cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Theory and Space: Human Territoriality in Political Science

Learning theories in political science can be difficult for students. This article describes a technique that helps students to understand how a theory about human characteristics may impact behavior. I use a mini-simulation in which two volunteers are asked to enact a gimmick in front of the classroom, demonstrating the theory of human territoriality (Asal et al. 2018). As the volunteers engage in small talk, I point out that they engage with one another at a certain distance and angle that reflects social space. As the exercise progresses, students easily relate to the theory of human territoriality, which is defined as the symbolic and physical connection to a space considered as their own. This mini-simulation achieves the following learning objectives: understanding (1) that theories are relevant and help to explain human behavior; (2) the workings of the individual level of analysis; and (3) that theories are not universal and have limits to their application across culture, time, and space. This teaching technique does not require preparation time or resources, and students easily comprehend the expected learning outcomes. Having received overwhelmingly positive feedback in evaluations, I offer this as a viable technique for teaching theory in general because it helps students to comprehend what a theory is supposed to do—that is, to understand, explain, and sometimes predict behavior.
Highly dispersed Pt atoms and clusters on hydroxylated indium tin oxide: a view from first-principles calculations

Supported single-atom and small cluster catalysts have become highly popular in heterogeneous catalysis. These catalysts can maximize the metal atom utilization while still showing superior catalytic performance. One of the main challenges in producing these small cluster catalysts is their low binding strength with the support, which causes these small clusters to sinter into larger nanoparticles. We have used first-principles simulations to study small Ptn (n: 1,2,3) clusters on indium oxide, tin doped indium oxide, and hydroxylated tin doped indium oxide. We report that the Ptn cluster is stabilized in the presence of tin and that this is especially the case for Pt single atoms on the hydroxylated indium tin oxide support, which are anchored to the support via the hydroxyl group. On this support, the Pt single atoms become more stable than Pt2 and Pt3 clusters, hence decreasing sintering. These findings provide a promising way to design single-atom catalysts on electrically conducting supports for electrocatalytic applications and to better understand how functional groups on supports can increase the adhesion of cluster catalysts.
Multivariable Plant Set Estimation using Multisinusoidal Input Designs

A frequency domain method is developed for statistical multivariable plant set estimation. The estimation of a plant.
Risk assessment models in genetics clinic for array comparative genomic hybridization: Clinical information can be used to predict the likelihood of an abnormal result in patients.

Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) testing can diagnose chromosomal microdeletions and duplications too small to be detected by conventional cytogenetic techniques. We need to consider which patients are more likely to receive a diagnosis from aCGH testing versus patients that have lower likelihood and may benefit from broader genome wide scanning. We retrospectively reviewed charts of a population of 200 patients, 117 boys and 83 girls, who underwent aCGH testing in Genetics Clinic at Rhode Island hospital between 1 January/2008 and 31 December 2010. Data collected included sex, age at initial clinical presentation, aCGH result, history of seizures, autism, dysmorphic features, global developmental delay/intellectual disability, hypotonia and failure to thrive. aCGH analysis revealed abnormal results in 34 (17%) and variants of unknown significance in 24 (12%). Patients with three or more clinical diagnoses had a 25.0% incidence of abnormal aCGH findings, while patients with two or fewer clinical diagnoses had a 12.5% incidence of abnormal aCGH findings. Currently, we provide families with a range of 10–30% of a diagnosis with aCGH testing. With increased clinical complexity, patients have an increased probability of having an abnormal aCGH result. With this, we can provide individualized risk estimates for each patient.
A low-power integrated circuit for adaptive detection of action potentials in noisy signals

The advent of microelectrode arrays allowing for the simultaneous recording of 100 or more neurons is leading to significant advances in science and medicine. However, the amount of data generated by these arrays presents a technical challenge if these systems are ever to be fully implanted for neuroprosthetic applications. We have developed an algorithm to perform real-time data reduction by detecting action potentials, or "spikes," embedded in a noisy signal. This algorithm is simple enough to be implemented in a mixed-signal integrated circuit consuming less than 60 /spl mu/W of power. Experimental results from a chip show that the circuit is able to adaptively set a spike detection threshold above the background noise level of a signal.
Impact of Hurricane Katrina (2005) on shelf organic carbon burial and deltaic evolution

[1] Sediment cores from the continental shelf adjacent to the Mississippi River delta immediately after the passage of Hurricane Katrina were used to examine the magnitude, and implications for the carbon budget, of sediment and particulate organic carbon (POC) remobilized by the storm on the river-dominated continental shelf. POC was sourced from incision of the innermost continental shelf ( 5000 yBP) POC eroded from the seafloor, has major implications for the remineralization versus burial of POC in deltas. The scale of erosional deflation of the shelf in water depths beyond seasonal wave-current conditions suggests that, over millennia, tropical cyclones may be responsible for partly removing prodeltaic strata from the geologic record in low-to-mid latitude deltas.
Etiologies of cardiomyopathy and heart failure

Evidence for a final common pathway for disorders of the myocardium (pages 246 and 320–330).
The history of enthusiasm for protein.

