cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Cervical Cancer Screening in Women Infected With HIV: A Review of the Literature

The purpose of this article is to review and compare factors that influence cervical cancer screening behavior in HIV-infected women and uninfected women. The research literature revealed that age, ethnicity/race, tobacco use, weight, education, economic issues, and risky behaviors such as substance abuse were factors that influenced cervical cancer screening among all women. HIV viral load and CD4+ T lymphocyte count were serologic factors that affected cervical cancer screening in HIV-infected women. Clinicians can use this information to identify patients at risk for poor Pap test adherence. Future interventions to reduce potential barriers for cervical cancer screening are needed in HIV-infected women.
Plaque causing homonymous hemianopsia in multiple sclerosis identified by computed tomography.

Abstract Three patients with multiple sclerosis (women 20, 24, and 30 years old) had demyelinative plaques that produced homonymous hemianopsia. These lesions were identified by computed tomography which showed the plaques as hypodense areas. All patients with homonymous hemianopsia should undergo computed tomography; if a hypodense or enhancing lesion is identified, the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis must be considered
Testing for neural responses during temporal components of trials with BOLD fMRI.

Some cognitive neuroscientific hypotheses might concern neural responses occurring during particular periods of time in a behavioral trial. Here, these particular periods of time are referred to as temporal components of the trial. A difficulty in using BOLD fMRI to test hypotheses about neural responses during temporal components is that some information is irretrievably lost when neural responses are hemodynamically transformed. As a result, one cannot in general use the fMRI signal to unambiguously specify if there was a neural response during a given temporal component. However, adoption of a linear-time invariant model for the transform from neural signal to fMRI signal and constraint of the space of underlying neural waveforms might allow one to ask such questions. Here, the basic theory relevant to this issue and a corresponding method are discussed. The application of this method to fMRI time series data collected during the performance of a delayed-response trial is provided as an illustrative example.
Identification of a Novel Ankyrin Isoform (AnkG190) in Kidney and Lung That Associates with the Plasma Membrane and Binds α-Na,K-ATPase

Ankyrins are a family of adapter molecules that mediate linkages between integral membrane and cytoskeletal proteins. Such interactions are crucial to the polarized distribution of membrane proteins in transporting epithelia. We have cloned and characterized a novel 190-kDa member of this family from a rat kidney cDNA library, which we term AnkG190 based on the predicted size and homology with the larger neuronal AnkG isoform. AnkG190 displays a unique 31-residue amino terminus, a repeats domain consisting of 24 repetitive 33-residue motifs, a spectrin binding domain, and a truncated regulatory domain. Probes derived from the unique amino terminus hybridize to an 8-kilobase message exclusively in kidney and lung and specifically to the kidney outer medullary collecting ducts by in situ hybridization. Transfections of Madin-Darby canine kidney and COS-7 epithelial cell lines with a full-length AnkG190 construct result in (a) expression at the lateral plasma membrane, (b) functional assembly with the cytoskeleton, and (c) interaction with at least one membrane protein, the Na,K-ATPase. Two independent Na,K-ATPase binding domains on AnkG190 are demonstrated as follows: one within the distal 12 ankyrin repeats, and a second site within the spectrin binding domain. Thus, ankyrins may interact with integral membrane proteins in a pleiotropic manner that may involve complex tertiary structural determinants.
Linear addition of optokinetic and vestibular signals in the vestibular nucleus

A simple model of the vestibuloocular reflex and the optokinetic system was used to simulate recent data on visual and vestibular responses of neurons in the vestibular nucleus. Contrary to a previous interpretation, the results support the hypothesis that the optokinetic and semicircular canal signals are combined simply by linear addition on the cells of the vestibular nucleus.
Molecular Cloning of a Zinc Finger Gene eZNF from a Human Inner Ear cDNA Library, and In Situ Expression Pattern of Its Mouse Homologue In Mouse Inner Ear

We have isolated and characterized the cDNA for eZNF, a zinc finger gene expressed in human inner ear, from a kinetically enriched human inner ear cDNA library. The sequence of full length cDNA was determined and its expression pattern characterized. A high degree of homology is shared between eZNF and rat transcription factor Kid-1. It belongs to the C2H2 class of zinc finger genes, contains a Kruppel-associated box (KRAB) domain near the N-terminus, and has consensus sites for phosphorylation. The gene is expressed in kidney and inner ear structures of mouse and human as determined by Northern blot analysis. In situ hybridization was used to demonstrate specific expression of the mouse eZNF homologue in epithelial layers of the saccule, semicircular canals, and the cochlea of newborn mice. The genomic clone corresponding to the cDNA was isolated and used for fluorescence in situ hybridization to localize it to human chromosome 5qter. The identification of genes expressed in human inner ear by representational difference analysis, their chromosomal location, and expression pattern of their homologues in developing mouse inner ear comprise a strategy that can potentially identify genes important in hearing and deafness.
Synthesizing epistemological belief research: Tentative understandings and provocative confusions

