cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distributed parameter estimation for NASA Mini-Mast truss through displacement measurements

Most methods of system identification of large flexible structures by far are based on the lumped parameter approach. Because of the considerable computational burden due to the large number of unknown parameters, distributed parameter approach, which greatly decreases the number of unknowns, has being investigated. In this paper a distributed parameter model for the estimation of modal characteristics of NASA Mini-Mast truss has been formulated. Both Bernoulli-Euler beam and Timoshenko beam equations are used to characterize the lateral bending vibrations of the truss. The measurement of the lateral displacement at the tip of the truss is provided to the maximum likelihood estimator. Closed-form solutions of the partial differential equations and closed-form expressions of the sensitivity functions are derived so that the estimation algorithm is highly efficient. The resulting estimates from test data by using Timoshenko beam model are found to be comparable to those derived from finite element analysis.
Biopolymer Conformational Studies With Vibrational Circular Dichroism

Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD) has proven to be useful for detecting conformational change and for characterizing secondary structures in polypeptides, proteins and nucleic acids. Recent progress in these areas is reviewed with an emphasis on the contribution of VCD studies to furthering the understanding of conformational aspects of these problems.
On Functional Central Limit Theorems for Semi-Markov and Related Processes

Abstract The semi-Markov process (SMP) has long been used as a model for the underlying process of a discrete-event stochastic system. Important refinements of this model include the continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) and important extensions include the generalized semi-Markov process (GSMP). Functional central limit theorems (FCLTS) give basic conditions under which these various processes exhibit stable long-run behavior, as well as providing approximations for cumulative-reward distributions and confidence intervals for statistical estimators. We give FCLTS for finite-state CTMCS, SMPS, and GSMPS under minimal conditions that involve irreducibility and finite second moments on the “holding time” distributions. We consider both continuous and lump-sum rewards; our emphasis is on the use of martingale theory and on the explicit computation, when possible, of the variance constant in the FCLT.
Effects of deep tillage and profile modification on soil properties, root growth, and crop yields in the United States and Canada☆

Abstract Unfavorable conditions of soil profiles, through their adverse effects on the growth, proliferation, and activity of roots, may severely limit the yield of crops at some locations in the United States and Canada. A review of the literature showed that deep tillage and modification of soils having unfavorable profiles may increase crop production by providing larger, more favorable zones of soil for the growth, proliferation, and activity of roots. The improved conditions may result from disrupting dense, high-strength horizons; leaching or burying salts or toxic materials; increasing the capacity of sandy soils to retain water; and reducing the erodibility of soil. When the horizons causing problems were adequately disrupted or altered, yields of crops were generally increased. Benefits from the treatments were greater when precipitation or irrigation were limited than when they were adequate. There are many soils on which no benefits can be expected from deep tillage and profile modification.
Hong Kong Workers toward 1997: Unionisation, Labour Activism and Political Participation under the China Factor

This essay delineates the three related areas on Hong Kong's labour front, unionisation, labour activism and political participation, which have been transformed by the new China factor of 1997 sovereignty retrocession and economic integration. During the last two decades, the decolonisation-democratisation processes have rapidly politicised organised labour to such an extent that political unionism displaced social unionism as the hallmark of the Hong Kong labour movement. Yet, under the impact of economic recession and restructuring with high unemployment and wage freeze, the struggle for livelihood concerns may become the bedrock for labour activism in China's Hong Kong into the 21st century.
Higher Derivatives in Geometry and Physics

Two related ways to invariantly study higher derivatives, new-tensors and derivative strings, are compared, and the idea of suppression operator, or multiplier, is introduced. It renders the formal expression of the new objects almost as simple as that of ordinary tensors. Jacobians as a subgroup of the full second-order group are identified, and the harmonic subgroup leaving Laplace's equation invariant is determined. The wider principle of general covariance entailed by the full group is considered. In particular, electrogravitic potentials are defined, and the exploration of their field theory begun.
Oxygen pumping characteristics of yttria-stabilized-zirconia

Abstract The operational characteristics of the oxygen pump using yttria-stabilized-zirconia electrolyte were investigated in detail. Using a closed chamber with one oxygen pump and one oxygen sensor, we show that there are lower limits of oxygen partial pressure which can be attained inside the closed chamber. The first limit corresponds to the diffusion limiting current of the pump cathode. Beyond this limit, forcing the pumping action increases the pump cathode polarization without further decreasing the oxygen partial pressure inside the chamber. Eventually, at high enough polarization, electronic conduction due to partial electrolysis of the electrolyte occurs. When electronic conduction exceeds a certain level, lower oxygen partial pressures can be realized. However, this second limit (e.g., 10 −15 atm at 800°C) is still much higher than values reported in the literature (10 −27 atm). Comparing the two methods of pumping control, constant applied voltage and constant current, shows that the former allows better control of the oxygen partial pressure.
Physiological aspects of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) can serve as a model for controlled coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion, which enable the dynamic physiological alterations related to PTCA to be assessed. In this review, physiologically related changes pertinent to PTCA in human subjects will be discussed.
Thymocyte differentiation from lentivirus-marked CD34+ cells in infant and adult human thymus

