cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hot-Film Measurement of Natural Convection in Liquid Gallium With and Without Magnetic Fields

The velocity and temperature fields induced by natural convection in liquid gallium were measured. Measurements were taken with and without an external magnetic field applied to the liquid gallium. The velocity field was measured with a hot-film anemometer and the temperature field with a thermocouple. The hot film was calibrated over a narrow range of temperatures in a rotating turntable filled with liquid gallium. The external magnetic field damped both the velocity and temperature fields compared to similar conditions when no external magnetic field was present. The experimental results compared reasonably well with previous numerical predictions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Renal hemodynamic changes in humans: Response to protein loading in normal and diseased kidneys

This study was undertaken to define the renal hemodynamic changes that mediate the acute response to an oral protein load. Three groups of subjects were studied: (1) disease-free subjects; (2) patients with chronic renal disease of various causes, except for diabetes mellitus, documented by history and/or renal biopsy; and (3) patients with diabetes mellitus, that is, a history of hyperglycemia requiring antihyperglycemic therapy. All subjects were studied before (baseline) and after (test) ingestion of a protein load. Glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow were evaluated by inulin and para-amino-hippurate, respectively. In the disease-free subjects, the mean baseline glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were 122 +/- 10 ml/minute/1.73 m2 and 644 +/- 64 ml/minute/1.73 m2, whereas test glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were 151 +/- 15 ml/minute/1.73 m2 and 791 +/- 111 ml/minute/1.73 m2, respectively. In patients with chronic renal disease, the test glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were related to the severity of the disease. The more severe the disease, the lower the absolute test values and the smaller the increment from baseline to test values. Patients with diabetes mellitus had a paradoxic response to ingestion of a protein load. Glomerular filtration rate fell while renal plasma flow remained unchanged. This response was observed in all diabetic patients regardless of the type of diabetes or whether clinical evidence of diabetic nephropathy was absent, minimal, or severe.
Adjudicating the Intersection of Marital Immigration, Domestic Violence, and Spousal Murder: China-Taiwan Marriages and Competing Legal Domains

Cross-border marriages and other forms of family reunification dominate officially recognized migratory flows around the world today, and they offer the most widely recognized path to naturalized citizenship in destination countries. At the same time, however, transnational marriages may also rest on shaky foundations precisely because immigrant spouses depend on their citizen partner for legal status. When marriages fail due to domestic violence, they expose the incompatibility of different legal domains organized around domestic violence prevention and immigration regulation. This Article examines the legal conflicts that emerged in response to a recent case in Taiwan involving an immigrant wife from Mainland China who, after suffering several years of domestic violence, killed her citizen husband in 2006. The case underscores the complex and often unpredictable intersections of domestic violence prevention law, immigration policy, and feminist legal reforms aimed at women's empowerment. Despite the district-level court's unprecedented ruling of legitimate defense, the case continued to serve as a flashpoint for competing ethical orientations as it made its way through the appeals process, in turn exposing conflicting legal principles and gendered family role expectations faced by immigrant as opposed to citizen women. Although the initial ruling pointed to growing judicial recognition of the deep-seated psychological and emotional effects of domestic violence, its overall impact was undercut by the defendant's immigrant status and pervasive suspicions about marital motives triggered by that status. By analyzing the case itself and the various legal and activist strategies mobilized around it, this Article evaluates the limitations and possibilities of law and policy reforms enacted on the uneven terrain of domestic violence prevention and gendered immigration flows.
Cell-mediated immunity in experimental filariasis: Lymphocyte reactivity to filarial stage-specific antigens and to B- and T-cell mitogens during acute and chronic infection

Abstract To study immunological responses in chronic filarial infections, a model utilizing inbred Lewis rats infected with Brugia pahangi was developed. Microfilaria were found in the bloodstream of over 90% of the rats by 16 weeks of infection. Using in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis, cell-mediated immune responses of blood, splenic, and mesenteric node lymphocytes were followed during 1.5 years of infection. Lymphocyte responses to antigen prepared from infective stage filarial larvae were detectable in the early weeks of infection, whereas responses to microfilarial antigen only developed late as microfilaremia waned. Lymphocyte responses to antigen from adult filaria vacillated during the infection. With the mitogens, phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide, periods of B and T-cell hyporesponsiveness were demonstrable. Between 16 and 36 weeks of infection node lymphocytes from many rats were unresponsive to all mitogens and antigens. The model of B. pahangi in inbred rats offers advantages for immunological studies of filarial infections.
Energetics of biomolecule adsorption on mesostructured cellular foam silica

