cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vascular Complications of Diabetes

Over the last several decades, the global incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus has increased significantly. The raised incidence rate is projected to continue as greater numbers of persons adopt a Western lifestyle and diet. Patients with diabetes mellitus are at heightened risk of both adverse microvascular and cardiovascular events. Moreover, once cardiovascular disease develops, diabetes mellitus exacerbates progression and worsens outcomes. The medical management of patients with diabetes mellitus mandates comprehensive risk factor modification and antiplatelet therapy. Recent clinical trials of new medical therapies continue to inform the care of patients with diabetes mellitus to reduce both cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
"sure, i did the right thing": a system for sarcasm detection in speech.

While a fair amount of work has been done on automatically detecting emotion in human speech, there has been little research on sarcasm detection. Although sarcastic speech acts are inherently subjective, humans have relatively clear intuitions as to what constitutes sarcastic speech. In this paper, we present a system for automatic sarcasm detection. Using a new acted speech corpus that is annotated for sarcastic and sincere speech, we examine a number of features that are indicative of sarcasm. The first set of features looks at a baseline of basic acoustic features that have been found to be helpful in human sarcasm identification. We then present an effective way of modeling and applying prosodic contours to the task of automatic sarcasm detection. This approach applies sequential modeling to categorical representations of pitch and intensity contours obtained via k-means clustering. Using a SimpleLogistic (LogitBoost) classifier, we are able to predict sarcasm with 81.57% accuracy. This result suggests that certain pitch and intensity contours are predictive of sarcastic speech.
Seizures and epilepsy in infancy and childhood.

Distinguishing epileptic events from nonepileptic paroxysmal neurologic events represents a common diagnostic challenge. Syncope, either cardiac or noncardiac, can appear similar to atonic and even convulsive seizures. Breath holding and benign paroxysmal vertigo in children may be confused with epilepsy. Classic migraine, transient global amnesia, and transient ischemic attacks may resemble epileptic seizures. Sleep disorders, including nocturnal movements, parasomnias, and narcolepsy also may resemble epileptic seizures. Most movement disorders are distinguished easily from epilepsy; however, paroxysmal dyskinesias may resemble atonic or reflex seizures. The correct diagnosis can be established and appropriate treatment can be instituted by relying on routine and prolonged EEG, EKG, and sleep studies, when appropriate.
Teaching Beginner ELLs Using Picture Books: Tellability

Tellability is applied to selecting pictures books with features that mirror the types of adaptations used by language teachers. These books provide students with scaffolds for comprehension, expression, language-focused study, and fluency. The report features a Language Experience Approach lesson using a picture book with tellability.
Total Hip Arthroplasty in Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hemoglobinopathy characterized by abnormal morphology of blood cells causing transient interruption of blood supply to various body parts. Femoral Head avascular necrosis is one of the commonest skeletal sequeale of SCD.Total Hip arthroplasty (THA) in SCD has evolved through different stages with a spectrum of results and technical challenges.This article reviews the pathologic basis of sickle cell disease , the various challenges perioperatively associated with THA in SCD.
State Responses to the Permanent Crisis

The first years of Tanzania's economic crisis in the 1980s were marked by the government's intense political and ideological opposition to the economic liberalization policies proposed by the multilateral donors. President Julius Nyerere, the country's undisputed leader since independence and a long-standing advocate of “African socialism and self-reliance,” quickly emerged as one of the most eloquent opponents of reform programs. He argued in a wide number of international forums that the effort demanded of his country represented an intolerable burden, with potentially devastating effects on political stability. Until his retirement from politics in 1985, Tanzania achieved virtually no progress on coming to grips with its devastating economic crisis. Balance of payments and fiscal deficits hovered in the double digits as a percentage of GDP, while real GDP per capita declined by some 20 percent between 1976 and 1983. Nyerere was comforted in his position by the growing volume of aid the country received, which helped limit the impact of the crisis. In fact, much of the large infusions of aid by bilateral donors, notably the Scandinavians, was explicitly motivated by ideological solidarity with Nyerere's stance against the IMF. As a result, the break with the IMF notwithstanding, Tanzania was a leading recipient of aid in the region. Indeed, the World Bank itself continued to provide substantial support, despite misgivings about the country's policy stance. From 1981 to 1986, the Bank officially insisted that the government come to agreement with the IMF as a prerequisite for a structural adjustment loan, but it continued to disburse an average of $83 million a year in project funding.
Patient Selection and Related Contraindications

Selecting the proper patients for cryosurgery is as important as a proper technique. Cold has the ability to reduce pigment and redness of rosacea or other vascular changes these must be given prime consideration. Consider the Fitzpatrick skin type, general health, anticoagulant medication, presence of flushing from rosacea, marked lentiginous skin and severe dispigmentation from photo damage or melasma. Problems associated with cryofibrogenemia, cryoglobulinemia and cryourticaria are important conditions to ask about in the history. While pacemakers were a reason in the past for selecting freezing, many today are solid state and are no longer prone to be altered by the electrocautery or electrolysis.
Prediction of Structure and Phase Transformations