In the 1890s the USDA recommended over 110 g dietary protein per day for working men. This was based on Liebig's idea that protein was the source of muscular energy and the observation that protein consumption was higher in the more successful (i.e., affluent) social groups or nations than elsewhere. Chittenden's demonstration of physical energy being maintained on one-half this level of intake then led to reassessment of these standards, and attention was transferred to the discovery of trace nutrients and their practical significance. In the 1950s and 1960s protein again received priority attention. The "World Protein Gap" was considered the major cause of infant mortality and retarded development in the Third World but a problem that could be solved by the application of sophisticated technology. It then appeared that such technology was in general inapplicable to the real-life situation of more primitive communities. It was also found that a more equitable supply of ordinary foods could supply adequate protein, provided that, in the case of infants, attention was paid to their not being too bulky to allow adequate energy intake.
Extreme Toxicity of Ethanol During Activation of Sea Urchin Eggs

We have examined the effects of ethanol on early fertilization events and later development in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Eggs can still be fertilized in ethanol concentrations as high as 480 mM (2.0%); egg cytolysis was rapidly observed postinsemination in 50% of the cells at 220 mM ethanol. Yet, sperm motility was essentially normal in 250 mM ethanol; 940 mM ethanol was required to affect a 50% reduction. To determine the effect of ethanol on K+-efflux from eggs induced by fertilization, we used parthenogenetic activation induced by the Ca2+-ionophore A23187. Surprisingly, ethanol at only 0.2 mM caused an abnormal K+-efflux, but only when added between 1 and 3 min after induction of activation. The K+-efflux rates of unfertilized eggs were not influenced by up to 730 mM ethanol. Finally, normal embryonic development through the mesenchyme blastula stage was observed in egg suspensions which were treated for 30 min with ethanol concentrations as high as 240 mM, but washed with normal seawater prior to insemination. Normal plutei were obtained from cultures which were continuously cultured in 24 mM ethanol from 15 min postinsemination. We conclude that an extreme ethanol sensitivity of embryogenesis is apparent only during the cortical reaction.
Costs of care associated with non-small-cell lung cancer in a commercially insured cohort.

PURPOSETo examine the cost of incident cases of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in a commercially insured cohort.METHODSClaims from Virginia Blue Cross and Blue Shield (BCBS) beneficiaries with lung cancer from 1989 to 1991 were merged with records from the Virginia Cancer Registry (VCR). Data from the VCR identified incident cases, stage, and type of cancer at diagnosis. Costs for all medical care included insurance payment, copayments, and deductibles for 2 years after diagnosis or until death.RESULTSThree hundred forty-nine incident NSCLC patients were evaluated. The mean 2-year cost for each patient after diagnosis or until death was $47,941 (95% confidence interval, $43,758 to $52,124). Total average costs and hospital days were significantly lower for local disease ($37,514, 21.2 days), but were similar for regional ($52,797, 30.0 days) and distant ($49,382, 33.0 days) disease. Hospital days accounted for 48% and hospital-based claims for 70% of costs. Initial treatments, which included radiation...
Effects of allopurinol on 6-mercaptopurine therapy in neoplastic diseases.

Inthefirst patient treated withallopurinol, in whomremission inchronic granulocytic leukaemia wasbeing produced bytheadministration of6-MP asdescribed above, theprimary objective ofthestudy wNas todetermine iftheadministration ofthexanthine oxidase inhibitor wouldreduce theconversion of 6-MPtothiouric acid(TU).Inprevious studies, wehadfoundthat about 25percent. of6-MP,when given intherapeutic doses, wasordinarily oxidized to thiouric acid(Elion, Callahan, Hitchings, Rundles, andLaszlo, 1962). Inthefirst study, when150mg. 6-MPwasgiven with300mg.allopurinol, theformation ofthiouric acid wasalmost completely suppressed.Atthesametime, there wasa4-fold increase in theamountoffree 6-MPexcreted intheurine. With 75mg.allopurinol, 10percent. ofthe6-MPwas converted toTU,buttheincreased amountof6-MP intheurine remained unchanged. A similar doseresponse effect wasobtained inasecond patient with chronic granulocytic leukaemia inremission (Table). TABLE EFFECTOF ALLOPURINOL(4-HPP) ON CONVERSIONOF 6-MPTO 6-THIOURIC ACID(TU)AND EXCRETIONOF FREE 6-MPINTHE URINE
Synthetic and structural studies of the trans bis(2-N-H-pyrrolylcarbaldimine) complexes of nickel(II) and palladium(II)

