cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Communication—Patterned Electrodes to Increase Water Back-Diffusion in Hydroxide Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells (HEMFCs) support non-precious-metal catalysts and have demonstrated high performance, but suffer from flooding on the anode and possible drying on the cathode. We present a novel electrode patterning approach for redistributing water within the cell. Bare membrane channels provide additional pathways for water back-diffusion from anode to cathode, yielding modest performance improvements in the mass transport polarization regime.
Increased Oxidative Stress via Activation of Nadph Oxidase Mediates Angiotensin Ii-Induced Skeletal Muscle Wasting: Potential Mechanism of Cachexia in Congestive Heart Failure.: 271

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a leading cause of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity and is associated with elevated circulating levels of angiotensin II (ang II) and muscle wasting, which is an important predictor of poor outcome in patients with this disease. We have shown recently that ang II infusion in rats produces skeletal muscle wasting secondarily to increased muscle proteolysis and increased apoptosis. Since an increase in superoxides mediates proapoptotic and proteolytic effects in different in vitro models, we hypothesized that oxidative stress is associated with ang II-induced muscle wasting. FVB mice were infused with ang II (ANG, 500 ng/kg/min, n = 6) or vehicle (SHM) and were pair fed for 7 days. Ang II decreased weight of gastrocnemius muscles (SHM, 141.8 ±5.9 g vs ANG, 129.8 ± 7.5 g, p
Progress in constraining the asymmetry dependence of the nuclear caloric curve

The nuclear equation of state is a basic emergent property of nuclear material. Despite its importance in nuclear physics and astrophysics, aspects of it are still poorly constrained. Our research focuses on answering the question: How does the nuclear caloric curve depend on the neutron-proton asymmetry? We briefly describe our initial observation that increasing neutron-richness leads to lower temperatures. We then discuss the status of our recently executed experiment to independently measure the asymmetry dependence of the caloric curve.
Wellness for life: A pilot of an interprofessional intervention to address metabolic syndrome in adults with serious mental illnesses.

OBJECTIVE This paper evaluates a pilot multidisciplinary intervention intended to increase health-promoting behaviors and reduce the negative effects of metabolic syndrome disorders among persons with serious mental illnesses. Exercise, nutritional counseling, health literacy education, and peer wellness coaching were provided by allied health professionals and students. METHOD Participants with serious mental illnesses were recruited from partial hospitalization and supported housing programs. Initially, there were 77 participants, with 64 completing the study measures. A single-group, pre-post design was used. They participated in an 8-week program (3 hr each week). Individuals set their own personal health goals and received the interprofessional set of allied health interventions. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and several measures of physical strength and flexibility were collected. Paired t tests evaluate the statistical significance of possible changes. RESULTS Average blood pressure decreased. Waist circumference decreased. Participants improved on measures of strength and flexibility as measured by the functional reach test, the half sit-up test, and the sit-to-stand test. Participants reported increased readiness to exercise and make dietary changes. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Significant improvements in metabolic syndrome risk factors, physical strength, and flexibility were found. Next steps include a longer intervention likely to further reduce metabolic syndrome risk factors. Future studies should include a comparison intervention group and a follow-up to see if gains are maintained. The study highlights the potential utility of psychiatric rehabilitation providers collaborating with other allied health practitioners to promote overall health. (PsycINFO Database Record
β-Secretase : Tissue Culture Studies of Sequence Specificity, Inhibitors, and Candidate Enzymes.

When the amyloid precursor protein (APP) was cloned, Aβ was found to be part of the large APP molecule and it became obvious that at least two endoproteolytic cleavage events are required to release Aβ from its large precursor (1). More than 10 yr later nobody has published definitive identification of either of the proteases, although they are prime therapeutic targets for an antiamyloid therapy for Alzheimer's disease.
Containership port time: The bay time factor

Containership size has been increasing in length, width (beam), and height. The introduction of Ultra Large Containerships results in a much larger number of containers stowed in a cargo bay. The objective of this paper is to determine the impact of the increasing containership bay size on the economies of scale at berth. We develop the concept of bay time, the amount of time it takes to load and discharge the largest cargo bay of a containership based on bay size, in order to determine the minimum amount of time it takes to discharge and load a containership. The analysis establishes that bay time is the foundation and critical path of the minimum amount of time a containership must stay at berth and in port. The study notes that, inherently, an increase in containership bay size involves diseconomies of scale in cargo handling operations, at a given level of gantry crane productivity. We find that there are increasing diseconomies of scale for large containerships at berth. The study also establishes that: as beam/bay size increases, the average cargo handling time of two bays increases by an average of 4.5 h at any productivity level. Bay time declines as crane productivity increases up to the crane’s technological constraint. Furthermore, the larger the beam/bay, the larger the marginal benefits when productivity increases. The diseconomies of scale are stable and predictable at every gantry crane productivity level. The study recommends using bay time as the fundamental measure for containership performance at berth and in port, as well as for voyage planning.
Dual timestepping methods for detailed combustion chemistry

