cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON THE PROPER AND EFFICIENT USE OF DIVERSITY MEASURES WITH INDIVIDUAL FIELD SAMPLES

It is common to find that authors use more than one diversity measure in published research without providing interpretation or explanation. We use a survey of the last three years of articles published in this journal along with a classic data set of Parker from the Gulf of Mexico to show that the familiar practice of citing multiple indices, e.g., Shannon’s and Simpson’s diversity indices and/or Fisher’s α, each calculated for the same samples, is redundant and singularly uninformative. In addition, authors often register surprise at the performance of indices when describing diversity over gradients such as depth or time. We show that there is no requirement that the values of the indices be concordant over any gradient and the behavior of a measure can be mathematically determined by the distribution of the observed species. The measures we found to be the most common in current use were S, α, H, λ, and max p i . The mathematical equivalence of measures is shown through simple plots and description and a standard set of non-redundant measures on a log scale, lnS, H, and ln (1/max p i ) is recommended. Use of standardized analytical approaches to the study of problems of change in biodiversity removes limitations on the potential for inference concerning local as well as regional and global scales.
A Virtual Reality Emulation System Model Based on GPU Computation

Modern GPUs make it feasible to generate real-time graphics with high quality. Now with the help of the GPUs' powerful geometric computing ability, the performance of a virtual reality system can boost a lot. We provide in this paper a model for virtual reality systems based on the powerful computation ability of a GPU, which can dramatically enhance the performance.
The Wisdom of Crowds in Operations: Forecasting Using Prediction Markets

Prediction is an important activity in various business processes, but it becomes difficult when historical information is not available, such as forecasting demand of a new product. One approach that can be applied in such situations is to crowdsource opinions from employees and the public. Our paper studies the application of crowd forecasting in operations management. In particular, we study how efficient crowds are in estimating parameters important for operational decisions that companies make, including sales forecasts, price commodity forecasts, and predictions of popular product features. We focus on a widely adopted class of crowd-based forecasting tools, referred to as prediction markets. These are virtual markets created to aggregate crowds' opinions and operate in a way similar to stock markets. We partnered with Cultivate Labs, a leading company that provides a prediction market engine, to test the forecast accuracy of prediction markets using the firm's data from its public markets and several corporate prediction markets, including a chemical company, a retail company and an automotive company. Using information extracted from employees and public crowds, we show that prediction markets produce well-calibrated forecasting results. In addition, we run a field experiment to study the conditions under which groups work well. Specifically, we explore how group size plays a role in the accuracy of the forecast and find that large groups (e.g., 18 participants) perform substantially better than smaller groups (e.g., 8 participants), highlighting the importance of group size and quantifying the right sizes needed to produce a good forecast using such mechanisms.
Elective EC-IC bypass for unclippable intracranial aneurysms

AbstractLigation of the carotid artery in the neck has become part of the surgical armamentarium for treating inaccessible or technically difficult intracranial aneurysms. Obliteration of an aneurysm by sacrificing the parent vessel has also been employed for the treatment of unclippable posterior circulation and middle cerebral artery aneurysms. Because parent vessel occlusion is not well tolerated by all individuals, the use of an extracranial-intracranial bypass has been advocated in order to improve the safety of this procedure. The purpose of this report is to detail our methods and results with the use of extracranial-intracranial bypass for the treatment of giant internal carotid and middle cerebral artery aneurysms in 35 patients and review the litereture to determine the status of the use of the bypass for other intracranial aneurysms.
Wind Development of Oaxaca, Mexico's Isthmus of Tehuantepec: Energy Efficient or Human Rights Deficient?

La ley mexicana relativa al desarrollo de fuentes de energia renovable no es compatible con los derechos de su poblacion indigena. Especificamente, existe un conflicto en el Istmo de Tehuantepec, una region que tiene energia eolica abundante y que tambien es el hogar de muchas personas indigenas en el estado de Oaxaca. La utilizacion de la energia eolica disponible ha tenido consecuencias negativas para los habitantes originarios del Itsmo, porque la politica energetica expansiva de Mexico entra en conflicto con los derechos de los terratenientes indigenas. Estos intereses y derechos no tienen que estar en competencia. Usando la energia eolica que esta disponible se puede lograr la construccion del campo eolico de una manera que incorpora los intereses de desarrolladores potenciales de la energia eolica y la gente indigena. Respecto a la legislacion mexicana que tiene que ver con energia, necesita disposiciones mas especificas sobre su aplicacion, y sanciones para proteger adecuadamente las necesidades de las personas indigenas. Estos cambios se ajustaran a la importante legislacion mexicana sobre los derechos de la poblacion indigena. Reducir el uso de tacticas de negociacion injustas, asegurar que las negociaciones contractuales se llevan a cabo en el idioma correspondiente, amplificar de la participacion indigena en los beneficios economicos del desarrollo de la energia eolica, y asegurar que las consecuencias ambientales negativas se atenuen, son todas maneras en que el desarrollo eolico en el Istmo puede lograrse con exito
Africans and the Islamic World

