cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of excess yttrium additions in the YBa2Cu3O7 − δ system during melt processing

Abstract Results are presented concerning the influence of excess yttrium additions on the microstructural development within YBa2Cu3O7 − δ system. The melt powder melt growth process was the primary precursor system studied, with relevant experimental comparisons made to the phase pure YBa2Cu3O7 − δ precursor system. Examination is made to quantitatively estimate the effects of yttrium additions on Y2BaCuO5 precipitation during melt processing. Differential thermal analysis studies were performed to determine the effect of Y2O3 additions on liquidus formation reactions and solidification temperatures. SEM and TEM analyses was used to evaluate microstructural effects of the Y2O3 additions. High temperature dynamic XRD was performed to analyze the effect of Y2O3 additions on phase development as a function temperature up to 1100 °C.
Early passive motion versus immobilization after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

Purpose To provide a synthesis of the highest-quality literature available comparing early passive motion (EPM) with strict sling immobilization during the first 4 to 6 weeks after surgery. Methods The Medline, Cochrane, and Embase databases were searched for eligible studies. We reviewed 886 citations, and 5 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) (Level II) met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. Four RCTs contributed to the analysis of range of motion, and 5 contributed to the analysis of retear rates. A single Level IV study was available for qualitative review. Random-effects models were used for meta-analysis, computing mean differences for continuous variables and risk ratios for dichotomous variables. Results EPM resulted in improved shoulder forward flexion at 3 months (mean difference, 14.70°; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.52° to 23.87°; P = .002), 6 months (mean difference, 4.31°; 95% CI, 0.17° to 8.45°; P = .04), and 12 months (mean difference, 4.18°; 95% CI, 0.36° to 8.00°; P = .03). External rotation at the side was only superior with EPM at 3 months (mean difference, 10.43°; 95% CI, 4.51° to 16.34°; P = .0006). Rotator cuff retear rates (16.3% for immobilization v 21.1% for EPM; risk ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.57 to 1.20; P = .31) were not significantly different between EPM and immobilization at a minimum of 1 year of follow-up. Conclusions A small number of RCTs with low to moderate risks of bias are currently available. Meta-analysis suggests that after primary arthroscopic rotator cuff repair of small to medium tears, EPM results in 15° of improved forward flexion at 3 months and approximately 5° at 6 and 12 months. External rotation is improved by 10° with EPM at 3 months only. The clinical importance of these differences has yet to be determined. Retear rates at a minimum of 1 year of follow-up are not clearly affected by type of rehabilitation. Level of Evidence Level II, meta-analysis of Level II studies and qualitative review of Level IV study.
An experimental study of density ratio effects on the film cooling injection from discrete holes by using PIV and PSP techniques

Abstract An experimental study was conducted to investigate the performance of film cooling injection from a row of circular holes spaced laterally across a flat test plate. While a high-resolution Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system was used to conduct detailed flow field measurements to quantify the dynamic mixing process between the coolant jet stream and the mainstream flows, Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) technique was used to map the corresponding adiabatic film cooling effectiveness on the surface of interest based on a mass-flux analog to traditional temperature-based cooling effectiveness measurements. The cooling effectiveness data of the present study were compared quantitatively against those derived directly from the temperature-based measurements under the same or comparable test conditions in order to validate the reliability of the PSP technique. The effects of the coolant-to-mainstream density ratio ( DR ) on the film cooling effectiveness were investigated by performing experiments at fixed blowing ratios by using either Nitrogen ( DR = 0.97) or CO 2 ( DR = 1.53) as the coolant streams for the PSP measurements. An accompanying analysis of scaling quantities, such as the coolant-to-mainstream momentum flux ratio, I , and bulk coolant-to-mainstream velocity ratio, VR , in addition to the most-commonly used blowing ratio (i.e., the coolant-to-mainstream mass flux ratio), M , was also conducted to illuminate the extent to which the flow scenario can be described using purely kinematic or dynamic means. It was found that the scaling quantities that give more weight to density ratio (i.e., blowing ratio, M , and then momentum ratio, I ) have more success to collapse measurement data from varying density ratio of the coolant flows for the cases with relatively low coolant flow rates, while the coolant-to-mainstream bulk velocity ratio, VR , may be used with some success to scale the film cooling effectiveness for the cases with higher coolant flow rates.
Alcohol expectancy mediation of biopsychosocial risk: Complex patterns of mediation

Alcohol expectancies' mediation of many known antecedents' influence on drinking has been well established, but most models have omitted theoretically relevant mediational pathways through both common (overlapping) and unique (nonshared) expectancy variance. The authors of this study evaluated expectancy mediation using a hierarchical expectancy model that specified both common and unique expectancy factors. The hierarchical model mediated a significantly (p <.05) larger percentage of the antecedent influences than a model specifying only common expectancy variance, revealed previously unseen mediational paths, and showed, to the authors' knowledge for the first time, expectancy mediation of protective as well as risk-related antecedents. It also allows the modeling of specific pathways for particular antecedents, rather than treating all expectancy mediation as though it flows through a general expectancy factor.
Research directions in emergency medicine: 21–22 January 1995