In this work, we develop and study several dual time integration methods for the solution of stiff, explosive differential equations governing combustion chemistry. Dual time integration is an implicit method wherein the sub-iteration process of each timestep is performed as a steady-state integration process, rather than the commonly used Newton–Raphson method. This allows stabilisation when nonlinear ignition events are contained within a timestep, providing considerable freedom in the choice of resolved phenomena. Timesteps may be chosen so as to resolve relatively long process timescales accurately rather than fast chemical timescales, something not possible with the common Newton's method. We illustrate this method using several backward difference formula methods and demonstrate the efficacy of our method in resolving low-frequency solutions of continuous flow stirred-tank reactors with periodic ignition–extinction events. We are able to step over ignition–extinction events with our stable, adaptive...
The effect of fabrication tolerances on a suspended plate antenna

A suspended plate antenna (SPA) with L-probe feed is of interest as an efficient non-contacting feed method. It maintains high efficiency even when the plate is constructed of poorly conducting materials such as conductive inks. An SPA is designed at 10 GHz where fabrication tolerances can have an impact on performance. The SPA as designed has 36 percent impedance bandwidth and 8 to 9 dBi of gain. The prototype has a somewhat different impedance bandwidth indicating that the as-built plate is slightly tilted and different in size owing to fabrication errors. A tolerance analysis is shown to confirm the sensitivity of this design to fabrication accuracy at high frequency. The CEM model is adjusted to better represent the prototype antenna for a simple metal plate on foam support and also for a microstrip version on a thin substrate.
The paradox of methods

Many proposed moral principles are such that it would be difficult or impossible to always correctly identify which act is required by that principle in a given situation. To deal with this problem, theorists typically offer various methods of determining what to do in the face of epistemic limitations, and we are then told that the right thing to do – given these limitations – is to perform the act identified by the given method. But since the method and the underlying principle can diverge, it would seem that in such cases we are being given contradictory advice: some particular act will be both right (since it is so identified by the favored method) and not right (since it does not conform to the underlying principle). Various attempts to resolve this apparent paradox are surveyed, but none are completely satisfactory.
Osteoma of the superior petrous portion of the temporal bone

Abstract Background Osteomas are benign, often asymptomatic, bony osteoblastic lesions of mesenchymal origin, often presenting in the head and neck with an estimated prevalence of 0.42%. Osteomas can be found in the sinuses, mandible, and rarely in the temporal bone and are often found incidentally in imaging studies. Common symptoms for osteomas in the temporal bone include hearing loss, tinnitus, vestibular dysfunction, and external swelling. Methods We present a rare case and analysis of the clinical and radiographic presentation of an osteoma located in the petrous part of the temporal bone. Discussion Osteomas of the temporal bone, while rare, most commonly occur in the external auditory canal. A few cases of osteomas presenting on the petrous part of the temporal bone have been described. Knowledge of the existence of osteomas in this location can assist in the appropriate diagnosis, management, and care of patients presenting with sensorineural hearing loss and abnormal radiological findings. Conclusion In patients with auditory symptoms such as tinnitus or hearing loss with abnormal osseous findings on MRI, CT can assist in diagnosis. The differential diagnosis of such lesions includes osteomas, pneumoceles, pneumocephalus, parosteal osteosarcoma and osteoblastoma. Thorough radiological assessment can be valuable in reaching the correct diagnosis, and can prevent unnecessarily aggressive management and treatment for benign osseous lesions.
Inspecting the Investigators: An Analysis of Television Investigative Journalism and Factors Leading to Its Production:

A nationwide content analysis of television stations showed low levels of investigative journalism quality and quantity. Most stories introduced as “investigative” were not investigative by definit...
"Why Can't We Just Have Sex?": An Analysis of Anonymous Questions about Sex Asked by Ninth Graders.

ABSTRACTDuring the high school years, most young people in the United States receive school-based sexuality education, but there is little research on what they want to know about sex and sexuality but may be afraid to ask. This study is a content analysis of anonymous questions about sex (N = 645) asked by ninth-grade students from the greater Los Angeles area. A sample of predominantly lower-income and Latino/a students submitted anonymous questions before participating in sexuality education. Results show that young people are eager to understand how to use birth control and prevent pregnancy, have misinformation about sex and sexuality, and are misinformed on many topics. Results are discussed in light of what educators and others can do to help young people develop a safe, healthy sex life.
Trust and Prior Experience in Human-Robot Interaction:

This experiment explored the influence of users’ experience (prior interaction) with robots on their attitudes and trust toward robotic agents. Specifically, we hypothesized that prior experience w...
Circulating Hormones and Mammographic Density in Premenopausal Women.