The definition of epistemological beliefs takes on different shades of meaning from study to study; but, in general, researchers of personal epistemology are interested in what individuals believe about the source, certainty, and organization of knowledge, as well as the control and the speed of learning. Epistemological beliefs have been found to relate to reading comprehension, learning in complex and ill-structured domains, as well as learners' active participation and persistence in learning. Researchers are at odds on the issues of epistemological development and the roles that education and culture play in epistemological beliefs.
ANOVA analysis of two-stage coprocessing of low-density polyethylene, coal, and petroleum resid

The sequencing of reactants and reaction parameters in the two-stage coprocessing of coal with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and petroleum resid was investigated using two fractional factorial designs and analyses of variance (ANOVA). The experiments were designed to determine the sequence of reactants and the reaction conditions that were required to achieve the highest level of conversion of the solid reactants, and to achieve a desirable product slate in terms of product solubility and boiling point distribution. The reaction system that yielded the highest amount of hexane solubles regardless of the reaction temperature sequence or extraction after the first stage was the catalytic liquefaction of LDPE in the first stage, with the reaction products being added to coal and heavy resid in the second stage, which was also reacted catalytically. Examination of the effect of coal content and H2 pressure in the first and second stages showed that the H2 pressure affected the amount of coal conversion achi...
The expanding clinical spectrum of mitochondrial diseases

The mitochondrion is the only extranuclear organelle containing DNA (mtDNA). As such, genetically determined mitochondrial diseases may result from a molecular defect involving the mitochondrial or the nuclear genome. The first is characterized by maternal inheritance and the second by Mendelian inheritance. Ragged-red fibers (RRF) are commonly seen with primary lesions of mtDNA, but this association is not invariant. Conversely, RRF are seldom associated with primary lesions of nuclear DNA. Large-scale rearrangements (deletions and insertions) and point mutations of mtDNA are commonly associated with RRF and lactic acidosis, e.g. Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) (major large-scale rearrangements), Pearson syndrome (large-scale rearrangements), myoclonus epilepsy with RRF (MERRF) (point mutation affecting tRNA(lys) gene), mitochondrial myopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) (two point mutations affecting tRNA(leu)(UUR) gene) and a maternally-inherited myopathy with cardiac involvement (MIMyCa) (point mutation affecting tRNA(leu)(UUR) gene). However, RRF and lactic acidosis are absent in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) (one point mutation affecting ND4 gene, two point mutations affecting ND1 gene, and one point mutation affecting the apocytochrome b subunit of complex III), and the condition associated with maternally inherited sensory neuropathy (N), ataxia (A), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), developmental delay, dementia, seizures, and limb weakness (NARP) (point mutation affecting ATPase subunit 6 gene). The point mutations in MELAS, MIMyCa, and MERRF, and the large-scale mtDNA rearrangements in KSS and Pearson syndrome have a broader biochemical impact since these molecular defects involve the translational sequence of mitochondrial protein synthesis. The nuclear defects involving mitochondrial function generally are not associated with RRF. The biochemical classification of mitochondrial diseases principally catalogues these nuclear defects. This classification divides mitochondrial diseases into five categories. Primary and secondary deficiencies of carnitine are examples of a substrate transport defect. A lipid storage myopathy is often present. Disturbances of pyruvate or fatty acid metabolism are examples of substrate utilization defects. Only four defects of the Krebs cycle are known: fumarase deficiency, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase deficiency, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency, and combined defects of muscle succinate dehydrogenase and aconitase. Luft disease is the singular example of a defect in oxidation-phosphorylation coupling. Defects of respiratory chain function are manifold. Two clinical syndromes predominate, one involving limb weakness, and the other primarily affecting brain function. Leigh syndrome may result from different enzyme defects, most notably pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency, cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, complex I deficiency, and complex V deficiency associated with the recently described NARP point mutation. A new group of mitochondrial diseases has emerged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Individual-based spatially-explicit model of an herbivore and its resource: the effect of habitat reduction and fragmentation.

Modele individuel et spatialement explicite d'un herbivore et de ses ressources : l'effet de la reduction et de la fragmentation de l'habitat. Nous presentons un modele individuel et spatialement explicite de la dynamique d'un petit mammifere et de ses ressources. Les histoires de la vie de chaque animal sont modelisees separement. Les individus peuvent avoir le statut de residants ou de nomades et appartiennent a differents groupes de comportement, jeunes ou adultes et mâles ou femelles. Leurs comportements dans les domaines de la defense du territoire et de la monogamie sont pris en compte. Les ressources, a savoir la vegetation verte, croissent selon les caracteristiques climatiques des saisons et sont reduites en fonction du pâturage des herbivores. D'autres parametres, tels que les variations du niveau d'energie personnelle resultant de l'abondance ou de l'absence de nourriture, les preferences sexuelles, l'evitement de la competition, la dispersion des jeunes resultant de pâturages surexploites, etc., sont inclus dans le modele. Nous avons determine les parametres du modele sur la base de donnees reelles pour l'espece Microtus ochrosaster (campagnol des prairies). Les simulations sont faites dans le cas d'un habitat ferme, sans predateurs ou autres competiteurs. Le but de l'etude est de trouver la relation entre la taille de l'habitat et la longevite de la population. Les experiences realisees avec le modele montrent que les populations s'eteignent a cause du manque de pâturage mais aussi que la duree de vie d'une population depend de la surface de l'habitat ainsi que de sa fragmentation. De plus, la taille de la population totale durant la simulation met en evidence des fluctuations annuelles ainsi que des pics de fluctuation multi-annuels. Cette dynamique est semblable a celle observee dans les etudes concernant Microtus ochrogaster.
Are there ethnic differences in the length of labor

