cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Size Distribution and Anisotropy Effects on the Switching Field Distribution of Co/Pd Multilayered Nanostructure Arrays

We use ion beam proximity lithography (IBPL) to produce 4 mm times 4 mm arrays of 220-nm dots in perpendicularly oriented Co/Pd multilayered media. A novel technique of overlapping neighbors is used with IBPL to generate samples with controllable size distribution sigmaD of the nanoarrays. The switching field distribution sigmaHcr/HCr is measured for each sample before and after irradiation, and a linear relationship is experimentally found between sigmaHcr/HCr and sigmaD. Empirical calculations support our determination that self-demagnetization fields are responsible for a portion of the switching field distribution. Using the zero intercept of the experimental data, we find the inherent anisotropy distribution in the Co/Pd samples is on the order of 10%. We further irradiate the samples with He+ ions to alter the anisotropy and better understand the role of shape anisotropy. As interface anisotropy is reduced in the Co/Pd bit-patterned medium (BPM) samples, shape anisotropy has a much greater contribution on the switching field distribution of the BPM samples.
Automated Interplanetary Trajectory Planning

Many space mission planning problems may be formulated as hybrid optimal control problems (HOCP), i.e. problems that include both real-valued variables and categorical variables. In interplanetary trajectory design problems the categorical variables will typically specify the sequence of planets at which to perform ybys, and the real-valued
The Case of John L. Brown: Sex, Slavery, and the Trials of a Transatlantic Abolitionist Campaign

Abstract Nineteenth-century abolitionists viewed their transatlantic activism as a simple strategy in which the circulation of facts about slavery in Great Britain could place effective pressure on slaveholders in the United States. But the 1844 case of John L. Brown, a South Carolina man sentenced to death for helping a runaway slave to escape, reveals that transatlantic abolitionist campaigns could still be hampered by lag times in communication, by the difficulty of confirming reports from the South, and, most of all, by damaging rumors about interracial sex spread by anti-abolitionist opponents. This article uses the Brown case, which prompted important changes in the strategies of proslavery southerners, to suggest the importance of studying not only those transatlantic abolitionist campaigns that succeeded but also those that produced outcomes other than those intended by abolitionists themselves.
In vivo distribution of a carcinogenic hepatic peroxisome proliferator: whole-body autoradiography of [14C]ciprofibrate in the mouse.

The distribution of radiolabel in male mice was studied by whole-body autoradiography at intervals after oral administration of [14C]ciprofibrate, a carcinogenic hepatic peroxisome proliferator. Radioactivity was rapidly taken up by the liver and to a lesser extent by the brown fat within 9 h after oral dosing of ciprofibrate. The radioactivity levels in blood, interstitial fluid and fat decreased during the first 3 days after dosing, but the liver remained densely labeled. Between 3 and 27 days after dosing, liver exhibited a stippled pattern as a result of heavier labeling apparently around the central veins. The relatively low levels of radiolabel in extra-hepatic tissues observed after oral dosing, together with the prolonged retention in this region of the liver, is consistent with the hepatotropic effects (i.e. hepatic peroxisome proliferation and development of liver tumors) exerted by this compound.
Brief Communication: Effects of Diagnostic Irradiation During Pregnancy on Head Circumference at Birth

A historical cohort study was carried out to evaluate the effects of in utero medical ionizing radiation on head circumference at birth. The nature of medical practice in Rochester, Minnesota, and the Mayo Clinic medical records linkage system enabled us to provide accurate estimates of medical radiation absorbed dose in 9,793 pregnancies of 2,980 women pregnant in Rochester between 1917 through 1973. Data were controlled for sex of the fetus, duration of pregnancy and congenital head abnormalities. It was found that medical ionizing radiation in the second and third trimesters of more than 300 mrad were related to significantly decreased head circumference. There was no significant effect of radiation exposure in the first trimester or periconceptional period. Medical ionizing radiation in the second and third trimesters of more than 300 mrad is related to a significant, yet minimal, decreasing head circumference at birth. Maximum effects were seen during the midgestational and second trimester periods.
FoxOs Inhibit mTORC1 and Activate Akt by Inducing the Expression of Sestrin3 and Rictor

