cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION OF 3-P-NITROPHENYL-3,4,5-TRIAZATRICYCLO(5.2.1.0(2,6ENDO))DEC-4-ENE, TRIAZOLINE THERMOLYSES

Abstract A stereospecific synthesis of the endo triazoline 20 has been accomplished by the sequential conversion of norbornylene to the oxime of 3-exo-chloronorbornanone followed by reduction of its acetate or p-nitrobenzoate with diborane to give 2-endo-amino-3-exo chloronorbornane, then coupling of the latter with p-nitrobenzene diazonium chloride to give diazoamine 19, which was cyclized with ethanolic sodium ethoxide in the presence of silver nitrate. Photolysis of endo triazoline 20 gave exclusively endo aziridine 3 (R = p-NO2C6H4), while on pyrolysis in decalin at 165–170° there was obtained endo aziridine 3, exo axiridine 2, imine 4 and a large amount of polymer. Under identical conditions, the isomeric exo triazoline 1 (R = p-NO2C6H4) gave exo aziridine 2, endo aziridine 3, imine 4 and no polymer. The “triazoline-aziridine inversion” is presumed to occur via the diazoimine intermediate 7. While photolysis of exo triazolines 23 and 24 and pyrolysis of 23 gave, as expected, the corresponding exo aziridines 25 and 26, pyrolysis of 24 appears to have given the isoxazoline 28. Evidence for the intermediacy of the diazoimine 27 in the formation of 28 is presented.
QoS Path Monitoring for Multicast Networks

New network monitoring tools are necessary for supporting the deployment and the operations of multicast services on the Internet. Because of the peculiar characteristics of multicast routing (e.g., multicast forwarding trees) and the potential of message implosion problems, traditional network management tools are not sufficient for monitoring the quality of multicast delivery such as packet loss, delay, and jitter. Current multicast monitoring tools are either not scalable, limited in their functionality, or difficult to deploy in enterprise networks. In this paper, we present a new monitoring framework (called SMRM, SNMP-based multicast reachability monitoring) for multicast reachability based on SNMP. The SMRM framework is used for actively monitoring the health and the quality of service of multicast networks. SMRM provides a scalable real-time feedback on the packet loss, delay, and jitter of any selected segments of multicast delivery trees. In addition, NOC (network operations center) personnel can easily understand, deploy, and extend the SMRM framework in order to detect and isolate reachability and performance problems in multicast sessions. SMRM combines both distributed monitoring and centralized control, which offers scalability and simplicity. The integration of SMRM into SNMP is motivated by the wide distribution of SNMP agents in networks today, which significantly facilitates the deployment of SMRM is existing networks.
Measuring movement symmetry using tibial-mounted accelerometers for people recovering from total knee arthroplasty

Background The purpose of this investigation was to examine movement symmetry changes over the first 26 weeks following unilateral total knee arthroplasty in community environments using skin-mounted tibial accelerometers. Comparisons to healthy participants of similar age were also made.
Right heart pressure patterns in constrictive pericarditis; mechanism of formation and significance.

Abstract 1. 1. Detailed discussion of the mechanisms of formation and significance of the right auricular and ventricular pressure patterns are presented. 2. 2. Both the auricular and ventricular pressure patterns are characteristic in constrictive pericarditis, but not pathognomonic. 3. 3. Two cases of severe constrictive pericarditis with an interesting right heart pressure pattern are presented. 4. 4. In combination with the clinical picture, the right heart pressure patterns are important in diagnosis and treatment of pericardial and myocardial diseases.
Behavioral Objectives Writing Skills Test.

Since 1918 the relevance of utilizing behavioral objectives in classroom planning has been a source of debate among educators. Some authors (Morrison, 1965; Wittrock, 1969; Eiss, 1970) have suggested that a clearly stated objective may positively influence the instructional process. Others (Anderson and Gates, 1950; Krathwohl, 1965) cite various levels of specificity that may be obtained when behavioral objectives are a primary foundation of the instructional process. Evaluators (Tyler, 1951; Ammons, 1962; Michael and Metfessel, 1967; Popham and Baker, 1970) suggest that the behavioral objective may be relevant in classroom measurement. While the behavioral objective has been applauded by some, others (Eisner, 1968; Ebel, 1970; Macdonald and Wolfson, 1970) have evidenced much skepticism regarding this issue. In reviewing the vast body of literature dealing with this topic, the author became extremely interested with articles dealing with the training of teachers to utilize behavioral objectives in classroom planning. While many authors (Baker, 1967; Gilpin, 1962; Bemis and Schroeder, 1969; Openshaw, 1965; Hite, 1968) have suggested ways of educating the teacher in the development of behavioral objectives, few cited ways to measure this knowledge. Therefore, the Behavioral Objectives Writing Skills Test (BOWST) is designed to provide an estimate of the elementary teacher's ability to write behavioral objectives. This instrument, which requires the teacher to develop three behavioral objectives for each of four hypothetical classroom settings, has wide utility as a teacher training tool. It may be administered as both a preand post-test in either in-service or pre-service programs which attempt to measure the ability of teachers to write behavioral objectives. The BOWST has the following advantages as a measuring instrument: ( 1 ) extensive preparation is not needed for its administration or scoring; (2) it is untimed and therefore is not a speed test; (3) no oral response is required; and (4) alternate forms of the test are provided to facilitate repeated measures.
Peer relationships and information sharing between LIS doctoral students

