cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genotypic constraints on plasticity for corpse removal in honey bee colonies

Abstract The hypothesis that plasticity in honey bee,Apis mellifera, division of labour can be influenced by genotypic differences in worker behaviour was tested in colonies with electrophoretically distinct subfamilies. Undertaking behaviour (removal of dead bees from the nest) was studied because it is possible to vary the level of corpse-removal stimuli in a precise way. Subfamilies of workers with low thresholds of response to corpses were predicted to be overrepresented as undertakers relative to subfamilies with higher thresholds, and this difference was predicted to be reduced under higher stimulus conditions (more corpses). Allozyme analyses revealed that the genotypic composition of the undertaker group that responded to a low stimulus was significantly different from the composition of the whole colony. Contrary to predictions, the genotypic composition of the undertaker group that responded to a high stimulus was just as different from the composition of the whole colony. A second experiment examined the effects of undertaker depletion (about 2-3% of each colony's population): there were significant decreases in rates of corpse removal for several days following the removal of undertakers. These results suggest that strong genetic influences on the likelihood that an individual worker will perform a particular task, such as undertaking, may constrain a colony's ability to respond to changing conditions.
Perceptual Dual-Task Training via Simulation for Veterinary Students

Perceptual training can be implemented via simulation for specific tasks in which the actual event being trained for rarely occurs. Simulation may also be able to train domain-specific skills related to stress-management difficult to train in real-world training. Simulation use is growing wide-spread in the training of the motor skills used in similar tasks, but generalizability of perceptual skills and abilities to specific tasks is not clear. The current study sought to examine the potential of a veterinary training simulation module and examine the relationship between training methods and working memory capacity, and these factors effects on performance in a stressful, dual-task perceptual performance environment.
Annulate lamellae in cat lateral geniculate neurons

Annulate lamellae occur in the perikaryon and dendritic extensions of lateral geniculate body neurons in the adult cat. The perikaryal arrays are 3-dimensional membranous stacks composed of parallel rows of agranular, flattened cisterns alternating with amorphous jinear parallel densities. Each lamella contains periodic constrictions and annuli spanned by a diaphragm-like condensation. Tenuous threads interconnect the lamellae at the annular rims with the parallel densities located midway between successive lamellae. Terminal ends of lamellae are sometimes dilated and are coextensive with cytoplasmic granular endoplasmic reticulum. Individual components of dendritic configurations are repeated at shorter intervals than their major somal counterparts, and the midregion densities are absent. Annulate lamellae occur at a distance of 2 μ or more from the nucleus. Their origin remains undetermined. The lamellar structures are relatively resistant to marked changes displayed by cytoplasmic membranes in neurons undergoing atrophic degeneration.
Oestradiol plus receptor complexes in the brain and anterior pituitary gland: quantitation and neuroendocrine significance.

Abstract Although cytosol proteins which selectively bind and translocate oestrogens to the cell nucleus have been characterized in the brain and pituitary gland, the role of these putative receptors in behavioral and neuroendocrine hormone action remains difficult to determine. Such considerations are important in view of possible non-receptor mediated mechanisms of steroid action such as iontophoreticallyapplied oestradiol modulation of neuronal activity and catechol oestrogen formation and interaction with monoamine metabolizing enzymes. This paper will review current procedures which permit the quantitation of oestradiol plus receptor complexes under physiologic conditions or following acute or chronic hormone administration. These procedures, which include [3H]oestradiol uptake and “exchange” assay of receptor bound hormone in purified nuclear pellets, have been employed to characterize patterns of oestradiol receptor occupation in several physiologic states and to study the intracellular mechanisms underlying oestrogen and androgen feedback control of pituitary gonadotropin release as well as the organizational actions of androgens on the developing neonatal rat brain.
Unusual short rib-polydactyly syndrome.

We present a case of lethal short rib-polydactyly syndrome (SRPS) that cannot be categorized into the existing classification. A nosologic discussion is presented. To our knowledge, situs inversus totalis, as in our case, has not been described before in any SRPS. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Language as a product of dialogue

Studies of adults' speech to language‐learning children indicate that children hear a language sample which is probably well suited to their developing linguistic needs. How to characterize the relationship between adult speech and child language development remains, however, an unsettled issue. This study proposes one important function for adult‐child dialogues in the developmental process. The dialogue provides the child with opportunities to participate with adults in creating linguistic relationships of which he/she would be incapable alone. This proposal is similar to the “zone of proximal development” discussed by Vygotsky and reviewed here. Data for the study come from dialogues between mothers and their children between the ages of 20 and 32 months. As a reflection of another proposal, that dialogue can only be adequately described in terms of discourse level relations, the specific area of investigation was the discourse level relation ellipsis. Dialogues were coded with categories of ellipsis a...
New dynamic zoom calibration technique for a stereo-vision-based multiview 3D modeling system

