cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Dual Use Classification and Its Association With Nicotine Dependence and Quit Intentions

Abstract Purpose Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) use is rapidly increasing in the U.S., especially among adolescents. A significant number of adolescents use both cigarettes and e-cigarettes, often referred to as dual use. We used a new classification of dual use, taking into account the frequency of use of both products. In addition, we examined the association between dual use with time to first cigarette after waking (a nicotine dependence measure) and quit intention. Methods Data were drawn from the 2015–2018 National Youth Tobacco Survey. We grouped participants by dual use frequency. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association of dual use frequency with nicotine dependence and quit intention. Results Different categories of dual users varied in demographic characteristics and beliefs on the harms of cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use. Compared with cigarette-only smokers, significantly higher odds of nicotine dependence were found for high-frequency e-cigarette dual users (within 5 minutes of awakening, odds ratio [OR]: 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–2.62; within 30 minutes, OR: 1.61, 95% CI, 1.15–2.27), high-frequency cigarette dual users (5 minutes, OR: 2.85, 95% CI, 1.76–4.63; within 30 minutes, OR: 4.14, 95% CI, 2.96–5.80), and high-frequency dual users (5 minutes, OR: 4.46, 95% CI, 2.88–6.91; 30 minutes, OR: 3.94, 95% CI, 2.43–6.42). In addition, high-frequency e-cigarette dual users had significantly lower quit intention compared with both cigarette-only smokers and low-frequency dual users. Conclusions Findings highlight the need for a standard, granulated classification of dual user, as important characteristics may vary between different categories. Future studies on dual use should consider categorizing dual use into the four classifications described in this study.
Subcellular Effects of Teratogens on Vertebrate Embryos and their Associated Membranes

Summary The adverse effects, at term, of many extrinsic factors on the normal course of embryogenesis are amply documented. Syndromes of fetal defects have been reported for some teratogens while the concept of critical periods of differentiation and organogenesis is invoked for changing patterns of abnormalities producible with other agents. This concept becomes increasingly interesting when the basic metabolic and synthetic responses of embryonic tissues are examined as teratogenesis begins. The present paper is an effort to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate some aspects of cell energetics and macro molecular synthesis during the time course of teratogenic insult as the embryonic cells deviate from the normal course of morphogenesis. Molecular enzymatic evaluation of the visceral yolk sac of the rat embryo will serve as a guide to some of the metabolic pathways susceptible to rapid alteration. The selectivity of teratogens in altering synthesis of specific isoenzymes is documented along with the transient nature and rapid “recovery” of many parameters.
Acoustic self-oscillation in a spherical microwave plasma

We present a method of sound amplification and self-oscillation in high pressure partially ionized gas. Continuous microwaves incident on partially ionized gas may sustain and amplify an acoustic field if increased ionization during the sound field's adiabatic compression enhances rf power absorption. Amplifying sound in this way enables the generation of high amplitude sound in a cavity containing partially ionized gas without mechanical driving or precise knowledge of its resonance frequency. This method of amplification may open opportunities within thermoacoustics such as using three-dimensional geometries and volumetric gain mechanisms.
Venous Thrombectomy for Iliofemoral DVT Using Mechanical Devices and Lysis

Venous thrombectomy for iliofemoral venous thrombosis is performed using a combination of pharmacological methods and mechanical devices to decrease the future incidence of postphlebitic syndrome or treat phlegmasia cerulea dolens. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
Biosimilar Uptake in Medicare Part B Varied Across Hospital Outpatient Departments and Physician Practices: The Case of Filgrastim

Abstract Objectives To examine the uptake of filgrastim-sndz (Zarxio), the first biosimilar to launch in the United States, in the Medicare Part B fee-for-service program from its launch in September 2015 to December 2017 and compare characteristics of patients and facilities that used filgrastim-sndz or originator filgrastim (Neupogen). Methods The 20% sample of Medicare Part B fee-for-service administrative claims data was used to extract information on claims for any filgrastim product between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2017. Results The utilization of filgrastim-sndz in Medicare Part B increased sharply between January and August 2016, surpassing filgrastim by November 2017, contributing to a 30% decrease in overall spending on this drug since 2015. Uptake was faster and larger in physician practices compared with hospital outpatient departments. About 77% of patients receiving filgrastim-sndz were new users. Utilization patterns indicated that product selection occurred at the facility level, rather than being at the discretion of the prescribing physician or driven by patient characteristics. Conclusion Uptake of biosimilar filgrastim in the Medicare Part B program occurred despite multiple challenges to the adoption of biosimilars in the US market, suggesting that substantial potential savings could be generated by improving biosimilar uptake. Our findings indicated that physician practices and hospital outpatient departments have distinctive biosimilar uptake patterns. Thus policy makers aiming to contain Medicare Part B spending might consider focusing on incentivizing biosimilar uptake among hospital outpatient departments.
Advance Directives State Requirements, Center Practices, and Participant Prevalence in Adult Day Services Centers: Findings From the 2016 National Study of Long-Term Care Providers.

