cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How do older patients with chronic conditions view reading open visit notes

BACKGROUND We examine the experiences with and perceptions of the effect of reading clinical outpatient visit notes on patients with multiple chronic conditions at three healthcare organizations with significant experience sharing clinical notes with patients. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted via patient portals at three diverse healthcare organizations in the United States: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (Boston, MA), UW Medical Center (Seattle, WA), and Geisinger Health System (Danville, PA). Participants were aged 65 and older patient portal users who read at least one clinical note over the 12 months before the survey. We examined the effect of note reading on patient engagement and managing medications. RESULTS The majority of respondents had read two or more clinical notes in the 12 months before the survey. Patients with more than two chronic conditions were more likely than those with fewer or none to report that reading their notes helped them remember their care plan, take their medications as prescribed, and understand and feel more in control of their medications. Very few patients reported feeling worried or confused about their health or medications due to reading their notes. CONCLUSIONS Older patients with chronic conditions are particularly vulnerable to misremembering and mismanaging their care and medication plans. Findings from this study suggest that these patients and their care partners could receive important benefits from accessing their notes. Healthcare organizations should work to maximize patient's engagement with their health information both through the patient portal and through other methods to ensure that patients and the healthcare systems reap the full benefit of the increased transparency of medical records.
VELOCITY PROFILES AND DISPERSION IN ESTUARINE FLOW

The dispersion of pollutants in tidal waters is caused by turbulence and the shear effect of oscillatory, density, wind driven and steady flow currents. This investigation examines velocity gradients in an oscillatory system and the effects that these gradients have on the spread of pollutants. Velocity distributions are derived from the equations of motion and a mass balance relationship is used to model the dispersion process. The resulting equations can be used to estimate the spread of pollutants in the uniform density sections of estuaries in which tidal motion is the predominant mechanism of dispersion or combined with equations which represent the influence of density, wind driven or steady flow currents.
The Cambridge Companion to Jonathan Edwards

Long recognized as 'America's theologian', Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758) is seen as instrumental in the Great Awakening of the 1740s that gripped much of New England and that laid the groundwork for an American Protestant religious identity. This Cambridge Companion offers a general, comprehensive introduction to Jonathan Edwards and examines his life and works from various disciplinary perspectives including history, literature, theology, religious studies, and philosophy. The book consists of seventeen chapters written by leading religious scholars, historians and literary critics on Edwards' life, work, and legacy. The Companion will be an invaluable aid to teachers and scholars and will be imminently accessible to those just encountering Edwards for the first time.
Phylogeny of North American amblemines (Bivalvia, Unionoida): prodigious polyphyly proves pervasive across genera

Abstract. The subfamily Ambleminae is the most diverse subfamily of fresh-water mussels (order Unionoida), a globally diverse and ecologically prominent group of bivalves. About 250 amblemine species occur in North America; however, this diversity is highly imperiled, with the majority of species at risk. Assessing and protecting this diversity has been hampered by the uncertain systematics of this group. This study sought to provide an improved phylogenetic framework for the Ambleminae. Currently, 37 North American genera are recognized in Ambleminae. Previous phylogenetic studies of amblemines highlighted the need for more extensive sampling due to the uncertainties arising from polyphyly of many currently recognized taxa. The present study incorporated all amblemine genera occurring in North America north of the Rio Grande, with multiple species of most genera, including the type species for all but seven genera. A total of 192 new DNA sequences were obtained for three mitochondrial gene regions: COI, 16S, and ND1. In combination with published data, this produced a data matrix incorporating 357 gene sequences for 143 operational taxonomic units, representing 107 currently recognized species. Inclusion of published data provides additional taxa and a summary of present molecular evidence on amblemine phylogeny, if at the cost of increasing the amount of missing data. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses suggest that most amblemine genera, as currently defined, are polyphyletic. At higher taxonomic levels, the tribes Quadrulini, Lampsilini, and Pleurobemini were supported; the extent of Amblemini and the relationships of some genera previously assigned to that tribe remain unclear. The eastern North American amblemines appear monophyletic. Gonidea and some Eurasian taxa place as probable sister taxa for the eastern North American Ambleminae. The results also highlight problematic taxa of particular interest for further work.
Therapy with Older Clients: Key Strategies for Success, by Marc E. Agronin

Therapy With Older Clients: Key Strategies for Success has been written to educate people on how to conduct successful therapy sessions with older clients. Along with an introduction that explains ...
The study of superfloods

Evidence for large high-energy floods during the last ice age are accumulating from North America and Asia. In his Perspective, Baker provides a historic account of the study of such superfloods. As in much of geology, observation has preceded theory in this field, and the concept of consilience has prevailed as scientific hypotheses were confirmed through unexpected connnections.
Journalism and Human Rights : How Demographics Drive Media Coverage

