cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Porous graphite fabricated by liquid metal dealloying of silicon carbide

Abstract Porous graphite was prepared by dealloying SiC in molten germanium, and then excavating the Ge phase. Dealloying is a technique whereby nanoporous materials are produced via the selective dissolution of one or more components from a homogeneous alloy. Here, the liquid metal dealloying (LMD) process was extended to non-metal precursors, demonstrating that carbide-derived carbons (CDCs) can be fabricated by this process. The dealloying depth, concentration profile and length scale of the dealloyed microstructure were examined as they varied with immersion times and temperatures. The dealloying depth h varied with time as h ∼ t1/2 and we also observed a build-up of Si concentration in the germanium near the dealloying interface. These observations are consistent with kinetics that are rate-limiting in the liquid germanium side of the moving interface. However, the measured activation barrier of 2.4–2.8 eV was too high to be consistent with diffusion in the liquid phase, so instead we propose a mechanism in which Si diffusion is impeded by unsaturated carbon bonds near the dealloying interface. The porous graphite exhibited three-dimensional connectivity and a high degree of crystallinity, with an I(D)/I(G) ratio of 0.3 for samples dealloyed at the highest temperatures.
Integrating computer-aided engineering and computer-aided design for DNA assemblies

Functional properties of modern engineering products result from merging the geometry and material properties of underlying components into sophisticated overall assemblies. The foundation of this design process is an integration of computer aided design (CAD) tools that allow rapid geometric modifications with robust simulation tools to guide design iterations (i.e. computer-aided engineering, CAE). Recently, DNA has been used to make nanodevices for a myriad of applications across fields including medicine, nanomanufacturing, synthetic biology, biosensing, and biophysics. However, currently these self-assembled DNA nanodevices rely primarily on geometric design, and hence, they have not demonstrated the same sophistication as real-life products. We present an iterative design pipeline for DNA assemblies that integrates CAE based on coarse-grained molecular dynamics with a versatile CAD approach that combines top-down automation with bottom-up control over geometry. This intuitive framework redefines the scope of structural complexity and enhances mechanical and dynamic design of DNA assemblies.
Modeling and Control Using Connected and Automated Vehicles with Chained Asymmetric Driver Behavior under Stop-and-Go Oscillations:

This paper presents a behavioral car following model, named the chained asymmetric behavior model, that improves on the asymmetric behavior model. This model is inspired by the empirical observatio...
Patterns of recommended vaccine receipt among women ages 24-45 years: a cross-sectional analysis.

Background Vaccine receipt among mid-adults remains low, with only one quarter of adults being up to date for all recommended vaccines. It is important to understand the myriad factors that influence vaccine receipt among mid-adult women to address these low rates. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from women ages 24-45 years collected as part of an ongoing case-control study of the effectiveness of HPV vaccine. We examined associations between demographic characteristics and healthcare utilization and receipt of individual vaccines and combinations of multiple vaccines using logistic regression analyses for three routinely recommended vaccines: tetanus, influenza and HPV. Results Among the 309 women enrolled in the study, only 19 (6.2%) were up to date for all three recommended vaccines and 41 (13.3%) had not received any of the recommended vaccines. A greater number of health care visits in the past year was associated with receipt of influenza (aOR = 6.37, 95% CI = 2.53, 16.1) and tetanus (aOR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.14, 4.12) vaccines. White women were more likely to have received HPV vaccine (aOR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.07, 5.36). Conclusions Uptake of recommended vaccines is low among young and mid-adult women. There is a need for greater understanding of the underlying factors influencing vaccine receipt in this population.
Sweep Orders and The Costs of Market Fragmentation

Traders use Intermarket Sweep Orders (ISO) to trade ``as-if" the market were single-venued and avoid the fragmented environment. Using a sample of over 2,600 securities over the period January 2019 to April 2021, I find that traders are willing to pay a premium of roughly 40% of the effective spread to trade with ISOs. The premium is explained by market fragmentation as measured by an exchange-based Herfindahl–Hirschman Index, fraction of off-exchange trade, and dispersion in realized variation (RV) across exchanges. A 1% increase in each of these measures are associated with a 1.28%, 0.29%, and 0.18% rise in the premium respectively. This relationship is very robust, it is greater for securities traded across more exchanges; it persists across different measures, methodologies, and sub-samples.
Information-Based Control of Robots in Search-and-Rescue Missions With Human Prior Knowledge

