cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A framework for analyzing the state in economic history

IThe creation of a state is an essential precondition for economic growth. The state, however, is the source of man-made economic decline. This paradox should have made the study of the state central to economic history: Models of the state should be an explicit part of any analysis of secular changes. They are not, and-though economic history is the poorer for it-for good reason. Theorizing about the state has been a favorite pastime of scholars for centuries, and the long path of historical research is strewn with the bones of theories of the state developed by historians and political scientists; one may justly inquire whether another effort by an economist can fare any better. There are reasons for a cautiously optimistic answer. Modern extensions of neoclassical economic theory have proven to be powerful tools of analysis; in recent years they have been applied to a variety of political issues, with some degree of success (Baumol, 1962; Buchanan and Tullock, 1962; Downs, 1957; Niskanen, 1971; Breton, 1974). Neoclassical theory conceived of as a theory of choice has provided at the very least a disciplined and logically consistent approach to these issues-something that has been notably lacking in much of the past literature on the subject. This theory offers the promise of developing refutable propositions about nonmarket decision-making. Moreover, recent research into economic organization has revealed its close kinship with political organization. A satisfactory theory of the firm would be a long step toward the development of a theory of the state (Coase, 1937; Alchian and Demsetz, 1972). Yet as we develop some preliminary propositions about the state, we should be cautious about the limits of neoclassical theory for such an This essay has had a long gestation period and over the past nine years earlier versions have been presented at a meeting of the Public Choice Society at Yale and at a number of university colloquia. I am particularly indebted to Tom Borcherding, Elisabeth Case, Chris Hall, and Roger Nell for suggestions that have improved content and clarity of exposition.
The Dynamics of Education: Making a Match

The education process when applied to the renal population offers challenges to the health educator. Complexity of information, the numerous and often changing diet restrictions, along with the learning abilities of clients present potential obstacles to the education process. Selecting materials that match the client's learning abilities can enhance learning outcomes. The various methods to assess teaching materials are presented along with guidelines for the development of educational tools.
Effects of MK-801 and CNQX, glutamate receptor antagonists, on bladder activity in neonatal rats

This study was undertaken to examine the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) glutamatergic receptors in the regulation of urinary bladder activity in the neonatal rat. Experiments were conducted using an in vitro spinal cord-bladder (SB) preparation from 1- to 5-day-old rats or awake neonatal rats 6 and 7 days old. SB preparations were isolated under hypothermic anesthesia. Isovolumetric bladder contractions occurred spontaneously, were induced by electrical stimulation (ES) of the bladder wall or were evoked reflexly by perineal tactile stimulation (PS). MK-801 (3-30 microM), an NMDA receptor antagonist, enhanced the amplitude of spontaneous, ES- and PS-evoked contractions. Removal of the spinal cord after MK-801 abolished PS-evoked reflex contractions but did not change the amplitude of spontaneous and ES-evoked contractions. Removal of the spinal cord in the absence of MK-801 increased the amplitude of spontaneous and ES-evoked contractions, indicating that the bladder is subject to a tonic inhibitory control originating in the spinal cord. 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, 3-30 microM), an AMPA receptor antagonist, decreased the amplitude of PS-evoked contractions and the frequency of spontaneous contractions in the SB preparation. Removal of the spinal cord after CNQX enhanced the amplitude of spontaneous and ES-evoked contractions but abolished PS-evoked contractions. The frequency of spontaneous contractions which decreased after CNQX increased to near control levels after removal of the spinal cord. In awake neonatal rats, intraperitoneal injection of MK-801 (3 mg/kg) induced spontaneous micturition. A large dose of CNQX (30 mg/kg) decreased PS-evoked micturition volume. These results suggest that NMDA glutamatergic receptors are involved in a lumbosacral spinal inhibitory mechanism controlling bladder activity; whereas AMPA glutamatergic receptors are involved in the perineal-to-bladder reflex pathway in neonatal rats.
Fat-storing cells and myofibroblasts: One cell or two?

To differentiate cultured rat liver myofibroblasts, fat-storing cells, aortic smooth muscle cells and skin fibroblasts from each other, desmin and vimentin stainings were undertaken by indirect immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies. In myofibroblasts, the reaction with antibodies to vimentin was positive but that with antibodies to desmin was virtually negative. In primary cultures as well as subsequent passage of fat-storing cells, reactions with antibodies to both desmin and vimentin were positive. In primary culture of smooth muscle cells, both reactions were positive, but in the first passage, smooth muscle cells lost the reactivity with antibodies to desmin. Fibroblasts showed a positive reaction with antibodies to vimentin and a negative one with antibodies to desmin. Thus, immunohistochemistry of intermediate filaments allows for the differentiation between fat-storing cells, which are desmin- and vimentin-positive, and myofibroblasts or fibroblasts, which are desmin-negative but vimentin-positive. Smooth muscle cells are also vimentin-positive and become desmin-negative after the first passage.
Globally distributed software development and pair programming

