cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MBE grown type-II superlattice photodiodes for MWIR and LWIR imaging applications

We report on the status of GaSb/InAs type-II superlattice diodes grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and designed for infrared absorption in the 2-5μm and 8-12μm bands. Recent LWIR devices have produced detectivities as high as 8x10 10 Jones with a differential resistance-area product greater than 6 Ohmcm 2 at 80K with a long wavelength cutoff of approximately 12μm. The measured quantum efficiency of these front-side illuminated devices is close to 30% in the 10-11μm range. MWIR devices have produced detectivities as high as 8x10 13 Jones with a differential resistance-area product greater than 3x10 7 Ohmcm 2 at 80K with a long wavelength cutoff of approximately 3.7μm. The measured quantum efficiency of these front-side illuminated MWIR devices is close to 40% in the 2-3μm range at low temperature and increases to over 60% near room temperature. Initial results on SiO 2 and epitaxial-regrowth based passivation techniques are also presented, as well as images from the first lot of LWIR arrays.
Development and Preliminary Validation of a New Scale (LMX-6) to Measure Leader-Member Exchange in Organizations

Based on conceptualizing leader-member exchange quality as comprised of the three subdimensions of perceived contribution to the exchange, loyalty, and positive affect, a short (6-item) new LMX scale was developed (LMX-6). Using data from two samples (N = 281 and 115), the three-dimensional structure of the new scale was confirmed by multiple maximum likelihood confirmatory factors analyses in each sample separately. The two-and one-week test-retest stability of the new scale was established in a third (N = 86) and fourth (N = 44) sample, and acceptable internal-consistency estimates of reliability obtained for all four samples. The LMX-6 scale showed a high (.82) and statistically significant (p < .001) correlation with a commonly-used measure of leader-member exchange in the fourth sample. Finally, in the first two samples, concurrent correlations with autocratic and delegative decision-making, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and rated job performance supported the validity of the new scale...
Water management studies in PEM fuel cells, Part II: Ex situ investigation of flow maldistribution, pressure drop and two-phase flow pattern in gas channels

Two-phase flow of water and reactant gases in the gas distribution channels of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) plays a critical role in proper water management. In this work, the two-phase flow in PEMFC cathode parallel channels is studied over a wide range of superficial air velocity (air stoichiometry) and superficial water velocity in a specially designed ex situ experimental setup, which enables the measurement of instantaneous flow rates in individual gas channels and simultaneous visualization of the water flow structure. It is found that the two-phase flow at low superficial air velocities (air stoichiometry below 5) is dominated by slugs or semi-slugs, leading to severe flow maldistribution and large fluctuations in the pressure drop. Slug residence time, measured from the video observation and the instantaneous flow rate data, is found to be a new parameter to describe the slug flow. At higher air velocities, a water film is formed on the channel walls if they are hydrophilic. The pressure drop for the film flow is characterized by smaller but frequent fluctuations, which are found to result from the water buildup at the channel-exit manifold interface. As the superficial air velocity increases further, mist flow is obtained where little water buildup is observed. The water buildup in the gas channels at the two-phase flow is well described by the two-phase friction multiplier, defined as the ratio of the two-phase pressure drop to the single gas phase pressure drop. It is found that the two-phase friction multiplier increases with increasing water flow rate. A flow pattern map is developed using superficial water and air velocities with clearly defined transition regions.
A university sexual misconduct policy: Prioritizing student victims’ voices

This article discusses the creation of a college campus sexual misconduct policy. Major emphasis is placed on the involvement and input of students at all levels of policy creation. In order to elicit student feedback, a survey was administered to 119 students. Survey results revealed that exposure to sexually aggressive experiences were related to the location of the incident and the perpetrator's group affiliation (for example, athletes). Findings also revealed a relationship between the use of intoxicants and experience with sexual aggression. In addition, findings revealed that respondents who had sexually aggressive experiences did not report their experience to on-campus resources. These findings resulted in specific policy changes and recommendations.
HSV-1 Amplicon Vectors Are an Efficient Gene Transfer System for Skeletal Muscle Cells

HSV-1 amplicon vectors have been considered as a promising gene delivery system for gene therapy of skeletal muscle diseases, due to the ability to infect non-dividing cells such as differentiated muscle cells, and to accommodate large transgenes such as the 14-kb dystrophin cDNA. Studies revealed that HSV-1 amplicons can transduce cultured differentiated and undifferentiated muscle cells with high efficiency. Studies also revealed that HSV-1 amplicons are capable of delivering at least 23-kb transgene DNA, including the full-length dystrophin cDNA into muscle cells. The combination of high transduction efficiency, the ability to accommodate large constructs and ease of manipulation makes HSV-1 amplicons an ideal gene delivery tool for the study of muscle ion channels in which gene transduction is frequently employed in cultured muscle cells that are resistant to all the transfecting reagents. However, intramuscular injection of HSV-1 amplicons has been proven inefficient in mature muscles. Evidence has shown that this is mainly because the basal membrane that sheaths each myofibers blocks HSV-1 virions from myofiber cell surface receptors. This result led to the conclusion that HSV-1 amplicons are more suitable for ex vivo manipulation of diseased muscle progenitors or stem cells for autologous cell therapy than in vivo intramuscular injection. Efforts to confer stable transduction ability on amplicons have made progress. A new generation of HSV/AAV hybrid amplicons has been shown to be capable of integrating large transgenes into the AAVS1 site of the human genome, thus, holding potential to achieve a safe and lasting gene transduction in human muscle cells.
Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity 1999

