cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of temperature-dependent viscosity of thermal convection in a spherical shell

Abstract A numerical investigation is presented of the effects of a strongly temperature-dependent viscosity on the radial structure, horizontal planform, and heat transfer characteristics of a thermally convecting, infinite Prandtl number, Boussinesq fluid in a spherical shell. Basal and mixed-mode heating are considered wherein viscosity varies with temperature according to a linearized Arrhenuis rheology. Three-dimensional, fully nonlinear calculations are performed and compared to the predictions of linear theory. For basal heating, three convective regimes (mobile lid, sluggish lid, and stagnant lid) are observed in accord with theoretical and numerical studies in cartesian geometry. Solutions started with similar initial conditions and comparable convective vigor result in distinct horizontal planforms which correspond to these three regimes. In the mobile-lid regime, planforms with moderate horizontal length scales are characterized by linear downwelling sheets and quasi-cylindrical upwelling plumes. Sluggish-lid flow assumes a much longer wavelength with linear bands of upwelling plumes and large cylindrical downflows. Stagnant-lid flow is characterized by very small-scale flow patterns with upwelling plumes embedded in a network of cold, stiff fluid. Mobile-lid and sluggish-lid regimes are also observed in the mixed-mode heating calculations with changes in horizontal length scales similar to those in the basally-heated cases.
Two-dimensional modeling of partial oxidation of methane on rhodium in a short contact time reactor

Partial oxidation of methane in monolithic catalysts at very short contact times has recently been shown to offer a promising route to convert natural gas into syngas (CO, H2), which can subsequently beconverted to higher alkanes or methanol. Detailed models are needed to understand the complex interaction of transport and kinetics occurring in these reactors. In this work, the partial oxidation of methane on rhodium is studied numerically as an example of short contact time reactor modeling. A tube wall catalytic reactor, which serves to model a single pore or channel of the monolithic catalyst, is simulated. The simulation is carried out using a fully two-dimensional flowfield description, which is coupled with a detailed surface reaction model. The catalyst is characterized by its temperature and coverages of adsorbed species, which vary in the flow direction. The simulation offers a detailed description of the complex interaction between mass and heat transfer as well as chemistry. At the catalyst entrance, an extremely rapid variation of temperature, velocity, and transport coefficients is found. The competition between complete and partial methane oxidation is explained using the calculated surface coverages whereby CO2 and H2O are formed in the entrance region of the catalytic reactor. Methane conversion as well as H2 and CO selectivity are found to increase with increasing temperature. Increasing reactor pressure reduces methane conversion, although the syngas selectivity decreases only slightly.
SCATTERING THEORY FOR PERTURBED STRATIFIED MEDIA

We study the operatorH = -c2x,y)Μx,y)∇ · Μ-1(x,y)∇, wherec andΜ are perturbations of functionsc0(y) andΜ0(y) which depend only on the one-dimensional variabley. In particular, we study the spatial asymptotics of lime↺0(H - (λ +ie)2)-1 applied to functions which have compact support or are otherwise well-behaved at infinity and relate the scattering matrix to the asymptotics of the generalized eigenfunctions. We then prove a trace formula for the operatorH in terms of the scattering phase, and, in a very special situation, use the trace formula to find spectral asymptotics forH.
Conical near-field antenna measurement system

A probe-compensated near-field-to-far-field-transform algorithm has been developed that can generate far-field patterns from near-field measurements made on an arbitrary surface. We present the concept, the algorithm, and computer-simulated and measured test results for measurements on a conical surface. The prototype conical near-field measurements were made in a planar near-field range on a horn antenna under test (AUT), mounted on an azimuth-over-elevation positioner to produce a conical measurement surface. This system is especially applicable for producing full-hemisphere far-field patterns for antennas mounted on vehicles, where other standard measurement systems may not adapt well to the profile, may not provide full-hemisphere coverage, or may require large, mechanically complex systems.
Temporal and individual variations in the dose of glucocorticoid used for the treatment of salt-losing congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.

The dose of glucocorticoid was evaluated in the treatment of 19 patients with salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to complete or nearly complete 21-hydroxylase deficiency. In most cases, follow-up was from infancy to puberty. The dose of steroid was expressed as oral cortisol (mg/m2 body surface area 124 hours); the equivalent doses of the various glucocorticoid preparations was as follows: 100 mg oral cortisol = 120 mg oral cortisone acetate = 25 mg oral prednisone = 50 mg intramuscular cortisol = 60 mg intramuscular cortisone acetate. The dose of glucocorticoid producing good laboratory and clinical control varied significantly with age. The dose fell from 26 mg/m2/24 hours in early infancy to 19 mg/m2/24 hours between 6 and 8 years of age, and then rose to 23–24 mglm2/hour in adolescence. In addition to these age-related changes, there were large individual variations at each age. Indeed, the values from 4 of the 19 patients were not included in the calculation of the mean because they were more than 3 SD either above or below the mean. For the rest of the patients, the coefficient of variation ranged from 14.5% to 37.2%. It is concluded that glucocorticoid therapy must be adjusted carefully to the age and needs of each patient.
Effects of Multimedia Goal-Setting Instruction on Students' Knowledge of the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction and Disruptive Behavior.

