cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation of concentric saccules in murine parietal cells after injection of diazo‐oxo‐norleucine

After treatment with various chemical and physical agents, flattened or ring-like saccules may occur in the cytoplasm of parietal cells of the gastric glands of several species of mammals. In the current investigation, similar structures appeared after treatment with high dosages of diazo-oxo-nor-leucine (DON), a glutamine antagonist. A tentative sequence for their formation is suggested. Saccules formed of unit membrane became abundant in some parietal cells of the treated mice. Single saccules often had narrow lumens and peripheral distensions. The saccules, either singular or several stacked together, became progressively more curved, enclosing a region of cytoplasm that often contained glycogen-like particles and occasionally vesicles or other organelles. Many of the concentric saccules were close to an intracellular canaliculus. Membrane bound cytoplasm containing glycogen-like particles occasionally occurred in the canaliculi, suggesting that exocytosis had occurred. Cytochemistry revealed that glycoproteins were associated with the concentric saccules, probably located on the luminal surface. The glycogen-like particles in all locations stained in a manner characteristic of glycogen. It is suggested that the concentric saccules may form from, vesicles of the tubulovesicular system.
Axis determination in Xenopus involves biochemical interactions of axin, glycogen synthase kinase 3 and β-catenin

Abstract Signaling by the Wnt family of extracellular proteins is critical in a variety of developmental processes in which cell and tissue polarity are established [1–5]. Wnt signal transduction has been studied mostly by the genetic approach in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans [1,2,5], but the biochemical mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. The Wnt pathway also operates during axis determination in vertebrates [3,5]. Frizzled receptors transduce a signal to Dishevelled, leading to inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and regulation of gene expression by the complex of β -catenin with LEF/TCF (lymphocyte enhancer factor/T-cell factor) transcription factors [3,5]. Axin is a negative regulator of Wnt signaling and dorsal axial development in vertebrates [6]. Here, we demonstrate that axin is associated with GSK3 in the Xenopus embryo and we localize the GSK3-binding domain to a short region of axin. Binding of GSK3 correlates with the ability of axin to inhibit axial development and with the axis-inducing activity of its dominant-negative form ( Δ RGS). We also find that wild-type axin, but not Δ RGS, forms a complex with β -catenin. Thus, axin may act as a docking station mediating negative regulation of β -catenin by GSK3 during dorsoventral axis determination in vertebrate embryos.
The Use of a Coulter Counter to Quantitatively Determine Mold in Carbonated Soft Drinks

Abstract A method for the rapid, quantitative screening of carbonated soft drinks for mold at levels well below what is normally detected by candling and which is quantitatively more reliable than counting mold clumps is proposed. It involves the use of a Coulter Counter and can detect as few as 10 mold filaments per milliliter of the original soft drink. Soft drinks containing pulp pose a problem that is only partially solved. Dead mold getting into the soft drink is almost completely separated by a density gradient salt solution but live mold uses the pulp as a growth base and is not separated.
TNF-α-mediated reduction in PGC-1α may impair skeletal muscle function after cigarette smoke exposure

Skeletal muscle dysfunction contributes to exercise limitation in COPD. In this study cigarette smoke exposure was hypothesized to increase expression of the inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, thereby suppressing PGC-1α, and hence affecting down stream molecules that regulate oxygen transport and muscle function. Furthermore, we hypothesized that highly vascularized oxidative skeletal muscle would be more susceptible to cigarette smoke than less well-vascularized glycolytic muscle. To test these hypotheses, mice were exposed to cigarette smoke daily for 8 or 16 weeks, resulting in 157% (8 weeks) and 174% (16 weeks) increases in serum TNF-α. Separately, TNF-α administered to C2C12 myoblasts was found to dose-dependently reduce PGC-1α mRNA. In the smoke-exposed mice, PGC-1α mRNA was decreased, by 48% in soleus and 23% in EDL. The vascular PGC-1α target molecule, VEGF, was also down-regulated, but only in the soleus, which exhibited capillary regression and an oxidative to glycolytic fiber type transition. The apoptosis PGC-1α target genes, atrogin-1 and MuRF1, were up-regulated, and to a greater extent in the soleus than EDL. Citrate synthase (soleus—19%, EDL—17%) and β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD) (soleus—22%, EDL—19%) decreased similarly in both muscle types. There was loss of body and gastrocnemius complex mass, with rapid soleus but not EDL fatigue and diminished exercise endurance. These data suggest that in response to smoke exposure, TNF-α-mediated down-regulation of PGC-1α may be a key step leading to vascular and myocyte dysfunction, effects that are more evident in oxidative than glycolytic skeletal muscles. J. Cell. Physiol. 222: 320–327, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Efficient solid-phase synthesis of quinazoline-2-thioxo-4-ones with SynPhase™ lanterns