Preface Morton Winston Overview: Illuminating Human Rights: How Demographics Drive Media Coverage John C. Pollock Part I: Cross-National Coverage of Human Rights 1. Cross-National Coverage of Human Trafficking: A Community Structure Approach Kelly Alexandre, Cynthia Sha, John C. Pollock, Kelsey Baier, and Jessica Johnson 2. Cross-national Coverage of HIV/AIDS: A Community Structure Approach James Etheridge, Kelsey Zinck, John C. Pollock, Christina Santiago, Kristen Halicki, and Alec Badalamenti 3. Cross-National Coverage of Water Handling: A Community Structure Approach Domenick Wissel, Kathleen Ward, John C. Pollock, Allura Hipper, Lauren Klein, and Stefanie Gratale 4. Cross-National Coverage of Child Labor: A Community Structure Approach Jordan Gauthier Kohn and John C. Pollock Part II: Multi-city US Nationwide Coverage of Human Rights 5. Nationwide Coverage of Same-Sex Marriage: A Community Structure Approach Victoria Vales, John C. Pollock, Victoria Scarfone, Carly Koziol, Amy Wilson, and Pat Flanagan 6. Nationwide Coverage of Detainee Rights at Guantanamo: A Community Structure Approach Kelsey Zink, Maggie Rogers, John C. Pollock, and Matthew Salvatore 7. Nationwide Coverage of Immigration Reform: A Community Structure Approach John C. Pollock, Stefanie Gratale, Kevin Teta, Kyle Bauer, and Elyse Hoekstra 8. Nationwide Coverage of Post-Traumatic Stress: A Community Structure Approach John C. Pollock, Stefanie Gratale, Angelica Anas, Emaleigh Kaithern and Kelly Johnson
Collective Hamiltonian derived from the pairing-plus-quadrupole model

Abstract The time-dependent Hartree-Bogolyubov treatment of the pairing-plus-quadrupole model, employed previously for the energy levels and the electromagnetic moments of W, Os and Pt nuclei, has been modified and extended to higher angular momentum states. Comparison with experiment is given for the energy levels, B (E2) values, quadrupole moments, magnetic moments, electric monopole transition moments, isomer shifts, E2/M1 mixing ratios and E0/E2 mixing ratios of 150 Sm and 152 Sm. Spectroscopic factors for one-proton, one-neutron and two-neutron transfer reactions are given. Microscopic and collective explanations are given for the transition from a vibrational-type spectrum for 150 Sm to a rotational-type spectrum for 152 Sm, the co-existence of a large Q 2 + with a vibrational-type spectrum and a small cross-over B (E2) in 150 Sm, band-mixing anomalies in 152 Sm, and signs of the mixing ratios δ ( E 2/ M 1) and e (E0/E2) in the two nuclei. However, the present model seems to break down in the case of the E2 branching ratios in 150 Sm.
Synthesizing Nature-nurture: Prenatal Roots of Instinctive Behavior

Contents: Series Preface. Preface. Formulating Probabilistic Epigenesis. Preliminaries to an Explicit Experimental Demonstration of Probabilistic Epigenesis. Experimental Demonstration of Probabilistic Epigenesis (in Two Parts). Perceptual Capabilities of Mallard Duck Embryos: Clarifying the Role of Experience. Experimental Demonstration of Probabilistic Epigenesis in Wood Ducklings. Experiential Canalization of Species-Specific Behavior. Modifiability of Species-Specific Behavior. Evolution of Probabilistic Epigenesis: History and Current Status of a Developmental-Psychobiological Systems Viewpoint. Toward a New Developmental and Evolutionary Synthesis.
Transcriptional regulation of Streptomyces coelicolor pathway-specific antibiotic regulators by the absA and absB loci.

The four antibiotics produced by Streptomyces coelicolor are all affected by mutations in the absA and absB loci. The absA locus encodes a putative two-component signal transduction system, and the absB locus encodes a homolog of Escherichia coli RNase III. We assessed whether these loci control synthesis of the antibiotics actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin by regulating transcript abundance from the biosynthetic and regulatory genes specific for each antibiotic. Strains that were Abs− (for antibiotic synthesis deficient) due to mutations in absA or absB were examined. In the Abs− absA mutant strain, transcripts for the actinorhodin biosynthetic genes actVI-ORF1 and actI, and for the pathway-specific regulatory gene actII-ORF4, were substantially lower in abundance than in the parent strain. The level of the transcript for the undecylprodigiosin pathway-specific regulatory gene redD was similarly reduced in this mutant. Additionally, a strain that exhibits precocious hyperproduction of antibiotics (Pha phenotype) due to disruption of the absA locus contained elevated levels of the actVI-ORF1, actII-ORF4, and redD transcripts. In the absB mutant strain, actVI-ORF1, actI, actII-ORF4, and redD transcript levels were also substantially lower than in the parent strain. These results establish that the abs genes affect production of antibiotics through regulation of expression of the antibiotic-specific regulatory genes in S. coelicolor.
Response of the early developmental stages of hatchery reared salmonids to major ions in a simulated mine effluent