The benefits of pair programming are unquestioned provided the pairs work in close proximity. Globally distributed software development creates opportunities for remote pair programming. What must be done to yield the same benefits?
Molecular Orientation in Twisted Liquid Crystal cells

Abstract A useful model of the molecular orientation within twisted liquid crystal cells has been developed by Berreman (1). This model predicts a surprisingly large homogeneous components of orientation at fields at which a typical display is “on”. It also predicts the retention of twist at voltagaes considerably above that normal “turn-on” voltage. At normal operating voltage the molecular configuration of partially homogeneous molecules with twist cofined to the center of the cell can produce considerable retardation of off-axis polarized light. This degrades readability of the display. A method of verifying this predicted molecular structure has been developed utilizing the interference fringes formed by reflections at the internal electrode-liquid crystal interfaces. Using HeNe laser light, these interference fringes are of considerable amplitude and permit an accurate measure of refractive index and birefringence. In 90[ddot] twisted cells, these interference fringes exhibit a 90[ddot] asymmetry. Th...
151 A “Traffic Control” Role for TGF‐Beta in Skin Cell Motility During Wound Healing

Skin wound healing requires temporally and spatially coordinated motility of multiple skin cell types. The limited success of current skin wound care is due to lack of understanding about how the healing processes begin, progress, and complete. One of the most dramatic environmental changes in an acute wound is the transition from plasma to serum. The cells in the wound come into contact with serum, instead of a filtrate of plasma, for the first time. We report here that this transition differentially regulates the migration of various skin cell types. Plasma promotes dermal fibroblast and endothelia cell, but not keratinocyte and melanocyte, motility. In contrast, serum selectively promotes keratinocyte motility and inhibits fibroblast and endothelial cell motility. The key regulators are the increased transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in serum and the distinct TGF-beta receptor (I, II and III) profiles in different cell types. TGF-beta selectively inhibits fibroblast and endothelial cell, but not keratinocyte and melanocyte, migration. Neutralization of TGF-beta function in serum eliminates the differential effects between serum and plasma. Manipulations of the TGF-beta receptor profiles in the cells, especially TGF-beta receptor II and III, convert TGF-beta-insensitive cell types to sensitive cell types and vice versa, and their responses to plasma and serum. This is the first study that reveals a molecular mechanism for coordinating multiple skin cell-type motility in wounds.
Performance of an improved first generation optical CT scanner for 3D dosimetry.

Performance analysis of a modified 3D dosimetry optical scanner based on the first generation optical CT scanner OCTOPUS is presented. The system consists of PRESAGE™ dosimeters, the modified 3D scanner, and a new developed in-house user control panel written in Labview program which provides more flexibility to optimize mechanical control and data acquisition technique. The total scanning time has been significantly reduced from initial 8 h to ∼2 h by using the modified scanner. The functional performance of the modified scanner has been evaluated in terms of the mechanical integrity uncertainty of the data acquisition process. Optical density distribution comparison between the modified scanner, OCTOPUS and the treatment plan system has been studied. It has been demonstrated that the agreement between the modified scanner and treatment plans is comparable with that between the OCTOPUS and treatment plans.
Various functionals for the kinetic energy density of an atom or molecule.

Various approximate density functionals for the kinetic energy density of atoms and molecules are analyzed. These include the results of a gradient expansion to first and second orders and a form recently derived from a new Green's function approximation [W. Yang, preceding paper, Phys. Rev. A 34, 4575 (1986)]. All the approximate functionals studied diverge to minus infinity at a nucleus, due to the ${\ensuremath{\nabla}}^{2}$\ensuremath{\rho} term that is in them, while the exact functional is positive and finite everywhere. Away from nuclei, however, the Hartree-Fock results are well reproduced, including the atomic shell structure. New functionals are proposed to correct the divergent behavior, and accurate total kinetic energy values are obtained from a new formula for kinetic energy density ${t}_{\mathrm{MP}(\mathrm{r})={C}_{k}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}{(\mathrm{r})}^{5/3}}$ +(1/72)\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\nabla}\ensuremath{\rho}(r)${\ensuremath{\Vert}}^{2}$/\ensuremath{\rho}(r)+( 1/12)${\ensuremath{\nabla}}^{2}$\ensuremath{\rho}(r), with a divergence correction.
Simultaneous fast and slow light in microring resonators

Two orthogonal light polarizations in a waveguide overcoupled to microring resonators can propagate as fast and slow light. Which polarization is fast (slow) is determined by input polarization and the number of resonators.
Dynamic overset grid communication on distributed memory parallel processors

A parallel distributed memory implementation of intergrid communication for dynamic overset grids is presented. Included are discussions of various options considered during development. Results are presented comparing an Intel iPSC/860 to a single processor Cray Y-MP. Results for grids in relative motion show the iPSC/860 implementation to be faster than the Cray implementation.
Melt strength of blends of linear low density polyethylene and comb polymers

