic hydrology, order statistics, and multiobjective programming. Initial numerical results for sizing a world grain reserve are presented.
Reliability of the lung‐to‐head ratio in predicting outcome and neonatal ventilation parameters in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Objectives The ratio of the lung area (on the contralateral side of the hernia) to the head circumference, the lung-to-head ratio (LHR), has been proposed as a reliable tool in the assessment of the prognosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). An LHR 1.4 has been associated with survival. We aimed to analyze the role of LHR in predicting fetal outcome and ventilation parameters in cases of isolated CDH in our center. Methods During the 40-month study period, 22 fetuses with an isolated CDH were delivered alive under optimized conditions at our perinatal center. LHR was measured at the time of diagnosis (median, 27 weeks' gestation). In addition to survival, postnatal ventilation parameters including pCO2, pO2, inspiratory O2 partial pressure, inspiratory pressure and oxygenation index were determined, as was the occurrence of pulmonary hypertension. Results The overall survival rate was 59%. The LHR was not able to predict fetal outcome reliably. There was no correlation between the liver herniation, LHR and fetal outcome. The prenatally determined lung size reflected in the LHR did not show any significant association with individual ventilation parameters. Eleven of 17 infants examined had signs of pulmonary hypertension and the LHR did not predict this condition. Conclusion Our study cannot support the optimistic results reported by other groups on the use of LHR as a reliable predictor of outcome in fetuses with CDH. The LHR, as a reflection of lung size, correlates neither with survival patterns nor with various postnatal ventilation parameters. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk prediction models with incomplete data with application to prediction of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: prospective data from the Nurses' Health Study

A number of breast cancer risk prediction models have been developed to provide insight into a woman's individual breast cancer risk. Although circulating levels of estradiol in postmenopausal women predict subsequent breast cancer risk, whether the addition of estradiol levels adds significantly to a model's predictive power has not previously been evaluated. Using linear regression, the authors developed an imputed estradiol score using measured estradiol levels (the outcome) and both case status and risk factor data (for example, body mass index) from a nested case-control study conducted within a large prospective cohort study and used multiple imputation methods to develop an overall risk model including both risk factor data from the main cohort and estradiol levels from the nested case-control study. The authors evaluated the addition of imputed estradiol level to the previously published Rosner and Colditz log-incidence model for breast cancer risk prediction within the larger Nurses' Health Study cohort. The follow-up was from 1980 to 2000; during this time, 1,559 invasive estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cases were confirmed. The addition of imputed estradiol levels significantly improved risk prediction; the age-specific concordance statistic increased from 0.635 ± 0.007 to 0.645 ± 0.007 (P < 0.001) after the addition of imputed estradiol. Circulating estradiol levels in postmenopausal women appear to add to other lifestyle factors in predicting a woman's individual risk of breast cancer.
Measurement and control of optical nonlinearities of importance to glass laser fusion systems

Results of a number of studies carried out at Los Alamos, both experimental and theoretical, of nonlinear optical phenomena important to the design of the National Ignition Facility are summarized. These include measurements of nonlinear index coefficients, Raman scattering in atmospheric oxygen, and theoretical studies of harmonic conversion. The measurements were made by two different techniques in order to increase confidence in the results. One method was an application of a recently-developed technique for measuring the amplitude and phase of an ultrashort pulse by Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating (FROG). The other utilized a modified version of the Z-scan technique that measures beam distortion introduced by scanning a sample through the focus of a beam. The measurements by both techniques for fused silica were consistent with the lower range of previously measured values, indicating that it should not be necessary to further expand the beam size in the NIF to stay below the self-focusing threshold.
Development of a microfluidic “click chip” incorporating an immobilized Cu(I) catalyst

