cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Temperature Tensile Behavior Of Free-Standing Gold Films

A method for tensile testing thin films at elevated temperatures is presented. Freestanding tensile specimens were prepared by evaporating 2.1 μm of gold onto a patterned oxidized silicon wafer. Tensile tests were performed at various temperatures up to 600°C. The ultimate tensile strengths of the films decreased as temperature increased, and ductility increased with increasing temperature. Films tested at high temperatures (≥ 400 °C) exhibited significant strain rate-dependence, while films tested at low temperatures (≤ 200 °C) were found to be virtually rate-independent. At higher temperatures and strain rates, stress-enhanced grain growth was observed.
Changes of CT in Chronic Gonarthromeningitis

To discuss the manifestation and classification of the chronic g onarthromeningitis in Computer Tomograph(CT).Methods:Retrospective analysis was performed in 89 cases with chronic gonarthromeningitis proved by arthroscopic ex amination and operation,and 178 cases by follow_up examination.Results:According to the manifestation on computer tomograph,the synovitis of knee joint was clas sified into four types.The type of plica proliferation involved in 197 knee join ts of 153 cases.The type of effusion involved in 89 knee joints of 60 cases.The simple cystoid type involved in 19 knee joints of 19 cases.The type of phenotype involved in 50 knee joints of 35 cases.The concomitant hyperosteogeny and retro grade degeneration of joints of varied degree were seen in patients over 40 year s old.The degree of degeneration in knee joint was not correlated with the type of synovitis.Conclusion:CT of knee joint is a reliable method in diagnosing the chronic gonarthromeningitis,and the sign of plica proliferation,effusion,and cys t formation in joints can be viewed directly on it .It is important to different iate the type of effusion from the infective arthritis.
Comparing Dissolution of Effective Ingredients from Micro-powder and Crude Powder of Rhodiola rosea

Objective:To investigate the experimental proof for the application of super fine crushing tech-nique(SFCT) to the traditional Chinese medicinal herb and develop new methods to evaluate the effect of SFCT on drug.Method:The dissolution of Rhodiola rosea prepared by different techniques was investigated by dialysis deter-mining gallic acid,salidroside and catechin as the test marker.These markers were determined at different time by RP-HPLC.Result:The speed and degree of dissolution of salidroside and catechin were improved in micro-powder than those in crude powder after a certain time(15-45 min,P 0.05,45-60 min,P 0.01),but the difference of the gallic acid dissolution in the two kinds of powder were not obvious.Conclusion:Both the dissolution of effect component in R.rosea and the effect of Rhodiola rosea can be improved by SFCT.
Production of Insecticide Degradates in Juices: Implications for Risk Assessment

This study was designed to observe the production of degradates of two organophosphorus insecticides and one pyrethroid insecticide in beverages. Purified water, white grape juice, apple juice, and red grape juice were fortified with 500 ng/g malathion, chlorpyrifos, and permethrin, and aliquots were extracted for malathion dicarboxylic acid (MDA), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) several times over a 15 day period of being stored in the dark at 2.5 °C. Overall, first-order kinetics were observed for production of MDA, and statistically significant production of TCPy was also observed. Statistically significant production of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid was not observed. Results indicate that insecticides degrade in food and beverages, and this degradation may lead to preexisting insecticide metabolites in the beverages. Therefore, it is suggested that caution should be exercised when using urinary insecticide metabolites to assess exposure and risk.
Focusing and defocusing of teleseismic P waves by known three-dimensional structure beneath pahute mesa, Nevada Test Site

The focusing and defocusing of teleseismic P waves predicted by a known three-dimensional structure beneath the Nevada Test Site is calculated by dynamic raytracing and superposition of Gaussian beams. The 20 to 100 km scale lengths of this model, having velocity fluctuations of several per cent, account for a factor of 3 fluctuation in the azimuthal pattern of P amplitudes. Since similar sized scale lengths and intensities of velocity fluctuation are commonly resolved in three-dimensional inversions of mantle structure in other regions, focusing and defocusing of teleseismic P waves is likely to be a ubiquitous feature of every test site. Hence, network averages of mb that weight azimuthal windows in which P energy is either focused or defocused will tend to either over- or underestimate the yields of underground tests. The results obtained with a known Nevada Test Site structure suggest that structural inversions having similar structural resolution may be capable of reducing 25 per cent of the variance in amplitudes due to the focusing and defocusing of upper mantle structure near the source. Assuming that scattering processes are concentrated in the crust and upper-most mantle beneath the source and receiver, the integrated energy in the P coda should be more stable than direct P because it tends to homogenize the effect of focusing/defocusing structure near the source for scattering into direct P near the source. For direct P scattering near the receiver, however, even the late coda is not capable of completely removing the effects of focusing/defocusing near the source.
Techno-economic analysis of a conceptual biofuel production process from bioethylene produced by photosynthetic recombinant cyanobacteria

