cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heparin Causes the Accumulation of Heparan Sulfate in Cultures of Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells

Abstract Heparin infusion in an experimental animal model of arterial injury causes a significant increase in the proteoglycan (PG) component of the extracellular matrix in the injured arteries (Snow, A. D., Bolender, R. P., Wight, T. N., and Clowes, A. W. (1990) Am. J. Pathol. 137, 313–330). The mechanisms responsible for this heparin-induced increase in arterial PGs are not understood. To address this question, we have examined the effect of heparin on PG synthesis and accumulation by aortic smooth muscle cells in culture. Heparin causes a dose-dependent increase in the accumulation of PGs while the greatest percentage change among the different types of PGs is a doubling of the amount of heparan sulfate (HS) accumulated in the cell layer. There is also a selective enrichment of HS in the trypsin-resistant component of the cell layer indicating a specific modification in intracellular PGs. This change is due to the accumulation of large HS glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) which elute at K av ≃ 0.3 on Sepharose CL-6B ( M r ≃ 50,000) under dissociative conditions and which are absent from the controls. These GAGs are located inside the cell as is indicated by their retention after heparitinase or trypsin treatment of the cell layer. Furthermore, the increased accumulation of labeled HS in steady-state heparin-treated cells above controls does not appear for several hours after the addition of [ 35 S]sulfate, indicating that HS accumulation is due to decreased degradation of the HS and not new synthesis. This possibility is further supported by the fact that degradation of the intracellular large HS in trypsinized cells is delayed for 2 h by incubation with heparin. These results suggest that heparin may reduce the intracellular degradation of HS through competitive inhibition of endogenous heparitinase.
Src as the link between inflammation and cancer

Although a causal link between chronic inflammation and cancer has been established, the exact molecular mechanism linking inflammation to cancer remains largely unknown. It was previously postulated that molecular switches responsible for cancer cell development, and for infiltration of inflammatory cells into cancer, were divided into a distinct set of intracellular proteins and signaling pathways. However, recent evidence suggests that both tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells utilize the same kinases, mostly that of Src family, to facilitate cancer development and progression. In the past few years several groups have found that Src activation both in cancer and inflammatory cells is mainly driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines within the tumor microenvironment. Here we evaluate the cross talks between Src kinase pathways in immune cells and cancer cells. We conclude that Src might serve as a critical mechanistic link between inflammation and cancer, mediating and propagating a cycle between immune and tissue cells that can ultimately lead to the development and progression of cancer.
Currents, colliding beams and the light cone

Abstract Currents of scale dimension 3 of the field-current identity type arise naturally from the principles of broken scale invariance. Applications at intermediate energy to e + + e − annihilation into four charged pions, and at high energy to light cone commutators are given.
Policies and services addressing domestic violence in japan: From non-interference to incremental chnages

Domestic violence in Japan has long been considered an insignificant, private problem. In the absence of government initiatives, an increasing number of initiatives have been developed in the private sector, mostly by grassroots, voluntary women's organizations. This paper analyzes the philosophy underlying policies and social services in Japan that significantly impact the welfare and safety of women who have been abused by their intimate partners. Outdated policy and service delivery frameworks shape practices of non-interference by the police, court, and social service systems; the few available interventions are unresponsive and at times detrimental to women's well-being. Recent changes in policies and service delivery have not altered the overall frameworks for policy and services, and thus their effectiveness remains limited. Reconceptualization of the welfare system and developing policies aimed at eradicating the root causes of domestic violence are urgently needed.
Protection of A549 cells against the toxic effects of sulphur mustard by hexamethylenetetramine

The A549 cell line was used as a model of the deep lung to study the toxicity and mechanism of action of sulphur mustard (HD), using the neutral red (NR) dye retention and gentian violet (GV) assays as indices of cell viability. It was found that exposure to concentrations in excess of 40 μM HD resulted in a rapid onset of toxicity. Exposure to 1000 μM HD reduced viability in A549 cell cultures to 61% after 2 h (control cultures=100%), whereas exposure to 40 μM HD did not result in deleterious effects until 26 h at which point viability fell to only 84% (NR assay). Agarose gel electrophoresis of cell cultures exposed to 40 and 1000 μM HD and harvested at 4.5, 19 and 43 h after exposure to HD, indicated that cell death was due to necrosis, despite the observation that at the higher concentration of HD cells displayed many of the features common to cells undergoing apoptotic death.The ability of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) to protect A549 cells against the effects of an LC50 challenge dose of HD was assess...
Low-dose guanidine and pyridostigmine: relatively safe and effective long-term symptomatic therapy in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

