cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation and propagation of nonlinear internal waves in Massachusetts Bay

[1] During the summer, nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) are commonly observed propagating in Massachusetts Bay. The topography of the area is unique in the sense that the generation area (over Stellwagen Bank) is only 25 km away from the shoaling area, and thus it represents an excellent natural laboratory to study the life cycle of NLIWs. To assist in the interpretation of the data collected during the 1998 Massachusetts Bay Internal Wave Experiment (MBIWE98), a fully nonlinear and nonhydrostatic model covering the generation/shoaling region was developed, to investigate the response of the system to the range of background and driving conditions observed. Simplified models were also used to elucidate the role of nonlinearity and dispersion in shaping the NLIW field. This paper concentrates on the generation process and the subsequent evolution inthe basin. Themodel was foundtoreproducewell the range of propagation characteristics observed (arrival time, propagation speed, amplitude), and provided a coherent framework to interpret the observations. Comparison with a fully nonlinear hydrostatic model shows that during the generation and initial evolution of the waves as they move away from Stellwagen Bank, dispersive effects play a negligible role. Thus the problem can be well understood considering the geometry of the characteristics along which the Riemann invariants of the hydrostatic problem propagate. Dispersion plays a role only during the evolution of the undular bore in the middle of Stellwagen Basin. The consequences for modeling NLIWs within hydrostatic models are briefly discussed at the end.
Meridional maps of Saturn's thermal electrons

All available observations (July 2004 to June 2011) made by the electron spectrometer (ELS) of the Cassini Plasma Science instrument were used to generate meridional maps of thermal electron fluxes (10–20,000 eV) separated by dayside and nightside. The maps had a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 RS (1 RS = 60,238 km), 10° resolution in pitch angle, and full ELS energy resolution. These maps indicate that electron fluxes tend to accumulate along the field lines between the L shells of ~6 and ~13 in apparent association with the flux tube of Rhea. In the vicinity of Rhea's flux tube, the electrons tend to have field-aligned pitch angle distributions near the equator, especially between ~10 eV and ~500 eV, but can be isotropic or butterfly at different energies north or south of the equator, and there was no strong evidence of field-aligned electron pitch angle distributions at higher latitudes. The electron fluxes display strong day-night asymmetries in flux intensity and pitch angle distribution. However, the day-night asymmetry observed in the ions, seen as a thicker plasma sheet on the dayside, is not observed in the electrons. Finally, the flux distributions approximately resemble those expected from propagation along field lines using conservation of the first adiabatic invariant.
Effects of magnesium pemoline in dimethylsulfoxide on reversal learning, motor activity, and water intake.

52 rats were given reversal training in a T-maze under magnesium pemoline either dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or suspended in gum tragacanth. The course of reversal learning was unaltered as a consequence of drug administration except for the deleterious performance of the magnesium pemoline in DMSO animals on the 10th reversal. Regardless of vehicle, magnesium pemoline enhanced motor activity in an L-maze. While both magnesium pemoline groups exhibited reduced water consumption relative to controls, both DMSO groups exhibited an increase, concurrent with reduced body weight. It is suggested that DMSO is not an inert placebo and should be used with caution in repeated-administration behavioral studies.
Medial rectus surgery for convergence excess esotropia with an accommodative component: a comparison of augmented recession, slanted recession, and recession with posterior fixation.

Richard G. Scobee was an internationally renowned strabismologist whose life was short yet very productive. The first section of this paper describes his life and contributions to strabismology and...
Characterization of a discontinuous epitope of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) core protein p24 by epitope excision and differential chemical modification followed by mass spectrometric peptide mapping analysis.

A combination of epitope excision, epitope extraction, and differential chemical modification followed by mass spectrometric peptide mapping was used for the characterization of a discontinuous epitope that is recognized by the mouse anti-HIV-p24 monoclonal antibody 5E2.A3. In epitope excision, the protein is first bound to an immobilized antibody and then digested with proteolytic enzymes. In epitope extraction, the protein is first digested and subsequently allowed to react with the antibody. After epitope excision of the p24-5E2.A3 complex with endoproteinase Lys-C, a large fragment remained affinity bound corresponding to amino acids 1-158 of HIV-p24 (fragment 1-158). Further digestion, however, resulted in loss of affinity. Moreover, no affinity-bound fragments were observed after an epitope extraction experiment. These data from the epitope excision and extraction experiments suggest that the epitope is discontinuous. For the further characterization of the epitope, amino groups in the epitope-containing fragment were acetylated in both the affinity bound and free states followed by mass spectrometric analysis. Two successive acetylation reactions were performed: (1) the first used a low molar excess of acetic anhydride, and (2) the second, after separation from the antibody, a high molar excess of its hexadeuteroderivative. This isotopic labeling procedure, in combination with high resolution mass spectrometry, allowed the precise determination of relative reactivities of amino groups. In this study, no differences were observed in the ranking of the relative reactivities of five lysine residues. However, the N-terminal amino group was found to be part of the discontinuous epitope.
Photophysics of a Fluorescent Non-natural Amino Acid: p-Cyanophenylalanine.

