cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recreation impacts in some riparian forests of the Eastern United States.

Ecological impacts on camp and picnic sites were examined in three National Park Service units along the Delaware and New rivers, in the eastern United States. All sites experienced pronounced impact to trees, groundcover vegetation, and soils. The nature and magnitude of impacts in these riparian forests were quite similar to those reported in wilderness areas in the mountainous western states and northern Minnesota, despite more favorable growing conditions. The relationship between amount of use and amount of impact and the importance of differences in type of use and environment were also roughly comparable. High-use sites were more heavily impacted than low-use sites, but differences were small when compared with differences in amount of use. The areal extent of impact was the major difference between sites in different environments and sites used by different clienteles. This suggests that the effectiveness of basic strategies for managing impact should not differ greatly between regions. Here, as elsewhere, actions taken to control the areal extent of impact appear to be particularly important.
Bickerton, Derek,Dynamics of a Creole System

La diverseco de lingvistikaj formoj kreas multajn teoriajn problemojn. Car la lingvistikaj strukturoj formas rigidajn kunajojn, la priskribo de la diverseco en la lingvo ne estas facila. En la pasinteco, la studo de la diverseco en la lingvo estis neglektita en la lingvo-teorio. En la nuna tempo kaj kun la studo de la lingvo en la situacio de uzo, la diverseco en la lingvo igas fokuso de teoria intereso.La autoro de la recenzata verko studis la kreolan lingvon de Gujano, kie li estis instruisto en la universitato de Gujano dum kvar jaroj. Li studis la problemojn de la diverseco en la kreola komunumo, kaj proponas novajn ideojn pri ci tiu problemo.Por la celo de recenzo, oni povas dividi la libron en tri sekciojn. La unua sckcio ekzamenas la problemojn de la kontinuajo el la kreola lingvo al la angla lingvo. La dua sekcio konsistas el capitroj, en kiuj la autoro priskribas la lingvajn formojn de la parolado-kontinuajo. En la tria sekcio de la libro, la autoro prezentas la teorian takson pri la valoro de sia verko. Li kredis ke la gisnuna sistemo ne estas dinamika. La bezono de nova teorio estas grava, kaj estas la cefa kontribuajo de la esplorado. Car lingvistoj emas rigardi lingvon el la trostreta perspektivo de formalismo, iliaj kontribuajoj, laii Bickerton, estas limigitaj. Ilian laboron devus kompletigi ankaii analizoj historiaj, sociaj, politikaj.
Identification and mapping of a mouse gene influencing cerebellar folial pattern

Little is known about the role of inheritance in the pattern of cerebral and cerebellar cortical folding, or the causes of individual variation. Inouye and Oda (J. Comp. Neurol., 190 (1980) 357-362) found that the cerebellar folial pattern varies markedly between inbred strains of mice and between individuals in a closed (non-inbred) colony, but shows little variation between individuals within a given inbred strain. They concluded that strain-specific variation in cerebellar folial pattern is under genetic control. In the present study, the folial pattern was examined in crosses between the C57BL/6J and DBA/2J inbred strains of mice, which differ in the presence or absence of a single cerebellar fissure, and in recombinant inbred strains derived from a cross between the same strains. We found that variation is discrete, that neither phenotype is dominant, and that the strain difference is due predominantly to allelic differences at a single locus (Cfp-1) on chromosome 4. Incomplete penetrance of the simpler pattern suggests that this genetic locus interacts in a probabilistic manner with epigenetic mechanisms involved in morphogenesis of the cerebellum.
Atomistic simulations of shock induced microstructural evolution and spallation in single crystal nickel

Spallation in single crystalline nickel was studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The shock waves—incident waves, the waves reflected from sample free surfaces, and interference between reflected waves—create and destroy many microstructural features. These features, though unimportant in determining the spall strength, control the spall nucleation site. Spall occurs by cavitation at a grain boundary junction in cold, defective, tensile regions of the sample. Atomistic calculations and experiments, though separated by six orders of magnitude in strain rates, follow a universal strain rate behavior.
Involvement of noradrenergic system in a remarkably rapid tongue clonus produced by acute hypnotic doses of ethanol in Fischer F344 rats

Ethanol (2.95 g/kg, IP) eliminated the righting reflex and induced vigorous tongue clonus spontaneously or following tactile tongue stimulation in Fischer F344 rats. Responses normally lasted 30–60 min, and was reinstated by tactile stimulation in those cases where it subsided quickly. Sub-hypnotic (1.95 g/kg) or high (3.95 g/kg) doses failed to elicit clonus, even after tactile stimulation. A lipophilic α1-adrenergic agonist (St 587) promptly initiated tongue clonus in rats treated with a 3.95 g/kg dose of ethanol. Prazosin, a selective α1-adrenergic antagonist, blocked clonus, while the dopamine selective antagonist pimozide failed to modify this response. We infer an α1-adrenergic effect in which norepinephrine is released by ethanol.
Prolegomenon to the Study of Jewish-Christianities in Rabbinic Literature

They just don't fit very neatly; they never did. Ever since it became clear that the law-free mission to the gentiles would create a church and not a synagogue, Jewish-Christianity has been an uncomfortable reality with which to deal. The "Synagogue" didn't like it. The "Church Catholic" didn't like it. And modern scholarship, far less ready to accept the vagaries of a religion that resembles but cannot be made to fit known varieties of religion, seems to like it even less. Jewish-Christians seemed to want to hang on to an anachronism, a mission that should have failed already in Paul's lifetime.
Opa (protein II) influences gonococcal organization in colonies, surface appearance, size and attachment to human fallopian tube tissues.

