cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raman scattering of laser beam by single cyclotron electron - ultimate mechanism

Summary form only given. A single cyclotron electron is one of the most fundamental systems exhibiting a class of nonlinear optical effects. Following a prediction, it was demonstrated that a single cyclotron electron could exhibit hysteresis. Such a simple nonlinear system can also be excited by hysteretic subharmonic and cyclo-Raman resonances. For the process of a high-order cyclo-Raman resonance, the cyclotron motion can be excited by using two laser beams with their frequency difference close to the multiple of cyclotron frequency. Here, we present another novel and fundamental effect based on this simplest nonlinear system with a Raman scattering configuration. A laser beam propagates in the plane of the cyclotron motion with its polarization parallel to the z axis (the same as the direction of the dc magnetic field). Such an oscillating electric field can induce non-cyclotron-frequency component of the electron motion. The cyclotron electron can in turn radiate according to synchrotron radiation. In order to maintain the electron cyclotron motion, one must use a millimeter (mm) or THz beam to balance the radiation loss. The frequency of the radiation can be shifted from the laser frequency by the multiple of the cyclotron frequency. This process corresponds to multiple order Raman scattering of a laser beam by a cyclotron electron.
Abstract 18588: Lipoprotein Sub-fractions by Ion Mobility Analysis Association with Burden of Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis in a High Risk Population: the Baptist Employee Healthy Heart Study (BEHHS)

Introduction: Plasma LDL-c, HDL-c and triglycerides are traditionally used to assess dyslipidemic burden and subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk management. In this study we whether detailed assessment across spectrum of multiple lipoproteins subclasses, distinguished by their physiochemical properties, can guide atherosclerotic risk assessment as measured by coronary artery calcification (CAC) burden in a high CVD risk population. Methods: The Baptist Employee Healthy Heart Study (BEHHS) is an ongoing lifestyle intervention study examining the effects of web-based interventions on reducing CVD risk in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MS) and type II DM. Cardio IQ™ Ion Mobility lipoprotein fractionation was utilized for advanced lipid subclass measurement resulting direct quantification of particles in each lipoprotein subclass fraction. Results: The population consisted of 171 participants (74% women, 49% Hispanic, mean age: 52 ± 9 years) undergoing CAC testing. The table demonstrates a significant trend of a lower LDL particle size concentration with increasing CAC score. Conversely, those with CAC=0 were more likely to have higher concentration of large LDL, small IDL, small & large HDL respectively. In our study 104 (60%) had LDL pattern B (LDL Peak Size Conclusions: Several lipoprotein subclasses by ion mobility analysis, particularly smaller LDL peak particle diameter (LDL pattern B) were related to increased burden of coronary atherosclerosis independent of standard lipoprotein analysis in high risk individuals with MS/DM.
Two classes of binding sites for uncoating protein in clathrin triskelions

Clathrin released from coated vesicles or empty cages by the ATP-dependent action of uncoating protein exists as a complex with the uncoating protein. Despite its apparent consumption during a round of uncoating, we have found that uncoating protein functions as an enzyme in that it rapidly and spontaneously recycles from its product (triskelions) to its substrate (cages). The binding of uncoating protein to clathrin triskelions is a complex equilibrium that involves the interaction of uncoating protein with at least two distinct sites on the clathrin molecule. Limited proteolysis dissected clathrin into two domains, each of which contained distinct binding sites. Binding to one of these sites, located on the proximal leg of a triskelion, was dependent upon the presence of light chains and was unstable to gel filtration. Binding to the second kind of site, located on the distal portion of a triskelion leg, was stable to gel filtration and was independent of the presence of light chains.
32 Important Health Problems

(1957). 32 Important Health Problems. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 28, No. 7, pp. 31-32.
Molecular genetics of Na,K-ATPase.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular genetics of Na,K-ATPase. The Na,K-ATPase is an integral membrane enzyme found in all cells of higher organisms and is responsible for the ATP-dependent transport of Na + and K + across the cell membrane. The ion gradients formed by this enzyme are essential for the Na + -coupled transport of various nutrients, including glucose and amino acids, into cells movement of such ions as Ca 2+ and H + across the membrane, and osmotic balance and cell-volume regulation. Protein synthesis and receptor-mediated endocytosis and recycling also depend on the resulting ion gradients. Because two K + ions are pumped into the cell for every three Na + ions expelled, an electrochemical gradient is established. In many instances, the information is more easily obtained using recombinant DNA techniques, and in some cases it can be obtained by no other means. The power of this approach has clearly been demonstrated by recent advances in understanding Na, K-ATPase. Na, K-ATPase also appears to play a role in determining the nutrient and ion composition of the cerebrospinal fluid and aqueous humor. In addition, the enzyme is responsible for fluid movement across transport epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract, the nasotracheal lining, and the kidney. Fluid reabsorption from the lung at birth also may depend in part on functioning of the Na, K-ATPase.
STREAM: The Stanford Data Stream Management System

Traditional database management systems are best equipped to run one-time queries over finite stored data sets. However, many modern applications such as network monitoring, financial analysis, manufacturing, and sensor networks require long-running, or continuous, queries over continuous unbounded streams of data. In the STREAM project at Stanford, we are investigating data management and query processing for this class of applications. As part of the project we are building a general-purpose prototype Data Stream Management System (DSMS), also called STREAM, that supports a large class of declarative continuous queries over continuous streams and traditional stored data sets. The STREAM prototype targets environments where streams may be rapid, stream characteristics and query loads may vary over time, and system resources may be limited.
Laminar and connectional organization of a multisensory cortex.