Abstract Changes in thymic function and immune system homeostasis associated with HIV infection or chemotherapy have significant effects on the ability of patients to maintain a complete T cell receptor repertoire. Therefore, the development of in vitro systems to evaluate thymic function in children and adults may aid in the understanding of thymopoiesis and the development of new therapies to improve thymic output. Here we use a lentivirus-based gene transfer system to mark CD34 + cells with EGFP and follow their differentiation into CD4 + and CD8 + single positive thymocytes in human thymic organ cultures. Lentivirus-marked cells entered the thymus and were detected in both the cortex and medulla. Pretreatment of the thymus with 2-deoxyguanosine depleted resident thymocytes and significantly increased the percentage of EGFP + thymocytes. High frequency gene transfer into CD34 + cells and maintained expression throughout differentiation allows for the in vitro assessment of thymic function. In thymuses ranging in age from fetal to adult we observed EGFP + thymocytes at all stages of development suggesting that thymuses of all ages are capable of accepting new T cell progenitors and contributing to the maintenance of T cell homeostasis.
Old and modern Lippmann photography

At the end of the last century, Gabriel Lippmann was experimenting with color photography. His photographic color recording technique, Lippmann photography, produced very beautiful photographs and the fact that the colors are preserved in the early Lippmann photographs indicates something about their archival properties. Recent progress in color reflection holography has made it possible to take a new look at this one hundred year old photographic technique. Today, high-resolution panchromatic recording materials suitable for Lippmann photography are on the market. In particular, the Slavich panchromatic ultra-high- resolution silver-halide holographic materials have been investigated for modern Lippmann photography. Since the color photographs contain no dyes or pigments their archival stability may be high. In addition, a Lippmann photograph is difficult to copy which makes it a unique color photographic recording. Both of these features must attract a photographer interested in creating beautiful art photographs. It is also shown that Lippmann photographs can be made without the mercury reflector, instead by using the reflection from the gelatin-air interface. This eliminates the complications in dealing with mercury, while still maintaining the high resolution and picture quality at the expense of longer exposure times. Security application is a potential field for Lippmann photographs as well as optical filters. Another advantage is that no expensive equipment, such as lasers, is needed to explore this photographic recording technique; only a modified camera is required.
Working memory fMRI activation in cocaine-dependent subjects: Association with treatment response

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of early abstinence cocaine users offer information about the state of the brain when most cocaine users seek treatment. This study examined the relationship between pretreatment brain function and subsequent treatment response in 19 treatment-seeking early abstinence cocaine-dependent (CD) subjects. These subjects and 14 non-drug-using control subjects underwent fMRI while performing a working memory task with three levels of difficulty. CD subjects were then randomized to treatment studies. Results showed CD subjects had significantly lower (random effects, corrected for multiple comparisons) brain activation in caudate, putamen, cingulate gyrus, middle and superior frontal gyri, inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis and pars opercularis, precentral gyrus, and thalamus compared with non-drug-using controls. Within CD subjects, thalamic activation significantly correlated with treatment response. This study shows CD subjects in early abstinence have alterations of brain function in frontal, striatal, and thalamic brain regions known to be part of a circuit associated with motor control, reward, and cognition. Subjects with pretreatment thalamic deactivation showed the poorest treatment response, possibly related to thalamic involvement in mesocortical and mesolimbic dopamine projections.
Examining the role of stakeholder pressure and knowledge management on supply chain risk and demand responsiveness

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the supply chain risk management literature by examining how stakeholders place pressure on the firm to engage in risk management activities. Design/methodology/approach – This paper utilizes a survey approach to test the nomological model. The analysis was carried out using structural equation modeling techniques. Findings – The results demonstrate that stakeholders place pressure on the firm to mitigate risk and that knowledge management (KM) and joint planning activities with suppliers serve as mediating roles in the model. The process-oriented model reveals that these factors influence the firm's ability to be responsive to customer demand. Originality/value – The research represents one of the first papers to empirically test how stakeholder theory and KM contributes to risk mitigation activities. Additionally, the paper shows the impact of KM factors on risk mitigation activities. The paper attempts to explain from both a theoretical and empiri...
Married Temptresses in Falla and Lorca

