cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of a fluoridated hydrogen peroxide-based mouthrinse for the treatment of gingivitis: a randomized clinical trial.

Background: A randomized clinical trial was performed to test the efficacy of a fluoridated hydrogen peroxide–based mouthrinse on gingivitis and tooth whitening in a two-phase study. The first phase (28 days) included the experimental gingivitis phase; the second phase (5 months) was the oral hygiene phase, which included rinsing. Methods: A total of 99 subjects were included in the study and were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or test mouthrinse. Clinical measures were chosen to reflect the gingival health and tooth whiteness in an intent-to-treat study design. Statistical analyses of clinical parameters related to gingival health and tooth color were conducted, using the method of generalized estimating equations (GEE), with an exchangeable working correlation to accommodate tooth-level data. Baseline differences between the groups were adjusted. Microbial samples taken at the beginning and at the end of the study were analyzed by DNA-DNA hybridization technique, to determine whether there ...
Organizations Disseminating Health Messages: The Roles of Organizational Identification and HITs

Research into the dissemination of health information now includes more focus on how various organizations (e.g., beauty shops, schools, workplaces, and churches) and health information technologies (HITs) reach and affect audiences. One relational feature of organizations is identification--the feeling of belongingness. Our study explores how it influences audiences, especially in combination with HITs such as e-mail, websites, and social media. We use social identity theory to predict how organizational identification and social media might function in health communication. Using a 3 × 2 experimental design, we find that people's identification with a message source mediates the effect of social media on outcomes. These findings improve our understanding of when organizations might be most helpful for disseminating health information.
Evolution of self-focusing of intense electromagnetic waves in plasma

The self-focusing of intense electromagnetic waves in a very underdense plasma is studied in computer simulations. Relativistic self-focusing occurs initially. This is followed by ''ponderomotive blowout'' and filamentation at the edge of the channel walls. The self-focusing is more intense for resonant double-frequency than for single-frequency illumination.
Background adaptation in human infants.

Abstract Human infants' thresholds for detecting 10° diameter 50 and 1000 msec stimuli in the dark adapted condition and in the presence of steady red backgrounds were determined using a preferential looking method. Dark adapted sensitivity and the slope of the linear portion of the increment threshold function increased with age. The slope was 0.5 at 4 weeks, but by 10 weeks it was not different from the adult value (~ 1.0). At all ages the eigengrau was approximately the same as that of adults (−2.3 log scot, td). These results suggest that visual mechanisms involved in detection of flashes and adaptation to steady background lights mature postnatally.
Demonstration of endothelial-activating properties of hypertensive Sera

Sera from patients with hypertension were examined for their ability to influence endothelial cell function. Sera from 10 patients with hypertension and from 11 age-matched controls were incubated with endothelial cells and their effect on cell growth assessed by endothelial cell 3 HH-thymidine uptake. Sera from patients with hypertension had a more pronounced stimulatory effect on endothelial cell proliferation than control sera. In addition, hypertensive sera were also examined for their capacity to stimulate endothelial cell production of the vasoactive peptide endothelin. Confluent monolayers of endothelial cells were incubated with sera and the amount of endothelin generated in the supernatant measured by an immunoassay. Amounts of endothelin produced by the endothelial cells in response to hypertensive sera were significantly higher compared with the amounts produced in response to normal sera. The results of the studies suggest that a serum factor(s) in hypertensive patients may be of importance in modulating endothelial cell function. Such a factor(s) may have a significant role in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Computed tomography angiography in children with cardiovascular disease: low dose techniques and image quality.

Dose reduction techniques for computed tomography angiography (CTA) in children with cardiovascular diseases have the potential of reducing risks of radiation-induced cancer. To evaluate effectiveness of these techniques, both radiation dose and image quality must be compared. While clinically practical methods of estimating effective dose are available, there are no generally accepted metrics for the assessment of image quality in CTA. We introduce a measurable and reproducible image quality index, CTA QI. Using this index, along with calculated effective dose, we test the hypothesis that volume scan CTA delivers comparable image quality at substantially reduced radiation dose when compared to helical CTA. CTA QI is a measure of intraluminal contrast variation in three-dimensions, and it is calculated from standardized measurements of means and standard deviations of Hounsfield units in the thoracic descending aorta. From institutional database, 83 studies of CTA for thoracic cardiovascular diseases were retrospectively identified. CTA QI values were independently measured by two radiologists and compared using correlation. CTA QI and DLP-derived effective dose were compared for the following groups: non-cardiac gated wide-detector and helical CTA, ECG-synchronized retrospective wide-detector and helical CTA, ECG-synchronized wide detector retrospective and target technique CTA. Statistical significance was evaluated with the Student—t test. The correlations of CTA QI values between the radiologists were 0.83 and 0.92 for non-gated studies and ECG-synchronized studies respectively. Comparing non-gated volume scan CTA to helical CTA, there was a radiation dose reduction of 69% (P < 0.0001) without a significant change in CTA QI (1.4 ± 1.0 vs. 1.9 ± 1.4, P = 0.13). Comparing retrospective ECG-synchronized wide-detector CTA to helical CTA, there was a radiation dose reduction of 46% (P < 0.0001) with and improvement in CTA QI (1.0 ± 0.8 vs. 3.7 ± 3.4, P < 0.01). Comparing ECG-synchronized wide-detector target CTA to retrospective CTA, there was a radiation dose reduction of 68% (P < 0.0001, but at the cost of a significant reduction in CTA QI (2.0 ± 1.0 vs. 0.8 ± 0.4, P < 0.0044). CTA QI is a simple, reproducible metric of image quality suited for comparing CTA studies. Using this quality index, we establish that CTA performed with wide-detector scan techniques can yield substantially lower radiation dose without compromising diagnostic imaging quality. A wide-detector target technique can further reduce effective dose compared to wide-detector retrospective ECG-synchronization, but with a reduction in image quality.
The homeobox gene Gsx2 controls the timing of oligodendroglial fate specification in mouse lateral ganglionic eminence progenitors

