cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some research directions in finite elasticity theory

A number of topics in finite elasticity theory which appear to lend themselves to further development were briefly discussed. These include (i) the effect of kinematic constraints which are exactly, or approximately, satisfied; (ii) the mechanics of elastic membranes; (iii) the applicability of results in finite elasticity theory to problems involving stress relaxing materials; (iv) the development of necessary and sufficient conditions for material stability of isotropic elastic materials; (v) the conditions for bifurcation solutions to exist in deformed elastic bodies.
Entropic topological invariant for a gapped one-dimensional system

We propose an order parameter for a general one-dimensional gapped system with an open boundary condition. The order parameter can be computed from the ground state entanglement entropy of some regions near one of the boundaries. Hence, it is well defined even in the presence of arbitrary interaction and disorder. We also show that it is invariant under a finite-depth local quantum circuit, suggesting its stability against an arbitrary local perturbation that does not close the energy gap. Further, it can unambiguously distinguish a Majorana chain from a trivial chain under global fermion parity conservation. We argue that the order parameter can be, in principle, measured in an optical lattice system.
performing passions: aesthetics and politics in an occasionally egalitarian community

This article examines nondiscursive features of a range of performance genres in Bhatgaon, a rural Fiji Indian village. These genres are located within a local social aesthetics, one combining aesthetic, ethnopsychological, and social notions and underlying verbal and musical performances alike. Considering such events in terms of their formal features as defined and evaluated by local people makes possible an audience-focused view of performance and its efficacy. [ethnography of speaking, ethnomusicology, aesthetics, ethnopsychology, overseas Indians]
A CT repeat in the promoter of the chicken malic enzyme gene is essential for function at an alternative transcription start site.

Abstract CT repeats are abundant in eukaryotic genomes and have been implicated in a number of biological events. The promoter of the chicken malic enzyme gene contains a long polypyrimidine/polypurine tract that includes seven tandem CTs. This CT repeat region together with 14 immediately downstream nucleotides functions as an active alternative promoter when linked to a reporter gene and may direct transcription initiation at a cluster of minor sites in the endogenous gene [G. Xu and A. G. Goodridge (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 16008–16019]. In the sequence required for promoter activity, −105 to −83 bp, there are two purines; only the A at −83 bp influences promoter activity. Mutation of different four-nucleotide stretches of the CT repeats to purines decreased promoter activity as a function of the increase in GC content. Increasing the number of CT repeats by changing pyrimidines downstream of (CT) 7 to CTs increased promoter activity. These sequences and other regions showed moderate sensitivity to S1 nuclease in supercoiled plasmids, suggesting the presence of non-B-DNA structures. Increasing the length of the CT repeats should increase the propensity to adopt non-B-DNA structures such as triplexes. Constructs with 10, 15, or 22 repeats had increased expression relative to wild type. Thus, the ability of CT repeats to form non-B-DNA structures may be functionally important.
A value for partially defined cooperative games

The Shapley value provides a method, which satisfies certain desirable axioms, of allocating benefits to the players of a cooperative game. When there aren players andn is large, the Shapley value requires a large amount of accounting because the number of coalitions grows exponentially withn. This paper proposes a modified value that shares some of the axiomatic properties of the Shapley value yet allows the consideration of games that are defined only for certain coalitions. Two different axiom systems are shown to determine the same modified value uniquely.
Slider-Cranks as Compatibility Linkages for Parametrizing Center-Point Curves

In synthesizing a planar 4R linkage that can achieve four positions, the fixed pivots are constrained to lie on a center-point curve. It is widely known that the curve can be parameterized by a 4R compatibility linkage. In this paper, a slider crank is presented as a suitable compatibility linkage to generate the centerpoint curve. Further, the center-point curve can be parametrized by the crank angle of a slider crank linkage. It is observed that the center-point curve is dependent on the classification of the slider crank. Lastly, a direct method to calculate the focus of the center-point curve is revealed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Mixing Ratios in the Ground-State Decays of the 3.68- and 3.85-MeV Levels of C 13

The mixing ratios for two gamma-ray transitions in ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}$ have been measured: For the transition $3.68\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, $x(\frac{E2}{M1})=\ensuremath{-}({{0.096}_{\ensuremath{-}0.021}}^{+0.030})$ while for the transition $3.85\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, $x(\frac{E3}{M2})=+(0.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03)$. The phase convention quoted by Poletti and Warburton is used. The phase of the mixing ratio for the 3.68 \ensuremath{\rightarrow} 0 transition is compared with that for the mirror transition in ${\mathrm{N}}^{13}$ and with the phase of the mixing ratio for the transitions between ${\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{\textonehalf{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ hole states in ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}^{15}$. The 3.85 \ensuremath{\rightarrow} 0, ${\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} ${\mathrm{\textonehalf{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ transition is also discussed and compared with the ${\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} ${\mathrm{\textonehalf{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ transitions in mass 15.
Numerical calculation of Thomson scattering from inhomogeneous models of the corona, and application to streamers of the 1970 and 1972 eclipses

