cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New bioregulators of gibberellin biosynthesis in Gibberella fujikuroi

Abstract A number of new inhibitors of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis in Gibberella fujikuroi are reported, including secondary, tertiary and quaternary amines. Octyltrimethylammonium iodide and 3-chloropropyltrimethylammonium iodide were equally as effective as 2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride (CCC). At least two of the other inhibitors reported, diethyloctylamine hydrochloride and octyltriethylammonium iodide, showed a different pattern of accumulation of GAs and kaurenoic acids than did CCC.
Neurologic Outcome of Prematurity

Brain injury in the premature infant is an extremely important problem, in part because of the large absolute number of infants affected yearly. The 2 principal brain lesions that underlie the neurological manifestations subsequently observed in premature infants are periventricular hemorrhagic infarction and periventricular leukomalacia. The emphases of this article are the neuropathological features, pathogenesis, and potential means of prevention of these 2 lesions. Recent work suggests that the ultimate goal, prevention of the lesions, is potentially achievable. Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction may be avoidable by prevention of germinal matrix–intraventricular hemorrhage, and periventricular leukomalacia by detection of impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation, prevention of impaired cerebral blood flow, and interruption of the cascade to oligodendroglial cell death by such agents as free radical scavengers.
Constant treatment technic for inducing antibiotic resistance in streptococci.

Summary1. A new method is described for the production of resistant bacteria by continuous exposure to an antibiotic in a liquid environment. 2. The constant-treatment technic rapidly produces streptomycin-, aureomyein-, or bacitracin-resistant variants of an isolated streptococcus, but fails to produce any significant decrease in streptococcal sensitivity to penicillin. 3. The responses of streptococci to varying degrees of exposure to streptomycin are discussed.
Discrimination of active and inactive sand from remote sensing - Kelso dunes, Mojave Desert, California

Abstract Landsat TM images, field data, and laboratory reflectance spectra were examined for the Kelso dunes, Mojave Desert, California to assess the use of visible and near-infrared (VNIR) remote sensing data to discriminate aeolian sand populations on the basis of spectral brightness. Results show that areas of inactive sand have a larger percentage of dark, fine-grained materials compared to those composed of active sand, ehich contain less dark fines and a higher percentage of quartz sand-size grains. Both areas are spectrally distinct in the VNIR, suggesting that VNIR spectral data can be used to discriminate active and inactive sand populations in the Mojave Desert. Analysis of laboratory spectra was complicated by the presence of magnetite in the active sands, which decreases their laboratory reflectance values to those of inactive sands. For this application, comparison of TM and laboratory spectra suggests that less than 35% vegetation cover does not influence the TM spectra.
Application of turbulence modeling to the integrated hydrodynamic thermal-capillary model of Czochralski crystal growth of silicon

Abstract The integrated hydrodynamic thermal-capillary model (IHTCM) of Czochralski growth for large-diameter silicon crystals is extended to include a k -ϵ model for turbulence in the melt implemented in a form appropriate for capturing the transition to nearly laminar flow near solid boundaries. Calculations are presented for buoyancy-driven flow alone and for the flow driven by a combination of crystal and crucible rotation, buoyancy and surface tension gradients. These results predict the enhancement in the heat and mass transfer seen in experiments with increased crucible rotation rate, which is not predicted by laminar flow simulatons. The computed temperature fields and interface shapes compare well with measurements reported before (Kinney, Bornside, Brown and Kim, J. Crystal Growth 126 (1992) 413). The use of the k -ϵ/IHTCM for optimization of operating conditions is demonstrated by calculations for varying crystal and crucible rotation rates using an objective function that attempts to optimize oxygen concentration in the crystal, to minimize the radial variation of oxygen and to reduce the magnitude of the thermoelastic stress.
Lunar nodal tide and distance to the Moon during the Precambrian

The first direct determination of the lunar distance in the Precambrian is presented. A 23.3 + or - 0.3 yr periodicity preserved in 2500 Myr BP Australian banded iron formation is interpreted as reflecting the climatic influence of the lunar nodal tide, which has been detected with its modern 18.6-yr periodicity in some modern climate records. The lunar distance at 2500 Myr BP would then have been about 52 earth radii. The implied history of precambrian tidal friction is in accord with both the more recent paleontological evidence and the long-term stability of the lunar orbit. The length of the Milankovitch cycles that modulate the ice ages today also evolve with the earth-moon system. Their detection in the Precambrian sedimentary record would then permit an independent determination of the lunar distance.
Fractionation of nucleic acid on benzoylated-naphthoylated DEAE cellulose