Doctoral students rely on their peers as important information sources. However, information behavior studies in academic settings most often describe peers as intermediaries who simply assist individuals’ information seeking for academic resources. To address this issue, the authors interviewed six LIS doctoral students at Florida State University in order to explore the types of peer relationships and information sharing between LIS doctoral students. The preliminary findings confirmed the existence of close, social/academic, and other peers that can be categorized as special, collegial, and information peers using Kram and Isabella's continuum of peer relationships. In addition, it was found that work-related and everyday life information is shared in all three types of peer relationships, while relational strength influences the scope and depth of information sharing. Future work will investigate the role of peers as mentors and agents of socialization in academic settings, and will further address the types of information shared as part of such mentoring relationships.
Clinical applications of gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer/computer systems.

Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer/computer systems can be used to quantify a wide variety of compounds of clinical interest. A quadrupole instrument operated in the chemical ionization (Cl) mode was used in these studies. Because of the sensitivity and specificity of selective ion detection, it is possible to make measurements routinely in the nanogram to picogram range, with 0.1-1.0 ml samples of plasma and 1-5 ml samples of urine. Internal standards, preferably stable-isotopelabeled compounds, were added to the biological samples before isolation was begun. We describe clinical applications of these procedures to problems in toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and perinatal pharmacology.
Dihydrogen Complexes & Related Sigma Complexes

The title topic is reviewed with emphasis on structure and bonding, dynamics, synthesis, and reactivity. Spectroscopic characterization is considered with special reference to diffraction, NMR, and IR methods. Keywords: dihydrogen; T1; stretched dihydrogen; protonation; neutron diffraction; nonclassical hydrides
Optimal Inventory Policy with Two Suppliers

We analyze a periodic-review inventory model where the decision maker can buy from either of two suppliers. With the first supplier, the buyer incurs a high variable cost but negligible fixed cost; with the second supplier, the buyer incurs a lower variable cost but a substantial fixed cost. Consequently, ordering costs are piecewise linear and concave. We show that a reduced form of generalized (s, S) policy is optimal for both finite and (discounted) infinite-horizon problems, provided that the demand density is log-concave. This condition on the distribution is much less restrictive than in previous models. In particular, it applies to the normal, truncated normal, gamma, and beta distributions, which were previously excluded. We concentrate on the situation in which sales are lost, but explain how the policy, cost assumptions, and proofs can be altered for the case where excess demand is backordered. In the lost sales case, the optimal policy will have one of three possible forms: a base stock policy for purchasing exclusively at the high variable cost (HVC) supplier; an (sLVC, SLVC) policy for buying exclusively from the low variable cost (LVC) supplier; or a hybrid (s, SHVC, SLVC) policy for buying from both suppliers.
Clinical Case Management versus Case Management with Problem-Solving Therapy in Low-Income, Disabled Elders with Major Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective To test the hypotheses that (1) clinical case management integrated with problem-solving therapy (CM-PST) is more effective than clinical case management alone (CM) in reducing depressive symptoms of depressed, disabled, impoverished patients and that (2) development of problem-solving skills mediates improvement of depression. Methods This randomized clinical trial with a parallel design allocated participants to CM or CM-PST at 1:1 ratio. Raters were blind to patients' assignments. Two hundred seventy-one individuals were screened and 171 were randomized to 12 weekly sessions of either CM or CM-PST. Participants were at least 60 years old with major depression measured with the 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), had at least one disability, were eligible for home-based meals services, and had income no more than 30% of their counties' median. Results CM and CM-PST led to similar declines in HAM-D over 12 weeks (t = 0.37, df = 547, p = 0.71); CM was noninferior to CM-PST. The entire study group (CM plus CM-PST) had a 9.6-point decline in HAM-D (t = 18.7, df = 547, p 2 = 1.5, df = 1, p = 0.22 and χ 2 = 0.9, df = 1, p = 0.34, respectively). Development of problem-solving skills did not mediate treatment outcomes. There was no significant increase in depression between the end of interventions and 12 weeks later (0.7 HAM-D point increase) (t = 1.36, df = 719, p = 0.17). Conclusion Organizations offering CM are available across the nation. With training in CM, their social workers can serve the many depressed, disabled, low-income patients, most of whom have poor response to antidepressants even when combined with psychotherapy.
CLAN: An Efficient Distributed Temporal Community Detection Protocol for MANETs

