cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plant Atrium System for Food Production in NASA's Deep Space Habitat Tests

In preparation for future human exploration missions to space, NASA evaluates habitat concepts to assess integration issues, power requirements, crew operations, technology, and system performance. The concept of a Food Production System utilizes fresh foods, such as vegetables and small fruits, harvested on a continuous basis, to improve the crew's diet and quality of life. The system would need to fit conveniently into the habitat and not interfere with other components or operations. To test this concept, a plant growing "atrium" was designed to surround the lift between the lower and upper modules of the Deep Space Habitat and deployed at NASA Desert Research and Technology Studies (DRATS) test site in 2011 and at NASA Johnson Space Center in 2012. With this approach, no-utilized volume provided an area for vegetable growth. For the 2011 test, mizuna, lettuce, basil, radish and sweetpotato plants were grown in trays using commercially available red I blue LED light fixtures. Seedlings were transplanted into the atrium and cared for by the. crew. Plants were then harvested two weeks later following completion of the test. In 2012, mizuna, lettuce, and radish plants were grown similarly but under flat panel banks of white LEDs. In 2012, the crew went through plant harvesting, including sanitizing tlie leafy greens and radishes, which were then consumed. Each test demonstrated successful production of vegetables within a functional hab module. The round red I blue LEDs for the 2011 test lighting cast a purple light in the hab, and were less uniformly distributed over the plant trays. The white LED panels provided broad spectrum light with more uniform distribution. Post-test questionnaires showed that the crew enjoyed tending and consuming the plants and that the white LED light in 2012 provided welcome extra light for the main HAB AREA.
iPS Programmed Without c-MYC Yield Proficient Cardiogenesis for Functional Heart Chimerism

Rationale: Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) allow derivation of pluripotent progenitors from somatic sources. Originally, iPS were induced by a stemness-related gene set that included the c-MYC oncogene. Objective: Here, we determined from embryo to adult the cardiogenic proficiency of iPS programmed without c-MYC, a cardiogenicity-associated transcription factor. Methods and Results: Transgenic expression of 3 human stemness factors SOX2, OCT4, and KLF4 here reset murine fibroblasts to the pluripotent ground state. Transduction without c-MYC reversed cellular ultrastructure into a primitive archetype and induced stem cell markers generating 3-germ layers, all qualifiers of acquired pluripotency. Three-factor induced iPS (3F-iPS) clones reproducibly demonstrated cardiac differentiation properties characterized by vigorous beating activity of embryoid bodies and robust expression of cardiac Mef2c, α-actinin, connexin43, MLC2a, and troponin I. In vitro isolated iPS-derived cardiomyocytes demonstrated functional excitation-contraction coupling. Chimerism with 3F-iPS derived by morula-stage diploid aggregation was sustained during prenatal heart organogenesis and contributed in vivo to normal cardiac structure and overall performance in adult tumor-free offspring. Conclusions: Thus, 3F-iPS bioengineered without c-MYC achieve highest stringency criteria for bona fide cardiogenesis enabling reprogrammed fibroblasts to yield de novo heart tissue compatible with native counterpart throughout embryological development and into adulthood.
Ferroelectric ceramic electrooptic materials and devices

Thin polished plates of hot-pressed rhombohedral lead zirconate-lead titanate ceramics possess one of two types of electro-optic properties depending on the nominal grain diameter. In poled coarse-grained ceramics the electrooptic effect of importance for devices is the dependence of the light scattering properties on the orientation of the ceramic polar axis (electrical poling direction). The light scattering properties are essentially independent of the magnitude of electrical poling (ferroelectric remanence state). Poled fine-grained ceramics are birefringent, and their light transmission characteristics are similar to those of optically uniaxial crystals. These materials exhibit orthotropic symmetry with respect to the optic axis, which coincides with the ceramic polar axis. The fine-grained ceramic electrooptic effect of primary importance for devices is the dependence of the effective birefringence on the magnitude of electrical poling as well as on the intensity of the applied biasing electric field. Retardation of a ceramic plate can be varied incrementally by partial switching or continuously by application of a nonswitching bias field. Both coarse- and fine-grained ceramics have the property that localized areas as small as 25 µ by 25 µ can be poled or switched independently without affecting the light transmission characteristics of the surrounding area. The locally switched areas are stable with time, but they can be "erased" by switching them back to their original orientation. Each locally switched area can function as a light shutter, valve, or spectral filter depending on the ceramic material, the switching mode, and the characteristics of the incident light.
4.2 A 20nm 32-Core 64MB L3 cache SPARC M7 processor

