cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromatin-enriched lncRNAs can act as cell-type specific activators of proximal gene transcription

We recently described a new class of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are distinguished by especially tight chromatin association and whose presence is strongly correlated to expression of nearby genes. Here, we examine the cis-enhancer mechanism of this class of chromatin-enriched RNA (cheRNA) across multiple human cell lines. cheRNAs are largely cell type specific and provide the most reliable chromatin signature to predict cis-gene transcription in every human cell type examined. Targeted depletion of three cheRNAs decreases expression of their neighboring genes, indicating potential co-activator function, and single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) of one cheRNA-distal target gene pair suggests a spatial overlap consistent with a role in chromosome looping. Additionally, the cheRNA HIDALGO stimulates the fetal hemoglobin subunit gamma 1 (HBG1) gene during erythroid differentiation by promoting contacts to a downstream enhancer. Our results suggest that multiple cheRNAs activate proximal lineage-specific gene transcription.
The Challenge of Implementing Conditionality

Where conditionality of repression increased, it did so through reform efforts by actors within the state security apparatus. These efforts succeeded in Colombia and Rio de Janeiro but not Mexico. This chapter lays out a framework for explain- ing why. Agency—the strategic choices of decision-makers—is clearly important: President Felipe Calderon's commitment to a policy, or at least a public stance, of combatting all cartels “equally” proved firm, ultimately hobbling reform efforts. President Cesar Gaviria and Governor Sergio Cabral's willingness to pursue new approaches was equally critical. Yet the institutional and political contexts in which these leaders made their decisions also varied in important ways. In particular, I argue that leaders face similar obstacles to implementing conditional policies—what I call logistical and acceptability constraints. Overcoming these is the key to successful implementation of conditional reforms. Thus far, I have argued that conditionality of repression is a key determinant of whether cartels respond to state crackdowns with increased or decreased violence. Part I lays out several logics of anti-state violence, showing how unconditional crackdowns give cartels increased incentives for anti-state violence, and arguing that conditionality of repression could counter these incentives and induce cartels to eschew violence. Part II presents case-study evidence supporting my theory: unconditional crackdowns tended to trigger or exacerbate cartel–state conflict, while turns toward conditionality seem to have had strong, violence-reducing effects. The case studies also provided descriptive narratives of the efforts of reformers that, to differing degrees in each case, succeeded in in raising the conditionality of repression. The natural next step is to turn our attention back to the state and ask why and when leaders adopt unconditional versus conditional policies in the first place. Indeed, given the success of conditional approaches where they have been tried, one might wonder why they have not been adopted more universally. Of course, leaders may not understand the potential for unconditional repression to spark cartel–state conflict, or they may simply not prioritize min- imizing violence. Both factors probably played some role in the unconditional nature of initial state crackdowns on cartels and subsequent “doubling down.”
A compensation method for averaged models of PWM converters in large-time-step simulations

The control systems, devices and phenomena are modelled in Transient Analysis of Control Systems (TACS), while the transient phenomena of the electric power systems are simulated in Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). However, TACS and EMTP are solved separately with one-time-step error at the interface. This provides an efficient time-step solution, but numerical stability and accuracy problems associated with the one-time-step error may occur. In this paper, the accuracy of the averaged model (AVM) of pulse width modulation (PWM) converters in transient simulations with large time steps is analyzed. The control system of AVM is implemented in TACS, the electronic circuits of converters are modeled in EMTP. A proportional-derivative (PD) controller is used to compensate the time delay between TACS and EMTP. Large-time-step simulations are so supported, and the accuracy of AVM is improved with large-time-steps. Test cases including a two-level three-phase ac-dc converter are simulated to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.
The Missing Dead of the Great Hunger: Metaphor and Palimpsest in Irish Film

Och discusses how the two great famines (1740–1741, 1845–1852) and one minor famine (1879) are not directly depicted in indigenous Irish cinema. By building upon the larger consideration of international and national popular and institutional discourses, the chapter argues that the Irish refusal to overtly represent and narrate Famine cinematically is emblematic of a larger postcolonial challenge to historicizing and memorializing the past as complete and finished. Neil Jordan’s 2012 vampire film Byzantium is discussed as a case study to demonstrate how contemporary works of Irish cinema use metaphor to deal with questions of the past through literal and figurative palimpsest.
Accelerator technology for Los Alamos nuclear-waste-transmutation and energy-production concepts

Powerful proton linacs are being studied at Los Alamos as drivers for high-flux neutron sources that can transmute long-lived fission products and actinides in defense nuclear waste, and also as drivers of advanced fission-energy systems that could generate electric power with no long-term waste legacy. A transmuter fed by an 800-MeV, 140-mA cw conventional copper linac could destroy the accumulated {sup 99}Tc and {sup 129}I at the DOE's Hanford site within 30 years. A high-efficiency 1200-MeV, 140-mA niobium superconducting linac could drive an energy-producing system generating 1-GWe electric power. Preliminary design concepts for these different high-power linacs are discussed, along with the principal technical issues and the status of the technology base. 9 refs., 5 figs., 4 tabs.
CO oxidation over ceria supported Au22 nanoclusters: Shape effect of the support