We wish to report the efficient solid-phase synthesis of diverse quinazoline-2-thioxo-4-ones using SynPhase™ lanterns as solid supports. Although target compounds were obtained only with low purity using Wang resin, lanterns derivatized with long chain hydroxymethyl phenoxy linkers successfully gave products with high purity. Furthermore, subsequent reactions of quinazoline-2-thioxo-4-ones with various types of halides gave S-alkylated or S-arylated products with high purity, showing the usefulness of this chemistry for synthesizing diverse quinazoline-2-thioxo-4-one libraries.
Public policy and automobile occupant restraint: An economist's perspective

Cost-benefit analyses (CBAs) of policies intended to increase occupant restraint in automobiles typically find that such policies generate social benefits that exceed social costs, often by a considerable margin. The analyses are incomplete, however, due to their inability to incorporate potentially important costs and benefits that are hard to measure and monetize. Furthermore, analyses fail to account for distributional and political considerations. Despite these limitations, the evidence produced by the occupant restraint CBAs tends to bolster the case of advocates of mandatory passive restraints and other restraint policies. Support for governmental involvement can also be found in economic theory, although the theoretical case is not necessarily compelling. The principal lesson of this review of economic analysis of the occupant restraint issue is that analysis can inform an injury policy debate, but it cannot provide conclusive answers, nor can it serve as a substitute for the political decision-making process.
Equilibrium theory for pressure swing adsorption. 2. Purification and enrichment in layered beds

Equilibrium theory is applied to the analysis of the periodic performance of an isothermal pressure swing adsorber in which the bed is composed of two layers of different adsorbents. The feed consists of a single adsorbable component in inert gas, and the purge is pure inert gas. The adsorbents differ in capacities for the adsorbable species and in the shapes of isotherms, which can be linear or concave downward. We solve for the periodic concentration profile and for the depth of penetration of the shock into the second layer during the feed step. The solution is analytical and relies on the theory of characteristics. The periodic state is determined directly, without iteration. Examples consider the effects of isotherm shapes and capacities, the direct determination of the periodic states, and the optimum layering of beds.
Revision der Atomgewichte von Natrium und Chlor

S. 56. – Wage und Gewichte. S. 63. –Herstellung reiner Materialien: S. 65. Wasser; Chlorwasserstoffsaure; Natriumchlorid; Silber; Kalk; Utensilien. – Die Loslichkeit von Silberchlorid. S. 82. – Die Okklusion von gelosten Substanzen durch Silberchlorid. S. 88. – Das Verhaltnis von Natriumchlorid zu Silberchlorid. S. 93. – Das Verhaltnis von Natriumchlorid zu Silber. S. 105. – Das Schmelzen von Natriumchlorid im Vakuum. S. 117. – Synthese des Silberchlorids. S. 119. – Die neuen Atomgewichte von Natrium und Chlor und ihr Einfluss auf andere Atomgewichte. S. 131. – Zusammenfassung. S. 133.
Observation network design for selecting locations for water supply wells

An observation network design method, which simultaneously minimizes parameter uncertainty and exploration cost, is developed for locating water supply wells. Observation networks combining wells and geophysical measurements are considered for delineating the ‘best’ areas for wells. An area is considered the ‘best’ where the sustainable pumping rate and the degree of protection for the well are the possible maximum. The level of protection is measured by the travel time for a fixed radius protection zone around a well. The ‘most appropriate’ measurement network is selected based on two often conflicting objectives: (1) minimization of the uncertainty in characterizing the spatial distribution of the expected yield and travel time; and (2) minimization of the observation cost. The accuracy of estimation is characterized by the average and maximum kriging variance for yields and travel times calculated from measured hydrogeologic parameters. The parameters to be measured by an observation network for estimating yields and travel times are layer thicknesses, porosity, hydraulic conductivity and volumetric water content. They may be obtained from direct measurements (e.g. well logs, specific capacity test, and pumping tests) or estimated indirectly from geoelectric measurements. The approach combines two common techniques, geostatistics and multi-criterion decision making (MCDM), to determine the ‘best’ measurement network. Geostatistics are used to determine the spatial distribution of the estimation variance for yield and travel time calculated from different sources of data. MCDM is utilized to evaluate observation network alternatives based on the estimation variances and the costs associated with them. The methodology is illustrated for a study area located near Ashland, Nebraska.
Automatic Extraction of Lexico-Syntactic Patterns for Detection of Negation and Speculation Scopes

Detecting the linguistic scope of negated and speculated information in text is an important Information Extraction task. This paper presents ScopeFinder, a linguistically motivated rule-based system for the detection of negation and speculation scopes. The system rule set consists of lexico-syntactic patterns automatically extracted from a corpus annotated with negation/speculation cues and their scopes (the BioScope corpus). The system performs on par with state-of-the-art machine learning systems. Additionally, the intuitive and linguistically motivated rules will allow for manual adaptation of the rule set to new domains and corpora.
Best practice in nursing: A concept analysis