Real world MANETs often exhibit an inherent community structure in their topological connectivity and in the evolution of the topology over time. Such temporal community structure of MANETs has been shown to be extremely useful in improving the performance of routing and content-based routing in MANETs. However, detecting temporal communities in a completely distributed and real time manner is a hard problem, and it is often performed offline with knowledge of the full network topology over time. We propose CLAN, a distributed and real-time protocol for detecting temporal communities in MANETs. CLAN is an adaptation of the Label Propagation algorithm to distributed and time-varying graphs that MANETs are. A key novel component of CLAN is local rules for community rediscovery as the network evolves. CLAN also uses a weighted version of the network topology where the weights are defined using a novel notion of social entropy to promote stability of communities. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that CLAN is quick to converge, incurs minimal overhead and is as effective as centralized approaches to temporal community detection. We also demonstrate how the temporal community structure can be used by designing a hierarchical routing protocol that achieves the delivery ratio of the OLSR routing protocol at a fraction of the overhead.
Impact of HIV test counseling on college students' sexual beliefs and behaviors.

This study compared the health beliefs and risky sexual behaviors of college students who did and did not seek HIV testing. A survey was administered and testing sessions were content analyzed. There were no significant differences in health beliefs but students surveyed perceived themselves to be invulnerable to HIV/AIDS despite unsafe sexual behaviors. Sexual behaviors varied with students who sought HIV testing practicing more unsafe vaginal and oral intercourse. Assessment of the intervention suggested that counseling sessions were influential in persuading students to rethink their health beliefs and change their risky sexual behaviors. Testing can be used as both a prevention tool and a way to determine college students HIV status. (authors)
Cognitive restraint, weight suppression, and the regulation of eating

The role of cognitive restraint and weight suppression in the regulation of eating was investigated. Subjects high or low in cognitive restraint, and high or low in weight suppression, were given a milkshake preload and then tested for ice cream consumption. Cognitive restraint was measured with the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. Weight suppression was defined as the difference between one's current weight and highest weight ever. Contrary to predictions, level of cognitive restraint was unrelated to amount of food eaten, whereas suppression was associated with a significant reduction in eating following the preload. Weight suppressors ate significantly less food than weight non-suppressors in spite of the fact that they weighed more than non-suppressors, were highly restrained, and had eaten significantly less than non-suppressors prior to coming to the study. It was suggested that weight suppressors in this study were for the most part successful dieters who showed several signs of having adapted to the lower weights they were maintaining.
If the Organizations Won't Give Us Information…: The Use of Multiple New Media for Crisis Technical Translation and Dialogue

This study expands crisis message strategies to include those used to communicate technical details and examines them across multiple new media. A content analysis of blogs, Web sites, news articles, and press releases from the 2007 pet food recall crisis reveals that when stakeholders affected by the crisis desire emotional support—most frequently found in blogs—they do not include any types of technical explanations in their messages. Yet when they want rectification—assurance that the crisis will not happen again—they use more elaborate forms of technical translation explanations. Organizational use of technical translation explanations differ between media with Web sites and news articles containing more elaborate technical translation than press releases. When technical translation details are used, dialogic links, such as Web site links, are included.
Exploration of attack vectors facilitated by mobile devices

Mobile devices like smartphones and tablets have become an important part of most people’s everyday life. As the number of mobile applications (apps) has grown rapidly, there are various apps written with malicious intent raging from passive data gathering to active interference with other people’s connection to steal credentials, etc. All these apps could allow attackers to use mobile devices as attacking tools for hacking purpose and cyber criminality. In this paper, we present a broad exploration of possible attack vectors that could be launched through mobile devices. We also offer some advice for countering these attacks.
Elevated diaminopimelate-sensitive aspartokinase activity during sporulation of Bacillus stearothermophilus.