Students at risk for, or with, emotional disturbance during preadolescence struggle to adjust socially, behaviorally, and academically and often make choices about relationships that support proble...
Some stages in the development of knowledge of the Atlantic coast of the United States

Abstract Man knew parts of the Atlantic coast of the United States at least as long ago as 11,000 years, but not until the beginning of the sixteenth century was he able to express the shape of major sections of the shoreline in map form. During subsequent years these maps have been much improved, but startling new techniques developed recently have especial value for many kinds of shoreline studies. These techniques include aerial radar, televised images from satellites, and photographs from satellites. During the period that man has inhabited and studied the shore zone, the shoreline has moved more or less progressively inland in response to a general rise of sea level amounting to about 123 m in 19,000 years. There is little reason to believe that this rise has ended. Further melting of glacial ice should produce further rise of level, leading eventually to a sea level about 60 m higher than at present and requiring a continual resettlement of man's habitations in the shore area.
Photoelectron injection in gases from thin metal films on quartz

Abstract Photoelectron injection currents in gases from thim metal films of Pd, Au, and Au + Pd on quartz were measured as a function of film thickness, film homogeneity, gas pressure, pressure-reduced electric field, and photocathode material conditioning. The relevance of these results to studies of the behavior of excess electrons in fluids (gases and liquids) is indicated.
Composite Materials for Hazard Mitigation of Reactive Metal Hydrides.

Abstract In an attempt to mitigate the hazards associated with storing large quantities of reactive metal hydrides, polymer composite materials were synthesized and tested under simulated usage and accident conditions. The composites were made by polymerizing vinyl monomers using free-radical polymerization chemistry, in the presence of the metal hydride. Composites with vinyl-containing siloxane oligomers were also polymerized with and without added styrene and divinyl benzene. Hydrogen capacity measurements revealed that addition of the polymer to the metal hydride reduced the inherent hydrogen storage capacity of the material. The composites were found to be initially effective at reducing the amount of heat released during oxidation. However, upon cycling the composites, the mitigating behavior was lost. While the polymer composites we investigated have mitigating potential and are physically robust, they undergo a chemical change upon cycling that makes them subsequently ineffective at mitigating heat release upon oxidation of the metal hydride. It is suggested that future work which strives to understand the interaction between the polymer and active material during synthesis as well as cycling may enable better engineering of the polymers to avoid destruction of it mitigating property upon use.
Long-term intermittent compression increases arteriographic collaterals in a rabbit model of femoral artery occlusion.

Objectives. To assess the effects of intermittent limb compression on arterial collateral formation in a rabbit-model. Design. Animal study. Material and methods. New Zealand rabbits (n ¼11), aged 2-years, weight of at least 4.0 kg, underwent bilateral superficial femoral artery ligation. In ten of these, the experimental leg underwent 60 minutes of daily intermittent compression for a ten week period with 3 sec/90 mmHg pressure inflation and a cycle of 3 times per minute. The contra-lateral limbs were not treated. At the end of the ten-week period, high-resolution angiograms were obtained by barium infusion into the aorta. The angiograms were analyzed in a blinded manner and the number of collateral arteries larger than 100 microns, was counted. Following perfusion-fixation, histological specimens of transverse sections of the compressed semi-membranous muscle were examined. Results. The compressed limbs demonstrated a significantly (8.1 � .87 vs 6.0 � .97; p <0.005) greater number of collateral vessels, ranging in size from 100e700 microns, as compared to the control sides. The mean size of collaterals in the compressed limbs was not significantly different (0.33 � 0.17 vs 0.31 � 0.16). Microscopic examination of the collaterals confirmed remodeling by a typical neo-intima consisting of 6e7 cell-layers. Conclusions. Intermittent limb compression increases the number of angiographical collateral arteries. 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society for Vascular Surgery.
THE IMPERATIVE OF 480 SCHOOLS

In 1969 Governor Rockefeller and the New York State Board of Regents appointed the New York State Commission on the Quality, Cost, and Financing of Elementary and Secondary Education to study and make recommendations on the quality, organization, governance, cost, and financing of education in New York State (1973). The commission, called the Fleischmann Commission (after its chair, Manly Fleischmann), included eighteen commissioners and about twenty professional staff and was advised by over 130 consultants who produced more than sixty reports. Incidentally, the commission staff and consultants included three American Education Finance Association presidents—Charles Benson(commissionstaffdirector),WalterGarms(consultant), and Jim Guthrie (deputy staff director)—as well as AEFA members, including Hank Levin. It also included economists, political scientists, sociologists, practitioners, and others studying education finance who had not been affiliated with AEFA. When completed in 1972, the commission’s three-volume report, totaling more than 1,200 pages, was the most thorough examination of the state of knowledge of education finance performed to date. Why subject you to this education finance trivia? Blue-ribbon education finance commissions often draw on an unusual mix of academics, policy makers, and practitioners with diverse backgrounds. The mix is unusual because these are groups that often do not talk with each other. Sociologists, economists, political scientists, and lawyers infrequently exchange ideas, and
Monocyte responses to Candida albicans are enhanced by antibody in cooperation with antibody‐independent pathogen recognition

