cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tranexamic Acid Does Not Reduce the Risk of Transfusion in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Undergoing Total Joint Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) receive transfusions more often than patients with osteoarthritis following lower extremity total joint arthroplasty (TJA), but mitigating factors are not described. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is widely used to reduce blood loss in patients undergoing TJA, but its effect on transfusion rates in patients with RA has not been studied. Methods We retrospectively reviewed data from a prospectively collected cohort of patients with RA undergoing TJA. Disease activity measured by Clinical Disease Activity Index, patient-reported outcome measures, and serologies was obtained. Baseline characteristics were summarized and compared. Transfusion requirements and TXA usage were obtained from chart review. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with transfusion in RA patients undergoing TJA. Results The cohort included 252 patients, mostly women with longstanding RA and end-stage arthritis requiring TJA. In multivariate analysis, 1 g/dL decrease in baseline hemoglobin (odds ratio [OR] = 0.394, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.232, 0.669], P = .001), 1-minute increase in surgical duration (OR = 1.022, 95% CI [1.008, 1.037], P = .003), and 1-point increase in Clinical Disease Activity Index (OR = 1.079, 95% CI [1.001, 1.162]) were associated with increased risk of transfusion. TXA use was not associated with decreased risk of postoperative transfusion. Conclusions Preoperative health optimization should include assessment and treatment of anemia in RA patients before TJA, as preoperative hemoglobin level is the main risk factor for postoperative transfusion. Increased disease activity and increased surgical time were independent risk factors for postoperative transfusion but are less modifiable. While TXA did not decrease transfusion risk in this population, a prospective trial is needed to confirm this. Level of Evidence IV.
Are we Austrian economists

This paper is based on the Presidential Address given at the 2019 Society for the Development of Austrian Economics Annual Meeting. In these remarks, I explore what makes a modern Austrian Economist. I propose that many theoretical foundations that are historically Austrian are now absorbed in mainstream economics. To understand contemporary Austrian economics, we should observe what Austrians currently do. Upon examination, it is clear that modern Austrians research across all topics and utilize all methodologies. Thus, I argue that it is our deep intellectual training, commitment to stressing economic logic, and consistent application of this logic to real world phenomenon that make us uniquely Austrian.
A course recommendation system based on grades

The online courses are playing a crucial role in developing new skills in learners and in the education system. Now a days a massive number of online courses and certifications are available over the internet from universities as open learning platforms. As there is no in-person consultation with any expert, the learners may opt for irrelevant courses inadvertently and may not be able to analyze their own suitability and adaptability of the courses which will west learners time and resources. This paper proposes a machine learning approach to recommend suitable courses to learners based on their learning history and past performance. The framework first classifies a new learner based on their past performance using the k-means clustering algorithm. Collaborative filtering will be applied in the cluster to recommend a few suitable courses. Further, based on an online test the adaptability of the learner will be tested to the customized recommended courses according to learners needs. The framework will provide a personalized environment of study to each learner.
K$alpha$$sub 2$/K$alpha$$sub 1$ X-RAY INTENSITY RATIOS FOR Z > 50.

The $\frac{K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}}{K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}}$ x-ray intensity ratios for 36 elements between $_{51}\mathrm{Sb}$ and $_{95}\mathrm{Am}$ have been measured with a Cauchois-type bent-crystal spectrometer and a Ge(Li) detector. The present experimental results are systematically 5-10% higher than the values reported by Beckman and by Wapstra et al., but agree within experimental errors with the recent theoretical calculations of Scofield.
Cultural Adaptation of Empirically Validated Therapies for Treating Drug Dependence: International Considerations

This chapter examines issues and challenges in the local and cultural adaptation of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) and empirically validated treatments (EVTs). We examined the prior Fidelity-Adaptation Dilemma from the contemporary perspective that regards both fidelity and adaptation as equally important intervention imperatives. This approach involves implementation fidelity in congruence with the theory-based and empirically validated core therapeutic thrust of the intervention, while also exercising flexibility in conducting planned adaptations that are responsive to the “real world,” needs of diverse cultural subgroups of clients. The need to develop pretreatment “integrative modules” is described as an innovative feature of contemporary EBI design, to aid in integrating the EBI for effective “function and fit” within various communities and health service delivery settings. The goal is to facilitate EBI widespread dissemination and implementation to thus improve the health and well-being of diverse clients and community residents. The implications for international dissemination and implementation across nations, cultures, and among diverse clients are described.
Direct Lightning Initiation of HMX