Ethylene is a petrochemical produced in large volumes worldwide. It serves as a building block for a wide variety of plastics, textiles, and chemicals, and can be converted into liquid transportation fuels. There is great interest in the development of technologies that produce ethylene from renewable resources, such as biologically derived CO2 and biomass. One of the metabolic pathways used by microbes to produce ethylene is via an ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE). By expressing a bacterial EFE gene in a cyanobacterium, ethylene has been produced through photosynthetic carbon fixation. Here, we present a conceptual design and techno-economic analysis of a process of biofuel production based on the upgradation of ethylene generated by the recombinant cyanobacterium. This analysis focuses on potential near-term to long-term cost projections for the integrated process of renewable fuels derived from ethylene. The cost projections are important in showing the potential of this technology and determining research thrusts needed to reach target goals. The base case for this analysis is a midterm projection using tubular photobioreactors for cyanobacterial growth and ethylene production, cryogenic distillation for ethylene separation and purification, a two-step Ziegler oligomerization process with subsequent hydrotreatment and upgradation for fuel production, and a wastewater treatment process that utilizes anaerobic digestion of cyanobacterial biomass. The minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) for the midterm projection is $15.07 per gallon gasoline equivalent (GGE). Near-term and long-term projections are $28.66 per GGE and $5.36 per GGE, respectively. Single- and multi-point sensitivity analyses are conducted to determine the relative effect that chosen variables could have on the overall costs. This analysis identifies several key variables for improving the overall process economics and outlines strategies to guide future research directions. The productivity of ethylene has the largest effect on cost and is calculated based on a number of variables that are incorporated into this cost model (i.e., quantum requirement, photon transmission efficiency, and the percent of energy going to either ethylene or cyanobacterial biomass production).
Cell Receptors for Picornaviruses

The surfaces of animal cells bear specific receptor sites for different viruses. These sites are the first part of the host cell that viruses encounter as they begin the infectious cycle. Receptor binding has been studied as long as other events in the viral life cycle, yet with the exception of the influenza virus receptor, sialic acid, these studies have not, until recently, resulted in the isolation and identification of viral receptors. Undoubtedly one reason for the slow progress in this field has been the difficulties encountered in purification of cell receptors for viruses. The application of recombinant DNA and monoclonal antibody technologies has recently resulted in the identification of receptors for five viruses. Two of these viruses are members of the picornavirus family, and therefore it is a suitable time to review our knowledge of picornavirus receptors, and consider the questions about these receptors that can now be addressed. This review will focus on the identification of cell receptors for several picornaviruses. Other aspects of the virus-receptor interaction, including studies of binding kinetics and the events that occur shortly after receptor binding, have been extensively reviewed and will not be covered here (Crowell and Landau 1983; Marsh and Helenius 1989).
Clustering Speed in Multi-lane Traffic Networks

We address the problem of efficient spatio-temporal clustering of speed data in road segments with multiple lanes. We postulate that the navigation/route plans typically reported by different providers as a single-value need not be accurate in multi-lane networks. Our methodology generates lane-aware distribution of speed from GPS data and agglomerates the basic space and time units into larger clusters. Thus, we achieve a compact description of speed variations which can be subsequently used for more accurate trips planning. We provide experiments that demonstrate the benefits of our proposed approaches.
Neighborhood Overlap-based Stable Data Gathering Trees for Mobile Sensor Networks

The hypothesis in this research is that the end nodes of a short distance link (the distance between the end nodes is significantly smaller than the transmission range per node) in a mobile sensor network (MSN) are more likely to share a significant fraction of their neighbors and such links are more likely to be stable. The author proposes to use Neighborhood Overlap (NOVER), a graph-theoretic metric used in complex network analysis, to effectively quantify the extent of shared neighborhood between the end nodes of a link and thereby the stability of the link. The author's claim is that links with larger NOVER score are more likely to be stable and could be preferred for inclusion while determining stable data gathering trees for MSNs. Through extensive simulations, the author shows that the NOVER-based DG trees are significantly more stable and energy-efficient compared to the DG trees determined using the predicted link expiration time (LET). Unlike the LET approach (currently the best known strategy), the NOVER-based approach could be applied without knowledge about the location and mobility of the nodes.
Vocation and time in Rumer Godden’s In This House of Brede:

Rumer Godden’s 1969 novel, In This House of Brede, transcends linear time in its account of a divinely inspired vocation. As Brede relates the events surrounding a monastery of Roman Catholic nuns,...
Variability in Acuity in Acute Care.