Abstract Gold (Au) nanoclusters have recently emerged as ideal models for understanding Au catalysis, because the nanosized Au particles have precise atomic numbers and uniform size. In this work, we studied for the first time the support shape effect on the catalysis of Au nanoclusters by using CO oxidation as a model reaction. Au22(L8)6 (L = 1,8-bis(diphenylphosphino) octane) nanoclusters were supported on CeO2 rods or cubes, then pretreated at different temperatures (up to 673 K), allowing the gradual removal of the organic phosphine ligands. CO oxidation test over these differently pretreated samples shows that CeO2 rods are much better supports than cubes for Au22 nanoclusters in enhancing the reaction rate. In situ IR spectroscopy coupled with CO adsorption indicates that the shape of CeO2 support can impact the nature and quantity of exposed Au sites, as well as the efficiency of organic ligand removal. Although CeO2 rods are helpful in exposing a greater percentage of total Au sites upon ligands removal, the percentage of active Au sites (denoted by Auδ+, 0
Monte Carlo Testing in Systems of Equations

The use of test statistics for which only the asymptotic distribution under the null hypothesis is known has become a rather standard practice in econometric applications. This is especially true when testing such important hypotheses as homogeneity and Slutsky symmetry which are suggested by demand theory. The ability to test such hypotheses with precision is, of course, very important as these and related hypotheses are among the somewhat limited class of general theoretical restrictions implied by economic theory that may be empirically tested.
RB-Seeker: Auto-detection of Redirection Botnets.

A Redirection Botnet (RBnet) is a vast collection of compromised computers (called bots) used as a redirection/proxy infrastructure and under the control of a botmaster. We present the design, implementation and evaluation of a system called Redirection Botnet Seeker (RB-Seeker) for automatic detection of RBnets by utilizing three cooperating subsystems. Two of the subsystems are used to generate a database of domains participating in redirection: one detects redirection bots by following links embedded in spam emails, and the other detects redirection behavior based on network traces at a large university edge router using sequential hypothesis testing. The database of redirection domains generated by these two subsystems is fed into the final subsystem, which then performs DNS query probing on the domains over time. Based on certain behavioral attributes extracted from the DNS queries, the final subsystem makes use of a 2-tier detection strategy utilizing hyperplane decision functions. This allows it to quickly identify aggressive RBnets with a low false-positive rate (< 0.008%), while also accurately detecting stealthy RBnets (i.e., those mimicking valid DNS behavior, such as CDNs) by monitoring their behavior over time. Using DNS behavior as a means of detecting RBnets, RB-Seeker is impervious to the botmaster’s choice of Command-and-Control (C&C) channel (i.e., how the botmaster communicates and controls the bots) or use of encryption.
Fanconi Anemia: A Pathway of Hematopoiesis and Cancer Predisposition

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disease that is a complex, multi-system, and chronic disorder requiring precise diagnosis, careful and judicious treatment delivered as multidisciplinary care across several medical and surgical specialties, and lifetime, close monitoring. While bone marrow failure is ultimately treated with bone marrow transplant, continued monitoring for squamous cell carcinoma and other cancer types is crucial due to the manyfold increased incidence of solid tumors in these patients.
Executive Insights: The World Trade Organization—Perspectives and Prospects:

This article is based on a presentation made by the author to the staff of the International Trade Centre and the GATT in Geneva in the summer of 1994. It highlights the similarities between the In...
Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Programmable file systems

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 1st Programmable File Systems Workshop -- PFSW'14 at the 23rd International ACM Symposium on High-Performance Parallel and Distributed Computing (HPDC-23). This workshop focuses on frameworks that allow the programmability of file and storage systems while addressing the risks of data interface change. The workshop aims to serve as a venue for leaders in the file system and storage community to exchange ideas outside the tradition of half a century of classic file and storage systems research, which focused on a small set of unchanging interfaces. The call for papers attracted 7 submissions from Germany and the United States. The program committee accepted 3 papers that cover programmability topics ranging from automated resource provisioning, active object storage programming, and policy-based data management. In addition, the program includes a keynote speech by Alvin Cheung (MIT CSAIL) on "Rethinking the Application-Database Interface" and a fishbowl panel on "Programmable File Systems: What, Why, How?" We hope that these proceedings will serve as a valuable reference for researchers interested in programmable file and storage systems.
The Masters of Physics: Critical Thinking Through Skateboarding

This paper focuses on the use of live action and video instruction as a method of content dissemination and to motivate students in learning in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education. Specifically, this area, dubbed “edutainment”, chronicles different interactions with students, teachers and community members that utilized live action to video as methods of capturing relevant content in student-centered contexts. The fundamental idea is to infuse one's passion into modern methods of teaching, and to inspire others to use their gifts in their education, and thereby connect them to their dreams and aspirations.
Analytic model for the line tension of a bowing dislocation segment

