cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benevolent Illusions in a Developing Society: the Assertion of Supreme Court Authority in Democratic India:

sM t , ANY PEOPLE consider India politically developed and socially backward. Few polities have so successfully institutionalized basic rules of the game and structures of governance amid mass poverty, illiteracy, extreme social diversity, and rising expectations. Scholars have accounted for this apparent paradox by emphasizing the early institutionalization of the Congress party and the Indian Civil Service, unusual elite consensus created through years of nationalist struggle, the continuous creation and crystallization of new institutions at the local level, and the unique adaptability of Indian traditions (cf. Huntington 1968: 84; Kothari 1970; Rudolphs 1967; Weiner 1967). This essay argues that such explanations are incomplete insofar as they have not emphasized the central role played by the Indian Supreme Court. While most standard treatments of the Indian polity mention the judicial system as an important colonial legacy, much greater attention is given to other institutions (cf. Kothari 1970a, which fails to mention the judiciary; Hanson and Douglas 1972: 46, consider the Supreme Court unimportant before 1967, a point contested below). In recent years, politically explosive judicial decisions have created new interest in the Supreme Court (cf. Rudolphs 1981). However, systematic analysis of the Court as a political institution is rare. (Gadbois 1981, is an important exception. Most serious commentary on the Court has been conducted by Indian legal scholars and journalists. See Baxi 1980; Dhavan 1977.) Huntington's general framework for the study of political institutions has been adopted for purposes of analysis (Huntington 1968: 1-92; for other applications of Huntington to India, see Hart 1980; Sisson 1972, 1973). He suggests that political development is measured by the capacity of political institutions to meet and shape political demands. Development (or institutionalization) is the "process by which organizations and procedures acquire value and stability." Further, the level of political development can be defined by "the adaptability, complexity, autonomy, and coherence of its organizations and procedures." Huntington has described the Congress party and Indian Civil Service as uniquely successful in channeling and meeting political demands in society with rapidly rising expectations (1968: 12, 84-85). I argue that the Indian Supreme Court has also acquired "value and stability," achieving the requisite institutional criteria of adaptability, complexity, autonomy, and coherence. In so
Spatiotemporal dynamics of calcium-driven cardiac alternans.

We investigate the dynamics of spatially discordant alternans (SDA) driven by an instability of intracellular calcium cycling using both amplitude equations [P. S. Skardal, A. Karma, and J. G. Restrepo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 108103 (2012)] and ionic model simulations. We focus on the common case where the bi-directional coupling of intracellular calcium concentration and membrane voltage dynamics produces calcium and voltage alternans that are temporally in phase. We find that, close to the alternans bifurcation, SDA is manifested as a smooth wavy modulation of the amplitudes of both repolarization and calcium transient (CaT) alternans, similarly to the well-studied case of voltage-driven alternans. In contrast, further away from the bifurcation, the amplitude of CaT alternans jumps discontinuously at the nodes separating out-of-phase regions, while the amplitude of repolarization alternans remains smooth. We identify universal dynamical features of SDA pattern formation and evolution in the presence of those jumps. We show that node motion of discontinuous SDA patterns is strongly hysteretic even in homogeneous tissue due to the novel phenomenon of “unidirectional pinning”: node movement can only be induced towards, but not away from, the pacing site in response to a change of pacing rate or physiological parameter. In addition, we show that the wavelength of discontinuous SDA patterns scales linearly with the conduction velocity restitution length scale, in contrast to the wavelength of smooth patterns that scales sub-linearly with this length scale. Those results are also shown to be robust against cell-to-cell fluctuations owing to the property that unidirectional node motion collapses multiple jumps accumulating in nodal regions into a single jump. Amplitude equation predictions are in good overall agreement with ionic model simulations. Finally, we briefly discuss physiological implications of our findings. In particular, we suggest that due to the tendency of conduction blocks to form near nodes, the presence of unidirectional pinning makes calcium-driven alternans potentially more arrhythmogenic than voltage-driven alternans.
Porewater evidence for a dynamic sedimentary iron cycle in salt marshes1

