cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 5375: Reestablishing cell cycle control in breast cancers through therapeutic CDK4/6 inhibition

One hallmark of cancer is the deregulation of cell cycle machinery, which ultimately serves to promote aberrant proliferation that fuels tumorigenesis and progression. Particularly, the cyclin D1/Rb/E2F axis plays a crucial role in the development of disease by serving to connect aberrant mitogenic signaling with cell cycle transcriptional programs. In this context, the role of estrogen receptor (ER) in breast cancers has been previously described to exert influence upstream of this axis. While first-line strategies targeting ER activity are prevalent and initially effective in the majority of ER-positive breast cancers, acquired resistance and therapeutic failure remain a major clinical challenge. Current analyses have revealed that cell cycle progression is effectively uncoupled from the activity and functional state of ER in these models. As a gene expression signature of cyclin D/Rb/E2F-dysfunction was found to be associated with luminal B breast cancers (which are known to exhibit a relatively poor response to endocrine therapy), the prevalence of ER dysfunction occurring upstream of cyclin D1 suggests that targeting CDK 4/6 activity may be effective. To this end, we examined the therapeutic response to a CDK 4/6 inhibitor (PD-0332991) in human breast cancer cell lines and demonstrated a highly-specific role for Rb in mediating this response, which was dependent on transcriptional repression manifest through E2F activity. These analyses additionally demonstrated that the chronic loss of Rb can promote evolution to a CDK4/6-independent state and near complete resistance to PD-0332991. In addition to these studies, model systems of ER-positive breast cancers with differential susceptibility to endocrine therapy were employed to define common nodes for new therapeutic interventions. These collective findings suggest that suppression of cyclin D-supported kinase activity and restoration of Rb-mediated transcriptional repression could represent a viable therapeutic option in tumors that fail to respond to hormone-based therapies. Consistent with this hypothesis, CDK4/6 inhibiton was effective at suppressing the proliferation of all hormone refractory models analyzed. Combined, these findings underscore the clinical utility of mediating aberrant cell cycle progression through down-stream cytostatic therapies in treating tumors that have experienced failure of first line and endocrine-based therapy, and provide rationale for incorporation of CDK 4/6 inhibition into current existing therapeutic regimens. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5375. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5375
A systematic approach to active and cooperative learning in CS1 and its effects on CS2

This paper presents a description of a course redesign to incorporate active and cooperative learning techniques into an Introduction to Programming course (CS1) in a systematic way that addresses all aspects of the course: delivery, management, and assessment. The primary goals of the experience were to improve student learning in CS1 and help students develop a support system. By increasing their competence and confidence, and helping them establish a working relationship with their peers, we sought to improve their persistence and performance in the program. We thus focus on student performance and retention through the follow-up class (CS2) as taught at Sam Houston State University. The results are encouraging. We observed that 70% of those students that had the Active Learning experience in CS1 end up getting a passing grade in CS2, with only 10% withdrawing (dropping or resigning), in contrast to a 44% passing rate and 25% withdrawal rate among those that took a regular CS1 class.
Mechanistic Studies of the Hydroamination of Norbornene with Electrophilic Platinum Complexes: The Role of Proton Transfer

Hydroaminations of norbornene with arylsulfonamides and weakly basic anilines were achieved using electrophilic Pt(II) bis(triflate) complexes of the type L2Pt(OTf)2 (L2 = tBu2bpy, tBuC6H4N═C(CH3)C(CH3)═NC6H4tBu, (C6H5)2PCH2CH2P(C6H5)2, (C6F5)2PCH2CH2P(C6F5)2, S-BINAP). Pseudo-first-order kinetics reveal little to no dependence of the reaction rate on the ancillary ligand. Mechanistic studies do not favor an olefin coordination mechanism but are instead consistent with a mechanism involving sulfonamide coordination and generation of an acidic proton that is transferred to the norbornene. It is postulated that the resulting norbornyl cation is then attacked by free sulfonamide, and loss of proton from this adduct completes the hydroamination. The platinum−sulfonamide complex readily undergoes deprotonation to give a μ-amido platinum-bridged dimer that was isolated from the reaction solution. These studies also involve use of Me3SiPh and Me3SnPh as non-nucleophilic proton traps. Cleavage of the Ph−E bonds w...
Some preliminary remarks on “cognitive interest” in Husserlian phenomenology

L'A. tente de donner une synthese de la pensee de Husserl sur ce qu'il nomme de maniere eparse dans son oeuvre l'«interet», correspondant a une certaine intentionnalite. L'A. montre que la partialite de l'interet de l'esprit pour connaitre telle chose plutot qu'une autre, loin d'etre oubliee par Husserl, est affirmee et utilisee pleinement dans sa partialite meme
High-Magnitude, Virus-Specific CD4 T-Cell Response in the Central Nervous System of Coronavirus-Infected Mice

The neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) causes acute encephalitis and chronic demyelinating encephalomyelitis in rodents. Previous results indicated that CD8 T cells infiltrating the central nervous system (CNS) were largely antigen specific in both diseases. Herein we show that by 7 days postinoculation, nearly 30% of the CD4 T cells in the acutely infected CNS were MHV specific by using intracellular gamma interferon (IFN-γ) staining assays. In mice with chronic demyelination, 10 to 15% of the CD4 T cells secreted IFN-γ in response to MHV-specific peptides. Thus, these results show that infection of the CNS is characterized by a large influx of CD4 T cells specific for MHV and that these cells remain functional, as measured by cytokine secretion, in mice with chronic demyelination.
Influence of follicular maturation on the deposition of fibronectin by chicken granulosa cells in vitro--effect of 8-bromo cyclic AMP.

