cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some interruption criteria for short high-frequency vacuum arcs

If the contacts of a vacuum interrupter open shortly before a current zero, the transient recovery voltage (TRV) can cause a reignition and reestablish the arc. When the current in a diffuse vacuum arc passes through zero, there is a distinct pause before the TRV builds up (approximately 40 ns for copper). During this pause the gap carries conduction current only with an ion component which depends on dI/dt, varying between 3 A for dI/dt=60 A/ mu s and 60 A for dI/dt=1235 A/ mu s. The ion current subsequently decays in tens or hundreds of nanoseconds. It can be distinguished from the displacement current at this time by varying dV/dt, keeping the other parameters constant. Among the interruption criteria for short high-frequency vacuum arcs, dI/dt prior to current zero and initial dV/dt are the most important. High values of dI/dt are more likely to precipitate reignitions, but breakdowns can occur after lower dI/dt's if the gap has been subjected to a high current for a relatively long time (>100 mu s). >
Robust Deployment of Dynamic Sensor Networks for Cooperative Track Detection

The problem of cooperative track detection by a dynamic sensor network arises in many applications, including security and surveillance, and tracking of endangered species. Several authors have recently shown that the quality-of-service of these networks can be statically optimized by placing the sensors in the region of interest (ROI) via mathematical programming. However, if the sensors are subject to external forcing, such as winds or currents, they may be rapidly displaced, and their quality-of-service may be significantly deteriorated over time. The novel approach presented in this paper consists of placing the sensors in the ROI based on their future displacement, which can be estimated from environmental forecasts and sensor dynamic models. The sensor network deployment is viewed as a new problem in dynamic computational geometry, in which the initial positions of a family of circles with time-varying radii and positions are to be optimized subject to sets of algebraic and differential equations. When these equations are nonlinear and time-varying, the optimization problem does not have an exact solution, or global optimum, but can be approximated as a finite-dimensional nonlinear program by discretizing the quality-of-service and the dynamic models with respect to time. Then, a near-optimal solution for the initial sensor positions is sought by means of sequential quadratic programming. The numerical results show that this approach can improve quality-of-service by up to a factor of five compared to existing techniques, and its performance is robust to propagated modeling and deployment errors.
Near-neutral surface charge and hydrophilicity prevent mineral encrustation of Fe-oxidizing micro-organisms.

Microbial survival in mineralizing environments depends on the ability to evade surface encrustation by minerals, which could obstruct nutrient uptake and waste output. Some organisms localize mineral precipitation away from the cell; however, cell surface properties - charge and hydrophobicity - must also play a role in preventing surface mineralization. This is especially relevant for iron-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB), which face an encrustation threat from both biotic and abiotic mineralization. We used electron microscopy and surface characterization techniques to study the surfaces of two stalk-forming neutrophilic FeOB: the marine Zetaproteobacterium Mariprofundus ferrooxydans PV-1 and the recently isolated freshwater Betaproteobacterium Gallionellales strain R-1. Both organisms lack detectable iron on cell surfaces. Live and azide-inhibited M. ferrooxydans PV-1 cells had small negative zeta potentials (-0.34 to -2.73 mV), over the pH range 4.2-9.4; Gallionellales strain R-1 cells exhibited an even smaller zeta potential (-0.10 to -0.19 mV) over pH 4.2-8.8. Cells have hydrophilic surfaces, according to water contact angle measurements and microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons tests. Thermodynamic and extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) calculations showed that as low charge causes low electrostatic attraction, hydrophilic repulsion dominates cell-mineral interactions. Therefore, we conclude that surface properties help enable these FeOB to survive in highly mineralizing environments. Given both mineral-repelling surface properties and the ability to sequester Fe(III) biominerals in an organomineral stalk, these two FeOB have a well-coordinated system to localize both biotic and abiotic mineral distribution.
Novel long-term implantable blood pressure monitoring system

A novel long-term implantable blood pressure monitoring system is proposed. The system employs an instrumented elastic cuff wound around a blood vessel, operating in a linear "diameter v.s. pressure" region of the vessel for real time blood pressure monitoring. The elastic cuff is made of soft bio-compatible rubber, filled with bio-compatible insulating fluid with an immersed MEMS pressure sensor. The MEMS sensor detects the vessel blood pressure waveform with a constant scaling factor, independent of the cuff bias pressure exerting on the vessel. This technique avoids vessel insertion and also substantially minimizes vessel restriction due to the soft cuff elasticity, thus attractive for minimizing long-term adverse biological effects. A scaled up prototype system is developed. It is used to verify and demonstrate the concept.
Polymerase chain reaction amplification of archival material for parvovirus B19 in children with transient erythroblastopenia of childhood