OBJECTIVEThis study was designed to describe variable acuity among 1 population of acute care patients.BACKGROUNDAcuity, defined as the individual patient need for nursing care, can inform level of care, nurse staffing, and the nurse-to-patient assignment. Nurse-generated data in the electronic heal
Quantifying the Role of Snowmelt in Stream Discharge in an Alaskan Watershed: An Analysis Using a Spatially Distributed Surface Hydrology Model

This study uses a spatially distributed surface hydrology model to investigate the role of snowmelt in stream discharge for the Tanana Flats Basin in interior Alaska. The Parameter ESTimation code is used to calibrate the model with observed stream discharge data. The model was further evaluated using remote sensing-based snow cover product and in situ snowpack water equivalent (SWE) observations. A 36-year (1980- 2015) U.S. Geological Survey Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) simulation shows: (1) The monthly stream discharge from the Tanana Flats Basin in April decreased by 44%; (2) Snow cover area at high altitudes (above 2000m) decreased in summer, both SWE and snowmelt also decreased significantly, especially in spring; (3) The timings of snowmelt onset and ending shifted by 2 (earlier) and 5 (later) days per decade, respectively; and (4) Snowmelt accounts for 40% of the annual stream discharge. This study provides a quantitative tool to investigating hydrological systems considering the impacts of snow dynamics in cold regions. This study also suggests that future warming will further decrease snow coverage, advance snow melting time, and hereafter change the stream discharge dynamics in the Arctic.
Factors influencing the long-term sustainment of quality improvements made in addiction treatment facilities: a qualitative study.

A greater understanding of the factors that influence long-term sustainment of quality improvement (QI) initiatives is needed to promote organizational ability to sustain QI practices over time, help improve future interventions, and increase the value of QI investments. We approached 83 of 201 executive sponsors or change leaders at addiction treatment organizations that participated in the 2007–2009 NIATx200 QI intervention. We completed semi-structured interviews with 33 individuals between November 2015 and April 2016. NIATx200 goals were to decrease wait time, increase admissions and improve retention in treatment. Interviews sought to understand factors that either facilitated or impeded long-term sustainment of organizational QI practices made during the intervention. We used thematic analysis to organize the data and group patterns of responses. We assessed available quantitative outcome data and intervention engagement data to corroborate qualitative results. We used narrative analysis to group four important themes related to long-term sustainment of QI practices: (1) finding alignment between business- and client-centered practices; (2) staff engagement early in QI process added legitimacy which facilitated sustainment; (3) commitment to integrating data into monitoring practices and the identification of a data champion; and (4) adequate organizational human resources devoted to sustainment. We found four corollary factors among agencies which did not sustain practices: (1) lack of evidence of impact on business practices led to discontinuation; (2) disengaged staff and lack of organizational capacity during implementation period led to lack of sustainment; (3) no data integration into overall business practices and no identified data champion; and (4) high staff turnover. In addition, we found that many agencies’ current use of NIATx methods and tools suggested a legacy effect that might improve quality elsewhere, even absent overall sustainment of original study outcome goals. Available quantitative data on wait-time reduction demonstrated general concordance between agency perceptions of, and evidence for, sustainment 2 years following the end of the intervention. Additional quantitative data suggested that greater engagement during the intervention period showed some association with sustainment. Factors identified in QI frameworks as important for short-term sustainment—organizational capacity (e.g. staffing and leadership) and intervention characteristics (e.g. flexibility and fit)—are also important to long-term sustainment.
Allogeneic Marrow Transplantation from HLA-Identical Siblings in the Acute Leukemias: Baltimore Experience

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of acute leukemia has shown remarkable therapeutic progress in recent years. Long-term remissions and possible eure rates of 50% or higher have been obtained by a number of centers in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANL), particularily when patients were transplanted in their first remission [1–9]. Most reported series of allogeneic marrow transplantation in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) performed in the second remission have shown long-term disease-free survival of 20%–30%. Data for patients in their third and subsequent remissions are less good [10–14]. The recent report from the Memorial Sloan Kettering group [15] and the Baltimore group [16] has shown a therapeutic improvement over the previously reported series of ALL transplanted in their second remission. In the present communication, we wish to update our results of allogeneic marrow transplantation in patients with ANL and ALL who received marrow grafts from genotypically HLA-identical siblings.
The Glodom alternative. Domestic satellite systems for developing countries

Abstract The special characteristics of satellite communication, such as thin-route adaptability, broadcast capability and distance insensitivity, make it ideal for domestic use in many of the developing countries. Unfortunately, the manner in which the international satellite system is evolving may make it increasingly difficult for those countries to enjoy the benefits of satellite communication for domestic purposes. This article argues that the International Telecommunication Union could be used in a innovative manner to make an effective, thin-route domestic satellite service available to all of the developing countries that need it.
Direct quantitation of Mg2+ - RNA interactions by use of a fluorescent dye