HMX can be detonated by an exploding bridgewire (EBW) or a slapper. Direct HMX detonation by an electrical arc has not been demonstrated. This paper shows that the shock from a 99% worst-case lightning current (200 kA and 500 ns rise time) can detonate standard-density HMX at elevated temperatures (i.e., HMX in the most sensitive $$\delta$$ -phase at a temperature above 177°C) and that the shock from a 200-kA peak current pulse with a 100 ns rise time can detonate HMX at ambient temperatures. Two necessary detonation conditions are used for these assertions. The relevant Pop-Plot for HMX is converted into an empirical detonation criterion, which is applicable to explosives subject to shocks of variable pressure. The minimum detonation spot size for detonation reported in the literature is used as the other condition. PBX-9501 and LX-04 have similar Pop-Plots to those of HMX; thus, the HMX result is directly applicable. Although PBX-9404 and PBX-9407 are HMX-based, they have somewhat lower Pop-Plot pressures than HMX and are more sensitive to shocks caused by electrical arcs than HMX. As the HMX thermal conductivity is low and the phase transition can be slow, the chance of having a sufficient amount of HMX converted to $$\delta$$ -HMX during an accident is small; therefore, the threat of lightning shock-detonating HMX is very low. We recommend lightning simulation tests to be conducted for $$\delta$$ -HMX. We also would like to point out that a lightning can ignite HMX, which, in turn, leads to detonation via the deflagration-to-detonation transition.
Sustaining imperfectly credible trade liberalization: Do the rate of tariff reduction and the degree of labour mobility matter?

Abstract Imperfectly credible trade liberalization can lead to balance of payment deterioration and a subsequent reversal of the reform. Therefore, this paper examines whether the likelihood of policy reversal depends on the rate of tariff reduction or the degree of labour mobility. The analysis shows that transitory unemployment increases the likelihood of policy reversal. Furthermore, a gradual reduction in the tariff rate is found to extend the life of the liberalization episode, but does not necessarily increase the likelihood of sustained liberalization.
Discussion on Deviation Correction Technology of Long Borehole in Gas Drainage

To solve the drilling layer (especially small inclination to wear long borehole) deviation cause gas control drilling control range is not up to standard, large quantities and the problem of poor drainage effect in Xinji coal mine based on the analysis of borehole construction result in deviation in a variety of reasons, targeted in technology, management, system, equipment, and adopted a series of effective measures on the scene to "rectify", puts borehole deflection can be controlled within the scope of reduced the drilling quantity, raise the drilling control ability, increase the gas control working time, realized the "technical economic integration".
Data-assisted polymer retrosynthesis planning

Polymer informatics is being utilized to accelerate polymer discovery. However, the practical realization of the designed polymer is still slow due to synthesis challenges, e.g., difficulties with the identification of potential polymerization mechanisms and optimal reactants/solvents/processing conditions. In the past, synthesis pathways adopted for a target polymer have been heavily dependent on chemical intuition and past experience. To expedite this process, we have developed a data-driven approach to assist in polymer retrosynthesis planning. In this work, a dataset of polymerization reactions was manually accumulated from various resources to extract hundreds of synthetic templates and used as the training set. Further, a similarity metric was adopted to select synthetic templates and similar existing reactants for the new target polymer. Finally, prediction accuracy was measured by comparison with ground truth and/or bench chemists' estimation. The proposed data-driven polymer synthesis recommendation model has been deployed at https://www.polymergenome.org.
Hysteresis Compensation in State-of-Charge Estimation with a Nonlinear Double-Capacitor Li-Ion Battery Model

This paper focuses on hysteresis compensation to improve the accuracy of state-of-charge (SoC) estimation in a lithium-ion battery modeled using a recently developed nonlinear double-capacitor representation. The measurement equation of the model has two nonlinear functions, one of them being significant hysteresis in voltage as a function of the SoC. The hysteresis term is modeled in this paper using a physically intuitive modified Preisach representation consisting of a series of hysterons which get switched on or off to produce the hysteresis phenomenon. The proposed model for the hysteresis term is not differentiable but is Lipschitz bounded. A nonlinear observer suitable for Lipschitz nonlinear systems is utilized to guarantee asymptotic stability. The observer design procedure consists of satisfying an LMI-transformable inequality on a set of vertices of a convex function. Experimental data from charging and discharging tests are used to determine the weights of the hysterons in the modified Preisach model. The developed observer is then evaluated using experimental battery data and shown to perform well.
Layer-wise Adaptive Model Aggregation for Scalable Federated Learning.

