cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time and Efficiency in the Age of Calculative Rationality: A Metabletic Entry Point

By turning to a phenomenology of time, medical culture is situated within a radical shift in the conception and experience of time in Western culture. As the experience of time underwent a profound change, the Western world, and medicine, became increasingly ordered for the purpose of risk management as a coping mechanism for dealing with uncertainty and human mortality. However, the emphasis on calculative rationality for the purpose of risk containment paradoxically threatens to undermine the conditions that make life meaningful and give it direction.
Development and Application of a Shower Risk Assessment Model

A risk assessment model was developed for calculating the inhalation risk posed by showering in contaminated water. The model was applied to three households near a hazardous waste site, where the groundwater had been contaminated by volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). Calculated exposures were less than the relevant verified reference doses, and calculated lifetime cancer risks from showering were in the range of 10−4 to 10−6. The impact of assumptions that were used in the application of the model, along with uncertainties, are discussed.
Homomorphic Proofs and Applications

This paper introduces and formalizes homomorphic proofs, which allow ’adding’ proofs and ’adding’ their statements to get a new proof of the ’sum’ statement. We propose a construction of homomorphic proofs and show one of its applications which is a new accumulator scheme with delegatable non-membership (NM) proofs. We use this accumulator in extending the BCCKLS scheme [3] to achieve a delegatable anonymous credential with revocation system. Informally, the accumulator’s delegatable NM proofs enable user A, without revealing her identity, to delegate to user B the ability to prove that A’s identity is not included in a blacklist which could even be updated afterward. Moreover, the delegation should be redelegatable, unlinkable and verifiable. Security of the proposed schemes is provable. We implement a system for Revocation of Anonymous Credentials (RAC ) that bases on the proposed accumulator. RAC could provide revocation for several anonymous credential systems.
Stimulation by cAMP of erythropoietin secretion by an established human renal carcinoma cell line.

We used our recently reported stable, transformed human renal carcinoma cell line as a model system to study the role of 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in erythropoietin secretion. The erythropoietin produced by these cells is both biologically active and immunologically cross-reactive with purified native human hormone in our radioimmunoassay. Erythropoietin release by these renal carcinoma cells appears to be stimulated by cAMP as well as by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (MIX). The response to cAMP involves a rapid and enhanced release of hormone, which occurred within 30 minutes of exposure of the cells to the effector and continued for at least 4 hours. Intracellular erythropoietin was higher in the control cultures than in the cells treated with cAMP, suggesting that cAMP stimulates the release of a storage pool of hormone. The ability of cAMP and MIX to elicit the release of erythropoietin suggests that a cAMP-mediated mechanism is involved in the release of this hormone.
Renewable energy policy formulation for electricity generation in the United States

Abstract While the United States (U.S.) has state-level policies that support renewable energy development, the country does not currently have any federal-level renewable energy policies that are formulated to include national renewable electricity targets. U.S. renewable energy policies include state-level renewable energy portfolio standards (RPSes), which stipulate the minimum renewable electricity that local utilities should provide, the proposed Clean Power Plan, which sets state-by-state targets for emission reduction by 2030, and the Clean Energy Act of 2007, which includes provisions that aim to increase energy efficiency and renewable fuel production. As the RPSes are established at a state level, they have varying renewable energy targets and related timelines that cannot readily be translated into federal law. This study uses an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to propose national targets for renewable electricity, by first reviewing electrical energy potentials based on the geographic areas defined by the U.S. Census Bureau regions, and then establishing regional and national renewable electricity goals. The goals are based on a quadruple-bottom-line approach (4P) considering technical or “progress”, social or “people”, economical or “profits” and environmental or “planet” factors. The study proposes a model for selecting mandates versus incentives for the renewable electricity alternatives using a benefit/cost ratio computed from the AHP analysis.
Business cycle, expected return and momentum payoffs

Abstract This paper applies the concept of time-varying risk premium at firm level and examines whether business cycles affect each firm differently. To this end, we use macroeconomic variables to predict expected returns at firm level and attempt to explain momentum payoffs. Our empirical results show past winners tend to have higher expected returns while past losers have lower expected returns predicted by macroeconomic variables. Also, discount rates of winners are likely to move downward while those of losers move upward contrarily. Therefore, we confirm cross-sectional differences in expected returns and their variation through time can contribute to momentum payoffs.
Developing E. coli-E. coli co-cultures to overcome barriers of heterologous tryptamine biosynthesis.

