cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduction versus Emergence

Recent developments in cognitive theory, and particularly new work on consciousness, suggest that the old dichotomy of “emergence versus reduction” is now an oversimplification. Instead, we now have a variety of theories that include various degrees of nonreductive physicalism, based largely on the implications of neural plasticity from brain research, and the theory of self-organization coming from theoretical chemistry, biology, and chaos theory. These new trends allow for new ontologies of mind and consciousness that are neither “reductive” in the sense of reduction to push–pull linear causal mechanisms, nor are they necessarily “emergent” in a sense that could entail a counter-scientific metaphysical dualism. Keywords: cognitive science; neuroscience; psychology of consciousness; brain; dynamical systems; holism; mental causation; mind-body problem; neural plasticity; reductionism
Hybrid Systems Modeling for (Cancer) Systems Biology

The advent of biological data of increasingly higher resolution in space and time has triggered the use of dynamic models to explain and predict the evolution of biological systems over space and time. Computer-aided system modeling and analysis in biology has led to many new discoveries and explanations that would otherwise be intractable to articulate without the available data and computing power. Nevertheless, the complexity in biology still challenges many labs in capturing studied phenomena in models that are tractable and simple enough to analyze. Moreover, the popular use of ordinary differential equation models have their limitations in that they solely capture continuous dynamics, while we observe many discrete dynamic phenomena in biology such as gene switching or mutations. Hybrid systems modeling provides a framework in which both continuous and discrete dynamics can be simulated and analyzed. Moreover, it provides techniques to develop approximations and abstractions of complex dynamics that are tractable to analyze.
Methods of Flavonoid Data Analysis

Flavonoids are plant pigments with a characteristic fifteen carbon structure containing two phenolic rings. They have great structural diversity and have been extensively used for systematic purposes over the last twenty years. The occurrence of different types of flavonoids such as flavones and flavonols are examined in various plant groups and if such occurrences coincide with taxonomic boundaries then flavonoid data are thought to be useful, but if they do not coincide they are largely ignored. See Harborne et al. (1975) for flavonoid references.
Interaction of light pulses with matter.: I. A derivation of the Beer—Lambert law

The Beer—Lambert law is derived directly from Schrodinger's equation for the dynamics of a many-absorber block of matter interacting weakly with a light pulse generated by a superposition of one-photon states of the radiation field. The fluorescent response of an absorber at a depth x in the block depends on both the spatial attenuation and phase-shifting of the frequency components comprising the light pulse. In the limit of narrow band-width pulses the Beer—Lambert law is obtained.
The role of synthetic and bone extracted Ca-phospholipid-PO4 complexes in hydroxyapatite formation

The calcium-phospholipid-phosphate (Ca-PL-PO4) complex isolated from young bone has been shown to initiate hydroxyapatite formation from a metastable calcium phosphate solution. The action of the complex was compared to that of the acidic phospholipids: phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidic acid. These phospholipids first remove calcium, and a small amount of phosphate from the metastable solution forming a material similar to the complex isolated from bone, and then form hydroxyapatite. The rate of hydroxyapatite proliferation, once phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol are converted to Ca-PL-PO4 complexes, is the same as the rate observed for comparable weights of the complex isolated from bone. It is suggested that the complex isolated from bone was formed in a manner similar to the complexes in our in vitro experiments. Finally, our evidence supports the possiblity that a similar complex is responsible for the initial mineralization in matrix vesicles.
The Coming Revolution: Microbes and Multiscale Biology: New technologies are providing a more complete view of the functional dynamics of microorganisms such as E. coli and V. cholerae

Microbes continue to be at the cutting edge of research—particularly in the arena of multiscale biology, where many dimensions of data are combined to form fuller and more dynamic pictures of specific microorganisms. Where we once relied on Southern blots to examine single genes, we can now characterize the full complement of DNA, RNA, and many epigenetic markers at a genome-wide scale in a matter of hours.
The face that sank the Essex: potential function of the spermaceti organ in aggression.

SUMMARY `Forehead to forehead I meet thee, this third time, Moby Dick!9 [Ahab (Melville, 1851)] Herman Melville9s fictional portrayal of the sinking of the Pequod was inspired by instances in which large sperm whales sank whaling ships by ramming the ships with their heads. Observations of aggression in species of the four major clades of cetacean and the artiodactyl outgroup suggest that head-butting during male—male aggression is a basal behavior for cetaceans. We hypothesize that the ability of sperm whales to destroy stout wooden ships, 3-5 times their body mass, is a product of specialization for male—male aggression. Specifically, we suggest that the greatly enlarged and derived melon of sperm whales, the spermaceti organ, evolved as a battering ram to injure an opponent. To address this hypothesis, we examined the correlation between relative melon size and the level of sexual dimorphism in body size among cetaceans. We also modeled impacts between two equal-sized sperm whales to determine whether it is physically possible for the spermaceti organ to function as an effective battering ram. We found (i) that the evolution of relative melon size in cetaceans is positively correlated with the evolution of sexual dimorphism in body size and (ii) that the spermaceti organ of a charging sperm whale has enough momentum to seriously injure an opponent. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the spermaceti organ has evolved to be a weapon used in male—male aggression.
Application of Loop Heat Pipe Technology to High Power Rectifier Cabinets

This paper briefly introduces the status quo of the heat pipe technology and its development,and analyzes the principle of the loop heat pipe and the technical characteristics of the loop heat pipe sink.The design for using the loop heat pipe sink to realize natural cooling of high power rectifier cabinets and its field test are described in detail.
Advice on stroke provided by pharmacies in the United States: implications for treatment and care.