Abstract Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory are listed for 271 moderate-to-large size earthquakes that occurred during 1999.
Estimation of Lognormal Distributions

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTIn a previous paper, the authors considered modifications of local maximum likelihood estimators for parameters of the three-parameter lognormal distribution which employ the first, second or third order statistic. This paper examines conditional maximum likelihood estimators which employ derivatives of the log-likelihood function with respect to scale and shape parameters plus the sample mean, variance or median. It also considers conditional moment estimators which use the sample mean, variance and median. Computational procedures are developed to facilitate the practical application of these estimators. Results of a simulation study provide insight concerning sampling behavior and permit comparisons with estimators given in the earlier paper.
Random walk and chaos of the spectrum. Solvable model

Abstract We consider the spectrum of the Laplacian corresponding to the random walk on the fractal graph depending on parameter β > 0. The spectrum of this Laplacian is given by the iteration of the polynomial R(β, x) = −(β + 2)x(x − 2) and the Julia set of this polynomial is the main part of the spectrum and it has a Cantorian nature. We prove that the Lebesgue measure of the spectrum is equal to zero for any β > 0. We consider the character of the spectrum for β → ∞ when the spectrum concentrates around two points 0, 2 and 1 is an isolated eigenvalue of infinite multiplicity. If β → 0 the spectrum σ(−Δ) approaches the segment [0, 2]. We prove that the spectral dimension ds is equal to 2 log 3 log 2(β + 2) and it converges to the Hausdorff dimension of the space d H = log 3 log 2 for β → 0.
Improved Karplus Equations for 3JC1,H4 in Aldopentofuranosides: Application to the Conformational Preferences of the Methyl Aldopentofuranosides

The effects of electronegativity and stereochemistry upon three bond 1H−1H coupling constants (3JH,H) are widely appreciated and have been taken into consideration in the development of Karplus equations for H−C−C−H fragments. These equations have found particular use in the conformational analysis of molecules containing aldopentofuranose residues. This paper demonstrates the effect of anomeric stereochemistry upon 3JC1,H4 in aldopentofuranosides and proposes Karplus equations that account for this effect. These new equations are shown to provide improved results for the determination of furanose ring conformation when compared to those obtained solely with 3JH,H data. The equations described here should be applicable to furanose derivatives containing any substituent at the anomeric center.
THE HOCHSCHILD COHOMOLOGY RING OF A GROUP ALGEBRA

There is a standard additive decomposition of the Hochschild cohomology ring of the group algebra of a finite group -groups.
Chemical pressure analysis of high temperature superconductors: Anisotropic effects in YBa2Cu3O7−x and YBa2(Cu1−yFey)3O7−x

Abstract Quantitative evaluation of selected sets of critical temperature and lattice parameter data for the orthorhombic compounds YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x and YBa 2 (Cu 1− y , Fe y ) 3 O 7− x reveals a strongly anisotropic dependence of the critical temperature on these parameters, especially for YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x . This method of deriving the relationship between critical temperature and changes in lattice constants is termed chemical pressure analysis (CPA). The signs of the anisotropic chemical pressure coefficients, k i , for the critical temperature of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x are found to be opposite to those determined for anisotropically applied physical (mechanical) pressure and of greatly increased magnitude. One explanation for these differences may be that physical pressures do not alter chemical bonds in the same manner as do chemical pressures. For pressures below 4 GPa, both CPA and physical pressure results indicate that increasing hydrostatic pressure increases T c , but chemical pressures are found to be more effective at increasing critical temperature than are physical pressures. Hydrostatic pressures above 4 GPa, however, decrease T c . Since the fracture strength of real crystals limits the magnitude of the anisotropic physical stresses that can be applied, only CPA appears capable of yielding the anisotropic dependence of critical temperature on individual lattice parameters in the ultrahigh stress regime above 4 GPa.
Refractive index and nonlinear optical properties of polyaniline derivatives

An investigation of the refractive index and third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(3) of two polypernigraniline derivatives, poly (4,4'-diphenylimine methine) (PDPIM) and poly (4,4'-diphenylimine p-heptyloxybenzylidene) (PDPIHB) reveals effects of molecular structure on the linear optical and nonlinear optical properties of conjugated polymers. The χ(3) (−3ωω,ω,ω) of PDPIM was found to decrease relative to polypernigraniline, reflecting the observed decrease of the oscillator strength of the 2.2 eV absorption band when a methine carbon replaces one of the nitrogen atoms of pernigraniline repeat unti. The alkoxyphenylene side group substitution at the methine carbon in PDPIHB, however, significantly enhances the nonlinear optical response of PDPIHB while reducing the refractive index compared to PDPIM and polypernigraniline. The present results suggest that structural changes in conjugated polymers can be made in such a way as to enhance the nonlinear optical properties while modulating the linear optical properties. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Murine erythroleukemia cell line GM979 contains factors that can activate silent chromosomal human gamma-globin genes.