The relationship between transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC) and parvovirus B19 infection remains uncertain. Large series using primarily serologic evaluation have not shown an association, whereas smaller series have reported parvovirus B19 infection in such patients. Further, parvovirus DNA or antigen has been detected in some patients seronegative for the virus at presentation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification has never been used to evaluate patients with TEC for parvovirus B19. We used the PCR in an attempt to detect parvovirus B19 in DNA extracted from archived bone marrow coverslips of 16 patients diagnosed with TEC. The patients ranged in age from 3 to 23 months and presented with a mean hemoglobin value of 5.4 g/dL. Sixty-nine percent were neutropenic and none was thrombocytopenic. None of the patients had histologic evidence of parvovirus B19 infection in the bone marrow. DNA amplification for parvovirus B19 was negative in each case. In contrast, parvovirus B19DNA was amplified from DNA isolated from archived bone marrow coverslips of a patient with known parvovirus B19 infection, indicating that the PCR assay was sufficiently sensitive to detect virus from archieved bone marrow coverslips. Review of the literature indicates that the patients with parvovirus-associated TEC are generally older and often present with concomitant thrombocytopenia, whereas patients with parvovirus B19-negative TEC are younger and present without thrombocytopenia, similar to the patients in our study. Our results suggest that parvovirus B19 is not the cause of anemia in the young patient with typical features of TEC. Rather, parvovirus B19 infection of older, previously healthy children may occasionally cause a protracted anemia, often with thrombocytopenia, which may be diagnosed by some as TEC.
The effect of state-saving in optimistic simulation on a cache-coherent non-uniform memory access architecture

State-saving and reverse computation are two different approaches by which rollback is realized in Time Warp-based parallel simulation systems. Of the two approaches, state-saving is, in general, more memory-intensive than reverse computation. When executed on a state-of-the-art commercial CC-NUMA (Cache Coherent Non-Uniform Memory Architecture) multiprocessor, our Time Warp system runs almost 6 times slower if state-saving is used than if reverse computation is used. The focus of this paper is to understand why state-saving yields such poor performance when compared to reverse computation on a CC-NUMA multiprocessor. To address this question, we examined the low level machine performance statistics, especially those that relate to memory system performance, such as caching, and translation look-aside buffer (TLB) misses. The outcome of the performance study suggests that TLB misses are the primary culprit for state-saving's performance degradation.
Assessing the influence of health on rural outmigration in Alaska

Objectives. This formative study is intended to generate questions and hypotheses regarding the relationship between health and outmigration from Alaska’s rural communities. This study is the first to provide perspectives of rural Alaskans in the context of health concerns and health care delivery as determinants of outmigration. Study design. The study collected secondary data through a comprehensive review of the literature and primary data through semi-structured interviews. Methods. The research design consisted of two iterative phases: a comprehensive review of published and gray literature relevant to rural health and migration in Alaska, and in-depth interviews with rural Alaskans who had recently moved from rural to urban settings. A total of 31 Alaskans aged 18+ from communities throughout the state were interviewed about the factors influencing their decision to move to an urban centre. Results. Three health-related determinants of outmigration from rural to urban Alaska emerged: (1) limited access to primary and specialized health care; (2) perceptions of health risks in rural communities; and (3) ripple effect migration of friends and family providing social support for rural Alas kans requiring health care. These determinants had disproportionate effects on young and female study participants. Conclusions. We present data describing the growing influence of health concerns and health care delivery on outmigration in this underserved population, and conclude with recommendations for future avenues of research. Expanding the body of knowledge of the link between health and outmigration will provide rural Alaskans the opportunity to live and grow old in their own communities. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2010; 69(5):528-544)
Matte-Based Restoration of Vintage Video

In this paper, we describe a new method for restoring digitized vintage video with film wear artifacts. Such artifacts result in partially or completely missing information. To maximize use of observed data, we cast the problem as that of recovering mattes of artifacts. More specifically, we extract the distributions of artifact color and its fractional (alpha) contribution to the frame. To account for spatial color discontinuity and pixel occlusion or disocclusion, we introduce the alpha-modulated bilateral filter. The problem is solved as a 3-D spatio-temporal conditional random field (CRF) with artifact color and (discretized) alpha as states. Inference is done through belief propagation. Results verify the effectiveness of our method. Furthermore, we can produce a synthetically generated vintage footage using extracted artifact information from actual vintage video.
Laboratory validation study of drug evaluation and classification program: alprazolam, d-amphetamine, codeine, and marijuana