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the lengths of the first and second stages of labor among different racial/ethnic groups to determine whether different norms should be established. Study design This was a retrospective cohort study of all laboring, term, singleton, vertex deliveries in a single academic institution. Median lengths of first and second stages of labor were compared among 4 racial/ethnic groups: black, Asian, white, and Latina. Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and multivariate linear and logistic regression models were performed. Results In 27,521 births, the lengths of first stage of labor did not differ significantly among groups in the multivariate analysis. In the second stage of labor, black women had shorter labors, both overall and stratified by epidural use. In the multivariate analysis, when controlled for demographics, parity, epidural, chorioamnionitis, birthweight, delivery year, and labor management, black women had a shorter second stage than did white women (nulliparous women, 22 minutes; multiparous women, 7.5 minutes; P P Conclusion When data are controlled for confounding factors, black women had a shorter length of second stage of labor than did women in other ethnic groups. These differences appear to be clinically significant. This contributes to the support of a multifactorial redefinition of labor curves, which are used widely in the management of labor.
Heterogeneous chemical processes as a source of persistent meteor trains

— Observations of long-lasting persistent trains following the entry of some meteoroids into the Earth's atmosphere are suggested to arise in part from the interaction between meteoroid components and the atmosphere and in the heterogeneous recombination reaction of atmospheric O atoms with NO. The latter occurs on the surfaces of dust left by the explosive fragmentation of larger meteoroids. A strong role is attributed to reactions of troilite (FeS), a meteorite component, with the atmosphere at elevated temperatures. The suggestions made in this paper complement previous work that suggested that long-lived emissions results from a variety of species made in the shock of larger meteoroids.
Toward Web 2.0 music information retrieval: Utilizing emotion-based, user-assigned descriptors

This exploratory, preliminary study seeks to determine whether the use of emotion-based, user-assigned descriptors elicited from music information retrieval (MIR) system users could improve access and retrieval for a browsing-based MIR system within the Web 2.0 environment. We used the Glass Engine, a Web-based tool designed for exploring Philip Glass' music, as the basis for conceptualizing this study. The Glass Engine allows users to browse several facets of Glass' music via direct manipulation (sliding bars).
Relation of Microindentation Hardness to Glass Composition

Microindentation hardness measurements on Na2O-CaO-SiO2 and Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2 glasses showed that Knoop hardness numbers are linearly related to oxide compositions expressed in mole fraction. Evaluations of the data indicate that these linear relations are unique for each of the primary crystallization phase fields of the glasses studied.
Behavior of dogs entering a veterinary clinic

Abstract Four hundred and sixty-two dogs entering a veterinary clinic for routine examination were observed and subjectively classified into one of four categories: Group A, based on their apprehensive entrances and submission; Group B, based on their outgoing personalities; Group C, based on fear-biting attitudes; Group D, based on active defensive tendencies. Data collected from individuals in each group included sex, age, weight, entering behavior, urination, controllability and vocalization. On the basis of this study, 60 percent of the entering dogs were subjectively classified in Group A, and a fearful entrance, urination, and average weight of 12 kg were determined to be significant features for the group. Group B was composed of 17 percent of the dogs studies. As a group, there was a significant tendency for a willing entrance, controllability, and urination. The average weight was 18.9 kg. The fear-biting dogs of Group C totaled 18 percent of those studied. These animals exhibited aggression and vocalization when restrained. Their average weight was 6.8 kg. The last group, D, subjectively consisted of 5 percent of the animals studied. These dogs entered willingly and did not display urinary behaviors. Their average weight was 28.5 kg.
Developmental changes in BDNF protein levels in the hamster retina and superior colliculus.