Multirobot systems provide a scalable and robust solution for monitoring tasks. In time-intensive missions such as search and rescue, the inclusion of a human has the potential advantage of incorporating prior knowledge about the target location or dynamics. In this article, we develop a general information-theoretic framework to control multiple autonomous robots in search and rescue missions that include a human teleoperator. Human prior knowledge is modeled to capture the target location and dynamics, and mutual-information-based control is formulated to let autonomous robots weigh between two strategies: independent search or assisting the human by staying in proximity. The control actions optimize a weighted sum of normalized mutual information calculated using particle-filtered estimates of the target and the reference robot. We implement the framework to simulate two widely different scenarios designed after search-and-rescue missions from literature, and incorporate varying levels of accuracy in human prior knowledge. Our results indicate that the mission performance depends on how robots weigh between the two strategies, with the amount of the optimal control effort shared between strategies affected by prior knowledge and the number of robots. Comparison with existing strategies points to the benefits of an information-based control in situations where human prior knowledge is inaccurate. The proposed information-theoretic abstraction of the human–robot interaction can be implemented on a wide variety of scenarios and the results highlight the role of human prior knowledge toward effective robotic assistance in time-intensive missions.
Outside and inside the nations: Changing borders in the study of the jewish past during the nineteenth century

Were there no Jewish critics of historicism who recoiled at the application of historical methods to classical Jewish sources and who lamented the clinical dissection of the once-inspired Jewish past? The full answer is multifaceted, and requires that we follow different and often meandering currents of thought into German, French, and Eastern European Jewish intellectual discourse, exploring thinkers ranging from Henri Bergson to Micha Yosef Berdyczewski. It is clear as day that there was a problem, if not an outright crisis, of Jewish historicism from the mid-nineteenthcentury, and that the tension between Glaube und Geschichte , contra Baron, has agitated Jewish thinkers from that time up to the present. The chapter examines this phenomenon by tracing a number of the overlapping currents of dissent that emerged out of the new historicist orthodoxy. Keywords: Glaube und Geschichte ; Jewish critics; Jewish historicism; Jewish intellectual discourse; Jewish past; mid-nineteenthcentury
The OH radical-H2O molecular interaction potential.

The OH radical is one of the most important oxidants in the atmosphere due to its high reactivity. The study of hydrogen-bonded complexes of OH with the water molecules is a topic of significant current interest. In this work, we present the development of a new analytical functional form for the interaction potential between the rigid OH radical and H2O molecules. To do this we fit a selected functional form to a set of high level ab initio data. Since there is a low-lying excited state for the H2O∙OH complex, the impact of the excited state on the chemical behavior of the OH radical can be very important. We perform a potential energy surface scan using the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ level of electronic structure theory for both excited and ground states. To model the physics of the unpaired electron in the OH radical, we develop a tensor polarizability generalization of the Thole-type all-atom polarizable rigid potential for the OH radical, which effectively describes the interaction of OH with H2O for both ground and excited states. The stationary points of (H2O)n∙OH clusters were identified as a benchmark of the potential.
Immune reactions of normal pregnancy.

Abstract Eight hundred and twenty-four serial blood sera were obtained from 66 clinically normal pregnant patients. The sera were applied to sections of the placenta from the corresponding pregnancy and stained with fluorescein-tagged goat anti-human globulin. By this immunofluorescence technique, globulin binding was demonstrated in the first trimester sera of the large majority of the cases studied and in one third of the postpartum specimens. The sera demonstrating the strongest response were then subjected to a panel of fluorescein-tagged goat antibodies to specific human protein fractions. This revealed the maternal serum component to be in the gamma G fractions. Prior treatment with goat anti-human immunoglobulins inhibited the reaction. These findings correlated well in time and frequency with the transplant rejection reaction in the decidua previously reported by the authors. The possible etiology of the decline in the immune response is discussed.
Vigilance as a Response to White Complicity.

Calls for vigilance have been a recurrent theme in social justice education. Scholars making this call note that vigilance involves a continuous attentiveness, that it presumes some type of criticality, and that it is transformative. In this essay Barbara Applebaum expands upon some of these attributes and calls attention to three particular features of vigilance that, while they may be alluded to in the aforementioned discussions, are rarely made explicit. These three features are critique, staying in the anxiety of critique, and vulnerability. Using the lens of Judith Butler's recent work and the discussions that her work has provoked, Applebaum examines these three features of vigilance and demonstrates how they are crucial for white people interrogating their complicity in systemic racism. Finally, she discusses how the expanded three features of vigilance can offer guidance to one of the enormously thorny questions that arises in the social justice classroom.
Correlation between shielding effectiveness and transfer impedance of shielded cable

The correlation between the shielding effectiveness and transfer impedance of a 50 /spl Omega/ shielded cable was evaluated. The methods used in the performance of the investigation to induce the currents and voltages into the wires and cables were by use of an electric dipole antenna and a current probe. A direct correlation between shielding effectiveness and transfer impedance was recorded on a BNC cable that was terminated in 50 /spl Omega/ at both ends.
The role of multigrid algorithms for LQCD

Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215E-mail: rebbi@bu.eduWe report on the ﬁrst successful QCD multigrid algorithm which demonstrates constant conver-gence rates independent of quark mass and lattice volume for the Wilson Dirac operator. Thenew ingredient is the adaptive method for constructing the near null space on which the coarsegrid multigrid Dirac operator acts. In addition we speculate on future prospects for extending thisalgorithm to the Domain Wall and Staggered discretizations, its exceptional suitability for highperformance GPU code and its potential impact on simulations at the physical pion mass.The XXVII International Symposium on Lattice Field TheoryJuly 26-31, 2009Peking University, Beijing, China
Global elevational, latitudinal, and climatic limits for termites and the redescription of Rugitermes laticollis Snyder (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) from the Andean Highlands

