cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T/B MORRIS J. BERMAN OIL SPILL: RESTORATION PROJECTS OVERVIEW

ABSTRACT The January 7, 1994, barge Morris J. Berman grounding and oil spill off Punta Escambrin, near San Juan, Puerto Rico, resulted in injury to natural resources along the shoreline and impaired their use for an extended time. Three major injury categories were pursued by the Trustees and the restoration projects for these injuries are presented in this paper. Including interest, approximately $10M in settlement funds are being used to fund 6 restoration projects. About $6 million of the settlement funds is being used for three projects to restore eolianite reef habitat, a type of fossilized sand dune, and other reef resources injured by the barge grounding and subsequent spill. One project, called the Condado Coral Trail project, will install artificial reef modules in the Condado Lagoon, approximately 1 mile southeast of the barge grounding site. Also in the Condado Lagoon, a 32-acre dredge hole will be brought back to historic elevations through beneficial use of dredged marine sediments. The third...
The effects of censorship and attractiveness of the censor on attitude change

Abstract The effects of censoring a communication, overriding the censor, and the attractiveness of the censor on the potential audience's attitude and desire to hear the communication were studied. Subjects were told that a speech which they were to have heard had been censored by a positively, negatively, or neutrally evaluated group. Some subjects were told that the experimenter had decided to override the censor and that they would hear the communication. Other subjects were told they would not hear the censored communication. The results indicated that censorship, regardless of the attractiveness of the censor, caused the potential audience to change their attitudes toward the position to be advocated by the communication and to increase their desire to hear that communication. These effects were interpreted as resulting from the arousal of psychological reactance. When the censor was overriden and the audience felt that they would hear the communication, their desire to hear it decreased. Further, subjects who had been told that a positively evaluated group had censored the speech changed their attitudes away from the position to be advocated by the communication while subjects who believed that a negative group had censored the speech changed their attitudes toward the position of the communication. These results were interpreted as evidence of cognitive balancing.
Neurotrophic factors in relapsing remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients during interferon beta therapy

Although interferon (IFN) beta is a widely used disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS), the mechanisms responsible for its effects are not fully understood. Some studies demonstrated that IFNbeta induces nerve growth factor (NGF) secretion by astrocytes and by brain endothelial cells. In this study, we determined the production of various neurotrophins (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF; NGF; glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; neurotrophin 3; neurotrophin 4) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in relapsing-remitting (RR) and secondary progressive (SP) MS patients during IFNbeta treatment. There were no main variations in neurotrophin production either among all MS patients globally considered or in the group of SPMS subjects. Instead, in the group of RRMS patients who did not present clinical exacerbation of disease up to the end of the study, we found a significant increase in BDNF production as from 6 months after starting therapy.
The interstitial deletion of bands q33-35 of long arm of chromosome 7: a review with a new case report.

Verma RS, Conte RA, Sayegh SE, Kanjilal D. The interstitial deletion of bands q33–35 of long arm of chromosome 7: a review with a new case report. Clin Genet 1992:41: 82–86. Interstitial or terminal deletion resulting in partial monosomy of various segments of the long arm of chromosome 7 was first recorded over two decades ago. Since then, a number of reports have correlated the severity of clinical manifestations with the length of the deletion involved. However, difficulty remains in defining a so-called “distinct syndrome”. We present a new case with the shortest interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7 bands q33–35, i.e. 46,XX,del(7)(pter q33::q35 qter). A 4-year-old black female was referred for cytogenetic evaluation due to neurodevelopmental delay. Pertinent physical examination at birth was cleft lip and cleft palate which required corrective surgery. At 2 years of age, a myringotomy tube was inserted for repeated ear infection and a hearing aid was required for conductive deafness. Neurological examination revealed poor eye contact, and severe mental and motor retardation. We reviewed 21 cases of a partial interstitial deletion of varied segments of the long arm of chromosome 7, but we were unable to establish a definite relationship with the deletion of various 7q segments with any specific clinical manifestations.
A Comparison of the Morphology and Stability of Relativistic and Nonrelativistic Jets