OBJECTIVES Studies have found that some health lines and physician's offices have provided treatment advice other than "call 9-1-1 for an ambulance" to patients who present with a stroke scenario. We assessed the treatment advice given by selected pharmacies in the United States regarding stroke. METHODS The investigators called 73 randomly selected pharmacies and informed respondents that the caller's mother had experienced stroke-like symptoms several days earlier. Respondents were asked what should be done if the symptoms returned in the future and then debriefed on the deception afterward. RESULTS Seventy-one of the 73 pharmacies participated and only 20% (95% confidence interval 12-30) of respondents gave the ideal advice "call 9-1-1 for an ambulance." CONCLUSIONS One out of every five pharmacy respondents across the United States recommended advice other than calling emergency medical services for a potential stroke scenario.
New early devonian pteraspidids (Agnatha, Heterostraci) from death valley national monument, Southeastern California

Two species and genera of pteraspidids (Agnatha, Heterostraci), Blieckaspis priscillae n. gen., and Panamintaspis snowi n. gen. and n. sp., together with two undetermined species, are described from the lower part of the Lippincott Member of the Lost Burro Formation, southeastern California. The sharing of similar faunal elements with the Early Devonian assemblages of the Sevy Dolomite and Water Canyon Formation of Utah and Nevada, respectively, together with stratigraphic constraints on the age of the Death Valley fauna, suggest that these assemblages are age equivalent and have a late Emsian (inversus–serotinus Zones) age. The vertebrate-bearing unit of the Lippincott Member is interpreted as a channel-fill deposit laid down in an estuarine environment with low or fluctuating salinity.
16-k bps modem design using vector quantization

It is pointed out that, by reversing the order of the encoding and decoding process, vector quantization (VQ) can be used as a binary-input/analog-output coder to transmit binary messages across analog channels. As compared with traditional modem schemes, VQ offers higher transmission rates for a fixed SNR (signal to noise ratio) or lower SNRs for a fixed transmission rate. The initial simulation efforts, written in F77, used the AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channel with low dimensions (1-8) and data rates of 1-3 bits/sample or, equivalently, 8000-24000 bits/s. The research strategy involves the following: upgrading the VQ modem algorithm, channel modeling and computer simulation of higher dimension, system performance simulation, and development of a VQ model system. Simulations of higher dimension sizes (8-16) are written in C programming language, and by using the VQ modem algorithm with AWGN 3.2 kHz channels, transmission rates of 16 kbit/s are achievable across 'average' telephone lines. >
Abstract 538: Effects of Mechanical and Biological Factors on Responses of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Biomechanical factors, including stretch, play a very important role in normal vascular function and in the early development of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Although the cause(s) for...
Investigating Eye Movements in Natural Language and C++ Source Code - A Replication Experiment

Natural language text and source code are very different in their structure and semantics. Source code uses words from natural language such as English mainly in comments and identifier names. Is there an inherent difference in the way programmers read natural language text compared to source code? Does expertise play a role in the reading behavior of programmers? In order to start answering these questions, we conduct a controlled experiment with novice and non-novice programmers while they read small short snippets of natural language text and C++ source code. This study is a replication of an earlier study by Busjahn et al. [1] but uses C++ instead of Java source code. The study was conducted with 33 students, who were each given ten tasks: a set of seven programs, and three natural language texts. They were asked one of three random comprehension questions after each task. Using several linearity metrics presented in an earlier study [1], we analyze the eye movements on source code and natural language. The results indicate that novices and non-novices both read source code less linearly than natural language text. We did not find any differences between novices and non-novices between natural language text and source code. We compare our results to the Busjahn study and provide directions for future work.
Conversion of atrial dissociation with lidocaine in a dog

Abstract A 3-year-old healthy dog was presented for abdominal surgery following ingestion of razor blades. An electrocardiogram revealed a regular sinus bradycardia with normal P waves at a heart rate of 45 bpm. In addition, low-amplitude positive deflections (p′ waves) were visualized at a regular interval and rapid rate of 250 bpm, dissociated from the normal sinus P waves. A tentative diagnosis of atrial dissociation was proposed. Administration of lidocaine abolished the p′ waves. This case describes atrial dissociation observed following premedication that was successfully terminated using lidocaine in a healthy dog.
Tenure-Related Issues in the Lower Courts: Decisions and Ramifications

