cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of dairy manure nitrogen-15 enrichment methods on short-term crop and soil nitrogen budgets

Indirect estimates of manure N availability to crops are highly variable. We developed two methods that label dairy manure N components with the stable isotope 15 N for direct measurement of manure N availability to crops. The forage method involved the labeling then feeding of 15 N-enriched forage to dairy cows (Bos taurus) to label urine N, fecal endogenous N, and fecal undigested feed N. The urea method involved the direct feeding of 15 N-enriched urea to label urine N and fecal endogenous N. Manure from each enrichment method was applied to a Plano silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic, Typic Argiudolls) using field plots in 1999 and 2000; corn (Zea mays L.) was grown for 2 yr after each application. No significant differences were observed in manure 15 N recoveries in corn, soil inorganic N, or soil total N due to manure application year or manure enrichment method. Corn took up 14 to 16% of manure 15 N the first year and 4 to 8% the second year after application. Most 15 N recovery in soil inorganic and total N was found in the upper 30 cm of soil, indicating little downward movement of applied manure 15 N. On average, 68% of applied manure 15 N was accounted for, either in crop uptake (21%) or in the soil (47%). The less laborious and less costly urea enrichment method may be adequate for short-term (2 yr or less, the range of this study) manure-soil-crop-N cycling studies. Longer-term studies may need to include fecal undigested feed 15 N derived from the forage enrichment method.
Microwave Spectroscopy Measurements of Rotational Spectra and DFT Calculations for Two Distinct Structural Isomers of 1,1' -Dimethylferrocene

Microwave spectra were obtained for two distinct structural isomers of 1,1'-dimethylferrocene, an eclipsed synperiplanar isomer (phi = 0 degrees, the E0 isomer), with A = 1176.9003(2) MHz, B = 898.3343(2) MHz, C = 668.7469(2) MHz, and an eclipsed synclinal isomer (phi = 72 degrees, the E72 isomer) with A = 1208.7117(14) MHz, B = 806.4101(12) MHz, and C = 718.7179(8) MHz. The b-dipole, asymmetric-top spectra of both structural isomers were measured in the frequency range of 5-12 GHz using a Flygare-Balle type of spectrometer. A very good fit to observed transitions, with small distortion constants, was obtained for the E0 conformer, indicating that this conformer is nearly rigid. The deviations obtained in a similar least-squares fit for the E72 confomer are significantly larger, indicating possible fluxional behavior for this conformer. In addition, 7 out of the 26 transitions observed for the E72 isomer conformer clearly exhibit very small splittings, giving further evidence for internal motion. DFT calculations for the different possible conformations of 1,1'- dimethylferrocene arising from rotation of one methyl cyclopentadienyl ligand relative to the other about the nominal C5 axis by an angle phi (dihedral angle) were performed using the B3PW91 functional. The calculations converged and were optimized for five structures on this torsional potential energy surface corresponding to different dihedral angles phi; three yielded energy minima, and two gave energy maxima, corresponding to transition states. The experimental results are in very good agreement with the results of the DFT calculations.
Healthy ageing in people with Down syndrome and dementia: The need to foster education and support programs for individuals, families and organizations

Abstract Most individuals with Down syndrome (DS) reach an advanced age which gives rise to specific seniorcitizen needs. These must be considered and addressed, through anticipation and prevention. Difficulties are already emerging in services responsible for this population, as well as for the individuals concerned and their relatives. The inadequacy and unsuitability of policy planning and lack of adequate services are made apparent whenever a person with DS begins to develop cognitive deterioration or dementia. The World Health Organization (WHO) has drawn up, in conjunction with the International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities (IASSID) and Inclusion International, a report on the social and health care needs of aging persons with intellectual disabilities, including those with DS. This working document highlights as a priority the need for each country in the European Union to implement “Projects for Healthy Aging” that are naturally conducive to social inclusion while improving support and training for both formal and informal caregivers. The present article provides a rough outline for potential future programs targeting individuals with DS and cognitive deterioration or dementia.
An analytical solution for approximating simple structure in factor analysis

It is proposed that a satisfactory criterion for an approximation to simple structure is the minimization of the sums of cross-products (across factors) ofsquares of factor loadings. This criterion is completely analytical and yields a unique solution; it requires no plotting, nor any decisions as to the clustering of variables into subgroups. The equations involved appear to be capable only of iterative solution; for more than three or four factors the computations become extremely laborious but may be feasible for high-speed electronic equipment. Either orthogonal or oblique solutions may be achieved. For illustrations, the Johnson-Reynolds study of “flow” and “selection” factors and the Thurstone box problem are reanalyzed. The presence of factorially complex tests produces a type of hyperplanar fit which the investigator may desire to adjust by graphical rotations; the smaller the number of such tests, the closer the criterion comes to approximating simple structure.
Structure-Based Design, Synthesis and Biological Studies of New Anticancer Norindenoisoquinoline Topoisomerase I Inhibitors

