cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in psychophysical and neurophysiological responses to pain in older adults: a cross-sectional study

Neuroimaging studies in younger adults have demonstrated sex differences in brain processing of painful experimental stimuli. Such differences may contribute to findings that women suffer disproportionately from pain. It is not known whether sex-related differences in pain processing extend to older adults. This cross-sectional study investigated sex differences in pain reports and brain response to pain in 12 cognitively healthy older female adults and 12 cognitively healthy age-matched older male adults (age range 65–81, median = 67). Participants underwent psychophysical assessments of thermal pain responses, functional MRI, and psychosocial assessment. When compared to older males, older females reported experiencing mild and moderate pain at lower stimulus intensities (i.e., exhibited greater pain sensitivity; Cohen’s d = 0.92 and 0.99, respectively, p < 0.01) yet did not report greater pain-associated unpleasantness. Imaging results indicated that, despite the lower stimulus intensities required to elicit mild pain detection in females, they exhibited less deactivations than males in regions associated with the default mode network (DMN) and in regions associated with pain affect (bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, somatomotor area, rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), and dorsal ACC). Conversely, at moderate pain detection levels, males exhibited greater activation than females in several ipsilateral regions typically associated with pain sensation (e.g., primary (SI) and secondary somatosensory cortices (SII) and posterior insula). Sex differences were found in the association of brain activation in the left rACC with pain unpleasantness. In the combined sample of males and females, brain activation in the right secondary somatosensory cortex was associated with pain unpleasantness. Cognitively healthy older adults in the sixth and seventh decades of life exhibit similar sex differences in pain sensitivity compared to those reported in younger individuals. However, older females did not find pain to be more unpleasant. Notably, increased sensitivity to mild pain in older females was reflected via less brain deactivation in regions associated with both the DMN and in pain affect. Current findings elevate the rACC as a key region associated with sex differences in reports of pain unpleasantness and brain deactivation in older adults. Also, pain affect may be encoded in SII in both older males and females.
Anterior Segment Alterations and Comparative Aqueous Humor Proteomics in the Buphthalmic Rabbit (An American Ophthalmological Society Thesis)

Purpose: To use an integrated proteohistologic approach to gain insight into the anterior segment alterations in the buphthalmic rabbit. Methods: Eyes from 2- and 5-year-old buphthalmic and normal rabbits (n=20) were studied histologically. Liquid chromatography– tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of aqueous humor (AH) was used to determine differential protein expression between animal groups. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were performed on selected differentially expressed proteins identified by LC-MS/MS. Results: The buphthalmic rabbits manifested a mild clinical phenotype with typical angle anomalies that appeared progressive by histology. Significantly thickened Descemet’s membrane (DM) and anterior lens capsule in all buphthalmic rabbits showed increased fibronectin and collagen-IV immunolabeling. LC-MS/MS applying stringent filtering criteria revealed significant differential expression of several AH proteins in these rabbits. The protein of interest in the 2-year-old group was histidine-rich glycoprotein, and those in the 5-year-old group included alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, clusterin, apolipoprotein E, interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein, transthyretin, cochlin, gelsolin, haptoglobin, hemopexin, and beta-2 microglobulin. The proteomic data for selected proteins was validated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. A wide range of functional groups were affected by the altered AH proteins. These included extracellular matrix modulation, regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and protein transport. Conclusions: Multiple anterior segment alterations were histologically identified in the buphthalmic rabbits that showed progressive changes with age. The differentially expressed AH proteins in these rabbits suggest a multifunctional role for AH in modulating pathologic changes in DM, anterior lens capsule, and the angular meshwork in these animals. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2011;109:66-114
A Guide to Using MTurk to Distribute a Survey or Experimental Instrument

Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is becoming a major outlet for social science research. Despite an increasing number of researchers using MTurk, this system was not designed for carrying out behavioral research. Thus, researchers using MTurk must overcome the inherent limitations of the system when using it for research purposes. This paper provides a roadmap for researchers wanting to use MTurk for distributing surveys or experiments, in light of its limitations as a research tool. Specifically, this paper provides the requisite knowledge to setup MTurk as a distribution portal, identifies pitfalls associated with using MTurk for research, as well as discusses more advanced techniques such as accessing target populations with MTurk’s general population. Further, this paper discusses external considerations that may require researchers to alter their surveys or experiments to facilitate use with MTurk.
The professionalization and training of psychologists: The place of clinical wisdom.

