cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zoster Vaccine: Current Status and Future Prospects

Live, attenuated Oka/Merck varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine (zoster vaccine) protects immunocompetent adults from herpes zoster and its complications. Success of zoster vaccine in preventing the clinical manifestations of latent VZV reactivation contrasts with the failure to achieve similar results with vaccination to prevent recurrent herpes simplex. This reflects major differences in the pathophysiology of latency and reactivation of these 2 alphaherpesviruses. The Shingles Prevention Study and many others have demonstrated that VZV-specific cell-mediated immunity, but not VZV antibody, plays a critical role in limiting reactivation and replication of latent VZV and, thus, in preventing herpes zoster and its complications. Consequently, induction of VZV-specific cell-mediated immunity and not antibody should be used as a proxy for the clinical efficacy of new formulations and uses of zoster vaccine. Prospects for improved zoster vaccines and their use in immunocompromised patients are discussed, and questions related to zoster vaccine use are addressed.
Ultrafast ligand exchange: detection of a pentacoordinate Ru(II) intermediate and product formation

The ultrafast kinetics of ligand exchange of cis-[Ru(bpy)(2)(CH(3)CN)(2)](2+) were measured in H(2)O and CH(3)CN. The formation of the (3)MLCT excited-state and a five-coordinate intermediate are observed in both solvents within 2 ps after excitation (310 nm, fwhm approximately 300 fs). The (3)MLCT excited-state undergoes vibrational cooling (5-6 ps), then decays to regenerate the ground-state with a lifetime of approximately 50 ps. In CH(3)CN, ligand recombination takes place in 28 ps, while the formation of cis-[Ru(bpy)(2)(CH(3)CN)(H(2)O)](2+) in H(2)O takes place with tau = 77 ps.
Fluorescent CD4 probe for potential HIV-1 gp120 protein detection.

Abstract A fluorescently modified CD4 domain 1 (mD1) protein has been designed and elaborated in an in vitro expression system. This fluorescent probe contains a Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair, which uses a tryptophan residue as the fluorescence donor and an acridon-2-ylalanine (Acd) as the acceptor. When excited at 260 nm, energy was transferred from tryptophan to the Acd residue of mD1, and emitted fluorescence at 420 nm. This fluoresence was quenched after Evans blue (EB) inhibitor or HIV-1 gp120 protein binding, presumably as a consequence of changes in the distance and dipole orientation between the donor and acceptor; the emission intensity at 420 nm decreased in a concentration-dependent fashion. This fluorescent CD4 probe could be developed into a novel tool for HIV-1 gp120 protein detection. It also could be used to screen small molecules that inhibit the gp120–CD4 interaction.
Anomalous production of Ω and Ω̄ is evidence of the formation of disoriented chiral condensates

No conventional picture of nucleus–nucleus collisions has yet been able to explain the abundance of Ω and hadrons in central collisions between Pb nuclei at 158 A GeV at the CERN SPS. We argue that this is evidence that they are produced from topological defects in the form of skyrmions arising from the formation of disoriented chiral condensates. It is shown that the excess Ω or produced could not be easily washed out in the hadronic medium and therefore would survive in the final state.
Schooling Location and Economic, Occupational and Cognitive Success among Immigrants and Their Children: The Case of Los Angeles.

Abstract Large numbers of foreign-born residents in the United States mean that many people receive at least part of their education abroad. Despite this fact, our understanding of nativity differences in the success of adults and their children is based on research that does not empirically consider variation in the benefits to schooling depending on where it is received. We use data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (L.A. FANS) to examine: (a) whether the socioeconomic and cognitive returns to education depend on whether it is received in the U.S. or abroad; and (b) whether schooling location partially accounts for nativity differences in these returns. We find that the returns to schooling are generally largest for adults who receive at least some of their highest level of education in the U.S. The beneficial effects of U.S. schooling are more pronounced at higher levels of educational attainment. Schooling location accounts for a sizeable fraction of the lower socioeconomic and cognitive returns of the foreign-born, relative to natives; some meaningful differences remain, however. In addition, the higher cognitive skills of the children of foreign-born adults remain unexplained. Although we cannot distinguish among the possible pathways underlying these associations (e.g., school quality, transferability of credentials, the timing of immigration) our findings suggest the importance of considering factors related to schooling location as predictors of socioeconomic and cognitive success in the United States.
Surface and thin-film photoemission spectrum of nickel metal: A many-body solution to a two-dimensionally periodic cluster.

