cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuropathological Considerations in Management of Deep-Seated Gliomas

Simultaneous developments in microneurosurgical techniques, neuroradiology, and neuropathology offer hope that in the future effective treatment strategies may be developed for a disease currently with a poor prognosis—deep-seated glial tumors of the brain. The purpose of this report is to communicate our recent findings from a study that utilized a newly developed technique involving magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), followed by pathological analysis, of postmortem brain specimens harboring these neoplasms.1 I will discuss our results in light of current and prior related studies and then postulate possible future avenues for study.
Experimental and modeling study of the pyrolysis and oxidation of an iso-paraffinic alcohol-to-jet fuel

Abstract Single pulse shock tube experiments were conducted to determine the pyrolytic and oxidative decomposition products of an alcohol-to-jet fuel (ATJ) composed primarily of about 90% iso-dodecane. Experiments were performed at 4 bar nominal pressure, 2 ms nominal reaction time, and temperatures ranging from 900 K to 1550 K. For oxidation, the equivalence ratio was 0.27. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to analyze the products of the chemical reactions and to determine their mole fractions. The experimental results were compared against mole fractions computed using a detailed iso-alkane kinetic model, developed for the present study. The model was able to accurately reproduce the experimental results of both ATJ pyrolysis and oxidation. The experimental data and the kinetic model developed in the current study shall aid in progress in understanding the oxidation of the alternative jet fuels.
An intervention to improve pneumococcal vaccination uptake in high risk 50-64 year olds vs. expanded age-based recommendations: an exploratory cost-effectiveness analysis.

In the U.S., pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) uptake among high-risk adults aged <65 years is consistently low and improvement is needed. One barrier to improved vaccine coverage is the...
X3D: Heterogeneous Monolithic 3D Integration of “X” (Arbitrary) Nanowires: Silicon, III–V, and Carbon Nanotubes

We experimentally demonstrate a new paradigm for monolithic three-dimensional (3D) integration: X3D, which enables a wide range of semiconductors - including silicon (Si), III-V, and nanotechnologies such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) - to be heterogeneously integrated together in monolithic 3D integrated systems. Such flexible heterogeneous integration has potential for a wide range of applications, as each layer of monolithic X3D integrated circuits (ICs) can be customized for specific functionality (e.g., wide-bandgap III-V-based circuits for power management, CNT field-effect transistors (CNFETs) for energy-efficient computing, and tailored materials for custom sensors or imagers). As a case study, we experimentally demonstrate monolithic X3D ICs with five vertical circuit layers heterogeneously integrating three different semiconductors: Si junctionless nanowire field-effect transistors (JNFETs), III-V JNFETs, and CNFETs (also junctionless). The layers of monolithic X3D IC are, from bottom-to-top: Si p-JNFETs, n-CNFETs, Si n-JNFETs, p-CNFETs, and III-V n-JNFETs. Each layer is fabricated using an identical process flow for ease of integration. Importantly, we show that circuits fabricated on each vertical layer are agnostic to subsequent monolithic X3D processing, experimentally demonstrating ability to interleave these “X” (arbitrary) semiconductors in arbitrary vertical ordering. As a final demonstration, we fabricate complementary digital logic circuits comprising different technologies that span multiple vertical circuit layers. This work demonstrates a new paradigm for ICs, allowing for flexible and customizable electronic systems.
Post-anastomotic venous stenosis after Optiflow deployment: An unexpected outcome.

Arteriovenous fistula failure represents a major cause of hospitalization and a significant economic burden for end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis. The Optiflow (Bioconnect Systems In...
Preparation and Characterization of Clean Mineral Surfaces

Surface chemical properties of minerals are known to be strongly influenced by the surface heterogeneities which arise from either natural variations in the chemical composition and crystal structure of the mineral or pretreatments given during sample preparation. Large discrepancies are often found in the values reported for the surface properties of the same mineral. These variations mostly occur due to different sample preparation techniques employed by investigators and sometimes, due to impurities present in the liquid or gas phase with which the mineral particles are contacted. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the various interfacial processes it is essential to avoid the artifacts introduced by sample preparation techniques. An understanding of the effects of pretreatments on the surface properties of the minerals can be helpful in this regard in obtaining consistent and reproducible results. In this paper commonly used pretreatments for obtaining clean mineral surfaces and their implications in the study of interfacial phenomena are discussed.
Development and kinetic evaluation of a low-cost temperature-sensitive shape memory polymer for 4-dimensional printing

