cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical proteomic identification of functional cysteines with atypical electrophile reactivities

Cysteine-directed covalent ligands have emerged as a versatile category of chemical probes and drugs that leverage thiol nucleophilicity to form permanent adducts with proteins of interest. Understanding the scope of cysteines that can be targeted by covalent ligands, as well as the types of electrophiles that engage these residues, represent important challenges for fully realizing the potential of cysteine-directed chemical probe discovery. Although chemical proteomic strategies have begun to address these important questions, only a limited number of electrophilic chemotypes have been explored to date. Here, we describe a diverse set of candidate electrophiles appended to a common core 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline fragment and evaluate their global cysteine reactivity profiles in human cancer cell proteomes. This work uncovered atypical reactivity patterns for a discrete set of cysteines, including residues involved in enzymatic catalysis and located in proximity to protein-protein interactions. These findings thus point to potentially preferred electrophilic groups for site-selectively targeting functional cysteines in the human proteome.
Projected Wasserstein gradient descent for high-dimensional Bayesian inference.

We propose a projected Wasserstein gradient descent method (pWGD) for high-dimensional Bayesian inference problems. The underlying density function of a particle system of WGD is approximated by kernel density estimation (KDE), which faces the long-standing curse of dimensionality. We overcome this challenge by exploiting the intrinsic low-rank structure in the difference between the posterior and prior distributions. The parameters are projected into a low-dimensional subspace to alleviate the approximation error of KDE in high dimensions. We formulate a projected Wasserstein gradient flow and analyze its convergence property under mild assumptions. Several numerical experiments illustrate the accuracy, convergence, and complexity scalability of pWGD with respect to parameter dimension, sample size, and processor cores.
Long-Range Wireless Frequency Synchronization for Distributed Phased Arrays

We demonstrate wireless frequency synchronization of separate wireless systems over a 90 m distance using a microwave system supporting joint frequency transfer and localization. Wireless frequency synchronization represents one of the basic coordination requirements in coherent distributed phased arrays. When combined with inter-node ranging, frequency synchronization enables separate nodes to implement distributed beamforming for various applications. We build on a novel spectrally-sparse two-tone ranging waveform combined with a self-mixing receiver circuit that demodulates a frequency reference from the two-tone separation and is used to synchronize the local oscillator. Measurements conducted outdoors demonstrate basic synchronization between two wireless systems, providing a framework for future distributed beamforming with widely separated nodes.
Uma análise das histórias dos Tribunais de Crimes de Massa: Introdução a Writing History in International Criminal Trials

Why do international criminal tribunals write histories of the origins and causes of armed conflicts? Based on original empirical research with judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys and expert witnesses in three international criminal tribunals, Writing History in International Criminal Trials, book here introduced, seeks to understand how law and history are combined in the courtroom. Historical testimony is now an integral part of international trials, with prosecutors and defense teams using background testimony to pursue decidedly legal objectives. In the Slobodan Milosevic trial, the prosecution sought to demonstrate special intent to commit genocide by reference to a long-standing animus, nurtured within a nationalist mindset. For their part, the defense called historical witnesses to undermine charges of superior responsibility, and to mitigate the sentence by representing crimes as reprisals. Although legal ways of knowing are distinct from those of history, the two are effectively combined in international trials in a way that challenges us to rethink the relationship between law and history.
Evaluation & Management of COVID-19 in Pregnancy: Treating COVID-19 in pregnant patients brings extra challenges, risks

The article offers information on the evaluation and treatment of COVID-19 in pregnant patients Topics include the effectiveness of rapid antigen and polymerase chain reaction tests, the clinical signs of COVID-19 in pregnant women including respiratory symptoms such as pharyngitis, and decreased oxygen saturation, and the guidelines for the use of COVID-19 therapies, including remdesivir, and immunomodulators for pregnant patients
Cylindroma (Dermal Analog Tumor) of the Breast

We compared 4 breast cylindromas with 50 dermal cylindromas and 8 adenoid cystic breast carcinomas. Except for a modest increase in the number of eccrine ducts and reactive Langerhans cells in dermal cylindromas, breast and dermal cylindromas showed identical histologic and immunohistochemical features. Both were characterized by epithelial islands containing central basaloid cells and peripheral myoepithelial cells surrounded by a thickened, continuous, periodic acid–Schiff–positive basement membrane that was immunoreactive for collagen IV. Clusters of sebaceous cells and a few eccrine ducts are described in breast cylindromas. Cytokeratin 7 labeled predominantly the central basaloid cells, and smooth muscle actin stained peripheral myoepithelial cells in breast and dermal cylindromas. Eccrine ducts were highlighted by epithelial membrane antigen and carcinoembryonic antigen. S-100 protein and CD1a showed a variable number of dendritic Langerhans cells. Cylindromas of the breast and skin did not express cytokeratin 20, gross cystic disease fluid protein 15, or estrogen or progesterone receptor. Breast cylindroma might be confused with the solid variant of adenoid cystic carcinoma, especially in needle core biopsy specimens, because they share nodular and trabecular patterns, basaloid cells, myoepithelial cells, eccrine ducts, and hyaline globules of basement membrane material. However, adenoid cystic carcinoma displays an infiltrative growth pattern, cytologic atypia, and mitotic figures and lacks the continuous, thickened basement membrane.
On the Hodograph Method in Magnetogasdynamics