Abstract Wives’ coquetry abounds in the musical comedy of Falla and the poetry and theatre of Lorca, with such flirtatiousness always displaying female fantasy. In this comparative study between literature and music, it requires little imagination in the lewd ballad, ‘El molinero de Arcos’, for the deceived wife to conceive the double adultery as comedy. Comic theatricality dominates Alarcon's novella El sombrero de tres picos, avoiding its source's lewdness and satirizing authoritarianism. In Alarcon, Frasquita's grace and musicality inspire Falla's pantomime El Corregidor y la Molinera and its revised version, the ballet El sombrero de tres picos. Both compositions translate into music Alarcon's love triangle between the manly miller, the supple but heavy-set Frasquita, and the craven Corregidor in her play within the play. Lorca too closely imitates this internal play device in his unfinished opera libretto Lola, la comedianta, bearing Falla's self-imitating musical suggestions. However, Lorca's ‘La ca...
Adult-onset diabetes mellitus in childhood

Abstract Eleven children 4–15 yr of age with chemical diabetes mellitus have been studied. Excluding the four obese subjects, mean plasma insulin responses to oral glucose were significantly greater in the diabetic children than in 20 normal control subjects. Free fatty acid levels and responses were similar in the normal and diabetic groups. Some of the children have been followed 3–5 yr; one has insulin-dependent diabetes and six have received tolbutamide for variable periods. No definite role can be attributed to the sulfonylurea therapy for the absence of decompensation in this group.
Structural interpretation of non-exponential hydrogen transfer in glassy methanol☆

Abstract The non-exponential time dependence of hydrogen abstraction by methyl radicals in a methanol glass is reinvestigated and explained as due to a narrow random distribution of hydrogen tunnelling distances. Possible implications for other non-exponential relaxation processes in non-crystalline materials are briefly discussed.
The Irony of Craigslist

Columnist Charles Day looks a little closer at irony and how it plays into social interaction over the Web.
TWO ADDITIONAL HEPATOZOON SPECIES (APICOMPLEXA: HEPATOZOIDAE) FROM THE SOUTHERN BLACK RACER, COLUBER CONSTRICTOR PRIAPUS (SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE), IN NORTHERN FLORIDA

Hepatozoon priapus n. sp. from Coluber constrictor priapus has robust gamonts with broadly rounded ends, 18.0 × 4.2 μm (17.0–20.0 × 3.5–6.0), with LW 76.4 μm2 (59–105) and L/W 4.31 (2.9–5.4). The nucleus is always present in second quarter of gamont, seldom extend into first quarter but often into third quarter, 6.0 × 3.0 (5.0–7.0 × 2.5–4.0), with LW 17.9 (13.7–21.0). Erythrocyte cytoplasm is always thin, appearing dehemoglobinized, with infected cells always distorted. Infected erythrocytes are much longer and wider than uninfected cells, with longer nuclei. Oocysts are spherical to ovoid, 92.5 × 86.0 (55–123 × 47–115) and L/W 1.08 (1.0–1.3), contain 14.0 (6–31) sporocysts. Sporocysts, which are also spherical to ovoid, 26.3 × 23.3 (19–50 × 16–38), LW 641.2 (320–1,500) and L/W 1.13 (1.0–2.2), contain 12.6 (5–18) sporozoites. Hepatozoon confusus n. sp., also from C. constrictor priapus, has slender gamonts with rounded ends, 15.6 × 4.1 (14.0–17.0 × 3.5–5.0), with LW 64.3 (52–80) and L/W 3.82 (2.8–4.4). Th...
Inbreeding effects on mating system traits for two species of Lupinus (Leguminosae)

The consequences of inbreeding for reproductive traits were investigated for two closely related annual lupines that differ in their mating system. Lupinus bicolor (Leguminosae) is a primarily selfing species while Lupinus nanus outcrosses at intermediate rates. A controlled crossing program was used for each species to produce selfed and outcrossed progeny. These progeny were then grown in a greenhouse and scored for the date of first flower, flower morphology, and autofertility. Selfed progeny of L. bicolor produced significantly smaller flowers but did not differ from outcrossed progeny for the remaining traits. Selfed progeny of L. nanus produced flowers that significantly differed in shape and had fewer ovules than the flowers of outcrossed progeny. Selfed progeny of L. nanus also had significantly lower rates of autofertility in comparison to outcrossed progeny. The significant effects of inbreeding on these mating system traits may indicate the presence of directional dominance at the loci underlying these characters. The consequences of these direct effects of inbreeding on reproductive traits for plants growing in natural populations may include nonadaptive changes in the outcrossing rate between generations. Inbreeding can hold important evolutionary consequences for the mating system of flowering plants. Inbreeding depression for fitness-related traits is commonly observed in natural populations of flowering plants (Darwin, 1876; reviewed in Charlesworth and Charlesworth, 1987; Barrett and Kohn, 1991; Johnston, 1992). Progeny from either self-fertilization or biparental inbreeding often show a decreased mean for many life-history traits, including survival, vegetative growth, and reproductive effort. Because of these fitness consequences, inbreeding depression is considered to be an important agent of selection influencing evolutionary changes in the mating system for natural plant populations (Lande and Schemske, 1985; Barrett and Eckert, 1990; Charlesworth, Morgan,
Static and dynamic interactions between GALK enzyme and known inhibitors: Guidelines to design new drugs for galactosemic patients

