cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Such easy-to-use systems!: How organizations shape the design and use of online help systems

Despite the pervasiveness and proliferation of computerized systems, people still get stuck when they are trying to use them. Because organizations are heavily invested in their systems, they seek efficient and effective means to allocate necessary resources to make systems usable. Online help systems attempt to provide such targeted assistance in a variety of modes. This paper will review several online help systems, highlighting the organizational issues inherent in online help by focusing on the organizational arrangements that contextualize the design and use of these systems.
Characterization of optical parameters for an injection-molded parabola

A review of current testing methods used in the characterization of parabolic reflector headlamps is presented. Analysis of these tests reveal detectable figure errors in the reflectors' surfaces. These errors are related to the Zernike polynomial aberrations and then traced to their source in the manufacturing process. Two possible optical methods are discussed as substitutes to the current testing procedures.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Treatment of delayed unions with concomitant pulmonary embolism

Abstract Delayed or non-union of a mid-diaphyseal metatarsal fracture is not uncommon. However, when complicated by a serious overlying medical emergency, in this case a pulmonary embolism, treatment alternatives become limited. This case reviews the use of electrical bone stimulation as a treatment alternative for delayed union of a metatarsal fracture.
The first potent inhibitor of mammalian group X secreted phospholipase A2: elucidation of sites for enhanced binding.

Using the X-ray structure of human group X secreted phospholipase A2 (hGX), we carried out structure-based design of indole-based inhibitors and prepared the compounds using a new synthetic route. The most potent compound inhibited hGX and the mouse orthologue with an IC50 of 75 nM. This compound is the most potent hGX inhibitor reported to date and was also found to inhibit a subset of the other mouse and human sPLA2s.
Controlling pension costs: Why is it so difficult?

Companies continue to struggle with the ballooning costs of defined pension benefit plans. The authors explain why this is such a tough task. And although regulatory reforms may be coming soon, they could have unanticipated consequences—making it even more difficult to manage costs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Haplotypes at the OPRM1 locus are associated with susceptibility to substance dependence in European-Americans.

Our objective was to investigate the relationship between the gene encoding the μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1) and susceptibility to substance dependence in European-American (EA) and African-American (AA) subjects. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the OPRM1 locus, i.e., −2044C/A, −1793T/A, −1699insT, −1469T/C, −1320A/G, −111C/T, +17C/T (Ala6Val), and +118A/G (Asn40Asp) were genotyped in 676 subjects: 318 EA subjects and 124 AA subjects with substance dependence, and 179 EA normal controls, and 55 AA normal controls. Affection status was defined by each unique combination of alcohol, cocaine, and opioid dependence and analysis of association examined in relation to the possible combinations. We used a newly implemented permutation method to evaluate statistical significance. In EAs, a significant difference in haplotype frequency distributions was found between controls and “alcohol + opioid” dependent patients (P = 0.0036). This finding is also supported by logistic regression analysis and a simulation method. The frequencies of allele −2044A and haplotypes including −2044A are higher in these patients than in controls. In AAs, no allele, haplotype, or genotype frequencies were significantly different between cases and controls. There were highly significant differences in the allele, haplotype, and genotype frequencies between EA and AA controls. Four of the variants [−1793T/A, −1699insT, −1320A/G, and −111C/T] are in virtually complete linkage disequilibrium (LD) to compose a sequence pattern, which does not associate with any of the seven categories of substance dependence. In EAs, allele −2044A and haplotypes that include −2044A are the susceptibility allele and haplotypes for substance dependence. These findings suggest that OPRM1 may play a role in the pathophysiology of substance dependence and this role is population- and diagnosis-specific. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
cDNA cloning of human oxysterol-binding protein and localization of the gene to human chromosome 11 and mouse chromosome 19

Cellular cholesterol metabolism is regulated primarily through sterol-mediated feedback suppression of the activity of the low-density lipoprotein receptor and several enzymes of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. We previously described the cloning of a rabbit cDNA for the oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP), a cytosolic protein of 809 amino acids that may participate in these regulatory events. We now use the rabbit OSBP cDNA to clone the human OSBP cDNA and 5' genomic region. Comparison of the human and rabbit OSBP sequences revealed a remarkably high degree of conservation. The cDNA sequence in the coding region showed 94% identity between the two species, and the predicted amino acid sequence showed 98% identity. The human cDNA was used to determine the chromosomal localization of the OSBP gene by Southern blot hybridization to panels of somatic cell hybrid clones containing subsets of human or mouse chromosomes and by RFLP analysis of recombinant inbred mouse strains. The OSBP locus mapped to the long arm of human chromosome 11 and the proximal end of mouse chromosome 19. Along with previously mapped genes including Ly-1 and CD20, OSBP defines a new conserved syntenic group on the long arm of chromosome 11 in the human and the proximal end of chromosome 19 in the mouse.
Defect states in doped and compensated a -Si: H

