cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Kinematic Model of Wind-Driven Meridional Heat Transport

Abstract A kinematic model of flow in the subtropical gyre is used to estimate the upper-ocean temperature distribution and heat transport that is forced by the wind-driven circulation. The temperature is idealized as a passive tracer forced by a zonally constant Haney condition and advected by a barotropic gyre. The simplicity of the model allows for analytical solutions, which are in fairly good quantitative agreement with the results obtained by Wang et al. using a numerical model. In particular, the maximum heat transport Q occurs when the restoring timescale for temperature is about one-tenth of the time it takes a particle to flow around the gyre. Estimates for the actual heat transport carried by the subtropical gyre are 0.2–0.4 PW for the North Atlantic and 0.3–0.6 PW for the North Pacific. Finally, the model shows that when the restoring timescale is short compared to the gyre advection timescale, the heat transport is sensitive to the width of the western boundary current. Potentially this could...
The Enchantment of Modern Life: Attachments, Crossings, and Ethics. By Jane Bennett. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001. 213p. $55.00 cloth, $17.95 paper.

At first, it may seem that Jane Bennett is attacking Max Weber. Against his famous assertion that modernity has disenchanted the world, rendering it potentially understandable and thus devoid of the power of transcendent meaning, Bennett engages in a traditionally theoretical explication and critique. She traces those thinkers who arise from this tradition, whether or not acknowledged, and addresses (and celebrates) those whose philosophies of the modern world provide alternative readings, most notably Kant and Deleuze.
The cell cycle of glial cells grown in vitro: an immunocytochemical method of analysis.

Studies of cell cycles have traditionally employed [3H]- and [14C]-thymidine to label the DNA of proliferating cells and autoradiography to reveal the thymidine label. The development of antibodies to the thymidine analogue 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) has allowed the development of an immunocytochemical method analogous to the thymidine autoradiographic technique. In direct comparisons, we found that the immunocytochemical method consistently detected a larger number of proliferating cells. This suggests that it may be a more sensitive index of proliferation than thymidine autoradiography in some systems. We used the BrdU method to analyze the cycle of astroglia cultured from neonatal mouse cerebral cortex. Cells were exposed to BrdU for 1 hr to label a discrete subpopulation of proliferating cells. At 2-36 hr after the pulse, a combination of anti-BrdU immunocytochemistry and counterstaining with propidium iodide was used to identify proliferating cells. The length of the cell cycle was determined by char...
Developmental genetics and traditional homology

The concept of homology arose from classical studies of comprative morphology, and took on a new signficance with the advent of evolutionary theory. It is currentlyl undergoing antoher metamorphosis: many developmental geneticists now dfine homology as shared patterns of gene expression. However, this ne usage conflaes difinition with criteri, and fails to recognize the meaninful asignments of homology must speify a biologcal level. We argue the although developmental genetic data can help identify homologus structures. they are niether necessary nor sufficient, and do not in any case jutify a new definition of homology.
Linearization of certain uniform homeomorphisms

This article concerns the uniform classification of infinite dimensional real topological vector spaces. We examine a recently isolated linearization procedure for uniform homeomorphisms of the form � : X → Y , where X is a Banach space with non-trivial type andY is any topological vector space. For such a uniform homeomorphism � , we show that Y must be normable and have the same supremal type as X .T hatY is normable generalizes theorems of Bessaga and Enflo. This aspect of the theory determines new examples of uniform non-equivalence. That supremal type is a uniform invariant for Banach spaces is essentially due to Ribe. Our linearization approach gives an interesting new proof of Ribe’s result.
Understandings of the nature of science and decision making on science and technology based issues

The purpose of this investigation was to explicate the role of the nature of science in decision making on science and technology based issues and to delineate factors and reasoning associated with these types of decisions. Twenty-one volunteer participants purposively selected from the faculty of geographically diverse universities completed an open-ended questionnaire and follow-up interview designed to assess their decision making on science and technology based issues. Participants were subsequently placed in one of two groups based upon their divergent views of the nature of science as assessed by a second open-ended questionnaire and follow-up interview. Profiles of each group's decision making were then constructed, based on participants' previous responses to the decision making questionnaire and follow-up interviews. Finally, the two groups' decisions, decision influencing factors, and decision making strategies were compared. No differences were found between the decisions of the two groups, despite their disparate views of the nature of science. Participants in both groups based their decisions primarily on personal values, morals/ethics, and social concerns. While all participants considered scientific evidence in their decision making, most did not require absolute “proof,” even though many participants held absolute conceptions of the nature of science. Overall, the nature of science did not figure prominently in either group's decisions. These findings contrast with basic assumptions of current science education reform efforts and call for a re-examination of the goals of nature of science instruction. Developing better decision making skills—even on science and technology based issues—may involve other factors, including more value-based instruction and attention to intellectual/moral development. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed87:352–377, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10063
Molecular and immunohistochemical analyses of cardiac troponin t during cardiac development in the mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum

The Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, is an excellent animal model for studying heart development because it carries a naturally occurring recessive genetic mutation, designated gene c, for cardiac nonfunction. The double recessive mutants (c/c) fail to form organized myofibrils in the cardiac myoblasts resulting in hearts that fail to beat. Tropomyosin expression patterns have been studied in detail and show dramatically decreased expression in the hearts of homozygous mutant embryos. Because of the direct interaction between tropomyosin and troponin T (TnT), and the crucial functions of TnT in the regulation of striated muscle contraction, we have expanded our studies on this animal model to characterize the expression of the TnT gene in cardiac muscle throughout normal axolotl development as well as in mutant axolotls. In addition, we have succeeded in cloning the full-length cardiac troponin T (cTnT) cDNA from axolotl hearts. Confocal microscopy has shown a substantial, but reduced, expression of TnT protein in the mutant hearts when compared to normal during embryonic development.
A review of JMP 4.03 with special attention to its numerical accuracy

This article reviews the JMP statistical software package, with special attention to its accuracy. JMP is an excellent package for exploratory data analysis because of its exibility and ease of use. Unfortunately, however, JMP is not an accurate tool for nonlinear modeling or for simulation.
Simple quantum computer.

We propose an implementation of a quantum computer to solve Deutsch's problem, which requires exponential time on a classical computer but only linear time with quantum parallelism. By using a dual-rail quantum-bit representation as a simple form of error correction, our machine can tolerate some amount of decoherence and still give the correct result with high probability. The design that we employ also demonstrates a signature for quantum parallelism which unambiguously distinguishes the desired quantum behavior from the merely classical. The experimental demonstration of our proposal using quantum optical components calls for the development of several key technologies common to single photonics.
Interaction of Clindamycin and Gentamicin In Vitro

The minimal inhibitory concentrations of clindamycin and gentamicin alone and in combinations were determined by a microdilution method for 163 aerobic, facultative, and anaerobic clinical isolates. All 77 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Diplococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes , and anaerobic bacteria (except for three strains of Clostridium ) were inhibited by 1.6 μg or less of clindamycin per ml. Gentamicin did not interfere with the activity of clindamycin within the range of concentrations tested (0.1 to 100 μg/ml); for some strains combinations were synergistic. Sixty-two (94%) of 66 strains of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were inhibited by 6.2 μg or less of gentamicin per ml. Combinations of clindamycin and gentamicin were indifferent for 29 strains and synergistic for 33 strains. All 20 strains of enterococcus, three strains of Clostridium , three strains of Escherichia coli , and one strain of Proteus rettgeri were resistant to both clindamycin (minimal inhibitory concentration greater than 3.1 μg/ml) and gentamicin (minimal inhibitory concentration greater than 6.2 μg/ml). Combinations of clindamycin and gentamicin were indifferent for 16 and synergistic for 11 of the resistant strains. Except for clindamycin-sensitive isolates, synergy was usually observed only at concentrations of one or both drugs which are not readily obtainable in vivo. Antagonism was never observed.
Binding of transfer ribonucleic acid to ribosomes engaged in protein synthesis: Number and properties of ribosomal binding sites

The results reported in this paper suggest a three-site model for the interaction of S-RNA with active ribosomes. (1) The entrance or decoding site, which requires the integrity of the active complex, admits only a charged S-RNA matching the messenger codon. In step with the GTP-dependent advancement of the messenger tape, this newly selected aminoacyl-S-RNA becomes linked to the end of the nascent polypeptide chain as it moves into (2) the middle or condensing site which is located on the 50 s subunit. At the same time, the preceding S-RNA is discharged and displaced into (3) the exit site. Consequently, with each round of peptide bond formation, a discharged S-RNA molecule is ejected from the exit site, and the entrance site cleared for the admission of a new charged S-RNA molecule specified by the messenger codon. This conclusion is based on the following observations. Using ergosomes (polyribosomes) from rat liver and purified [ 32 P]S-RNA charged with labeled leucine, it was found that each active ribosome binds in the average at least two and at most three S-RNA molecules present in three distinct states: (α) charged with amino acid, ( β ) attached to the end of the nascent polypeptide chain, and ( γ ) without amino acid. Aminoacyl-charged and peptide-linked S-RNA molecules are tightly bound and not removable by washing or exchange; their uptake is irreversible and requires GTP and transfer enzymes. By contrast, 1^he uncharged S-RNA is removable by washing and, in the absence of the components necessary for peptide bond formation (GTP, transfer enzymes), equilibrates with uncharged but not with charged S-RNA in the medium. Under optimal conditions of amino acid incorporation, each ribosome contains on the average close to one peptide-linked and one uncharged S-RNA molecule, but less than 0·5 in the aminoacyl form. During controlled dissociation of ergosomes into ribosomal subunits, aminoacyl-charged S-RNA is released from the active complex, whereas the polypeptide-linked S-RNA appears in association with an unstable 56 s particle that subsequently changes into the less compact 50 s subunit with concomitant loss of S-RNA-linked nascent protein. Release of nascent protein with puromycin does not affect S-RNA binding.
Practical notes on the construction and use of a uhv double-crystal monochromator for synchrotron radiation