Abstract Heats of adsorption measured by flow microcalorimetry (FMC) were used to understand the energetics of biomolecule adsorption on mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica. Tryptophan (Trp), lysozyme (LYS), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were used as probe molecules. The FMC results confirmed that attractive interactions (both electrostatic and van der Walls interactions) between the biomolecules and acid-washed MCF silica were the driving force for adsorption, even when the protein (BSA) and the surface were both negatively charged and repulsion interactions might be expected. Multiple exothermic events occurred, possibly because of multipoint interactions between biomolecules and MCF silica resulting from multiple binding sites on the biomolecule and a curved pore structure. Interestingly, the magnitude of the enthalpy of adsorption (Δ H Total ) increased with increasing biomolecule size at pH 5.2; the number of exothermic peaks corresponded to the number of binding regions on the biomolecule. In addition, standard Gibbs energies of adsorption (Δ G °) and entropy of adsorption (Δ S °) were calculated from batch adsorption isotherms and the measured enthalpy of adsorption. BSA adsorption energetics were significantly affected by changing the pH from 4 to 5.2. This effect was attributed to a dramatic conformational change of BSA as a function of pH. The energetics of adsorption provide invaluable insight into the mechanism biomolecule adsorption.
TOWARD A MULTI-STAGE INFORMATION CONVERSION MODEL OF THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.

Abstract : Research and development activities in a business firm or government laboratory are portrayed as a multi-stage information generation and conversion process. A 'basic research' phase generates opportunities, in the form of findings in a set of scientific disciplines, which are available for subsequent exploitation. It is assumed that increments to information in a subject area are stochastic, proportional to the amount of knowledge which already exists in the area, and have values which are randomly distributed. An 'exploratory development' phase is viewed as a process of selecting a subset of alternative research opportunities, improving each opportunity in the direction of its applications, estimating the value of the improved opportunity and using these estimates to choose the exploratory development results to be implemented in engineering development. The 'engineering development' phase makes the value of exploratory results realizable without changing value or risk. Engineering development costs are assumed to increase as value increases. If exploratory development is not successful, additional costs in engineering development must be incurred to bring the design up to a minimum desirable level. The model is intended as a step toward formulating and analyzing problems in management planning and control of the several interrelated stages of the research and development process. (Author)
Enabling innovation: a choice for software engineering

Software Engineering must choose whether it wants its future to be one in which innovative development techniques, innovative architectures, innovative interfaces, and such are enabled and encouraged to emerge from its research community, or if research will be confined to observation, analysis, formalization, experimentation, and assessment of the innovations that emerge from other quarters, notably industrial practice. If the choice is to enable innovation in the research community, then the "meta-practices" of the community must change. To wit, the criteria actually applied to funding requests must be changed and forums in which innovations can be presented must be created.
Homogeneity bias in models of discrete choice with bounded rationality

Abstract Quantal response equilibrium captures bounded rationality in a strategic game by adopting a stochastic model of discrete choice along with the traditional rational expectation framework. We examine the use of a single-agent, homogeneous parametric quantal response model (e.g., logit response) to describe the aggregate behavior of heterogeneous agents sharing the same parametric form for their quantal response functions, but having individual rationality parameters, in a symmetric population game. For any parametric quantal response function arising from a unimodal distribution of exchangeable payoff disturbances, we find that a mis-specified homogeneous rationality parameter will have downward bias. Logit response is one such specification. This result implies that empirical work that disregards heterogeneity underestimates subjects’ rationality.
Shelterbelts and Boll Weevils : a Control Strategy Based on Management of Overwintering Habitat

Present-day boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, problems in the northern Rolling Plains of Texas are linked to shelterbelt plantings made during the late 1930's. Available evidence suggests that boll weevil populations surviving the winter in 0.6 ha of shelterbelt litter may infest and reach damaging levels in 13.2 ha of cotton by mid-Aug. Where heavy sustained boll weevil infestations are not controlled, an estimated $1786 is lost due to yield reduction in the 13.2 ha. Several potential solutions to the boll weevil problem are presented. These soiutions include habitat destruction or management, and the use of insecticides, biotic agents, and fire. The use of these techniques is extended to the management of other habitat types such as rangeland shinnery oak, Quercus havardii Rybd. An impending move to renew shelterbelt plantings, particularly in the High Plains where boll weevils do not overwinter, is discussed. The lessons learned in the Rolling Plains regarding the interaction between boll weevils, shelterbelts, and colton should be taken as a serious guideline to the management of new shelterbelt plantings.
Spatial characterization of land surface energy fluxes and uncertainty estimation at the Salar de Atacama, Northern Chile

We use Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer (ASTER) data to estimate spatial energy flux and evaporation distributions at the Salar de Atacama, a playa in Northern Chile. Our approach incorporates ASTER surface kinetic temperature, emissivity, and reflectance data, ground-based meteorological measurements, and empirical parameters. Energy flux distributions are estimated using either spatially constant or spatially distributed values of model parameters, with spatially distributed parameters assigned separately to each land cover category in an image classification. We test the sensitivity of energy budget calculations to state variable and parameter values by conducting Monte Carlo simulations for regions with ground energy budget measurements. Results show that assigning spatially distributed model parameters via land cover classifications yields significant improvements to ground and sensible heat flux predictions. Latent heat fluxes cannot, however, be predicted with sufficient accuracy to allow estimation of area-integrated evaporative moisture loss at this low-evaporation playa.
High-Resolution Optical Imaging of Benign and Malignant Mucosa in the Upper Aerodigestive Tract: An Atlas for Image-Guided Surgery.

