cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical modeling of the fuel flow rate of GA piston engine aircraft using flight operational data

Abstract The United States has the largest and most diverse general aviation (GA) community in the world, with more than 220,000 aircraft, flying almost 23 million hours annually. Accurate and economic estimating the exhaust emissions of general aviation will effectively support the practice of mitigating the environmental impacts from general aviation. Fuel flow rate in each phase of the Landing and Takeoff Cycle is one of the necessary factors recommended by the International Civil Aviation Organization to be used to estimate the exhaust emissions. This paper explores statistical models of predicting the fuel flow rate of piston-engine aircraft using general aviation flight operational data, including the aircraft altitude, the ground speed, and the vertical speed. A machine learning technique is applied to adapt the variability of flight operational data due to flexible operations of general aviation and random errors in flight data. The Classification and Regression Trees (CART) and the Smoothing Spline ANOVA (SS-ANOVA) are adopted as the modeling approaches. The modeling results are compared and interpreted from the standpoint of general aviation phases of flight in the Landing and Takeoff Cycle. Both models demonstrate good accuracy in predicting the fuel flow rate. The CART model provides intuitive outputs by the phases of flight, and is more robust to flight data outliers. The SS-ANOVA model is relatively more accurate in predicting the fuel flow rate, and is better at explaining the interaction between variables. A robust fuel flow rate prediction model of predicting the fuel flow rate of piston-engine aircraft is believed to be practical and economic for GA exhaust emissions estimation.
Parallel profiling of immune infiltrate subsets in uveal melanoma versus cutaneous melanoma unveils similarities and differences: a pilot study

The low response rates to immunotherapy in uveal melanoma (UM) sharply contrast with reputable response rates in cutaneous melanoma (CM) patients. To characterize the mechanisms responsible for resistance to immunotherapy in UM, we performed immune profiling in tumors from 10 metastatic UM patients and 10 metastatic CM patients by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Although there is no difference in infiltrating CD8+ T cells between UM and CM, a significant decrease in programmed death-1 (PD-1)-positive lymphocytes was observed and lower levels of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in UM metastases compared with CM metastases. Tumors from metastatic UM patients showed a lower success rate of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) growth compared with metastatic CM (45% vs. 64% success), with a significantly lower quantity of UM TIL expanded overall. These studies suggest that UM and CM are immunologically distinct, and provide potential explanation for the impaired success of immunotherapy in UM.
Correction: Dynamic nuclear polarization in a magnetic resonance force microscope experiment

Correction for 'Dynamic nuclear polarization in a magnetic resonance force microscope experiment' by Corinne E. Isaac et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2016, 18, 8806-8819.
THE ROLE OF DRUGS AFFECTING CATECHOLAMINES ON SHOCK-ELICITED FIGHTING IN RATS

In a series of experiments the effects of amphetamine, phentolamine, apomorphine, amphetamine plus apomorphine, Clonidine, propranolol phenoxybenzamine piperoxane on shock elicited fighting (SEF) in rats were investigated. Results showed no significant effects with amphetamine, apomorphine, apomorphine and amphetamine, phenoxybenzamine or phentolamine. There was a significant inhibition of fighting with Clonidine and propranolol. An increase in fighting was seen with a low dose of piperoxane but an inhibition at a high dose.
A method for estimating intracellular ion concentration using optical nanosensors and ratiometric imaging.

Optical nanoparticle (NP)-based sensors have been widely implemented as tools for detection of targeted ions and biomolecules. The NP sensing platform offer a modular design that can incorporate different sensing components for greater target specificity and the ability to tune the dynamic range, as well as encapsulation of multiple dyes to generate a ratiometric signal with varying spectra. Despite these advantages, demonstrating quantitative ion imaging for intracellular measurement still possess a major challenge. Here, we describe fundamentals that enable intracellular validation of this approach using ion-selective nanosensors for investigating calcium (Ca2+) as a model ion. While conventional indicators can improve individual aspects of indicator performance such as Kd, wavelength, and ratiometric measurements, the use of NP sensors can achieve combined benefits of addressing these issues simultaneously. The nanosensor incorporates highly calcium-selective ionophores and two fluorescence indicators that act as signal transducers to facilitate quantitative ratiometric imaging. For intracellular Ca2+ application, the sensors are fine-tuned to physiological sensing range, and live-cell imaging and quantification are demonstrated in HeLa cells loaded with nanosensors and their responsiveness to carbachol-evoked store release (~400 nM). The current nanosensor design thus provides a promising sensing platform for real-time detection and optical determination of intracellular ions.
Suicidal bupropion ingestions in adolescents: increased morbidity compared with other antidepressants.

