cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Library Usage, Instruction, and Student Success across Disciplines: A Multilevel Model Approach.

To better understand the library’s role in student success, this research used student survey data to explore students’ reported library building use, library resource use, library instruction, as well as student perceptions of the library’s role in their success, and how these factors may vary by academic discipline. Cumulative GPAs were also matched with respondents. Quantifying the relationship between library usage and student success is one of the six areas recommended for further research by ACRL. This study focuses on the variation and the uncertainty of the measurement of this relationship across disciplines, using Bayesian multilevel regression methods. Levels of library resource usage and percentages of respondents believing the library contributes very much to the respondents’ academic success vary quite a bit by discipline. In this study, cumulative GPA is higher on average for students who use library resources more frequently, but not for students who receive library instruction. Although, for undergraduates, higher frequency of building usage predicted higher probability of believing the library contributes very much to academic success, it did not predict higher GPA.
In vitro model of perimenopausal depression implicates steroid metabolic and proinflammatory genes.

The estimated 20–30% of women who develop perimenopausal depression (PMD) are at an increased risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. The therapeutic benefits of estradiol (E2) and symptom-provoking effects of E2-withdrawal (E2-WD) suggest that a greater sensitivity to changes in E2 at the cellular level contribute to PMD. We developed an in vitro model of PMD with lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from participants of a prior E2-WD clinical study. LCLs from women with past PMD (n = 8) or control women (n = 9) were cultured in three experimental conditions: at vehicle baseline, during E2 treatment, and following E2-WD. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant differences in transcript expression in PMD in all experimental conditions, and significant overlap in genes that were changed in PMD regardless of experimental condition. Of these, chemokine CXCL10, previously linked to cardiovascular disease, was upregulated in women with PMD, but most so after E2-WD (p < 1.55 × 10−5). CYP7B1, an enzyme intrinsic to DHEA metabolism, was upregulated in PMD across experimental conditions (F(1,45) = 19.93, p < 0.0001). These transcripts were further validated via qRT-PCR. Gene networks dysregulated in PMD included inflammatory response, early/late E2-response, and cholesterol homeostasis. Our results provide evidence that differential behavioral responsivity to E2-WD in PMD reflects intrinsic differences in cellular gene expression. Genes such as CXCL10, CYP7B1, and corresponding proinflammatory and steroid biosynthetic gene networks, may represent biomarkers and molecular targets for intervention in PMD. Finally, this in vitro model allows for future investigations into the mechanisms of genes and gene networks involved in the vulnerability to, and consequences of, PMD.
Thermal Characteristics of Flexible Heat Spreaders in High Power Fanless Notebooks

Notebook computers that are thinner, lighter, quieter and faster are gaining popularity in the recent past. The need for higher computing power and reduction of feature size in notebooks makes the thermal management challenging using quieter fanless methods. This work focusses on addressing the same through the use of ultra-thin high conductivity flexible heat spreaders that enable the dissipation of heat from base to the lid of notebook. Experiments were carried out with a complete system consisting of microprocessor soldered to a motherboard built within a metallic chassis. Various thermal management factors such as spreader thickness, spreader area etc. for various powers and its effect on junction temperature and notebook surface temperature were studied. Results indicate that, using the notebook lid as an effective heat dissipation surface through flexible heat spreader can result in power improvement up to 33%, junction temperature reduction by 10°C and outer skin temperature by 4°C. The presented findings would enable design engineers to incorporate higher performing passive thermal management techniques in such notebook computers.
Intracranial pressure monitoring for malignant stroke: It is too soon to call it off.

Malignant cerebral infarction (MCI) is a large middle cerebral artery infarction. MCI frequently results in increased intracranial pressure (ICP) because of its extent of the infarction. MCI management focuses on lowering ICP, but monitoring ICP has not been a standard of care. Studies have found insignificant clinical value in monitoring ICP because of doubtful correlations between ICP values and clinical findings. However, this conclusion is largely based on unilateral ICP measurements. Bilateral ICP measurements and differentials accompanying clinical findings are needed to draw a concrete conclusion on the usage of ICP monitoring in MCI management.
Mechanisms by Which SARS-CoV-2 May Impact Male Fertility

The COVID-19 pandemic is unlike anything we have experienced in over a century. In the USA, waves of COVID-19 have migrated from the Northeast to the Sun Belt to the Midwest over the past year. Compared with females, males are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, have more severe COVID-19 disease, and have higher death rates. In many countries, men are consistently more likely to die by a factor of almost 2. This article describes some of the mechanisms by which COVID-19 may be associated with male infertility, as discussed by Dutta and Sengupta.
Putative Remains of an Enigmatic Cretaceous Bony Fish, Palaeonotopterus greenwoodi (Teleostei: Osteoglossomorpha), from Alabama, U.S.A.

