cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Complexity of Ordinal Clustering

Given a set of pairwise distances on a set of n points, constructing an edgeweighted tree whose leaves are these n points such that the tree distances would mimic the original distances under some criteria is a fundamental problem. One such criterion is to preserve the ordinal relation between the pairwise distances. The ordinal relation can be of the form of total order on the distances or it can be some partial order specified on the pairwise distances. We show that the problem of finding a weighted tree, if it exists, which would preserve the total order on pairwise distances is NP-hard. We also show the NP-hardness of the problem of finding a weighted tree which would preserve a particular kind of partial order called a triangle order, one of the most fundamental partial orders considered in computational biology.
Relative quantification of biomarkers using mixed-isotope labeling coupled with MS.

The identification and quantification of important biomarkers is a critical first step in the elucidation of biological systems. Biomarkers take many forms as cellular responses to stimuli and can be manifested during transcription, translation, and/or metabolic processing. Increasingly, researchers have relied upon mixed-isotope labeling (MIL) coupled with MS to perform relative quantification of biomarkers between two or more biological samples. MIL effectively tags biomarkers of interest for ease of identification and quantification within the mass spectrometer by using isotopic labels that introduce a heavy and light form of the tag. In addition to MIL coupled with MS, a number of other approaches have been used to quantify biomarkers including protein gel staining, enzymatic labeling, metabolic labeling, and several label-free approaches that generate quantitative data from the MS signal response. This review focuses on MIL techniques coupled with MS for the quantification of protein and small-molecu...
Mineral Fibre Persistence and Carcinogenicity

Epidemiological research during the past 40 years has demonstrated with increasing clarity that amphibole asbestos fibres-crocidolite, amosite and tremolite-are more carcinogenic than chrysotile. A smaller number of well-controlled studies using lung burden analyses, while adding to the specificity of this conclusion, have shown that amphibole fibres also differ from chrysotile in being far more durable and biopersistent in lung tissue. Analyses of mesothelioma and lung cancer in a large cohort of Canadian chrysotile miners and millers have recently shown that the low-level presence of fibrous tremolite in these mines, rather than the chrysotile, may well be responsible. The high risk of lung cancer, but not of mesothelioma, in the chrysotile textile industry remains anomalous and cannot be explained in this way. These various findings are directly relevant to the choice of the experimental methods which should be used for screening man-made fibres for industrial use. Although it is clear that biopersistence is a major determinant of cancer risk in animals, and perhaps also in man, other factors affecting the biological activity of mineral fibres may also be important.
A good life

Following a career in science involves long hours and hard work, but as Eve Marder explains in the first of a series of columns, it can also be extremely rewarding.
Multiscale, Structure-Based Modeling for the Elastic Mechanical Behavior of Arterial Walls

Passive elastic behavior of arterial wall remains difficult to model. Although phenomenological and structural models exist, the question of how the three-dimensional network structure of the collagen in the artery determines its mechanical properties is still open. A model is presented that incorporates a collagen network as well as the noncollagenous material that comprise the artery. The collagen architecture is represented as a network of interconnected fibers, and a neo-Hookean constitutive equation is used to describe the contribution of the noncollagenous matrix. The model is multiscale in that volume-averaging theory is applied to the collagen network, and it is structural in that parameters of the microstructure of the collagen network were considered instead of a macroscopic constitutive law. The computational results provided a good fit to published experimental data for decellularized porcine carotid arteries. The model predicted increased circumferential compliance for increased axial stretch, consistent with previously published reports, and a relatively small sensitivity to open angle. Even at large extensions, the model predicted that the noncollagenous matrix would be in compression, preventing collapse of the collagen network. The incorporation of fiber-fiber interactions led to an accurate model of artery wall behavior with relatively few parameters. The counterintuitive result that the noncollagenous component is in compression during extension and inflation of the tissue suggests that the collagen is important even at small strains, with the noncollagenous components supporting the network, but not resisting the load directly. More accurate representation of the microstructure of the artery wall is needed to explore this issue further.
Dead Time Compensation for a Novel Positioning System via Predictive Controls and Virtual Intermittent Setpoints

Predictive control and intermittent setpoints are proposed to overcome the dead time that problem occurs in a new class of high precision position sensor for manufacturing equipment. In place of a rotary encoder or linear glass scale, a combination of a digital camera and a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screen is used to actively monitor two dimensional position changes on an XY table. In order to achieve precise spatial resolution, an actively-controlled planar pixel matrix is used as the tracking target for the system. A digital camera senses the location of the moving image displayed on the LCD screen and provides 2 dimensional position feedback. Thus, the timing and the quality of the visual feedback to the controller are the significant factors to determine the accuracy of the system. Due to the long image processing time, the vision feedback of the actual position of the stage is delayed. At the same time, with the slow frame capturing rates of the camera, dead time occurs between consecutive acquisitions of feedback signals from the vision system to the motion controller, which is detrimental to the performance of the system. Hence, studies and detailed analysis on different dead time compensation strategies and path planning algorithms have been performed to select the optimal strategy to address these challenges. Based on simulation results, a proposed method for integrating predictive control with virtual intermittent setpoints algorithm to mitigate dead time problem is presented in the final section of the paper.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A Patrol Car Allocation Model: Capabilities and Algorithms

