cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dante and the Making of a Modern Author: Auto-commentary: Dividing Dante

“ FO DUE PARTI DI ME ” The two preceding chapters provide a distinct perspective on Dante's pursuit of authority, considering, respectively, his relationship to the definitional tradition of the words auctor and auctoritas , and his struggle to renegotiate the hierarchy that attributes cultural authority to Latin and denies it to the vernacular. Both topics point toward a basic tension between the quest for an impersonal, traditional and/or transcendent auctoritas and the emergence of a personalized, modern and/or contingent authorship: a tension that tends to be linked to textual appearances of a Dantean “I,” io or nos , as may be. Both topics thus direct attention to the pervasive question of Dante's propensity for self-reference and auto-exegesis, and especially to his particular preference for forms in which he plays dual, even multiple, rhetorical roles, permitting an oscillation between impersonal object and personal subject of discourse. This chapter will consider how the forms of self-representation and self-interpretation adopted by Dante offer perhaps the most penetrating means of entry into such questions. In particular, a series of formal experiments, beginning with the pre-exilic Vita Nova and continuing through De Vulgari Eloquentia and, especially, Convivio , negotiate the immense distance between the relatively conventional, and thus impersonal, “I” of the early lyrics and the distinctively individual – internally differentiated – poeta-personaggio of the Commedia .
A surface equivalence-based method to enable rapid design and layout iterations of coupled electromagnetic components in integrated packages

A novel methodology is presented that expedites the electromagnetic analysis in the design cycle of individual layout components in close proximity to other radiating and electromagnetic structures. The proposed method retains all the advantages of a surface based moment method technique, but avoids explicit modeling of the interactions between the object under design and the neighboring ones, without compromising on the accuracy of capturing the electromagnetic coupling between them. As a result, the simulation time in an individual design cycle is greatly reduced.
The unstable dynamics of multiple alternative reproductive tactics.

Although negative frequency-dependent fitness is argued to allow the stable coexistence of two alternative reproductive types (such as resource defenders and reproductive parasites), no existing theory has considered a third strategy where resource defenders invest differentially in defence against reproductive parasites. Here, we present the results of a three-strategy game, where reproductive parasites interact with two resource defenders: ‘Susceptibles’ defend more resources but lose more reproductive success to parasites. ‘Immunes’ lose less to parasites, but immunity carries a reproductive cost. We show that the inclusion of a third strategy dramatically changes the evolutionary dynamics, such that for a wide range of parameter values, our model predicts the continuous sequential invasion of the three strategies instead of stable coexistence. Our results therefore limit the generality of the prediction that frequency-dependent fitness necessarily allows alternative reproductive tactics to coexist at equilibrium and may also explain the observed dynamics of some multiple-strategy systems.
Language, Identity, and Stereotype Among Southeast Asian American Youth: The Other Asian

Contents: Preface. The Other Asian: Emergence of an Identity. "No Kiss, No Money": Constructing Identities With Asian Newcomer Stereotypes. Aite and Na Mean: Constructing Identities With African American Stereotypes. From Storeowners to Minivan Drivers: Building Panethnicity With Asian American Stereotypes. "Yo, Yo, He Cambo": Dismantling Panethnicity With Asian American Stereotypes. Implications for Minority Youth in Alternative Education and Grassroots Video. Appendix: Transcription Conventions and Phonetic Symbols.
The pyridine nucleosidases from Bacillus subtilis and Neurospora crassa: Isolation and structural properties

Abstract The DPNases from Bacillus subtilis and Neurospora crassa as well as the DPNase inhibitor found in B. subtilis were purified to homogeneity using conventional techniques. The three compounds are unusual in that they contain large amounts of carbohydrate, consisting chiefly of galactose, mannose, and aminosugars. The carbohydrate portions in the B. subtilis DPNase. the inhibitor, and the Neurospora enzyme represent 55, 71, and 76%, respectively, of the molecular weights. The B. subtilis DPNase is completely inhibited by a stoichiometric amount of the inhibitor. The enzyme-inhibitor complex is capable of binding DPN + , but cannot hydrolyze the dinucleotide. Some preliminary experiments are described using affinity chromatography for the purification of the B. subtilis DPNase.
Crystal fractionation processes at Baru volcano from the deep to shallow crust