The Drug Evaluation and Classification (DEC) program is used by police agencies to identify drivers impaired because of drug use and to determine the class(es) of drug causing the impairment. The primary goal of this study was to determine the validity of the DEC evaluation in predicting whether research volunteers were administered alprazolam, d-amphetamine, codeine, or marijuana. A secondary goal was to determine the accuracy of Drug Recognition Examiners (DREs) in detecting if subjects were dosed with these drugs. Community volunteers (n = 48) were administered alprazolam (0, 1, 2 mg), d-amphetamine (0, 12.5, 25 mg), codeine (0, 60, 120 mg), or marijuana (0, 3.58% THC) in a double-blind, randomized, between-subject design. A single drug dose or placebo was administered at each experimental session, and blood samples were obtained before and after dosing. With the exception of marijuana, plasma drug concentration was at or near maximum during the DEC evaluation. The ability of the DEC evaluation to predict the intake of alprazolam, d-amphetamine, codeine, or marijuana was optimal when using 2-7 variables from the evaluation. DREs' decisions of impairment were consistent with the administration of any active drug in 76% of cases, and their drug class decisions were consistent with toxicology in 32% of cases, according to standards of the International Association of Chiefs of Police. These findings suggest that the DEC evaluation can be used to predict accurately acute administration of alprazolam, d-amphetamine, codeine, and marijuana and that predictions of drug use may be improved by focusing on a subset of variables.
Lithium-ion battery life prognostic health management system using particle filtering framework

In this paper, a detailed implementation of a lithium-ion battery life prognostic system using a particle filtering framework is presented. A lumped parameter battery model is used to account for all the dynamic characteristics of the battery: a non-linear open-circuit voltage, current, temperature, cycle number, and time-dependent storage capacity. The inter- nal processes of the battery are used to form the basis of this model. Statistical estimates of the noise in the system and the anticipated operational conditions are processed to provide esti- mates of the remaining useful life. The model is then subsequently used in the particle-filtering framework with a sequential importance resampling algorithm to predict the remaining useful life of the battery for individual discharge cycles as well as for the battery cycle life. The research presented in this paper provides the necessary steps towards a comprehensive battery health management solution for energy storage devices.
Changes in Antipsychotic Drug Use Following Shifts in Policy: A Multilevel Analysis

This case study of antipsychotic drug use in nursing homes illustrates the potential benefits and limits of multilevel hierarchical linear analysis in long-term care research. Multilevel (MLn) logistic regression models were used to assess changes in exposure and average daily dose and their associations with resident and facility characteristics following implementation of the 1987 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act regulations. Data were obtained for 8,158 elderly Oregon Medicaid residents residing in 128 facilities between July 1991 and December 1994. Findings support the general hypothesis that resident characteristics are the main determinants of drug use and that drug use decreased over time among some resident populations and some facility types. Although challenges were encountered in the use of the MLn software, hierarchical modeling has advantages that make it attractive for long-term care multilevel applications such as the drug use study reported here.
Comparing the sensitivity of information retrieval metrics

Information retrieval effectiveness is usually evaluated using measures such as Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG), Mean Average Precision (MAP) and Precision at some cutoff (Precision@k) on a set of judged queries. Recent research has suggested an alternative, evaluating information retrieval systems based on user behavior. Particularly promising are experiments that interleave two rankings and track user clicks. According to a recent study, interleaving experiments can identify large differences in retrieval effectiveness with much better reliability than other click-based methods. We study interleaving in more detail, comparing it with traditional measures in terms of reliability, sensitivity and agreement. To detect very small differences in retrieval effectiveness, a reliable outcome with standard metrics requires about 5,000 judged queries, and this is about as reliable as interleaving with 50,000 user impressions. Amongst the traditional measures, NDCG has the strongest correlation with interleaving. Finally, we present some new forms of analysis, including an approach to enhance interleaving sensitivity.
Investigation of Metal Corrosion Mechanisms Using Stable Isotopes with the Ion Microprobe

The ability of the ion microprobe or SIMS instrument to distinguish between isotopes and to analyze thin layers sequentially by sputtering provides unique methods well suited for studying oxidation and corrosion mechanisms. Although many SIMS studies of oxidation have been reported, very few have taken advantage of isotope substitution [1–4], The ability to directly observe the order and direction of events in a corrosion reaction in relatively thin films should be of importance to metallurgists and material scientists, particularly those who are interested in oxidation or corrosion at relatively low temperatures or under mild conditions.
Computational Intelligence for Structural Identifications

Structural health assessment using the structural identification concept using measured dynamic response information in time domain was considered to be not possible in the late seventies. With the help of comprehensive analytical and laboratory investigations, the research team at the University of Arizona conclusively documented that the above statement is not correct. In fact, they showed that the concept has several advantages over other available methods. Considering the implementation potential, the concept appeared to be very desirable. The team proposed several intelligent schemes to address many challenges. They used mathematical concepts used in other disciplines, extensively modified them and proposed few novel concepts. Some of them are briefly presented in this paper and their novelties are described with the help of several informative examples. The concepts presented in the paper cross the disciplinary boundaries and showcase benefits of computational intelligence.
Controlling the Future of the Common Law by Restatement

