cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inelastic Behavior of Structural Frameworks

The general problem of the strength of structural frames of materials displaying limited ductility and strain hardening is considered. A quite general method for determining the moment-curvature diagram for any material and most cross sections is described and used. A procedure for calculating the elastic and inelastic flexural deformations of a member subjected to linearly varying distributions of bending moment is presented. The solution of inelastic, statically indeterminate flexural systems, using successive linearizations is developed. Applications are made to structural systems of aluminum alloy flexural members, both with and without welds, demonstrating that in some cases the presence of welds can actually increase the ultimate strength of such a system.
Polysulfone shock compressed above the decomposition threshold: Velocimetry and modeling of two-wave structures

Polysulfone was shock loaded to pressures of 14.6–26.2 GPa in a series of gas gun-driven plate-impact experiments measuring material response with embedded electro-magnetic particle velocity gauges and optical velocimetry. The embedded electro-magnetic particle velocity gauges did not show a distinct two-wave structure but did show rounding that suggested a reaction but not a distinct separation of the reactants and product waves. In contrast, the transmission experiments fielded with optical velocimetry, with product pressures ranging from 21.0 to 26.2 GPa, showed well-defined two-wave structures due to shock-driven chemical decomposition of the polymer to products at a higher density. Distinct two-wave structures have not previously been published in literature during polymer compression; here, we observed these two-wave structures at both the polymer/lithium fluoride and polymer/polymethylmethacrylate interfaces. Hydrodynamic simulations of the experiments were performed using a newly constructed SESAME equation of state (EOS) for the polymer, a thermochemical EOS for the decomposition products, and an Arrhenius reaction rate model for the kinetics of the reaction. Simulation results also demonstrated two-wave structures but were unable to quantitatively reproduce either the embedded gauge or optical velocimetry data.
Dynamic aqueous multiphase reaction system for simple, sensitive and quantitative one-pot CRISPR-Cas12a based molecular diagnosis

Abstract Recently, CRISPR-Cas technology has opened a new era of nucleic acid-based molecular diagnostics. However, current CRISPR-Cas-based nucleic acid biosensing has largely a lack of the quantitative detection ability and typically requires separate manual operations. Herein, we reported a dynamic aqueous multiphase reaction (DAMR) system for simple, sensitive and quantitative one-pot CRISPR-Cas12a based molecular diagnosis by taking advantage of density difference of sucrose concentration. In the DAMR system, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and CRISPR-Cas12a derived fluorescent detection occurred in spatially separated but connected aqueous phases. Our DAMR system was utilized to quantitatively detect human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and 18 DNAs with sensitivities of 10 and 100 copies within less than one hour. Multiplex detection of HPV16/18 in clinical human swab samples were successfully achieved in the DAMR system using 3D-printed microfluidic device. Furthermore, we demonstrated that target DNA in real human plasma samples can be directly amplified and detected in the DAMR system without complicated sample pre-treatment. As demonstrated, the DAMR system has shown great potential for development of next-generation point-of-care molecular diagnostics.
The NCTM and the Two-Year Colleges.

THE National Council of Teachers of Mathematics is the world's largest pro fessional organization concerned with the teaching of mathematics. The two-year colleges are rapidly becoming the colleges where the largest number of college stu dents are taught mathematics. The NCTM, while composed of people with an interest in a particular subject in the student's overall education, prides itself on its concern for the student's wel fare and the mathematical development of all students. The two-year colleges, while structured to serve at a particular stage in the student's development, pride them selves on their concern for each student's welfare and the personal development of all students. The NCTM is striving to stimulate a wide variety of programs in order to meet the needs of all types of students, to spark their interest, to keep them in school, and to prepare them for useful citizenship. The two-year colleges are making similar efforts and have similar goals as they try to keep the open-door policy from becom ing a revolving-door policy?in one term and out the next. The NCTM is seriously concerned with its image and identity. When the National Education Association (the EA) changed its rules to impose the requirement that all members of each Department belong to
Adaptive Digital Predistortion for Radar Applications using Convex Optimization

Much of the research to date in predistortion design and implementation has been focused on communication applications. While useful for radar applications, the approaches that work well for communications waveforms do not necessarily result in optimal utilization of computational resources. To this end, a special case of the memory polynomial model is explored. As time alignment of signals can pose a problem for predistortion parameter estimation, a method of calculating the ideal predistortion coefficients in the frequency-domain using convex optimization is explored.
Benefits and risks of genetically modified mosquitoes: news and Twitter framing across issue-attention cycle

This study examines how online news and Twitter framed the discussion about genetically modified mosquitoes differently in response to Zika as the issue-attention cycle progressed. Results show tha...
Turbo-GTS: Scaling Mobile Crowdsourcing using Workload-Balancing Bisection Tree

