cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure of eukaryotic Mediator complexes

Mediator, a macromolecular complex comprising ∼20 different protein components, is largely responsible for the tight control of transcription that underpins cell development, differentiation, and maintenance in eukaryotes from yeast to human. In the past five years, macromolecular electron microscopy has been used to characterize the structure of Mediator, and of the complexes it forms with other components of the transcription machinery. The results reveal how Mediator interacts with RNA polymerase II, and suggest that regulatory information could be conveyed through changes in Mediator conformation that would influence the transcription initiation process.
Soil freeze/thaw cycles over snow-free land detected by passive microwave remote sensing

The timing, duration, and areal extent of the near-surface soil freeze/thaw status were investigated using passive microwave satellite remote sensing data for the 1997/98 winter over the contiguous United States. A frozen soil algorithm was validated using soil temperature data at 0 cm and 5 cm depths from more than 20 sites over the study area. Results indicated that a negative spectral gradient and a cut-off 37-GHz vertical polarized brightness temperature of 258.2K can be used to determine near-surface soil freeze/thaw status with confidence. The microwave freeze/thaw boundary generally agreed with −5.0°C isotherm of air temperature although frozen soils occurred sporadically between 0°C and −5.0°C isotherms. The maximum frozen soil area over snow-free land surface was about 3.75 × 106 km² or about 37% of the total study area during the 1997/98 winter. The near-surface soils often froze before snow covered the land surface, but soil freeze/thaw status under snow cover cannot be detected using this microwave technique. The onset of soil freeze mainly occurred in October and November, while the last days of soil freeze occurred in March and April, resulting in the duration of soil freezing varying from five to seven months over the majority of the study areas. The number of days of surface soil freezing varied from several days to longer than five months.
An Analysis of Pride Systems and the Dynamics of Faith

Pride, in Western Christianity, has long been recognized as a vice and deadly sin. In this article, individual and communal pride is understood as emerging from, and supported by, a system of hierarchical valuations, which provides a subjective and intersubjective sense of self-worth along with a sense of power and privilege. A pride system is linked to, and supported by, stories and rituals that omnipotently confirm individual and communal status and power. This complex system is accompanied by a particular faith dynamic that benefits its members, yet alienates those deemed to be of lesser value. While positive valuations support a person’s (and community’s) sense of self-esteem and are, more often than not, important for a sense of trust, group loyalty, and community, they are also accompanied by negative appraisals that are projected onto an “other.” This other is alienated from the privileges and power of those who identify with, and own, the positive valuations. Pride systems, then, are “good” to the extent that they shore up a sense of self and community and “bad,” or inherently deadly, to the extent that “goodness” depends on the subtle or overt alienation of a person or group.
Seasonal diversity in aquatic insect communities in an all-year stream system

The general pattern of the data in this study shows that a riffle zone carries more species and, usually, more organisms/m2 than a slower current zone. The slower current zone, however, is still apparently able to support a larger number of organisms and species than a pool of standing water. In the West Fork of the Oak Creek system the dominant insects controlling diversity are the Trichoptera, particularly one species of Helicopsyche. Diversity in the fast current zone is high in the summer, and low during other seasons. Diversity in the slow current zone is highest in spring, but is also fairly high in summer. This reflects to a large extent the seasonal fluctuations in abundance of the dominant Trichopterans in the two habitats.
Using supervised learning to fuse sensor data for surface tracking in complex environments

This paper is concerned with the problem of optimizing surface following control in automated systems. Tracking a surface is an integral task for many autonomous system. It can be used for navigation, surface preparation or object recognition. There are two types of control for surface following, continuous and discontinuous. The robot may maintain contact and continuously track the surface or touch the surface at discontinuous points. A balance is sought between each surface tracking method in the path planning phase, in order that the whole process be optimized in terms of time to complete the task and the amount of data collected. The tracking method is computed by the tracking algorithm using the partial data sets provided by sensors. It is common practice to outfit automated systems with the ability to gather data from many sensors. As the environmental conditions change, sensor reliability changes. Thus, the system's reliance on sensor data must also change. This work focuses on the addition of the supervisory learning module for choosing the method of surface tracking.
Adenosine sleep theory: how I postulated it.

for EEG and EMG recordings. We selected two types of adenosine agonists: adenosine A1 receptor stimulants, L-phenylisopropyl adenosine (L-PIA) and N 6 cyclohexyladenosine (CHA), and adenosine A1 and A2 receptor stimulant 5’-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA). The results showed that all three agents increased deep slow wave sleep (SWS) and reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep 10 . Although the agents decreased REM sleep, which occupies 15% of the total sleep in rats, the finding was of interest because the total amount of sleep was significantly increased. In order to test the role of endogenous adenosine in sleep, we administered to rats implanted for polygraphic recordings, deoxycoformycin, a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, which would be expected to increase the levels of adenosine in the central nervous system (CNS). We administered two doses (0.5 or 2.0 mg/kg) of the drug i.p. and polygraphically recorded animals for 6 hours. The smaller dose of deoxycoformycin increased only REM sleep, whereas the higher dose increased SWS 11 . Those results were consistent with our previous experiments with adenosine analogs and indicated a sleep-inducing role for endogenous adenosine.
Adaptive Trajectory Prediction Algorithm for Climbing Flights

