cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for unsafe behaviors toward grenades among rural populations affected by explosive devices in Colombia

Following decades of armed conflict, Colombia remains highly affected by explosive device (ED) contamination, especially in rural areas. Many victims are injured by EDs despite knowing their dangers. Determining risk factors for unsafe behaviors toward EDs, including grenades, is critical for preventing injuries. In 2012, CDC assisted Colombian partners in conducting a multi-stage knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey in rural ED-affected areas. Within each of 40 clusters, 28 households were selected, and participants aged 10 years or older were asked about behaviors toward EDs. Participants reported actual behaviors toward past EDs encountered and theoretical behaviors toward EDs not encountered. Behaviors were a priori classified as unsafe or safe. This analysis focuses on behaviors toward the most commonly encountered device, grenades. Of 928 adult and 562 child participants, 488 (52.5%) adults and 249 (43.9%) children encountered ED, while 121 (13.7%) adults and 148 (26.9%) children received mine risk education (MRE). Among the 430 (46.7%) adults who encountered grenades, 113 (25.7%) reported unsafe behaviors; multivariable analysis showed that unsafe behavior was associated with working outdoors (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–2.7). Among the 429 (46.5%) adults who did not encounter ED, 61 (14.6%) described unsafe theoretical behaviors toward grenades; multivariable analysis showed that unsafe behavior was associated with older age (aOR: 1.02, 95% confidence limit [CL]: 1.00–1.05) and black or Afro-Colombian identity (aOR: 2.5, 95% CI 1.3–5.1). Among the 181 (32.0%) children who encountered grenades, 41 (23.8%) reported unsafe behaviors, while among the 311 (55.9%) children who did not encounter ED, 30 (10.2%) reported unsafe behavior. In both groups of children, multivariable analysis showed that unsafe behavior was associated with lower mean score on knowledge of ED, with aOR: 0.7, 95% CL: 0.6–0.9, and aOR: 0.8, 95% CL: 0.6–0.98, respectively. Participants reported frequent ED exposure but low receipt of MRE. Our findings should guide MRE improvement in ED-affected areas by strengthening the connection between ED knowledge and avoiding unsafe behavior, with a particular focus on people working outdoors. MRE should promote knowledge of ED risks but should also recognize socioeconomic factors that lead to engaging in unsafe behaviors.
Not Just Any Land: A Personal and Literary Journey into the American Grasslands

Review of: "Not Just Any Land: A Personal and Literary Journey into the American Grasslands," by John Price.
Clinical trajectory modeling to predict hospitalization or death after palliative chemotherapy.

6509Background: Hospitalization or death within 30 days of palliative-intent chemotherapy for metastatic cancer represent undesirable outcomes. An automated framework for predicting the risk of hos...
Show me the models.

The Kipoi repository provides a home for trained machine-learning models that facilitates their sharing and reuse.
Influence of gizzard shad on phytoplankton size and primary productivity in mesocosms and earthen ponds in the southeastern U.S.

Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), a filter feeding omnivore, can consume phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus and is a common prey fish in U.S. water bodies. Because of their feeding habits and abundance, shad have the potential to affect primary productivity (and hence water quality) directly through phytoplankton grazing and indirectly through zooplankton grazing and nutrient recycling. To test the ability of shad to influence primary productivity, we conducted a 16-day enclosure study (in 2.36-m3 mesocosms) and a 3-year whole-pond manipulation in 2–5 ha earthen ponds. In the mesocosm experiment, shad reduced zooplankton density and indirectly enhanced chlorophyll a concentration, primary productivity, and photosynthetic efficiency (assimilation number). While shad did not affect total phytoplankton density in the mesocosms, the density of large phytoplankton was directly reduced with shad. Results from the pond study were not consistent as predicted. There were few changes in the zooplankton and phytoplankton communities in ponds with versus ponds without gizzard shad. One apparent difference from systems in which previous work had been conducted was the presence of high densities of a potential competitor (i.e., larval bluegill) in our ponds. We suggest that the presence of these extremely high larval bluegill densities (20–350 larval bluegill m−3; 3–700 times higher density than that of larval gizzard shad) led to the lack of differences between ponds with versus ponds without gizzard shad. That is, the influence of gizzard shad on zooplankton or phytoplankton was less than the influence of abundant bluegill larvae. Differences in systems across regions must be incorporated into our understanding of factors affecting trophic interactions in aquatic systems if we are to be able to manage these systems for both water quality and fisheries.
Musculoskeletal simulation framework for impairment-based exoskeletal assistance post-stroke

