cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional water temperature characteristics of lakes subjected to climate change

A deterministic, validated, one-dimensional, unsteady-state lake water quality model was linked to a daily weather data base to simulate daily water temperature profiles in lakes over a period of twenty-five (1955–79) years. Twenty seven classes of lakes which are characteristic for the north-central U.S. were investigated. Output from a global climate model (GISS) was used to modify the weather data base to account for a doubling of atmospheric CO2. The simulations predict that, after climate change, epilimnetic temperatures will be higher but increase less than air temperature, hypolimnetic temperatures in seasonally stratified dimictic lakes will be largely unchanged or even lower than at present, evaporative water loss will be increased by as much as 300 mm for the season, onset of stratification will occur earlier and overturn later in the season, and overall lake stability will become greater in spring and summer.
Using light-scattering techniques to better understand the interaction of pulsed ultrasound with contrast microbubbles

It is important to understand the interaction of pulsed ultrasound with ultrasound contrast agents so that the agents can be utilized to their fullest. Towards this goal, we have optimized light-scattering to provide quantitative information about microbubble oscillations when subjected to diagnostic ultrasound pulses. Initial experiments were performed with individual microbubbles. Pulses from actual diagnostic imaging systems were used to 'activate' the microbubbles. Bubble oscillations were measured by focusing the scattered light onto a photodetector. Data was collected with a fast oscilloscope set up to capture instantaneous bubble oscillation data for many consecutive ultrasound pulses. Results for individual bubbles show that at low pressures, the bubbles can be stable for many pulses. Sometimes, the bubbles evolve, presumably due to shell permeabilization and shell fatigue. Bubble dynamics models compare favorably with the observed oscillations. Light scattering can be an important tool for understanding and optimizing newer bubble imaging modes such as pulse inversion.
Energy transfer during ultrafast laser-matter interactions

We investigate energy transfer processes during ultrafast laser-matter interactions. We show that when coherent phonons are generated by ultrafast laser pulses, additional energy transfer pathways exist which can influence energy transfer and phase change.
Advantage of Siconi Preclean over Wet Clean for Pre Salicide Applications Beyond 65nm Node

For advanced devices at 65 nm node and beyond, nickel silicide formed by depositing Ni or its alloys with subsequent annealing has been chosen as the source/drain and gate contact materials. An in-situ dry chemical cleaning technology (Siconi ) has been developed to be integrated with PVD nickel deposition, thus forming a defect-free silicide/Si interface. Queue time related surface contamination and defects caused by using wet (HF) chemical cleaning are thus eliminated. The dry and wet etch methods are compared in this paper in terms of the film Rs, microstructure and thermal stability, as well as the line width effects measured on test wafers.
Introducing Purion H, a scanned spot beam high current ion implanter

As a member of the Purion ion implanter family, Purion H is Axcelis' next generation high current implanter. Purion H provides customers with an unprecedented level of process flexibility and yield-enabling technology, and features the platform's four common differentiators: Purion Contamination Shield™, Purion Vector™ Dose and Angle Control System, Purion 500 wafer/hour endstation and the Eterna™ ELS source. Like Purion M and Xe, Purion H uses a hybrid scan architecture. Its scanned spot beam technology delivers precise dosage, angle and dose rate on all points of the wafer, by permitting simultaneous and independent implant uniformity and angle control. Purion H high also comprises a five-filter beamline to deliver beam purity for low variability and defects: a series of dipole magnets and a deflecting energy filter separate unwanted contaminants from the ion beam. Magnetic beam scanning permits space-charge neutralization of high beam currents, resulting in high productivity via high beam currents in combination with short tune times and a fast 500 wafer/hour end station. Other new features include a maintenance friendly, integrated source extraction system; a novel uniformity correction algorithm; a new, higher output microwave PEF powered by a solid-state amplifier for metals-free charge neutralization of high current beams; and advanced beam diagnostics to quantify average angles and spread of the scanned spot beam. Finally, the dosimetry system, which is common to the Purion M medium current implanter, extends the application space of Purion H beyond the traditional coverage of high current implanters down to doses < 2e11 /cm2, enabling new applications while maintaining productivity.
A New Genus of Perissodactyl (Mammalia) from the Bridgerian of Wyoming, with Comments on Basal Perissodactyl Phylogeny

ABSTRACT An unusual specimen of a perissodactyl from the Bridgerian (late early to early middle Eocene) of Wyoming provides the basis for a new genus and species, Mesolambdolophus setoni. The specimen (MCZ 19585) displays an unusual combination of features: first lower premolar absent; p2 and p3 not molariform; p4 submolariform; anterior end of metalophid lingually placed, contacting metaconid; metaconid not twinned; and large hypoconulid on m3. The orientation of the metalophid excludes this specimen from Ceratomorpha, and the size and characters of this specimen exclude it from any known genus of Bridgerian perissodactyl, as well as from any other Eocene perissodactyl taxon. Including this taxon in a phylogenetic analysis of basal perissodactyls places Mesolambdolophus as sister taxon to Tapiromorpha, but we consider any assessment of the position of Mesolambdolophus tentative at best, given the limitations of analyses of basal perissodactyls currently available. The presence of a small Bridgerian ‘hipp...
Electrochemical flotation of sulfides: Chalcocite-ethylxanthate interactions