We tend to know more about Africans in the Americas than elsewhere in the Diaspora. However, as this chapter makes clear, millions of Africans entered Islamic lands, where they made important contributions to extraordinary civilizations, from the heartlands of the faith to Muslim Spain. An extended discussion of this major component of the African Diaspora is warranted, as the juxtaposition of the similarities and differences between this experience and that of Africans in the Americas yields far greater insight into the condition of displacement than does a lone hemispheric focus. We begin with a brief consideration of Muḥammad, born circa 570 CE in the city of Mecca, an oasis important as both marketplace and site of religious shrines. Muḥammad was sensitive to the disparities between rich and poor, and his meditations resulted in a series of revelations that began when he was forty years of age; three years later, he began heralding a message centering on the oneness of God, his own role as God's messenger, the Last Day, and the need for a response of submission, gratitude, worship, and social responsibility. Encountering resistance and harassment, Muḥammad and his companions found asylum in Medina, and in 630 they accepted Mecca's peaceful surrender. By the time of his death in 632, the whole of the Arabian peninsula was united under Muḥammad's control. By 656, Islam had expanded into Syria, Iraq, Egypt, and North Africa, and by 711, Muslim armies had conquered parts of the Iberian peninsula as well.
Specialized Sperm Testing

Infertility is traditionally defined as the inability of a couple to conceive following 1 yr of unprotected intercourse. It is not an uncommon problem, with nearly 15% of couples failing to establish a pregnancy without medical intervention. In those couples who seek evaluation from a reproductive specialist, 30 to 40% of males have an abnormality that significantly contributes to their infertility. In another 40% the female requires treatment, and in the remaining 20% the infertility is classified as “unexplained.”
702. Detection and Isolation of Immune Cells After Intramuscular AAV Injection in Mouse and Human

Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors are promising tools for gene transfer to the skeletal muscle. However, studies on mouse and large animal models as well as humans demonstrate that intramuscular (IM) rAAV delivery can trigger immune responses to AAV capsid and/or transgene. Recently, IM delivery of rAAV1 in humans induced a tolerogenic response to rAAV characterized by the presence of capsid-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the periphery. The aim of our study was to develop an assay to allow detection and characterization of immune cells in situ after AAV gene transfer. Mice were injected intramuscularly with an AAV vector. Seven days after injection, muscles were collected and enzymatic dissociation was performed. Our results show that we are able to detect immune cells (monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes) in mouse muscle by flow cytometry. This assay was also used on a human muscle biopsy collected 5 years after AAV1-AAT gene transfer and revealed the presence of infiltrated Tregs and CD8+ T-cells at the site of injection. This method appears as a new tool in understanding immune responses in the muscle after AAV gene transfer.
Litigation Practice Portfolio Series, Removal

This monograph outlines and discusses the major contours of removal and remand in the federal court system.
Immunochemical analysis of nonhistone proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the immunochemical analysis of nonhistone proteins. In contrast to histones, the heterogeneous mixtures of nonhistone proteins are very good immunogens. To produce antibody, nonhistone proteins can be injected into the experimental animal complexed with DNA. Administration of whole chromatin also has been shown to give antibody against nonhistone proteins as well as against histones. Free as well as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-treated nonhistone protein preparations are good immunogens. No difficulties have been reported in producing antibody against nonhistone proteins from various eukaryotes. The chapter introduces the methodology of immunochemistry of chromosomal nonhistone proteins. It also reviews some applications of the immunochemical analysis in characterization of the nonhistone proteins as well as in characterization of chromatin. The material discussed in the chapter focuses on antibody raised against heterogeneous mixtures of these proteins. Immunogenicity of nonhistone proteins is described. The chapter discusses the choice of animal for production of antihistone antibody and presents an overview of immunization procedure.
Teaching the user by learning from the user: personalizing movement control in physical human-robot interaction

This paper proposes a novel approach for physical human-robot interactions U+0028 pHRI U+0029, where a robot provides guidance forces to a user based on the user performance. This framework tunes the forces in regards to behavior of each user in coping with different tasks, where lower performance results in higher intervention from the robot. This personalized physical human-robot interaction U+0028 p2HRI U+0029 method incorporates adaptive modeling of the interaction between the human and the robot as well as learning from demonstration U+0028 LfD U+0029 techniques to adapt to the users U+02BC performance. This approach is based on model predictive control where the system optimizes the rendered forces by predicting the performance of the user. Moreover, continuous learning of the user behavior is added so that the models and personalized considerations are updated based on the change of user performance over time. Applying this framework to a field such as haptic guidance for skill improvement, allows a more personalized learning experience where the interaction between the robot as the intelligent tutor and the student as the user, is better adjusted based on the skill level of the individual and their gradual improvement. The results suggest that the precision of the model of the interaction is improved using this proposed method, and the addition of the considered personalized factors to a more adaptive strategy for rendering of guidance forces.
Modeling the Economic Value of Blue Carbon in Delaware Estuary Wetlands: Historic Estimates and Future Projections.