The homeobox gene Gsx2 has previously been shown to be required for the specification of distinct neuronal subtypes derived from lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) progenitors at specific embryonic time points. However, its role in the subsequent generation of oligodendrocytes from these progenitors remains unclear. We have utilized conditional gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches in order to elucidate the role of Gsx2 in the switch between neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis within the embryonic ventral telencephalon. In the absence of Gsx2 expression, an increase in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) with a concomitant decrease in neurogenesis is observed in the subventricular zone of the LGE at mid-stages of embryogenesis (i.e. E12.5-15.5), which subsequently leads to an increased number of Gsx2-derived OPCs within the adjacent mantle regions of the cortex before birth at E18.5. Moreover, using Olig2(cre) to conditionally inactivate Gsx2 throughout the ventral telencephalon with the exception of the dorsal (d)LGE, we found that the increase in cortical OPCs in Gsx2 germline mutants are derived from dLGE progenitors. We also show that Ascl1 is required for the expansion of these dLGE-derived OPCs in the cortex of Gsx2 mutants. Complementing these results, gain-of-function experiments in which Gsx2 was expressed throughout most of the late-stage embryonic telencephalon (i.e. E15.5-18.5) result in a significant decrease in the number of cortical OPCs. These results support the notion that high levels of Gsx2 suppress OPC specification in dLGE progenitors and that its downregulation is required for the transition from neurogenesis to oligodendrogenesis.
MO-D-332-08: Design Rules for the Coronary Arterial Tree System Based On CT Images of a Swine Heart

Purpose: To investigate various design rules in the coronary arterial tree system by using cone‐beam CTimages of swine heart.Method and Materials: The left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCX), and right coronary arteries (RCA) were casted with a radio‐opaque polymer. Cone‐beam CT was used to generate volumetric data. Vessel and myocardium segmentation, centerline extraction, tree tracking procedure were implemented to determine vessel branch dimension and geometry. Diameters and lengths of each detected branch were computed where the procedure was validated by using phantoms with known dimensions. The data from the arterial tree was combined with that from the myocardial tissue where each tissue voxel was assigned to its corresponding arterial branch. The sum of the distal coronary arterial branch lengths and volumes were correlated to the regional myocardial mass. Results: The correlation of the logarithm of the total distal arterial lengths (L) to the logarithm of the regional myocardial mass (M) were log (L) = 0.730 log (M)+0.332 (R=0.872), log (L) = 0.801 log (M)+0.341 ( R =0.924) , and log (L) = 0.736 log (M)+0.554 (R=0.886) for the LAD, LCX and RCA, respectively. The correlation of the logarithm of the total distal arterial lumen volumes (V) to logarithm of the regional myocardial mass were log (V) = 0.885 log (M)−2.318 (R=0.827), log (V) = 1.043 log (M)−2.064 (R=0.882) , and log (V) = 0.904 log (M)−1.927 (R=0.848) for the LAD, LCX and RCA, respectively. Conclusion: The implemented image processing procedures successfully extracted information from a large 3D dataset of the coronary arterial tree to reveal the coronary artery design rules and provide prognostic indications in the form of arterial tree parameters and anatomical area at risk.
Opioid risk screening in gynecologic oncology patients: A pilot study

