cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The missing modes of self-organization in cathode boundary layer discharge in xenon

Self-organized pattern formation has been previously observed in cathode boundary layer discharges (CBLDs) in high-purity xenon gas at pressures ranging from about 60 Torr to atmospheric pressure. However, certain modes predicted by the COMSOL multiphysics simulation were never observed. In this paper, using the same reactor design, we managed to fine tune the discharge current into regions that were not fully explored before. Two new self-organized patterns were observed, at the verge of the extinguishing of the self-organization. One pattern was a perfect ring that was detached from the dielectric walls. The other pattern was a series elongated spots arranged along a circle. Both patterns were preferably observed at pressures ranging from 60 to 120 Torr. The observation of these patterns may open up new discussions to the self-organized pattern formation in CBLD in xenon.
The Dissemination of Research Agendas among Young Economists

Changes in the distribution of young economists among 14 subfields are presented. Ph.D. recipients from the elite schools are contrasted with those from the universities ranked below the top 16.
Mississippian pyroclastic flow and ash-fall deposits in the deep-marine Ouachita flysch basin, Oklahoma and Arkansas

Two pumiceous vitric-crystal tuffs, the Hatton Tuff Lentil and Beavers Bend tuff, occur in the deep-marine Mississippian Stanley Group. These widespread rhyodacitic tuffs range in thickness from 7 to 40 m and are separated by tens of metres of non-tuffaceous quartzose and feldspathic turbidite sandstone and shale. The tuffs consist of varying proportions of ash-sized embayed quartz crystals, plagioclase crystals (oligoclase to andesine), relict shards, volcanic dust, and altered flattened pumice fragments. Each pyroclastic unit consists of two or more tuff lithologies, including a thick lower unstratified pumiceous vitric-crystal tuff with a density-graded crystal-rich base overlain by thin-bedded pumiceous tuff and an upper massive fine-grained siliceous vitric tuff. These tuffs were probably formed by highly explosive eruptions of vesiculating acidic magma from a vent or fissure that produced incandescent avalanches of pyroclastic debris and accompanying ash clouds. The hot turbulent suspensions were rapidly quenched by sea water to form steam-inflated density slurries that flowed into the Ouachita basin. Pyroclastic flows created thick, density-graded, pumiceous vitric-crystal tuff. Numerous smaller density slurries following the main flow in rapid succession deposited the overlying bedded pumiceous tuff. Toward the end of each volcanic eruption, continuous settling of fine ash formed thick, fine-grained upper vitric tuff. Isopach maps of tuff thicknesses, an isopleth map of pumice sizes, logarithmic plots of crystal size versus distance, paleocurrent indicators, and Late Mississippian paleogeography suggest a southern volcanic source that may have been part of a magmatic arc formed at a continental margin during plate convergence between the North American plate and a southern continental(?) plate.
Hypothalamic and pituitary periodicity demonstrated by isolated rat adrenal cells.

Abstract Rats were maintained under standardized conditions of food and water ad libitum and a lighting schedule of 12 h light/12 h dark for seven days. Animals were sacrificed at 0500 and 1700 h and tissues were removed and washed. Isolated intact adrenal and pituitary cells were prepared by collagenase treatment. Using a sequential incubation procedure, the release of pituitary ACTH by hypothalamic acid extracts (CRF) was assayed by stimulation of corticosteroid secretion from isolated adrenal cells. Maximum stimulation of adrenal steroids was achieved with hypothalamic extracts and pituitary cells from rats sacrificed at 1700 h, and minimum values were obtained at 0500 h. Intermediate levels were obtained when hypothalamic extracts at one time point were incubated with pituitary cells at the other. The results substantiate the late afternoon peak level of hypothalamic and pituitary secretion occurring prior to the peak activity pattern of the rat.
Social and psychological consequences of legitimating a hearing impairment.

Abstract This investigation seeks to demonstrate that upon legitimation of a hearing impairment, individuals undergo change in a series of social, psychological, and health-related dimensions of the self. Variables considered include self-esteem, degree of handicap in everyday situations, relationships with significant others, and satisfaction with the community. A panel of 61 impaired and 50 normally hearing persons was followed. It was generally found that individuals experienced a decline in observed factors immediately subsequent to verification of a hearing loss; a positive adjustment followed this initial negative reaction to the loss. High levels of self-esteem and good relationships with significant other were found to be the most critical factors affecting the adjustment process. Changes occurred regardless of the severity of the loss. There were additional findings concerning the social isolation of those who were “false negatives” from the audiologist's perspective.
Analysis of the rabbit cardiac/slow twitch muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA2) gene promoter

