cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving disambiguation in FASIT

An improved disambiguation mechanism, based on a recursive transition network, was used to enhance the automatic indexing system FASIT. FASIT with both the recursive transition network and alone showed improvement over single-term indexing in retrieval experiment with a medical test collection. However, FASIT with the enhanced disambiguation mechanism did not provide any noticeable improvement over FASIT alone. The failure of FASIT with the recursive transition network to improve upon the retrieval results of FASIT alone appeared to be due partly to the stepwise reduction of the effectiveness of further disambiguation in the FASIT environment. This factor was examined in a second experiment, which tested the effects of a perfect diambiguation mechanism on retrieval based on indexing representations provided by FASIT. Again, the difference in retrieval performance between FASIT alone and with a perfect disambiguation was minimal. The results corroborate the findings of the earlier experiment, which showed that retrieval performance is not noticeably affected by improvements to FASIT's disambiguation process. This experiment provides evidence that little improvement in retrieval performance can be expected, regardless of the degree of which FASIT's disambiguation mechanism alone is enhanced. Future research with FASIT should focus on other areas, such as refinements in concept selection and concept grouping and the incorporation of semantic information. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adaptive job routing and scheduling

Computer systems are rapidly becoming so complex that maintaining them with human support staffs will be prohibitively expensive and inefficient. In response, visionaries have begun proposing that computer systems be imbued with the ability to configure themselves, diagnose failures, and ultimately repair themselves in response to these failures. However, despite convincing arguments that such a shift would be desirable, as of yet there has been little concrete progress made towards this goal. These challenges are naturally suited to machine learning methods. Hence, this article presents a new network simulator designed to study the application of machine learning methods from a system-wide perspective. Also, learning-based methods for addressing the problems of job routing and CPU scheduling in the simulated networks are introduced. Experimental results verify that methods using machine learning outperform reasonable heuristic and hand-coded approaches on example networks designed to capture many of the complexities that exist in real systems.
The Chemokine Receptor CXCR6 Is Required for the Maintenance of Liver Memory CD8+ T Cells Specific for Infectious Pathogens

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant AI44375) and the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (predoctoral fellowship to S.-W. T.).
An Analysis of Entrepreneurial Environment and Enterprise Development in Hungary

(2001). An Analysis of Entrepreneurial Environment and Enterprise Development in Hungary. Journal of Small Business Management: Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 103-109.
Nucleotide-Induced Conformational Changes in an Isolated Escherichia coli DNA Polymerase III Clamp Loader Subunit

Sliding clamps are loaded onto DNA by ATP-driven clamp loader complexes. The structure of the E. coli clamp loader in a nucleotide-free state has been determined previously. We now report crystal structures of a truncated form of the isolated gamma-ATPase subunit, gamma(1-243), of the E. coli clamp loader, in nucleotide-free and bound forms. The gamma subunit adopts a defined conformation when empty, in which the nucleotide binding site is blocked. The binding of either ATPgammaS or ADP, which are shown to bind with equal affinity to gamma(1-243), induces a change in the relative orientation of the two domains such that nucleotides can be accommodated. This change would break one of the gamma:gamma interfaces seen in the empty clamp loader complex, and may represent one step in the activation process.
Critical Care Perspective on Immunotherapy in Lung Transplantation

Lung transplantation is now a viable therapeutic option in the care of patients with advanced pulmonary parenchymal or pulmonary vascular disease. Lung transplantation, however, with chronic posttransplant immunosuppression, creates a uniquely vulnerable population of patients likely to experience significant life-threatening complications requiring intensive care. The introduction of several novel immunosuppressive agents, such as sirolimus and mycophenolate mofetil, in conjunction with more established agents such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus, has greatly increased treatment options for lung transplant recipients and likely contributed to improved short-term transplant outcomes. Modern transplant immunosuppression, however, is associated with a host of complications such as opportunistic infections, renal failure, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The main focus of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of modern immunotherapy in lung transplantation and to increase awareness of the ...
Semi-supervised Multi-task Learning with Task Regularizations

Multi-task learning refers to the learning problem of performing inference by jointly considering multiple related tasks. There have already been many research efforts on supervised multi-task learning. However, collecting sufficient labeled data for each task is usually time consuming and expensive. In this paper, we consider the semi-supervised multitask learning (SSMTL) problem, where we are given a small portion of labeled points together with a large pool of unlabeled data within each task. We assume that the different tasks can form some task clusters and the task in the same cluster share similar classifier parameters. The final learning problem is relaxed to a convex one and an efficient gradient descent strategy is proposed. Finally the experimental results on both synthetic and real world data sets are presented to show the effectiveness of our method.
Catabolite Repression of the Propionate Catabolic Genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica: Evidence for Involvement of the Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein

Previous studies with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 demonstrated that transcriptional activation of the prpBCDE operon requires the function of transcription factor PrpR, sigma-54, and IHF. In this study, we found that transcription from the prpBCDE and prpR promoters was down-regulated by the addition of glucose or glycerol, indicating that these genes may be regulated by the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-cAMP receptor protein (CRP) complex. Targeted mutagenesis of a putative CRP-binding site in the promoter region between prpR and prpBCDE suggested that these genes are under the control of CRP. Furthermore, cells with defects in cya or crp exhibited reduced transcriptional activation of prpR and prpBCDE in Escherichia coli. These results demonstrate that propionate metabolism is subject to catabolite repression by the global transcriptional regulator CRP and that this regulation is effected through control of both the regulator gene prpR and the prpBCDE operon itself. The unique properties of the regulation of these two divergent promoters may have important implications for mechanisms of CRP-dependent catabolite repression acting in conjunction with a member of the sigma-54 family of transcriptional activators.
Hyperbolic Programs, and Their Derivative Relaxations

We study the algebraic and facial structures of hyperbolic programs, and examine natural relaxations of hyperbolic programs, the relaxations themselves being hyperbolic programs.
Geothermal Heat Flow in the Gulfs of California and Aden.

Eighteen measurements in and near the gulfs of California and Aden indicate the geothermal flux is several times the world-wide mean of 1.2 x 10 -6 cal/cm 2 sec in both regions. Both gulfs closely coincide with the intersection of oceanic rises with continents and have likely been formed under tensional forces, which suggests an association with mantle convection currents.
Right atrial myxoma with atrial septal defect: A case report and review of the literature

We report the case of a 63-year-old woman presenting with progressive dyspnea of insidious onset culminating in severe central cyanosis. Conventional studies including M-mode echocardiography did not point to the diagnosis. At cardiac catheterization a large right atrial myxoma producing partial dynamic tricuspid obstruction was discovered along with an atrial septal defect with a right to left shunt. After successful surgical excision of the tumor and repair of the atrial septal defect, the patient has been totally relieved of her presenting symptoms.
Nonbinary quantum error-correcting codes from algebraic curves

We give a new exposition and proof of a generalized CSS construction for nonbinary quantum error-correcting codes. Using this we construct nonbinary quantum stabilizer codes with various lengths, dimensions, and minimum distances from algebraic curves. We also give asymptotically good nonbinary quantum codes from a Garcia-Stichtenoth tower of function fields which are constructible in polynomial time.
A re-examination of the 4051 Å band of C3 using cavity ringdown spectroscopy of a supersonic plasma

The C3 molecule is of fundamental interest to chemists, both as the simplest cumulene and as a prototypical nonrigid system.It is also of great importance in astrophysics, as it now serves as a remote diagnostic of the temperature and density of interstellar clouds.However, high resolution astronomical spectra have uncovered a discrepancy between the observed R(0) transition and the laboratory spectrum.We have used cavity ringdown spectroscopy to obtain a high resolution, low temperature spectrum of the 4051 A band, and have confirmed that the R(0) transition was incorrectly assigned in previous laboratory work. 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Larynx: The Mayo Clinic Experience

Objective:To report a single institutional series of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx (NCL), a very rare yet aggressive tumor. To review the management of NCL, including discussion...
Acute myeloid leukemia presenting with extensive bone marrow necrosis, leukemia cutis and testicular involvement: successful treatment with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Acute myeloid leukemia presenting with extensive bone marrow necrosis, leukemia cutis and testicular involvement: successful treatment with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Mechanisms by Which 17β-Estradiol (E2) Suppress Neuronal cox-2 Gene Expression.

E2 attenuates inflammatory responses by suppressing expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Given that inflammation is increasingly being associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric processes, we sought to elucidate mechanisms by which E2 down-regulates a component of an inflammatory response, cyclooxygenase– 2 (COX-2) expression. Although inflammatory processes in the brain are usually associated with microglia and astrocytes, we found that the COX-2 gene (cox-2) was expressed in a neuronal context, specifically in an amygdalar cell line (AR-5). Given that COX-2 has been reported to be in neurons in the brain, and that the amygdala is a site involved in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric processes, we investigated mechanisms by which E2 could down-regulate cox-2 expression in the AR-5 line. These cells express estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ), and as shown here cox-2. At the level of RNA, E2 and the ERβ selective ligand diarylpropionitrile (DPN) both attenuated gene expression, whereas the ERα selective ligand propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) had no effect. Neither ligand increased ERβ at the cox-2 promoter. Rather, DPN decreased promoter occupancy of NF-κB p65 and histone 4 (H4) acetylation. Treatment with the non-specific HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) counteracted DPN’s repressive effects on cox-2 expression. In keeping with the TSA effect, E2 and DPN increased histone deacetylase one (HDAC1) and switch-independent 3A (Sin3A) promoter occupancy. Lastly, even though E2 increased CpG methylation, DPN did not. Taken together, the pharmacological data indicate that ERβ contributes to neuronal cox-2 expression, as measured by RNA levels. Furthermore, ER ligands lead to increased recruitment of HDAC1, Sin3A and a concomitant reduction of p65 occupancy and Ac-H4 levels. None of the events, however, are associated with a significant recruitment of ERβ at the promoter. Thus, ERβ directs recruitment to the cox-2 promoter, but does so in the absence of being recruited itself.
Automatic and Semiautomatic Analysis of Nervous System Structure