R Yur'ev 1 discussed the Chaplygin-type equations in magnetogasdynamics. Mathematically speaking, the hodograph method tacitly has been introduced in magnetogasdynamics. The object of this paper is to obtain such an equation in the form of a function ^ representing the streamlines for the plane motion of an electrically conducting, compressible, steady flow with infinite conductivity in the presence of a magnetic field, co-linear with linear momentum of the flow. I t is shown that the flow is essentially similar to the ordinary perfect flow in gasdynamics with an appropriate pressure-density relation. Taniuti has independently found the basic equation for plane flows without making the assumption of small perturbations, showing that a discontinuity surface can occur in slow subsonic flow if the magnetic field is of adequate strength. Taniuti's equation is extended to the general case of threedimensional flow by Imai. Moreover, in Refs. 3 and 4 the hodograph method has not been explicitly introduced. In communications between the present author and Prof. W. R. Sears, there have been more explicit introductions of the hodograph method in magnetogasdynamics, but these are as yet unpublished. However, the work in this paper was developed by the author independently at the same time.
Optimal Management of Barrett Esophagus with High Grade Dysplasia

The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has risen by six-fold proportions from 1975 to 2001 within the United States.1 Barrett esophagus (BE) with biopsy-proven high-grade dysplasia (HGD) is the strongest risk factor for progression to carcinoma.2 Traditionally, this condition has been managed by esophagectomy, due to the concern of occult malignancy, estimated at approximately 40%.3,4 However, a more recent systematic literature analysis found that, although the frequency of occult cancer occurring within esophagectomy specimens in patients with HGD is about 39.9%, most of these patients had superficial cancers limited to the mucosa. In fact, the rate of invasive cancer, defined by at least submucosal invasion, was only 12.7%.5 Esophagectomy has also traditionally performed for BE with intramucosal carcinoma (IMC), despite a relatively low incidence of lymph node metastasis (less than 1%) associated with, T1a (non-invasive) disease.6,7 Additionally, the morbidity and mortality of esophagectomy are still significant even in high volume centers, a factor that should be considered when selecting therapy for a disease that may be cured with less aggressive therapy.8,9
Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and child attention problems at 3–7 years

Abstract Introduction Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) comprise a class of halogenated compounds used extensively as flame retardant chemicals in consumer products resulting in nearly ubiquitous human exposure. Mounting evidence suggests that PBDEs are developmental neurotoxicants; however, associations between early life exposure and child behavior have been largely limited to a single developmental time point. Methods The study population consists primarily of white, black and Chinese women who were pregnant on 11 September 2001 and delivered at 1 of 3 downtown New York City hospitals. Maternal–child pairs were followed through age 7 years. Cord blood was collected at delivery and PBDE plasma levels for 210 samples were analyzed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Child Behavior Checklist, a validated maternal-report instrument used for assessing child behavior, was administered annually between the ages of 3 and 7 years. We analyzed the association between natural log-transformed and dichotomized (low vs. high) PBDEs and attention problems using multivariable adjusted negative binomial regression. Results We detected 4 PBDE congeners in more than 50% of samples, with concentrations highest for BDE-47 (median ± IQR: 11.2 ± 19.6 ng/g). In adjusted analyses, we detected associations between BDE-47 (1.21, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.47), and BDE-153 (1.18, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.39) in cord plasma and increased attention problems among children at age 4 (n = 109) but not 6 (n = 107) years. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate a positive trend between prenatal PBDE exposure and early childhood attention problems, and are consistent with previous research reporting associations between prenatal PBDE exposure and disrupted child behaviors.
High‐Resolution 3D Imaging and Material Analysis with Transmission X‐ray Microscopy and Nano‐CT

Lens-based x-ray microscopy and nano-CT is a relatively new approach for imaging and characterizing nanostructures. To date, tens of nanometer resolution in 2D and 3D is routinely achieved with both commercial laboratory systems and instruments based at synchrotron radiation facilities. The nondestructive nature of the technique makes it particularly well suited for in situ studies on dynamic behavior of nanostructures while in or near their real operation conditions. With the use of tunable synchrotron x-ray sources, the elemental and certain chemical compositions can also be mapped accurately in 3D with 1%-level sensitivity. This paper provides an introduction to this technique with examples in several application areas. Keywords: x-ray microscopy; TXM; nano-CT; XANES; Fresnel zone plate
Feminism and Religion in Alifa Rifaat's Short Stories