Dynamic transformations of iron occur seasonally at Great Sippewissett Marsh, Massachusetts. Small changes in the dissolved iron concentration in prewater represent only a small fraction of the iron involved in transformation reactions during the year. During the growing season, salt marsh grasses oxidize the sediment, and a large percentage of sedimentary pyrite is converted to an oxidized iron mineral. Over the fall and winter there is a net increase in pyrite as the grass is anaerobically decomposed. When oxidation rates in summer are high enough to neutralize the alkalinity produced by sulfate reduction and substantially lower the pH, oxidized iron minerals become increasingly soluble and iron levels in the porewater increase. If large amounts of soluble iron are lost by tidal flushing, iron availability may limit pyrite formation in later years. Sulfide concentrations in the porewater would then increase, leading to depressed growth of Spartina alterniflora. For most of the year the porewaters of Great Sippewissett were undersaturated with respect to all iron monosulfide minerals and supersaturated with respect to pyrite (FeS/sub 2/). Thus pyrite formation at Great Sippewissett probably occurs directly by reaction of polysulfides with iron and not by reactions of FeS with elemental sulfur. Porewaters were alwaysmore » undersaturated with respect to manganese minerals. Porewaters taken from marshes at Sapelo Island, Georgia, in fall were supersaturated with respect to pyrite at all depths and appear to be saturated for iron monosulfides below 12 cm at all sites.« less
Evidence-based surgical management of acquired tricuspid valve disease

Tricuspid valve disease generally occurs secondary to other cardiac conditions, particularly mitral valve regurgitation or stenosis. Repair gives excellent results, but a substantial proportion of patients experience late failure, and appropriate selection of patients and repair technique remain a challenge. In this article, Shinn and Schaff review the pathophysiology of tricuspid valve disease and describe its surgical management.
Modifying a Shear Interferometer to Obtain a Neutral Reference Beam

An absolute interferometer may be obtained from a differential-shear interferometer if a very small pinhole stop is introduced into one of the two spatially separated point-source images that the differential-shear interferometer produces. The technique and one example are discussed.
The potential of amifostine in high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Abstract Amifostine treatment may allow chemotherapy dose increases beyond those permitted by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In a recent study in patients with solid tumors receiving a high-dose regimen of etoposide, ifosfamide, and carboplatin plus autologous stem cell transplantation, amifostine pretreatment was associated with significant reductions in time to neutrophil and thrombocyte engraftment, fewer days of neutropenic fever, less need for salvage antibiotic therapy. Also, there were significant reductions in grade 3 or 4 stomatitis/diarrhea, and delayed nausea/vomiting. A phase I/II study in patients with refractory/high-risk malignancies indicated that a 140% increase of high-dose melphalan (up to 280 mg/m2) can be safely used with amifostine and autologous stem cell transplantation with manageable mucosal toxicity and a reduced incidence of regimen-related toxicity. Preliminary findings in another phase II study indicate that melphalan 280 mg/m2 can also be safely used with amifostine/stem cell transplantation in the treatment of patients with myeloma. Additional studies are ongoing or planned to examine the potential hematoprotective and hematostimulating effects of amifostine in the setting of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. Semin Oncol 29 (suppl 19):53-56. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine immobilization of fishers (Martes pennanti).

The effectiveness of tiletamine plus zolazepam (Telazol) and xylazine as an immobilizing combination for fishers (Martes pennanti) was evaluated. Ten fishers were intramuscularly injected using a 5:3 mixture of Telazol (2.9±0.6 mg/kg [mean±SD]) and xylazine (2.1±0.4 mg/kg) at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Michigan (USA) during May to October, 2001–05. Mean induction time was 4.7±4.4 min; mean recovery time was 94.6±46.0 min. There was no relationship between the amount (mg/kg) of Telazol-xylazine injected and time to first effect of immobilants, dosage and time to induction, or between dosage and time to recovery. Mean heart rate remained constant through 20 min postinduction. Respiratory rate and body temperature declined through 10 and 20 min postinduction, respectively. No mortality occurred and no adverse effects were observed in individuals up to 19 mo later. It was concluded that a 5:3 mixture of Telazol-xylazine is a safe and effective immobilizing agent for fishers when conducting nonsurgical...
120 Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging for the Assessment of Healing in Pressure Ulcers

Clinically the outcome of pressure ulcers is predicted by the severity/stage of the ulcer, patient health and health care options. These factors, however, cannot be used to accurately evaluate the prognosis and healing in these ulcers, thus delaying any required change in the treatment plan. Techniques are needed that can help in the assessment of healing and improve the clinical management of these ulcers. Studies of tissue health such as angiogenesis, by measuring blood flow in the ulcer at different time points, has been examined as a way to evaluate the state of healing ulcers. Although the Laser Doppler Perfusion Imager (LDPI) has been used to assess various wounds, there is a need to validate it as a predictor of wound healing. The standard clinical outcome parameter for skin wounds has been time to heal. To validate the LDPI as predictor of healing, however, a measure that gives periodic feedback such as healing rate is a more useful outcome measure. The goal of this study therefore was to determine a protocol for the LDPI and evaluate its ability to predict healing in pressure ulcers. Previous studies have indicated that perfusion values obtained after heat stress may reflect the blood flow more accurately than absolute perfusion values. It was hypothesized that the difference in the blood perfusion after heat provocation is expected to correlate with the healing rate. The selected heat provocation (increase of 20 °F) was evaluated on five spinal cord injured pressure ulcer patients. The LDPI assessment and healing rate measurements were done weekly for 5 weeks. Preliminary results suggest a relationship between the difference in the perfusion and the healing rate for the following week. Further studies will be necessary to determine the exact relationship. This tool has the potential to play a critical role in the clinical management of pressure ulcers as well as other skin ulcers. Acknowledgments: This project was funded by Biofisica and the CDC through NCIPC.
Kinematic synthesis of geared linkages

