cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CARDIAC OUTPUT IN COR PULMONALE.

The average level of cardiac output in patients with cor pulmonale has been found to be significantly higher than that encountered in a group of patients with hypertensive and/or atherosclerotic heart disease. Furthermore, a greater proportion of those with cor pulmonale was found to have levels of blood flow in the normal or above normal range than was found in patients with hypertension and/or atherosclerosis.
Deep and Surface Structure in Children's Sentence Learning.

Abstract Fifth-graders were asked to learn 32 syntactically varied, semantically unrelated sentences containing combinations of agentive, objective and instrumental case relations. Five learning trials, each followed by a noun-prompted recall test, were provided. Recall patterns indicated that variations in surface structure complexity (i.e., verb voice and sentential position of noun prompts) exerted less influence on Ss' memory for sentences than deep structures. Several trials were required for Ss to reproduce syntactic details accurately and many transformational errors were observed. Even then, children were unable to learn one syntactic form. Although patterns of recall were more consistent with deep structure predictions, results were not completely supportive of Fillmore's analysis of deep structure in terms of case relations, and the possibility that other non-linguistic means were used to store sentences loomed as an alternative to the deep structure view.
Cancer Genetics and Women's Health

It is now known that all cancer is genetic in origin. Although most cancer occurs by chance, approximately 5% of individuals inherit specific genetic mutations that predispose them to cancer. The genetic characteristics of some cancers are known. Such information can be useful to health care providers in the clinical setting for treatment, early detection, and prevention. This article reviews basic carcinogenesis as well as genetic syndromes that predispose women to breast, ovarian, colorectal, and endometrial cancer. Knowledge of hereditary cancer syndromes and familiarity with them will assist the advanced practice nurse in the management of patients who are at risk. Cancer continues to contribute substantially to the mortality of women in all age groups. Knowledge of these syndromes provides an excellent opportunity to decrease mortality by early detection and prevention.
New Ways of Connecting Reading and Writing

anchez, P., & Salazar, M. (2012). Transnational computer use in urban Latino immigrant communities: Implications for schooling. Urban Education, 47(1), 90–116. doi:10.1177/0042085911427740 Smith, N. (1993). Homeless/global: Scaling places. In J. Bird, B. Curtis, T. Putnam, G. Robertson, & L. Tickner (Eds.), Mapping the futures: Local cultures, global change (pp. 87–119). London, England: Routledge. Vertovec, S. (2007). Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30, 1024–1054. doi:10.1080/01419870701599465 Yi, Y. (2009). Adolescent literacy and identity construction among 1.5 generation students from a transnational perspective. Journal of Asia Pacific Communication, 19(1), 100–129. doi:10.1075/japc.19.1.06yi
On Perfect Goodness

God is typically conceived as perfectly good and necessarily so, in two senses: in terms of always performing the best possible act and in terms of having maximal moral worth. Yet any being that freely performs the best act she can must be accorded greater moral worth for any such action than a being that does so necessarily. I conclude that any being that performs the best possible act of necessity cannot also have maximal moral worth, making the concept of God’s perfect goodness incoherent.
Nonequilibrium in Thermal Plasmas with Applications to Diamond Synthesis

Atmospheric pressure plasmas are frequently considered to be in local thermodynamic equilibrium due to the high frequency of collisional processes which drive the plasma state towards a Maxwell-Boltzmann equilibrium. However, various forms of thermodynamic, ionizational, and chemical nonequilibrium have been demonstrated and investigated in atmospheric pressure plasma environments over the last several years, and the nonequilibrium behavior of such systems can be quite significant. The investigation, understanding, and exploitation of atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasma chemistry is necessary to the further expansion of plasma-based systems into mainstream manufacturing and processing applications. Several experimental programs to investigate the fundamental processes of atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasma chemistry, and the application of this nonequilibrium to various chemical systems have been undertaken in our laboratories. The results of these investigations have shed light on the kinetics behind various forms of atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium chemistry, and provided insights into the beneficial control of nonequilibrium plasma chemistry for processing applications.
Estrogen modulates the growth-associated protein GAP-43 (Neuromodulin) mRNA in the rat preoptic area and basal hypothalamus.

