cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cu3(µ2-Cl)3 and Ag3(μ2-Cl)3 Complexes Supported by Tetradentate Trisphosphino-stibine and -bismuthine Ligands: Structural Evidence for Triply Bridging Heavy Pnictines

The tetradentate stibine and bismuthine ligands (o-(iPr2P)C6H4)3Sb (LSbP3) and (o-(iPr2P)C6H4)3Bi (LBiP3) react with CuCl and AgCl in THF at room temperature to afford (o-(iPr2P)C6H4)3SbCu3(μ2-Cl)3 (1), (o-(iPr2P)C6H4)3SbAg3(μ2-Cl)3 (2), (o-(iPr2P)C6H4)3BiCu3(μ2-Cl)3 (3), and (o-(iPr2P)C6H4)3BiAg3(μ2-Cl)3 (4), respectively. These complexes, which have been fully characterised, feature a central M3(μ2-Cl)3 cluster (M = Cu or Ag) supported by coordination of a LSbP3- or LBiP3-phosphino group to each group 11 metal ion. The heavy pnictogen atom (Pn) interacts simultaneously with the three group 11 metal ions of the M3(μ2-Cl)3 cluster leading to formation of a tetrahedral PnM3 core. Bonding analysis using the Natural Bond Orbital method indicates the presence of a four-centre two-electron Pn→M3 interaction whose strength is the highest in 1 and the lowest in 4. The triply bridging bonding mode of the stibine and bismuthine ligands observed in these complexes is, to our knowledge, unprecedented. We also note that the central M3(μ2-Cl)3 clusters found in these complexes are related to the cyclo-trimers observed in vapours of CuCl and AgCl.
Laser Ablation as Treatment Strategy for Medically Refractory Dominant Insular Epilepsy – Therapeutic and Functional Considerations

Since its introduction to neurosurgery in 2008, laser ablative techniques have been largely confined to the management of unresectable tumors. Application of this technology for the management of focal epilepsy in the adult population has not been fully explored. Given that nearly 1,000,000 Americans live with medically refractory epilepsy and current surgical techniques only address a fraction of epileptic pathologies, additional therapeutic options are needed. We report the successful treatment of dominant insular epilepsy in a 53-year-old male with minimally invasive laser ablation complicated by mild verbal and memory deficits. We also report neuropsychological test data on this patient before surgery and at 8 months after the ablation procedure. This account represents the first reported successful patient outcome of laser ablation as an effective treatment option for medically refractory post-stroke epilepsy in an adult.
The effects of dietary nitrogen on reproductive development in the female boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis

. The role of dietary nitrogen in reproductive development was investigated in the female boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis (Boh.)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Artificial diets were employed containing 1.7%, 2.6% and 4.0% N. Each diet was labelled with a 14C-amino acid mixture and standardized relative to cpm and N per mg of diet dry weight. Egg production, diet consumption, nitrogen consumption and nitrogen utilization were measured by recovering the cpm in the faeces, ovaries plus eggs and the carcass. Females given the 4% N diet initiated oviposition on day 4 with maximum egg production of 11 eggs/day/female occurring on day 6. Females on the 2.6% N diet also initiated oviposition on day 4, but the time necessary to reach maximum egg production was extended. Egg production by these females eventually equalled the total production of the group on the 4% N diet. This was achieved by consuming more diet per female and dedicating a higher percentage of the absorbed diet to egg formation. With the 1.7% N diet, females showed both a delay and a decrease in total egg production because of reduced feeding and a reduced commitment of consumed nutrients to oocyte maturation. Switching dietary nitrogen concentrations after the initiation of oviposition resulted in changes in consumption and reproductive allocation within 48 h.
The Organic Internet

The Internet and the organizations and institutions that sustain its operation and evolution can be compared to biological ecosystems. These analogies might be helpful in understanding the complex policy questions that arise in connection with the Internet and its use.
Deterministic optical Fock-state generation

We present a scheme for the deterministic generation of N-photon Fock states from N three-level atoms in a high-finesse optical cavity. The method applies an external laser pulse that generates an N-photon output state while adiabatically keeping the atom-cavity system within a subspace of optically dark states. We present analytical estimates of the error due to amplitude leakage from these dark states for general N, and compare it with explicit results of numerical simulations for $Nl~5.$ The method is shown to provide a robust source of N-photon states under a variety of experimental conditions and is suitable for experimental implementation using a cloud of cold atoms magnetically trapped in a cavity. The resulting N-photon states have potential applications in fundamental studies of nonclassical states and in quantum information processing.
Removal of a constraint on the composition of the lunar interior

