cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of A 600 MHz wide bore (89 mm) NMR system using internal tin wires

Employing high performance internal-tin Nb/sub 3/Sn superconducting wire in NMR superconducting magnets, it is possible to reduce NMR magnet system cost. A 600 MHz NMR magnet system with 89 mm room temperature bore has been designed, constructed and is being tested. The magnet and cryostat were designed to meet existing 600 MHz NMR superconducting magnet standards. The design involved extensive mechanical analysis of stress/strain of the coils and coil forms. Construction also involved the development of superconducting joints. The magnet, which is cooled by liquid helium at 4.2 K, consists of three Nb/sub 3/Sn coils and five NbTi coils. The operating current, stored energy, outer diameter and the height of the whole system are 87.5 A, 2 MJ, 865 mm and 2020 mm, respectively. In this paper, an overview and analysis of the design is presented and preliminary test results are reported.
Low-dimensional representations of hyperspectral data for use in CRF-based classification

Probabilistic graphical models have strong potential for use in hyperspectral image classification. One important class of probabilisitic graphical models is the Conditional Random Field (CRF), which has distinct advantages over traditional Markov Random Fields (MRF), including: no independence assumption is made over the observation, and local and pairwise potential features can be defined with flexibility. Conventional methods for hyperspectral image classification utilize all spectral bands and assign the corresponding raw intensity values into the feature functions in CRFs. These methods, however, require significant computational efforts and yield an ambiguous summary from the data. To mitigate these problems, we propose a novel processing method for hyperspectral image classification by incorporating a lower dimensional representation into the CRFs. In this paper, we use representations based on three types of graph-based dimensionality reduction algorithms: Laplacian Eigemaps (LE), Spatial-Spectral Schroedinger Eigenmaps (SSSE), and Local Linear Embedding (LLE), and we investigate the impact of choice of representation on the subsequent CRF-based classifications.
A Phase ‘2-1-2’ study of two different doses and schedules of pralatrexate, a high affinity substrate for the reduced folate carrier (RFC-1), in patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma reveals marked activity in T-cell malignancies

Purpose To determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and efficacy of pralatrexate in patients with lymphoma. Patients and Methods Pralatrexate, initially given at a dose of 135 mg/m 2 on an every-other-week basis, was associated with stomatitis. A redesigned, weekly phase I/II study established an MTD of 30 mg/m 2 weekly for six weeks every 7 weeks. Patients were required to have relapsed/refractory disease, an absolute neutrophil greater than 1,000/L, and a platelet count greater than 50,000/L for the first dose of any cycle. Results
LBJ, Reagan, and the American Dream: Competing Visions of Liberty

This article advances the thesis that the narrative of the American Dream, as used in U.S. presidential discourse, is best understood as a rhetoric of competing visions over the nature and purposes of liberty. To test this position, the rhetoric of Lyndon Johnson—an advocate of positive liberty—is compared and contrasted to that of Ronald Reagan—an advocate of negative liberty. Competing visions of liberty are found to structure the contours of the American Dream narrative and to explain many of its inherent tensions.
Do Written Asthma Action Plans Improve Outcomes

With appropriate management, children with asthma should expect few symptoms, no limits on activity, rare exacerbations, and normal lung function. Appropriate education of parents and other caregivers of children with asthma has clearly been shown to help achieve these goals. Although recommended in asthma guidelines, providing written asthma action plans does not improve outcomes beyond asthma education alone.
Cellular pharmacology of 9-(β-D-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) guanine and its lack of drug interactions with zidovudine in primary human lymphocytes

Amdoxovir, currently in Phase II clinical trials, is rapidly converted to 9-(β-D-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)guanine (DXG) by adenosine deaminase in vitro and in humans. The cellular pharmacology of DXG in primary human lymphocytes, including dose-response relationships, intracellular half-life of DXG triphosphate (DXG-TP), and combination studies were determined. DXG produced high levels of DXG-TP with a long half-life (16 h) in activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Since zidovudine (ZDV) and DXG select for different resistance mutations, co-formulation of the these two drugs is an attractive proposition. A combination study between DXG and ZDV showed no reduction of DXG-TP or ZDV-TP. Taken together, these results suggest that an appropriately designed DXG prodrug could be given once a day and that co-formulation with ZDV might be a possibility.
A Review of Process near Infrared Spectroscopy: 1980–1994:

For this review, papers on NIR process analysis were categorised according to their overall configuration and measurement scheme. This analyser taxonomy was chosen to demonstrate the state of the current use of process analyser terms and to allow the reader to access a broad range of applications by referring to the specific measuring characteristics of the analyser. The basis for this review was a literature search covering the period from January 1980 to January 1994 on the subject of Process NIR and FT-NIR analysis. Each section is in chronological order to allow the reader to observe the development (and refinement) of process NIR from 1980 to the present.
Experimental Investigation on Bearing Capacity of Single Equal-Angle Steel Struts Connected by One Leg