Background. High-resolution optical imaging provides real-time visualization of mucosa in the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) which allows non-invasive discrimination of benign and neoplastic epithelium. The high-resolution microendoscope (HRME) utilizes a fiberoptic probe in conjunction with a tissue contrast agent to display nuclei and cellular architecture. This technology has broad potential applications to intraoperative margin detection and early cancer detection. Methods. Our group has created an extensive image collection of both neoplastic and normal epithelium of the UADT. Here, we present and describe imaging characteristics of benign, dysplastic, and malignant mucosa in the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, and esophagus. Results. There are differences in the nuclear organization and overall tissue architecture of benign and malignant mucosa which correlate with histopathologic diagnosis. Different anatomic subsites also display unique imaging characteristics. Conclusion. HRME allows discrimination between benign and neoplastic mucosa, and familiarity with the characteristics of each subsite facilitates correct diagnosis.
Biological properties of isolates of Triticum mosaic virus from the Great Plains states of the USA

AbstractTriticum mosaic virus (TriMV) is a recently discovered virus infecting wheat. A total of 170 isolates of TriMV, collected in 2010 and 2011 from wheat (Triticum aestivum L) or jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host) from Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska and South Dakota, were compared with the 06-123 Kansas isolate. These isolates were compared for the percentage of infected plants in N28Ht maize, ‘Gallatin’ barley and ‘Mace’ wheat (with temperature-sensitive resistance to Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). The isolates were also compared for the effect of inoculum virus titre on the percentage of infected plants in WSMV-susceptible ‘Tomahawk’ wheat by mechanically inoculating the cultivar using 1:10 w/v, 1:300 v/v or 1:600 v/v dilutions of extracts. None of the isolates infected N28Ht maize but all isolates infected ‘Gallatin’ barley, ‘Mace’ and ‘Tomahawk’ wheat. Some isolates from Colorado, Kansas and Nebraska had low relative titre in wheat compared with the 06-123 isolate. This information is imp...
Chemosignals of stress influence social judgments.

Human body odors have important communicative functions regarding genetic identity, immune fitness and general health, but an expanding body of research suggests they can also communicate information about an individual’s emotional state. In the current study, we tested whether axillary odors obtained from women experiencing psychosocial stress could negatively influence personality judgments of warmth and competence made about other women depicted in video scenarios. 44 female donors provided three types of sweat samples: untreated exercise sweat, untreated stress sweat and treated stress sweat. After a ‘washout’ period, a commercial unscented anti-perspirant product was applied to the left axilla only to evaluate whether ‘blocking’ the stress signal would improve the social evaluations. A separate group of male and female evaluators (n=120) rated the women in the videos while smelling one of the three types of sweat samples. Women in the video scenes were rated as being more stressed by both men and women when smelling the untreated vs. treated stress sweat. For men only, the women in the videos were rated as less confident, trustworthy and competent when smelling both the untreated stress and exercise sweat in contrast to the treated stress sweat. Women’s social judgments were unaffected by sniffing the pads. The results have implications for influencing multiple types of professional and personal social interactions and impression management and extend our understanding of the social communicative function of body odors.
Effects of X-irradiation on Passively Transferred Antibody.∗

Summary and conclusionsX-irradiation in dosage of 300 r had no effect on the rate of destruction of passively transferred homologous or heterologous antisera given intravenously to rabbits 24 hours after irradiation. This x-ray dosage was sufficient, however, to decrease, but not totally prevent, the formation of antibody to the heterologous serum proteins.
Investigation of Oil Additives for Boundary Lubrication of Railroad Journal Bearings

The boundary friction properties of the lubricated system of steel sliding on lead-base babbitt were investigated as a phase of the Association of American Railroads' sponsored project on freight car hot boxes. A friction pendulum was developed for determining the coefficients of boundary friction as a function of temperature with the specified metals lubricated with various lube oil additive blends. A group of general relationships dealing with additives for the steel-babbitt system was developed. It is concluded that the extreme pressure agents containing sulfur or chlorine are generally unsuited for railroad journal bearing use. Lubricity additives which function by simple physical adsorption were found to be ineffective at moderate or high temperatures existing in railroad operations. Those lubricity additives which chemisorb to metal surfaces and form a close-packed layer were found to be effective antifriction agents. Contributed by the ASLE Technical Committee on Bearings and Bearing Lubrication an...
Optimization Study of an Agglomerate Model for Platinum Reduction and Performance in PEM Fuel Cell Cathode

