cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An improved Tn7-based system for the single-copy insertion of cloned genes into chromosomes of gram-negative bacteria

A system is described for the single-copy, stable insertion of cloned DNA sequences into the chromosomes of Gram- bacteria. Two narrow-host-range plasmids form the basis of this system: the 'carrier' plasmid contains the mini Tn7-Km transposon, into which foreign DNA can be cloned; the 'helper' plasmid provides the Tn7 transposition functions in trans. Both plasmids are readily transferred into Gram- bacteria by conjugation. The functionality of this system has been demonstrated in Rhodospirillum rubrum.
Study of Orderly Electricity Consumption Auxiliary Strategy Based on Fine Power Utilization Feature Mining

This paper analyzes the present orderly electricity consumption program of Chongqings Two Rivers District, studies the fine power utilization feature mining method, employs the clustering algorithm based of Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) to analyze the load data of important business users, and at last proposes the suggested orderly electricity consumption auxiliary strategy of Two Rivers District. The research results of this paper will provide decision-making basis for the formation and implementation of more rational orderly electricity consumption program in Two Rivers District.
Physical Properties of DuPrene Compounds

Abstract Although DuPrene differs chemically from natural rubber, it bears a closer physical resemblance to rubber than any of the previously known synthetic rubbers. It differs from natural rubber in many respects which makes it more suitable for certain purposes and less suitable for others. Its physical properties are susceptible of wide variation depending on the nature and amounts of vulcanizing agents, reenforcing pigments, etc., that are compounded with it, and it tills the need for a rubber-like material having greater resistance to the action of oils and solvents and greater resistance to the deteriorating influences of heat and oxidation than natural rubber.
Molecular Cloning of Cecropin B Responsive Endonucleases in Yersinia ruckeri

We have previously demonstrated that Yersinia ruckeri resists cecropin B in an inducible manner. In this study, we sought to identify the molecular changes responsible for the inducible cecropin B resistance of Y. ruckeri. Differences in gene expression associated with the inducible resistance were investigated. Cultures of Y. ruckeri were exposed to a sublethal concentration of cecropin B and resultant changes in the messenger RNA population of the bacteria were assayed using the differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DD-RT-PCR). A single band was consistently increased in intensity in all repeats of the experiment. The band was excised, cloned, sequenced, and used to screen a Y. ruckeri genomic DNA library. The DD-RT-PCR fragment shared 100% identity to the cDNA sequence of an ATP-dependent endonuclease of the overcome lysogenization defect (OLD) family of Y. ruckeri 29473. The genomic clone that was recovered was not identical to the DD-RT-PCR clone, but harbored a gene for a secreted endonuclease 1 (nucM) homologue. It was determined that transcription of the gene was upregulated following exposure to cecropin B via RT-PCR. Furthermore, an increase in the nuclease activity of culture supernatants of Y. ruckeri following exposure to cecropin B was demonstrated. These findings demonstrate that cecropin B exposure increases the expression of at least two endonucleases in Y. ruckeri. The production and secretion of an endonuclease by Y. ruckeri in response to an antimicrobial peptide indicates the involvement of both intracellular and extracellular DNA in the toxic effects of cecropin B.
Positive and negative feedback learning and associated dopamine and serotonin transporter binding after methamphetamine

Learning from mistakes and prospectively adjusting behavior in response to reward feedback is an important facet of performance monitoring. Dopamine (DA) pathways play an important role in feedback learning and a growing literature has also emerged on the importance of serotonin (5HT) in reward learning, particularly during punishment or reward omission (negative feedback). Cognitive impairments resulting from psychostimulant exposure may arise from altered patterns in feedback learning, which in turn may be modulated by DA and 5HT transmission. We analyzed long-term, off-drug changes in learning from positive and negative feedback and associated striatal DA transporter (DAT) and frontocortical 5HT transporter (SERT) binding in rats pretreated with methamphetamine (mAMPH). Specifically, we assessed the reversal phase of pairwise visual discrimination learning in rats receiving single dose- (mAMPHsingle) vs. escalating-dose exposure (mAMPHescal). Using fine-grained trial-by-trial analyses, we found increased sensitivity to and reliance on positive feedback in mAMPH-pretreated animals, with the mAMPHsingle group showing more pronounced use of this type of feedback. In contrast, overall negative feedback sensitivity was not altered following any mAMPH treatment. In addition to validating the enduring effects of mAMPH on early reversal learning, we found more consecutive error commissions before the first correct response in mAMPH-pretreated rats. This behavioral rigidity was negatively correlated with subregional frontocortical SERT whereas positive feedback sensitivity negatively correlated with striatal DAT binding. These results provide new evidence for the overlapping, yet dissociable roles of DA and 5HT systems in overcoming perseveration and in learning new reward rules.
Surgical therapy of coronary arterial disease with special reference to myocardial revascularization.

