cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF VEGAN DIETS ON BLOOD PRESSURE IN ADULTS: A META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED TRIALS

Abstract Background Vegan diets are increasing in popularity and have beneficial effects on glycemia and blood lipids, but the evidence is inconclusive regarding their effect on blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to review the effect of vegan diets on blood pressure in adults. Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov for records that compared a vegan diet with any less restrictive diet and reported pre- and postintervention systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts for randomized, controlled clinical trials in individuals ≥18 years of age and older. We used the PRISMA guidelines to select 11 clinical trials from 1673 records. Data synthesis was performed through a random-effects model. Results The pooled data included 983 participants. Compared with less restrictive diets, a vegan diet did not result in a significant change in systolic (−1.33 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval [CI], −3.50-0.84; P = .230) or diastolic (−1.21 mm Hg; 95% CI, −3.06-0.65; P = .203) blood pressure. A prespecified subgroup analysis of studies with baseline systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg revealed that a vegan diet resulted in a mean decrease in the systolic (−4.10 mm Hg; 95% CI, −8.14 to −0.06; P = .047) and diastolic (−4.01 mm Hg; 95% CI, −5.97 to −2.05; P = 0.000) blood pressures. Conclusion The changes in blood pressure induced by a vegan diet without caloric restrictions are comparable with those induced by dietary approaches recommended by medical societies and portion-controlled diets.
Hybrid Silicon-Conductive Oxide Microring Resonators with 261pm/V Tunability

We designed and demonstrated a silicon microring filter with indium-tin oxide gate as the electric-tuning electrode. It achieved ultra-large resonance wavelength tunability of 261pm/V, which is obtained through the high-K HfO 2 insulated capacitor.© 2019 The Author(s)
Escaping the Libido Dominandi: Authority and Accountability in Jenson’s Ecclesiology:

A common criticism of Robert W. Jenson is that his ecclesiology risks being overly hierarchical and potentially authoritarian due to the close connection he draws between the work of the Holy Spiri...
Barriers and Facilitators to Parental Help-Seeking for Young Children With Developmental Delays: A Qualitative Investigation:

This study examined influences, factors, and processes associated with parental recognition and response to developmental concerns through interviews and focus groups with six Spanish- and 17 Engli...
Ex Vivo Pressurized Hippocampal Capillary-Parenchymal Arteriole Preparation for Functional Study

From subtle behavioral alterations to late-stage dementia, vascular cognitive impairment typically develops following cerebral ischemia. Stroke and cardiac arrest are remarkably sexually dimorphic diseases, and both induce cerebral ischemia. However, progress in understanding the vascular cognitive impairment, and then developing sex-specific treatments, has been partly limited by challenges in investigating the brain microcirculation from mouse models in functional studies. Here, we present an approach to examine the capillary-to-arteriole signaling in an ex vivo hippocampal capillary-parenchymal arteriole (HiCaPA) preparation from mouse brain. We describe how to isolate, cannulate, and pressurize the microcirculation to measure arteriolar diameter in response to capillary stimulation. We show which appropriate functional controls can be used to validate the HiCaPA preparation integrity and display typical results, including testing potassium as a neurovascular coupling agent and the effect of the recently characterized inhibitor of the Kir2 inward rectifying potassium channel family, ML133. Further, we compare the responses in preparations obtained from male and female mice. While these data reflect functional investigations, our approach can also be used in molecular biology, immunochemistry, and electrophysiology studies.
The role of empathy and social anxiety in Latinx adolescents' indirect peer aggression during the transition to high school.

The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between decreased empathy (i.e., cognitive and affective) and indirect and cyber peer aggression among Latinx adolescents during their transition to high school. Further, we examined the degree to which social anxiety moderated this relationship. Participants were 469 Latinx ninth graders, ages 13-17 years (M = 14.52, SD = 0.58; 58% girls). Adolescents completed the Revised Peer Experiences Questionnaire, Cyber Peer Experiences Questionnaire, Basic Empathy Scale, and Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents at two different time points, 3 months apart. Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed concurrent and prospective relationships between lower cognitive empathy and the perpetration of both indirect and cyber aggression. In addition, social anxiety moderated the concurrent associations between both types of empathy and both types of aggression perpetration. Results suggest that interventions that facilitate cognitive empathy and decrease social anxiety may help to reduce adolescents' indirect and cyber aggression toward peers throughout the high school transition.
Rescue of Nimodipine-Induced Refractory Vasoplegia With Hydroxocobalamin in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Case Report.