Abstract The melt strength of a metallocene linear low-density polyethylene (m-LLDPE) can be enhanced significantly by blending in less than 10 wt% of long chain branched comb polymer. The extent of the enhancement could be ten-fold and depends on the architectural details of the comb polymer. Comb polymers primarily affect melt strength and have little effect on other properties such as shear thinning, melt index, melt index ratio, and intrinsic tear. Balancing melt strength properties against shear-thinning properties is important in LLDPE fabrication processes. One approach would be to augment the effect of comb polymer by blending in another component, namely an easy processing (also known as sparsely long chain branched) LLDPE. In the examples given here, the enhancements in melt strength and shear thinning properties of the base polymer were found to be additive, i.e. a simple weighted sum of component properties matched the blend properties within 10%.
Target population for clinical trials on sarcopenia.

The term “sarcopenia” describes the progressive decline of muscle mass, strength and function occurring with aging. It is not considered a disease, but the direct consequence of the aging process on the skeletal muscle. Multiple demographic (e.g. gender, race), biological (e.g. inflammatory status) and clinical (e.g. diabetes, metabolic syndrome, congestive heart failure, medications) factors are able to influence (positively or negatively) the skeletal muscle quality and quantity. The extreme paucity of clinical trials on sarcopenia in literature is mainly due to difficulties in designing studies able to isolate the aging process from its multiple and interconnected consequences. In the present review, we present the major factors to consider as potential sources of biased results when evaluating potential candidates for clinical trials on sarcopenia. The development of clinical trials exploring the nature of the sarcopenia process is urgent, but several controversial issues on this hallmark of aging still need clarification.
The pediatric generalist and integrative care.

One of us attended a recent meeting at which it was proposed that the generalist pediatrician should become a consultant and that primary care—which, according to the discussant, involved such issues as provision of immunizations—be the task of other health care “providers.” We appreciated the perspective from which that comment flowed—it was an attempt to redefine what the generalist pediatrician can best do. But the remark led us to consider whether the terms primary care physician and generalist physician capture and reflect what the pediatrician currently does and will in the future be called on to do. In the recent past, Dr McCarthy visited a relative who was ill with terminal cancer and also with musculoskeletal and pulmonary disease. The patient told him about the complex care that was focused on each organ system and concluded by saying she had a doctor to care for her cancer, her lung disease, and her musculoskeletal problems. She then paused and … Reprint requests to (P.L.M.) Section of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine and Yale-New Haven Children’s Hospital, 333 Cedar St, P.O. Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520. E-mail: paul.mccarthy{at}yale.edu
Aqueous-phase photolysis of biacetyl (an α-dicarbonyl compound) : A sink for biacetyl, and a source of acetic acid, peroxyacetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and the highly oxidizing acetylperoxyl radical in aqueous aerosols, fogs, and clouds

Abstract Aqueous-phase photolysis of biacetyl represents a heretofore uncharacterized sink for biacetyl and source of organic acids and peroxides to aqueous aerosols, and fog and cloud drops. The photolysis half-life of aqueous-phase biacetyl is approximately 1.0–1.6 h for a solar zenith angle of 36° (midday equinox sunlight in Durham, NC). Major products of aqueous biacetyl photolysis are acetic acid, peroxyacetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide. Pyruvic acid and methylhydroperoxide are minor photoproducts. Common atmospheric reductants (H-atom donors), such as formate, formaldehyde, glyoxal, phenol (as a model for phenolic compounds) and α- d -glucose (as a model for carbohydrates), substantially increase the quantum yields of peroxyacetic acid Formate also significantly increases the quantum yields of hydrogen peroxide. The highly oxidizing acetylperoxyl radical is proposed as a key intermediate in the photolysis of aqueous biacetyl. The sources and reactions of acetylperoxyl radicals in aqueous aerosols, fogs, and clouds should be investigated in future studies of atmospheric water-drop chemistry.
Multiresolution Fourier Descriptors for Multiresolution Shape Analysis

Complex shapes can be effectively analyzed by multiresolution shape descriptors. Compared with wavelet descriptors that are widely used for multiresolution analysis, Fourier descriptors have better invariance properties and higher computational efficiency. We propose a novel multiresolution scheme to generate multiresolution Fourier descriptors for multiresolution analysis: downsampling expansion followed by upsampling reconstruction. Simulation shows that our multiresolution scheme outperforms both wavelet and traditional Fourier descriptors in terms of accuracy and efficiency.
SoyMetDB: The soybean metabolome database

SoyMetDB is a metabolomic database for soybean, developed to target the growing needs of the soybean community. The goal is to provide a one-stop web resource for integrating, mining and visualizing soybean metabolomic data, including identification and expression of various metabolites across different experiments and time courses. It incorporates GC-MS and LC-MS based metabolite-profiling data dynamically linked to metabolite information from other public metabolomic databases, including HMDB and Knapsack. SoyMetDB includes Arabidopsis metabolomic data for cross-species comparisons and can retrieve information including the expression patterns of various experiments for complete or partial metabolite name queries. It also incorporates a pathway viewer tool integrating the data from various experimental conditions and presenting them on the pathways to highlight the expressed metabolite, and identifies the most highly represented pathways for multiple metabolite queries. SoyMetDB can be accessed at http://soymetdb.org.
Psychometric properties of the frost multidimensional perfectionism scale in a clinical anxiety disorders sample.