The rabbit cardiac/slow twitch muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA2) gene encodes a Ca2+ transport pump whose expression is regulated during skeletal/cardiac muscle development and by different pathophysiological states of the heart. This study was designed to delineate cis-acting regulatory elements involved in SERCA2 gene expression. A series of unidirectionally deleted fragments of the upstream 1,460 bp SERCA2 promoter were linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. Transient DNA transfection experiments performed with these constructs in C2C12 muscle cells and NIH3T3 fibroblasts revealed a 17 bp upstream promoter element (UPE) important for transcription of the SERCA2 gene in skeletal muscle cells. These studies have also identified a strong (muscle specific) negative regulatory region located upstream of nucleotide -658. Gel mobility shift and southwestern analyses using the 17 bp UPE have revealed a specific DNA binding complex referred to as Ca2+ ATPase promoter factor -1 (CaPF1). The binding factor has an approximate M(r) of 43 kDa. Comparison of CaPF1 with known transcription factors suggests that the CaPF1 complex may be a novel DNA-binding transcription factor which plays a role in SERCA2 gene regulation in vivo.
On the Polymorphism of Calcium Carbide

A brief review of the literature is given. It is demonstrated that a recent suggestion regarding the alleged existence of a fifth crystal modification of as to a suggested molar volume for cuprous acetylide. (auth)
Modifications of synaptic patterns in the superior colliculus of the rat during development and following deafferentation

Abstract The upper layers of the superior colliculus of the adult rat have a set of characteristic and quantitatively stable synaptic features. The changes in distribution of these features have been studied during development and following deafferentation of the region. Synaptic development begins just before birth and appears complete by 1 month postnatal. Following eye removal at the beginning of this period, there continues a regulated development of subsequently formed terminals with some compensation for the deafferentation by sprouting of other pathways. Following eye removal in adults, synaptic sites—vacated by dead optic terminals—may become reoccupied by other terminals in the region.
Information theoretic approach to sensor scheduling

This paper demonstrates an approach to sensor scheduling and sensor management which effectively deals with the search/track decision problem. Every opportunity a sensor has to sense the environment equates to a certain amount of information which can be obtained about the state of the environment. A fundamental question is how to use this potential information to manage a suite of sensors while maximizing one's net knowledge about the state of the environment. The fundamental problem is whether to use one's resources to track targets already in track or to search for new ones. Inherent in this search/track problem is the further decision as to which sensor to use. A computer model has been developed that simulates a modest multiple sensor, multiple threat scenario. Target maneuvers are modeled using the Singer Model for manned maneuvering vehicles. Each sensor's capabilities and characteristics are captured in the model by converting their energy constraints to a probability of detecting a target as a function of range and field of view (beamwidth). The environment is represented by a probability distribution of a target being at a given location. As the environment is sensed and targets are detected, the environment's probability distribution is continually updated to reflect the new probability state of the environment. This probability state represents the system's best estimate about the location of all targets in track and the probable location of, as yet undetected, targets.
Intracranial hemorrhage following neuroendovascular procedures with abciximab is associated with high mortality: a multicenter series.

Background Abciximab is being used as an adjunct to neuroendovascular procedures both to prevent and treat ischemic sequelae. Experience with abciximab in this setting is limited; major bleeding complications, including fatal intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), are of particular concern. We report our multicenter experience with ICH following the administration of abciximab during neuroendovascular procedures.
Reinvestigation on the state-of-the-art nonaqueous carbonate electrolytes for 5 V Li-ion battery applications

Abstract The charging voltage limits of mixed-carbonate solvents for Li-ion batteries were systematically investigated from 4.9 to 5.3 V in half-cells using Cr-doped spinel cathode material LiNi0.45Cr0.05Mn1.5O4. The stability of conventional carbonate electrolytes is strongly related to the stability and properties of the cathode materials in the de-lithiated state. This is the first time report that the conventional electrolytes based on mixtures of EC and linear carbonate (DMC, EMC and DEC) can be cycled up to 5.2 V on LiNi0.45Cr0.05Mn1.5O4 for long-term cycling, where their performances are similar. The discharge capacity increases with the charging cutoff voltage and reaches the highest discharge capacity at 5.2 V. The capacity retention is about 87% after 500 cycles at 1C rate for all three carbonate mixtures in half-cells when cycled between 3.0 V and 5.2 V. When cycled to 5.3 V, EC-DMC still shows good cycling performance but EC-EMC and EC-DEC show faster capacity fading. EC-DMC and EC-EMC have much better rate capability than EC-DEC. The first-cycle irreversible capacity loss increases with the cutoff voltage. The “inactive” conductive carbon is also partly associated with the low first-cycle Coulombic efficiency at high voltages due to electrolyte decomposition and possible PF6- anion irreversible intercalation.
Persistent Organic Pollutants in Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River Basin: Implications for Stock Recovery

Abstract Among the populations of Pacific salmon and steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (anadromous Rainbow Trout) that inhabit the Columbia River basin there are currently 13 Evolutionarily Significant Units listed as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. While habitat loss, dams, overharvest, and climate change have been implicated in declining abundance of Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha in the Columbia River, chemical contaminants represent an additional, yet poorly understood, conservation threat. In this study we measured concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in juvenile Chinook Salmon from various Columbia River stocks and life history types to evaluate the potential for adverse effects in these threatened and endangered fish. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs), recognized contaminants of concern in the Columbia basin, are the primary focus of this paper; other contaminants found in these fish, such as polybrominated diphenyl eth...
Inelastic column stability subjected to time-dependent load