Abstract Tryptamine is an alkaloid compound with demonstrated bioactivities and is also a precursor molecule to many important hormones and neurotransmitters. The high efficiency biosynthesis of tryptamine from inexpensive and renewable carbon substrates is of great research and application significance. In the present study, a tryptamine biosynthesis pathway was established in a metabolically engineered E. coli-E. coli co-culture. The upstream and downstream strains of the co-culture were dedicated to tryptophan provision and conversion to tryptamine, respectively. The constructed co-culture was cultivated using either glucose or glycerol as carbon source for de novo production of tryptamine. The manipulation of the co-culture strains’ inoculation ratio was adapted to balance the biosynthetic strengths of the pathway modules for bioproduction optimization. Moreover, a biosensor-assisted cell selection strategy was adapted to improve the pathway intermediate tryptophan provision by the upstream strain, which further enhanced the tryptamine biosynthesis. The resulting biosensor-assisted modular co-culture produced 194 ​mg/L tryptamine with a yield of 0.02 ​g/g glucose using shake flask cultivation. The findings of this work demonstrate that the biosensor-assisted modular co-culture engineering offers a new perspective for conducting microbial biosynthesis.
Visualizing the distribution of black carbon's electron storage capacity using silver

We have developed a method that combines chemical reduction, silver tagging, and electron microscopy (EM) for visualizing the electron storage capacity (ESC) of black carbon (BC). ESC is a BC's capacity to store and reversibly exchange electrons with abiotic and microbial agents, processes that are relevant to biochemistry, greenhouse gas production, contaminant fate, and remediation. In addition to the amount of electrons BC can store, the locations and spatial distribution of ESC on and inside biochar are critical for understanding the bioaccessibility of ESC and the kinetics of redox reactions involving BC. To locate the ESC in a BC particle, we fully reduced a BC, removed excess reductant, and applied silver ion (Ag+) as a tagging agent that diffused into BC to react with functional groups where electrons were stored (i.e., ESC) to form silver nanoparticles (nAg). The nAg deposited on and inside BC were then imaged using multiple EM techniques to visualize the locations and distribution of the ESC. The method is a new and potentially useful tool for investigating ESC production and for elucidating BC-mediated redox transformation.•Novel method to probe and assess the distribution of ESC on/within BC.•Visual confirmation of significant ESC both on the surface and in the interior of BC.•A new method to incorporate silver or other redox-sensitive elements into a carbon medium.
Frankenstein’s Dream and the Politics of Death

Right after he animates his monster, and right before he flees it in horror, Victor Frankenstein has a strange dream. In it, he sees his childhood companion and love, Elizabeth Lavenza; he embraces and kisses her; and she becomes the wormy corpse of his dead mother. This chapter begins with a close reading of Frankenstein’s dream, connects this dream with his technological project—to “banish disease from the human frame, and render man invulnerable to any but a violent death”—and interprets this project as Mary Shelley’s retort to her father William Godwin’s suggestion, in An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, that in the future human overpopulation can be remedied by sexless, sleepless immortality. It concludes from this retort that Shelley thinks modern politics is better understood as a politics of pride than as a politics of death.
Nest Temperatures Predict Nest Emergence of Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) Offspring

Environmental conditions during embryonic development affect morphology, behavior, and survival in turtles. Nest temperature also could affect posthatching traits of offspring, such as emergence behaviors. We monitored thermal conditions in painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) nests along the Mississippi River in Illinois to examine their influence on offspring survival and nest emergence. We recorded hourly temperatures within nest cavities during embryonic development in summer 2016 (n = 34) and after hatching through the following January (n = 15–20). Hatching success and posthatching survival appeared to be largely unaffected by thermal conditions recorded in nests. Emergence of neonates from nests was observed from 19 March through 12 May 2017. Onset of offspring emergence occurred later in the spring for nests with greater exposure to subzero temperatures in winter. For nearly all nests with live offspring, siblings did not emerge en masse, but instead departed the nest across multiple days. Nests with higher mean temperatures during incubation exhibited earlier mean emergence dates in spring, yet emergence duration was positively correlated with thermal maxima experienced in nests in fall and winter. Thus, thermal environments in nests at different times of year apparently elicited variation in spring emergence timing of C. picta hatchlings.
Hepatocytic transcriptional signatures predict comparative drug interaction potential of rifamycin antibiotics

Current strategies to treat tuberculosis (TB) and co-morbidities involve multidrug combination therapies. Rifamycin antibiotics are a key component of TB therapy and a common source of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) due to induction of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs). Management of rifamycin DDIs are complex, particularly in patients with co-morbidities, and differences in DDI potential between rifamycin antibiotics are not well established. DME profiles induced in response to tuberculosis antibiotics (rifampin, rifabutin and rifapentine) were compared in primary human hepatocytes. We identified rifamycin induced DMEs, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8/3A4/3A5, SULT2A, and UGT1A4/1A5 and predicted lower DDIs of rifapentine with 58 clinical drugs used to treat co-morbidities in TB patients. Transcriptional networks and upstream regulator analyses showed FOXA3, HNF4α, NR1I2, NR1I3, NR3C1 and RXRα as key transcriptional regulators of rifamycin induced DMEs. Our study findings are an important resource to design effective medication regimens to treat common co-conditions in TB patients.
Optimization of residential off-grid PV-battery systems