The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS-F; Frost, Marten, Laharte, & Rosenblate, 1990). Although perfectionism is thought to contribute to the development of psychopathology and the MPS-F is gaining popularity for use in assessing perfectionism in clinical samples, to date the factor structure has not been examined in a clinical sample. Three hundred and twenty-two individuals diagnosed with an anxiety disorder using the SCID for DSM-IV and 49 nonclinical controls completed the MPS-F as well as a measure of perfectionism (MPS-H) developed by Hewitt and Flett (1991). Analyses suggested that the MPS-F has similar psychometric properties in clinical samples to those in nonclinical samples, and factors very similar to those observed by Frost et al. (1990) could be extracted. A 3-factor solution appeared more appropriate for statistical reasons, and the 3 scales based on these factors distinguished among diagnostic groups in a manner similar to scales based on the 6-factor solution in past research. Results were discussed in terms of the potential utility of a 3-factor solution and in terms of the general construct of perfectionism and the distinction between nonpathological high performance standards and neurotic perfectionism. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 55: 1271–1286, 1999.
4,11-BISANTHENEQUINONE AND 10,10′-BIANTHRONE: SIMPLE ONE-STEP SYNTHESES FROM ANTHRONE

Irradiation of a dichloromethane/benzene solution of anthrone and molecular bromine promotes a cascade of events that continues all the way to 4,11-bisanthenequinone, which precipitates as a yellow solid from the solution as it is formed. Alternatively, treatment of anthrone in the dark with molecular iodine and diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undecene (DBU) at room temperature in dichloromethane gives 10,10′-bianthrone. These new procedures represent particularly convenient methods for preparing the title compounds, each in just one step from commercially available anthrone. Diprotonation of 4,11-bisanthenequinone with triflic acid in CDCl3 generates a red solution of the dication, the 1H NMR spectrum of which is reported here for the first time: δ (ppm) 10.00 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 4 H), 9.82 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 4 H), 8.76 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 4 H).
Finite Element Analysis of Incompressible Viscous Flows by the Penalty Function Formulation

Abstract A review of recent work and new developments are presented for the penalty-function/finite element formulation of incompressible viscous flows. Basic features of the penalty method are described in the context of the steady and unsteady Navier-Stokes equations. Galerkin and “upwind” treatments of convection terms are discussed. Numerical results indicate the versatility and effectiveness of the new methods.
Studies of l(3)c43hs1 a polyphasic, temperature-sensitive mutant of Drosophila melanogaster with a variety of imaginal disc defects.

Abstract The heat-sensitive, lethal mutation l (3) c 43 hs 1 (3–49.0) produces wide variety of defects in the imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster . At permissive temperatures (20°C or lower), homozygotes are viable, but sterile. At 22°C, lethality occurs during the late pupal stage, and at 25°C or higher, lethality occurs during the third larval instar. The imaginal-disc abnormalities observed after exposure to restrictive temperatures include: deficiencies of head structures, duplications and deficiencies of the antenna, a homeotic transformation of the arista to tarsus, duplications and deficiencies of wing and haltere structures, differentiation of amorphous cuticular material in the wing blade, an increase in the number of sex-comb teeth, and disruption of the normal segmentation of the tarsus. Exposure to 27°C for 24 hr at different times in the life cycle revealed that each of these defects has a characteristic temperature-sensitive period (TSP) during the larval stages. Injection of wing discs before and after their TSP showed that the mutation is expressed autonomously. These results are discussed in relation to the role that the l (3) c 43 + gene plays in the development of imaginal discs.
Community Redevelopment: A Look at the Educational System and its Impact on Work

Providing access to equal educational opportunities is vital to the survival of our communities, and society as a whole. Access to better educational opportunities would assist in creating viable pools of qualified workers. These individuals could contribute to the work force in many ways, as engineers, designers, service providers and entrepreneurs. This pool of workers would help to create and sustain economic power and stability. Statistics suggest that in the 21st century, underrepresented populations will encompass a large portion of the population. If our society is to remain competitive, not only will it be necessary to better develop the concept of equal educational opportunity, but it will also be imperative to put these ideas into practice. The lack of achievement in the elementary and high schools is beginning to manifest itself as seen in the college admission rates, college retention rates, as well as America's unemployment lines. The lack of foundation is creating a very unstable situation –...
Studies on the mechanism of inhibition of adrenal steroidogenesis by organophosphate and carbamate compounds