Abstract Fibronectin deposition by avian granulosa cells and the effect of 8-bromo cAMP (8-br-cAMP) on this process was investigated in vitro. Granulosa cells obtained from the first (F1) and third (F3) largest preovulatory follicles and from small yellow follicles (SYF) were incubated in serum free medium 199 for 12 or 24 hr with and without 8-br-cAMP. Fibronectin deposited in incubation wells, secreted in medium or associated with cells was measured by ELISA. Basal fibronectin deposition increased with time and was greatest for F1 cells. Within 12 hr, 8-br-cAMP enhanced fibronectin deposition dose-dependently by F3 and SYF cells, but not by F1 cells. The amount of fibronectin deposition caused by 8-br-cAMP (which was greater after 24 hr incubation) was 0.10- to 0.16-fold for F1 cells; 0.20- to 0.81-fold for F3 cells and more than 30-fold for SYF cells. Fibronectin secreted in the medium by unstimulated cells was also greatest in F1 cells. 8-bromo cAMP stimulated fibronectin secretion in medium dose-dependently by F3 and SYF cells, however, it had only a marginal stimulatory effect on this process in F1 cells. Cell-associated fibronectin was not increased significantly by 8-br-cAMP in F1, F3 or SYF cells. Total (deposited plus medium plus cell associated) fibronectin production was elevated in dose- and time-dependent manner by 8-br-cAMP in F3 and SYF cells, but only at high concentrations in F1 cells. Like deposited fibronectin, the relative effect of 8-br-cAMP on fibronectin secreted in the medium and on total fibronectin production was greatest in immature SYF cells. These results demonstrate that fibronectin synthesized and deposited by unstimulated chicken granulosa cells in vitro increase concomitantly with follicular maturation and cellular differentiation, and the relative change in fibronectin production caused by 8-br-cAMP was greatest in immature SYF cells.
Obesity and Medical Visits in Family Medicine

Controlling the number of medical visits consumed by primary care patients is essential to cost containment; therefore, identification of patients likely to be frequent users of medical visits is required. Obesity has not often been used as a marker for selecting patients for disease management efforts. This study was a retrospective analysis of information abstracted from the medical records of 1405 adult patients who were treated in family medicine practices in Rochester, Minnesota, USA, and referred to specialists. Patients were sorted into two groups — frequent visitors and others — with patients in the highest quartile of use being classified as frequent visitors. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to test the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and frequency of visits, after adjustment for co-morbidities and demographic characteristics. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that, in comparison with patients with a BMI of 0–24.9 kg/m2, patients with a BMI ≥35 kg/m2 had greater odds of being frequent visitors, after adjusting for co-morbidity, age, marital status, and gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.51; 95% CI 1.01, 2.26; p = 0.04). AORs for being a frequent visitor were also significantly greater for subjects with Charlson co-morbidity scores of 1 (AOR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.50,2.95; p < 0.01) and ≥2 (AOR = 4.45; 95% CI 3.17, 6.25; p < 0.01) than for those with no co-morbid diseases and were lower for married patients than those who were unmarried (AOR = 0.71; 95% CI 0.52, 0.96; p = 0.03). The BMI categories of 25-29.9 kg/m2 and 30-34.9 kg/m2 were not independently related to the frequency of medical visits. In our sample of patients who attended family medicine practices and were referred to specialists, having a BMI ≥35 kg/m2 was an independent risk factor for frequent utilization of medical visits. Referral to weight management programs might be an effective utilization management strategy.
Excimer Laser Projection Patterning With And Without Resists: Submicrometer Etching Of Diamond And Diamond-Like Carbon Resist

Recently reported experiments in which the deep-UV (193-nm) and VUV (157-nm) output of an excimer laser has been applied to submicrometer patterning are reviewed. New methods have been designed to take advantage of the short-wavelength, high-peak-intensity pulsed radiation from these sources. The examples of patterning of crystalline diamond and diamond-like carbon films are discussed. Lines and spaces of 0.13 μm have been obtained using diamond-like hard carbon films as self-developing resists.
The visual pigments of a deep-water malacosteid fish

