cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbial Degradation of Toxic Chemicals: Evolutionary Insights

Massive amounts of chlorinated compounds have been released in the environment in the form of herbicides/pesticides, solvents, degreasers and as industrially useful compounds, creating major problems of environmental pollution. Bioremediation, which employs microorganisms or their products for enhanced degradation and detoxification of such compounds, is an emerging technology to combat problems of environmental pollution. Unfortunately, most chlorinated compounds are synthetic and are only slowly degraded in nature. One reason for such slow rates of degradation is a lack of evolution in natural microflora of appropriate genes for the complete degradation of such compounds. Using catechol and chlorocatechol as model systems, we have examined the organization and mode of regulation of catechol (cat) and chlorocatechol (clc) degradative genes in a number of microorganisms. Where examined, the clc genes are clustered and appear to have evolved as part of a plasmid with a positive regulatory gene that controls the expression of the entire cluster. The cat genes appear to be chromosomal and regulated by a similar positive regulator which shows appreciable homology with the regulator of the clc genes. These regulators belong to the LysR-type regulator family and are capable of cross-binding with each other’s promoters, allowing cross-activation in some cases. The mode of evolution of regulatory genes that control the expression of structural genes specifying degradation of such toxic chemicals as phenols and chlorocatechols will be described.
School Gardens in the United States: Current Barriers to Integration and Sustainability

Objectives. To elucidate details about the barriers (time, funding, staffing, and space) to integrating and sustaining school gardens.Methods. A total of 99 school gardeners from 15 states participated in an online survey in June 2017. The 29-item survey contained qualitative and quantitative items that we analyzed using descriptive statistics and inductive content analysis.Results. In order of greatest to least barrier, gardeners ranked time, staff, funding, curriculum, and space. Time for classes to use the garden (66% of respondents) and time for staff training (62%) were the most frequently listed time-related challenges. Respondents also reported low engagement within the school community. An overall lack of funding was the most common funding-related barrier, and gardeners were unaware of how to obtain more funding.Conclusions. We identified 3 aspects of school gardens as opportunities to address time- and staff-related issues: strengthening of garden committees, professional development, and commun...
Development of Synchrotron Footprinting at NSLS and NSLS-II.

BACKGROUND First developed in the 1990's at the National Synchrotron Light Source, xray synchrotron footprinting is an ideal technique for the analysis of solution-state structure and dynamics of macromolecules. Hydroxyl radicals generated in aqueous samples by intense x-ray beams serve as fine probes of solvent accessibility, rapidly and irreversibly reacting with solvent exposed residues to provide a "snapshot" of the sample state at the time of exposure. Over the last few decades, improvements in instrumentation to expand the technology have continuously pushed the boundaries of biological systems that can be studied using the technique. CONCLUSION Dedicated synchrotron beamlines provide important resources for examining fundamental biological mechanisms of folding, ligand binding, catalysis, transcription, translation, and macromolecular assembly. The legacy of synchrotron footprinting at NSLS has led to significant improvement in our understanding of many biological systems, from identifying key structural components in enzymes and transporters to in vivo studies of ribosome assembly. This work continues at the XFP (17-BM) beamline at NSLS-II and facilities at ALS, which are currently accepting proposals for use.
ADHD-related sex differences in fronto-subcortical intrinsic functional connectivity and associations with delay discounting.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with atypical fronto-subcortical neural circuitry and heightened delay discounting, or a stronger preference for smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed rewards. Recent evidence of ADHD-related sex differences in brain structure and function suggests anomalies in fronto-subcortical circuitry may differ among girls and boys with ADHD. The current study examined whether the functional connectivity (FC) within fronto-subcortical neural circuitry differs among girls and boys with ADHD compared to same-sex typically developing (TD) controls and relates to delay discounting. Participants include 8–12-year-old children with ADHD (n = 72, 20 girls) and TD controls (n = 75, 21 girls). Fronto-subcortical regions of interest were functionally defined by applying independent component analysis to resting-state fMRI data. Intrinsic FC between subcortical components, including the striatum and amygdala, and prefrontal components, including ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), was compared across diagnostic groups overall and within sex. Correlations between intrinsic FC of the six fronto-subcortical pairs and delay discounting were also examined. Both girls and boys with ADHD show atypical FC between vmPFC and subcortical regions including the striatum (stronger positive FC in ADHD) and amygdala (weaker negative FC in ADHD), with the greatest diagnostic effects among girls. In addition, girls with ADHD show atypical intrinsic FC between the striatum and dlPFC components, including stronger positive FC with ACC and stronger negative FC with dlPFC. Further, girls but not boys, with ADHD, show heightened real-time delay discounting. Brain–behavior correlations suggest (1) stronger negative FC between the striatal and dlPFC components correlated with greater money delay discounting across all participants and (2) stronger FC between the amygdala with both the dlPFC and ACC components was differentially related to heightened real-time discounting among girls and boys with and without ADHD. Our findings suggest fronto-subcortical functional networks are affected in children with ADHD, particularly girls, and relate to delay discounting. These results also provide preliminary evidence of greater disruptions in fronto-subcortical FC among girls with ADHD that is not due to elevated inattention symptom severity, intellectual reasoning ability, age, or head motion.
Viscous fluid–structure interaction response of composite hydrofoils