Abstract We introduced a normal chromosome 11 into GM979 murine erythroleukemia cells by fusing them with Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocytes from a normal individual. In contrast to previous data obtained with other murine erythroleukemia cells, we detected activation of human chromosomal gamma-globin genes in GM979 cells. GM979, unlike previously used murine erythroleukemia cell lines, expresses murine embryonic globin in addition to adult globin. While all the hybrids expressed gamma- and beta-globin, they displayed a wide range of gamma-globin expression in relation to that of beta-globin. No correlation, however, was found in quantitative expression between murine embryonic globin and human gamma-globin in these hybrids, suggesting that the two globins are regulated independently, at least in this cell line. These data indicate that gamma-globin genes from normal, nonerythroid chromosomes are not irreversibly silenced, and they can be activated by a positive trans factor(s) present in GM979 cells.
Satellite attitude control via sliding mode with perturbation estimation

The conventional sliding-mode control (SMC) technique requires that the perturbation upperbounds are known a priori to achieve a robust control process. This requirement creates some difficulties, at the least causing the controller to be over-conservative. A recently introduced sliding mode control with perturbation estimation (SMCPE) philosophy removes this condition and replaces it with a continuous perturbation estimation process. It is shown that, for precise state measurements and high-speed control-loop closures, SMCPE manifests much smaller tracking errors than those of SMC. So far nonlinear systems in canonical form have been studied, and in the present paper the domain of application of SMCPE is extended to a more general class. For this extension, an I/O linearisation technique is utilised first, and then the SMCPE steps are followed for an output tracking control. Simulation results prove the strength of the technique for a satellite attitude control problem.
What Older Adults Know about HIV/AIDS: Lessons from an HIV/AIDS Education Program

Despite being one of the fastest growing segments of the HIV/AIDS caseload, persons age 50 and older have been largely neglected in terms of HIV/AIDS education. This study describes a project involving HIV-related health education for persons ≥50 in an urban area of Ohio. Data from 50 persons age ≥50 were collected. Pre-and postsurveys were used in the completion of repeated measures ANOVA, and focus groups provided qualitative data. Despite a paucity of available educational materials addressing HIV/AIDS, older adults are willing to participate in sessions about HIV/AIDS. Findings suggest the need for alternative approaches to providing HIV/AIDS education.
An Interactional Approach to Place-Based Rural Development

Rural America is in the midst of the most far-reaching transformation in our history. Globalization and other forces are fundamentally altering the economic landscape and erasing many traditional sources of employment and income; in such an uncertain environment, economic development has become more important and more complicated than ever. Unfortunately, rural policies have not kept pace with the times, and there is growing recognition that what worked in the past is not effective in a global economy. In place of traditional approaches to rural development, there is an emerging consensus that we must create strategies that enhance regional/place competitiveness. In this paper, we explore this strategy, identify some of its most serious shortcomings, and propose an interactional approach that integrates economic, environmental, and social well-being.
Udder development, lactation and ascites in a ewe with an ovarian granulosa cell tumour

A 20-month-old sexually intact female mixed breed sheep was examined for lameness, unexpected udder development, lactation and anorexia. Tachycardia, tachypnoea, severe abdominal distension and vaginal prolapse were evident upon physical examination. A right hindlimb lameness was present at the walk. The udder was well-developed and milk, normal in appearance, was easily expressed from each teat. Ultrasonographic evaluation revealed a non-pregnant uterus, severe ascites and a large (12 cm diameter) abdominal mass. Although surgical treatment was discussed, the owners elected to euthanase the ewe. Necropsy examination confirmed the presence of severe ascites due to a ruptured ovarian tumour. The tumour was characterised as a granulosa cell tumour histologically. Unexpected udder development and lactation presumably occurred secondary to oestrogen and progesterone production by the tumour. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of udder development, lactation and ascites in a ewe secondary to an ovarian granulosa cell tumour.
Epidemiology of microbial control of insect pest populations.