Abstract Highly efficient conversion of vegetative cells of Bacillus stearothermophilus to sporangia in tryptone-MnSO 4 -potassium phosphate medium was accompanied by an increase in the specific activity of meso -diaminopimelate-sensitive aspartokinase. In contrast, lysine-threonine-sensitive aspartokinase activity remained relatively constant during this period. Neither enzyme appeared to undergo significant desensitization to feedback inhibition during sporulation. A rifamycin-resistant non-sporulating mutant of the organism did not exhibit elevated enzyme activity when grown under identical conditions. Induction of the meso -diaminopimelate-sensitive enzyme was dependent on both continuous protein and RNA synthesis. Elevated activities of the enzyme appeared only after the conversion of almost all of the vegetative cells in culture to visible sporangia and not at an early stage of sporulation.
Atherosclerotic coronary artery aneurysm progressing to coronary artery fistula: presentation as myocardial infarction with continuous murmur.

cardiac explanation and autotransplantan12:171. Orringer MB, Sisson JC, Glazier G, et al. Surgical treatment of cardiac pheochromocytoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 198%89:753. Wilson AC, Bennet RC, Niall JF, Clarebrough JK, Doyle AE, Laus W. An unusual case of intra-thoracic pheochromocytoma. Aust NZ J Surg 1974;44z27. Besterman E, Bromley LL, Peart WS. An intrapericardial pheochromocytoma. Br Heart J 1984;3&318. Geisler F, Barath G, Jaeck D, et al. Un cas de pheochromocytome a loclisation cardiaque. Presse Med 198$1&1024. Sawyer WJ, Moser M, Mattingly TW. Pheochromocytoma and the abnormal electrocardiogram. AM HEART J 1954; 48~42.
Electronic structure of CaO. I

Electronic wavefunctions for 15 states of CaO arising (nominally) from six electron occupancies are calculated at the single configuration (sc) SCF level and analyzed qualitatively in terms of Mulliken populations and an approximate overlap criterion. The accuracy of the sc approximation is assessed and shown to be highly inadequate in several cases. Approximate Te's are extracted from these results when warranted by the quality of the sc wavefunctions. An improved two configuration wavefunction for the lowest 1 Sigma + state is also determined and discussed in detail.
Almost automorphic solutions of second order evolution equations

This article is concerned with the existence of almost automorphic mild solutions to second order evolution equations of the form where A generates a strongly continuous semigroup and f is an almost automorphic function. Using the notion of uniform spectrum of a function and the method of sums of commuting operators in previous works for the case of bounded uniformly continuous solutions, we obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of almost automorphic mild solutions to (*) in terms of spectrum of A and uniform spectrum of f. Moreover, we study the nonlinear perturbation of this equation and obtain an extension of results by Diagana and N’Guerekata.
Impact of freestanding emergency centers on hospital emergency department use

This study was conducted to determine whether hospital emergency department (ED) use has been affected by the presence of freestanding emergency centers (FECs) in hospitals' service areas. A sample of FECs was drawn and hospitals in their service areas identified. ED visits to those hospitals from 1970 to 1980 were compared with those of a comparison group of hospitals not studied. The presence of FECs did not lead to a decline in ED visits to hospitals in their service areas. The study documented that FECs are located near hospitals that are larger than average and that have busier EDs. Because of the relative newness of FEC development, future studies of this type should be conducted. This study could not answer the question of whether FECs caused the growth of hospital ED visits to slow. It did not attempt to measure the impact FECs have on private medical practices or determine whether FECs attract currently underserved patient groups.
Academic physicians' participation in organized medicine.

To study the relationship of state medical societies to their medical schools, two cross-sectional surveys were conducted. The first was a survey of the medical society executive directors of the 46 states and US sovereign territories that have medical schools within their borders. Directors were asked to compare academic and community physician participation (membership and member involvement) in the medical society and describe the characteristics of the medical society's medical school unit (eg, how formalized it is and its design, composition, and level of interaction). The unit's characteristics were compared with the amount of academic physician participation. Data about physician membership in state medical societies and the American Medical Association (AMA) were obtained from the AMA Physician Masterfile. Significantly fewer academic physicians than community physicians were members of the state medical society or the AMA (38.1% vs 52.0%,P The second survey was carried out at the four academic medical centers in Florida. All academic physicians were surveyed about their attitudes toward organized medicine. Academic physicians reported that the annual dues were not reasonable relative to the benefit derived, but other data in this study suggested that reducing dues would not necessarily increase membership. Academic physicians also reported that their administration did not reward their participation in organized medicine and thought participation was less relevant to academic physicians than community physicians, but admitted a knowledge deficit regarding organized medicine. These findings suggest that reducing dues may not be sufficient to increase academic physician participation in organized medicine, but that changing the reward system within the medical school and increasing academic physicians' awareness of organized medicine's value to them may be ways to influence participation. (JAMA. 1995;274:1727-1732)
Companion-diagnostic testing limited to KRAS codons 12 and 13 misses 17% of potentially relevant RAS mutations in colorectal cancer.