An exact solution of a four-site crystal model with periodic boundary conditions, a {001} thin film with face-centered-cubic crystal structure, is presented for the nickel density of electron states, as would be measured in surface-sensitive valence-band photoemission. The object is to study modifications of the many-body electronic structure in the presence of surfaces. The model consists of (a) five d orbitals per site per spin, with nearest-neighbor hopping, (b) a one-electron occupation energy for each orbital, and (c) Coulomb repulsions between electrons on the same site. A realistic local-density-approximation one-electron structure and intrasite electron-electron interactions most generally allowed by atomic symmetry are used. Crystal-field effects and single-particle electronic structure in the nickel-film structure are discussed. The photoemission spectrum is calculated and compared with bulk results. Physical conclusions for the true nickel surface many-body states are drawn.
Nonrandomness of D-group chromosomes involved in centric-fusion translocation

Ten members of two families with D/G translocation, three members of a family with D/D translocation, and one patient with non-familial and one with apparently non-familial D/D translocation were examined. The trdnslocation chromosomes were identified by SH-thymidine labeling and autoradio-graphy as 14q21q and 13q14q, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis of nonrandomness of D group chromosomes involved in centric-fusion translocation. The importance of the identification of Dgroup chromosomes involved in centriofusion translocation in relation to genetic counseling is discussed.
Simplified analysis of a hyperbolic system

Abstract The method of generating equation is used in order to reduce a weakly nonlinear hyperbolic system to the standard form, i.e. the form which admits an asymptotic treatment based on the averaging principle.
The influence of maternal weight on human chorionic gonadotropin in the multiple-marker screening test for fetal Down syndrome☆

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the effect of maternal weight on human chorionic gonadotropin concentration in the multiple-marker screening test for fetal Down syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: Two genetics databases were used: database I contained the results of 8297 multiple-marker screening tests and database II contained the results of 1936 multiple-marker screening tests and fetal karyotypes. RESULTS: The overall screen-positive rate in database I was 7.1%; it was 7.5% in patients weighing p = 0.001). Weight significantly affected the screen-positive rate only in women ≥30 years old ( p = 0.003 for 30 to 34 years, p = 0.00004 for ≥35 years). A weight correction formula was derived; when applied to database II it eliminated individual weight-related differences but had no effect on the overall screen-positive rate or Down syndrome detection rate. CONCLUSIONS: Human chorionic gonadotropin concentration is affected by maternal weight. A weight correction formula eliminates individual weight-related differences in the screen-positive rate but has no discernible effect on the overall screen-positive or Down syndrome detection rates.
The secret to true service innovation

Abstract The secret to true service innovation lies in shifting focus away from the service solution back to the customer. Rather than asking, “How are we doing?” managers must ask, “How is the customer doing?” For far too many businesses, service innovation means making incremental improvements to existing services. While a focus on improving current services certainly has its place, we indicate that this has constrained firms’ innovation capabilities by limiting new ideas. In order to truly innovate, firms must expand their focus beyond existing services and service capabilities to address the fundamental needs of their customers, including the jobs and outcomes those customers are trying to achieve. By further focusing service innovation on developing shared solutions with customers, firms are better able to create breakthrough service offerings and processes. This will result in value co-creation that is both meaningful to customers and uniquely differentiated from competitive offerings. To this end, we present a four-step process for firms to guide job-centric service innovation.
The promoter of the gene encoding 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein contains cAMP response elements: evidence for positive autoregulation of gene transcription.

The transcriptional transactivational activities of the phosphoprotein cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) are activated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A signaling pathway. Dimers of CREB bind to the palindromic DNA element 5'-TGACGTCA-3' (or similar motifs) called cAMP-responsive enhancers (CREs) found in the control regions of many genes, and activate transcription in response to phosphorylation of CREB by protein kinase A. Earlier we reported on the cyclical expression of the CREB gene in the Sertoli cells of the rat testis that occurred concomitant with the FSH-induced rise in cellular cAMP levels and suggested that transcription of the CREB gene may be autoregulated by cAMP-dependent transcriptional proteins. We now report the structure of the 5'-flanking sequence of the human CREB gene containing promoter activity. The promoter has a high content of guanosines and cytosines and lacks canonical TATA and CCAAT boxes typically found in the promoters of genes in eukaryotes. Notably, the p...
The importance of the culture medium on human dental pulp cell attachment

Radiochromium-labelled pulpal cells were cultured with nine commercially available media and conditioned minimal essential (MEM) medium. Radiochromium release from the 10 cell cultures was recorded after 4 h of incubation. Cells cultured with MEM and conditioned MEM were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after 2, 4, 8 and 24 h of incubation to study possible differences in attachment. Radiochromium release from cells cultured with most of the media was very high, indicating damage to the external cell membrane. When cells were cultured with conditioned medium, the radiochromium release was within acceptable limits. SEM showed faster attachment when cells were cultured with conditioned MEM. The data indicate that pulpal cells should be cultured with conditioned medium for better results in short-term cytotoxicity experiments with the radiochromium release method.
Deciphering CD30 ligand biology and its role in humoral immunity