Abstract The goal of emergency medicine is to improve health while preventing and treating disease and illness in patients seeking emergency medical care. Improvements in emergency medical care and the delivery of this care can be achieved through credible and meaningful research efforts. Improved delivery of emergency medical care through research requires careful planning and the wise use of limited resources. To achieve this goal, emergency medicine must provide appropriate training of young investigators and attract support for their work. Promotion of multidisciplinary research teams will help the specialty fulfill its goals. The result will be the improvement of emergency medical care, which will benefit not only the patients emergency physicians serve but also, ultimately, the nation's health.
A charge injection transistor memory cell

In this paper, two versions of an experimental bipolar dynamic memory cell are described. The memory cell consists of one p-channel MOSFET and a bipolar npn transistor with extensive node sharing. The MOSFET device controls the charge injection into the floating base of the npn transistor, and the bipolar device provides amplification for the stored charge during read operation. For memories, this cell offers performance associated with bipolar technology and chip density comparable to MOSFET memories.
Resolving Difficult Accounting Issues: A Case Study in Client‐Auditor Interaction

This case requires you to consider the complexities of auditing in terms of a realistic client‐auditor interaction involving difficult accounting issues. The case is loosely based on an actual situation that occurred between an audit firm and its client. In the case you will assume the role of either the auditor or the client as you attempt to resolve inventory and accounts receivable valuation issues for which there are no “clear‐cut” solutions. This case includes three sections. First, you will read an article containing an auditor‐independence risk framework to help you understand how client‐auditor interactions relate to auditor independence risk. Second, you will develop alternative solutions to the inventory and accounts receivable valuation issues in your respective auditor or client group. Third, you will interact with another group assuming the opposite role and you will resolve the valuation issues in some way. By completing the case, you will learn about client‐auditor relationship/interaction ...
The Effect of Substituents on Ring Size in Cyclopolymerization: An Explanation Based on Frontier Orbital Theory

Abstract Fully identified cyclic structures formed via radically initiated cyclizations and cyclopolymerizations are explained using frontier orbital theory. This theory, briefly introduced here for general application to organic polymer chemistry, works very well in explaining the ring size in cyclopolymerization except when steric hindrance is predominant in controlling the course of cyclization.
A method for the production of Allomyces macrogynus mitospores

When growing in a medium with a low glucose concentration, Allomyces macrogynus produces large quantities of mitosporangia. The sporangia release zoospores when placed in a dilute salt solution. The zoospore suspensions consistently have densities in the range of 10 6 spores per milliliter, an apparently higher density than that previously reported by other investigators. Because of their rapid, simultaneous release, these zoospores are ideal for studies of cysts, germlings, or the zoospores themselves. The described method is also convenient for production of inocula for studies of the sporophytic stage of the Allomyces life cycle.
Interferon-γ-induces expression of the interleukin 2 receptor gene in human monocytes

Interferon-gamma induces surface expression of interleukin 2 (IL2) receptors on human monocytes and the monocytic cell line U937. Freshly prepared peripheral blood monocytes and U937 cells were found to lack detectable IL 2 mRNA, but exposure of these cells to interferon-gamma induced IL 2 receptor message at 6 h of culture. At least two IL 2 receptor transcripts were detected (3.5 and 1.5 kb) in both monocytes and U937 cells, similar in size to IL 2 receptor transcripts in activated T cells. These results show that interferon-gamma induces expression of the monocyte IL 2 receptor gene.
Synchronization of two coupled escapement-driven pendulum clocks

Abstract The synchronization of two coupled, similarly sized, escapement-driven pendulum clocks is studied. These clocks are coupled by having their extended cases suspended from adjacent stiff beams that can move together horizontally. This setup models the system that Huygens studied in 1665, using clocks that he had designed for determining a ship's longitude. Huygens observed that the two clocks soon ran at a common rate, with the pendulums moving in opposition to each other. A quantitative approximate theory of this synchronization is developed herein. This theory explicitly includes the essential nonlinear elements of Huygens’ system, which are the escapements, as well as the suspended-clock-case and non-identical-clock features of his setup.
Bacterial stromatolites: origin of laminations.