Quantitative studies of ontogenetic changes in the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and its effector, BDNF protein, are not available for the retinal projection system. We used an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay to measure developmental changes in the tissue concentration of BDNF within the hamster retina and superior colliculus (SC). In the SC, we first detected BDNF (about 9 pg/mg tissue) on embryonic day 14 (E14). BDNF protein concentration in the SC rises about fourfold between (E14) and postnatal day 4 (P4), remains at a plateau through P15, then declines by about one-third to attain its adult level by P18. By contrast, BDNF protein concentration in the retina remains low (about 1 pg/mg tissue) through P12, then increases 4.5-fold to attain its adult level on P18. The developmental changes in retinal and collicular BDNF protein concentrations are temporally correlated with multiple events in the structural and functional maturation of the hamster retinal projection system. Our data suggest roles for BDNF in the cellular mechanisms underlying some of these events and are crucial to the design of experiments to examine those roles. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 49: 173–187, 2001
Evaluation of preoperative and postoperative prophylactic regimens for prevention and treatment of diffuse lamellar keratitis

Abstract Purpose: To investigate preoperative and postoperative prophylactic treatment with different pharmacological agents before flap cutting and exposure to a diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) causative agent. Setting: Magill Research Center for Vision Correction, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Methods: The study comprised 48 eyes of 24 Dutch-belted rabbits. Three days before a corneal flap was cut and the corneal interface was exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, a DLK causative agent, the eyes were randomly assigned to treatment with a mast-cell stabilizer, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID), or a corticosteroid or left without treatment as controls. The treatment was maintained throughout the 1-week follow-up. Slitlamp examinations and photographs were performed at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days; DLK was graded by a masked observer from 0 (no DLK) to IV. Corneal interface scrapings were performed in selected eyes on day 7. Results: At the end of the follow-up, 36 eyes were available for evaluation. At 1 week, 100% of the control eyes and the eyes treated with the mast-cell stabilizer developed DLK; in the NSAID-treated and corticosteroid-treated eyes, the DLK rate was 86% and 70%, respectively. At 1 day, the severity of DLK was significantly lower in eyes treated with the mast-cell stabilizer (0.44) and at 7 days, it was significantly lower in corticosteroid-treated eyes (0.3) than in the control group (1.5 and 1.4, respectively) (P Conclusions: Preoperative and postoperative treatment with corticosteroids significantly reduced the severity of DLK compared to the untreated control eyes in this animal model. Treatment with a mast-cell stabilizer and an NSAID had less effect on the postoperative course of DLK.
The legal implications of physician trainees and non-physician practitioners for the emergency physician

Abstract Emergency physicians (EPs) often supervise physician trainees and non-physician practitioners (physician assistants or nurse practitioners) in the emergency department (ED). As a supervisor, the EP must guide clinical care, screen for medical acts of negligence, and promptly correct them to avoid harm to a patient. The legal liability of the EP can vary if harm is caused to a patient through the negligence of a physician trainee or non-physician practitioner. Direct or indirect (vicarious) liability may be ascribed to the ED attending physician based on his level of involvement in patient care and/or his specific role as a supervisor. Although the liability attached may be extensive, it is not limitless. The EP is most protected from an act of negligence by a physician trainee or non-physician practitioner when his level of patient contact and supervision are appropriately documented. The precise limits of liability for the EP may be defined more clearly in the future and are certain to vary between local jurisdictions.
Epoxyeicosatetrinoic acids released by astrocytes: function in cerebral angiogenesis

Abstract Epoxyeicosatetrinoic acids (EETs) are bioactive metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA). Our laboratory has cloned and sequenced a P450 cDNA from astrocytes which epoxygenate arachidonic acid leading to formation of EETs. The actions of these products include activation of K + channels and hyperpolarization of cerebral vascular smooth muscle and induction of mitogenic mechanisms in capillary endothelium resulting in tube formation. This communication focuses on the discussing of angiogenic properties of EETs on cerebral capillary endothelium.
Oxygen-induced stress-modified reconstructions of the Ta(110)/Al2O3(11-20) surface : a surface X-ray diffraction study

Abstract The knowledge of the surface structure of thick metallic buffer layers is important to understand subsequent growth. We present here a surface X-ray diffraction study of an oxygen-induced surface reconstruction observed on thick Ta(1 1 0) layers grown on sapphire (1 1 −2 0). The solving of the atomic structure was performed using both Ta crystal truncation rods and superstructure rods. The model found for the reconstruction can be described as a misfit defect network at the interface between one plane of TaO(1 1 1) in Kurdjumov–Sachs epitaxy and the Ta. The reconstruction is not always commensurate. This probably arises from the coexistence of several commensurate supercells of slightly different periods. A small anisotropy (0.1–0.2%) of the in-plane lattice parameter of the Ta has been measured in all the samples. This anisotropy, which is due to the epitaxy on the sapphire, induces on the surface a selection of one of the two domains of the reconstruction.
Resident involvement in the ACR early involvement is healthy self-interest

1 will pay the same respect to my maser in the science (arts) as I do to my arents, and share my life with him nd pay all my debts to him. I will egard [my master’s] sons as my brothrs and teach them the science, if they esire to learn it, without fee or conract. I will hand on precepts, lecures, and all other learning to my ons, to those of my master, and to hose pupils duly apprenticed and worn, and to none other. —from the Oath of Hippocrates[1]
Efficient integration of ordinary differential equations by transformation