This chapter introduces calculational methods that can be used for ab initio structure prediction in multicomponent alloy systems, with an emphasis on concepts relevant to high-entropy alloys. Specifically, we will address density functional-based calculation of T = 0 K total energies. Extension to finite temperature will use cluster expansions for the energies to obtain the chemical substitution entropy that characterizes the high-entropy alloy family. Additional contributions such as vibrational and electronic entropies will be included as needed. We describe molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulation methods and the types of information that can be obtained from them. Example applications include three high-entropy alloy families, Cr-Mo-Nb-V, Nb-Ti-V-Zr, and Mo-Nb-Ta-W, and their binary and ternary subsystems.
Introduction: Mass Dictatorship as Modernizing Project: Some Preliminary Reflections

In contrast to ancient despotism, modern dictatorships have tended to rely on the involvement of the masses to a surprising extent (Lim 2005). One line of comparative inquiry into the functioning of Fascism and Communism stresses the aspect of coercion by investigating the records of the secret police, their repressive policies, victimization of opponents and concentration camp system. Another, more recent direction of research emphasizes instead the “soft stabilizers” of dictatorial regimes such as ideological propaganda, public rituals or material incentives that generated voluntary compliance. For their self-perception as well as international reputation dictatorships required the acclamation and participation of large numbers of citizens for their political legitimation and actual functioning. Beyond personal charisma or messianic faith, it was generally a shared ideological project that cemented the bond between leaders and followers.
Experimental mycoplasmal respiratory infections in rodents

This chapter focuses on experimental mycoplasmal respiratory infections in rodents. Use of laboratory rodents offers many advantages to larger animals, including non-human primates. With respect to mycoplasmas, the availability of a large number of inbred strains of rats and mice with defined microbiological and environmental backgrounds is the most important advantage because heredity, synergism with other infectious agents, and exposure to environmental ammonia and oxidants are known to greatly influence disease character and severity. The availability of transgenic rats and mice and immunocompromised rats and mice offers great opportunities for further defining the role of immunologic factors both in protection against the disease and in disease pathogenesis. Small laboratory animals have been utilized to establish highly reproducible models of several mycoplasmal respiratory diseases. While guinea pigs, hamsters, and cotton rats have been useful in initially establishing the pathogenic potential of Mycoplasma pneumoniae , further work with these animal species is somewhat limited by the availability of immunologic reagents. Newborn mice are valuable in establishing the pathogenic potential of Ureaplasma urealyticum in the production of pneumonia in newborn human infants.
Chemical Changes in Wood Components and Cotton Cellulose as a Result of Brown Rot: Is Fenton Chemistry Involved?

The most destructive form of wood decay, brown rot, is caused by a relatively small number of species of Hvmenomycetous basidiomvcetes. These basidiomycetes are unique among cellulose destroyers because they are the only known microbes that can degrade the cellulose in wood without first removing the lignin (Cowling, 1961; Liese, 1970). Brown-rot fungi leave a brown residue—hence their name—that has been partially o-demethylated (Kirk, 1975). Furthermore, brown-rot fungi degrade cellulose in an unusual manner that differs from that of other cellulolytic organisms. Hyphae of these ubiquitous fungi invade wood cells and bring about a rapid depolymerization of the cellulose with low losses in total wood substance (Cowling, 1961; Kayama, 1962b). The average number of glucosyl residues per cellulose molecule (degree of polymerization, DP) is thereby reduced from about 104 (Goring and Timell, 1962) to about 200 (Cowling, 1961). The resulting fragments correspond to the size of the cellulose “crystallites.” This effect is thought to be brought about by cleavages within the amorphous regions of the cellulose that separate the crystallites (Cowling, 1961). Similar depolymerization of cellulose to the “limit DP” (to the crystallites) is effected by acid hydrolysis (Battista, 1950) and by chemical oxidants (Koenigs, 1972a, 1974a,b, 1975; Highley, 1977; Kirk et al., 1991). As a result of the initial attack by brown-rot fungi and the depolymerization of the cellulose, wood strength collapses. How this rapid depolymerization occurs is a perplexing biochemical question: as Cowling and Brown (1969) recognized over two decades ago, even the smallest cellulases (approximate diameter 25 _, length 140 _) are too large to penetrate the pores of wood (median pore diameter approximately 10 _; maximum 35–100 J. Also, cellulases do not mimic the action of brown-rot fungi in generating cellulose crystallites (Chang et al., 1981; Phillip et al., 1981). Our own examination of the change in pore structure of wood as it is decayed by a brown-rot fungus suggests that the depolymerizing agent is between 12 and 38 in diameter (Flournoy, 1991; Flournoy et al., 1991).
Graphical analysis and visualization of three-dimensional properties of molecules and solids