The transformation of sensory signals as they pass through cortical circuits has been revealed almost exclusively through studies of the primary sensory cortices, where principles of laminar organization, local connectivity and parallel processing have been elucidated. In contrast, almost nothing is known about the circuitry or laminar features of multisensory processing in higher-order, multisensory cortex. Therefore, using the ferret higher-order multisensory rostral posterior parietal (PPr) cortex, the present investigation employed a combination of multichannel recording and neuroanatomical techniques to elucidate the laminar basis of multisensory cortical processing. The proportion of multisensory neurons, the share of neurons showing multisensory integration, and the magnitude of multisensory integration were all found to differ by layer in a way that matched the functional or connectional characteristics of the PPr. Specifically, the supragranular layers (L2–3) demonstrated among the highest proportions of multisensory neurons and the highest incidence of multisensory response enhancement, while also receiving the highest levels of extrinsic inputs, exhibiting the highest dendritic spine densities, and providing a major source of local connectivity. In contrast, layer 6 showed the highest proportion of unisensory neurons while receiving the fewest external and local projections and exhibiting the lowest dendritic spine densities. Coupled with a lack of input from principal thalamic nuclei and a minimal layer 4, these observations indicate that this higher-level multisensory cortex shows unique functional and organizational modifications from the well-known patterns identified for primary sensory cortical regions.
Cell Surface Proteins and Glycoproteins From Biologically Different Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Lines

Six cultured human colon cancer cell lines possessing different biological characteristics were enzymatically radiolabeled in situ with 125I and 3H, and the labeled cell surface proteins and glycoproteins were compared. The electrophoretic patterns of labeled cell surface material suggest correlations between biological properties and cell surface proteins. Highly aggressive cell lines (as assessed by in vitro parameters) had predominant peaks of 125I-labeled proteins between molecular weights 66,000 and 92,500. The major peak of radioiodinated material from the more indolent cell lines occurred between molecular weights 31,000 and 45,000. The profile of one 125I-labeled intermediately aggressive cell line was similar to the profiles of the more aggressive lines, whereas another intermediate line exhibited a profile different from those of both indolent and aggressive lines. Electrophoresis of tritiated material indicated that essentially all of the recovered labeled glycoprotein was of relatively high molecular weight (92,000-180,000) in the indolent lines, whereas the intermediate and highly aggressive lines had patterns with significant peaks between molecular weights 45,000 and 92,500.
Phyllodes tumor metastatic to thyroid Hürthle cell adenoma.

We present a case of a malignant phyllodes tumor metastasizing to a Hurthle cell adenoma of the thyroid. A 55-year-old woman underwent mastectomy for a malignant phyllodes tumor. Two years later, she presented with a left thyroid mass, which was a single, circumscribed, soft, deep red-brown nodular lesion with an eccentric area of firmer consistency. Histologically, the thyroid tumor was composed of 2 distinct types of cellular proliferation. Atypical spindle cells were infiltrating between the Hurthle cell cords and follicles in a fibrosarcomatous pattern. A battery of immunohistochemical stains was applied to both the thyroid and breast tumors for comparison. Based on the histologic and immunophenotypic features of the fibrosarcomatous components of both the breast and thyroid tumors, we rendered a diagnosis of cystosarcoma phyllodes metastatic to Hurthle cell adenoma. To the best of our knowledge, this unusual case is a first report of tumor-to-tumor metastasis of a sarcoma to a primary thyroid neoplasm.
LZTS2 Is a Novel β-Catenin-Interacting Protein and Regulates the Nuclear Export of β-Catenin

Beta-catenin plays multiple roles in cell-cell adhesion and Wnt signal transduction. Through the Wnt signal, the cellular level of beta-catenin is constitutively regulated by the multicomponent destruction complex containing glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, axin, and adenomatous polyposis coli. Here, we present multiple lines of evidence to demonstrate that LZTS2 (lucine zipper tumor suppressor 2) interacts with beta-catenin, represses the transactivation of beta-catenin, and affects the subcellular localization of beta-catenin. The LZTS2 gene is located at 10q24.3, which is frequently lost in a variety of human tumors. A functional nuclear export signal (NES) was identified in the C terminus of the protein (amino acids 631 to 641). Appending this motif to green fluorescent protein (GFP) induced nuclear exclusion of the GFP fusion protein. However, introducing point mutations in either one or two leucine residues of this NES sequence abolished the nuclear exclusion of the LZTS2 protein. The nuclear export of LZTS2 can be blocked by leptomycin B (LMB), an inhibitor of the CRM1/exportin-alpha pathway. Intriguingly, beta-catenin colocalizes with LZTS2 in the cytoplasm of cells in the absence of LMB but in the nuclei of cells in the presence of LMB. Increasing the LZTS2 protein in cells reduces the level of nuclear beta-catenin in SW480 cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that LZTS2 is a beta-catenin-interacting protein that can modulate beta-catenin signaling and localization.
Ion channel degeneracy enables robust and tunable neuronal firing rates