OBJECTIVES Adult day services centers (ADSCs) may serve as an entree to advance care planning. This study examined state requirements for ADSCs to provide advance directives (ADs) information to ADSC participants, ADSCs' awareness of requirements, ADSCs' practice of providing AD information, and their associations with the percentage of participants with ADs. METHODS Using the 2016 National Study of Long-Term Care Providers, analyses included 3,305 ADSCs that documented ADs in participants' files. Bivariate and linear regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS Nine states had a requirement to provide AD information. About 80.8% of ADSCs provided AD information and 41.3% of participants had documented ADs. There were significant associations between state requirements, awareness, and providing information with AD prevalence. State requirement was mediated by awareness. DISCUSSION This study found many ADSCs provided AD information, and ADSCs that thought their state had a requirement and provided information was associated with AD prevalence, regardless of state requirements.
Electroencephalography and Childhood Trauma

This chapter focuses on the neurophysiological correlates of childhood trauma. The chapter is mainly structured in three parts. In the first part, a brief introduction on electroencephalographic techniques and analyses, i.e., spectral analyses, frontal asymmetry, coherence, event-related potentials (ERPs), and source analyses, is provided. In the second part, evidence on the neurophysiological correlates of childhood trauma is described, with each paragraph of this section focusing on one of the aforementioned types of analysis. In the third part, a comprehensive framework explaining the possible physiopathology underlying childhood trauma, starting from electroencephalographic alteration, is given.
Publics’ communication on controversial sociopolitical issues: extending the situational theory of problem solving

Capturing a unique moment within a particularly volatile political climate where various issues such as climate change, immigration, and healthcare are increasingly polarized, this survey examines ...
Juggling parenthood and ornithology: A full lifecycle approach to supporting mothers through the American Ornithological Society

The understanding that motherhood impacts career paths is so pervasive among early-career scientists that some feel they must choose parenthood or a career. The penalties associated with motherhood can contribute to the “leaky pipeline,” which equates to the high attrition rate of women due to social, economical, or temporal factors as they proceed through their career and exacerbates persistent gender gaps at mid- and late-career stages. Here, we review the literature and summarize common challenges faced by ornithologist mothers and nonbinary parents, and we adopt a full lifecycle approach to recommend evidence-based strategies for overcoming those challenges. The American Ornithological Society (AOS) is well positioned to support and celebrate women and nonbinary ornithologists who choose parenthood, and we highlight progress made by the AOS to improve gender diversity, equity, and inclusion within the Society. For example, AOS caregiver grants allow more parents to attend and participate in conferences. We suggest additional initiatives (e.g., elevating role models, hosting mentoring networks, and disseminating best practices) that could further support women who want to become or already are parents while also achieving rewarding careers in ornithology. AOS leadership can take steps to close the gender gap in ornithology and other Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics fields. With a larger, more diverse, and talented community, the Society will be better equipped to achieve its mission: conserving and understanding bird life on earth, enriching ornithology as a profession, and mentoring young professionals.
Abstract 060: Cardiovascular Disease Burden In A Psychiatric Outpatient Population

Objective: To understand the burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in a psychiatric outpatient population. Methods: We used baseline data from the ongoing Penn State Psychiatry Clinical Assessme...
A Unified Framework for Task-Driven Data Quality Management.

High-quality data is critical to train performant Machine Learning (ML) models, highlighting the importance of Data Quality Management (DQM). Existing DQM schemes often cannot satisfactorily improve ML performance because, by design, they are oblivious to downstream ML tasks. Besides, they cannot handle various data quality issues (especially those caused by adversarial attacks) and have limited applications to only certain types of ML models. Recently, data valuation approaches (e.g., based on the Shapley value) have been leveraged to perform DQM; yet, empirical studies have observed that their performance varies considerably based on the underlying data and training process. In this paper, we propose a task-driven, multi-purpose, model-agnostic DQM framework, DataSifter, which is optimized towards a given downstream ML task, capable of effectively removing data points with various defects, and applicable to diverse models. Specifically, we formulate DQM as an optimization problem and devise a scalable algorithm to solve it. Furthermore, we propose a theoretical framework for comparing the worst-case performance of different DQM strategies. Remarkably, our results show that the popular strategy based on the Shapley value may end up choosing the worst data subset in certain practical scenarios. Our evaluation shows that DataSifter achieves and most often significantly improves the state-of-the-art performance over a wide range of DQM tasks, including backdoor, poison, noisy/mislabel data detection, data summarization, and data debiasing.
Probing CP violation via Higgs boson decays to four leptons.