We compare results from a relativistic and a nonrelativistic set of two-dimensional axisymmetric jet simulations. For a set of five relativistic simulations that either increase the Lorentz factor or decrease the adiabatic index, we compute nonrelativistic simulations with equally useful power or thrust. We examine these simulations for morphological and dynamical differences, focusing on the velocity field, the width of the cocoon, the age of the jets, and the internal structure of the jet itself. The primary result of these comparisons is that the velocity field of nonrelativistic jet simulations cannot be scaled up to give the spatial distribution of Lorentz factors seen in relativistic simulations. Since the local Lorentz factor plays a major role in determining the total intensity for parsec-scale extragalactic jets, this suggests that a nonrelativistic simulation cannot yield the proper intensity distribution for a relativistic jet. Another general result is that each relativistic jet and its nonrelativistic equivalents have similar ages (in dynamical time units, ≡R/aa, where R is the initial radius of a cylindrical jet and aa is the sound speed in the ambient medium). Also, jets with a larger Lorentz factor have a smaller cocoon size. In addition to these comparisons, we have completed four new relativistic simulations to investigate the effect of varying thermal pressure on relativistic jets. The simulations confirm that faster (larger Lorentz factor) and colder jets are more stable, with smaller amplitude and longer wavelength internal variations. However, an exception to this occurs for the hottest jets, which appear the most stable. The apparent stability of these jets does not follow from linear normal mode analysis, which suggests that there are available growing Kelvin-Helmholtz modes. However, these modes are not excited because of a lack of perturbations able to couple to them. As an example of how these simulations can be applied to the interpretation of observations, we use our results to estimate some parameters of Cygnus A. Although none of these estimates alone can determine if the jets in Cyg A are relativistic or nonrelativistic, estimates for the age and the jet to ambient density ratio confirm values for these parameters estimated by other means.
Examination of allostasis and online laboratory simulations in a middle school science classroom

We examine the role of allostatic load on student outcomes in a middle school classroom.The use of online laboratory simulations mitigates the effects of allostatic load.A holistic view of learning is necessary when using online laboratory simulations. The purpose of this study is to examine online learning simulations within a middle school science class and develop an understanding of the most and least successful profile combination of traits. The sample consisted of 350 middle school student taking 7th and 8th grade science in a classroom setting. Researchers examined outcomes on multiple administrations of a science content tests and affective measures. The authors examined test outcomes, affective outcomes, and profile combinations of traits using multilevel modeling, latent class analysis, and mean comparisons. Results indicated that the most successful combination of traits for using an online laboratory simulation in class is a student profile corresponding to a high allostatic load. Implications for this study also provide suggestions for understanding the mechanism of action for student success while using online laboratory simulations.
Career Aspects of Graduate Training in ESL.

This article reports the results of a survey of Master's degree graduates in ESL from the University of Hawaii. From the responses of 137 graduates, we learn that the first positions and current positions for a substantial majority were in ESL teaching, primarily full-time, both in the United States and abroad. Other duties included administration, materials preparation, and curriculum design. Information is provided on the respondents' areas of employment, number of students per class and semester, and salary levels. Employment status, salary for first position after receiving the M.A. degree, and year of graduation were more important than sex in determining the respondents' current salaries. The respondents reported that the training they received in their M.A. program helped either a great deal or to a very great extent. A revised questionnaire is proposed to serve as a model for future surveys. The results are useful not only to administrators and faculty in ESL professional preparation programs, but also to those contemplating enrolling in an M.A. program.
VCLEARIT: a VLSI CMOS circuit leakage reduction technique for nanoscale technologies

Leakage power loss is a major concern in deep-submicron technologies as it drains the battery even when a circuit is completely idle. In this paper, we first present a novel leakage reduction technique and then compare and contrast it with other well established leakage reduction techniques. Our leakage reduction technique achieves cancellation of leakage effects in both the pull-up network (PUN) as well as the pull-down network (PDN) for CMOS circuits. It involves voltage balancing in the PUN and PDN paths using a combination of high-VT (high voltage threshold) and standard-VT sleep transistors. Experiments conducted on a variety of multi-level combinational MCNC'91 benchmarks show significant savings in leakage power (upto 3 orders of magnitude), with lesser area and delay penalty using our leakage reduction technique when compared to other techniques.
Flow cytometry: Assaying experimental polyploid fish and shellfish

Abstract Non-lethal assays of ploidy were made in experimental lots of putative polyploids by flow cytometry. In this technique, cells from the specimen were stained with the DNA-RNA specific fluorescent dye, propidium iodide, and presented to the Ortho Cytofluorograf in liquid suspension. Stained cells are laser excited and passed through a sensing zone where the intensity of fluorescence is recorded. Red blood cells from fish and granulocytes and hemolymph from shellfish were analyzed. Preparations from frozen tissues gave satisfactory results. Presence or absence of polyploidy was definitively demonstrated in salmon, carp, and oysters. Variables of fixation and cell preparation accounted for variability in measurements.
Factors influencing benzo[a]pyrene metabolism in human mammary epithelial cells in culture