Abstract Composite materials are increasingly used in hydrodynamic lifting surfaces due to their higher specific strength and favorable fatigue properties. A set of parametric studies are performed to investigate the influence of fiber orientation on the vibration characteristics and load-dependent bend-twist coupled behavior of composite hydrofoils in viscous flow. A 3-D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solver is coupled with a 3-D finite-element method (FEM) to predict the fluid–structure response of cantilevered composite hydrofoils made of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). Fiber orientation changes the modal characteristics of composite hydrofoils, as well as the hydroelastic response. The bending-up and nose-down material bend-twist coupling leads to lower hydrodynamic load coefficients with increasing flow speed, as well as delayed separation, stall, and static divergence. The opposite trend is observed when the fiber orientation results in a bending-up and nose-up material bend-twist coupling. Material failure index contours show that the fiber orientation affects the location of failure. These parametric studies provide guidance for future design and optimization of composite hydrodynamic lifting surfaces.
Prenatal care among mothers involved with child protection services in Manitoba: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal care is one of the most widely used preventive health services; however, use varies substantially. Our objective was to examine prenatal care among women with a history of having a child placed in out-of-home care, and whether their care differed from care among women who did not. METHODS: We used linkable administrative data to create a population-based cohort of women whose first 2 children were born in Manitoba, Canada, between Apr. 1, 1998, and Mar. 1, 2015. We measured the level of prenatal care using the Revised Graduated Prenatal Care Utilization Index, which categorizes care into 5 groups: intensive, adequate, intermediate, inadequate and no care. We compared level of prenatal care for women whose first child was placed in care with level of prenatal care for women who had no contact with care services, using 2 multinomial logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios (ORs). RESULTS: In a cohort of 52 438 mothers, 1284 (2.4%) had their first child placed in out-of-home care before conception of their second child. Mothers whose first child was placed in care had much higher rates of inadequate prenatal care during the pregnancy with their second child than mothers whose first child was not placed in care (33.0% v. 13.4%). The odds of having inadequate rather than adequate prenatal care were more than 4 times higher (OR 4.29, 95% CI 3.68 to 5.01) for women who had their first child placed in care than for women who did not have their first child placed in care. INTERPRETATION: Mothers with a history of having a child taken into care by the child protection services system are at higher risk of having inadequate or no prenatal care in a subsequent pregnancy compared with mothers with no history of involvement with child protection services.
Statin Effects on Incidence, Treatment Success, and Mortality of Clostridium difficile Infections:

Purpose:To review the effects of statin use in patients at risk for or diagnosed with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) on CDI incidence, treatment success, and mortality.Methods:A literature s...
Can shank acceleration provide a clinically feasible surrogate for individual limb propulsion during walking

Abstract Aging and many pathologies that affect gait are associated with reduced ankle power output and thus trailing limb propulsion during walking. However, quantifying trailing limb propulsion requires sophisticated measurement equipment at significant expense that fundamentally limits clinical translation for diagnostics or gait rehabilitation. As a component of joint power, our purpose was to determine if shank acceleration estimated via accelerometers during push-off can serve as a clinically feasible surrogate for ankle power output and peak anterior ground reaction forces (GRF) during walking. As hypothesized, we found that young adults modulated walking speed via changes in peak anterior GRF and peak ankle power output that correlated with proportional changes in shank acceleration during push-off, both at the individual subject (R2 ≥ 0.80, p
SCALES FOR MEASURING AGEISM AS EXPERIENCED BY OLDER ADULTS: LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGICAL CRITIQUE

This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in Innovation in Aging following peer review. The version of record Kang H. (2019). SCALES FOR MEASURING AGEISM AS EXPERIENCED BY OLDER ADULTS: LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGICAL CRITIQUE. Innovation in Aging, 3(Suppl 1), S245. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.921 is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.921 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Deepwater Hazards and Chemosynthetic Communities

Pipeline routing on the Gulf of Mexico shelf is relatively simple because the seafloor is flat and featureless, and obstacles such as other pipelines only need to be avoided or crossed. By contrast, deepwater seafloor topography in the region is complex and geohazards are common, which significantly increases the complexity of routing. In this chapter, the manmade hazards, geohazards, and chemosynthetic communities that may be encountered in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico are briefly reviewed. Field development requires understanding the nature, recurrence rate, and magnitude of all geohazards in the region of development. Engineers need to understand the behavior of the geohazards and their interactions with the pipeline at relevant spatial and temporal scales so that the development risk may be characterized and the pipeline routes suitably selected. Seabed conditions and geohazards are interrelated and understanding the history of the site is critical to understand the hazards that are relevant to the engineering timescales involved.
Nutrition for Health and Fitness: Sodium in Your Diet