In mobile crowdsourcing, workers are financially motivated to perform self-selected tasks to maximize their revenue. Unfortunately, the existing task scheduling approaches in mobile crowdsourcing fail to scale for massive tasks and large geographic areas. We present Turbo-GTS, a system that assigns tasks to each worker to maximize the total number of the tasks that can be completed for an entire worker group while taking into account various spatial and temporal constraints, such as task execution duration, task expiration time, and worker/task geographic locations. The core of Turbo-GTS is WBT-NNH and WBT-NUD, our two newly developed scheduling algorithms, which build on the algorithms, QT-NNH and QT-NUD, proposed in our prior work [5]. The key idea is that Turbo-GTS performs dynamic workload balancing among all workers using the proposed Workload-balancing Bisection Tree (WBT) in support of large-scale Geo-Task Scheduling (GTS). Turbo-GTS includes an interactive interface for users to load the current task/worker distributions and compare the task assignment of each worker returned by different algorithms in a real-time fashion. Using the Foursquare mobile user check-in data in New York City and Tokyo, we show the superiority of Turbo-GTS over the state of the art in terms of the total number of the tasks that can be accomplished by the entire worker group and the corresponding running time. We also demonstrate the front-end interface of Turbo-GTS with two exploratory use cases in New York City.
Developing Research Questions: A method for transforming a question into a problem statement

In this research to practice paper, the results of an approach for transforming topic ideas into questions for developing a research problem statement are presented. The purpose of this study is to assess students' understanding of the research problem they pose to address. The goal is to motivate students to think beyond their own interests in the topic and consider the interests of a broader audience. An Activity Worksheet Method for transforming questions to a problem statement was developed. The worksheet asks students to articulate if the problem they plan to address is a practical or a conceptual problem. In this paper we present results from undergraduates who used the activity worksheet method to transform questions to a research problem statement. The main research question is "How do students perceive the usability of the Activity Worksheet Method for developing problem statements?" The activity worksheet was completed by 41 students enrolled in two sections of an undergraduate data visualization course in the Department of Computer Graphics Technology at Purdue University. After completing the worksheet, students were asked to provide feedback on the usability of the worksheet. Results show 68% of students responded positively when questioned on the usability of the worksheet. The responses were based on a 5-point Liker scale ranging from 1-5: Strongly Disagree (1), Disagree (2), Neutral (3), Agree (4) and Strongly Agree (5). The implications of this work will help students build skills in developing strong research questions that inform a practice that is required in engineering and computing education. The contribution of this work is in helping students to pose questions and ask questions that will strengthen their critical thinking skills in the practice of engineering and computer science.
Dynamic, Multidimensional, and Skillset-Specific Reputation Systems for Online Work

Current reputation systems in online (labor) markets are overly positive and unidimensional. This article presents a new reputation framework that combines human input with machine learning to prov...
Anesthesia for Onco-Radiosurgery

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is one minimally invasive management strategy for cancer that utilizes high dose radiation focused and targeted to lesion site leading to tumor cell destruction. It has emerged as a suitable safe, effective, and alternate option to surgery or conventional radiation therapy for small lesions. This modality has been used to biopsy brain lesions safely and has been labeled frame-based stereotactic biopsy (STX). Similarly, this technique is used for cancerous lesions of the other body parts and is termed stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). These procedures can be performed on an outpatient basis. Mortality and morbidity associated with these procedures are known to be very low and postoperative neurological deficits are rare.
Do Donors Value Volunteer Commitment in Assessing Nonprofit Effectiveness

We examine whether donors value volunteer commitment disclosures reported on the IRS Form 990. Donors and volunteers prefer to make respective gifts of money and time to nonprofits that are effective in furthering their missions. Based on the premise that volunteers, as insiders to an organization, are better positioned than donors to judge the impact of their contributions, we hypothesize that volunteer commitment provides value relevant information to donors. We find that donations are positively associated with the level of volunteer commitment and that other (noisy) effectiveness disclosures – namely the program ratio and corporate governance disclosures – are more value relevant when considered alongside volunteer commitment. These results suggest that donors view volunteer commitment as a signal of effectiveness and useful in interpreting other measures of effectiveness. Our evidence is more pronounced among sophisticated donors and charitable (relative to medical and educational-oriented), more volunteer intensive, and more complex nonprofits.
Time-varying associations of alcohol and cannabis use with intimate partner violence for black and white young women