Abstract In response to a potential revision by the state of Alaska to increase discharge limits for total dissolved solids (TDS) in the mining industry, we studied various life stages of hatchery reared salmonids exposed to the major ions in a simulated mine effluent at concentrations of salts up to 2500 mg l − 1 . Effects depended on the developmental stage and the exposure period. For short term (24- to 96-h) exposures the fertilization stage was most sensitive. Fertilization success was reduced with TDS as low as 250 mg l − 1 . A two-minute exposure to elevated TDS during fertilization was long enough to have deleterious effects on both fertilization success and later development. Embryos exposed to the simulated mine effluent continuously from just after fertilization through to swim-up had high post-hatch mortalities. Thus there may be at least two separate mechanisms of toxicity: an acute response at the moment of fertilization, resulting in low fertilization success, and a response to long-term exposure through swim-up, manifested by mortalities at the alevin stage. Sensitivity to dissolved salts with respect to fertilization success varied among different species of salmonids. Chinook, pink, and coho salmon were most sensitive, and Arctic charr were least sensitive to elevated salts. Specific ion tests indicated that Ca 2+ was a major contributor to decreased fertilization. We suggest that the current Alaska water quality standards of 1000 mg l − 1 for TDS should not be increased and may be too high for some species. In addition, salmonid fertilization trials may be an appropriate, relatively quick, assay for setting site-specific TDS contamination discharge limits.
From Alliance of Civilizations to Branding the Nation: Turkish Studies, Image Wars and Politics of Comparison in an Age of Neoliberalism

AbstractIn 2005, the United Nations launched the Alliance of Civilizations initiative, co-sponsored by the Spanish and Turkish governments, to address issues raised by “Clash of Civilizations” discourses in the aftermath of 9/11. In 2006, a series of “rebranding” initiatives were launched during the World Economic Forum meetings to repair the image of the Middle East and to propose Turkey as a “bridge between civilizations.” In this process, certain categories (e.g. civilization and the East/West) have informed the terms of relevance in these projects. This article engages these initiatives as politics of comparison—that is, comparison as a state-sponsored project to (re)position a state in a world order and to secure power. Such projects of comparison are important factors to consider the politics of positioning a nation state, and the categories that inform such alignments. In that light, this essay addresses the implications of such political projects for the production of knowledge in general, the dyn...
Reducing field emission in superconducting RF cavities for the next generation of particle accelerators

Heat treatment up to 1500 degrees C in an ultrahigh-vacuum furnace, along with processing of cavities and temperature mapping was used to suppress field emission and analyze emitter properties. In 27 tests of one-cell 1500-MHz fired accelerating cavities, on the average the accelerating field, E/sub acc/, increased to 24 MV/m (H/sub pk/=1250 Oe) from 13 MV/m with chemical treatment alone; the highest E/sub acc/ reached was 30.5 MV/m. Emitter properties, efficiency of He processing, and results of the exposure of well-processed RF surfaces to various media are also discussed.
Solution to the phase problem using x-ray interferometry.

We discuss the possibility of using the standing waves created in a perfect crystal by Bragg reflection to measure the phase of the structure factor, utilizing a technique similar to that used by Materlik et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 441 (1984)] to solve the surface registration problem. The phase information would be obtained by observing the fluorescence radiation emitted either by a monolayer of atoms adsorbed onto the crystal surface or by atoms isomorphically replaced in the top few layers of the crystal. While analysis shows this technique to be equivalent to obtaining phase information by Kossel-line analysis, several potential difficulties with that method should be eliminated.
Nonsurgical management of inflammatory periimplant disease caused by food impaction: A clinical report

The incidence, etiology, diagnosis, and management of infections and inflammatory disease around dental implants continue to be controversial. Although various researchers have described different etiologies and their ensuing treatments, none have proven to be definitive. Terms such as periimplant mucositis and periimplantitis have gained popularity. Food impaction into the periimplant sulcus and its role in inflammatory periimplant disease has not been previously reported in the literature. This article describes the nonsurgical management of a patient with a maxillary implant-supported overdenture, a recent history of pain, and suppuration around one of the implants. A detailed analysis of the patient's history and clinical findings indicated a differential diagnosis of impaction of husks of masticated sunflower seeds into the periimplant sulcus. The situation was successfully resolved in 1 week by local irrigation with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate and the use of systemic antibiotics.
Brain protection: maybe yes, maybe no.

A growing community of researchers has questioned the merits of the translational process in stroke and has championed the need for proof-of-concept studies to explain why >100 clinical stroke studies have failed.1,2 On the positive side, no published laboratory results or strong theoretical arguments have been advanced to indicate that human neurons, glia, and blood vessels are necessarily resistant to protection with drugs or devices. In fact, proof of principle has been established for many agents in cultured cells as well as in rodent and subhuman primate stroke models. Therefore, it is important to understand the reasons why an apparent disconnect exists between preclinical and clinical trial results. The answers may lie partly in shortcomings and breaches in the translational process that repeatedly compromise adequate drug testing in both preclinical and clinical arenas. On the positive side, it may be argued that a formula for human brain protection has been established, that is, by delivering in a timely manner oxygen as well as glucose and by removing wastes from ischemic tissue. That formula has met with success for reperfusion strategies in vivo and for maintaining cultured cells and brain slices in vitro. Some success has also been achieved using hypothermia to treat victims of cardiac arrest and global ischemia. The pleiotropic actions of hypothermia have taught us that protection may be better achieved by targeting multiple rather than individual death pathways as well as by reducing energy demand and energy consumption. Some of the same lessons may also apply to the promising and emerging field of preconditioning whose tissue-sparing effects appear to rely on upregulation of multiple endogenous protective mechanisms. Lessons from the transplant field are also instructive as surgeons have become increasingly sophisticated about maintaining organ viability ex vivo for many hours in the absence of a blood …
Gamma camera detection of oleic acid alveolar-capillary albumin leak

Abstract The computerized gamma camera was able to record and quantitate the alveolar-capillary membrane leak of radioactive technetium-99m-tagged human serum albumin in two dogs following intravenous oleic acid. In dog 1, given 0.1 ml/kg oleic acid, the increase in lung: heart radioactivity ratio, following oleic acid, became statistically significant within 12 (P
Towards an Anthropology of Language Acquisition.