Although most individuals are colonized with Candida albicans, only patients with insufficient or nonfunctional phagocytes develop life-threatening C. albicans disease. Because recognition of bacterial pathogens through phagocyte receptors for IgG (FcgammaR) is known to augment phagocyte responses, we postulated that antibody opsonization would enhance monocyte damage to C. albicans and subsequent tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production. After exposure to the human monocytic cell line THP-1, opsonized yeast showed an 89% decrease in metabolic activity, compared with 40% for unopsonized yeast (P<0.05). Culture supernatants contained 1316 pg mL(-1) of TNF-alpha after monocytes were exposed to opsonized yeast vs. 341 pg mL(-1) for unopsonized yeast (P=0.003). Similar results were obtained using peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Antibody opsonization of C. albicans germ tubes enhanced TNF-alpha production but did not affect organism damage. Antibody-dependent and antibody-independent factors were found to act synergistically to increase TNF-alpha production. ERK activation was important for both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent stimulation of TNF-alpha production, but not for monocyte-mediated organism damage. These data suggest that FcgammaR cooperates positively with antibody-independent recognition mechanisms in what may be a novel link between innate and adaptive immunity to C. albicans.
Sociality in the spectral tarsier, Tarsius spectrum.

Recent studies indicate that many of the nocturnal prosimian primates are gregarious rather than solitary. This paper shows that the spectral tarsier is gregarious during its nightly activity period as well as in its sleeping tree. Using mist nets and radiotelemetry, focal follows were conducted on six groups at Tangkoko Nature Reserve in Sulawesi, Indonesia. During 442 focal follows, 1072 encounters between a focal adult group member and another adult were observed. The number of encounters ranged from as few as 0 to as many as 18 encounters per night. Intra-group encounters lasted from less than 1 min to as long as 3 hr 12 min. Nearly one-half of all social behavior occurred between adult females and males. There were also substantial rates of social interaction between the two adult females in one group, and between sub-adults of the opposite sex in neighboring groups. Am. J. Primatol. 51:89–101, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Concealment and disclosure: Some effects of information control on the person who controls

Abstract Goffman ( Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity . Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1963) has argued that individuals must often control information about themselves that might be discreditable, but that often people are themselves uncertain how to evaluate the critical attribute. Self-perception theory predicts that in such uncertain conditions, one's attitude toward information concealed or disclosed may be formed in part by the very acts of concealment and disclosure. Twenty-three males and 29 females served as subjects in an information control situation where successfully concealing or disclosing information about oneself to a female stooge led respectively to negative and positive self-evaluations of that information. Results are interpreted to suggest that altered self-perceptions of one's own worth may be a consequence of concealment or disclosure.
Intercalated Clay Catalysts

Recent advances in the intercalation of metal complex cations in smectite clay minerals are leading to the development of new classes of selective heterogeneous catalysts. The selectivity of both metal-catalyzed and proton-catalyzed chemical conversions in clay intercalates can often be regulated by controlling surface chemical equilibria, interlamellar swelling, or reactant pair proximity in the interlayer regions. Also, the intercalation of polynuclear hydroxy metal cations and metal cluster cations in smectites affords new pillared clay catalysts with pore sizes that can be made larger than those of conventional zeolite catalysts.
THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING RIGHT: SOME METHODOLOGICAL NOTES FROM A STUDY OF AIDS KNOWLEDGE*

I offer these analyses and suggestions as an opportunity to illustrate to students the far-reaching consequences of recording a variable and, more generally, the conditional nature of quantitative results. Students should be encouraged to explore the sensitivity of their quantitative measures in terms of univariate statistics and subsequent bivariate associations. Other decisions made in analysis of data, such as the coding of independent variables, can be problematized as part of this exercise. An examination of methodology is sometimes viewed as a retreat, allowing researchers to avoid making a social problem. The above exercise can make clear to students that an investigation into how an envent is measured should not be regarded as a diversion into The Method, but rather as a necessity in determining the magnitude of sociological phenomena and the critical role the analyst of quantitative data plays in this drama
The lithium-like 2s 2S-2p 2P transition in solar flares