Prior research suggests that several endogenous hormones in premenopausal women are associated with breast cancer risk; however, few studies have evaluated associations of endogenous hormones with mammographic density (MD) in premenopausal women. We conducted a cross-sectional study of plasma hormone levels in relation to MD among 634 cancer-free premenopausal women in the Nurses’ Health Study II. We measured percent MD from screening mammograms using a computer-assisted method. We assayed estradiol, estrone, and estrone sulfate in blood samples timed in early follicular and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle as well as testosterone, androstenedione, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), and anti-Mullerian hormone in luteal or untimed samples. We used multivariable linear regression to quantify the association of %MD with quartiles of each hormone, adjusting for age, body mass index, and breast cancer risk factors. Women in the highest quartile of follicular estradiol levels had significantly greater %MD compared to those in the lowest quartile [difference, 6.7 percentage points; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2, 11.3; p-trend < 0.001]. Similar associations were observed for follicular free estradiol but not luteal-phase estradiol. Also, women in the top (vs. bottom) quartile of free testosterone had significantly lower %MD (difference, − 4.7; 95% CI − 8.7, − 0.8; p-trend = 0.04). Higher SHBG was significantly associated with higher percent MD (difference, 4.8; 95% CI 1.1, 8.6; p-trend = 0.002). Percent MD was not strongly associated with other measured hormones. Results were similar in analyses that excluded women with anovulatory cycles. Our findings suggest that follicular estradiol and SHBG may play an important role in premenopausal percent MD.
Ecological Impacts of Ashe Juniper on Subtropical Savanna Parklands and Woodlands

Savannas are inherently patchy systems where the distribution and abundance of the two dominant plant growth forms (woody plants and grasses) varies greatly over space and time in response to grazing, browsing, fire, drought, and topographic/edaphic factors (Huntley and Walker 1982; Scholes and Archer 1997). In recent times, the balance between woody plants and grasses has been disrupted in many savannas around the world as woody plants have increased in abundance at the expense of herbaceous cover and production (Van Auken 2000; Archer 2005). This woody plant proliferation is thought to be driven primarily by intensification of livestock grazing and reduced fire frequency (Archer et al. 1995), although other factors (e.g., elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration and increased atmospheric nitrogen deposition) may also contribute (Polley et al. 1996; Kochy and Wilson 2001). Regardless of the cause, this vegetation change has the potential to alter a number of fundamental ecosystem properties, including productivity, biological diversity, biogeochemistry, and energy exchange, which can influence ecosystem processes at regional (Archer et al. 2001; Jackson et al. 2002; Huxman et al. 2005) and global scales (Schlesinger et al. 1990; Goodale and Davidson 2002). Although woody plant encroachment is a general phenomenon of many contemporary savannas, not all woody species present in savannas show this increase and, indeed, some appear to be stable or declining in abundance (Allen-Diaz et al. 1999; Van de Vijver et al. 1999; Weltzin and McPherson 1999). A case in point is the Edwards Plateau of Texas, USA. The Edwards Plateau is a major natural region that covers about 93,000 km in the west-central part of Texas (Figure 1, inset). At present, much of the vegetation of this region is classified as live oak–Ashe juniper savanna (parkland + woodland; McMahan et al. 1984). Plateau live oak (Quercus virginiana P. Miller var. fusiformis (J.K. Small) C. Sargent) is a sprouting, fireresistant species (Muller 1951) that is thought to have been common in upland savanna parklands of the Edwards Plateau for centuries (Olmstead 1857; Buechner 1944). Populations of Plateau live oak appear to have remained static or declined in recent times (Russell and Fowler 1999), and in some cases may be displaced by Ashe juniper (Owens 1996; Smeins and Fuhlendorf 1997; Wu et al. 2001).
Impact of female gender and perspectives of pregnancy on admission in residency programs.

Motherhood is a demanding part of any women’s life. Female interns could encounter difficulties during selection for residency program according to their plans of conceiving. Our aim is to explore the influence of female gender on the selection process of residency programs. A cross sectional study was conducted in 2016 at a University Hospital in Beirut, Lebanon. Female residents and chief of departments were interviewed about the impact of the timing of motherhood during residency on the interview for admission. The questionnaire reviewed concerns among female Lebanese medical residents as well as the head of departments revolving around the choice of opting for motherhood and the decision of integrating into a residency program while juggling motherhood responsibilities. Eighty nine female residents and 22 head of department agreed to participate in this study. During the interviews for residency acceptance, 29 residents (34.5%) were directly asked about their family and motherhood plans; 9% of them did not reveal their intention. 35% of the residents thought that this subject could affect the program directors’ decision. 47% of residents felt that having pregnant colleagues would add to their workload, and almost half of them (46%) believed that pregnant colleagues showed less productivity. 45% of program directors stated that it was an important factor taken into consideration during the interview, and 68% believed that residents tended to choose their specialty according to their life priorities. Pregnancy during residency training represents major challenges for female residents and their program directors. Rules and laws designed to set a balance between career and personal life are required to improve women’s ability to participate equally in the workforce.
Information, Processing Capacity, and Judgment Bias in Risk Assessment