The foods you eat and the way you prepare and serve them affect the amount of sodium in your diet. This 5-page fact sheet Written by Linda B. Bobroff, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences will help you evaluate your sodium intake. edis.ifas.ufl.edu/he696
Abstract B21: Arylsulfatase B (ARSB) is reduced in melanoma metastases and decline in ARSB increases programmed death-ligand (PDL) 1

Arylsulfatase B (ARSB; N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase) is the enzyme that removes 4-sulfate groups from chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S) and dermatan sulfate. In previous work, we have shown decline in ARSB with increasing aggressiveness of melanoma cell lines. C4S increased as ARSB declined in the cultured melanoma cell lines. Decline in ARSB was associated with increased expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) 4 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2. The increase in CSPG4 was attributed to reduced binding of galectin-3 with C4S, and the increase of MMP2 was attributed to inhibition of SHP2, the tyrosine-protein phosphatase nonreceptor type 11 (PTPN11), due to increased binding with C4S. The invasiveness of the cultured melanoma cells increased when ARSB was silenced by siRNA. To further address the role of ARSB in melanoma progression, metastatic melanoma tissue was obtained from the biorepository of the University of Illinois at Chicago. ARSB activity and expression were reduced in the metastatic tissues and ARSB promoter methylation was increased. ARSB promoter methylation was also increased in cultured metastatic melanoma cells compared to normal melanocytes and to radial growth phase melanoma cells. In the metastatic tissues from skin and liver, SHP2 activity declined, and mRNA expression of MMP2 and CSPG4 increased. When ARSB was silenced by siRNA in the cultured normal melanocytes, Programmed Death-Ligand (PD-L) 1 increased from 78 ± 7 pg/mg protein to 128 ± 11 pg/mg protein by ELISA (p Citation Format: Joanne K. Tobacman, Sumit Bhattacharyya, Leo Feferman. Arylsulfatase B (ARSB) is reduced in melanoma metastases and decline in ARSB increases programmed death-ligand (PDL) 1 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Melanoma: From Biology to Target; 2019 Jan 15-18; Houston, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B21.
Basis of specificity for a conserved and promiscuous chromatin remodeling protein.

DNA encodes the genetic instructions for life in a long, flexible molecular chain that is packaged up neatly to fit inside cells. Short sections of DNA are wound around proteins to form bundles called nucleosomes, and then spun into chromatin fibres, a more compact form of DNA. While nucleosomes are a fundamental part of this space-saving packaging process, they also play a key regulatory role in gene expression, which is where genes are decoded into working proteins. Placing nucleosomes at regular intervals along DNA invariably controls which parts of the DNA – and which genes – the cell’s machinery can access and ‘read’ to make proteins. But the nucleosomes’ positions are not fixed, and gene expression is a dynamic process. The cell often uncoils and repackages its DNA while molecular motors called chromatin remodelling proteins move nucleosomes up and down the DNA, exposing some genes and obstructing others. One group of chromatin remodelling proteins are called Imitation Switch (ISWI) complexes. It has long been thought that these complexes position nucleosomes with little regard to the underlying DNA sequence or the genes encoded, that is to say in a non-specific way. However, this theory has not been thoroughly tested. It is possible that ISWI complexes actually place nucleosomes on certain parts of DNA at particular times in an organism’s development, or in response to other environmental factors. Except how such precision is achieved remains unknown. To test this alternative theory of nucleosome positioning, Donovan et al. studied ISWI proteins and nucleosomes in common baker’s yeast. This involved systematically removing sections of ISWI proteins to see whether the complexes could still position nucleosomes, and which parts of the proteins where essential for the job. By doing so, Donovan et al. identified multiple ‘targeting’ proteins that bind to ISWI proteins and deliver the complexes to specific target sequences of DNA. From there, the complex remodels the nucleosome, positioning it at a specific distance from its landing site on DNA, as further experiments showed. This research provides a new model for explaining how nucleosomes are positioned to package DNA and control gene expression. Donovan et al. have identified a new mechanism of interaction between nucleosomes and chromatin remodelling proteins of the ISWI variety. It is possible that more interactions of this kind will be discovered with further research.
Multi-sector Situational Awareness in the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Southwest Ohio Experience

The SARS-CoV-2 virus emerged and spread quickly, leading to a pandemic within weeks of the first recognized cases. In this chapter, we describe a successful effort to develop and maintain situational awareness of COVID-19 presence and effects across Southwestern Ohio. Healthcare, public health, schools, and businesses organized and worked together to characterize the threat, align on common goals, share data, and spread messages in pursuit of disease suppression. The resulting communication across sector lines was key for understanding and managing the evolving phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in Southwestern Ohio.
Bayesian beta regression for bounded responses with unknown supports

