cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Labour Standards and International Trade

This paper reviews controversies regarding linkage of international trade and labor standards. Pressures for international harmonization of labor standards arise in the context of increased trade between countries with large disparities in wages. The paper also discusses the history of labor standards.
Complications after cosmetic periocular filler: prevention and management

Soft tissue fillers are a mainstay in contemporary, minimally invasive facial rejuvenation procedures owing to timely results and minimal recovery period. Although associated with a low complication rate, soft tissue fillers are not without risk. Complications range from mild superficial skin irregularities to granuloma formation to vascular occlusion leading to skin necrosis or even blindness. Fillers vary in composition, elasticity, hydrophilicity and duration of effect that is tailored to specific cosmetic indications. Selecting the right product for the desired effect can cut down on unwanted outcomes. Severe adverse events can be avoided with safe injection technique, early recognition of symptoms and a thorough knowledge of the local anatomy. This review outlines several complications all providers should recognize and discusses strategies for their prevention and management.
The anti-scarring effect of corneal stromal stem cell therapy is mediated by transforming growth factor β3

Corneal stromal stem cells (CSSC) reduce corneal inflammation, prevent fibrotic scarring, and regenerate transparent stromal tissue in injured corneas. These effects rely on factors produced by CSSC to block the fibrotic gene expression. This study investigated the mechanism of the scar-free regeneration effect. Primary human CSSC (hCSSC) from donor corneal rims were cultivated to passage 3 and co-cultured with mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells induced to M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype by treatment with interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharides, or to M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype by interleukin-4, in a Transwell system. The time-course expression of human transforming growth factor β3 (hTGFβ3) and hTGFβ1 were examined by immunofluorescence and qPCR. TGFβ3 knockdown for > 70% in hCSSC [hCSSC-TGFβ3(si)] was achieved by small interfering RNA transfection. Naive CSSC and hCSSC-TGFβ3(si) were transplanted in a fibrin gel to mouse corneas, respectively, after wounding by stromal ablation. Corneal clarity and the expression of mouse inflammatory and fibrosis genes were examined. hTGFβ3 was upregulated by hCSSC when co-cultured with RAW cells under M1 condition. Transplantation of hCSSC to wounded mouse corneas showed significant upregulation of hTGFβ3 at days 1 and 3 post-injury, along with the reduced expression of mouse inflammatory genes (CD80, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5, lipocalin 2, plasminogen activator urokinase receptor, pro-platelet basic protein, and secreted phosphoprotein 1). By day 14, hCSSC treatment significantly reduced the expression of fibrotic and scar tissue genes (fibronectin, hyaluronan synthase 2, Secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich, tenascin C, collagen 3a1 and α-smooth muscle actin), and the injured corneas remained clear. However, hCSSC-TGFβ3(si) lost these anti-inflammatory and anti-scarring functions, and the wounded corneas showed intense scarring. This study has demonstrated that the corneal regenerative effect of hCSSC is mediated by TGFβ3, inducing a scar-free tissue response.
Marketing’s value propositions: a focus on exit, voice, and loyalty

We capture the theoretical and practical essence of the thoughts by Key, Clark, Ferrell, Stewart, and Pitt (AMS Review, 2020) on marketing’s value propositions by creating an integrative satisfaction-focused exit-voice-loyalty theory. The potpourri of thoughts by Key et al. (2020) in this issue of AMS Review–centered mainly on marketing’s value propositions within the broader business academy (and practice)–lend themselves to a focus on the value propositions, dynamics, and relationships between customers and firms. With the customer-firm exchange as the lens, marketing’s value propositions are effectively brought out via the development of the satisfaction-focused exit-voice-loyalty theory (SEVL theory).
An Approach–Avoidance Lens on Sexual Harassment: The Effects of Relative Attractiveness, Gender, Relationship Status, and Role

The approach–avoidance perspective provides a theoretical framework through which the dynamic nature of sexual harassment can be understood meaningfully in a workplace context. Rather than being purely threat or incentive, potentially harassing situations may contain elements of both, leading to approach and avoidance attitudes. Across two studies, we explore how three factors (relative attractiveness, gender, and relationship status) affect approach–avoidance attitudes in the target (study 1) and initiator (study 2), and how these attitudes affect (a) labeling the interaction as sexual harassment and (b) forecasts of filing a complaint. Results indicate that the three factors affect approach and avoidance attitudes for both targets and initiators, and that these attitudes mediate both the effect of labeling the interaction as sexual harassment and forecasts of filing a complaint. Implications for managers, human resources personnel, and other third parties who manage sexual harassment disputes are discussed.
A strategic decision-making architecture toward hybrid teams for dynamic competitive problems