Ligands and receptors in the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamilies have been the subject of extensive investigation over the past 10-15 years. For certain TNFR family members, such as Fas and CD40, some of the consequences of receptor ligation were predicted before the identification and cloning of their corresponding ligands through in vitro functional studies using agonistic receptor-specific antibodies. For other members of the TNFR family, including CD30, cross-linking the receptor with specific antibodies failed to yield many clues about the functional significance of the relevant ligand-receptor interactions. In many instances, the subsequent availability of TNF family ligands in the form of recombinant protein facilitated the determination of biological consequences of interactions with their relevant receptor in both in vitro and in vivo settings. In the case of CD30 ligand (CD30L; CD153), definition of its biological role remained frustratingly elusive. Early functional studies using CD30L+ cells or agonistic CD30-specific antibodies logically focused attention on cell types that had been shown to express CD30, namely certain lymphoid malignancies and subsets of activated T cells. However, it was not immediately clear how the reported activities from these in vitro studies relate to the biological activity of CD30L in the more complex whole animal setting. Recently, results from in vivo models involving CD30 or CD30L gene disruption, CD30L overexpression, or pharmacological blockade of CD30/CD30L interactions have begun to provide clues about the role played by CD30L in immunological processes. In this review we consider the reported biology of CD30L and focus on results from several recent studies that point to an important role for CD30/CD30L interactions in humoral immune responses.
A prospective study comparing the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of meniscus tear with magnetic resonance imaging and its effect on clinical outcome

A prospective, single-blind study of 57 consecutive knees with an initial clinical diagnosis of a torn meniscus was completed to test the hypothesis that a routine preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan could improve accuracy over clinical diagnosis alone. The overall accuracy for the clinical diagnosis of meniscal tear was 80.7% and the corresponding accuracy for MRI was 73.7%. Surgical pathology was found in all knees at arthroscopy. Relying blindly on MRI to determine surgical intervention would have resulted in inappropriate treatment in 35.1% of the knees. A surgeon can safely rely on the clinical diagnosis of meniscal tear alone and will find surgical pathology in almost all cases. Relying on MRI alone without using clinical judgment may lead to inappropriate treatment in a high percentage of cases. Clinical examination alone is at least as accurate as MRI. MRI did not prevent "unnecessary surgery" in any case. MRI should be reserved for confusing or special cases.
Age, Experience, and the Response of Streamside Salamander Hatchlings to Chemical Cues from Predatory Sunfish

Previous work has shown that streamside salamander larvae (Ambystoma barbouri; Ambystomatidae) exhibit an adaptive ‘sink to the bottom’ response to chemical cues from predatory green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus; Centrarchidae), that is, larvae sink to the bottom more quickly (thus minimizing exposure time to sunfish predation) when they are dropped into water with sunfish chemicals (as compared to Ashless controls). Here, we examined this anti-predator behaviour in early hatchlings and the effects of age and experience on subsequent expression of this behaviour. Hatchlings responded significantly to fish chemical cues within the first 18 h after hatching. Age did not significantly influence this response, i.e. regardless of age (1, 7, or 14 days after hatching) larvae showed a significant response during their first exposure to fish chemical cues. Experience also did not significantly influence the larval response to fish chemicals i.e., repeated exposures over 2 weeks did not significantly influence the magnitude of the response. Finally, comparisons of 3 siblingships detected significant variation among siblingships that might reflect genetic variation in this behaviour.
Population dynamics in suspension cultures of an animal cell strain

Summary. A composite of several studies by the authors is presented in an attempt to illustrate the use of the suspension culture method to analyze population dynamics of an animal cell strain. On the basis of these studies the nature of the lag and plateau phases is discussed. More extensive discussions of the various studies in relation to the work of others appear elsewhere.
On smooth, nonlinear surjections of banach spaces

It is shown that (1) every infinite-dimensional Banach space admits aC 1 Lipschitz map onto any separable Banach space, and (2) if the dual of a separable Banach spaceX contains a normalized, weakly null Banach-Saks sequence, thenX admits aC ∞ map onto any separable Banach space. Subsequently, we generalize these results to mappings onto larger target spaces.
Advantages of difficult tasks1

If people work on a hard task before proceeding to one of intermediate difficulty, success will be relevant (predictive of future success) while failure will be irrelevant (not predictive of future failure). However, if they work first on an easy task, success will be irrelevant (not predictive of future success) while failure will be relevant (predictive of future failure). Previous research thus suggests that experience with hard tasks should always lead to more favorable evaluations of one's performance and better future performance than experience with easy tasks. The present study tested these predictions by manipulating initial expectancy (high or low), perceived difficulty of a set of practice problems (practice problems easier, harder, or equal in difficulty to those on a subsequent test), and practice problem feedback (success or failure). As predicted, experience with hard practice problems was most beneficial, regardless of the level of the feedback which students received. This was more true for males than females and for students with high ability than students with low ability.
A Scoring System for the Strength of a Family History of Colorectal Cancer