Abstract A review of the experimental and clinical data concerning myocardial revascularization by surgical means indicates that no procedure currently available will safely accomplish this purpose. Either there is no objective evidence of increased vascular supply greater than that resulting from ischemia, or the mortality has been prohibitive in those procedures in which coronary reserve has been improved. Although the majority of patients exhibit symptomatic improvement following all procedures, there is an equally significant clinical improvement following a sham operation. It is recommended that the frequency of angina pectoris be discontinued as a means of evaluating procedures designed to improve circulation to the myocardium. Use of this symptom should be replaced by objective methods which will determine coronary reserve.
Data association methods with applications to law enforcement

Associating records in a large database that are related but not exact matches has importance in a variety of applications. In law enforcement, this task enables crime analysts to associate incidents possibly resulting from the same individual or group of individuals. In practice, most crime analysts perform this task manually by searching through incident reports looking for similarities. This paper describes automated approaches to data association. We report tests showing that our data association methods significantly reduced the time required by manual methods with accuracy comparable to experienced crime analysts. In comparison to analysis using the structured query language (SQL), our methods were both faster and more accurate.
Acute Physiological Changes Following Heart-Lung Allotransplantation in Dogs

Abstract The feasibility of clinical heart-lung transplantation requires a better understanding of the physiological consequences of the operation, heart-lung denervation, and the quality of graft preservation. An acute canine model was used to evaluate heart-lung function during the first 24 hours after transplantation. Measurements of cardiopulmonary dynamics were performed in 5 donor animals and compared sequentially after transplantation in the respective recipients. Orthotopic allotransplantation was performed on cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia after perfusion of both the heart and lung with a clinical cardioplegic solution (4°C; potassium chloride, 30 mEq/L; mannitol, 20 gm/L). Postoperatively, the animals were ventilated continuously and anesthetized. Hemodynamic variables were monitored, and measurements were made of arterial and venous oxygen, carbon dioxide, saturation, and pulmonary mechanics. Cardiac output and a derived measurement of lung water were determined. Pulmonary vascular resistance, arteriovenous shunt, resistance, and compliance were calculated. At the termination of the experiment, significant differences were observed between donor and recipient lung-water levels (7.7 ± 0.9 ml/kg versus 12.0 ± 3.1 ml/kg, respectively; p p 2 O versus 11 ± 4 ml/cm H 2 O, respectively; p p = 0.2). This model evaluates the technique currently employed clinically and will be used in the future to compare methods of heart-lung preservation with the goal of allowing distant heart-lung procurement.
Electrosynthesis of Organic Compounds from Carbon Dioxide Is Catalyzed by a Diversity of Acetogenic Microorganisms

Microbial electrosynthesis, a process in which microorganisms use electrons derived from electrodes to reduce carbon dioxide to multicarbon, extracellular organic compounds, is a potential strategy for capturing electrical energy in carbon-carbon bonds of readily stored and easily distributed products, such as transportation fuels. To date, only one organism, the acetogen Sporomusa ovata, has been shown to be capable of electrosynthesis. The purpose of this study was to determine if a wider range of microorganisms is capable of this process. Several other acetogenic bacteria, including two other Sporomusa species, Clostridium ljungdahlii, Clostridium aceticum, and Moorella thermoacetica, consumed current with the production of organic acids. In general acetate was the primary product, but 2-oxobutyrate and formate also were formed, with 2-oxobutyrate being the predominant identified product of electrosynthesis by C. aceticum. S. sphaeroides, C. ljungdahlii, and M. thermoacetica had high (>80%) efficiencies of electrons consumed and recovered in identified products. The acetogen Acetobacterium woodii was unable to consume current. These results expand the known range of microorganisms capable of electrosynthesis, providing multiple options for the further optimization of this process.
The effects of fluoride on the mineralization of embryonic chick tibiae in organ culture

The effects of various concentrations of fluoride on the mineralization of embryonic chick tibiae were studiedin vitro. After 4 days incubation in medium with a physiological Ca×PO4 product (1.8 mM2), fluoride promoted a highly significant dose-related enhancement of bone mineralization. In experiments where the medium Ca×PO4 product was varied by changing either Ca or PO4 while keeping the other constant at 1.8 mM, fluoride at 7.5 μM or at 100 μM affected bone mineralization differently at low and high products. At medium Ca×PO4 products below 3 mM2, fluoride significantly enhanced bone mineral deposition compared to paired control bones, while at products above 5 mM2, fluoride significantly inhibited bone mineralization. This dual effect of fluoride was observed in both live bones and bones metabolically inhibited by 1 mM iodoacetic acid. Comparison of the effects of fluoride on the mineralization of live and dead bones suggested that the effects are dependent on the cellular control of the Ca×PO4 product in the bone extracellular fluid. These findings support the hypothesis that fluoride may play an important role in governing the rate of mineralization in growing bones.
Parent–Child Portfolios: “Look—This Book Is All About Us!”

