cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
StudioBRIDGE: using group, location, and event information to bridge online and offline encounters for co-located learning groups

StudioBRIDGE is an awareness system, based on instant messaging (IM), developed for students working in open studio spaces in the Architecture Department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The goal of StudioBRIDGE is to help students initiate online and offline interactions by giving them an awareness of nearby people, groups, locations, and events of the community. Even when students are working in close proximity to each other, they are often not aware of the activities and expertise of their colleagues nearby. We believe that this integrated awareness could lead to increased peer learning and expertise sharing by encouraging informal social communication, particularly in groups whose members have existing social and physical ties. In this paper, we describe the user community and the motivation, design, and initial pilot deployment of StudioBRIDGE.
Trends in Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, Diet, and BMI Among US Adolescents, 2001–2009

OBJECTIVE: The high prevalence of adolescent obesity in the United States has been attributed to population changes in physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviors, and dietary behaviors. This study examines 8-year trends in these behaviors in US adolescents ages 11 to 16. METHODS: Nationally representative samples of US students in grades 6 to 10 were recruited during the 2001–2002 ( N = 14 607), 2005–2006 ( N = 9150), and 2009–2010 ( N = 10 848) school years by using multistage stratified designs, with census regions and grades as strata, and school districts as the primary sampling units. African-American and Hispanic students were oversampled to obtain better estimates for those groups. Using the Health Behavior in School-aged Children quadrennial surveys, identical questions assessed BMI, PA, and sedentary and dietary behaviors at each school year. Logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted taking into account the sampling design and controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and family affluence. RESULTS: Across the quadrennial surveys, significant increases were identified in number of days with at least 60 minutes of PA, daily consumption of fruits and vegetables, eating breakfast on weekdays and weekends, and BMI. Television viewing and consumption of sweets and sweetened beverages decreased across this same period. These same patterns were seen in all racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: These patterns suggest that public health efforts to improve the obesity-related behaviors of US adolescents may be having some success. However, alternative explanations for the increase in BMI over the same period need to be considered.
The evolutionary importance of behavioural development: the ontogeny and phylogeny of bird song

Abstract It has been proposed that ontogeny may be an important constraint on the evolution of morphological traits. In this paper, ontogeny is discussed as a possible constraint on behavioural evolution. A literature review of the development of song in oscine birds (Passeriformes; Passeres) shows that song development follows von Baer's law; that is, that development proceeds from early, generally distributed stages to later, specialized stages. Song ontogeny is found to parallel phylogeny in a lineage of sparrows (Emberizidae; Emberizinae). Possible cases of paedomorphosis (slowing down or truncation of development) in bird song are discussed, specifically in the family Mimidae and in the reed warbler, Acrocephalus palustris (Muscicapidae; Sylviinae). Finally, the implications of developmental constraints for the study of the adaptive significance of behaviour are discussed.
Probing radical pathways in electrophilic addition of halogens: Classical vs. bridged intermediates

Abstract We examine radical mediated pathways in electrophilic addition to the simplest alkene, ethylene, where the structure of the radical intermediate has been extensively debated. Starting from the π-complex with a dihalogen, C2H4⋯I2, isolated in an inert matrix, we initiate reaction by photolytically cleaving the I2 bond. We succeed in trapping and spectroscopically interrogating the symmetrically bridged radical complex, which calculations confirm is the global minimum on the C2H5I Potential Energy Surface (PES). Consistent with the participation of a bridged intermediate, radical addition preferentially but not exclusively yields the anti-stereoisomer of the 1,2-diiodoethane product.
Expected Return in High-Frequency Trading

Defining a in high-frequency trading is more complicated than in low-frequency trading since not all strategies are based on price forecasts. More components are required, as is an understanding of the interactions between them. In this article, we develop the a attribution model for high-frequency trading by explicating its components and the trading tactics used to implement high-frequency strategies. The results show why high-frequency traders need to be fast in order to generate positive expected returns and why they are better at providing liquidity. We provide an example implementation, using a sample of high-frequency equity data.
Chronic ethanol treatment reduces inhibition in CA1 of the rat hippocampus

The effect of chronic ethanol exposure on inhibition in the rat hippocampal slice was investigated using paired-pulse stimulation techniques with stimulation in stratum radiatum or stratum oriens of CA1. Experimental animals were fed ethanol in a liquid diet for 20 weeks and were withdrawn for at least 8 weeks prior to electrophysiological recording. Prior ethanol treatment had no effect on basic input-output relationships for the extracellular population spike. Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the recurrent inhibition produced by antidromic stimulation in a manner dependent upon stimulus intensity. In addition, with orthodromic paired-pulse stimulation of either stratum radiatum or oriens, a trend toward an augmentation of the facilitation of population spike amplitude was observed, suggesting that feedforward inhibition may also be reduced. These results are similar to those found with treatments that reduce inhibition. Therefore, we conclude that chronic ethanol exposure produces an enduring disruption of inhibitory neuronal function in the rat hippocampus.
Depolarized Rayleigh scattering study of pyrimidine