Family history of colorectal cancer is associated with an increased risk for the disease, although there are many combinations of family history that are hard to correlate with risk status. A scoring system for family history of colorectal cancer was designed to make risk more readily quantifiable. A colonoscopy database was used to test the following points system: each first-degree relative with colorectal cancer = 3 points; each second-degree relative with colorectal cancer = 1 point. Families with one or more first-degree relative affected under 50 years of age = an extra 3 points. Families with one or more second-degree relative affected under 50 years of age = an extra 1 point. Families with multiple relatives on the same side of the family = an extra 3 points (first-degree relatives), 1 point (second-degree relatives), or 2 points (first-degree and second-degree relatives). Points were added and categories defined as follows: low risk, 1 to 4 points; medium risk, 5 to 7 points; high risk, 8 to 10 points; very high risk, >10 points. A control group of average-risk patients having screening colonoscopy was used. Categories were compared in number of adenomas, hyperplastic polyps, and cancers. The records of 992 patients were used to test the system. Mean adenomas per patient per group were 0.4 for controls, 1.0 for low risk, 1.0 for medium risk, 1.7 for high risk, and 1.7 for very high risk. Cancers per group were 2 of 196 for controls, 8 of 513 for low risk, 3 of 171 for medium risk, 3 of 84 for high risk, and 1 of 28 for very high risk. The score categories were combined to produce revised risk levels of low (score 1 to 7) and high (>7). Average adenomas per patient in the revised categories were 0.4 (control), 1.0 (low risk), and 1.7 (high risk). The odds ratio of having one to two adenomas was 1.73 (1.19–2.50, 95% confidence limits) in the low-risk group and 2.39 (1.41–4.01) in the high-risk group. Odds ratios for having three or more adenomas were 5.70 (2.44–13.32) in the low-risk group and 10.35 (3.97–26.97) in the high-risk group. In the two-category system proposed here of quantifying familial risk of colorectal cancer, patients having less than 8 points were at low risk and those with 8 or more were at high risk. Surveillance and chemoprevention protocols can be designed through use of these risk categories. A scoring system for family history of colorectal cancer can make risk assessment easier and facilitate both collaborative studies and patient triage into appropriate screening programs.
Wireless in Africa: insights into mobile markets

The explosive growth of mobile telephony in Africa offers insights into the differences in deploying new technologies in underdeveloped countries.
Neuronal activity of the amygdala in patients with psychomotor epilepsy

Abstract Microelectrodes were stereotaxically introduced, through a previously implanted cannula, into the amygdala of patients with psychomotor epilepsy. Under laboratory conditions and without anesthesia, recordings of extracellular action potentials and gross waves were obtained during interictal periods. Epileptiform waves were seen in all regions of the amygdala. The neuronal activity consisted, most frequently, of clusters of actions potentials, occasionally associated with trains of waves. During one recording session, a clinical seizure occurred fortuitously and it was possible to follow the electrical events during the preceding minutes. It was found that, as the seizure was approaching, the clustering of neuronal action potentials became progressively more marked, more regularly periodic, and more frequently associated, in time and in phase, with the gross waves, as the latter increased in amplitude and in duration. These progressive changes in the patterns of neuronal activity, in the characteristics of the gross waves, and in their association, were similar to those which have been found to occur in the progressive “hypersynchronization” leading to convulsive states, induced in animals by means of pharmacological agents, and assumed to be related to changes in interactions between groups of neurons in neuronal networks. It is suggested that a similar mechanism may be involved in the development of electrical events preceding the convulsive seizure in the human. Should it become possible to continually detect and monitor such changes in neuronal activity and gross waves, characteristic of an impending seizure, therapeutic measures might be taken in time to prevent it.
Distribution, abundance, and mortality of small littoral-zone fishes in Sparkling Lake, Wisconsin

During 1982 and 1983, seining, fyke netting, and SCUBA observation were used to determine the depth distribution, abundance, and mortality of small littoral-zone fishes (bluntnose minnows, shiners [primarily mimic shiners], yellow perch, logperch, johnny darters, Iowa darters, and mottled sculpins) in Sparkling Lake, a small moderately-productive lake in northern Wisconsin. During the summer cyprinids, darters, and mottled sculpins were most abundant in areas shallower than 1 m, while yellow perch were most abundant at depths of 2 to 4 m. Between August and October cyprinids and yellow perch moved to water 1 to 2 m deeper, while the depth distributions of darters and mottled sculpins generally remained unchanged. Large within- and between-year variations in abundances and mortality rates were evident for all species. In 1982, most of the mortality of cyprinids and darters occurred during a short period in late spring and early summer, with relatively little afterwards. In 1983, this pattern was reversed for cyprinids and Iowa darters, but not logperch and johnny darters. Between-year differences in abundance were greatest for young-of-the-year yellow perch; they were 400 times more numerous in 1983 than in 1982. Darters had their lowest mortality rates and highest reproductive success in 1983, while the opposite was true for cyprinids. This lack of synchrony between darters and cyprinids suggests that these two taxa responded differently to changes in environmental conditions in Sparkling Lake. Predation may have accounted for much of the variability in darter population parameters, but appeared to be a less important source of variation for cyprinid population parameters.
RORSCHACH RESPONSES OF POLICE APPLICANTS

Rorschach responses of 53 police applicants yielded information about their perceptual, cognitive, and ideational characteristics not obtained from personality inventories. Many applicants manifested personality characteristics, evident on the Rorschach only, that might reduce their ability to protect and serve the public. These findings add to the potential value of the Rorschach in selection of employees and argue against complacency about reliance upon personality inventories for screening out applicants.
Localization of the gene for the erythroid anion exchange protein, band 3 (EMPB3), to human chromosome 17.