Abstract Background Substance use is linked to increases in young women’s risk for intimate partner violence (IPV). Increased understanding of the magnitude of and changes in the associations between substance use and risk for IPV in the transition to emerging adulthood, and differences between Black and White women, could inform efforts to protect women from substance use-related harm. Methods Young women (N = 1,852; 59% Black, 41% White) in the Pittsburgh Girls Study completed yearly assessments at ages 17–21 on frequency of alcohol and cannabis use, and experiences of IPV (minor physical assault). Time-varying effect models (TVEMs) were used to examine changes in the strength of the association between frequency of alcohol and cannabis use with IPV across ages 17–21, controlling for time-invariant covariates (socioeconomic status, conduct problems, and depression). Results Across ages 17 to 21, White, relative to Black, women reported more frequent alcohol use and less frequent cannabis use, and lower rates of IPV. Alcohol use was not significantly associated with IPV at ages 17–21 among White women, but among Black women, alcohol use was associated with increased likelihood of IPV at ages 17–20. Cannabis use was associated with increased likelihood of IPV at ages 19–21 among Black women, and at ages 20–21 among White women. Conclusions Associations between IPV (specifically minor assault) in the context of a romantic relationship differed for alcohol and cannabis across ages 17–21, and by race, among White and Black women. Results highlight the importance of substance-specific prevention efforts that are timed and tailored to subgroups.
Prevalence of imaging findings of acute pancreatitis in emergency department patients with elevated serum lipase.

Abstract Purpose To assess the association of imaging features of acute pancreatitis (AP) with the magnitude of lipase elevation in Emergency Department (ED) patients. Methods This Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective study included 509 consecutive patients presenting from 9/1/13–8/31/15 to a large academic ED with serum lipase levels ≥3× the upper limit of normal (ULN) (≥180 U/L). Patients were excluded if they did not have imaging (n = 131) or had a history of trauma, abdominal metastases, altered mental status, or transfer from an outside hospital (n = 190); the final study population was 188 patients. Imaging exams were retrospectively evaluated, and a consensus opinion of two subspecialty-trained abdominal radiologists was used to diagnose AP. Primary outcome was presence of imaging features of AP stratified by lipase level (≥3×-10× ULN and > 10× ULN). Secondary outcome was rate of discordant consensus evaluation compared to original radiologist's report. Results 25.0% of patients (47/188) had imaging features of AP. When lipase was >10× ULN (n = 94), patients were more likely to have imaging features of AP (34%) vs. those with mild elevation (16%) (p = 0.0042). There was moderately strong correlation between lipase level and presence of imaging features of AP (r = 0.48, p Conclusion Prevalence of imaging signs of AP in an ED population with lipase ≥3× ULN undergoing imaging is low. However, the probability of imaging features of AP increases as lipase value increases.
Point of Difference and Product Differentiation

Product differentiation refers to distinguishing what might be a homogeneous product from other competing products by adding meaningful points of difference. These points of difference may include price, quality, additional features, or even image enhancements that appeal to certain groups of customers. Product differentiation is a core concept of marketing and often serves as the basis of a marketing strategy. Keywords: product differentiation; uniqueness; exclusivity; targeting; market segmentation
Short cut fusion: proved and improved

Short cut fusion is a particular program transformation technique which uses a single, local transformation--called the foldr-build rule -- to remove certain intermediate lists from modularly constructed functional programs. Arguments that short cut fusion is correct typically appeal either to intuition or to "free theorems" -- even though the latter have not been known to hold for the languages supporting higher-order polymorphic functions and fixed point recursion in which short cut fusion is usually applied. In this paper we use Pitts' recent demonstration that contextual equivalence in such languages is relationally parametric to prove that programs in them which have undergone short cut fusion are contextually equivalent to their unfused counterparts. The same techniques in fact yield a much more general result. For each algebraic data type we define a generalization augment of build which constructs substitution instances of its associated data structures. Together with the well-known generalization cata of foldr to arbitrary algebraic data types, this allows us to formulate and prove correct for each a contextual equivalence-preserving cata-augment fusion rule. These rules optimize compositions of functions that uniformly consume algebraic data structures with functions that uniformly produce substitution instances of them.
Issues and Problems in Urban Planning

This paper examines the key features in urban planning in the context of man, nature, and technology. It reviews major public issues and emerging views of urban planning. It presents some ideas on the evolution and development of urban planning as a method of problem solving and public policy analysis as well as land-use and physical planning. It also comments briefly on the education of future professionals for urban planning.
A New Poverty Decomposition

This note proposes a new poverty decomposition that can be used to explain changes in poverty over time. The change in poverty is derived as the exact sum of four elements: (i) the overall growth effect, assuming inequality in the distribution does not change; (ii) the impact of differences in growth rates between the groups; (iii) the effect of the change in inequality within the different groups; (iv) the impact of changes in the population shares of the various groups.
Materialism versus Dualism