Assistive technology for the lower extremities has shown great promise towards improving gait function in people following neuromuscular injuries. However, our previous work assisting knee flexion torque in post-stroke Stiff-Knee gait found that augmenting strength can induce secondary complications such as spasticity due to stretching of the rectus femoris. In this work we explore whether we could have obtained improved knee flexion but avoided a spastic response by simulating combinations of hip and knee flexion torques using musculoskeletal modeling and simulation. We explore previously collected data on a case-by-case basis to determine individual-specific quadriceps reflex thresholds based on estimated rectus femoris muscle fiber stretch velocities. We then implemented a forward simulation framework to identify the subject-specific hip-knee assistance prescription to improve knee range of motion without initiating a spastic response. The obtained subject-specific assistive prescription informs the development of new gait assistance strategies for post-stroke gait and could be extended to other neuromuscular gait impairments.
MALT1 proteolytic activity is necessary for FcɛRI-mediated cytokine production in mast cells

IgE mediated mast cell activation triggered by multivalent antigen crosslinking of FcɛRI receptors leads to the release of a wide range of inflammatory mediators. Recent studies revealed that B cell lymphoma 10 (Bcl10) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (MALT1) are required for IgE-induced nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-induced proinflammatory cytokine production, while dispensible for mast cell degranulation and leukotriene synthesis. MALT1, a cytoplasmic signaling protein, possesses at least two functions: scaffolding activity and proteolytic activity. The contribution of MALT1 proteolytic activity to mast cell function has not yet been evaluated. We hypothesize that MALT1 proteolytic activity is necessary for FcɛRI-dependent proinflammatory cytokine production. In order to test our hypothesis, we compared the activation of bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMC) from wild type mice, MALT1 knockout mice (MALT1 −/− ), and mice harboring a mutant, proteolytically inactive MALT1 (MALT1 PD/PD ). We find MALT1 protease is active in wild-type BMMCs as evidenced by RelB cleavage, and is absent, as expected, in MALT1 −/− and MALT1 PD/PD BMMCs. Cytokine gene expression and production in response to IgE mediated FcɛRI crosslinking is equivalently abrogated in both MALT1 −/− and MALT1 PD/PD BMMCs as compared to wild type. These findings suggest that the contribution of MALT1 to IgE mediated responses can be largely attributed to its protease activity. The MALT1 protease has been shown to be drugable, and pharmaceutically targeting the MALT1 protease activity may represent a promising approach to abrogating late phase pathologic mast cell activation.
Oral feedback I. Variability of the effect of nerve-block anesthesia upon speech

Abstract: The effects of bilateral mandibular nerve blocks on speech were judged by a group of listeners and by two transcribers. Seven adult male speakers repeated under normal and nerve-block conditions 66 sentences heavily weighted with consonant clusters known from pilot studies to be vulnerable to nerve-block distortion. Although all subjects reported loss of sensation, the effects on speech as judged by listeners varied widely from completely unaffected to markedly affected. Employing narrow phonetic transcription, distortions as a function of the nerve block were noted in 23% of the speech elements transcribed. The most prominent distortions occurred in /s/ clusters. The elements most likely to be affected are similar to those reported by other authors using a more extensive series of blocks.
Assessing James W. Carey's Culture of Journalism Criticism Four Decades Later: A Case Study of the New York Times Profile of a White Nationalist

In 1974, the media and cultural studies scholar James W. Carey called for the development of a culture of press criticism, engaging with daily journalism at the same level of analysis of language t...
The “Plastotype Problem” in Ichnological Taxonomy

When naming ichnotaxa based on uncollectable trace fossils, the holotype is the actual ichnofossil in the outcrop, though some ichnologists identify the holotype as a replica (cast) held in a museu...
La craniectomía descompresiva como tratamiento del traumatismo encéfalo-craneano: Una visión actualizada

Intracranial hypertension is an important indicator of poor outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Although decompressive craniectomy has proven to be a highly effective therapy to decrease intracraneal pressure, its role in TBI management is controversial. The expected benefits of decompressive craniectomy on the patients neurological outcome have not been supported by the evidence; its impact on the pathophysiological cascade unleashed by the trauma are not well understood and the associated complications are hard to treat. Establishing a recognizable terminology, improving the comprehension of the basic principles, the surgical variations, the known effects and the complications, are essential for a better understanding of its reach and limitations, which may lead to a better use of its therapeutic potential.
Hydrologic effects on rangeland degradation and restoration processes

Hydrologic attributes which influence ecosystem structure and function include infiltration rate, soil moisture storage capability, precipitation characteristics and rain use efficiency. The degree to which these hydrologic attributes are affected by land use determines the impact of the land use on the ecosystem. Simply removing the initial cause of degradation may not restore the site’s production potential, and may not even break the pattern of decline if a self-sustaining cycle of deterioration has developed. Reasons why severely disturbed landscapes may not recover production potential include loss of species, altered species interactions, physical degradation of hydrologic characteristics or nutrient depletion. The economic realities associated with rangeland ecosystem management restrict implementation of widespread restoration strategies requiring intensive management. Therefore both ecological and economic challenges must be solved if restoration is to proceed. A watershed is a natural scale of resolution which provides a logical context for addressing the ecological and economic challenges of restoration. The drainage patterns of a watershed form the framework of energy and nutrient flow that must be understood to address the ecological considerations of management strategies. These flow patterns also provide the context for a more complete (and more favorable) socioeconomic accounting of the serial benefits and costs of investments in rangeland management.
Use studies and serials rationalization: a review

