cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the JID Workshop in Shanghai

A rapid and exciting increase in depth and breadth characterizes dermatologic research in China. Simultaneously, there has been increased interaction between academic dermatologists in China and their colleagues abroad, as well as between clinical and research-oriented dermatologic societies in China and parallel organizations in the United States and Europe. As the official journal of the Society for Investigative Dermatology (SID) in the United States and of the European Society for Dermatological Research (ESDR), the Journal of Investigative Dermatology (JID) has been positively affected by these interactions and generally by the evolution of science and academics in China. At present, three of the JID Associate Editors are Chinese, and a rapidly increasing percentage of total JID submissions originate from Chinese departments of dermatology.
Recovery with limited replay: fault-tolerant processes in Linda

Research in the area of fault-tolerant distributed systems has focused to a large extent on data surviving various forms of failure. However, in environments where cooperation among processes is important the authors argue that high availability of processes, in addition to their recoverability is crucial. Their specific interest is in the Linda tuple space paradigm. They discuss efficient techniques for making Linda processes recoverable and outline some characteristics of Linda that make it particularly suitable for implementing fault-tolerance. They also propose a simple extension to their recoverable process mechanism that makes processes highly available. >
Glomerular filtration and renal plasma flow in uranium-poisoned rabbits.

Abstract This paper continues the analysis of functional lesions seen in kidneys of rabbits injected with low doses of uranium. In contrast to the effects of much higher doses in dogs, administration of 0.2 mg U/kg does not alter the intrarenal volume of distribution of inulin. Such a finding excludes the occurrence of significant backdiffusion of filtered inulin across damaged tubular epithelium. Inulin clearance can therefore serve as measure of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in these animals. The renal clearance of high molecular weight dextrans relative to GFR remained unchanged; i.e., no gross changes in glomerular permeability occurred. Finally it is shown that redistribution of intrarenal blood flow cannot explain reduced renal function in the poisoned animals. The previously described depression of tubular transport of p -aminohippurate reflects rather a direct action of uranium on tubule cells.
Shock and traveling wave phenomena on an externally damped, non-linear string

Abstract We examine the propagation of shocks and traveling wave phenomena on a one-dimensional string that is executing finite-amplitude, transverse vibrations in a resisting medium. As part of our study, we develop an approach that allows us to describe, albeit approximately, the evolution and propagation of a shock front using analytical methods. In addition, exact traveling wave solutions, one of which involves the Lambert W -function, of the string's equation of motion are determined and analyzed. Lastly, a possible new form of the solution to the linearized problem is presented and extensions and other applications of the present work are briefly discussed.
On a conjecture of lindenstrauss

It is proved that eachn-dimensional centrally symmetric convex polyhedron admits a 2-dimensional central section having at least 2n vertices. Some other related results are obtained and some unsolved problems are mentioned.
High-risk patients with hematuria are not evaluated according to guideline recommendations.

BACKGROUND: To determine whether high-risk patients with hematuria receive evaluation according to guideline recommendations. METHODS: We recently performed a screening study for bladder cancer using a urine-based tumor marker in 1502 subjects at high risk based on aged ≥50 years, ≥10-year smoking history, and/or a 15-year or more environmental exposure. We evaluated use of urinalysis (UA) within 3 years preceding the screening study. Chart review was performed to determine if this subset with microhematuria received any additional evaluation. RESULTS: Of 1502 study participants, routine urinalysis was performed in 73.2% and 164 (14.9%) subjects had documented hematuria (>3 red blood cells / high-power field) before inclusion. Of these, 42.1% had no further evaluation. Additional testing included repeat urinalysis (36%), urine culture (15.2%), cytology (10.4%), imaging (22.6% overall: 15.9% computed tomography, 4.3% intravenous pyelography; 2.4% magnetic resonance imaging), and cystoscopy (12.8%). Three subjects with microscopic hematuria (2%) were subsequently found to have bladder cancer during the screening study but were not referred for evaluation based on their hematuria. The source of hematuria was unknown in 65%, infection in 22%, benign prostatic enlargement in 10%, and renal stone disease in 4%, but these results are based on incomplete evaluation since only 12.8% underwent cystoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects at high risk for bladder cancer based on ≥10 years of smoking or environmental exposure with microscopic hematuria are rarely evaluated thoroughly and only 12.8% were referred for urologic evaluation. Further studies are needed to evaluate both the utilization and effectiveness of guidelines for hematuria. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Children's and adults' understanding of the “disgust face”

By the age of 4 years, children (N=120) know the meaning of the word disgust as well as they know the meaning of anger and fear; for example, when asked, they are equally able to generate a plausible cause for each of these emotions. Yet, in tasks involving facial expressions (free labelling of faces, deciding whether or not a face expresses disgust, or finding a “disgust face” in an array of faces), a majority of 3- to 7-year-old children (N=144) associated the prototypical “disgust face” with anger and denied its association with disgust (25% of adults on the same tasks did so as well). These results challenge the assumption that all humans easily recognise disgust from its facial expression and that this recognition is a precursor to children's understanding of the emotion of disgust.
Combined subcarcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene and UVA synergistically caused high tumor incidence and mutations in H-ras gene, but not p53, in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin.