A new technique is proposed for calibrating a 3D modeling system with variable zoom based on multi-view stereo image analysis. The 3D modeling system uses a stereo camera with variable zoom setting and a turntable for rotating an object. Given an object whose complete 3D model (mesh and texture-map) needs to be generated, the object is placed on the turntable and stereo images of the object are captured from multiple views by rotating the turntable. Partial 3D models generated from different views are integrated to obtain a complete 3D model of the object. Changing the zoom to accommodate objects of different sizes and at different distances from the stereo camera changes several internal camera parameters such as focal length and image center. Also, the parameters of the rotation axis of the turntable changes. We present camera calibration techniques for estimating the camera parameters and the rotation axis for different zoom settings. The Perspective Projection Matrices (PPM) of the cameras are calibrated at a selected set of zoom settings. The PPM is decomposed into intrinsic parameters, orientation angles, and translation vectors. Camera parameters at an arbitrary intermediate zoom setting are estimated from the nearest calibrated zoom positions through interpolation. A performance evaluation of this technique is presented with experimental results. We also present a refinement technique for stereo rectification that improves partial shape recovery. And the rotation axis of multi-view at different zoom setting is estimated without further calibration. Complete 3D models obtained with our techniques are presented.
Geotourism and Sustainability as a Business Mindset

Geotourism sustains and/or enhances the geographical character of a place, embracing the environment, heritage, aesthetics, culture, and well-being of its residents. Geotourism promotes behaviors such as buying local products, improving employee well-being, and donating to local causes. Visitors to Montana have been previously identified as geotravelers, which influenced the Montana Office of Tourism to target this segment. While previous studies confirmed the demand for geotourism in Montana, little research had examined the supply-side perspective on practicing the sustainable initiative tourists/geotravelers expect. By using geotourism’s constructs, this study assessed the extent to which Montana’s tourism and hospitality businesses have adopted geotourism’s principles in their business mindset. Results of a web-based survey indicate moderate to low participation by Montana businesses. Further analysis reveals incongruity in behavior by business sector. Smaller businesses appear less sustainable and ge...
Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection among Male and Female Sex Partners: Prevalence and Type-Specific Concordance

Penile, cervical, and vulvovaginal samples from 50 couples attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic and perianal samples from women only were tested for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA by dot filter hybridization (DFH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Only 18% of women and 4% of men were HPV-positive by DFH, but 72% of women and 63% of men were HPV-positive by PCR. HPV type-specific concordance between partners was more common than predicted by chance (P = .01) and was associated with detection of HPV DNA by DFH in either partner. Thus, genital HPV infection in this population is common in both men and women, and the HPV type-specific concordance in sex partners is consistent with sexual transmission. Higher levels of genital or perianal HPV, as reflected by detection of HPV DNA with the less-sensitive DFH method, may promote sexual transmission.
Imbibition Transition: Gas Intercalation Between Graphene and a Solid Surface

Arguments are presented to the effect that a first-order transition can occur in which a gas monolayer imbibes within a slit pore, forming an intercalated layer. The calculation is carried out at T=0 for simplicity. The concept of this transition is potentially relevant to structural transitions observed when gas absorbs within metal-organic-framework materials and the response of graphene/silica electronic devices.
An automated matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer for "bottom-up" proteomics.

Here we describe a new quadrupole Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance hybrid mass spectrometer equipped with an intermediate-pressure MALDI ion source and demonstrate its suitability for “bottom-up” proteomics. The integration of a high-speed MALDI sample stage, a quadrupole analyzer, and a FT-ICR mass spectrometer together with a novel software user interface allows this instrument to perform high-throughput proteomics experiments. A set of linearly encoded stages allows subsecond positioning of any location on a mircotiter-sized target with up to 1536 samples with micrometer precision in the source focus of the ion optics. Such precise control enables internal calibration for high mass accuracy MS and MS/MS spectra using separate calibrant and analyte regions on the target plate, avoiding ion suppression effects that would result from the spiking of calibrants into the sample. An elongated open cylindrical analyzer cell with trap plates allows trapping of ions from 1000 to 5000 m/z without notable...
Interruption of enteral feedings in head injured patients.

