cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Interrelationship of Sodium Balance, Plasma Renin Activity and ACTH in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasias

Metabolic studies in seven children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency revealed that all subjects displayed abnormalities in sodium balance which ranged from borderline depletion in the simple virilizers detectableonly by high levels of plasma renin activity to overt salt-loss and hypovolemia in the salt-losers. These abnormalities suggested that aldosterone biosynthesis was relatively impaired in all subjects, but more in the saltlosers. Sodium depletion, while on constant glucocorticoid replacement therapy, induced marked elevations of plasma renin activity which was associated with a hypersecretion of ACTH, with levels often over 1000 pg/ml. However, individuals whose hypothalamic-pituitary axis was completely suppressed with dexamethasone did not show a rise in ACTH levels. The degree of ACTH stimulation was significantly correlated with the levels of plasma renin activity (r = 0.811, P < 0.001) and was proportional to the degree of sodium loss, thus representin...
Estimating the reduction in labor hours due to a new technology under uncertain demand

Abstract When investing in a new machine one must estimate the reduced labor costs. In the past, this was usually done in a deterministic way, assuming that we have accurate (point) estimation of demand rates and the reduction in labor costs is proportional to the reduction in labor hours. However, if demand rates of products are known probabilistically the expected reduction in labor hours follows a probability distribution. This distribution (not just the mean value) is important because (1) it shows the effect of the uncertainty in demand on estimating the reduction in labor hours, and (2) it allows better estimation of labor cost savings when labor costs are not proportional to labor hours. Using the distribution of product demand rates this paper presents a procedure for estimating the distribution of reduction in labor hours obtained from a new machine.
Synthesis, Processing, and Properties of Submicrometer-Grained Highly Transparent Yttria Ceramics

In this article, we report on the fabrication of 0.3-μm average grain-sized transparent yttria ceramics using a modified two-step sintering approach. This process yielded full densification of the yttria ceramics with a drastically reduced grain growth. These transparent yttria ceramics exhibited a transparency equivalent to that of single crystals in the near-infrared spectral region. The microhardness and fracture toughness of the 0.3-μm average grain-sized transparent yttria ceramics fabricated by a modified two-step sintering were found to exceed those of ∼300-μm average grain-sized transparent yttria ceramics fabricated by conventional sintering by 25 and 70%, respectively.
Are Physicians Ethically Obligated to Address Hospice as an Alternative to “Usual” Treatment of Advancing End-Stage Disease?

Hospice care is ideally suited to meet the psychosocial and spiritual needs of dying patients, providing the opportunity to settle financial, property, and inheritance issues; to mend lacerations in important lifetime relationships, including forgiving and asking forgiveness; and to assure a degree of autonomous control over the environment and the social and spiritual processes that attend one’s death. Physicians are not only imprecise in prognosticating a patient’s time to die, they tend to be over-optimistic in their predictions. A “no” answer to the question, “Would I be surprised if this patient died in the next year?” is a reasonable starting-point for discussing hospice care as a potential treatment plan, now or in the future. Physicians have a duty to present palliative care in hospice as an alternative to the recurrent hospital interventions that are typical in the last six to 12 months of life tor patients who are failing and have declining prospects for one-year survival.
Cluster size distributions of economic agents of many types in a market

We use a partition vector as a state vector in models composed of a large number of exchangeable agents of possibly many types. To illustrate the use of this notion we derive size distributions of clusters (groups) formed by these interacting economic agents.
Early cellular interactions promote embryonic axis formation in Xenopus laevis.