A team of facilitators describe the process and content of portfolios they create for families attending weekly playgroup sessions based on the philosophy and practices of the Parents Interacting with Infants (PIWI) model. The parent–child portfolios are a form of authentic assessment and highlight children’s development within the context of parent–child relationships. Facilitators complete weekly observations of parent–child interactions, which allow them to monitor children’s progress on goals set by parents, evaluate their own practices, and plan future playgroup sessions.
EFFECT OF IMPURITIES UPON CRITICAL TEMPERATURE OF ANISOTROPIC SUPERCONDUCTORS

The changes in critical temperature upon doping a superconductor are accounted for theoretically by solving a BCS-like model which includes anisotropy. This anisotropy is introduced via a factorable pairing potential ${V}_{p{p}^{\ensuremath{'}}}=[1+a(\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\Omega}})]V[1+a({\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}^{\ensuremath{'}})]$ which depends on the momenta of the paired particles relative to the crystal axes. The impurities have two effects upon ${T}_{c}$: They gradually change the gross properties of the system and, hence, produce a linear change in ${T}_{c}$ (valence effect), and in addition they abruptly reduce ${T}_{c}$ by reducing the anisotropy of the energy gap (mean-free-path effect). By adjusting parameters representing the strengths of these effects, we have fit theory to experiments on Sn, In, and Al alloy systems. We find $〈{a}^{2}〉\ensuremath{\sim}0.01$, while "valence" parameters vary strongly with impurity and do not depend simply on valence. The major gap in the theory is in the unknown ratio of the mean collision times for smoothing out anisotropy and for transport.
The first chemical synthesis of novel MeO-3-GlcUA derivative of hyaluronan-based disaccharide to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of hyaluronic acid synthases (HASs)

The first chemical synthesis of MeO-3-GluUA beta(1 -> 3)GlcNAc-UDP to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of hyalyionic acid synthases (HASS) is described. Construction of the desired beta(1 -> 3)-linked disaccharide 10 was achieved very efficiently by Coupling MeO-3-GlcUA donor 3 with the suitable protected GlCnt(10C) acceptor 4 using BF(3) Et(2)O as Lewis acid Chemoselective removal of anomeric NAP, phosphorylation, hydrogenation, coupling with UMP-morpholidate, and finally complete deprotection gave the target compound 1 in good yield (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved
Diminished testing benefits in young adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Memory retrieval has been shown to enhance the long-term retention of tested material; however, recent research suggests that limiting attention during retrieval can decrease the benefits of testing memory. The present study examined whether testing benefits are reduced in young adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). College students with and without ADHD read three short prose passages, each followed by a free recall test, a restudy period or a distractor task. Two days later participants recalled the passages. Although participants without ADHD did not show a significant benefit of testing over restudying, testing did produce recall benefits relative to not taking a test. These testing benefits were diminished in participants with ADHD, who did not show any advantage of testing over either restudying or no test. The absence of testing benefits in the ADHD group is likely due in part to decreased recall on the initial test. These findings have implications for improving educational ...
Corotating pressure waves without fast streams in the solar wind

Voyager 1 and 2 magnetic field and plasma data are presented which demonstrate the existence of large scale, corotating, non-linear pressure waves between 2 AU and 4 AU that are not accompanied by fast streams. The pressure waves are presumed to be generated by corotating streams near the sun. For two of the three pressure waves that are discussed, the absence of a stream is probably a real, physical effect, viz., a consequence of deceleration of the stream by the associated compression wave. For the third pressure wave, the apparent absence of a stream may be a geometrical effect; it is likely that the stream was at latitudes just above those of the spacecraft, while the associated shocks and compression wave extended over a broader range of latitudes so that they could be observed by the spacecraft. It is suggested that the development of large-scale non-linear pressure waves at the expense of the kinetic energy of streams produces a qualitative change in the solar wind in the outer heliosphere. Within a few AU the quasi-stationary solar wind structure is determined by corotating streams whose structure is determined by the boundary conditions near the sun. Previously announced in STAR as N83-19694
Modelling of interfacial fracture