Several experimental studies on optimizing the amount of platinum loading and ionomer content in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell catalyst layers exist in the literature. In the recent years, numerical studies have also been carried out with the same objective. The amount of current generated within the catalyst layer strongly depends on the local conditions such as the concentration of available oxygen, total surface area available for reaction, and the amount of ionomer. In this study, we present two different optimization formulations: (1) for minimizing the amount of platinum, and (2) maximizing the current generated. Optimization studies are performed for all the points on the base case i–v curve, one at a time. In addition, a third formulation is also presented, in which the current is maximized simultaneously for all the i–v points. With the results of the third formulation we highlight the presence of local optima and the multi-objective nature of the fuel cell catalyst design problem. The optimization formulations are presented using a spherical agglomerate steady state model. A measure based on the platinum usage is used as a benchmark while analyzing the results. Finally, we present a discussion on how these formulations can be scaled for the case of complete cathode or PEM fuel cell model. This study demonstrates that there is significant potential for reduction in platinum usage even at the smallest scales in the electrodes of a fuel cell.
Italian experiences in combating hate crimes and hate speech in light of recent violence by and against Roma

This paper provides an overview of national efforts to combat racism, xenophobia and intolerance in the italian legal framework. It looks specifically at Law n. 94/2009 on public security and its compliance with European and international legal standards. Specifically, the study is devoted to the key issue of the different treatment of Roma and Sinti in Italy due to their legal status.
In Situ X-ray Scattering Study of the Passive Film on Ni(111) in Sulfuric Acid Solution

Results of an in situ X-ray scattering study of the passive film formed on Ni(111) electrodes by passivation in 0.05 M H2SO4 (pH 1.0) at 0.50 VAg/AgCl are reported and compared with results on the film formed by oxidation in air at room temperature. In both cases, ultrathin, (111)-oriented NiO films are observed, which are aligned with the Ni substrate lattice and slightly expanded along the surface normal with respect to bulk NiO. However, two major structural differences are found: (i) while on the air-formed oxide parallel (NiO[110] || Ni[110]) and antiparallel (NiO[110] || Ni[110]) oriented domains coexist, the passive film exhibits a well-defined antiparallel orientation and (ii) the lattice of the passive film is, in contrast to that of the air-fomed oxide, tilted relative to the substrate with a broad angular dispersion of the tilt angle centered at about 3.3°.
NEPA Effectiveness — A survey of academics

Abstract The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) went into effect in the United States on January 1, 1970, just over 25 years ago. In light of this milestone, a survey of academics on the effectiveness of NEPA has been conducted regarding the preparation of environmental assessments (EAs) or environmental impact statements (EISs). This paper summarizes the results of a survey of 31 academics in 12 disciplines from 21 states; the majority of which have over 20 years of experience in teaching, research and/or practice of the NEPA process. Several strengths of NEPA were identified, most importantly that NEPA encourages agencies and decision makers: (1) to acknowledge potential environmental consequences to the public, thus opening up the decision process; and (2) to think about environmental consequences before resources are committed. Surveyed participants also prioritized needs for improvement; the five most important were: (1) post-EIS follow-up in monitoring, implementation of mitigation measures, ecosystem management, and environmental auditing; (2) methodological approaches for addressing cumulative impacts and reductions in institutional barriers to analysis of cumulative impacts; (3) training of federal personnel implementing NEPA; (4) earlier considerations of NEPA in project planning and decision making; and (5) the integrated consideration of biophysical and social/economic sciences, along with risk assessment, in NEPA. While this survey was focused on the NEPA process in the United States, the identified issues have implications for the worldwide practice of environmental impact assessment. Finally, recommendations are described that are primarily associated with guidance, possible modifications in the NEPA process and follow-on training.
Rearing Tetrastichus gallerucae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for biological control of the elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola

Tetrastichus gallerucae (Fonscolombe) was collected in southern France in 1985 and is being reared at the Division of Biological Control in Albany, Ca for use against the elm leaf beetle (ELB),Xanthogaleruca luteola (Muller) in northern California. This egg parasitoid can be reared easily by keeping the beetle eggs on a moist substrate to prevent desiccation and by inhibiting the growth of mold with air currents. A laboratory colony of ELB adults provides a constant supply of fresh eggs for the parasitoids. In 1985 and 1986 over 80,000T. gallerucae were released at 17 sites.
SU-D-213AB-06: Surface Texture and Insertion Speed Effect on Needle Friction.