Abstract A new Bayesian regression framework is presented for the analysis of continuous response data with support restricted to an unknown finite interval. A four-parameter beta distribution is assumed for the response conditioning on covariates, with the mean or mode depending linearly on covariates through a known link function. An informative g-prior is proposed to incorporate the prior distribution for the marginal mean or mode of the response. Byproducts of the Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling for implementing the proposed method lead to model criteria useful for model selection. Goodness-of-fit of the model is assessed using Cox-Snell residual plots. The methodology is illustrated in simulations and demonstrated in two real-life data applications. An R package, betaBayes , is developed for easy implementation of the proposed regression methodology.
propSym: a tool to establish relationships between property constants for material property tensors of any order

The properties of crystalline materials can be described mathematically by tensors whose components are generally known as property constants. Tabulations of these constants in terms of the independent components are well known for common material properties (e.g. elasticity, piezoelectricity etc.) aptly described by tensors of lower rank (e.g. ranks 2–4). General relationships between constants of higher rank are often unknown and sometimes reported incorrectly. A computer program is developed here to calculate the property constant relationships of a property of any order, represented by a tensor of any rank and point group. Tensors up to rank 12, e.g. the tensor of sixth-order elastic constants c_{_{6}i\,j\,k\,l\,m\,n\,p\,q\,r\,s}, can be calculated on a standard computer, while ranks higher than 12 are best handled on a supercomputer. Output is provided in either full index form or a reduced index form, e.g. the Voigt index notation common to elasticity. As higher-order tensors are often associated with nonlinear material responses, the program provides an accessible means to investigate the important constants involved in nonlinear material modeling. The routine has been used to discover several incorrect relationships reported in the literature.
Experimental adaptive control of a hydraulic robot

An adaptive position controller is investigated to compensate for the effects of both the actuator and linkage dynamics in a four axis hydraulic robot. A simulation study was done, prior to the experimental implementation, in order to compare and contrast different adaptive control algorithms for this system. The dynamics of the linkage were developed using Lagrangian techniques. The equations of motion of the robot were generated with a computer program which uses symbolic manipulation. The equations describing the dynamics of the hydraulic actuator were developed using a lumped parameter, control volume analysis. Implicit and explicit deterministic autoregressive moving average (DARMA) model based adaptive control algorithms were first simulated for a single axis hy­ draulic servo system. Least-squares identification algorithms with or without covariance resetting or forgetting factors were combined with model reference, pole assignment, and weighted one-step-ahead control algorithms. The model reference adaptive controller which offered an advantage in the design process was then applied to the entire four axis model. Simulation results indicated a satisfactory response for this multiple-input, multiple-output system. The results of this discrete-time, model-reference adaptive controller (MRAC) were compared with Craig's continuous-time, statevariable-based, adaptive con-
Fragmentation of ice by low velocity impact

Low velocity impact experiments (0.14 to l km/s) carried out in polycrystalline water ice targets at 257 and 81 K resulted in interactions which can be assigned to four fragmentation classes, cratering, erosion, disruption, and total fragmentation. Specific kinetic energies for the transitions between these classes range from l x 10^5 to 7 x 10^5 ergs/g for 81 K ice and from 3 x 10^5 to ~ 2 x 10^6 ergs/g for 257 K ice. These values are about one to two orders of magnitude below those for silicate rocks. The mass vs. cumulative number distribution of fragments in our experiments can be described by a simple power law, similar to that observed in fragmented rocks in both the laboratory and in nature. The logarithmic slopes of cumulative number vs. fragment weight vary between - 0.9 and - 1.8 decreasing with increasing projectile energy and are approximately independent of target temperature. The shapes of fragments resulting from erosion and disruption of ice targets are significantly less spherical for 257 K targets than for 81 K targets. Fragment sphericity increases with increasing projectile energy at 257 K, but no similar trend is observed for 81 K ice. Our results support the hypothesis that the specific projectile energy is a measure for target comminution for a relatively wide range of projectile energies and target masses. We apply our results to the collisional interaction of icy planetary bodies and find that the complete destruction of a target body with radii between 50 m and 100 km· range from 10^(17) to 10^(27) ergs. Energies corresponding to basaltic bodies of the same size range from 10^(18) to 10^(28) ergs. Our experiments suggest that regolith components on icy planets resemble those on rocky planetary bodies in size and shape. We predict that the initial shapes of icy particles in the Saturnian ring system were roughly spherical. The initial mass distribution of ring particles should follow a power law with a slope of ~ - 1.5.
Evaluation of the Stranded Kavik Gas Field, North Slope of Alaska