Abstract The non-natural amino acid p-cyanophenylalanine (PheCN) has recently emerged as a useful fluorescent probe of proteins; however, its photophysical properties have not been systematically examined. Herein, we measure the fluorescence quantum yield and the fluorescence lifetime of PheCN in a series of solvents. It is found that the fluorescence lifetime of PheCN shows a linear dependence on the Kamlet–Taft parameter α of the protic solvents used, indicating that the solute-solvent hydrogen bonding interactions mediate the non-radiative decay rate. Thus, results of this study provide a basis for quantitative application of PheCN fluorescence in protein conformational studies.
Conception rate, growth, and lactation of dairy heifers treated with recombinant somatotropin.

Eighty Holstein heifers (295 kg; 13 to 16 mo of age) were allotted to two treatments in a completely random design experiment to determine the effect of daily injections of recombinant bovine somatotropin on conception, growth, and subsequent lactation. Heifers were treated with either 41.2 mg of bovine somatotropin or saline daily for 5 mo. Breeding was initiated 2 mo after the start of bovine somatotropin or saline treatment. Conception rates and number of services per conception did not differ between treatments. During the injection period, heifers treated with bovine somatotropin gained .18 kg/d faster than control heifers. During the 5 mo following the treatment period, control heifers gained .12 kg/d faster than the heifers that had received bovine somatotropin so that at the end of this 10-mo period weights of heifers in the 2 groups were similar. The heifers treated with bovine somatotropin had a greater increase in both hip height and pelvic size compared with control heifers during the 5-mo treatment period. Calving difficulty scores were similar between treatments. Treatment with bovine somatotropin prior to and during breeding of these heifers did not affect milk yield after first calving compared with control heifers.
Toward Prediction of the Local Onset of Alternans in the Heart

A beat-to-beat variation in the cardiac action potential duration is a phenomenon known as alternans. Alternans has been linked to ventricular fibrillation, and thus the ability to predict the onset of alternans could be clinically beneficial. Theoretically, it has been proposed that the slope of a restitution curve, which relates the duration of the action potential to the preceding diastolic interval, can predict the onset of alternans. Experimentally, however, this hypothesis has not been consistently proven, mainly because of the intrinsic complexity of the dynamics of cardiac tissue. It was recently shown that the restitution portrait, which combines several restitution curves simultaneously, is associated with the onset of alternans in isolated myocytes. Our main purpose in this study was to determine whether the restitution portrait is correlated with the onset of alternans in the heart, where the dynamics include a spatial complexity. We performed optical mapping experiments in isolated Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts in which alternans was induced by periodic pacing at different frequencies, and identified the local onset of alternans, B(onset). We identified two regions of the heart: the area that exhibited alternans at B(onset) (1:1(alt)) and the area that did not (1:1). We constructed two-dimensional restitution portraits for the epicardial surface of the heart and measured the spatial distribution of three different slopes (the dynamic restitution slope, S(dyn)(RP), and two local S1-S2 slopes, S(12) and S(12)(max)) separately for these two regions. We found that the S(12) and S(12)(max) slopes differed significantly between the 1:1(alt) and 1:1 regions just before the onset of alternans, and S(dyn)(RP) slopes were statistically similar. In addition, we found that the slopes of the dynamic restitution curve S(dyn) were also statistically similar between these two regions. On the other hand, the quantitative values of all slopes were significantly different from the theoretically predicted value of one. These results demonstrate that the slopes measured in the restitution portrait correlate with the onset of alternans in the heart.
Semiconductor interfacial carrier dynamics via photoinduced electric fields

Solar photoconversion in semiconductors is driven by charge separation at the interface of the semiconductor and contacting layers. Here we demonstrate that time-resolved photoinduced reflectance from a semiconductor captures interfacial carrier dynamics. We applied this transient photoreflectance method to study charge transfer at p-type gallium-indium phosphide (p-GaInP2) interfaces critically important to solar-driven water splitting. We monitored the formation and decay of transient electric fields that form upon photoexcitation within bare p-GaInP2, p-GaInP2/platinum (Pt), and p-GaInP2/amorphous titania (TiO2) interfaces. The data show that a field at both the p-GaInP2/Pt and p-GaInP2/TiO2 interfaces drives charge separation. Additionally, the charge recombination rate at the p-GaInP2/TiO2 interface is greatly reduced owing to its p-n nature, compared with the Schottky nature of the p-GaInP2/Pt interface.
Service Learning at Fordham University