We have attempted to define the location and mode of action of axial determinants in the egg of Xenopus laevis. To this end, we transplanted small numbers of blastomeres from normal 64-cell stage embryos into synchronous recipient embryos which had been irradiated with ultraviolet light prior to first cleavage. Without transplantation, such embryos fail to develop dorsal structures of the embryonic body axis. We found that one to three blastomeres transplanted from the vegetal-most octet of cells can effect complete or partial rescue of of axis development in a recipient, provided that the donor cells derive from the quadrant just under the prospective dorsal marginal region. These same cells, when transplanted into the ventral vegetal quadrant of a normal 64-cell embryo, cause the formation of a complete second body axis. In contrast, other cells from the vegetal octet of normal donors fail to cause axis formation. When the rescuing donor cells are labeled with a lineage-restricted fluorescent marker, we find that their progeny do not contribute to the axial structures of the recipient. Progeny of the transplanted cells are found below the level of the blastopore in the early gastrula and eventually give rise to portions of the gut, as is their fate in normal development. These results, in agreement with those of Nieuwkoop (P.D. Nieuwkoop, 1977, Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 11, 115-132), imply that the dorsal-most vegetal cells of the 64-cell embryo receive from the egg cytoplasm a set of determinants enabling them to induce neighboring cells to undertake axis formation. We discuss the relationship between axis induction in rescued irradiated embryos and axis determining processes in normal embryogenesis.
Multiresolution storage and search in sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks enable dense sensing of the environment, offering unprecedented opportunities for observing the physical world. This article addresses two key challenges in wireless sensor networks: in-network storage and distributed search. The need for these techniques arises from the inability to provide persistent, centralized storage and querying in many sensor networks. Centralized storage requires multihop transmission of sensor data to Internet gateways which can quickly drain battery-operated nodes.Constructing a storage and search system that satisfies the requirements of data-rich scientific applications is a daunting task for many reasons: (a) the data requirements may be large compared to available storage and communication capacity of resource-constrained nodes, (b) user requirements are diverse and range from identification and collection of interesting event signatures to obtaining a deeper understanding of long-term trends and anomalies in the sensor events, and (c) many applications are in new domains where a priori information may not be available to reduce these requirements.This article describes a lossy, gracefully degrading storage model. We believe that such a model is necessary and sufficient for many scientific applications since it supports both progressive data collection for interesting events as well as long-term in-network storage for in-network querying and processing. Our system demonstrates the use of in-network wavelet-based summarization and progressive aging of summaries in support of long-term querying in storage and communication-constrained networks. We evaluate the performance of our linux implementation and show that it achieves: (a) low communication overhead for multiresolution summarization, (b) highly efficient drill-down search over such summaries, and (c) efficient use of network storage capacity through load-balancing and progressive aging of summaries.
Prediction of functional outcome in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis.

Importance A major public health concern associated with schizophrenia and psychotic disorders is the long-term disability that involves impaired cognition, lack of social support, and an inability to function independently in the community. A critical goal of early detection and intervention studies in psychosis is therefore to understand the factors leading to this often profound impairment. Objective To develop a predictive model of functional (social and role) outcome in a clinical high-risk sample for psychosis. Design Prospective, naturalistic, longitudinal 3- to 5-year follow-up study. Setting The Recognition and Prevention Program in New York, a research clinic located in the Zucker Hillside Hospital in New York. Participants One hundred one treatment-seeking patients at clinical high risk for psychosis. Ninety-two (91%) were followed up prospectively for a mean (SD) of 3 (1.6) years. Intervention Neurocognitive and clinical assessment. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome variables were social and role functioning at the last follow-up visit. Results Poor social outcome was predicted by reduced processing speed (odds ratio [OR], 1.38; 95% CI, 1.050-1.823; P = .02), impaired social functioning at baseline (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.258-2.732; P = .002), and total disorganized symptoms (OR, 5.06; 95% CI, 1.548-16.527; P = .007). Reduced performance on tests for verbal memory (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.169-2.594; P = .006), role functioning at baseline (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.053-1.711; P = .02), and motor disturbances (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.060-2.969; P = .03) predicted role outcome. The areas under the curve for the social and role prediction models were 0.824 (95% CI, 0.736-0.913; P P Conclusions and Relevance Results from this study support the increasing emphasis on functional decline as a critically important outcome that parallels conversion to psychosis and suggest that both psychosis and long-term functional disability are equally important targets for prevention. Reduced neurocognitive performance, functional impairments, and nonpositive attenuated symptoms at baseline were associated with an increased risk of poor functional outcomes in our sample. Poor functional outcomes were not entirely dependent on positive symptoms and the development of psychosis, further highlighting the need for intervention at this early stage of development for those who do and do not convert to a full-blown psychotic disorder.
Staff support strategies to increase the involvement of individuals with disabilities in meal preparation

In recent years, residential services for persons with disabilities have changed radically, reflecting a shift from custodial care to habilitation and community participation. This has resulted in a significant shift in the roles of direct-care staff. Improvement of staff performance is recognized as a major objective of agencies providing residential support to persons with disabilities. This study examined the gap between existing technologies of support and performance of direct-care staff, and focused on participation in an important activity of daily living, meal preparation. This study compared initial, baseline levels of participation to levels of involvement observed during three experimental intervention phases introduced sequentially within a multiple-baseline design: staff prompting by interventionists, staff self-management, and staff training. Increases from baseline levels of participation were observed for all five participating staff-resident dyads. High levels of variability were observed in some dyads and amounts of increase differed across dyads. Findings are explained in terms of dyad-specific information. A model of staff performance is presented along with implications for high-quality residential service.
An old cathedral for a New Russia: The symbolic politics of the reconstituted church of Christ the Saviour