Ringwood and Essene (1970) proposed that the CaO and Al_2O_3 contents of the deep interior of the moon must be less than 6% each. This constraint has been generally accepted and has led to models of the lunar interior that are dominated by ferromagnesium silicates. This constraint is invalid. High CaO and Al_2O_3 peridotites have broader intermediate-density (3.3–3.4 g/cm^3) fields than the Ringwood-Essene 'lunar pyroxenite', and the high-density phase occurs at higher pressure. Likewise, the gabbro-eclogite transformation pressure increases with Al_2O_3 content. The moon can have a thick plagioclase rich outer shell and a high Ca-Al interior.
(Pre)Occupied Locations: Subverting Marginality—Reply to Commentaries

In my response to commentaries by Hartman and Sedgwick, I examine the positions from which each chose to speak. Hartman's rather light approach performs a particular function: the mentalization of anal erotic and homoerotic desire through the introduction of surplus meaning. I explore the relationship of this approach to the absence of rigorous theoretical critique in his essay. I question Sedgwick's decision to limit her critique to the confines of queer theory; this results in a constriction of meaning rather than the expansion she purports to offer. I challenge her notion of growth through mutual recognition with a model of change that is based in psychoanalytic theory and practice. Contrary to her assertion, I do not jettison danger or gender destabilization from the discourse on anal eroticism between men, but I question these as obligatory or constitutive to its meaning.
Culture studies on the marine red alga Rhodophysema elegans (Cryptonemiales, Peysonneliaceae)

Abstract Under field conditions in the northeastern Pacific, the red alga Rhodophysema elegans (P.L. et H.M. Crouan ex J. Ag.) Dixon (Cryptonemiales, Peysonneliaceae) is known to produce only tetraspores. The life history of this species was studied under controlled laboratory conditions. Tetraspores developed into two growth forms: unattached spheres and attached discs, both of which again produced only tetrasporangia. No morphological evidence was obtained for sexual reproduction.
Comment: Awareness in partial seizures—Implications for patients and therapies

Consciousness is a complex process, requiring coordination between cortical and deeper subcortical structures to be maintained. Investigations utilizing multiple modalities have led to the “network inhibition hypothesis,” suggesting that partial seizure propagation inhibits deeper subcortical arousal systems.1 In a more practical sense, for a person with epilepsy, losing consciousness during a seizure carries substantial safety and social implications. The unpredictable loss of awareness leaves patients at risk for injury, impairs their ability to drive, and can affect their employment status.
Causal factors of stereotypies in caged birds

Abstract Two repetitive avian stereotypies, spot-picking and route-tracing, are examined with respect to the factors which cause the onset of these behaviours. Stereotypies were counted in 5-min observation periods, excluding time spent singing, feeding, drinking, or preening. Twelve of these 5-min periods made up an experimental test series. Several experiments were conducted to determine the effects of various environmental and developmental conditions on the frequency of stereotypies. Route-tracing was reduced in a very large aviary cage and when a swinging-perch arrangement was added to a smaller cage. Spot-picking was reduced when canaries were required to ‘work for food’. Wild-caught birds generally exhibited a greater number of route-traces and few if any spot-picks when compared to laboratory-reared birds, although the type of laboratory rearing (isolated, grouped, mother-reared, hand-reared) seemed to have little effect. It is therefore suggested that route-tracing is associated with the physical restrictions imposed on movement by the cage, while spot-picking results from some deficiency associated with laboratory conditions.
Evaporative water loss and water turnover in chronically and acutely water-restricted spiny mice (acomys cahirinus)

1. 1. Evaporative water loss (EWL) and water turnover in hydrated (control) animals fall in the midrange of values for small desert mammals. 2. 2. Water-restricted animals reduced EWL and water turnover significantly. 3. 3. Reduction in EWL in response to water restriction takes place very quickly: acutely restricted animals at 14 and 18ad lib. had the same EWL as chronically restricted mice. 4. 4. Acomys has a limited ability to acclimate to water restriction; few animals were able to tolerate chronic restriction to 18ad lib.
Testing for uniform stochastic ordering via empirical likelihood

This paper develops an empirical likelihood approach to testing for the presence of uniform stochastic ordering (or hazard rate ordering) among univariate distributions based on independent random samples from each distribution. The proposed test statistic is formed by integrating a localized empirical likelihood statistic with respect to the empirical distribution of the pooled sample. The asymptotic null distribution of this test statistic is found to have a simple distribution-free representation in terms of standard Brownian motion. The approach is extended to the case of right-censored survival data via multiple imputation. Two applications are discussed: (1) uncensored survival time data of mice exposed to radiation, and (2) right-censored time-to-infection data from a human HIV vaccine trial comparing a placebo group with a vaccine group.
Fistulas in Octogenarians: Are They Beneficial?