The resistance of a dislocation to bowing under stress governs the strength of the gamut of metallic material systems. This resistance is commonly referred to as the dislocation line tension (Γ) an...
Enzymatic resolution of amino acid esters using ionic liquid N-ethyl pyridinium trifluoroacetate

A new ionic liquid, N-ethyl pyridinium trifluoroacetate, was used with a commercial protease to resolve N-acetyl amino acid esters in place of traditional organic solvents. Products with enantiomeric excess (ee) between 86–97% were obtained. These results show that with low concentration of this new ionic liquid, the enzymatic resolution can be increased considerably depending upon the substrate being used.
Global competition and diffusion of the “A”list

Focusing on the global diffusion of the “A” list consisting of predominantly U.S.-based journals, we argue that such diffusion represents an important form of professionalization in the management of business schools. The diffusion can also be viewed as an intellectual movement in the age of global competition characterized by a flat world. How can we explain the recent diffusion of the “A” list? More important, how does such diffusion impact the future of business and management scholarship? Addressing these important but underexplored questions, we identify the multilevel factors that explain the diffusion, and predict its likely trajectory and its impact on future scholarship.
“One language and one tongue”: Animal speech in Jubilees 3:27–31:

Jubilees 3:27–31 explains the command to cover one’s nakedness, and the connections with animal speech help to elucidate the reasons for this law. Jubilees implies a sort of equality/solidarity bet...
Experiential philanthropy in China

Experiential philanthropy is a form of service-learning where students are provided with money (generally from a foundation) to distribute to nonprofit organizations. The pedagogy is intended to te...
Functional variants within the 5UTR support reduced exon usage as a molecular mechanism underlying the quantitative trait gene Hnrnph1 for reduced methamphetamine sensitivity

We previously identified a 210 kb region on chromosome 11 (50.37-50.58 Mb, mm10) containing two protein-coding genes (Hnrnph1, Rufy1) that was necessary for reduced methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity in C57BL/6J congenic mice harboring DBA/2J polymorphisms. Gene editing of a deletion in the first coding exon of each gene supported Hnrnph1 as a quantitative trait gene. We since showed that Hnrnph1 mutants also exhibit a reduction in methamphetamine-induced reward, reinforcement, and dopamine release. However, the quantitative trait variants (QTVs) that modulate Hnrnph1 at the molecular level are not known. There are nine SNPs and seven indels that distinguish C57BL/6J from DBA/2J within Hnrnph1, including four variants within the 5UTR. Here, we show that a 114 kb introgressed region containing Hnrnph1 and Rufy1 was sufficient to induce a decrease in MA-induced locomotor activity. Transcriptome analysis of 114 kb congenics versus Hnrnph1 mutants identified a nearly perfect correlation of fold-change in expression in differentially expressed genes common to both mouse lines, indicating functionally similar effects on the transcriptome and behavior. Ten overlapping genes showed differential exon usage, including Hnrnph1 and Ppp3ca. Differential 5UTR exon usage of Hnrnph1 and Ppp3ca were validated using real-time quantitative PCR. Cloning of the Hnrnph1 5UTR containing all four variants together (but none of them individually) induced a functional decrease in reporter expression in both HEK293 and N2a cells, thus identifying a set of QTVs underlying molecular regulation of Hnrnph1.
Fiber Force: A Fiber Diet Intervention in an Advanced Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE) Course†

Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) are an effective way to introduce students to contemporary scientific research. Research experiences have been shown to promote critical thinking, improve understanding and proper use of the scientific method, and help students learn practical skills including writing and oral communication. We aimed to improve scientific training by engaging students enrolled in an upper division elective course in a human microbiome CURE. The "Fiber Force" course is aimed at studying the effect of a wholesome high-fiber diet (40 to 50 g/day for two weeks) on the students' gut microbiomes. Enrolled students participated in a noninvasive diet intervention, designed health surveys, tested hypotheses on the effect of a diet intervention on the gut microbiome, and analyzed their own samples (as anonymized aggregates). The course involved learning laboratory techniques (e.g., DNA extraction, PCR, and 16S sequencing) and the incorporation of computational techniques to analyze microbiome data with QIIME2 and within the R software environment. In addition, the learning objectives focused on effective student performance in writing, data analysis, and oral communication. Enrolled students showed high performance grades on writing, data analysis and oral communication assignments. Pre- and post-course surveys indicate that the students found the experience favorable, increased their interest in science, and heightened awareness of their diet habits. Fiber Force constitutes a validated case of a research experience on microbiology with the capacity to improve research training and promote healthy dietary habits.
Nitrogen Fixation and Resorption Efficiency Differences Among Twelve Upland and Lowland Switchgrass Cultivars