Abstract Opa-expressing variants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain F62-SF and an Opa− variant, all non-piliated, were examined for differences in the interaction of the bacteria within colonies and in attachment to and damage of human fallopian tube mucosa. Expression of certain Opas was associated with the formation of transparent colonies where the bacteria were tightly packed and evenly spaced within the colonies. Expression of other Opas was associated with the formation of opaque colonies where the gonococci were less tightly packed and were unevenly spaced. Distinct differences in the size of the gonococci and in their surface characteristics were dependent upon the Opa being expressed. Certain Opas were associated with gonococci that had significantly larger cross-sectional areas and bigger perimeters. Scanning electron microscopy showed that OpaC- and OpaD-containing variants yielded greater mucosal damage than OpaB-containing and Opa− variants with the least damage caused by the OpaA-containing variant (clumped bacteria from dark opaque friable colonies). The mucosal damage after 60 min incubation included shortening and decreased numbers of microvilli on non-ciliated cells and invagination and sloughing of ciliated cells. Differences in the interactions of gonococci within colonies and in attachment to fallopian tube mucosa and damage to the mucosal cells occurred with different Opa-expressing variants of N. gonorrhoeae strain F62-SF.
Does inflammation contribute to the eradication of basal cell carcinoma following curettage and electrodesiccation

background Curettage and electrodesiccation (C&D) is probably the technique most frequently utilized by dermatologists to treat basal cell carcinomas (BCC). From historic studies, it appears C&D does not completely mechanically remove all nests of BCC in a substantial number of cases. Nevertheless, the reported 5-year reoccurrence rate following C&D is significantly less than this histologically observed residual tumor frequency immediately following C&D. Among the multiple possibilities that exist to explain why these residual nests do not appear as recurrent tumor more frequently is the theory that inflammation developing after C&D clears residual tumor. objective To test the hypothesis that inflammation developing after C&D dears residual tumor not mechanically removed by the procedure. methods The frequency of residual BCC detected histologically immediately following C&D was compared with the frequency I month after the C&D, an amount of time in which an effect (if any) of inflammation could occur. results Twenty-two of 29 primary BCC 2 cm thus treated was tumor free, for a clearance rate of 20%. Nine recurrent BCC of various sizes were treated by CD one of these was tumor free when excised. conclusion For primary BCC 1 cm, and in recurrent BCC.
Options for primary chemotherapy of epithelial ovarian cancer : taxanes

Abstract The taxanes, a new class of anticancer agents, act by promoting the assembly of microtubules and stabilizing formed tubules. Two taxanes, paclitaxel and docetaxel, have clinical activity in epithelial ovarian carcinomas, including tumors with platinum resistance. Toxicities associated with the taxanes include hypersensitivity, leukopenia, neurotoxocity, and alopecia. Premedication with dexamethasone, diphenhydramine, and cimetidine decreases the incidence of severe anaphylactic reactions to less than 3%. In Phase II studies, response rates to paclitaxel in patients with previously treated ovarian cancer ranged from 20 to 48%. To date, only two Phase III study using paclitaxel in the treatment of ovarian cancer have mature data. In one trial in patients with suboptimally debulked stage III and IV ovarian cancer, conducted by the Gynecologic Oncology Group, patients receiving paclitaxel/cisplatin had a significantly greater clinical response rate and surgical response rate and a significantly smaller risk of progression than those of patients receiving cisplatin/cyclophosphamide. In a Phase III study of paclitaxel in previously treated patients at two different schedules (3- and 24-hr infusions), conducted by the Canadian-European Taxol Cooperative Group, patients on the 24-hr infusion experienced significantly more grade 4 neutropenia than those receiving the 3-hr infusion. The optimal dose, schedule, and combination for paclitaxel in the treatment of patients with ovarian cancer have not yet been defined. In Phase II studies of docetaxel in patients with previously treated ovarian cancer, response rates of 33-35% were noted. Peripheral edema was noted to be a clinically significant toxicity.
Sedimentation of aerosols in closed finite tubes in random orientation

Abstract An analytical study is made on the sedimentation of an aerosol inside a closed fintite tube with arbitrary orientation. The initial concentration profile of the aerosol is assumed to be constant along the axis of the tube but varying over the cross-section. The cases of uniform and parabolic concentration profiles are worked out in detail. Using these results, the fractional loss in a system of randomly oriented finite tubes is obtained. The application to the human lung airways is discussed.
Kinetics of Hydrogen Abstraction Reaction Class H + H−C(sp3): First-Principles Predictions Using the Reaction Class Transition State Theory