Abstract The ionic composition of a solution strongly influences the folding of an RNA into its native structure; of particular importance, the stabilities of RNA tertiary structures are sharply dependent on the concentration of Mg 2+ . Most measurements of the extent of Mg 2+ interaction with an RNA have relied on equilibrium dialysis or indirect measurements. Here we describe an approach, based on titrations in the presence of a fluorescent indicator dye, that accurately measures the excess Mg 2+ ion neutralizing the charge of an RNA (the interaction or Donnan coefficient, Γ 2+ ) and the total free energy of Mg 2+ ‐ RNA interactions (Δ G RNA‐2+ ). Automated data collection with computer‐controlled titrators enables the collection of much larger data sets in a short time, compared to equilibrium dialysis. Γ 2+ and Δ G RNA‐2+ are thermodynamically rigorous quantities that are directly comparable with the results of theoretical calculations and simulations. In the event that RNA folding is coupled to the addition of MgCl 2 , the method directly monitors the uptake of Mg 2+ associated with the folding transition.
SLC4A1111 provides NH3 sensitive mitochondrial uncoupling and ROS prevention that facilitates glutamine catabolism

Mutations in SLC4A11 can cause CHED (Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy) a disorder of the Corneal Endothelium that produces corneal edema and poor vision in early childhood. Slc4a11-/- (KO) mice recapitulate CHED showing corneal edema, evidence of oxidative stress, and eventual death of corneal endothelial cells. SLC4A11, which is highly expressed in the corneal endothelium, functions as an NH3-sensitive electrogenic H+ transporter. Loss of SLC4A11 depresses glutamine (Gln) catabolism, yielding lower [ATP] and NH3 production relative to wild-type. SLC4A11 has been localized to the basolateral membrane of polarized cells and undetermined cytoplasmic locations. In the current study, we found that SLC4A11 co-localizes to mitochondria, and is associated with inner mitochondrial membrane proteins. To test if SLC4A11 is acting as an NH3-activated mitochondrial uncoupler, we used Mouse Corneal Endothelial Cell (MCEC) lines derived from WT and Slc4a11 KO mice. We found that application of NH3 depolarized WT mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), but not KO. Relative to KO, WT cells had a higher oxygen consumption rate (OCR), greater proton leak, greater NAD/NADH ratio, and higher [ATP] in the presence of 0.5 mM Gln. Moreover, mitochondrial ROS after 24 hours Gln-incubation was significantly higher in KO with concomitant MMP depolarization, low [ATP], and mPTP opening leading to increased apoptosis. Inhibiting Gln derived NH3 production by GLS1 inhibitors BPTES or CB839 or Dimethyl-α-Ketoglutarate ameliorated these effects. NH3 (25mM) alone increased ROS, decreased [ATP], and increased apoptosis in KO without affecting WT cells, indicating that KO cells are more sensitive to NH3. Slc4a11 KO cells were rescued from the effects of Gln or NH3 by MitoQ ROS scavenging or the mitochondrial uncoupler BAM15. In summary, these results indicate that mitochondrial Slc4a11 NH3 sensitive H+ influx is providing mitochondrial uncoupling that lowers Gln-dependent ROS production, facilitating Gln catabolism and protecting mitochondria.
Modified Radau Collocation method for Solving Optimal Control Problems with Nonsmooth Solutions Part I: Lavrentiev Phenomenon and the Search Space

A new method is developed for solving optimal control problems whose solutions contain a nonsmooth optimal control. The method developed in this paper employs a modified form of the Legendre-Gauss-Radau (LGR) orthogonal direct collocation method in which an additional variable and two additional constraints are included at the end of a mesh interval. The additional variable is the switch time where a discontinuity occurs. The two additional constraints are a collocation condition on each differential equation that is a function of control along with a control constraint at the endpoint of the mesh interval that defines the location of the nonsmoothness. These additional constraints modify the search space of the NLP in a manner such that an accurate approximation to the location of the nonsmoothness is obtained. An example with a nonsmooth solution is used throughout the paper to illustrate the improvement of the method over the standard Legendre-Gauss- Radau collocation method.
Is PRS Good for Predicting Complex Polygenic Traits

Abstract Polygenic risk score (PRS) is extremely popular for complex traits prediction with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) data. The PRS, as its name suggests, is designed for polygenic traits to aggregate information from a large number of potentially causal SNPs. It has been viewed as a powerful method for polygenic traits within the genetics community. However, disappointing to many researchers, the prediction accuracy of PRS in practice is low, even for highly heritable polygenic traits. To solve the puzzle, we investigate PRS both empirically and theoretically. We show how the performance of PRS is influenced by the triplet (n, p, m), where n, p, m are the sample size, the number of SNPs studied, and the number of true causal SNPs, respectively. For a given heritability, we find that i) when PRS is constructed with all p SNPs (referred as GWAS-PRS), its prediction accuracy is controlled by the p/n ratio; while ii) when PRS is built with the top-ranked SNPs that pass a pre-specified P-value threshold (referred as threshold-PRS), its accuracy can vary dramatically depending on how sparse the true genetic signals are. Only when m is magnitude smaller than n, or genetic signals are sparse, can threshold-PRS perform well. In contrast, if m >> n, or genetic signals are not sparse, which is often the case for complex polygenic traits, threshold-PRS can fail badly. Our results demystify the poor performance of PRS and demonstrate the practical paradox associated with PRS for polygenic trait prediction.
Posterior single-stepping thresholds are prospectively related to falls in older women