Objectives: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in gynecologic oncology surgical patients. It is, therefore, imperative to follow guidelines for perioperative prevention. Many centers use neuraxial analgesia (NA), a practice that may affect the timing of prophylactic anticoagulant administration. In 2013, compliance with preoperative anticoagulant administration at our institution was noted to be 41% in NA patients undergoing laparotomy. We undertook a quality initiative (QI) aimed at increasing compliance. Methods: A multidisciplinary working group comprising stakeholders in the surgical pathway was formed with the goal of increasing compliance to at least 80% in NA cases and maintaining a minimum of 90% in non-NA cases. Compliance was defined as receipt of a prophylactic dose of anticoagulant within 1 h after NA or before skin incision regardless of anesthesia type. Following discovery, design, and trial implementation phases, a QI intervention bundle was deployed that included targeted education sessions, specific perioperative physician order tools, and improved documentation of anticoagulant administration. Institutional review board approval was obtained and retrospective data collection performed between 7/1/14 and 9/4/14 for interim analysis. Those having surgery in the year before the QI were used for comparison. The primary outcomewas rate of compliance. The secondary outcome was timing of anticoagulation. Student's t-test and Fisher's Exact were used. Results: There were 36 women treated under the QI and 182 historical cases (HC). Fifty percent of QI cases (n = 18) had NA compared with 34% of HC (n = 63), P= 0.09. Overall compliance improved, with 94% QI vs. 73% HC, P= 0.004. This difference was marked in cases with NA (94% QI vs. 40% HC, P b 0.001). Compliance remained stable in non-NA cases (94% QI vs. 91% HC, P = 1.0). The mean number of minutes between drug administration and skin incision was −55 (standard deviation [SD] 61) in QI cases compared with −19 (SD 52) in HC cases and this difference was significant P = 0.0024. Conclusions: Relatively simple quality initiatives aimed at improving routine processes within the surgical pathway are feasible and attract participation from staff. Such ongoing efforts are likely to translate into higher levels of patient safety and greater workplace satisfaction.
Assessment of overall accuracy of lead isotope ratios determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using batch quality control and the Youden two-sample method

The determination of lead isotope ratios in environmental samples using a batch quality control protocol is described. Isotope ratios are computed with respect to 204Pb and are corrected for mass discrimination by the addition of thallium to all solutions. The batch quality control protocol entails measurements of two separate control samples, namely National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material (SRM) 981 Common Lead and a galena sample independently analysed by thermal ionization mass spectrometry. The present study demonstrates results of these two control samples for 43 sample batches analysed over a two-year period of time. Modified Youden-type plots of the two-sample sums and differences are constructed in order to estimate over-all accuracy for individual batches and collectively for the entire dataset. This statistical treatment indicated that 95% of the batches have estimated over-all relative uncertainties for the ratios 206Pb:204Pb, 207Pb:204Pb and 208Pb:204Pb of less than 1.23, 1.45 and 1.77%, respectively.
The mitogenic activity of leukemic plasma

Normal white blood cells were cultured in plasma obtained from leukemic subjects during active disease and during remission. No mitotic activity was discernible with “remission” plasma, whereas normal cells cultured in “active” plasma showed considerable mitotic activity. Conversely, leukemic cells cultured in normal plasma showed no mitotic activity. It is proposed that there is present in leukemic plasma, during the active stages of the disease, a factor(s) capable of inducing mitoses in normal white cells.
Roles of glial cells in the formation, function, and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction.

Like other vertebrate synapses, the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) has glial cells that are closely associated with the pre- and post-synaptic components. These “perisynaptic Schwann cells” (PSCs) cover nerve terminals and are in close proximity to the synapse, yet their role at the NMJ has remained mysterious for decades. In this review we explore historical perspectives on PSCs and highlight key developments in recent years that have provided novel insight into PSC functions at the NMJ. First among these developments is the generation of specific antibody probes for PSCs. Using one such antibody and the principle of complement-mediated cell lysis, we have developed a novel technique to selectively ablate PSCs en masse from frog NMJs in vivo. Applying this approach, we have shown that PSCs are essential for the long-term maintenance of synaptic structure and function. In addition, PSCs are essential for the growth and maintenance of NMJs during development. Probes for PSCs also allow us to observe in vivo that processes extended by PSCs guide nerve terminals during synapse development, remodeling, and regeneration. PSCs may therefore dictate the pattern of innervation at the NMJ. Finally, PSCs may also induce postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor expression and aggregation. This wealth of recent findings about PSCs suggests that these synapse-associated glial cells are a more integral and essential component of the NMJ than previously appreciated. New approaches currently being applied at the NMJ may further support the emerging view that glial cells help make bigger, stronger, and more stable synapses.
Jail Inmates with Co-Occurring Mental Health and Substance Use Problems: Correlates and Service Needs

The confluence of the deinstitutionalization of people with mental illness and the massive incarceration of drug offenders has dramatically raised the number of substance abusers with mental illness in American jails. This study sought to identify correlates of comorbidity and service gaps among jail inmates using data from the 2002 Survey of Inmates in Local Jails. Results suggest that offenders with comorbidity can be satisfactorily identified according to their past exposure to certain risk factors. One third of the jail population met the comorbidity criteria and 64% of them did not receive any treatment or counseling service while incarcerated. Policy implications are discussed.
Dynamic Modeling and Design of a High Frequency Micro Vacuum Pump

