cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of ply buckling in the compressive failure of graphite/epoxy tubes

A study was conducted to look at the interaction of in-plane and out-of-plane compressive failure modes of graphite/epoxy. In the study, 75 six-ply graphite/epoxy tubes were manufactured and tested in uniaxial compression. Failure stresses and modes were determined and compared with those predicted from an in-plane fracture criterion and an equilibrium shell buckling analysis. There were large discrepancies between the experimental results and these theoretical predictions. These predictions did not account for a failure mode exhibited by several laminates: individual plies buckling and delaminating away from the remaining plies. A "ply buckling" model is introduced to explain these discrepancies. There is good correlation between the experimental failure modes and stresses with the "feasible" failure region defined by this ply buckling model.
Surface Forces and Their Action in Ceramic Materials

A descriptive account is given of the surface forces acting between two solids. Different contributions to the force are outlined, with particular attention paid to the underlying mechanisms, and how they are affected by the nature of the medium between the surfaces. This is followed by a discussion of the areas of ceramic science and engineering in which surface forces play a role.
The source of comparative advantage in the biotechnology industry: a real options approach.

Sources of heterogeneity within the process of research and development (R&D) investment, such as international differences in the maximum per-period rate of investment and level of regulatory uncertainty, offer a plausible explanation for US comparative advantage in biotechnology. Using dynamic stochastic simulation, the results presented in this article suggest US biotechnology firms may initiate more R&D projects, innovate earlier and more rapidly, persevere longer in the face of mounting R&D costs, and successfully complete more R&D projects than European firms [Econ-Lit citations: F100, O310, O330]. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electromagnetic wave scattering by small impedance particles of an arbitrary shape

Scattering of electromagnetic (EM) waves by one and many small (ka≪1) impedance particles Dm of an arbitrary shape, embedded in a homogeneous medium, is studied. Analytic formula for the field, scattered by one particle, is derived. The scattered field is of the order O(a2−κ), where κ∈[0,1) is a number. This field is much larger than in the Rayleigh-type scattering. An equation is derived for the effective EM field scattered by many small impedance particles distributed in a bounded domain. Novel physical effects in this domain are described and discussed.
Visual chunking: A list prediction framework for region-based object detection

We consider detecting objects in an image by iteratively selecting from a set of arbitrarily shaped candidate regions. Our generic approach, which we term visual chunking, reasons about the locations of multiple object instances in an image while expressively describing object boundaries. We design an optimization criterion for measuring the performance of a list of such detections as a natural extension to a common per-instance metric. We present an efficient algorithm with provable performance for building a high-quality list of detections from any candidate set of region-based proposals. We also develop a simple class-specific algorithm to generate a candidate region instance in near-linear time in the number of low-level superpixels that outperforms other region generating methods. In order to make predictions on novel images at testing time without access to ground truth, we develop learning approaches to emulate these algorithms' behaviors. We demonstrate that our new approach outperforms sophisticated baselines on benchmark datasets.
Nitric Oxide Production from Surface Recombination of Oxygen and Nitrogen Atoms

‡§ Experimental results are presented that support the surface-catalyzed production of nitric oxide from the recombination of oxygen and nitrogen atoms on quartz. The experiments employ two-photon laser induced fluorescence detection of atomic oxygen and atomic nitrogen to characterize changes in gas-phase atom concentrations as the ratio of O to N atoms is varied at the opening of a diffusion-tube side-arm reactor. The measurements verify a correlation between decreased O-atom loss and enhanced N-atom loss in N2/N/O mixtures. Computational simulations of the side-arm reactor with a multi-species reaction-diffusion model strengthen the case for NO surface formation, reproducing observed changes in O- and N-atom concentration profiles with varying O/N ratios at the side-arm entrance when surface-catalyzed NO production is included in the boundary conditions.
Metal-catalyzed silylene insertions of allylic ethers: stereoselective formation of chiral allylic silanes.

Silylene insertion into allylic ethers occurs suprafacially to provide enantioenriched allylic silanes and disilanes. Silylene insertion to a variety of protected allylic alcohols utilizing silver- and copper-mediated conditions proved to be a general method for allylic silane formation. Allylic disilanes reacted similarly to allylic silanes, undergoing both annulation and allylation reactions.
A note on statistical averages for oscillating tableaux