Abstract Solar irradiance is abundant, eco-friendly, sustainable, and one of the most promising energy sources to address the shortage of energy in the future. In isolated areas where access to the grid is limited or restricted, a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system is particularly effective. In such a system, the available electrical energy mainly depends on the solar irradiance and the capacities of the PV array and battery. In this paper, we develop an optimization method for designing a residential off-grid PV system. The method determines the number of PV panels and battery modules for cost-effectively operating the system. We use a mixed-integer programming model to pre-schedule the daily usage of appliances according to a forecasted solar irradiance. The schedule is then executed on a Monte Carlo simulation that considers the uncertainty of the solar irradiance. An integer Nelder-Mead (N-M) algorithm determines the size of the PV-Battery system. The performance of the method is measured using plane of irradiance data at two locations in the USA. We perform a sensitivity analysis by changing the cost of the battery and the penalty cost of non-served energy. In addition, we investigate the effects of scheduling, forecast solar irradiance variability, and battery degradation.
Theoretical study on the amplified spontaneous emission in an end-pumped cesium vapor laser

In this paper, a mathematic model is established for the end-pumped continuous-wave cesium vapor laser. The threedimensional calculation of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is presented. The ASE flux is calculated from every point through all possible paths inside the medium. We systemically investigate the influences of the cell radius, cell length, and cell wall temperature on ASE. The results show that the ASE effect can be decreased by adjusting these key factors. To the best of our knowledge, there have not been any reports on the ASE estimation in an end-pumped DPAL so far.
Cultural Ingroup Advantage Hypothesis

Although emotion recognition in facial expressions is universal, there is evidence for a cultural ingroup advantage in emotion recognition. This refers to the tendency for individuals to more accurately recognize emotional expressions produced by members of their own culture rather than those produced by another. Researchers arguing for the existence of this effect have suggested that it occurs because of “emotion dialects” – culturally-derived, minor variants of emotional expressions. Presumably, people are more accurate when judging such expressions because those expressions are differentially used in their culture. For instance, raising an eyebrow could be a sign of skepticism in one culture. If people of that culture judged expressions of people raising an eyebrow, they are likely to respond that the expression was one of skepticism. People from another culture, however, may not, because the expression may not be used in that culture, or it may have a different meaning in that culture. Keywords: emotion
Spatial Optimization of Six Conservation Practices Using Swat in Tile‐Drained Agricultural Watersheds

Targeting of agricultural conservation practices to the most effective locations in a watershed can promote wise use of conservation funds to protect surface waters from agricultural nonpoint source pollution. A spatial optimization procedure using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to target six widely used conservation practices, namely no-tillage, cereal rye cover crops (CC), filter strips (FS), grassed waterways (GW), created wetlands, and restored prairie habitats, in two west-central Indiana watersheds. These watersheds were small, fairly flat, extensively agricultural, and heavily subsurface tile-drained. The targeting approach was also used to evaluate the model's representation of conservation practices in cost and water quality improvement, defined as export of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and sediment from cropped fields. FS, GW, and habitats were the most effective at improving water quality, while CC and wetlands made the greatest water quality improvement in lands with multiple existing conservation practices. Spatial optimization resulted in similar cost-environmental benefit tradeoff curves for each watershed, with the greatest possible water quality improvement being a reduction in total pollutant loads by approximately 60%, with nitrogen reduced by 20-30%, phosphorus by 70%, and sediment by 80-90%.
“Empirismo Crítico” e os Estudos Jurídicos Críticos Norte-Americanos: paradoxo, programa ou caixa de Pandora?

Neste artigo, David Trubek e John Esser analisam a proposta de um “empirismo critico” sugerido pelos academicos do Seminario de Amherst nos Estados Unidos. Atraves da analise da producao intelectual desta vertente critica, os autores identificam suas premissas epistemologicas e as semelhancas e divergencias com a literatura de direito e sociedade. Por fim, sugerem um paradoxo entre os criterios de objetividade dos metodos empiricos e a abordagem critica radical.
Low-power FIR digital filter architectures

This paper presents a novel approach for low power implementations of finite impulse response (FIR) filters with less hardware overhead than traditional FIR implementations. Parallel or block processing with duplication of hardware can reduce power consumption; parallel processing by block size L requires the critical path to be charged in L times longer time as compared with the sequential implementation and the identical critical path can be charged in longer time with lower supply voltage which leads to lower power consumption. The hardware cost of this approach increases linearly with the block size L. In this paper we propose a general technique for block implementation of FIR filters which requires fewer multipliers than the straightforward block implementation. The use of this approach can lead to a further reduction in power consumption and hardware cost.
Papel de la monoterapia con nuevos fármacos antiepilépticos en el tratamiento de la epilepsia infantil