AbstractObjective: The current study examines how clinical wisdom develops and how it both is and can be influenced by professional training processes. In this way, the project is studying the intersection of developmental and systemic processes related to clinical wisdom. Method: Researchers analyzed the interviews of psychologists practicing in the USA and Canada who were nominated for their clinical wisdom by their peers. These interviews explored how graduate training and professionalization were thought to influence the development of clinical wisdom and were subjected to an adapted grounded theory analysis. Results: The findings described both professional and personal disincentives toward developing wisdom, including the dangers of isolation. Therapists reported concerns about educational systems that rewarded quick answers instead of thoughtful questioning in processes of admittance, training, and accreditation. Findings emphasized the importance of teaching multiple psychotherapy orientations, cr...
Knowledge, by Philosophy or Science? Psychotherapy or Neuroscience?

Intelligence is the capacity to grasp the existence of real things and persons and to experience, recall, and reason. Philosophy is the use of applied logic to observe and understand cognitive processes. Gnoseology is accepted as the philosophical branch that observes how the mind learns. Epistemology is the mean specific scientific learning method that consists in measurable evidence of the relationship between cause and effect. Psychiatry is used to help the mentally ill. The first step is to define health and then the disorders that need correcting or cure. Anthropology distinguishes humans from other species; science describes anatomy and physiology, answering the question of “how” man is; sociology analyzes group structures and dynamics. Linguistic organization and the meaning of speech offer important insight into cultural and artistic creativity. However, science is unable to grasp “what” man is, from where he comes, and to what future destiny he is assigned. “Who” man is seems more profound and meaningful. In the last two centuries science has denied philosophy any value in the search of truth, but must finally agree that the more specific human phenomenon is not subject to scientific methods. Phenomenology is a philosophical way of comprehending that science helps to understand, experience, and explain behaviour. Since ancient times, psychotherapy has been utilized as the treatment for pathological symptomatology and suffering. Modern advances in therapeutic techniques as well as combined treatments with psychopharmacological assistance have obtained hopeful results. Neuroscientific discoveries are continuing to explore anatomical and metabolic alterations that can be changed. Interdisciplinary research is the future.
Organisational visioning, strategy development, and flawless execution

The world has plunged into a new global shock! Over the past 36 months we have suffered a global economic recession, particularly felt in the USA and the Euro Zone. We have been hit by the most devastating earthquakes in Haiti, New Zealand, Turkey and Japan. Most parts of the world have been scorched by unprecedented droughts and harsh climatic conditions, especially felt in the horn of Africa, Asia and Australia. The Arab Spring has brought inspirational hope for renewal of national leadership and good governance in the Arab-speaking world. There is emerging community lawlessness in some parts of the world, as recently demonstrated by the violence and mass killings in Norway and destructive street riots in the UK in 2011. All these phenomena have produced worse unemployment, deeper poverty, more organisational failures, and fragmentation of communities and families across the world. Such global dissonance and wholesale breakdown of local and national institutions call for new strategies that create and undergird new organisational models fit for new global demands.
Amplifying Abuse: The Fusion of Cyberharassment and Discrimination

Cyberharassment devastates its victims. Anxiety, panic attacks, and fear are common effects; post-traumatic stress disorder, anorexia and bulimia, and clinical depression are common diagnoses. Targets of online hate and abuse have gone into hiding, changed schools, and quit jobs to prevent further abuse. Some lives are devastated in adolescence and are never able to recover. Some lives come to tragic, premature ends. Danielle Keats Citron not only teases out these effects in her masterful work, Hate Crimes in Cyberspace; she also makes the profound conclusion that these personal effects are part of a larger social cancer that breeds sexism, subjugation, and inequality. I would like to emphasize a further point: for sexual minorities, institutional discrimination amplifies cyberharassment’s horrors.
Fringe Populations of the European Corn Borer, Pyrausta nubilalis: Their Characteristics and Problems

The distribution of animals is often limited or isolated into populations. Whenever a population has a boundary, there exist fringes. Five major types of population fringes—climatic, topographic, biotic, advancing, and artificial—are briefly discussed. The Minnesota and South Dakota populations of the European corn borer show a climatic fringe in the north, and an advancing and a topographic fringes in the west. The characteristics of the three types of fringe populations are described, and the practical difficulties in insecticidal control of this insect that resulted from the fringe characteristics are considered. More knowledge on fringe populations is needed and would be valuable in practical fields such as game and fishery biology and biological and chemical control of insects. It also may elucidate the basic ecological principles involved in the natural control of animal populations, and in the adaptive variation and hybridization among animal populations.
Endurance Exercise and the Right Ventricle: Weak Link, Innocent Bystander, or Key Ingredient?