Many agricultural economists cite risk as one of the most important elements of the farm problem (Gardner 1992). The focus of this literature has been to estimate the level of risk aversion across decision makers, and then estimate the effects of risk aversion on market movements (see for example Binswanger 1980, Just and Pope 1987, Just and Zilberman 1983). Arrow (1971) attributed risk aversion to the curvature of the individual’s utility of wealth function. This measure of risk aversion is based on the idea that diminishing marginal utility of wealth leads one to value larger amounts of money less than one would otherwise, and hence engage in fewer risks involving possible large gains or losses.
The Influence of Modifiable, Postoperative Patient Variables on the Length of Stay After Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Many studies have examined strategies to reduce length of stay (LOS) after total hip arthroplasty (THA), but few have focused on modifiable patient-specific information in the acute postoperative period. This study investigates the determinants of LOS after THA, with a focus on potentially modifiable factors. Methods A total of 1278 patients undergoing elective THA from 2012 to 2014 were extracted from our institutional data warehouse at our academic orthopedic specialty hospital. Data were collected on patient demographics, comorbidities, inpatient opioid use, hypotensive events, and abnormalities in laboratory values, all occurring on postoperative day 0 or 1. The main outcome was hospital LOS. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for LOS over 3 days. Results The average age of patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty in our cohort was 62.3 (standard deviation 10.7) years, and 52.7% were women. Eighty-one (6.3%) of 1278 patients had a LOS more than 3 days. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated several statistically significant nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors that influence LOS after THA. Nonmodifiable risk factors included nonwhite race (odds ratio [OR], 1.497), single marital status (OR, 1.724), increasing age (OR, 1.330), and increasing Charlson Comorbidity Index (OR, 1.411). Potentially modifiable risk factors included every 10 mg oral morphine equivalent consumption (1.069), every 5 postoperative hypotensive events (OR, 1.232), low hemoglobin (OR, 3.265), high glucose levels (OR, 1.887), and a high creatinine (OR, 2.874). Conclusion This study identifies potentially modifiable factors that are associated with increased LOS after THA, including postoperative opioid use and hypotensive events. Efforts to control narcotic use and initiatives aimed to reduce early postoperative hypotension could aid in reducing LOS. Furthermore, attempts should be made to correct postoperative anemia, high glucose levels, and a high creatinine level when possible.
A Rare Case of Extramedullary Relapse of Multiple Myeloma Causing Bowel Obstruction.

Extramedullary myeloma, defined by presence of plasma cells outside the bone marrow, is a rare entity accounting for about 3–9% of all cases. It usually is aggressive with a median survival of <6 months. It is also associated with adverse prognostic factors including 17p deletions and high-risk gene profiles. While common extramedullary sites include bones, there have been several case reports of hematogenous extramedullary myeloma to the liver, lungs, pancreas, breast, skin, and soft tissues. Extramedullary myeloma to the mesentery is a rare entity with only a handful of cases reported. We present a case of 69-year-old man presenting with relapse of multiple myeloma to the mesentery, resulting in bowel obstruction to highlight the various presentations of myeloma.
Dalbavancin use in an academic medical centre and associated cost savings

Dalbavancin is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic with unique weekly dosing active against Gram-positive organisms. This retrospective study included 37 patients receiving a mean of 2.7 weeks of dalbavancin. Nine patients (24%) were re-admitted to the hospital within 30 days. A total of 617 hospital days were saved, estimated to result in US$1 495 336 in savings and a mean cost avoidance of US$40 414 per patient. Dalbavancin provides a valuable antibiotic option that may minimise healthcare expenditure.
Cells deficient for Krüppel-like factor 4 exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired mitophagy