Firing rate is an important means of encoding information in the nervous system. To reliably encode a wide range of signals, neurons need to achieve a broad range of firing frequencies and to move smoothly between low and high firing rates. This can be achieved with specific ionic currents, such as A-type potassium currents, which can linearize the frequency-input current curve. By applying recently developed mathematical tools to a number of biophysical neuron models, we show how currents that are classically thought to permit low firing rates can paradoxically cause a jump to a high minimum firing rate when expressed at higher levels. Consequently, achieving and maintaining a low firing rate is surprisingly difficult and fragile in a biological context. This difficulty can be overcome via interactions between multiple currents, implying a need for ion channel degeneracy in the tuning of neuronal properties.
Interface dependence of band offsets in lattice-matched isovalent heterojunctions

Using a previously developed self-consistent dipole theory, we find that the interface dependence of band offsets for lattice-matched isovalent heterojunction is generally small. Specifically, we find the difference between the (001) and (110) band offsets for the common-anion heterojunctions AlP/GaP, AlAs/GaAs, AlSb/GaSb, and CdTe/HgTe to be, at most, 0.02 eV. An investigation of the various details in the calculations leads to an error estimate of +/-0.03 eV; the differences are therefore insignificant. For the noncommon-anion systems, the difference between two different bonding configurations of the (001) interface is noted. Although the differences between the various interfaces are found to be slightly larger than for the common-anion cases, the only significant difference is found to occur between the In-Sb and Ga-As (001) interfaces, where it is 0.1 eV. In this case, the (110) band offset lies midway between the two.
Investigation of ligand loading and asymmetric amplification in CHAOx-catalyzed asymmetric diethylzinc additions

Abstract The recently developed (cyclohexylsulfonylamino)oxazoline (CHAOx) ligand was found to provide high ee's and consistent reaction rates in the asymmetric diethylzinc addition to benzaldehyde over a remarkably large loading range of 0.05–10 mol%. Turnover numbers of 1000–2000 can be explained by the absence of a nonlinear effect and the formation of a catalytically active monomer complex. Substituents at the nitrogen donor atoms of the bidentate ligand prevent zinc-complex dimerization.
Modelling and optimizing software quality

Develops an optimization model to optimize software quality within budget and time limitations. Software quality is described through quality factors. This model assumes a non‐linear relationship between quality factors and the effort spent in the development phases. Enables a software manager to determine optimal levels of resource allocation to each of the phases of software development process to maximize the software quality subject to budget for time constraints. An illustrative example explains the application of this model. Also discusses sensitivity analysis of the model.
Statistical thermodynamics of polymers near surfaces

Recent developments in molecular theoretical approaches have improved our understanding of experimental observations of the thermodynamic and structural properties of tethered polymer layers, in particular for short to intermediate chain length molecules. The theoretical treatment of surface segregation behavior in thin films of isomeric polymer blends and block copolymers has recently been shown to require the inclusion of the detailed chemical architecture of the chains as well as of the bulk and surface interactions.
A maximization problem and its application to canonical correlation

Abstract Let Σ be an n × n positive definite matrix with eigenvalues λ 1 ≥ λ 2 ≥ … ≥ λ n > 0 and let M = { x , y | x ϵ R n , y ϵ R n , x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0, x ′ y = 0}. Then for x , y in M , we have that x′Σy (x′Σxy′Σy) 1 2 ≤ (λ 1 − λ n ) (λ 1 + λ n ) and the inequality is sharp. If ∑= ∑ 11 ∑ 12 ∑ 21 ∑ 22 is a partitioning of Σ, let θ 1 be the largest canonical correlation coefficient. The above result yields θ 1 ≤ (λ 1 − λ n ) (λ 1 + λ n ) .
Beginnings of Remote Handling at the RAL Spallation Neutron Source

Expenditure of funds and resources for remote maintenance systems traditionally are delayed until late in an accelerator's development. However, simple remote-surveillance equipment can be included early in facility planning to set the stage for future remote-handling needs and to identify appropriate personnel. Some basic equipment developed in the UK at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) that serves this function and that has been used to monitor beam loss during commissioning is described. A photograph of this equipment, positioned over the extractor septum magnet, is shown in Fig. 1. This method can serve as a pattern approach to the problem of initiating remote-handling activities in other facilities.
What the Kurds Can Tell Us about Ethnic Nationalism