Objective: Bupropion is often categorized as a newer generation antidepressant and assessed with serotonin reuptake inhibitors as a lower risk than older tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). The objec...
The Operophtera brumata Nucleopolyhedrovirus (OpbuNPV) Represents an Early, Divergent Lineage within Genus Alphabaculovirus

Operophtera brumata nucleopolyhedrovirus (OpbuNPV) infects the larvae of the winter moth, Operophtera brumata. As part of an effort to explore the pesticidal potential of OpbuNPV, an isolate of this virus from Massachusetts (USA)—OpbuNPV-MA—was characterized by electron microscopy of OpbuNPV occlusion bodies (OBs) and by sequencing of the viral genome. The OBs of OpbuNPV-MA consisted of irregular polyhedra and contained virions consisting of a single rod-shaped nucleocapsid within each envelope. Presumptive cypovirus OBs were also detected in sections of the OB preparation. The OpbuNPV-MA genome assembly yielded a circular contig of 119,054 bp and was found to contain little genetic variation, with most polymorphisms occurring at a frequency of < 6%. A total of 130 open reading frames (ORFs) were annotated, including the 38 core genes of Baculoviridae, along with five homologous repeat (hr) regions. The results of BLASTp and phylogenetic analysis with selected ORFs indicated that OpbuNPV-MA is not closely related to other alphabaculoviruses. Phylogenies based on concatenated core gene amino acid sequence alignments placed OpbuNPV-MA on a basal branch lying outside other alphabaculovirus clades. These results indicate that OpbuNPV-MA represents a divergent baculovirus lineage that appeared early during the diversification of genus Alphabaculovirus.
Hybrid Strategy to Prevent Venous Thromboembolism after Joint Arthroplasty.

Total hip and total knee replacement procedures offer the potential to relieve pain and disability, but both surgeries expose patients to a substantial risk of venous thromboembolism. Most experts ...
Effect of preoperative patient expectations on outcomes after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of preoperative expectations on outcomes after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). We hypothesized that patients with greater expectations would have better outcomes. Methods Patients undergoing primary RSA completed the Hospital for Special Surgery's Shoulder Expectations Survey preoperatively. Preoperative and 2-year postoperative clinical outcomes were measured with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form, Shoulder Activity Scale (SAS), 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and visual analog scales (VASs). Pearson correlations were used to assess the relationship between the number of expectations and outcomes. Differences in outcomes between those with higher and lower levels of expectations for each expectation question were assessed by independent samples t test. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to control for potential confounding factors. Results We evaluated 135 patients at 2 years postoperatively. Patients had higher expectations for relieving pain, improving self-care, improving ability to perform daily activities, and improving ability to drive or put on a seatbelt. Patients with a greater number of high expectations preoperatively did not have better ASES, SAS, or VAS pain scores postoperatively. However, higher expectations for relieving nighttime pain was associated with ASES (β = 7.0, P = .048) and VAS pain scores (β = −5.9, P = .047) as well as 2-year improvement of VAS pain (β = −6.1, P = .039). Higher expectations for improving the ability to participate in nonoverhead sports was associated with improvements in SAS (β = 2.8, P = .020). Conclusion A higher level of expectations for relief of nighttime pain and improving ability to participate in nonoverhead sports is associated with improved outcomes after RSA.
Concentration function of additive functions on shifted twin primes

1. Notation and history. This section merely includes the notation necessary to state our main theorems. All other notation is defined where it first appears. A real-valued function f is said to be additive if f(mn) = f(m) + f(n) for all m and n that are coprime. Throughout this paper, f will denote an additive function, and g the multiplicative function defined by g(n) = eitf(n), unless otherwise stated. Moreover, p and q will denote prime numbers while x and y will be real numbers with y greater than 8. The variable w will denote a sufficiently large power of log x. Throughout the paper, we shall impose finitely many conditions on w. We choose w to be the largest power of log x necessary to satisfy all the conditions. Also, for any fixed nonzero integer a, any positive even integer γ < x, and any real number h, define Ωγ(x) = {p ≤ x : p and p+ γ are primes},
Trichomycetes: Fungi in Relationship with Insects and Other Arthropods

Trichomycetes are unique among symbiotic fungi. Their adaptation to living in arthropod guts has resulted in many structural and functional features that make them distinct from other Zygomycota. A worldwide distribution of Trichomycetes and the wide range of arthropod types and habitats to which they have adapted are evidence of their evolutionary success.
Alteration of CoO Wafers in an Oxygen Chemical Potential Gradient

The Wagner Oxidation Theory, and its later developments, allow the parabolic rate constant to be predicted from fundamental transport coefficients and point defect thermodynamics, provided that the oxidation reaction is controlled by well-understood lattice diffusion mechanisms. In many practical cases, however, diffusion along fast paths such as grain boundaries is dominant and the actual oxidation rate is strongly influenced by the microstructure of the oxide scale. Moreover, the oxide microstructure is not static, but rather continuously evolves as new oxide grows and as the existing oxide re-structures. The growth mechanism depends upon the oxide microstructure, while the oxide microstructure is determined by the details of the growth mechanism. This creates what is essentially a feedback loop system in which the scale microstructure both influences and is influenced by the growth mechanism. A description of this loop system seems to be necessary to develop a richer understanding of oxidation.
Flow in Conduits with Low Roughness Concentration

