cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High prevalence of unlabeled chronic kidney disease among inpatients at a tertiary-care hospital.

Abstract Background Although awareness of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is low in outpatient settings, the prevalence of unrecognized CKD in the inpatient setting is unknown. Methods We examined the extent of unlabeled CKD among adults admitted to a tertiary-care hospital in North Carolina, based upon a combination of web-based medical record review, chart review, ICD-9 codes and laboratory information from 2000 to 2005. Results A total of 9772 patients had 2 or more serum creatinine measures at least 6 months apart and demographic variables for race and sex; 431 met criteria for stage 5 CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate 2 ) and 6851 patients had stage 2 to 4 CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate between 15 and 89 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ). Within the latter groups, 3002 had stage 3 to 4 CKD, and 3849 had stage 2 CKD. Forty-three percent were male, 37% had a minority race/ethnicity. The number of patients not labeled as having CKD by ICD-9 code was 2176 (72.5%). Women and whites were less likely than men and minorities to be labeled as having CKD by ICD-9 codes. Medical record review of 600 randomly selected patients identified 399 patients with stage 3 or 4 CKD diagnosis. ICD-9 codes had a sensitivity of 0.50, specificity of 0.88, and positive predictive value of 0.39. Conclusions A large proportion of individuals with CKD are going unrecognized in the hospital setting. Automatic laboratory reporting of GFR and education about CKD may help increase awareness in both the inpatient settings.
Increasing sleep-mode efficiency by reducing battery current using a DC-DC converter

Battery current is a key parameter that decides the runtime of a portable electronic system. For low power applications like IEEE 802.15.4 and Zigbee wireless network, the average battery current drain approximates the sleep mode current drain, since significantly more time is spent in sleep than in active usage. This paper proposes substituting a DC-DC converter for a low drop-out (LDO) regulator in the sleep mode power chain, such that the current drawn from the battery would be less than the actual current drained by the load. The battery current saving, and hence battery runtime extension, is estimated to be around 35% based on the analysis of a 65 nm CMOS IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee low power wireless system-on-chip (SoC) model, whose parameters are extracted from state-of-the-art industrial products and experimental data from advanced nanometer processes.
Numerical simulation of the interaction of a transitional boundary layer with a 2-D flexible panel in the subsonic regime

Abstract The self-sustained oscillations arising in subsonic transitional flow over a flexible finite panel are investigated numerically. The flowfields are obtained by solving the full compressible Navier–Stokes equations employing a recently developed sixth-order implicit code which is capable of retaining its superior accuracy on deforming meshes. The panel mechanics is described by means of the nonlinear von Karman plate equations which are solved with a previously validated structural module. An iterative implicit coupling of the fluid and structural solvers is provided in order to eliminate lagging errors at the fluid/solid interface. Computations are performed for two freestream Mach numbers (M∞=0.2,0.8), and for a range of Reynolds number and dynamic pressure. At both flow speeds, self-excited oscillations develop in the absence of an applied external forcing. At M∞=0.2, the origin of the instability appears to be of an aeroelastic nature (i.e., flutter) and is found to persist even at very low Reynolds numbers. The fluctuating surface also generates boundary-layer instability modes downstream of the panel trailing edge. At the higher Mach number, static divergence occurs followed by the onset of travelling wave flutter (TWF), with frequency and wavelength compatible with those of Tollmien–Schlichting (T–S) waves. The observed limit-cycle oscillations appear to originate from the coupling of T–S waves with the higher-mode flexural waves on the elastic panel, and therefore subside below a critical value of Reynolds number. The TWF also generates significant acoustic radiation above the fluttering panel. The previous instabilities are observed for panels with either pinned or fully clamped edge conditions. Sensitivity of the solutions to the prescribed cavity pressure underneath the panel is noted. This dependence arises due to the different response of the boundary layer to the favorable or adverse pressure gradient induced by the upward or downward panel deflections, respectively.
Efficient FPGA implementation of steerable Gaussian smoothers

Smoothing filters have been extensively used in image and video analysis. In particular, directional smoothers have been employed in motion analysis, edge detection, line parameter estimation, and texture analysis. Such applications often necessitate the use of several directional filters oriented at different angles. However, applying a large number of filters commonly requires a significant amount of computing resources. In such cases, real-time performance may be possibly achieved through utilization of hardware devices having parallel processing capabilities. Additionally, techniques can take advantage of the inherent properties of certain smoothing filters. Such a property is steerability, which implies that the outputs of several filtering operations can be linearly combined in order to produce the output of a directional filter at an arbitrary orientation. Although several efficient FPGA implementations of the convolution operation have been presented in the literature for non-separable and separable, research on steerable filter implementations on FPGA is limited. In this paper, steerable Gaussian smoothers are implemented on an FPGA platform. The technique is compared with a software-based implementation. Performance comparisons indicate that the FPGA technique provides significant speed-up factor of at least ∼6, utilizing only a small percentage of the FPGA resources.
Adult-Onset Vulvodynia in Relation to Childhood Violence Victimization