Laminated mats composed of motile filamentous photosynthetic bacteria and nonmotile unicellular blue-green algae occur in a large number of Yellowstone hot springs at temperatures between 55° and 70°C. Field studies indicate that the bacteria are the predominant mat-forming component. Under low light intensities, mats composed exclusively of bacteria can be formed. The bacteria undergo a diurnal migration, moving on top of the algae dnring the night and becolming mixed again with the algae during the day of differential migration of the bacteria in daily response to reduced light intensities. This response to light is exactly opposite to that previously reported for filamentous stromatolite-forming, blue-green algae, but the net result is the same—formation of a laminated mat.
Predicting Passive and Active Tissue:Plasma Partition Coefficients: Interindividual and Interspecies Variability

A mechanistic tissue composition Model incorporating passive and active transport for the prediction of steady-state tissue:plasma partition coefficients ( K t:pl ) of chemicals in multiple mammalian species was used to assess interindividual and interspecies variability. This approach predicts K t:pl using chemical lipophilicity, p K a , phospholipid membrane binding, and the unbound plasma fraction, together with tissue fractions of water, neutral lipids, neutral and acidic phospholipids, proteins, and pH. Active transport K t:pl is predicted using Michaelis–Menten transport parameters. Species-specific biological properties were identified from 126 peer reviewed journal articles, listed in the Supporting Information, for Mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, beagle dog, pig, Monkey, and human species. Means and coefficients of variation for biological properties were used in a Monte Carlo analysis to assess variability. The results show K t:pl interspecies variability for the brain, fat, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, red blood cell, skin, and spleen, but uncertainty in the estimates obscured some differences. Compounds undergoing active transport are shown to have concentration-dependent K t:pl . This tissue composition-based mechanistic Model can be used to predict K t:pl for organic chemicals across eight species and 10 tissues, and can be an important component in drug development when scaling K t:pl from animal Models to humans.
The ability of vascular tissue to produce prostacyclin decreases with age

The ability of aortae from young and mature swine to produce prostacyclin (PGI2) has been determined. PGI2 was measured as its hydration product, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and assayed by stable isotope dilution GCMS. There was no significant difference in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha production between intimal strips from young and mature aortae in the basal state. In the presence of saturating concentrations of arachidonic acid, however, intimal strips from young aortae synthesized twice as much 6-keto-PFG1 alpha as did older tissues. Fatty acid compositions of young and mature aortae were virtually identical, making dietary difference an unlikely explanation for the age-related decrease in PGI2 synthesis. Both young and mature vascular tissues produced essentially only PGI2; insignificant amounts of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were found.
An electron microscopy study of superconducting YbBa2Cu3Ox produced by oxidizing metallic precursors

Abstract The microstructure of a superconducting YbBa2Cu3Ox/Ag microcomposite grown from a silver containing metallic ribbon precursor has been investigated mainly by transmission electron microscopy. The metallic precursor was oxidized at 900°C for 3 hours in air resulting in 90% of the oxide phase being the 1-2-3 oxide. The grain size was 2–5 μm and nearly equiaxed. A new phase Yb2Ba4Cu8O16−x (orthorhombic, a=3.81 A , b=3.87 A , c=27.1 A ), has been observed and has been analyzed as occurring through the periodic insertion of CuO layers into the normal 1-2-3 structure. This structure is common at (001)-faced grain boundaries. Except for these “2-4-8” areas, very few planar defects exist in samples oxidized at 900°C. However, this is not the case for metallic precursors oxidized at 800°C where many CuO layers are inserted randomly within 1-2-3 grains. These additional CuO layers are not regarded as the product of 1-2-3 phase decomposition or artifacts, but are believed to be grown during the oxidation process in order to absorb excess copper. Possible mechanisms by which conventional oxide processing situations could lead to the new 2-4-8 phase are described.
Molecular cloning and sequencing of the cDNA encoding mouse glutamate-cysteine ligase regulatory subunit

Abstract Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to amplify and clone the regulatory subunit of mouse glutamate-cysteine ligase (Glclr) using primers adapted from the published rat Glclr cDNA sequence, and from mouse genomic DNA. Amplified cDNA was cloned into a plasmid vector, and additional RT-PCR reactions coupled with 3′ RACE were used to amplify and sequence 3′ regions covered by the rat primer. Comparison of the mouse Glclr cDNA sequence and predicted protein sequence with that of rat Glclr and human GLCLR revealed extensive homology in cDNA and amino acid sequences among these species.
8-Bromo-Cyclic AMP Induces Phosphorylation of Two Sites in SRC-1 That Facilitate Ligand-Independent Activation of the Chicken Progesterone Receptor and Are Critical for Functional Cooperation between SRC-1 and CREB Binding Protein