4D printing has been evolving from traditional 3D printing in the past years as an enabling technology imparting additive manufacturing with unprecedented functionality of creating time-dependent geometries. However, the current development status presents both cost and technical barriers, keeping 4D printing from being accessible to the general 3D printer users, in particular those who already have traditional 3D printing machines. This paper reported the development and kinetic evaluation of a low-cost temperature-sensitive shape memory polymer for 4D printing. The shape memory polymer is made of polylactic acid (PLA)-thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composite in the form of filaments under different weight concentration ratios through extrusion processes. The filaments were tested in an FDM process to make 4D printed structures. The experiment study reveals the relationship between the material concentration ratio, recovery rate of sample workpieces, and the number of repeating recovery cycles. In addition, dynamic characteristics such as recovery velocity, acceleration, angular velocity, and angular acceleration were also investigated to characterize the behavior of the shape memory polymer. At the end of the paper, examples are provided to demonstrate the capability of the shape memory polymer in FDM-based 4D printing applications.
Chapter 37 – Phoneme Perception

Perception of speech phonemes has been investigated extensively using psychophysical, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging methods. This selective review covers several related topics from this varied and vast body of research, focusing on brain systems involved in the perception of phonemes. Evidence is reviewed concerning phoneme-specific processing areas, lateralization of phoneme processing, the role of articulatory codes in phoneme perception, and models of hemispheric specialization in auditory perception.
Self-organizing algorithm for pilot modeling the reaction of society to the phenomenon of the Black Swan

The work is devoted to pilot modeling of the reaction of society to technogenic and biological sudden environmental influences. For the description, the methodology of the socio-technical landscape is used, which reflects the development of certain social practices in the digital and technical environments. At the bifurcation points of the evolution of the socio-technical landscape, the phenomena of the "Black Swan" and "Boomerang Blow" arise - a powerful impulse effect on the landscape. There is an urgent problem of predicting reaction reactions. The aim of the work is the development and pilot study of a self-organizing algorithm of structural-parametric identification of transients. Impacts of a technical and biological nature are considered as objects of research: the development of the use of artificial intelligence and computer technology in medicine and the spread of COVID 19. Models for countries: UK, Russia and Uzbekistan are given. It is shown that the reaction of the sociotechnical landscape is acceptable described by homogeneous differential equations of the second degree with a complex exponentially harmonic function on the right side. The most adequate mathematical models are given. This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant # 19-18-00504.
Integrated Control and Actuator Management Strategies for Internal Inductance and Normalized Beta Regulation

Abstract An integrated-control architecture for simultaneous regulation of the plasma internal inductance and normalized beta has been designed and tested in simulations using COTSIM (Control-Oriented Transport SIMulator). As present-day tokamaks evolve into nuclear-fusion reactors capable of producing net energy, a significant control-engineering challenge must be solved: regulating a wide variety of plasma variables, often simultaneously, by employing only a reduced number of actuators. As a contribution towards this objective, the present work tackles the problem of controlling the plasma internal inductance, which is a proxy for the broadness of the current-density profile, simultaneously with the plasma normalized beta. Based on zero-dimensional, control-oriented models of the plasma dynamics, individual Lyapunov-theory-based controllers for the internal inductance and normalized beta have been developed. These controllers are integrated by means of an actuator manager that decides, in real time, how the available actuators are utilized in order to fulfill as many control objectives as possible. In addition, the actuator manager is designed to achieve a particular performance metric defined by the control engineer. This metric could be, for example, prioritizing a particular control task over the others and/or minimizing the use of a particular actuator during certain phases of the plasma discharge. Using COTSIM, which includes one-dimensional models of the plasma current-density and electron-temperature dynamics, the performance of the integrated-control framework has been tested in a steady-state scenario for the DIII-D tokamak. These simulation results yield illustrative insights into the plasma current-density and electron-temperature controllability with the current actuation capabilities in DIII-D. Moreover, these simulations show that the way in which the different actuators are employed during the discharge (based on the choice of the aforementioned actuator-manager performance metric) highly determines the value of internal inductance and normalized beta achieved in steady-state conditions, and therefore, the final current-profile shape.
Using Trail Cameras to Document Meso and Large Mammal Use of Native and Nonnative Riparian Forest Types in Southeastern Arizona

