cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rare earth, major, and trace element composition of Monterey and DSDP chert and associated host sediment: Assessing the influence of chemical fractionation during diagenesis

Abstract Chert and associated host sediments from Monterey Formation and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) sequences were analyzed in order to assess chemical behavior during diagenesis of biogenic sediments. The primary compositional contrast between chert and host sediment is a greater absolute SiO2 concentration in chert, often with final SiO2 ≥ 98 wt%. This contrast in SiO2 (and Si Al ) potentially reflects precursor sediment heterogeneity, diagenetic chemical fractionation, or both. SiO2 concentrations and Si Al ratios in chert are far greater than in modern siliceous oozes, however and often exceed values in acid-cleaned diatom tests. Compositional contrasts between chert and host sediment are also orders-of-magnitude greater than between multiple samples of the host sediment. Calculations based on the initial composition of adjacent host, observed porosity reductions from host to chert and a postulated influx of pure SiO2, construct a chert composition which is essentially identical to observed SiO2 values in chert. Thus, precursor heterogeneity does not seem to be the dominant factor influencing the current chert composition for the key elements of interest. In order to assess the extent of chemical fractionation during diagenesis, we approximate the precursor composition by analyzing host sediments adjacent to the chert. The SiO2 concentration contrast seems caused by biogenic SiO2 dissolution and transport from the local adjacent host sediment and subsequent SiO2 reprecipitation in the chert. Along with SiO2, other elements are often added (with respect to Al) to Monterey and DSDP chert during silicification, although absolute concentrations decrease. The two Monterey quartz chert nodules investigated, in contrast to the opal-CT and quartz chert lenses, formed primarily by extreme removal of carbonate and phosphate, thereby increasing relative SiO2 concentrations. DSDP chert formed by both carbonate/phosphate dissolution and SiO2 addition from the host. Manganese is fractionated during chert formation, resulting in MnO Al 2 O 3 ratios that no longer record the depositional signal of the precursor sediment. REE data indicate only subtle diagenetic fractionation across the rare earth series. Ce Ce ∗ values do not change significantly during diagenesis of either Monterey or DSDP chert. Eu Eu ∗ decreases slightly during formation of DSDP chert. La n Yb n is affected only minimally as well. During formation of one Monterey opal-CT chert lens, REE Al ratios show subtle distribution changes at Gd and to a lesser extent near Nd and Ho. REE compositional contrasts between diagenetic states of siliceous sediment and chert are of a vastly smaller scale than has been noted between different depositional environments of marine sediment, indicating that the paleoenvironmental REE signature is not obscured by diagenetic overprinting.
Congenital reactive myofibroblastic tumor of the petrous bone: case report.

Objective and importance Myofibroblastic tumors are members of a diverse spectrum of neoplastic and quasineoplastic lesions that occur most commonly during childhood and typically involve soft tissues. We present a case of a congenital reactive myofibroblastic tumor of the petrous bone (i.e., cranial fasciitis) that was successfully treated with surgical excision. Clinical presentation A newborn girl with congenital right facial palsy and deafness was noted during imaging evaluation to have a large enhancing mass that was destroying the right petrous bone and extending into the posterior and middle cranial fossae. Intervention After embolization, an open biopsy was performed, which revealed a moderately cellular, spindle cell neoplasm without mitosis or necrosis, with scattered lymphocytes, eosinophils, and multinucleated giant cells. The spindle cells demonstrated strong immunoreactivity for vimentin, muscle-specific actin, and alpha-smooth muscle actin, with prominent reticulin staining between individual cells. Staining for CD68, a histiocyte marker, was positive within the multinucleated giant cells and many of the spindle cells; CD34, S-100, and desmin staining was absent. On the basis of these findings, the lesion was classified as a reactive myofibroblastic tumor, consistent with a cranial variant of nodular fasciitis. Because of the large size and significant mass effect of the tumor, a resection was performed several days later, using a combined supra- and infratentorial approach. Dense adherence of the mass to the walls of the sigmoid sinus and the carotid artery precluded complete resection without sacrifice of these vessels, which was not performed because of the known potential of these tumors to remain stable or regress after extensive subtotal resection. The presumed residual tumor subsequently regressed, and the patient has exhibited no detectable residual disease in 2 years of follow-up monitoring. Conclusion Reactive myofibroblastic tumors of the calvarium are uncommon lesions that superficially resemble sarcomas. Recognition of this diagnostic entity is important, to avoid unnecessary treatment with intensive adjuvant therapy. Although the management of these tumors relies predominantly on surgical resection, surgical decision-making should take into account the fact that small areas of residual disease can regress spontaneously.
Beryllium in the Galactic halo - Surface abundances from standard, diffusive, and rotational stellar evolution, and implications