Abstract Four beam lines at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) are equipped with identical uhv double-crystal monochromators. During the past two years, practical procedures for their operation were developed. Crystal sets are pre-aligned outside the instrument and can be interchanged with a typical downtime of 3 days. Premature failure of the uhv-compatible piezoelectric angle-correcting facility, incorporated in the second crystal holder, has been cured. The cause of voltage drift on this corrector has been tentatively identified, as well as the source of X-ray output beam modulation. A prototype water cooling system for the first crystal has significantly reduced the temperature difference, due to beam heating, between the two crystals and has stabilized the overall operation.
Stability of the General 2-Machine System

The transient tability of the general 2-machine system is considered in this paper. Introduction of an equivalent system with concentrated inertia at one end is shown to facilitate the direct application of the equal area method of analysis to the general 2-machine system. Heretofore the equal area method has been confined to certain special 2-machine systems.
Changes in misonidazole binding with hypoxic fraction in mouse tumors

Abstract Binding of misonidazole (MISO) or a derivative to hypoxic cells in tumors has been proposed as a method for identifying tumors and measuring their level of hypoxia. We have recently shown that the hypoxic fraction of tumor cells can be altered over a wide range in vivo by acutely changing the hematocrit of the host animal by transfusion. The present study aimed to investigate the changes in binding by 14 C MISO that accompanied this procedure. Tumor bearing mice were injected with 14 C MISO, irradiated with a single dose of X rays (20 Gy) and their tumor excised and bisected. One half of each tumor was used to determine cell survival in vitro , the other was used for 14 C scintillation counting. As previously described, tumor cell survival was dramatically increased in acutely anemic mice and this was accompanied by an increase in 14 C MISO binding to the tumors. The relationship between clonogenic cell survival and binding was found to be linear on a log-log plot for each of the tumor lines studied, but the slopes of the lines were different in different tumor lines and generally steeper than the value of 1.0 expected for a 1:1 correspondence between cells binding radioactivity and radiobiological resistance. We attribute these differences to MISO binding to cells in the tumor which were not clonogenic.
A model of international and intercultural communication

International and intercultural communication and their respective cognate constructs, political international and cultural international communication, are redefined and interrelated in order to create a clearer definitional base for theory building in communication among nations and peoples. International communication is any symbolic interaction between people of different nation states. Political international communication is politically significant symbolic internation between nation states. Intercultural communication is communication between people of different cultures in which cultural values are an obvious factor in the nature of the interaction and/or determining the outcome of the interaction. Cultural international communication is intercultural communication between people of different nation states. There are four advantages of this model over existing constructs. The model: (1) unifies yet distinguishes among each different type of communication (2) focuses attention on political signific...
Current Status of Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrogen

This article presents a survey of the thermodynamic properties of normal hydrogen and parahydrogen and gives comparisons of properties calculated from the standard models to available experimental data. Motivated by the fact that the currently accepted standards for the thermodynamic properties of hydrogen were based on experimental and correlation work completed before the mid-1980s, an assessment of the accuracy of property values for analysis and design of new systems at high and low temperatures and pressures is provided. Property values measured and published after the completion of the current standards for both normal hydrogen and parahydrogen are included in the comparisons. Recommendations for new experimental data needed and for new thermodynamic property formulations for normal hydrogen and parahydrogen are included.
Hepatitis B surface antigen in urine of hemodialysis patients

