cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Origin of Dolomites in Tertiary Sediments from the Margin of Great Bahama Bank

ABSTRACT Based on an integrated geochemical and petrographic investigation of dolomites from two cores drilled on Great Bahama Bank, we have determined three different environments of formation for the dolomites that are common throughout the Pliocene and Miocene parts of these cores. The first environment of dolomitization occurs in association with development of nondepositional surfaces. Dolomite typically forms below each of these surfaces, the concentration and extent of which is governed by the length of the period of nondeposition. These dolomites are recognized by their association with the nondepositional surfaces, characteristic positive 18O values indicative of formation from cold bottom waters, and 18O and Sr profiles with depth that suggest formation in the presence of diffusive temperature and Sr gradients. The second environment of dolomitization occurs in pore fluids where the cation and anion profiles are governed by diffusive processes. The dolomite forming here is termed background dolomite. This is a microsucrosic dolomite and forms both by recrystallization of the existing sediment and precipitation directly into void space. Dolomitization by this mechanism uses a local source of Mg2+, and consequently the dolomite never constitutes more than between 5 and 10% of the sediment. This type of dolomite is characterized by extremely high Sr concentrations, which reflect concentrations of Sr2+ in the pore fluids from which it formed. The high concentrations of Sr2+ in the pore fluids arise through the continued recrystallization of metastable aragonite and high-Mg calcite to dolomite and low-magnesium calcite driven by oxidation of organic material by sulfate. Not only does sulfate reduction provide an additional thermodynamic drive for recrystallization, but because the absolute concentration of Sr2+ in the pore fluids is governed by the solubility of celestite (SrSO4), removal of sulfate allows the Sr2+/Ca2+ ratio of the interstitial fluid to become much higher than normally encountered. The final type of environment of dolomitization is associated with coarse-grained reefal sediments. The pervasive nature of the dolomitization and the relatively normal Sr concentrations suggest the circulation of normal marine water in a relatively open system.
Lifestyle and Colon Cancer: An Assessment of Factors Associated with Risk

Studies of the etiology of colon cancer indicate that it is strongly associated with diet and lifestyle factors. The authors use data from a population-based study conducted in northern California, Utah, and Minnesota in 1991-1995 to determine lifestyle patterns and their association with colon cancer. Data obtained from 1,993 cases and 2,410 controls were grouped by using factor analyses to describe various aspects of lifestyle patterns. The first five lifestyle patterns for both men and women loaded heavily on dietary variables and were labeled: "Western," "moderation," "calcium/low-fat dairy;" "meat and mutagens," and "nibblers, smoking, and coffee." Other important lifestyle patterns that emerged were labeled "body size," "medication and supplementation," "alcohol," and "physical activity." Among both men and women, the lifestyle characterized by high levels of physical activity was the most marked lifestyle associated with colon cancer (odds ratios = 0.42, 95% confidence interval: 0.32, 0.55 and odds ratio = 0.52, 95% confidence interval: 0.39, 0.69, for men and women, respectively) followed by medication and supplementation (odds ratio = 1.68, 95% confidence interval: 1.29, 2.18 and odds ratio = 1.63, 95% CI 1.23, 2.16, respectively). Other lifestyles that were associated with colon cancer were the Western lifestyle, the lifestyle characterized by large body size, and the one characterized by calcium and low-fat dairy. Different lifestyle patterns appear to have age- and tumor site-specific associations.
Qualitative Assessment of Diffusion Weighted Imaging and Susceptibility Weighted Imaging of Myeloid Sarcoma Involving the Brain.

Background and purpose Myeloid sarcoma is a rare form of extramedullary leukemia, which can present with or without systemic leukemia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate characteristic computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings (including diffusion weighted imaging and susceptibility weighted imaging) of myeloid sarcoma involving the brain. Materials and methods One hundred nine patients with pathologically proven myeloid sarcoma underwent pretreatment CT and MRI, which were retrospectively reviewed. Computed tomography and MRI characteristics reviewed include lesion location, shape, size, architecture, margins, ± multiplicity, ± bone destruction, pattern and degree of enhancement, ± restricted diffusion, and ± susceptibility artifact. Results Twenty-five patients (14 men, 11 women; mean age, 55 years; range, 9-80 years) met the inclusion criteria. Acute myeloid leukemia with subtypes M3 (44.4%) and M5 (22.2%) were the most common. On unenhanced CT, mean lesion size was 1.9 ± 0.4 cm; 60% were intra-axial hyperdense masses, 8% were intraventricular hyperdense masses, 12% were isodense intra-axial masses, and 20% of cases were extra-axial hyperdense nodular masses. There was no observable intralesional or perilesional calcium. On MRI, mean lesion size was 2.1 ± 0.6 cm. The lesions were isointense (80%) or hypointense (20%) on T1-weighted images with homogeneous (88%) or heterogeneous (12%) enhancement. On fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and T2-weighted images, lesions were hyperintense (96%) or isointense (4%) with mild vasogenic edema. Majority (96%) of cases demonstrated restricted diffusion, whereas only a few (16%) demonstrated susceptibility artifact. Conclusions In patients with history of leukemia or myeloproliferative disorder, identification of homogenous mass hyperdense on unenhanced CT, T1 isointense, and T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintense with restricted diffusion and homogenous postcontrast enhancement without significant susceptibility artifact is suggestive of myeloid sarcoma.
A method of ICP-OES to determine multiple elements in normal man′s urine