We have developed a microfluidic “click chip” incorporating an immobilized Cu(I) catalyst for click reactions. The microfluidic device was fabricated from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) bonded to glass and featured ∼14 400 posts on the surface to improve catalyst immobilization. This design increased the immobilization efficiency and reduces the reagents' diffusion time to an active catalyst site. The device also incorporates five reservoirs to increase the reaction volume with minimal hydrodynamic pressure drop across the device. A novel water-soluble Tris-(benzyltriazolylmethyl)amine (TBTA) derivative capable of stabilizing Cu(I), ligand 2, was synthesized and successfully immobilized on the chip surface. The catalyst immobilized chip surface was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The immobilization efficiency was evaluated via radiotracer methods: the immobilized Cu(I) was measured as 1136 ± 272 nmol and the surface immobilized Cu(I) density was 81 ± 20 nmol cm−2. The active Cu(I)–ligand 2 could be regenerated up to five times without losing any catalyst efficiency. The “click” reaction of Flu568-azide and propargylamine was studied on chip for proof-of-principle. The on-chip reaction yields were ca. 82% with a 50 min reaction time or ca. 55% with a 15 min period at 37 °C, which was higher than those obtained in the conventional reaction. The on-chip “click” reaction involving a biomolecule, cyclo(RGDfK) peptide was also studied and demonstrated a conversion yield of ca. 98%. These encouraging results show promise on the application of the Cu(I) catalyst immobilized “click chip” for the development of biomolecule based imaging agents.
Priming God-Related Concepts Increases Anxiety and Task Persistence

Research on the relationship between religiosity and anxiety has been mixed, with some studies revealing a positive relation and other studies revealing a negative relation. The current research used an experimental design, perhaps for the first time, to examine anxiety and task persistence during a stressful situation. Christians and Atheists/Agnostics/Others were primed with God-related or neutral (non-God related) concepts before completing an unsolvable anagram task described as a measure of verbal intelligence. The results revealed that the God-related primes increased both task persistence and anxiousness, which suggests that experimentally induced God-related thoughts caused participants to persist longer on a stressful task, but also to feel more anxious after finishing it. No effect of religious affiliation was found, however, indicating that God-related priming affected Christians and non-Christians in a similar fashion.
Teaching embodied interaction design practice

Increasingly, user experiences are addressing our interactions in the world---the physical, the social, and the situated. This sketch presents our experiences introducing embodied interaction themes to a project-based Interaction Design studio course. We present and discuss examples of student-created designs, illustrating the relationship between these design methods, domains, and artifacts created. These in-the-world domains and methods appealed to budding interaction designers because it encouraged them to transcend the computer screen and design for the world at large. However, the challenge of effectively evaluating in-the-world interactions inhibited iteration. Balancing observation, craft, and evaluation was critical to project success, and we are exploring how to help students navigate these process tradeoffs.
Effects of sibling-rearing experience on future reproductive success in two species of callitrichidae.

The survival rate for offspring of mothers who either had or did not have previous experience rearing younger siblings was compared in two callitrichid species, Callithrix jacchus and Saguinus oedipus. Offspring of mothers with sibling-rearing experience had a higher survival percentage than offspring of inexperienced mothers in both species. While 50–60% of offspring of inexperienced C. jacchus mothers survived, no offspring of inexperienced S. oedipus mothers survived. The results suggest that sibling-rearing experience is necessary for adequate maternal behavior in S. oedipus, but not necessary to the development of maternal behavior in C. jacchus. Effects of previous sibling-rearing experience of S. oedipus fathers on offspring survival were also examined. Whether the father had rearing experience was not related to the survival of their offspring.
Histology of the fresh-water mussel heart with reference to its physiological reactions†

The anatomical isolation of the auricles from the ventricle in hearts of fresh-water mussels representing nine North American species has been confirmed. The muscle fibers in these hearts without exceptions were found to be of the smooth, unstriated type. Bundles of these fibers loosely interwoven, form the thin, delicate, heart wall, which contains many sinus-like spaces. The outside portion of the heart wall exposed to the pericardial fluid is covered with a definite epicardium composed of a single, dense layer of epithelial and scattering mucous cells. The inside of the heart cavity has no endocardium, the muscle fibers being in direct contact with the blood. No special conduction tissue, nerves or ganglia were found in the heart wall. Correlations of these anatomical and histological findings with the physiological reactions of the living heart in situ are made, and the mechanical and chemical control of the heart discussed.
Firsts for feminism

A Convergence of Lives: Sofia Kovalevskaia, Scientist, Writer, Revolutionary. By Ann Hibner Koblitz. Birkhauser: 1984. Pp.305. 19.95.
Control of locally advanced extremity soft tissue sarcomas by function-saving resection and brachytherapy.