Environmental control of a pest species involves the manipulation of one or more components of the environment so as to reduce numbers. The use of organisms of a different kind, microbial pathogens, to induce epizootics is one example of this. The major organisms concerned include viruses, sporeforming and non‐sporeforming bacteria, some protozoa and fungi. Three important parameters are considered, the host population, the pathogen population and transmission. Characteristics of the host population that limit the spread of a microbial disease include age and stage structure, innate resistance, population movements, behaviour, distribution and density and food preferences. Three important characteristics of the pathogen population are virulence and infectivity, survival and dispersal throughout the host habitat. The aim of control by induced epizootics is to approach the maximum level of infection in minimum time so as to reduce economic loss, the curve of ideal infection beings = 1 — e‐rt. Research prior...
An embedding theorem for differential equations

The present paper establishes a general embedding theorem for differential equations, which is useful in establishing the maximum principle for optimal control problems.
Acoustic modeling for native and non-native Mandarin speech recognition

In this paper, we first described the automatic Spoken Chinese Test (SCT). With a large amount of native and non-native data collected for SCT, different training strategies for acoustic modeling were investigated. Evaluations were performed on native as well as non-native datasets. We discovered that directly combining native and non-native data to train acoustic models did not work well, and the acoustic model trained only on native data achieved better performance when applying to non-native speech. We investigated how to use non-native data effectively, and found that Phonetic Decision Tree (PDT) had a great impact. Discriminative training was found to improve speech recognition accuracy effectively for both native and non-native Mandarin speech.
Targeting Leishmania major Antigens to Dendritic Cells In Vivo Induces Protective Immunity

Efficient vaccination against the parasite Leishmania major, the causative agent of human cutaneous leishmaniasis, requires development of type 1 T-helper (Th1) CD4+ T cell immunity. Because of their unique capacity to initiate and modulate immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) are attractive targets for development of novel vaccines. In this study, for the first time, we investigated the capacity of a DC-targeted vaccine to induce protective responses against L. major. To this end, we genetically engineered the N-terminal portion of the stress-inducible 1 protein of L. major (LmSTI1a) into anti-DEC205/CD205 (DEC) monoclonal antibody (mAb) and thereby delivered the conjugated protein to DEC+ DCs in situ in the intact animal. Delivery of LmSTI1a to adjuvant-matured DCs increased the frequency of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells producing IFN-γ+, IL-2+, and TNF-α+ in two different strains of mice (C57BL/6 and Balb/c), while such responses were not observed with the same doses of a control Ig-LmSTI1a mAb without receptor affinity or with non-targeted LmSTI1a protein. Using a peptide library for LmSTI1a, we identified at least two distinct CD4+ T cell mimetopes in each MHC class II haplotype, consistent with the induction of broad immunity. When we compared T cell immune responses generated after targeting DCs with LmSTI1a or other L. major antigens, including LACK (Leishmania receptor for activated C kinase) and LeIF (Leishmania eukaryotic ribosomal elongation and initiation factor 4a), we found that LmSTI1a was superior for generation of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells, which correlated with higher protection of susceptible Balb/c mice to a challenge with L. major. For the first time, this study demonstrates the potential of a DC-targeted vaccine as a novel approach for cutaneous leishmaniasis, an increasing public health concern that has no currently available effective treatment.
THERMOELASTIC ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED ORTHOTROPIC SLABS

Stationary two-dimensional temperature, stress, and displacement distributions are investigated for a simply supported slab consisting of bonded orthotropic layers. The top and bottom faces of the slab are subject to arbitrary variations of temperature, heat flux, or convection, and arbitrary distributions of tractions. Displacement potentials are used to obtain the exact thermo-elasticity solution. For purposes of comparison, a strength-of-materials approximation for the temperature-induced stresses and middle-surface displacements is presented. As an illustrative example, the thermoelastic response to a sinusoidal distribution of temperature rise over the top face of the slab is computed; numerical results are given for laminates of various geometric configurations.
A comparative study of divorce in rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases.

Abstract A significantly greater than expected number of divorced females was observed in a series of rheumatoid arthritis patients when compared to a control group of other rheumatic disease patients similar in age, race and sex ( p p
Predicting Nonsentinel Node Metastases in Sentinel Node-Positive Breast Cancer: What Have We Learned, Can We Do Better, and Do We Need To?

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has become standard care for lymph node staging in breast cancer, represents a substantial step in the evolution of breast cancer surgery toward greater conservatism, and is one of the great success stories in contemporary surgical oncology. The most salient surgical questions (feasibility, accuracy, case selection, technique, and morbidity) have been asked and answered, and it is increasingly difficult to generate debate on any of them. In contrast, most aspects of SLN pathology remain controversial and elude consensus. Is intraoperative assessment worthwhile? Which method (frozen section, touch prep or smear) is best? How should SLN be processed for permanent pathology [single-section hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and/or serial sections and/or immunohistochemistry (IHC)]? What is the prognostic significance of SLN micrometastases, especially those detected only by IHC, or as pN0i+ disease (£0.2 mm in size)? Is completion axillary dissection (ALND) required for all patients with SLN who are positive on final pathology? Is there a low-risk group for whom ALND is unnecessary and can we reliably identify this group? All of these issues are highly interrelated, but the last remains the most perplexing for surgeons and is the subject of a substantial literature. What have we learned?
Amebic invasion of the liver of guinea pigs infected with the larvae of a nematode, Toxocara canis.