When one speaks of feminism in so-called Third World countries, one must be careful not to confound it with Western conceptions of feminism. This statement is especially relevant when applied to feminism in Arab countries, and particularly when it comes to feminist writers in Egypt, an Arab country which had seen a major feminist movement emerge in the latter part of the nineteenth century and acquire true recognition in the past fifty years or so. : Following in the path of such women as the founder of the Egyptian Feminist Union, Huda Sha'rawi (1879-1947), women writers in Egypt have constantly struggled to obtain an identity of their own. This quest for an identity has, for the most part, limited itself to finding an identity for women in Arab societies within the boundaries of the Islamic tradition.
Automatic Identification of a Particular Vertebra in the Spinal Column Using Surface-Based Registration

In this work, we register vertebral points collected in physical space to spinal column surfaces extracted from computed tomography images. The vertebral points are taken from a single vertebra to represent the region of surgical interest. The surface is automatically extracted using an iso-intensity-based algorithm and thus contains multiple vertebrae. This work introduces an enhancement to currently existing methods of intra-operative vertebral registration by allowing the portion of the spinal column surface that correctly matches a set of physical vertebral points to be automatically selected from several possible choices. We find the correct portion of the surface by registering the set of physical points to multiple surface areas, including all vertebral surfaces that potentially match the physical point set. We then compute the standard deviation of the surface error for the set of points registered to each vertebral surface that is a possible match, and the registration that corresponds to the lowest standard deviation designates the correct match. We have performed our current experiments on two plastic spine phantoms.
Dissociation, Reaggregation, and Subunit Structure Studies of Some Human γM-Globulins

Abstract Reduction of γM-globulins with various mercaptans produces 8 S subunits. Upon removal of the mercaptan, variable degrees of reaggregation of these subunits take place, depending on the particular γM-globulin and the dissociating mercaptan reagent used. The presence of imidazole or methionine inhibits the extent of reaggregation. The 8 S subunit remaining after removal of the mercaptan appears to be a mixed disulfide of the protein and has a molecular weight near 200,000. It persists in this form at pH 4 and in 6 m guanidine. Extensive alkylation of reduced protein gives a subunit which readily loses light (L) chain components. The molecular weight of this reduced-alkylated protein is near 160,000. It is partially dissociated into heavy (H) and L chains at pH 4 and completely so in 6 m guanidine. L chain protein formed at pH 4 in the absence of guanidine may be readily crystallized. The L and H chains have molecular weights near 22,500 and 66,000, respectively, in 6 m guanidine. Molecular weight data indicate that a 1,000,000 mol wt γM-globulin is composed of five subunits of mol wt 200,000. These subunits appear to consist of three L chains and two H chains, and the purified reduced-alkylated subunit, of one L chain and two H chains.
Reactions to antipneumococcal rabbit serum: XI. Neutralization of circulating polysaccharide by serial small increments of specific antiserum without producing reversed passive anaphylaxis. XII. Neutralization of polysaccharide prevents acute anaphylaxis from normally shocking doses of antiserum. XIII. Reinjection of an excess of polysaccharide resensitizes guinea pigs to normally shocking doses of antiserum

Summary 1.Circulating pneumococcal polysaccharide can be neutralized in vivo by serial small increments of type-specific antiserum without producing anaphylactic shock. 2.When circulating polysaccharide has been neutralized, guinea pigs tolerate normally shocking doses of antiserum without obvious reversed passive anaphylaxis. 3.Additional evidence is offered to support the belief that circulating polysaccharide mediates reversed passive anaphylaxis to type-specific antipneumococcal rabbit serum. 4.Circulating polysaccharide should be determined before therapeutic antiserum is given to pneumonia patients. If present, the circulating polysaccharide should be neutralized by small serial doses of antiserum, given slowly, before therapeutic doses are given.
Effects of Temperature on Activation, Germination, and Outgrowth of Bacillus megaterium Spores

The effects of temperature on the activation, glucose-induced germination, and outgrowth of Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 spores were investigated. There was no evidence for discontinuities in the response of spores to temperature in these processes reflecting reported thermal anomalies in the physical structure of water. Increasing the temperature of heat activation (aqueous suspensions, 5 min) increased the germinability of spores. Activation, as measured by extent of germination, was optimal after heating at 62 to 78 C, and the rate of spore germination was maximal after heat activation at 64 to 68 C. Increasing the temperature of activation above 68 C depressed the germination rate and increased the time lag before this rate was reached. Germination occurred over a wide range of temperatures, but was optimal between 28 and 38 C. The highest rate of germination was at 38 C; at lower incubation temperatures, the maximum attained rate was lower and the lag in attaining this rate was extended. Outgrowth (postgerminative development through the first cell division) of the germinated spores in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) occurred in at least two phases-a temperature-dependent lag phase followed by a relatively temperature-independent phase of maximum outgrowth rate, during which increase in optical density was a linear function of time. Outgrowth time (time required for doubling of the initial optical density), essentially dependent on the time for completion of the lag phase, was shortest at temperatures between 34 and 40 C. The temperature-dependent lag phase was completed in a rich medium (e.g., BHI) but not in the glucose germination medium, suggesting that the endogenous reserves of the germinated spore were inadequate to support the metabolic synthetic events occurring during this period.
Down Syndrome and Malignancies: A Unique Clinical Relationship: A Paper from the 2008 William Beaumont Hospital Symposium on Molecular Pathology