Abstract Advances in artificial intelligence create new opportunities for computers to support humans as peers in hybrid teams in several complex problem-solving situations. This paper proposes a decision-making architecture for adaptively informing decisions in human-computer collaboration for large-scale competitive problems under dynamic environments. The proposed architecture integrates methods from sequence learning, model predictive control, and game theory. Computers in this architecture learn objectives and strategies from experimental data to support humans with strategic decisions while operational decisions are made by humans. The paper also presents data-driven methods for partitioning tasks among a team of computers in this architecture. The generalized methodology is illustrated on the real-time strategy game Starcraft II. The results from this application show that low-performing players can benefit from the game-theoretic decision support whereas this support can be overly conservative for high-performing players. The proposed approach provides safe though suboptimal suggestions particularly against an opponent with an unknown level of expertise. The results further show that problem solution with a team of computers based on non-intuitive task partitioning significantly improves the quality of decisions compared to an all-in-one solution with a single computer.
U.S. Monetary Policy Surprises and Mortgage Rates

This article examines how the U.S. monetary policy surprises impact the mortgage rates in the nation and across five regions from 1990 to 2008. Regression analysis based on bootstrapping shows that surprises in the target federal funds rate (the target factor) have a significantly positive impact on the 1-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rate within the week of the Federal Open Market Committee announcements and the positive impact lasts up to 1 week after the announcements. Surprises in the future direction of the Federal Reserve monetary policy (the path factor) have significantly positive impacts on both the 1-year ARM rate and the 30-year fixed mortgage rates in the first week after the announcement. Furthermore, the responses of mortgage rates are asymmetric and affected by the size of monetary policy surprises, the stage of the business cycle and whether the monetary policy is tightening or loosening. There also exists heterogeneity in the mortgage rate pass-through process across regions and monetary policy surprises have differential impacts on the regional mortgage rates. The cross-region variations are mainly correlated with the regional housing market conditions, such as home vacancy and rental vacancy rates.
Can Women Teach Math (and Be Promoted)? A Meta-analysis of Gender Differences across Student Evaluations of Teaching

Academic women in economics have different experiences and outcomes than men and women in other social science fields do, including bias within their performance evaluation instruments, student teaching evaluations (STEs). Despite research citing biases in STEs, no study summarized the magnitude of these biases. A systematic review and meta-analysis addresses this by combining data from all prior research on the subject. Our meta-analysis examines gender bias in STEs, finding significant gender differences in economics favoring men but no evidence for gender differences in the remaining social sciences. Implications are discussed, and recommendations are made.
Local molecular probes of ultrafast relaxation channels in strongly coupled metalloporphyrin-cavity systems.

The quantum control of ultrafast excited state dynamics remains an unachieved goal within the chemical physics community. In this study, we assess how strongly coupling to cavity photons affects the excited state dynamics of strongly coupled zinc (II) tetraphenyl porphyrin (ZnTPP) and copper (II) tetraphenyl porphyrin (CuTPP) molecules. By varying the concentration of each chromophore within different Fabry–Perot (FP) structures, we control the collective vacuum Rabi splitting between the energies of cavity polariton states formed through the strong coupling of molecular electrons and cavity photons. Using ultrafast transient reflectivity and transmission measurements probing optical transitions of individual ZnTPP and CuTPP molecules, we find that the polaritonic states localize into uncoupled excited states of these chromophores through different mechanisms. For ZnTPP, we build a simple kinetic model including a direct channel of relaxation between the polaritonic states. We find that our models necessitate a small contribution from this interpolaritonic relaxation channel to explain both our steady-state and transient optical spectroscopic measurements adequately. In contrast, we propose that strong cavity coupling slows the internal conversion between electronic states of CuTPP not directly interacting with the photons of FP structures. These results suggest that researchers must consider the vibrational structure and excited state properties of the strongly coupled chromophores when attempting to use polariton formation as a tool to control the dynamics of molecules central to photo-sensitizing and light harvesting applications.
The Land They Found

The economic history that we will be studying in this book unfolds in a particular geographical place, a region of awe-inspiring grandeur and startling contrasts. I like to think of it in terms of the high Andes and the city of Lima. In the high Andes, you can walk for hours, the sun gently warming you, not a sound to be heard except for the rushing waters fed by a gleaming glacier in the distance. In downtown Lima, the City of Kings, overcast and humid, the rumble of traffic and the sound of car horns, a high-heeled, business-suited woman with a briefcase is buying a pack of gum from a barefoot little boy in a yellow Inca Cola tee shirt. The geographical diversity of Latin America will be explained using four different categories or forces. The first is the distinction between tropical and temperate zones. The second is the tectonic processes that are creating young mountains in some parts of the region. The third is the direction of the prevailing winds carrying moisture across the landscape. The final one is whether the coast is bathed by cold, nutrient-laden currents or warmer waters.
FRB 190520B -- A FRB in a Supernova Remnant?