Hepatitis B surface antigen in urine of hemodialysis patients. As part of an extensive epidemiological survey of chronic hemodialysis patients in Michigan, hepatitis B surface antigen (HB s Ag) was identified in the sera of 79 of 701 (11%) patients. Of these patients, 59 were carriers of HB s Ag for three or more months. Urine samples were collected from 36 of 39 HB s Ag carriers having urinary output. Of these samples, 19 (52%) were positive for HB s Ag by radioimmunoassay; this was confirmed by specific antibody neutralization. The HB s Ag was not identified in the urine of seven hemodialysis patients who were lacking serum HB s Ag or in urine samples from three HB s Ag sero-carriers who had normal renal function. Patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis appear to constitute a large reservoir of HB s Ag chronic carriers. This study indicates that a minimum of 50% of persistent HB s Ag carriers who are producing urine have detectable. HB s Ag in single, randomly timed, unconcentrated urine specimen. These data suggest that urine may represent a potential vehicle for transmission in nonparenterally acquired hepatitis B. Antigene de surface de l'hepatite B dans l'urine de malades en hemodialyse. Dans le cadre d'une large enquete epidemiologique a propos des malades en hemodialyse chronique dans le Michigan, l'antigene de surface de l'hepatite B (HB s Ag) a ete identifie dans le serum de 79 parmi 701 malades (11%). Parmi ces malades, 59 etaient des porteurs de HB s Ag depuis 3 mois ou plus. L'urine de 36 des 39 porteurs de HB s Ag, qui avaient une diurese, a ete recueillie. Parmi ces 36 urines, 19 (52%) sont positives pour HB s Ag par radio-immunologie, ce qui est confirme par la neutralisation au moyen d'anticorps specifique. Le HB s Ag n'apas ete identifie dans l'urine de 7 malades en hemodialyse qui n'avaient pas le HB s Ag serique et dans l'urine de 3 porteurs de HB s Ag dont les fonctions renales etaient normales. Les malades soumis a l'hemodialyse iterative paraissent constituer un grand reservoir de porteurs chroniques de HB s Ag. Cette etude indique qu'au minimum 50% des porteurs chroniques de HB s Ag qui ont une diurese, ont un HB s Ag detectable dans un echantillon unique d'urine, preleve au hasard, non concentre. Ces resultats suggerent que l'urine peut etre un vehicule de transmission de l'hepatite B acquise par voie non parenterale.
Endoscopic brow lift for visual field correction and aesthetic improvement in the elderly bald male

We have performed endoscopic brow lift in 25 men (63 to 77 years old). Sixteen had male pattern baldness, ranging from class IV to VII of the Norwood classification, and 14 had associated eyelid ptosis. Elderly male patients with male pattern baldness require special consideration in terms of brow fixation and placement of incisions. The techniques used are described and the results reviewed. The effects of these procedures on visual field deficits are discussed.
Towards the use of microfluidics for individual embryo culture

Mammalian embryo development is still relatively inefficient in vitro. Much research has been conducted on the chemical environment, or culture medium, surrounding the embryo, but little attention has been given to the actual physical culture environment, which has changed very little over the years. The application of microfluidics to embryo production in vitro is a tantalising approach that may alleviate some of the limits that traditional microdrop culture places on embryo development and research into gamete and embryo physiology. These devices may lead to enhanced in vitro embryo development and quality by more closely mimicking the in vivo environment. Initial work in this area is promising and gives us proof-of-principle that these unique microfluidic systems may indeed be applicable to in vitro culture of gametes and embryos. The present paper reviews the advantages of microfluidics for in vitro embryo production: how the platforms are manufactured, the current uses of microfluidics in assisted reproduction, static v. dynamic culture environments, individual gamete and embryo culture and the future directions of microfluidic application to in vitro embryo production and manipulation. Finally, preliminary data from our laboratory using a new microfluidic well insert for porcine, bovine and murine embryo culture is discussed.
Polymeric Growth Factor Delivery Strategies for Tissue Engineering

Purpose. Tissue engineering seeks to replace and regrow damaged or diseased tissues and organs from either cells resident in the surrounding tissue or cells transplanted to the tissue site. The purpose of this review is to present the application of polymeric delivery systems for growth factor delivery in tissue engineering.
Battery management technology for an electric vehicle

Electric vehicles are expected to occupy a significant portion of the automotive market share in the near future. An electric vehicle has only an electric drive-train powered by a battery, and an electric vehicle should provide a dozens of mile driving distance with single recharge of the battery. The cost and performance of the electric vehicle is primarily determined by the battery and its management system. In this talk, we focus on one of the most promising secondary batteries, a Li-ion battery, and its management system that fulfill both cost and performance requirements. The goal of battery and its management technology is to extend the battery lifetime as well as to guarantee safe operation. We introduce key state-of-the-art solutions for the battery and management system together with an in-vehicle network technology. The battery management software is running on the top of a real-time operating system, such as OSEK, for robust operation and potability. We provide fast communication with a high-speed CAN (control-area network) among the battery management system and other vehicle electronics. The management software is designed to be reprogrammed though the CAN channel. We propose a master-slave architecture, which is scalable to accommodate more number of battery cells to manage. Monitoring Measures pack voltage, pack current and pack temperature. Reports cell voltage and cell temperature. Diagnostics Detects and reports over- and under-voltage, temperature and current. Checks leakage current using an active isolation method. Cell Balancing Provides a method for precise cell balancing. Communications Transmits measured data and diagnostic statuses over two 500 kbps CAN ports. Reprogramming Reprograms all the software components over the CAN ports for service purpose.
A diversity combiner giving total power transfer

A method is described of combining two or more carrier signals, which may be from a space-diversity aerial system, in such a way that the output power is always the sum of the individual signal powers. This gives the optimum signal/noise ratio under the commonly assumed Rayleigh distributed fading conditions. The control signals are taken from the i.f. amplifier of the main receiver; no extra detecting facilities are therefore required. However, a standby receiver can be incorporated, and the combiner can easily be adapted to act as a change-over switch, if required.
Weighing the risks and rewards of involvement in cultural conservation and heritage tourism.