Nucleic acids have been fractionated by column chromatography using methylated albumin kieselguhr (Mandell & Hershey, 1960; Sueoka & Cheng, 1962) cellulose CF-11 (Franklin, 1966), agarose (Erikson & Gordon, 1966) and hydroxyapatite (Muench & Berg, 1966). In this communication we describe the fractionation of nucleic acids on columns of benzoylated-naphthoylated DEAE cellulose (Tener, Gilliam, von Tigerstromm, Millward & Wimmer, 1966) (BNC columns) and show that this fractionation is based on the secondary structure of the nucleic acids.
Self-Sensing of Stresses and Strains Through the Dielectrostriction Effect in Composites

Any dielectric material would vary its dielectric properties with deformation. By measuring these variations one could monitor stresses or strains with no mechanical interface with a load-bearing member. This effect, called dielectrostriction, can be formulated as a linear relation between the stress/strain and the dielectric response of a material. A planar capacitor on a rigid substrate is utilized to monitor the dielectrostriction effect. A rosette of such sensors can be located on the surface or embedded in the monitored part. A four-sensor rosette measures principal directions and difference of principal strains. Overall, this sensing technology shows a good potential for Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) and structural health monitoring of composite materials. This work provides theoretical background and experimental study of dielectrostriction response in polycarbonate, polyethylene, acrylic, and carbon nanotube composite materials.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Fluid flow calculations using a multigrid method and an improved discretization scheme

In this study the use of a multigrid method with an improved discretization scheme has been investigated for the solution of the fluid flow equations. The flux-spline scheme has been employed for convection-diffusion in the transport equations. The solution algorithm is based on a coupled solution of the continuity and momentum equations in conjunction with a multigrid method. Two test problems have been considered to assess the performance of the solution procedure. The flux-spline scheme leads to accurate solutions without requiring excessively fine grids. The solution algorithm is shown to be robust and rapidly convergent.
The effect of fungicide seed protectants, seeding rates, and reduced rates of herbicides on no-till soybean.

Abstract A field study was conducted to determine if fungicide seed protectants, reduced rates of a complete preemergence or a complete postemergence herbicide program, and soybean seeding rates affect weed control and yield in a no-till system. Asgrow 3237, Pioneer 9273, and Pioneer 9342 soybean cultivars were planted into corn stubble at Urbana, Illinois in 1995 and 1996. Fungicide seed protectants increased soybean population density and reduced time to canopy closure in 1995, but had no effect in 1996. As seeding rates increased from 34.6 to 54.3 seeds m−2, yields increased, and time to row canopy closure was decreased. In general, adequate weed control and soybean yields were maintained using reduced rates (⩾0.5X) of herbicides. In 1996, the purple seed stain fungus, Cercospora kikuchii, was isolated more often from Pioneer 9273 seed and Asgrow 3237 seed harvested from the no-herbicide, weedy control plots compared to plots treated with herbicides.
Environmental impact on the development of agricultural technology in China: the case of the dike-pond (‘jitang’) system of integrated agriculture-aquaculture in the Zhujiang Delta of China

The development of the environmentally conserving dike-pond system of integrated agriculture and aquaculture in the Zhujiang Delta of south China is traced to illustrate the impact of environmental changes on technological innovations. The technologies of dike building, land reclamation, pond fish culture, and crop cultivation on dikes, which were either independently developed or modified from ideas brought in by migrant farmers from northern China, represented farmers' efforts to adapt to the new characteristics of a changed environment as population pressure increased. The new technologies revealed the farmers' awareness of the need for environmental conservation. However, increased population pressure also necessitated more intensive use of the land, both in the highland and lowland regions, giving rise to inappropriate dike building and premature reclamation activities, which in turn brought about more frequent flooding in the delta region. Careless application of a new technology tended to have harmful effects on the environment. Political conditions in different periods of China's economic development have also caused changes in the dike-pond system which has to maintain high productivity and profitability. Recent advances in dike-pond system technology have focused on crop diversification and animal husbandry to match the three-dimensional characteristics of its ecological components. New agricultural technologies can be successful in China only if they can provide a balance between land use and conservation.
Recombination of Ions and Electrons in a Highly Ionized Hydrogen Plasma

A hydrogenic plasma with an electron density near 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and a temperature between 1 and 3 eV is produced by a powerful transient discharge in a tube of 14-cm diam and 86-cm length. Spectroscopic techniques are used to follow the subsequent decay of both electron density and temperature for about 300 \ensuremath{\mu}sec. A strong uniform axial magnetic field suppresses rapid radial particle losses, but does not appreciably reduce the radial energy transport. The axial transport apparently results merely in the slow growth of relatively thin dense boundary layers at the tube ends. In the interior the ionization is shown to decay primarily by volume recombination, and the rate coefficient agrees well with that calculated by Bates, Kingston, and McWhirter for plasmas that are virtually opaque to the Lyman-line radiation. Evidently, the plasma starts out essentially fully ionized and seems to remain close to local thermal (Saha) equilibrium for 120 \ensuremath{\mu}sec. The inferred energy-loss rate, on the other hand, initially exceeds that expected for kinetic transport by perhaps an order of magnitude, indicating that early in the afterglow radiative transfer may be significant.
Effects of magnetic dipole-dipole interactions in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates with tunable s -wave interactions