Interdisciplinary approaches to the study of neuronal structure and function have provided the opportunity to develop an automatic and reliable method for three-dimensional reconstruction, analysis, and storage of morphological data. Today, varied types of images, at light microscopic and ultrastructural levels, are obtained from morphological as well as physiological (Kater and Nicholson, 1973) and cytochemical techniques (Smith et al., 1974). Their levels of magnification range from macroscopic projections of brain surfaces in serial sections to ultramicroscopic detail of intracellular particles and organelles. Thus a system capable of automatically processing such information is of central importance if morphological studies are to be based on more than casual observation. The system should have the capability of semiautomated and manual input control for the processing of difficult material.
Mechanism investigation for poloxamer 188 raw material variation in cell culture

Variability in poloxamer 188 (P188) raw material, which is routinely used in cell culture media to protect cells from hydrodynamic forces, plays an important role in the process performance. Even though tremendous efforts have been spent to understand the mechanism of poloxamer's protection, the root cause for lot-to-lot variation was not clear. A recent study reported that the low performance was not due to toxicity but inefficiency to protect cells (Peng et al., Biotechnol Prog. 2014;30:1411-1418). In this study, it was demonstrated for the first time that the addition of other surfactants even at a very low level can interfere with P188 resulting in a loss of efficiency. It was also found that the performance of P188 lots correlated well with its foam stability. Foam generated from low performing lots in baffled shaker flask lasts longer, which suggests that the components in the foam layers are different. The spiking of foam generated from a low performing lot into the media containing a high performance lot resulted in cell damage and low growth. Analytical studies using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) identified differences in high molecular weight (HMW) species present in the P188 lots. These differences are much clearer when comparing the HMW region of the SEC chromatogram of foam vs. bulk liquid samples. This study shows that low performing lots have enriched HMW species in foam samples due to high hydrophobicity, which can be potentially used as a screening assay. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:767-775, 2016.
I Never Thought I Would End Up In Prison: White Collar Dilemmas

This case allows students to hear the stories of convicted white collar prisoners from Germany and the United States and learn lessons from their mistakes. Prisoners provide details of their crimes, the resulting prison time, as well as life lessons they feel business ethics students should learn. Students are encouraged to identify anything they, themselves, might be doing that would put them on the path of illegal behavior and to consider mechanisms they can implement to avoid breaking laws. The case can be used in many courses, including Business Ethics, Managerial Accounting, Organizational Behavior, and Corporate Finance.
Bicarbonate secretion in rat distal colon in vitro: a measurement technique

To study HCO3- secretion in rat distal colon, we utilized a technique that permits control of electrical and chemical transepithelial gradients. With symmetrical solutions (pH 7.4, [HCO3-] 25 mM, and CO2 tension 40 mmHg) bathing both tissue surfaces and under short-circuit conditions, HCO3- secretion remained stable for greater than 4 h at 1 mueq. h-1.cm-2. As the mucosal solution was alkalinized, the serosal solution was acidified at 3.1 mueq.h-1.cm-2. Ninety-four percent of serosal acidification was accounted for by the rate of metabolic lactic acid generation and transepithelial HCO3- secretion. Clamping transepithelial voltage reversibly affected net HCO3- secretion, and a linear relationship existed between clamped mucosal voltage and net HCO3- flux (r = 0.99); mucosal voltage of -68 mV completely inhibited net secretion. The apparent permeability coefficient of the colon to HCO3- is 2.8 X 10(-6) cm/s. One millimolar ouabain completely inhibited net HCO3- secretion. Acetazolamide (10(-4) M) inhibited secretion by approximately 50%, whereas a 10(-3) M concentration inhibited secretion by 90%. These data demonstrate that net colonic HCO3- secretion can be measured without imposed electrical and chemical gradients and that this flux is voltage sensitive and depends on carbonic anhydrase and Na+-K+-ATPase activities.
Cavernosal nerve functionality evaluation after magnetic resonance imaging-guided transurethral ultrasound treatment of the prostate.