In nitrogen (N)-limited terrestrial ecosystems, plants employ various strategies to acquire and conserve N, including translocation of N in perennial tissues and stimulation of N fixation in roots ...
Semianalytical Modelling and 2D Numerical Simulation of Low-Frequency Noise in Advanced N-Channel FDSOI MOSFETs

Thorough investigations of the low-frequency noise (LFN) in a fully depleted silicon-on-insulator technology node have been accomplished, pointing out on the contribution of the buried oxide (BOX) and the Si-BOX interface to the total drain current noise level. A new analytical multilayer gate stack flat-band voltage fluctuation-based model has been established, and 2D numerical simulations have been carried out to identify the main noise sources and related parameters on which the LFN depends. The increase of the noise at strong inversion could be explained by the access resistance contribution to the 1/f noise. Therefore, considering uncorrelated noise sources in the channel and in the source/drain regions, the total low-frequency noise can simply be obtained by adding to the channel noise the contribution of the excess noise originating from the access region (Δr). Moreover, only two fit parameters are used in this work: the trap volumetric density in the BOX, and the 1/f access noise level originating from the access series resistance, which is assumed to be the same for the front and the back interfaces.
If There were a Trade War, Who Would Join the Battle?

This study explores certain influences on Americans’ willingness to purchase domestic (vs. foreign) film and automobiles within the context of the 1995 confrontation over access to Japanese markets. Results show a willingness to buy domestic related to certain attitudes toward international trade and ethnocentrism, nationalism, and cultural exposure.
Selling science: Resource mobilization strategies in the emerging field of nanotechnology

Abstract Pioneers in emerging scientific and technology fields face liabilities of newness at both individual and collective levels. Insights from the literature of institutional entrepreneurship and sociology of knowledge suggest that, to overcome this double hurdle, early entrants may want to participate in a field’s hot center and connect their ideas to multiple existing fields to broaden their audience. However, these strategies have their drawbacks too, and the payoff of these strategies also decreases as a field gains cognitive legitimacy. Moreover, both the positive and negative effects of these mobilization strategies are more pronounced for less-experienced scientists. Findings from a comprehensive database on grant proposals in the emerging field of nanotechnology confirm these propositions, suggesting that an effective mobilization strategy is a balancing act between isomorphism and differentiation, breadth and boundary maintenance, especially in early stages of field development.
The Structure of the Bovine Pancreatic Secretory Trypsin Inhibitor—Kazal's Inhibitor I. THE ISOLATION AND AMINO ACID SEQUENCES OF THE TRYPTIC PEPTIDES FROM REDUCED AMINOETHYLATED INHIBITOR

Ten peptides were formed by the action of trypsin on reduced aminoethylated bovine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (Kazal's inhibitor). After preliminary fractionation by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 columns, 0.9 × 400 cm, they were purified by column chromatography on Dowex 50-X2, Dowex 1-X2, and Sephadex G-25. The amino acid sequence of each peptide was determined by subtractive Edman degradation and specific enzymatic hydrolysis. The peptides, isolated in 38 to 94% yield, account for 55 of 56 amino acid residues in the parent single chain polypeptide.
High efficiency Al/sub 0.38/Ga/sub 0.62/As solar cells

The authors report on the characteristics of Al/sub 0.38/Ga/sub 0.62/As liquid-phase epitaxy layers determined using deep-level transient spectroscopy, surface photovoltage, and photoluminescence. Because the radiation hardness of the cell is important for space cells, the authors present the results of 1 MeV electron irradiation of large-area, 2*2-cm Al/sub 0.38/Ga/sub 0.62/As cells. The minority carrier lifetime was 13 ns, almost as long as the value (20 ns) found in GaAs. The Al/sub 0.38/Ga/sub 0.62/As layer gives a very strong photoluminescence signal, with two distinct peaks indicating that the material is close to defect-free. >
Employment Characteristics, Educational Histories, and Pedagogical Training of Educators in CAATE-Accredited Athletic Training Education Programs

Context: With the rapid expansion of ATEPs in the last decade, the demand for doctoral-trained athletic training educators has increased exponentially. As more athletic training educators enter higher education, it is important to fully understand how well prepared these educators are for life in academe. Objective: To describe employment characteristics, educational histories, and pedagogical training of athletic training educators. Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Entry-level undergraduate and graduate ATEPs Patients or Other Participants: The Demographic and Educational History Questionnaire (DEHQ) was distributed to 338 program directors (PDs) of CAATE accredited ATEPs. Twenty-four potential respondents were eliminated from the study due to incomplete responses. Thirty percent of PDs (n=102) completed the survey in its entirety. PDs were also asked to forward the DEHQ to other educators in their respective ATEPs, which resulted in the inclusion of 72 additional individuals, for a total of 174 parti...
Initial screening test for blunt cerebrovascular injury: Validity assessment of whole-body computed tomography.