Background We report a case of refractory vasoplegia after nimodipine administration that was unresponsive to triple vasopressor therapy and was rescued by IV hydroxocobalamin. Case summary An 84-year-old male presented comatose from a subarachnoid hemorrhage and developed severe hypotension unresponsive to three vasopressors following a single dose of enteral nimodipine. Multisystem point-of-care ultrasonography ruled out alternate etiologies of shock, indicating that this was likely a vasoplegic state caused by nimodipine. We administered 5 grams of IV hydroxocobalamin over 15 minutes due to the possibility of impaired nitric oxide metabolism as the driver of vasoplegia. This led to immediate improvement in hemodynamics and rapid discontinuation of vasopressors. The patient experienced chromaturia but no other adverse effects due to hydroxocobalamin. Conclusions Nimodipine administration is a standard practice for patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage to reduce unfavorable outcomes from cerebral vasospasm. Although mild hypotension is a common side effect of nimodipine, in rare cases, it may become profound, leading to refractory vasoplegia. There is no evidence-base for reversal agents for nimodipine-induced vasoplegia, and this case is the first to demonstrate successful use of hydroxocobalamin as a potential rescue therapy. We also propose an algorithm for treatment of vasoplegia with consideration of medications that act on nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation and their side-effect profiles.
Halpha Morphologies and Environmental Effects in Virgo Cluster Spiral Galaxies

We describe the various Halpha morphologies of Virgo Cluster and isolated spiral galaxies, and associate the Halpha morphologies with the types of environmental interactions which have altered the cluster galaxies. The spatial distributions of Halpha and R-band emission are used to divide the star formation morphologies of the 52 Virgo Cluster spirals into several categories: normal (37%), anemic (6%), enhanced (6%), and (spatially) truncated (52%). Truncated galaxies are further subdivided based on their inner star formation rates into truncated/normal (37%), truncated/compact (6%), truncated/anemic (8%), and truncated/enhanced (2%). The fraction of anemic galaxies is relatively small (6-13%) in both environments, suggesting that starvation is not a major factor in the reduced star formation rates of Virgo spirals. The majority of Virgo spiral galaxies have their Halpha disks truncated (52%), whereas truncated Halpha disks are rarer in isolated galaxies (12%). Most of the Halpha-truncated galaxies have relatively undisturbed stellar disks and normal-to-slightly enhanced inner disk star formation rates, suggesting that ICM-ISM stripping is the main mechanism causing the reduced star formation rates of Virgo spirals. In other galaxies, the Halpha morphologies are more consistent with a tidal origin or perhaps outer cluster HI accretion. These results indicate that most Virgo spiral galaxies experience ICM-ISM stripping, many experience significant tidal effects, and many experience both. (abridged).
Therapeutic Potential of NTRK3 Inhibition in Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor.

Purpose: Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a highly lethal intra-abdominal sarcoma of adolescents and young adults. DSRCT harbors a t(11;22)(p13:q12) that generates the EWSR1-WT1 chimeric transcription factor, the key oncogenic driver of DSRCT. EWSR1-WT1 rewires global gene expression networks and activates aberrant expression of targets that together mediate oncogenesis. EWSR1-WT1 also activates a neural gene expression program. Experimental Design: Among these neural markers, we found prominent expression of neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor 3 (NTRK3), a druggable receptor tyrosine kinase. We investigated the regulation of NTRK3 by EWSR1-WT1 and its potential as a therapeutic target in vitro and in vivo, the latter using novel patient-derived models of DSRCT. Results: We found that EWSR1-WT1 binds upstream of NTRK3 and activates its transcription. NTRK3 mRNA is highly expressed in DSRCT compared with other major chimeric transcription factor–driven sarcomas and most DSRCTs are strongly immunoreactive for NTRK3 protein. Remarkably, expression of NTRK3 kinase domain mRNA in DSRCT is also higher than in cancers with NTRK3 fusions. Abrogation of NTRK3 expression by RNAi silencing reduces growth of DSRCT cells and pharmacologic targeting of NTRK3 with entrectinib is effective in both in vitro and in vivo models of DSRCT. Conclusions: Our results indicate that EWSR1-WT1 directly activates NTRK3 expression in DSRCT cells, which are dependent on its expression and activity for growth. Pharmacologic inhibition of NTRK3 by entrectinib significantly reduces growth of DSRCT cells both in vitro and in vivo, providing a rationale for clinical evaluation of NTRK3 as a therapeutic target in DSRCT.
Type 2B von Willebrand Disease in Pregnancy: A Systematic Literature Review.

Our objective was to review the maternal characteristics and obstetric complications in women with type 2B von Willebrand disease (VWD). A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov. We included all publications that addressed type 2B VWD in pregnancy. Our primary and secondary outcomes were incidence of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and incidence of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Two reviewers independently identified eligible studies and abstracted data including maternal characteristics, hematologic characteristics, treatment, and delivery outcomes. Twenty studies met inclusion criteria. There were 27 women (32 pregnancies) with type 2B VWD. Primary PPH was reported in 9/20 women (45%) and secondary PPH was reported in 6/13 women (46%). Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy was present in 27/28 women (96%); 23/27 women (85%) had platelet count <100 × 109/L, mean 33.7 ± 22.7 × 109/L. Factor concentrate treatment was administered before delivery (n = 16) and postpartum (n = 18), some women received both. Seventeen deliveries required blood products postpartum with 13/17 (76%) platelet transfusions and 6/17 (35%) red blood cell transfusions. No maternal mortality was reported. Women with type 2B VWD have significant morbidity in pregnancy related to high incidence of severe thrombocytopenia and primary and secondary PPH.
Elemental fingerprints in natural nanomaterials determined using SP-ICP-TOF-MS and clustering analysis