A computer program has been designed for specifying the number of police patrol cars that should be on duty in each geographical command of a city at various times of day on each day of the week. It incorporates, by user option, nearly all the desirable features of earlier allocation programs, together with several improvements. It calculates performance statistics for the current allocation of patrol cars or any allocation proposed by the user. In addition, it has two prescriptive capabilities: 1 determining the minimum number of patrol cars needed during each tour in each command to meet specified constraints on performance measures, and 2 allocating a specified total number of car-hours by time and/or geography so as to optimize one of several available objective functions. The main technical innovation in the model is that it allows one tour in each day to overlay two other tours. A heuristic algorithm allocates car-hours when there is such an overlay tour; it is optimal when the overlay tour has the same duration as the tours it overlays.
Workforce professionalism in drug treatment services: Impact of California's Proposition 36

This article investigates whether California's Proposition 36 has promoted the workforce professionalism of drug treatment services during its first 5 years of implementation. Program surveys inquiring about organizational information, Proposition 36 implementation, and staffing were conducted in 2003 and 2005 among all treatment providers serving Proposition 36 clients in five selected California counties (San Diego, Riverside, Kern, Sacramento, and San Francisco). A 1-hour self-administered questionnaire was completed by 118 treatment providers representing 102 programs. This article examines five topics that are relevant to drug treatment workforce professionalism: resources and capability, standardized intake assessment and outcome evaluation, staff qualification, program accreditation, and information technology. Results suggest that Proposition 36 had a positive influence on the drug treatment workforce's professionalism. Improvements have been observed in program resources, client intake assessment and outcome evaluation databases, staff professionalization, program accreditation, and information technology system. However, some areas remain problematic, including, for example, the consistent lack of adequate resources serving women with children.
Third-Generation Civil—Military Relations:

Counterinsurgency strategies employed by the US military in Afghanistan have led to the US military embarking on civil governance reform. This has created new forms of civil–military relations with Afghan and international counterparts. These relations appear less dramatic than ‘conventional’ civil–military relations, in that they do not create the same visible alignment on the ground between military and non-military identities. In addition, the increased merging of civil and military work areas creates a new complexity that stems from semantic confusion. This complexity is mostly about norms and principles, in that the core puzzle is the more general question of what kinds of tasks the military should and should not do, rather than about violent consequences to civilians and questions of neutrality. This article proposes the term ‘third-generation civil–military relations’ to capture and examine the conceptual challenges that stem from the merging of military and civil work areas in Afghanistan’s reconstruction.
Developmental biology of biofilms: implications for treatment and control

Although of heterogeneous spatiotemporal and species compositions, all biofilms undergo certain common developmental events: organic molecules on the substratum can play a role in initial attachment, attached cells grow and additional cells attach from the bulk liquid. Biofilm growth is a four-dimensional (X, Y, Z and T) process similar to organ development.
The Communitarian Constitution

The Communitarian Constitution. By Beau Breslin. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. 288p. $48.00. Beau Breslin desires to make a breakthrough in the “communitarian-liberal debate” by moving it to the plane of constitutional discourse (pp. 18–19, 109). He describes his study as a work of constitutional theory, but of a generic sort; his constitutionalist standard owes more to John Rawls than to James Madison. “Constitutionalism” refers varyingly to an architectonic vision of political perfection (or “modeling”) and to the limits on political power. The communitarian constitution is caught in a dilemma that arises from these conflicting imperatives.
The philosophical framework of Sartre's theory of the theater

Both in his life and in his thought Jean-Paul Sartre was frequently theatrical, as exaggerated as his prose. He really believed that “the chief source of great tragedy is human freedom.” In this spirit he rewrote several ancient myths and was not at all bothered by the ironic incongruity of asserting that “Oedipus is free; Antigone and Prometheus are free. The fate we think we find in ancient drama is only the other side of freedom. Passions themselves are freedom caught in their own trap.”1 Sartre’s continual invocation of freedom and his own experience of being free pervade all his writings.
Assessing the Use of Graphing Calculators in College Algebra: Reflecting on Dimensions of Teaching and Learning