Materialism is the doctrine that the world is entirely physical, whereas dualism is the doctrine that there are two fundamentally different kinds of things in the world: mind and bodies. Dualists say that minds are not made out of physical stuff, and they are not subject to the laws of nature. There are a number of arguments for dualism, ranging from concerns about free will, to religious concerns about life after death, to the difficulty of explaining consciousness in physical terms. However, there are also serious problems with dualism, including the problem of explaining how the mind and body interact, and the fact that materialism seems, overall, the simpler theory. Keywords: dualism; intentionality; materialism; mind; reality
The Friedreich ataxia critical region spans a 150-kb interval on chromosome 9q13

By analysis of crossovers in key recombinant families and by homozygosity analysis of inbred families, the Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) locus was localized in a 300-kb interval between the X104 gene and the microsatellite marker FR8 (D9S888). By homology searches of the sequence databases, we identified X104 as the human tight junction protein ZO-2 gene. We generated a large-scale physical map of the FRDA region by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of genomic DNA and of three YAC clones derived from different libraries, and we constructed an uninterrupted cosmid contig spanning the FRDA locus. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase gamma-catalytic subunit gene was identified within the critical FRDA interval, but it was excluded as candidate because of its biological properties and because of lack of mutations in FRDA patients. Six new polymorphic markers were isolated between FR2 (D9S886) and FR8 (D9S888), which were used for homozygosity analysis in a family in which parents of an affected child are distantly related. An ancient recombination involving the centromeric FRDA flanking markers had been previously demonstrated in this family. Homozygosity analysis indicated that the FRDA gene is localized in the telomeric 150 kb of the FR2-FR8 interval.
Late steps in cytoplasmic maturation of assembly-competent axonemal outer arm dynein in Chlamydomonas require interaction of ODA5 and ODA10 in a complex

Axonemal dyneins are multisubunit enzymes that must be preassembled in the cytoplasm, transported into cilia by intraflagellar transport, and bound to specific sites on doublet microtubules, where their activity facilitates microtubule sliding-based motility. Outer dynein arms (ODAs) require assembly factors to assist their preassembly, transport, and attachment to cargo (specific doublet A-tubule sites). In Chlamydomonas, three assembly factors--ODA5, ODA8, and ODA10--show genetic interactions and have been proposed to interact in a complex, but we recently showed that flagellar ODA8 does not copurify with ODA5 or ODA10. Here we show that ODA5 and ODA10 depend on each other for stability and coexist in a complex in both cytoplasmic and flagellar extracts. Immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy reveal that ODA10 in flagella localizes strictly to a proximal region of doublet number 1, which completely lacks ODAs in Chlamydomonas. Studies of the in vitro binding of ODAs to axonemal doublets reveal a role for the ODA5/ODA10 assembly complex in cytoplasmic maturation of ODAs into a form that can bind to doublet microtubules.
Transconductance enhancement mechanisms in ultra-thin (<or=1000 AA) silicon-on-insulator MOSFETs

Two advantages of ultrathin (<or=1000 AA) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) films for MOSFETs that have not previously been reported are described. Compared to bulk FETs of similar dimensions are doping levels, the effects have been observed to give up to 35% increase in drain saturation current or transconductance. Both experimental data and modeling are discussed. It is noted that the kink effect is absent in the ultrathin-film SOI FETs, and that the results were adjusted to account for the difference in threshold voltage in the n-channel bulk and ultrathin-film structures. In general, an increase in saturation current should lead to faster circuits. The experiments and modeling results to date are for long-channel structures only.
Application of genetic algorithms to the development of a variable Schmidt number model for jet‐in‐crossflows

Proposes the use of genetic algorithms to assist the development of turbulence models. A variable Schmidt number model for scalar mixing in jet‐in‐crossflows was developed through theoretical analyses. A uniform micro genetic algorithm is implemented to optimize the model. This is the first known application of the genetic algorithm (GA) technique to turbulence model development. Overall, the GA technique worked exceptionally well for this problem in a cost‐effective and time‐efficient manner. A set of experimental data on a single round jet issued into a confined crossflow is selected for calibration and optimization of the model constants using the uniform micro‐genetic optimization algorithm. Three sets of experimental data of jet‐in‐crossflows are used for the validation of the new model. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme of using the genetic algorithms to develop turbulence models produces very promising results.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF RARE-EARTHS BY CATION EXCHANGE DEPENDENCE OF LANTHANIDE PEAK POSITION ON ELUANT pH

A simple relationship expressing the dependence of elution peak position shifts on change in eluant pH is developed for rare-earth ion-exchange separations using α-hydroxy-isobutyric,a-hydroxya-methyl butyric and lactic acids as eluants.
Effect of Lead Exposure and Accumulation on Copper Homeostasis in Cultured C6 Rat Glioma Cells