abstract . This chapter considers, from the perspective of future users, an intriguing aspect of the architecture that the Reporters of the American Law Institute have chosen for the current Draft Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liability for Physical Harm. In restating legal principles currently applied in the United States, the ALI also must preserve the constitutionally vital phenomenon of judicial lawmaking by which the common law will continue to develop in the future. It is faced with stark political choices. The first concerns how welcoming a restatement text is to, say, the future expansion of liability beyond the current case law precedents. The second concerns what is the appropriate future balance of lawmaking power among trial judge, jury, and appellate court. These choices are the “ghosts at the feast” of restatement. This chapter argues that the otherwise puzzling, polarized treatment of the duty of care within the architecture of the Draft Restatement reflects choices made by the Reporters as to how much future common law development there should be and what is the most appropriate institutional location for it to take place. A consideration of those choices highlights a deep fracture in United States tort law between the loud rhetoric in support of jury decision making and the many, typically covert, maneuvers made to prevent issues from reaching the jury.
Separate and joint effects of arginine and glucose on ovine fetal insulin secretion

To determine separate and joint effects of increases (delta) in fetal plasma concentrations of arginine (Af) and glucose (Gf) on fetal insulin (If) secretion (delta If), 15 late-gestation fetal sheep were given 5-min arginine bolus infusions (40, 86, 144, 201, and 402 mumol/kg estimated fetal wt) at 90 min of 120 min steady-state glucose clamps (basal Gf, basal + 0.6 mM Gf, and basal + 1.1 mM Gr), producing absolute and percent increases above basal Af of 25.8 +/- 1.3 microM (+33%), 50.9 +/- 6.3 microM (+66%), 83.8 +/- 7.1 microM (+108%), 122.1 +/- 9.4 microM (+156%), and 302.2 +/- 28.2 microM (+386%), respectively. Acute hyperglycemia alone produced an increase above basal If of 9 +/- I microU/ml (+80%) and 19 +/- 2 microU/ml (+170%) after basal + 0.6 mM Gf and basal + 1.1 mM Gf, respectively. Increasing values of delta Af showed separate but lesser effects on delta If, which were significant only at very high values of Af (> 100% above mean normal Af) unless marked hyperglycemia (1.5- to 2-fold normal) was also present, demonstrating joint effects of delta Af and delta Gf on delta If according to a best-fit inverse polynomial response surface. We conclude that physiological increases in Af at normal glucose concentrations are not a potent-stimulus to insulin secretion in fetal sheep.
Direct elucidation of disulfide bond partners using ultraviolet photodissociation mass spectrometry.

Disulfide bonds stabilize the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins. Identifying the correct disulfide bond pairs can be extremely useful to understand the nature of a protein. However identifying correct disulfide linkages remains a challenge for many proteins. We report the use of ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) at 266 nm to selectively cleave disulfide bonds in the gas phase, while leaving all other bonds intact. This methodology can be used to identify disulfide bonded pairs in complex systems with multiple disulfide bond partners. We have explored UVPD chemistry on pairs of model peptides with one disulfide bond to evaluate the importance of various sequence and structural effects. In addition, online experiments were performed on whole protein digests. Bond selective UVPD was able to correctly identify and characterize all known disulfide bonded pairs. The method also proved sufficiently sensitive to identify and characterize several non-native disulfide-bound peptide pairs which were p...
Diameters of Arcs and the Gerrymandering Problem

(1977). Diameters of Arcs and the Gerrymandering Problem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 84, No. 3, pp. 155-162.
Products of Sines and Cosines

Most of the identities derived by Usiskin have the same form: The product of the sines of k appropriately chosen angles (k is a positive integer), all between 00 and 900, equals 1/2k* In a recent conversation, Usiskin asked for an "explanation" of these identities. By that he meant more than merely proofs of these equations. His paper contains proofs of (1) and (2) and several other similar formulas. Rather, Usiskin is asking for a general statement which contains his identities as special cases and for both rigorous and heuristic arguments which justify the generalization. This note provides this type of explanation. We begin by writing the left side of (1) and (2) in terms of complex roots of unity. We then analyze generalizations of the expressions thus obtained and we present two evaluations of the generalized expressions. Both are based on number-theoretic considerations; the first is elementary in nature, while the second, involving ideas from algebraic number theory, is more sophisticated. The second approach also provides the heuristic "explanation" sought by Usiskin for the identities. The principal result of the paper is Theorem 2, which evaluates the products that generalize identities (1) and (2). Theorem 1, a well-known fact of algebraic number theory, is used to prove both Theorem 2 and Theorem 3. The latter theorem describes an interesting property of regular n-gons inscribed in a unit circle.
Determination of thiocyanate in icecream by SPE-ultrafiltration centrifugation-ion chromatography