Many towns in the United States are embracing heritage tourism in order to stimulate economic growth and enhance quality of life, hoping to attract new business and industry. Communities seek anthropologists' services as consultants on heritage tourism development projects; however, critics within our discipline have voiced doubts about the intellectual and ethical integrity of such work. This paper reviews literature on sociocultural impacts of tourism, focusing on work that raises concerns about spurious cultural representations that result when the tourism industry or entrepreneurs within host societies appropriate heritage and commoditize it for tourist consumption. Critics accuse anthropologists and other specialists in cultural heritage conservation of staging inauthentic events and inventing spurious cultural traditions that undermine rather than sustain the vitality of genuine cultural expression. This critique is presented and challenged. Cultural heritage conservation projects in the United Stat...
The Absolute Magnitude and Stellar Population of a Ba II Star

A star showing extreme features characteristic of the Ba n stars has been found in the old open cluster NGC 2420. A new colour-magnitude diagram has been constructed for the cluster, and a distance modulus of 11 . m 7 is obtained by fitting the unevolved main sequence to the zero-age main sequence. The location of the Ba star is consistent with its being a disc population star of absolute magnitude M v = −0 . m 3, mass 1.4 M ⊙ and age 2.4 × 109 yr.
Signal Processing by Multiplexing and Demultiplexing in Neurons

Signal processing capabilities of biological neurons are investigated. Temporally coded signals in neurons can be multiplexed to increase the transmission capacity. Multiplexing of signal is suggested in bi-threshold neurons with "high-threshold" and "low-threshold" for switching firing modes. To extract the signal embedded in the interspike-intervals of firing, the encoded signal are demultiplexed and multiplexed by a network of neurons with delayed-line circuitry for signal processing. The temporally coded input signal is transformed spatially by mapping the firing intervals topographically to the output of the network, thus decoding the specific firing interspike-intervals. The network also provides a band-pass filtering capability where the variability of the timing of the original signal can be decoded.
In defence of liberalism

This is a defence of liberalism and its philosophical foundations. The author argues that liberals usually make two contradictory claims: firstly, that liberalism is a neutral framework; and secondly, that it is the best framework. He proposes a reconciliation of these premises and a new defence of liberalism covering issues of rights, self-determination, decision-making and justice. Liberals seek to justify a framework of individual rights which are neutral. How can this be done, though, without (inconsistently) taking up some particular view of what is good? The book shows how liberal rights and liberties, regarded as deriving from rights of self-ownership, can be justified - not in terms of any particular conception of what is good, but as the conditions necessary in order to reach more reasonable views about what is intrinsically good.
Mentoring novice teachers: developing a community of practice

Mentoring new teachers is critical to music education, not only for purposes of retention and attrition, but also to provide the support they need to become reflective practitioners. Researchers consistently report that novice music teachers share feelings of being overwhelmed by the duties and responsibilities of teaching. In 2004—05, a local school district (USA) employed five novice elementary general music teachers. Through the district, I offered a professional development program to these teachers to provide mentoring during the entire school year. With their consent, this program was used to collect data reflective of their experiences throughout the year, exploring the nature of their lived experience and, emergently, the growth of a community of practice. Data included the email correspondence of all participants, each teacher's end-of-year reflective journal, a personal log reflecting my perspective and an audio-recorded group discussion conducted at the end of the school year. Two key issues ar...
Determination of Adhesive Properties of Variant Metastatic Melanoma Cells to BALB/3T3 Cells and Their Virus-Transformed Derivatives by a Monolayer Attachment Assay

The hypothesis that abnormalities in intercellular adhesion are a property of metastatic tumors was examined in vitro with B16 melanoma variants that were selected in vivo for increased metastatic behavior. The adhesive characteristics of low (B16-F1), intermediate (B16-F5), and high (B16-F10) metastatic lines were determined by quantitative adhesion assays that measured the rate and degree of attachment of single cells to confluent monolayers of melanoma, BALB/3T3, or virus-transformed 3T3 cells. Intercellular adhesions were monitored by loss of single cells from suspension and adherence of intraperitoneally grown 125I-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine-labeled cells to the monolayers, and were affected by time, temperature, and serum concentration. Although there was little difference in adhesive properties between the untransformed and transformed 3T3 cell lines, the more metastatic melanoma variants exhibited higher relative rates and extents of homotypic and heterotypic monolayer attachment compared with lower metastatic lines (B16-F10 greater than B16-F5 greater than B16-F1). The correlation between in vivo and in vitro tumor cell adhesive properties and metastasis was discussed.
Planning for the sustainability of community-based health programs: conceptual frameworks and future directions for research, practice and policy