This article considers various aspects of teaching and learning stemming from the integration of graphing calculator use in a semester-long college algebra course. The project examined four class sections, in which two instructors each taught one section using graphing calculators and one section using a traditional approach. Achievement and attitude data showed no significant differences for treatment or instructor; a significant difference in achievement was found for gender. Students in the calculator sections responded to an open-ended questionnaire about their use of the calculator and were generally supportive of the technology. Students were in agreement about specific topics for which the technology was most useful. Overall, findings indicated that the technology use had a positive impact on various dimensions of student learning.
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of the Pituitary Gland

In this issue of the American Journal of Neuroradiology , you will find the article “Evaluation of Diffusivity in the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland: 3D Turbo Field Echo with Diffusion-Sensitized Driven-Equilibrium Preparation” by Hiwatashi et al.[1][1] I enjoyed reading this article and
Nonlinear controllers for a tail-fin controlled missile

Several distinct nonlinear controllers are applied to the nonlinear pitch plane dynamics of a tail-fin controlled missile. The nonlinear controllers are assessed via simulation studies for performance and robustness to plant parameter variations. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the controllers. >
PIFs: pivotal components in a cellular signaling hub

A small subset of basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors called PIFs (phytochrome-interacting factors) act to repress seed germination, promote seedling skotomorphogenesis and promote shade-avoidance through regulated expression of over a thousand genes. Light-activated phytochrome molecules directly reverse these activities by inducing rapid degradation of the PIF proteins. Here, we review recent advances in dissecting this signaling pathway and examine emerging evidence that indicates that other pathways also converge to regulate PIF activity, including the gibberellin pathway, the circadian clock and high temperature. Thus PIFs have broader roles than previously appreciated, functioning as a cellular signaling hub that integrates multiple signals to orchestrate regulation of the transcriptional network that drives multiple facets of downstream morphogenesis. The relative contributions of the individual PIFs to this spectrum of regulatory functions ranges from quantitatively redundant to qualitatively distinct.
XFEL OSCILLATOR SIMULATION INCLUDING ANGLE-DEPENDENT CRYSTAL REFLECTIVITY

The oscillator package within the GINGER FEL simulation code has now been extended to include angle-dependent reflectivity properties of Bragg crystals. Previously, the package was modified to include frequencydependent reflectivity in order to model x-ray FEL oscillators from start-up from shot noise through to saturation. We present a summary of the algorithms used for modeling the crystal reflectivity and radiation propagation outside the undulator, discussing various numerical issues relevant to the domain of high Fresnel number and efficient Hankel transforms. We give some sample XFEL-O simulation results obtained with the angle-dependent reflectivity model, with particular attention directed to the longitudinal and transverse coherence of the radiation output.
Involving Consumers in the Development of a Psychoeducational Booklet About Stigma for Black Mental Health Clients

Black individuals hold more negative views of mental illness and mental health treatment than do Whites, attitudes that are implicated in the underutilization of mental health services by Black populations. Psychoeducational interventions or materials may be one way to address attitudinal barriers to mental health treatment among Black adults, but only if the psychoeducational content is directly relevant to their beliefs and concerns. This article documents the process of developing a consumer-derived psychoeducational booklet for Black adults contemplating mental health treatment. Black mental health consumers provided the content for the booklet through qualitative interviews about their experiences and then provided feedback once it was developed. Results from this project suggest that the strategy of involving consumers is a feasible approach to develop psychoeducational materials that address treatment barriers in underserved populations.
Fetal-maternal microchimerism in normal parous females and parous female cancer patients.

Objective The prevalence of male microchimerism (MC) in parous females, nonparous females, and parous female cancer patients was examined. Materials and Methods DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and male Y-chromosomal DNA was amplified using a sensitive two-stage polymerase chain reaction technique. Controls prepared by mixing human male and female cell lines demonstrated the sensitivity of the technique to be in the range of 1 male cell per 1 million female cells. Results Findings of this study showed that the percentage of MC-positive females was highly dependent on the amount of DNA analyzed; 57% of normal parous females who bore at least one son were found to have male cells in their blood when 25 μg DNA or more from the samples was analyzed. This frequency is much higher than previous reports indicating a prevalence of 33% for normal parous females. Analysis of samples obtained from 200 parous female cancer patients revealed an incidence of 34% MC+; 7.4% of normal nonparous female controls had evidence of MC. Conclusion The long-term persistence of male cells in the maternal circulation could indicate maternal immune tolerance of paternally inherited fetal antigens. This maternal tolerance might be exploited in female patients with malignant disease to deliver immune cellular therapy from their sons.
Carbon catabolite repression correlates with the maintenance of near invariant molecular crowding in proliferating E. coli cells