Luminescence, electron spin resonance (ESR), optical absorption, conductivity, and composition data are measured on doped and compensated hydrogenated amorphous silicon. In material singly doped with boron or phosphorus, a variety of experiments indicates the introduction of a large defect density (up to ${10}^{18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$) of the dangling-bond type. Compensation increases the luminescence efficiency, but the luminescence peak shifts strongly to lower energy. Compensation reduces the ESR resonance at $g=2.0055$, but a broad resonance characteristic of a hole trap remains. We deduce that compensation reduces the dangling-bond density, but introduces a new band of localized states above the valence-band edge. We associate these new states with boron-phosphorus complexes whose origin is a chemical interaction occurring during deposition. Changes in the dangling-bond density with doping and compensation lead us to propose an autocompensation mechanism of defect formation. Also reported is the first observation of a metastable light-induced ESR signal in $a$-Si: H.
Fear conditioning and extinction as a function of escape from black to white vs. escape from white to black

In the present experiment one group of rats was trained to escape from the black compartment to the white compartment of a shuttlebox and another group was trained to escape from the white compartment to the black compartment using a modification of the usual acquired fear procedure. There was no difference between the two groups on preshock trials, or on acquisition trials. The only reliable differences were in extinction latencies and trials to extinction; the white to black group had shorter latencies of escape in extinction and took nearly twice as many trials to extinguish, indicating that the association between white and fear and black and safety in the usual acquired fear study may not be entirely acquired. According to Miller (1948, 1951), fear can be acquired as a response to a previously neutral stimulus. Once acquired, this fear can act as a drive and motivate the learning of a new response. In Miller's (1948) experiment, rats were shocked in the white compartment of a two-compartment shuttlebox and allowed to escape to the black compartment. Mter the shock trials, shock was omitted and the animals continued to run. Next, the conditions were changed so that the door separating the two compartments could be opened if the rat turned a wheel in the white compartment. The rats learned to operate the wheel to escape from the white compartment without further shocks. Presumably, the white compartment elicited internal fear cues and when the rat escaped, the fear was reduced; therefore, the response was learned and maintained.
488 EVALUATION OF PRIMARY CESAREAN SECTION (1°C/S) RATE

At CSMC, in 1979 there were 4798 deliveries of women at risk for 1°C/S. The 1°C/S rate was analyzed to determine the variation in indication specific C/S rates in the study group. The study group consisted of 38 obstetricians in solo practice, and 18 groups representing 51 obstetricians (2-8/group). Groups were considered as single entities. Groups or individuals delivering fewer than 16 patients/year were not evaluated. The indications for 1°C/S were “failure to progress/cephalopelvic disproportion” (FTP/CPD), malpresentation, fetal distress (FD), genital herpes, and miscellaneous. The 1°C/S rate varied from 3-50% (x=14%). Eight individuals or groups had rates significantly above the mean (p<0.05); 4 of these at the p<0.01 level. Only 1 group had a rate significantly below the mean (p<0.01). FTP/CPD was considered the indication for 1°C/S in 8% of patients (range:0-40%). Five individuals had rates significantly above the mean (p<0.05), 4 of these at the p<0.01 level. Two groups had rates significantly below the mean (p<0.05), 1 of these at the p<0.01 level. FD was the indication for 1°C/S in 1.3% of patients. Only 1 physician had a rate significantly above this (p<0.01). The data suggests there are wide variations amongst obstetricians in their 1°C/S rates which may reflect differences in patient population or differences in patient management. This is an area which may be appropriate for peer review.
Emotional and intellectual correlates of unsuccessful suicide attempts in people with epilepsy

This study evaluated the emotional and intellectual correlates of unsuccessful suicide attempts in persons with seizure disorders. Psychosocial evaluations were completed on 198 adults with epilepsy, of whom 32 had made one or more suicide attempts. The MMPI demonstrated increased anxiety and decreased ego strength among those with histories of suicide attempts in comparison to those without such a history. Intellectual abilities as evaluated by the WAIS were slightly lower among the suicide attempters, especially on language-related tasks. Unsuccessful suicidal behavior in epilepsy is probably the product of multiple conditions and circumstances, including seizures themselves, decreased adaptive abilities, increased emotional problems, and the continual availability of agents (antiepileptic medications) with which a suicide attempt may be undertaken. Language: en
Chlorinated Organic Residues in Fish, Water, and Precipitation from the Vicinity of Isle Royale, Lake Superior