Attention to the sustainability of health intervention programs both in the US and abroad is increasing, but little consensus exists on the conceptual and operational definitions of sustainability. Moreover, an empirical knowledge base about the determinants of sustainability is still at an early stage. Planning for sustainability requires, first, a clear understanding of the concept of sustainability and operational indicators that may be used in monitoring sustainability over time. Important categories of indicators include: (1) maintenance of health benefits achieved through an initial program, (2) level of institutionalization of a program within an organization and (3) measures of capacity building in the recipient community. Second, planning for sustainability requires the use of programmatic approaches and strategies that favor long-term program maintenance. We suggest that the potential influences on sustainability may derive from three major groups of factors: (1) project design and implementation factors, (2) factors within the organizational setting, and (3) factors in the broader community environment. Future efforts to develop sustainable health intervention programs in communities can build on the concepts and strategies proposed here.
Every polynomial-time 1-degree collapses iff P=PSPACE

A set A is m-reducible (or Karp-reducible) to B if and only if there is a polynomial-time computable function f such that for all x, x in A if and only if f(x) in B. Two sets are 1-equivalent if each is m-reducible to the other by one-one reductions; p-invertible equivalent iff each is m-reducible to the other by one-one, polynomial-time invertible reductions; and p-isomorphic iff there is an m-reduction from one set to the other that is one-one, onto, and polynomial-time invertible. It is proved that the following statements are equivalent: (1) P=PSPACE. (2) Every two 1-equivalent sets are p-isomorphic. (3) Every two p-invertible equivalent sets are p-isomorphic. >
Leaf respiration at different canopy positions in sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) grown in ambient and elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide in the field.

Summary Trees exposed to elevated CO2 partial pressure ([CO2]) generally show increased rates of photosynthesis and growth, but effects on leaf respiration are more variable. The causes of this variable response are unresolved. We grew 12-year-old sweetgum trees (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) in a Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) facility in ambient [CO2] (37/44 Pa daytime/nighttime) and elevated [CO2] (57/65 Pa daytime/nighttime) in native soil at Oak Ridge National Environmental Research Park. Nighttime respiration (R N) was measured on leaves in the upper and lower canopy in the second (1999) and third (2000) growing seasons of CO2 fumigation. Leaf respiration in the light (R L) was estimated by the technique of Brooks and Farquhar (1985) in the upper canopy during the third growing season. There were no significant short-term effects of elevated [CO2 ]o nR N or long-term effects on R N or R L, when expressed on an area, mass or nitrogen (N) basis. Upper-canopy leaves had 54% higher R N (area basis) than lower-canopy leaves, but this relationship was unaffected by CO2 growth treatment. In August 2000, R L was about 40% of R N in the upper canopy. Elevated [CO2] significantly increased the number of leaf mitochondria (62%), leaf mass per unit area (LMA; 9%), and leaf starch (31%) compared with leaves in ambient [CO2]. Upper-canopy leaves had a significantly higher number of mitochondria (73%), N (53%), LMA (38%), sugar (117%) and starch (23%) than lower-canopy leaves. Growth in elevated [CO2] did not affect the relationships (i.e., intercept and slope) between R N and the measured leaf characteristics. Although no factor explained more than 45% of the variation in R N, leaf N and LMA were the best predictors for R N. Therefore, the response of R N to CO2 treatment and canopy position was largely dependent on the magnitude of the effect of elevated [CO2] or canopy position on these characteristics. Because elevated [CO2] had little or no effect on N or LMA, there was no effect on R N. Canopy position had large effects on these leaf characteristics, however, such that upper-canopy leaves exhibited higher R N than lower-canopy leaves. We conclude that elevated [CO2] does not directly impact leaf respiration in sweetgum and that barring changes in leaf nitrogen or leaf chemical composition, long-term effects of elevated [CO2] on respiration in this species will be minimal.
MEASURING PERCEPTIONS OF THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT FOR WOMEN IN CORPORATE SETTINGS

This study developed a scale to measure individual perceptions of dimensions of the work organization that contribute to a supportive or hostile environment for women. Based on analysis of survey data from 398 respondents working in corporate settings, a scale was developed to measure five dimensions: Dual Standards O Sexist Attitudes C Informal Socializing; Balancing Work P and Remediation Policies &Practices. Women perceived their work environments as significantly more hostile on all five dimensions than did men. Scores on the scale were related to intent to stay with the organization: For both men and women, the friendlier they perceived the work environment for women to be, the longer individuals intended to stay at the company.
Fuel economy comparisons of series, parallel and HMT hydraulic hybrid architectures