Accurate wavelengths of the Fe XXIV lithium-like doublet at 192 and 255 A are derived from measurements made in a sample of four solar flares observed with a spectroheliograph aboard Skylab and selected to minimize systematic effects. The mean value of the Fe XXIV doublet interval is determined, and new members of the lithium isoelectronic sequence are identified, including Cr XXII, Mn XXIII, and Ni XXVI. Doublet splitting along the lithium sequence is analyzed in terms of the experimental screening factor, it is found that the doublet separations increase smoothly with charge number along the sequence, and the doublet interval in Ni XXVI is accurately extrapolated. The experimental screening factors are compared with the values predicted by Snyder's (1971) relativistic screening theory, and excellent agreement is found.
The gross examination of eyes removed for choroidal and ciliary body melanomas

Because the traditional gross examination technique used by most ophthalmic pathologists requires cutting into the eye without directly visualizing the tumor, pathologists cannot be certain that the slides generated reflect the areas or dimensions of clinical concern. An alternate laboratory technique permits the pathologist to examine the tumor from the clinician's perspective. If the tumor is confined to the posterior pole, the anterior segment is removed first; if the tumor extends anterior to the equator, the calotte opposite the tumor apex is removed permitting direct observation of the tumor. Sections of the tumor can be obtained corresponding to the largest tumor dimensions and other areas of clinical interest to obtain precise clinicopathologic correlations. All portions of the eye not involved by tumor are also studied to complete the examination.
Simulation of annular dark field stem images using a modified multislice method

Abstract The multislice method of image simulation has been extensively applied to conventional transmission electron micrographs (CTEM), but not yet to scanning transmission electron micrographs (STEM). In this paper the multislice method is adapted for application to the STEM and several examples relevant to the VG-HB501 STEM are presented. Annular dark field images of a (111) crystal silicon substrate supporting a single heavy atom are calculated.
Delineation of bacterial luciferase aldehyde site by bifunctional labeling reagents.

Abstract Previously we have established that a highly reactive cysteinyl group on the α subunit is at the aldehyde site of the (αβ) dimeric Vibrio harveyi luciferase. Three isomeric bifunctional reagents have been synthesized and used to further delineate the luciferase aldehyde site. These probes differ in their relative positions of and distances between the two functional groups active in chemical and photochemical labelings, respectively. Each of the probes can effectively and reversibly inactivate luciferase by forming a disulfide linkage primarily to the reactive cysteinyl residue. Upon subsequent photolysis, a diazoacetate arm in each probe was activated for photochemical labeling of amino acid residues within reach. After reductive regeneration of the reactive cysteinyl residue, 0.35–0.40 probe per dimeric luciferase was found to have been photochemically incorporated, correlating well with the degree of irreversible enzyme inactivation. Low but significant amounts of the three isomeric probes initially attached to the α reactive cysteine through a disulfide have been found to photochemically tag certain residues on β. The latter residues are estimated to be no more than 8–11 A away from the α reactive cysteine. Thus the reactive cysteinyl residue, and hence the aldehyde site, must be at or near the αβ subunit interface. Furthermore, the structural integrity of the microenvironment surrounding this reactive cysteinyl residue is crucial to luciferase activity. An HPLC method for the isolation of luciferase α and β subunits has also been developed.
An experimental study on the fringe field effect of VDS on ISFET pH sensors

Abstract In the operation of an ISFET, there is a question whether the drain-to-source voltage, VDS, might produce a non-uniform distribution of electric field across the electrolyte—insulator—semiconductor interfaces and thus affect the results of pH measurements. In this paper calculations show that the double-layer field is an order of magnitude higher than the insulator field at any point along the channel direction of the ISFET. An experiment was designed such that VDS can be set at various values to examine the effect of VDS on pH measurements. It is shown that with a gate length of 10 μm at VDS ⩽ 3 V, the effect of VDS on ISFET pH sensors is not observable.
Children, computed tomography radiation dose, and the As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) concept.

It is apparent that without extrapolation or animal experimentation, low-dose radiation has a small but statistically significant individual risk of excessive cancer over a child’s lifetime.1–3 This data was recently published as part of the ongoing, >50-year study of the survivors of the atomic bomb that cost $500 million. The kind of radiation and doses these individuals were exposed to is similar to that from computed tomography (CT) (Fig 1). The total body effect of the A-bomb versus the more localized effect of medical radiation makes little difference on the outcome. Figure 2 is an explanation of terminology of the radiation doses used. There is clearly an overlap between the CT doses currently used and the low doses that the atomic bomb survivors received. Fig 1. Relevant dose range for pediatric CT: 6 to 100 mSv (0.006–0.1 Sv). From Brenner DJ. Estimating cancer risks from pediatric CT: going from the qualitative to the …
Probing the structure of semiconductor superlattices and heterostructures by EXAFS

Abstract We have applied the technique of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) to the study of semiconductor superlattices and heterostructures. The data provide structural information on interatomic distance and local order in several different materials. The results of direct measurement of lattice distortion in the thin films suggest that EXAFS can be employed as a useful method for studying the strained-layer superlattices.
The Furnace Spectrum of Beryllium