The cardiovascular response to high-intensity exercise has intrigued clinicians and scientists for more than a century. Since the initial reports of cardiac enlargement among Nordic skiers1 and rowers,2 a great deal has been learned about how the heart and vasculature remodel in response to endurance exercise. Through the efforts of many investigators and their athletic subjects, we now recognize the heart as an organ characterized by tremendous plasticity that permits chamber dilation and myocardial hypertrophy in response to the hemodynamic stressors inherent in endurance sporting activity. Our contemporary view of the endurance athlete’s heart includes attributes such as biventricular and biatrial dilation, mild to moderate ventricular hypertrophy, and normal to mildly reduced resting biventricular systolic function (as defined by ejection fractions).3 Functionally, this remodeling pattern facilitates stroke volume augmentation and thus increases cardiac output reserve during exercise. Yet, are these adaptations that facilitate successful endurance sport participation and lead to optimal athletic performance cost free? More specifically, do the short-term physiological benefits of exercise-induced cardiac remodeling come with long-term trade-offs that have undesirable clinical consequences? Article, see p 1927 These are not new questions. For as long as exercise-induced cardiac remodeling has been recognized, its clinical relevance with respect to health and longevity been questioned. In his sentinel 1899 article describing physiological adaptations in Harvard oarsmen, Thomas Darling wrote: “We have seen that a great increase in size and strength is demanded of this organ (the heart) and it may easily happen that it is called on for more work than it is able to do and that instead of establishing a compensatory hypertrophy it becomes diluted and weakened. A ‘broken-winded’ athlete is probably one with a dilated, flabby heart.”2 The principal question raised by Darling and many of his successors – Can the adaptive response …
Liquid Metals for Soft and Stretchable Electronics

Liquid metals are the softest and most deformable class of electrical conductors. They are intrinsically stretchable and can be embedded in elastomeric or gel matrices without altering the mechanical properties of the resulting composite. These composites can maintain metallic electrical conductivity at extreme strains and can form soft, conformal contacts with surfaces. Gallium and several of its alloys, which are liquid metals at or near room temperature, offer a low toxicity alternative to mercury. These metals have negligible vapor pressure (so they do not evaporate) and low viscosity. The surface of these metals reacts rapidly with air to form a thin surface oxide ‘skin’ that allows these liquids to be patterned despite their large surface tension. For example, liquid metal can be 3D printed, molded, or injected into microchannels. This chapter summarizes the properties, patterning methods, and applications of these remarkable materials to form devices with extremely soft mechanical properties. Liquid metals may be used, for example, as conductors for hyper-elastic wires, stretchable antennas, optical structures, conformal electrodes, deformable interconnects, self-healing wires, components in microsystems, reconfigurable circuit elements, and soft circuit boards. They can also be integrated as functional components in circuits composed entirely of soft materials such as sensors, capacitors, memory devices, and diodes. Research is just beginning to explore ways to utilize these ‘softer than skin’ materials for biolectronic applications. This chapter summarizes the properties, patterning methods, and applications of liquid metals and concludes with an outlook and future challenges of these materials within this context.
MAKING THE DIAGNOSIS

SUMMARY The management of mammographically directed excisional biopsy specimens presents the pathologist with a number of responsibilities. The goals of immediate specimen management are to identify the area of concern on the mammogram and not to compromise the final diagnosis by freezing a small lesion or taking tissue for special studies before a definitive diagnosis has been made.
Beyond deportation: the role of prosecutorial discretion in immigration cases

With over 11 million undocumented immigrants currently residing in the U.S.A and more attempting to cross the border each day, the responsibility to enforce U.S. immigration law in as fair and huma...
Introduction: Africana Cultures and Policy Studies

Africana Cultures and Policy Studies: Scholarship and the Transformation of Public Policy introduces Africana cultures and policy studies as an interdisciplinary field of study, rooted in the historical experience of people of African descent. Intentionally, the essays in this volume seek to canonize Africana historical studies for the purposes of policy development, analysis, and practical application. Africana Cultures and Policy Studies calls for a relocation and synthesis of policy-derived research emanating from public and private culture spheres. In the process, our goal is to use history and culture to engage the policy process from a top-down and bottom-up approach, thereby dissolving the previously impenetrable divide existing among academics and policymakers, community constituencies and related social/civic institutions.
Targeting aberrant expression of Notch‐1 in ALDH+ cancer stem cells in breast cancer

We have previously reported that high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzyme activity in breast cancer cells results in breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) properties by upregualting Notch-1 and epithelial mesenchymal markers. This results in chemoresistance in breast cancer. Here, we examined the functional and clinical significance of ALDH expression by measuring the ALDH levels in breast cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry. There was a significantly higher ALDH expression in higher grade breast cancer tumor tissues (Grade- II and III) versus normal breast tissues. Injection of BCSC (ALDH+ and CD44+/CD22-) cells resulted in aggressive tumor growth in athymic mice versus ALDH- cells. The ALDH+ and CD44+/CD22- tumors grow rapidly and are larger than ALDH- tumors which were slow growing and smaller. Molecularly, ALDH+ tumors expressed higher expression of Notch-1 and EMT markers than ALDH- tumors. Oral administration of the naturally occurring Psoralidin (Pso, 25 mg/kg of body weight) significantly inhibited the growth in ALDH+ and ALDH- tumors as well. Psoralidin inhibited Notch-1 mediated EMT activation in ALDH+ and ALDH- tumors-this confirms our in vitro findings. Our results suggest that Notch-1 could be an attractive target and inhibition of Notch-1 by Psoralidin may prevent pathogenesis of breast cancer as well as metastasis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
The features of lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant system of blood under the influence of different concentrations of nitric oxide in a chronic experiment