Since decays to four leptons is widely considered a promising way to search for the Higgs particle, we show how the same final state can also be used to search for signals of [ital CP] nonconservation. Energy asymmetries and triple correlations are related to parameters in the underlying [ital CP]-violating effective interaction at the [ital H][sup 0]-[ital W]-[ital W] and [ital H][sup 0-][ital Z]-[ital Z] vertices. It is argued that the expected size of the effects is extremely small in the standard model, and it is shown that the result also seems small to be observable in an extension of the standard model with an extra Higgs doublet.
Vitamin A supplementation and ontogeny affect maturation-related gene expression in neonatal rat lung (39.7)

Background: Vitamin A (VA) is necessary for proper lung development in early life. Previously, the combination of VA and 10% all-trans-retinoic acid (VARA) synergistically increased total retinol uptake and storage in neonatal rat lung. In this study, we investigated whether periodic VARA supplementation during postnatal development and in adulthood alters the expression of genes essential for proper lung alveolarization (proliferation) and septation. Methods: Rat dams and their post-weaning offspring were fed a VA-marginal diet, while pups received an oral dose of oil (placebo) or VARA on post-natal day (P) P0/1, P4, P7, P10, and 2 months (adult). Tissues were collected 6 h after the final dose and qPCR was used to determine gene expression. Results: Ontogenic expression of PDGFRα (secondary septation) increased linearly with significant attenuation by VARA. VARA decreased EGFR (epithelial maturation) and surfactant protein expression at P14 and adult while increasing VEGF (vascularization) expression in...
The Impact of Sample Size and Other Factors When Estimating Multilevel Logistic Models

The design of research studies utilizing binary multilevel models must necessarily incorporate knowledge of multiple factors, including estimation method, variance component size, or number of predictors, in addition to sample sizes. This Monte Carlo study examined the performance of random effect binary outcome multilevel models under varying methods of estimation, level-1 and level-2 sample size, outcome prevalence, variance component sizes, and number of predictors using SAS software. Mean estimates of statistical power were influenced primarily by sample sizes at both levels. In addition, confidence interval coverage and width and the likelihood of nonpositive definite random effect covariance matrices were impacted by variance component size and estimation method. The interactions of these and other factors with various model performance outcomes are explored.
Silver and zinc inhibitors influence transpiration rate and aquaporin transcript abundance in intact soybean plants

Abstract Soybean genotype PI 416937 has previously been found to have low leaf hydraulic conductivity, which was hypothesized to be the basis for limited transpiration (TR lim ) rates under high vapor pressure deficit. Previous studies with de-rooted shoots showed there was a consistency in the expression of TR lim and plant response to exposure to silver, an aquaporin (AQP) inhibitor. However, it is not clear what confounding influence treatments with metal AQP inhibitors may have on AQP transcript expression. This study was undertaken to extend the observations of response to silver and zinc using intact plants. In a comparison of four genotypes, intact plants of PI 416937 were uniquely insensitive to exposure to silver and of PI 471938 were uniquely insensitive to zinc. RNA abundance of eight AQPs was measured after treatment with the AQP inhibitors. There were differences in the abundance of RNA among genotypes. There was a general trend of less change in abundance in PI 416937 following silver treatment in contrast to increased abundance in the other genotypes. This result would be consistent with little or no response in transpiration rate in the intact plants of PI 416937 following silver treatment. Following zinc treatment, there was a rapid increase in RNA abundance in PI 471938 in comparison to the other genotypes. However, the changes in AQP abundance following treatment with metal inhibitors indicates the likely interaction of direct response of AQP to metals and alternation of expression of AQP transcripts. These results indicate that the results from treatment with metal inhibitors should likely be considered only as preliminary screens from which genotypes need to be tested directly for the TR lim trait.
A retinoic acid-responsive element in the apolipoprotein AI gene distinguishes between two different retinoic acid response pathways.

Abstract The gene coding for apolipoprotein AI, a plasma protein involved in the transport of cholesterol and other lipids in the plasma, is expressed predominantly in liver and intestine. Previous work in our laboratory has shown that hepatocyte-specific expression is determined by synergistic interactions between transcription factors bound to three separate sites, sites A (-214 to -192), B (-169 to -146), and C (-134 to -119), within a powerful liver-specific enhancer located in the region -222 to -110 nucleotides upstream of the apolipoprotein AI gene transcription start site (+1). In this study, it was found that site A is a highly selective retinoic acid-responsive element (RARE) that responds preferentially to the recently identified retinoic acid receptor RXR alpha over the previously characterized retinoic acid receptors RAR alpha and RAR beta. Control experiments indicated that a RARE in the regulatory region of the laminin B1 gene responds preferentially to RAR alpha and RAR beta over RXR alpha, while a previously described palindromic thyroid hormone-responsive element responds similarly to all three of these receptors. Gel retardation experiments showed that the activity of these RAREs is concordant with receptor binding. These results indicate that different RAREs may play a fundamental role in defining distinctive retinoic acid cellular response pathways and suggest that retinoic acid response pathways mediated by RXR alpha play an important role in cholesterol and retinoid transport and metabolism.
Normative Wit: Haydn’s Recomposed Recapitulations

