cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation on Microstructure, Texture and Tensile Properties of Hot Rolled Strip Casting Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel

An Fe-3wt% Si as-cast strip was produced by twin-roll strip casting process. The as-cast strip was hot rolled at 1150°C by one pass of 20% reduction and coiled at 550°C. The tensile test was carried out and the elongation was measured. The microstructure and texture of the coiled strip and the fracture surface morphology of the tensile samples were characterized. It is found that the microstructure of the as-cast strip was characterized by columnar ferrite grains with pronounced {001} fiber texture and martensite. The microstructure of coiled strip consisted of ferrite grains and pearlite, and the texture was mainly characterized by {001} fiber texture. The necking was absent during the tensile test and the elongation of coiled strip was as low as 12%. The fracture surfaces of the tensile samples mainly exhibited cleavage fracture mode with coarse cleavage facets and some ligaments.
A note on asymptotically linear elliptic problems in RN

for some V (x) ∈ C(R,R) and v∞ ∈ R. In case this equation is considered in a bounded domain ⊂ R (with, say, Dirichlet boundary condition) there is a large literature on existence and multiplicity results, with the case of resonance being of particular interest (see [1,4,5,7,9,12,15]). We recall that the problem is said to be at resonance if −λ ∈ σ(S), where σ(S) denotes the spectrum of S, the “asymptotic linearization” of the problem. In other words, S :D(S) ⊂ L2( )→ L2( ) is the operator given by Su(x)=−∆u(x)− V (x)u(x), D(S)=H 1 0 ( )∩H 2( ). (2)
Conceptual change text versus traditional text and application questions versus no questions in learning about electricity

Abstract The present study investigated the effect of conceptual change text and application questions on learning electricity concepts. In the conditions most similar to typical classroom situations, conceptual change text, as compared to traditional text, improved acquisition of qualitative concepts about simple electrical circuits. Similarly, subjects who received application questions did better than subjects who received no questions. Subjects who received conceptual change text also were more likely to display a more developmentally advanced model of electrical circuits on the post-test. However, both the conceptual change text variable and the application question variable interacted with the presence or absence of a pretest and sex of the subject. The implications of these results for the instructional theory of conceptual change and for instructional practice were discussed.
Amelioration of hemodialysis-associated hypotension by the use of cool dialysate.

Abstract The effect of a reduction in dialysate temperature on BP during hemodialysis was studied in seven patients with end-stage renal disease suffering frequently from intradialytic hypotension. Each patient received six dialyses using 34.4 °C dialysate. These treatments were preceded (six dialyses) and also followed (six dialyses) by control periods using a 36.7 °C bath. Symptomatic hypotension was defined as systolic BP below 100 mm Hg associated with typical symptoms of hypotension requiring treatment with intravenous (IV) fluid. Cool dialysate reduced the frequency of symptomatic hypotension from 0.58 to 0.05 episodes per dialysis (P =
Developmental gene networks: a triathlon on the course to T cell identity

Cells acquire their ultimate identities by activating combinations of transcription factors that initiate and sustain expression of the appropriate cell type-specific genes. T cell development depends on the progression of progenitor cells through three major phases, each of which is associated with distinct transcription factor ensembles that control the recruitment of these cells to the thymus, their proliferation, lineage commitment and responsiveness to T cell receptor signals, all before the allocation of cells to particular effector programmes. All three phases are essential for proper T cell development, as are the mechanisms that determine the boundaries between each phase. Cells that fail to shut off one set of regulators before the next gene network phase is activated are predisposed to leukaemic transformation.
SOD2 to SOD1 Switch in Breast Cancer

Cancer cells are characterized by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, which are produced mainly by the mitochondria. The dismutase SOD2 localizes in the matrix and is a major antioxidant. The activity of SOD2 is regulated by the deacetylase SIRT3. Recent studies indicated that SIRT3 is decreased in 87% of breast cancers, implying that the activity of SOD2 is compromised. The resulting elevation in reactive oxygen species was shown to be essential for the metabolic reprograming toward glycolysis. Here, we show that SOD2 itself is down-regulated in breast cancer cell lines. Further, activation of oncogenes, such as Ras, promotes the rapid down-regulation of SOD2. Because in the absence of SOD2, superoxide levels are elevated in the matrix, we reasoned that mechanisms must exist to retain low levels of superoxide in other cellular compartments especially in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrial to avoid irreversible damage. The dismutase SOD1 also acts as an antioxidant, but it localizes to the cytoplasm and the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. We report here that loss of SOD2 correlates with the overexpression of SOD1. Further, we show that mitochondrial SOD1 is the main dismutase activity in breast cancer cells but not in non-transformed cells. In addition, we show that the SOD1 inhibitor LCS-1 leads to a drastic fragmentation and swelling of the matrix, suggesting that in the absence of SOD2, SOD1 is required to maintain the integrity of the organelle. We propose that by analogy to the cadherin switch during epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer cells also undergo a SOD switch during transformation.
A Fast and Efficient Compact Packing Algorithm for Free-Form Objects