The SPARC M7 processor delivers more than 3x throughput performance improvement over its predecessor SPARC M6 for commercial applications. It introduces new design features, such as the S4 core, a 64MB L3 cache subsystem with application data integrity, a low-latency, high-throughput on-chip network (OCN), a database analytic accelerator (DAX), fine-grain adaptive power management and 1.5× higher SerDes I/O bandwidth for memory, coherency and system interfaces (Fig. 4.2.1) [1]. The enhancements in the S4 core over the S3 core [2] include a new L2 cache scheme, support for visual instruction set (VIS) extensions, virtual address masking and user-level synchronization instructions to provide continuous single-thread performance improvement for SPARC processors since SPARC T4. In addition, a hierarchical modular approach, called SPARC cache cluster (SCC), is used for the core-L2-L3 cache system. Within the SCC, all four cores share a single 256KB L2 instruction cache and each core pair has its own 256KB L2 data cache. The L2 caches are organized as 2-banks and 8-ways to deliver greater than 1TB/s bandwidth to the four cores. This L2 system delivers 2× more throughput for each core with 1.5x increase in size and the same latency as the previous generation L2 cache scheme. The L2 caches connect to an 8MB, 8-way set-associative partitioned L3 cache. Having a localized L3 cache within each SCC reduces L3 latency by 25%. The chip contains eight SCCs for a total of 32-cores with 256 threads and a 64MB L3 cache with 1.6TB/S bandwidth. In order to support the bandwidth and latency requirements from 256 threads and other system agents, the OCN architecture is implemented in place of a crossbar based network used in previous SPARC processors. Each SCC connects to the OCN, which in turn connects to four on-chip memory controllers (MCUs), coherency systems and eight database analytic accelerator (DAX) engines. The SPARC M7 introduces a customized DAX engine in an effort to optimize performance for Oracle databases. Eight DAX engines handle simple query predicates, decompression, message passing and interrupts across cluster nodes. This query accelerator provides up to 10x better performance for single stream decompression.
Surgical Pearl: Pinch-punch excisions for scrotal calcinosis.

S crotal calcinosis is a rare condition that is characterized by the presence of a few, but more often multiple, firm, calcified papules and nodules on the scrotal skin, ranging in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters (Fig 1). The pathogenesis remains unclear and somewhat controversial. One side proposes that the nodules represent dystrophic calcification of epidermoid cysts,1 eccrine duct milia,2 eccrine epithelial cysts,3 whereas the other side proposes that they are truly idiopathic.4 The scrotal nodules usually appear during early adulthood. Most lesions are asymptomatic; however, itching, secondary infection, and draining chalky white material may develop that can be very annoying. Removal of these lesions is often warranted, because these usually increase in number and size. Occasionally, surgical reconstruction for massive deformity of the scrotum is required.5 Patients with this condition often feel embarrassed about their appearance, driving them to ask for surgical removal of these nodules for cosmetic purposes. However, removing these numerous lesions one by one is time-consuming and incision with classic fusiform design will leave relatively long scars. Furthermore, it is difficult to maintain skin tension during performance of elliptical excisions on scrotal skin, especially without assistance. A minimal incision technique has been described for removing epidermoid cysts and steatocystoma multiplex.6,7 Cyst contents are delivered by applying pressure to the base of the cysts. Any residual capsule material is removed with a forceps. We describe a novel pinchand-punch excision technique for removing scrotal calcinosis that is quick, simple, and yields an excellent surgical outcome.
As mulheres que os homens deixam escapar: literatura de língua castelhana escrita por homens (1880-1920)

COHEN, Daria. Demystifying the Female Body in Hispanic Male Authors, 1880-1920 – Overcoming the Virgin/Prostitute Dichotomy.
Size segregation and the effects of oddity on predation risk in minnow schools

Abstract Size segregation was determined in bluntnose minnow, Pimephales notatus, fathead minnow, P. promelas, and stroneroller minnow, Campostoma anomalum, schools by measuring distances between similar- and dissimilar-sized neighbours. Size segregation was compared among species and between schools with and without a predator present. In all cases, there was strong evidence for size segregation. In addition, schools of predominately large fish (25 large, five small fish) and predominately small fish (25 small, five large) were used to determine if odd-sized fish were eaten by large mouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, more often than other school members. In all cases, the odd-sized fish were eatenmore often than expected.
The evolution and resilience of community-based land tenure in rural Mexico.

Abstract This paper examines the evolution of ejido tenure in Mexico since the 1992 constitutional and legal reforms in that country. Prior to the Mexican Revolution, communal tenure had all but disappeared, but since 1920 community-based tenure re-emerged to become the dominant tenure form in Mexico. The paper investigates ejido land tenure through an examination of ejido governance structures and the tenure rules relating to the acquisition, transfer and extinction of land and resource rights. It draws on community-level research and numerous published case studies, relevant laws, and on data describing the status of ejidos countrywide. This reveals a diverse set of practices, which in many instances depart from the rules as defined in the Agrarian Law and even in internal community regulations. Land tenure plays a critical mediating role in the inter-relationship between humans and the environment. Using the framework of resilience I examine the persistence of ejido tenure and its dynamics in the aftermath of major land policy and legal reforms. Three major ‘shocks’ are identified which are seriously challenging the resilience of ejidos. These are the 1992 legal reforms, NAFTA and the resulting out-migration from rural Mexico, and urbanization. I conclude that ejidos have generally been resilient enough to accommodate the 1992 reforms, but problems with cross-generational transfers that stem in part from labor migration, and urbanization have set ejidos on a course that could ultimately overcome all but the most resilient communities.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HBV-ASSOCIATED DELTA AGENT: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANTI-DELTA AND PREVALENCE IN POLYTRANSFUSED HBsAg CARRIERS