This paper adresses the problem of modelling the complex non-linear phenomena of indentation and fracture of brittle materials. These include frictional contact interaction, crack propagation and debonding of laminated brittle three-dimensional finite bodies. An original unified methodology for the solution of the related boundary value problems, based on combination of the variational and boundary integral multi-region approaches, has been developed. The discretization of the involved surfaces and unknown functions leads to a finite dimensional quadratic programming problem, solved by a modification of the gradient-projection method. The discretized version of the algorithm has been implemented in the form of computer codes for both conventional serial and parallel Connection Machines CM2/5, multi-processor SGI Challenge Series. The model components were tested against analytical and numerical results. Crack propagation and debonding of the interfacial boundaries in a quasi-static scenario were investigated. The model has been used for numerical simulation of the Micro-Scratch Test to aid in the development of procedures to evaluate adhesion for coatings. The model demonstrated that for the Micro-Scratch Test (using the Knoop indenter) the dominant mechanism of the interfacial debonding is different than in indentation fracture of the homogeneous materials. Numerous experiments with the microscratch technique show that this test, with the aid of numerical model, can quantify a coating/substrate interfacial strength and characterize the factors influencing it.
Transitions and interactions of inviscid/viscous, compressible/incompressible and laminar/turbulent flows

We address the flow field-dependent variation (FDV) methods in which complex physical phenomena are taken into account in the final form of partial differential equations to be solved so that finite difference methods (FDM) or finite element methods (FEM) themselves will not dictate the physics, but rather they are no more than simply the options how to discretize between adjacent nodal points or within an element. The variation parameters introduced in the formulation are calculated from the current flow field based on changes of Mach numbers, Reynolds numbers, Peclet numbers and Damkohler numbers between adjacent nodal points, which play many significant roles, such as adjusting the governing equations (hyperbolic, parabolic and/or elliptic), resolving various physical phenomena and controlling the accuracy and stability of the numerical solution. The theory is verified by a number of example problems addressing the physical implications of the variation parameters, which resemble the flow field itself, shock capturing mechanism, transitions and interactions between inviscid/viscous, compressibility/incompressibility and laminar/turbulent flows
A New Honesty for a New Game: Distinguishing Cheating from Learning in a Web-Based Testing Environment

ABSTRACT Rapid growth in the use of internet-based instructional technology (IT) necessitates greater attention to the pedagogical implications of this transition. Though much of the literature on the uses of IT focuses on outcomes and student learning, we also need to ask whether and how different technologies force us to reconceive the boundaries for both student learning and academic honesty. One IT tool, the web quiz, demands this reconception by creating the possibility for an iterative game where typically only a single-shot game had existed in the past. This change in rule structure calls for the reassessment of definitions of learning and cheating that were developed in a previous era. I review the literature on IT, student learning, and academic honesty, as well as empirical classroom data to develop a typology of behavioral responses to the web quiz environment. Specifically, I identify five behavioral options for students presented with web quiz assignments, four of which would be considered “c...
Atrioventricular sequential pacing with transluminal atrial and ventricular pacing probes inserted via a pulmonary artery catheter: A preliminary comparison with epicardial wires

Abstract A number of patients who undergo hemodynamic monitoring may have or develop some form of atrial or ventricular conduction disturbance or block. Potentially, many of these patients could benefit from temporary pacing of the right ventricle and/or atrium. Following institutional approval and with informed patient consent, a balloon flotation pulmonary artery type catheter with atrial and ventricular pacing capabilities utilizing either a transluminal atrial bipolar pacing probe, a Chandler transluminal ventricular pacing probe, or both together was tested in five patients. Currents required for stable pacing were compared with those obtained using atrial and ventricular epicardial wires placed at the time of cardiac surgery procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. Results of these two pacing techniques were compared by regression analysis, and no significant differences were found between the two methods. The catheter was found to be clinically useful, and stable atrial, ventricular, and atrioventricular sequential pacing was instituted in all but one situation during which the patient developed intractable atrial fibrillation following bypass resistant to any pacing therapy. It is concluded that the test catheter is a relaible, clinically useful device that provides considerable advantages over currently available temporary pacing systems using pulmonary artery catheters.
High resolution spectroscopy in the far UV: Observations of the interstellar medium by IMAPS on ORFEUS-SPAS

The Interstellar Medium Absorption Profile Spectrograph (IMAPS) is an objectivegrating, echelle spectrograph built to observe the spectra of bright, hot stars over the spectral region 950–1150A, below the wavelength coverage of HST. This instrument has a high wavelength resolving power, making it especially well suited for studies of interstellar absorption lines. Following a series of sounding rocket flights in the 1980's, IMAPS flew on its first Shuttle-launched orbital mission in September 1993, as a partner in the ORFEUS-SPAS program sponsored by the US and German Space Agencies, NASA and DARA.
Induction of somite chondrogenesis by cartilage and notochord: a correlation between inductive activity and specific stages of cytodifferentiation.