Objective:To establish a method for ICP-OES determination of multiple elements in urine.Methods: After urine samples collected,it is digested by thick nitric acid,and determined immediately.Results: The recoveries was 84.5%～110% and the RSD was 2.9%～9.1% for this method.Conclusion: This method is sensitive,accurate and simple.It is feasible for determination of eleven elements such as chromium,natrium,magnesium,calcium,phosphor,boron,strontium,kalium,silicon,zinc and lead in normal man′s urine.
Mediator subunit Med12 contributes to the maintenance of neural stem cell identity

The RNA polymerase II transcriptional Mediator subunit Med12 is broadly implicated in vertebrate brain development, and genetic variation in human MED12 is associated with X-linked intellectual disability and neuropsychiatric disorders. Although prior studies have begun to elaborate the functional contribution of Med12 within key neurodevelopmental pathways, a more complete description of Med12 function in the developing nervous system, including the specific biological networks and cellular processes under its regulatory influence, remains to be established. Herein, we sought to clarify the global contribution of Med12 to neural stem cell (NSC) biology through unbiased transcriptome profiling of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived NSCs following RNAi-mediated Med12 depletion. A total of 240 genes (177 up, 73 down) were differentially expressed in Med12-knockdown versus control mouse NS-5 (mNS-5) NSCs. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed Med12 to be prominently linked with “cell-to-cell interaction” and “cell cycle” networks, and subsequent functional studies confirmed these associations. Targeted depletion of Med12 led to enhanced NSC adhesion and upregulation of cell adhesion genes, including Syndecan 2 (Sdc2). Concomitant depletion of both Sdc2 and Med12 reversed enhanced cell adhesion triggered by Med12 knockdown alone, confirming that Med12 negatively regulates NSC cell adhesion by suppressing the expression of cell adhesion molecules. Med12-mediated suppression of NSC adhesion is a dynamically regulated process in vitro, enforced in self-renewing NSCs and alleviated during the course of neuronal differentiation. Accordingly, Med12 depletion enhanced adhesion and prolonged survival of mNS-5 NSCs induced to differentiate on gelatin, effects that were bypassed completely by growth on laminin. On the other hand, Med12 depletion in mNS-5 NSCs led to reduced expression of G1/S phase cell cycle regulators and a concordant G1/S phase cell cycle block without evidence of apoptosis, resulting in a severe proliferation defect. Med12 contributes to the maintenance of NSC identity through a functionally bipartite role in suppression and activation of gene expression programs dedicated to cell adhesion and G1/S phase cell cycle progression, respectively. Med12 may thus contribute to the regulatory apparatus that controls the balance between NSC self-renewal and differentiation, with important implications for MED12-linked neurodevelopmental disorders.
Neurophysiological correlates of hypnosis and dissociation.

One of the major advances in psychiatry in recent years, in my opinion, is the growing understanding of the psychopathological consequences of childhood trauma, especially sexual and physical abuse. Multiple personality disorder, for example, has a uniform association with these childhood antecedents. Is it then a retrograde step to look for cerebral dysfunction in dissociative states? Is hypnosis, as David Spiegel suggests in the article to follow, a window on brain processes, or is neuro physiology an escape hatch from uncomfortable psychological phenomena? The neuropsychiatric perspective holds that an integration of psychology and neurophysiology can occur only with adequate understanding in each sphere. As a neurophysiologic understanding of hypnosis and dissociation comes into being, we may be able to grasp the characteristic patterns of brain function that arise from particular life experiences. This is a distant but worthy goal. Dr. Spiegel, who is Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, brings us a step closer to its attainment with this review of the neurophysiological correlates of hypnosis and dissociation, an area of inquiry to which he has made major contributions.
‘My baby and this mom body’: examining post-partum bodywork through stroller fitness

AbstractThis article, based on ethnographic research, discusses the ways in which women exercise their class privilege in order to facilitate their membership in a postpartum stroller fitness class so as to be fit for their new maternal role. Privilege is linked to capital, a powerful social construct and an important resource which governs lifestyle practices and endows individuals with distinction in particular cultural fields. Feminist theory has explored the concept of capital and its relationship to women’s cultural practices and experiences. Utilising these theoretical frames, this analysis situates fitness and body image at the intersection of social class and gender, and suggests that stroller fitness classes allow postpartum women to acquire, demonstrate, convert, and reproduce particular forms of gendered capital. Specifically, this article details the nuanced mechanisms through which participants develop and deploy social and physical capitals in order to construct their new ‘mom body’ which op...
Optimum Dredging and Disposal Practices in Estuaries