Objective To establish a method for the determination of thiocyanate in icecream by ion chromatography.Methods The samples were melted and mixed,and then added into acetonitrile to precipitated protein. The supernatant was frozen centrifuged at 4 ℃. The supernatant was filtered by SPE On Guard II RP column,and then centrifuged with ultrafiltration device. The filtrate was detected by ion chromatography. The separation was carried out on Ion Pac AS16 column with ASRS-ULTRA II anion suppressor,and detected by ED50 conductivity detector. The gradient eluent was KOH. And the results was detected with ED50 electric conduction detector. The method was quantified by external standard. Results The thiocyanate standard curve showed good linear relationship in the range of 0. 10 mg / L- 0. 20 mg / L,with the correlation coefficient r =0. 999 2( y = 0. 192x- 0. 015). The detection limit was 0. 30 mg / kg,and the quantification limit was 0. 99 mg / kg. The recoveries rates ranged from 94. 5% to 103. 6%,and RSD was among 1. 4%- 2. 6%. Conclusion The samples were better purified in this method. The method was accurate and suitable for the determination of thiocyanate in icecream.
Osmotic regulation of Na-myo-inositol cotransporter mRNA level and activity in endothelial and neural cells

Myo-inositol (MI) is an important factor in the synthesis of phosphoinositides, and as an osmolyte, MI contributes to the regulation of cell volume. In cells of renal origin, hypertonicity causes an increase in sodium-dependent MI transporter (SMIT) mRNA levels and MI transport. However, it is unknown whether changes in osmolarity regulate transport of MI in neural or endothelial cells. IN these studies, neural and endothelial cells were exposed to hyperosmotic medium for up to 48 h, and the effect on MI transport was determined. Transport of MI was maximally increased by exposing the cells to hyperosmotic medium for 24 h. Kinetic analysis of high-affinity MI transport demonstrated an increase in the apparent maximal velocity with no significant change in the apparent Km. The hyperosmotic induction of MI transport was blocked by the addition of cycloheximide, indicating a requirement for protein synthesis, and was associated with increased levels of SMIT mRNA. In contrast to the effect of hypertonicity, exposure of neural and endothelial cells to hypotonic conditions caused a decrease in SMIT mRNA levels and MI transport in endothelial cells. These studies demonstrate that, in extrarenal cell types, changes in osmolarity also regulate SMIT activity and mRNA levels.
Intimal changes in arteriovenous bypass grafts. Effects of varying the angle of implantation at the proximal anastomosis and of producing stenosis in the distal runoff artery.

Autologous arteriovenous bypass grafts were constructed between external iliac arteries in 20 mongrel dogs to determine the development of intimai fibromuscular hyperplasia. Animals received grafts at 55, 90 or 120 degree angles relative to the proximal anastomosis. Five animals with 90 degree angle grafts were also subjected to 80 per cent stenosis in the runoff artery. All grafts showed the development of a fibromuscular tunica intima. Qualitative or quantitative intimai differences were not observed among grafts placed at 90 degree angles, 90 degree angles with runoff artery stenosis, or 120 degree angles. Crafts placed at 55 degree angles relative to the proximal anastomosis developed a consistently thicker fibromuscular layer in the tunica intima when compared to the other groups. These changes which were segmental in nature, occurred in the proximal and distal grafts and over the distal anastomosis.
The Third Experiential Area: Problems of Rivalry and Genitality

IN THE AREAS OF EXPERIENCE thus far considered, the child’s interpersonal relations are relatively simple and consist, for the most part, in the various aspects of his relationship with his mother. We have noted the possibility of interpersonal relations somewhat more complex: the triangular relationships of a proto-Oedipal situation if the child’s specific circumstances tend to bring this about; that is, if there is a younger sibling, or if his observations have led him to speculate on the possibilities of a unilateral or mutual nursing situation involving the mother and a rival. But such triangular relationships are far from being universally experienced in the two earlier areas, and it may be stated that the child in the oral and disciplinary areas of experience is principally related to the mother in a one-to-one, or linear, pattern, and that when a third person enters the picture, the child regards him with hostile, competitive feelings. The one not infrequent exception to this is the solution of the late oral phase in which the child may regard the father or older sibling as a potential substitute for the mother in a nursing situation. But this involves merely a displacement of one linear relationship by another.
Apples and Oranges: "Sexual Medicine" and the Effort to Deny That Counting and Classifying Are Political Acts.

Criticisms and controversies about scientific method are rarely just about science. As or more often, they are sociological exercises in boundary patrol, helping determine which work is in and which is out. The recent back-and-forth on the question of whether psychological treatments for sexual desire complaints are sufficiently “rigorous” is part of the effort to define the field of sexual medicine. Limiting good sexual science to quantitative clinical trial style is a rhetorical maneuver which must be challenged.
Percutaneous interventional management of biliary complications after pediatric liver transplantation: A 16-year single-institution experience.