Abstract Cartilage-inducing activity has been investigated in cartilaginous and notochordal tissues from mouse and chick embryos. Tissues composed of cells in different stages of differentiation were explanted in direct and trans-filter combinations with somite mesoderm. The results indicate that cartilage-inducing activity is a stage specific property. Inductive activity was demonstrable for cartilage explants which contained enlarging chondrocytes. Explants composed of cells which did not hypertrophy failed to induce somite chondrogenesis. A similar correlation between inducing activity and cell vacuolation and hypertrophy was found for embryonic notochord. Hypertrophied chondrocytes in explants of mouse cartilage transformed in vitro into nonhypertrophied cells. Explants composed entirely of hypertrophied cells had no inducing activity in culture. Hypertrophied cells in explants of both cartilage and notochord from chick embryos remained hypertrophied in vitro and induced chondrogenesis in somite mesoderm. Four levels of development in notochord and cartilage are discussed and stage specificity in inductive activity is related to stagedependent differences in the rate of synthesis of matrix components and modes of secretion. Cartilage-inducing activity demonstrable for cartilage in vitro is also discussed in relation to the induction of periosteal bone formation in situ .
Green light-mediated photomorphogenesis in a dinoflagellate resting cyst

Developmental responses to light are well known and ubiquitous among higher plants1, but examples of such responses among the algae are less common. Those responses which have been reported in this group are generally photoperiodic or require prolonged light exposures; most involve macrophytes2. We now report a non-photosynthetic, low-threshold, photomorphogenic response in a unicellular alga, the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) Loeblich. In contrast to the reported behaviour of most other dinoflagellate species, resting cysts of S. trochoidea require light to germinate. This requirement is satisfied to a large extent by low photon fluences delivered in exposures as short as 1 second. Green light is most effective in eliciting the response. Given the importance of dinoflagellates as primary producers in many aquatic ecosystems and the potential role of resting cysts in controlling the dynamics of natural dinoflagellate populations, the present observations are of obvious ecological significance. The primitive phylogenetic standing of dinoflagellates3, and the relative rarity of green light-mediated photomorphogenic responses in eukaryotes generally4,5,suggest that this phenomenon may also hold considerable evolutionary and photophysiological interest.
Synchrotron Frequency Splitting in the SLAC Storage Ring

The ring is symmetric with two interacting regions op- posite each other as shown in Fig. 1. Distances are meas- ured from one of the interaction regions. The main accel- crating cavity gap is situated an integral number of half- wavelengths from the interaction region. The frequency- splitting cavities are placed in some straight sections. For the general case, the ith cavity gap is placed at a position Li from the interaction region. The voltage on the gap is where X" is the particle position and the independent vari- able is t IT e turn number. (Y is the momentum compaction and Es the energy of the synchronous particle. The phase tra- jectories are curves defined in the E-X, phase space for constant values of the above Hamiltonian, and the phase tra- jectory enclosing the maximum area is called the separatrix. The small amplitude synchrotron oscillation frequencies are given by
Four correspondences between graphs and generalized young tableaux

Abstract Read's method of counting the number of undirected labeled graphs with a prescribed valency at each labeled node implies that the number of different graphs with a given degree sequence (d1, d2, d3…dn) is equal to the number of generalized Young tableaux of a certain shape filled with objects of specification (d1, d2, d3…dn). There are in fact four such results which are applicable to graphs with or without loops and with or without multiple edges. This paper contains four one-one correspondences between the four types of graph and generalized Young tableaux having four different shapes. The correspondences can be considered as combinatorial proofs of four identities of Littlewood.
Synthesis of l,l-isodityrosine

Abstract A study of the development of reaction conditions for implementation of an activated Ullmann diaryl ether condensation reaction that may be conducted without amino acid racemization and that has proven suitable for incorporation of a selectively-protected catechol is described and its application to the synthesis of l,l -isodityrosine ( 1 ) is detailed.
Goal-oriented error estimation for Cahn-Hilliard models of binary phase transition

A posteriori estimates of errors in quantities of interest are developed for the nonlinear system of evolution equations embodied in the Cahn–Hilliard model of binary phase transition. These involve the analysis of wellposedness of dual backward-in-time problems and the calculation of residuals. Mixed finite element approximations are developed and used to deliver numerical solutions of representative problems in one- and two-dimensional domains. Estimated errors are shown to be quite accurate in these numerical examples. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2010
Minus-strand rna synthesis by the segmented double-stranded RNA bacteriophage φ6 requires continuous protein synthesis

Abstract Bacteriophage φ6 contains three dsRNA chromosomes. Strand-separating agarose gels were used to study plus-and minus-strand synthesis in vivo and the effect of protein synthesis inhibitors. Analysis of φ6 RNA synthesis shows low levels of all three dsRNAs and ssRNAs at 10 min, increasing label uptake into all RNAs except the large message from 20 to 60 min, and a greater abundance of medium and small messages than large mRNAs at late times. Isoconformers of the small message are synthesized throughout infection. Northern analysis suggests that large messages made early may persist to direct continuing translation of L-segment-encoded transcription and replication proteins. The time course of φ6 minus-strand RNA synthesis in vivo, in the absence of background label in host RNAs, is reported for the first time. Label in minus strands is detected only after heat denaturation of RNA samples and appears sequentially in the small, medium, and large strands beginning at 20 min. At both early and late times, chloramphenicol arrests minus-strand synthesis rapidly and all three mRNAs accumulate. The results are consistent with the reovirus asynchronous model for dsRNA viral replication: plus ssRNAs made first are used as templates for minus-strand synthesis. They also indicate that replication protein(s) acts stoichiometrically.
Organizational characteristics and funding environments: A study of a population of United Way-affiliated nonprofits