A general computer program has been developed to numerically integrate the Thomson scattered light from arbitrary inhomogeneous models of the solar corona. Conversion from the observer's to solar coordinates is totally general to eliminate restrictions on the lines-of-sight that may be investigated. The tangential and radial components (Ktand Kr),or any combination thereof, are calculated. Four separate output modes are available, corresponding to the common formats used for coronal brightness and polarization data.
Intracisternal fibers in the liver cells of starved frogs

Fibers observed within the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum of liver cells of Rana pipiens are described. Fibers were observed only in animals subjected to starvation, but the frequency of fiber occurrence was found to vary widely from animal to animal and from cell to cell within the same animal. It is, therefore, suggested that starvation is important in, but not solely responsible for, the process of fiber formation. Some characteristic morphological changes observed in fiber-containing cells are described, and a tentative theory outlining a possible sequence of steps involved in fiber formation is presented.
Ceramic tooth implants.

For many years man has engendered the idea of replacing lost or unserviceable teeth with natural or artificial substitutes has, however, only recently been shown to offer a viable alternative to externally attached prostheses. Ceramics were selected which have demonstrated compatibility with long bones and optimization of the ceramic properties was undertaken. Implants were made in the jawbones of adult dogs. Both tooth root replicas and crown-root combinations were employed. Anchorage of the implants was found to range from stable attachment to rapid exfoliation. The calcium aluminates were found to possess barely adequate mechanical strengths. This research suggests that these ceramics can function as effective tooth roots if the proper designs and surgical techniques are employed. Sufficient evidence of tissue compatibility has been amassed to warrant further study.
The chemist as astronaut: Searching for biologically useful space in the chemical universe

Chemical space whether defined by small molecules or large proteins is larger than can be usefully explored. One of the challenges of drug discovery is thus the definition of the overlap between chemical space, biologically useful space and pharmacological space and how this may be employed in the discovery of new small molecule drugs. Despite the decrease in drug discovery productivity in recent years there is no shortage of targets for small molecule intervention, including stroke, pain, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation and bacterial and viral infections. Only an extremely small fraction of available chemical space has thus far been explored and it is likely that prior synthetic constraints and bias to existing frameworks and scaffolds have contributed to this. Several approaches are being employed to explore more fruitful paths to discovery. These include recognition that existing therapeutic entities already occupy validated pharmacological space and thus are good leads, the use of molecular fragments that permits a broader exploration of chemical space, and the role of templates that permit fragments to combine to generate active species. Finally, a new focus on natural product-like scaffolds from both synthetic methodologies and the genetic reengineering of biosynthetic pathways is likely to prove valuable. However the exploration of chemical space will alone not solve the current deficit in drug discovery productivity. It is necessary to recognize that cellular environments are not the dilute homogeneous solutions of many screening systems and that a more integrated systems approach will serve to maximize any success of chemical space exploration.
Spatio‐temporal models for large‐scale indicators of extreme weather

Extreme weather events such as thunderstorms and tornadoes are of great concern as these events pose a significant threat to life, property, and economic stability. Because of the difficulty of gathering data on extreme events, this paper proposes modeling the conditions for extreme weather through large-scale indicators. The advantage of using large-scale indicators is that climate models can be used to generate data whereas climate models cannot generate data on extreme events themselves. This paper focuses on comparing spatio-temporal models for reanalysis data of large-scale indicators for extreme weather observed across the continental United States and Mexico. Results indicate that rigorous treatment of spatial and temporal dynamics is necessary. The models find that the intensity of conditions for extreme weather is particularly high for the central United States and the intensity of these conditions is increasing over time but the amount of increase may not be practically significant. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of ring structure on the photoreactivity of benzophenone-like molecules: a laser photolysis study of 10,10-dimethylanthrone and dibenzosuberone