The patterns of malignancies in Down syndrome (DS) are unique and highlight the relationship between chromosome 21 and cancer. DS children have a ∼10- to 20-fold higher risk for developing acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), as compared with non-DS children, although they do not have a uniformly increased risk of developing solid tumors. DS children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia frequently experience higher levels of treatment-related toxicity and inferior event-free survival rates, as compared with non-DS children. DS children also develop AML with unique features and have a 500-fold increased risk of developing the AML subtype, acute megakaryocytic leukemia (AMkL; M7). Nearly 10% of DS newborns are diagnosed with a variant of AMkL, the transient myeloproliferative disorder, which can resolve spontaneously without treatment; event-free survival rates for DS patients with AMkL ranges from 80% to 100%, in comparison with
Studies of Model Catalysts with Well-Defined Surfaces Combining Ultrahigh Vacuum Surface Characterization with Medium- and High-Pressure Kinetics

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the studies of model catalysts with well-defined surfaces combining ultrahigh vacuum surface characterization with medium- and high-pressure kinetics. A “model catalyst” approach has generally been adopted, whereby well-defined surfaces are prepared (usually starting from a single crystal) that are very homogeneous in surface structure and chemical composition. Through comparison of the activity and selectivity of a series of such model catalysts with controlled changes in detailed surface structure, a fundamental understanding of structure-function relationships in the surface chemistry of catalysis is beginning to evolve. This chapter reviews (1) the apparatus design considerations for experiments of this type, (2) the results that have been obtained thus far using this model catalyst approach in combined pressure-vacuum experiments, and discusses the future of this area of research. Because of the inherent surface heterogeneity of practical catalysts, many types of experiment are preferably performed over the homogeneous surfaces of model catalysts.
Comparison of effects of glucagon and valinomycin on rat liver mitochondria and cells.

It has been shown previously that treatment of rats with glucagon, epinephrine, or cortisol alters the mitochondria of the liver so that the isolated organelles utilize pyruvate at an accelerated rate as measured by disappearance, decarboxylation, or carboxylation of pyruvate. It is reported here that valinomycin added at approximately 10 nM to isolated mitochondria partially mimicked these hormone treatments by stimulating carboxylation and decarboxylation of pyruvate. Valinomycin added in concentrations several times greater than those required for stimulation inhibited carboxylation, apparent1y by depleting mitochondrial ATP, but these same high levels continued to stimulate decarboxylation. The stimulations by this antibiotic were not duplicated by dinitrophenol, suggesting that they depend on the ability of valinomycin to act as an ionophore rather than as an uncoupler. Although similar, the mitochondrial stimulations resulting from treatment with glucagon and addition of valinomycin were additive, suggesting nonidentity of their mechanisms. In another action that resembled that of glucagon, valinomycin (10 nM) stimulated glucose synthesis from lactate in isolated liver cells. This effect of valinomycin was shown not to be mediated through the agency of adenosine cyclic 39,59-monophosphate.
Microwave bandpass filters using series-cascaded sections of microstrip line

A quarter-wavelength-coupled filter with prescribed frequency response is presented which uses a novel configuration of series-cascaded microstrip lines as its resonating components. Design equations are obtained from ABCD parameters, with approximations taken to account for the double resonance characteristics of the filter's constituent networks. Experimental and theoretical results agree closely.
The Development of Corporate Financial Markets in Britain and the United States, 1600–1914: Overcoming Asymmetric Information

In the following article, Professor Baskin traces the evolution of corporate finance from its beginnings among the British trading companies to its modern transformation in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century. He argues that deductive theoretical analyses based on perfect capital markets cannot always explain actual historical developments, and that financial history generally has not received sufficient attention from either economic theorists or historians. Professor Baskin suggests that financial markets developed as they did largely as a result of efforts to minimize the problems created by the asymmetry of information between company insiders and potential investors.
MICHAL BIRAN, Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State in Central Asia (Richmond, Surrey, U.K.: Curzon, 1997). Pp. 208. $75.00 cloth.