In this paper we review the current information regarding the use of new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) used as monotherapy in children. We specifically include the following AEDs: lamotrigine (Lamictal ® ), topiramate (Topamax ® ), zonisamide (Zonegran ® ), levetiracetam (Keppra ® ), and oxcarbazepine (Trileptal ® ). All of these AEDs have a broad spectrum of action in the treatment of partial and generalized seizures, except Oxcarbazepine, which is effective only in partial seizures. It is unclear whether or not monotherapy with the new AEDs offers higher efficacy and/or lower side effects compared to classic AEDs (phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine, or valproate) thereby significantly improving the quality of life in children with epilepsy. More studies are needed to answer these questions.
Theory Discovery and the Hypothesis Language

Abstract This paper develops a precise framework in which to compare the discovery problems determined by a wide range of distinct hypothesis languages. Twelve theorems are presented which provide a comprehensive picture of the solvability of these problems according to four intuitively motivated criteria of scientific success.
An intronic 10-base-pair deletion in a class II A beta gene affects RNA processing.

Several biologically important examples of posttranscriptionally regulated genes have recently been described (T. Gerster, D. Picard, and W. Schaffner, Cell 45:45-52, 1986; R. Reeves, T.S. Elton, M.S. Nissen, D. Lehn, and K.R. Johnson, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6531-6535, 1987; H.A. Young, L. Varesio, and P. Hwu, Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:2253-2256, 1986). Little is known, however, regarding sequences that mediate posttranscriptional RNA stability. Characterization in our laboratory of a mutant murine B lymphoma, M12.C3, revealed a posttranscriptional defect affecting the synthesis of a major histocompatibility complex class II gene (A beta d) whose product normally controls both the specificity and magnitude of the immune response. Molecular studies revealed that the mutation responsible for diminished A beta d gene expression was an intronic deletion of 10 base pairs (bp) located 99 bp 5' of the third exon. This deletion lies in a region not known to be critical for accurate and efficient splicing. Furthermore, sequence analysis of amplified A beta-specific cDNA demonstrated that the small number of A beta d transcripts produced in the mutant cells was correctly spliced. It appears that the mechanism by which this intronic 10-bp deletion acts to decrease RNA stability is unlikely to be at the level of RNA splicing.
Experimental study of the impedance of a short dipole in a plasma for parallel and perpendicular orientation with respect to the D.C. magnetic field

Impedance measurements on small dipole immersed in anisotropic plasma with external electric field
Lung fibroblasts produce chemotactic factors for bronchial epithelial cells

The interaction between the epithelial cells and the subjacent mesenchymal cells in the airway is thought to play a major role during tissue repair and morphogenesis. To evaluate this interaction, we cultured human lung fibroblasts and bovine bronchial epithelial cells and determined that fibroblast-conditioned medium has chemotactic activity for bronchial epithelial cells. This activity was nondialyzable, heat labile, pepsin labile, acid stable, lipid inextractable, and eluted from Sephadex G-150 column chromatography in the high-molecular-weight range. DEAE-Sephacyl ion exchange and gelatin-Sepharose affinity chromatography revealed two peaks containing chemotactic activity, one of which may be fibronectin, since it binds to gelatin, reacts in a specific immunoassay, and is inhibited of chemotactic activity by anti-fibronectin antiserum, and another of which does not appear to be fibronectin, since it does not bind to gelatin nor react in the immunoassay. Thus lung fibroblasts can produce at least two chemotactic factors for bronchial epithelial cells that may play a role during lung tissue repair and morphogenesis by modulating bronchial epithelial cell migration.
Delayed feedback controller for microelectromechanical systems resonators undergoing large motion

In this paper, we study the effect of a delayed feedback controller on stabilizing microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonators when undergoing large amplitude motion. A delayed feedback velocity controller is implemented through modifying the parallel plate electrostatic force used to excite the resonator into motion. A nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom model is used to simulate the resonator response. Long-time integration is used. Then, a finite difference technique to capture periodic motion combined with the Floquet theory is utilized to capture the stable and unstable periodic responses. We show that applying a suitable positive gain can stabilize the MEMS resonator near or inside the dynamic pull in instability bands. We also study the stability of the resonator by tracking its basins of attraction while sweeping the controller gain and the frequency of excitations. We notice significant enhancement in the safe area of the basins of attraction in the cases of positive delayed gains.
Observations on the rare earths MLXXXI formation constants of tropolone chelates of the tripositive ions at 25

Abstract The stepwise formation constants (K) of the tropolonate chelates of the tripositive lanthanide ions and yttrium have been measured at 25° at ionic strength 0·100 M (KNO 3 ). Values of K 1 , K 2 , and K 3 were obtained for the ions La 3+ through Eu 3+ and values of K 1 , K 2 , K 3 , and K 4 for the ions Gd 3+ through Lu 3+ and Y 3+ . Each of the four stepwise formation constants increases with decrease in crystal radii of the Ln 3+ ions. The values for the yttrium chelates are consistent with the size of the Y 3+ ion. Variations in the magnitudes of the constants are discussed.
Shift invariant manifolds and nonlinear analytic function theory