Amputation has often been advised for the treatment of deep-seated or bulky soft tissue sarcomas of the limb because of proneness to local recurrence after conservative resection. The authors evaluated the efficacy of local control by means of function-preserving resection and high-dose brachytherapy of the tumor bed using Iridium-192 implants in 33 patients with locally advanced sarcomas, 17 without prior therapy and 16 with locally recurrent tumors. Local control was achieved in 100% of the previously untreated group, and 62.5% of the previously treated, recurrent group after a median follow-up time of 36 months (range, 19 months—7.5 years). Serious wound complications developed in nine patients, two of whom required amputation. Prehensile or walking function was preserved in 31 of the 33 treated limbs. These results indicate that conservative resection and brachytherapy can successfully control locally advanced limb sarcomas with good preservation of limb function. Cancer 53:1385-1392, 1984.
The impact of human resource activities on employee trust

Abstract Most of the literature on HR activities and trust has presumed that employees' trust affects the success and effectiveness of HR activities. However, social exchange theory suggests an alternative and complementary notion—that HR activities affect the development of employee trust. Previous research and exchange-based theories, including organizational justice, leader-member exchange, spiral reinforcement and perceptions of organizational support, suggest hypotheses that need to be investigated in order to understand the relationship between HR activities and trust better and to design HR activities to build trust and improve organizational effectiveness.
An electron microscopic study of lesion-induced synaptogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat. II. Reappearance of morphologically normal synaptic contacts.

Summary Intact synapses in the denervated area of the rat dentate gyrus are reduced to 14% of those normally present 2–4 days following a unilateral entorhinal lesion. By 160–240 days after lesion, the former entorhinal terminal zone is repopulated with new synapses. In all, there is more than a 5-fold increase in the density of intact synapses in the denervated zone between 2 and 240 days post-lesion, and the denervated zone of the molecular layer is restored to 80% of control values. The synapses are Gray type I and are formed on simple and complex spines which closely resemble those normally present. A few boutons have an abnormally large number of synaptic junctions. Reinnervation seems to progress at differential rates. Synapses are rapidly regained up to 30 days after operation, but thereafter the reacquisition of synaptic connections is much slower. Reinnervation is more rapid in the portion of the denervated zone nearest the granule cells, where the maximal densities are attained within 30 days. The time course of reinnervation differed from that of degeneration. A portion of the new synapses in the reinnervated molecular layer appear to arise by the assembly of new synaptic junctions. Over time, the number of postsynaptic contact sites along a given length of dendritic surface recovers, suggesting the formation of new synaptic sites. Our data indicate that granule cells retain a capacity even into adulthood to manufacture, position and assemble postsynaptic components of a synapse and, in concert with reactive afferents, form normal-appearing synapses.
Effect of exchange cations and silica to alumina ratio of Faujasite on coke selectivity during fluid catalytic cracking

Hydrothermally treated fluid-cracking catalysts containing zeolites of varying chemical composition were used in cracking experiments with commercial gas oils and a model hydrocarbon compound. An observed linear relationship between coke yields for a given catalyst and a second-order kinetic conversion parameter was used to assess coke selectivity as a function of zeolite composition as measured by the unit cell constant. Coke selectivity was sensitive to the unit cell constant in the 24.57- to 24.33-A range. Both parallel and consecutive coking reactions were suppressed in the presence of the smaller unit cell zeolite catalyst. Below 24.33 A, coke selectivity was less sensitive to the unit cell constant. Exchange cations like sodium and mixed rare earths did not independently influence coke selectivity at a given unit cell constant. Reduction in coke selectivity for the zeolites with smaller unit cell constants can be attributed to the lower density of acid sites in those zeolites.
Applications of the magnitude locked loop

The magnitude locked loop (MLL) concept was presented in an I.E.E.E. Proceedings Letter (Rao and Ashar 1988), in which a derivation of the linear property relating the input frequency to the output DC voltage in the single sinusoidal case and a discussion of possible applications were given. In the present paper, further analysis is made to determine the MLL's capability in various applications, including a comparison of the MLL to the phase locked loop.
Effect of Length of Calving Intervals on Income Over Feed and Variable Costs

Abstract A budgeting procedure using a micro-computer spreadsheet program was used to determine the effect of calving intervals on income over feed and variable costs using various milk yields of cows, milk and feed prices, and culling strategies based on either age of cow or lactation number. When the culling strategy was based on age of cow with a $12 milk price and low feed prices, income over feed and variable costs of cows during a 13-mo calving interval was slightly lower than those during a 12-mo calving interval. Losses for each additional day of calving interval from 12 to 13 mo, and thus day open, ranged from 0 to $.13. Increasing the calving interval to 14 mo increased the losses per day open with a range of $.10 to $.71 in comparison with a 12-mo interval. Losses per day open for a 15-mo calving interval ranged from $.18 to $.60 in comparison with a 12-mo interval. Factors that reduce income over feed costs, such as lower production, lower milk prices, higher feed prices, and culling at an earlier age decrease the loss in income over feed and variable costs for 14- and 15-mo calving intervals in comparison with a 12-mo interval. When the culling strategy was based on lactation number, extending the calving interval increased the income over feed and variable costs with the greater effect occurring between 12 and 13 mo. From these results, recommendations for a 12- to 13-mo calving interval appear justified.
Effects of Halogenated and Non-Halogenated Anesthetics on Diaspirin Cross-Linked Hemoglobin™-Induced Contractions of Porcine Pulmonary Veins

Diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb™) is a resuscitative fluid presently undergoing clinical trials. Administration of DCLHb is associated with an elevation of mean arterial pressure in vivo and contraction of isolated blood vessels in vitro. The mechanisms for the vascular actions are unknown but may be due to inhibition of nitric oxide (NO). Halothane has been reported to inhibit NO induced relaxation. We examined the effect of anesthetics on DCLHb induced contraction of blood vessels. Porcine pulmonary veins were excised, cut into rings and placed in organ chambers filled with 25 ml Krebs-Ringer solution (37°C). Following equilibration at their optimal length the rings were exposed to increasing concentrations of serotonin(10-8M-10-5M). Endothelial activity was confirmed by relaxation greater than 80% with ACh (10-6M). DCLHb (1.5±10-8M to 6±10-7M) contracted porcine pulmonary veins (1.04±0.17g to 3.45±0.22g), and halothane (0.5% and 1%) significantly inhibited these DCLHb induced contractions in a ...
Changes in the rate of chitin synthesis during the crayfish molting cycle

Abstract 1. 1. The amount of 14 C glucose incorporated into the chitin of crayfish served as an indication of the rate of chitin synthesis. 2. 2. It was found that chitin synthesis occurred at all stages of the molting cycle, including C 4 (the intermolt). 3. 3. There was a significant increase in the rate of incorporation during premolt stage D 2 , and the amount of chitin synthesis continued to increase at each successive stage until after the molt, when it reached a peak at stage B.
Clifford algebra: Notes on the spinor metric and Lorentz, Poincaré, and conformal groups

A particular normalization for the set of basis elements {Γ i } of the complex Clifford algebrasC(p,q) is motivated and defined by demanding that the physical bispinor densities ρ i =ΨΓ i Ψ be real. This condition, referred to here as Dirac normalization, also necessitates the introduction of the spinor metric γ, and the solution of the metric conditions is given for arbitrary (p,q); when N=p+q is even the metric is unique, and when N is odd there are two distinct metrics. Then the Dirac normalization preserving automorphism group of the basis is explored. This is also the group of transformations leaving the spinor metric invariant. In particular, the physically important cases of the Lorentz, Poincare, and conformal groups are sought as subgroups of the automorphism group. As expected, it is found that the Lorentz group is always contained in the automorphism group. However, it is found that the Poincare and conformal groups are contained only in the cases where N is even and q is odd. Furthermore, when N is odd these groups may be found in the full isomorphism group, but only for one of the two possible spinor metrics. Possible physical implications of these results are discussed.
Adjustable prosthesis for pulmonary artery banding. Comparison with umbilical tape and teflon bands.

An adjustable, stainless-steel "ball and saddle" prosthesis has been devised for banding the main pulmonary artery in dogs. Comparisons were made between this prosthesis and circumferential cotton umbilical and Teflon tape banding in 20 dogs. The vessel lumen and pressure gradient across the banded area returned to normal after release of the ball and saddle band, but not after release of the circumferential tape bands. However, microscopic damage to the banded artery was noted in all dogs, with attenuation of the media being most evident in dogs with the steel ball and saddle prosthesis.
Prevalence of psychotropic medication use among cosmetic and medical dermatology patients: a comparative study.