Abstract The epidemiology of infection with the hepatis-B-virus (HBV)-associated δ agent was assessed from the prevalence of antibody to δ in 1206 HBsAg-seropositive subjects from various parts of the world. Anti-8 was prevalent in unselected HBsAg-positive Italians, whether residents in Italy or elsewhere, and in drug addicts and polytransfused HBsAg carriers throughout the world, suggesting that δ-associated infection is spread through contact in Italy and parenterally in other countries. Parenteral transmission of the δ agent was confirmed by a separate survey of the prevalence of anti-δ in 648 polytransfused patients with chronic blood disorders, which showed a higher prevalence of anti-δ in HBsAg-positive haemophiliacs than in the general HBsAg-positive population of Italy, Germany, and the U.S.A. In view of the failure to detect δ in the absence of markers of HBV, the prevalence of anti-δ among polytransfused HBsAg carriers suggests that the δ-associated agent is transmitted by superinfection or coinfection of HBsAg carriers, the HBsAg carrier state possibly providing a rescue function to the superinfecting agent.
Descriptions of the male of Acantheremus granulatus Saussure and Pictet and a new species from Peru (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Copiphorinae)

Abstract This paper adds to Naskrecki's (1998) revision of the neotropical katydid genus Acantheremus. The male of Acantheremus granulatus Karny is described for the first time. A newly discovered Peruvian species from the rainforest canopy—Acantheremus arboreus Nickle, new species—is also described.
Speaking of change: why discourse is key to the dynamics of policy transformation

This article maps out the field of study known as discursive institutionalism while exploring the range of ways in which scholars in this field explain the dynamics of change (and continuity). In so doing, it examines theoretical issues related to the timing of change, including crisis-driven or incremental approaches to change in policy, programmatic, and philosophical ideas; the content of change not only in different levels of ideas but also in different types, cognitive and normative, and in different forms of discourse; the processes of change via ‘sentient’ agents in different discursive spheres, whether the coordinative discourse of policy actors or the communicative discourse of political actors with the public; and the context of change, not only the meaning context of ideas and the forum for discourse but also the formal and informal institutional structures that are the focus of rationalist, historical and sociological institutional approaches. The article seeks to demonstrate that only by unde...
Sequential methods based on the boundaries approach for the clinical comparison of survival times

The earliest formal sequential procedure, the sequential probability ratio test, involved the plotting of certain test statistics and comparison with straight line parallel boundaries. The boundaries approach can now be used with a wide variety of test statistics, including those appropriate to the analysis of survival data. The boundaries can take various forms, although the use of straight lines still eases the underlying mathematical theory while at least approximating to the requirements of the majority of clinical trials. The implementation of sequential methods needs to be made flexibly and sensitively, with each clinical trial meriting an individualized approach.
Administrators and Citizenship The Liberalist Legacy of the Constitution

Current concern with founding the legitimacy of the administrative enterprise in a revitalized idea of the public interest leads us to a consideration of the meaning of citizenship in contemporary ...
Separation of global solution branches of elliptic systems with symmetry via nodal properties

THE IDEA that nodal properties are invariant along global solution branches of bifurcation problems goes back to the work of Kolodner [l] and Wolkowsky [2, 31, in the context of nonlinear Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problems. In that setting one can count the number of zeros of the solution (a real-valued function of a single real variable). For the same class of problems, it was shown later by Crandall and Rabinowitz [4] that this “node count” is inherited from the associated eigenfunction of the linearized problem (about the trivial solution), and that the invariance of nodal properties implies separation and unboundedness of global bifurcating solution branches. It is natural to seek generalizations of these ideas to higher dimensions, e.g. to problems involving more than one independent variable (second-order elliptic partial differential equations) and/or more than one dependent variable (systems of second-order differential equations). These lead to immediate difficulties. For elliptic partial differential equations, we are confronted with the task of characterizing the set of zeros of functions of two or more variables. In recent papers [5,6], we have shown how this problem simplifies considerably for equations with symmetries. Specifically, in that setting we have demonstrated that the entire nodal set, comprising onlyfixed (hyper) planes, is precisely inherited from the eigenfunction of the linearization, and is invariant along global branches of solutions possessing certain prescribed symmetries. The proof requires groupinvariance arguments combined with subtle maximum principles. In this work we take up the more challenging problem of systems of second-order (elliptic) equations in the presence of symmetry. To illustrate the difficulties involved, we first discuss the case of a system of second-order Sturm-Liouville problems of the form
Small-amplitude coastally trapped disturbances and the reduced-gravity shallow-water approximation

