cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The price of change [electricity supply industry deregulation]

The electric utilities in the USA are being deregulated by government order. Not all of the details have been worked out at this time, but some of the strengths and weaknesses are beginning to show. Unlike countries where government agencies owned and operated electric power systems and deregulation meant privatization, the US electric systems are predominantly private. They must be reorganized for deregulation. One difficulty comes from the fact that many separately owned and managed transmission systems must work together. Issues of reliability and responsibility for service provided by the transmission systems are not completely clear. Another issue is the separation of generation from transmission in companies where these functions were traditionally owned and managed together. The final test of whether deregulation of the US electric utilities is successful will be the perception of the population. These issues are discussed by the author in this paper.
What Makes an Autoantigen an Autoantigen

Multiple classes of proteins are modified to tailor them for specific physiological roles. The nature of these posttranslational modifications of proteins, as well as the relationships between them including those of the immune system proteins themselves, and immune system responses are reviewed. Aspects of protein posttranslational modification and their relationship to the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases and primary biliary cirrhosis are highlighted.
IceCube: Performance, Status, and Future

High-energy neutrinos are uniquely suited to study a large variety of physics as they traverse the universe almost untouched, in contrast to conventional astronomical messengers like photons or cosmic rays which are limited by interactions with radiation and matter at high energies or deflected by ambient magnetic fields. Located at the South Pole, IceCube combined with its predecessor AMANDA comprise the world's largest neutrino telescope. IceCube currently consists of nine strings, each containing 60 digital optical modules, deployed at depths of 1.5 to 2.5 km in the ice and an array of 16 surface air-shower stations. IceCube is expected to be completed in early 2011 at which time it will instrument a volume of one km 3 below the IceTop air-shower array covering an area of one km 2 . The current IceCube detector performance is described and an outlook given into the large variety of physics that it can address, with an emphasis on the search for ultra-high-energy neutrinos which may shed light on the origins of the highest energy cosmic rays.
Lessons from Imagining the World Trade Center Site: An Examination of Public Space and Culture

The World Trade Center site allows anthropologists and educators to reflect on the relationship of public space to culture, and to consider the symbolic importance of this site for imagining the public culture of the future. Public spaces in the city have the potential of being places of learning and democratic practice, but the trend toward increased surveillance and policing of these spaces, exaggerated by September 11, makes this potential difficult to realize. Anthropologists and educators interested in the nexus of education, place, and culture should consider becoming involved in this imagining process and insert themselves into the ongoing debate in order to preserve spaces for learning and democracy.
Right-axis deviation and anterior wall thallium-201 defect in Becker's muscular dystrophy.

Abstract Dilated cardiomyopathy has been shown to occur in families with X-linked recessive (Becker's) muscular dystrophy. 1 Pedigree members of such families frequently manifest various electrocardiographic anomalies, including infranodal blocks (for example, left bundle branch block and complete atrioventricular block), 2–4 left-axis deviation, small Q waves in leads I and aVL and loss of R-wave amplitude in lead V 2 and V 3 . Myocardial perfusion scanning in patients with early-onset, autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy has frequently shown posterobasal and lateral perfusion defects that may be a unique marker of that disorder in the heart. 5 Perfusion scanning in patients with late-onset muscular dystrophy has not been described.
Comparison of bone and parathyroid hormone as stimulators of osteoclast development and activity in calvarial cell cultures from normal and osteopetrotic (mi/mi) mice

Osteoclast development was studied in cell cultures prepared from calvaria of neonatal osteopetrotic (mi/mi) mice or their normal littermates, using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAPase), as an osteoclast marker. In cultures from normal mice, treatment with 10 nM PTH for 4-5 days stimulated the formation of osteoclasts. However in cultures from mi/mi mice, this response was only 7% +/- 5% that of normal mice and they were significantly smaller than osteoclasts of normal mice. Mineralized bone particles elicited osteoclast development in cultures from both normal and mi/mi mice, and osteoclast size was identical for both genotypes. Seventy-eight to 96% of the TRAPase-positive cells bound 125I-CT, as demonstrated by autoradiography. 125I-CT binding characteristics were identical in cultures from both genotypes treated with bone particles, exhibiting a Kd of 3.3-3.6 x 10(-10) M. Addition of PTH stimulated 45Ca release from the added bone particles only in the case of cultures prepared from normal mice, and CT inhibited this response. Cells from normal mice were capable of excavating bone from the surface of smooth cortical bone wafers, but such excavations were rarely seen in the case of calvarial cells from mi/mi mice. Thus, PTH-driven differentiation of osteoclasts is arrested in calvarial cell cultures from mi/mi mice, but mi/mi preosteoclasts retain the ability to express certain osteoclast markers in response to bone derived signals. We hypothesize that the lack of activity of mi/mi osteoclasts is due to the failure of mi/mi preosteoclasts to respond appropriately to resorptive agents, or to cytokines elicited by these agents.
Modulation of shock-elicited pain by acupuncture and suggestion