We present an application of the reaction class transition state theory (RC-TST) in predicting thermal rate constants of the hydrogen abstraction reactions H + H−C(sp3) where C(sp3) is a saturated carbon atom. Combining the RC-TST with the linear energy relationship (LER) allows rate constants of any reaction in the class to be estimated from only reaction energy information. We have derived from first-principles all parameters for the RC-TST/LER method so rate constants for any reaction in this class can be predicted from only reaction energy, that can easily be computed from either the density functional theory or semiempirical molecular orbital theory. We have performed error analyses for a large number of reactions in the above class for which some experimental measurements or estimates are available. By comparisons with results from full TST/Eckart calculations we also found the RC-TST/LER method is quite cost-effective and has accuracy comparable to first-principles predictions using more rigorous m...
The TNF−α –308, MCP−1 –2518 and TGF−β1 +915 polymorphisms are not associated with the development of chronic lung disease in very low birth weight infants

Chronic lung disease (CLD) in premature newborns is associated with increased concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in tracheal aspirates (TA). We determined if polymorphisms of cytokine genes influence the risk of developing CLD by genotyping 178 mechanically ventilated very low birth weight (VLBW) infants for the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) −308 G/A, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) +915 G/C and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) −2518 A/G polymorphisms. Genomic DNA was isolated from TA and genotypes determined by restriction length polymorphism. There was no effect of any of these polymorphisms on the development of CLD (29 vs 23%, P=0.371, TNF-α −308 AA/AG vs TNF-α −308 GG; 23 vs 26%, P=0.681, MCP-1 −2518 GG/AG vs MCP-1 −215-8 AA; 24 vs 24%, P=0.978, TGF-β1 +915 CG vs TGF-β1 +915 GG). TA IL-8 and MCP-1 concentrations were not different between genotype groups. Infants with the TNF-α −308 A allele had increased risk of IVH (RR 2.07; 95% CI 1.02–4.18, P=0.041) and infants with the TGF-β1 +915 C allele were at greater risk of death (32 vs 9%, P=0.016). These data suggest that these polymorphisms do not play a significant role in determining risk for CLD in preterm infants, but may play a role in other complications in the neonatal period.
Passive mixing control of plane parallel jets

An experimental study on the mixing of two plane, unventilated, parallel jets reveals an instability characterized by sinuous “flapping” of the jets and enhanced mixing of the jets with the ambient fluid. The frequency and amplitude of the instability is shown to be a function of the jets’ spacing and momentum flux ratios, with the maximum mixing occurring for cases with matched momentum flux. When the momentum flux of the two jets is mismatched by as much as a factor of three, the flow becomes steady. Schlieren flow visualization and hot-wire anemometry demonstrate and quantify the large-scale mixing. The instability has a strong frequency and amplitude dependence on the momentum ratio of the jets. The Strouhal number is also found to decrease with the spacing between the jets. The instability described provides a means to passively control the jet mixing with the ambient.
γ‐radiation‐induced ionic polymerization of pure liquid styrene. II

In this second paper of the series we present additional evidence that the γ-radiation-induced polymerization of very pure, ultradry styrene exhibits kinetics that can best be explained as due to one or more ionic processes, depending on the dryness of the sample. We have shown the effect of the various steps in the drying procedure on the observed kinetics, and we have described a preparative procedure which yields good reproducibility among independently prepared samples. Under these conditions, the rate of polymerization is proportional to the 0.70 power of the dose rate at 0°C.; there appears to be no wall effect; and the temperature coefficient for the process appears to be a complicated function, most probably a small negative value over the range of temperature (0–50°C.) and dose rates (∼103–105 rad/hr.) covered in this study. The maximum G value for disappearance of monomer which we have observed is of the order of 6 × 105 molecules of monomer/100 e.v. at 0°C. and a dose rate of 2 × 103 rad/hr.
Cognitive disruption and altered hippocampus synaptic function in Reelin haploinsufficient mice

The heterozygote reeler mouse (HRM) shows many neuroanatomical and biochemical features that are also present in some human cognitive disorders, such as schizophrenia. In the present study, hippocampal dependent plasticity and cognitive function of the HRM were characterized in detail in an attempt to reveal phenotypic functional differences that result from Reelin haploinsufficiency. The HRM and wild type mice show similar levels of overall activity, coordination, thermal nociception, startle responses, and anxiety-like behavior. In addition, both genotypes show similar shock threshold, identical cued freezing behavior and comparable spatial learning in Morris water maze tasks. However, a significant reduction in contextual fear conditioned learning was observed in the HRM. Electrophysiological studies in hippocampal CA1 synapses revealed a plethora of differences between genotypes. The HRM exhibits reduced field excitatory postsynaptic potentials in responses to similar synaptic inputs, lowered paired pulse facilitation ratio and impaired long-term depression and tetanus-induced long-term potentiation (LTP). Also, deficits were detected in LTP elicited by theta burst stimulation or by a whole cell pairing protocol. These physiologic differences could not be accounted for by changes in the overall amount of glutamate receptor subunits. In addition, it was determined that network-driven excitatory and inhibitory activities recorded in CA1 pyramidal neurons showed that the HRM had comparable amplitude and frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents, but a marked reduction in spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Thus, the HRM exhibits a specific hippocampal-dependent learning deficit accompanied with a pronounced impairment of hippocampal plasticity and functional inhibitory innervation.
Analysis and Observation of Cavities in a Journal Bearing Considering Flow Continuity

