cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation and mapping of self‐assembling protein domains encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome using λ repressor fusions

Understanding how proteins are able to form stable complexes is of fundamental interest from the perspective of protein structure and function. Here we show that lambda repressor fusions can be used to identify and characterize homotypic interaction domains encoded by the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, using a selection for polypeptides that can drive the assembly of the DNA binding domain of bacteriophage lambda repressor. Three high complexity libraries were constructed by cloning random fragments of S. cerevisiae DNA as lambda repressor fusions. Repressor fusions encoding homotypic interactions were recovered, identifying oligomerization units in 35 yeast proteins. Seventeen of these interaction domains have not been previously reported, while the other 18 represent homotypic interactions that have been characterized at varying levels of detail. The novel interactions include several predicted coiled-coils as well as domains of unknown structure. With the availability of genomic sequences it should be possible to apply this approach, which provides information about protein-protein interactions that is complementary to that obtained from yeast two-hybrid screens, on a genome-wide scale in yeast or other organisms where large-scale protein-protein interaction data is not available.
pH- and ionic strength-controlled cation permselectivity in amine-modified nanoporous opal films.

The influence of pH and ionic strength on permselective transport in nanoporous opal films prepared from 440 nm silica spheres was investigated by cyclic voltammetry in aqueous and acetonitrile solutions. Three-layer opal films were deposited from a 1.5 wt % colloidal solution of silica spheres onto 25-μm-diameter Pt microdisk electrodes shrouded in glass. The films were chemically modified by immersing them in a dry acetonitrile solution of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane. When the surface amino groups of the modified opal films are protonated and there is little or no supporting electrolyte present in solution, the flux of cationic redox species through the opal membrane is blocked because of electrostatic repulsion. The permselectivity is pH-dependent and can be modulated by adjusting the Debye screening length within the nanopores of the opal by changing the ionic strength of the contacting solution.
ENTROPY CORRELATION THEORY AND DIFFUSION MEASUREMENTS FOR ORIENTED POLYMERS

The entropy correlation theory predicts that any structural change which decreases the configurational entropy Sc of a complex molecular system will lead to an approximately equal increase in the activation entropy ΔS* for structurally controlled rate processes such as diffusion. In symbols, Δ(ΔS*) =-ΔSc or ΔS*(A) = ΔS*(1)-ΔSc, where, in the present case, the ordering parameter A is the elongation ratio L/L0. Although the theory is believed to be of wider scope, this paper deals with its confirmation for the case of gas diffusion in permanently stretched polymeric membranes. The systems investigated included representative poly(alkyl methacrylates) (viz. methyl, ethyl, isobutyl, and normal butyl methacrylate and a copolymer), and a selection of nonpolar and polar gases (Ar, O2, N2, CO). Diffusion and permeation measurements on the oriented films were made by the Daynes-Barrer time lag method using a mass spectrometer for the detection instrument. The degree of orientation and its stability during an experiment were characterized by measurements of optical birefringence. For a comparison of the general theory with the specific data, it was found useful to prepare the samples in such a way that ΔSc ≈ a(A2 + (2/A)–3, corresponding to a quenched elastomer; then the data could be represented such that log DO is a linear function of ΔSc, where DO is the preexponental factor in the diffusion equation D = DO exp (-ED/RT).
Peroxisomal disorders: genotype, phenotype, major neuropathologic lesions, and pathogenesis

Neurological dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders. Enormous progress in defining their gene defects has been achieved. The genes and gene products, peroxins (PEX), in five of the complementation groups have been defined. These studies confirm that Zellweger syndrome (ZS), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD), and infantile Refsum disease (IRD) are a disease continuum. The gene defect in adreno-leukodystrophy (ALD) / adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) involves an integral peroxisomal membrane protein. Neuropathologic lesions are of three major classes: (i) abnormalities in neuronal migration or differentiation, (ii) defects in the formation or maintenance of central white matter, and (iii) postdevelopmental neuronal degenerations. The central white matter lesions are those of: (i) inflammatory demyelination, (ii) non-inflammatory dysmyelination, and (iii) non-specific reductions in myelin volume or staining with or without reactive astrocytosis. The neuronal degenerations are of two major types: (i) the axonopathy of AMN involving ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord, and (ii) cerebellar atrophy in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata and probably IRD. We postulate that the abnormal fatty acids in peroxisomal disorders, particularly very long chain fatty acids and phytanic acid, are incorporated into cell membranes and perturb their microenvironments resulting in dysfunction, atrophy and death of vulnerable cells. The advent of mouse models for ZS and ALD is anticipated to provide even greater pathogenetic insights into the peroxisomal disorders.
The Pattern of Antigenic Variation in Trypanosoma Equiperdum