Abstract Background Since the early 1990s a shift has occurred in the understanding of what constitutes quality healthcare. This is evidenced by the emergence of new concepts in the nursing literature, including best practice . Although authors have analyzed the concept of best practice in the healthcare sector, further analysis is required to distinguish the concept's unique meanings, and significance for the nursing discipline. Objectives This paper seeks to clarify use of the concept of best practice in the nursing literature over the last two decades, and contributes to explaining its defining characteristics, applicability, and significance. It also distinguishes the concept's unique meanings and usefulness in comparison to other related terms. Methods An evolutionary concept analysis method was selected for this analysis. First, a representative sample of nursing sources was obtained utilizing the CINAHL database. This database was searched for sources in English, during the years 1993–2013, with both best practice and nursing in the title. Data was then collected from the sample of retrieved literature on attributes of best practice, antecedent and consequential occurrences, variations, and empirical references. The following related concepts were also explored for purposes of comparison and to situate the understanding of best practice in-context: practice development, evidence-based practice, and standard of care. Findings Use of the concept of best practice in the nursing literature may be categorized into four distinct domains: educational, administrative, clinical and theoretical/conceptual. Exploration of defining attributes revealed that best practice may be characterized as: directive, evidence-based, and quality-focused. Antecedent occurrences in the sample sources were most commonly related to identification of a specified need or problem, somewhat defined by the domain. The implied consequential occurrences were ultimately better outcomes. Conclusion Best practice is more than practice based on evidence. It represents quality care which is deemed optimal based on a prevailing standard or point of view. Specific best practices in nursing are significant because they serve to direct nurses regarding solutions to identified problems/needs. Continued analysis of the concept of best practice is required to further distinguish it from related concepts, and to expand our understanding of the relative meaning of best from multiple perspectives.
The Pentecostal Re‐Formation of Self: Opting for Orthodoxy in Yucatán

This article examines the dialectical relationship between religious worship and the sense of self. Even while the postmodern self is fragmented and shifting, people may seek religious experiences that oblige them to enact integrated ways of being. In Yucatan in the 1990s, competing values of relationality and autonomy created psychic and socialfriction. Through their religious worship and life narratives, Yucatecan Pentecostal converts resolved some of this tension by constructing themselves as individuals. Rather than playing with hybridity, they opted for discipline, orthodoxy, and integration.
SKELETAL MORPHOGENESIS IN THE SEA URCHIN EMBRYO: REGULATION OF PRIMARY MESENCHYME GENE EXPRESSION AND SKELETAL ROD GROWTH BY ECTODERM-DERIVED CUES

The skeleton of the sea urchin embryo is synthesized by the primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs). Previous studies have shown that local interactions between PMCs and the neighboring ectoderm regulate several aspects of skeletal morphogenesis, including PMC distribution in the blastocoel, the size of the skeleton and its branching pattern. In the present study, we have further examined the regulation of skeletogenesis by the ectoderm. We generated a ‘rate map’ of skeletal growth, which revealed stereotypical changes in the rates at which specific skeletal elements elongate during development. We showed that three transcripts encoding PMC-specific gene products known to be involved in the synthesis of the skeleton exhibited dynamic, spatially regulated patterns of expression within the PMC syncytium. All three gene products showed high levels of expression at sites of skeletal rod growth, although the specific patterns varied among the genes. We present direct evidence, based upon cell transplantation experiments, that the expression of one of these genes, SM30, is responsive to local, ectoderm-derived cues. Based upon our studies, we suggest that short-range signals from different ectodermal territories may regulate the expression of PMC-specific gene products that are rate-limiting in skeletal biosynthesis, thereby locally influencing skeletal rod growth.
Laser Modified Fuel Cell Diffusion Media: Engineering Enhanced Performance via Localized Water Redistribution

The present work demonstrates an innovative concept of obtaining enhanced performance via laser treatment of the cathode-side diffusion medium (DM) while mitigating identified degradation modes. A diffusion medium was modified such that hydrophilic heat affected zones (HAZ) were introduced, which led to localized water redistribution. However, no perforation was created, thus mitigatingaccelerateddegradationofthecatalystlayeranddiffusionmedium.Thismaterialwascomparedtoadiffusionmediumwith 100-μm diameter perforations that contained heat affected zones surrounding the perforations. In-situ net water drag experiments indicate that at low humidity and low-to-moderate current densities, a non-perforated microporous layer (MPL) forces more water to back diffuse from the cathode to the anode. However, when more water is produced at higher currents or the inlet streams are close to saturation, the non-perforated MPL acts as a barrier to prevent liquid water in the cathode DM from moving toward the anode. Furthermore, a computational model showed that the thermal gradients introduced as a result of the perforations can significantly change the water transport, particularly due to phase-change induced flow. This work adds understanding to the role of the MPL and the laser-induced heat affected zones in polymer electrolyte fuel cell performance. © 2014 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0591410jes] All rights reserved.
Transgenic expression of CSF-1 in CSF-1 receptor-expressing cells leads to macrophage activation, osteoporosis, and early death