Summary Fifty-four guinea pigs infected 1 week to 1 month previously with 25 Toxocara canis larvae per gram of body weight and 29 uninfected controls were inoculated intracecally with Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites from cultures. Although larvae in the tissues had no evident effect on amebic invasion of the cecum, they may have had a favorable effect on the persistence of amebae in, or their transport to the liver of animals with cecal infections. Amebae were recovered in 40% of 240 cultures of liver tissue from 11 of 12 infected test animals as compared with only 28% of 120 cultures from 3 of 6 infected controls. There was no gross evidence of amebic colonization in the liver and microscopic examination failed to reveal whether amebae in the liver were associated with tissue changes produced by T. canis larvae.
Malic dehydrogenase locus of Paramecium tetraurelia.

A search was undertaken for naturally occurring genetic markers for use in clonal aging studies of Paramecium tetraurelia. Clonal age is defined as the number of cell divisions since the last sexual process. Autogamy (self-fertilization) is a sexual process which can occur in aging lines, resulting in homozygosity and initiation of the next generation. Such “illicit” autogamies must be detected and eliminated from the aged clone. With codominant alleles, heterozygous aging lines can be established which will express a phenotype distinguishable from that of either parental type and autogamy can then be monitored by the appearance of either segregant homozygous phenotype. However, very few codominant alleles are available in this species. Electrophoretic mobilities of malic dehydrogenase (MDH) were assayed in 11 stocks of Paramecium tetraurelia by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nine stocks showed a singlebanded “stock 51” type, while stock 174 and stock 29 each exhibited unique mobility. Crosses between stock 51 and the deviant stocks revealed distinct three-banded patterns indicative of heterozygosity of the F1 generation. In the autogamous F2 generation, 1:1 segregation of the parental types were recovered. The pattern of inheritance is consistent with codominant alleles and Mendelian inheritance. These naturally occurring biochemical markers are stable with increasing clonal age and are therefore useful genetic markers for studies of cellular aging.
Trends in Firearm Suicide Among Older American Males: 1979–1988

Elderly men are more likely to commit suicide than any other age group in the United States. Moreover, their rate of suicide steadily increased between 1979 and 1988. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Compressed Mortality data were used to perform an age-specific analysis of linear trends. Males 65 and over were the most likely to use firearms followed by those 55-64. In 1988, nearly 8 out of 10 suicides by males 65 and over were committed with a firearm. Firearm-related suicide rates were much lower for blacks than whites 65 and over; however, suicides among blacks were more likely to involve firearms than among whites in this age group. The authors call for a broad public policy effort directed at reducing the availability of firearms.
Gentamicin Tympanoclysis: Effects on the Labyrinthine Sensory Cells†

Objectives The objective of the study was to determine whether a selective vestibular hair cell toxicity with sparing of the cochlear hair cells could be achieved by infusing different concentrations of gentamicin into the middle ears of adult cats. Study Design Prospective experimental animal study treating only the left ear of each cat, the right ear serving as individual control. Methods Gentamicin solution at concentrations of either 30 or 3 mg/mL was infused daily into the left middle ear of adult cats until overt ataxia occurred. After 1 month or 6 months, each cat was killed and its temporal bones prepared for optical microscopy. Results Animals treated with 30 mg/mL gentamicin until ataxic required a median of five daily doses. These animals had clear-cut cochlear basal turn hair cell losses accompanying toxic lesions in the utricle and cristae. In contrast, animals treated with 3 mg/mL gentamicin until ataxic required an average of 19 daily doses. These animals had lesions restricted to the utricle and cristae with sparing of the cochlea hair cells. Animals that failed to develop ataxia manifested neither lesions of the cochlear nor vestibular hair cells. Conclusion Gentamicin tympanoclysis in the cat animal model, using a dilute solution and continued once daily until clinical ataxia occurs, is capable of producing selective vestibular hair cell toxicity while sparing cochlea hair cells.
Utilization management in microbiology

The available literature concerning utilization management in the clinical microbiology laboratory is relatively limited compared with that for high-volume, automated testing in the central Core Laboratory. However, the same strategies employed elsewhere in the clinical laboratory operation can be applied to utilization management challenges in microbiology, including decision support systems, application of evidence-based medicine, screening algorithms and gatekeeper functions. The results of testing in the microbiology laboratory have significant effects on the cost of clinical care, especially costs related to antimicrobial agents and infection control practices. Consequently many of the successful utilization management interventions described in clinical microbiology have targeted not just the volume of tests performed in the laboratory, but also the downstream costs of care. This article will review utilization management strategies in clinical microbiology, including specific examples from our institution and other healthcare organizations.
Orthogonal nonlinear partial least-squares regression