In Federated Learning, a common approach for aggregating local models across clients is periodic averaging of the full model parameters. It is, however, known that different layers of neural networks can have a different degree of model discrepancy across the clients. The conventional full aggregation scheme does not consider such a difference and synchronizes the whole model parameters at once, resulting in inefficient network bandwidth consumption. Aggregating the parameters that are similar across the clients does not make meaningful training progress while increasing the communication cost. We propose FedLAMA, a layer-wise model aggregation scheme for scalable Federated Learning. FedLAMA adaptively adjusts the aggregation interval in a layer-wise manner, jointly considering the model discrepancy and the communication cost. The layer-wise aggregation method enables to finely control the aggregation interval to relax the aggregation frequency without a significant impact on the model accuracy. Our empirical study shows that FedLAMA reduces the communication cost by up to 60% for IID data and 70% for non-IID data while achieving a comparable accuracy to FedAvg.
Can extant comorbidity indices identify patients who experience poor outcomes following total joint arthroplasty

INTRODUCTION It is uncertain if generic comorbidity indices commonly used in orthopedics accurately predict outcomes after total hip (THA) or knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive ability of such comorbidity indices for: (1) 30-day mortality; (2) 30-day rate of major and minor complications; (3) discharge disposition; and (4) extended length of stay (LOS). METHODS The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database was retrospectively reviewed for all patients who underwent elective THA (n = 202,488) or TKA (n = 230,823) from 2011 to 2019. The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification system score, modified Charlson Comorbidity Index (mCCI), Elixhauser Comorbidity Measure (ECM), and 5-Factor Modified Frailty Index (mFI-5) were calculated for each patient. Logistic regression models predicting 30-day mortality, discharge disposition, LOS greater than 1 day, and 30-day major and minor complications were fit for each index. RESULTS The ASA classification (C-statistic = 0.773 for THA and TKA) and mCCI (THA: c-statistic = 0.781; TKA: C-statistic = 0.771) were good models for predicting 30-day mortality. However, ASA and mCCI were not predictive of major and minor complications, discharge disposition, or LOS. The ECM and mFI-5 did not reliably predict any outcomes of interest. CONCLUSION ASA and mCCI are good models for predicting 30-day mortality after THA and TKA. However, similar to ECM and mFI-5, these generic comorbidity risk-assessment tools do not adequately predict 30-day postoperative outcomes or in-hospital metrics. This highlights the need for an updated, data-driven approach for standardized comorbidity reporting and risk assessment in arthroplasty.
Multiplication and Quasiasymptotic Behaviour in Generalized Fock Spaces

A principle application for our development will be modeling a physical system consisting of an “infinite” number of particles. A system of n-particles termed bosoms or fermions has previously been modeled by n-dimensional symmetric or antisymmetric functions [1].
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)-Like Activity and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Are Sufficient for the Induction of Cystic Ovaries in Hypophysectomized Rats

Direct evidence for the role of specific peptides in the induction of ovarian cysts has been difficult to obtain. We have shown that chronic stimulation by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) induces cysts in intact immature and pregnant rats but not in hypophysectomized (HYPXD) rats (1). Therefore, LH may require at least one other pituitary hormone to induce ovarian cysts. Serum hormone profiles emphasize the complexity of the cystic state (2–4). Yet both women and animals with ovarian cysts display chronically low or normal serum FSH. This study was performed to determine if chronic stimulation by FSH and LH-like activity is sufficient to induce ovarian cysts in HYPXD rats.
Enzymology of Excision-Repair in Bacteria: Overview

The incision step in the repair process is, perhaps, rate limiting, controlling the remainder of events leading to the ultimate removal of photoproducts and the reinsertion of nucleotides for the restoration of biological activity and strand continuity of irradiated DNA.
Enhanced UV emission of Gd3+ in glass by Ag+ co-doping

Abstract The first investigation on the effect of silver co-doping on the photoluminescence (PL) properties of Gd 3+ ions in glass is reported. A barium–phosphate matrix is chosen as host, with the glasses being prepared by the melt-quenching technique. The PL spectroscopy assessment performed shows that with the increase in Ag + concentration, the ultraviolet emission from Gd 3+ is progressively enhanced. The data suggests a Ag + →Gd 3+ excitation energy transfer occurring under the excitation at 275 nm which is resonant with the 4d 10 →4d 9 5s 1 ( 1 S 0 → 1 D 2 ) and 8 S 7/2 → 6 I J electronic transitions in the silver and gadolinium ions, respectively.
Field Demonstrations of Sediment Treatment Technologies by the USEPA's Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) Program

The Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO) of the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has established the Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) Program in response to the Water Quality Act of 1987. The ARCS Program was charged with assessing and demonstrating remedial options for contaminated sediment problems in the Great Lakes. A set of technologies was identified, through a literature survey, for laboratory and field testing with sediment samples collected from five Great Lakes Areas of Concern. Laboratory tests were conducted using nine processes, and pilot-scale (field-based) demonstrations of bioremediation, sediment washing, solvent extraction, and low-temperature thermal desorption were conducted at five sites. Analyses were performed on feed materials and all process residues showing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and heavy metals removal efficiencies ranging from >6% to 99%. This paper presents the results of the five pilot-scale demonstrations conducted by the ARCS Program.
A Laplace Transform Technique for Evaluating Infinite Series