Solutions are obtained for linear hydrostatic disturbances propagating parallel to the face of an uninterrupted topographic step in an infinitely deep, stably stratified fluid on an β-plane. These waves are vertically trapped because their frequencies are smaller than the Coriolis parameter and the height of the topographic step is finite. These waves are referred to as step-trapped Kelvin waves, because they are dynamically similar to internal Kelvin waves throughout the layer of fluid below the top of the topographic step. These waves appear to provide an idealized, semi-analytic model for the coastally trapped disturbances observed to propagate parallel to mountainous coastlines in several parts of the world. Computations are performed for a basic state with uniform static stability and for a three-layer basic state in which the two lowest layers represent the marine boundary layer and a strong capping inversion. One might suppose that the linear dynamics of hydrostatic disturbances in the three-layer basic state could be well approximated by a reduced-gravity shallow-water model, but this is not the case. In particular, the reduced-gravity shallow-water model does not provide reliable estimates for the phase speed of linear step-trapped Kelvin waves. This defect suggests that detailed quantitative comparisons between marine boundary-layer flows and the reduced-gravity shallow-water system may not have any intrinsic physical significance. Nevertheless, these results do not preclude the possibility of constructing useful qualitative analogies between marine boundary-layer flows and the reduced-gravity shallow-water model.
How the instructional and learning environments of liberal arts colleges enhance cognitive development

This study analyzes longitudinal data from 17 four-year institutions in the United States to determine how the distinctive instructional and learning environment of American liberal arts colleges accounts for the positive impact of liberal arts college attendance on four-year growth in critical thinking skills and need for cognition. We find that, net of important confounding influences, attending an American liberal arts college (vs. a research university or a regional institution in the United States) increases one’s overall exposure to clear and organized classroom instruction and enhances one’s use of deep approaches to learning. In turn, clear and organized classroom instruction and deep approaches to learning tend to facilitate growth in both critical thinking and need for cognition—thus indirectly transmitting the impact of attending a liberal arts college.
Modeling of disorder and X-ray diffraction in coal-based graphitic carbons

Abstract In this work, X-ray diffractograms of about 20 coal-based graphites and carbons, with different degrees of graphitic order, have been modeled using the recent computational model of Shi et al. This model relates the crystalline parameters c (2d002) and a and the crystallite sizes Lc and La, to the parameters of the disorder present in carbons. These disorder parameters include the probability P for a random displacement δ between adjacent layers, the probability Pt for finding a 3R stacking fault, the strain parameters, and the preferred orientation. Plots among d002, Lc, and La lead us to conclude that a step transition exists in graphites near d 002 - = 3.37 A where a two-fold increase in Lc is observed for a fixed La. This observation of a step at 3.37 A is consistent with the recent observation of Bragg et al. in a graphite where disorder was produced by successive grinding, thermal treatments and neutron irradiation. A theoretical interpretation of this step-transition is however not yet available. Plots of d002 against 〈δ2〉, 2P, (2P + Pt) are discussed in terms of the disorder models proposed by Franklin and by Ruland. The preferred orientation evaluated from the fit varies systematically with the ratio L c L a and the experimental X-ray anisotropy ratio.
Got a band-aid? Political discourse, militarized responses, and the Somalia pirate

Piracy is far from a new phenomenon (with records of piracy dating back to the 1600s), yet over the course of the past decade, it has become a focus of the international political community. Drawing from Foucault and Gramsci, we suggest that the ‘problem’ of piracy today, in particular off the coast of Somalia, is framed in a discourse to reify and support a broader ‘regime of truth’ embedded in global state-corporate economic interests. We further suggest that equating the Somalia piracy to terrorism and as a global threat to peace and maritime security serves as the political discourse designed to legitimate militarized policy responses rather than addressing the underlying conditions in Somalia that are facilitating the instances of piracy. While piracy was once a state-organized crime committed for the purposes of capital accumulation, the current framing and overly militarized responses are based on protecting states’ capital interests rather than addressing the root of the problem at hand, inadverte...
Automatic categorization of software libraries using bytecode

Automatic software categorization is the task of assigning categories or tags to software libraries in order to summarize their functionality. Correctly assigning these categories is essential to ensure that relevant libraries can be easily retrieved by developers from large repositories. Current categorization approaches rely on the semantics reflected in the source code, or use supervised machine learning techniques, which require a set of labeled software as a training data. These approaches fail when such information is not available. We propose a novel unsupervised approach for the automatic categorization of Java libraries, which uses the bytecode of a library in order to determine its category. We show that the approach is able to successfully categorize libraries from the Apache Foundation Repository.
Two‐Dimensional Model for Water, Heat, and Solute Transport in Furrow‐Irrigated Soil: II. Field Evaluation