Coastal wetlands sequester large amounts of carbon in their soils, effectively removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and acting as a carbon sink. In this paper, we estimate the economic value of carbon sequestered by wetlands in the Delaware Estuary. We estimate the value of the current stock of wetlands, the value of the historic loss of wetlands, and under a range of different scenarios the expected future loss. We use historical topographic maps and Land Cover inventories of the Delaware Estuary to measure the acreage of tidal wetlands in nine distinct time periods from 1778 to 2011. Using these data, we estimate an annual rate of wetland loss of 1.03 km2. Coupling observed land cover change with exogenous factors including sea-level rise, population pressure, and channel dredging, we estimate changes in tidal wetland area under a range of future scenarios for our expected future economic loss estimates.
Consumer Behavior and the Plug-In Electric Vehicle Purchase Decision Process: A Research Synthesis

Author(s): Taylor, M; fujita, K | Abstract: This report synthesizes consumer behavior research as it pertains to the plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) purchase decision process. The purpose is to clarify what is known about the vital role consumers play in the U.S. PEV market as it matures to become less policy-reliant and more representative of the U.S., both spatially and demographically. A more representative PEV market will: help OEMs recoup more of their RaD investments in PEVs; help American consumers access the economic and performance benefits of PEVs; and help the U.S. become more energy independent while improving air quality-related public health and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Virtual simulation to personalize student learning in a required pharmacy course.

Abstract Background and purpose Virtual simulation is used to provide a realistic and safe environment for student pharmacists to learn and practice a variety of skills in the didactic and experiential settings. Education activity and setting The simulation program, MyDispense, that is used to teach medication dispensing in the outpatient setting was incorporated into a 2-credit hour required first-year pharmacy practice skills course. A total of 30 optional and 16 required exercises were completed by students. Findings There was a total of 2,457 attempts (mean = 28.9 attempts per student) at optional practice exercises and students completed an average of 16.6 ± 7.9 (range 1–30). While variation in the number of optional practice exercises completed was observed between students with varying levels of pharmacy experience, the difference was not statistically significant. A component of the final exam utilized the virtual simulation program and all students passed this portion of the exam based on a minimum requirement of 70.0% (mean 92.9%, range 74.5–100%). Discussion Students generally identified that the use of virtual simulation was an effective tool to learn medication dispensing skills in a classroom setting. Furthermore, this created an opportunity for pharmacy practice residents to develop teaching skills. The biggest barrier to implementation was the amount of time required to create and test each exercise. Summary The virtual simulation program allowed students to self-identify the amount of practice they thought was necessary in order to gain specific skills related to medication dispensing.
THU0374 Factors associated with high-dose corticosteroid use in sle patients post initiation of sle therapy

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) therapies include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antimalarials, systemic immunosuppressants, and biologics with corticosteroids as necessary. The majority of these current therapies are only partially effective in disease control. Despite treatment, patients may experience flares of disease activity, which can lead to progressive end-organ damage. Severe flares may require intensive immunosuppression, including with high-dose corticosteroids, with risk including end-organ damage. Objectives To understand the unmet need in SLE by quantifying use of high-dose (≥40 mg/day) corticosteroids and determining factors associated with its use. Methods This study utilised the Truven Marketscan commercial claims database. Patients were indexed on first use of antimalarial, oral immunosuppressant or biologic during 2012–2013 (first use determined based on no claims for the 3 drug classes during the 1 year pre-index). Included patients had 2 recorded SLE diagnoses, were 18–50 years of age and had continuous medical and prescription enrollment from baseline through the 2 year follow-up. Patients with other pre-specified autoimmune disorders or cancers during the study period (baseline through follow-up) were excluded. During follow-up, fill of at least 1 high-dose corticosteroid prescription was assessed and associative logistic regression modelling performed. Results 1401 patients (93% female; mean age 38.4 years) met the study criteria; 79% were indexed on an antimalarial, 15% on an oral immunosuppressive, 1% on a biologic and 5% on a combination of at least 2 of the aforementioned classes. 16% patients received a diagnosis code for nephritis or chronic kidney disease (CKD), 3% for myocarditis or pericarditis, and 13% for thrombocytopenia or leukopenia. During baseline, 56% of patients had at least 1 visit to a rheumatologist and 13% filled at least 1 high-dose corticosteroid prescription. During follow-up, 22% of patients had at least 1 high-dose corticosteroid prescription. Factors significantly associated (p Conclusions A number of baseline factors were associated with high-dose corticosteroid treatment during the follow-up period; one notable factor is the high percentage of patients using high-dose corticosteroids (≥40 mg/day). This indicates that important subsets of patients experience inadequate disease control with current therapies. This study reveals high-dose corticosteroid use is prevalent in SLE management broadly, underscoring the unmet need in this population. Disclosure of Interest K. Schroeder Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, J. Paik Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, R. Hoffman Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, S. Gelwicks: None declared
61-P : CLINICAL FLOW CYTOMETRY CROSSMATCH: DETECTION OF DONOR-T CELL, -B CELL, AND -ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELL SPECIFIC (EPC) IgG AND IgM ANTIBODIES IN TRANSPLANT RECIPIENT SERUM