Background Carbon catabolite repression (CCR) is critical for optimal bacterial growth, and in bacterial (and yeast) cells it leads to their selective consumption of a single substrate from a complex environment. However, the root cause(s) for the development of this regulatory mechanism is unknown. Previously, a flux balance model (FBAwMC) of Escherichia coli metabolism that takes into account the crowded intracellular milieu of the bacterial cell correctly predicted selective glucose uptake in a medium containing five different carbon sources, suggesting that CCR may be an adaptive mechanism that ensures optimal bacterial metabolic network activity for growth.
Direct Simulation of a Passive Diffusion Flame in Sheared and Unsheared Homogeneous Turbulence

The paper presents the results of direct numerical simulation of two homogeneous shear flows of different initial strain number (St) and a decaying isotropic turbulence with an infinite-rate chemical reaction between two species but without heat release. The simulations were performed using a (96)3 computational grid and an initial Taylor’s Reynolds number, Re λ, of 25. The results show that shear flattens the reaction surface due to the augmented strain rates resulting from vortex stretching. The time evolution of the scalar pdf shows that the higher the strain number is the higher the scalar mixing rate. The directions of the instantaneous scalar flux and the instantaneous scalar gradient are uncorrelated, thus indicating that turbulent scalar transport is a nongradient mechanism.
Attenuation of force deficit after lengthening contractions in soleus muscle from trained rats.

The purposes of this study were 1) to determine the extent to which endurance training reduces the functional deficit induced by lengthening contractions in the soleus (Sol) muscle and2) to determi...
Evaluating Models of Computation and Storage in Human Sentence Processing

We examine the ability of several models of computation and storage to explain reading time data. Specifically, wedemonstrate on both the Dundee and the MIT reading time corpora, that fragment grammars, a model that optimizes the tradeoff between computation and storage, is able to better explain people’s reaction times than two baseline models which exclusively favor either storage or computation. Additionally, we make a contribution by extending an existing incremental parser to handle more general grammars and scale well to larger rule and data sets. 1
Efficacy of an Organophosphate Mixture Against an Organophosphate-resistant Strain of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Abstract Efficacy of an organophosphate (OP) mixture acaricide, Ravap® (Bayer, Shawnee, KS) was evaluated as a spray at 0.15 and 0.3% active ingredient (AI) on cattle infested with all parasitic stages of OP-resistant Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini). Laboratory bioassays showed ticks were 18.7X more resistant to OP acaricides than a susceptible reference strain. Overall results demonstrated both concentrations produced significantly greater adverse effects on ticks in every measured parameter than were obtained from untreated ticks, except for female engorgement weight. Overall percentage control at 0.15 and 0.3% AI was 85.3 and 87.6%, respectively. Ravap was most effective against ticks treated in the larval stage and least effective against ticks treated in the adult stage. At 0.15 and 0.3% AI, control against adults was 79.8 and 76.2%, respectively, whereas control against ticks in the larval stage was 96.5 and 97.7%, respectively, with no significant differences. Control against ticks...
Parallel Processing for Business Artifacts with Declarative Lifecycles

The business artifact (a.k.a. business entity) approach to modeling and implementing business operations and processes is based on a holistic marriage of data and process and enables a factoring of business operations based on key business-relevant conceptual entities. The recently introduced Guard-Stage- Milestone (GSM) artifact meta-model provides a hierarchical and declarative basis for specifying artifact lifecycles, and is substantially influencing OMG’s emerging Case Management Modeling Notation standard. In previous papers one characterization of the operational semantics for GSM is based on the incremental, strictly serial firing of Event-Condition-Action (ECA) like rules. This paper develops a parallel algorithm equivalent to the sequential one in terms of externally observable characteristics. Optimizations and analysis for the parallel algorithm are discussed. This paper also introduces a simplification of the GSM meta-model that provides more flexibility and makes checking for well-formedness of GSM models simpler and more intuitive than in the preceding works on GSM.
A Lamin a Chimeric Protein Containing a FRET Based Stress Sensors Reports Spatio-Temporal Forces in the Nuclear Lamina

The nuclear lamina is the stress bearing network of proteins beneath the nuclear membrane that forms direct links to chromatin. These physical connections transmit and transduce mechanical information generated by cell stretching, actomyosin contraction and substrate stiffness differences to the nucleus to modulate gene expression. Understanding the spatiotemporal stress loads on the nuclear lamina generated from different mechanical stimuli is critical to determining how these stresses affect gene expression. The lamina is composed of primarily two proteins, lamins A and B, that have different viscoelastic properties. We have created a chimeric Lamin A protein containing a stress sensitive FRET based probe called cpstFRET and expressed it in undifferentiated HEK cells and differentiated myotubes grown on flexible PDMS substrates. The chimeric protein correctly targets the nuclear lamina, does not interfere with normal development, and reports stress changes in the lamina in response to mechanical stimuli such as stretching. In unsynchronized cell populations, the nuclear lamina shows high variability in the stress among cells which may be associated with different stages of the cell cycle. These stress variations are maintained when the nuclei are isolated. Swelling isolated nuclei by depleting divalent cation levels nearly double the diameter and caused a large increase in stress showing that DNA can apply force to the lamina. Applying controlled pressure to nuclei though an aspiration pipette allowed us to independently determine the lamina tension through the geometric shape changes and the known pressure. With this independent tension measure we are able to characterize the FRET to tension ratio at equilibrium pressures showing a sigmoidal relationship up to the point of rupture. With step shaped pressure changes we characterized the viscoelastic properties of Lamin A.
Association of the CYP3A4*1B 5'-flanking region polymorphism with cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects.