Steady-state cavities in a journal bearing are analyzed in two contexts: first, an approximate thermohydrodynamic theory developed earlier is applied to additional cases, and comparisons are made between temperatures predicted by the theory and measured temperatures reported in the literature. Parametric variation of the size of a layer of fluid adhered to the journal is conducted. The best agreement between theory and experiment over a variety of cases is obtained when the adhered layer is chosen to be 0.42 times the gap height at the film rupture location. Second, an experiment was conducted to measure the widths of fluid streamers in the cavitated zone of a journal bearing. Measured streamer widths enable the calculation of the size of adhered layer that would be present to satisfy flow continuity. Results of the experiment support the existence of an adhered layer, which varies in size from 11 to 32% of the gap height at the rupture boundary.
From girls into women: Scripts for sexuality and romance in seventeen magazine, 1974–1994

Drawing on the scripting approach to sexual behavior, I use a combination of quantitative and qualitative content analysis to evaluate 244 articles on sexuality and romance from Seventeen, a teen magazine. I highlight changes and continuities in the magazine's depiction of sexuality from 1974 to 1994. Over this period, the variety of sexual scripts available in Seventeen expanded to recognize female desire, ambivalence about sexuality, homosexuality, masturbation, oral sex, and even recreational sexual activity. However, Seventeen's editors generally resolved controversies in ways that reinforced dominant gender and sexual norms. Sexual scripts in popular media may have profound real‐life effects. Young women who encounter scripts that acknowledge their own experiences may be more receptive to messages about practicing safer sex. In addition, young women who are encouraged to balance sexuality and romance with other aspects of life may get a head start on important developmental processes. But to the exte...
Behavioral subtypes of low-achieving children: Differences in school social adjustment☆

Abstract The purpose of this research was to identify possible behavioral subtypes of low- achieving elementary school children and to examine the extent to which these children experience difficulties in their peer relationships in school. Thirty-three low- achieving second- through fifth-grade students and a matched sample of average- achieving children were identified. A cluster analysis was conducted using peer assessment measures of cooperative, disruptive, aggressive, and shy behavior. Results revealed two distinct subtypes of low-achieving children, an aggressive-disruptive group and a nonaggressive but somewhat shy group. Low-achieving, aggressive-disruptive children were less socially accepted and more rejected than average-achieving children. These children were also rated by teachers as having more difficulty handling problematic social situations than either average-achieving children or low-achieving, nonaggressive children. Low-achieving, nonaggressive children did not differ from average-achieving children in peer sociometric status or in their ability to handle social problem situations. Implications for social skills intervention are discussed.
Does number of children increase the rate of coronary heart disease in men

We examined the association between number of children and coronary heart disease risk among men in two large prospective cohort studies. Data from the Framingham Heart Study comprised a group of 1,632 men who were followed for 30 years; data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey National Epidemiologic Follow-up Study included 2,584 men who were followed for 3-5 years. We found no relation between number of children and coronary heart disease incidence in these cohorts. This lack of association in men contrasts with the previous positive association found between pregnancy and coronary heart disease in women.
Identification of a point mutation in the thyrotropin receptor of the hyt/hyt hypothyroid mouse.

The hyt/hyt hypothyroid mouse has an autosomal recessive, fetal-onset, severe hypothyroidism related to TSH hyporesponsiveness and associated with elevated TSH. Our previous work has suggested that the hypothyroidism and TSH hyporesponsiveness may result from a mutation in the hyt/hyt TSH receptor (TSHr) of the thyroid gland. Based on DNA sequencing of the entire coding region of the TSHr gene from the wild-type BALB/cBY +/+ mouse, the +/+ TSHr is 92% and 94% identical at the nucleotide and amino acid residue levels, respectively, compared to the rat TSHr gene. The coding region of the hyt/hyt TSHr, compared to that of the +/+ TSHr, has a single base change, CCG to CTG, at nucleotide position 1666, which leads to the replacement of a highly conserved proline at amino acid position 556 with a leucine in transmembrane domain IV. This mutation was introduced by site-directed mutagenesis into the wild-type human TSHr and transiently expressed in COS-7 cells. Although the size and abundance of the mutant TSHr ...
Locality Preserving Composite Kernel Feature Extraction for Multi-Source Geospatial Image Analysis