Antigenic variation in the trypanosomes has been known since 1905 when it was described by Franke (1). This subject was studied by various authors (2) including Ritz (3) who studied the succession of antigenic types in mice treated with subcurative doses of drugs. Ritz differentiated 22 distinct types with as many as 17 types being found in the same mouse in relapses following treatment with drug. This interesting system of variation has seldom been studied since 1916, except by Raffel (4) who found that the first relapse strains of a given original strain are the same in different rats.
Risk, vulnerability, and protective processes of parental expressed emotion for children's peer relationships in contexts of parental violence

This study examined risk, vulnerability, and protective processes of parental expressed emotion for children's peer relationships in families living in emergency shelters with high rates of exposure to parental violence (EPV). Parental criticism and negativity were hypothesized to exacerbate the association between EPV and poorer peer relations, whereas parental warmth was expected to buffer this association. Participants included 138 homeless parents (M = 30.77 years, SD = 6.33, range = 20.51–57.32 years; 64% African American, 12% Caucasian, 24% other) and their 4-to 6-year-old children (43.5% male; M = 4.83, SD = .58, range = 4.83–6.92 years; 67% African American, 2% Caucasian, 31% other). Families were assessed during the summer at three urban shelters, with parents completing the Five-Minute Speech Sample (FMSS), later scored for criticism, negativity, and warmth, and interview items about EPV. Teachers were subsequently contacted in the fall about children's classroom behavior, and they provided rati...
Online summarization of dynamic time series data

Managing large-scale time series databases has attracted significant attention in the database community recently. Related fundamental problems such as dimensionality reduction, transformation, pattern mining, and similarity search have been studied extensively. Although the time series data are dynamic by nature, as in data streams, current solutions to these fundamental problems have been mostly for the static time series databases. In this paper, we first propose a framework to online summary generation for large-scale and dynamic time series data, such as data streams. Then, we propose online transform-based summarization techniques over data streams that can be updated in constant time and space. We present both the exact and approximate versions of the proposed techniques and provide error bounds for the approximate case. One of our main contributions in this paper is the extensive performance analysis. Our experiments carefully evaluate the quality of the online summaries for point, range, and k–nn queries using real-life dynamic data sets of substantial size.
The subcellular distribution of small molecules: a meta-analysis.

To explore the extent to which current knowledge about the organelle-targeting features of small molecules may be applicable toward controlling the accumulation and distribution of exogenous chemical agents inside cells, molecules with known subcellular localization properties (as reported in the scientific literature) were compiled into a single data set. This data set was compared to a reference data set of approved drug molecules derived from the DrugBank database, and to a reference data set of random organic molecules derived from the PubChem database. Cheminformatic analysis revealed that molecules with reported subcellular localizations were comparably diverse. However, the calculated physicochemical properties of molecules reported to accumulate in different organelles were markedly overlapping. In relation to the reference sets of DrugBank and PubChem molecules, molecules with reported subcellular localizations were biased toward larger, more complex chemical structures possessing multiple ioniza...
Measuring the Flow of Time: The Works of James A. Ford, 1935-1941: James A. Ford and the Growth of Americanist Archaeology

Measuring the Flow of Time: The Works of James A. Ford, 1935-1941. Michael J. O'Brien and R. Lee Lyman. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999. 582 pp. James A. Ford and the Growth of Americanist Archaeology. Michael J. O'Brien and R. Lee Lyman. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1998.377 pp.
ISOLATION OF AN INSULIN SECRETION GRANULE FRACTION.

Goosefish islets were homogenized in 0.25 M sucrose and separated into nuclear, mitochondrial + secretion granule, microsomal, and supernatant fractions. Eighty per cent of the cytochrome oxidase activity and 75 per cent of the bioassayed insulin activity were found in the mitochondrial + secretion granule fraction (6000 g for 10 minutes). The mitochondrial + secretion granule fraction was further subfractionated by centrifugation (2 hours at 100,000 g and 0°C) using a continuous linear density gradient 1.0–2.0 M sucrose). Eighteen to 20 subfractions were collected by piercing the bottom of the tube and collecting drops. The total protein was distributed into a bimodal curve consisting of a high density component, which contained 90 per cent of the insulin (secretion granules), and a lower density component, which contained the cytochrome oxidase activity (mitochondria).
Nutritional Investigations with Turkey Hens 2. Requirement for Unidentified Factors

Abstract DURING the past decade, workers at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station have published reports showing that turkey breeder hens require certain dietary unidentified factor supplements for optimum reproductive performance (Atkinson et al., 1951, 1953, 1955; Ferguson et al., 1956; Feldman et al., 1957; and Whiteside et al., 1960). Addition of such supplements as dried brewer’s yeast, condensed fish solubles, fermentation residue, and dehydrated alfalfa meal to a milo-corn-soybean oil meal basal diet, markedly improved hatchability of fertile eggs, (Whiteside et al., 1960). An experiment to study the effect of adding several unidentified factor supplements to a corn-soybean oil meal diet on the performance of Broad Breasted Bronze hens is reported in this paper. EXPERIMENTAL Twelve pens of 10 Broad Breasted Bronze turkey hens in an enclosed house with mechanical ventilation were used. The birds had been on a protein requirements study (Jensen and McGinnis, 1961). For eleven weeks, they were…
Electrically small superdirective arrays using parasitic elements