Studies of persistent organic contaminants for the Upper Lakes Reference Group of the International Joint Commission indicated increased levels of organic contamination in the flesh of fish taken from the vicinity of Isle Royale on Lake Superior. Significant increases in levels of organic residues in Lake Superior fish near Isle Royale were observed in lean lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, and in fat lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush siscowet.Siskiwit Lake, a deep cold lake on Isle Royale, well removed from the direct influences of man, was selected as a control site for studies on Lake Superior. Values for several organic residues in the flesh of fish from Siskiwit Lake were significantly higher than corresponding fish from Lake Superior. Polychlorinated biphenyls were nearly double the Lake Superior mean value, and p,p-DDE showed a more than 10 fold increase in Siskiwit Lake.These findings lead to a preliminary study of the transport of polychlorinated biphenyl compounds in atmospheric precipitation. Data from the Isle Royale area are compared with metropolitan sites and with those of other investigators.
Alcohol Initiation Experiences and Family History of Alcoholism as Predictors of Problem-Drinking Trajectories

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify developmental trajectories of problem drinking from adolescence into young adulthood and to determine if alcohol use initiation experiences and family history of alcoholism, as well as their interactions, would predict trajectory group membership. Method: Five waves of data were collected from respondents who were 12 years old at the time of recruitment to the Rutgers Health and Human Development Project and followed until age 31 (n = 438). A standardized measure of problem drinking (Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index) was used to develop trajectories with growth-mixture modeling. Differences across groups in first- use experience (age of onset, pleasantness of the experience, and feeling intoxicated), a family history of alcoholism, and gender were analyzed with chi-square and analysis of variance tests, and logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the odds of group membership. Results: Three trajectory groups of drinkers were identified: no or lo...
Stability of Cohomology via Double-Coset Products and Suborbit Diagrams

Abstract Stability of subgroup cohomology is typically defined by a condition on individual double cosets, though use of the natural multiplication among them can reduce the amount of direct checking needed. The study of geometries for many finite groups, notably the sporadic simple groups, has frequently included the determination of suborbit diagrams, from which the needed multiplication coefficients are immediately available. The technique is applied to simplify certain calculations in the recent literature on the cohomology of the sporadic groups.
Separation and Preconcentration of Cesium from Acidic Media by Extraction Chromatography

Abstract A novel extraction chromatographic resin for the separation and preconcentration of cesium from acidic nitrate media comprising an inert polymeric substrate impregnated with 1,3‐calix[4]bis‐o‐benzo‐crown‐6 (“BC6B”) in a chlorinated diluent is described. Cesium is shown to be both strongly and selectively retained by the resin at low (<1 M) acid concentrations and readily eluted from it using 6 M HNO3. Only potassium ion (at concentrations exceeding ca. 0.01 M) exerts a significant adverse impact on cesium retention. Unexpectedly, cesium uptake by the resin does not exhibit the acid dependency anticipated from liquid‐liquid extraction data. This is also the case for a resin employing a related macrocyclic extractant, calix[4]arene‐bis‐(t‐octylbenzocrown‐6) (“BobCalix”), prepared and partly characterized in an effort to overcome certain limitations of the BC6B‐based material. Despite this, the resin is shown to be well suited to the isolation of radiocesium from acidic solution for subsequent deter...
The Effect of Removing Cost as a Barrier to Treatment Initiation With Outpatient Tobacco Dependence Clinics Among Emergency Department Patients

Tobacco addiction remains the leading cause of preventable mortality across the United States and is responsible for one in every five deaths.1 In addition, the serious pathologic consequences of tobacco exposure, such as cardiovascular disease, malignancy, and pulmonary disease, adversely affect quality of life for a population 20 times larger in size.1 Thus, despite the shrinking prevalence of smoking, a large proportion of patients seen at emergency departments (EDs) across the nation continue to use tobacco,2 which is thought to directly contribute to 5% of all ED admissions.3 The efficacy of tobacco cessation intervention by health care providers is well documented. In support of this, the American College of Emergency Physicians' Smoking Cessation Task Force extended the US Public Health Service Task Force recommendation that health care providers universally screen and counsel tobacco users treated in the ED setting, emphasizing that routine screening should be followed by brief advice and referral to national quit lines or local tobacco dependence treatment programs.4 In 2000, the first randomized controlled trial evaluating an ED-initiated tobacco intervention revealed comparable cessation rates between scripted verbal counseling by emergency physicians (EPs) and a control condition consisting of no counseling.5 Of particular interest, the study intervention included a referral to an outpatient tobacco clinic; however, none of the participants in the intervention group followed up with the referral. Because the cost burden of the outpatient program translated to $200 per patient, financial disincentives were hypothesized to play a prohibitive role in patient follow-through. In response, our study aimed to evaluate the influence of cost on enrollment in outpatient tobacco treatment following discharge from the ED. We hypothesized that smokers would be more likely to initiate treatment if the program was advertised free of charge.
Facilitating Database Queries: Graphical versus Numeric Preview

Numeric query preview was compared to graphical preview for constructing ad-hoc database queries in a usability study. The overall objective was to provide evidence to make design recommendations for a future software prototype. Based upon an earlier filter/flow graphical prototype, a visual query builder was developed to enable end users with little pre-existing knowledge to graphically construct complex database queries containing multiple Boolean operators. Usability evaluation was conducted with 12 users each generating 12 queries. Overall query completion rates were 83%, affirming the usability of this prototype query builder. Numeric preview allowed faster query construction than visual preview for complex queries, but visual preview may have promoted increased verification of constructed queries. Participants were likely able to use and interpret numeric preview information more readily than graphical preview information. While further studies are needed, numeric query preview, possibly combined wi...
No More Excuses: Using Twitter to Challenge The Symbolic Annihilation of Women in Games

In June of 2014, a creative director for Ubisoft, one of the largest video game publishers in the world, started a social media storm over comments he made during an interview about the lack of pla...
1-Fluoropropane. Torsional Potential Surface.