The present investigation is a confirmation and extension of the idea that visual pigments adapted to the quality of their own bioluminescence have evolved in certain deep-water marine fishes. In this case a single fish (Malacosteus danae) of the family Malacosteidae, known to have red-emitting photophores, was trawled up in daylight from the Pacific off the coast of Southern California. Retinal extractions were found to contain two photopigments with absorbance maxima, one at 556 nm, the second at 514 nm. From the spectral positions of the oximes formed by bleaching in the presence of hydroxylamine it was inferred that the 556-pigment is an A2-pigment and the 514-pigment, an Aj-pigment. Evidence was also obtained from the effect of hydroxylamine on the unbleached extract of the possible presence of a photopigment that was bleached by the daylight when the fish was brought to the surface. This pigment, also identified as an A,-component from the oxime spectrum, could have been a moiety of the 514-photopigment but the possibility of a third visual pigment in the retina of this fish cannot be discounted. Except for this hydroxylamine effect the results are in agreement with published data from Aristostomias scintillans.
Child and Maternal Contributions to Shared Reading: Effects on Language and Literacy Development.

Fifty-five children and their mothers were studied longitudinally from 18 to 42 months to determine the effects of home literacy practices, children's interest in reading, and mothers' metalingual utterances during reading on children's expressive and receptive language development, letter knowledge, and knowledge of print concepts. At 27 months, children's interest and the rate of mothers' metalingual utterances during shared reading were assessed observationally, and mothers reported their home literacy practices. Children's language development was assessed at 30 and 42 months, and their letter knowledge and knowledge of print concepts were assessed at 42 months. Children's interest was strongly associated with the rate of mothers' metalingual utterances. Home literacy practices, children's interest, and the rate of mothers' metalingual utterances all predicted expressive language development. Home literacy practices predicted receptive language development, and children's interest predicted letter knowledge. The relative contributions of children and mothers to shared reading are discussed.
Error estimation in nonlinear optimization

Methods are developed and analyzed for estimating the distance to a local minimizer of a nonlinear programming problem. One estimate, based on the solution of a constrained convex quadratic program, can be used when strict complementary slackness and the second-order sufficient optimality conditions hold. A second estimate, based on the solution of an unconstrained nonconvex, nonsmooth optimization problem, is valid even when strict complementary slackness is violated. Both estimates are valid in a neighborhood of a local minimizer. An active set algorithm is developed for computing a stationary point of the nonsmooth error estimator. Each iteration of the algorithm requires the solution of a symmetric, positive semidefinite linear system, followed by a line search. Convergence is achieved in a finite number of iterations. The error bounds are based on stability properties for nonlinear programs. The theory is illustrated by some numerical examples.
Primary hyperparathyroidism--evaluation of diagnostic aids: calcium infusion, phosphorus deprivation and hydroxyprolinuria.

The effect of an intravenous infusion of calcium on the urinary excretion of phosphorus and the effect of a phosphorus deficient diet plus aluminum gel on the urinary excretion of calcium were studied in the following groups of patients: a) surgically proven primary hyperparathyroidism, b) renal lithiasis, c) normal subjects. The average depression of urinary excretion of phosphorus in response to the intravenous infusion of calcium was: −32% for the normal subjects, −23% for the patients with renal lithiasis, and −7 % for those with hyperparathyroidism. Although the average response in the group with hyperparathyroidism differs significantly from the response of the control subjects and the patients with renal lithiasis, the degree of individual overlap makes the clinical interpretation of this test hazardous. A similar conclusion was reached when the increments of the urinary excretion of calcium were observed during a period of phosphorus deprivation. Two out of 4 normal; 2 out of 6 stone-formers, and ...
Solid phase epitaxial growth of 3C–SiC thin film on Si and annihilation of nanopores

Abstract The solid phase epitaxial growth of 3C–SiC, 2–5 nm thick, on (0 0 1) Si by annealing 1–2 nm carbon overlayers has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. High-temperature annealing in the range of 850–950 °C results in solid phase cube-on-cube epitaxial growth of SiC films. This is accompanied by the formation of nanopores below the SiC epilayer in the Si substrate. Such nanopores, formed with truncated octahedron morphology consisting of {1 1 1} and (0 0 1) facets, are annihilated by diffusion of Ge deposited onto the SiC surface. It was also observed that the Ge islands on top of SiC exhibit a cube-on-cube orientation relation with SiC and the Ge overlayer reduces the density of faults in SiC considerably.
Replication of DNA during F'Lac transfer.

Received Apri18, 1966 F'Lac is a DNA-containing (Silver, 1963) episomal element which can be transferred from a male donor strain of the bacterium, E. coli, to a female recipient by conjugation. The mechanism by which this transfer occurs is not known. Suggested models for transfer are of three types: those for which DNA synthesis is unnecessary, those for which DNA synthesis accompanies transfer, and those for which DNA synthesis precedes transfer. In most investigations, the nature of the DNA transferred under normal conditions of DNA synthesis has been examined. Herman and Forro (1963) have shown that if radioactively labeled males are mated with females in non-radioactive medium, the transferred labeled DNA behaves as a single conserved unit during subsequent replication of the recipient cell, suggesting that the DNA is replicated in the non-radioactive medium prior to or during transfer. Ptashne (1965) mated heavydensity-labeled males with light females in a light medium and showed that all transferred DNA was of a hybrid density, and reached a conclusion similar to that of Herman and Forro. An alternative explanation for both of these results is that replication occurs immediately after transfer, an idea proposed by Stouthamer, de Haan, and Bulten (1963). Gross and Caro (1965) studied chromosomal transfer in Hfr males using quantitative autoradiogra.phy and concluded that the DNA is replicated during transfer; substantial evidence was given for lack of replication in the female. The nature of the transferred DNA can be studied in another way. If a thymine-requiring male transfers F'Lac in a medium containing
Religious Denominations as Ethnic Communities: A Regional Case Study