Elevation of intracellular 8-bromo-cyclic AMP (cAMP) can activate certain steroid receptors and enhance the ligand-dependent activation of most receptors. During ligand-independent activation of the chicken progesterone receptor (cPR(A)) with the protein kinase A (PKA) activator, 8-bromo-cAMP, we found no alteration in cPR(A) phosphorylation (W. Bai, B. G. Rowan, V. E. Allgood, B. W. O'Malley, and N. L. Weigel, J. Biol. Chem. 272:10457-10463, 1997). To determine if other receptor-associated cofactors were targets of cAMP-dependent signaling pathways, we examined the phosphorylation of steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1). We detected a 1.8-fold increase in SRC-1 phosphorylation in transfected COS-1 cells incubated with 8-bromo-cAMP. Phosphorylation was increased on two mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) sites, threonine 1179 and serine 1185. PKA did not phosphorylate these sites in vitro. However, blockage of PKA activity in COS-1 cells with the PKA inhibitor (PKI) prevented the 8-bromo-cAMP-mediated phosphorylation of these sites. Incubation of COS-1 cells with 8-bromo-cAMP resulted in activation of the MAPK pathway, as determined by Western blotting with antibodies to the phosphorylated (active) form of Erk-1/2, suggesting an indirect pathway to SRC-1 phosphorylation. Mutation of threonine 1179 and serine 1185 to alanine in COS-1 cells coexpressing cPR(A) and the GRE(2)E1bCAT reporter resulted in up to a 50% decrease in coactivation during both ligand-independent activation and ligand-dependent activation. This was due, in part, to loss of functional cooperation between SRC-1 and CREB binding protein for coactivation of cPR(A). This is the first demonstration of cross talk between a signaling pathway and specific phosphorylation sites in a nuclear receptor coactivator that can regulate steroid receptor activation.
The Interactions of Obesity, Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Breast Cancer

Obese postmenopausal women have an increased breast cancer risk, the principal mechanism for which is elevated estrogen production by adipose tissue; also, regardless of menstrual status and tumor estrogen dependence, obesity is associated with biologically aggressive breast cancers. Type 2 diabetes has a complex relationship with breast cancer risk and outcome; coexisting obesity may be a major factor, but insulin itself induces adipose aromatase activity and estrogen production and also directly stimulates breast cancer cell growth and invasion. Adipose tissue inflammation occurs frequently in obesity and type 2 diabetes, and proinflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E2 produced by cyclooxygenase-2 in the associated infiltrating macrophages also induce elevated aromatase expression. In animal models, the same proinflammatory mediators, and the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, also stimulate tumor cell proliferation and invasion directly and promote tumor-related angiogenesis. We postulate that chronic adipose tissue inflammation, rather than body mass index-defined obesity per se, is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and postmenopausal estrogen-dependent breast cancer. Also, notably before the menopause, obesity and type 2 diabetes, or perhaps the associated inflammation, promote estrogen-independent, notably triple-negative, breast cancer development, invasion and metastasis by mechanisms that may involve macrophage-secreted cytokines, adipokines and insulin.
Surgical Resection for Management of Renal Cancer with Hepatic Involvement

AbstractPurpose: More than 900 patients who underwent hepatic resections were reviewed to identify those whose liver resections were due to involvement by renal cell carcinoma.Materials and Methods: Three patients with direct hepatic extension of the renal cell cancer underwent radical nephrectomy with en bloc partial hepatectomy, while 1 with a metachronous recurrence 3 years after nephrectomy underwent right triple lobe hepatectomy. There were no postoperative complications.Results: Of the en bloc resections 2 showed sarcomatoid features on histopathological examination. These patients experienced rapid disease progression and died. The remaining 2 patients with typical clear cell carcinoma have no evidence of disease.Conclusions: Experience with these 4 patients has demonstrated that hepatic resection is technically feasible and associated with acceptable morbidity rates. Surgical management should be considered in patients with the uncommon presentation of renal cell carcinoma and localized hepatic in...
An Analysis of Ductile Brittle Fracture Transition in Layered Composites

In this study the failure of the ductile layers in laminated composite systems was studied numerically. The results indicate that similar maximum stress values develop in the ductile layers as in the fracture test of the same ductile material if the crack tip in the brittle layer is already at the interface. For nondebonding interfaces brittle behavior of the ductile layers is dependent upon the extent of the cracks and the fracture characteristic of the brittle layers.
Systemic Chemotherapy for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Recent Advances and Future Directions

Systemic therapy improves the survival and quality of life of patients with advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several new therapeutic options have emerged for advanced NSCLC, incorporating novel cytotoxic agents (taxanes, gemcitabine, pemetrexed) and molecular-targeted agents (erlotinib, bevacizumab). Efforts to improve the outcome of first-line therapy for advanced and metastatic NSCLC have primarily focused on the addition of targeted agents to platinum-based two-drug regimens. Bevacizumab, an antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor, is the first drug to demonstrate superior outcomes when added to systemic chemotherapy in advanced disease. Evaluation of the role of maintenance therapy following four to six cycles of first-line combination chemotherapy is ongoing. Both cytotoxic agents and targeted agents are suitable for evaluation in the maintenance setting. Promising results have been noted with single-agent paclitaxel as maintenance therapy following four cycles of combination therapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Phase III studies are now under way to evaluate the roles of gemcitabine, pemetrexed, and erlotinib as maintenance therapies for patients who experience a response or disease stabilization after four cycles of combination chemotherapy. Whether this approach will be successful in extending the survival of a select group of patients remains to be seen.
Historical population demography of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) from the northern Gulf of Mexico based on analysis of sequences of mitochondrial DNA