The systematic deletion of orbital interactions, using natural bond orbital (NBO) theory at the B3LYP/ 6-311++G(3df,2p) level, provides validation for the anti-C−H/C−F* hyperconjugative interaction providing the backbone for the gauche preference of 1-fluoropropane (FP). The FCCC torsional coordinate taking trans FP to gauche FP is predicted to be strongly contaminated by CCC bending with the result that a large part of the trans → gauche stabilization energy stems from mode coupling. The anti-C−H/C−F* hyperconjugative interaction is also found to play a major, if not determining, role in the coupling. The results of Rydberg deletion calculations suggest that Rydberg interactions play a role in NBO analysis, contrary to the usual assumption that interactions involving Rydberg orbitals can be ignored.
Democracy, children, and the environment: a case for commons trusts

This essay argues that our unsustainable degradation of the natural environment violates fundamental, democratic obligations to children. I argue, first, that obligations to children are clearer and more determinate than obligations to future generations. I then argue that our democratic obligations to children alone, which can be derived from a theoretically modest, procedural conception of democracy, demand substantial institutional reforms. Finally, I propose that commons trusts – which have received very little attention in the theoretical literature – are the best way of meeting these obligations.
Automated composition of hardware components

In order to automate design reuse, methods for composing system components must be developed. The goal of this research is to automate the process of generating interfaces between hardware subsystems. The algorithms presented here can be used to generate a cycle-accurate, synchronous interface between two hardware subsystems given an HDL model of each subsystem. These algorithms have been implemented in the POLARIS hardware composition tool and have been used to generate an interface between a MIPS microprocessor and the SRAM that comprises its secondary cache. Interface generation for the MIPS R4000 is described.
Observation of Spin-Wave Soliton Fractals in Magnetic Film Active Feedback Rings

The manifestation of fractals in soliton dynamics has been observed for the first time. The experiment utilized self-generated spin-wave envelope solitons in a magnetic film based active feedback ring. At high ring gain, the soliton that circulates in the ring breathes in a fractal pattern. The corresponding power frequency spectrum shows a comb structure, with each peak in the comb having its own comb, and so on, to finer and finer scales.
Direct measurement of Gag-Gag interaction during retrovirus assembly with FRET and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

During retrovirus assembly, the polyprotein Gag directs protein multimerization, membrane binding, and RNA packaging. It is unknown whether assembly initiates through Gag–Gag interactions in the cytosol or at the plasma membrane. We used two fluorescence techniques—two-photon fluorescence resonance energy transfer and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy—to examine Rous sarcoma virus Gag–Gag and –membrane interactions in living cells. Both techniques provide strong evidence for interactions between Gag proteins in the cytoplasm. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements of mobility suggest that Gag is present in large cytosolic complexes, but these complexes are not entirely composed of Gag. Deletion of the nucleocapsid domain abolishes Gag interactions and membrane targeting. Deletion of the membrane-binding domain leads to enhanced cytosolic interactions. These results indicate that Gag–Gag interactions occur in the cytosol, are mediated by nucleocapsid domain, and are necessary for membrane targeting and budding. These methods also have general applicability to in vivo studies of protein–protein and –membrane interactions involved in the formation of complex macromolecular structures.
Cytokines and etiopathogenesis of pervasive developmental disorders.

Autistic disorder, also known as early infantile autism, is a developmental disorder of unknown etiology. However, there is some evidence to suggest that abnormalities of the immune system mediate the pathophysiology of autistic disorder. Cytokines, which play a pivotal role in initiating and maintaining immune responses, have been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of major neuropsychiatric disorders including autism. Cytokines are synthesized in the periphery, as well as in the central nervous system, and exert their effects by binding to their receptors in the nervous tissues. It is suggested that, in genetically predisposed individuals, overproduction or decreased synthesis of certain cytokines may result in neurodevelopmental arrest and/or neurotoxicity.
Trace analysis of phosphorus in water by sorption preconcentration and luminol chemiluminescence

A new, highly sensitive chemiluminescence method for the determination of sub-ppb quantities of phosphorus in water is described. The method is based on sorption preconcentration of phosphorus as a yellow vanadomolybdophosphoric heteropoly acid (HPA) in the presence or absence of a cationic surfactant on a paper filter, followed by direct chemiluminescence detection of the phosphorus concentrate via reaction with an alkaline luminol solution. The molar ratio of cationic surfactant to HPA in the ion associate sorbed on the filter is 4:1. The detection limits for phosphorus are 0.02 μg of P L-1 in the presence of surfactant and 0.1 μg of P L-1 in the absence of surfactant for a sample volume of 150 mL. The calibration plot is linear from 0.06 to 1.7 μg of P L-1 in the presence of a surfactant, and the time required for analysis is 25 min. In the absence of surfactant, the selectivities against Si4+ and As5+ are 5 and 40 times greater than those for the standard colorimetric method based on the formation of ...
Dietary habits moderate the association between heart failure and cognitive impairment.