The molecular bis(2-N-H-pyrrolylcarbaldimine)nickel(II) and palladium(II) complexes are isolated in moderate yield (30–35%) from in situ assembly of the Schiff base with metal(II) salt, base, and pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde in aqueous ammonia solution. The nickel(II) complex, 1, is monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a=11.289(6) A, b=5.611(3) A, c=8.287(5) A, β=111.620(6)°, and V=488.0(5) A3 with Z=2, for d calc=1.667 Mg/m3. The palladium analog, 2, is isomorphous, space group P21/c, with a=11.481(3) A, b=5.5738(10) A, c=8.276(2) A, β=110.923(12)°, and V=494.7(2) A3 with Z=2, for d calc=1.965 Mg/m3. In both crystal structures, the metal resides on an inversion center. In the IR spectra, ν(C=N) appears at 1561 cm−1 in 1, and 1557 cm−1 in 2, while ν(N–H) shows at 3345 cm−1 and 3335 cm−1, respectively. The 1H-nmr spectra reveal the C–H and N–H protons of the imine group as sharp and broad doublets, respectively, at 7.62 and 8.38 δ in 1 and at 7.92 and 9.73 δ in 2.
Spectroscopy and reaction kinetics of HS radicals

Abstract A laser-induced fluorescence technique is used to monitor the HS radical concentration. The rate constants at room temperature have been determined for the reaction of HS radical with various added scavengers.
Thermal performance of a carbon fiber composite material heat sink in an FC-72 thermosyphon

This study analyzes the use of a carbon fiber epoxy heat sink for evaporator surface enhancement in a FC-72 thermosyphon. The pin-fin heat sink features 945 small-cross-section (1.27 mm by 0.965 mm) fins fabricated with an integral base plate. These fins have a high thermal conductivity (500 W/m K) along the length of the fin. The influence of heat load, thermosyphon fill volume, and condenser operating temperature on the overall thermal performance is examined. The results of this experiment provide significant insight into the possible implementation and potential benefits of carbon-fiber heat sink technology in two-phase flow leading to significant improvements in thermal management strategies for advanced electronics.
Quantitative myocardial distribution volume from dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.

The objective of this study was to investigate if dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to quantitate the distribution volume (ve) in regions of normal and infarcted myocardium. ve reflects the volume of the extra-cellular, extra-vascular space within the myocardial tissue. In regions of the heart where an infarct has occurred, the loss of viable cardiac cells results in an elevated ve compared to normal regions. A quantitative estimate of the magnitude and spatial distribution of ve is significant because it may provide information complementary to delayed enhancement MRI alone. Using a hybrid gradient echo-echo planar imaging (GRE-EPI) pulse sequence on a 1.5T MRI scanner, 12 normal subjects and four infarct patients were imaged dynamically, during the injection of a contrast agent, to measure the regional blood and tissue enhancement in the left ventricular (LV) myocardium. Seven of the normal subjects and all of the infarct patients were also imaged at steady-state contrast enhancement to estimate the steady-state ratio of contrast agent in the tissue and blood (Ct/Cb)—a validated measure of ve. Normal and infarct regions of the LV were manually selected and the blood and tissue enhancement curves were fit to a compartment model to estimate ve. Also, the effect of the vascular blood signal on estimates of ve was evaluated using simulations and in the dynamic and steady-state studies. Aggregate estimates of ve were 23.6% ± 6.3% in normal myocardium and 45.7% ± 3.4% in regions of infarct. These results were not significantly different from the reference standards of Ct/Cb (22.9% ± 6.8% and 42.6% ± 6.3%, p=0.073). From the dynamic contrast-enhanced studies, approximately one minute of scan time was necessary to estimate ve in the normal myocardium to within 10% of the steady-state estimate. In regions of infarct, up to three minutes of dynamic data was required to estimate ve to within 10% of the steady-state ve value. By measuring the kinetics of blood and tissue enhancement in the myocardium during an extended dynamic contrast enhanced MRI study, ve may be estimated using compartment modeling.
Picosecond determination of the dielectric function of liquid silicon at 1064 nm

Abstract We have used picosecond laser pulses to produce transiently molten silicon layers and to measure their dielectric function ϵ at 1064 nm by reflectivity measurements in a pump and probe configuration. Starting approximately 100 ps after excitation, ϵ is a constant equal to - 27.3 + j 48.7. Immediately following excitation but before ϵ becomes constant, the reflectivity changes, which is interpreted as evidence for superheating.
Parametric Integrated Perturbation Analysis - Sequential Quadratic Programming Approach for Minimum-Time Model Predictive Control

Abstract A minimum-time Model Predictive Control (MPC) problem is considered. By employing a time scaling transformation and cost regularization, it is shown that this problem becomes amenable to the application of parametric Integrated Perturbation Analysis - Sequential Quadratic Programming (IPA-SQP). The IPA-SQP framework exploits neighboring extremal optimal control and sequential quadratic programming based updates to efficiently and rapidly compute approximations to solutions in receding horizon optimal control. An interesting feature of the minimum-time MPC problem is that, after reformulation, the optimization needs to be performed simultaneously with respect to the control sequence and a constant parameter (terminal time) over the prediction horizon. Two examples are considered. The first example is for a double integrator with a control constraint. The second example is based on a two-dimensional model of a hypersonic vehicle.
Training in general surgery: Do male and female residents have different priorities?