Multi-source data, either from different sensors or disparate features extracted from the same sensor, are valuable for geospatial image analysis due to their potential for providing complementary features. In this paper, a composite-kernel-based feature extraction method is proposed for multi-source remote sensing data classification. Features from different sources are first fused via a weighted composite kernel mapping, and then projected to a lower-dimensional subspace in which kernel local Fisher discriminant analysis (KLFDA) is used to extract the most discriminative information. We hypothesize that after such a projection, multi-source data would have better class separability between classes, and an efficient linear classification model–multinomial logistic regression (MLR) would be suitable for classification. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated via experiments using two different sets of multi-source geospatial data. For feature fusion, the raw spectral data and extended multi-attribute profiles (EMAPs) derived from the hyperspectral image are used as a testbed for multi-source image analysis. The second multi-source testbed used for validation involves sensor fusion, in which the hyperspectral and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data are utilized. Experimental results show that composite kernel local Fisher’s discriminant analysis when combined with MLR based classifier (CKLFDA-MLR) is very effective at feature extraction and classification of multi-source geospatial images.
The effect of spontaneous curvature on a two-phase vesicle

Vesicles are membrane-bound structures commonly known for their roles in cellular transport and the shape of a vesicle is determined by its surrounding membrane (lipid bilayer). When the membrane is composed of different lipids, it is natural for the lipids of similar molecular structure to migrate towards one another (via spinodal decomposition), creating a multi-phase vesicle. In this article, we consider a two-phase vesicle model which is driven by nature's propensity to maintain a minimal state of elastic energy. The model assumes a continuum limit, thereby treating the membrane as a closed three-dimensional surface. The main purpose of this study is to reveal the complexity of the Helfrich two-phase vesicle model with non-zero spontaneous curvature and provide further evidence to support the relevance of spontaneous curvature as a modelling parameter.In this paper, we illustrate the complexity of the Helfrich two-phase model by providing multiple examples of undocumented solutions and energy hysteresis. We also investigate the influence of spontaneous curvature on morphological effects and membrane phenomena such as budding and fusion.
User innovation and knowledge sourcing: The case of financial software

Abstract According to user innovation literature, users can create important innovations and the novel functionalities embedded in those user innovations often become the sources of subsequent innovations by both other users and manufacturers. However, manufacturers are often hesitant in commercializing an innovation created by a single user due to the uncertainty around the market demands. We propose that such hesitancy will decrease when an increasing number of other users source knowledge elements from the focal user innovation and reproduce the novel functionality. Once the focal user innovation is commercialized by manufacturers, other users can purchase the novel functionality from the market rather than reproducing it in house. We propose that users capable of drawing on innovation resources are more likely to maintain in-house reproduction of the focal user innovation than users low on innovation resources. By using the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model and Impulse Response Function (IRF) analysis method, we analyze knowledge sourcing activities from financial software patents data, and the findings provide empirical supports for our propositions.
Responses of peripheral auditory neurons to two-tone stimuli during development: III. Rate facilitation

Approximately 25% of peripheral auditory neurons having low characteristic frequencies (CFs) and broad tuning, and recorded from immature animals, responded to two-tone stimuli with increases in discharge rate greater than predicted by linear summation of the responses to probe tones (facilitation), in contrast to the two-tone suppression observed in adult animals and in more sharply tuned immature neurons. Facilitation was not seen after 81 gestational days and was not observed when test tones produced a substantial increase in rate when presented alone. The fact that some neural responses were facilitated under conditions of two-tone stimulation during the final stages of cochlear differentiation provides additional evidence that signal transduction is fundamentally different in neonatal kittens than in adults. A linear model of basilar membrane mechanics coupled to nonlinear neural processes is proposed which can account for the production of facilitation.
Utility of a Thermal-based Two-source Energy Balance Model for Estimating Surface Fluxes over Complex Landscapes