Cognitive impairment is common in heart failure patients. Poor dietary habits are associated with reduced neurocognitive function in other medical populations, including diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. This study examined whether dietary habits help moderate the relationship between heart failure severity and cognitive function. A total of 152 persons with heart failure completed neuropsychological testing and a fitness assessment. Dietary habits were assessed using the Starting the Conversation-Diet questionnaire, a nutrition measure suggested for use in primary care settings. Moderation analyses showed that better dietary habits attenuated the adverse impact of heart failure severity on frontal functioning (b = 1.28, p < 0.05). Follow-up analyses revealed consumption of foods high in sodium was associated with reduced cognitive function (p < 0.05). This study suggests dietary habits can moderate the association between heart failure and performance on tests of attention and executive function. Longitu...
Heat treatment of hot isostatically processed IN-738 investment castings

Abstract An examination has been carried out of the microstructures of hot isostatically processed IN-738 turbine blades. Areas of void closure were found to be atypical of the bulk microstructure and showed recrystallization, twinning, residual gas micropores, and denudation of primary γ′. The effect of heat treatment following hot isostatic processing and solution treatment at 1200°C was investigated. Heat treatments involving controlled cooling at 140°C/hr from 1200°C to the primary aging temperature, followed by secondary aging at 845°C gave rise to the longest rupture lives in tests at 760°C and 586 MPa. Such heat treatments gave rise to finely serrated grain boundaries and a mixture of cuboidal primary γ′ and spheroidal secondary γ′. Appreciably faster or slower cooling rates gave rise to shorter rupture lives, and either planar grain boundaries, or serrated grain boundaries with overaged γ′.
Hemodialysis vascular access morbidity in the United States

Extensive morbidity related to hemodialysis vascular access exists among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, but the risk factors for this morbidity have not been extensively studied. Medicare ESRD patient data were obtained from 1984, 1985, and 1986. Hospitalization for vascular access morbidity (ICD-996.1, 996.6, or 996.7) was analyzed among prevalent patients and, using survival analysis, among incident patients to assess sex, age, race, and underlying cause of renal failure as risk factors. We found that 15 to 16% of hospital stays among prevalent ESRD patients were associated with vascular access-related morbidity. Black race, older age, female sex, and diabetes mellitus as a cause of kidney failure were all independent risk factors for access-related morbidity. The rate ratio comparing Blacks to Whites was 1.12 (95% C.I., 1.09, 1.16); > 64 years to 20 to 44 years, 1.53 (1.46, 1.59); men to women, 0.81 (0.79, 0.84); and diabetes to glomerulonephritis, 1.29 (1.24, 1.35). We conclude that hemodialysis vascular access malfunction causes much hospitalization among ESRD patients. Women, Blacks, the elderly, and diabetics appear to be at particularly high risk, and additional studies are needed to understand these patterns.
Assessment of the Mechanisms for Sr-90 and Tru Removal from Complexant-Containing Tank Wastes at Hanford

Abstract Small‐scale tests (∼20 mL) were conducted with samples from Hanford underground storage tanks AN‐102 and AN‐107 to assess the mechanisms for removing Sr‐90 and transuranics (TRU) from the liquid (supernatant) portion of the waste. The Sr‐90 and TRU must be removed (decontaminated), in addition to Cs‐137 and the entrained solids, before the supernatant can be disposed of as low‐activity waste. Experiments were conducted with various reagents and modified Sr/TRU removal process conditions to more fully understand the reaction mechanisms. The optimized treatment conditions—no added hydroxide, addition of Sr (0.02 M target concentration) followed by sodium permanganate (0.02 M target concentration) with mixing at ambient temperature—were used as a reference for comparison. The waste was initially two orders of magnitude undersaturated with Sr; the addition of nonradioactive Sr(NO3)2 saturated the supernatant, resulting in isotopic dilution and precipitation of Sr‐90 as SrCO3. The reaction chemistry o...
Numerical Modeling and Optimization of Hydrokinetic Turbine