Abstract Background KRAS codons 12 and 13 mutations are commonly used to identify colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients who are unlikely to benefit from anti-EGFR therapy. However, humans have four different homologous RAS proteins and no routine screening is performed for the other mutation sites. Non-screened mutations may still be present in a significant subset of patients without KRAS codon 12 and 13 mutations. Methods We developed a LightCycler screening assay that encompasses codons 12, 13 and 61 of all RAS genes. Screen-positive specimens were characterized by Sanger sequencing. 130 CRC specimens were screened for all RAS genes. The results for KRAS codons 12 and 13 were compared with an FDA approved method (Qiagen). Results Twenty-nine of 130 specimens (22.3%) were positive for KRAS codons 12 and 13, with 100% congruence with the Qiagen method. Six additional specimens were identified to have mutations. One mutation in HRAS codon 61, two in KRAS codon 61, and three in NRAS codon 61. Conclusion Limiting RAS testing to only KRAS codons 12 and 13 in companion diagnostic testing of CRC results in nearly 1/5 of patients with RAS mutations not being excluded from costly EGFR antagonist treatment, despite likely futility. Inclusion of all RAS genes in companion diagnostic screening is warranted.
Event-related potentials in workers with ongoing occupational exposure.

The cognitive impact of occupational exposure to organic solvents has primarily been studied with neuropsychologic and behavioral measures (Hartman 1995). A small literature has addressed aberrations in event-related potentials (ERPs) in persons with clinical complaints associated with neurotoxic chemical exposure (El Massioui et al 1986; Morrow et al 1992, 1996; Teo and Ferguson 1985; Wasch et al 1989). For these exposed individuals, prolongation of latency of the P300 component of the ERP is the most consistently reported finding. Prolongation of P300 latency also has been associated with acquired brain damage such as dementia (Goodin et al 1978) and posttraumatic amnesia (Onofrj et al 1991). ERP data are presented from painters with ongoing workplace exposures who had not previously presented with occupationally-related impairments.
South African modern beach sand and plate tectonics

South America is the ideal continent for baseline studies on how the framework composition of modern sands relates to reconstruction of palaeoplates—it has well-defined active and passive margins, great contrasts in climate and relief and is free of continental glaciation (Fig. 1). I report here petrographical studies of its beach sands which show two active margin associations rich in volcanics and plagioclase—one along its Pacific coast and one along the Argentine coast—and two associations rich in quartz—a passive margin association from Argentina to Trinidad and a moderately, quartz-rich association along the Caribbean coast. Tectonic control is thus overwhelming but complications exist along the Argentine coast where a dry, narrow continent permits active margin sand to mantle a passive margin. Another surprising result is that quartz-rich sands border the crystalline rocks of much of the Sera do Mar in Brazil.
Ethnogeriatric education: Need and content.

The population of elders from ethnic minority populations in the U.S. is growing much more rapidly than the exploding older population as a whole, yet few geriatric providers are being educated concerning ethnic elders' diverse health care needs. Examples are given of the diversity of ethnic elders' health risks, health beliefs and expectations of treatment, and utilization patterns of health care services being incorporated into ethnogeriatric curriculum being developed by the Stanford Geriatric Education Center.
High-intensity electric field induced mild stress response in animal organ weights

Abstract The effect of 120 days exposure to a high-intensity (80 kV/m), 60 Hz electric field for 21 hours/day on selected organ weights was investigated under controlled conditions using a three-generation design with 135 field-exposed and 135 sham-exposed Sprague-Dawley rats. The relatively large sample size afforded sufficient statistical power to detect subtle effects. The strategy of data analysis and power of the experimental design are discussed. The organs examined were the pituitary, thymus, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, adrenals, kidneys, and testes. Average weights of both adrenals, both kidneys, and both testes from field-exposed animals were slightly but significantly heavier than sham-exposed weights. Average weight of the spleen of field-exposed animals was slightly but significantly lower than the sham-exposed weight. It was concluded that several of the observed differences in the internal organs resembled those caused by a mild stressor.
Cerebrospinal fluid levels of MMP-2, 7, and 9 are elevated in association with human immunodeficiency virus dementia