The $s$-wave interaction is usually the dominant form of interactions in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). Recently, Feshbach resonances have been employed to reduce the strength of the $s$-wave interaction in many atomic species. This opens the possibilities to study magnetic dipole-dipole interactions (MDDIs) in BECs, where the novel physics resulting from long-range and anisotropic dipolar interactions can be explored. Using a variational method, we study the effect of MDDIs on the statics and dynamics of atomic BECs with tunable $s$-wave interactions for a variety of species, including both nonalkali metals with large magnetic dipole moments (${}^{52}$Cr, ${}^{164}$Dy, ${}^{168}$Er) and alkali metals (with much smaller magnetic dipole moments). A parameter of magnetic Feshbach resonances, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{dd,\text{max}}$, is used to quantitatively indicate the feasibility of experimentally observing MDDI effects in different atomic species. We find that strong MDDI effects should be observable in both in-trap and time-of-flight behaviors, not only for the strongly magnetic dipolar species but also for the alkali-metal BECs of ${}^{7}$Li, ${}^{39}$K, and ${}^{133}$Cs. In addition, we predict several effects which should be experimentally observable. Our results provide a helpful guide for experimentalists to realize and study atomic dipolar quantum gases.
Sanitary sewer overflows associated with non-NPDES entities

The technical, operational, legal-political, and management aspects of sanitary sewer overflows asso- ciated with non-NPDES entities were investigated. The identification of the parameters contributing to sanitary sewer overflows was focused on wet-weather conditions. Such conditions include rainfall-induced infiltration and inflow (RDII), and increased attention was given to infil- tration and inflow (I/I) sources located on private prop- erty. The study also included a reference to historical and current approaches and solutions to private-property I/I, with emphasis on local ordinances, NPDES authority, and equity of corrective actions. Telephone surveys to muni- cipalities and agencies working in the field were performed, to retrieve new information and innovating approaches. Rehabilitation of central collection systems alone can reduce I/I by an average of 30%. Although the concern is essentially legal and political when dealing with private-property owners, a comprehensive rehabili- tation effort extended on private property can reduce I/I by as much as 90%.
The Nominative and Dative-Ablative Plural of Devs and Mevs in Plavtvs

In Hermathena , vol. xiv., pp. 338–359, Professor Charles Exon attempts to prove that the nom. and dat.-abl. pi. of deus were disyllabic in Plautus. The argument upon which he lays most stress is briefly this: Plautus uses iambic words shortened by the law of breves breviantes in the thesis ( i.e. , the accented part of the foot) of iambic and trochaic verse about twice as often as he does in the arsis, whereas the long monosyllable cor occurs in dialogue with equal frequency in both parts of the foot. In this respect the nom. pl. of deus agrees with the shortened iambi, and should therefore, he thinks, be considered one of them.
An expert system for planning/replanning programmable facilities

New requirements for facility planning/replanning in programmable production are presented. A computer aided facility planning (CAFP) methodology is reviewed and revised to satisfy the new requirements by expert system's capabilities, and a prototype of facility planning expert system is specified and illustrated.
Thermal histories of angrite meteorites: Trace element partitioning among silicate minerals in Angra dos Reis, Lewis Cliff 86010, and experimental analogs

We measured rare earth element (REE) abundances in selected silicate phases in the angrites Angra dos Reis (AdoR) and Lewis Cliff (LEW) 86010 in order to further clarify the thermal history of AdoR. We also carried out a preliminary experimental study designed to examine apparent REE partitioning between silicates (fassaite, olivine, kirschsteinite, and melt) in synthetic analogs of angrites under disequilibrium conditions at liquidus temperatures. Silicates in AdoR are homogeneous with respect to major, minor, and trace elements, which is consistent with the interpretation that AdoR underwent extensive subsolidus equilibration. REE distributions in olivine and kirschsteinite in AdoR are similar to those in LEW 86010 and are consistent with the formation of kirschsteinite by exsolution from olivine during cooling and/or annealing. There is no evidence for a disequilibrium trace element signature that could have been inherited from rapid cooling at liquidus temperatures. This is supported by our petrographic observations of the occurrence of kirschsteinite within olivine aggregates in AdoR. Olivine/kirschsteinite pairs in AdoR record closure temperatures around 600-650 °C.
Informed consent and patient decision making: Two decades of research☆