Electrically small superdirective arrays that are theoretically possible have been shown feasible for two and three element arrays. However the individual elements must be fed separately with the correct input current magnitudes and phases to achieve superdirectivity. In this paper, almost equivalent superdirectivity was obtained with two-element arrays by feeding only one element and shorting the second "parasitic" element. This parasitic array exhibits a new resonant frequency f/sub a0/ which is usually lower than the single-element resonance, and two "superdirective" frequencies emerge on either side of f/sub a0/ at which the parasitic element acts either as a director or a reflector. It was found, in general, that parasitic superdirectivity is optimized for electrically small elements by using the parasitic element as a reflector and by choosing the correct element separation and element orientation (for asymmetrical elements). In addition, the use of relatively low Q elements allows for smaller separation distances, resulting in increased directivity while achieving wider bandwidths. A brief overview of superdirective arrays was presented and separately fed and parasitic two-element superdirective arrays were compared.
The occurrence of parametric instabilities in finite-amplitude internal gravity waves

The parametric instability of a plane internal gravity wave is considered. When the two-dimensional equations of vorticity and mass conservation are linearized in the disturbance quantities, partial differential equations with periodic coefficients result. Substitution of a perturbation of the form dictated by Floquet theory into these equations yields compatibility conditions which, when evaluated numerically, give the curves of neutral stability and constant disturbance growth rate. These results reveal that, for an internal wave of even infinitesimal amplitude, disturbance waves can begin to grow in amplitude. Moreover, these parametric instabilities are shown to reduce to the classical case of the nonlinear resonant interaction in the limit of vanishingly small basic-state amplitude. The fact that these unstable disturbances can exist for an internal wave of any amplitude suggests that this phenomenon may be an important mechanism for extracting energy from an internal gravity wave.
Seasonally Variable Eusocially Selected Traits in the Paper Wasp, Mischocyttarus mexicanus

The expression of alternative traits that benefit eusocial individuals but are not directly involved in reproductive differences among those individuals, which I call ‘eusocially selected traits’, may vary in response to environmental changes if this increases an individual’s inclusive fitness. In this study, I describe traits that separate individuals within the reproductive division of labor of Mischocyttarus mexicanus, a eusocial paper wasp, and determine whether observed eusocially selected traits vary across seasons. I examined M. mexicanus because females initiate new nests throughout most of the year where they experience different conditions depending on the season. Findings from this study suggest two main conclusions: (1) phenotypic differences among M. mexicanus females are mixed, showing specialized, generalized, and contextdependent eusocially selected traits and (2) a female’s position within the reproductive division of labor may be influenced by its state. The presence of context-dependent traits, e.g. large females initiated solitary nests in the spring and grouped nests during the summer, suggests that the payoff for pursuing different positions within the reproductive division of labor changes across seasons. The expression of context-dependent eusocially selected traits also suggests that, roles, instead of castes, may better reflect the reproductive division of labor among individuals of eusocial species like M. mexicanus.
Shadows of fuzzy sets-a natural approach towards describing 2-D and multi-D fuzzy uncertainty in linguistic terms

Fuzzy information processing systems start with expert knowledge which is usually formulated in terms of words from natural language. This knowledge is then usually reformulated in computer friendly terms of membership functions, and the system transforms these input membership functions into the membership functions which describe the result of fuzzy data processing. It is then desirable to translate this fuzzy information back from computer-friendly membership functions language to human-friendly natural language. In general, this is difficult even in a 1-D case, when we are interested in a single quantity y; however, the fuzzy research community has accumulated some expertise of describing the resulting 1-D membership functions by words from natural language. The problem becomes even more complicated in 2-D and multi-D cases, when we are interested in several quantities y/sub 1/,...,y/sub m/, because there are fewer words which describe the relation between several quantities than words describing a single quantity. To reduce this more complicated multi-D problem to a simpler (although still difficult) 1-D case, Zadeh proposed (1966) to use words to describe fuzzy information about different combinations y=f(y/sub 1/,...,y/sub m/) of the desired variables. This idea is similar to the use of marginal distributions in probability theory. The corresponding terms are called shadows of the original fuzzy set. The main question is: do we lose any information in this translation? Zadeh has shown that under certain conditions, the original fuzzy set can be uniquely reconstructed from its shadows. We prove that for appropriately chosen shadows, the reconstruction is always unique. Thus, if we manage to describe the original membership function by linguistic terms which describe different combinations y, this description is lossless.
Multiuser scheduling in a Markov-modeled downlink environment