(2003). A Laplace Transform Technique for Evaluating Infinite Series. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 76, No. 5, pp. 394-398.
Studies on Photochemical Reaction of Air Pollutants. X. Identification of Nitrophenols in Suspended Particulates

In suspended particulates collected in Yokohama over various 24-h periods, the following seven nitrophenols were detected ; o-nitrophenol, p-nitrophenol, 2, 6-dinitrophenol, 2, 4-dinitrophenol, 2-methyl-6-nitrophenol, 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol. These nitrophenols were also observed in smog chamber experiments carried out with benzene and toluene in the presence of nitrogen dioxide in air.
Robotic mapping: a survey

This article provides a comprehensive introduction into the field of robotic mapping, with a focus on indoor mapping. It describes and compares various probabilistic techniques, as they are presently being applied to a vast array of mobile robot mapping problems. The history of robotic mapping is also detailed, along with an extensive list of open research problems.
Of goats and groups: A study on social capital in development projects ?

More and more development projects are using group or community approaches to disseminate technology and resources. It is believed that using such an approach will provide a safety net as well as social control to ensure the sustainability of the technology and resource. However, little is known of the exact process and social networks that are mobilized and used in using such an approach. Particular attention is devoted in the paper to gender differences and the concept of social capital for analyzing social networks. Cases and the analysis were drawn from Heifer Project International's efforts to disseminate improved goat breeds through a village group process in Tanzania. An examination of these case studies shows that internal processes are crucial in understanding technology transfer. In all groups, a person's social capital did determine whether a member got a goat, and a person's ability to access and manage information also played an important role. Of all the groups, the most successful and sustainable had a history of interaction and were involved within several projects in which the members met each other in different arenas.
CCMine: Efficient Mining of Confidence-Closed Correlated Patterns

Correlated pattern mining has become increasingly important recently as an alternative or an augmentation of association rule mining. Though correlated pattern mining discloses the correlation relationships among data objects and reduces significantly the number of patterns produced by the association mining, it still generates quite a large number of patterns. In this paper, we propose closed correlated pattern mining to reduce the number of the correlated patterns produced without information loss. We first propose a new notion of the confidence-closed correlated patterns, and then present an efficient algorithm, called CCMine, for mining those patterns. Our performance study shows that confidence-closed pattern mining reduces the number of patterns by at least an order of magnitude. It also shows that CCMine outperforms a simple method making use of the the traditional closed pattern miner. We conclude that confidence-closed pattern mining is a valuable approach to condensing correlated patterns.
Alcalase treatment for elimination of stickiness in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L.) eggs under controlled conditions.

Elimination of egg stickiness is an important factor in artificial reproduction of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L.). This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Alcalase enzyme to remove the adhesive layer of pikeperch eggs. The eggs were treated with Alcalase at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 5.0 mL L−1 or a milk/talc solution 2 min post insemination. Duration of exposure was 2 min in Alcalase and 60 min in milk/talc. The highest, albeit not significant, hatching rate (85.4%) was found with 1.5 mL L−1 of Alcalase, but hatching rates were similar in 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mL L−1. Hatching rates were significantly lower groups treated with 5.0 mL L−1 Alcalase enzyme (56.4%) compared to groups treated with milk powder and talc (61.3%). Nominally complete removal of adhesiveness was observed in 1.5 and 2 mL L−1. All Alcalase treatments led to significantly lower incubation duration compared with the traditional milk/talc treatment. The application of Alcalase successfully eliminated pikeperch egg stickiness in less time than with traditional milk/clay/talc methods.
Spillover Effects in Health Service Use: Evidence From Mental Health Care Using First-Year College Housing Assignments.

Spillover effects in health service use may represent an important externality of individual treatment decisions and are important for understanding the consequences of interventions to improve access to health care. This study is the first to our knowledge to examine causal spillover effects for mental health service use. We exploit the natural experiment of first-year student housing assignments at two universities using survey data that we collected. When the peer group is defined at the roommate level, we do not find any spillover effects on service use. When the peer group is defined at the hall level, we find positive spillover effects—peers' service use increases one's own service use—and this effect is driven by individuals with prior experience with mental health services. We also find some evidence that the mechanism behind this effect is improved beliefs about treatment effectiveness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anteromedial Capsular Redundancy and Labral Deficiency in Shoulder Instability

Background:Redundancy of the anteromedial capsule of the shoulder may persist despite proper tensioning of the capsule and repair of a Bankart lesion during an anteroinferior capsular shift procedure.Hypothesis:A barrel-stitch suture technique incorporated into a capsular shift procedure is effective in achieving satisfactory shoulder stability.Study Design:Uncontrolled retrospective review.Methods:A barrel-stitch technique was used for patients identified as having anteromedial capsular redundancy during a capsular shift procedure for anteroinferior instability.Results:The incidence of anteromedial capsular redundancy and labral deficiency was 49% (38 of 78). Patients with anteromedial capsular redundancy had a significantly greater number of dislocations before surgery (16.1 ± 21.3 versus 7.4 ± 7.4) and a greater duration of symptoms (79.8 ± 84.2 versus 31.6 ± 32.2 months). The mean postoperative Rowe score of patients with anteromedial capsular redundancy was 88.7 ± 14.8, with 92% having excellent or g...
Articular Cartilage Contact Pressure after Tibial Tuberosity Transfer A Cadaveric Study