To maintain crop production in areas where irrigation water or soil contains a large amount of salt, proper management of water and soil is required. A model simulating salt movement in the field may be helpful for developing improved management practices. We developed a two-dimensional Galerkin finite element model to simulate transport of water, heat, and solute in furrow-irrigated soil. In this model, we considered the interaction of soil water content, temperature, and solute concentration on transport of water, heat, and solute. An energy balance equation was applied to each node along the simulated ridge-furrow soil surface to provide boundary conditions for water and heat transport. The model was compared with field measurements acquired in a loamy sand plot near College Station, TX. In the soil profile, distributions of water content and electrical conductivity were measured with time domain reflectometry, and distributions of temperature were measured with thermocouples. Solute concentration was estimated from electrical conductivity. The overall performance of the developed model was favorable when simulating distributions of water content, temperature, and solute concentration.
Influence of organic acids on leaching of heavy metals from contaminated mine tailings

Abstract Runoff and leachate from heavy‐metal contaminated mining areas may be reduced through the establishment of vegetation; however, metal concentration in the leachate may increase as a result of acidification and complexation by organic acids generated in the rhizosphere by soil microorganisms and plant roots. In this research, the effects of formic, acetic, and succinic acids on the leaching of zinc from mine waste under saturated pulse flow and constant hydraulic head conditions were evaluated. Under saturated pulse conditions in moderately contaminated soil covered with mine tailings, leachate zinc concentrations decreased as the amendment acid concentration increased. Maintaining constant hydraulic head conditions, highly contaminated mine tailings were leached with neutralized solutions of formate and succinate. The zinc in the leachate of columns receiving 1000 μmol/L of succinate was greater than in the leachate of columns receiving 0 and 250 μmol/L concentrations.
Assessment of the condition of Iowa augers, auger-related injuries, and farmers' perceptions about auger-related injuries.

This study provides an insight into auger-related injuries, Iowa farmers' perceptions of auger-related injuries and the condition of augers used in Iowa agriculture. Specific auger-related injury data (437 records) from the Iowa Department of Public Health (IDPH) was examined and interpreted. The most likely body part injured was the finger and 11:00 A.M., 3:00 P.M., and 5:00 P.M. were the times of the day with the highest number of injuries reported. In addition, a survey was administered to 400 farmers to ascertain their awareness of auger-related injuries and to determine the condition of their augers. Farmers' perceptions of what body part is most likely to be injured by an auger and the level of severity expected from those injuries coincided with injury records from 1993 to 1997. A total 34% of the primary and secondary augers reported were unshielded or without guarding. This assessment provides insight for development of intervention countermeasures to reduce auger-related injuries.
THE EFFECTS OF AXIAL CONDUCTION IN THE WALL ON HEAT TRANSFER WITH LAMINAR FLOW

Abstract Wall conduction effects on steady-state laminar flow heat-transfer experiments are examined, and an analysis of heat transfer with axial conduction in the wall bounding a fluid in laminar flow is developed to determine the effects of the conduction in the wall on heat transfer with Poiseuille-Couette flow between parallel plates. The parameters that determine the relative importance of axial conduction are found to be the Peclet number of the fluid, the thickness to length ratio of the wall and the parameter β = k 2 δ 1 k 1 L . The Couette flow analysis and experiments that correspond to heat transfer with Couette flow are shown to be in good agreement, and comparisons of the interfacial temperature distribution and local Nusselt numbers obtained by accounting for axial conduction are made with the results determined by neglecting axial conduction.
On mixing in polymer flow systems

The mixing of polymers is an important subject which has received considerable and recent attention. This study shows that residence time distribution curves give information on the distribution of material along the primary flow direction, but do not quantify in polymer flow systems. Several polymer processing systems have been analyzed and the degree of mixing has been related to strain in each of these systems. Strain correlates directly with transverse mixing, which is the most important aspect of polymer mixing. Mixer design is shown to influence the amount of strain needed to achieve a specified degree of mixedness.
Coronary artery spasm in a denervated orthotopic transplanted human heart

A case of catheter-induced spasm in a 40-year-old male one year after orthotopic cardiac transplantation is presented. The fact that spasm can occur in this setting of total cardiac denervation demonstrates that other factors can play an important part in modifying the status of coronary artery patency.
Dredging impact on an urbanized Florida bayou: effects on benthos and algal-periphyton.