Recent studies of the history of ethnic groups in America have produced a growing awareness that the relationships between religious institutions and ethnic identity are more complex than was earlier believed. Three factors, it seems to me, are now hindering our efforts to understand these relationships. One is the absence of an alyses of the wide functional differences between congregations and denominations, the two kinds of institutions which serve the religious needs of modern democratic societies. Another is the con centration of most historical research in immigrant religion upon one ethnic group. And the third is the emphasis upon the history of either rural frontiers or large cities. In this paper, I wish to present the results of a study of the religious life of the Lake Superior cop per and iron mining country, a region in which immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe are predominant, yet one in which the newcomers of each nationality were spread widely through small towns and villages.
Optical Technologies-A View Of The Future

It is indeed a pleasure to enjoy a "free lunch" with this distinguished group on the kickoff day of your 20th Anniversary Symposium. Clearly, this society has contributed much toward the advances in optical, electro-optical and related technologies achieved in the United States. I'm honored to be here and happy for the opportunity to offer congratulations on this landmark occasion.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Long distance physics of the Hall fluid and the anyon superfluid

The long distance physics of the Hall fluid and the anyon superfluid may be described by effective field theories constructed out of the Chern-Simons term. These theories are topological in character and may be of deep mathematical significance. Various physical quantities such as the quantum numbers of the quasiparticles are determined by a matrix appearing in the Chern-Simons term.
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibition by a dipyridodiazepinone derivative: BI-RG-587.

Abstract The dipyridodiazepinone derivative 6,11-dihydro-11-cyclopropyl-4-methyldipyrido[2,3- b :2',3'- e ]-[1,4]diazepin-6-one (BI-RG-587) selectively inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication by suppressing HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity. Both RNA- and DNA-dependent polymerase associated activities of this enzyme were found to be inhibited by BI-RG-587 in a pattern dependent on the template used. The lowest ic 50 values were obtained using poly(rC)-oligo (dG) 12–18 and poly(dA)-oligo(dT) 12–18 as template-primer. For the RNA-dependent activity poly (rC)-oligo(dG) 12–18 and dGTP appeared to enhance the inhibition of the RNA-dependent enzyme activity by BI-RG-587, with the effect of poly(rC)-oligo(dG) 12–18 dominating that of dGTP. Poly(rA)-oligo (dT) 10 seemed to decrease the inhibition whereas poly(rU)-oligo(dA) 12–18 or poly(rG)-oligo-(dC) 12–18 had no effect. dATP, dTTP and dCTP, three nucleotide triphosphates, also had no impact on the inhibition. Differences were observed for the template-dependent action of BI-RG-587 against the DNA-dependent enzyme activity. Both substrates were required to allow the inhibition by BI-RG-587 in the poly(dC)-oligo(dG) 12–18 and dGTP reaction, whereas only the template and enzyme interaction seemed to be necessary for the poly(dA)-oligo(dT) 12–18 and dTTP reaction. The different behaviors of DNA- and RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities could indicate either the presence of different active sites for distinct activities or the presence of a unique active site with different configurations depending upon the template used. Also, BI-RG-587 showed a mutually exclusive inhibition when combined with two other classes of HIV-1 RT inhibitors represented by phosphonoformic acid and 3'-azido-3'-dideoxythymidine triphosphate.
First experimental characterization of aminocarbene

Abstract Neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry is used to synthesize and identify in the gas phase the elusive aminocarbene, namely HCNH2. The carbene is prepared by reduction of the corresponding radical cation, generated by electron ionization of cyclopropyl amine. The mass spectrum obtained after subsequent reionization, about 0.2 μs later, confirms theoretical predictions that solitary aminocarbene is a stable species with appreciable barriers towards dissociation and isomerization to formaldimine, H2CNH.
TEACHING ABOUT GENDER: THE EXPERIENCE OF FAMILY CARE OF FRAIL ELDERLY RELATIVES

Women provide both more hours of care and a broader range of care to frail older people than do men. The empirical research on the gender difference in the experience of caregiving and the explanations of this gender difference are summarized. Psychoanalytic feminist and socialist feminist perspectives are used to illustrate the ways in which competing theoretical frameworks illuminate different dimensions of social reality.
An Examination of the Principles of Orthostereoscopic Photomicrography and Some Applications