An experimental investigation of acupuncture's analgesic potency, separated from suggestion effects, is described, in which judgments of shock-elicited pain of the forearm were recorded along two separate scales: intensity and aversiveness. Data from experimental subjects, who received electrical acupunctural stimulation through surface electrodes located over acupuncture points and were given explicit counter-suggestions of sensitization, were compared to those obtained from control subjects, who received such stimulation over incorrect loci and were given explicit suggestions of analgesia. No alterations in the perception of pain intensity, either by acupunctural stimulation or suggestion, could be detected at any time during the experiment, but stimulation of the correct points produced a significant analgesic reduction in aversiveness which was specific to the arm so stimulated, overcame the counter-suggestion of sensitization, and persisted after stimulation was discontinued. No significant reductions were recorded from control subjects. These findings are interpreted in light of other experimental acupuncture research, and of the demonstrated mode of action of analgesics of proven efficacy.
Excluded loop syndrome: A complication of jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity

Excluded loop syndrome may develop in patients who undergo jejuno-ileal bypass surgery with the excluded small intestine drained via an ileosigmoidostomy. A unique case of a morbidly obese male who underwent the procedure while on methadone maintenance therapy is presented. The major factor in the development of this disorder appears to be the high intraluminal pressures within the sigmoid colon which prevent adequate egress from the excluded loop. Narcotic medications tend to induce or intensify the syndrome.
Efficiency Loss from Resource Misallocation in Soviet Industry

The paper analyzes the problems that arise in estimating the efficiency loss from misallocation of resources in Soviet industry, as revealed by the inequality of marginal rates of substitution among factors in the eight branches of Soviet industry. Econometric estimates of production functions in these branches are utilized to reach estimates of the loss arising from interbranch misallocation of capital and labor deployed in Soviet industry. This loss appears to be nonnegligible, ranging from a low of about 3 to 4 percent to a high of 10 percent of efficient factor use, and to be rising over time. Thus, an added reason for the current deceleration in Soviet industrial (and overall) growth is suggested.
Prediction of separation and specifications of chromatographic columns.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to arrive at a method whereby it is possible to: 1. Orderly classify all columns—the column polarity chart. 2. Minimize the effort required to develop new columns—the column prediction chart. 3. Predict the retention times of components as a simple function of the common column parameters—inlet pressure and length. Although the methods do not lead to “exact” results, they are sufficiently accurate for most practical problems. These methods should help to minimize the analysis requirements of control laboratories; but perhaps even more important, they will help to reduce the complexity of process chromatographic solutions for they will minimize the number of separate columns required to accomplish wide range analysis. In conclusion, the user of these methods must be reminded that they give no information with respect to separation between adjacent components. Unless this point is fully appreciated, considerable time can be expended in the development of new columns which may prove to be unuseful for their intended use.
Evidence for hard chiral logarithms in quenched lattice QCD.

We present the first direct evidence that quenched QCD differs from full QCD in the chiral ({ital m}{sub {ital q}}{r_arrow}0) limit, as predicted by chiral perturbation theory, from our quenched lattice QCD simulations at {beta}=6/{ital g}{sup 2}=6.0. We measure the spectrum of light hadrons on 16{sup 3}{times}64, 24{sup 3}{times}64, and 32{sup 3}{times}64 lattices, using staggered quarks of masses {ital m}{sub {ital q}}=0.01, {ital m}{sub {ital q}}=0.005, and {ital m}{sub {ital q}}=0.0025. The pion masses show evidence for logarithmic violations of the PCAC relation {ital m}{sub {pi}}{sup 2}{proportional_to}{ital m}{sub {ital q}}, as predicted by quenched chiral perturbation theory. The dependence on spatial lattice volume precludes this being a finite size effect. No evidence is seen for such chiral logarithms in the behavior of the chiral condensate {l_angle}{bar {psi}}{psi}{r_angle}.
Neurofibrillary accumulation in the zebra (Equus burchelli)

Two young zebra siblings from consecutive pregnancies suffered from neurological disease, characterized by ventral deviation of the neck and tetraparesis which progressed to tetraplegia within a few weeks. On histological examination widespread neuronal degeneration was observed in the ventral horns of the spinal cord and in the lower brain stem. Ultrastructurally the neuronal degeneration was characterized by accumulation of neurofibrillary material resembling neurofilaments. The findings are compared to other diseases with neurofibrillary accumulation in man and animals.
Passive two-phase cooling for automotive power electronics