Palaeonotopterus greenwoodi Forey is an enigmatic Cretaceous bony fish (Teleostei: Osteoglossomorpha) currently known only from Albian–Cenomanian deposits of Morocco. Here, we describe nine fossil tooth plate specimens from the Eutaw Formation and Mooreville Chalk Formation from Alabama, U.S.A., tentatively assigned to P. greenwoodi. If they indeed belong to the taxon, these specimens not only represent the geologically youngest material ranging from late Santonian to early Campanian in age, but also constitute the first record of the species outside of Morocco.
AL amyloidosis: The effect of fluorescent in situ hybridization abnormalities on organ involvement and survival.

Background Systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a clonal plasma-cell neoplasm that carries a poor prognosis. Although AL amyloidosis and Multiple Myeloma (MM) can co-exist and share various cytogenetic chromosomal abnormalities, little is known about Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and its prognostic relevance in AL amyloidosis. Aim The study aims to evaluate the most prevalent FISH cytogenetic abnormalities in AL patients as independent prognostic factors, and assess the impact of cytogenetics on the survival of high-risk cardiac AL patients. Materials & methods This retrospective study reviewed 113 consecutive AL patients treated at The Ohio State University (OSU). Patients were divided into subgroups based on FISH data obtained within 90 days of diagnosis. Hyperdiploidy was defined as trisomies of at least 2 chromosomal loci. Primary endpoints were progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Kaplan Meier curves were used to calculate PFS and OS. The log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard models were used to test the equality of survival functions and further evaluate the differences between groups. Results FISH abnormalities were detected in 76% of patients. Patients with abnormal FISH trended toward lower overall survival (OS) (p=0.06) and progression free survival (PFS) (p=0.06). The two most prevalent aberrations were translocation t(11;14) (39%) and hyperdiploidy-overall (38%). Hyperdiploidy-overall was associated with worsening PFS (p=0.018) and OS (p=0.03), confirmed in multivariable analysis. Patients with del 13q most frequently had cardiac involvement (p=0.006) and was associated with increased bone marrow plasmacytosis (p=0.02). Cardiac AL patients with no FISH abnormalities had much improved OS (p=0.012) and PFS (p=0.018) CONCLUSIONS: Our findings ultimately reveal the association of hyperdiploidy on survival in AL amyloidosis patients, including the high-risk cardiac AL population.
Expanding Representation of Low and Middle Income Countries in Global Dementia Research: Commentary From the Alzheimer's Association

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and all other dementia represent a global challenge, with an estimated 50 million individuals in the world living with dementia today. In low and middle income countries (LMICs), the burden of disease often is greater, and some of these countries are projected to have some of the largest increases in dementia prevalence during the next few decades. As the world's largest voluntary health organization dedicated to AD and all other dementia, the Alzheimer's Association is committed to its vision of a world without dementia and recognizes the needs, challenges, and opportunities for dementia research in all parts of the world, and especially in LMICs. Currently, the Association is devoting more than $215 million in funding to nearly 600 best-of-field projects in 31 countries, including a significant number of projects that advance and support LMIC-specific research. The innovative work in LMICs is focused on addressing unmet needs or challenges associated with the many unique cultural, demographic, and economic characteristics of these countries. The Association also is expanding leading global forums such as the Alzheimer's Association International Conference (AAIC). In an effort to create new learning and participation opportunities, the Association also has been partnering with other international organizations and collaborating with local leadership to provide AAIC Satellite Symposia (AAIC SS) in LMIC regions around the world. In 2021 and beyond, the Association is committed to continuing these LMIC-focused initiatives, identifying gaps in LMIC research and resources, and enhancing collaboration and communication among researchers in these regions.
91. Association of Pilonidal Disease with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Adolescent Females

Background Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and Pilonidal Disease (PD) have been associated with a number of dermatologic conditions such as hirsutism, acne, seborrheic dermatitis, androgenetic alopecia, psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa. These conditions share similar risk factors including obesity, elevated androgens and metabolic syndrome. There is scant evidence about association between PCOS and PD. Prevalence of PD in adolescents is 0.7% and of PCOS is 8 to 13%. Pilonidal disease and PCOS are associated with significant morbidity and decreased quality of life, thus early diagnosis and treatment are important. We sought to determine whether pilonidal disease is associated with PCOS and whether severity of PD is greater in patients with concurrent PCOS and whether treatment of PCOS reduces pilonidal disease severity. Methods This was a retrospective chart review approved by the Institutional Review Board. Inclusion criteria was all girls aged 12 to 21 receiving a diagnosis of PCOS or PD from 2012-2019 at a tertiary medical center. Variables analyzed included age, race/ethnicity, BMI, menarche, tobacco use, payer status, treatment of PCOS and PD, serum markers of hyperandrogenism and metabolic syndrome. Data was analyzed with Student's t-test, chi-squared test, and multiple logistic regression Results In total, 100, 043 patients presented to an urban tertiary medical center with 769 patients diagnosed with PD of which 209 patients were diagnosed with both PD and PCOS. Patients with both diagnoses were more likely to have a higher BMI (31.4 v. 27.4, p Conclusions There is a higher prevalence of PCOS among adolescent girls diagnosed with PD. PCOS treatment appears to confer a protective effect in reducing risk of intervention for PD. Increased awareness of the association between PCOS and PD among providers taking care of female adolescents with PD should result in lower threshold for screening for PCOS and/or referral to adolescent gynecology for further evaluation. If future studies involving diverse population show replicability of these findings, formalized practice guidelines aimed at screening for PCOS in girls presenting with PD should be developed. This approach may improve early detection and ultimately treatment of PCOS.
Preventing Machine Learning Poisoning Attacks Using Authentication and Provenance.