Abstract This paper discusses part of a U.S. Bureau of Mines research effort to use electrochemical techniques to control sulfide flotation with the aim of developing new methods to process low-grade, complex domestic ores. The interactions between chalcocite and ethylxanthate (EtX − ) have been studied in an electrochemical-microflotation cell containing a packed bed of the mineral as a working electrode. Spectrophotometric and electrochemical techniques have shown that in the potential range −0.7 to 0 V (SCE) at a pH of 9.2 there are at least four distinct reactions: (1) a reaction of EtX − to form ethylperxanthate at reducing potentials near −0.5 V; (2) a reaction of EtX − with soluble Cu(II) at the open circuit potential (−0.028 V); (3) an exchange reaction whereby EtX − displaces an oxidation product; and (4) a charge transfer oxidation reaction. The exchange and charge transfer oxidation reactions occur over the same potential range (−0.5 to −0.1 V) and are both believed to produce cuprous xanthate and possibly cupric xanthate as an adsorbed hydrophobic species. Xanthate adsorbed at −0.1 V can be desorbed as the ethylxanthate ion at more negative potentials. The flotation response of chalcocite is also shown to parallel closely the adsorption of EtX − by reactions 3 and 4 and the reduction of the adsorbed product during cathodic decreases in potential.
Ridge aperture antenna array as a high efficiency coupler for photovoltaic applications

Weak absorption of light near the absorption band edge of a photovoltaic material is one limiting factor on the efficiency of photovoltaics. This is particularly true for silicon thin-film solar cells because of the short optical path lengths and limited options for texturing the frontand back surfaces. Directinglight laterally isone way toincrease the optical path length and absorption. We investigate the use of a periodic array of apertures originated from bowtie aperture antennas to couple incident light into guided modes supported within a thin silicon film. We show the presence of the aperture array can increase the efficiency of a solar cell by as much as 39%. C 2011 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). (DOI: 10.1117/1.3644613)
An exploration of strategic collaboration in the Triad

This paper examines patterns of collaboration between companies over a six year time period. Research results indicate that while the formation of alliances is on the rise, the upward trend may not be as strong as commonly thought, that most alliances are formed across national borders rather than within borders and typically take the form of a joint venture or non‐equity agreement, and that firms from North America and the Pacific Rim are most likely to be involved in a collaborative venture.
Loss of pattern separation performance in schizophrenia suggests dentate gyrus dysfunction

Motivated by evidence that the dentate gyrus differentially mediates the pattern separation (PS) component of declarative memory function and that dentate gyrus harbors molecular and cellular pathologies in schizophrenia, we examined whether PS performance is altered in volunteers with schizophrenia (SZV) relative to healthy volunteers (HV). In groups of well-characterized SZV (n=14) and HV (n=15), we contrasted performance on the Behavioral Pattern Separation (BPS) Task, acquiring two outcome measures, a PS parameter and a Recognition Memory (RM) parameter, as well as specific recognition data by stimulus type. The SZVs showed a significant decrement in PS performance relative to HV (mean ± SEM, SZV: 3.1 ± 2.7%; HV: 17.1 ± 5.8%; p=0.039, d'=0.86); whereas SZV and HV did not significantly differ in RM performance (SZV: 50.1 ± 8.1%; HV: 59.3 ± 5.5%; p=0.350, d'=0.36). Moreover, the SZVs showed a selective defect in correctly identifying similar lure items (SZV: 24.0 ± 3.7%; HV: 41.2 ± 4.6%; p<0.05), but demonstrated no impairment in identifying targets and novel foils. These data suggest that the dentate gyrus is dysfunctional in schizophrenia, a feature that could contribute to declarative memory impairment in the disorder and possibly to psychosis, a conclusion consistent with the considerable molecular pathology in the dentate gyrus in schizophrenia.
Cesarean birth rates: global trends.

A Chinese woman living in the United States reported that "My sister in law back home [in the Peoples Republic of China] went to the doctor early and scheduled a cesarean section. They didnt even consider giving birth vaginally because they were afraid of complications. I think because youre allowed to have only one child the whole family was especially anxious and pay special attention. She chose to have a cesarean section because it is less risky and there is a lot less pain involved." Elective primary cesarean births - both by maternal request and by physician choice - seem to be increasing globally. Reasons postulated to contribute to this include avoidance of what some women think is an increased risk of incontinence and sexual dysfunction after vaginal births the perceived safety and convenience of elective cesareans avoidance of the pain and fatigue associated with labor potential liability issues in vaginal births provider preference and the convenience of giving birth on schedule. (excerpt)
Normal modes and global dynamics of a two-degree-of-freedom non-linear system—I. Low energies