In this paper, a compact packing algorithm for the placement of objects inside a container is described. The proposed packing algorithm packs three-dimensional free-form objects inside an arbitrary enclosure such that the packing efficiency is maximized. The proposed packing algorithm can handle objects with holes or cavities and its performance does not degrade significantly with the increase in complexity of the enclosure or the objects. The packing algorithm takes as input the triangulated geometry of the container and all the objects to be packed and outputs the list of objects that can be placed inside the enclosure. The packing algorithm also outputs the location and orientation of all the objects, the packing sequence, and the packed configuration. An improved layout algorithm that works with arbitrary container geometry is also proposed. Several heuristics to improve the performance of the packing algorithm as well as certain aspects that facilitate fast and efficient handling of CAD data are also discussed. A comprehensive benchmarking of the proposed packing algorithm on synthetic and hypothetical problems reflects its superior performance as compared to other similar approaches.Copyright © 2008 by General Motors and Clemson University
EPR spectra of cobalt-centered free radicals obtained from HCo(CO)4 dissolved in krypton

Abstract The free radicals HCo(CO) 4 − and H 2 Co(CO) 3 have been detected by EPR spectroscopy in γ-irradiated or uv-photolyzed HCo(CO) 4 dissolved in krypton at 77 K. Analysis of the spectra indicate that HCo(CO) 4 − has a trigonal bipyramidal structure with the H atom occupying an apical position. Its ground state is 2 A 1 in C 3 ν symmetry. The dihydride, H 2 Co(CO) 3 , has lower symmetry ( C 2 ν ) with a 2 B 2 ground state. The hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides of the Co(CO) 3 plane of symmetry.
On the relationship between r and R0 and its role in the bifurcation of stable equilibria of Darwinian matrix models

If the demographic parameters in a matrix model for the dynamics of a structured population are dependent on a parameter u, then the population growth rate r=r(u) and the net reproductive number R 0=R 0(u) are functions of u. For a general matrix model, we show that r and R 0 share critical values and extrema at values u=u* for which r(u*)=R 0(u*)=1. This allows us to re-interpret, in terms of the more analytically tractable quantity R 0, a fundamental bifurcation theorem for non-linear Darwinian matrix models from the evolutionary game theory that concerns the destabilization of the extinction equilibrium and creation of positive equilibria. Two illustrations are given: a theoretical study of trade-offs between fertility and survivorship in the evolution of an evolutionarily stable strategies and an application to an experimental study of the evolution to a genetic polymorphism.
Effect of pentobarbital on regional brain phospholipid synthesis.

Abstract Rats were given 45 mg/kg i.p. sodium pentobarbital 15 min prior to the intraventricular injection of 200 μCi [ 32 P]phosphoric acid and 50 μCi [ 3 H]glycerol. The animals were sacrificed 1 hr later, subcellular fractions were prepared from four subcortical brain regions and phospholipids were extracted. Pentobarbital significantly increased the ratio of [ 3 H]- and [ 32 P]-triphosphatidylinositol (TPI) to diphosphatidylinositol (DPI) in the microsomal but not synaptosomal fractions. The possible relationship of this change to nicotinic receptor activity is discussed. Pentobarbital specifically decreased 32 Pi but not [ 3 H]glycerol incorporation into synaptosomal phosphatidylinositol (PI). Thus, pentobarbital induced the opposite of the “neurotransmitter effect” on PI turnover. Pentobarbital either decreased or had no effect on the incorporation of 32 Pi and [ 3 H]glycerol into phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).
FAS ANTIGEN AND NEUTROPHIL EXPOSURE MEDIATE APOPTOSIS IN ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL CELLS • 214

Modulation of cell death of both phagocytes and alveolar epithelium may play a critical role in the progression and resolution of acute lung injury. The Fas (CD95)/Fas ligand system plays a putative role in induction of apoptotic cell death in neutrophils (PMNs), but has not been well described in human alveolar epithelium. Interaction of PMNs with Fas-bearing cell types may also induce apoptosis (Liles et al., J Exp Med, 184:429, 1996) via release of soluble Fas ligand. We hypothesized that Fas antigen is present on alveolar epithelial cell lines as well as on PMNs, and that interaction with PMNs may induce epithelial apoptosis. Methods: Isolated human neutrophils and human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549, ATCC) were stained with FITC-labeled antibodies to Fas antigen and evaluated by flow cytometry. Cells were incubated with a crosslinking functional anti-CD95 antibody (10-20 mcg/ml, Pharmingen) for 24-72 hours and assessed for viability by vital dyes. DNA fragmentation typical of apoptosis was measured by TdT-mediated fluorescence-labeled dUTP nick end labeling assay (TUNEL). For coculture experiments, A549 cells were grown to confluence in Transwell chambers. Cells were then exposed for 72 hours to isolated PMNs placed on a microporous membrane insert which prevents PMN contact. After exposure, A549 cells and PMNs were evaluated for viability and DNA fragmentation. Results: Both human PMNs and A549 showed constitutive surface Fas expression. Functional CD95 Ab (20 mcg/ml) induced cell death (10±7% viability vs. 98±1% control by vital dye assay, n=7, p<.05 by ANOVA) and DNA fragmentation (TUNEL MFI 354±98% of control, n=6, p<.05) in A549 cultures. CD95 also enhanced PMN apoptosis (TUNEL MFI 464±75 vs. 253±24 in control; p=.05). Coincubation of A549 with PMNs undergoing apoptosis over 72 hours decreased A549 viability (68±12% survival vs. 99±1% in control, n=7, p<.05) and increased DNA fragmentation (TUNEL MFI 118±13% of control, n=7, p<.05). Conclusions: Fas antigen crosslinking induces DNA fragmentation and cell death in both PMNs and A549 cell lines. Neutrophils undergoing apoptosis induce A549 cell death and DNA fragmentation, possibly by PMN release of soluble Fas ligand.
Some observations on the formation of surface martensite in 304L stainless steel