FRB 190520B, a repeating FRB near-twin of FRB 121102, was discovered \citep{N21} to have a dispersion measure excess over the intergalactic and Galactic contributions of about 900 pc-cm$^{-3}$, attributable to its host galaxy or near-source environment. This excess varies on a time scale of $\sim 30\,$y and might be explained by a supernova remnant no more than a few decades old. A magnetic field in equipartition with the remnant's expansion would be ${\cal O}(1\,\text{G})$.
Cost-Benefit Analysis as a Commitment Device

Cost-benefit analysis does not age well. As scientific understanding of health, safety, and environmental risks accumulates over time — and as the technology to mitigate those risks becomes more affordable — the assumptions underlying a rule’s cost-benefit analysis obsolesce. Yet because of agency inaction, rulemaking ossification, and inattention to priority setting, outdated rules persist. In order to combat obsolescence, agencies should use cost-benefit analysis as a commitment device. When an agency analyzes a rule, it should precommit to subsequently adopting a more stringent rule than the one it initially promulgates, if and when a private actor credibly demonstrates that the stricter rule has become cost-benefit justified. Using cost-benefit analysis as a commitment device would (1) more accurately calibrate rules over time, (2) induce innovation in risk-mitigating technologies by signaling to investors that future regulation would create demand, (3) improve the adversarial dynamic of the rulemaking process by encouraging innovator firms to defect from entrenched anti-regulatory coalitions, and (4) reorient the way administrations and agencies set regulatory priorities. Cost-benefit analysis has been used to constrain regulation, but it can — and should — be used to compel regulation and expedite the regulatory state’s reduction of risks over time.
Balancing the Risks of Restenosis and Stent Thrombosis in Bare-Metal Versus Drug-Eluting Stents Results of a Decision Analytic Model

Objectives We sought to define what incremental risk of very late stent thrombosis (VLST) in drug-eluting stents (DES) would outweigh the restenosis benefit. Background Although there are robust data on the restenosis benefit of DES versus bare-metal stents (BMS), the incremental risk of stent thrombosis, a rare but serious complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), is not known with certainty. Methods We developed a decision analytic Markov model comparing DES versus BMS strategies for a contemporary PCI population. Procedure-related morbidity and mortality data from published reports were used to derive the model probabilities. Over a range of incremental risk and duration of risk of VLST, we identified the net benefit of DES versus BMS in terms of quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE). Results Under an assumption of equal stent thrombosis rates beyond 1 year, the DES strategy was superior to BMS in terms of QALE (16.262 vs. 16.248 quality-adjusted life years [QALYs], difference = 0.014). Under the alternative assumption of an incremental risk difference of 0.13%/year, the net benefit was substantially reduced (difference = 0.001 QALYs). The threshold excess risk of very late DES thrombosis compared with BMS, above which BMS would be the preferred strategy, was 0.14%/year (over 4 years of follow-up). This threshold increased as the population risk of restenosis increased and decreased as the vulnerable time window lengthened. Conclusions A small absolute increase in DES thrombosis compared with BMS after 1 year (>0.14%/year) would result in BMS being the preferred strategy for the overall PCI population. Larger clinical trials with longer follow-up are needed to estimate the risk of late stent thrombosis with greater certainty for existing and new DES.
Rationality and adversarial behavior in multi-party computation

We study multi-party computation in the model where none of n participating parties are honest: they are either rational, acting in their selfish interest to maximize their utility, or adversarial, acting arbitrarily. In this new model, which we call the mixed-behavior model, we define a class of functions that can be computed in the presence of an adversary using a trusted mediator. We then give a protocol that allows the rational parties to emulate the mediator and jointly compute the function such that (1) assuming that each rational party prefers that it learns the output while others do not, no rational party has an incentive to deviate from the protocol; and (2) the rational parties are protected from a malicious adversary controlling $\lceil \frac{n}{2} \rceil -- 2$ of the participants: the adversary can only either cause all rational participants to abort (so no one learns the function they are trying to compute), or can only learn whatever information is implied by the output of the function.
Evaluation of Shock Mitigating Materials in a V-Band Pyroshock Environment Simulated With a Resonant Fixture

An explosively activated V-band joint is used on a multistage rocket payload to release components at prescribed times in the rocket's flight and crates a pyroshock environment that the other payload components must survive. Accelerometer response data were measured close to an actual V-band pyroshock. With the shock spectra calculated from these data, a resonant fixture was designed to simulate a V-band pyroshock event. The characteristics of the data and the design process are described. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine that the desired shock spectra with an unusually high knee at about 8,000 Hz was produced with the resonant fixture. The fixture was then mounted on a 29-in.-diameter, 2-in.-thick plate simulation of a payload plate. Simulated electronic components were also mounted on the plate. The pyroshock environment simulation was created by the resonant fixture response to a projectile impact. The component response to the environment was measured at the electronic component. The compo...
Alkaline phosphatase fusions of ligands or receptors as in situ probes for staining of cells, tissues, and embryos.