Abstract The search for inhibitors of galactokinase (GALK) enzyme is interesting for their possible therapeutic application capable to alleviate symptoms in people with classic galactosemia. Several high-throughput screenings in the past have found candidate ligands showing a moderate affinity for GALK. Computational analysis of the binding mode of these compounds in comparison to their target protein has been performed only on crystallographic static structures, therefore missing the evolution of the complex during time. In this work, we applied static and dynamics simulations to analyze the interactions between GALK and its potential inhibitors, while taking into account the temporal evolution of the complexes. The collected data allowed us to identify the most important and persistent anchoring points of the known active site and of the newly identified secondary cavity. These data will be of use to increase the specificity and the affinity of a new generation of GALK inhibitors.
The internal energy distribution of NO and N2 scattering from defective surfaces

Abstract The internal energy distribution of NO and N2 scattering from a defective surfaces has been studied using classical molecular dynamics. Stochastic trajectory simulations were used to calculate the final rotational excitation, angular distribution and trapping probabilities of N2 and NO scattering from clean Ag(1 1 1) surfaces, with adatoms and with vacancies. Calculations reproduce well the experimental results for NO and N2 scattering from clean surfaces. NO undergoes more extensive rotational excitation than N2 on clean and defective surfaces. Scattering is more inelastic on defective surfaces and adatoms defects appear to promote rotational excitation more efficiently than vacancies. Trapping exhibits a complex behavior. Dynamical corrugation causes trapping of NO on clean Ag(1 1 1) to exhibit a “crossover” behavior. That is, the value of n in the standard functional dependence of trapping on the incident energy, Eicosnθi, switches sign as the incident energy increases. This behavior is also observed in the case of N2 scattering from a surface with adatoms, but in this case is caused by the static corrugation. It appears that the breaking of the 2-D symmetry of the surface (i.e. static corrugation) compensates for the lack of anisotropy in the interaction potential (i.e. dynamical corrugation) for N2/Ag(1 1 1). Adatom defects increase trapping for NO molecules impinging on the surface with glancing trajectories while vacancies have the opposite effect.
NEW SPECIES OF ESCHWEILERA (LECYTHIDACEAE) FROM SOUTHERN BRAZIL

Eschweilera tetrapetala Mori andE. alvimii Mori are described and compared withE. compressa (Vellozo) Miers, the only other species of this genus known to have four petals. It is concluded that this small group of species probably evolved from a common ancestor whose range was fragmented by climatic and vegetational changes in the Pleistocene. The distributions ofE. compressa andE. alvimii support the hypothesis that moist forest refuges existed around Rio de Janeiro and southern Bahia/northern Espirito Santo throughout the Pleistocene.
Simplification of Antibiotic Dose Adjustments in Renal Insufficiency: The DREM System

Many clinicians, unassisted by reference books, are unable to make the required dose adjustment of antibiotics needed when a patient has renal insufficiency. We describe the DREM (dosing in renopathy by easy-to-use multipliers) system, which simplifies the understanding and the process of dose adjustment. DREM is a two-step process: Cockcroft and Gault estimation of creatinine clearance (CLcr) from age, sex, and serum creatinine and calculation of the adjusted dose or dosing interval by multipliers. If the normal dose is multiplied by the dose multiplier (CLcr/100) and the dosing interval by the interval multiplier (100/CLcr), the adjusted dose and interval, respectively, are obtained. Theoretical trough concentrations calculated with the DREM system correlated closely (r = 0.9) with actual concentrations obtained from doses calculated by the Hull and Sarubbi method in 23 patients. With DREM, gentamicin or tobramycin trough concentrations above 2 micrograms/ml were less likely to occur. The DREM system is a simple and easily remembered method for dose adjustments of certain anti-infective agents in renal insufficiency. Dose estimates with this method are reasonably accurate and compare favourably with other standard methods of correction.
An improved model of break-up of dislocation dipoles into loops: Application to sapphire (α-Al2O3)

Abstract Edge dislocation dipoles formed during basal glide in sapphire break up into loops by a series of processes involving self-climb. The energetics of the break-up are analysed by approximating fluctuations in dipole width as piece-wise straight dislocation segments and by determining the changes in interaction energy and self energy. Small amplitude fluctuations are energetically favorable only if the wavelength. λ, is much greater than the dipole width, a . This implies that nucleation must occur at dipole ends or by the accumulation of pre-existing jogs. Large amplitude fluctuations leading to loop formation are found to be energetically favorable only if λ > 3.7 a . The kinetics of dipole break-up are also considered and the dominant wavelength is shown to be ~ 5.4 a , in approximate agreement with experiment.
Surface fragmentation of complexes from thiolate protected gold nanoparticles by ion mobility-mass spectrometry.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-ion mobility-mass spectrometry (MALDI-IM-MS) was used to analyze low mass gold-thiolate fragments generated from thiolate-protected gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This is the first report of using gas-phase structural separations by IM-MS for the characterization of AuNPs, revealing significant structural variation between organic and gold-thiolate ionic species. Through the separation of background chemical noise, gold-thiolate ion species corresponding to fragments from the AuNP surface can be isolated. In the negative ion mode, many of these fragments correlate to capping structural motifs observed in the literature. In the positive ion mode, the fragment ions do not correlate to predicted structural motifs, but are nearly identical to the positive ions generated from the gold-thiolate AuNP precursor complexes. This suggests that energetic processes during laser desorption/ionization induce a structural rearrangement in the capping gold-thiolate structure of the...
The use of touch with the hospitalized psychiatric patient