Environmental effects of dredging events have been uncommonly reported for shallow, residential estuaries characteristic of the Gulf of Mexico region. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of hydraulic dredging on an urbanized estuary. Physicochemical quality, benthic community composition, whole sediment toxicity, periphytic algal community composition and trace metal tissue quality were determined prior to and after dredging. The effects on surface water pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature were negligible but photosynthetically active radiation was decreased at several stations. Dredging significantly reduced benthic diversity and density (P<0.05). However, the sediments were not acutely toxic to the epibenthic, Americamysis bahia (formerly Mysidopsis bahia); survival averaged 93% (post-dredging) and to 98% (pre-dredging). There were several post-dredging taxonomic structural changes in the diatom-dominated, periphyton community but differences in mean density and three diversity indices were not significant. Trace metal concentrations in periphyton after dredging were reduced from an average of 4–65% and significantly for mercury, zinc and chromium in several areas. It was concluded that the environmental impact of small-scale dredging events in urbanized near-coastal areas, based on the selected parameters, are likely to be localized and of short-term environmental consequence. The choice of the target biota, response parameters and chemical analysis are important considerations in the environmental impact assessment of these periodic episodic events.
In vitro fatty acid acylatin of mucus glycoprotein from sublingual salivary glands

Abstract The enzyme activity which catalyzes the transfer of palmitic acid from palmitoyl-coenzyme A to sublingual gland mucus glycoprotein has been demonstrated in the detergent extracts of the microsomal fraction of rat sublingual and parotid salivary glands. The acyltransferase activity of this fraction was similar in both types of glands. Further subcellular fractionation performed on sublingual glands revealed that the enzyme is associated with the Golgi-rich membrane fraction. Optimum enzymatic activity for fatty acylation of mucus glycoprotein was obtained using 0.5% Triton X-100, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 25 mM NaF, and 10 mM MgCl 2 at a pH of 7.4. Higher concentrations of NaF, MgCl 2 and dithiothreitol, however, were inhibitory. The apparent K m of the sublingual glands microsomal enzyme for mucus glycoprotein was 0.55 mg/ml and for palmitoyl-CoA, 3.5·10 −5 M.A 5% decrease in the acyltransferase activity was obtained with the reduced and alkylated mucus glycoprotein and it showed no activity towards the proteolytically degraded glycoprotein. The 14 C-labeled product of the enzyme reaction gave in CsCl density gradient a band at the density of 1.49 in which the 14 C label coincided with the glycoprotein. The 14 C label in this glycoprotein was susceptibel to deacylation with hydroxylamine, and the released labeled material was identified as palmitate.
Brothers in Arms and Brothers in Christ?: The Military and the Catholic Church as Sources for Modern Korean Masculinity

locate problems of gender inequity in these institutions in an authoritarian ism that results from years of Confucian ideological inculcation. Similar to locating the current problem of unjust gender structures in the West in an cient dualisms, locating the origins of this reality in any context requires a multipronged approach for discovering the source of its perpetuation and working toward equity. Many institutions share culpability in this regard, including families, schools, workplaces, religious groups, and the media. While recognizing the importance of these factors, I focus on the ways in which compulsory military service and the Roman Catholic Church in South Korea play major roles in upholding an authoritarian notion of masculinity. Drawing from personal experience and research by others, I argue that mil itaristic and Catholic definitions of masculinity are two major culprits in the Korean insistence on an authoritarian gendered hierarchy, and that such re ceived definitions of masculinity are neither helpful nor Christian for women and men. In pursuing this research, I have the modest objective of proposing readjustment education at or near the end of compulsory military service to foster the process of differentiating the military milieu from society at large, including Korean Roman Catholic settings. Ultimately, my hope is to con tribute to the denouncement and rejection of unjust treatment based on gen
Successful treatment of hypoalbuminemic hemodialysis patients with a modified regimen of oral essential amino acids.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate compliance and the change in serum albumin associated with essential amino acid (EAA) therapy in hypoalbuminemic hemodialysis subjects. Design and Setting: Open label, single intervention, pilot study conducted at 2 outpatient hemodialysis centers located in Baltimore, Maryland. Subjects: Eighteen patients with a mean 3-month prestudy serum albumin of Intervention: Subjects were instructed to take 3 Aminess N tablets (Recip AB, Stockholm, Sweden) 3 times each day with meals (total of 6.8 g of EAA per day) for 4 months. Main outcome measure: Median 4-month compliance and the change in mean follow-up serum albumin levels (mean of the serum albumin levels at day 30, day 60, day 90, and day 120 after the start of therapy) compared with mean baseline serum albumin levels (mean of the serum albumin levels at day −90, day −60, day −30, and day 0 before therapy). Secondary outcomes included changes in grip strength and body weight. Data was also collected on C-reactive protein levels, dialysis adequacy (Kt/V), and serum bicarbonate. A 2-day dietary recall was obtained at both the start and finish of the study. Results: Monthly compliance with EAA tablets remained relatively stable over the study period, with median compliance rates of 86%, 88%, 82%, and 82% at months 1 through 4, and an overall median compliance of 82%. Seventy-eight percent of patients had an overall compliance rate of 70% or greater. Serum albumin improved from baseline to follow-up by a mean (95% confidence interval) of 0.20 g/dL (95% confidence interval, 0.04 to 0.30; P = .001). Lowest postdialysis weight increased from a mean of 74.5 kg to 77.1 kg ( P = .05), and there was a nonsignificant increase in grip strength. C-reactive protein levels increased in 33%, remained constant in 11%, and decreased in 56% of subjects, and there was no significant correlation between change in C-reactive protein levels and improvement in serum albumin. Dietary recalls did not show any significant change in the spontaneous protein or caloric intakes in association with the use of the EAA tablets. Conclusion: Although uncontrolled, these results support the feasibility and benefits of moderate dose oral EAA supplementation in hypoalbuminemic hemodialysis subjects. © 2001 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
Cosolvent effects of phenanthrene sorption-desorption on a freshwater sediment.