Medial transfer of the tibial tuberosity has been commonly used for treatment of recurrent dislocation of the patella and patellofemoral malalignment. In this study, six fresh human cadaveric knees were used. Static intrajoint loads were recorded using Fuji Prescale pressure-sensitive film for contact pressure and contact area determination in a closed kinetic chain knee testing protocol. Peak pressures, average contact pressures, and contact areas of the patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joints were calculated on native intact knee specimens and after tibial tuberosity transfer. All native intact knee specimens had a normal Q angle. Medialization of the tibial tuberosity significantly increased the patellofemoral contact pressure. Medial displacement of the tibial tuberosity also significantly increased the average contact pressure of the medial tibiofemoral compartment and changed the balance of tibiofemoral joint loading. The results of our study suggest that caution should be used when transferring a patellar tendon in the face of a preexisting normal Q angle as this will result in abnormally high peak pressure within the tibiofemoral joint. Overmedialization of the tibial tuberosity should be avoided in the varus knee, the knee after medial meniscectomy, and the knee with preexisting degenerative arthritis of the medial compartment.
Changing Perspectives? Public Opinion, Perceptions of Discrimination, and Feelings Toward the Family

The current study broadens our understanding of the range and diversity of attitudes relevant to the gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and queer (GLBTQ) civil rights debate, specifically toward those who identify as gay and lesbian. We first examine which factors best explain variation in perceptions of discrimination toward individuals who identify as gay and lesbian. A second analysis explores feelings toward or being upset upon learning that a child is gay or lesbian. Analyzing survey data collected by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press in May 2013 (N = 1,504), the results suggest that while demographics and political predispositions are important predictors of perceptions of discrimination, religious objections and church attendance are more central to the case of family acceptance. The influence of social contact and preexisting attitudes are explored as well. Implications for those engaged in family practice are discussed along with directions for future public opinion research on...
Apparel catalog patronage: Demographic, lifestyle and motivational factors

This study was designed to profile catalog shoppers of apparel and to examine their frequency of shopping. Specifically, it focused on the relative importance of consumers' lifestyle, demographic, and motivational factors in catalog shopping patronage. Data from 680 respondents were analyzed. The data indicated a relationship between consumers who shop for apparel from catalogs and some of the variables included in the study. A multiple regression model indicated that when several variables were considered, the frequent catalog shoppers tended to be older and better educated than infrequent catalog shoppers. They were also more likely to engage in inactive pursuits rather than sports activities and were more likely to perceive convenience as an important factor in their decisions to shop from catalogs than were infrequent catalog shoppers.
Imbibition, but Not Release from Stratification, Sets the Circadian Clock in Arabidopsis Seedlings

Circadian rhythms in the abundance of the CAT2 catalase mRNA were not seen in etiolated seedlings but developed upon illumination. These circadian oscillations were preceded by a rapid and transient induction of CAT2 mRNA abundance that varied strikingly according to the timing (circadian phase) of the onset of illumination. This variation oscillated with a circadian periodicity of approximately 28 hr, indicating that the circadian oscillator is running in etiolated seedlings and regulates (gates) the induction of CAT2 by light. Moreover, because we assayed populations of seedlings, we infer that the individual clocks among populations of etiolated seedlings were synchronized before the onset of illumination. What developmental or environmental signals synchronized the clocks among seedlings? Varying the phase of the onset of illumination relative to release from stratification failed to affect the acute induction of CAT2, indicating that the temperature step from 4 to 22 degrees C associated with release from stratification did not reset the circadian clock. However, the acute induction of CAT2 mRNA varied with time after imbibition, demonstrating that imbibition provides a signal capable of resetting the circadian clock and of synchronizing the clocks among populations of seedlings.
Determination of Contributions to the Residual Resistivity of Gallium at 4.2°K

Resistivity measurements have been carried out on single-crystal wires of high-purity gallium in the temperature range of 1.27\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 43\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and also at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K on gallium with added impurities, and with varying wire diameter. The last measurements indicated the electron mean free path to be 1.2 mm at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K at a resistivity of about 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}22}$ esu, implying that the effective number of free electrons per atom in gallium is 0.2. Diffuse surface scattering was found to be an important scattering mechanism in wires of high-purity gallium at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and its contribution to the ratio of resistivity at 4.2 to 295\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in a 1-mm diam crystal is 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$. The temperature measurements indicated that no resistivity minimum occurs, and also that along the $b$ axis, the lattice scattering contributes 0.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ to the resistivity ratio. The effect of grain boundaries on the resistivity ratio is negligible. The presence of as little as one atomic part per million of impurities such as Cu, Ag, Zn, Tl, Ge, Sn, Pb, and As can be detected by residual resistivity measurements.
MODE:IGPP Measurements of Bottom Pressure and Temperature