We have examined the human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) culture system developed in our laboratory for factors that might influence the metabolism of chemical carcinogens, specifically, the impact of interindividual variation and the effect of different culture conditions. Benzo[a]pyrene metabolism and DNA adduct formation in HMEC from 13 normal reduction mammoplasty specimens, from five nontumorous mastectomy tissues and from eight primary carcinomas were investigated. The interindividual variation in formation of water and organosoluble metabolites was similar in all of the three categories of HMEC. A similar range of variation was found for DNA adduct formation among HMEC from reduction mammoplasty specimens. However, when the individual results of DNA adduct formation in the three categories were examined, HMEC from some specimens from non-tumorous mastectomy tissue and primary carcinomas had significantly increased DNA modification. We also measured the effects of BaP concentration, different culture media, the length of time in culture, the culture density, and the frequency of feeding on the conversion of tritiated BaP to various water and organosoluble metabolites. The BaP metabolite pattern by HMEC was generally stable in the face of these variables. However, suboptimal feeding regimens and lengthy passaging in culture reduced the capacity of the cells to metabolize BaP. The yield of BaP conjugates was reduced 10-fold with lengthy passaging in culture whereas the organosoluble metabolite yield was halved and DNA adduct formation was not affected. Increasing the concentration of BaP decreased the yield of water soluble metabolites relative to that of organosoluble, indicating differences in the capacity of the enzyme systems involved. The HMEC culture system offers several advantages for studies into the biochemical and molecular basis of chemical carcinogenesis in human epithelial cells: the large numbers of cells required can be easily generated; cells at all stages can be frozen for future experiments with no loss in activity; and a high capacity for carcinogen activation is retained during long-term culture.
Power and Sample Size Estimation Techniques for Fisheries Management: Assessment and a New Computational Tool

Abstract Formulae for sample size calculations in the literature are often predicated on unrealistic assumptions (e.g., equal variances) or on unrealistic or undesirable designs (e.g., two independent samples of the same size). In addition, sample size and power calculations usually involve repeated use of a given formula that the researcher works through varying inputs (significance level (α), power choices, design choices, etc.), making the process of considering sample size and power issues unpleasantly tedious and error prone. I survey those formulae in the fisheries literature and describe deficiencies. I then discuss sample size formulae that correct these deficiencies and describe a freely available Excel tool that enables the calculations.
The Legacy of the Interstate Commerce Act and Labor: Legislation, Unionization, and Labor Earnings in Surface Transportation Services

The intended purpose of the 1887 Interstate Commerce Act (ICA) was the establishment of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) as a regulatory agency that initially provided oversight of rate and entry of interstate commerce in the rail industry. The ICC’s jurisdiction later included regulation of trucking and bus transportation. An unintended consequence of ICC regulation was the development of labor markets in these sectors that helped promote labor organization and labor rent sharing. Indeed, some of the most influential unions in American labor history represented workers in ICC-regulated industries. This study examines the ICA and its aftermath as it applies to labor in these industries.
The influence of employment screening on employee attachment

In an examination of the possible impact of differences in the number of employment screening devices on employee attachment, cognitive dissonance theory was used to deduce the hypothesis that increases in the number of screens would be associated with more favorable job-related attitudes. Contrary to the prediction, results from a national probability sample of 702 full-time employees yielded evidence that an increase in screening was related with increasingly negative responses. Statistical controls for employee demographic differences and organizational size did not alter the conclusion. The need for additional study of the possible marginal utility of multiple screens in the hiring process is highlighted.
Indirect observation by 13C NMR spectroscopy of a novel CO2 fixation pathway in methanogens

High-field carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been used to monitor the isotopic dilution of doubly carbon-13-labeled precursors for 2,3-cyclopyrophosphoglycerate, a novel primary metabolite that occurs in certain methanogens. A unique carbon dioxide fixation pathway that gives rise to asymmetric labeling of acetyl coenzyme A has been demonstrated in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. The effect of selected metabolic inhibitors on the labeled species in the pathway has been examined by NMR. These techniques establish a general, sensitive method for the delineation of convergent biosynthetic pathways.
Air–Sea Interactions from Westerly Wind Bursts During the November 2011 MJO in the Indian Ocean

The life cycles of three Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) events were observed over the Indian Ocean as part of the Dynamics of the MJO (DYNAMO) experiment. During November 2011 near 0°, 80°E, the site of the research vessel Roger Revelle, the authors observed intense multiscale interactions within an MJO convective envelope, including exchanges between synoptic, meso, convective, and turbulence scales in both atmosphere and ocean and complicated by a developing tropical cyclone. Embedded within the MJO event, two bursts of sustained westerly wind (>10 m s−1; 0–8-km height) and enhanced precipitation passed over the ship, each propagating eastward as convectively coupled Kelvin waves at an average speed of 8.6 m s−1. The ocean response was rapid, energetic, and complex. The Yoshida–Wyrtki jet at the equator accelerated from less than 0.5 m s−1 to more than 1.5 m s−1 in 2 days. This doubled the eastward transport along the ocean's equatorial waveguide. Oceanic (subsurface) turbulent heat fluxes were compara...
Respiratory and electrophoretic characteristics of hemoglobin of porpoises and sea lion