Patient consent to medical treatment has been a subject of concern within the United States professional communities for over two decades. This paper traces the development of research literature on patient decision making and informed consent to medical treatment in three fields of research: medicine, law and the social sciences. A general model for stages in the development of scientific specialties is applied as a test for the development of informed consent as a specialty interest in each research field. Results indicate a relatively advanced stage of development within medicine and law. Research in the social science disciplines tend to lag behind in terms of cumulative number of publications. In addition, social science research which is potentially relevant to the ethical and policy issues of consent in medical treatment appears to lack a clear programmatic thrust, with little attention given to the policy implications of the work. In contrast, the medical and legal literatures indicate a direct concern with social policy and reflect attempts on the part of physicians and lawyers to influence the policy making process.
Performance-Based Assessment: Using Pre-Established Criteria and Continuous Feedback to Enhance a Student's Ability to Perform Practice Tasks

Performance-based assessment is a process in which pre-established performance criteria and continuous feedback are used by both the student and instructor to improve learning with an endpoint of students demonstrating their achievement of learning by performing realistic practice tasks. This manuscript describes the issues limiting widespread use of performance-based assessment, based on findings from the pharmacy, medical, and general education literature, and then proposes a model for how to successfully implement it. Performance-based assessment methods such as direct observation, the Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise, simulations involving standardized patients and computers, projects, presentations, learning portfolios, and the Triple Jump Exam are discussed. Successful implementation of performance-based assessment involves: 1) inculcating a culture for assessment, 2) establishing pre-specified performance criteria, 3) implementing use of the pre-established performance criteria and formative assessment methods to provide continuous feedback during the learning period, 4) using summative performance-based assessment methods, and 5) providing mechanisms for student remediation. Successful inclusion of performance-based assessment in Doctor of Pharmacy curricula should enable instructors to better prepare graduates that can provide pharmaceutical care in a quality manner.
HCl chemical laser from H+Cl2O

Abstract Lasing action has been observed following pulsed electrical discharges in mixtures of H2 and Cl2O. The range of laser output covered approximately 3.6 to 4.0 μm. A chain mechanism is proposed for this system, and lasing action is attributed to H + Cl2 → HCL* + ClO.
A two-step model for development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes

Both insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction occur during the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), but controversy exists about which lesion is primary. Based on longitudinal studies in the Pima Indians, a population with the world's highest reported prevalence of NIDDM, a two-step model for development of the disease is proposed. The first step is transition from normal to impaired glucose tolerance, for which insulin resistance is the main determinant, and the second and later step is worsening from impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes, in which β-cell dysfunction plays a critical role. This hypothesis is consistent with findings from other ethnic groups from many parts of the world.
Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: 2014 update on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.

Disease Overview Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis is a clonal, nonproliferative plasma cell disorder in which fragments of immunoglobulin light chain are deposited in tissues. Clinical features depend on organs involved but can include restrictive cardiomyopathy, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic failure, peripheral/autonomic neuropathy, and atypical multiple myeloma. Diagnosis Tissue biopsy stained with Congo red demonstrating amyloid deposits with applegreen birefringence is required for diagnosis. Invasive organ biopsy is not required because amyloid deposits can be found in bone marrow biopsy or subcutaneous fat aspirate in 85% of patients. Verification that amyloid is composed of immunoglobulin light chains is mandatory. Prognosis N-terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP), serum troponin T, and difference between involved and uninvolved immunoglobulin free light chain values are used to classify patients into four groups of similar size; median survivals are 94.1, 40.3, 14.0, and 5.8 months. Therapy All patients with a systemic amyloid syndrome require therapy to prevent deposition of amyloid in other organs and prevent progressive organ failure of involved sites. Stem cell transplant (SCT) is preferred, but only 20% of patients are eligible. Requirements for safe SCT include systolic blood pressure >90 mmHg, troponin T <0.06 ng mL21, age <70 years, and serum creatinine 1.7 mg dL21. Nontransplant candidates can be offered melphalan-dexamethasone or cyclophosphamide-bortezomib-dexamethasone. Other combinations of chemotherapy with agents such as cyclophosphamide-thalidomide (or lenalidomide)-dexamethasone, bortezomib-dexamethasone, and melphalan-prednisone-lenalidomide have documented activity. Antibodies designed to dissolve existing amyloid deposits are under study for previously treated and untreated patients. Late diagnosis remains a major obstacle to initiating effective therapy. Am. J. Hematol., 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Am. J. Hematol. 91:948–956, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of leucomyosuppressin on the excitation-concentration coupling of insect Leucophaea maderae visceral muscle