Linking shallow and deep crustal processes at volcanic arcs is an important component in evaluating the growth and evolution of the continental crust. Commonly, deep crustal processes and the nature of subarc lithosphere are studied long after the volcanism has ceased in obducted arc terranes. In active arcs, studies of deep crustal processes focus on cumulates derived from middle-lower crustal levels. Although uncommon in the erupted magmas, these cumulates are required by crustal differentiation models of arc magmatism. Quaternary magmas at Baru volcano in Panama contain ubiquitous amphibole-bearing cumulates that provide an opportunity to probe the magma plumbing system of an active arc volcano. We have determined that these cumulates are related to their host magmas by crystal fractionation processes. Pressure and temperature estimates for amphiboles within these cumulates and the host rock are consistent with sampling of mush/magma zones from throughout the arc crust. These mush zones would be localized in deep hot crustal zones where magmatic differentiation of water-saturated arc magmas takes place by crystallization of amphibole-rich cumulates. The identification of middle-lower crustal cumulates is not exclusive to Baru volcano; similar cumulates are common throughout the Panamanian arc and are consistent with a widespread amphibole-rich layer present within the arc crust of Panama. Our results highlight the importance of amphibole fractionation in the differentiation sequence of island arcs effectively driving the residual magma to the average andesitic composition of the continental crust.
Limbs move beyond the Radical fringe

The fringe genes and the Notch signalling pathway are important in limb development in vertebrates and in Drosophila,helping to establish the ‘organizing centres’ that are required for the proximal-distal outgrowth of appendages1,2,3,4,5,. Three vertebrate Fringe genes have been identified: Manic (Mfng), Lunatic (Lfng) and Radical fringe (Rfng)4,5,6,7,8,. Here we show that the mouse Rfng gene is not required for limb development, even though it is expressed in the developing limb bud. But we have found that several developmental defects, which at first we attributed to a loss of Rfng function after mutating the gene, in fact arose as a result of the insertion of a selection cassette into the Rfng locus that affects the expression of a neighbouring gene or genes. Our findings highlight the need for optimization in designing mutant alleles to probe developmental processes9,10.
Convent Music and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Vienna

Janet K. Page explores the interaction of music and piety, court and church, as seen through the relationship between the Habsburg court and Vienna's convents. For a period of some twenty-five years, encompassing the end of the reign of Emperor Leopold I and that of his elder son, Joseph I, the court's emphasis on piety and music meshed perfectly with the musical practices of Viennese convents. This mutually beneficial association disintegrated during the eighteenth century, and the changing relationship of court and convents reveals something of the complex connections among the Habsburg court, the Roman Catholic Church, and Viennese society. Identifying and discussing many musical works performed in convents, including oratorios, plays with music, feste teatrali, sepolcri, and other church music, Page reveals a golden age of convent music in Vienna and sheds light on the convents' surprising engagement with contemporary politics.
Effects of crack aspect ratio on the behavior of small surface cracks in fatigue: Part II. Experiments on a titanium (Ti-8Al) alloy

The continuous variations in crack shape or aspect ratio, a/c (a is the crack depth and c is the halfsurface length), of small surface cracks, induced by grain boundaries, have been investigated during the fatigue crack growth of small cracks in a titanium (Ti-8Al) alloy. The significance of the aspect ratio variations in explaining the “anomalous” small-crack behavior was evaluated. The aspect ratio data were determined from the measurements of crack compliance, made using a laser interferometric system, and the measurements of surface crack length (2c), made using a photomicroscopic system. The variations in aspect ratio were found to be large at small crack sizes of the order of a few grain diameters. The experimental a/c data were compared with the patterns of crack aspect ratio variation, obtained from the oretical simulations. The simulated data were generated by assuming alternate crack propagation at the surface and at the depth, the details of which are presented in Part I of the study accompanying this article. A good agreement was found between the simulated and the experimentally observed variations. After incorporating the a/c variations in ΔK calculations, the scatter in the growth data of small cracks was significantly reduced and was found to be of the same order as in large cracks. Additionally, it is shown in this study that the conventional methods of analysis of small-crack data, performed with an assumption of a/c=1, can result in significant errors in ΔK calculation and an increased level of scatter in small-crack growth data. Small cracks also were found to exhibit low closure levels relative to large cracks. The results of the study strongly indicate that characteristics of small cracks, often referred to as anomalous, are due to the assumption of a/c=1 in situations of large variations in aspect ratio, the use of conventional methods of data analysis, and the lower levels of crack closure found naturally in small cracks.
Turbulent diffusion behind vehicles: experimentally determined turbulence mixing parameters

Abstract The wake of a moving vehicle was stimulated using a specially constructed wind tunnel with a moving floor. A ‘block-shaped’ model vehicle was fixed in position over the test-section floor while the floor moved at the freestream air speed to produce a uniform, shear-free, approach flow. This simulates an automobile traveling along a straight highway under calm atmospheric conditions. Vertical and lateral profiles of tracer gas concentration were obtained in the wake. Profiles were taken at distances of 30, 45 and 60 model heights downwind. The equations describing the wake theory were solved numerically to determine the ‘best’ turbulence scale lengths by using wind tunnel data taken at 30 mode heights downwind as the inflow boundary condition and comparing the numerical computation made at 60 heights downwind to the wind tunnel data taken at this location. It was found that the ‘best’ scale lengths were the vehicle width along and across the wake, and height above the surface in the vertical directions, respectively. The ROADWAY model, in which the computer code incorporates the wake theory to predict air pollution concentrations along highways, was modified with these new results and found to better predict the General Motors data than the initial version of the model.
High-Rate Progressive Failure of Borosilicate Glass under Mechanical Confinement at High Temperatures