Abstract 1. 1. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curves of four different species of porpoises and one sea lion species have been made. 2. 2. Porpoises which swim faster and dive longer and deeper have greater hemoglobin oxygen affinity than the slower-swimming, shallower and shorter-diving species. 3. 3. The similarity and relationship of the dissociation curves in these sea mammals to those observed in some terrestrial species living under hypoxic conditions are emphasized. 4. 4. Electrophoretic patterns of the hemoglobins are shown.
Biosynthesis and specific labeling of N-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)threonine of Escherichiacoli transfer RNA

Summary A relaxed control multiple amino acid auxotroph of Escherichia coli (CP79) incorporated substantial amounts of threonine into transfer RNA during amino acid starvation. The radioactivity in tRNA was localized exclusively in N -(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)threonine (PCT) and in a modified form of this compound. A mutant with a presumed defect in carbamyl-phosphate synthesis incorporated threonine into PCT, suggesting that carbamyl-phosphate is not the donor of the carbonyl group of the urea moiety of PCT.
Protection of Firefighters Against Combustion Aerosol Particles: Simulated Workplace Protection Factor of a Half-Mask Respirator (Pilot Study)

The present pilot study investigated the penetration of ultrafine particles originated by combustion of different materials into elastomeric half-mask respirators equipped with two P100 filters. We determined the Simulated Workplace Protection Factor (SWPF) for 11 firefighters wearing elastomeric half-mask respirators and performing activities simulating those conducted during fire overhaul operations. The tests were performed in a controlled laboratory setting. A newly-developed battery-operated Portable Aerosol Mobility Spectrometer (PAMS) was used to measure size-resolved aerosol particle concentrations outside (Cout) and inside (Cin) of an air-purifying respirator donned on a firefighter, and the SWPF was calculated as Cout/Cin. Based on the total aerosol concentration, the “total” SWPF ranged from 4,222 (minimum) to 35,534 (maximum) with values falling primarily in a range from 11,171 (25 percentile) to 26,604 (75 percentile) and a median value being ≈15,000. This is consistent with the recently repo...
Biomechanical Acclimation: Flying Cold

Why are animals reared at colder temperatures larger? A new study shows that fruit flies reared at lower temperatures are better able to fly in the cold.
SU-GG-T-199: Feasibility Study of Parallel-Opposed GRID Therapy Using a Multileaf Collimator

Purpose: Parallel‐opposed approach of megavoltage spatially fractionated (GRID) radiation therapy for deep‐seated tumors was demonstrated using a multileaf collimator(MLC GRID). Its therapeutic advantage was assessed based on dosimetric measurements using a linear quadratic model. Method and Materials: A Varian Clinac 2100EX linear accelerator equipped with an MLC was used for the MLC GRID therapy test. Two MLC GRID blocks denoted by MLC5 and MLC10 representing 5×5 and 10×10 mm openings projected at isocenter, respectively, were assessed in both single and parallel‐opposed (POP) setups. A linear‐quadratic (LQ) model was used to calculate the survival fraction (SF) of tumor and normal tissues. Therapeutic gain was obtained by the SF ratios of normal tissues under an MLC GRID to that under equivalent open field for both single and POP setup. Results: Beam profiles from MLC5 and MLC10 GRIDs created using 6 MV and 18 MV x rays were found to show a GRID field feature of spatially periodic intensity modulation for both single and POP setups. Their dose distributions measured at different depths using a film dosimetry were used to determine therapeutic gain. Therapeutic ratios varied from 1 to 45 for a wide range of tumor sensitivities at single fraction doses of up to 30 Gy. MLC GRID therapy with POP setup showed a higher therapeutic gain than one with single MLC GRID. Conclusion:Dosimetric properties of MLC GRIDs allowed for therapeutic evaluation using a modified LQ model. With high, single‐fraction doses, POP MLC GRID radiotherapy exhibited a significant therapeutic advantage over the single field radiotherapy when the tumor cells were more radioresistant.
A portable code generator for CRAY FORTRAN

One way to combine the powers of symbolic computing with numeric computing is to automaticaly derive and produce numeric code. This approach has important applications in science and engineering. Once the desired formulas and procedures are derived in a symbolic manipulation system, they can be translated into a target numeric language by a code generator. GENCRAY is a code generator written in the C language for portability. GENCRAY defines a LISP-style input language that is translated into either FORTRAN 77 or CRAY FORTRAN. By defining its own input syntax, GENCRAY becomes a free-standing code translator that can be made to work with any symbolic manipulation system. GENCRAY is portable to any computer system with a standard C compiler. Input to GENCRAY can come from a file or directly from a symbolic system through a pipe. On UNIX systems with Berkeley networking, GENCRAY also runs as a network server. The input syntax is customizable to allow both Common and Franz LISP input styles. In addition to generating easily vectorizable CRAY FORTRAN code, GENCRAY also provides high-level, easy-to-use parallel programming macros to produce parallel code for the multiprocessor CRAY systems. The features, applications, usage, and implementation of GENCRAY are described. Techniques for producing parallel codes are discussed and illustrated by a substantial example contained in the Appendix.
Bayesian representations and learning mechanisms for content-based image retrieval