Transition functions which relate the friction factor and the relative roughness to the Reynolds number are obtained by utilizing the basic laws for turbulent flow in conduits plus the relationship between the drag of blunt bodies and the velocity of flow past the bodies. Solutions are made for boundaries roughened with cubes and spheres. The results are compared with experimental results by Koloseus, O'Loughlin and Schlichting.
An electron-transfer induced conformational transformation: from non-cofacial “sofa” to cofacial “boat” in cyclotetraveratrylene (CTTV) and formation of charge transfer complexes

Electro-active polychromophoric assemblies that undergo clam-like electromechanic actuation represent an important class of organic functional materials. Here, we show that the readily available cyclotetraveratrylene (CTTV) undergoes oxidation-induced folding, consistent with interconversion from a non-cofacial “sofa” conformation to a cofacial “boat” conformer. It is found that the non-cofacial “sofa” conformer of CTTV forms stable electron donor–acceptor complexes with chloranil and DDQ. Electron-transfer induced conformational transformation in CTTV provides a framework for the rational design of novel organic functional molecules.
Staging and Prognosis of Thyroid Cancer

The incidence of thyroid cancer has tripled worldwide over the past 20 years. Appropriate risk stratification guides the distinction between the patients with indolent thyroid cancer who are the candidates for conservative approach and patients at risk of dying from thyroid cancer necessitating aggressive therapy. Initial risk estimates are used to guide initial therapeutic approach, while evaluation of the response to treatment helps in the establishment of the individual, patient-tailored approach to subsequent management and follow-up. This chapter describes currently utilized staging systems evaluating the predictors of overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), as well as the risk of thyroid cancer recurrence and disease-free survival.
Evaluation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell collection by leukapheresis.

BACKGROUND Adoptive immunotherapy using engineered lymphocytes has shown promising results in treating cancers even in patients who have failed other treatments. As the first essential step, the number of peripheral mononuclear cell (MNC) collection procedures is rapidly increasing. In this retrospective study, we reviewed the collection results to determine factors that affect MNC collection. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We reviewed 184 collections that were performed on 169 adult allogenic donors and patients with acute lymphoid leukemia, chronic lymphoid leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or solid-organ tumors. All the leukapheresis procedures were performed after a complete cell count with differential was obtained. Total blood volume (TBV) was defined as processed blood volume divided by patient blood volume. RESULTS There was a significant association between the precollection MNC count (pre-MNC) and the MNC yields normalized by TBV (r = 0.926; p < 0.001) and a regression formula was created to predict MNC yields. Multiple regression analyses showed that pre-MNC, TBV, and precollection hemoglobin were strongly associated with MNC yield (R 2 = 0.866; F (3180) = 388.472; p < 0.001), and pre-MNC had the greatest influence on MNC yield (β = 0.960; p < 0.001) followed by TBV (β = 0.302; p < 0.001), and Hgb (β = 0.136; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the optimal time for MNC collection can be determined based on pre-MNC and that processing volume should be determined based on collection goal and pre-MNC to optimize and personalize the harvesting procedure.
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay of the ferric and cupric reductase mRNAs FRE1 and FRE2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway regulates mRNAs that aberrantly terminate translation. This includes aberrant mRNAs and functional natural mRNAs. Natural mRNA degradation by NMD is triggered by mRNA features and environmental cues. Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes multiple proteins with ferric and cupric reductase activity. Here, we examined the regulation by NMD of two mRNAs, FRE1 and FRE2, encoding ferric and cupric reductases in S. cerevisiae. We found that FRE2 mRNAs are regulated by NMD under noninducing conditions and that the FRE2 3'-UTR contributes to the degradation of the mRNAs by NMD. Conversely, FRE1 mRNAs are not regulated by NMD under comparable conditions. These findings suggest that regulation of functionally related mRNAs by NMD can be differential and conditional.
Development and Initial Validation of the Therapist Hope for Clients Scale

Hope is a critical component of therapeutic change. However, hope does not singularly emanate from clients. Therapists’ hope for their clients represents a specific therapeutic factor that may impa...
Flash boiling hollow-cone fuel spray from a piezoelectric fuel injector under low ambient pressure

This study investigates the spray characteristics under flash boiling conditions from an outwardly opening piezoelectric injector in an optically accessible constant volume chamber. Distinct spray structure is noticed under flash boiling spray regime and spray deforms from a hollow-cone structure to a diamond-like shape with a long central plume at the downstream of the spray. Liquid signals of the plume are much weaker than the original hollow-cone shape region. A higher ambient pressure leads to a shorter central plume. Spray penetration length is greatly enlarged due to the change in spray structure. Fuel injection pressure and fuel injection duration has little effect on spray front penetration length. Especially, the highest spray front penetration velocity observed at 0.01 bar is expected to approach to the local sound speed. Compared to isooctane fuel, commercial gasoline generates stronger flash boiling due to the wide boiling range, but the spray structures are quite similar.
Patient and Caregiver Experience with Outpatient Palliative Care Telemedicine Visits