Combined subcarcinogenic doses of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and UVA induced H-ras, but not p53, gene mutations 8 weeks before tumor emergence in SKH-1 mice. Neither UVA (40 kJ/m2) nor BaP (8 nmol) induced any tumors after mice were topically treated 3 times/week for 25 weeks. However, combined BaP-UVA treatment synergistically increased tumor incidence and multiplicity. All tumors induced by BaP-UVA were malignant. The epidermis was collected from mice treated for 2, 6 and 10 weeks. DNA from UVB- (0.3 kJ/m2) or BaP-UVA-(8 nmol and 40 kJ/m2-induced tumors was isolated and screened for H-ras and p53 mutations. Four types of point mutation, GGCGAC, GCC, GTC and CGC, occurred in UVB-induced tumors at H-ras codon 13; and one type of point mutation, GGAGAA, at codon 12. Treatment with either BaP alone or BaP-UVA for 10 weeks caused GGAGAA mutation at codon 12 or GGCGAC mutation at codon 13 in nontumor skin, respectively, as well as in tumors induced by BaP-UVA. All of the 10-week samples treated with either BaP or BaP-UVA showed detectable mutations at codons 12 and 13, but the genetic load was significantly higher in BaP-UVA-treated mice than in those exposed only to BaP. UVA alone induced mutations at codon 12 in only one-third of samples. GA mutations induced by BaP or BaP-UVA at position 38 of codon 13 have not been reported previously. CT transitions were detected in p53 hot spots of exon 8 in 2 of 19 BaP-UVA-induced tumors but were not found in nontumor skin. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Psychological, nutritional, and energy expenditure differences in college females with anorexia nervosa vs. comparable-mass controls.

This is the first study to examine psychological and behavioral variables in nonhospitalized college females with subclinical anorexia nervosa (AN) as compared to healthy college females of comparable body mass (i.e., body mass index (BMI)<19). Participants who met all DSM-IV [Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. (1994). Washington, DC: APA.] criteria for AN-restrictive type (except for BMI<17.5; n=11) and control participants (n=15) with comparable body mass completed psychological, nutritional, and exercise assessments. Results suggested that those with AN evidenced more general psychopathology, more eating disorder symptoms, more dieting, more compulsive exercise, and less consumption of calories compared to participants in the control group. There was no difference in macronutrient consumption. There was no significant difference in expenditure of energy, despite differences in reports of compulsive exercise. Given similar body mass, this suggests that the women with AN were experiencing an energy deficit consistent with the disorder's defining features of “fear of gaining weight or becoming fat” and provides us with more understanding of individuals with AN in their natural environment.
Melting point depression of Piroxicam in carbon dioxide + co-solvent mixtures and inclusion complex formation with β-cyclodextrin

Abstract This paper reports on the melting point depression and polymorphic transformations of Piroxicam in supercritical carbon dioxide and in mixtures with ethanol, acetone or ethyl acetate as co-solvents. It further reports on the formation of the inclusion complexes of Piroxicam which is liquefied in these fluid mixtures with β-cyclodextrin. It is shown that in carbon dioxide the melting temperature of Piroxicam is reduced by 17 °C, from 200 °C to 183 °C. The melting temperature was further depressed in mixtures containing a small amount of a co-solvent. The largest melting point depression was 37 °C and was observed in the fluid mixture containing 10 wt% ethanol. Piroxicam that was melted and recrystallized in carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide + co-solvent mixtures displayed distinct differences in its infrared spectra, thermal behavior and X-ray diffraction patterns as compared to its unprocessed form. Melting in CO 2 and CO 2 + co-solvent mixtures was found to lead to a polymorphic transformation of Piroxicam from the β crystal form (cubic) to the α crystal form (needle). It was further found that melting of Piroxicam in 90:10 wt% CO 2 :ethanol fluid mixture promotes inclusion complex formation with β-cyclodextrin leading to a 1:1 molar ratio complex. Inclusion complex formation via melting in supercritical fluid mixtures is now being proposed as a new processing methodology.
Mechanism of JCV Entry into Oligodendrocytes

In their Report “The human polyomavirus, JCV, uses serotonin receptors to infect cells” (19 Nov. 2004, p. [1380][1]), G. F. Elphick et al. report the dramatic finding that human polyomavirus (JCV) infection of SVG astroglial cells in culture can be mediated in part by serotonergic receptors, in
The Role of Adaptive Rules in Language Change