Abstract The high-energy global dynamics of an undamped, strongly non-linear, two-degree-of-freedom system are considered. As shown in an earlier work [A.F. Vakakis and R.H. Rand, Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. 27 , 861–874 (1992)], the oscillator under consideration contains “similar” non-linear normal modes and at certain values of its structural parameters a mode bifurcation is possible. For low energies, the mode bifurcation gives rise to a homoclinic orbit in the Poincare map of the system. For high energies, large- and low-scale chaotic motions are detected, resulting from transverse intersections of the stable and unstable manifolds of an unstable antisymmetric normal mode, and from the breakdown of invariant KAM-tori. The creation of additional free subharmonic motions is studied by a subharmonic Melnikov analysis, and the stability of the subharmonic motions is examined by an averaging methodology. The main conclusion of this work is that the bifurcation of similar normal modes results in a class of large-scale free chaotic motions, which do not exist in the system before the bifurcation.
Larger neural responses produce BOLD signals that begin earlier in time

Functional MRI analyses commonly rely on the assumption that the temporal dynamics of hemodynamic response functions (HRFs) are independent of the amplitude of the neural signals that give rise to them. The validity of this assumption is particularly important for techniques that use fMRI to resolve sub-second timing distinctions between responses, in order to make inferences about the ordering of neural processes. Whether or not the detailed shape of the HRF is independent of neural response amplitude remains an open question, however. We performed experiments in which we measured responses in primary visual cortex (V1) to large, contrast-reversing checkerboards at a range of contrast levels, which should produce varying amounts of neural activity. Ten subjects (ages 22-52) were studied in each of two experiments using 3 Tesla scanners. We used rapid, 250 msec, temporal sampling (repetition time, or TR) and both short and long inter-stimulus interval (ISI) stimulus presentations. We tested for a systematic relationship between the onset of the HRF and its amplitude across conditions, and found a strong negative correlation between the two measures when stimuli were separated in time (long- and medium-ISI experiments, but not the short-ISI experiment). Thus, stimuli that produce larger neural responses, as indexed by HRF amplitude, also produced HRFs with shorter onsets. The relationship between amplitude and latency was strongest in voxels with lowest mean-normalized variance (i.e., parenchymal voxels). The onset differences observed in the longer-ISI experiments are likely attributable to mechanisms of neurovascular coupling, since they are substantially larger than reported differences in the onset of action potentials in V1 as a function of response amplitude.
Isotopes of emanation produced by bombardment of gold with nitrogen ions

Abstract Several emanation isotopes of very low neutron number have been prepared by bombardment of gold foil with 140-MeV nitrogen ions accelerated in the Berkeley 60-in. cyclotron. The alpha-decay properties of Em 208 , Em 207 , Em 206 , and Em 204 were measured. The alpha-decay to electron capture-decay ratios of Em 208 , Em 207 , Em 206 , and of Po 202 were determined.
Land surface microwave emissivity dynamics: Observations, analysis and modeling

Land surface microwave emissivity affects remote sensing of both the atmosphere and the land surface. The dynamical behavior of microwave emissivity over a very diverse sample of land surface types is studied. With seven years of satellite measurements from AMSR-E, we identified various dynamical regimes of the land surface emission. In addition, we used two radiative transfer models (RTMs), the Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM) and the Community Microwave Emission Modeling Platform (CMEM), to simulate land surface emissivity dynamics. With both CRTM and CMEM coupled to NASA's Land Information System, global-scale land surface microwave emissivities were simulated for five years, and evaluated against AMSR-E observations. It is found that both models have successes and failures over various types of land surfaces. Among them, the desert shows the most consistent underestimates (by approx. 70-80%), due to limitations of the physical models used, and requires a revision in both systems. Other snow-free surface types exhibit various degrees of success and it is expected that parameter tuning can improve their performances.
ALGEBRA OF CURRENTS AND THE VECTOR-MESON--BARYON COUPLING CONSTANTS IN BROKEN SU(3).

Employing the method of current algebra and a hypothesis of partially conserved tensor current, we study the renormalization effects on the vector-meson---baryon coupling constants, due to the first-order $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ breaking. We find that the sum rules within the couplings of one vector meson with baryons are the same as those found in the $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ limit, and that the renormalization effects are present only when we compare the coupling of one vector meson with the couplings of different vector mesons. With the use of $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\varphi}$ mixing with the mixing angle $\ensuremath{\theta}=invtan(\ensuremath{\surd}\frac{1}{2})$, the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}$ couplings have the same amount of renormalization effects.
Heat transfer considerations in design of a batch tube reactor for biomass hydrolysis

Biologic conversion of inexpensive and abundant sources of cellulosic biomass offers a low-cost route to production of fuels and commodity chemicals that can provide unparalleled environmental, economic, and strategic benefits. However, low-cost, high-yield technologies are needed to recover sugars from the hemicellulose fraction of biomass and to prepare the remaining cellulose fraction for subsequent hydrolysis. Uncatalyzed hemicellulose hydrolysis in flow-through systems offers a number of important advantages for removal of hemicellulose sugars, and it is believed that oligomers could play an important role in explaining why the performance of flow-through systems differs from uncatalyzed steam explosion approaches. Thus, an effort is under way to study oligomer formation kinetics, and a small batch reactor is being applied to capture these important intermediates in a closed system that facilitates material balance closure for varying reaction conditions. In this article, heat transfer for batch tubes is analyzed to derive temperature profiles for different tube diameters and assess the impact on xylan conversion. It was found that the tube diameter must be <0.5 in. for xylan hydrolysis to follow the kinetics expected for a uniform temperature system at typical operating conditions.
Historical and social context for birth planning in Iceland.