Riparian areas are an important resource for many wildlife species, especially in the arid Southwest. Understanding species occurrence in areas dominated by nonnative vegetation is important to determine whether management should be implemented. Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) is one of the most prevalent and invasive nonnative woody species in riparian areas in the southwestern United States, and it can alter vegetation structure. Little is known about how meso (medium) and large carnivores and herbivores use or avoid stands of saltcedar. We investigated mammal activity in 3 riparian forest types along the San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona: nonnative saltcedar, native mesquite (Prosopis spp.) woodland, and native cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and willow (Salix gooddingii) forest. We determined mammal use, diversity, and occupancy across riparian forest types. We sampled mammals along approximately 25 river kilometers between July 2017 and October 2018, using 18 trail cameras (6 per forest type) spaced 1 km apart. We summarized environmental variables around the cameras and reduced the variables to 4 components using a principal component analysis. We observed 14 meso and large mammal species, including bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), and white-nosed coati (Nasua narica) over 7692 trap nights. Occupancy of some species may have been influenced by the environmental components, but models showed high standard errors, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Our results do not indicate that nonnative saltcedar was actively avoided. There were no discernible differences in detections of species or taxonomic groups among forest types; however, the highest species diversity was in mesquite woodlands. We did not find evidence of competitively dominant predators (coyotes and mountain lions [Puma concolor]) altering the temporal activity patterns and forest use of subordinate species (gray fox [Urocyon cinereoargenteus] and bobcat), as each pair used the same riparian space at similar times.
Editor’s Essay: Resilience and Perseverance

As we pass the one-year mark of the global pandemic that is COVID-19 and slog into yet another century of the social infection that is systemic racism, the term “resilience” has perhaps been overus...
Outwardly growing premixed flames in turbulent media

Abstract The propagation of outwardly expanding premixed flames in turbulent media is examined within the context of the hydrodynamic theory wherein the flame, treated as a surface of density discontinuity separating fresh combustible mixture from burned products, is propagating at a speed dependent upon local geometric and mixture/flow characteristics. An embedded manifold approach, one adept at handling multi-valued and disjointed surfaces which are frequently observed in real flames, is used to couple the flow and flame evolution. A sensitivity analysis, based on mixtures with different Markstein numbers, is performed to investigate early flame kernel development in addition to its long-term evolution. The focus is to understand the effect of turbulent flow characteristics, distinguished by the intensity of velocity fluctuations and its integral length scale, in addition to intrinsic flame instabilities (predominantly the Darrieus-Landau instability) on flame propagation. The overarching objective is to quantify their influence on the flame morphology and burning rate and to construct scaling laws for the turbulent flame speed through appropriate modifications of Damkohler’s first hypothesis. Flame-turbulence interactions are inferred from statistical quantities based on its developing flame topology, including local flame curvature and hydrodynamic strain, and their combined effects integrated into the flame stretch rate experienced by the flame and the local flame speed deviation from the laminar flame speed.
Viscous and Non-Newtonian Flows

The solutions to viscous and non-Newtonian fluid flow problems are presented. The basic equations governing two-dimensional steady incompressible Newtonian flow and its boundary conditions are stated in terms of the pressure, velocity, and velocity gradient, along with possible solution methods. The solution methods are based on the use of the stream function formulation, which treats the stream function as an unknown, the velocity–pressure formulation with velocity components and the pressure as unknowns, and the stream function–vorticity formulation with the stream function and vorticity as unknowns. The stream function formulation is outlined using a variational approach. Because no universally accepted variational principle is available for solving Navier–Stokes equations, the pseudovariational principle, given by Olson, is used to present the finite element solution, based on an 18 degrees of freedom–conforming triangular element. The velocity–pressure formulation, based on the Galerkin method, is outlined by developing the finite element equations. An iterative solution is given for solving full Navier–Stokes equations. The stream function–vorticity formulation, coupled with the variational approach, is used to derive the finite element equations. Finally, the finite element solution to non-Newtonian fluid flow problems is presented using the Galerkin method along with an iterative method for the solution.
Fusion of fertilized and unfertilized sea urchin eggs. Maintenance of cell surface integrity.

Abstract Here we report that immediately after the fusion of a fertilized and an unfertilized egg, the two halves of the fused egg retain their respective cell surface organizations. Long microvilli are present on that area of the surface contributed by the fertilized egg, and the unfertilized portion remains comparatively smooth. Cortical granules are absent in the cortex contributed by the fertilized egg, whereas these organelles are present in the cortex of the unfertilized portion. There are distinct boundaries formed by the presence or absence of long microvilli and of undischarged cortical granules. However, following the synchronous prophase of the two nuclei, the original fertilized and unfertilized portions are no longer distinguishable. The observations indicate that the unfertilized portion of the fused egg is capable of maintaining its original surface properties but can, during prophase, undergo changes equivalent to those that take place at fertilization.
Hall Magnetohydrodynamics - A Tutorial

Over the past fifteen years it has become increasingly clear that Hall magnetohydrodynamics plays a crucial role in many space and laboratory plasma processes: magnetic reconnection, sub-Alfenic plasma expansions, and plasma opening switches to name a few. Hall magnetohydrodynamics is important for plasma dynamics on length scales less than the ion inertial scale length but greater than the electron inertial length. On these scales the ion and electron motions are decoupled; the electrons remain frozen to the magnetic field but the ions are not. In this paper we provide a basic overview of Hall magnetodydrodynamics with an emphasis on numerical methods. We also provide several concrete examples of Hall dynamics: whistler waves, Hall drift waves, plasma opening switch dynamics, and three dimensional magnetic reconnection.
Distal Femur Fractures with Complex Articular Involvement: Management by Articular Exposure and Submuscular Fixation