SUMMARYThe role of Adaptive Rules as the mechanism of change which preserves communicability between generations is explored. These are ad hoc rules proposed by Andersen (1973) which operate on the output of incorrectly abduced rules to disguise innovations which do not match what community norms dictate. Other related processes which operate synchronically are short- and long-term accommodation. The operation of Adaptive Rules thus accounts for the fact that language change is not dysfunctional because the only changes which go uncorrected are those which are so minor that they are not noticed during the period of testing or those whose presence is disguised by Adaptive Rules.RESUMEL'article examine le role des regles adaptatives comme un mecanisme de changement qui maintient la communicabilite entre les generations. Selon Andersen (1973) il s'agit des regles ad hoc qui sont appliquees a des productions basees sur des regles tirees incorrectement des donnees afin de deguiser des innovations linguistiques qui sont en desaccord avec les normes. D'autres processus associes qui operent synchroniquement sont 1'accomodation a court terme et a long terme. L'operation des regles adaptives ainsi explique le fait que le changement linguistique n'est pas anormal parce que seulement des changements non-corriges sont ceux qui sont suffisamment minimes pour ne pas etre appercus durant la periode d'exploration ou ceux dont la presence est deguisee par des regles adaptatives.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDer Aufsatz untersucht die Rolle von Adaptationsregeln als ein Mechanis-mus des Sprachwandels, der die Kommunikationsfahigkeit zwischen den Ge-nerationen erhalt. Es handelt sich hierbei nach Andersen (1973) um Ad-hoc-Regeln, die vom Sprecher auf Daten angewandt werden, die durch inkorrekt abgezogene Regeln produziert worden sind, und zwar um diejenigen Neue-rungen zu verschleiern, die der von der Sprachgemeinschaft geforderten Norm nicht entsprechen. Damit verwandte Prozesse sind kurz- und langzeitige An-passungen. Das Wirken von Adaptationsregeln last darauf schlieBen, daB Sprachwandel keine anormalen Situationen hervorruft, da nur solche Veran-derungen nicht korrigiert werden, die so gering sind, das sie wahrend der Ausprobierphase nicht bemerkt werden, oder deren Vorhandensein durch Adaptationsregeln verschleiert werden.
The impact of Einstein's theory of special relativity on particle accelerators

We describe the consequences of the theory of special relativity on particle accelerators and present a historical overview of their evolution and contributions to science and the present limitations of existing accelerator technology. We report recent results of our experiment where we succeeded in accelerating relativistic electrons with visible light in vacuum. The experimental demonstration is the first of its kind and is the proof of principle for future linear laser-driven particle acceleration schemes in vacuum that may lead to the realization of electron–positron colliders beyond the TeV scale.
Is breakfast skipping associated with physical activity among U.S. adolescents? A cross-sectional study of adolescents aged 12-19 years, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Objective To examine the association between breakfast skipping and physical activity among US adolescents aged 12–19 years. Design A cross-sectional study of nationally representative 2007–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. Setting Breakfast skipping was assessed by two 24 h dietary recalls. Physical activity was self-reported by participants and classified based on meeting national recommendations for physical activity for the appropriate age group. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to model the association between breakfast skipping and physical activity while controlling for confounders. Subjects A total of 936 adolescents aged 12–19 years in the USA. Results After adjusting for family income, there was no association between breakfast skipping and meeting physical activity guidelines for age among adolescents aged 12–19 years (OR = 0·95, 95 % CI 0·56, 1·32). Conclusions Findings from the study differ from previous research findings on breakfast skipping and physical activity. Therefore, further research that uses large, nationally representative US samples and national recommended guidelines for physical activity is needed.
The use of PhEA 34c in trabeculectomy.

Abstract PhEA 34c, a 1.9% solution of sodium hyaluronate (Healon® = 1.0%) was injected intracamerally and between the scleral and conjunctival flaps after trabeculectomy in 15 eyes, while randomized controls received balanced salt solution (BSS). Anterior chamber depths in both groups in the early postoperative period were significantly different from baseline measurements, but were not different between the two groups at any interval. PhEA 34c did not prevent postoperative flat or shallow anterior chambers. There was no significant difference in the rate of success between the two groups for the duration of the study, but five patients in the PhEA 34c group developed loculated blebs.
Relation of subtropical Atlantic temperature, high-latitude ice rafting, deep water formation, and European climate 130,000-60,000 years ago

Abstract A new, high-resolution record of sea surface temperature from the subtropical western North Atlantic documents a series of abrupt coolings within marine isotope stage 5 which can be objectively correlated with marine-core evidence for increased ice-sheet discharge at subpolar latitudes and reduced North Atlantic deep water formation. These results indicate that ice-sheet forcing of deep ocean circulation influenced surface temperatures over much of the North Atlantic. A proposed correlation to the pollen record of Grande Pile, France, indicates that each cold event seen in the pollen sequence has a unique counterpart in the record of subtropical ocean temperature. If this correlation is correct, it suggests that the warmest part of the European Eemian ended suddenly in response to oceanographic changes, and that the subsequent post-temperate phase of the Eemian extended well into the interval of ice sheet growth corresponding to marine isotope substage 5d.
Seasonal fluctuations of the surface North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) across the Pacific basin