Moscow today resounds with the noise of hammers and heavy equipment. Market oriented reforms, not surprisingly, have sparked a boom in the construction of private housing, modern office space and retail outlets. Meanwhile, political reform is driving another real estate trend - the return of prerevolutionary religious sites to believers. Under new laws protecting religious freedom and private property, religious communities are reclaiming and restoring their former places of worship.' In the hope of attracting tourist dollars some local governments are also investing in conservation or restoration of religious and secular architectural landmarks and historical sites. Businessmen have also recognised the potential value and prestige of historic buildings in city centres when their interiors are converted into modem office space. In Mm:cow the city government, the Russian Orthodox Church hierarchy and the new rich all have a hand in the most massive restoration project in Russia today the rebuilding of the Church of Christ the Saviour from scratch. This cathedral, which once dominated the Moscow skyline, was completely demolished by the Bolsheviks in 1931 to make way for a planned 'Palace of Soviets' that would have commemorated Lenin and celebrated the Communist International. Ultimately the costs deterred the Soviet government from building much beyond the foundation. Today, however, at the cost of millions of dollars, the reconstruction of the cathedral is proceeding at a breakneck pace. Given Russia's dire economic situation, why is so much state and private money flowing into the rebuilding of a single cathedral? After all, federal and local authori­ ties must cope with the fact that 'even by official statistics one-third of the population lives in poverty, and one-quarter lives below the boundary of what is necessary for physical survival.'2 Meanwhile the Orthodox Church is struggling to find the means to restore or build parish churches for its faithful all across Russia. Industrial cities created during the Soviet period, for instance, have no church property to be reclaimed. 3 Even in Moscow, where many churches in the city centre have been reopened, not a single wholly new Orthodox church has been built to serve the vast dormitory communities surrounding the city .. Nor is the reconstruction of the Church of Christ the Saviour part of a general state programme of financial support for various religious confessions. The idea of reconstructing the cathedral was raised by religious believers and conservative Russian nationalists in 1989 to symbolise the rebirth of a strong, Orthodox Russia. Five years later the 'democratic' president of
A language based formalism for domain driven development

The evolution of programming languages (e.g. machine languages, assembly languages and high level languages) has been the driving force for the evolution of software development from the machine-centric to the application-centric. The 4th generation languages (4GLs), languages defined directly by the composition of domain features, serve as the language-based formalism for the emerging Domain Driven Development paradigm. The 4GLs are defined in Two-Level Grammar++ and can be compiled into 3GLs using the 4GL compiler framework.
Radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations: Assessment of early phase magnetic resonance imaging and significance of gadolinium-DTPA enhancement

Abstract Purpose : To evaluate the initial changes within the nidus of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and to assess the reaction of the brain tissue surrounding AVMs after radiosurgery by serial magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Methods and Materials : Twenty-one patients, treated using 60Co gamma knife unit with cerebral AVMs, were retrospectively evaluated. Forty-seven follow-up MR images of the 21 patients were performed including 10 patients with two or more serial gadolinium enhanced studies (Gd-MR). Two or more sequential MR angiographies (MRA) were obtained in 13 patients. Three-dimensional (3D) time-of-flight MRA and two-dimensional (2D) phase contrast MRA were used in 13 patients for evaluating the flow changes of AVMs. The follow-up period after radiosurgery ranged from 3 to 30 months (average 10.8 months) and the interval time of MRI ranged from 34 days to 13 months (average 4.9 months). Results : Reduction of nidus size was observed in 14 of the 21 patients (67%) between 4 to 13 months on spin echo (SE) images. Complete obliteration was observed on SE images in 4 of these 14 patients; three were confirmed by conventional angiography. New hyperintense areas surrounding the nidus on T2-weighted images (T2WI) developed in 9 of the 14 patients who showed nidus reduction between 5 to 17 months after radiosurgery; in three patients, size of the hyperintense area started to decrease between 6 to 7 months after its appearance. Probable radiation necrosis of pons developed in one patient 26 months after radiosurgery. The irradiated area within the AVM nidus was significantly enhanced in 8 of the 10 patients who underwent Gd-MR. The degrees of enhancement within the nidus increased with time in 7 of the 10 patients. Overall, total enhancement of irradiated areas was observed in four of the 10 patients; in three of the four, the enhancement decreased in size and degree, indicating nidus reduction. In three patients who had a partial volume irradiation within the nidus, the enhancing areas corresponded with the exact portions of irradiated volume. The nidus reduction was observed in 7 of the 13 patients on MRA during 5 to 13 months after radiosurgery. MRA was more useful compared to SE images in four of the seven patients in evaluating the size change of AVM nidus, feeding arteries, and draining veins. Conclusion : Magnetic resonance imaging and MRA were useful in assessing the progress of nidus reduction. T2-weighted imaging was sensitive to radiation-induced reaction in and around the AVM nidus. The enhancement within the AVM nidus on Gd-MR may represent the initial sign of nidus reduction and demonstrates the exact location of irradiation in the nidus. The changes of the enhancement pattern are presumed to represent the processes of nidus reduction and irradiated reaction within the AVM nidus.
Heterometallic Ferrocene-Rhenium Complexes Linked by an Aminoethylglycine Scaffold