We address the problem of multiuser scheduling in a cellular downlink system with partial channel information. In our setting, the channel of each user is modeled by a two-state Markov chain. The scheduler indirectly estimates the channel via accumulated automatic repeat request (ARQ) feedback from the scheduled users and uses this information in future scheduling decisions. This problem is a special case of the restless multi-armed bandit processes that have been shown to be PSPACE-hard to solve in general. By modeling the scheduling problem as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), we formulate a throughput maximization problem and show that, despite the visible complexity of this problem, a simple round-robin fashioned scheduling policy optimizes the system for the special case of three or less users in the system. We study the structure of this policy for an arbitrary number of users and establish a sufficient condition for the optimality of this policy. Drawing equivalence with a genie-aided system, we derive an explicit expression for the sum capacity of the downlink.
Illustrations of Human Effigies in Tibetan Ritual Texts: With Remarks on Specific Anatomical Figures and Their Possible Iconographic Source

The ritual use of objects and images designed to serve as effigies or surrogates of specific persons, animals or spirits is more or less universal across cultures and time. In Tibet, recent archaeological evidence attests to the use of illustrated effigies possibly dating from the eleventh century. Other early Tibetan images include anthropomorphic figures inscribed on animal skulls. The practical use of effigies in Tibetan ritual, both Buddhist and Bon-po, was almost certainly derived from much older Indian practices transmitted to Tibet. In this article illustrated effigies, their iconography and ritual use are discussed and the article concludes with the translation and transliteration of a short work by the fifteenth-century treasure revealer (gter-ston) and patron saint of Bhutan Padma-gling-pa (1450–1521), which gives instructions on how to draw a liṅga for a ritual of defence against human adversaries.
Rate-distortion optimized packet scheduling and routing for media streaming with path diversity

The diversity for media streaming in a rate-distortion optimization framework was considered. A sender-driven transmission scenario was also investigated. Diversity was achieved by using multiple transmission paths over the network. The proposed framework enables the sender to decide at every instant which packets, if any, to transmit and over which transmission paths in order to meet a rate constraint while minimizing the end-to-end distortion. Experimental results demonstrate the benefit of exploiting packet diversity in rate-distortion optimized sender-driven streaming of packetized media.
Sintering with Rigid Inclusions: Pair Interactions

The interaction between two spherical, rigid inclusions in an infinite, linearly viscous, densifying medium has been studied. The stresses in the vicinity of the two spheres are highly anisotropic, with significantly enhanced rates of densification in the gap between these particles. A pairwise-additive approximation for the densification rate of the composite is presented and compared with the composite-sphere and self-consistent models described by Scherer.
Subclavian vein to right atrial appendage bypass without sternotomy to maintain arteriovenous access in patients with complete central vein occlusion, a new approach.

Given the increasing numbers of patients requiring long-term hemodialysis, there is an inevitably increasing population of patients with occluded central venous inflow (subclavian, innominate, and caval) despite access or access possibilities in the arm. In an effort to avoid sternotomy, we have attempted to treat these patients with a substernally tunneled subclavian to right atrial bypass. Patients treated in this fashion have an existing fistula with symptomatic venous hypertension or good fistula options but complete central vein obstruction, a patent subclavian/axillary vein to the costoclavicular junction, and no other options in the contralateral arm. Claviculectomy is performed and the subclavian vein isolated. Through a third intercostal space “minipericardiotomy,” the right atrial appendage is exposed. A retrosternal tunnel is fashioned, and bypass is performed from the subclavian vein to atrial appendage. Eleven patients aged 20–70 (mean 46) years underwent surgery at our institution between February 2004 and March 2007. Three bypasses were performed with autogenous vein (two femoral and one saphenous), while eight were performed with polytetrafluoroethylene in an effort to preserve the superficial femoral vein for later leg bypass. There was one early mortality due to sepsis, and early morbidity was limited to one patient with a symptomatic pericardial effusion. Mean follow-up was 16 (range 3–43) months. Sixty-seven percent and 33% of arteriovenous fistulas remained functional at 6 and 10 months, respectively; and one patient's fistula remained functional at 21 months. Four patients (36%) developed central bypass stenosis or occlusion, one requiring a redo bypass and three angioplasty. Infection occurred in two patients (18%), with removal of autogenous vein graft in one. While a significant number of these bypasses fail, upper extremity access is maintained in a reasonable number of patients (67% at 6 months) who are not candidates for local repair or stenting and would thus have no other upper extremity access options. This technique offers an alternative to sternotomy and brachiocephalic vein reconstruction, although the superiority of one method over the other will require direct comparison.
A proposed standard for measuring crossword compilation efficiency

Presentation d'un benchmark normalise pour comparer les performances des differents compilateurs de mots croises
Bayesian view class determination