We compile, map, and discuss global elevational, latitudinal, thermal, and rainfall extremes of termite localities from literature sources and unpublished records. Rugitermes laticollis from Ecuador and Bolivia occurs at higher elevation (2700-3600 m) than any other termite species. Termites span the globe from 54.3°N ( Zootermopsis angusticollis in British Columbia (B.C.), Canada) to 48.9°S ( Porotermes quadricollis in Magdalena, Chile). The coldest locality supporting termites ( Reticulitermes sp.) is at Churn Creek, B.C., where the mean annual temperature is 4°C. Lake Havasu City, Arizona, where Heterotermes aureus and Gnathamitermes perplexus occur, has the highest recorded temperature maximum (52°C) for a termite locality. Cryptotermes brevis and Neotermes chilensis are endemic to the Pacific Coast of Peru and Chile where rain is essentially absent. We further provide locality extremes for six termite families from six zoogeographical regions. In addition, the winged imago of Ru. laticollis is redescribed and the soldier is described for the first time.
New trends in prototyping design and automation

Recent developments in several other emerging fields enable us to think of the fields of prototype design, development and automation in new ways and to consider new applications. This paper presents trends of prototyping design and automation with an emphasis on the following two sub-topics: 1) a review on prototyping discrete event and hybrid systems; and 2) the trends on prototyping real-time machine vision system design.
Long-range, light-induced redox separation across a ligand bridge

Molecular systems have been designed that undergo intramolecular photochemical electron transfer to give spatially separated oxidative and reductive equivalents. In that sense, they begin to mimic the redox splitting characteristics of the reaction center in photosynthesis. A chemically versatile approach to the design of such systems exists based on polypyridyl complexes of Re{sup I}, Ru{sup II}, or Os{sup II}. One of the authors interests in this area is in establishing and cataloging the approaches at the molecular level that can lead to light-induced redox splitting. They describe here the results of a study on the complex ((PTZ-bpy)(CO){sub 3}Re{sup I}(4,4{prime}-bpy)Re{sup I}(CO){sub 3}(bpy)){sup 2+} (bpz is 2,2{prime}-bipyrazine; 4,4{prime}-bpy is 4,4{prime}-bipyridine; PTZ-bpy is 4-phenothiazinyl-4{prime}-methyl-2,2{prime}-bipyridine).
Preliminary Considerations of Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel for Gen IV Nuclear Reactor Application

Modified 9Cr-1Mo steel is currently identified as one of the leading candidate materials in the down selection for construction of the Gen IV nuclear reactor pressure vessel. Because of the stringent requirements in strength, size, safety, design life, and maintenance for the intended nuclear application, qualification of the material demands scrutiny in various aspects such as mechanical properties, data sufficiency, Codification, mechanical behavior modeling, metallurgical stability, environmental resistance, component manufacturability and transportation. In the present paper, history of the material development is briefly reviewed; requirements and challenges for the intended application are discussed; available information on the material is described. Further research and development activities are suggested to facilitate the materials selection.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Catecholaminergic axonal varicosities appear to innervate growth hormone-releasing hormone-immunoreactive neurons in the human hypothalamus: the possible morphological substrate of the stress-suppressed growth.

Context: Stress is considered to be a major factor in the regulation of growth. Psychosocial dwarfism, characterized with short stature, delayed puberty, and depression, is typically preceded by psychological harassment or stressful environment. It has been observed that stress suppresses GH secretion, possibly via the attenuation of GHRH secretion. However, the exact mechanism of the impact of stress on growth has not been elucidated yet. Objective: Our previous studies revealed intimate associations between neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive (IR) axonal varicosities and GHRH-IR perikarya in the human hypothalamus. Because NPY is considered to be a stress molecule, NPY-GHRH juxtapositions may represent an important factor of stress-suppressed GHRH release. In addition to NPY, catecholamines are among the major markers of stress. Thus, in the present study, we examined the putative juxtapositions between the catecholaminergic tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-/dopamine-β-hydroxylase-/phenylethanolamine N-methylt...
To Use or Not to Use the Effective Medium Approach for Designing Performance-Enhanced Small Antennas - That is the Question

Performance enhancement of small conformal antennas, e.g., microstrip patch antennas (MPA's) is often accomplished by adding a superstrate or a substrate, comprising of artificial dielectrics that are also referred to as metamaterials, especially when the effective parameters differ substantially from those of the constituent media. These embellishments to the MPA are designed to increase its effective aperture area, broaden its impedance and pattern bandwidths, improve its side or back lobes, to name just a few. Typically, these metamaterial (or EBG) superstrates, as well as substrates, are designed to have DNG characteristics.
Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors from Ascaris suum.