Publisher Summary Polypeptide ligands and their cell surface receptors bind to one another with high affinity and specificity. These biological properties can be exploited to make affinity probes to detect their cognate ligands or receptors. This approach has been applied for decades, using radiolabeled ligands as probes to detect their receptors. More recently, it has also been found that receptor ectodomains can be used as soluble probes to detect their ligands. When producing soluble receptor or ligand affinity probes, it has been common to produce the probe as a fusion protein with a tag. This can make detection and purification procedures much easier. Two tags that are widely used for this purpose are alkaline phosphatase (AP) or the immunoglobulin Fc region. Both of these tags are dimeric, and are expected to produce a fusion protein with a pair of ligand or receptor moieties facing away from the tag in the same direction. This chapter describes the production of alkaline phosphatase (AP) fusion proteins, and also describes in situ procedures in which these affinity probes are used to detect the distribution of cognate ligands or receptors in tissues or cells.
Architecture and design of a simultaneously bidirectional single-ended high speed chip-to-chip interface

Advances in integrated circuit technologies permit faster clocking speed and increased logic density in chips. However, advances in chip packaging technologies have not kept pace; hence the number of input/output pins and input/output bandwidth per chip has increased less rapidly. The resulting disparity creates the need for more bandwidth per pin. Single-ended signalling and simultaneous bidirectional signalling methods may each increase the bandwidth per pin by a factor of two. However, using these signalling methods poses challenges in compensating for additional noise sources and reduced noise rejection ratios. This work presents the architecture, circuit techniques, and test results for a single-ended simultaneously bidirectional interface capable of a total throughput of 8 Gigabits per second per pin. The interface addresses the noise reduction challenges by utilizing a pseudo-differential reference with noise immunity approaching that of a fully differential reference. Furthermore, noise generation is reduced by on-chip termination, and low-skew near-end outgoing signal echo cancellation. A test chip in a 0.35 micron digital CMOS technology uses these techniques for an eight bit wide single-ended voltage-mode simultaneous bidirectional interface and achieves a performance of 8 Gigabit per second per pin.
Gypsy moth response to landscape structure differs from neutral model predictions: implications for invasion monitoring

Simulations of dispersal across computer-generated neutral landscapes have generated testable predictions about the relationship between dispersal success and landscape structure. Models predict a threshold response in dispersal success with increasing habitat fragmentation. A threshold is defined as an abrupt, disproportionate decline in dispersal success at a certain proportion of habitat in the landscape. To identify potential empirical threshold responses in invasion success to landscape structure, we quantified the relationship between progression of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) invasion wavefront across Michigan (1985–1996) and the structure of the Michigan landscape using two indices of invasion success and six landscape metrics. We also examined the effect of scale of analysis and choice of land cover characterization on our results by repeating our analysis at three scales using two different land cover maps. Contrary to simulation model predictions, thresholds in invasion success did not correspond closely with thresholds in landscape structure metrics. Increased variation in invasion success indices at smaller scales of analysis also suggested that invasion success should be studied at larger spatial extents (≥75 km2) than would be appropriate for characterizing individual dispersal events. The predictions of individual dispersal models across neutral landscapes may have limited applications for the monitoring and management of vagile species with excellent dispersal capabilities such as the gypsy moth.
Stereotypes: before Pearl Harbor and after.

(1947). Stereotypes: Before Pearl Harbor and After. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 55-63.
Attachment and Emotion Transmission Within Romantic Relationships: Merging Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Perspectives

The attachment system is responsible for emotional-motivational bonding with others and is associated with individual emotion regulation strategies (avoidance-disengagement; anxiety-hypervigilance); however, little is known how these individual differences in emotion regulation strategies influence partners’ interpersonal emotional experiences. Prior research examining the link between individual differences in attachment avoidance and anxiety and emotional connectedness in couples has interestingly shown counter-intuitive effects of individual attachment styles on couples’ shared emotions, such that attachment anxiety was associated with the lowest levels of emotional synchrony (Butner, Diamond, & Hicks, 2007). These results beg for additional research on whether and how individual differences in attachment styles moderate the transmission of emotion between partners. Using daily diaries and second-by-second measures of emotional experience from 30 couples, it was hypothesised that couples high in attachment avoidance (disengagement) would show lower levels, whereas couples high in attachment anxiety (hypervigilance) would show higher levels of emotion transmission. Results were counter to our predictions; attachment avoidance increased — and attachment anxiety decreased — emotion transmission between partners. Findings suggest attachment dynamics may not have the same effect on couples’ joint emotional functioning in a dyadic context as they do on individuals’ emotional functioning.
New 8–13 μm spectroscopy of luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies

New moderate-resolution mid-infrared spectroscopy at 10 μm of 27 infrared galaxies is presented. The galaxies have been chosen from three 60-μm selected and one 12-μm selected complete flux-limited catalogues of galaxies; 17 of these sources have LIR(8–1000 μm)≥5×1011 L⊙. A high-resolution spectrum of the source Arp 299B1 is also presented. Combining these new results with previously published results, a nearly complete 60-μm selected flux-limited subsample, with LIR(8–1000 μm)≥1.6×1011 L⊙, of 25 galaxies is defined. Within this subsample, it is found that the dominant power source of infrared galaxies in the luminosity range 1.6×1011<LIR(8–1000 μm)<1012 L⊙ is massive star formation based on the clear presence of the 11.3-μm aromatic hydrocarbon emission feature in the majority of the spectra. Three of the five ultraluminous infrared galaxies LIR(8–1000 μm)≥1012 L⊙] within this subsample show evidence that an active galactic nucleus provides an energetically important power source based on the detection of silicate absorption in their mid-infrared spectra. The physical basis of a possible anticorrelation between the 11.3-μm feature equivalent width and infrared light to molecular gas mass ratios is discussed.
Did The Greeks Really Get to the Theatre before Dawn—Three Days Running?

The spectators, thousands and thousands of them, begin arriving in the chill hours before the equinoctial dawn; a few torches cast huge shadows over the cavernous theatron as they move to their seats. Clutching woollen himations about them, they arrange the cushions that will soften the long sitting as well as insulate them from the night-chilled benches. They are hushed, almost reverential, speaking to each other in low tones. Not a people given to breakfasting, a few munch on olives and bread, while others tilt their wineskins for a dilute but still warming jolt of the grape. As the first streaks of light appear in the sky at the eastern-side of the theatre (near the Stage Right parodos), The Watchman appears on the roof, eerily lit by the flaming brazier he carries on. While the audience listens to an already familiar exposition they look to the southwest, awaiting the flare of a beacon fire on the nearby Pnyx that will signal the fall of Troy.
A comparison of models for clustered binary outcomes: analysis of a designed immunology experiment

The lymphocyte proliferative assay (LPA) of immune competence was conducted on 52 subjects, with up to 36 processing conditions per subject, to evaluate whether samples could be shipped or stored overnight, rather than being processed on fresh blood as currently required. The LPA study resulted in clustered binary data, with both cluster level and cluster-varying covariates. Two modelling strategies for the analysis of such clustered binary data are through the cluster-specific and population-averaged approaches. Whereas most research in this area has focused on the analysis of matched pairs data, in many situations, such as the LPA study, cluster sizes are naturally larger. Through considerations of interpretation and efficiency of these models when applied to large clusters, the mixed effect cluster-specific model was selected as most appropriate for the analysis of the LPA data. The model confirmed that the LPA response is significantly impaired in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The LPA response was found to be significantly lower for shipped and overnight samples than for fresh samples, and this effect was significantly stronger among HIV-infected individuals. Surprisingly, an anticoagulant effect was not detected.
Loss of a paternal chromosome causes developmental anomalies among Drosophila hybrids

Hybrids between Drosophila virilis and D. lummei suffer from developmental anomalies. Previous reports also suggest that these hybrids lose the D. lummei sixth chromosome early in development. Genetic and cytological data presented here confirm the loss of the microchromosome from both the soma and the germ-line of these hybrids and provide strong evidence that this loss causes the hybrid developmental anomalies.
Analysis by calorimetry

Abstract The last years have seen the development of differential calorimetry into a scanning technique for routine analysis. In order of ease of determination heats of fusion, heats of reaction, phase diagrams, purity analysis, heat capacity and similar heat effects are added to the list of quickly measurable quantities. Accuracies of the order of 1–5% of heats of fusion and heat capacity are obtainable under favorable conditions. Special topics which have been discussed are instrumentation, transition temperatures, heat capacities, glass transitions, heats of transitions, and phase diagrams.
Horace, Odes 4.10.2: The sweet bird of youth

So Shackleton Bailey in his recent Teubner edition (Stuttgart, 1991). Housman's remarks (Classical Papers, 148–9) are germane
Surfactant protein D: not just for the lung anymore.

in their article, Snyder et al. ([5][1]) provide compelling data that arterial smooth muscle cells of the vessel wall express surfactant protein D (SP-D) and that the expression of SP-D attenuates the release of IL-8 stimulated by LPS and TNF-α. Although most often associated with innate immune
Identifying prospective customers

We describe data mining techniques designed to address the problem of selecting prospective customers from a large pool of candidates. These techniques cover a number of different scenarios, namely whether the marketing researchers have demographic information on the current customers, or the general market population, or people with propensity to become customers We also present a novel approach to the problem by exploiting the availability of a data sample from the general market population. Finally, we describe an on-line lead management and delivery system that uses the mining approach described in this paper for insurance agents to obtain qualified customer leads.
Short distances on the line

Abstract We prove the weak convergence of the empirical process of c(n)-close pairs. The limit is always Gaussian, but its form depends on c(n) and the distribution of the observations.
Interpersonal psychotherapy: A review and multicultural critique