Introduction Our whole-body computed tomography protocol (WBCT), used to image patients with polytrauma, consists of a noncontrast head computed tomography (CT) followed by a multidetector computed tomography (40- or 64- slice) that includes an intravenous, contrast-enhanced scan from the face through the pelvis. WBCT is used to screen for blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) during initial CT imaging of the patient with polytrauma and allows for early initiation of therapy with the goal of avoiding stroke. WBCT has not been directly compared with CT angiography (CTA) of the neck as a screening tool for BCVI. We hypothesize that WBCT is a valid modality to diagnose BCVI compared with neck CTA, thus screening patients with polytrauma for BCVI and limiting the need for subsequent CTA. Methods A retrospective review of the trauma registry was conducted for all patients diagnosed with BCVI from June 2009 to June 2013 at our institution. All injuries, identified and graded on initial WBCT, were compared with neck CTA imaging performed within the first 72 hours. Sensitivity was calculated for WBCT by the use of CTA as the reference standard. Proportions of agreement also were calculated between the grades of injury for both imaging modalities. Results A total of 319 injured vessels were identified in 227 patients. On initial WBCT 80 (25%) of the injuries were grade I, 75 (24%) grade II, 45 (14%) grade III, 41 (13%) grade IV, and 58 (18%) were classified as indeterminate: 27 vertebral and 31 carotid lesions. Twenty (6%) of the 319 injuries were not detected on WBCT but identified on subsequent CTA (9 grade I, 7 grade II, 4 grade III); 6 vertebral and 14 carotid. For each vessel type and for all vessels combined, WBCT demonstrated sensitivity rates of over 90% to detect BCVI among the population of patients with at least one vessel injured. There was concordant grading of injuries between WBCT and initial diagnostic CTA in 154 (48% of all injuries). Lower grade injures were more discordant than higher grades (55% vs 13%, respectively; P Conclusion WBCT holds promise as a rapid screening test for BCVI in the patient with polytrauma to identify injuries in the early stage of the trauma evaluation, thus allowing more rapid initiation of treatment. In addition, in those patients with high risk for BCVI but whose WBCT results are negative for BCVI, neck CTA should be considered to more confidently exclude low-grade injuries.
Complications and fitting challenges associated with scleral contact lenses: A review.

Abstract Introduction The modern scleral contact lens (ScCL) has evolved from the very first contact lens fitted 128 years ago. Originally manufactured in glass and oxygen impermeable plastics, these lenses are available today in high Dk gas permeable materials that allow permeation of oxygen, reducing many of the complications that were seen with older generation ScCL. However, as with any new contact lens modality, the modern ScCL brings with it a new set of complications and fitting limitations. Methods Pubmed searches under different keywords were conducted. Results Existing literature provides some reports of infection with the scleral devices, although these are often seen in severely compromised corneas, while hypoxic and inflammatory complications are rarely reported in the literature. Furthermore, the somewhat complex relationship of a scleral lens on the eye can create fitting and removal challenges. Anomalies such as conjunctival prolapse, epithelial bogging, midday fogging, and limbal bearing have been reported, and appear to be unique sequelae to scleral lens wear. Conclusion Although this revolutionary technology broadens the scope in which practitioners can treat patients with irregular ocular surfaces, reports of these complications indicate that there is still a need for continued research to further enhance the clinical outcomes of this promising contact lens modality.
Reduction pathways of organohalogen compounds: Part III. A molecular orbital (CNDO/2) study of the chlorinated benzenes, DDT, and lindane

Abstract Molecular orbital calculations, using the CNDO/2 method which treats both the σ and π systems of molecules, were carried out for all the chlorinated benzenes, DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-( p -chlorophenyl)ethane), lindane ( γ -1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane) and γ -BTC ( γ -3,4,5,6-tetrachlorocyclohexene). The energy level and electron distribution for the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), both LUMO- σ and LUMO- π when each system is present in the molecule, were compared with the electrochemical behavior of these compounds. The energies of both the LUMO- σ and LUMO- π are about equal and each give a linear correlation with reduction potentials for all the chlorinated benzenes. However, the CNDO/2 calculations for their respective radical anions show that the electron has entered the σ orbital. The LUMO- σ is antibonding with the electron density localized in the C−Cl bonds which undergo cleavage to the reduction products. The relative electron density for different C−Cl bonds correlates with the product ratios when several products are found. The evidence indicates that upon electrochemical reduction of chloro organic compounds the first electron should enter the LUMO- σ , even if there is a π system available.
TRIPLE - A Query, Inference, and Transformation Language for the Semantic Web

This paper presents TRIPLE, a layered and modular rule language for the Semantic Web [1]. TRIPLE is based on Horn logic and borrows many basic features from F-Logic [11] but is especially designed for querying and transforming RDF models [20].TRIPLE can be viewed as a successor of SiLRI (Simple Logic-based RDF Interpreter [5]). One of the most important differences to F-Logic and SiLRI is that TRIPLE does not have a fixed semantics for object-oriented features like classes and inheritance. Its layered architecture allows such features to be easily defined for different object-oriented and other data models like UML, Topic Maps, or RDF Schema [19]. Description logics extensions of RDF (Schema) like OIL [17] and DAML+OIL [3] that cannot be fully handled by Horn logic are provided as modules that interact with a description logic classifier, e.g. FaCT [9], resulting in a hybrid rule language. This paper sketches syntax and semantics of TRIPLE.
Teaching fearlessness: a manifesto.