As the American higher education system continued to develop from the Colonial Period, it wasn’t until the beginning of the twentieth century that the growing concern about faculty job security came to the forefront of educators. Although the US Constitution provided all citizens with protections in the First and Fourteenth Amendments, it was the case of Edward Ross that spurred the AAUP to take up the cause known as faculty tenure. This chapter begins with an examination of the criticisms leveled against tenure followed by a review of lower court decisions pertinent to faculty protection based on the First and Fourteenth Amendments.
Effects of space allocation on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics

A total of 405 pigs (PIC 327 × 1,050) were used in 2 experiments (Exp. 1, initially 66.1 ± 1.8 kg BW, Exp. 2 initially 60.8 ± 2.5 kg BW) to examine the effects of space allocation on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pigs were randomly allotted to pens on entry into the finishing facility. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 treatments with either 7 or 8 replications per treatment (Exp.1 and 2, respectively). There were 9 pigs per pen and gates were adjusted to provide 0.84, 0.74, or 0.65 m2 per pig. Each pen was equipped with a dry single-sided feeder with two 35.6 cm × 11.4 cm (length × width) feeder spaces and a cup waterer. In both experiments, as space allocation decreased, overall ADG and ADFI decreased (linear, P < 0.019) with no evidence for differences in G:F. In Exp. 2, there was marginal evidence for a linear improvement (P = 0.061) in G:F as space allocation decreased from d 42 to 56. Final BW was 3.8 and 5.3 kg greater (linear, P ≤ 0.005) in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively, when comparing the 0.65 to the 0.84 m2 per pig space allocation treatments. Using a predicted k-value of 0.0336, ADFI and, subsequently, ADG should have begun to decrease when pigs reached 121.2, 101.7, and 83.3 kg at 0.84, 0.74, or 0.65 m2 per pig, respectively. In Exp. 1, we found marginal evidence for a reduction in ADFI as space allocation decreased starting at a mean BW of 80.3 kg (d 14; linear, P = 0.072). In Exp. 2, ADFI and consequently ADG decreased linearly (P < 0.029) starting at a mean BW of 74 kg, as space allocation decreased, before pigs reached the k-value that should have influenced performance. It is unknown if growth performance was impacted for the 0.84 m2 treatment group as this was the greatest space allocation treatment. Overall, these studies indicate that decreasing space allocation resulted in poorer ADG driven by a reduction in ADFI. The data suggests that the accepted k-value of 0.0336 might underestimate the impact of space restriction on finishing pig ADG and ADFI.
GOG0076-GG: A limited access phase II trial of pemetrexed (LY231514) (NSC #698037) in combination with cisplatin (NSC #119875) in the treatment of advanced, persistent, or recurrent carcinoma of the cervix—A Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

5527 Background: To estimate the antitumor activity of Pemetrexed and cisplatin with objective tumor response (partial and complete) in patients with advanced, persistent, or recurrent carcinoma of...
Dual microchannel plate module for a gated monochromatic x-ray imager

Development and testing of a dual microchannel plate (MCP) module to be used in the national Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) program has recently been completed. The MCP module is a key component of a new monochromatic x-ray imaging diagnostic which is designed around a 4 channel Kirkpatrick-Baez microscope and diffraction crystals and is located at University of Rochester's Omega laser system. The MCP module has two separate MCP regions with centers spaced 53 mm apart. Each region contains a 25 mm MCP proximity focused to a P-11 phosphor coated fiberoptic faceplate. The two L/D equals 40, MCPs have a 10.2 mm wide, 8 ohm stripline constructed of 500 nm copper over-coated with 100 nm gold. A 4 kV, 150 ps electrical pulse provides an optical gatewidth of 80 ps and spatial resolution has been measured at 20 lp/mm.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Acromioclavicular Joint Pathology

Another name for weightlifter’s shoulder is distal clavicular osteolysis. It is an overuse phenomenon that manifests following repetitive trauma to the acromioclavicular joint (AC joint) and usually seen in weightlifters. Patients will report insidious pain at the acromioclavicular region radiating to the deltoid or trapezius, exacerbated by weight training. On examination, there is point tenderness to the acromioclavicular joint. Cross-body adduction (scarf test) and Paxinos test will be positive with pain reproduced in the AC joint region. X-rays will show loss of subchondral bone in the distal clavicle. Initial treatment includes avoidance of provocative maneuvers, NSAIDS, and activity modifications. If conservative treatment fails, patients will require surgical resection of the distal clavicle.
En masse lentiviral gene delivery to mouse fertilized eggs via laser perforation of zona pellucida

Lentiviruses are highly efficient vehicles for delivering genes into cells. They readily transduce primary and immortalized cells in vivo and in vitro. Genes delivered by lentiviruses are incorporated and replicated as part of their host genome and therefore offer a powerful tool for creation of stable cell lines and transgenic animals. However, the zona pellucida surrounding the fertilized eggs acts as a barrier and hinders lentiviral transduction of embryos. Here, we utilize a laser, typically used to perforate the zona pellucida for in vitro fertilization, to permeabilize the zona for lentiviral gene delivery. A single hole in the zona is sufficient for the lentivirus to gain access to fertilized eggs without the need for microinjection for en masse gene delivery. Embryos generated by this method elicit no damage and can develop to term for creation of transgenic animals.
Approach to Fertility Preservation in Adult and Pre-pubertal Males