CSF-1 is the primary mononuclear phagocyte and osteoclast growth factor. Autocrine regulation by CSF-1 has been reported in macrophages during inflammatory responses and in neoplastic cells. To investigate whether inflammatory disease or neoplasia was the dominant consequence of autocrine regulation by CSF-1 in CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R)-expressing cells, we created mice that express CSF-1 under the control of the CSF-1R promoter/first intron driver [transgene TgN(Csf1r-Csf1)Ers (TgRC) mice], which have reduced thymic size, a short lifetime, and low body weight and develop osteoporosis. In 4-week-old TgRC mice, osteoclast numbers are elevated, and macrophage densities are increased in bone marrow, spleen, liver, and brain. Cultured TgRC macrophages express CSF-1 and proliferate without exogenous CSF-1 and in the presence of neutralizing antimouse CSF-1 antibody. Compared with macrophages from nontransgenic littermates, TgRC macrophages exhibit a stellate morphology, express elevated mRNAs for proinflammatory cytokines, and despite a lower, steady-state cytokine secretion, secrete elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines in response to LPS, indicating that TgRC macrophages are functionally primed through the CSF-1R. Thus, autocrine regulation of CSF-1R-expressing cells by CSF-1 leads to a severe phenotype that emphasizes the importance of the known, local production of CSF-1 in inflammatory disease.
The Utility of Conflict Resolution and Study Skills Interventions With Middle School Students at Risk for Antisocial Behavior: A Methodological Illustration

This article provides a methodological illustration of how to conduct randomized controls trials (RCT) for secondary levels of prevention within the context of three-tiered models of support. First, the authors demonstrate one method of using school-wide data to identify middle school students (N = 45) who were struggling in academic and behavioral domains. Second, the authors describe the procedures for conducting an RCT to compare two interventions (study skills [n = 34] and conflict resolution [n = 31]) relative to a business-as-usual condition (study skills [n = 34]). Third, the authors conclude by offering recommendations for conducting scientifically rigorous—yet feasible—investigations within three-tiered models of prevention that adhere to the core quality indicators recommended by Gersten, Fuchs, Compton, Coyne, Greenwood, and Innocenti.
Characterization of expression and modulation of cell adhesion molecules on an immortalized human dermal microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1)

We have recently reported the creation of the first immortalized cell line derived from human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). In preliminary studies this line was found to closely resemble microvascular endothelial cells in regard to many phenotypic characteristics. Because two key functional features of endothelial cells are their ability to bind to peripheral blood leukocytes and extracellular matrix proteins via cell adhesion molecules, we have now characterized HMEC-1 in terms of expression and regulation of cell adhesion molecules of the integrin, immunoglobulin gene superfamily, and selectin families. HMEC-1 can either constitutively express or can be induced to express key integrins, including alpha-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, and -V, as well as beta-1, -3, -4, and -5. They also express or are capable of expressing immunoglobulin gene superfamily molecules, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and a member of the selectin family, E-selectin. A number of important cell adhesion molecules that are either constitutively expressed or that must be induced are regulated in a time- and dose-dependent fashion by selected cytokines. Experiments comparing the phenotypic characteristics of HMEC-1 with human dermal microvascular endothelial cells or human umbilical vein endothelial cells reveal HMEC-1 to have features of both small- and large-vessel endothelial cells.
Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome in a Burn Patient

Weight loss resulting from the hypermetabolic response to burn injury is not unusual and is often unavoidable. The loss of retroperitoneal fat has been postulated as a major factor in the cause of the uncommon complication of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. This syndrome is frequently treated nonoperatively with aggressive nutrition support. Nasojejunal feeding past the point of obstruction should be considered as the primary method of nutrition support. Alternatively, total parenteral nutrition or a combination of enteral and parenteral feeding may be necessary to meet nutritional needs until the duodenal obstruction resolves. This case study describes the nutrition management of a burn patient who developed superior mesenteric artery syndrome.
Surgeon-specific wound infection rates--a potentially dangerous and misleading strategy.