A multivariate statistical regression technique is proposed to address underlying nonlinear correlations among the predictor variables, as well as between the predictor variables and the response variable. The method is based on a neural network architecture that preserves the orthogonality properties of the principal component analysis (PCA) approach. Applications to a synthetic dataset and a benchmark example demonstrate the key features of the method, and another example shows the utility of the method in using process measurements to predict the shelf-life stability characteristics of a pharmaceutical product.
The pressure tensor in a non-uniform fluid

Abstract We consider a non-uniform fluid in thermal equilibrium, described by free energy as a functional of particle density. The property of locality is defined, and both local chemical potential and local pressure tensor are constructed. The former satisfies energy balance, and the latter satisfies balance of forces.
TRIGONELLINE CONCENTRATIONS IN SALT STRESSED LEAVES OF CULTIVATED GLYCINE MAX

Abstract Concentration of trigonelline (nicotinic acid betaine) and relative water content were determined in nonstressed and salt stressed leaves of 30-day old seedlings of Glycine max among 17 cultivars representing eight maturity groups. Soybean seedlings were treated with NaCl in a step wise manner over 9 days (3 days 30 mM, 3 days 70 mM, and 3 days 100 mM). Trigonelline concentrations ranged from 63.8 to 162.4 μg g DW−1 in nonstressed leaf tissue and from 75.4 to 218.7 μg g DW−1 in salt stressed leaf tissue. During salt treatment, trigonelline concentrations increased in 10 cultivars, declined in five cultivars and remained unchanged in two cultivars. Trigonelline concentration was not significantly correlated with maturity group.
Impact of medical ethics consultations on physicians: an exploratory study

Purpose and methods: Despite the increasing availability of medical ethics consultations, little research addresses the impact of these consultations on physicians. Therefore, we surveyed physician-requesters and reviewed medical charts to evaluate the 44 ethics consultations concerning individual patients at our university medical center over an 18-month period. Results: The physicians who requested these consultations said 14 consultations identified previously unrecognized ethical issues, and 18 changed patient management considerably. The medical charts showed that the most frequently overlooked issue was inappropriate family decisions for incompetent adult patients (five consultations) and the most frequent management changes involved withholding cardiopulmonary resuscitation (12 consultations). Conclusion: Ethics consultations appeared to have considerable impact on physicians in conducting patient care.
PET imaging and optical imaging with d-luciferin [11C]methyl ester and d-luciferin [11C]methyl ether of luciferase gene expression in tumor xenografts of living mice

Abstract New carbon-11 labeled d -luciferin analogs d -luciferin [11C]methyl ester ([11C]LMEster, [11C]1) and d -luciferin [11C]methyl ether ([11C]LMEther, [11C]2) were synthesized in 25–55% radiochemical yield. PET studies with [11C]LMEster and [11C]LMEther demonstrate a lower retention of the C-11 label at 45 min post-injection in luciferase expression tumor. Optical imaging with unlabeled substrate d -luciferin and radiotracers [11C]LMEster and [11C]LMEther gave tumor luciferase images within a few minutes of photon counting.
Substorm evolution as revealed by THEMIS satellites and a global MHD simulation

[1] The major substorm that occurred on 1 March 2008 had excellent spacecraft coverage by the THEMIS spacecraft in the magnetotail, GOES 11, and GOES 12 at geosynchronous orbit and Geotail in the dayside magnetosheath. A global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of this substorm, driven by Wind solar wind observations, accurately reproduced the magnetospheric observations. The simulation revealed the complexity of magnetotail dynamics during the substorm, in particular, in the near-Earth plasma sheet. Reconnection began prior to the substorm on closed field lines and a flux rope formed there. Around substorm onset, the simulation exhibited flow vortices near the locations of THEMIS P3 and P4, in agreement with observations at P3 and P4. These vortices were associated with a duskside neutral line that formed early in the substorm. Six minutes later, another neutral line formed on the dawnside of the tail. These neutral lines then merged to form a single large reconnection region that extended across the tail and greatly expanded the flux rope. The least active part of the tail was the region around midnight. Strong flows were seen in the observations and in the simulation during the two intensifications of this substorm; in particular, tailward flows were seen at THEMIS P1 and P2. Reconnection on closed field lines, vortices in the near-Earth region, a channel of strong tailward flow, and enhanced precipitation into the ionosphere all contributed to substorm development.
A bimodal map of space: somatosensory receptive fields in the macaque putamen with corresponding visual receptive fields

The macaque putamen contains neurons that respond to somatosensory stimuli such as light touch, joint movement, or deep muscle pressure. Their receptive fields are arranged to form a map of the body. In the face and arm region of this somatotopic map we found neurons that responded to visual stimuli. Some neurons were bimodal, responding to both visual and somatosensory stimuli, while others were purely visual, or purely somatosensory. The bimodal neurons usually responded to light cutaneous stimulation, rather than to joint movement or deep muscle pressure. They responded to visual stimuli near their tactile receptive field and were not selective for the shape or the color of the stimuli. For cells with tactile receptive fields on the face, the visual receptive field subtended a solid angle extending from the tactile receptive field to about 10 cm. For cells with tactile receptive fields on the arm, the visual receptive field often extended further from the animal. These bimodal properties provide a map of the visual space that immediately surrounds the monkey. The map is organized somatotopically, that is, by body part, rather than retinotopical ly as in most visual areas. It could function to guide movements in the animal's immediate vicinity. Cortical areas 6, 7b, and VIP contain bimodal cells with very similar properties to those in the putamen. We suggest that the bimodal cells in area 6, 7b, VIP, and the putamen form part of an interconnected system that represents extrapersonal space in a somatotopic fashion.
EVIDENCE IN MAN THAT CIGARETTE SMOKING INDUCES VASOPRESSIN RELEASE VIA AN AIRWAY-SPECIFIC MECHANISM