The A.O./O.T.A. C3 distal femur fracture is characterized by complex articular involvement and is often accompanied by a very short distal femur segment, small osteochondral fragments, and high-energy soft tissue disruption. Current fixation strategies do not provide for optimal visualization/reduction of the articular surface in conjunction with stable fixation of the distal femoral block. Malunion, loss of fixation, need for supplemental fixation, and need for bone grafting is common in the treatment of the C3 distal femur fracture. The transarticular percutaneous osteosynthesis technique, popularized by Krettek, et al, utilizes a lateral peripatellar approach for optimal articular visualization and submuscular fixation for minimal devitalization. In this article, its use is described, as well as reduction and fixation strategies for the articular surface.
Explaining High-Profile Coverage of State Supreme Court Decisions*

Objective. In this article, we investigate the decision of media in the U.S. states to give high-profile coverage to state supreme court decisions. While research on the U.S. Supreme Court has forged an association between media coverage and the political salience of court decisions, scholars have been unable to examine such coverage in the increasingly important state courts of last resort. Methods. Utilizing new data of high-profile coverage over time in these courts, we examine the extent to which case characteristics, judicial behavior, and institutional variation influence media attention. Our empirical model covers 28,045 state supreme court cases over all 50 states, between the years 1995–1998. Results. Our findings indicate that the likelihood of high-profile coverage increases when certain case characteristics, particularly declarations of unconstitutionality, are present, in addition to dissent within a court. Despite the importance of institutional differences among state supreme courts, front-page coverage is not affected by this variation. Conclusions. In our conclusions, we evaluate those scenarios in which high-profile media coverage is more likely for state supreme court cases, and the possible implications this may have for judicial politics.
In the Face of Crisis: Input Legitimacy, Output Legitimacy and the Political Messianism of European Integration

Abstract European legitimacy discourse typically employs two principal concepts: input (process) legitimacy and output (result) legitimacy. But a third concept, political messianism, is central to the legitimation of Europe, though less commonly explored. In the current European circumstance, however, each of these three concepts is inoperable. Any solution to the crisis of Europe will have to draw upon the deep legitimacy resources of the national communities, the member states.
Controllability and Observability of Network-of-Networks via Cartesian Products

The paper presents a system theoretic analysis framework for a network-of-networks, formed from smaller factor networks via graph Cartesian products. We provide a compositional framework for extending the controllability and observability of the factor networks to that of the composite network-of-networks. We then delve into the effectiveness of designing control and estimation algorithms for the composite network via its symmetry and gramian structure. An example demonstrating the usefulness of our results in the context of social networks with a Cartesian product structure is then presented.
Relative effectiveness of central, peripheral, and abrupt-onset cues in visual attention.

The relative effectiveness of central arrow, peripheral arrow, and abrupt-onset cues was assessed in a character recognition task. On each trial, either a central or a peripheral arrow cue was presented 0, 100, or 200 msec before the appearance of a three-digit display. Two of the digits were “uncamouflaged” from previous figure-eight masks, whereas the third digit appeared abruptly in a previously empty space. Four different groups of subjects were run in factorial combinations of high or low expected validities for arrow and onset cues. In Experiment 1, arrow cues were located centrally, near the fixation point. Abrupt onsets showed larger cost-plus benefits than central arrows, except when subjects expected the central cues to have higher validity than the onsets. In Experiment 2, arrow cues were located peripherally, near the display digits, and abrupt onsets were again more effective in capturing attention except when peripheral cues had higher validity and led the onsets by 100 msec or more. In both...
Male Restricted Emotionality and Counseling Supervision

This study attempted to determine (a) if 103 male psychology interns would, in the context of supervision, deal with their socialized restricted emotionality (RE) by using either the turning-against-other or the turning-against-self defensive style and (b) assess the impact of the sex of the supervisor on this behavior. Results indicated that male supervisees with higher levels of RE evidenced a turning-against-self style. Male supervisees working with a male supervisor reported poorer perceptions of the supervisory working alliance.
Refined structure of desmodium yellow mottle tymovirus at 2.7 A resolution.