The experimental investigation on bearing capacity of struts made of one leg-connected single equal-angle steel is carried out. There are evident differences among calculated bearing capacities according to various codes and standards, thus to find out calculation method of bearing capacity that is most suitable to such kind of struts, four typical codes and standards, i.e., AISC 360-05, ASCE, GB50017— 2003 and DL/T 5154—2002, are chosen to calculate the bearing capacity of members, and calculation results are compared one another and contrast with experiment results. The results from comparison and contrast show that as a whole, the calculation result by AISC 360-05 is a little conservative; the ASCE standard is not suitable to this kind of member; it is irrational for GB50017—2003 to consider the influence of eccentricity by strength reduction factor, and the safety margin of the calculation is unbalanced; when slenderness ratio of the member is smaller than 120 the calculation result according to DL/T 5154—2002 is rational, however when slenderness ratio of the member is larger than 120, the calculation result according to DL/T 5154—2002 is a little conservative. By means of using the same column curves, the compensation approaches for different code and standards are analyzed. Thus a method suitable to calculate the bearing capacity of this kind of member is summarized.
Biomechanical Analysis of Cervicothoracic Junction Osteototomy in Cadaveric Model of Ankylosing Spondylitis: Effect of Rod Material and Diameter

Ankylosing spondylitis is a genetic condition [1] that frequently results in spinal sagittal plane deformity of thoracolumbar or cervicothoracic junction. Generally, a combination of osteotomy and spinal fixation is used to treat severe cases of ankylosing spondylitis to restore spinal balance and horizontal gaze [2]. This study investigates the biomechanics of opening wedge osteotomy at the cervicothoracic junction. Although surgical techniques for traumatic injury across the cervicothoracic junction have been well characterized in the clinical and biomechanical literature, the specific model of instrumented opening wedge ostetomy in autofused ankylosing spondylitis has not been studied biomechanically.© 2010 ASME
A Newton-Upwind-TVD Scheme for Solution of Steady Navier-Stokes Equations

In this paper a high-resolution, efficient scheme for solving the steady Navier-Stokes equation is described. Newton’s iteration is used to linearize the set of equations, resulting in an implicit system, so that quadratic convergence may be realized, achieving high efficiency. The approximation to spatial derivatives is the crucial step to achieve accuracy and is a main subject of the paper. Although it is commonly agreed that the central difference may be the most reasonable choice for the viscous term, many schemes differ primarily in the approximation to inviscid fluxes that may be centrally or upwindly differenced. Under the category of upwind differencing, many choices are possible. Furthermore, high-resolution, such as TVD (Total Variation Diminishing), schemes for treating inviscid fluxes are known to yield sharp and monotonie discontinuities.
Virginia Woolf and the Modern Sublime: To the Lighthouse

Recalling Auerbach’s influential chapter on To the Lighthouse, O’Hara discusses modern literary representation as a shift in focus from exterior action to interior consciousness and the attendant stratifications in time, showing passages in even Auerbach’s text to be revisionary. Because Mrs. Ramsay measures her dinner party against the judgment of specters, similar to Longinus’s conception of sublime judgment from past ages, O’Hara suggests she, too, is an artist, like Lily Briscoe. The specters of sublime judgment constitute multiple narrative voices, often in vying for power within the literary agon. So it is only through her art, in which she confronts the past and refigures the future, that both Lily and Mrs. Ramsay—and Woolf as well—have access to sublime vision.
Brain circuitry associated with the development of substance use in bipolar disorder and preliminary evidence for sexual dimorphism in adolescents

Substance use disorders and mood disorders are highly comorbid and confer a high risk for adverse outcomes. However, data are limited on the neurodevelopmental basis of this comorbidity. Substance use initiation typically occurs during adolescence, and sex-specific developmental mechanisms are implicated. In this preliminary study, we review the literature and investigate regional gray matter volume (GMV) associated with subsequent substance use problems in adolescents with bipolar disorder (BD) and explore these associations for females and males. Thirty adolescents with DSM-IV–diagnosed BD and minimal alcohol/substance exposure completed baseline structural magnetic resonance imaging scans. At follow-up (on average 6 years post baseline), subjects were administered the CRAFFT interview and categorized into those scoring at high ( ≥ 2: CRAFFTHIGH) vs. low ( < 2: CRAFFTLOW) risk for alcohol/substance problems. Lower GMV in prefrontal, insular, and temporopolar cortices were observed at baseline among adolescents with BD reporting subsequent alcohol and cannabis use compared to adolescents with BD who did not (P < 0.005, clusters ≥ 20 voxels). Lower dorsolateral prefrontal GMV was associated with future substance use in both females and males. In females, lower orbitofrontal and insula GMV was associated with future substance use, while in males, lower rostral prefrontal GMV was associated with future use. Lower orbitofrontal, insular, and temporopolar GMV was observed in those who transitioned to smoking tobacco. Findings indicate that GMV development is associated with risk for future substance use problems in adolescents with BD, with results implicating GMV development in regions subserving emotional regulation in females and regions subserving executive processes and attention in males. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel, sensitive, quantitative method for detecting tumor burden in orthotopic mouse K-ras lung cancer models