The recently observed upper limits to the beryllium abundances in population II stars are much lower than population I detections. This difference reflects an intrinsic difference in the initial abundances and is not caused by different degrees of depletion driven by stellar evolution processes from similar initial abundances. Evolutionary sequences of models from the early premain sequence to beyond the turnoff that correspond to halo dwarfs with Fe/H abundances of -1.3, -2.3, and -3.3 are constructed, and standard, diffusive, and rotational mechanisms are used to estimate a maximal possible beryllium depletion. Halo star models in the T(eff) range 6000 to 5000 K might be rotationally depleted by a factor of 1.5-2, and the total depletion should be no more than (conservatively) a factor of 3. Implications for cosmology, cosmic-ray theory, and Galactic chemical evolution are discussed.
Bertrand Meyer: Software Engineering and the Eiffel Programming Language

For more than 30 years, Bertrand Meyer has taught the computer science field about formal software engineering and object-oriented approaches; he continues do so through his many books, conferences, and Eiffel. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/tEJZF73IfNs is a video interview with Bertrand and Annie Meyer about the Eiffel programming language, software engineering, and object-oriented approaches. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/MDay25r8BZ8 is an audio recording of author Charles Severance's Computing Conversations column, in which he discusses his interview with Bertrand and Annie Meyer about the Eiffel programming language, software engineering, and object-oriented approaches.
Impact of anti-phishing tool performance on attack success rates

Phishing website-based attacks continue to present significant problems for individual and enterprise-level security, including identity theft, malware, and viruses. While the performance of anti-phishing tools has improved considerably, it is unclear how effective such tools are at protecting users. In this study, an experiment involving over 400 participants was used to evaluate the impact of anti-phishing tools' accuracy on users' ability to avoid phishing threats. Each of the participants was given either a high accuracy (90%) or low accuracy (60%) tool and asked to make various decisions about several legitimate and phishing websites. Experiment results revealed that participants using the high accuracy anti-phishing tool significantly outperformed those using the less accurate tool in their ability to: (1) differentiate legitimate websites from phish; (2) avoid visiting phishing websites; and (3) avoid transacting with phishing websites. However, even users of the high accuracy tool often disregarded its correct recommendations, resulting in users' phish detection rates that were approximately 15% lower than those of the anti-phishing tool used. Consequently, on average, participants visited between 74% and 83% of the phishing websites and were willing to transact with as many as 25% of the phishing websites. Anti-phishing tools were also less effective against one particular type of threat. The results suggest that while the accuracy of anti-phishing tools is a critical factor, reducing the success rates of phishing attacks requires other considerations such as improving tool interface/warning design and enhancing users' knowledge of phishing. Given the prevalence of phishing-based web fraud, the findings have important implications for individual and enterprise security.
On the high weissenberg number problem

Abstract We address the outstanding problem affecting the numerical simulation of steady viscoelastic flows in complex geometries, namely the existence of a critical value of the Weissenberg number beyond which no discrete solutions can be obtained. The flow of Maxwell and Leonov-like fluids through a sudden contraction is selected as a test problem. Discrete solutions are obtained by means of a mixed Galerkin/Finite Element method. We find that limit points of the discrete solution families are responsible for the loss of convergence of the iterative scheme. Intensive mesh refinement shows, however, that these limit points are numerical artifacts.
On Ricci curvature of isotropic and Lagrangian submanifolds in complex space forms

Let M n be a Riemannian n-manifold. Denote by SOpU and RicOpU the Ricci tensor and the maximum Ricci curvature on M n at a point p2 M n , respectively. First we show that every isotropic submanifold of a complex space form e M m O4 cU satisfies S %OOnˇ 1Uca n 2 4 H 2 Ug, where H2 and g are the squared mean curvature function and the metric tensor on M n , respectively. The equality case of the above inequality holds identically if and only if either Mn is totally geodesic submanifold or na 2 and Mn is a totally umbilical submanifold. Then we prove that if a Lagrangian submanifold of a complex space form e M m O4 cU satisfies RicaO nˇ 1U ca n 2 4 H 2 identically, then it is a minimal submanifold. Finally, we describe the geometry of Lagrangian submanifolds which satisfy the equality under the condition that the dimension of the kernel of second fundamental form is constant.
Broken collinear SU(6) symmetries and the suppression of |ΔS| = 1 amplitudes☆

Abstract Within the framework of the general mapping between collinear SU(6) algebras in the current- and the constituent-quark picture, a unitary transformation involving the quark mass matrix M = λ 0 + cλ 8 is introduced. It results in a weight factor between ΔS = ± 1 and ΔS = 0 amplitudes. With a specific boundary condition, one obtains tg θ = cos( πc /2√2) θ = Cabibbo angle.
Reactive Optical Information Processing. I: Theory of Information Recovery and Resonator Mode Structure

A method of processing optical information is described in which the use of absorptive spatial filters is replaced by suitable mirrors with spatially varying reflectances. When these mirrors are made the terminal planes of a laser resonator, the light which is lost in conventional spatial filtering systems, is stored in the laser cavity. It is shown that shallowly modulated phase objects may be imaged outside the resonator without any appreciable effect on the modes of the resonator.
ICAM-1-based rabies virus vaccine shows increased infection and activation of primary murine B cells in vitro and enhanced antibody titers in-vivo.