Abstract The depolarized Rayleigh spectrum from pyrimidine has been obtained from 296K to 395K. The spectra do not display a shear wave dip at zero frequency due to translation-rotation coupling. The Stokes - Einstein - Debye plot of the reorientation time versus viscosity/temperature displays a slightly non-linear relation. The light scattering orientation pair correlation factor obtained by comparing the depolarized Rayleigh reorientation to the single particle time from NMR for pyrimidine is 2.3. This value is compared to other azobenzenes.
High fatty acid availability after exercise alters the regulation of muscle lipid metabolism

We previously reported that a single exercise session protects against fatty acid (FA)-induced insulin resistance, perhaps in part through augmented intramyocellular triacylglycerol (IMTG) synthesis. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of elevated FA availability after exercise on factors regulating IMTG metabolism. After exercise (90 minutes, 65% peak oxygen uptake), 7 healthy women (body mass index, 23 ± 1 kg/m(2)) were infused overnight (16 hours) with either a lipid and heparin solution (LIPID, 0.11 g fat per kilogram per hour) or saline (SALINE). We measured resting FA oxidation (indirect calorimetry) and obtained a skeletal muscle biopsy sample the next morning. The 4-fold increase in overnight plasma FA concentration during LIPID increased IMTG by approximately 30% during LIPID vs SALINE. This was accompanied by an approximately 25% greater membrane-associated abundance of the FA transporter FAT/CD36 (P < .01) and an approximately 8% increase in the activity of the IMTG synthesis enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT, P < .01). In contrast, resting FA oxidation was not affected. We also found no difference in the protein abundance of GPAT1 and diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1, diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity, or the abundance of the lipid droplet coat proteins (perilipins 2, 3, 4, and 5) between treatments. Our findings suggest that augmented capacity for FA flux into muscle (ie, via membrane-associated FAT/CD36), perhaps together with a slight yet significant increase in activity of a key IMTG synthesis enzyme (GPAT), may enhance IMTG storage when FA availability is high after exercise. The importance of the absence of a change in perilipin protein abundance despite increased muscle lipid storage remains to be determined.
Cobalt–silica interaction and the dehydrogenation of 2-propanol

Abstract The interaction between silica and cobalt was studied on supported catalysts with low silica loading. Below a threshold cobalt level of 0.41 wt%, the catalysts were inactive for dehydrogenation of 2-propanol at 450 K. Inactivity was attributed to irreducibility of cobalt ions. Samples that were impregnated at a level below the threshold, dried, calcined, then reimpregnated below the threshold level, redried and recalcined such that the total cobalt content exceeded the threshold, were inactive. These results are not consistent with a model in which a portion of the cobalt interacts with specific silica sites, forming an irreducible species. Rather, they suggest that strongly interacting cobalt ions are incorporated into the silica surface.
Design of prepayment implementation and its data exchange security protection based on Power Metering Automatic system

This paper describes a prepayment implementation method based on Power Metering Automatic system. This method realizes prepaid functions such as electricity charge owing warning and remote power cutting, by timing Acquiring power consumption information, real-time monitoring remaining power capacity or electric cost and cooperating with marketing management system using load management terminal and concentrator. While for the complexity of GPRS/CDMA communication and on-site electricity environment, the paper makes a number of specific measures designed to ensure data exchange security and stability of prepaid functions.
Spectral narrowing of solid state lasers by narrow-band PTR Bragg mirrors

Dramatic spectral narrowing of normally broad band lasers, Ti:Sapphire,Cr:LiSAF, and alexandrite was achieved by simply replacing the output mirror with a reflective, volumetric Bragg grating recorded in photo thermal refractive (PTR) glass. The output power of each laser was changed very slightly from that obtained using dielectric coated output mirrors with the same output coupling as the Bragg grating while spectral brightness increased by about three orders of magnitude.
TU‐G‐BRC‐02: Predictive Tracking for Real‐Time Deformable Motion Using a Dynamic Virtual Patient Model

Purpose: To develop a novel tracking technique for intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) based on dynamic virtual patient modeling. Method and Materials: Predictive tracking uses a dynamic virtual patient model to account for the three‐dimensional deformable motion of the target during realistic IMRT deliveries. The virtual patient model was developed based on the 4DCT images and the structure contours delineated on different respiratory phases. With a real‐time breathing curve, the virtual patient model could be updated to a real‐time model which would then be used to predict the motion of the target, to modify the IMRT leaf sequence on‐line to account for the target motion, and to calculate the delivery dose of the IMRT plan with consideration of the interplay effect. A lung case was chosen to demonstrate predictive tracking. The quality of the predictive tracking plan was compared with two commonly used 4D IMRTtreatment planning techniques: maximum intensity projection (MIP) and planning on individual phases (IP). Results: For a realistic breathing motion, predictive tracking offered better plan quality than MIP and IP. PTV V97 was 90.4% for a MIP plan, 88.6% for an IP plan and 94.1% for a predictive tracking plan. Lung V20 was 20.1% for the MIP plan, 17.8% for the IP plan and 17.5% for the predictive tracking plan. Conclusion: Predictive tracking based on dynamic virtual patient modeling is a novel 4D planning/delivery technique which is capable of managing the real time 3D deformable motion of target without increasing the workload of treatment planning or time of delivery. For a realistic breathing motion with consideration of the interplay effect in beam delivery, predictive tracking gave better plan quality than IP and MIP. Conflict of interest: Research supported by grant R01 LM009362.
Trace element incorporation into growing augite phenocryst