FoxO transcription factors and TORC1 are conserved downstream effectors of Akt. Here, we unraveled regulatory circuits underlying the interplay between Akt, FoxO, and mTOR. Activated FoxO1 inhibits mTORC1 by TSC2-dependent and TSC2-independent mechanisms. First, FoxO1 induces Sestrin3 (Sesn3) gene expression. Sesn3, in turn, inhibits mTORC1 activity in Tsc2-proficient cells. Second, FoxO1 elevates the expression of Rictor, leading to increased mTORC2 activity that consequently activates Akt. In Tsc2-deficient cells, the elevation of Rictor by FoxO increases mTORC2 assembly and activity at the expense of mTORC1, thereby activating Akt while inhibiting mTORC1. FoxO may act as a rheostat that maintains homeostatic balance between Akt and mTOR complexes' activities. In response to physiological stresses, FoxO maintains high Akt activity and low mTORC1 activity. Thus, under stress conditions, FoxO inhibits the anabolic activity of mTORC1, a major consumer of cellular energy, while activating Akt, which increases cellular energy metabolism, thereby maintaining cellular energy homeostasis.
The g Factor and Cognitive Test Session Behavior: Using a Latent Variable Approach in Examining Measurement Invariance Across Age Groups on the WJ III

Data from the standardization sample of the Woodcock–Johnson Psychoeducational Battery–Third Edition (WJ III) Cognitive standard battery and Test Session Observation Checklist items were analyzed t...
The Analysis of Valuation Model for NASDAQ and Intangible Intensive Firms: Implication of Uncertainty

Using a valuation model, I find that uncertainty about firms varies across the levels of (1) prior information available about the firms, and (2) their intangible assets usage. I find the magnitudes of the coefficients on earnings and BVE for firms that employ intangible assets intensively are higher after controlling for limited prior information. This suggests that two types of uncertainty are impounded in the valuation coefficients on earnings and BVE, resulting in downward bias on these coefficients. Also, the magnitude of the valuation coefficient on earnings (BVE) is higher (lower) for firms with higher operating cash flow. This indicates that there is a potential substitution effect between earnings and BVE as the amount of noise in earnings increases. Finally, I find that abnormal trading volume for NASDAQ firms is higher than for non-NASDAQ firms, this is consistent with the size effect suggested by prior studies.
Evaluation of eye, head, and trunk coordination during target tracking tasks

This study tested the feasibility of a method to synchronise and to evaluate eye, head and trunk movement patterns during target tracking tasks performed by 10 subjects. A projected central target was randomly repositioned at 40° and 70° of rotation to the left and right. Subjects were instructed to change gaze as quickly as possible. Head and trunk motion was measured using a motion analysis system, and eye movement was measured using an eye-tracker; all data were synchronised. For healthy subjects, the eye moved faster than the head, there was no trunk movement and the head moved more than the eye to reach further displaced targets. The method tested was feasible, and it could be used to evaluate eye, head and trunk movement patterns of subjects with injuries such as whiplash and concussions. Practitioner Summary: Studies of eye, head and trunk movements using synchronised methods are needed. We tested the feasibility of a method to synchronise and evaluate eye, head and trunk movement patterns. The method tested was feasible, and it could be used to evaluate movement patterns of subjects with injuries such as whiplash.
Natural osmolyte trimethylamine N-oxide stimulates tubulin polymerization and reverses urea inhibition

The natural osmolyte trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is one of the methylamine compounds often accumulated by diverse organisms in response to osmotic stress and/or to compensate for the deleterious effects of urea. Tubulin polymerization is promoted by TMAO. At 1 M TMAO, tubulin polymers are produced with properties expected of normal steady-state microtubules (MT): polymerization is reversed by exposure to cold or the antimitotic drug podophyllotoxin, a critical concentration for polymerization at 30 degrees C of 1.5 microM is found, and the morphology of the polymers in electron micrographs is typical of MT and ribbons, or open MT. At 2 M TMAO, polymerization is very rapid and hyperstable polymers are formed. These are resistant to cold-induced depolymerization although still sensitive to podophyllotoxin inhibition. A lower critical concentration of 0.7 microM is observed, and electron micrographs reveal MT, ribbons, and other polymer forms not usually stable, such as splayed protofilaments. Inhibition of tubulin polymerization by low concentrations of urea (Sackett, D. L., B. Bhattacharyya, and J. wolff. Biochemistry 33: 12868-12878, 1994) is largely reversed by the presence of TMAO at one-half the molarity of urea, the physiological ratio observed in cartilaginous fishes. Other methylamines, including betaine, dimethylglycine, glycine, and sarcosine, failed to stimulate MT polymerization or protect against urea inhibition. Trimethylamine, taurine and glycylglycine inhibit polymerization. TMAO did not interfere with binding of MT-associated proteins (MAP) and protected both tubulin assembly and MAP binding from urea.
Model Teaching Criteria for Psychology: Initial Documentation of Teachers' Self-reported Competency

The Society for the Teaching of Psychology has produced a broad definition of teaching quality called Model Teaching Criteria, but the model has not yet been studied empirically. To fill this gap, college teachers (n = 208) from across the United States self-reported their ability to document the practices represented in the criteria. Teachers, on average, reported meeting the model's 6 general criteria 77% of the time. Teachers reported meeting criteria related to syllabus construction most frequently (91%) and the instructional methods criteria least frequently (69%). The criteria shared positive correlations among themselves even when controlling for separate measures of teaching quality and personality. These results suggest that the Model Teaching Criteria have potential for use in psychology teachers' professional development.
Abstract 5521: IL13 linked lipsomal doxorubicin for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors

We have previously demonstrated the therapeutic effect of interleukin-13 (IL13) linked liposomal doxorubicin (IL13LDXR) on glioma tumors. These tumors selectively overexpress IL13 receptor α2, a receptor for IL13. In our subsequent study, we found that malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) also express the receptor for IL13. This observation prompted us to investigate the therapeutic value of IL13LDXR in a MPNST model. IL13LDXR was formulated and characterized in our laboratory using our previously established method. In vitro binding and internalization studies and subsequent fluorescence microscopy demonstrated the effective nuclear delivery of the doxorubicin in the MPNST cells expressing IL13Rα2 receptor. The cytotoxic potential of IL13LDXR was demonstrated in MPNST cell lines sNF96.2, ST88-14 and #215. Immunohistochemistry was performed on malignant and benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor (PNST) sections ex vivo to determine the expression of IL13Rα2 receptor. In addition we also demonstrated the expression of P-glycoprotein, a multidrug resistant protein in MPNST cell lines by immunocytochemistry. We also studied the effect of IL-13 protein in altering the expression of Pgp expression in established MPNST cell lines. We confirmed by an immunoblot that IL13 protein at 5µM concentration was able to decrease the Pgp expression in ST88-14 and sNF96.2 cells. This may explain the mechanism by which the IL-13 conjugated liposomes can deliver the encapsulated doxorubicin in a much more effective manner to drug resistant MPNST cell lines. We investigated the correlation of IL13Rα2 receptor expression with P-glycoprotein a drug resistance associated protein by immunocytochemistry. We confirmed the expression of IL13Rα2 in PNST tumors and established MPNST cell lines. We attempted to develop a MPNST tumor model in athymic nude mice by matrigel implantation method. We administered a single injection of 15 mg/kg of IL13 linked liposomal doxorubicin in a mouse tumor model by intraperitoneal route and observed the selective accumulation of doxorubicin in the tumor by endogenous fluorescence of doxorubicin, whereas no fluorescence was observed in the normal skin region as observed under fluorescence microscope. In conclusion consistent expression of IL13Ra2 receptors in PNST and MPNST cells and tissues indicate a viable approach to use this receptor as a target for MPNST therapy. The doxorubicin accumulation property and its cytotoxic potential on MPNST cells when delivered though the targeted liposomes envisage IL13LDXR as a potential drug for MPNST. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5521.
Bioinformatics in Allergy: A Powerful Tool Joining Science and Clinical Applications

"Breakthroughs in sequencing technologies have revealed the genome of several species. The resulting deluge of experimental data has triggered the birth of Bioinformatics, as it provides efficient and accurate approaches to the careful storage, organization, indexing and analysis of sequence information. While the initial visibility of Bioinformatics was based on its role in working primarily with DNA and protein sequences, it has the potential to provide a seamless connection between the basic sciences and the practice of medicine. From a clinical viewpoint, it represents any and all approaches that assist clinical decision-making based on the capacity to deal with, and learn from, large volumes of diverse biomedical data. This chapter focuses on the current and emerging clinical role of Bioinformatics, with emphasis on material pertaining to Allergy/Immunology (A/I)."
Duplication Anomalies of the Kidney and Ureters

Duplicated kidney and ureters can be one of the more controversial urological anomalies. They can range from interesting radiological findings to clinical issues such as ectopia, obstructive ureteroceles, and vesicoureteral reflux. This chapter focuses on the embryological origins of these anomalies and their common presentations. A comprehensive review of proper diagnostic evaluation ensues. Although management algorithms are presented, one must keep in mind that the best management for every child is one that is tailored to his or her specific anatomy. Nevertheless, general treatment guidelines consist of preventing morbidity from urinary tract infections, preserving adequate renal function and urinary continence, and eliminating complications associated with obstruction or vesicoureteral reflux.
Disability Assessment for Patients with Stroke

This review focuses on six prominent disability instruments designed and used in stroke research. The strengths and limitations of each are reviewed against four criteria which should be considered in selecting among existing instruments: the conceptual scope; the scaling method; its psychometric properties; and the instrument's feasibility. Outcomes measurement is an active area of investigation and the clinical researcher should follow the rehabilitation literature closely to keep abreast of the latest developments.
Harnessing the flow of ecological data across networks, middleware, and applications