Detection and quantification of engineered nanomaterials in environmental systems require precise knowledge of the elemental composition, association, and ratios in homologous natural nanomaterials (NNMs). Here, we characterized soil NNMs at the single particle level using single particle-inductively coupled plasma-time of flight-mass spectrometer (SP-ICP-TOF-MS) in order to identify the elemental purity, composition, associations, and ratios within NNMs. Elements naturally present as a major constituent in NNMs such as Ti, and Fe occurred predominantly as pure/single metals, whereas elements naturally present at trace levels in NNMs occurred predominantly as impure/multi-metal NNMs such as V, Nb, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Er, Dy, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Pb, Th, and U. Other elements occurred as a mixture of single metal and multi-metal NNMs such as Al, Si, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ba, La, Ce, W, and Bi. Thus, elemental purity can be used to differentiate ENMs vs. NNMs only for those elements that occur at trace level in NNMs. We also classified multi-metal NNM into clusters of similar elemental composition and determined their mean elemental composition. Six major clusters accounted for more than 95% of the detected multi-metal NNMs including Al-, Fe-, Ti-, Si-, Ce-, and Zr-rich particles' clusters. The elemental composition of these multi-metal NNM clusters is consistent with naturally occurring minerals. Titanium occurred as a major element (>70% of the total metal mass in NNMs) in Ti-rich cluster and as a minor (<25% of the total metal mass in NNMs) element in likely clay, titanomagnetite, and aluminum oxide phases. Two rare earth element (REE) clusters were identified, characteristic of light REEs and heavy REEs. The findings of this study provide a methodology and baseline information on the elemental composition, associations, and ratios of NNMs, which can be used to differentiate NNMs vs. ENMs in environmental systems.
Stochastic 4D Flow Vector-Field Signatures: A New Approach for Comprehensive 4D Flow MRI Quantification

4D Flow MRI has emerged as a new imaging technique for assessing 3D flow dynamics in the heart and great arteries (e.g., Aorta) in vivo. 4D Flow MRI provides in vivo voxel-wise mapping of 3D time-resolved three-directional velocity vector-field information. However, current techniques underutilize such comprehensive vector-field information by reducing it to aggregate or derivative scalar-field. Here we propose a new data-driven stochastic methodological approach to derive the unique 4D vector-field signature of the 3D flow dynamics. Our technique is based on stochastically encoding the profile of the underlying pair-wise vector-field associations comprising the entire 3D flow-field dynamics. The proposed technique consists of two stages: 1) The 4D Flow vector-field signature profile is constructed by stochastically encoding the probability density function of the co-associations of millions of pair-wise vectors over the entire 4D Flow MRI domain. 2) The Hemodynamic Signature Index (HSI) is computed as a measure of the degree of alteration in the 4D Flow signature between patients. The proposed technique was extensively evaluated in three in vivo 4D Flow MRI datasets of 106 scans, including 34 healthy controls, 57 bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) patients and 15 Rescan subjects. Results demonstrate our technique’s excellent robustness, reproducibility, and ability to quantify distinct signatures in BAV patients.
Empirical Evidence in Support of Behavioral SDF

This chapter discusses a series of works that are especially relevant to the character of the empirical SDF. Taken together, these works provide strong support for the position that the empirical SDF is driven by nonzero sentiment as well as fundamentals. All of these works extend the discussion of behavioral option pricing. Some of these works provide direct evidence that the shape of the empirical SDF is behavioral. The chapter suggests the oscillating pattern in the empirical SDF stems from sentiment, a natural implication of the properties of the sentiment function. That is, the SDF is behavioral. The chapter also discusses a series of works that are especially relevant to the character of the empirical SDF. Taken together, these works provide strong support for the position that the empirical SDF is driven by nonzero sentiment as well as fundamentals. Some of these works provide direct evidence that the shape of the empirical SDF is behavioral. The chapter concludes with a discussion suggesting that the shape of the empirical SDF is consistent with both behavioral asset pricing theory and the empirical evidence involving the sentiment process. Additional empirical support comes from the analysis of cross-sectional returns, in respect to both coskewness (Harvey–Siddique) and the shapes of sentiment functions for individual stocks (Blackburn–Ukhov).
Properties of a cGMP-dependent monomeric protein kinase from bovine aorta.