The ultimate goal of our campaign is to generalize a substantial collection of results in classical complex variables to highly nonlinear situations. In [BH1] and subsequent works (c. f. [BGR],[H]) it was shown how an extension of the classical Beurling-Lax-Halmos theorem to Hilbert spasces with a signed bilinear form (indefinite metric) could be regarded as the key to many theorems in complex analysis. Thus our approach to the nonlinear case is to first extend our indefinite metric Beurling-Lax-Halmos theory to nonlinear situations that is the subject of this article.
Effects of Processing Temperature and Added Antimicrobial Agents on Keeping Quality of Mexican-Style Sauce

Mexican-style hot sauce (salsa) was prepared and heated to 63°C 71°C, and 79°C. Seven combinations of antimicrobial agents, utilizing potassium sorbate, 900 ppm; sodium benzoate, 700 ppm; and EDTA, 50 ppm were incorporated into the salsa. Samples of the salsa with a pH ranging from 3.7–3.95 and stored at 31°C (88°F) were taken initially and monthly for 96 days; microbial growth in each was determined using five culture media. Microbes decreased significantly in all samples during the storage period. Increasing the temperature of processing to 79°C and the low pH were most important in reducing microbial numbers.
Gastroscopic and Histolosic Studies of the Stomach with Gastric and Extra-Gastric Disease During Life and at Autopsy

1. A study of 40 autopsy and gastroscopic biopsy cases is presented in an attempt to understand better, the underlying pathology existing in gastritis. li]2.|Histologie criteria for the “normal” stomach and grades of gastritis as agreed upon by our pathologists, and utilized in this study, are presented. li]3.|In 15 necropsy cases, the stomachs of adults and infants were fixed by immediate autopsy or intubation at death for the evaluation of so-called normals in extra-gastric disease. 6 of the 15 proved normal histologically, and three in adults from 26 to 43 years of age. li]4.|9 of this group showed gastritis, subacute or chronic, and again revealed that histologic chronic gastritis does not run parallel with clinical gastrointestinal symptoms. li]5.|Detailed data, with illustrative charts, on 25 cases, in which gastroscopic studies, followed shortly by biopsied specimens taken through the open tube gastroscope, were compared with subsequent histologic findings. In no case was operation or resection performed. li]6.(a)|Histologic diagnosis agrees with gastroscopic diagnosis on “normal” or gastritis stomachs in 52% of cases; (b) Histologic diagnosis disagrees with gastroscopic diagnosis on “normal” or gastritis stomachs in 24% of cases; (c) Histologic diagnosis gave questionable findings in 24% of cases diagnosed gastroscopically as gastritis or “normal.” li]7.(a)|The gastroscopic appearance of a severe gastritis is usually verified by the histologic examination; (b) The gastroscopic appearance of a mild or moderate degree of gastritis or normal stomach may be contradicted upon histological examination; (c) What appears to be a normal stomach gastroscopically —may be a gastritis, histologically, and vice versa, unless a marked, or Grade III to IV gastritis is seen gastroscopically.
Simulator Training for Endoscopic Ultrasound

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is one of the most challenging endoscopic procedures to learn and requires integration of both cognitive and endoscopic skills. EUS also is an important technology with a growing number of therapeutic applications. Despite its increasing role in managing gastrointestinal diseases, EUS technology remains largely limited to the confines in academic medical centers and tertiary referral centers because of issues concerning cost, equipment availability, efficiency of implementation, reimbursement, and most importantly, training. This article reviews the factors that are considered important for EUS training and discusses the use of various simulators and the potential role of these simulators in the future.
Analysis of Transformation-Induced Crack Closure

Abstract Deformation-induced martensitic transformation around a fatigue crack results in the phenomenon of crack closure. By approximating the residual stress field due to the volume expansion in the transformed zone as that of an edge dislocation pair, a closed-form solution of crack opening as a function of external loading is derived. The result indicates that the exact determination of crack closure point by compliance measurement is inherently difficult.
Low temperature preparation of BaCeO3 and Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 thin films using sol-gel processing techniques

Abstract Barium cerate, BaCeO3, powders and films were produced from sol-gel precursors. The formation of BaCeO3 was achieved by calcining the sol-gel precursors either at 800°C overnight or at 1000°C for an hour, in contrast to 1400°C overnight in conventional solid-state preparation. Films with (200) preferred orientations were obtained on SrTiO3(100) single-crystal substrates. Sol-gel precursor solution was also used to produce cerium zirconium oxide, Ce0.75Zr0.25O2, at temperatures as low as 400°C. The Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 so generated showed no structural change on heating up to 1100°C. The Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 films produced were polycrystalline.
Evaluation of a Community Health Promotion Resource for Primary Care Practices