Growth-associated protein GAP-43 is a membrane-bound phosphoprotein which has been implicated in axonal elongation and synaptogenesis. GAP-43 has been detected in the developing and adult preoptic are
The Impact of Distractions on Heuristic Processing: Internet Advertisements and Stereotype Use1

This experiment investigated the effects of Internet advertisements on use of stereotypes during a judgment task. Participants read a crime scenario on a computer screen and were asked to sentence the defendant. For some, the defendant was Caucasian; while for others, the defendant was African American. Moreover, in some conditions, Internet ads appeared periodically throughout the task. For others, no such ads appeared. Results revealed a significant interaction between the presence of Internet ads and defendant race such that the African American, but not the Caucasian, defendant received a significantly longer sentence when ads were present than when they were not. These findings indicate that the presence of Internet ads might have triggered participants to rely more on heuristic processing.
Toward a sociocognitive approach to second Llanguage acquisition

This article develops the notion of a sociocognitive perspective on second language acquisition (SLA), proposed as an alternative to the cognitivism pervading the field. By sociocognitive, I mean a view of language and language acquisition as simultaneously occurring and interactively constructed both “in the head” and “in the world.” First, I develop a view of language and its acquisition as social phenomena—as existing and taking place for the performance of action in the (socially-mediated) world. Second, I describe the cognitive nature of language and its acquisition, focusing especially on recent developments in connectionism. Third, I introduce sociocognitive views of language and posit a social interpretation of connectionism as bridging the gap between cognition and social action. Fourth, I discuss sociocognitive perspectives on first language acquisition. Fifth, I describe the cognitivist biases of much SLA research, then suggest how sociocognitive approaches can help overcome them. I end by considering implications of the perspective I develop in this paper.
Contaminant Barrier Material Textural Response to Interaction with Aqueous Polymers

An experimental investigation of the use of polymers dissolved in aqueous solutions to enhance the resistance of clay-based barrier materials to freeze-thaw action and desiccation was performed. The polymers considered included a nonionic polysaccharide (guar gum) and a cationic polyacrylamide (PAM). Concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 8.00 g/L were used and mixed with three barrier materials, namely, 100% Na-montmorillonite clay, a mixture of 70% sand, 30% clay, and a mixture of 90% sand, 10% clay (by weight). Freeze-thaw and desiccation tests were used to investigate material durability. The effects of freeze-thaw action on the materials were assessed in terms of crack measurements, while the drying rates as well as crack measurements were used to assess the influence of desiccation. The extent to which crack formation was mitigated by polymer amendment varied according to polymer type, mode of crack initiation, and clay fraction. In particular, unmodified mixtures of 70% sand and 30% clay exposed to desiccation stress resulted in crack area density values as high as 11.9% while modification with guar or PAM reduced this to 2.7 and 3.4%, respectively, as revealed by analysis of the computed tomography-generated images. Increases or reductions in performance are attributed to polymer–clay interactions and relative hydration between clay and polymer phases.
Determination of Sensory Components Accounting for Intervarietal Variation in Apple Sauce and Slices Using Factor Analysis

Factor analysis was used to identify a set of orthogonal sensory components which best account for the intervarietal variation of applesauce and apple slices. Six cultivars of apples with different processing characteristics were studied to determine a set of sensory descriptors for use in the evaluation of these products made from new cultivars and varietal blends. Seven sensory components, each described by various descriptors, were found for processed applesauce which account for 84% of the intervarietal variation among these six apple cultivars. Similarly, six sensory components were found for processed apple slices which account for 72% of the intervarietal variation between these cultivars.
Thermal Plasma Cvd Of Diamond: Relation Between Flow Velocity And Film Growth Chemistry

To explore the potential role of C atoms in diamond growth the authors have extended the mechanism proposed by Harris for growth on the (100) surface by methyl radicals. The Harris model has been remarkably successful in predicting growth rates for a variety of diamond deposition systems. The model considers any C{sub 1}H{sub m} radical, m = 0--3, as a growth monomer. They coupled this surface model to a model they developed for an axisymmetric, atmospheric-pressure, inductively-coupled radio-frequency plasma. The model geometry corresponds to a diamond CVD reactor in the laboratory. Calculations were run for conditions corresponding to experimental inputs of hydrogen, methane and argon. The calculations were then extended by a numerical experiment in which the fluid boundary layer thickness was reduced by increasing the velocity of the impinging plasma jet. The calculations predict an increase in linear growth rate as the jet velocity is increased. For relatively thick boundary layers, corresponding to a relatively low-velocity rf plasma, the model predicts that the dominant growth monomer is CH{sub 3}. The predicted growth rate, is in rough accord with the experimental results. For very thin boundary layers, corresponding to very high-velocity plasma jets the model predicts that the dominant growthmore » monomer is C, and the predicted growth rate approaches 1 mm/h. For intermediate velocities C and CH{sub 3} contribute about equally, and CH{sub 2} also is predicted to be a significant growth precursor.« less
Learning Label Embeddings for Nearest-Neighbor Multi-class Classification with an Application to Speech Recognition

We consider the problem of using nearest neighbor methods to provide a conditional probability estimate, P(y|a), when the number of labels y is large and the labels share some underlying structure. We propose a method for learning label embeddings (similar to error-correcting output codes (ECOCs)) to model the similarity between labels within a nearest neighbor framework. The learned ECOCs and nearest neighbor information are used to provide conditional probability estimates. We apply these estimates to the problem of acoustic modeling for speech recognition. We demonstrate significant improvements in terms of word error rate (WER) on a lecture recognition task over a state-of-the-art baseline GMM model.
Protein Folding: Independent Unrelated Pathways or Predetermined Pathway with Optional Errors