Purpose: High frictional forces between the needle surface and tissue cause tissue deflection which hinders accurate needle placement for procedures such as brachytherapy and needle biopsy. Accurate needle placement isimportant to maximize procedure efficacy. This work investigates how needle surface roughness and insertion speed affect the frictional forcebetween a needle and tissue. Methods: A friction experiment was conducted to measure the force of friction between bovine liver and three 11 gauge needles having Ra surface roughness of 3.43, 1.33, and 0.2 μm. Each of the three needles were mounted on a linear slide and were advanced and retracted through bovine liver at speeds of 50, 100, 150, and 200 mm/s for a total of 12 trials. In each trial the needle was advanced and retracted in 10 cycles producing a steady state insertion force and a steady state retraction force for each cycle. A force sensor connecting the needle to the linear slide recorded the resistance force of the needle sliding through the liver. The liver was mounted in a box with a pneumatic cylinder which compressed the liver sample by 11.65 kPa. Results: The roughest needle (Ra = 3.43 μm) on average produced 68, 73, 74, and 73% lower friction force than the smoothest needle (Ra = 0.2 μm) for the speeds of 50, 100, 150, and 200mm/s, respectively. The second roughest needle (Ra = 1.33 μm) on average produced 25, 45, 60 and 64% lower friction force than the smoothest needle (Ra = 0.2 μm) for the speeds of 50, 100, 150, and 200 mm/s, respectively. Conclusions: Rougher needle surface texture and higher insertion speed reduced frictional forces between the tissue and the needle. Future studies will examine how frictional forces can be modeled and predicted given surface texture and insertion speed.
The efficacy of Marlex mesh in the repair of severe, recurrent vaginal prolapse of the anterior midvaginal wall

OBJECTIVE: The study assesses the efficacy and complications of Marlex mesh in repairing severe recurrent anterior vaginal wall prolapse. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-four patients with two or more postsurgical recurrences of severe anterior vaginal wall prolapse were divided into control and treatment groups. Transvaginal repair was similar between groups except for reinforcement of the anterior vaginal wall with synthetic mesh. Two examiners graded preoperative and postoperative support over the following 2 years (K = 0.9). Fisher's exact test, log-linear analysis, and analysis of variance were used to compare categoric and continuous variables. RESULTS: Four patients in the control group and none in the treatment group had recurrent anterior vaginal wall prolapse (p < 0.05). Three patients had mesh-related complications. CONCLUSION: Repair with a synthetic mesh decreased the expected incidence of severe recurrent anterior vaginal prolapse but was associated with common complications related to synthetic mesh. Mesh reinforcement is an effective treatment for severe recurrent prolapse of the anterior midvaginal wall. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1472-5.)
Adherence by African American men to prostate cancer education and early detection

BACKGROUND This study was designed to identify factors that predict adherence by African American men to prostate cancer education and early detection. METHODS In the spring of 1995, the authors identified 548 African American men who were patients at the University Health Services of the University of Chicago, were ages 40–70 years, and did not have a personal history of prostate cancer. Baseline telephone survey data were collected from 413 men (75%). Participants were randomly assigned to either a minimal or an enhanced intervention group. Men in the former group were mailed a letter and a reminder that invited them to a urology clinic for prostate cancer education and early detection. Men in the enhanced intervention group were sent the same correspondence and were also given print material and telephone contacts, which were tailored to each recipient. RESULTS Adherence was significantly higher (OR = 2.6, CI: 1.7–3.9) in the enhanced intervention group than in the minimal intervention group (51% and 29%, respectively). Men who were age 50 years or older (OR = 1.7, CI: 1.1–2.8), were married (OR = 1.8, CI: 1.2–2.9), believed that prostate cancer early detection examination should be performed in the absence of symptoms (OR = 2.3, CI: 1.3–4.0), and self-reported an intention to have an early detection examination (OR = 1.9, CI: 1.2–2.9) were also more likely to adhere. CONCLUSIONS A tailored behavioral intervention can influence adherence to prostate cancer early detection among African American men. Individual background and cognitive and psychosocial characteristics may also affect behavior. Future studies should assess the impact of this type of intervention on cognitive and psychologic correlates of decision-making and behavior along the continuum of prostate cancer care. [See editorial on pages 1–2, this issue.] Cancer 1999;86:88–104. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
The particulate methane monooxygenase from methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) is a novel copper-containing three-subunit enzyme. Isolation and characterization.

The particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) is known to be very difficult to study mainly due to its unusual activity instability in vitro. By cultivating Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) under methane stress conditions and high copper levels in the growth medium, membranes highly enriched in the pMMO with exceptionally stable activity can be isolated from these cells. Purified and active pMMO can be subsequently obtained from these membrane preparations using protocols in which an excess of reductants and anaerobic conditions were maintained during membrane solubilization by dodecyl beta-D-maltoside and purification by chromatography. The pMMO was found to be the major constituent in these membranes, constituting 60-80% of total membrane proteins. The dominant species of the pMMO was found to consist of three subunits, alpha, beta, and gamma, with an apparent molecular mass of 45, 26, and 23 kDa, respectively. A second species of the pMMO, a proteolytically processed version of the enzyme, was found to be composed of three subunits, alpha', beta, and gamma, with an apparent molecular mass of 35, 26, and 23 kDa, respectively. The alpha and alpha' subunits from these two forms of the pMMO contain identical N-terminal sequences. The gamma subunit, however, exhibits variation in its N-terminal sequence. The pMMO is a copper-containing protein only and shows a requirement for Cu(I) ions. Approximately 12-15 Cu ions per 94-kDa monomeric unit were observed. The pMMO is sensitive to dioxygen tension. On the basis of dioxygen sensitivity, three kinetically distinct forms of the enzyme can be distinguished. A slow but air-stable form, which is converted into a "pulsed" state upon direct exposure to atmospheric oxygen pressure, is considered as type I pMMO. This form was the subject of our pMMO isolation effort. Other forms (types II and III) are deactivated to various extents upon exposure to atmospheric dioxygen pressure. Under inactivating conditions, these unstable forms release protons to the buffer (~10 H+/94-kDa monomeric unit) and eventually become completely inactive.
Multipoint-to-point session fairness in the Internet