Abstract Current theories of language acquisition are limited by the data base they seek to explain. Focusing exclusively on the acquisition of a relative handful of languages inevitably leads to theories which assume some property of these languages is universal, and therefore exploitable in acquiring language. An anthropological perspective serves as a reminder of the extent to which languages may differ. A better appreciation of these differences is necessary to understand the child's potential to acquire any human language. This paper explores some ways in which an anthropological perspective provides the necessary basis for an account of several aspects of the acquisition process. The prelinguistic period of development is one with enormous differences between cultures. The patterns of development in phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics also appear to be profoundly influenced by the adult language structures. Only generalizations that are valid across the full range of cultural and linguistic diversity can contribute to the explanation of language acquisition.
Changes in enzymatic activities in etiolated bean seedling leaves after a brief illumination.

The phytochrome controlled increase in total protein in the primary leaf pair of etiolated bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var. Black Valentine) seedlings, which occurs during growth in the dark subsequent to a brief illumination, was investigated. Enzymes from the chloroplasts, the mitochondria, and the soluble cytoplasm all increase in total activity after the illumination.The total protein and the ribulose carboxylase increases are not inhibited by FUdR, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, applied at a time when the ribulose carboxylase activity increase has already commenced, blocks further increase. It was concluded that the total protein and the enzyme increases in the leaf are the result of increases in the per cell levels.The initial brief illumination is saturating, but 40 minutes later the seedlings have acquired the ability to respond to a second brief illumination. The rate of increase in ribulose carboxylase activity in seedlings that have been illuminated twice is greater than the rate in seedlings that have been illuminated only once.Far-red light prevents further increase in enzyme activity 48 hours after the initial illumination. There is a lag period interposed between the time of illumination with far-red light and the time at which the seedlings show the greatest effect of far-red light. It was concluded that the phytochrome influence on protein synthesis is not at the terminal steps.
Rapid versus Delayed Stimulation of Feeding by the Endogenously Released AgRP Neuron Mediators GABA, NPY, and AgRP

Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons of the hypothalamus release a fast transmitter (GABA) in addition to neuropeptides (neuropeptide Y [NPY] and Agouti-related peptide [AgRP]). This raises questions as to their respective functions. The acute activation of AgRP neurons robustly promotes food intake, while central injections of AgRP, NPY, or GABA agonist results in the marked escalation of food consumption with temporal variance. Given the orexigenic capability of all three of these neuroactive substances in conjunction with their coexpression in AgRP neurons, we looked to unravel their relative temporal role in driving food intake. After the acute stimulation of AgRP neurons with DREADD technology, we found that either GABA or NPY is required for the rapid stimulation of feeding, and the neuropeptide AgRP, through action on MC4 receptors, is sufficient to induce feeding over a delayed yet prolonged period. These studies help to elucidate the neurochemical mechanisms of AgRP neurons in controlling temporally distinct phases of eating.
Cloning and expression of the NaeI restriction endonuclease-encoding gene and sequence analysis of the NaeI restriction-modification system

NaeI, a type-II restriction-modification (R-M) system from the bacterium Nocardia aerocolonigenes, recognizes the sequence 5'-GCCGGC. The NaeI DNA methyltransferase (MTase)-encoding gene, naeIM, had been cloned previously in Escherichia coli [Van Cott and Wilson, Gene 74 (1988) 55-59]. However, none of these clones expressed detectable levels of the restriction endonuclease (ENase). The absence of the intact ENase-encoding gene (naeIR) within the isolated MTase clones was confirmed by recloning the MTase clones into Streptomyces lividans. The complete NaeI system was finally cloned using E. coli AP1-200 [Piekarowicz et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 19 (1991) 1831-1835] and less stringent MTase-selection conditions. The naeIR gene was expressed first by cloning into S. lividans, and later by cloning under control of a regulated promoter in an E. coli strain preprotected by the heterologous MspI MTase (M.MspI). The DNA sequence of the NaeI R-M system has been determined, analyzed and compared to previously sequenced R-M systems.
Word processing and writing apprehension in first and second language writers