This article approaches Haydn’s treatment of sonata form from the perspective of the eighteenth-century listener, asking: if a moment is allegedly “witty” according to modern analysts, would Haydn’s contemporary audience have heard it as such? Eighteenth-century wit is a two-sided coin: wit does involve an aspect of surprise or deception, a breaking of understood norms; however, wit must also involve an unsuspected congruity, a larger-scale connection created only by breaking the aforementioned norm. Taking this as my starting point, I provide detailed analyses of the first movements of Haydn’s “Military” Symphony no. 100 and String Quartet in D major, op. 33 no. 6. Compared to the expectations set forth by each exposition, Haydn has recomposed each piece’s respective recapitulation in a significant way. I argue that these pieces are witty in the eighteenth-century sense of the term but not in the sense that the term has been used by recent scholars such as Hepokoski and Darcy, who emphasize the disruptive aspects of wit. Ultimately, I suggest that Haydn can be witty without necessarily being deceptive; wit can involve establishing a kind of unexpected coherence that binds together the recapitulation and another section of a sonata form.
Safety and Efficacy of an Experimental Reovirus Vaccine for In Ovo Administration

Abstract SUMMARY. A commercial reovirus vaccine alone or experimental reovirus vaccine plus antibody complex were inoculated into 18-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) broiler embryos at 0.1 of the recommended chick dose. The following groups were used: group 1A was not vaccinated or challenged; group 1B was not vaccinated, but was challenged with virulent reovirus; group 2 received the vaccine complexed with 1/4 dilution of antiserum; group 3 received the vaccine with 1/8 dilution of antiserum; group 4 received the vaccine with 1/16 dilution of antiserum, and group 5 received vaccine alone. At 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days of age, serum was collected and antibody against avian reovirus was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). At the same times, spleens were collected and vaccine virus detected by inoculating chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) and examining for cytopathic effect. At 15 days of age, chickens in groups 2–5 were challenged with reovirus. At 22 days of age, birds were euthanatize...
Supersymmetry and solvable periodic potentials

We use the formalism of supersymmetric quantum mechanics to enlarge considerably the limited class of analytically solvable one-dimensional periodic potentials. In particular, we derive and discuss the energy-band structure of the Lame potentials pm sn2 (x, m) and associated Lame potentials pm sn2 (x, m) + qm cn2(x, m)/dn2 (x, m), both of which involve Jacobi elliptic functions with modulus parameter m. We find several new analytic expressions for band-edge energies and wave functions. The supersymmetric partners of Lame and associated Lame potentials constitute even more new solvable potentials with exactly the same energy-band structure.
Impact of Bilateral Versus Unilateral Mastectomy on Short Term Outcomes and Adjuvant Therapy, 2003–2010: A Report from the National Cancer Data Base

Rates of bilateral mastectomy (BM) have increased, but the impact on length of stay (LOS), readmission rate, 30-day mortality, and time to adjuvant therapy is unknown. Using the National Cancer Data Base, we selected 390,712 non-neoadjuvant AJCC stage 0–III breast cancer patients who underwent either unilateral mastectomy (UM) or BM from 2003 to 2010 with and without reconstruction. We used chi-square and logistic regression models for the analysis. A total of 315,278 patients (81 %) had UM, and 75,437 (19 %) had BM; 97,031 (25 %) underwent reconstruction. The number of median days from diagnosis to UM increased from 19 days in 2003 to 28 days in 2010, and for BM, increased from 21 to 31 days (p < 0.001). BM was independently associated with a longer time to surgery when adjusting for patient, facility, and tumor factors and reconstruction (OR 1.11; 95 % CI 1.07–1.15; p < 0.001). Reconstructed patients were twice as likely to have a longer time to surgery (OR 2.07; 95 % CI 2.01–2.14; p < 0.001). The median LOS was 1 day (range 0–184 days) for UM versus 2 (range 0–182) for BM (p < 0.001); 30-day mortality and readmission rates were not different between BM and UM. The median number of days from diagnosis to definitive chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and radiation therapy was significantly greater in the BM group. Delays to surgical and adjuvant treatment are significantly longer for BM irrespective of reconstruction, and these delays have increased over the study period. These findings can be used by clinicians to counsel patients on BM.
Career exploration via cooperative education and lifespan occupational choice

Abstract Career exploration by Antioch College students who graduated between 1946 and 1955 (N=73) was studied to determine relationships between the occupational categories of cooperative education jobs taken in college (obtained from a campus archive) and subsequent work histories (obtained from surveying the graduates at about 70 years). Five hypotheses were tested. Results supported four of the hypotheses, with partial support for the fifth. Co-op jobs taken by the sample represented each of 23 occupational classifications, and most graduates took post-graduate jobs in occupational functions and contexts they had explored as co-op students. High levels of individuality in use of the co-op program and in career paths were found. Four co-op-to-career patterns were described, based on the degree to which functions and contexts were explored during college and career; a case study was included to exemplify each pattern. Gender differences were revealed in the patterns, but not the group data. Job context was particularly important in defining these patterns. Implications for research and practice were discussed tentatively, however given the lack of a control group, characteristics of the study sample, and particularities of the historical era studied, the ability to generalize beyond the study sample is limited.
Environmental effects on the 2E → 4A2 luminescence of a series of Cr(III)-oxalate complexes