[1] Based on multisatellite-derived sea surface current, sea surface height anomaly, and geostrophic current data, the annual variability of the surface NECC across the Pacific basin is investigated. Inferred from the surface current data, the NECC axis east and west of the dateline moves northward along its pathway in the latter half of a year and the first half of a year, respectively. The sea surface height anomaly in the NECC region and the meridional movement of NECC are well reproduced by a linear wind-driven first-mode baroclinic Rossby wave model. Model experiments by setting the phase speed of baroclinic Rossby wave or the Ekman pumping to zero in different regions are carried out to clarify the influence of Rossby wave and local Ekman pumping on the movement of NECC. East of the dateline, both Ekman pumping and Rossby wave are important in determining the northward movement of the NECC axis. However, the NECC axis west of the dateline moves northward primarily due to the westward transmission of positive sea surface height anomalies (or downwelling Rossby waves) that originate in the east of the dateline. The local Ekman pumping plays a minor role in controlling the migration of the NECC axis west of the dateline.
Measurement of creep in rotating viscoelastic disks

This paper describes experimental efforts to measure the time-dependent radial deformations of rotating disks. Although these experiments were concerned with viscoelastic disks, the technique is not limited to this class of materials. The technique is based on the use of an electro-optical displacement follower which tracks the displacement of painted targets on the specimen disk. Associated electronic-compensation circuitry for cancelling the effects of changes in rigid-body motions is also described. The experimental apparatus and developmental problems are discussed and creep measurements are compared with predictions from the technical theory of linear viscoelasticity.
ANÁLISIS EXPERIMENTAL DE UN AMBIENTE WI-FI MULTICELDA

Las redes locales inalambricas de banda ancha han experimentado un desarrollo explosivo con la introduccion del protocolo IEEE802.11. El hecho de que estas operen en una banda no licitada ha permitido que aparezcan numerosos ?hot spots?, que no siempre son instalados por personal experto. En este trabajo se analiza el problema que se presenta en un ambiente IEEE802.11b WiFi multicelda en que no se ha tenido el cuidado de planificar la asignacion de canales. Se presenta la interferencia medida experimentalmente en un escenario tipico multicelda controlando los parametros de activacion del mecanismo RTS/CTS y eleccion de canales adyacentes.
Wading bird response to recreational boat traffic : Does flushing translate into avoidance?

It generally is assumed that direct flushing responses to disturbance may affect overwintering bird fitness by altering site use. However, little is actually known about the relationship between the flushing response and resulting patterns of habitat use on a local scale. We examined the association between flushing and local site use among 6 wading bird species in tidal creeks on the Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina, USA, which is frequently used for recreational activities. Experimental, cumulative boat intrusion caused approximately one-half of individuals of all species except snowy egrets (Egretta thula) to immediately abandon a tidal creek. However, species counts across the refuge tended to be driven primarily by Julian date, tidal stage, and creek width; only 2 species, yellow-crowned night heron (Nyctanassa violacea) and great egret (Ardea herodias), appeared to avoid high-traffic creeks. Overall, patterns of response varied among species, and there was no clear relationship between flushing and site use. Flush rates, thus, may not adequately reflect species sensitivity to human disturbance and should only be used as a management guide in conjunction with other indices such as spatial distribution.
Pericarditis Constrictiva in a 10-Year-Old Boy After Influenza A Virus Infection

Pericarditis constrictiva is caused by fibrotic degeneration of the pericardium and leads to impaired diastolic ventricular filling. The diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis in children remains challenging and often requires a multimodal approach. We present a case of a pericarditis constrictiva in a 10-year old boy after influenza A virus infection. Clinicians should be aware of this complication, especially in patients with symptoms of exertional dyspnea and congestive heart failure.
Industrial Application of CFD Simulation and VR Visualization

The petroleum refining industry involves many capital and energy intensive processes. Due to complex phenomena and the difficulties in taking measurements, the knowledge needed for process optimization can be most readily obtained through the development of high fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulations. CFD has become a powerful simulation technology used in industrial process design and optimization for productivity enhancement, energy efficiency optimization, environmental management, and quality assurance. With increasingly complex CFD capable of simulating and analyzing ever-larger amounts of data, interpolating and presenting the numerical data in a meaningful fashion is a key for effective communication between CFD experts and plant engineers. Traditionally, CFD experts frequently develop two-dimensional pictures and animate their results to help make the information easily digestible. Recently, virtual reality (VR) technology made it possible for people to analyze huge amounts of CFD data in a virtual environment. VR creates a computer-generated world in which people who are not analysis experts can see the results in a context that they can easily understand. Even people who are familiar with interpreting analysis results can gain insights that make it possible to understand the root causes of observed problems and plan design changes in much less time. The integration of CFD with VR is a growing and emerging research field which can provide virtual engineering (VE) systems. In the present study, several VE applications in the petroleum refining industry have been discussed. The VE environment has greatly enhanced the value of CFD simulations and allows engineers to gain much needed process insights in order to make sound engineering decisions.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
MAST205 Competes with Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR)-associated Ligand for Binding to CFTR to Regulate CFTR-mediated Fluid Transport