ABSTRACT:This study was undertaken to determine differences between caloric intake and requirements of critically ill, enterally fed, neurosurgical and neurotrauma patients and to determine the nature and frequency of interruptions in enteral feedings in this same population. This descriptive, prosp
Structural insights into the Plasmodium falciparum histone deacetylase 1 (PfHDAC-1): A novel target for the development of antimalarial therapy

The histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme from Plasmodium falciparum has been identified as a novel target for the development of antimalarial therapy. A ligand-refined homology model of PfHDAC-1 was generated from the crystal structures of human HDAC8 and HDLP using a restraint guided optimization procedure involving the OPLS/GBSA potential setup. The model was extensively validated using protein structure checking tools. A predictive docking study was carried out using a set of known human HDAC inhibitors, which were shown to have in vitro antimalarial activity against the chloroquine sensitive D6 and resistant W2 strains of P. falciparum. Pose validation and score-based active/inactive separation studies provided independent validation of the geometric accuracy and the predictive ability of the generated model. Comparative analysis was carried out with the human HDACs to identify differences in the binding site topology and interacting residues, which might be utilized to develop selective PfHDAC-1 inhibitors.
Secondary structure prediction of plant virus coat proteins

Application of the secondary structure prediction techniques to the coat protein amino acid sequences of turnip yellow mosaic virus and satellite tobacco necrosis virus yielded an excellent correlation with the patterns of secondary structural elements observed in the capsid proteins of southern bean mosaic virus and tomato bushy stunt virus. Helical predictions for the very basic N-terminal regions of three plant viruses suggested modes of protein-nucleic acid interaction similar to those proposed for histones and protamines.
Effect of flow due to density change on eutectic growth

Abstract The Jackson–Hunt model of eutectic growth is extended to allow for different densities of the phases. The density differences give rise to fluid flow which is calculated from a series solution of the fluid flow equations in the Stokes flow approximation. The solute diffusion equation with flow terms is then solved numerically using an adaptive refinement and multigrid algorithm. The interface undercoolings and volume fractions are calculated as a function of spacing for tin–lead and iron–carbon eutectic alloys and for an aluminum–indium monotectic alloy. The numerical results are compared with various approximations based on the Jackson–Hunt analysis.
Comparison of Asymmetric Shapes for Deformed Negative-Parity States in Heavy Even Nuclei

The predictions of asymmetric collective models with pure quadrupole, pure octupole, and mixed quadrupole-plus-octupole shapes are developed for negative-parity states in deformed even nuclei in an effort to determine the usefulness of the asymmetric model as a tool to distinguish surface shapes. The models are applied to the data for $^{228}\mathrm{Th}$, $^{232}\mathrm{U}$, and $^{234}\mathrm{U}$, and the comparison indicates that the energy and electric quadrupole branching-ratio predictions are independent of surface-shape multipolarity.
Application of the complex variable boundary element method to solving potential problems in doubly connected domains

The complex variable boundary element method (CVBEM) developed by Hromadka for the solution of potential problems in simply connected domains is extended to the solution of heat conduction problems in doubly connected domains. A cut is made in the doubly connected domain, and it was found that the complex potentials along the cut do not cancel out but result in a complex stream function that plays the role of perturbation in the nodal equations. Cauchy–Riemann conditions are used to derive additional equations which relate the stream functions and the boundary heat fluxes and potentials when Neumann and Robin conditions are imposed on the boundaries. The resulting nodal equations are expressed in matrix form, and coding rules and methods for checking the matrix elements are developed. Three solution methods (implicit, explicit and hybrid) are described, and by means of examples, the efficacy of these methods is discussed and compared.
High-strain-rate dynamic mechanical behavior of a bulk metallic glass composite

The high-strain-rate mechanical properties, deformation mechanisms, and fracture characteristics of a bulk metallic glass (BMG)-matrix composite, consisting of an amorphous Zr57Nb5Cu15.4Ni12.6Al10 (LM106) matrix with crystalline tungsten reinforcement particles, were investigated using gas gun anvil-on-rod impact experiments instrumented with velocity interferometry (VISAR) and high-speed digital photography. The time-resolved elastic-plastic wave propagation response obtained through VISAR and the transient deformation states captured with the camera provided information about dynamic strength and deformation modes of the composite. Comparison of experimental measurements with AUTODYN-simulated transient deformation profiles and free surface velocity traces allowed for validation of the pressure-hardening Drucker–Prager model, which was used to describe the deformation response of the composite. The impacted specimens recovered for post-impact microstructural analysis provided further information about the mechanisms of dynamic deformation and fracture characteristics. The overall results from experiments and modeling revealed a strain to failure of ∼45% along the length and ∼7% in area, and the fracture initiation stress was found to decrease with increasing impact velocity because of the negative strain-rate sensitivity of the BMG.
Process zone size effects on naturally curving cracks