Background Little is known about the psychologic status of cosmetically oriented dermatology patients. Objective We sought to determine the prevalence of psychotropic medication use among such patients to offer insight into the rates of psychopathology in this group. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients seeking consultation at a cosmetic dermatology practice, recorded patients' use of psychotropic medicines, and compared this with data from a control group of medical dermatology patients. Results Both groups reported rates of psychotropic medication use above those expected in the general population. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of psychotropic drug use between cosmetic (18%) and medical (17%) dermatology patients. Limitations There is not a one-to-one correspondence between psychotropic medication use and the presence of psychopathology. Data are based on patient health histories and, thus, may be subject to underreporting. Conclusions There is a relatively high rate of psychotropic drug use among all patients seeking care from dermatologists, but this does not appear to be more common among patients interested in undergoing cosmetic procedures.
Participation in activity and risk for incident delirium.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the mediating role between educational attainment and risk for incidence delirium of activity participation and to examine the contribution of participation in specific activities to the development of delirium. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Urban teaching hospital in New Haven, Connecticut. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were drawn from two prospective cohort studies of 779 newly hospitalized patients aged 70 and older without dementia. MEASUREMENTS: The main outcome was delirium, measured using the full Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) algorithm, which consisted of acute onset and fluctuating course, inattention, and disorganized thinking or altered level of consciousness, as rated by trained clinical interviewers. RESULTS: Bivariable results indicated a significant relationship between education and the development of delirium (odds ratio (OR)=0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.88–0.97) and between activity and delirium (OR= 0.60, 95% CI=0.46–0.79). In multivariable analysis, activity mediated the relationship between education and risk for delirium. Considering each activity separately, multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that regular exercise significantly lowered the risk for developing delirium (OR=0.76, 95% CI=0.60–0.96). CONCLUSION: In older persons without dementia, activity participation before hospitalization is a mediator between education and incidence of delirium. Specifically, it was found that participation in regular exercise was found to be significantly protective against delirium.
Simulation: technologies in the new millennium

We first address future simulation needs from a generic point of view and then from the viewpoint of major stakeholders within the simulation community. These stakeholders include the simulation software developer/vendor, the corporate end user, the government end-user, the researcher and the educator. We then describe or outline the set of capabilities that will be needed to design and manage future systems, and also the limitations of the current simulation tools in meeting these needs. Finally, we conjecture about the kind of simulation-based design and planning capabilities that might exist in future manufacturing systems.
Keeping the story together: a holistic approach to narrative analysis:

Delay seeking medical assistance for ischemic stroke symptoms is common worldwide, yet existing literature does not provide an adequate understanding of experiences at stroke onset. An explanatory ...
Making WSN TDMA Practical: Stealing Slots Up and Down the Tree

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) communication protocols in wireless sensor networks provide collision-free communication that increases energy-efficiency while maintaining deterministic packet latencies. The TDMA-ASAP[1] protocol proposed stealing neighbor's slots when networks are running at low-duty cycles to reduce the potentially large latencies of the TDMA cycle size. In this paper, we further reduce the end-to-end latencies by intelligently spreading slots across the TDMA cycle and by enhancing the stealing opportunities in the schedule, stealing slots scheduled for downstream (control) and upstream (data) messages. We also provide a practical time synchronization algorithm that operates within the TDMA schedule. In order to evaluate our new schemes, we carried out both simulation studies to show scalability and a test bed implementation of Fire Fly wireless sensor nodes to show feasibility. Our schemes provide higher peak throughput (nearly 2x) as compared to a common low-power-listen contention-based (LPL-CSMA) protocol and improves the average packet latency by as much as 5x as compared to existing TDMA protocols without slot-stealing and up to 2x as compared to TDMA-ASAP.
Implications of Cutthroat Trout Declines for Breeding Ospreys and Bald Eagles at Yellowstone Lake

Abstract In Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) feed primarily on cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) and cutthroat trout represent approximately 23% of prey consumed by Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) during the breeding season (Swenson 1978, Journal of Wildlife Management 42:87–90; Swenson et al. 1986, Wildlife Monographs 95:3–46). The introduction of exotic lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) to Yellowstone Lake during the late 1980s caused substantial declines in populations of cutthroat trout. Historically, more than half of all breeding pairs of Ospreys and Bald Eagles in YNP have nested near and foraged at Yellowstone Lake and the decline in cutthroat trout numbers may affect rates of reproduction for these two species. We studied the relationship between an index of cutthroat trout abundance and spring weather on Osprey (1987–2009) and Bald Eagle (1987–2007) reproduction. We documented steep declines in an index of cutthroat trout abundance, Osprey producti...
Quantitative immunophenotyping of circulating tumor cells in blood using microfluidic screening chip integrated with hyperspectral microscope