To determine the relationship between CYP3A4*1B polymorphism and cyclosporine pharmacokinetic parameters among healthy volunteers, the oral cyclosporine pharmacokinetic study was performed in 14 healthy subjects. Blood cyclosporine concentrations were measured by a high performance liquid chromatography. Concentration-time data were analyzed by a non-compartmental method using WinNonLin, and the blood samples were genotyped for the CYP3A4*1B 5'-promotor region using the polymerase chain reaction and a restriction digest. Each cyclosporine pharmacokinetic parameter was compared using the one-way ANOVA test according to his or her CYP3A4*1B genotype. There were four (4) homozygous A/A (wild-type), four (4) homozygous G/G (variant) and six (6) heterozygous A/G genotypes for CYP3A4*1B in these 14 healthy volunteers. The mean AUC/D (ng.hr/mL/mg) of CsA were 21.5 +/- 6.0 (A/A), 11.7 +/- 3.2 (G/G) and 19.2 +/- 2.3 (A/G), P = 0.0103 and the mean CL/F (L/hr) were 49.4 +/- 13.9 (A/A), 83.5 +/- 16.0 (G/G), and 52.5 +/- 5.6 (A/G), P = 0.0024. All other parameters were not significantly different among the three genotypes.
Delayed infections after posterior TSRH spinal instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis: revisited.

Objective To determine the incidence of delayed infections in idiopathic scoliosis treated with TSRH instrumentation, proper wound management after instrumentation removal, and whether the previously identified bacterial trend remains consistent. Methods All patients with idiopathic scoliosis > or =2 years after surgery with posterior TSRH instrumentation were included. Those cases with delayed infections were retrospectively reviewed. Time of presentation (infection) from index operation, clinical picture, sedimentation rate, presence of pseudarthrosis, organisms grown on culture, type of wound closure, and duration of antibiotics were examined. Results A total of 489 patients were identified > or =2 years postoperation; 23 had delayed infections (4.7%). Time of presentation averaged 27 months after initial surgery. Spontaneous drainage occurred in 15 patients, fluctuance in 6, and neither in the remaining 2 (pain and fever). Sedimentation rate averaged 48 mm/hr. All patients had instrumentation removed. Primary closure (1 stage) was performed in 14 patients, and delayed primary closure (> or =2 stages) was performed in nine patients. All wounds healed uneventfully. Cultures at the time of instrumentation removal grew Propionibacterium acnes in 12 patients, Staphylococcus epidermidis (or Staphylococcus coagulase-negative) in 4, Micrococcus varians in 1, and Staphylococcus aureus in 1. Five patients had negative cultures. After removal, patients received parenteral antibiotics; in 21 of these patients this was followed by oral antibiotics. Conclusions Low-virulent skin organisms are primarily responsible for delayed infections. Intraoperative seeding followed by subclinical quiescent periods appears to be the method by which infection occurs. The increased bulk and modularity of modern instrumentation systems can lead to inflammation and bursa formation, thus contributing significantly to the activation of these infections. Primary wound closure results in successful wound healing. Delayed closure after 48 hours is unnecessary. Short-term postoperative parenteral antibiotics (2-5 days) followed by short-term oral antibiotics (7-14 days) is recommended.
Pseudoherpetic grover disease: report of 2 cases and review of the literature.

Abstract:Two cases of a pseudoherpetic variant of Grover disease are presented. The first patient was a 60-year-old woman who had high fevers in combination with right lower lobe pneumonia. She developed an itchy papulovesicular rash on her back and upper abdomen. The second patient was a 68-year-ol
A Tale of Two Movies: Charlie Chaplin, United Artists, and the Red Scare

