cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment on Cizek's “More Unintended Consequences of High-Stakes Testing”

This discussion provides a response to Gregory Cizek's “More Unintended Consequences of High-Stakes Testing.” The current policy debate is characterized by extreme positions both for and against testing, and Cizek's article balances positive consequences against antitesting critics. However, there is no evidence that high-stakes testing per se has substantial positive consequences–although there is optimism that aligned educational systems, in which testing is a component, may lead to higher levels of student attainment.
Alterations of the inorganic phosphate and arginine phosphate content in sea urchin eggs following fertilization

Abstract 1. 1. In the normal eggs of Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis a rapid increase of arginine phosphate and a decrease of inorganic phosphate have been demonstrated following fertilization. Further alterations in the same direction with minor variations were observed up to the time of first cleavage. 2. 2. The incorporation of inorganic phosphate in arginine phosphate and acid stable phosphorus containing compounds of the trichloroacetic acid soluble extract entirely accounts for the decrease in inorganic phosphate following fertilization. 3. 3. In an experiment performed on a concentrated suspension of eggs, in which development was abnormal, the reverse changes were observed.
Failure of central anticholinergic brain stimulation to block natural thirst

Abstract In the rat, thirst has been induced by localized cholinergic stimulation of several limbicdiencephalic structures. The anticholinergic drug, atropine, when applied to one of these drinking sites has been found to block the drinking response elicited by cholinergic stimulation of other sites in the circuit. However, atropine applied to the system had little or no effect on thirst induced by water deprivation. These results suggest that the neurobiochemical substrate of thirst induced by cholinergic brain stimulation is not identical to that of thirst induced naturally (by water deprivation).
Insights and approximations in dynamic analysis of spacecraft tethers

Introduction T chapter' presents a critical discussion of selected physical effects in the dynamics of spacecraft tethers. Nonlinear extensional stressstrain behavior of the tether is identified as an important effect. Spectral separation is invoked to decouple the motion into a slow libration akin to that of a rigid body upon which fast oscillations involving tether deformation and end body attitude motions are superimposed. The effect of a slight quasiequilibrium tether curvature on this fast motion is illuminated via a linearized analysis. Eigenmotion, frequency-response, and wave-propagation behavior are investigated in the course of this linearized analysis. The chapter closes with a discussion of the effects of slow tether deployment and retrieval and with an investigation into the possibility for a thrusterdriven dynamic instability. Past analyses of the dynamics of spacecraft tethers have generally been of two types: either quite simple models were used, typically with the tether assumed to be straight and inextensible, or comprehensive simulations" were prepared for computer implementation. General agreement on the importance of various physical effects does not seem to have been reached. Each analyst has individually made the choice of which effects to model, sometimes quite arbitrarily. Reference 4 presents a broad summary of work published to date and includes 97 citations. The work reported in this chapter was motivated by the philosophy that the appropriate approach to developing an engineering model of a physical
Venus radar brightness and altitude images

Seven radar-brightness and altitude images are presented. They are each of a small circular region within the equatorial belt of Venus. Resolution is, typically, 10 by 10 km; altitude contour spacing is 500 m. In addition, an image of the large rough feature, beta, is presented with 25 by 25 km resolution.
Selectivity adaptation or disruption? A comparison of alternative hypotheses on the effects of migration on fertility: the case of Brazil

This study based on Brazilian data from 1976 compared the fertility of migrants and stayers at both origin and destination areas. Observed patterns of fertility differentials were then analyzed in terms of 4 hypotheses of fertility behavior focused on processes of socialization adaptation selectivity and disruption. In the study sample 31% of migrants moved from rural to urban areas 45% of moves were between urban areas and 20% of moves were between rural areas. Among rural-to-urban migrants only 1/3 moved from traditional to modern regions. To uncover the main patterns of migrant and stayer fertility differentials in the study population the major flows of migrants by origin and destination were disaggregated by recency of migration education and age. The overall conclusions were as follows: 1) rural-urban migration flows need to be disaggregated into various modern/traditional cross-classifications (e.g. modern-rural traditional-urban frontier-urban) and greater emphasis needs to be placed on rural-urban urban-urban and rural-rural flows; 2) no robust quantitative measures of migrant-stayer fertility differentials held across migrant groups implying that migrants differing in terms of age education origin and destination are likely to behave in significantly variable fashion with regard to stayer standards of fertility behavior; 3) migrant groups with overall lower fertility levels such as the young and better educated are less likely to experience significant fertility reduction to bridge the origin/destination fertility gap; 4) rural-to-rural migrants do not appear to experience any lasting fertility reduction even when they move to areas with lower overall fertility rates; 5) urban-to-rural migrants tend to bridge a larger fraction of the uphill fertility gap than rural-to-urban migrants; and 6) there was evidence of partial adaptation for most migrant categories once disruption effects disappear and evidence consistent with the socialization hypothesis (no fertility reduction for at least 1 generation) was apparent for migrants originating in the least developed parts of Brazil the frontier region and the traditional-rural region.
Dynamic salinity calibrations of continuous salinity/temperature/depth data