Birth planning, a major women's health strategy, is affected by many community factors: literacy, education, employment, infant mortality, the status of women, and the dispersion of health care services. Iceland has the highest birth rate of all Nordic countries, and one of the highest in the Western world. A developed country with a national health system available to all, Iceland has nevertheless been influenced by distinct social, economic, cultural, and environmental forces. In this article I explore the phenomenon of birth planning and related factors that affect the health and development of women in Iceland. Recent gains by women, particularly women's integration into higher education and the professions and increased political participation, are expected to help bridge the existing gap between the status of women in Iceland and in Nordic and other Western European countries. The framework for examining broader community factors that influence birth planning is applicable to any country or subpopul...
Target poisoning during reactive sputtering of silicon with oxygen and nitrogen

Abstract SiO x N y thin films have been prepared by DC reactive sputtering of a Si target in Ar with varying amounts of oxygen and nitrogen added to the process gas. With the addition of oxygen to the process gas, an abrupt transition from metallic mode to poison mode occurs at around 4.5% oxygen addition, and the typical hysteresis common with reactive sputtering is observed. With the addition of nitrogen, the hysteresis effect is not observed, and a more gradual transition to the poison mode occurs beginning around 10%. With a combination of reactive gases, we observe a gradual shift between the abrupt transition observed with only oxygen to the gradual poisoning as observed with nitrogen. XPS spectra indicate an increase in the O N and N N bonding as the reactive gas component is increased.
Evaluating Martha Madison: Developing analytical tools for gauging the breadth of learning facilitated by STEM games

Martha Madison's Marvelous Machines is a learning game created by Second Avenue Software to help middle school girls gain scientific intuitions and develop understanding of the properties and uses of simple machines. In 2011, during the pilot phase of the game's development, the game was played by a group of middle school girls and their game play was studied. This paper describes the results of the analysis of the data collected during the pilot, which included evidence of engagement in the game, as well as some increased affinity toward STEM practices. Also encouraging in the analysis was the discovery that the participants were noted to have high levels of communication and collaboration during the game play.
Minimization of Energy in Reverse Osmosis Water Desalination Using Constrained Nonlinear Optimization

This work focuses on the minimization of energy in reverse osmosis water desalination. First, a set of dimensionless parameters were derived to characterize the reverse osmosis desalination process. On the basis of the assumptions of constant pump efficiency and no pressure change in the retentate, the minimization of energy cost per volume of produced permeate or specific energy consumption (SEC) for three different reverse osmosis modules (single-stage, two-stage, and single-stage with an energy recovery device (ERD)) were then formulated and solved as constrained nonlinear optimization problems. Without ERD, the optimal solution to SEC normalized by the feed salinity was solely dependent on a dimensionless parameter γ that is comprised of the membrane area, hydraulic permeability, feed rate, and salinity. In the thermodynamic limit where γ approaches infinity, the minimal SEC approaches 4 and 3.596 times the feed salinity and the fractional recovery approaches 0.5 and 0.574 for single-stage and two-sta...
Secondary structure of interleukin-2(Alal25) in unfolded state*

Secondary structure of interleukin-2(Ala125) in unfolded state was examined by circular dichroism (CD). Unfolding of tertiary structure of the protein, as determined by CD, was observed when the solvent pH was decreased below 3.0 or the disulfide bond was reduced. Consistent with the CD results, a stronger fluorescence enhancement of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid was observed on acidification or reduction of interleukin-2(Ala125) relative to that of the native protein, indicating a larger hydrophobic surface exposed to solvent. However, the secondary structure was fully retained in 5% acetic acid or aqueous HCl, pH 3.0. It seemed that alpha-helical content of the protein is even greater at pH 2.0. Reduced protein showed a far u.v. CD spectrum indistinguishable from the oxidized one at pH 4.0. These results suggest that the secondary structure of interleukin-2(Ala125) does not require tertiary structure.
Performance comparison of Nb/sub 3/Sn magnets at LBNL