As academic librarians are confronted by financial constraints and the need for accountabilitv, it is incumbent upon them to demonstrate their professionalism in the management of their serials collections. In those institutions that are not heavily research- oriented, the objective should be the development of a usercentered collection that is based on demonstrated use and need and for which rational management decisions are made before crises arise. At the same time, however, attention must be paid to the local politics of the situation, namely, faculty opinion.
The analysis of service provider-user coordination for resource allocation in cloud computing

Resource allocation in cloud computing is an optimization problem that determines the allocation of computer and network resources of service providers to requested services of users for meeting user service requirements. A distributed cloud computing environment for IT services requires resource allocation in a decentralized manner through the coordination of service providers and service users. Achieving the optimal solution of service planning through the decentralized service provider-user coordination remains as a challenge. This paper looks into elements of service provider-user coordination first in the formulation of the resource allocation problem in a centralized manner and then in the formulation of the problem in a decentralized manner for various problem cases. By examining differences between the centralized, optimal solutions and the decentralized solutions for those problem cases, the analysis of how the decentralized service provider-user coordination breaks down the optimal solutions is performed. Based on this analysis, strategies of decentralized service provider-user coordination are developed.
Fast image segmentation for some machine vision applications

This paper describes the use of an image contrast measure for producing binary segmentations of images in a certain class of applications. This method is well-suited for fast pipeline implementations, because the contrast measure uses only two local features in the image. To eliminate segmentation noise, we post-process the segmentations using binary morphological operations. This method has been applied to three different microelectronics inspection problems, with consistently good results, and experimental results from each of these applications are presented here. Also, we discuss this technique in terms of the theory of polynomial classifiers.
Multisensor data integration in the NASA/Stanford gravity probe B relativity mission

Gravity Probe B (GP-B) is a gravitational experiment designed to measure two predicted by General Theory of Relativity precessions of a free-falling gyroscope placed in a polar orbit around the Earth. The frame-dragging effect (drift perpendicular to the orbital plane) has never been directly measured before, while the geodetic effect (drift in the orbital plane) will be measured with an unprecedented accuracy. GP-B Relativity Mission is an example of a system with multisensor data integration: it requires the optimal processing of information coming from at least nine physical sources (four science gyroscopes, the science telescope, the attitude control system of the spacecraft on-board GPS receivers, NASA/JPL Earth ephemerides, and the astronomical data on the proper motion of the reference star). This paper presents the structure of the GP-B data integration and the core filtering approach to the state-vector estimation. Two-step nonlinear filter (that may be applied for different problems with nonlinear measurements) is discussed and the specifics of its implementation for the GP-B data analysis is presented.
Measuring core loss at high densities

Modern electrical machines employ flux densities in excess of those previously measurable by routine methods. The refined method now available for densities up to 20,000 gausses therefore is recommended for adoption as standard.
In situ investigation of M/CuO interface (M is Ti, V, Cr or Mn) by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

The technique of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to investigate the chemical reactivity at the metal/CuO interfaces. Thin films of the metallic overlayer (0.5 nm, 1.0 nm and 2.0 nm thickness) were deposited on copper oxide substrates at room temperature. In situ characterization of the interfaces has been performed. The 2p core level regions of the metals have been investigated. The spectral features show considerable reactivity at the interfaces. The core level peaks of the metal are observed to be shifted to the high BE energy side with the appearance of satellites. The spectral data confirm the formation of the metallic oxide at the interface. The satellite structure in the copper region is observed to disappear and the spectral features are found to approach those of elemental copper. The room temperature deposition of the metal on copper oxide therefore results in the reduction of copper oxide to elemental copper followed by the oxidation of the metal. The interface is found to consist of a mixture of metal oxide and elemental copper. The 2.0 nm samples were annealed. These samples show the diffusion of copper oxide through the overlayer. The metal reacts with this diffusing oxide to form metallic oxide. The interface is found to consist of a mixture of unreacted metal, the metal oxide, and elemental copper. The amount of the unreacted metal varied between 0% and 40% and can be controlled by the processing conditions. The investigation shows room temperature chemical reactivity at the metal/CuO interface and provides a new method of preparing sub-nano-oxide films.
Failing the public health--rofecoxib, Merck, and the FDA.