Aircraft climb trajectories are difficult to predict, and large errors in these predictions reduce the potential operational benefits of some advanced features for NextGen. The algorithm described in this paper improves climb trajectory prediction accuracy by adjusting trajectory predictions based on observed track data. It utilizes rate-of-climb and airspeed measurements derived from position data to dynamically adjust the aircraft weight modeled for trajectory predictions. In simulations with weight uncertainty, the algorithm is able to adapt to within 3 percent of the actual gross weight within two minutes of the initial adaptation. The root-mean-square of altitude errors for five-minute predictions was reduced by 73 percent. Conflict detection performance also improved, with a 15 percent reduction in missed alerts and a 10 percent reduction in false alerts. In a simulation with climb speed capture intent and weight uncertainty, the algorithm improved climb trajectory prediction accuracy by up to 30 percent and conflict detection performance, reducing missed and false alerts by up to 10 percent.
ERK-Mediated Activation of Fas Apoptotic Inhibitory Molecule 2 (Faim2) Prevents Apoptosis of 661W Cells in a Model of Detachment-Induced Photoreceptor Cell Death

In this study, we examined the role of Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule 2 (Faim2), an inhibitor of the Fas signaling pathway, and its regulation by stress kinase signaling during Fas-mediated apoptosis of 661W cells, an immortalized photoreceptor-like cell line Treatment of 661W cells with a Fas-activating antibody led to increased levels of Faim2. Both ERK and JNK stress kinase pathways were activated in Fas-treated 661W cells, but only the inhibition of the ERK pathway reduced the levels of Faim2. Blocking the ERK pathway using a pharmacological inhibitor increased the susceptibility of 661W cells to Fas-induced caspase activation and apoptosis. When the levels of Faim2 were reduced in 661W cells by siRNA knockdown, Fas activating antibody treatment resulted in earlier and more robust caspase activation, and increased cell death. These results demonstrate that Faim2 acts as a neuroprotectant during Fas-mediated apoptosis of 661W cells. The expression of Faim2 is triggered, at least in part, by Fas-receptor activation and subsequent ERK signaling. Our findings identify a novel protective pathway that auto-regulates Fas-induced photoreceptor apoptosis in vitro. Modulation of this pathway to increase Faim2 expression may be a potential therapeutic option to prevent photoreceptor death.
Portia's Wound, Calphurnia's Dream: Reading Character in Julius Caesar

Roland Barthes sardonically described the Mankiewicz film of Julius Caesar as portraying ‘a universe without duplicity, where Romans are Romans thanks to the most legible of signs: hair on the forehead’.2 The film’s use of hair fringes to signify Roman identity and its use of sweat to signify thought were to Barthes examples of ‘degraded spectacle’, for according to his professed ‘ethic of signs’, ‘it is both reprehensible and deceitful to confuse the sign with what is signified’ (p. 28). Barthes approves those signs which are, ‘openly intellectual and so remote that they are reduced to an algebra’ and those which are ‘deeply rooted, invented, so to speak, on each occasion, revealing an internal, a hidden facet, and indicative of a moment in time, no longer of a concept’. He objects to ‘hybrid’ (p. 28) forms — those which are intentionally presented as naturalistic.
Nonsurgical management of the boutonniere deformity

The present study examined the effectiveness of a 6-week experimental program of splinting and joint protection education in reducing the progression of the early boutonniere deformity. Nine patients with mild or moderately reducible boutonniere deformities were randomized into experimental and control groups and followed for 1 year. Improvements in active extension of the proximal interphalangial joint for patients in the experimental program suggest that early initiation of a nonsurgical intervention can reduce or reverse progression of the boutonniere deformity in some patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Although the number of patients was small, we conclude that early splinting and joint protection education may limit the anatomical and functional derangements of boutonniere deformity in the rheumatoid hand.
Cloud computing: new challenges and opportunities

We are witnessing a shift in the cloud computing and virtualisation landscapes as a new model of security arises in response to the demand for clarity into how to harness the consumption of elastic computing resources. If we look back at traditional server-based and hosting provision for security, it was very much belts and strong vendor-supported braces that allowed customers to have a perimeter-based security that enclosed their assets and provided assurance. How is this changing as a result of the move to a cloud-based model? Is the emphasis on assurance and privacy, especially in a multi-tenant environment in an outsourced location, changing the way we are approaching security?
Temperature-influenced variations in speciation and chemical composition of marine phytoplankton in outdoor mass cultures☆