Abstract Planar geared linkages readily lend themselves to function, path and motion generation. Function generation includes any problems in which rotations or sliding motion of input and output elements (either links or gears) must be correlated. In some cases, the designer may want to produce a formal functional relationship between the input and output. In these cases, the input and output rotations can be used as the linear analogs of the independent and dependent variables. In other cases, the designer has no particular functional relationship in mind, but merely wants to produce specific relationships between the input and output at certain “precision points”. Path generation involves moving a tracer point along a specified path. A point attached to any “floating” link (such as a coupler) may be used as the tracer point. Motion generation requires that an entire body be guided through a prescribed motion sequence. The body to be guided can be attached to any floating link.
Violent Patients and the Prehospital Provider

Study objectives: To estimate the frequency of violence directed toward prehospital providers; to identify the methods used to manage violent patients in the prehospital setting; and to identify the educational, medical, and legal issues in the prehospital management of violent patients. Design: A convenient sample survey and a descriptive review of ambulance call reports from June to December 1991. Setting: The survey was distributed to registrants at the National Association of EMS Physicians in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in June 1992. Ambulance call reports were reviewed for a metropolitan county with a service population of 60,000. Interventions: None. Results: Only about 50% of survey respondents reported having protocols for the management of violent patients. Law enforcement officers provided assistance in managing violent patients for 97% of respondents, and 81% reported that a violent patient who refused transport could be arrested. Injury to prehospital providers in the past year was reported by 67% of respondents. Although 67% reported some training in the management of violent patients, only 9% had training by law enforcement officers and only 25% thought that they were trained in assessing the scene for potential violence. Ambulance call report review identified an 0.8% incidence of violent episodes. Weapons were evident in 12% of violent encounters. Transport was refused by 18% of violent patients. In 9% of violent encounters, patients were hypoglycemic. No emergency medical technician injuries were reported for the study period. Conclusion: The potential for injury to prehospital providers from violent patients is probably widespread, and no mechanism for identifying injuries or exposure to violent patients currently exists. All systems should have protocols for managing violent patients and for restraint application. Educational sessions for self-defense and assessment of the scene for violence may be indicated.
Studies on the Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Caged Turkey Breeder Hens

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the calcium and phosphorus needs of caged turkey breeder hens. Simplified all-vegetable diets were supplemented with ground limestone and a commercial dicalcium phosphate supplement to provide a factorial arrangement of two calcium levels (2.25 and 3.50 percent) and four levels of inorganic phosphorus (0.10, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40 percent). Results of this trial would indicate that 2.25 percent calcium and 0.30 percent inorganic phosphorus are sufficient to maintain egg production, fertility, hatchability, and egg shell thickness of caged turkey breeder hens.
Schwinger-Dyson equations for unitary matrix models with boundaries

Abstract We examine the Schwinger-Dyson equations for a unitary matrix-model with boundary terms of a particular form in the effective potential. We determine the asymptotic behavior of the specific heat, and show that it must be free of poles. If the “quarks” that live on the boundaries are fermionic then there is a unique pole-free solution with the correct asymptotic behavior. If the quarks are bosonic, then there is no real pole-free solution for the specific heat.
Overprotection in the psychiatric hospital.

Overprotection is always a danger in hospitals, and psychiatric hospitals are no exception to this. As the psychiatric hospital has become less custodial, more therapeutic and more enlightened, the sources of the danger have shifted. In the past, lack of concern and attention to the patient tended to lead to “institutionalism.” Now, it may arise from such factors as the secondary gain of pleasanter surroundings, overidentification with patients, and a disproportionate focus on psychopathology relative to ego strength. This paper presents six cases, illustrating four different types of situation in which overprotection may occur in the enlightened, intensive treatment, psychiatric hospital The factors which promote (or prevent) recognition of these overprotective patterns of care are discussed.
Perturbation Theory of Many-Electron Atoms and Molecules

