cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Properties on spin-on glass as an insulator for InP metal-insulator-semiconductor structures

The application of Futurrex IC1-200 spin-on glass as an insulator for InP metal-insu-lator-semiconductor (MIS) structures including InP MIS capacitors and InP MIS field-effect transistors (MISFET’s) was investigated. Preliminary measurements of the elec-trical properties of the spin-on glass were performed using Si MIS structures with the spin-on glass insulator layer. It was found that the spin-on glass which is subjected to a final curing treatment utilizing a rapid-thermal annealing at 600° C for 5 sec in a O2 ambient exhibits the best electrical properties. However, it was demonstrated by sec-ondary ion mass spectroscopy that when done on InP, the 600° C rapid-thermal an-nealing resulted in the outdiffusion of indium and phosphorus into the spin-on glass. The change in the spin-on glass electrical characteristics due to this outdiffusion re-sulted in an instability in the InP MISFET operation.
Identification and expression of the UL1 gene product of equine herpesvirus 1

Abstract Sequences encoding the UL1 gene of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) are conserved in the genome of EHV-1 defective interfering particles (DIPs) that mediate oncogenic transformation and persistent infection. The UL1 protein was identified by in vitro transcription/translation and hybrid-arrest translation analyses which employed a UL1/pGEM-3Z construct designated pGEML1. SDS-PAGE analyses of in vitro translation products synthesized from UL1-specific RNA revealed that the UL1 ORF encodes a 30 kDa protein which corresponds in size to the 258 amino acid protein predicted by DNA sequence analyses. This result was confirmed by arresting translation of the in vitro transcribed UL1 RNA with an oligodeoxynucleotide complementary to UL1 coding sequences. The UL1 protein is a homolog of the predicted protein encoded by the ORF2 gene of varicella-zoster virus, but UL1 has no homolog in herpes simplex virus type 1. The UL1 protein contains a region conforming to a ‘PEST’ (Proline, Glutamic acid, Serine, and Threonine) sequence, which is commonly found in proteins with half-lives of less than two hours.
Relation of Blood Volume and Blood Pressure in Orthostatic Intolerance

A complex but crucial relationship exists between blood volume and blood pressure in human subjects; it has been recognized that in essential hypertension, renovascular hypertension, and pheochromocytoma, the relationship between plasma volume and diastolic blood pressure is an inverse one. This phenomenon has not been studied in individuals with low normal and reduced blood pressures. Orthostatic intolerance is a commonly encountered abnormality in blood pressure regulation often associated with tachycardia in the standing position. Most of these patients have varying degrees of reduced blood volume. We tested the hypothesis that the relationship previously found between plasma volume and diastolic blood pressure in pressor states would also hold in orthostatic intolerance. We studied 16 patients with a history of symptomatic orthostatic intolerance associated with an elevation in plasma norepinephrine in the upright posture and hypovolemia in 9 patients and normovolemia in 7 patients. Our studies demonstrate an inverse relationship between plasma volume and diastolic blood pressure in patients with orthostatic intolerance. This finding also holds for the change in diastolic blood pressure in response to upright posture. In this relationship, patients with orthostatic intolerance with high plasma norepinephrine resemble those with essential hypertension, renovascular hypertension, and pheochromocytoma. We conclude that in a variety of conditions at both ends of the blood pressure spectrum, the seemingly paradoxical association of hypovolemia and diastolic blood pressure is preserved.
Glutamate and nicotinic receptor interactions in working memory: importance for the cognitive impairment of schizophrenia

This article reaches across disciplines to correlate results in molecular, cellular, behavioral, and clinical research to develop a more complete picture of how working memory (WM) functions. It identifies a new idea that deserves further investigation. NMDA glutamate receptors (NMDAR) are critical for memory function. NMDAR inhibition effectively reproduces principal manifestations of schizophrenia (SP), such as WM impairment and GABAergic deficit (mainly reduction of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) and parvalbumin (PV) content). Nicotine and selective α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists reduce WM impairments in patients with SP and reverse WM deficits in animals treated with NMDAR antagonists. The mechanism of this effect is unknown. Importantly, WM recovery occurs even before restoration of NMDAR blockade-induced molecular alterations, including reduced GAD67 in interneurons. Our insight into the cognitive-enhancing effect of α7 nAChR agonists, particularly in the animal models of SP, combines reviews of recent findings on glutamate and nicotinic receptor expression in the neuronal circuits involved in WM, the properties of these receptors, their implication in WM regulation, generation of rhythmic neuronal activity, resulting in a proposed hypothesis for further investigations. We suggest that (1) cortical/hippocampal interneurons, particularly PV positive, play a crucial role in WM and that impairment of these cells in SP could be behind the WM deficit; (2) activation of α7 nAChRs could restore calcium signaling and intrinsic properties of these interneurons, and associated with these events, computational capacity, gamma rhythmic activity, and WM would also be restored.
Influence of mainstream turbulence on leading edge film cooling heat transfer through two rows of inclined film slots