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of a passive two-phase cooling strategy as a means of cooling automotive power electronics. The proposed cooling approach utilizes an indirect cooling configuration to alleviate some reliability concerns and to allow the use of conventional power modules. An inverter-scale proof-of-concept cooling system was fabricated and tested using the refrigerants hydrofluoroolefin HFO-1234yf and hydrofluorocarbon HFC-245 fa. Results demonstrated that the system can dissipate at least 3.5 kW of heat with 250 cm 3 of HFC-245fa. An advanced evaporator concept that incorporates features to improve performance and reduce its size was designed. Simulation results indicate the concept's thermal resistance can be 58% to 65% lower than automotive dual-side-cooled power modules. Tests were also conducted to measure the thermal performance of two air-cooled condensers-plain and rifled finned tube designs. The results combined with some analysis were then used to estimate the required condenser size per operating conditions and maximum allowable system (i.e., vapor and liquid) temperatures.
Nanowell surface enhanced Raman scattering arrays fabricated by soft-lithography for label-free biomolecular detections in integrated microfluidics

We describe a low-cost, ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate in microfluidic biochips fabricated by soft lithography. A batch nanofabrication method is developed to create nanopillars structures on a silicon wafer as a master copy of molding, then the complementary nanowells structures on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are created by soft lithography. The selective deposition of Ag thin film on the nanowells is applied to create SERS active sites before the integration with a glass-based microfluidic chip which functions as a sample delivery device and a transparent optical window for SERS spectroscopic imaging. Detections of Rhodamine 6G and adenosine SERS spectra are accomplished by using a 785nm laser with 300μW excitation power. The Raman scattering signal enhancement on the nanowell-based Ag SERS substrate is more than 107 times higher than the control sample (i.e. the smooth Ag layer on PDMS). Fabrication of ultrasensitive nanowell SERS substrate by economical and repeatabl...
End-functionalized polyethylene oxide coated silica particles for packed capillary column supercritical fluid chromatography

Polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based polymers with hydroxy, methoxy, and aminopropoxy terminal groups were coated on diol functionalized and hexamethyldisilazane end-capped silica particles. Proton-donor and proton-acceptor test solutes, including carboxylic acids, hydroxy-containing compounds, arylamines, and alkylamines were used to evaluate the chromatographic performances of these polymer coated particles under SFC conditions with neat CO2 as mobile phase. It was found that the particles coated with hydroxy-terminated PEO were suitable for the separation of proton-donor compounds such as hydroxy-containing compounds and carboxylic acids, and the particles coated with aminopropoxy-terminated PEO could be used for the separation of amines. That is, the proton-accepting stationary phase is suitable for the separation of proton accepting solutes, including strong basic alkylamines (pKb≈4), using neat CO2 as mobile phase, while the protondonating stationary phase is suitable for the separation of proton-donating compounds such as carboxylic acids (pKa≈4). Hydrogen bond basicity was found to be a critical factor for the chromatography of basic amines. Low volatility acidic and basic drugs were chromatographed using the new stationary phases. The stability of the PEO coated particles was determined by measuring the loss of organic carbon under SFC conditions. It was found that approximately 18 % of the coating (average molecular weight of 15,000) was washed out of the particles by supercritical CO2 after 7 h at 350 atm and 50°C
EVIDENCE FOR FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR MEDIATION OF COMPENSATORY ADRENOCORTICAL PROLIFERATION

The role of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the neurally mediated control of compensatory adrenocortical cell proliferation which occurs in response to unilateral adrenalectomy has been investigated. Three isoforms of bFGF have been identified in the rat adrenal with Western blots and bFGF immunoreactivity is most concentrated in the glomerulosa cells. A high affinity binding site (Kd=10pM) was identified in primary cultures of rat glomerulosa cells. Using autoradiography of 125I-bFGF binding, in vivo bFGF binding sites were found concentrated in the glomerulosa as well as the capsule cells. The compensatory adrenocortical proliferation was blocked by suramin and bFGF receptor density appeared to be regulated during this proliferation. These results support a role for bFGF in autocrine and paracrine stimulation of proliferation in the adrenal cortex and capsule. To specifically block the receptor-mediated effect of bFGF in this response, we have developed an antisense strategy. Antisense oligodeo...
The Low-Wage Conservationist: Biodiversity and Perversities of Value in Madagascar

ABSTRACT In the early 1990s, donors began to implement “integrated conservation and development projects” (ICDPs) in Madagascar to stem deforestation, develop ecotourism, and promote forest conservation practices in rural areas. ICDPs recruited agrarian labor to groom and police parks and disseminate rules. In this article, I present a Marxian analysis of biodiversity's value in the global north, focusing on the role of manual workers in a Biosphere Reserve. I argue that ICDP's reliance on cheap local labor has maintained the historical interdependency of “slash-and-burn” agriculture, wage work, and forest conservation. By facilitating the discovery of species while unintentionally perpetuating the conditions of habitat endangerment, the conservation labor process creates forms of rain forest value.
Acute trauma to the shoulder: Role of spiral computed tomographic imaging

Spiral computed tomography (CT) has been shown to have significant advantages over dynamic CT by potentially eliminating interscan and intrascan motion, resulting in true volume datasets. The use of spiral CT in the shoulder would potentially be of benefit to those patients in whom CT is needed to define the extent of injury. This report presents our initial experience with spiral CT in acute shoulder trauma.
Virtue Transformed: Political Argument in England, 1688–1740

This book offers a detailed study of political argument in early eighteenth-century England, a time in which the politics of virtue were vigorously pursued - and just as vigorously challenged. In tracing the emergence of a privately orientated conception of civic virtue from the period's public discourse, this book not only challenges the received notions of the fortunes of virtue in the early modern era but provides a promising critical perspective on the question of what sort of politics of virtue is possible or desirable today.
Commentary on: An exploration of sensory and movement differences from the perspective of individuals with autism.