Abstract A dynamic calibration procedure has been developed which provides for the correction of the salinity errors caused by the apparent mismatch in the conductivity and temperature time constants in the salinity/temperature/depth (STD) instrument. The use of this calibration procedure on salinity/temperature/depth data from Bissett-Berman Models 9006 and 9040 STDs has resulted in estimates of the instrumental response time differing by less than a factor of 2 from the manufacturer's specifications. This calibration procedure together with a static calibration provided by bottle samples can provide a smoothed, unbiased estimate of the vertical density field from STD data.
Barbero-Immirzi parameter as a scalar field: K-inflation from loop quantum gravity?

We consider a loop-quantum gravity inspired modification of general relativity, where the Holst action is generalized by making the Barbero-Immirzi (BI) parameter a scalar field, whose value could be dynamically determined. The modified theory leads to a nonzero torsion tensor that corrects the field equations through quadratic first derivatives of the BI field. Such a correction is equivalent to general relativity in the presence of a scalar field with nontrivial kinetic energy. This stress energy of this field is automatically covariantly conserved by its own dynamical equations of motion, thus satisfying the strong equivalence principle. Every general relativistic solution remains a solution to the modified theory for any constant value of the BI field. For arbitrary time-varying BI fields, a study of cosmological solutions reduces the scalar-field stress energy to that of a pressureless perfect fluid in a comoving reference frame, forcing the scale-factor dynamics to be equivalent to those of a stiff equation of state. Upon ultraviolet completion, this model could provide a natural mechanism for k inflation, where the role of the inflaton is played by the BI field and inflation is driven by its nontrivial kinetic energy instead of a potential.
Aerosols. II. The role of particle size in inhalation therapy by atomization and by penicillin dusts.

1) The particle size distribution of the droplets of atomized liquids and three particulate dusts have been measured. 2) The particle size distribution of a commercially available atomizer, especially designed to produce small particles reveals that approximately 6 per cent by weight of the droplets produced by this nebulizer may reach the aveolar ducts. 3) Three samples of commercially available penicillin dusts designed for inhalation therapy show important differences in the particle size distribution. One of these dusts has particles so large that it is practically useless for therapy of the lungs. Two others have particle size distributions by which approximately 40 to 80 per cent of the particle weight may reach the aveolar ducts. 4) The difficulties of using dusts in connection with tropical storage and maintenance of suitable particle size distribution is pointed out. It is emphasized that if penicillin dust therapy is to be suitable at all, the particle size distribution to begin with must be so designed that penetration into the nose, oropharynx and larynx of a reasonable fraction should be possible.
Planet Formation in Stellar Binaries. II. Overcoming the Fragmentation Barrier in α Centauri and γ Cephei-like Systems

Planet formation in small-separation (~20 AU) eccentric binaries such as γ Cephei or α Centauri is believed to be adversely affected by the presence of the stellar companion. Strong dynamical excitation of planetesimals by the eccentric companion can result in collisional destruction (rather than growth) of 1-100 km objects, giving rise to the fragmentation barrier for planet formation. We revise this issue using a novel description of secular dynamics of planetesimals in binaries, which accounts for the gravity of the eccentric, coplanar protoplanetary disk, as well as gas drag. By studying planetesimal collision outcomes, we show, in contrast to many previous studies, that planetesimal growth and subsequent formation of planets (including gas giants) in AU-scale orbits within ~20 AU separation binaries may be possible, provided that the protoplanetary disks are massive ( 10–2 M ☉) and only weakly eccentric (disk eccentricity 0.01). These requirements are compatible with both the existence of massive (several MJ ) planets in γ Cep-like systems and the results of recent simulations of gaseous disks in eccentric binaries. Terrestrial and Neptune-like planets can also form in lower-mass disks at small (sub-AU) radii. We find that the fragmentation barrier is less of a problem in eccentric disks that are apsidally aligned with the binary orbit. Alignment gives rise to special locations, where (1) relative planetesimal velocities are low and (2) the timescale of their drag-induced radial drift is long. This causes planetesimal pileup at such locations in the disk and promotes their growth locally, helping to alleviate the timescale problem for core formation.
CHARACTERIZATION OF PIGMENT MUTANTS IN A BLUEGREEN ALGA, ANACYSTIS NIDULANS1