The phosphorescence of the Cr(ox)3-3 ion has been studied in 13 crystal lattices. Excited state splittings, lifetimes and phosphorence quantum yields are reported for the various lattices and as a function of Cr(III) concentration. The differences in photophysical properties are shown to arise almost exclusively from radiationless deactivation of the 2E state.
MO‐D‐304A‐02: Accurate Noise Modeling of Cone‐Beam CT Projection Data

Purpose: To study noiseproperties of low‐dose cone‐beam CT(CBCT) projection data and to improve the performance of statistics‐based image processing algorithms for dose reduction in CBCT with a more accurate projection data noisemodel.Method and Materials: We first performed repeated scan on an anthropomorphic chest phantom using an Acuity simulator (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). The data acquisition protocols included a tube voltage of 125 kVp, tube current 10 mA and duration of tube pulse 10 ms. At a fixed gantry angle, 500 repeated projections were acquired. From the repeated measurements, we first calculate the mean and variance of each detector pixel and then calculated the correlation coefficients of noise among detector pixels. The knowledge of the noiseproperties of CBCT projection was incorporated into a statistical image process algorithm based on the penalized weighted least‐squares (PWLS) criterion. The PWLS criterion with the improved noisemodel was then used to suppress noise in low‐dose CBCT projections. Results: Our analyses on repeated measurements show that the noise correlation coefficients are non‐zero between nearest neighboring pixels of CBCT projection data. An experimental phantom study shows that the PWLS with improved noisemodel can suppress the noise in low‐dose CBCT effectively without noticeable loss of resolution. Conclusion:Noise is correlated among nearest neighbors of CBCT projection data. An accurate noisemodel of CBCT projection data is established for statistics‐based image processing algorithm. CBCT dose can be significantly reduced through using the PWLS‐based projection smoothing algorithm that incorporates the projection noise correlation.
Luteinizing Hormone and Estradiol in Peripheral Blood of Mares during Estrous Cycle

The relationship of estradiol-17beta and luteinizing hormone (LH) to the time of ovulation in the mare was studied. 6 mares were followed for 8 estrous cycles by rectal palpations and serum LH and estradiol determinations (radioimmunoassay). Dose response curves of ovine and equine LH were parallel to that of mare serum and pituitary extract. The basal levels of LH and estradiol during diestrus were 20 ng/ml and 20 pg/ml respectively. Both increased gradually at the onset of estrus to a peak of 141 pg estradiol/ml 1-3 days before ovulation and a peak of 129 ng LH/ml 2 days after the estradiol peak. 4 mares ovulated on the day of peak LH levels and 2 ovulated 1 day after the LH peak. Both hormones decreased to diestrous levels in about 5 days. There was excellent agreement between the LH peak and the rectal palpation of ovulation.
Characterization of the exogenous interleukin-2 requirements for the generation of enhanced antitumor cytotoxicity by thymocytes from low-dose melphalan-treated MOPC-315 tumor bearers

We have shown previously that thymocytes from MOPC-315-tumor-bearing mice treated with low-dose melphalan (l-phenylalanine mustard) (l-PAM TuB mice) are superior to thymocytes from untreated MOPC-315-tumor-bearing mice or thymocytes from untreated normal mice or normal mice treated with low-dose melphalan in their ability to generate an antitumor cytotoxic response following 5-day in vitro stimulation with MOPC-315 tumor cells in the presence of a low concentration of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) [Mokyr MB, Bartik MM, Ahn M-C (1989) Cancer Res 49; 870]. Here we characterize the rIL-2 requirements for the generation of enhanced antitumor cytotoxicity byl-PAM TuB thymocytes relative to normal thymocytes upon in vitro stimulation with MOPC-315 tumor cells. Specifically, we show that delaying the addition of a low concentration of rIL-2 to 5-day in vitro stimulation cultures of thymocytes resulted in a progressive decline in the generation of antitumor cytotoxicity by both normal andl-PAM TuB thymocytes. However, even when rIL-2 was added on day 2 after culture initiation, thymocytes froml-PAM TuB mice generated a more potent antitumor cytotoxicity than did thymocytes from normal mice. In addition, when rIL-2 was added at the time of culture initiation, replacement of the conditioned medium with fresh medium lacking rIL-2 on day 3 of the 5-day in vitro stimulation culture period eliminated the ability of normal thymocytes, and reduced (but did not eliminate) the ability ofl-PAM TuB thymocytes, to generate a significant level of antitumor cytotoxicity. A low concentration of fresh rIL-2 was sufficient to restore completely the generation of antitumor cytotoxicity by normal orl-PAM TuB thymocytes when added to the stimulation cultures immediately after the removal of the rIL-2-containing conditioned medium. The same low concentration of rIL-2 was also sufficient for restoring the generation of antitumor cytotoxicity by cultures ofl-PAM TuB thymocytes, but not normal thymocytes, from which the rIL-2-containing medium was removed 1 day earlier. At the same time, conditioned medium from stimulation cultures ofl-PAM TuB thymocytes was not superior to conditioned medium from stimulation cultures of normal thymocytes in supporting the generation of antitumor cytotoxicity by either normal orl-PAM TuB thymocytes. Thus, the enhanced lytic activity generated byl-PAM TuB thymocytes, relative to normal thymocytes, upon stimulation with MOPC-315 tumor cells and a low concentration of rIL-2, does not appear to be the result of enhanced production of helper-like factors byl-PAM TuB thymocytes.
A method for distinctly marking honey bees, Apis mellifera, originating from multiple apiary locations.