Aim The AbSorber flow cytometry crossmatch (FXM) XM-ONE 3:1 (XM3) test measures binding of IgG and IgM antibodies (ab) in recipient’s serum to donor-T, -B, and -Tie2+ EPC. The XM3 and our laboratory’s Clinical FXM (CFXM) were compared to examine the feasibility of the XM3’s use in clinical settings. Methods Peripheral blood (N=5) and serum (N=5) were collected from human subjects. Tie2+ EPC and lymphocytes were isolated using manufacturer’s instructions. Cells were incubated with either test serum, negative control serum (NCS) or positive control serum (PCS), washed, and stained with a combination of anti-CD3, -CD19, and ab directed at human -IgG, or -IgM. The median channel shift (MCS) from the NCS for T cell, B cell, and EPC FXM for IgG was considered positive if > 40, >100, and >50, respectively. The MCS cut-off for IgM on T cell, B cell, and EPC was considered positive if >80 MCS. The FXM were acquired in a BD FACSCanto II instrument and the data analysis was performed using the DiVa software. Results 1) The XM3 and CFXM for CD3+IgG+ T cells had similar Median Channel Fluorescence (MCF) (271 ± 19 vs. 241 ± 26) and MCS (9 ± 16 vs. 22 ± 19). All crossmatches were negative; 2) The XM3 and CFXM for CD19+IgG+ B cells also had similar MCF (301 ± 40 vs. 273 ± 19) and MCS (114 ± 77 vs. 105 ± 69). Two B cell FXM were positive and the remaining crossmatches were negative by both methods; 3) Three FXM for CD3+IgM+ T cell and CD19+IgM+ B cell by XM3 and CFXM were negative by both methods; and 4) Of five EPC crossmatches performed by XM3, two subjects were positive for IgG and all five subjects were negative for IgM. Conclusions In addition to facilitating the detection of conventional analysis of donor T and B cell specific IgG ab, the XM3 helps identify donor T and B cell specific IgM ab in recipient’s serum. In contrast to anti-HLA ab, donor-EPC specific IgG or IgM ab occur in fewer recipients, but their identification may impact allograft survival. The XM3 identifies EPC specific IgG or IgM ab in human serum.
Achieving superconductivity through reductive treatments of YSr 2 (Cu 1-x Fe x ) 3 O y

In order to obtain massive Fe nano clustering coexisting with superconductivity, the dependence of the structural, magnetic, and superconductive properties of YSr2(Cu1−xFex)3Oy (x < 0.13 or x < 0.167) on annealing conditions is explored. Materials are initially prepared by conventional solid state technique with an annealing for two days at T < 1000K and is termed oxygenating preparation (OP). The materials treated by OP method show no signs of superconductivity above 5K. Subsequently, Gd getter annealing is used to control reductions at T < 1000K for four days followed by reoxidation at 800K for 1 h and is termed reducing preparation (RP). For x < 0.13, the RP treatment results in the development of superconductivity with Tc-onset< 40K. For x < 0.167, a Tc-onset< 30K is achieved. A local thermodynamic model based on the stabilities of various Fe cluster arrangements is used to explain the effect of the thermal treatments.
A gas-liquid-chromatographic procedure for separating a wide range of metabolites occuring in urine or tissue extracts

1. A gas-liquid-chromatographic procedure is described which permits separation and identification on the same chromatogram of a wide range of substances occurring in urine or tissue extracts. The method uses hydrogen flame ionization, which detects organic compounds whether free or conjugated with no requirement for specific reactive groups. 2. For chromatography, carboxyl groups are quantitatively converted into methyl esters or trimethylsilyl esters. Phenolic, alcoholic and potential enolic groups are converted into trimethylsilyl ethers. Separations are carried out on a 6ft. column of either 10% F-60 (a polysiloxane) or 1% F-60, temperature programming at 2 degrees /min. being used over such part of the temperature range 30 degrees -260 degrees as is required. Propionyl derivatives of hydroxy compounds can also be used, but only on a non-quantitative basis. Derivatives and columns have been selected for optimum range of usefulness when large numbers of samples are examined by using automated gas chromatography. 3. The method is applicable to: fatty acids above butyric acid; di- and tri-carboxylic acids; hydroxy acids and keto acids; polyhydroxy and alicyclic compounds such as glycerol, inositol, quinic acid, shikimic acid, ascorbic acid and sugar alcohols; aromatic hydroxy and acidic compounds, both benzenoid and indolic; sesquiterpenes; steroids; glycine conjugates; mercapturic acids; glucuronides. It is not satisfactory for sulphate conjugates, iminazoles or polypeptides. 4. Methylene units provide an accurate and reproducible parameter for characterizing peak position. Methylene unit values are reported for a large variety of substances occurring in, or related to those occurring in, urine and tissue extracts. 5. The nature of derivatives was confirmed by combining gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry gives a diagnostic tool of great power in the evaluation of metabolic patterns, and various uses are discussed.
Size and orientation cue figure-ground segregation in infants.