Background: Telemedicine visits reduce the physical and financial burdens associated with in-person appointments, especially for patients with serious illness. Little is known about patient and caregiver preferences regarding telemedicine visit timing and the discussion of sensitive topics by telemedicine. Objective: To characterize the experience of patients with serious illness and their caregivers receiving palliative care (PC) by telemedicine. Design: Mixed-methods telephone survey. Setting/Subjects: Patients and family caregivers who had at least one telemedicine visit with the outpatient PC team at our urban academic medical center. Results: A total of 35 patients and 15 caregivers were surveyed. Patient mean age was 61 years, 49% had cancer, and 86% were Caucasian. Caregiver mean age was 62 years. Mean satisfaction with PC telemedicine visits was 8.9 out of 10 for patients; 8.8 for caregivers. Patients (97%) and caregivers (100%) felt comfortable discussing sensitive topics over video. Participants felt telemedicine was an acceptable format to discuss most sensitive topics but 53% of caregivers preferred to receive bad news in person. Participants valued the convenience of telemedicine; they had concerns about rapport building and desired a more user-friendly telemedicine platform. Conclusions: Patients with serious illness and their caregivers rated telemedicine visits highly and felt comfortable discussing sensitive topics by video. Concerns included rapport building and telemedicine platform setup and quality. The rapid growth of telemedicine during coronavirus disease 2019 creates an imperative for research to understand the impact on the quality of care and mitigate any negative effects of telemedicine within a diverse population of patients.
A Contingency Theory of Internationalization-Performance for Emerging Market Multinational Enterprises

Studies of the internationalization-performance (I-P) relationship for emerging market multinational enterprises (EM MNEs) have yielded mixed results, suggesting that a contingency view of I-P for EM MNEs may be useful and timely. In particular, we suggest it is useful to analyze how the EMs’ trade liberalization can amplify or reduce the performance from foreign market penetration in the context of electronics vs. non-electronics EM MNEs. Our framework suggests the I-P link is inverted-U shaped for electronics EM MNEs and linear for non-electronics EM MNEs. These relationships are further enhanced with higher trade liberalization. Our empirical tests with seven related measures of trade liberalization on a sample of 623 MNEs from 14 EMs for 2000-2006 largely support our theory. Our article integrates and contributes to two small, growing, and related literatures: (1) the I-P relationship for EM MNEs per se; and (2) the effect of trade liberalization on firms’ internationalization. We conclude with fresh implications for theory, policy, and practice.
'Angola, the Firm Trench of the Revolution in Africa!': Our Anti-Imperialism, Your Cold War

This paper looks at the civil war in Angola and its emplotment in the regional struggle against apartheid and the global Cold War through radio broadcasting. It explores how the Angolan state articulated the civil war and regional struggles as rent from imperial cloth to refuse being neatly folded into a crisp, bi-polar, Cold War narrative. Angola’s post-independence radio station, Angolan National Radio (RNA), announced the news with: “Here Angola, the firm trench of the Revolution in Africa! From Luanda this is the National Radio broadcasting,” from the late 1970s and into the mid-1980s. As a Front Line State, Angola forged a tenuous solidarity with neighboring states against South Africa’s apartheid regime. As Namibia’s northern neighbor and home to SWAPO and ANC camps, the South African military targeted Angola supporting UNITA militarily and invading national territory. RNA hosted ANC and SWAPO radio shows and beamed them into nearby states. The paper analyzes how regular programming and news flashes highlighted military and geopolitical interventions in the local and remediated the African and international press to insist on ideological independence in the face of external force.
Chlorine from seawater is key to the generation of calc-alkaline lavas

Abstract Most primary magmas evolve compositionally as either tholeiitic or calc-alkaline lava series. The most voluminous magmas are generated through decompression melting of the upper mantle beneath diverging tectonic plates and differentiate as tholeiitic lavas. Calc-alkaline lavas, on the other hand, consist mainly of the bulk of differentiating arc magmas generated through H2O-fluxed melting of the upper mantle beneath converging plates. The exact origin of the calc-alkaline lava series is one of the earliest but still unresolved controversies in petrology. Here I propose that the calc-alkaline lava series acquires its distinct compositional features mainly because of the Cl content of subducted seawater. The long-held view that the low FeO* differentiation trend of calc-alkaline lava series is primarily due to the early fractionation of its Fe-Ti oxides may be inaccurate. Instead, the calc-alkaline lava series is characteristically depleted in FeO* and oxidized because some of its Fe are sequestered early from its mantle source and parental arc magma by Cl-rich slab-derived fluids as Fe-chlorides, transit upward as part of a separate fluid phase in the upwelling magma and, then, precipitate eventually in the crust as Fe, ore metal-sulphides.
Machine Learning in Identification of Disease-Associated Microbiota