Abstract We have isolated genomic DNA clones which code for the human erythroid membrane protein band 3 (EMPB3). The identification of the gene has been confirmed by comparison of the amino acid sequence derived from the nucleotide sequence for two restriction fragments from the 5′ end of the gene. Two exons have been identified. One exon encodes 20 amino acids which are identical to residues 36 to 56 of the band 3 protein, and the other encodes 44 amino acids homologous to residues 118 to 162. Southern analysis of genomic DNA derived from a panel of rodent-human somatic cell hybrids, which retain different complements of human chromosomes, with band 3 probes has allowed us to localize EMPB3 to human chromosome 17. The gene has been further localized between 17q21 and qter by analysis of DNA from somatic cell hybrids which carry derivative chromosomes from translocations involving chromosome 17 and ether chromosome 15 or 21.
A simplified approach to solving nonlinear dispersive equations using a power series method

We present a direct power series approach to determining stationary pulse-type solutions of nonlinear dispersive equations encountered frequently in optics and electromagnetic transmission systems, and enumerate other possible areas of application of this technique.
Chemical trends of defect formation and doping limit in II-VI semiconductors: The case of CdTe

Using first-principles band structure methods we studied the general chemical trends of defect formation in II-VI semiconductors. We systematically calculated the formation energies and transition energy levels of intrinsic and extrinsic defects and defect complexes in the prototype CdTe and investigated the limiting factors for p-type and n-type doping in this material. Possible approaches to significantly increase the doping limits are discussed. Our general understanding of the chemical trends of defect formation energies and transition energy levels in CdTe is expected to be applicable also to other II-VI semiconductors.
Genetics: implications for preventative nursing practice

A method for identifying and evaluating susceptible families for cardiac disease risk is presented from the perspective of the role of genes in heart disease. If useful applications of genetic aggregations could be integrated into nursing practice, preventive selective interventions could be implemented. Nursing practice aimed at risk reduction in susceptible families is more efficient for reducing disease mortality.
Low temperature specific heat of FeAl alloys

Abstract The electronic specific heat coefficient γ of FeAl alloys up to 0.20 Al was found to be not much different from that of Fe. This result is not consistent with the view that the valence electrons of Al contribute to filling the d -band in FeAl alloys, since otherwise a large drop in γ would be expected in analogy with that previously found for FeCo alloys. The large increase of the measured γ at more than 0.20 Al is probably attributable to a magnetic contribution, rather than to the electronic specific heat of these alloys.
Non-linear responses of the electron-capture detector to alkyl monochlorides

Abstract Calibration curves for the response of a constant-current electron-capture detector with a 63 Ni ionization cell to methyl and ethyl chloride are reported to be non-linear. The molar response to low-concentration samples is shown to be very much greater than to high-concentration samples. Oxygen contamination of the carrier gas is investigated as a likely cause of the low-concentration, increased responses, but this possibility is not supported by the experiments reported here. Other possible causes are discussed. Superior calibration curves for alkyl monochlorides are obtained by the use of intentionally oxygen-doped carrier gas.
A theoretical study of the interaction of magnesium (II) and two malonate ions

Abstract Quantum mechanical calculations at the STO—3G and CNDO level have been carried out on the Mg +2 /2 (malonate) − complex with the malonate ion held rigidly in its lowest energy conformation. The STO—3G calculations show that the configuration of lowest energy is that in which only one carboxyl from each malonate interacts with the Mg 2+ rather than all four carboxyls interacting symmetrically.
EFFECT OF INTRACAROTID INJECTION OF PITRESSIN, PITOCIN, EPJNEPHRINE AND ACETYLCHOLINE ON ACTH RELEASE IN RATS

ACTH releasing activities of epinephrine, acetylcholine, Pitressin, synthetic lysine vasopressin and Pitocin injected into the carotid artery of rat were studied.Pitressin and synthetic lysine vasopressin possessed the strongest potencies.The dose threshold of Pitressin to induce an appreciable ACTH release fell between 40 and 80mU per rat.Pitressin incubated with a kidney homogenate lost its ACTH releasing activity.The rise in blood ACTH level following an intracarotid injection of 5ug. epinephrine was not altered when 40mU of Pitressin was administered simultaneously.The authors are indebted to Prof. VINCENT DUVIGNEALD for the synthetic lysine vasopressin employed in this experiment. This study was supported by U. S. P. H. S. grant A-256.
A re-examination of the demand for money in small developing economies