The PDZ (postsynaptic density-95/discs large/zona occludens-1) domain-based interactions play important roles in regulating the expression and function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Several PDZ domain-containing proteins (PDZ proteins for short) have been identified as directly or indirectly interacting with the C terminus of CFTR. To better understand the regulation of CFTR processing, we conducted a genetic screen and identified MAST205 (a microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase with a molecular mass of 205 kDa) as a new CFTR regulator. We found that overexpression of MAST205 increased the expression of CFTR and augmented CFTR-mediated fluid transport in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, knockdown of MAST205 inhibited CFTR function. The PDZ motif of CFTR is required for the regulatory role of MAST205 in CFTR expression and function. We further demonstrated that MAST205 and the CFTR-associated ligand competed for binding to CFTR, which facilitated the processing of CFTR and consequently up-regulated the expression and function of CFTR at the plasma membrane. More importantly, we found that MAST205 could facilitate the processing of F508del-CFTR mutant and augment its quantity and channel function at the plasma membrane. Taken together, our data suggest that MAST205 plays an important role in regulating CFTR expression and function. Our findings have important clinical implications for treating CFTR-associated diseases such as cystic fibrosis and secretory diarrheas.
A comparative study of neural networks architectures

Abstract We discuss the essential features of a representative variety of neural networks (NN) considering their unit characteristics, net topology, and intelligent behavior.
Large Numbers Hypothesis. II. Electromagnetic Radiation

This paper develops the theory of electromagnetic radiation in the units covariant formalism incorporating Dirac's large numbers hypothesis (LNH). A direct field-to-particle technique is used to obtain the photon propagation equation which explicitly involves the photon replication rate. This replication rate is fixed uniquely by requiring that the form of a free-photon distribution function be preserved, as required by the 2.7 K cosmic radiation. One finds that with this particular photon replication rate the units covariant formalism developed in Paper I actually predicts that the ratio of photon number to proton number in the Universe varies ast1/4 precisely in accord with LNH. The cosmological red-shift law is also derived and it is shown to differ considerably from the standard form ofνR = const.
Evolutionary history of the mesosiderite asteroid - A chronologic and petrologic synthesis

The evolutionary history of the mesosiderite parent body is composed of six principal epochs. (1) Accretion occurred about 4.56 Ga ago, and (2) initial melting occurred less than about 26 Ma after accretion. (3) Significant crustal remelting occurred more than 4.47 Ga ago, possibly during metal-silicate mixing caused by the accretion of a large metallic Fe-Ni core fragment with some overlying mantle to the MPB regolith. (4) Localized impact melting 4.5-3.9 Ga ago produced quench-textured clasts and caused mesosiderite metamorphism and the extensive melting of type-4 mesosiderites. (5) Collisional disruption and gravitational reassembly occurred about 3.9 Ga ago, causing extensive degassing of Ar and resetting the metallographic cooling rates to about 1 C/Ma. (6) Impact excavitation and ejection of deeply buried breccias occurred much less than 3.9 Ga.
Arctic Sea ice at a new low

On 26 August, Arctic sea ice cover dipped to 4.1 million square kilometers, 70,000 square kilometers below the 2007 mark, which was previously the lowest extent of ice cover in the satellite record, according to an analysis of satellite data by scientists with NASA and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) of the University of Colorado, Boulder. “By itself it's just a number, and occasionally records are going to get set. But in the context of what's happened in the last several years and throughout the satellite record, it's an indication that the Arctic sea ice cover is fundamentally changing,” said NSIDC scientist Walt Meier. “The persistent loss of perennial ice cover—ice that survives the melt season—led to this year's record summertime retreat. Unlike 2007, temperatures were not unusually warm in the Arctic this summer,” said Joey Comiso, senior research scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, in Greenbelt, Md. The six lowest ice extents in the satellite record have occurred in the last 6 years, according to NSIDC.
From socialism to capitalism; the effects of Hungarian human resources practices