Abstract A form of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) that was different from previously described cGK was purified from bovine aorta smooth muscle. The partial amino-terminal sequencing of this enzyme indicated that it was derived by endogenous proteolysis of the type I beta isozyme of cGK. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, this form migrated as a smaller protein (Mr = 70,000) than the parent cGK (Mr = 80,000), and since the calculated nondenatured Mr was approximately 89,000 compared to Mr = 170,000 for the dimeric native enzyme, it represented a monomeric form of cGK. The monomer bound approximately 2 mol of [3H]cGMP per mol of monomer, although it had only one rapid component in [3H]cGMP dissociation assays as compared to one rapid and one slow component for the native cGK. The specific catalytic activity of the kinase was similar to that of the native enzyme, suggesting that the catalytic domain was essentially intact. The monomeric cGK incorporated significant 32P when incubated with Mg2+ and [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of cGMP, although the phosphorylation proceeded at a slower rate than that obtained with native cGK. In contrast to previous reports of monomeric forms of cGK, this monomer was highly cGMP-dependent, although it had a slightly higher Ka (0.8 microM) for cGMP than that of the native enzyme (0.4 microM) and a low Hill coefficient of 1.0 (1.6 for the native enzyme). The cGMP dependence of the monomer did not decrease with dilution, implying that the cGMP dependence was not due to monomer-monomer interactions in the assay. The results indicated that the catalytic domain, cGMP binding domain(s), and inhibitory domain of cGK interact primarily within the same subunit rather than between subunits of the dimer as previously hypothesized for dimeric cGK.
Chapter 16 Physiological functions of pontomedullary raphe and medial reticular neurons

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the nociceptive modulatory role of neurons in the pontomedullary raphe magnus (RM) and the adjacent nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis pars α (NRPGα) in the rat. This region is part of a system originally described by Oliveral and classically reported as the “endogenous analgesia system” by Fields and Basbaum. In the classic formulation, neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) were thought to suppress pain transmission via a monosynaptic relay with RM neurons, including serotonergic cells, that project to the spinal dorsal horn. Since the original description of descending pain modulation, the understanding of these pathways has grown in several ways. First, it is know that the PAG-RM-dorsal horn pathway is only one of several pathways that can affect spinal and trigeminal nociceptive transmission. Other brainstem areas, including the parabrachial nuclei the lateral reticular nucleus, and the A5 and A7 catecholaminergic nuclei, as well as forebrain areas, such as the amygdala and medial preoptic nucleus are now thought to play important roles in nociceptive modulation. Second, the pharmacology of pain modulation, once thought to center on endogenous opioids, serotonin and norepinephrine, has been complicated by the discovery of a multitude of peptides and amino acid transmitters contained in both pain modulatory and pain transmission neurons.
Difficulties with the neurological assessment of humans following a chimpanzee attack

Chimpanzee attacks can be vicious, mutilating, and disabling if not fatal. Stereotypically, the hands and face are targeted, and in male victims, genitalia are mutilated. The authors present a case highlighting the difficulties with early neurological assessment following such an attack. This 55-year-old woman was attacked by a 14-year-old chimpanzee. She suffered mutilation of both hands, severe midface bony, soft-tissue, and eye injuries, and scalp degloving. An emergency tracheotomy was performed at the scene, with an unclear duration of hypoxia. The patient was unresponsive without spontaneous movements, papillary or corneal reflexes, cough, or gag. Attempts to lighten sedation were not tolerated. Brain CTs were normal. Intracranial pressure monitoring was deemed infeasible. Brain MR imaging suggested diffuse axonal injury consistent with severe shaking trauma. Diffusion tensor imaging indicated intact corticospinal tracts, confirmed by somatosensory evoked potentials. Magnetic resonance imaging suggested left optic nerve transaction, and right retinal detachment was diagnosed. Electroencephalography showed severe diffuse encephalopathy. Auditory evoked potentials showed absent auditory pathway responses except for a right delayed wave V. Visual evoked potentials indicated absent visual function. At 1 month after the attack, sedation and analgesia weaning revealed lower-extremity movement to command, but no upper-limb response. Cervical spine and brachial plexus MR imaging showed brachial plexus edema. Two months after the attack, the patient regained strength in all her extremities and verbally communicated using a Passy-Muir tracheostomy valve. Chimpanzee attacks on humans can cause extensive, life-threatening injuries. The neurological assessment of such patients is challenging, complicated by limb and craniofacial disfigurement and the need for heavy sedation. Initial assessment of nervous system integrity may rely on costly imaging and electrophysiological studies.
Characterization of Escherichia coli SecA protein binding to a site on its mRNA involved in autoregulation.

Abstract In order to understand further the autogenous regulation of Escherichia coli secA translation, we have set up a purified system to study the binding of SecA protein to portions of its mRNA. Specific SecA protein-RNA binding was demonstrated by UV cross-linking, filter binding, and gel shift assays. Use of the filter binding assay allowed optimization of binding, which was influenced by Mg2+ and ATP concentrations, and a measurement of the affinity of this interaction. A nested series of RNAs lacking either 5' or 3' portions of geneX-secA sequences were used to localize the SecA protein binding site to sequences around the geneX-secA intergenic region. These studies imply that SecA protein directly regulates its own translation by a specific RNA binding activity that presumably blocks translational initiation.
Conservative garbage collection on distributed shared memory systems