Abstract In a fuselage crack turning application, a crack may grow under stable tearing conditions for some length, achieving a somewhat steady-state condition, then encounter a region of high tensile T-stress as it nears a stiffener, causing the crack to turn. While a T-stress related crack path instability has been described by Cotterell and Rice [Int J Fract 16 (1980) 155], recent experimental evidence indicates that crack turning is also influenced by the size of the process zone. In order to study this problem, the perturbed crack path solution of Cotterell and Rice is extended to include the effects of a process zone represented by cohesive tractions on the crack flanks trailing the crack tip. The characteristic length, r c , over which the tractions are prescribed, represents a strain-localization zone which precedes the physical crack tip, and through which the crack presumably must pass. The strain-localization zone is assumed to be smaller than common measures of plastic zone size, and other than the strain-localization zone, plasticity is not explicitly modeled. The solution, which uses cohesive tractions analogous to the Dugdale–Barenblatt crack tip model [J Mech Phys Solids 8 (1960) 100; Advances in Applied Mechanics, vol. VII, Academic Press, 1962. p. 55], is accurate to first-order deviations from a straight crack path in an infinite medium for small strain-localization zones. A correction factor is provided to the process zone parameter to approximate the solution for larger process zones, but loses accuracy as the strain-localization zone approaches the plastic zone size. Increased process zone size is shown to result in an increase in the perturbation sensitivity of a crack in a positive T-stress environment, causing more rapid turning of the crack, as has also been experimentally observed.
Effective dynamics, big bounces, and scaling symmetry in Bianchi type I loop quantum cosmology

The detailed formulation for loop quantum cosmology (LQC) in the Bianchi I model with a scalar massless field has been constructed. In this paper, its effective dynamics is studied in two improved strategies for implementing the LQC discreteness corrections. Both schemes show that the big bang is replaced by the big bounces, which take place up to 3 times, once in each diagonal direction, when the area or volume scale factor approaches the critical values in the Planck regime measured by the reference of the scalar field momentum. These two strategies give different evolutions: In one scheme, the effective dynamics is independent of the choice of the finite sized cell prescribed to make Hamiltonian finite; in the other, the effective dynamics reacts to the macroscopic scales introduced by the boundary conditions. Both schemes reveal interesting symmetries of scaling, which are reminiscent of the relational interpretation of quantum mechanics and also suggest that the fundamental spatial scale (area gap) may give rise to a temporal scale.
Thermoregulatory brood transport in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta

Nest structure in ants is often designed to optimize the colony’s ability to thermoregulate, and this specialization is most highly developed in mound-building ant species. Solenopsis invicta invest a large amount of energy in building mounds and transporting their brood up and down in their nests as a means of thermoregulation. Because few ant species build true mounds, we wanted to determine the effectiveness of these mounds in harvesting solar heat as well as to distinguish what factors (temperature vs. circadian rhythm) govern where fire ants place their brood in the mound and when they place it. We measured temperature patterns in the mound over several days at different depths and under different conditions (under direct sunlight or shade), and then conducted a series of field experiments to manipulate the orientation and time of heating. On cool mornings in spring or fall, surface temperatures of the mound rise at the fastest rate on the side receiving the most direct sunlight (usually the south side). This heating causes a temperature gradient through different depths in the mound, and shows little difference from outside ground temperature at a depth greater than ~40 cm inside the nest. In the morning, fire ants move their brood up into the mound on the side most directly heated, and when temperatures exceed optimal (~32°C) they move their brood down the temperature gradient to lower depths in the nest. In addition to this, mound temperature does not only increase due to direct sunlight, but temperature also increases higher than ground temperatures when the mound is in the shade due to its low specific heat. Experiments in which sunlight was mirrored to the normally shaded side of the mound, or when mounds were heated at night, revealed that S. invicta primarily track temperature patterns and do not rely on behavioral habits or circadian rhythms for the thermoregulatory transport of their brood. When mounds were shaded, S. invicta brood was evenly distributed directly under the surface of the mound rather than aggregating towards a specific side. The fire ant mound is important for thermoregulation because, compared to moundless subterranean nests, it absorbs heat more rapidly both in direct sunlight and shady conditions. Temperature tracking within the nest is key to understanding thermoregulatory placement of fire ant brood, as well as insight into the production of sexual brood and reproduction.
An Experimental and Computational Investigation into the Gas-Phase Acidities of Tyrosine and Phenylalanine: Three Structures for Deprotonated Tyrosine

Using mass spectrometry and correlated molecular orbital theory, three deprotonated structures were revealed for the amino acid tyrosine. The structures were distinguished experimentally by ion/molecule reactions involving proton transfer and trimethylsilyl azide. Gas-phase acidities from proton transfer reactions and from G3(MP2) calculations generally agree well. The lowest energy structure, which was only observed experimentally using electrospray ionization from aprotic solvents, is deprotonated at the carboxylic acid group and is predicted to be highly folded. A second unfolded carboxylate structure is several kcal/mol higher in energy and primarily forms from protic solvents. Protic solvents also yield a structure deprotonated at the phenolic side chain, which experiments find to be intermediate in energy to the two carboxylate forms. G3(MP2) calculations indicate that the three structures differ in energy by only 2.5 kcal/mol, yet they are readily distinguished experimentally. Structural abundance ...
Interfacial Charge Transfer and Colloidal Semiconductor Dye-Sensitization: Mechanism Assessment via Stark Emission Spectroscopy

Stark emission spectroscopy has been used to assess the nature of light-induced charge-injection processes occurring at molecular-dye/colloidal-semiconductor interfaces. Experiments reveal that eosin Y injects via a locally excited (LE) state. Coumarin-343 conceivably may react via an interfacial charge transfer state, although a simpler explanation centering on an environmentally perturbed LE state also is consistent with the experimental evidence.
Marine mammals' influence on ecosystem processes affecting fisheries in the Barents Sea is trivial.