1053 A number of investigators have developed models of lung cancer in mice that result from orthotopic activation of a mutated K-ras gene in pulmonary epithelial cells (Jackson et al., Genes and Development: 15:3243). Although these models have many advantages over injection of lung cancer cell lines, it has been difficult to quantify the amount of tumor within the lungs by using histologic examination. This is particularly limiting at time points early in the natural history of tumor formation or after therapeutic interventions associated with inflammation. We hypothesized that tumor burden could be measured by quantifying the amount of mRNA encoding for the specific K-ras mutations only expressed in tumor cells. Our approach takes advantage of commercially available kits that can detect single point mutations (Mutector Kits, Trimgen, Sparks, MD) in an ELISA format. A kit was ordered to detect the point mutation (G12D) in mouse K-ras that was engineered into the transgenic mouse strain studied. To test our approach, we used a lung cancer cell line derived from a tumor-bearing transgenic mouse carrying the K-rasG12D mutation (LKR cells). LKR cells were mixed with a mouse lung cancer cell line lacking a K-ras mutation (L1C2) at different ratios. Total RNA was isolated from the mixtures, reverse transcribed and followed by PCR amplification. RT/PCR products were then used for detection of K-ras mutation. The K-rasG12D mutation was clearly detected when as low as 0.5% of cells containing the mutation were present. We next measured K-rasG12D expression from frozen sections of mouse lung. Increasingly strong signals were detected in lung sections in mice with larger tumor loads. Interestingly, positive signals could be detected in mice with early lesions that were not visible by routine histology. In conclusion, application of the Mutector kit to detect mutant K-ras message provided a sensitive, accurate, and quantifiable method for evaluating tumor loads in mouse K-ras lung cancer model and could be applied to other transgenic models. This approach will be useful in monitoring prevention and treatment strategies.
Neurological Assessment and Neurocognitive Evaluation of the Elderly

A formal neurological examination is necessary within the perisurgical period and in case of geriatric syndrome like repeated falls, cognitive complaint, atypical pain, or mood disorder. The neurological examination should be structured and hierarchized as a function of complaints and symptoms. Asymmetry of findings represents a good predictive value of neurological abnormalities, as opposed to mild symmetrical signs like distal lower limb hypoesthesia or reflex abolition. After an interview of the patient and possibly a caregiver, an organized and thorough examination will determine whether neurological dysfunction exists. Antecedents and comorbidities should be formally collected, as well as full drug prescription. Any medical history should be deeply explored. Simply observing the patient during the course of the usual history and physical behaviors like watching the patient walk and get up and down from the exam table is the first step of examination. Then, as in adult, a formal examination will help to identify which components of the neurological system are affected (e.g., motor, sensory, cranial nerves, or possibly several systems simultaneously) and to determine the precise location of the problem, e.g., peripheral versus central nervous system.
Preschool Fantasy-Reality Discrimination: Influences of Trait and Primed Fearfulness

ABSTRACTDistinguishing between fantasy and reality is an important developmental milestone, achieved in the preschool years, that has been linked to children's cognitive capabilities and emotional knowledge. The authors examined the influence of both trait and prime fearfulness on preschoolers' ability to differentiate between fantastic and real situations. Forty 3–5-year-old preschoolers were administered a fearfulness assessment, a standard theory-of-mind task, and a fantasy-reality discrimination task (with or without a fear prime). When primed to experience fear, participants who were high in trait fearfulness made more mistakes distinguishing between fantastic and real events than did participants who were low in trait fearfulness. In the absence of a fear prime there was no difference in performance between these two groups. These findings were independent of participants' age, gender, and theory of mind abilities and suggest that preschoolers who are high in trait fearfulness are more prone to diff...
Exploring Open Strategy in Cross-Sector Social Partnerships

As the provision of public goods and services has become more complex in today’s geo-political and global marketplace, novel partnerships and collaborations across economic sectors have risen to ta...
Statistical methodology for reliability studies

Although a considerable number of reliability studies have appeared in the chiropractic literature in the last 10 yr, there is still no consensus on the definition of reliability, appropriate statistics for reliability testing or interpretation of results. This paper offers suggestions for the standardization of experimental design, analysis and evaluation for reliability studies. The primary focus is on appropriate concordance statistics, i.e., Kappa and intraclass correlation. These are presented in detail, together with a discussion of their limitations. Less suitable, but often used indices such as Pearson's r are also discussed. A measure of precision, the interexaminer measurement error, is introduced and a methodology for evaluating precision is presented. Clinical issues which must be considered in reliability studies are discussed; specifically, those issues relevant to studies of diagnostic indicators for spinal manipulation.
Introductory remarks: oxygen linked response of carotid chemoreceptors.