The aim of the study was to investigate the BiCx after the pediatric OLT and to assess the efficacy of the fluoroscopic-guided PBI in the patients with BiCx as compared to the SR. A total of 340 OLTs were performed in 302 patients over the last 16 years. The inclusion criteria were the presence of BS or BL as a complication after OLT. The management of the BiCx was studied. Graft revision, graft loss, and survival were evaluated following PBI and SR. BiCx occurred in 17.1% (58/339) of the transplants; 6.2% (21/339) of transplants demonstrated BL and 12.7% (43/339) of the transplants had BS. Overall graft survival rates at 1 and 3 years in OLT with BL treated with PBI were 75.0% and 68.8% as compared with 75% and 66.7% in OLT treated with SR (P>.05). Overall graft survival rates at 1 and 3 years in OLT with BS treated with PBI were 70.6% and 54.5% as compared with 71.4% and 50% in OLT with SR or ERCP, respectively (P>.05). Based on the results, we conclude that PBI is as effective as SR in patients with the BL and BS after OLT.
Design and Implementation of a Block Detector Simulation in SimSET

SimSET (a Simulation System for Emission Tomography) is being modified to more accurately simulate typical PET block detector tomographs. A new detector module that models the detector system as a collection of rectangular boxes is being added to the software. The new model is sufficiently general to allow many more imaginative or speculative detector systems to be simulated.
Soil Carbon Impacts on Functionality and Environmental Sustainability

The term soil functionality implies utilization of soil for specific purposes so that ecosystem functions and services are sustained. Soil functionality strongly impacts environmental sustainability in relation to climate change, water quality and renewability, biodiversity, elemental cycling and transformations. There is a wide range of soil parameters which impact soil functionality. These include physical (texture, structure, pore size distribution, continuity), chemical (pH, Eh, charge density, nutrient reserves, elemental toxicology), biological (microbial biomass carbon, soil respiration, biodiversity) and ecological (soil organic carbon concentration and quality, elemental transformation). The choice of specific indicator depends on specific functions. These parameters can be combined into a soil functionality index. Soil functionality can be measured indirectly be assessing soil quality. Soil functionality also depends on the parent material, land use and management, climate and CO2 enrichment. Soil functionality can be restored by creating a positive soil/ecosystem carbon budget, carbon sequestration in soil and terrestrial biosphere, enhancement of biodiversity and control of soil erosion. The concept of soil functionality can be used to address global issues such as climate change, food and nutritional security water quality and renewability and biodiversity.
Developmental change in emotion expression in frustrating situations: The roles of context and gender.

Emotion expression is a central aspect of social–emotional functioning. Theorists assert that emotion expression undergoes significant changes in the preschool period. There is, however, limited observational evidence of those changes, which may vary by interpersonal context and gender. The present longitudinal study examined developmental changes in emotion expressions from ages 3 to 5 years in 120 children from rural economically strained families. Children's facial, vocal, and postural sadness, anger, and happiness expressions were observed in frustrating tasks in 3 social contexts (a perfect circles task with an experimenter, a toy wait task with mother, a locked box task when alone). Findings indicted that sadness expressions decreased with age in all 3 contexts. Anger expressions increased with age in the frustrating task with the experimenter and when alone but not with the mother. From age 4 to 5 years, happiness expressions decreased in the task with experimenter but increased when alone and increased marginally with mother. In terms of gender, girls expressed greater happiness (and lower sadness) than boys but only in the task with the experimenter. Findings suggest that sadness expressions decrease over the preschool years. Developmental changes in happiness and anger expressions (and gender differences) likely depend on context. Highlights The study examined developmental changes and gender differences in emotion expression from age 3–5 years in three frustrating interpersonal contexts. Sadness decreased, anger increased with the experimenter and alone (but not with mother), and happiness decreased with the experimenter. Findings suggest declines in sadness expressions, but that anger and happiness expressions are selectively expressed to fit contextual demands.
Initial arterial carbon dioxide tension is associated with neurological outcome after resuscitation from cardiac arrest

Abstract Study objectives To determine the relationships between partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ), prescribed minute ventilation (MV), and neurologic outcome in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study utilizing a multicenter database of adult patients with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after cardiac arrest. The primary outcome was neurologic status at hospital discharge, defined by Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score: CPC 1–2 was favorable, CPC 3–5 was poor. We compared rates of initial normocarbia (PaCO 2 31–49mmHg) and mean sequential PaCO 2 measurements obtained over the first 24h. We also assessed the influence of MV on the PaCO 2 at initial, 6, 12, 18, and 24h after cardiac arrest using univariate linear regression. Results One hundred and fourteen patients from 3 institutions met inclusion criteria. Overall, 46/114 (40.4%, 95% CI: 31.4–49.4%) patients survived to hospital discharge, and 33/114 (28.9%, 20.6–37.2%) had CPC 1–2 at the time of discharge. A total of 38.9% (95% CI: 29.9–47.9%) of patients had initial normocarbia; 43.2% (28.6–57.8%) of these patients were discharged with CPC 1–2, compared with 20.3% (10.8–29.8%) of dyscarbic patients. By 6h, neurologic outcomes were not significantly associated with PaCO 2 . Prescribed MV was not associated with PaCO 2 at any time point with the exception of a weak correlation at hour 18. Conclusion Initial normocarbia was associated with favorable neurological outcome in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest. This relationship was not seen at subsequent time points. There was no significant association between prescribed MV and PaCO 2 or neurologic outcome.
The Salmon Imperative