Guanidine hydrochloride is known to be highly effective in the symptomatic treatment of the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). However, because of its potentially dangerous side reactions of hematologic abnormalities and renal insufficiency, 3,4-diaminopyridine, which is not readily available in the United States, is recommended as the preferred drug for LEMS. We used low-dose guanidine and pyridostigmine combination therapy in 9 patients with LEMS and analyzed its long-term safety and effectiveness. In all patients, a liberal amount of pyridostigmine was used, while daily guanidine dose was kept below 1000 mg a day, and guanidine was given between pyridostigmine dosings. This combination therapy was used for 3-102 months (mean: 34.1 months) and improved clinical status in all patients. Although guanidine had to be discontinued due to severe gastrointestinal symptoms in 3 cases, no serious side reactions such as bone marrow suppressions or signs of renal insufficiency developed in any case. Thus, we conclude that low-dose guanidine therapy is relatively safe and effective for long-term symptomatic treatment of LEMS when it is combined with pyridostigmine.
Thermo-mechanical behavior of nano aluminum particles with oxide layers during melting

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the thermo-mechanical behavior of nano aluminum particles coated with crystalline and amorphous oxide layers during melting. The analysis employs the Streitz–Mintmire potential, along with micro-canonical (NVE) and isobaric–isoenthalpic (NPH) ensembles. The effect of particle size in the range of 5–10 nm with oxide thickness in the range of 1–2.5 nm was investigated. The melting phenomenon was characterized using a combination of structural and thermodynamic parameters. Various fundamental processes, including structural changes, stress development, and phase transformations in both the aluminum core and the oxide shell, were examined and quantified systematically. The diffusion of aluminum cations through the oxide layer was also explored. In addition, a structural analysis was applied to determine the stress field in the oxide shell due to the volume dilatation in the aluminum core. In the particle-size range considered here, the oxide layer melts at ~1,100 K, substantially lower than the value for bulk alumina (2,327 K). The oxide thickness exerts a weak influence on the melting temperature of the shell. The aluminum core melts at a temperature considerably lower than its bulk value of 940 K, a situation comparable to that of a pure nano aluminum particle. This study is an important milestone in the development of a multi-scale theory for the ignition and combustion of nano-particulate aluminum.
Guest Editorial: Special Section on Sampled Imaging Systems

This PDF file contains the editorial “Guest Editorial: Special Section on Sampled Imaging Systems” for OE Vol. 38 Issue 05
Mining statistically significant molecular substructures for efficient molecular classification.

The increased availability of large repositories of chemical compounds has created new challenges in designing efficient molecular querying and mining systems. Molecular classification is an import...
Inelastic scattering of 61 mev protons from 90Zr and 89Y

Abstract Differential cross sections for the excitation by 61.2 MeV protons of the first seven resolved states in 90 Zr have been measured over the angular range 18°–105°. The results are analyzed using a microscopic model including knock-on exchange and core polarization, with central interactions of Yukawa and Hamada-Johnston type. The analogous excitations of the 5 − state in 90 Zr and the 9 2 + state in 89 Y are compared; it is shown that core polarization of the E5 type is more important for the former, but there may be additional core polarization of M4 type in the latter transition. It is also shown that unnatural-parity exchange may be important for the excitation of the ( g 9 2 ) 2 sequence of states in 90 Zr. Both microscopic and collective models were used for the 3 − state in 90 Zr.
Recognizing species diversity among large-bodied hominoids: a simulation test using missing data finite mixture analysis.

A persistent problem in paleoanthropology is the recognition of intra- vs. inter-specific differences within fossil samples. Exacerbating this situation is the often fragmentary nature of the fossils themselves, thus precluding rote applications of many multivariate approaches designed for complete case analyses. In this paper we apply finite mixture analysis to samples of large-bodied hominoids to test this procedure's efficacy in clustering individuals by species without a priori knowledge of group membership. In addition, we stochastically remove individual specimens and measurements, simulating small, incomplete fossil samples, and re-apply the finite mixture procedure to test how often it correctly assigns these "fragmentary" specimens. Finite mixture analysis can be highly accurate, even when confronted with small sample sizes and missing data. For example, a combination of 124 chimpanzees and humans are correctly identified in one analysis, and the accuracy drops only 2% to become 98% when the total sample size is reduced to 16 and missing data patterns are applied. In comparisons to better known methods that have been used to recognize groups in the fossil record, such as k-means, the benefits of finite mixture analysis are readily apparent. First, k-means is unable to accommodate missing data, an obvious deficiency when investigating the fossil record. Second, in direct comparisons of their ability to accurately assign "unknowns" to taxa, finite mixture performed at least as well as, and often better than, k-means in our analyses. A potential test that can be used to identify species in the fossil record, derived from comparisons of results generated from a general vs. a restricted (isometry-corrected) finite mixture analysis, is presented.
Current concepts and techniques in complete denture final impression procedures.