SUMMARY Characteristics of 2 types of pigment mutants of the bluegreen alga, Anacystis nidulans, are described. “Yellow-green” mutants (YG) which have normal chlorophyll but only half the phycocyanin of the parent are similar to the parent in number of reaction centers/cell, number of chlorophylls/reaction center, maximum turnover rate of the reaction centers, quantum yields at 620 and 686 nm and specific growth rate; they have a reduced action at 620 nm. “Blue” mutants (BL) with somewhat higher phycocyanin but only one-third the chlorophyll of the parent are dissimilar to the parent. BL's have fewer reaction centers/cell, a smaller number of chlorophylls/reaction center, a higher maximum turnover rate of reaction centers, and a lower specific growth rate. BL's show ca. half the quantum yield of the parent at 620 nm and at 686 nm show a “red rise” rather than a “red drop.” The consequences attending low chlorphyll in the BL's are more drastic than those attending the low phycocyanin of the YG's.
Direct reduction of lead sulfide with carbon and lime; Effect of catalysts:Part ii. analytical model

The experimental data presented in the Part I of this series are interpreted by means of an analytical model. The model is derived on the premise that the Boudouard reaction controls the overall rate of the reduction process in the PbS:4CaO:4C mixtures. The presence of the catalyst is considered to enhance the density of reaction sites on the carbon surface. For the uncatalyzed reduction under nitrogen, the model gives logI1u = 4.988 (± 0.408) - 10216 (± 477)T−1. A similar analysis conducted with the catalyzed reduction experiments provided the following relation: logI1c = 4.032 (± 0.280) - 7976 (± 329)T-1. It is clear that the addition of the (K, Li, Na)2CO3 catalyst, in the amount of 2.5 wt pet, causes definite enhancement in the value of the intrinsic rate constant /,. The latter is expressed in mole · (g · C)−1 · atm−1 · s−1. The magnitude of rate enhancement ranges from 13.6 at 800 ‡C to 6.4 at 1000 ‡C.
Theoretical study of the structure of 1,5-cyclooctadiene on Si(001)

We study the adsorption structure of 1,5-cyclooctadiene on the Si(001) surface using density-functional theory. The ``bridge'' structure where the two $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{C}$ double bonds react with different Si dimers is found to be significantly more stable than the ``upright'' structure where only one of the two $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{C}$ bonds reacts with a Si dimer. These two structures exhibit drastically different features in the simulated scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) image for adsorbed molecules: for the upright structure a single bright-spot image due to an unreacted $\ensuremath{\pi}$ bond is predicted, whereas the bridge structure produces two bright-spot images. The result of the bridge structure is in good agreement with STM data, and therefore both the energetics and STM image support the bridge structure rather than the upright one.
Refactoring GBT software to support high data rate instruments using data streaming technology

This paper describes the motivation, design and implementation for re-factoring the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT) monitor and control software to utilize the ZeroMQ messaging library.
Synergistic Effects of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/Somatomedin C (IGF-I) on Keratinocyte Proliferation May Be Mediated by IGF-I Transmodulation of the EGF Receptor

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor pathway is an important mediator of keratinocyte growth in vitro and both receptor and ligand components of this pathway are abnormally expressed in hyperproliferative epidermis. The purpose of this study was to examine interactions between the EGF receptor pathway and the insulin-like growth factor I/somatomedin C (IGF-I) receptor pathway in modulating the growth of cultured normal human keratinocytes. Short-term growth of keratinocytes in a chemically defined medium demonstrated that neither EGF nor IGF-I alone could Support significant keratinocyte spreading or proliferation, but that a combination of EGF with IGF-I or high-dose insulin could. IGF-I or high-dose insulin transmodulates keratinocyte EGF receptor expression via the IGF-I receptor in a dose- and time-dependent manner, increasing EGF receptor binding an average of 1.8 times up to a maximum of fourfold without altering EGF binding affinity. Staining of normal human epidermis with an IGF-I receptor specific monoclonal antibody demonstrates that IGF-I receptors localize to the basal proliferative cell compartment, suggesting that LGF-I receptor and EGF receptor pathway interactions may play a role in the regulation of epidermal growth and in the pathogenesis of hyperproliferative skin diseases.
LATERALITY AND SPELLING ACHIEVEMENT: A REPLICATION FAILED

St~mmary.49 right-handed boys (24 familial dextral and 25 familial sinistral) were tested. Analysis did not support expected differences in familial handedness between ear-laterality scores or in the relationship between ear laterality and spelling achievement. A recent study from this laboratory reported that right-handers with dextral and sinistral familial handedness show different lateral ear-advantage patterns for verbal stimuli and different relationships between verbal auditory laterality and spelling achievement (3). Familial dextral right-handers tended to show a right-ear advantage for free recall of dichotically presented digits, and those who had the strongest right-ear advantage also had higher spelling scores than those who had little or no ear advantage. Conversely, right-handers with left-handed family histories tended to show smaller or no right-ear advantage for verbal stimuli. Those who had little or no ear advantage for verbal stimuli also had higher spelling scores than those with a robust &ht-ear advantage. The purpose of this study was to replicate these findings. Forty-nine right-handed boys (25 from Grades 1 and 2 and 24 from Grades 5 and 6) were selected by the same criteria as the earlier study (3). The testing took place in a quiet room in the children's school. Each child was administered the Annett hand preference inventory (I), the WRAT Spelling subtest (2), and the same dichotic laterality instrument as was given previously (3). This instrument requires 30 trials of one-digit, 15 trials of two-digit, and 10 trials of three-digit stimuli presented simultaneously to the right and left ears. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was computed to determine whether there were group differences in the dichotic laterality scores. This analysis indicated a significant mean right-ear advantage for digit stimuli across subjects (F1,45 = 8.29, p < .01). Since there were no significant interactions, the expected attenuated rightear advantage for the familial sinistral group compared to the familial dextral group was not found. The less marked right-ear advantage for familial sinistral compared to familial dextral right-handers has been reported in a number of studies but not supported in others as reviewed earlier (4). These inconsistent
Dynamics of Single DNA Looping and Cleavage by Sau3AI and Effect of Tension Applied to the DNA