Salmon learn the scent of the stream into which they are born, journey for sometimes thousands of miles, and, if they survive the sojourn, return home to spawn and die, leaving traces that enrich ecological relationships. In the homing practices of the Pacific salmon, we find not only a critical portent of ecological health, but also an exemplar of olfactic memory and a model of practical wisdom that moves us toward multi-species flourishing. The homing practices of salmon are instructive for rhetoric, offering a biotrope that challenges us to engage in deep ecological change in order to honor and restore relationships with place.
Emblem of Folk Legality: Semiotic Prosecution and the American Bald Eagle

In the United States, as in many other parts of the world, legality is in a constitutive relationship with culture. This chapter will examine the revered national emblem of the bald eagle through two court cases involving economic interest and religious freedom. As a symbol of law and cultural metaphor for American identity, portrayals of the bald eagle are infused with folk qualities of cultural knowledge and national identity. Interestingly, where the image of the bald eagle represents such qualities as democracy, justice, and freedom, the image of the actual bird itself can be characterized as a pest, despite its status as an endangered animal. The amalgamation of these two aspects of law, the first as virtuous and the second as practical, renders the bald eagle to be an emblematic site saturated by the intersection of legality and culture. Therefore, by seeing the bald eagle as a legal semiotic, we are able to witness how law and culture are contested in everyday American life. Through the corpses and feathers of dead bald eagles and resulting prosecutions under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1940 and similar laws, the visual crafting of law onto one particular wild animal generates a rich discussion concerning the interpretation of legal example and cultural response with the bald eagle as a contested emblem of folk legality.
Defining optimal calcar screw positioning in proximal humerus fracture fixation

Background Anatomic reduction and placement of an inferior calcar screw are strategies to prevent fixation failure in proximal humerus factures. Optimal position of the calcar screw remains unknown. Methods There were 168 shoulders (68.5% female; average age, 63.6 ± 11.5 years) that underwent open reduction and internal fixation of a displaced proximal humerus fracture involving the surgical or anatomic neck. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on preoperative clinical, preoperative radiographic, and postoperative radiographic variables to determine association with fixation failure. A receiver operating characteristic curve was performed to determine a maximum distance from the inferior screw to the calcar (“calcar distance”) as well as a maximum ratio of this distance and the head diameter (“calcar ratio”). Results There were 26 of 168 (15.5%) patients with radiographic failures (19 related to fixation failure). Univariate analysis and multivariate analyses found quality of reduction (P Conclusions Quality of reduction, calcar distance, and calcar ratio independently correlated with fixation failure. This study provides optimal distances and ratios for calcar screw placement that can be used clinically.
Abstract 3632: BiTE® antibody constructs for the treatment of SCLC

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine tumor with a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Most patients present with extensive stage disease, where recent advances in immunotherapies, including bi-specific T cell engager (BiTE®) antibody constructs, represent a promising new therapeutic approach. BiTE® molecules have demonstrated durable complete responses in the clinic in hematological malignancies. Similar to hematological malignancies, SCLC is also a widely-disseminated malignancy that shows very high response rate to first line therapies with high rates of disease recurrence, features which may support efficacy of the BiTE® modality. Next generation sequencing (NGS) identified Delta-like Ligand 3 (DLL3) as a highly specific tumor associated antigen for SCLC, with consistent expression in tumors and very low expression in normal tissues. Tumor expression of DLL3 protein was confirmed by IHC, with 30 of 35 SCLC tumors staining positive for DLL3. DLL3 BiTE® antibody constructs showed low pM potency in vitro and also demonstrated significant inhibition of tumor growth in vivo in an orthotopic model of SCLC. A half-life extended (HLE) BiTE® targeting DLL3 demonstrated antibody-like pharmacokinetic properties in single-dose studies in non-human primates (NHP), with a half-life of 11 days. This is predicted to support every other week dosing in humans. The combination of high potency and excellent PK properties suggests that HLE BiTE® molecules may provide a useful tool for targeting residual disease in SCLC patients whose tumors express DLL3. Citation Format: Michael J. Giffin, Ed K. Lobenhofer, Keegan Cooke, Tobias Raum, Jennitte Stevens, Pedro J. Beltran, Angela Coxon, Paul E. Hughes. BiTE® antibody constructs for the treatment of SCLC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3632. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3632
Important tweets matter: Predicting retweets in the #BlackLivesMatter talk on twitter