Recent advances in medicine have led to ever increasing number of pre-pubertal and adult males surviving cancer treatment. This has increased the need to improve the existing technology for cryopreservation of gametes and search for new fertility preservation options. As of today, only sperm cryopreservation is considered accepted standard clinical practices. Fertility preservation options in pre-pubertal males are still experimental. Cryopreservation of testicular tissue and spermatogonial stem cell transplantation should only be offered within IRB-approved clinical protocol after thorough counseling of patients and their family members as there are still many unresolved issues related to these technologies.
Customized Prediction of Respiratory Motion

Accurate prediction of the respiratory motion would be beneficial to the treatment of thoracic and abdominal tumors. However, a wide variety of breathing patterns can make it difficult to predict the breathing motion with explicit models. We proposed a respiratory motion predictor, i.e., customized prediction with multiple patient interactions using Neural network (CNN).
Intravenous nitroglycerin delivery: Dynamics and cost considerations

After determining initial nitroglycerin (NTG) concentrations, NTG solutions were infused through polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polyethylene intravenous (IV) administration sets at rates of 6, 12, and 24 ml/hour. Delivered NTG concentrations were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatographic technique at predetermined and fixed time intervals during a 24-hour infusion. The relative availability of NTG with each infusion was determined by dividing the area under the time concentration curve for delivered NTG by the area under the curve, assuming that the initial NTG concentration was delivered constantly over the 24-hour infusion period. For the PVC administration set, the relative availabilities of NTG were 41.5%, 62.9%, and 76.0% for the 6, 12, and 24 ml/hour infusions, respectively. Additionally, the concentration of NTG delivered varied considerably with time and infusion rate. For the polyethylene administration set, the relative availabilities of NTG were 97.3%, 96.8%, and 96.3% for the 6, 12, and 24 ml/hour infusions, respectively. Considerably less NTG solution was required to deliver the same amount of drug when polyethylene administration sets were used to infuse NTG. Polyethylene IV administration sets can be used to accurately deliver the labeled NTG concentration without resulting in increased cost.
Predictors of survival after resection of primary sarcomas of the chest wall-A large, single-institution series.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Chest wall sarcomas are rare and may demonstrate heterogeneous features. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy used as adjuncts. Herein, we report outcomes of a large cohort of patients with primary chest wall sarcoma who underwent resection. METHODS Records of 121 patients who underwent resection for primary chest wall sarcoma between 1998 and 2013 were reviewed. A thoracic pathologist reexamined all tumors and categorized them according to grade. Univariable and multivariable Cox analyses were conducted to identify predictors of overall survival (OS). RESULTS The median age was 45.0 (range, 11-81) years, and most tumors (63.6%, 77) were high grade. The median tumor size was 7 cm (range, 1-21 cm). Fifty-nine (48.8%) patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 12 (9.9%) received neoadjuvant radiotherapy. A complete resection was achieved in 103 (85.1%) patients. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.532) and radiation ( P = 1.000) were not associated with a complete resection. Five-year OS among patients undergoing R0 and R1 resections was 61.9% and 27.8%, respectively. Multivariable analysis identified high grade (HR, 15.21; CI, 3.57-64.87; P < 0.001), R1 (HR, 3.10; CI, 1.40-6.86; P = 0.005), R2 resection (HR, 5.18; CI, 1.91-14.01; P = 0.001), and age (HR, 1.02; CI, 1.01-1.03; P = 0.002) as predictors of OS. CONCLUSIONS In this series of resected chest wall sarcomas, complete resection and tumor grade remain the most important survival predictors. Individual decisions are required for the utilization of neoadjuvant therapy.
Milkomeda: Safeguarding the Mobile GPU Interface Using WebGL Security Checks

GPU-accelerated graphics is commonly used in mobile applications. Unfortunately, the graphics interface exposes a large amount of potentially vulnerable kernel code (i.e., the GPU device driver) to untrusted applications. This broad attack surface has resulted in numerous reported vulnerabilities that are exploitable from unprivileged mobile apps. We observe that web browsers have faced and addressed the exact same problem in WebGL, a framework used by web apps for graphics acceleration. Web browser vendors have developed and deployed a plethora of security checks for the WebGL interface. We introduce Milkomeda, a system solution for automatically repurposing WebGL security checks to safeguard the mobile graphics interface. We show that these checks can be used with minimal modifications (which we have automated using a tool called CheckGen), significantly reducing the engineering effort. Moreover, we demonstrate an in-process shield space for deploying these checks for mobile applications. Compared to the multi-process architecture used by web browsers to protect the integrity of the security checks, our solution improves the graphics performance by eliminating the need for Inter-Process Communication and shared memory data transfer, while providing integrity guarantees for the evaluation of security checks. Our evaluation shows that Milkomeda achieves close-to-native GPU performance at reasonably increased CPU utilization.
What's an Ark?