A Bayesian approach to the view class determination problem is presented. The view classes used contained probabilistic information that takes into account both geometrical and illumination characteristics. The test images match best or second best to the correct view class in approximately 80% of the cases and above 90% of the cases, respectively. The images that fail to be correctly classified correspond to views near the boundaries of the clusters. Even though these views have the same segments as the rest of the views in their class, they look significantly different. This suggests that different definitions of clustering should be studied. >
Selective transfer between learning tasks using task-based boosting

The success of transfer learning on a target task is highly dependent on the selected source data. Instance transfer methods reuse data from the source tasks to augment the training data for the target task. If poorly chosen, this source data may inhibit learning, resulting in negative transfer. The current most widely used algorithm for instance transfer, TrAdaBoost, performs poorly when given irrelevant source data. We present a novel task-based boosting technique for instance transfer that selectively chooses the source knowledge to transfer to the target task. Our approach performs boosting at both the instance level and the task level, assigning higher weight to those source tasks that show positive transferability to the target task, and adjusting the weights of individual instances within each source task via AdaBoost. We show that this combination of task- and instance-level boosting significantly improves transfer performance over existing instance transfer algorithms when given a mix of relevant and irrelevant source data, especially for small amounts of data on the target task.
The use of bovine albumin in the examination of bone marrow obtained at autopsy.

This report presents the findings using a minor modification of Berenbaum’s albumin method of preparing bone marrow smears on post-mortem material. The method was used in 50 cases ranging in time from two to 23 hours after death and in the majority of cases (72 per cent) produced specimens of the superior cytologic quality to direct bone marrow smears obtained at the same time. This technique is especially valuable when used in conjunction with tissue sections and bone marrow cell blocks obtained at autopsy. This method has been successfully used with two histochemical techniques suggesting its usefulness in the application of other histochemical procedures in the study of autopsy marrows. The simplicity of this technique lends itself readily to routine use on a general autopsy service and should certainly be employed where hematologic disorders are suspected, especially when clinical bone marrow material is inadequate or not available.
CFD based Analysis and Design of Biomimetic Flexible Propulsors for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

his work is part of a research program designed to develop a maneuvering propulsor for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV’s) based on the mechanical design and performance of fish fin. Fish are notable for their ability to maneuver and to accurately position themselves even in highly unsteady flows. Fish can maneuver in tight spaces and accelerate and decelerate quickly from rest or low speed with the same propulsion system. Also, fish fins are remarkable fluid control devices with supporting bony elements that are under active muscular control. In addition to muscular actuation at the base of the fin which governs overall fin position, fish fins possess a bilaminar design that allows active control of propulsor surface curvature (Lauder et al., 2005). This paper will focus on hydrodynamic analyses of bluegill sunfish’s pectoral fin which were carried out to guide the design of a flexible propulsor for AUV’s.
Pioneers in Optics: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and James Clerk Maxwell

Leeuwenhoek was born in Delft, Holland on October 24, 1632. His father was a basket maker, and although Leeuwenhoek did not receive a university education and was not considered a scholar, his curiosity and skill allowed him to make some of the most important discoveries in the history of biology.James Clerk Maxwell was one of the greatest scientists of the nineteenth century. He is best known for the formulation of the theory of electromagnetism and in making the connection between light and electromagnetic waves. He also made significant contributions in the areas of physics, mathematics, astronomy, and engineering. He is considered by many as the father of modern physics.
Transcription factor KLF2 regulates homeostatic NK cell proliferation and survival.

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that recognize and lyse virally infected or transformed cells. This latter property is being pursued in clinics to treat leukemia with the hope that further breakthroughs in NK cell biology can extend treatments to other cancers. At issue is the ability to expand transferred NK cells and prolong their functionality within the context of a tumor. In terms of NK cell expansion and survival, we now report that Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a key transcription factor that underpins both of these events. Excision of Klf2 using gene-targeted mouse models promotes spontaneous proliferation of immature NK cells in peripheral tissues, a phenotype that is replicated under ex vivo conditions. Moreover, KLF2 imprints a homeostatic migration pattern on mature NK cells that allows these cells to access IL-15–rich microenvironments. KLF2 accomplishes this feat within the mature NK cell lineage via regulation of a subset of homing receptors that respond to homeostatic ligands while leaving constitutively expressed receptors that recognize inflammatory cytokines unperturbed. Under steady-state conditions, KLF2-deficient NK cells alter their expression of homeostatic homing receptors and subsequently undergo apoptosis due to IL-15 starvation. This novel mechanism has implications regarding NK cell contraction following the termination of immune responses including the possibility that retention of an IL-15 transpresenting support system is key to extending NK cell activity in a tumor environment.
Endothelin receptor blockade decreases lung water in young rats exposed to viral infection and hypoxia.