“An exploration of sensory and movement differences from the perspective of individuals with autism” by Robledo, Donnellan, and Strandt-Conroy, was originally published in Autism: The Movement Perspective as part of a Research Topic in Frontiers in Integrated Neuroscience (2012–2014). It gained a special place in the Topic, as in the general field of research in autism, by being one of the few studies to systematically study autism from the perspective of those with that lived experience. This paucity is all the more remarkable as there are at least 100,000 research studies published on the topic of autism in the past few decades (Robertson, 2010). It's hard not to argue that the perspective of autistic people themselves has been given too little attention by the research community although, fortunately, there are a growing number of self-accounts that have helped to shed light on that perspective over the last 25 years adding immensely to our understanding (e.g., Grandin, 1995; Williams, 1998; Mukhopadhyay, 2000). Nonetheless, this paper by Robledo, Donnellan, and Strandt-Conroy occupies a unique position having called upon multiple rigorous social science research methodologies to study in-depth the presence and potential impact of “movement differences” in autism. They define movement differences as a difference, interference or shift in the efficient, effective utilization, and integration of movement; a disruption in the organization and regulation of perception, action, posture, language, speech, thought, emotion, and/or memory (Leary et al., 1999) which broadens and extends the notions of sensory-motor challenges which have drawn some attention from researchers in recent times (e.g., DSM-5). Using interviews, some in person and some with specialized accommodations for the individual, questionnaires and participant-produced data they present us with revealing and often poignant insights into what has often been defined in social terms as “inappropriate behavior.” So Barbara, who has difficulty processing two senses at once chooses to turn her head to limit the visual input and is blamed for this accommodation. This research is an important step beyond the many thousands of studies in the canon showing what autistic people fail to do, or do wrong and little about how they attempt to accommodate to their movement challenges. The editors of Frontiers and, in particular, the Special Research Issue Autism: The Movement Perspective, were proud to present the 40 papers in that issue, many on topics which do not generally get wide attention. We are particularly proud of this paper that has earned the opportunity to receive even broader readership in a Tier 2 publication.
Carbohydrate Regulation of Hepatic Gene Expression EVIDENCE AGAINST A ROLE FOR THE UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTOR

Hepatic expression of the genes encoding L-type pyruvate kinase (L-PK) and S14 is induced in rats upon feeding them a high carbohydrate, low fat diet. A carbohydrate response element (ChoRE) containing two CACGTG-type E boxes has been mapped in the 5′-flanking region of both of these genes. The nature of the ChoRE suggests that a member of the basic/helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper family of proteins may be responsible for mediating the response to carbohydrate. Indeed, the upstream stimulatory factor (USF), a ubiquitous basic/helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper protein, is present in hepatic nuclear extracts and binds to the ChoREs of L-PK and S14 in vitro We have conducted experiments to determine whether USF is involved in the carbohydrate-mediated regulation of L-PK and S14. For this purpose, dominant negative forms of USF that are capable of heterodimerizing with endogenous USF but not of binding to DNA were expressed in primary hepatocytes. Expression of these forms did not block either S14 or L-PK induction by glucose. In addition, we have constructed mutant ChoREs that retain their carbohydrate responsiveness but have lost the ability to bind USF. Together, these data suggest that USF is not the carbohydrate-responsive factor that stimulates S14 and L-PK expression and that a distinct hepatic factor is likely to be responsible for the transcriptional response.
THE COMING OF AGE OF PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

1 We know now that many governments resorted to a variety of fiscal gimmicks in order to solve their budget problems. Among the most popular were “creative” accounting techniques in which revenues ...
Information processing components of substitution test performance.

Abstract Although substitution tests have been included in tests of intelligence for years, the underlying abilities they measure have still not been clearly determined. This study used componential analysis to investigate the information-processing components underlying substitution test performance. The bases of sex and age differences were also of interest. One hundred subjects from each of three age groups (9–11, 18–25, and 60–89 years) were tested. The componential analysis found that substitution tests measure perceptual speed and, to a lesser extent, memory ability and writing speed. The component “Stimulus Orientation, Response Initiation, and Execution” was related to substitution test performance in the sample of children and the sample of older adults but not in the sample of younger adults. Verbal ability was not significantly related to substitution test performance in the two younger samples but was strongly related to substitution performance in the oldest sample. Although females outperformed males on the Symbol Digit Test, males did as well as females on the computerized tasks. Apparently, sex differences in substitution test performance cannot be explained by the components of the test measured here.
Burma and the challenge of humanitarian assistance.