A method of orthostereoscopic photomicrography has been developed primarily for the purpose of the measurement of relative spatial angles of α-ray tracks in photographic emulsions. The conditions for obtaining the requisite perspectives from photographs made with a compound microscope system, and the necessary relations between the positions of an internal stop in the microscope, the shift of the object on the stage, and the mounting of the perspectives in a special form of Wheatstone stereoscope are discussed. A number of trial measurements with dry lenses and immersion microscope systems with magnifications ranging from ×100 to ×970 illustrate the application of the theory. The methods are applicable to other objects.
Predictors of Injury Associated with Rape

The purpose of this study was to assess predictors of injury in a preliminary model with victim and forensic characteristics as variables. Assessment of predictors will fill gaps in the literature, help clinicians improve data-gathering methods, and identify characteristics associated with rape-related injury of women who may be at higher risk for subsequent poor health.
WE‐C‐M100F‐01: Risk of Secondary Fatal Malignancies From Hi‐Art Tomotherapy IMRT

Purpose: This work compares out‐of‐field secondary doses and associated risk of a fatal secondary malignancy from a Hi‐Art Tomotherapy machine and a conventional gantry based accelerator for an adult IMRT prostate and a pediatric cranio‐spinal treatment.Method and Materials: A conventional 3D and tomotherapy IMRT cranio‐spinal treatment plan were developed to deliver the same prescription to a pediatric anthropomorphic Rando phantom using a Philips Pinnacle and Hi‐Art Tomotherapy planning system, respectively. Similarly, an adult IMRT prostate treatment plan, using the Pinnacle and tomotherapy planning systems was developed to deliver the same prescription with the same constraints to an adult Rando phantom. The target and organs at risk (OAR) were contoured. TLD were located within each of the OARs selected. Each phantom was irradiated three times per plan. The out‐of‐field organTLDdoses for the gantry based delivery and tomotherapy treatments were compared. For each organ site, an average dose was determined and organ weighted linear non‐threshold dose response model risk factors were used to estimate the risk of a secondary fatal malignancy for each treatment.Results:Doses calculated from the adult TLD data were lower for all organs when treated with the Tomotherapy plan and the overall risk was lower. The pediatric TLDdose findings were mixed between the 3D and tomotherapy treatment, however because of the higher integral dose with the Tomotherapy, the overall risk is higher for the Tomotherapy treatment.Conclusion: The risk of a secondary fatal cancer was lower for the Hi‐Art Tomotherapy adult prostate treatment than the gantry based IMRTtreatment due to due to the lower integral out‐of‐field secondary radiation doses. The risk for the pediatric case appears higher for the Hi‐Art Tomotherapy treatment than the 3D conformal cranio‐spinal treatment. Work supported by PHS grant CA10953 awarded by NCI.
Procedures for optimization problems with a mixture of bounds and general linear constraints

Abstract : When describing active-set methods for linearly constrained optimization, it is often convenient to treat all constraints in a uniform manner. However, in many problems the linear constraints include simple bounds on the variables as well as general constraints. Special treatment of bound constraints in the implementation of an active-set method yields significant advantages in computational effort and storage requirements. In this paper, we describe how to perform the constraint-related steps of an active-set method when the constraint matrix is dense and bounds are treated separately. These steps involve updates to the TQ factorization of the working set of constraints and the Cholesky factorization of the projected Hessian (or Hessian approximation). (Author)
Distribution of renal medullary hyaluronan in lean and obese rabbits

Distribution of renal medullary hyaluronan in lean and obese rabbits. Background Obese individuals have an expanded interstitium in the renal inner medulla (IM), which stains positively with periodic acid-Schiff and Alcian blue. In obese dogs, the IM is also expanded, with hyaluronan (HA) content being 2.4 times control. Methods We determined the anatomic pattern of renal HA deposition following weight gain, using an animal model of obesity consisting of young rabbits ( N = 10), representing animals entering into the study, lean rabbits ( N = 19), fed a control diet, and obese rabbits ( N = 19), fed a high-fat diet (15% fat, by fortifying with corn oil and lard, in a ratio of 2:1) for two to three months. Tissue was papain digested, and HA was recovered in a phosphate or a Tris buffer and detected by an indirect immunoabsorbent competition assay. Results Rabbits fed a high-fat diet for 8 to 12 weeks gained weight (37%) and became mildly hypertensive (10 mm Hg). In lean rabbits, HA was low in the renal cortex (6 ± 30 μg/g tissue), increased steadily across the outer medulla (OM; 79 ± 28 μg/g tissue) and was uniformly high in the IM (192 ± 28 μg/g tissue) when recovered in a Tris buffer; these levels of tissue HA did not change during the three-month period of dietary intervention. In obese rabbits, the renal medullary interstitium was expanded and stained intensely with periodic acid Schiff and Alcian blue, and tissue HA was elevated in the IM (448 ± 25 μg/g tissue) but not the cortex (5 ± 25 μg/g tissue) or the OM (85 ± 25 μg/g tissue). The significant difference was due to those IM samples taken from the renal papilla; IM samples from the body of the kidney did not significantly differ among the lean, obese, and young rabbits. Conclusion The elevated renal HA associated with weight gain is limited to the IM and occurs most consistently in the papilla, which is the region of the kidney that is most vulnerable to distention caused by elevated renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
Patients' need for more counseling on diet, exercise, and smoking cessation: results from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the percentage of physicians who reported counseling patients on diet/nutrition, exercise, weight reduction, or smoking cessation during their office visits when responding to the 2002 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS). We sought to establish whether patients are receiving adequate counseling from physicians on the basis of this nationwide survey. Design Retrospective database analysis. Setting United States. Participants Data included 184,668,007 physician visits for patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, or obesity; 140,362,102 physician visits for patients in which insulin/oral antidiabetics, antihyperlipidemia drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, thiazide diuretics, or weight loss drugs were prescribed; and 82,317,640 physician visits for patients who smoked or used tobacco. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcomes Measures Frequency of responses for counseling/education/therapy about diet/nutrition, exercise, weight reduction, and tobacco use/exposure. Results For patients with type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, or hypertension, or patients receiving a drug in one of the drug classes that may indicate the presence of these diseases, patients did not receive any type of diet or exercise counseling during more than one half of all visits. Visits by patients who were diagnosed as obese were most likely to receive any type of counseling (80.2%). Of visits for patients who used tobacco, 78.6% did not include any counseling about smoking cessation. Conclusion Patients are insufficiently counseled and educated about the need for lifestyle changes that can affect their risks for common chronic diseases. As accessible and ideally positioned health care providers, pharmacists could potentially affect the rising epidemic of obesity and other lifestyle-related diseases by filling this void.
Minor stable carbon isotope fractionation between respired carbon dioxide and bulk soil organic matter during laboratory incubation of topsoil