Abstract The dynamic stability of an initially straight, inelastic column subjected to a time-dependent axial load just beyond the tangent modulus load is studied. The results indicate that the straight configuration, which is stable under “dead loading”, is dynamically unstable. When the load becomes constant, the column seeks a deflected, stable equilibrium configuration which depends on the nature of transitory disturbances. Furthermore, within certain bounds, there may be a continuous distribution of such configurations.
The value of compressed air energy storage in energy and reserve markets

Abstract Storage devices can provide several grid services, however it is challenging to quantify the value of providing several services and to optimally allocate storage resources to maximize value. We develop a co-optimized Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) dispatch model to characterize the value of providing operating reserves in addition to energy arbitrage in several U.S. markets. We use the model to: (1) quantify the added value of providing operating reserves in addition to energy arbitrage; (2) evaluate the dynamic nature of optimally allocating storage resources into energy and reserve markets; and (3) quantify the sensitivity of CAES net revenues to several design and performance parameters. We find that conventional CAES systems could earn an additional $23 ± 10/kW-yr by providing operating reserves, and adiabatic CAES systems could earn an additional $28 ± 13/kW-yr. We find that arbitrage-only revenues are unlikely to support a CAES investment in most market locations, but the addition of reserve revenues could support a conventional CAES investment in several markets. Adiabatic CAES revenues are not likely to support an investment in most regions studied. Modifying CAES design and performance parameters primarily impacts arbitrage revenues, and optimizing CAES design will be nearly independent of dispatch strategy.
MULTIMETHOD CONSTRUCT VALIDATION OF THE TEST OF SPOKEN ENGLISH

Administration of the Test of Spoken English (TSE) yields tapes of oral performance on items within six sections of the test. Trained scorers subsequently rate responses using four proficiency scales: pronunciation, grammar, fluency, and overall comprehensibility. This project examined the consistency of statistical relations among TSE scores with the measurement constructs these scores purport to reflect. Analyses included factor analysis and multidimensional scaling, which examined dimensions underlying the scores. These dimensional methods were applied to the 18 scores yielded by the combinations of section and scale. Another analysis was applied to scale scores averaged over sections. This analysis compared the ranking of pairs of scale scores obtained during the original scoring of selected taped performances with the ranking resulting from a rescoring by different raters. Multidimensional scaling analyses revealed that three-dimensional solutions fit the scale intercorrelations with low stress values, and that the coordinates of the scales fell into three clusters in three-dimensional space, those clusters being defined primarily by test section rather than by proficiency scales. An exploratory factor analysis revealed that a single dimension dominated the variation of the 18 section-scale scores. However, when tapes for scale scores with substantial discrepancies were rerated, agreement between the order of original and rerated scale scores far exceeded chance. This indicated that raters were able to modify their judgements according to the scale being rated. Subsequent exploratory factor analysis indicated that both section and scale factors contribute to score variation. The factors were highly correlated, and the predominance of the single factor in the exploratory analysis was seen as arising from those correlations.
Gene Expression Signatures of PI3K Signaling Are Associated with Low ER Levels and the Luminal B Subtype in Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Human Tumors, and in Patients Predicts Poor Outcome.

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that both levels and activity of ER and progesterone receptor (PR) are dramatically influenced by growth factor receptor (GFR) signaling pathways, and that this crosstalk is a major determinant of both breast cancer (BC) progression and response to therapy. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, a key mediator of GFR signaling, is one of the most altered pathways in BC. We thus examined whether deregulated PI3K signaling in luminal ER+ breast tumors is associated with ER level and activity, molecular subtype, and outcome.Materials and Methods: To directly test for an association between ER levels and PI3K activation in BC, we defined a PI3K transcriptional signature as the set of genes either induced or repressed by PI3K inhibitors in the public Connectivity Map (CMap) expression profile dataset (www.broad.mit.edu/cmap). Using this signature, we assigned a PI3K activation score to each ER+ human breast tumor from two independent expression profile datasets (van de Vijver et al., n=226; Loi et al., n=348). Furthermore, within a broad panel of luminal BC cell lines, we compared the gene signature-based CMap PI3K score with a proteomic (Reversed Phase Proteomic Array, RPPA)-based PI3K score (which relied on protein measurement for PI3K signaling intermediates). We also compared the CMap-derived PI3K activation scores with scores based on a signature of PTEN loss in human breast tumors (Saal et al.), and on a signature of Akt activation in a transgenic mouse model (Majumder et al.).Results: Within ER+ tumors, ER mRNA level was negatively associated with the CMap PI3K activation score (van de Vijver: Pearson9s rs=-0.32, p Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 31.
Effect of membrane lipid environment on the activity of bovine adrenal 3-oxo-Δ5-steroid isomerase