Cavernosal nerve functionality evaluation after magnetic resonance imaging-guided transurethral ultrasound treatment of the prostate
The Role of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) include a group of heterogeneous and rare lymphomas. The T-cell phenotype is an independent poor prognostic ­feature and these lymphomas have a lower cure rate with chemotherapy than with their B-cell counterparts. Retrospective studies suggest that high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplant (HDT-ASCT) may be feasible and effective for some patients in the salvage setting. However, many of these studies are biased by the inclusion of patients with ALK + anaplastic large cell lymphoma, an entity known to have a relatively positive prognosis with chemotherapy. Because PTCL have a generally poor prognosis, HDT-ASCT has been studied in first complete or partial remission for these patients as consolidation with favorable outcomes noted. However, there are currently no randomized trials that establish upfront HDT-ASCT as standard of care for patients with PTCL. Allogeneic transplantation is becoming more frequently used for these patients, as there is growing evidence for a ­graft-versus-lymphoma effect in these diseases and a growing acceptance for reduced intensity conditioning regimens. But, there continues to be limited data describing allogeneic transplantation for these diseases and, thus, the application of this modality of therapy for PTCL is still unclear.
Interest Groups and Public Opinion

(1988). Interest Groups and Public Opinion. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 11, Communication Yearbook 11, pp. 534-546.
The Tower of Babel: A Case Study in the Competing Methods of Historical and Modern Literary Criticism

Since the rise of modern literary criticism of the Hebrew Bible in the 1970s, its proponents have sought to use the results of this method to argue for the com positional unity of the biblical text, particularly in regard to the Pentateuch. They have held up the literary structures they find in the text?alliteration, repetition, and other forms of wordplay, as well as larger structures such as chiasm?as proof of a conscious artistry on the part of the biblical author, an artistry that, in their opinion, belies any attempt to separate the text into constituent documents or lay ers. That these literary observations are useful in reading the final form of the text is hardly in question; but whether they are, in fact, an effective means of counter ing the results of historical criticism remains in doubt. In this article I will address this very issue by means of a detailed examination of a particular passage, the Tower of Babel narrative, and the ways in which modern literary critics have attempted to prove its unity. The results of this case study will lead to a discussion of the rela tionship between the two methods of modern literary criticism and historical crit icism.
Constant-Level Balloons for Sounding Systems

The superpressure balloon floats at a constant-density altitude, the maximum deviation from design altitude rarely exceeding 40 m. Balloons flying in the stratosphere will remain aloft for years, the longest flight duration to date being 15 months. Satellite location of these superpressure (GHOST) balloons is planned to provide global data on the atmospheric circulation. Icing remains the major problem in achieving long durations for flights above the freezing level and below 10 km. The superpressure balloon can be used in conjunction with satellites to provide a global description of the atmospheric circulation at all levels and at all latitudes.
Substrate specificity and copper loading of the manganese-oxidizing multicopper oxidase Mnx from Bacillus sp. PL-12

Manganese(II) oxidation in the environment is thought to be driven by bacteria because enzymatic catalysis is many orders of magnitude faster than the abiotic processes. The heterologously purified Mn oxidase (Mnx) from marine Bacillus sp. PL-12 is made up of the multicopper oxidase (MCO) MnxG and two small Cu and heme-binding proteins of unknown function, MnxE and MnxF. Mnx binds Cu and oxidizes both Mn(II) and Mn(III), generating Mn(IV) oxide minerals that resemble those found on the Bacillus spore surface. Spectroscopic techniques have illuminated details about the metallo-cofactors of Mnx, but very little is known about their requirement for catalytic activity, and even less is known about the substrate specificity of Mnx. Here we quantify the canonical MCO Cu and persistent peripheral Cu bound to Mnx, and test Mnx oxidizing ability toward different substrates at varying pH. Mn(II) appears to be the best substrate in terms of kcat, but its oxidation does not follow Michaelis–Menten kinetics, instead showing a sigmoidal cooperative behavior. Mnx also oxidizes Fe(II) substrate, but in a Michaelis–Menten manner and with a decreased activity, as well as organic substrates. The reduced metals are more rapidly consumed than the larger organic substrates, suggesting the hypothesis that the Mnx substrate site is small and tuned for metal oxidation. Of biological relevance is the result that Mnx has the highest catalytic efficiency for Mn(II) at the pH of sea water, especially when the protein is loaded with greater than the requisite four MCO copper atoms, suggesting that the protein has evolved specifically for Mn oxidation.
Development of teacher leadership identity: A multiple case study

Abstract This study investigated the processes and pathways of leadership development of teachers in different career stages as they participated in a professional development program. A multiple case study approach with conceptual frameworks of teacher leadership practice and identity was used. The leadership development process across all three teachers involved an alignment and synergy among their leadership views, leadership practices, and identity; however, the particular pathways of leadership development were unique for each teacher depending upon their personal priorities, school context and prior life experiences. This study contributes to the literature by documenting 'how' teachers develop as teacher leaders.
Ultrafine and Fine Particulate Matter Inside and Outside of Mechanically Ventilated Buildings