A dynamic model of MEMS-fabricated multistage micro vacuum pumps for use in a highly-integrated chemical monitoring system is described. A thermodynamic analysis shows that in order to meet the performance requirements of the system, the micro pump must be operated at very high frequency of approximately 50 kHz. At these frequencies, dynamic effects and resonances due to the interaction of the valves and the pump cavities can play an important limiting role in pump performance. Dynamical effects can also increase the pressure difference between pump cavities increasing the required actuation voltage. The present dynamic model uses integral forms of the momentum and mass conservation equations. Key components of the model are the viscous and inertial terms of the pump’s “checkerboard” microvalves, which are evaluated using a CFD model of the valves. At low frequencies, the model results show increased mass flow rate with increased frequency in good agreement with a thermodynamic model. Maximum performance is reached at frequencies of the order of the resonant frequency of the micro pump. The model is also used to study the effect of valve timing and operating point on mass flow rate and power consumption at high frequency.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Methods for preventing steam generator failure or degradation

Abstract PWR steam generators have suffered from a variety of degradation phenomena. This paper identifies the corrosion-related defects and their probable causes and suggests approaches to correct and prevent corrosive activity. In the attempt to solve the degradation problems, research programs have concentrated on modifying materials, stresses, and the chemical environment in both new and operating steam generators. The following corrosion-related defects have been studied: tube wastage, denting, primary side (ID) intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC), OD-initiated intergranular attack (IGA), pitting, and corrosion fatigue. Plants affected by wastage have greatly reduced their problem by adopting an all volatile treatment (AVT). In the case of denting, a less aggressive chemical environment is recommended. Primary side IGSCC responds to temperature reduction, stress relief, and material improvements, while flushing and boric acid addition minimizes OD-initiated IGA. It has further been shown that pitting can be minimized by sludge lancing and by reducing impurity ingress.
Glycosphingolipids having blood-group ABH and Lewis specificities.

Abstract 1. (1)|All of the glycosphingolipids which carry blood-group ABH Lea and Leb specificities contain high content (10–15%) of fucose in addition to glucosamine, galactose, and glucose. Glycolipids with blood-group A, and A2 specificites contained N-acetylgalactosamine in addition to the mentioned components. In erythrocyte stromata, the presence of three types of A1 and two types of B glycolipids were noticed, while one active component (with the slowest migration rate on thin-layer chromatography) was not found in A2 erythrocytes. 2. (2)| 2.1. (a)|The glycolipid fraction with H and Leb activities was separated from human erythrocytes, while the H-active glycolipid without Leb activity was isolated from pancreas. 2.2. (b)|The Lea-active glycolipid and Leb-active glycolipid were separated from different cases of human adenocarcinoma and from various normal tissues such as pancreas, stomach, liver, spleen and kidney of group O individuals. The yields of these glycolipids from adenocarcinoma tissue and from normal glandular tissues (pancreas and stomach linings) were higher than those from erythrocyte stroma and from parenchymatous organs (spleen, kidney, liver). 3. (3)|Co-presence of both Lea- and Leb-glycolipids in the tissue of some individuals were noticed in glandular tissue and in adenocarcinoma tissue. The patterns of blood-group glycolipid in adenocarcinoma tissue was distinguishable from that of normal glandular tissue by the absence of blood-group A- or B-glycolipid.
Transposable element insertions have strongly affected human evolution

Comparison of a full collection of the transposable element (TE) sequences of vertebrates with genome sequences shows that the human genome makes 655 perfect full-length matches. The cause is that the human genome contains many active TEs that have caused TE inserts in relatively recent times. These TE inserts in the human genome are several types of young Alus (AluYa5, AluYb8, AluYc1, etc.). Work in many laboratories has shown that such inserts have many effects including changes in gene expression, increases in recombination, and unequal crossover. The time of these very effective changes in the human lineage genome extends back about 4 million years according to these data and very likely much earlier. Rapid human lineage-specific evolution, including brain size is known to have also occurred in the last few million years. Alu insertions likely underlie rapid human lineage evolution. They are known to have many effects. Examples are listed in which TE sequences have influenced human-specific genes. The proposed model is that the many TE insertions created many potentially effective changes and those selected were responsible for a part of the striking human lineage evolution. The combination of the results of these events that were selected during human lineage evolution was apparently effective in producing a successful and rapidly evolving species.
Depressive symptoms and nine-year survival of 1,001 male veterans hospitalized with medical illness.

Authors examined effects of depressive symptoms on after-discharge survival of hospitalized medically ill male veterans. Psychosocial and physical health evaluations were performed on a consecutive sample of 1,001 patients ages 20–39 (16%) and 65–102 years (84%). Subjects or surviving family members were later contacted by telephone, and Cox proportional-hazards regression modeled the effects of depressive symptoms on time-to-death, controlling for demographics and social, psychiatric, and physical health. Follow-up was obtained on all 1,001 patients (average observation time, 9 years), during which 667 patients died (67%). Patients with depressive symptoms were significantly less likely to survive. For every 1-point increase on the 12-item Brief Carroll Depression Rating Scale (BCDRS), the hazard of dying increased by 10% (P
PURIFICATION OF PHYTOLACCANIN (BETANIN) BY REMOVAL OF PHYTOLACCATOXIN FROM Phytolacca Americana