Abstract A surface martensite was observed in a 304L stainless steel. The morphological details as influenced by polishing techniques and thermal quenching are discussed. The quantity of martensite was found to be greatly amplified by the strain energy produced by mechanical polishing.
Maternal Height and Risk of Child Mortality and Undernutrition

ATERNAL UNDERNUTRITION, EMBODIED BY SHORT stature and a low body mass index (BMI) and caused by chronic energy and micronutrient deficiencies, is highly prevalent in many developing countries. Short stature (145 cm) affects more than 10% of women of reproductive age across southcentral Asia, but only 1% to 2% in sub-Saharan Africa, whereas a low BMI (18.5) is found among 20% or more women in both regions. 1 Both indicators can predict adverse pregnancy outcomes. Maternal height is a strong predictor of birth size, independent of pre-pregnancy BMI and weight gain during pregnancy. Short maternal stature is highly associated with uterine volume and blood flow and is associated with risks of fetal growth restriction, cesarean delivery, 2 and cephalo-pelvic disproportion, the risk of which is likely modified by newborn size. 3 Of these 2 indices of undernutrition, attained adult height in women reflects a cumulative outcome measure of environmental exposures from fetal to adult life encompassing nutritional, infectious, sociocultural, and economic influences. The critical windows for linear growth include the fetal period, early childhood (0-24 months), and pubertal and adolescent periods, each of which influences attained adult height. The long-described theory of intergenerational cycle of growth failure posits that a small adult woman will deliver a small baby with fetal growth restriction, who will subsequently experience growth faltering as a child and low stature and body weight as an adolescent, ultimately leading to a small adult. 4 However, few empirical data have directly linked maternal stature to undernutrition over a generational cycle.
Stability of RNA structural motifs and its influence on editing efficiency by adenosine deaminases

We propose a novel method to estimate editing efficiency by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs). The method employs the notion of stability of secondary structure in the vicinity of edited sites during transcription. Such an analysis of 'dynamic' structural motifs of RNA is important because as a pre-spliced RNA is being transcribed and elongated, its entire structure, and thus its local structures, may change drastically. Our simulation showed that the stability of structures in the vicinity of edited sites correlates moderately highly with editing efficiency of edited sites recently established in laboratory experiments.
UREAPLASMA UREALYTICUM AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE IN VLBW INFANTS DURING THE EXOGENOUS SURFACTANT ERA. • 1751

An association between recovery of Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) from the respiratory tract in VLBW infants (≤1500 gm BW) and later chronic lung disease (CLD: O2 requirement and chest radiographic[CXR] changes at 28 d, or respiratory death at >7 but <28 d with consistent CXR changes) was reported by several authors before routine use of exogenous surfactant (SURF). To assess if this relation persists with routine SURF, we studied 105 VLBWs who required mechanical ventilation at<2 hrs age. Infants with major anomalies or whose mothers received antibiotics effective against UU <72 hrs from birth were excluded. Tracheal aspirates for UU culture were obtained before SURF and antibiotic therapy. Clinicians were unaware of UU status. No infant received anti-UU antibiotics. CXR at ≈28 d were reviewed by a single pediatric radiologist, blinded to UU status. Sample size was predetermined to detect a 30% increase in CLD among those with UU+ tracheal cultures (assuming 20% CLD among UU- and a 33% rate of UU+ among VLBWs) with α <0.05 and β <0.80. Of the study infants, 22 were UU+ and 83 UU-. No differences were found between UU+ and UU- groups for BW, GA, gender, inborn, antenatal or postnatal steroids, SURF therapy, non-UU infection, NEC, or PDA. At 28 d, UU+ were significantly more likely to have CLD than UU- (15/22 [68%] v 30/83 [36%]; P<0.02). UU+ also required significantly longer courses of supplemental oxygen (median 37 v 24 d: P<0.02) and mechanical ventilation (median 26 v 10 d; P<0.02). However, no significant differences were found for duration of hospitalization(56.2 ± 23.2 v 62.2 ± 19.1 d) or CLD at 36 wks postconception(6/22 [27%] v 18/83 [22%]). These findings support respiratory tract UU as a marker for high risk of CLD at 28 d and longer requirement for respiratory support, but not necessarily for CLD at 36 wk postconception or longer hospitalization. Controlled trials of anti-UU therapy in UU+ VLBWs as soon after birth as possible may determine if CLD and duration of respiratory support may be decreased, but even if successful, may not necessarily result in decreased duration and cost of hospitalization.
Aprotinin inhibits thrombin formation and monocyte tissue factor in simulated cardiopulmonary bypass.