Context: Negative role modeling is a plague medical educators fight once students enter the clinical arena. The literature is replete on the fact that students routinely encounter faculty who display attitudes and behaviors inconsistent with the values taught throughout the medical curriculum, particularly in the preclinical years. Approach: Using a back and forth between the text of a third-year student's reflective essay and two of her faculty's observations on her negative encounters with several clinical faculty, the authors propose 'teaching for fearlessness.' Discussion: Using Papadimos and Murray's use of 'fearless speech' derived from Foucault's thinking on parrhesia, the authors build a case that students should be encouraged to expose and challenge inequities on behalf of their patients, themselves and the profession at large. Conclusions: Medical educators should model and provide students with opportunities to develop and use 'fearless speech' as a way to reshape the culture of medical education and patient care.
Rubber Bands, Free Energy, and Le Châtelier's Principle

The following simple classroom activity illustrates the relationship of entropy to molecular disorder in polymer chains. It also deals with free energy, the Gibbs equation, spontaneous versus non-spontaneous processes, Le Châtelier's principle, and the interplay of intermolecular forces and enthalpy. It is suitable for an advanced high school or college-level general chemistry course.
Comparison of pathogenicity of the Fusarium crown rot (FCR) complex (F. culmorum, F. pseudograminearum and F. graminearum) on hard red spring and durum wheat

Fusarium species involved in the Fusarium crown rot (FCR) complex affect wheat in every stage of development from seedling to grain fill. This study was designed to compare the aggressiveness of the FCR complex members including F. culmorum, F. pseudograminearum and F. graminearum in causing seedling blight, decreased plant vigour and crown rot. To assess their relative pathogenicity, two hard red spring wheat cultivars and two durum wheat cultivars were inoculated in the field with five isolates from each of the three species for two years. Significant differences in patterns of pathogenicity were identified. In particular, F. culmorum caused greater seedling blight while F. pseudograminearum and F. graminearum caused greater crown rot. Greatest yield reductions were caused by F. pseudograminearum. Cultivar differences were identified with respect to seedling disease and late season crown rot. No interactions were identified between cultivar performance and isolates or species with which they were challenged.
The Science of Pronominal Usage He and It in Coreference to Inanimate Entities in Late Middle English Texts on Alchemy

This is the author's accepted manuscript. The published version can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424210384225
Synthesizing Linear-Array Patterns via Matrix Computation of Element Currents

The design of linear arrays to produce a desired radiation pattern, i.e., the pattern-synthesis problem, continues to be of interest, as demonstrated by the number of articles being published on this topic. Varieties of approaches have been developed to deal with this problem. The approach discussed here begins with a specified set of element currents - such as choosing all to be of unit amplitude, for example - the radiation pattern of which is computed. A matrix is constructed, the individual coefficients of which are comprised of the contribution each element current makes to the maxima of this initial radiation pattern. A vector, the entries of which are the desired amplitudes of each maxima in the radiation pattern, is then multiplied by the inverse of this matrix. This operation generates a new set of element currents, the pattern maxima of which may change somewhat in angle relative to those of the initial pattern. This requires that the process be repeated as an iterative sequence of element-current and pattern computations. When the locations of the pattern maxima no longer change in angle and the maxima converge to their specified values, the synthesis is complete. Results from this approach are demonstrated for several pattern types.
Co-existence of serum-dependent and serum-independent mechanisms for liposome clearance and involvement of non-Kupffer cells in liposome uptake by mouse liver

The effect of serum on liver uptake of liposomes with different compositions was investigated using a single-pass liver perfusion technique. Among the liposomes tested are those containing CL, PA, DPGS, PE or glycolipids such as PI, GD, GT1b and aGM1. Liposomes containing PA, CL and DPGS showed high level of liver uptake in the absence of serum. Presence of serum decreased the total liver uptake for liposomes containing CL and PA by 50% and did not affect the level of liver uptake for DPGS-containing liposomes. The presence of serum, however, significantly increased the liposome uptake by the perfused liver for PG, PE and aGM1 liposomes. Liposomes containing PI showed a minimal liver uptake regardless of serum presence. Fluorescence microscopic studies using a dual fluorescence label system in combination with Kupffer cell elimination technique showed that, in addition to the dominant role of Kupffer cells in taking up liposomes, non-Kupffer cells may also be involved in taking up CL and DCP-containing liposomes. Competition experiments using various liposome compositions indicated that liposome uptake by the liver cells may involve different receptors. Serum activity in enhancing the liver uptake for PE- and aGM1-containing liposomes can be blocked by treatment of serum with EDTA, EGTA/Mg2+ and high temperature (56 degrees C), suggesting the involvement of complement system. Results from this study support the conclusion that blood clearance of liposomes by the liver involves two independent mechanisms, one requires serum opsonins and the other does not.
Constitutive model for predicting dynamic interactions between soil ejecta and structural panels