Metagenomic studies of the microbiome community have revealed associations of the microbiome community to host disease state. The detection of these associations can rely on statistical analyses identifying differentially abundant taxa between diseased and healthy populations. Accurate prediction of the host phenotype from a metagenomic sample and identification of the associated microbial markers are important in understanding potential host-microbiome interactions related to disease initiation and progression. However, associations of individual microbes to a particular disease have shown contradictory results in past studies, possibly due to dynamic and complex natures of different microbes. To handle the complex nature of the microbiome, machine learning methods have begun being employed. Machine learning algorithms are a set of methods in which a model learns intrinsic patterns in data and use them to predict labels of data. In this chapter, we introduce the commonly used machine learning methods in metagenomic studies. We show readers how to use the currently available tools found in Python libraries. Our purpose is to demonstrate the proper training and analysis of machine learning models for microbiome researchers, who may not have experience in machine learning or Python programming.
Experimental investigation of prepreg tackiness in automated fiber placement

Abstract Automated fiber placement (AFP) is widely used to manufacture composite lightweight structures in different industries, including aerospace. Prepreg tackiness plays an important role in the AFP process. This study aims to measure the prepreg tackiness at different AFP processing conditions and predict the optimum parameters for high tackiness levels. Two in-house setups were developed for layup and to measure tackiness. The first setup was designed to simulate the AFP process and precisely control layup speed, compaction force, and temperature. It is used to layup the prepreg under different conditions and with different rollers. The second setup performs a peel-off test to measure the sample’s tackiness. The Taguchi method is applied to optimize the layup process parameters and find the optimal combination for high resultant tackiness. It is also applied to study the effect of the placing roller. Analysis of results shows that prepreg tack is affected by the interaction among the process parameters rather than the individual effect of these parameters. The study shows that the Taguchi method is suitable to solve the stated problem with a minimum number of trials as its results are experimentally validated.
Qualitative and quantitative differences between taste buds of the rat and mouse

Background Numerous electrophysiological, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical studies on rodent taste buds have been carried out on rat taste buds. In recent years, however, the mouse has become the species of choice for molecular and other studies on sensory transduction in taste buds. Do rat and mouse taste buds have the same cell types, sensory transduction markers and synaptic proteins? In the present study we have used antisera directed against PLCβ2, α-gustducin, serotonin (5-HT), PGP 9.5 and synaptobrevin-2 to determine the percentages of taste cells expressing these markers in taste buds in both rodent species. We also determined the numbers of taste cells in the taste buds as well as taste bud volume.
Identification and Structure of a Novel Flavin Prosthetic Group Associated with Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Dehydrogenase from Peptostreptococcus elsdenii

Abstract A novel prosthetic group, which is present in NADH dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.99.3) from Peptostreptococcus elsdenii, has been purified and its physicochemical properties investigated. The chemical structure of this species has been established as the FAD analogue of 7-methyl-8-hydroxy-isoalloxazine. The proposed structure is confirmed by: (a) chemical synthesis of 7-methyl-8-hydroxy-isoalloxazine models and comparison of their spectral and physical properties with those of the natural chromophore, and (b) photochemical degradation of the N(10)-polyhdroxy side chain of the FMN portion of the isolated coenzyme to yield 7-methyl-8-hydroxy-alloxazine. The synthesis of these models is outlined.
Evolutionary computational techniques in electromagnetics

The three paradigms of the evolutionary algorithms, namely, Genetic Algorithms, Evolution Strategies and Evolutionary Programming, are briefly reviewed, and the applications of the latter to optimizations of continuous as well as mixed parameter electromagnetic problems are discussed in details. Examples presented include optimizations of corrugated horn antennas, array of multi-layered stacked microstrip patch elements, and synthesis of multi-layered dielectric filters.
Carbohydrate malabsorption in necrotizing enterocolitis.

A prospective investigation was conducted to determine if infants with necrotizing enterocolitis had evidence of carbohydrate intolerance prior to the onset of clinical symptoms of advanced disease. Stool specimens were examined for fecal reducing substances with Clintest tablets from well, full-term infants and sick premature infants. Only two of 45 (4.4%) formula-fed, full-term infants demonstrated higher than 2 + fecal reducing substances. Ten of 14 (71%) formula-fed premature infants who developed necrotizing enterocolitis had higher than 2 + reducing substances detected in their stools. Daily measurement of fecal reducing substances can be a useful adjunct in the management of sick premature infants.
POLEWARD FLOWS ALONG EASTERN OCEAN BOUNDARIES: An Introduction and Historical Review