Abstract Introduction: Over the past decade, interest in general surgery careers has declined and the number of female medical school graduates has increased. Despite efforts to attract female applicants to general surgery training programs, the treatment of and opportunities available to female residents may be unequal. This study was performed to identify the needs of both male and female surgical residents and to guide design of training programs. Methods: Surgery residents were asked to participate in an online survey on the American College of Surgeons website. Data were analyzed using chi square and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: 790 residents (64% male) responded to the survey between October, 2003 and January, 2004. Male and female residents had similar priorities for both selecting a career in surgery and a particular residency program. Differences in planned fellowship selection and career goals were also minimal. There were no statistically significant differences between male and female perceptions of their own training. However, when asked to evaluate whether certain aspects of training were comparable for male and female residents, there were statistically significant differences between the sexes. Table 1 . Male and female responses to survey questions % Males agree or strongly agree % Females agree or strongly agree p Value My case mix is appropriate to my level 73.7 78.6 0.72 I am allowed an appropriate level of responsibility 86.2 87.1 0.82 I receive an adequate level of supervision 88.2 87.9 0.22 All categorical residents are equally encouraged to do research 75.1 68.4 0.05 If I had to choose again I would definitely do surgery 75.7 77.5 0.64 I would strongly encourage medical students to consider a career in surgery 69.6 69.5 0.99 The overall residency experience is comparable for male and female residents 82.2 67.5 ∗ Research opportunities are comparable for male and female residents 89.0 86.3 0.31 The operative experience is comparable for male and female residents 90.7 75.4 ∗ Similar criteria are used to evaluate male and female residents 81.4 68.0 ∗ Female residents are treated in an inferior manner compared to male residents 4.2 16.5 ∗ ∗ Indicates statistical significance (p Conclusions: Male and female surgical residents have almost identical training needs and priorities yet perceive different treatment of male and female residents. This difference may represent an acceptance of unequal treatment. While more female than male residents indicate that females are treated inferiorly, the percentage of such responses is low.
Ab Initio/IGLO/GIAO-MP2 Studies of Fluorocarbocations: Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Cleavage Reaction of Trifluoroacetic Acid in Superacids1a

The structures of a number of fluorocarbocations were calculated at the correlated MP2/6-31G* level. 13C and 19F NMR chemical shifts of fluorocarbocations were calculated for the first time using IGLO and GIAO-MP2 methods. The data showed good correlation of calculated 19F and 13C NMR chemical shifts with the experimental chemical shifts of fluorocarbocations. The correlation for GIAO-MP2-calculated 19F NMR chemical shifts with the experimental data is excellent. Using theoretical calculations as guidance, the protolytic cleavage of trifluoroacetic acid (CF3COOH) in superacids forming CF4 was also investigated experimentally and by ab initio calculations. This reaction is suggested to involve the gitonic CF3C(OH)(OH2)2+ dication as an intermediate.
Heterodimeric Fly Glycoprotein Hormone-α2 (GPA2) and Glycoprotein Hormone-β5 (GPB5) Activate Fly Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing G Protein-Coupled Receptor-1 (DLGR1) and Stimulation of Human Thyrotropin Receptors by Chimeric Fly GPA2 and Human GPB5

Glycoprotein hormones play important roles in thyroid and gonadal function in vertebrates. The glycoprotein hormone α-subunit forms heterodimers with different β-subunits to activate TSH or gonadotropin (LH and FSH) receptors. Recent genomic analyses allowed the identification of another α-subunit, GPA2, and another β-subunit, GPB5, in human, capable of forming heterodimers to activate TSH receptors. Based on comparative genomic searches, we isolated the fly orthologs for human GPA2 and GPB5, each consisting of 10 cysteine residues likely involved in cystine-knot formation. RT-PCR analyses in Drosophila melanogaster demonstrated the expression of GPA2 and GPB5 at different developmental stages. Immunoblot analyses further showed that fly GPA2 and GPB5 subunit proteins are of approximately 16 kDa, and coexpression of these subunits yielded heterodimers. Purified recombinant fly GPA2/GPB5 heterodimers were found to be glycoproteins with N-linked glycosylated α-subunits and nonglycosylated β-subunits, capabl...
Scanner performance predictor and optimizer in further low-k1 lithography

Due to the importance of errors in lithography scanners, masks, and computational lithography in low-k1 lithography, application software is used to simultaneously reduce them. We have developed “Masters” application software, which is all-inclusive term of critical dimension uniformity (CDU), optical proximity effect (OPE), overlay (OVL), lens control (LNS), tool maintenance (MNT) and source optimization for wide process window (SO), for compensation of the issues on imaging and overlay. In this paper, we describe the more accurate and comprehensive solution of OPE-Master, LNS-Master and SO-Master with functions of analysis, prediction and optimization. Since OPE-Master employed a rigorous simulation, a root cause of error in OPE matching was found out. From the analysis, we had developed an additional knob and evaluated a proof-of- concept for the improvement. Influence of thermal issues on projection optics is evaluated with a heating prediction, and an optimization with scanner knobs on an optimized source taken into account mask 3D effect for obtaining usable process window. Furthermore, we discuss a possibility of correction for reticle expansion by heating comparing calculation and measurement.
Tryptophan 46 is a site for ethanol and ivermectin action in P2X4 receptors