The effect oj film slot injection on leading edge heat transfer coefficient and film cooling effectiveness under high mainstream turbulence conditions was experimentally studied for flow across a blunt body with a semicylinder leading edge and a flat afterbody. High mainstream turbulence levels were generated by a bar grid (Tu = 5.07 percent) and a passive grid (Tu = 9.67 percent). The indicent mainstream Reynolds number based on the cylinder diameter was about 100,000
Demographic, Neuropsychological, and Functional Predictors of Rate of Longitudinal Cognitive Decline in Hispanic Older Adults

Objective The identification of older adults who are at increased risk of future cognitive decline is often difficult, particularly in individuals of an ethnic minority. This study evaluated which baseline demographic, neuropsychological, and functional variables were most strongly associated with future longitudinal decline in global cognitive function. Design/Setting Participants were part of a community-based prospective longitudinal study of 1,789 older Hispanics (Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging). Participants A subsample of 639 individuals was evaluated, comprising cognitively normal, mildly impaired, and dementia cases, and were followed longitudinally for up to 7 years. Sixty-three percent were tested in Spanish. Measurements Latent growth curve modeling of longitudinal data was used to assess the effects of age, gender, education, language of test administration (Spanish or English), acculturation, baseline measures of neuropsychological function (i.e., verbal memory and confrontation naming), and baseline everyday functioning (as measured by the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly) on rate of change in global cognitive impairment (measured by the 3MS). Results Less education, being tested in English, and poorer scores on the neuropsychological tests were all cross-sectionally associated with lower baseline 3MS scores. However, longitudinal decline in global cognition over time was primarily associated with older age and poorer everyday function at baseline. Conclusions Informant-based ratings of functional impairment, which are easy to collect in a clinical setting, have significant use in identifying Hispanic older adults at increased risk for future cognitive decline.
Effects of intrahypothalamically administered norepinephrine, serotonin and bombesin on thermoregulation in the deermouse (Peromyscus maniculatus).

Norepinephrine, serotonin, and bombesin administered intrahypothalamically affected thermoregulation in the deermouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. At a Ta of 22 °C, doses of 3 μg and 6 μg of NE resulted in transient hypothermia (maximum drop of 1.6 ± 1.0 °C and 4.3 ± 2.3 °C, respectively). A 1.5 μg dose of 5-HT induced a persistent hyperthermia (maximum increase of 1.8 ± 0.8 °C) which persisted for more than 2 h. A 6 μg dose of 5-HT did not produce any significant effects. At a Ta of 22 °C, doses of 1 ng and 10 ng of bombesin produced a transient hyperthermia (maximum increase of 1.8 ± 0.3 °C and 2.1 ± 1.2 °C, respectively) immediately postinjection. At a Ta of 5 °C, a 1 ng dose of bombesin resulted in a prolonged hypothermia (maximum decrease of 2.0 ± 0.4 °C), while a 10 ng dose of bombesin produced a hyperthermic response (maximum increase of 1.3 ± 0.8 °C) at 2 h postinjection.
Emission rates from range-top burners ― assessment of measurement methods

Abstract Unvented combustion sources in indoor environments generate emissions that contribute to indoor air pollution. Both the direct and mass-balance methods have been used to measure emission rates from these sources in field houses, test houses and chambers. In particular, emission rates have been obtained for pollutants from kerosene space heaters and from unvented gas appliances such as range-top burners, ovens, dryers and gas space heaters. Most studies have focused on the emission rates of the inorganic air constituents (NO, NO2, CO and a few others). This paper compares the two methods of emission rate measurement, and summarizes the emission rates of NO, NO2 and CO from range-top burners. The emission rates of NO, NO2 and CO from range-top burners are well quantified, but vary widely as a function of the source condition. The experiments described herein found that the two methods provide comparable emission rates. Consequently, in support of the research needed to establish the distribution of emission rates from range-top burners in the U.S. housing stock, the method to be employed should be the one that provides the required information cost effectively.
Effect of Lattice Vibrations in a Multiple-Scattering Description of Low-Energy Electron Diffraction. II. Double-Diffraction Analysis of the Elastic Scattering Cross Section

The evaluation of the elastic scattering differential cross section of electron scattering from a planar surface of a vibrating lattice is reduced to the solution of a set of coupled algebraic equations for the associated scattering amplitude. This reduction is valid both for overlapping potentials (thus removing the restriction of previous analyses to muffin-tin potentials) and for the nonspherical potentials associated with ion cores at solid surfaces. The algebraic equations are solved using a double-diffraction analysis of the inelastic-collision model. Surface scatterers are taken to be geometrically equivalent but electronically and vibronically inequivalent to those in the bulk. A Debye model is used to describe the phonon spectrum of the solid. Numerical results are presented for a hypothetical fcc metal with the lattice parameters of aluminum. Thermal expansion alters the energies of peaks in the elastic intensity profiles ($I\ensuremath{-}V$ curves), whereas the thermal vibration of the ion cores alters the intensities of the peaks. The temperature dependence of the peak heights can be described by the kinematic model in which it is attributed to the Debye-Waller factor associated with an "effective" Debye temperature. However, the multiple scattering of the electron from the lattice causes these "effective" Debye temperatures to be related to the parameters of the model (e.g., bulk and surface electron---ion-core scattering phase shifts, the inelastic-collision mean free path, bulk- and surface-model Debye temperatures) in a complicated fashion. Although the trends evident in the dependence of the effective Debye temperature on the model parameters can be rendered plausible, it appears almost impossible to extract from a kinematical model reliable quantitative information about the average thermal displacements of the surface and bulk ion cores.
Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst with Complicating Aspergillus Infection Presenting as a Refractory Lung Abscess