Film and television historians love to condemn the political paranoia and moral spinelessness of the Red Scare years in the late forties and fifties. There is certainly no lack of evidence documenting communist-related paranoia and cowardice; one of its most alarming instances appeared in the contemporary film and television industries. Most media history on the Red Scare deals with political abuses such as blacklists and purges, but historians should also be aware of adjustments in industry structure induced by the Red Scare political climate. For instance, we know of Hollywood screenwriters forced to work under pseudonyms as a personal consequence of the imposition of blacklists, but we know less of the more impersonal, structural consequences this may have had on the finely tuned Hollywood system of production. The effects of the Red Scare on institutional practices has been neglected in favor of chronicling the injustices perpetrated against individuals. Charlie Chaplin is a case in point. Terry Hickey's conclusion to his report on Chaplin's political harassment is a typical example of the presumption that Chaplin was just an innocent bystander, a passive casualty of cold war communist hysteria: "This writer believes Chaplin is another innocent victim of the political demagoguery and Communist witch-hunts of the late 1940s and early 1950s in the United States."2 More recently, Charles J. Maland has written, "In the Sixties and afterwards, the left viewed Chaplin as another victim of Hollywood crassness and the political intolerance of the McCarthy era."3 This assumption fails to consider either Chaplin's public responses or United Artists' distributional responses to the opposition he encountered. Chaplin was indeed badgered, persecuted, and eventually hounded out of the country during the Red Scare, but this may not be what is most significant to film historians. Equally important as Chaplin's relation to his public are the distribution strategies used by Chaplin and United Artists for coping with a
Characterization of porosity and permeability for CO2 sequestration models in the Mississippian Madison Group, Moxa Arch–LaBarge Platform, southwestern Wyoming

Porosity and permeability data for the Mississippian Madison Group in southwestern Wyoming were compiled and evaluated to relate these properties to stratigraphic facies in the Madison Group. The study was performed to provide baseline data for a geologic model required to sequester carbon in the study area. Public domain geological and petrophysical data provided the basis for the evaluation. Using the available database of wire-line logs and core from wells that penetrate the Madison Group, we place the wells within the regional structural and sequence-stratigraphic framework and detail porosity-permeability relationships. The highest porosity and permeability in the study area is present in the lower portion of the formation in dolomitic packstone-to grainstone-dominated facies near the top of the transgressive systems tract. Wire-line logs were used to calculate porosity values that correlate well with the more limited core-based data. The porosity in the Madison Group has a tri-modal distribution with porosity related to depositional facies. The first group is characterized by low porosity ( 12 percent) with a strong log permeability to porosity covariance. While lateral variations in porosity related to depositional facies can be traced over tens of kilometers, natural fractures appear to be a significant control on permeability in the lower porosity portions of the Madison.
Human fetal brain antigen expression common to tumors of neuroectodermal tissue origin.

Abstract The antigenic relationship between human tumors of neuroectodermal origin and fetal brain were further investigated by characterization of two hybridoma antibodies derived from a fusion of P3-NS1/1-Ag 4-1 (NSI) myeloma cells and splenocytes hyperimmunized to second trimester human fetal brain homogenate. Monoclonal antibodies (MAs) 1H8cl 2 and 1H8cl 3 were analyzed by cel; surface radioimmunoassay (CS-RIA), quantitative absorption, indirect immunofluorescence, and peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistology. MA 1H8cl 3 is the more broadly reactive, binding to 9/14 glioblastoma (GBM), 2/3 neuroblastoma, 1/2 melanoma, and 1 medulloblastoma cell line(s) by CS-RIA analysis, and to 12/15 GMB, fetal brain, spleen, and liver, and adult spleen by PAP analysis. MA 1H8cl 2 is more restricted, binding to 7/14 GBM, 2/3 neuroblastoma, 1 medulloblstoma, and 2/3 fetal skin fibroblast cell line(s) by CS-RIA, and to 9/15 GBM and fetal brain and spleen by PAP analysis. Control non-central nervous system tumors and normal adult tissue including brain, thymus, lymph node, liver, kidney, lung, skin, and pancreas, were unreactive with both 1H8cl 2 and 1H8cl 3 by CS-RIA, PAP, and potential interest in terms of cell lineage evolution and investigations of cell-cell interactions from immunologic, developmental, and neuronal communication viiewpoints. The most critical observation remains, however, that the operational specificity of MAs 1H8cl 2 and 1H8cl 3 within the adult central nervous system makes them useful reagents for the purification and biochemical characterization of the family of human neuroectodermal tumor-associated antigens.
Comment on "Slow adaptation in the face of rapid warming leads to collapse of the Gulf of Maine cod fishery".