Viral respiratory infections may increase the susceptibility of young animals to hypoxia-induced pulmonary edema. Because hypoxia stimulates endothelin production, we hypothesized that an increase ...
Reconstruction of the Breast Without Additional Skin or Muscle Flaps

Breast reconstruction in post-mastectomy patients can be accomplished without the use of additional tissue. However, the use of a thoracoepigastric flap, the latissimus dorsi muscle, or a myocutaneous flap is recommended in patients with thin, tight, or irradiated skin flaps.
Knowledge, Equilibrium and Convention

There are two general classes of social conventions: conventions of coordination, and conventions of partial conflict. In coordination problems, the interests of the agents coincide, while in partial conflict problems, some agents stand to gain only if other agents unilaterally make certain sacrifices. Lewis' (1969) pathbreaking analysis of convention in terms of game theory focuses on coordination problems, and cannot accommodate partial conflict problems. In this paper, I propose a new game-theoretic definition of convention which generalizes previous game-theoretic definitions (Lewis 1969, Vanderschraaf 1995), and which can be used to characterize norms of justice in partial conflict situations. I argue that the key structural property necessary for a social arrangement to be a convention is that it be conditionally self-enforcing, in the sense that: (i) each agent has a decisive reason to follow her end of the arrangement given that she expects all to do likewise, (ii) given a different set of expectations, some agents would have had a decisive reason to deviate, and (iii) these facts are common knowledge. This leads to a definition of convention as a strict correlated equilibrium (Aumann 1974) together with appropriate common knowledge conditions. Examples are given in which it is shown how this more general account of convention can be used to analyze norms of justice as well as coordination problems. It is only a general sense of common interest; which sense all the members of the society express to one another, and which induces them to regulate their conduct by certain rules. I observe, that it will be for my interest to leave another in the possession of his goods, provided he will act in the same manner with regard to me. He is sensible of a like interest in the regulation of his conduct. When this common sense of interest is mutually express'd, and is known to both, it produces a suitable resolution and behavior. And this may properly be call'd a convention or agreement betwixt us,... David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature And so it goes — we're here because we're here because we're here because we're here. Once the process gets started, we have a metastable self-perpetuating system of preferences, expectations, and actions capable of persisting indefinitely. As long as uniform conformity is a coordination equilibrium, so that each wants to conform conditionally upon coordination by the others, conforming action produces expectation of conforming action and expectation of conforming action produces conforming action. This is the phenomenon I call convention.
Local-Level Immigration Enforcement and Food Insecurity Risk among Hispanic Immigrant Families with Children: National-Level Evidence

Local-level immigration enforcement generates fear and reduces social service use among Hispanic immigrant families but the health impacts are largely unknown. We examine the consequence of 287(g), the foundational enforcement program, for one critical risk factor of child health-food insecurity. We analyze nationally representative data on households with children from pooled cross-sections of the Current Population Survey Food Supplemental Survey. We identify the influence of 287(g) on food insecurity pre-post-policy accounting for metro-area and year fixed-effects. We find that 287(g) is associated with a 10 percentage point increase in the food insecurity risk of Mexican non-citizen households with children, the group most vulnerable to 287(g). We find no evidence of spillover effects on the broader Hispanic community. Our results suggest that local immigration enforcement policies have unintended consequences. Although 287(g) has ended, other federal-local immigration enforcement partnerships persist, which makes these findings highly policy relevant.
Organizations That Help Women to Build Computing Careers

This chapter discusses organizations with the mission of increasing the numbers of, and support provided to, women in computing-related education and work. Four organizations are profiled in the chronological order in which they appeared. The Anita Borg Institute (ABI), created in 1987, is strongest in its work on behalf of professional women in computing. The Computing Research Association Committee on the Status of Women in Computing Research (CRA-W), created in 1991, focuses on women graduate students in computing disciplines as well as women computing researchers in both universities and industrial research labs. In 1993, the computing professional organization ACM established its Committee on Women in Computing. Its scope includes undergraduate education and IT workers generally, not just computing researchers. The National Center for Women & Information Technology (NCWIT), founded in 2004, is the largest of these four organizations and has the widest scope, with interest in female students, academics, industrial workers, and entrepreneurs.
Abstract 595: Digital PCR validates 8q dosage as prognostic tool in uveal melanoma