Michal Biran fills an important gap in research on the 13th-century Mongol empire with her recent study of Qaidu (1236–1301), a great-grandson of Chinggis Khan and champion of the house of Ogodei. Characterizing Qaidu as a pragmatist, not an “ideological warrior” (p. 107), she challenges the conventional view that he was one of the quintessential defenders of nomadic values against the sedentarizing ethos of other Mongol rulers, and that he claimed the office of qa⊂an (supreme Mongol overlord). The work argues that his long struggle with Qubilai and his ruling career in Central Asia had two main goals: to restore to the Ogodeid ulus its rightful territory according to the original division of the empire by Chinggis and to secure the political and economic viability of that territory. It concludes that Qaidu did not aspire to become the qa⊂an but played a crucial role in the emergence of an independent Chaghadaid khanate in the early 14th century.
Ideational apraxia: A deficit in tool selection and use

We report a 67-year-old left-handed man who exhibited an ideational apraxia in both clinical and nonclinical natural settings following a right hemisphere infarction. His inability to use tools could not be explained by a motor production deficit (ideomotor apraxia), because he made content errors and could not match tools with objects. His deficit could not be attributed to an agnosia or language comprehension deficit, because he could name tools and point to tools on command. Based on our testing, it appeared that this patient had a loss of knowledge related to tool use.
Placing the Cross in Colonial Mexico

In 1960 the May 3 feast of the Invention of the Holy Cross was removed from the liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church in order to reduce the number of major feasts and to focus devotion to the Holy Cross on September 14, the day commemorating its Exaltation. For many Mexicans, this change was more distressing than papal authorities had anticipated. People from various walks of life and places were not inclined to give up this favorite feast day, which they felt was a lifeline to well-being here and now and the promise of salvation hereafter. For them it was an essential practice, not a vestigial one. Workers in the building trades were conspicuous dissenters. Virtually every construction site in Mexico must have its protective cross, to be decorated and honored on May 3. And communities all over Mexico, especially in rural towns and villages, celebrated the day by decorating their special crosses in public and private places, attending mass, praying for rain and an abundant harvest, and celebrating with food, drink, fireworks, music, and dancing. For many, it was the only Day of the Holy Cross they had known. To steer clear of a prolonged dispute over popular traditions of faith, Mexican bishops successfully appealed to Rome for May 3 to remain a major feast there.
(R,R)‐2,3‐Butanediol and (s)‐pinanediol allylboronates in chiral synthesis of (2S,3S)‐3‐methyl‐5‐hexen‐2‐ol

(R,R)-Butanediol (dichloromethyl)boronate (1) with 1 equiv. allylmagnesium halide yields (R,R)-2,3-butanediol (1S)-(1-chloro-3-butenyl)boronate (3) together with the diallylated product (R,R)-2,3-butanediol (1-allyl-3-butenyl)boronate (4). The formation of 4 is unprecedented in reactions of α-chloroboronic esters with Grignard reagents. With methylmagnesium bromide 3yielded (R,R)-2,3-butanediol (1S)-(1-methyl-3-butenyl)boronate (5), which failed to hydrolyze with water. Hydrolysis of 3 yielded impure α-chloroboronic acid, which was esterified with pinacol and treated with methylmagnesium bromide to form 6, which with (dichloromethyl)lithium followed by methylmagnesium bromide yielded diastereomeric boronic esters 7 and 8. Oxidation by hydrogen peroxide yielded (2S,3S)- and (2R,3S)-3-methyl-5-hexen-2-ol (9 and 10, ees unknown). Treatment of (s)-pinanediol allylboronate (11) with (dichloromethyl)lithium at −100°C followed by zinc chloride at up to 25°C has proceeded in the normal way to form (s)-pinanediol (1S)-(1-chloro-3-butenyl)-boronate (12), which has been elaborated via 13, 14, and 15 to (2S,3S)-3-methyl-5-hexen-2-ol (9) in 95% de.
Cytokine-mediated Induction of Ceramide Production Is Redox-sensitive: IMPLICATIONS TO PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE-MEDIATED APOPTOSIS IN DEMYELINATING DISEASES

The present study underlines the importance of reactive oxygen species in cytokine-mediated degradation of sphingomyelin (SM) to ceramide. Treatment of rat primary astrocytes with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or interleukin-1beta led to marked alteration in cellular redox (decrease in intracellular GSH) and rapid degradation of SM to ceramide. Interestingly, pretreatment of astrocytes with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant and efficient thiol source for glutathione, prevented cytokine-induced decrease in GSH and degradation of sphingomyelin to ceramide, whereas treatment of astrocytes with diamide, a thiol-depleting agent, alone caused degradation of SM to ceramide. Moreover, potent activation of SM hydrolysis and ceramide generation were observed by direct addition of an oxidant like hydrogen peroxide or a prooxidant like aminotriazole. Similar to NAC, pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, another antioxidant, was also found to be a potent inhibitor of cytokine-induced degradation of SM to ceramide indicating that cytokine-induced hydrolysis of sphingomyelin is redox-sensitive. Besides astrocytes, NAC also blocked cytokine-mediated ceramide production in rat primary oligodendrocytes, microglia, and C6 glial cells. Inhibition of TNF-alpha- and diamide-mediated depletion of GSH, elevation of ceramide level, and DNA fragmentation (apoptosis) in primary oligodendrocytes by NAC, and observed depletion of GSH, elevation of ceramide level, and apoptosis in banked human brains from patients with neuroinflammatory diseases (e.g. X-adrenoleukodystrophy and multiple sclerosis) suggest that the intracellular level of GSH may play a critical role in the regulation of cytokine-induced generation of ceramide leading to apoptosis of brain cells in these diseases.
EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL CUEING AND DECISION TYPE FOR IMPROVING RETENTION OF TECHNICAL TEXT