Recognition of oxygen in the animal organism is a fundamental phenomenon in biology. There are various examples of physiologic responses to small changes in oxygen pressure in the range of normal PO2 at sea level. We have already had glimpses of these chemoreception functions in the previous sessions of the symposium. In mammals the outstanding examples are provided by the microscopic organs along the aortic and carotid arteries known as peripheral arterial chemoreceptors. Their oxygen reception function is well seen in the stimulation of breathing due to hypoxia. It is well known that a decrease in arterial PO2 results in an increase in breathing if the nervous connections of the receptors with central nervous system are intact. This is shown in figure 1. After denervation of these receptors a similar intensity of hypoxia results in decreases of ventilation. Thus decreases in alveolar and arterial PO2 show simultaneous dual effects on ventilation: the net effect in intact animal being stimulation of ventilation. Regardless of the mechanisms involved these results clearly demonstrate oxygen sensitive property in more than one system.
NLRP3 Promotes Diabetic Bladder Dysfunction and Changes in Symptom-Specific Bladder Innervation.

The NLRP3 inflammasome senses diabetic metabolites and initiates inflammation implicated in diabetic complications and neurodegeneration. No studies have investigated NLRP3 in diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD), despite a high clinical prevalence. In vitro, we found that numerous diabetic metabolites activate NLRP3 in primary urothelial cells. In vivo, we demonstrate NLRP3 is activated in urothelia from a genetic type 1 diabetic mouse (Akita) by week 15. We then bred an NLRP3-/- genotype into these mice and found this blocked bladder inflammation and cystometric markers of DBD. Analysis of bladder innervation established an NLRP3-dependent decrease in overall nerve density and Aδ-fibers in the bladder wall along with an increase in C-fiber populations in the urothelia, which potentially explains the decreased sense of bladder fullness reported by patients and overactivity detected early in DBD. Together, the results demonstrate the role of NLRP3 in the genesis of DBD and suggest specific NLRP3-mediated neuronal changes can produce specific DBD symptoms.
Energy consumption boomtowns in the United States: Community responses to a cryptocurrency boom

Abstract While scholars have studied the impacts of energy development booms on local communities in the U.S., much less is known about towns experiencing energy consumption booms from industries such as cryptocurrency mining. This article proposes that energy consumption boomtowns are unique in the risks, benefits, and conflicts they create—and that they provide fruitful areas of research for energy social scientists. We illustrate this point with a brief case study of Chelan County, Washington—where an influx of crypto mining over the past five years has stirred community debate. We collected more than 100 newspaper articles, public comments, and public meeting recordings to identify the cautions, hesitations, and criticisms that have caused local regulators to take a precautionary approach. We highlight five key points of the debate that may be of interest to energy social scientists: (1) impacts on the local energy supply and prices, (2) unclear socioeconomic benefits to the county, (3) the illegitimacy of cryptocurrency, (4) environmental considerations, and (5) a disconnect with local legacy industries and community economic identity. We conclude by proposing areas of future social science research on energy consumption booms.
Other Inflammatory Disorders of Duodenum

Chronic duodenitis and peptic duodenitis are the most common types of inflammatory disorders present in the duodenum. Lymphocytic duodenitis is a histological diagnosis associated with a heterogeneous group of gluten-mediated and non-gluten-related diseases. Inflammatory bowel diseases, both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, eosinophilic duodenitis/enteritis, graft-versus-host disease, systemic diseases such as sarcoidosis, and immunodeficiency disorders including common variable immunodeficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, and severe combined immunodeficiency can also involve duodenum and small bowel.
Use of cryoanalgesia for pain management for the modified ravitch procedure in children.

Abstract Background Intercostal cryoablation(IC) for pain management in children undergoing Nuss Procedure has been previously described. We evaluated postoperative outcomes following Modified Ravitch procedure for pectus disorders comparing IC to thoracic epidural(TE). Materials and methods Single-center retrospective review of pediatric patients (age Results Patient characteristics were similar. LOS was shorter with IC compared to TE (4 days versus 6; p Conclusions IC during the Modified Ravitch reduced LOS compared to TE with improved pain control starting on POD 2, with similar narcotic utilization and complication rates. Level of Evidence Treatment Study, Level III (Retrospective comparative study).
Development of a subcutaneous ear implant to deliver an anaplasmosis vaccine to dairy steers.