An organism threatened with extinction is entrusted to safe storage in the hope that the conditions it needs to survive might one day be available to it again. The ark of Genesis has been widely used to imagine conservation projects of this kind. My paper circumscribes ark building as a conservation activity with other instances of ark building in contemporary culture, from Lars von Trier’s Melancholia to Lee Scratch Perry’s Black Ark . What is at stake when we decide that some form of life is, or is not, worthy of being set on its way to a life to come?
Methods to Study RNA-protein Interactions

Noncoding RNA sequences, including long noncoding RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, and untranslated mRNA regions, accomplish many of their diverse functions through direct interactions with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Recent efforts have identified hundreds of new RBPs that lack known RNA-binding domains, thus underscoring the complexity and diversity of RNA-protein complexes. Recent progress has expanded the number of methods for studying RNA-protein interactions in two general categories: approaches that characterize proteins bound to an RNA of interest (RNA-centric), and those that examine RNAs bound to a protein of interest (protein-centric). Each method has unique strengths and limitations, which makes it important to select optimal approaches for the biological question being addressed. Here we review methods for the study of RNA-protein interactions, with a focus on their suitability for specific applications.
Sparse Coding for Key Node Selection over Networks

The size of networks now needed to model real world phenomena poses significant computational challenges. Key node selection in networks, (KNSIN) presented in this paper, selects a representative set of nodes that preserves the sketch of original nodes in the network and thus, serves as a useful solution to this challenge. KNSIN is accomplished via a sparse coding algorithm that efficiently learns a basis set over the feature space defined by the nodes. By executing a stop criterion, KNSIN automatically learns the dimensionality of the node space and guarantees that the learned basis accurately preserves the sketch of the original node space. In experiments, we use two large scale network datasets to evaluate the proposed KNSIN framework. Our results on the two datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the KNSIN algorithm.
Trends in tobacco use and tobacco cessation counselling codes among Medicare beneficiaries, 2001-2014

Analysis of Medicare data is often used to determine epidemiology, healthcare utilization and effectiveness of disease treatments. We were interested in whether Medicare data could be used to estimate prevalence of tobacco use. Currently, data regarding tobacco use is derived from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey data. We compare administrative claims data for tobacco diagnosis among Medicare beneficiaries to survey (BRFSS) estimates of tobacco use from 2001 to 2014. Retrospective cross-sectional study comparing tobacco diagnoses using International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes for tobacco use in Medicare data to BRFSS data from 2001 to 2014 in adults age ≥ 65 years. Beneficiary data included age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and comorbidities. Tobacco cessation counselling was also examined using Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System codes. The prevalence of Medicare enrollees aged ≥65 years who had a diagnosis of current tobacco use increased from 2.01% in 2001 to 4.8% in 2014, while the estimates of current tobacco use from BRFSS decreased somewhat (10.03% in 2001 vs. 8.77% in 2014). However, current tobacco use based on Medicare data remained well below the estimates from BRFSS. Use of tobacco cessation counselling increased over the study period with largest increases after 2010. The use of tobacco-related diagnosis codes increased from 2001 to 2014 in Medicare but still substantially underestimated the prevalence of tobacco use compared to BRFSS data.
Emotion’s influence on judgment-formation: Breaking down the concept of moral intuition

Recent discussions in the field of moral cognition suggest that the relationship between emotion and judgment-formation can be described in three separate ways: firstly, it narrows our attention to...
An evaluation of fatigue factors in maritime pilot work scheduling

Maritime piloting operations involve on-call work schedules that may lead to sleep loss and circadian misalignment. Our study documented pilot work scheduling practices (n = 61) over a one-year per...
Magnetic order in single crystals of Na 3 Co 2 SbO 6 with a honeycomb arrangement of 3 d 7 Co 2 + ions

We have synthesized single crystals of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{3}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2}{\mathrm{SbO}}_{6}$ and characterized the structure and magnetic order by measuring anisotropic magnetic properties, heat capacity, and x-ray and neutron single crystal diffraction. Magnetic properties and specific heat of polycrystalline ${\mathrm{Na}}_{3}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2}{\mathrm{SbO}}_{6}$ were also measured for comparison. ${\mathrm{Na}}_{3}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2}{\mathrm{SbO}}_{6}$ crystallizes in a monoclinic structure (space group $C2/m)$ with ${[{\mathrm{Co}}_{2}{\mathrm{SbO}}_{6}]}^{3\ensuremath{-}}$ layers separated by ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ ions. The temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility shows significant anisotropic behavior in the whole temperature range 2--350 K investigated in this work. An effective moment of about $5.5{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}/{\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$ from a Curie-Weiss fitting of the magnetic susceptibility is larger than the spin only value and signals significant orbital contribution. ${\mathrm{Na}}_{3}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2}{\mathrm{SbO}}_{6}$ single crystal undergoes a transition into a long-range antiferromagnetically ordered state below ${T}_{N}=5\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Neutron single crystal diffraction confirmed the zigzag magnetic structure with a propagation vector $k=(0.5,0.5,0)$. The ordered moment is found to be $0.9{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ at 4 K and align along the crystallographic $b$ axis. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the experimentally observed zigzag order is energetically competing with the N\'eel order. It is also found that the covalency between Co $d$ and O $p$ is quite strong and competes with the local spin-orbit coupling, suggesting a ${J}_{\mathrm{eff}}=1/2$ ground state may not be realized in this compound.
Design of proteins presenting discontinuous functional sites using deep learning