In this study, we experimentally determined the dynamic response of a damaged borosilicate glass at different temperatures, damage levels and confinement pressures. The initiation and evolution of damage during the loading process were also examined. An improved double-pulse loading Kolsky compression bar, integrated with a non-contact high temperature testing system and a single loading momentum trap system, was used to characterize the high-rate mechanical behavior of a damaged borosilicate glass. Specimen deformation was interrupted at different strain levels to reveal damage evolution with increasing strain. The results show that the equivalent flow strength of damaged borosilicate glass depends linearly on the hydrostatic pressure; however the variation of temperature has little effects on the strength. Through post-mortem SEM analysis, the failure in an intact specimen was found to be initiated in the form of axial splitting. Further loading on the splitted specimens induced catastrophic buckling of the columns which converted the specimens into small fragments. Shear zones became evident in the compacted fragments as deformation further accumulated. The propagation of the shear zones to the entire specimen eventually led to full comminution of the borosilicate glass material.
PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE, THE PHOSPHOGLYCERIC ACIDS AND MUSCULAR CONTRACTION.

Abstract 1. 1. Methods were developed for the separation and measurement of phosphoenol-pyruvate and the phosphoglyceric acids in muscle by means of prolonged equilibration of the isolated muscles with [32P]Pi. These methods were applied to a study of the changes in the concentrations of these materials in the course of a single contraction in pairs of isolated muscles, one muscle was contracted and the other served as the control. 2. 2. 1,3-[32P]Diphosphoglyceric acid was found to be present in variable amounts (0.3-1.1 μmoles/g) in three pairs of muscles but absent in the extracts of three other pairs. The size and direction of such changes as were found in some muscles together with the complete absence of 1,3-[32P]diphosphoglyceric acid in the others are an indication that the non-radioactive form of this acid is not the net energy source for contraction. 3. 3. The phosphoenolpyruvate content of three pairs of muscles was found to be below 0.06 μmole per g muscle which, on a quantitative basis, eliminates this compound from consideration as a net energy source in muscular contraction. 4. 4. The combined acid-stable phosphoglyceric acids were found to present at a concentration of about 0.6 μmole per g muscle in both control and constracted muscles. This lack of quantitative change during contraction precludes the possobility of their serving as either net precursor or product (from 1,3-diphophoglyceric acid) in the energetics of muscular contraction. 5. 5. 2-Phosphoglyceric acid, 3-phosphoglyceric acid, 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid and phosphoenolpyruvate are excluded as net energy sources for single contractions of living muscle.
Concept Design Of A Precision, Versatile, Inexpensive 3-To 4-Meter Class Telescope

The philosophy and preliminary concepts for the design of a 3-to 4-meter class telescope are presented. A clear set of goals for the telescope is motivated by the need for a workhorse instrument to complement the major new ground and space based astronomical instruments in planning or nearing completion. Primary emphasis in the design is accorded to instrument mountings so that every instrument is kept operational and easily deployable at any time. New developments in optical, mechanical, and control system technologies are being exploited throughout the telescope. Many of these innovations are described.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bone and joint infections in injection drug users

Skeletal infections in injection drug users have an insidious onset, present with indolent symptoms, and often occur in unusual locations. Unless physicians are familiar with the disease entities unique to the injection drug user, the diagnosis is frequently delayed. Systemic signs of infection are often lacking. The organisms causing the infection represent a wide spectrum; hence, empiric therapy is not generally recommended. Plain-film radiographs are of little help for early diagnosis. Imaging studies, especially radionucleotide studies and CT or MR imaging scans, can help localize the site of infection. For etiologic diagnosis of these infections, bone biopsy or needle aspiration of the involved bone or joint is required. The choice of antibiotic agent should be based on culture results and the antimicrobial susceptibility of the causative organism. Treatment may also involve surgical drainage or debridement of affected structures. Failure to manage acute bone and joint infection aggressively inevitably leads to chronic, often incurable, infection. Successful therapy requires a team approach including the internist and consultants from orthopedic surgery, infectious diseases, and substance abuse counselors.
Porous chitosan scaffolds for tissue engineering