Recent research has successfully demonstrated new types of data poisoning attacks. To address this problem, some researchers have proposed both offline and online data poisoning detection defenses which employ machine learning algorithms to identify such attacks. In this work, we take a different approach to preventing data poisoning attacks which relies on cryptographically-based authentication and provenance to ensure the integrity of the data used to train a machine learning model. The same approach is also used to prevent software poisoning and model poisoning attacks. A software poisoning attack maliciously alters one or more software components used to train a model. Once the model has been trained it can also be protected against model poisoning attacks which seek to alter a model's predictions by modifying its underlying parameters or structure. Finally, an evaluation set or test set can also be protected to provide evidence if they have been modified by a second data poisoning attack. To achieve these goals, we propose VAMP which extends the previously proposed AMP system, that was designed to protect media objects such as images, video files or audio clips, to the machine learning setting. We first provide requirements for authentication and provenance for a secure machine learning system. Next, we demonstrate how VAMP's manifest meets these requirements to protect a machine learning system's datasets, software components, and models.
نحو نهج جديد للاقتصاد (Towards a New Paradigm for Economics)

Arabic Abstract: إن النظرية الاقتصادية الحالية مهتمة بثروة وازدهار الأمم أكثر من اهتمامها بالقضاء على الفقر والحرمان أو بكيفية توزيع الثروة. تدعو هذه الورقة إلى إعادة النظر في هذه النظرية بهدف الوصول إلى نهج جديد للاقتصاد يأخذ بالحسبان مشكلة الفقر وتوزيع الثروة English Abstract: Current economic theory is mainly concerned with the factors which affect the wealth of nations. Issues of income distribution and elimination of poverty and deprivation is secondary. The present paper invites discussion on a new paradigm: hunger and homelessness to make the subject of economics really serve the humankind.
Characterizing COVID-19 Content Posted to TikTok: Public Sentiment and Response During the First Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to characterize COVID-19 content posted by users and disseminated via TikTok, a social media platform that has become known largely as an entertainment platform for viral video-sharing. We sought to capture how TikTok videos posted during the initial months of the COVID pandemic changed over time as cases accelerated. Methods This study is an observational analysis of sequential TikTok videos with #coronavirus from January to March 2020. Videos were independently coded to assess content (e.g., health relatedness, humor, fear, empathy), misinformation, and public sentiment. To assess engagement, we also codified how often videos were shared relative to their content. Results We coded 750 videos and approximately one in four videos tagged with #coronavirus featured health-related content such as featuring objects such as face masks, hand sanitizer, and other cleaning products. Most videos evoked “humor/parody,” whereas 15% and 6% evoked “fear” and “empathy”, respectively. TikTok videos posted in March 2020 had the largest number of shares and comments compared with January and February 2020. The proportion of shares and comments for “misleading and incorrect information” featured in videos was lower in March than in January and February 2020. There was no statistical difference between the share and comment counts of videos coded as "incorrect/incomplete" and "correct" over the entire time period. Conclusions Analyzing readily available social media platforms, such as TikTok provides real-time insights into public views, frequency and types of misinformation, and norms toward COVID-19. Analyzing TikTok videos has the potential to be used to inform public health messaging and public health mitigation strategies.
The Social Nature of Cognition in Dance: The Impact of Group Interaction on Dance Education Practices

Current theorizing in the field of cognitive science embraces the concept that cognitive activity is not centered in the brain alone but is dependent on embodiment and the environment in which it i...
Implementing Trauma Informed Suicide Prevention Care in Schools: Responding to Acute Suicide Risk

Suicide is the second leading cause of death of school-aged youth, and youth with histories of trauma are at increased risk of suicidal thoughts and actions. Given the impact of trauma on youth dev...
Another look at “2019 energy benchmarking data for LEED-certified buildings in Washington”