Abstract 10,10-Dimethylanthrone ( III ), dibenzosuberone ( IV ) and benzophenone show very similar photochemical behaviour. Their reactivity towards hydrogen donors is about the same of III and benzophenone and one order of magnitude lower for IV : for example the rate constants for 2-propanol quenching in benzene are 4.4 × 10 6 M −1 s −1 , 3.2 × 10 6 M −1 s −1 and 3.0 × 10 5 M −1 s −1 respectively. Triplet energies have been measured in an EPA glass at 77 K and are 71.9 kcal mol −1 , 69.1 kcal mol −1 and 66.2 kcal mol −1 for III , benzophenone and IV respectively. The photochemistry of III is dramatically different from that of anthrone as a result of the fact that substitution at the 10-position prevents photoenolization and reactive selfquenching in the case of III .
Cross Sections for K-shell X-ray Production by Hydrogen and Helium Ions in Elements from Beryllium to Uranium

Experimental cross sections for K‐shell x‐ray production by hydrogen and helium ions (Z1=1,2) in target atoms from beryllium to uranium (Z2=4–92 ) are tabulated as compiled (7418 cross sections) from the literature (161 references were found) with the search for the data terminated in January 1988. These cross sections are compared with predictions of the first Born approximation and ECPSSR theory for inner‐shell ionization. The ECPSSR accounts for the energy loss (E) and Coulomb deflection (C) of the projectile ion as well as for the perturbed stationary state (PSS) and relativistic (R) nature of the target’s inner‐shell electron. While the first Born approximation generally overestimates the data by orders of magnitude, the ECPSSR theory is confirmed to be, on the average, in agreement with the experiment to within 10%–20%. For light and heavy target atoms, however, systematic and opposite deviations are found in the low projectile‐velocity regime. These deviations are associated with the influence of m...
Self-forming polymer ceramic composite made by an in-situ process to yield superior microstructrue while using materials and energy efficiently

This polymer ceramic composite is biomimetic in that it follows the rules of bone growth for superior properties of strength and toughness. There is an intimate mechanical and chemical bond which is due to the careful growth sequences, i.e., the fibers are made first and the two matrix materials grown around them in sequence. Moreover, it can be grown in- situ, and in layers, particular shapes or as a massive volume. The overall physical design is that of a reaction separation process in which the reactant materials are released into the matrix where they are needed by hollow porous tubes. No external heat or mixing is required and no unused final product is present. Materials and energy are utilized most efficiently while generating a resultant material in which the form and microstructure can be controlled. The effluent from the first reaction supplies the reactant for the second reaction. It appears that, like bone, one material can form a template for the other. Thus the ability to control the smallest scale microstructure would be present. Physical testing showed that the composite thus produced had superior compressive strength and fails in a manner consistent with better modulus of elasticity and greater toughness than either the polymer or ceramic material alone. SEMs revealed the structure and mechanical and chemical bonding. It appears that templating of the ceramic into the polymer is occurring but further verification is needed. This would provide the superior type of microstructure control sought.
Is prostate-specific antigen surveillance necessary in men with benign prostate pathology following radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer?

Background: Radical cystoprostatectomy (RCP) remains the gold standard for the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. There are limited data regarding the clinical impact and detection of PSA following complete prostatectomy or the need to monitor serum PSA in patients with benign prostate pathology at time of RCP. The purpose of our study was to analyze the postoperative PSA characteristics of men without prostate cancer who underwent a RCP for bladder cancer. Methods: The demographic, clinical and pathologic data were reviewed on 138 men who underwent RCP for bladder cancer from 1994 to 2008. Patients with known or incidentally discovered prostate cancer on final pathology were excluded from this study, and postoperative serum PSA values were reviewed in the remaining men. Results: The median age of the study population was 64 years (range 40–84). At a mean follow-up of 40.7 months, 137 (99.3%) of patients had an undetectable serum PSA. The one (0.7%) case in which serum PSA was not undetectable underwent an apex-sparing prostatectomy at the time of cystectomy. Conclusions: Serum PSA should remain undetectable for men with benign prostate pathology undergoing complete prostatectomy at the time of RCP. Elevated serum PSA following complete RCP in men with bladder cancer and pathologically confirmed benign prostate findings is rare. If the serum PSA is undetectable 3 months after RCP with benign prostate pathology, there is no need for continued PSA monitoring. These data support the notion that potential nonprostatic sources of PSA are clinically insignificant following complete removal of the prostate.
Changes in the Elastic Properties of Cholinergic Synaptic Vesicles as Measured by Atomic Force Microscopy

Cholinergic synaptic vesicles from Torpedo californica have been probed with the atomic force microscope in aqueous buffers to map and measure their elastic properties. Elastic properties were mapped with a new atomic force microscope technique known as force mapping. Force mapping of vesicles showed that the centers of the vesicles are harder or stiffer than the peripheral areas in the three buffers that were investigated. These were an isoosmotic buffer, a hypoosmotic buffer, and an isoosmotic buffer with 5 mM CaCl2 added. The hardness of the vesicular centers was quantified by calculation of the elastic modulus. Elastic moduli were in the range of 2–13 × 105 Pa. Vesicular centers were hardest in calcium-containing buffer and softest in isoosmotic buffer. Hypotheses are presented for the composition and function of the hard centers.
Decreased fertility in related females heterozygous for the 1/29 chromosome translocation.