Executive Overview What are the human resources management practices within communist and formerly communist companies? Many of the managers from capitalist countries forming joint ventures with state-owned enterprises in communist and formerly communist countries have only superficial ideas about these enterprises' human resources management practices and their effects. The more lurid dysfunctional practices of these organizations are well known, and foreigners often (mistakenly) assume that these result from incompetence. However, such practices have evolved within complex systems of organizational behavior which were largely successful in achieving their real objectives: political control and production quantity. This article presents a detailed analysis of four human resource management practices in Hungarian companies: (1) the weak performance pressures, (2) substantial pay-at-risk compensation systems, (3) promotion-through-connections, and (4) ambiguous responsibilities. These practices result in n...
Dynamic Continuum Pedestrian Flow Model with Memory Effect

In this paper, we develop a macroscopic model for pedestrian flow using the dynamic continuum modeling approach. We consider a two-dimensional walking facility that is represented as a continuum within which pedestrians can move freely in any direction. A pedestrian chooses a route based on his or her memory of the shortest path to the desired destination when the facility is empty and, at the same time, tries to avoid high densities. In this model, pedestrian flow is governed by a two-dimensional conservation law, and a general speed-flow-density relationship is considered. The model equation is solved numerically using the discontinuous Galerkin method, and a numerical example is employed to demonstrate both the model and the effectiveness of the numerical method.
A factor analysis of verbal abilities

A multiple-factor analysis was made of a battery of 42 tests of verbal abilities administered to 119 college adults. Where necessary, the distributions of test scores were normalized before the inter-test correlations were computed. Thurstone'sM (Memory or Rote Learning) factor has been confirmed, but hisV (Verbal Relations) factor seems to have been split into two or possibly three factors,C,J, andG; and hisW (Word Fluency) factor has been split into two factors,A andE. TheC factor seems to represent the richness of the individual's stock of linguistic responses, and theJ factor seems to involve the ability to handle semantic relationships. No satisfactory interpretation can as yet be made of theG factor. TheA factor seems to correspond to the speed of association for common words where there is a high degree of restriction as to appropriate responses. TheE factor is described as an associational facility with verbal material where the only restriction is that the responses must be syntactically coherent. The new factors are:F, facility and fluency in oral speech;H, facility in attaching appropriate names or symbols to stimuli; andD, speed of articulatory movements.
Adaptations for avian frugivory: assimilation efficiency and gut transit time of Manacus vitellinus and Pipra mentalis.

I examined the digestive physiology of two avian frugivores, the golden-collared manakin, Manacus vitellinus, and the red-capped manakin, Pipra mentalis, to discover how these birds extract energy from fruit. Using 14 species of fruit in the natural diet of manakins, I examined the assimilation of nutrients from fruit pulp, fruit passage rates, seed passage rates, and gut morphology. Fruits in the manakins' diets had high water content (average, 84%) and low nutrient concentrations (3 kJ/g wet pulp; 17 kJ/g dry pulp; 1% nitrogen/g dry pulp). Manacus and Pipra did not differ in the average assimilation of energy in fruit pulp (63%), although it varied from 37 to 84% depending on fruit species. Assimilation of total nonstructural carbohydrates in the fruit pulp was very high (86–98%) in both species. Gut evacuation was rapid; maximum transit time of a labeled fruit was 30 min. Seeds passed through the gut faster (Manacus: 15 min; Pipra: 12 min) than the accompanying fruit epidermis (both spp: 22 min). Manakins regurgitated large seeds (>5 mm diameter) in 7 to 9 min. Rapid gut passage time, high assimilation of nonstructural carbohydrates, and the selective regurgitation and rapid elimination of bulky seeds enable manakins to process a large volume of food per day. By increasing rates of fruit intake and gut passage, manakins can effectively increase total nutrient uptake. These adaptations of manakins are requisite for harvesting sufficient nutrients from fruit, due to its low nutrient density, high water content, and bulky seeds.
Graphs with 1-Hamiltonian-connected cubes

The cube G3 of a connected graph G is that graph having the same vertex set as G and in which two distinct vertices are adjacent if and only if their distance in G is at most three. A Hamiltonian-connected graph has the property that every two distinct vertices are joined by a Hamiltonian path. A graph G is 1-Hamiltonian-connected if, for every vertex w of G, the graphs G and G−w are Hamiltonian-connected. A characterization of graphs whose cubes are 1-Hamiltonian-connected is presented.
von Willebrand factor in its native environment

In this issue of Blood , Starke et al[1][1] and Wang et al[2][2] study endothelial cells cultured directly from the blood of patients with von Willebrand disease (VWD), and thereby overcome some limitation of studying VWD mutations in transfected cell systems that cannot reproduce key aspects of von
Risk Assessment as an Environmental Management Tool: Considerations for Freshwater Wetlands

This paper presents a foundation for improving the risk assessment process for freshwater wetlands. Inte- grating wetland science, i.e., use of an ecosystem-based approach, is the key concept. Each biotic and abiotic wet- land component should be identified and its contribution to ecosystem functions and societal values determined when deciding whether a stressor poses an unreasonable risk to
RNA processing and its regulation: global insights into biological networks