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Background: Uveal melanoma (UM) development and progression is correlated with specific molecular changes. Recurrent mutations in GNAQ and GNA11 initiate UM development while tumour progression is correlated with monosomy of chromosome 3 and gain of chromosome 8q. Hence, molecular analysis of UM is useful for diagnosis and prognosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of digital PCR (dPCR) for molecular analysis of UM. Methods: A series of 66 UM was analysed with dPCR for three hotspot mutations in GNAQ/GNA11 with mutation specific probes. The status of chromosomes 3 and 8 were analysed with genomic probes. The results of dPCR analysis were cross-validated with Sanger sequencing, SNP array analysis, and karyotyping. Results: Using dPCR, we were able to determine the molecular profile of 66 enucleated UM. With digital PCR, GNAQ/GNA11 mutations were detected in 60 of the 66 UM. Sanger sequencing revealed three rare variants, and, combined, these assays revealed GNAQ/GNA11 mutations in 95% of UM. Monosomy 3 was present in 43 and chromosome 8 aberrations in 52 of the 66 UM, with dPCR and SNP results showing an excellent correlation (for monosomy 3 r = 0.921, for 8q gain r = 0.922). Survival analysis showed that increasing 8q copy numbers were positively correlated with metastasis risk. Conclusion: Molecular analysis with dPCR is fast and sensitive. Just like the recurrent genomic aberrations of chromosome 3 and 8, hotspot mutations in GNAQ and GNA11 are effectively detected in heterogeneous samples. Increased sensitivity contributes to the number of mutations and chromosomal aberrations detected. Moreover, quantification of copy number with dPCR validated 8q dosage as a sensitive prognostic tool in UM, of which implementation in disease prediction models will further improve prognostication. Citation Format: Mark J. de Lange, Mieke Versluis, Sake van Pelt, Claudia A.L. Ruivenkamp, Wilma G. Kroes, Jinfeng Cao, Martine J. Jager, Gre P.M. Luyten, Pieter A. van der Velden. Digital PCR validates 8q dosage as prognostic tool in uveal melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 595. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-595
Stability analysis of discontinuous dynamical systems determined by semigroups

We present Lyapunov stability and boundedness results for discontinuous dynamical systems (DDS) determined by linear and nonlinear semigroups defined on Banach space. DDS of the type considered herein arise in the modeling of a variety of finite dimensional and infinite dimensional systems, including certain classes of hybrid systems, discrete event systems, switched systems, systems subjected to impulse effects, and the like. We apply our results in the analysis of important specific classes of DDS.
Cytogenetic Evolution in Myeloid Neoplasms at Relapse after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Association with Previous Chemotherapy and Effect on Survival.

Abstract Cytogenetic evolution (CGE) in patients with myeloid neoplasms who relapsed after an allogeneic (allo) hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has been evaluated by only few studies. The effect of the CGE on survival of relapsed allo-HCT recipients is not clear. The effect of previously received chemotherapy to induce CGE in this patient population has not been studied. The aims of our study are to (1) characterize the patterns of cytogenetic change in patients with myeloid neoplasms who relapsed after an allo-HCT, (2) evaluate the effect of CGE on survival, and (3) explore the association of CGE with previous chemotherapy (including the lines of salvage therapy, type of induction, and conditioning therapy). Of 49 patients with a myeloid malignancy (27 acute myeloid leukemia [AML], 19 myelodysplastic syndrome [MDS]/myeloproliferative neoplasm [MPN], and 3 chronic myelogenous leukemia) who relapsed after an allo-HCT, CGE was observed in 25 (51%), whereas 24 patients had unchanged cytogenetic findings at relapse. The CGE group carried more cytogenetic abnormalities at original diagnosis. The most frequent cytogenetic change was the acquisition of 3 or more new chromosomal abnormalities followed by acquisition of unbalanced abnormalities, aneuploidy, and emergence of apparently new clones unrelated to the original clone. The CGE cohort had higher proportion of MDS and MPN and fewer patients with de novo AML. Disease risk assessment category showed a trend to higher frequency of high-risk patients in the CGE group, though the difference was not statistically significant. Time from diagnosis to transplantation and time from transplantation to relapse were not different between the CGE and non-CGE groups. CGE and non-CGE cohorts had similar exposures to salvage therapy and to induction chemotherapy, as well as similar conditioning regimens; thus, no particular type of chemotherapy emerged as a predisposing factor to CGE. CGE was associated with significantly shortened post-transplantation and postrelapse survival when compared with those of the non-CGE group (P = .004 and P
Metastatic Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma of the Spinal Cord: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Background Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare, malignant soft-tissue neoplasm typically seen in young adults that possesses an unusual tendency to metastasize. Metastases to the intramedullary compartment of the spinal cord, however, are exceptionally rare and have not been described in the literature. Case Description We report the case of a 23-year-old woman with disseminated ASPS to the lung and brain who presented with progressive lower-extremity weakness and loss of sensation after radiation and chemotherapy. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 1.3-cm avidly enhancing lesion within the central thoracic spinal cord at T3. A T2–T4 laminectomy was undertaken and resulted in a gross total resection. Histopathologically, the mass was composed of organoid nests containing epithelioid cells with eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm separated by sinusoidal spaces. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated convincing positive TFE3 staining. Postoperative imaging confirmed the complete resection of the mass, and her examination was notable for intact sensation and impaired motor function that gradually improved. Conclusions A review of the literature found that the reported case represents the first instance of primary or metastatic ASPS in the spinal cord. Metastatic ASPS should thus be included in the differential diagnosis in patients with known disease and neurologic impairment or back pain. Imaging of the spine should then be considered.
Cross-Linked Protein Nanofilter with Antibacterial Properties for Multifunctional Air Filtration