The Kavik gas field, located about 65 mi southeast of Prudhoe Bay in the Brooks Range foothills, Alaska, was discovered in 1969 on a thrust-faulted anticline representing the western, down-plunge extension of the Sadlerochit Mountains. Although one of the largest and best-defined foothills gas accumulations, for lack of a North Slope gas transportation system this field has not been developed and no public estimate of gas volume has previously been made. Three wells delineate the Kavik field, but only two penetrate the gas column which is about 1,500 ft thick. On the basis of the gas pressure gradient from drillstem tests, the gas-water contact is estimated to be at 4,320 ft subsea (depth below sea level). At this depth, the field covers about 3,600 acres. The reservoir temperature and initial pressure are estimated at 122°F and 2,431 psi, respectively, at the datum of 3,500 ft subsea. Analyses indicate that the gas is dry, contains about 96 percent methane, and has a combined nitrogen and carbon dioxide content of 3 percent; the liquid-gas ratio ranges from 0.3 to 1.3 barrels per million cubic feet (MCF) of gas. Kavik reservoirs, in decreasing order of importance, are the Ledge Sandstone Member of the Ivishak Formation, the Sag River Sandstone, and the Shublik Formation, all of Triassic age. Gas-in-place volume has been calculated at 165 billion standard cubic feet (BSCF). Assuming a 70-percent recovery factor, the Kavik field is estimated to have 115 BSCF of technically recoverable gas. The median value of open-flow capacity of tested Kavik wells is 11.9 million standard cubic feet per day (SCF/D). Given an average production rate of 4–8 million SCF/D per well, the field could potentially be developed to produce at a rate of 20 million SCF/D, resulting in a field life of about 16 years.
Executives' Assessments of International Joint Ventures in China: A Multi-Theoretical Investigation

Despite the rich set of theories that have developed on international joint ventures (IJVs), little is known about what theoretical criteria senior executives actually incorporate in their judgments of IJV opportunities and partners. Empirical studies have often applied individual theories in a particularistic fashion, rather than recognizing the different theoretical perspectives that boundedly-rational executives may incorporate into their decision models. In this article, we combine decision criteria associated with multiple theories rooted in organizational economics to investigate how top executives process information on IJV opportunities in China. Using an established experimental technique known as policy capturing, we examine how executives cognitively weigh criteria from four prominent theories when making initial assessments of IJVs (i.e., the resource-based view, transaction cost economics, information economics, and real options theory). Our arguments and findings on executives' IJV decision models contribute to decision-making research on alliances and IJVs in China.
A hardware-in-the-loop testbed for spacecraft formation flying applications

The Formation Flying Test Bed (FFTB) at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is being developed as a modular, hybrid dynamic simulation facility employed for end-to-end guidance, navigation, and control (GNC including a high-fidelity GPS simulator which has been a fundamental component of the Guidance, Navigation, and Control Center's GPS Test Facility. The FFTB will be continuously evolving over the next several years from a tool with initial capabilities in GPS navigation hardware/software-in-the-loop analysis and closed loop GPS-based orbit control algorithm assessment to one with cross-link communications and relative navigation analysis and simulation capability. Eventually the FFTB will provide full capability to support all aspects of multi-sensor, absolute and relative position determination and control, in all (attitude and orbit) degrees of freedom, as well as information management for satellite clusters and constellations. In this paper we focus on the architecture for the FFTB as a general GN&C analysis environment for the spacecraft formation flying community inside and outside of NASA GSFC and we briefly reference some current and future activities which will drive the requirements and development.
On Subvarieties of Abelian Varieties.

Let A be a complete nonsingular algebraic curve of genus n over IF. The Jacobian J(A) has the standard subvarieties Wj={a I +...ae: areA}, considering A as embedded in J(A), and PoincarCs formula tells us that the cohomology class [Wj=[O]"-e/(n-d)!, where O is the canonical principal polarization of J(A). Thus [We] is a primitive (indivisible) positive class. The question we will be concerned with in this paper is, roughly speaking, to what extent are such cohomology classes characteristic of W~ subvarieties in Jacobians among subvarieties of abelian varieties. The first result in this direction is due to Matsusaka [6] who gave the following criterion: Let X be an abelian variety of dimension n, B c X a divisor giving a principal polarization, A c X an effective l-cycle homologous to B"1/(n 1 ) ! ; then X is the Jacobian J(A), and, up to a translation, A is canonically embedded in X, and B is the canonical theta-divisor on J(A) (we will abbreviate this conclusion by saying that (X, B, A) is a Jacobian triple). Here we shall prove the following refinement of Matsusaka's criterion: if B c X is any ample divisor, A c X an effective 1-cycle generating X such that the intersection number A. B = n, the smallest possible value, then (X, B, A) is a Jacobian triple. A partial extension of Matsusaka's theorem was obtained by Barton and Clemens [1] who proved, in dimension four, that the locus of principally polarized abelian varieties (X, O) carrying a subvariety homologous to 02/2 is a proper subset of the moduli space. Here we generalize this result by proving that the locus of (X,O) of dimension n carrying subvarieties A, B homologous, respectively, to Od/d! and O" e/(n-d)! contains the Jacobians as an irreducible component. In fact, we prove more precisely that any deformation of a triple (J(C), W,_ e, We), where C is nonhyperelliptic, must be induced by a deformation of C. Our strongest results are in dimension four, where we prove that W 2 subvarieties in Jacobians are characterized among surfaces in abelian fourfolds by having the smallest possible self-intersection number, without being "degenerate". We then apply this result to the Schottky problem, explicitly characterizing Jacobians among principally polarized abelian fourfolds (X,O), essen-
Comparison of Russet Burbank clones from various geographical regions of the United States and Canada