In recent years views of eukaryotic gene expression have been transformed by the finding that enormous diversity can be generated at the RNA level. Advances in technologies for characterizing RNA populations are revealing increasingly complete descriptions of RNA regulation and complexity; for example, through alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation and RNA editing. New biochemical strategies to map protein-RNA interactions in vivo are yielding transcriptome-wide insights into mechanisms of RNA processing. These advances, combined with bioinformatics and genetic validation, are leading to the generation of functional RNA maps that reveal the rules underlying RNA regulation and networks of biologically coherent transcripts. Together these are providing new insights into molecular cell biology and disease.
Recycling of noradrenergic storage vesicles of isolated rat vas deferens

Del Castillo and Katz established the theory of quantal release of acetylcholine from the neuromuscular junction1. The concept was expanded by showing that quanta of transmitter was packaged in, and released from, storage vesicles of the nerve endings. Noradrenaline (NA) is also believed to be stored in, and released from, storage vesicles of the sympathetic nerves. The requirement of Ca for NA release2 and concomitant secretion of the vesicular enzyme, dopamine-β-hydroxylase3, on stimulation lends strong evidence to the theory of exocytosis. However, it remains unclear whether storage vesicles after fusing with neuronal membrane to release NA into cleft, are once again reused for further storage and release of NA, or are discarded by the nerve endings. I have investigated this question by making use of the fact that tetraethylammonium (TEA) causes profound facilitation of the overflow of 3H-NA when the sympathetic nerves of the isolated vas def erens are electrically excited4, and that this excess release is accompanied by a significant reduction in tissue NA content5. The principal advantage of the method is that the reduction in tissue NA content is effected exclusively by the exocytotic release of NA from the nerve terminals and easy washout of TEA allows one to study uptake of exogenous NA by the tissue. The results presented here support the hypothesis that NA storage vesicles are recycled.
Convolutional encoding and Viterbi decoding using the DSP56001

Abstract Digital signal processors began their life like the laser — an invention in search of applications. Of course, digital signal processors were originally designed for applications such as low-pass filtering which could not be accomplished by conventional microprocessors. As DSP has become more widespread, the range of applications has increased. This application note describes the use of digital signal processors in convolutional encoding and decoding. Convolutional encoding provides an improved way of transmitting data at high speeds over noisy channels. Its use has been limited by the need to carry out the high-speed realtime operations required by convolutional encoders/decoders. The new digital signal processors now make it possible to implement systems that require very large numbers of simple (e.g. shifting and adding, exclusive or, etc.) high-speed computations. This application note looks at both the theory of the Viterbi (or trellis) convolutional encoder/decoder and its implementation.
Workplace Mobbing: Family Dynamics and Therapeutic Considerations

Workplace mobbing is an underreported and understudied public health problem with significant health consequences on victims, intimate relationships, and families. Family and systemic dynamics influence the victim's response and recovery from in mobbing. Effective therapy with victims of mobbing, their significant others, and families requires familiarity with family and systemic dynamics. Various therapeutic considerations and interventions are described and illustrated in a case example.
Formation of stable small cell number three-dimensional ovarian cancer spheroids using hanging drop arrays for preclinical drug sensitivity assays

Abstract Background Ovarian cancer grows and metastasizes from multicellular spheroidal aggregates within the ascites fluid. Multicellular tumor spheroids are therefore physiologically significant 3D in vitro models for ovarian cancer research. Conventional hanging drop cultures require high starting cell numbers, and are tedious for long-term maintenance. In this study, we generate stable, uniform multicellular spheroids using very small number of ovarian cancer cells in a novel 384 well hanging drop array platform. Methods We used novel tumor spheroid platform and two ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780 and OVCAR3) to demonstrate the stable incorporation of as few as 10 cells into a single spheroid. Results Spheroids had uniform geometry, with projected areas (42.60×10 3 μm–475.22×10 3 μm 2 for A2780 spheroids and 37.24×10 3 μm 2 –281.01×10 3 μm 2 for OVCAR3 spheroids) that varied as a function of the initial cell seeding density. Phalloidin and nuclear stains indicated cells formed tightly packed spheroids with demarcated boundaries and cell–cell interaction within spheroids. Cells within spheroids demonstrated over 85% viability. 3D tumor spheroids demonstrated greater resistance (70–80% viability) to cisplatin chemotherapy compared to 2D cultures (30–50% viability). Conclusions Ovarian cancer spheroids can be generated from limited cell numbers in high throughput 384 well plates with high viability. Spheroids demonstrate therapeutic resistance relative to cells in traditional 2D culture. Stable incorporation of low cell numbers is advantageous when translating this research to rare patient-derived cells. This system can be used to understand ovarian cancer spheroid biology, as well as carry out preclinical drug sensitivity assays.
Nonparametric statistical learning control of robot manipulators for trajectory or contour tracking