Water is an essential resource, playing a vital role in almost all human activities. Water is also a scarce resource. Population growth, industrialization, and climate change pose significant threats, necessitating on real-time monitoring of water resources. Recent developments in wireless sensor networks have made such monitoring possible, but the networks pose numerous challenges when deployed heterogenously at watershed scales. We present the detailed architecture of Savannah River Macroscope, an end-to-end ecological monitoring system designed to support large scale research and management of water resources. The system architecture spans four layers: (i) a custom wireless sensing platform; (ii) a multi-tier sensing fabric based on WiFi, cellular, and mesh-networking technologies; (iii) real-time streaming middleware for the processing, annotation, and archival of sensor data; and (iv) front-end applications for the management and visualization of sensor observations and system health information. Unique among existing implementations is the emphasis on data semantics and system configurability. In this paper, we describe how the system meets the challenges of large-scale hydrological sensing, detail the system architecture, and evaluate its performance with respect to current deployments.
Vestibular Schwannoma Growth with Aspirin and Other Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the use of aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) impact the growth of vestibular schwannoma (VS). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. SETTING Single academic, tertiary care center. PATIENTS Patients with VS who underwent at least two magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies before intervention. INTERVENTION(S) Serial MRI studies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) VS tumor growth, defined as more than or equal to 2 mm increase in the maximum tumor diameter between consecutive MRI studies, or between the first and last available study. Mean growth rate was also calculated, defined as the change in tumor size divided by length of follow-up. RESULTS A total of 564 VS patients met inclusion criteria, with 234 (41.2%) taking some type of NSAID. Aspirin use was not associated with VS tumor growth, presenting tumor diameter, or mean VS growth rate. Further, aspirin dosage did not impact growth outcomes or presenting tumor diameter. A total of 96 (17.0%) patients took an NSAID other than aspirin. Neither non-aspirin NSAID use nor degree of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selectivity, including aspirin, was significantly associated with VS tumor growth, presenting tumor diameter, or mean VS growth rate. CONCLUSIONS While previous studies have suggested a relationship between aspirin usage and VS growth, we found no significant association in our series of 564 observed VS. Furthermore, there was no apparent relationship between aspirin dosage, non-aspirin NSAID use, and COX-2 selectivity with VS growth, presenting tumor diameter at presentation, or mean VS growth rate.
Shock compression response of model polymer/metal composites

Heterogeneous materials do not respond mechanically to an impulse in the manner of homogeneous metals and alloys. Wave propagation in a microstructure with chemically distinct identities, that are only in incidental contact with each other, is a complex process and not well understood. Here we report on a series of plate-impact experiments on a polymer-metal composite, where the volume fraction of the metallic phase was systematically varied from 0% to 40%, while other parameters like the sample thickness were kept constant. The velocity histories at the sample/window interfaces were measured to examine the continuum response corresponding to the internal materials processes. The unfilled polymer demonstrated a steady shock wave response; whereas the wave profiles obtained from mixture samples showed structured waves that depended on the volume fraction of the fill. The shock wave profiles were quantified using parameters strongly correlated to the material composition. The likely physical basis of these correlations is discussed.
Do the Effects of Accounting Requirements on Banks’ Regulatory Capital Adequacy Undermine Financial Stability?

During the 2007–2009 financial crisis, many parties criticized aspects of accounting requirements for banks as undermining financial stability. These criticisms generally reflect the view that these requirements primarily affect stability through their effects on banks’ regulatory capital adequacy. I criti-cally evaluate whether this idea can be sustained on logical and evidential grounds. I explain how accounting requirements typically have quite small effects on banks’ regulatory capital adequacy. I discuss the plausibility of the alternative view that accounting requirements primarily affect stability by improving banks’ understanding of their risks and their transparency to markets and regulators. Because securitization is the setting in which banks’ regulatory capital adequacy is most likely to be significantly affected by accounting requirements, I describe empirical research on significant changes in securitization accounting effective in 2010. I explain how even in this setting regulatory capital ...
Prim-ly adding care: Case report of a student nurse/service dog team

Traditionally, a therapy dog has been a complimentary tool used by healthcare providers to provide stress relief to patients. However, animals can perform functions at an even greater capacity. Service animals are becoming a part of the healthcare team, by providing unique assistance to the healthcare providers rather than the patients. Thus, the workforce has expanded to include service dogs as a part of the healthcare team. This article discusses the unique challenges and opportunities provided by the use of service animal as a part of the healthcare team, as provided by the piloted use of a service animal with a student nurse in an acute care facility.
Control of Male Sexual Behaviour in the Canadian Red-Sided Garter Snake