There is a fundamental conflict between two different views of how proteins fold. Kinetic experiments and theoretical calculations are often interpreted in terms of different population fractions folding through different intermediates in independent unrelated pathways (IUP model). However, detailed structural information indicates that all of the protein population folds through a sequence of intermediates predetermined by the foldon substructure of the target protein and a sequential stabilization principle. These contrary views can be resolved by a predetermined pathway_optional error (PPOE) hypothesis. The hypothesis is that any pathway intermediate can incorporate a chance misfolding error that blocks folding and must be reversed for productive folding to continue. Different fractions of the protein population will then block at different steps, populate different intermediates, and fold at different rates, giving the appearance of multiple unrelated pathways. A test of the hypothesis matches the two models against kinetic folding results for two proteins, hen lysozyme and staphylococcal nuclease, which have been interpreted previously in terms of independent parallel pathways. Folding kinetics of both proteins fit equally well to the two models, indicating that the measured experimental data does not require alternative parallel pathways. The fitted PPOE reaction scheme leads to known folding behavior, whereas the IUP properties are contradicted by experiment. The appearance of a conflict with multipath theoretical models seems to be due to their different focus, namely on multitrack microscopic behavior versus cooperative macroscopic behavior. The integration of three welldocumented principles in the PPOE model (cooperative foldons, sequential stabilization, optional errors) provides a unifying explanation for how proteins fold and why they fold in that way.
On strategic stability in discontinuous games

Abstract We identify a class of discontinuous normal-form games whose members possess strategically stable sets, defined according to an infinite-game extension of Kohlberg and Mertens’s (1986) equilibrium concept, and show that, generically, a set is stable if and only if it contains a single Nash equilibrium.
Hypoxia induces myocyte-dependent COX-2 regulation in endothelial cells: role of VEGF.

There is increasing evidence that cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 possess both angiogenic and cardioprotective properties. We examined the effects of hypoxic cardiac myocytes (H9c2 cells) on COX-2 expressio...
Improving Copper Electrodeposition in the Microelectronics Industry

Sporadic voiding within the interfacial Cu3Sn intermetallic compound (IMC) layer-sometimes referred to as ?Kirkendall voiding?-has been found to lead to degradation of solder joint reliability in board level, mechanical shock testing. It has been suggested that the voiding phenomenon is a result of the incorporation of organic impurities in the copper (Cu) deposit during electroplating. In the present study, Cu samples were electroplated galvanostatically from a generic solution, containing Cl- ions, as well as a suppressor [polyethylene glycol (PEG)], and a brightener (bis(3-sulfopropyl) disulfide, SPS) as additives. Overpotential transients were measured during electroplating with a range of current densities (0.5-40 mA cm-2) in baths with various compositions. Effects of the bath chemistry on the Cu surface morphology, as well as on the propensity for voiding after soldering, were also investigated. Elemental analysis of selected samples was performed by SIMS. Plating at 10-20 mA·cm-2 with an optimized bath composition led to Cu with a fine-grain structure and smooth appearance. Solder joints formed from these deposits remained void free after soldering and thermal aging. Lower current densities, ran in the same plating bath, led to a significant propensity for voiding, apparently because of incorporation of, principally, SPS and its breakdown products into the growing layer. Continuous plating at 10 mA cm-2 for up to 18 hours without replenishment revealed a strong dependence on bath aging, with Cu changing from ?void-proof? to clearly ?void-prone.? These trends were attributed to the different rates of consumption for PEG and SPS and changes in the contaminants being incorporated in the deposits. In general, differences in the voiding behavior of the plated Cu could be predicted by monitoring a set of characteristic overpotential transient signatures.
Sigma-Sampling Wavelet Denoising for Structural Health Monitoring

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) techniques are non-destructive evaluation methods that try to detect, locate and assess the structural damage of a structure. The presence of damage in a structure often results in very small changes in the vibration response of the structure. It is very difficult to detect these changes due to their low order of magnitude relative to the vibration signal. A wavelet method is proposed to preprocess the signal prior to damage analysis in order to improve its signal to noise ratio and bring the vibration signal damage signature to a detectable level. Because of the characteristics of the vibration signal, standard thresholding techniques do not yield useful results. Our proposed method estimates the variance from automatically selected, structure-free portions of the vibration response and then uses this value to threshold the wavelet coefficients prior to reconstruction. This novel technique has been called sigma-sampling thresholding.
Economic Evaluation of Treatment Strategies for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia—Is Medical Therapy More Costly in the Long Run?