Desmodium yellow mottle virus is a 28 nm diameter, T=3 icosahedral plant virus of the tymovirus group. Its structure has been solved to a resolution of 2.7 A using X-ray diffraction analysis based on molecular replacement and phase extension methods. The final R value was 0.151 (R(free)=0.159) for 134,454 independent reflections. The folding of the polypeptide backbone is nearly identical with that of turnip yellow mosaic virus, as is the arrangement of subunits in the virus capsid. However, a major difference in the disposition of the amino-terminal ends of the subunits was observed. In turnip yellow mosaic virus, those from the B and C subunits comprising the hexameric capsomeres formed an annulus about the interior of the capsomere, while the corresponding N termini of the pentameric capsomere A subunits were not visible at all in electron density maps. In Desmodium yellow mottle tymovirus, amino termini from the A and B subunits combine to form the annuli, thereby resulting in a much strengthened association between the two types of capsomeres and an, apparently, more stable capsid. The first 13 residues of the C subunit were invisible in electron density maps. Two ordered fragments of single-stranded RNA, seven and two nucleotides in length, were observed. The ordered water structure of the virus particle was delineated and required 95 solvent molecules per protein subunit.
Writing a Candidacy Campaign Memoirs and the 2012 Republican Primary

Recent presidential elections have seen the rise of the candidate memoir or manifesto. Using nine of these books authored by presidential hopefuls in the 2012 election, this article argues that this emerging genre plays an important role in what Judith Trent has called the surfacing stage of political campaigns. In addition to tracing the history of the genre, the article explains the function of such books and draws examples from the 2012 GOP primary to identify their recurring formal characteristics. The article concludes by discussing the study’s implications.
Vision-based process control in layered manufacturing

This paper combines defect detection and process control strategy into an efficient vision-based process control system in layered manufacturing. The purpose of our surface inspection, other than monitoring and classification of defects, is to improve the manufacturing process to reduce defects in subsequent stages. We examine the surface pattern using intensity image combined with CAD information. A hybrid strategy is used for defect analysis, where randomly occurred defects are detected by 2D texture analysis and assignable defects are obtained from 3D shape reconstruction using shape-from-shading. Instead of reconstructing the whole 3D surface, our approach reconstructs profile from representative signature(s) using parametric approach. In vision-based process control, we take defect information as input and determine the appropriate control parameter of current stage to minimize the possible defects. A linear model is developed and discussed.
Invasive procedures in the elderly after stage IV cancer diagnosis

Abstract Background Invasive procedures are resource intense and may be associated with substantial morbidity. These harms must be carefully balanced with the benefits gained in life expectancy and quality of life. Prior research has demonstrated an increasing aggressiveness of care in cancer patients at the end-of-life. To better characterize surgical care in this setting, we sought to examine trends in the use of invasive procedures in patients diagnosed with metastatic cancer on presentation. Materials and methods Using Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results -Medicare data, we identified invasive procedure claims from 1994–2009 for patients diagnosed with incident stage IV breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer patients in 1995–2006. We grouped procedures into surgically relevant categories, using an adaptation of the Clinical Classifications Software, and measured utilization and relative changes over time. Results Of stage IV patients diagnosed in 2002–2006, 96% underwent a procedure during the course of their cancer care including 63% after the diagnostic period, and 25% in the last month of life. Between 1996 and 2006, minimal change was observed in utilization during the diagnostic period (+1.5%). However, there were significant increases during continuing care (+20.7%) and the last month of life (+21.5%). Procedures consistent with primary tumor resection decreased, whereas those with probable palliative intent and those unrelated to cancer increased. Conclusions Nearly all patients who present with metastatic cancer undergo invasive procedures. Although overall utilization is increasing, the specific procedure types indicate that it may be appropriate, enhancing the quality of life in this vulnerable population.
Protection against acute lethal viral infections with the native steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

A significant protective effect of a native adrenal steroid, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), was demonstrated in studies of two lethal viral infection models in mice: systemic coxsackievirus B4 and herpes simplex type 2 encephalitis. The steroid was active either by long-term feeding or by a single subcutaneous injection. A closely related steroid, etiocholanolone, was not protective in these models. Histopathological analysis, leukocyte counts, and numbers of spleen antibody forming cells in the coxsackievirus B4 model suggests that DHEA functions by maintaining or potentiating the immune competence of mice otherwise depressed by viral infection. DHEA was not effective in genetically immunodeficient HRS/J hr/hr mice and did not demonstrate antiviral activity in vitro. While the molecular basis for DHEA's effect on the immune system is not known, studies by others suggest that it may counteract the stress related immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids stimulated by viral infection. Because DHEA is a native steroid that has been used clinically with minimal side effects, the utility of DHEA in the therapeutic modulation of acute and chronic viral infections including the acquired immune deficiency syndrome deserves intensive study.
Broader product line: a necessity to achieve success?