Oscillating tableaux are certain walks in Young’s lattice of partitions; they generalize standard Young tableaux. The shape of an oscillating tableau is the last partition it visits and the length of an oscillating tableau is the number of steps it takes. We dene a new statistic for oscillating tableaux that we call weight: the weight of an oscillating tableau is the sum of the sizes of all the partitions that it visits. We show that the average weight of all oscillating tableaux of shape and lengthj j + 2n (wherej j denotes the size of and n2 N) has a surprisingly simple formula: it is a quadratic polynomial inj j and n. Our proof via the theory of differential posets is largely computational. We suggest how the homomesy paradigm of Propp and Roby may lead to a more conceptual proof of this result and reveal a hidden symmetry in the set of perfect matchings.
Members of the miRNA-200 Family Regulate Olfactory Neurogenesis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly expressed in vertebrate neural tissues, but the contribution of specific miRNAs to the development and function of different neuronal populations is still largely unknown. We report that miRNAs are required for terminal differentiation of olfactory precursors in both mouse and zebrafish but are dispensable for proper function of mature olfactory neurons. The repertoire of miRNAs expressed in olfactory tissues contains over 100 distinct miRNAs. A subset, including the miR-200 family, shows high olfactory enrichment and expression patterns consistent with a role during olfactory neurogenesis. Loss of function of the miR-200 family phenocopies the terminal differentiation defect observed in absence of all miRNA activity in olfactory progenitors. Our data support the notion that vertebrate tissue differentiation is controlled by conserved subsets of organ-specific miRNAs in both mouse and zebrafish and provide insights into control mechanisms underlying olfactory differentiation in vertebrates.
Newton's method backpropagation for complex-valued holomorphic multilayer perceptrons

The study of Newton's method in complex-valued neural networks faces many difficulties. In this paper, we derive Newton's method backpropagation algorithms for complex-valued holomorphic multilayer perceptrons, and investigate the convergence of the one-step Newton steplength algorithm for the minimization of real-valued complex functions via Newton's method. To provide experimental support for the use of holomorphic activation functions, we perform a comparison of using sigmoidal functions versus their Taylor polynomial approximations as activation functions by using the algorithms developed in this paper and the known gradient descent backpropagation algorithm. Our experiments indicate that the Newton's method based algorithms, combined with the use of polynomial activation functions, provide significant improvement in the number of training iterations required over the existing algorithms.
Caught in the Act: Chandra Observations of Microlensing of the Radio-loud Quasar MG J0414+0534

We present results from monitoring of the distant (z = 2.64), gravitationally lensed quasar MG J0414+0534 with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. An Fe K? line at 6.49 ? 0.09 keV (rest frame) with an equivalent width of ~190 eV, consistent with fluorescence from a cold medium, is detected at the 99% confidence level in the spectrum of the brightest image A. During the last two observations of our monitoring program, we detected a fivefold increase of the equivalent width of a narrow Fe K? line in the spectrum of image B but not in the brighter image A, whereas image C is too faint to resolve the line. The continuum emission component of image B did not follow the sudden enhancement of the iron line in the last two observations. We propose that the sudden increase in the iron-line strength from ~190 to 900 eV only in image B can be explained with a caustic crossing due to microlensing that selectively enhances a strip of the line emission region of the accretion disk. The nonenhancement of the continuum emission in the spectrum of image B suggests that the continuum emission region is concentrated closer to the center of the accretion disk than the iron-line emission region and that the magnification caustic has not reached close enough to the former region to amplify it. A model of a caustic crossing event predicts discontinuities in the light curve of the magnification and provides an upper limit of ~5 ? 10-4 pc on the outer radius of the Fe K? emission region. The nondetection of any relativistic or Doppler shifts of the iron line in the spectrum of image B implies that the magnification caustic for the last two observations was located at a radius greater than ~100 gravitational radii. Each observation of the quadruply lensed quasar MG J0414+0534 provides a view of the quasar at four different epochs spaced by the time delays between the lensed images. We produced a light curve of the quasar X-ray flux by normalizing the flux of each image to the mean flux of that image over all observations. We find significant deviations of the normalized light curve from unity especially for the faintest image C. A plausible mechanism to explain the flux variability of image C is a microlensing event. Finally, spectral analysis of MG J0414+0534 indicates the presence of significant absorption in excess of the Galactic value. For absorption at the redshift of the lensed quasar, we find an intrinsic column density of NH ~ 5 ? 1022 cm-2, consistent with the reddening observed in the optical band.
The synthesis of C-3β functionalized indoles via a hydroboration/Suzuki-Miyaura coupling sequence.

A method for the functionalization of C-3β of vinyl indoles is described. The procedure involves a hydroboration, followed by a Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling with the intermediate alkyl borane. Triflates, bromides, and iodides are suitable coupling partners, allowing access to a variety of elaborated indole compounds.
Perturbation analysis of feedback-controlled stochastic flow systems

Stochastic flow systems arise naturally or as abstractions of discrete-event systems (DESs), referred to as stochastic flow models (SFMs). In this paper, we consider such systems operating with a feedback control mechanism, building on earlier work that has studied such SFMs without any feedback. Using infinitesimal perturbation analysis, we derive gradient estimators for loss and workload related performance metrics with respect to threshold parameters used for buffer control. These estimators are shown to be unbiased. They are also shown to depend only on data observable from a sample path of the actual DES. This renders them computable in on-line environments and easily implementable for control and performance optimization purposes. In the case of linear feedback, we further show that the estimators are nonparametric. Finally, we illustrate the use of these estimators in network control by combining them with standard gradient-based stochastic optimization schemes and providing several simulation-based examples.
Speculations about future directions