Kruppel-like factor 4 (Human Protein: KLF4; Human Gene: Klf4; Murine Protein: KLF4; Murine Gene: Klf4) is a zinc finger-containing transcription factor with diverse regulatory functions. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking Klf4 exhibit genomic instability, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreased autophagy. Elevated ROS is linked to impairments in mitochondrial damage recovery responses and is often tied to disruption in mitochondrial-targeted autophagy known as mitophagy. In this study, we sought to identify a mechanistic connection between KLF4 and mitophagy. Using flow cytometry, we found that Klf4-null MEFs have diminished ability to recover mitochondrial health and regulate ROS levels after mitochondrial damage. Confocal microscopy indicated decreased localization of autophagy protein LC3 to mitochondria following mitochondrial damage in Klf4-null cells, suggesting decreased mitophagy. Western blotting and RT-PCR revealed decreased mRNA and protein expression of the mitophagy-associated protein Bnip3 and antioxidant protein GSTα4 in Klf4-null cells, providing a rationale for their impaired mitophagy and ROS accumulation. Inducing Bnip3 expression in these cells recovered mitophagy but did not decrease ROS accumulation. Our findings suggest that in Klf4-null cells, decreased Bnip3 expression impairs mitophagy and is associated with increased mitochondrial ROS production after mitochondrial damage, providing a rationale for their genomic instability and supports a tumor suppressive role for KLF4 in certain tumors as previously observed.
PKCδ Regulates Retinoic Acid-Induced Myeloid Cell Differentiation through Eukaryotic Initiation Factor Alpha (eIF2α).

Overactivity of eukaryotic initiation factor-alpha (eIF2α) has been shown to be oncogenic and induces malignant transformation. Here we investigated the regulation and the role of eIF2α in the terminal differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells. We found that all- trans -retinoic acid (ATRA) and other granulocytic differentiation inducers, such as dimethylsulfoxide and arsenic trioxide inhibited activity of eIF2α by inducing serine 51 phosphorylation in promyelocytic leukemia cells (NB4). In contrast, activity of eIF2α was unaffected during ATRA-induced monocytic differentiation of U937 and THP-1 myelomonocytic cells and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced monocytic/macrophagic differentiation of NB4 cells. Knockdown of eIF2α by RNA interference (siRNA) significantly inhibited (p Waf1/Cip1 , DAP5, GADD153, ATF-2, TG2, and p-P70S6K. In conclusion, our findings indicate that ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells is regulated by PKCδ through the activity of eIF2α, revealing a novel mechanism of granulocytic cell differentiation.
Longitudinal Profiles of Psychological Well-Being and Health: Findings From Japan

Studies have reported relationships between psychological well-being and physical health in Western cultural contexts. However, longitudinal associations between well-being and health have not been examined in other cultures where different values and beliefs about well-being exist. This paper examined whether longitudinal profiles of well-being predict prospective health among Japanese adults. Data came from 654 people who completed two waves of the Midlife in Japan (MIDJA) Study collected 4-5 years apart. Health outcomes were assessed with subjective health, chronic conditions, physical symptoms, and functional health. The results showed that persistently high well-being predicted better health over time. High-arousal positive affect, which is relatively less valued in Japanese culture, was also associated with better health. The findings add cross-cultural evidence to the cross-time link between well-being and health.
Noncommunicable disease burden among conflict-affected adults in Ukraine: A cross-sectional study of prevalence, risk factors, and effect of conflict on severity of disease and access to care

Background There is limited research on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in humanitarian settings despite the overall global burden and disproportionate growth in many conflicts and disaster-prone settings. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of NCDs and assess the perceived effect of conflict on NCD severity and access to treatment among conflict-affected adults (≥ 30 years) in Ukraine. Methods and findings We conducted two population-representative, stratified, cross-sectional household surveys: one among adult internally displaced people (IDPs) throughout Ukraine and one among adults living in Donbas in eastern Ukraine. One randomly selected adult per household answered questions about their demographics, height and weight, diagnosed NCDs, access to medications and healthcare since the conflict began, as well as questions assessing psychological distress, trauma exposure, and posttraumatic stress disorder. More than half of participants reported having at least one NCD (55.7% Donbas; 59.8% IDPs) A higher proportion of IDPs compared to adults in Donbas experienced serious psychological distress (29.9% vs. 18.7%), interruptions in care (9.7–14.3% vs. 23.1–51.3%), and interruptions in medication than adults in Donbas (14.9–45.6% vs. 30.2–77.5%). Factors associated with perceived worsening of disease included psychological distress (p: 0.002–0.043), displacement status (IDP vs. Donbas) (p: <0.001–0.011), interruptions in medication (p: 0.002–0.004), and inability to see a doctor at some point since the start of the conflict (p: <0.001–0.008). Conclusions Our study found a high burden of NCDs among two conflict-affected populations in Ukraine and identified obstacles to accessing care and medication. Psychological distress, interruptions to care, and interruptions in medication were all reported by a higher proportion of IDPs than adults in Donbas. There is a need for targeted policies and programs to support the unique needs of displaced conflict-affected individuals in Ukraine that address the economic and perceived barriers to NCD treatment and care.
Sport specialization is associated with upper-extremity overuse injury in high school baseball players