In this paper we present the design and implementation of a conservative garbage collection algorithm for distributed shared memory (DSM) applications that use weakly-typed languages like C or C++, and evaluate its performance. In the absence of language support to identify references, our algorithm constructed a conservative approximation of the set of cross-node references based on local information only. It was also designed to tolerate memory inconsistency on DSM systems that use relaxed consistency protocols. These techniques enabled every node to perform garbage collections without communicating with others, effectively avoiding the high cost of cross-node communication in networks of workstations. We measured the performance of our garbage collector against explicit programmer management using three application programs. In two out of the three programs the performance of the GC version is within 15% of the explicit version. The results showed that the garbage collector has two effects on application programs. On one hand, it tends to reduce memory locality, increasing the communication cost; on the other hand, it may eliminate synchronization and memory accesses that would be incurred if memory were managed by the programmer reducing the communication cost.
CHEMICAL TRAP EFFICIENCY OF A CONSTRUCTION SITE STORM-WATER RETENTION BASIN

Storm-water runoff from construction sites is an important source of nonpoint-source (NPS) pollution in urban areas, and retention basins are widely used on construction sites to control NPS pollution. Although design specifications for such basins may include sediment-trap efficiency requirements, little is known about how well these basins control chemical pollutants such as heavy metals and nutrients. These chemical pollutants exist in both particulate and dissolved forms in storm-water runoff and can change form during transport. Thus, runoff leaving a storm-water basin with little sediment still could contain significant chemical pollution. Data collected during storms for a retention basin in northern Ohio show that inflow and outflow sediment and pollutant loads often display similar temporal trends. For a storm event with a low (19.7%) sediment-trap efficiency (TE), lead, chromium, and cadmium had TEs of -0.4%, -55%, and -27.3%, respectively. The basin had 72.9% lead and 56.1% reactive phosphorus ...
Social and Emotional Development in Infancy

This chapter highlights the importance of studying and understanding social and emotional development in the early years of life. Significant person (e.g., temperament) and context (e.g., caregiving environment) concepts are examined, particularly as they intertwine in emergent intra-and interpersonal constructs and processes such as attachment relationships, self-understanding, and emotion regulation. The chapter begins by setting socioemotional development in context: psychobiological, relational, and cultural. The review of research in this burgeoning field focuses on advances in the understanding of the development of emotional expression, sensitivity to others' emotions, and emotion regulation. In each of these areas social relationships are key, as illustrated in the review of the construct of attachment, considered a hallmark of socioemotional development in infancy. Transitions beyond infancy are noted in a discussion of representation, and self-and other-understanding. The chapter concludes by highlighting the implications of recent developments in theory and research in social and emotional development in infancy for public policies and practices and calls for an expanded and integrated research agenda that will inform these applications. Keywords: attachment; emotional development; family relationships; infancy; self-development; social development; temperament
Characterization of lipoprotein EnvA in Chlamydia psittaci 6BC.

Abstract The primary sequence of the small cysteine-rich protein (EnvA) of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC has been shown to possess a potential lipid modification/signal peptidase II-processing site, and the mature protein was labeled by a [3H]palmitic acid precursor. We further characterized the mature EnvA, showing that it lacks the N-terminal methionine of the primary peptide, is hydrophobic despite a peptide sequence that is predicted to be hydrophilic, and appears to be lipid modified at an N-terminal cysteine in a manner analogous to that of murein lipoproteins of gram-negative bacteria. We also report the fatty acid content of the small cysteine-rich proteins of C. psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis L2 as determined by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Dinosaurs: Saurischia: meat, might, and magnitude

Saurischians include the smallest of dinosaurs and the largest animals that ever lived on land; the most agile and ferocious of predatory dinosaurs and the most ponderous of plant-eaters; the brightest and, evidently, the most dim-witted of dinosaurs; the most Earth-bound and the most aerial. And stealth saurischians, birds, remain with us today, very much alive and well! Saurischians don't have an obvious family resemblance, and you could be forgiven if you were reluctant to suppose that they are all more closely related to each other than they are to anything else. But our best evidence suggests that they are. Saurischia: the big picture What makes a saurischian a saurischian? For all their differences, Saurischia is monophyletic, and is diagnosed by more than a dozen derived features (Figure III.1), two of which are shown in Figure III.2. Recall from Chapter 4 that, as early as 1887, H. G. Seeley recognized two great clades within Dinosauria: Ornithischia and Saurischia. Having dwelled on Ornithischia for the past three chapters, we now turn to Saurischia for the next four. Seeley's Saurischia originally consisted of Sauropodomorpha (see Chapter 8) and its sister-taxon Theropoda ( theros – wild beast; poda – foot; Chapters 9, 10, and 11). A modern view, however, also includes a few dinosaurs that appear to be neither sauropodomorphs nor theropods within Saurischia.
Effects of hypokalemia on the properties and expression of the (Na+,K+)-ATPase of rat skeletal muscle