The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization, and Identity. By David Romano. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 290 pp., $75.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-521-85041-X), $29.99 paper (ISBN: 0-521-68426-9). David Romano's The Kurdish Nationalist Movement applies social movement theory to the analysis of ethnic mobilization, focusing on an in-depth case study of the Kurdish nationalist movement in Turkey. Adopting the three dimensions of political process theory (opportunity, mobilization, and cultural framing) that were proposed in the influential edited collection by Doug McAdam, John McCarthy, and Mayer Zald (1996), Romano has almost certainly produced a more complete account of how and when ethnic mobilization occurs than either a structuralist, rationalist, or culturalist account alone could have done. At the same time, the caveat that applies to all rich, detailed case studies applies in this instance. Caution must be exercised when attempting to generalize from one case. However, Romano includes a limited comparative dimension in The Kurdish Nationalist Movement . Although the bulk of the book focuses on Turkish Kurds, Romano offers brief comparative chapters on Iraq and Iran as well. Moreover, because some Kurds have had the option to assimilate (especially in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran), the Kurdish case offers the opportunity to compare experiences across Kurdish communities themselves, namely, to compare those who assimilate with those who adopt a pan-Kurdish national identity. Although the best known proponents of the political process approach to social movement theory have seemingly adopted a mechanisms-based focus (McAdam, Tarrow, and Tilly 2001; Tilly and Tarrow 2006), the idea that political openings can facilitate mobilization makes intuitive sense, which is one reason why scholars apply it despite some fuzziness about exactly what a political “opening” means. This vagueness has, however, led to a fierce debate about the stability and consistency of the concept of “political …
Single-Molecule Magnets: Tetranuclear Vanadium(III) Complexes with a Butterfly Structure and an S ) 3 Ground State

Reactions of VCl3(THF)3, bpy, and NaO2CR (R = Et, Ph; bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine) in a 1:1:3 ratio in Me2CO give [V4O2(O2CR)7(bpy)2](ClO4) (R = Et, 1; R = Ph, 4) following addition of NBun4ClO4. Use of 4,4‘-dimethyl- or 5,5‘-dimethylbipyridine (4,4‘-Me2bpy and 5,5‘-Me2bpy, respectively) and R = Et leads similarly to [V4O2(O2CEt)7(L−L)2](ClO4) (L−L = 4,4‘-Me2bpy, 2; L−L = 5,5‘-Me2bpy, 3). Yields are in the 38−90% range. The cation of 1 is isostructural with previously prepared [M4O2(O2CR)7(bpy)2]+ (M = CrIII, MnIII, FeIII) species and possesses a [V4O2] butterfly core. 1D and 2D COSY 1H NMR spectra of 1 show the solid-state structure is retained on dissolution. The effective magnetic moment (μeff) per V4 for 1 gradually rises from 5.79 μB at 300 K to a maximum of 6.80 μB at 25.0 K and then decreases rapidly to 4.72 μB at 2.00 K. The data in the 7.00−300 K range were fit to the appropriate theoretical expression (based on Ĥ = −2JSi·Sj) to give Jbb = −31.2 cm-1, Jwb = +27.5 cm-1, and g = 1.82, (b = body, w = wing...
An Iterative Substructuring Method for Coupled Fluid-Solid Acoustic Problems

A fast parallel iterative method is proposed for the solution of linear equations arising from finite element discretization of the time harmonic coupled fluid?solid systems in fluid pressure and solid displacement formulation. The fluid and the solid domains are decomposed into nonoverlapping subdomains. Continuity of the solution is enforced by Lagrange multipliers. The system is augmented by duplicating the degrees of freedom on the wet interface. The original degrees of freedom are then eliminated and the resulting system is solved by iterations preconditioned by a coarse space correction. In each iteration, the method requires the solution of one independent local acoustic problem per subdomain and the solution of a global problem with several degrees of freedom per subdomain. Computational results show that the method is scalable with the problem size, frequency, and the number of subdomains. The method generalizes the FETI-H method for the Helmholtz equation to coupled fluid?elastic scattering. The number of iterations is about same as for the FETI-H method for the related Helmholtz problem with Neumann boundary condition instead of an elastic scatterer if enough coarse space functions are used. Convergence behavior is explained from the spectrum of the iteration operator and from numerical near decoupling of the equations in the fluid and in the solid regions.
Adaptive arrays in airborne MTI radar

The ability of an AMTI (airborn moving target indication) radar to reject clutter is often seriously degraded by the motion of the radar. An adaptive receiving array can compensate for platform motion and provide excellent AMTI performance. Scattering from aircraft structure can also distort antenna patterns and reduce AMTI capability. The technique described here can adapt the element weights to compensate for near-field scatterers and element excitation errors. Another important advantage is the ability to null out discrete active interference sources without significantly degrading AMTI performance.
Beliefs and behavioral intentions regarding human immunodeficiency virus testing among New York city runaways