We evaluated stock structure and demographic (population) history of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in the northern Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) via analysis of mitochondrial (mt)DNA sequences from 360 individuals sampled from four cohorts (year classes) at three localities across the northern Gulf. Exact tests of genetic homogeneity and analysis of molecular variance both among cohorts within localities and among localities were non-significant. Nested clade analysis provided evidence of different temporal episodes of both range expansion and restricted gene flow due to isolation by distance. A mismatch distribution of pairwise differences among mtDNA haplotypes and a maximum-likelihood coalescence analysis indicated a population expansion phase that dated to the Pleistocene and probably represents (re)colonization of the continental shelf following glacial retreat. The spatial distribution of red snapper in the northern Gulf appears to have a complex history that likely reflects glacial advance/retreat, habitat availability and suitability, and hydrology. Habitat availability/suitability and hydrology may partially restrict gene flow among present-day red snapper in the northern Gulf and give rise to a metapopulation structure with variable demographic connectivity. This type of population structure may be difficult to detect with commonly used, selectively neutral genetic markers.
Evaluation and Management of Stridor in the Newborn

Stridor in a newborn should necessitate an immediate work-up to rule out a life-threatening airway obstruction. Three cases of newborns with stridor are presented. These cases emphasize the need for an immediate and thorough physical examination of any stridorous newborn, followed by radiologic studies and direct laryngoscopy. While other invasive procedures are frequently required for a precise diagnosis, a careful examination with special attention to the quality of the stridor often permits a more effective diagnostic approach in an atmosphere of appropriate urgency.
Effects of ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and infrared radiation on erythema and pigmentation: a review

The effects of ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and infrared radiation on cutaneous erythema, immediate pigment darkening, persistent pigment darkening, and delayed tanning are affected by a variety of factors. Some of these factors include the depth of cutaneous penetration of the specific wavelength, the individual skin type, and the absorption spectra of the different chromophores in the skin. UVB is an effective spectrum to induce erythema, which is followed by delayed tanning. UVA induces immediate pigment darkening, persistent pigment darkening, and delayed tanning. At high doses, UVA (primarily UVA2) can also induce erythema in individuals with skin types I–II. Visible light has been shown to induce erythema and a tanning response in dark skin, but not in fair skinned individuals. Infrared radiation produces erythema, which is probably a thermal effect. In this article we reviewed the available literature on the effects of ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and infrared radiation on the skin in regards to erythema and pigmentation. Much remains to be learned on the cutaneous effects of visible light and infrared radiation.
Special Education Hearing Officers: Balance and Bias

The use of a simple 50%-50% box score of decisions for parents and districts, respectively, is a false measure of the impartiality of hearing officers under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This analysis canvasses relevant structural factors that the stakeholders, the mass media, and the professional literature have failed to recognize both generally and systematically. These factors include IDEA amendments, regulatory revisions, Supreme Court decisions, lower court precedents, and state system changes that cumulatively suggest that a more nuanced view is both appropriate and necessary.
T-cell therapy targeting minor histocompatibility Ags for the treatment of leukemia and renal-cell carcinoma.

healthsciences The graft-versus-host (GvH) and graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) reactions that occur after MHC-identical allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) are mediated by T lymphocytes derived from the donor. We have previously shown that CD8 1 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for minor histocompatibility (H) Ags expressed in recipient hematopoietic cells, including leukemic cells, but not widely expressed in non-hematopoietic tissues, can be isolated from most MHC-identical transplant recipients [1]. These CTL lyse AML and ALL blasts in vitro, and can inhibit the engraftment of human AML stem cells in nonobese diabetic (NOD)/SCID mice [2]. CD8 1 CTL clones specific for tissue-restricted minor H-Ags represent potential therapeutic reagents for adoptive T-cell therapy, designed to selectively enhance the GvL effect without inducing GvHD. A Phase I trial has been initiated at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center to evaluate the safety and antileukemic efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapy with CD8 1 CTL clones specific for tissue-restricted minor H-Ags, in patients with advanced myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute leukemia who relapse after HCT from an MHCidentical donor. The CTL clones are generated from transplant recipients prospectively at the time of transplant, and characterized for tissue specificity and Class I MHC restriction. Sequencing of each clone’s uniquely rearranged T-cell receptor b -chain V-D-J region allows the design of PCR assays that facilitate in vivo tracking of adoptively transferred CTL. Upon post-transplant relapse, patients receive cytoreductive chemotherapy, followed by three infusions of minor H-Ag-specific CTL at an escalating dose. If no toxicity is observed, additional CTL infusions are administered at weekly intervals, followed by a 14-day course of low-dose IL-2. In concurrent laboratory studies, cDNA expression cloning is being used to identify the genes encoding the Ags recognized by the CTL clones used in T-cell therapy. Graft-versus-tumor effects are also observed after nonmyeloablative MHC-identical HCT for renal-cell carcinoma (RCC), and studies to investigate the specificity of effector cells involved have recently been initiated [3]. CD8 1 minor H-Ag-specific CTL clones have been isolated from RCC patients after nonmyeloablative HCT. Several CTL clones lyse RCC cell-lines in an MHCrestricted fashion, suggesting that adoptive T-cell therapy targeting minor Ags expressed by RCC cells could be used to enhance the graft-versus-tumor effect after allogeneic HCT for metastatic RCC.
Responses to the Alpha, Beta, Gamma Change Typology: Cultural Resistance To Change