ATP-gated purinergic P2X4 receptors (P2X4Rs) are the most alcohol-sensitive P2XR subtype. We recently reported that ivermectin (IVM), an antiparasitic used in animals and humans, antagonized ethanol inhibition of P2X4Rs. Furthermore, IVM reduced ethanol intake in mice. The first molecular model of the rat P2X4R, built onto the X-ray crystal structure of zebrafish P2X4R, revealed an action pocket for both ethanol and IVM formed by Asp331, Met336 in TM2 and Trp46, and Trp50 in TM1 segments. The role of Asp331 and Met336 was experimentally confirmed. The present study tested the hypothesis that Trp46 plays a role in ethanol and IVM modulation of P2X4Rs. Trp46 was mutated to residues with different physicochemical properties and the resultant mutants tested for ethanol and IVM responses using Xenopus oocyte expression system and two-electrode voltage clamp. Nonaromatic substitutions at position 46 reduced ethanol inhibition at higher concentrations and switched IVM potentiation to inhibition. Simultaneous substitution of alanine at positions Trp46 and Met336 also resulted in similar changes in ethanol and IVM responses. Furthermore, a new molecular model based on the open pore conformation of zebrafish P2X4R suggested a role for Tyr42 that was further supported experimentally. Our previous and current findings, combined with our preliminary evidence of increased ethanol consumption in P2X4R knockout mice, suggest that the ethanol and IVM action pocket in P2X4Rs formed by positions 42, 46, 331, and 336 presents a potential target for medication development for alcohol use disorders.
WHAT'S WRONG WITH SCULLY‐ESTIMATES OF A PLAYER'S MARGINAL REVENUE PRODUCT

The author responds to an article in this edition by Bradbury (in press), which suggests that the free-market approach to estimating a player’s marginal revenue product (MRP) is limited. The author...
Multiple-α index profiles

A new class of index profiles is analyzed. These profiles afford new degrees of freedom in profile design, which make it possible to obtain maximum bandwidth over an extended range of wavelengths or at several different wavelengths. A method is developed for calculating pulse dispersion vs wavelength for this generalized class of index profiles.
Solutes alter the conformation of the ligand binding loops in outer membrane transporters.

The binding and recognition of ligands by bacterial outer membrane transport proteins is mediated in part by interactions made through their extracellular loops. Here, site-directed spin labeling (...
Finding an Impact of Preservation Policies: Price Effects of Historic Landmarks on Attached Homes in Chicago 1990-1999

The impact of landmark designation on prices of the property and its neighbors sits at the core of the policy debate and empirical research on historic preservation. Yet these studies suffer from s...
Phylogeny of the monarch flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly and novel relationships within a major Australo-Pacific radiation.

Abstract Monarch flycatchers are a major component of Australo-Pacific and Wallacean avifaunas. To date, the family has received incomplete attention by molecular systematists who focused on subclades with minimal character and/or taxon sampling. As a result, Monarchidae taxonomy is still out-of-date, and biogeographic reconstructions have been based on poorly-resolved phylogenies, limiting their interpretation. Here, we produced a comprehensive, molecular phylogeny of the Monarchidae inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear loci using both concatenated and multilocus coalescent frameworks. We sampled 92% of the 99 recognized monarchid biological species and included deeper sampling within several phylogenetic species complexes, including Monarcha castaneiventris, Symposiachrus barbatus, and Terpsiphone rufiventer. Melampitta is identified as sister to the monarch flycatchers, which themselves comprise four major lineages. The first lineage comprises Terpsiphone and allies, the second lineage is Grallina, the third is Arses and Myiagra, and the fourth lineage comprises a diverse assemblage of genera including the “core monarchs” and the most geographically isolated groups like Chasiempis (Hawaii) and Pomarea (eastern Polynesia). Gene tree discordance was evident in Myiagra, which has implications for basal lineages in the genus (e.g., M. azureocapilla, M. hebetior, and M. alecto). Numerous genera within the core monarchs are paraphyletic, including Mayrornis and Pomarea, whereas the validity of others such as Metabolus are questionable. We recognize polytypic taxa as multiple species, including Lamprolia victoriae and Myiagra azureocapilla. In general, the topology of species complexes included short internodes that were not well resolved, owing to their rapid diversification across island archipelagos. Terpsiphone rufiventer comprises multiple lineages, including a heretofore-unappreciated West African lineage, but relationships within these rapid radiations will require extensive genomic sampling for further resolution. This study establishes a new benchmark for Monarchidae systematics and it provides an excellent framework for future work on biogeography and character evolution in a diverse Australo-Papuan radiation.
A monoclonal antibody with reactivity to asialo GM1 and murine natural killer cells