Since the introduction1 to geochemistry of crystallization theories developed in metallurgy, it has been thought that the effects of kinetic parmeters such as the rate of crystal growth and the rate of diffusive transport of elements in the melt could significantly affect the partition of trace elements between mineral and magma. This conclusion has not, however, been demonstrated unequivocally, mainly because the extent of variations of equilibrium partition coefficients with T, P and chemistry is not well known. Henderson and Williams2 found a correlation between morphology and apparent partition coefficient of uranium between olivine and basaltic melt. Data on diffusivity of elements (see ref. 3) and on crystal growth kinetics together with the development of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) techniques, enable crystal zoning to be studied with respect to trace elements and the kinetic effects to be evaluated quantitatively. Trace element zoning (or lack of it) of minerals is important, as many kinetic-based crystallization models predict trace element zoning in crystals. This letter presents trace element data on a sector-zoned augite phenocryst based on the ion-probe spot analyses. The fact that the slower-growing prism sector [100] is enriched in both compatible and incompatible elements relative to the faster-growing basal sector [111] strongly supports Dowty's4 model for crystal growth involving preferential adsorption of elements onto growing crystal faces in proportion to the charge/size ratio of the elements.
Linkages Between Goal Attainment and Quality of Life for Individuals with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Goal setting was the cornerstone of a rehabilitation program for people with chronic fatigue syndrome. This study examines the relationship between goal attainment and quality of life. Participants (N = 47) set goals over eight supportive and educational group sessions. Group members reported goal progress and confidence level for goal attainment. Using a forward, stepwise linear regression analysis, goal attainment emerged as the only significant predictor of quality of life improvement (B = 0.234, 95% CI for B: 0.050 to 0.419, SE = 0.091, β = 0.372, p <. 05) independently of fatigue severity, symptom severity, and comorbid psychiatric diagnosis.
The first wave of community-engaged institutions

What are the experiences, outcomes, and lessons learned from the first wave of Carnegie classified community-engaged institutions?
THE EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT ON HOST CELL REACTIVATION AND PLAQUE SIZE OF Herpes simplex VIRUS TYPE I IN C3H/lOT1/2 MOUSE CELLS

—Herpes simplex virus — type 1 (HSV-I) plaque-forming ability and plaque size were measured on C3H/1OT1/2 cell monolayers as functions of pretreatment dose with UV light at different times before inoculation with virus, in order to determine if UV-enhanced reactivation (ER) of UV-irradiated virus. as well as associated phenomena, could be obtained in this cell system. The number of virus plaques observed (i.e. the capacity of the cells to support virus growth) and the size of the plaques were found to increase substantially with pretreatment of the cells with UV light. However, no significant ER was observed. Therefore, the mechanisms responsible for the increases in plaque size and cell capacity seem to be independent of those responsible for ER. In work by others. C3H/l0T1/2 cells have hcen transformed by UV light at doses similar to those used in this study; the absence of ER of UV-irradiated virus in this study indicates that the mechanism underlying ER is not required for transformation.
Issues of concern for restaurant owners and managers.

Human resources continues to be the most troubling issue for U.S. restaurant owners and operators. When 448 restaurateurs were given the chance to state their top concerns, they chose finding and keeping competent employees, closely followed by a constellation of concerns relating to government regulation, taxation, and legal liability. Other issues that respondents cited were ensuring safe food handling, finding effective marketing strategies, and staying ahead of competitors in a tight economic environment.
Repeated common value auctions with asymmetric bidders

Abstract This paper considers a first price common value auction with one-sided private information among bidders. An object is rented each period to the highest bidder without revealing the bids made in previous periods. The paper extends single crossing arguments used in static games to show the existence of equilibrium in this repeated auction. The model predicts that bidders bid more aggressively in a repeated auction than in a static auction, because a higher bid increases the amount of information learned through bidding. The aggressive bidding behavior also implies that the per period revenue of the repeated auction is higher than that of the one-period counterpart. This bidding behavior leads to a theoretical explanation for the winner's curse in repeated auctions. In addition, the model yields predictions like an increasing wage schedule over time and the institution of a signing bonus that are consistent with labor market observations.
Movie Review: It's Kind of a Funny Story

Interpersonal disconnections, social withdrawal, and loneliness are often precursors to depression and suicidal ideation. In the film It's Kind of a Funny Story, the plot describes a protagonist who has become so relationally desolate among family, friends, and peers that he has taken delight in the thought of ending his life. The main character eventually overcomes his overwhelming feelings of aloneness after engaging in random encounters with people he eventually befriends and becomes intimate with. This movie review correlates the boy's recovery with principles of relational-cultural theory—spontaneous and creative interpersonal connections that foster healthy relationships and belonging.
Inhibition of glucose and tolbutamide-induced insulin release by iodoacetate and antimycin A.