The 3-oxo-delta 5-steroid isomerase (EC 5.3.3.1) activity from bovine adrenal cortex microsomes can be extracted in soluble form by the use of appropriate detergents, although recovery of enzyme activity is low (ca. 2%). Activity is restored upon removal of detergent and reconstitution of the enzyme into phospholipid vesicles. Both Km and Vmax of 3-oxo-delta 5-steroid isomerase of intact microsomes increase as the pH is raised from 7.5 to 9.5, with a particularly sharp increase (6- to 8-fold) above pH 8.5. The kinetic parameters of a detergent-solubilized isomerase preparation show little increase from pH 7.5 to 9.0, but isomerase reconstituted into artificial phospholipid vesicles demonstrates a 6- to 10-fold increase in both Km and Vmax over this pH range. Addition of Ca++ (1 mM) enhances the pH dependence of both Km and Vmax of the membrane-bound isomerase, causing a slight rise in Vmax/Km.
Residual porosity after impregnation of concrete with linseed oil/mineral spirits mixtures

Abstract Pore characteristics of concrete impregnated with boiled linseed oil were investigated using a mercury porosimeter. Prior to impregnations, specimens were dried either in a forced-air oven or with a gas-fired infrared heater. For impregnation, boiled linseed oil was mixed with various amounts of mineral spirits by weight. As the percentage of mineral spirits increased, the total specimen porosity increased, but the total porosity was still lower than that of the unimpregnated controls. Pore size distrubution shifted with impregnation and varied with the percentage of mineral spirits used. Regression analysis revealed relationships between the total intrusion, percent reduction in porosity, and total porosity versus percent boiled linseed oil by weight.
Rethinking our intellectual origins: response to Kalinka et al.

I would like to thank Kalinka and his colleagues for their comments [1] on my recent Science and Society articles in TiGS [2,3], some of which I have already responded to in my response to Mitchell [4,5]. Kalinka et al. make an excellent point about loss of heterozygosity that I did not have space for in my two papers [2,3] and that I will get back to. However, most of their comments are addressed by the recent sequencing of 6515 human genomes and the discovery that most predicted deleterious human mutations appeared within the past 5000–10 000 years [6], corresponding to the transition from the dispersed hunter-gatherer lifestyle to the agriculture-based, high-density lifestyle.
Eating Patterns and Lipid Levels in Older Adolescent Girls

Abstract Background and aims Few studies have evaluated the effects of food-based eating patterns on adolescent lipid levels. This study examines whether usual adolescent eating patterns (ages 9–17 years) predict lipid levels at 18–20 years of age. Methods and results This study uses previously collected data from the longitudinal NHLBI Growth and Health Study in which 2379 girls were enrolled at ages 9–10 years and followed for ten years. Food-based eating patterns were derived from multiple 3-day diet records. After adjusting for age, race, socioeconomic status, height, physical activity, and television viewing, girls with higher intakes of dairy, fruit and non-starchy vegetables had about a 40–50% reduced risk an LDL-C ≥ 170 mg/dL and non-HDL-C ≥ 145 mg/dL. Diets characterized by higher intakes of dairy and whole grains had similar benefits on TC and LDL-C. Girls consuming more fruits and non-starchy vegetables as well as more whole grains were much less likely to have high-risk lipid levels. Lean meat, poultry and fish when consumed in the context of other healthy eating patterns had no adverse effects on lipid levels in late adolescence. In fact when consumed with higher amounts of fruit and non-starchy vegetables, lean meat, poultry and fish had beneficial effects on HDL. Finally, dietary patterns that included more whole grains tended to be associated with lower TG levels. Conclusion Healthy childhood eating patterns characterized by higher intakes of a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy, lean meat, poultry and fish are important modifiable predictors of lipid levels in late adolescence.
Dual FGF-2 and Intergrin α5β1 Signaling Mediate GRAF-Induced RhoA Inactivation in a Model of Breast Cancer Dormancy

Interactions with the bone marrow stroma regulate dormancy and survival of breast cancer micrometastases. In an in vitro model of dormancy in the bone marrow, we previously demonstrated that estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells are partially re-differentiated by FGF-2, re-express integrin α5β1 lost with malignant transformation and acquire an activated PI3K/Akt pathway. Ligation of integrin α5β1 by fibronectin and activation of the PI3K pathway both contribute to survival of these dormant cells. Here, we investigated mechanisms responsible for the dormant phenotype. Experiments demonstrate that integrin α5β1 controls de novo cytoskeletal rearrangements, cell spreading, focal adhesion kinase rearrangement to the cell perimeter and recruitment of a RhoA GAP known as GRAF. This results in the inactivation of RhoA, an effect which is necessary for the stabilization of cortical actin. Experiments also demonstrate that activation of the PI3K pathway by FGF-2 is independent of integrin α5β1 and is also required for cortical actin reorganization, GRAF membrane relocalization and RhoA inactivation. These data suggest that GRAF-mediated RhoA inactivation and consequent phenotypic changes of dormancy depend on dual signaling by FGF-2-initiated PI3K activation and through ligation of integrin α5β1 by fibronectin.
CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEROTYPES OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI (GAS) ISOLATED FROM UNCOMPLICATED PHARYNGITIS (UP) BETWEEN 1988-90 AND 1994-95: AN INFLUENCE ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SEVERE GAS INFECTIONS?† 618