This paper re-examines the money-demand function in three small open economies of Asia: Korea, Pakistan and Singapore. In addition to using the relatively new procedure of error-correction modelling, the roles of variables such as (a) the expected change in the exchange rate, (b) foregin interest rates, and (c) foreign exchange risks on money demand are examined. In testing the importance of these variables in the money-demand function, special attention is paid to testing the assumptions of the classical linear regression model. The sample period for each country spans from 1973:1 through 1990:1. The empirical results suggest that the error-correction specification performs very well. In addition to the traditional variables, the results suggest that at least some measure of foreign monetary developments appear to have some significant effect on money-demand behaviour in these small developing economies.
Toxicity of MPTP and structural analogs in clonal cell lines of neuronal origin expressing B type monoamine oxidase activity

The toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), its oxidized metabolite, and two recently synthesized 2′-alkyl derivatives of MPTP (methyl and ethyl), found to be more toxic in vivo in mice, have been compared in two neuroblastoma hybrid cell lines (NCB-20 and 140-3) that express the B form of monoamine oxidase (MAO), as tissue culture models for the mode of action of MPTP in the central nervous system. Unlike previously reported studies with cultured cells of neuronal origin expressings only MAO A, both of these cells lines were sensitive to MPTP. Consistent with the in vivo findings, the 2′-alkyl derivatives were much more toxic than MPTP and comparable to the oxidized metabolites MPP+ in their effects on cell survival and morphology. The cells could be protected against the reduced toxins, but not MPP+, by either the MAO A selective inhibitor, clorgyline or the MAO B selective inhibitor, deprenyl. The effectiveness of the MAO inhibitors in blocking the action of the reduced toxins was consistent with their ability to inhibit MAO activity in the cell cultures, but did not reflect MAO-substrate specificity of the toxins. Inhibitors of serotonin and dopamine uptake, which have been found to protect against MPTP toxicity in vivo, were generally ineffective in the cell cultures, with the exception of a marginal increase in survival of MPP+-treated 140-3 cells in the presence of the serotonin uptake inhibitor fluoxetine. These findings are discussed in relation to proposed in vivo mechanisms of MPTP cytotoxicity.
E1A-Induced Immortalization of Rat Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells

Using a retroviral vector expressing the adenoviral 12S E1A gene product, the authors have immortalized rat type II alveolar epithelial cells. For a period of time, the immortalized cells retain many of the ultrastructural characteristics of type II cells in situ, including the presence of lamellar bodies. By 250 days in culture, however, neither lamellar bodies, SP-A, nor a phospholipid profile characteristic of surfactant were present. The cells bind the lectin Madura pomifera and stably express cytokeratins and the E1A gene product. The cell line also has a diploid karyotype, exhibits contact inhibition of growth, and does not grow in soft agar. E1A-immortalized cell lines should prove useful as models for study of certain aspects of type II alveolar epithelial cell function.
Predictive model for vehicle air exchange rates based on a large, representative sample.

The in-vehicle microenvironment is an important route of exposure to traffic-related pollutants, particularly ultrafine particles. However, significant particle losses can occur under conditions of low air exchange rate (AER) when windows are closed and air is recirculating. AERs are lower for newer vehicles and at lower speeds. Despite the importance of AER in affecting in-vehicle particle exposures, few studies have characterized AER and all have tested only a small number of cars. One reason for this is the difficulty in measuring AER with tracer gases such as SF6, the most common method. We developed a simplified yet accurate method for determining AER using the occupants’ own production of CO2, a convenient compound to measure. By measuring initial CO2 build-up rates and equilibrium values of CO2 at fixed speeds, AER was calculated for 59 vehicles representative of California’s fleet. AER measurements correlated and agreed well with the largest other study conducted (R2 = 0.83). Multivariable models ...
Separation of hyaluronan oligosaccharides by the use of anion-exchange HPLC

There has been a recent surge of interest in hyaluronan (I-IA), a glycosaminoglycan. Hyaluronan is a linear polymer composed of the repeating disaccharide unit [(l + 3)-0-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-&D-gIucopyranosyl)-(1 + 4&0-P-D-glucopyranuronosyl]. Originally thought to serve only a structural function in connective tissue, HA has now been found to play important roles in such diverse functions as cell-cell recognition’, limb, lung, and brain morphogenesis’,’ and as a potential regulator of tumor angiogenesis 3. It has also found biomedical applications in ophthalmic surgery and wound healing4. In the course of our Nh4R investigations of the solution conformation of hyaluronan as a function of chain length, we have developed a rapid, simple method for the preparation and analysis of monodisperse hyaluronan oligosaccharides. With this method we are able to separate HA oligomers of between 2 and 20 disaccharide units at a moderate pH so that chemical modification of the HA is unnecessary. Several methods for the separation of hyaluronan oligosaccharides already exist. Preparation of HA fragments has traditionally been accomplished by gel-permeation chromatography coupled with uranic acid analysis for peak identification5,6. Although this method is capable of separating HA oligomers up to 23 disaccharide units, it is tedious and time consuming, especially when used to prepare relatively large (> 10 mg) quantities of each fragment. HPLC methods including normalphase7, reversed-phase ion-pair’, and weak-anion exchange’ have also been used for the analysis and separation of HA oligosaccharides of varying length. Similar methods10-16 have been used to separate HA oligosaccharides from other glycosaminoglycans. However, the largest fragment that any of the published HPLC methods has been able to separate is six disaccharide units’. The development of a gel electrophoresis method allowed the analysis of oligosaccharides between 7 and 250 repeating disaccharide units 17*18 A capillary zone electrophoresis method has .
The appearance of eosinophils during the development of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in the guinea pig.