This study evaluated the effects of the water-miscible cosolvent methanol on the sorption-desorption of phenanthrene by the natural organic matter (NOM) of a freshwater sediment. A biphasic pattern was observed in the relationship between the log of the carbon-normalized sorption distribution coefficient (K oc ) and the volumetric fraction of water-miscible cosolvent?(f e ), in this case methanol, that was accounted for with phenanthrene solubility data. Results also indicated that methanol elicited additional effects on phenanthrene sorption beyond the solution phase effects. The level of f e was observed to have a significant effect on sorption-desorption hysteresis, with hysteresis being greater for treatments where phenanthrene and sediment were equilibrated with methanol-phenanthrene solutions but desorbed with aqueous solutions. These results are discussed in light of the deformable pore network of the rubbery/glassy NOM polymer construct.
The origin of chicken hematopoietic colonies as assayed in semisolid agar

This investigation was undertaken to determine whether primitive stem cells and/or fully differentiated macrophages were the source of in vitro colonies derived from hematopoietic tissues. The chicken colony-forming cell (CFC) present in uncultured yolk sac was a nonadherent, presumably undifferentiated cell. The efficiency of colony formation in this case was approximately 0.08%. In contrast to uncultured yolk sac, the CFC present in one-week old yolk sac cultures was evidently a macrophage. Yolk sac cultures, which consisted of greater than 99% macrophages, produced colonies with an efficiency of 1-5% while cultures derived from peritoneal macrophages produced colonies with an efficiency of 10%. Silica selectively destroyed macrophages and reduced the colony forming efficiency of cells derived from yolk sac cultures.
Clinical Pharmacology of Analgesic Drugs in Cattle

Providing pain relief in cattle is challenging. In the absence of labeled drugs, the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act regulates the extralabel drug use of analgesics in cattle within the United States. Given the variety of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of pain-relieving drugs, evidence needs to drive the development of analgesic protocols for cattle during pain-related events. This article reviews the commonly used analgesics investigated in cattle including local anesthetics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, α2-agonists, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists, and gabapentin. These compounds are examined with respect to evidence of analgesia in cattle during pain states.
In vitro culture and somatic embryogenesis of four Trifolium species

Abstract Callus cultures were induced from hypocotyl sections of Trifolium incarnatum L., T. vesiculosum Savi., T. ambiguum Bieb., and T. repens L. Callus production was the greatest for T. incarnatum and T. ambiguum on Phillips and Collins L2 medium with 0.06 mg/l picloram and 0.1 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine and for T. vesiculosum and T. repens on Gamborg B5 medium with 1.25 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4-D), 0.5 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 0.5 mg/l 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin). Proembryos or somatic embryos were formed in all four species though germination and subsequent plantlet formation only occured in t. incarnatum and T. vesiculosum . Mature plants were obtained via somatic embryogenesis for T. incarnatum . The regenerated plants were fertile and had the normal diploid number of chromosomes (2n = 14).
A new family of periodic orbits for the restricted problem

A new family of periodic orbits of the three-dimensional restricted three-body problem which continue off from a consecutive collision orbit are numerically studied. Their behavior for varying energy is unexpected. In particular, associated with our system is a countable set of resonant energy values and each time the energy passes through one of them the periodic orbit forms a loop by self-intersection. Any number of loops can form by this process and the resulting orbits take on an interesting appearance.
Kinematic wave modelling in water resources: a historical perspective

The history of the kinematic wave theory and its applications in water resources are traced. It is shown that the theory has found its niche in water resources and its applications are so widespread that they may well constitute what may be termed ‘kinematic wave hydrology’. Few theories have been applied in hydrology and water resources as extensively as the kinematic wave theory. This theory, however, is not without limitations and when it is applied they must be so recognized. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of salicylate and chloroquine on prostaglandin-induced articular damage in the rabbit knee