This article examines the manner in which the field of organization development has responded to the alpha, beta, gamma change typology of Golembiewski, Billingsley, and Yeager (1976a). The work of researchers investigating the concept is reviewed, and forces acting to limit its widespread application are identified. Finally, practical implications of the discipline's resistance to the concept are considered.
Maternal behavior of Belgian (Equus caballus) mares

Abstract The relationship between ten Belgian mares and their offspring was studied from the first day of foal life to 17 weeks of age. Mares and foals spent more time at greater distances from each other as foals matured. Mares exhibited the recumbency response, being in closer proximity to their foals when foals were recumbent than when they were upright. Foals initiated the majority of nursing bouts. Frequency and duration of nursing bouts and percentage of time resting recumbently declined as foals matured. Foals also terminated the their foals, and they were most likely to do so in the first month of foal life. Maternal initiation of nursing. There was usually no discernible foal response to maternal aggression. Little difference between maternal behavior directed towards colts and fillies was found for all aspects of the study. Maternal behavior in the Belgian draft horse was similar to that reported for other equid breeds.
A Tale of Three Tails: Cryptic Speciation in a Globally Distributed Marine Fish of the Genus Seriola

Genetic data are increasingly being applied to re-evaluate past taxonomic hypotheses and better understand the evolutionary patterns and connectivity among regional populations of cosmopolitan species. This is of particular importance for heavily exploited, commercially important species. The phylogenetic structure of the Yellowtail Jack, Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833, was investigated using genetic data from 42 individuals collected from California, the Pacific coast of Baja California (Mexico), the Gulf of California (Mexico), New Zealand, Japan, South Africa, and Chile. An analysis using S. dumerili as an outgroup and combining the sequences of two mitochondrial genes (CR and COI) and four nuclear genes (RAG2, EHHADH, UBE3A, MLL) was used to determine the level of genetic divergence among samples from different geographic regions. Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses utilizing combined mitochondrial gene (mtDNA) or nuclear gene (nucDNA) data supported the existence of multiple regionally restricted clades with mtDNA analysis identifying four major clades and nucDNA supporting three. Both mtDNA and nucDNA trees were very similar in topology, which was reflected in the combined total evidence phylogram. These clades were highly supported with Bayesian posterior and bootstrap probabilities ranging from 90 to 100 percent for the three major clades that were recovered in both mtDNA and nucDNA trees. These clades represent regionally specific specimens collected from the 1) Northeast Pacific, 2) Northwest Pacific, and 3) Southern Hemisphere. Morphometric analysis (MDS and ANOSIM) of available meristic data on the number of soft dorsal-fin rays, anal-fin rays, and total number of gill rakers separated specimens among the three regions identified by genetic analysis (P = 0.05). Based on the phylogenetic structure within this taxonomic unit as evidenced by genetic data and significant meristic differences among these regional lineages, we conclude that three cryptic species currently bear the name Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833. We propose the resurrection of two currently available names based on nomenclatural priority. The Northwest Pacific species name should revert to Seriola aureovittata Temminck and Schlegel (1845) (type locality Japan), and the Northeast Pacific species to Seriola dorsalis Gill (1863) (type locality Cabo San Lucas, Mexico). Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833 (type locality Brazil) should apply only to the species in the Southern Hemisphere.
Score certificate numbers of upset tournaments

A score certificate for a tournament, T, is a collection of arcs of T which can be uniquely completed to a tournament with the same score-list as T's, and the score certificate number of T is the least number of arcs in a score certificate of T. Lower and upper bounds, which differ by at most 2, are established for the score certificate numbers of the class of upset tournaments.
A Hydrogeologic Study to Optimize Steamflood Performance in a Giant Oilfield: Kern River Field, California