Adult perceivers segregate figure from ground based on image cues such as small size and main axis orientation. The current study examined whether infants can use such cues to perceive figure-groun...
LEEM: Lean Elastic EM for Gaussian Mixture Model via Bounds-Based Filtering

Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is widely used in characterizing complicated real-world data and has played a crucial role in many pattern recognition problems. GMM is usually trained by Expectation Maximization algorithm (EM) which is computationally intensive. Previous studies have proposed a family of variants of EM. By considering only the data points that are the most important to a model in a GMM when updating that model, they help reduce some GMM training time. They are named Elastic EM in this paper. This work proposes several novel optimizations to further accelerate Elastic EM. These optimizations detect and avoid unnecessary probability calculations through novel bounds-based filtering at E-step as well as a Delta optimization to the M-step. Together, they create Lean Elastic EM (LEEM), which brings multi-fold speedups on six datasets of various sizes and dimensions.
Errors in Creative Problem-Solving: Identify, Deliberate, and Remediate

It is often assumed creative performance is error free. Even a cursory inspection of eminent, creative, individuals indicates errors permeate creative efforts. In the present effort, the impact of ...
Improving Influenza Vaccination Rates in Hospitalized Asthmatics: A Three-year Longitudinal Quality Improvement Initiative

Objective: Annual influenza (flu) immunization is recommended for all children with asthma, and the inpatient setting represents a prime opportunity for immunizing patients. Prior to project initiation, the average influenza immunization rate in children admitted with asthma exacerbation at our institution was 13%. Our aim was to increase the influenza immunization rate of eligible PHM asthma patients to 80% during the 2015-2016 flu season. Design/Methods: This is an ongoing three year QI project, with …
Single-source flash sublimation of metal-halide semiconductors

Metal-halide semiconductors are an attractive class of materials for advanced photonic and optoelectronic applications including photovoltaics, photodetection, and photon sources. Much of the focus in this research area has been on solution processing of these materials, but solvent-free methods would be desirable for many applications. Recently, we reported the development of methods to synthesize compositionally complex metal-halide semiconductors and process them into high-quality thin films via single-source flash sublimation for conformal, large-area coatings. Here, we extend this approach to explore the rich compositional space of metal-halide semiconductors, including hybrid perovskites and allinorganic perovskite and elpasolite materials. These results demonstrate a promising approach for advanced materials discovery and a pathway toward realizing high-throughput vapor processing of metal-halide semiconductor coatings for next-generation photonic and optoelectronic applications.
Pharmacological Validation Of Potentiating Targets From SAHA RNA-Interference Modifier Screens In Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Abstract The lysine deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide acid (SAHA) exhibits promising but limited activity in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To identify potential targets for rational combination therapies that increase the efficacy of SAHA in AML, we performed a functional RNA-interference (RNAi) drug modifier screen to identify genes that, when inhibited, potentiate or antagonize the in vitro anti-leukemic activity of SAHA. A total of 901 kinase, phosphatase and closely associated signaling genes were silenced in TF-1, HEL and THP-1 cells, with four different siRNA sequences per gene, both alone and in combination with SAHA treatment. Screen hit lists for each cell line were over-laid on an integrated functional relationship network. A community detection algorithm was then applied to this sub-network and siRNA sensitive modules were identified. Each module represents a highly connected set of genes in the integrated network. To identify pathways represented by each module, enrichment was evaluated using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Protein Interaction Database (PID) pathways. Both cell line-specific and universal sensitizing targets, grouped into a small number of pathways, emerged from these screens. Seven pharmacologic inhibitors interfering with these pathways have been assessed in a panel of four or five AML cell lines, including SET-2, TF-1, HEL, THP-1, and OCI-AML3. Of the seven tested inhibitors targeting SAHA sensitizing networks, one combination exhibiting universal SAHA sensitization in all AML cell lines tested was further assessed in drug dose response assays using ex vivo cultures of bone marrow mononuclear cell populations derived from patients with various myeloid malignancies. The combination demonstrated “one-sided” SAHA EC50 fold-enhancement, as well as strong synergy by “two-sided” CalcuSyn combination index determination in all ex vivo specimens examined to date (N=6), including polycythemia vera (PV), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN) overlap syndrome, MDS transformed to AML, and de novo AML samples. Thus, this first reported large-scale SAHA RNAi modifier screen in AML has identified a specific pathway/target whose inhibition broadly synergizes with HDAC inhibition in myeloid malignancies. A novel compound putatively targeting this respective pathway/target is currently in early clinical development and has shown limited single-agent activity. With the full dataset presented, we will propose a novel rational combination to enhance the activity of HDAC inhibition in AML and other myeloid malignancies that could be translated into design of a clinical trial. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Ultrasound as a Diagnostic Tool in the Assessment of Lisfranc Joint Injuries.