C6 rat glioma cells resemble rat astroglia in culture in that both cell types accumulate lead (Pb) intracellularly from the medium. As such, C6 cells are a model for Pb accumulation by the brain. In this study, an increase in intracellular Pb accumulation induced by p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) after exposure to 10 microM Pb acetate suggests a role for sulfhydryl groups in Pb retention. Stimulation of Pb accumulation by nifedipine suggests the entry of Pb into these cells by a novel path. Most of the intracellular Pb from exposure for 7 days to 1 microM Pb was associated with high-molecular weight components in cytosol. Pb exposure increased the abundance of three proteins with the following characteristics on two-dimensional gels: 81 kDa with pI of 5.6, 81 kDa with pI of 4. 9, and 71 kDa with pI of 5.6. The levels of five other proteins, ranging in size from 37-41 kDa with pIs of 6.0-6.8 declined. Exposed C6 cells accumulated copper (Cu) intracellularly, and Cu accumulation after Pb exposure was shown by kinetic analysis with 67Cu to result from an increased uptake and a decreased efflux for Cu. Pb-exposed cells also showed increased Cu binding to membranes, which is consistent with the increase of Cu uptake. These data indicate that intracellular Pb interacts with high molecular weight proteins in C6 cells, and exposure also alters membrane transport properties for copper.
Dynamics of fission and heavy ion reactions

Abstract We discuss recent advances in a unified macroscopic-microscopic description of large-amplitude collective nuclear motion such as occurs in fission and heavy ion reactions. With the goal of finding observable quantities that depend upon the magnitude and mechanism of nuclear dissipation, we consider one-body dissipation and two-body viscosity within the framework of a generalized Fokker-Planck equation for the time dependence of the distribution function in phase space of collective coordinates and momenta. Proceeding in two separate directions, we first solve the generalized Hamilton equations of motion for the first moments of the distribution function with a new shape parametrization and other technical innovations. This yields the mean translational fission-fragment kinetic energy and mass of a third fragment that sometimes forms between the two end fragments, as well as the energy required for fusion in symmetric heavy-ion reactions and the mass transfer and capture cross section in asymmetric heavy-ion reactions. In a second direction, we specialize to an inverted-oscillator fission barrier and use Kramers' stationary solution to calculate the mean time from the saddle point to scission for a heavy-ion-induced fission reaction for which experimental information is becoming available.
Pharmacotherapy in sickle cell disease – state of the art and future prospects

In the last decade, the care of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) has undergone important advances with better understanding of disease pathophysiology and improvement in standards of care, especially among paediatric patients. Although many new drugs are currently being investigated and are at different stages of development, the pace of drug discovery and utilization has been slow and suboptimal. Hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea) has been investigated and utilized for at least two decades. Hydroxycarbamide's efficacy has been demonstrated, albeit with different levels of evidence, in paediatric and adult populations, and yet clinician and patient acceptance and use have been far from ideal. In this review we discuss the current usage of hydroxycarbamide and its possible future indications in SCD, as well as the use of new compounds that have very different mechanisms of action, which may prove safe and efficacious when used alone or in combination in patients with SCD.
The Election of Pope Hadrian I

It would be difficult to find an aspect of eighth-century papal history that has been more thoroughly studied than the early pontificate of Hadrian I (772–795). A host of scholars—among them Duchesne, Caspar, Kleinclausz, Kehr, Halphen and Hodgkin—have scrutinized each of the highly significant developments which unfolded between Hadrian's election on February 1, 772, and Charles the Great's assumption of the Lombard crown in June, 774: Hadrian's vigorous measures against the Roman supporters of the Lombard king, Desiderius (757–774); his appeal to Charles for Frankish military assistance to counter Desiderius' offensive in the papal duchy of Rome; and Hadrian's conference with Charles in Rome in April, 774, which resulted in Charles' donation of 774 and his subsequent deposition of Desiderius and installation of himself as rex Langobardorum.
How Important is Genetics for an Understanding of Evolution

Synopsis. The contributions of modern genetics to the understanding of evolution have been threefold. First, it has documented the extent of genetic variation that exists in populations as a basis for future evolution. In particular it has shown that natural selection has not destroyed all variation, as might be predicted, so that there must be mechanisms for the maintenance and origin of new selectable variation that balance the homogenizing forces of selection. Second, it has begun to provide a mechanism of the origin of genetic novelties which must be at the basis of the major features of the history of life. In doing so, it has shown how selection for new features is at all times historically contingent and that evolution is at all times at risk of falling into genetic dead-ends. Third, modern genetics has greatly enriched the diversity of mechanisms known to cause evolutionary change. All of these mechanisms involve the conversion of variation between individuals into variation between populations in time and space, but many are non-selective or even counter-selective. Natural selection is not the only mechanism of evolution.
Emerging Adulthood and Leaving Foster Care: Settings Associated with Mental Health