This paper presents the results of the study of oxidative metabolism of the blood of intact animals subjected to prolonged exposure to nitric oxide at concentrations of 20, 50, and 100 ppm. The experiment was carried out with Wistar rats. NO inhalation was performed for 30 days. The state of blood oxidative metabolism was evaluated after inhalation and a 30-day-long recovery period after discontinuation of NO oxidative stress. The intensity of lipid peroxidation was studied in plasma and erythrocytes by induced biochemiluminescence and the measurement of the level of malondialdehyde. The activity of superoxide dismutase was determined in the hemolysate of erythrocytes. It was established that the optimal dose of inhaled NO is 20 ppm: a maximum increase in the total antioxidant activity after 30 days and normalization of lipid peroxidation in the blood after the completion of the recovery period were observed at this concentration. High concentrations of nitric oxide (50 and 100 ppm) initiated lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes and plasma after discontinuation of NO oxidative stress (after the completion of the recovery period) thus enhancing catalytic properties of superoxide dismutase.
Computing in the Arts: Curricular Innovations and Results

Computing in the Arts (CITA) is an innovative, interdisciplinary curriculum model which integrates computer science and information technology with traditional art theory and practice. At the College of Charleston, implementation of an undergraduate CITA degree program resulted in an increase in the number of female and minority students pursuing computing-related degrees. [14] With the support of the National Science Foundation (DUE 1323605) and two partner institutions, we are building a community of educators who are creating innovative instructional materials that synthesize computing and the arts. Three faculty summer workshops (Wake Forest University in 2014, College of Charleston in 2015, and University of North Carolina at Asheville in 2016) involved over 70 computer science and arts faculty from across the U.S. What has emerged are various ways of synthesizing computer science and arts, including creation of new synthesis courses, modifications to traditional computing courses, development of new CITA-like curricula, design of CITA-like project experiences for undergrads, and other creative endeavors combining computer science techniques and traditional art practices and theory. During the session, we will discuss steps involved in moving forward and keeping this community growing. The session will involve audience participation, including exchanges between the session presenters and other audience members. The goal is to share our results, hear about results from other non-presenting colleagues, and to continue to grow the teaching of computer science and computational thinking to the arts and humanities masses, as well as to further enrich traditional computer science courses with creative applications, assignments, and projects.
Jesus and the Baal Shem Tov: Similar Roles but Different Outcomes

Jesus of Nazareth was the founder of Christianity while the Baal Shem Tov of Miedzyboz was the founder of Hasidism. There are striking similarities in the environment in which each proselytized, in the anti-ascetic message each presented, and how their message evolved after their deaths. This article will identify the reasons why ascetic behavior came to dominate Christian but not Hasidic thought and how this contrast might explain why immigrant Jews and not Irish Catholics came to dominate vaudeville at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Do Candidates Run as Women and Men or Democrats and Republicans? The Impact of Party and Sex on Issue Campaigns

ABSTRACTPrevious work on the campaigns of women and men has tried to identify whether these candidates campaign for office by focusing on or downplaying gender-stereotyped issues and personality traits. We continue that investigation with a unique data set that uses all campaign advertisements created by almost 400 candidates for Congress in 2010. In examining whether candidate sex or political party identification are the primary influences on the issues candidates present to voters, we determine that all candidates, women and men, campaign as strategic politicians, crafting campaigns around the issues of the day and adopting partisan perspectives on those issues. We find no evidence that women or men attempt to “play to” gender stereotypes in their advertisements.
Fluid Oscillations of a Swirl Coaxial Injector Under High-Frequency Self-Pulsation

This study examines data from experiments conducted on a liquid-centered swirl coaxial injector under self-pulsation. The element was operated over ranges of water [20–73 g/s] and air [1.6–11.6 g...
Deshaciendo la nostalgia: Una conversación sobre los antídotos de David Kelley para el realismo y la modernidad en Brasil

In this conversation, North American artist, David Kelley, and Brazilian-born art historian and critic, Tatiane Santa Rosa, discuss the legacies of modernity and modernization in Brazil. How do artists interfere in modes of representation such as ethnography that have been shaped by modernity? While “pre-globalization” Western capitalist enterprises operated through modernization and fostered the exploitation of natural environments throughout Latin America, modernity, as a Eurocentric mode of knowledge, coupled the body of the Other with nature, ultimately reproducing perverse essentialist discourses linked to colonization. The authors discuss these themes through two of Kelley’s works: Sieve (Pharmakon) and Transamazonia (Social Architecture ).
Counter-Cyclical Price Promotion: Capturing Seasonal Category Expansion Under Endogenous Consumption