The red-violet pigment that occurs abundantly in nature as a beta-cyanin-betaxanthin complex in pokeberries (Phytolacca americana) may have potential as a food colorant. However, the berries of this plant contain a toxic saponin which must be removed prior to consideration of the pigment as a food colorant. A method involving butanol, acetone and ethyl ether was devised for the solvent extraction of the saponins from the pokeberries and/or beets (Beta vulgaris). The method was found to be effective for the isolation and purification of phytolaccanin and/or betanin pigments. As much as 97 per cent of the saponins were removed.
Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment and Infant Health Outcomes in Medicaid-Insured Infants in South Carolina

Objectives To test the hypothesis that infants experiencing the recommended number of early and periodic screening, diagnosis, and treatment (EPSDT) visits have better health outcomes than infants with fewer visits. Study design Data represent all health encounters for Medicaid-insured infants of mothers aged at least 18 years in South Carolina, from 2000 to 2002, who were continuously enrolled in fee-for-service insurance (n = 36,662). We examined associations between having at least the recommended number of visits in the first year and health care use in the second year: sick infant doctor visits, emergency department (ED) visits, hospital admissions, and hospitalizations and ED visits for ambulatory care sensitive conditions. Results Infants with at least the recommended number of EPSDT visits had a higher adjusted rate of sick infant doctor visits (rate ratio, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.41-1.58), but a lower adjusted rate of ED visits for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (rate ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-0.99). Having at least the recommended preventive visits did not affect rates of general ED visits or of hospitalizations. Conclusions Having at least the recommended number of EPSDT visits may shift some health provision from the ED to physicians' offices.
Developmentally regulated expression of the wound‐ and pathogen‐responsive tomato anionic peroxidase in green fruits

Summary A highly anionic peroxidase (TAP) isolated from tomato was thought to be induced only upon wounding or fungal attack as this protein and its mRNA could not be detected in the vegetative tissues of healthy tomato but accumulated to very high levels in tissues responding to wounding or fungal attack. We now demonstrate a pattern of developmentally regulated expression of the tap gene in the exocarp of green, but not red, tomato fruits. Detaching green fruits from the vine, however, leads to the complete loss of the tap transcript within 72 h. Administration of various growth regulators through the pedicel of detached green fruits revealed that cytokinin was able to sustain a level of tap transcripts in 72 h detached fruits comparable with that found in fruits attached to the vine. Wound-induced expression of tap was confined to the healing periderm of green fruits but was not detectable in the wound-tissue of post-climacteric ripening fruits. These results suggest that the developmental and wound regulated expression of tap may occur by separate or overlapping signal transduction pathways. Treatment of tomato plants and green fruits with 2-chloro-ethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) demonstrated that ethylene does not effect the developmental suppression of tap in post-climacteric fruits, nor does it alter the normal levels of tap transcripts in either healthy or wound-healing tomato tissues.
New dipeptide isosteres useful for the inhibition of HIV-1 protease

Abstract A family of readily accessible Phe-Pro mimics has been devised in which ortho-substituted benzamides serve as proline surrogates. When suitably functionalized, these dipeptide isosteres afford potent inhibitors of HIV-1 protease which are also effective in whole cell antiviral assays.
Neuropathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection

Abstract In general, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is considered to be a disease of the immune system; however, other organ systems, including the nervous system, are targets of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is now well established that infection with HIV frequently results in a wide range of degenerative neurological abnormalities affecting the nervous system in many AIDS patients. A wide body of experimental evidence indicates that HIV is present in the nervous system of AIDS patients with neurological complications, thus implicating HIV in the etiology of HIV-associated neurological dysfunction. This may occur either as a result of direct HIV infection of glia and possibly neurons or because of indirect mechanisms mediated by the toxic action of viral or cellular products in the nervous system; however, the exact pathogenic mechanisms leading to HIV-associated neurological dysfunction remain obscure.
Optimized geometry of the cluster Gd2O3 and proposed antiferromagnetic alignment of f-electron magnetic moment

There is currently experimental interest in assemblies of Gd2O3 clusters. This has motivated the present study in which a single such cluster in free space is examined quantitatively by spin-density functional theory, with appropriate relativistic corrections incorporated for Gd. First, the nuclear geometry of the cluster is optimized, and it is found to be such that the two Gd atoms lie in a symmetry axis perpendicular to the isosceles triangle formed by the O atoms. Then, a careful study is made of the magnetic arrangement of the localized f-electron moments on the two Gd atoms. The prediction of the present treatment is that the localized spins are aligned antiferromagnetically. An alternative picture using superexchange ideas leads to the same conclusion.
Childen's Rights and Parental Rights A Historical and Legal/Ethical Analysis

The purpose of this article is to introduce child/adolescent psychiatric nurses to the historical circumstances that have influenced the legal status of children and their parents. Recent Supreme Court decisions affecting the rights of children during admission to psychiatric treatment will be discussed. The ethical issues involved and an ethical framework based on non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice will be presented to assist nurses in considering their responsibility to children and parents during the psychiatric admission of a child.
The Media, the Campaign, and the Message