This paper presents a method of precision tracking control for industrial robot manipulators. For robotic laser and plasma cutting tasks, the required tracking performance is much more demanding than that for material handling, spot welding, and machine tending tasks. Challenges in control come from the nonlinear coupled multi-body dynamics of robot manipulators, as well as the transmission error in the geared joints. The proposed method features data-driven iterative compensation of torque and motor reference. Motor side tracking and transmission error are handled by separate learning modules in a two-part compensation structure. Depending on the specific setup of end-effector sensing, the method can utilize either timed trajectory measurement or untimed two-dimensional contour inspection. Nonparametric statistical learning is used for the compensation. Considerations on incorporating analytical models and selecting data subsets for more efficient learning are discussed. The method is validated using a six-axis industrial robot. HighlightsA control method of robot manipulators for precision trajectory or contour tracking is presented.Nonparametric statistical learning is used for data-driven compensation of both torque and motor reference.A two-part compensation structure is adopted to handle motor side tracking and transmission error.The compensation can be done using either timed trajectory measurement or untimed contour inspection.
The completely symmetric designs with blocksize three

Abstract The proper block design setting consists of v treatments to be assigned to b blocks, each block consisting of k experimental units. A design for this setting is said to be a completely symmetric design, or CSD, if its bottom stratum information matrix for estimation of treatment contrasts is constant on the diagonal and constant off the diagonal. Write bk=vr+p for some integer p with 0⩽p⩽v−1. If p=0, the CSDs of maximal conceivable trace are the balanced incomplete block designs. This paper constructs all maximal trace CSDs for k=3 and p=1,2,3. All of these designs are shown to be optimal under the E-criterion, and all but two under the MV-criterion.
The preparation of mono(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) compounds of tantalum(V)

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of (η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )TaCl 4 , (η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )TaCl 4 L (L  PMe 3 , P(OMe) 3 , Ph 2 PCH 2 CH 2 PPh 2 ), (η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )TaMe 4 , and (η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Ta(CH 2 Ph) 2 (CHPh) is described. NMR studies of the bis(1,2-diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) adduct show exchange of free and ligated dppe, possibly via dissociation of the ligand from a monodentate compound.
Asymptotic approximations to one-dimensional problems of quasistatic thermoelastic contact

We compare solutions to coupled and uncoupled versions of three one-dimensional problems of quasistatic thermoelastic contact which model, respectively, the mechanical behaviour of one rod, of two rods and of a cylinder. We show that if a is a nondimensional parameter which is proportional to the coefficient of thermal expansion, then the difference between the temperatures is of order O(a) when the heat exchange is modeled by a coefficient k that depends on the gap size and the contact stress. The difference is O(a^2) when k is constant. The differences in the corresponding displacements are O(a^2) and O(a^3), respectively. These results lend support to the usual practice in thermoelastic problems of neglecting the term corresponding to the work of internal forces in the heat equation.
Microtubule Tips Redirect Actin Assembly

In fission yeast, a protein complex that rides on the plus end of growing microtubules regulates establishment of new sites of actin cable assembly, necessary for cell growth, from one to both ends of the rod-shaped cells. Martin et al. describe a direct molecular link between the microtubule tip complex and the formin for3p, the nucleator for assembly of actin cables, which is necessary for this regulatory switch.
Copper lowering therapy with tetrathiomolybdate produces antiangiogenic, anticancer, antifibrotic, and antiinflammatory effects

Abstract Tetrathiomolybdate (TM) has been developed to fill an important niche in the initial treatment of Wilson’s disease. TM is a potent, fast-acting, non-toxic anticopper agent. Copper appears to be required for activity of many angiogenic factors, which has led to the trial of TM as an antiangiogenic, anticancer drug. Positive results have been obtained in several animal tumor models, and results are encouraging in early clinical work. TM may be a more global antiangiogenic agent than most agents being developed because many angiogenic factors seem to be copper dependent in some manner. The main toxicity of TM is overtreatment bone marrow suppression. Most recently, TM has been shown to inhibit important profibrotic and proinflammatory cytokines, and preclinical status of TM therapy has been positive in lung and liver models of inflammation and fibrosis.
An analysis of the structure of justification of ethical decisions in medical intervention.

The most important distinction in value theory is the subjective-objective distinction which determines the epistemological status of value judgments about medical intervention. Ethical decisions in medical intervention presuppose one of three structures of justification — namely, an inductive approach, a deductive approach which can be either consequentialist or non-consequentialist, and a uniquely ethical approach. Inductivism and deductivism have been discussed extensively in the literature and are only briefly described here. The uniquely ethical approach which presupposes value objectivism is analyzed in detail. This method involves a purely ethical inference which moves from facts to values directly with an emphasis on reason which involves a non-logical justification (as opposed to illogical). It involves the use of natural practical arguments which have an imperative conclusion but no imperative premise and exhibit a value-requiredness between two states of affairs.