This study examines a population of United Way–affiliated nonprofit organizations in Massachusetts (1) to test hypotheses generated by previous research on relationships between government funding and specific nonprofit organizational characteristics, (2) to compare differences in organizational characteristics between nonprofits receiving higher percentages of revenues from the United Way and from government sources, and (3) to explore associations between government funding and United Way and underexamined characteristics, including use of commercial income and racial diversity of organizational membership. The study supports previous research on the relationship between government funding and nonprofit characteristics, with one notable exception—less administrative complexity was associated with higher percentages of government funding. The study also finds differences in organizational characteristics between nonprofits with higher proportions of government funding and those with higher percentages of United Way funding, including organization size, number of board members, administrative complexity, use of volunteers, and the racial diversity of boards, staff, and volunteers.
Dilithium complexes of β-diketonates in acetonitrile solvent☆

Abstract Lithium acetylacetonate, sparingly soluble in pure acetonitrile solvent, dissolves to a significantly greater extent in the presence of lithium perchlorate. Spectral and electrochemical studies have quantitatively measured the solubility effect. The data support formation of a 2:1 complex of lithium ion with acetylacetonate, with weak subsequent ion-pairing of the cationic complex with perchlorate ion. Qualitative studies of other complexes reveal a similar process for sodium acetylacetonate and the lithium salt of dimedone, and the absence of 2:1 lithium association with the anion of dibenzoyl-methane. Discussion of the possible structure of these novel 2:1 complexes is included.
Rheological and Morphological Characterization of Triblock Copolymer (PEO-PPO-PEO)-Clay Gel in Aqueous Solution

Thermal gelation and structure properties of high concentration triblock copolymer poly (ethylene oxide) 99 -poly(propylene oxide) 69 -poly(ethylene oxide) 99 (Pluronic F127)-clay aqueous solutions were characterized by rheological measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The sol-gel transition temperature, as well as the viscosity of the F127 solution was found to depend both on the concentration of polymer and clay filler. In all cases, Pluronic F127 gels are pseudoplastic, showing the shear-thinning behavior. Above the gel transition, the viscosity of the solutions increased with increasing the clay concentration. The corresponding macrostructure of the gels was studied by lyophilizing thick samples and scanning them with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A well-ordered network of porosity was observed as a function of polymer concentration and orientation.
Oxidative stress and metal carcinogenesis.

Occupational and environmental exposures to metals are closely associated with an increased risk of various cancers. Although carcinogenesis caused by metals has been intensively investigated, the exact mechanisms of action are still unclear. Accumulating evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by metals play important roles in the etiology of degenerative and chronic diseases. This review covers recent advances in (1) metal-induced generation of ROS and the related mechanisms; (2) the relationship between metal-mediated ROS generation and carcinogenesis; and (3) the signaling proteins involved in metal-induced carcinogenesis, especially intracellular reduction–oxidation-sensitive molecules.
Clinical signs of acute and chronic experimental lesions of the cerebellum

The literature contains many descriptions of clinical signs observed in animals following experimental injury of the cerebellum or its parts. These descriptions are a valuable source of information for clinicians dealing with animals afflicted with neurological disease. In this paper, this literature is reviewed, and then discussed in the light of its clinical significance. Outstanding in the latter regard are: the marked changes and improvement in clinical signs that occur with time following cerebellar injuries; the similarity of the posture immediately after certain cerebellar lesions to that seen in decerebrate rigidity or in Schiff-Sherrington rigidity; the deficiency of placing reactions after cerebellar lesions, a sign usually taken to indicate abnormality in the corticorubrospinal systems; the occurrence of so-called “paradoxical” vestibular syndromes following certain cerebellar lesions; and the occurrence of anisocoria and inequality of width of the palpebral fissures after certain cerebellar lesions, despite the lack of direct damage to parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways to ocular structures.
A Particle Swarm Algorithm for Multiobjective Design Optimization