Strategic product line breadth decisions evoke differential responses from the manufacturing and the marketing areas: manufacturing prefers keeping process disruptions to a minimum and, as a result, discourages product proliferation; however, marketing, in its attempt to match products to heterogeneous consumer needs and gain market share, emphasizes a broader product line. We systematically investigate the market benefits and cost disadvantages of broader product lines on a large sample of over 1,400 business units. Our results indicate significant market share benefits and increases in firms' profitability with broader product lines; moreover, widely held beliefs of increases in production costs are not empirically supported. American manufacturing firms may indeed be flexible enough to accommodate product variety without significant detrimental effects on costs.
Human-centered space design for the homeless: clean dignity

The goal of this document is to present both the methods employed by the team in collecting useful information pertaining to homelessness, and the proposal for a possible solution that was arrived at after analysis of the results. Emphasis is placed by the authors on the process of information collection, the interpersonal interaction with the homeless subjects, and the subtleties of the problem space explored in defining a solution.
Gait parameters and stride-to-stride variability during familiarization to walking on a split-belt treadmill

Background Subjects unfamiliar to walking on a split-belt treadmill may initially demonstrate an altered gait pattern or increased variability of gait parameters. While previous investigations have examined kinematic variables associated with familiarization time, the objective of this study was to determine the familiarization period required to obtain the most reproducible gait pattern through the assessment of kinetic, kinematic and spatio-temporal parameters during a single session of treadmill walking.
Dynamic-Feature Extraction, Attribution, and Reconstruction (DEAR) Method for Power System Model Reduction

In interconnected power systems, dynamic model reduction can be applied to generators outside the area of interest (i.e., study area) to reduce the computational cost associated with transient stability studies. This paper presents a method of deriving the reduced dynamic model of the external area based on dynamic response measurements. The method consists of three steps, namely dynamic-feature extraction, attribution, and reconstruction (DEAR). In this method, a feature extraction technique, such as singular value decomposition (SVD), is applied to the measured generator dynamics after a disturbance. Characteristic generators are then identified in the feature attribution step for matching the extracted dynamic features with the highest similarity, forming a suboptimal “basis” of system dynamics. In the reconstruction step, generator state variables such as rotor angles and voltage magnitudes are approximated with a linear combination of the characteristic generators, resulting in a quasi-nonlinear reduced model of the original system. The network model is unchanged in the DEAR method. Tests on several IEEE standard systems show that the proposed method yields better reduction ratio and response errors than the traditional coherency based reduction methods.
Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women: Review and Update on Neurological Control

Background: Female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common disease that involves leakage of urine during coughing, sneezing, or other increases in intraabdominal pressure. Treatments for SUI ...
Plasma catecholamine and corticosterone as well as brain catecholamine changes during coping in rats exposed to stressful footshock

Abstract Rats received 60 minutes of footshock that was escapable (coping group) or inescapable (noncoping group). Plasma taken by jugular catheter showed that noncoping rats, compared with coping rats, had significantly higher peak norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) concentrations and significantly longer elevation of these catecholamines after footshock. Similarly, plasma corticosterone levels remained elevated significantly longer after footshock in noncoping rats. In brain, hypothalamic NE concentrations were lower in noncoping rats compared with coping controls, and this difference remained for at least 30 minutes after shock. A fall in hippocampal NE concentration was seen only in coping rats once they learned to terminate shock. Our data indicate that neurochemical changes can be separated into changes due to the aversive nature of the stimulus and the ability to cope with a stressor. The inability to cope augments plasma catecholamine increases in response to a stressor and prolongs their return to baseline values. The latter is also true for corticosterone levels. The decrease in hippocampal NE in coping and the decrease in hypothalamic NE in noncoping rats is not due to footshock by itself but to the ability of the rat to terminate this stressor. No strong correlation between central and peripheral catecholamine changes became apparent except a possible negative correlation between hypothalamic NE and peripheral NE and E levels.
Robust segmentation using kernel and spatial based fuzzy c-means methods on breast x-ray images

Robust methods for precise segmentation of breast region or volume from breast X-ray images, including mammogram and tomosynthetic image, is crucial for applications of these medical images. However, this task is challenging because the acquired images not only are inherent noisy and inhomogeneous, but there are also connected or overlapped artifacts, or noises on the images as well, due to local volume effect of tissues, parametric resolutions and other physical limitations of the imaging device. This paper proposes and develops robust fuzzy c-means (FCM) segmentation methods for segmentation of breast region on breast x-ray images, including mammography and tomosynthesis, respectively. We develop spatial information- and kernel function- based FCM methods to differentiate breast area or breast volume. Spatial information based FCM method incorporates neighborhood pixels' intensities into segmentation because neighbored pixels on an image are highly correlated. Kernel based FCM algorithm is developed by transforming pixel intensity using kernel functions to better improve segmentation performance. The proposed segmentation methods are implemented on mammograms and tomosynthetic images and compared with conventional FCM results. Experiment results demonstrate the proposed segmentation methods are much better compared with traditional FCM method, and are more robust to noises. The developed kernel and spatial based FCM method will be applied for differentiation of breast density and abnormal regions within the breast region to examine its performance in reducing false positive segmentations.
A hydrogen-bond network at the active site of subtilisin BPN'