The recent resurgence of severe GAS infections and their complications in the U.S. has been reported to be largely associated with M-1 and, to a lesser extent, M-3 GAS. Our data from GAS infections occurring during 1988-90 indicated that certain M-types were more frequently isolated from patients with rheumatic fever, certain ones from those with severe systemic infections, and others from patients with UP. Because the prevalence of specific GAS serotypes in the population is constantly changing and these shifts may influence rates of specific serotype-associated isolation from severe infections, we have compared the distribution of serotypes isolated from patients with UP during 1994-95 with that during 1988-90.
Respiratory motion tracking of skin and liver in swine for Cyberknife motion compensation

In this study, we collected respiratory motion data of external skin markers and internal liver fiducials from several swine. The POLARIS infrared tracking system was used for recording reflective markers placed on the swine’s abdomen. The AURORA electromagnetic tracking system was used for recording 2 tracked needles implanted into the liver. This data will be used to develop correlation models between external skin movement and internal organ movement, which is the first step towards the ability to compensate for respiratory movement of the lesion. We are also developing a motion simulator for validation of our model and dose verification of mobile lesions in the CYBERKNIFE Suite. We believe that this research could provide significant information towards the development of precise radiation treatment of mobile target volumes.
Fault tolerant high-performance PACS network design and implementation

ABSTRACT The Wake Forest University School ofMedicine and the Wake Forest UniversitylBaptist Medical Center(WFUBMC) areimplementing a second generation PACS. The first generation PACS provided helpful information about the functional andtemporal requirements of the system. It highlighted the importance of image retrieval speed, system availability, RIS/HISintegration, the ability to rapidly view images on any PACS workstation, network bandwidth, equipment redundancy, and theability for the system to evolve using standards-based components.This paper deals with the network design and implementation of the PACS. The physical layout of the hospital areasserved by the PACS, the choice of network equipment and installation issues encountered are addressed. Efforts to optimizefault tolerance are discussed.The PACS network is a gigabit, mixed-media network based on LAN emulation over ATM (LANE) with a rapidmigration from LANE to Multiple Protocols Over ATM (MPOA) planned. Two fault-tolerant backbone ATM switches serve
Using Coincident Optical Pulses for Parallel Memory Addressing

Common-bus, shared-memory multiprocessors are the most widely used parallel processing architectures. Unfortunately, these systems suffer from a memory/bus bandwidth limitation problem. For the designer of a hybrid optical/electronic supercomputer, an immediate temptation is to replace the shared electronic bus with an optical analog of higher bandwidth, but the true bottleneck in such systems is in the address-decoding circuits of shared memory units. In this article the authors propose a new memory structure that provides for parallel access in a multiprocessor environment. The proposed system has two advantages; it distributes the address-decoding circuitry to each of the requesting units on a common bus; and it allows for parallel fetches of memory data with a level of parallelism limited only by the ratios of optical to electronic bus bandwidths and the dimensionality of the memory array.
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION IN CHRONIC AIRFLOW LIMITATION

Lung transplantation is an option for appropriately selected patients with end-stage chronic airflow limitation. The functional results have been excellent after single or bilateral lung transplantation, and the medium-term survival results have been good. Obliterative bronchiolitis, however, thought to be a manifestation of chronic rejection, occurs in approximately 40% of recipients, and it is the major cause of late morbidity and mortality in lung transplant recipients.
GPS failure detection by autonomous means within the cockpit

In civil aviation, it is desirable to be able to detect navigation system failures quickly and alert the pilot and crew accordingly. Also, while not absolutely necessary, it certainly would be simpler in the GPS case if the detection could be done autonomously within the cockpit rather than via a communication link with a network of monitoring stations on the ground. There is some redundancy in the GPS system, even if only four satellites are in view. This can be further enhanced with the addition of baro-altitude information, and it is the system redundancy that makes autonomous failure detection possible. The scheme used for failure detection in this investigation is the Magill adaptive filter, which is also known as the Multiple Model Estimation Algorithm (MMEA) in control theory. Preliminary results indicate that soft ramp-type satellite clock failures can be detected and identified in a relatively short time for the low dynamic environment that might be encountered in the high-altitude enroute situation. Failure detection is more difficult in the low-altitude nonprecision approach scenario, but preliminary results indicate that this can also be done.
Effects of water and nitrogen interaction on net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and water-use efficiency in two hybrid poplar clones