Perturbation theory with operator techniques is applied to a nondegenerate many-electron system taking the entire electron-electron repulsions, $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{igj}^{}{{r}_{\mathrm{ij}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, as the perturbation. The first order wave function ${\mathbf{X}}_{1}$, is obtained rigorously in terms of the first order wave functions of independent two-electron systems. The wave functions of these electron pairs contain nuclear parameters and can be obtained individually by variational or other methods, then used in various atoms or molecules. For example Li atom is built up completely from the ${(1s)}^{2}^{1}S$, $(1s2s)^{1}S$ and $^{3}S$ states of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$. The ${\mathrm{X}}_{1}$ gives the energy to third order and as an upper limit to the exact $E$. The ${E}_{2}$ is equal to the sum of complete pair interactions plus many-body terms of two types: (a) "cross polarization," which exists even in no-exchange intermolecular forces, and (b) Fermi correlations.
Pricing price information in e-commerce

Shopbots and Internet sites that help users locate the best price for a product are changing the way people shop by providing valuable information on goods and services. This paper presents a first attempt to measure the value of one piece of information: the price charged for goods and services. We first establish a theoretical limit to the value of price information for the first seller in a market that decides to sell price information to a shopbot and quantify the revenues that the seller can expect to receive. We then proceed to discuss whether and how much of this theoretical value can actually be realized in equilibrium settings.
Nanostructured magnetizable materials that switch cells between life and death

Development of biochips containing living cells for biodetection, drug screening and tissue engineering applications is limited by a lack of reconfigurable material interfaces and actuators. Here we describe a new class of nanostructured magnetizable materials created with a femtosecond laser surface etching technique that function as multiplexed magnetic field gradient concentrators. When combined with magnetic microbeads coated with cell adhesion ligands, these materials form microarrays of 'virtual' adhesive islands that can support cell attachment, resist cell traction forces and maintain cell viability. A cell death (apoptosis) response can then be actuated on command by removing the applied magnetic field, thereby causing cell retraction, rounding and detachment. This simple technology may be used to create reconfigurable interfaces that allow users to selectively discard contaminated or exhausted cellular sensor elements, and to replace them with new living cellular components for continued operation in future biomedical microdevices and biodetectors.
Liquid crystalline poly(enamine ketone)s formed through hydrogen bonding

A series of poly(enamine ketone)s (PEAKs) which exhibit liquid crystalline phases has been synthesized. The enamine ketone groups are able to exist in the cis and trans conformations. Molecular modelling results show that the cis conformation is energetically more favorable due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Model compound studies indicate that the formation of the mesogen requires the cis conformation in the enamine ketones to stabilize the liquid crystalline phase. This liquid crystalline phase is nematic for the model compound and the polymers. The heats of liquid crystal transition in the model compound and in PEAKs are very close (4.7 kJ/mol in model compound and 4.0 kJ/mol of repeating units in polymers). This is not only an indication of a similar percentage of the cis conformation in both cases, but also an example that the flexible ethyleneoxy spacers in the polymers do not contribute to the orientational order of this liquid crystalline phase. PEAKs can crystallize through either quenching from the isotropic melt or from the liquid crystalline phase. Crystallization kinetics exhibit the effect of pre-ordering when these two different kinetics are compared.
Disorders of lipid metabolism in muscle

At rest and during sustained exercise, lipids are the main source of energy for muscle. Free fatty acids become available to muscle from plasma free fatty acids and triglycerides, and from intracellular triglycride lipid droplets. Transport of long-chain fatty acyl groups into the mitochondria requires esterification and de-esterification with carnitine by the "twin" enzymes carnitine palmityltransferase (CPT) I and II, bound to the outer and inner faces of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Carnitine deficiency occurs in two clinical syndromes. (1) In the myopathic form, there is weakness; muscle biopsy shows excessive accumulation of lipid droplets; and the carnitine concentration is markedly decreased in muscle but normal in plasma. (2) In the systemic form, there are weakness and recurrent episodes of hepatic encephalopathy; muscle biopsy shows lipid storage; and the carnitine concentration is decreased in muscle, liver, and plasma. The etiology of carnitine deficiency is not known in either the myopathic or the systemic form, but administration of carnitine or corticosteroids has been beneficial in some patients. "Secondary" carnitine deficiency may occur in patients with malnutrition, liver disease, chronic hemodialysis, and, possibly, mitochondrial disorders. CPT deficiency causes recurrent myoglobinuria, usually precipitated by prolonged exercise or fasting. Muscle biopsy may be normal or show varying degrees of lipid storage. Genetic transmission is probably autosomal recessive, but the great male predominance (20/21) remains unexplained. In many cases, lipid storage myopathy is not accompanied by carnitine or CPT deficiency, and the biochemical error remains to be identified.
Analysis of surface permanent magnet machines with fractional-slot concentrated windings

This paper presents a closed-form analytical technique for analyzing surface PM machines equipped with fractional-slot concentrated windings. Since this class of winding configuration deviates significantly from conventional sinusoidal distributions, classical steady-state phasor or dq analytical techniques cannot be used to provide accurate results. The presented analytical model provides a fast and reliable method to analyze and compare candidate machine designs. Stator slotting effects are taken into consideration and a wide range of concentrated winding configurations can be analyzed. This technique is capable of analyzing the machine both below (constant-torque) and above (flux-weakening) base speed. Average torque, cogging torque, and ripple torque are all evaluated. Analytical results are verified using finite element analysis.
Phylogeny, integration and expression of sigma virus-like genes in Drosophila.