Inexpensive and non-intrusive marking methods are essential to track natural behavior of insects for biological experiments. An inexpensive, easy to construct, and easy to install bee marking device is described in this paper. The device is mounted at the entrance of a standard honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) hive and is fitted with a removable tube that dispenses a powdered marker. Marking devices were installed on 80 honey bee colonies distributed in nine separate apiaries. Each device held a tube containing one of five colored fluorescent powders, or a combination of a fluorescent powder (either green or magenta) plus one of two protein powders, resulting in nine unique marks. The powdered protein markers included egg albumin from dry chicken egg whites and casein from dry powdered milk. The efficacy of the marking procedure for each of the unique markers was assessed on honey bees exiting each apiary. Each bee was examined, first by visual inspection for the presence of colored fluorescent powder and then by egg albumin and milk casein specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Data indicated that all five of the colored fluorescent powders and both of the protein powders were effective honey bee markers. However, the fluorescent powders consistently yielded more reliable marks than the protein powders. In general, there was less than a 1% chance of obtaining a false positive colored or protein-marked bee, but the chance of obtaining a false negative marked bee was higher for “protein-marked” bees.
Envisioning Public Child Welfare Agencies as Learning Organizations: Applying Beer's Viable System Model to Title IV-E Program Evaluation

The idea of a learning organization emerges from organizational cybernetics and results in agency staff having the means to use their skills and expertise to meet the needs of the organization's clients. Relevant to Title IV-E training programs, such organizational processes would maximize the use of knowledge and skills the graduates bring back to the agency. This article uses focus group data to explore how Title IV-E graduates perceive the potentialities of their agency as a learning organization. This analysis results in recommendations to improve organizational performance without impinging on existing agency resource constraints.
Indigenous Media: Faustian Contract or Global Village?

And tomorrow? ... The dreams of Vertov and Flaherty will be combined into a mechanical "cine-eye-ear" which is such a "participant" camera that it will pass automatically into the hands of those who were, up to now, always in front of it. Then the anthropologist will no longer monopolize the observation of things. Jean Rouch, "The Camera and Man," in Principles of Visual Anthropology, 1975, p. 102 Aboriginal communities are ensuring the continuity of their languages and cultures and representation of their views. By making their own films and videos, they speak for themselves, no longer aliens in an industry which for a century has used them for its own ends.
Critical β for Toroidal Equilibrium

Toroidal, ideal magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium, with magnetic surfaces enclosing a single magnetic axis, is possibly for arbitrary $\ensuremath{\beta}$ (plasma pressure/poloidal magnetic pressure). When $\ensuremath{\beta}$ exceeds about one-half the aspect ratio, the toroidal current reverses on the inner edge of the plasma. The poloidal current balances the pressure gradient.
Reactivity of the carbonate radical with aniline derivatives

Carbonate radicals generated by the photolysis of H2O2 at 313 nm in aqueous sodium bicarbonate (pH 8.3) or carbonate (pH 11.6) solution reacted with substituted aromatic amine derivatives. Particularly fast reactions (second-order rate constants of 5 × 108 to 2 × 109) were observed with anilines bearing electron-donating substituents, either on the ring or at the nitrogen atom. The results suggest that carbonate radicals may play a significant role in the removal of some aromatic amines from the aquatic environment, particularly in carbonate-rich waters.
Computation of Effective Radiative Properties of Powders for Selective Laser Sintering Simulations

Selective laser sintering (SLS) is an additive manufacturing technique for rapidly creating parts directly from a computer-aided design (CAD) model by using a laser to fuse successive layers of powder. However, better understanding of the effect of particle-level variations on the overall build quality is needed. In this work, we investigated these effects computationally by considering the role of the particle size distribution and variations in the powder bed depth to mimic the part complexity found in overhangs and protrusions. In addition, the results from these studies can be distilled to obtain better effective material properties such as laser absorptivity and laser extinction coefficient that are needed for continuum models of the process. We implement a Monte Carlo ray-tracing algorithm within the discrete element model in the open-source simulation software MFiX. Random, loose-packed, particle bed structures are generated, and effective absorptivity and extinction coefficients are calculated. Results are compared against previous computational and experimental measurements for free, monodisperse, and deep powder beds, with good agreement being obtained. Correlations along with uncertainties are developed to allow the effective absorptivity and extinction coefficient as a function of various particle and operational parameters to be accurately set in SLS macroscale models.
Does War Impede Trade? A Response to Anderton & Carter:

Anderton & Carter claim that war significantly diminishes trade, challenging the earlier argument by Barbieri & Levy that there is no apparent systematic relationship between war and trade. Three main problems with Anderton & Carter's analyses are identified. First, and most importantly, they do not pay sufficient attention to the political dimension of trade or war. Second, they attribute more specificity to commercial liberal theory than actually exists. Third, the authors' empirical findings provide mixed support for liberal theory. While Anderton & Carter advance the debate, there is not enough evidence to support their conclusion that, on balance, war significantly impedes trade and that this fact deters leaders from engaging in war.
Erratum for Xiao et al., 14-3-3τ Promotes Breast Cancer Invasion and Metastasis by Inhibiting RhoGDIα

Yang Xiao, Vivian Y. Lin, Shi Ke, Gregory E. Lin, Fang-Tsyr Lin, Weei-Chin Lin Section of Hematology/Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA Volume 34, no. 14, p. 2635–2649, 2014. Page 2640, column 1, bottom line: “(RGSYSIKS)” should read “(RGSYSIKS).”
Glycogenosis type II: A juvenile-specific mutation with an unusual splicing pattern and a shared mutation in African Americans

The recessively inherited deficiency of acid α-glucosidase (GAA) called Glycogenosis Type II is expressed as three different phenotypes: infantile, juvenile, and adult. At the molecular level, infantile and adult forms of the disease have been extensively studied, but little is known regarding the genetic defects associated with the juvenile form. We describe a novel mutation that defines the intermediate juvenile phenotype in a compound heterozygous patient. A transversion of t to g in intron 6 at position –22 creates a cryptic acceptor site and results in unusual splicing abnormality: insertion of 21 nucleotides of the intronic sequence into mRNA and removal of exon 6 without disruption of the reading frame. The second mutation, Arg854Stop in exon 18, had been previously identified in another African-American patient (Hermans et al., 1993a). Family study indicates that a silent allele harboring the Arg854Stop mutation in our patient is inherited from the patient's father, who is also African American, thus suggesting a common mutation in this population. Hum Mutat 10:128–134, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
If they’ll listen to us about life, we’ll listen to them about school: seeing city students’ ideas about ‘quality’ teachers

High school dropout rates in many major urban settings in the United States have remained above 50% for more than three decades. This dropout crisis should now be considered evidence of an endemic lack of appreciation for formal education in city locales. United States federal policy initiatives have concentrated the nation on notions of teacher ‘quality’, but have failed to consider diverse urban youths’ perspectives in these definitions. Grounded in critical pedagogy and action research frameworks, the project on which this paper reports worked with a group of city students, utilising visual sociology methods to explore these youths’ perceptions of what they considered effective or ‘quality’ teachers. Students’ photographs and reflections provided details about some of the causes of the strained relationships with school represented by these graduation rate statistics; what teacher roles and instructional methods might be most successful in countering these trends; and examples of research techniques th...
Is modified radical neck dissection only a staging procedure

This retrospective study evaluates the clinical benefit of modified radical neck dissection among patients with squamous carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Ninety-eight modified neck dissections were performed in 86 patients over a 5-year period. The procedure entailed removal of the submaxillary and jugular chain nodes while the posterior triangle was not dissected. Thirty-two patients received postoperative radiotherapy. Lymph nodes were histologically positive in 55 of 98 dissections (56%). Among 72 determinate patients, recurrence in the dissected neck occurred in 8 of 38 with positive nodes and none of 34 with negative nodes (P less than 0.05). These recurrences occurred in patients who had clinically palpable nodes preoperatively. Postoperative radiotherapy did not significantly alter the overall recurrence rate or survival of patients with positive nodes. Cumulative disease-free survival at 5 years was 70% overall. It is concluded that the modified neck dissection described is appropriate in the clinically negative neck or when regional disease is early (i.e., N1) and located in the submandibular triangle. Postoperative radiotherapy should be given if more than one node is involved histologically or if extracapsular spread is present.
An unusual glucocerebroside in the crustacean nervous system

High concentrations of glucocerebroside (glucosylceramide) were found in the ventral nerve cord, brain, optic nerve, and antenna, but not in the nonneural tissue, of the brown shrimp Penaeus aztecus aztecus. This lipid contained unusual sphingoid bases consisting of 14-, 15-, and 16-carbon sphinganines and sphingenines. The fatty acids were mainly nonhydroxylated homologs 22 carbons long and longer, similar to those found in galactocerebroside but differing from those in glucocerebroside in mammalian nervous systems.
Flow distribution and ozonolysis in gas-liquid multichannel microreactors

Multichannel microreactors for gas−liquid reactions are designed and fabricated using silicon and Pyrex wafers. We perform oxidation of organic reagents by ozone (ozonolysis) in these microreactors motivated by the difficulty of handling ozone, its high reactivity, the potentially high selectivity for oxygenated products, and the reaction often being mass transfer limited. Pressure drop zones are included in the microreactors to achieve a uniform gas−liquid flow regime across the multiple channels. Flow visualization experiments show less than 3% variation in mass flow across the channel for a range of operating conditions. Microfabricated silicon posts are included in the channels as a means to increase mass transfer, and their effectiveness is evaluated by comparing conversion and selectivity to those obtained for microreactors without posts. Oxidations with ozone of phosphite, amine, and olefin as model compounds serve as case studies. In all cases, both conversion and selectivity are high, up to 100% ...
Management of high-risk gestational trophoblastic disease--the Memorial Hospital experience.