Abstract A monoclonal antibody (MAb) was prepared by the fusion of murine SP 2 -O myeloma cells with BALB/cByJ spleen cells that were immunized with the glycolipid asialo GM 1 adsorbed to naked Salmonella . The specificity of the IgM antibody obtained was denned using various glycolipids, cell extracts and saccharides in ELISA assays and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) immunoblots. The non-reducing terminal galactose is the immunodominant residue for this antibody; however, there is undetectable reactivity to free galactose, galactosylceramide or compounds with an α-linked galactose. The SH-34 antibody specifically lyses asialo GM 1 -expressing macrophages in the presence of complement and removes NK cells in vitro from spleen cell populations. When the specificity of the MAb was compared to that of a commercially available rabbit antiserum to asialo GM 1 , it was found that both cross-reacted with GM 1 and asialo GM 3 at high antibody concns; however, the MAb did not bind asialo GM 2 while the rabbit antiserum showed substantial reactivity to this glycolipid. It is anticipated that this MAb will be useful for the study of murine and rat natural killer cells.
Processing and microstructural evolution of powder metallurgy Zn-22 Pct Al eutectoid alloy containing nanoscale dispersion particles

The present article deals with the processing and microstructural evolution of powder metallurgy (PM) Zn-22Al pct eutectoid alloy. The powder material was produced through inert gas atomization and then cryomilled in liquid nitrogen. The milled powder particles were consolidated by hot isostatic pressing (“hipping”) followed by thermomechanical treatment, resulting in a two-phase microstructure. The microstructures were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The principal processing factors and microstructural characteristics associated with the major processing steps, including spray atomization, mechanical milling (MM), consolidation, and heat treatment, were evaluated and discussed. Hot isostatic pressing and extrusion followed by heat treatment to produce the superplastic structure (Al-rich phase and Zn-rich phase) are effective in elimination porosity. A TEM examination of the microstructure of the alloy after processing reveals the presence of nanodispersion particles that are not uniformly distributed. The formation of the dispersions was attributed to the interaction between the powder material (primarily Al phase) and environmental elements such as oxygen and nitrogen during milling. Moreover, the size and distribution of the dispersions present in the bulk material met the anticipated requirements for serving as inhibitors for grain growth and barriers for dislocation movement. The TEM observations on crept specimens reveal extensive dislocation/dispersion interactions.
Expertise, language competencies and the L2 user

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the relationship between embodied experience in the world and language competence. Primary data consists of audio and video recorded team meetings among NS and NNS engineering students in an English-speaking American university and ethnographic fieldwork. Based a micro-interactional analysis of the primary data and a consideration of how this analysis is embedded within the macro-social context, findings demonstrate how the L2 user is locally constructed as legitimate and as expert relative to the L1 user in terms of engineering competence and language competence. In the end, these two engineers co-construct a unique way of engaging in engineering teamwork that follows from an acceptance of positionalities that allows opportunities for learning. El proposito de este texto es demostrar la relacion entre experiencia incorporada y competencia linguistica. Los datos primarios consisten en grabaciones de audio y video de reuniones de grupos de estudiantes de ingenieria de una Universidad Americana de habla inglesa e investigaciones de campo etnograficas. Basado en un analisis microinteraccional de los datos primarios y teniendo en cuenta que este analisis se situa dentro de un contexto macrosocial, las conclusiones demuestran como el usuario del Segundo idioma es localmente legitimado y considerado como un experto en relacion con el usuario del Primer idioma en terminos de competencia profesional y linguistica. Finalmente, estos dos ingenieros construyen conjuntamente una manera unica de trabajo en equipo seguido de una aceptacion de posiciones que permite oportunidades de aprendizaje.
Substitute-care information systems under public law 96-272

Abstract This paper reports on the results of a survey of state responses to the requirements of Public Law 96-272, including the use of permanency planning and periodic review techniques in substitutecare services, and, in particular, the nature and scope of information systems developed to monitor these services. Officials from 44 states and the District of Columbia completed the survey. All respondents reported having implemented statewide policies requiring permanency planning for and periodic review of all substitute-care cases. Those surveyed also indicated strongly favorable attitudes toward these policies among both administrators and direct-service personnel. A large majority (85%) of responding states had developed automated information systems for substitute care, most in the form of a central, statewide data base. Only four states reported depending solely on manual record keeping. The computer systems were most frequently used for administrative applications such as generating aggregate reports, monitoring case reviews, and coordinating caseloads. Applications least commonly reported included reducing narrative recording, determining placement availability, and linking clients to resources, activities more common to direct services. Finally, results of a set of attitudinal questions indicated support for the use of automated data management and the belief that it is a necessary technology, but many respondents also noted that automation has engendered complaints and opposition from staff members in field settings.
Asymptotic model-based identification of an acoustically rigid sphere

Abstract Scattering from an acoustically rigid sphere is formulated using the classic Mie series and the asymptotic series approximation to the reflection. A parametric inverse based on the asymptotic series is discussed, with attention given to the effects of additive noise.
Strategies for FH/MFSK Signaling with Diversity in Worst-Case Partial-Band Noise

Optimum diversity and worst-case partial-band noise jamming conditions have been derived for noncoherent energy detection of frequency-hopped (FH) M -ary frequency-shift keyed (MFSK) signals using a soft-chip decision suboptimum linear combining metric with perfect jamming-state side information. However, the assumption implicit in previous publications is that the error rate is first maximized over the jammer's partial-band duty factor for arbitrary diversity, and the result is then minimized over the amount of diversity. This paper shows that if the order of optimization is reversed, different conditions and performance are produced; that is, the previous solution is not a saddlepoint. This introduces some game-theoretic considerations for the communicator and the jammer, the risks and advantages of which are explored.
Character Education as a Prevention Strategy in School-Related Violence