tion of the report: how frequently the hospitals reported such rates, what mechanisms they used to report the information, and what kinds of surgery and surgeons were covered. In addition, it is important to remember that there were many exclusions from the SENIC "universe" of hospitals and patients.2 All federal, state, and municipal hospitals were excluded, thus excluding many medical school hospitals and all Veterans Administration hospitals. Also excluded were all single specialty and children's hospitals, as well as all hospitals in Alaska, Hawaii, and those with less than 50 beds. Many surgical procedures and patients were excluded as well. None of the surgical specialties were included in the data base. Only cardiac, thoracic, and abdominal surgery, including ceasarean sections, were reviewed. These exclusions and processes suggest that the above SENIC interpretation of surgeon-specific wound infection rates has limited applicability. Furthermore, a follow-up survey several years later of the hospitals involved in this project showed that very few had adopted surgeon-specific wound infection rates.9 Several other studies have suggested a drop of surgical wound infection incidence-especially in the clean surgery categories-after surgeon-specific wound infection rates were introduced.3-s None of these studies had a concomitant prospective control. Most were done in a milieu where numerous other changes, such as introduction of intensive surveillance of wound infections, discontinuance of preoperative shaving of hair, changes in skin preparation, and changes in patterns of use of prophylactic antibiotics, were being made to control surgical wound infections at the same time. The lack of concurrent controls is important because it makes it difficult to ascertain the real reason for the decline in rates. The National Nosocomial Infection Control Study (NNIS) from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has shown a temporal decline in surgical wound infection rates during the same period when most of these studies were being done,'0 and the CDC's own follow-up survey of hospitals shows that less than 13% were calculating surgeon-specific wound infection rates.9 In reports from centers where active research protocols were being used to follow surgical wound infections prospectively, it is possible that at least some of the apparent reduction in infection rates may have been caused by a Hawthorne effect."
A consensus view of fold space: Combining SCOP, CATH, and the Dali Domain Dictionary

We have determined consensus protein-fold classifications on the basis of three classification methods, SCOP, CATH, and Dali. These classifications make use of different methods of defining and categorizing protein folds that lead to different views of protein-fold space. Pairwise comparisons of domains on the basis of their fold classifications show that much of the disagreement between the classification systems is due to differing domain definitions rather than assigning the same domain to different folds. However, there are significant differences in the fold assignments between the three systems. These remaining differences can be explained primarily in terms of the breadth of the fold classifications. Many structures may be defined as having one fold in one system, whereas far fewer are defined as having the analogous fold in another system. By comparing these folds for a nonredundant set of proteins, the consensus method breaks up broad fold classifications and combines restrictive fold classifications into metafolds, creating, in effect, an averaged view of fold space. This averaged view requires that the structural similarities between proteins having the same metafold be recognized by multiple classification systems. Thus, the consensus map is useful for researchers looking for fold similarities that are relatively independent of the method used to compare proteins. The 30 most populated metafolds, representing the folds of about half of a nonredundant subset of the PDB, are presented here. The full list of metafolds is presented on the Web.
THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CANADA AND ALASKA (DIPTERA: STRATIOMYIDAE): I. BERIDINAE, SARGINAE, AND CLITELLARIINAE

In Canada and Alaska, the Stratiomyidae are represented by six subfamilies containing 23 genera (less Caloparyphus) and 84 species. This paper treats three of the subfamilies, the Beridinae, Sarginae and Clitellariinae which include 15 genera and 21 species.The vast amount of information that has accumulated over the years since 1927 when Dr. Corran published his synopsis of the family has been assembled and reviewed. This includes recent changes in nomenclature, information on adults and immature stages, notes on biology and distribution records. In addition, keys have been provided for adults and larvae (where possible) at the subfamilial, tribal, generic and specific levels.
Cancer Treatment and Age: Patient Perspectives

BACKGROUND Despite some evidence that age does not meaningfully influence the efficacy or toxicity of cancer treatment, older patients tend to receive less comprehensive cancer therapies. PURPOSE We conducted a population-based study to evaluate the selection of cancer treatment among the elderly. METHODS Between September 1 and November 30, 1990, we interviewed by telephone a sample of 628 female Wisconsin residents recently diagnosed with breast (507) or colorectal (121) cancer. The women, aged 20-74 at the time of diagnosis, were identified through Wisconsin's statewide tumor registry. The approximately 30-minute long telephone interview, part of a larger study of cancer etiology, included questions on treatment history, physician specialty, and reasons for the selection of specific therapies. Analyses compared the proportion of subjects with various treatment characteristics according to age ( or = 65 years). In evaluating the effect of age on selected therapies, we adjusted summary proportions for stage of disease using the indirect method. The Mantel-Haenszel chi square statistic was used to evaluate statistical significance of the differences in proportions. RESULTS After adjusting for stage of disease at diagnosis, substantial variation was observed in cancer treatment according to age for both breast and colorectal cancer. Older women (> or = 65 years) with breast cancer were less likely than younger women (< 65 years) to have received conservative surgery, radiation, and adjuvant therapy. Older women were, in fact, more likely than younger women to accept mastectomy (P = .03). Consultation with a medical or radiation oncologist was less common among older than younger patients (57% versus 73%). Older women were also less likely to have alternative therapies presented to them (19% versus 31%). While older patients were less likely to have been offered adjuvant treatments, like chemotherapy (P < .01), they were also more likely than younger women to reject these treatments when offered (P = .01). These differences were observed in both breast and colorectal cancer patients. Regardless of age, the most common reasons for not selecting treatments were physicians' recommendations and the desire for more comprehensive treatment. Concern about side effects, however, was more frequently reported by older women (P = .07). CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION Patients' ages influence the choice of treatment. Physicians offer older women with cancer different treatments from those offered to younger women and are less likely to recommend specialist consultation. Physicians' advice and description of toxicity may influence patients' selection of treatment. However, older patients' concerns about the consequences of cancer treatment may also influence treatment choice.
Word construction: tracing an optimal path through the lexicon