An effective screening test for the early diagnosis of cancer is high on the agenda of oncologists, since early detection increases treatment options and patient prognosis. Using microfluidics and Hyperspectral Imaging Microscopy, we demonstrate the ability to capture and immunophenotype circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which are shed by carcinomas at an early stage and signify the presence of cancer in a patient. The technology presented demonstrates the potential for optofluidic microsystems in advanced point-of-care applications and is envisioned to aid disease prognosis, treatment selection, response monitoring, and development of novel therapies.
Aging Alters Somatomedin-C-Dexamethasone Synergism in the Stimulation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis and Replication of Cultured Human Fibroblasts*

The effects of dexamethasone on somatomedin- C (SM-C) stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell replication were studied in early passage fibroblasts from normal donors, aged 7–24 yr (young) and 85–96 yr (old), and one patient with progeria. Preincubation of cells from young donors with dexamethasone dramatically enhanced SM-C stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation [e.g. 19- vs. 3-fold in serum-free medium; 66- vs. 14-fold in 0.25% human hypopituitary serum (HHS)], with no alteration in the timing of peak thymidine incorporation. In contrast, preincubation of cells from old and progeric donors with dexamethasone resulted in a 6- to 12-hr lengthening of the prereplicative period and, generally, little or no synergism with SM-C. Cells from old and progeric donors had a normal replicative response to SM-C with or without 0.25% HHS. In cells from young donors, dexamethasone enhanced the SM-C-stimulated increase in cell number 32%49% in serum-free medium and 70–189% in 0.25% HHS. In comparison, d...
An exploration into renting as consumption behavior

This article describes an initial, exploratory look at a quickly growing new type of consumption behavior, renting. Insights about renting are generated from a small, qualitative study of rental behavior and motives. As an initial cut at conceptualizing and understanding rental consumption, a wide range of topics are considered, including instant gratification, postpurchase dissonance, self-exploration, cultivation of rental items, and some implications of renting regarding materialism. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Substance use among street children in Honduras

The hypothesis that drug use among Honduran street children is a function of developmental social isolation from cultural and structural influences is examined. Data from 1,244 children working and/or living on the streets of Tegucigalpa are described, separating “market” children from “street” children. The latter group is then divided into those who sniff glue and those who do not to identify salient distinguishing factors. An OLS regression of drug usage on these variables results in a model that explains 75% of the variance, where family relations, length of time on the street, and delinquency are the most important factors. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts Section of this issue.]
Hemodynamic correlates of right ventricular ejection fraction measured with gated radionuclide angiography.

Abstract Right ventricular function was studied in 60 patients with equilibrium gated radionuclide angiography. The mean (± standard deviation) right ventricular ejection fraction in 20 normal subjects was 53 ± 6 percent, a value in agreement with previous data from both radionuclide and contrast angiographie studies. This value was similar (55 ± 7 percent) in 11 patients with coronary artery disease but normal left ventricular function. Radionuclide measurements of right ventricular ejection fraction were correlated with right heart hemodynamics. There was a significant negative linear correlation between right ventricular ejection fraction and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (r = −0.82) and between right ventricular ejection fraction and right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (r = −0.67). Furthermore, patients with elevated right ventricular enddiastolic pressure and mean pulmonary arterial pressure had a more severely depressed ejection fraction than did those with an elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure alone. Thus, an abnormal value for right ventricular ejection fraction by gated radionuclide angiography in the absence of primary right ventricular volume overload suggests abnormal right heart pressures, whereas a normal value excludes severe pulmonary arterial hypertension or an elevated right ventricular end-diastolic pressure.
Fabrication and multifunctional properties of a hybrid laminate with aligned carbon nanotubes grown In Situ

Abstract A hybrid composite architecture of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), advanced fibers and a matrix is described, from CNT synthesis and characterization through to standard mechanical and electrical laminate tests. Direct growth of aligned CNTs on the surface of advanced fibers in a woven fabric enables enhancement in multifunctional laminate performance, as demonstrated by a 69% increase in interlaminar shear strength and 106 (in-plane) and 108 (through-thickness) increases in laminate-level electrical conductivity. Processes developed include dip-coating of CNT growth catalyst and atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition of dense aligned CNTs. A capillarity-driven mechanism is presented to explain the observed effective and uniform wetting of the aligned CNTs in the interior of the laminate by unmodified thermoset polymer resins.
Transport limited nutrient uptake rates in Ditylum brightwellii1