Some interpretations of ecosystem-based fishery management include culling marine mammals as an integral component. The current Norwegian policy on marine mammal management is one example. Scientific support for this policy includes the Scenario Barents Sea (SBS) models. These modelled interactions between cod, Gadus morhua, herring, Clupea harengus, capelin, Mallotus villosus and northern minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Adding harp seals Phoca groenlandica into this top-down modelling approach resulted in unrealistic model outputs. Another set of models of the Barents Sea fish–fisheries system focused on interactions within and between the three fish populations, fisheries and climate. These model key processes of the system successfully. Continuing calls to support the SBS models despite their failure suggest a belief that marine mammal predation must be a problem for fisheries. The best available scientific evidence provides no justification for marine mammal culls as a primary component of an ecosystem-based approach to managing the fisheries of the Barents Sea.
Multiplex transcriptional analysis of paraffin-embedded liver needle biopsy from patients with liver fibrosis

Background The possibility of extracting RNA and measuring RNA expression from paraffin sections can allow extensive investigations on stored paraffin samples obtained from diseased livers and could help with studies of the natural history of liver fibrosis and inflammation, and in particular, correlate basic mechanisms to clinical outcomes.
The Effect of Statins on Mortality in Patients with Bacteremia

The statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, act to regulate the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Statins also deplete nonsterol cholesterol precursors, the isoprenoids, which are necessary for prenylation of critical membrane proteins that regulate cellular communication, including the inflammatory response. In a retrospective review of 388 bacteremic infections due to aerobic gram-negative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus, there was a significant reduction in both overall (6% vs. 28%; P=.002) and attributable (3% vs. 20%; P=.010) mortality among patients taking statins compared with patients not taking statins. This reduction in mortality persisted in a multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 7.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-57.5). Among the statin group, diabetes, hypertension, and coronary artery disease were more prevalent (P<.001), and there were more skin and soft tissue infections identified as sources of bacteremia (P=.008). These data suggest a potential clinical role of statins in bacteremic infection; however, the mechanism by which mortality is reduced remains undefined.
3-D Reconstruction of Microtubules From Multi-Angle Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy Using Bayesian Framework

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy excites a thin evanescent field which theoretically decays exponentially. Each TIRF image is actually the projection of a 3-D volume and hence cannot alone produce an accurate localization of structures in the z-dimension, however, it provides greatly improved axial resolution for biological samples. Multiple angle-TIRF microscopy allows controlled variation of the incident angle of the illuminating laser beam, thus generating a set of images of different penetration depths with the potential to reconstruct the 3-D volume of the sample. With the ultimate goal to quantify important biological parameters of microtubules, we present a method to reconstruct 3-D position and orientation of microtubules based on multi-angle TIRF data, as well as experimental calibration of the actual decay function of the evanescent field at each angle. We validate our method using computer simulations, by creating a phantom simulating the curvilinear characteristics of microtubules and project the artificially constructed volume into a set of TIRF image for different penetration depth. The reconstructed depth information for the phantom data is shown to be accurate and robust to noise. We apply our method to microtubule TIRF images of PtK2 cells in vivo. By comparing microtubule curvatures of the reconstruction results and several electron microscopy (EM) images of vertically sliced sample of microtubules, we find that the curvature statistics of our reconstruction agree well with the ground truth (EM data). Quantifying the distribution of microtubule curvature reveals an interesting discovery that microtubules can buckle and form local bendings of considerably small radius of curvature which is also visually spotted on the EM images, while microtubule bendings on a larger scale generally have a much larger radius and cannot bear the stress of a large curvature. The presented method has the potential to provide a reliable tool for 3-D reconstruction and tracking of microtubules.
Promiscuous feminisms for troubling times

Looking across the six articles in this issue, this paper argues that promiscuous uses of feminist methodologies offer a unique constellation of conceptual, pragmatic, material, and ethical strategies with which to understand and engage some of the social and cultural tensions that are occurring within and outside schools. It presents a promiscuous etymology of the word “promiscuous” in which a varied set of definitions provide a backdrop against which to study the project of these six scholars. Seven areas are developed with which to cluster the main themes of the articles including: (1) post-critical, (2) feminisms becoming, (3) productive unease, (4) not bound by gender, but always grounded in gender, (5) always already historical, (6) bodies that still matter, and (7) post-representational. These clusters illustrate how the authors are always becoming, sometimes intentionally and sometimes serendipitously, scholars and women who are willing to reconsider, reposition, reclaim, and rewrite a past, prese...
Predominantly electrochemical nature of biological power-producing reactions.