Abstract Body wall and perienteric fluid of Ascaris suum were extracted with buffer, fractionated, and purified on carboxymethylcellulose. A trypsin inhibitor was eluted between pH 4.5 and 4.8 from perienteric fluid and body wall extract. The latter inhibited 3380 and 5170 μg of trypsin per milligram of protein, respectively. Two distinct chymotrypsin inhibitors were found. One inhibitor was eluted from carboxymethylcellulose between pH 4.3 and 4.6, while the second was eluted between pH 6.3 and 9.0. These inhibited 1930 and 2740 μg of chymotrypsin per milligram of protein, respectively.
Water-soluble calix[4]resorcinarenes as chiral NMR solvating agents for phenyl-containing compounds

Abstract Water-soluble calix[4]resorcinarenes with 3- and 4-hydroxyproline substituent groups are evaluated as chiral NMR solvating agents on a series of monosubstituted phenyl-containing compounds. The substrates interact with the calixresorcinarene through insertion of the aromatic ring into the cavity. Cationic, anionic, and neutral substrates were examined, and all exhibited enantiomeric discrimination in the 1 H NMR spectrum with one or more of the calixresorcinarenes. The hydroxyproline derivatives were almost always more effective at causing enantiodifferentiation than the corresponding proline derivative. Presumably the hydroxyl group on the proline moieties is involved in interactions with the substituent groups of the substrate that are important in creating chiral recognition. The enantiomeric discrimination in the 1 H NMR spectrum is large enough to permit the analysis of enantiomeric purity.
Identification of a functional intermediate in receptor activation in progesterone-dependent cell-free transcription

THE steroid hormone, progesterone, enhances transcription in vivo from promoters containing progesterone response elements (PREs)1–5. We have recently shown that the progesterone receptor (PR) modulates transcription in a cell-free system by facilitating the formation of a stable preinitiation complex, apparently through interaction with RNA polymerase II and other basic transcription factors6,7. The precise role of ligand in this activation process remains unclear, however. In order to dissect the role of steroid ligand in gene action, we sought to devise an in vitro transcription system that mimics the hormone-dependent transcriptional activation observed in vivo. We now report the successful reconstitution in vitro of progesterone-dependent RNA synthesis from a PRE-driven promoter in nuclear extracts of human breast carcinoma (T47D) cells. The transcriptional activation is triggered by the hormone-induced binding of endogenous PR to PREs and exhibits hormone-specificity. The receptor exists in a 4S form in our initial salt-treated extract and is apparently dissociated from the heat-shock protein hsp90. Nevertheless, hormone is still required for DNA binding and transcriptional activation. These results suggest that dissociation of hsp90 and conversion to an inactive 4S intermediate could occur before the final event in ligand-mediated transactivation of gene expression.
Recent Advances in Fatigue Crack Growth

Many of the recent advances in the understanding of the fatigue crack growth process have resulted from an improved realization of the importance of fatigue crack closure in the crack growth process. Two basic crack closure processes have been identified. One of which is known as plasticity-induced fatigue crack closure (PIFCC), and the other is roughness-induced fatigue crack closure (RIFCC). Both forms occur in all alloys, but PIFCC is a surface-related process which is dominant in aluminum alloys such as 2024-T3, whereas RIFCC is dominant in most steels and titanium alloys. A proposed basic equation governing fatigue crack growth is (1) where where Kmax is the maximum stress intensity factor in a loading cycle and Kop is the stress intensity factor at the crack opening level. is the range of the stress intensity factor at the threshold level which is taken to correspond to a crack growth rate of 10-11 m/cycle. The material constant A has units of (MPa)-2, and therefore Eq. 1 is dimensionally correct. Eq.1 has been successfully used in the analysis of both long and short cracks, but in the latter case modification is needed to account for elastic-plastic behavior, the development of crack closure, and the Kitagawa effect which shows that the fatigue strength rather than the threshold level is the controlling factor determining the rate of fatigue crack growth in the very short fatigue crack growth range. Eq. 1 is used to show that The non-propagating cracks observed by Frost and Dugdale resulted from crack closure. The behavior of cracks as short as 10 microns in length can be predicted. Fatigue notch sensitivity is related to crack closure. Very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) behavior is also associated with fatigue crack closure.
Throughput analysis of partial channel information proportional fairness scheduling

Abstract Wireless multi-carrier communication systems that use packet schedulers based on channel knowledge have been proved their performance. Proportional fairness scheduling (PFS), if used in these systems, promises an attractive trade-off between fairness among users and system throughput. In this paper, an analytical solution is presented for the PFS throughput. Then, a simple scheme is presented to reduce the feedback signaling of the PFS without a significant loss in performance. This reduced complexity PFS attempts to meet a trade-off between multi-user diversity gain, fairness among users and low rate feedback signaling. As shown by simulations, for a large number of users compared to the number of sub-channels, this scheme kept fairness among users while minimizing the feedback signaling.
Comparison of dopamine D1 and D5 receptor knockout mice for cocaine locomotor sensitization.