On the basis of the superimposition of the crystal structures of norindenoisoquinoline 5 and topotecan (2) bound in the topoisomerase I−DNA covalent complex, as well as molecular docking and quantum chemical calculations, the substituted norindenoisoquinoline 14a was designed by transporting the 9-dimethylaminomethyl group of topotecan to the 10-position of the norindenoisoquinoline 5. The desired compound 14a was synthesized and found to possess topoisomerase I inhibitory activity that was slightly better than that of the starting compound 5. A focused set of 10-substitued norindenoisoquinoline analogues were then synthesized. The imidazole-substituted compound 14c was highly cytotoxic when evaluated in a series of human leukemia, ovarian, and breast cancer cells.
Taxes and the number of fringe benefits received

Abstract Discussion about tax policy towards fringe benefits has often assumed that taxing benefits would cause a large change in the composition of employee compensation. Previous evidence, though, indicates that changes in marginal tax rates do not have a large effect on expenditures on major fringe benefits as a share of total compensation. This paper examines whether employees respond to higher tax rates by getting additional kinds of fringe benefits. The results suggest that the effect of tax rates on the probability of receiving additional fringe benefits is quite small.
Analysis of Vessel and Piping Weld Fatigue Data Using the Master S-N Curve Method

In support of the new revision of ASME Div 2 Codes, a unified master S-N curve approach has been developed using a mesh-insensitive structural stress procedure. The effectiveness of the new maser S-N curve approach has been demonstrated in a number of earlier publications for many joint types and loading conditions, including pipe and vessel welds. In this paper, additional S-N data for pipe girth welds and vessel welds are analyzed using the mesh-insensitive structural stress procedure and the master S-N curve approach. The data include full scale pipe tests for applications for deepwater risers and vessel tests in support of ASME Sec. III related applications, in which some tests incorporated welds with artificially machined flaws. In addition, a great deal more data from plate joints data in offshore and marine industries has become available to the authors. Again, both the effectiveness and the validity of the master S-N curve approach have been demonstrated by collapsing all these weld S-N data from a diverse industries with drastically different joint types, plate thicknesses, and loading modes.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Studies of electrical breakdown processes across vacuum gaps between metallic electrodes

Abstract An experimental program to elucidate the physical causes of electrical breakdown across vacuum gaps, such as those that occur in charged particle accelerators, is discussed. Magnetic insulation is explored as a technique to differentiate between field emission of electrons and clump acceleration as possible causative mechanisms for the onset of breakdown. The results and limitations of an exploratory experiment are described, along with plans for a more comprehensive experimental and theoretical campaign.
A robotics-based liquid chromatographic assay for the measurement of atovaquone in plasma.

Abstract A precise and specific robotics-based liquid chromatographic (LC) method for measuring atovaquone concentrations in plasma was developed and validated, and the method was compared with an existing manual LC method. The compound was isolated from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction, separated by reversed-phase LC, and quantitated against an internal standard with UV detection. Least-squares linear regression with l/concentration 2 weighting was used as the calibration model. The range of the calibration curve for the assay under routine conditions was 0.25–50 μg ml −1 . No endogenous interferences with the compound or the internal standard were noted in either untreated human plasma or in plasma from patients enrolled in Phase III clinical trials of atovaquone. The accuracy of the assay (determined as the percent bias) ranged from −4.8% to −9.4% in the validation runs. The intra- and interassay precisions (determined as the relative standard deviation) were less than 6.8% and 6.4%, respectively. The contribution of an internal standard on assay accuracy and precision also was examined. Interassay variability was marginally improved by the incorporation of an internal standard to the assay; accuracy and intra-assay precision were essentially unchanged. A paired t -test between estimates of atovaquone concentrations in healthy volunteer and HIV + patient human plasma samples assayed by the automated and manual methods demonstrated no significant difference ( p = 0.31) between the values determined by each method.
Large scale inhomogeneities in granular metals

Abstract We present direct evidence for large-scale inhomogeneities in granular metal films. Using Rutherford backscattering data and measurements of the superconducting critical fields, we show that granular materials (Al:Al 2 Te 3 and Al:Al 2 O 3 ) are deposited in layers. Each film contains 3–5 layers approximately 400 A thick. The layer thicknesses are significantly less than the film thicknesses and are of the order of the coherence length. This layering has significant consequences when using such films to investigate dimensionally dependent theories.
Shuttle cosmid vectors for the trypanosomatid parasite Leishmania.