Optimal Construction Morphology (OCM) is a new construction-based theory of morphology that selects the optimal combination of lexical constructions to best achieve a target meaning. OCM combines elements of realizational and item-based morphological theories. It is realizational, in that words are constructed in response to a given meaning target. It is incremental in that words are built from lexical structures, one layer at a time. It is optimizing in that, in response to a meaning target, the morphological grammar dips into the lexicon, building and assessing morphological constituents incrementally until the word being built optimally matches the target meaning. In this paper OCM is shown to illuminate a vexing optimization puzzle confronted by all theories of morphology: why is redundancy in morphology rejected as ungrammatical in some situations (“blocking”), but absolutely required in others (“multiple/extended exponence”)? The OCM analysis incorporates two notions of morphological strength that have been proposed in the literature: stem type, on a scale from root (weakest) to word (strongest), and exponence strength, related to productivity and parsability.
A Role for Caenorhabditis elegans Importin IMA-2 in Germ Line and Embryonic Mitosis

The importin α family of nuclear-cytoplasmic transport factors mediates the nuclear localization of proteins containing classical nuclear localization signals. Metazoan animals express multiple importin α proteins, suggesting their possible roles in cell differentiation and development. Adult Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites express three importin α proteins, IMA-1, IMA-2, and IMA-3, each with a distinct expression and localization pattern. IMA-2 was expressed exclusively in germ line cells from the early embryonic through adult stages. The protein has a dynamic pattern of localization dependent on the stage of the cell cycle. In interphase germ cells and embryonic cells, IMA-2 is cytoplasmic and nuclear envelope associated, whereas in developing oocytes, the protein is cytoplasmic and intranuclear. During mitosis in germ line cells and embryos, IMA-2 surrounded the condensed chromosomes but was not directly associated with the mitotic spindle. The timing of IMA-2 nuclear localization suggested that the protein surrounded the chromosomes after fenestration of the nuclear envelope in prometaphase. Depletion of IMA-2 by RNA-mediated gene interference (RNAi) resulted in embryonic lethality and a terminal aneuploid phenotype. ima-2(RNAi) embryos have severe defects in nuclear envelope formation, accumulating nucleoporins and lamin in the cytoplasm. We conclude that IMA-2 is required for proper chromosome dynamics in germ line and early embryonic mitosis and is involved in nuclear envelope assembly at the conclusion of mitosis.
The Influence of Family Ties on Men’s Prostate Cancer Screening, Biopsy, and Treatment Decisions

Extensive research has focused on understanding family dynamics of men with prostate cancer. However, little qualitative work has examined the role of family ties on men's prostate cancer decisions across the spectrum of screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Using data from a larger study, we qualitatively explored the influence of family ties on men's prostate cancer decisions. Semistructured interviews were conducted with men ages ≥50 (N = 64), and data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach and a series of immersion/crystallization cycles. Three major themes of spousal/family member influence were identified: (a) spousal/family member alliance marked by open communication and shared decision making, (b) men who actively opposed spouse/family member pressure and made final decisions themselves, and (c) men who yielded to spouse/family member pressure. Our findings provide insights into men's relational dynamics that are important to consider for the shared decision-making process across the prostate cancer spectrum.
Myths and Dogmas in Neonatal Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Widespread clinical care practices in neonatology are based on tradition rather than a solid scientific foundation. For example, the concept that parenteral nutrition is totally adequate in neonates and that enteral nutrition can be withheld for prolonged periods may be incorrect; several adverse consequences are associated with a lack of enteral nutrients. The interaction between the intestinal microbiome and the innate and adaptive immune system suggest that general administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics to very low-birthweight infants shortly after birth may be associated with both short- and long-term potential adverse effects. Finally, factors other than food intake may be related to the development of the metabolic syndrome, suggesting that avoidance of “aggressive” nourishment shortly after birth and “catch-up” growth may not be appropriate.
Toward practicing privacy.

Private data analysis—the useful analysis of confidential data—requires a rigorous and practicable definition of privacy. Differential privacy , an emerging standard, is the subject of intensive investigation in several diverse research communities. We review the definition, explain its motivation, and discuss some of the challenges to bringing this concept to practice.
Contrast enhancement of normal intervertebral disks: time and dose dependence.