The present study examined the role of contextual support on mental health during the transition to adulthood within a vulnerable group, adolescents leaving foster care because of their age. Participants were 265 19- to 23-year-olds who retrospectively reported on 3 main contexts of emerging adulthood: housing security, educational achievement, and employment attainment in the first 2 years after leaving foster care. Mental health measured self-reported emotional distress, substance abuse, and deviancy at the time of interview. Growth Mixture Modeling empirically identified 3 latent trajectory classes. Stable-Engaged (41%) experienced secure housing and increasing connections to education and employment over time. Stable-Disengaged (30%) maintained housing but reported decreasing rates of education and small increases in employment. Instable-Disengaged (29%) experienced chronic housing instability, declined connection to education, and failed to attain employment. Stable-Engaged and Stable-Disengaged classes reported better mental health compared to the Instable-Disengaged class, indicating the importance of housing in transitioning to adulthood.
Water Stress and —SH-Dependent Physiological Activities in Young Maize Plants

In young maize plants, water stress affects the —SH-dependent activities: photosynthesis and dark respiration are reduced to about 60% at the wilting point; protein synthesis is inhibited even by moderate stress; and nitrate reductase activity is immediately inhibited also, prior to significant changes in the water status of the plant. As protoplasmatic protein denaturation occurs, protein —SS— increases at the expense of —SH, with consequent decrease of the —SH/—SS— ratio. The linear correlation between — SH/—SS— ratio and —SH-dependent activities suggests a strict depen dence between them. A moderate increment both in rhodanese activity and labile sulphide content has been also demonstrated at the beginning of the stress.
Pathologic grief and its relationship to other psychiatric disorders.

Abstract The authors defined explicit criteria for the diagnosis of pathologic griefand used the criteria to examine the relationship between pathologic grief and two disorders: major depression and anxiety disorders (panic and generalized anxiety), in a sample of 25 bereaved persons. Sixty-four percent of the sample met the criteria for pathologic grief. Pathologic grief was only significantly associated with major depressive disorder. It was also associated with high scores on dimensional measures of anxiety and depression. The most frequent complication of bereavement appeared to be an anxious subtype of major depressive disorder that occured in conjunction with severe, prolonged separation distress.
Triage, EMTALA, consultations, and prehospital medical control

Medical control of prehospital emergency services, triage in the emergency department, and the dual duties within the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act challenge emergency medicine physicians with both statutory obligations and liabilities. Each independently may seem to present a definable boundary of liability for the practitioner. Under the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act, the sequential duties of the medical screening examination and subsequent stabilization or transfer are confounded by the potential for tremendous sanction for a mechanistic violation. Nevertheless, the true obligation is to provide appropriate care to all who present to the emergency department and not simply weigh the totality of risk to the emergency medicine physician.
Facile abstraction of hydrogen atoms from graphane, diamond, and amorphous carbon surfaces: A first-principles study

Abstraction of surface hydrogen by atomic H from graphane, diamond(001), diamond(111), and hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) surfaces was studied using density-functional theory calculations in the generalized gradient approximation. Our calculations show that for each surface, the abstraction reaction is highly exothermic with a negligible activation energy barrier. The degree of exothermicity depends on the type of surface and on the local bonding environment of the site from which the H atom was abstracted. Detailed analyses of the reactions and of atomic charge densities along reaction pathways indicate a direct-impact Eley-Rideal mechanism for the abstractions.
Interannual variability and sensitivity study of the ocean circulation and thermohaline structure in Prince William Sound, Alaska

Abstract The interannual variability and sensitivity of ocean circulation and the thermocline structure of Prince William Sound, Alaska were examined using a 3D circulation model. A 4-year (1995–1998) simulation compared well with field observations of circulation and monthly mean sea surface temperature at NOAA Station 46060. Seasonal circulation regimes were characterized by an anticyclonic gyre in the central sound in January–April, and a strong cyclonic gyre in the central sound in September to December, while summer was the transition period of the two circulation regimes. The size, position and strength of the gyres and thermohaline depth in the central sound showed small interannual variability. Freshwater displayed a very strong seasonal cycle in the sound with minimum in April–May and maximum in October with a spatial distribution of more in the northwest sound and less in the other areas. The simulated freshwater thickness in the whole sound showed up to 20% interannual variability related to wind. The numerical oil spill drift experiments also showed a large interannual variability of possible oil spill trajectories. Sensitivity studies showed the relative importance of each model forcing: (1) wind has more impact on the surface circulation and mixed layer depth. Without wind, the surface current became weaker and the thermocline became shallower; (2) tidal current is a major current in the sound and important to surface and bottom mixing. Without tide, the thermocline depth became shallower; (3) the magnitude of the Alaska coastal current (ACC) inflow determined the outflow current through Montague Strait. Doubled ACC inflow could change the cyclonic circulation pattern in October in case of normal or less ACC inflow into a northward jet with a small accompanying anticyclonic gyre and strongly flush the west sound in addition to the central sound. Also, double ACC inflow would increase the mix-layer depth significantly; and (4) the surface T, S restoring is critical to maintain T, S seasonal cycle and surface circulation patterns. Salinity was the most important factor determining the central sound circulation patterns.
Production Flow System Evaluation of Within-tree Populations of Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Production flow system methodologies, originally developed for use in industrial quality control and electrical engineering problem solving, were adopted for use in describing the partial within-tree population system of Dendroctonus frontalis . The spatial and statistical distribution of D. frontalis life stages were defined by 2 and 3 parameter non-linear mathematical models. By integrating under the curves generated by the models for the various life stages it was possible to quantitatively define within-tree populations of the various life stages. For each year of study, transition probabilities between life stages were calculated using standard production flow system techniques. These transition probabilities were cast into a production flowgraph format. Each of the production flow models was evaluated using an algebraic solution technique and the similarities and differences between populations occuring in the 3 yr of study were contrasted. The production flow system technique was suggested as an alternative to the traditional life table format. Several advantages of the production flow system format over the life table were suggested. The most important advantage was that the variables are tied together mathematically and cast into a formalized engineering methodology.
Genomic factors that shape craniofacial outcome and neural crest vulnerability in FASD.