Abstract We have developed two shuttle cosmid vectors for the trypanosomatid protozoan parasite Leishmania. Cosmids cLHYG and cLNEO contain hyg and neo markers, conferring resistance to hygromycin B and G418, respectively, replicate extrachromosomally after transfection into promastigotes, and bear a unique Bam HI cloning site. To ensure the representation of telomeric sequences, which represent about 5% of the Leishmania genome, random insert DNAs were prepared by shearing followed by blunt-end ligation with BamHI adapters. Representative genomic libraries from Leishmania species representing the four major pathogenic complexes were prepared using cosmid cLHYG. The cosmid libraries were efficiently transfected into Leishmania, and individual cosmids were readily recovered by transformation back into Escherichia coli. The relatively small size of the Leishmania genome (50 Mb) combined with the capacity and transfection efficiency of these cosmid libraries (> 1000 Leishmania transfectants/plate) suggests the feasibility of functional genetic complementation in this parasite.
The Effects of Particle Size and Solution Chemistry on the Formation of Hydroxyapatite

The effects of varying the particle sizes of particulate reactants which form hydroxyapatite by a dissolution-precipitation reaction is considered. The effect of Mg 2+ ion, known to inhibit hydroxyapatite formation in vivo. on the reaction to form hydroxyapatite is discussed.
Rehabilitation and employment of industrial workers with cardiovascular disease

Abstract A group of 219 industrial employees with cardiovascular disease has been observed over an eight year period. Employment has not been associated with an increased mortality, excessive absenteeism or apparent increase in insurance risk. The employees with cardiovascular disease have been loyal employees and have had an average performance above that of the plant population as a whole.
Alcoholic extraction of vegetable oils. Part IV. Solubilities of vegetable oils in aqueous 2‐propanol

Solubilities of 14 vegetable oils in four different concentrations of aqueous 2-propanol at various temperatures were determined by a direct and simple method. Comprehensive solubility data of these oils and the critical solution temperatureversus 2-propanol composition data are presented in tabular form. Solubility of each oil in aqueous 2-propanol increases with temperature until the critical solution temperature is reached, at and above which oil and the solvent are miscible in all proportions. Further the critical solution temperatures of all the oils with aqueous 2-propanol solutions increased with the increase in water content of 2-propanol solutions. There appears to be a general relation between fatty acid contents of the oils and critical solution temperatures which needs further study.
Online Learning of User-Specific Destination Prediction Models

In this paper, we introduce and evaluate two different mechanisms for efficient online updating of user-specific destination prediction models. Although users can experience long periods of regular behavior during which it is possible to leverage the visitation time to learn a static user-specific model of transportation patterns, many users exhibit a substantial amount of variability in their travel patterns, either because their habits slowly change over time or they oscillate between several different routines. Our methods combat this problem by doing an online modification of the contribution of past data to account for this drift in user behavior. By learning model updates, our proposed mechanisms, Discount Factor updating and Dynamic Conditional Probability Table assignment, can improve on the prediction accuracy of the best non updating methods on two challenging location-based social networking datasets while remaining robust to the effects of missing check-in data.
Relationship between introversion/extraversion, values regarding control over information, and perceptions of invasion of privacy

A laboratory study examined the relationship between individual differences in introversion/extraversion, values regarding control over personal information, and perceptions of invasion of privacy....
Influence of magnetite stoichiometry on Fe(II) uptake and nitrobenzene reduction.

Magnetite (Fe3O4) is a common biomineralization product of microbial iron respiration and is often found in subsurface anoxic environments, such as groundwater aquifers where aqueous Fe(II) is present We investigated the reaction between aqueous Fe(II) and magnetite using the isotopic selectivity of 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy and revisited the reduction of nitrobenzene by magnetite. Similar to our previous findings with Fe3+ oxides, we did not observe the formation of a stable sorbed Fe(II) species; instead, we observed oxidation of the Fe(II) to a partially oxidized magnetite phase. Oxidation of Fe(II) was accompanied by reduction of the octahedral Fe3+ atoms in the underlying magnetite to octahedral Fe2+ atoms. The lack of a stable, sorbed Fe(II) species on magnetite prompted us to reevaluate what is controlling the extent of Fe(II) uptake on magnetite, as well as contaminant reduction in the presence of magnetite and Fe(II). Uptake of Fe(II) by magnetite appears to be limited by the stoichiometry of the magnetite particles, rather than the surface area of the particles. More oxidized (or less stoichiometric) magnetite particles take up more Fe(II), with the formation of stoichiometric magnetite (Fe2+/Fe3+ = 0.5) limiting the extent of Fe(II) uptake. We also showthat stoichiometric magnetite, in the absence of aqueous Fe(II), can rapidly reduce nitrobenzene. Based on these results, we speculate that contaminant reduction that was previously attributed to Fe(II) sorbed on magnetite is due to a process similar to negative (n) doping of a solid, which increases the stoichiometry of the magnetite and alters the bulk redox properties of the particle to make reduction more favorable.
Isotopic Infrared Absorption Study of C5-, C7-, and C9- Carbon Cluster Anions in Ar Matrices

The carbon cluster anions C5-, C7-, and C9- have been formed via a dual laser beam technique, trapped in Ar matrixes, and studied by infrared spectroscopy. 13C-Isotopic substitution combined with density functional (B3LYP/6-31G*) calculations of vibrational frequencies and intensities has led to the assignment of asymmetric stretching modes in the three anionic clusters. From the excellent fit of the calculated and experimental singly 13C-substituted cluster bands, a linear geometry for all three clusters has been determined.
Water-mediated hydrogen-bonded network on the cytoplasmic side of the Schiff base of the L photointermediate of bacteriorhodopsin.