On May 21, 1999, Merck was granted approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market rofecoxib (Vioxx). On September 30, 2004, after more than 80 million patients had taken this medicine and annual sales had topped $2.5 billion, the company withdrew the drug because of an excess risk of myocardial infarctions and strokes. This represents the largest prescription-drug withdrawal in history, but had the many warning signs along the way been heeded, such a debacle could have been prevented. Neither of the two major forces in this five-and-a-half-year affair — neither Merck nor the FDA — fulfilled its . . .
Reducing mortality associated with immediate treatment complications of adult leukemias

Analysis of data from 806 patients with newly diagnosed adult acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) (not including acute promyelocytic leukemia [APL] patients) treated at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1995 through 1999 indicated that among patients entering a particular week of induction therapy, mortality rates were 6%, 8%, 6%, 9%, and 6% during weeks 1 to 2, 3 to 4, 5 to 6, 7 to 8, and 9 to 10, respectively. Because the mortality rate was not higher in the period immediately after treatment began, a definition of the period covered by the term "immediate" is somewhat arbitrary rather than "biologic," as might be the case if the early weeks were distinguished by a particularly high mortality rate. M.D. Anderson researchers have focused on the treatment complications and deaths occurring in the first 4 weeks after the beginning of induction therapy. In the first week, infection contributed to 71% of the deaths and pulmonary hemorrhage associated with diffuse alveolar damage contributed to 44%; the incidence of infection rose while the incidence of hemorrhage decreased during weeks 2 to 4. The associations between 4-week mortality rates with age, performance status, and white blood cell (WBC) count are well known. Study data suggest that elevated pretreatment levels of uric acid and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels are similarly associated with 4-week mortality. The prognostic significance of hyperuricemia appears independent of WBC, creatinine, and TNF-alpha. M.D. Anderson investigators have studied the roles of pheresis, TNF-alpha receptor-blocking agents, continuous venovenous dialysis, and newer antifungal agents in reducing early mortality. In particular, data from a retrospective M.D. Anderson analysis of pheresis (146 patients with WBC > 50,000 +/- microL) suggest that the value of this procedure is questionable. Preliminary data also point to the potential value of the TNF-alpha alpha receptor blocker etanercept (Enbrel, Immunex Corp, Seattle, WA) in patients at high risk of early death. Data from a randomized M.D. Anderson trial suggest that oral fluconazole plus itraconazole capsules are equivalent to liposomal amphotericin in antifungal prophylaxis. Because neither alternative appears satisfactory, researchers at M.D. Anderson are examining the role of intravenous itraconazole, which produces higher concentrations than itraconazole capsules in prophylaxis, and the role of FK 463 in treatment of fungal infections.
Superheating around diamonds in the directly heated high-pressure-high-temperature diamond growth cell

Abstract In high-pressure diamond growth cells directly heated by Joule heating, current crowding will occur around electrically non-conductive particles such as diamond. This current crowding will generate excess Joule heating in the vicinity of these particles. The resulting temperature increase around these obstacles is found to increase as the square of the diameter of the obstacle and as the square of the cell current. Around small diamonds with a radius less than 100 μm, the temperature increase is too small to have any significant effect on the nucleation or growth of these diamonds. For larger obstacles such as gem diamonds, the temperature increase can be appreciable with as much as an 80°C increase around a diamond with a radius of 2 mm. Such superheating can slow or stop diamond growth.
Longitudinal bone marrow evaluations for myelodysplasia in patients with myeloma before and after treatment with lenalidomide.

AbstractLenalidomide (LEN) treatment in multiple myeloma (MM) results in a superior outcome. However, there is concern for increased myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia (MDS/AML) associated with LEN. Thus, bone marrow morphology and cytogenetics studies from 40 patients were evaluated for early signs of MDS prior to therapy, during therapy and at follow-up. Newly diagnosed patients with MM treated with LEN and dexamethasone (LD) alone or followed by autologous stem cell transplant (LD/ASCT), or patients with relapsed/refractory MM treated with LEN, bendamustine and dexamethasone (BLD) were included. One patient developed MDS. Baseline prevalence of mild morphologic myelodysplasia was highest in pretreated patients with MM (BLD, 71%), but was also seen in newly diagnosed patients (LD and LD/ASCT, 17%). The prevalence of myelodysplasia did not increase over time. Thus, this study did not reveal rapidly emerging MDS in 39 of 40 patients with MM treated with LEN. The development of MDS in one pati...
Demand awareness, subject sophistication, and the effectiveness of a verbal “reinforcement”

Summary A cognitive or problem-solving interpretation of verbal conditioning was extended by making explicit the role of demand awareness and cooperation motivation in mediating the behavior. It was found that the word “reinforcement” itself was effective in producing verbal conditioning, and as predicted there was a highly significant difference between subjects who had taken a course in psychology and those who had not Postexperimental measures of contingency awareness, demand awareness and cooperation motivation all correlated with experimental performance That the strongest association was obtained when demand awareness plus cooperation motivation were considered was interpreted as indicating the crucial importance of these variables in mediating so-called verbal conditioning Data were interpreted as questioning the appropriateness of using the concepts of instrumental appetitive conditioning to describe so-called verbal conditioning. The effect seems to be an artifact of subjects cooperating with experimental demand characteristics
Edge-geometry YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x//Au/Nb SNS devices