A simple approach is presented for visualizing three-dimensional properties of molecular and crystalline systems by using PC-based molecular drawing software. This allows a scientist with lower-cost PC-graphics capability to carry out analysis of data, such as wave functions and electron density, which would otherwise require a dedicated graphics workstation and expensive specialized software. In this approach, a data set [x,y,z,f1(x,y,z)] is transformed to a new set of data [x,y,z] for values of f1 meeting specified requirements. The function f1, which varies throughout a chemical system is difficult to visualize. However, a more manageable data set is obtained if the set of Cartesian coordinates corresponding to locations in the system where f1 has a specified value are used. This set of points can then be visualized and plotted with standard graphics software or PC-based molecular modeling programs. In addition, the use of PC-based molecular graphics permits one to superimpose the data describing molecular properties on drawings of the molecular geometry. The entire object can then be rotated to facilitate a clear analysis of the property of the molecule.
Electrochemically Assisted Microbial Production of Hydrogen from Acetate

Hydrogen production via bacterial fermentation is currently limited to a maximum of 4 moles of hydrogen per mole of glucose, and under these conditions results in a fermentation end product (acetate; 2 mol/mol glucose) that bacteria are unable to further convert to hydrogen. It is shown here that this biochemical barrier can be circumvented by generating hydrogen gas from acetate using a completely anaerobic microbial fuel cell (MFC). By augmenting the electrochemical potential achieved by bacteria in this MFC with an additional voltage of 250 mV or more, it was possible to produce hydrogen at the cathode directly from the oxidized organic matter. More than 90% of the protons and electrons produced by the bacteria from the oxidation of acetate were recovered as hydrogen gas, with an overall Coulombic efficiency (total recovery of electrons from acetate) of 60−78%. This is equivalent to an overall yield of 2.9 mol H2/mol acetate (assuming 78% Coulombic efficiency and 92% recovery of electrons as hydrogen)....
Cancer: Seeing the ebb of a tumour virus

A fluorescent peptide that blocks the dimerization of a protein associated with the Epstein–Barr virus enables the imaging and growth inhibition of tumours attributed to the pathogen.
Femtosecond laser materials processing

The use of femtosecond lasers allows materials processing of practically any material with extremely high precision and minimal collateral damage. Advantages over conventional laser machining (using pulses longer than a few tens of picoseconds) are realized by depositing the laser energy into the electrons of the material on a time scale short compared to the transfer time of this energy to the bulk of the material, resulting in increased ablation efficiency and negligible shock or thermal stress. The improvement in the morphology by using femtosecond pulses rather than nanosecond pulses has been studied in numerous materials from biologic materials to dielectrics to metals. During the drilling process, we have observed the onset of small channels which drill faster than the surrounding material.
Gold nanospheres and gold nanostars immobilized onto thiolated eggshell membranes as highly robust and recyclable catalysts

This study describes a facile method for immobilizing nanoparticles with different morphologies onto a biopolymeric fibrous network – eggshell membranes (ESM). Solution processing of the ESM to liberate inherent thiols enabled efficient immobilization of gold nanoparticles without the use of additional, external crosslinkers. The catalytic activity of such prepared membranes was evaluated through the reduction of p-nitrophenol (PNP) to p-aminophenol (PAP). The resulting biohybrid materials exhibited enhanced stability and reusability over colloidal nanoparticle suspensions and retained their desirable catalytic activity even after ten reaction cycles and a period of one hundred days.
Complex Inguinal Hernias

Complex hernias can be defined as those with multiple recurrences, infected mesh, strangulation, previous surgeries, and large size. The approach to these hernias involves a great deal of preoperative preparation and decision-making that is carried through the operation and post-op period. The laparoscopic approach in these cases is feasible and with good outcomes provided that the surgeon adheres to the three M’s: mastery of the anatomy, meticulous dissection, and modus operandi. A practical approach to the laparoscopic complex hernia repairs is presented along with the available evidence to support it.
Retinal Degeneration through the Eye of the Fly

In the 1980s, genetic similarities and fundamental processes between the common fruit fly, Drosophila, and humans became apparent. As a result, Drosophila took on a surprising new role, as an animal model for unraveling the molecular genetic basis of retinal degeneration disorders. Despite its perceived simplicity, the fruit fly is indeed, a remarkably complex creature with a genetic makeup that is surprisingly similar to our own. Investigators continue to capitalize on a whole host of versatile genetic techniques, together with the accessibility of the fly, to dissect fundamental photoreceptor cell mechanisms in vivo. Drosophila continues to be at the forefront of current research aimed at unraveling the basis of and therapeutic treatments for retinal degenerative disorders.
Modified Starches Properties and Uses