As the first speaker at the workshop on “Poleward Flows Along Eastern Ocean Boundaries,” I was asked to “get things started” by giving an historically based overview. I felt that exposing my naivete was not inconsistent with the task and stated that two questions hovered in my mind: What is meant by “poleward flows” in the context of this workshop?; and why does the topic warrant a workshop? My geographical focus is the eastern ocean boundaries at low- and mid-latitudes; other authors reddress this parochialism.
Assessment of aldehyde dehydrogenase in viable cells

Cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), an enzyme responsible for oxidizing intracellular aldehydes, has an important role in ethanol, vitamin A, and cyclophosphamide metabolism. High expression of this enzyme in primitive stem cells from multiple tissues, including bone marrow and intestine, appears to be an important mechanism by which these cells are resistant to cyclophosphamide. However, although hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) express high levels of cytosolic ALDH, isolating viable HSC by their ALDH expression has not been possible because ALDH is an intracellular protein. We found that a fluorescent aldehyde, dansyl aminoacetaldehyde (DAAA), could be used in flow cytometry experiments to isolate viable mouse and human cells based on their ALDH content. The level of dansyl fluorescence exhibited by cells after incubation with DAAA paralleled cytosolic ALDH levels determined by Western blotting and the sensitivity of the cells to cyclophosphamide. Moreover, DAAA appeared to be a more sensitive means of assessing cytosolic ALDH levels than Western blotting. Bone marrow progenitors treated with DAAA proliferated normally. Furthermore, marrow cells expressing high levels of dansyl fluorescence after incubation with DAAA were enriched for hematopoietic progenitors. The ability to isolate viable cells that express high levels of cytosolic ALDH could be an important component of methodology for identifying and purifying HSC and for studying cyclophosphamide-resistant tumor cell populations.
Paramagnetic-Resonance Spectrum of Metastable ( D 2 ) Atomic Nitrogen

The paramagnetic-resonance spectrum of free metastable ($^{2}D$) nitrogen atoms has been observed in the flowing products of an electric discharge in nitrogen-helium gas mixtures. An analysis of the Zeeman effect and hyperfine structure yields the following values for the atomic $g$ factors and radial integrals: ${g}_{J}(^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}})=1.20036\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00001$; ${g}_{J}(^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}})=0.79949\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00002$; $〈{{r}_{l}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}〉=(20.21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$; $〈{{r}_{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}〉=(22.22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The $^{2}D$ fine-structure separation is found to be -8.69\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Evidence is found of a small electric-quadrupole hyperfine-structure interaction.
Matching Creativity Requirements and the Work Environment: Effects on Satisfaction and Intentions to Leave

In a survey of 2,200 individuals, the authors examined the degree to which work environments are structured to complement the creative requirements of jobs. Regression analyses indicated that proximal job characteristics were more strongly associated with a combined objective and perceptual measure of job-required creativity than were distal organizational characteristics. Furthermore, higher job satisfaction and lower intentions to leave were found for individuals whose work environments complemented the creative requirements of their jobs.
Mannosephosphate isomerase in the Hawaiian spiny lobster Panulirus marginatus: a polymorphic, sex-linked locus useful in investigating embryonic and larval sex ratios

Genetic variation at the mannosephosphate isomerase (MPI) locus was investigated in the Hawaiian spiny lobster Panulirus marginatus. Lobsters were collected over a 21/2 yr period (October, 1978 to March, 1981) from numerous sites throughout the Hawaiian Archipelago. Electrophoretic analysis revealed that this species exhibits a 3-allele polymorphism for MPI and that the proportions of the two most common alleles are very different in the two sexes. All adult males express a “slow” MPI allele, but females generally lack it. If one assumes that sex determination in this species involves an X-Y-like chromosomal mechanism, one can hypothesize that the Y (male-determining) chromosome carries only the “slow” allele while the X chromosome is polymorphic for all three alleles. Using MPI phenotype as a criterion of sex, I examined over 2 000 embryos and found a sex ratio of 1.08 males:1 female which was significantly different from 1:1. Thus, the sex ratio in the embryos is skewed toward males. Among puerulus post-larvae and adults there was also an excess of males. The slight but significant bias of the sex ratio toward males throughout the life cycle of P. marginatus is not readily explained by existing theories (e.g. mate competition or structured demes).
Cryogenic operation of pseudomorphic AlGaAs/InGaAs single-quantum-well MODFETs

The 77 K operation of AlGaAs/InGaAs MODFETs has been investigated. The structures, grown by MBE, make use of a 200 A undoped In(0.15)Ga(0.85)As quantum well for electron confinement and an Si-doped Al(0.15)Ga(0.85)As top barrier. The MODFETs with 1 micron gate lengths exhibit extrinsic transconductances of 360 mS/mm and maximum currents of 310 mA/mm at 77 K. The use of a low Al mole fraction AlGaAs/InGaAs heterojunction makes it possible to avoid the persistent trapping effects encountered in AlGaAs/GaAs MODFETs without sacrificing device performance.
The Escalating Stockout Cost Problem