Eighteen heifers and 120 cows which were descendants of a presumed 1/29 carrier Simmental bull were karotyped. Nine heifers (50%) and 48 cows (40%) were found to be heterozygous for the 1/29 translocation (59, XX, t(1q;29q)). The other animals were chromosomally normal (i.e., 60, XX) or not karotyped. The 48 1/29 cows were compared with 72 chromosomally normal cows with regards to days to first conception, calving interval, percentage of calves conceived, percentage of calves weaned and production efficiency (% calved conceived x % calved weaned). Nine carrier heifers were compared to the nine noncarrier heifers as to pregnancy status. Carrier, noncarrier and nonkarotyped relatives were compared to each other and to contemporary females with regard to pregnancy status at their initial exposure to males. The percentage of calves conceived (calving efficiency) in the 72 noncarrier and the 48 females heterozygous for the 1/29 translocation were 81.5 and 74.8%, respectively (P 0.10) from the noncarriers. Pregnancy rate was 44.4 and 66.7% (P>0.10) for nine carrier and nine noncarrier heifers, respectively. The pregnancy rate of carrier (65.4%), noncarrier (73.2%) and nonkarotyped (77.8%) relatives of this sire at their mating as yearlings, did not differ (P>0.10). The pregnancy rate as yearlings of carrier females (65.4%) and contemporary heifers (79.8%) did differ (P<0.05). Comparing the pregnancy rate as yearlings of all descendants (72.0%) of the Simmental sire to contemporary heifers (79.8%), a significant decrease (P<0.05) was found indicating that fertility of this sire may have been lower than other sires or that other factors beside the translocation affected fertility.
Low-drying-shrinkage concrete containing carbon fibers

Abstract This paper provides a low-drying-shrinkage concrete (with fine and coarse aggregates) that is practically attractive when strength (compressive and flexural), flexural toughness, freeze-thaw durability, chemical attack resistance and cost are all considered. The use of short carbon fibers (just 0.19 vol%), together with silica fume, in concrete results in an 84% decrease of the drying shrinkage strain at 14 days of moist room curing; the shrinkage strain is just 1.9 × 10 5 at 14 days. The fibers dominate the silica fume in lowering the drying shrinkage and increasing the flexural toughness. However, both fibers and silica fume contribute to lowering the drying shrinkage and increasing the flexural strength, toughness and freeze-thaw durability. On the other hand, the fibers decrease while the silica fume increases the compressive strength and chemical attack resistance, so the combined use of fibers and silica fume is recommended. The adverse fiber effects are associated with an air content increase.
Metal-induced solid-phase crystallization of hydrogenated amorphous silicon: dependence on metal type and annealing temperature

We report on metal (Cr, Ni, or Pd)-induced solid-phase crystallization (MISPC) of plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor-deposited hydrogenated amorphous silicon at annealing temperatures ≤600 °C. MISPC is found to significantly reduce the thermal budget of crystallization at annealing temperatures as low as ∼400 °C. The lowest achievable annealing temperature is found to depend on the metal type. The metal type is also found to influence grain size and the conductivity of the polycrystalline silicon.
An examination of innovative online lab technologies

As online education continues to grow, new and innovative ways are needed for these educational institutions to interact with distance learners. Online educational institutions need to compete with traditional brick-and-mortar institutions and training centers to offer distance learners an interactive environment. Distance learning institutions traditionally have had a disadvantage in this area. In this paper we will examine online laboratories, and compare online learners surveyed results to two other interactive technologies. This paper seeks to examine the advantages of online laboratories, and how these technologies try to reduce the competitive gap between distance and traditional educational settings.
Long-term effects of selective desalivation on taste acuity in rats.