The red-sided garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, ranges farther north than any other reptile in the Western Hemisphere. Collapsed caverns and breaks in the limestone strata over much of Western Canada provide suitable overwintering sites, called hibernacula or dens, where the snakes take refuge from the harsh Canadian winter. In Manitoba the seasonal changes in temperature are extreme. Winter temperatures are frequently −40°C or lower and snow cover may be continuous from late September through May. In the brief spring and summer, temperatures may climb as high as 40°C. No food or surface water is available at most den sites and fall and spring migrations over long distances to and from suitable summer feeding grounds are required. Mating and feeding are mutually exclusive activities in the red-sided garter snake. This exclusivity places a further constraint on the animals in the brief summer. Because the season for both growth and reproduction may be as brief as 3 months, and because reproduction is physically demanding on the adults, the timing or reproduction is critical.
Single locus heterosis

Experimental evidence is reported in favor of superdominance in over-all vigor inArabidopsis thaliana in connection with two x-ray induced mutants. The tests adopted (outcrossing to unrelated tester, repeated recombination for 15 generations) failed to reveal any additional genetic variation. The genetic and physiolgical mechanism of superdominance is discussed in light of recent information on gene structure and function.
Conclusion—Beginning the Dialogue

In this final chapter, we will briefly summarize what the participants in our project told us about smoking in the USA; then we will offer some ideas on how people can move toward more openly and honestly communicating about smoking.
Surface dose rate from a flat 106Ru/106Rh episcleral plaque measured with a planar windowless extrapolation chamber and un-laminated EBT3 film

Abstract In this work, a planar extrapolation chamber without an entrance window was used to measure surface dose rate to water from a flat 106Ru/106Rh plaque manufactured by Eckert & Ziegler BEBIG. Measurements with the flat source were performed as part of a larger aim to develop a convex windowless extrapolation chamber for determining surface dose rate from curved 106Ru/106Rh plaques. Monte Carlo corrections for backscatter and divergence in the chamber were generated with the EGSnrc cavity user code. Surface dose rate values from the extrapolation chamber were compared with un-laminated EBT3 film results based on a 60Co calibration. To determine surface dose using radiochromic film, an additional Monte Carlo correction was needed to account for phantom scatter and volume-averaging within the active layer for the on-contact measurement setup. Additionally, extrapolation chamber results for the flat plaque were compared with scintillation detector measurements performed by the manufacturer. The average surface dose rate from the extrapolation chamber was found to be 1.5% lower than the film measurement result and 8.0% lower than the manufacturer-provided source calibration. Based on the results, it was concluded that a windowless extrapolation chamber can be used as a primary measurement device to determine surface dose rate from a 106Ru/106Rh episcleral plaque, and radiochromic film measurements can also be carried out to serve as an accurate comparison.
Vaccinia virus infection & temporal analysis of virus gene expression: Part 3.

The family Poxviridae consists of large double-stranded DNA containing viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Members of the orthopox genus include variola, the causative agent of human small pox, monkeypox, and vaccinia (VAC), the prototypic member of the virus family. Within the relatively large (~ 200 kb) vaccinia genome, three classes of genes are encoded: early, intermediate, and late. While all three classes are transcribed by virally-encoded RNA polymerases, each class serves a different function in the life cycle of the virus. Poxviruses utilize multiple strategies for modulation of the host cellular environment during infection. In order to understand regulation of both host and virus gene expression, we have utilized genome-wide approaches to analyze transcript abundance from both virus and host cells. Here, we demonstrate time course infections of HeLa cells with Vaccinia virus and sampling RNA at several time points post-infection. Both host and viral total RNA is isolated and amplified for hybridization to microarrays for analysis of gene expression.
To stage or not to stage?—A cost minimization analysis of sacral neuromodulation placement strategies

AIMS Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is a standard therapy for refractory overactive bladder (OAB). Traditionally, SNM placement involves placement of an S3 lead with 1-3 weeks of testing before considering a permanent implant. Given the potential risk of bacterial contamination during testing and high success rates published by some experts, we compared the costs of traditional 2-stage against single-stage SNM placement for OAB. METHODS We performed a cost minimization analysis using published data on 2-stage SNM success rates, SNM infection rates, and direct reimbursements from Medicare for 2017. We compared the costs associated with a 2-stage vs single-stage approach. We performed sensitivity analyses of the primary variables listed above to assess where threshold values occurred and used separate models for freestanding ambulatory surgery centers (ASC) and outpatient hospital departments (OHD). RESULTS Based on published literature, our base case assumed a 69% SNM success rate, a 5% 2-stage approach infection rate, a 1.7% single-stage approach infection rate, and removal of 50% of non-working single-stage SNMs. In both ASC ($17 613 vs $18 194) and OHD ($19 832 vs $21 181) settings, single-stage SNM placement was less costly than 2-stage placement. The minimum SNM success rates to achieve savings with a single-stage approach occur at 65.4% and 61.3% for ASC and OHD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Using Medicare reimbursement, single-stage SNM placement is likely to be less costly than 2-stage placement for most practitioners. The savings are tied to SNM success rates and reimbursement rates, with reduced costs up to $5014 per case in centers of excellence (≥ 90% success).
A Tapestry of Values: An Introduction to Values in Science