The plasma vasopressin response to intravenous nicotine (2 mg) and smoking cigarettes of high (1.2 mg) and low (0.6 mg) nicotine content was studied in healthy young subjects with a history of cigarette smoking. Nicotine administered intravenously had no effect on plasma vasopressin. There was a statistically significant increase in plasma vasopressin after both the low and high content cigarettes, with the high content cigarettes resulting in a significantly greater increase. All three interventions resulted in transient increases in blood pressure and pulse of similar magnitude. These studies indicate that cigarette smoking-induced vasopressin release is not mediated via an action of circulating nicotine, and suggest the presence of an airway-specific mechanism for vasopressin release.
X-ray reflectivity and scanning-tunneling-microscope study of kinetic roughening of sputter-deposited gold films during growth

An in situ x-ray reflectivity study of the dynamic evolution of a growing interface was carried out for gold sputter-deposited onto a polished silicon substrate. X-ray reflectivity data were recorded during growth for thicknesses of the gold film ranging from 50 to 3500 \AA{}. A progressive kinetic roughening of the gold-vacuum interface was observed and the time-dependent interfacial width exhibits a power-law behavior. Aided by scanning-tunneling-microscopy measurements the scaling exponents were determined and compared with theoretical studies.
Molecular movement of bovine albumin in flowing suspensions of bovineerythrocytes

Apparent diffusivities of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in bovine erythrocyte suspensions were measured over a range of cell concentrations and shear rates. The work had two purposes: to obtain further validation of a new method for measuring diffusion in suspensions, and to increase understanding of molecular transport in blood. Results were compared to long-standing but poorly validated models of molecular transport in suspensions. All models lacked predictive power; none firmly established the roles of fluid shear and particle volume fraction in determining solute diffusion; and one, the product of a widely quoted review appears to be fundamentally flawed.
Temperature variation of the structure factor of liquid helium

Abstract The temperature variation of the structure factor S(q) of liquid helium follows S(q) = h 2 q 2 {1 + 2f(ϵ)} 2 mϵ , where f(ϵ) is the Bose distribution function of the quasiparticles of energy ϵ(q). For very low temperatures, the formula predicts that S(q) increases linearly with q starting from a constant, S(0) = kT mc 2 . This trend changes at temperatures higher than T I = c h k √24δ 1 , where δ1 is the coefficient to q2 of the energy dispersion relation. Therefore, above around 2.78 K, a minimum of S(q) is expected. These theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the recent experimental data of Sears, Svensson, Woods and Martel based on neutron diffraction and of Hallock obtained by X-ray scattering.
Influence of atomic recoil on power broadened lineshapes in 2-level atoms

Abstract The power broadened absorption lineshapes of 2-level sodium atoms were carefully studied, using a frequency stabilized cw dye laser and a highly collimated atomic beam. At low driving fields the absorption lineshape was lorentzian as expected. However, at field intensities greater than 50 mW/cm 2 , the lineshape exhibited an asymmetry which was attributed to atomic recoil effects.
Visual cortical evoked potentials under conditions of sequential blanking

Two separate experiments were conducted to study the visual evoked potential (VEP) correlates of sequential blanking, a phenomenon in which up to one-half of a discrete train of stimulus inputs are not perceived for certain orders of input. A PDP-7 digital computer was used to present stimuli (from 2 to 5 letter Xs) on a CRT display in both experiments. In Experiment 1 there were four basic conditions designed and counterbalanced to indicate the nature of the VEP when stimuli were blanked and when Ss reported all stimuli. All of the stimuli were of equal intensity. The main finding was that although the eight Ss did not perceive and report blanked stimuli, they did respond to them physiologically as indicated by the VEP. The implications of these findings were discussed in relation to recent studies of visual masking and metacontrast in which VEP was recorded. In Experiment 2 the normally blanked and the normally blanking stimuli were alternately increased in intensity to determine the effect on sequential blanking and the VEP. Six Ss were tested under three basic counterbalanced conditions. It was found that sequential blanking could be reliably overcome by increasing the intensity of the normally blanked stimuli. In addition, when the normally blanking stimuli were of greater intensity than the blanked stimuli, not only did perceptual suppression occur, but the evidence indicated that there was no VEP to the first of the two blanked stimuli.
Reversible commitment to differentiation by human multipotent stromal cells in single-cell–derived colonies