Background The incidence of end-stage renal disease is increasing most rapidly in patients aged older than 75 years. Meanwhile, their 5-year survival rate remains the lowest of any dialysis cohort. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefit of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) construction in octogenarians, as the data regarding the effects of age on fistula success are conflicting. Methods Using our hemodialysis database, we performed a retrospective review of all AVFs placed between 1 November, 2007, and 17 July, 2013, in patients aged 80 years or older. Patient demographics, presence of catheters, time to first fistula use, fistula interventions, fistula patency, and time to patient death were all evaluated. Results We placed 32 fistulas in 31 patients. Our average patient was 82-year-old, men (75%) and Caucasian (71%). Three patients were excluded, as they never required dialysis. One patient required 2 fistulas; the second fistula was excluded from analysis. Of the remaining 28 patients, 22 (78%) were used for hemodialysis and 19 (68%) required catheter-based dialysis before fistula use. The mean length of catheter use was 166 days, and the median time to first fistula use was 109 days. Primary functional patency was 51% at year 1 and 38% at year 2, respectively. Secondary patency was 75% at year 1 and year 2. Of the 22 patients, 17 (77%) required intervention to achieve or maintain patency. The median time to death was 26 months. Conclusions With substantial effort, successful fistula utilization can be achieved in an extremely elderly patient population. Our patients experienced significant catheter utilization and over 3 quarters required secondary interventions to achieve or maintain fistula utilization. Given this group's limited survival and the fact that 21% of their survival time was spent dialyzing with a catheter, the benefit of a functioning fistula to a patient older than 80 years can be questioned.
Performance, wireability, and cooling tradeoffs for planar and 3-D packaging architectures

Models for wiring length, cooling, wireability, and signal distribution are derived and integrated into a system-level performance metric used to compare packaging architectures for digital electronic systems. These include the common planar and stack-of-plane structures, in addition to fully 3-D structures with variable aspect ratios. This performance metric has been used to examine optimum packaging architectures for air and water-cooled systems as a function of a number of parameters including the total circuit count. The results show that none of these packaging architectures is always optimal. Rather, the optimum structure is determined by the specific set of system conditions chosen. The reader may easily use this model in order to determine the "best" packaging architecture for system parameters not included in this paper. >
BDNF and the diseased nervous system: a delicate balance between adaptive and pathological processes of gene regulation

It is clear that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a crucial role in organizing the response of the genome to dynamic changes in the extracellular environment that enable brain plasticity. BDNF has emerged as one of the most important signaling molecules for the developing nervous system as well as the impaired nervous system, and multiple diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, epilepsy, Rett's syndrome, and psychiatric depression, are linked by their association with potential dysregulation of BDNF-driven signal transduction programs. These programs are responsible for controlling the amount of activated transcription factors, such as cAMP response element binding protein, that coordinate the expression of multiple brain proteins, like ion channels and early growth response factors, whose job is to maintain the balance of excitation and inhibition in the nervous system. In this review, we will explore the evidence for BDNF's role in gene regulation side by side with its potential role in the etiology of neurological diseases. It is hoped that by bringing the datasets together in these diverse fields we can help develop the foundation for future studies aimed at understanding basic principles of gene regulation in the nervous system and how they can be harnessed to develop new therapeutic opportunities.
PSpice and MATLAB in undergraduate and graduate electrical engineering courses

Popular educational software packages such as PSpice and MATLAB are rapidly becoming an essential part of many undergraduate and graduate electrical engineering courses. This paper presents experience at the Delaware County Campus of the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, with the incorporation of these packages into undergraduate and graduate level course. Specifically, the use of PSpice in circuits and signals course and circuits laboratory, and MATLAB in control systems, and optimal control courses. These packages have been found to greatly enhance student understanding of the course material.
Mistrusting Refugees/Reconstructing Lives, Recapturing Meaning: Refugee Identity, Gender, and Cultural Change

Mistrusting Refugees. E. Valentine Daniel and John Chr. Knudsen. eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. xl. 286 pp., tables, notes, bibliography, contributors, Index. Reconstructing Lives, Recapturing Meaning: Refugee Identity, Gender, and Cultural Change. Linda A. Camino and Ruth M. Krulfeld. eds. Basel, Switzerland: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1994. xvii. 253 pp., figures, tables, notes, bibliography, contributors.
Dietary supplementation with blueberries, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage

Free radicals are involved in neurodegenerative disorders, such as ischemia and aging. We have previously demonstrated that treatment with diets enriched with blueberry, spinach, or spirulina have been shown to reduce neurodegenerative changes in aged animals. The purpose of this study was to determine if these diets have neuroprotective effects in focal ischemic brain. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed with equal amounts of diets (blueberry, spinach, and spirulina) or with control diet. After 4 weeks of feeding, all animals were anesthetized with chloral hydrate. The right middle cerebral artery was ligated with a 10-O suture for 60 min. The ligature was later removed to allow reperfusional injury. Animals were sacrificed and brains were removed for caspase-3 enzymatic assays and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining at 8 and 48 h after the onset of reperfusion. A subgroup of animals was used for locomotor behavior and biochemical assays. We found that animals which received blueberry, spinach, or spirulina enriched diets had a significant reduction in the volume of infarction in the cerebral cortex and an increase in post-stroke locomotor activity. There was no difference in blood biochemistry, blood CO2, and electrolyte levels among all groups, suggesting that the protection was not indirectly mediated through the changes in physiological functions. Animals treated with blueberry, spinach, or spirulina had significantly lower caspase-3 activity in the ischemic hemisphere. In conclusion, our data suggest that chronic treatment with blueberry, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis and cerebral infarction. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Lithium-resistant Adolescent Mania