Abstract An article entitled “2019 energy benchmarking data for LEED-certified buildings in Washington, D.C.: Simulation and reality” recently appeared in this journal. The central conclusion of that article was that LEED-certified offices in Washington DC used more site and source energy in 2019 than did similar offices that were not LEED-certified. Here I show that this conclusion is backwards, that the DC municipal benchmarking data show that in 2019 LEED offices used 14% less site energy and 12% less source energy than did other DC offices. My conclusion is supported by 1) a previously-published 2016 study of LEED offices in DC, 2) the identification of significant errors and inconsistencies in the “2019 energy benchmarking …. ” article and 3) my own analysis of the 2019 DC building benchmarking data.
Women of the Northern Plains: Gender and Settlement on the Homestead Frontier, 1870–1930

Review of: "Women of the Northern Plains: Gender and Settlement on the Homestead Frontier, 1870–1930," by Barbara Handy-Marchello.
Effectiveness of multimedia in teaching descriptive geometry

This study demonstrates the instructional value of supplementary media presentations. A total of 187 first-year engineering students were randomly assigned to 11 descriptive geometry classes. Five classes received multimedia instruction, including televised and 35mm slide programs, in addition to the classroom lectures. The remaining students received no media instruction but completed the same assignments and tests. Data compared each study group in relation to (a) competency in the subject, (b) achievement, (c) visualization of spatial relationships, and (d) attitude toward the subject.
The Great Caliphs: The Golden Age of the Abbasid Empire – By Amira K. Bennison

This book is remarkable for its accessibility. In five thematically arranged, well‐argued, and sufficiently documented chapters, the author traces the development of Islam until the end of the Abba...
Biology of Adeno-associated Virus

Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) is classified as a member of the family Parvoviridae (Siegl et al. 1985; Berns 1990a). Members are small, nonenveloped, icosahedral viruses (diameter ca. 20–26 nm) with linear, single-stranded DNA genomes of 4.7–6 kb. Parvoviridae have been isolated from many species ranging from insects to humans. AAV is assigned to the genus Dependovirus, so named because the virus was discovered as a contaminant in purified adenovirus (Ad) stocks and in most instances does not productively infect cells in culture unless there is a coinfection by an unrelated helper virus, which is most commonly Ad, but also can be any type of herpesvirus (Atchinson et al. 1965; Hoggan et al. 1966; Buller et al. 1981). Various serotypes have been isolated from birds and many mammalian species, including humans. About 90% of U.S. adults are seropositive, but in no case has the virus been implicated as the etiological agent for a human disease or as the cause of disease in any other species. Because of the requirement for a helper coinfection for productive infection in cell culture, AAV was long considered to be a defective virus. Detailed studies described below have demonstrated that the virus is not defective, but rather preferentially establishes a latent infection in a healthy cell and is only induced to undergo productive vegetative multiplication when the host cell is stressed.
Characterizing Teaching in Introductory Geology Courses: Measuring Classroom Practices.

ABSTRACT Most research about reformed teaching practices in the college science classroom is based on instructor self-report. This research describes what is happening in some introductory geology courses at multiple institutions across the country using external observers. These observations are quantified using the Reformed Teaching Observation Protocol (RTOP). A scoring rubric created to support consistent application of the 25 items on the RTOP yields very high inter-rater agreement over multiple observations throughout a 3 y period. Using the adapted RTOP instrument, 66 separate observations of introductory physical geology classrooms at 11 different institutions (four associate's colleges, three baccalaureate colleges, a master's university, and three research universities) were collected, and those observations indicate three categories of instruction: (1) teacher-centered, traditional lecture-dominated classrooms (RTOP < 30) with little student talk and minimal student activity beyond listening an...
Longitudinal missing data strategies for substance use clinical trials using generalized estimating equations: an example with a buprenorphine trial.

Objective A review of substance use clinical trials indicates that sub-optimal methods are the most commonly used procedures to deal with longitudinal missing information. Methods Listwise deletion (i.e., using complete cases only), positive urine analysis (UA) imputation, and multiple imputation (MI) were used to evaluate the effect of baseline substance use and buprenorphine/naloxone tapering schedule (7 or 28 days) on the probability of a positive UA (UA+) across the 4-week treatment period. Results The listwise deletion generalized estimating equations (GEE) model demonstrated that those in the 28-day taper group were less likely to submit a UA+ for opioids during the treatment period (odds ratios (OR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.39–0.83), as did the positive UA imputation model (OR = 0.43, CI: 0.34–0.55). The MI model also demonstrated a similar effect of taper group (OR = 0.57, CI: 0.42–0.77), but the effect size was more similar to that of the listwise deletion model. Conclusions Future researchers may find utilization of the MI procedure in conjunction with the common method of GEE analysis as a helpful analytic approach when the missing at random assumption is justifiable. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Spillover Effect of Fraud Allegations against Chinese Reverse Mergers