The L intermediate in the proton-motive photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin is the starting state for the first proton transfer, from the Schiff base to Asp85, in the formation of the M intermediate. Previous FTIR studies of L have identified unique vibration bands caused by the perturbation of several polar amino acid side chains and several internal water molecules located on the cytoplasmic side of the retinylidene chromophore. In the present FTIR study we describe spectral features of the L intermediate in D2O in the frequency region which includes the N−D stretching vibrations of the backbone amides. We show that a broad band in the 2220−2080 cm-1 region appears in L. By use of appropriate 15N labeling and mutants, the lower frequency side of this band in L is assigned to the amides of Lys216 and Gly220. These amides are coupled to each other, and interact with Thr46 and Val49 in helix B and Asp96 in helix C via weakly H-bonding water molecules that exhibit O−D stretching vibrations at 2621 and 2605 cm-1...
Development of novel attachable initiators for atom transfer radical polymerization. Synthesis of block and graft copolymers from poly(dimethylsiloxane) macroinitiators

Abstract The synthesis of poly(styrene-dimethylsiloxane) block and graft copolymers is described. Commercially available difunctional poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) containing either vinylsilyl or hydrosilyl terminal species was reacted with the corresponding hydrosilyl or vinylsilyl attachable initiators containing the benzyl chloride species. The attachment of the initiators to PDMS was achieved by hydrosilation in the presence of a platinum(0) catalyst. The terminal benzyl chloride groups were then used as initiators for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to produce block copolymers. Using this technique, triblock copolymers consisting of a PDMS centre block and polystyrene terminal blocks were synthesized. A similar process was also used to produce graft copolymers of polystyrene from a PDMS backbone.
FC-MST: Feature correlation maximum spanning tree for multimedia concept classification

Feature selection is an actively researched topic in varies domains, mainly owing to its ability in greatly reducing feature space and associated computational time. Given the explosive growth of high-dimensional multimedia data, a well-designed feature selection method can be leveraged in classifying multimedia contents into high-level semantic concepts. In this paper we present a multi-phase feature selection method using maximum spanning tree built from feature correlation among multiple modalities (FC-MST). The method aims to first thoroughly explore not only the correlation between features within and across modalities, but also the association of features towards semantic concepts. Secondly, with the correlations, we identify important features and exclude redundant or irrelevant ones. The proposed method is tested on a well-known benchmark multimedia data set called NUS-WIDE and the experimental results show that it outperforms four well-known feature selection methods in all three important measurement metrics.
Excess heart rate and systolic blood pressure during psychological stress in relation to metabolic demand in adolescents

Abstract Cardiovascular responses during exercise are matched to the increased metabolic demand, but this may not be the case during psychological stress. No studies to date have tested this hypothesis in youth. Fifty-four youth, ages 13–16 years completed two visits. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and oxygen (O2) consumption were measured during a graded exercise test on one day and during psychological stress reactivity (star tracing, speech) on another day. Predicted HR and SBP values during psychological stress were calculated based on HR–O2 and SBP–O2 relationships calculated during graded exercise. At a given O2 consumption, actual HR was greater (p
Ultrastructure of Cochliobolus victoriae conidia incubated on fungistatic soil

When incubated on soil, conidiospores of the soil-borne fungus Cochliobolus victoriae remain viable but do not germinate, a phenomenon termed soil fungistasis. We examined these spores ultrastructurally for signs of dormancy or metabolic activity. The fungus was cultured on media containing pyroquilon (1 g ml −1 ), an inhibitor of melanin biosynthesis, in order to facilitate efficient fixation. When cultured on media containing > 1 g ml −1 pyroquilon, spores had reduced sensitivity to soil fungistasis. At 1 g ml −1 in the growth medium, pyroquilon had no significant effect on sensitivity of conidia to soil fungistasis, germination rate in non-fungistatic conditions, concentration of SDS-soluble protein in the conidia, or growth rate and sporulation of colonies. In conidia incubated on soil for 0–96 h, nucleoli were prominent, endoplasmic reticulum was well developed, and mitochondria had well-developed cristae. During incubation on soil, there appeared to be a decrease in an unidentified electron-translucent material in the cytoplasm. The ultrastructure suggests that, at least for this initial 96 h period, non-germinating conidia on fungistatic soil are metabolically active, not dormant.
The evolution of corporate governance and its impact on modern corporate America

History shows a repetitive cycle of corporations over‐reaching their boundaries and causing social turmoil. Governments are faced with the task of reining them in by enacting regulations. Investors are faced with the task of preserving their individual assets. Corporate governance remains the core issue in these battles. This paper examines the origins of corporate governance and the events during the twentieth century that have failed to align the interests of management and shareholders.
The social, political, ethical, and economic aspects of biodefense vaccines