From 1988 to 1991, 139 runaways aged 11-19 years in the New York City area (n = 70 males, 69 females) were recruited from four shelters. Each runaway participated in a semistructured interview assessing beliefs and behavioral intentions regarding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing. When asked how they would respond to being seropositive for HIV, 29% of runaways reported that they would engage in self-destructive acts and/or harm others (e.g., suicide, unprotected sex), 80% anticipated extreme distress, 47% expected difficulty securing housing and food, and 61% believed that friends were likely to avoid them. When presented with specific alternatives, fewer runaways anticipated self-destructive acts. Drug use, rather than sexual behaviors, would lead runaways to get tested for HIV. These results suggest that health-care providers must anticipate emotional distress and potential self-destructive behavior following receipt of documentation of HIV positive serostatus among runaways. Furthermore, prior to testing, youths' access to food, shelter, medical care, and social support must be secured.
Cultures and Their Discontents: On the Cultural Mediation of Shame and Guilt

In various parts of Civilizations and Its Discontents, Freud (1930) raises the very important and interesting question of whether social, cultural, and historical contingencies may affect how the process of renunciation and the development of guilt unfolds, but then leaves the question dangling. This article argues that rather than leave Freud's anthropological question dangling, we should take it seriously by examining more closely the phenomenology of human subjectivity in other times and places. The article uses person-centered data and interviews from 1960s Tahiti and 1980s Toraja to suggest that the quality and intensity of shame and guilt in small, face-to-face communities may differ considerably from that described by Freud in Civilization and Its Discontents. The paper concludes by arguing that it is to Freud's focus on the experiential dimension of human life to which we should turn when examining discontentment and unhappiness from a cross-cultural point of view. When we do, we return with renew...
Lactate quantitation in a gerbil brain stroke model by GSLIM of multiple‐quantum‐filtered signals

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of lactate using a zero-quantum/double-quantum filter and generalized spectral localization by imaging (GSLIM) was applied to a model of unilateral stroke in gerbil brain. GSLIM lactate images at 4T clearly reveal elevated concentrations of lactate in the ischemic compared with the normal hemisphere 100–175 minutes after unilateral carotid ligation. These results indicate that the technique is capable of studies of brain infarcts, and that application to human ischemic pathology in brain and other tissues may be possible.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;9:539–543. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
One-step optical negabinary and modified signed-digit adder

Abstract A one-step algorithm for parallel negabinary addition of two negabinary numbers is achieved by minimizing the truth-table for the two-step algorithm. Without increasing the encoding cell size or adding complexity of the corresponding optical system, the proposed one-step scheme doubles the computation speed. The optical system can also be used to realize a one-step modified signed digit adder. Additionally, optical implementation of negabinary multiplication using this proposed one-step optical adder is discussed.
SU-E-J-94: Positioning Errors Resulting From Using Bony Anatomy Alignment for Treating SBRT Lung Tumor

Purpose: To quantify patient setups errors based on bony anatomy registration rather than 3D tumor alignment for SBRT lung treatments. Method: A retrospective study was performed for patients treated with lung SBRT and imaged with kV cone beam computed tomography (kV-CBCT) image-guidance. Daily CBCT images were registered to treatment planning CTs based on bony anatomy alignment and then inter-fraction tumor movement was evaluated by comparing shift in the tumor center in the medial-lateral, anterior-posterior, and superior-inferior directions. The PTV V100% was evaluated for each patient based on the average daily tumor displacement to assess the impact of the positioning error on the target coverage when the registrations were based on bony anatomy. Of the 35 patients studied, 15 were free-breathing treatments, 10 used abdominal compression with a stereotactic body frame, and the remaining 10 were performed with BodyFIX vacuum bags. Results: For free-breathing treatments, the range of tumor displacement error is between 1–6 mm in the medial-lateral, 1–13 mm in the anterior-posterior, and 1–7 mm in the superior-inferior directions. These positioning errors lead to 6–22% underdose coverage for PTV - V100% . Patients treated with abdominal compression immobilization showed positional errors of 0–4mm mediallaterally, 0–3mm anterior-posteriorly, and 0–2 mm inferior-superiorlymore » with PTV - V100% underdose ranging between 6–17%. For patients immobilized with the vacuum bags, the positional errors were found to be 0–1 mm medial-laterally, 0–1mm anterior-posteriorly, and 0–2 mm inferior-superiorly with PTV - V100% under dose ranging between 5–6% only. Conclusion: It is necessary to align the tumor target by using 3D image guidance to ensure adequate tumor coverage before performing SBRT lung treatments. The BodyFIX vacuum bag immobilization method has the least positioning errors among the three methods studied when bony anatomy is used for registration.« less
Is self‐service the future of services?