Thirty-two patients with high-risk gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), defined as metastases to the brain or liver (regardless of hCG level or duration of disease) or prior unsuccessful chemotherapy are reviewed. In this classification, an antecedent term pregnancy is not considered to be an independent high-risk factor. Initial chemotherapy in 15 (46.8%) patients consisted of methotrexate, actinomycin D, and chlorambucil (MAC), actinomycin D alone in seven (21.8%), etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cytoxan on covin (EMACO) EMACO in three (9.4%), ITMA (hydroxyurea, vincristine, methotrexate, folinic acid, cyclophosphamide, actinomycin D, adriamycin, and melphalan) in three (9.4%). The remaining patients were treated with actinomycin D and 6-mercaptopurine (1), CHAMOCA (1), carboplatin and Taxol (1), and methotrexate (1). All patients with brain metastases were treated with cranial radiotherapy. Overall complete remission was achieved in 14 of 32 (43.7%) patients. Five of 9 (55.5%) patients whose disease followed a term pregnancy survived compared to nine of 23 (39.1%) patients whose disease followed other types of pregnancies. The data analyzed according to the clinical classification of ‘high-risk’ indicates that an overall survival rate of 70% was achieved. The Memorial Hospital classification therefore identifies patients who need primary chemotherapy more aggressive than MAC and similar to the WHO scoring system is a better predictor of survival than the clinical classification.
Mercury distribution in two Sierran forest and one desert sagebrush steppe ecosystems and the effects of fire.

Abstract Mercury (Hg) concentration, reservoir mass, and Hg reservoir size were determined for vegetation components, litter, and mineral soil for two Sierran forest sites and one desert sagebrush steppe site. Mercury was found to be held primarily in the mineral soil (maximum depth of 60 to 100 cm), which contained more than 90% of the total ecosystem reservoir. However, Hg in foliage, bark, and litter plays a more dominant role in Hg cycling than the mineral soil. Mercury partitioning into ecosystem components at the Sierran forest sites was similar to that observed for other US forest sites. Vegetation and litter Hg reservoirs were significantly smaller in the sagebrush steppe system because of lower biomass. Data collected from these ecosystems after wildfire and prescribed burns showed a significant decrease in the Hg pool from certain reservoirs. No loss from mineral soil was observed for the study areas but data from fire severity points suggested that Hg in the upper few millimeters of surface soil may be volatilized due to exposure to elevated temperatures. Comparison of data from burned and unburned plots suggested that the only significant source of atmospheric Hg from the prescribed burn was combustion of litter. Differences in unburned versus burned Hg reservoirs at the forest wildfire site demonstrated that drastic reduction in the litter and above ground live biomass Hg reservoirs after burning had occurred. Sagebrush and litter were absent in the burned plots after a wildfire suggesting that both reservoirs were released during the fire. Mercury emissions due to fire from the forest prescribed burn, forest wildfire, and sagebrush steppe wildfire sites were roughly estimated at 2.0 to 5.1, 2.2 to 4.9, and 0.36 ± 0.13 g ha− 1, respectively, with litter and vegetation being the most important sources.
A single-amino acid substitution in a gamma-aminobutyric acid subtype A receptor locus is associated with cyclodiene insecticide resistance in Drosophila populations.

Abstract Resistance to cyclodiene insecticides, documented in at least 277 species, is perhaps the most common kind of resistance to any pesticide. By using cyclodiene resistance to localize the responsible gene, a gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor/chloride ion-channel gene was previously cloned and sequenced from an insecticide-susceptible Drosophila melanogaster strain. We now describe the molecular genetics of the resistance allele. A single-base-pair mutation, causing a single-amino acid substitution (Ala-->Ser) within the second membrane-spanning region of the channel, was found to be the only consistent difference between resistant and susceptible strains of D. melanogaster. Some resistant strains of Drosophila simulans show the same mutation, whereas others show an alternative single-base-pair mutation in the same codon, resulting in the substitution of a different amino acid (glycine). These constitute single-box-pair mutations in insects that confer high levels of resistance to insecticides. The presence of the resistance mutations was then tested in a much larger set of strains by the PCR and subsequent digestion with a diagnostic restriction endonuclease. Both resistance-associated mutations cause the loss of a Hae II site. This site was invariably present in 122 susceptible strains but absent in 58 resistant lines of the two species sampled from five continents. PCR/restriction endonuclease treatment was also used to examine linkage of an EcoRI polymorphism in a neighboring intron in D. melanogaster, which was found associated with resistance in all but 3 of 48 strains examined. These PCR-based techniques are widely applicable to examination of the uniqueness of different resistance alleles in widespread populations, the identification of resistance mechanisms in different species, and the determination of resistance frequencies in monitoring.