We examined the interactions of water and nitrogen availability by subjecting two Populus clones, Tristis and Eugenei, to five soil moisture and three soil nitrogen levels. Nitrogen application significantly increased net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of flooded Eugenei and Tristis. The onset of flooding caused partial stomatal closure. Net photosynthesis significantly declined after a longer flooding period. Emergence of adventitious roots on the submerged portions of stems in both clones seemingly helped net photosynthesis fully recover in Eugenei and partially recover in Tristis. Under the progressive drought conditions, stomatal conductance was more sensitive to drought than net photosynthesis in both clones. Addition of nitrogen to progressively drying soil induced more stomatal closure in both clones. The highest water-use efficiency was found on the high-N/severe drought zone for Eugenei, whereas it was found on the high-N/mild to moderate drought zone for Tristis.
Isolation of a novel orthobunyavirus (Brazoran virus) with a 1.7 kb S segment that encodes a unique nucleocapsid protein possessing two putative functional domains

In July, 2012 three isolations were made from mosquitoes collected in Brazoria, Orange and Montgomery counties, Texas, USA. Data from immunofluorescence testing suggested that these isolates are members of the genus Orthobunyavirus. Expanded analyses confirmed that these isolates comprise three independent isolations of the same virus; a novel orthobunyavirus. The genetic organization of the M and L segments of this virus is similar to that of other orthobunyaviruses. However, the S segment (∼1.7 kb) is nearly twice the length of known orthobunyavirus S segments, encoding a significantly larger nucleocapsid, N (∼50 kDa) and putative non-structural NSs (∼20 kDa) proteins in a novel strategy by which the NSs ORF precedes the N ORF. The N protein appears to consist of two functional domains; an amino portion that possesses motifs similar to other orthobunyavirus N proteins and a carboxyl portion that possesses a glutamine-rich domain with no known homologue among Bunyaviridae.
Explaining Machine Politics in Russia's Regions: Economy, Ethnicity, and Legacy

A political scientist and specialist on Russian electoral and ethnic politics provides an explanation of machine politics in Russia's regions that accounts for the great variation in the power of these machines. The focus is on distinguishing among the economic and ethnic legacies of the Soviet period, the effects of the transition itself, and the impact of provincial leadership. As evidence, the author presents a historicalinterpretive examination of Russia's transition at the level of provincial politics as well as a statistical analysis of factors impacting the strength of regional machine candidates in the 1999 single-member-district Duma elections.
Sediment entrainment by a soft-bedded glacier: a model based on regelation into the bed

Experimental results indicate that wet-based, soft-bedded glaciers may penetrate their substrates by regelation (melting and refreezing) and thereby entrain sediment. In principle, there should be a steady depth of penetration at which the downward regelation speed, driven by the interfacial effective pressure, equals the basal melt rate. Herein, the magnitude and distribution of penetration are estimated for the case of a glacier resting on a deformable bed with channelized basal drainage. The distance between channels and the distribution of effective pressure across the bed are calculated, and special attention is paid to the interdependence of the basal melt rate and effective pressure. A major uncertainty is whether fine-grained tills may impede or prevent regelation as a result of high surface tension at the ice/water interface. Predicted penetration depths range from millimetres to a few decimetres, and thus, dirty basal ice layers of such thicknesses might be expected. Predicted distances between channels agree well with those indicated by borehole measurements at Ice Stream B, West Antarctica. Effective pressures, and hence penetration depths, increase toward channels. Therefore, the edges of interfluves, bounded by anastomosing subglacial channels, should be eroded preferentially. This motivates the testable hypothesis that such erosion contributes to the formation of streamlined landforms, such as drumlins. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal changes in the carotenoids of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus dröbachiensis

Abstract 1. 1. The carotenoids of S. drobachiensis ovaries and eggs were echinenone, β-carotene, zeaxanthin, isocryptoxanthin, and small amounts of a fucoxanthin isomer. The major carotenoids of the gut wall and gut contents were fucoxanthin, mainly isomerized, β-carotene and zeaxanthin. Echinenone was detectable but isocryptoxanthin was not. 2. 2. Seasonal variation in ovarian carotenoids was studied. Echinenone constituted between 79 and 85% of the total, except in spawned out ovaries where it fell to 50%, reflecting preferential incorporation of echinenone into eggs. 3. 3. Evidence is presented for the synthesis of echinenone from β-carotene via isocryptoxanthin in the ovary rather than in the gut wall. 4. 4. The possible significance of the degree of oxidation of animal carotenoids is discussed briefly.
Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression screening in adults with epilepsy