Background Primary care physicians' ability to provide effective health behavior change advice might be leveraged by linking to available community resources. This study evaluates tools to facilitate such a link. Design A mixed methods longitudinal pre–post-test study was conducted in 2004. Setting/ Participants Seven primary care practices in northeast Ohio and two longitudinal cohorts of patients ( n =784). Intervention The practice-tailored intervention included two main components: (1) a web-based health behavior change resource including a database of community programs and patient education materials, and (2) a health behavior prescription pad. Main Outcome Measures Rates of discussion of diet, exercise, weight management, and smoking cessation; and patient change in motivation to modify behaviors at 8 weeks post-visit. Qualitative field notes about practice routines, culture, and implementation efforts were analyzed to enhance understanding of the practice change process. Results The post-intervention cohort reported higher rates of discussion of diet (25.7% vs 20.2%), exercise (27.8% vs 16.9%), and weight management (23.2% vs 16.3%), and greater referral to patient education materials (24.2% vs 21.6%) and community programs for health behavior change (16.0% vs 13.6%) ( p Conclusions The intervention tools show promise for increasing clinician discussion of health behaviors, information referral, and referral to community resources. Additional work to increase practice adoption of the tools is required to understand their potential to affect patient motivation to change behavior.
Identification of transcriptional networks responding to pyrroloquinoline quinone dietary supplementation and their influence on thioredoxin expression, and the JAK/STAT and MAPK pathways

PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone) improves energy utilization and reproductive performance when added to rodent diets devoid of PQQ. In the present paper we describe changes in gene expression patterns and transcriptional networks that respond to dietary PQQ restriction or pharmacological administration. Rats were fed diets either deficient in PQQ (PQQ-) or supplemented with PQQ (approx. 6 nmol of PQQ/g of food; PQQ+). In addition, groups of rats were either repleted by administering PQQ to PQQ- rats (1.5 mg of PQQ intraperitoneal/kg of body weight at 12 h intervals for 36 h; PQQ-/+) or partially depleted by feeding the PQQ- diet to PQQ+ rats for 48 h (PQQ+/-). RNA extracted from liver and a Codelink(R) UniSet Rat I Bioarray system were used to assess gene transcript expression. Of the approx. 10000 rat sequences and control probes analysed, 238 were altered at the P<0.01 level by feeding on the PQQ- diet for 10 weeks. Short-term PQQ depletion resulted in changes in 438 transcripts (P<0.01). PQQ repletion reversed the changes in transcript expression caused by PQQ deficiency and resulted in an alteration of 847 of the total transcripts examined (P<0.01). Genes important for cellular stress (e.g. thioredoxin), mitochondriogenesis, cell signalling [JAK (Janus kinase)/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathways] and transport were most affected. qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) and functional assays aided in validating such processes as principal targets. Collectively, the results provide a mechanistic basis for previous functional observations associated with PQQ deficiency or PQQ administered in pharmacological amounts.
Interfacing phylogenetic oligonucleotide probe hybridizations with representations of microbial populations and specific growth rates in mathematical models of activated sludge processes

Accurate estimates of microbial population concentrations and the direct, in situ determination of kinetic parameters could improve the calibration and validation of existing mechanistic mathematical models of biological nutrient removal activated sludge systems. Oligonucleotide probe hybridizations show promise for measuring concentrations and in situ specific growth rates of microbial populations. The most common targets for oligonucleotide probes are the phylogenetically conserved ribosomal RNA molecules. Recent advances in hybridization techniques have improved the quantitative nature of ribosomal RNA based assays. However, correlations between concentrations of “theoretical” microbial populations predicted by mechanistic models and quantitative information obtained with oligonucleotide probe hybridizations are not yet developed. Future work should develop such correlations, while addressing the limitations of the molecular assays.
The connecting pathways between the sinus node and A-V node and between the right and the left atrium in the human heart

Abstract In the human heart there are three connecting pathways between the sinus node and the A-V node, all of which contain Purkinje fibers but also many myocardial fibers without these characteristics. The anterior internodal tract passes from the sinus node to sweep anterior to the superior vena cava into Bachmann's bundle, where it divides to distribute to the left atrium and to curve back into the interatrial septum and descend to the A-V node. The middle internodal tract leaves the dorsal and posterior margins of the sinus node and courses behind the superior vena cava through the sinus intercavarum to the crest of the interatrial septum, and there descends into the A-V node, merging with fibers from the anterior tract as it approaches the node. The posterior internodal tract follows the crista terminalis from the sinus node to the Eustachian ridge and thence through the ridge to the posterior margin of the A-V node. Together, these three tracts, the two nodes, the ostia of both venae cavae, and the coronary sinus, comprise the general outline of the primitive sinus venosus. Reasons why the myocardium in this region may be anticipated to have specialized function are discussed. Although demonstration of internodal pathways does not establish the validity of the theory of circus movement, possible circles composed of limbs of the three internodal tracts lend anatomic support to such a theory. On the basis of anatomic considerations, conduction from the sinus node to the left atrium is believed to occur preferentially through Bachmann's bundle. An alternate interatrial pathway, which is much longer for the sinus impulse, spreads from the septal portion of the internodal tracts to the left atrium.
A Study of the Projected Galaxy Density around Nine Isolated Elliptical Galaxies