Iodoacetate (5 HIM) inhibited both glucose-and tolbutamide-induced insulin release in the perfused rat pancreas and also isolated rat islets. In association with the iodaocetate inhibition of glucose-and tolbutamide-induced insulin release, islet ATP content decreased. Pyruvate, when added to either glucose or tolbutamide in the presence of iodoacetate, restored islet ATP content. Whereas with tolbutamide-induced insulin release pyruvate restored insulin secretion to normal in the presence of iodoacetate, no similar correction was observed with glucose. Pyruvate in the presence of glucose did not promote insulin release. Antimycin A inhibits both glucose-and tolbutamide-induced insulin release. (Endocrinology 89: 169, 1971)
Listening to skulls.

There on the far wall, skulls peered down. Rows and rows and rows of human skulls. Each sat neatly next to the other, as if politely decapitated to take its place on the wall. They were eclectic an...
Small scale and large scale biogeography of subterranean crustacean faunas of the Virginias

Data on number of subterranean crustaceans in river basins, in karst basins within a river basin, streams within a karst basin, riffles within a stream, and rocks within a riffle were analyzed with an emphasis on similarities at different geographic scales. Except at the smallest scale (individual rocks) the coefficient of variation of species number was roughly constant at 0.4, indicating some fractal properties of the variation. Using approximations for the log of the linear extent of each scale, species number increased linearly at a slope of 0.68 (P<0.005). This suggests an unsaturated regional fauna.
Evaluation of Shell SD-8447 for Control of Two Sweet Corn Insects

In evaluating Shell SD-8447 (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) as an insecticide for control of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), laboratory and field experiments were conducted at Tifton, Ga., during 1963 and 1964. Data from a leaf-feeding trial indicated that Shell SD-8447 was equal to or better than p, p' -DDT in controlling 4-day-old fall armyworm larvae. Shell SD-8447 applied topically was about 50 times more toxic than the p, p' -DDT to third-instar fall armyworm larvae. In small-plot field tests Shell SD-8447 at 1 1b/acre gave as effective control of both sweet corn insects as DDT at 2 1b/acre. A method of using electron affinity gas-liquid chromatography was found to be suitable for detecting residues of Shell SD-8447 on sweet corn. Residues on sweet corn stalks and leaves and those on ear husks were directly proportional to the amount of material applied. Shell SD-8447 also disappeared from stalks and leaves and from car husks at a rate proportional to the rate the material was applied. The residue on the cars was negligible.
Synthesis and mechanical properties of Ti3GeC2 and Ti3(SixGe1−x)C2 (x = 0.5, 0.75) solid solutions

Abstract In this paper we report on the synthesis and characterization of Ti 3 GeC 2 , Ti 3 Si 0.5 Ge 0.5 C 2 , and Ti 3 Si 0.75 Ge 0.25 C 2 solid solutions. Polycrystalline, fully dense, predominantly single phase samples of Ti 3 Si 0.5 Ge 0.5 C 2 , Ti 3 Si 0.75 Ge 0.25 C 2 , and Ti 3 GeC 2 of varying grain sizes were fabricated by reactive hot isostatic pressing (HIP) or hot pressing of Ti, C, SiC, and Ge powders. Based on the lattice parameter measurements we conclude that the extent of solid solubility in Ti 3 (Si x Ge 1− x )C 2 ranges for x =0 to, at least, x =0.75. Since the hardness values of both solid solution compositions (2.5±0.2 GPa) were in between those of Ti 3 SiC 2 (3.0±0.3 GPa) and Ti 3 GeC 2 (2.2±0.5 GPa) we conclude that no solid solution strengthening occurs in this system. All samples explored in this work were quite damage tolerant and thermal shock resistant. A 300 N Vickers indentation in a 1.5 mm thick, four-point bend bar decreases its strengths by anywhere from 25 to 35%. Quenching in water from 1000 °C reduces the four-point flexural strength by 10 to 20%; i.e., it is not catastrophic. Notably, the post-quench flexural strength of the coarse-grained Ti 3 Si 0.5 Ge 0.5 C 2 samples was ≈25% higher than the as-received bars. Increasing the Ge content resulted in a decrease in the compressive strengths. The ultimate compressive strengths of fine-grained Ti 3 Si 0.5 Ge 0.5 C 2 samples, decreased monotonically from room temperature to ≈950 °C. And while failure was brittle at room temperature, above 1000 °C the loss in strength was more severe, but the deformation was more plastic.
Performance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in three tropical soil families as influenced by their temperature regimes

Potato experiments (cv. Kennebec) were conducted in three tropical soil families as part of a program to determine crop production potential and land capabilities of a network of tropical soil families. Good tuber yields resulted from matching the requirements of the potato crop to land characteristics. An average yield of 32,000 kg/ha was obtained in the thixotropic, isothermic soil family of Hydric Dystrandepts in Hawaii. The results of this study indicate that with optimum plant protection year-round potato production is possible in this family of Hydric Dystrandepts under rainfed conditions.
Nature and causes of injuries in women resulting from an endurance training program