The fabrication and electrical properties of edge-geometry YBaCuO/Au/Nb weak links are described. Superconductor/normal-metal/superconductor (SNS) devices of this type serve as sensitive probes of the electrical quality of the YBaCuO/Au interface. For device applications, the edge geometry has the advantage of placing the critical N/S device interface on the longer coherence length a-b surface, and it simplifies the fabrication of weak links with submicron dimensions. These structures are fabricated using laser-ablated, in situ, c-axis-oriented YBaCuO thin films, with both oxygen-annealed and unannealed YBaCuO/Au interfaces. The YBaCuO film edges are patterned using ion milling, followed by a low-energy-ion cleaning step and in situ deposition of Au and Nb. Devices with areas in the 10/sup -7/-10/sup -8/-cm/sup 2/ range have been fabricated with R/sub n/A products lower than 10/sup -8/ Omega -cm/sup 2/ and critical current densities up to 3 kA/cm/sup 2/. Josephson coupling is verified by the observation of microwave steps under 10-GHz microwave irradiation. The best results have been obtained with annealed YBaCuO/Au interfaces.
Mechanisms of dioxin formation from the high-temperature pyrolysis of 2-bromophenol.

Brominated hydrocarbons are the most commonly used flame retardants. Materials containing brominated hydrocarbons are frequently disposed in municipal and hazardous waste incinerators as well as being subjected to thermal reaction in accidental fires. This results in the potential for formation of brominated dioxins and other hazardous combustion byproducts. In contrast to chlorinated hydrocarbons, the reactions of brominated hydrocarbons have been studied only minimally. As a model brominated hydrocarbon that may form brominated dioxins, we studied the homogeneous, gas-phase pyrolytic thermal degradation of 2-bromophenol in a 1-cm i.d., fused-silica flow reactor at a concentration of 90 ppm, with a reaction time of 2.0 s, and over a temperature range of 300 to 1000 °C. Observed products included dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD), 1-monobromodibenzo-p-dioxin (1-MBDD), 4-monobromo- dibenzofuran (4-MBDF), dibenzofuran (DF), naphthalene, bromonaphthalene, 2,4- and 2,6-dibromophenol, phenol, bromobenzene, and benzene. Th...
Human RNA transcripts in man-mouse somatic cell hybrids. II. Thermal denaturation studies and Cot analysis.

The present report confirms an earlier finding that human RNA transcripts from a man-mouse somatic cell hybrid that has regularly retained only the human X chromosome can be identified by molecular hybridization on nitrocellulose filters. From thermal denaturation studies it is concluded that molecular hybrids between hybrid cell and human nucleic acids have higher T m's, and thus greater specificity, than those between mouse and human nucleic acids. Additional data, utilizing the kinetics of molecular hybridization in solution (Cot analysis), demonstrate the presence of “few gene copy” DNA sequences in the above-mentioned hybrid cells that are complementary to human (HeLa) HnRNA. Also shown is a fraction of hybrid cell HnRNA that is complementary to “few gene copy” DNA sequences of human DNA. Thus, the experiments reported may represent a specific assay for identifying reiterated and “few gene copy” DNA sequences of the human X chromosome and their complementary RNA. Theoretically this experimental approach may be extended to any chromosome. Some of the short-term and long-term perspectives of these types of studies are discussed.
The synthesis and characterization of polymer-bound diaryliodonium salts and their use in photo and thermally initiated cationic polymerization

A new method for the synthesis of polymer-bound diaryliodonium salts has been developed which facilitates the preparation of these polymeric initiators. The polymer-bound diaryliodonium salts were used in both photo and thermally initiated cationic polymerizations.
The New Paternalism: An Analysis of Power, State Intervention, and Autonomy

“New paternalist” welfare programs are premised on the idea that service users lack certain capacities and require “supervisory” programs to guide them toward self-sufficiency. The author argues th...
A Consideration of Lashley's Theory of the Equipotentiality of Cerebral Action

Resume UNE CONSIDERATION DE LA THEORIE LASHLEY DE L'EQUIPO-TENTIALITE DE L'ACTION CEREBRALE La theorie Lashley de l'equipotentialite de l'action cerebrale n'est pas justifiee par les faits connus concernant le controle sensoriel de l'habitude du labyrinthe. On donne un court resume des experiences ou il s'agit de celle-ci, et on arrive a la conclusion que l'habitude du labyrinthe est essentiellement controlee par une multiplicite de stimuli plutot que par un engramme neural central comme Lashley et Ball inferent sans justification. On appuie sur le fait la theorie Lashley est basee presque exclusivement sur des donnees tirees de l'habitude du labyrinthe et que la theorie ne neussit pas a accorder les resultats donnes par cette habitude avec ceux donnes par l'habitude de discrimination visuelle.
Separate factors produced by the CNS of the snail Helisoma stimulate neurite outgrowth and choline metabolism in cultured neurons.