This article examines the 1996 press releases issued by Republican presidential nominee candidates during the invisible primary and the subsequent stories generated by these press releases in newspapers. We systematically examine how campaigns structure their messages, which messages are transmitted by the press to the voting public, and what factors influence the transmission of the campaign's message. We find that campaign organizations disseminate a variety of messages to the media. Our analysis demonstrates that national media organizations are most receptive to informative (logistical) messages disseminated by candidates who are at the head of the field and most hostile to substantive (issue-oriented) messages regardless of their campaign of origin. By contrast, the state press is most open to substantive messages issued by lower-tier candidates. It appears from our results that the media, more than the campaign, bear the responsibility for the emphasis on the horse race.
Lore: a database management system for semistructured data

Lore (for Lightweight Object Repository) is a DBMS designed specifically for managing semistructured information. Implementing Lore has required rethinking all aspects of a DBMS, including storage management, indexing, query processing and optimization, and user interfaces. This paper provides an overview of these aspects of the Lore system, as well as other novel features such as dynamic structural summaries and seamless access to data from external sources.
Global and point controllability of uncertain dynamical systems

This paper analyzes the problem of controllability in the presence of additive uncertainty. Unlike the stochastic controllability problem, the uncertain parameters here are described in a set-theoretic manner, i.e., no a priori statistics are assumed for the uncertainty q(\cdot) . Only a bounding set Q is taken as given. Loosely speaking, the state x(\cdot) of a dynamical system ( S ) is said to be ( \Omega, Q )-controllable to a given target X if one can guarantee, by choice of a measurable control u(t)\in \Omega , the transfer of x(\cdot) to X in finite time. This "guarantee" above must hold for all measurable q(t)\in Q . Known results on constrained controllability of deterministic systems are derived as a special case by setting Q = {0} . The finite-dimensional nature of the ( \Omega, Q )-controllability criteria is perhaps the most salient feature of the results given here. Instead of searching over the function space of controls, one can decide on the question of controllability by solving an "equivalent" problem in R " (where n is the state dimension). The generation of this equivalent problem involves artificially inducing a saddle point via a certain enveloping operation. A number of examples are given to illustrate the method of computing numerical solutions.
The structure of programming languages

The following are identified as major components of every programming language: (1) the elementary program statement, (2) mechanisms for linking elementary statements together, (3) the means by which a program can obtain data inputs. Several alternative forms of each of these components are described, compared and evaluated. Many examples, frequently from list processing languages, illustrate the forms described.Elementary program statements usually take the form of commands, requirements, or implicit specifications. A command is an imperative statement that commands the action to be taken. A requirement describes the effect to be achieved without saying anything about the actions to be taken. An implicit specification is similar to a requirement, but the programmer must understand what actions will be taken to achieve the desired effect.Subroutines may be entered explicitly, by execute call, or by function composition. Explicitly called subroutines generally require special linkage conventions. An execute subroutine call is syntactically indistinguishable from a basic instruction of the programming language. Function composition is a convenient alternative to the explicit call.The three principal ways of getting inputs for routines are (1) by referring to the data itself, (2) by referring to the data by a “name”, and (3) by referring to it implicitly by means of variables or functions. Names are useful entry points into permanent data structures, but can be error-causing distractions in other contexts.The author discusses advantages, disadvantages, and factors influencing the choice of a form of component for a language. He concludes by suggesting the evolution of programming languages toward one which will permit all
Physiological Role for the Cochaperone FKBP52 in Androgen Receptor Signaling

Molecular chaperones mediate multiple aspects of steroid receptor function, but the physiological importance of most receptor-associated cochaperones has not been determined. To help fill this gap, we targeted for disruption the mouse gene for the 52-kDa FK506 binding protein, FKBP52, a 90-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90)-binding immunophilin found in steroid receptor complexes. A mouse line lacking FKBP52 (52KO) was generated and characterized. Male 52KO mice have several defects in reproductive tissues consistent with androgen insensitivity; among these defects are ambiguous external genitalia and dysgenic prostate. FKBP52 and androgen receptor (AR) are coexpressed in prostate epithelial cells of wild-type mice. However, FKBP52 and AR are similarly coexpressed in testis even though testis morphology and spermatogenesis in 52KO males are usually normal. Molecular studies confirm that FKBP52 is a component of AR complexes, and cellular studies in yeast and human cell models demonstrate that FKBP52 can enhance AR-meditated transactivation. AR enhancement requires FKBP52 peptidylprolyl isomerase activity as well as Hsp90binding ability, and enhancement probably relates to an affect of FKBP52 on AR-folding pathways. In the presence of FKBP52, but not other cochaperones, the function of a minimally active AR point mutant can be dramatically restored. We conclude that FKBP52 is an AR folding factor that has critically important physiological roles in some male reproductive tissues. (Molecular Endocrinology 19: 1654–1666, 2005)
The effect of swab sample choice on the detection of avian influenza in apparently healthy wild ducks