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a therapeutic approach focusing on the role of interpersonal dynamics in creating psychological difficulties that may be particularly relevant to the field of counselling psychology. IPT’s development within randomized controlled trials in the 1970s resulted in a strong empirical foundation without a cohesive theory. Regardless, theorists have since created a theoretical framework for IPT, which has received empirical support. Counselling psychologists have contributed to this research base and may have unique expertise to enhance IPT. Specifically, counselling psychologists can help integrate multicultural and diversity perspectives into IPT with the goal of creating a more culturally competent approach. For example, several aspects of IPT can be expanded to reflect these perspectives, such as integrating cultural sensitivity, cultural knowledge, cultural empathy, and cultural guidance. The authors conclude that IPT is a well-researched and effective treatment approac...
Race, age, and obesity disparities in adult physical activity levels in breast cancer patients and controls.

Physical activity has been shown to be inversely associated with breast cancer recurrence and survival. Although physical activity is known to decline with age, rates of change in physical activity have not been well characterized in breast cancer patients and subgroups with known disparities in breast cancer survival, especially in minorities, the elderly and the obese. We evaluated moderate and strenuous physical activity from high school through diagnosis in 1,220 breast cancer patients, and from high school to recruitment in 935 controls. We compared the proportion of patients and controls meeting the American Cancer Society (ACS) guidelines for physical activity and differences in declines in level of physical activity by race, age, and obesity. At diagnosis, only 33.2% of breast cancer patients met the ACS physical activity guidelines. Only 13.2%, 24.7% and 30.5% of African American (AA), obese and older (≥ 65 years) patients met the guidelines, respectively. Controls showed slightly higher rates, with 36.4% overall, 23.7% of AA, 29.0% of obese and 32.4% of older women meeting the guidelines. AA patients were less likely to meet guidelines compared to White patients (p < 0.0001). Obese patients were less likely to meet guidelines compared to non-obese (p < 0.0001). We found that both moderate and strenuous physical activity declined after high school in patients and controls. AA patients reported steeper declines in strenuous (p = 0.0027), and total (p = 0.0009) physical activity compared to Whites. Obese patients reported steeper declines in total physical activity compared to non-obese (p = 0.022). Differences in average slopes of declines in physical activity were not observed by age. Our results suggest that strategies and programs to encourage women to maintain recommended levels of physical activity after high school are needed. Furthermore, breast cancer patients, particularly AA and obese patients, should be targeted to help reduce disparities.
Effects of entomopathogenic nematodes on evolution of pink bollworm resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac.

ABSTRACT The evolution of resistance by pests can reduce the efficacy of transgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). However, fitness costs may act to delay pest resistance to Bt toxins. Meta-analysis of results from four previous studies revealed that the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema riobrave (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) imposed a 20% fitness cost for larvae of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), that were homozygous for resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac, but no significant fitness cost was detected for heterozygotes. We conducted greenhouse and laboratory selection experiments to determine whether S. riobrave would delay the evolution of pink bollworm resistance to Cry1Ac. We mimicked the high dose/refuge scenario in the greenhouse with Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants and refuges of non-Bt cotton plants, and in the laboratory with diet containing Cry1Ac and refuges of untreated diet. In both experiments, h...
Anatomy of a ratings change

Abstract I document the frequency with which credit rating changes result from changes in the firm's operating environment versus changes in capital structure controlled by management. I find that management action plays a significant role in credit rating changes. Twenty-eight percent of downgrades and 44% of upgrades have a substantial management influence. The frequency of management impact on credit ratings shows the limitations of credit risk modeling using structural models that assume constant capital structure. Even the cases in which firms are downgraded across the investment/speculative grade threshold can be driven by management actions rather than operating or economic conditions. Twenty-two percent of the observations of firms newly downgraded to speculative grade are entirely attributable to management action. The frequency of management-driven changes exhibits yearly and industry variation.
Effects of lidocaine on the function of immunocompetent cells. I. In vitro exposure of mouse spleen lymphocytes and peritoneal macrophages

In vitro exposure of mouse lymphocytes and macrophages for 24 h to noncytotoxic doses of lidocaine (10(-4) to 10(-6)M) resulted in inhibition of random macrophage motility and in an interference with the production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor or with its interaction with the cell surface. The effects of lidocaine, membrane-stabilizing local anesthetic, were related to its concentration in the medium and to its ability to interact with the cell surface and cause changes in the ionic configuration of the plasma membrane. The drug conferred permanent changes on the surface of lymphocytes at all concentrations tested, but changes in the surface of macrophages induced by 10(-5) and 10(-6)M lidocaine were reversible. The presence of noncytotoxic doses of lidocaine in the cellular environment resulted in significant changes in cellular functions that appeared to be related to the ability of the drug to interact with cell membranes in a manner determined by the specific properties of the cell.
Dimethylaluminum halide induced reactions of formaldehyde with alkynes. Synthesis of α-allenic alcohols and Z-3-chloroallylic alcohols