Describes all the automated processes that can be utilised when making a business trip and how human interaction within the service sector has been replaced by machines. This has the potential for customization, accuracy, convenience and speed, dependent on individual customer acceptance of the new system.
Transforming growth factor-α and other growth factors stimulate cell division in olfactory epithelium in vitro

The rate of cell division in olfactory epithelium (OE) is upregulated by ablation of the olfactory bulb (Carr and Farbman, 1992), or downregulated by occlusion of a naris. We used an organ culture assay of fetal rat olfactory mucosa to study regulation of the mitotic rate. Addition of any one of three members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family—EGF, transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), or amphiregulin (AR)—to a serum-free culture medium resulted in a two- to threefold increase in the number of dividing OE cells. TGF-α elicited a maximal response in a dose of 100–200 pM culture medium and was 2 orders of magnitude more potent than the other EGF family members. Addition of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, insulinlike growth factor-1 or platelet-derived growth factor to the culture medium had slightly less effect than EGF or AR, in about the same molar dose range; addition of nerve growth factor had virtually no net effect on cell division. Immunohistochemistry on adult rat OE showed that basal cells, supporting cells, and acinar cells of Bowman's glands were immunoreactive with antibody to TGF-α but not with antibody to EGF. Most growth factors upregulated division of both olfactory neuron progenitors and supporting cells. The data suggest that several growth factors, most prominently TGF-α, may participate in the mitotic regulation of OE. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rotavirus vaccine development for the prevention of severe diarrhea in infants and young children

Abstract Rotaviruses were first detected 20 years ago and emerged rapidly as the single most important recognized etiological agents of severe diarrhea among infants and children under 2 years in both developed and developing countries. They are estimated to cause over 870000 deaths annually in developing countries. This review highlights recent approaches to the development of a rotavirus vaccine.
Comparison of Fairbanks Rhyme Test and CID auditory test W-22 in normal and hearing-impaired listeners.

Fifteen listeners with sensorineural hearing loss and 15 normal listeners were administered the Fairbanks Rhyme Test and CID Auditory Test W-22 at −4, 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 dB sensation levels. ...
Augmented Reality: A Review

Augmented reality is a technology that overlays digital information on objects or places in the real world for the purpose of enhancing the user experience. It is not virtual reality, that is, the technology that creates a totally digital or computer created environment. Augmented reality, with its ability to combine reality and digital information, is being studied and implemented in medicine, marketing, museums, fashion, and numerous other areas. This article presents an overview of augmented reality, discussing what it is, how it works, its current implementations, and its potential impact on libraries.
Pharmacokinetic evaluation of oral dantrolene in the dog

The pharmacokinetics of dantrolene and its active metabolite, 5-hydroxydantrolene, after a single oral dose of either 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg of dantrolene were determined. The effects of exposure to dantrolene and 5-hydroxydantrolene on activated whole blood gene expression of the cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were also investigated. When dantrolene was administered at a 5 mg/kg dose, peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 0.43 µg/ml, terminal half-life (t1/2) was 1.26 hrs, and area under the time-concentration curve (AUC) was 3.87 µg hr/mL. For the 10 mg/kg dose, Cmax was 0.65 µg/ml, t1/2 was 1.21 hrs, and AUC was 5.94 µg hr/mL. For all calculated parameters, however, there were large standard deviations and wide ranges noted between and within individual dogs: t1/2, for example, ranged from 0.43 to 6.93 hrs, Cmax ratios ranged from 1.05 to 3.39, and relative bioavailability (rF) values ranged from 0.02 to 1.56. While activated whole blood expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ as measured by qRT-PCR was markedly suppressed following exposure to very high concentrations (30 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, respectively) of both dantrolene and 5-hydroxydantrolene, biologically and therapeutically relevant suppression of cytokine expression did not occur at the much lower drug concentrations achieved with oral dantrolene dosing.
Classification of Texas Reservoirs in Relation to Limnology and Fish Community Associations.

Abstract I used cluster analysis to examine associations among 20 fish species to develop a classification scheme for 132 large Texas reservoirs. Five major groups of reservoirs were identified by cluster analysis based on species associations. Of 29 reservoirs surveyed previously, 76% were classified into the same species associations from one survey to the next. When 19 environmental variables were used in canonical correlation analysis of the five reservoir groups, I found a general east-to-west separation of species associations by water quality and a northwest-to-southeast separation by surface elevation and growing season. A discriminant functions model based on a reduced set of nine environmental variables had an unbiased error rate of 18% for predicting the species association in unclassified reservoirs. A stratified sampling scheme based on the classification model decreased the variance of statewide electrofishing catch per effort up to 43% for bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and 23% for largemouth...
A case mix procedure for matching the clinical characteristics of patients with dual disorders to planned treatment and treatment costs.