Abstract The initial value problem for a family of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) depending on a parameter e is investigated. It is shown that the behavior of standard codes when integrating the problem with “small” e is like that with e = 0. This is applied to the testing of ODE codes. The main results deal with the transformation of a problem that is difficult for a conventional code to a problem that is easy. This is an attractive alternative to the development of methods and software for special classes of problems.
Comparison of Different Tracers and Methods Used to Quantify Bioturbation During a Spring Bloom: 234-Thorium, Luminophores and Chlorophylla

Rates and types of particle bioturbation were measured before and during the 1993 phytoplankton spring bloom in Long Island Sound (U.S.A.). Bioturbation rates were determined at intervals of ∼2 weeks using three independent tracers (234Th, chlorophyllaand luminophores) that have different boundary conditions and reaction properties.234Th (t1/2=24 days) is supplied continuously from overlying water. The delivery of chlorophylla(Chl a), a non-conservative tracer of fresh organic matter having a known degradation rate, tracks overlying water productivity and is characterized by non-steady-state pulses. Luminophores, fluorescent particulate tracers, were used in a series of manipulative pulse input experiments under bothin situand laboratory conditions. Sediment temperature varied from 0·4 to 15·8 °C during the measurement period. Bioturbation was quantified by applying either steady- or non-steady-state biodiffusive–bioadvective models that take into account both diffusive transport (Db) and vertical advective transport (vb) by ‘ conveyor-belt ’ feeders. Pulsed inputs of Chl aand luminophores demonstrated rapid biogenic burial of surface sediment that was not resolved by234Th. There was discernible small-scale spatial heterogeneity in mixing as indicated by large variations in bioturbation coefficients estimated in duplicate (field) or triplicate (lab) luminophore cores. During the sampling period, both types of biological sediment transport, biodiffusive mixing and bioadvection, were low (Dbranged from 0·001–0·04 cm2day−1andvb=0·00–0·05 cm day−1). Biodiffusive mixing estimated fromin situtracer profiles increased (|LQ2–3×) during the pulsed organic matter input and temperature rise that characterized the bloom and post-bloom period. Laboratory measurements of luminophores using three replicate cores from each sampling time also indicated a post-bloom increase in biodiffusion with a possible transient peak enhancement (|LW4×) about 40 days after the bloom. There was an apparent short-term relationship between fresh organic flux to the sea-floor and elevated biodiffusion but the most consistent post-bloom relationship is between mixing rate and temperature (apparent activation energies ∼45–60 kJ mol−1). Bothin situand laboratory measurements also demonstrated that bioadvection coefficients increased (∼10–50×) with Chl ainput and rising temperature, and correlated directly with specific changes in benthic community composition. Diffusive mixing coefficients calculated from the different tracers are of the same order of magnitude. Use of234Th resulted in the lowest estimates of overall particle transport (combined diffusive and advective). Multiple tracers and replication of mixing coefficient measurements are required for accurate quantification and resolution of bioturbation.
Issues of child custody and our moral values in the era of new medical technology.

Abstract A series of ethical, moral, and legal dilemmas are presented along with the related landmark case law. The definition of motherhood and the types of mothers, such as genetic, gestational, and surrogate, have become a confusing matter, not only for a growing child but for lawmakers and mental health professionals as well. Pregnancy through artificial insemination gives certain rights to women who are not married to the father, even when these women have contracted to surrender the baby after birth. The law has recognized that biological mothers have a potential right to custody or at least visitation. Such a right, however, is not established on behalf of a father whose only relationship with a child is through his genetic component unless a strong emotional bond exists, and the mother is not married to and cohabiting with her husband. The author argues that the principle of “the child's best interest” must prevail in all custody disputes, regardless of who the biological parent is.
Crystal structure of JlpA, a surface-exposed lipoprotein adhesin of Campylobacter jejuni

Abstract The Campylobacter jejuni JlpA protein is a surface-exposed lipoprotein that was discovered as an adhesin promoting interaction with host epithelium cells, an early critical step in the pathogenesis of C. jejuni disease. Increasing evidence ascertained that JlpA is antigenic, indicating a role of JlpA in immune response during the infectious process. Here, we report the crystal structure of JlpA at 2.7 A resolution, revealing a catcher’s mitt shaped unclosed half β-barrel. Although the apparent architecture of JlpA is somewhat reminiscent of other bacterial lipoproteins such as LolB, the topology of JlpA is unique among the bacterial surface proteins reported to date and therefore JlpA represents a novel bacterial cell surface lipoprotein. The concave face of the structure results in an unusually large hydrophobic basin with a localized acidic pocket, suggesting a possibility that JlpA may accommodate multiple ligands. Therefore, the structure provides framework for determining the molecular function of JlpA and new strategies for the rational design of small molecule inhibitors efficiently targeting JlpA.
Setting the Stage for Paradigm Development: A ‘Small-Tent’ Approach to Social Entrepreneurship

AbstractSocial entrepreneurship has emerged as a field of considerable interest over the past two decades. Unfortunately, its rapid growth has come at the expense of a unified definition of this construct. In response, Dacin et al., Nicholls, and Santos recently proposed how efforts at theorizing might take shape and stimulate more robust scholarship in this area. This paper seeks to advance their work by advocating for a new definition of this construct that differentiates activity that creates real value for society in an entrepreneurial manner from that which does not. Finally, the paper concludes by addressing how understanding the construct in this light informs management theory.
Syndrome Specificity and Behavioural Disorders in Young Adults with Intellectual Disability: Cultural Differences in Family Impact.