The role of service learning in the formal academic programs of Fordham University remains modest, if growing. Community service, however, as an extracurricular activity of both undergraduate and graduate and professional students has been a distinctive emphasis at Fordham for the past 25 years, inspired by Fordham’s Jesuit tradition of education and the University’s location at two different campuses in New York City, Rose Hill, its original 85-acre campus in the Bronx, and Lincoln Center in Manhattan.
Monitoring Eastern Spadefoot ( Scaphiopus holbrookii ) response to weather with the use of a passive integrated transponder (PIT) system

Abstract Eastern Spadefoots (Scaphiopus holbrookii) are probably one of the least-understood amphibian species in the United States. In New England, populations are localized and it is likely that some populations go undocumented because of the species' cryptic habits. We used passive integrated transponders (PIT tags) to monitor burrow emergence with the aid of continuously running, stationary (but portable) PIT tag readers. We monitored the activity of individual Eastern Spadefoots by placing circular antennae directly over burrows of PIT tag-implanted individuals. We monitored 18 Eastern Spadefoots from 1 to 84 nights in the spring, summer, and fall of 2009–2011. Our results indicate that, on average, Eastern Spadefoots emerged on 43% of the nights that they were monitored. Nights when Eastern Spadefoots emerged were warmer and more humid than nonemergence nights. Eastern Spadefoots were also much more likely to emerge on a given night if they had emerged the night before. Our results have improved the...
How urban Kestrels Falco tinnunculus divide their hunting grounds: partitioning or cohabitation?

The hunting ranges of 34 male urban Kestrels were studied in a small city (40 km2) in S Bohemia (Czech Republic). It was assumed that males from the city center and periphery hunt for voles mainly on the city's outskirts. The "city-center" males are unable to defend their hunting ranges on the periphery because of aggression on the part of the "periphery" Kestrels. To counter this, they may either 1) invade the hunting ranges of periphery males or 2) establish their own exclusive hunting ranges. Our data supported the first suggestion. Hunting range size varied greatly, from 0.8 to 25.0 km 2 (7.2 ± 6.9 km 2 ), with large overlaps of between 0.3% and 51.4% (12.5 ± 11.6%). The ranges of city-center males were several times larger than those of the periphery males, and greatly overlapped the ranges of other city center and periphery males. Overlapping of the hunting ranges of periphery males was less extensive. The higher energy costs in terms of flying to distant suitable hunting areas and frequent changes of hunting grounds should decrease the preference for nesting in the city center. Therefore, we suggest that Kestrels derive other advantages from living in the city center (e.g., the high quality of nest sites). Cohabitation, whereby city center males invade the hunting grounds of periphery males, appears to be a more effective strategy than partitioning.
The Effect of SWCNT and Other Nanomaterials on Cement Hydration and Reinforcement

Additions of nanomaterials to cement pastes and concretes may have a significant effect on the performance of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), OPC blends and concrete. Due to the scale of these particles, they may not only modify the bulk behavior of the matrix in a manner similar to micro- and macroscopic additions, but also influence the formation and structure of the C-S-H and other products formed during hydration. Nanoscale additives also have the potential to add new capabilities to concrete. There is therefore growing interest in producing composite materials that include nanomaterials.
The Anatomy of a Step Supply Function

A close examination is made of the conceptual basis underlying a step function in order to identify the parts of steps and relate them to an economic interpretation. Emphasis is placed on the relevance of (1) the "relation," "function," and "discontinuity" definitions, (2) the identity of marginal cost in the steps, and (3) the MR ≥ MC profit-maximization criterion to the interpretation. It is contended that, if producers conform to linear programming specifications, their step supply functions should be interpreted as representing a sporadic response which calls for a modified applicability of elasticity, reversibility, and length-of-run concepts.
Public lands and private waters: scarce mesic resources structure land tenure and sage‐grouse distributions

Water scarcity in semiarid environments provides a model system to evaluate the role of mesic resources in structuring the distribution and abundance of wildlife. We used remote sensing and point process analyses to evaluate spatio–temporal variability in limited mesic resources in relation to greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) distributions in Oregon, California, and northwest Nevada, USA, 1984–2011. We then link population distribution to changes in resource availability over time, space, and land tenure. Despite encompassing only 2.4% of landscape area, mesic sites influenced sage-grouse breeding distributions as evidenced by significantly shorter lek to mesic resource distances in observed (5.3 km) vs. predicted (8.2 km) values. Population abundance increased with proximity to mesic sites. Lag effects evident in abundance and proximity trends of mesic resources suggest a level of drought tolerance that moderated climatic variability. Mesic abundance and proximity remained relatively stable during the study period in comparison to more dynamic climatic patterns. Drought effects were most pronounced during multiyear events as evidenced by the 1987–1992 period that decreased mesic abundance >25% and approximately doubled mean lek to mesic resource distances (4.8–8.3 km). In our study area, 75% of all mesic resources were in private ownership, where the predominant land use is livestock ranching. Results suggest a holistic conservation strategy inclusive of private and public lands is needed to ensure sage-grouse habitat requisites are met throughout the life cycle of this landscape species.
Inhibition of ocular herpes simplex infection in rabbits by extracts of Burkitt's lymphoma cell cultures.