Background and hypothesis Sport specialization is increasingly common in youth sports and is a risk factor for lower-extremity overuse injuries. However, limited data exist on whether specialization is associated with upper-extremity (UE) overuse injuries, specifically in youth baseball players. We hypothesized that specialization in baseball and being a pitcher would be associated with poorer arm health and UE overuse injury history in the previous year. Methods During the 2019 spring baseball season, 551 high school baseball athletes (aged 15.9 ± 1.3 years) from 3 states (Alabama, n = 200; California, n = 188; and Michigan, n = 163) completed an anonymous questionnaire. Athletes were recruited from 5 high schools in each state, with schools matched based on factors that influence specialization rates. The questionnaire consisted of (1) demographic characteristics, (2) baseball participation information (including sport specialization status), and (3) throwing-arm health and UE injury history in the previous 12 months. Throwing-arm health was assessed using the Youth Throwing Score (YTS), a validated and reliable outcome measure for youth baseball players. Multivariate regression analyses were used to examine the association between variables of interest and the YTS or UE overuse injury history, adjusting for covariates. Results After adjustment for covariates, highly specialized athletes were more likely to report a UE overuse injury in the previous year compared with low-specialization athletes (odds ratio [OR], 3.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-10.2, P = .009). Both athletes who reported playing baseball for more than 8 months per year (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.12-3.65; P = .019) and athletes who reported being a pitcher (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.20-3.72; P = .010) were more likely to report a history of UE overuse injury. Highly specialized players reported lower (worse) YTS values compared with low-specialization players (least-squares mean estimate ± standard error, 56.5 ± 1.1 vs. 53.3 ± 0.7; P = .034). Players who reported pitching as one of their positions scored worse on the YTS than non-pitchers (least-squares mean estimate ± standard error, 51.6 ± 0.8 vs. 57.2 ± 0.6; P Conclusion Although baseball recommendations that discourage sport specialization are widely available for parents, athletes, and coaches, high rates of sport specialization were reported in our sample. We found that being highly specialized in baseball was associated with UE overuse injury history and worse throwing-arm health in high school baseball athletes. Continued education for baseball parents, athletes, and coaches is necessary to raise awareness of the risks associated with high specialization.
The effect of different files on the preparation shape of severely curved canals

Summary. Five endodontic files from different manufacturers (Kerr K-flex, Unitek K-file, Star Flex-o-file, Union Broach Hedstrom, and Union Broach K-file) were used to prepare 100 simulated curved canals in clear resin blocks. The effect on packing of debris, instrumentation time, and final preparation shape was compared. The least instrumentation time occurred with the Hedstrom file, which also tended not to pack debris at the apes: compared with all the other instruments. The Hedstrom and Flex-o-file resulted in significantly less canal zipping than the Union Broach K-file at file size 25. At sizes 30 and 35, the differences between files were not significant. Regardless of file type, Canal zipping increased significantly with the increase in file size, especially from size 30 to 35 files.
Examining the Institutional and Organizational Antecedents to Organizational Participation in Environmental Management

Research into the institutional antecedents of organizational engagement in environmental management (EM) has revealed that organizations respond heterogeneously to homogenous institutional pressur...
Consumption of High-Oleic Soybean Oil Improves Lipid and Lipoprotein Profile in Humans Compared to a Palm Oil Blend: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Partially hydrogenated oils (PHO) have been removed from the food supply due to adverse effects on risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). High-oleic soybean oils (HOSBO) are alternatives that provide functionality for different food applications. The objective of this study was to determine how consumption of diets containing HOSBO compared to other alternative oils, with similar functional properties, modifies LDL cholesterol (LDLc) and other risk factors and biomarkers of CHD. A triple-blind, crossover, randomized controlled trial was conducted in humans (n = 60) with four highly-controlled diets containing (1) HOSBO, (2) 80:20 blend of HOSBO and fully hydrogenated soybean oil (HOSBO+FHSBO), (3) soybean oil (SBO), and (4) 50:50 blend of palm oil and palm kernel oil (PO + PKO). Before and after 29 days of feeding, lipids/lipoproteins, blood pressure, body composition, and markers of inflammation, oxidation, and hemostasis were measured. LDLc, apolipoprotein B (apoB), NonHDL-cholesterol (HDLc), ratios of total cholesterol (TC)-to-HDLc and LDLc-to-HDL cholesterol, and LDL particle number and small LDL particles concentration were lower after HOSBO and HOSBO+FHSBO compared to PO (specific comparisons p < 0.05). Other than TC:HDL, there were no differences in lipid/lipoprotein markers when comparing HOSBO+FHSBO with HOSBO. LDLc and apoB were higher after HOSBO compared to SBO (p < 0.05). PO + PKO increased HDLc (p < 0.001) and apolipoprotein AI (p < 0.03) compared to HOSBO and HOSBO+FHSBO. With the exception of lipid hydroperoxides, dietary treatments did not affect other CHD markers. HOSBO, and blends thereof, is a PHO replacement that results in more favorable lipid/lipoprotein profiles compared to PO + PKO (an alternative fat with similar functional properties).
Spider mite resistance to miticides in South Carolina strawberry and implications for improved integrated pest management

Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), twospotted spider mite, is a major secondary pest of strawberry and can cause significant yield loss. Tetranychus urticae is typically controlled using miticides, which has led to rapid resistance development. In South Carolina (USA), extension agents and growers have reported field failures of miticides (inadequate pest suppression), but resistance has not been quantitatively determined. In 2018, we determined the level of miticide resistance of six T. urticae populations found on strawberry across South Carolina. We examined efficacy of all miticides registered for use on US strawberry by conducting an initial diagnostic bioassay at 20% of the maximum labeled field rate. Any population × active ingredient combination resulting in < 55% mortality was identified as ‘potentially resistant’ and concentration–response bioassays were then conducted to calculate LC50 values for an individual population. These values were compared with those of a known-susceptible laboratory population to calculate resistance ratios (RR). Our results indicate that examined South Carolina populations of T. urticae from strawberry were highly resistant to bifenthrin (RR = 100–60,000) and there was reduced susceptibility to fenbutatin-oxide (RR = 25–123). The 'Sardinia' population had decreased abamectin susceptibility (RR = 25). No resistance to hexythiazox, etoxazole, acequinocyl, bifenazate, fenpyroximate, spiromesifen, or cyflumetofen was found. Based on available data, it appears that miticide resistance is not a likely cause of field failures and issues related to application error and coverage should be investigated. Overall, this work supports the need to reduce the use of broad-spectrum pesticides and older products, in favor of newer miticide chemistries due to resistance issues.
Research and Application of Power Engineering Science and Technology Project Management Based on All Life-cycle

The electric power industry is an important chain in the energy revolution and one of the most important basic industries. At the same time, it is also facing the technology collision and industry innovation brought by various emerging technologies, which constantly promotes the development of the electric power industry in the direction of safety, intelligence and cleanness. Power grid enterprises have a great demand for scientific research and innovation, and the average annual investment in scientific research has exceeded 100 million yuan. With the increasing investment in scientific research and development of power enterprises year by year, the demand for systematic, scientific and efficient management system for scientific and technological projects is becoming increasingly urgent. In view of the shortcomings of the traditional project management mode, this study establishes the corresponding management and evaluation mechanism by combining with the whole life cycle management method of modern project management, realizes the transformation of power enterprise science and technology project management to high efficiency, high quality, specialization and scientization, and promotes the innovation and integration development of traditional technology and emerging technology. The all life-cycle management mode has been widely applied in major power grid projects. By integrating superior resources, breaking through major engineering technology research and development, giving full play to the innovation of projects and avoiding research and development risks, it explores the development direction of science and technology project management in energy industry and improves the industry management level.
Complementarity in Crisis: Uganda, Alternative Justice, and the International Criminal Court

In 2005, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued warrants for the arrest of Joseph Kony, the leader of Uganda's murderous Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), as well as four other high-level LRA suspects. The warrants proved controversial when the fate of promising peace negotiations appeared to hinge on the ICC's willingness to defer to Ugandan efforts to address LRA atrocities through alternative proceedings emphasizing truth-telling, forgiveness, and reconciliation instead of prison time. The episode presents a familiar dilemma of transitional justice that simultaneously exposes deep uncertainties in the ICC's mandate. The Rome Statute's imbalance is especially problematic because it undermines the rationale that has most powerfully justified the establishment of the ICC in the first instance: the argument that prosecution of international crimes is a fundamentally legal matter that must be entrusted to legal professionals and shielded from undue political interference. This Article takes up this problem through a focused analysis of the ICC's response to the Ugandan peace process. Its three principal claims are as follows. First, the ICC's Statute does not, in fact, provide meaningful guidance to the Court as it navigates the particular dilemmas of transitional justice in Uganda. Second, the development of ex ante guidelines to cabin prosecutorial discretion - a potential source of legitimation that others scholars have found attractive - is unlikely to adequately remedy the underlying legitimacy deficit and has failed to do so thus far. Third, and finally, legitimation of prosecutorial policy in Uganda may ironically rest in the hands of another actor - the UN Security Council - whose power the treaty creating the ICC sought to diminish.
An Examination of the Spatial–Temporal Isolation Model in a Nilotic Population: Variation across Space and Time in Nubians Using Cranial Discrete Traits