Historically, avian influenza viruses have been isolated from cloacal swab specimens, but recent data suggest that the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus can be better detected from respiratory tract specimens. To better understand how swab sample type affects the detection ability of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses we collected and tested four swab types: oropharyngeal swabs (OS), cloacal swabs (CS), the two swab types combined in the laboratory (LCS), and the two swab types combined in the field (FCS). A total of 1968 wild waterfowl were sampled by each of these four methods and tested for avian influenza virus using matrix gene reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR. The highest detection rate occurred with the FCS (4.3%) followed by the CS (4.0%). Although this difference did not achieve traditional statistical significance, Bayesian analysis indicated that FCS was superior to CS with an 82% probability. The detection rates for both the LCS (2.4%) and the OS (0.4%) were significantly different from the FCS. In addition, every swab type that was matrix RT-PCR positive was also tested for recovery of viable influenza virus. This protocol reduced the detection rate, but the ordering of swab types remained the same: 1.73% FCS, 1.42% CS, 0.81% LCS, and 0% OS. Our data suggest that the FCS performed at least as well as any other swab type for detecting LPAI viruses in the wild ducks tested. When considering recent studies showing that HPAI H5N1 can be better detected in the respiratory tract, the FCS is the most appropriate sample to collect for HPAI H5N1 surveillance while not compromising LPAI studies.
Extrinsic cues orient the cell division axis in Drosophila embryonic neuroblasts.

Cell polarity must be integrated with tissue polarity for proper development. The Drosophila embryonic central nervous system (CNS) is a highly polarized tissue; neuroblasts occupy the most apical layer of cells within the CNS, and lie just basal to the neural epithelium. Neuroblasts are the CNS progenitor cells and undergo multiple rounds of asymmetric cell division, \`budding off' smaller daughter cells (GMCs) from the side opposite the epithelium, thereby positioning neuronal/glial progeny towards the embryo interior. It is unknown whether this highly stereotypical orientation of neuroblast divisions is controlled by an intrinsic cue (e.g. cortical mark) or an extrinsic cue (e.g. cell-cell signal). Using live imaging and in vitro culture, we find that neuroblasts in contact with epithelial cells always \`bud off' GMCs in the same direction, opposite from the epithelia-neuroblast contact site, identical to what is observed in vivo. By contrast, isolated neuroblasts `bud off' GMCs at random positions. Imaging of centrosome/spindle dynamics and cortical polarity shows that in neuroblasts contacting epithelial cells, centrosomes remained anchored and cortical polarity proteins localize at the same epithelia-neuroblast contact site over subsequent cell cycles. In isolated neuroblasts, centrosomes drifted between cell cycles and cortical polarity proteins showed a delay in polarization and random positioning. We conclude that embryonic neuroblasts require an extrinsic signal from the overlying epithelium to anchor the centrosome/centrosome pair at the site of epithelial-neuroblast contact and for proper temporal and spatial localization of cortical Par proteins. This ensures the proper coordination between neuroblast cell polarity and CNS tissue polarity.
Role of Extent of Resection in the Long-Term Outcome of Low-Grade Hemispheric Gliomas

Purpose The prognostic role of extent of resection (EOR) of low-grade gliomas (LGGs) is a major controversy. We designed a retrospective study to assess the influence of EOR on long-term outcomes of LGGs. Patients and Methods The study population (N = 216) included adults undergoing initial resection of hemispheric LGG. Region-of-interest analysis was performed to measure tumor volumes based on fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) imaging. Results Median preoperative and postoperative tumor volumes and EOR were 36.6 cm3 (range, 0.7 to 246.1 cm3), 3.7 cm3 (range, 0 to 197.8 cm3) and 88.0% (range, 5% to 100%), respectively. There was no operative mortality. New postoperative deficits were noted in 36 patients (17%); however, all but four had complete recovery. There were 34 deaths (16%; median follow-up, 4.4 years). Progression and malignant progression were identified in 95 (44%) and 44 (20%) cases, respectively. Patients with at least 90% EOR had 5- and 8-year overall survival (OS) rates of 97% and...
RAFT polymerization of a novel activated ester monomer and conversion to a terpyridine-containing homopolymer

Developing new materials with unique properties for nanotechnology applications, in general, and supramolecular polymers, in particular, lie at the heart of much ongoing research. In line with these efforts, we have been exploring polymers containing terpyridine (terpy) in the side chain. Here we report a new monomer that effectively undergoes reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) to yield high-molecular-weight (Mn) polymers with narrow polydispersity (PDI). The monomer is an N-succinimide activated ester of p-vinyl benzoic acid. Under RAFT conditions, poly(N-succinimide p-vinylbenzoate)s were generated, with Mn ranging between 44 and 61 kDa and PDI of 1.03–1.07. One of these homopolymers was reacted with an amine functionalized terpy, creating a new homopolymer containing terpy ligands on every monomer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5618–5625, 2007
The rationale for developing scoring systems for clinical practice.