Besides natural disasters and naturally occurring novel infectious diseases, nothing potentially threatens the health and stability of nations and health systems as much as the devastating threat and unfathomability of bioterrorism. Other than attempts at political solutions and interdictive attempts, only antimicrobials and vaccines offer possible means for protection. Of these, vaccines offer the most immediate and definitive of preventive solutions. Limiting the development and use of vaccines however are social, political, ethical, and economic considerations, and this article will provide a brief exploration of each of these issues and the intersection with the need for such vaccines. In this article we define bioterrorism as the deliberate use of naturally occurring or bioengineered microorganisms in order to cause harm to people, animals, or plants.
Use and interpretation of particulate deposition data

Abstract Particulate deposition data have been generated by environmental surveillance programs since the onset of concern over radioactive fallout. However, because the unique characteristics of deposition collectors have seldom been recognized, such devices have not been exploited fully. A combination precipitation/particulate deposition collection device is described here. This device is designed to maximize the usefulness of deposition data in a dose-oriented environmental surveillance program. Design considerations including height above ground, protective lip height and collection medium characteristics are detailed. Also discussed are concentration and particle-size distribution analysis techniques which are being used to assess environmental impact and population dose. Potential contributions of this economical sampling method are also noted (e.g., media interchangeability, source identification, and multimedia correlation). Use of deposition data can add to environmental surveillance capabilities in a time of increasing economic constraints and decreasing compliance standards.
Regulation of neural cell adhesion molecule polysialylation: evidence for nontranscriptional control and sensitivity to an intracellular pool of calcium.

The up- and downregulation of polysialic acid–neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA–NCAM) expression on motorneurons during development is associated respectively with target innervation and synaptogenesis, and is regulated at the level of PSA enzymatic biosynthesis involving specific polysialyltransferase activity. The purpose of this study has been to describe the cellular mechanisms by which that regulation might occur. It has been found that developmental regulation of PSA synthesis by ciliary ganglion motorneurons is not reflected in the levels of polysialyltransferase-1 (PST) or sialyltransferase-X (STX) mRNA. On the other hand, PSA synthesis in both the ciliary ganglion and the developing tectum appears to be coupled to the concentration of calcium in intracellular compartments. This study documents a calcium dependence of polysialyltransferase activity in a cell-free assay over the range of 0.1–1 mM, and a rapid sensitivity of new PSA synthesis, as measured in a pulse–chase analysis of tissue explants, to calcium ionophore perturbation of intracellular calcium levels. Moreover, the relevant calcium pool appears to be within a specific intracellular compartment that is sensitive to thapsigargin and does not directly reflect the level of cytosolic calcium. Perturbation of other major second messenger systems, such as cAMP and protein kinase–dependent pathways, did not affect polysialylation in the pulse chase analysis. These results suggest that the shuttling of calcium to different pools within the cell can result in the rapid regulation of PSA synthesis in developing tissues.
Case report: aplasia of the lacrimal and major salivary glands (ALSG).

Aplasia of the lacrimal and major salivary glands (ALSG) is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder that is characterized by aplasia, atresia, or hypoplasia of the lacrimal and salivary glands. Affected patients may have aplasia or hypoplasia or minimal involvement of these glands, as there is considerable variation in expressivity [M. Entesarian, et al., Mutations in the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor 10 are associated with aplasia of lacrimal and salivary glands, Nat. Genet. 37 (2) (2005) 125-127]. The underlying cause has been linked to "loss of function" mutations in the fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) gene [M. Entesarian, et al., FGF10 missense mutations in aplasia of lacrimal and salivary glands (ALSG), Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 15 (3) (2007) 379-382]. Lacrimal gland absence or hypoplasia causes symptoms such as irritable eyes, recurrent eye infections and epiphora. Symptoms associated with hypoplasia or aplasia of the major salivary glands include xerostomia, oral inflammation, dental caries and dental erosion. Other clinical signs of this disorder include atresia of nasolacrimal duct and absence of the lacrimal puncta. Unfortunately, genetic testing for this disorder is currently unavailable. However, MRI is an excellent alternative means for evaluating this disorder and also for ruling out other possible structural defects contributing to patients, symptoms. We present a case report of ALSG as an extremely rare, yet important alternative diagnosis in cases with symptoms and signs suggestive of Sjogren's syndrome.
Nitrogen Fertility and Planting Date Effects on Lint Yield and Cry1Ac (Bt) Endotoxin Production