Pershing et al. (Reports, 13 November, p. 809) concluded that failure to account for temperature in the assessment and management of Gulf of Maine Atlantic cod caused overfishing. We argue that the “extra mortality” calculation driving this conclusion is an artifact. Environmental factors affect all stocks, but attribution of additional mortality to temperature alone by Pershing et al. is unsupported by the data.
Determination of Magnesium in Health Food by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

[Objective]To establish a method for determining health food by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.[Methods]After the nitric acid and the perchloric acid digestion,the sample was induced in the flame atomic absorption spectrometry with standard series comparison quantitative.[Results]The detection limit was 0.017 μg/mL,The RSD was 0.90%~2.07%,The recovery was in the range of 96.9%~104.6%.[Conclusion]This method is simple,rapid,accurate,and suitable for measuring magnesium in health food.
Multipion correlations induced by isospin conservation of coherent emission

Recent measurements have revealed a significant suppression of multipion Bose–Einstein correlations in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC. The suppression may be explained by postulating coherent pion emission. Typically, the suppression of Bose–Einstein correlations due to coherence is taken into account with the coherent state formalism in quantum optics. However, since charged pion correlations are most often measured, the additional constraint of isospin conservation, which is absent in quantum optics, needs to be taken into account. As a consequence, correlations emerge between pions of opposite charge. A calculation of the correlations induced by isospin conservation of coherent emission is made for two, three- and four-pion correlation functions and compared to the data from the LHC.
Supervisors, Subordinates, and Sanctions

Many complain about a lack of sanctions against prosecutors who violate disclosure obligations. Such violations frequently go undetected for a variety of reasons, such as the prevalence of guilty pleas and the difficulty inherent in learning what a prosecutor did not reveal. Even when detected, such violations often go unpunished by judges or bar disciplinary authorities. To fill this sanction gap, some have called for prosecutor offices to investigate and impose sanctions internally for disclosure violations.The Department of Justice’s (DOJ’s) investigation of the prosecutors who handled the trial of US Senator Ted Stevens provides a rare opportunity to observe the operation of such an internal disciplinary process. The investigation generated disagreements about the level of culpability of various members of the prosecution team and about who should be sanctioned. The most recent development in this internal sanctions saga occurred on April 5, 2013, when Administrative Judge Benjamin Gutman reversed 40- and 15-day suspensions without pay for the only two Stevens trial prosecutors against whom the DOJ’s Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR) had sought sanctions.In this ethics column, we provide an overview of the investigation and the disagreements it produced. We also highlight some troubling issues the investigation revealed.
BK Channel Function Bidirectionally Influences Behavioral Deficits Following Withdrawal from Chronic Ethanol in Caenorhabditis elegans

The severity of withdrawal from chronic ethanol is a driving force for relapse in alcohol dependence. Thus, uncovering molecular changes that can be targeted to lessen withdrawal symptoms is key to breaking the cycle of dependence. Using the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we tested whether one highly conserved ethanol target, the BK potassium channel, may play a major role in alcohol withdrawal. Consistent with a previous report, we found that C. elegans displays behavioral impairment during withdrawal from chronic ethanol that can be reduced by low-dose ethanol. We discovered that the degree of impairment is exacerbated in worms lacking the BK channel, SLO-1, and is alleviated by selective rescue of the BK channel in the nervous system. Conversely, behavioral impairment during withdrawal was dramatically lower in worms with BK channel function enhanced via gain-of-function mutation or overexpression. Consistent with these results, we found that chronic ethanol exposure decreased BK channel expression in a subset of neurons. In addition, we found that a distinct, conserved large-conductance potassium channel, SLO-2, showed the inverse functional relationship, influencing withdrawal behavior via a SLO-1 channel-dependent mechanism. Our findings demonstrate that withdrawal symptoms in C. elegans are mechanistically explained in part by a functional imbalance in the nervous system associated with a reduction in SLO-1 channel expression. Therefore, selective modulation of Slo family ion channel activity may represent a novel therapeutic approach to explore for normalizing behaviors during alcohol withdrawal.
Dissolution-reprecipitation metasomatism and growth of zircon within phosphatic garnet in metapelites from western Massachusetts

Highly restitic garnet-kyanite-phlogopite metapelitic schists from the Goshen Dome of western Massachusetts contain: a population of prograde monocrystalline, megacrystic garnet, some with significant P in substitution for Si; precipitates of hydroxylapatite and rutile; and 5 /mm 3 . The unusual P content and the abundant internal precipitate suite are similar to features reported in garnet from ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) and mantle settings, suggesting a potential (U)HP origin for the garnet megacrysts. Zircon included in megacrysts is surrounded by radial fractures, indicating in situ volumetric expansion or new growth. Cores display rare earth element (REE) profiles and cathodoluminescence (CL) zoning consistent with magmatic growth, and yield only Paleozoic dates (447–404 Ma). The embayed core-rim boundary is marked by a several micrometers wide band of CL-dark zircon enriched in Y, P, U, and Th that is interpreted as the accumulation of redistributed xenotime component from the original zircon rim during metamorphism. Outside of this band, the rim has elevated Hf, Th/U ≪ 1, and steep heavy REE profiles. The metamorphic rims yield concordant dates from 400 to 381 Ma. Matrix zircon grains have magmatic cores (1726–415 Ma) with similar core–rim boundaries enriched in Y, P, U, and Th. Metamorphic rims on matrix zircon yield slightly younger dates (393–365 Ma) and are compositionally heterogeneous. The difference between the youngest core and oldest rim indicates a short interval (ca. 4 Ma) between deposition of detrital zircon and the onset of metamorphism in the earliest Acadian. The oldest zircon rim dates are found within phosphatic garnet megacrysts of possible very high-pressure origin. The compositional uniformity of these rims indicates equilibrium with a single source; the anomalous composition suggests a combination of dissolution-reprecipitation and new growth of zircon that is derived from garnet. The range in both composition and dates indicates that matrix zircon rims formed in response to local changes in mineralogy and fluid/melt composition and/or availability. New growth of zircon on these grains cannot be confirmed, suggesting that dissolution-reprecipitation reactions during continued metamorphism may be the dominant mechanism that formed these rims. The data collectively suggest that dissolution-reprecipitation may be a common mechanism for producing metamorphic rims on zircon that does not require additional Zr and Hf, which are limited within most metamorphic settings.
Quantum Ergodicity and Mixing of Eigenfunctions