SummaryExtracts of Burkitt's lymphoma cell cultures which had been previously shown to contain an inhibitor of herpes simplex virus in vitro were used to treat rabbits with ocular herpes infection. Topical instillation of the extract into the eyes of the rabbits cured or suppressed the progression of herpetic keratitis. Histopathologic studies of the eyes of treated and control animals confirmed the inhibition of keratitis and other evidence of herpes-related ocular inflammation.
Toward a generalized correlation for liquid–vapor two-phase frictional pressure drop across staggered micro-pin-fin arrays

Abstract In a previous study by the corresponding author and co-worker Mita and Qu (2015) (J. Mita, W. Qu, Pressure drop of water flow across a micro-pin-fin array part 2: adiabatic liquid–vapor two-phase flow, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 89 (2015) 1007–1015), a modified Martinelli–Chisholm type correlation was developed to predict adiabatic water liquid–vapor two-phase frictional pressure drop across an array of staggered circular micro-pin-fins. This work expands on the study in ref. Mita and Qu (2015) and examines whether the correlation is geometry specific or it can be extended to describe a different array configuration. A square micro-pin-fin array were prepared, and adiabatic water liquid–vapor two-phase frictional pressure drop across the array was experimentally investigated. The square pin-fins were 200 microns in side length, 670 microns in height, and 400 microns in both longitudinal and transverse pitches. Two-phase friction multiplier and Martinelli parameter were calculated based on the measured pressure drop as well as a single-phase friction factor correlation developed for the same square array. An excellent agreement was found between the experimental data and correlation predictions despite the distinctive geometrical features possessed by the two sets of micro-pin-fin arrays. The result points to the possibility of establishing the correlation as a generalized one applicable to a broad range of staggered micro-pin-fin array configurations.
The Exploring and Practice on Building Postgraduate Innovative Bases of DQPI

The necessity and feasibility of building the postgraduate innovative bases is analyzed.The construction the innovative basis is the effective way to cultivate postgraduates' innovative ability.
Increasing Throughput: Results from a 42-Hospital Collaborative to Improve Emergency Department Flow

Article-at-a-Glance Background An 18-month collaborative in 42 hospitals across 16 communities in the United States to improve emergency department (ED) flow was conducted from October 2010 through March 2012. Methods Hospitals were invited to participate through the Aligning Forces for Quality (AF4Q) program. Each participating hospital identified one or more interventions to improve ED flow and submitted data on four measures of ED flow: discharged length of stay (LOS), admitted LOS, boarding time, and left without being seen (LWBS) rates. Participating hospitals also provided quarterly progress reports on challenges encountered and lessons learned. Univariate linear regression was used to assess the effectiveness of interventions at the hospital level, where an improvement was defined as a negative slope in one or more of the throughput indicators. Challenges and lessons learned were tabulated and described. Results A total of 172 interventions were implemented across the 42 hospitals. Two thirds (n = 28) demonstrated improvement on at least one measure of ED flow. Among hospitals demonstrating improvement, the average reduction in discharged LOS was 26minutes (95% confidence interval [CI] 11 to 41); admitted LOS, 36.5minutes (95% CI 20 to 53), boarding time, 20.9minutes (95% CI 12 to 30), and LWBS seen rates decreased by 1.4 absolute percentage points (95% CI 0.2 to 2.7). Teams were frequently challenged by issues related to leadership, staff buy-in, and resource sconstraints. Conclusion The majority of hospitals in this collaborative improved on one or more ED flow measures. Many challenges were shared across hospitals, demonstrating that successful approaches to ED flow improvement require certain fundamental elements, including engaged leadership and staff, and sufficient resources.
ICAO air-ground security standards status ICNS conference 2016

Security strategy for air/ground link - ATN . Complete ICAO standards . Work with industry and standards community - Airlines, Service providers, Air Framers, Avionics manufactures, ICAO, RICA, EURCAE, AEEC, EUROCONTROL, IETF . Global harmonization: transition to ATN, security, and NextGen/SESAR.
New drug update: 2010

Five new drugs that are used for medical problems often encountered in the elderly have been selected for consideration in this review. The uses and most important properties of these agents are considered, and a rating for each new drug is determined using the New Drug Comparison Rating (NDCR) system developed by the author. In the NDCR system, a rating from 1 to 5 (5 being the highest rating) is assigned for each new drug. The rating is based on a comparison of the new drug with related drugs already marketed. Advantages, disadvantages, and other important information regarding the new drug are identified and used as the basis for determining the rating.
The Arms Implementation

We now describe the implementation of the ARMS system. Unlike Chapters 4 and 5, the organization of this chapter does not follow the functional divisions implicit in the ARMS architecture. Here our description follows the divisions implicit in the ARMS implementation. This chapter is in essence a guidebook to the implementation of the system, and is intended serve as an aid in any eventual reconstruction effort. As one might expect in an object-oriented implementation, the functional units of Chapters 4 and 5 are distributed throughout the system: for this reason the casual reader is encouraged to skip directly to Chapter 7.
How efficient is sliding-scale insulin therapy?