We have previously introduced a Bayesian framework for content-based image retrieval (CBIR) that relies on a generative model for feature representation based on embedded mixtures. This is a truly generic image representation that can jointly model color and texture and has been shown to perform well across a broad spectrum of image databases. In this paper, we expand the Bayesian framework along two directions. First, we show that the formulation of CBIR as a problem of Bayesian inference leads to a natural criteria for evaluating local image similarity without requiring any image segmentation. This allows the practical implementation of retrieval systems where users can provide image regions, or objects, as queries. Region-based queries are significantly less ambiguous than queries based on entire images leading to significant improvements in retrieval precision. Second, we present a Bayesian learning algorithm that relies on belief propagation to integrate feedback provided by the user over a retrieval session. When combined with local similarity this algorithm leads to a powerful paradigm for user interaction. Experimental results show that significant improvements in the frequency of convergence to the relevant images can be achieved by the inclusion of learning in the retrieval process.
Highly conductive buried n+ layers in InP:Fe created by MeV energy, Si, S, and Si/S implantation for application to microwave devices

To obtain highly conductive buried layers in InP:Fe, MeV energy Si, S, and Si/ Simplantations are performed at 200°C. The silicon and sulfer implants gave 85 and 100 percent activation, respectively, for a fluence of 8 × 1014 cm−2. The Si/S co-implantation also gave almost 100 percent donor activation for a fluence of 8 × 1014 cm−2 of each species. An improved silicon donor activation is observed in the Si/S co-implanted material compared to the material implanted with silicon alone. The peak carrier concentration achieved for the Si/S co-implant is 2 × 1019 cm3. The lattice damage on the surface side of the profile is effectively removed after rapid thermal annealing. Multiple-energy silicon and sulfur implantations are performed to obtain thick and buried n+ layers needed for microwave devices and also hyper-abrupt profiles needed for varactor diodes.
The challenge for future debate on euthanasia

There is a significant pattern emerging in the discourse about euthanasia and assisted suicide as exemplified in the other articles in this special issue of the Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. That pattern is a dynamic tension that should be nurtured in the best interests of our options at the end of life. On the one hand, there is general acceptance of the right to self-determination and (within debatable limits) of the rationality and mortality of suicide. And on the other hand, there has been emphasis on comfort care through appropriately chosen medications and through a wholesome doctor-patient relationship that fosters a view of life worth living. Thus the creative tension is between the freedom to be dispatched with a minimum of suffering and the efforts to make it more desirable to stay and fight. It is a variation of the "fight or flight" response. The tension must be maintained for the good of us all. Too much emphasis on either one would skew the balance, and a dangerous extreme could result.
Genetic variation and selection for fertility in the fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus

The response to selection for perithecial number in Cochliobolus heterostrophus, a heterothallic ascomycete, is described. Thirteen MATA isolates and 12 MATa isolates of the fungus were mated in all possible combinations and evaluated for fertility. Progeny from some of these matings segregated for a defective perithecial allele. Selection for increased numbers of mature perithecia was carried out for six generations of intermatings among four to six parents in each generation which were selected from approximately 24 progeny from the preceeding generation. After six generations the numbers of perithecia had increased by nearly a factor of four. The proportion of additive genetic variance decreased linearly in the selection generations. The increase in perithecia was confirmed in concurrent mating tests among subpopulations from each selection generation.
Clinical significance and pathogenesis of hyperbilirubinemia associated with Staphylococcus aureus septicemia.

Purpose Our goal was to examine the clinical significance of hyperbilirubinemia in patients with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. In addition, preliminary data concerning the possible mechanism of cholestasis observed during S. aureus septicemia are presented. Patients and methods This Study had two parts: a clinical investigation and a laboratory investigation. In the former, patients with endocarditis were identified through chart review. Those with admission total serum bilirubin levels of 2.0 mg/dl or greater were considered to have hyperbilirubinemia. In the latter investigation, the hepatic storage capacity and transport maximum for sulfobromophthalein (BSP), an organic dye that is rapidly taken up and excreted by the liver, were determined by measuring the change in serum concentration and the corresponding hepatic removal rate at various BSP infusion rates. Measurements were conducted before and after the infusion of Escherichia coli -derived lipopolysaccharide in some rabbits, after the infusion of resuspended S. aureus in others, and after the infusion of lipoteichoic acid in the remainder. Results Eleven of 47 consecutive patients with S. aureus endocarditis were noted to have hyperbilirubinemia without clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatic bacterial infection. Compared with the remaining 36 patients, these 11 patients had a significantly lower mean platelet count and a higher serum creatinine level and white blood cell count. Although none of the 47 patients were hypotensive on admission, four of the 11 hyperbilirubinemic patients died of overwhelming sepsis, compared with two of the 36 remaining patients (p S. aureus or lipoteichoic acid was infused into conscious rabbits, there was a marked decrease in the hepatic transport maximum and an increase in the relative hepatic storage capacity of sulfobromophthalein. Similar changes were noted following the administration of lipopolysaccharide. Conclusion Our data suggest that the presence of hyperbilirubinemia in patients with S. aureus sepsis may identify persons at high risk of dying from overwhelming sepsis. It further suggests that lipoteichoic acid may play an important role in causing defective hepatic excretory function that is responsible for hyperbilirubinemia.
Response matrix approach to the analysis of calorimetry data