THE food taken in by a human being on a normal diet is equivalent, if all is converted to heat, to about 3 × 106 cals/24 h. If this energy was spent at a constant rate, with 100 per cent efficiency of conversion to mechanical work, the power provided would correspond to about 160 W.
Executive Policy‐Making Authority and Using Zero‐Base Budgeting for Allocating Resources

The objective of this article is to examine how executive policy-making authority is affected by allocating public resources via zero-base budgeting (ZBB). After reviewing the concept and rationale of ZBB, the article compares incremental policy-making with scientific policy-making. This review and comparison are then used to draw implications of using ZBB. Ultimately the article argues that ZBB will result in greater policy-making authority in the hands of senior management of the executive branch at the expense of the legislative agencies and bureaus. Thus, government's responsiveness toward the particularistic interests of individuals and groups will be reduced as a result of using ZBB.
Rapid Detection and Limitations of Molecular Techniques

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become an important diagnostic tool in the detection of foodborne pathogens. Many PCR tests have been validated, harmonized, and commercialized to make PCR a standard tool used by food microbiology laboratories to detect pathogens in foods. Current PCR technology allows for rapid detection of pathogens in real time. Real-time PCR can provide qualitative as well as quantitative information. However, PCR does have its limitations because of false-negative and false-positive results that may be encountered with the daily running of PCR assays by a diagnostic laboratory. The intent of this review is to help the reader identify these problems as they occur, discuss the nature of this interference, and provide solutions. This review also discusses the future of molecular diagnostics, i.e., high throughput nucleic acid sequencing.
Structural mapping of Enceladus and implications for formation of tectonized regions

Global structural mapping of high-resolution Cassini images of Enceladus reveals a richly varied surface. Most notable are three main regions of deformation each containing multiple structural units. In addition to the well known “South Polar Terrain” (SPT), there are two other large regions of deformation that we term “Leading Hemisphere Terrain” (LHT) and “Trailing Hemisphere Terrain” (THT). Each of these three terrains includes a circumferential belt that encloses one or more other structurally deformed units. Areal extents range from about 80,000 km2 (SPT) to 195,000 km2 (LHT) or 160 to 250 km equivalent circular radius. Based on relative crater densities, the THT is inferred to be older than the LHT; the geologically active SPT is the youngest. The overall similarities in shape and dimension of the three tectonized terrains suggest similar formational processes, plausibly related to broad loading of a thin elastic shell. A viable scenario is that each tectonized terrain formed above a large-scale region of warm upwelling ice, with subsequent downwarping triggered by cooling and/or subsurface melting. However, differences in morphological detail suggest that the specific evolution of each tectonized terrain has been different.
Further studies on the moisture-related properties of hydrolyzed poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Contact angle measurements with water indicate that the hydrophilicity of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film decreased in the order PET treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide > untreated PET > PET treated with methanolic sodium methoxide. When the sodium-methoxidetreated polyester was hydrolyzed with caustic soda, its contact angle fell, indicating that the methyl ester groups formed during the sodium methoxide reaction by a base-catalyzed ester interchange had been the cause of the high contact angles. Thus it appears that carboxyl groups at the surface of hydrolyzed PET play an important role in determining its hydrophilicity. It appears from adsorption experiments that there is a marked increase in the surface area of PET fibers on treatment with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The increase is attributed to the presence of the pits produced by the hydrolysis. It is suggested the higher surface area leads to increased numbers of hydrophilic groups on the fiber surface causing the greater wettability observed in the caustic hydrolyzed samples.
Modulation of untruthful responses with non-invasive brain stimulation.

Deceptive abilities have long been studied in relation to personality traits. More recently, studies explored the neural substrates associated with deceptive skills suggesting a critical role of the prefrontal cortex. Here we investigated whether noninvasive brain stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) could modulate generation of untruthful responses about subject’s personal life across contexts (i.e., deceiving on guilt-free questions on daily activities; generating previously memorized lies about past experience; and producing spontaneous lies about past experience), as well as across modality responses (verbal and motor responses). Results reveal that real, but not sham, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the DLPFC can reduce response latency for untruthful over truthful answers across contexts and modality responses. Also, contexts of lies seem to incur a different hemispheric laterality. These findings add up to previous studies demonstrating that it is possible to modulate some processes involved in generation of untruthful answers by applying noninvasive brain stimulation over the DLPFC and extend these findings by showing a differential hemispheric contribution of DLPFCs according to contexts.
Characterization of Alluvial Sources in the Owens Valley of Eastern California Using Fourier Shape Analysis