Treatment of adolescent mania appears to be a neglected area in the current literature. Three cases of first episode adolescent mania that failed to respond to lithium are described and alternative treatments are discussed.
'The doctor knows best' revisited: physician perspectives.

An ethnographic study was undertaken to observe in vivo medical encounters between oncology physicians and breast cancer patients. The aim of the study was to gain an inside view of how physicians and patients conceptualize the decision making process during cancer diagnosis and treatment. The confluence of the changes in the role of women in society, the shifting requirements for the delivery of medical services and a complex array of medical options have all contributed to changes in the role of the physician from 'the doctor knows best' to a more reciprocal role. The study revealed physician-patients perspectives that may facilitate future medical encounters. In addition, some troubling practices were observed that raise dilemmas about the parameters of informed consent and ethical concerns regarding how medical options are presented.
Implementing and sustaining evidence-based nursing practice to reduce pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest.

Rapid response teams (RRTs) improve outcomes for patients through early escalation of care. However, subtle signs of clinical deterioration in children may not be consistently recognized by the bedside acute care nurse and therefore the RRT may not be activated. The Pediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS), an evidence-based tool, provides nurses with a mechanism for early detection using quantitative data. We describe our process and outcomes of implementing and sustaining the use of PEWS at the unit and organizational level using the Plan—Do—Check—Act methodology for performance improvement. Our outcome data indicate that cardiopulmonary arrests were reduced by 31% at the pilot unit level and subsequently 23.4% at the organizational level. Data also suggest that bedside nurses effectively escalated patient care needs without activating RRTs (19.4% reduction in RRT activations after PEWS implementation). Strategies to sustain the positive outcomes of PEWS at the unit and organizational levels are also described.
Tsc2 Expression Increases the Susceptibility of Renal Tumor Cells to Apoptosis

Although the precise role for the tuberous sclerosis complex-2 tumor suppressor gene (Tsc2) in tumor suppression is not clear, many studies have implicated Tsc2 in the regulation of cell differentiation, cell cycle control, GTPase activity, transcription, polycystin-1 localization, and translation initiation. We propose that Tsc2 also increases susceptibility to apoptosis, and that this functional role may contribute to the tumor suppressor activity of Tsc2. We previously characterized the apoptotic response of a Tsc2-null renal tumor cell line (ERC-18) to the tumor promoter okadaic acid (OKA). In the present study, we expressed Tsc2 in ERC-18 cells and compared the effect of Tsc2 expression on apoptotic induction. Tsc2 expression increased the susceptibility of ERC-18 cells to apoptosis induced by OKA and the phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase inhibitor, LY294002. In addition, Tsc2 expression abrogated OKA-induced cell detachment of ERC-18 cells. These results indicate that the OKA-induced, caspase-independent detachment previously observed in ERC-18 cells is Tsc2-dependent, and may support an additional role for the Tsc2 in regulating cell adhesion.
Structural motifs as functional microdomains in G-protein-coupled receptors: Energetic considerations in the mechanism of activation of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor by disruption of the ionic lock of the arginine cage*

Studies of the structural changes associated with the activation of several G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have suggested that the cytoplasmic ends of transmembrane helices 6 and 3 move apart, but the molecular mechanisms involved in the helix rearrangements are not known. The cytoplasmic end of helix 3 contains the structural motif DRY that is universally conserved in the sequences of GPCRs in the rhodopsin family. Using computational modeling of the 5-HT2A receptor, we find that an interaction of the central arginine in this motif, R3.50, with the conserved acidic side chain of the neighboring Asp (D3.49) is supplemented by a concomitant interaction with the conserved glutamate in helix 6, E6.30. Thus, R3.50 is caged in the inactive state of the receptor by its interaction with D3.49 and other conserved residues including E6.30. In the model, these interactions support the close packing of the ends of helices 3 and 6 that contributes to the stabilization of the inactive receptor state. To understand the energetic determinants for the stabilization of the inactive form of the receptor, and the mode in which activation can free the caged R3.50, we compared the electrostatic properties of the conserved residues in the conformations corresponding to the active and inactive forms of the receptor. These comparisons were analyzed with respect to a hypothesis about the role of protonation of D3.49 and E6.30 in the activation mechanism. The inferences from the computational analysis were used to design mutations to probe the mechanistic hypothesis. The experiments with mutant receptor constructs show that the removal of the acidic side-chain at either position 3.49 or 6.30, or both, increases the level of ligand-independent (constitutive) activity of the receptor. These results support the hypothesis regarding the role of these acidic residues in stabilizing the inactive state, because mutations that weaken the interactions should facilitate the receptor's transition to the active conformation. Hence we find a constitutively active state for receptor constructs in which E6.30 is mutated to N, Q, or L. The weakening of the helix 3–helix 6 link that results from these substitutions allows the helices to move apart in the activated state of the receptor. From the results of the computational analysis combined with related experimental probing of receptor function we thus propose a general molecular model for the role of the structural motif that include D3.49, R3.50, and E6.30, as a functional microdomain in the receptor activation mechanism. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 88: 65–75, 2002
Efficiency Wages, Unemployment, And Labor Discipline