Abstract We describe a correction procedure for calorimetry data based on a response matrix approach. The response matrix is calculated using a Monte Carlo event generator coupled with a fast deposition program which simulates the response of the calorimeter to hadronic and electromagnetic showers. The data which are analyzed are transverse energy measurements from a relativistic heavy ion experiment (E814/E877) at the Brookhaven AGS. We use the method to determine the differential cross section ( d σ d E T ) as well as the spatial distribution of transverse energy ( d E T d η ) , both in bins of pseudorapidity η and as a parameterized function of η. The method is found to be insensitive to the characteristics of the event generator.
Impulsive Feedback Control to Establish Specific Mean Orbit Elements of Spacecraft Formations

An impulsive feedback control is developed to establish specie c relative orbits for spacecraft formation e ying. The relative orbit tracking errors are expressed in terms of mean orbit elements. The feedback control, based on Gauss’ s variational equations of motion, allows specie c orbit elements or orbit element sets to be controlled with minimal impact on the remaining osculating orbit elements. This is advantageous when J2-invariant orbits are to be controlled, where only the argument of perigee and mean anomaly will drift apart at equal and opposite rates. The advantage of this impulsive feedback control, compared to optimal control solutions, is that it can operate with little computational effort and in a near-optimal manner, whilerequiring only a marginal penalty in fuel cost. When applied to the spacecraft formation e ying problem, this control could also be used to perform general orbit corrections. Formulas are developed providing accurate estimates of the sensitivities of the mean semimajor axis and mean eccentricity with respect to the osculating inclination angle. With these sensitivities, the tracking error in semimajor axis, eccentricity, and inclination angle can be canceled within one orbit.
First Report of Phytophthora ramorum Infecting Camellia Flower Buds in North America

isolate used for inoculation was recovered locally from an infected rhododendron near Felton, CA. Beginning 20 December 2005, after several rain events, necrotic flower buds on many camellia plants were observed. The flower bud disease became widespread and severe by mid-January 2006 following another extensive rainy period. Infection began on the lowest sepals attached near the flower bud receptacle. Infected sepals contained relatively large areas of necrotic tissue and the lesions were often surrounded by diffuse necrosis (Fig. 1). The infection progressed from the sepals into the receptacle and then further into the flower bud. The petals eventually became completely necrotic within the flower bud. At this stage of disease development, the male flower parts initially appeared unaffected (Fig. 2). Most infected buds never opened, eventually abscised at the receptacle, and were shed. When flower buds fell to the soil, they often broke into many light parts that were observed moving readily with wind gusts. In some cases, the necrosis developed into adjacent vegetative and flower buds via stem tissue but the growth in stem tissue was generally very limited, and was only detected internally about 1 cm from the receptacle of an infected flower bud or vegetative bud (Fig. 3).
XLVIII. Thermodynamic relations applicable near a lambda-transition

Abstract It is well known that there are not many examples of higher-order transitions which can be justifiably compared with Ehrenfest's theory of such transitions. The specific heat C p at a λ-transition does not usually exhibit a well-defined discontinuity (the superconducting transition is exceptional in this respect), but rather rises on the low-temperature side to a very high maximum whose ultimate height appears to be limited only by the shortcomings of experimental technique. This behaviour, while diminishing the practical value of Ehrenfest's method of approach, makes it possible to derive simple relations between various thermodynamic quantities which should be applicable in the vicmity of the λ-transition.
Persistence of plasma S-sulfonates following exposure of rabbits to sulfite and sulfur dioxide.