Abstract A descriptive study was designed to identify and describe the ways in which registered nurses use nonprocedural touch in the inpatient psychiatric setting. Natural setting observation and nurse interviews were used to examine the decision-making process and intentions of nurses who used touch. Twenty-five incidents of nonprocedural touch initiated by 13 registered nurses with 17 psychiatric patients were recorded over 27.5 hours of observation. Touch was primarily used by nurses in a discriminating manner and for specific reasons, and was correlated with numerous factors such as the patient's age and gender, and the nurse's feelings, beliefs, intuition, and personal style.
A cross batch characterization of GaN HEMT devices for power electronics applications

Modern switch-mode power supply (SMPS) applications have embraced the benefits realized through the use of gallium nitride (GaN) HEMT technology as it allows switching speeds to increase drastically with respect to silicon parts. Since GaN HEMT devices are a relatively new technology in the power electronics realm, the manufacturing processes have not been perfected to the extent that silicon processes have been. Inconsistent RDS(ON) characteristics across manufactured batches can cause device failure as well as an imbalance in current distribution if the devices are used in a parallel fashion. The device of interest in this work is the Efficient Power Conversion (EPC) 2015 GaN HEMT. Five batches manufactured approximately six months apart are characterized. Manufacturing reliability analysis is presented and the results are compared with the device characteristics provided by EPC.
Escherichia coli mut T1. II. Consequences of modification on the association of DNA with the cell membrane

1. Two isogenic strains of Escherichia coli, K-12 which differ by mutator gene character (mut T1) have been studied. This characteristic caused introduction of a high frequency of undirectional transversions, A-T leads to -CG, into the DNA of the strain harboring it. 2. It had been previously shown that the presence of this gene is accompanied by an alteration of a cell membrane component. Now, the nuclease susceptibility of DNA associated with membrane/DNA/DNA polymerase complexes is reported. DNA of mut T1 membranes is more sensitive towards exogenous nuclease than DNA of membrane complexes from the wild type mut+ strain. 3. Auto-digestion of this DNA by endogenous nuclease associated with the membrane complex is, also, more severe in preparations derived from mut T1 than from the wild-type strain, mut+, but to a lesser extent than observed with exogenous nucleases. 4. Nuclease susceptibility of mut+ membrane bound DNA is markedly influenced by the growth state of the cell. The nuclease susceptibility of membrane bound DNA from mut T1 cells, however, shows no differences between stationary and log states. 5. These differential sensitivities may be due to conformational changes in the membrane introduced as a pleiotrophic consequence of an altered membrane protein. A pertinent role of this protein in a modified replication/repair complex is an attractive suggestion, especially in the context of the mutator character of this strain.
The impact of residential placement on child development: research and policy implications

The accumulated knowledge on the development of children in residential settings covers a lot of ground but leaves a great deal unturned. The article summarises what is known about child development in the context of residential settings and concludes that there is little evidence to draw on to make clear recommendations about what types of children are likely to benefit from what types of residential settings. It maintains that, in the absence of evidence, policy and practice regarding residential care often has been guided by ideology. Residence has become a place of last resort for young people who cannot receive the support and/or safety they need from their own families or from foster families, or who pose a danger to others. The article calls for more rigorous evaluations of the impact of residence on child outcomes as well as concerted efforts to apply research evidence to policy and practice.
Hardware-assisted design for fast packet forwarding in parallel routers

A hardware-assisted design, dubbed cache-oriented multistage structure (COMS), is proposed for fast packet forwarding. COMS incorporates small on-chip cache memory in its constituent switching elements (SEs) for a parallel router to interconnect its line cards (LCs) and forwarding engines (FEs, where table lookups are performed). Each lookup result in COMS is cached in a series of SEs between the FE (which performs the lookup) and the LC (where the lookup request originates). The cached lookup results fulfill subsequent lookup requests for identical addresses immediately without resorting to FEs for (time-consuming) lookups, thus reducing the mean lookup time tremendously. COMS calls for partitioning the set of prefixes in a routing table into subsets (of roughly equal sizes) so that each subset involves only a small fraction of the table for one FE. This leads to a substantial savings of SRAM required in each FE to hold its forwarding table, and the total savings of SRAM in a parallel router far exceeds the amount of SRAM employed in all SE's of COMS combined. A COMS-based router of size 16 exhibits over 10 times faster mean packet forwarding than its compatible router without caching nor table partitioning. The worst case lookup time in COMS depends on the matching algorithm employed in FE's and can often be shorter than that in a compatible router. With its ability to forward packets swiftly, COMS is ideally suitable for the new generation of parallel routers
Cross-Analysis of botnet victims: new insights and implications