An outstanding challenge in protein design is the design of binders against therapeutically relevant target proteins via scaffolding the discontinuous binding interfaces present in their often large and complex binding partners. There is currently no method for sampling through the almost unlimited number of possible protein structures for those capable of scaffolding a specified discontinuous functional site; instead, current approaches make the sampling problem tractable by restricting search to structures composed of pre-defined secondary structural elements. Such restriction of search has the disadvantage that considerable trial and error can be required to identify architectures capable of scaffolding an arbitrary discontinuous functional site, and only a tiny fraction of possible architectures can be explored. Here we build on recent advances in de novo protein design by deep network hallucination to develop a solution to this problem which eliminates the need to pre-specify the structure of the scaffolding in any way. We use the trRosetta residual neural network, which maps input sequences to predicted inter-residue distances and orientations, to compute a loss function which simultaneously rewards recapitulation of a desired structural motif and the ideality of the surrounding scaffold, and generate diverse structures harboring the desired binding interface by optimizing this loss function by gradient descent. We illustrate the power and versatility of the method by scaffolding binding sites from proteins involved in key signaling pathways with a wide range of secondary structure compositions and geometries. The method should be broadly useful for designing small stable proteins containing complex functional sites.
Together We can Figure It out: Groups Find Hospitality Robots Easier to Use and Interact With Them More than Individuals

As robots are becoming more prevalent and entering hospitality settings, understanding how different configurations of individuals and groups interact with them becomes increasingly important for catering to various people. This is especially important because group dynamics can affect people's perceptions of situations and behavior in them. We present research examining how individuals and groups interact with and accept a humanoid robot greeter at a real-world cafe (Study 1) and in an online study (Study 2). In each study, we separately examine interactions of individuals, groups that participants formed after they arrived at the cafe (new-formed groups), and groups that participants arrived with at the cafe (pre-formed groups). Results support prior findings that groups are more likely to interact with a public robot than individuals (Study 1). We also report novel findings that new-formed groups interacted more with the robot than pre-formed groups (Study 1). We link this with groups perceiving the robot as more positive and easier to use (Study 2). Future research should examine perceptions of the robot immediately after interaction and in different hospitality contexts.
Biochemical Function and Homeostasis: The Payoff of the Genetic Program

Design of living organisms by mutation and selection is in principle very similar to engineering design. In both cases changes are evaluated and those that are advantageous serve as the new basis for further testing of additional changes; in both cases improved function is a criterion on the basis of which changes are accepted or rejected. Thus when we deal with objects of biological origin or with objects resulting from human design our approach must be intellectually similar. It must be totally different from the approach that is appropriate when we deal with rocks, continents, or other objects of non-biological, non-designed systems. A functional object must have a design. The design need not necessarily be recorded: you could set out to build a bird house and begin with the floor and then make the sides and roof to fit. A generalized design in that case would be in your mind. However, when an object is complex or when many copies of the object are to be made, some means of recording the design is desirable. Thus we have blueprints and the like, which may themselves become extensive and elaborate. I remember reading somewhere that by the time a battleship was built the paper used for plans or blueprints of the ship and its component parts weighed about as much as the ship itself. There is probably some exaggeration in that statement, but it may not be far wrong. At any rate, the battleship would not have been able to carry a really large number of total copies of its design without foundering. It is interesting that we constantly carry around several billion copies of the total design for our bodies. If we could write our genetic information on one sheet of typing paper, one billion copies would weigh about 5,000 tons. Genetic programs are indeed pretty well miniaturized.
A Systematic Framework for Spatial Conservation Planning and Ecological Priority Design: An Example from St. Lucia, Eastern Caribbean

Rare and endangered species attract attention everywhere; this is certainly true within the Western world. During any inventory work at the stations, questions about rare and endangered species come up quickly. It is a very popular topic and many individuals and organizations are interested in trying to save and study these species, or at least to claim doing so in public. It must be seen as a phenomenon why this topic ranks so high on the agenda for the public, in the commercial media, and with many conservationists and students? Perhaps rare species are indicative of how we as a society, perceive, interact with, and understand nature?
Migratory patterns of B lymphocytes. IV. Effect of anti-Ig on follicular localization of radioactively labeled murine spleen and bone marrow cells.