The Superconducting Magnet group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has been successfully developing Nb/sub 3/Sn high-field dipole magnet technology for the last ten years. Noteworthy magnet tests include D20 (50 mm bore, 4-layer cos /spl theta/, 12.8 T, accelerator quality dipole), and recent racetrack dipoles: 1) RT1 (2-layer, 12 T, no bore, no training), 2) RD3b (3-layer, 14.7 T, 10 mm bore), 3) RD3c (3-layer, 10 T, low-harmonics 35 mm bore), and 4) some small Nb/sub 3/Sn magnets that utilized new technology. The performance of these magnets is summarized, comparing 1) cable and magnet geometry parameters, 2) training behavior, 3) ramp rate sensitivity, 4) RRR measurements, 5) peak temperatures and voltages, and 6) fast flux adjustments that occur during ramping.
Spino-diencephalic relays through the parabrachial nucleus in the cat.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the spinal input to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) in the cat is limited to certain portions of its lateral division8,21,45. The purpose of the present study was to determine some of the output targets of PBN neurons located within this spinal terminal domain by means of single, double and triple light microscopic labeling strategies. Combinations of tracers included the retrograde transport of tritiated wheat germ agglutinin, wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) and Fluoro-Gold from the hypothalamus, amygdala or thalamus/zona incerta together with either the anterograde transport of WGA-HRP from the spinal cord or the degeneration of spinal terminals following spinal lesions. The results (summarized in Fig. 10) showed that the spinal terminal domain contains separable populations of neurons projecting to the thalamus/zona incerta and hypothalamus. Only a limited number of amygdala-projecting neurons was located in this domain. Evidence from several laboratories supports the conclusion that these potential spino-diencephalic relays are involved somehow in nociception. More information is needed, however, regarding differences in the response properties of these separable populations of spinal-recipient neurons before more specific hypotheses concerning the precise nature of their nociceptive functions can be formulated.
Saturation of adrenomedullin receptors plays an important role in reducing pulmonary clearance of adrenomedullin during the late stage of sepsis.

Abstract Adrenomedullin (AM) is a potent vasodilator that plays a major role in the cardiovascular response during the progression of sepsis. Although pulmonary clearance of AM (i.e., the primary site of AM clearance) is reduced during the late, hypodynamic stage of sepsis, the role of AM receptors under such conditions remains unclear. This study was carried out to test the hypothesis that saturation of AM receptors is responsible for the decreased clearance of AM in the lungs during sepsis. Polymicrobial sepsis was induced in male adult rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). At 20 h after CLP (i.e., the late phase), 125 I-labeled rat AM was administered through the jugular vein, both with (+) and without (−) pre-injection of the human AM fragment AM 22–52 (an AM receptor antagonist). Pulmonary tissue samples were harvested after 30 min and the radioactivity was determined. In addition, lung levels of AM were determined at 5 and 20 h after CLP by radioimmunoassay. Alterations in gene expression of the recently identified AM receptor subunits calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) and receptor activity modifying protein-2 and -3 (RAMP-2 and -3) were assessed in the lungs by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) at 5 and 20 h after CLP. The results indicate that there was a significant decrease in pulmonary [ 125 I]AM clearance at 20 h in −AM 22–52 CLP animals. Lung clearance in +AM 22–52 sham animals was significantly lower than in −AM 22–52 sham animals and was not statistically different from the −AM 22–52 CLP group. There was no statistical difference between +AM 22–52 and −AM 22–52 CLP groups. However, there was a significant increase in lung AM levels at 20 but not 5 h after CLP. In addition, RAMP-3 expression was significantly upregulated at 5 but not 20 h after CLP. There were no alterations in the expression of CRLR or RAMP-2 at either time point. These results suggest that pulmonary AM receptors become saturated as more AM enters the bloodstream, thereby reducing the ability of the lungs to clear this peptide during late sepsis. Early upregulation of RAMP-3 may be a compensatory mechanism to help clear the upregulated AM from the bloodstream. The lack of upregulation of RAMP-3 during late sepsis could also contribute to the decreased clearance observed during this phase.
Validation of x-ray line ratios for electron temperature determination in tokamak plasmas

X-ray imaging crystal spectroscopy (XICS) has been implemented on magnetic confinement fusion devices as a novel means of measuring local plasma temperature, impurity density, and flow profiles. At Alcator C-Mod, XICS allows for spatially-resolved, high spectral resolution measurements between 0.3 and 0.4 nm, enabling detailed analysis of He-like argon x-ray emission. Electron temperatures in the range of 0.5 keV ≤Te ≤3.0 keV are determined from He-like argon emissivity ratios of the n = 3 dielectronic satellites to the w-line and its surrounding n ≥ 3 satellites, specifically the wavelength range of 3.9440 A ≤ λ ≤ 3.9607 A. These data are validated against measurements of Te from existing electron cyclotron emission and Thomson scattering diagnostics. Line ratio data are analysed via a tomographic inversion procedure, overcoming the traditional issue of spectra being averaged over the plasma cross-section. The implications of utilizing x-ray line ratios as a valid local temperature diagnostic are not limited to Alcator C-Mod; properties of plasma in future experiments as well as in astrophysical settings can also be investigated. The results of this experiment confirm that x-ray line ratios can be used as an accurate electron temperature diagnostic. The electron temperature can be determined from the relation to the line ratio, x, as Te[keV] = 0.1552x−0.7781 with 0.0223 < x < 0.2449.
Lithium kinetics in single daily dosing.