Abstract The observation was made that adrenal steroidogenesis in rat adrenal cells is inhibited in vitro by organophosphate and phosphorothioate esters and carbamates. The order of inhibitory potency is organophosphate ⪢ phosphorothioate > carbamate. The inhibition of steroidogenesis by dichlorvos is accompanied by a parallel inhibition of [1- 14 C]oleic acid incorporation into the esterified cholesterol fraction of the adrenal cell. At a lower concentration of the inhibitor, adrenocorticotrophic hormone reverses the inhibition of cholesterol esterification. There is no correlation between changes in adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate levels and inhibition of steroidogenesis. One insecticide, diazinon, produced a lowering of the cyclic nucleotide levels at concentrations of the compound which produced steroidogenic inhibition. Subinhibitory levels of this insecticide produced a significant elevation of cellular adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate levels and yet inhibited steroidogenesis. Both of these insecticides inhibited adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate binding to rat adrenal adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate-binding protein. Dichlorvos inhibited the diurnal increase in plasma corticosteroid by 49.2% when administered to rats at a dose of 2 mg/100 g body weight/24 hr for a 2-week period.
Time Allocation of Married Mothers and Fathers in Hard Times: The 2007–09 US Recession

Using American Time Use Survey (ATUS) data for 2003–10, this study examines whether the 2007–09 recession contributed to gender equality in married mothers’ and fathers’ paid and unpaid work hours. Trend analysis shows that the recession narrowed the disparity in both paid and unpaid work hours, as mothers substituted paid work for unpaid work and fathers’ paid work hours declined. If the jobless recovery after June 2009 is included in the recessionary period, hardship in the labor market for fathers brought greater gender equality only in paid work. Relative to mothers and in an absolute sense, fathers’ paid work hours and total workload declined and their personal care and leisure time increased. These findings suggest an alternative path for moving toward equality in workloads that entails gender-equitable job creation, living wage, and work–life balance policies.
The development of cortisol rhythmicity and social responsiveness in protein deprived and non-deprived rhesus infants*

This study was designed to investigate (a) the normative development of behavioral and biological rhythmicity, (b) the effects of protein deprivation on their development, and (c) the relationship between the establishment of mature rhythms and emotional-motivational development. Infant rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) were fed isocaloric diets with protein content at 13·4 (adequate) 6·7, and 3·35% for the first 120 days of life. They were housed in cages providing visual access to another infant in a neighboring cage and were maintained on a light-dark cycle of 14 hours light, eight hours dark. Blood samples were taken during the first 240 days of life to measure diurnal variation of hormones both during diet restriction and diet restoration. Assays of the corticosteroids were made. Time-lapse photography of the animals' activity and sleep-wake rhythms were made. The infants were videotaped in their home cage and in a stressful situation to study their emotionality and attentional-social behaviors.
Topological analysis of catalytic reaction networks: Water gas shift reaction on Cu(111)

New catalysts are being sought for the water gas shift (WGS) reaction in connection with distributed hydrogen generation. This quest would be aided by improved fundamental understanding of WGS catalysis. We, thus, present here a systematic theoretical approach, namely, Reaction Route (RR) Graph analysis, for developing a comprehensive understanding of the WGS reaction based on a detailed molecular mechanism with a priori kinetics. The RR Graphs follow flow network laws of Kirchhoff, so that they allow not only graphical depiction of the myriad pathways, but also a detailed flux analysis of the network. Thus, we utilize a 19-step mechanism and assemble it into a RR Graph, which is analogous to an equivalent electrical circuit. These steps were picked to be comprehensive without causing undue complexities. A simplification and pruning of the mechanism is then performed based on Kirchhoff's laws of current (rate) and potential (affinity). As a result, the dominant pathways as well as the rate-limiting steps become transparent. Three dominant pathways are found, eventually, yielding an 11-step simplified mechanism, from which a predictive rate expression is derived. This provides good agreement not only with the complete WGS mechanism, but also with our own experimental data on Cu. Prediction of WGS activity on other metals is also provided.
Preventing HIV-1 tat-induced neuronal apoptosis using antioxidant enzymes: Mechanistic and therapeutic implications