This study investigated the effects of structural cueing (color or no color) and decision level (rote or semantic) on students' verbatim retention of technical prose. Structural cueing represented the assimilation of encoding hypothesis for improving memory, and decision tasks represented the distinctiveness of encoding hypothesis for promoting deep processing. Subjects read an article on a microcomputer monitor in which either color‐coding or white‐only print was used to represent the structural importance among ideas in each paragraph and then, subsequent to each paragraph, responded to either rote memory or semantic memory decision statements. Results of a free written recall measure using a two‐factor analysis of covariance, revealed significant differences between students' retention on decision type but no differences based on color cueing. That is, students who responded to semantic level decision statements recalled more of the text than those who responded to the rote level decision statements. T...
Political-Ecology Perspectives on New World Loza (Majolica)

Political ecology, with its focus on twenty-first century power relations and resource access, also provides a perspective on commodity production in the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century emergent global economy. The focus here is on majolica pottery (tin-enameled ware; loza) and the spread of its technology from Spain to the Americas. Topics discussed include: the formation of business clusters and cluster regions, and their shifting patterns of decline, survival, and adaptability; access to resources used in making the vessels, the enamel, and decorative pigments (especially cobalt); the role of Muslim artisans; and the sources of innovation and entrepreneurship in loza production.
Impact of Incidental Amyloidosis on the Prognosis of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Undergoing Septal Myectomy for Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction

To determine the impact of amyloid on the prognosis of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC), we reviewed outcomes of patients who underwent septal myectomy for HC from March 7, 1996, to October 9, 2012, with amyloid deposits identified in operative specimens. Amyloid subtypes were differentiated by mass spectrometry–based proteomics. The survival rate was compared with that of an age-matched population (2:1) without amyloid who underwent septal myectomy for HC. Sixteen patients (mean age ± SD 71 ± 8 years; 12 men) met study criteria. All 16 had intraventricular peak systolic gradients reduced intraoperatively from 105 ± 53 mm Hg to 3 ± 7 mm Hg (p
The transcriptional repressor ID2 can interact with the canonical clock components CLOCK and BMAL1 and mediate inhibitory effects on mPer1 expression.

ID2 is a rhythmically expressed HLH transcriptional repressor. Deletion of Id2 in mice results in circadian phenotypes, highlighted by disrupted locomotor activity rhythms and an enhanced photoentrainment response. ID2 can suppress the transactivation potential of the positive elements of the clock, CLOCK-BMAL1, on mPer1 and clock-controlled gene (CCG) activity. Misregulation of CCGs is observed in Id2−/− liver, and mutant mice exhibit associated alterations in lipid homeostasis. These data suggest that ID2 contributes to both input and output components of the clock and that this may be via interaction with the bHLH clock proteins CLOCK and BMAL1. The aim of the present study was to explore this potential interaction. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis revealed the capability of ID2 to complex with both CLOCK and BMAL1, and mammalian two-hybrid analysis revealed direct interactions of ID2, ID1 and ID3 with CLOCK and BMAL1. Deletion of the ID2 HLH domain rendered ID2 ineffective at inhibiting CLOCK-BMAL1 transactivation, suggesting that interaction between the proteins is via the HLH region. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed overlapping localization of ID2 with CLOCK and BMAL1 in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of CLOCK and BMAL1 in the presence of ID2 resulted in a significant reduction in their nuclear localization, revealing that ID2 can sequester CLOCK and BMAL1 to the cytoplasm. Serum stimulation of Id2−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts resulted in an enhanced induction of mPer1 expression. These data provide the basis for a molecular mechanism through which ID2 could regulate aspects of both clock input and output through a time-of-day specific interaction with CLOCK and BMAL1.
Theoretical and Empirical Considerations for Estimating Capacity and Capacity Utilization in Commercial Fisheries

Capacity and capacity utilization within firms and industries historically has been an important consideration in economics. Their importance and application to fishery problems has increased considerably in recent years. Economic efficiency is often discussed in terms of optimum capacity. Supply responses are predicted on the basis of capacity for given changes in market and fish stock conditions. Comparisons of capacity with available fish stocks are often made for purposes of determining investment potential and required credit sources. Perhaps the most important area being addressed today where capacity considerations are of importance is the development of fishery management plans for the U.S. fishery conservation zone. The Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 (hereafter referred to as FCMA) requires plans proposed by Fishery Management Councils to "assess and specify the capacity and the extent to which fishing vessels of the United States on an annual basis will harvest the optimum yield" (U.S. Congress, p. 38). This assessment and specification of capacity is important in determining appropriate management regulations which may be imposed on domestic fisheries and in determining the allowable level of foreign catch. In addition, economic efficiency is considered in determining optimum yield and probable effects of proposed regulations. The purpose of this paper is to address the question of capacity with particular reference to the development of fishery management plans. The discussion is divided into three parts. First, the theoretical construct of capacity will be examined. The second part is a discussion of methodological problems in empirical measurement. The final section contains a review of measures of capacity used in a sample of fishery management plans.
Density fluctuations in molten salts. II. Molecular dynamics study of liquid RbBr