Background: Hydatid disease is rare in the United States. Rarely the hydatid cyst can become infected with mycotic organisms, such as Aspergillus. We describe a young male who presents with clinical features of suppurative lung abscess whose workup diagnosed hydatid cyst complicated by Aspergillus co-infection. Case presentation: A 27-year-old Peruvian male was hospitalized because of fever, chills, and productive cough of three months' duration. Clinical features were consistent with a suppurative lung abscess. Significant findings included leukocytosis with eosinophilia and a chest x-ray showing a large lingular lobe thick-walled cavity with a wavy irregular fluid level. The patient ultimately underwent surgical resection of the lingular lobe. Examination of the surgical specimen revealed the cavity to be a hydatid cyst. Histologic examination of the cyst wall showed intense inflammation and several septate hyphae of Aspergillus species. The patient recovered fully and has remained in good health. Conclusion: A thick-walled cavity and a wavy meniscus constitute unusual features for an ordinary pyogenic lung abscess and suggests other possibilities. Endogenous cases of hydatid disease are uncommon in the United States, with the majority of cases occurring in immigrants. There are few published case reports describing incidental findings of Aspergillus in a hydatid cyst. The rare occurrence of such a condition can lead to a delay in diagnosis and treatment.
Efficient transient simulation of distributed interconnects

The electrical performance of high‐speed integrated circuits and digital networks strongly depends on the behavior of interconnects between various components of these systems. The prediction of such performance can only be achieved by the used of computer‐aided design and simulation tools. The simulation of high‐speed digital circuits has gained a significant role in the past few years since it is critical in the evaluation of noise levels, signal corruption and signal delay in fast switching circuits. This paper explores the various aspects and techniques for transmission line simulation; in particular, two different methods are described: the scattering parameter method and the optimal method.
Deep-red emissive BODIPY-chlorin arrays excitable with green and red wavelengths.

We report here the synthesis and characterization of BODIPY–chlorin arrays containing a chlorin subunit, with tunable deep-red (641–685 nm) emission, and one or two BODIPY moieties, absorbing at 504 nm. Two types of arrays were examined: one where BODIPY moieties are attached through a phenylacetylene linker at the 13- or 3,13-positions of chlorin, and a second type where BODIPY is attached at the 10-position of chlorin through an amide linker. Each of the examined arrays exhibits an efficient (≥0.80) energy transfer from BODIPY to the chlorin moiety in both toluene and DMF and exhibits intense fluorescence of chlorin upon excitation of BODIPY at ∼500 nm. Therefore, the effective Stokes shift in such arrays is in the range of 140–180 nm. Dyads with BODIPY attached at the 10-position of chlorin exhibit a bright fluorescence in a range of solvents with different polarities (i.e., toluene, MeOH, DMF, and DMSO). In contrast to this, some of the arrays in which BODIPY is attached at the 3- or at both 3,13-posi...
Symbolic control of linear systems based on symbolic subsystems

This paper describes an approach to the control of continuous systems through the use of symbolic models describing the system behavior only at a finite number of points in the state space. These symbolic models can be seen as abstract representations of the continuous dynamics enabling the use of algorithmic controller design methods. We identify a class of linear control systems for which the loss of information incurred by working with symbolic subsystems can be compensated by feedback. We also show how to transform symbolic controllers designed for a symbolic subsystem into controllers for the original system. The resulting controllers combine symbolic controller dynamics with continuous feedback control laws and can thus be seen as hybrid systems. Furthermore, if the symbolic controller already accounts for software/hardware requirements, the hybrid controller is guaranteed to enforce the desired specifications by construction thereby reducing the need for formal verification.
Accounting for Water Temperature during Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment of Channel Catfish Eggs

Abstract The effect of water temperature on the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a disinfectant for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus eggs was examined at 24°C and 28°C. Eggs at each temperature were treated with H2O2 at 0, 100, 250, 500, or 1,000 mg/L as a daily 15-min bath. Mean hatching success at 24°C was greatest (P > 0.05) for eggs treated with 250 and 500 mg/L H2O2, hatching success tending to increase with increasing treatment concentration between 100 and 500 mg/L. The opposite effect was observed at 28°C: hatching success was greatest (P < 0.05) for eggs treated with 100 and 250 mg/L H2O2, hatching success tending to decrease with increasing H2O2 concentration between 100 and 500 mg/L. The results of this research, together with previously published results, demonstrate that there is a negative correlation between H2O2 concentration and water temperature with respect to the optimal efficiency of H2O2 as an egg disinfectant and suggest that there is an increased toxicity of H2O2 at highe...
Quantum Monte Carlo study of the two-impurity Kondo Hamiltonian.