Hydrokinetic turbines, unlike conventional hydraulic turbines are zero head energy conversion devices which utilize the kinetic energy of flowing water for power generation. The basic operational principle of the horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbine (HAHkT) is same as the wind turbine, the only difference being change in working media: water instead of air. This paper discusses the hydrodynamic design of HAHkT via numerical modeling. Presently these turbines suffer from low coefficient of performance (Cp ) which is governed by several design variables such as tip-speed ratio, chord distribution, solidity and number of blades. The numerical modeling is performed for both constant and varying chord geometries using commercially available computational fluid dynamics software (CFX/FLUENT) to understand the effect of each of the design variable on turbine performance. Since the flow Reynolds number is large (≥ 105 ), both one- and two-equation turbulence models are applied to solve Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations. In addition, a three dimensional analysis of HAHkT is performed to give a better insight into the effect of tip vortices and flow separation phenomenon on turbine performance; the results are then compared with Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory analysis. In addition, a procedure for a multivariate optimization scheme is discussed that aims at maximizing Cp for a constant flow velocity while maintaining optimum values of critical design variables listed above. Finally, the effect of variation of angle of attack on the flow around a hydrofoil is investigate using both static and transient analysis, the transient analysis being performed by subjecting the airfoil to periodic oscillations.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Poland, the polish intelligentsia and antisemitism

(1990). Poland, the polish intelligentsia and antisemitism. Soviet Jewish Affairs: Vol. 20, No. 2-3, pp. 5-25.
Effect of Thyroid Hormones on Metabolism. III. Effect of Thyroxine and Thyroidectomy on Adrenal Gland Enzyme Activities

Thyroxine administration to rats caused marked increases in the activities of enzymes associated with glycolysis, NADPH production, and other pathways in the adrenal gland. These increases were accompanied by increased adrenal size but not an increase in soluble protein. Thyroxine had similar effects in thyroidectomized and intact rats, with the exception of pyruvate kinase, which was not increased in the thyroidectomized animals, and malic enzyme, which was increased to a greater degree in the thyroidectomized rats. Thyroidectomy had little effect on most adrenal enzymes examined except malic enzyme, which was increased, and pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucomutase, as well as soluble protein, all of which were decreased. (Endocrinology 84: 692, 1969)
Development and deployment of a surface based benthic micorbial fuel cell

Benthic microbial fuel cells (BMFCs) have the potential to provide long-term, sustainable power for undersea devices. BMFCs operate by harnessing organic matter in the sediment as a fuel source. Field systems have demonstrated power densities in the range of 5 to 20 mW/m2 depending on size and operating conditions. Operation of anodes under anaerobic conditions is critical to the functionality of BMFCs because the presence of oxygen will negatively affect the microbiology and chemistry driving power production. In order to provide an anaerobic environment the BMFC anodes are usually buried at least 10 cm under the sediment which generally ensures a completely anaerobic environment in reducing coastal sediments. Furthermore, to increase a system's power output, large surface areas for the anode and cathodes are needed. Installation of these large-scale anodes is difficult, time consuming, and in the case of very deep water environments, almost impossible. In order to solve the issue of complex burial techniques for large anodes, a unique design of BMFCs has been created which allows the anode to be placed on the sediment surface without being buried and still operate under anaerobic conditions. Carbon cloth anodes were covered on one side with metalized plastic film, specifically biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate (BoPET), and sealed at the edges. This type of metal film has very low oxygen permeability which prevents oxygen in overlying water from diffusing through the film and interfering with current production at the surface of the anode. Weights were added to the perimeter of the film in order to ensure a seal between the anode edge and the sediment to prevent aerobic seawater from contacting the anode thus ensuring an anaerobic environment for the anode. The concept was tested at various scales in the lab environment and a prototype deployment system was developed and tested for future scale-up and field applications.
Ripple effects on family firms from an externally induced crisis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the experiences of family business owners in an externally induced crisis from a resource-based perspective. Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs a qualitative case study approach involving 22 firms. Findings – In the aftermath of the BP oil spill, a series of ripple effects impacted family firms both negatively and positively. The paper outlines five ways that family firms may improve company performance in crisis situations. Research limitations/implications – Although our study is rich in qualitative detail, it is important to recognize that the BP oil spill represents a unique crisis context and caution should be exercised in generalizing the study's findings. Practical implications – While ripple effects may be powerful at the industry and industry sub-group level, the paper provides evidence that family firms may overcome these external effects using one or more of five strategic initiatives: strong networking relationships, idiosyncratic ...
Parasitism of Native Luna Moths, Actias luna (L.) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) by the Introduced Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) (Diptera: Tachinidae) in Central Virginia, and Their Hyperparasitism by Trigonalid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae)