This paper examines the spillover effect of the news about fraud allegedly committed by Chinese reverse merger companies (CRMs). These CRMs recently became public through reverse mergers with U.S. shell companies rather than through traditional IPOs. A number of these CRMs had allegations brought against them for fraudulent reporting or activities. Once the regulators and the public became alarmed by the frequency of alleged-fraud revelations, the stock prices of the offending as well as other companies were hammered. In particular, other CRMs and U.S.-listed Chinese IPOs experienced strong negative spillover effects. The intensity of the effect differed according to short selling activities, suggesting that short sellers played an important role in the spillover effect. Since non-Chinese (U.S. and other foreign) RMs have escaped the wrath of investors, the stock market reaction appears to be based on the country of origin rather than the method of going public.
â€œDeep Interdisciplinarityâ€ as Pedagogy: Teaching at the Intersections of Urban Communication and Public Place and Spaceâ€

While past interdisciplinary scholarship has proven useful in the development of pedagogy as an epistemological, ontological, and axiological endeavor, we contend Penny’s (2009) “deep interdisciplinarity” moves such development in important critically-reflective directions. In co-teaching a class on urban public place/space, we embraced an urban communication focus to explore the classroom and in the city in which we taught. This unique collaborative teaching experience allowed our focus on urban communication to be utilized in a way that translated disciplinary silos of understanding into learning environments situated on the “bridges” between them. We conclude that urban communication can potentially serve as a frame capable of inspiring various versions of deep interdisciplinarity across infinite partnerships found in teaching and learning environments. Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:200%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
Losing the labels: psychiatry's scientific revolution

A year on from the launch of the much criticised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders launch , psychiatry is going back to the drawing board
Effects of sucrose-substitution initiation on patterns of drinking by Lewis rats during continuous alcohol access.

Abstract Initiation of alcohol drinking using the sucrose-substitution procedure was studied in inbred Lewis rats. One group of animals was initiated to self-administer alcohol prior to being placed in the continuous-access condition, whereas the second group of animals did not undergo initiation. During the continuous-access period, the animals were housed in operant chambers where they had continuous access to alcohol (10% v/v), food, and water during daily 23-h experimental sessions. After 5 weeks of baseline conditions, the response requirement for food was increased over weeks. This was followed by weekly increases in the ethanol response requirement with the food response requirement returned to baseline conditions. In the continuous-access condition, both groups consumed similar amounts of alcohol by the end of the 4-week baseline period and showed similar numbers of dippers presented per alcohol bout and number of alcohol bouts per day. During the food response requirement manipulation, alcohol consumption increased for both groups but intake increased significantly more for the noninitiated group. The difference between groups was accounted for by a larger number of alcohol drinking bouts per day for the noninitiated group. The difference between groups was accounted for by a larger number of alcohol drinking bouts per day for the noninitiated group. Alcohol consumption decreased at each increase in ethanol reinforcement response requirement for both groups. Alcohol-reinforced responding per session increased for the noninitiated animals but remained unchanged for the initiated group during this condition. Responding increased substiantially for both groups when the alcohol reinforcement response requirement was returned to baseline conditions. These results suggest that alcohol may serve more as a food source for noninitiated animals during the food reinforcement manipulation and that initiation may result in more resistance to change during the alcohol reinforcement manipulation. These data show that the type of initial exposure to alcohol can impact future drinking patterns.
High-Tech Growth and Telecommunications Infrastructure in Cities

Although core physical infrastructure, such as transportation, is associated with the economic vitality of regions, the relationship between telecommunications infrastructure and high-tech economic...
Motility of spermatozoa and control of bacteria in bovine semen diluents containing penicillin and neomycin or epicillin

Abstract In search for a suitable replacement for streptomycin, we determined effects of neomycin and epicillin upon sperm motility and control of bacteria in diluted bovine semen. Sperm livability at 5 C did not differ significantly for penicillin (units) and neomycin (micrograms) combinations of 0, 500, 1,000, and 1,500 of each per milliliter of skim-milk diluent. Each penicillin-neomycin combination effectively controlled bacterial growth during a 16-day storage. Epicillin alone at 0, 75, 150, 300, 600, and 1,200 micrograms per milliliter of skimmilk diluent did not significantly affect sperm motility; however, none efficiently retarded bacterial growth. A combination of penicillin and neomycin seems a satisfactory substitute for penicillin and streptomycin for controlling bacterial growth in diluted bull semen without impairing sperm livability.
Stages of development: The stage IV error*

Two experiments evaluated various explanations of the AB error—the error made at eight or nine months, when the infant will search a pervious hiding place, A, for an object which has been hidden at a new place, B—by testing what sorts of manipulations, if imposed after the hidings at A, would allow the infant to find the object at B. The results support Piaget, 1952 , Piaget, 1954 intercoordination of schemes explanation; discount Gratch's (1975) place, Harris's (1973) proactive interference, and Moore's (1975) object identity explanations of the error; and present a new kind of evidence for the existence of shapes in infancy.
Application of Some Correlation Coefficient Techniques to Time-Series Analysis