SECTION I: MODIFIED STARCHES-THEIR CHEMISTRY AND PROPERTIES. Converted Starches. Cross-Linked Starches. Acetylated Starch and Miscellaneous Organic Esters. Hydrox-yethylated Starches. Hydroxypropylated Starches. Phosphory-lated Starches and Miscellaneous Inorganic Esters. Cationic Starches. Succinate and Substituted Succinate Derivates of Starch. Grafted Starches. Miscellaneous Modifications. SECTION II: USES OF MODIFIED STARCHES. Food Industry. Paper Industry. Textile Industry. Corrugating and Adhesive Industries. Index.
Localization of Quorum Sensing by Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS): Considerations of In Situ Signaling

Quorum sensing (QS) and other forms of chemical sensing are now realized to be important processes regulating group behaviors of microbial cells involved in health-related pathogenic infections, commensal gut flora, as well as those in natural environments. The physical migration of molecules from a sender-cell to a receiver-cell most often occurs via simple diffusion. However, under in situ conditions, most QS activities occur within biofilms where groups of cells are suspended in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). In biofilms, the densities, compositions, and properties of EPS, which vary over small (i.e. micrometer) spatial scales, and the water pore spaces located between adjacent EPS molecules will influence the motion and direction(s) of signal molecules. Dense EPS gels have the capacity to interact with, localize, and concentrate signals and other small molecules. Therefore, it becomes essential to understand how the EPS matrix might influence signaling and the dispersion of signals; most especially in situ. This review addresses properties of the EPS matrix, and how signals may interact with the matrix to facilitate or diminish quorum sensing among microbial cells within a biofilm.
Hepatic injury associated with small bowel bacterial overgrowth in rats is prevented by metronidazole and tetracycline

Susceptible rat strains develop hepatobiliary injury following the surgical creation of self-filling blind loops that cause small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Luminal bacteria or their cell wall polymers were implicated in the pathogenesis of the lesions because sham-operated rats and rats with self-emptying blind loops, having only slightly increased bacterial counts, did not develop hepatic injury. In this study, antibiotics with different spectra of activities were continuously administered starting 1 day or 22 days after surgery to determine which intestinal flora may be responsible for the development of hepatic injury in rats with small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Four weeks following surgery, Lewis rats with self-filling blind loops receiving no antibiotics had elevated liver histology scores (8.2 +/- 1.3 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.4) and plasma aspartate aminotransferase levels (269 +/- 171 vs. 84 +/- 24) compared with sham-operated rats, P less than 0.001. Oral gentamicin as well as oral and intraperitoneal polymyxin B, which binds endotoxin, did not prevent hepatic injury in rats with self-filling blind loops. However, oral metronidazole and tetracycline therapy continuously administered beginning 1 day after surgery diminished hepatic injury (histology score 3.0 +/- 1.8, 2.9 +/- 1.1; aspartate aminotransferase 87 +/- 25, 98 +/- 34; respectively P less than 0.001 compared with self-filling blind loops receiving no antibiotics). Metronidazole also protected Wistar rats that require 12 weeks to develop hepatic injury following experimentally induced small bowel bacterial overgrowth compared with rats with self-filling blind loops that received no antibiotic treatment (histology score 10.4 +/- 1.3 vs. 0.7 +/- 1.1, and aspartate aminotransferase 273 +/- 239 vs. 76 +/- 20, P less than 0.001). When rats started metronidazole therapy 22 days after self-filling blind loop surgery, elevated aspartate aminotransferase values decreased to normal during the next 77 days and final histology scores were normal. All rats with self-filling blind loops had negative peritoneal, liver, spleen, and blood cultures but approximately 75% of mesenteric lymph node cultures were positive irrespective of antibiotic treatment. Because Bacteroides species have been implicated in causing vitamin B12 and disaccharidase deficiencies in rats with self-filling blind loops, we documented the presence or absence of these organisms from blind loops using selective culture techniques. Metronidazole and tetracycline eliminated Bacteroides sp. from blind loops, but polymyxin B and gentamicin did not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The Creative Process in Writers

Piirto discusses the creative process in creative writers, gleaned from qualitative themes obtained from archival sources—scholarly biographies, autobiographies, memoirs, and published interviews. This chapter discusses the motivation, or intention, to write, which is primary. It discusses the Five Core Attitudes for creators: (self-discipline, risk-taking, group trust, tolerance for ambiguity, and openness to experience) and Seven I’s for the creative process: [(1) inspiration (from love, dreams, travel, the work of others); (2) intuition; (3) insight; (4) imagery; (5) imagination; (6) incubation; and (7) improvisation]. Then, General Practices for the Creative Process (need for solitude, meditation, exercise, study, ritual, and the transpersonal) are discussed. This chapter demonstrates the multi-faceted nature of the creative process in writers as illustrated by the real words and personal accounts of the writers themselves.
Time to treatment and survival in veterans with stage I-IIIA lung cancer eligible for curative intent therapy.

e20519Background: The Institute of Medicine emphasizes care timeliness as an important quality metric. We assessed treatment timeliness in stage I-IIIA lung cancer patients deemed eligible for cura...
What Moves the Correlation between Equity and CDS Markets