We have previously shown that live-attenuated rabies virus (RABV)-based vaccines infect and directly activate murine and human primary B cells in-vitro, which we propose can be exploited to help develop a single-dose RABV-based vaccine. Here we report on a novel approach to utilize the binding of Intracellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) to its binding partner, Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen-1 (LFA-1), on B cells to enhance B cell activation and RABV-specific antibody responses. We used a reverse genetics approach to clone, recover, and characterize a live-attenuated recombinant RABV-based vaccine expressing the murine Icam1 gene (rRABV-mICAM-1). We show that the murine ICAM-1 gene product is incorporated into virus particles, potentially exposing ICAM-1 to extracellular binding partners. While rRABV-mICAM-1 showed 10-100-fold decrease in viral titers on baby hamster kidney cells compared to the parental virus (rRABV), rRABV-mICAM-1 infected and activated primary murine B cells in-vitro more efficiently than rRABV, as indicated by significant upregulation of CD69, CD40, and MHCII on the surface of infected B cells. ICAM-1 expression on the virus surface was responsible for enhanced B cell infection since pre-treating rRABV-mICAM-1 with a neutralizing anti-ICAM-1 antibody reduced B cell infection to levels observed with rRABV alone. Furthermore, 100-fold less rRABV-mICAM-1 was needed to induce antibody titers in immunized mice equivalent to antibody titers observed in rRABV-immunized mice. Of note, only 103 focus forming units (ffu)/mouse of rRABV-mICAM-1 was needed to induce significant anti-RABV antibody titers as early as five days post-immunization. As both speed and potency of antibody responses are important in controlling human RABV infection in a post-exposure setting, these data show that expression of Icam1 from the RABV genome, which is then incorporated into the virus particle, is a promising strategy for the development of a single-dose RABV vaccine that requires only a minimum of virus.
Oxyphil Adenoma Four Years After a Benign Mixed Tumor

An oxyphil adenoma occurred in a patient who had a previous benign mixed tumor of the same parotid gland and a coincidental neurofibroma of the cervical spine. Electron microscopic study demonstrated typical mitrochondrial hyperplasia of the oncocytes. A common stimulus for the production of all three benign neoplasms could not be demonstrated.
An Analysis of Human Risk Taking in Simulated Occupational Situations

Human risk-taking in simulated occupational situations containing personal injury as a hazard was investigated. The occupational situations of interest are those requiring manual interaction with active machine components within given time constraints. The results of three studies are presented with emphasis on the third study. The first two investigated the relationship between selected personal attributes and subjects1 risk-taking tendencies as described by the maximum probability of failure under which they would accept a risk. The variables of interest in the first study were principally perceptual-motor skills. The second study was directed at the question: Do introverts and extraverts differ in the amount of risk they are willing to take relative to their abilities, and if so, what causes the difference? In the third study, subjects worked in pairs, (one the decision maker, one the performer) under eight conditions of potential gain or loss. Comparisons were made of the risks subjects selected for t...
Rheology parameters controlling spray atomization and roll misting behavior of waterborne coatings

Abstract Formation of small coating droplets is a phenomenon common to spray and roll application of coatings. Generation of small droplets, referred to as atomization, is the mechanism of controlling the quality and thickness of the applied coating layer in spray technology. In roll coating application, small coating droplets are formed at the nip–exit region under certain conditions. Because of the high-shear rates at roll nips and spray nozzles, it is common to relate high-shear viscosity with atomization and roll misting behavior of coatings. This paper will review the relative importance of shear and extensional flows, and the response of coatings to such flows, in affecting misting and atomization behavior. Experimental efforts to quantify the effect of shear and extensional rheological parameters have clearly established a lack of correlation of high-shear viscosities with both spray atomization and roll misting behavior of coatings. However, extensional viscosity is shown to have a strong correlation. Finally, how rheology modifiers can be selected to circumvent misting problems in roll coating applications and atomization problems in spray applications is discussed.
Short-Term Leadership Development: Meeting a Need for Emerging Community College Leaders

With retirements looming in the ranks of senior leadership, the need for short-term, intensive, focused leadership development targeting midlevel administrators has become acute. Through survey responses and in-depth interviews, this study examines leadership development needs of midlevel community college administrators who aspire to higher leadership positions. The plethora of short-term programs currently available through local colleges, states, and professional associations—while well-intentioned—are most often serendipitous and without clear focus or theoretical underpinning. This study suggests a framework for providing coherent, high impact, short-term leadership development opportunities to assist emerging leaders meet the challenges of today's increasingly complex colleges.
p-Nitrophenyl 2-, and 3-O-α-d-mannopyranosyl-α-d-mannopyranoside