Various types of dredging plant are described; their capabilities and limitations are listed. The importance of selecting the most suitable disposal method for the job at hand is stressed. Present day emphasis on clean waters dictates that planning be redirected to studying alternate disposal methods to reduce pollutional aspect of some dredging projects. The trend is towards more positive containment of dredged materials to reduce repetitive redredging of material in the ship channels and to provide some control over water quality.
Evidence-Based Management: Foundations, Development, Controversies and Future

We review the recent development of evidence-based management (EBMgt), tracing its origins to longstanding gaps between research and practice, discrepant findings across studies, and the emergence of evidence-based medicine (EBMed). We provide a definition of EBMgt and review four foundational articles advocating its use. We then review categories of articles that comprise the EBMgt canon: advocacy articles, essays or perspectives, teaching-related, empirical, reviews, and critiques and responses. Critiques include political, epistemological, and methodological issues directly pertinent to EBMgt as well as broader concerns about the scholarly research base on which EBMgt depends. Our suggestions for future research emphasize, first and foremost, increasing the production of high-quality empirical studies in EBMgt. Topics of particular interest include research co-creation by academics and practitioners, process and outcome studies of EBMgt implementations, and practitioners’ use of evidence in their worki...
A short history of visual literacy: the first five decades

The origins and history of Visual literacy (VL) are summarized in this article, from the 1960s writings of John L. Debes, Marshall McLuhan and others of the Rochester School, to the influence of the Internet in the 2000s. ERIC and Google Scholar searches are used to analyse the evolution of its literature over time.
Where to report wrongdoings? Exploring the determinants of internal versus external whistleblowing

AbstractWhistleblowers play an important role in revealing unethical behaviors in government and making government more transparent and accountable to the public. Thus, the question of how to encourage government employees’ whistleblowing behaviors has been of great interest to both scholars and practitioners. What has received relatively little attention, however, is what factors influence public employees to become internal versus external whistleblowers. From an organization’s perspective, external whistleblowing is generally viewed as less desirable than internal whistleblowing. Thus, it is important for an organization to promote internal whistleblowing. This study contributes to expanding our knowledge on whistleblowing by examining what factors influence whistleblower employees to report wrongdoings internally rather than externally. The findings suggest that both individual and situational factors are significant predictors of public employees’ selection of whistleblowing channels. The paper concl...
Race, gender, and comedy awards: from civil rights to color-blindness

ABSTRACTRacial/ethnic and gender diversity played an important role in the development of stand-up comedy in the US from the civil rights era to the present. Many of the most visible and celebrated comedians during this period (e.g. Lenny Bruce, Bill Cosby, Richard Pryor, Joan Rivers, Margaret Cho) were critical in shaping and popularizing this culture industry we are most familiar with today. This paper examines the racial and gender demographic trends of winners and nominees in the Grammy Award for ‘Best Comedy Album’. This award is the longest running prize for commercial comedy in the US, from 1959 to 2015. Here, I measure the cultural impact of the civil rights movement on this comedy award by analyzing race and gender trends of exclusion and inclusion throughout the award's history. I find the civil rights movement had a significant impact on racial inclusion (but not gender) until the mid-1980s. Moreover, while the current data suggests there is greater gender diversity in recent years, it also ill...
Precious work: white anti-racist pedagogies in Southern Arizona

AbstractSocial justice activists come to Southern Arizona to involve themselves in humanitarian aid projects that address human rights issues emerging from border securitization processes. Over time, many of these activists connect with other social justice projects, leading to the existence of rich and dedicated networks of activists in Tucson, Southern Arizona’s largest city. Subsequently, we see the development of activist ventures orienting themselves around racial justice, through which white people work to educate other whites about white supremacist society. This paper explores the ways that white activists negotiate whiteness and privilege within Tucson’s activist networks by employing deliberately anti-racist critical pedagogies. Through excerpts from interviews and reflections on experiences as a participant observer from 2013 to 2015, I discuss the figure of the white anti-racist activist. In particular, I examine the paradoxical process of becoming anti-racist, through which white activists wo...
Attitudes and potential barriers towards hepatitis C treatment in patients with and without HIV coinfection.