The objectives of this study were to measure levels of particulate matter (PM) in mechanically ventilated buildings and to improve understanding of filtration requirements to reduce exposure. With the use of an Ultra High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer and an Aerodyne Mass Spectrometer, ultrafine (0.055-0.1 μm) and fine (0.1-0.7 μm) indoor and outdoor PM was measured as a function of time in an office, a university building, and two elementary schools. Indoor particle levels were highly correlated with outdoor levels. Indoor and outdoor number concentrations in Denver were higher than those in Boulder, with the highest number concentrations occurring during summer and fall. The ratio of indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) PM was weakly but positively correlated with the amount of ventilation provided to the indoor environment, did not vary much with particle size (ranged between 0.48 and 0.63 for the entire size range), and was similar for each period of the week (weekend vs. weekday, night vs. day). Regression analyses showed that ultrafine indoor PM baseline concentrations were higher at night from nighttime infiltration. A lag time was observed between outdoor and indoor measurements. Weekday days had the shortest lag time of 11 min, and weekend nighttime lags when the HVAC was not in use were 50 to 148 min. Indoor-outdoor PM concentration plots showed ultrafine PM was more correlated compared to fine, and especially when the HVAC system was on. Finally, AMS data showed that most of the PM was organic, with occasional nitrate events occurring outdoors. During nitrate events, there were less indoor particles detected, indicating a loss of particulate phase nitrate. The results from this study show that improved filtration is warranted in mechanically ventilated buildings, particularly for ultrafine particles, and that nighttime infiltration is significant depending on the building design.
From Zero to Hero and Back Again: Nerd Nobodies, Magic Makeovers, and the Power of the American Dream in Four Teen Films

The “American Dream” is a powerful narrative in the United States and forms a core part of the nerd makeover movie in which rejected outcasts attempt to join the popular crowd through a magical makeover. However, four films, Can’t Buy Me Love (1987), She’s All That (1999), The New Guy (2002), and The DUFF (2015), demonstrate how these movies actually train young adults to channel the dangerous idea of searching for individuality into passive acceptance of the dominant culture in order to safeguard existing power structures in American society. Drawing on Antonio Gramsci’s notion of hegemonic discourse, this chapter demonstrates how nerd makeover movies teach teens that conformity, not creativity, is the true American Dream.
Big Bluestem and Indiangrass from Remnant Prairies: Plant Biomass and Adaptation

Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans L.) were collected from remnant Midwestern prairies and evaluated as individual prairie accessions in replicated space-transplanted nurseries near Mead, NE, Ames, IA, and West Lafayette, IN. The objective was to determine the extent of differences among the accessions for plant biomass (g plant⁻¹) and biomass quality, the extent of strain × location interactions, and the relationship between geographical locations of collection sites and evaluation locations for plant biomass production. Plant biomass has been used previously as a measure of plant adaptation and fitness. Big bluestem and indiangrass accessions differed significantly (P < 0.05) for plant biomass at all locations. Strain mean squares for plant biomass were 10× greater than strain × location effects for big bluestem and were not significant for indiangrass, indicating a general lack of specific adaptation across the Midwest. Accessions were identified that had high plant biomass at all three locations. These accessions should have value in breeding programs and for use in revegetation. Regression analyses were used to test the effect of north-to-south, east-to-west, and direct distances between the collection sites and the evaluation locations on plant biomass. The most important distance effects were the north-to-south effects, which were significant for plant biomass for big bluestem at all locations and for indiangrass at West Lafayette. Moving northern big bluestem accessions south resulted in reduced plant biomass, with the opposite effect when southern accessions were moved north. Results support the regional adaptation of the best accessions and cultivars for these grasses.
Extreme drought alters growth and interactions with exotic grasses, but not survival, for a California annual forb

Climate change will not only alter mean conditions, but increase the frequency and intensity of extreme events such as severe droughts. Yet the consequences of extreme drought for plant demography are poorly understood. We compared phenology, demographic rates and effects of competition with exotic grasses for the California annual forb Phacelia distans between a year with slightly below average precipitation (2011–2012) and one in extreme drought (2012–2013). We also contrasted these demographic responses with changes in seedling emergence rates and cover in the annual plant community. Early Phacelia mortality actually fell in the extreme drought year, as low October rainfall shifted germination to cooler conditions in November. Survival from mid December to flowering did not change between years. In contrast to expectations, competition with early-emerging exotic annual grasses did not reduce Phacelia spring survival in 2012–2013. A shorter window for fall germination that reduced priority effects may explain this result. Yet the 2012–2013 growing season ended a month earlier than in 2011–2012, significantly reducing Phacelia size at flowering and inflorescence production. Community seedling emergence and cover changed only weakly between the 2 years. Our results demonstrate the importance of within season precipitation patterns in determining whether a climatically extreme year will lead to extreme ecological outcomes. This work also illustrates how annual plant drought responses depend critically on germination behavior and phenology. An important future question is whether seed banks can sustain native forb population persistence through an extended drought with multiple years of low or failed reproduction.
A world overview — One-hundred-twenty-seven years of research on toxic cyanobacteria — Where do we go from here?