Rationale There is compelling support for the contribution of dopamine and the D1R-like (D1R, D5R) receptor subfamily to the behavioral and neural effects of psychostimulant drugs of abuse. The relative roles of D1R and D5R subtypes in mediating these effects are not clear.
Chemiluminescent detection of artemisinin novel endoperoxide analysis using luminol without hydrogen peroxide

A novel method for artemisinin quantitation employing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with chemiluminescence (CL) detection in the absence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), is reported. After elution from the HPLC column, artemisinin is combined with an alkaline solution of hematin and luminol. The resulting CL signal is detected by use of a spectrofluorometer with the excitation lamp disabled, and is proportional to artemisinin concentration. The CL method was optimized and applied to the analysis of artemisinin in spiked human serum. CL in the absence of H2O2 or other known oxidizing species is remarkable since such oxidizers are usually required to produce CL from luminol under alkaline conditions. Artemisinin, a naturally occurring sesquiterpene, is one of several natural products that contain an endoperoxide functional group. Since H2O2 is not needed in the analysis, the endoperoxide moiety on artemisinin is implicated as a contributing source of superoxide radicals required for the light-producing reaction with luminol.
Geomagnetic pulsations observed simultaneously on three geostationary satellites

Simultaneous observations of magnetic pulsations have been made by three geostationary satellites carrying similar magnetometers and acting as an azimuthal array. Autospectral and cross-spectral analysis yields coherence and phase differences between the pulsations at the satellite positions. The majority of the data fit the Kelvin-Helmholtz generation mechanism. The azimuthal wave number changes sign near noon and corresponds to propagation away from noon. Usually, the wave number is less than 10 deg per degree of longitude. Later in the afternoon, however, strong pulsations are observed with low coherence, implying large wave numbers. This suggests an instability driven by a gradient in the intensity of energetic protons, which may be expected at this local time. The data also suggest that some of the observed phase difference between the azimuthal components is due to small separations in magnetic shell, whereas this is not the case for the radial components. This implies a localized field-line resonance.
An analysis of the stability of the compressible Ekman boundary layer

The linear stability problem for the compressible Ekman boundary layer common to rotating fluids is formulated and the stability properties determined numerically. Three classes of unstable waves are identified (called class A, B, and C), their properties are described. The class C waves have only recently been reported in the literature and are present only in compressible Ekman boundary layers. Most of the calculations presented here are for uranium hexafluoride gas; however, critical Reynolds numbers are also computed for air and ammonia gas. Compressibility is generally found to decrease the critical Reynolds number for each class of wave. A comparison of results for the three different gases shows the stability to be largely unaffected by changes in the gas properties. Maximum growth rate calculations for each wave show the class A and B waves to be the dominant instabilities. OFF
Decreased surface IgM receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase Cγ2 in B-1 lymphocytes

Intracellular signaling triggered by the antigen receptor of primary B-1 (CD5+ B) lymphocytes is insufficient to bring about cell cycle progression to S phase; this appears to result from a block in signal propagation prior to the activation of protein kinase C. The present studies were undertaken to evaluate specific elements in the proximal portion of the intracellular signaling cascade to determine the basis for aberrant signal transduction in B-1 cells. There was no evidence for an alteration in src kinase composition or for diminished receptor mediated tyrosine phosphorylation on the part of B-1 cells. Further, phospholipase C gamma 2 was inducibly tyrosine phosphorylated following surface Ig ligation. However, the receptor mediated increase in enzymatic activity of immunoprecipitated phospholipase C gamma 2 was markedly diminished in B-1 as compared with B-2 cells. These results indicate that phospholipase C gamma 2 largely fails to become activated following surface Ig receptor interaction in B-1 cells and suggest that this enzyme may be directly involved in controlling the propagation of progression signals.
Mobile Robot Localization Using Sonar

This correspondence describes a method by which range data from a sonar rangefinder can be used to determine the two-dimensional position and orientation of a mobile robot inside a room. The plan of the room is modeled as a list of segments indicating the positions of walls. The algorithm works by correlating straight segments in the range data against the room model, then eliminating implausible configurations using the sonar barrier test, which exploits physical constraints on sonar data. The approach is extremely tolerant of noise and clutter. Transient objects such as furniture and people need not be included in the room model, and very noisy, low-resolution sensors can be used. The algorithm's performance is demonstrated using a Polaroid Ultrasonic Rangefinder.
XXV. The anomalous dispersion and selective absorption of fuchsin

(1903). XXV. The anomalous dispersion and selective absorption of fuchsin. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 6, No. 32, pp. 213-227.
Late radiation effects: status and needs of epidemiologic research

Abstract Review of epidemiologic studies of radiation effects in man reveals that they have been based primarily on exposure to the atomic bomb, radiotherapy or diagnostic radiations as well as occupational or accidental exposures. It is important to preserve and make the fullest possible use of data from study samples already defined, and, in conceiving new sources of information, to make the most of opportunities for rapid linkage of health and employment records.
Engineering optical bistability in a multimaterial loop metasurface