This study aimed to assess attitudes and potential barriers towards treatment in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, comparing those with and without HIV coinfection. A cross-sectional...
Mapping the full vascular network in the mouse brain at submicrometer resolution

Mapping the microvascular networks in the brain can lead to significant scientific and clinical insights. We developed a serial sectioning microscopy technique called the Knife-Edge Scanning Microscopy (KESM) to section and image the entire mouse brain at submicrometer resolution. In our effort to map the entire vascular network in the mouse brain, we perfused the vessels with India ink, and used KESM to image the prepared brain. This results in about 1.5 TB of raw image data which poses a serious challenge in terms of analysis. In this paper, we will present our data set, and computational algorithms we developed to trace and analyze morphological properties of the mouse brain vascular network. Since the data is available across the entire brain in full detail (the smallest capillaries can be observed in our data), it enables the comparison of regional differences in morphological properties. We expect our results to provide rich insights to brain and neuroscience researchers.
"Sedation is tricky": A qualitative content analysis of nurses' perceptions of sedation administration in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients.

Abstract Introduction Critical care nurses are responsible for administering sedative medications to mechanically ventilated patients. With significant advancements in the understanding of the impact of sedative exposure on physiological and psychological outcomes of ventilated patients, updated practice guidelines for assessment and management of pain, agitation, and delirium in the intensive care unit were released in 2013. The primary aim of this qualitative study was to identify and describe themes derived from critical care nurses' comments regarding sedation administration practices with mechanically ventilated patients. Methods This is a qualitative content analysis of secondary text data captured through a national electronic survey of members of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. A subsample (n = 67) of nurses responded to a single, open-ended item at the end of a survey that evaluated nurses' perceptions of current sedation administration practices. Findings Multiple factors guided sedation administration practices, including individual patient needs, nurses' synthesis of clinical evidence, application of best practices, and various personal and professional practice perspectives. Our results also indicated nurses desire additional resources to improve their sedation administration practices including more training, better communication tools, and adequate staffing. Conclusions Critical care nurses endorse recommendations to minimise sedation administration when possible, but a variety of factors, including personal perspectives, impact sedation administration in the intensive care unit and need to be considered. Critical care nurses continue to encounter numerous challenges when assessing and managing sedation of mechanically ventilated patients.
Undergraduate Research at Two-Year Community Colleges.

ABSTRACTThere is a growing movement in academia that focuses on increased efforts at undergraduate research. Historically, this movement has been driven by faculty in the science, technology, engin...
An Introduction to NMR Relaxation Mechanisms

The phenomena of spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation and their effect on NMR signals are described. Pulse methods for measuring T1 and T2 are given. A simple picture of molecular motions and of interactions between nuclei and randomly varying fields is developed to provide a qualitative explanation of the observed phenomena. The various mechanisms for relaxation are discussed, with particular emphasis on those found most frequently in biological systems.
Total Knee Replacement with Customized Prosthesis

The Insall-Burstein Total Knee System is normally able to satisfy all the necessities of a routine total knee replacement. There are, nevertheless, some cases which cannot be resolved by using a standard-type prosthesis. This happens usually when the shape of the lower third of the femur and/or of the upper third of the tibia, for congenital or acquired reasons, is abnormal. It may also occur when there is not enough bone or it is not strong enough to guarantee secure fixation of the prosthesis components.
Patterns of mutations in TP53 mutated AML

TP53 mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) responds poorly to chemotherapy and has a short overall survival rate with a median of 5-9 months. Poor outcomes in TP53 mutated AML following chemotherapy have been observed and treatment options remain limited, although the presence of TP53 mutations alone should not be a barrier to therapy. Decitabine is emerging as an alternative treatment option for patients with TP53 mutated AML, although the agent has not been associated with deep molecular remissions and requires additional consolidation. The clinical and genomic characteristics of TP53 mutated AML are reviewed in this paper.
Invasion: Framing War Protestors at National Conventions

This study examines local press coverage of protests during the 1968 Democratic Convention, the 2004 Republican Convention and the 2008 Republican Convention. As hometown papers for the host cities of national conventions during times of war protests, the Chicago Tribune in 1968, the New York Times in 2004 and the Minneapolis Star Tribune in 2008 had key similarities and differences in their coverage of the protestors. Each paper utilized the protest paradigm to varying degrees in the construction of their stories about the protests. This study found that the Chicago Tribune in 1968 and the New York Times in 2004 developed the theme of an invasion of their respective cities by outsiders who threatened the social order. The newspapers emphasized the threat to social order poised by the protestors through reporting on violation of laws and on the disruption to the everyday lives of city residents. An unexpected finding of this study was that the Star Tribune had significant differences in its coverage compared to the other two newspapers and it varied from the protest paradigm in its coverage.
Boundary edge networks induced by bulk topology

We introduce an effective edge network theory to characterize the boundary topology of coupled edge states generated from various types of topological insulators. Two examples studied are a two-dimensional second-order topological insulator and three-dimensional topological fullerenes, which involve multileg junctions. As a consequence of bulk-edge correspondence, these edge networks can faithfully predict properties such as the energy and fractional charge related to the bound states (edge solitons) in the aforementioned systems, including several aspects that were previously complicated or obscure.
Homeostatic Intrinsic Plasticity Is Functionally Altered in Fmr1 KO Cortical Neurons