Using V-band imagery, we present results from a comparative density analysis of the local environments surrounding nine elliptical galaxies, with the objective of validating that these objects reside in extremely isolated environments. We have developed a technique that compares galaxy number density enhancements within well-studied clusters and loose groups with apparent clusterings of faint, predominantly uncataloged galaxies that are present in the fields of the isolated elliptical galaxy (IEG) candidates. The unique feature of this technique is the ability to combine size information of density peaks with number density values in order to place upper or lower limits on the distances of an apparent clustered structure in an IEG field. The utility of this technique is that probable physical association between an IEG and a clustered structure can be refuted without need of redshift information for the faint field sources. Of the nine IEG candidates studied, we conclude that one of the galaxies has possible membership with a loose group of Local Group density. Four other IEG candidates have environments that show density enhancements in the field that are possible loose groups with densities similar to the Leo or Dorado groups, but physical association with the IEGs is unlikely. The remaining four galaxies have environments that are confirmed to be isolated down to the detection limits that are detailed in the paper.
Relationship between avian range limits and plant transition zones in Maine

Aim To determine if vegetation complexity associated with transition zones may be a contributing factor affecting bird species distributions in Maine, USA, and in increased numbers of bird species at about 45° north latitude in northeastern North America. Location Maine, USA; North America north of Mexico. Methods We delineated the ranges within Maine (86,156 km2) of 186 bird species and 240 woody plants using literature and expert review. Maps showing species richness and numbers of range limits, at 324 km2 resolution, were developed for woody plants and groups of breeding birds: forest specialists, forest generalists, and those that used barren and urban habitats, early successional areas, and wetlands or open water. Two plant transition zones for Maine were identified previously, with the north–south transition zone mapped across eastern North America. Patterns in bird distribution maps were compared to woody plant maps and to transition zones. Results When the distributions of forest specialists were compared to the north–south vegetation transition zone in Maine, they were spatially coincident, but were not for other groups. Forest specialists had more species with range limits in the state (61%) than generalists (13%) or any other group. At a continental-scale, the vegetation transition zone within eastern North America agreed fairly well with the areas of highest bird richness. Main conclusions A bird transition zone occurs in Maine and across eastern North America, akin to and overlapping the vegetation transition zone. Seasonality is likely the primary source of the inverse gradient in bird richness in the eastern USA, as reported by others. However, vegetation structure and habitat selection at very broad spatial scales appear to contribute to the reversed gradient. North of the vegetation transition zone, forest structure is simpler and coniferous forests more dominant, and this may contribute to reduced bird species richness. However, the northern (> 49°) typical gradient in bird species richness has been related to many hypotheses, and several are likely involved in the genesis of the gradient.
Lack of correlation between [3H]ouabain binding and Na-K ATPase inhibition in rat aorta

Abstract The binding of [ 3 H]ouabain to intact strips of rat aorta was compared with the ability of ouabain to inhibit the uptake of 86 Rb by the same preparation. When a cold temperature wash was used to process tissues after binding of [ 3 H]ouabain, a class of relatively high affinity binding sites was found (K D = 1.2 × 10 −7 M). Binding was saturable and sensitive to both ATP depletion and elevated potassium. Elevation of cytoplasmic Ca 2+ levels by phenylephrine or c-AMP levels by theophylline and terbutaline had no influence on [ 3 H]ouabain binding. Ouabain inhibition of 86 Rb uptake progressed to 60% of the total 86 Rb uptake at 2 × 10 −3 M from a threshold of about 10 −5 M. Half-maximal inhibition by ouabain occurred at a concentration of 10 −4 M. The disparity between [ 3 H]ouabain binding and inhibition of 86 Rb uptake indicates that the high affinity binding site in the rat does not contribute to inhibition of Na-K ATPase function.
Interstellar depletions and far-ultraviolet extinction in the Rho Ophiuchi Cloud.

Copernicus ultraviolet data on six stars embedded in the well-studied Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex have been analyzed for interstellar abundances, densities, and far-ultraviolet extinction parameters, in an effort to determine how interstellar depletions depend on physical conditions. While there are variations within the cloud in the overall depletions, the pattern of depletions from element to element is constant for all six lines of sight. A picture is suggested in which the cloud core has a small velocity dispersion or is either so strongly depleted or so dense (hence not ionized) that the lines of first ions of heavy elements do not arise there, but rather form in a less-dense or less-depleted outer region. The cloud as a whole has substantial depletions, average to low far-ultraviolet extinction, and a low ratio of molecular to atomic hydrogen.
Secondary surfactant administration in neonates with respiratory decompensation.