Application of the sliding correlation technique has permitted detailed stratigraphic correlation over entire basins. The main values of the technique are to (1) demonstrate correlation statistically, (2) extend the range of visual correlation, and (3) establish precise correlation where correlation is known to exist but is difficult to establish visually. The technique is especially valuable in aiding correlation of stratigraphic sequences such as varves and turbidites, which are characterized by monotonous repetition of two or more lithologic components. The moving correlation technique is a valuable aid in examining variations in degree of correlation between correlative sections, and in analysis of component associations within a single stratigraphic sequence.
GHRS Observations of Cool Low-Gravity Stars. III. Plasma Flows and Turbulence in the Outer Atmosphere of α Orionis (M2 Iab)

We present the results of a Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) study of flow and turbulent velocities in the outer atmosphere of the M2 Iab supergiant α Ori. Ions with observed chromospheric emission features include C I, C II, Si I, Si II, O I, Co II, Al II, Mg II, Cr II, Fe I, and Fe II, while the photospheric absorption spectrum is dominated by Fe I. The widths of optically thin lines of C II], Si II], Co II, and Fe II indicate an average chromospheric turbulent velocity (Doppler FWHM) in the range of 31-35 km s-1, which is substantially above the expected chromospheric sound velocity. The shape of the C II] profiles indicates that this turbulence is probably anisotropically distributed, with velocities preferentially directed along and/or perpendicular to the radial direction. The radial velocity of near-UV Fe I photospheric absorption lines averaged 18 km s-1, somewhat smaller than the systemic RV of α Ori itself (21 km s-1) and significantly smaller than the RV of the optical Fe I lines (23 km s-1) at the time of the HST observations. The various components of the chromospheric emission lines had radial velocities in the range 7-36 km s-1. The emission wings for most of the ionic species averaged ~20 km s-1, i.e., they were nominally at rest with regard to the star. The central absorption features in these lines, however, showed lower velocities, averaging ~16 km s-1. The radial velocity of the central reversals in the stronger lines was also found to be correlated with the opacity of the lines, changing from ~20 km s-1 for the lower opacity lines to ~14 km s-1 for the higher opacity lines. This implies that we are directly viewing the acceleration of the stellar wind in the chromosphere from rest to about 7 km s-1. Contrary to the results reported earlier by Carpenter (1984) on the basis of IUE data, there is no indication of a deceleration of the wind at large distances from the star.
Seafloor spreading on the Southeast Indian Ridge over the last one million years: a test of the Capricorn plate hypothesis

Abstract Plate motions in the Indian Ocean are inconsistent with a rigid Indo-Australian plate. An equatorial, diffuse boundary dividing the plate into separate Indian and Australian plates significantly improves the fit of kinematic plate models to the spreading rates, transform azimuths, and earthquake slip vectors on the spreading center boundaries. An additional boundary, further dividing the Australian plate into Australian and Capricorn plates has been proposed to account for much of the remaining inconsistency and the pattern of intraplate earthquakes [J.-Y. Royer, R.G. Gordon, Science 277 (1997) 1268–1274]. The proposed boundary is ∼2000 km wide where it intersects the Southeast Indian Ridge. Several recent geophysical cruises to the Southeast Indian Ridge, including a cruise within the proposed boundary, provide many new data for investigating the validity of the Capricorn plate model. These new observations strongly support the hypothesis that the Capricorn plate exists. Statistical tests of the data from the Southeast Indian Ridge alone are not sufficient to confirm it, but motion about the Rodriguez Triple Junction (RTJ) suggests some non-rigidity in the Antarctica–Australia–Somalia circuit. Inferred deformation with enforced closure about the RTJ leads to an estimate of plate motion consistent with the Capricorn plate model. However, the diffuse Capricorn–Australia boundary does not extend south of the St. Paul Fracture Zone, 800 km narrower than the previously proposed boundary.
Magnetic properties of ZrZn2 under pressure

Abstract The high field magnetization of a sample of ZrZn 1.9 was measured at pressures up to 20 kbar. Between 0 and 14 kbar the Curie temperature T 0 drops linearly from 27.6 to 9.1°K; it then curves downward and crosses the T 0 = 0 axist at critical pressure p c of 18 kbar. The spontaneous zero temperature magnetization M 0 scales with T 0 . In the ferromagnetic region M ( H , T ) is at all pressures consistent with the Stoner-Wohlfarth theory. This theory, however, does not explain the initial linear dependence of T 0 on p . The paramagnetic Curie-Weiss constant is nearly the same above and below p c .
The Impact of Temperature on Major League Baseball

AbstractMajor League Baseball is played from the beginning of April through the end of October each year, encompassing three of the four meteorological seasons: spring, summer, and fall. The 30 teams play in cities across the United States and Canada in many types of weather. This work studies the impact of temperature on a Major League Baseball game by examining the association between temperature and several Major League Baseball game statistics, including runs scored, batting average, slugging percentage, on-base percentage, home runs, walks, strikeouts, hit-batsmen, stolen bases, and errors. Data from 22 215 games, spanning the 2000–11 regular seasons, were studied. Temperature was categorized as “cold,” “average,” and “warm.” Analyses were performed on the following populations: all Major League Baseball games, games played in the National League, games played in the American League, and games played in 23 different stadiums that are currently being used by Major League Baseball teams. Home and away ...
Adopting mobile internet: a demographic and usage perspective