Risk scoring systems have been used for years to help select surgical patients and therapies but are infrequently used in thoracic surgery. Current systems accurately predict infrequent complications such as operative mortality and are well suited to risk stratification in large patient populations. They have not yet reached the degree of refinement that enables accurate prediction for individual patients.
Analysis of osteoarthritic cartilage using monoclonal antibodies reactive with rabbit proteoglycan

Femoral and tibial cartilage specimens from nonoperated, sham operated, and partially meniscectomized knees of New Zealand white rabbits were studied, using fluorescein-conjugated mouse IgG or 3 monoclonal antibodies (2G2, 2E9, and 6C9) that portrayed differing fine antigenic specificity for rabbit cartilage proteoglycan monomer. In nonoperated and sham operated animals, monoclonal antibodies 2G2 and 2E9 stained cellular/pericellular (C/PC) and matrix areas; antibody 6C9 stained only C/PC areas. Augmented C/PC and matrix staining of osteoarthritic femoral cartilage occurred with 2G2 and 6C9; tibial cartilage staining was reduced. Increased 2E9 staining of C/PC regions was seen in tibial cartilage. The differential staining patterns indicate that proteoglycan macromolecular changes occur in experimental osteoarthritis and that these monoclonal antibodies can be utilized as probes for the connective tissue changes observed.
Population declines of a long-lived salamander: a 20+-year study of hellbenders, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis

Accurate assessment of whether long-lived species are stable or declining is challenging. Life history characteristics such as delayed maturity result in relatively slow population responses to perturbations, so data should be collected across a relatively long time span. Because differential effects on age classes can be important, studies should also examine potential changes in the population's age structure. Moreover, multiple populations should be studied to indicate whether changes are regional or are restricted to local populations. We incorporated all three factors (long duration, multiple populations, age structure data) into our study of the conservation status of a long-lived aquatic salamander, the hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis. Over the 20+ years of this study, populations of hellbenders declined by an average of about 77%. This decline was characterized by a shift in size (age) structure, with a disproportionate decrease in numbers of young individuals. The change in density and age structure was consistent for populations in five rivers and for two subspecies (C. a. alleganiensis and C. a. bishopi), indicating that the decline is not restricted to one or two local populations. For the population with the most extensive data, the decline had clearly begun by the 1980s and there was a significant decrease in body condition over the period of the study. It is not known whether population declines for hellbenders have a single cause or whether each population has experienced independent declines.
Formation dry‐out from CO2 injection into saline aquifers: 2. Analytical model for salt precipitation

From a mass balance for water dissolved into the flowing CO{sub 2} stream, and a consideration of saturation profiles from the Buckley-Leverett (1942) fractional flow theory, we derive an equation that directly relates gas saturation S{sub g,d} at the dry-out front to temperature, pressure and salinity dependence of fluid properties. The equation is easily solved by iteration or interpolation. From gas saturation at the front we derive the average gas saturation in the dry-out region, from which we obtain the 'solid saturation' S{sub S}, i.e., the fraction of pore space filled with solid precipitate. Values of S{sub S} derived from this theory show excellent agreement with numerical simulations presented in the preceding companion paper ('Part 1'). Thus, from relative permeabilities and fluid properties at in situ conditions prior to CO{sub 2} injection, it is possible to directly make an accurate estimate of solids precipitation, without having to perform a numerical simulation of the injection process.
Behavioral IGBT modeling for predicting high frequency effects in motor drives

A first-order behavioral IGBT/gate drive model is proposed together with a procedure for deriving all model parameters. Despite the simplicity of the proposed model, comparison of model predictions with hardware measurements demonstrate the model to be accurate in predicting turn-on and turn-off transients.
InGaAs/AlAs/InGaAsP resonant tunneling bipolar transistors grown by chemical beam epitaxy

Resonant tunneling bipolar transistors (RTBT's) have been systematically studied using chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) for the first time. The RTBT structure studied is a InP-based transistor, consisting of single or multiple AlAs/In/sub 0.75/Ga/sub 0.25/As/AlAs RTD's in the emitter layer of a conventional heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) and an InGaAs or InGaAsP collector layer. Using the InGaAsP collector layer, the RTBT showed an improvement of breakdown voltage from 4 V to 10 V. The averaged DC /spl beta/'s are around 10 and 20 at 300 K and 77 K, respectively. In the transfer I-V characteristics, the RTBT showed 1 to 4 negative differential transconductance (NDT) peaks with peak-to-valley current ratios of 1.5 to 5.28 at 300 K. Using such NDT peaks, several RTBT digital functions were demonstrated at room temperature, including a frequency multiplier and exclusive NOR gate. >
Session 2 — Low power analog

This session presents existing design challenges in ultra-low power circuits and proposes architecture and circuit techniques to overcome those challenges. The first paper (invited) discusses the fundamental limits analog circuits face specifically due to scaled technologies and discusses some design strategies and innovative approaches to alleviate them.