Early planted cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and varieties expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene offer improved yield potential. It is not dear whether the current N recommendations remain appropriate for these new production options. The objectives were to determine how varying rates, application timing, and sources of N affected cotton dry matter partitioning, leaf chlorophyll (Chl) concentration, leaf Bt (CrylAc) endotoxin concentration, lint yield, and fiber quality. Four N treatments (112 kg N ha -1 anhydrous; 112 kg N ha -1 liquid; 112/56 kg N ha -1 split; 56/56 kg N ha -1 split) were applied to three cotton varieties (PM 1218BR, STV 4691B, and FM 832) planted on either an early or normal planting date from 2001 through 2004. The N response was consistent across planting dates and varieties for all data collected as shown by the lack of any interactions with these variables. Although N treatments had no effect on lint yield or any dry matter partitioning components, plants receiving the 112/56 kg N ha -1 split application treatment exhibited 14% greater leaf CrylAc concentration and a 3% greater leaf Chl concentration than the other N treatments. Early planted cotton had 5% greater leaf Chl concentration but a 12% lower leaf CrylAc concentration than normal planted cotton. Lower CrylAc levels may reflect enhanced remobilization of the leaf protein to feed the faster developing boll load of the early planted cotton. Early planted cotton yielded 10% more than normal planted cotton because it produced 9% more bolls. Current N recommendations for normal planted cotton also appear sufficient for early planted cotton.
The in vivo kinetics of acetylcholinesterase

Abstract 1. 1. A method for determination of enzyme kinetics, including calculations of Michealis-Menton constants, for systems in vivo is presented. 2. 2. The K m value determined in vivo for acetylcholinesterase is apparently much lower than those reported for systems in vitro . 3. 3. The studies in vivo of enzyme kinetics allow much more rapid determination of kinetic values, without any chemical isolation steps, than do studies in vitro . It is reasonable to believe that such studies in vivo should prove to be a valuable supplement to studies in vitro , and especially may bear upon questions of possible alterations in enzyme action that result from disruption of physiologically occurring enzyme-substrate relationship or from chemical processing.
Morphology, lacunarity and entropy of intra-aggregate pores: Aggregate size and soil management effects

Abstract In a hierarchical model of soil structure, small size aggregates are less porous and contain smaller pores than larger aggregates. Fractal dimensions obtained from aggregate mass-ratio data seem to confirm a hierarchical organization of intra-aggregate pores that may be altered by tillage. The objective of this study was to use image analysis to directly characterize the morphology and spatial arrangement of intra-aggregate pores as a function of aggregate size and soil management. The surfaces of wooded and cultivated sites of a Typic Hapludults, an Aquic Hapludults and an Ultic Hapludalfs were sampled. Hand-picked aggregates from each site were separated in three size groups having masses of 5–6 g ( M 5 ), 2 g ( M 2 ) and 0.5 g ( M 0.5 ) and 6 aggregates per size group were resin-impregnated and imaged. Measurements on the 108 images included pore shape (planar, irregular and rounded), the geometric mean of the Feret (longest) pore diameter (GMFD) for each shape group and pores greater than 300 μm 2 , and properties of the spatial arrangement of pores characterized with a normalized entropy and a lacunarity function. Distributions of GMFD by shape were quantified with the Kullback–Leibler Divergence and a chi-square test. Planar pores had greater GMFD values than irregular and rounded pores and their distributions were significantly different ( P P M 0.5 than in the M 5 and M 2 size groups (entropy function only) and 2) correlated to the porosity, pore number and to GMFD (entropy function only) values of each pore shape group. The lacunarity function revealed a fractal or multifractal structure of pores within aggregates, while the normalized entropy function detected significantly lower entropy in aggregates of the M 0.5 size group. The GMFD of planar pores showed well defined trends with fractal parameters obtained from data (reported elsewhere) on aggregate mass-ratio. These results are evidence of differences in the organization and distribution of pores within aggregates of different sizes that may be of a hierarchical (fractal) type.
REORIENTATION OF H ATOMS BY PROTON IMPACT

The scattering amplitude in Born approximation is presented for the reorientation of H atoms by proton impact. A hydrogen atom originally in the state designated by the quantum numbers (${n}_{0}{l}_{0}{m}_{0}$) may have its $m$ quantum number altered through an impact with a proton. The results presented in this paper show that the scattering amplitude for this reorientation depends not only upon the magnitude of the momentum-transfer vector q ($|\mathrm{q}|=2{k}_{0}sin\frac{1}{2}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{s}$), but also upon its direction with respect to the axis of quantization. It is suggested that this effect may be observable by measuring the change in the polarization of the emitted radiation as a function of the momentum of the proton.
Spectral variations in the volume scattering function at large angles in natural waters

The quasi-single-scattering approximation in which a δ function replaces the forward portion of the volume scattering function is applied to radiative transfer in the ocean. Immediately beneath the surface, the product of the reflectance R and the downwelling irradiance-attenuation coefficient K(−) is equal to an integral of the volume scattering function in the backward direction weighted by a geometrical factor. Spectral variations of the volume scattering function are revealed in K(−)R; this is used to examine the wavelength dependence of scattering in two very different natural waters. In the clear water of Crater Lake, the backscattering is proportional to λ−3 (λ = wavelength), whereas the turbid, productive waters of San Vicente Reservoir show a complex dependence of backscattering on wavelength, which is associated with anomalous dispersion due to the 670-nm absorption band of the chlorophyll that is contained in the suspended phytoplankton.
Dynamics range enhancement in digital fringe projection technique