A high-temperature vacuum furnace using tungsten for container, and heating elements as well, has been designed to study the furnace spectra of high melting point substances. The furnace spectrum of beryllium in both absorption and emission has been observed from $\ensuremath{\lambda}2150\mathrm{A}\ensuremath{-}7000\mathrm{A}$ and over a range of temperature up to 2500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The prediction that the beryllium line 2348.62A is the first line of the principal series of singlets for the neutral atom has been successfully confirmed and the diffuse and the sharp series of singlets of this element discovered and tabulated.
Application of Large-Eddy Simulation to the Study of Pulsatile Flow in a Modeled Arterial Stenosis

The technique of large-eddy simulation (LES) has been applied to the study of pulsatile flow through a modeled arterial stenosis. A simple stenosis model has been used that consists of a one-sided 50 percent semicircular constriction in a planar channel. The inlet volume flux is varied sinusoidally in time in a manner similar to the laminar flow simulations of Tutty (1992). LES is used to compute flow at a peak Reynolds number of 2000 and a Strouhal number of 0.024. At this Reynolds number, the flow downstream of the stenosis transitions to turbulence and exhibits all the classic features of post-stenotic flow as described by Khalifa and Giddens (1981) and Lieber and Giddens (1990). These include the periodic shedding of shear layer vortices and transition to turbulence downstream of the stenosis. Computed frequency spectra indicate that the vortex shedding occurs at a distinct high frequency, and the potential implication of this for noninvasive diagnosis of arterial stenoses is discussed. A variety of statistics have been also extracted and a number of other physical features of the flow are described in order to demonstrate the usefulness of LES for the study of post-stenotic flows.
New Approaches to Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer

Adjuvant chemotherapy improves the disease-free and overall survival of patients with resectable, early-stage breast cancer. However, the effect is modest, and we need means of increasing its impact. Retrospective and prospective studies on the effects of increased drug dosage have demonstrated that within some dose ranges, increasing the dose intensity (total drug dose divided by total treatment time) improves the outcome of treatment. Dose escalation to higher levels, sufficient to require growth factor and autologous stem cell support, is the subject of ongoing randomized study. Because there are both theoretical and practical limits on the potential effectiveness of single-cycle, high-dose chemotherapy, researchers are developing alternative means of increasing the effect of chemotherapy. One theoretically advantageous approach, predicted to be superior by kinetic models, is "dose-dense" chemotherapy administration. This approach consists of multiple cycles of escalated-dose chemotherapy administered at very short intervals. When administering presumed non-cross-resistant regimens or agents with overlapping toxicity, clinicians can increase dose density by using the sequential treatment plan. Furthermore, this plan can also facilitate the addition of new active drugs.
VISCOUS PROPERTIES OF SODA-BORIC OXIDE-SILICA GLASSES AT TEMPERATURES FROM 900° TO 1500°F.*

The viscosities of a number of soda-boric oxide-silica glasses were approximately determined in the temperature range from 900° to 1500 °F. These were obtained by noting the deformation of small glass rods. Three steps were observed in the process of deformation which occurred at definite viscosities, the absolute magnitudes being obtained by correlation with glasses of known properties.
New Features of Neutrino Physics as Observed in Fermilab Exp. 1A

With the advent of large counter experiments and high energy accelerators many new phenomena have appeared in neutrino physics. Apart from the discovery of weak neutral currents [1] the most striking development has been the observation of v and v interactions with two muons in the final state [2a] (dimuon events) and more recently of v interactions with a muon and a positron in the final state [3]. Of equal importance has been the observation of departure from the scaling predictions observed in high energy v weak charged current reactions [4].
Social Anxiety Disorder

Is common, underdiagnosed, impairing, and treatable The hallmark of social anxiety disorder is extreme and persistent fear of embarrassment and humiliation.1 People with this condition (which is also known as social phobia) often avoid participating in social and public activities, such as public speaking, social gatherings, or meetings. Whereas normative social anxiety may serve to focus attention and prevent inappropriate behaviour, the intense symptoms of social anxiety disorder, by definition, interfere with functioning or cause marked distress. Differentiation of social anxiety disorder from other phobic disorders was first validated by its characteristic age of onset in the mid-teens and greater ratio of men to women.2 Although once believed to be uncommon, social anxiety disorder was found to be the third most prevalent psychiatric disorder in the US national comorbidity survey,3 and most studies in Europe and North America have found a 7-12% lifetime prevalence in the community and higher rates in primary care samples.4 Despite increasing recognition of social anxiety disorder as common, impairing, yet treatable, it often remains undiagnosed.4 …
Evaluation of worksite wellness programs