Advocates of computer use in composition classes often argue that using computers will reduce writing apprehension, improve attitudes toward writing, and make the writing process easier for students. This should also hold true for second language writers, whose attitudes toward writing and English may include more fear and apprehension than those of first language writers (Betancourt & Phinney, 1988). However, there is little empirical evidence to show that using computers to write can indeed reduce apprehension and improve students‘ attitudes. This study used two measures, Daly and Miller’s (1975a) Writing Apprehension Test (WAT) and Rose’s (1984) Writing Attitude Questionnaire (WAQ), to examine changes in writing apprehension and blocking behavior among first and second language writers in first year composition classes using computers.
Intrinsic Propensities of Amino Acid Residues in GxG Peptides Inferred from Amide I′ Band Profiles and NMR Scalar Coupling Constants

A reliable intrinsic propensity scale of amino acid residues is indispensable for an assessment of how local conformational distributions in the unfolded state can affect the folding of peptides and proteins. Short host−guest peptides, such as GxG tripeptides, are suitable tools for probing such propensities. To explore the conformational distributions sampled by the central amino acid residue in these motifs, we combined vibrational (IR, Raman, and VCD) with NMR spectroscopy. The data were analyzed in terms of a superposition of two-dimensional Gaussian distribution functions in the Ramachandran space pertaining to subensembles of polyproline II, β-strand, right- and left-handed helical, and γ-turn-like conformations. The intrinsic propensities of eight amino acid residues (x = A, V, F, L, S, E, K, and M) in GxG peptides were determined as mole fractions of these subensembles. Our results show that alanine adopts primarily (∼80%) a PPII-like conformation, while valine and phenylalanine were found to samp...
Serial Echocardiographic and Clinical Evaluation of Valvular Regurgitation Before, During, and After Treatment with Fenfluramine or Dexfenfluramine and Mazindol or Phentermine

RYAN, DONNA H., GEORGE A. BRAY, FRED HELMCKE, GARY SANDER, JULIA VOLAUFOVA, FRANK GREENWAY, PRAMILLA SUBRAMANIAM, AND D. LUKE GLANCY. Serial echocardiographic and clinical evaluation of valvular regurgitation before, during, and after treatment with fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine and mazindol or phentermine. Obes Res. Objective: The prevalence of cardiac valvular regurgitation demonstrated by echocardiography in patients who took appetite-suppressant medication for weight loss has been assessed at 5%-30%. We studied 86 patients who had echo-cardiograms before treatment with appetite suppressants to determine the incidence of new cases and to evaluate the clinical implication of the echocardiographic findings. Research Methods and Procedures: We studied 69 men [Mean± Standard Deviation (S) age 49±81] and 17 women (mean±S age 50±7) who had 233 echocardiograms before, during, and after a weight-loss program that used predominantly fenfluramine (or dexfenfluramine) with mazindol (or phentermine). Mean drug exposure was 17 months. Blinded echocardiographic readings were performed to identify and grade aortic regurgitation (AR) or mitral regurgitation (MR). Results: Seven of 86 patients (8%) had pre-existing regurgitation with five (6%) meeting our case definition. Thirteen (16. 5%) of initially normal patients developed valvular regurgitation and were new cases. Of the new cases, 12 were grade IAV AR and one was both grade II/III MR and IIDV AR. All 13 patients were asymptomatic, and only two aortic insufficiency murmurs could be auscultated. There was significantly greater risk for developing valvulopathy for those who took medications longer than 6 months (p = 0. 03), and no new cases were observed in patients exposed for less than 8 months. No increased risk associated with age, presence of hypertension, or exposure to fenfluramine-phentermine combination was demonstrated. Although there was a higher incidence of new regurgitation in women (31% vs. 13% for men), this was not statistically significant (p = 0. 093). Discussion: Some patients who had normal echocardiograms at baseline developed cardiac valvular regurgitation after exposure to fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine with mazindol or phentermine. The development of valvulopathy was significantly correlated with duration of exposure. The clinical implications of echocardiographically demonstrated regurgitation are uncertain, since there were only two audible murmurs and no other clinically relevant signs or symptoms among the patients.
Cranial irradiation in acute leukemia: dose estimate in the lens.

Abstract Cranial irradiation for subclinical arachnoid infiltration is standard treatment in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. The incidental dose received by the ocular lens is of potential importance since these children evidence a significant long-term survival rate. Comparison of the lens dose using 6 MV and 4 MV photon beams and a cobalt unit is presented in terms of ion chamber measurements in a water phantom and thermo-luminescent dosimetry (TLD) measurements in a head phantom. TLD measurements on patients treated for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) are examined and used to estimate the dose to the lens. It is demonstrated that the dose to the lens depends strongly on the choice of field margin and on the daily patient set-up. However, using parallel opposed beams in a clinically determined optimal set-up, the dose to the lens is approximately 20–30% of the midline central axis dose. By angling the treatment head to eliminate the geometrical divergence of the beam, it is possible to reduce the lens dose to approximately 15% of the midline dose.
Result equal zero predictor for 3-1 interlock collapsing ALUs

An algorithm for predicting result equal zero for a 3-1, two's complement interlock collapsing ALUs is presented. The proposed algorithm is proved to be correct and is applied to two implementation schemes that have been suggested to realize a high speed interlock collapsing ALU design in CMOS technology. It is concluded that result equal zero can be predicted in approximately the same delay as required to produce the results from the 3-1 ALU suggesting that the incorporation of the proposed algorithm in the 3-1 ALU design will result in improving the delay associated with the implementation of such units.
Complete radiative terms for the electron/electronic energy equation