We document substantial correlation dynamics between equity returns and CDS spread changes at the firm level, which is critical for cross-market hedging and arbitrage strategies. Using the implied cost of capital approach, we decompose the unexpected equity returns into cash flow and discount rate news, and examine the impact of the shocks on the correlations. We find discount rate news explains the majority fraction. However, at longer horizons and in periods when cash flow news is more negatively related with CDS spread changes, the cross-market integration is stronger. In addition, firms with more cash flow news exhibit stronger correlations between equity returns and credit spread changes, and the structural model can explain more variations of credit spread changes in these firms.
Effect of berubicin, the 4'-o-benzylated doxorubicin analog, on growth inhibition and apoptosis in multiple myeloma.

e18557 Background: Doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline, topoisomerase II inhibitor, is routinely used for hematologic malignancies including multiple myeloma (MM); however, its efficacy is limited ...
Retrospective comparison of posterior fixed dental prostheses supported by two different titanium abutments on tissue level implants

Abstract Statement of problem Clinical studies comparing compatible computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) titanium abutments (CAs) and original prefabricated 1-piece titanium abutments (PAs) for posterior fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) on Straumann Tissue Level (STL) implants are sparse. Purpose The purpose of this retrospective clinical study was to compare the performance of posterior FDPs supported by CAs and PAs on STL implants after a mean observation period of 7.2 years. Material and methods Patients who received STL implants and posterior FDPs by using CAs or PAs between January 2002 and December 2012 and returned for follow-up between January 2017 and September 2018 were included in this study. Technical and biological complications of FDPs were examined and recorded. Radiographs were used for the measurement of marginal bone loss (MBL) of each implant. Variables, complication rates, and MBL of the 2 groups were analyzed by using a generalized estimating equation and multivariable linear mixed model. Results Ninety-nine patients with 195 implants in the CA group and 75 patients with 143 implants in the PA group were included. The mean functional time of FDPs was 6.5 ±1.1 years for the CA group and 8.1 ±2.6 years for the PA group. No implant failure was noted in either group. The technical complication rate was 20.8% in the CA group and 26.3% in the PA group. Abutment screw loosening (ASL) was noted in the CA group (8.5%). The decementation rate was significantly higher in the PA group (14.1%) than that in the CA group (3.1%) (adjusted odds ratio=4.40, confidence interval=1.41 to 13.69, P=.011). No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in terms of the rates of ceramic chipping, peri-implantitis, peri-implant mucositis, or mean MBL. Conclusions Using CAs or PAs to support posterior FDPs on STL implants has no significant effect on the incidence rate of biological complications. However, a higher ASL rate and a lower decementation rate were noted with CAs than with PAs.
Ferroelectric Tunnel Junction Optimization by Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition

Ferroelectric tunnel junction (FTJ) based on alloyed HfO 2 and ZrO 2 is emerging as a promising two-terminal device candidate for the crossbar array for high density memory and compute-in-memory. FTJ is able to operate under non-destructive read mechanism as opposed to the ferroelectric capacitor. Herein, we report an optimized fabrication process that boosts the on-state current while suppressing the off-state current leading to an improved performance in Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 O 2 (HZO) based FTJs. The plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposited (PEALD) of HZO and the incorporation of an interlayer Al 2 O 3 are keys to improve the HZO-based FTJ in terms of the on/off ratio and cycling endurance.
Precise temporal slot filling via truth finding with data-driven commonsense

The task of temporal slot filling (TSF) is to extract values of specific attributes for a given entity, called “facts”, as well as temporal tags of the facts, from text data. While existing work denoted the temporal tags as single time slots, in this paper, we introduce and study the task of Precise TSF (PTSF), that is to fill two precise temporal slots including the beginning and ending time points. Based on our observation from a news corpus, most of the facts should have the two points, however, fewer than 0.1% of them have time expressions in the documents. On the other hand, the documents’ post time, though often available, is not as precise as the time expressions of being the time a fact was valid. Therefore, directly decomposing the time expressions or using an arbitrary post-time period cannot provide accurate results for PTSF. The challenge of PTSF lies in finding precise time tags in noisy and incomplete temporal contexts in the text. To address the challenge, we propose an unsupervised approach based on the philosophy of truth finding. The approach has two modules that mutually enhance each other: One is a reliability estimator of fact extractors conditionally on the temporal contexts; the other is a fact trustworthiness estimator based on the extractor’s reliability. Commonsense knowledge (e.g., one country has only one president at a specific time) was automatically generated from data and used for inferring false claims based on trustworthy facts. For the purpose of evaluation, we manually collect hundreds of temporal facts from Wikipedia as ground truth, including country’s presidential terms and sport team’s player career history. Experiments on a large news dataset demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our proposed algorithm.
The Anatomy of the SARS-CoV-2 Biomedical Literature: Introducing the CovidX Network Algorithm for Drug Repurposing Recommendation.