Cortical hyperexcitability is a hallmark of fragile X syndrome (FXS). In the Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse model of FXS, cortical hyperexcitability is linked to sensory hypersensitivity and seizure susceptibility. It remains unclear why homeostatic mechanisms fail to prevent such activity. Homeostatic intrinsic plasticity (HIP) adjusts membrane excitability through regulation of ion channels to maintain activity levels following activity perturbation. Despite the critical role of HIP in the maturation of excitability, it has not been examined in FXS. Here, we demonstrate that HIP does not operate normally in a disease model, FXS. HIP was either lost or exaggerated in two distinct neuronal populations from Fmr1 KO cortical cultures. In addition, we have identified a mechanism for homeostatic intrinsic plasticity. Compromising HIP function during development could leave cortical neurons in the FXS nervous system vulnerable to hyperexcitability.
Academic Reputation Scores for Law Schools Stagnate in 2018 and Rise Modestly in 2019

This essay summarizes the results of the U.S. News & World Report rankings published in 2018 and 2019 with respect to the academic reputation scores of law schools. In addition to analyzing the most recent results for the U.S. News rankings, the essay supplements the more extensive longitudinal study published by this author in 2013. The article also includes updated appendices from the prior study that catalog the U.S. News academic reputation scores for every law school between 1998 and 2019.
Natural Height Control of Container Grown Eupatorium fistulosum

Abstract Eupatorium fistulosum, Joe-Pye Weed, is a tall [up to 3 m (10 ft)], upright, native perennial that produces large panicles of rosy purple flowers in the summer. However, its height limits ...
Combining OpenCL and MPI to Support Heterogeneous Computing on a Cluster

This paper presents an implementation of a heterogeneous programming model which combines Open Computing Language (OpenCL) and Message Passing Interface (MPI). The model is applied to solving a Markov decision process (MDP) with value iteration method. The performance test is conducted on a high performance computing cluster. At peak performance, the model is able to achieve a 57X speedup over a serial implementation. For an extremely large input MDP, which has 1,000,000 states, the obtained speedup is still over 12X, showing that this heterogeneous programming model can solve MDPs more efficiently than the serial solver does.
Mergers and Acquisitions: The Role of Ambiguity

Firms that face high ambiguity—Knightian uncertainty—reduce organic investments and increase the likelihood, count, and dollar value of merger and acquisition bids. Conversely, firms that face low ambiguity are likely targets. The probability and speed of deal completion increase in the spread between bidder and target ambiguity. All-stock deals are less likely when bidders face high ambiguity, and all-cash deals are less likely when targets face high ambiguity. Bidder ambiguity declines following deal completion, and bidders that face higher ambiguity have larger abnormal announcement returns that decrease in target ambiguity.
Current Scaling in Single and Multiple Fin Static Induction Transistors with Sub-Micron Fin Width

GaN technology has been a focus for high-power and high-frequency electronic devices. Being a wide bandgap material, it offers a critical electric field over 3 MV/cm, and an electron mobility more than 1200 cm2/Vs in the bulk, and 2000 cm2/Vs in the channel when capped with AlGaN. The vertical topology best exploits GaN's material properties leading to enhanced device performance. Higher blocking electric field, reduced surface state-related dispersion, and higher current density have been consistently reported from vertical GaN MOSFETs or its variants [1]–[3] and CAVETs [4]–[6]. We introduced an all-GaN Schottky barrier static induction transistor (SIT), which is unique in its operation without any $p$ -type GaN and gate dielectrics [7]. Here, we report a study to show how current density $(J_{d})$ in the GaN SIT varies with fin width and demonstrate device scaling with multiple fin to operate at high current. SIT can be promising for both RF and power application, and in our study, we explain the limits of GaN SIT's performance with careful design and fabrication techniques.
Tenure of Office and the Treasury: The Constitution and Control over National Financial Policy, 1787 to 1867

The disputed scope of the President’s authority to remove subordinates in the executive branch, and to direct them in the performance of their functions, is one of the central issues of federal constitutional law. On the one hand, some argue that Article II gives the President such authority. By contrast, others claim that the Constitution allows Congress to regulate the tenure of office of executive branch officers by limiting the President’s removal power. In the context of this debate, some have argued that financial institutions—the components of the “treasury”—were historically insulated from presidential control. They rely on early Congresses’ creation of several commissions with the Chief Justice as a member, establishment of the First and Second Banks of the United States, and use of distinct language to establish the Department of the Treasury and some of its officers. This Article shows that these claims are incorrect. Drawing on congressional and executive sources, case law, and contemporaneous treatises, this Article demonstrates that the prevailing view in the years between the Constitution’s adoption and the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson was that financial government institutions were no different from other parts of the federal government for purposes of presidential control. The President had the constitutional authority to remove officials within the Department of the Treasury. The institutions over which presidential control was conspicuously lacking—the First and Second Banks of the United States—were generally understood to be private, rather than arms of the government, and to perform non-sovereign functions. But to the extent the Bank was understood to perform sovereign functions, its opponents argued that it did so impermissibly, using a variation of the modern argument that Congress may not delegate such functions to private entities. This Article’s exploration of these issues both bears on contemporary debates about the scope of the President’s removal power and shows how early expositors of the Constitution understood the allocation of federal government control over national financial policy.
Simulation of approaching boundary layer flow and wind loads on high-rise buildings by wall-modeled LES