Using mono- and 1,n′-disubstituted ferrocenecarboxylic acid, the aminoethylglycine (aeg) derivatives Fe[C5H4-CO-aeg-OtBu][C5H5] (1) and Fe[C5H4-CO-aeg-OtBu]2 (2) have been synthesized. Complexes 1 and 2 are further reacted to substitute the aeg with the nitrogen-containing ligands dpa-ph-CO2H or py-AcOH to yield complexes 3–6. Each of these is treated with Re(CO)5Cl to assemble heterometallic structures 3Re–6Re. These are subsequently isolated and characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry, FTIR, UV/Vis absorbance, and fluorescence emission spectroscopy, and separately by electrochemistry. All of the compounds exhibit the characteristic redox properties of the ferrocene moiety; in the heterometallic compounds, an irreversible oxidative wave is attributed to the Re. The electrochemically determined diffusion coefficients of the compounds confirm that the as-prepared structures are discrete assemblies and not coordination polymers.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
On a question of Maarten Maurice

In this note we give ZFC results that reduce the question of Maarten Maurice about the existence of σ-closed-discrete dense subsets of perfect generalized ordered spaces to the study of very special Baire spaces, and we discuss the current status of the question for spaces with small density. Work of Shelah, Todorcevic, Qiao, and Tall shows that Maurice's problem is undecidable for generalized ordered spaces of local density ω1.
Self-organizing linear search

Algorithms that modify the order of linear search lists are surveyed. First the problem, including assumptions and restrictions, is defined. Next a summary of analysis techniques and measurements that apply to these algorithms is given. The main portion of the survey presents algorithms in the literature with absolute analyses when available. The following section gives relative measures that are applied between two or more algorithms. The final section presents open questions.
Understanding Racism through the Eyes of African American Male Student-Athletes.

This study utilized critical race theory (CRT) as an epistemological framework and theoretical tool for understanding African American male student‐athletes' perceptions of racism and the potential impact racism might have on their educational experiences and overall development. This qualitative case study included a single focus group and in‐depth interviews with four African American male football players in a big‐time college sport program at a predominantly White institution (PWI) in the Midwestern United States. These males felt that racism manifested itself in terms of African Americans (1) being denied access to leadership and major decision‐making opportunities in college and professional sport, and (2) being treated differently than their White counterparts. These findings point to the need for further studies that are inclusive of the voices of this particular group and other groups of African American student‐athletes. Further, these results have implications for administrators, coaches, acade...
Selective reminding tests: A normative study of verbal learning in adults

Verbal learning was assessed according to the Selective Reminding Test (SRT) in order to establish normative data and to provide a comparison with measures of immediate attention, verbal IQ, and verbal memory. The 392 subjects, stratified by sex (202 women, 190 men), age (4 groups: 16-70 years), and education (3 groups), were free of conflicting pathologies. Learning curves were established on centiles (75, 50, 25, 5). Sex differences favoring women were found in percent of finishers (those who reached criterion), and at all percentile levels of acquisition. Data were analyzed for group differences in performance on the SRT and related concurrent measures, but sex differences were not found on the VIQ or immediate attention tests. Also, assumptions of age and education stratification were not confirmed. However, those who completed the task were better able to form associational strategies than those who were unable to finish. The present data indicate that it is important to use detailed norms by gender and criterion level if clinical interpretations are to be valid.
Estrogen receptors in the temporomandibular joint of the baboon (Papio cynocephalus): An autoradiographic study☆

Using an autoradiographic method, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) complex of five aged female baboons was studied for the presence of receptors for estradiol-17 beta. The study was performed in an effort to learn more of the pathophysiology of this joint and in an attempt to provide a scientific basis to explain the reported preponderance of women who seek and undergo treatment for signs and symptoms referable to the TMJ. This experiment revealed that the TMJ complex contains numerous cells with receptors for estrogen, particularly the articular surface of the condyle, articular disk, and capsule. Muscles of mastication contained relatively fewer receptors. As a result, one may postulate a role for the sex steroid hormones in the maintenance, repair, and/or pathogenesis of the TMJ. Additional studies are necessary to fully determine the significance of hormone receptors in this site and any correlation between diseases of the TMJ and the endocrine status of affected patients.
Dynamic implicit strict partially ordered sets