This paper explores the economic implications of unemployment by appealing to efficiency wage models. Agency issues in labor markets are first surveyed and discussed, providing the foundation for a detailed analysis and synthesis of two shirking models using uniform language and terminology. The use of a class-based analysis shows that unemployment disciplines both unemployed and employed labor, and explains the presence of unemployment as an equilibrium phenomenon. The economic effects of unemployment on wages, employee effort, labor surveillance, and other aspects, such as unemployment duration, are developed and explored.
Backplane equalization comparison for 10-gb/s data communication with 0.25-μm sige bicmos and 0.18-μm cmos feed-forward equalizers

Two feed-forward equalizers are designed to improve high data rate signal transmission in backplanes. They are fabricated in 0.18-Backplane equalization comparison for 10-Gb/s data communication with 0.25-μm SiGe BiCMOS and 0.18-μm CMOS feed-forward equalizers m CMOS and 0.25-Backplane equalization comparison for 10-Gb/s data communication with 0.25-μm SiGe BiCMOS and 0.18-μm CMOS feed-forward equalizers m SiGe BiCMOS technology respectively. The system specification for the two equalizers is similar and they both address 10-Gb/s data rate transmission. Analog multiplier cells, active delay units and output buffers comprise the building blocks of each FFE. A comparison of the two equalizers is conducted with reference to design topology. The impact of technology on key performance parameters such as delay and gain is discussed. When a 10-Gb/s non-return to zero signal is received through a 20-inch backplane, it is found that both equalizers successfully improve signal integrity by channel equalization. The BiCMOS FFE exhibits better performance as compared to the CMOS FFE but also dissipates more DC power.
Femtosecond Time-Resolved Transient Absorption Spectroscopy of Xanthophylls

Xanthophylls are a major class of photosynthetic pigments that participate in an adaptation mechanism by which higher plants protect themselves from high light stress. In the present work, an ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopic investigation of all the major xanthophyll pigments from spinach has been performed. The molecules are zeaxanthin, lutein, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin. β-Carotene was also studied. The experimental data reveal the inherent spectral properties and ultrafast dynamics including the S1 state lifetimes of each of the pigments. In conjunction with quantum mechanical computations the results address the molecular features of xanthophylls that control the formation and decay of the S* state in solution. The findings provide compelling evidence that S* is an excited state with a conformational geometry twisted relative to the ground state. The data indicate that S* is formed via a branched pathway from higher excited singlet states and that its yield depends critically on the presence of...
Folic acid supplementation for women with epilepsy who might become pregnant.

Low folate levels are associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion and congenital malformations. Up to half of all pregnancies are unplanned, so official guidelines in a number of countries, including the US, recommend folic acid supplementation for all women who might become pregnant, before they actually start planning to have children. Children born to women who are taking antiepileptic medications, many of which antagonize folate action, are at an increased risk of birth defects. This article highlights a study by Pittschieler et al. that has suggested that supplementation with folic acid might be particularly important in women with epilepsy who are taking antiepileptic medications—especially valproate. However, the sample size in the study was too small to determine the optimum dose or to detect whether folic acid protects against birth defects. Nonetheless, it is clear that all women of reproductive age, especially those taking certain antiepileptic medications, should take folic acid supplements.
A review of marine mammal, sea turtle and seabird bycatch in USA fisheries and the role of policy in shaping management

Abstract This paper reviews the available information (observer programs, estimates, statutes, regulations) for bycatch of marine mammals, sea turtles, and seabirds in fisheries of the United States. Goals of the review were to evaluate the state of knowledge of bycatch and the role of existing protective legislation in shaping bycatch management for different taxa. Pressing issues are identified, as well as knowledge gaps and policy limitations that hinder multi-species bycatch reduction. The USA has made important progress toward reducing bycatch in its fisheries, but the efficacy of its management has been limited somewhat by a focus on taxon- and fishery-specific regulation and the lack of consistent mandate across taxa for taking a cumulative perspective on bycatch. Applying consistent criteria across taxa for setting bycatch limits (e.g., extending the approach used for marine mammals to sea turtles and seabirds) would be the first step in a multi-species approach to bycatch reduction. A population-based multi-species multi-gear approach to bycatch would help identify priority areas where resources are needed most and can be used most effectively.
Elements of Public Trust in the American Food System: Experts, Organizations, and Genetically Modified Food