Prevention education is seen as a key component in addressing school violence. Three hundred and three fourth grade students in 9 elementary schools in a predominantly rural community were provided a specialized program of character education as a prevention tool to reduce the potential for deviant behavior. Students in 3 schools were in the no treatment control condition. Students in the remaining 6 schools received a school-based and curriculum driven character education program; two of the schools were in the curriculum only condition while in four of the schools students were randomly selected to receive a protocol-driven summer academic (6 weeks) and experiential education/program. The intervention results suggest that the students who received the academic/camp intervention had the greatest increases in social competence, the largest gains in reading achievement, and the largest increase in parental interaction. Recommendations for prevention education are discussed at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels.
Polyamide–polyester blends: An estimation of the amide–ester interaction

Random copolyester-amides derived from the cyclic monomers caprolactam, caprolactone, and laurolactam have been synthesized and characterized. Binary blend combinations based upon the latter and regular aliphatic polyamides and copolyamides have been investigated experimentally and the compositio/miscibility correlations determined. By treating the polymers involved as random copolymers on a microstructural scale, composed of methylene, amide, and ester groups, it has been possible to accommodate the experimental observations within the framework of a binary interaction model. A principal feature is that homogeneous mixtures can be obtained only when the chemical constitutions of the blend components do not differ from one another too greatly. Establishing the model on a scale dictated by an independent estimation of the methylene-ester interaction, obtained by Paul, Barlow, and co-workers, was found to give moderate agreement. However, a more precise description of the data could be obtained if the model was scaled from internal observations. Calculations indicate that all the segmental interactions are unfavorable for mixing. Although this some-times can produce miscibility, it has been proposed that miscibility in blends composed of aliphatic polyesters, polyamides and their copolymers is driven entirely by the entropic contribution to the free energy of mixing. © 1993 Johnxs Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of Adding Salt to the Preservative Solution on the Sensory and Physical Properties of Hard-Cooked Eggs

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to test the effect of added salt (NaCl) on physical, chemical and sensory properties of hard-cooked eggs. Salt was added to a citric acid/sodium benzoate solution at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, or 20% (w/v). Sensory and physical analyses were conducted after 40 and 55 days of storage. Results of the sensory evaluations indicated that salt added at 5% resulted in the most desirable product. As salt concentration increased, moisture decreased and shear force increased. No differences were noted for appearance and aroma. Apparently low levels of salt may enhance acceptability of commercially hard-cooked eggs.
Electrocardiographic studies in bronchial asthma

Abstract 1.1. Fifty cases of bronchial asthma were studied electrocardiographically with standard leads, multiple precordial leads, and augmented limb leads. 2.2. Only 3, or 6 per cent, were interpreted as having electrocardiographic abnormalities probably due to asthma, and the changes in these were transient. Three others were interpreted as being possibly due to asthma. Forty-four, or 88 per cent, revealed no changes which could be interpreted as revealing myocardial hypertrophy or damage due to asthma. 3.3. Significant persistent electrocardiographic changes due to bronchial asthma are uncommon.
A thermodynamic study of sodium-intercalated TaS2 and TiS2

The variation of the sodium chemical potential (μNa) with composition x in NaxTaS2 and NaxTiS2 has been measured electrochemically using propylene carbonate-based and β-alumina electrolytes. At 300°K the sodium chemical potential in NaxTaS2 varies from −63 to −25 kcal/mole as x increases from 0.003 to 0.92, respectively. Within experimental uncertainty, the compositional variation of μNa was linear. In NaxTiS2, the sodium chemical potential varies from −60 to −36 kcal/mole as x increases from 0.001 to 1.0, respectively. The compositional variation of μNa in NaxTiS2 exhibits two plateaus indicative of two-phase regions for 0.2 ≲ x ≲ 0.35 and 0.6 ≲ x ≲ 0.7. The standard free energies of intercalation for sodium-intercalated TaS2 and TiS2 are less negative than those reported for the respective lithium-intercalated compounds. The standard free energy of intercalation becomes more negative for both the sodium- and lithium-intercalated compounds as the dichalcogenide changes from TaS2 to TiS2.
Information-theoretic performance bounding of Bayesian identifiers

Statistical target recognition techniques perform well when the ``true`` target-signature data are deterministic. If the deterministic nature of the data exists and the probabilistic values of a given problem are known, then identifiers, based on Bayesian estimation theory, have great potential for solving the target identification problem. How well an identifier will perform is usually answered by Monte Carlo simulations or implementation experiments. An alternative to these performance analysis techniques is the use of information theory. Information theory has long been applied to the investigation of data compression, which deals with average distortional measures. The association of Bayes risk with distortion allows for information-theoretic tools to be applied to the statistical target identification problem. The rate-distortion function of data compression can be extended to the Bayes rate-distortion function. Derived from designer-specified risk and identifier structure, the theoretical Bayes rate-distortion function relates mutual information to the identifier performance. Mutual information is determined from the target-signature data used by the identifier and by the nature of the noise imposed upon the data. Computational efforts in determining mutual information values allow for identifier performance bounds to be extracted from the Bayes rate-distortion function.
Colloid‐Enhanced Ultrafiltration of Chlorophenols in Wastewater: Part IV. Effect of Added Salt on the Surfactant Leakage in Surfactant Solutions and Surfactant–Polymer Mixtures