Neurons from the snail Helisoma require a brain-derived factor(s) for neurite outgrowth in both organ and isolated cell culture. This factor is released from the CNS of Helisoma when brains are incubated in defined medium, producing a conditioned medium (CM). In addition to its growth-promoting activity, CM also enhances total uptake of 3H-choline and the incorporation of 3H-choline into specific metabolites: acetylcholine, phosphorycholine and lipid. This choline metabolism-enhancing factor(s) is distinct and separable from neurite growth-promoting factor: 1. Over 95% of neurite growth-promoting activity can be removed from CM by adsorption to a polylysine surface while there is no loss of choline metabolism-enhancing activity. 2. When central ganglia were treated with anisomycin, a potent inhibitor of molluscan protein synthesis, the choline metabolism-enhancing activity was completely absent from the resulting CM, while the growth promoting activity was reduced by only 35%. These results suggest that the Helisoma CNS produces a variety of trophic factors that are involved in regulating the interaction between neuronal growth and metabolism.
Max Weber's Dissertation

The existing scholarly literature on the work and life of Max Weber has almost nothing to say about Max Weber's dissertation which was part of his first book, The History of Commercial Partnerships...
The Social Context Shaping Bioweapons (Non)proliferation

This article explores the practices behind the creation and transfer of knowledge related to biological weapons (BW) in the former Soviet BW program and their implications for understanding bioweapons proliferation. Using in-depth interviews collected for an ongoing oral history project of the Soviet and U.S. bioweapons programs, this article shows that BW proliferation is a complex issue that involves thus far unrecognized social factors that can shape the production and proliferation of bioweapons knowledge. The article highlights (1) the local and personal character of bioweapons knowledge, specialized skills, and scientific know-how, which cannot be transferred easily from one person to another and from one location to another; (2) the importance of organization and management style in creating certain types of knowledge and skills and allowing or preventing the transfer of those skills to occur within and outside an organization; and (3) the differences that exist among various groups of former Soviet BW facilities in their ability to efficiently transfer bioweapons knowledge and laboratory skills. The article concludes with a discussion on the policy implications of these findings and provides guidance for constructing and implementing a more consistent and rigorous set of targeted nonproliferation interventions to address facility-specific "brain-drain" threats involving former bioweaponeers.
Preventing Violence among Gang-Involved and High-Risk Youth in El Salvador: The Role of School Motivation and Self-Control

El Salvador, as a country of the Northern Triangle, exhibits significantly higher rates of crime and delinquency than the rest of the Latin American countries (World Bank 2011). Mass media portray transnational youth gangs in marginalized communities in Central American nations, such as El Salvador, as one of the main factors responsible for the high levels of violence. Few studies have empirically studied active youth gang members and high-risk youth in these contexts. Among the studies that have accessed active youth gang members, the focus has been on problem behaviors and risk factors analyses; little is known about what variables appear to serve as protective factors for these youth. Based on a cross-sectional sample of high-risk youth and youth gang members (n = 184) between the ages of 13 and 25 living in 10 urban communities in San Salvador, this study used linear regression modeling to analyze protective factors for three outcome variables: aggression, violence, and delinquency. Results reveal th...
A semi-implicit spectral method for the anelastic equations

This paper describes the efficient and accurate solution of the two-dimensional anelastic equations by a Fourier-Chebyshev spectral method. A fourth-order Runge-Kutta method is used for the time integration, with the diffusion terms treated implicitly and all other terms (including the pressure gradient) treated explicitly. The model is free from aliasing and converges quickly once the solution is resolved. Numerical results are given for nonlinear flow generated by an atmospheric density current.
Applied scientometrics: An assessment methodology for developing countries

A United Nations sponsored project is described to formulate a practicable method for assessing the impact of science and technology in the developing countries and to propose further research to improve the development of such indicators. After a discussion of the importance of the project, the aims of science and technology are summarized, followed by the elements that need to be considered in such an assessment procedure, and the structure of the relationships among these elements. The first step in the assessment process is to make a map of the part of the system to be assessed. The types of indicators that can be used are then listed, and it is suggested that the status of these indicators is weak, especially with respect to their applicability to developing countries. It is proposed that a small number of specific pilot projects be undertaken to test the general ideas contained in the discussion and to experiment with novel kinds of indicators.
Unusual role of solvents in the syntheses of {Fe-NO}6,7 nitrosyls derived from a ligand with carboxamido nitrogen and thiolato sulfur donors.

Reaction of excess NO with the S = 3/2 Fe(lll) complex (Et 4 N) 2 -[Fe(PhPepS)(CI)] (1) in protic solvents such as MeOH affords the {Fe-NO} 7 nitrosyl (Et4N)2[Fe(PhPepS)(NO)] (2). This distorted square-pyramidal S = ½ complex, a product of reductive nitrosylation, is the first example of an {Fe-NO} 7 nitrosyl with carboxamido-N and thiolato-S coordination. When the same reaction is performed in aprotic solvents such as MeCN and DMF, the product is a dimeric diamagnetic {Fe-NO} 6 complex, (Et 4 N) 2 -[{Fe(PhPepS)(NO)} 2 ] (3). Both electrochemical and chemical oxidation of 2 leads to the formation of 3 via a transient five-coordinate {Fe-NO} 6 intermediate. The oxidation is NO-centered. The ligand frame is not attacked by excess NO in these reactions.
Slip rate, earthquake recurrence, and seismogenic potential of the Rodgers Creek fault zone, northern California: Initial results