The kinetics of the formation and clearance of plasma S-sulfonate is presented for rabbits exposed to oral and intravenous sulfite and to inhaled SO2. Rabbits injected with sulfite at 0.9 mmol/kg, iv, showed rapid formation of plasma exogenous S-sulfonate, half of which was cleared in approximately 1 hr. Sulfite in drinking water (8.9 or 26 μmol/ml) and atmospheric SO2 (10 ppm) were administered to rabbits over a period of days. Plasma S-sulfonate increased progressively during exposure and then leveled off, indicating that equilibrium had been established. The rabbits were then removed from exposure and the clearance of plasma exogenous S-sulfonate measured. The pattern agreed quite closely to a single exponential rate with a half-life on the order of days. The clearance following SO2 inhalation, however, was significantly slower (p < 0.01) than that following sulfite ingestion. The diffusibility of plasma S-sulfonate was investigated by using dialysis procedures. The results showed that the diffusibility of exogenous S-sulfonate varied depending upon its mode of formation, i.e., in vitro, in vivo via ingestion of sulfite, or in vivo via iv injection. Data gathered from both dialysis and in vivo experiments support the conclusion that plasma protein S-sulfonate is cleared rather slowly in vivo and that there is a fraction of plasma exogenous S-sulfonate (probably cysteine S-sulfonate) which is cleared much more rapidly. The presence of previously reported plasma endogenous S-sulfonate in rabbits was confirmed.
A comprehensive framework for verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification in scientific computing

An overview of a comprehensive framework is given for estimating the predictive uncertainty of scientific computing applications. The framework is comprehensive in the sense that it treats both types of uncertainty (aleatory and epistemic), incorporates uncertainty due to the mathematical form of the model, and it provides a procedure for including estimates of numerical error in the predictive uncertainty. Aleatory (random) uncertainties in model inputs are treated as random variables, while epistemic (lack of knowledge) uncertainties are treated as intervals with no assumed probability distributions. Approaches for propagating both types of uncertainties through the model to the system response quantities of interest are briefly discussed. Numerical approximation errors (due to discretization, iteration, and computer round off) are estimated using verification techniques, and the conversion of these errors into epistemic uncertainties is discussed. Model form uncertainty is quantified using (a) model validation procedures, i.e., statistical comparisons of model predictions to available experimental data, and (b) extrapolation of this uncertainty structure to points in the application domain where experimental data do not exist. Finally, methods for conveying the total predictive uncertainty to decision makers are presented. The different steps in the predictive uncertainty framework are illustrated using a simple example in computational fluid dynamics applied to a hypersonic wind tunnel.
Relationship Between Traditionalism of Dress and Social Values of Ghanaian Women

The purpose of this study was to determine to what degree adherence to traditional dress and adoption of western dress by Ghanaian university students differs from that of their mothers. If there is a difference, is this difference reflected in changing marriage and family values between the two generations? Dress of Ghanaian women was classified as traditional, modified traditional, combined tradi tional with western, and western dress. Data were gathered by questionnaire and camera, Fall 1975, from 177 female students at the University of Ghana and at Winneba Specialist Training College. Students' dress for class and social occasions was most frequently a simply styled western dress and, for funeral and memorial services, the modified traditional dress. Their mothers more fre quently wore traditional dress for all occasions. The differences in use of traditional and western dress between mothers and daughters was highly significant. The students were significantly more accepting of western marriage and family values than their mothers. The traditional values held by mothers had a positive association with their wearing of traditional Ghanaian dress. The daughters' more western attitudes were associated only with their use of modified traditional dress.
Reaction engineering aspects of suspension polymerization

Suspension polymerization is used for the production of polymer particles with diameter in the range of 50–750 μm. The particle size distribution of the particles produced in batch-suspension polymerization is calculated using a population balance model. Power laws are derived for the average particle size and the standard deviation of the distribution. It is found that both quantities scale to the stable droplet mass of the initial dispersion of the organic phase into the aqueous one, which is a function of the agitation rate and the surface tension.
Norm estimates of product operators with application to domain decomposition

In this paper, we consider norm estimates for operators of the product form E=(I-T"j)...(I-T"1)(I-T"0) in an abstract Hilbert space. By imposing appropriate assumptions on T"j, explicit norm estimates for E are established. We then apply the abstract theory to convergence analysis of domain decomposition for nonsymmetric and indefinite second order elliptic problems.
3D modeling by the masses: A mobile app for modeling buildings

Knowledge of the 3D geometry of large urban buildings and surrounding structures is important in indoor navigation applications, emergencies, and evacuation response. Visual representations of the 3D geometry can be useful to users navigating unfamiliar buildings. The traditional methods of constructing 3D models from CAD drawings or GIS systems are prone to error, difficult to modify in a timely manner, can easily become out-of-date, and are not scalable. We exploit the power of current mobile devices (smartphones, tablets) and their 3D graphics rendering capabilities to present a mobile application that uses crowdsourcing to build 3D models of large buildings and urban structures. Our system is based on a client-server architecture, where users of a mobile application create, submit, and vote on 3D models of building components; the server collects and uses votes pertaining to accuracy and completion of a model to determine if an object may be approved. We describe preliminary results from using the system on a floor of an academic building and propose its deployment and demonstration during Percom 2013 for mapping the conference venue by meeting participants.
Production, sedimentation, and isotopic composition of organic matter in Lake Ontario