The recent and surprising discovery of widespread NIRVs (non-retroviral integrated RNA viruses) has highlighted the importance of genomic interactions between non-retroviral RNA viruses and their eukaryotic hosts. Among the viruses with integrated representatives are the rhabdoviruses, a family of negative sense single-stranded RNA viruses. We identify sigma virus-like NIRVs of Drosophila spp. that represent unique cases where NIRVs are closely related to exogenous RNA viruses in a model host organism. We have used a combination of bioinformatics and laboratory methods to explore the evolution and expression of sigma virus-like NIRVs in Drosophila. Recent integrations in Drosophila provide a promising experimental system to study functionality of NIRVs. Moreover, the genomic architecture of recent NIRVs provides an unusual evolutionary window on the integration mechanism. For example, we found that a sigma virus-like polymerase associated protein (P) gene appears to have been integrated by template switching of the blastopia-like LTR retrotransposon. The sigma virus P-like NIRV is present in multiple retroelement fused open reading frames on the X and 3R chromosomes of Drosophila yakuba – the X-linked copy is transcribed to produce an RNA product in adult flies. We present the first account of sigma virus-like NIRVs and the first example of NIRV expression in a model animal system, and therefore provide a platform for further study of the possible functions of NIRVs in animal hosts.
MPI-SIM: using parallel simulation to evaluate MPI programs

This paper describes the design and implementation of MPI-SIM, a library for the execution driven parallel simulation of MPI programs. MPI-LITE, a portable library that supports multithreaded MPI, is also described. MPI-SIM, built on top of MPI-LITE, can be used to predict the performance of existing MPI programs as a function of architectural characteristics, including number of processors and message communication latencies. The simulation models can be executed sequentially or in parallel. Parallel executions of MPI-SIM models are synchronized using a set of asynchronous conservative protocols. MPI-SIM reduces synchronization overheads by exploiting the communication characteristics of the program it simulates. This paper presents validation and performance results from the use of MPI-SIM to simulate applications from the NAS Parallel Benchmark suite. Using the techniques described here, we are able to reduce the number of synchronizations in the parallel simulation as compared with the synchronous quantum protocol and are able to achieve speedups ranging from 3.2-11.9 in going from sequential to parallel simulation using 16 processors on the IBM SP2.
Use of air‐cleaning devices to create airborne particle‐free spaces intended to alleviate allergic rhinitis and asthma during sleep

UNLABELLED Comprehensive quantitative experiments were performed to assess the capabilities of several air-cleaning devices to create a particle-free microenvironment as a therapy for sleeping persons affected by allergic rhinitis and asthma. Six devices were evaluated, of which five were portable and intended to provide general air cleaning for bedroom-sized spaces. The sixth was intended for installation in front of the headboard of a bed and was designed to provide clean air focused in a space occupied by a sleeping person. The air-cleaning methods of the selected devices included high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtering and electrostatic precipitation. Particle concentration measurements for six particle-size ranges and sound intensity measurements were made during 8-h, sleep-simulating periods. The effects of four parameters were studied: (i) device location, (ii) controlled air motion in the laboratory, (iii) airflow rate setting of the air-cleaning device, and (iv) controlled disturbances. To ensure a totally objective study, a special laboratory facility was constructed which enabled complete control of the experimental conditions. The measured concentration histories provided comprehensive evidence of the relative capabilities of the various devices for the specific air-cleaning function. It was found that the device designed to focus the cleaned air in the sleeping space fulfilled its goal and, in that regard, was clearly superior to all of the other air-cleaning devices. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS There is evidence that allergic reactions are triggered by the presence of airborne particles and that these reactions can be mitigated by particle removal. This strategy can be implemented by the use of air-cleaning devices which are capable of creating particle-free zones at locations where human activity occurs. In particular, the creation of a particle-free zone which encompasses the breathing space of a sleeping person holds promise of mitigating sleep-disturbing allergic reactions.
Cognitive and Neural Aspects of Information Processing in Major Depressive Disorder: An Integrative Perspective