Falls are a leading cause of injury in older women. Stepping thresholds quantify balance-reaction capabilities. It is unclear how such evaluations predict falls in comparison to, or as a complement to, other objective measures of gait, standing postural control, strength, and balance confidence. The objective of this study was to determine if stepping thresholds are prospectively related to falls in older women. For this prospective cohort study, 125 ambulatory, community-dwelling women, age ≥ 65 years were recruited. Using a treadmill to deliver perturbations to standing participants, we determined anteroposterior single- and multiple-stepping thresholds. Here, thresholds represent the minimum perturbation magnitudes that consistently evoke one step or multiple steps. In addition, gait kinematics, obstacle-crossing kinematics, standing sway measures, unipedal stance time, the functional reach, lower extremity isometric strength, grip strength, balance confidence, and fall history were evaluated. Falls were prospectively recorded for one year. Seventy-four participants (59%) fell at least once. Posterior single-stepping thresholds were the only outcome that predicted future fall status (OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.01–2.28; AUC = .62). A multivariate approach added postural sway with eyes closed as a second predictive variable, although predictive abilities were not meaningfully improved. These results align with the previous evidence that reactive balance is a prospective indicator of fall risk. Unlike previous studies, strength scaled to body size did not contribute to fall prediction. Posterior single-stepping thresholds held a significant relationship with future fall status. This relationship was independent of, and superior to that of, other measures of standing balance, gait, strength, and balance confidence.
Comprehension of computer code relies primarily on domain-general executive resources

Computer programming is a novel cognitive tool that has transformed modern society. An integral part of programming is code comprehension: the ability to process individual program tokens, combine them into statements, which, in turn, combine to form a program. What cognitive and neural mechanisms support this ability to process computer code? Here, we used fMRI to investigate the role of two candidate brain systems in code comprehension: the multiple demand (MD) system, typically recruited for math, logic, problem solving, and executive function, and the language system, typically recruited for linguistic processing. Across two experiments, we examined brain responses to code written in two programing languages: Python, a text-based programming language (Experiment 1) and ScratchJr, a graphical programming language for children (Experiment 2). To isolate neural activity evoked by code comprehension per se rather than by processing program content, we contrasted responses to code problems with responses to content-matched sentence problems. We found that the MD system exhibited strong bilateral responses to code in both experiments. In contrast, the language system responded strongly to sentence problems, but only weakly or not at all to code problems. We conclude that code comprehension relies primarily on domain-general executive resources, demonstrating that the MD system supports the use of novel cognitive tools even when the input is structurally similar to natural language.
The Need for Community Practice to Support Aging in Place during COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted systems that support older adults, including older adults aging in their own homes and communities. While much of the calls for gerontological social work practi...
Phosphorus recovery from wastewater using pyridine-based ion-exchange resins: Role of impregnated iron oxide nanoparticles and preloaded Lewis acid (Cu2+ ).

Inputs of P into receiving water bodies are attracting increasing attention due to the negative effects of eutrophication. Presently available P treatment technologies are unable to achieve strict P discharge limits from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that may be as low as 10 µg/L as P. Moreover, P is a nonrenewable resource and needs to be recycled in a closed-loop process for environmental sustainability. This article provides details of a process where a pyridine-based polymeric ion exchanger is modified with a combination of impregnated hydrated ferric oxide (HFO) nanoparticles and a preloaded Lewis acid (Cu2+ ) to effectuate selective P removal from wastewater and its recovery as a solid-phase fertilizer. Three such ion exchangers were studied: DOW-HFO, DOW-Cu, and DOW-HFO-Cu. Each of these materials displays selective phosphate affinity over competing anions chloride and sulfate, and also has the ability to be regenerated upon exhaustion to strip off the P in a concentrated solution. The P in concentrated regenerant can be recovered as struvite, MgNH4 PO4 , a slow-release fertilizer, after addition of MgCl2 and NH4 Cl. Results of equilibrium and kinetic studies and column experiments with synthetic solutions and a real WWTP effluent are discussed. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Fixed-bed columns with DOW-HFO, DOW-Cu, or DOW-HFO-Cu-can selectively remove phosphorus over competing anions. Fixed-bed columns of above-listed ion exchangers can produce an effluent P < 6 μg/L. DOW-Cu fixed-bed column ran for ≈500 Bed Volumes before breakthrough when fed Dartmouth WWTP secondary effluent. Regeneration of the exhausted DOW-Cu column resulted in ≈90% recovery of the phosphorus. Regenerant solution was used to generate high-purity crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate, MgNH4 PO4 (struvite), a slow-release fertilizer.
A Spatial Analysis on Charter School Access in the New York Metropolitan Area