Women entering the Army are exposed to considerable physical stress due to the intense physical training program encoun tered. At the beginning of a basic training cycle, a prospective study was initiated to identify exercise-related injuries and performance-limiting conditions that resulted from an 8-week physical training program and to identify some of the factors that may contribute to their occurrence. Four hundred women recruits (age 18 to 29 years) participated in the study. All had passed an initial physical examination and were without any limiting disabilities. An initial assessment of physical fitness was accomplished to determine the current status of body composition, strength of the major muscle groups (e.g., legs, trunk, arms, and upper torso), aerobic capacity, previous ath letic history, self-perception of physical fitness, and psychoso matic predisposition. The training and conditioning program (1 hr daily, five to six times a week) involved a series of standard warm-up calisthenics and ...
Silver nanoparticles in simulated biological media: a study of aggregation, sedimentation, and dissolution

Nanoparticles, the building blocks of many engineered nanomaterials, can make their way into the environment or into organisms, either accidentally or purposefully. The intent of this study is to provide some insight into the complex environmental, health, and safety issues associated with engineered nanomaterials. In particular, here the state of commercially manufactured silver nanoparticles—i.e., will silver nanoparticles be present as isolated particles, agglomerates, or dissolved ions—in two simulated biological media is explored. Two different commercially manufactured silver nanoparticle samples, one that has been surface modified with a thick polymer coating to render them more water-soluble and the other, with a sub-nanometer surface layer, are studied. The experimental results and the extended DLVO model calculations show that silver nanoparticles have a propensity to settle out in high ionic strength media independent of surface modification. Furthermore, single nanoparticles as well as aggregates/agglomerates are present together in these solutions. Silver ion release in these simulated biological buffers with pHs of 4.5 and 7.4 is negligible after 96 h.
Domain-swapped dimerization of the HIV-1 capsid C-terminal domain

Assembly of the HIV and other retroviruses is primarily driven by the oligomerization of the Gag polyprotein, the major viral structural protein capable of forming virus-like particles even in the absence of all other virally encoded components. Several critical determinants of Gag oligomerization are located in the C-terminal domain of the capsid protein (CA-CTD), which encompasses the most conserved segment in the highly variable Gag protein called the major homology region (MHR). The CA-CTD is thought to function as a dimerization module, although the existing model of CA-CTD dimerization does not readily explain why the conserved residues of the MHR are essential for retroviral assembly. Here we describe an x-ray structure of a distinct domain-swapped variant of the HIV-1 CA-CTD dimer stabilized by a single amino acid deletion. In the domain-swapped structure, the MHR-containing segment forms a major part of the dimerization interface, providing a structural mechanism for the enigmatic function of the MHR in HIV assembly. Our observations suggest that swapping of the MHR segments of adjacent Gag molecules may be a critical intermediate in retroviral assembly.
Child Welfare in the Court: A Collaboration Between Social Work and Law Faculty to Prepare Social Work Students for Work With the Courts

This article reports on an innovative interdisciplinary short course in which social work students at a master's level work with law and social work faculty and law students in a simulated child welfare court experience. Social workers are called to work in a range of court settings including child welfare, criminal justice, and custody hearings. Social work students show interest in gaining knowledge and skills to raise their comfort level and gain competence necessary to work in these settings. The goals and structure of the course developed at the University of Maryland are described, in addition to lessons learned in its implementation. This description is followed by more general recommendations that have come from experience with the program and feedback received from participating students and faculty.
Transverse correlations and plasticity in the CDW conductor NbSe$_{3}$ studied by X-ray microbeam diffraction

In whisker-like samples of the quasi-1D conductor NbSe 3 , the presence of longitudinal steps causes shearing of the CDW, and leads to a loss of transverse correlations. We use a microdiffraction setup with a spatial resolution of 300 nm and an angular sensitivity of 5 mdeg to image the resulting CDW contrast between thick and thin portions of the sample. Microdiffraction in the b* - c* plane shows that depinning on the thick, weakly pinned side is accompanied by the loss of diffraction intensity, demonstrating a loss of correlations in qualitative agreement with previous X-ray diffraction topography measurements 1 , but with an order-of-magnitude improvement in spatial resolution. Microdiffraction images in the a* - b* plane reveal a sharp increase in the full width at half maximum in an approximately 1 micron thick region near the step edge and a rotation of the CDW wavevector that varies with applied field. We use the extremal value of the CDW wavevector rotation to estimate the shear modulus of this electronic crystal.
Psychotherapy of Nine Successfully Treated Cocaine Abusers: Techniques and Dynamics

The author reviews a series of nine cocaine abusers successfully treated with long-term, in-depth, dynamic psychotherapy begun on an inpatient drug abuse unit and continued after hospitalization. He finds his patients to have been victims of unrecognized psychological trauma in childhood. He argues that the cocaine abuse, in addition to functioning as a form of self-medication, was functioning as a component of a repetition compulsion in which old psychological traumas were symbolically recreated in the post-drug dysphoria. In a retrospective assessment, the author delineates four steps he used in the treatment process: 1) he looked for traumatic or abusive conditions; 2) he established emotional contact; 3) he helped the patient to appreciate how the abuse had affected him; 4) he helped the patient to master the traumatic experiences. A clinical vignette and the relevant literature on the psychodynamics of cocaine abuse are discussed.
Dynamic snap-through of an elastic imperfect simple shallow truss