Starting with each early introduction to science we are indoctrinated with the certainty that this one corner of our lives is completely objective. There are established procedures, well-accepted m...
Chapter Sixteen From Fichte to Florensky: The Transformation of German Idealism Within Russian Philosophy

In the turbulent years between 1916 and 1926, one of Russia’s most brilliant intellectuals worked intermittently, but persistently and even doggedly, on a text recalling his experiences growing up in the Caucasus Mountains—a curious pursuit, given his relatively young age of 34 at the book’s inception. He called the resulting book To My Children—again a seemingly odd choice, since his own young children could not have comprehended the depths of his poetic and philosophical reflections on the “lost paradise” of his childhood. Perhaps he was seeking to anchor certain indispensible things from his past, sensing the forces of change in Russia that were sweeping away everything before them—changes so rapid and so radical that during this time, Walter Benjamin in his Moscow Diary would comment on a “strange term” having come into recent currency: “has beens” (byvshie liudi) denoting “those citizens who were dispossessed by the Revolution and who have been unable to adapt to the new situation.” And perhaps, too, Florensky saw with growing urgency that the materialist tidal wave that Benjamin terms “the withering away of private life” would surely, sooner or later, inexorably demolish a man such as himself—a man whose own life was anchored in prayer and the practice of hesychia or stillness that is integral to Byzantine and Russian spirituality—leaving him an uncertain prospect of transmitting these important things to his children later, in person.
Cumulative risk, the cognitive home environment and vocabulary in early childhood.

INTRODUCTION Early home support for language development is critical for later developmental progress. Paediatricians have the opportunity to identify families at risk of failing to provide this support in infancy but often lack simple tools to do so. This study explores the potential of a simple count of sociodemographic risk factors, a cumulative risk (CR) index, to identify families likely to need help in providing literacy support from an early age. METHODS CR scores were calculated for 308 families who completed the STIMQ and MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (MCDI) at 11-15 months) and 197 (64%) again at 23-37 months. Analysis of variance with linear contrasts examined the effect of CR on the STIMQ and the MCDI at baseline and follow-up. Correlation analysis explored the relationship between STIMQ and MCDI. RESULTS At both baseline and follow-up, CR index showed a significant effect (p<0.006) on the STIMQ along with a significant linear trend for STIMQ scores to decrease as CR increased (p<0.05-0.005). No significant effects of CR effects on MCDI were observed at baseline or follow-up, whereas MCDI percentiles correlated significantly (p<0.03-0.001) with STIMQ scores (r=0.18-0.26.) at both times. CONCLUSIONS The CR index is a simple tool that can help identify families needing support for providing a language stimulating home environment in the first 2 years before long-term ill effects of sociodemographic barriers are established.
Realistic models for filling and abundance discrepancy factors in photoionized nebulae

When comparing nebular electron densities derived from collisionally excited lines (CELs) to those estimated using the emission measure, significant discrepancies are common. The standard solution is to view nebulae as aggregates of dense regions of constant density in an otherwise empty void. This porosity is parametrized by a filling factor $f<1$. Similarly, abundance and temperature discrepancies between optical recombination lines (ORLs) and CELs are often explained by invoking a dual delta distribution of a dense, cool, metal-rich component immersed in a diffuse, warm, metal-poor plasma. In this paper, we examine the possibility that the observational diagnostics that lead to such discrepancies can be produced by a realistic distribution of density and temperature fluctuations, such as might arise in plasma turbulence. We produce simulated nebulae with density and temperature fluctuations described by various probability distribution functions (pdfs). Standard astronomical diagnostics are applied to these simulated observations to derive estimates of nebular densities, temperatures, and abundances. Our results show that for plausible density pdfs the simulated observations lead to filling factors in the observed range. None of our simulations satisfactorily reproduce the abundance discrepancy factors (ADFs) in planetary nebulae, although there is possible consistency with \ion{H}{ii} regions. Compared to the case of density-only and temperature-only fluctuations, a positive correlation between density and temperature reduces the filling factor and ADF (from optical CELs), whereas a negative correlation increases both, eventually causing the filling factor to exceed unity. This result suggests that real observations can provide constraints on the thermodynamics of small scale fluctuations.
A numerical investigation of radiation feedback in different regimes of opposed flow flame spread