Background: Driven by the COVID-19 pandemic and the dire need to discover an antiviral drug, we explored the landscape of the SARS-CoV-2 biomedical publications to identify potential treatments. Objective: The aims of this study are to identify off-label drugs that may have benefits for the coronavirus disease pandemic, present a novel ranking algorithm called CovidX to recommend existing drugs for potential repurposing, and validate the literature-based outcome with drug knowledge available in clinical trials. Methods: To achieve such objectives, we applied natural language processing techniques to identify drugs and linked entities (eg, disease, gene, protein, chemical compounds). When such entities are linked, they form a map that can be further explored using network science tools. The CovidX algorithm was based upon a notion that we called “diversity.” A diversity score for a given drug was calculated by measuring how “diverse” a drug is calculated using various biological entities (regardless of the cardinality of actual instances in each category). The algorithm validates the ranking and awards those drugs that are currently being investigated in open clinical trials. The rationale behind the open clinical trial is to provide a validating mechanism of the PubMed results. This ensures providing up to date evidence of the fast development of this disease. Results: From the analyzed biomedical literature, the algorithm identified 30 possible drug candidates for repurposing, ranked them accordingly, and validated the ranking outcomes against evidence from clinical trials. The top 10 candidates according to our algorithm are hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, chloroquine, ritonavir, losartan, remdesivir, favipiravir, methylprednisolone, rapamycin, and tilorone dihydrochloride. Conclusions: The ranking shows both consistency and promise in identifying drugs that can be repurposed. We believe, however, the full treatment to be a multifaceted, adjuvant approach where multiple drugs may need to be taken at the same time.
Single molecule poly(A) tail-seq shows LARP4 opposes deadenylation throughout mRNA lifespan with most impact on short tails

La-related protein 4 (LARP4) directly binds both poly(A) and poly(A)-binding protein (PABP). LARP4 was shown to promote poly(A) tail (PAT) lengthening and stabilization of individual mRNAs presumably by protection from deadenylation (Mattijssen et al., 2017). We developed a nucleotide resolution transcriptome-wide, single molecule SM-PAT-seq method. This revealed LARP4 effects on a wide range of PAT lengths for human mRNAs and mouse mRNAs from LARP4 knockout (KO) and control cells. LARP4 effects are clear on long PAT mRNAs but become more prominent at 30-75 nucleotides. We also analyzed time courses of PAT decay transcriptome-wide and for ~200 immune response mRNAs. This demonstrated accelerated deadenylation in KO cells on PATs < 75 nucleotides and phasing consistent with greater PABP dissociation in the absence of LARP4. Thus, LARP4 shapes PAT profiles throughout mRNA lifespan with impact on mRNA decay at short lengths known to sensitize PABP dissociation in response to deadenylation machinery.
Shock initiation of reactive nanolaminates

The production of heat by reactive nanomaterials occurs at a fuel/oxidizer interface. In order to understand how such materials can be initiated by shock, we studied a model system consisting of a reactive nanolaminate (RNL) with a well-defined planar interface. In addition, an organic thin layer could be intercalated between the fuel and oxidizer to modulate the reaction. We studied a stoichiometric mixture of Zr fuel and CuO oxidizer and the modulator layer was polyurea produced by molecular layer deposition. The RNL was shocked using 0.5 mm diameter Al flyer plates launched by a pulsed laser at 1.5 km/s. We found that little or no reaction was produced immediately under the flyer plate where the interface experiences compression only. Instead the reaction was efficiently initiated by shear waves propagating out from the edges of the flyer plate. The RNL reaction temperature during shock was 4000K, and after the shock dissipated, the RNL reacted at 3000K. Modulator layers caused the reaction to slow down with the effect increasing with increasing modulator thickness up to 500 nm.
The City Paradox: Skilled Services and Remote Work

The large cities in the US are the most expensive places to live. Paradoxically, this cost is disproportionately paid by workers who could work remotely, and live anywhere. The greater potential for remote work in large cities is mostly accounted for by their specialization in skilland information-intensive service industries. We highlight that this specialization makes these cities vulnerable to remote work shocks. When high-skill workers begin to work from home or leave the city altogether, they withdraw spending from local consumer service industries that rely heavily on their demand. As a result, low-skill service workers in big cities bore most of the recent pandemic’s economic impact.
Prequel to Homestead

Homestead exemption laws reflect societal value judgments balancing the free functioning of commercial enterprise against a family's interests in shelter and security. In South Dakota’s history, this tension has been displayed in legislative enactments, judicial reasoning, and even statewide referendums. An examination of the significant events at two ends of this chronology reveals the expression of societal values in law and the dynamics of the pre-statehood origins of homestead laws in the context of competing policies and interests. This article proceeds by outlining the general purposes and sources for homestead laws, followed by a sketch of existing homestead laws under the contemporary statutory framework. Second, the history leading up to the enactment of constitutional homestead protections in South Dakota's 1889 Constitution is considered. This is the first in a series of two articles considering South Dakota's homestead exemption.
Improved thermal conductivity of PEG-based fluids using hydrogen bonding and long chain of nanoparticle