PURPOSE To determine the dose of contrast medium and the imaging strategy sufficient to detect diffusion of low-molecular-weight gadolinium-containing contrast media into normal intervertebral disks. METHODS In 11 rabbits, sequential MR images were obtained of the spine for 120 minutes after intravenous injection of gadopentetate dimeglumine in doses of 0.1 to 2.8 mmol/kg. Images were inspected for evidence of contrast enhancement. Signal intensity was measured and plotted as a function of time and dose. RESULTS Contrast enhancement was detected by inspection of images and by measurement in animals receiving doses of 0.3 mmol/kg and larger. CONCLUSIONS Diffusion of gadolinium-containing chelates into the intervertebral disk can be detected with clinically used doses of commercially available contrast medium. Therefore, with MR and a gadolinium-containing contrast medium, diffusion into intervertebral disks can be studied.
Programmed Cell Death in Plants: Apoptotic but Not Quite

Plants have evolved distinct pathways and strategies from those of animals to cope with environmental stresses as well as microbial invaders. This is in part due to the sessile nature of plants as well as their particular mode of cellular organization and architecture. Whereas apoptosis in animals is a common mechanism for the clearance of unwanted cells by neighboring cells or circulating macrophages, the presence of a rigid cell wall in plants precludes this cellular cleansing strategy, and instead other mechanisms more akin to autophagic cell death would be required to remove undesirable cells. In spite of the apparent importance of programmed cell death (PCD) in plants, a molecular description of the key executioners and their control pathways remains elusive. Nevertheless, some of the common cytological changes that have been observed between plant PCD and animal apoptosis suggest that the underlying strategies for dismantling eukaryotic cells may have evolved before the divergence of these two kingdoms. Recent studies on the involvement of various proteases and the highly conserved Bax inhibitor-1 protein in control of plant PCD are consistent with this notion, and their further study should reveal novel insights on the cell death engine in plants.
Autohated Deterhination of Dissolution Rate: Effect of Particle Size Distribution

AbstractThe effect of particle size distribution on the dissolution of salicylic acid in an automated dissolution apparatus has been studied. Tablets were prepared by individually weighing 200 mg of the drug particles having a narrow size distribution, compressing the tablets using a hydraulic press and employing identical compression force for the same time period for each tablet. The results showed that the range values obtained were not significantly different from those obtained when the particle size was not controlled. However, the range values obtained from the dissolution of drug particles recovered from the tablet formulation were found to be similar to the range values obtained from the dissolution of the tablet formulation, indicating that compression during tabletting was responsible for observed differences.
The Refinancing of Shanghai General Motors (A) (B)

The CFO of General Motors' joint venture in Shanghai, Shanghai General Motors (SGM), wants to refinance almost $900 million of project finance it raised to begin operations. The highest priority is improving the terms of the financing with regard to costs and specific covenants. Several factors complicate the CFO's objective, including the presence of capital controls, the impending entry of China into the World Trade Organization, the joint venture partner's captive finance subsidiary, and the conflicting goals of the joint venture partners. The case illustrates how subsidiary financial decisions must trade off entity-level and parent-level concerns. It also illustrates how multinational financial decision making - including transfer pricing, repatriation, and funding decisions - must be designed to accommodate governance concerns, financial objectives, and the potentially divergent interests of joint venture partners. The framework of the on-going operational and investment decisions that Shanghai General Motors undertakes in its early growth demonstrates the "life cycle" of subsidiary finance. The case also touches on elements of foreign governments' attempts to regulate capital markets, the dynamic between domestic and international banks in competing for lending opportunities to multinational subsidiaries, and how subsidiary management can achieve the most desirable funding terms.
Closed-loop control of soft active composites

This paper presents the possibility of closed-loop regulation of position or force at features (posts) on an active composite membrane. Active composite membranes are multilayered membranes with different functions, actuation, sensing, interconnect, mechanical compliance tuning assigned to them. Here we demonstrate the ability to perform closed-loop control on an array of four posts on a membrane stamp designed for micro-transfer printing. The paper also assesses the positioning and force resolution obtaining from such membranes.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Sequence of development of hypercholesterolemia and hypoproteinemia in aminonucleoside nephrosis.

SummaryThe sequence of development of hypoproteinemia and hypercholesterolemia was studied in 15 aminonucleoside nephrotic animals. Hypercholesterolemia succeeds rather than precedes hypoproteinemia.
Development of Populations of the Boll Weevil in Fields Treated with Various Insecticides During 1959, 1960, and 1961

Seasonal populations of boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, were carefully sampled in a number of small cont iguous cotton fields where control programs with different inticides were being conducted. Records were also made of cotton fruiting and fruit damage by weevils in these fields and in untreated control areas to determine the relationships between boll weevil numbers, abundance of fruit, and boll weevil damage, as well as the effectiveness of the insecticidal programs. The organophosphorus compounds were generally more effective for the control of overwintered weevils than the other types of insecticides used, but continued emergence of boll weevils after squaring began during 1960 and 1961 reduced the effectiveness of programs depending on a single application for the control of overwintered weevils. Continuously high populations in the untreated areas resulted in greatly reduced boll set, but the emergence of large numbers of weevils in the treated fields which increased square damage temporarily did not reduce boll set. However, in the treated areas higher percentages of punctured Squares were usually followed by higher percentages of weevil damaged bolls. The rate of population increase from generation to generation and the amount of damage caused by each weevil depended to a great extent on the numbers of squares on the cotton and the intensity of competition for those squares. In untreated fields during 1960 and 1961 first generation increases over overwintered populations were about S-fold and 2-fold respectively.
Algorithms for the masses