Abstract A factor chemotactic for eosinophils may be generated by the interaction of a soluble factor derived from antigen-activated lymphocytes with preformed antigen-antibody complexes. The previous demonstration of the in vivo as well as in vitro activity of this factor suggested that it might be of significance in biologic reactions associated with both cell-mediated immunity and antibody formation. Accordingly, guinea pigs were immunized with thyroid extracts in complete Freund's adjuvant to induce thyroiditis, a reaction presumed to be dependent upon cell-mediated immunity for its pathogenesis. Thyroid lesions, consisting of focal lymphoid infiltrates, occurred in the presence or absence of detectable circulating anti-thyroid antibody. With the exception of one guinea pig, eosinophils were found only in the thyroids of those animals with both thyroid lesions and antibody activity. When present, they were located in close proximity to small blood vessels, and in large numbers in the fibrofatty tissue surrounding the gland. Only rarely were they seen in the lymphoid infiltrates themselves. The injection of antibody from these sensitized animals did not lead to the appearance of eosinophils in the thyroids of normal guinea pigs. Thus, in this system, the local accumulation of eosinophils appears to be related to the presence of both lymphocytes in the thyroid and circulating antibody, suggesting that the lymphocyte-derived eosinophil chemotactic factor might be involved in this accumulation.
The Computer in BWR Operations - Present and Future

The current General Electric Boiling Water Reactor process computer is a conventionally architectured, medium sized, monolithic system based upon the GE-PAC* 4010. The system performs scan, log, and alarm functions, as well as some rather complicated nuclear steam supply and turbine generator performance calculations. However, over the years, the G.E. system designers in San Jose have become aware of both the limitations of the monolithic architecture as applied to the rapidly growing nuclear applications as well as the recent tremendous advances in computer hardware technology. What has emerged is the concept of a distributed computer control system primarily designed for the G.E. BWR, but also ideally suited for other applications. Built around a high speed common data base memory, the distributed system yields a giant improvement in terms of overall computer system modularity, software simplicity, versatility, price/performance ratio, availability, and functional capability. The G.E. design is built around two major changes in philosophy in terms of applying process computers to an application: (1) Force the computer architecture to fit the man and the application, and (2) Increase the hardware content and complexity whenever it is consistent with reducing the software complexity and cost.
Rock Reference samples, San Marcos Gabbro, GSM‐1 and Lakeview Mountain Tonalite, TLM‐1

Two rock samples from the San Marcos Gabbro and the Lakeview Mountain Tonalite of the Southern California Batholith were prepared as U.S. Geological Survey reference samples. These samples were chosen to supply reference data for rocks having intermediate silica contents in the range of 45-60 percent. Unpublished data by members of the U.S. Geological Survey and some published data are summarized, and provisional estimates of the major and minor oxide and traceelement contents are given.
P‐132: High Birefringence Dual‐frequency Liquid Crystals

We have developed a new class of positive Δ∍ and high Δn isothiocyanato phenyl-tolane compounds for making dual frequency liquid crystal (DFLC) mixtures. A DFLC mixture based on these compounds exhibits Δn∼0.39 at λ=633 nm. Potential application for fast-response 2D/3D switchable display is emphasized.
Evidence That Room Temperature Optical Bistability Is Excitonic In Both Bulk And Multiple-Quantum-Well Gallium Arsenide

The minimum power (=5 mW) for room-temperature optical bistability is very similar in bulk and multiple-quantum-well (MQW) etalons. No exciton resonance is obvious in the absorption spectrum of bulk GaAs at 300 K because it blends into the band edge, but it is present, and its area is two-thirds that of the MOW heavy-hole exciton. It is shown that the excitonic nonlinear index change is consistent with the observed bistability.
Three serotonin responses in cultured mouse hippocampal and striatal neurons