Abstract A constitutive model is developed for the high-rate deformation of an aggregate comprising of mono-sized spherical particles with a view to developing an understanding of dynamic soil–structure interactions in landmine explosions. The constitutive model accounts for two regimes of behaviour. When the particle assembly is widely dispersed (regime I), the contacts between particles are treated as collisions, analogous to those between molecules in a gas or liquid. At high packing densities (regime II) the contacts are semi-permanent and consolidation is dominated by particle deformation and inter-particle friction. Regime I is modelled by extending an approach proposed by Bagnold (1954. Experiments on a gravity-free dispersion of large solid particles in a Newtonian fluid under shear. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 225, 49–63) to a general strain history comprising volumetric and deviatoric deformation. For regime II, classical soil mechanics models (such as Drucker–Prager) are employed. The overall model is employed to investigate the one-dimensional impact of sand against a rigid stationary target. The calculations illustrate that, unlike single-particle impact, the momentum transmitted to a rigid target is insensitive to the particle co-efficient of restitution, but strongly dependent on initial density. The constitutive model is also used to examine the spherical expansion of a shell of sand (both dry and water saturated). In line with initial experimental observations, the wet sand is predicted to form clumps while the dry sand fully disperses. The model shows that this clumping of explosively loaded wet sand exerts higher pressures on nearby targets compared to equivalent dry sand explosions.
On Similarity Indices and Correction for Chance Agreement

Similarity indices can be used to compare partitions (clusterings) of a data set. Many such indices were introduced in the literature over the years. We are showing that out of 28 indices we were able to track, there are 22 different ones. Even though their values differ for the same clusterings compared, after correcting for agreement attributed to chance only, their values become similar and some of them even become equivalent. Consequently, the problem of choice of the index to be used for comparing different clusterings becomes less important.
Phases Evolution and Y Solid Solution Microstructure in the Mg-6Zn-3Y Alloy Solidified under Super-High Pressure

The solidification microstructure of Mg-6Zn-3Y alloy under super-high pressure was investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the dendritic structure of Mg-6Zn-3Y alloy under super-high pressure (GPa level) can be evidently refined with the increase of solidification pressure. When the pressure increases to 2 GPa, Y element can’t solubilize in matrix of a-Mg, the primary Y solid solution is distributed in the shape of polygon block in the matrix. When the pressure is up to 4 GPa, the primary Y solid solution appears as symmetrical petaline shape. So Y solid solution exhibits the different morphology with the change of the pressure
Histamine and Spermidine Content in Brain during Development

Histamine concentration in fetal rat brain is high at 17 days gestation but decreases sharply just before birth. Values subsequently increase to a maximum postnatal concentration 5 to 10 days after birth, and then steadily decline to low adult values by time of weaning. Spermidine follows a pattern similar to that of histamine but with a 24- to 48-hour lag. The developmental pattern for histamine in the central nervous system is different from that for other neural amines. It appears that the marked fetal and neonatal changes in brain histamine correlate best with periods of rapid cell proliferation and growth during brain maturation.
A Randomized, Controlled Study of the 1-hour and 24-hour Effects of Inhaled Nitric Oxide Therapy in Children With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure

Study objective To determine whether 24 h of inhaled nitric oxide improves oxygenation greater than conventional therapy alone in children with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Design Prospective, randomized, controlled study. Setting Twenty-six-bed pediatric ICU in a tertiary children's hospital. Patients Twenty-four patients with acute bilateral lung disease requiring a positive-end expiratory pressure >6 cm H2O and a fraction of inspired oxygen >0.5 for >12 h. Interventions Twelve patients were treated with 10 ppm inhaled nitric oxide from the onset of randomization and 12 control patients were initially maintained on a regimen of conventional therapy alone. After a period of 24 h, control patients were also treated with 10 ppm inhaled nitric oxide. Hemodynamic and blood gas measurements were performed at baseline, at 1 h after randomization, and at 24-h intervals for 2 days. Measurements and results Inhaled nitric oxide decreased the ratio of pulmonary to systemic vascular resistance and improved oxygenation indexes during the initial hour following randomization. However, 24 h after randomization, the oxygenation indexes of 11 surviving treated patients were not improved in comparison to baseline or the oxygenation indexes of 10 surviving control patients. Oxygenation indexes acutely improved in control patients when inhaled nitric oxide was started after 24 h of conventional therapy. Oxygenation indexes remained improved in the initial control patients after 24 h of inhaled nitric oxide. Conclusions Pulmonary vascular resistance and systemic oxygenation are acutely improved by 10 ppm inhaled nitric oxide in some children with severe lung disease. However, a sustained improvement in oxygenation may not occur during prolonged therapy. Thus, inhaled nitric oxide may have a limited therapeutic role in children with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.
Evolution of strategies to achieve baseline separation of ten anionic, water-soluble sulfated estrogens via achiral packed column supercritical fluid chromatography