The increasing scientific and technical complexity in the American system of food production, exemplified in this article by genetically modified food (GMF), provides a useful case with which to understand public trust in experts and organizations involved in an emerging technology. Stating that the public will judge claims about GMF based on trust in their sources brings about the question of how the public decides to trust particular sources. I use data from a mail survey to evaluate the elements of trust for a range of groups connected to the U.S. food industry. The results point to organizationally variable and dependent perceptions of trust rather than a stable set of elements, suggesting that scholars might focus productively on the ways elements of trust are distributed.
The volume conductor effects of anisotropic muscle on body surface potentials using an eccentric spheres model

Anisotropy for both the myocardium and the skeletal muscle is explicitly incorporated into the eccentric spheres volume conductor model. The anisotropy is treated as having uniform orthogonal components in the radial and tangential directions for both the skeletal muscle and myocardium. The solution for Laplace's equation is written in a series expansion of appropriate basis functions for each region. In the isotropic regions spherical harmonics with integer radial dependence and Legendre polynomial azimuthal dependence are utilized. Two basic conclusions are drawn from the results. First, the treatment of skeletal muscle anisotropy by the boundary extension method is a valid and useful simplification which yields errors of 2% for the peak body surface potential. Secondly, myocardial anisotropy has a significant effect on the magnitude of body surface potentials. It is demonstrated that the peak body surface potential is attenuated by as much as 14% for a 3 to 1 ratio of the tangential to radial conductivity compared to an isotropic assumption. >
Design for testability of mixed signal integrated circuits

A starting point for a set of design for testability (DFT) principles that can be used with mixed signal integrated circuits is presented. The authors argue that an effective DFT technique should enhance the ability to perform digital signal processing and other modern test techniques on analog macros embedded in the integrated circuit, since quality will be a driving force with increasing integration. The proposed test methodology consists of (1) establishing the digital test model for testing of digital logic and (2) establishing the analog test mode and each of the submodes (called test configurations) for serial or parallel testing of analog partitions. Digital and analog circuitry must be isolated from each other, i.e. an uncontrolled analog signal must not be able to affect the digital test mode and vice versa. >
Daily illumination exposure and melatonin: influence of ophthalmic dysfunction and sleep duration

Background Ocular pathology lessens light's efficacy to maintain optimal circadian entrainment. We examined whether ophthalmic dysfunction explains unique variance in melatonin excretion of older adults over and above the variance explained by daily illumination, medical, and sociodemographic factors. We also examined whether ophthalmic dysfunction influences relationships between ambient illumination and melatonin.
Dynamic Approaches to Emotions and Stress in Everyday Life: Bolger and Zuckerman Reloaded with Positive as Well as Negative Affects

A decade ago, Bolger and Zuckerman (1995) incorporated personality into the study of daily life events and psychological distress. Their approach put an entirely new cast on research and theorizing in this area. In their work, they focused on the predominantly negative personality trait of Neuroticism. In this article we extend their work to include theory and measurement of positive events and indicators of well-being. Integrating these research strands offers the possibility of a comprehensive yet highly sensitive and dynamic approach to the study of emotions, stress, and health in everyday life.
Regulated trafficking of neurotransmitter transporters: common notes but different melodies

The activity of biogenic amine and amino acid neurotransmitters is limited by presynaptic and astrocytic Na(+)-dependent transport systems. Their functional importance is underscored by the observation that these transporters are the targets of broad classes of psychotherapeutic agents, including antidepressants and stimulants. Early studies suggested that the activity of these transporters can be fine tuned by a number of different signaling pathways. In the past five years, several groups have provided compelling evidence that changing the cell surface availability of these transporters contributes to this fine tuning. This regulated trafficking can result in rapid (within minutes) increases or decreases in the plasma membrane expression of these transporters and is independent of transcriptional or translational control mechanisms. Many of the same signaling molecules, including protein kinase C (PKC), tyrosine kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (P13-K), and protein phosphatase, regulate the transporters for different neurotransmitters. In addition to these classical receptor activated pathways, transporter substrates also regulate activity and cell surface expression of these transporters. In fact, some of the transporters form complexes with signaling molecules. Given the functional and genetic similarities of these transporters, it is not surprising that the same signaling molecules regulate their trafficking, but except for the molecules, the actual effects on individual transporters are remarkably different. It is as if the same musical notes have been rearranged into several different melodies.
Masking of the CBF1/RBPJ kappa transcriptional repression domain by Epstein-Barr virus EBNA2

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) is a transcriptional activator that is essential for EBV-driven B cell immortalization. EBNA2 is targeted to responsive promoters through interaction with a cellular DNA binding protein, C promoter binding factor 1 (CBF1). A transcriptional repression domain has been identified within CBF1. This domain also interacts with EBNA2, and repression is masked by EBNA2 binding. Thus, EBNA2 acts by countering transcriptional repression. Mutation at amino acid 233 of CBF1 abolishes repression and correlates with a loss-of-function mutation in the Drosophila homolog Su(H).
Breeding strategies to optimize reproductive efficiency in beef herds.