An investigation was conducted to examine the extent to which the thermal conductivity of materials in polyethylene glycol (PEG) fluids could be improved using the concept of hydrogen bonding and long chains. Boron nitride (BN), hydroxyl functionalized multiwall nanotube (MWNT-OH), and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were mixed and exfoliated to form hydrogen bonds between the particles and the PEG fluids. Following this bonding process, clear enhancements in the thermal conductivity were observed. In addition, the long chain boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) and carbon nanofibers were shown to significantly enhance the thermal conductivity, due to the resulting increase in the contact and interfacial surface areas. The results of this experimental investigation indicated that PEG400 with a loading of 7.5 wt% MWNT-OH yielded a thermal conductivity increase as high as 89.7% over the base fluid. PEG400 loaded with a combination of 2 wt% CNF and 2 wt% BNNT resulted in a thermal conductivity increase of 73.1%. These results are significantly higher than the best results previously reported in the literature and may in part be attributed to the use of a three roll milling technique to enhance contact. The results presented here will open the way for further exploration of the use of novel phase change materials for thermal energy storage applications.
Testing against uniform stochastic ordering with paired observations

This article develops a two-sample nonparametric goodness-of-fit (GOF) test for uniform stochastic ordering (USO) when observations are taken in pairs. We propose a data-driven critical value that controls the type I error and yields a consistent test. A simulation study illustrates the finite-sample performance of our test. All the proofs are included in the supplemental file.
Resting time effect on the rheological behavior of cement paste in presence of superplasticizer

Abstract Rheology has been widely used to describe the flow properties of fresh cement-based suspensions. Nevertheless, the effect of early hydration product formation on rheology, and the effect of shear on breaking of hydration bonds is not fully understood. Therefore, the characterization of the time-dependency of rheology has become necessary to predict precisely the behavior of concrete during placement. In this paper, variations in the resting time in between rheological tests were imposed to evaluate the effects on the development of internal structure of the mixture using different dispersing agents. Increasing resting time in between measurements mainly enhances viscosity, but the magnitude seems strongly dependent on the dispersant used. However, the effect of the employed procedure, as two procedures were evaluated, seems to have a stronger influence on the time-evolution of the rheological properties than changing the resting time in between measurements.
VitalHub: Robust, Non-Touch Multi-User Vital Signs Monitoring using Depth Camera-Aided UWB

Basic vital signs such as heart and respiratory rates (HR and RR) are essential bio-indicators. Their longitudinal in-home collection enables prediction and detection of disease onset and change, providing for earlier health intervention. This type of data collection, interpretation and evaluation is especially valuable for older adults facing myriads of health challenges. However, respiration harmonics and intermodulation cause strong disturbances to much weaker heartbeat signals, thus robust vital signs monitoring remains elusive. In this paper, we propose VitalHub, a robust, non-touch vital signs monitoring system using a pair of co-located Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) and depth sensors. By extensive manual examination, we identify four typical temporal and spectral signal patterns and their suitable vital signs estimators. We devise a probabilistic weighted framework (PWF) that quantifies evidence of these patterns to update the weighted combination of estimator output to track the vital signs robustly. We also design a “heatmap” based signal quality detector that achieves near-human performance differentiating signal corruptions from large motion. To monitor multiple cohabiting subjects in-home, we leverage consecutive skeletal poses from the depth data to distinguish between individuals and their activities, providing activity context important to disambiguating critical from normal vital sign variability. Extensive experiments show that VitalHub achieves 1.5/3.2 “breaths/beats per minute” (denoted by “bpm”) errors at 80-percentile for RR/HR, approaching the 1.2/1.5 bpm error “ceiling” of an idealistic but impractical oracle. We also reveal how existing techniques for harmonics and intermodulation rely on presumed signal patterns thus may fail under real-world dynamic changes.
Conformational stability and activity of ribonuclease T1 and mutants. Gln25----Lys, Glu58----Ala, and the double mutant.

Abstract Ribonuclease T1 (RNase T1) and mutants Gln25----Lys, Glu58----Ala, and the double mutant were prepared from a chemically synthesized gene, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The wild-type RNase T1 prepared from the cloned gene was identical in every functional and physical property examined to RNase T1 prepared from Aspergillus oryzae. Urea and thermal unfolding experiments show that Gln25----Lys is 0.9 kcal/mol more stable and Glu58----Ala is 0.8 kcal/mol less stable than wild-type RNase T1. In the double mutant, these contributions cancel and the stability does not differ significantly from that of wild-type RNase T1. For the double mutant, the dependence of delta G on urea concentration is significantly greater than for wild-type RNase T1 or the single mutants. This suggests that the double mutant unfolds more completely in urea than the other proteins. The activity of Gln25----Lys is identical with that of wild-type RNase T1. The activities of Glu58----Ala and the double mutant are 7% of wild-type when GpC hydrolysis is measured (due to a 35-fold decrease in kcat), and 37% of wild-type when RNA hydrolysis is measured. Thus, Glu58 is important, but not essential to the activity of RNase T1.
Smooth Macro-Elements Based on Powell–Sabin Triangle Splits