The wide array of tissue engineering applications exacerbates the need for biodegradable materials with broad potential. Chitosan, the partially deacetylated derivative of chitin, may be one such material. In this study, we examined the use of chitosan for formation of porous scaffolds of controlled microstructure in several tissue-relevant geometries. Porous chitosan materials were prepared by controlled freezing and lyophilization of chitosan solutions and gels. The materials were characterized via light and scanning electron microscopy as well as tensile testing. The scaffolds formed included porous membranes, blocks, tubes and beads. Mean pore diameters could be controlled within the range 1-250 microm, by varying the freezing conditions. Freshly lyophilized chitosan scaffolds could be treated with glycosaminoglycans to form ionic complex materials which retained the original pore structure. Chitosan scaffolds could be rehydrated via an ethanol series to avoid the stiffening caused by rehydration in basic solutions. Hydrated porous chitosan membranes were at least twice as extensible as non-porous chitosan membranes, but their elastic moduli and tensile strengths were about tenfold lower than non-porous controls. The methods and structures described here provide a starting point for the design and fabrication of a family of polysaccharide based scaffold materials with potentially broad applicability.
Notes on the transonic indicial method

The indicial method for calculating flutter derivatives for two-dimensional airfoils at transonic speeds is discussed, with particular attention given to the effect of a moving shock on the flow variables in the indicial method. An expression for the pressure coefficient is developed on the basis of an explicit treatment of the shock motion; the pressure distribution may then be calculated for general oscillations through use of the indicial method. Explicit inclusion of the shock motion is not necessary if only the lift and pitching moment coefficients are desired.
SU-E-J-114: Web-Browser Medical Physics Applications Using HTML5 and Javascript.

Purpose: Since 2010, there has been a great attention about HTML5. Application developers and browser makers fully embrace and support the web of the future. Consumers have started to embrace HTML5, especially as more users understand the benefits and potential that HTML5 can mean for the future.Modern browsers such as Firefox, Google Chrome, and Safari are offering better and more robust support for HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript. The idea is to introduce the HTML5 to medical physics community for open source software developments. The benefit of using HTML5 is developing portable software systems. Methods: The HTML5, CSS, and JavaScript programming languages were used to develop several applications for Quality Assurance in radiation therapy. The canvas element of HTML5 was used for handling and displaying the images, and JavaScript was used to manipulate the data. Sample application were developed to: 1. analyze the flatness and symmetry of the radiotherapy fields in a web browser, 2.analyze the Dynalog files from Varian machines, 3. visualize the animated Dynamic MLC files, 4. Simulation via Monte Carlo, and 5. interactive image manipulation. Results: The programs showed great performance and speed in uploading the data and displaying the results. The flatness and symmetry program and Dynalog file analyzer ran in a fraction of second. The reason behind this performance is using JavaScript language which is a lower level programming language in comparison to the most of the scientific programming packages such as Matlab. The second reason is that JavaScript runs locally on client side computers not on the web‐servers. Conclusions: HTML5 and JavaScript can be used to develop useful applications that can be run online or offline on different modern web‐browsers. The programming platform can be also one of the modern web‐browsers which are mostly open source (such as Firefox).
Reduction of Energetic Ion Production in Hollow Cathodes by External Gas Injection

Studies of the hollow-cathode discharge have shown the existence of energetic ions at high-discharge currents that are likely responsible for the high erosion rates observed on the cathode keeper electrode. This work examines the effect of neutral gas injection in the discharge plume of a 250 A lanthanum hexaboride hollow cathode on the production of energetic ions to determine the conditions that yield cathode operation and life. Two different gas injector types are used to deliver neutral gas into the discharge plume and a retarding-potential analyzer is used for ion energy measurements. The flow splits between the cathode internal and external flows, and the number and locations of the external gas injection sites are examined as a function of the discharge current. It is found that increasing discharge current increases the energetic ion production at any given flow rate or injection location. External gas injection reduces energetic ion production for constant cathode flow, with collimated gas-jet in...
Progesterone in male white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii.

During the course of a photoperiodically induced cycle of testicular growth and regression in Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii the concentration of progesterone in plasma was found to range from about 400 to about 1000 pg/ml but was at no time significantly different from that of controls held on constant short days (8L 16D). There were no apparent correlations between its concentration and those of luteinizing hormone, testosterone, or dihydrotestosterone, or with the phase of development of the testes, or with the onset of molt. The plasma levels of progesterone of four castrated males were within the ranges of those of the photostimulated birds and of the short-day controls, suggesting that at least the major source of plasma progesterone is extratesticular.
Triiodothyronine Attenuates Somatostatin Inhibition of Broiler Adipocyte Lipolysis

Abstract A study with broiler adipocytes in culture was undertaken to determine whether triiodothyronine (T3) potentiates lipolysis by increasing glucagon binding, by attenuating inhibition of lipolysis, or both. Fat cells isolated from abdominal fat were preincubated with T3 for .5 to 24 h before removal of T3 by washing and measurement of lipolysis. Preincubation of adipocytes with T3 enhanced (P .05) binding of 125 I-glucagon to cell-surface receptors. When fat cells were preincubated with 150 nM T3 for 24 h, the ability of somatostatin to inhibit basal and glucagon-stimulated lipolysis was reduced (P
System-scalable waveform-interleaved multi-channel radio-frequency arbitrary waveform generator