Background This study examined whether behaviour problems and adaptive behaviour of low functioning young adults, and well-being of their families, varied by diagnostic syndrome [intellectual disability (ID) only, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, autism], as well as by cultural group. Methods Behaviour disorders in young adults with moderate to severe ID were assessed from information provided by 282 caregivers during in-home interviews. The sample consisted of 150 Anglo participants, and 132 Latino, primarily Spanish-speaking, participants drawn from Southern California. Results Behaviour disorders and maternal well-being showed the same pattern across disability syndromes. Autism was associated with the highest scores in multiple behaviour problem areas as well as maternal reports of lower well-being. Down syndrome was associated with the lowest behaviour problem scores and the highest maternal well-being. When behaviour problems were controlled for, diagnostic groups accounted for no additional variance in maternal stress or depression. The pattern of behaviour problems and well-being did not differ by sample (Anglo vs. Latino), although level on well-being measures did. Latina mothers reported significantly higher depression symptoms and lower morale, but also higher positive impact from their child than did Anglo mothers. Conclusions Caregivers of young adults with autism report more maladaptive behaviour problems and lower personal well-being, or stress, relative to other diagnostic groups, regardless of cultural group. However, cultural differences exist in caregiver reports of depression, morale, and positive perceptions. Implications for service provision aimed at families of children with challenging behaviour problems are discussed in the context of culture.
Unmelted meteoritic debris in the Late Pliocene iridium anomaly - Evidence for the ocean impact of a nonchondritic asteroid

Ir-bearing particles have been recovered from two piston cores in the Antarctic Basin in the southeastern Pacific. In core E13-3, the particles closely correspond to the Late Pliocene Ir anomaly and have a fluence of about 100 mg/cm sq. In core E13-4, 120 km to the southwest, the particle fluence is about 4 mg/cm sq. Particles with diameters from 0.5 to 4 mm contain at least 35 percent of the Ir in this horizon. Three types of particles have been identified: (1) vesicular, (2) basaltic, and (3) metal. The vesicular particles appear to be shock-melted debris derived from the oceanic impact of a howarditic asteroid containing a minor metal component. These particles have recrystallized from a melt and impact into the ocean has resulted in the incorporation of Na, K, Cl, and radiogenic Sr from the ocean water target. The basaltic clasts appear to be unmelted fragments of the original asteroid which may have separated from the main body prior to impact. Combined vesicular and basaltic particles are believed to have formed by collisions in the debris cloud. Estimates of the diameter of the projectile range from 100 to 500 m. By many orders of magnitude, this is the most massive achondrite sampled by a single meteorite fall.
Endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of mediastinal lymph nodes: a single institution's early learning curve.

Background The gold standard for mediastinal lymph node evaluation is mediastinoscopy, which is invasive and allows access to only a limited number of mediastinal lymph node (MLN) stations (1, 2, 3, 4, and 7). Endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EBUS-FNA) is emerging as a useful, less invasive technique that offers access to a wider range of MLN stations (2, 3, 4, 7, 10, and 11). We report our initial experience with this procedure. Methods Using our prospectively maintained database, we performed a single-institution retrospective chart review. Our study group consisted of all patients at the University of Minnesota who underwent EBUS-FNA for evaluation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy or for thoracic malignancy staging from September 1, 2006, through December 15, 2007. To assess our learning curve, we plotted the cumulative sensitivity (%) and accuracy (%) of our EBUS-FNA results as a function of the number of procedures we performed. Results During the study period, 100 patients underwent EBUS, 92 with FNA. Of these, 56 patients (34 women, 22 men; mean age, 60.4 ± 13.7 years) met our inclusion criteria. We found no complications. After our first 10 procedures, the sensitivity of our EBUS-FNA results was 96.2%; accuracy was 97.8% (rates comparable with other large series in the literature). Conclusions We conclude that the learning curve for EBUS-FNA for thoracic surgeons is about 10 procedures.
Learning to Lead in All Domains of Life

A new vision of management in the 21st century must address how organization members align their core values with their actions. Recent trends have changed the landscape on which business leaders pursue interests of various stakeholders. To be successful in the 21st century, business leaders at all levels must possess three important capacities— authenticity, integrity, and creativity—and enact them at work, in their families, in their communities, and in their personal growth. Building these capacities requires innovative means for educating and developing leaders. This article discusses the author's approach to realizing this goal— total leadership—which aims to help participants increase business results by enriching lives, to learn to lead in new ways that integrate work, home, community, and self for mutual gain. This article reviews the principles and skills of total leadership and describes experiments undertaken by participants to produce changes in both their leadership identity and their perform...
Postnatal development of cholinergic neurotransmitter enzymes in the mouse cerebellum. Biochemical, light microscopic and electron microscopic cytochemical investigations.