A common assumption in paleoenvironmental reconstructions using soils is that the carbon isotope composition of soil-respired CO2 is equivalent to the carbon isotope composition of bulk soil organic matter (SOM). However, the occurrence of a non-zero per mil carbon isotope enrichment factor between CO2 and SOM ( $$\varepsilon_{{{\text{CO}}_{ 2} - {\text{SOM}}}}$$ ) during soil respiration is the most widely accepted explanation for the down-profile increase in SOM δ13C values commonly observed in well-drained soils. In order to shed light on this apparent discrepancy, we incubated soil samples collected from the top 2 cm of soils with pure C3 vegetation and compared the δ13C values of soil-respired CO2 to the δ13C values of bulk SOM. Our results show near-zero $$\varepsilon_{{{\text{CO}}_{ 2} - {\text{SOM}}}}$$ values (−0.3 to 0.4 ‰), supporting the use of paleosol organic matter as a proxy for paleo soil-respired CO2. Significantly more negative $$\varepsilon_{{{\text{CO}}_{ 2} - {\text{SOM}}}}$$ values are required to explain the typical δ13C profiles of SOM in well-drained soils. Therefore our results also suggest that typical SOM δ13C profiles result from either (1) a process other than carbon isotope fractionation between CO2 and SOM during soil respiration or (2) $$\varepsilon_{{{\text{CO}}_{ 2} - {\text{SOM}}}}$$ values that become increasingly negative as SOM matures.
Use of Telemetry to Compare Dog ECGs under Routine and Test Environments

Abstract : Use of telemetry to compare dog ECGs transmitted from routine and test environments in the laboratory is considered. Several technical telemetry problems relating to the procedure are noted and their solution described.
Validity of the Family Relations Test: A Review of Research

Summary The rationale and construction of the Bene-Anthony Family Relations Test suggest that it could be a valuable clinical projective technique. Little research involving the instrument has been reported, and most studies have been hampered by failure to report essential information, small sample size, poor design, and inappropriate statistical procedures. Investigations reported to date have yielded equivocal evidence of the test's validity. Additional research, for which specific directions are suggested, is needed to indicate the instrument's validity and usefulness or call for its abandonment or revision.
A Paradigm Shift in Functional Brain Imaging

### Introduction The history of brain imaging has paralleled the growth of the Society for Neuroscience, from its inception in 1973 with the introduction of x-ray computed tomography (CT) to the present (for a historical review, see [Webb, 1990][1]; [Kevles, 1997][2]; [Raichle, 2000][3]; [Raichle,
Differential allocation of seed-borne ergot alkaloids during early ontogeny of morning glories (Convolvulaceae).