Instrumental seismicity defines a seismic gap along the Rodgers Creek fault zone (RCFZ) between Santa Rose and San Pablo Bay. Results of a paleoseismicity study within the gap, using offset channels in late Holocene alluvial deposits as piercing points, indicate a minimum slip rate of 2.1 to 5.8 mm/yr for the past 1,300 years, a preferred range for the maximum recurrence interval of 248 to 679 years, and a surface offset of 2 +0.3, {minus}0.2 m during the most recent event. The RCFZ has produced past M7 earthquakes, and historical seismicity data indicate a minimum elapsed time of 182 years since the most recent earthquake of this size.
Suppression of splenic T lymphocyte proliferation by acute cocaine administration

Abstract We have recently demonstrated that cocaine administration has a limited effect on mitogen-stimulated T lymphocyte proliferation. The present study investigated the effect of cocaine on splenic T cell response to alloantigens. Rats received intraperitoneal injections of cocaine HCl, and splenocytes were isolated either thirty minutes or three hours post-administration. In the thirty minute exposure group, cocaine at 10.0 and 25.0 mg/Kg/B.Wt. suppressed (p
Geometric structure-preserving optimal control of a rigid body

In this paper, we study a discrete variational optimal control problem for a rigid body. The cost to be minimized is the external torque applied to move the rigid body from an initial condition to a pre-specified terminal condition. Instead of discretizing the equations of motion, we use the discrete equations obtained from the discrete Lagrange---d'Alembert principle, a process that better approximates the equations of motion. Within the discrete-time setting, these two approaches are not equivalent in general. The kinematics are discretized using a natural Lie-algebraic formulation that guarantees that the flow remains on the Lie group SO(3) and its algebra $\mathfrak{s}\mathfrak{o}(3)$ . We use the Lagrange method for constrained problems in the calculus of variations to derive the discrete-time necessary conditions. We give a numerical example for a three-dimensional rigid body maneuver.
Inferences about the origin of a field cricket hybrid zone from a mitochondrial DNA phylogeny

Inferences about the origin of a field cricket hybrid zone from a mitochondrial DNA phylogeny
Discrimination of American Cranberry Cultivars and Assessment of Clonal Heterogeneity Using Microsatellite Markers

Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) are an economically important fruit crop derived from a North American native species. We report the application of 12 simple sequence repeats (SSR) or microsatellite markers to assess the genetic diversity of cranberry cultivars. We studied 164samplesof21differentcranberry cultivars,11 experimen- tal hybrids, and 6 representative accessions of wild species. Genetic cluster analysis, based on 117 SSR alleles, differenti- ated the major cranberry cultivars. However, some cranberry cultivar subclone variants and mislabeled samples were ob- served. Consensus genetic profiles identified the most likely clonal representatives of several important cranberry cultivars (e.g., "Ben Lear, "" Howes," and "Stevens"). The markers werefurther usedtoconfirm putativeparentsofseveral hybrid progenies. The long-term goal of our studies is to identify, preserve, and utilize unique genetic materials to breed im- proved cranberries. Attaining this goal will help growers maintain sustainability under changing economic and envi- ronmental conditions.
WE‐C‐214‐08: Benefit of an Industrial Engineering Tool (Statistical Process Control) in Radiation Oncology: Clinical Experience

Purpose: 1. Develop a tool for data collection, retrieval, visualization, real‐time feedback and advanced statistical analysis of IMRT QA process. 2. Evaluate the need for site‐specific tolerances for IMRT QA. 3. Timely identify systematic drifts in the IMRT QA measurements. Methods: Statistical process control (SPC) is a statistical tool that can be used to study process variations and evaluate process capability. This tool is applicable to IMRT QA processes. There are two causes of variation present in a process — common cause, which is the reason for random variation in the process, and special (assignable) cause, which is the reason for identifiable variation in the process. Process capability and control charts (S chart for process variability and EWMA chart to study the process mean) are two of the several tools available to study the process of interest. We use SPC and paperless environment for collection and processing of clinical IMRT QA data to create a tool for improved management of IMRT QA. Results: Automatic data collection, data validation and visualization are facilitated with the help of the developed tool. Data visualization and control charts are used to study the process variation and identify drifts and outliers. Process capability studies identify systematic variations present in the process and evaluate the need for site‐specific tolerances. For instance, process capability studies of the QA results for treatment plans using 6 MV X‐rays revealed a 1.1% variation in calibration and 0.5% variation in beam model and MLC leaf model. Conclusion: We have built a tool that collects data, analyzes them, plots S chart for process variability and EWMA charts. Process capability studies show that using a global tolerance for all different sites is not sufficient. Hence, we propose the use of 2 standard deviations for a 95% confidence level in the IMRT QA measurements.
Formation of Ureilites by Impact‐Melting of Carbonaceous Chondritic Material