Bovine anaplasmosis is the most prevalent tick-transmitted disease of cattle worldwide and a major obstacle to profitable beef production. Use of chlortetracycline-medicated feed to control active anaplasmosis infections during the vector season has raised concerns about the potential emergence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria that may pose a risk to human health. Furthermore, the absence of effectiveness data for a commercially available, conditionally licensed anaplasmosis vaccine is a major impediment to implementing anaplasmosis control programs. The primary objective of this study was to develop a single-dose vaccine delivery platform to produce long-lasting protective immunity against anaplasmosis infections. Twelve Holstein steers, aged 11 to 12 wk, were administered a novel 3-stage, single-dose vaccine against Anaplasma marginale, a major surface protein 1a. The vaccine consisted of a soluble vaccine administered subcutaneously (s.c.) for immune priming, a vaccine depot of a biodegradable polyanhydride rod with intermediate slow release of the vaccine for boosting immune response, and an immune-isolated vaccine platform for extended antigen release (VPEAR implant) deposited s.c. in the ear. Six calves were randomly assigned to 2 vaccine constructs (n = 3) that featured rods and implants containing a combination of 2 different adjuvants, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-Dextran and Quil-A (Group A). The remaining 6 calves were randomly assigned to 2 vaccine constructs (n = 3) that featured rods and implants containing the same adjuvant (either DEAE-Dextran or Quil A) (Group B). Twenty-one months post-implantation, calves were challenged intravenously with A. marginale stabilate and were monitored weekly for signs of fever, decreased packed cell volume (PCV) and bacteremia. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects model and chi-squared tests (SAS v9.04.01, SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Calves in Group A had higher PCV than calves in Group B (P = 0.006) at day 35 post-infection. Calves in Group A were less likely to require antibiotic intervention compared with calves in Group B (P = 0.014). Results indicate that calves exhibited diminished clinical signs of anaplasmosis when antigen was delivered with a combination of adjuvants as opposed to a single adjuvant. This demonstrates the feasibility of providing long-lasting protection against clinical bovine anaplasmosis infections using a subcutaneous ear implant vaccine construct.
Assessing Implicit Associations with Consensual Non-monogamy Among U.S. Early Emerging Adults: An Application of the Single-Target Implicit Association Test

Research has demonstrated that implicit and explicit attitudes toward consensual nonmonogamy (CNM; sexually and/or emotionally nonexclusive romantic relationships) are less favorable than those toward monogamy. Although this general pattern of results is often reported, it is not clear to what extent this implicit difference reflects negative associations with CNM. To investigate this issue, the current study assessed 355 U.S. early emerging adults’ (89 men, 265 women, one gender nonconforming) implicit associations with CNM and monogamy using the Single-Target Implicit Association Test (ST-IAT). In addition, the convergent (using explicit measures), postdictive, and concurrent validity of the CNM ST-IAT was also investigated. The results revealed that although early emerging adults demonstrated a positive implicit association with monogamy (mean D score = 0.38), a neutral implicit association emerged for CNM (mean D score = 0.00). Additionally, young women and those without previous CNM experience demonstrated more negative implicit associations with CNM as compared to men and those with previous CNM experience. Finally, implicit associations with CNM predicted willingness to allow one’s partner to participate in CNM, but not one’s own interest in CNM. These results support previous research suggesting that a disparity in attitudes toward CNM and monogamy exists and provides further clarification reflecting positive implicit associations with monogamy and neutral associations with CNM. These results also confirm that monogamous relationships continue to be upheld as the ideal relationship structure in the U.S. and that educators/practitioners should work to reduce negative implicit bias toward CNM in an attempt to promote relationship equity.
Bereavement Care in the Wake of COVID-19: Offering Condolences and Referrals.

The COVID-19 pandemic is causing deaths with forced separations that deny final goodbyes and traditional mourning rituals. These conditions threaten survivors' mental health, leaving them vulnerable to enduring psychological distress. This article describes resources for clinicians to use when circumstances make it difficult to provide ideal bereavement care.
SARS-CoV-2 epidemic after social and economic reopening in three US states reveals shifts in age structure and clinical characteristics

In the United States, state-level re-openings in spring 2020 presented an opportunity for the resurgence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. One important question during this time was whether human contact and mixing patterns could increase gradually without increasing viral transmission, the rationale being that new mixing patterns would likely be associated with improved distancing, masking, and hygiene practices. A second key question to follow during this time was whether clinical characteristics of the epidemic would improve after the initial surge of cases. Here, we analyze age-structured case, hospitalization, and death time series from three states - Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania - that had successful re-openings in May 2020 without summer waves of infection. Using a Bayesian inference framework on eleven daily data streams and flexible daily population contact parameters, we show that population-average mixing rates dropped by >50% during the lockdown period in March/April, and that the correlation between overall population mobility and transmission-capable mobility was broken in May as these states partially re-opened. We estimate the reporting rates (fraction of symptomatic cases reporting to health system) at 96.0% (RI), 72.1% (MA), and 75.5% (PA);in Rhode Island, when accounting for cases caught through general-population screening programs, the reporting rate estimate is 94.5%. We show that elderly individuals were less able to reduce contacts during the lockdown period when compared to younger individuals. Attack rate estimates through August 31 2020 are 6.4% (95% CI: 5.8% - 7.3%) of the total population infected for Rhode Island, 5.7% (95% CI: 5.0% - 6.8%) in Massachusetts, and 3.7% (95% CI: 3.1% - 4.5%) in Pennsylvania, with some validation available through published seroprevalence studies. Infection fatality rates (IFR) estimates for the spring epidemic are higher in our analysis (>2%) than previously reported values, likely resulting from the epidemics in these three states affecting the most vulnerable sub-populations, especially the most vulnerable of the >=80 age group.
Reclaiming Our Excellence