This paper provides a new and complementary explanation for a pricing puzzle for seasonal products, namely, counter-cyclical pricing, drawing on the category-expansion effects of price promotions. Our study emphasizes the seasonal fluctuation in promotion frequency rather than the change in aggregate mean price across seasons, which motivates most existing studies. We propose a rationale for the counter-cyclical price promotions: consumers are more likely to increase category demand in response to promotions during periods of high demand, causing seasonally varying promotion effects on category expansion. We show promotion effects are amplified during high-demand periods if the product category is subject to stockpiling and endogenous-consumption behavior; that is, consumption is a function of inventory. Using scanner-panel data on the canned soup category, we find households' purchase patterns are consistent with the endogenous consumption hypothesis. We investigate the seasonally varying promotion effects using the framework of a dynamic inventory model with forward-looking consumers (Erdem, Imai, and Keane, 2003; Hendel and Nevo, 2006) by allowing the consumption rate to be endogenous to household inventory and subject to the exogenous seasonal fluctuation in category preference. Our results indicate the long-run promotion effects are underestimated by 32% during periods of high demand if endogenous consumption is ignored, and that with endogenous consumption, the long-run promotion effects increase by 24% across seasons, implying a larger gain of promotions during high-demand periods, which is a motivation for the counter-cyclical price promotions.
Software Engineering Education: (Abstract Only)

Software Engineering courses are essential for undergraduates to achieve a smooth transition from higher education to a career. However, many of these courses encounter complications that forbid them from meeting their goals such as: Real products and customers, project duration, software sophistication and more. At Chico State, we have implemented the Tech Startup Model in which the Software Engineering students partner with entrepreneurship students to allow for more collaboration and the creation of a customer-employee relation to address some of these issues. This model utilizes both Lean Startup as well as Agile Development to continuously test a student's ability to adapt to the customer's needs. The data accumulated from the past couple of semesters allowed us to analyze student behavior when exposed to the Tech Startup Model as opposed to other methods tested from previous semesters.
Institutional Change 1960–2000

Other studies of institutional change in U.S. banking have focused on legislative and regulatory change. Certainly these processes are important aspects of institutional change however, they are not sufficient proxies. Institutions are the “rules of the game” that solve collective action problems in a particular setting by governing interaction, outcomes, and information flows.1 They reflect the beliefs and preferences of those who design them and they shape the beliefs and preferences of those who follow them. As in other regulated industries in the United States, banking institutions exist in the public and private sectors and are quite diverse, encompassing norms, laws, regulations, contracts, charters, bylaws, policies, standard operating procedures, and so on. In toto, institutions reduce uncertainty by creating incentives to act (or not) and imposing constraints on the range of feasible activities in a particular situation.
Semi-supervised adaptation of acoustic models for large-volume dictation.

Using a Large-Vocabulary, Continuous Speech Recognizer in a high-volume application such as a commercial transcription service presents a different set of challenges and constraints than in a laboratory setting. We examine these differences with regard to acoustic model adaptation and find serious shortcomings in both the supervised and unsupervised approaches. We then examine a new method, semi-supervised adaptation, which overcomes the limitations of the other methods and can reduce recognition error rates by as much as 15% more than the reduction obtained through unsupervised adaptation.
The Orbifold Trick

Suppose that O is a locally reflective 3-dimensional orbifold. We will assume that the interior of O admits a complete hyperbolic structure and \(|O|\) is orientable. The universal cover \(\mathbb{H}^3\) of int(O) has a partition into convex domains that are the components of the preimages of \(X_o {\sum}_{o} - \partial O\) under the universal cover \(\mathbb{H}^3 \rightarrow\) int(O). If C is the closure of one of those domains and \(G\,:= G_C\) is its stabilizer in \(\pi_1(O)\), then G C acts freely on C and \(|{\rm int}(O)| = C/G_C\) (see Section 6.5). Let \(R\,:= R_C\) be the subgroup in \(\pi_1(O)\) generated by reflections in the faces of C. Clearly, \(gRg^{-1} = R\) for every \(g \epsilon G\). According to Poincare’s theorem on fundamental polyhedra, C is a fundamental domain for the action of R on \(\mathbb{H}^3\). We conclude that the fundamental group \(\pi_1(O)\) is generated by R and G and hence \(\pi_1(O) = R \ltimes G\). In particular, \(g \epsilon \pi_1(O)\) is orientation-reversing iff it is the product of an odd number of reflections in R and of an element of G.
The Emergence and Development of English: An Introduction