Rats maintained on a low potassium diet develop hypokalemia, which is associated with an approximately 80% decrease in the number of (Na+,K+)-ATPase molecules in skeletal muscle sarcolemma (Norgaard, A., Kjeldsen, K., and Clausen, T. (1981) Nature 293, 739-741); the skeletal muscles of the hypokalemic rats become paralyzed after exposure to insulin in low [K+] media (Otsuka, M., and Ohtsuki, I. (1970) Am. J. Physiol. 219, 1178-1182). We have been interested in the interactions between the insulin receptor and the alpha 2 isoform of the (Na+,K+)-ATPase as a mechanism for the insulin activation of (Na+,K+)-pumping and decided to use the hypokalemic rats to obtain additional information on this question. We show here that the amount of the alpha 2 isoform in the skeletal muscles of hypokalemic rats is greatly decreased as determined by immunoblotting and (Na+,K+)-ATPase activity; the effect of hypokalemia on the amount of the alpha 1 isoform is small. The mechanism of the decrease in the alpha 2 isoform is not known, but it is not due to transcriptional regulation of the alpha 2 gene because the amounts of the transcripts for this polypeptide are increased in the rats on the low potassium diet. The (Na+,K+)-pump that remains in the skeletal muscles of rats on a low potassium diet for a period of 2 weeks is still activated by insulin; under these conditions, however, insulin does not bring about a decrease in the intracellular [Na+] in contrast to the situation with normal muscle.
Overview of Research in Energetic Materials

This section presents an overview of research done for the fundamental characterization of properties and behavior of energetic materials. Energetic materials encompass different classes of chemical compositions of fuels and oxidants that react rapidly upon initiation and release large quantities of force (through the generation of high-velocity product species) or energy (in the form of heat and light). Energetic materials are typically classified as explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics, or incendiaries, and distinctions among the classes are usually in terms of the types of products generated and the rates of reactions. These particular features have been advantageously employed in a wide variety of industrial and military applications, but often these utilizations have not been fully optimized, mainly because of the inability to identify and understand the individual fundamental chemical and physical steps that control the conversion of the material to its final products. The properties and behavior of the material can change over time. The rate of the conversion of the material is strongly dependent on the conditions of the initiation.
Structural Organization of Virulence-Associated Plasmids of Yersinia pestis

The complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization of the three virulence plasmids from Yersinia pestis KIM5 were determined. Plasmid pPCP1 (9,610 bp) has a GC content of 45.3% and encodes two previously known virulence factors, an associated protein, and a single copy of IS100. Plasmid pCD1 (70,504 bp) has a GC content of 44.8%. It is known to encode a number of essential virulence determinants, regulatory functions, and a multiprotein secretory system comprising the low-calcium response stimulation that is shared with the other two Yersinia species pathogenic for humans (Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica). A new pseudogene, which occurs as an intact gene in the Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis-derived analogues, was found in pCD1. It corresponds to that encoding the lipoprotein YlpA. Several intact and partial insertion sequences and/or transposons were also found in pCD1, as well as six putative structural genes with high homology to proteins of unknown function in other yersiniae. The sequences of the genes involved in the replication of pCD1 are highly homologous to those of the cognate plasmids in Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica, but their localization within the plasmid differs markedly from those of the latter. Plasmid pMT1 (100,984 bp) has a GC content of 50.2%. It possesses two copies of IS100, which are located 25 kb apart and in opposite orientations. Adjacent to one of these IS100 inserts is a partial copy of IS285. A single copy of an IS200-like element (recently named IS1541) was also located in pMT1. In addition to 5 previously described genes, such as murine toxin, capsule antigen, capsule anchoring protein, etc., 30 homologues to genes of several bacterial species were found in this plasmid, and another 44 open reading frames without homology to any known or hypothetical protein in the databases were predicted.
Rug Shampoo and Kawasaki Disease

Following personal interviews with 63 families of children with Kawasaki disease and with 63 control families with children paired for race, sex, and age, no epidemiologic differences were seen except for use of rug shampoo within 1 month of onset in 16 episodes in 15 children with Kawasaki disease in 14 families (24% of children, 22% of families) compared with two families of control children (3%, P less than .005). Explanations for this strong association of recent rug shampoo and Kawasaki disease include the question of recall bias as well as the possibility that an agent in the shampooing process does cause or does contribute to illness.
Bioinformatics in the United States: Recent Trends from a Microbiological Perspective

The United States bioinformatics community is beginning to focus on database interoperability. The emerging federation concept promotes adherence to prescribed standards in data modelling syntax, and semantics. The genomic database producers are taking a leadership role in exploring the technical and social aspects of facilitating the retrieval of data from multiple sites in response to complex queries over the Internet. This paper presents an overview of the types of problems that must be solved to achieve full interoperability and identifies major biological database producers in the U.S. that are poised to link with others via the Internet.
Further error event diagram reduction using algorithmic techniques

Biglieri showed that a diagram with N/sup 2/ states can be used to compute the generating function for any trellis code with N states. Rouanne & Costello and Zehavi & Wolf showed that for quasi-regular trellis codes, an N-state diagram produces the correct generating function. Schlegel showed that application of a standard FSM (finite-state-machine) minimization algorithm reduces quasi-regular trellis code diagrams to at most N states and often reduces the number of states for non-quasi-regular trellis codes as well. In this paper we show that performing iteratively both a forward and a backward application of Schlegel's state reduction operation can further reduce the diagram produced by Schlegel's algorithm. We also found that the maximum required diagram size for linear trellis codes to be [(N/sup 2/ - N)/2] + 1.
Prediction of phenytoin solubility in intravenous admixtures: physicochemical theory.