Pathological evidence suggests that alterations of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may occur in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dementia (HIVD). Increased BBB permeability could contribute to the development of dementia by facilitating the entry of activated and infected monocytes, as well as potentially toxic serum proteins, into the central nervous system. One mechanism by which BBB permeability may be altered is through increased activity of select matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In the present study, we examined the possibility that MMPs that target critical BBB proteins, including laminin, entactin, and collagen type IV, are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with HIVD. We also examined the possibility that such MMPs could be produced by brain-derived cells, and that MMP production by these cells might be increased by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, an inflammatory cytokine that is produced by HIV-infected monocytes/microglia and is elevated in HIVD. By using western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we observed that CSF levels of pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP-7 were increased in association with HIVD. In addition, through the use of gelatin substrate zymography, a sensitive functional assay for MMP-2 and MMP-9, we observed that MMP-2 or pro-MMP-9 activity was more frequently detectable in the CSF of individuals with HIV dementia (9/16) than in the CSF from either nondemented seropositive (2/11) or seronegative (0/11) controls. Although the presence of MMPs in the serum could contribute to elevated levels in the CSF, we also show that brain-derived cells release MMP-2, 7, and 9, and that such release is increased after their stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Together, these results suggest that elevated CSF levels of select MMPs may reflect immune activation within the central nervous system. They also suggest that further studies may be warranted to determine whether these proteins may play a role in the development of symptomatic neurological disease.
Studies on the blocking antibody of cooke in the treatment of hay fever

Abstract 1.1. The results of Cooke and others have been confirmed. 2.2. The function of the recipient is important, and for experiments of this sort it is best to use several recipients at the same time. 3.3. There is no correlation between the amount of blocking antibody and the clinical end result. 4.4. Whether the whole conception of a blocking antibody is necessary must depend upon further study.
Renegotiating the Public-Private Partnership: Efforts to Reform Section 8 Assisted Housing

This article examines the federal housing policy implications of the 1997 legislation resolving the Section 8 contract renewal crisis. The history of housing policy prior to this new legislation is...
Methods of calculating resolution in electron microscopy: Scherzer's equation, circles of least confusion and the intensity distribution approach

Abstract Current methods of calculating resolution in electron optics are discussed. The factors which are usually considered in resolution calculations are the diffraction effect and the spherical and chromatic aberrations of the objective lens. The size of the object detail being imaged and the current in the image are additional factors which are sometimes considered. In this paper it is shown that the intensity distribution in the image and the location of the optimum image plane are also important in determining resolution.
MHCI negatively regulates synapse density during the establishment of cortical connections

Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) molecules modulate activity-dependent refinement and plasticity. We found that MHCI also negatively regulates the density and function of cortical synapses during their initial establishment both in vitro and in vivo. MHCI molecules are expressed on cortical neurons before and during synaptogenesis. In vitro, decreasing surface MHCI (sMHCI) on neurons increased glutamatergic and GABAergic synapse density, whereas overexpression decreased it. In vivo, synapse density was higher throughout development in β2m(-/-) mice. MHCI also negatively regulated the strength of excitatory, but not inhibitory, synapses and controlled the balance of excitation and inhibition onto cortical neurons. sMHCI levels were modulated by activity and were necessary for activity to negatively regulate glutamatergic synapse density. Finally, acute changes in sMHCI and activity altered synapse density exclusively during early postnatal development. These results identify a previously unknown function for immune proteins in the negative regulation of the initial establishment and function of cortical connections.
Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against Niemann Pick type C protein.

Niemann Pick type C is a severe, incurable disease caused, in the majority of cases, by mutations in the Niemann Pick type C protein 1 (NPC1). The pathology and biochemical changes associated with the disease have been extensively studied. However, the function of the protein is still unknown, and recent studies challenge the established concept that a defect in cholesterol and sphingolipids transport is the primary cause of this human lipidosis. Clearly defining the mechanisms by which defects in this protein lead to the disease phenotype will require further studies on the structure and function of this protein. Therefore, the development of a well-characterized monoclonal antibody (MAb) against this protein to facilitate such studies is an important goal. Here, we describe the production and characterization of such a MAb. The antibody is demonstrated to be highly specific and species cross-reactive. Function studies show that the antibody induces the NPC1 disease phenotype in cells, making it highly l...
Heterocycles from substituted amides III. 1,2,3-Oxathiazolidin-4-one 2-oxides from thionyl chloride and α-hydroxyacylanilides

A new heterocyclic series was synthesized for the first time, from reaction of thionyl chloride with α-hydroxyacylanilides (1). Structural features of the resulting 1,2,3-oxathiazolidin-4-one 2-oxides (2) are discussed with particular reference to their spectral properties, and are compared with the previously reported 1,2,3-oxathiazolidine 2-oxides (3).
Using Evidence for Teacher Education Program Improvement and Accountability: An Illustrative Case of the Role of Value-Added Measures