Abstract Objective This study aimed to assess the accuracy and operating characteristics of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression screening in adults with epilepsy. Methods Tertiary epilepsy center patients served as the study population, with 237 agreeing to structured interview using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), a “gold standard” instrument developed for rapid diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD); 172 also completed the PHQ-9, and 127 completed both the PHQ-9 and the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) within two days of the MINI. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and areas under the ROC curves for each instrument were determined. Cut-points of 10 for the PHQ-9 and 15 for the NDDI-E were used, and ratings at or above the cut-points were considered screen-positive. The PHQ-9 was divided into cognitive/affective (PHQ-9/CA) and somatic (PHQ-9/S) subscales to determine comparative depression screening accuracy. Results The calculated areas under the ROC curves for the PHQ-9 (n = 172) and the PHQ-9/CA and PHQ-9/S subscales were 0.914, 0.924, and 0.846, respectively, with the PHQ-9 more accurate than the PHQ-9/S (p = 0.002) but not different from the PHQ-9/CA (p = 0.378). At cut-points of 10 and 15, respectively, the PHQ-9 had higher sensitivity (0.92 vs 0.87) but lower specificity (0.74 vs 0.89) compared with the NDDI-E. The areas under the ROC curves of the PHQ-9 and the NDDI-E showed similar accuracy (n = 127; 0.930 vs 0.934; p = 0.864). Significance The PHQ-9 is an efficient and nonproprietary depression screening instrument with excellent accuracy validated for use in adult patients with epilepsy as well as multiple other medical populations.
Morphological and morphometric characterization of platelet adhesion to the exposed subendothelium of the rabbit thoracic aorta in vivo

Abstract We have quantitated platelet adhesion to the exposed subendothelium of the balloon-deendothelialized rabbit descending thoracic aorta in vivo . Platelet adhesion was studied for elapsed times of 10 sec to 3 hr after injury. Platelet surface coverage of the thoracic aorta was measured by an intercept-counting light microscopy technique and a novel transmission electron microscopy technique. Both techniques gave similar results. Platelets adhered and spread on the exposed subendothelium forming a monolayer at all time intervals greater than 10 sec. However, platelets did not cover the entire surface. Coverage increased with time and reached a maximum of nearly 90% 3 hr after injury. Gaps between adhering platelets decreased with time and averaged approximately 1000 nm. No mural platelet thrombi were observed at any elapsed time. Comparison of our results with those reported by H. R. Baumgartner (1973, Microvasc. Res. 5, 167–179) for the rabbit abdominal aorta in vivo suggests that platelet adhesion to the exposed subendothelium may be less extensive in the thoracic aorta.
Renormalized kinetic theory of nonequilibrium many-particle classical systems

The far-from-equilibrium statistical dynamics of classical particle systems is formulated in terms of self-consistently determined phase-space density response, fluctuation, and vertex functions. Collective and single-particle effects are treated on an equal footing. Two approximations are discussed, one of which reduces to the Vlasov equation direct interaction approximation of Orszag and Kraichnan when terms that are explicitly due to particles are removed.
A CR Poincaré inequality on the complex sphere

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to prove a CR Poincare inequality with sharp exponent on the sphere in complex space. We use the complex tangential gradient on the sphere instead of the usual Laplace–Beltrami gradient on the sphere.
Regimes of dry convection above wildfires: Idealized numerical simulations and dimensional analysis

Abstract Wildfires are capable of inducing atmospheric circulations that result predominantly from large temperature anomalies produced by the fire. The fundamental dynamics through which a forest fire and the atmosphere interact to yield different convective regimes is still not well understood. This study uses the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) model to investigate the impact of the environmental (i.e., far upstream, undisturbed by fire) wind profile on dry convection above a prescribed heat source of an intensity and spatial scale comparable to a wildfire. Dimensional analysis of the fire–atmosphere problem provides two relevant parameters: a surface buoyancy parameter that addresses the amount of heat a parcel of air receives in transiting above the fire and an advection parameter that addresses the degree to which the environmental wind advects updrafts away from the fire. Two-dimensional simulations are performed in which the upstream surface wind speed and mixed layer mean wind speed ar...
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy presenting as cauda equina syndrome in a diabetic

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) may occur in association with diabetes mellitus (DM). We report a case of a poorly controlled diabetic patient who presented with rapid onset of bilateral lower extremity weakness and sensory loss associated with sacral and posterior thigh paresthesias and urinary and bowel incontinence, indicative of cauda equina syndrome (CES). Subsequent evaluation was consistent with CIDP. Monthly infusions with intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) with strict glycemic control using insulin resulted in remarkable clinical and electrophysiological recovery. This case report describes a rare presentation of CIDP and emphasizes the importance of early utility of electrodiagnostic (EDX) studies in the clinical evaluation of diabetic patients presenting with rapidly progressive lower extremity weakness and sensory loss associated with diminished reflexes.
Ontogeny of maternal and newly transcribed mRNA analyzed by in situ hybridization during development of Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract In the present investigation we have examined the titer of poly(A) in squashes prepared from oocytes and variously staged embryos of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans var. Bristol (N2) by in situ hybridization with a [3H]poly(U) probe. As shown by control experiments in which squashes were treated with dilute alkali and RNase prior to in situ hybridization, this probe interacts specifically with poly(A) sequences which are presumably present in poly(A)+ RNA. Using this method and saturating concentrations of the probe, it was shown that isolated oocytes and embryos up to the 125-cell stage exhibited substantial levels of poly(A) in their cytoplasms but no detectable amounts of this sequence within their nuclei. Nuclear poly(A) was first detected at the 90-cell stage and afterward increased at a linear rate through the 550-cell stage. The titer of total embryonic poly(A) also increased at a linear rate up to larval hatching. The results suggest that the major transcriptional effort for poly(A)+ RNA begins at the 90- to 125-cell stage of C. elegans embryogenesis and that the poly(A)+ RNA present in the cytoplasm prior to this time is primarily of maternal origin.
Further studies on the effect of isoproterenol on amino acid transport into rat submandibular gland.