Since hydraulic hybrid vehicles are power dense and do not require costly batteries, they have the potential to achieve high fuel economy and performance and at low cost. The three main classes of hydraulic hybrid architectures are series, parallel and hydro-mechanical (HMT) or power-split. These architectures have intrinsic differences in transmission efficiencies and effectiveness in engine management. This paper compares the fuel economies and performance of these architectures and validates these features. Using a Toyota Prius like engine and chassis as common factors, fuel economies are compared for the “optimal” design for each architecture which considers both the physical designs and the engine/energy management. Physical design variables include pump/motor sizes and gear ratios. The effect of pump/motors efficiencies, extra gears and different engine efficiency maps are also studied. To improve computational efficiency in evaluating fuel economy, engine operation is restricted to several operating modes and the accumulator pressure is assumed to be constant. These simplifications enable the Lagrange multiplier method to be employed so as to quickly determine the optimal engine management control and the resulting fuel economy for each design iteration. Full optimal control computations without the simplifying assumptions for the optimized design for each architecture (using dynamic programming) verify that, despite these simplification, the estimated fuel economies are close. It is shown that hybrid HMT offers the best fuel economy for various hydraulic efficiencies, followed by parallel and series architectures. However, the difference between HMT and parallel architectures diminishes if the engine has a wide efficient speed range of operation. It is also shown that an extra mechanical gear ratio can significantly increase fuel economy for all three architectures.
Driver and receiver one-port approximate models for system timing and coupled noise simulation

This paper describes driver and receiver one-port approximate models implemented in a linear circuit solver for system timing and coupled noise simulation. These models are much faster than detailed circuit models while still accounting for nonlinear behaviors such as voltage clamping in receivers and load-dependent output timing in drivers.
A biocompatible affinity MEMS sensor for continuous monitoring of glucose

In this paper, we present two designs for developing a biocompatible affinity MEMS glucose sensor. Based on these designs, two devices were fabricated and characterized. These devices, consisting of a micro- cantilever or membrane situated inside microchambers, are driven by a remote magnetic field and separated from the sensing environment by a semi-permeable membrane. A change in viscosity induced by the binding of poly(acrylamide-ran-3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid) (PAA-ran-PAAPBA) copolymer with glucose is determined by the damped vibration of the cantilever or the membrane in the devices. The cantilever-based sensor has been used to measure physiologically relevant glucose concentrations from 0 to 324 mg/dL with a response time of approximately 3 minutes. This response time was further improved to 1.5 minutes using the membrane-based sensor.
Comparison of two use-of-system methods for allocating transmission supplementary cost

The use-of-system allocation methods are being accepted to allocate transmission supplementary cost. Two such methods: power flow comparison (PFC) method and generalized generation distribution factors (GGDF) method are compared in this paper. GGDF was originally developed for security evaluation, and then found useful for allocating transmission cost. This method is accepted in several papers. Like other distribution factors, GGDF considers only real power flows. However, the PFC method considers both real and reactive power flows. An example system shows that the two methods show nearly the same cost allocation if only real power flow is considered. With the inclusion of reactive power flow, the PFC method shows a cost shift among users, which is more accurate in allocating transmission cost.
A Significance Test for Principal Components Applied to a Cyclone Climatology

Abstract A technique is presented for selection of principal components for which the geophysical signal is greater than the level of noise. The level of noise is simulated by repeated sampling of principal components computed from a spatially and temporally uncorrected random process. By contrasting the application of principal components based upon the covariance matrix and correlation matrix for a given data set of cyclone frequencies, it is shown that the former is more suitable to fitting data and locating the individual variables that represent large variance in the record, while the latter is more suitable for resolving spatial oscillations such as the movement of primary storm tracks.
Idiosyncratic Risk and Performanceof Hedge Funds

Our research identifies a pattern in the idiosyncratic risks of hedge funds’ performance; that is, idiosyncratic risks tend to increase when the market is in a downturn. This result indicates that hedge fund managers may voluntarily decide the level of activeness in applying hedge fund strategies responding to various market situations. This research result indicates that change of alpha and beta in hedge fund performance may not be caused by the impersistence of investment skills of hedge fund managers, but rather by the change of activeness of hedge fund strategies. We also identify a structural change in the contribution of idiosyncratic risks to hedge fund performance in the market downturn caused by the burst of the high-tech bubble in 2001–2002. Prior to the downturn, idiosyncratic risk contributed negatively to excess return, whereas after the downturn, it contributed positively.
Comparing the Dynamical Development of Two Mesoscale Convective Vortices

Abstract Examination of much of the literature regarding mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) exposes significant incongruity over their origin and development. A vorticity budget analysis can conclusively demonstrate that incongruous results are due, at least in part, to different MCV developmental paths. A study of the dynamics of two numerically generated MCVs for the purpose of comparing their evolution from the initial stages to maturity produced the result that the final MCV structure was achieved from different developmental paths. Each MCV was diagnosed using model output from the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). The analysis consisted of detailing the dynamics of the MCV formation through a diagnosis of the vertical vorticity equation. The results of the study, combined with a comparison with other studies, led to the conclusion that the same mature vertical MCV structure is produced from a variety of dynamical paths. Such a conclusion impacts the nature ...
Data domain wavefield tomography using local correlation functions