Looping and cleavage of single DNA molecules by the two-site restriction endonuclease Sau3AI were measured with optical tweezers. A DNA template containing many recognition sites was used, permitting loop sizes from ;10 to 10,000 basepairs. At high enzyme concentration, cleavage events were detected within 5 s and nearly all molecules were cleaved within 5 min. Activity decreased ;10-fold as the DNA tension was increased from 0.03 to 0.7 pN. Substituting Ca 21 for Mg 21 blocked cleavage, permitting measurement of stable loops. At low tension, the initial rates of cleavage and looping were similar (;0.025 s � 1 at 0.1 pN), suggesting that looping is rate limiting. Short loops formed more rapidly than long loops. The optimum size decreased from ;250 to 45 basepairs and the average number of loops (in 1 min) from 4.2 to 0.75 as tension was increased from 0.03 to 0.7 pN. No looping was detected at 5 pN. These findings are in qualitative agreement with recent theoretical predictions considering only DNA mechanics, but we observed weaker suppression with tension and smaller loop sizes. Our results suggest that the span and elasticity of the protein complex, nesting of loops, and protein-induced DNA bending and wrapping play an important role.
Photoionization of open-shell atoms: oxygen and the halogens

Abstract Photoionization of open-shell atoms at the level of detailed electron dynamics, as determined from electron spectrometry analysis, has remained relatively unexplored until recent years because of the difficulty of generating a suitable source of the free radical species, particularly for the elements that are gaseous dimers under normal conditions. However, the development of a microwave-discharge-powered apparatus that could serve as the source for an electron spectrometer made it possible to undertake an extensive study of the photoionization dynamics of four of these elements, atomic oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, and bromine, as observed primarily in the electron ionization channel. This report presents a brief review of the results that have been obtained for measurements on these species, with an emphasis on the principal physics characterizing the behavior as opposed to the specific spectroscopic details. These latter are covered in the many reports that are referenced.
An Updated Paradigm for Scale Development Incorporating Unidimensionality and Its Assessment

The authors outline an updated paradigm for scale development that incorporates confirmatory factor analysis for the assessment of unidimensionality. Under this paradigm, item-total correlations an...
AGE-BSA decreases ABCG1 expression and reduces macrophage cholesterol efflux to HDL.

Abstract Background Previous reports have suggested that advanced glycation end products (AGE) participate in the pathogenesis of diabetic macroangiopathy. However, current understanding of the mechanisms by which AGE may accelerate atherogenesis remains incomplete. Methods and results Microarray and reverse transcription real-time PCR analyses revealed that exposure to AGE-BSA (BSA, bovine serum albumin) reduced mRNA levels (60%) in the ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) but not ABCA1 in human macrophages. AGE-BSA also reduced ABCG1 protein levels. These effects occurred mainly through the receptor for AGE (RAGE), as an anti-RAGE antibody significantly limited ABCG1 mRNA reduction. Functional studies demonstrated that exposure to AGE-BSA decreased cholesterol efflux to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ( P Conclusions Our data show that AGE-BSA can decrease cholesterol efflux from macrophages to HDL via an LXR-independent pathway. This novel mechanism may contribute to accelerated foam cell production and atherogenesis in diabetic patients.
Effect of sting size on the wake of a sphere at subcritical Reynolds numbers

Vortex shedding and turbulent motion in the wake of a sphere that is supported using a streamwise-aligned cylindrical sting are investigated at a subcritical Reynolds number of Re=3800, using high speed particle image velocimetry. The mechanism by which the presence of a sting of increasing diameter relative to the diameter of the sphere influences the wake, in terms of both the small-scale shear instability and the larger wake instability, is explored and brie y compared with the two-dimensional analog of the splitter plate introduced into a cylinder wake. The difficulties associated with obtaining converged statistics, along with the effect of free stream turbulence and sphere vibrations are detailed. An understanding of the mechanism by which the blockage, or interference, arising from the presence of the sting influences cross-wake communication and downstream development is a necessary precursor to studies of active control of the wake using surface actuation on a sting-mounted sphere.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Restaging and Response to Therapy

This article describes the use of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET in patients who have head and neck cancer for assessment of therapy response, detection of locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis, and surveillance.
Ascites due to spontaneous rupture of the renal pelvis in an 11-month-old infant with uretero-pelvic junction obstruction.