CyanoHABs are an intermittent but repeated occurrence throughout the world. They have been documented to impact water quality through production of compounds affecting taste and odor. Selected species within about 40 genera can produce potent toxins that can cause chronic, acute and acute lethal poisonings to wild and domestic animals and humans. Direct and indirect evidence indicates that the incidence, duration and intensity of CyanoHABs is increasing throughout the world, due largely to a decline in the quality of water supplies. While significant effort has gone into defining the chemistry and toxicology of cyanotoxins, a worldwide effort from scientists and environmental agencies to map their occurrence and environmental health risk is needed. An unprioritized listing for those efforts is suggested below (Ramsdell et al. (eds.) 2005): 1. Improved Ability to Detect HAB Species and Analyze CyanoHAB Toxins. 2. Improved Capability for Monitoring and Forecasting CyanoHABs in a Cost Effective and Timely Manner. 3. Improved Protection of Human Health. 4. Improved Protection of Endangered Species and Improved Ecological Health. 5. Improved Prevention and Mitigation Strategies. 6. Improved Economic Cost Estimates of CyanoHAB Events. 7. Improved Economics for Aquaculture and Shellfish Safety. 8. An Educated and Informed Public.
Difficult Cost Goals and Conflicting Honesty Incentives: The Influence of Decision Responsibility

ABSTRACT We experimentally examine the effects of difficult goals and controllability on managerial honesty in a cost reporting setting. In our experiment, participants in the role of production ma...
Deconstructing Information Elaboration: The Critical Role of Framing and Initial Dialogue:

Information elaboration is crucial for successfully responding to change, and teams inevitably frame changes to ground them. Yet, there is sparse knowledge around how framing affects information el...
The Demise of Fluoroscopy in Pediatric Electrophysiology

Electrophysiology and catheter ablation in the pediatric population is currently undergoing a rapid evolution. The availability of three-dimensional mapping systems has lead to a significant reduction in radiation exposure for patients and staff. As the technology continues to improve, there is opportunity for radiation to be eliminated from routine procedures. This chapter will review the history of the mapping systems that have been at the forefront thus far, as well as outline approaches to ablating specific arrhythmias without fluoroscopy, from the simplest to the most difficult. Finally, important reasons to pursue a zero-fluoroscopy approach in this population will be discussed.
Discrete-Event-Based Simulation Model for Performance Evaluation of Post-Earthquake Restoration in a Smart City

Emergency responders are typically notified immediately after a major earthquake strikes. However, a time delay, called the travel time, is usually experienced between the notification and the arrival of the responders on the scene. The reparative work necessary after the responders arrive takes an additional amount of time, called the response time, depending on the nature of the damage and the volume of resources available. In a smart city, the restoration time, which is the sum of the travel and response times, should be minimized. A new discrete-event-based simulation (DEBS) model is presented in this paper to estimate the restoration time needed to bring the situation under control after notifying the response center. The DEBS model not only relaxes restrictive assumptions on travel time made by the Markov chain models from the existing literature, but it can also quantify the impact of resource volumes on restoration times. Additionally, the DEBS model is very useful for training purposes. The DEBS model was employed on a case study from the state of Missouri (U.S.). The experiments demonstrate that numerical results with the model take a short amount of computational time and that it can be implemented on a real-time basis in a smart-city infrastructure.
Symmetry and asymmetry of components for elliptic Gross-Pitaevskii system

Abstract This article examines nonnegative solutions of the two-component elliptic Gross-Pitaevskii system { ϵ 1 Δ u 1 = u 1 ( u 1 2 + λ u 2 2 − 1 ) in R n , ϵ 2 Δ u 2 = u 2 ( u 2 2 + λ u 1 2 − 1 ) in R n , for parameters 1 λ ∞ and ϵ 1 , ϵ 2 ∈ R + . We provide a natural counterpart of the De Giorgi's conjecture, regarding the Allen-Cahn equation, for the above system and we settle it for n ≤ 3 . We prove and apply a geometric Poincare inequality to show that ∇ u 1 ⋅ ∇ u 2 = − | ∇ u 1 | | ∇ u 2 | . We study symmetry of components when ϵ 1 = ϵ 2 and asymmetry of components when ϵ 1 ≠ ϵ 2 . In one dimension, we explore explicit profiles of solutions for specific parameters λ , ϵ 1 , ϵ 2 . In addition, we provide a gradient estimate, various energy estimates, Liouville theorems, monotonicity formulae and a formalization of surface tensions of the energy for solutions of the above system. Note that when λ = 0 , the above system becomes decoupled and recovers the Allen-Cahn equation. The De Giorgi conjecture (1978) for the Allen-Cahn equation states that bounded monotone solutions of the Allen-Cahn equation are one-dimensional when n ≤ 8 . This conjecture is already settled under certain assumptions. When 0 λ ≤ 1 , the system refers to the real-valued Ginzburg-Landau system and nonnegative solutions are trivial.
The Fifty Most-Cited Articles Regarding SLAP Lesions.