In the current Internet, many applications start sessions with multiple connections to multiple servers in order to expedite the reception of data. One may argue that such aggressive behavior leads to unfair sharing of bandwidth using the current per-connection rate allocation methods. Sessions with more connections get a higher total rate than competing sessions with fewer connections. In this paper, we explore the issue of fairness of rate allocation from a session point of view. We define a multipoint-to-point session as a set of point-to-point connections started from multiple servers to a client in order to transfer an application-level object. We present session fairness definitions, propose algorithms to achieve these definitions, and compare the resulting allocations with the traditional connection fair algorithm. It is clear from our evaluations that the session fair algorithms proposed achieve a more fair distribution of session rates than the connection fair algorithm, by redistributing the rates claimed by sessions with more connections. We present some initial thoughts on the challenges involved in implementing the session fair algorithms proposed.
O2-dependent aliphatic carbon-carbon bond cleavage reactivity in a Ni(II) enolate complex having a hydrogen bond donor microenvironment; comparison with a hydrophobic analogue.

A mononuclear Ni(II) complex having an acireductone type ligand, and supported by the bnpapa (N,N-bis((6-neopentylamino-2-pyridyl)methyl)-N-((2-pyridyl)methyl)amine) ligand, [(bnpapa)Ni(PhC(O)C(OH)C(O)Ph)]ClO4 (14), has been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, FTIR, and UV−vis. To gain insight into the 1H NMR features of 14, the air stable analogue complexes [(bnpapa)Ni(CH3C(O)CHC(O)CH3)]ClO4 (16) and [(bnpapa)Ni(ONHC(O)CH3)]ClO4 (17) were prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography, 1H NMR, FTIR, UV−vis, mass spectrometry, and solution conductivity measurements. Compounds 16 and 17 are 1:1 electrolyte species in CH3CN. 1H and 2H NMR studies of 14, 16, and 17 and deuterated analogues revealed that the complexes having six-membered chelate rings for the exogenous ligand (14 and 16) do not have a plane of symmetry within the solvated cation and thus exhibit more complicated 1H NMR spectra. Compound 17, as well as other simple Ni(II) complexes of the bnpapa ligand (e.g., [(bnpap...
Real-Time High Dynamic Range Texture Mapping

This paper presents a technique for representing and displaying high dynamic-range texture maps (HDRTMs) using current graphics hardware. Dynamic range in real-world environments often far exceeds the range representable in 8-bit per-channel texture maps. The increased realism afforded by a highdynamic range representation provides improved fidelity and expressiveness for interactive visualization of image-based models. Our technique allows for realtime rendering of scenes with arbitrary dynamic range, limited only by available texture memory. In our technique, high-dynamic range textures are decomposed into sets of 8- bit textures. These 8-bit textures are dynamically reassembled by the graphics hardware's programmable multitexturing system or using multipass techniques and framebuffer image processing. These operations allow the exposure level of the texture to be adjusted continuously and arbitrarily at the time of rendering, correctly accounting for the gamma curve and dynamic range restrictions of the display device. Further, for any given exposure only two 8-bit textures must be resident in texture memory simultaneously. We present implementation details of this technique on various 3D graphics hardware architectures. We demonstrate several applications, including high-dynamic range panoramic viewing with simulated auto-exposure, real-time radiance environment mapping, and simulated Fresnel reflection.
Comparing Student Assessments and Perceptions of Online and Face-to-Face Versions of an Introductory Linguistics Course.

This article examines the issue of whether linguistics is better suited for a face-to-face (F2F) environment than an online teaching environment. Specifically, it examines assessment scores and student perceptions of the effectiveness of an introductory linguistics course at an undergraduate state university that has been taught multiple times in both online and F2F modes. To study this issue data was collected about the types of students enrolled in either version of the course, including their GPAs and course grades. A survey with both closed- and open-ended questions was also used to ask students about their experiences and perceptions of the two environments. Students responded to questions on factors such as procrastination, engagement with socially sensitive discussion topics, preferences for discussion modality, and motivations for course enrollment. Results of the data problematize the notion that linguistics (and perhaps other disciplines) is equally suited for an online and F2F environment since students fare better academically and engage more with the F2F linguistics course. Results also show that students with higher GPAs gravitate toward F2F classes. Regarding the course itself, convenience is the primary category that students consistently noted as a reason for selecting the online linguistics course versus its F2F counterpart. Even so, results do show some effectiveness in treating linguistic content online. Suggestions and strategies are offered to further strengthen online delivery of linguistic material to overcome some of the structural hurdles presented by student enrollment patterns and (dis)engagement.
Health implications of Mediterranean diets in light of contemporary knowledge. 1. Plant foods and dairy products