In this paper, we analyze a large amount of infection data for three major botnets: Conficker, MegaD, and Srizbi. These botnets represent two distinct types of botnets in terms of the methods they use to recruit new victims. We propose the use of cross-analysis between these different types of botnets as well as between botnets of the same type in order to gain insights into the nature of their infection. In this analysis, we examine commonly-infected networks which appear to be extremely prone to malware infection. We provide an in-depth passive and active measurement study to have a fine-grained view of the similarities and differences for the two infection types. Based on our cross-analysis results, we further derive new implications and insights for defense. For example, we empirically show the promising power of cross-prediction of new unknown botnet victim networks using historic infection data of some known botnet that uses the same infection type with more than 80% accuracy.
Other Example Systems

In this chapter we discuss in some detail three example systems which have been analyzed using the methods of this book. The examples are quite varied and range over i chaotic intensity fluctuations in a solid state laser, ii volume fluctuations of the Great Salt Lake in Utah, and iii wall pressure fluctuations along the surface of an axisymmetric body rising under its own buoyancy in a deep lake.
How Far From the Tree Does the Apple Fall? Field Training Officers, Their Trainees, and Allegations of Misconduct

Grounded in both organizational- and individual-level theories, this study examined the relationship between police field training officers (FTOs) and their trainees’ subsequent allegations of misconduct. Trainees in the sample were each exposed to multiple FTOs, which presented a unique methodological problem. As such, multilevel models that permitted the nesting of individual trainees within multiple higher order groups of FTOs were estimated. Results revealed that approximately one quarter of the variation in trainees’ allegations of postsupervision misconduct was attributed to FTOs, suggesting the apple (trainee) indeed falls close to the tree (FTO). Implications for FTO selection and training are discussed.
Surgical reconstruction of the nasolacrimal system in the horse

Summary Facial trauma resulted in unilateral disruption of the nasolacrimal duct in two horses. The disruption occurred in the bony lacrimal canal adjacent to the maxillary sinus. In each case, the intact proximal part of the nasolacrimal duct was successfully stented into the lumen of the maxillary sinus. either the nasolacrimal opening at the nares or from one of the puncta. A disrupted nasolacrimal duct can heal if it can be stented with a cannula for an extended period of time,6 but in some cases, the disrupted duct cannot be cannulated, and those horses have previously been relegated to potential long term epiphora. This report describes a technique whereby the nasolacrimal system is restored by diversion of the caudal part of the nasolacrimal duct into the maxillary sinus.
Model Calibration Through Minimal Adjustments

The Gaussian process (GP) model provides a powerful methodology for calibrating a computer model in the presence of model uncertainties. However, if the data contain systematic experimental errors, then the GP model can lead to an unnecessarily complex adjustment of the computer model. In this work, we introduce an adjustment procedure that brings the computer model closer to the data by making minimal changes to it. This is achieved by applying a lasso-based variable selection on the systematic experimental error terms while fitting the GP model. Two real examples and simulations are presented to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approach. This article has supplementary material available online.
Intersecting Chains in Finite Vector Spaces

We prove an Erdos–Ko–Rado-type theorem for intersecting k-chains of subspaces of a finite vector space. This is the q-generalization of earlier results of Erdos, Seress and Szekely for intersecting k-chains of subsets of an underlying set. The proof hinges on the author's proper generalization of the shift technique from extremal set theory to finite vector spaces, which uses a linear map to define the generalized shift operation. The theorem is the following.For c = 0, 1, consider k-chains of subspaces of an n-dimensional vector space over GF(q), such that the smallest subspace in any chain has dimension at least c, and the largest subspace in any chain has dimension at most n − c. The largest number of such k-chains under the condition that any two share at least one subspace as an element of the chain, is achieved by the following constructions:(1) fix a subspace of dimension c and take all k-chains containing it,(2) fix a subspace of dimension n − c and take all k-chains containing it.
The Central Andean rotation pattern: another look