Our ability to synchronize estrus in beef cattle has increased substantially over the past 15 years. This advancement in success of estrous control programs has been driven by enhanced understanding of the physiology of reproduction in cattle, and the use of this knowledge toward development of new technologies and approaches. With these advances, the success rates of artificial insemination (AI) programs that use estrous control systems have been enhanced, and the number of failed AI programs has been reduced significantly. It is not uncommon to achieve pregnancy rates of 50% to 70% in timed AI programs for well-managed herds with a compact calving season; however, less than satisfactory results in terms of pregnancy rates (\50%) still occur. There are many possible reasons for poor pregnancy rates within a single herd, ranging from reproductive diseases to the use of semen of inadequate fertility. A common limitation to success of some estrous synchronization programs appears to be the incidence of anestrus in the group of females to be synchronized. Whether AI will be performed based on detected estrus or at a set time (timed AI) influences the synchronization program that is selected, and will influence the conception and pregnancy rates achieved.
Missed case of sinus venosus atrial septal defect post coronary artery bypass grafting

We report a case of a 41-year-old Indian man who initially underwent an emergency coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) after presenting with an anterolateral myocardial infarction.
Spatial and Other Fixes of Historical Capitalism

Capitalism is the first and only historical social system that has become truly global in scale and scope. Mapping this transformation over time is a particularly challenging task. Without some theoretical guidance in the selection of the networks to be mapped, there is a real risk of producing maps that are so confusing as to be worthless. Drawing from David Harveys concepts of spatial-temporal fix, switching crisis, and accumulation bydispossession, this article proposes a conceptual map focused specifically on the processes associated with the globalization of historical capitalism. This is not an actual map of the spatial-temporal dynamic of historical capitalism but a first step in the identification of the kind of geographic and historical information that is needed in order to produce such a map.
Traumatic Body Wall Herniation in 36 Dogs and Cats

Traumatic body wall hernias (TBWH) are serious sequelae to traumatic injury in dogs and cats. During the study period, 26 dogs and 10 cats with surgically managed TBWH were identified. Five cases (four dogs, one cat) did not have their hernias identified during the first 24 hours of hospitalization. Bite wounds were the most common cause of TBWH, accounting for 54% of canine and 40% of feline hernias. Twelve cases (nine dogs, three cats) had serious intra-abdominal injuries diagnosed in addition to their TBWH. Seventy-three percent of dogs and 80% of cats survived to hospital discharge. In addition, the authors report the occurrence of a unique cause of herniation, termed an autopenetrating hernia.
A Culture of Avoidance: Voices From Inside Ethically Difficult Clinical Situations

Background Healthcare providers experience many ethical challenges while caring for and making treatment decisions with patients and their families. Objectives The purpose of this ethnographic study was to examine the challenges and circumstances that surround ethically difficult situations in oncology practice. Methods The authors conducted six focus groups with 30 oncology nurses in the United States and interviewed 12 key informants, such as clinical ethicists, oncologists, and nurse administrators. Findings The authors found that many healthcare providers remain silent about ethical concerns until a precipitating crisis occurs and ethical questions can no longer be avoided. Patients, families, nurses, and physicians tended to delay or defer conversations about prognosis and end-of-life treatment options. Individual, interactional, and system-level factors perpetuated the culture of avoidance. These included the intellectual and emotional toll of addressing ethics, differences in moral perspectives, fear of harming relationships, lack of continuity in care, emphasis on efficiency, and lack of shared decision making. This information is critical for any proactive and system-level effort aimed at mitigating ethical conflicts and their frequent companions-moral distress and burnout.
Effect of humeral component anteversion on shoulder stability with glenoid component retroversion.