To ascertain the relative contributions of individual salivary gland secretions in the maintenance of taste acuity, we arbitrarily divided 28 rats into four groups of seven each. Group A: sham-operated controls; Group B: surgical removal of parotid glands only; Group C: removal of all major salivary glands; and Group D: removal of submandibular-sublingual gland complexes. Taste acuity was measured with a 2-bottle technique and a wide concentration range of NaCl, sucrose (S), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and quinine sulphate (QS) solutions. Daily fluid consumption was used to calculate percentage preference. Groups A and B showed marked rejection of most QS solutions (range 1–53 per cent) while Groups C and D exhibited significantly (p < 0.01) less rejection (32–52 per cent). Groups A and B showed a similar rejection of most HCl solutions (range 2–57 per cent) while Group C showed significantly (p < 0.01) greater acceptance of four of the solutions and Group D showed a variable response. Groups A and B exhibited a marked preference for the more concentrated S solutions (range 40–98 per cent) while Groups C and D did not increase their S solution intake until very high concentrations and never showed as great a preference as controls (range 48–80 per cent) the differences generally being significant at p < 0.01. Groups A and B exhibited an essentially normal preference-aversion curve for the NaCl solutions. Groups C and D showed less rejection of the more concentrated solutions, the differences generally being significant. Thus it seems that removal of the major glands produces a severe taste defect that is closely mimicked by removal of the submandibular-sublingual glands alone.
Teaching culture beyond nationalist boundaries: national identities, stereotyping, and culture in language education

The authors take a critical language pedagogy approach to examining a 2011 controversy over disparaging comments towards Mexicans made by commentators of the British Broadcasting Corporation’s automotive show Top Gear. In particular, they focus on the characterization of groups and individuals according to their nationality and examine the ubiquity of nationalism and its ability to shape our conception of culture and in turn our understandings of others as members of ‘X national culture.’ The fact that humor is often a justification for national stereotyping and that these stereotypes are also connected to racist discourse are also explored. In the second part of the article, the implications of the stereotyping debate for language classrooms are considered. The authors argue that the controversy itself can be used as a tool for critical engagement that helps students deconstruct the underlying nationalist paradigm in L2 classrooms and build greater intercultural awareness. Espanol: Los autores examinan, ...
Low seasonality of low concentrations of surface chlorophyll in the Subantarctic water ring: underwater irradiance, iron, or grazing?

Abstract In-situ surface chlorophyll concentrations (usually with phaeopigment) in the Pacific and Indian ocean sectors of the Subantarctic water ring (between the Subtropical Convergence and the Polar Front) are collated and reviewed. Offshore and away from hydrographic fronts, most means are only between 0.1 and 0.3 mg m−3, in spite of persistently high nutrients (N, P), and show little seasonality, in contrast to many Antarctic waters and the temperate-subpolar North Atlantic at the same range of latitude. Cell division rates can be expected to be high relative to the temperature-set maximum, and community net production is positive, at least during the summer, with some export of carbon. During the summer half of the year, the pigment concentrations are independent of mixed-layer depth (at least to 275 m), and, hence, of algal division rates. Also the relatively high winter pigment means, most between 0.10 and 0.15 mg m−3 even in the southern parts, show that underwater irradiance does not affect pigment concentration on the seasonal and regional average. Based on inferences from Antarctic bioassays and the enhanced dust supply in the Subantarctic, lack of iron is unlikely to cause directly the low chlorophyll levels, but probably is the reason for the dominance by small-celled phytoplankton. In homology to the offshore Subarctic and equatorial Pacific, grazing is postulated proximately to maintain the low pigment concentrations. These persistently low concentrations, coupled with relatively high cell division rates, entail low phytoplankton production rates that cannot outrun the physical supply of nutrients, thus allowing persistently high nutrient concentrations (N, P) to be maintained. The enhanced rate of primary production during the summer seems only to appear as enhanced concentrations of large zooplankton. In fronts, on island shelves, and downstream from New Zealand, however, phytoplankton blooms of large cells suggest that increased iron supply leads to a different community composition and dynamics and, presumably, at the islands to a temperate seasonal cycle. Much of the Atlantic Subantarctic is apt to be similar to the Indian and Pacific sectors, as is the permanently ice-free outer belt of the entire Antarctic. Thus, the offshore small-celled phytoplankton in these regions, more than a tenth of the global ocean area, appears to consist year-round of “grazer-controlled populations in an iron-limited ecosystem” (phrase used by NM Price and colleagues).
Thermal performance of a dual 1.2 kV, 400 a silicon-carbide MOSFET power module

Power electronics are reaching the temperature limits of silicon; therefore alternative materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) are currently being explored. An all SiC 1.2 kV, 400 A dual MOSFET power module has been fabricated and tested for thermal performance. The module was designed as a dropin replacement for standard commercial modules with an integrated liquid cooling system that reduces thermal resistance. The heat sink has been experimentally tested up to 400 A (158 W/cm2) showing a device temperature rise of as little as 24°C. Thermal modeling was also performed and the results were compared to experimental data.
On CDMA Load and the Perron Root

In this paper, we show how the Perron root and the concept of load in CDMA cellular systems are linked and propose to estimate the load by the Perron root. Various methods to simply estimate the Perron root are analysed with respect to their suitability for analytical use and early-stage network planning. In contrast to the traditional load equations, the proposed methods do not require the solution of the power allocation problem
Locating the anion-selectivity filter of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel.