Abstract In June, 1978, a Utah company had to lay off 47 workers because of a shortage of bushings. This was the third stage in a stockout-caused crisis made up of three stages, each with its own problems, each with a stockout cost higher than the stockout cost of the previous stage. This problem is typical of that encountered often in industry, and its significance justifies the time and effort needed in its solution.
Introspective semantic segmentation

Traditional approaches for semantic segmentation work in a supervised setting assuming a fixed number of semantic categories and require sufficiently large training sets. The performance of various approaches is often reported in terms of average per pixel class accuracy and global accuracy of the final labeling. When applying the learned models in the practical settings on large amounts of unlabeled data, possibly containing previously unseen categories, it is important to properly quantify their performance by measuring a classifier's introspective capability. We quantify the confidence of the region classifiers in the context of a non-parametric k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) framework for semantic segmentation by using the so called strangeness measure. The proposed measure is evaluated by introducing confidence based image ranking and showing its feasibility on a dataset containing a large number of previously unseen categories.
PROGRESS IN THE CHEMOTHERAPY OF SMALL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE LUNG

A comparison was made between six different approaches to the chemotherapy of small cell carcinoma of the lung. The value of single-agent chemotherapy was compared to combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and with cyclic alternating combination chemotherapy in 161 patients. Cyclic alternating chemotherapy with modest radiation therapy to the primary site provided significant advantages over single-agent or combination chemotherapy. A combination of VP-16 + Adriamycin + vincristine seemed particularly effective in inducing an initial objective tumor response rate of 83%, with a projected median survival of 13.2 months. Of patients treated with cyclic alternating therapy, 51% were alive at one year. It thus appears that where complete response is achieved, prolonged disease-free survival can be expected.
Anticipatory postural adjustments during self-initiated perturbations of different magnitude triggered by a standard motor action

The purpose of the study was to define whether anticipatory postural adjustments scale with the magnitude of a self-triggered postural perturbation when a standard motor action triggers the perturbation. Standing subjects generated vertical forces of different magnitude with their extended arms against a bar connected through a rigid cord to the floor. They released the bar with a standard bilateral shoulder abduction. Anticipatory postural adjustments were seen as changes in the level and/or timing of the background activation of postural muscles. Muscles of the dorsal part of the legs and of the trunk demonstrated an anticipatory decrease in the level of activation, commonly leading to its complete disappearance. There was no relation between the magnitude of the unloading and the timing of the changes in the background activity of these muscles. Muscles of the frontal part of the legs and of the trunk demonstrated an anticipatory increase in their activity whose timing and amplitude correlated positively with the magnitude of the perturbation. We conclude that anticipatory postural adjustments can be scaled with respect to the magnitude of a self-triggered perturbation.
THE ILLUSION OF REFORM: THE DILEMMA OF STRUCTURAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY /

Abstract Structural telecommunication regulations that determine in what markets and under what conditions dominant firms may operate have developed in a chaotic and often contradictory manner in the United States. This article explores the causes and consequences of this policy instability using two disparate concepts: first, the policy development process is disjointed and incremental, and second, alternative regulatory regimes establish different contracting relations between telecommunication firms. The analysis demonstrates why, despite repeated efforts at reform, regulators have not succeeded in resolving the fundamental conflicts inherent in structural policy. In addition, criticisms that existing structural regulations impede innovation are found to be misplaced because no realistic, unproblematic alternative exists.
Monte Carlo based statistical power analysis for mediation models: methods and software

The existing literature on statistical power analysis for mediation models often assumes data normality and is based on a less powerful Sobel test instead of the more powerful bootstrap test. This study proposes to estimate statistical power to detect mediation effects on the basis of the bootstrap method through Monte Carlo simulation. Nonnormal data with excessive skewness and kurtosis are allowed in the proposed method. A free R package called bmem is developed to conduct the power analysis discussed in this study. Four examples, including a simple mediation model, a multiple-mediator model with a latent mediator, a multiple-group mediation model, and a longitudinal mediation model, are provided to illustrate the proposed method.
The epidemiology of pregnancy-associated emergency department injury visits and their impact on birth outcomes.