Burmas "Saffron Revolution" and the brutal military crackdown which followed it brought the worlds attention to this closed and troubled country. The Buddhist monks and nuns who led the movement have called for dialogue democracy and human rights. But they also called on the junta to address the initial spark of the uprising: the five-fold increase in the cost of gas the doubling of diesel prices and the two-thirds increases in petrol costs imposed by the junta on Aug 19 2007. Burmas people were already in desperate straights before these price hikes. In 2000 Burmas health-care system was ranked 190th out of 191 nations by WHO. UNICEF estimates that close to a third of children nationwide were malnourished in 2006 real wages were being devoured by inflation and HIV/AIDS tuberculosis malaria and a range of other health threats were taking terrible tolls on ordinary Burmese. UNICEF reported that Government spending on health care in Burma amounted to US$0.40 per citizen per year in 2005 compared with $61 in neighbouring Thailand. (excerpt)
Comorbidity between hypomania and substance use disorders

Background Bipolar disorder is associated with substance use and misuse. However, to date few studies have examined the relationship between hypomania and substance misuse and dependence in the general population.
Lithium-induced changes in plasma amino acid levels during treatment of affective disorders.

Abstract Plasma amino acid (AA) profiles were determined in patients with bipolar affective disorders before and during treatment with lithium (Li) carbonate. After 90 days of Li intake, there were moderately (20–26%) but significantly decreased plasma levels of isoleucine, leucine, and valine. After 150 days of Li intake, the plasma lysine was also significantly decreased (12%). No significant changes in plasma levels were noted for any of the other 17 AAs that were studied. Since isoleucine, leucine, and valine are important competitors of tryptophan uptake at the blood-brain barrier, these observations suggest a possible mechanism for the therapeutic activity of Li, i.e., the enhancement of brain serotonin levels.
Conjugative effects in W(CO)5 complexed phosphirane rings illustrated by substituent effects on 31P NMR chemical shifts

Abstract Correlations between 31 P NMR chemical shifts and Hammett σ substituent constants are reported for a total of 22 anti - and syn -phosphiranes, obtained from the reactions of the carbene-like phosphinidenes PhPW(CO) 5 and H 3 CPW(CO) 5 with various para -substituted styrenes. The origins of these four sets of correlations with respect to electronic and electrostatic interactions are discussed. Arguments are presented that strongly suggest significant conjugation between the remote p -X-phenyl and trans -P-phenyl groups in the syn - 1 substituted phosphiranes. Electrostatic forces do not play an important role in these PW(CO) 5 complexed phosphiranes and neither do steric interactions.
Major Depression in Community Adolescents: Age at Onset, Episode Duration, and Time to Recurrence

ABSTRACT Objective This paper presents retrospective and prospective data regarding time course parameters of major depressive disorder (MDD) in community adolescents (14 to 18 years old): time to onset and recovery and, among those who recovered, time to recurrence. Method Diagnostic interviews were conducted with 1,508 randomly selected high school students. Three hundred sixty-two had experienced at least one past or current episode of MDD. Results Mean age at onset of first episode was 14.9 (SD = 2.8). Early MDD onset was associated with female gender and suicidal ideation. MDD episode duration ranged from 2 to 520 weeks, with a mean of 26.4 weeks (SE = 3.3) and a median of 8.0 weeks. Longer episodes were observed in those whose depression occurred early (at or before age 15), whose depression had been accompanied by suicidal ideation, and for whom treatment was sought. Of the adolescents who recovered, 5% relapsed within 6 months, 12% within 1 year, and approximately 33% within 4 years. Shorter time to recurrence was associated with prior suicidal ideation and attempt and with later first onset. Conclusions Risk of MDD is low in childhood, increasing substantially with adolescence. The majority of episodes in community adolescents are relatively brief, although the risk of recurrence is substantial. Suicidal behaviors are important mediators of episode duration and of recurrence.
Comparison of electro-optic diagnostic systems

We have examined the componentdevices used in electro-optic transientrecording systems and studied their contributions to system noise levels. This work includes the investigation of three system configurations: a 1300-nm laser diode system an 810-nm Mach-Zehnder system and a 1300-nm hybrid system. As a result of our work we have developed a method of analysis for determining the theoretical noise sources in electro-optic transient recording systems.
“TITRe”ing the Approach to Transfusions after Cardiac Surgery

Cardiac surgery is a common, high-risk procedure performed on patients who are vulnerable to ischemic complications, including myocardial infarction, sepsis, stroke, and death. These patients often have myriad coexisting conditions that further raise their risk. Given the underlying clinical circumstances warranting cardiac surgery in the first place, the goal of maximizing oxygenation by maintaining adequate hemoglobin levels seems straightforward. Anemia is readily correctable by means of transfusion, which gives clinicians an immediate sense of satisfaction as they see hemoglobin levels rise and makes clinical sense. However, previous observational studies suggest that transfusion is associated with increased rates of infection, ischemic . . .
Structure of the Bacterial RNA Polymerase Promoter Specificity σ Subunit