Ureilites are modeled as impact-melt products of CV-chondrite-like material. This model is consistent with the brecciated nature and cumulate textures of ureilites, O-isotopic constraints (which indicate ureilite derivation from an isotopically heterogeneous body like the CV-chondrite parent), the high abundance of planetary-type noble gases, and the relatively high concentrations of siderophile and chalcophile elements (indicating incomplete separation of metal-sulfide from silicate). Each ureilite may have been derived from a separate cratering event.
Evaluation of second generation DUV resists for advanced microprocessors

Abstract DUV lithography is being implemented in factories as fast as equipment makers can produce tools. The obstacles to implementation of DUV resists have been well characterized and their solutions are readily available for all to use. The most widely used resist to date has been APEX-E, developed by IBM nearly a decade ago. It is reaching its useful limit in state-of-the art processing, as are the other resists based on this technology. The second generation resists promise greater environmental stability, better exposure latitude, higher etch resistance and less substrate interaction. These advances are necessary to enhance the process windows and manufacturability as we move to smaller geometries. In addition they will allow the updating of older DUV processes to potentially reduce variation and increase yield. In this paper we will discuss the results of our work with several second generation resists, and their ability to meet process requirements for both imaging and pattern transfer, for the critical DUV lithography levels. We will also discuss the importance of shifting exposure wavelength to enhance yield and process latitude.
Constructing Policy Networks: Social Assistance Reform in the Czech Republic

Abstract Czech social insurance and family transfers experienced fundamental reform in 1995 but Czech social assistance benefits still lack comprehensive change. This article explains the delay in Czech social assistance reform by appling policy network studies in a postcommunist context. Although few organizations perticipate in the Czech social assistance policy network, they are divided: they lack the common interests and exchangable resources necessary to create dialogue and compromise. The organizations of disabled citizens are the only interest group active in the policy network, with the operators of state social care institutions their primary opponents. In the late 1990s, this already fragmented issue network suffered further division when the EU entered as a powerful network actor with another set of policy goals. Until the policy network structure facilitates more dialogue and consensus‐building, hopes for comprehensive social assistance reform will linger unfulfilled.
Prevalence of sleep disturbance and its relationship to pain in adults with chronic pain

The study examined the prevalence and relationship between sleep disturbance and chronic pain. Research questions were: (1) What is the prevalence of sleep disturbance in adults with chronic pain, and how does this prevalence compare with healthy and insomniac adults? (2) What is the relationship between sleep disturbance and chronic pain? (3) What is the relationship of patient characteristics to sleep? This descriptive, correlational field study was done at an interdisciplinary pain clinic, sampling 99 adults, and using an 11-point pain scale and a visual analog sleep scale. For every disturbance item, more than 47% of subjects reported a score of 50 or higher, twice as high as those for healthy adults, indicating disrupted sleep. For every effectiveness item, more than 54% of subjects reported a score of 50 or less, significantly lower than for healthy adults, indicating poor sleep quality. For every supplementation item, more than 60% reported mean scores of 10 or less, indicating minimal napping, yet scores were higher than for healthy adults. For all three scales, scores were similar to the mean scores for insomniacs. Soundness of sleep showed a small but significant positive (r <.30) correlation with years of pain. Supplementation scale items were not correlated with either years of pain or pain intensity. Fragmentation was significant on the basis of gender, with men having higher scores than women. Age was a negative predictor of sleep latency. Education and age were negative predictors of the quality of sleep.
Strong electric fields above an ordinary rain cloud

ON September 6, 1968, in the course of a balloon flight designed to test our theory1 that magnetospheric electric fields could be measured at balloon altitudes, we observed electric fields much larger than any we have ever observed in fair weather and which we usually attribute to thunderstorms, during the time that a rainstorm occurred under the instrumentation; however, various observations show that no lightning was being generated within any reasonable distance from our observations.
A proper orthogonal decomposition approach to microstructure model reduction in Rodrigues space with applications to optimal control of microstructure-sensitive properties

A novel reduced-order modeling approach to represent crystallographic texture in polycrystals is presented. This method involves generation of a reduced orthogonal basis for representing polycrystal texture in Rodrigues space. The reduced basis is generated from the textures obtained from different deformation modes (shear, uniaxial tension, etc.) using proper orthogonal decomposition and the method of snapshots. This model reduction can account for all essential information needed to describe the microstructure and leads to tremendous savings in computational time. Based on the above method a multiscale model for microstructure evolution during deformation is proposed driven by the macroscale velocity gradient. A continuum sensitivity-based gradient optimization framework is introduced in the above model for control of microstructure-sensitive material properties. Emphasis is given to relevant design problems that demonstrate the effectiveness of the above method for optimal control of texture-dependent material properties during deformation such as the magnetic hysteresis losses, the yield stress and the Lankford parameter R.