Ten ‘Russet Burbank’ potato clones collected from various geographical regions of the United States and Canada were evaluated for plant and agronomic characteristics for two years at Aberdeen, Idaho. Clonal differences were detected for emergence time, stem number per hill, expression of Verticillium symptoms, some measures of yield, and percentage of tubers with hollow heart. Eight of the ten clones were quite similar. Differences were slight or found only in a few characteristics. One clone, collected from northern Idaho, was similar to the homogenous eight clones in all respects except yield, which was probably due to chronic PVX infection throughout the trial period. Another clone, collected from New Brunswick, was distinct from all other clones and was markedly inferior with respect to many of the characteristics measured when grown in Idaho.
The Prognostic Value of Preoperative Dacryocystography in Endoscopic Intranasal Dacryocystorhinostomy

Endoscopic intranasal dacryocystorhinostomy has been used as a primary treatment of lacrimal obstruction and for revision of conventional dacryocystorhinostomy. This study correlates dacryocystographic anatomy with the success of the endoscopic surgical technique. Eighteen patients with epiphora and nasolacrimal obstruction underwent operations. Preoperative dacryocystography identified 11 patients with either normal or enlarged lacrimal sacs, and seven patients with cicatrized lacrimal sacs. Patients with lacrimal sac stones and tumors were excluded. Endoscopic intranasal dacryocystorhinostomy was successful in nine of 11 (82%) patients with normal or enlarged lacrimal sacs, and in two of seven (29%) patients with cicatrized lacrimal sacs. The endoscopic technique was much more successful with normal or enlarged lacrimal sacs than with cicatrized lacrimal sacs (P = .049). Lacrimal sac anatomy as determined by preoperative dacryocystography is an important prognostic factor in technically achieving surgical success.
Genetic Diversity among Hatchery Stocks and Established Populations of Rainbow Trout in Missouri

Abstract Introduction of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Missouri over the last 125 years has established numerous self-sustaining populations. While many populations have been repeatedly stocked, some have received few fish beyond the original releases, and it is possible that those populations currently represent their source lineages. There is angler interest in fishing “wild” rainbow trout populations both for historical purposes and for the fighting ability of hooked fish. A genetic inventory was conducted to determine the extent to which Missouri's wild fish differ from hatchery stocks. Haplotype diversity in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b gene and allele frequencies at four microsatellite loci were examined. Significant differences in mtDNA genotypes were found among several wild and hatchery sources, indicating that multiple sources of rainbow trout were probably represented. Crane Creek—long considered a stronghold of McCloud River (California) redband trout O. mykiss stonei in M...
Investigating America's elite: Cognitive ability, education, and sex differences

Are the American elite drawn from the cognitive elite? To address this, five groups of America's elite (total N = 2254) were examined: Fortune 500 CEOs, federal judges, billionaires, Senators, and members of the House of Representatives. Within each of these groups, nearly all had attended college with the majority having attended either a highly selective undergraduate institution or graduate school of some kind. High average test scores required for admission to these institutions indicated those who rise to or are selected for these positions are highly filtered for ability. Ability and education level differences were found across various sectors in which the billionaires earned their wealth (e.g., technology vs. fashion and retail); even within billionaires and CEOs wealth was found to be connected to ability and education. Within the Senate and House, Democrats had a higher level of ability and education than Republicans. Females were underrepresented among all groups, but to a lesser degree among federal judges and Democrats and to a larger degree among Republicans and CEOs. America's elite are largely drawn from the intellectually gifted, with many in the top 1% of ability.
The Alzheimer Amyloid Precursor Proteoglycan (Appican) Is Present in Brain and Is Produced by Astrocytes but Not by Neurons in Primary Neural Cultures