Development of high-performance nanomaterials with not only strong ability to trap the pollutants but also good structure stability under varying environmental conditions is a critical need for air-filtration applications. However, it has been very challenging for a filtering material to simultaneously realize multifunctional air filtration and good environmental stability. Here, based on our previous studies on protein-based nanofilters, we report a cross-linked protein nanofabric to address this challenging issue. It is found that cross-linked protein nanofabrics can significantly improve the structure stability against different moisture levels and temperatures, while maintaining the multifunctional filtration performance. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the cross-linked protein nanomaterials also possess antibacterial properties, such as Shewanella oneidensis bacteria, further improving the environmental stability. The effects of cross-linking with different loadings of cross-linking agent on the st...
A subpopulation of activated retinal macrophages selectively migrated to regions of cone photoreceptor stress, but had limited effect on cone death in a mouse model for type 2 Leber congenital amaurosis

Abstract Background Studies of antigen presentation in retina using mice that expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP) from a transgenic CD11c promoter found that retinal GFP hi cells possessed antigen presentation function. Subsequent studies found that these high GFP hi cells preferentially localized to sites of retinal injury, consistent with their APC function. Interest in the roles of macrophages in degenerative CNS diseases led us to study the GFP hi cells in a retinal model of neurodegeneration. We asked if apoptotic cone photoreceptor cell death in Rpe65 −/− knockout mice induced the GFP hi cells, explored their relationship to resident microglia (MG), and tested their role in cone survival. Methods Rpe65 −/− mice were bred to CD11c GFP mice on the B6/J background. CD11c GFP Rpe65 −/− mice were also backcrossed to CX3CR1 YFP-creER ROSA DTA mice so that CX3CR1 + mononuclear cells could be depleted by Tamoxifen. Retinas were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, fluorescence fundoscopy and flow cytometry. Results Elevated numbers of GFP hi cells were concentrated in photoreceptor cell layers of CD11c GFP Rpe65 −/− mice coinciding with the peak of cone death at 2 to 4 weeks of age, and persisted for at least 14 months. After the initial wave of cone loss, a slow progressive loss of cones was found that continued to retain GFP hi cells in the outer retina. Sustained, four-week Tamoxifen depletions of the GFP hi cells and MG in Rpe65 −/− mice from day 13 to day 41, and from day 390 to day 420 promoted a small increase in cone survival. We found no evidence that the GFP hi cells were recruited from the circulation; all data pointed to a MG origin. MG and GFP hi cells were well segregated in the dystrophic retina; GFP hi cells were foremost in the photoreceptor cell layer, while MG were concentrated in the inner retina. Conclusions The expression of GFP on a subset of retinal mononuclear cells in CD11c GFP mice identified a distinct population of cells performing functions previously attributed to MG. Although GFP hi cells dominated the macrophage response to cone death in the photoreceptor cell layer, their ablation led to only an incremental increase in cone survival. The ability to identify, ablate, and isolate these cells will facilitate analysis of this activated, antigen-presenting subset of MG.
Quantifying land use influences on event-based flow frequency, timing, magnitude, and rate of change in an urbanizing watershed of the central USA

There is a need for research that advances understanding of flow alterations in contemporary watersheds where natural and anthropogenic interactions can confound mitigation efforts. Event-based flow frequency, timing, magnitude, and rate of change were quantified at five-site nested gauging sites in a representative mixed-land-use watershed of the central USA. Statistically independent storms were paired by site (n = 111 × 5 sites) to test for significant differences in event-based rainfall and flow response variables (n = 17) between gauging sites. Increased frequency of small peak flow events (i.e., 64 more events less than 4.0 m3 s−1) was observed at the rural–urban interface of the watershed. Differences in flow response were apparent during drier periods when small rainfall events resulted in increased flow response at urban sites in the lower reaches. Relationships between rainfall and peak flow were stronger with decreased pasture/crop land use and increased urban land use by approximately 20%. Event-based total rainfall explained 40–68% of the variance in peak flow (p < 0.001). Coefficients of determination (r2) were negatively correlated with pasture/crop land use (r2 = 0.92; p = 0.007; n = 5) and positively correlated with urban land use (r2 = 0.90; p = 0.008; n = 5). Significant differences in flow metrics were observed between rural and urban sites (p < 0.05; n = 111) that were not explained by differences in rainfall variables and drainage area. An urban influence on flow timing was observed using median time lag to peak centroid and time of maximum precipitation to peak flow. Results highlight the need to establish manageable flow targets in rapidly urbanizing mixed-land-use watersheds.