The feasibility of single daily dosing of lithium carbonate was tested in eight recurrent manic-depressives being treated with lithium prophylaxis. The patients received their entire 24-h maintenance dose at 8:00 p.m. for 12 consecutive days. The suitability of single daily dosing was determined by comparing 1) lithium through levels; 2) lithium kinetic parameters of half-life, clearance, and volume of distribution; and 3) renal function parameters of serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, and mean 24-h urine output during the initial divided daily dosage trial and the subsequent single daily dosage trial. The observation of no significant changes in either serum half-lives or renal lithium clearance levels supports the conclusion that the average steady-state lithium serum concentration (Cpss) is unchanged by conversion to single daily doses. No significant changes were observed in either serum creatinine or creatinine clearance. However, a significant decrease in the 24-h urine output was noted on the single daily dose.
Accelerated wound healing in mice with a disruption of the thrombospondin 2 gene.

Mice that lack the extracellular matrix protein thrombospondin 2 have, among several abnormalities, an increase in vascular density, abnormal collagen fibrils, and dermal fibroblasts that are defective in adhesion. These findings suggested that responses involving these processes, such as wound healing, might be altered. To investigate the healing process, excisional wounds were made with the aid of a biopsy punch. Such wounds, observed over a 14 d period, appeared to heal at an accelerated rate and with less scarring in thrombospondin 2-null mice. Histologic analysis of thrombospondin 2-null wound sites revealed the presence of an irregularly organized and highly vascularized granulation tissue. In addition, thrombospondin 2-null wounds retained a higher total cellular content, than control wounds. No differences in wound re-epithelization rates were observed, but thrombospondin 2-null epithelia formed rete pegs and were thicker than control epithelia. By immunohistochemistry, we detected elevated levels and an irregular deposition pattern for fibronectin in thrombospondin 2-null wounds, observations that correlated with the abnormal collagen organization in the granulation tissue. Immunostaining for thrombospondin 2 in control wounds showed that the protein is present in both early and late wounds, in a scattered cell-associated pattern or widely distributed cell- and matrix-associated pattern, respectively. Our results suggest that thrombospondin 2 plays a crucial part in the organization and vascularization of the granulation tissue during healing, possibly by modulating fibroblast–matrix interactions in early wounds and regulating the extent of angiogenesis in late wounds.
Clearance rates of sessile rotifers: In situ determinations

Clearance rates of three sessile and four free-swimming rotifer species from a small acid bog-pond were measured using in situ techniques. Three radioactively labeled cell types, an alga (Chlamydomonas), a bacterium (Enterobacter = Aerobacter), and a yeast (Rhodotorula) were used as tracers. Clearance rates (using yeast) ranged from 250 µ1 • animal-1 • h-1 depending on species. Ptygura crystallina, Ptygura pilula, Floscularia conifera, and an unidentified bdelloid ingested all three foods with substantial variation in clearance rates among species and cell type. There was an insignificant error (<0.3%) in clearance rate associated with non-ingestive uptake of radioactivity. Among the free-swimming taxa, Lecane sp. had a clearance rate of <0.5 µ1 • animal-1 • h-1 on yeast, while another Lecane sp. and Trichotria tetractis did not ingest that cell type.
Reconstructing visible surfaces

For many high-level vision tasks, such as scene interpretation or object recognition, it is advantageous to know the visible surface of the object space. An approach based on scale space techniques and matching in object space is described. In every discrete step in the scale space images are matched which are warped to the surface obtained in the previous step. This corresponds conceptually to matching in object space, and it helps reduce the foreshortening problems that are associated with any matching method. The 3-D positions of the matched points form a sparse set that needs to be densified to obtain the surface. On every level the matching results are analyzed and a hypothesis about breaklines and occlusions is formulated. The surface is found by interpolating the 3-D points found by matching. The interpolation stops at boundaries of suspected breaklines and occlusions. An independent analysis of the surface normals may confirm or reject the hypothesis. Yet another independent clue about breaklines or occlusions stems from edges. At the final step the warped images become orthophotos and the matching vector vanishes for all points. The theoretical description of the model is followed by experimental results.
Adenylate kinase 2, a mitochondrial enzyme.

The subcellular compartmentalization of the isozymes of ATP: AMP phosphotransferase (adenylate kinase) was analyzed in HeLa cells, RAG cells, and RAG-human hybrids that express human AK-2. In HeLa cells and in the hybrids, human AK-2 was present in a mitochondrial fraction prepared from cell extracts and in mitochondria purified by density gradient centrifugation. Human AK-1 was, as expected, distributed in the soluble cytoplasmic fraction of the cells. The rodent isozymes which are homologous to human AK-1 and AK-2 have been determined.
Effects of Traces of Metallic Ions on Films at Interfaces and on the Surface of Water

IT appears advisable at this time to direct the attention of workers in the field of surface chemistry to recent work on the effects of minute traces of metallic ions on the behaviour of monomolecular films on the surface of water, since serious consideration of such results brings into question some of the data published on monomolecular films, particularly those data on films formed by substances with acidic groups in the molecule, spread on a neutral or basic aqueous layer.
Nonsynaptic Glycine Receptor Activation during Early Neocortical Development