Abstract The CH 2 O·Me 2 AlCl complex reacts with terminal alkynes to give α-allenic alcohols via a formal ene reaction and Z -3-chloroallylic alcohols via a stereospecifically syn Friedel-Crafts addition.
Adding value to log event correlation using distributed techniques

Log management and monitoring activities have traditionally proved very useful in detecting system and network faults. Increasingly, log monitoring has also been recognized for its value in detecting and thwarting malicious behavior on systems and the network. Unfortunately, the centralized methodologies for conducting log monitoring are often not well suited to today's enterprise environment. In this paper, we discuss our ongoing research into distributed event correlation of web server logs. The application of these distributed techniques in conjunction with existing log monitoring methodologies can provide value over centralized approaches by making malicious behavior detection more efficient and effective.
Comparison of relative radiometric normalization techniques

Relative radiometric normalization (RRN) is a procedure used to prepare multitemporal image data sets for the detection of spectral changes associated with phenomena such as land cover change. This procedure reduces the numeric differences between two images that have been induced by disparities in the acquisition conditions (e.g. sensor performance, solar irradiance, atmospheric effects) rather than changes in surface reflectance. We have applied seven empirical multitemporal radiometric normalization techniques to 1973 and 1990 Landsat MSS images acquired of the Washington D.C. area. The results from the various techniques have been compared both visually and using a measure of the fit based on standard error statistic. Both methods of comparison indicate that a linear regression technique using pixels from the two images which did not undergo spectral change produces the best results.
Bacteriological survey of acute appendicitis in children

A bacteriological study of 110 emergency appendicectomies is reported. In two-thirds of these the appendix was inflamed or gangrenous, and in 45 cases positive cultures were obtained from swabs taken at operation. Bacteroides were found frequently in these swabs and also in those taken from wound infections. Although this study is too small to draw any definite conclusions, it is felt that bacteroides should be considered an important pathogen in appendicitis and should be taken into account in the few ill patients where antibiotic treatment is contemplated. It was also noted that swabs taken from the surface of the appendix itself were more often positive than those from the peritoneal cavity, and this difference apperars to be significant.
Identification of structural motifs from protein coordinate data: secondary structure and first-level supersecondary structure.

A computer program is described that produces a description of the secondary structure and supersecondary structure of a polypeptide chain using the list of alpha carbon coordinates as input. Restricting the term “secondary structure” to the conformation of contiguous segments of the chain, the program determines the initial and final residues in helices, extended strands, sharp turns, and omega loops. This is accomplished through the use of difference distance matrices. The distances in idealized models of the segments are compared with the actual structure, and the differences are evaluated for agreement within preset limits. The program assigns 90–95% of the residues in most proteins to at least one type of secondary element In a second step the now-defined helices and strands are idealized as straight line segments, and the axial directions and locations are compiled from the input Cα coordinate list. These data are used to check for moderate curvature in strands and helices, and the secondary structure list is corrected where necessary. The geometric relations between these line segments are then calculated and output as the first level of supersecondary structure. A maximum of six parameters are required for a complete description of the relations between each pair. Frequently a less complete description will suffice, for example just the interaxial separation and angle. Both the secondary structure and one aspect of the supersecondary structure can be displayed in a character matrix analogous to the distance matrix format. This allows a quite accurate two-dimensional display of the three-dimensional structure, and several examples are presented A procedure for searching for arbitrary substructures in proteins using distance matrices is also described. A search for the DNA binding helix-turnhelix motif in the Protein Data Bank serves as an example A further abstraction of the above data can be made in the form of a metamatrix where each diagonal element represents an entire secondary segment rather than a single atom, and the off-diagonal elements contain all the parameters describing their interrelations. Such matrices can be used in a straightforward search for higher levels of supersecondary structure or used in toto as a representation of the entire tertiary structure of the polypeptide chain.
Enthalpy of mixing for ternary fcc solid solutions from special quasirandom structures

Abstract Enthalpies of mixing for ternary fcc solid solutions in Al–Cu–Mg, Al–Cu–Si, and Al–Mg–Si systems are calculated from first-principles study of ternary fcc Special Quasirandom Structures (SQS) whose correlation functions are close to those of completely random fcc solid solutions. It is shown that ternary fcc SQSs calculations at four different compositions in each system, i.e. x A = x B = x C = 1 3 ; x A = 1 2 , x B = x C = 1 4 ; x A = 1 4 , x B = 1 2 , x C = 1 4 ; and x A = x B = 1 4 , x C = 1 2 , can be used to determine whether the extrapolated enthalpy of mixing from corresponding three binaries is able to describe the ternary mixing behavior correctly.
Channel catfish virus: physicochemical properties of the viral genome and identification of viral polypeptides