Although MBE technology is over a quarter-century old, and has been outstandingly successful in the growth of semiconductor heterostructures, it has a large reserve of as-yet unexplored capabilities left, many of which are likely to play a role in the future evolution of MBE. Developments that can be anticipated are the additions of OMVPE techniques to MBE, for example, for gas etching and surface cleanup. A central problem will be finding MBE-compatible ways to achieve lateral pattern control down to the nanometer scale. Nanoimprint techniques are a good candidate for that. Self-assembled quantum dots will probably give way to lithographically defined quantum dots with much better control over size and placement. Heterostructures of materials other than semiconductors will be increasingly explored, like magnetic and superconducting structures, and may be even organics.
Ignition threshold for non-Maxwellian plasmas

An optically thin p-11B plasma loses more energy to bremsstrahlung than it gains from fusion reactions, unless the ion temperature can be elevated above the electron temperature. In thermal plasmas, the temperature differences required are possible in small Coulomb logarithm regimes, characterized by high density and low temperature. Ignition could be reached more easily if the fusion reactivity can be improved with nonthermal ion distributions. To establish an upper bound for the potential utility of a nonthermal distribution, we consider a monoenergetic beam with particle energy selected to maximize the beam-thermal reactivity. Comparing deuterium-tritium (DT) and p-11B, the minimum Lawson criteria and minimum ρR required for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) volume ignition are calculated with and without the nonthermal feature. It turns out that channeling fusion alpha energy to maintain such a beam facilitates ignition at lower densities and ρR, improves reactivity at constant pressure, and could be ...
Hierarchical Structure Controls Nanomechanical Properties of Vimentin Intermediate Filaments

Intermediate filaments (IFs), in addition to microtubules and microfilaments, are one of the three major components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells, playing a vital role in mechanotransduction and in providing mechanical stability to cells (Figure 1) [1]. Despite the importance of IF mechanics for cell biology and cell mechanics, the structural basis for their mechanical properties remains unknown. Specifically, our understanding of fundamental filament properties, such as the basis for their great extensibility, stiffening properties, and their exceptional mechanical resilience remains limited. This has prevented us from answering fundamental structure-function relationship questions related to the biomechanical role of intermediate filaments, which is crucial to link structure and function in the protein material’s biological context.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Alkylation of H-Phosphinate Esters under Basic Conditions

An efficient and general procedure was developed for the direct alkylation of H-phosphinate esters with LHMDS at low temperature. The simplicity of the reaction allows the use of various H-phosphinate esters and takes place with a wide range of electrophiles. The approach can be employed to access some GABA analogues or precursors to GABA analogues. The isolated yields are moderate to good. This is the first report of an alkylation with a secondary iodide or a primary chloride.
Recent advances in ordered intermetallics

Abstract Ordered intermetallic alloys based on aluminides and silicides offer many advantages for structural use at elevated temperatures in hostile environments. Their attractive properties include excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance, light weight, and superior strength at elevated temperatures. The major concern for structural use of intermetallics was their low ductility and poor fracture resistance at ambient temperatures. For the past ten years, considerable effort has been devoted to the research and development of ordered intermetallic alloys, and good progress has been made on understanding intrinsic and extrinsic factors controlling brittle fracture in intermetallic alloys based on aluminides and silicides. Parallel efforts on alloy design have led to the development of a number of ductile and strong intermetallic alloys based on Ni (3) Al, NiAl, Fe(3)Al, FeAl, Ti(3) Al and TiAl systems for structural applications.
Aggregate External Financing and Savings Waves

Abstract US data display aggregate external financing and savings waves. Firms can allocate costly external finance to productive capital, or to liquid assets with low physical returns. If firms raise costly external finance and accumulate liquidity, either the cost of external finance is relatively low or the total return to liquidity accumulation, including its shadow value as future internal funds, is particularly high. We formalize this intuition by estimating a dynamic model of firms׳ financing and savings decisions, and use our model along with firm level data to construct an empirical estimate of the average cost of external finance from 1980 to 2014.
Conterminous United States crop field size quantification from multi-temporal Landsat data