Abstract This study presents a simulation framework of approaching boundary layer flow with appropriate characteristics by large-eddy simulation (LES), which is critically important for predictions of wind pressures and loads on buildings and other structures. The framework is consisted of spectral representation (synthesis) approach for inflow turbulence field generation and adjusting strategies to achieve appropriate approaching flow characteristics. The adjusting strategies include implementation of wall-stress model based on the equilibrium law of wall and adjusting of inflow turbulence parameters. The wall-stress model facilitates modeling of the effects of ground roughness without explicitly resolving the geometric roughness elements, also bypassing the prohibitive near-wall grid resolution requirement. The adjusting of inflow turbulence parameters, including correlation coefficient of inflow longitudinal and vertical fluctuating velocity components and amplification factor of inflow vertical fluctuation level, is proposed based on Reynolds stress budget to shorten the buffer region and to mitigate the decay of longitudinal turbulence intensity profile. To verify the proposed framework, the approaching flow corresponding to a wind tunnel test is firstly simulated and a comprehensive parametric study is conducted. With the adequately simulated turbulence field, the wind pressures and integrated loads on a high-rise building model are then simulated and compared with the wind tunnel test results. The results demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed wall-modeled LES framework for approaching flow simulation and wind loads assessment.
Exposure to televised political campaign advertisements aired in the United States 2015-2016 election cycle and psychological distress.

Abstract Context Prior research suggests the potential for political campaign advertisements to increase psychological distress among viewers. The current study tests relationships between estimated exposure to campaign advertising and the odds of respondents reporting that a doctor told them they have anxiety, depression, insomnia, or (as a negative control) cancer. Methods A secondary analysis of U.S. data on televised campaign ad airings from January 2015 to November 2016 (n = 4,659,038 airings) and five waves of a mail survey on television viewing patterns and self-reported medical conditions from November 2015 to March 2017 (n = 28,199 respondents from n = 16,204 unique households in the U.S.). Findings A 1 percent increase in the estimated volume of campaign advertising exposure was associated with a 0.06 [95% CI 0.03–0.09] percentage point increase in the odds of a respondent being told by a doctor that they have anxiety in the past 12 months. We observed this association regardless of the political party of the ad sponsor, the political party of the respondent, or their statistical interaction. We also observed this association for both Presidential campaign ads and non-Presidential (including local, state, and U.S. congressional election) campaign ads, providing evidence that these relationships were not driven by the unique divisiveness of the race between Donald Trump and Hilary Clinton. Some topic-specific models offered additional evidence of association between estimated volume of campaign advertising exposure and the odds of being told by a doctor that they have depression or insomnia, but these patterns were less consistent across models that utilized different categories of campaign exposure. Campaign ad exposure was not associated with cancer, which served as a negative control comparison. Conclusions There was a consistent positive association between the volume of campaign advertising exposure and a reported diagnosis of anxiety among American adults.
Stability of native point defects in α-Al2O3 under aqueous electrochemical conditions

The formation energies of native point defects in crystalline α-Al2O3 were investigated by combining first principles-based methods and theoretical models in a grand canonical framework. For defect formation reactions in this framework, the chemical potentials of chemical species and electrons can be constrained by the conditions of aqueous electrochemical systems, where liquid water is thermodynamically stable. Activation relaxation technique (ART) simulations using an empirical interatomic potential were implemented to discover candidates for stable configurations of point defects. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were then used to confirm the accurate energetics of the candidate defect configurations. The results show that, except Al vacancies, the most stable defect configurations are generated by simply adding/removing atoms at particular high-symmetry sites. We also investigated the stability of these point defects as a function of the chemical potentials of both electron and oxygen. The results reveal that, at the conditions of thermodynamic stability for liquid water in aqueous electrochemical systems, Al vacancies as the most stable point defects in α-Al2O3 can be generated in exothermic defect formation reactions with negative formation energies. These thermodynamic tendencies provide critical insights into the nature of passive films formed under aqueous electrochemical conditions, particularly explaining of the formation of amorphous structures of passive alumina.
Solutions of Problems: Functions, Algebra of Functions, and Inverse Functions

In this chapter, the problems of the seventh chapter are fully solved, in detail, step-by-step, and with different methods.
Modeling for Introducing Students to New Tools