v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Healthcare Costs in US 1 Healthcare Reform 1 Chronic Disease 2 Worksites as a Means of Change 2 Thesis Organization 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Obesity 4 Heart Disease and High Blood Pressure 8 Dietary Intake: Fruits and Vegetables 11 Physical Activity 14 Relationship between Obesity, CVD, Dietary Intake, and Physical Activity 16 Worksite Wellness 20 Implementing a Worksite Wellness/Health Promotion Program 31 CHAPTER 3: METHODS 35 Introduction 35 Study 1 35 Participants 35 Pre/Post Screening Newsletters and Individual counseling 36 Anthropometrics Newsletters 37 Anthropometrics – Individual Counseling 38 Survey – Newsletter and Individual Counseling 39 Intervention Newsletters 41 Intervention – Individual Counseling 42 Statistical Analysis 43 Study 2 44 Participants 44 Pre –Intervention Focus Group 45 Intervention 47 Post-Intervention Interview 50 Qualitative Analysis 50
Rule out TBI? Serum markers for traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Neumar RW. Rule out TBI? Serum markers for traumatic brain injury. Ann Emerg Med. March 2002;39:342-343.
Supercritical fluid chromatography tandem-column method development in pharmaceutical sciences for a mixture of four stereoisomers.

A tandem-column method using Chiralpak AD-H and Chiralcel OD-H columns was achieved for baseline separation of a mixture of chiral pharmaceutical compounds (i. e., four stereoisomers) via supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with a mobile phase consisting of 90% liquid carbon dioxide and 10% ethanol:isopropanol (50 : 50 v/v). On the contrary, this mixture (mixture A) could not be baseline separated by SFC conditions explored with individual Chiralpak AD-H and Chiralcel OD-H columns. The effects of various mobile phases on elution order, capacity factor, selectivity, and resolution were determined with mixture A on the individual aforementioned columns to develop the tandem-column method.
High-Nanofiller-Content Graphene Oxide―Polymer Nanocomposites via Vacuum-Assisted Self-Assembly

Highly ordered, homogeneous polymer nanocomposites of layered graphene oxide are prepared using a vacuum-assisted self-assembly (VASA) technique. In VASA, all components (nanofiller and polymer) are pre-mixed prior to assembly under a flow, making it compatible with either hydrophilic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) or hydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) for the preparation of composites with over 50 wt% filler. This process is complimentary to layer-by-layer assembly, where the assembling components are required to interact strongly (e.g., via Coulombic attraction). The nanosheets within the VASA-assembled composites exhibit a high degree of order with tunable intersheet spacing, depending on the polymer content. Graphene oxide–PVA nanocomposites, prepared from water, exhibit greatly improved modulus values in comparison to films of either pure PVA or pure graphene oxide. Modulus values for graphene oxide–PMMA nanocomposites, prepared from dimethylformamide, are intermediate to those of the pure components. The differences in structure, modulus, and strength can be attributed to the gallery composition, specifically the hydrogen bonding ability of the intercalating species
The Threshold Level of the Sensor Histidine Kinase KinA Governs Entry into Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis

Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis is controlled by a complex gene regulatory circuit that is activated upon nutrient deprivation. The initial process is directed by the phosphorelay, involving the major sporulation histidine kinase (KinA) and two additional phosphotransferases (Spo0F and Spo0B), that activates the master transcription factor Spo0A. Little is known about the initial event and mechanisms that trigger sporulation. Using a strain in which the synthesis of KinA is under the control of an IPTG (isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside)-inducible promoter, here we demonstrate that inducing the synthesis of the KinA beyond a certain level leads to the entry of the irreversible process of sporulation irrespective of nutrient availability. Moreover, the engineered cells expressing KinA under a sigma(H)-dependent promoter that is similar to but stronger than the endogenous kinA promoter induce sporulation during growth. These cells, which we designated COS (constitutive sporulation) cells, exhibit the morphology and properties of sporulating cells and express sporulation marker genes under nutrient-rich conditions. Thus, we created an engineered strain displaying two cell cycles (growth and sporulation) integrated into one cycle irrespective of culture conditions, while in the wild type, the appropriate cell fate decision is made depending on nutrient availability. These results suggest that the threshold level of the major sporulation kinase acts as a molecular switch to determine cell fate and may rule out the possibility that the activity of KinA is regulated in response to the unknown signal(s).
Exercise heart rate recovery: analysis of methods and call for standards

In the last several years, measures of exercise heart rate recovery (HRR) have been increasingly utilised to help assess risk and functional autonomic status in both healthy individuals and those with a wide variety of diseases. However, currently there are no national or international standards for obtaining and reporting HRR. Lack of uniformity in how HRR is obtained, analysed and reported makes comparisons between studies difficult, and hinders interpretation of results for individual subjects. This paper will review HRR methodology and promote establishing uniform standards for exercise laboratories performing the study. In order to assess current practice measuring HRR, we surveyed 74 studies that used a variety of exercise types, protocols and methods of analysis. A tally of these studies indicates that graded treadmill exercise was the preferred exercise protocol, having been used in approximately 72% of the studies, followed by cycle ergometry in 25% and other methods in 3%. In general, subjects reach a higher level of peak oxygen consumption on a treadmill than a cycle, which leads to differences in HRR between the two modes of exercise.1 In addition, there are significant differences between maximal arm and leg ergometry2 and likely between supine and upright leg ergometry.3 Despite the advantages of using a treadmill, cycle exercise will likely continue to be used, as it allows the subject to remain more stable when combining the exercise with additional studies such as myocardial imaging or echocardiography. It is therefore important to prominently note the type of exercise used when reporting HRR, including whether the subject is upright, sitting or supine. Perhaps the most important exercise variable determining HRR is the goal used for the amount of exercise achieved. Symptom limited maximal exercise is most widely used, and offers a reproducible endpoint for comparison between …
Cultural Patterns in Attending to Two Events at Once