Glycine receptors (GlyRs) contribute to fast inhibitory synaptic transmission in the brain stem and spinal cord. GlyR subunits are expressed in the developing neocortex, but a neurotransmitter system involving cortical GlyRs has yet to be demonstrated. Here, we show that GlyRs in immature neocortex are excitatory and activated by a nonsynaptically released endogenous ligand. Of the potential ligands for cortical GlyRs, taurine is by far the most abundant in the developing neocortex. We found that taurine is stored in immature cortical neurons and that manipulations known to elevate extracellular taurine cause GlyR activation. These data indicate that nonsynaptically released taurine activates GlyRs during neocortical development. As fetal taurine deprivation can cause cortical dysgenesis, it is possible that taurine influences neocortical development by activating GlyRs.
The impact of patterns of nodal metastasis on modifications of neck dissection

Background: Radical neck dissection (RND) is standard treatment for cervical metastasis from head and neck cancer. Although effective, RND produces significant morbidity. In an effort to reduce this morbidity, modifications of RND have been developed. These modifications can be comprehensive yet spare some or all of the nonlymphatic structures removed in RND, or they can remove less than all the lymph node groups removed in RND and are termed selective neck dissections. We have reviewed the literature regarding the patterns of nodal metastasis from head and neck cancer to define the indications for these modifications of RND. Methods: A review of the literature concerning patterns of nodal metastasis from head and neck cancer was performed. Using this information, recommendations on the use of modifications of neck dissection were formulated. Results: In squamous cancers, with clinically negative neck supraomohyoid neck dissection is an adequate node sampling procedure for oral cavity and oropharyngeal lesions, and lateral (jugular) neck dissection for primary lesions of the hypopharynx, and larynx. In the clinically positive neck comprehensive neck dissection with preservation of the spinal accessory nerve is oncologically sound. Conclusions: Nodal metastasis of head and neck cancer occurs in predictable patterns. Based on these patterns of nodal metastasis, recommendations for the use of modifications of neck dissection are presented.
PCB Congeners and Dechlorination in Sediments of Upper Sheboygan River, Wisconsin

Abstract Nine hand-collected sediment cores were obtained for PCB concentration analysis and dating from the Upper Sheboygan River, Wisconsin, USA. The primary PCB Aroclors in the Upper Sheboygan River were 1248 (50%) and 1254 (50%). The total PCB concentrations in the sediments ranged from 0.1–104 ppm (based on dry weight). The PCB data obtained from the sampling were analyzed using a factor analysis (FA) model with non-negative constraints in order to identify PCB sources and congener patterns. The factor loadings obtained from the FA model represent a general dechlorination profile common to most of the higher concentration samples and another associated with contamination from upstream dredging during 1989–1991. Anaerobic dechlorination is occurring in Upper Sheboygan River sediments and is most significant at high concentrations (≥ 20 ppm). Observation of elevated amounts of lower chlorinated congeners such as congeners 4 (2-2), 8 (2-4), 25 (24-3), and 26 (25-3) indicates the presence of anaerobic dechlorination activities. Based on the data from the FA model, anaerobic dechlorination was occurring according to dechlorination activities M and P. All possible dechlorination pathways involving marker congeners were considered. A significant improvement (86–91%) in similarity between the original Aroclor profile and the altered ones was found.
Estrogen receptor-α gene transfer into bovine aortic endothelial cells induces eNOS gene expression and inhibits cell migration

Objectives: It has been suggested that estrogen may improve endothelial cell function to delay the onset of atherosclerosis in pre-menopausal females, though its mechanism of action is not fully understood. We examined the hypothesis that human estrogen receptor-α (ERα) gene transfection improves the endothelial cell function. Methods: A replication deficient adenoviral vector was used to transfect the ERα gene into bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) and a GFP gene containing vector was used as control. Expression of the eNOS gene was determined by Northern blot analysis and enzyme activity assay; cell migration was assayed using a Transwell apparatus; and tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK was estimated by Western blot analysis. Results: ERα gene transfection of endothelial cells produced a 2–3-fold increase in eNOS mRNA and protein levels as well as a significant increase ( P <0.05) in NOS activity as measured by citrulline assay and nitrite accumulation in the media in response to bradykinin stimulation. Treatment of cells with estrogen blocking agent ICI 182780 inhibited eNOS induction in response to ERα transfection. ERα gene transfection significantly inhibited ( P <0.05) bFGF-induced chemotactic migration of endothelial cells but increased cell attachment to fibronectin, laminin, and type I and IV collagens. ERα gene transfer also inhibited bFGF-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the atheroprotective effects of estrogen may in part be mediated by ERα-induced upregulation of eNOS gene expression and maintenance of endothelial cell function and integrity.
Exact finite range CCBA results for the reaction 24Mg(d, p)25Mg at 14 and 15 MeV

Abstract The differential cross-sections for the 24 Mg(d, p) 25 Mg 5 2 + ( g.s. ) reactions at E d = 15 Mev and 7 2 + (1.61 MeV state ) reaction at E d = 14 and 15 MeV have been calculated using the full finite range CCBA code OUKID. It is shown that finite range effects are very important for these light ion reactions and that the deuteron D-state makes a negligible contribution at these energies.
Toward an analog VLSI implementation of adaptive resonance theory (ART2)