Abstract Agricultural field size is indicative of the degree of agricultural capital investment, mechanization and labor intensity, and it is ecologically important. A recently published automated computational methodology to extract agricultural crop fields from weekly 30 m Web Enabled Landsat data (WELD) time series was refined and applied to a year of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 7 Enhance Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM +) acquisitions for all of the conterminous United States (CONUS). For the first time, spatially explicit CONUS field size maps and derived information are presented. A total of 4,182,777 fields were extracted with mean and median field sizes of 0.193 km 2 and 0.278 km 2 , respectively. The CONUS field size histogram was skewed; 50% of the extracted fields had sizes greater than or smaller than 0.361 km 2 , and there were four distinct peaks that corresponded closely to sizes equivalent to fields with 0.25 × 0.25 mile, 0.25 × 0.5 mile, 0.5 × 0.5 mile, and 0.5 × 1 mile side dimensions. There were discernible patterns between field size and the majority crop type as defined by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) cropland data layer (CDL) classification. In general, larger field sizes occurred where a greater proportion of the land was dedicated to agriculture, predominantly in the U.S. Wheat Belt and Corn Belt, and in regions of irrigated agriculture. The results were validated by comparison with field boundaries manually digitized from Landsat 5 and Google-Earth high resolution imagery. The validation was undertaken at 48 approximately 7.5 × 7.5 km sites selected across a gradient of field sizes in each of the top 16 harvested cropland areas in U.S. states that together cover 76% of harvested U.S. cropland. Conventional per-pixel confusion matrix based measures that assess pixel level thematic mapping accuracy, and object extraction accuracy measures, were derived. The overall per-pixel crop field classification accuracy was 92.7% and the overall crop field producer's and user's accuracies were 93.7% and 94.9%. Comparing all the reference and extracted field objects, 81.4% were correctly matched and the extracted field sizes were on average underestimated by 1.2% relative to the reference field objects.
vPipe: One Pipe to Connect Them All!

Many enterprises use the cloud to host applications such as web services, big data analytics and storage. One common characteristic among these applications is that, they involve significant I/O activities, moving data from a source to a sink, often without even any intermediate processing. However, cloud environments tend to be virtualized in nature with tenants obtaining virtual machines (VMs) that often share CPU. Virtualization introduces a significant overhead for I/O activity as data needs to be moved across several protection boundaries. CPU sharing introduces further delays into the overall I/O processing data flow. In this paper, we propose a simple abstraction called vPipe to mitigate these problems. vPipe introduces a simple “pipe” that can connect data sources and sinks, which can be either files or TCP sockets, at the virtual machine monitor (VMM) layer. Shortcutting the I/O at the VMM layer achieves significant CPU savings and avoids scheduling latencies that degrade I/O throughput. Our evaluation of vPipe prototype on Xen shows that vPipe can improve file transfer throughput significantly while reducing overall CPU utilization.
Development of Holmium-163 Electron-Capture Spectroscopy with Transition-Edge Sensors

Calorimetric decay energy spectroscopy of electron-capture-decaying isotopes is a promising method to achieve the sensitivity required for electron neutrino mass measurement. The very low total nuclear decay energy $$(Q_\mathrm{EC}$$ $$<$$ 3 keV) and short half-life (4570 years) of $$^{163}$$ Ho make it attractive for high-precision electron-capture spectroscopy (ECS) near the kinematic endpoint, where the neutrino momentum goes to zero. In the ECS approach, an electron-capture-decaying isotope is embedded inside a microcalorimeter designed to capture and measure the energy of all the decay radiation except that of the escaping neutrino. We have developed a complete process for proton irradiation-based isotope production, isolation, and purification of $$^{163}$$ Ho. We have developed transition-edge sensors for this measurement and methods for incorporating $$^{163}$$ Ho into high-resolution microcalorimeters, and have measured the electron-capture spectrum of $$^{163}$$ Ho. We present our work in these areas and discuss the measured spectrum and its comparison to current theory.
Recent development in analog computation: a brief overview

The recent development in analog computation is reviewed in this paper. Analog computation was used in many applications where power and energy efficiency is of paramount importance. It is shown that by using innovative architecture and circuit design, analog computation systems can achieve much higher energy efficiency than their digital counterparts, as they are able to exploit the computational power inherent to the devices and physics. However, these systems do suffer from some disadvantages, such as lower accuracy and speed, and designers have come up with novel approaches to overcome them. The paper provides an overview of analog computation systems, from basic components such as memory and arithmetic elements, to architecture and system design.
Finite temperature scaling in density functional theory

ABSTRACTA previous analysis of scaling, bounds, and inequalities for the non-interacting functionals of thermal density functional theory (DFT) is extended to the full interacting functionals. The results are obtained from analysis of the related functionals from the equilibrium statistical mechanics of thermodynamics for an inhomogeneous system. Their extension to the functionals of DFT is described.
Anomalous dimensions in CFT with weakly broken higher spin symmetry

In a conformal field theory with weakly broken higher spin symmetry, the leading order anomalous dimensions of the broken currents can be efficiently determined from the structure of the classical non-conservation equations. We apply this method to the explicit example of O(N) invariant scalar field theories in various dimensions, including the large N critical O(N) model in general d, the Wilson-Fisher fixed point in d = 4 − ϵ, cubic scalar models in d = 6 − ϵ and the nonlinear sigma model in d = 2 + ϵ. Using information from the d = 4 − ϵ and d = 2 + ϵ expansions, we obtain some estimates for the dimensions of the higher spin operators in the critical 3d O(N) models for a few low values of N and spin.
Estimation of drivers of public education expenditure: Baumol’s effect revisited