Purpose: Although medical therapy for newly diagnosed benign prostatic hyperplasia is initially less expensive than surgery, to our knowledge the long-term costs of these treatments are unknown. We defined longer term costs of these treatment strategies.Materials and Methods: We examined spending on benign prostatic hyperplasia related services by examining health care claims for a 5-year period subsequent to a new benign prostatic hyperplasia diagnosis. Expenditures for subjects treated initially with surgery were compared to expenditures for those with initial medical treatment. Expenditures were projected during longer periods and the net current value of these expenditures was calculated.Results: Of the 970 subjects identified who received benign prostatic hyperplasia treatment 913 (94.1%) relied on medical therapy as initial treatment. Of those subjects 832 (91.1%) were on α-blockers. The secondary treatment rates for surgery far exceeded those for medical therapy (37% vs 8%). Average total expenditu...
Simulating Failures on Large-Scale Systems

Developing fault management mechanisms is a difficult task because of the unpredictable nature of failures. In this paper, we present a fault simulation framework for Blue Gene/P systems implemented as a part of the Cobalt resource manager. The primary goal of this framework is to support system software development. We also present a hardware diagnostic system that we have implemented using this framework.
The impact of surgical-site infections following orthopedic surgery at a community hospital and a university hospital: adverse quality of life, excess length of stay, and extra cost.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the impact of orthopedic surgical-site infections (SSIs) on quality of life, length of hospitalization, and cost. DESIGN: A pairwise-matched (1:1) case–control study within a cohort. SETTING: A tertiary-care university medical center and a community hospital. PATIENTS: Cases of orthopedic SSIs were prospectively identified by infection control professionals. Matched controls were selected from the entire cohort of patients undergoing orthopedic surgery who did not have an SSI. Matching variables included type of surgical procedure, National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance risk index, age, date of surgery, and surgeon. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Quality of life, duration of postoperative hospital stay, frequency of hospital readmission, overall direct medical costs, and mortality rate. RESULTS: Fifty-nine SSIs were identified. Each orthopedic SSI accounted for a median of 1 extra day of stay during the initial hospitalization (P = .001) and a median of 14 extra days of hospitalization during the follow-up period (P = .0001). Patients with SSI required more rehospitalizations (median, 2 vs 1; P = .0001) and more total surgical procedures (median, 2 vs 1; P = .0001). The median total direct cost of hospitalizations per infected patient was $24,344, compared with $6,636 per uninfected patient (P = .0001). Mortality rates were similar for cases and controls. Quality of life was adversely affected for patients with SSI. The largest decrements in scores on the Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 questionnaire were seen in the physical functioning and role-physical domains. CONCLUSIONS: Orthopedic SSIs prolong total hospital stays by a median of 2 weeks per patient, approximately double rehospitalization rates, and increase healthcare costs by more than 300%. Moreover, patients with orthopedic SSIs have substantially greater physical limitations and significant reductions in their health-related quality of life (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:183-189).
Managed care and nuclear medicine in the USA.

Clearly the runaway cost of healthcare benefits must be reined in. Is MC the solution? Whether MC is part of the solution, the solution or not the solution seems at the moment academic, since at present it appears to be the only game in town.
Krutilla's Legacy: Twenty-First-Century Challenges for Environmental Economics

We all need heroes. In academic life their ideas capture our imaginations, convincing us that a set of problems is important. Often, they are role models and mentors to young scholars. Certainly the academic enterprise would be less exciting and less productive without them. This past year, environmental economics lost John Krutilla, one of its founding fathers, and a person I have always regarded as an academic ‘hero.’ Few people have influenced environmental economics more than John. It has now been fifteen years since his last major book was published (Bowes and Krutilla), and nearly forty years since the article, “Conservation Reconsidered,” that most environmental economists associate with him, appeared in the AER .A short recognition of his work, prepared by Resources for the Future, includes a comment by Nobel laureate Robert Solow that captures the impact of this paper. He observed that:
Stacked BGA design, development, and materials selection considerations for improved testing and stacking, reduced warpage and environmental stress, and enhanced thermal qualities

A stackable ball grid array (BGA) or fine-pitch ball grid array (FBGA) semiconductor package is particularly suitable for board-on-chip or chip-on-board applications in which a low-profile BGA or FBGA semiconductor package is needed. It enables the doubling of a memory module's capacity by stacking an additional device on top of the original device. However, due to the high tooling costs of dedicated BGA/FBGA semiconductor package test kits and burn-in boards, many memory suppliers only pursue a stacked TSOP solution that requires no new tooling during the assembly and testing of the TSOP singles. This paper discusses the various considerations and approaches of designing a stackable BGA or FBGA semiconductor package capable of being burned in and tested using a more efficient and cost-effective method than previously available for BGA and FBGA packages.
The cranial nerves of the colubrid snakes Elaphe and Thamnophis