Further examination of the active site region in our X-ray crystallographic model of subtilisin BPN' reveals a hydrogen-bond network that bears a remarkable resemblance to the one found in $\alpha$ -chymotrypsin. It involves the side chains of the reactive Ser-221, His-64, Asp-32 and Ser-33. Otherwise the two enzymes have entirely different three-dimensional structures. This observation suggests that the common hydrogen bond network plays some essential role in the catalytic mechanism of serine proteases generally.
Assessing the Evolutionary Nature of Multifragment Decay

Multifragment decays of central collisions in 84Kr + 197Au at E/A = 35, 55, and 70 MeV are studied. The dependence of the extracted emission time on the velocity of the fragment pair is investigated. More energetic pairs manifest a stronger Coulomb interaction indicating emission from a source of smaller spatial-temporal extent than less-energetic pairs. This trend can be understood in the context of a statistical model which allows the source characteristics to evolve as the fragments are emitted.
The first ANDES elements: 9-dof plate bending triangles

New elements are derived to validate and assess the assumed natural deviatoric strain (ANDES) formulation. This is a brand new variant of the assumed natural strain (ANS) formulation of finite elements, which has recently attracted attention as an effective method for constructing high-performance elements for linear and nonlinear analysis. The ANDES formulation is based on an extended parametrized variational principle developed in recent publications. The key concept is that only the deviatoric part of the strains is assumed over the element whereas the mean strain part is discarded in favor of a constant stress assumption. Unlike conventional ANS elements, ANDES elements satisfy the individual element test (a stringent form of the patch test) a priori while retaining the favorable distortion-insensitivity properties of ANS elements. The first application of this formulation is the development of several Kirchhoff plate bending triangular elements with the standard nine degrees of freedom. Linear curvature variations are sampled along the three sides with the corners as gage reading points. These sample values are interpolated over the triangle using three schemes. Two schemes merge back to conventional ANS elements, one being identical to the Discrete Kirchhoff Triangle (DKT), whereas the third one produces two new ANDES elements. Numerical experiments indicate that one of the ANDES element is relatively insensitive to distortion compared to previously derived high-performance plate-bending elements, while retaining accuracy for nondistorted elements.
Electric-Field-Induced Spectral Shifts of the OH Vibrational Absorption Line in Alcohols

It is shown that the electric‐field‐induced spectral shifts in the vibrational lines of polar molecules can be easily observed. Although the effect has been observed for many different alcohols, we report here only the data associated with 2,6 di‐isopropyl phenol for its fundamental and overtone lines. It is also observed that the amount of association of the alcohols is affected by the electric field.
Investigation of the Scope of a New Route to ABCD-Bilanes and ABCD-Porphyrins

A new route to bilanes and porphyrins bearing four distinct meso substituents has been studied to elucidate the scope and gain entry to previously inaccessible compounds. The route entails (i) synthesis of a 1-bromo-19-acylbilane by acid-catalyzed condensation of a 1-acyldipyrromethane and a 9-bromodipyrromethane-1-carbinol and (ii) intramolecular cyclization of the 1-bromo-19-acylbilane in the presence of a metal salt (MgBr2, 3 mol equiv) and a non-nucleophilic base (DBU, 10 mol equiv) in a noncoordinating solvent (toluene) at 115 °C exposed to air to afford the corresponding magnesium(II) porphyrin. In this study, two sets of bilanes were initially prepared to explore substituent effects. In the first set, all bilanes vary only in the nature of the substituent at the 10-position. In the second set, all bilanes vary only in the nature of the substituent attached to the acyl unit (the 20-position). The substituents examined at the 10- and 20-positions include alkyl, aryl (electron-rich, electron-deficient...
The process of reinnervation in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat: A quantitative electron microscopic analysis of terminal proliferation and reactive synaptogenesis