Abstract 1. Leucomyosuppressin (LMS) inhibited neurally evoked contractions of the hindgut of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae . The threshold for this inhibition of LMS was in the range of 1 × 10 −10 M. 2. LMS caused a sharp reduction in both l -glutamate and proctolin induced contractions. Dose-response profiles of the effect of LMS (held constant at 10 −8 M) on variable amounts of proctolin showed an inhibitory effect at 10 −9 M proctolin and below, but at 5 × 10 −9 M proctolin and above, LMS caused no inhibition. 3. Potassium (158 mM) depolarized hindguts treated with LMS (10 −8 M) showed a marked reduction (76% ± 2.1) in the proctolin (10 −8 M) response. 4. When calcium depleted preparations were returned to normal calcium levels (2 mM) in the presence of proctolin (10 −8 M) a contraction occurred that was 45% ± 4 of the maximum in normal saline solution. However, LMS (10 −8 M) reduced this response to only 28% ± 2 of the maximum. 5. Proctolin (10 −8 M) induced contractions in the presence of the manganous ions (2mM) fell to 63% ± 4 of the maximum but on the addition of LMS (10 −8 M), such responses fell to only 16% ± 5 of the maximum. 6. These results offer evidence for a non-synaptic site of action for LMS and a perturbation of key calcium dependent events in the excitation-contraction coupling sequence of visceral muscle by this peptide.
Double diffusive instability in a vertical layer of a porous medium

In this work, a linear stability analysis is presented of 2-dimensional perturbations for values of RS > 0. A galerkin method is used to solve the resulting eigenvalue problem for the growth rates. The parameter values R = 0.62, epsilon = 0.38, and H = 260 are assumed. These values correspond to a brine solution saturating a layer filled with glass beads. The results for RS = 0 and RS yields infinity are in complete agreement with those of Gill and Gershuni, et al. It also was found that for RS 7.901 are found to be all stationary.
Factoring the Contribution of Through-Space and Through-Bond Interactions to Rates of Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Donor-Spacer-Acceptor Molecules Using Ultrafast Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

Contributions from through-space and through-bond interactions to the electronic coupling matrix elements for photoinduced charge separation and recombination in linked donor-spacer-acceptor molecules were studied. The molecules consisted of a 4-piperidinyl-naphthalene-1,8-dicarboximide electron donor and a N-(n-octyl)pyromellitimide electron acceptor attached to the 1,5- and 1,8-positions of either anthracene or dibenzobicyclo(2.2.2)octatriene spacers.
Agent-based modeling of public health infrastructure projects in Jalalabad, Afghanistan

Successful counterinsurgency and development in post-war societies require an extraordinarily complex integration of military, political, and socioeconomic operations. In order to combat insurgency and stimulate growth and stabilization in regions of Afghanistan, the International Security Assistance Force has charged the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with developing an optimal portfolio of infrastructure projects. These projects must ultimately satisfy three lines of operation: security, governance, and development. As a proof of concept, a simulation was developed that measures the quantifiable effects of various project portfolios on citizens' health in the context of Jalalabad, Afghanistan. This tool utilizes a combination of agent-based modeling and Geographic Information Systems to measure the effect of health related infrastructure projects on a local scale. After simulating sixteen portfolios of projects, we provide a recommended set of projects for completion by the Army Corps of Engineers in Jalalabad.
Honoring Silence and Valuing Community: Living Leadership in 21st Century Teaching-Learning

Leadership is a very personal concept. The methods implemented by leaders often reflect philosophical beliefs and theoretical underpinnings. This column, while recognizing that leadership styles are indeed personal, proffers living leadership in nursing education through two key leadership attitudes. These attitudes are honoring silence and valuing community. Honoring silence is discussed as recognizing the multiple dimensions of silence, and valuing community is presented in light of the humanbecoming community models change concepts: moving-initiating, anchoring-shifting, and pondering-shaping.
Family‐ and community‐level predictors of parent support seeking

The influences of community- and family-level socio-demographic factors on parent formal and informal support-seeking activities were examined. Data analyzed were collected from 1,260 parents of sixth graders from 26 rural Iowa communities. Hierarchical linear modeling results indicated that both family- and community-level factors were significant predictors of parent support seeking. Findings at the family level indicated that household income, parent gender, and number of children were significantly predictive of informal support seeking; parent education and parent gender were significantly predictive of formal support seeking. In addition, significant community population size effects on informal parent support seeking were found. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Monitoring and evaluation in flour fortification programs: design and implementation considerations

Designing and implementing effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is an integral element of wheat flour fortification programs. This review provides practical guidance for designing a M&E system for a flour fortification program. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Framework for Program Evaluation in Public Health has been adapted to identify key issues in the development of an integrated M&E system. A clear understanding of 1) the stakeholders in flour fortification and their needs, 2) the description and context of the fortification program, 3) the country's wheat flour and flour products market, and 4) the resources available for the M&E component are critical and should be considered early in a program's design.
The effect of Electric Vehicle drive efficiency on bidding Vehicle-to-Grid services

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are gaining acceptance with consumers and manufactures as a viable alternative to petroleum based transportation. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) has been proposed as a way to aid in EV adoption by providing additional financial benefits to consumers and by reducing impacts on the power grid. An important factor in studying EV and V2G system impacts is the efficiency of the electric drive system of the EVs. While EPA efficiencies and ranges are reported, these do not often reflect real world driving efficiencies. In this work the effect of different drive efficiencies on optimal V2G bidding is explored as it relates to the impacts on customers, utilities, and aggregators. Results show that real world driving efficiencies are often lower than the reported EPA values. This increases the V2G capacities as well as the impacts on system peak load. Customer costs per kWh remain largely unaffected.
Relationships between forest stand parameters and Landsat TM spectral responses in the Brazilian Amazon Basin