Abstract The critical aggregation concentration (cac) in surfactant–polymer mixtures approximates a lower limit to the surfactant concentration in the permeate (surfactant leakage) in polyelectrolyte micellar‐enhanced ultrafiltration. Here, the cac was measured at different salinities by using surface tension measurements. It was found that the cac increases slightly with the addition of simple salt, then the cac value decreases at higher salt concentration. The critical micelle concentration (CMC), which approximates surfactant leakage in micellar systems (no polymer), decreases monotonically with increasing salinity for ionic surfactants. The surfactant leakage in colloid‐enhanced ultrafiltration (CEUF) processes is investigated by using a dialysis method in the presence of three phenolic solutes with various degrees of chlorination: 2‐monochlorophenol (MCP), 2,4‐dichlorophenol (DCP), and 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (TCP). Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) or n‐hexadecylpyridinium chloride is used as a cationic ...
Measurement of the 171Tm isomeric lifetime as a teaching laboratory experiment

A teaching experiment is described in which two methods are applied to determine the lifetime of an isomeric state in l'lII)Trn. One method, a single channel measurement, utilizes a delayed coincidence technique while the second, a multichannel measurement, employs time-to- pulse height conversion. Both serve to illustrate several principles of coincidence and timing measurements and can give results of good accuracy.
Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma hyorhinis Strain DBS 1050.

ABSTRACT Mycoplasma hyorhinis is known as one of the most prevalent contaminants of mammalian cell and tissue cultures worldwide. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of the fastidious M. hyorhinis strain DBS 1050.
High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging Demonstrates Varied Anatomic Abnormalities in Brown Syndrome

Inroduction: Although Brown syndrome classically is considered to be limited to the SO tendon sheath and trochlea, it does not always respond to SO surgery. We investigated mechanisms of Brown syndrome by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: Three patients with congenital and 8 with acquired Brown syndrome were compared with matched normal subjects under a prospective protocol of high-resolution, multipositional orbital MRI using surface coils. Muscle size and contractility were determined using digital image analysis. Results: Five of 8 patients with acquired Brown syndrome had a history of trauma or surgery and demonstrated extensive scarring, avulsion, or fracture of the trochlea. One of the 8 had a cyst in the SO tendon. One congenital and one acquired case demonstrated inferior displacement of the lateral rectus (LR) pulley in adduction, with a normal SO tendon–trochlear complex. Such cases of Brown syndrome responded to surgical stabilization of the LR pulley. Two congenital cases had clinical findings of ipsilateral SO palsy confirmed on MRI by atrophy or absence of the SO belly. In congenital absence of the SO belly, the anterior tendon was present but terminated directly on the trochlea. Conclusion: High-resolution MRI demonstrates a variety of abnormalities in patients presenting with Brown syndrome, including atrophy or absence of the SO belly. Management in Brown syndrome should be tailored to the pathophysiology of the individual patient.
Depletion of catecholamines in the brain of rats differentially affects stimulation of locomotor activity by caffeine, D-amphetamine, and methylphenidate.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the role of catecholamines in brain, in the stimulation of locomotor activity, induced by caffeine, as compared to the psychomotor stimulants d -amphetamine and methylphenidate. Adult male rats were pretreated with either (1) 2.5 mg/kg (i.p.) reserpine, 24 hr prior to testing of locomotor activity, (2) 50 mg/kg (i.p.) alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT) 6 hr and 2 hr prior to testing of locomotor activity, (3) 200 μg/rat (i.c.v.) 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), or 25 mg/kg (i.p.) desmethylimipramine (DMI) and 200 μg/rat 6-OHDA (i.c.v.), 6–8 weeks prior to testing. Each treatment group had a matched control group. Levels of catecholamines in the forebrain were determined in each of the treatment and corresponding control groups. All rats were tested with doses of caffeine, d -amphetamine and methylphenidate (excluding the 6-OHDA-treated animals), administered in random order intraperitoneally 35 min before locomotor activity was measured for 30 min. Pretreatment with either reserpine or AMPT attenuated the stimulation of locomotor activity induced by caffeine and d -amphetamine but not that induced by methylphenidate. The dose-response curve for amphetamine was shifted downward and to the right by reserpine but was flattened by AMPT. The dose-response curve for caffeine was displaced downward in a similar manner by both reserpine and AMPT. Treatment with 6-OHDA or DMI + 6-OHDA produced the expected changes in the content of catecholamines in brain, but failed to modify dose-response curves for caffeine or amphetamine. Reversible depletion of catecholamines in brain with reserpine and AMPT differentiated the locomotor stimulant actions of caffeine from those of d -amphetamine and methylphenidate and confirmed previously reported differences between amphetamine and methylphenidate.