Abstract p-Nitrophenyl 3- and 2-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-α- d -mannopyranoside were each condensed with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-α- d -mannopyranosyl bromide, and the products were deprotected, to yield, respectively, p-nitrophenyl 2- and 3-O-α- d -mannopyranosyl-α- d -mannopyranoside.
The effects of various n-substituted maleimides on succinic thiokinase of Escherichia coli

Abstract 1. 1. Even-chained N-alkyl maleimides, up to 10 carbon atoms in chain length, were tested for their ability to inactivate Escherichia coli succinic thiokinase. 2. 2. The pseudo-second-order inactivation constant, k2, was proportional to the chain length of the maleimides. 3. 3. However, the specificity with respect to sulfhydryl groups of the protein attacked appeared to be the same. 4. 4. The presence of ATP or CoA protected the enzyme partially against inactivation by both N-ethylmaleimide and N-hexylmaleimide.
A method for the determination of the O18 concentration of the oxygen of organic compounds.

Oxygen-containing organic compounds can be oxidized to yield CO2 by HgCl2 (or Cu2Cl2 or Cl2) at 360–530°C. The carbon dioxide formed in this reaction has the same O18 concentration as the original compound. This procedure has been tested and found to give the correct result on glucose, arginine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, benzamide, N-dinitrophenyl phenylalanine, and glycine.
GABA, benzodiazepine and histamine-H1 receptors in the guinea pig cerebellum: effects of kainic acid injections studied by autoradiographic methods

Abstract By using kainic acid (KA) to perform chemical lesions in the guinea pig cerebellum, we have caused degeneration of Purkinje cells without affecting granule cell morphology. Near the injection site we found a large decrease in autoradiographically labeled histamine-H 1 and benzodiazepine receptors of the molecular layer while those receptors distant from the injection site were unaffected. GABA receptors in the granule cell layer remained uniformly constant even immediately adjacent to the lesion site. This evidence suggests that histamine-H 1 and benzodiazepine receptors are present on neuronal elements (possibly on Purkinje cell dendrites) in the molecular layer of the cerebellum and that GABA receptors are associated with the KA-resistant granule cells.
Bicontinuous extensions of invertible combinatorial functions

We discuss and solve the problem of constructing a diffeomorphic componentwise extension for an arbitrary invertible combinatorial function. Interpreted in physical terms, our solution constitutes a proof of the physical realizability of general computing mechanisms based onreversible primitives.
The adult with Fontan physiology: systematic approach to perioperative management for noncardiac surgery.

p v c SINCE 1971, Fontan palliation has been the primary surgical approach for complex congenital heart lesions not suitable or biventricular repair.1 Such lesions include hypoplastic leftheart syndrome, tricuspid atresia, unbalanced atrioventricular septal defects, double-inlet left ventricle, double-outlet right ventricle, and some forms of heterotaxy syndrome (Fig 1).1-6 The advancement of surgical techniques and medical management have resulted in greater than 90% survival rate 10 years after Fontan palliation, allowing patients with complex congenital heart lesions to survive into adulthood.7-10 As a result, atients with Fontan palliation increasingly are presenting to he adult perioperative setting for laparoscopic, obstetric, orhopedic, and other noncardiac procedures.11-14 Although it is recommended that adults with Fontan physiology be managed at centers with cardiac anesthesiologists and cardiologists who specialize in the care of the adult with congenital heart disease, emergency situations may preclude safe transport to such centers.15 As such, anesthesiologists utside of referral centers also must be familiar with the anatmy, long-term manifestations, and unique perioperative mangement of patients with Fontan palliation.
Scaling Up to Networks of Marine Protected Areas in the Philippines: Biophysical, Legal, Institutional, and Social Considerations

The growing number of marine protected areas (MPAs) globally represents an increasing interest in marine conservation and fisheries management and the potential of planned and managed MPA networks as a way of strengthening local management. This study documents the development of MPA networks in the Philippines and identifies critical success factors and issues. Methods were field observation by participation in MPA and fisheries management projects and focused interviews that gathered opinions and observations of primary MPA network stakeholders in the central Visayas region. Findings show that an MPA network is defined through social and ecological criteria. From a social perspective, a network is comprised of people and organizations that manage component MPAs, benefit from the network, and promote the network's viability through shared administrative responsibility and information. To qualify as part of an ecological network, individual MPAs must interact ecologically (e.g., source or sink of larvae a...
AUTOMATED DYNAMIC CONE PENETROMETER FOR SUBGRADE RESILIENT MODULUS CHARACTERIZATION