In this article, the authors consider what can be learned from limited forms of evidence, for purposes of accountability and improvement of teacher education programs. They begin with a review of recent research on how evidence has been used to examine the effectiveness of teacher preparation and development. Using empirical evidence from a state with limited data capacity, they illustrate what can be learned from value-added measures as one form of evidence. As a case in point, the value-added scores for fifth-grade teachers are used to answer the question: To what extent are teachers’ years of experience and the institutions from which they obtained their teacher training related to student achievement? The authors conclude with a discussion of the use of evidence by shifting the focus of accountability from simply responding to external requirements to developing internal practices that generate knowledge for improvement, and argue for collective responsibility among multiple stakeholders.
Age and Skill Differences in the Processing Demands of Visual Inspection

Two experiments investigated the effects of age and domain-specific experience on the speed and accuracy of visual inspection performance. In Experiment 1, young (M age = 26.5 years) and middle-aged (M age = 45.7 years) medical laboratory technologists (MTs) and matched novices were tested on a domain-specific version and on a domain-general version of a probe recognition task. Middle-aged subjects were slower than younger subjects on both versions, and MTs were more accurate but slower than controls on the domain-specific task. In Experiment 2, MTs and controls were tested on the same tasks under single-task and dual-task conditions. Middle-aged adults were slower and less accurate than young adults under dual-task conditions in the general version. For the domain-specific version, the response times and error data suggested that skilled performance is less demanding of age-limited general-purpose processing resources.
Disease Status and Therapeutic End Points in Hepatitis B

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The availability of universal vaccination has made a significant impact in reducing the incidence of these complications. Several developments have been made in the treatment of chronic HBV infection. Three drugs (interferon alpha, lamivudine, and adefovir dipivoxil) are currently approved for use in HBV infection in the United States; these treatments have been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality for some individuals with chronic hepatitis B. However, these therapies are not universally successful and have limited long-term efficacy. In addition, the development of drug-resistant HBV mutants also impacts on the long-term benefit of some of these agents. Several new agents are currently undergoing study and will add to the list of available agents for the treatment of chronic HBV infection. In addition, the role of combination therapy using two or more agents has not been well defined in the management of hepatitis B.
Multiple forms of peroxidase from Narcissus pseudonarcissus

Abstract Multiple forms of peroxidase from Narcissus pseudonarcissus were identified and separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme forms were found to be particulate but could be solubilized in buffers of high ionic strength and high pH. Bulbs at different stages (dormant, early growth, flowering and post-flowering) were investigated and both the number and distribution of peroxidase forms were found to differ. The major peroxidase form in dormant bulbs was purified and displayed a number of notable properties including a MW of at least 10 5 , a high isoelectric point and the apparent absence of a heme prosthetic group.
The Biocultural Paradigm: The Neural Connection Between Science and Mysticism

New discoveries in perceptual psychology, brain chemistry, brain evolution, brain development, ethology, cultural anthropology, the more recent work of MacLean on the structure of the brains and the discovery by Gazzaniga of the role of the, so-called, "interpreter module," are the foundations of a new paradigm on human cortical information processing, called by its discoverer, Dr. M. Colavito, the "biocultural paradigm." This paradigm shows that biology and culture act on one another as the conditioning parameters of neurocultural information. Through mutual interaction biology in humans becomes culture, and vice versa, culture opens and stimulates the neural passages of the brains, accounting thus for the varieties of brains in humans, and for cultural diversity. Culture conditions and stimulates biology, while biology conditions and makes culture possible. Cultures and brains may be distinguished from one another through identification with certain functions or combination of functions that are exercised habitually, or become neural hard-wire through repetition or habit. This new model has replaced older and simpler models of the nature/ nurture controversy, such as the unextended rational substance of Descartes, the tabula rasa of Locke, the associated-matrix of Hume, the passive, reinforcement-driven animal of Skinner, and the genetically hard-wired robot of the sociobiologists. However, elements of these earlier models are included in the new one, but the conversation about human experience has changed, and, therefore, the human images of ourselves. This change was forced on scientists by the importance of the conditionality of the experience of "I" and "not-I" as described by Alex Comfort in his book I and That, and was introduced in the conversations some of us already had with each other. This article focuses on the "I" and "not-I" experiences with a description of the "not-I" or "oceanic" or "mystical" experience to clarify the new paradigm of "biocultures."
Influence of solution saturation state on the kinetics of ligand-controlled dissolution of oxide phases