PreviewGiving hospitalized diabetic patients a set amount of insulin determined by their blood glucose level sounds like appropriate treatment. However, errors and inconsistencies can result with this method. As Dr Katz points out, several alternative insulin regimens are more scientifically sound and probably take no longer to implement. He describes the problems involved with the sliding-scale approach, cases in which it may be useful, and specific details to watch to improve its effectiveness.
Immunosuppressive Drugs in Solid Organ Transplantation

Fundamentally the success of organ transplantation relies on immunosuppressive therapy to prevent allograft rejection. This requires a delicate balance between under-immunosuppression and the risk of rejection and over-immunosuppression and the risks of drug toxicity, infection, and/or neoplasia. The management of patients following transplant requires that clinicians adroitly manage this equilibrium that many argue is both “an art and a science.” Pathologists provide the morphologic attestation to the success or failure of this equilibrium and should be aware of the current drugs used in induction, maintenance, and salvage stages of clinical transplantation. To this end, we will review the current state of immunosuppressive agents with an emphasis on drug classes, mechanisms, monitoring, major side effects, and current immunosuppressive practices. Future directions in immunosuppressive therapy will be addressed.
Level of nutrition knowledge and its association with fat consumption among college students.

Intake of saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol has been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. The aim of this study was to explore whether increased nutrition knowledge is associated with a reduction in the consumption of unhealthy fats in a sample of university students. A sample of 231 students, with a mean age of 20 years, was recruited from university campus during spring 2012. Students completed a validated questionnaire related to students’ demographic, nutrition knowledge, and daily fat consumption. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, chi-square, and student’s t-test. Results indicate that female students have greater nutrition knowledge than male students (the mean nutrition score for women was 5 points higher than that of men (P = 0.01)). Nutrition knowledge was negatively correlated with fat and cholesterol intake. Students who consumed more than 35 % calories from fat or >300 mg of cholesterol daily had lower mean nutrition scores than those students with lower fat or cholesterol intake (8 points lower and 7.9 points lower, respectively). Using linear regression for nutrition scores on estimated saturated fat intake and cholesterol intake (controlling for gender, height, weight, age, and dieting), nutrition scores were negatively associated with saturated fat intake (-0.15, P <0.0001) and cholesterol intake (-1.38, P <0.0001). Students with greater nutritional knowledge consumed less unhealthy fats and cholesterol. This finding magnifies the role of nutrition education as a potential tool in health campaigns to promote healthy eating patterns among college students. Results of this pilot study can inform the design of future nutrition education intervention studies to assess the efficacy of nutrition knowledge on pattern of fat consumption among college students.
Alterations in Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics in Syringomyelia, Hydromyelia, and Myelomeningocele

Syringomyelia is a relatively uncommon disease of cystic cavitation of the spinal cord, generally found at the cervical and thoracic levels. Characteristically, the syringomyelic cyst lies separate from the spinal central canal, as distinct from hydromyelia, in which the central canal is distended with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, the two conditions may coexist and may be difficult to distinguish histologically.24 Furthermore, some investigators, noting that syringomyelia and hydromyelia may share a common etiology, have substituted the term syringohydromyelia.3
Agricultural Management and Soil Carbon Dynamics: Western U.S. Croplands

Maintaining or increasing SOC has been a challenge in the western U.S. because crop biomass yields and C inputs are often lower in arid and semiarid regions than in humid regions due to limited precipitation and shorter growing season. As a result, it often takes a long time to increase SOC storage. Novel management practices, such as reduced tillage, continuous cropping, and increased cropping intensity, can increase SOC storage compared with conventional systems. This review of recent literature indicates that SOC storage studies in the western U.S. are still quite limited. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a short review and update of potential crop management practices that have had beneficial or detrimental effects on soil C storage in western U.S. croplands.
Chapter 11 – Analysis of Variance

We present a general approach, called the analysis of variance (ANOVA), for making inferences about the mean values of a variety of random variables. In one-factor ANOVA, the mean of a variable depends on only a single factor, namely, the sample to which it belongs. In two-factor ANOVA, the random variables are thought of as being arrayed in a rectangular arrangement, and the mean of a variable depends on both its row and its column factor. We show how to test the hypothesis that the mean of a random variable does not depend on which row the random variable is in, as well as the analogous hypothesis that the mean does not depend on which column it is in.
The Question of Epistemic Justice: Polemics, Contestations and Dialogue