Researchers using experimental paradigms to examine cognitive processes have demonstrated that Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is associated not with a general deficit in cognitive functioning, but instead with more specific anomalies in the processing of negatively valenced material. Indeed, cognitive theories of depression posit that negative biases in the processing of information play a critical role in influencing the onset, maintenance, and recurrence of depressive episodes. In this paper we review findings from behavioral studies documenting that MDD is associated with specific difficulties in attentional disengagement from negatively valenced material, with tendencies to interpret information in a negative manner, with deficits in cognitive control in the processing of negative material, and with enhanced memory for negative material. To gain a better understanding of the neurobiological basis of these abnormalities, we also examine findings from functional neuroimaging studies of depression and show that dysfunction in neural systems that subserve emotion processing, inhibition, and attention may underlie and contribute to the deficits in cognition that have been documented in depressed individuals. Finally, we briefly review evidence from studies of children who are at high familial risk for depression that indicates that abnormalities in cognition and neural function are observable before the onset of MDD and, consequently, may represent a risk factor for the development of this disorder. By integrating research from cognitive and neural investigations of depression, we can gain a more comprehensive understanding not only of how cognitive and biological factors interact to affect the onset, maintenance, and course of MDD, but also of how such research can aid in the development of targeted strategies for the prevention and treatment of this debilitating disorder.
On the Dangers of Antiquarian Investigations: Nietzsche, the Excesses of History, and the Power of Forgetting

Drawing on Nietzsche’s insights as well as those of his critics, this article explores the dangers and limitations of the antiquarian type of historical investigations. The author begins his analysis by closely examining Nietzsche’s conception of antiquarian history and explaining why he finds this mode of historical investigation so troubling. Next he shows that the problem that Nietzsche associates with the antiquarian type of historicizing can be seen in a contemporary genealogical investigation: Daniel Mendelsohn’s book The Lost. Returning to Nietzsche, he then analyzes the meaning and value of his notion of the ‘power of forgetting’ and argues that it can serve as an antidote to some of the dangers of antiquarian history. In the final part of this article the author examines how the power of forgetting might be educationally valuable.
On the reactions of protons with 231Pa and 232Th

Abstract Yields of α-radioactive products from reactions induced in 231 Pa targets by protons from 35 to 63 MeV were measured by recoil-collection techniques. The results, as similarly observed by Lefort and co-workers for the reactions of 232 Th+p at energies ≦ 85 MeV, indicate that the yields of reactions involving charged-particle emission are comparable to or larger than those involving only neutron emission. In addition, the experimental yield curves exhibit high-energy tails. Results for both the 231 Pa and 232 Th targets are compared with the predictions of nuclearreaction calculations that take into account the competition between fission and particle emission. Bearing in mind the assumptions inherent in the calculations and the fact that no parameters were fitted to the data, we found that the compound-nucleus model, with fission, did not account for the experimentally observed trends. The intra-nuclear cascade model, including fission competition in the compound-nuclear de-excitation phase, on the other hand, predicted excitation functions that were reasonably consistent with the results for (p, x n) and (p, p x n) reactions. Neither model was successful in accounting for the (p, α3n) data. In the case of 231 Pa results, it was found that recoil-range effects had to be included in the nuclear-reaction calculations.
Social Media and Warning Response Impacts in Extreme Events: Results from a Naturally Occurring Experiment

Our understanding of the impacts of social media on individuals who receive warnings of extreme events is limited. There is to date no uniform approach to integrating social media as part of emergency management strategies. This research addresses the question of the role of social media in the effectiveness of the warning response process in the context of a naturally occurring experiment. The results of the experiment contribute to our understanding of how social media complements as well as facilitates the warning response process.
Dissipation-Induced Instability Phenomena in Infinite-Dimensional Systems

This paper develops a rigorous notion of dissipation-induced instability in infinite dimensions as an extension of the classical concept implicitly introduced by Thomson and Tait for finite degree of freedom mechanical systems over a century ago. Here we restrict ourselves to a particular form of infinite-dimensional systems—partial differential equations—whose inherent function-analytic differences from finite-dimensional systems make uncovering this notion more intricate. In building the concept of dissipation-induced instability in infinite dimensions we found Arnold’s and Yudovich’s nonlinear stability methods, for conservative and dissipative systems respectively, along with some new existence theory for solutions, to be the essential foundation. However, when proving the results for classical solutions, as motivated by their direct physical significance, we had to overcome a number of fundamental difficulties associated with existing stability analysis methods, which has led to new techniques. In particular, in this work we establish the connection of existence and general stability theories in strong and weak topologies and provide new insights into the physics and geometry of the dissipation-induced instability phenomena in infinite-dimensional systems. As a paradigm and the first infinite-dimensional example to be rigorously analyzed, we use a two-layer quasi-geostrophic beta-plane model, which describes the fundamental baroclinic instability in atmospheric and ocean dynamics; early formal linear approximate studies suggested that this system can be destabilized after the introduction of dissipation.
Educational Attainment and Adult Mortality in the United States: A Systematic Analysis of Functional Form