Liquid ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{+}$${\mathrm{Br}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ has been investigated by molecular dynamics for comparison with neutron inelastic scattering results. The properties of ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Br}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ on the one hand and those of the nuclei of Rb and Br on the other offer rather special features for such a parallel investigation. The results reported here use the Born-Mayer type of interaction between nonpolarizable ions. Based on a molecular dynamics study of a rather small, 122-ion system, our conclusion is that such a force model is probably inadequate for a satisfactory explanation of the neutron scattering data; we also conclude that allowing for ion polarization will impove the situation. Thus detailed studies of the equation of state have to be complemented with dynamical studies of molten salts before one can draw conclusions about the dependability of the Hamiltonian used for the system. Our results for ${g}_{++}$ and ${g}_{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$ show a shoulder to the right of the first maximum. This feature has also been observed in neutron experiments on NaCl and in Monte Carlo calculations on "hard sphere" molten salts. As has already been reported, the calculated and observed static structure factors are in fair agreement. However, a detailed comparison shows more marked features in the calculated results than have been found experimentally. From the density fluctuations a velocity of sound has been deduced which is considerably larger than the only available experimental value. A comparison of the frequency characteristics of the density fluctuations at various wavelengths with neutron scattering data shows that at certain wavelengths there are large discrepancies which are, at least in part, related to the inadequacy of the rigid-ion model Hamiltonian used for these calculations.
Approximating the distribution of goodness of fit tests for discrete data

The Berry-Esseen theorem is used to study the error of the normal approximation to the distribution of several goodness of fit tests for discrete data. A practical bound is proposed and confirmed by simulations.
The accumulation of lender-owned homes during the US mortgage crisis: examining metropolitan REO inventories

A key concern among policymakers and community developers in recent years has been the extent to which lender-owned homes, often called real estate owned or “REO” properties, accumulate in different local housing markets during the mortgage crisis. This paper describes the accumulation of REO properties in 356 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) from August 2006 to August 2008. It examines differences in both changes and static levels of REO activity across MSAs and compares changes in REO levels to changes in home values over the same period. Special attention is paid to 12 large MSAs with substantial levels of REO as of August 2008. A model of REO volume at the metropolitan level is estimated that includes differences in state foreclosure legal processes and timing among the independent variables. Finally, cluster analysis is used to identify a simple typology of MSAs based on REO levels and home price changes.
The use of electroencephalography in psychiatry of the medically ill.

This article's objectives are to guide psychiatrists caring for the medically ill in deciding when to request an electroencephalogram (EEG), in choosing what to do to maximize the possibility of eliciting positive findings, and in determining how to apply information in the EEG report. Although major advances in imaging techniques have eclipsed the EEG's importance as a tool for studying brain structure in recent decades, it continues to have a significant role in clarifying psychiatric presentations in the medical-surgical setting. EEG remains the pre-eminent cost-effective and readily available method for identifying brain dysfunctions such as delirium and seizure disorders, which often masquerade as purely psychiatric conditions whose organic bases go undetected. This article emphasizes the EEG's role as a correlational rather than a screening tool. A series of case reports illustrate how the EEG can be used to tease apart a diagnostic differential that can include entities as diverse as acute brain dysfunction, longstanding personality structure, and intermittent seizure discharge. The thoughtful integration of EEG data with material from clinical history and examination is fundamental to the EEG remaining a useful component in a psychiatric diagnostic armamentarium.
Liganded RARα and RARγ interact with but are repressed by TNIP1

Abstract Nuclear receptor (NR) transcriptional activity is controlled by agonist binding and concomitant exchange of receptor-associating corepressor proteins for NR box-containing, receptor AF-2-targeting coactivator proteins. We report here that TNIP1 is an atypical NR coregulator. Requirements for TNIP1-RAR interaction—its NR boxes, ligand, and the receptor’s AF-2 domain—are characteristic of coactivators. However, TNIP1 reduces RAR activity. Repression is partially relieved by SRC1, suggesting interference with coactivator recruitment as a mechanism of TNIP1 repression. TNIP1 does not bind RXRα and RARα AF-2 domain, necessary for that receptor’s association with TNIP1, is insufficient to confer upon RXRα interaction with TNIP1. Preferential interaction of RARα over RARγ with TNIP1 can be mapped to RARα ligand binding domain helices 5–9 and suggests regions outside the receptor helix 12 modulate interaction of NRs and NR box-containing corepressors. TNIP1 repression of RARs in the presence of RA places it in a small category of corepressors of agonist-bound NRs.
Communication Privacy Management Theory: Exploring Coordination and Ownership Between Friends