Abstract Many landscapes are comprised of a variety of vegetation types with different canopy structure, rooting depth physiological characteristics, including r sponse to environmental stressors, etc. Even in agricultural regions different management practices, including crop rotations, irrigation scheduling, planting density, seed varieties, and other factors result in complex patterns in vegetation growth stages, canopy cover, canopy architecture and cropping densities. This variability at the canopy, field and landscape scale, makes it very challenging for quantifying spatially-distributed surface fluxes. This paper describes a robust but relatively simple thermal-based energy balance model that parameterizes the key soil/substrate and vegetation exchange processes affecting the radiative balance and turbulent energy transport with the overlying atmosphere. The thermal-based model, called the Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB) model solves for the soil/substrate and canopy temperatures that achieves a balance in the radiation and turbulent heat flux exchange with the lower atmosphere for the soil/substrate and vegetation elements. The TSEB scheme permits interaction between soil/substrate and canopy elements which are both coupled to the atmosphere via the canopy-air temperature; this canopy-air temperature is highly correlated to the aerodynamic surface temperature used in computing surface sensible heat flux. As a result, the TSEB modeling framework is applicable to a wide range of atmospheric and canopy cover conditions. An overview of recent applications of the TSEB modeling framework to a variety of agricultural landscapes is presented.
Layered LnBa1−xSrxCoCuO5+δ (Ln = Nd and Gd) perovskite cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract The effects of Sr substitution on the crystal chemistry, phase stability, and electrochemical performance as cathodes in intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) of the layered LnBa1−xSrxCoCuO5+δ (Ln = Nd and Gd) perovskites have been investigated. The LnBa1−xSrxCoCuO5+δ oxides crystallize in tetragonal P4/mmm symmetry for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.75. The x = 0.75 samples show a significant improvement in electrochemical performance compared to the x = 0 samples for both Ln = Nd and Gd. In an electrolyte (La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.8)-supported single cell configuration (thickness = 0.50 mm), the Ln = Gd series shows an improved maximum power density from 468 mW cm−2 for the Sr-free (x = 0) sample to 530 mW cm−2 for the x = 0.75 sample. In the Ln = Nd system, the x = 0.75 sample shows a maximum power density of 562 mW cm−2. The Sr substitution was found to have negligible effect on the thermal expansion coefficients (TEC) between the x = 0 and x = 0.75 samples in both series.
Spatial variability of residual nitrate-nitrogen under two tillage systems in central Iowa: A composite three-dimensional resistant and exploratory approach

Soil nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) data arranged on a three-dimensional grid were analyzed to compare tillage effect on the spatial distribution of residual NO3-N in the soil profile of agricultural plots drained by subsurface tiles. A three-dimensional median-based resistant (to outlier(s)) approach was developed to polish the spatially located data on soil NO3-N affected by directional trends (nonstationarity in the mean) in three major directions (row, column, and depth) and along the horizontal diagonal directions of the grid. Effect of preferential or nonpreferential path of transport of NO3-N in the vertical direction defined as sample hole effect was also removed to make the data trend-free across holes. Composite three-dimensional semivariogram models (along horizontal and vertical directions) were used to describe the spatial structure of residual soil nitrate distribution. Two plots in the same field, one under each tillage system (conventional tillage and no tillage), were studied. In each plot, soil samples were collected at five depths (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 cm) from 35 sites (holes) arranged on a 7×5 regular grid of 7.6×7.6 m. In the conventional tillage plot, residual NO3-N concentrations decreased gradually to a depth of 90 cm and increased beyond this depth. The coefficient of variation, however, became gradually smaller, showing more uniform distribution for greater depths. In the no-tillage plot, trends were similar to those in the conventional tillage system, but were spatially more stable across the profile. Structural analyses indicated that under conventional tillage, the semivariogram of residual soil nitrate distribution was linear in the horizontal and vertical directions. In contrast, the semivariograms for no-tillage showed nugget-type behavior, indicating a lack of spatial structure in the residual soil nitrate.
Continuous osmotic minipump infusion of alcohol into brain decreases brain [Mg2+] and brain bioenergetics and enhances susceptibility to hemorrhagic stroke: an in vivo 31P-NMR study.

Abstract 31 P-NMR spectroscopic studies were performed in vivo on brains of rats chronically infused for 7 and 14 days with 30% ethanol (in the third cerebral ventricle). Peripheral blood alcohol concentration (BAC) rose to between 16.5–30.5 mg/dl. Brain intracellular free Mg 2+ ([Mg 2+ ] i ) fell 33–39%, brain mitochondrial cytosolic phosphorylation potential (CPP) fell 31–48%, and brain phosphocreatine (PCr) fell approximately 15%; however, neither brain intracellular free hydrogen ion concentration (pHi) nor brain intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) were affected significantly by the chronic release of ethanol from the brain implants. Correlations were found between [Mg 2+ ] i and [PCr] and between [Mg 2+ ] i and CPP. Although brain free [MgADP] was not affected, [MgATP] fell by almost 20% accompanied by a 35–40% rise in free [ADP]. Interestingly, 14-day surgical implantation of 0.9% sterile saline into the third cerebral ventricle was associated with a 20% fall in brain [Mg 2+ ] i and a 35% fall in CPP; however, PCr, ATP, or pHi was not significantly altered. Systemic administration of 4 g/kg ethanol into the 7- and 14-day chronic ethanol animals resulted in a 9- and 12-fold increase in hemorrhagic stroke mortality compared to naive, control rats. Eating habits, grooming, gait and arterial blood pressure were not affected by the chronic brain implantation of ethanol. These data lend support to the notion, primarily based on epidemiologic evidence, that chronic exposure to alcohol can pose a high risk for hemorrhagic stroke. Our alcohol pump-implanted rats also might provide a new model of slow, moderate alcohol intoxication.
Optimization under uncertainty for electronics cooling design applications