Abstract In this paper a new approach to enhance the dynamic range of a fringe projection system for measuring 3D profile of objects with wide variation in their optical reflections is proposed. The high dynamic range fringe images are acquired by recursively controlling the intensity of the projection pattern at pixel level based on the feedback from the reflected images captured by the camera. A four step phase shifting algorithm combined with a quality guided algorithm is used to obtain the unwrapped phase map of the object from the acquired high dynamic range fringe images. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed technique can accurately measure the 3D profile of objects with wide variation in their optical reflectivity.
The Negative Hypergeometric Probability Distribution: Sampling without Replacement from a Finite Population:

The negative hypergeometric probability distribution is defined and its relationship to the inverse hypergeometric probability distribution is clarified. A FORTRAN program is described which computes negative hypergeometric probability values and, for a specified probability, the minimum sample size needed to attain a given number of successes.
Deaggregation of mammalian cytochromec heme undecapeptide

Aggregation of the oxidized heme undecapeptide of mammalian cytochromec in aqueous solution has been demonstrated by other investigators. Our results indicate that it is the α-amino group on the terminal valine which participates in the aggregation reaction. Fully deaminated (valine and lysine) heme undecapeptide is deaggregated, i.e., it is in the monomeric state, while partially valine-deaminated heme undecapeptide has the circular dichroic spectrum of a mixture of the deaggregated and aggregated species.
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF SCLI, TILI, VLI, CRLI, AND CULI AND THEIR POSITIVE IONS

We have studied the ground and low-lying excited states of the transition-metal lithides ScLi, TiLi, VLi, CrLi, and CuLi and their monopositive ions and report bond energies, bond lengths, and vibrational frequencies, calculated using MRCI and ACPF techniques. The ground states of ScLi (3Δ) and TiLi (4Φ) trace their lineage to the ground s2dn configuration of the transition element and are weakly bound. The ground states of CrLi (6∑+) and CuLi (1∑+) trace their lineage to the ground sdn+1 configurations and are more strongly bound. VLi (5Δ) traces its lineage to the excited sd4 configuration and is strongly bound, relative to this asymptote. The positive ions ScLi+ (2Δ), TiLi+ (3Φ), VLi+ (4Δ), and CrLi+ (7∑+) are more strongly bound than their neutral precursors, while CuLi+ (2∑+) is more weakly bound than its neutral precursor. In general, the structures of those transition-metal lithides that dissociate to the s2dn asymptote are very sensitive to electron correlation, while those that dissociate to an s...
Voltage gated P/Q and N-type calcium channels mediate the nicotinic facilitation of GABAergic and glycinergic inputs to cardiac vagal neurons

Abstract Previous work has shown endogenous cholinergic activity facilitates both GABAergic and glycinergic neurotransmission to premotor cardiac vagal neurons. Exogenous application of nicotine increases the frequency of glycinergic and GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) and miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) to cardiac vagal neurons. In this study we examined whether the nicotine evoked facilitation of GABAergic and glycinergic neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons is dependent or independent of activation of voltage dependent calcium channels. Nicotine evoked increases in GABAergic and glycinergic mIPSCs in cardiac vagal neurons which were blocked by the non-specific calcium channel antagonist cadmium (100 μM). Application of the L (Ca v 1) type calcium channel antagonist nimodipine (10 μM) had no effect. However, the increase in both GABAergic and glycinergic mIPSCs elicited by nicotine was abolished by the P/Q (Ca v 2.1) voltage gated calcium channel antagonist ω-agatoxin IVA (100 nM). ω-Conotoxin GVIA (1 μM), a specific blocker of N (Ca v 2.2) type voltage gated calcium currents, inhibited the nicotine elicited augmentation of GABA and abolished the increase in glycine mIPSC frequency. This work demonstrates that the nicotine evoked facilitation of GABAergic and glycinergic neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons is dependent upon activation of P/Q (Ca v 2.1) and N (Ca v 2.2) type calcium channels.
Osteoblast numbers after calcitonin therapy: a retrospective study of paired biopsies obtained during long-term calcitonin therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis.

The present study is a retrospective examination of osteoblast indices in human iliac crest bone biopsies from a study on the long-term efficacy of calcitonin. Paired baseline and 2-year biopsies were examined from eight control subjects and 10 treated subjects; treated subjects received 100 MRC units synthetic salmon calcitonin (Calcimar, Armour Pharmaceutical Co, Scottsdale, AZ) injected i.m. sub Q at bedtime. Control patients did not receive a placebo injection. All subjects received 400 units vitamin D2 p.o. q.d. and 1200 mg CaCO3 p.o. q.d. When the differences in baseline and 2-year values were analyzed, subjects receiving calcitonin showed no decrease compared with control subjects for the fraction of osteoid surface lined by osteoblasts (ObS/OS) (but were in fact significantly greater, P= 0.04). There was no difference from control subjects in the number of osteoblasts/mm bone surface (NOb/BPm), or mean mineral apposition rate (MAR). Since calcitonin is receiving renewed interest for osteoporosis therapy, these data (derived from paired human biopsies) are valuable since they show that no decrease in osteoblast cell number resulted from long-term calcitonin therapy. Results point to the need for renewed investigation concerning the effect of calcitonin on osteoblast-osteoclast interactions.
Gender and War The Effects of Armed Conflict on Women's Health and Mental Health