We investigate the magnetic properties of the Kondo two-impurity Hamiltonian with a recently introduced, essentially exact quantum Monte Carlo technique. We explore in particular the competition between Kondo effect, with Kondo temperature ${T}_{K}$, and Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interactions, with coupling constant scrJ. We simulate the regimes \ensuremath{\Vert}scrJ\ensuremath{\Vert}${T}_{K}$ and \ensuremath{\Vert}scrJ\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}${T}_{K}$ for both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic scrJ, considering in particular the antiferromagnetic regime scrJ/${T}_{K}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}2.4 where anomalous behavior is predicted from renormalization-group calculations. Over the entire parameter range, we find that nearby impurity spin-spin correlations initially develop according to a RKKY effective Hamiltonian ${H}_{\mathrm{eff}}$=scrJ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ as the temperature is lowered; the correlations then saturate at around the Kondo temperature ${T}_{K}$. This result suggests an analogous picture for the lattice case, with long-range order developing if a ``RKKY lattice'' transition temperature is reached before Kondo quenching effects set in. We also find no evidence for anomalous staggered susceptibility behavior in the scrJ/${T}_{K}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}2.4 regime, and give possible explanations for this difference with the renormalization-group results.
Union Organizers' Access to Hotels' Private Property

Abstract A 1992 decision by the U.S. Supreme Court limited the access of union organizers to private property when those organizers are not employees of the organization that owns the property. Consequently, hotel operators may in most cases reasonably exclude nonemployee organizers from hotel property.
ICDC interstitial ultrasound applicators for high-temperature thermal therapy

Theoretical and experimental approaches were used to evaluate Internally-Cooled Direct-Coupled (ICDC) ultrasound applicators for treating disease in the prostate and liver. 2-D and 3-D transient biothermal models, which account for dynamic tissue changes, were used to calculate temperature distributions and zones of coagulation. Experimental evaluations and verification of these models were performed using in vitro tissue and in vivo porcine and canine models. Devices of 2.2 mm outer diameter were evaluated under varied applied power schemes and cooling levels. Both duty cycle power application and PI-controlled power application were found to improve applicator performance by increasing radial depths of lesions with lower maximum temperature. ICDC applicators were found to be able to create 3-5 cm diameter lesions in liver and muscle under 15 minute treatment times using the optimal designs and power application schemes found in this study. From these initial feasibility studies it has been demonstrated that ICDC devices have potential for treating cancerous tumors in prostate, liver and possibly breast.
A binary choice severance selection model for the removal of offshore structures in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The severance techniques employed to decommission an offshore structure will depend on the outcome of a risk-based comparative assessment involving cost, safety, technical, environmental, operational and managerial considerations. The purpose of this paper is to describe the factors involved in the decision to use explosive/nonexplosive severance methods, to quantify the probability that a structure will be removed with explosive technology, and to develop a predictive model of the decision to use explosive methods. An empirical analysis of oil and gas structures removed in the Gulf of Mexico between 1986 and 2001 provide the historic data required to compute the probability of an explosive removal and to estimate binary choice models for severance selection. Binomial logit and probit models of severance selection are constructed to establish the relationship between a set of attributes describing a structure and the probability that a particular severance technique will be employed. The results of the binary choice models and the limitations of quantitative modeling are summarized.
Mean Rainfall Patterns for the Three Phases of GATE

Abstract As a part of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE), quantitative precipitation measurements were made during the summer of 1974 with four C-band digital radars complemented by shipboard raingages. Isohyetal maps covering a 125 000 km2 array centered at 8°30′N, 23°30′W are presented for each of three, approximately 20-day observational phases of GATE. Large mean rain rates exist for all three phases, with the largest ones corresponding to accumulations exceeding 500 mm for some of the maximum isohyets during Phase I. The mean rainfall rate averaged over the B-scale array for all three phases, 11.3 mm day−1, is apparently not significantly different from pre-GATE rainfall climatology. Another striking characteristic of the phase-mean precipitation patterns is the large spatial gradients; e.g., gradients as large as 200 mm in 16 km are observed. Latitude shifts in the zone of maximum confluence (intertropical convergence zone) and in the tracks of the synoptic disturbances are reflected by in...
Detection of shallow buried objects using an autoregressive model on the ground penetrating radar signal

The detection of shallow buried low-metal content objects using ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a challenging task. This is because these targets are right underneath the ground and the ground bounce reflection interferes with their detections. They do not create distinctive hyperbolic signatures as required by most existing GPR detection algorithms due to their special geometric shapes and low metal content. This paper proposes the use of the Autoregressive (AR) modeling method for the detection of these targets. We fit an A-scan of the GPR data to an AR model. It is found that the fitting error will be small when such a target is present and large when it is absent. The ratio of the energy in an Ascan before and after AR model fitting is used as the confidence value for detection. We also apply AR model fitting over scans and utilize the fitting residual energies over several scans to form a feature vector for improving the detections. Using the data collected from a government test site, the proposed method can improve the detection of this kind of targets by 30% compared to the pre-screener, at a false alarm rate of 0.002/m 2 .
Empiricism and/or Instrumentalism?