Researchers have failed to find a consistent association between childhood victimization and vulvodynia, a debilitating, unexplained vulvar pain condition. However, selection bias associated with case ascertainment, and differential reporting bias between clinic-based cases and controls, may explain in part the inconsistent findings. In 2000–2003, the authors identified 125 women experiencing symptoms of vulvar pain consistent with vulvodynia and 125 age- and community-matched controls from the Boston, Massachusetts-area general population. Telephone-administered questionnaires were used to obtain medical, psychiatric, and reproductive histories. Self-administered surveys assessed childhood exposure (age <12 years) to physical and sexual abuse and to poor family support. After author adjustment for socioeconomic position, women with vulvar pain versus controls were 2.6 times more likely to report never/rarely receiving childhood family support, such as comfort, encouragement, and love (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3, 5.1). Adult-onset vulvodynia was strongly associated with abuse as a child more than a few times physically (odds ratio (OR) ¼ 4.1, 95% CI: 1.7, 10.0) or sexually (OR ¼ 6.5, 95% CI: 1.2, 35.1). When abused women were compared with those with no history of abuse, the association was largely confined to those harmed by a primary family member (OR ¼ 3.6, 95% CI: 1.6, 8.0 for physical abuse; OR ¼ 4.4, 95% CI: 0.9, 22.9 for sexual abuse). Additional population-based studies of clinically confirmed cases of vulvodynia are needed to replicate this association.
Thermal Transport During Liquid Jet Impingement from a Confined Spinning Nozzle

Liquid jet impingement heat transfer from a uniformly heated solid disk of finite thickness and radius is considered in this investigation. The jet nozzle is fitted with a confinement disk that spins with a constant angular velocity about the axis of the nozzle. This arrangement is suitable for microgravity applications in which centrifugal force due to disk rotation can be used to force the fluid over the heated surface. The model covers the entire fluid region (impinging jet and flow spreading out under the confined spinning surface) and solid disk as a conjugate problem. The aim of this paper is to examine how the heat transfer is affected by adding a secondary rotational flow over the jet impingement region. Calculations were done for a range of jet Reynolds numbers (500-1500), rotational rates of 0-750 rpm or Ekman numbers (7.08 x 10 -5 - ∞), nozzle-to-target spacings (β = 0.25-5.0), and disk-thicknesses-to-nozzle-diameter ratios (b/d n = 0.25-1.67). Calculations were done for ammonia (NH 3 ), water (H 2 O), flouroinert (FC-77), and oil (MIL-7808), which were used as working fluids, and copper, silver, constantan, and silicon, which were used as solid disk materials. This provided a Prandtl number range of 1.29-124.44 and a solid-to-fluid thermal conductivity ratio of 36.91-2222. Plate materials with higher thermal conductivity maintained a more uniform and lower interface temperature distribution. A higher Reynolds number increased the local heat transfer coefficient over the entire interface. The rotational rate increased the local heat transfer coefficient under most conditions.
Picosecond Spectroscopy and Solid State Physics

In the previous lectures it was shown how the unique features of picosecond pulses, i.e., their ultra-short duration and ultrahigh power, have made possible the development of picosecond spectroscopy as a new and promising technique for the investigation of ultrafast and/or nonlinear processes in matter.1 The study of the decay processes from the excited states of chemical substances served as an example to illustrate some basic ideas and applications of picosecond spectroscopy. In this lecture, the obvious extension of the technique to solid state physics will be considered. Here the situation is somewhat more complicated than in chemistry, particularly when one comes to the interpretation of the experimental results, because of the much more complex pattern of interactions taking place in a solid. On the other hand, the prospect that we will learn something about these interactions through the use of picosecond techniques looks rather good. Let us consider, for example, the case of electron-phonon interaction in solids.
A DELAYED REWARD STRATEGY FOR LARGE-SCALE MOTIVATION OF SAFETY BELT USE: A TEST OF LONG TERM IMPACT