Purpose In 2001, a survey of U.S. dental schools was conducted to determine which concepts, techniques and materials are currently prevalent in the teaching of final impression procedures for complete dentures in the predoctoral clinical curriculum. Materials and Methods The questionnaire was mailed to the chairperson of the prosthodontic/restorative departments of 54 U.S. dental schools. Of these, 44 schools returned the completed survey resulting in a response rate of 82%. Results Results from this survey show that the majority of schools (71%) teach the selective-pressure technique for final impression making; the majority of the schools (64%) use modeling plastic impression compound for border molding the final impression tray; 39% of the schools do not place vent holes in the final impression tray, 30% of schools place more than one hole and 27% place one hole only; the majority of the schools (98%) are using custom trays for final impressions. Ninety-eight percent of the schools are border molding the custom tray and 70% of schools are using a visible light-cured (VLC) composite resin material to make the trays. Thirty-six percent of the schools are teaching the Boucher impression technique and 34% are teaching the modified Boucher impression technique. Conclusions Predoctoral clinical complete denture educational programs agree on many aspects of final impression making, however, there is variability in their teachings regarding the impression philosophy and the materials used.
On Orthogonal Wavelets with the Oversampling Property

In this note, we consider orthogonal wavelets with the oversampling property. We prove that if an orthogonal scaling function with exponential decay has the oversampling property, then it has the sampling property (i.e., it takes values 1 at 0 and 0 at other integers); therefore, an orthogonal scaling function with compact support has the oversampling property if and only if it is the Haar function.
The Influence of Sea Surface Temperature on the Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation: A Numerical Study

Abstract The development and movement of the tropical intraseasonal system (TIS) exhibit remarkable annual variations. It was hypothesized that spatial and temporal variation in sea surface temperature (SST) is one of the primary climatic factors that are responsible for the annual variation of TISs. This paper examines possible influences of SST on the TIS through numerical experiments with a 2.5-layer atmospheric model on an equatorial β plane, in which SST affects atmospheric heating via control of the horizontal distribution of moist static energy and the degree of convective instability. The gradient of the antisymmetric (with respect to the equator) component of SST causes a southward propagation of the model TIS toward northern Australia in boreal winter and a northward propagation over the Indian and western Pacific Oceans in boreal summer. The phase speed of the meridional propagation increases with the magnitude, of antisymmetric SST gradients. The poleward propagation of the equatorial disturba...
Social reward among juvenile mice

Mammalian social relationships, such as mother–offspring attachments and pair bonds, can directly affect reproductive output. However, conspecifics approach one another in a comparatively broad range of contexts, so conceivably there are motivations for social congregation other than those underlying reproduction, parental care or territoriality. Here, we show that reward mediated by social contact is a fundamental aspect of juvenile mouse sociality. Employing a novel social conditioned place preference (SCPP) procedure, we demonstrate that social proximity is rewarding for juvenile mice from three inbred strains (A/J, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J), while mice from a fourth strain (BALB/cJ) are much less responsive to social contact. Importantly, this strain-dependent difference was not related to phenotypic variability in exploratory behavior or contextual learning nor influenced by the genetic background associated with maternal care or social conditioning. Furthermore, the SCPP phenotype was expressed early in development (postnatal day 25) and did not require a specific sex composition within the conditioning group. Finally, SCPP responses resulted from an interaction between two specifiable processes: one component of the interaction facilitated approach toward environments that were associated with social salience, whereas a second component mediated avoidance of environmental cues that predicted social isolation. We have thus identified a genetically prescribed process that can attribute value onto conditions predicting a general form of social contact. To our knowledge, this is the first definitive evidence to show that genetic variation can influence a form of social valuation not directly related to a reproductive behavior.
Main Group Metal Halide Complexes with Sterically Hindered Thioureas XI. Complexes of Antimony(III) and Bismuth(III) Chlorides with a New Bidentate Thiourea — 1,1′-methylenebis(3-methyl-2H-imidazole-2-thione)

Abstract A new bidentate ligand, mbit, [mbit=1,1′-methylenebis (3-methyl-2H-imidazole-2-thione)] was synthesized and characterized along with two new pnictogen complexes - SbCl3mbit and BiCl3mbit. A single crystal X-ray structure of SbCl3mbit gave the following cell parameters: space group P21/c, a = 11.812(9), b = 7.699(4), c = 18.100(9) A, β = 101.29(5)°, Z = 4, V = 1614.2 A3, Do = 1.92 g/cm3, Dc = 1.927 g/cm3 (λ = 0.71069 A). The structure refined to a conventional R=0.042. The local geometry around the antimony atom was distorted octahedral with bridging sulfur atoms creating long zigzag chains of octahedra sharing vertices cis to each other. Two chlorine atoms are trans to each other, and the third chlorine is trans to the bridging sulfur. The Sb—S bridges are 3.41 A in length. There is no strong evidence for a stereoactive lone pair in the coordination sphere of antimony. The ligand forms an eight-membered ring with the antimony atom included. Solid state IR data showed little change in ligand vibrational modes normally sensitive to coordination, and solution state proton NMR gave evidence for a high degree of association.
Room temperature amorphous to nanocrystalline transformation in ultra-thin films under tensile stress: an in situ TEM study