The performance of a multimaterial loop (MML) metasurface integrated with Kerr nonlinear material as the dielectric spacer layer is investigated comprehensively with the finite-difference time-domain method. Optical bistability is obtained by exciting the metasurface with a saw-tooth profile for its amplitude. Based on effects of coupling between the plasmonic loops on the performance of the MML metasurface, it is shown that there is a trade-off between the required input intensity for switching and the extinction ratio of the two states of the switch. Two distinct designs are proposed where in the second design, which has lower coupling, the extinction ratio is increased by a factor of 2 while the required intensity for switching is 13 times higher than that of the first design.
Screening or diagnostic: Markedly elevated glucose loading test and perinatal outcomes

Objective. To determine the diagnostic value of markedly elevated 50-g glucose loading test results (≥200 mg/dL) and associated perinatal outcomes.Method. This was a retrospective cohort study of 14 771 pregnancies screened for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) between 1988 and 2001. The positive predictive value of the 50-g oral glucose loading test (GLT) results as measured by plasma glucose value was examined. Perinatal outcomes were assessed for women with GLT results ≥200 mg/dL compared to GLT <200 mg/dL, stratified by the diagnosis of GDM. Statistical comparisons were made using the Chi-square test and Student's t-test and potential confounding factors were controlled for using multivariable logistic regression analyses. A p value <0.05 and 95% confidence intervals were used to indicate statistical significance.Results. The positive predictive values for a GDM diagnosis were 62% for GLT results between 180 and 189 mg/dL, 79% for those between 200 and 209 mg/dL, and 100% for GLT results ≥230 mg/dL....
Teachers' Perceptions Of Language Skills Necessary For Mainstreaming:

This study compared preschool and kindergarten teachers' perceptions of the language skills most necessary for mainstream kindergarten placement of handicapped children. Each group of teachers completed a Q-Sort ranking task and a semantic rating scale to determine which language skills were perceived as most necessary. A high correlation (r = .84, p<.05) was observed between mean rankings of skills by both groups of teachers. Moderate (r = .38, p < .05) and low (r = .21, p<.05) correlations existed between the a priori skill sequence and mean rankings of kindergarten and preschool teachers respectively. Improving these teachers' knowledge of language development might be one way to better provide for the special needs of handicapped children who are making the transition between preschool and kindergarten. Suggestions for future research are provided.
Evolution of design principles in biochemical networks

Computer modelling and simulation are commonly used to analyse engineered systems. Biological systems differ in that they often cannot be accurately characterised, so simulations are far from exact. Nonetheless, we argue in this paper that evolution results in recurring, dynamic organisational principles in biological systems, and that simulation can help to identify them and analyse their dynamic properties. As a specific example, we present a dynamic model of the galactose utilisation pathway in yeast, and highlight several features of the model that embody such ‘design principles’.
Cyclic plasticity models and application in fatigue analysis

An analytical procedure for prediction of the cyclic plasticity effects on both the structural fatigue life to crack initiation and the rate of crack growth is presented. The crack initiation criterion is based on the Coffin-Manson formulae extended for multiaxial stress state and for inclusion of the mean stress effect. This criterion is also applied for the accumulated damage ahead of the existing crack tip which is assumed to be related to the crack growth rate. Three cyclic plasticity models, based on the concept of combination of several yield surfaces, are employed for computing the crack growth rate of a crack plane stress panel under several cyclic loading conditions.
The use of simulation models in model driven experimentation

Abstract : In model driven or model based experimentation, the model of the experiment is a key component of the closed loop model of the process. The model is created through interaction with the team designing the experimental organizations as well as the team creating the experimental environment. Starting with preliminary descriptions, the model evolves as more specific details are available and influences the final experimental design. The methodology used to design the model reflects both the types of design information available and the underlying hypothesis of the experiment. Experiments validating fixed types of structures or processes lead to a model designed with a Structured Analysis Design Technique which leads to an explicit but rigid model design. Experiments investigating adaptation require a more flexible model which can be created using an Object Oriented design approach. This leads to a more flexible, object view of the experimental design. Either approach leads to an appropriate set of models from which an executable model can be derived. The executable model is used to carry out simulations In order to analyze the dynamic behavior of the model, an input scenario must be created based on the actual inputs that will be used in the experimental setting. When the model is stimulated with the scenario, its behavior can be observed and its performance measured on different criteria. Because it is a computer simulation, input parameters can be varied, constraints can be relaxed, and other variables (possibly) affecting the hypotheses can be explored to see their effect on the model and by inference the experiment. These results can then be made available to the design teams to influence further iterations of the design. Indeed, the model allows the consideration of many excursions, a situation that is not possible when the experiments include teams of humans.
Artificial tooth arrangement for prognathic patients.