This textbook provides a step-by-step introduction to the history of the English language (HEL), offering a fresh perspective on the process of language change. Aimed at undergraduate students, The Emergence and Development of English is accessibly written, and contains a wealth of pedagogical tools, including chapter openers, key terms, chapter summaries, end-of-chapter exercises and suggestions for further reading. A central theme of the book is 'emergence', the key term from the study of complex systems, which describes how massive numbers of random verbal interactions give rise to regularities that 'emerge' without specific causes. This unique approach encourages readers to incorporate complex systems into the mainstream coverage of HEL. Additional resources include examples of language from each period, as well as appendices on terminology, online resources and audio samples.
Achieving Energy Efficient Machine Tools by Mass Reduction through Multi-Objective Optimization

Abstract Achieving energy efficient machine tools is an important strategy of sustainable manufacturing. One of the principal reasons why large amounts of energy are required in machine tool operation is the large masses of the machine tool elements that must be moved. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization method is explored to reduce the mass of a machine tool table. Multi-objective optimization can be used to explore tradeoffs in seemingly opposing objectives. Mass reduction has had benefits in other systems, e.g., automobiles, and presents an opportunity for the reduction of energy associated with machine tools. However, reducing the mass of machine tools may have undesired effects such as increased vibrations and excessive deflection. To explore these tradeoffs, a method will be presented that can optimize multiple functions. Currently the method can optimize mass and deflection with a constraint on the maximum load. In this paper, the authors will explore how the method can be expanded to optimize other functions. Three different work tables are compared: a standard solid table, a table with a honeycomb core, and a table with a metal foam core.
Comparative analysis of the military pilots training programs in the Romanian Air Force and the Polish Air Force

The primary purpose of the military pilots training system is to select objectively and to provide practical and qualitative training, both with regard to their academics and in terms of their specialization as aviation personnel. The current state of the military pilots training system has been marked by difficulties due to its attempt in overcoming a prolonged transition period and adapting to modern armed forces and partner training standards within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Based on the comparative analysis of the training of military aeronautical personnel in Romania and Poland, we will try to observe whether flight training needs to be more or less phased in order for the Air Force to benefit from pilots capable of responding to the current challenges. Accordingly, the aim of the current paper consists of a qualitative analysis meant to prove the necessity of adjusting curricula to the exigencies of the geopolitical reality within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and to identify both strong common and distinctive points of the military pilots training programs in the Romanian Air Force and the Polish Air Force.
The Central Role of Myth in Corporate Law

This Article shows that a variety of fundamental rules of corporate law are based on a set of myths. The Article explains that these myths play an important role in attracting public acceptance and support for what otherwise would be unpopular and controversial regulations. Thus, one can view the role played by myth in corporate law in a particular context as having either positive or negative social effects depending on one’s opinion of the social value of the underlying legal rule that being buttressed and affirmed by the myth. Four political and sociological myths that continue to play important roles in law are examined. These are: (1) the myth that corporations are owned by their shareholders and represent ownership interests in businesses rather than mere financial claims on the cash flows of those businesses, coupled with certain political (voting) rights that protect those claims; (2) the “shareholder value myth,” that corporate officers and directors are legally required to maximize firm value; (3) that subsidiary companies are independent from and not subject to the control of their parent companies and must remain so in order for the parent company to avoid liability for the contract and tort debts of the subsidiary under various alter ego and piercing the corporate veil theories of corporate law; and (4) the legal regulation of insider trading is justified because of the necessity of creating a “level playing field” among participants in financial markets. Reasonable people can disagree about whether the role played by these myths is normatively positive or negative in each of these contexts.
Persistent Neurobehavioral Markers of Developmental Morphosyntax Errors in Adults

Purpose Child language acquisition is marked by an optional infinitive period (ages 2–4 years) during which children use nonfinite (infinitival) verb forms and finite verb forms interchangeably in ...
The Spectrum of Reflux Phenotypes

The focus on a symptom-based definition for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in adults and children has contributed to widespread use of acid suppression medications in patients with so-called typical reflux symptoms to treat the possibility of acid-mediated disease. Diagnostic testing with upper endoscopy, esophageal biopsies, ambulatory reflux monitoring, and/or esophageal manometry is often pursued when patients do not respond optimally to these medications. By using information from this diagnostic testing, GERD has shifted from a single diagnosis to a phenotypic spectrum, and each phenotype has unique pathophysiologic mechanisms driving symptom perception. Understanding these mechanisms is important to tailor individualized treatment plans and guide therapeutic interventions. The aim of this article is to discuss the different reflux phenotypes, the utility of esophageal reflux testing, the mechanisms underlying symptoms, and the management strategies for each phenotype.
Não basta vencer em múltiplos domínios