SUMMARY Crustal blocks in the Central Andes have experienced vertical-axis rotations through angles ranging up to 50 ◦ or more. Blocks located north of the abrupt change in tectonic and geographical trends at Arica, northern Chile (the Arica deflection) have been rotated counter-clockwise; blocks south of the deflection rotated clockwise. Rocks ranging in age from Late Miocene to mid-Jurassic are involved. The palaeomagnetic record of this rotation is referred to as the central Andean rotation pattern (CARP). In this paper the CARP is investigated using the techniques of palaeomagnetic shape analysis. From this analysis it appears that rotation began in the early Cenozoic, and probably continues at the present time. Cenozoic rotation appears to have occurred without significant northward or southward displacement. For earlier times, however, evidence of displacement is found; the sense of displacement apparently changed at Arica—northward north of the deflection and southward further south. This Mesozoic displacement of crustal material away from Arica appears to have taken place without accompanying rotation. No existing tectonic model for the CARP explains this two-part history. Several alternative models are suggested, perhaps the least unconvincing of which involve creation of the Arica deflection during the late Mesozoic by subduction of a spreading ridge, or perhaps an island arc or other crustal-thickness anomaly riding on the Nazca (or Phoenix) Plate.
Two Letter Discrimination Sequences: High-Confusion-Alternatives First versus Low-Confusion-Alternatives First1

The procedure of sequencing visual discriminations (the letters b, d, p, and q) in an easy to difficult progression was investigated. In a low-confusion-alternatives first sequence only one choice in an inital match-to-sample task was similar to the target letter. In a high-confusion-alternatives first sequence all the choices in the initial task were similar to the target letter. Twenty preschoolers were randomly assigned to either a low-confusion-alternatives first or a high-confusion-alternatives first group. The preschoolers who began with the low-confusions alternatives reached criterion on a subsequent successive match-to-sample task in significantly fewer trials, M = 31.0 versus 69.1.
Effect of ozone exposure on the electrical characteristics of high-purity, large-diameter semiconducting carbon nanotubes.

In this study, we have elucidated the interactions between ozone and carbon nanotubes by monitoring the characteristics of field-effect transistors based on polymer-sorted, large-diameter semiconducting carbon nanotubes. The drain–source current of these transistors initially increases with ozone exposure and then it progressively decreases with increasing exposure beyond 3 min. This non-monotonic dependence of the drain–source current can be ascribed to two competing processes. At short ozone exposure, p-doping of carbon nanotubes dominates; the drain–source current thus increases as a result of increasing hole concentration. This effect is most evidenced in a progressive threshold voltage shift towards positive voltages with increasing exposure to ozone. At extended ozone exposure, chemical oxidation of carbon nanotubes instead dominates. The drain–source current decreases as a result of decreasing hole mobility. This effect manifests itself in a monotonic decrease in the mobility of these devices as a function of ozone exposure.
A comprehensive R&D Approach for Critical Infrastructure Protection

This paper provides background on requirements, capabilities and research recommendations for protecting critical infrastructure systems. These activities are needed to develop much more effective solutions to problems that can be currently addressed primarily with conservative, and/or empirical approaches. The expected contributions will have a profound effect on national and international defense and security. Although essential work must be conducted in several important areas, this paper is primarily focused on scientific and technical issues.
THE LAOCOON: SYSTEMIC CONCEPTS IN A WORK OF ART

One of the most important ways of examining artistic works, and of explicating psychotherapeutic theories, has been the application of psychotherapy's ideas to works of art. In this paper I've explored the Roman sculpture, the Laocoon, from a systems point of view, discussing ways in which this work embodies family therapy concepts and how in turn those concepts help explain this masterpiece.
Exposition of a family of RNA m5C methyltransferases from searching genomic and proteomic sequences

The Escherichia coli fmu gene product has recently been determined to be the 16S rRNA m(5)C 967 methyltransferase. As such, Fmu represents the first protein identified as an S -adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet)- dependent RNA m(5)C methyltransferase whose amino acid sequence is known. Using the amino acid sequence of Fmu as an initial probe in an iterative search of completed DNA sequence databases, 27 homologous ORF products were identified as probable RNA m(5)C methyltransferases. Further analysis of sequences in undeposited genomic sequencing data and EST databases yielded more than 30 additional homologs. These putative RNA m(5)C methyltransferases are grouped into eight subfamilies, some of which are predicted to consist of direct genetic counterparts, or orthologs. The enzymes proposed to be RNA m(5)C methyltransferases have sequence motifs closely related to signature sequences found in the well-studied DNA m(5)C methyltransferases and other AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases. Structure-function correlates in the known AdoMet methyltransferases support the assignment of this family as RNA m(5)C methyltransferases.
Commentary: Using Basic Behavior Research on Children’s Emotions to Inform Prevention Research: A Commentary on Pooley and Fiddick Social Referencing “Mr. Yuk”