OBJECTIVES Ligamentous Lisfranc injuries are frequently overlooked because of subtle clinical presentations and diagnostic difficulties. The dorsal Lisfranc ligament (DLL) is easily visualized with ultrasound (US), which can provide quick, cost-effective diagnoses of disorders but is not considered standard clinical practice. This study sought to compare DLL measurement accuracy between US and cadaveric dissection. METHODS Ultrasound images of 22 embalmed cadaveric feet were obtained with an M-Turbo US machine and a 6-13-MHz linear array (FUJIFILM SonoSite, Inc, Bothell, WA). Images were measured in the US unit and again with ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). Specimens were dissected, and DLL morphologic characteristics were recorded. RESULTS Twenty-two specimens were scanned, however 4 were excluded, leaving a sample of 11 male and 7 female cadaveric specimens (mean age ± SD, 80.3 ± 14.03 years). The DLL length differences between SonoSite (8.39 ± 1.27 mm) and ImageJ (8.25 ± 1.84 mm) were not significant (P > .05). Both US DLL measurements significantly differed from the gross dissection measurement (10.8 ± 1.85 mm; P .05). Both US measurements were also significantly larger than dissection measurements (1.04 ± 0.24; P < .001). Intraclass correlation coefficients indicated good reliability for the DLL length (0.835) and moderate reliability for the dorsal joint space (0.714). CONCLUSIONS The DLL is underrepresented but easily distinguished by US, demonstrating its utility in Lisfranc injury diagnosis. Thus, we propose a 4-component assessment involving US, which may provide more rapid, cost-effective diagnoses of subtle Lisfranc injuries.
Common integrating factor in softwood log exports from the United States

Softwood logs comprise a large portion of forest product exports from the United States. Most of these exports have occurred between the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and several As...
Does community violence exposure moderate the associations between maternal spanking and early child behavior problems

A robust research literature links parental spanking with negative behavioral outcomes for children, however, it remains unclear whether conditions in the community may moderate the associations between spanking and behavior problems in early childhood. In the current study, we examined whether community violence exposure moderated the associations of maternal spanking with externalizing and internalizing behavior problems of young children. The sample used in this study was urban families and their children ages 3-5 (n = 2,472). We used fixed effects regression models, which yield stronger statistical control for baseline behavior problems, selection bias, and omitted variables bias. Mother's spanking was associated with elevated levels of both externalizing (β = .037, p < .001) and internalizing (β = .016, p < .001) behavior problems. Community violence exposure also predicted higher levels of externalizing (β = .071, p < .01) and internalizing (β = .043, p < .05) behavior problems. Community violence exposure did not moderate the associations between maternal spanking and behavior problems. Professionals working with families should promote the use of nonphysical disciplinary practices, regardless of the level of violence and crime in the community in which the family resides.
The Effect of Confidence in Valuation Estimates on Arbitrager Behavior and Market Prices

ABSTRACTThe authors develop a complete framework for optimizing trading decisions that incorporates investors' confidence in their valuation estimates. Quantified estimates of arbitragers' uncertai...
Ectopically expressed olfactory receptors OR51E1 and OR51E2 suppress proliferation and promote cell death in a prostate cancer cell line

Olfactory receptors (ORs), the largest family of G protein-coupled receptors, are expressed in the nasal epithelium where they mediate the sense of smell. However, ORs are also found in other non-nasal tissues, but the role of these ectopic ORs in cell signaling, proliferation, and survival is not well understood. Here, using an inducible expression system in the lymph node carcinoma of the prostate (LNCaP) cell line, we investigated two ectopic ORs, OR51E1 and OR51E2, which have been shown to be upregulated in prostate cancer. We found that, consistent with previous studies, OR51E1 stimulated adenylyl cyclase in response to treatment by short-chain to medium-chain organic acids (C3-C9) but not by acetate. OR51E2 responded to acetate and propionate but not to the longer chain organic acids. Stimulation of LNCaP cells with butyrate inhibited their growth, and the knockdown of the endogenous OR51E1 negated this cytostatic effect. Most significantly, overexpression of OR51E1 or OR51E2 suppressed LNCaP cell proliferation. Overexpression of another ectopic OR OR2AT4, β2-adrenergic receptor, or treatment of cells with forskolin did not suppress cell proliferation, indicating that a rise in cAMP is not sufficient to induce cytostasis. Overexpression of OR51E1 caused an upregulation of cytostatic and cell death markers including p27, p21, and p53, strongly increased annexin V staining, and stimulated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2. Overexpression and/or activation of OR51E1 did not affect human embryonic kidney 293 cell proliferation, indicating that cytotoxicity of OR51E1/OR51E2 is specific for LNCaP cells. Together, our results further our understanding of prostate cancer etiology and suggest that ectopic ORs may be useful therapeutic targets.
Bicyclists’ behavioral and physiological responses to varying roadway conditions and bicycle infrastructure