BackgroundExtant literature has consistently indicated that access to charter school markets is shaped by social geography. Given interest in location shown by charter schools and parents, estimati...
The Use of Antioxidants in the Treatment of Mucocutaneous Lesions

Summary Surgery remains the treatment of choice for premalignant oral lesions, but is there a role for antioxidants in the treatment of oral lesions? There was initial excitement regarding the use of antioxidants in the treatment of premalignant oral lesions because of the in vitro, animal, and epidemiologic studies that reported an association between low levels of antioxidants and cancer throughout the body. Unfortunately, antioxidants are not the “magic bullet” for the treatment of premalignant oral mucosal lesions or the prevention of second primary malignancies. However, there is a role for antioxidants if used judiciously in selected cases that can be monitored carefully. An important principle is that the treatment should not be more harmful than the damage that the lesion can cause.
RACE: Resource Aware Cost-Efficient Scheduler for Cloud Fog Environment

Fog Computing is one of the new computing structures which takes the Cloud to the verge of the network. The structure is formulated for applications that need low latency. Fog Computing has been projected to improve the disadvantages of Cloud Computing. The system is confronted with the variability of dynamic resources that are heterogeneous and distributed. Hence, efficient scheduling and resource allocation are necessary to maximize the use of these resources and the satisfaction of users. In this paper, a resource-aware scheduler RACE (Resource Aware Cost-Efficient Scheduler) is proposed to distribute the incoming application modules to Fog devices that maximize resource utilization at the Fog layer, reduces the monetary cost of using Cloud resources with minimum execution time of applications and minimum bandwidth usage. This RACE comprises of two algorithms. The ModuleScheduler in RACE categorizes the incoming application modules according to their computation and bandwidth requirements which are then placed by CompareModule. Comprehensive experimental results obtained from the simulation by using ifogsim simulator show that our approach performs better in most of the cases as compared to the Traditional Cloud placement and the baseline algorithm.
Sequence stratigraphy and carbon isotopes from the Trenton and Black River Groups near Union Furnace, PA: Constraining the role of land plants in the Ordovician world

Abstract Sea-level change influences carbon isotopic trends in both modern and ancient carbonate depositional environments. Generally, this relationship is manifested as a positive carbon isotopic excursion where the rising limb of the excursion is associated with transgression. These excursions exist because sea level can influence 1) local/regional/global carbon cycling, 2) basin restriction and meteoric influence, and 3) carbonate sedimentation. The first two processes are influenced, in part, by the large carbon reservoir represented by the terrestrial biosphere. Our goal is to explore the relationship between carbon isotopes and sea level prior to the evolution of vascular plants at a time when the terrestrial carbon reservoir was far smaller. This study focuses on the Upper Ordovician Union Furnace section in Pennsylvania, where a previously documented ~1‰ increase in δ13C values in the upper Sandbian (458.4–453.0 Ma; referred to as the “baseline shift”) has been interpreted to reflect a perturbation to the global carbon cycle due to the proliferation of non-vascular plants. By focusing on the interval deposited before the “baseline shift”, we were able to examine the relationship between sea level, carbon isotopes, and some of the earliest terrestrial ecosystems. We present a high-resolution δ13C record directly tied to the sedimentological and sequence stratigraphic framework. By sampling genetically related packages of rock we were able to document a relationship between carbon isotopes and sea level at the sequence and parasequence level. Our results show that carbon isotopic values decreased during transgressions and increased during regressions. This seemingly inverse relationship between δ13C values and sea level is interpreted to reflect increased terrestrial fluxes during regression in a world devoid of vascular plants. Our results suggest that the early colonization of land by non-vascular plants impacted regional carbon cycling in the Appalachian Basin and eventually the global carbon cycle in the Late Ordovician.
Evidence for the flexible use of spatial knowledge in the rat

Animals form spatial representations of environments called cognitive maps, which allow for spatial knowledge to be used in a flexible manner (O’Keefe & Nadel, 1978). For example, using a cognitive map permits navigation from a novel start location to a known goal location. However, Sutherland, Chew, Baker, and Linggard (1987) showed that in the Morris water maze rats had difficulty finding a known goal location from a novel start location. They concluded that the spatial information contained in the map might not be used in a flexible manner (Sutherland et al., 1987). The present study reveals that the impairment reported by Sutherland et al. is due to a stimulus generalization decrement.
Novel Targets for Future Medical Treatments

There have been major developments in our understanding of the histopathological classification, genetics, molecular signaling pathways, and treatment of pNETs over the last decade. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a promising target for well-differentiated pNETs. A number of agents targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGF) have shown equal promise and success. The approval of both everolimus and sunitinib by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2011 for the treatment of progressive pNETs has forever changed the landscape of treatment of advanced pNETs. Each agent demonstrated an improvement in progression-free survival. Other novel therapies including bevacizumab, a vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor, and insulin growth factor receptor inhibitors are showing promise with pNETs by improving progression-free survival alone or in combination with other targeted agents. There are an unprecedented number of ongoing clinical trials of innovative treatments for this disease and the development of combination therapy will lead to better therapeutic outcomes. Further advances are on the horizon.
Maize α‐Glucan Phosphorylase