This paper analyzes drivers of rising per-pupil public education spending, including Baumol’s “cost disease” effect. Empirical analyses using a large dataset of advanced and developing economies show that the contribution of Baumol’s effect was much smaller than implied by theory. Rather, the increase in per-pupil spending reflects rising wage premiums paid for teachers in excess of market wages, especially in developing countries. The strong wage premium effect suggests that institutional characteristics that govern teachers’ wage-setting are key determinants of education expenditure.
Welfare Impacts of Alternative Biofuel and Energy Policies

An open-economy equilibrium model is derived to investigate the effects of energy policy on the U.S. economy, with emphasis on corn-based ethanol. A second best policy of a fuel tax and ethanol subsidy is found to approximate fairly closely the welfare gains associated with the first best policy of an optimal carbon tax and tariffs on traded goods. The largest economic gains to the U.S. economy from these energy policies arise from their impact on U.S. terms of trade, particularly in the oil market. Conditional on the current fuel tax, an optimal ethanol mandate is superior to an optimal ethanol subsidy. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.
π-Clamp-mediated cysteine conjugation

Site-selective functionalization of complex molecules is one of the most significant challenges in chemistry. Typically, protecting groups or catalysts must be used to enable the selective modification of one site among many that are similarly reactive, and general strategies that selectively tune the local chemical environment around a target site are rare. Here, we show a four-amino-acid sequence (Phe-Cys-Pro-Phe), which we call the 'π-clamp', that tunes the reactivity of its cysteine thiol for site-selective conjugation with perfluoroaromatic reagents. We use the π-clamp to selectively modify one cysteine site in proteins containing multiple endogenous cysteine residues. These examples include antibodies and cysteine-based enzymes that would be difficult to modify selectively using standard cysteine-based methods. Antibodies modified using the π-clamp retained binding affinity to their targets, enabling the synthesis of site-specific antibody-drug conjugates for selective killing of HER2-positive breast cancer cells. The π-clamp is an unexpected approach to mediate site-selective chemistry and provides new avenues to modify biomolecules for research and therapeutics.
The Harmonogram of Karol Adamiecki

The article discusses the harmonogram, a form of graphical analysis used by management pioneer Karol Adamiecki in developing a theory of work harmonization in Poland. His harmonograms were various ...
Findings from a mixed-methods study of an interprofessional faculty development program

Forty faculty members from eight schools participated in a year-long National Faculty Development Program (NFDP) conducted in 2012-2013, aimed at developing faculty knowledge and skills for interprofessional education (IPE). The NFDP included two live conferences. Between conferences, faculty teams implemented self-selected IPE projects at their home institutions and participated in coaching and peer-support conference calls. This paper describes program outcomes. A mixed methods approach was adopted. Data were gathered through online surveys and semi-structured interviews. The study explored whether faculty were satisfied with the program, believed the program was effective in developing knowledge and skills in designing, implementing, and evaluating IPE, and planned to continue newly-implemented IPE and faculty development (FD). Peer support and networking were two of the greatest perceived benefits. Further, this multi-institutional program appears to have facilitated early organizational change by bringing greater contextual understanding to assumptions made at the local level that in turn could influence hidden curricula and networking. These findings may guide program planning for future FD to support IPE.
Intracavity characterization of micro-comb generation in the single-soliton regime

Soliton formation in on-chip micro-comb generation balances cavity dispersion and nonlinearity and allows coherent, low-noise comb operation. We study the intracavity waveform of an on-chip microcavity soliton in a silicon nitride microresonator configured with a drop port. Whereas combs measured at the through port are accompanied by a very strong pump line which accounts for >99% of the output power, our experiments reveal that inside the microcavity, most of the power is in the soliton. Time-domain measurements performed at the drop port provide information that directly reflects the intracavity field. Data confirm a train of bright, close to bandwidth-limited pulses, accompanied by a weak continuous wave (CW) background with a small phase shift relative to the comb.
Waveguide-loaded silica fibers for coupling to high-index micro-resonators