Optimization under uncertainty is a powerful methodology used in design and optimization to produce robust, reliable designs. Such an optimization methodology, employed when the input quantities of interest are uncertain, yields output uncertainties that help the designer choose appropriate values for input parameters to produce safe designs. Apart from providing basic statistical information such as mean and standard deviation in the output quantities, uncertainty-based optimization produces auxiliary information such as local and global sensitivities. The designer may thus decide the input parameter(s) to which the output quantity of interest is most sensitive, and thereby design better experiments based on just the most sensitive input parameter(s). Another critical output of such a methodology is the solution to the inverse problem, i.e, finding the allowable uncertainty (range) in the input parameter(s), given an acceptable uncertainty (range) in the output quantities of interest. We apply optimization under uncertainty to the problem of heat transfer in fin heat sinks with uncertainties in geometry and operating conditions. The analysis methodology is implemented using DAKOTA, an open source design and analysis kit. A response surface is first generated which captures the dependence of the quantity of interest on inputs. This response surface is then used to perform both deterministic and probabilistic optimization of the heat sink, and the results of the two approaches are compared.
The Error Probability of a Wide-Band FSK Receiver in the Presence of Multipath Fading

Calculations are made for the probability of error of a wide-band FSK receiver of the type used in space telemetry when multipath reflections off the planetary surface cause signal fading. The error probability is found for both low and high fading bandwidths and for small or large reflected path delays.
Auditory evoked-potential correlates of decrement detection.

Abstract Decrement detection is a commonly used psychophysical technique in which a subject is required to detect partially filled gaps in an ongoing sound. The paradigm provides information regarding both temporal resolution and intensity discrimination. The purpose of this project was to determine if an evoked-potential paradigm using decrements in an ongoing noise approximates psychophysical data. If so, the evoked-response paradigm would be useful in estimating decrement detection in laboratory animals, where training time for a psychophysical model of decrement detection might prove prohibitive. In this study, Mongolian gerbils aged 3–10 months were used as subjects. The stimulus was a broadband noise (low-pass filtered at 5 or 30 kHz, overall level of 70 dB SPL), interrupted for durations of 2–32 ms. Within each off period, a second, identically filtered noise at levels of 0–70 dB SPL was presented. In a manner qualitatively similar to previous human and animal psychophysical studies, the ABR threshold decreased as the duration of the decrement was increased. Latency and amplitudes changed as a function of decrement duration when the decrement depth was held constant, but minimal change as a function of decrement depth occurred when the decrement duration was held constant. The results suggest that ABR paradigm for decrement detection is a qualitative alternative to psychophysical techniques, but that amplitude and latency data may not provide more information on temporal and intensity coding than ABR measures of gap detection.
Screening for Dementia in the Outpatient Setting: The Time and Change Test

Objective To develop and validate the Time and Change (T&C) test, a simple, standardized method for detecting dementia in a diverse older outpatient population with varying levels of education. Design A prospective cohort validation study. Setting Two outpatient clinics at an urban teaching hospital. Participants The concurrent validation sample consisted of 100 consecutive outpatients 70 years of age or older who were 58% non-white and had a 16% dementia prevalence rate and educational levels ranging from 0 to 17+ years. Reliability was tested in a sample of 42 consecutive outpatients 75 years of age or older with a 36% dementia prevalence rate. Measurements T&C ratings were validated against a reference standard based on the Blessed Dementia Rating Scale and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Reliability, contribution to physician recognition of dementia, and ease of use were assessed. Results In the outpatient setting, the T&C had a sensitivity of 63%, specificity of 96%, a negative predictive value of 93%, a positive predictive value of 77%, and test-retest and inter-observer reliability agreement rates of 95% and 100%, respectively. When T&C results were added to the physician's documentation of dementia, the number of missed cases decreased from 44% to 19%, and the number of overcalled cases decreased by 100%. When timed cut points were added, the T&C test had a sensitivity of 94 to 100%, specificity of 37 to 46%, negative predictive value of 98 to 100%, positive predictive value of 23 to 25%, and test-retest and inter-observer agreement rates of 82% and 70 to 75%, respectively. Conclusion The T&C test is a simple, accurate, reliable, performance-based tool that can improve physician ability to recognize dementia in diverse outpatient populations.
Intravitreal ranibizumab in a patient with choroidal neovascularization secondary to multiple evanescent white dot syndrome

PURPOSE. To report the effect of a single intravitreal injection of ranibizumab in a patient with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS). METHODS. A 65-year-old woman with visual acuity (VA) 20/40, mild vitreous inflammation, optic disc edema, and white deep retinal round lesions in the right eye underwent fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and optical coherence tomography. The diagnosis of MEWDS with peripapillary CNV was made and a single injection of ranibizumab (0.5 mg) was administered. RESULTS. At the 6-month follow-up visit, the VA in the right eye was 20/20, the CNV completely regressed, and the MEWDS findings disappeared. CONCLUSIONS. Intravitreal ranibizumab appears to be a safe and effective treatment option in cases of CNV secondary to MEWDS, resulting in fast resolution of the macular edema and regression of the CNV. On the other hand, it is unclear whether the administration of ranibizumab contributed to a prompt regression of MEWDS. (Eur J Ophthalmol 2007; 17: 996-9)
The Validity of Self-reported Prevalence, Frequency, and Timing of Arrest: An Evaluation of Data Collected Using a Life Event Calendar:

Heightened scholarly interest in stability and change in criminal behavior has increased the demand for longitudinal data. One method that may enhance the quality of retrospective self-reported data, especially reports of timing, is the life event calendar (LEC). Using a sample of incarcerated women, we assess the validity of LEC measures of self-reported prevalence, frequency and timing of arrests over a three-year period.We also examine the validity of self—reported frequency and timing of arrest data by respondent and arrest characteristics. Results suggest that the LEC elicits valid data on prevalence and frequency of arrests, while self-reported timing of arrests is recalled with less accuracy. Saliency appears more relevant for the accuracy of self-reported frequency, as compared to timing, and substance use has no effect on validity. We discuss future research using the LEC, especially with regard to improving the recall of the timing and sequencing of criminal events.
Display holograms in Du Pont's OmniDex films

ABSTRACT We discuss the use of Du Pont's OmniDex holographic materials in the production of display or graphic arts holograms.We describe the dry color tuning process that changes the hologram's playback wavelength, for example, from blue-green togold or red, and present experimental results to support a diffusion-based color tuning mechanism. Finally, we comment onpossible uses of dry color tuning to conirol the playback wavelength of display holograms and holographic optical elements. 1. INTRODUCTION Building on more than forty years of research and development into photopolymers, Du Pont has created a family of high- performance materials capable of recording volume phase holograms.13 These unique materials allow fabrication of reflection and transmission holograms through a dry process amenable to economical mass production. These materials arebeing introduced commercially under the OmniDex trademark. At this time, OmniDex 352 holographic recording film andOmniDex GA2 color tuning films, designed primarily for reflection holograms in graphic arts applications, are undergoingmarket trials. Other materials are being evaluated and incorporated into products by many companies worldwide.OmniDex materials have good shelf-life and excellent holographic properties including wide spectral sensitivity and goodphotospeed. More importantly, the materials require no wet processing and their overall ease-of-use promotes high yieldmanufacture of holograms. The final holograms can be laminated between glass, embedded in acrylic, or mounted ontopaper, glass, or plastic.We believe that OmniDex materials offer distinct advantages for integration into products such as display holograms and
Exploiting symmetry in SAT-based Boolean matching for heterogeneous FPGA technology mapping

The Boolean matching problem is a key procedure in technology mapping for heterogeneous field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), and SAT-based Boolean matching (SAT-BM) provides a highly flexible solution for various FPGA architectures. However, the computational complexity of state-of-the-art SAT-BM prohibits its application practically. In this paper we propose an efficient SAT-BM algorithm by exploring function and architectural symmetries. While the most recent work obtained up to 13times speedup, we achieve up to 200times speedup, when both are compared to the original SAT-BM algorithm.
After 9/11: Is It All Different Now?

Using time-series procedures, the authors investigate whether transnational terrorism changed following 9/11 and the subsequent U.S.-led “war on terror.” Perhaps surprising, little has changed in the time series of overall incidents and most of its component series. When 9/11 is prejudged as a break date, the authors find that logistically complex hostage-taking events have fallen as a proportion of all events, while logistically simple, but deadly, bombings have increased as a proportion of deadly incidents. These results hold when they apply the Bai-Perron procedure in which structural breaks are data identified. This procedure locates earlier breaks in the mid-1970s and 1990s. Reasonable out-of-sample forecasts are possible if structural breaks are incorporated fairly rapidly into the model.
Flight to Quality and Asset Allocation in a Financial Crisis

With respect to the recent financial crisis, the authors argue that the appropriate adjustments to portfolio allocations in response to the market dislocation are determined by equilibrium considerations (supply must equal demand) and depend on individual investors’ characteristics relative to societal averages. Using a simple model that captures the magnitude of the recent crisis, the authors show that the optimal tactical adjustments for most portfolios require a turnover of less than 10%.
Objective Analysis of the Stability of an Extralegal Weight Tractor-Trailer Combination during a Rapid Air Loss Event

ABSTRACT In the California Transportation Permits Manual, the minimum overall tire-to-tire axle width (overall width) of a vehicle in the extralegal weight configuration is 2.44 m. Commercial truck tractor and trailer tandem 1.82-m-wide axles fitted with new-generation wide base single (NGWBS) tires measure 2.34 m in overall axle width; thus, they are not compliant with the current California Department of Transportation requirement. Because of the growing application of NGWBS tires in the market, it is important to understand the vehicle stability characteristics of a tractor-semitrailer fitted with both dual and NGWBS tire configurations. In this research, a comparison of dual to NGWBS with both a 50.8-m outset wheel and a 25.4-mm outset wheel is presented. A rapid air loss (RAL) event was initiated to represent a severe scenario in each of the three following maneuvers: straight line, steady-state curve, and lane change. The data were evaluated, and differences between NGWBS and dual tire–fitted vehicl...