Abstract HIV-1 proteins, especially gp120 and Tat, elicit reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause neuron apoptosis. We used antioxidant enzymes, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) to study signaling and neuroprotection from Tat-induced apoptosis. SOD1 converts superoxide to peroxide; GPx1 converts peroxide to water. Primary human neurons were transduced with SV40-derived vectors carrying SOD1 and GPx1, then HIV-1 Tat protein was added. Both SV(SOD1) and SV(GPx1) delivered substantial transgene expression. Tat decreased endogenous cellular, but not transduced, SOD1 and GPx1. Tat rapidly increased neuron [Ca 2+ ] i , which effect was not altered by SV(SOD1) or SV(GPx1). However, both vectors together blocked Tat-induced [Ca 2+ ] i fluxes. Similarly, neither SV(SOD1) nor SV(GPx1) protected neurons from Tat-induced apoptosis, but both vectors together did. Tat therefore activates multiple signaling pathways, in one of which superoxide acts as an intermediate while the other utilizes peroxide. Gene delivery to protect neurons from Tat must therefore target both.
Predicting the pediatric workforce: use of trend analysis

Abstract Objective To develop a predictive model for projecting the pediatric workforce and retrospectively test its accuracy at different points in time over the past several decades. Methods We applied a modified version of the physician workforce trend model developed by Cooper et al. We first analyzed and tested the relationship between economic activity and the number of active pediatric medical physicians for several periods from 1963 to 2000. To project economic activity and population changes in the United States, we conducted linear trend analyses by using the available historical data through the year before the forecast period of interest. Results There has been significant growth of the absolute numbers of the pediatrician workforce over the past several decades. There was a strong correlation (R 2 =.98) of gross domestic product per capita (using 1996 dollars) with the number of active pediatricians (generalists and specialists) per 100,000 children in the United States by year over a 37-year period from 1963 to 2000. Predictions of pediatrician supply using historical census and economic data to inform the trend analysis were also very highly correlated with actual supply. Conclusions The methods used in this study to predict the pediatric workforce were very accurate and consistent over a 37-year period.
Hypertension and its management: a problem in need of new treatment strategies

SummaryAlthough treatments of hypertension have significantly decreased morbidity and mortality from cerebrovascular disease, the associated reductions in coronary artery disease have been very disappointing. Hypertension is a complex inherited syndrome of cardiovascular risk factors, all of which contribute to the development of heart disease. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), such as the highly selective ARB valsartan, provide an alternative treatment strategy to address the multiple issues in coronary artery disease. These agents are well-tolerated and have a once-daily regimen that improves compliance. They bring multiple cardiovascular benefits beyond blood pressure (BP) control, such as renoprotection and cardiovascular growth reduction.
Electroencephalographic and dichotic indices of cerebral laterality in stutterers

Abstract To test the hypothesis that stuttering is the product of faulty cerebral laterality four experiments were performed on each of five adult stutterers and five fluent speakers. These tests were: (1) dichotic listening with consonant-vowel pairs, (2) alpha recording over both hemispheres during the performance of cognitive tasks intended to engage preferentially the left or right hemispheres, (3) contingent negative variation with either an articulatory or bilaterally symmetrical response, and (4) readiness potential with the same responses. The results fail to disconfirm the null hypothesis regarding stutterers and their fluent peers. All subjects showed consistent patterns of cerebral laterality indicative of localization of speech function in the left hemisphere. Suggestions are made regarding a possible contribution of deficient sensorimotor integration in stuttering.
THE METHODS OF DELINQUENCY THEORY

Delinquency theory must come to terms with experimental studies of causation and with existential studies of delinquents in situ The three are closely related. Existential studies provide insight into both the forms of delinquency and its causal matrix, and causal studies suggest both the relevant context and lawful regularities in the nature of delinquency. Moreover, using the concepts of domain and generality, one sees that strain “theory” is not a theory but a causal paradigm and that it is not competitive with control theory. One also finds that social control theory and cultural deviance are parallel in that both deal essentially with conforming behavior.
Clinical and hemodynamic results of peritoneal dialysis for severe cardiac failure

Abstract A total of 16 patients with heart disease of various types underwent peritoneal dialysis for severe and often intractable, cardiac failure. The average amount of fluid removed was 6 liters. Most patients had immediate improvement of symptoms and signs of fluid overload, 12 entered periods of remission, and four were improved enough to undergo corrective surgery, with survival of three. An average weight loss of 6 kilograms occurred during dialysis and 4 kilograms more in the next 2 weeks. Serum sodium and chloride levels were depressed initially and returned toward normal in most patients. The average predialysis sodium and chloride levels were 126 and 86 mEq. per liter, increasing to 136 and 97, respectively. Total blood volume (TBV) was greatly expanded beforehand and decreased with therapy in all 9 patients so studied. The average decrease was from 139 to 109 ml. per kilogram. Cardiac index (CI) was low in all and increased significantly in 6 of 8 patients so studied, the average changing from 1.4 to 1.9 L. per minute per square meter. The decrease in TBV, increase in CI, and sustained clinical improvement were closely associated. There were no definite complications, although in one instance, excessive vascular volume depletion may have contributed to hypotension, oliguria, and death. It is concluded that hypertonic peritoneal dialysis is an effective method for the treatment of severe heart failure with sodium dilution.
GENEBANKS: A GLOBAL PAYOFF∗