Abstract Between September, 1976 and July, 1977 Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin was replaced as the dominant species by Skeletonema costatum (Grev) Cleve as temperatures fell below 10°C in the fall in an outdoor pond supplied with a mixture of waste water and sea water. Phaeodactylum tricornutum returned in the spring as the major species when temperatures rose above 10°C. In an adjacent pond in which only nitrogen and phosphorus were added in excess, however, P. tricornutum dominated throughout the entire study period even through the temperature varied between 0 and 25°C. We suspected that the difference inspecies dominance in the two ponds occurred because Skeletonema costatum requires silicon, which was present in sufficient quantities only in the waste-water-enriched pond. whereas Phaeodatylum tricornutum does not have a specififc requirement for this nutrient. The cellular chemical composition of P. tricornutum varied in a U-shaped fashion with changing temperature: minimum values for the cellular carbon, nitrogen, and chlorophyll contents were displayed at 15–20°C and maximum values at 3 and 15°C. Both the cellular carbon: nitrogen and carbon: chlorophyll ratios by weight were invariant with changing temperatures at ≈6: 1 and 50: 1 respectively, indicating nutrient saturation. Only under conditionsof nutrient saturation, which can be established in various ways, can the influence of temperature on phytoplankton physiology be separated from nutrient-related factors.
Src Phosphorylates the Insulin-like Growth Factor Type I Receptor on the Autophosphorylation Sites REQUIREMENT FOR TRANSFORMATION BY src

The insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I) receptor can become tyrosine phosphorylated and enzymatically activated either in response to ligand or because of the activity of the Src tyrosine kinase (Peterson, J. E., Jelinek, T., Kaleko, M., Siddle, K., and Weber, M. J. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 27315-27321). The goal of the present study was to analyze the mechanistic basis and functional significance of the Src-induced phosphorylation and activation of the IGF-I receptor. 1) We mapped the sites of IGF-I receptor autophosphorylation to peptides representing three different receptor domains: tyrosines 943 and 950 in the juxtamembrane region; tyrosines 1131, 1135, and 1136 within the kinase domain; and tyrosine 1316 in the carboxyl-terminal domain. The juxtamembrane and kinase-domain peptides were phosphorylated both in vivo and in vitro. The carboxyl-terminal site, although phosphorylated in vitro and in src-transformed cells, was not a major site of ligand-induced phosphorylation in vivo. 2) We determined that the sites of Src-induced phosphorylation of the IGF-I receptor are the same as the ligand-induced autophosphorylation sites and that the Src kinase can catalyze these phosphorylations directly. 3) We showed that cells cultured from mice in which the IGF-I receptor has been knocked out by homologous recombination are defective for morphological transformation by src. Thus, the Src kinase can substitute for the receptor kinase in phosphorylating and activating the IGF-I receptor, and this receptor phosphorylation and activation are essential for transformation by src.
Quasilinear Hyperbolic Systems with Involutions

The evolution of n-dimensional continuous media with elastic response is generally governed by quasilinear hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations $${artial _t}U + umimits_{lpha = 1}^m {{artial _lpha }} {G_lpha }(U) = 0$$ (1.1) which may express, as applicable, the conservation laws of mass, momentum, energy, electric charge, etc. Here x takes values in R m and ∂ α stands for the operator ∂/∂x α The state vector U takes values in an open subset O of R n and $${G_lpha }:arphi o {R^n},{ext{ }}lpha {ext{ = 1,}} dots ,m,$$ (1.2) are given, smooth, constitutive functions.
Hemodynamic effects of octreotide in patients with autonomic neuropathy.

BACKGROUNDThe somatostatin analogue, ectrootide, is being used to treat postprandial hypotension in patients with autonomic neuropathy. Although the therapeutic effect of the drug is presumably secondary to a splanchnic vasoconstrictor action, its effect on splanchnic hemodynamics has never been characterized in patients with autonomic neuropathy. Moreover, it is unknown whether octreotide acts on other vascular beds in this group of patients or whether it affects cardiac output. We, therefore, measured splanchnic, forearm, and systemic vascular resistance and cardiac output before and after administering octreotide (0.4 microgram/kg s.c.) to patients with idiopathic autonomic neuropathy and diabetic autonomic neuropathy.METHODS AND RESULTSSplanchnic blood flow was determined from the clearance of indocyanine green in seven patients. We observed that octreotide decreased splanchnic blood flow (from 850 +/- 77 to 664 +/- 48 ml/min, p less than 0.005), increased mean blood pressure (from 97 +/- 6 to 115 +/-...
Evaluation of Culvert Pipe Made from Waste Truck Tires