This study examined cultural differences in children's simultaneous attention to 2 events versus quick alternation in which attending to 1 event momentarily interrupted attending to another. Thirty-one 6- to 10-year-old U.S. children of Mexican and European American heritage folded paper figures with 2 other first- to third-grade children and an adult. Mexican heritage children whose mothers averaged 7 grades of school more commonly attended to events simultaneously. European heritage and Mexican heritage children whose mothers had more than 12 grades of school more commonly alternated attention. Differences are interpreted in light of traditional indigenous North and Central American emphasis on learning through observation of ongoing events as well as school practices that emphasize learning by attending to one event at a time.
Nitric Oxide and Viral Cardiomyopathy

The report by Badorff et al1 in this issue of Circulation provides an opportunity to reflect on the enormous impact that the discovery of nitric oxide (NO) has already had in furthering our understanding of the basic biology of human disease processes. This report also helps to illustrate how basic insights coupled with clinical observations will ultimately lead to redefining previously unrelated clinical conditions along more pathophysiologically relevant lines. The 1998 Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology was awarded to Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad, and Robert Furchgott for the discovery of the role of NO as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system.2 Ignarro studied the mechanism of action of nitroglycerin, which was first synthesized by Sobrero more than 150 years ago, and discovered that it mediates its effects through NO. Murad discovered that NO mediates effects through that “other,” less appreciated (ie, not cAMP), cyclic nucleotide, cGMP. Furchgott’s simple experiments with rabbit aortas provided physiological relevance by revealing that vascular endothelium normally produces a relaxing factor, endothelium-derived relaxing factor, which Ignarro showed to be NO. Shortly thereafter, inhibitors were identified, enzyme proteins isolated, and NO synthases (NOS) successively cloned from neurons (type 1), macrophages (type 2), and endothelial cells (type 3).3 It was clear from the beginning that the constitutive, basal production of small quantities of NO by NOS types 1 and 3 played a critical role in normal physiological processes. What has been less obvious, however, is the benefits conferred by the production of much larger quantities of NO by NOS 2 in response to cytokines. Sepsis has served as the paradigm for cytokine-induced expression of NO.3 Much unsuccessful effort has been invested in regulating the presumed exclusively deleterious effects of cytokine-induced NO production in sepsis. This view of cytokine-induced NO production appears …
Internet use among low-income persons recently diagnosed with HIV infection.

Abstract Patients are increasingly using the Internet to obtain health-related information, communicate with providers and access research. Use of the Internet to obtain health-related information by low-income patients recently diagnosed with HIV infection has not been examined. In 2005, we surveyed 126 low-income patients diagnosed with HIV infection within the last three years. Eighty-five percent of the patients were<50 years old, 63% were male, 68% were minority race, 27% were Hispanic and 61% acquired HIV through heterosexual intercourse. Twenty-eight percent never completed high school and 74% earned<$15,000 in 2004. While 89% indicated they would like to use the Internet to access information about HIV, 52% had ever used the Internet, 28% had ever used it to obtain health-related information and only 18% had done so at least monthly for the last six months. Two-thirds of the population studied would need instruction on how to use the Internet. In multivariable regression, 2004 income ≥$15,000 pred...
The fertility of wheat × jointed goatgrass hybrid and its backcross progenies

Abstract The spontaneous flow of genes from wheat to jointed goatgrass is of great concern to breeders intending to release herbicide-resistant wheat. The objectives of this research were to study how genes could flow from wheat to jointed goatgrass through crossing and backcrossing between these two species and, based on this knowledge, to propose possible ways to minimize the chance of gene flow between them. Results showed that the wheat × jointed goatgrass hybrid can only serve as a female parent to produce the BC1 generation. The BC1 generation was found to have 1.8% male fertility and 4.4% female fertility, indicating that it could serve as either the male or female parent to produce a BC2 generation. The fertility of the resultant BC2 generation further increased. The average male, female, and self-fertility was 8.9, 18.0, and 6.9%, respectively. After the BC2 generation, the backcross progeny has three possible ways to reproduce: to pollinate jointed goatgrass, to be pollinated by jointed goatgras...
Percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusions: the power of negative thinking.