Abstract A study was made of the localization of nylon-wool-adherent (AD) and nonadherent (NA) murine spleen cells in lymphoid tissue of irradiated syngeneic recipients. Cells were labeled in vitro with [ 3 H]uridine or 51 Cr and injected intravenously. Localization in recipient tissues was expressed as percent of injected radioactivity. NA and AD [ 3 H]uridine labeled cells gave spleen to lymph node (S:LN) ratios of 1.0 and 2.7, respectively. After treatment of AD cells with rabbit anti-mouse Fab + C at 37 °C, localization in S decreased markedly. NA cells primarily localized in LN paracortex and splenic periarteriolar sheaths. Untreated and NRS-treated AD cells localized in lymphoid follicles, whereas anti-Fab-treated AD cells did not. When 51 Cr-labeled AD cells were treated with anti-Fab at 4 °C without C, there was a transient decrease in splenic localization at 24 hr followed by a recovery to the normal pattern at 48 hr after transfer. [ 3 H]uridine-labeled bone marrow (BM) cells showed less localization in lymphoid tissue than did S cells. Some BM cells were seen in LN follicles, particularly at 48 hr after transfer, but this localization was not affected by prior treatment with anti-Fab + C. The possible role of surface Ig in the determination of follicular localization of B lymphocytes is discussed.
Performance Analysis of Asynchronous Circuits and Systems Using Stochastic Timed Petri Nets

This chapter describes and extends a recently developed approach for analyzing the performance of asynchronous circuits using stochastic timed Petri nets (STPNs) with unique- and free-choice and general delay distributions. The approach uses finite net executions to derive closed-form expressions for both upper and lower bounds of the performance metrics. The expressions can be efficiently evaluated using standard statistical methods. The mean of the upper and lower bounds provides an performance estimate which has a well-defined error interval. The error interval can often be made arbitrarily small by analyzing longer net executions at the cost of additional run-time. Experiments of several asynchronous circuits demonstrate the efficiency of the approach as well as the high quality of the estimates. The experiments include a fullscale STPN model of Intel’s asynchronous instruction length decoding and steering unit with over 900 transitions and 500 places.
Bulk mineralogy of lunar crater central peaks via thermal infrared spectra from the Diviner Lunar Radiometer: A study of the Moon's crustal composition at depth

[1] The central peaks of lunar impact craters are thought to be composed of uplifted material originating from varying depths of the crustal column. The interpreted crystallization sequence of the early lunar magma ocean resulted in an anorthositic upper crust that may become progressively more mafic as it approaches the olivine-rich mantle. Emissivity spectra from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Diviner Radiometer are used to derive the wavelength location of the Christiansen Feature (CF), which is sensitive to bulk silicate mineralogy. Here a survey of CF values has been performed for the central peaks of 135 complex craters, providing global and regional observations of the heterogeneity of crustal compositions. Crustal thickness models give context to the preimpact depth of the central peak material and its proximity to the crust-mantle boundary. This study has identified six craters with potentially ultramafic compositions within their central peaks. More common occurrences of mafic material, found in a wide variety of crater central peaks, show a silicate composition roughly similar to mare basalt or an olivine-bearing gabbro. The range of central peak CF values is similar to that of the rest of the lunar surface. Bulk mineralogy of the central peak material does not appear to be correlated with its crustal depth of origin, suggesting both lateral and vertical heterogeneity in crustal composition rather than a gradual transition from felsic to mafic composition. It is likely that the Moon's extensive cratering history has continually overturned the original crust, erasing any original systematic dependence of composition on depth or proximity to the mantle.
Cyclosporin-induced inhibition of insulin release: Possible role of voltage-dependent calcium transport channels

The exposure of normal pancreatic islets to cyclosporin-A (1 μgml) for 24 hr resulted in significant inhibition of glucose-induced (16.7 mM) insulin release from 197 ± 14μU10islets15 min (control) to 103 ± 14, μU10islets15 min (Cy-A-treated islets; P < 0.001). Cy-A did not alter insulin release in the presence of non-stimulatory (1.7mM) or submaximally effective glucose concentrations (9.2 mM). In parallel experiments, Cy-A reduced glucose-stimulated increases in cytosolic free calcium concentrations, [Ca2+]i (217 ± 15 nM without and 137 ± 3 nM with Cy-A in the presence of 16.7 mM glucose, P < 0.01). To better define the site of Cy-A action, we studied its effect on insulin release and increases in [Ca2+]i induced by either K+ (50 mM), which promotes Ca2+ influx via voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, or by forskolin (20 μM), dibutyryl cyclic AMP (1 mM) or arachidonic acid (49 μM), all of which stimulate mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Cy-A significantly inhibited K+-induced changes (203 ± 13 nM without and 77 ± 6 nM with Cy-A, respectively, P < 0.001), but not those induced by forskolin, dibutyryl cyclic AMP or arachidonic acid. These observations suggest that Cy-A inhibits insulin release by interfering with Ca2+ influx via voltage-dependent calcium channels.
The Cost of Defaulting