Tapered silica fibers are often used to rapidly probe the optical properties of micro-resonators. However, their low refractive index precludes phase-matching when coupling to high-index micro-resonators, reducing efficiency. Here, we demonstrate efficient optical coupling from tapered fibers to high-index micro-resonators by loading the fibers with an ancillary adiabatic waveguide-coupler fabricated via angled-etching. We demonstrate greatly enhanced coupling to a silicon multimode micro-resonator when compared to coupling via the bare fiber only. Signatures of resonator optical bistability are observed at high powers. This scheme can be applied to resonators of any size and material, increasing the functional scope of fiber coupling.
Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequently encountered arrhythmia. Prevalence increases with advancing age and so as its associated comorbidities, like heart failure. Choice of pharmacologic therapy depends on whether the goal of treatment is maintaining sinus rhythm or tolerating AF with adequate control of ventricular rates. Antiarrhythmic therapy and conversion of AF into sinus rhythm comes with the side effect profile, and we should select best antiarrhythmic therapy, individualized to the patient. New antiarrhythmic drugs are being tested in clinical trials. Drugs that target remodeling and inflammation are being tested for their use as prevention of AF or as upstream therapy.
A Comparison of Primary Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy to Consolidation Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in Optimally Resected Advanced Ovarian Cancer

Abstract Objective To compare survival outcomes for patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) who received primary intravenous/intraperitoneal (IV/IP) chemotherapy to those who received IV followed by consolidation (treatment given to patients in remission) IP chemotherapy. Methods Data were analyzed and compared for all patients with stage III–IV EOC who underwent optimal primary cytoreduction (residual disease ≤1cm) followed by cisplatin-based consolidation IP chemotherapy (1/2001–12/2005) or primary IV/IP chemotherapy (1/2005–7/2011). Results We identified 224 patients; 62 (28%) received IV followed by consolidation IP chemotherapy and 162 (72%) received primary IV/IP chemotherapy. The primary IP group had significantly more patients with serous tumors. The consolidation IP group had a significantly greater median preoperative platelet count, CA-125, and amount of ascites. There were no differences in residual disease at the end of cytoreduction between both groups. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was greater for the primary IP group; however, this did not reach statistical significance (23.7months vs 19.7months; HR 0.78; 95% CI, 0.57–1.06; p=0.11). The median overall survival (OS) was significantly greater for the primary IP group (78.8months vs 57.5months; HR 0.56; 95% CI, 0.38–0.83; p=0.004). On multivariate analysis, after adjusting for confounders, the difference in PFS was not significant (HR 0.78; 95% CI, 0.56–1.11; p=0.17), while the difference in OS remained significant (HR 0.59; 95% CI, 0.39–0.89; p=0.01). Conclusions In our study, primary IV/IP chemotherapy was associated with improved OS compared to IV followed by consolidation IP chemotherapy in patients with optimally cytoreduced advanced EOC.
Subcellular Transplantation Antigen Derived from Dog Spleen Cells Cultivated in vitro.

Summary1. Millipore filtered tissue culture medium in which dog spleen cells have been cultivated in vitro was found to contain subcellular material with transplantation antigenic activity which could be concentrated by ultracentrifugation. Antigenic activity was demonstrated by the accelerated rejection by antigen recipients of a kidney homotransplant from the original spleen donor. 2. The antigenic material did not induce accelerated rejection of kidney homotransplants when injected back into the original spleen donor. 3. The Millipore filtered culture medium containing antigenic activity was apparently non-toxic when infused intravenously into homologous recipients.
p21-Activated kinase (Pak) regulates airway smooth muscle contraction by regulating paxillin complexes that mediate actin polymerization

Key points In airway smooth muscle, tension development caused by a contractile stimulus requires phosphorylation of the 20 kDa myosin light chain (MLC), which activates crossbridge cycling and the polymerization of a pool of submembraneous actin. The p21-activated kinases (Paks) can regulate the contractility of smooth muscle and non-muscle cells, and there is evidence that this occurs through the regulation of MLC phosphorylation. We show that Pak has no effect on MLC phosphorylation during the contraction of airway smooth muscle, and that it regulates contraction by mediating actin polymerization. We find that Pak phosphorylates the adhesion junction protein, paxillin, on Ser273, which promotes the formation of a signalling complex that activates the small GTPase, cdc42, and the actin polymerization catalyst, neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP). These studies demonstrate a novel role for Pak in regulating the contractility of smooth muscle by regulating actin polymerization. Abstract The p21-activated kinases (Pak) can regulate contractility in smooth muscle and other cell and tissue types, but the mechanisms by which Paks regulate cell contractility are unclear. In airway smooth muscle, stimulus-induced contraction requires phosphorylation of the 20 kDa light chain of myosin, which activates crossbridge cycling, as well as the polymerization of a small pool of actin. The role of Pak in airway smooth muscle contraction was evaluated by inhibiting acetylcholine (ACh)-induced Pak activation through the expression of a kinase inactive mutant, Pak1 K299R, or by treating tissues with the Pak inhibitor, IPA3. Pak inhibition suppressed actin polymerization and contraction in response to ACh, but it did not affect myosin light chain phosphorylation. Pak activation induced paxillin phosphorylation on Ser273; the paxillin mutant, paxillin S273A, inhibited paxillin Ser273 phosphorylation and inhibited actin polymerization and contraction. Immunoprecipitation analysis of tissue extracts and proximity ligation assays in dissociated cells showed that Pak activation and paxillin Ser273 phosphorylation triggered the formation of an adhesion junction signalling complex with paxillin that included G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein (GIT1) and the cdc42 guanine exchange factor, βPIX (Pak interactive exchange factor). Assembly of the Pak-GIT1-βPIX-paxillin complex was necessary for cdc42 and neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) activation, actin polymerization and contraction in response to ACh. RhoA activation was also required for the recruitment of Pak to adhesion junctions, Pak activation, paxillin Ser273 phosphorylation and paxillin complex assembly. These studies demonstrate a novel role for Pak in the regulation of N-WASP activation, actin dynamics and cell contractility.
Recent advances in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance techniques to quantify biomolecular dynamics.