We describe the architecture for an analog VLSI implementation of the ART2 network. This design uses primary analog circuitry, with some digital clocking for controlling switches for storage and timing. The system operates in current-mode, which simplifies much of the circuitry. The network is broken into four major blocks and we describe the circuitry that can implement these blocks. This represents an important first step toward an analog hardware implementation of ART2.
A Hardware Platform for Research in Helicopter UAV Control

The topic discussed in this paper addresses the current research being conducted at the Automation and Robotics Research Institute in the areas of UAV helicopter instrumentation targeted towards aerobatic flight and heterogenous multi-vehicle cooperation. A modular electronic system was designed which includes sensors communicating over a CAN bus and an on-board computer that runs a special real-time Linux kernel. The same system is reusable on other types of vehicles and on the ground stations, facilitating the development of multi-vehicle control algorithms.
Mixed-signal simulation of digitally controlled switching converters

In this paper we give an overview of tasks, models and mixed-signal simulation tools to support design of digitally controlled switching power supplies where the digital controller is implemented in a dedicated FPGA or ASIC. Mixed-signal simulation models of a digitally controlled switching converter based on Matlab/Simulink and HDL/Spice simulation tools are presented. The models are used in the design of a high-frequency digital controller integrated circuit for DC-DC switching converters. Simulation and experimental results are compared.
Strain birefringence in ethylene-propylene copolymers†

A series of polymeric networks were prepared by the γ-radiation crosslinking of two ethylene-propylene copolymers containing 62 and 69 mol % ethylene units. The elastomeric materials thus obtained were studied in elongation, both swollen and unswollen, over the temperature range −30 to 95°C. The experiments involved measurements of both the elastic force and birefringence, using primarily changes in temperature at constant length (rather than changes in length at constant temperature). There is evidence for crystallization in these networks, as manifested by marked decreases in force and increases in birefringence at relatively low elongations and at temperatures as high as 70°C. As expected, the birefringence and related quantities were found to be more sensitive to crystallization than the force, with the stress-optical coefficient showing the greatest sensitivity. The results obtained in the elongation-temperature regions presumably free from effects of network crystallization were used to calculate values of the temperature coefficient of the unperturbed dimensions of the chains, and values of the optical-configuration parameter. Both are widely used to characterize (spatial) configurations of chain molecules. Values of the former quantity are in very good agreement with those predicted some years ago using a rotational isomeric state model for ethylene-propylene chains of various chemical and stereochemical compositions. The extension of these theoretical calculations to include the stress-optical coefficient should provide further information on crystallization in ethylene-propylene elastomers and the configurational characteristics of these copolymeric chains.
The M31 Velocity Vector. II. Radial Orbit toward the Milky Way and Implied Local Group Mass

We determine the velocity vector of M31 with respect to the Milky Way and use this to constrain the mass of the Local Group, based on Hubble Space Telescope proper-motion measurements of three fields presented in Paper I. We construct N-body models for M31 to correct the measurements for the contributions from stellar motions internal to M31. This yields an unbiased estimate for the M31 center-of-mass motion. We also estimate the center-of-mass motion independently, using the kinematics of satellite galaxies of M31 and the Local Group, following previous work but with an expanded satellite sample. All estimates are mutually consistent, and imply a weighted average M31 heliocentric transverse velocity of (vW , vN ) = (– 125.2 ± 30.8, –73.8 ± 28.4) km s–1. We correct for the reflex motion of the Sun using the most recent insights into the solar motion within the Milky Way, which imply a larger azimuthal velocity than previously believed. This implies a radial velocity of M31 with respect to the Milky Way of V rad, M31 = –109.3 ± 4.4 km s–1, and a tangential velocity of V tan, M31 = 17.0 km s–1, with a 1σ confidence region of V tan, M31 ≤ 34.3 km s–1. Hence, the velocity vector of M31 is statistically consistent with a radial (head-on collision) orbit toward the Milky Way. We revise prior estimates for the Local Group timing mass, including corrections for cosmic bias and scatter, and obtain M LG ≡ M MW, vir + M M31, vir = (4.93 ± 1.63) × 1012 M ☉. Summing known estimates for the individual masses of M31 and the Milky Way obtained from other dynamical methods yields smaller uncertainties. Bayesian combination of the different estimates demonstrates that the timing argument has too much (cosmic) scatter to help much in reducing uncertainties on the Local Group mass, but its inclusion does tend to increase other estimates by ~10%. We derive a final estimate for the Local Group mass from literature and new considerations of M LG = (3.17 ± 0.57) × 1012 M ☉. The velocity and mass results at 95% confidence imply that M33 is bound to M31, consistent with expectation from observed tidal deformations.
COMMENTARY: “Post-Growthism”: From Smart Growth to Sustainable Development

As a planning concept, Smart Growth leads to a dead end. Planners and environmental professionals must help communities work toward a different planning theory predicated on the truth that, at some...