Objective Human multipotent stromal cells readily form single-cell–derived colonies when plated at clonal densities. However, the colonies are heterogeneous because cells from a colony form new colonies that vary in size and differentiation potential when replated at clonal densities. The experiments here tested the hypothesis that cells in the inner regions of colonies are partially differentiated, but the differentiation is reversible. Materials and Methods Cells were separately isolated from the dense inner (IN) regions and less-dense outer regions (OUT) of single-cell–derived colonies. Cells were then compared by assays of their transcriptomes and proteins, and for clonogenicity and differentiation. Results IN cells expressed fewer cell-cycle genes and higher levels of genes for extracellular matrix than the OUT cells. When transferred to differentiation medium, differentiation of the colonies occurred primarily in the IN regions. However, the IN cells were indistinguishable from OUT cells when replated at clonal densities and assayed for rates of propagation and clonogenicity. Also, colonies formed by IN cells were similar to colonies formed by OUT cells because they had distinct IN and OUT regions. Cultures of IN and OUT cells remained indistinguishable through multiple passages (30to75 population doublings), and both cells formed colonies that were looser and less dense as they were expanded. Conclusions The results demonstrated that cells in the IN region of single-cell–derived colonies are partially differentiated, but the differentiation can be reversed by replating the cells at clonal densities.
Polynomials with small value set over finite fields

Let Kq denote the finite field with q elements and characteristic p. Let f(x) be a monic polynomial of degree d with coeficients in Kq. Let C(f) denote the number of distinct values of f(x) as x ranges over Kq. We easily see that C(f)⩾q−1d+1 where [‖] is the greatest integer function. A polynomial for which equality in (∗) occurs is called a minimum value set polynomial. There is a complete characterization of minimum value set polynomials over arbitrary finite fields with d < √q and C(f) ≥ 3 [see L. Carlitz, D. J. Lewis, W. H. Mills, and E. G. Strauss, Mathematika 8 (1961), 121–130; W. H. Mills, Pacific J. Math. 14 (1964), 225–241]. In this paper we give a complete list of polynomials of degree d4 15 then f(x) is one of the following polynomial forms: 1. (a) f(x) = (x + a)d + b, where d | (q − 1), 2. (b) f(x) = ((x + a)d2 + b)2 + c, where d | (q2 − 1), 3. (c) f(x) = ((x + a)2 + b)d2 + c, where d | (q2 − 1), or 4. (d) f(x) = Dd,a(x + b) + c, where Dd,a(x) is the Dickson polynomial of degree d, d | (q2 − 1) and a is a 2kth power in Kq2 where d = 2kr, r is odd. The result is obtained by noticing the connection between the size of the value set of a polynomial f(x) and the factorization of the associated substitution polynomial f∗(x, y) = f(x) − f(y) in the ring Kq[x, y]. Essentually, we show that C(f) < 2qd implies that f∗(x, y) has at least d2 factors in Kq[x, y], and we determine all the polynomials with such characteristic.
Processing of type I collagen gels using nonenzymatic glycation.

This study focuses on the development of a novel method of non-enzymatic glycation of fibrillar collagen gels. In contrast to previous studies in which type I collagen gels were glycated in the solid state, this study presents a method for glycation in solution. Type I collagen in solution or gels was exposed to a range of ribose concentrations from 0–250mM. The binding of ribose to collagen was documented using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) was quantified by fluorescence measurement. The bulk compressive modulus and viscoelastic time constant of processed gels were determined in stress relaxation studies. Both methods of glycation enhanced ribose addition and AGE formation in a dose dependent manner, with glycation in the gel state being more efficient. Both methods enhanced mechanical properties similarly, with 250mM ribose treatment resulting in a 10-fold increase in bulk modulus.
An X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of the structure and reversibility of copper adsorbed to montmorillonite clay

Abstract X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and adsorption-desorption measurements have been performed to assess the relationship between the structure and reversibility of copper complexes on montmorillonite clay. By varying the solution pH and background electrolyte concentration, the adsorption of copper on either the edge sites or permanent charge sites of montmorillonite was controlled. This allowed the structure and reversibility of copper complexes on each of these site types to be assessed independently of each other. XAS analysis of copper adsorbed on the permanent charge sites indicated outer-sphere surface complexes, with these complexes showing sorption reversibility. For copper complexes formed on the edge sites of montmorillonite, XAS data confirmed the presence of monomer and dimer copper surface complexes. Sorption irreversibility at edge sites was noted at copper coverages less than 20 μmoles/g clay at pH=4.2 and at coverages greater than 50 μmoles/g clay at pH=6.8. At pH=6.8, higher Cu-Cu coordination numbers indicated the copper sorption irreversibility may be due, in part, to the formation of dimer surface complexes. The coordination numbers at pH=4.2 indicated the irreversibility could be due to the formation of dimers or due to formation of surface complexes on high energy edge sites.