Ergot alkaloids are mycotoxins that can increase host plant resistance to above- and below-ground herbivores. Some morning glories (Convolvulaceae) are infected by clavicipitaceous fungi (Periglandula spp.) that produce high concentrations of ergot alkaloids in seeds—up to 1000-fold greater than endophyte-infected grasses. Here, we evaluated the diversity and distribution of alkaloids in seeds and seedlings and variation in alkaloid distribution among species. We treated half the plants with fungicide to differentiate seed-borne alkaloids from alkaloids produced de novo post-germination and sampled seedling tissues at the cotyledon and first-leaf stages. Seed-borne alkaloids in Ipomoea amnicola, I. argillicola, and I. hildebrandtii remained primarily in the cotyledons, whereas I. tricolor allocated lysergic acid amides to the roots while retaining clavines in the cotyledons. In I. hildebrandtii, almost all festuclavine was found in the cotyledons. These observations suggest differential allocation of individual alkaloids. Intraspecific patterns of alkaloid distribution did not vary between fungicide-treated and control seedlings. Each species contained four to six unique ergot alkaloids and two species had the ergopeptine ergobalansine. De novo production of alkaloids did not begin immediately, as total alkaloids in fungicide-treated and control seedlings did not differ through the first-leaf stage, except in I. argillicola. In an extended time-course experiment with I. tricolor, de novo production was detected after the first-leaf stage. Our results demonstrate that allocation of seed-borne ergot alkaloids varies among species and tissues but is not altered by fungicide treatment. This variation may reflect a response to selection for defense against natural enemies.
Apolipoprotein E Polymorphisms Predict Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Carotid Artery Wall Thickness but Not Incident Coronary Heart Disease in 12,491 ARIC Study Participants

Elevated levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and recent advancements have provided evidence that carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) is associated with increased occurrence of cardiovascular events. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has been widely studied in regard to its role in lipid transport and metabolism, but the role that ApoE genetic variation plays in relation to carotid artery IMT and risk of incident coronary heart disease remains a subject of debate. In 1987-2001, the authors examined the effect of each ApoE allele (epsilon2, epsilon3, epsilon4) on LDL cholesterol and carotid IMT, as well as the association with coronary heart disease risk, in 12,491 participants of the US Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. ApoE epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4 allele frequencies were determined, respectively, in Whites (0.08, 0.77, 0.15) and African Americans (0.11, 0.67, 0.22). These alleles did not predict incident coronary heart disease in either racial group. The ApoE epsilon2 allele was associated with lower LDL cholesterol and the epsilon4 allele with higher LDL cholesterol in both Whites and African Americans. The ApoE epsilon2 and epsilon4 alleles were associated with carotid IMT measures in both racial groups, but, after adjusting for lipid parameters, only the epsilon4 allele was associated with carotid IMT measures in African Americans.
A new construction method for networks from matroids

We study the problem of information flow in communication networks with noiseless links in which the dependency relations among the data flowing on the different network edges satisfy matroidal constraints. We present a construction that maps any given matroid to a network that admits vector linear network codes over a certain field if and only if the matroid has a multilinear representation over the same field. This new construction strengthens previous results in the literature and, thus, establishes a deeper connection between network coding and matroid theory. We also explore another, more general, mathematical construct referred to as FD-relation which is more suitable than matroids in capturing the dependency relations in general networks.
Iodinated contrast induced renal vasoconstriction is due in part to the downregulation of renal cortical and medullary nitric oxide synthesis.

Objectives The loss of renal function continues to be a frequent complication of the iodinated contrast agents used to perform diagnostic angiography and endovascular procedures. This study examined the hypothesis that contrast-induced renal injury is partly due to a decrease in cortical and medullary microvascular blood flow after the downregulation of endogenous renal cortical and medullary nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Methods Anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats (300 g) had microdialysis probes or laser Doppler fibers inserted into the renal cortex to a depth of 2 mm and into the renal medulla to a depth of 4 mm. Laser Doppler blood flow was continuously monitored, and the microdialysis probes were connected to a syringe pump and perfused in vivo at 3 μL/min with lactated Ringer's solution. Dialysate fluid was collected at time zero (basal) and 60 minutes after infusion of either saline or Conray 400 (6 mL/kg). Both groups were treated with saline carrier, N ω -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME, 30 mg/kg), L-arginine (400 mg/kg), or superoxide dismutase (10,000 U/kg), an oxygen-derived free radical scavenger. Dialysate was analyzed for total NO and eicosanoid synthesis. The renal cortex and medulla were analyzed for inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), prostacyclin synthase, and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) synthase content by Western blot analysis. Results Conray caused a marked decrease in cortical and medullary blood flow with a concomitant decrease in endogenous cortical NO, PGE 2 , and medullary NO synthesis. The addition of L-NAME to the Conray further decreased cortical and medullary blood flow and NO synthesis, which were restored toward control by L-arginine. Neither L-NAME nor L-arginine (added to the Conray) altered cortical or medullary eicosanoids release. Medullary PGE 2 synthesis decreased when superoxide dismutase was added to the Conray treatment, suggesting that oxygen-derived free radicals had a protective role in maintaining endogenous medullary PGE 2 synthesis after Conray treatment. Conray did not significantly alter iNOS, COX-2, prostacyclin synthase, or PGE 2 synthase content. Conclusions These findings suggest that the downregulation of renal cortical and medullary NO synthesis contributes to the contrast-induced loss of renal cortical and medullary microvascular blood flow. Preservation of normal levels of renal cortical and medullary NO synthesis may help prevent or lessen contrast-induced renal vasoconstriction and lessen contrast-induced renal injury found after diagnostic and therapeutic endovascular procedures.
Fruits of Virus Discovery: New Pathogens and New Experimental Models