Macro-elements of smoothness Cr on Powell–Sabin triangle splits are constructed for all r≥0. These new elements are improvements on elements constructed in [13] in that certain unneeded degrees of freedom have been removed.
Growth and Protein Content in Colletotrichum circinans, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani in Liquid Culture

The phytopathogenic fungi Colletotrichum circinans, Fusarium solani, and Rhizoctonia solani were incubated in aerated (0, 0.5, 1 dm3 min−1) potato dextrose broth (PDB) or Czapek-Dox broth (CDB), under 0-, 12- or 24-h photoperiods. Greater dry mass was produced in PDB. Higher air flows improved dry mass of F. solani and R. solani. The 24-h photoperiod improved F. solani dry mass. Except for F. solani, which was not affected, incubation in PDB increased protein content. The no air treatment increased protein content in F. solani, 0.5 dm3 min−1 produced the highest protein content in R. solani, but air flow-rate did not affect C. circinans. Incubation in the dark produced the lowest protein content in C. circinans, the highest under the 24-h photoperiod for R. solani, and photoperiod did not affect protein content in F. solani. Protein content in R. solani, incubated in CDB, was lowest at the 0 dm3 min−1 air flow at all photoperiods. Molecular masses of most proteins were under 30 kDa, and numbers of bands in SDS-PAGE gels varied with air flow. In CDB, especially under 12- or 24-h photoperiods, proteins in F. solani were between 1.6 and 310 kDa. For R. solani in PDB, at 0.5 dm3 min−1 air flow and 12-h light, proteins were between 6 and 81 kDa.
Mobile Wireless Communications

Wireless communication has become a ubiquitous part of modern life, from global cellular telephone systems to local and even personal-area networks. This 2004 book provides a tutorial introduction to digital mobile wireless networks, illustrating theoretical underpinnings with a wide range of real-world examples. The book begins with a review of propagation phenomena, and goes on to examine channel allocation, modulation techniques, multiple access schemes, and coding techniques. GSM and IS-95 systems are reviewed and 2.5G and 3G packet-switched systems are discussed in detail. Performance analysis and accessing and scheduling techniques are covered, and the book closes with a chapter on wireless LANs and personal-area networks. Many worked examples and homework exercises are provided and a solutions manual is available for instructors. The book is an ideal text for electrical engineering and computer science students taking courses in wireless communications. It will also be an invaluable reference for practising engineers.
Monopoles and Three-Manifolds

Preface 1. Outlines 2. The Seiberg-Witten equations and compactness 3. Hilbert manifolds and perturbations 4. Moduli spaces and transversality 5. Compactness and gluing 6. Floer homology 7. Cobordisms and invariance 8. Non-exact perturbations 9. Calculations 10. Further developments References Glossary of notation Index.
Four Test Problems in Generalized Recursion Theory

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses four test problems in generalized recursion theory (GRT). All recursion theory is concerned with computations in which individuals are manipulated by some sort of abstract computing engine. However, the principle of parity demands that the computation be of approximately the same complexity as the individuals. This means in practice that a particular kind of recursion theory is often determined completely by its domain of individuals. For example, in classical recursion theory (CRT), the domain of individuals is ω and this fact dictates the nature of the computations. The relations among the four kinds of GRT as well as CRT are also explained in the chapter. The chapter also discusses the basic notions of recursion theory as they apply to each kind of GRT.
A neurobiological theory of meaning in perception

The currency of brains is primarily meaning and only secondarily information. Brain select and pre-process the information carried by sensory stimuli before they construct meaning, and they post-process cognitive meaning into informative commands that control appropriate action and express meaning. A grasp of the intervening process of perception by which meaning is created from information requires observation of neural activity in brains during meaningful behavior of humans and other animals. Measurement is followed by detailed analysis and modeling of the neural activity in order to deduce brain dynamics from brain operations. Unlike computer operation, brain function is hierarchical with many levels. Neurobiologists infer sensory and motor information by recording pulses of microscopic axons of neurons. They infer meaning by recording the local mean fields that are generated by the dendrites of neurons forming interactive mesoscopic and macroscopic populations. Neural populations express meaning in spatial pattern of amplitude modulation of electroencephalographic (EEG) waveforms in the higher frequency ranges of cortical oscillations. Improved theory is needed to understand how brains create meaning. The aim of the theory is to apply population neurodynamics to device new ways to treat clinical brain disorders, and to devise new machines with capacities for autonomy and intelligence that might approach those of simpler free-living animals.