Abstract Radiation has been found to play an important role in opposed-flow flame spread, especially in the low-velocity microgravity environment. To explore the various aspects of flame radiation, an existing comprehensive 2D computational model including gas and surface radiation as well as radiation feedback to the solid is utilized. The comprehensive radiation model is simplified into a number of sub-models: no radiation, gas losses, surface loss, uncoupled (gas and surface losses without feedback). The sub-models are evaluated over the kinetic, thermal, and radiative regimes for a thin PMMA fuel. The resulting spread rates, flame and vaporization temperatures, and flame structures are compared to the comprehensive fully coupled model. The computational results reveal that gas-to-surface feedback moderately enhances spread rate and may affect the critical burnout velocity but has little effect on flame and vaporization temperatures.
Hostility and Psychiatry: Spinning Our Wheels While Pretending to Know

In George Kelly’s (1955/1991a, 1955/1991b) personal construct psychology (PCP), hostility involves extorting evidence to confirm a social prediction that has already failed. Those behaving hostilel...
Data Sources for Health Expectancy Research

Data sources that can be used for studies of health expectancy are abundant. This chapter provides an overview of many of these data sources, along with links to websites that contain documentation and instructions for accessing the data. The chapter discusses the two main types of data that are used for analyses of health expectancy–cross-sectional and panel—and reviews the most common measures that have been used in health expectancy research: self-rated health, disability and functional limitation, chronic conditions and diseases, cognitive impairment and dementia, and psychological well-being. A variety of types of data sources, including surveys, censuses and administrative data are covered. The focus is on data sources that can be used for cross-national comparisons and/or analyses of trends over time and for which data are publicly available.
Imaging Brain Metabolism Using Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Aberrant metabolism is a key factor in many neurological disorders. The ability to measure such metabolic impairment could lead to improved detection of disease progression, and development and monitoring of new therapeutic approaches. Hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a developing imaging technique that enables non-invasive measurement of enzymatic activity in real time in living organisms. Primarily applied in the fields of cancer and cardiac disease so far, this metabolic imaging method has recently been used to investigate neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the preclinical research developments in this emerging field, and discuss future prospects for this exciting technology, which has the potential to change the clinical paradigm for patients with neurological disorders.
Supervised Learning Occurs in Visual Perceptual Learning of Complex Natural Images.

Summary There have been long-standing debates regarding whether supervised or unsupervised learning mechanisms are involved in visual perceptual learning (VPL) [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. However, these debates have been based on the effects of simple feedback only about response accuracy in detection or discrimination tasks of low-level visual features such as orientation [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Here, we examined whether the content of response feedback plays a critical role for the acquisition and long-term retention of VPL of complex natural images. We trained three groups of human subjects (n = 72 in total) to better detect “grouped microcalcifications” or “architectural distortion” lesions (referred to as calcification and distortion in the following) in mammograms either with no trial-by-trial feedback, partial trial-by-trial feedback (response correctness only), or detailed trial-by-trial feedback (response correctness and target location). Distortion lesions consist of more complex visual structures than calcification lesions [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. We found that partial feedback is necessary for VPL of calcifications, whereas detailed feedback is required for VPL of distortions. Furthermore, detailed feedback during training is necessary for VPL of distortion and calcification lesions to be retained for 6 months. These results show that although supervised learning is heavily involved in VPL of complex natural images, the extent of supervision for VPL varies across different types of complex natural images. Such differential requirements for VPL to improve the detectability of lesions in mammograms are potentially informative for the professional training of radiologists.
Dynamic infrared gas analysis from longleaf pine fuel beds burned in a wind tunnel: observation of phenol in pyrolysis and combustion phases

Abstract. Pyrolysis is the first step in a series of chemical and physical processes that produce flammable organic gases from wildland fuels that can result in a wildland fire. We report results using a new time-resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method that correlates the measured FTIR spectrum with an infrared thermal image sequence, enabling the identification and quantification of gases within different phases of the fire process. The flame from burning fuel beds composed of pine needles (Pinus palustris) and mixtures of sparkleberry, fetterbush, and inkberry plants was the natural heat source for pyrolysis. Extractive gas samples were analyzed and identified in both static and dynamic modes synchronized to thermal infrared imaging: a total of 29 gases were identified including small alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, nitrogen compounds, and aromatics, most previously measured by FTIR in wildland fires. This study presents one of the first identifications of phenol associated with both pre-combustion and combustion phases using ca. 1 Hz temporal resolution. Preliminary results indicate ∼ 2.5 × greater phenol emissions from sparkleberry and inkberry compared to fetterbush, with differing temporal profiles.
The best of both worlds? A controlled comparison of hybrid and online economics student outcomes

This paper systematically compares undergraduate student learning outcomes between hybrid and online learning formats in Principles of Macroeconomics classes. Exploiting a quasi-experimental design...
Cesarean Delivery via Posterior Classical Hysterotomy for Anterior Fibroids: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Background: A review of the literature indicates that a posterior hysterotomy is rarely performed, but when it is done, it is usually performed in cases of uterine torsion. Case: A patient in her e...
Predicting Negative and Positive Affect During COVID-19: A Daily Diary Study in Youths.

The COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to profoundly affect youths' mental health. Understanding predictors of affective responding to the pandemic is critical for prevention and intervention efforts. This study examines emotion regulation as an important predictor of youth's changes in positive and negative affect. The present study of 115 participants (62 girls, Mage = 11.77) explores the relation between pre-existing emotion regulation strategies, as measured by multi-week daily diaries pre-COVID, and youths' mean positive and negative affect levels and variability during a 28-day period amidst the pandemic, while including COVID-related worries and isolation as important moderators. The findings provide important insight into interactions between pre-existing vulnerabilities and COVID-related stressors in predicting affective adjustment in youth.
Listening - in a Democratic Society

THE PROBLEM OF EQUITY The problem addressed in this essay is not a new one. Yet, it is a stubborn one that at moments threatens to elude all of our savvy and effort. It is the problem of equity in our society. To pose the problem, let us begin with — who else? — John Dewey. In 1916, he argued that if American society purports to guide itself by democratic ideals, its schools need to perpetuate and help to fit people for life in a democratic community. Dewey writes in Democracy and Education:
Defining markets for new materials

Abstract A utility methodology to identify profitable market segments for the use of new materials is presented and illustrated by application to the automobile industry. The method has three parts: empirical, statistical and analytical. The first measures company preferences for the important attributes of a use of a material, applying single-attribute utility functions. The second identifies market segments, by determining significant differences between measured preferences with t -tests. The third estimates the premium these market segments would pay for a product made of a new material, using multiattributable utilities, and thus determines profitable market segments. The case study of valve trains containing ceramic components defined two market segments: companies with either a broad world market or a narrow speciality. The immediate buyers of these valve trains are likely to be producers of high-value, six-cylinder automobiles, who seem prepared to pay a significant premium for this product.
Strangers from a Different Shore as History and Historiography

(1990). Strangers from a Different Shore as History and Historiography. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 81-100.
Ecological Constraints and Phenotypic Accommodation in One-legged Eared Grebes

Abstract An Eared Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis) that lost a leg in an accident increased muscle mass in its intact leg by 28%. This allowed it to forage, run along the surface to take flight, and survive for about a year before dying in a weather-induced downing. Its ultimate survival probably depended on the species' predilection for hypersaline habitats, where passive invertebrates are abundant and can be captured easily on the surface without the need to dive. Similar phenotypic accommodation may have been realized in other similarly impaired Eared Grebes. However, it seems unlikely to be achieved in other grebe species, particularly fish-eating pursuit divers, which require two intact legs and feet for propulsion and underwater maneuverability.
Parents Forever: Evaluation of an Online Divorce Education Program

Divorce education programs are conducting increasingly rigorous impact evaluations to assess if their curriculum improves parenting practices, reduces conflict in the coparenting relationship, and improves outcomes for children. This article presents a 6-month follow-up evaluation of the online version of Parents Forever, an 8-hour divorce education course developed by the University of Minnesota Extension. At follow-up, parents (N = 232) reported significant improvements on several questions about postdivorce parenting and well-being, indicating that the online version of Parents Forever is effective in promoting positive behavioral change for parents.
Conformation of a T cell stimulating peptide in aqueous solution.

Abstract Using two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy it is demonstrated that a T cell stimulating peptide corresponding to residues 132–153 of sperm whale myoglobin populates helical conformations in aqueous solution. This finding is in accordance with proposals that immunodominant sites in T cell stimulating peptides have a high conformational propensity. The observation of secondary structure in aqueous solutions of this and other immunogenic peptides has important implications for initiation of protein folding.
Rendering edge enhancement tactile phenomenon by friction variation in dynamic touch

Variable friction tactile displays have been recently used to render virtual textures and gratings. Neural basis of perceptual mechanism of detection of edge-like features resulting in discrimination of virtual gratings during active touching these tactile actuators is studied using a finite-element biomechanical model of human fingertip. The predicted neural response of the mechanoreceptors, i.e. the computed strain energy density at the location of selected mechanoreceptors as a measure of neural discharge rate of the corresponding receptors, to local reduction of friction between fingerpad and surface are shown to exhibit a similar shape as the edge enhancement phenomenon, particularly in a sudden burst at the boundary of variable friction regions. This phenomenon is supposed to account for the illusion of virtual edges rendered through the modification of contact forces. The presence of this sudden burst under varied model parameters was investigated. It was shown that while the appearance of this phenomenon in simulation results was invariant to model parameters, associated alteration of the edge enhancement ratio might be considered for the purpose of the tuning of the variable friction tactile display.