Sets may be ordered, unordered, or partially ordered. Amongst partially ordered sets (posets), if the relation between the ordered elements is one of ≥ then this is a standard poset, but if the relation between the ordered elements is one of > then this is called a strict poset. It is the author's contention that many strict posets exist implicitly: for example, most examples of preference ordering are actually only partial orders, since one may easily rank one's most-favorite and least-favorite of anything, but of all that is in-between, there has probably not been formed a complete total ordering. Furthermore, even if there was a complete total ordering, the solicitation of the preference order information often results in only a partial order being known: for example, it is easier to ask “which of these two do you like better” than it is to ask “please rank all of these from most favorite to least favorite” for large sets. Additionally, preferences change over time, and as a result, finding and identifying which piece of ordering information is now invalid is a challenge for a variety of reasons. This paper seeks to identify some initial possibilities for remedying and meeting that challenge.
A two-phase heuristic algorithm for determining buffer sizes of production lines

In-process inventories are often used in many manufacturing systems to smooth and balance work flow. The buffer design problem of determining the best size of storage space between operations (or workstations) is one that has been approached in past and current research issues. Although past research attempted to apply traditional optimization methods to the buffer design problems, the applications revealed that some fundamental drawbacks were occurring due to the unique characteristics of the buffer design in the production lines. This paper addresses the unique characteristics involved in the buffer design, discusses drawbacks of traditional optimization methods applied, and finally presents an efficient two-phase heuristic method using a dimension reduction strategy and a buffer utilization-based beam search method, fn addition, numerical results show sensitivity analyses for the performance of the heuristic method with respect to parameters involved in the second phase of the method.
Results with the Two-Patch Technique for Repair of Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defect

From May, 1982, to September, 1983, 9 patients underwent repair of complete AV septal defect. They ranged in age from 11 months to 48 months and in weight from 5.3 kg to 16.5 kg. Seven patients were 24 months old or less. Previous operations included pulmonary artery banding in 1 patient and ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus with repair of coarctation in another. All patients had large left-to-right shunts (mean pulmonary to systemic flow ratio, 3.1), and the 7 young infants had marked pulmonary hypertension. Mitral regurgitation was absent in 2 patients, mild in 3, moderate in 2, and severe in 2. One patient had the right ventricular dominant form of complete AV septal defect. In all instances, repair was done using separate ventricular and atrial patches. Leaflet tissue was not divided, and a trileaflet mitral valve was left in each patient. Eight patients survived operation and are well 3 to 17 months after repair. The single operative death occurred in the patient with right ventricular dominance. Only 1 patient has mild residual heart failure 4 months after operation. Clinically, mitral regurgitation is absent in 4 patients and, at most, mild in the other 4. No patient has a conduction disturbance. Repair of complete AV septal defect is facilitated by using separate patches for the ventricular and atrial components of the defect. Less distortion is created, and a more accurate reconstruction of a competent trileaflet mitral valve can be done.
The behavior of rare earth elements in seawater: Precise determination of variations in the North Pacific water column

Abstract We present new, highly precise and accurate data for ten rare earth elements (REEs) in two water column profiles and in bottom waters from three additional localities in the North Pacific. Our results presented here, and in an earlier publication, indicate that the water column in the western North Pacific is stratified with respect to the isotopic composition of Nd as well as Nd/La, Sm/Nd, and Er/La. Both the Nd isotopic and the REE data show that REE transport is strongly influenced by horizontal advection, even in the sluggish circulation of the Pacific. In general, REEs increase in concentration with depth. At mid-latitude, they reach a maximum concentration, at about 3000 m, and then decrease to the bottom. At high latitude, heavy REEs reach a maximum concentration near 3000 m, whereas light REEs continue to increase in concentration with depth. The deep water maximum and bottom water depletion is interpreted as an advective feature resulting from the flow of a lower concentration of REEs in Antarctic bottom water under a higher concentration of REEs in the North Pacific. Concentrations of REEs do not show a linear relationship with those of Si, indicating that the REE cycle is not directly coupled to that of the Si cycle. REE element ratios (i.e., Nd/La) correlate with hydrographie properties, which suggests that major features of the REE patterns may be conserved during lateral transport. Comparison of our REE data to those in previously published reports on Pacific seawater shows that the identification of REE distributions affected by advection is only made possible by the high-precision analysis we developed for this study. The Ce-concentration we observe is relatively constant over 200–4500 m depth at both sites where we have complete profiles. This unique constancy of Ce is in contrast to the contiguous REEs, La, and Nd, which show substantial concentration variations with depth.
Perturbation Effects On The Tryptophan Fluorescence In Bacteriorhodopsin