Impasses are common in everyday life. When they occur in coronary arteries as chronic total occlusions (CTOs), they may be difficult to treat. Successful treatment of CTOs sometimes requires a nonconformist approach based on “negative thinking,” which is described in philosophical circles as
Monitoring Ocean - Atmosphere Interactions in Western Boundary Current Extensions

Western boundary currents as they extend eastward into the ocean basin (referred to here as WBCEs) are regions of intense air-sea interaction, where the ocean loses heat and moisture to the atmosphere and absorbs carbon dioxide. Air-sea interactions in WBCEs can affect weather and climate both locally and remotely, on time scales of days to decades. Thus significant societal benefit can be achieved by improving their representation in numerical models of the atmosphere and ocean. To this end, WBCE data are needed for assimilation into numerical models, for assessment of model realism, and for analyses of climate processes. WBCE include the Kuroshio Extension in the North Pacific, the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic, the Agulhas Return Current in the South Indian Ocean, the East Australian Current in the South Pacific, and the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence in the South Atlantic. The open-ocean strong currents, sharp fronts, and energetic synoptic variability make WBCEs challenging regions to observe, but existing technology will allow comprehensive sustained observations of these important regions. While our primary focus is on monitoring ocean-atmosphere interactions and ocean ventilation related to heat and freshwater exchanges, these depend upon the location of the current, depth of temperature anomalies (heat content), and the threedimensional circulation, features that also can affect the distribution of biogeochemical properties. The observing system strategy developed here thus attempts to provide a coordinated system that would act as a framework for multidisciplinary observations.
Perspectives on neonatal and infant tracheostomy

Neonates and infants may need a tracheostomy for many different reasons, ranging from airway obstruction to a requirement for long term mechanical ventilator support. Here, we present the pathophysiology of the many congenital and acquired conditions that might be managed with a tracheostomy. Decisions about tracheostomy demand consideration of not only the benefits, but also the potential side-effects, which may differ in the short and long term and may be attributable to underlying conditions as well as the tracheostomy. Evaluation of potential advantages of tracheostomy will influence decisions about optimal timing. In many cases, an infant may 'graduate' from dependence on a tracheostomy and resume a natural airway, although some will require reconstructive airway surgery.
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome.

Li–Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a cancer predisposition syndrome caused by a germline mutation of the TP53 gene on chromosome 17p13.1. It has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with high penetrance. These patients have a very high lifetime cumulative risk of developing multiple malignancies and have a strong family history of early-onset malignancies. The protein p53, encoded by TP53, has a complex set of genome-preserving functions initiated during episodes of cellular stress and DNA damage. In LFS, TP53 gene mutations cause the loss of function of p53, leading to downstream events permissive for development of various malignancies throughout life. The LFS component tumors include soft tissue sarcomas, osteosarcoma, premenopausal breast cancer, brain tumors, and adrenal cortical carcinomas. Multiple types of sarcomas have been reported in association with LFS; this review article will focus on the most frequently encountered pediatric sarcomas associated with TP53 mutations.
Altered activity of the sodium-potassium pump in arteries of rats with steroid hypertension.

1. Ouabain-sensitive uptake of 86 Rb, a measure of the Na + —K + pump activity, was studied in tail arteries of rats made hypertensive with deoxycorticosterone and saline. 2. Decreased activity of the ouabain-sensitive Na + —K + pump supports the hypothesis that the activity of Na + —K + pump is suppressed in volume-expanded hypertension.
Party Politics and Economic Reform in Africa's Democracies: From Motivational to Imperative Commitment

Introduction Since the 1980s, many governments in Eastern Europe, Latin America, Asia, and Africa have designed new formal institutions to foster democracy, to reduce the role of the state, to build market economies, and to develop their private sectors. In many countries, the arrangements were not the product of incremental institutional evolution. Rather, they reflected deliberate choices made by governments to address economic crisis, control spending, court investors, or assuage popular protest. In some cases, conditions attached to loans by international financial institutions and donors forced countries to adopt new rules; other governments enacted new laws owing to pressures from social actors or the global diffusion of neo-liberal ideas. The adoption of new formal institutions has raised interesting questions with respect to their contribution to the complex and contentious process of economic and political transition. Regardless of whether they are rational choice theorists or historical institutionalists, scholars of institutionalism have been especially concerned with the kinds of institutions governments have adopted; how governments have demonstrated their commitment to these institutions; and whether such commitments can be credible in the context of a country undergoing a multifaceted transition. Furthermore, scholars have sought to explain the dynamics and consequences of institutional development as well as whose interests are, or are not, served by particular institutional choices.
Fundamental Limitations in Low-Latency Anonymity Systems

There are two major types of adversaries against low-latency anonymity systems: (1) passive; and (2) active. The passive adversary is assumed to be able to observe part or all communication traffic between network nodes without changing anything of the observed traffic. The active adversary, on the other hand, is assumed to be able to change or perturb, in addition to observing, traffic between network nodes. Since the active adversary is more powerful than the passive adversary, the two types of adversaries may lead to fundamentally different limitations of low-latency anonymity systems. Therefore, we will examine the impact of two types of adversaries separately.