Elliott Sober is both an empiricist and an instrumentalist. His empiricism rests on a principle called actualism, whereas his instrumentalism violates this. This violation generates a tension in his work. We argue that Sober is committed to a conflicting methodological imperative because of this tension. Our argument illuminates the contemporary debate between realism and empiricism which is increasingly focused on the application of scientific inference to testing scientific theories. Sober’s position illustrates how the principle of actualism drives a wedge between two conceptions of scientific inference and at the same time brings to the surface a deep conflict between empiricism and instrumentalism.
Wavelet feature performance analysis for distortion-invariant target detection

Wavelet feature performance for the detection and recognition of targets from noisy images is investigated. Training patterns with different noise contents are first employed to come up with a statistical model for the dissimilarity of the reference target and noisy inputs. This model is then analyzed with Daubechies wavelet filter with extremal phase and vanishing moment. Simulation results show the potential of wavelet features that can be used in the decision making subsystem to yield high discrimination between target and non-target.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Automated localization of wrinkles and the dermo-epidermal junction in obliquely oriented reflectance confocal microscopic images of human skin

Reflectance Confocal Microscopic (RCM) imaging of obliquely-oriented optical sections, rather than with traditional z-stacks, shows depth information that more closely mimics the appearance of skin in orthogonal sections of histology. This approach may considerably reduce the amount of data that must be acquired and processed. However, as with z-stacks, purely visual detection of the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) in oblique images remains challenging. Here, we have extended our original algorithm for localization of DEJ in z-stacks to oblique images. In addition, we developed an algorithm for detecting wrinkles, which in addition to its intrinsic merit, gives useful information for DEJ detection.
Near-perfect load balancing by randomized rounding

We consider and analyze a new algorithm for balancing indivisible loads on a distributed network with n processors. The aim is minimizing the discrepancy between the maximum and minimum load. In every time-step paired processors balance their load as evenly as possible. The direction of the excess token is chosen according to a randomized rounding of the participating loads.We prove that in comparison to the corresponding model of Rabani, Sinclair, and Wanka (1998) with arbitrary roundings, the randomization yields an improvement of roughly a square root of the achieved discrepancy in the same number of time-steps on all graphs. For the important case of expanders we can even achieve a constant discrepancy in O(log n (log log n)3) rounds. This is optimal up to loglog-factors while the best previous algorithms in this setting either require ©(log2 n) time or can only achieve a logarithmic discrepancy. Our new result also demonstrates that with randomized rounding the difference between discrete and continuous load balancing vanishes almost completely.
Editorial to “UCLA-IPAM-NSF workshop on thin films and fluid interfaces”

The papers presented in this issue are selected contributions from participants of a workshop on “thin films and fluid interfaces” held at the Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics at the University of California, Los Angeles, January 30–February 2, 2006. The workshop was organized by Andrea L. Bertozzi, Robert Behringer, Michael Shearer, Dejan Slepcev, and Tom Witelski. The purpose of the workshop was to bring together an international group of researchers working on experimental, analytical, and computational problems related to thin films and fluid interfaces. The workshop featured current research progress in this area including moving contact lines, solid-liquid-vapor interfaces, and surface tension effects. Funding for this workshop was made possible by the National Science Foundation through a Focused Research Group grant in the Mathematical Sciences. The workshop was attended by speakers from six countries: France, Germany, Israel, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Over fifty people in total participated during the four days of the workshop. This issue contains six papers illustratingmany of the topics of interest from the workshop. All papers are research articles contributed by speakers at the workshop, and their collaborators. Here we summarize the papers in regards to their connection to the current literature. The works include a blend of new experimental results (two papers) mathematical models, asymptotics, numerical simulations, and analysis. Typically, the
Colorimetric phosphorescence measurements with a color camera for oxygen determination

We developed a simple oxygen imaging platform with phosphorescent oxygen sensor films to demonstrate a quantitative oxygen determination method utilizing a color CCD camera. Phosphorescence quenching of a luminophore Pt(II) meso-tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin complex (PtTFPP) immobilized in poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) matrix, is the principal detection mechanism. This sensor material was cast to form a film on the bottom surface of a transparent Petri dish. As levels of dissolved oxygen increased, phosphorescence of the complex decreased, allowing for measurement of oxygen levels which developed in the sensor film. A camera with a charge-coupled device (CCD) was used in conjunction with processing software to quantify oxygen levels colorimetrically. Microscopic images were collected using a CCD camera and stored as a set of red/green/blue (RGB) images. Phosphorescence excitation (390 nm peak) is limited to the blue (B) pixels of the CCD chip, and these values were discarded; while retaining the oxygen-responsive phosphorescence emission (645 nm peak) almost identical with the response range of the red (R) pixels. Red pixel intensity analysis effectively extracts color intensity information, which can be in turn directly related to oxygen contents. Color CCD cameras allow simultaneous acquisition of many types of chemical information by combining the merits of digital imaging with the attributes of spectroscopic measurement. Therefore, use of color CCD cameras is considered as an inexpensive alternative to time-resolved imaging for relatively short-term monitoring.
α-Bungarotoxin binding in the central nervous system of Limulus polyphemus