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator forms an anion-selective channel; the site and mechanism of charge selectivity is unknown. We previously reported that cysteines substituted, one at a time, for Ile331, Leu333, Arg334, Lys335, Phe337, Ser341, Ile344, Arg347, Thr351, Arg352, and Gln353, in and flanking the sixth membrane-spanning segment (M6), reacted with charged, sulfhydryl-specific, methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagents. We inferred that these residues are on the water-accessible surface of the protein and may line the ion channel. We have now measured the voltage-dependence of the reaction rates of the MTS reagents with the accessible, engineered cysteines. By comparing the reaction rates of negatively and positively charged MTS re- agents with these cysteines, we measured the extent of anion selectivity from the extracellular end of the channel to eight of the accessible residues. We show that the major site determining anion vs. cation selectivity is near the cytoplasmic end of the channel; it favors anions by z 25-fold and may involve the residues Arg347 and Arg352. From the voltage dependence of the reaction rates, we calculated the electrical distance to the accessible residues. For the residues from Leu333 to Ser341 the electrical distance is not significantly different than zero; it is signifi- cantly different than zero for the residues Thr351 to Gln353. The maximum electrical distance measured was 0.6 suggesting that the channel extends more cytoplasmically and may include residues flanking the cytoplasmic end of the M6 segment. Furthermore, the electrical distance calculations indicate that R352C is closer to the extracel- lular end of the channel than either of the adjacent residues. We speculate that the cytoplasmic end of the M6 seg- ment may loop back into the channel narrowing the lumen and thereby forming both the major resistance to cur- rent flow and the anion-selectivity filter.
Studying Criminal Career Length Through Early Adulthood Among Serious Offenders

Much of the research on criminal careers has concentrated on the dimensions of prevalence, frequency, specialization, and desistance. One dimension that has not been the focus of research is career length. Knowledge on the distribution of—and correlates associated with—career length is important for matters related to theory and policy. Using data from a sample of parolees from the California Youth Authority, the authors studied the career-length issue and provide important descriptive and etiological information. The authors also present some comparisons across race to determine if race differences emerge in career length and its correlates. Theoretical and empirical directions for future research are also addressed.
5.5: Presentation session: Neuroscience informatics: “Interfaces and integration of Medical Image Analysis frameworks: Challenges and opportunities”

Clinical research with medical imaging typically involves large-scale data analysis with interdependent software toolsets tied together in a processing workflow. Numerous, complementary platforms are available, but these are not readily compatible in terms of workflows or data formats. Both image scientists and clinical investigators could benefit from using the framework which is a most natural fit to the specific problem at hand, but pragmatic choices often dictate that a compromise platform is used for collaboration. Manual merging of platforms through carefully tuned scripts has been effective, but exceptionally time consuming and is not feasible for large-scale integration efforts. Hence, the benefits of innovation are constrained by platform dependence. Removing this constraint via integration of algorithms from one framework into another is the focus of this work. We propose and demonstrate a light-weight interface system to expose parameters across platforms and provide seamless integration. In this initial effort, we focus on four platforms Medical Image Analysis and Visualization (MIPAV), Java Image Science Toolkit (JIST), command line tools, and 3D Slicer. We explore three case studies: (1) providing a system for MIPAV to expose internal algorithms and utilize these algorithms within JIST, (2) exposing JIST modules through self-documenting command line interface for inclusion in scripting environments, and (3) detecting and using JIST modules in 3D Slicer. We review the challenges and opportunities for light-weight software integration both within development language (e.g., Java in MIPAV and JIST) and across languages (e.g., C/C++ in 3D Slicer and shell in command line tools).
Interpersonal Relationships and Cancer: A Theoretical Analysis