The authors describe an infant with ureteropelvic junction obstruction who developed ascites. The case is unusual because the ascites was due to spontaneous rupture of the renal pelvis as described before in adults and because the infant was older than previously reported (11 months).
Jupiter's Great Red Spot: compactness condition and stability

Abstract. Linear Rossby wave dispersion relationships suggest that Jupiter's Great Red Spot (GRS) is a baroclinic structure embedded in a barotropic shearing zonal flow. Quasi-geostrophic (QG) two-layer simulations support the theory, as long as an infinitely deep zonal flow is assumed. However, once a finite depth of the lower layer is assumed, a self-interaction of the baroclinic eddy component produces a barotropic radiating field, so that the GRS-like eddy can no longer remain compact. Compactness is recovered by explicitly introducing a deep dynamics of the interior for the lower layer, instead of the shallow QG formulation. An implication of the result is a strong coupling of the GRS to a convectively active interior.
N-type and L-type calcium channels mediate glycinergic synaptic inputs to retinal ganglion cells of tiger salamanders.

Synaptically localized calcium channels shape the timecourse of synaptic release, are a prominent site for neuromodulation, and have been implicated in genetic disease. In retina, it is well established that L-type calcium channels play a major role in mediating release of glutamate from the photoreceptors and bipolar cells. However, little is known about which calcium channels are coupled to synaptic exocytosis of glycine, which is primarily released by amacrine cells. A recent report indicates that glycine release from spiking AII amacrine cells relies exclusively upon L-type calcium channels. To identify calcium channel types controlling neurotransmitter release from the population of glycinergic neurons that drive retinal ganglion cells, we recorded electrical and potassium evoked inhibitory synaptic currents (IPSCs) from these postsynaptic neurons in retinal slices from tiger salamanders. The L-channel antagonist nifedipine strongly inhibited release and FPL64176, an L-channel agonist, greatly enhanced it, indicating a significant role for L-channels. ω-Conotoxin MVIIC, an N/P/Q-channel antagonist, strongly inhibited release, indicating an important role for non-L channels. While the P/Q-channel blocker ω-Aga IVA produced only small effects, the N-channel blocker ω-conotoxin GVIA strongly inhibited release. Hence, N-type and L-type calcium channels appear to play major roles, overall, in mediating synaptic release of glycine onto retinal ganglion cells.
The Direct Alkylation of π-Rich, Acid-Sensitive Heterocyclic Compounds via Essentially Free Carbocations1

Alkylation of π-rich heteroaromatics such as pyrroles and furans by the standard Friedel−Crafts approach is impractical because the acid catalysts employed (Bronsted or Lewis) induce polyalkylation...
Fluorescence-lifetime-based tomography for turbid media

We derive a novel algorithm to recover the in vivo distributions of fluorophores based on an asymptotic lifetime analysis of time-domain fluorescence measurements with turbid tissue. We experimentally demonstrate the advantage offered by this method in localizing fluorophores with distinct lifetimes. This algorithm has wide applicability for diagnostic fluorescence imaging in the presence of several-centimeter-thick biological tissue, since fluorescence lifetime is a sensitive indicator of local tissue environment and interactions at the molecular level.
Elevated C-Reactive Protein in Children from Risky Neighborhoods: Evidence for a Stress Pathway Linking Neighborhoods and Inflammation in Children

BACKGROUND: Childhood socioeconomic status is linked to adult cardiovascular disease and disease risk. One proposed pathway involves inflammation due to exposure to a stress-inducing neighborhood environment. Whether CRP, a marker of systemic inflammation, is associated with stressful neighborhood conditions among children is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: The sample included 385 children 5-18 years of age from 255 households and 101 census tracts. Multilevel logistic regression analyses compared children and adolescents with CRP levels >3 mg/L to those with levels ≤3 mg/L across neighborhood environments. Among children living in neighborhoods (census tracts) in the upper tertile of poverty or crime, 18.6% had elevated CRP levels, in contrast to 7.9% of children living in neighborhoods with lower levels of poverty and crime. Children from neighborhoods with the highest levels of either crime or poverty had 2.7 (95% CI: 1.2-6.2) times the odds of having elevated CRP levels when compared to children from other neighborhoods, independent of adiposity, demographic and behavioral differences. CONCLUSIONS: Children living in neighborhoods with high levels of poverty or crime had elevated CRP levels compared to children from other neighborhoods. This result is consistent with a psychosocial pathway favoring early development of cardiovascular risk that involves chronic stress from exposure to socially- and physically-disordered neighborhoods characteristic of poverty. Language: en
Spatial cues for the enhancement of retinal pigment epithelial cell function in potential transplants

Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cellular morphology and function are vital to the health of the retina. In age-related macular degeneration, RPE dysfunction and changes in Bruch's membrane occur. Thus, a potential cure is a dual-layer biomimetic transplant consisting of a layer of healthy RPE cells cultured on a support membrane. In this study, we investigated human anterior lens capsule as a replacement for Bruch's membrane and also explored different seeding methods as ways of inducing the desired cellular morphology and function. Using in vitro assays, we demonstrated that RPE cells cultured on lens capsule exhibited epithelial characteristics, such as the presence of actin belts and the formation of tight junctions in the monolayer. Bovine photoreceptor outer segments were also incubated with the RPE cells in order to quantify the binding and ingestion activity of the RPE cells. With these assays, we determined that cells seeded by centrifugation appeared to possess the most epithelial-like morphology, with the shortest overall length and the smallest elongation. They also exhibited enhanced metabolic activity, with a 1.5-fold increase over conventional gravity seeding. Thus, the spatial cues provided by centrifugation may assist cells in assuming native RPE function. Therefore, a dual-layer transplant, with RPE cells organized by centrifugation onto lens capsule, appears promising in achieving native retinal function.
Thermoelectric power of nickel and ytterbium at high pressure: A comparative study

Abstract The thermoelectric power (TEP) of Ni and Yb have been investigated up to 10 and 7 GPa, respectively, with a new laser-heated diamond anvil cell technique. Ni exhibits free electron-like behavior that can be explained by the Mott expression for thermopower. A small decrease in the TEP is observed in the pressure range 2–3 GPa. There are variations in the TEP of Yb as a function of pressure that correlate with previously observed structural phase transitions. The increase in TEP of Yb in the metallic bcc phase is understood from the increase in the Hubbard coulomb correlation energy.
Dynamic Modeling of Soot Particle Coagulation and Aggregation: Implementation With the Method of Moments and Application to High-Pressure Laminar Premixed Flames

The method of moments was extended to include a more complete description of particle coagulation, namely, the transition and continuum regimes as well as the formation and growth of fractal aggregates. The formalism preserves the numerical efficiency and the physical rigor of the method of moments by inclusion of just two additional moment equations and without prescribing a mathematical form to the particle size distribution function. The extended model was used to simulate soot formation in several 10 bar laminar premixed ethylene-air flames. The results demonstrate that the more complete formulation improves significantly model prediction of experimental data, thereby explaining the appearance of a catastrophic decrease in coagulation rates, which could not be rationalized within the classical theory of Brownian coagulation.
Thinking Hearts, Feeling Brains: Metaphor, Culture, and the Self in Chinese Narratives of Depression

This paper explores the heart and brain metaphors used in the meaning-making efforts of Chinese individuals diagnosed with depression. Past studies assert that the origin of Chinese language metaphors for thinking and feeling can be found in traditional Chinese medico-philosophical theory, where the heart is viewed as the seat of thought and emotion, and the brain, which constitutes the cognitive center in western theories of the self, is secondary. While most participants employed heart metaphors to express thinking and feeling, many of the participants also employed brain metaphors. Instead of suggesting that this multiplicity implies westernization, this paper argues that cultural understandings of the self can be multiple. To appreciate this, it is necessary to look at spontaneously generated speech in a narrative context. This paper thus analyzes three participant narratives, a process that carries several implications for studies approaching the relationship between metaphor, culture, and the self.
The quantitative determination of uranyl ion by means of the uranyl-sensitised photodecomposition of oxalic acid

Abstract The uranyl-sensitised photodecomposition of oxalic acid is followed by the use of a modified Warburg constant-volume micro-manometric apparatus. The minimum concentration of uranyl ion determined was 100 μM.
Glomerular and Tubulointerstitial Diseases

This article provides a general overview of some of the more common or illustrative glomerular and tubulointerstitial disorders encountered in clinical practice. Disorders are grouped into those causing the nephrotic syndrome, the acute nephritic syndrome and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), and chronic tubulointerstitial disease. This division is useful for narrowing the differential diagnosis and deciding on further testing and management. Elements of the past history, including detailed family, medication, and social histories, and recent symptoms and physical examination findings are as much a part of the diagnostic workup as are urinary and blood tests. An assessment of the tempo and severity of renal deterioration is critical to separate potential medical emergencies, such as RPGN, from those more indolent disorders that can be managed by the primary care physician.
SU‐GG‐J‐44: Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Technology Enables Novel Imaging and Irradiation System Development for Cancer Research and Clinical Application