Traditional approaches to mathematical modeling involve starting with a real world situation and seeing what mathematics it leads to or starting with a kind of mathematical tool (e.g. Markov chain) and examining where this tool finds use. Here a middle ground is suggested. The value of looking at modeling as a way of promoting a variety of themes (optimization, fairness, etc.) rather than techniques (using equations, using statistics, etc.) is explored. Dedicated to Werner Blum in honor of his 70th birthday, with thanks for all he has done to promote mathematical modeling.
On the detection of leakage pathways in geological CO2 storage systems using pressure monitoring data: Impact of model parameter uncertainties

Abstract In this study, we examine the effect of model parameter uncertainties on the feasibility of detecting unknown leakage pathways from CO2 storage formations via inversion of pressure monitoring data, and discuss the strategies for enhancing detectability and reducing the impact of those uncertainties. We conduct a numerical study of leakage detection, using an idealized storage system consisting of a storage formation and an overlying aquifer separated by a caprock, with an injection well and a leaky well. Our uncertainty quantification analysis shows that (1) the anomalous leakage signals induced by the leaky well can be clearly detected in the overlying aquifer, with minimal impact of model parameter uncertainties, as long as the leaky well permeability is sufficiently large and the caprock permeability is small with the assumed aquifer and caprock thickness; and (2) the pressure monitoring data in the storage formation are not adequate for detecting leakage signals, because the model predictions can be significantly affected by the uncertainties of the model parameters (e.g., permeability and specific storativity of the storage formation and the overlying aquifer). Therefore, we propose an inverse-modeling methodology that combines leakage detection with model recalibration under conditions of model parameter uncertainties. Our results show that the combined leakage detection and model recalibration are most successful when pressure monitoring data from both the storage formation and the overlying aquifer are used, owing to the strong detectability in the overlying aquifer and the strong sensitivity of pressure in the storage formation to model parameters. The proposed methodology also shows that the effect of model uncertainties on leakage detection can be reduced by simultaneously estimating the leakage parameters and the uncertain model parameters, using long-term pressure data under various conditions of permeabilities and locations of the leaky well, and a wide range of uncertainties for the model parameters.
The occurrence and impact of sedimentation in central Pennsylvania wetlands

Sedimentation rates and deposited sediment characteristics in twenty-five wetlands in central Pennsylvania were measured during the period Fall 1994 to Fall 1995. Wetlands were located primarily in five watersheds, and represented a variety of hydrogeomorphic (HGM) subclasses and surrounding land use. Sedimentation rates were measured via the placement of 135 Plexiglas disks. Annual organic and inorganic loadings were determined. Sedimentation rates ranged from 0 to 8 cm/year, with sedimentation rates significantly correlated with surrounding land use and HGM subclass. Overall mean mineral and organic accretion rates were 778 g m2 yr-1 (+/- 1417) and 550 g m2 yr-1 (+/- 589), respectively. Mean mineral and organic accretion rates were significantly different by HGM subclass. The highest mineral accretion rates were for headwater floodplains, followed by impoundments, riparian depressions, mainstem floodplains, and slopes. The highest organic accretion rates were for riparian depressions, followed by impoundments, slopes, headwater floodplains, and mainstem floodplains. The potential effects of landscape disturbance on these sedimentation rates was also investigated, in order to develop a conceptual model to predict sedimentation rates for a given wetland in a variety of landscape settings. Different HGM subclasses exhibited significantly different mineral and organic accumulation rates, and varied in their responses to landscape disturbance and spatial variability in sedimentation patterns. Characterization of wetland plant communities in these same wetlands showed clear associations between individual plant species and ability to tolerate sediment. Species were categorized as very tolerant, moderately tolerant, slightly tolerant, and intolerant based on their association with environments of varying sedimentation magnitude. In general, species that were categorized as very tolerant or moderately tolerant increased their percent cover (dominance) over the sedimentation gradient. These observations were supported by greenhouse germination trials of eight species of wetland plants under a variety of sediment depths, ranging from 0 to 2 cm.
Optimization of filtering schemes for broadband astro-combs

To realize a broadband, large-line-spacing astro-comb, suitable for wavelength calibration of astrophysical spectrographs, from a narrowband, femtosecond laser frequency comb ("source-comb"), one must integrate the source-comb with three additional components: (1) one or more filter cavities to multiply the source-comb's repetition rate and thus line spacing; (2) power amplifiers to boost the power of pulses from the filtered comb; and (3) highly nonlinear optical fiber to spectrally broaden the filtered and amplified narrowband frequency comb. In this paper we analyze the interplay of Fabry-Perot (FP) filter cavities with power amplifiers and nonlinear broadening fiber in the design of astro-combs optimized for radial-velocity (RV) calibration accuracy. We present analytic and numeric models and use them to evaluate a variety of FP filtering schemes (labeled as identical, co-prime, fraction-prime, and conjugate cavities), coupled to chirped-pulse amplification (CPA). We find that even a small nonlinear phase can reduce suppression of filtered comb lines, and increase RV error for spectrograph calibration. In general, filtering with two cavities prior to the CPA fiber amplifier outperforms an amplifier placed between the two cavities. In particular, filtering with conjugate cavities is able to provide 300 nm wavelength coverage. Such superior performance will facilitate the search for and characterization of Earth-like exoplanets, which requires <10 cm/s RV calibration error.
Salicylate hepatitis: a complication of the treatment of Kawasaki's disease