Based on an online survey of American consumers, the author found that mobile internet adopters tended to be younger, non-Caucasian, lower income, single male with higher career mobility. Surprisingly, contrary to fixed internet adoption, education played no significant role in predicting mobile internet adoption. Heavy mobile phone users were more likely to adopt mobile internet. On the opposite, heavy fixed internet users were less likely to adopt mobile internet. Interestingly, the demographics and usage patterns of consumers who perceived higher importance of having mobile internet capabilities did not match those of who indicated higher likelihood of adopting mobile internet.
A new class of chiroptical molecular switches based on the redox-induced conformational changes.

A series of optically active bis(catecholketal)s 1−3 were prepared, and their chiroptical properties were investigated experimentally and theoretically, demonstrating that they undergo conformational changes upon 1-e- oxidation and can be used as redox-responsive chiroptical molecular switches.
A Framework for Robust Literacy Instruction for English Learners

This column from the English Learners department outlines a framework for robust literacy instruction for English learners—instruction that addresses the cognitive challenges of acquiring literacy, accounts for English learners' special language needs and abilities, and includes their unique cultural experiences. The framework consists of four complementary elements: explicit code and comprehension instruction, language-rich instruction, socioculturally informed instruction, and additive literacy instruction. Drawing on key research findings and successful classroom interventions, the author provides a brief rationale for each of these elements.
Lesions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis block sensitization of the acoustic startle reflex produced by repeated stress, but not fear-potentiated startle

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of lesions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) on the acquisition of conditioned fear were examined. In Experiment 1, BST lesions did not block acquisition of fear-potentiated startle to an explicit visual conditioned stimulus (CS) over 20 days of training. However, BST lesions blocked a gradual elevation in baseline startle also seen over the course of training. 2. 2. The gradual increase in baseline startle was replicated in Experiment 2 without the presence of an explicit CS, using unoperated subjects. Experiment 2 showed that the elevation was due to repetitive exposure to shock, because unshocked control subjects did not show any elevation over sessions. 3. 3. In Experiment 3, lesions of the BST did not disrupt rapid sensitization of the startle reflex by footshock, showing that different neural substrates underlie sensitization of startle by acute and chronic exposure to footshock. 4. 4. These data indicate that the BST, despite its anatomical continuity with the amygdala, is not critically involved in the acquisition of conditioned fear to an explicit CS. Nevertheless, the BST is involved in mediating a stress-induced elevation in the startle reflex. This suggests that the BST and the CeA, which constitute part of the “extended amygdala” have complementary roles in responses to stress.
Detection of 98% of DMD/BMD gene deletions by polymerase chain reaction

We describe oligonucleotide primer sequences that can be used to amplify eight exons plus the muscle promoter of the dystrophin gene in a single multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). When used in conjunction with an existing primer set, these two multiplex reactions detect about 98% of deletions in patients with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD, BMD). Furthermore, these primers amplify most of the exons in the deletion prone “hot spot” region around exons 44 to 53, allowing determination of deletion endpoints and prediction of mutational effects on the translational reading frame. Thus, use of these PCR-based assays will allow deletion detection and prenatal diagnosis for most DMD/BMD patients in a fraction of the time required for Southern blot analysis.
Multivariate Data Analyses for Classifying Allosteric Inhibition in Human Eg5 Kinesin

Like other motor proteins, the human Eg5 kinesin couples ATP hydrolysis to large conformational changes distal from the nucleotide site, thereby driving movement along microtubules. The Eg5 motor domain uniquely possesses an allosteric L5 loop, responsible for sensitivity to small-molecule inhibitors. Prior studies support a common kinetic mode of inhibition by monastrol, S-trityl-L-cysteine, and ispinesib. However, missing is the role of individual residues within the L5 loop in allosteric communication and why there are differing efficacies in drug inhibition. Here we demonstrate an integrated approach to build, test, and refine a model of how the L5 loop alters the conformation of the motor domain in solution. Over 30 perturbations of the L5 loop, either by sequence variation or drug binding, were analyzed using kinetic data, vibrational spectroscopy, and multivariate analysis. Principal component analysis organized mutant kinesins into two populations of Eg5 conformers, distinguished by changes mainly in 310 helices and unordered regions. The presence of inhibitors also resulted in coincident, steady-state structural changes in this kinesin. We surmise that the above conformational changes are localized to the L5 loop. Unexpectedly, conformational changes were not restricted to the drug-binding pocket alone: we have directly measured long-distance changes to the beta-sheet core of the kinesin protein, a requirement for allostery that is quantifiable in this analysis. Such tools can ultimately permit prediction of pleiotropic changes in structure and consequently protein function and drug efficacy.
Mechanism of enzymic hydrolysis I. Role of the acidic group in the estetratic site of acetylcholinesterase