The application of basic scientific principles to the practical problem of phenytoin precipitation in large volume parenteral solutions is reviewed. The solubility of phenytoin in i.v. admixtures depends on phenytoin's pKa and the i.v. solution pH as well as the admixture volume and the solubility of undissociated phenytoin in that admixture. Equations are derived that predict the solubility of phenytoin in i.v. admixtures, and illustrative examples are presented using the formulas. The effect of storage time on phenytoin solubility is discussed, and the effects of hydroalcoholic solvents (present in commercially available sodium phenytoin injection) and their dilution in aqueous admixtures are considered. Although simple equations can be used to predict the solubility of phenytoin sodium injection in i.v. fluids, the time required for a precipitate to develop cannot be predicted because of the variability in published studies.
Inside and outside Gifted Education Programming: Hidden Challenges for African American Students

This qualitative study used Critical Race Theory as a theoretical framework to examine the meaning, context, and process by which 12 African American students in gifted education programs formulated perceptions of their experiences in those programs. The following themes emerged from the semistructured, biographical questionnaires and individual interviews: (a) critical issues facing gifted African American students; (b) ways that the students navigate the perils of gifted education; and (c) the benefits of gifted education. These themes highlight the salience of race inside and outside gifted education programs. The research findings also provide practical applications for teachers, principals, school counselors, and parents.
Glomerular filtration rate and renal volume in dogs with congenital portosystemic vascular anomalies before and after surgical ligation.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal volume were evaluated in dogs with confirmed portosystemic vascular anomalies (PSVA) before and after surgical ligation of their PSVA. Pre- and postligation CBC, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, abdominal ultrasonography with measurement of renal volume, and per rectal scintigraphy were performed to document resolution of abnormalities consistent with portosystemic shunting. GFR was estimated by plasma 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) clearance before (n = 21) and after (n = 12) surgical correction of PSVA. Preligation 99mTc-DTPA GFR was increased (median, 5.64 mL/minute/kg; range, 3.53-8.49 mL/minute/kg; reference range, 2.83-4.47 mL/minute/kg) in 81% (17/21) of dogs. Postligation 99mTc-DTPA GFR decreased in all 12 evaluated dogs (median change = -42%; P < .001). Preligation renal volume was above the reference range for the left and right kidneys in 71% (10/14) and 69% (11/16) of dogs evaluated, respectively. Right renal volume decreased significantly (n = 5; median change, -45%; P = .03) after surgical ligation of PSVA. These findings document increased GFR and renal volume in dogs with PSVA, which may explain in part the low blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations encountered in these dogs. Knowledge of changes in GFR associated with PSVA ligation may prove helpful in the anesthetic, drug, and dietary management of affected dogs.
Comparability of two commercially available artificial mastoids.

The new ANSI Standard S3.13‐1972 for an artificial headbone lists in its appendix suggested threshold values for audiometric bone conduction calibration using a Beltone artificial mastoid. Two sets of comparisons were recently made between the Beltone 5A and the Bruel & Kjaer 4930 artificial mastoids. The average values of these comparisons are given to provide numbers which may be related to those in the ANSI appendix when using a Bruel & Kjaer artificial mastoid.
Homelessness: Perception of Causes and Solutions

This descriptive study investigated how working adult undergraduate students (N=115) view homelessness. Participants completed a survey assessing perceived causes, solutions, and stigma. Participants viewed poor economic conditions, limited availability of jobs, drug problems, and mental illness as leading causes of homelessness. Participants saw a variety of programs as potential solutions and denied that they would be socially distant from a formerly homeless person. Because responses were generally positive, community integration may receive support. However, because participants demonstrated in close-ended and several open-ended responses, stigma reduction is discussed.
A new RNA synthesis mutant of E. coli.