A derivation of the radiative terms in the electron/electronic energy equation is presented, properly accounting for the effects of absorption and emission of radiation on the individual energy modes of the gas. This electron/electronic energy equation with the complete radiative terms has successfully been used to model the radiation-dominated precursor ahead of the bow shock of a hypersonic vehicle entering the Earth`s atmosphere. 8 refs.
Instrumental Texture of White Salted Noodles Prepared from Recombinant Inbred Lines of Wheat Differing in the Three Granule Bound Starch Synthase (Waxy) Genes

Abstract Texture is a key quality determinant of white salted noodles (WSN). Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) (n=130) of wheat with all combinations of the three Waxy genes provided a unique opportunity to relate granule bound starch synthase (GBSS) gene dosage with the texture of WSN using texture profile analysis. Harder noodles tended to be more adhesive and chewier (r=−0·68 and 0·97, respectively), whereas a reduction in adhesiveness was correlated with greater cohesiveness (r=0·65), springiness (r=0·72), and resilience (r=0·66). Cohesiveness and resilience were highly correlated (r=0·94). Highly significant variation existed among the RILs for all noodle texture parameters. Normal starch RIL noodles tended to produce the hardest, most adhesive and chewy, but least cohesive, springy and resilient noodles. Full waxy RIL noodles were the softest, thickest, least adhesive and chewy, and most cohesive and springy. Partial waxy RIL noodles generally were intermediate in texture. The GBSS genotype comprised 27–68% of the variance of noodle texture compared to 27–60% variance for RILs within GBSS class. Based on these results, starch composition is a major contributor to the texture of white salted noodles.
The Trouble with Unifying Narratives: African Americans and the Civil Rights Movement in U.S. History Content Standards.

Abstract This textual analysis is a collective case study of K-12 United States History content standards in light of how they represent the historical experiences of African Americans during the Civil Rights Movement. The study uses a multi-perspective critical conceptual framework to evaluate the standards for nine state-level polities on both the quality of treatment and the orientation of how African Americans are depicted in the standards. Analysis revealed that the reviewed standards tend to discourage rigorous historical thinking in favor of non-conflictual narrative perspectives that accentuate the historical contributions of African Americans within a framework of linear social progress. This curricular approach is ultimately problematic because it encourages teachers and students to rely on convenient historical archetypes to construct a usable past, rather than problematizing the past and present experiences of African Americans.
Crowdsourcing—Harnessing the Masses to Advance Health and Medicine, a Systematic Review

Objective Crowdsourcing research allows investigators to engage thousands of people to provide either data or data analysis. However, prior work has not documented the use of crowdsourcing in health and medical research. We sought to systematically review the literature to describe the scope of crowdsourcing in health research and to create a taxonomy to characterize past uses of this methodology for health and medical research.
Spawning seasonality and body sizes at sexual maturity in the bluespine unicornfish, Naso unicornis (Acanthuridae)

We herein evaluate several reproductive metrics of Hawaiian Archipelagic populations of the bluespine unicornfish (Naso unicornis), an economically and ecologically important, broadly distributed tropical Pacific reef fish, based on multi-year, fishery-dependent and fishery-independent collections. Sex-specific spawning seasonality was characterized for fish collected mostly from Oahu (Main Hawaiian Islands, MHI) using a gonadosomatic index. Histological slides preparations were used to score gonad developmental phase and to classify individuals of either sex as immature or mature. Sex-specific median body lengths at maturity (L50) were estimated by logistic fits of proportion mature versus length class. Spawning was highly seasonal in Hawaii, with a single brief (May–June) peak spawning period. Proportionate gonad-to-body weight values were relatively low, averaging only about 0.1 % and 0.6 % across all months of year and 0.16 % and 1.03 % during May–June for males and females, respectively. Median lengths at sexual maturity differed between the sexes. L50 values for fish collected throughout all months of year were 30.1 ± 0.5 (standard error) cm Fork Length (FL) for males and 35.5 ± 0.7 cm FL for females. Spawning seasonality and L50 estimates for bluespine unicornfish in Hawaii suggest that the species spawns several months earlier in the calendar year and matures at larger body lengths in Hawaii versus Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Pohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia. Estimated lengths at sexual maturity are compared to the minimum length (14 inches or 35.6 cm FL) mandated for this species in Hawaii: median size at maturity occurs at a length appreciably less than (males) or approximately equal to (females) minimum legal size. A likely disproportionately large contribution of old females to population replenishment is discussed relative to the minimum size limit.
Financing a College Education: How it Works, How It's Changing