a b s t r a c t Near baseline separation of ten sulfated sodium salts of various structurally related estrogens employing a variety of bonded stationary phase packed columns was obtained using a conventional supercritical fluid chromatograph coupled with UV detection. Critical pairs 2/3 (8,9-dehydroestrone/17-dihydroequilin) and 6/7 (17-estradiol or 17-dihydroequilin/estrone), however, failed to baseline separate. In all pre- liminary separations, 10 mM ammonium acetate and variable percentages of H2O were initially used as co-additives in conjunction with methanol as a modifier. Different modifier programs and temperatures were employed to optimize the separation in a timely manner. A 2-ethylpyridine column provided the best separation compared to bare silica, diol, and cyano-based bonded phase columns. The employment of both salt and water as additives to the methanol-modified CO2 mobile phase suggested a mixed mode separation mechanism involving both ion pairing of each anionic sulfated estrogen with ammonium ion and hydrophilic interaction facilitated by partitioning of analyte between the aqueous solvated sta- tionary phase and the aqueous component of the mobile phase. Upon more extensive study with either iso-propylamine or formic acid-ammonium formate buffer, the critical anionic pairs were 95% baseline resolved.
Labyrinthula zosterae sp. nov., the causative agent of wasting disease of eelgrass, Zostera marina

A pathogenic species of marine slime mold, Labyrinthula, has been identified as the etiological agent of the present recurrence of wasting disease of eelgrass, Zostera marina. It is also implicated...
Taxonomy of gamma-ray burst optical light curves: identification of a salient class of early afterglows

The temporal behaviour of the early optical emission from gamma-ray burst afterglows can be divided into four classes: fast-rising with an early peak, slow-rising with a late peak, flat plateaus and rapid decays since first measurement. The fast-rising optical afterglows display correlations among peak flux, peak epoch and post-peak power-law decay index that can be explained with a structured outflow seen off-axis, but the shock origin (reverse or forward) of the optical emission cannot be determined. The afterglows with plateaus and slow rises may be accommodated by the same model, if observer location offsets are larger than for the fast-rising afterglows, or could be due to a long-lived injection of energy and/or ejecta in the blast wave. If better calibrated with more afterglows, the peak flux-peak epoch relation exhibited by the fast- and slow-rising optical light curves could provide a way to use this type of afterglows as standard candles.
Ruptured Noncoronary Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm

The clinical presentation and echocardiographic findings in a patient with rupture of a noncoronary sinus of Valsalva aneurysm into the right atrium with associated aortic regurgitation are described. Preoperatively, only the right coronary cusp could be visualized by echocardiography. Following surgical repair of the defect, both right and noncoronary cusps were easily seen. It is felt that the inability to demonstrate the noncoronary cusp was caused by the aneurysm pulling the cusp out of alignment with the uninvolved cusps. The echocardiogram appears to be useful in the diagnosis of a rupture of the noncoronary sinus of Valsalva.
Supporting serendipitous integration in mobile computing environments

Abstract In the richly networked world of the near future, mobile computing users will be confronted with an ever-expanding array of devices and services accessible in their environments. In such a world, we cannot expect to have available to us specific applications that allow us to accomplish every conceivable combination of devices that we may wish. Instead, we believe that many of our interactions with the network will be characterized by the use of “general purpose” tools that allow us to discover, use, and integrate multiple devices around us. This paper lays out the case for why we believe that so-called “serendipitous integration” is a necessary fact that we will face in mobile computing, and explores a number of design experiments into supporting end user configuration and control of networked environments through general purpose tools. We present an iterative design approach to creating such tools and their user interfaces, discuss our observations about the challenges of designing for such a world, and then explore a number of tools that take differing design approaches to overcoming these challenges. We conclude with a set of reflections on the user experience issues that we believe are inherent in dealing with ad hoc mobile computing in richly networked environments.
Influence of Sodium, Potassium and Chloride Ions on the Intracellular Responses of Turtle Photoreceptors

VERTEBRATE photoreceptors have a low membrane potential (about 30 mV) in darkness and respond to illumination with a hyperpolarization associated with an increase of membrane resistance1.
Waste Package Reliability / Nalysis*

Proof of future performance of a complex system such as a high-level nuclear waste package over a period of hundreds to thousands of years cannot be had in the ordinary sense of the word. The general method of probabilistic reliability analysis could provide an acceptable framework to identify, organize, and convey the information necessary to satisfy the criterion of reasonable assurance of waste package performance according to the regulatory requirements set forth in 10 CFR 60. General principles which may be used to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative reliability of a waste package design are indicated and illustrated with a sample calculation of a repository concept in basalt. 8 references, 1 table.