This article surveys mathematically rigorous results on quantum ergodic and mixing systems, with an emphasis on general results on asymptotics of eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on compact Riemannian manifolds. Quantum ergodicity and mixing belong to the field of Quantum Chaos, which studies quantizations of ‘chaotic’ classical Hamiltonian systems. The basic questions are, how does the chaos of the classical dynamics impact on the eigenvalues eigenfunctions of the quantum Hamiltonian Ĥ and on and long time dynamics generated by Ĥ? These problems lie at the foundations of the semi-classical limit, i.e. the limit as the Planck constant → 0 or the energy E → ∞. More generally, one could ask what impact any dynamical feature of a classical mechanical system (e.g. complete integrability, KAM, ergodicity) has on the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the quantization. Over the last 30 years or so, these questions have been studied rather systematically by both mathematicians and physicists. There is an extensive literature comparing classical and quantum dynamics of model systems, such as comparing the geodesic flow and wave group on a compact (or finite volume) hyperbolic surface, or comparing classical and quantum billiards on the Sinai billiard or the Bunimovich stadium, or comparing the discrete dynamical system generated by a hyperbolic torus automorphism and its quantization by the metaplectic representation. As these models indicate, the basic problems and phenomena are richly embodied in simple, low-dimensional examples in much the same way that two-dimensional toy statistical mechanical models already illustrate complex problems on phase transitions. The principles established for simple models should apply to far more complex systems such as atoms and molecules in strong magnetic fields. The conjectural picture which has emerged from many computer experiments and heuristic arguments on these simple model systems is roughly that there exists a length scale in which quantum chaotic systems exhibit universal behavior. At this length scale, the eigenvalues resemble eigenvalues of random matrices of large size and the eigenfunctions resemble random waves. A small sample of the original physics articles suggesting this picture is [B, BGS, FP, Gu, H, A]. This article reviews some of the rigorous mathematical results in quantum chaos, particularly the rigorous results on eigenfunctions of quantizations of classically ergodic or mixing systems. They support the conjectural picture of random waves up to two moments, i.e. on the level of means and variances. A few results also exist on higher moments in very special cases. But from the mathematical point of view, the conjectural links to random matrices or random waves remain very much open at this time. A key difficulty is that the length scale on which universal behavior should occur is very far below the resolving power of any known Date: January 25, 2005. Research partially supported by NSF grant #DMS 0302518. 1
Social Reward and Empathy as Proximal Contributions to Altruism: The Camaraderie Effect.

Natural selection favors individuals to act in their own interests, implying that wild animals experience a competitive psychology. Animals in the wild also express helping behaviors, presumably at their own expense and suggestive of a more compassionate psychology. This apparent paradox can be partially explained by ultimate mechanisms that include kin selection, reciprocity, and multilevel selection, yet some theorists argue such ultimate explanations may not be sufficient and that an additional “stake in others” is necessary for altruism’s evolution. We suggest this stake is the “camaraderie effect,” a by-product of two highly adaptive psychological experiences: social motivation and empathy. Rodents can derive pleasure from access to others and this appetite for social rewards motivates individuals to live together, a valuable psychology when group living is adaptive. Rodents can also experience empathy, the generation of an affective state more appropriate to the situation of another compared to one’s own. Empathy is not a compassionate feeling but it has useful predictive value. For instance, empathy allows an individual to feel an unperceived danger from social cues. Empathy of another’s stance toward one’s self would predict either social acceptance or ostracism and amplify one’s physiological sensitivity to social isolation, including impaired immune responses and delayed wound healing. By contrast, altruistic behaviors would promote well-being in others and feelings of camaraderie from others, thereby improving one’s own physiological well-being. Together, these affective states engender a stake in others necessary for the expression of altruistic behavior.