Purpose:Carbon nanotubefield emission is an emerging nanotechnology for novel x‐ray imaging and radiation delivery systems development for cancer research and clinical application. In this presentation we will give a general review of the nanotechnology and its applications in the development of novel devices including CT imaging,tomosynthesis, and cancer research radiation delivery systems. Method and Materials:Carbon nanotubefield emission is a based on the unique properties of a nanomaterial called carbon nanotubes(CNT).CNT is the newest carbon allotrope discovered in 1991 and it is comprised of either a single graphene shell, called the single‐wall carbon nanotube, or multiple concentric graphene shells termed a multi‐wall carbon nanotube. The signature feature is a very large aspect ratio (ratio of diameter to length) that is typically is on the order 103. The high aspect ratio makes CNTs a practical and excellent field emitter that can produce high current density with intrinsically small divergence and extremely high temporal resolution. More importantly, its unprecedented flexibility in cathode design has launched new creativity in imaging and therapy system development. Results: We will show examples of our research development on CNTfield emission based imaging and irradiation systems that include 4D micro‐RT, stationary tomosynthesis, multi‐pixel electron microbeam cellular irradiator under real time microscope observation, and multi‐pixel x‐ray micro‐CT‐RT image‐guided and intensity‐modulated radiation for small animal tumor models. The technical challenges of the CNTfield emissiontechnology will also be discussed. Conclusion:Carbon nanotubefield emissiontechnology has shown great promise in developing novel imaging and radiation systems that can potentially advance cancer research and improve the quality and efficiency of cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Importance of intraoperative parathyroid hormone measurement in the diagnosis of parathyroid lipoadenoma.

Background. Parathyroid lipoadenoma is an uncommon tumor that may be difficult to diagnose on intraoperative frozen section. Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurement is useful in assessing the adequacy of parathyroidectomy. This case demonstrates the value of intraoperative PTH measurement in recognizing a parathyroid lipoadenoma. Methods and Results. A case of a 62-year-old woman with primary hyperparathyroidism in which intraoperative PTH measurement helped confirm the diagnosis of parathyroid lipoadenoma is presented. Conclusions. In patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, a significant decrease in intraoperative PTH confirms that an enlarged parathyroid with normal to low cellularity containing abundant fat is a lipoadenoma and that further exploration is not necessary. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Recurrence of a left atrial myxoma.

Abstract A fatal recurrence of a left atrial myxoma was observed despite resection of the original tumor complete with its stalk and a portion of atrial septum. The evidence suggests that this recurrent tumor developed from “pre-tumor” cells in the region of the fossa ovalis. The rate of growth of the second tumor was faster than would have been predicted. Clinical manifestations were similar to those with the initial tumor. Wide excision of the atrial septum with the stalk of such tumors should offer the best chance for operative cure, but prolonged postoperative observation is important if signs of recurrence are to be detected at a time when operative removal can be carried out with minimal risk to the patient.
Dissociating familiarity from recollection using rote rehearsal

Recollection-based recognition memory judgments benefit greatly from effortful elaborative encoding, whereas familiarity-based judgments are much less sensitive to such manipulations. In this study, we have examined whether rote rehearsal under divided attention might produce the opposite dissociation, benefiting familiarity more than recollection. Subjects rehearsed word pairs during the “distractor” phase of a working memory span task, and were then given a surprise memory test for the distractor items at the end of the experiment. Experiment 1 demonstrated that increasing rehearsal elevated the recognition rate for intact and rearranged pairs, but neither associative recognition accuracy nor implicit fragment completion benefited from rehearsal. The results suggest that rote rehearsal leads to a greater increase in familiarity than in recollection, and that the increase in observed familiarity cannot be attributed to effects of repetition priming. In Experiment 2, we tested item recognition with the remember/know procedure, and the results supported the conclusions of Experiment 1. Moreover, a signal detection model of remember/know performance systematically overpredicted rehearsal increases in remember rates, and this worsened when high-rehearsal items were assumed to be more variable in strength. The results suggest that rote rehearsal can dissociate familiarity from recollection at the time of encoding and that item recognition cannot be fully accommodated within a one-dimensional signal detection model.
Decisions under uncertainty: a computational framework for quantification of policies addressing infectious disease epidemics

Emerging infectious diseases continue to place a strain on the welfare of the population by decreasing the population’s general health and increasing the burden on public health infrastructure. This paper addresses these issues through the development of a computational framework for modeling and simulating infectious disease outbreaks in a specific geographic region facilitating the quantification of public health policy decisions. Effectively modeling and simulating past epidemics to project current or future disease outbreaks will lead to improved control and intervention policies and disaster preparedness. In this paper, we introduce a computational framework that brings together spatio–temporal geography and population demographics with specific disease pathology in a novel simulation paradigm termed, global stochastic field simulation (GSFS). The primary aim of this simulation paradigm is to facilitate intelligent what-if-analysis in the event of health crisis, such as an influenza pandemic. The dynamics of any epidemic are intrinsically related to a region’s spatio–temporal characteristics and demographic composition and as such, must be considered when developing infectious disease control and intervention strategies. Similarly, comparison of past and current epidemics must include demographic changes into any effective public health policy for control and intervention strategies. GSFS is a hybrid approach to modeling, implicitly combining agent-based modeling with the cellular automata paradigm. Specifically, GSFS is a computational framework that will facilitate the effective identification of risk groups in the population and determine adequate points of control, leading to more effective surveillance and control of infectious diseases epidemics. The analysis of past disease outbreaks in a given population and the projection of current or future epidemics constitutes a significant challenge to Public Health. The corresponding design of computational models and the simulation that facilitates epidemiologists’ understanding of the manifestation of diseases represents a challenge to computer and mathematical sciences.
Supply Voltage Noise Aware ATPG for Transition Delay Faults