Abstract The binding of 125I-labeled α-bungarotoxin in the central nervous system of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, was investigated. Comparative binding studies in various tissues of L. polyphemus demonstrated a selective association of the toxin with nervous tissues. The greatest enrichment of toxin binding in subcellular fractions of brain tissue was observed in a fraction enriched in mitochondria and acetylcholinesterase-containing membranes. Autoradiographic studies revealed the localization of α-bungarotoxin binding to the longitudinal connectives and neuropile regions of the abdominal ganglia. Three toxin binding components with approximate sedimentation coefficients of 9 S, 15.4 S and 17.4 S were present in solubilized extracts of brain tissue. 125I-labeled α-bungarotoxin binding to these components was inhibited 72%, 47%, 9% and 0% by 10 μM concentrations of (+)-tubocurarine, nicotine, scopolamine and pilocarpine, respectively. The apparent formation of the 15.4 S and 17.4 S proteins from the 9 S protein was obtained. The 15.4 S and 17.4 S components are suggested as aggregates of the 9 S protein. This 9 S protein is proposed as an acetylcholine receptor from the central nervous system of L. polyphemus.
Interferon regulatory factor-1 down-regulates cytokine-induced IP-10 expression in pancreatic islets.

Abstract Background. Interferon (IFN)-γ acts synergistically with interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α to activate isoform of nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) gene expression, induce apoptosis, and impair glucose-stimulated insulin release (GSIR) in pancreatic islets. This effect is an important mechanism of islet dysfunction in models of pancreatitis, type I diabetes, and islet allograft rejection. We tested the hypothesis that transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 plays a regulatory role in both this cytokine-induced islet injury and cytokine-induced gene expression for chemotactic chemokines. Methods. Isolated islets from wild-type (WT) or IRF-1−/− C57BL/6 mice were cultured in a mixture of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ ± the iNOS inhibitor L-NMMA. The following end points were assessed: i) GSIR; ii) rates of apoptosis; and iii) gene expression for iNOS, IRF-1 and inducible protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemoattractive protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β. Results. Cytokine-treated WT islets demonstrated an increase in IRF-1 and iNOS gene expression, inhibition of GSIR, increased rates of apoptosis, and increased gene transcription and protein release for IP-10 and MCP-1. Cytokine-treated IRF-1−/− islets demonstrated relatively less iNOS gene expression, preserved GSIR, reduced rates of apoptosis, and a more marked increase in transcription for IP-10 and MCP-1 and in IP-10 protein release. L-NMMA-cotreated WT islets were completely resistant to cytokine-induced dysfunction and apoptosis but demonstrated the same degree of cytokine-induced chemokine gene expression as cytokine-treated WT without L-NMMA. Conclusion. IFN-γ, IL-1β, and TNF-α in combination induce chemokine gene expression in pancreatic islets. Transcription factor IRF-1 mediates cytokine-induced islet dysfunction, apoptosis, and iNOS gene expression but down-regulates IP-10 gene expression. (Surgery 2003;134:134-41.)
A general form of the equations for turbulent flows with a passive scalar

Abstract A general tensor form of the first- and second-moment equations for turbulent flow with a passive scalar in a non-Cartesian system is given. For second-order modeling, the unclosed terms (for example, the third moments, pressure correlations, etc.) depend on their model forms. A set of model forms for the various unclosed terms are also suggested and presented with a general tensor form in any system. As an example, we present all the equations and suggested models in cylindrical coordinates, which may be useful for many applications.
Assessment of heifer grazing experience on short-term adaptation to pasture and performance as lactating cows.