The picosecond fluorescence kinetics of tryptophan residues in bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and some perturbed analogues are measured to study the different tryptophan environments and their changes upon metal cation removal, partial delipidation, retinal removal, and M412 trapping. In bR, the emission shows four decay components designated C1R, C2R, C3R, and C4R in order of increasing lifetimes. The emission wavelength of C3R and C4R is near that found in aqueous solution, while that of C1R is the shortest. The removal of retinal triples the total emission intensity and reduces the number of components to two, suggesting that the observed variation of the lifetimes in bR results from the variation of the energy transfer efficiency between different tryptophans and retinal. We conclude that the C1R and C2R emission is from the closest tryptophans to the retinal. The quenching of the C3R emission by all metal cations, including those that cannot act as energy acceptors, e.g. Cali-, is attributed to protein conformation changes caused by metal cation binding which leads to a stronger energy transfer coupling between tryptophans and retinal. The additional quenching of the C2R emission in Eu3+ bound bR is proposed to result from direct energy transfer between tryptophans and Eu3+. No effect on tryptophan emission decay kinetics and intensity by adding metal cations to deionized delipidated bR indicates that the protein conformation is changed by delipidation. But the similar kinetics between bR and delipidated bR suggest that the delipidation provides a proper protein conformation to deprotonate the protonated Schiff base without metal cations. The formation of M412 at low temperature in glycerol leads to the quenching of only the faster emission decay component.
Domain Structure and Function of Dynamin Probed by Limited Proteolysis

Abstract Dynamin is a 100-kDa GTPase with multiple domains. Some of these have known functions, namely, the N-terminal GTPase domain, the PH domain that binds phosphatidylinositol lipids, and the C-terminal proline–arginine-rich domain (PRD) that binds to several SH3 domain-containing dynamin partners. Others, for example, the “middle” located between the GTPase domain and the PH domain and a predicted α-helical domain located between the PH domain and PRD, have unknown functions. Dynamin exists as a homotetramer in solution and self-assembles into higher-order structures resembling rings and helical stacks of rings. Dynamin self-assembly stimulates its GTPase activity. We used limited proteolysis to dissect dynamin's domain structure and to gain insight into intradomain interactions that regulate dynamin self-assembly and stimulate GTPase activity. We found that the PH domain functions as a negative regulator of dynamin self-assembly and stimulates GTPase activity and that the α-helical domain, termed GED for GTPase effector domain, is required for stimulated GTPase activity.
Direct uses of earth heat

Potential resources and applications of earth heat in the form of geothermal energy are large. World-wide direct uses amount to 7072 MW thermal above a reference temperature of 35°C. District heating is the major direct use of geothermal energy. Equipment employed in direct use projects is of standard manufacture and includes downhole and circulation pumps, transmission and distribution pipelines, heat exchangers and convectors, heat pumps and chillers. Direct uses of earth heat discussed are district heating and cooling, greenhouse heating and fish farming, process and industrial applications, combined and cascading uses. The economic feasibility of direct use projects is governed by site specific factors such as location of user and resource, resource quality, system load factor and load density, as well as financing. Examples are presented of district heating in Reykjavik, Klamath Falls, Melun l'Amont and Svartsengi. Further developments of direct uses of geothermal energy will depend on matching user needs to the resource, and improving load factors and load density.
Consultation with the police: the psychiatrist as organizational change agent.

Abstract Psychiatric consultation with the police has been recognized as a valid goal of community psychiatry. 1 The role of the police in community mental health has been explored by others. 2–4 In April 1972, the author was hired as part-time Psychiatric Consultant by the City of Miami Police Department. The position was initially funded by a two year grant from the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA). It was to be the first step in a broad-ranging program aimed at overhauling the entire structure and function of this department. The goal of this program was to convert a traditionally stratified, change-resistant city police agency to a flexible, smoothly functioning organization that would be responsive to the ever-changing needs and demands of the public it serves. Since very few police departments utilize the services of a psychiatrist or attempt major organizational change, the author's role and function were not predetermined. Rather, they were left open-ended, to be carved out empirically based on his day-to-day experiences and his relationships with personnel at the various rank levels within the department. What follows is a discussion of the climate within the police department during the author's tenure, the input of the consultant into innovative programs, the impact of the author's role on the organizational change process and some guidelines for the consultant to an organization undergoing major change and/or development.
Characterization of the nuclear ribosomal DNA of Euglena gracilis.

Abstract A phage λ recombinant library containing Euglena gracilis genomic DNA was screened for nuclear rDNA sequences. A recombinant phage was isolated that contained an 11.5-kb nuclear rDNA sequence. The 11.5-kb insert was mapped with restriction endonucleases and was shown to represent a complete rDNA repeat unit that carried the genes for the 19 S, 25 S, 5.8 S and 5S cytoplasmic rRNAs. The rDNA repeat units per haploid genome are organized in the form of identical tandem repeats.
Reducing Violence Against Nurses: The Violence Prevention Community Meeting

Research was undertaken to validate the efficacy of a new, nurse-led treatment, the Violence Prevention Community Meeting (VPCM), for reducing patient violence on an acute-care inpatient psychiatry unit. Nursing staff members carried event counters and recorded verbal and physical violence as it occurred over the 20-week study. Significant decreases in patient violence were found across day, evening, and night shifts for pre-treatment vs. treatment and pre-treatment vs. post-treatment comparisons. For the day shift, when twice-weekly VPCM treatment took place, violent incidents decreased 89% from pre-treatment to treatment and 57% from pre-treatment to post-treatment.
New concepts of the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease lead to novel treatments.