Prostaglandins are found in increased concentrations in various arthritic joint fluids, and the E and F series have been shown to produce inflammation. Vane suggests that the effectiveness of aspirin is mediated by inhibition of synthesis or release of prostaglandins. In our studies PGE-1 intra-articularly produced the greatest amount of synovial and cartilage damage of the several PGs tested. Five knee intra-articular injections of 500 ng PGE-1 were given to 12 mature white New Zealand rabbits at 4 day intervals, with control solutions on the opposite sides. Four with intramuscular chloroquine at clinical levels and 4 controls. At 20 days histologic examination with H & E and safranin-O showed increased synovitis and abnormal cartilage in the controls and salicylate groups, normal cartilage in the chloroquine group. Whereas chloroquine's ability to stabilize cell membranes is protective in this experiment, salicylate's ability to prevent biosynthesis of prostaglandins is bypassed and therefore is not protective. Vane's hypothesis is supported by this study of PG induced experimental arthritis.
On the Two-Dimensional Navier—Stokes Equations with the Free Boundary Condition

In this article we consider the two-dimensional Navier—Stokes equations with free boundary condition (open surface), and derive a number of different results: a new orthogonal property for the nonlinear term, improved a priori estimates on the solution, an upper bound on the dimension of the attractor which agrees with the conventional theory of turbulence; finally, for elongated rectangular domains, an improved Lieb—Thirring (collective Sobolev) inequality leads to an upper bound on the dimension of the attractor which might be optimal.
Teacher Observations on the Implementation of the Tools of the Mind Curriculum in the Classroom: Analysis of Interviews Conducted over a One-Year Period

The following pilot study reports on teacher observations and reflections of implementing the Tools of the Mind curriculum in pre-k and kindergarten classrooms in an east coast urban school district in the US. The study followed five teachers over the course of a school year. Structured interviews were conducted with each teacher individually shortly after Tools of the Mind teacher training sessions took place. The analysis reports on themes that emerged in these conversations. Findings address; challenges the teachers faced in implementing the program, training issues, and the effectiveness of the program in supporting children’s intellectual and social skills.
Antigenic signature analysis reflects differences among plant virus isolates

Antigenic differences among cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) isolates were clearly reflected in signature analysis employing a panel of seven well-characterized, monoclonal antibodies. Separate binding curves were generated by reacting serial dilutions of extracts from infected plant tissue containing each antigen simultaneously with each antibody in the panel. An iterative procedure was used to align unknown CPSMV antigen concentrations from different antigen preparations to allow comparison of binding profiles from different assays. Signature analysis was shown to be highly useful for the elucidation of subtle antigenic differences among viral agents because it requires neither purified virus nor knowledge of virus concentration in sap from infected plants.
Quincy Wright: an appreciation

Quincy Wright had a lifelong interest and professional concern in the problem of controlling war, but his unique approach was clearly shaped by his family's scholarly pursuits. His great-grandfather, a mathematician, set up the first actuarial tables in the United States. His father, Philip G. Wright, was an economist with the US Tariff Commission. Quincy's older brother, Sewall, is an internationally known mathematical geneticist and his younger brother, Theodore P., was an internationally renowned aeronautical engineer. Thus all of his immediate family on the male side were scientists, applying mathematical techniques in their fields. Quincy in his way began to look for mathematical applications to the study of war. Karl Deutsch points out in the preface to the second edition of A Study of War (1965) that Wright was one of the first scholars to make use of quantitative data in research on war, adding, "If he were writing A Study of War today, he would probably abbreviate some of the historical and legal arguments and integrate his behavioral and quantitative data into his main text rather than segregate them. . . ." However, as a former student of Quincy Wright, I believe that this would vitiate his contribution. While Quincy can be regarded as the founder of modern peace research, which relies heavily on mathematical or quantitative methods of analysis, there still reposes in his work a strong and wide core of immutable legal and historical knowledge which is not only descriptive but also analytical in the traditional sense. He was, like most of the scholars of his generation, originally trained as a legalist. His academic mentor, James W. Garner of the University of Illinois, was in his day one of the most distinguished scholars in international law, especially the law of war, prize law, etc. Quincy's first important scholarly study was on the relationship of international law to domestic law, particularly its enforcement in the courts. But even before he took up the study of international law, Quincy was very much concerned with the problem of war. A childhood classmate of his once recounted to me Quincy's delivering a high school oration on peace and war about the time of the Second Hague Conference of 1907. Undoubtedly that era of concern over establishing some sort of system to control war had an enormous impact on his formative period. In his international law phase, Quincy's scholarly output was prodigious. It moved into high gear by the time he was thirty, which coincided with the first year of the League of Nations. In the twenties, he began to travel abroad and visit Geneva, The Hague, the Middle East, and the Far East. It was these observations on the scene that probably prompted him to combine his legalistic approach with some of the historical and cultural aspects of current international problems. This period culminated in his impressive and massive scholarly work, Mandates Under the League of Nations. Beginning in the middle twenties his articles