To The Editor: The article “The Effect of Humeral Component Anteversion on Shoulder Stability with Glenoid Component Retroversion” (2005;87:808-14), by Spencer et al., is a “redundant publication.”1 A recent publication by Iannotti et al.2, in a peer-reviewed orthopaedic journal, contained data, discussion, and conclusions that were similar to those in the present article. The principal author of each of these two articles coauthored the other article. The Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion sections of the present article are merely elaborated versions of the section titled “Glenoid Malpositioning: Humeral Stability in a Cadaveric Model” in the article by Iannotti et al.2 …
Configuring wide area computer networks

Modern computer networks consist of wide area backbone networks which serve as major highways to transfer large volumes of communication traffic between access points, and local access networks which feed traffic between the backbone network and end user nodes. The topological design of wide area computer communication networks consists of selecting a set of locations for network control processors (NCPs) placement, deciding on backbone links and their capacities to connect the NCPs, linking end user nodes to the NCPs and selecting routes for routing messages between communicating end user pairs. This paper presents some of the problems faced by network designers starting from the capacity assignment problem, moving to routing and capacity assignment, followed by the topological design and capacity assignment problem; the last problem presented is the topological design and capacity expansion over time. The problems are complex combinatorial optimization problems, which require developing new solution procedures. The paper presents the problems and discusses models and solution procedures. The paper concludes with a discussion and directions for further research.
Effects of Food Availability and Ambient Temperature on Torpor Cycles of Perognathus flavus (Heteromyidae)

This study was designed to determine the extent to which Perognathus flavus becomes hypothermic in response to food shortage and low ambient temperatures. The relationship of foraging and feeding behavior to cycles of torpor is also considered. Animals placed on food rations ranging from 0.25 g/day to 1.5 g/day at temperatures ranging from 1° to 15°C were able to conserve energy by reducing metabolic rate and entering daily periods of torpor. Animals given food in excess at these temperatures did not exhibit torpor. An inverse relationship exists between ambient temperature and food ration versus time in torpor and weight loss. As temperature and food ration decrease, weight loss and length of time in torpor increase. Our data suggest that mid-afternoon feeding on seeds, which have been stored in the burrow, makes it energetically feasible for the animal to devote the earlier evening hours almost exclusively to foraging. This decreases the metabolic costs of foraging because temperatures during these hours are generally higher than those later at night when above-ground activity is greatly reduced. It appears that the tendency to gather and store seeds has high survival value in a habitat characterized by periodically inclement weather and, consequently, an erratic food supply.
The New Angle-domain Imaging Condition For Elastic RTM

It is important to apply certain intrinsic properties (e.g., the wave propagation directions and particle motion information) in reconstructed wavefields in order to solve the image problems exhibited in elastic reverse time migration (RTM). This paper presents a procedure to decompose the source and receiver wavefields into local plane waves as well as to separate them into pure P and S modes. We generate the partial PP and PS images by crosscorrelation of these plane waves along different directions, and then formulate an imaging condition as a product of an angle-domain operator and the partial images. The new angle-domain imaging condition substantially reduces the artifacts in the PP image and produces the PS image with correct polarizations. However, the imaging procedure involves intensive computations. A numerical algorithm, which can greatly reduce the calculation, is proposed to improve the efficiency.
Limited intelligence as psychodynamic stress in patients with physical symptoms.

Present-day emphasis on intellectual accomplishment has led many persons of relatively limited intelligence to attempt to achieve social and economic positions which entail responsibilities beyond their capacity. Persons of average intelligence may overextend themselves because they are members of an above-average group. This study identifies these stresses as a cause of physical symptoms and emphasizes their importance in treating the patient.
The Influence of Financial Development on Chinese Transformed Dual-economy

The rapid development of financial industry since the Reform and Open-up has largely improved the capacity of collecting deposition.However,this is still insufficient with the potential residental savings.Owning to the low efficiency of financial sectors in realizing the transformation of savings to investment or production,there appear excessive costs,which accounts for the ineffective capital allocation of the financial sectors concerned.These conditions affect the size and speed of China in using fund and hold back the process of dual-economy transformation in financial development.
Analysis of Rice Blast Resistance in Rice Breeding Parents from USA Using Molecular Markers and Pathogenicity Assays

Rice blast disease is caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae.The Pi-ta gene in rice is effective in preventing infections by strains of M.oryzae that carry AVR-Pita1 in a gene for gene specificity.In the present study,two dominant markers YL153/YL154 and YL155/YL87 derived from different regions of the Pi-ta gene were used to examine the existence of Pi-ta in 39 breeding parents.A mixture of avirulent races IC-17,IB-49,IB-1,IE-1,IG-1,IH-1 of M.oryzae was also used to inoculate each rice genotype.The results indicated that there were 26 breeding parents possessed the Pi-ta gene examined by molecular markers YL153/YL154 and YL155/YL87.Among the 26 breeding parents,21 of which were resistant,and 5 were susceptible to mixed races of M.oryzae.Eleven breeding parents were determined to lack Pi-ta by molecular markers,7 of which were resistant,4 of which were susceptible.Inconsistencies of the existence Pi-ta were observed in two breeding parents by molecular markers YL153/YL154 and YL155/YL87.That is,one marker indicates the presence of Pi-ta and other marker indicates the absence of the Pi-ta gene,while their blast reaction was susceptible.These apparent recombinants may be useful for further studies on gene function.These findings demonstrated the importance of using molecular markers in conjunction with pathogenicity assays for selecting breeding parents in rice breeding.