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) causes distinctive facial characteristics in some pregnancies and not others; genetic factors may contribute to this differential vulnerability. Ethanol disrupts multiple events of neural crest development including induction, survival, migration, and differentiation. Animal models and genomic approaches have substantially advanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these facial changes. PAE during gastrulation produces craniofacial changes corresponding with human fetal alcohol syndrome. These result because PAE reduces prechordal plate extension and suppresses sonic hedgehog, leading to holoprosencephaly and malpositioned facial primordia. Haploinsufficiency in sonic hedgehog signaling increases vulnerability to facial deficits and may influence some PAE pregnancies. In contrast, PAE during early neurogenesis produces facial hypoplasia, preceded by neural crest reductions due to significant apoptosis. Factors mediating this apoptosis include intracellular calcium mobilization, elevated reactive oxygen species, and loss of trophic support from β-catenin/calcium, sonic hedgehog, and mTOR signaling. Genomewide SNP analysis links PDGF receptor genes with facial outcomes in human PAE. Multiple genomic-level comparisons of ethanol-sensitive and –resistant early embryos, in both mouse and chick, independently identify common candidate genes that may potentially modify craniofacial vulnerability, including ribosomal proteins, proteosome, RNA splicing, and focal adhesion. In summary, research using animal models with genome-level differences in ethanol vulnerability, as well as targeted loss- and gain-of-function mutants, has clarified the mechanisms mediating craniofacial change in PAE. The findings additionally suggest that craniofacial deficits may represent a gene-ethanol interaction for some affected individuals. Genetic-level changes may prime individuals toward greater sensitivity or resistance to ethanol's neurotoxicity.
The chromatic difference sequence of a graph

Abstract Let α k ( G ) denote the maximum number of vertices in a k -colorable subgraph of G . Set α k (G)= α k ( G )− α ( k −1) ( G ). The sequence a 1 ( G ), a 2 ( G ),… is called the chromatic difference sequence of the graph G . We present necessary and sufficient conditions for a sequence to be the chromatic difference sequence of some 4-colorable graph.
Isolation and characterization of murine spleen cells responsive to levamisole

Abstract Murine spleen cells were fractionated with the aid of bovine serum albumin gradients and by free-flow electrophoresis. These procedures were carried out in order to enrich those cells which were responsive to levamisole, a drug that has been shown to potentiate the immune response. It was found that preparative free-flow electrophoresis afforded a significantly better enrichment of these cells than that obtained by the albumin gradients. The levamisole-responsive cells were located within the high-mobility region. In addition, it was observed that the cell fractions which responded to levamisole also responded to T-cell mitogens.
Nebulin is a full-length template of actin filaments in the skeletal muscle sarcomere: an immunoelectron microscopic study of its orientation and span with site-specific monoclonal antibodies

Nebulin, a giant myofibrillar protein with size variants from 700 to 900 kDa in various skeletal muscles, has been proposed to constitute a set of inextensible filaments anchored at the Z-line and coextensive with actin filaments. To elucidate the architectural organization of this fourth set of myofilaments in the skeletal muscle sarcomere, we performed immunoelectron microscopic localization of epitope profiles of a number of site-specific monoclonal antibodies against cloned human nebulin fragments of known sequence loci. Monoclonal antibody N113, which is directed to fragment ND8 at approximately 300 residues away from the C-terminus, labelled the edges of Z-lines in both human quadriceps muscle and rabbit psoas muscle. Monoclonal antibody N101, which is directed to fragment NB5 near the N-terminal side, is localized to a single locus at 0.89 μm from the Z-line in human quadriceps muscle and 0.80μm from the Z-line in rabbit psoas muscle. Additionally, monoclonal antibody N109, which is directed to fragment NA3 on the carboxy side of the adjacent fragment NB5, is localized at 0.76 μm away from the Z-line in rabbit psoas muscle. This one-to-one correspondence between epitope loci and sequence loci demonstrates that a single nebulin polypeptide spans the length of the thin filament with its C-terminus anchored at the Z-line. The epitope spacings of site-specific antibodies are consistent with the notion that the nebulin filament is uniform in mass density along its length.
Intramolecular iron-mediated diene/olefin cyclocoupling: formation of carbon spirocycles.