Parasitism rates of the nonnative tachinid fly, Compsilura concinnata (Meigen), on experimental populations of native luna moth caterpillars (Actias luna (L.)) were determined in central Virginia, where both C. concinnata and the gypsy moth, its biocontrol target, have become established in the past few decades. In a forest that has not yet had gypsy moth damage, we placed cohorts of second through fifth instar Actias luna caterpillars on understory hickory trees. At the end of each instar, surviving caterpillars were collected and reared. Four parasitoid species and two hyperparasitoid species emerged from the caterpillars and pupae. C. concinnata was the most common parasitoid, attacking 0% to 62% of the caterpillars recovered in each instar. Hyperparasitism of C. concinnata by trigonalid wasps was high: 47% and 16% in the two generations. UV light census data indicate that current saturniid populations in this area of central Virginia are robust, but the long-term effects of C. concinnata introductions on populations of these and other native macrolepidoptera should be monitored.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE REFRACTORY STATE DEVELOPED FOLLOWING REPEATED INJECTIONS OF ADRENAL EXTRACT1

IT HAS BEEN established that large amounts of adrenal extract will cause retention of sodium and increased excretion of potassium when injected into the normal animal (1, 2). However, repeated intravenous or intraperitoneal injections of such an extract become less and less effective until the effect disappears entirely (3). This refractory state does not develop from subcutaneous injections (4). Refractoriness can be conferred on a normal untreated animal by the injection of serum from an animal which is refractory (5). It is species specific. Thus, refractoriness developed against beef adrenal extract fails to confer refractoriness to sheep or horse adrenal extract. An attempt was made to develop refractoriness in a young pig, to pig and to beef adrenal extract, but both were unsuccessful possibly due to the youth of the animal (4). Studies on refractoriness have been continued and are reported in this paper.
Ecologic versus individual-level sources of bias in ecologic estimates of contextual health effects

A number of authors have attempted to defend ecologic (aggregate) studies by claiming that the goal of those studies is estimation of ecologic (contextual or group-level) effects rather than individual-level effects. Critics of these attempts point out that ecologic effect estimates are inevitably used as estimates of individual effects, despite disclaimers. A more subtle problem is that ecologic variation in the distribution of individual effects can bias ecologic estimates of contextual effects. The conditions leading to this bias are plausible and perhaps even common in studies of ecosocial factors and health outcomes because social context is not randomized across typical analysis units (administrative regions). By definition, ecologic data contain only marginal observations on the joint distribution of individually defined confounders and outcomes, and so identify neither contextual nor individual-level effects. While ecologic studies can still be useful given appropriate caveats, their problems are better addressed by multilevel study designs, which obtain and use individual as well as group-level data. Nonetheless, such studies often share certain special problems with ecologic studies, including problems due to inappropriate aggregation and problems due to temporal changes in covariate distributions.
Nostalgic Angels: Rearticulating Hypertext Writing

Hypertext, a relatively new method for structuring online text, has become integrated into nearly every aspect of computer use, from functional documentation to literature and literary criticism. As composition scholars and students increasingly work online--for invention, planning, research, writing, revising, publishing--hypertext becomes more deeply ingrained into the fabric of our activities. But critical thinking about hypertext has been largely absent. Many scholars and students work with the technology as if it were a neutral tool that can be taken up in conscious ways without any unforeseen implications. This dissertation begins constructing a critical literacy of hypertext that situates the technology not merely as an isolated technological object, but as a condensation or construction of social and political forces in and across particular situations. I cover hypertext use in three areas that are key points in the work of a compositionist: functional documentation (with which scholars, teachers, and students learn to use computers and applications), online research (increasingly used as an adjunct to library research), and writing/reading in general (including fiction, essays, and collaborative work). My work attempts to illustrate the ways in which technology use, in particular hypertext, are not innocent, neutral applications of technology to solve problems, but political acts bound up in a complex, shifting web of cultural forces. My analyses of hypertext development and use in three of these areas attempts to point out not only the ways in which the technology constructs very different ideas of what it means to think, write, and read but also to indicate ways in which users can deconstruct and reconstruct technology use in a productive way. The dissertation views hypertext as a cultural construction, something that is given meaning not merely by the discrete mechanics of the technology but also by a complex, interconnected set of social forces. My critique is constructed from interpretive perspectives designed to analyze ideological constructions as they shift from discourse to discourse and over time. The primary works influencing my critique of hypertext are drawn from three, overlapping cultural perspectives: linguistic contact zones, border pedagogy, and articulation theory. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Generalized Fourier Integrals

Classical Fourier analysis is based on the decomposition of time functions into pure sine waves or exponentials. In this paper, a more general method of decomposition involving periodic elementary time functions is developed. Explicit inversion formulas are obtained and a general expression for the inverse kernel is derived. In the special case of elementary signals having the form of square waves, it is found that the coefficients entering into the expression for the inverse kernel are given by a function which is closely related to the Mobius function. As an application, the impulsive response of an ideal filter which passes all square waves whose fundamental frequency is less than \omega_0 and stops all those whose fundamental frequency is greater than \omega_0 , is determined.
Tonicity enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) coordinate heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) expression in hypoxic nucleus pulposus cells: Role of Hsp70 in HIF-1α degradation