Waste truck tires pose special disposal problems. As an alternative to disposal, a private tire recycling company developed a pipe from the tire bead and sidewall. This tire pipe has seen limited use as a roadway drainage culvert. To encourage wider use of this product, an evaluation of its performance was performed. The evaluation consisted of (a) inspections of existing installations, (b) receiving comments from installers and owners, and (c) leakage tests. The field investigations revealed that most tire pipe installations were performing well. An individual tire pipe section was found to be watertight. However, when tested in the open air (not in the ground), the tire pipe joint was found to leak. Development of an improved end connection may improve the utility of the tire pipe.
Evaluating relief valve reliability when extending the test and maintenance interval

Presently, more and more programs appear that provide processes for evaluating and extending the time between major process shutdowns and maintenance. RBI (risk-based inspections) and Six Sigma processes are two examples of methods currently in use to help drive shutdown extension programs. The relief valves on these processes often go along with the shutdown extension programs without a thorough understanding of the impact on relief valve reliability. Using an analysis for a “stand-by system,” the change in PFD (probability of failure on demand) of the relief system as a function of change in test interval is shown. Human error is another factor that compromises relief valve reliability. Some arguments are offered that suggest reduced inspections increase reliability because there are fewer opportunities for human error. This study addresses the human error question and shows that the human error contribution is constant while the relief valve is in service. Finally, the increase in PFD when increasing the test interval is discussed in terms of the potential increase in risk. The increased risk as a percentage change should be communicated and understood by those deciding to extend shutdown intervals. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 23: 191–196, 2004
Active efflux kinetics of etoposide from rabbit small intestine and colon

The aim of the present study was to investigate the directional transport kinetics of etoposide in rabbit intestinal tissues using side-by-side diffusion chambers. Etoposide is a routinely used mixed-mechanism 'efflux' inhibitor; however, its absorptive and secretory transport kinetics in rabbit intestinal tissues, a commonly used animal model, have not yet been reported. Kinetic studies revealed that the apical (AP) to basolateral (BL) (i.e. absorptive) transport of etoposide was not apparently mediated by specialized transporters, whereas secretion (i.e. BL to AP transport) by intestinal tissues was concentration dependent and saturable. Half-saturation constant values (K(m), mean+/-standard deviation (S.D.)) ranged from 53.6+/-35.8 microM to 168.7+/-127.3 microM, consistent with previous results from our group in intestinal tissues from other species and Caco-2 cell monolayers. Secretory permeability was greatest in the ileum, whereas values in the upper small intestine and colon were approximately equal, and represented only 50% of the value in the ileum. The ileal secretory transport of etoposide was temperature dependent, with the activation energy (E(a)) >4 kCal/mole at 5 microM, suggesting the involvement of the active, energy dependent mechanism. Etoposide inhibition by verapamil and saquinavir, known inhibitors of intestinal secretion, was characterized as competitive with K(i)'s equal to 193.0+/-164.4 microM and 72.6+/-53.5 microM, respectively. The current results demonstrate that the absorptive transport of etoposide in rabbit tissue was not mediated by specialized carriers, and that secretory transport was regionally dependent, mediated by a transporter or transporters, the K(m)'s were in the micromolar range, and involved the energy dependent mechanism(s). The relatively low k(m) of etoposide compared with its aqueous solubility (0.25-0.34 mM, pH 5-6.5, 25 degrees C) makes it the excellent mixed-mechanism competitive inhibitor for determining the secretory transport properties of putative drug substrates. Understanding the in vitro secretory transport kinetics of etoposide provides a mechanistic basis for ongoing studies exploring the functional role of 'efflux' in vivo.
PARENTAL INFLUENCES ON CHILDREN'S EATING BEHAVIOR AND RELATIVE WEIGHT

We investigated the relationship between selected parent behaviors, child mealtime behavior, and infant relative weight. Subjects were 7 male and 7 female children varying in age from 12 to 30 months (mean = 23.9 months). Each subject and parents were observed during the dinnertime meal on two occasions using the BATMAN (Bob and Tom's Method of Assessing Nutrition). The children spent 58% of the mealtime eating. They spent very little time making active decisions about what and how much they ate (food requests = 2% of the time; food refusals = 1% of the time). We found significant correlations between child relative weight and (a) parental prompts to eat (r = .81, p less than .001), (b) parental food offers (r = .51, p less than .05), and (c) parental encouragement to eat (r = .82, p less than .001). Thus, the present study suggests a relationship between certain parental variables and the relative weight of their children.
Genetics of tan spot resistance in wheat