Abstract The σ subunit is the key regulator of bacterial transcription. Proteolysis of Thermus aquaticus σ A , which occurred in situ during crystallization, reveals three domains, σ 2 , σ 3 , and σ 4 , connected by flexible linkers. Crystal structures of each domain were determined, as well as of σ 4 complexed with −35 element DNA. Exposed surfaces of each domain are important for RNA polymerase binding. Universally conserved residues important for −10 element recognition and melting lie on one face of σ 2 , while residues important for extended −10 recognition lie on σ 3 . Genetic studies correctly predicted that a helix-turn-helix motif in σ 4 recognizes the −35 element but not the details of the protein-DNA interactions. Positive control mutants in σ 4 cluster in two regions, positioned to interact with activators bound just upstream or downstream of the −35 element.
Parental Refusal of Palliative Care: Is It Medical Neglect? (416-B)

Objectives 1. Recognize the ‘‘best interests’’ and ‘‘harm principle’’ decision-making paradigm in pediatric ethics. 2. Identify medical treatments which, if refused by a parent, would constitute medical neglect. 3. Formulate a comprehensive response to parental refusal of palliative care. Background. Medical decision-making in pediatrics typically involves the permission of the parent (s) and the assent of the child. The parents are tasked tomake decisions based on the ‘‘best interest’’ standard, or at the very least to avoid a course of treatment that is harmful to their child (the ‘‘harm principle’’). Failure to do so constitutes medical neglect, which medical professionals are mandated by law to report and has been defined as the failure to provide appropriate health care for a child. Child protective service (CPS) agencies generally consider this to include significant risk of death or permanent disfigurement or disability, thus overlooking the profound impact of untreated pain. Case description. A9-year-old girl was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with evolving Guillain-Barre Syndrome. The patient’s motherd who was devoutly religious and an advocate of naturopathic treatmentdinitially refused intubation until threatened with CPS intervention. She continued to refuse standard-of-care sedation and anxiolysis while the patient was ventilated, as well as adequate analgesia when the patient began to experience significant neuropathic pain. The palliative care consultant ultimately made a report of medical neglect to CPS, which initially promised a home visit once the patient was discharged. After the medical team explained that the parent’s current refusals were impeding the care of her child, CPS staff performed initial interviews and concluded that no further investigation was necessary since the child’s life was not in danger. Conclusion. CPS agencies often use a definition of ‘‘medical neglect’’ that overlooks the suffering of children whose parents refuse palliative care. Further education is needed regarding the nature of suffering and the long-term sequelae of untreated pain in order to ensure that children receive the symptomatic treatment they deserve.
High-quality crystalline layer transfer from a silicon-on-insulator substrate onto a sapphire substrate using wafer bonding

We demonstrate layer transfer of 150 nm of Si from a 200-mm, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate onto a sapphire substrate using low-temperature wafer bonding (T=150°C). The crystalline quality and the thermal stability of the transferred Si layer were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD). A broadening of the (004) Si peak is observed only for anneal temperatures TA≥800°C, indicating some degradation of the crystalline quality of the transferred Si film above these temperatures. The measured electron Hall mobility in the bonded Si layer is comparable to bulk silicon for TA≤800°C, indicating excellent material quality.
Boundary-hybrid finite elements and a posteriori error estimation

Abstract Finite element methods that calculate the normal derivative of the solution along the mesh interfaces and recover the solution via local Neumann problems were introduced about two decades ago by I, Babuska, J.T. Oden and J.K. Lee for the treatment of the homogeneous Laplace equation and called ‘boundary-hybrid method’. We revisit this approach for general symmetric and positive definite elliptic equations with homogeneous boundary conditions. The resulting approximation is nonconforming, and the corresponding error is orthogonal to all the conforming finite element subspaces. This crucial property shows immediately how to derive an a posteriori error estimator for conforming finite element approximations via Pythagoras' theorem. The investigation of this idea leads to a sound strategy for a posteriori error analysis which gives conservative, yet accurate, estimates, is cheap for good conforming approximations, and otherwise produces an enhanced solution at not significantly more than the cost normally expected for such a result.
Effects of antagonists of polyamine metabolism on African trypanosomes

This review outlines the metabolism of polyamines in African trypanosomes and summarizes evidence to indicate that trypanosome polyamine metabolism differs in several important aspects from that of the mammalian host. These differences relate to the halflife, turnover, substrate specificity and regulation of enzymes within the mainstream of polyamine synthesis and the related pathway of transmethylation. The common denominator for the uniqueness of parasite polyamine metabolism concerns S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) whose synthesis is unregulated and, upon accumulating in the cell, appears to result in abnormally high transmethylation activity. Similarly, the catabolism of the AdoMet product of polyamine synthesis, methylthioadenosine, is governed by a phosphorylase having broad substrate specificity, and which, if presented with substrate analogs, can generate cytotoxic metabolites.
Managing Complexity: Solutions from the Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent, and Landing Flight System Verification and Validation Campaign

The Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent, and Landing systems engineering team was presented with many challenges in its verification and validation campaign. These challenges arose from both the general complexity of the system architecture and the schedule and resource limitations of the test program. As a result, the team had to accommodate a complex set of requirements, test venues, test objectives, and analysis products. Discussed within are logistical problems faced by the team related to managing these complexities in a portion of Entry, Descent, and Landing verification and validation scope known as the flight system domain. The flight system domain encompassed software–software interactions and system-level software–hardware interactions that happened during the Entry, Descent, and Landing phase of the mission and necessitated the use of flight software and/or flight-equivalent hardware for final verification. The following application-specific solutions were developed to mitigate the complexit...
Aero-optical analysis of turbulent boundary layer and separated shear layer using large-eddy simulation

The aero-optical effects of turbulent boundary layers and separated shear layers are analyzed using the fluctuating density field obtained from large-eddy simulations. The similarities and differences in optical distortions caused by attached boundary layers and separated shear layers are discussed. The numerical database is further used to simulate Malley probe measurements and investigate its accuracy in terms of OPD rms , correlation lengths, and the effects of aperture size and unsteady tilt removal. The use of multiple Malley probes in the transverse direction of the flow is examined to assess its capability to enhance the accuracy of measurements.
Evidence of Associations between Cytokine Genes and Subjective Reports of Sleep Disturbance in Oncology Patients and Their Family Caregivers

The purposes of this study were to identify distinct latent classes of individuals based on subjective reports of sleep disturbance; to examine differences in demographic, clinical, and symptom characteristics between the latent classes; and to evaluate for variations in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes between the latent classes. Among 167 oncology outpatients with breast, prostate, lung, or brain cancer and 85 of their FCs, growth mixture modeling (GMM) was used to identify latent classes of individuals based on General Sleep Disturbance Scale (GSDS) obtained prior to, during, and for four months following completion of radiation therapy. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes in candidate cytokine genes were interrogated for differences between the two latent classes. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the effect of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics on GSDS group membership. Two latent classes were identified: lower sleep disturbance (88.5%) and higher sleep disturbance (11.5%). Participants who were younger and had a lower Karnofsky Performance status score were more likely to be in the higher sleep disturbance class. Variation in two cytokine genes (i.e., IL6, NFKB) predicted latent class membership. Evidence was found for latent classes with distinct sleep disturbance trajectories. Unique genetic markers in cytokine genes may partially explain the interindividual heterogeneity characterizing these trajectories.
DNA-Templated Self-Assembly of Metallic Nanocomponent Arrays on a Surface

A method for laying out arrays of components in programmable 2D arrangements with nanometer-scale precision is needed for the manufacture of high density nanoelectronic circuitry. We report programmed self-assembly of gold prototype nanoelectronic components into closely packed rows with precisely defined inter-row spacings by in situ hybridization of DNA-functionalized components to a preassembled 2D DNA scaffolding on a surface. This approach is broadly applicable to the manufacture of nanoscale integrated circuits for logic, memory, sensing, and other applications.
A test of a potential short cut in the nitrogen cycle: The role of exudation of symbiotically fixed nitrogen from the roots of a N-fixing tree and the effects of increased atmospheric CO2 and temperature

N-fixing trees facilitate the growth of neighboring trees of other species. These neighboring species benefit from the simple presence of the N fixation symbiosis in their surroundings. Because of this phenomenon, it has been hypothesized that a change in atmospheric CO2 concentration may alter the role of N-fixing trees in their environment. It is thought that the role of N-fixing trees in ecosystems of the future may be more important since they may help sustain growth increases due to increased CO2 concentration in nitrogen limited forests. We examined: (1) whether symbiotically fixed N was exuded from roots, (2) whether a doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration would result in increased organic N exudation from roots, and (3) whether increased temperature or N availability affected N exudation from roots. This study analyzed exudation of dissolved organic N from the roots of seedlings of the N-fixing tree Robinia pseudoacacia L. in a full factorial design with 2 CO2 (35.0 and 70.0 Pa) × 2 temperature (26 or 30 °C during the day) × 2 N fertilizer (0 and 10.0 mM N concentration) levels. Trees with no other source of N except N fixation exuded about 1% to 2% of the fixed N through their roots as dissolved organic N. Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations did not, however, increase N exudation rates on a per gram belowground biomass basis. A 4 °C increase in temperature and N fertilization did, however, significantly increase N exudation rates. These results suggest that exudation of dissolved organic N from roots or nodules of N-fixing trees could be a significant, but minor, pathway of transferring N to neighboring plants in a much more rapid and direct way than cycling through death, decomposition and mineralization of plant residues. And, while exudation rates of dissolved organic N from roots were not significantly affected by atmospheric CO2 concentration, the previously observed ‘CO2 fertilization effect’ on N-fixing trees suggests that N exudation from roots could play a significant but minor role in sustaining increases in forest growth, and thus C storage, in a CO2 enriched atmosphere.
Ocular Medications in Children