The objective of our study was to examine the regulation of hypoxic expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in nucleus pulposus cells and to determine if Hsp70 promoted hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α degradation. Rat nucleus pulposus cells were maintained in culture in either 21% or 1% oxygen. To determine the regulation of Hsp70 expression by tonicity enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) and HIF-1/2, loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments and mutational analysis of the Hsp70 promoter were performed. Hypoxia increased Hsp70 expression in nucleus pulposus cells. Noteworthy, hypoxia increased TonEBP transactivation and mutation of TonE motifs blocked hypoxic induction of the Hsp70 promoter. In contrast, mutation of hypoxia response element (HRE) motifs coupled with loss-of-function experiments suggested that HIF-1 and HIF-2 suppressed Hsp70 promoter activity and transcription. Interestingly, HIF-α interferes with TonEBP function and suppresses the inductive effect of TonEBP on the Hsp70 promoter. In terms of Hsp70 function, when treated with Hsp70 transcriptional inhibitor, KNK437, there was an increase in HIF-1α protein stability and transcriptional activity. Likewise, when Hsp70 was overexpressed, the stability of HIF-1α and its transcriptional activity decreased. Hsp70 interacted with HIF-1α under hypoxic conditions and evidenced increased binding when treated with MG132, a proteasomal inhibitor. These results suggest that Hsp70 may promote HIF-1α degradation through the proteasomal pathway in nucleus pulposus cells. In hypoxic and hyperosmolar nucleus pulposus cells, Hsp70, TonEBP, and HIFs form a regulatory loop. We propose that the positive regulation by TonEBP and negative regulation of Hsp70 by HIF-1 and HIF-2 may serve to maintain Hsp70 levels in these cells, whereas Hsp70 may function in controlling HIF-1α homeostasis.
Creep Versus Microstructure of γ2-Containing Amalgams

An analysis of the relationship between creep and microstructural characteristics of several γ 2-containing amalgams showed the grain size of the Ag-Hg phase (γ1) to be a predominant factor influencing creep. When γ1grain size is increased, creep is reduced.
Protein leverage effects of beef protein on energy intake in humans

Background: The protein leverage hypothesis requires specific evidence that protein intake is regulated more strongly than energy intake. Objective: The objective was to determine ad libitum energy intake, body weight changes, appetite profile, and nitrogen balance in response to 3 diets with different protein-to-carbohydrate + fat ratios over 12 consecutive days, with beef as a source of protein. Design: A 3-arm, 12-d randomized crossover study was performed in 30 men and 28 women [mean 6 SD age: 33 6 16 y; body mass index (in kg/m 2 ): 24.4 6 4.0] with the use of diets containing 5%, 15%, and 30% of energy (En%) from protein, predominantly from beef. Results: Energy intake was significantly lower in the 30En%protein condition (8.73 6 1.93 MJ/d) than in the 5En%-protein (9.48 6 1.67 MJ/d) and 15En%-protein (9.30 6 1.62 MJ/d) conditions (P = 0.001), stemming largely from lower energy intake during meals (P = 0.001). Hunger (P = 0.001) and desire to eat (P = 0.001) ratings were higher and fullness ratings were lower (P = 0.001) in the 5En%protein condition than in the 15En%-protein and 30En%-protein conditions. Nitrogen excretion was lower in the 5En%-protein condition (4.7 6 1.5 g/24 h; P = 0.001) and was higher in the 30En%-protein condition (15.3 6 8.7 g/24 h; P = 0.001) compared with the 15En%protein condition (10.0 6 5.2 g/24 h). Nitrogen balance was maintained in the 5En%-protein condition and was positive in the 15En%- and 30En%-protein conditions (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Complete protein leverage did not occur because subjects did not consume to a common protein amount at the expense of energy balance. Individuals did underconsume relative to energy requirements from high-protein diets. The lack of support for protein leverage effects on a low-protein diet may stem from the fact that protein intake was sufficient to maintain nitrogen balance over the 12-d trial. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01646749. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.078774.
The SR protein B52/SRp55 is essential for Drosophila development.

Abstract B52, also called SRp55, is a 52-kDa member of the Drosophila SR protein family of general splicing factors. Escherichia coli-produced B52 is capable of both activating splicing and affecting the alternative splice site choice in human in vitro splicing reactions. Here we report the isolation of a B52 null mutant generated by remobilizing a P element residing near the B52 gene. The resulting deletion, B52(28), is confined to the B52 gene and its neighbor the Hrb87F gene. Second-instar larvae homozygous for the deletion are deficient in both B52 mRNA and protein. The B52 null mutant is lethal at the first- and second-instar larval stages. Germ line transformation of Drosophila flies with B52 genomic DNA rescues this lethality. Thus, B52 is an essential gene and has a critical role in Drosophila development. Larvae deficient in B52 are still capable of splicing the five endogenous pre-mRNAs tested here, including both constitutively and alternatively spliced genes. Therefore, B52 is not required for all splicing in vivo. This is the first in vivo deficiency analysis of a member of the SR protein family.