Subgrade soil characterization, expressed as resilient modulus (MR), is crucial for pavement design. For a new design, MR is generally obtained by conducting repeated triaxial tests on reconstituted and undisturbed cylindrical specimens. Because of the test's complexities, in situ tests are desirable, if reliable correlation is established. This study investigated the viability of using the automated dynamic cone penetrometer (ADCP, abbreviated as DCP) for subgrade characterization through correlation between DCP index (penetration per blow) and MR. The sensitivity of DCP results to changes in subgrade stiffness, expressed in modulus values, was also investigated. Twelve as-built subgrade sections, reflecting a range of typical Mississippi subgrade materials, were selected and tested with DCP. Undisturbed samples were extracted with a Shelby tube and tested in a repeated triaxial machine for MR. After other soil physical properties were determined, the soil was classified according to AASHTO procedure. DC...
Crystallinity and microstructure in injection moldings of isotactic polypropylenes. Part 1: A new approach to modeling and model parameters

The present study is an attempt to formulate a new approach to the modeling of the injection moldings of semicrystalline polymers. A phenomenological approach is employed to develop the qualitative description of crystallization phenomena under nonisothermal flow occurring in various polymer processing operations. The unified crystallization model, which is suitable to describe the multilayer microstructure arising in the injection moldings of semicrystalline polymers, is proposed. The “competing mechanisms” of crystallization in terms of the induction time indices for introducing various microstructure layers are utilized to quantitatively distinguish between the highly oriented skin layer and spherulitic core in the moldings. The application of the equations of continuity, momentum and energy, along with the rheological model, the equation of state and the unified crystallization model, to the injection molding process leads to the modeling of crystallinity and microstructure development in the moldings. The material parameters to be used in the modeling of the crystallinity and microstructure development in the injection moldings of isotactic polypropylenes (i-PP's) with various molecular weights are determined. The melt viscosity as a function of shear rate and temperature is measured and fitted to the modified Cross model. Quiescent crystallization kinetics, including the induction time and the heat release due to crystallization, is characterized using differential scanning calorimetry. The spherulite growth rate of i-PP's under isothermal and nonisothermal quiescent crystallization conditions is measured by optical microscopy. The molecular deformation factor during the induction period of shear-in-duced crystallization is obtained from the extrusion-quenching and extrusion-relaxation-quenching experiments with a slit die. The variation of the induction time with shear rate obtained by Lagasse and Maxwell from the shearing-crystallization experiments is used to determine the shear enhancement coefficient of crystallization.
Drug level monitoring: antidepressants

The determination of antidepressant drugs which act by blocking neuronal uptake of biogenic amines, because of their widespread use and high toxicity, remains one of the most commonly requested drug assays in clinical laboratories. Easy to use immunoassay reagents for the estimation of these drugs are commercially available. However, immunoassays have not been universally accepted because of high probability of these reagents producing false negative and false positive results. At present, column liquid chromatography with absorbance detection and coupled with solid-phase extraction is the most viable technique for a general procedure for the identification and determination of these drugs. The technique of liquid chromatography is economical, environmental friendly since water-miscible and biodegradable solvents can be used for extraction of drugs and their chromatographic separation, and amenable to full automation. New techniques of separation, such as supercritical fluid chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis, have not yet been applied for the determination of therapeutic concentrations of antidepressants.
Measures of IMplIcIt and explIcIt attItudes toward MaInstreaM and BdsM sexual terMs usIng the Irap and QuestIonnaIre wIth BdsM/fetIsh and student partIcIpants

The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) examines implicit attitudes through the measurement of response latencies. In this study, the IRAP was used to assess implicit attitudes toward “mainstream” sexual terms (e.g., Kissing) and “BDSM” terms (e.g., Bondage) among individuals reporting BDSM interests and among students who did not report such interests. A questionnaire was used to measure explicit attitudes toward the same sexual terms as well as self-reported sexual behaviors. Results showed that the Student group generally displayed pro-mainstream attitudes, while the BDSM group displayed pro-BDSM attitudes. These effects were mirrored in the questionnaire results, which provides support for the IRAP as a potentially useful tool in measuring
A population study of the precedence effect

Data are reported from a population of untrained individuals under lag- and single-click conditions in a discrimination suppression precedence-effect task. The cue to be discriminated was an interaural level-difference (ILD). Each of 91 observers completed 10 runs in a two-interval forced-choice design under a lag-click condition and three runs under a single-click condition. Stimuli were 125-μs rectangular pulses and the interclick interval was 2 ms. Observers were randomly assigned to three groups of approximately 30. Each group was then tested at one stimulus intensity (43, 58, or 73 dB). Mean threshold within each group was greater than 15 dB for the lag-click condition and 6 dB for the single-click condition, although there was substantial interobserver variability. In contrast to [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 114 (2003) 420] who reported a strong effect of intensity on lag-click ITD discrimination, no effect of intensity was observed on lag-click ILD thresholds. Analysis of over 50,000 near-threshold trials from 302 observers pooled across studies showed a spatial asymmetry in response patterns and a small, but statistically significant effect of gender. A model is proposed which shows that decay of sensory memory and increases in auditory filter bandwidths with intensity may predict the different findings for ILD versus ITD lag-click thresholds.
Personality disorders in DSM-5