The major isozyme of α-glucan phosphorylase from developing maize seeds has been purified to homogeneity as verified by gel electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation and immunoprecipitation. The enzyme appears to be dimeric and has an estimated molecular weight of 223000 +- 10000 based on ultracentrifugation, dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis, and pyridoxal phosphate content. Adenosine diphosphoglucose appears to be a physiologically important inhibitor and interacts with the enzyme to give sigmoid kinetics when glucose 1-phosphate is the variable substrate. There are no properties of the enzyme which distinguish it from other phosphorylases as having a primarily synthetic role.
Residual and Applied Stress Measurements at IPNS

The Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) at Argonne National Laboratory has operated as a user facility since 1981. From the early days on, highly precise measurement of structural parameters including lattice constants has been a major objective of developments on the powder diffractometers at IPNS. The General Purpose Powder Diffractometer (GPPD) combines excellent instrumental resolution - roughly independent of d-spacing - with good neutron flux to provide an exceptional tool for the measurement of residual and applied stresses.
Atomic Supersymmetry, Oscillators, and the Penning Trap

It is a pleasure to participate in celebrating Franco Iachello’s 50th birthday. I wish him many happy returns.
In-training examinations for residents in obstetrics and gynecology, 1975 to 1978

Abstract In the four years from 1975 to 1978, 12,712 in-training examinations were administered to residents by the Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Whereas the first four tests (1970 to 1974) consisted entirely of multiple choice items (MCQs), these examinations were approximately equally divided between MCQs and patient management problems (PMPs). Discrimination, difficulty, and reliability indices for the total examination have remained relatively constant. The MCQ subtest scores have decreased in validity due mainly to the decrease in the number of items necessary to accommodate the PMPs. However, the overall test performance remains satisfactory to meet its educational objective. Accomplishment of this objective was enhanced by the unique "key word feedback" instituted in 1975. The tests have continued to show a progressive score increase from the first to the fourth years of training. These and other data are presented by year, and the future directions for the examination are discussed.
Localization of Coliphage MS2 A-Protein

Abstract The purification of coliphage MS2 dinitrophenol (DNP) conjugates provided a system for localization of the single molecule of A-protein in the capsid of the MS2 phage particle. Three A-protein preparations isolated from unconjugated MS2, overconjugated DNP-MS2, and purified 78S DNP-MS2 were tested for the presence of covalently bound DNP. The binding characteristics to Dowex 1-X8 and rabbit anti-DNP bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) immunoglobulin G of the 78S DNP-MS2 and overconjugated DNP-MS2 A-protein preparations indicate that the A-protein is located on the surface of the phage particle where it can be covalently conjugated with hapten. Extensive enzymatic iodination of the A-protein of intact unconjugated MS2 substantiates this conclusion.
Experimental Candida Endocarditis

Publisher Summary Investigations examining the pathogenesis and therapy of experimental disseminated Candida infection have been performed by using a various animals models, including the mouse, rat, and rabbit. In addition, murine or Sprague-Dawley or Zucker rat models have now been used to investigate disseminated candidiasis in the context of immunodeficiency. The mouse and rat models require less antifungal agent overall, and the costs of obtaining and caring for small rodents are less than those of rabbits. In addition, more numerous and varied models of gene knockout-mediated immunosuppression exist in mice and rats than in rabbits. Even then, the rabbit model is generally viewed as the principal tool for studying Candida infective endocarditis (IE) in vivo. Although, various rabbits species are suitable for use in the model of Candida IE, the New Zealand White rabbit is the most extensively used. The rabbits should arrive and be housed at least 24 hours prior to catheterization surgery to allow acclimatization to new ambient conditions. The length of time required for stabilization may be longer, depending on the type and duration of animal transportation. This reduces animal stress, and appears to improve survival post-surgery. Food (rabbit chow) and water are generally provided ad libitum before and after surgery, as well as during the course of infection and treatment studies. The rabbits are anesthetized for catheterization surgery with concomitant intramuscular injections of 40 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride and 5 mg/kg xylazine. When animals are kept warm, surgical-level anesthesia usually follows within 5–7 minutes.
Modeling Lane-Changing Behavior in a Connected Environment: A Game Theory Approach