Abstract We review the MODE deployment of IGPP bottom instruments, together with preliminary tests on the Pacific seafloor and in the laboratory. Pressure and temperature were measured with quartz-crystal transducers in different configurations. Spectra of instrument noise in the laboratory and on the seafloor were estimated from duplicate transducers. These estimates are prerequisite to the forthcoming discussions of MODE tides, the bottom experiment, and internal waves. There are two puzzling features: (i) the temperature noise continuum on the seafloor is generally 20 dB above that in the laboratory, and (ii) the pressure noise spectrum has a tidal line structure. Instrument drifts during MODE are of the order of a few millibars and a millidegree Celcius, respectively.
Transmission of Arterial Baroreflex Signals Depends on Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase

Because inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the nucleus tractus solitarii blocks cardiovascular responses to activation of local glutamate receptors, and because glutamate is a neurotransmitter of baroreceptor afferent nerves, we sought to test the hypothesis that neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition would block baroreflex transmission and cause hypertension. We determined reflex heart rate responses to intravenous phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside in 5 anesthetized rats before and after bilateral microinjection (100 nL) of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor AR-R 17477 (7.5 nmol) into the nucleus tractus solitarii. The inhibitor significantly increased mean arterial pressure without affecting heart rate, and it significantly reduced the gain of the baroreflex. After administration of the inhibitor, reflex responses of heart rate to changes in mean arterial pressure were always less than those responses to the same, or less, change in mean arterial pressure in the same animal without administration of the inhibitor. Microinjection of saline (100 nL) bilaterally into the nucleus tractus solitarii did not lead to hypertension or change baroreflex responses. These data support the hypothesis and suggest that neuronal nitric oxide synthase is critical to transmission of baroreflex signals through the nucleus tractus solitarii.
RESPONSE OF AN ELECTRON SPECTROMETER AT LOW ENERGIES.

Abstract All spectrometers although they reject spurious signals to some extent have extraneous components in their “line profiles”. If each line exhibits a low intensity tail, a continuum composed of such lines will be found to be erroneously high in the region where the tails “pile up”. For optical and mass spectrometers this is usually not a problem because their dynamic ranges are short. However, this is not the case for some electron spectrometers, particularly for the Keplertron, which has a dynamic range from 1 eV to 40 000 eV. To determine the Keplertron's response, line profiles were obtained with an electron gun to provide a mono-energetic source variable from 50 eV to 10 000 eV. All line profiles have the same general shape — a large, central peak and a low energy tail which is a factor of 1 000 to 5 000 lower than the central peak. Calculations show that if a hypothetical flat 1 MeV beta ray spectrum were studied, that the spurious tails would produce a 30% extraneous increase in apparent electron flux from the source at 1 keV and a 300% enhancement at 100 eV. The distortion is negligible, however, for electron slowing down spectra which have an E−1 shape below 10 keV.
Ignominy: tool for analysing software dependencies and for reducing complexity in large software systems

LHC experiments such as CMS have large-scale software projects that are challenging to manage. We present Ignominy, a tool developed in CMS to help us deal better with complex software systems. Ignominy analysis the source code as well binary products such as libraries and programs to deliver a comprehensive view of the package dependencies, including all the external products used by the project. We describe the analysis and the various charts, diagrams and metrics collected by the tool, including results from several large-scale HEP software projects. We also discuss the progress made in CMS to improve the software structure and the experience we have gained in physical packaging and distribution of our code.
Reconstitution studies detect a single polymerase entry site on the vesicular stomatitis virus genome.

Abstract To identify the initial steps of vesicular stomatitis virus transcription, we reconstituted purified nucleocapsid template with solubilized transcriptase and characterized the in vitro products of de novo transcription. In the absence of UTP and GTP, only leader gene products were synthesized; mRNA oligonucleotides were detected only after transcription of full-length leader was permitted. These data suggest that vesicular stomatitis virus polymerase does not enter the genome independently at each gene, but each polymerase begins transcription at the 3′ end of the genome, and reaches internal genes only by sequentially transcribing the 3′ preceding sequences. These results are consistent with the conclusion that the observed sequential transcription of vesicular stomatitis virus mRNAs is due to obligatory entrance of all polymerases at the leader gene, and suggest that the transcriptase and replicase may recognize the same promoter.
Reversible Hydrogen Transfer between Cysteine Thiyl Radical and Glycine and Alanine in Model Peptides: Covalent H/D Exchange, Radical−Radical Reactions, and l- to d-Ala Conversion