The amorphous to crystalline phase transformation process is typically known to take place at very high temperatures and facilitated by very high compressive stresses. In this study, we demonstrate crystallization of amorphous ultra-thin platinum films at room temperature under tensile stresses. Using a micro-electro-mechanical device, we applied up to 3% uniaxial tensile strain in 3-5 nm thick focused ion beam deposited platinum films supported by another 3-5 nm thick amorphous carbon film. The experiments were performed in situ inside a transmission electron microscope to acquire the bright field and selected area diffraction patterns. The platinum films were observed to crystallize irreversibly from an amorphous phase to face-centered cubic nanocrystals with average grain size of about 10 nm. Measurement of crystal spacing from electron diffraction patterns confirms large tensile residual stress in the platinum specimens. We propose that addition of the externally applied stress provides the activation energy needed to nucleate crystallization, while subsequent grain growth takes place through enhanced atomic and vacancy diffusion as an energetically favorable route towards stress relaxation at the nanoscale.
Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

Abstract Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for death after coronary artery bypass grafting. Its relative risk may be related to the level of perioperative hyperglycemia. We hypothesized that strict glucose control with a continuous insulin infusion in the perioperative period would reduce hospital mortality. Methods: All patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 3554) were treated aggressively with either subcutaneous insulin (1987-1991) or with continuous insulin infusion (1992-2001) for hyperglycemia. Predicted and observed hospital mortalities were compared with both internal and external (Society of Thoracic Surgeons 1996) multivariable risk models. Results: Observed mortality with continuous insulin infusion (2.5%, n=65/2612) was significantly lower than with subcutaneous insulin (5.3%, n=50/942, P P P = .001). Conversely, cardiogenic shock, renal failure, reoperation, nonelective operative status, older age, concomitant peripheral or cerebral vascular disease, decreasing ejection fraction, unstable angina, and history of atrial fibrillation increased the risk of death. For external comparison, observed mortality with continuous insulin infusion was significantly less than that predicted by the model (observed/expected ratio 0.63, P P = .005) to the constellation of risk factors in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk model. Conclusion: Continuous insulin infusion eliminates the incremental increase in in-hospital mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting associated with diabetes. The protective effect of continuous insulin infusion may stem from the effective metabolic use of excess glucose to favorably alter pathways of myocardial adenosine triphosphate production. Continuous insulin infusion should become the standard of care for glycometabolic control in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;125:1007-21
Interconnect thermal management of high power packaged electronic architectures

The trend in both the computing and electronic industries is to reduce the size of the electronic components while increasing both their performance and capability. Innovative thermal management schemes are needed in order to reduce the impact of the thermal loads. Most of the current electronic components are packaged in a plastic or ceramic container to provide chip and electrical lead protection. Both of these packaging materials have low thermal conductivity, making heat removal from the chip difficult. Thus, heat transfer through the off-chip metal interconnects offers an additional heat removal path. Ball grid array (BGA) interconnects provide an efficient means to connecting packaged high performance chips to printed circuit boards (PCB). As area array bump density increases, reducing Joule heating and electromigration will play an important role in chip and interconnect reliability. Among the many types of interconnects, solder balls offer an efficient means of connecting a chip or package to a PCB. Direct cooling of the solder balls is a new approach to removing heat from packaged chips. Jet impingement presents a unique solution for cooling the solder balls. Thermal and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling of a plastic ball grid array (PBGA) package has demonstrated a significant decrease in temperature across the chip, package, and solder balls, when using jet impingement cooling.
Complications after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of renal tumors

Abstract Objectives To evaluate our experience with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (pRFA) to determine common characteristics of patients with complications, to elucidate possible relative contraindications to therapy. Methods Medical records of all patients undergoing pRFA were reviewed for demographic data, medical and surgical history, indication, tumor characteristics, and treatment information (complications and management). The group of patients with complications was analyzed for common characteristics. Results From January 2000 to September 2003, 24 patients (mean age 61 years, 5:1 male/female) with 32 renal tumors were treated with pRFA. Indications for pRFA included prior renal surgery and/or chronic renal insufficiency, significant medical disease, patient choice, von Hippel-Lindau disease, and treatment of a metastasis. Average pretreatment tumor size was 2.4 cm (range 0.5–8.6 cm). Of the 5 patients experiencing complications from pRFA treatment, 2 developed perinephric hematomas, 1 had a persistent urinoma and proximal ureteral stricture, and 2 had colonic injuries. Among patients with complications, 3 of 5 had undergone prior partial nephrectomy on the pRFA-treated kidney. Two of four patients treated for multiple tumors and 57% of patients (4 of 7) with anteriorly located tumors experienced complications. Conclusions Early experience with pRFA for renal tumor seems promising, but patient selection criteria are evolving. On the basis of our limited experience, we recommend caution when using renal pRFA in patients with prior partial nephrectomy, multiple tumors treated in the same setting, and tumors located anteriorly or centrally. Further clinical experience will help establish guidelines for the use of this powerful technology in the management of renal tumors.
Management of the carotid artery at the skull base.