The stratigraphic interval above the Round Mountain formation in the Kern River field contains four confined aquifers. Two of these confined aquifers are composed of sandstones in the main and transition zones of the Santa Margarita formation, and the remaining two are composed of sandstones in the lower and middle zones of the Chanac Formation. Above the confined aquifers is one regional, mainly unconfined aquifer in sandstones of the upper Chanac Formation and lower zones (U-lower K2) of the Kern River Formation. This unconfined aquifer is overlain by several perched aquifers in sandstones of the upper zones (upper K2-C) of the Kern River Formation. Oil production in the Kern River field is from sandstones comprising the unconfined and perched aquifers in the Kern River Formation and is greatly facilitated by steamflood operations. Flow between the various zones of the Kern River Formation and from underlying formations used for water disposal may provide unwanted pressure support for the steamed intervals, resulting in poor steamflood performance. Results of our study suggest that a water management program designed to remove and dispose of excess water from the producing zones will increase steamflood efficiency. The overall dip of the potentiometric surface in the regional unconfined aquifer and the smaller perched aquifers is westward and parallels the structural dip of the beds. Widespread fluid depletion in zones along the updip edge of the field, and the absence of a potentiometric gradient showing flow outward from the Kern River, suggest minimal groundwater recharge from natural sources. These observations suggest that fluids move downdip by gravity drainage from a closed volume, with significant removal of fluids by producing operations causing an overall decline in pressure in the unconfined aquifer. These findings are highly favorable for the implementation of a water management program designed to pump out and dispose of water from the producing zones.
A Cognitive Approach to Intrusion Detection

The VMSoar project at Pace University is building a cognitive agent for cybersecurity. The project's objective is to create an intelligent agent that can model and understand the activities of users who are on the network, and that can communicate with network administrators in English to alert them to illegal or suspicious activities. VMSoar can understand users' activities because it is capable of performing these activities itself. It knows how to perform both legal and illegal activities, and uses this knowledge to explore simulations of the activity on a network. It can also probe information stored on a machine to assess the legality of past activity. Research in cybersecurity is difficult is due to the extremely large amount of data that must be analyzed to detect illegal activities. In addition, new exploits are developed frequently. Most current projects in this area are attempting to build some level of intelligence into their systems; however, those projects are focusing primarily on statistical data mining approaches. The VMSoar project is unique in its approach to building an intelligent security agent. The VMSoar agent is based on Soar, a mature cognitive architecture that is used in universities and corporations around the world
Common Features of Professional Development Activities for Mathematics and Science Teachers.

This study examines professional development activities provided for mathematics and science teachers in the National Science Foundation’s Math and Science Partnership Program by analyzing a cross‐sectional sample of over 2000 professional development (PD) activities in the program. Data were gathered from secondary source documents and surveys to examine core and structural features of professional development offerings (i.e. form, collective participation, content, duration and outcomes). The results from this sample of PD activities for mathematics and science teachers were mixed. There was evidence of research‐based practices, including the collective participation by teachers at the same grade levels, a focus on content‐specific training and sufficient duration. However, courses and workshops continued as the dominant form of PD delivery, there are few measures used to assess the PD activities, and the partnerships did not connect PD efforts for mathematics and science teachers with classroom practic...
Condylar growth gradients: possible mechanism for spiral or arcial growth of the mandible.

Abstract No Abstract Available. From the department of Orthodontics Dental School, University of Maryland and the Department of Anatomy, Tufts University School of Medicine.
Using Provocative Discography and Computed Tomography to Select Patients with Refractory Discogenic Low Back Pain for Lumbar Fusion Surgery.

Background Context Controversy remains over the use of provocative discography in conjunction with computed tomography (CT) to locate symptomatic intervertebral discs in patients with chronic, low back pain (LBP). The current study explores the relationship between discogenic pain and disc morphology using discography and CT, respectively, and investigates the efficacy of this combined method in identifying surgical candidates for lumbar fusion by evaluating outcomes. Methods 43 consecutive patients between 2006 and 2013 who presented with refractory low back pain and underwent discography and CT were enrolled in the study. For this study, "refractory LBP" was defined as pain symptoms that persisted or worsened after 6 months of non-operative treatments. Concordant pain was defined as discography-provoked LBP of similar character and location with an intensity of ≥ 8/10. Fusion candidates demonstrated positive-level discography and concordant annular tears on CT at no more than two contiguous levels, and at least one negative control disc with intact annulus. Surgical outcomes were statistically analyzed using Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Short Form-36 (SF-36) for back-related pain and disability preoperatively, and 2 weeks, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. Results Annular tears were found in 87 discs. Concordant pain was reported by 9 (20.9%) patients at L3-L4, 21 (50.0%) at L4-L5, and 34 (82.9%) at L5-S1; pain occurred significantly more often in discs with annular tears than those without (p<0.001). Painless discs were independent of annulus status (p=0.90). 18 (42%) of the original 43 patients underwent lumbar fusion at L3-L4 (n=1(6%)), L4-L5 (n=6 (33%)), L5-S1 (n=5 (28%)), and two-level L4-S1 (n=6 (33%)) via a minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MITLIF) approach with the aim to replace the nucleus pulposus with bone graft material. Median follow-up time was 18 months (range: 12-78 months). VAS, ODI, and SF-36 scores demonstrated significant improvements at 10 out of 12 postoperative time points compared with preoperative baseline. Conclusions Lumbar discography with post-discography CT can be an effective method to evaluate patients with discogenic back pain refractory to non-operative treatments. Those patients with one- or two-level high concordant pain scores with associated annular tears and negative control disc represent good surgical candidates for lumbar interbody spinal fusion.
Effects of Sediment Removal on Prairie Pothole Wetland Plant Communities in North Dakota