Estimation of forest stand parameters such as aboveground biomass in a large area using remotely sensed data has considerable significance for sustainable management and utility of natural resources. In practice, selecting suitable image data for such purposes remains difficult due to a poor understanding of forest stand parameters and remote-sensing spectral response relationships, particularly in moist tropical regions. This paper explores relationships between forest stand parameters and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) spectral responses through analyses of three study areas in the eastern Amazon basin (Altamira, Bragantina, and Ponta de Pedras). Six TM bands and many vegetation indices are examined through integration of spectral responses and field vegetation inventory data. Pearson’s correlation coefficients are used to interpret relationships between forest stand parameters and TM data. This study concludes that single band TM5 and linear transformed indices such as PC1 (the first component in a principal component analysis), KT1 (brightness of the tasseled cap transform), and albedo are most strongly correlated with forest stand parameters, somewhat independent of biophysical environments. Many vegetation indices that use TM4 and TM3 data, such as the atmospherically resistant vegetation index, the atmospheric and soil vegetation index, and the normalized difference vegetation index, are weakly correlated with selected forest stand parameters. In contrast, vegetation indices using band TM5 data improve correlations with selected forest stand parameters in Altamira forests that are characterized by a complex stand structure. Forest stand structure and associated canopy shadow affect the forest stand parameters and TM spectral response relationships. This paper provides a better understanding of relationships that have a potential of being important for developing stand parameter estimation models and for improvement of vegetation classification accuracy.
Evolution of the Max and Mlx Networks in Animals

Transcription factors (TFs) are essential for the regulation of gene expression and often form emergent complexes to perform vital roles in cellular processes. In this paper, we focus on the parallel Max and Mlx networks of TFs because of their critical involvement in cell cycle regulation, proliferation, growth, metabolism, and apoptosis. A basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper (bHLHZ) domain mediates the competitive protein dimerization and DNA binding among Max and Mlx network members to form a complex system of cell regulation. To understand the importance of these network interactions, we identified the bHLHZ domain of Max and Mlx network proteins across the animal kingdom and carried out several multivariate statistical analyses. The presence and conservation of Max and Mlx network proteins in animal lineages stemming from the divergence of Metazoa indicate that these networks have ancient and essential functions. Phylogenetic analysis of the bHLHZ domain identified clear relationships among protein families with distinct points of radiation and divergence. Multivariate discriminant analysis further isolated specific amino acid changes within the bHLHZ domain that classify proteins, families, and network configurations. These analyses on Max and Mlx network members provide a model for characterizing the evolution of TFs involved in essential networks.
Proton magnetic resonance spectra of monosubstituted benzoic acids

Abstract The NMR spectra of twenty monosubstituted benzoic acids have been analyzed completely in terms of chemical shifts and coupling constants. There is excellent agreement between experimental and calculated chemical shifts and coupling constants. Chemical shifts of protons meta and para to the substituent are found to correlate with Hammett constants.
Conscience and the Constitution: History, Theory, and Law of the Reconstruction Amendments

At stage center of the American drama, maintains David A. J. Richards, is the attempt to understand the implications of the Reconstruction Amendments--Amendments Thirteen, Fourteen, and Fifteen to the United States Constitution. Richards evaluates previous efforts to interpret the amendments and then proposes his own view: together the amendments embodied a self-conscious rebirth of America's revolutionary, rights-based constitutionalism. Building on an approach to constitutional law developed in his "Toleration and the Constitution" and "Foundations of American Constitutionalism," Richards links history, law, and political theory. In "Conscience and the Constitution," this method leads from an analysis of the Reconstruction Amendments to a broad discussion of the American constitutional system as a whole.Richards's interpretation focuses on the abolitionists and their radical commitment to the "dissenting conscience." In his view, the Reconstruction Amendments expressed not only the constitutional arguments of a particular historical period but also a general political theory developed by the abolitionists, who restructured the American political community in terms of respect for universal human rights. He argues further that the amendments make a claim on our generation to keep faith with the vision of the "founders of 1865." In specific terms he points out what such allegiance would mean in the context of present-day constitutional issues.Originally published in 1993.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Image-based navigation in real environments using panoramas

We present a system for virtual navigation in real environments using image-based panorama rendering. Multiple overlapping images are captured using a Point Grey Ladybug camera and a single cube-aligned panorama image is generated for each capture location. Panorama locations are connected in a graph topology and registered with a 2D map for navigation. A real-time image-based viewer renders individual 360-degree panoramas using graphics hardware acceleration. Real-world navigation is performed by traversing the graph and loading new panorama images. The system contains a user-friendly interface and supports standard input and display or a head-mounted display with an inertial tracking device.
Convergence models for Rosenblatt's perceptron learning algorithm