Abstract Purpose: To determine appropriate management of benign lesions with significant involvement of the carotid artery at the skull base and present an algorithm for safe treatment of these patients. Materials and Methods: From 1982 to 1999, 115 patients with significant parapharyngeal space masses were treated at our institution. Of these patients, 43 had lesions involving the carotid artery at the skull base and served as the basis for this study. All patients underwent preoperative computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans to determine carotid involvement, and all had preoperative 4-vessel arteriograms and carotid occlusion tests with continuous electroencephalography or neurologic examination monitoring to predict safety of carotid sacrifice. Results: Of 43 patients, 41 passed carotid occlusion testing and were treated surgically. Of these patients, 33 (81%) underwent resection of their lesions with preservation of the internal carotid artery, 5 (12%) had resection with bypass or reconstruction of the artery, and 3 (7%) had en bloc resections without artery reconstruction. There were no transient or permanent neurologic sequelae in any patient. Conclusions: When carotid artery encasement occurs in the setting of benign lesions at the skull base, safe resection with vascular preservation is possible in most cases. If carotid artery resection is necessary, vascular bypass or reconstruction is recommended to minimize neurologic morbidity. (Am J Otolaryngol 2001;22:336-342. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company)
Key driving forces in the biosynthesis of autoinducing peptides required for staphylococcal virulence.

Staphylococci produce autoinducing peptides (AIPs) as quorum-sensing signals that regulate virulence. These AIPs feature a thiolactone macrocycle that connects the peptide C terminus to the side chain of an internal cysteine. AIPs are processed from ribosomally synthesized precursors [accessory gene regulator D (AgrD)] through two proteolytic events. Formation of the thiolactone is coupled to the first of these and involves the activity of the integral membrane protease AgrB. This step is expected to be thermodynamically unfavorable, and therefore, it is unclear how AIP-producing bacteria produce sufficient amounts of the thiolactone-containing intermediate to drive quorum sensing. Herein, we present the in vitro reconstitution of the AgrB-dependent proteolysis of an AgrD precursor from Staphylococcus aureus . Our data show that efficient thiolactone production is driven by two unanticipated features of the system: ( i ) membrane association of the thiolactone-containing intermediate, which stabilizes the macrocycle, and ( ii ) rapid degradation of the C-terminal proteolysis fragment AgrD C , which affects the reaction equilibrium position. Cell-based studies confirm the intimate link between AIP production and intracellular AgrD C levels. Thus, our studies explain the chemical principles that drive AIP production, including uncovering a hitherto unknown link between quorum sensing and peptide turnover.
The Use of Low Temperature AlInAs and GalnAs Lattice Matched to InP in the Fabrication of HBTs and HEMTs

AlInAs and GaInAs lattice matched to InP and grown by MBE over a temperature range of 200 to 350°C (normal growth temperature of 500°C) has been used to enhance the device performance of inverted (where the donor layer lies below the channel) High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) and Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (HBTs), respectively. We will show that an AlInAs spacer grown over a temperature range of 300 to 350°C and inserted between the AlInAs donor layer and GaInAs channel significantly reduces Si movement from the donor layer into the channel. This produces an inverted HEMT with a channel charge of 3.0×10 12 cm −2 and mobility of 9131 cm 2 /V-s, as compared to the same HEMT with a spacer grown at 500 °C resulting in a channel charge of 2.3×10 12 cm −2 and mobility of 4655 cm 2 /V-s. We will also show that a GaInAs spacer grown over a temperature range of 300 to 350°C and inserted between the AlInAs emitter and GalnAs base of an npn HBT significantly reduces Be movement from the base into the emitter, thereby allowing higher Be base dopings (up to 1×10 20 cm −3 ) confined to 500 A base widths, resulting in an AlInAs/GaInAs HBT with an f max of 73 GHz and f t of 110 GHz.
HEMOGLOBIN AND PLASMA PROTEIN SIMULTANEOUS PRODUCTION DURING CONTINUED BLEEDING AS INFLUENCED BY AMINO ACIDS, PLASMA, HEMOGLOBIN, AND DIGESTS OF SERUM, HEMOGLOBIN, AND CASEIN