5 Introduction by D. Bruce Johnstone 6 How Financing a College Education Works 7 How Do Students and Families Pay for College? by John B. Lee 8 College Costs: Who Pays and Why It Matters So by Gordon C. Winston 9 Need Analysis: How We Decide Who Gets What by Sandy Baum 10 The Student Aid Industry by Michael Mumper 11 The Changing Characteristics of Undergraduate Borrowers by Kenneth E. Redd 12 How Financing a College Education is Changing 13 The New Politics of Higher Education by A. Clayton Spencer 14 Merit-Based versus Need-Based Aid: The Continual Issues for Policymakers by Joseph D. Creech 15 Student Aid after Tax Reform: Risks and Opportunities by Thomas J. Kane 16 State Policy Response to the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 by Kristin D. Conklin 17 Crisis or Convenience: Why Are Students Borrowing More? by Jacqueline E. King 18 Financial Aid Is Not Enough: Improving the Odds for Minority and Low-Income Students by Lawrence E. Gladieux and Watson Scott Swail 19 Conclusion by Jacqueline E. King
An electron spectrometer with a superconducting magnet transporter for in-beam use

Abstract An electron spectrometer consisting of a superconducting solenoidal magnet transporter and a Si(Li) detector as the energy dispersive element for use in in-beam spectroscopy is described. The spectrometer has been used in the lens mode with a baffle system. A transmission of up to 5% of 4π has been obtained, with a momentum window of about 20%. Techniques are described for using fissionable targets to obtain prompt in-beam conversion electron spectra.
Restoration of the Mississippi River Gorge: Issues and Research Needs

The Mississippi River Gorge has long been of central importance ecologically and economically to the Twin Cities, Minnesota region. It was unique for its high-gradient, boulder-cobble bed along the Mississippi that was valuable for fish and mussel habitat prior to alteration by locks and dams. Gorge restoration is increasingly discussed, as the river corridor is used more for recreation, commercial, and residential purposes rather than industrial uses. This study was intended to provide a synthesis of existing restoration work in the Gorge, an initial feasibility assessment of restoration actions, and to recommend next steps for restoration and research. We reviewed existing restoration activities and assessed the feasibility of restoring components of the ecosystem for ecological, historical, recreational and economic reasons, using the TELOS framework as an analytical tool. Some components of the Gorge ecosystem can be reestablished without removing the Ford Dam, which submerges part of the Gorge, including islands and historic and cultural features. However, some goals require dam removal, particularly fish and aquatic mussel passage. Future restoration is also limited by reservoir sedimentation. Some steps could be undertaken immediately to increase awareness of the Gorge’s historical and ecological value and to collect further information required for restoration activities. More information is needed on the nature of sediment deposits, contaminants, and existing streambed materials before doing intensive ecological restoration. As the Ford Dam ages and maintenance costs increase while demand for parkland increases, the benefits of removal will increase.
Raindrop Breakup in the Shock Layer of a High-speed Vehicle

The problem of predicting raindrop breakup effects in the shock layer of a high-speed vehicle is discussed. Relevant experimental data, obtained in a shock tube with shadowgraph and x-ray photography, are presented in the form of correlations of the nondimensional time to breakup with the Weber number, together with the drop mass variation and trajectory as a function of nondimensional time. The relationship between the experimental situation and the flight case is delineated for the stagnation and downstream conical-flow regions of a high-speed shock layer. Based on the experimental correlations, calculations are made of the impacting drop mass fractions, velocities, and impact angles for a vehicle traversing a rainstorm.
A computer simulation approach for analyzing occupational accidents

How do accidents happen? A question that plagued scientific research for years, but remains the main concern for research and practitioners in safety and health. No one theory seems to be adequate to explain all accidents. Epidemiology offers some insight into the accident investigation by analyzing the interaction of host, agent, and environment. Only the modeling approach offers the flexibility needed to study all the factors involved in the accident phenomenon. This study used a computer algorithm, the Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (Q-GERT), to model the accident process. Five simulation examples were presented to illustrate the basic concepts and flexibility of the proposed approach. Discussion focused on the usefulness of this simulation technique as an aid for the accident investigator in the discovery of potential hazards in the occupational system. Language: en
Pegfilgrastim for the prevention of febrile neutropenia in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma--a cost-effectiveness analysis.

The objective is to assess the cost-effectiveness of pegfilgrastim for the prevention of hospitalization due to febrile neutropenia (FN) in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) receiving taxane/platinum-based chemotherapy. A decision analysis model evaluated a hypothetical cohort of 10,000 patients receiving six cycles of taxane/platinum-based chemotherapy for EOC. Three strategies were analyzed for the prevention of hospitalization due to FN: 1) dose modifications and delays after a hospitalization for FN without the use of granulocyte–colony stimulating factors (G-CSF) (NO G-CSF); 2) all patients receive G-CSF with each chemotherapy cycle (1° PROPHYLAXIS); 3) patients receive G-CSF for all subsequent chemotherapy cycles after a hospitalization for FN (2° PROPHYLAXIS). The model was applied to two patient populations: 1) an average-risk population (FN hospitalization rate = 5%); 2) a high-risk population (FN hospitalization rate = 16%). Using baseline assumptions in an average-risk population, NO G-CSF was the least expensive strategy with a cost of $68 million and resulted in 2,860 hospitalizations for FN. 2° PROPHYLAXIS resulted in 141 fewer hospitalizations than NO G-CSF at a cost of $76,288 per hospitalization prevented. 1° PROPHYLAXIS was the most effective and resulted in 1,689 fewer hospitalizations for FN compared to NO G-CSF at a cost of $47,343 per hospitalization prevented. When this model is applied to a high-risk patient population, 1° PROPHYLAXIS is more effective and less expensive than both NO G-CSF and 2° PROPHYLAXIS. We conclude that in average-risk patients receiving chemotherapy for EOC the use of pegfilgrastim is effective at reducing hospitalizations due to FN, but at a significant cost. However, in high-risk patients, primary prophylaxis is the only cost-effective strategy and should be strongly considered.
From the agora to the electronic shopping mall