Tan spot is a devastating foliar disease of wheat caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Much has been learned during the past two decades about the genetics of wheat–P. tritici-repentis interactions. Research has shown that the fungus produces at least three host-selective toxins (HSTs), known as Ptr ToxA, Ptr ToxB, and Ptr ToxC, that interact directly or indirectly with the products of the dominant host genes Tsn1, Tsc2, and Tsc1, respectively. The recent cloning and characterization of Tsn1 provided strong evidence that the pathogen utilizes HSTs to subvert host resistance mechanisms to cause disease. However, in addition to host–HST interactions, broad-spectrum, race non-specific resistance QTLs and recessively inherited qualitative ‘resistance’ genes have been identified. Molecular markers suitable for marker-assisted selection against HST sensitivity genes and for race non-specific resistance QTLs have been developed and used to generate adapted germplasm with good levels of tan spot resistance. Future research is needed to identify novel HSTs and corresponding host sensitivity genes, determine if the recessively inherited resistance genes are HST insensitivities, extend the current race classification system to account for new HSTs, and determine the molecular basis of race non-specific resistance QTLs and their relationships with host–HST interactions at the molecular level. Necrotrophic pathogens such as P. tritici-repentis are likely to become increasingly significant under a changing global climate making it imperative to further characterize the wheat–P. tritici-repentis pathosystem and develop tan spot resistant wheat varieties.
Path dependence of the charge state distributions of low-energy Fq+ ions backscattered from RbI(100)

Abstract Projectile neutralization during backscattering from RbI(1 0 0) of F multicharged ions in the keV energy range was investigated utilizing a time-of-flight technique. The energy and charge state distributions of the scattered ions were measured as a function of the polar incidence angle and the target azimuthal orientation. We found significant variations in the neutralization degree for incident projectiles of different charge states. The charge state distribution of scattered ions, including negative charge states, was found to depend on both the polar incidence and azimuthal orientation angles. These variations are attributed to the particular hard and soft encounters with neighboring lattice sites at the target surface along the path of the ion. Sample data for few-keV F2+ and F7+ incident projectiles are presented to illustrate the underlying concepts.
A second-order modeling study of confined swirling flow

A numerical study of a confined strong swirling flow is presented. Computations are performed using a differential second-moment closure. The effect of inlet dissipation rate on calculated mean and turbulence fields is investigated. Two pressure-strain models with various model constants are examined to demonstrate their influences on the predicted results. Finally, comparison of the differential second-moment calculation is made with algebraic second-moment results to determine a better suited model for complex swirling flows.
Bremsstrahlung isochromat from nickel: Effects of incident-electron energy and final-state symmetry

We report the bremsstrahlung isochromat at a quantum energy of 5414 eV from clean nickel surfaces prepared in an ultrahigh-vacuum environment. This spectrum does not merely reflect the density of vacant states in nickel, nor is it the same as spectra recorded at 530 and 1214 eV, respectively, by other workers: the assumption of symmetry independence of the transition probability for bremsstrahlung isochromats from solids, is not justified. The bremsstrahlung isochromats from nickel, at three different quantum energies, are well approximated by spectra synthesized by adding partial densities of states, calculated by Szmulowicz, weighted by an appropriate symmetry-dependent radiative electron-capture cross section, calculated after Hahn and Rule.
Poisoning of platinized platinum electrodes by hydrogen in dimethylsulphoxide

Abstract A study of hydrogen sorption on platinized platinum in dimethylsulphoxide solutions has shown that there is a heterogeneous reaction between hydrogen and dimethylsulphoxide to form a tightly bound film of reduction products, probably dimethylsulphide.
Non-native plants in the understory of riparian forests across a land use gradient in the Southeast

As urbanization expands into rural areas, an increase in the number of non-native plant species at the urban-rural interface is expected due in large part to the increased availability of propagules from ornamental plantings. A study investigating the distribution of non-native plants in the understories of riparian forests across an urban-to-rural gradient north of Columbus, GA was initiated in 2003. A significantly greater number of non-native plant species occurred at the urban sites and at one site at the urban-rural interface, where 20 to 33% of the species encountered were non-native. In contrast, at the more rural sites non-native species comprised 4–14% of the total number of species. However, the importance values of non-native species as a whole did not change significantly across the land use gradient due to the high frequency and abundance of three non-native species (Ligustrum sinense, Lonicera japonica, and Microstegium vimineum) in the majority of the watersheds. Reductions in species richness and overstory reproduction associated with these non-natives could impact long-term forest structure and ecosystem function.
Increasing healthy lifespan by suppressing aging in our lifetime: Preliminary proposal

Although we do not know everything about aging, we now know enough to start its pharmacologic suppression using clinically approved drugs. Aging turns out to be driven by sensing-signaling pathways (such as the mTOR pathway). Given that some inhibitors of the mTOR pathway are already in clinical use, there is a unique opportunity to suppress aging, while treating and preventing diseases. By itself this will answer some burning questions in gerontology. Here I discuss a proposal, starting from retrospective clinical studies to animal and cellular models to drug screens in order to develop non-toxic and effective schedules and drug combinations for extending healthy life span in our lifetime.
Spectral analysis of adsorbate induced field-emission flicker noise.