This paper focuses on the effect of cancer on the patient's interpersonal relationships, and the ultimate impact of these relationships on the patient's emotional adjustment to the disease. In a detailed theoretical analysis, both the patient's reaction to the illness and others' responses toward the patient are explored. Concerning the patient, the following issues are discussed: (1) fears and uncertainties that develop as one attempts to cope with the diagnosis; (2) the consequent need for clarification and support; and (3) the barriers to receiving validation and support from others. Others' reactions to the patient are hypothesized to be a function of a conflict between (1) their feelings about the illness, which are predominantly negative; and (2) their beliefs about appropriate behaviors to display when interacting with cancer patients (optimism and cheerfulness). This conflict results in behavioral responses that are unintentionally damaging to the patient, including physical avoidance, avoidance of open discussion of the illness, and discrepancies among behaviors. The impact of others' behavior on the patient and the patient's subsequent attempts to solve their interpersonal problems are discussed. The paper concludes with implications for intervention and research.
A Case Report of a Student-Led Pro Bono Clinic: A Proposed Model for Meeting Student and Community Needs in a Sustainable Manner

Background and Purpose The Chester Community Physical Therapy Clinic (clinic) is a student-led pro bono clinic that provides physical therapy services to uninsured and underinsured community members. The purposes of this administrative case report are to describe the creation and implementation of a student-led pro bono clinic model designed to meet student and community needs and to consider its potential for sustainability. Case Description Students and faculty created an organizational model with a Student Board at the center of clinic leadership. A Faculty Board provides oversight to the Student Board. State-licensed faculty and alumni provide the direct supervision of the treating student physical therapists. Evaluation of our clinic model was performed using strategies for the creation of sustainable community engagement initiatives. Outcomes This model of a student-led pro bono clinic has elements of all 8 steps to sustainable community engagement. The model of a student-led pro bono clinic is feasible and sustainable. Discussion A student-led pro bono clinic serving the physical therapy needs of the uninsured and underinsured residents in an urban community presents an innovative educational and leadership development opportunity for students and alumni as well as partnership opportunities with the community.
Discovery and mapping of single feature polymorphisms in wheat using Affymetrix arrays

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple food crop worldwide. The wheat genome has not yet been sequenced due to its huge genome size (~17,000 Mb) and high levels of repetitive sequences; the whole genome sequence may not be expected in the near future. Available linkage maps have low marker density due to limitation in available markers; therefore new technologies that detect genome-wide polymorphisms are still needed to discover a large number of new markers for construction of high-resolution maps. A high-resolution map is a critical tool for gene isolation, molecular breeding and genomic research. Single feature polymorphism (SFP) is a new microarray-based type of marker that is detected by hybridization of DNA or cRNA to oligonucleotide probes. This study was conducted to explore the feasibility of using the Affymetrix GeneChip to discover and map SFPs in the large hexaploid wheat genome. Six wheat varieties of diverse origins (Ning 7840, Clark, Jagger, Encruzilhada, Chinese Spring, and Opata 85) were analyzed for significant probe by variety interactions and 396 probe sets with SFPs were identified. A subset of 164 unigenes was sequenced and 54% showed polymorphism within probes. Microarray analysis of 71 recombinant inbred lines from the cross Ning 7840/Clark identified 955 SFPs and 877 of them were mapped together with 269 simple sequence repeat markers. The SFPs were randomly distributed within a chromosome but were unevenly distributed among different genomes. The B genome had the most SFPs, and the D genome had the least. Map positions of a selected set of SFPs were validated by mapping single nucleotide polymorphism using SNaPshot and comparing with expressed sequence tags mapping data. The Affymetrix array is a cost-effective platform for SFP discovery and SFP mapping in wheat. The new high-density map constructed in this study will be a useful tool for genetic and genomic research in wheat.
Lessons from a successful and failed random assignment testing batterer program innovations

With increasing pressure to conduct experimental evaluations of domestic violence interventions, it is important to weigh further the most challenging aspect of experimental designs: the implementation of random assignment. This paper reviews two attempted experimental evaluations of counseling programs for domestic violence offenders, and formulates implications for conducting and interpreting program evaluations. The two case studies offer an instructive comparison of a maximally implemented experiment and a failed one at the same setting. In the first study, the random assignment was introduced within the counseling program and with implicit leverage of court sanctions for non-compliance to the assignment. In the second, random assignment was disrupted by unforeseeable events and inter-agency breakdowns in the complex referral system. Interestingly, implementation issues in both studies raised divergent interpretations from researchers and practitioners. They appear to imply a need for more disclosure of implementation problems in experimental evaluations and for more caution about over interpreting the existing experimental evaluations in the field.
Strategic behavior by federal agencies in the allocation of public resources