From the agora, to the market, to “main street,” places of commerce have been traditional sites for interpersonal interaction. With the development of strip malls, shopping malls, mail order alternatives, and the electronic options provided by the computer, telephone, and fax, the life and commerce of the street have been altered radically. Shop‐at‐home television has become a billion‐dollar industry in the United States. This paper examines the nuances and implications of the electronic transformation of the marketplace.
DEAD-Box Proteins Unwind Duplexes by Local Strand Separation

DEAD-box proteins catalyze ATP-driven, local structural changes in RNA or RNA-protein complexes (RNP) during which only few RNA base pairs are separated. It is unclear how duplex unwinding by DEAD-box proteins differs from unwinding by canonical helicases, which can separate many base pairs by directional and processive translocation on the nucleic acid, starting from a helical end. Here, we show that two different DEAD-box proteins, Ded1p and Mss116p, can unwind RNA duplexes from internal as well as terminal helical regions and act on RNA segments as small as two nucleotides flanked by DNA. The data indicate that duplex unwinding by DEAD-box proteins is based on local destabilization of RNA helical regions. No directional movement of the enzymes through the duplex is involved. We propose a three-step mechanism in which DEAD-box proteins unwind duplexes as "local strand separators." This unwinding mode is well-suited for local structural changes in complex RNA or RNP assemblies.
Uniqueness in the theory of variational inequalities

For a given convex set K in Rn, we look for the conditions on the matrix A which ensure uniqueness of the solution x∗ in K to the standard variational inequality: (Ax∗ − b)T)(x − x∗) ⩾ 0 for all x in K. If K is the unit ball, or any smooth compact strictly convex set, then x∗ is unique for every b if and only if A is both invertible and semidefinite. On the unit cube, the condition on A is the same as the one discovered by Samelson, Thrall, and Wesler for K = R+n: all principal minors must have positive determinants. We briefly discuss the generalizations to infinite dimensions.
Proteomics and electron microscopic characterization of the unusual mitochondrial ribosome-related 45S complex in Leishmania tarentolae

Abstract A novel type of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex has been described from the kinetoplast-mitochondria of Leishmania tarentolae. The complex, termed the 45S SSU*, contains the 9S small subunit rRNA but does not contain the 12S large subunit rRNA. This complex is the most stable and abundant mitochondrial RNP complex present in Leishmania. As shown by tandem mass spectrometry, the complex contains at least 39 polypeptides with a combined molecular mass of almost 2.1 MDa. These components include several homologs of small subunit ribosomal proteins (S5, S6, S8, S9, S11, S15, S16, S17, S18, MRPS29); however, most of the polypeptides present are unique. Only a few of them show recognizable motifs, such as protein–protein (coiled-coil, Rhodanese) or protein–RNA (pentatricopeptide repeat) interaction domains. A cryo-electron microscopy examination of the 45S SSU* fraction reveals that 27% of particles represent SSU homodimers arranged in a head-to-tail orientation, while the majority of particles are clearly different and show an asymmetric bilobed morphology. Multiple classes of two-dimensional averages were derived for the asymmetrical particles, probably reflecting random orientations of the particles and difficulties in correlating these views with the known projections of ribosomal complexes. One class of the two-dimensional averages shows a SSU moiety attached to a protein mass or masses in a monosome-like appearance. The combined mass spectrometry and electron microscopy data thus indicate that the majority 45S SSU* particles represents a heterodimeric complex in which the SSU of the Leishmania mitochondrial ribosome is associated with an additional protein mass. The biological role of these particles is not known.
Epidemiology of carcinoma in situ of the upper aerodigestive tract.

Epidemiologic analyses of upper aerodigestive tract (UAT) carcinoma in situ (CIS) are nonexistent, hence only hospital records and surgical pathology resources are available for its descriptive characterization. The National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results investigation has, however, published valuable raw data pertaining to CIS of the UAT. This information is analyzed here and summarized for the first time, demonstrating the following: a male incidence rate which is four times greater than the female rate (0.8/100,000 males versus 0.2/100,000 females); similar ages at diagnosis for both sexes (62.7 and 60.0 years of age for males and females, respectively); no significant urban/ rural incidence differences; that CIS represents 2.8% of all UAT malignancies; that 2.0% of all CIS lesions in humans are found at UAT sites; and that CIS of the uterine cervix is not a good model for CIS of the UAT.
Influences of temperature and adenine concentration upon the cultural instability of a red adenine auxotroph of Candida albicans.

(1967). Influences of Temperature and Adenine Concentration Upon the Cultural Instability of a Red Adenine Auxotroph of Candida Albicans. Mycologia: Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 671-688.