Recent studies showed that the Alzheimer amyloid precursor (APP) occurs as the core protein of a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (appican) in C6 glioma cells. In the present study we show that appican is present in both human and rat brain tissue. Cortical rat brain cell cultures were used to identify appican-producing cells. Soluble secreted and cell-associated appican was produced by mixed glial cultures but not by primary neuronal cultures. Among the three major glial cell types, astrocytes produced high levels of appican, while oligodendrocytes failed to produce any. Only low levels of this molecule were occasionally detected in microglial cultures. Expression of appican in astrocyte cultures was regulated by the composition of the growth media. N2a neuroblastoma cells also produced appican; however, treatment with dibutyryl cAMP which promotes neuronal differentiation in these cells inhibited its production without inhibiting synthesis of APP. In contrast to the restricted expression of appican, APP was present in all cultures, and its production was independent of appican synthesis. Neuronal cultures produced mainly APP695 while glial cultures produced the Kunitz type protease inhibitor containing APP. The astrocyte-specific expression of appican suggests a function distinct from the function of APP. Brain appicans may play a role in the development of Alzheimer disease neuropathology.
A Self-Templated Route to Hollow Silica Microspheres

A simple, mild, and effective self-templated approach has been developed to directly convert solid SiO2 microspheres into hollow structures. The reaction involves initial partial dissolution of silica cores in a NaBH4 solution and subsequent shell formation due to the redeposition of the silicate species back onto the colloid surfaces. The increasing concentration of NaBO2 as the result of the slow decomposition of NaBH4 in water is found to be responsible for the regrowth of the silica shell. This method allows the production of hollow silica spheres with sizes ranging from ∼70 nanometers to several micrometers, largely determined by the size of the starting silica colloids. The solid-to-hollow transformation mechanism is investigated in detail by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), N2 adsorption−desorption, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). We also study the reaction conditions that al...
Complex potential and electron spectrum in atomic collisions involving fast electronic transitions: Penning and associative ionization

Beginning with a Feshbach projection-operator analysis, formulas for the local complex potential in the entrance-channel radial wave equation are reviewed and developed in detail for inelastic atom-atom collisional processes that involve an electronic transition between Born-Oppenheimer states. Penning and associative ionization are used as illustrative examples in the presentation. A complete derivation of $T$-matrix elements involving radial wave functions is then presented in the context of transition rates and inelastic differential cross sections (both for energy and angle). Two approximate formulas for the energy spectrum of the particle ejected in the electronic transition are developed in which quantities obtained from exact, complex radial wave functions are replaced by those obtained from approximate, totally real radial wave functions. Numerical computations for the electron energy spectrum of the Penning process $\mathrm{He}(1s2s, 2^{3}S)+\mathrm{H}(1s, 1^{2}S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{He}(1{s}^{2}, 1^{1}S)+{\mathrm{H}}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ are then presented to probe the effects of the imaginary width of the complex potential. It is found that the real component of the entrance-channel radial wave function is not much affected by the imaginary width when the width is small compared to other energy terms. In such cases, the imaginary component of the wave functions is then $\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{2}$ out of phase with respect to the real component, even at fairly close separations, owing to their asymptotic boundary conditions. This result also leads to a method of estimating the contribution of the imaginary radial wave functions to matrix elements using information obtained only from approximate, totally real wave functions. Finally, the eigenenergies of all 149 rotational-vibrational states of $\mathrm{He}{\mathrm{H}}^{+}(^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+})$ are reported, along with the computed cross sections of associative ionization to each state.
Uranium nitride fuel swelling correlation

Abstract A volumetric swelling correlation for UN fuel with Nb-1% Zr and PWC-11 cladding materials for application to space nuclear power systems was developed as: ΔV / V (%) = 4.7 × 10 −11 T aV 3.12 Bu 0.83 ρ 0.5 , where T av is the volume averaged fuel temperature in K, Bu is the fuel burnup (at%), and ρ is the as-fabricated fuel density (% of theoretical). This swelling correlation was within ± 25% of the data at burnups in excess of 1.12 at%. However, the scatter of the data at lower burnups resulted in a deviation as high as ± 60%. The reported swelling behavior of the Ta-111 clad fuel pins was consistent with that of the Nb-1% Zr and PWC-11 clad fuel pins. Analysis of W-26% Re clad UN fuel pins was inconclusive because of large scatter and inconsistencies in the data, and reported cladding failures in some tests.
Ability to reproduce head position after whiplash injury.

STUDY DESIGN: A two-group design with repeated measures. OBJECTIVES: To determine if there is loss of the ability to reproduce target position of the cervical spine individuals who have sustained a whiplash injury. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The ability to sense position is a prerequisite for functional movement. Injury may have a deleterious effect on this ability, resulting in inaccurate positioning of the head and neck with respect to the body coordinates and to the environment. METHODS: Eleven subjects with history of whiplash injury (age, 42 +/- 8.7 years) and 11 age-matched asymptomatic subjects (age, 43 +/- 3.1 years) participated in the study. Effects of whiplash injury on the ability to replicate a target position of the head were assessed. Maximum rotation of the neck and ability to reproduce the target angle were measured using a standard cervical range-of-motion device. Subjects' perception of "neutral" position was also assessed. RESULTS: Analysis of variance indicated the whiplash subjects were less accurate in reproducing the target angle than were control subjects. These whiplash subjects tended to overshoot the target. In addition, the subjects in the whiplash group were often inaccurate in their assessment of neutral position. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects who have experienced a whiplash injury demonstrate a deficit in their ability to reproduce a target position of the neck. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that these subjects possess an inaccurate perception of head position secondary to their injury. This study has implications for the rehabilitation of individuals with whiplash injury. Language: en
Removing Radiostrontium from Milk–Current Status of a Pilot Plant Process