Spectral analysis of field-emission flicker noise is developed for a probe current originating from a portion of a single (hkl) plane of the emitter. The current noise is related to equilibrium absorbate density fluctuations in the probed region with the total number of net plane adatoms constant. The noise spectrum factors as S(\ensuremath{\omega})=${S}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$(\ensuremath{\omega})+${S}_{B}$(\ensuremath{\omega}) when the finite size of the net plane is accounted for. The spectrum due to unbounded diffusion ${S}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$(\ensuremath{\omega}) is proportional to one derived in Burgess's model of semiconductor contact noise. The boundary-effect contribution ${S}_{B}$(\ensuremath{\omega}) increases dS(\ensuremath{\omega})/d\ensuremath{\omega} at low frequency, whereas anisotropic diffusion decreases it.
Strontium-90 for conjunctival AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: The first case report

AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma is often treated by local therapy for physically or cosmetically disabling symptoms. We present the first case of a bulbar conjunctival Kaposi's sarcoma lesion to be treated with a strontium-90 ophthalmic applicator. The treatment is simple, effective and well tolerated and we recommend that it should be considered for the management of superficial Kaposi's sarcoma lesions of the conjunctiva.
Renal Insufficiency After Cardiac Surgery

The new millennium ushered in a number of changes in cardiac surgery. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery became technically easier so that multivessel surgery became less of a challenge and cardiologists were supplied with new catheters that accessed lesions that were previously thought of as being unapproachable. New drugs were introduced that made the management of heart failure patients feasible on an outpatient basis, and new devices extend the bridging period to transplantation. However, these advances have not necessarily been attended by significant improvements in outcome, possibly because the less challengng a procedure becomes, the sicker the patients that can be managed. This observation is particularly true with the incidence and outcome of renal failure after cardiac surgery. Bypass factors have been manipulated without much effect, and the traditional drugs that were found to increase renal blood flow in animal experiments did not translate into clinical improvement in renal outcome. Re...
Paracrine interaction between adipose-derived stromal cells and cranial suture-derived mesenchymal cells.

Introduction Adipose derived stromal cells (ASCs) are a potential cell source for the successful healing of skeletal defects. In this study we sought to investigate the potential for cranial suture-derived mesenchymal cells (SMCs) to promote the osteogenic differentiation of ASCs. Various reports have previously examined the unique in vitro attributes of SMCs; this study sought to extend those findings.
A framework for studying the use of wikis in knowledge work using client-side access data

While measurements of wiki usage typically focus on the active contribution of content, information on the passive use of existing content can be valuable for a range of commercial and research purposes. In particular, such data is necessary for reconstructing the context or tracing the flow of information in settings where wikis are used as collaboration platforms in knowledge work that relies on specialized tools, such as software development.Meeting these needs requires detailed knowledge of userbehavior, such as the duration for which a page was readand the sections visible at each point. This data cannot becollected by present wiki implementations and must be collected from the client-side, which presents a range of technical and privacy problems. In addition, this data must be correlated with traces of interaction with other tools.In this paper we present an approach for solving theseproblems in which scripts embedded by the wiki server areexecuted by the client browser, and report on the user's interaction with that document along with relevant structural information. These reports are relayed to a comprehensive framework for storing and accessing interaction and context data from the wiki and from additional tools used in knowledge work. This framework can be used to correlate these traces to obtain a complete view of the user's work across tools, or to approximate his context at specific points in time.
Angular dependent raman scattering studies of KH2PO4

Abstract Raman scattering spectra of a KH2PO4 single crystal were measured at various crystal orientations relative to the incident and scattered light propagation directions. It has been found that the contribution of the long-range electrostatic interaction is less than 10% of the total scattering efficiency of the E(x) and B2(z) modes in KDP. A low frequency mode, previously predicted by group theory, was also observed for the first time.
Studies of the antigenicity and allergenicity of phospholipase A2 of bee venom

The antigenic and allergenic properties of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and whole bee venom were compared by measuring the IgG and IgE antibody responses in animals and man. Precipitating antibodies raised in rabbits and reaginic and other antibodies raised in mice reacted about equally with both bee venom and PLA. The majority of human sera containing bee venom-specific IgE also contained PLA-specific IgE, although in somewhat lower titers. Similarly, most human sera with significant amounts of total antibodies reacting with bee venom also had antibodies reacting with PLA. Histamine and SRS-a release from leukocytes of sensitive patients followed challenge with whole bee venom and PLA in the majority of instances. However, mediator release from several patients' cells was obtained with bee venom only. These studies suggest that although PLA is a major allergen and antigen in bee venom, significant exceptions in patients' reactivity may limit its potential diagnostic and therapeutic usefulness.
Lifetime control in silicon power devices by electron or gamma irradiation