Abstract By the placement of the maxillary posterior teeth in the posterior one half of the maxillary arch, the fulcrum line is located in the posterior part of the arch. Functional forces are thereby confined to the posterior one half of the maxillary arch, and excessive stress to the anterior residual ridge is minimized (Fig. 6).
Estimation of Multivariate Distributions under Stochastic Ordering

Abstract Let F and G be the cdf's of two p-dimensional multivariate distributions, such that F is stochastically larger than G. A straightforward derivation is given of the generalized maximum likelihood estimators of F and G, based on random samples from each population. An algorithmic approach to computing these estimators is described and motivating numerical examples are discussed. The special case when F and G correspond to multivariate ordinal contingency tables is also presented. The relationship of these results to those of Robertson and Wright (1974) is considered.
Mid-infrared surface plasmon coupled emitters utilizing intersublevel transitions in InAs quantum dots

We demonstrate mid-infrared electroluminescence from intersublevel transitions in self-assembled InAs quantum dots coupled to surface plasmon modes on metal hole arrays. Subwavelength metal hole arrays with different periodicity are patterned into the top contact of the broadband (9-15 μm) quantum dot material and the measured electroluminescence is compared to devices without a metal hole array. The resulting normally directed emission is narrowed and a splitting in the spectral structure is observed. By applying a coupled quantum electrodynamic model and using reasonable values for quantum dot distributions and plasmon linewidths we are able to reproduce the experimentally measured spectral characteristics of device emission when using strong coupling parameters.
Pulsed photoacoustic spectroscopy applied to the diffusion of sunscreen chromophores in human skin: the weakly absorbent regime

Pulsed photoacoustic spectroscopy was used to study the penetration of sunscreen chromophores into human skin. This study focuses on basic solutions containing single typical filter molecules, as used in current sunscreens, dissolved in mineral oil. The pulsed form of the photoacoustic technique was preferred because it provides more detailed information on the filter distribution within the different layers of human skin. A new methodology provides better insight into the diffusion process through signal analysis in the time and frequency domains, allowing for global and depth-related characterization. The penetration of the chromophore influences the response signal by inducing changes in the optical and thermal properties at different depths within the medium. The light scattering effect of titanium dioxide was demonstrated by the same technique.
Fetal gene therapy: Efficacy, toxicity, and immunologic effects of early gestation recombinant adenovirus

Abstract Background/Purpose: Advancements in gene transfer technology and prenatal diagnosis have allowed investigators to consider an in utero gene therapy approach for fatal genetic diseases. The authors sought to develop fetoscopic techniques for gene delivery and investigate the efficacy and safety of recombinant adenoviral vectors in the fetus. Methods: Fetal sheep between 60 and 130 days' gestation (dGA) underwent either fetoscopic intratracheal injection or umbilical vein (UV) injection of recombinant adenovirus, AdCMV-IacZ. At death, fetal organs were examined for β-galactosidase expression, histopathology, and CD45 immunostaining. Fetal serum was compared with preimmune serum for transaminase levels and the presence of antiadenoviral neutralizing antibodies. Results: Fetoscopic intratracheal delivery of AdCMVIacZ in late-gestation sheep fetuses resulted in efficient alveolar gene transfer, but, antiadenoviral immunologic reactions limited the longevity of transgene expression to 14 days. This prompted an examination of whether early gestational exposure could induce tolerance in the fetus to adenoviral and transgene antigens. AdCMVIacZ (1 × 10 11 particles) was injected via UV into fetuses at 60 dGA. Within 3 days, β-galactosidase expression was localized to the fetal liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, and endocardium. Although adrenal expression was nearly constant over 28 days, expression in fetal liver disappeared within 14 to 28 days. Loss of hepatic expression did not appear to be immune mediated because there was no evidence of hepatic inflammation or appearance of antiadenoviral neutralizing antibodies. Fetuses injected with AdCMVIacZ at 60 dGA were reinjected with 1 × 10 13 particles at 125 dGA and antiadenoviral humoral immune responses were recorded. Despite early-gestation adenovirus injection, fetuses still responded to the late-gestation adenoviral exposure, developing antiadenoviral neutralizing antibodies similar to control fetuses. Conclusions: The authors developed fetoscopic access for pulmonary adenovirus delivery in late-gestation sheep. Although initial alveolar transduction was highly efficient, antiadenoviral immune responses limited the duration of transgene expression. In contrast, early-gestation adenoviral delivery did not elicit antiadenoviral immune responses despite achieving efficient transduction of many fetal tissues. Furthermore, early-gestation adenovirus delivery did not affect late-gestation antiadenoviral immune responses. These findings suggest that the early-gestation sheep fetus is not amenable to adenoviral tolerance induction by UV injection and that it is incompetent of immunologic response to adenovirus. For the purposes of in utero gene therapy, recombinant adenovirus may be applied optimally to genetic diseases requiring transient in utero expression.
Wavelengths, energy levels, and analysis of the second spectrum of chlorine (Cl ii)*