Researchers in this study explored friends’ boundary coordination and ownership surrounding private information as posed by Communication Privacy Management theory. One hundred pairs of friends (N = 200) completed measures about the risk of a prior disclosure and the degree of discussion about who could/could not know the information. In support of Communication Privacy Management theory, disclosers engaged in greater boundary coordination when the information was riskier. When the information was riskier, disclosers and receivers perceived that the receivers had less ownership rights over the information. Disclosers reported negative emotional reactions to hypothetical dissemination of higher-risk information when they perceived their friends as having less ownership, but positive emotional reactions of lower-risk information when they perceived their friends as having more ownership. Receivers were more likely to disseminate the information when they perceived they had ownership over the information.
The evidence for auroral effects on atmospheric electricity

The possibility of atmospheric electrical effects due to the aurora has been considered by investigators since 1875. An unsatisfactory theoretical basis for an explanation of observed effects and the measurements of only a few of the related parameters for short periods of time has led to uncertainty in the matter. Nevertheless, since the IGY2), new discoveries related to the aurora portray an unusual complexity, and a wide range of energy input. When considered with recent discussions on atmospheric electrification some interesting interpretations of the observed effects are suggested. On the ground, large negative excursions of the atmospheric electric field (E) during fair weather, and above 100 mb3) peculiar increases in negative ion densities and variations in air-earth current density (I) all appear to be related to auroral activity. A difference in (I) measured simultaneously at geomagnetic latitudes 55° and 68°N which is greater than what one would expect from a difference in conductivity due to cosmic rays may also be due to the aurora. Several models of the observed effects will be considered: (1) the high influx of negative space charge, i.e. a precipitation of around 1014 elementary charges m−2 s−1; (2) the auroral bremsstrahlung flux acts as an atmospheric current generator; (3) plasma instability in the auroral electrojet; (4) a combination of (2) and (3). The infrequent observation of the auroral effects on atmospheric electricity is probably due to limitations in detecting an extreme local fluctuation in such a large-scale complex phenomenon.
Lithofacies control in detrital zircon provenance studies: Insights from the Cretaceous Methow basin, southern Canadian Cordillera

High-frequency sampling for detrital zircon analysis can provide a detailed record of fine-scale basin evolution by revealing the temporal and spatial variability of detrital zircon ages within clastic sedimentary successions. This investigation employed detailed sampling of two sedimentary successions in the Methow/Methow-Tyaughton basin of the southern Canadian Cordillera to characterize the heterogeneity of detrital zircon signatures within single lithofacies and assess the applicability of detrital zircon analysis in distinguishing fine-scale provenance changes not apparent in lithologic analysis of the strata. The Methow/ Methow-Tyaughton basin contains two distinct stratigraphic sequences of middle Albian to Santonian clastic sedimentary rocks: submarine-fan deposits of the Harts Pass Formation/Jackass Mountain Group and fluvial deposits of the Winthrop Formation. Although both stratigraphic sequences displayed consistent ranges in detrital zircon ages on a broad scale, detailed sampling within each succession revealed heterogeneity in the detrital zircon age distributions that was systematic and predictable in the turbidite succession but unpredictable in the fluvial succession. These results suggest that a high-density sampling approach permits interpretation of finescale changes within a lithologically uniform turbiditic sedimentary succession, but heterogeneity within fluvial systems may be too large and unpredictable to permit accurate fine-scale characterization of the evolution of source regions. The robust composite detrital zircon age signature developed for these two successions permits comparison of the Methow/MethowTyaughton basin age signature with known plutonic source-rock ages from major plutonic belts throughout the Cretaceous North American margin. The Methow/ Methow-Tyaughton basin detrital zircon age signature matches best with source regions in the southern Canadian Cordillera, requiring that the basin developed in close proximity to the southern Canadian Cordillera and providing evidence against large-scale dextral translation of the Methow terrane.
Foraminiferal response to trace metal contamination in the Patapsco River and Baltimore Harbour, Maryland

Abstract Trace metals such as zinc, chromium and vanadium in cores of sediment document a history of industrial and municipal pollution in the Patapsco River and Baltimore Harbour, Maryland. Densities of fossil tests of the estuarine foraminifer Ammobaculites crassus are large at the edge of these pollutants; this is an opportunistic species flourishing at low, less than toxic, levels of pollution. The occurrence of large populations of a few opportunistic species of foraminifera in the subnormal zone where the concentration of pollutants is below a critical level is a typical feature of variously disturbed marine environments.
A model of proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat

A highly reproducible model of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in rat is described. Reproducibility relates to MCA occlusion at its most proximal portion and the surgical approach through a widened foramen ovale, thus avoiding craniotomy and brain retraction. Spontaneous ventilation is maintained, avoiding intubation. Collateral circulation to cortex is preserved, permitting optimal metabolic and pharmacologic studies of the ischemic regions destined for infarction.