A procedure for matching the clinical characteristics of patients with a dual substance abuse psychiatric disorder to planned treatment resource consumption is described. The procedure uses current standards and practices within the mental health literature on dual diagnosed patients, providing an empirical basis for quality assurance, utilization review, and program evaluation. These procedures permit an empirical linking of clinical service performance to the costs of clinical resources, thereby providing a means of: (a) evaluating program costs in terms of the specific clinical characteristics of patients and (b) planning budgets based on the patients’ clinical needs. The methods are sufficiently flexible so that as new clinical research recommend changes in assessment and treatment, the case mix definitions and evaluation procedures can be easily modified.
Vacuum Contributions in a Chiral Effective Lagrangian for Nuclei

A relativistic hadronic model for nuclear matter and finite nuclei, which incorporates nonlinear chiral symmetry and broken scale invariance, is presented and applied at the one-baryon-loop level to finite nuclei. The model contains an effective light scalar field that is responsible for the midrange nucleon-nucleon attraction and which has anomalous scaling behavior. One-loop vacuum contributions in this background scalar field at finite density are constrained by low-energy theorems that reflect the broken scale invariance of quantum chromodynamics. A mean-field energy functional for nuclear matter and nuclei is derived that contains small powers of the fields and their derivatives, and the validity of this truncation is discussed. Good fits to the bulk properties of finite nuclei and single-particle spectra are obtained.
Dark materials based on graphene sheet stacks

The effective medium properties of graphene sheet stacks are calculated, and it is shown that such stacks can have very low reflectivity and high absorbance. These properties make graphene-sheet-stack-based materials darker than recently studied carbon nanotube materials. Graphene stacks thus hold promise for realizing lower reflectivity coatings and enhanced photodetectors. The bounds of the effective medium approximation and the possible benefits of using graphene sheet stacks in a regime where this approximation does not hold are discussed.
A bare machine sensor application for an ARM processor

Sensor devices that monitor environmental changes in temperature, sound, light, vibration and pressure usually run applications that require the support of a small operating system, lean kernel, or an embedded system. This paper presents a methodology for developing sensor device applications that can be directly run on the bare hardware without any need for middleware. Such bare sensor device applications only depend on the underlying processor architecture, enabling them to run on a variety of devices. The methodology is used for developing, designing, and implementing a temperature sensor application that runs on an ARM processor. The same methodology can be used to build other bare machine sensor device applications for ARM processors, and is easily extended to different processor architectures.
Effects of constraint and expectation on reading comprehension in aphasia

Abstract Multiple-choice responses to incomplete sentence stems is a popular task for assessing and treating reading comprehension in patients with aphasia. This study investigated the influence of contextual constraint and response expectation on aphasic subjects' sentence-level reading comprehension. Constraint refers to the number of possible word completions available for a sentence stem. Expectation refers to whether the correct completions are expected or unexpected words. Subjects responded to stimulus items in which levels of constraint (high/low) and levels of expectation (expected/unexpected) were combined into four test conditions. Results indicated that the subjects performed worst on the low-constraint, unexpected-response sentences. They did significantly better with both increased constraint and with increased expectation. Both word pool and semantic feature activation are discussed as possible underlying mechanisms that influence aphasic subjects' reading comprehension of sentences.
Red Chlorophyll a Antenna States of Photosystem I of the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

The antenna chlorophyll a (Chl a) molecules of photosystem I of green plants and cyanobacteria that absorb further to the red than P700, the special pair of the reaction center, have long been of c...
A superconducting coil made of filamentary composites

Abstract By a swaging technique we have constructed a high- T c superconducting coil of filamentary composites. The swaged wires are highly flexible after sintering and can carry a transport critical current density of 3500 A/cm 2 at 77 K and zero magnetic field. Fine and homogeneous filaments with an average diameter of 100 μm are well embedded in the silver matrix after thermal processing. The constructed coil consists of 34 turns which are insulated with varnish. Detailed processing and characterization data for the fabrication of the coil are reported.
Deuteron-Pickup Reaction in an Optical-Model Approximation

A theory of the ($p, d$) pickup reaction is described in which the nuclear interactions of the incoming and outgoing particles are considered. Two different formal expressions that give the transition amplitude are derived, and the wave functions in this amplitude are approximated by an optical-model procedure in which it is assumed that the initial-and final-state particles scatter elastically in the nucleus. Several closed forms for these optical-model wave functions are derived on the basis of a WKB approximation for a complex square-well scattering potential. The use of these wave functions, along with an approximation that gives the form of the transition amplitude in terms of Gaussian functions, allows a closed-form solution for the differential cross section.It is found that the elastic-scattering processes are not negligible, since they affect considerably the magnitude and the shape of the differential cross section. By comparing the theory with recent pickup experiments on ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ at 95 and 145 Mev, one obtains a nuclear-momentum distribution that, unlike the Born approximation analysis, is in good agreement with the results of other determinations of momentum distributions. It is found that a neutron number of from 4 to 6 neutrons and a momentum distribution of $\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{E}{14})$ are required to fit the data.
Examining the Impact of Speed of Quality Improvement on Quality‐Related Costs