A 3-yr study evaluated the carryover effects of dairy heifer grazing experience on behavior and first-lactation performance as dairy cows. Forty-one Holstein and 23 Holstein-Jersey crossbred calves born between January and April 2008 were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (n = 8 per group, 2 groups per treatment) in a completely randomized design. Treatments were combinations of managing dairy heifers in confinement (CNF) or on pasture (PST): grazed yr 1 and 2 (PSTPST); grazed yr 1, but confined yr 2 (PSTCNF); confined yr 1 and grazed yr 2 (CNFPST); or confined yr 1 and 2 (CNFCNF). After calving, all heifers on all treatments were grazed as cows in yr 3. In yr 1, PSTPST and PSTCNF heifers were grazed for 41 d on Italian ryegrass pastures, whereas CNFPST and CNFCNF were housed in bedded-pack pens and fed a TMR. In yr 2, PSTPST and CNFPST heifers grazed Italian ryegrass pasture for 65 d, whereas PSTCNF and CNFCNF remained in confinement. In yr 2, a mid-trial assessment of heifer grazing behavior was made on PSTPST versus CNFPST heifers. Grazing activities were assessed by visual observation and heifer movement measured by portable global positioning system units. Heifers from all treatment groups subsequently calved between January and April in yr 3. All primiparous cows were then allocated to pastures by treatment group, grazed for 61 d, (May through July) in yr 3, with grazing behavior and milk production evaluated while grazing. In yr 2, heifers on the PSTPST treatment spent more time grazing than heifers on the CNFPST treatment (78 vs. 35% of the time) when first exposed to pasture (d 1). On d 1 to 3, PSTPST heifers walked a greater distance than CNFPST heifers; however, PSTPST and CNFPST heifers had similar daily grazing times and walking patterns after 3 d of pasture exposure in yr 2. As lactating cows (yr 3), cows with no (CNFCNF) grazing experience grazed less on d 1 compared with cows with (PSTPST, PSTCNF, or CNFPST) grazing experience. Day-1 grazing times in yr 3 were 62, 59, 76, and 13% of the times for cows with PSTPST, PSTCNF, CNFPST, and CNFCNF grazing experience, respectively. In yr 3, on d 1 to 3, cows with previous grazing experience as heifers (PSTPST, CNFPST, and PSTCNF) walked a greater distance than cows without previous grazing experience (CNFCNF). Milk production was lowest on d 1 to 3 for cows with no previous grazing experience (CNFCNF), but average daily milk production was not different overall over the 61 d of study in yr 3. Results indicate that grazing experiences as a heifer can affect behavior and milk production during a cow’s first days on pasture. After a short acclimation period, dairy cows without grazing experience as heifers developed similar grazing behaviors and performance as cows with grazing experience as heifers.
A hardware implementation of layer 2 MPLS

This paper presents a hardware architecture for layer 2 Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS). MPLS is a protocol framework used primarily to prioritize internet traffic and improve bandwidth utilization. Furthermore it increases the performance of internet applications and overall efficiency. However, most existing MPLS solutions are entirely software based which decreases performance. MPLS performance can be enhanced by executing core tasks in hardware while allowing other tasks to be executed in software to guard against performance degradation. This paper proposes a hardware design of MPLS on an FPGA for increased performance and efficiency.
Generalized Bohr-Sommerfeld rules for anomalies with applications to symmetry breakdown and decoupling

In the presence of anomalies, the requirement that a classical symmetry group $G$ has a proper action on the fermion measure or in the effective Lagrangian description imposes Bohr-Sommerfeld conditions on the anomalies, and often implies that $G$ is broken to a subgroup $H$ as well. We show these results in this paper and apply them to QCD and SU(5). In particular, constraints on the QCD order parameter are derived, and an argument is presented which suggests that the breakdown of the chiral flavor symmetry and the emergence of some sort of generation structure in QCD may be natural.
Lamb shift and the lifetime of the 2 S 1 2 2 state of hydrogenlike argon ( Z = 18 )

We report a measurement of the Lamb shift in hydrogenlike argon based on the electric-field-quenching method, and a measurement of the unperturbed lifetime of the $2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state. We find the lifetime of the unperturbed $2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state to be 3.487(0.036) ns in agreement with the theoretical value of 3.497 ns. This is the first measurement of the $2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state lifetime of sufficient accuracy to observe the contribution to the total decay rate of the single-photon magnetic dipole decay. Our measured value of the Lamb shift is $\ensuremath{\delta}E(2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}2^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}})=37.89(0.38)$ THz, lower than, but in agreement with, Mohr's value of 38.25(0.025) THz, and 2.7 standard deviations below Erickson's value of 39.01(0.16) THz. Both the quenched and natural lifetimes were measured by the beam-foil time-of-flight technique. In this paper we emphasize the treatment of the systematic effects in the beam-foil time-of-flight method including cascades from higher excited states, interference from the spectra of heliumlike ions, collisions in the residual gas, and perturbations from a highly excited extra electron, as well as systematic effects more unique to electric field quenching.
An imaging technique in transmission electron microscopy utilizing diffraction fine structure

A technique is described utilizing the fine structure of electron diffraction spots to image independently stacking faults lying on several differently inclined crystal planes of a given region. The optimum conditions for employing the method and the limitations of the method are discussed with relation to the dynamical theory for diffraction fine structure presented by Gevers et al. Several examples of application of the technique are presented to demonstrate its power in separating fault sets, such as the case of the high densities of faulted loop damage which may be produced during irradiation. Eine Technik wird beschrieben, welche die Feinstruktur der Elektronenbeugung anwendet, um Stapelfehler, die auf verschiedenen, aquivalenten Kristallebenen liegen, unabhangig voneinander abzubilden. Die optimilen Bedingungen und die Grenzen der Methode werden mit Hilfe der dynamischen Theorie der Beugungsfeinstruktur, die von Gevers et al. entwickelt wurde, beschrieben. Mehrere Anwendungsbeispiele der Technik werden gegeben, um ihre Fahigkeit zu zeigen, Stapelfehler in verschiedenen Ebenen zu unterscheiden. Die Methode ist besonders nutzlich, wenn die Dichte der Stapelfehlerringe sehr hoch ist, wie zum Beispiel nach intensiver Strahlenschadigung.
Utility of the subcutaneous hinge flap in nasal reconstruction