Purpose To identify and evaluate the top 50 most-cited articles pertaining to SLAP tears. Methods The ISI Web of Knowledge database was used to conduct a query for articles pertaining to SLAP tears. Our query was conducted in April 2020 with multiple Boolean operative combinations performed by 2 independent reviewers. Articles on the final list were further reviewed to extract the following data: manuscript title, first author, total citation count, year of publication, citation density since publication, current citation rate since 2013, journal, country of origin, and level of evidence. Results Our initial search yielded 2,597 articles. Within this cohort, the top 50 publications pertaining to SLAP tears were identified that met our search criteria. The top article was cited 802 times while the 50th ranked article was cited 46 times. The average number of citations per publication was 131, whereas the average citation density since year of publication was 7.3. No strong correlations were found between citation density and year published. Twelve journals published articles pertaining to SLAP tears, with Arthroscopy accounting for the greatest number (15 articles, 30%). Most articles were graded with a level of evidence (LOE) of IV (n = 24, 48%), followed by review articles without LOE (n = 8, 16%). Only 2 articles achieved an LOE of I (4%). Articles typically addressed the arthroscopic management (n = 11, 22%), whereas anatomy/classification (n =10, 20%), and outcomes (n = 9, 18%) also were reported. Conclusions This review provides a quantitative analysis of the most-referenced literature pertaining to SLAP tears. This body of knowledge helps surgeons search for literature regarding these injuries and identify trends regarding SLAP tear research. Clinical Relevance This research provides practitioners with an easily accessible and comprehensive collection of the major contributions regarding SLAP tears and offers insight into future areas for research.
The applications of laser spectroscopy in analytical chemistry and biochemistry: investigating the photophysics of hypericin and hypocrellin, as well as the structure of porcine fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

Time-resolved fluorescence and absorption measurements are performed on hypericin complexed with human serum albumin, HSA, (1:4, 1:1, and -5:1 hypericin.HSA complexes). Detailed comparisons with hypocrellin A/HSA complexes (1:4 and 1:1) are made. Our results are consistent with the conclusions of previous studies indicating that hypericin binds 1 Reprinted with permission of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 1999, 69(6), 633-645 2 Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3111 USA 3 Department of Biophysics, Safarik University, 041 54 Kosice, SLOVAKIA 4 To whom correspondence should be addressed
Risk assessment in deferred and recovered donors

Serologic testing and Donor Risk Assessment Interview (DRAI) combined have made tissue transplantation a frequent and safe modality for a variety of trauma and disease conditions. Donate Life America reports 30,000 tissue donors providing more than 1,750,000 tissue transplants annually. This study of 188 potential donor cases addresses issues of risk assessment in a medical examiner population in a metropolitan area, where serologic testing of deferred potential donors were compared with the DRAI screening, which determined the suitability or non-suitability for tissue procurement. Such serologic testing of deferred cases is not usually available in evaluating screening processes. This comparison gives insight into the effectiveness of the DRAI screening in deferring potential serology reactive donors. Results show in 65 cases how the DRAI screening eliminates most, but not all of the serologically reactive donors identified post recovery. The result emphasizes the need for the combined process of DRAI screening and testing to assure transplantation safety.
Thoughts on Legal Writing from William Zinsser

This article discusses William Zinsser's writing techniques and how they can improve legal writing.
Discovery and origins of giant optical nebulae surrounding quasar PKS 0454−22

We report optical integral-field spectroscopy in the field of one of the most luminous quasars in the $z < 1$ Universe, PKS0454-22, with the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer. These data enable the discovery of three large ionized nebulae emitting in [O II], H$\beta$, and [O III] with projected areas of $1720, \ 1520,$ and $130 \ \mathrm{pkpc}^2$, which we refer to as N1, N2, and N3, respectively. N1 spatially and kinematically surrounds the quasar host and five nearby galaxies. The morphology and kinematics of N1 are most consistent with stripped interstellar medium resulting from ongoing interactions. Its ionization properties can be explained by quasar photoionization. N2 spatially and kinematically surrounds two galaxies which are at projected distances of $d \approx 90 \ \mathrm{pkpc}$ and line-of-sight velocities of $\Delta v \approx +1410\ \mathrm{km\ s^{-1}}$ from the quasar. The morphology and kinematics of N2 are also consistent with stripped interstellar medium. However, its ionization state requires additional ionization sources beyond the quasar, likely from fast shocks as it moves through the hot halo associated with a galaxy over-density around the quasar. N3 is not coincident with any galaxies with secure redshifts, and may arise from a cool gas structure in the intragroup medium or a dwarf galaxy. These large ionized nebulae demonstrate that interactions can produce cool gas structures on halo scales, while also possibly facilitating quasar fueling. The growing availability of wide-area integral field spectroscopic data will continue to reveal the morphologies, kinematics, and conditions of the gas flows, which may fuel galaxy and black hole growth.
A Variant of the Algorithm for Generating Pseudo-random Binary Sequences Based on the Properties of Linear Cellular Automata