Das dynamische Durchschlagen eines masselosen symmetrischen elastischen Dreigelenkbogens, der eine Punktmasse am mittleren Gelenk tragt, wird untersucht. Eine langs der Symmetrieachse wirkende Last wird plotzlich aufgebracht und weiterhin konstant gehalten. Es zeigt sich, dass die kritische Last durch geometrische Unvollkommenheiten stark vermindert wird.
Repair of shattered solitary testicle

A solitary shattered testicle with complete eventration of the seminiferous tubules was repaired with resultant satisfactory function. Principles of management in testicular trauma are reviewed briefly.
REM sleep deprivation affects extinction of cued but not contextual fear conditioning

Previous research has demonstrated that rapid eye movement (REM), or paradoxical, sleep deprivation can interfere with the retention of certain types of learning tasks, particularly spatial learning. The present study investigated the effects of 6 h of REM sleep deprivation on the retention and extinction of both cued and contextual conditioning tasks in rats. Sleep-deprived animals showed normal retention of both types of conditioning tasks but retarded extinction of the cued task and a trend toward attenuated spontaneous recovery of the contextual task. The results provide further evidence for the involvement of REM sleep in learning and memory processes.
Setting scale efficient targets in DEA via returns to scale estimation method

(2000). Setting scale efficient targets in DEA via returns to scale estimation method. Journal of the Operational Research Society: Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 376-378.
Bureaucratic Response to Human Tragedy: American Consuls and the Jewish Plight in Vienna, 1938–1941

In the period following the German annexation of Austria, the American consulate in Vienna found itself in the difficult position of responding to a refugee crisis while facing pressure from the Department of State to enforce restrictive immigration policies. Under the leadership of Consul General John Wiley, American consuls worked to maintain the letter of the law while providing as many qualified applicants as possible with immigration visas. Wiley's “middle ground” allowed consuls to fulfill their bureaucratic tasks and advance in their careers as Foreign Service officers while displaying compassion in their interactions with visa applicants. Despite frequent tensions between the Department of State and the Vienna consulate, and an institutional “mindset” that discouraged sensitivity to local conditions, American consuls consistently filled their visa quotas.
A Compartment Model to Investigate the Roles of SR Membrane Channels during E-C Coupling

During excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling, efficient Ca2+ release by ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) requires that counterions move into the SR. These counterion fluxes are thought to effectively clamp the SR membrane potential (Vm) near 0 mV, sustaining the trans-SR Ca2+ driving force. Likewise, Ca2+ uptake by sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) pumps is facilitated by the existence of counterion fluxes. The SR also contains TRIC (SR K+ channels) and Cl- channels in addition to RyRs and SERCA pumps. Thus, SR Vm during and between RyR-mediated Ca2+ releases is determined by multiple channels whose function spatially and temporally varies. The contribution of each channel to SR Vm control is unclear and debated. We used a compartment model to examine counterion (K+, Cl- and Mg2+) fluxes across the SR membrane during E-C coupling. The model allowed us to study the roles of the different ion channels, as well as the time evolution of SR Vm and local changes in intra-SR/cytosolic ion concentrations. Our results show that RyR Ca2+ efflux is indeed electrically balanced by K+, Cl- and Mg2+ countercurrents. When RyRs are open, Mg2+ initially moves into the SR and then surprisingly moves back out. Redundant pathways exist to carry K+ countercurrent (RyR and TRIC) during SR Ca2+ release. When RyRs close, the K+ must exit through TRIC channels to maintain resting SR Vm at 0 mV. Our analysis indicates TRIC channels are essential for resting SR K+ re-equilibration that is needed to re-establish the normal trans-SR Ca2+ driving force.
CARDIORESPIRATORY RESPONSES TO POSITIVE END-EXPIRATORY PRESSURE (PEEP)

The cardiorespiratory responses to PEEP have been evaluated using the puppy as an experimental model of the normal neonatal lung. Twenty puppies at 3-4 weeks of age were anesthetized and ventilated (FIO2 0.21) with pressure-controlled (P-C) and volume-controlled (V-C) assistance at PEEP levels of 0 (baseline), 5, and 10 cm H2O. Although lesser changes occurred at 5 cm H2O, the results summarized in the table are those occurring at 10 cm H2O for 15 mins. These results further define the cardiorespiratory responses to PEEP in the “normal” lung. In contrast to V-C ventilation with PEEP, which was well tolerated despite the increases in PVR, MAP and CVP, P-C ventilation with PEEP led to marked hypoventilation and progressive hypoxia, acidosis and shock after 15-20 minutes at 10 cm H2O.
Trichomoniasis and HIV interactions: a review