High-frequency operation of silicon power rectifiers and thyristors is made possible by the controlled reduction of minority carrier lifetime in these devices. The irradiation of silicon power devices is discussed for electrons of 0.8 to 12-MeV energy and gammas from Co60in terms of their effectiveness in altering device switching properties. A comparison is made with gold or platinum diffused devices. The best tradeoff of forward voltage drop and reverse recovered charge or reverse recovery time in diodes or turnoff time in thyristors is provided by gold diffusion. However, this advantage is somewhat offset by the high leakage in gold-diffused devices which limits their maximum operating temperature. In addition, irradiation provides the more precise, uniform, and reproducible method of lifetime control.
Structures and effects of radiation damage in cuprate superconductors irradiated with several-hundred-MeV heavy ions

This paper reports a study of the nature and systematic variation of radiation damage to cuprate superconductors caused by several-hundred-MeV heavy ions. While irradiation of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ with 300-MeV ${\mathrm{Au}}^{24+}$ and 276-MeV ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{21+}$ ions produces columns of amorphous material along the ion trajectories, such defects are only created occasionally during irradiation with 236-MeV ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{18+}$ and not induced with 182-MeV ${\mathrm{Si}}^{13+}$. A comparative study of the defect formation in ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{x}}$ and oxygen-reduced and ozone-treated ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$, shows that the degree of the radiation damage by the heavy ions depends on (a) the rate at which ions lose their energy in the target; (b) the crystallographic orientations with respect to the incident ion beam; (c) thermal conductivity and chemical state (oxygen concentration for ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$) of the sample; and (d) the extent of preexisting defects in the crystal. A theoretical model based on ion-induced localized melting and the effects of anisotropic thermal conductivity of these materials provides a basis for understanding the size and shape of the amorphous tracks. Measurements of the superconducting properties of ${\mathrm{Au}}^{24+}$- and ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{21+}$-irradiated ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ thin films show a universal linear scaling between the fractional areal damage versus the superconducting transition temperature and the normal-state resistivity.
Investigation of the performance of copolarized, colocated electric and magnetic dipoles for increasing channel capacity

An antenna system comprising of colocated and copolarized magnetic dipole (loop) and electric dipoles has been implemented in a planar stacked configuration. All the three elements of the antenna system show good return loss and coupling between copolarized elements is observed to be less than -10 dB. The feasibility of employing such a system to realize more information channels in the same frequency band has been demonstrated. It is expected that future work on the design aspect of the antenna elements will lead to improvement in the coupling performance of the copolarized elements. Also, means of implementing another orthogonal loop will be explored with the eventual aim of realizing the six element structure using printed loops and dipoles.
Pacemaker-Induced Pseudotricuspid Regurgitation

A patient with aortic stenosis and a ventricular pacemaker had clinical findings suggesting tricuspid regurgitation. Her presentation was actually caused by regular and constant cannon waves resulting from ventriculoatrial conduction of paced beats. The correct diagnosis was confirmed by abolition of hepatic pulsations during atrial pacing at the time of cardiac catheterization. Therapy consisted of restoring antegrade atrioventricular conduction.
A quick distributional way to the prime number theorem

We use distribution theory (generalized functions) to show the prime number theorem. No tauberian results are employed.
Profiting from innovation and the intellectual property revolution

Abstract This paper reviews the contribution of Teece's article [Teece, D., 1986. Profiting from technological innovation: implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy. Research Policy 15, 285–305.]. It then re-examines the core concept of appropriability in the light of recent developments in the business environment. Whereas twenty years ago the appropriability regime of an industry was exogenous and given , today they are often the product of conscious strategies of firms. And as open source software and other industries show, advantageous appropriability regimes are not always “tight” or characterized by strong intellectual property protections. The strategies adopted by firms that have successfully profited from their innovative activities cast into new light old questions about the impact of intellectual property protection on the rate and direction of innovation.
The role of importance, novelty, and plausibility in producing belief change

This study investigated the role of importance, novelty, and plausibility of message information in producing belief change. Participants in the study were 224 university students who read messages...
Headaches in women, including women who are pregnant

Abstract There are new concepts in headache definition and pathophysiologic characteristics, but both classification and management remain largely the responsibility of the principal care physician. Women are paticularly vulnerable for some types of headache. When a woman needs medical help she usually turns to her personal physician, who can be expected to diagnose and successfully treat most headaches.
Use of the air plethysmograph in the evaluation and treatment of patients with venous stasis disease.