Abstract Background . Aprotinin reduces perioperative bleeding after open heart surgery, primarily by inhibiting fibrinolysis. In addition, the drug has both procoagulant and anticoagulant effects that involve complex reactions of coagulation proteins and cells that are incompletely understood. This study tests the hypothesis that aprotinin has an anticoagulant effect on the extrinsic coagulation pathway. Methods . Human heparinized blood was recirculated through a membrane oxygenator with and without high concentrations of aprotinin (18.4 μM). Serial plasma samples were obtained at intervals up to 240 minutes. Results . Aprotinin significantly reduced the progressive increase in prothrombin fragments (F1.2) and thrombin-antithrombin complex beginning immediately. Aprotinin also significantly reduced monocyte expression of tissue factor and Mac-1. Aprotinin did not significantly reduce factor VII or factor VIIa. Conclusions . During simulated cardiopulmonary bypass, aprotinin immediately inhibits kallikrein and thrombin formation via the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Later, aprotinin inhibits monocyte expression of tissue factor and the extrinsic coagulation pathway. The ability of aprotinin to inhibit monocyte tissue factor provides a means to reduce thrombin formation in blood aspirated from the wound during open heart surgery.
Symptom patterns and the acceptance of the ‘sick role’ in attempted suicide

Summarystudy has been made of 300 patients who have attempted suicide. Most were young people, predominantly women, in the age group 21 to 45 years old. Data were collected within 1 week of the attempt and a follow-up made on the status of 299 of the patients at least I year or more after. The attitudes of ‘significant other’ people, e.g. parent, boy friend, spouse, were also assessed. Almost all the patients had difficult interpersonal relationships. The majority presented a clinical picture of depressive reaction.The author discusses the symptom patterns of the patients in relation to the key variables of anxiety, guilt, tension, diagnosis, age, sex, patient status, and the nature of the suicidal act. The importance in prognosis of interpersonal conflict, symptom distress and the social setting of the attempt is stressed.
Generalized finite element method enrichment functions for curved singularities in 3D fracture mechanics problems

This paper presents a study of generalized enrichment functions for 3D curved crack fronts. Two coordinate systems used in the definition of singular curved crack front enrichment functions are analyzed. In the first one, a set of Cartesian coordinate systems defined along the crack front is used. In the second case, the geometry of the crack front is approximated by a set of curvilinear coordinate systems. A description of the computation of derivatives of enrichment functions and curvilinear base vectors is presented. The coordinate systems are automatically defined using geometrical information provided by an explicit representation of the crack surface. A detailed procedure to accurately evaluate the surface normal, conormal and tangent vectors along curvilinear crack fronts in explicit crack surface representations is also presented. An accurate and robust definition of orthonormal vectors along crack fronts is crucial for the proper definition of enrichment functions. Numerical experiments illustrate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed approaches.
Short-term memory and language skills in articulation-deficient children.

Short-term memory (STM) for three types of auditorily presented stimulus material was tested in 28 children with articulation deficits and 28 children with normal articulation. The stimulus materia...
Effect of optic nerve denervation on lens regeneration in adult newts, Triturus viridescens

This experiment was designed to study the effect of optic nerve denervation on lens regeneration. Adult newts, Triturus viridescens, were divided into 4 groups: A) lentectomized newts, which served as controls, B) lentectomized newts with the optic nerve exposed and lightly palpated, C) newts with lens removed and the optic nerve cut simultaneously, and D) newts with lens removed first and optic nerve cut 7 days and 14 days later. Control animals required about 21 days to produce a new lens, and animals in group B demonstrated the same regeneration rate. In groups C and D, the regeneration rate was greatly retarded during the first 14 days. However, most of these animals regenerated a perfect new lens by 21 days postlentectomy.
A Two-Dimensional Adaptive Spectral Element Method

An adaptive spectral element method is developed for the accurate capture of complex flow phenomena in direct numerical simulation of incompressible flows. The method relies on an a posteriori error estimators to determine regions of the domain requiring refinement. In this paper, only /i-refinement is used. The method is illustrated by examples from heat conduction, Stokes and Navier-Stokes flows. The results indicate that the method effectively reduces errors and resolves regions of complex physical phenomena.
The effect of diet upon carbohydrate metabolism, insulin resistance, and blood pressure in congenital total lipoatrophic diabetes☆