The cranial nerves of adult Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata and late embryonic Thamnophis ordinoides, were studied, respectively, by dissection and by microscopic examination of serial sections. There are 11 cranial nerves in these snakes; the spinal accessory (XI) cannot be identified. In general, the nerves are similar to those of lizards. Certain nerves usually combine into a trunk: the oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), ophthalmic division (V1) and abducens (VI), form the ocular trunk, whereas the glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and hypoglossal (XII), compose the craniocervical trunk. No terminal nerve is found. The first nerve exists as the independent vomeronasal and olfactory proper nerves. There is a large lagenar (auditory) part of the eighth nerve. The three main divisions of the trigeminal nerve (V) have the widest distribution in the head. In addition, there is a pterygoid division (V4) in snakes, innervating the muscles of the upper jaw series of bones. The V4 is best developed in snakes among all vertebrates. A chorda tympani of VII is present. The glossopharyngeal is a small nerve. The vagus comprises a large laryngeal branch and a larger visceral nerve to the trunk. The hypoglossal heavily innervates the tongue musculature. There are four cephalic parasympathetic ganglia: ciliary, preorbital, infraorbital, and inferior alveolar. Several of the ganglia may also include sympathetic cell bodies. The ciliary ganglion innervates intraocular smooth muscle, whereas the other ganglia supply the various cephalic glands. No distinct superior cervical sympathetic ganglion is recognized. Sympathetics distribute in the head through the craniocervical trunk and its communications with the facial and trigeminal nerves.
Isolated gallbladder metastatic melanoma.

Sir, A 38-year-old man underwent operation for a nodular melanoma on his back, Clark level IV, 3.8 mm in depth. Six out of eighteen lymph nodes were infiltrated. Adjuvant treatment was with IFN-α2b. Ten months later, he complained of upper right abdominal discomfort and dyspepsia. An ultrasound scan revealed a hyperplastic lesion within the gallbladder measuring 3×2.7 cm. A CT scan of brain and abdomen produced normal findings. The patient underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the histology showed a metastatic melanoma lesion within the gallbladder wall. Twelve months after cholecystectomy the patient is well. Malignant melanoma can metastasize to almost any organ. Isolated gallbladder metastasis of melanoma is rare and the medical literature mainly consists of case reports. The time from the diagnosis of melanoma to gallbladder metastasis varies between 3 and 13 years, but time intervals of 15 and 21 months have also been reported 1. The 10-month interval in our case is partly attributed to clinical suspicion and the ultrasound scan findings. Ultrasound is the best tool for assessing metastatic lesions within the gallbladder 2. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy seems an appropriate mode of treatment for patients with isolated resectable gallbladder metastases, as the great majority of metastatic melanomata are intraluminal and regional lymphadenectomy is usually not indicated 1. The prognosis for metastatic melanoma is poor, with an average survival of 6–9 months. However, patients with resectable isolated gallbladder metastasis may live longer and survival up to 9 years has been reported 2.
Stimulus selection (light) in four subspecies of deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus)

Abstract Four subspecies of deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were selected from habitats along a gradient from mesic hardwood forests (gracilis), tall grass prairie (bairdi), short grass prairie (nebrascensis), to desert grassland (labecula) in effort to relate the light preferences of the mice to the habitat of their origin. Six individuals of each subspecies were maintained in dark chambers for 25 days, during which they could turn on a dim light for 30 seconds on ten of these days. Mice from the mesic habitats turned the lights on more frequently (light reinforcement) than mice from xeric habitats. The same subspecies that exhibited light reinforcement when raised in laboratory light conditions failed to show light reinforcement when raised in total darkness. The circadian periodicities also differed significantly among the subspecies. Conclusions drawn from the results were: (1) selection for light is genetically influenced as indicated by subspecific differences, (2) some genotypes are readily modif...
Is There a Duty to Obey the Law?: Why I Am Not an Anarchist

I don't have many vivid memories from childhood, but among those that stand out, I distinctly remember sitting at a stoplight and seeing a bumper sticker that proclaimed “Taxation is slavery!” This sticker made a great impression on me because I found it so bewildering; I could not fathom why anyone would compare taxation – a natural and appropriate part of our lives – to slavery – a horribly unjust institution. Indeed, at the time (I think I was about ten), I positively looked forward to the day when I would pay taxes. This may sound farfetched, but I was in awe of all that the state accomplished. In particular, I used to sit in the car and marvel at the incredible network of roads; I remember being amazed that people were able collectively to build such an extensive system of streets by merely pooling a portion of their individual incomes. Thus, I looked forward to paying my taxes principally because I wanted to share in the credit for what I considered a monumental communal achievement. Probably because I thought it was too outlandish to be explained, I did not ask my father why anyone would compare taxation to slavery. As a consequence, it was not until many years later that I finally understood the point of the bumper sticker. Taxation and slavery are alike insofar as both involve others nonconsensually taking at least a portion of the fruits of one's labor.
Combinatorial criteria for uniqueness of Gibbs measures