The aim of the work is to develop a linear system for generating a pseudo-random sequence based on cellular automata, develop a model for several generators of nonlinear pseudo-random numbers with practical applications in symmetric data conversion systems. This model generates all solutions to linear binary difference equations. It is important to note that many of these solutions are pseudo-random key stream sequences. Thus, a linear structure based on cellular automata can be used to generate not only the solution of difference equations, but also to create such sequences. The proposed model is very simple, since it is based solely on the sequential concatenation of a basic linear automaton. In the process of developing a linear system based on cellular automata, two main structures are considered: linear difference equations and one-dimensional linear hybrid cellular automata. This article shows that all solutions to linear binary difference equations can be implemented using linear models based on cellular automata using the “rule 90” and “rule 150”. A model for generating pseudo-random bit sequences has been developed, which is most applicable in communication systems with a high transmission rate. An algorithm for controlling the integrity and authenticity of block data was also proposed based on the proposed algorithm for generating a pseudo-random sequence. The proposed model is simple and can be applied in information security systems in practice, including in authentication and data integrity control systems. #CSOC1120.
Novel use of percutaneous cervical pedicle inlet screws for supplemental posterior fixation after anterior cervical deformity correction

Introduction: Correction of cervical deformity can be achieved using anterior cervical fixation and fusion techniques. However, supplemental posterior fixation is a critical component for ensuring biomechanical longevity and favorable patient outcomes. We present a novel percutaneous technique for posterior cervical fixation in patients where cervical pedicle (CP) screws may not be feasible and midline muscle dissection is not needed. Methods: Three patients presented to our hospital with cervical pathology amendable to circumferential cervical fusion. After adequate deformity correction was performed through an anterior cervical decompression and fusion, staged posterior supplemental fixation was achieved using percutaneous CP inlet (CPI) screws using a percutaneous muscle-sparing approach. Results: All three patients underwent CPI screw placement without postoperative neurovascular complications. Postoperative radiographic follow-up showed the desired, proper screw placement, with continued maintained cervical alignment. Conclusions: CPI screw placement may be alternative hybrid screw that achieves a advantageous safety profile while also avoiding an open midline exposure.
Photorefractive Quantum Wells and Thin Films

The photorefractive effect consists of three roughly separate physical processes: photoexcitation of charge carriers; electronic transport and trapping; and an electrooptic effect. Of these three processes, the first and the last explicitly involve the interaction of light with matter. One way to improve photorefractive performance is to enhance the optical interactions, i.e., by operating near an optical resonance of the material. This enhances both the photogeneration of charge carriers and the electrooptic effect. The electro-optic effect is one limit of an optical nonlinearity, and nonlinearities are strongest near a resonance.
Cytochrome P-450 in insects—V.: Monoterpene induction of cytochrome P-450 and associated monooxygenase activities in the larva of the variegated cutworm Peridroma saucia (Hübner)☆

Abstract 1. The induction of microsomal cytochrome P-450 and associated polysubstrate monoxygenase activities by natural levels (0.01–0.1%) of the naturally occurring monoterpenes pulegone, menthone and menthol was examined in sixth-instar larvae of the variegated cutworm ( Peridroma saucia Hubner). 2. The monoterpenes increased cytochrome P-450 levels, aldrin and heptachlor epoxidase activity in microsomes from midgut and other tissues of the midsection. 3. NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductase levels generally were not increased in midgut microsomes and were increased in carcass microsomes by higher doses of the inducers. 4. Induction by any of the monoterpenes increased the size of the Type I (substrate) binding spectra obtained with pulegone, menthone and nerolidol, but not those obtained with menthol. 5. The induction of polysubstrate monooxygenases by these compounds may increase the resistance of the larvae to both host plant allelochemicals and to insecticides in the field.
Analysis of the Microstructure and Properties of Friction stir Weld Zones in the Al 2139-T8 Alloy

The welding process introduces heat, plastic deformation, and chemical variation into the weld joints and modifies the microstructure, strength, and ductility of the welded region. Samples from two plates of Al 2139-T8 alloys welded together by friction stir welding (FSW) were examined. The microstructure of the stir zone (SZ), thermomechanical affected zone (TMAZ), and the unaffected base alloy were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscattered diffraction. The deformation and quasi-static tensile behavior of the samples from the SZ, TMAZ, and unaffected base alloy were examined by in-situ tensile experiments in the SEM, at room temperature and at 300°C. The SZ samples showed higher elongation to failure and the unaffected base alloy exhibited the least amount of elongation. The ultimate tensile strength was determined to be lower in the TMAZ, and the yield strength increased away from the FSW region. The higher temperature tensile experiments showed a significant reduction in strength. The full results of the effect of the FSW on the A12139-T8 microstructure and tensile behavior will be discussed in detail.
NUMERICAL MODELS FOR TRACK SUPPORT STRUCTURES

Three finite element formulations based on one-, two-, and three-dimensional idealization for analysis of railroad track support structures are presented with major emphasis on the three-dimensional procedure. The formulations incorporate nonlinear constitutive behavior by using four different elastic-plastic laws and thin interface elements for simulation of behavior at junctions. The parameters for defining nonlinear constitutive laws are obtained from comprehensive tests by using a truly triaxial device. The predictions are compared with other available models, and with field observations from the Urban Mass Transportation Administration Test Section at Transportation Test Center, Pueblo, Colorado.