Two-dimensional quartz grain shape was used to characterize sand grains from different source areas in the Owens Valley of eastern California. Combining a mathematical description of the grain outline and multivariate discriminant analysis, we have shown that quartz from clastic source rocks has a distinctive imprint when compared to samples from granitic, volcanic, or mixed fluvial source areas. Alternatively, quartz provided by a granitic source could equally well have been interpreted as if it were derived from any of the other sources considered. This study provides a standard of comparison for further analysis of sediment deposited in arid alluvial environments.
Pulmonary toxicity from carmustine (BCNU): A case report

A patient who had a pneumonectomy for lung carcinoma was treated with carmustine when brain metastases developed. His pulmonary function was mildly compromised prior to the pneumonectomy by many years of smoking. After six months of carmustine therapy [total dose: 2,250 mg (1,200 mg/m2)] he developed interstitial pulmonary fibrosis with histologic changes consistent with drug toxicity. With seven previously reported cases of this drug effect and the addition of our case, carmustine must be added to the list of cancer chemotherapeutic agents that can cause pulmonary toxicity.
Distribution of the number of clonogens surviving fractionated radiotherapy: a long-standing problem revisited

Purpose : A long-standing problem is addressed: what form of the probability distribution for the number of clonogenic tumor cells remaining after fractionated radiotherapy should be used in the analysis aimed at evaluating the efficacy of cancer treatment? Over a period of years, a lack of theoretical results leading to a closed-form analytic expression for this distribution, even under very simplistic models of cell kinetics in the course of fractionated radiotherapy, was the most critical deterrent to the development of relevant methods of data analysis. Materials and methods : Rigorous mathematical results associated with a model of fractionated irradiation of tumors based on the iterated birth and death stochastic process are discussed. Results : A formula is presented for the exact distribution of the number of clonogenic tumor cells at the end of treatment. It is shown that, under certain conditions, this distribution can be approximated by a Poisson distribution. An explicit formula for the parame...
Adaptive Learning and Iterated Weak Dominance

Abstract This article addresses the idea that rational players should not play iteratively weakly dominated strategies by showing that when a particular type of adaptive learning process converges, then players must have learned to play strategy profiles equivalent to those that survive iterated nice weak dominance and, for certain games, equivalent to those that survive iterated weak dominance. For games satisfying the weak single crossing condition, the set of strategies that survive iterated weak dominance is small in that its bounds are pure strategy Nash equilibria. The results hold regardless of the order in which dominated strategies are eliminated.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Number: C72.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ruthenium Dioxide Thin Films From Bis(2, 4-Dimethylpentadienyl)Ruthenium

Thin films of polycrystalline RuO2 were deposited from bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium, (η5−2, 4-Me2C5H5)2Ru (1) and ruthenocene (2) on quartz and silicon substrates between 200 and 500°C under Ar/O2 or O2. Films deposited from 1 were more adherent than those grown from 2 under the same conditions, however, none of the films were particularly adherent when O2 was used as a carrier gas. SEM revealed a columnar structure for both precursors with grain size ranging from 0.15 - 1 5µ. Crystallinity increased after annealing the films to 800°C. Resistivity decreased as the annealing temperature increased.
The Relationship Between the Quantity of Alcohol Consumed and the Severity of Sexual Assaults Committed by College Men

Researchers have suggested that intoxicated perpetrators may act more violently than other perpetrators, although empirical findings have been mixed. Past research has focused on whether or not alcohol was consumed, rather than the quantity consumed, and this may explain these inconsistent findings. The authors hypothesized that the quantity of alcohol consumed would have a curvilinear relationship to the severity of the assault. Data were collected from 113 college men who reported that they had committed a sexual assault since the age of 14. The quantity of alcohol that perpetrators consumed during the assault was linearly related to how much aggression they used and was curvilinearly related to the type of sexual assault committed. The quantity of alcohol that victims consumed during the assault was linearly related to the type of sexual assault committed. Strategies for improving assessment of alcohol consumption in sexual assault research are discussed.
Quantum physics: Keep your feet on the ground

Some complex problems in physics can be recast as finding the ground state of an interacting quantum system. Not getting excited along the way can be the challenging part. See Letter p.194 Many interesting but practically intractable problems can be reduced to that of finding the ground state of a system of interacting spins. It is believed that the ground state of some naturally occurring spin systems can be effectively attained through a process called quantum annealing. Johnson et al. use quantum annealing to find the ground state of an artificial Ising spin system comprised of an array of eight superconducting flux qubits with programmable spin–spin couplings. With an increased number of spins, the system may provide a practical physical means to implement quantum algorithms, possibly enabling more effective approaches towards solving certain classes of hard combinatorial optimization problems.
Malignant liver tumors