Gender inequality is magnified in situations ofwar, andwomen are disproportionately disadvantaged in terms of personal safety, access to resources, and human rights. This article summarizes the effects of armed conflict on women and women's greater vulnerability to health and mental health concerns because in war, women's bodies become a battleground. UN Security Council Resolution 1325 is introduced as an international framework to address women's participation in solutions to war, reconstruction, and nation building. The article also indicates ways in which socialworkers can be part of implementing this resolution to defend the human rights of women.
Biodegradable polyester elastomers in tissue engineering

Tissue engineering often makes use of biodegradable scaffolds to guide and promote controlled cellular growth and differentiation in order to generate new tissue. There has been significant research regarding the effects of scaffold surface chemistry and degradation rate on tissue formation and the importance of these parameters is widely recognised. Nevertheless, studies describing the role of mechanical stimuli during tissue development and function suggest that the mechanical properties of the scaffold will also be important. In particular, scaffold mechanics should be taken into account if mechanical stimulation, such as cyclic strain, will be incorporated into strategies to grow improved tissues or the target tissue to be replaced has elastomeric properties. Biodegradable polyesters, such as polyglycolide, polylactide and poly(lactide-co-glycolide), although commonly used in tissue engineering, undergo plastic deformation and failure when exposed to long-term cyclic strain, limiting their use in engineering elastomeric tissues. This review will cover the latest advances in the development of biodegradable polyester elastomers for use as scaffolds to engineer tissues, such as heart valves and blood vessels.
The University, Public Interest Research and Advocacy Assistance for Sustainable Development

Cathy Crumbley and Joel Tickner argue that public universities are increasingly called on to serve the larger public through community projects and social engagement. They are also being challenged to conduct research that helps the world change from its unsustainable development path. This article highlights two ways that universities can respond to these challenges. One way is to conduct research and provide technical assistance within a long-term vision for sustainability that serves the broader public interest. Another important role is to share this research so as to strengthen the capabilities of citizen groups and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). By so doing, citizen groups and NGOs will gain important technical knowledge and resources, and thus be able to participate more effectively in economic and community development debates at the local, regional and national level.
Reactions of aromatic N-heterocycles with a lutetium benzyl complex supported by a ferrocene-diamide ligand.

A comparison between the reactivity behavior of two lutetium benzyl complexes supported by different ferrocene-diamide ligands towards aromatic N-heterocycles, such as 1-methylimidazole, isoquinoline, and pyridines, is presented. The two ferrocene-diamide ancillary ligands differ in their nitrogen-donor substituent: adamantyl for one and t-butyldimethylsilyl for the other. The synthesis and characterization of the adamantyl-derived complex 1Ad-DME are reported. The ring opening of 1-methylimidazole by the THF analogue of 1Ad-DME, 1Ad-THF, was observed, analogously to the ring opening of the same substrate by the lutetium benzyl complex supported by the silyl-substituted ligand. Also, analogous products were observed in the reactions with isoquinoline.
Family response in head injury: Denial … or hope for the future?

Denial is often seen as a major obstacle to successful adaptation in the family of the head-injured. In fact, it is typically inadequately understood in the rehabilitation setting. The term is frequently used in a simplistic way, with the social and cultural factors behind the denial, particularly the stigma of head injury, not examined or confronted. There is very little hard data on what constitutes successful family adaptation over the long term. Professionals have a tendency to focus exclusively on the patient's deficits and the family's difficulties, ignoring the positive ways in which people cope. This article suggests that there is a need for a paradigm shift, based on the transactional theory of stress and coping, in which denial is seen as a positive response in some situations. Instead of becoming locked into trying to dispel what is usually called denial and adopting an adversary stance to the family, it may be more beneficial for rehabilitation staff to work together with family members to understand why head injury is so difficult to deal with, develop positive models for living with the sequelae, and encourage hope for the future.
Abelian subvarieties of Drinfeld Jacobians and congruences modulo the characteristic

We relate the existence of Frobenius morphisms into the Jacobians of Drinfeld modular curves to the existence of congruences between cusp forms.
Platform as a service: Is it time to switch?

Software as a service (SaaS)—or, as it is commonly called, cloud computing—is becoming the current choice for software procurement. With cloud computing, computer services are typically provided to users over the Internet—instead of using software products on one's own PC. Companies are now also looking to switch to a similar service, called platform as a service (PaaS). This article explains what PaaS is, and the pros and cons of adopting its use. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vocational Guidance: After the Fall

Despite the recent condemnations of vocational guidance, the importance of Parson's contributions for current theory and practice remains unaltered. A number of commonly held assumptions regarding the use of tests as self-appraisal devices, classification of the work environment, primary versus vicarious experiences, sequential study of self and work, dissemination of occupational information, and modern theories of vocational development, are considered and discussed.