We generalize previously known conditions for uniqueness of the Gibbs measure in statistical physics models by presenting conditions of any finite size for models on any underlying graph. We give two dual conditions, one requiring that the total influence on a site is small, and the other that the total influence of a site is small. Our proofs are combinatorial in nature and use tools from the analysis of discrete Markov chains, in particular the path coupling method. The implications of our conditions for the mixing time of natural Markov chains associated with the models are discussed as well. We also present some examples of models for which the conditions hold. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2005
Design Automation Standards Need Integration

The issues to be faced by those wishing to integrate design data from different Design Automation systems are what concepts to send and receive, and how to automatically recognize what has been sent without ambiguity. The goal is to achieve Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) of Electrical/Electronic Products. One of the major obstacles is communication barriers between various systems and applications. Fortunately, work is being done to overcome these barriers. The Working Group on Electronic Modeling has begun modeling the information content and structure needed for much of the design portion of the total Engineering/Manufacturing job. All who share this concern for the ability to integrate the engineering and manufacturing information needed for CIM are invited to participate in and avail themselves of the work being done by the WGEM.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Decreases Estradiol Production Without Altering the Enzyme Activity of Cytochrome P450 Aromatase of Human Luteinized Granulosa Cells In Vitro

This study was designed to examine the in vitro effects of 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on steroid production in human luteinizing granulosa cells (hLGC). TCDD (10 nM) or its solvent was added at the time of changing medium, directly to the cells, every 48 h for 8 days. To test the hypothesis that TCDD reduces estradiol (E(2)) synthesis by an effect on cytochrome P450 aromatase, aromatase protein and aromatase activity were evaluated. E(2) decreased without changing either aromatase protein or its enzyme activity, suggesting that the target of toxicity of TCDD is upstream of aromatase in the steroidogenic pathway. When hLGC were incubated in the presence of labeled E(2), no changes in the metabolism of E(2) by treatment were observed. Since TCDD did not change progesterone or 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, the inhibition of E(2) synthesis by TCDD would seem not to involve steps such as cholesterol transport. Furthermore, the TCDD effect on E(2) concentration in these cells disappeared in the presence of excess androgens. We conclude that the inhibition of E(2) secretion by TCDD involves intermediate steps, specifically, the provision of androgens for aromatization.
Social Skills Training with Children

The skill and fluency with which children navigate the often difficult and unpredictable world of interpersonal relationships are important hallmarks of adaptive child development. The degree to which children learn to establish, develop, and maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships and terminate deleterious relationships with peers and adults is the essence of social competence. Moreover, the success or failure children have in these interpersonal relationships predicts adaptive or maladaptive psychological outcomes in adulthood (Kupersmidt, Coie, & Dodge, 1990; Parker & Asher, 1987). Empirical literature dating back to the 1950s has consistently shown that children experiencing difficulty in interpersonal relationships with peers, as young as age 8, were at risk for a variety of negative outcomes such as dropping out of school, juvenile delinquency, psychopathology in adulthood, bad conduct discharges from military service, depression, and suicide (see reviews by Cowen, Pederson, Babigian, Izzo, & Trost, 1973; Kohn & Clausen, 1955; Parker & Asher, 1987; Roff, 1961; Roff, Sells, & Golden, 1972; Stengel, 1971). These studies, using follow-back and prospective methodologies, have consistently shown predictive and postdictive relationships between peer difficulties and long-term adjustment problems.
Introductory Note to Public Committee against Torture in Israel v. Government of Israel

This is an introductory note to a court decision from the Israeli Supreme Court on the issue of whether the targeted killing of terrorists and bystanders violated international law. The introductory note appeared in the International Legal Materials, published by the American Society of International Law. The full court decision is reported in the I.L.M., immediatedly following this note.
6-Nitro-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indole

In the title compound, C14H10N2O4S, the nitro group, confirmed as being in the 6-position, is coplanar with the indole ring system and the angle between the planes of the indole system and the phenyl ring is 96.1 (1)°.
Nutritional Immunity Starving Pathogens of Trace Minerals

Nutritional immunity is a process by which a host organism sequesters trace minerals in an effort to limit pathogenicity during infection. Circulating concentrations of minerals, such as iron and zinc, decline rapidly and dramatically with the inflammation associated with infection. The decline in iron and zinc is thought to starve invading pathogens of these essential elements, limiting disease progression and severity. The mechanisms contributing to the hypoferremia and hypozincemia of inflammation and potential interventions that exploit this process for the management of infection will be discussed.
The Soviet Union and population: theory, problems, and population policy.