Abstract Social movements are increasingly using social media, and Twitter in particular, to reach existing and new publics and advance their mission. While historically movements had to rely on traditional media to connect with such publics, via social media any user can share content, helping to connect the key players within the movement to new publics. The quality of highly shared content, however, has been under scrutiny. The #BlackLivesMatter movement, one of the most prolific and popular hashtag movements on Twitter, is examined as a case study, in order to determine the role of content importance and emotion on the virality of the movement. Four aspects of importance were examined – Policy or Action, Group, Social Actor and Politics– as well as direction of sentiment. Findings suggest important tweets were more likely to be retweeted, where tweets associated with Policy or Action showing the strongest relationship with retweeting. Tweets with expressed emotion were more likely to be retweeted than neutral tweets. When tweets contained important content related to Policy or Action or a Group as well as sentiment, these tweets were most likely to be retweeted, revealing a method for social movements to increase effectiveness. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Protecting Election from Bribery: New Approach and Computational Complexity Characterization

The \em bribery problem in elections has received a considerable amount of attention. In this paper, we initiate the study of a related, but new problem, the \em protection problem, namely protecting elections from bribery. In this problem, there is a defender who is given a defense budget and can use the budget to award some of the voters such that they cannot be bribed anymore. This naturally leads to the following bi-level decision problem: Is it possible for the defender with a given defense budget to protect an election from being manipulated by the attacker with a given attack budget for bribing voters? We characterize the computational complexity of the protection problem. We show that it is in general significantly harder than the bribery problem. However, the protection problem can be solved, under certain circumstances, in polynomial time.
Exploring Geology on the World-Wide Web – Employment Resources

lNTRODUCTlON One of the things we often fail to do as educators and mentors is to provide students in the geosciences with the practical advice necessary to make early career decisions. As they enter our classes, we often assume that our students have researched the myriad careers available in the field. And as they graduate, we assume again that they instinctively know how to secure a rewarding position. Although successful job searches used to require access to hundreds of separate newspapers and journals, the Internet now allows nearly equal access to job postings from around the world. Whether you are considering a career in the geosciences, have completed your studies and are actively seeking employment, or wish to enhance your teaching style by empowering your students with the information necessary to build their own careers, the Internet has many resources to help you. All of the URL addresses in the current article will be available by September 1999. Please visit: http://www.geo.utexas.edu/bexton/jge/jge.htm
Advances in virtual learning environments and classrooms

Classrooms and laboratories of tomorrow are most likely enhanced with virtual presence in cyberspace allowing students and instructors to participate in the learning sessions using advanced Virtual Leaning Environments (VLE). These settings let difficult courses of science and engineering to be available for larger student audiences. Despite vast technological advances in recent years, there are significant challenges suggesting further research and developments to ensure virtual classrooms be as good as or even better than what we have now in our physical lecture halls. This paper provides a state-of-the-art survey on a number of existing VLE solutions pinpointing their strengths and limitations. We distinguish between asynchronous distance learning and the synchronous settings whose model allows live participation of the learners as well as collaboration possibilities between them. Furthermore, we examine whether the selected VLEs maintain any virtual presence of the participants and scalability of the platform. Other comparison criteria include user interface, gesture & facial recognition, availability, affordability, compatibility and social awareness. As the virtual world moves closer to represent the real world, how these environments might facilitate different types of interactions inherent in a real classroom will largely dictate their future usefulness.
Lectures on RCFT (Rational Conformal Field Theory)

We review some recent results in two dimensional Rational Conformal Field Theory. We discuss these theories as a generalization of group theory. The relation to a three dimensional topological theory is explained and the particle example of Chern-Simons-Witten theory is analyzed in detail. This study leads to a natural conjecture regarding the classification of all RCFT's. 62 refs.
Anatomy of cosmic tidal reconstruction

21-cm intensity surveys aim to map neutral hydrogen atoms in the universe through hyper-fine emission. Unfortunately, long-wavelength (low-wavenumber) radial modes are highly contaminated by smooth astrophysical foregrounds that are six orders of magnitude brighter than the cosmological signal. This contamination also leaks into higher radial and angular wavenumber modes and forms a foreground wedge. Cosmic tidal reconstruction aims to extract the large-scale signal from anisotropic features in the local small-scale power spectrum through non-linear tidal interactions; losing small-scale modes to foreground wedge will impair its performance. In this paper, we review tidal interaction theory and estimator construction, and derive the theoretical expressions for the reconstructed spectra. We show the reconstruction is robust against peculiar velocities. Removing low line-of-sight $k$ modes, we demonstrate cross-correlation coefficient $r$ is greater than 0.7 on large scales ($k <0.1$ $h/$Mpc) even with a cutoff value $k^c_{\|}=0.1$ $h/$Mpc. Discarding wedge modes yields $0.3< r < 0.5$ and completely removes the dependency on $k^c_{\|}$. Our theoretical predictions agree with these numerical simulations.
When the Family Treasure Is a Doormat

Germ cells carry genetic information to the next generation, necessitating special attention to their genome maintenance. Two new studies in this issue of Developmental Cell (Bhargava et al., 2020; Dokshin et al., 2020) reveal an essential function of germ cell-specific protein GCNA in the genome maintenance of germ cells.