BACKGROUND Some patients with venous stasis disease require physiologic testing of venous function for complete evaluation prior to and/or after treatment. OBJECTIVE To review basic uses of the air plethysmograph in evaluating patients with venous stasis disease. METHODS The air plethysmograph can be used to quantitate obstruction, reflux, and the effectiveness of the calf muscle pump. RESULTS Significant outflow obstruction is indicated by an outflow fraction of less than 35%. A venous filling index of 2 ml/ second or greater indicates significant reflux. An ejection fraction of less than 40% is associated with poor calf muscle pump function. CONCLUSIONS The air plethysmograph can be used in the evaluation of patients with venous stasis disease to quantify venous abnormalities of obstruction, reflux, and poor muscle calf pump function.
Multimodality of Learning Through Anchored Instruction.

Multimodality of learning results from the intertextual relationship between multimodal design and other meaning-making modes. Meaning making is becoming more multimodal because language is continually reshaped by new forms of communication media. This article examines anchored instruction from a multimodal perspective. The first section includes an overview of the history of anchored instruction, a brief discussion of the concept of anchored instruction, and the seven guiding design principles for it. The second section concentrates on the concept of design, drawing upon Kress and Van Leeuwen's multimodal theory of communication and the work of the the New London Group as the concept of design relates to literacy learning. The third section includes a discussion of the Case Technologies to Enhance Literacy Learning (CTELL) Project, which offers students in literacy education courses the opportunity to engage in multimodal learning about effective literacy instruction through multimedia anchored cases delivered via the Internet. CTELL also incorporates the concept of design in how students construct meaning from the major modes of meaning making. The final sections discuss the implications of using CTELL materials with students and the possible impact of this project on education programs in the area of literacy education.
In Situ Diffraction from Levitated Solids Under Extreme Conditions—Structure and Thermal Expansion in the Eu2O3–ZrO2 System

The accurate determination of structure and thermal expansion of refractory materials at temperatures above 1500°C is challenging. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate the ability to reliably refine the structure and thermal expansion coefficient of oxides at temperatures to 2200°C using in situ synchrotron diffraction coupled with aerodynamic levitation. Solid solutions in the Eu2O3–ZrO2 binary system were investigated, including the high-temperature order–disorder transformation in Eu2Zr2O7. The disordered fluorite phase is found to be stable above 1900°C, and a reversible phase transition to the pyrochlore phase is noticed during cooling. Site occupancies in Eu2Zr2O7 show a gradual increase in disorder on both cation and anion sublattices with increasing temperature. The thermal expansion coefficients of all cubic solid solutions are relatively similar, falling in the range 8.6–12.0 × 10−6 C−1. These studies open new vistas for in situ exploration of complex structural changes in high-temperature materials.
Principles in Good Diapering for Parent Education

The author is the Executive Director of the Diaper Service Accreditation Council. She states that the Council has, “through its research, developed body of knowledge about how to promote good skin care through diapering. This information deserves wider application by parents.” The Council believes that obstetric and neonatal nurses can play vital role in instructing new parents in the fundamentals of good diapering and suggests five rules which new parents should follow to promote good health in their infants.
Supporting Iterative Development of Robust Operation Contracts in UML Requirements Models

Developing adequate system operation contracts at the requirements level can be challenging. A specifier needs to ensure that a contract allows an operation to be invoked in different usage contexts without putting the system in an invalid state. Specifiers need usable rigorous analysis techniques that can help them develop more robust contracts, that is, contracts that are neither too restrictive nor too permissive. In this paper we describe an iterative approach to developing robust operation contracts. The approach supports rigorous robustness analysis of operation contracts against a set of scenarios that provide usage contexts for the operation. We illustrate the approach by developing a robust operation contract for a functional feature in a Location-aware Role-Based Access Control (LRBAC) model.
How Should “Unresponsiveness” to Secondary Intervention Be Operationalized? It Is All About the Nudge

In the fourth session of the National Research Center on Learning Disabilities Responsiveness-to-Intervention Symposium in 2003, Good, Vellutino, and Torgesen presented papers that addressed the question, “How should unresponsiveness to secondary intervention be operationalized in an RTI approach to LD identification?” In this commentary, I highlight important areas in which ideas converge across the three presentations. I argue that it will be important, as the field begins to grapple with a definition of “unresponsiveness” to secondary intervention, that we also specify who should get the intervention, what the intervention should consist of, when the intervention should occur, how long the intervention should last, and by whom the intervention should be applied. Only then can we accurately assess the merits of competing definitions of unresponsiveness.
Equilibrium flow of a general fluid through a cylindrical tube

Equilibrium flow of a general fluid through a long, straight, cylindrical tube is examined, and equations are derived for determining the three pertinent material functions, the shear stress component, the difference between the radial and angular normal stress components, and the difference between the axial and angular normal stress components. These equations are expressed in terms of quantities which are measurable. Experimental data are obtained for a polymer solution, and the material functions are calculated.