The Fine (1986) quality-based learning curve model is extended to include the consideration of speed of quality improvement. The model demonstrates that under different circumstances rapid quality improvement effects are either beneficial or detrimental to improvement in quality-related costs. Hypotheses are developed from the analysis of this speed of quality improvement model. The hypotheses are tested in an automotive parts manufacturing company with five similar plants. Results show that with an increase in the speed of quality improvement, the rate of growth in prevention and appraisal costs decrease and the rate of growth in failure costs are unaffected. Rapid speed of quality improvement does yield lesser decreases in failure costs than slower, steadier improvement. However, rapid speed of quality improvement does not yield the predicted lesser decrease in prevention and appraisal costs than slower, steadier improvement. Rapid speed of quality improvement might or might not benefit the organization, perhaps an explanation for some Total Quality Management (TQM) failures. A more deliberate, learning organization is suggested from this research.
STUDIES ON THE BIOCHEMISTRY AND FINE STRUCTURE OF SILICA SHELL FORMATION IN DIATOMS. II. THE STRUCTURE OF THE CELL WALL OF NAVICULA PELLICULOSA (BRÉB.) HILSE.

The cell wall of the freshwater diatom Navicula pelliculosa (Breb.) Hilse is composed of the silica shell and an organic skin which surrounds it. Isolated skins can be prepared by first removing the contents of the cell by mechanical shaking, followed by a posttreatment of these isolated cell walls with HF vapor to remove the silica shell. T h e skins can also be seen in sections, particularly well after the silica shell has been removed B y H. F; vapor. The origin and morphological composition of the shin in N. pelliculosa are not yet completely ascertaincd. As parts of the cell wn11, both the silica shell and the skin are extracellularly located. The growth of the silica shell, however, occurs intracellularly inside a vesicle delimited by a triple-layered membrane, the silicalemma. This membrane or secondary excreted organic material or both in various proportions may compose the skin.
Specific deletion of DNA sequences between preselected bases

Abstract Blunt-end ligation of a "filled-in" HindIII, Sal I, Ava I or Bcl I restriction site with a DNA fragment having A, G, C, or T as the terminal 3' nucleotide regenerates the corresponding restriction site. A combination of this property with the action of BAL 31 nuclease which progressively removes base-pairs from the ends of linear DNA, can generate deletions extending to desired pre-selected nucleotides, and introduces unique restriction sites at those positions. Similarly other restriction sites can be used to select for the deletion of sequences between specific di-, tri-, tetra- and penta-nucleotides. Using this method, 10 base pairs were deleted from the end of a restriction fragment carrying the late promoter for bacteriophage T7 gene 1.1, to create a molecule with a unique restriction site at the initiation codon for translation.
L-glutamate-induced changes in intracellular calcium oscillation frequency through non-classical glutamate receptor binding in cultured rat myocardial cells.

The effects of L-glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate (KA) and L-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionate (AMPA) on intracellular Ca2+ oscillation frequency were studied in cultured rat myocardial cells. Ca2+ oscillations per minute were increased as compared to control by L-glutamate (100 μM) from 3.8 ± 2.2 to 25.7 ± 4.3 (p < 0.001) and the NMDA-receptor agonist, NMDA (100 μM), from 1.2 ± 0.8 to 34.8 ± 10.1 (p < 0.011). Increases over control frequency were also seen in response to the non-NMDA receptor agonists KA (100 μM) from 5.8 ± 2.3 to 25.6 ± 3.2 (p < 0.001) and AMPA (10 μM) from 3.8 ± 1.2 to 13.3 ± 1.8 (p < 0.001). The non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, (+)-5-methyl-10,ll-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-iminemaleate (MK801) (10 μM), decreased the Ca2+ oscillation frequency induced by NMDA (100 μM from 36.8 ± 12.2 to 7.2 ± 7.2 (p < 0.05). (±)-2-Amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP7), a competitive inhibitor at the NMDA receptor inhibited the increase in frequency induced by KA (100 μM) at all concentrations tested (0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 μM) . 6,7-Dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), a competitive inhibitor at non-NMDA receptors, also decreased the oscillation frequency elicited by KA (100 μM) from 35.4 ± 9.4 to 28.2 ± 9.8, 24.8 ± 9.8 and 11 ± 9.5 at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0 and 10 μM respectively. The peak amount of intracellular Ca2+ as expressed as the fluo 3 ratio, FFrest, was not increased by l-glutamate, NMDA or KA. These results suggest the presence of a novel glutamate receptor composed of both non-NMDA and NMDA subunits on cultured rat myocardial cells, and receptor stimulation leads to an increase in intracellular Ca2+ oscillation frequency.
The Differences of Dietary Intake of Children of Married and of Single Military Members: A Secondary Data Analysis

Abstract Children's dietary intakes and consumption patterns are important in setting the stage for adulthood eating habits. This secondary analysis used data collected by the Military Family Institute of Marywood University to examine the health and nutrition behaviors of preschool children of 4,500 military members. The present study focused on the differences in preschoolers' dietary intakes whose 187 single and 187 married military parents were matched on rank, service and duty location. Findings revealed that children of married military members were more likely than children of single military members to meet USDA Food Guide Pyramid guidelines for servings from the fruit (88% vs. 80%, p