The activity and distribution of the cholinergic neurotransmitter enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) in the developing cerebellum of the mouse were investigated using biochemical assays and light microscopic histochemistry for AChE and ChAc, and electron microscopic histochemistry for AChE. Postnatal alterations in the levels of AChE and ChAc in the cerebellum of the mouse are characterized by a divergent pattern. During the first two postnatal weeks, AChE activity increases progressively, whereas ChAc activity remains low. Beyond day 14, when AChE activity is steady or gradually decreasing, ChAc increases sharply to reach a peak on day 32. Histochemically, AChE activity is associated with the glomeruli and the Golgi cells of the internal granular layer, the medullary layer, and the deep cerebellar nuclei. Purkinje cells exhibit transient staining between days 2 and 9. At the ultrastructural level, AChE staining is first demonstrated on day 6 within the Golgi cell soma, on day 9 at the mossy fiber–granule cell synapse, and on day 11 at the Golgi terminal–granule cell synapse. The staining intensity of these structures reaches that of the adult on day 19. The histochemical reaction for ChAc is localized to moderate number of presumed Bergmann glial cells, a few large cells of the deep cerebellar nuclei, small numbers of Golgi cells, and all immature Purkinje cells. The molecular layer, glomeruli, and the medullary layer fail to demonstrate ChAc activity. This distribution of ChAc sharply contrasts with the localization established by other methods previously and is interpreted in the light of the drawbacks of the histochemical procedure. The biochemical fluctuations in AChE activity, correlated with the histochemical and cytochemical data, suggest that the postnatal increases in the enzyme are related to the ingrowth of the mossy fibers and to the maturation of the AChE-positive Golgi cells. Histochemical evidence for the correlation between the ontogenetic increases in cerebellar ChAc activity and progressive mossy fiber innervation must await the application of the immunohistochemical method to the developing cerebellum.
Metaphor and the Natural Semantic Metalanguage

This paper examines the account of metaphor developed within the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) framework. It is claimed by this view that metaphorical content is paraphraseable, and that the use of metaphor can be described via a cultural script. I explore the importance of paraphrasing metaphors for the NSM approach, and argue that the prospects for successful paraphrases are less promising than has been claimed. I then show that the cultural script does not suffice to explain how metaphors work, and describe how the script must be supplemented to generate a more adequate explanation.
PKR and eIF2α: Integration of Kinase Dimerization, Activation, and Substrate Docking

Summary The antiviral RNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR, binds to viral double-stranded RNA in the cell and halts protein synthesis by phosphorylating the α subunit of the translation initiation factor eIF2. In this issue of Cell, two complementary papers Dar et al. (2005) and Dey et al. (2005) address the interaction between PKR and eIF2α. The structures of eIF2α bound to PKR reveal that PKR forms a dimer, the interface of which is essential for kinase activation, and demonstrate how this protein substrate docks to its kinase. The structures, coupled with mutagenesis analysis, also demonstrate how phosphorylation of the activation loop can allosterically couple two distal regions, the dimerization and substrate recognition interfaces.
EFFECT OF PORK QUALITY ON SOME CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, AND PROCESSING PROPERTIES OF FERMENTED DRY SAUSAGE

Fermented sausages were prepared from: (1) PSE pork, (2) normal pork, and (3) a 50/50 mixture of PSE and normal pork. Although pH values differed initially they were essentially the same after 35 days drying. Only 50–60% as long was required for drying of sausage made from PSE as compared to normal pork. Sausages prepared with only PSE pork had the highest moisture diffusion rate, TBA values, and lactic acid content. Cured color of the PSE group was paler red and more yellowish than those prepared with only normal pork. Water-holding capacity, water activity values and force to shear were lowest and highest for sausages made, respectively, from PSE pork only and from normal pork.
Behavioral Parent Training in Child Welfare: Evaluations of Skills Acquisition

Objective: Behavioral parent training has been proven effective through years of research with a variety of groups. However, little research has been conducted to systematically evaluate the extent...
The galactic cosmic ray ionization rate

The chemistry that occurs in the interstellar medium in response to cosmic ray ionization is summarized, and a review of the ionization rates that have been derived from measurements of molecular abundances is presented. The successful detection of large abundances of H3+ in diffuse clouds and the recognition that dissociative recombination of H3+ is fast has led to an upward revision of the derived ionization rates. In dense clouds the molecular abundances are sensitive to the depletion of carbon monoxide, atomic oxygen, nitrogen, water, and metals and the presence of large molecules and grains. Measurements of the relative abundances of deuterated species provide information about the ion removal mechanisms, but uncertainties remain. The models, both of dense and diffuse clouds, that are used to interpret the observations may be seriously inadequate. Nevertheless, it appears that the ionization rates differ in dense and diffuse clouds and in the intercloud medium.
Three-dimensional volumetric ultrasound imaging of arterial pathology from two-dimensional intravascular ultrasound : an in vitro study