A temperature-sensitive mutant of E. coli is described. At the nonpermissive temperature, the capacity for RNA and protein synthesis decreases logarithmically in the mutant. The mutant is unable to support the growth of f2 or T7 virus, even at the permissive temperature. The temperature-sensitive mutation maps approximately 1′ away from rif r in E. coli and therefore affects a gene previously undescribed. The temperature sensitivity is suppressed by sublethal concentrations of rifampicin. Moreover, in rif r Ts double mutants, the T s mutation suppresses rif r and vice versa. The partially purified RNA polymerases from mutant and wild-type cells have different temperature and salt optima.
The Introduction of Digital Game-Based Learning in a Surgical Clerkship: A Pilot Study

Introduction At the Baylor College of Medicine, the National Board of Medical Examiners’ (NBME) surgery subject exam is administered at the end of the Core Surgery Clerkship. Topics tested on the exam include neurosurgery, trauma, pediatric surgery, gynecology, and otolaryngology, just to name a few. However, not all students get to experience all of these specialties during their time on the Core Surgery Clerkship. Although efforts are being made to improve on this, changes in the overall structure of curriculum can take time. In 2011, the director of the surgery clerkship decided to take advantage of gaming technology and implemented a pilot study in order to provide an opportunity for students to review surgical subspecialty topics that do not get emphasized during the clerkship.
Voices and Visions of Lower Manhattan: Organizing Civic Expression in Post-9/11 Public Hearings

This paper investigates the form and content of post-9/11 public hearings held to discuss the future of the Ground Zero site in Lower Manhattan. Along with other public assemblies, these hearings served as important organizational mechanisms for enabling expression of residents' opinions during this period. The form and content of these hearings are analysed in order to understand the kinds of civic expression actually enabled by public hearings, which have been previously criticized as easily manipulated assemblies. In particular, I argue, first, that protocols observed at the hearings actually constrained the assertion of status differences and, second, that the structure of associations among participants' attitudes may have depended on factors often overlooked by studies of civil society. Multiple correspondence analysis is applied to 95 statements from two hearings, thus allowing for a comparison of hearings' content according to differences in participants' residences and time elapsed after 9/11. Wh...
Asymptotic Relations among Vector and Axial-Vector Form Factors

We have investigated the constraints that current algebra and partial conservation of axial-vector current impose on the asymptotic behavior of axial-vector and vector form factors in the context of Fubini, Furlan, de Alfaro, and Rossetti's mass extrapolation formalism. We have obtained, first, relations for the nucleon-vector and axial-vector form factors as the four-momentum transfer $t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\infty}$, in terms of electroproduction amplitudes of infinite photon mass. We have subsequently eliminated these unknown electroproduction amplitudes by means of a link to a higher point function. In so doing, we have been successful in expressing these unknown amplitudes in terms of amplitudes whose behavior asymptotically is given by Regge theory, multiplied by known form factors. This approach has yielded the following relations among form factors, valid as $t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\infty}:{G}_{A}(t)={G}_{A}(0)G_{M}^{}{}_{}{}^{V}(t)$ and $\frac{G_{E}^{}{}_{}{}^{V}(t)}{G_{M}^{}{}_{}{}^{V}(t)}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. A critical discussion of the limit $t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\infty}$ is also included.
An identification method of seek-induced vibration modes in hard disk drives

Abstract A method to identify the transfer function of HDD head/actuator system modes that have gains that are smaller than the rigid-body mode is presented. Prony's method is used to identify the frequency and damping of the modes, and the measured actuator current and PES in the time-domain are used to identify the gain of the transfer function of the modes. Overall accuracy is verified by comparing the measured PES and the estimated PES by the obtained transfer function. Seek simulations are performed that demonstrate that modes which cannot be identified by frequency domain analysis have a significant influence on the seek-settling characteristics. It is also shown that although a smooth actuator current helps to reduce the high frequency vibrations at settling, it degrades the effect of vibrations due to the coil and other low frequency modes, such as the dynamics of the flexible printed circuit attached to the actuator.
Mixed partitions and related designs

We define a mixed partition of ? = PG(d, q r ) to be a partition of the points of ? into subspaces of two distinct types; for instance, a partition of PG(2n ? 1, q 2) into (n ? 1)-spaces and Baer subspaces of dimension 2n ? 1. In this paper, we provide a group theoretic method for constructing a robust class of such partitions. It is known that a mixed partition of PG(2n ? 1, q 2) can be used to construct a (2n ? 1)-spread of PG(4n ? 1, q) and, hence, a translation plane of order q 2n . Here we show that our partitions can be used to construct generalized Andre planes, thereby providing a geometric representation of an infinite family of generalized Andre planes. The results are then extended to produce mixed partitions of PG(rn ? 1, q r ) for r ? 3, which lift to (rn ? 1)-spreads of PG(r 2 n ? 1, q) and hence produce $$2-(q^{r^2n},q^{rn},1)$$ (translation) designs with parallelism. These designs are not isomorphic to the designs obtained from the points and lines of AG(r, q rn ).
Risk Premiums for Environmental Liability: Does Superfund Increase the Cost of Capital?

Abstract Superfund liability may impose financial risk on investors and thereby increase firms' costs of capital. We analyze monthly stock returns for 73 chemical companies using several measures of Superfund exposure. Additional exposure appears to increase costs of capital for larger firms, but perhaps not for smaller firms. From 1988 to 1992, we estimate an average increase in cost of capital for 23 larger firms of between 0.25 to 0.40 percentage points per year. The social cost of Superfund-related financial risk in the chemical industry may be as high as $800 million annually or enough to clean up about 20 sites.