The present study defined the time course of terminal proliferation (the growth of presynaptic processes) and reactive Synaptogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat. Quantitative electron microscopic analyses were carried out in the dentate gyrus 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 days and 7 months after destruction of the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex and in the contralateral (control) dentate gyrus. At each survival interval, counts were made from photographic montages of (1) terminals (presynaptic processes with or without contacts with postsynaptic elements), (2) intact synapses, (3) degenerating synapses, (4) degeneration (degenerating presynaptic processes), and (5) multiple synapses (terminals making more than one synaptic contact). Terminal density was initially reduced to about 13% of control in the middle molecular layer at 2 and 4 days postlesion, and to about 26% of control in the outer. The density of terminals began to increase between 4 and 6 days postlesion, reaching a plateau by day 12. Synapse density was reduced to about 8% and 12% of control in the middle and outer molecular layer respectively. Synapse density increased about 5-fold between 8 and 12 days postlesion, but continued to increase in the period between 14 days and 7 months postlesion. At 2 days postlesion, the number of intact terminals that are lost corresponds to the number of degenerating presynaptic processes. This correspondence is not present at 4 days postlesion, however, suggesting a rapid removal of degenerating terminals. In contrast, even at 2 days post-lesion, the number of intact synapses that are lost does not correspond to the number of degenerating synapses. Between 2 and 10 days postlesion, the number of postsynaptic specializations is about 60% of control, but recovers slightly by 12-14 days postlesion. Qualitative and quantitative evidence suggested a collapse of spines into configurations that resembled shaft synapses. There appeared to be a deformation of degenerating presynaptic processes resulting in the appearance of multiple synapse configurations prior to reinnervation. The combined results suggest that terminal proliferation precedes reactive Synaptogenesis in the dentate gyrus by 2-4 days, that terminal proliferation is essentially complete by 12 days while reactive Synaptogenesis continues, and that multiple synapses arise at least in part as a result of a deformation of degenerating presynaptic processes rather than as a consequence of the induction of additional contacts on existing presynaptic terminals.
Family history in delusional depression

Family psychiatric history was compared in the 472 first-degree relatives of 31 delusional and 35 nondelusional inpatients who met DSM III criteria for major depression with melancholia. Morbid risks for psychiatric illness or for psychiatric treatment variables did not differ between the two groups. Specifically, rates of affective and psychotic illnesses in families did not distinguish delusional from nondelusional probands. The findings do not support the hypothesis of a genetic relationship of nonaffective psychosis to delusional depression.
A question of control : alternative patterns of room air-conditioner use

Abstract A study of room air-conditioner use in 279 California apartments discovered distinct manual and automatic patterns of control, with most users opting for a manual control strategy. Manual control seems to be an effective alternative to the thermostatic control intended by the manufacturer. Users of both strategies are sometimes guided by theories of air-conditioner operation and control that are not in agreement with engineering accounts of the machine's design. When various control strategies are compared, we find that most fit quite well with user experience - although some may result in cooling outcomes and energy costs that users do not intend. The energy consumption levels resulting from competing approaches are also compared, and the research and policy implications of the analysis are considered.
Theory of mechanical properties of fibrillar structures

A theory of the extension of a roughly oriented fibrillar structure is worked out. Two mechanisms are involved: an extension of the fibrils, and a bending of the fibrils with accompanying deformation of noncrystalline material lying between them. The combined equation for both mechanisms does not fit experimental results for nylon and ordinary rayon, but does fit results for high modulus (polynosic) rayons.
On Bayesian calculations for mixture likelihoods and priors.

We present methodology for calculating Bayes factors between models as well as posterior probabilities of the models when the indicator variables of the models are integrated out of the posterior before Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) computations. Standard methodology would include the indicator functions as part of the MCMC computations. We demonstrate that our methodology can give substantially greater accuracy than the traditional approach. We illustrate the methodology using the model selection prior of George and McCulloch applied to logistic regression and to a mixture model for observations in a hierarchical random effects model.
Effect of tetranitromethane on the biological activities of botulinum neurotoxin types A, B and E

Botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, B and E were modified at pH 7.9 with tetranitromethane, a reagent highly specific for tyrosine residues. The type B and E neurotoxins were completely detoxified without significant damage to their serological activities. Under similar modification conditions, the type A neurotoxin was incompletely detoxified with some alteration in its serological reactivity. Modification of only tyrosine residues to nitrotyrosine was evident from amino acid analysis of the acid hydrolysates of the modified proteins. The completely detoxified type B and E neurotoxins, used as toxoid, elicited antibodies in rabbits. The antisera precipitated and neutralized the homologous neurotoxin. The two toxoids, type B and E, were prepared with >99% pure neurotoxins as tested by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis whereas the traditional toxoids produced with formaldehyde are very crude preparations of the neurotoxin (∼ 90% impure). Chemical modification using tetranitromethane is more specific than products that form during ∼ 7 days of reaction between a protein and formaldehyde. The toxoids produced with tetranitromethane may be considered second-generation toxoids, compared with the first-generation toxoids (crude preparation of neurotoxins detoxified with formaldehyde).