The analysis of diffusional transport limitation of nutrient uptake rates by phytoplankton, derived earlier for spherical cells, is extended to include, in an approximate manner, cylindrical and disk-shaped cells. Transport limitation of nntrient (NOs and NO;) uptake rates by the marine diatom, Ditylum brightwdlii, was demonstrated experimentally at low nutrient concentrations in quiescent media. The effect of transport limitation was decreased by mixing and elirninated completely when the organism was cultured in a medium being sheared at a high enough rate. It also disappeared at high enough nutrient concentrations. In a previous article we described quantitatively how the rate of uptake of a nutrient by a single-celled, spherical phytoplankter can be limited by the inability of the nutrient to diffuse to the cell as rapidly as the cell can assimilate the nutrient at its ambient concentration. We presented plots of the nutrient uptake rate as a function of ambient nutrient concentration for different values of a parameter of the cell relative to the particular nutrient (Pasciak and Gavis 1974). The parameter, a dimensionless number, has the form
Forest succession and terrestrial - aquatic biodiversity in small forested watersheds: a review of principles, relationships and implications for management

Summary Early-successional forest habitat (ESFH), characterized by dense, short-statured woody vegetation, abundant and diverse herbaceous vegetation and high productivity-to-biomass ratios, supports diverse and productive terrestrial faunal communities. In upland forested areas, small watersheds, encompassing ecologically interconnected terrestrial and freshwater habitats, are fundamental units of the landscape for managing and protecting terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity. However, little is known about how the occurrence or abundance of upland ESFHs affects linkages between aquatic and terrestrial species and communities in these small watersheds. It is likely that the presence of ESFH in small watersheds affects the magnitude and direction of aquatic–terrestrial linkages, which may, in turn, affect overall biodiversity. We conducted a literature review of current information on aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity in small watersheds as related to forest age and structure. While the review identifies some fundamental uncertainties and information gaps, there is no evidence of negative effects of the creation and maintenance of upland ESFH on aquatic and riparian diversity. Increased aquatic production, due to higher light and nutrients, and increased primary and secondary production in ESFHs have the potential to increase watershed biodiversity. The review underscores the need for systematic evaluation of these potential outcomes to inform the management community.
Antireflecting and polarizing transparent bilayer coatings on absorbing substrates at oblique incidence

The condition of zero reflection of p- and s-polarized light by a transparent bilayer on an absorbing substrate is derived in the form |gν(ϕ, Ni)| ≤ 1, where gν is a function of the angle of incidence ϕ, the refractive indices Ni (i = 0,1,2,3) of the system, and the polarization state ν (= p or s). As an application, the air–Si3N4–SiO2–Si system is considered at two laser wavelengths λ = 6328 and 3250 A. The thicknesses of the two films of the bilayer and the unextinguished reflectance are determined as functions of ϕ, and the results appear graphically and in tables. Extinction of the s polarization is accompanied by low overall residual reflectance (e.g., for incident unpolarized light, it is 1.6% for λ = 6328 A at ϕ = 45°). On the other hand, suppression of the p polarization at a high incidence angle is accompanied by high s reflectance (e.g. = 96% for λ = 3250 A at ϕ = 83°). This demonstrates that efficient bilayer reflection polarizers are possible.
Emerging Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Comparison to Peers Without Diabetes

Objective This longitudinal study compared emerging adults with and without type 1 diabetes on life path decisions, health behaviors, and psychological well-being during the transition out of high school. Methods Administered questionnaires during the senior year of high school and 1 year later to 117 emerging adults with diabetes and 122 emerging adults without diabetes. Comparisons were conducted with respect to health status, sex, and school status. Results Those with and without diabetes chose similar life paths and engaged in similar levels of risky behaviors, but disturbed sleep increased for males with diabetes only. Having diabetes was not associated with depressive symptoms, loneliness, or bulimic symptoms, but was associated with lower life satisfaction and lower life purpose over time. Conclusions Emerging adults with and without diabetes fare similarly on most dimensions studied during the first year out of high
High-performance, low-power skewed static logic in very deep-submicron (VDSM) technology

This paper presents S/sup 2/L, which exhibits low-power, high-speed with use of positive feedback circuits and dual Vt. Topology-dependent dual Vt approach suppresses leakage current while boosting the performance in VDSM technology. S/sup 2/L consumes less dynamic and static power compared to Monotonic Static (MS) CMOS. We present simulation results of NAND-NOR gate chains and 32-b adders to demonstrate the effectiveness of the S/sup 2/L compared to other techniques. Design automation for the proposed circuit architecture can be achieved easily due to cascading flexibility.
Adsorption in a stratified column bed packed with porous particles having partially fractal structures and a distribution of particle diameters