An 11-yr-old female with congenital total lipodystrophy had nonketotic hyperglycemia with resistance to both endogenous and exogenous insulin and systemic hypertension. Twenty-four hour patterns of secretion and mean concentrations of growth hormone, cortisol, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) were normal. Plasma glucagon was elevated during periods of hyperglycemia, but was normal during normoglycemia, even though insulin resistance was still evident. Insulin receptor density and affinity for insulin as determined in monocytes and erythrocytes were normal during hyperglycemia. Therapy with insulin and pimozide were not effective in controlling hyperglycemia. However, a diet restricted to 1800–2000 cal per day of average sodium content resulted in euglycemia and normal blood pressure without insulin therapy. Fasting serum glucose decreased from 393 to 65 mg/dl. In addition, triglycerides decreased from 304 to 115 mg/dl, glucagon from 421 to 126 pg/ml, and liver size returned to normal. There was a correlation between blood pressure and fasting glucose: systolic, r = 0.725, n = 54, p < 0.001; diastolic, r = 0.424, n = 54, p < 0.001. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PA) levels were mildly elevated in both the hypertensive and normotensive states. Plasma renin activity was 2.15 ± 0.73, (SD) ng/ml/hr supine and 5.32 ± 1.81 upright over an 11-day period when urinary sodium excretion was 96.0 ± 25.5 meq/day. When fasting glucose levels were 332–393 mg/dl, glucose turnover was 1967 μmole/min (normal, 696 ± 120, SD), net glucose decay during i.v. glucose tolerance (IVGTT) 15.6 g/50 min/1.73m2 (normal, 16.7 ± 3.7), and Kg was 0.52%/min (normal, 1.86 ± 0.51, SD). After intensive diet therapy, fasting glucose was 97 and glucose turnover was 810 μmole/min, net glucose decay was 15.18 and Kg was 0.92. When the subject was hyperglycemic, plasma alanine concentration was normal, as was alanine conversion to glucose. Basal unbound insulin levels were elevated during hyperglycemia and normal during euglycemia. Insulin release, which was negligible during the first IVGTT, had a more normal pattern during the second test. In this patient with lipoatrophy, insulin resistance did not appear to derive from known insulin antagonists. The data suggested that insulin resistance may derive from a reversible loss of coupling of a normal insulin receptor to metabolic pathways. This loss may be tissue specific, involving adipose tissue and liver but not muscle, and appears to occur at insulin levels that are increased but lower than would otherwise cause a loss of hormone responsiveness in normal and obese individuals. An unknown antagonist, if present, must be diet-dependent.
Real-Time Prognosis for Metastatic Thyroid Carcinoma Based on 2-[18F]Fluoro-2-Deoxy-d-Glucose-Positron Emission Tomography Scanning

Context/Objective: Approximately 15% of thyroid cancer patients develop subsequent metastases. The clinical course of patients with metastatic thyroid carcinoma is highly variable. We hypothesized that the metabolic activity of metastatic lesions, as defined by retention of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG), would correlate with prognosis. Design/Patients: The initial FDG-positron emission tomography (PET) scans from 400 thyroid cancer patients were retrospectively reviewed and compared with overall survival (median follow-up, 7.9 yr). We examined the prognostic value of clinical information such as gender, age, serum thyroglobulin, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, histology, radioiodine avidity, FDG-PET positivity, number of FDG-avid lesions, and the glycolytic rate of the most active lesion. Results: Age, initial stage, histology, thyroglobulin, radioiodine uptake, and PET outcomes all correlated with survival by univariate analysis. However, only age and PET results continued to be str...
Effects of ULV Organophosphates on Horn Flies and Face Flies of Cattle, and on the Bovine Coprocoenosis

A study in east-central South Dakota during the summers of 1971 and 1972 evaluated insecticidal control of horn and face flies ( Haematobia irritans (L.) and Musca autumnalis De Geer, respectively) on cattle, as well as potential side effects to the insects of the bovine coprocoenosis. Three organophosphate compounds were aerially applied in ULV formulations: Ravap®, a 1:4 mixture of dichlorvos and Rabon® [2-chloro-1- (2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate)], Rabon, and malathion. All 3 insecticides reduced the number of adult flies of both species for at least 1 day but for less than 1 wk. No residual control was noted. No significant effects to the dung biota could be attributed to Ravap or malathion. Rabon significantly (P=0.01) diminished only numbers of Platystethus americanus Erichson, Falagria dissecta (Erichson), Aphodius fimetarius (L.), and Cercyon pygmaeus Illiger, and, to a lesser degree (P=0.05), a miscellaneous group of unidentified dipterous larvae and larval hydrophilids. Most of the dung fauna, however, were unaffected by the insecticides.
Cellobiose oxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Stopped-flow spectrophotometric analysis of pH-dependent reduction

Cellobiose oxidase (CBO) from Phanetochaete chrysosporium can utilize dichlorphenol—indophenol (Cl2Ind) and cytochrome c as effective electron acceptors for the oxidation of cellobiose. However, the pH dependencies of activity for these electron acceptors are significantly different. Both compounds act as effective electron acceptors at pH 4.2, whereas only dichlorophenol-indophenol is active at pH 5.9. To explain this discrepancy, the pH dependencies of the reduction rates of FAD and heme, respectively, in CBO by cellobiose have been investigated by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Both FAD and heme are reduced with a high rate constant at pH 4.2. In contrast, at pH 5.9, only FAD reduction is fast, while the reduction of the heme is extremely slow. As a conclusion, the reduction of cytochrome c by CBO is dependent on heme, which functions at a lower pH range compared to reduction of FAD.
SERUM 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D IN INFANCY: SEASONAL & RACIAL DIFFERENCES

Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3), the active hormone principle of vitamin D, is finely regulated in adults. 1,25(OH)2D levels are elevated in infancy relative to adulthood possibly reflecting increased Ca and P needs during periods of active bone growth. There is little information on factors affecting 1,25(OH)2D concentrations in infancy. Effects of diet & race have not been examined. We examined the hypothesis that serum 1,25(OH)2D would not be affected by 1) breastfeeding vs formula feeding, 2) season, and, 3) race. 143 normal infants less than 18 months of age were examined. 1,25(OH)2D was measured by Eisman's method (HPLC-cytosol binding protein, normal 17 to 44 pg/ml). Infant values were elevated vs adults (p<.001). By analysis of variance, no significant difference was found between breast-fed (58 ± 4 pg/ml, mean ± SE) and bottle-fed infants (66 ± 4 pg/ml). Significant seasonal and racial differences were found, with winter infants having higher 1,25(OH)2D3 (72 ± 3) than summer infants (53 ± 3, P <.001), and black infants (70 ± 3) having higher concentrations than white infants (56 ± 2, p<.001). Seasonal differences remained within subgroups: in whites wnter mean was 62 vs summer 50 pg/ml; in blacks winter 81 vs summer 56 pg/ml. No age-specific effects were apparent within the age range studied. Thus, serum 1,25(OH)2D concentrations in infants < 18 months of age are not affected by breast vs formula feeding, and are increased in winter & in blacks. We speculate that differences in 1,25(OH)2D concentrations may be sensitive indicators of vitamin D status in infancy and should be taken into consideration when studies of vitamin D and calcium metabolism are undertaken in infants.
Virtual worlds: an environment for cultural sensitivity education in the health sciences

Introduction: health professionals must address culture and diversity in practice. Clinical assessment and treatment have been linked to race and ethnicity (Schitai, 2004, Smedley et al., 2003). Research has addressed culture and diversity in traditional learning environments (Ladson-Billings, 1995; Grant and Sleeter, 2006), yet, little exists related to virtual communities. This is troubling because virtual environments are increasingly being used as platforms for indoctrination, communication, and assessment for clinical education. Theoretical framework: virtual communities encourage participants to 'try on' different identities (Gee, 2003), and reflect on the consequences of their decisions while 'wearing' them. This paper introduces a new framework: the ecology of culturally competent educational design, providing a launching point for development and evaluation of cultural competence in virtual worlds. Conclusion: virtual worlds provide a useful and safe medium for integration of cultural competence training in clinical education, which is paramount because it influences patient diagnosis and outcome.
Positive Lyapunov exponents calculated from time series of strange nonchaotic-attractors

Time-series methods for estimating Lyapunov exponents may give a positive exponent when they are applied to the time series of strange nonchaotic systems. Strange nonchaotic systems are characterized by expanding and contracting regions in phase space that result in repeatedly expanding or contracting trajectories. Using time-series methods, the maximum time-series Lyapunov exponent is calculated as an average of the locally most expanding exponents that characterize the divergence of nearby trajectories following a reconstructed attractor over time. A positive exponent is reported by time-series methods for trajectories in an expanding region. While in a converging region, the most expanding dynamics are related to the quasiperiodic driving force. Statistically, a zero exponent related to the quasiperiodic force is obtained through time-series methods within converging regions. As a result, the calculated maximum Lyapunov exponent is positive.
Vacancy transfers and job restructuring in regional labor markets

Abstract Transformation of and adjustments in a regional labor market system are analyzed through a Markov model of job vacancy transfers. Adjustments in response to a labor demand shock are examined for disequilibrium and time characteristics for closed and open labor systems with inmigration absorbing job vacancies. The regional labor market is specified for active employer recruitment of workers which introduces planning and control over labor demand and vacancy dynamics.
Pioneer 11 observations of effects of Ganymede and Callisto on Jupiter's trapped radiation

Charged particle data for low-energy protons and electrons from the Pioneer 11 high-latitude flyby of Jupiter in 1974 are reviewed in the light of the Voyager 1 magnetic field model of Connerney et al. (1981). It is found that if the trajectory of Pioneer 11 is mapped to the equatorial plane along the model magnetic field lines, significant features in the time-intensity profiles of trapped protons and electrons, including one microsignaturelike feature, are found to correspond to shells of closed field lines crossed by the orbits of Ganymede and Callisto. It is suggested that these features are signatures of interaction of the trapped particles with Ganymede and Callisto.
Understanding Midlatitude Jet Variability and Change Using Rossby Wave Chromatography: Poleward-Shifted Jets in Response to External Forcing

Rossby wave chromatography (RWC) is implemented in a linearized barotropic model as a tool to understand the response of the midlatitude jet to external forcing. Given the background zonal-mean flow and the space‐time structure of the baroclinic wave activity source, RWC calculates the space‐time structure of the upper-tropospheric eddy momentum fluxes. RWC is used to diagnose and understand the poleward shift of the jet in an idealized GCM using the convergence of the vertical EP flux in the upper troposphere as the wave activity source. The poleward-shifted jet is maintained via a selective ‘‘reflecting level’’ on the poleward flank of jet: for a given wavenumber, low phase speed waves are reflected but high phase speed waves are absorbed at the critical level on the polewardflank of jet. When the zonal-mean zonal wind increases on the polewardflank of the jet, a wider range of poleward-propagating waves encounter a reflecting level instead of a critical level on the poleward flank. The increased wave reflection leads to increased equatorward-propagating waves (and, therefore, poleward momentum flux) across the jet. Increases in wave phase speeds directly oppose the poleward shift because, in addition to the well-recognized effect of phase speed on wave dissipation in the subtropics, increased phase speeds imply more wave dissipation rather than reflection on the poleward flank via the selective reflecting level.
Genetic Regulation of Glucose Metabolism

The sections in this article are: 1 Glucagon and Insulin Action 1.1 Signaling from the Cell Membrane to the Nucleus 1.2 DNA Elements and Their Binding Proteins 2 Genetic Regulation of the Hepatic Gluconeogenic Enzymes 2.1 Glucose-6-Phosphatase 2.2 Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase 2.3 Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase 3 Genetic Regulation of the Hepatic Glycolytic Enzymes 3.1 Glucokinase 3.2 6-Phosphofructo-1-Kinase 3.3 Pyruvate Kinase 3.4 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase/Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphatase 4 Genetic Regulation of Other Proteins Involved in Glucose Metabolism 4.1 Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase 4.2 Tyrosine Aminotransferase 4.3 GLUT-1 Glucose Transporter 4.4 Hexokinase II 5 Genetic Regulation of Lipogenic Enzymes 5.1 Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 5.2 Fatty Acid Synthase 5.3 Malic Enzyme 6 Conclusions and Perspectives
The chemistry of the Bohr effect. II. Some properties of hemoglobin H.