This article offers a brief analysis of the new challenges imposed on the U.S. Armed Forces to facing enemies with similar combat power. An orthodox approach to the new Army doctrine called Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) might contribute to political and strategic failure while ensuring tactical victories in the battlefield.
Characteristics of patients receiving intravitreal injections during COVID-19

Purpose : After the Illinois shelter-in-place COVID-19 mandate was instituted on March 16, 2020, outpatient ophthalmology care was limited to patients with vision-threatening conditions. In order to better understand the impact of the mandate on patients receiving intravitreal injections (IVIs), we compared key demographic and clinical features of patients seen before and after quarantine measures. Methods : Retina patients receiving IVIs at Northwestern Medicine sites between 12/1/19 and 6/30/20 were identified and divided into pre-COVID (PC) and Strict-Quarantine (SQ) groups (12/1/19-3/15/20 and 3/16/20-6/30/20, respectively). A subset of patients lost to follow-up (LTFU), defined as having been seen at least once in the PC period but not at all during the SQ period, were also identified. Comparison of primary diagnoses and selfreported demographic data was performed between these three sub-groups. Primary diagnoses necessitating IVIs were identified as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), and other causes of neovascularization (other). Results : 1426 injections were administered to 716 patients during the PC period compared to 1121 injections to 637 patients during the SQ period. More injections per patient were performed in the PC period compared to the SQ period (1.99 ± 1.00 vs 1.76 ± 0.87, p = 5.87E-06). There were no significant differences in primary diagnosis or demographic characteristics between these two groups (p = 0.852, 0.974, respectively). 24.2% of PC patients (173 patients) were identified as LTFU. Of the LTFU patients, a lower percentage identified as White and higher percentages identified as Black, Asian and Other in comparison to the PC (p = 0.0413) and SQ (p = 0.00853) groups. LFTU patients proportionally had a higher percentage of DR (35.88%) and RVO (20.59%) primary diagnoses and a lower proportion of AMD (33.53%) primary diagnoses than patients in the PC (p=0.0011) and SQ (p=0.0014) groups. Conclusions : The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in disruption of normal ophthalmic clinic operations. Because Black and other non-white patients and patients with diabetic retinopathy made up higher percentages of the LTFU group, efforts should be made to understand and address any barriers to medically necessary follow-up during this unprecedented public health crisis.
Different Patterns of Medication Administration Between Inside and Outside the Patient Room Using Electronic Medical Record Log Data

The primary object of this study is to analyze the different patterns of medication administration in a medical intensive care unit (MICU) using an electronic medical record (EMR) log data and how these patterns can be different inside and outside the patient room in terms of average process time. To analyze ICU nurses’ workflow related to the EMR documentation, the real-time measurement system (RTMS) data was used, and multiple hierarchical task analysis (HTA) charts were developed. The results revealed that there was no significant different pattern between the medication administration inside and outside the patient room. However, we found a significant difference in medication administration’s average process time between inside and outside the patient room. The findings of this study highlight the behavioral differences in performing medication administration in an ICU.
Reservoir Systems Optimization

Although systems analysis tools have been available for over a decade, no major reservoir system presently uses optimization models for real-time operation. Of the many existing reservoir systems, the Central Valley Project in California, and the Tennessee Valley Authority project in Tennessee were examined as representative systems. Though the TVA is actively engaged in developing optimization models, the reasons neither is presently using optimization models are summarized as lack of upper management support, lack of qualified personnel in the development and use, inflexibility of many optimization models, and numerous associated problems such as hardware deficiencies. The potential net benefits of optimization are however, apparently quite large which should encourage such systems operators to utilize these tools.
Estimation of heritability of benzoxazinoid production in rye (Secale cereale) using gas chromatographic analysis

With 4 tables Abstract The 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA) content of Secale cereale is strongly associated with allelopathy. This has led to interest in developing allelopathic cultivars with increased DIBOA to improve weed control in this important cover crop. Objectives of this study were to determine heritability estimates for DIBOA in rye and determine the utility of gas chromatography (GC) as a screening tool in a rye allelopathy breeding programme. A synthetic population of half-sib families varying in production of DIBOA was analysed. DIBOA concentrations ranged from 0.52 to 1.15 mg/g dwt tissue (mean = 0.70 mg/g dwt). Analysis of variance indicated significant variability for DIBOA content in rye harvested at the flag leaf stage. Year × location × genotype and block (year × location) interactions were also significant. Several genotypes were consistently ‘high’ or ‘low’ DIBOA producers across all locations and years. Narrow sense heritability estimates were 0.18 ± 0.04 SE on a per plot basis and 0.57 ± 0.07 SE on an entry mean basis. GC analysis was determined to be a good system for moderate throughput screening of lines.
Scheduling patrols using a hybrid integer programming/rule-based system approach