Given healthy dogs, fed abundant iron and protein-free or low protein diets, with sustained anemia due to bleeding, we can study the capacity of these animals to produce simultaneously new hemoglobin and plasma protein. The reserve stores of blood protein producing materials in this way are very largely depleted, and levels of 6 to 8 gm. per cent for hemoglobin and 4 to 5 gm. per cent for plasma protein can be maintained for considerable periods of time. These dogs are very susceptible to infection and to injury by many poisons. Under such conditions, these anemic and hypoproteinemic dogs will use very efficiently a variety of digests (serum, hemoglobin, and casein) and the growth mixture (Rose) of pure amino acids. Nitrogen balance is maintained and considerable new blood proteins are produced. Dog plasma by vein is used freely in these doubly depleted dogs to make new hemoglobin in abundance (Table 1). Serum digests by vein are well utilized to make new hemoglobin and plasma protein in the same dogs (Table 1). Serum digests by mouth are effectively used to make new blood proteins (Table 5). Dog or sheep hemoglobin given in large amounts intraperitoneally are remarkably well utilized to form hemoglobin and plasma protein (Table 6). It must be obvious that the globin of the hemoglobin is saved in these protein-depleted dogs and used to make large amounts of hemoglobin and plasma protein. Hemoglobin digests are also well utilized whether given by mouth (Table 7) or by vein (Table 8) and liberal amounts of plasma protein are manufactured from digests presumably ideally suited for hemoglobin production. Casein digests are well used (Table 8) and form as much new plasma protein as any material tested-even serum digests. Amino acid mixtures are of especial interest. The growth mixture of 10 amino acids (Rose) is well utilized by mouth or by vein and favors new hemoglobin production more than any material tested (Table 2). Cystine replacing methionine in the amino acid mixture increases the plasma protein-hemoglobin output ratio, that is it favors plasma protein production. Digests of various sorts and amino acid mixtures or combinations of digests and amino acid mixtures can be used rapidly and effectively to build new hemoglobin or plasma protein, to maintain nitrogen equilibrium, and to replete reserve protein stores. These experiments point to clinical problems. The unexplained preference given to hemoglobin production in these hypoproteinemic dogs is observed under all conditions, even when whole plasma or serum digests are given by vein. In general, 2 to 4 gm. of hemoglobin are formed for every gram of plasma protein. This all adds up to a remarkable fluidity in the use of plasma protein or hemoglobin which can contribute directly to the body protein pool from which are evolved, without waste of nitrogen, the needed proteins, whether hemoglobin, plasma protein, or tissue proteins.
Hybrid partitioning for particle-in-cell simulation on shared memory systems

The authors explore parallel processing issues, such as relationships between speedup and problem partitioning schemes, and problem size and time duration of each iteration for PIC (particle in cell) method on different multiprocessors. A partitioning scheme, hybrid partitioning, is introduced. Hybrid partitioning has evolved out of two general approaches to PIC problem decomposition on multiprocessors, partitioning particles and partitioning the space. The authors chose the shared memory multiprocessor environment for analyzing the parallel (distributed computing) algorithms. Two different BBN Butterfly machines (GP1000 and TC2000) were employed as testbeds. >
Crisis escalation: An empirical test in the context of extended deterrence

The effort to explain escalation processes using formal and empirical models has yielded numerous insights. However, there have been relatively few attempts to integrate these two approaches such t...
Comparison of hemilaminectomy and dorsal laminectomy for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in dachshunds

Neurological improvement after decompressive surgery, without routine therapeutic or prophylactic disc fenestration, was evaluated retrospectively in a consecutive series of 93 dachshunds with thoracolumbar disc extrusion. In 24 per cent of procedures, deep pain sensation was not elicited in at least one hind paw before surgery. Median neurological status one to seven days after surgery, at the time of discharge, was significantly improved after hemilaminectomy compared with dorsal laminectomy (P 0.05). Improvement in neurological grade at follow-up examination two to 12 weeks after hemilaminectomy was not significantly different compared with dorsal laminectomy (P > 0.05). Of dogs which were unable to walk before surgery, 83 per cent regained the ability to walk after hemilaminectomy, compared with 74 per cent after dorsal laminectomy (P > 0.05). In both groups, 50 per cent of dogs in which deep pain sensation was abnormal before surgery eventually regained the ability to walk after surgery (P = 1). One to two years after the first operation, a second laminectomy was performed in only 5 per cent of dogs because of extrusion of a different intervertebral disc which had not been fenestrated.
Optimizing wire parameters in exploding wire arrays

Exploding wire arrays as fast switches are of interest for explosive pulsed power applications utilizing magnetic flux compression. This type of opening switch has proven effective in producing pulses of several hundred kilovolts into vacuum diode loads. The research presented here discusses an exploding wire array capable of producing single digit kilo-joules, 100 nanosecond pulses when driven by a 45 kilo-Amp current with a waveform closely resembling typical magnetic flux compression output. For this specific parameter range, the optimal fuse design was developed based on the experimental behavior of the fuse under variation of parameters such as wire spacing, shielding, and quenching medium. Each fuse is composed of several silver wires arranged in a straight wire cylindrical array and is typically pressurized in a chamber filled with about 0.6 MPa of SF 6 . The tradeoff between wire spacing and voltage output was addressed by designing four different fuse termination pairs each with a diameter that increased wire spacing from 5 to 20 mm in 5 mm increments. A wire shield test was also conducted as an extension to the wire spacing experiment to uncover any mutual radiative effects between wires on fuse opening behavior. The optimum fuse design, including the optimum fuse wire diameter, will be discussed with a 20 Ohm resistive load as well as a vacuum diode load with similar impedance.
A mobile backbone network routing protocol with flow control