Summary The effect of the administration of isoproterenol (IPR) on the uptake and steady state distribution of 14 C-amino-isobutyric acid ( 14 C-AIB) and 14 C-cycloleucine was measured in rats. Isoproterenol in small doses specifically enhanced the uptake of 14 C-AIB and 14 C-cycloleucine by the submandibular gland. In large doses the drug increased the uptake of the amino acid analogues also by the liver and diaphragmatic muscle. Removal of the superior cervical ganglion reduced the uptake of 14 C-AIB by the submandibular gland on the operated side. It is suggested that regulation of amino acid transport is one of the mechanisms by which IPR effects the growth of the submandibular gland.
Cobalt in north-east Pacific waters

Significant understanding has been gained recently about the biogeochemical cycling of trace metals in the ocean. This knowledge has mostly resulted from the accurate measurement of dissolved species in oceanic water columns. We report here that cobalt's vertical distribution is similar to that exhibited1–3 by Mn; that is, its surface enrichment/deep depletion (Fig. 1). However, amounts of Co (1–7 ng 1−1) are ∼10–20 times less than those for Mn (Table 1), as might be expected from crustal abundance estimates4 for these elements (Mn=950; Co = 25 µg per g). The similarity between Mn and Co profiles implies the same biogeochemical pathways. The Co excess in nearshore surface waters probably results from continental weathering input processes, as suggested by the remarkable Co–salinity mirror-image relationship shown in Fig. 1, and the Co–salinity scatter diagram in Fig. 2a. The steady decrease in Co concentrations also indicates that Co is usually scavenged rather than regenerated at depth, as is the case with Mn (Fig. 1; Table 1).
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS IN WHITE MICE

In a mouse colony in which lymphocytic choriomeningitis is endemic infection takes place either in utero or shortly after birth. Virus is discharged from infected mice with the nasal secretions and urine. In some mice the infection lasts for several months, and such carriers can transmit the disease to healthy mice by contact. The portal of entry appears to be the nasal mucosa rather than the gastrointestinal tract. Mice infected by contact show no definite symptoms while those infected in utero often do. The disease has persisted in the colony for at least 15 months without change in its character. Mouse stocks differ in their susceptibility to contact infection and the findings given in the paper could be reproduced only with a very susceptible stock. Wild mice (Mus musculus) can be infected by contact, although less easily than our white mice. The source of the infection in the colony has not been determined. The fact that the serum of the caretaker neutralizes the virus indicates that he has been infected. It seems likely that the virus went from him to the mice rather than vice versa. Other possible sources of infection are considered.
Application of ultrasonic-pulse-spectroscopy measurements to experimental stress analysis

We apply the technique of ultrasonic pulse spectroscopy to measure the interference effects between two shear waves propagating in specimens loaded in uniaxial compression. We show that the power spectrum of an echo containing both fast and slow components of a shear wave will exhibit periodic minima. The periodicity exhibited in the spectrum is 1/Δτ, where Δτ is the difference in arrival time between the fast and slow waves. A change in the state of stress which produces a change in the two shear velocities results in a stress-dependent change in wave-arrival times. Because of this velocity change, the frequency at which a particular minimum occurs in the spectrum changes, and this can be used to indicate the state of stress in the material. Our results indicate that, if the spectrum minima frequencies could be resolved to within 10 kHz, the principal-stress differences within 36 psi (0.251 MPa) could be measured in specimens of aluminum 1 in. (2.54 cm) thick. Inherent in analyzing and measuring echo-interference effects is a single-echo requirement. Thus, transducer coupling effects are minimized and measurements in highly attenuating materials or at high frequencies in normal attenuating materials are possible. This technique shows considerable promise as a means of measuring and monitoring the applied stresses in materials.
Viscosity of Two-Dimensional Suspensions

Over a range of conditions, lipid and surfactant monolayers exhibit coexistence of discrete solid domains in a continuous liquid. The surface shear viscosity, mu(s), of such monolayers collapses onto a single curve: mu(s)/mu(so) = [1-(A/A(c))](-1), in which mu(so) is the viscosity of the liquid phase, A is the area fraction of the solid phase measured by fluorescence microscopy, and A(c) is a critical solid phase fraction. This scaling relationship is directly analogous to that of three-dimensional dispersion of spheres in a solvent with long-range repulsive interactions, with area fraction replacing volume fraction.