A short and convenient diastereoselective synthesis of all-carbon spirocylic molecules was developed. A straightforward protocol that involves rearrangement of the diene−Fe(CO)3 complex followed by cyclization delivers the desired product. The reaction substrates were easily prepared by reaction of an appropriate nucleophile and a cyclohexadienyl-Fe(CO)3 cation.
Alternative Cells for Regeneration

Normally, in fish fin regeneration, bone regenerates from bone. But what happens when there is no bone? Singh et al. (2012) show in this issue of Developmental Cell that the bony rays still regenerate from an alternative cell source.
Advances in Electric-Powered Wheelchairs

Electric-powered wheelchairs (EPW) provide the means for many individuals with disabilities to live their lives more independently and interact with people in society. While the average age of the population increases (due to the aging baby boom population and improvements in health care), demand for EPWs and the concomitant insurance expenditures have increased. Increasing demand has driven technical innovation in these devices, which has improved safety, maneuverability, and durability and has increased the range of individuals who can use the devices. In this article, we focus on four of the most important EPW innovations that have occurred in the past decade.
CAPTOPRIL REDUCES THE POTENTIAL PROTEINURIC EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS GROWTH HORMONE IN ADRIAMYCIN NEPHROSIS (AN). † 2176

Growth Hormone (GH) is being increasingly used for growth failure associated with renal disease. Over time, however, GH, by increasing glomerular perfusion, might compromise residual renal function. Since Captopril (C) decreases glomerular perfusion and has been shown to decrease protein excretion in the presence of renal disease, we tested its potential protective effect in GH treated rats with AN, a model of heavy proteinuria and glomerular injury. We induced AN in Sprague-Dawley rats ≈125 g body weight with Adriamycin given as an initial dose of 5 mg/kg and as a subsequent dose 3 weeks later of 2 mg/kg. Rats with AN received either saline (S), GH (0.2 mg/day SC 5 days/week) alone, or GH + C (100 mg/kg/day PO). At 40 and 76 days after induction of AN, proteinuria was reduced in AN rats receiving growth hormone + captopril compared to those receiving either saline or GH alone(p<0.05). Serum cholesterol (mg/dl) was lower (p < 0.05) in AN + GH + C(211 ± 47) than in AN + S (521 ± 27) and AN + GH (412 ± 37) treated rats. We conclude that large doses of growth hormone increase proteinuria in rats with Adriamycin Nephrosis and this effect is partially ameliorated by captopril. (Funded by Genentech, Inc).Table
Core polarization, Brown–Rho scaling and a memory of Gerry's Princeton Years

Abstract Core-polarization (CP) and Brown–Rho (BR) scaling were among Gerry's most favorite topics. In this contribution, we will discuss some of the early history as well as more recent work associated with these two fascinating phenomena. I (TTSK) will begin with some recollections of Princeton, where I met Gerry for the first time in 1964 and worked as his postdoc. Core polarization was in fact the first topic he assigned to me. JWH started working with Gerry at Stony Brook from 2003 and was Gerry's last student in nuclear physics. We three had teamed up well, working closely and pleasantly on both CP and BR scaling, particularly on the latter's connection to the anomalously-long beta-decay lifetime of carbon-14. We shall here briefly review these topics, including a recently developed new Brown–Rho scaling based on a Skyrmion half-Skyrmion two-phase model.
On Holland's Dutch identity conjecture

The manifest probabilities of observed examinee response patterns resulting from marginalization with respect to the latent ability distribution produce the marginal likelihood function in item response theory. Under the conditions that the posterior distribution of examinee ability given some test response pattern is normal and the item logit functions are linear, Holland (1990a) gives a quadratic form for the log-manifest probabilities by using the Dutch Identity. Further, Holland conjectures that this special quadratic form is a limiting one for all “smooth” unidimensional item response models as test length tends to infinity. The purpose of this paper is to give three counterexamples to demonstrate that Holland's Dutch Identity conjecture does not hold in general. The counterexamples suggest that only under strong assumptions can it be true that the limits of log-manifest probabilities are quadratic. Three propositions giving sets of such strong conditions are given.