This essay, which reflects on the â€œunfinished humanistic projectâ€ of decolonisation in Africa, is an invitation to examine the problem of epistemic injustice from a philosophical standpoint. At the core of my argument is the position that there is an epistemic dimension to Africaâ€™s problems, and the struggle for epistemic justice is as fundamental to humanity as all other struggles for social justice. Addressing the problem of epistemic injustice calls for multiple efforts and initiatives. Among these is commitment to new canon building across the disciplines, and adopting â€œstrategic particularismâ€ as a paradigm and philosophical framework in our academic projects. To confront epistemic injusticeâ€”and thus restore parity and equilibriumâ€”polemics, contestations, and dialogue are inevitable. In this endeavour, the goal should be to reclaim Africaâ€™s position in the conversation of humankind.
Everyday Violence in Central America as Seen Through the Life of One Woman

Everyday violence in Central America assumes diverse forms, with the structural violence intrinsic to the poverty and inequality in the region being the most predominant. The life story of Andrea embodies many elements of that violence, as it led to her entering the labor force as a child, to her having her own children early, and to her employment in the service sector. But, Andrea came of age during a revolution in her country—that waged by the Sandinistas in the 1980s—which provided her family with resources of both a material and non-material nature. The changes it wrought, however, were not deep enough to transform the opportunities of the next generation and were undercut in its aftermath. Hence, Andrea’s aspiration for her children to have different lives from her own required her emigration to achieve it. Yet, it was also the revolution, in the form of a network that emerged from it, that made possible her work abroad in Italy. She was able to earn enough there to provide the education for her children that she sought. Drawing on an oral history I collected from Andrea, this article portrays the challenges she confronted, the ways she addressed them, and how her life course has been produced by the interaction between these phenomena. In addition to telling her story and describing the ways in which structural violence colored it, the article highlights the broader social, economic, and political dynamics that make this about more than just one woman.
Steady and Stable: Numerical Investigations of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations

A nonlinear partial differential equation is a nonlinear relationship between an unknown function and how it changes due to two or more input variables. A numerical method reduces such an equation to arithmetic for quick visualization, but this can be misleading if the method is not developed and operated carefully due to numerical oscillations, instabilities, and other artifacts of the programmed solution. This chapter provides a friendly introduction to error analysis of numerical methods for nonlinear partial differential equations along with modern approaches to visually demonstrate analytical results with confidence. These techniques are illustrated through several detailed examples with a relevant governing equation, and lead to open questions suggested for undergraduate-accessible research.
Increasing Active Engagement: Guidelines for Using Student Response Systems

The use of response cards is a research-based strategy to increase active engagement, on-task behavior, and academic responding. With new and affordable mobile technologies, teachers now have acces...
Patellofemoral Cartilage Repair

This review provides an overview of well-established and newly developed cartilage repair techniques for cartilage defects in the patellofemoral joint (PFJ). An algorithm will be presented for approaching cartilage defects considering the distinct anatomy of both the patellar and trochlear articular surfaces. Recent studies on cartilage repair in the PFJ have demonstrated improved outcomes in an attempt to delay or obviate the need for arthroplasty, and improve symptoms in young patients. While autologous chondrocyte implantation shows good and excellent outcomes for chondral lesions, osteochondral defects are adequately addressed with osteochondral allograft transplantation. In case of patellar malalignment, concomitant tibial tubercle osteotomy can significantly improve outcomes. Particulated cartilage and bone marrow aspirate concentrate are potential new alternative treatments for cartilage repair, currently in early clinical studies. Due to the frequency of concomitant anatomic abnormalities in the PFJ, a thorough clinical examination combined with careful indication for each procedure in each individual patient combined with meticulous surgical technique is central to achieve satisfying outcomes. Additional comparative studies of cartilage repair procedures, as well as investigation of newer techniques, are needed.
S-Plus Software

The methods described in this book are useful in any regression model that involves a linear combination of regression parameters. The software that is described below is useful in the same situations. S30,308 functions allow interaction spline functions as well as a wide variety of predictor parameterizations for any regression function, and facilitate model validation by resampling.
Vasoactive drugs on intestinal fluid secretion induced by Vibrio cholera toxin.