Abstract Population growth increase of vehicle ownership, and development patterns have resulted in greater levels of congestion, pollution, and crash frequency. A proposed solution to lessen current transportation system demands is to increase the share of bicycle trips. Furthermore, as cycling is perceived by some as both a dangerous and stressful mode of transportation, understanding the factors that lead to less comfortable and stressful riding, can help drive bicycle infrastructure development. To establish a more robust understanding of the behaviors of bicyclists and how infrastructure design and operations influence them, a bicycle simulator was used to evaluate bicyclist performance measures of velocity, horizontal displacement, and physiological responses (i.e., galvanic skin response) while riding in varying roadway conditions. Results showed that bicyclists in the bike lane condition, had a GSR reading 1.77 peaks per min less than when cycling in the no bike lane condition. When bicyclists were in no bike lane condition, the GSR reading was not affected by vehicle speed but it was affected by the vehicular volume. Additionally, females felt less comfortable when riding in either bike condition, even though they reported that they were “Strong and Fearless” riders. The methodology used for this study sets forth the foundation for future research that could evaluate varying facility designs and a wider range of individuals.
Relation of therapies for ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis to risk of myocardial infarction: a nested case control study

Background Risk of myocardial infarction (MI) is elevated in ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis (AS/PsA) compared to the general population. We evaluated the risk of MI related to the use of tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) and other therapies in AS/PsA.
Nutritional approaches and plant-dominant diets for conservative and preservative management of chronic kidney disease

Abstract Nutrition in kidney disease is a complex topic due to the unique nutritional demands created by declining kidney function, the lack of a universal recommendation due to the varying stages of kidney function between patients, the limited excretion of certain nutrients in renal failure, and the ongoing need for robust evidence in many of these areas. However, as of recently, plant-based diets have recently emerged in the conversation of a more modern, evidence-based “kidney diet,” which has been termed as “PLADO” to reflect its plant-dominant, low-protein nature. This chapter reviews the literature on this type of diet and offers practical guidance on how to include this dietary approach for the benefit of patients with kidney disease.
Comparison of Initial Stability of Oblong, Large Circular, and Multiple-Plug "Snowman" Osteochondral Autografts for Elongated Focal Cartilage Lesions: A Biomechanical Study in a Porcine Model.

Background Distal femoral osteochondral allograft transplantation (OAT) is an effective treatment of osteochondral lesions in the knee measuring >2 cm2 in select patients. Prior studies have demonstrated that the morphology of the plug can affect graft-host interference fit. To our knowledge, there are no data comparing the initial biomechanical stability of standard cylindrical plugs with multiple-plug and oblong-plug morphologies. Hypothesis Large cylindrical single-plug (LCSP) and oblong single-plug (OSP) grafts will have greater pull-out strength, and therefore greater initial stability, than multiple-plug (MP) grafts in a cadaveric porcine femur model. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods A total of 55 porcine distal femurs were divided into 3 groups-LCSP (n = 18), OSP (n = 19), and MP (n = 18)-according to the plug morphology used. The method of graft harvesting and implantation was based on technique guides for the respective implant systems. The sizes (length × width × depth) of the osteochondral defects created in each of the groups were approximately 20.2 × 20.2 × 9.4-mm for the LCSP group, 14.4 × 30.5 × 7.9-mm for the OSP group, and 14.8 × 14.8 × 9.9-mm for the MP group. Tensile testing was performed on each graft to determine pull-out strength. Results The pull-out strength was significantly lower in the OSP group (65.7 N) versus the LCSP (133 N; P = .0005) and the MP (117.6 N; P = .001) groups. There was no statistically significant difference in pull-out strength between the LCSP and MP groups (P = .42). There were no statistically significant differences in displacement at maximum load among any 2 of the 3 groups. Conclusion These findings suggest that while initial stability may play a role in the clinical outcomes of osteochondral allograft (OCA) implantation, the biological milieu in vivo for each graft setting perhaps has a greater impact on the success of an OAT procedure. Further study is needed on the relationship between OCA biomechanics and clinical outcomes of OAT.
Introduction to Lévy Processes

As continuous-time analogs of random walks, Levy processes form a rich class of stochastic processes, such as Brownian motions, Poisson processes, and Gamma processes. In this introductory note, we provide fundamental results and properties of Levy processes. We present the two most important theorems: Levy–Ito decomposition and Levy–Khintchine formula. Keywords: Levy processes; infinite divisibility; independent and stationary increments; Poisson random measures; Brownian motions
Nonsuicidal self-injury in sexual minority college students: a test of theoretical integration

Individuals identifying as a sexual minority report engaging in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) at substantially higher rates compared to their heterosexual peers. Given that NSSI is a known risk factor for suicide, it is important to understand the processes unique to being a sexual minority that increases risk for NSSI so that adequate prevention efforts can be established. The current study integrated Minority Stress Theory and the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide to test a model of NSSI and suicide risk. A total of 137 college students who identified as a sexual minority completed an anonymous on-line study assessing NSSI, suicidal thoughts/behaviors, and constructs of the minority stress and interpersonal theories. Two linear regressions using bootstrapping analyses were conducted to test our hypotheses. Minority stress was directly associated with NSSI and via perceived burdensomeness, explaining 27 % of the variance. NSSI was associated with increased risk for suicide thoughts/behaviors directly, and through acquired capability, explaining 45 % of the variance. These findings provide evidence that unique stressors individuals face as a result of their sexual minority status increases risk for self-harm by influencing cognitive and emotional processes such as burdensomeness and acquired capability. Implications for prevention, intervention, and future research are briefly discussed.
Concurrent Programming: Principles and Practice