How do government agencies allocate program resources? Some authors presume that agencies seek to maximize program objectives; others suggest agencies favor the districts important to the president’s election. In addition, agencies may distribute larger program resources to those districts whose congressional representatives are best positioned to help the agency. We examined how federal government agencies responded both to the 2006 election, when control of Congress shifted from the Republican to the Democratic Party, and to the 2010 election, when the House switched from Democratic to Republican control. We used a difference-in-difference analysis to evaluate the impact of each election on the agencies’ allocations of contracts. Agencies generally responded to the elections by allocating more contract resources to districts represented by the winning party. However, federal agencies reacted differently to changing political environments, depending on the characteristics of the agency. For example, after the 2006 election, those agencies with programs favored by Republican members of Congress allocated more resources to Democratic districts. These “Republican agencies” presumably are the most vulnerable to the risk of losing future appropriations. “Democratic agencies” (and “neutral agencies”), facing no significant threats to their appropriations, did not respond to the election as strongly. Finally, more vulnerable districts received the most support, especially by the “Republican agencies.” We reaffirmed these results by using the 2010 congressional elections, in which the political orientations of the districts favored with more contract distributions was reversed.
Two and One-Half Decades of Leadership in Measurement and Evaluation

This article explores the role of professional organizations, such as the American Association for Counseling and Development's (AACD) Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development (AMECD) division, and the possible futures of such groups. It is suggested that AMECD and similar groups are experiencing a similar set of social and professional pressures. Aspects of the missions of creating and disseminating measurement and evaluation expertise are discussed. It is suggested that the explosion in knowledge has created new tensions involving special challenges for members of AMECD and related groups. Nevertheless, some remarkable recent accomplishments can be readily identified, and are noted here.
Computational Results for a Two-Dimensional Model of Crystalline Microstructure

We describe a two-dimensional model of crystalline martensitic microstructure, and we present a new visualization of computational results for the finite element approximation of solutions to the variational problem with microstructure on a sequence of refined meshes.
Hydrology Section Water Quality Committee

Aquatic chemistry and ecology are integral components in the hydrologic cycle. Within the AGU Hydrology Section we have the opportunity to discuss the transport links between hydrology and processes determining water quality. This linkage has been a focus for special sessions organized by the Water Quality Committee in recent years. In addition to the special sessions at the Fall and Spring Meetings, a Chapman Conference was convened last September by M. Robbins Church and George Hornberger. The Conference on Hydrogeochemical Responses of Forested Catchment brought together geochemists, ecologists, and hydrologists. The Conference serves as a good example of the role the Hydrology Section can have in fostering better communications among the traditional research disciplines of the Earth sciences.
An ecological and evolutionary perspective on human–microbe mutualism and disease

The microbial communities of humans are characteristic and complex mixtures of microorganisms that have co-evolved with their human hosts. The species that make up these communities vary between hosts as a result of restricted migration of microorganisms between hosts and strong ecological interactions within hosts, as well as host variability in terms of diet, genotype and colonization history. The shared evolutionary fate of humans and their symbiotic bacteria has selected for mutualistic interactions that are essential for human health, and ecological or genetic changes that uncouple this shared fate can result in disease. In this way, looking to ecological and evolutionary principles might provide new strategies for restoring and maintaining human health.
The development of academic programs for quality assessment.

I n the current medical-care era of accountability, it is argued that formal programs for quality assessment be developed in academic centers. The issues addressed include: (1) medicine's increasing use of the latest technology matched by the public's sense of entitlement for optimal care; (2) the increasing perception by both physicians and patients of a need for 100% certainty; and (3) the utility of applying epidemiologic methods to complex health care issues. The timing is propitious to forge a closer bond between the clinical staff and the hospital administrators to meet the common goal of differentiating those practices that are effective from those that merely consume resources. The concern for high quality medical care in the United States is palpable. In large part this has been stimulated by the widespread recognition of the continued inflationary costs of modern medicine and corresponding questions about relative benefit. In 1989, $600 billion was
Early deictic but not other gestures predict later vocabulary in both typical development and autism

Research with typically developing children suggests a strong positive relation between early gesture use and subsequent vocabulary development. In this study, we ask whether gesture production plays a similar role for children with autism spectrum disorder. We observed 23 18-month-old typically developing children and 23 30-month-old children with autism spectrum disorder interact with their caregivers (Communication Play Protocol) and coded types of gestures children produced (deictic, give, conventional, and iconic) in two communicative contexts (commenting and requesting). One year later, we assessed children's expressive vocabulary, using Expressive Vocabulary Test. Children with autism spectrum disorder showed significant deficits in gesture production, particularly in deictic gestures (i.e. gestures that indicate objects by pointing at them or by holding them up). Importantly, deictic gestures-but not other gestures-predicted children's vocabulary 1 year later regardless of communicative context, a pattern also found in typical development. We conclude that the production of deictic gestures serves as a stepping-stone for vocabulary development.