The subcutaneous pedicle hinge flap provides excellent reconstruction of deep defects of the lateral base and caudal sidewall of the nose that extend into the cheek. The indications, flap design, and operative technique are described.
Inhibition of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA Reductase Blocks Hypoxia-mediated Down-regulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase

Next Section Abstract Hypoxia induces vasoconstriction, in part, by down-regulating endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) expression. Previous studies indicate that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors improve endothelium-dependent relaxation by increasing ecNOS activity. To determine whether HMG CoA reductase inhibitors can prevent hypoxia-mediated down-regulation of ecNOS function and expression, human endothelial cells were exposed to hypoxia (3% O2) in the presence of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors simvastatin and lovastatin for various durations (0–48 h). Hypoxia decreased ecNOS protein and mRNA levels in a time-dependent manner, resulting in a 4- and 9-fold reduction after 48 h, respectively. In a concentration-dependent manner, simvastatin, and to a lesser extent, lovastatin, prevented the down-regulation of ecNOS expression by hypoxia. Simvastatin-induced changes in ecNOS expression correlated with changes in endothelial NO production and were reversed by treatment with l-mevalonate. Actinomycin D studies revealed that under hypoxic conditions, simvastatin increased ecNOS mRNA half-life from 13 to 38 h. Nuclear run-on studies showed that simvastatin had no effect on repression of ecNOS gene transcription by hypoxia. These results indicate that HMG CoA reductase inhibitors regulate ecNOS function and expression through changes in ecNOS mRNA stability and suggest that treatment with HMG CoA reductase inhibitors may have beneficial effects in patients with hypoxia-mediated pulmonary hypertension.
The glass transition temperature of partially cured polymers as a non-equilibrium parameter and its effect on observed dynamic mechanical behavior

Observations of time dependent behaviors of polymeric systems are often made with the assumption that the glass transition temperature will remain constant during the course of the experiment. This assumption may not be valid for partially cured thermosetting system, where additional cure can increase the glass transition temperature. The observed behavior can be expressed as a time derivative function of two independent variables, the experimental temperature and the state of the system. With proper assumptions, these two variables can be reduced to a single parameter (T − Tg), whose time derivative will give terms representing the temperature and curing effect separately. Dynamic mechanical measurements have been made on partially cured systems, and the effects of the additional cure on the observed properties are observed. The seemingly complex experimental observations can be qualitatively interpreted with the change of the parameter (T − Tg).
The Steric Hypothesis for DNA Replication and Fluorine Hydrogen Bonding Revisited in Light of Structural Data

In DNA, bases pair in a molecular interaction that is both highly predictable and exquisitely specific. Therefore researchers have generally believed that the insertion of the matching nucleotide opposite a template base by DNA polymerases (pols) required Watson–Crick (W–C) hydrogen bond formation. However pioneering work by Kool and co-workers using hydrophobic base analogs such as the thymine (T) isostere 2,4-difluorotoluene (F) showed that shape rather than H-bonding served as the primary source of specificity in DNA replication by certain pols. This steric hypothesis for DNA replication has gained popularity, perhaps discouraging further experimental studies to address potential limitations of this new idea.The idea that shape trumps H-bonding in terms of pol selectivity largely hinges on the belief that fluorine is a poor H-bond acceptor. However, the shape complementarity model was embraced in the absence of any detailed structural data for match (F:A) and mismatch pairs (F:G, F:C, F:T) in DNA duple...
Assessing Carpet Appearance Retention by Image Analysis

Emphasis on carpet appearance retention in recent research has created an interest in developing reliable and efficient methods for evaluating carpet appearance. A number of image analysis techniques have been applied for this purpose. The current study attempts to expand application of image analysis to assessing appearance change in tufted carpets by means of tuft characterization, since tuft characteristics such as ge ometry, orientation, and spatial arrangement are key factors in visual assessment and therefore in image analysis of carpet appearance. Beginning with a brief review of image analysis methods previously applied, this paper focuses on the uses of three techniques—shape, orientation, and spatial pattern analyses—for tuft characterization. Digital image processing techniques necessary for enhancing carpet images are also introduced. The experimental materials consist of two sets of wool carpets and two sets of nylon carpets of different wear levels.
Oxygen affinity of the hemolymph of the mesopelagic mysidacean Gnathophausia ingens

The absorption spectrum of hemolymph from the mesopelagic mysidacean Gnathophausiaingens indicates the presence of a hemocyanin. Oxygen equilibrium curves of G.ingens hemolymph demonstrate an unusually high affinity for oxygen which may be physiologically significant for this aerobic, permanent resident of the oxygen minimum layer.
(γ, n) activation of cancer patients

High energy gamma-radiation (8 to 30 MeV) is gaining acceptance for radiation therapy of patients with deep cancers. This radiation is of sufficient energy to induce photonuclear activation of the elements in the human body. Our results of measurements of nitrogen and phosphorus in an anthropomorphic phantom, a cadaver, and a cancer patient with bremsstrahlung radiation from 15 MeV electrons demonstrate the feasibility of a method to monitor these two elements in the human body in vivo by measuring the radioactivity induced in these targets by photonuclear reactions.