A substantive revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) last occurred in 1994; therefore, the mental health field should anticipate significant changes to the classification of mental disorders in the fifth edition. Since DSM-5 Work Groups have recently proposed revisions for the major diagnostic classes of mental disorders, an article on the current status of the personality disorders (PDs) is timely. This article reviews scientific principles that have influenced the development of proposed changes for the assessment and diagnosis of personality psychopathology in DSM-5, presents the proposed model as of the summer of 2011, summarizes rationales for the changes, and discusses critiques of the model. Scientific principles were articulated for DSM-5 more than a decade ago; their application to the process has not been straightforward, however. Work Group members have labored to improve the DSM-5 approach to personality and PDs to make the classification more valid and mor...
Immunohistochemical evidence that human pterygia originate from an invasion of vimentin-expressing altered limbal epithelial basal cells.

The goal of this study was to determine the cell of origin of human pterygia. In order to determine the origin of these cells, longitudinal cryostat sections through five primary and two recurrent pterygia were studied immunohistochemically by finding limbal basal stem cell staining patterns as defined by monoclonal antibodies AE1 (staining positive) and AE5 (staining negative). In addition, sections were stained with antivimentin antibody. Altered limbal basal cells invading normal cornea along the basement membrane were identified in seven human pterygia with these specific monoclonal antibodies. A group of limbal basal cells (vimentin and AE1 positive) was always present between the dissolved edge of Bowman's layer and vascularized conjunctiva which contained goblet cells. Scattered patches of cells staining positive with both vimentin and AE5 (in addition to their AE1 staining) were also found in conjunctiva! epithelium growing on corneal basement membrane adjacent to the migrating limbal cells, indic...
The Clinical Utility and Specificity of Parent Report of Executive Function among Children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure

Prenatal alcohol exposure and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) result in behavioral issues related to poor executive function (EF). This overlap may hinder clinical identification of alcohol-exposed children. This study examined the relation between parent and neuropsychological measures of EF and whether parent ratings aid in differential diagnosis. Neuropsychological measures of EF, including the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), were administered to four groups of children (8–16 years): alcohol-exposed with ADHD (AE+, n=80), alcohol-exposed without ADHD (AE−, n=36), non-exposed with ADHD (ADHD, n=93), and controls (CON, n=167). Primary caregivers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). For parent ratings, multivariate analyses of variance revealed main effects of Exposure and ADHD and an interaction between these factors, with significant differences between all groups on nearly all BRIEF scales. For neuropsychological measures, results indicated main effects of Exposure and ADHD, but no interaction. Discriminant function analysis indicated the BRIEF accurately classifies groups. These findings confirm compounded behavioral, but not neuropsychological, effects in the AE+ group over the other clinical groups. Parent-report was not correlated with neuropsychological performance in the clinical groups and may provide unique information about neurobehavior. Parent-report measures are clinically useful in predicting alcohol exposure regardless of ADHD. Results contribute to a neurobehavioral profile of prenatal alcohol exposure. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–13)
Identification and functional characterization of NifA variants that are independent of GlnB activation in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum.

The activity of NifA, the transcriptional activator of the nitrogen fixation (nif) gene, is tightly regulated in response to ammonium and oxygen. However, the mechanisms for the regulation of NifA activity are quite different among various nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Unlike the well-studied NifL–NifA regulatory systems in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Azotobacter vinelandii, in Rhodospirillum rubrum NifA is activated by a direct protein–protein interaction with the uridylylated form of GlnB, which in turn causes a conformational change in NifA. We report the identification of several substitutions in the N-terminal GAF domain of R. rubrum NifA that allow NifA to be activated in the absence of GlnB. Presumably these substitutions cause conformational changes in NifA necessary for activation, without interaction with GlnB. We also found that wild-type NifA can be activated in a GlnB-independent manner under certain growth conditions, suggesting that some other effector(s) can also activate NifA. An attempt to use Tn5 mutagenesis to obtain mutants that altered the pool of these presumptive effector(s) failed, though much rarer spontaneous mutations in nifA were detected. This suggests that the necessary alteration of the pool of effector(s) for NifA activation cannot be obtained by knockout mutations.
Helicobacter and Salmonella Persistent Infection Strategies

Some host-adapted bacterial pathogens are capable of causing persistent infections in humans. For example, Helicobacter pylori inhabits the human gastric mucosa and persistence can be lifelong. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi causes systemic infections that involve colonization of the reticuloendothelial system and some individuals become lifelong carriers. In this review, I compare and contrast the different lifestyles of Helicobacter and Salmonella within the host and the strategies they have evolved to persist in mammalian hosts. Persistently infected carriers serve as the reservoirs for these pathogens, and the carrier state is an essential feature that is required for survival of the bacteria within a restricted host population. Therefore, investigating the chronic carrier state should provide insight into bacterial survival strategies, as well as new therapeutic approaches for treatments.
FV encoding for low-power data I/O