We have recently introduced a mobile backbone network based architecture to support applications transported across ad hoc wireless networks. Under our MBN topological synthesis algorithm, backbone capable nodes (BCN) are elected as backbone nodes (BN) to form a mobile backbone network (Bnet). Once constituted, the mobile backbone network provides a preferred infrastructure for supporting the transport of multimedia streams and other message flows across the ad hoc network, and is exploited to make the routing, access control and congestion control problems tractable. In this paper, a so-called mobile backbone network routing with flow control (MBNR-FC) is introduced. We define an on-demand routing protocol under which route discovery messages are distributed solely across the mobile backbone, leading to a highly scalable and robust mobile ad hoc network operation. We use the embedded signaling mechanism that is used for the route discovery process to regulate the admission of flows by guiding admitted flows through less congested areas. The employed flow control mechanism is also used to protect the quality-of-service performance of supported message flows. We show our new flow controlled based routing method to significantly improve network throughput, packet delay, packet delay jitter, and packet loss ratio performance.
Plundered Kitchens, Empty Wombs: Threatened Reproduction and Identity in the Cameroon Grassfields

Plundered Kitchens, Empty Wombs: Threatened Reproduction and Identity in the Cameroon Grassfields. Pamela Feldman-Savelsberg. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999. ix. 257 pp., illustrations, photographs, notes, glossary, references, index.
Effects of Diabatic Cooling in a Shear Flow with a Critical Level

Abstract The response of a two-dimensional, stably stratified shear flow to diabatic cooling, which represents the evaporative cooling of falling precipitation in the subcloud layer, is examined using both a linear analytical theory and a nonlinear numerical model. The ambient wind is allowed to reverse its direction at a certain height and the cooling is specified from the surface to a height below the wind reversal level. From a scale analysis of the governing equations a nonlinearity factor of the thermally induced finite-amplitude wave, gQ0l(cpT0U02N), is found. From a scale analysis of the linear system, it is shown that the wind shear can modify the condition in which the upstream propagation of the density current is opposed by the ambient wind. When the shear and the basic wind are of opposite sign, small basic wind is enough to prevent the upstream propagation of the density current. This is because part of the cooling is used to compensate the positive vorticity associated with the positive wind...
Energy damping in magnesium alloy composites reinforced with TiC or Ti2AlC particles

Abstract In part I of this study, we reported on the synthesis and mechanical properties of Mg alloy composites reinforced with TiC or Ti 2 AlC particles. In this, part II, we explore their damping as a function of the nature and volume fraction of the reinforcing particles and the matrix alloy composition. Using Mg alloys instead of pure Mg and reducing the reinforcement particle size reduced the damping capabilities of these composites. In all cases, a tradeoff was found between a composite's stiffness and its damping capability – as measured by the area enclosed in its fully and spontaneously reversible cyclic compressive stress–strain curves. Low stiffness materials, such as pure Mg and its alloys, dissipated significant amounts of energy, but only at lower stresses. The TiC reinforced composites dissipated the least energy. However, by combining two solids, Mg or its alloys with Ti 2 AlC, that are both inherently damping, it is possible to dissipate roughly 25% of total applied mechanical energy, while simultaneously maintaining ultimate compressive stresses and stiffness values that were almost as good as those of the TiC reinforced composites. However, since below 200 MPa, Ti 2 AlC does not dissipate much energy, the difference between the two was only manifested at stresses >200 MPa. When the interfaces were strong, cyclic hardening and no fatigue were observed; when the interfaces were weak, cyclic softening and fatigue were recorded. Most importantly, we show that the energy needed to extend or bow out the dislocations – that are presumably strongly pinned and postulated to be the mechanism for energy dissipation – is a linear function of the applied stresses for the end members – Mg and Ti 2 AlC – and is even more pronounced for the composites.
Overview of Contamination from U.S. and Russian Nuclear Complexes

Over the last 50 years, Russia and the United States have developed the largest nuclear weapons complexes in the world. In doing so, they have also created the world’s largest inventories of radioactive materials. Although parts of these inventories have decayed to insignificant levels (or have been stored in engineered systems such as tanks, or placed into a waste form such as glass), significant amounts have been released to the environment. In both countries, the primary contaminated areas are located at or near facilities that reprocessed fuel from weapons materials production reactors. In the United States, these locations are the Hanford, Savannah River, and Oak Ridge sites. In Russia, the corresponding sites are Mayak (near the city of Ozersk, formerly Chelyabinsk-65), Tomsk-7 (now called Seversk), and Krasnoyarsk-26 (now called Zheleznogorsk), all of which are located in western Siberia.
Historical carbon footprinting and implications for sustainability planning: a case study of the Pittsburgh region.