A vast literature has documented the inverse association between educational attainment and U.S. adult mortality risk but given little attention to identifying the optimal functional form of the association. A theoretical explanation of the association hinges on our ability to describe it empirically. Using the 1979-1998 National Longitudinal Mortality Study for non-Hispanic white and black adults aged 25-100 years during the mortality follow-up period (N = 1,008,215), we evaluated 13 functional forms across race-gender-age subgroups to determine which form(s) best captured the association. Results revealed that the preferred functional form includes a linear decline in mortality risk from 0 to 11 years of education, followed by a step-change reduction in mortality risk upon attainment of a high school diploma, at which point mortality risk resumes a linear decline but with a steeper slope than that prior to a high school diploma. The findings provide important clues for theoretical development of explanatory mechanisms: an explanation for the selected functional form may require integrating a credentialist perspective to explain the step-change reduction in mortality risk upon attainment of a high school diploma, with a human capital perspective to explain the linear declines before and after a high school diploma.
Thermal Properties of Metal-Coated Vertically-Aligned Single Wall Nanotube Films

Owing to their extraordinarily high thermal conductivities, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising for use in advanced thermal interface materials (TIMs). While there has been much previous research on carbon nanotube thermal properties, there are little data for aligned films of single wall nanotubes. This paper measures the thermal interface resistances of metal-coated vertically-aligned single wall CNT (SWNT) arrays using a nanosecond pump/probe thermoreflectance technique. The data capture the vertical variation of CNT thermal properties including their interface resistances. The data show the total thermal resistance of the TIM is R"swnt,tot=1.2 times 10-5 m2 KW-1, and that the CNT-metal interface resistance strongly reduces the effective vertical thermal conductivity. An approximate model shows that the evaporated metal film contacts only a small fraction of the CNTs. Based on the conclusions of the model, the individual CNT-metal contact conductance is hcnt-metal,a=6.6 times 107 Wm-2K-1 which is quite good. Increasing the number of CNT-substrate contacts is a very promising approach for improving the thermal performance of CNT-based interface materials
Risk Factors for Meniscectomy After Meniscal Repair

Background:Previous research suggests that a substantial percentage of meniscal repairs fail, resulting in a subsequent meniscectomy. Risk factors for failure have been investigated using small cohorts, providing ambiguous results.Purpose:To measure the frequency of and elucidate risk factors for subsequent meniscectomies after meniscal repair using a large study population from multiple surgical centers.Study Design:Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:A total of 9529 patients who underwent 9609 outpatient meniscal repairs between 2003 and 2010 were identified from a statewide database of all ambulatory surgery in New York. Patients who subsequently underwent a meniscectomy were then identified. A Cox regression analysis was used to calculate the hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals. The model included patient age, sex, comorbidities, concomitant arthroscopic procedures, laterality of the meniscus, and surgeon’s yearly meniscal repair volume.Results:The overall frequency of subsequent me...
Differential detection of GMSK using decision feedback

Differential detector structures that use decision feedback to partially remove the effect of destructive intersymbol interference from minimum-shift keying (MSK) are introduced. In comparison to the conventional two-bit differential detection of GMSK (Gaussian MSK), the proposed structures provide about 4-dB E/sub b//N/sub 0/ improvement when the premodulation filter time-bandwidth product is 0.25. As the premodulation filter becomes narrower, the advantages of the proposed receivers are more pronounced. Thus the bit-error-rate performance of differential detection is brought closer to coherent detection while avoiding the problems associated with the carrier recovery. >
Triaxial electrospun nanofiber membranes for controlled dual release of functional molecules.

A novel dual drug delivery system is presented using triaxial structured nanofibers, which provides different release profiles for model drugs separately loaded in either the sheath or the core of the fiber. Homogenous, coaxial and triaxial fibers containing a combination of materials (PCL, polycaprolactone; PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone) were fabricated. The drug release profiles were simulated using two color dyes (KAB, keyacid blue; KAU, keyacid uranine), whose release in physiological solution was measured using optical absorption as a function of time. To reach the level of 80% release of encapsulated dye from core, triaxial fibers with a PCL intermediate layer exhibited a ∼24× slower release than that from coaxial fibers. At the same time, the hygroscopic sheath layer of the triaxial fibers provided an initial burst release (∼ 80% within an hour) of a second dye as high as that from conventional single and coaxial fibers. The triaxial fiber membrane provides both a quick release from the outer sheath la...
A Three Dimensional Vortex Particle-Panel Method for Modeling Propulsion-Airframe Interaction

The panel code has been a pivotal tool for aerodynamic simulations for decades, today providing users with quick solutions without the necessity of a volume grid. Unfortunately, the panel code also carries with it some inherent shortcomings when compared with other methods. One such weakness is its inability to account for any work done on or by the system in question. This paper proposes a method to address this issue by combining vortex particles with a panel code, and using them to model the work effects of a propeller or engine. While the proposed model is still a work in progress, it has already demonstrated the ability to qualitatively predict pressure coefficient and velocity changes that would be expected for a variety of propeller-body combinations.
Work Status of Individuals with Advanced Cancer