Many engineering design problems are characterized by presence of several conflicting objectives. This requires efficient search of the feasible design region for optimal solutions which simultaneously satisfy multiple design objectives. The search is further complicated in view of the fact that because of inherent manufacturing variations it is often necessary to allocate tolerances to design variables while guaranteeing low variances for product/process performance measures. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a powerful search technique with faster convergence rates than traditional evolutionary algorithms. This paper introduces a new PSO-based approach to multiobjective engineering design by incorporating the central qualitycontrol notion of tolerance design Unlike classical optimization techniques which rely on single-point representation of designs, the modified PSO algorithm allocates tolerances to design variables and flies a swarm of hypercubic particles through the feasible space. To demonstrate the utility of the proposed method, the multiobjective design of an I-beam will be presented.
On evolution of drop-size distributions in turbulent pipe flow revisited

This paper corrects an error in the work of Nere and Ramkrishna [Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2005, 44, 1187] on solving population balance equations for the evolution of drop-size distributions in fully developed turbulent flow of a liquid-liquid dispersion in a circular pipe. We rely on the previously noted Nere and Ramkrishna's work for the formulation of the problem. An alternative linear operator formulation is developed here to solve the population balance equation, compared with detailed numerical solution obtained by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and is determined to be considerably more efficient.
Factors influencing consumer perceptions of Web‐based decision support systems

Develops and tests a general model for understanding the influence of query‐based decision aids (QBDA) on consumer decision making in the electronic commerce environment. The results show that the use of well‐designed query‐based decision aids leads to increased satisfaction with the decision process and increased confidence in judgements. The number of stages of phased narrowing of the consideration set was higher in the case of subjects who had access to the query‐based decision aids. The mediating variables through which this influence occurs are size of the consideration set, similarity among the alternatives in the consideration set, cognitive decision effort, and perceived cost savings. The size of the consideration set and the similarity among the alternatives in the consideration set were higher in the case of subjects who had access to the query‐based decision aid. Subjects who had access to the query‐based decision aid perceived an increased cost savings and a lower cognitive decision effort associated with the purchase decision. This research is done in the context of consumers searching for information on the World Wide Web prior to the purchase of cars.
Gonadectomy Influences the Inhibitory Effect of the Endogenous Opiate System on Pulsatile Gonadotropin Secretion

These studies were designed to evaluate the importance of the gonads on the inhibitory influence exerted by the endogenous opiate system on gonadotropin secretion. The effect of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone on pulsatile LH secretion was evaluated in 1-, 2-, and 8-week orchidectomized (ORDX) rats. Freely moving rats bearing a Silastic cannula in the right jugular vein were bled every 6 min for 3 h. Saline was injected during the first 90 min, while during the last 90 min naloxone was given as an initial iv bolus injection dose of 2 mg/kg, followed by injections of 0.1 mg/kg every 6 min. In addition, another group of rats was treated, from the beginning of the 3-h bleeding period, with naloxone at an initial iv dose of 2 mg/kg, followed by injections of 0.1 mg/kg every 6 min. Analysis of pulsatile LH secretion showed enhanced mean LH levels, peak and trough values, and pulse duration in 1- and 2-week ORDX rats during the first 40 min of naloxone administration. These changes were essentially restricted to the first pulse that occurred immediately after naloxone administration. No changes in any of the parameters evaluated were observed in 8-week ORDX rats. Different regimens of testosterone replacement (capsules or sc injections) in 8-week ORDX rats significantly reduced the elevated LH value and completely suppressed pulsatile LH secretion. However, in these animals the response of LH to naloxone administration was restored in a limited number of animals among those receiving sc injections. The results indicate that the gonads play a permissive role in the inhibitory action of the endogenous opiate system on gonadotropin secretion, since a loss of sensitivity to opiate receptor blockade takes place after long term gonadectomy. The delayed loss of the response to naloxone after gonadectomy suggests that gonadal factors may have an activational and/or organizational effect on the opiate neurons involved in gonadotropin regulation. The precise mechanism(s) responsible for this loss of sensitivity is still unknown.
Incommensurate correlations in the t - J and frustrated spin-1/2 Heisenberg models

We analyze the possible existence of incommensurate correlations in the {ital t}-{ital J} model as a function of doping and in the {ital J}{sub 1}-{ital J}{sub 2}-{ital J}{sub 3} spin-1/2 Heisenberg model as a function of frustration using exact diagonalization techniques on small lattices. For the {ital t}-{ital J} model we found that when holes are introduced the spin structure factor {ital S}({bold q}) shifts the position of its maximum away from ({pi},{pi}). However, we do not observe indications of the existence of long-range incommensurate order. The frustrated Heisenberg model is analyzed using spin-wave techniques. We present the phase diagram including 1/{ital S} corrections. It has special regions where there is no magnetic order that are natural candidates for new nonclassical ground states. Using a Lanczos method we study the line {ital J}{sub 3}={ital J}{sub 2}/2, which is completely disordered in the spin-wave analysis for {ital J}{sub 2}/{ital J}{sub 1}{gt}1/4. {ital S}({bold q}) behaves as in the {ital t}-{ital J} model replacing doping by frustration. We also study the square of order parameters related with Neel, twisted, dimer, and chiral order. After the Neel order is destabilized by frustration, the twisted and dimer states are enhanced. On the other hand,more » there are no indications that the uniform or staggered chiral state can be the ground state of the frustrated Heisenberg model.« less
Three-dimensional flames supported by heterogeneous propellants