Abstract Serotonin, a naturally occurring vasoconstrictor of mesenteric blood vessels, inhibited by 80% the secretion of fluid into closed intestinal loops induced by cholera toxin. Isoproterenol, a vasodilator, stimulated secretion by 50%. These results indicate that the massive fluid production induced by cholera toxin can be modified by vasoactive agents.
Some Maximum Principles

In this and the next chapter we restrict our attention to a v-network N v satisfying the following.
Comparative Phylogeny of the Nasopharynx-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Mucosal surfaces are the main points of contact between animal bodies and the external environment. The olfactory system of vertebrates is one of the most ancient and conserved sensory systems and is responsible for the rapid detection of chemical stimuli. Apart from chemosensory functions, olfactory systems have evolved to defend animal hosts from invading pathogens. Although we know very little about the biological principles that govern nasal immune responses in nonmammalian vertebrates, our knowledge has increased over the past few years. This chapter reviews the phylogeny of olfactory systems and their associated lymphoid tissue, the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue, and highlights how nasal vaccination studies have illuminated some of the immunological aspects of nasal immune systems from teleost fish to mammals.
Ambient mercury source identification at a New York State urban site: Rochester, NY.

Abstract Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM), and particle-bound mercury (PBM) were measured continuously in Rochester, NY (NY43) from January 2012 to December 2014. Continuous measurements of ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM2.5), and meteorological data were also made at this site. A principal component analysis (PCA) of the resulting 15 variables showed that the ambient mercury in Rochester was primarily produced by non-local sources in contrast to earlier studies that showed that local sources were present. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the atmospheric mercury and other pollutant species concentrations showed that transport and atmospheric processes have become the major source of mercury in Rochester. Conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF) and potential source contribution function (PSCF) were used to identify local and distant mercury sources. The results in this study showed that the closure of a coal-fired power plant and promulgation of several fuel quality policies reduced local mercury emissions making long-distance transport the major source of mercury in Rochester.
A claims analysis of the utilization of tramadol for acute pain in patients prescribed buprenorphine/naloxone for opioid use disorder

Objective: To determine the prevalence of tramadol prescribing among commercially insured adults receiving medication-assisted therapy (MAT) with buprenorphine/naloxone. Design: The authors conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study to evaluate the use of tramadol among patients prescribed buprenorphine/suboxone for MAT. Setting: This study utilized data from 2010 to 2013 Optum® Clinformatics® Data Mart. This cohort is an administrative health claims database from a large national insurer. These data included pharmacy and medical care utilization and information describing patient enrollment. Patients/participants: Patients were 12-64 years of age and had complete and available medical, pharmacy, and administrative records in the Optum Clinformatics Data Mart during the study period. Main outcome measures: Patients who received at least one paid claim for buprenorphine/naloxone from 2010 to 2013 and also received at least one overlapping pharmacy dispensing for tramadol were identified for analysis. The authors determined if the concurrent buprenorphine/naloxone and tramadol dispensings were from the same or a different prescriber. Results: In this analysis of 18,734 US commercially insured patients receiving MAT with buprenorphine/naloxone, the authors identified 1,198 (6.4 percent) patients who received at least one overlapping dispensing for tramadol during a 4-year period spanning 2010-2013. Among these patients, 266 (1.42 percent) were co-prescribed buprenorphine/naloxone and tramadol from the same provider. Conclusions: These results suggest that the use of tramadol among patients receiving buprenorphine/naloxone is not uncommon. Further study is warranted to further determine the benefits and risks associated with the use of tramadol for pain management among patients prescribed buprenorphine/naloxone.
Expanding Polyethylene and Polypropylene Applications to High-Energy Areas by Applying Polyolefin-Bonded Antioxidants

Despite a broad range of commercial applications, polyolefins, including polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), are not recommended for applications that require long-term exposure to elevated t...
Measuring Twitter Use: Validating Survey-Based Measures:

An important challenge for research on social media use is to relate users’ activity on these platforms to user characteristics such as demographics. Surveys allow researchers to measure these char...
Brief Review on COVID-19: The 2020 Pandemic Caused by SARS-CoV-2

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). First identified in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December of 2019, it has since been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March of 2020. In this study, we will provide a brief review of viral origin, identification, symptoms, transmission, diagnosis, and potential treatment strategies for the newly identified SARS-CoV-2 strain.
The First Descriptions of Dorsal Preservation Rhinoplasty in the 19th and Early- to Mid-20th Centuries and Relevance Today.

Introduction:The basis of dorsal preservation rhinoplasty goes back to the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. In that era, pioneers such as Drs. Goodale, Lothrop, and Cottle were prominent sur...
Too far for comfort? Situational access to emergency medical care and violent assault lethality

This research demonstrates the relationship between situational access to emergency medical care and assault lethality, by comparing attempted and completed murders in Greater London, England, over a five-year period (N = 1512 victims). Access to emergency care was operationalised using the time taken to contact emergency services, the distance from the nearest ambulance station, and the distance to the nearest emergency department. Notification lags in excess of 1 h were associated with significantly higher lethality, after controlling for offence and victim characteristics. The distance predictors were non-significant, which could be due to observed distances in our urban setting being overwhelmingly short (< 5 miles) and homogeneous.
Abstract 5750: The antidepressant vortioxetine reverses cognitive deficits associated with androgen deprivation therapy for the treatment of prostate cancer in healthy rats