An interim report is presented on the present status of pilot plant research on the removal of strontium-90 from milk, a cooperative effort by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, and the Public Health Service of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare at the Beltsville Laboratory, and the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center. The process is based on the ion-exchange principle. Milk contaminated with radiostrontium is passed through a bed of synthetic resin charged with a mixed solution of metallic ions which are present in milk. As the milk passes through the column, the stronium ions in the milk change places with the metallic ions on the resin. About 90% of the radioactive strontium can be removed. Cost of treatment and processing varies from 2 to 5 cents per quart, the efficiency of the process being closely related to the amount of milk that can be passed through a column before the column becomes exhausted. The process is summarized as to charging the resin bed, acidification of the milk, putting the milk through the column, neutralizing the milk, processing the treated milk, cleaning and sanitizing the resin, and regeneration of the resin.more » Experiments have been based on experimental use of milk obtained from a cow fed measured doses of radiostrontium. Work is now in progress at the Beltsville Laboratory to apply the techniques to the removal of environmental levels of strontium. (Public Heaith Engineering Abstracts, 42: No. 10, Oct. 1962).« less
Ionospheric response to an auroral substorm

The response of the ionosphere to a representative auroral substorm was simulated. The response was found to be significant at all altitudes in a large spatial region near midnight magnetic local time. In this midnight region, there were Te and Ti hot spots, substantial O+ → NO+ composition changes, non-Maxwellian velocity distributions, transient ion upwellings, a large-scale lowering of the F-layer, ionization peaks that occur in the E-region, and sharp horizontal gradients. Also, during the expansion phase, the E-region densities increase due to auroral precipitation, while the plasma densities above 300 km decrease due to the overall lowering of the ionosphere. The net result is that the temporal morphologies of the plasma densities at high and low altitudes are opposite during this part of the substorm. These complex features indicate that care must be exercised when interpreting plasma measurements from both ground-based and space-based instruments.
Seismicity of the Prince William Sound Region for over Thirty Years Following the 1964 Great Alaskan Earthquake

In this paper we present results of body wave-form modeling of 19 earthquakes (generally m b ≥5.7) occurring from 1964 to 1983 in the vicinity and down-dip of the large asperity within the Prince William Sound region that ruptured in 1964. These data are supplemented with source parameters from studies of more recent (post-1980) events. Our results suggest that moderate earthquakes which occurred in the region between 1964 and 1984 were predominantly located in the vicinity of the Prince William Sound asperity and could be assigned to two groups. The first group consists of events occurring above the plate interface within Prince William Sound along reverse faults or low angle thrusts. The second group occurs at 35 to 60 km depth in the region north of Prince William Sound, and represents normal to normal-oblique faulting within the subducted Pacific crust or upper mantle. These earthquakes occur below the northern edge of the 1964 asperity in a region where the subducting plate undergoes a rapid change in strike and dip. A third group of events occurs in Cook Inlet well down-dip of the 1964 asperity and below the plate interface. These events exhibit a variety of mechanisms and many at depths of 50 to 70 km may be associated with complexities in the shape of the downgoing slab. Most of the Cook Inlet events occurred after 1984, whereas a few events of similar magnitude have occurred in the vicinity of the Prince William Sound asperity since 1984.
Processing speed, exposure to print, and naming speed

The aim of the present research was to determine the role of reading-related experience and processing speed on the time it took for children to name familiar stimuli. A total of 168 children, aged 7 to 13, were administered measures of global processing speed, title and author recognition, naming time, and reading ability. Naming times were predicted by age-related change in processing time but not by reading experience (as assessed by author and title recognition). The results are discussed in terms of the factors responsible for the relation between naming speed and reading.
Crystal structure of the Oct-1 POU domain bound to an octamer site: DNA recognition with tethered DNA-binding modules

The structure of an Oct-1 POU domain-octamer DNA complex has been solved at 3.0 A resolution. The POU-specific domain contacts the 5' half of this site (ATGCAAAT), and as predicted from nuclear magnetic resonance studies, the structure, docking, and contacts are remarkably similar to those of the lambda and 434 repressors. The POU homeodomain contacts the 3' half of this site (ATGCAAAT), and the docking is similar to that of the engrailed, MAT alpha 2, and Antennapedia homeodomains. The linker region is not visible and there are no protein-protein contacts between the domains, but overlapping phosphate contacts near the center of the octamer site may favor cooperative binding. This novel arrangement raises important questions about cooperativity in protein-DNA recognition.