The emergence of solid-state NMR (SSNMR) techniques over the last decade has greatly expanded the range of accessible biomolecules amenable to structural study.1-2 These methods were developed and first applied to a variety of microcrystalline model proteins including BPTI,3 SH3,4-5 ubiquitin,6-7 kaliotoxin,8 and GB1.9-11 These studies demonstrated that individual 13C, 15N and 1H sites throughout the entire protein could be uniquely resolved and assigned for purposes of high-resolution structure determination. Whereas traditional solid-state NMR approaches required site-specific isotopic labeling, the new developments enable entire proteins to be examined by resolving signals in multiple dimensions. These capabilities also permit the measurement of dynamic parameters through correlation spectroscopy, which increases the throughput, sensitivity, reliability and reproducibility of such measurements. A major advantage of SSNMR is that a large range of sample conditions and types can be examined, including many that are not accessible to solution NMR methods, such as membrane proteins and fibrils in addition to microcrystals. Recent examples include fibrils of the HET-s prion,12 high molecular weight oligomers of αB crystallin,13 the tetrameric assembly of the M2 peptide with bound amantadine drug in physiologically relevant bilayers,14 the trimeric membrane protein YadA,15 the photoreceptor proteorhodopsin,16 fibrils of the core domain of transthyretin,17 and beta-amyloid plaques derived from the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients.18 Such studies have opened up new avenues for exploration of fundamental biophysics and biochemistry, and yielded insights into clinically relevant events in membranes and aggregated states not accessible to solution NMR or X-ray crystallography. Moreover, SSNMR experiments are applicable over a larger range of temperatures than can be accessed by solution NMR19 and thereby enable a continuum of experimental conditions from physiological temperatures to the cryogenic temperatures at which most crystal structures are solved. Another advantage of NMR methods in general is that they are non-perturbing and do not require covalent modification of the protein. Thus, the dynamic information procured from such experiments has the potential to accurately represent the native protein behavior. This review focuses on developments over the last five years, regarding methods and applications of dynamics studies by solid-state NMR over timescales ranging from nanoseconds to days.
Convergent Synthesis of Diverse Tetrahydropyridines via Rh(I)-Catalyzed C–H Functionalization Sequences

A Rh-catalyzed C–H bond activation/alkenylation/electrocyclization cascade reaction provides diverse 1,2-dihydropyridines from simple and readily available precursors. The reaction can be carried out at low (<1%) Rh-catalyst loadings, and the use of the robust, air-stable Rh precatalyst, [RhCl(cod)]2, enables the cascade reaction to be easily performed on the benchtop. The 1,2-dihydropyridine products serve as extremely versatile synthetic intermediates for further elaboration often without isolation. The addition of electrophiles under kinetic or thermodynamic conditions provides a wide range of iminiums. Subsequent addition of a nucleophile then generates a diverse array of differently substituted piperidine products. Additionally, [3 + 2] and [4 + 2] cycloadditions of the 1,2-dihydropyridine intermediate provides access to bridged bicyclic structures such as tropanes and isoquinuclidines. These concise reaction sequences enable the formation of highly substituted piperidines in synthetically useful yie...
Influence of calcium ions upon energy metabolism of the mammalian heart.

SummaryAt a given initial fiber length the mechanical energy of contraction of the heart is increased under the influence of calcium. This is due not only to an increase in the fraction of the total energy liberated which is converted into useful work but also to an increased total energy liberation. The increase in efficiency occurring with administration of small doses of calcium salts indicates that the effect is a beneficial one, and might be of importance in contributing to the therapeutic effect of calcium in cardiac disease.
ECLS Transport- Putting Pumps on Wheels

The purpose of this abstract is to discuss the process it took for our Transport Team to develop the capability to provide ECLS (Extra Corporeal Life Support) during transport in both our ground ambulances and fixed wing airplane. Texas Children’s Hospital has provided ECLS for children with …
Multiparticle-multihole configuration mixing within the neutron-proton interacting boson model