We examine a surface which mimics that of a heterogeneous propellant and through which passes distributed fluxes of oxidizer and fuel. The three-dimensional flames supported by these fluxes we calculated using a simple model. An elementary propellant packing model defines a variety of flux distributions according to the level of the slice through the propellant which defines the surface, and the effect of the different distributions on the combustion field and on the heat flux to the surface is discussed. An important geometric effect is identified. The more likely that arbitrary surface area fractions contain both ammonium perchlorate (AI) and binder fluxes, the greater will be the total heat flux to the surface from the AP/binder flames. The likelihood, and therefore the heat flux, is maximized for fuel-rich slices. This work is part of an ongoing study whose goal is a sophisticated numerical model of three-dimensional heterogeneous propellant burning.
The Impact of Telecommuting on Personal Vehicle Usage and Environmental Sustainability

To understand whether telecommuting could be part of the policy solutions for greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction in the transportation sector, this study uses instrumental variable Tobit models and data from 2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Surveys to explore whether telecommuting reduces or increases the daily work and non-work vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Our findings suggest telecommuters have more VMT for both daily work and non-work trips than non-telecommuters. Adding the findings that telecommuting has no impact on other non-working household member’s daily total (non-work) trips, we can possibly argue that households with telecommuter(s) tend to have higher daily total VMT. Our estimated marginal effect of telecommuting on worker’s daily total trips indicates that a telecommuter on average travels 38 vehicle miles more on a daily basis in 2001 and 45 vehicle miles more in 2009 compared with a non-telecommuter. These increases in VMT translate into a rather large increase in GHG emissions in the US equivalent to adding 7,248,845 cars in 2001 and 8,808,165 in 2009 to the road. Moreover, the difference of this marginal effect between 2001 and 2009 suggests the impact of telecommuting on worker’s daily total VMT had increased over time. With the emerging work arrangements to work from home, telecommuting has been welcomed in this changing environment, not only by individual workers and employers but also policymakers. But the outcomes seem to be opposite to what policy makers may have expected for GHG emission reductions.
Structure-directing effects in the crown ether-mediated syntheses of FAU and EMT zeolites

The structure-directing effects of 15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 in the syntheses of cubic faujasite (FAU) and hexagonal faujasite (EMT), respectively, have been investigated. The conformation and distribution of sodium/crown ether complexes during synthesis and in the product materials have been characterized by Raman spectroscopy and by solid-state 1H-13C CP NMR. The balance between the structure-directing influences of alkali metal ions and crown ethers on product formation has been investigated. The structural relationships between the two polymorphs of faujasite and the specificity of the crown ether structure-directing agents to these products are discussed in relation to a proposed mechanism of synthesis.
Relation of representative layer theory to other theories of diffuse reflection

There is currently no single theoretical treatment of diffuse reflectance data that is definitive and applicable to all cases. Continuous and discontinuous mathematical approaches have each been developed, and each has merits and limitations. Discontinuous approaches usually incorporate the feature of modeling a sample as a series of distinct layers, parallel to each other and perpendicular to the incident beam. The Representative Layer Theory has been proposed as a mechanism for modeling a particulate sample as a series of layers, enabling one to use the discontinuous mathematics. This paper outlines the Representative Layer Theory, compares and contrasts it with other theories of diffuse reflectance and presents examples that illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of the various theories.
System simulation model for high-pressure metal hydride hydrogen storage systems

Abstract On-board hydrogen storage systems employing high-pressure metal hydrides promise advantages including high volumetric capacities and cold start capability. In this paper, we discuss the development of a system simulation model in Matlab/Simulink platform. Transient equations for mass balance and energy balance are presented. Appropriate kinetic expressions are used for the absorption/desorption reactions for the Ti1.1CrMn metal hydride. During refueling, the bed is cooled by passing a coolant through tubes embedded within the bed while during driving, the bed is heated by pumping the radiator fluid through same set of tubes. The feasibility of using a high-pressure metal hydride storage system for automotive applications is discussed. Drive cycle simulations for a fuel cell vehicle are performed and detailed results are presented.
A lack of correlation between rat kidney mitochondrial swelling and glutaminase activation in metabolic acidosis

We found no overall correlation between mitochondrial swelling and PDG activity under many different conditions. We conclude that augmented PDG activity in acidosis is not related, at least to any great extent, to increased anion permeability produced by mitochondrial swelling.