We demonstrate switching at the clock rate among four different optoelectronic frequency combs. After processing them with a 2D pulse shaper, this scheme enables temporal multiplexing of arbitrary radio-frequency signals.
Iodine Compounds in the Blood and Urine of Man

THE nature of the circulating organic iodine compounds in normal and hyperthyroid man has not been determined with certainty despite many investigations utilizing chemical procedures for the determination of iodine. The same situation pertains to the nature of the iodine compounds which may occur in the urine, although fewer investigations have been made on urine than on blood. Certain investigators, such as Trevorrow (1), Elmer and associates (2, 3), and Wilmanns (4), have presented evidence that free thyroxine is present in the circulating blood in an amount sufficient to account for an appreciable portion of the blood iodine. Recently Taurog and Chaikoff (5), on the basis of butanol solubility, recrystallization and solvent distribution studies, concluded that thyroxine was present in circulating blood in the form of a loosely bound protein complex and that the thyroxine accounted for about 90 per cent of the organic iodine in blood serum. Opposed to this opinion is the work of Salter and Johnston (6),...
Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: a meta-analytic review

Given the clinical and public health significance of substance disorders and the need to identify their early risk factors, we examined the association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with substance use (nicotine, alcohol, marijuana) and abuse/dependence outcomes (nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, other). To strengthen a potential causal inference, we meta-analyzed longitudinal studies that prospectively followed children with and without ADHD into adolescence or adulthood. Children with ADHD were significantly more likely to have ever used nicotine and other substances, but not alcohol. Children with ADHD were also more likely to develop disorders of abuse/dependence for nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and other substances (i.e., unspecified). Sex, age, race, publication year, sample source, and version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) used to diagnose ADHD did not significantly moderate the associations with substance outcomes that yielded heterogeneous effect sizes. These findings suggest that children with ADHD are significantly more likely to develop substance use disorders than children without ADHD and that this increased risk is robust to demographic and methodological differences that varied across the studies. Finally, few studies addressed ADHD and comorbid disruptive behavior disorders (DBD), thus preventing a formal meta-analytic review. However, we qualitatively summarize the results of these studies and conclude that comorbid DBD complicates inferences about the specificity of ADHD effects on substance use outcomes.
Alpha-Decay Theory and a Surface Well Potential

A discussion is given of the escape of an alpha particle from a square-well potential which is in the form of a spherical shell surrounding the daughter nucleus. In the present approximation the alpha particle, as such, is excluded from the interior of the nucleus by making the one-body potential infinite in that region. The usual Coulomb barrier is used. It is found that the properties of this model differ in several important respects from those of the usual square-well one-body model, in which the well is located at the origin of coordinates. Arguments are presented which lead to the representation of the many-body decay constant as the product of a dimensionless "preformation factor" and a one-body decay constant, as opposed to the usual product of an intrinsic nonbarrier decay constant and a dimensionless barrier transmission coefficient. The preformation factor involves an "intrinsic" alpha-decay probability and, in addition, the probability per sec that an alpha particle at the nucleus will be absorbed as nucleons. The nuclear physics problem of deriving expressions for these latter two probabilities is not considered, but examples are given which can be used to show expected ranges of numerical values of the preformation factor when the one-body model is either the present one or the usual one.
Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐7 enhances fracture healing in an ischemic environment

Ischemia predisposes orthopedic trauma patients to delayed fracture healing or nonunion. The goal of this study was to test the ability of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) to stimulate fracture repair in an ischemic environment. Ischemic fractures were generated in male adult mice by resecting the femoral artery prior to the creation of a nonstabilized tibia fracture. Recombinant human BMP7 (rhBMP7, 50 microg) was injected into the fracture site immediately after surgery. At 7 days after injury, more tissue vascularization was observed in rhBMP7 treated fractures. Histomorphometric analyses revealed that rhBMP7 induced more cartilage at day 7, more callus and bone at days 14 and 28, and more adipose tissue and fibrous tissue at days 7, 14, and 28 compared to controls (n=5/group/time). At day 28, all fractures treated with rhBMP7 (50 microg, n=5) healed, whereas only three of five control fractures exhibited slight bony bridging. In addition, we found that rhBMP7 (both 10 and 50 microg) significantly increased the amount of cartilage compared to controls in stabilized fractures, confirming its chondrogenic effect. Lastly, using bone marrow transplantation, we determined that no donor-derived osteocytes or chondrocytes were present in rhBMP7-treated fractures, suggesting rhBMP7 did not recruit mesenchymal stem cells from the bone marrow to the fracture site. In conclusion, our results indicate that rhBMP7 is a promising treatment for fractures with severely disrupted blood supply.
Depth of origin of atoms sputtered from crystalline targets