Lengthening survival times for advanced cancer patients emphasizes the importance of continuing to work after diagnosis. Information and tools are necessary to help these individuals remain working. Before we can develop interventions, we must understand how advanced cancer affects employment. We analyzed Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group’s (ECOG) “Symptom Outcomes and Practice Patterns (SOAPP)” study to investigate what factors were associated with employment of 680 advanced cancer patients. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to compare patients identified as stably working (Group A) to patients no longer working (Group B). Improving ECOG performance status, race/ethnicity, receiving hormonal treatment, and decreasing symptom interference were significantly associated with continuing to work. Human factors engineers (HFEs) can help create strategies to mitigate some physical and cognitive workloads that result in work interference. The HFE’s role should increase as...
Maria Montessori’s Philosophy of Experimental Psychology

Through philosophical analysis of Montessori’s critiques of psychology, I aim to show the enduring relevance of those critiques. Maria Montessori sees experimental psychology as fundamental to philosophy and pedagogy, but she objects to the experimental psychology of her day in four ways: as disconnected from practice, as myopic, as based excessively on methods from physical sciences, and—most fundamentally—as offering detailed examinations of human beings (particularly children) under abnormal conditions. In place of these prevailing norms, Montessori suggests a model of the teacher-scientist in a specially prepared environment, who can engage in sustained and impassioned observation of “normalized” children. Drawing from a variety of texts and recently published lectures, this article lays out Montessori’s philosophy of experimental psychology and briefly discusses its relevance today.
DIFFUSION LENGTHS IN HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA

An adaptation of Behrens' Method to the calculation of diffusion lengths in heterogeneous media is given. In all cases, the diffusion length in a medium containing adsorbing lumps can be related to the self-shielding factor of the lumps. Calculations are presented only for the simplest case given but the results display considerable disagreement with a frequently used formula. On grounds which are mainly intaitive, it is believed tbat tais method is more accurate, particularly for large moderator to absorber ratio. Final conclusions cannot be drawn, however, until more experimental data become available. (auth)
An Improved Complete Sharing Dynamic Channel Allocation Algorithm in TD-SCDMA System

In this paper, we propose an improved complete sharing (CS) dynamic channel allocation (DCA) algorithm for TD-SCDMA. In the proposed algorithm, the voice service and the data service dynamically share all channel resources in the system, and at the same time, the voice service has the priority to use the channel resources. Simulation results show that compared with the conventional CS algorithm, the proposed algorithm significantly improves the voice service performance.
The nature of passive flows through tightly folded membranes. The influence of microstructure.

Membrane processes such as microvilli and folded structures greatly increase the area for passive transport. A mathematical analysis of flows through folded membrane structures demonstrates that the increase in flows is not proportional to the increase in area. Furthermore, the flows of salt and water do not increase in the same ratio: that of water can be several times the increase in area and that of salt a fraction of the increase in area. A preferential passive flow of water is created by the structure. It is only in the neighborhood of the isotonic state that the effect is significant, but in that region, the effect can be dramatic.
Nitrite therapy improves survival postexposure to chlorine gas

Exposure to relatively high levels of chlorine (Cl2) gas can occur in mass-casualty scenarios associated with accidental or intentional release. Recent studies have shown a significant postexposure...
Multi-Level Boundary Element Methods for Steady Heat Diffusion in Three-Dimensions

We have recently developed a novel multi-level boundary element method (MLBEM) for steady heat diffusion in irregular two-dimensional domains (Numerical Heat Transfer Part B: Fundamentals, 46 : 329–356, 2004). This presentation extends the MLBEM methodology to three-dimensional problems. First, we outline a 3-D MLBEM formulation for steady heat diffusion and discuss the differences between multi-level algorithms for two and three dimensions. Then, we consider an example problem that involves heat conduction in a semi-infinite three-dimensional domain. We investigate the performance of the MLBEM formulation using a single-patch approach. The MLBEM algorithms are shown facilitate fast and accurate numerical solutions with no loss of the solution accuracy. More dramatic speed-ups can be achieved provided that patch-edge corrections are also evaluated using multi-level technique.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Analog and Digital Must-Carry Obligations of Cable and Satellite Television Operators in the United States

This paper provides a concise summary of mandatory signal carriage obligations of cable television and direct broadcast satellite operators. The paper provides a timely update of recent changes in must carry responsibilities resulting from the onset of digital broadcast television and enactment of the Satellite Home Viewer Extension and Reauthorization Act of 2004.