The reversible intramolecular hydrogen transfer reaction of peptide Cys thiyl radicals with Gly and Ala residues was studied in model peptides, where thiyl radicals were either generated through photochemical cleavage of disulfide bonds or through the reaction of Cys thiol with •CH3 or CH3C•O radicals, or both, generated through photolysis of acetone. In D2O, the reversible hydrogen transfer leads to covalent H/D exchange, indicative of the location of intermediary carbon-centered radicals. In addition, the reversible formation of αC• radicals on Ala leads to the conversion of l-Ala to d-Ala, where the efficiency of this conversion depends on the primary sequence of the Ala-containing peptide. When Cys thiyl radicals are generated through the reaction of Cys thiol with •CH3 or CH3C•O radicals, various recombination products between these initiating radicals and peptide thiyl and carbon-centered radicals provide further evidence for the location of intermediary radicals within the peptide sequence.
In defense of doing it the hard way

Evaluation and usability as a practice area has diversified its approaches, broadened the spectrum of UX issues it addresses, and extended its contribution into deeper levels of product-development decision making. This forum addresses conceptual, methodological, and professional issues that arise in the field's continuing effort to contribute robust information about users to product planning and design. David Siegel and Susan Dray, Editors
Ambulatory care of HIV-seropositive infants and children

The ambulatory care of HIV-seropositive infants and children is a critical part of their overall health care. Ambulatory care should be provided in medical facilities that have the capacity to provide comprehensive, family-centered primary health care. The system of care should be accessible and flexible; it should be available 24 hours a day; and there should be a means of ready communication between the community-based hospital clinic, emergency room. and inpatient service providers. Physicians, nurses, social workers, and other involved professionals should be knowledgeable about HIV disease, its diagnosis and management, and its associated social, cultural, political, and legal issues. Nonjudgmental care is integral to the care of HIV-affectcd families, and an ability to respond to the needs of an individual or family in crisis is essential. The protection of every patient's confidentiality is of major importance. These issues are especially important in the care of adolescents with HIV infection, who may not want to disclose their status to their families. Comprehensive health care combines healthy child care (immunizations and general health maintenance), care for acute illnesses, and continuous care for chronic conditions. In addition, it includes medical, psychosocial, and behavioral assessments and provides access or referral to ancillary services (e.g., dental, rehabilitation, financial, legal aid, mental health).
DNA synthesis in X-irradiated cultures infected with polyoma virus

Abstract DNA synthesis in the polyoma-infected- and non-infected mouse-embryo cultures, which had been irradiated by X-ray at 10,000 r or 2000 r on 1 or 2 days before virus inoculation, was studied by means of autoradiography using 3 H-thymidine. The X-irradiated cultures supported efficiently virus multiplication with typical and rapid cytopathogenic effects. These observations were essentially the same as observed in the non-irradiated infected cultures. DNA synthesis of the infected cultures in both radiation levels has been found to a marked extent with appreciable degree of virus multiplication as compared with that in the non-infected one, where there was a very low rate of DNA synthesis with no virus multiplication. These results indicate that an increased DNA synthesis obtained in the X-irradiated infected cultures represents mainly newly synthesized viral DNA.
Rigorous 3-D coupled wave diffraction analysis of multiple superposed gratings in anisotropic media

The diffraction by two planar slanted fringe gratings superposed in the same volume of an anisotropic medium is treated using rigorous 3-D vector coupled wave analysis. Arbitrary angle of incidence and polarization are included. Both phase and/or amplitude slanted gratings in anisotropic media are treated in the analysis. The external boundary regions can be either isotropic (for bulk applications) or uniaxial anisotropic (for integrated applications). Both forward- and backward-diffracted orders are characterized by a number pair (i1,i2), where i1 and i2 are integers. The Floquet condition is discussed for the case of two superposed gratings. When the external regions are anisotropic, each diffracted order has an ordinary (O), and an extraordinary (E) component. The analysis is also generalized for an arbitrary number of superposed gratings. The numerical complexity is discussed. In the case of equal grating periodicities along the boundaries, the diffracted orders become degenerate in the external regions. In this case, an alternative analysis that utilizes a cascaded stack of unslanted gratings can be used. Limiting cases are also presented. The various Bragg conditions are identified and quantified. Sample calculations presented include the quantification of the crosstalk between two superposed gratings, the evaluation of the effects of coupled Bragg conditions in beam combining applications, design and analysis of a beam splitter and a beam combiner, demonstration of the use of a cascaded stack of unslanted gratings of constant modulation to represent two superposed gratings that have the same periodicity along the boundaries, and finally evaluation of the effect of the phase difference between two gratings. The same analysis applies in the limiting cases of isotropic materials, single slanted gratings, etc. Applications of this analysis include optical storage, optical digital truth table look-up processing, neural nets, optical interconnects, beam splitting, and beam combining.
An effect of anterior pituitary hormones on bovine corpus leteum phosphorylase