The power consumed by I/O pins of a CPU is significant due to high capacitances associated with the pins. While highly effective techniques for reducing address bus switching exist, similarly effective techniques for data bus have not been developed. We have discovered a characteristic of values transmitted over the data bus according to which a small number of distinct values, called frequent values, account for 58-68% of transmissions over the external data bus. To exploit this characteristic we have developed a method for dynamic identification of frequent values and their use in encoding data values using FV (frequent value) encoding scheme. Our experiments show that FV encoding of 32 frequent values yields an average reduction of 42.7% (with onchip data cache) and 67.63% (without on-chip data cache) in data bus switching activity for SPEC95 benchmarks.
A Genetic Services Practice Model: Advanced Practice Nurse and Genetic Counselor Team

Abstract Genomics or the interaction of one's genes and the environment is changing our concept of health and disease, available therapies, use of genetic testing, and related societal ramifications. As genomics integrates into all aspects of health care, the demand will increase for meaningful interpretation and application of the new genetic information. To meet this demand, new service delivery models must be considered. Nurse practitioners and genetic counselors are midlevel providers that can, together, provide clinical evaluation, case management, follow-up, and the genetic counseling aspects of a comprehensive medical genetics consultation. Midlevel providers working with a medical geneticist can expand access to this level of expertise, thereby reaching more patients and consumers. This nurse practitioner–genetic counselor practice model is described in the context of a rural setting.
Response of nitrogen cycling to simulated climate change: differential responses along a subalpine ecotone

Summary In situ nitrogen (N) transformations and N availability were examined over a four-year period in two soil microclimates (xeric and mesic) under a climate-warming treatment in a subalpine meadow/sagebrush scrub ecotone. Experimental plots that spanned the two soil microclimates were exposed to an in situ infrared (IR) climate change manipulation at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, near Crested Butte, Colorado. Although the two microclimates did not differ significantly in their rates of N transformations in the absence of heating, they differed significantly in their response to increased IR. Under a simulated warming in the sagebrush-dominated xeric microclimate, gross N mineralization rates doubled and immobilization rates increased by up to 60% over the first 2 years of the study but declined to predisturbance rates by the fourth year. This temporal pattern of gross mineralization rates correlated with a decline in SOM. Concurrently, rates of net mineralization rates in the heated plots were 60% higher than the controls after the first year. There were no differences in gross or net nitrification rates with heating in the xeric soils. In contrast to the xeric microclimate, there were no significant effects of heating on any N transformation rates in the mesic microclimate. The differing responses in N cycling rates of the two microclimate to the increased IR is most certainly the result of differences in initial soil moisture conditions and vegetation type and cover.
Orbital Behavior of Captured Satellites: The Effect of Solar Gravity on Triton's Post-Capture Orbit

Abstract The effects of solar perturbations on the postcapture orbital behavior of satellites are investigated in the context of the restricted, circular three-body problem as applied to Neptune, Triton, and the Sun. Highly eccentric and inclined satellite orbits are considered; thus a numerical, phenomenological approach is taken to describe variations of the satellite's orbital elements. We focus on harmonic variations in specific orbital angular momentum h , and thus pericenter distance q , eccentricity e , semimajor axis a , and inclination to Neptune's orbital plane i . From prograde and retrograde simulations over a range of eccentricities and semimajor axes, a momentum oscillation is found with a period of half a Neptune year and an amplitude proportional to a 2 e 2 cos i . Inclined orbits also experience a longer period, secular-torque-driven variation in h associated with orbital precession and nutation, upon which the semiannual oscillation is superimposed. The amplitude of the longer period variation can exceed and dominate the semiannual variation, and the two can combine to produce much larger variations in the elements q , e , and i than is possible for noninclined orbits, leading in some circumstances to "Neptune,grazing." Consequently, if Triton was temporarily gravitationally captured, solar perturbations could have increased e and reduced h sufficiently to drive the pericenter close to Neptune. There, interactions with a gaseous protoplanetary nebula or a collision with an existing satellite could have dissipated enough orbital energy to make capture permanent. It is more likely, though, that Triton was promptly captured by collision or gas drag into a lower q state to begin with. In either situation, capture at lower q ensures that further orbital variation does not bring Triton dangerously close to Neptune. Repeated close flybys following permanent capture are likely (and could also occur in the less likely event of an extended temporary capture). Multiple close flybys increase the probability of further satellite collisions and multiply the effects of gas drag. For gas-drag capture, possibly recurring larger pericenters associated with the longer period inclination oscillation imply longer gas-drag evolution time scales, because Triton's passages through the nebula are reduced in frequency. Similarly, for tidal evolution, pericenter oscillations could have delayed the onset of large-scale melting within Triton's interior and extended Triton's tidally driven postcapture orbital contraction if large inclination variations were present. The behavior described here may have influenced other satellite captures and can be identified in integrations of the present motion of the outer jovian satellites.
Nonlinear Viscoelastic Finite Element Analysis of Adhesive Joints