SUMMARY An investigation of hemoglobin H which consists of four 0” polypeptide chains showed that : 1. The number of reactive SH groups is two per @ chain (i.e. eight per mole), although the same j3 chains in hemoglobin A contain only o?ze reactive -SH group per chain. 2. Hemoglobin H has no Bohr effect. 3. Its oxygen affinity is approximately 10 times that of hemo- globin A and its oxygen dissociation curve shows no evidence of heme-heme interaction. This behavior is duplicated by hemoglobin A in 6 M urea as shown by Rosi-Fanelli et at. 4. It is concluded that interactions between (Y and @ chains are essential for the normal oxygen affinity of hemoglobin A as well as for the variation of this parameter with oxygenation and pH value. Acknowledgnwnts-The authors are grateful to Drs. Paul Beznikoff and Ralph Engle who referred patient N. H. for study, and to Mr. Anatol Morel1 who suggested the ultrafiltra- tion method. This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation, and the National Heart Institute (H-2733), United States Public Health Service; by Grant A-4592 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, United States Public Health Service, and by Grant (Contract U-1039) from the Health Research Council of New York City. REFEREXCES
Lower but not higher doses of transdermal nicotine facilitate cognitive performance in smokers on gender non-preferred tasks.

Abstract One of the most widely used treatments for smoking cessation is nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). There is some evidence that smokers experience abstinence-induced deficits in cognitive function, which are attenuated by NRTs. Additionally it's been suggested that the degree of reversal of cognitive deficits may depend on the NRT dose and the smoker's gender. In the present placebo-controlled study we investigated effects of three doses of transdermal nicotine (7 mg, 14 mg and 21 mg) on cognitive performance of 48 male and 48 female smokers after overnight abstinence and 6 h of patch application. Cognitive tasks used in the study included the Conners' CPT, emotional Stroop, mental arithmetic, and verbal recall of affective prose passages. The results showed greater probability of attentional problems in the male sample compared to females as identified by the Conners' CPT. Within gender women showed improved performance in the 7 mg and 14 mg conditions on several measures of the Conners' CPT, and faster hit reaction time on the emotional Stroop test compared to women in the placebo and 21 mg of nicotine groups. Conversely, males showed a moderate overall advantage on the mental arithmetic task and were differentially sensitive to nicotine treatment on the prose recall task, on which the greatest improvement in recall of affective material was observed for the 14 mg group compared to the 21 mg group. The results are explained on the basis of an inverted U-shaped relationship between nicotinic stimulation and cognitive performance as well as greater sensitivity to nicotine dose manipulation on gender non-preferred cognitive tasks.
Fieldwork Requirements in Special Education Preparation: A National Study:

National reports (e.g., A Nation at Risk) and legislation (e.g., No Child Left Behind) call for improved teacher preparation. One area of concern relates to inadequate preparation of teachers for the reality of the classroom. We were interested in determining the role of practicum experiences in special education teacher preparation. Surveys were mailed to randomly selected Institutions of Higher Education (IHEs). Faculty responded to questions regarding teacher candidate field experiences. Results indicated that in most cases, faculty and/or staff members in the special education unit are responsible for locating and assigning students to field placements. The most typical response to minimum qualifications for cooperating or mentoring teachers was an appropriate teaching license and at least 3 years of teaching experience. Most cooperating/mentoring teachers are paid an honorarium averaging $147. University faculty members su- pervise about 12 students each for fieldwork prior to student teaching. However, during student teaching, most supervisors are assigned approximately 7 students. The results of this study present a snapshot of current practice in fieldwork in special education preparation. Additional research is needed particularly to examine the role fieldwork plays in future teacher success.
Outgrowth of chondrocytes from human articular cartilage explants and expression of α-smooth muscle actin

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of various enzymatic treatments on the outgrowth of chondrocytes from explants of adult human articular cartilage and the expression of a specific contractile protein isoform, alpha-smooth muscle actin, known to facilitate wound closure in other connective tissues. Explants of articular cartilage were prepared from specimens obtained from patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty. The time to cell outgrowth in vitro was determined and the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin shown by immunohistochemistry. Treatment of the explants with collagenase for 15 minutes reduced the time to outgrowth from more than 30 days to 3 days. Hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC, and trypsin applied for the 15-minute period had no effect on the time to cell outgrowth when compared with untreated controls. Pretreatment with hyaluronidase prior to collagenase reduced the time to outgrowth. A notable finding of this study was that the majority of chondrocytes in the adult human articular cartilage specimens and virtually all of the outgrowing cells contained alpha-smooth muscle actin. We conclude that human articular chondrocytes have the capability to migrate through enzymatically degraded matrix and express a contractile actin isoform. Collagenase treatment reduces the time required for cell outgrowth.
The Eritrean Experiment: a Cautious Pragmatism?