We have observed the spectrum of singly ionized chlorine (CI ii) with grating spectrographs from 500 to 11 000 A using a ring discharge and a pulsed rf-discharge source. The accuracy of the observed wavelengths is about 0.002 A from 500 to 3000 A and 0.01 A from 3000 to 11 000 A. The number of known energy levels has increased from 140 to 270 and the number of classified lines from 600 to over 1100. We have found 25 levels of 3p3ng (n = 5–8) and 59 levels of 3p3nf(n = 4–10), including all 20 levels of 3p3 (2D)4f. Combinations with the latter levels gave new information on the singlets in the 3p3 3d configuration, which led to the rejection of some levels, the establishment of others, and many changed assignments. Ab initio energy-level and spectrum calculations and least-squares energy-level fits showed large interactions between the 3s 3p5, 3s2 3p3 3d, and 3s2 3p3 4d configurations. The ionization limit of Cl+ is 192070 ± 1 cm−1.
Effect of Nicorandil on Coronary Spasm

In patients in whom dynamic coronary obstruction plays a predominant role in the pathogenesis of angina pectoris, dilatation of large coronary arteries and relief of coronary spasm account for the main mechanism of action of antianginal drugs. In this study, the acute vasodilating effects of nicorandil, a newly developed antianginal drug, were assessed in 10 patients who had spontaneous and ergonovine-evoked coronary spasms. The prompt, complete relief of both spontaneous and evoked coronary spasms was obtained in all of 10 patients with nicorandil. The coronary spasmolytic effect of nicorandil in the present series is thus considered to be beneficial to the treatment of coronary spasm.
Keeping the Faith in Late Life

Introduction: faith as a feature of identity and of late life - the theoretical and methodological context of the study. The bedrock of faith and religion - socialization the folkways of prayer in late life other folkways of faith in late life a grown-up faith with musings, doubts and questions folkways of faith in long-term care settings - self, soul and space conclusion - beyond a reflexive faith. Appendices: a closer look at several steps in the research process some social characteristics of the sample.
Application of PLC's as front-end pre-processors in factory information systems

Factory information systems (FISs) have grown in acceptance largely because of the successful integration of a variety of data-collection, entry and display devices. The traditional factory computer system by and large ignored the moment-by-moment consequences of production processes, and focused instead on the assistance offered by automated shift-end counting and scheduling procedures. Separate systems handled the various functions (e.g. orders, raw materials, inventory, scheduling, etc.) and the assessment of productivity was left to the findings of endless meetings, negotiations and the interpretation of aged data reports. The data under consideration, however carefully collected, was so much after the event that problems forced the factory into a crisis-management mode in the hope that some restitution could be made.
Reconstruction from subsequences

We consider the problem of reconstructing an n-sequence, given the multiplicities with which k-sequences occur as subsequences. We improve the lower bound on k from Ω(log n) to exp(Ω(log½ n)).
Daptomycin for the treatment of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia

The best therapeutic options for serious infections due to vancomyci resistant Enterococcus (VRE) remain unclear. We describe the successful treatment of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia in 2 patients using daptomycin. We also briefly review the literature on antibiotic options for VRE infection including the use of daptomycin.
Knot performance of polypropylene sutures.

A mechanical performance test using an Instron® Tensile Tester demonstrated the superior handling characteristics of Surgipro suture as compared to Prolene suture that facilitated knot construction without suture breakage. For both granny and square knots, the knot run down forces for the Surgipro sutures were significantly less than those encountered for comparable knots for Prolene sutures. This propensity of the two-throw knots of Surgipro sutures to advance without breakage considerably facilitated knot construction.
Modular Design of Fully Pipelined Reduction Circuits on FPGAs

Fast and efficient reduction circuits are critical for a broad range of scientific and embedded system applications. High throughput reduction circuits are typically hand designed for specific vector lengths. These circuits need to be modified when the set lengths are changed. In this paper, we present a new design approach that can handle any set length or combination of different consecutive set lengths without stalling and generates in-order results. The flexibility of the design allows it to be used for any reduction operations, such as floating-point addition and multiplication. By providing a simple and efficient interface to the user and a modular architecture for the designer, the proposed technique has a broad impact across a wide range of custom hardware designs.
Vascular Flora of the Lower San Francisco Volcanic Field, Coconino County, Arizona

ABSTRACT The San Francisco Volcanic Field lies near the southern edge of the Colorado Plateau in north-central Arizona, and is dominated by an extensive Pinyon-Juniper woodland. During 2004 and 2005, a floristic inventory vouchered 487 taxa from 74 families and 268 genera, including eight species endemic to Arizona. The Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, and Scrophulariaceae comprised 51% of the total flora. Eriogonum, Muhlenbergia, Penstemon, Aristida, Astragalus, and Cryptantha were the best represented genera. Nonnative taxa accounted for ten percent of the total flora. Cryptantha minima and Suckleya suckleyana were vouchered as new records for Arizona.