Recently, V.I. Shulga and W. Eckstein (Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 145 (1998) 492) investigated the depth of origin of atoms sputtered from random elemental targets using the Monte Carlo code TRIM.SP and the lattice code OKSANA. They found that the mean depth of origin is proportional to N^(−0.86), where N is the atomic density; and that the most probable escape depth is ∼λ_0/2, where λ_0 is the mean atomic distance. Since earlier molecular dynamics simulations with small crystalline elemental targets typically produced a most probable escape depth of zero (i.e., most sputtered atoms came from the topmost layer of the target), we have carried out new molecular dynamics simulations of sputtered atom escape depths with much larger crystalline targets. Our new results, which include the bcc targets Cs, Rb and W, as well as the fcc targets Cu and Au predict that the majority of sputtered atoms come from the first atomic layer for the bcc(1 0 0), bcc(1 1 1), fcc(1 0 0) and fcc(1 1 1) targets studied. For the high-atomic density targets Cu, Au and W, the mean depth of origin of sputtered atoms typically is less than 0.25λ_0. For the low-atomic density targets Cs and Rb, the mean depth of origin of sputtered atoms is considerably larger, and depends strongly on the crystal orientation. We show that the discrepancy between the single-crystal and amorphous target depth of origin values can be resolved by applying a simple correction to the single-crystal results.
Sequential Fixed-Width Confidence Interval Procedures for the Mean Under Multiple Boundary Crossings

Abstract The Anscombe-Ray-Chow-Robbins purely sequential procedure provided a breakthrough for constructing a fixed-width (= 2d) confidence interval for a normal population mean μ with a confidence coefficient 1 − α when the standard deviation σ was unknown. They proposed a purely sequential procedure of the following kind: with the associated confidence interval for μ. But, a purely sequential procedure does not meet the exact consistency property. While Simons (1968) proved the existence of a universal fixed non negative integer r such that for all fixed μ, σ, α, and d, the magnitude of r has remained unknown. We introduce a new methodology along with appropriate truncation in which the number of additional observations required beyond Q 1 is determined by the sequential sampling process itself. Interesting properties and performances of this methodology under successive crossings are explored theoretically and compared with those of the existing procedures by large-scale simulations.
The Effect of Restoration Methods on the Quality of the Restoration and Resistance to Invasion by Exotics

The methods employed in a restoration can impact the resulting plant community. This study investigated the effect of restoration method on several indices of plant community structure by comparing two restoration methods conducted over an 8-year period to a naturally colonized postagricultural field and a remnant grassland. The restoration methods included (1) distributing seed over fallow fields and (2) planting established seedlings in combination with seeding a fallow field. We found greater plant community resemblance (i.e., floristic quality, native species richness, and native diversity) to remnant grasslands with the introduction of seedlings during the first 4 years of restoration. There was also a negative correlation between the native plant diversity and the density of exotic plants in the restoration. This relationship suggests that introducing native plants in postagricultural fields may represent an effective management strategy to reduce exotic plant density.
Recognition of color-form compounds by 4-month-old infants

Abstract In two studies, a paired-comparison procedure was used to investigate whether 4-month-old infants can perceive and remember correlations of color and form. In Study 1, infants were shown simultaneous presentations of two different colored shapes until two criteria for familiarization had been met. They were then offered a simultaneous choice between a colored form that they had already seen and one that was a new combination of a familiar color and a familiar shape. The infants looked significantly longer at the new combination than at the familiar combination on the test trial. In Study 2, the same procedure was used, except that the familiarization criteria were less stringent and additional analyses of the infants' test trial behavior were conducted. Infants again exhibited a significant preference for the new combination, both when looking time accumulated during the entire test-trial was analyzed and when looking just up to the “first look away” was considered. These findings that 4-months-olds can perceive and remember compounds of visual attributes conflict with the results of several studies in which the habituation and test stimuli were presented sequentially rather than simultaneously. Differences in the nature of the information processing that may be evoked by the two methods are discussed.
An investigation of the properties of epitaxial chromium-substituted vanadium carbide thin films

Abstract We report on the synthesis and physical properties of epitaxial Cr-substituted vanadium carbide (V 1− x Cr x ) 2 C thin films deposited on c -axis sapphire by magnetron sputtering using a co-deposition technique. Solid solutions were found to form up to x ≈ 0.5 over a wide range of deposition temperatures. In general, it was found that surface roughness is dependent on the degree of crystallinity as well as the deposition temperature. However, the surface friction was remarkably low, as long as the surface roughness remained below a critical value of about 2 nm. Even for relatively small amounts of Cr ( x ∼ 0.1), there was significantly enhanced corrosion resistance over that of V 2 C.
Proposal for a network devoted to the study of nematology and helminthology