Abstract This investigation describes the kinetics of synthesis and physicochemical properties of the channel catfish virus (CCV) genome as well as the nature of virus-specific polypeptides. Sucrose density gradient sedimentation and contour length measurements of CCV DNA revealed that the genome possesses a molecular weight of 85 ± 4 × 10 6 , while reassociation kinetics demonstrated the kinetic complexity to be 78 ± 5 × 10 6 . Another feature of the CCV genome revealed by these studies is that it is linear and nonpermuted: restriction enzyme analysis indicated that all fragments were present in unimolar amounts, the summed molecular weights of which equaled that of the intact genome. Thirty-two polypeptides appearing in infected cells were designated virus-specific. These polypeptides possess molecular weights ranging from 12,000 to 300,000. Eighteen of the polypeptides were identified as structural components of purified virions. Kinetic analysis of the synthesis of viral polypeptides revealed three distinct groups of proteins differing in the time of their appearance and magnitude of synthesis. The kinetics of synthesis of CCV-specific proteins suggests that their synthesis is coordinately regulated.
Simulation of dynamic receptive fields in primary visual cortex

Abstract A model network of spiking neurons with lateral connections was used to simulate short-term receptive field (RF) changes by removal of afferent input in the primary visual system. Several possible mechanisms for the dynamic RFs were explored and the simulation results were compared with experimental results obtained by Pettet and Gilbert [(1992) Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A., 89 , 8366–8370]. We found that appropriate input stimuli could induce a shift in the balance between modeled cortical lateral excitation and inhibition and in doing so cause RF expansion. Synaptic plasticity was neither necessary nor appropriate for short-term RF changes. An inhibition dominant network with neural adaptation successfully simulated Pettet and Gilbert's experiment of RF expansion and its reversibility induced by an “artificial scotoma”. RF expansions induced by lesions were also explored with the model.
ANALYTICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INVESTIGATION OF WRIST KINEMATICS

Abstract This paper describes a detailed analytical kinematic investigation of the wrist motion. However, the analytical formulation developed in this paper can be applied to any three-dimensional rigid body joint kinematic analysis in biomechanic research. Various experimental methods for data collection are discussed. The analysis is divided into raw data analysis and X-ray film analysis. A unified computer program is developed for the complete kinematic analysis and the accuracy of the analysis is checked by using a known mechanical joint as wrist.
Aroma-active components of nonfat dry milk.

Application of aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) on the volatile components of low-, medium-, and high-heat-treated nonfat dry milks (NDM) revealed aroma-active compounds in the log3 flavor dilution (log3 FD) factor range of 1 to 6. The following compounds contributed the highest log3 FD factors to overall NDM flavor: 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone [(Furaneol), burnt sugar-like]; butanoic acid (rancid); 3-(methylthio)propanal [(methional), boiled potato-like]; o-aminoacetophenone (grape-like); δ-decalactone (sweet); (E)-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal (metallic); pentanoic acid (sweaty); 4,5-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone [(sotolon), curry]; 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [(vanillin), vanilla]; 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline (popcorn-like); hexanoic acid (vinegar-like); phenylacetic acid (rose-like); octanoic acid (waxy); nonanal (fatty); and 1-octen-3-one (mushroom-like). The odor intensities of Furaneol, butanoic acid, methional, o-aminoacetophenone, sotolon, vanillin, (E)-4,5-e...
Pacific sleeper shark Somniosus pacificus trophic ecology in the eastern North Pacific Ocean inferred from nitrogen and carbon stable-isotope ratios and diet

Stable-isotope ratios of nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) and lipid-normalized carbon (δ¹³C') were used to examine geographic and ontogenetic variability in the trophic ecology of a high latitude benthopelagic elasmobranch, the Pacific sleeper shark Somniosus pacificus. Mean muscle tissue δ¹³C' values of S. pacificus differed significantly among geographic regions of the eastern North Pacific Ocean. Linear models identified significant ontogenetic and geographic variability in muscle tissue δ¹⁵N values of S. pacificus. The trophic position of S. pacificus in the eastern North Pacific Ocean estimated here from previously published stomach-content data (4·3) was within the range of S. pacificus trophic position predicted from a linear model of S. pacificus muscle tissue δ¹⁵N (3·3-5·7) for fish of the same mean total length (L(T) ; 201·5 cm), but uncertainty in predicted trophic position was very high (95% prediction intervals ranged from 2·9 to 6·4). The relative trophic position of S. pacificus determined here from a literature review of δ¹⁵N by taxa in the eastern North Pacific Ocean was also lower than would be expected based on stomach-content data alone when compared to fishes, squid and filter feeding whales. Stable-isotope analysis revealed wider variability in the feeding ecology of S. pacificus in the eastern North Pacific Ocean than shown by diet data alone, and expanded previous conclusions drawn from analyses of stomach-content data to regional and temporal scales meaningful for fisheries management.