We formulate the data domain tomography misfit criterion using local correlations. Correlation-based inversions are less sensitive to local minima than difference-based inversions. Correlations, however, are often contaminated with cross-talk between events; in addition, the global correlations give just a general idea of the kinematic errors of the model because of the summation along the entire time axis. Alternatively, local correlations with Gaussian windows, advocated in this paper, are able to extract the local kinematic errors in the misfit between modeled and observed data. Local correlations are also less sensitive to cross-talk of seismic events than global correlations because the summation is performed locally as a function of time. Less correlation cross-talk leads to cleaner adjoint sources and hence, cleaner gradients. We further improve the gradients using a penalty function that is consistent with the bandwidth of the seismic data, which is more realistic than linear penalty functions designed to annihilate infinite bandwidth data.
A study into the links between mortgage financing and economic development in Africa

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the link between mortgage financing and economic development for African countries, as there is a gap in the literature regarding this topic. The development of mortgage markets is important for the overall development of a country. Policymakers and international institutions like the World Bank have been promoting the expansion of Africa’s nascent mortgage markets as a logical stimulus to economic growth and development. Specifically, the authors analyze the link between the size of the mortgage market and the gross national income (GNI) per capita for African countries. They found a significant positive correlation between the size of the mortgage market and GNI per capita. A plausible interpretation is that mortgage financing can induce growth and development. Design/methodology/approach – The authors examine the relationship between mortgage financing and GNI per capita for African countries using the hedonic framework. Findings – The authors found a s...
Constructing culinary knowledge: Reading rural community cookbooks

AbstractThe late nineteenth and early twentieth century was a period rife with social change for both the domains of food production and consumption, with significant consequences for how we know food today. Yet the ways in which culinary knowledge became standardized beyond cooking schools and commercial cookbooks remains largely undisclosed, particularly in rural households. Much of the existing cookbook literature relies on cookbooks that originate from urban locations. To explore how knowledge about food at the household and community level changed during this time, this article examines rural community cookbooks published in the Upper Peninsula, Michigan between 1893 and 1956. The findings suggest that contributors embraced the changing food landscape, as reflected in their enthusiastic adoption of processed products, but their culinary knowledge may have differed from that of their urban counterparts due to a lack of access to markets or affordable ingredients combined with continued reliance on loc...
Syntheses, X-ray crystal structures, and optical, fluorescence, and nonlinear optical characterizations of diphenylphosphino-substituted bithiophenes.

A series of bithiophene derivatives that are either symmetrically disubstituted with two Ph2(X)P groups (X = O, S, Se) or monosubstituted with one Ph2(X)P group (X = O, S, Se) and an organic functional group (H, CHO, CH2OH, CO2Me) have been synthesized. The X-ray crystal structures of Ph2(Se)P(C4H2S)2P(Se)Ph2, Ph2(O)P(C4H2S)2H, Ph2(S)P(C4H2S)2H, and Ph2(O)P(C4H2S)2CH2OH exhibit very different solid-state structures depending on the type of intermolecular π–π interactions that occur. The compounds have been characterized by electronic absorption and fluorescence studies. Of particular interest is that the quantum yields of Ph2(O)P(C4H2S)2H, Ph2(O)P(C4H2S)2P(O)Ph2, Ph2(O)P(C4H2S)2CO2Me, and Ph2(O)P(C4H2S)2CH2OH are significantly larger than that of bithiophene (factors of 13, 14, 14, and 22, respectively). This behavior is quite different from that of analogously substituted terthiophenes in which substitution results in only modest increases in the quantum yields over that of terthiophene (factors of 0.94,...
UNIDIRECTIONAL INCOMPATIBILITY BETWEEN POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA SIMULANS

Drosophila simulans females from a strain collected at Watsonville, CA produce very few offspring when mated with males from a strain collected at Riverside 510 km away. This incompatibility does not exist in the reciprocal cross. In the incompatible cross, mating and oviposition are normal, but eggs fail to hatch. A survey of other California populations indicates that unidirectional incompatibility is widespread. The incompatibility is maternally inherited over one generation. Using older Riverside males or rearing the strains at 28°C suppresses incompatibility. Culturing the strains on medium with tetracycline restores compatibility, suggesting the involvement of a microorganism.
Andreas Vesalius and Thomas Willis: Their Anatomic Brain Illustrations and Illustrators

The brain illustrations of Vesalius and Willis were the first in anatomic history with pictorial accuracy. Their illustrations, illustrators, and methods are discussed. Woodcut blocks were used for the prints of figures in the Vesalian anatomy. Figures of the brain appear to be done after external fixation in the work of Willis.