Abstract Objective Describe the demographics, injury types, mechanisms, and intents of emergency department (ED) injury visits by pregnant women and to quantify their risk of adverse birth outcomes. Methods Through a retrospective cohort study design, Utah ED, birth, and fetal death records were probabilistically linked to identify women seen in an ED with an injury during pregnancy among births and fetal deaths from 1999 to 2002. Logistic regression was used to assess the effect of having an injury-related ED visit on various adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results 7350 (3.9%) women experienced an injury-related ED visit during pregnancy. Motor vehicle occupant injuries were the leading mechanism of ED injury visits (22.4%). Controlling for known risks, pregnant women with an injury-related ED visit were more likely than non-injured pregnant women to experience preterm labor (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.12–1.34), placental abruption (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.08–1.65), and cesarean delivery (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.19–1.36). Infants born to women who were injured during pregnancy were more likely to be born preterm (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.12–1.34) and have low birth weight (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.1–1.35). Conclusions Most injured pregnant women are treated and released from the ED; however, significant increased risks remain for several maternal complications and birth outcomes.
The ethics of managing scarcity: approaches to economy and prudence in a consuming society

This essay analyzes our character as a people, and its interplay with dramatic changes in our society before and after the formal close of the American frontier in 1890. Many of our prized character traits actually work against the prosperity we seek in the current day. We have not yet come to terms with the greed that contaminates every level of social analysis in American history. Nor have we moderated our individualism, entrepreneurialism, and anti-statism, even as we lose the promise of an expanding and vibrant middle class. Our faith in a great destiny must now embrace public purposes, plans, and management as necessary and desirable facets of ordered liberty. I brought you into a plentiful land to enjoy its fruits and its good things. But when you came in you defiled my land, and made my heritage an abomination. Jeremiah 2:7
Significance of Left Atrial Volume in Patients < 20 Years of Age With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Left atrial (LA) enlargement is an indicator of chronic elevation in left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure as well as diastolic dysfunction. There is a lack of data on the significance of LA volume in the pediatric population. The objective of this study was to elucidate the relation between LA volume and diastolic dysfunction, clinical symptoms, and exercise capacity in young patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. All patients aged 2 . Additional echocardiographic parameters included a mean LV outflow gradient of 55 ± 51 mm Hg, a mean E/E′ ratio of 14.0 ± 7.6, and a mean maximal septal wall thickness of 23 ± 9 mm. On univariate linear regression analysis, LA volume index had an excellent correlation with diastolic dysfunction grade (p 2 = 0.6), LV outflow tract gradient, mitral E/E′, and the degree of mitral regurgitation. LA volume index was also positively associated with symptom score (p = 0.005) and maximal oxygen consumption on exercise test (n = 22; p = 0.01). On multivariate analysis, LA volume index was related to diastolic dysfunction grade (p
Sex vs. status in sex-associated stereotypes

The trait content of sex stereotypes can be created by social role status alone, without reference to sex. In contemporary culture sex and role status are confounded: Authority roles are played by men; women occupy subordinate positions. TV commercials encode the unequal status as tacit assumptions in brief scenarios. Videotaped reenactments of three such commercials served as stimuli. One reenactment of each duplicated the original network versions. In a second reenactment of the same commercials, the male and female actors switched roles. Subjects (n=128 men and women) viewed the commercials and made personality attributions to each character on five sex-stereotypic dimensions, e.g., “dominant—submissive.” Stereotypic trait patterns commonly attributed to sex were determined more by the actor's implicit role status in the portrayed relationship than by the actor's sex. Showing women in high-status roles with the social support of coparticipants may be a means of breaking the stereotypes.
Accounting for Shrinkage in Continuous Flow Industries: An Expository Note

This study explores accounting for shrinkage in continuous flow industries, an area which has received no attention in the literature, but which appears to present some difficulty to cost accountants in some companies studied. The study presents an appropriate approach for process cost accounting where the materials in process undergo some dimensional transformation but remain measurable in the same physical units as the raw materials. Appropriate formulae are presented to help calculate the equivalent units of finished output that the semi-processed materials in inventory represent. The initial development assumes a uniform loss rate, an assumption later relaxed to illustrate the solution procedure for non-uniform loss rates.
Effects of temperature and irradiance on non-structural carbohydrate accumulation in barley primary leaves

Non-structural storage carbohydrates were measured in 9-day-old barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Brant) primary leaves. Accumulation rates of starch, sucrose and total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) were approximately linear when measured between 2- and 12-h of light. Progressively higher TNC accumulation rates were observed at higher irradiance levels (i.e., comparing 250, 550 and 1050 ·mol m−2 s−1). Synthesis of a low-molecular-weight fructan also was enhanced by high irradiances. Low irradiance treatments decreased leaf sucrose levels and there was a corresponding increase in the lag period preceding starch synthesis in the light. Increased starch accumulation rates were usually observed when sucrose concentrations were high. These and other results suggested that cytosolic sucrose concentrations affected starch metabolism in the chloroplast. However, sucrose accumulation rates increased and starch storage decreased when barley seedlings were transferred from 20 to 10°C during the light period. Lowering the night temperature from 20 to 10°C for a single dark period 8-days after planting increased the TNC content of barley primary leaves at the beginning of day nine. In this experiment, TNC accumulation rates of treated and untreated leaves were similar. Changes in the accumulation rate of TNC were usually observed within 2- to 4-h after barley seedlings were exposed to altered environmental conditions. Monitoring rapid changes in leaf carbohydrate levels is a sensitive method for assessing the effects of environmental treatments on photosynthetic metabolism.