The objectives of this study were to evaluate: (1) the feasibility of generating three- dimensional (3-D) ultrasound (US) volumetric images of arterial segments from intravascular (IV) US images by retaining full range of gray levels; (2) the feasibility of volumetric quantitation of various arterial wall pathology from the 3-D volume US images of arterial segments. IVUS provides morphologic details of arterial wall diseases. This is seen as variation in gray levels. However, when a 3-D US image is generated currently, the full range of gray levels is not utilized. This limits optimal assessment of arterial wall pathologySequential cross-sectional IVUS images from 11 arterial segments consisting of various pathology were obtained in vitro by calibrated withdrawal of an IVUS catheter. These images were digitized by an 8 bit digitizer to retain full 256 gray levels of bright ness. 3-D volume generation was carried out using "ANALYZE" software. After the IVUS imaging, arterial segments were sectioned transve...
Multi-dimensional token ring networks : Routing and operation protocols

Abstract Operation protocols and various routing schemes of a class of Loop networks are the main focus of this paper. A ring-based topology, referred to as the multi-dimensional ring (or MR) is presented. MR networks are member of the class of loop networks which have been extensively studied by many researchers. Media access is performed over several link disjoint rings, which results in notable increases in throughput and robust operation in the presence of node and link failures. The primary advantage of the proposed topology over other enhanced ring topologies, such as chordal ring [1] and token grid [2], is its efficient routing and embedding algorithms. The finite automata model is used to develop several routing schemes. The input string, accepted by this particular automaton, from a given initial state, corresponds to a path established from a source (initial) node in the network. Furthermore, several operation modes of MR networks are presented. The contributions of this paper with regard to MR networks are as follows: (1) the structure of the network and its relation to the base- r numbering system; (2) the investigation of various topological properties of the network; (3) the development of several routing schemes; (4) the performance evaluation of the network; and (5) protocol operations.
Effect of hydration on maternal renal calyceal diameter in pregnancy

NANCY JESSICA NYHOLM, WILLIAM WATSON, BRIAN BROST, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rochester, Minnesota OBJECTIVE: There is no published information on how maternal hydration affects renal imaging during pregnancy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of maternal hydration status on the maternal renal collecting system during the third trimester of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-five patients with uncomplicated singleton pregnancy were studied during the third trimester (28-40 weeks gestation). Patients with chronic medical illness or a history of kidney disease were excluded. Real time ultrasound of the maternal kidneys was performed after an overnight fast of at least eight hours, one hour after oral hydration with one liter of water, and after voiding. The largest diameter of the renal pelvic-calyceal echolucency was measured at least 3 times, and the results were averaged. Hydronephrosis was defined as a mean pelvic-calyceal diameter of greater than 10 mm. Ultrasound studies were performed by one of the authors. Results were analyzed with the student’s t-test; P ! .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: In the fasting state, prior to hydration, 17 patients (68%) had hydronephrosis; in 7 this was found only on the maternal right side, in 2 only on the left, and 8 were bilateral. After hydration 24 patients (96%) had hydronephrosis; 6 were only the right side, 0 only on the left, and 18 were bilateral. In the maternal right kidney, there was a significant difference found between pre-hydration and post-hydration mean calyceal diameters, 10.5 mm G 11.5 mm and 22.4 mm G 8.6 mm respectively (P!.001). On the left side, significant differences were also noted, with a mean pre-hydration and posthydration measurement of 7.0 mm G 8.9 mm and 13.8 mm G 9.0 mm respectively (P!.01). Pelvic-calyceal measurements were not affected by maternal voiding. CONCLUSION: Maternal hydration status critically influences the maternal pelvic-calyceal diameter in the third trimester of pregnancy. This has significant implications for the timing and interpretation of renal imaging studies in pregnant women. S154 SMFM Abstracts
Rapid heating of dielectric materials at 915 mc

THE HEATING of dielectric materials by means of microwave energy was investigated in the General Electric Company a decade ago by members of the Research Laboratory, who demonstrated the feasibility of preheating plastics and heating foods using a magnetron oscillator at a frequency of 1,000 mc (megacycles). In recent years the GL-6787 magnetron, operating in the 915-mc Industrial-Scientific-Medical band, has been developed as a source of power for these applications. In quantity production, this tube will provide economical microwave power for consumer and industrial applications. In order to design equipment for efficient preheating, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the materials as a function of temperature. This paper presents the results of an initial investigation of the effectiveness of 915-mc heating on various dielectric materials, and describes means of measuring the characteristics of materials at this frequency.