Nubian biological evolution has come under much scrutiny in preceding years with strong opinions dividing scholars' beliefs as to how it occurred. A new approach is necessary to elucidate subtleties of their population structure in order to shed light on the complex subject. This study employs a spatial–temporal model in an effort to test if in situ biological evolution was the mechanism for biological change. Biological distance was calculated from the phenotype using 20 cranial discrete traits observed in Nubian samples from the sites of Semna South, Kerma, and the islands of Hesa and Biga. The periods represented at Semna South are Meroitic, X-Group and Christian, whereas the Kerma site yielded skeletal material from the Kerma period, and the islands of Hesa and Biga date to the Christian period. Mahalanobis D2 with a tetrachoric matrix was used to calculate biological distances among the samples, and three-way Mantel tests were applied to the distance, spatial and temporal matrices. Time was not significantly correlated with biological distance. However, an inverse relationship of time and biological distance is expected under the spatial–temporal model. A lack of significant geographic correlations, as found here, is unusual in most populations, but given the spatial construct of the sites along the Nile, this relationship is not completely unexpected. The lack of significant correlation among time, space and biological distance does not support the in situ hypothesis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of maternal obesity in the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders

Recent evidence indicates that perinatal exposure to maternal obesity, metabolic disease, including diabetes and hypertension, and unhealthy maternal diet has a long-term impact on offspring behavior and physiology. During the past three decades, the prevalence of both obesity and neuropsychiatric disorders has rapidly increased. Epidemiologic studies provide evidence that maternal obesity and metabolic complications increase the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, eating disorders (food addiction, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa), and impairments in cognition in offspring. Animal models of maternal high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity also document persistent changes in offspring behavior and impairments in critical neural circuitry. Animals exposed to maternal obesity and HFD consumption display hyperactivity, impairments in social behavior, increased anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors, substance addiction, food addiction, and diminished cognition. During development, these offspring are exposed to elevated levels of nutrients (fatty acids, glucose), hormones (leptin, insulin), and inflammatory factors (C-reactive protein, interleukin, and tumor necrosis factor). Such factors appear to permanently change neuroendocrine regulation and brain development in offspring. In addition, inflammation of the offspring brain during gestation impairs the development of neural pathways critical in the regulation of behavior, such as serotoninergic, dopaminergic, and melanocortinergic systems. Dysregulation of these circuits increases the risk of mental health disorders. Given the high rates of obesity in most developed nations, it is critical that the mechanisms by which maternal obesity programs offspring behavior are thoroughly characterized. Such knowledge will be critical in the development of preventative strategies and therapeutic interventions.
A functional analysis of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in young children

Inadequate physical activity increases the risks related to a number of health problems in children, most notably obesity and the corresponding range of associated health problems. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a functional analysis to investigate the effects of several consequent variables on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). We observed the level of MVPA exhibited by 2 preschool children in 4 conditions: alone, attention contingent on MVPA, adult interaction contingent on MVPA, and escape from task demands contingent on MVPA. These four conditions were compared to a naturalistic baseline and to a control condition. Overall, results indicated that the children were most active when attention and interactive play were contingent on MVPA. Social environments that encourage MVPA could be arranged based on this information, with these arrangements tailored to the individual child.
Debt, Bankruptcy, and the Life Course

This Essay considers the significance of credit markets and bankruptcy for life course mobility. Comparing parallel data from the 2007 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) and the 2007 Consumer Bankruptcy Project (CBP), it analyzes use of the bankruptcy process as a function of the distribution of unplanned events, the ability of households to use credit markets to limit the adverse effects of such events, and barriers in access to the bankruptcy system. Our findings suggest two things. One, although the financial characteristics of filers vary markedly by age and race, bankrupt households generally come from the bottom quartiles of the population in assets and income and the top quartile in debt. Two, households neither attribute their bankruptcies to the same causes nor use the same strategies to avert bankruptcy. Age- and race-based variations are consistent with disparate racial access to markets and institutions and the increased incidence of financial activity among the elderly.
Idiopathic ‘true’ left ventricular aneurysm

We report the case of a 67-year-old patient who presented with anginal symptoms to the hospital. Computed tomographic angiography, to rule out a pulmonary embolism, showed a left ventricular apical outpouching. The patient underwent further imaging modalities, including contrast echocardiography (TTE) and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), which were suggestive of a true left ventricular aneurysm (LVA). The absence of obstructive coronary artery disease on coronary angiography, absence of late enhancement on the CMR, and ultimately the intraoperative findings during surgical resection of the aneurysm, were strong indicators of a non-ischemic etiology of the patient's LVA. Additionally, the patient denied any previous history of cardiac instrumentation to rule out iatrogenic causes of LVA and congenital causes were excluded by a previous echocardiogram. Finally, history and presenting electrocardiogram did not reveal any other underlying obvious causes for the LVA. Excluding all common causes for the LVA an idiopathic cause seemed most likely.