ABSTRACT This study assessed the effects of sediment removal on Prairie Pothole Region wetland plant communities in North Dakota in order to determine if this management tool improves vegetation structure that benefits wildlife. Three categories of seasonal wetlands were evaluated: reference condition, converted cropland, and excavated. Vegetation surveys were conducted in the wet meadow and shallow marsh zones of 39 seasonal wetlands located in Benson, Eddy, Towner, and Wells Counties, North Dakota. Visual obstruction readings were taken at various heights in order to assess habitat quality. There were no geographic differences in the reference wetland plant communities. However, there were significant treatment differences between the plant communities of the wet meadow and shallow marsh zones. In general, excavated wetlands showed vegetation trends similar to reference wetlands, whereas the converted cropland wetlands tended to be more cattail-choked. Visual obstruction scores and mean percent cover of...
A Neglected Mechanism of Social Movement Political Influence: The Role of Anticorporate and Anti-Institutional Protest in Changing Government Policy

Studies of the impact of social movements on government policy usually assume that the most effective strategy to win a reform is to directly pressure the elected politicians responsible for its legislation and implementation. We highlight an alternative, less intuitive way in which movements can exert political influence: by targeting the corporate and institutional adversaries of their proposed reforms. Such targeting can undermine their adversaries’ ability or commitment to oppose the changes, thus relaxing the contrary pressure applied to politicians and reducing the resistance within government to progressive reform. We support this proposition by highlighting five instances in which mass pressure applied to institutional adversaries contributed to government policy change. Our analysis demonstrates that mass protest targeting large institutions whose leaders are not elected can be an effective and even primary strategy for compelling elected officials to enact and implement progressive policy change.
DEVELOPING AN EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION FOR DIRECT DYE MIXTURES ON CELLULOSE

An equilibrium.equation has been developed to correlate data for direct dye/cotton systems containing single dyes, mixtures of two dyes, and cotton fibers containing carboxyl groups. The data for D...
Structural colors: from natural to artificial systems

Abstract Structural coloration has attracted great interest from scientists and engineers in recent years, owing to fascination with various brilliant examples displayed in nature as well as to promising applications of bio-inspired functional photonic structures and materials. Much research has been done to reveal and emulate the physical mechanisms that underlie the structural colors found in nature. In this article, we review the fundamental physics of many natural structural colors displayed by living organisms as well as their bio-inspired artificial counterparts, with emphasis on their connections, tunability strategies, and proposed applications, which aim to maximize the technological benefits one could derive from these photonic nanostructures. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:758-775. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1396 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Leptospirosis: preventing a complex and elusive disease

LEPTOSPIROSIS remains a challenging disease to the veterinary profession, and particularly to the small animal practitioner. Although leptospirosis was discovered in people nearly 100 years ago, is known to have a worldwide distribution, is of zoonotic significance and has been documented in dozens of mammalian species (Adler and de la Pena Moctezuma 2010), it is perhaps surprising how much we have still to learn about many aspects of this disease. Harboured in multiple wildlife reservoir hosts, thus ensuring the organism cannot be eradicated, the pathogenic spirochete has extensive genetic diversity. This heterogeneity contributes to the varied severity and presentation of clinical signs, and complicates taxonomic classification of the infective organism. Just as a full knowledge of its pathophysiology evades our mental grasp, the bacteria seek to evade a host's immune response by downregulating several outer membrane proteins (Haake and Matsunaga 2010). The host's humoral response, in the form of agglutinating antibodies, has been used for many years to help identify and group antigenically related strains. Culture of urine or blood remains the gold standard to identify infection, but growing the organism is difficult. The serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola have been most associated with canine infections in North America and Europe for many years, and vaccines with these serovars have been the mainstay of protection for over 40 years. Maintained in murine and …