Objective To discuss the epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and HIV co-infections, the role of TV in acquisition and transmission of HIV, special treatment considerations for TV among women with HIV and the prevention of TV among HIV-infected persons. Design Systematic review. Data source Review of literature of EMBASE and PubMed databases from January 1990 to February 2013. Search keywords included TV , HIV co-infections, HIV acquisition, HIV transmission, HIV shedding, TV treatment, HIV and couples studies. Review method We included studies of any design that contained the selected search words and were published during the specified time frame. We then searched the reference lists of included papers for additional papers and included these when relevant. Results There is strong evidence that TV increases both transmission and acquisition of HIV among women, and that successful treatment for TV can reduce HIV genital shedding. Single dose metronidazole (MTZ) should no longer be used for HIV+ women with TV given the high rates of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis co-infections and other factors that may render MTZ less effective in HIV+ women. Prevention of TV among HIV+ persons is similar to among HIV, including promotion of condoms as well as regular screening and prompt treatment. There may be a role for expedited partner treatment for the prevention of repeat infections, but most repeat infections are clinical treatment failures. Diligence in screening and treating TV among both HIV- susceptible and HIV+ persons is an important public health strategy.
Thermal‐electric alignment and stark effect of Z1 centers in KCl

The experimental results of detailed electro-optical studies on Z1 centers in KCl doped with Ca, Sr, and Ba are reported. For randomly oriented Z1 center systems an isotropic quadratic Stark effect is measured, with a spectral dependence (close to a third derivative of the Z1 absorption) markedly different from that of F centers. The equality of the Z1 center orientations can be disturbed by the application of de fields (about 104 Vcm−1) above 120°K, leading to the development of a linear Stark effect. The spectral dependence and characteristic anisotropy of this linear Stark effect are determined. Quantitative pulse annealing experiments under applied de field show that the Z1 centers reorient with an activation energy of ≈0.4 eV. This process is attributed to jumps of the cation vacancy among equivalent lattice sites within the Z1 complex and will be discussed on the basis of a vacancy-centered model proposed earlier [1]. Es werden die Ergebnisse ausfuhrlicher elektro-optischer Untersuchungen an Z1-Zentren in mit Ca-, Sr- und Ba-dotiertem KCl mitgeteilt. Bei Gleichverteilung der Z1-Zentrenorientierungen wird ein isotroper, quadratischer Starkeffekt gemessen, mit einer spektralen Abhangigkeit (ahnlich einer dritten Ableitung der Z1-Absorption), die sich wesentlich von der der F-Zentren unterscheidet. Die Gleichverteilung der Z1-Zentrenorientierungen kann durch Anlegen von Gleichspannungsfeldern (etwa 104 Vcm−1) oberhalb 120°K gestort werden, was zu der Entwicklung eines linearen Starkeffekts fuhrt. Die spektrale Abhangigkeit und charakteristische Anisotropie dieses linearen Starkeffekts werden bestimmt. Quantitative Temperungsexperimente unter angelegter Gleichspannung zeigen, das Z1-Zentren sich mit einer Aktivierungsenergie von ≈0,4 eV reorientieren. Dieser Prozes wird Kationenleer-stellensprungen zwischen aquivalenten Gitterplatzen innerhalb des Z1-Komplexes zugeschrieben und wird auf der Basis eines fruheren vorgeschlagenen Leerstellenzentren-Modells diskutiert.
Fault Lines and Issue Linkages at the G20: New Challenges for Global Economic Governance

The G20 emerged at the center stage of global economic governance in 2008. At the time, it was designed to be an inclusive and effective intergovernmental body. However, we find evidence of a slowdown of the G20's development by tracing the evolution of the G20 agenda during the seven summits held to date. We argue that the principle reason for the lack of progress is that the expansion of the issues covered by this international organization created new dividing lines among G20 members and also made preexisting ones more salient. Rather than reaching increasingly shallow consensus on a wider a range of issues, state leaders should sharpen the G20 agenda, avoid politicization, and frame issues in ways that prevent the formation of opposition along national lines.
Blockade of pachytene piRNA biogenesis reveals a novel requirement for maintaining post-meiotic germline genome integrity.

Piwi-interacting RNAs are a diverse class of small non-coding RNAs implicated in the silencing of transposable elements and the safeguarding of genome integrity. In mammals, male germ cells express two genetically and developmentally distinct populations of piRNAs at the pre-pachytene and pachytene stages of meiosis, respectively. Pre-pachytene piRNAs are mostly derived from retrotransposons and required for their silencing. In contrast, pachytene piRNAs originate from ∼3,000 genomic clusters, and their biogenesis and function remain enigmatic. Here, we report that conditional inactivation of the putative RNA helicase MOV10L1 in mouse spermatocytes produces a specific loss of pachytene piRNAs, significant accumulation of pachytene piRNA precursor transcripts, and unusual polar conglomeration of Piwi proteins with mitochondria. Pachytene piRNA–deficient spermatocytes progress through meiosis without derepression of LINE1 retrotransposons, but become arrested at the post-meiotic round spermatid stage with massive DNA damage. Our results demonstrate that MOV10L1 acts upstream of Piwi proteins in the primary processing of pachytene piRNAs and suggest that, distinct from pre-pachytene piRNAs, pachytene piRNAs fulfill a unique function in maintaining post-meiotic genome integrity.
Characterizing the miss sequence of the LRU cache

Renewed interest in caching systems stems from their wide-spread use for reducing the document download latency over the Internet. Since caches are usually organized in a hierarchical manner, it is important to study the performance properties of tandem caches. The first step in understanding this problem is to characterize the miss stream from one single cache since it represents the input to the next level cache. In this regard, we discover that the miss stream from one single cache is approximated well by the superposition of a number of asymptotically independent renewal processes. Interestingly, when this weakly correlated miss sequence is fed into another cache, this barely observable correlation can lead to measurably different caching performance when compared to the independent reference model. This result is likely to enable the development of a rigorous analysis of the tandem cache performance.
Quark spin content of the proton in the Skyrme model.