Presents a stochastic analysis of the steady-state and transient convergence properties of a single-layer perceptron for fast learning (large step-size, input-power product). The training data are modeled using a system identification formulation with zero-mean Gaussian inputs. The perceptron weights are adjusted by a learning algorithm equivalent to Rosenblatt's perceptron convergence procedure. It is shown that the convergence points of the algorithm depend on the step size /spl mu/ and the input signal power (variance) /spl sigma//sub x//sup 2/, and that the algorithm is stable essentially for /spl mu/>0. Two coupled nonlinear recursions are derived that accurately model the transient behavior of the algorithm. The authors also examine how these convergence results are affected by noisy perceptron input vectors. Computer simulations are presented to verify the analytical models. >
Coexistence of covalent and metallic bonding in the boron intercalation superconductor MgB 2

Chemical bonding and electronic structure of ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2},$ a boron-based newly discovered superconductor, is studied using self-consistent band-structure techniques. Analysis of the transformation of the band structure for the hypothetical series of graphite--primitive graphite--primitive graphitelike boron--intercalated boron, shows that the band structure of ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}$ is graphitelike, with \ensuremath{\pi} bands falling deeper than in ordinary graphite. These bands possess a typically delocalized and metallic, as opposed to covalent, character. The in-plane \ensuremath{\sigma} bands retain their two-dimensional (2D) covalent character, but exhibit a metallic hole-type conductivity. The coexistence of 2D covalent in-plane and three-dimensional (3D) metallic-type interlayer conducting bands is a peculiar feature of ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}.$ We analyze the 2D and 3D features of the band structure of ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}$ and related compounds, and their contributions to conductivity.
Derivation of an EM algorithm for constrained and unconstrained multivariate autoregressive state-space (MARSS) models

This report presents an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm for estimation of the maximumlikelihood parameter values of constrained multivariate autoregressive Gaussian state-space (MARSS) models. The MARSS model can be written: x(t)=Bx(t-1)+u+w(t), y(t)=Zx(t)+a+v(t), where w(t) and v(t) are multivariate normal error-terms with variance-covariance matrices Q and R respectively. MARSS models are a class of dynamic linear model and vector autoregressive model state-space model. Shumway and Stoer presented an unconstrained EM algorithm for this class of models in 1982, and a number of researchers have presented EM algorithms for specic types of constrained MARSS models since then. In this report, I present a general EM algorithm for constrained MARSS models, where the constraints are on the elements within the parameter matrices (B,u,Q,Z,a,R). The constraints take the form vec(M)=f+Dm, where M is the parameter matrix, f is a column vector of xed values, D is a matrix of multipliers, and m is the column vector of estimated values. This allows a wide variety of constrained parameter matrix forms. The presentation is for a time-varying MARSS model, where timevariation enters through the xed (meaning not estimated) f(t) and D(t) matrices for each parameter. The algorithm allows missing values in y and partially deterministic systems where 0s appear on the diagonals of Q or R.
Imaging of the Large Airways

Recent advances in multidetector-row CT technology and advances in post-processing techniques have revolutionized the ability to noninvasively image the large airways. This article provides a comprehensive review of imaging of the large airways. Introductory sections covering airway anatomy and CT imaging methods are followed by a review of tracheobronchial stenoses, neoplasms, tracheobronchomalacia, and congenital large airway abnormalities. Throughout, an emphasis is placed upon the complementary role of axial CT images and multiplanar reformation and three-dimensional reconstruction images for noninvasively assessing the large airways.
Monolayer freeze-fracture—a modified procedure

Monolayer freeze-fracture of biological membranes is a valuable tool for integrating membrane morphology with biochemical analysis of membrane components. This correlation has been restricted by the purity of the biochemical sample. In this article, the method is reviewed, and an improved method is described. The essential modification was the use of a polysaccharide-coated microscope slide, instead of a copper plate, to cover cells attached to a polylysine-coated coverslip. It was found that proper freeze-fracture will not occur unless there is a distinct temperature gradient, with its accompanying stresses, across the cell monolayer during the freezing process. This gradient is achieved by using glass slides of different thickness to cover each side of the monolayer. Comparison of the results with those obtained when using a copper-glass system demonstrated a consistently purer sample for the glass-glass system, with whole-cell contamination of the external membrane leaflet being reduced to 0.4%. Problems associated with obtaining pure samples for biochemical analysis are discussed, and the results of freeze-fracture with the glass-glass and glass-copper systems are compared. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of polypeptides associated with the separate halves of the erythrocyte membrane demonstrated that band 3, the anion transport protein, separates with the cytoplasmic face, whereas only sialoglycoproteins and their fragments are retained in the external face. This finding, obtained with the glass-glass system, is consistent with results of our earlier freeze-fracture study that used a copper-glass system which showed that covalent bonds may be broken during this procedure.
Workplace resources for crisis management: implications for public-private sector planning, policy and response to disasters