Vehicle-to-Vehicle communications provide the opportunity to create an internet of cars through the recent advances in communication technologies, processing power, and sensing technologies. A connected vehicle receives real-time information from surrounding vehicles; such information can improve drivers’ awareness about their surrounding traffic condition and lead to safer and more efficient driving maneuvers. Lane-changing behavior,as one of the most challenging driving maneuvers to understand and to predict, and a major source of congestion and collisions, can benefit from this additional information.This paper presents a lane-changing model based on a game-theoretical approach that endogenously accounts for the flow of information in a connected vehicular environment.A calibration approach based on the method of simulated moments is presented and a simplified version of the proposed framework is calibrated against Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) data. The prediction capability of the simplified model is validated. It is concluded the presented framework is capable of predicting lane-changing behavior with limitations that still need to be addressed. Finally, a simulation framework based on the fictitious play is proposed. The simulation results revealed that the presented lane-changing model provides a greater level of realism than a basic gap-acceptance model.
Ca2+ and calmodulin-regulated endogenous tubulin kinase activity in presynaptic nerve terminal preparations.

Abstract Synaptosomal tubulin was shown to be the major substrate for a Ca 2+ -calmodulin regulated protein kinase in synaptosome soluble fractions as determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide mapping. Ca 2+ activated this endogenous tubulin kinase system in presynaptic nerve terminal preparations. The Ca 2+ -dependent activation of the tubulin kinase system was mediated by the Ca 2+ binding protein, calmodulin. Trifluoperazine, a known inhibitor of calmodulin, significantly blocked the calmodulin-stimulated [ 32 P]phosphate incorporation into synaptic tubulin. This inhibition of endogenous tubulin phosphorylation could be reversed by addition of exogenous calmodulin to the reaction mixture. The concentrations of Ca 2+ and calmodulin required to produce a half-maximal stimulation of the tubulin kinase were 0.8 μM and 0.3 μM respectively. Greater than 70% of soluble tubulin present in the nerve terminal was phosphorylated in less than 50 s by this kinase system. Evidence is presented indicating that the synaptic Ca 2+ -calmodulin tubulin kinase is a distinct enzyme system from the previously described cyclic AMP microtubule-associated kinase. The anticonvulsant phenytoin inhibited the Ca 2+ -calmodulin stimulated phosphorylation of tubulin, and α- and β-tubulin were identified as major components of previously designated synaptic phosphoprotein bands DPH-L and DPH-M. Existence of the kinase as a calmodulin-tubulin-kinase complex is suggested from kinetic studies. The Ca 2+ -calmodulin tubulin kinase is very labile and specialized isolation procedures were necessary to retain activity. The activation of the tubulin kinase by Ca 2+ and calmodulin may play a role in the functional utilization of tubulin in the nerve terminal and may mediate some of the effects of Ca 2 on synaptic function.
Major unipolar depression and mild Alzheimer's disease: differentiation by quantitative tonic REM EEG

In a previous report, tonic REM sleep epochs from the all-night sleep EEG were processed and analyzed to produce a diagnostic that discriminated mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) from cognitively unimpaired control subjects. Here, we examine the specificity of this diagnostic in distinguishing depression from AD. Twenty-four cognitively unimpaired seniors (aged 63 +/- 1.3) with major depressive disorder (unipolar) were monitored for all-night EEG in a manner identical to that used in our previous report. Tonic REM EEG epochs were preconditioned, spectrally analyzed and compared with known populations of control and AD EEG spectra. Instances when a given depressed subject's spectra fell within spectral zones unique to control or AD populations formed a diagnostic score (control, AD, neither of these). Diagnostic scores correctly identified 88% (21/24) of cognitively unimpaired seniors with major depressive disorder (unipolar). This can be compared with 89% (31/35) of mild AD subjects and 100% (43/43) of control subjects correctly identified in our previous report. This diagnostic also correctly classified as to eventual clinical AD/not AD outcome 8 subjects with both major depressive disorder and validated memory complaints. The diagnostic discrimination of AD is based on the fact that AD subjects have significantly less tonic REM EEG energy in the 13-30 Hz frequency range and more in the 1-10 Hz range than control or depressed subjects, as shown in conventional spectral analysis.
A scalable approach to extracting mobility patterns from social media data

Social media represents an emerging source of big data with rich mobility information embedded. While extensive studies in cartography, geographic information science, and visualization have been conducted to extract movement patterns from spatial data, new challenges and opportunities arise for deriving geographic patterns of mobility at scale from massive social media data. Conventional methods (e.g. flow mapping) cannot effectively capture geographic features in the process of addressing visualization concerns such as visual clutter. Furthermore, these methods are not scalable to the volume and velocity of social media data. As a consequence, geographic attributes of mobility (e.g. for representing movement trajectories of social media users) are not adequately captured for better understanding actual mobility patterns (e.g. in disease transmission and road traffic). To address this problem, this paper describes a scalable approach to extracting mobility patterns based on geographic routes from massive social media data. To support interactive visualization of mobility patterns by a large number of online users, this approach is implemented as a workflow of data processing, routing optimization, and multi-scale mapping. The scalability of the approach is demonstrated through both a suite of simulation experiments and a cyberGIS application of social media data.