The number of crop genebanks, designed to conserve crop genetic resources and make them available to breeders, has risen dramatically in recent years. While few dispute the need to conserve crop germplasm to help boost and sustain agricultural productivity, the role of genebanks and their global distribution has become embroiled in controversy. Some suggest that genebanks are servicing mainly multinational seed companies and that industrial countries harbor the lion's share of crop germplasm collections. This article describes the importance of genebanks, analyzes their distribution and beneficiaries, and outlines how geographers can become more involved in the conservation and use of crop genetic resources.
Diffusion of Ultraviolet and Visible Light by Ground Surfaces of Fused Quartz

The diffusion of light by the ground surfaces of samples of fused quartz has been investigated at various wavelengths between 253.7 and 546.1 mμ. The surfaces were ground with abrasives having various particle sizes, and the experiments were made with both the ground and the unground sides of the sample facing the light. They were also made with the light incident at various angles and collected in a normal direction, as well as with the light incident normal and collected at various angles. The dependence of the apparent spectral radiance on wavelength and angle is shown.
Tense and Aspect in Early Child Russian.

Naturalistic observation of child-parent interaction is used for investigating the early temporal and aspectual morphology in four monolingual Russian-speaking children (ages 1;6-2;11). The analysis of data obtained in weekly videotaped session shows early mastery of all tenses as well as grammatical aspect at an early age. This point has been a topic of debate in the acquisition literature since at least the early 1960s. The participants produced a full range of verb types in all the tenses even at the youngest age. In this respect, my findings closely parallel those of Weist, Wysocka, Witkowska-Stadnik, Buczowska, and Konieczna (1984) for child Polish. I found both telic and atelic verbs in the past tense in both perfective and imperfective aspects. I also found "aspectual pairs" of the same verb used in the correct circumstances. This lends further support to children's early understanding of aspectual differences. In addition, a developmental trend was found in children's production of verbs in the im...
An empirical study of the SyberVision golf videotape.

A number of studies have shown observational learning to be a powerful tool to facilitate acquisition of various athletic skills. The present study examined the efficacy of the commercially produce...
Anticancer efficacy of deguelin in human prostate cancer cells targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3 β/β-catenin pathway

Activation of survival pathways has been associated with chemoresistance and progression of androgen independence which places a major obstacle to successful treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Deguelin, a rotenoid isolated from Mundulea sericea, has an anticancer effect against several types of cancers; however, the mechanism of its antitumor effects on prostate cancer is not well understood. The aim of our study was to elucidate the effect of deguelin on the growth of prostate cancer cells and its putative mechanism of action. Deguelin decreased the viability of both androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer cells but not normal prostate epithelial cells. Downregulation of phosphorylated Akt and GSK-3β by deguelin promoted proteosomal degradation of β-catenin that resulted in decreased nuclear accumulation and inhibited transactivation of β-catenin-responsive genes. Deguelin-induced downregulation of proliferative (cyclin D1 and c-myc) and antiapoptotic proteins (Mcl-1, Bcl-xL and survivin) in prostate cancer cells culminated in the induction of apoptosis, inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell growth, altered membrane integrity, marked reduction of invasiveness, inhibition of anchorage-dependent and -independent colony formation. Our data demonstrated for the first time that deguelin inhibits the growth and survival of human androgen-independent prostate cancer cells, and its anticancer and antimetastatic activity occurs, at least in part through downregulating GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway and antiapoptotic survival proteins. Taken together our study indicates that deguelin may have translational potential as therapeutic agent for advanced or metastatic prostate cancer.
Polychannel systems for mass digital communications

A new type of distributed computer system looks toward the time when computers will be used by everyone everywhere.
University students' approaches to learning first-year mathematics.

This study assessed reliability and validity of the Approaches to earning Mathematics Questionnaire, for 218 university students. The study also identified the relationship between subscales. Internal consistency as Cronbach alpha was .77 for the Surface Approach to Learning scale and .88 for the Deep Approach to Learning scale. Principal components analysis yielded a two-factor solution accounting for only 34.6% of variance. The factors were interpreted as Surface Approach and Deep Approach to learning mathematics, as in Australia. The former subscale scores were negatively correlated -.2 with the latter subscale scores.
Muscle fiber hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and capillary density in college men after resistance training

McCall, G. E., W. C. Byrnes, A. Dickinson, P. M. Pattany, and S. J. Fleck. Muscle fiber hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and capillary density in college men after resistance training.J. Appl. Physiol. 81...
Analysis of bolt-loaded elliptical holes in laminated composite joints