This study estimates fossil-based CO2 emissions and energy use from 1900–2000 for Allegheny County, PA. Total energy use and emissions increased from 1900 to1970, reflecting the significant industr...
Corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): influence of irradiation and mating history on the mating propensity of females

Laboratory-strain Heliothis zea (Boddie) females that were mated with untreated males, irradiated (10 krad) males, or male progeny from irradiated (10 krad) males and then held for 24 or 48 h were compared for their ability to lure males into traps or to attract and mate with a male. The mating propensity of females that had been mated with either untreated or irradiated males and held for 24 h was less than the mating propensity of virgin females. Females of the same group that were held for 48 h after mating were as attractive to males as were virgin females. The mating propensity of females mated with male progeny of irradiated males was not significantly different from the mating propensity of virgin females. The percentage eupyrene sperm found in the spermatheca of females that had mated with male progeny of irradiated males were significantly lower than the percentage eupyrene sperm found in the spermatheca of females that had mated with untreated or irradiated males.
A Geometrical Determination of the Extracellular Space in Muscle

Fenn1 and his collaborators have demonstrated that 14.5% of the volume of the freshly excised frog skeletal muscle is unique in that it contains all the chloride of the muscle. This part of the muscle has been called the chloride space and the inference has been drawn that it is identical with the extracellular spaces. The purpose of this note is to add to the existing evidence in favor of this inference a purely geometrical demonstration that the extracellular spaces may well comprise some 15% of the muscle volume.Consider a muscle, such as the sartorius, made up of parallel cylindrical fibers of diameter D, and let us calculate r, the ratio of the volume of the fiber space to that of the total space. In any thin cross-sectional segment of the muscle r will be given by the ratio of the area of all the fiber cross-sections to that of the entire cross-section. Assuming a regular arrangement of the fibers along the whole length of the muscle, it is clear that r for the whole muscle will be known if the rati...
DNA polymerase η is regulated by poly(rC)-binding protein 1 via mRNA stability

POLH (DNA polymerase η), a target of p53 tumour suppressor, plays a key role in TLS (translesion DNA synthesis). Loss of POLH is responsible for the human cancer-prone syndrome XPV (xeroderma pigmentosum variant). Owing to its critical role in DNA repair and genome stability, POLH expression and activity are regulated by multiple pathways. In the present study, we found that the levels of both POLH transcript and protein were decreased upon knockdown of the transcript encoding PCBP1 [poly(rC)-binding protein 1]. We also found that the half-life of POLH mRNA was markedly decreased upon knockdown of PCBP1. Moreover, we found that PCBP1 directly bound to the POLH 3'-UTR and the PCBP1-binding site in POLH mRNA is an atypical AU-rich element. Finally, we showed that the AU-rich element in POLH 3'-UTR was responsive to PCBP1 and sufficient for PCBP1 to regulate POLH expression. Taken together, we uncovered a novel mechanism by which POLH expression is controlled by PCBP1 via mRNA stability.
Studies on the resolution of subcellular free calcium concentrations: a technological advance. Focus on "detection of differentially regulated subsarcolemmal calcium signals activated by vasoactive agonists in rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells".

One of the most striking facts about the elements is their unequal distribution and occurrence in nature . —C. R. Hammond free calcium is highly controlled in biological tissues, and much like the physical chemistry of elements ([5][1]), its concentration is unequal in distribution (for recent
Optimal Low Temperature Charging of Lithium-ion Batteries

Abstract A lithium-plating side reaction at the lithiated graphite (LiC6) anode leads to poor safety of the lithium-ion battery. Faster charging at normal temperature may lead to a plating side reaction during the end of charging at the anode-separator interface. At lower temperature, the lithium-plating side reaction may become thermodynamically favorable during almost the entire charging period, even at low rates. This paper uses an electrochemical engineering model and dynamic optimization framework to derive charging profiles to minimize lithium plating at low temperatures. Transport parameters for lithium-ion battery are very sensitive at low temperatures. This paper shows the derivation of the optimal charging profile considering strict lower bounds on the plating reaction depending on various thermal insulation conditions (adiabatic, isothermal, and normal heat transfer coefficient) surrounding the battery.
Predictors of slow progression to diabetes in children with multiple islet autoantibodies.

Although most children with multiple islet autoantibodies develop type 1 diabetes, rate of progression is highly variable. The goal of this study was to explore potential factors involved in rate of progression to diabetes in children with multiple islet autoantibodies. The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) has followed 118 children with multiple islet autoantibodies for progression to diabetes. After excluding 27 children currently diabetes-free but followed for 10 years. Islet autoimmunity appeared at 4.0 ± 3.5, 3.2 ± 1.8 and 5.8 ± 3.1 years of age in rapid, moderate and slow progressors, respectively (p = 0.006). Insulin autoantibody levels were lower in slow progressors compared to moderate and rapid progressors. The groups did not differ by gender, ethnicity, family history, susceptibility HLA and non-HLA genes. The rate of development of individual islet autoantibodies including mIAA, GADA, IA-2A and ZnT8A were all slower in the slow versus moderate/rapid progressors. In multivariate analyses, older age at seroconversion and lower initial mIAA levels independently predicted slower progression to diabetes. Later onset of islet autoimmunity and lower autoantibody levels predicted slower progression to diabetes among children with multiple islet autoantibodies. These factors may need to be considered in the design of trials to prevent type 1 diabetes.