Consumption of beef, pork, and lamb has traditionally been low in Mediterranean countries. Regular consumption of red meat has been associated in epidemiologic studies with increased risks of coronary heart disease (CHD) and colon and other cancers ; possible mechanisms may involve dietary cholesterol, saturated fat, heme iron, and the presence of carcinogens formed in cooking. Also, high consumption of red meat, the major source of animal protein in most Western diets, increases urinary calcium losses and is therefore likely to contribute to osteoporotic fractures. In Mediterranean diets the major source of dietary fat has traditionally been olive oil, which, compared with saturated and partially hydrogenated fats, reduces low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and, compared with carbohydrates, increases high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. A wealth of epidemiologic evidence supports a potent protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption against CHD, probably in part by increasing HDL concentrations. Although dietary factors alone may not fully explain the excellent health of Mediterranean populations, available evidence strongly suggests important contributions of high consumption of fruit, vegetables, and whole grains ; moderate intake of alcohol ; and low consumption of animal products, saturated and hydrogenated fats, and refined carbohydrates.
Treatment of patch and plaque stage mycosis fungoides with imiquimod 5% cream.

Background Systemic interferon is effective in the treatment of mycosis fungoides (MF). Imiquimod is effective in the treatment of some epidermal neoplasms and induces localized interferon production. Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of patch and plaque stage MF. Methods Six patients with stage IA to IIB MF were treated with topical imiquimod 5% cream 3 times per week for 12 weeks in this open label pilot study. Index lesions were biopsied pre- and post- treatment, and up to 4 additional treated lesions were monitored for 16 weeks. Results Three of 6 patients had histologic clearance of disease in index lesions, and also demonstrated significant improvement in the clinical scores for all treated lesions. A fourth patient had 2 of 4 lesions respond clinically. Application site reactions were limited to those patients responding to treatment. Conclusion In this preliminary open label study topical imiquimod 5% cream was well tolerated and associated with a histologic and clinical response rate of 50%.
On optimal approximability results for computing the strong metric dimension

The strong metric dimension of a graph was first introduced by Seb and Tannier (2004) as an alternative to the (weak) metric dimension of graphs previously introduced independently by Slater (1975) and by Harary and Melter (1976), and has since been investigated in several research papers. However, the exact worst-case computational complexity of computing the strong metric dimension has remained open beyond being NP-complete. In this communication, we show that the problem of computing the strong metric dimension of a graph of n nodes admits a polynomial-time 2-approximation, admits a O(20.287n)-time exact computation algorithm, admits a O(1.2738k+nk)-time exact computation algorithm if the strong metric dimension is at most k, does not admit a polynomial time (2)-approximation algorithm assuming the unique games conjecture is true, does not admit a polynomial time (10521)-approximation algorithm assuming PNP, does not admit a O(2o(n))-time exact computation algorithm assuming the exponential time hypothesis is true, and does not admit a O(no(k))-time exact computation algorithm if the strong metric dimension is at most k assuming the exponential time hypothesis is true.
THE RELATION OF THE SPLEEN TO BLOOD DESTRUCTION AND REGENERATION AND TO HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE : VII. THE EFFECT OF HEMOLYTIC SERUM IN SPLENECTOMIZED DOGS.

The increased resistance of the red blood corpuscles characteristic of the splenectomized animal is as evident one year after removal of the spleen as it is at earlier periods. So also is the decreased tendency to jaundice after the administration of hemolytic serum. The increase in resistance of the red cells cannot be explained on the basis of an increase in reticulated cells in the circulating blood.
Geology, Soils, and Geomorphology of the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, Tombstone, Arizona

Abstract The surface geology of the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW), Tombstone, Arizona, is dominated by fan deposits, but in southern and southeastern parts of WGEW a complex history of tectonism has resulted in igneous-intrusive and volcanic rocks, and highly disturbed Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks in the Tombstone Hills. Soils, which are dominantly sand and gravel loams that vary from deep and well drained to thin and immature, are reflective of the rocks on which they formed. Large landforms are mostly dissected pediments and erosion surfaces, and hills of the volcanic and carbonate rocks. Episodic faulting that began in Precambrian time has resulted in complex geologic and geomorphic conditions that remain poorly understood owing to Basin and Range structural and depositional processes. Small-scale landforms of the watershed are individual hills, undissected remnants of alluvial fans (fan terraces), basin floors, alluvial fans, and recent alluvial sediment of stream channels, flood plains, ...
The influence of environment on the induction of sensitization to the psychomotor activating effects of intravenous cocaine in rats is dose-dependent.