Stratified column bed systems whose sections are formed by packing adsorbent particles with a partially fractal structure are proposed and studied. The simulation results clearly show that the breakthrough times and the shape of the breakthrough curves obtained from stratified column beds are significantly larger and sharper than those obtained from conventional columns. The stratified column beds provide, to the designer and user of chromatographic column systems, more degrees of freedom with respect to the number of parameters and variables that could be controlled in the design, construction, and operation of efficient chromatographic adsorption systems. Furthermore, the results suggest that the stratified column beds could provide a higher dynamic adsorptive capacity than conventional columns when it is required to increase the column throughput.
CELLULAR IMMUNITY TO HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS MEDIATED BY INTERFERON

Rabbit kidney cell monolayers infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) were incubated with leukocytes from rabbits immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant. When the leukocytes were exposed to tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD), viral replication and plaque formation were markedly inhibited. Similarly, when leukocytes from animals immunized with HSV were exposed to UV-inactivated HSV, viral replication was markedly inhibited. Exposure of leukocytes from unimmunized animals or animals immunized with incomplete Freund's adjuvant to UV-inactivated virus or PPD produced relatively little inhibition of viral replication. Examination of supernatant fluids from stimulated cultures revealed a soluble mediator that had the properties of interferon. Interferon production was detected within several hours after exposure of sensitized leukocytes to antigen. Supernatant fluids from as few as one sensitized leukocyte per 200 rabbit kidney cells inhibited HSV replication by over 90%. These findings support the concept that the cellular immune response to HSV consists of two phases: an immunologically specific antigen recognition phase, and a nonspecific effector phase that stops HSV spread by generating interferon.
Managing an Overabundant Deer Population by Sterilization: Effects of Immigration, Stochasticity and the Capture Process

Fertility control is an alternative to lethal removal for managing overabundant populations. This approach invokes several simplifying assumptions; in particular, that specific individuals can be targeted for sterilization. We evaluated the influence of relaxing this assumption on the likelihood of achieving population control by considering potential sources of variation in the capture and sterilization process in an overabundant white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population in Cayuga Heights, New York, USA. Using numerical analysis of an individually based seasonal projection model, including demographic stochasticity, we found that heterogeneity in both sampling, and response to trapping, increased the effort required to achieve population reduction within some acceptable degree of certainty. The inability to precisely control the demographic structure of captured deer required increased capture effort to achieve a given reduction. Trap-aversive behavior following capture improved the efficacy of sterilization while trap affinity reduced it. The efficacy of sterilization as a management tool was reduced dramatically by the presence of net immigration and emigration from the population. We found that sterilization could reduce growth rates of overabundant populations under some conditions, but it is unlikely to be a viable means for reducing populations in general, where there is significant net movement of individuals into the population, and where there is imprecise control over the capture process.
A longitudinal study of ear disease and hearing sensitivity in children.

A longitudinal study of hearing sensitivity and ear disease is described in a representative cross-section of the elementary public school population in Pittsburgh, Pa. Periodic hearing level determinations and otolaryngological examinations were conducted between 1957 and 1964. Medical histories were also obtained. Children were in attendance at school, without obvious illness at the time examinations were made. The purpose of the study included identification of those predictive signs and symptoms available to a school medical service which may indicate that particular children need special otological and audiological attention. A total of 5 748 children are included in the study population, Of these, 3 059 remained in the study between 2 and 6 years and form the group on which the longitudinal study was conducted.The principal group on which data are presented are the 1 191 children who were observed for a period of at least 5 years. Children in this report are divided into otoscopically normal and oto...
Impact of a Drug Shortage on Medication Errors and Clinical Outcomes in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the rate of prescribing errors, resulting adverse events, and patient outcomes associated with sedation and analgesia in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) before and during a national shortage of fentanyl and injectable benzodiazepines. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed of patients admitted to the PICU with at least 1 prescribed order for a sedative or analgesic agent during the time periods of January to February of 2011 and 2012. Initial orders for sedative and analgesic agents were identified and investigated for appropriateness of dose and were assessed for error-associated adverse events. Orders were stratified by timing in regard to clinical pharmacist on-site availability. Demographic and outcome information, including unintended extubations, ventilator days, and PICU length of stay, were gathered. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-nine orders representing 72 patients and 179 orders representing 75 patients in 2011 and 2012, resp...