Until the important public dialogue on Third World population issues began in the Soviet Union in 1965, ideological limitations and bureaucratic interests prevented policy makers from recognizing t...
Frequency of gastric pacesetter potential depends on volume and site of distension

Little is known about the response of the frequency of gastric pacesetter potential (PP) to luminal distension. When volume distension occurs as a result of a meal, gastric emptying may play an important role, since the site of distension shifts as the meal is displaced from the stomach to the small bowel. In this study, using does equipped with duodenal fistulas and serosal electrodes on the antrum, we compared the frequency of gastric PP during the course of gastric emptying while isolating the volume distension to either the stomach or the small bowel. We found that 1) the frequency of gastric PP decreased linearly with greater initial meal volume when volume distension was isolated to either the stomach -P<0.05, analysis of variance (ANOVA)- or small bowel (P<0.01, ANOVA), and 2) the frequency of gastric PP decreased linearly with increased volume remaining in the stomach or increased volume entering the small intestine. We conclude that the frequency of gastric PP depends on the volume and site of distension.
Connecticut’s Value-Based Insurance Plan Increased The Use Of Targeted Services And Medication Adherence

In 2011 Connecticut implemented the Health Enhancement Program for state employees. This voluntary program followed the principles of value-based insurance design (VBID) by lowering patient costs for certain high-value primary and chronic disease preventive services, coupled with requirements that enrollees receive these services. Nonparticipants in the program, including those removed for noncompliance with its requirements, were assessed a premium surcharge. The program was intended to curb cost growth and improve health through adherence to evidence-based preventive care. To evaluate its efficacy in doing so, we compared changes in service use and spending after implementation of the program to trends among employees of six other states. Compared to employees of other states, Connecticut employees were similar in age and sex but had a slightly higher percentage of enrollees with chronic conditions and substantially higher spending at baseline. During the program’s first two years, the use of targeted s...
281 HEME OXYGENASE ACTIVITY IN THE MOUSE PLACENTA DURING FETAL DEVELOPMENT.

The placenta is the organ through which respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged between maternal and fetal systems. The near-maximal dilation of uteroplacental arteries is required to facilitate successful placental perfusion. Since carbon monoxide (CO) has vasodilatory properties, it has been suggested to play a role in regulating placental vascular tone. The primary source of endogenous CO production is through the heme degradation pathway, which is catalyzed by heme oxygenase (HO), to produce CO, biliverdin, and iron. Our objective was to investigate the presence of HO enzyme activity in the placenta during fetal development. Maternal livers and placentas were collected at different gestation ages and HO activity was quantitated using gas chromatography. Significant HO activity was found in the mouse placenta at levels greater than that of maternal livers. The highest HO activity was found in placentas at gestational age E14 and levels progressively decreased with advanced pregnancy (see Table). To investigate the contribution of HO to placental CO production, we administered tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP), a potent HO inhibitor, at a dose of 30 μM, or vehicle (sham control) via tail vein injections into FVB mice at various stages of pregnancy. Two hours after treatment, placentas and fetal and maternal livers (positive control) were measured for HO activity [mean ± SD pmol CO formed/hr/mg fresh weight (% of control)] as follows: Placental HO activity was almost completely inhibited by SnMP treatment. In addition, HO activity in fetal livers peaked at age E16 and was only slightly inhibited by SnMP, suggesting a partial crossing of SnMP through the mouse fetoplacental barrier. Therefore, we conclude that HO is present in the mouse placenta at high amounts and supports the hypothesis that the formation of heme-derived CO may play a role in placental function. This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grant #HD58013.
Libraries Doing Justice

Social justice, “justice at the level of a society or state as regards the possession of wealth, commodities, opportunities and privileges” can be found at almost every level of librarianships, from the core values stated by the American Library Association to the practices and principles established in school, public and academic libraries. While not always intentionally practiced, taking the time to be purposeful will allow libraries to continue to serve and learn their communities in ways that are mutually beneficial.
Porous City: A Cultural History of Rio de Janeiro

During the 1990s Rio de Janeiro earned the epithet of 'divided city', an image underscored by the contrast between its upper-class buildings and nearby hillside 'favelas.' The city's cultural production, however, has been shaped by porous boundaries and multi-ethnic encounters. Drawing on a broad range of historical, theoretical and literary sources, Porous City generates new ways of understanding Rio's past, its role in the making of Brazilian culture, and its significance to key global debates about modernity and urban practices. This book offers an original perspective on Rio de Janeiro that focuses on the New City, one of the most compelling spaces in the history of modern cities. Once known as both a 'Little Africa' and as a 'Jewish Neighborhood,' the New City was an important reference for prominent writers, artists, pioneering social scientists and foreign visitors (from Christian missionaries to Orson Welles). It played a crucial role in foundational narratives of Brazil as 'the country of carnival' and as a 'racial democracy.' Going back to the neighborhood's creation by royal decree in 1811, this study sheds light on how initially marginalized practices –like samba music– became emblematic of national identity. A critical crossroads of Rio, the New City was largely razed for the construction of a monumental avenue during World War II. Popular musicians protested, but 'progress' in the automobile age had a price. The area is now being rediscovered due to developments spurred by the 2016 Olympics. At another moment of transition, Porous City revisits this fascinating metropolis.
Structural and spectroscopic insight into the metal binding properties of the o-aminophenol-N,N,O-triacetic acid (APTRA) chelator: implications for design of metal indicators