Organic matter and its carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition were measured in sequential sediment trap and core samples from the Rochester Basin of Lake Ontario to evaluate their usefulness in reconstructing historic changes in lake productivity. The greatest flux of organic matter from the epilimnion occurred during late summer and coincided with whiting events, indicating that calcite precipitation is an effective mechanism for sedimenting organic matter. Carbon isotopes of organic matter were low prior to the onset of stratification, increased to maximum values in late summer, and then decreased following fall overturn. This pattern is controlled mainly by the timing of stratification and primary productivity, which preferentially removes 12CO2 from the epilimnion. The physiological effect of decreased carbon isotopic fractionation with decreasing supplies of [CO2]aq may have also contributed to increased δ13CorgC. Nitrogen isotopes showed a seasonal pattern opposite to that of carbon, whereby δ15N values were low during the summer stratified period and high for the remainder of the year. Seasonal variability in δ15NorgN probably reflects changes in the source of sedimented organic particles, which is dominated by isotopically depleted phytodetritus during the stratified period and isotopically enriched organic matter from heterotrophic or detrital sources during the mixed period. A comparison of organic carbon accumulation rates and δ13CorgC between sediment cores collected in 1987 and 1993–1994 confirms earlier predictions that diagenetic processes reduce the mass accumulation of organic carbon in the zone of oxic pore waters, but will not change the δ13CorgC values. All cores analyzed for δ13CorgC display the reproducible pattern of a progressive increase in the 19OOs, peaking in the early to mid-1970s, and then decreasing to the present. This pattern matches the historical trends of phosphorus loading to the basin, suggesting that δ13C of organic carbon is a reliable proxy for paleoproductivity and responds to spring phosphorus supplies in the water column. The δ15N of sedimentary organic matter increased linearly from 1840 to 1960 at a rate of 0.3ppt per decade, and remained relatively constant thereafter except for an increase in the upper few centimeters of sediment. The increase in δ15NorgN reflects a combination of factors, including early forest clearance by Europeans, increased sewering by municipalities after 1940, and increased nitrate utilization as productivity increased in the lower Great Lakes. Increased rates of denitrification in the central basin of upstream Lake Erie from the 1930s to the early 1970s may have also contributed to the rise in δ15NorgN values.
Adaptive robust impulse noise filtering

It is well known that when data is contaminated by non-Gaussian noise, conventional linear systems may perform poorly. The paper presents an adaptive robust filter (adaptive preprocessor) for canceling impulsive components when the nominal process (or background noise) is a correlated, possibly nonstationary, Gaussian process. The proposed preprocessor does not require iterative and/or batch processing or prior knowledge about the nominal Gaussian process; consequently, it can be implemented in real time and adapt to changes in the environment. Based on simulation results, the proposed adaptive preprocessor shows superior performances over presently available techniques for cleaning impulse noise. Using the proposed adaptive preprocessor to clean the impulsive components in received data samples, conventional linear systems based on the Gaussian assumption can work in an impulsive environment with little if any modification. The technique is applicable to a wide range of problems, such as detection, power spectral estimation, and jamming or clutter suppression in impulsive environments. >
On Diophantine definability and decidability in some rings of algebraic functions of characteristic 0

Let K be a function field of one variable over a constant field C of finite transcendence degree over ℂ. Let M/K be a finite extension and let W be a set of primes of K such that all but finitely many primes of W do not split in the extension M/K. Then there exists a set W′ of K-primes such that Hilbert's Tenth Problem is not decidable over OK,W′ = {x ϵ K∣ordþx ≥ 0, ∀þ ∉ W′}, and the set (W′ ∖ W)∪{W ∖ W′) is finite.Let K be a function field of one variable over a constant field C finitely generated over ℚ. Let M/K be a finite extension and let W be a set of primes of K such that all but finitely many primes of W do not split in the extension M/K and the degree of all the primes in W is bounded by b ϵ ℕ. Then there exists a set W′ of K-primes such that ℤ has a Diophantine definition over OK,W′, and the set (W′ ∖ W)∪(W ∖ W′) is finite.
Identification of Functional Domains in Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Glycoprotein B

Glycoprotein B (gB) is one of four membrane proteins that are essential for the entry of herpes simplex viruses (HSV) into cells, and coexpression of the same combination of proteins in transfected cells results in cell fusion. The latter effect is reminiscent of the ability of virus infection to cause cell fusion, particularly since the degree of fusion is greatly increased by syncytial mutations in gB. Despite intensive efforts with the gB homologs of HSV and some other herpesviruses, information about functionally important regions in the 700-amino-acid ectodomain of this protein is very limited at present. This is largely due to the misfolding of the majority of the mutants examined. It was shown previously that the percentage of correctly folded mutants could be increased by targeting only predicted loop regions (i.e., not alpha-helix or beta-strand), and by using this approach new functional domains in HSV-2 gB have now been identified.