Many ocular medications are used by pediatricians or ophthalmologists caring for pediatric patients. Topical antibiotics are commonly prescribed for bacterial conjunctivitis, nasolacrimal duct obstructions, and ophthalmia neonatorum. Many new antiallergy eye drops are now available for the treatment of seasonal (hay fever) conjunctivitis. Dilating eye drops and antiglaucoma medications are generally used or prescribed by ophthalmologists, but pediatricians must be aware of their potentially serious systemic side effects. Before initiating treatment, physicians should evaluate the risks and benefits of ophthalmic medications, establish minimum dosages necessary to achieve a therapeutic benefit, and monitor children for local and systemic side effects.
Using a best practice approach to prevent treatment interference in critical care

Treatment interference, also known as therapy disruption, device disruption, or self extubation, is a common and especially difficult clinical problem in critical care. This paper presents creative and practical clinical innovations and relevant research findings as a "best practice approach" to prevent treatment interference in critical care settings. Key principles are presented to guide patient assessment and selection of nursing strategies. Nursing assessment parameters are described and a wide range of nonrestraint strategies are discussed.
Application of DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder to Three Samples of Children With DSM-IV Diagnoses of Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Objective: Substantial revisions to the DSM-IV criteria for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have been proposed in efforts to increase diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. This study evaluated the proposed DSM5criteriaforthesinglediagnosticcategoryof autism spectrum disorder in children with DSM-IV diagnoses of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) and non-PDD diagnoses. Method: Three data sets included 4,453 children with DSM-IV clinical PDD diagnoses and 690 with non-PDD diagnoses (e.g., language disorder). Items from a parent report measure of ASD symptoms (Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised) and clinical observation instrument (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule) were matched to DSM-5 criteria and used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the proposed DSM-5 criteria and current DSM-IV criteria when compared with clinical diagnoses. Results: Based on just parent data, the proposed DSM-5 criteria identified 91% of children with clinical DSM-IV PDD diagnoses. Sensitivity remained high in specifi cs ubgroups, including girls and children under 4. The specificity of DSM-5 ASD was 0.53 overall, while the specificity of DSM-IV ranged from 0.24, for clinically diagnosed PDD not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), to 0.53, for autistic disorder. When data were required from both parent and clinical observation, the specificity of the DSM-5 criteria increased to 0.63. Conclusions: These results suggest that most children with DSM-IV PDD diagnoses would remain eligible for an ASD diagnosis under the proposed DSM-5 criteria. Compared with the DSM-IV criteria for Asperger’s disorder and PDD-NOS, the DSM-5 ASD criteria have greater specificity, particularly when abnormalities are evident from both parents and clinical observation. (Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169:1056–1064)
Stressful life experiences, alcohol consumption, and alcohol use disorders: the epidemiologic evidence for four main types of stressors

Background Exposure to stress is potentially important in the pathway to alcohol use and alcohol use disorders. Stressors occur at multiple time points across the life course, with varying degrees of chronicity and severity.
The effect of soil-absorption on snow-survey forecasting of stream-flow

All who expect from the title of this paper to hear a definite statement in the shape of a mathematical relationship, will meet with disappointment. In my opinion it is not economically feasible to determine quantitatively either the total precipitation or the total absorption-losses for a given basin of any considerable size, and fortunately our method of snow-surveying does not require such quantitative determination. It is also difficult to see how soil-absorption losses can be separated from evaporation and transpiration-losses on the large scale of a drainage-basin though of course transpiration and soil-evaporation losses are experimentally determined on a relatively small scale for certain soils and certain kinds of vegetation by laboratory-methods.
The influence of borderline personality features on inpatient adolescent suicide risk

Suicide is a leading cause of death among adolescents and suicidal behavior is one of the primary risk factors for youth psychiatric hospitalizations. A number of studies indicate that depression and substance abuse are associated with suicide risk in this population, but less is known about the role of borderline personality features or their incremental influence over other known risk factors in indicating suicidal behavior among adolescents. This study examined whether borderline features were associated with suicide risk when controlling for symptoms of depression and substance abuse in a sample of adolescents hospitalized in an inpatient psychiatric facility. Self-report data from 477 adolescent psychiatric inpatients were used to test hypotheses about the association of borderline features with suicide risk after controlling for other common risk factors. Borderline features were significantly related to suicide risk even after accounting for symptoms of depression and substance abuse. These findings underscore the clinical value of routinely assessing borderline features among adolescents.