The sensitivity of very deep submicron designs to supply voltage noise is increasing due to higher path delay variations and reduced noise margins with supply noise scaling. The supply noise of delay test during at-speed launch and capture is significantly larger compared to normal circuit operation since larger number of transitions occur within a short time frame. Our simulations have shown that for identical switching activity, a pattern with a short switching time frame window will surge more current from the power network, thereby causing higher IR-drop. In this paper, the authors propose a novel method to measure the average power of at-speed test patterns, referred to as switching cycle average power (SCAP). The authors present a case study of the IR-drop effects on design performance during at-speed test. A new practical framework is proposed to generate supply noise tolerant delay test patterns. The proposed framework uses existing commercial ATPG tools and a wrapper is added around them. The results demonstrate that the new patterns generated using our framework will significantly reduce the supply noise
Safe & Independent: Enriching Lives Through Service-Learning

This article documents a service-learning project to enhance older adults' safe and independent performance of daily occupations in the home environment while enriching the learning of occupational therapy students. Thirteen rural individuals aged 65 to 89 years participated in the project whereby students identified occupational performance issues, modified occupations and context, and advocated for change to promote safety and independence. The model merits consideration as a replicable service-learning project for other disciplines in higher education to strengthen community relationships, enhance student learning, and support aging in place.
Self-Recovering Equalization and Carrier Tracking in Two-Dimensional Data Communication Systems

Conventional equalization and carrier recovery algorithms for minimizing mean-square error in digital communication systems generally require an initial training period during which a known data sequence is transmitted and properly synchronized at the receiver. This paper solves the general problem of adaptive channel equalization without resorting to a known training sequence or to conditions of limited distortion. The criterion for equalizer adaptation is the minimization of a new class of nonconvex cost functions which are shown to characterize intersymbol interference independently of carrier phase and of the data symbol constellation used in the transmission system. Equalizer convergence does not require carrier recovery, so that carrier phase tracking can be carried out at the equalizer output in a decision-directed mode. The convergence properties of the self-recovering algorithms are analyzed mathematically and confirmed by computer simulation.
Non-aqueous thermolytic route to oxynitride photomaterials using molecular precursors Ti(OtBu)4 and NMo(OtBu)3

Thermolytic decomposition of NMo(OtBu)3 with Ti(OtBu)4 results in mixed-metal oxynitrides that retain 75% of the N from the nitrido precursor. The fundamental photophysics of the oxynitrides were investigated, and TRMC measurements determined that Mo and N are critical to the long charge carrier lifetimes in the microsecond regime.
Incorporation of excess gadolinium into human bone from medical contrast agents.

We find anomalously high gadolinium (Gd) concentrations in the femoral head bones of patients exposed to chelated Gd, commonly used as a contrast agent for medical imaging. Gd is introduced in chelated form to protect patients from exposure to toxic free Gd3+, a calcium antagonist which disrupts cellular processes. Recent studies suggest Gd chelates break down in vivo, and Gd accumulation in tissue is linked to medical conditions such as nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), acute kidney failure, and in some cases death. We measure Gd and other rare earth element (REE) concentrations in 35 femoral heads by solution based ICP-MS. Gd concentrations in patients with documented exposure to Gd-based contrast agents (n = 13: Gd DTPA-BMA (Omniscan) n = 6; Gd HP-DO3A (Prohance) n = 5; unknown type n = 4) are significantly higher (p 800 times the ‘natural’ level (95% CI: 124, 460). Our data confirm that Gd, introduced in chelated form, incorporates into bone and is retained for more than 8 years. No difference was observed in bone Gd concentrations and anomalies between patients dosed with Gd DTPA-BMA (Omniscan; n = 6) and Gd HP-DO3A (Prohance; n = 5). Osteoporotic fracture patients exposed to Gd have significantly lower Gd concentrations than osteoarthritis patients (p < 0.001). This indicates different mechanisms of metal incorporation and/or retention in osteoporotic bone tissues, and may signal an increased risk of endogenous Gd release for patients with increased rates of bone resorption (e.g. osteoporosis patients and menopausal, pregnant, and lactating women) who are exposed to Gd-based contrast agents.