Summary form only given, as follows. Formal mathematical programming algorithms have been developed for many scheduling problems of interest to the maritime community, but computational complexity often restricts their use to disappointingly small problems. An interactive system which uses a rule base and advice from the scheduler to formulate constraints for an integer program is discussed. The interaction results in fixing the values of many decision variables, thus considerably reducing the size of the decision space, and consequently the computational burden. As a sample problem, the task of scheduling US Coast Guard Atlantic Area cutters is addressed. Some 30 ships are involved, with varying patrol lengths, maintenance and training requirements, and capabilities. The system illustrates the coupling of symbolic computing techniques with a high-level math programming language GAMS. >
Comment on J. Williamson, “Exchange Rate Flexibility and Reserve Use”

John Williamson’s paper investigates the trade-off between flexibility of exchange rates and the degree of intervention by authorities in exchange markets. The first part of the paper tries to measure the degree of use of official reserves before and after floating. The second part looks at the trade-off between variance in the exchange rate and variance of intervention in a stochastic theoretical model of the exchange market.
Using the HCTL-1000 Motor Control Chip for Coordinated Robot Motions

The HCTL-1000 motor control chip was integrated into a robot programming and control system devloped at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories. A printed circuit board that plugs into an HP 9000 computer backplane holds up to four HCTL-1000 chips. Each chip controls one motor in a robot manipulator. Multiple boards are used for robots with more than four joints. Arbitrary robot end effector trajectories are generated in real time which result in a new position set point for each motor every 26 milliseconds. The integral velocity control mode of the HCTL-1000 chips is used to obtain the necessary motor profiles for producing the desired end effector motion.
A Brinkmanship Game Theory Model of Terrorism

This study reveals conditions under which a world leader might credibly issue a brinkmanship threat of preemptive action to deter sovereign states or transnational terrorist organizations from acquiring weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The model consists of two players: the United Nations (UN) “Principal,” and a terrorist organization “Agent.” The challenge in issuing a brinkmanship threat is that it needs to be sufficiently unpleasant to deter terrorists from acquiring WMD, while not being so repugnant to those that must carry it out that they would refuse to do so. Two “credibility constraints” are derived. The first relates to the unknown terrorist type (Hard or Soft), and the second to acceptable risks (“blowback”) to the World community. Graphing the incentive-compatible Nash equilibrium solutions reveals when a brinkmanship threat is credible, and when it is not – either too weak to be effective, or unacceptably dangerous to the World community.
Ab initio molecular orbital studies of the vibrational spectra of nitrosyl fluoride and chloride monomers and dimers: I. ONF and ONCl

Abstract The optimized structures, and the infrared and Raman spectra of the dimers of nitrosyl fluoride and nitrosyl chloride have been predicted by means of ab initio molecular orbital theory, using the Gaussian 86 and Gaussian 88 computer programs. The calculations were carried out at both the restricted Hartree—Fock and the second order Moller—Plesset levels of theory, using the 6-31G * split-valence polarized basis set. The results have been compared with a similar set of calculations on the respective monomers and, in the case of nitrosyl chloride, with the Raman spectrum of the pure solid and with the infrared spectra of the solid and of nitrosyl chloride isolated in argon matrices. The energies of dimerization, internal valence force constants and atomic polar tensors, and their invariants have also been determined, and have been rationalized on the basis of the derived structures and the proposed mode of interaction.
Improving the Tumor Retention of Radioiodinated Antibody: Aryl Carbohydrate Adducts

Abstract Improved methods for attaching radioiodine to monoclonal antibodies have been developed. Ten aryl carbohydrate adducts were synthesized by the reductive amination of a carbohydrate with an aryl amine, using sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent. After purification by chromatography and characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance they were iodinated using the chloramine-T method. Iodinated adducts were activated with cyanuric chloride and incubated with protein at room temperature. The immunoreactivity and avidity of radioiodinated tyramine cellobiose (TCB) labeled antibody were fully preserved when compared to electrophilically radioiodinated antibody. Radioiodinated TCB- and tyramine glucose-labeled monoclonal antibodies showed much greater intracellular retention of radioiodine when compared to electrophilically radioiodinated monoclonal antibodies. Neither radioiodinated tyramine nor radioiodinated TCB had any specific tissue uptake or retention. In mice the retention of radioiodinated TCB labeled anti-Thy-1.1 antibody (1A14) by Thy-1.1-bearing lymphoma cells was 2 times greater than that of chloramine-T labeled 1A14 antibody, whereas the plasma clearance curve and uptake in normal tissues was not changed. This method of radioiodinating monoclonal antibodies increases the retention time of radioiodine in tumor and thus may obviate the problem of intracellular deiodination, a perceived disadvantage of electrophilically iodinated antibodies, with respect to tumor retention of radioactivity.