I. BASIC CONCEPTS. Sequential Programming. Language Notation. Logic, Propositions, and Predicates. A Programming Logic. Proofs in Programming Logic. Program Derivation. Historical Notes and References. Exercises. Concurrency and Synchronization. Specifying Concurrent Execution. Atomic Actions and Synchronization. Semantics of Concurrent Execution. Techniques for Avoiding Interference. Auxiliary Variables. Safety and Liveness Properties. Historical Notes and References. Exercises. II. SHARED VARIABLES. Fine-Grained Synchronization. The Critical Section Problem. Critical Sections: Tie-Breaker Algorithm. Critical Sections: Ticket Algorithm. Critical Sections: Bakery Algorithm. Barrier Synchronization. Data Parallel Algorithms. On-The-Fly Garbage Collection. Implementing Processes. Historical Notes and References. Exercises. Semaphores. Notation and Semantics. Basic Uses and Programming Techniques. Selective Mutual Exclusion. General Condition Synchronization. Resource Allocation. Implementation. Historical Notes and References. Exercises. Conditional Critical Regions. Notation and Semantics. Dining Philosophers Revisited. Reader/Writers Revisited. Interprocess Communication. Scheduling and Resource Allocation. Implementations. Historical Notes and References. Exercises. Monitors. Programming Notation. Formal Semantics and Program Proofs. Synchronization Techniques. Disk Scheduling: Program Structures. Alternative Approaches to Synchronization. Implementations. Historical Notes and References. Exercises. III. MESSAGE PASSING. Asynchronous Message Passing. Programming Notation. Formal Semantics. Filters: A Sorting Network. Clients and Servers. Heartbeat Algorithms. Probe/Echo Algorithms. Broadcast Algorithms. Token-Passing Algorithms. Replicated Servers. Implementations. Historical Notes and References. Exercises. Synchronous Message Passing. Programming Notation. Formal Semantics. Networks of Filters. Interacting Parallel Processes. Clients and Servers. Implementations. Historical Notes and References. Exercises. RPC and Rendezvous. Remote Procedure Call. Rendezvous. A Multiple Primitives Notation. Clients and Servers. Parallel Algorithms. Implementation. Historical Notes and References. Exercises. IV. PRACTICE. Language Overviews. Turing Plus: Monitors. Occam: Synchronous Message Passing. Ada: Rendezvous. SR: Multiple Primitives. Linda: Distributed Data Structures. Comparison and Performance. Historical Notes and References. Exercises. Glossary. Bibliography. Index. 0805300864T04062001
The thought of Hans W. Loewald

1.If Hans Loewald will be remembered, it will not be because of a new theory he contributed, nor because of a scientific discovery, but because of the wisdom that pervades his writing. For that rea...
Studies on the relationship between the degradative rates of proteins in vivo and their isoelectric points

Acidic proteins tend to be degraded more rapidly than neutral or basic proteins in rat liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and brain and in mouse liver and skeletal muscle. We now report a similar relationship among soluble proteins from rat lung, heart and testes, and from human fibroblasts and mouse-embryo cells grown in culture. These findings indicate that the correlation between protein net charge and degradative rate is a general characteristic of intracellular protein degradation in mammals. This relationship between isoelectric point and half-life appears to be distinct from the previously reported correlation between subunit molecular weight and protein half-lives. The more rapid degradation of acidic proteins does not result from their being of larger molecular weight than neutral or basic proteins. Furthermore, proteins within specific isoelectric point ranges still exhibit a relationship between subunit size and half-life. Finally, a group of membrane or organelle-associated proteins that are insoluble in phosphate-buffered saline and water but soluble in 1% Triton X-100 exhibit a correlation between size and half-life, but not between net charge and half-life. The biochemical reasons for the relationship between protein isoelectric point and half-life are unclear, although several possible explanations are presented. It is not due to a greater sensitivity of acidic proteins to proteolytic attack since experiments with a variety of endoproteinases, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, Pronase, papain, chymopapain, Staphylococcus aureus V8 proteinase, pepsin and lysosomal cathepsins from rat liver, have failed to demonstrate more rapid digestion of acidic proteins.
American Jewish household income, 1969 and 1989

We estimate the real and relative income of American Jewish households using data from the National Jewish Population Surveys of 1970-1971 and 1990. While the median real income of American Jewish households did not change significantly from 1969 to 1989, lower-income Jewish households (those with no workers and those with predominantly older persons) experienced dramatic real income growth. At the same time, the average Jewish income advantage declined due to the rising incomes of other urban, non-Hispanic white households.