Activation of methionine to S-adenosylmethionine is depressed in alcoholics. Its repletion opposes alcoholic liver cirrhosis in baboons, decreases mortality in cirrhotic patients, and opposes oxidative stress resulting from cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) induction by alcohol, ketones, and fatty acids. Their excess causes alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. CYP2E1 is also induced in Kupffer cells, promoting their activation and release of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The TNF-α inhibitor pentoxifylline decreased mortality from alcoholic hepatitis. Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC), an antioxidant phosphatidylcholine mixture extracted from soybeans, 50% of which consists of the highly bioavailable dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine, restores phospholipids of the damaged membranes and reactivates their enzymes, including phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase, needed for phospholipid regeneration. In baboons, PPC prevented cirrhosis by stimulating collagenase and by opposing lipid peroxidation, which produces the fibrogenic hydroxynonenal. PPC was beneficial in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, and it opposed fibrosis in heavy drinkers and decreased aminotransferases in patients with hepatitis C. The antioxidant silymarin also successfully opposed alcoholic cirrhosis in baboons and in some but not all clinical trials; this effect also pertains to α-tocopherol. The anti-inflammatory corticosteroids and colchicine yielded mixed results. Finally, replacing long-chain with medium-chain triglycerides opposed the fatty liver experimentally and clinically.
Attentional control of spatial scale: effects on self-organized motion patterns

Abstract Prior to the presentation of a test stimulus, subjects’ attentional state was either narrowly focused on a particular location or broadly spread over a large spatial region. In previous studies, it was found that broadly spread attention enhances the sensitivity of relatively large spatial filters (increasing the perceiver’s spatial scale), thereby diminishing spatial resolution and enhancing sensitivity to global stimulus structure. In this study it is shown that attentional spread also affects the self-organization of unidirectional versus oscillatory motion patterns for the directionally ambiguous, counterphase presentation of rows of evenly-spaced visual elements (lines segments; dots); i.e. qualitatively different motion patterns can be formed for the same stimulus at different spatial scales. Although the degree to which attention is spread along a spatial axis can be controlled by the perceiver, the effects of spread attention are not limited to a single axis. These results, as well as previously observed effects of attentional spread on spatial resolution, are accounted for by a neural model involving large, foveally-centered receptive fields with co-operatively interacting subunits (probably at the level of MST or higher).
Early Physical Abuse and Later Violent Delinquency: A Prospective Longitudinal Study:

In this prospective longitudinal study of 574 children followed from age 5 to age 21, the authors examine the links between early physical abuse and violent delinquency and other socially relevant outcomes during late adolescence or early adulthood and the extent to which the child's race and gender moderate these links. Analyses of covariance indicated that individuals who had been physically abused in the first 5 years of life were at greater risk for being arrested as juveniles for violent, nonviolent, and status offenses. Moreover, physically abused youth were less likely to have graduated from high school and more likely to have been fired in the past year, to have been a teen parent, and to have been pregnant or impregnated someone in the past year while not married. These effects were more pronounced for African American than for European American youth and somewhat more pronounced for females than for males.
Automatic searching of tables in digital libraries

Tables are ubiquitous. Unfortunately, no search engine supportstable search. In this paper, we propose a novel table specificsearching engine, TableSeer, to facilitate the table extracting, indexing, searching, and sharing. In addition, wepropose an extensive set of medium-independent metadata to precisely present tables. Given a query, TableSeer ranks the returned results using an innovative ranking algorithm - TableRank with a tailored vector space model and a novel term weightingscheme. Experimental results show that TableSeer outperforms existing search engines on table search. In addition, incorporating multiple weighting factors can significantly improve the ranking results.
Restless Watchdog: Monitoring Multiple Bands with Blind Period in Cognitive Radio Systems

Spectrum sensing, which monitors the spectrum activity, is studied for cognitive radio systems using multiple frequency bands with non-negligible band switching time (blind period). Due to hardware limitation, it is assumed that only a subset of frequency bands can be monitored simultaneously. The problem of controlling the monitoring procedure is studied in the frameworks of dynamic programming (DP). System states and cost functions are defined. Cost-to-go functions for DP are derived, simplified and approximated, based on which control policies are derived. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate the proposed algorithms.
Identifying and Correcting Pulse-Breakup Errors from Freeway Loop Detectors

Loop detectors are the most common sensors used to collect freeway management data. There has been considerable research to screen the quality of loop detector data, but some significant detector errors have not received much attention because of the difficulty of identifying their occurrence. This study examines one such error, pulse breakup, in which what should be a single pulse from a vehicle breaks up into two or more pulses because the detector momentarily drops out. An algorithm is developed to identify the presence of individual pulse-breakup events. The algorithm is based on the nature of pulse breakup revealed from individual vehicle actuations with concurrent video ground truth. The algorithm begins with the comparison of the on-times from the two successive pulses bounding a given short off-time. To differentiate between pulse breakup and tailgating, the algorithm includes several comparisons of the adjacent on-times with respect to the ambient traffic conditions. Six steps are included in the...
Revision of the genus Eadmuna Schaus, 1928 (Lepidoptera, Mimallonidae) with a description of a new species from French Guiana.