Abstract A good understanding of the process of adhesion from the mechanics viewpoint and the predictive capability for structural failures associated with adhesively bonded joints require a realistic modeling (both constitutive and kinematic) of the constituent materials. The present investigation deals with the development of an Updated Lagrangian formulation and the associated finite element analysis of adhesively bonded joints. The formulation accounts for the geometric nonlinearity of the adherends and the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of the adhesive. Sample numerical problems are presented to show the stress and strain distributions in bonded joints.
A low maintenance and highly reliable fly-by-light architecture

Proposes a highly reliable distributed architecture for use in a commercial transport. Fly-by-light characteristics of the architecture are a serial fiber optic backplane and redundant fiber optic data bus. The fiber optic bus is fault tolerant and Byzantine resilient. A distributed architecture (both physically and logically) can be realized by utilizing several processing clusters on the data bus. A processing cluster is composed of one or more processing units. The processing units consist of several modules. The modules of the processing unit are connected via a serial fiber optic backplane. Fault tolerance is implemented at the backplane to increase reliability and availability. >
Chromosomal clustering of muscle-expressed genes in Caenorhabditis elegans

Chromosomes are divided into domains of open chromatin, where genes have the potential to be expressed, and domains of closed chromatin, where genes are not expressed1. Classic examples of open chromatin domains include ‘puffs’ on polytene chromosomes in Drosophila and extended loops from lampbrush chromosomes2,3. If multiple genes were typically expressed together from a single open chromatin domain, the position of co-expressed genes along the chromosomes would appear clustered. To investigate whether co-expressed genes are clustered, we examined the chromosomal positions of the genes expressed in muscle of Caenorhabditis elegans at the first larval stage. Here we show that co-expressed genes in C. elegans are clustered in groups of 2–5 along the chromosomes, suggesting that expression from a chromatin domain can extend over several genes. These observations reveal a higher-order organization of the structure of the genome, in which the order of genes along the chromosome is correlated with their expression in specific tissues.
Loss of Abdominal Muscle in Pitx2 Mutants Associated with Altered Axial Specification of Lateral Plate Mesoderm

Sequence specific transcription factors (SSTFs) combinatorially define cell types during development by forming recursively linked network kernels. Pitx2 expression begins during gastrulation, together with Hox genes, and becomes localized to the abdominal lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) before the onset of myogenesis in somites. The somatopleure of Pitx2 null embryos begins to grow abnormally outward before muscle regulatory factors (MRFs) or Pitx2 begin expression in the dermomyotome/myotome. Abdominal somites become deformed and stunted as they elongate into the mutant body wall, but maintain normal MRF expression domains. Subsequent loss of abdominal muscles is therefore not due to defects in specification, determination, or commitment of the myogenic lineage. Microarray analysis was used to identify SSTF families whose expression levels change in E10.5 interlimb body wall biopsies. All Hox9-11 paralogs had lower RNA levels in mutants, whereas genes expressed selectively in the hypaxial dermomyotome/myotome and sclerotome had higher RNA levels in mutants. In situ hybridization analyses indicate that Hox gene expression was reduced in parts of the LPM and intermediate mesoderm of mutants. Chromatin occupancy studies conducted on E10.5 interlimb body wall biopsies showed that Pitx2 protein occupied chromatin sites containing conserved bicoid core motifs in the vicinity of Hox 9-11 and MRF genes. Taken together, the data indicate that Pitx2 protein in LPM cells acts, presumably in combination with other SSTFs, to repress gene expression, that are normally expressed in physically adjoining cell types. Pitx2 thereby prevents cells in the interlimb LPM from adopting the stable network kernels that define sclerotomal, dermomyotomal, or myotomal mesenchymal cell types. This mechanism may be viewed either as lineage restriction or specification.
Assisted and Surrogate Decision Making for Pregnant Patients Who Have Schizophrenia

Because of a dearth of literature, we developed preventive ethics strategies for managing the pregnancies of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia can chronically and variably impair a woman's decisions concerning the management of pregnancy, including the decision about whether to continue the pregnancy through to viability and term. The psychiatrist must balance autonomy-based and beneficence-based obligations to the pregnant woman with schizophrenia, and both the psychiatrist and pregnant woman have beneficence-based obligations to the fetus when the fetus is a patient. We discuss the assessment of the decision-making capacity of pregnant patients with schizophrenia and describe the strategies of assisted decision making that aim to diminish chronically and variably impaired autonomy. When patients are severely impaired in decision-making capacity, as, for example, in psychotic denial of pregnancy, the standard of surrogate decision making applies. This should be guided by the substituted judgment standard. When patients' values are not known or have not been consistently held over time, surrogate decision making should be guided by the best interests standard. These strategies should substantially enhance patients' autonomy in the psychiatrist-patient relationship and contribute to the quality of their psychiatric and obstetric care.