The EMC measurement[1] of the polarized proton structure function is related to the quark spin content of the proton $$ \Delta u = + 0.75 \pm 0.06,\;\Delta d = - 0.50 \pm 0.06,\;\Delta s = - 0.22 + 0.06. $$ (1) These unexpected results have led to speculations about the internal spin structure of the nucleon.
Mission verification systems for FMS applications

Mission Verification System (MVS) is a topic of recent discussion in the tactical reconnaissance community, as well as the supplier and acquisition community supporting that organization. There is a recognized need for a squadron level affordable system to validate mission results, to provide pilot feedback, and to assess sensor performance, i.e., was the target hit? Was the target destroyed? This system also applies to tactical reconnaissance aircraft missions such as the Advanced Tactical Air Reconnaissance System (ATARS). MVS can be deployed with various reconnaissance squadrons. It can maximize currently available technology, a modular concept with little developmental hardware (NDI). In December, 1990 the Commerce Business Daily (CBD) carried a Request For Information (RFI) for the MVS. The RFI was seeking sources who could integrate commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) image processing systems with various input media. It included requirements for an open systems architecture to permit straight forward integration of a variety of user systems to allow modular and easy expansion. The RFI further indicated that because of the rapid evolution of COTS numerous imaging processing systems might apply to this requirement. The last requirement pertained to configuration, i.e., racks or transit cases. Desert Shield and Desert Storm added increased emphasis to the requirement for reliable tactical intelligence. Though the desert war activity impacted the acquisition schedule it also dramatically highlighted the need for quality, timely, and effective tactical intelligence.
Effect of chromium supplementation on hair chromium concentration and diabetic status

Abstract Thirty-nine diabetic and 39 non-diabetic subjects matched for age and sex were given torula yeast (placebo) or brewer's yeast (68 μg chromium/day) in a double blind experiment. Hair chromium concentration was determined on all subjects before and after the 90 day yeast supplementation period. An overnight fasting blood sample was drawn from all diabetic subjects before and after yeast supplementation. The blood was analyzed for glycosylated hemoglobin and for serum glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Mean initial hair chromium concentration of the non-diabetic subjects was 383±75 ppb, which was greater than that of the diabetic subjects (317±74 ppb) (p 0.05).
Variability in 3-D integrated circuits

In recent years, there has been a trend among digital and analog circuit designers towards three-dimensional integration. There has been some debate regarding the applicability of 3-D technology to general logic circuits, especially with regard to thermal issues. We examine process variations on the same layer, across layers, and cross-chip variations. We show how the performance of each layer of the 3-D chip varies with temperature, and demonstrate the effect of heat pipes on circuit performance.
Structural studies of constitutive nitric oxide synthases with diatomic ligands bound.

Crystal structures are reported for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)–arginine–CO ternary complex as well as the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) heme domain complexed with l-arginine and diatomic ligands, CO or NO, in the presence of the native cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, or its oxidized analogs, dihydrobiopterin and 4-aminobiopterin. The nature of the biopterin has no influence on the diatomic ligand binding. The binding geometries of diatomic ligands to nitric oxide synthase (NOS) follow the {MXY} n formalism developed from the inorganic diatomic–metal complexes. The structures reveal some subtle structural differences between eNOS and nNOS when CO is bound to the heme which correlate well with the differences in CO stretching frequencies observed by resonance Raman techniques. The detailed hydrogen-bonding geometries depicted in the active site of nNOS structures indicate that it is the ordered active-site water molecule rather than the substrate itself that would most likely serve as a direct proton donor to the diatomic ligands (CO, NO, as well as O2) bound to the heme. This has important implications for the oxygen activation mechanism critical to NOS catalysis.
Financial Founding Fathers: The Men Who Made America Rich – By Robert E. Wright and David J. Cowen

Theirs are not household names: Tench Coxe, Albert Gallatin, Thomas Willing, Robert Morris, William Duer, Nicholas Biddle, and Stephen Girard. But according to this book, these men, along with the ...
Neurology Case Reporting: a call for all

From antiquity to present day, the act of recording and publishing our observations with patients remains essential to the art of medicine and the care of patients. Neurology is rich with case reports over the centuries. They contribute to our understanding and knowledge of disease entities, and are a cornerstone of our professional development as physicians and the care of our patients. This editorial seeks to enthuse and invigorate house staff and practicing physicians everywhere to continue the long and time-honored tradition of neurology case reporting.