The interface and cooperation of the public and private sector is essential in disaster planning and response at the federal, state and local level. The resources of private industry and the integration of resources from multiple corporations have been proven necessary for effective community and regional responses to large-scale disasters (natural disasters, terrorism, bioterrorism and the threat of a pandemic). Large corporations often possess sophisticated crisis management capabilities that may exceed the disaster response capacities of the communities in which they are located. Important crisis management resources of large employers that have implications for community planning and response to disasters include the corporation's security and threat assessment, communications, human resources and Employee Assistance Programmes (EAP). Workplace preparedness influences family and community preparedness and impacts population health, safety and resilience. Workplace crisis resources, often forgotten and untapped by public sector planners, need to be considered in the continued development and implementation of disaster planning and response policies.
Thermal analysis of organically modified siloxane melting gels

Hybrid melting gels were prepared by a sol–gel process, starting with a mono-substituted siloxane and a di-substituted siloxane, methyltrimethoxysilane (MTES) together with dimethyldimethoxysilane (DMDES). Five gel compositions were prepared with concentrations between 50% MTES–50% DMDES and 75% MTES–25% DMDES (in mol.%). The consolidation temperature, the treatment temperature after which the melting gel no longer softens, increased from 135 to 160 °C with a decrease in the amount of the mono-substituted siloxane. The glass transition temperature, recorded with differential scanning calorimetry, decreased from −0.3 to −56.7 °C with a decrease in the amount of the mono-substituted siloxane. When a sample was heat treated isothermally for 2 h at the consolidation temperature, the glass transition temperature increased by about 15°, indicating further crosslinking of the siloxane network.
Sensing from the basement: a feasibility study of unobtrusive and low-cost home activity recognition

The home deployment of sensor-based systems offers many opportunities, particularly in the area of using sensor-based systems to support aging in place by monitoring an elder's activities of daily living. But existing approaches to home activity recognition are typically expensive, difficult to install, or intrude into the living space. This paper considers the feasibility of a new approach that "reaches into the home" via the existing infrastructure. Specifically, we deploy a small number of low-cost sensors at critical locations in a home's water distribution infrastructure. Based on water usage patterns, we can then infer activities in the home. To examine the feasibility of this approach, we deployed real sensors into a real home for six weeks. Among other findings, we show that a model built on microphone-based sensors that are placed away from systematic noise sources can identify 100% of clothes washer usage, 95% of dishwasher usage, 94% of showers, 88% of toilet flushes, 73% of bathroom sink activity lasting ten seconds or longer, and 81% of kitchen sink activity lasting ten seconds or longer. While there are clear limits to what activities can be detected when analyzing water usage, our new approach represents a sweet spot in the tradeoff between what information is collected at what cost.
Autosomal P[ovoD1] Dominant Female-Sterile Insertions in Drosophila and Their Use in Generating Germ-Line Chimeras

The 'dominant female-sterile' technique used to generate germ-line mosaics in Drosophila is a powerful tool to determine the tissue specificity (germ line versus somatic) of recessive female-sterile mutations as well as to analyze the maternal effect of recessive zygotic lethal mutations. This technique requires the availability of germ-line-dependent, dominant female-sterile (DFS) mutations that block egg laying but do not affect viability. To date only one X-linked mutation, ovoD1 has been isolated that completely fulfills these criteria. Thus the 'DFS technique' has been largely limited to the X-chromosome. To extend this technique to the autosomes, we have cloned the ovoD1 mutation into a P-element vector and recovered fully expressed P[ovoD1] insertions on each autosomal arm. We describe the generation of these P[ovoD1] strains as well as demonstrate their use in generating germ-line chimeras. Specifically, we show that the Gap1 gene, which encodes a Drosophila homologue of mammalian GTPase-activating protein, is required in somatic follicle cells for embryonic dorsoventral polarity determination.
On Three Alleged Theories of Rational Behavior

What behavior is rational? It's rational to act ethically, some think. Others endorse instrumentalism – it is rational to pursue one's goals. Still others say that acting rationally always involves promoting one's self-interest. Many philosophers have given each of these answers. But these answers don't really conflict; they aren't vying to describe some shared concept or to solve some mutually acknowledged problem. In so far as this is debated, it is a pseudo-debate. The different uses of ‘rational action’ differ merely in meaning. I shall defend the following claims: ‘rational behavior’ is used in ethical, prudential, and instrumental ways (section I); these uses of ‘rational behavior’ are distinct (section II); they do not represent competing theories of rational behavior (section III); we should stop using ‘rational behavior’ ethically and prudentially, but we may continue its instrumental use (section IV).