This chapter first discusses conventional perspectives of excellence by exploring literature from educational policy, research, and schooling practices and then conceptually compares these traditional approaches with philosophies, viewpoints, and principles, from indigenous/hemispheric perspectives across the Americas. These perspectives are situated within the scholarship of US Latina/o/x scholars who have drawn on indigenous teachings to improve the social and educational conditions for Latinas/os/xs in education. From within this context, my work on excellence hopes to challenge conventional approaches that frame excellence as solely an academic endeavor, and to imagine new perspectives relevant to Latinas/os/xs and other historically marginalized communities in the US. I propose a seven-point framework for Latina/o/x Hemispheric Excellence followed by a discussion and implications for educators, policymakers, leaders, and researchers committed to advancing the Latina/o/x community.
Inferring food types through sensing and characterizing mastication dynamics

Abstract Unhealthy dietary structure leads to the prevalence of some chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Automatic food type recognition helps nutritionists and medical professionals understand patients’ nutritional contents, provide accurate and personalized treatments, and evaluate therapeutic effects. Existing wearable sensor-based methods take advantage of microphone, electromyography (EMG), and piezoelectric sensors embedded in the wearable devices. However, these sensors are either easily impacted by ambient acoustic noise or intrusive and uncomfortable to wear. We observe that each type of food has its own intrinsic properties, such as hardness, elasticity, fracturability, adhesiveness, and size. Different food properties result in different mastication dynamics. In this paper, we present the first effort in using wearable motion sensors to sense mastication dynamics and infer food types accordingly. We specifically define six mastication dynamics parameters to represent these food properties. They are chewing speed, the number of chews, chewing time, chewing force, chewing cycle duration and skull vibration. We embed motion sensors in a headband and deploy the sensors on the temporalis muscles to sense mastication dynamics accurately and less intrusively. In addition, we extract 65 hand-crafted features from each chewing sequence to explicitly characterize the mastication dynamics using motion sensor data. A real-world evaluation dataset of 11 food categories (20 types of food in total) is collected from 15 human subjects. The average recognition accuracy of these 15 human subjects is 82.3%. The accuracy of a single human subject is up to 93.3%.
Evolution of olfactory receptors tuned to mustard oils in herbivorous Drosophilidae

Abstract The diversity of herbivorous insects is attributed to their propensity to specialize on toxic plants. In an evolutionary twist, toxins betray the identity of their bearers if herbivores co-opt them as cues for finding host plants, but the mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. We focused on Scaptomyza flava, an herbivorous drosophilid specialized on isothiocyanate (ITC)-producing (Brassicales) plants, and identified three Or67b paralogs that were triplicated during the origin of herbivory. Using heterologous systems for the expression of olfactory receptors, we found that S. flava Or67bs, but not the homologs from microbe-feeding relatives, responded selectively to ITCs, each paralog detecting different subsets of ITCs. Consistently with this, S. flava was attracted to ITCs, as was D. melanogaster expressing S. flava Or67b3 in attractive olfactory circuits. Thus, our results show that plant toxins were co-opted as olfactory attractants through gene duplication and functional specialization (neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization) in drosophilids flies.
High-performance carbon nanotube electronic ratchets

The rapid advancements in low-power portable/wearable electronic devices require concurrent development of technologies that can provide power without the need for bulky, heavy battery storage. Electronic ratchets, asymmetric transistor-based devices that can convert AC signals or electronic noise into DC power, have been proposed as one solution to this growing need. The recent demonstration of conjugated polymer-based electronic ratchets offers a route toward lightweight, flexible power sources for portable applications. Here we demonstrate the fabrication of the first electronic ratchets where the active channel component consists of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs), which can transform electronic noise or AC signals to a stable DC current with higher output power (up to ca. 14 mW for a chemically doped device) than their polymer-based analogs. We also show that patterning of the dopant profile in the s-SWCNT channel enables reasonable power conversion performance (ca. 3.5 mW) with improved stability relative to homogeneously doped devices. Our findings demonstrate the promise for s-SWCNT electronic ratchets as energy harvesting devices for portable, low-power applications.
A far-infrared study of the N/O abundance ratio in galactic H II regions