The feasibility of changing the bolt shape from circular to elliptical in order to increase the joint strength was investigated. An analytical method using a cosine series to represent the bearing stress was derived, and a boundary collocation method was used to determine the unknown coefficients of this cosine series. Stresses at the hole edge predicted by the analytical method agreed very well with finite element solutions. Failure analyses of joints in two different laminates were performed, and each laminate exhibited a different joint failure mode. Results demonstrate that the joint strength of both laminates can be improved substantially by changing the bolt shape to elliptical. The joint that failed in a bearing mode showed a greater strength increase compared to the joint that failed in a shearing mode.
Ultrasensitive on-chip photonic crystal nanobeam sensor using optical bistability

An ultrasensitive nonlinear cavity sensing method is proposed and demonstrated, in which the detection limit is not bounded by the quality factor of the cavity. 10mg/dL glucose concentration and 100aM BSA molecules are detected.
Static analysis of uncertain structures using interval eigenvalue decomposition

Static analysis is an essential procedure to design a structure. Using static analysis, the structure's response to the applied external forces is obtained. This response includes internal forces/moments and internal stresses that are used in the design process. However, the mechanical characteristics of the structure possess uncertainties that alter the structure's response. One method to quantify the presence of these uncertainties is interval variables. In this work, a new method is developed to obtain the bounds on a structure's static response using interval eigenvalue decomposition of the stiffness matrix. The bounds of eigenvalues are obtained using monotonic behaviour of eigenvalues for a symmetric matrix subjected to non-negative definite perturbations. Moreover, the bounds of eigenvectors are obtained using perturbation of invariant subspaces for symmetric matrices. Using this method, it is shown that obtaining the bound on static response of an uncertain structure does not require a combinatorial or Monte-Carlo simulation procedure.
p38 Mitogen–Activated Protein Kinase Regulates Nuclear Receptor CAR that Activates the CYP2B6 Gene

The constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR) regulates hepatic drug metabolism by activating genes, such as cytochrome P450, and certain transferases. p38 Mitogen–activated protein kinase (MAPK) is highly activated in human primary hepatocytes but barely in human hepatoma cell lines including HepG2 cells. Liganded-CAR induced CYP2B6 mRNA in human primary hepatocytes far more effectively than in HepG2 cells ectopically expressing CAR. In the present study, we found that activation of p38 MAPK by anisomycin potentiated induction of CYP2B6 mRNA by CAR ligand in HepG2 cells to levels observed in ligand-treated human primary hepatocytes. siRNA knockdown of p38 MAPK abrogated the ability of anisomycin to synergistically induce CYP2B6 mRNA. In addition to CYP2B6, anisomycin cotreatment potentiated an increase in CYP2A7 and CYP2C9 mRNAs but not CYP3A4 or UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 mRNAs. Thus, activated p38 MAPK is required for liganded-CAR to selectively activate a set of genes that encode drug-metabolizing enzymes. Our present results suggest that CAR-mediated induction of these enzymes cannot be understood by ligand binding alone because the specificity and magnitude of induction are codetermined by a given cell signaling, such as p38 MAPK; both physiologic and pathophysiological states of cell signaling may have a strong impact in hepatic drug-metabolizing capability during treatments.
A construction algorithm for the selection and assignment of materials handling equipment

A model for selecting materials handling equipment and assigning it to departmental moves is presented. The problem is formulated as an integer program with the objective of minimizing the total operating and investment costs of the selected equipment. The constraints specify that each move is restricted to only one equipment type and the available operating time of each equipment type cannot be exceeded. The problem is solved using a construction heuristic algorithm that exploits, conceptually, some similarities to both the knapsack and the loading problems. The algorithm is computationally attractive and lends to achieve other goals, such as maximizing equipment utilization and minimizing the variations in equipment types, as well as the primary goal of cost minimization.
Comparing productive vocabulary measures from the CDI and a systematic diary study.

Expressive vocabulary data gathered during a systematic diary study of one male child's early language development are compared to data that would have resulted from longitudinal administration of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories spoken vocabulary checklist (CDI). Comparisons are made for (1) the number of words at monthly intervals (9; 10.15 to 2; 0.15), (2) proportion of words by lexical class (i.e. noun, predicate, closed class, 'other'), (3) growth curves. The CDI underestimates the number of words in the diary study, with the underestimation increasing as vocabulary size increases. The proportion of diary study words appearing on the CDI differed as a function of lexical class. Finally, despite the differences in vocabulary size, logistic curves proved to be the best fitting model to characterize vocabulary development as measured by both the diary study and the CDI. Implications for the longitudinal use of the CDI are discussed.
The Relationship between Health Education and Health Promotion: A Personal Perspective

(2001). The Relationship between Health Education and Health Promotion: A Personal Perspective. American Journal of Health Education: Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 369-370.
Adenine nucleotide regulation in pancreatic β-cells: modeling of ATP/ADP-Ca2+ interactions

Glucose metabolism stimulates insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. A consequence of metabolism is an increase in the ratio of ATP to ADP ([ATP]/[ADP]) that contributes to depolarization of the ...