This is an attempt to assess Eritrea's democratic prospects in light of its political experience since 1993 as a sovereign state. I readily concede that it is too early to make a definitive assessment; yet, just as a child's first few years are extraordinarily critical in helping to determine its subsequent intellectual, physical, and moral development, so can a new nation cumulate experiences that help set it firmly on its feet and give it the capacity for yet more positive growth. Further, there is no denying the force of genetic and environmental factors in the development of both children and states: what they inherit from the past, as well as the circumstances of their creation, and experiences of infancy, all contribute to what they will become. I have no wish to stretch the metaphor further; my point is that a detached analysis of Eritrea's political inheritance and the forces and key events since its formal independence can give, at least, a preliminary reading on its prospects. Thus, I intend to argue that these first five years have been marked by pragmatic policy-formation and decision-making which, taken as a whole, warrant a cautious optimism about the country's democratic future.
DEVELOPMENT OF ZrB2 PARTICULATE-REINFORCED RENE 41 SUPER ALLOY COMPOSITE

ABSTRACT The feasibility of developing a ZrB2 particulate-reinforced superalloy (Rene 41) matrix composite for high temperature applications was studied. The composite was fabricated by hot extrusion from powder compact. The chemical compatibility between the ZrB2 and Rene 41 was examined using Ion Mass Microprobe Analysis (IMMA) and X-ray diffraction analysis. The microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of the resulting composites tested at room and elevated temperatures were characterized. The results indicated that ZrB2 particulate-reinforced Rene 41 composite is a viable metal matrix composite.
Reducing the cost of redundant execution in safety-critical systems using relaxed dedication

We introduce on-demand redundancy, a set of architectural techniques that leverage the tightly-coupled nature of components in systems-on-chip to reduce the cost of safety-critical systems. On-demand redundancy eases the assumptions that traditionally segregate the execution of critical and non-critical tasks (NCTs), making resources available for critical tasks at potentially arbitrary points in both space and time, and otherwise freeing resources to execute non-critical tasks when critical tasks are not executing. Relaxed dedication is one such technique that allows non-critical tasks to execute on critical task resources. Our results demonstrate that for a wide variety of applications and architectures, relaxed dedication is more cost-effective than a traditional approach that employs dedicated resources executing in lockstep. Applied to dual-modular redundancy (DMR), relaxed dedication exposes 73% more NCT cycles than traditional DMR on average, across a wide variety of usage scenarios.
Using Facebook in the classroom

This paper addresses the use of Facebook as a way to keep high school students informed about class information and make students feel more of a sense of community with their classmates. A group of high school students followed a class Facebook page for a semester and took a survey to determine the effectiveness of the page. Results found that there was no significant difference in the students’ opinion of the class based on if they followed the class Facebook page or not. However, the students who followed the Facebook page responded that they wished more teachers would create one for other classes, so it is recommended that teachers use the social network in order to create academic conversation among students and display student work.
Nitroglycerin-induced coronary vasodilation in cardiac transplant recipients. Evaluation with in vivo intracoronary ultrasound.

BACKGROUNDCoronary artery vasomotion is altered after cardiac transplantation. The impact of accelerated transplant coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial rejection on vasomotion is not well understood. Intravascular ultrasound is a new imaging method with the ability to study real-time changes in coronary artery dimensions.METHODS AND RESULTSEpicardial coronary artery response to nitroglycerin was studied in 32 cardiac transplant recipients (age, 47 +/- 11 years) 3 weeks to 10 years after transplantation with intracoronary ultrasound. Cross-sectional luminal area and diameter were measured at a fixed position in the left anterior descending artery immediately before and every 30 seconds for 5 minutes after 0.4 mg of sublingual nitroglycerin. Cross-sectional area increased from a baseline of 13.1 +/- 3.9 mm2 to 15.8 +/- 3.9 mm2 at maximal vasodilation; luminal diameter increased from 4.0 +/- 0.6 mm to 4.5 +/- 0.6 mm. This increase reached statistical significance (p less than 0.001) at 1.5 minutes after ...
Human-Centered Design in Synthetic Teammates for Aviation: The Challenge for Artificial Intelligence.

Synthetic teammates are a special class of artificial intelligence that is intended to replace the human operator in some special capacity. This proposal outlines some guidelines for effective synthetic teammates in aviation from a human-centered design philosophy.
Explicit Formulas for Sums of Two and of Four Triangular Numbers

Besides partitions into square numbers, the Ramanujan product formula can also be applied to the study of partitions into sums of two or four triangular numbers. Let us recall the definition of the nth triangular number, introduced in Chapter 12: $$ \Delta _n = \frac{{n(n + 1)}} {2}. $$
Response to the Letter "Gametic and Zygotic Associations" by Rong-Cai Yang

WE thank R.-C. Yang ([2003][1], this issue) for drawing attention to the connection between our work on homozygosity and linkage disequilibrium (LD; [Sabatti and Risch 2002][2]) and his work on zygotic associations ([Yang 2000][3]). As he clearly points out in his letter ([Yang 2003][1]), our