To evaluate blood gases and ventilatory parameters before and after two doses of surfactant in premature infants with respiratory decompensation after recovery from primary respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). This prospective pilot study enrolled infant's ⩾500 g birth weight, from 7 days to 3 months of age, with a secondary respiratory decompensation lasting at least 4 h prior to study entry. Infants received two doses of surfactant, 12 h apart. A total of 20 neonates qualified for secondary surfactant administration. PCO2 (P<0.001); pH (P<0.001); mean airway pressure (P<0.05); FiO2 (P<0.05); modified ventilatory indices (P<0.004) and respiratory severity scores (P<0.001) improved significantly at both 12 and 24 h after surfactant administration. Secondary surfactant administration may be effective in reducing short-term ventilatory requirements in neonates who have a respiratory decompensation after recovery from initial RDS. Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
Sinkage characteristics of workpieces in flexible particulate bed fixtures: An experimental and numerical investigation

Abstract The concept of flexible particulate bed fixtures (FPBFs or PBFs) in low-volume manufacturing environments has been investigated for its potential use in manufacturing environments. This paper reports findings regarding one of several performance issues that have been under investigation in the past five years, namely the displacement (sinkage) of the workpiece during the compaction process of the particulate. A bed fixture prototype was instrumented to detect the sinkage of a slender cylindrical workpiece and of the compacting plate during compaction. In addition, sinkage characteristics of finned rod workpieces as a function of fin size, rod size, and fin location were investigated to determine the effects that workpiece size and shape have on sinkage. A finite element model of the bed was also used to perform numerical tests and to study the effects of submergence depth and angular position of plain slender rod and finned rod workpieces on sinkage. Sinkage is dependent on submergence depth and workpiece initial orientation. Furthermore, fin size and location have a significant effect on the sinkage of the rod with respect to the compacting surface. These results provide trends helpful in applying the particulate bed fixture methodology to environments requiring tight indexing tolerances, such as machining or surface inspection.
Neural classifiers for dynamic system modes

In this study we consider the use of neural networks for system identification. No a priori information is assumed about the system model. Rather it is assumed that the system has several modes of behavior and that a sequence of input-output pairs, while the system is in each mode, is available. Using the input-output information, a neural network is designed with the goal of recognizing each of the modes. The design is tested by using the input-output sequence of an unknown variable system, whose characteristics transition between those of the five prototypes. The identification procedure operates on-line. The ability to identify and track the transitions of the unknown system is explored.
Accuracy of ICD-9-CM codes for identifying cardiovascular and stroke risk factors.

Objectives:We sought to determine which ICD-9-CM codes in Medicare Part A data identify cardiovascular and stroke risk factors.Design and Participants:This was a cross-sectional study comparing ICD-9-CM data to structured medical record review from 23,657 Medicare beneficiaries aged 20 to 105 years
Epidemiology of severe influenza outcomes among adult patients with obesity in Detroit, Michigan, 2011

We conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the impact of obesity on influenza disease severity. Individuals with obesity were more likely to have lower pulmonary disease manifestations [OR=1·97 (95% CI 1·05, 3·69), P=0·03] and to be admitted to an inpatient ward [OR=2·93 (95% CI 1·50, 5·71), P=0·002] when compared with non-obese individuals. Among admitted individuals, persons with obesity were more likely to require a lengthy hospital stay [OR=3·86 (95% CI 1·03, 14·42), P=0·045]. Five of the six deaths in study subjects occurred in persons with obesity.
A supersymmetric preon model of particle physics

Abstract We present a supersymmetric preon model based on SU(M)SC × SU(2)L × SU(3)c × U(1). Supersymmetry protects chiral symmetries from spontaneous breakdown and allows a solution to the strong CP problem.
The influence of excess vitamin A on neural tube closure in the mouse embryo.

The effect of excess vitamin A on the closure of the neural tube in mouse embryos was examined with light microscopy, transmission and scanning electronmicroscopy. The embryos were treated with the vitamin just before closure of the brain vesicles and examined during the following 24 h, a period during which under normal conditions the brain completely closes. At 18–24 h after treatment the external features of the treated specimens began to differ from those of the controls. In the treated embryos the neural walls folded laterally and became widely separated, whereas those of the controls folded dorsomedially and fused in the midline. Histologically, the first difference between treated and control embryos was noted at two hours after treatment, when large intercellular spaces appeared between the neuroepithelial cells of the treated embryos. These spaces were mainly present between the apical ends of the wedge-shaped neuroepithelial cells. This accumulation of intercellular spaces interfered with the normal morphogenetic movement of the neural walls, which remained convex instead of becoming concave. This convex bending resulted in non-closure of the neural tube. In addition to the appearance of large intercellular spaces some neuroepithelial cells as well as some mesenchymal, endothelial, and surface ectoderm cells showed swelling and degeneration as a result of the vitamin A treatment. This cell degeneration probably contributes to failure of the neural tube to close due to loss of cohesion at the luminal surface and the lack of mesenchymal support needed for the elevation of the neural walls. However, the increase of intercellular spaces at the apical side of the neuroepithelium is in all probability the major cause for the failure of the neural tube to close.