This article discusses Holbert v. Fremont Inv. & Loan where a homeowner refinanced her home numerous times in the recent past and asks whether she would now be better off to default.
Introducing Classcrits: From Class Blindness to a Critical Legal Analysis of Economic Inequality

In 2007, two workshops at the University at Buffalo launched a project bringing together legal scholars interested in exploring the relationship between law and economic inequality. This article provides an overview of the workshops’ key understandings and discussions. The essay suggests that these understandings, informed by critical legal scholarship, constituted a set of shared assumptions among the participants and informed the groups’ rejection of class blindness, a society-wide blindness to the existence and use of economic power. Discussing some of the functional similarities of gender, race and class blindness, the article argues that feminist and critical race scholars’ critiques of gender and color blindness, in particular, likely further informed the workshop participants’ rejection of class blindness and their intuition that class blindness aids in maintaining and perpetuating economic inequality. Although the workshop groups did not definitively define class, this essay further suggests that the participants established the directions in which the analysis might go. That is, they began the work of framing a classcrit analysis. Such an analysis employs the outlook and tools of critical thought, utilizes a relational understanding of class and economic inequality, and applies an intersectional approach. Ultimately, the consideration of class relations at the time of the discussions seemed a bit strange to some, given that class analyses in the American legal context were viewed - at best - as inapplicable to the U.S., but in any event, discredited. However, such a consideration shortly thereafter seemed far less preposterous, given the near collapse of the financial market in the middle of the 2008 U.S. Presidential election, a collapse and its aftermath that have since revealed in full relief the privileges and excesses of economic power.
Performance models for sidelobe constrained signal design with eigen-basis formulation

Understanding the consequences of applying constraints in arbitrary waveform design can benefit the decision making process of an adaptive system by providing insight into selection of the transmit signal. In this paper, we discuss the role of the integrated sidelobe (ISL) parameter for adaptive radar signal design as it pertains to signal-to-interference-ratio (SINR) performance. We do so by undertaking a design methodology that limits the basis dimension of the waveform while placing a finite energy constraint on the optimal ISL solution. We further extend the analysis by developing performance models for the integrated sidelobe metrics corresponding SINR degradation, from optimal. Included are Monte Carlo simulation trials designed to measure the impact of ISL on SINR.
Function, structure, and mechanism of intracellular copper trafficking proteins.

Genetic, biochemical, and spectroscopic studies have established a new function for an intracellular protein, i.e., guiding and inserting a copper cofactor into the active site of a target enzyme. Studies of these new proteins have revealed a fundamental aspect of copper physiology, namely the vast overcapacity of the cytoplasm for copper sequestration. This finding framed the mechanistic, energetic, and structural aspects of intracellular copper trafficking proteins. One hallmark of the copper chaperones is the similarity of the protein fold between the chaperone and its target enzyme. The surface residues presented by each partner, however, are quite different, and some initial findings concerning the complementarity of these interfaces have led to mechanistic insights. The copper chaperones appear to lower the activation barrier for metal transfer into specific protein-binding sites. The manner in which they facilitate metal insertion appears to involve a docking of the metal donor and acceptor sites in close proximity to one another. Although the intimate mechanism is still open, it appears that a low activation barrier for metal transfer is achieved by a network of coordinate-covalent, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding interactions in the vicinity of the metal-binding site itself.
Mosquito density, biting rate and cage size effects on repellent tests

Mosquito biting rates and the mean duration of protection (in hours) from bites (MDPB) of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles quadrimaculatus, using the repellent 'deet' (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) on a 50 cm2 area of healthy human skin, were observed in small (27 l), medium (approximately 65 l) and large (125 l) cages containing low, medium or high densities of mosquitoes: respectively, 640, 128 or 49 cm3 of cage volume per female. At the initial treatment rate of approximately 0.4 microliter/cm2 (1 ml of 25% deet in ethanol on 650 cm2 of skin), the MDPB for deet against Ae. aegypti ranged from 4.5 to 6.5 h and was significantly less (5.0 +/- 0.8 h) in large cages compared with medium (6.2 +/- 0.9 h) and small (6.2 +/- 0.8 h) cages, regardless of the density. Against An. quadrimaculatus the MDPB for deet 0.4 microliter/cm2 was 1.5-8.0 h, less in small (3.7 +/- 2.3 h) and large (2.2 +/- 1.1 h) cages at medium (3.7 +/- 2.3 h) and high (2.5 +/- 1.7 h) mosquito densities, and was longest in medium cages (6.2 +/- 2.6 h) at low mosquito densities (5.8 +/- 2.8 h). With equinoxial photoperiodicity (light on 06.00-18.00 hours) the biting rate was influenced by the time of observation (08.00, 12.00, 16.00 hours) for Ae. aegypti but not for An. quadrimaculatus. For both species, the biting rate was inversely proportional to mosquito density and the MDPB. The shortest MDPBs were obtained in large cages with high densities of mosquitoes and longest protection times occurred in medium sized cages with low mosquito densities.