First-line treatment for prostate cancer includes androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, this intervention can induce severe cognitive impairments in more than half of patients and increases the likelihood of dementia or Alzheimer9s disease. Long-term occurrence of these impairments can significantly reduce quality of life for cancer survivors and ultimately impacts their families and caregivers. Thus, it is important to improve the cognitive side effects of ADT, as 45% of prostate cancer patients will undergo ADT, and the five-year relative survival rate is greater than 99%. The clinical literature indicates that ADT-induced impairments typically occur in the cognitive domains of spatial memory and executive function, which are associated with function of the hippocampus (Hipp) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), respectively. The cognitive symptoms that develop can also increase in severity with duration of treatment, suggesting that it may be possible to slow or reverse the impairment. To address the mechanisms underlying these effects, we used the Attentional Set-shifting Test (AST) and the Novel Object Location (NOL) Test to assess cognitive function after surgical castration as a rodent model of ADT. ADT induced impairments in cognitive flexibility on the AST (p Citation Format: Alexandra M. Vaiana, Jonathan Gelfond, Teresa Johnson-Pais, Robin Leach, Michael Liss, Anna Sullivan, Ian Thompson, David A. Morilak. The antidepressant vortioxetine reverses cognitive deficits associated with androgen deprivation therapy for the treatment of prostate cancer in healthy rats [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5750.
Predation and Resource Availability Interact to Drive Life-History Evolution in an Adaptive Radiation of Livebearing Fish

Predation risk and resource availability are two primary factors predicted by theory to drive the evolution of life histories. Yet, disentangling their roles in life-history evolution in the wild is challenging because (1) the two factors often co-vary across environments and (2) environmental effects on phenotypes can mask patterns of genotypic evolution. Here, we use the model system of the Post-Pleistocene radiation of Bahamas mosquitofish (Gambusia hubbsi) inhabiting blue holes to provide a strong test of the roles of predation and resources in life-history evolution, as the two factors do not co-vary in this system and we attempted to minimize environmental effects by raising eight populations under common laboratory conditions. We tested a priori predictions of predation- and resource-driven evolution in five life-history traits. We found that life-history evolution in Bahamas mosquitofish largely reflected complex interactions in the effects of predation and resource availability. High predation risk has driven the evolution of higher fecundity, smaller offspring size, more frequent reproduction, and slower growth rate—but this predation-driven divergence primarily occurred in environments with relatively high resource availability, and the effects of resources on life-history evolution was generally greater within environments having high predation risk. This implies that resource-driven selection on life histories overrides selection from predators when resources are particularly scarce. While several results matched a priori predictions, with the added nuance of interdependence among selective agents, some did not. For instance, only resource levels, not predation risk, explained evolutionary change in male age at maturity, with more rapid sexual maturation in higher-resource environments. We also found faster (not slower) juvenile growth rates within low-resource and low-predation environments, probably caused by selection in these high-competition scenarios favoring greater growth efficiency. Our approach, using common-garden experiments with a natural system of low- and high-predation populations that span a continuum of resource availability, provides a powerful way to deepen our understanding of life-history evolution. Overall, it appears that life-history evolution in this adaptive radiation has resulted from a complex interplay between predation and resources, underscoring the need for increased attention on more sophisticated interactions among selective agents in driving phenotypic diversification.
Vitamin D deficiency associated with risk of prediabetes among older adults: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007-2012.

Aim To examine the association between vitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency and risk of prediabetes in Americans 50+ years of age. Materials and methods This was a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES (2007-2012) subjects aged 50+ years, free of kidney/liver diseases and diabetes. Prediabetes was defined as: HbA1c level 5.7%-6.4%, or fasting plasma glucose level 100-125 mg/dL, or Oral Glucose Tolerance Test result 140-199 mg/dL, with no laboratory value in the diabetic range. The comparison group had normal glucose tolerance (NGT) with no marker in the prediabetes/diabetes range. Total serum 25(OH)D levels were deficient at 75 nmol/L. Logistic regression included strata, cluster and weight variables. Models were adjusted for body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, age and gender. Results The final sample was 2286 adults, predominantly White (80.4%) and female (56.6%), with a mean age of 62.3 years. Within the sample, 1387 had prediabetes (59.1%) and 899 were NGT (40.9%). Individuals classified within a lower serum vitamin D category were more likely to have prediabetes (p = 0.03). Those with 25(OH)D deficiency were more likely to have prediabetes compared to 25(OH)D sufficient individuals (crude OR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.15-1.91), and this association remained significant after adjustment for ethnicity, BMI, age and gender (aOR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.02-1.89). There was no effect modification by BMI, gender or ethnicity. Conclusions Vitamin D status was associated with risk of prediabetes in this sample of Americans 50+ years of age. Future research should seek to understand the potential mechanistic relationship between vitamin D and prediabetes.