A case of salicylate hepatitis in a seven-week-old boy with Kawasaki's disease, mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is reported. The infant was admitted to the hospital with fever and a diffuse maculopapular petechial rash. He was treated with antibiotics for 72 hours for presumed septicemia. His condition deteriorated and he developed mucous membrane lesions and edema in his hands and feet. When the cultures of spinal fluid, blood, and urine were found to be negative, the antimicrobial therapy was discontinued; however, the cyanosis of his extremities progressed and gangrenous regions developed in his toe and finger pads. Oral aspirin therapy was started at a dosage of 100 mg/kg/day, every six hours. After five days, the rash, membrane lesions, and swelling in his hands and feet resolved. The cyanosis regressed. Liver enzyme tests revealed mild elevations of SGOT and LDH, and on the 12th hospital day these values peaked to a level consistent with salicylate hepatitis. The aspirin therapy was discontinued and within four days the liver function test results were normal. Aspirin therapy was reinstituted at a single daily dose of 30 mg/kg with no recurrence of hepatitis. The careful monitoring of liver function tests is recommended for children with Kawasaki's disease receiving aspirin therapy to avoid salicylate-induced hepatitis.
Diversity by the Numbers: Changes in State and Local Government Workforces 1980–1995

The tools used to diversify workforces in state and local governments have come under attack and, in at least one state, have been rescinded by voter initiative. The current backlash against these ...
A Duty to Participate in Research: Does Social Context Matter?

Because of the important benefits that biomedical research offers to humans, some have argued that people have a general moral obligation to participate in research. Although the defense of such a putative moral duty has raised controversy, few scholars, on either side of the debate, have attended to the social context in which research takes place and where such an obligation will be discharged. By reflecting on the social context in which a presumed duty to participate in research will obtain, this article shows that decontextualized discussions of this putative moral obligation are problematic.
Design of a Reconfigurable, Monolithic Compliant Mechanism for a Six-Axis Nanomanipulator

In general, compliant mechanisms are single-state devices, meaning there is a one-to-one relationship between the inputs (actuation) and outputs (mechanism motion). This is particularly troublesome in precision mechanisms which offer limited flexibility in performance characteristics for high cost. In this paper we demonstrate a method which was proposed in earlier work (2002) to make a six-axis compliant mechanism with reconfigurable performance characteristics. The mechanism was synthesized using CoMeT, a compliant mechanism design tool, and optimized via FEA simulation. Experimental results show that (1) mechanism transmission ratio can be reconfigured between negative and positive numbers (2) that dynamic mode shapes may be changed and (3) that natural frequencies may be independently reconfigured. A means to handle the competing material requirements of large range and high-bandwidth is briefly presented.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
ORGANIZATION TERMINATION OR EVOLUTION: MERGERS IN THE NONPROFIT SECTOR

As the number of private, nonprofit organizations in the United States continues to grow annually, the competition for clients, funding, and volunteer time also escalates. As a result, some experts suggest that a restructuring of the nonprofit sector is occurring. The increasing number of mergers by nonprofit organizations is evidence of this restructuring. This paper examines merger as a termination alternative that avoids organization dissolution and focuses on the internal and external forces that drive nonprofit organization decision makers to consider merger. Three case studies are used to illustrate the concept of merger in the nonprofit context as a continuum of organization combination strategies that range from consolidation to acquisition.
Weighing risks and benefits of postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection: not so easy.

The role of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) after initial cisplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) is well established. Postchemotherapy surgery is often necessary to resect teratoma and viableresidualGCTs,whichcompriseapproximately40%and15%of unselected specimens from marker-negative patients, respectively; necrosisandfibrosisaccountfortheremainder. 1-4 However,management of the smallest residual RP masses, defined as having a maximum transverse diameter of 1 cm (signifying clinical complete remission [cCR])—20% to 25% of which will harbor teratoma and approximately 5% viable GCTs—has been debated for more than 20 years. 5 The proponents of surveillance argue that the low relapse rate observed in patients achieving cCR outweighs the risks of RPLND, particularly retrograde ejaculation. The proponents of RPLND counter that the number of relapses will be small, but individual patients are at risk for adverse outcomes from the unpredictable natural history of teratoma, late relapse, and unnecessary salvage chemotherapy that might occur if surgery is not performed. Two articles 6,7 inthisissueofJournalofClinicalOncologyaddresssurveillance.Com