The method of configuration mixing within the neutron-proton interacting boson model has been expanded to consider the simultaneous mixing of several multiparticle-multihole configurations, obtained by exciting pairs of protons and/or neutrons across major shell gaps. The determination of parameters to be employed for each configuration is discussed, along with methods for choosing the multiparticle-multihole excitation energies. As a test, the method is applied to the nucleus {sup 192}Hg.
Partitioning a Large Simulation as It Runs

As computer simulations continue to grow in size and complexity, they present a particularly challenging class of big data problems. Many application areas are moving toward exascale computing systems, systems that perform 1018 FLOPS (FLoating-point Operations Per Second)—a billion billion calculations per second. Simulations at this scale can generate output that exceeds both the storage capacity and the bandwidth available for transfer to storage, making post-processing and analysis challenging. One approach is to embed some analyses in the simulation while the simulation is running—a strategy often called in situ analysis—to reduce the need for transfer to storage. Another strategy is to save only a reduced set of time steps rather than the full simulation. Typically the selected time steps are evenly spaced, where the spacing can be defined by the budget for storage and transfer. This article combines these two ideas to introduce an online in situ method for identifying a reduced set of time steps of ...
Communication Efficient Distributed Kernel Principal Component Analysis

Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) is a key machine learning algorithm for extracting nonlinear features from data. In the presence of a large volume of high dimensional data collected in a distributed fashion, it becomes very costly to communicate all of this data to a single data center and then perform kernel PCA. Can we perform kernel PCA on the entire dataset in a distributed and communication efficient fashion while maintaining provable and strong guarantees in solution quality? In this paper, we give an affirmative answer to the question by developing a communication efficient algorithm to perform kernel PCA in the distributed setting. The algorithm is a clever combination of subspace embedding and adaptive sampling techniques, and we show that the algorithm can take as input an arbitrary configuration of distributed datasets, and compute a set of global kernel principal components with relative error guarantees independent of the dimension of the feature space or the total number of data points. In particular, computing k principal components with relative error e over s workers has communication cost O(spk/e+sk2/e3) words, where p is the average number of nonzero entries in each data point. Furthermore, we experimented the algorithm with large-scale real world datasets and showed that the algorithm produces a high quality kernel PCA solution while using significantly less communication than alternative approaches.
Preparing Law Students for Information Governance

ABSTRACTInformation governance is a holistic business approach to managing and using information that recognizes information as an asset as well as a potential source of risk. Law librarians and legal information professionals are well situated to take leadership roles in information governance efforts, including instructing law students in information governance principles and practices. This article traces the development of information governance and its importance to the legal profession, offers a primer on information governance principles and implementation, and discusses how academic law librarians and other legal educators can teach information governance to law students using problem-based learning or similar pedagogical methods.
Laboratory investigations into the potential anticaries efficacy of fluoride varnishes.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential anticaries efficacy of fluoride varnishes (FVs) by studying their ability to reharden and deliver fluoride to carious lesions and to release fluoride into saliva. METHODS Enamel carious lesions were created and allocated to 24 groups (11 FVs with two FV incubation times and two control groups) based on Knoop microhardness test values. FVs were applied to lesions, which were incubated in artificial saliva for two or six hours, with saliva being renewed hourly. FV was removed and lesions were remineralized in artificial saliva for 22 hours. Microhardness was measured and enamel fluoride uptake (EFU) was determined. Saliva samples (six-hour groups) were analyzed to determine fluoride release characteristics. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. RESULTS FVs differed considerably in their ability to reharden and deliver fluoride to carious lesions and in their fluoride release characteristics. Little consistency was found between investigated study variables for virtually all tested FVs. For example, a particular FV showed the highest EFU and fluoride release values but the lowest rehardening value. A longer FV contact time led to increased EFU for five of the 11 FVs. Some FVs delivered more fluoride to lesions in two hours than others did in six hours. CONCLUSION Fluoride varnishes differ greatly in their in vitro anticaries efficacy.
Advances toward the Synthesis of Functionalized γ-Lactams

Lactams represent an important group of molecules due to their industrial and medicinal applications.1 Highly functionalized γ-lactams are present in biologically relevant natural products (NPs) wi...
The ‘Troubling Tradeoffs’ Paradox and a Resolution

Ravallion (2012a) argues that the Human Development Index (HDI) embeds questionable tradeoffs between the dimensions used to compute the index. To alleviate these problems he proposes the adoption of one of the indices developed by Chakravarty (2003). In this paper I identify the following paradox: while the Chakravarty indices clearly exhibit more sensible tradeoffs than the HDI, the HDI produces more sensible rankings than the Chakravarty indices. To solve the paradox I identify the axioms behind each methodology responsible for the unintuitive tradeoffs and rankings and illustrate how to develop an index with these questionable axioms removed. This approach can result in methodologies that exhibit more intuitive tradeoffs by design, as it seeks inputs from the public as to what those tradeoffs ought to be, and produces rankings that are more in line with what the HDI wishes to measure: human development and capabilities, as conceptualized by Sen (1985).