evaluating the developmental appropriateness of the facial expression depicted on ‘‘Mr. Yuk’’ stickers, a long-standing and widely used poison prevention program (Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 2008). The article addresses an important concept in pediatric psychology, which is the prevention of unintentional injury or death among young children (Tercyak, 2008). Unintentional ingestion of poison accounts for >99% of poison exposure among children under the age of 6 years, with children under the age of 4 years comprising nearly half of all calls to poison centers (Litovitz, White, & Watson, 2005). The article correctly recognizes the need to include young children as targets in poison prevention and control campaigns. Though educating parents to supervise children and store dangerous substances out of reach of young children are critical components to prevent poison ingestion, they are not sufficient at eliminating the risk of unintentional ingestion. Indeed, a large proportion of unintentional injuries and poisonings occur in settings in which parents step away only for a few moments, but are still present in the home (Ozanne-Smith, Day, Parsons, & Dobbin, 2001). Thus, it is important to identify developmentally appropriate strategies to deter children from ingesting dangerous substances, regardless of parental presence. The authors are to be commended for their innovative approach to systematically examine a key feature (i.e., facial expression) of the widely used child poison prevention program, Mr. Yuk stickers. Specially, through a logical series of basic behavioral experiments rooted in empirically supported research methods (Fiddick, 2004; Rozin, Lowery, Imada, & Haidt, 1999), they obtained the
Analysis of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) cistrome reveals novel co-regulatory role of ATF4

The present study coupled expression profiling with chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to examine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ)-dependent regulation of gene expression in mouse keratinocytes, a cell type that expresses PPARβ/δ in high concentration. Microarray analysis elucidated eight different types of regulation that modulated PPARβ/δ-dependent gene expression of 612 genes ranging from repression or activation without an exogenous ligand, repression or activation with an exogenous ligand, or a combination of these effects. Bioinformatic analysis of ChIP-seq data demonstrated promoter occupancy of PPARβ/δ for some of these genes, and also identified the presence of other transcription factor binding sites in close proximity to PPARβ/δ bound to chromatin. For some types of regulation, ATF4 is required for ligand-dependent induction of PPARβ/δ target genes. PPARβ/δ regulates constitutive expression of genes in keratinocytes, thus suggesting the presence of one or more endogenous ligands. The diversity in the types of gene regulation carried out by PPARβ/δ is consistent with dynamic binding and interactions with chromatin and indicates the presence of complex regulatory networks in cells expressing high levels of this nuclear receptor such as keratinocytes. Results from these studies are the first to demonstrate that differences in DNA binding of other transcription factors can directly influence the transcriptional activity of PPARβ/δ.
Effect of Sex and Mycoplasma synoviae Infection on Chicken Red Blood Cells Used for Hemagglutination-Inhibition Test

A total of 10 male and 10 female 9-week-old commercial Mycoplasma-free broiler chickens was used in this test. Five males and 5 females were artificially infected by aerosol with a broth culture of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) F10-2AS. The other 5 males and 5 females were used as noninfected controls. At 3, 9, and 12 weeks postinfection all birds were bled, and the blood was pooled into 4 groups: infected male, noninfected male, infected female, and noninfected female. Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests for MS and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) were run on a selected group of known positive serums using the 4 pools as red blood cell (RBC) sources. The geometric mean HI titers of the 4 groups showed no significant differences between male and female or MS-infected and noninfected chickens as a source of RCB's for the MS or Mg HI test. These results indicate that if procedures are correct, there is no danger in using RBC's from MS-infected birds.
Reliability studies in broad and narrow phonetic transcription

A 16-category framework is proposed to review the sources of variance in studies of phonetic transcription reliability. The same framework is used to analyse transcription agreement data collected in the course of a project in child phonology, including 22 reliability estimates from five consensus transcription teams who transcribed eight subject groups. Detailed agreement data at the level of consonants, vowels and diphthongs, feature classes, and diacritics are presented for each of the 16 categories, including such traditional measurement variables as sampling mode (continuous speech; articulation tests), agreement type (intra-judge; inter-judge), and level of transcription (broad; narrow). Tabular and plotted data are deliberately presented at the lowest feasible levels for readers interested in specific questions at these levels. A total of 16 generalizations about transcription reliability are derived from descriptive and inferential statistical findings. The primary conclusion is that for certain c...
Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase enhances insulin stimulation of insulin receptor substrate 1 tyrosine phosphorylation and extracellular signal-regulated kinases in mouse R- fibroblasts.

Insulin stimulates phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) in various mammalian cells. To study the role of PI3K in insulin stimulation of ERK, we employed PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and mouse embryonic R− fibroblasts lacking IGF-1 receptors. In these R− cells, PI3K inhibition by LY294002 enhanced insulin stimulation of ERK phosphorylation whereas LY294002 inhibited insulin stimulation of Akt phosphorylation. The enhanced insulin stimulation of ERK phosphorylation was accompanied by increased IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Insulin stimulation of insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation was not altered. PI3K inhibition increased IRS-1–Grb2 complex formation and ras activity following insulin treatment of cells. Increased insulin stimulation of ERK by PI3K inhibition was mediated by the MEK/ERK pathway, but did not involve inhibitory Ser259 phosphorylation of raf that was reported to be mediated by Akt. In summary, PI3K inhibition in R− cells enhanced insulin sti...