The o-aminophenol-N,N,O-triacetic acid (APTRA) chelator is employed extensively as a metal-recognition moiety in fluorescent indicators for biological free Mg2+, as well as in low-affinity indicators for the detection of high levels of cellular Ca2+. Despite its widespread use in sensor design, the limited metal selectivity of this chelating moiety can lead to binding of competing cations that complicate the fluorescence-based detection of metals of interest in complex samples. Reported herein are the structural characterization of APTRA complexes with various biologically relevant cations, and the thermodynamic analysis of complex formation with Mg2+, Ca2+ and Zn2+. Our results indicate that the low affinity of APTRA for Mg2+, which makes it a suitable metal-recognition moiety for sensitive analysis of typical millimolar levels of this metal in cells, stems from a much higher enthalpic cost of Mg2+ binding compared to that of other cations. The results are discussed in the context of indicator design, highlighting the aspects that may aid the future development of fluorescent sensors with enhanced metal selectivity profiles.
Inkjet-printed Van-Atta reflectarray sensors: A new paradigm for long-range chipless low cost ubiquitous Smart Skin sensors of the Internet of Things

In this effort, the authors improve upon most of the limitations of state-of-the-art chipless sensing technologies, by introducing a novel, and demonstrably robust, platform and reading scheme for long-range, wireless sensing. This platform was built upon a fully-inkjet printed and flexible 30GHz square patch antenna Van-Atta reflect-array, which provides high RCS over a broad range of interrogation angles, with only a 10 dB decrease in RCS at ±70 degrees from boresight. Furthermore, the signal reflected by the structure is cross-polarized with respect to that of the impinging wave, providing high polarimetric detectability. For this first application, the device was fully inkjet-printed on a polyimide (Kapton) substrate, whose humidity-dependent permittivity was taken advantage of, associated with an appropriate high performance signal processing scheme, in order to provide the first long-range capable, fully-printed chipless flexible sensor to date.
School leadership and management from a distributed perspective: A 2016 retrospective and prospective

Over the past twenty years distributed leadership has framed theoretical, empirical, and development work in education. In this article, we take stock of some work using a distributed perspective. ...
Profile Evolution of High Aspect Ratio Silicon Carbide Trenches by Inductive Coupled Plasma Etching

Micromachining silicon carbide (SiC) is challenging due to its durable nature. However, plasma and laser etch processes have been utilized to realize deep and high aspect ratio (HAR) features in SiC substrates and films. HAR topologies in SiC can improve SiC-based MEMS transducers (reduced electrostatic gaps) and enable embedded substrate cooling features. Our process used inductive coupled plasma (ICP) etching with sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) and oxygen (O 2 ) and an electroplated Ni hard mask. We examine the formation of SiC trenches by observing aspect-ratio-dependent and time-dependent etch rate and topography in 4H-SiC substrates. In addition, we studied the effect of ICP etch parameters, such as RF bias power (25-100 W), pressure (5-15 mTorr), and O 2 flow fraction (10%-40%), on etch rate and topography. Our process resulted in SiC etch rates between 0.27 and 0.75 μm/min with aspect-ratio-dependent and depth-dependent characteristics. We observed trench profiles that evolve from square (low AR) to “W” (medium AR) and converged “V” (HAR) shapes. Finally, we report the highest aspect ratio (18.5:1) trench achieved to date in 4H-SiC via ICP etching, which supports many SiC-based MEMS applications.
Forage Yields in Turkey Hill Wilderness in East Texas for White-tailed Deer

Wilderness areas are often considered quality areas where natural processes occur without human activity. It is often assumed that these unmanaged areas will provide and support quality wildlife habitat. The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage production and stocking potential of an unmanaged wilderness area in east Texas. Four different community types were evaluated for forage yield, forage availability, and browse utilization for whit-tailed deer. Results show that although a diversity of forage yields were found in the spring, summer forage yield failed to differentiate in the summer. Availability also differed between community types, but utilization appears to be lower than what could be supported in this area.
Worlds Fantastic, Worlds Familiar: A Guided Tour of the Solar System

Join Bonnie J. Buratti, a leading planetary astronomer, on this personal tour of NASA's latest discoveries. Moving through the Solar System from Mercury, Venus, Mars, past comets and asteroids and the moons of the giant planets, to Pluto, and on to exoplanets, she gives vivid descriptions of landforms that are similar to those found on Earth but that are more fantastic. Sulfur-rich volcanoes and lakes on Io, active gullies on Mars, huge ice plumes and tar-like deposits on the moons of Saturn, hydrocarbon rivers and lakes on Titan, and nitrogen glaciers on Pluto are just some of the marvels that await readers. Discover what it is like to be involved in a major scientific enterprise, with all its pitfalls and excitement, from the perspective of a female scientist. This engaging account of modern space exploration is written for non-specialist readers, from students in high school to enthusiasts of all ages.