At the dawn of the 21st century, evolutionary sciences have to take advantage of their accumulated knowledge in order to manage a better protection of environment and biodiversity. This also gives us an opportunity of controlling evolution and development of certain organisms in a way relatively favourable to human activities. This is particularly interesting in the  elds of medicine, microbiology, parasitology,biological control, genetic engineering, etc. However, we have recently discovered that the inventory of living organisms is far from completion. It is currently estimated that the 1.4 million living animals inventoried are probably less than 20% of the total whose estimate varies between 8 and 80 million. Our lack of knowledge about biodiversity restricts our ability to manage and protect our environment. For analysing biodiversity and for studying evolution, systematics is both a prelude and an achievement. It is a prelude because we cannot consider a  eld of study trustworthy if we are unable to identify precisely the taxa involved. We cannot propose either environmental impact assessments concerning an ecosystem if its components are unidenti ed, or the developmentof a biotechnology,eventually leading to the deposit of a patent, based upon unde ned biological materials. Systematics is an achievement because only a living systematics is able to represent the synthesis of our current knowledge about a given taxon, including the sum of the results produced by different  elds of study. In addition, the phylogenetichypotheses produced by modern systematics have proved to be powerful tools of investigationin the  elds of biogeography, phylogeography, ecology and evolution. Thus, scienti c authoritiesmust consider how to maintain and increase our data and biological material banks
A combined numerical/experimental study of ductile crack growth after a large unloading, using and CTOA criteria

Abstract The J-integral is commonly used to determine the resistance of plastically deformed structures to continued crack growth. This approach is only valid for monotonic loading and small crack growth; yet it is believed conservative for all general loadings. Another parameter, T ∗ , has been formulated, which is theoretically valid under a wide range of conditions. These two plastic fracture criteria, along with CTOA (crack tip opening angle), were examined after a cycle of loading/unloading to zero load followed by reloading. The results of the numerical/ experimental study showed that the T ∗ parameter accurately predicted the behavior (crack growth after 50% reloading), while the other parameters (J and CTOA) were seriously anticonservative.
ReferenceUSA and Mint Global: a comparative examination of two business directories

Purpose – ‐‐ The purpose of this paper is to evaluate two business directories.Design/methodology/approach ‐‐ The paper reviews the organization of information, ease of use, coverage, and each directory's unique features.Findings ‐‐ These two business directories have similar search capabilities and unique features. Mint Global seems to contain detailed financial information that would be useful for a business researcher, but which is unnecessary for the regular user who is looking only for a business list.Research limitations/implications ‐‐ This is a short review that does not cover all the features and tools offered by the directories.Originality/value ‐‐ The paper provides a brief comparative overview of two business directories.
Sculpting the Learning Community: New Forms of Working and Organizing

Schools are communities in which learning is supposed to take place, but they do not always function well as learning communities. The hope for the future is to enhance the likelihood that schools will be designed and run for the kind of learning that is needed in the 21st century, which will surely move far beyond the current knowledge era.
Analysis of Phenylephrine and Phenylpropanolamine Hydrochlorides in Combination

An accurate and precise method for determination of phenylephrine hydrochloride and phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride is described. This method is based on measuring the aryl aldehydes, which are selectively extracted after periodate oxidation of the two phenylethanolamines. It is sufficiently sensitive for individual dosage unit measurements. No assay interferences were apparent with a stressed mixture where phenylephrine was acetylated by aspirin.
Martian water ice clouds: A view from Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer

[1] We have used the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (MGS TES) data to map water ice clouds in the Martian atmosphere in the latitude range –60 to +60 over a period of three Martian years. We have used the same method we have previously used on Viking Infrared Thermal Mapper data in order to allow direct comparison of the cloud behavior in the Viking and MGS eras and confirmed the validity of this method by comparing it to MGS TES standard retrievals. We note that the large-scale behavior of water ice clouds is remarkably consistent, both between the Viking and the MGS eras as well as between years observed by MGS. We also compare our results to water ice absorption-only optical depths derived from TES data and show that correlation is best for type 2 water ice clouds.
The effect of nuclear reactions in the response of stacked silicon detectors

Abstract Measurements are reported of the percentage of pulses of reduced height due to nuclear reactions in Si detectors bombarded by monoenergetic protons. The results of these measurements are: 45.3 MeV, 3.39 ± 0.04%; 37.5 MeV, 2.51 ± 0.04%; 27.5 MeV, 1.39 ± 0.04%; 12.9 MeV, 0.215 ± 0.022%. These results are compared to values predicted from proton total reaction cross sections.
Assessing peer review in the quest for improved medical services.