New measurements are presented for W43 (G30.8-0.0), Orion A, and G75.84+0.4, which are located at widely varying distances from the galactic center. The combination of the forbidden N III 57.3 microns and forbidden O III 88.4 and 51.8 microns yields measurements of N(++)/O(++) that are for the most part insensitive to electron temperature and density uncertainties and to clumping of the ionized gas. This is due to the similarity of the critical densities for these transitions. It is contended that for the observed nebulae, N(++)/O(++) should be indicative of N/O, a ratio that is of signal importance in nucleosynthesis theory. The measurements are compared with previous measurements of M17 and W51, which lie at intermediate galactocentric distances. For nebulae in the solar circle, it is found that N(++)/O(++) is greater than the N/O values derived from optical studies of N(+)/O(+) in low-ionization zones of the same nebulae. Possible sources of this discrepancy are considered. It is found that N(++)/O(++) in W43 is significantly higher than for the other H II regions in the sample. Since W43 is located at R = 5 kpc, which is the smallest galactocentric distance in the sample, the data are seen as consistent with the presence of a negative abundance gradient d(N/O)/dR.
Serological Diagnosis of Pullorum Disease with the Microagglutination System

The application of a tetrazolium-stained Salmonella pullorum antigen in the microagglutination test is described and compared with the macroscopic tube agglutination test for detecting carriers of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in chickens. Titers revealed by both testing procedures are similar; however, the microagglutination test is preferred because of the savings in time, space, and cost.
Educational mobility and the fertility of black and white women

In a test of the minority group status hypothesis, this study examines the effect of intergenerational educational mobility on the fertility of black and white women. Regression analysis of data from the National Survey of Family Growth provides only limited support for the hypothesis that upwardly mobile black women have lower fertility than their white counterparts. The main finding is that the parity of upwardly mobile black women is influenced more strongly by educational origins (parents' education) than is the parity of upwardly mobile white women. Thus, future studies should consider the effects of social origins on racial differences in fertility.
Role of CD40-dependent down-regulation of CD154 in impaired induction of CD154 in CD4(+) T cells from HIV-1-infected patients.

CD40-CD154 interaction is pivotal for cell-mediated immunity. There are contradictory reports on whether HIV-1 infection impairs CD154 induction. The interaction between CD40 and CD154 is important not only because it results in activation of APCs but also because it controls CD154 by diminishing expression of this molecule. Compared with healthy controls, CD4 + T cells from HIV-1 + patients had impaired induction of CD154 when T cell activation was mediated by CD40 + APCs. In contrast, T cell activation in the absence of these cells resulted in normal CD154 expression. CD154 induction in HIV-1 + patients and controls were similar upon blockade of CD40-CD154 binding. Defective regulation of CD154 appeared to occur downstream of the control of mRNA levels because up-regulation of CD154 mRNA was not impaired by HIV-1 infection. This work identifies CD40 as a mediator of impaired CD154 induction in HIV-1 infection and explains why this defect was not detected by studies where T cell activation was triggered independently of CD40 + APCs. In addition, dysregulation of CD154 in HIV-1 infection likely contributes to immunodeficiency because diminished expression of CD154 induced by CD40 is of functional relevance, resulting in decreased dendritic cell maturation.
The rotation of the earth

Earth rotation studies are reviewed for the 1987-1990 time period. It is noted that the emphasis in these studies has shifted from improvements in the observational techniques to interpreting and gaining greater understanding of the variations of the earth rotations. There have been progressive improvements in the accuracy and the temporal resolution of earth rotation measurements.
Topics in nonlinear wave theory

The remarkable exact solutions, which have been found for the Kortewegde Vries and similar equations, are discussed using a perturbation approach. This leads quickly to the known solutions for multisoliton interactions, and it is hoped that it will prove useful in extending results to other cases. Then a numerical method for computing solutions to nonlinear wave equations, developed by Fornberg, is mixed with various theoretical ideas to explore a variety of problems. The problems include interacting waves, the evolution of initial steps and wells, and wavetrain instabilities.
Isolation and characterization of carotenoid pigments of Micrococcus roseus.

In addition to canthaxanthin, seven pigment fractions were isolated from Micrococcus roseus. They were purified by solvent partitioning and by column and thin-layer chromatography. Visible absorption spectra, chromatographic behavior, and partition coefficients of the pigments and derivatives prepared from the pigments were used in characterizing them. Both α- and β-carotene derivatives were present. The structure of one pigment was suggested as phoenicoxanthin (3-hydroxy-4,4′-diketo-β-carotene). Four other pigments were tentatively characterized as a dihydroxy-3,4-dehydro-α-carotene, a dihydroxy-α-carotene, a diketo-α-carotene, and a polyhydroxy-β-carotene. Two pigments were isolated in trace amounts and could not be characterized. All the pigments studied were isolated as mixtures of cis-trans isomers and all except the diketo-α-carotene were isolated as esters from M. roseus. Quantitation of the pigments showed that canthaxanthin (4,4′-diketo-β-carotene) represented 85% of the pigment recovered from extracts. Three of the other pigments contributed a significant proportion of the remaining pigments, whereas the other four were present in only small amounts. β-Carotene derivatives comprised 96% and α-carotene derivatives 4% of the pigments recovered from extracts.
A Monte Carlo model of sea-level neutron background: Directionality, spectra, and intensity