The advent of high-throughput sequencing has led to a tremendous increase in the rate of discovery of viral sequences. In some instances, novel pathogens have been identified. What has been less well appreciated is that novel virus discoveries in distinct hosts have led to the establishment of unique experimental systems to define host-virus interactions. These new systems have opened new frontiers in the study of fundamental virology and infectious disease.
Affirmative action, ethnicity and integration: The case of Malaysia*

(1985). Affirmative action, ethnicity and integration: The case of Malaysia. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 250-276.
Proteinuria with and without Renal Glomerular Podocyte Effacement

Renal biopsies of patients with proteinuria and kidney disease most often are associated with podocyte foot process effacement. For several decades, nephrologists have wondered whether proteinuria is a result of podocyte foot process effacement or the cause of it. In the past few years, the author's laboratory has addressed this issue using different mouse models of proteinuria. Although in most cases, podocyte effacement is associated with proteinuria and glomerular disease, in three different mouse models, it was demonstrated that proteinuria can be observed without podocyte foot process effacement. The first model is generated by injection of antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor or soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1. The second model is a mouse with deletion of type IV collagen alpha3 chain in the glomerular basement membrane. The third model was generated by genetic deletion of a slit diaphragm protein known as nephrin. Collectively, these experiments and the supporting evidence from several human studies demonstrate that severe defects in either the glomerular basement membrane or the glomerular endothelium can lead to proteinuria without foot process effacement.
The Rejection of Objective Consequentialism

Objective consequentialism is often criticized because it is impossible to know which of our actions will have the best consequences. Why exactly does this undermine objective consequentialism? I offer a new link between the claim that our knowledge of the future is limited and the rejection of objective consequentialism: that ‘ought’ implies ‘can’ and we cannot produce the best consequences available to us. I support this apparently paradoxical contention by way of an analogy. I cannot beat Karpov at chess in spite of the fact that I can make each of many series of moves, at least one of which would beat him. I then respond to a series of objections. In the process I develop an account of the ‘can’ of ability. I conclude with some remarks about the bearing this attack has on subjective consequentialism.
Blood and Debt: War and Taxation in Nineteenth-Century Latin America

Using data from 11 Latin American countries, this article challenges the universality of the positive relationship between war and state making. Availability of external resources, state organizati...
A lumped circuit for wideband impedance matching of a non-resonant, short dipole or monopole antenna

In this study we have presented a new technique for wideband impedance-matching using a lumped circuit for relatively short non-resonant dipoles or monopoles. The belief is that one simple fixed-topology network can be used to perform wideband impedance matching for a variety of dipole-like antennas, thereby simplifying the matching process. The particular circuit suggested in the present paper includes five lumped components with common manufacturing values at VHF and UHF center frequencies. The circuit is not to be used on resonant dipoles/monopoles or to dipoles/monopoles above the first resonance. Its phase characteristics and the noise figure need to be optimized separately.
Recursion relations for three-dimensional scalar addition theorem

Efficient recursion relations for the elements of the translation matrix are derived. These recursion relations are a lot more efficient than the previous ones. It is noted that the efficient evaluation of the addition theorem is important in a number of scattering applications, especially in fast recursive algorithms. >
Postoperative cardiac tamponade in the modern surgical era

Abstract Background . Pericardial effusions resulting in cardiac tamponade (CT) are uncommon after open heart surgery (OHS) and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Characteristics and outcomes of patients who develop postoperative CT are poorly defined. Our objective was to further analyze the population at risk for developing postoperative CT, identify potential perioperative and surgical risk factors, and evaluate the impact of CT on patient outcomes. Methods . A retrospective analysis of 4,561 consecutive patients undergoing OHS at our institution was performed. Patients with clinical suspicion of pericardial effusion following surgery were evaluated by transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography, and clinical parameters were analyzed. Results . Forty-eight (1%) of the 4,561 patients were found to have echocardiographic evidence of a moderate or large pericardial effusion, of whom 36 (74%) had evidence of CT. The mean age of the patients with CT was 61 years. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) had been performed in 24% of these patients, valve ± CABG in 73%, and other OHS procedures in 3%. The incidence of CT following CABG alone was 0.2%, whereas it was 0.6% after valve ± CABG. Females had a higher risk for developing CT, and this occurred earlier in the postoperative period when compared with men. Aspirin, heparin, or warfarin were given to 84% of patients within 3 days of surgery. Mean time to diagnosis of CT was 10 ± 1 days after OHS. Prior to diagnosis of CT, the maximum international normalized ratio (INR) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were 2.7 ± 0.3 and 68 ± 5 seconds, respectively. Forty-nine percent of pericardial effusions were posterior and 46% were circumferential; one-third of the effusions were considered large by echocardiography. There was one in-hospital cardiovascular death. Conclusions . CT after OHS is more common following valve surgery than CABG alone and may be related to the preoperative use of anticoagulants. Females appear to be at higher risk for developing early postoperative CT. When diagnosed and treated promptly, postoperative CT should not significantly increase mortality.