The increased concern about the quality of medical services evidenced by, inter alia, the growing atten tion to quality of Peer Review Organizations. the purchasing and implementation of sophisticated med ical data systems by hospitals, and the growing clamor from private health insurers and employers about the rapidly rising costs of health services has made determining the effectiveness of medical inter ventions a priority subject for many authorities in the field of medical care assessment. At the risk of over simplification, the view that a greater focus on qual ity of health services is overdue has begun to energize healthcare institutions, the health professions, pay ers, and the general public.The objective of this paper and those that will fol low is to examine medical peer review. Medical peer review involves peer appraisal in at least two stages: in criteria and standard setting (1, 2), and in deter mining whether criteria and standards have been met by practitioners in the rendering of services...
Preferences for Psychosocial Interventions Among Newly Diagnosed Cancer Patients from a Multiethnic Population

This article addresses preferences for psychosocial interventions in newly diagnosed cancer patients in a multiethnic sample consisting of Americans of European, Filipino, Native Hawaiian, and Japanese ancestry. Patients who were diagnosed with cancer four to six months before the study were identified through consecutive registrations on the Hawai'i Tumor Registry. Data were collected through personal interviews using a standardized questionnaire. Among 194 patients who participated in the study, 162 (84%) reported experiencing cancer-related stress. Although few patients had participated in supportive interventions, there was considerable interest in these techniques. Most patients had received information about diagnosis and treatment, but only 10% had received information about psychological counseling. When preferences for supportive interventions were linked with demographic characteristics (e.g., gender, age, and ethnicity), the most consistent finding was higher levels of interest among Filipino patients. Additional research examining ethnic differences in preferences for psychosocial support is warranted. Because of the potential for greater use of behavioral therapies by patients, educating providers about the availability, efficacy, and patients' interest in such interventions is needed.
Persistent expression of foreign genes in cultured hepatocytes: expression vectors.

Abstract We have optimized a liposome-based transfection method that mediated highly efficient stable expression of foreign genes in hepatocytes. Moreover, we have observed that the metallothionein 1 promoter in the bovine papilloma virus-based expression vector drove the highest expression of foreign genes in hepatocytes as compared with the cytomegalovirus and the human polypeptide chain elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) promoters in the pcDNA 3-based expression vector. The cytomegalovirus promoter failed to yield significant expression in these cells. Furthermore, expression of foreign genes persisted up to at least 15 passages when expression was under the control of either the EF-1α or the metallothionein 1 promoter. Thus, these two promoters led to comparable stability of foreign genes in hepatocytes, with the metallothionein 1 promoter yielding a higher level of expression of foreign genes in these cells.
Two-component theory of the suffix effect: contrary evidence.

The suffix effect is the selective impairment in recall of the final items of a spoken list when the list is followed by a nominally irrelevant speech item, or suffix. It is widely assumed to comprise a bottomup, or structural, effect restricted to the terminal item and a top-down, or conceptually sensitive, effect confined to the preterminal items. Reported here are eight experiments that challenge this view by demonstrating that the terminal suffix effect, as well as the preterminal suffix effect, is susceptible to conceptual influence. The entire suffix effect may be better conceived of as a phenomenon arising from perceptual grouping.
Higher US crop prices trigger little area expansion so marginal land for biofuel crops is limited

Abstract By expanding energy biomass production on marginal lands that are not currently used for crops, food prices increase and indirect climate change effects can be mitigated. Studies of the availability of marginal lands for dedicated bioenergy crops have focused on biophysical land traits, ignoring the human role in decisions to convert marginal land to bioenergy crops. Recent history offers insights about farmer willingness to put non-crop land into crop production. The 2006–09 leap in field crop prices and the attendant 64% gain in typical profitability led to only a 2% increase in crop planted area, mostly in the prairie states. At this rate, a doubling of expected profitability from biomass crops would expand cropland supply by only 3.2%. Yet targets for cellulosic ethanol production in the US Energy Independence and Security Act imply boosting US planted area by 10% or more with perennial biomass crops. Given landowner reluctance to expand crop area with familiar crops in the short run, large scale expansion of the area in dedicated bioenergy crops will likely be difficult and costly to achieve.
Involvement of tetrahydrofolate cofactors in de novo purine ribonucleotide synthesis by adult Brugia pahangi and Dirofilaria immitis

Abstract Adult Brugia pahangi in vitro, unlike mouse leukemia L1210 cells, converted 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (CH 3 FH 4 ) directly to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and thence to other FH 4 cofactors. The excreted CO 2 that was derived from CH 3 FH 4 was due to the presence within the filariae of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.6) which catalyzes the deformylation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate. Adult B. pahangi and Dirofilaria immitis , incubated in a purine-free medium containing [5- 14 C]CH 3 FH 4 as the only form of folate, synthesized purine ribonucleotides radiolabeled at positions 2 and 8 of the purine ring. Presumably, 10-formyl[ 14 C]FH 4 donated Carbon 2 during the synthesis de novo of the purine ring and 5,10-methenyl[ 14 C]FH 4 donated Carbon 8.