We are developing a model of the cosmic ray-induced neutron backgroundat sea-level using the high-energy/Monte Carlo transport code MCNPX. The modelaccounts for and records anisotropy in neutron production from cosmic rayinteractions, as well as the known “ground effect” neutron albedo.Initial results with an isothermal, constant density atmosphere in slab geometryshow good agreement with experimental data on neutron intensity and low-energydirectionality predicted previously. Our model also indicates significantnet downward directionality above the energy range 0.1–1.0 MeV dependingon the sea-level material composition.
Structural Effects of Carbohydrate-Containing Polycations on Gene Delivery. 1. Carbohydrate Size and Its Distance from Charge Centers

Cationic polymers have the ability to bind plasmid DNA (pDNA) through electrostatic interactions and condense it into particles that can be readily endocytosed by cultured cells. The effects that polycation structure has on toxicity and gene delivery efficiency are investigated here by synthesizing a series of amidine-based polycations that contain the carbohydrates d-trehalose and β-cyclodextrin (CD) within the polycation backbone. The carbohydrate size (trehalose vs CD) and its distance from the charge centers affect the gene delivery behavior in BHK-21 cells. It is found that as the charge center is further removed from the carbohydrate unit, the toxicity is increased. Also, as the size of the carbohydrate moiety is enlarged from trehalose to β-cyclodextrin, the toxicity is reduced. The absence of a carbohydrate in the polycation produces high toxicity. All carbohydrate polycations transfect BHK-21 cells to approximately the same level of gene expression.
Glaze-paints, technological knowledge, and ceramic specialization in the fourteenth-century Pueblo Southwest

Abstract The advent of glaze-painted ceramics by Ancestral Pueblo peoples in the US Southwest occurred during an important period of cultural change. In east-central Arizona, potters used glaze-paints to decorate a striking, representational-style pottery during the early fourteenth-century AD. We evaluate the possibility that these vessels were manufactured by emergent specialists who possessed crafting-knowledge that was not widely shared with others in their communities. Time of flight-laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (TOF-LA-ICP-MS) was used to characterize the composition of a large sample of red ware sherds from sites in the Silver Creek area. This analytical approach precisely measures the chemical composition of paints, which can then be used to model ancient technological “recipes.” Our study highlights the complexities of craft production in small-scale societies and the utility of practice-based versus typological approaches to specialization.
Increasing the Skill of Probabilistic Forecasts: Understanding Performance Improvements from Model-Error Representations

Four model-error schemes for probabilistic forecasts over the contiguous United States with the WRFARW mesoscale ensemble system are evaluated in regard to performance. Including a model-error representation leads to significant increases in forecast skill near the surface as measured by the Brier score. Combining multiple model-error schemes results in the best-performing ensemble systems, indicating that current model error is still too complex to be represented by a single scheme alone. To understand the reasons for the improved performance, it is examined whether model-error representations increase skill merely by increasing the reliability and reducing the bias—which could also be achieved by postprocessing—or if they have additional benefits. Removing the bias results overall in the largest skill improvement. Forecasts with model-error schemes continue to have better skill than without, indicating that their benefit goes beyond bias reduction. Decomposing theBrier scoreintoits components revealsthat, in addition tothe spread-sensitivereliability, the resolution component is significantly improved. This indicates that the benefits of including a model-error representation go beyond increasing reliability. This is further substantiated when all forecasts are calibrated to have similar spread. The calibrated ensembles with model-error schemes consistently outperform the calibrated control ensemble. Including a model-error representation remains beneficial even if the ensemble systems are calibrated and/ or debiased. This suggests that the merits of model-error representations go beyond increasing spread and removing the mean error and can account for certain aspects of structural model uncertainty.
Genetic analysis of the in vivo role of DNA polymerases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Various: (1)TriState 2000 Genetics in the Courts (2) Growing impact of the new genetics on the courts (3)Human testing (4) Legal analysis - in re G.C. (5) Legal analysis - GM ''peanots'', and (6) Legal analysis for State vs Miller
Retrospective analysis in smoking cessation research

The use of retrospective data in smoking research represents possible sources of bias resulting from: (1) baseline incomparability of current, former, and non-smokers, (2) instability of parameters under investigation, and (3) difficulties in recall. A self-report measure of smoking motives was employed in a longitudinal design to examine bias associated with retrospective data analysis. Thirty-six pairs of former smokers and recidivists (smokers who had tried to quit) were matched on age and amount smoked. Although initial responses for both groups were comparable, former smokers were significantly higher on smoking motive factors after quitting compared to recidivists who stayed essentially the same. The findings suggest that mean differences in smoking motives between recidivists and former smokers assessed cross-sectionally may not accurately reflect the magnitude of the differences that existed when both groups were smoking.