Abstract In vitro addition of a crude anterior pituitary extract, chorionic gonadotrophin, and growth hormone to bovine corpus luteum slices increases the amount of active phosphorylase in the tissue. Prolactin, luteinizing hormone, ACTH, follicle stimulating hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone had no significant effect on corpus luteum phosphorylase. Glucagon decreased phosphorylase activity in the corpus luteum.
Influence of plasticizers on thermal and mechanical properties and morphology of soy-based bioplastics

Bioplastics from soy protein and biodegradable polyester amide with plasticizers including glycerol, d-sorbitol, and blends of these two have been made using extrusion and injection molding. The th...
Surface Quality Effects Investigation of Micro-Grinding Soda-Lime Glass

This paper presents a micro-grinding experiment on soda-lime glass to study the surface quality effective factors during micro grinding on hard brittle materials. The process of micro-grinding on soda-lime glass is showed in this paper and micro-grinding equipments are designed, fz(feed rate), ap (grinding depth), vg(Grinding speed) in micro-grinding brittle materials and their effects to surface quality have been discussed by experiments which were carried out on a desktop micro machine developed by NEU. Results proved that fz is the most important factor to the surface quality, and low surface roughness could be achieved by high vg and low fz in micro-grinding soda-lime glass.
Development of DNA Markers Suitable for Marker Assisted Selection of Three Pi Genes Conferring Resistance to Multiple Pyricularia grisea Pathotypes

Rice blast, caused by the fungus Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc., is a serious rice (Oryza sativa L.)disease causing considerable economic damage worldwide. DNA markers for rice blast resistance have been developed, but most are not suitable for routine use in a marker-assisted selection breeding program involving large numbers of progeny. After identifying candidate microsatellite markers from public database sources, we have mapped these markers near the blast resistance genes Pi-b, Pi-k, and Pi-ta 2 on rice chromosomes 2, 11, and 12, respectively, using segregation information from hundreds of progeny in several crosses. Two microsatellite markers, RM208 and RM224, were found to cosegregate with the Pi-b and Pi-k genes, respectively, while additional microsatellites were found to closely flank these two genes and the Pi-ta 2 gene. The new markers are polymorphic in the narrow crosses characteristic of applied breeding programs and appear to be ideally suited for marker assisted selection for blast resistance in rice because of their tight linkage with resistance genes and ease of use through analysis of amplification products. A dominant marker indicating the presence of the Pi-b gene, Pibdom, has also been developed on the basis of the sequence of the cloned Pi-b gene. These markers should facilitate the introgression and pyramiding of these three blast resistance genes into new rice cultivars and elite lines.
Efficiency wages, unemployment and international factor movements

This paper examines the implications of unemployment resulting from efficiency wages for international factor movements in a standard Heckscher-Ohlin model where the relative size of the endowments of skilled and unskilled workers and the efficiency wage induced unemployment level in the unskilled labour market are simultaneously determined given the population, supply of capital and its distribution in the economy. Capital in the economy is used only to train individuals for the skilled labour market, where workers are fully employed. It is shown that the optimum labour inflow in the market with domestic distortion and the optimum capital inflow are always positive because they reduce the severity of distortion by raising employment and income for the residents. The income and employment of foreigners also increase. Under this situation the optimum labour or capital outflow on the other hand is always zero. These conclusions directly contradict the result obtained for international factor movements in th...
Carbon and phosphorus cycling in anoxic sediments of the Saanich Inlet, British Columbia

Abstract Uncertainty currently exists about the removal of carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) from the oceanic reservoir, especially in low oxygen settings. In this paper, the cycling of C and P is examined in sediments from the anoxic Saanich Inlet, cored by Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 169S in 1996 at two sites. Although C org /P org ratios are high and increase with depth in the Saanich Inlet, this effect is due largely to a remobilization of P from an organic matter sink to an authigenic sink. Reducible sedimentary components act as temporary shuttles in this process even in this anoxic setting, with the ultimate burial sink for the remobilized P being carbonate fluorapatite. The effective C org /P reactive molar ratio appears to be about 150–200, indicating some preferential loss of P compared to C during organic matter degradation, but not approaching previously reported values of over 3000 in black shales. Reactive P accumulation rates in this basin range from 10,000–60,000 μmol/cm 2 /kyr, greatly exceeding the range of 500–8000 μmol/cm 2 /kyr found in most continental-margin settings, including regions of modern phosphogenesis. The initiation of marine sedimentation in the Saanich Inlet occurred after deglaciation, and the high rates of P burial seen here may provide an end-member example of the effects of sea level and margin sedimentation on the distribution of P within the marine P cycle.