Malignant tumors of the liver comprise a relatively small fraction of the total number of pediatric malignancies. However, these tumors can be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, and there have been significant therapeutic gains during the past few decades through advances in systemic therapy and surgical treatment. Even in patients with advanced local disease, complete resection is now a possibility because of improvements in liver transplantation techniques. In this review, we will discuss the staging and treatment of common malignant tumors of the liver.
Using WebQuiz and the college intranet to enhance class time and support independent investigation

Describes how online assignments using the WebQuiz program developed at Harvey Mudd College enrich both technical and non‐technical courses in several important ways. By helping prepare students for class by encouraging careful reading of background material, the focus of class time can shift from exposition to development of ideas, leading to a richer and more interactive classroom experience. By providing guidance and detailed feedback, WebQuiz can be used to support students in their independent review of material, as well as in the independent study of new material. Discusses in detail several applications of this flexible, Web‐based platform.
The effect of camera geometry on singles flux, scatter fraction and trues and randoms sensitivity for cylindrical 3D PET-a simulation study

Preliminary results of an assessment of the effects of changing the axial field of view (AFOV) and detector ring diameter (DRD) of a cylindrical PET tomograph on count rate performance are presented. The assessment was made using Monte Carlo simulations of an anthropomorphic phantom based on the Zubal phantom. This phantom was modified to include cylinders approximating arms and legs, and was sequentially stepped through the AFOV to simulate a whole-body scan covering an axial region of interest of 1 m. DRD was varied from /spl sim/60 cm to /spl sim/108 cm, and AFOV was varied from 10 cm to 60 cm. A simple activity distribution and dead time model was assumed to allow the calculation of noise-equivalent count (NEC) rates for a situation similar to that of a typical 18F-FDG study. Both the scatter fraction and singles flux were found to be strongly dependent on DRD, but only weakly dependent on AFOV when the latter was greater than /spl sim/25 cm. Trues and randoms sensitivity were strongly dependent on AFOV, and randoms sensitivity was also strongly dependent on DRD. Scatter and singles flux do not appear to be limiting factors for extended AFOV configurations, and randoms rates, while high, appear to be manageable with existing detector technology. This initial assessment suggests that for whole-body applications, substantial gains in NEC may be possible by extending the AFOV.
Synergistic coupling of SSD and hard disk for QoS-aware virtual memory

With significant advantages in capacity, power consumption, and price, solid state disk (SSD) has good potential to be employed as an extension of DRAM (memory), such that applications with large working sets could run efficiently on a modestly configured system. While initial results reported in recent works show promising prospects for this use of SSD by incorporating it into the management of virtual memory, frequent writes from write-intensive programs could quickly wear out SSD, making the idea less practical. We propose a scheme, HybridSwap, that integrates a hard disk with an SSD for virtual memory management, synergistically achieving the advantages of both. In addition, HybridSwap can constrain performance loss caused by swapping according to user-specified QoS requirements. To minimize writes to the SSD without undue performance loss, HybridSwap sequentially swaps a set of pages of virtual memory to the hard disk if they are expected to be read together. Using a history of page access patterns HybridSwap dynamically creates an out-of-memory virtual memory page layout on the swap space spanning the SSD and hard disk such that random reads are served by SSD and sequential reads are asynchronously served by the hard disk with high efficiency. In practice HybridSwap can effectively exploit the aggregate bandwidth of the two devices to accelerate page swapping. We have implemented HybridSwap in a recent Linux kernel, version 2.6.35.7. Our evaluation with representative benchmarks, such as Memcached for key-value store, and scientific programs from the ALGLIB cross-platform numerical analysis and data processing library, shows that the number of writes to SSD can be reduced by 40% with the system's performance comparable to that with pure SSD swapping, and can satisfy a swapping-related QoS requirement as long as
Transport properties of low-dimensional semiconductor structures in the presence of spin–orbit interaction

Transport properties of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) and of quantum wires are theoretically studied in the presence of both Rashba and Dresselhaus terms of the spin–orbit interaction (SOI). Fully quantum mechanical expressions for the conductivity are evaluated for very low temperatures and the differences between them and previous semiclassical results are highlighted. Two kinds of confining potentials in quantum wires are considered, square-type and parabolic. Various cases depending on the relative strengths of two different SOI terms are discussed and the relaxation times for various impurity potentials are evaluated. In addition, the spin accumulation in a 2DEG and in a quantum wire (QW) is evaluated semiclassically and its dependence on the Fermi energy and the SOI strengths is discussed. A nearly saw-tooth dependence on the electron concentration is obtained for a QW with parabolic confinement.