The acute psychomotor response and development of sensitization to amphetamine is attenuated if IP injections are given in the cage where a rat lives relative to when injections are given in a novel but physically identical test environment. Furthermore, when the environmental cues predicting IP injections are completely eliminated by using remotely activated IV injections in the home cage, 1.0 mg/kg amphetamine produces a very small acute response and no sensitization. The same treatments do produce sensitization if IV injections are signaled by placement of the rat in a novel test cage. The present experiment was designed to determine if there is a similar effect of environmental condition on the response to IV cocaine, and to what extent the effect may be dose-dependent. This was accomplished by comparing the psychomotor activating effects (rotational behavior) of repeated IV administrations of one of eight doses of cocaine (0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, 3.6, 4.8, or 7.2 mg/kg) given in the home cage, with infusions of the same doses given in a novel test cage. There was no effect of environment on the acute psychomotor response to cocaine. There was, however, a significant effect of environment on the induction of sensitization. A higher dose of cocaine was required to induce sensitization when IV administrations were given in the home cage than when they were given in a physically identical but novel test environment. At high doses, however, cocaine induced sensitization regardless of environmental condition. The results suggest that the effect of this environmental manipulation is to shift the dose-effect curve for the induction of sensitization, and support the notion that the ability of psychostimulant drugs to induce sensitization can be modulated by the circumstances surrounding drug administration.
Production of a High Energy, High Power Polarized Photon Beam at SLAC

Attenuation by coherent pair production in highly oriented compression annealed pyrolytic graphite has been used to polarize a 16 GeV bremsstrahlung beam. Graphite pieces of total volume 0.95 × 0.95 × 5.1 cm3 were assembled in water-cooled precision holders. Eighteen of these units were mounted in two independent coaxial assemblies. Each assembly provided precision angular orientation with respect to the beam direction, rotation of the graphite by 90° about the beam axis to rotate the plane of polarization, and removal from or insertion into the beam. One assembly, with 61 cm of graphite, served as a polarizer; the other, with 30.5 cm of graphite, was used as an analyzer. The complete device was placed between collimators in a sweeping magnet. Polarization of the attenuated beam, measured with the SLAC pair spectrometer, was 0.255 ± 0.020. This number, and the measured spectrum, are in qualitative accord with the calculations. The beam has yielded intensities greater than 4 × 108 equivalent quanta per pulse, and has been used in an experiment to measure asymmetries in pseudoscalar meson photoproduction.
Subchronic urinary bladder toxicity evaluation of N-Nitrosodiphenylamine in Fischer 344 rats.

Female Fischer 344 (F344) rats were exposed to N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPA) by dietary feed at concentrations of 0, 250, 1000, 2000, 3000 or 4000 ppm for 5 days, 2, 4 and 13 weeks duration. Endpoints evaluated included clinical observations, body weights, urinary bladder weights, blood NDPA, gross pathology and urinary bladder histopathology. There were no NDPA exposure-related clinical signs of toxicity. The mean body weight decreased 3% to 5% compared with the control in the 4000 ppm group during study weeks 2 through to 13. Statistically significant increases in urinary bladder weight were observed as early as after 5 days exposure and were concentration dependent at ≥ 3000 ppm. NDPA-related urinary bladder microscopic alterations consisted of mixed cell infiltrates, increased mitosis, increased necrosis of epithelial cells, diffuse and/or nodular transitional epithelial hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of transitional epithelium. These changes affected only rats exposed to NDPA concentrations ≥ 2000 ppm. Blood NDPA concentrations were negligible in animals exposed to ≤ 1000 ppm and ranged from 0.12 to 0.19 µg ml–1 in rats of the ≥ 2000 ppm groups at the 5 days and 2 weeks time points. A no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 1000 ppm NDPA (60 mg kg–1 day–1) was selected based on the absence of urinary bladder histopathology. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loci sigilli and American Indian treaties: Reflections on the creation of volume 2 of Kappler's Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties

Abstract The presence–or absence–of locus sigilli “[L.S.]” or “[SEAL]” indicators, to validate the signatures in those texts of American Indian treaties collated by Charles J. Kappler in his Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties , is examined. The results of this inquiry suggest that Kappler spent far more time examining the original treaty documents than Deloria and DeMallie proposed in their Documents of American Indian Diplomacy: Treaties, Agreements, and Conventions, 1775–1979 .
Chemosensory Orientation Mechanisms of Fish

In the aquatic environment, solubility rather than volatility is the limiting factor for chemical dispersion, and thus, compounds of wide variety become potential information messengers. Because most bodies of water are in motion, these stimuli and their information can be carried over considerable distances, and animals such as fish, which are very sensitive to chemical stimulation, may exploit this information for many important functions in their life histories. Chemical signals are known to play significant roles in reproduction, homing, feeding, schooling, defense and parent/young interactions of fish.
Yugoslavia: Divide and Fail

(1993). Yugoslavia: Divide and Fail. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 49, No. 9, pp. 24-27.