The genus Eadmuna Schaus, 1928 is revised to include four species. Eadmuna guianensis sp. n., is described from French Guiana and Guyana. The holotype of Perophora pulverula Schaus, 1896, currently placed in Cicinnus Blanchard, 1852, is determined to be a previously unrecognized female Eadmuna, and is transferred accordingly as Eadmuna pulverula comb. n.. Eadmuna paloa Schaus, 1933, rev. status, is removed from synonymy with the type species Eadmuna esperans (Schaus, 1905). Eadmuna esperans, Eadmuna paloa, and Eadmuna pulverula may be of conservation concern due to their limited extent of occurrence and endemicity to the highly imperiled Brazilian Atlantic forest.
Update on the Battle for Psychological Testing Rights, 1997:

A vital issue of great concern to professionals who engage in psychological assessment in the conduct of their private practices has recently arisen on a national scale. The issue involves the qualifications of test users. In a number of states Boards of Examiners in Psychology have been challenging mental health professionals who are not psychologists in an effort to restrain them from using certain psychological tests. This article discusses the controversies that have erupted since 1994 on the issue of who is qualified to use psychological tests.
African Women: A Modern History

African Women:. Modern History. Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997.308 pp.
Atg16L1 T300A variant decreases selective autophagy resulting in altered cytokine signaling and decreased antibacterial defense

A coding polymorphism (Thr300Ala) in the essential autophagy gene, autophagy related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1), confers increased risk for the development of Crohn disease, although the mechanisms by which single disease-associated polymorphisms contribute to pathogenesis have been difficult to dissect given that environmental factors likely influence disease initiation in these patients. Here we introduce a knock-in mouse model expressing the Atg16L1 T300A variant. Consistent with the human polymorphism, T300A knock-in mice do not develop spontaneous intestinal inflammation, but exhibit morphological defects in Paneth and goblet cells. Selective autophagy is reduced in multiple cell types from T300A knock-in mice compared with WT mice. The T300A polymorphism significantly increases caspase 3- and caspase 7-mediated cleavage of Atg16L1, resulting in lower levels of full-length Atg16Ll T300A protein. Moreover, Atg16L1 T300A is associated with decreased antibacterial autophagy and increased IL-1β production in primary cells and in vivo. Quantitative proteomics for protein interactors of ATG16L1 identified previously unknown nonoverlapping sets of proteins involved in ATG16L1-dependent antibacterial autophagy or IL-1β production. These findings demonstrate how the T300A polymorphism leads to cell type- and pathway-specific disruptions of selective autophagy and suggest a mechanism by which this polymorphism contributes to disease.
Connected Giving: Ordinary People Coordinating Disaster Relief on the Internet

The Internet is widely valued for distributing control over information to a lateral network of individuals, but it is not clear how these networks can most effectively organize themselves. This paper describes the distributed networks of volunteers that emerged online following Hurricane Katrina. Online communities responded to the disaster by facilitating the distribution of donated goods from ordinary people directly to hurricane survivors. These "connected giving" groups faced several challenges: establishing authority within the group, providing relevant information, developing trust in one another, and sustaining the group over time. Two forms of computer-mediated connected giving were observed: small blog communities and large forums. Small blog communities used a centralized authority structure that was more immediately successful in managing information and developing trust, but over time, blog communities were difficult to sustain. Larger and more decentralized forums had greater difficulties focusing the community's communication and developing trust but sustained themselves over a long period of time
Imaginative dialogues in children's private speech

This study investigated the development of the structure of dialogues by analysing one child's bedtime soliloquies over a two year period (age 2 1/2 to 41/2) and comparing them with those of another child (age 21/2) reported earlier in the literature. It documents the role of language in the social ization process and argues that development of conversational forms is best understood in the context of a theory of cognitive development. Dialogues were analysed for conventional forms of social address (imperatives, interrogatives, vocatives), for conversational maintenance techniques (direct and indirect repetition of phrases and ideas) and for level of conceptualization (linguistic representation of single then multiple speakers). Results indicate that, although there were large individual differences, both children used conventional forms of social address in their private speech from the beginning recordings but their language reflected a limited understanding of societal relationships.