Abstract Ligand-controlled dissolution of δ-Al2O3 and goethite in the presence of 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate (HQS) has been observed as a function of the solution saturation state at constant pH and temperature. A continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CFSTR) was designed to conduct the experiments under steady-state conditions. Far from equilibrium, the dissolution kinetics of goethite are independent of the solution saturation state. Net dissolution rates decrease as equilibrium is approached. As the solution becomes oversaturated, precipitation is observed. Two factors may influence the goethite dissolution kinetics as a function of solution saturation state: the increase of the back reaction (precipitation) as equilibrium is approached and changes of the metal-organic surface speciation. Both effects can be accounted for using a general rate law for ligand-controlled oxide dissolution kinetics. The effect of the solution composition on the dissolution of δ-Al2O3 is characterized by a ligand-promoted recrystallization of the unstable parent mineral phase to yield a (meta) stable product.
Social norms, self-control, and the value of antisocial behavior

Social norms facilitate large-scale cooperation by promoting prosocial interactions and constraining antisocial behavior. Dominant models of norm compliance emphasize the role of effortful, capacity-limited inhibitory control in prosocial cooperation. Similarly, clinical science has focused on inhibitory deficits as a key source of persistent norm-violating behavior. Support for an inhibition-based ‘braking success/braking failure’ (BSBF) model is derived from evidence of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) engagement during norm-guided behavior, and of DLPFC dysfunction in antisocial individuals. However, three challenges motivate an alternative explanation for links between self-control, DLPFC, and norm-based behavior. Here, I propose a value-based alternative to the BSBF model, in which prosocial norm compliance and antisocial norm violations both arise from interactions between prefrontal model-based and striatal model-free decision-making systems.
Reducing Community Risk of Heart Disease

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Solution to the complex eigenproblem by a norm reducing Jacobi type method

Let C = (c ij ) = A+iZ be a complex n×n matrix having real part A =(a ij ) and imaginary part Z = (z ij ). We construct a complex matrix W = T +iU = W 1 W 2…W k as a product of non-singular two dimensional transformations W j such that the off diagonal elements of W -1 CW =C are arbitrarily small1. The diagonal elements of C are now approximations to the eigenvalues and the columns of W are approximations to the corresponding right eigenvectors.
Analysis of daily and circadian gene expression in the rat pineal gland.

The mammalian pineal gland is an important component of the circadian system. In the present study, we examined the expression of roughly 8000 genes in the rat pineal gland as a function of time of day under light-dark (LD) cycles and in constant dark (DD) using oligo DNA microarray technique. We identified 47 and 13 genes that showed higher levels at night and day, respectively, under LD. The same patterns of expression were also observed in DD. About half of the genes that peaked at night have a known biological function, i.e., transcription factors and proteins that are involved in signaling cascades, whereas 14 are expressed sequence tags and 8 have an unknown biological function. Twelve of the genes that are up-regulated at night were also up-regulated after 1 h NE stimulation, thus suggesting that the expression of these genes is controlled by adrenergic mechanisms. Of the 13 genes that were up-regulated in the daytime, 6 coded for proteins that are involved in intracellular signaling pathways. The results obtained with microarray analysis were well correlated with data obtained using real time quantitative RT-PCR. The present results provide new materials to dissect and understand the pineal physiology.
Micro/nanoporous membrane based gas–water separation in microchannel

In this paper, a method coupling micro/nanoporous membranes with microchannels for the gas/water separation in microscale has been demonstrated. The principle of separation is based on the basic properties of membranes—wetted micro/nanoporous hydrophilic membranes can block gas due to a large water surface tension in the entrance of micro/nano pores to withstand the gas pressure, while it allows water to permeate with overcoming the flow resistance of pores; in contrast, hydrophobic membranes permit gas to penetrate but prevent water flow. These two kinds of membranes coupled with microchannels in cross-flow mode or dead-end mode can separate gas/water in microscale. The separation in cross-flow mode can achieve relative high water permeate flow rate, while the separation in dead-end mode can completely separate gas/water segments in a single operation step. The membrane-based separation method has low cost, easy integration into microfludics channels, design flexibility with two configuration modes (cross-flow and dead-end).
Scalar Charged Particle in the Lorentz Gauge

Relativistic quantum mechanics leads to the specification of initial and final conditions for the wave amplitudes and electromagnetic potentials. The interaction between one scalar charged particle and the electromagnetic field has previously been solved by perturbation expansions in the Coulomb gauge. Here the theory is extended to the Lorentz gauge, which requires a different set of initial or final conditions on the potentials.