Before the advent of computing, a standard science and mathematics curriculum emerged in secondary education, supported and expanded by first-year college courses, that serves as the technical basis for every student in science and engineering. For whatever reason, we have seen two unfortunate developments at the dawn of the new millenium. First, many computer science students have somehow been exempted from having to know basic precepts of science (instead, they learn about developing large programs and about theoretical issues). Second, many students in science and engineering have somehow been exempted from being exposed to basic precepts of computer science and algorithmics (instead, they learn a few specific programming tools). In both cases, students are being shortchanged.
Deep brain stimulation mechanisms: the control of network activity via neurochemistry modulation

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has revolutionized the clinical care of late-stage Parkinson's disease and shows promise for improving the treatment of intractable neuropsychiatric disorders. However, after over 25 years of clinical experience, numerous questions still remain on the neurophysiological basis for the therapeutic mechanisms of action. At their fundamental core, the general purpose of electrical stimulation therapies in the nervous system are to use the applied electric field to manipulate the opening and closing of voltage-gated sodium channels on neurons, generate stimulation induced action potentials, and subsequently, control the release of neurotransmitters in targeted pathways. Historically, DBS mechanisms research has focused on characterizing the effects of stimulation on neurons and the resulting impact on neuronal network activity. However, when electrodes are placed within the central nervous system, glia are also being directly (and indirectly) influenced by the stimulation. Mounting evidence shows that non-neuronal tissue can play an important role in modulating the neurochemistry changes induced by DBS. The goal of this review is to evaluate how DBS effects on both neuronal and non-neuronal tissue can potentially work together to suppress oscillatory activity (and/or information transfer) between brain regions. These resulting effects of ~ 100 Hz electrical stimulation help explain how DBS can disrupt pathological network activity in the brain and generate therapeutic effects in patients. Deep brain stimulation is an effective clinical technology, but detailed therapeutic mechanisms remain undefined. This review provides an overview of the leading hypotheses, which focus on stimulation-induced disruption of network oscillations and integrates possible roles for non-neuronal tissue in explaining the clinical response to therapeutic stimulation. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
Impact of External Irradiation on Local Symptoms and Survival Free of Disease in Patients with Pelvic Lymph Node Metastasis from Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

AbstractSixty-four patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate and histologic evidence of pelvic nodal metastasis have been followed for at least 5 years after pelvic lymphadenectomy only. Forty-seven patients were treated with extended field irradiation, while 17 did not receive any irradiation. Only 17 per cent of the patients receiving irradiation survived free of disease for 5 years, while 40 per cent died of prostatic cancer, compared to 29 and 35 per cent, respectively, of those who did not receive irradiation. Symptomatic manifestations of local disease occurred within 5 years in 65 per cent of the patients not treated with irradiation, compared to 51 per cent of those who received pelvic irradiation.External radiation therapy imparted no discernible benefit in terms of survival free of disease in our patients. Furthermore, the impact of irradiation in preventing local symptoms in these patients seems to be slight.
Deborah S. Jin (1968–2016)

Deborah S. Jin was a world leader in ultracold gases and a pioneering intellectual in quantum systems consisting of strongly interacting particles. She spent much of her career as a U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) physicist at JILA (formerly known as the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics) in Boulder, Colorado, where she undertook a string of challenging experiments, including the creation of the first Fermi gas of atoms and the formation of a condensate of paired fermions. She imbued all that she worked on with a sense of scientific vision, creativity, detail-oriented excellence, and old-fashioned hard work. Jin died of cancer on 15 September 2016 at the age of 47, a loss that leaves a void in the scientific community and is, for so many, the untimely loss of a colleague and friend.
Chirp-based LPD/LPI underwater acoustic communications with code-time-frequency multidimensional spreading

Most underwater acoustic communication systems incorporate well-recognized, easily detectable narrowband signals modulated over low-frequency carriers at high transmission powers, which ultimately limits LPD/LPI performance of the communication scheme. While there have been promising works concentrating on LPD/LPI performance, they are for the most part based on direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) techniques, which have been shown to be blindly detectable in previous work at relatively low SINR values. As a result, there is likely significant room to improve the LPD/LPI performance of underwater acoustic communication schemes. To this end, in this paper, we propose the preliminary design of a novel communication scheme based on transmitting chirp signals that are further spread over a multidimensional domain spanning code, time, and frequency. We evaluated the performance of the proposed scheme both with simulation and experimental studies.