Serotonin (5-HT) produced 3 different types of responses in neurons of mouse hippocampal and striatal cell cultures. These 3 responses have been characterized in terms of their pharmacological specificity, physiological mechanism, and dependence on cytoplasmic components. The most frequently observed response was inhibitory and was the result of a receptor-mediated activation of an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance. Typically, the response peaked within 1–3 sec of agonist application and did not exhibit desensitization. 5-Methoxy-N,N- dimethyltryptamine also produced this response in both striatal and hippocampal cultures and had no effect on the other 5-HT currents observed in this study. The selective 5-HT agonists--8-hydroxy-2-(di-n- propylamino)-tetralin, 1-(m-chlorophenyl) piperazine, and 1-(2- methoxyphenyl) piperazine--did not activate this outward current response. Methysergide did not block the 5-HT-activated outward current and often acted as an agonist. The response was lost in low-series- resistance recordings which facilitate solution exchange between the patch electrode and the cell. The loss of this response was prevented by using high-resistance patch electrodes, which retard this exchange. The 2 other responses described in this study were excitatory. They were seen less often than the inhibitory response. One of the excitatory responses was fast, with a time to peak of approximately 200 msec and a duration of 2–4 sec. The other was slow, with a time to peak of 7–10 sec and a duration of approximately 30–40 sec. Both of these responses were accompanied by a conductance increase. The fast excitatory response reversed at depolarized potentials and desensitized with a rate that varied with voltage. Metoclopramide and d-tubocurarine completely and reversibly blocked this fast excitatory response, while methysergide had no effect. The fast excitatory response was not lost during intracellular dialysis of cells in cultures from either striatum or hippocampus. In cultures from both brain regions, the slow excitatory response was blocked by methysergide. The slow excitatory response was lost even in patch-clamp recordings with high-resistance electrodes. This response was similar to responses to dopamine, norepinephrine, and forskolin, all of which are known to activate adenylate cyclase in the CNS.
Citalopram-Associated SIADH

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) associated with use of citalopram in an elderly male patient and to review the English-language literature for any previous reports of SIADH or hyponatremia caused by citalopram.CASE SUMMARY:An 87-year-old Filipino man was admitted to the hospital reporting malaise, confusion, dizziness, and falls approximately 3 weeks following an increase in his citalopram dosage from 10 to 20 mg/d. On physical examination, the patient was euvolemic and had no evidence of malignancy, cardiac, renal, or hepatic disease. Pertinent laboratory test results revealed hyponatremia, serum hypoosmolality, urine hyperosmolality, and elevated urine sodium concentration, leading to a diagnosis of SIADH. Citalopram was discontinued and fluid restrictions were instituted. The patient was discharged after his serum sodium increased from 122 to 128 mEq/L and he reported increased strength and decreased confusion. Five days after discha...
Keeping the Music Alive: Using the "Grief and Hope Box" with Adult Offenders with Co-Occurring Mental Health and Substance Use Issues

Abstract Individuals with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorder (COD) present unique challenges for counselors. When individuals are incarcerated, they suffer unique forms of losses...
Biogenesis of influenza a virus hemagglutinin cross-protective stem epitopes

Antigenic variation in the globular domain of influenza A virus (IAV) hemagglutinin (HA) precludes effective immunity to this major human pathogen. Although the HA stem is highly conserved between influenza virus strains, HA stem-reactive antibodies (StRAbs) were long considered biologically inert. It is now clear, however, that StRAbs reduce viral replication in animal models and protect against pathogenicity and death, supporting the potential of HA stem-based immunogens as drift-resistant vaccines. Optimally designing StRAb-inducing immunogens and understanding StRAb effector functions require thorough comprehension of HA stem structure and antigenicity. Here, we study the biogenesis of HA stem epitopes recognized in cells infected with various drifted IAV H1N1 strains using mouse and human StRAbs. Using a novel immunofluorescence (IF)-based assay, we find that human StRAbs bind monomeric HA in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and trimerized HA in the Golgi complex (GC) with similar high avidity, potentially good news for producing effective monomeric HA stem immunogens. Though HA stem epitopes are nestled among several N-linked oligosaccharides, glycosylation is not required for full antigenicity. Rather, as N-linked glycans increase in size during intracellular transport of HA through the GC, StRAb binding becomes temperature-sensitive, binding poorly to HA at 4°C and well at 37°C. A de novo designed, 65-residue protein binds the mature HA stem independently of temperature, consistent with a lack of N-linked oligosaccharide steric hindrance due to its small size. Likewise, StRAbs bind recombinant HA carrying simple N-linked glycans in a temperature-independent manner. Chemical cross-linking experiments show that N-linked oligosaccharides likely influence StRAb binding by direct local effects rather than by globally modifying the conformational flexibility of HA. Our findings indicate that StRAb binding to HA is precarious, raising the possibility that sufficient immune pressure on the HA stem region could select for viral escape mutants with increased steric hindrance from N-linked glycans.
Amplitude jitter due to stimulated Raman scattering among channels of a wavelength division multiplexed system

We calculate the amplitude jitter created by stimulated Raman scattering between signal channels of a wavelength division multiplexed system, accounting for group velocity dispersion. Populating C- and L-bands leads to a 5 dB drop in Q vs. populating the C-band alone.
Effect of hydration on hydrocholeresis in rats.

Hydration produces a significant increase in normal bile flow and a significant decrease in specific gravity. The hydrocholeretic response to sodium dehydrocholate is significantly greater in hydrated rats than in non-hydrated controls. Restimulation of non-hydrated animals does not increase bile flow above the peak of initial stimulation. Hydration does not appear to alter the mechanism of action of sodium dehydrocholate, since the onset and duration of action is the same in both control and hydrated animals. Only a potentiation of hydrocholeresis is evident.