Measurements of the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by prostigmine as a function of pH under non-competitive conditions reveal that the basic group in the esteratic site of the enzyme is essential for the formation of the enzyme substrate complex but tha] the acid group is not significantly involved. The acid group is essential in the hydrolytic process which follows the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex. These conclusions are in accordance with a previously developed mechanism of enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis. The measured dissociation constant of the acid group is that of the enzyme substrate complex and not that of the free enzyme.
Prolactin Signals Through RUSH/SMARCA3 in the Absence of a Physical Association with Stat5a

Jak/Stat-mediated prolactin signal transduction culminates in the sequence-selective binding of Stat5a. However, in the absence of Stat-binding sites, a RUSH-binding element mediates the prolactin signal in the rabbit uteroglobin promoter. Speculation about the existence of a Jak/RUSH pathway prompted this series of experiments to examine potential interactions between RUSH and Stat5a. Profiles of Jak/Stat pathway-specific genes by RT-PCR showed that mRNA for Jak2 and Stat5a is expressed in the endometrium of estrous, progesterone-treated, and 5-day pseudopregnant rabbits. Interspecies microarrays showed that transcripts for Stat5a were present at equal concentrations in the endometrium regardless of hormone treatment. The absence of a physical interaction between RUSH and individual Stat proteins bound to enhancer sites was demonstrated with transcription factor interaction arrays. These studies confirm that transmission of the prolactin signal through RUSH occurs in the absence of a physical association with Stat5a. Although a strong physical interaction between RUSH and Egr-1 was identified with the same arrays, no Egr-1 consensus sites were found in the region of the uteroglobin promoter (-175/-80) that contains the authentic RUSH site. Because the major transducer molecules (Jak2, Stat5a) are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation, Western analysis of immunoprecipitated samples, and gel shift assays were used to show that tyrosine phosphorylation is required for RUSH-DNA binding. The precise role for Jak2 in this process remains undefined. By comparison, serine-threonine-specific protein phosphorylation had no effect on RUSH-DNA binding.
Renal involvement in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis: ultrasound findings.

Abstract Objective The purpose of our study was to retrospectively evaluate the ultrasound findings of renal involvement in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis. Methods 15 patients with autoimmune pancreatitis (15 male, 0 female, mean age 66 years old, range 44–85) who had renal involvement documented on CT or MR and had abdominal ultrasound within 1 month were included. Ultrasound images were retrospectively reviewed for presence or absence of renal involvement. Shape and echogenicity of the renal lesions were recorded. Results In 8 out of 15 patients, at least one renal lesion was identified on ultrasound with a total of 9 kidneys. In 7 kidneys, lesions appeared as ill-defined, non-mass like areas of decreased echogenicity. Three lesions showed associated irregular lobular thickening of the renal parenchyma with bulging contour and 1 showed focal area of parenchymal loss. In 2 kidneys, the lesions were seen as solitary or multiple hypoechoic mass-like areas. Ill-defined, non-mass like lesions on ultrasound corresponded to well-circumscribed wedge-shaped lesions in all but one case on CT or MR. Mass-like lesions on ultrasound corresponded to well-circumscribed round lesions on CT or MR. Conclusion Most common ultrasound findings of renal involvement in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis were ill-defined area of decreased echogenicity.
Classification and Identification of Power System Emergencies

Detection and identification of a power system emergency is necessary to fully use the capability of controls to mitigate the emergency. This paper describes a design methodology for a power system local detector based upon control requirements, as well as a power system emergency classification scheme and an extension of earlier operating state models. The new scheme for classifying and detecting emergencies has been useful for developing emergency operating state controls.
Gosling receives 2000 John Adam Fleming Medal

John T.Gosling was awarded the John Adam Fleming Medal at the AGU Spring Meeting Honors Ceremony, which was held on June 2, 2000, in Washington, D.C. The medal recognizes original research and technical leadership in geomagnetism, atmospheric electricity, aeronomy space physics, and related sciences.
Simultaneous determination of Al, V, Mn and Cu from neutron-activated saline matrices by precipitation with poly-5-vinyl-8-hydroxyquinoline

Neutron Activation Analysis is a sensitive technique for the determination of more than seventy elements at the trace concentrations. The NAA analysis of biological and environmental matrices suffers from interferences caused by the presence of high concentrations of activated salts in these matrices. The high gamma-ray activities of these activated salts mask the low gamma-ray activities of short half-lived isotopes (e.g.,66Cu,56Mn,28Al and52V) necessitating the rapid separation of trace metals from high concentrations of salts. Poly-5-vinyl-8-hydroxyquinoline has been used to develop a new method to rapidly and quantitatively precipitate aluminum, copper, vanadium and manganese from neutron-activated biological and environmental matrices.