Abstract An incentive program applicable for communitywide motivation of safety belt use was implemented at a large industrial complex. After four weeks of daily baseline observation of drivers' shoulder belt usage at two entrance/exit gates during employees' afternoon departure, an incentive intervention was implemented at only Gate 1, where it was impossible to stop vehicles and immediately reward safety belt wearing. Instead, the employees were informed via signs, posters, and newspaper articles that a winning license plate number would be randomly selected each day from among those vehicles exiting Gate 1 whose drivers were wearing shoulder belts. Winners were offered the choice of two university basketball tickets or meals for two at a local restaurant. Shoulder belt observations continued daily at both gates throughout the three-week incentive intervention, and for three long-term follow-up phases over the subsequent eleven months. The incentive intervention influenced substantial increases in shoulder belt use (from a mean percentage of 6.3% belt usage during baseline to 23.1% during the incentive period); and affected some long-term impact (i.e. mean use = 16.3% after one month, 15.8% after three months, and 11.0% after ten months).
Effects of alternative forest management on biomass and species diversity in the face of climate change in the northern Great Lakes region (USA)

Northern Great Lakes forests represent an ecotone in the boreal–temperate transition zone and are expected to change dramatically with climate change. Managers are increasingly seeking adaptation s...
The diagnosis of polycythemia vera: New tests and old dictums

Pathogenetically fundamental observations have identified polycythemia vera (PV) as a clonal stem cell disease with bone marrow histological and other biological features that distinctly differentiate it from other causes of 'increased' hematocrit. However, relatively little attention has been given to the effective utilization of pathology and laboratory markers of clonal myeloproliferation as diagnostic tools in PV. In contrast, the diagnostic use of red cell mass (RCM) measurement in PV stemmed from the accidental endorsement, as 'diagnostic criteria', of 'study eligibility criteria' that were formulated for clinical trials. It has since become evident that RCM measurement is a tedious procedure that is fraught with multiple-level imprecision, as well as suboptimal diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider dispensing with RCM measurement as a diagnostic test for PV and instead utilize a diagnostic algorithm that combines clinical information with easily accessible laboratory data, including serum erythropoietin level and bone marrow histology. Recent discoveries of myeloproliferative-disease-specific molecular markers, including the JAK2 V617F tyrosine kinase mutation that is found in the majority of patients with PV, provide further support for such a measure.
An innovative method for quantifying spectrum use

A method is presented for quantifying and graphically portraying the extent of use of a frequency band by existing radiocommunication systems. The spectrum use factor quantifies the resources used in a frequency band at a specific location and is defined as the fraction of the total spectrum resources in a frequency band used by existing radiocommunication systems. A computer model calculates the spectrum use factor (SUF) at evenly spaced points in the vicinity of existing transmitters and receivers. The model aggregates the effects of all transmitters and receivers within a geographic area (such as a city, a state. or the continental United States) and creates data files of SUF values from which shaded maps, bar graphs, and indices can be derived. >
Large G-Proteins

Large G-proteins, also known as heterotrimeric G-proteins, cycle through inactive (GDP-bound) and active (GTP-bound) states, thereby coupling the activation of cell-surface receptors to the modulation of various second messengers and intracellular effector proteins. High-resolution structures of the constituent subunits of the heterotrimer (Gα, Gβ, and Gγ) have revealed the determinants involved in heterotrimer assembly and effector protein engagement as well as the mechanism of nucleotide hydrolysis by the Gα subunit and its acceleration by “regulator of G-protein signaling” (RGS) proteins. Mechanistic details have also been gleaned from studies of G-protein modulation by pathogen toxins and chemicals such as aluminum tetrafluoride. Recent identification of peptide-binding “hotspots” on G-protein subunits should facilitate discovery and design of new chemical entities that can modulate nucleotide cycling and receptor/effector coupling at the level of the G-protein heterotrimer.
Hepatic Lesions with Secondary Syphilis in an HIV-Infected Patient

Syphilis among HIV-infected patients continues to be a public health concern, especially in men who have sex with men. The clinical manifestations of syphilis are protean; syphilitic hepatitis is an unusual complication that can occur at any stage of the disease. We report a case of an HIV-infected male who presented with systemic symptoms and liver lesions highly suggestive of lymphoma and was proven to have syphilitic hepatitis by liver biopsy. Our case reinforces the importance of recognizing syphilis as a possible cause of unexplained abnormal liver enzymes and/or hepatic lesions in HIV-infected patients.
Portal Fibroblasts in Biliary Fibrosis

Portal fibroblasts are a minor population in the normal liver, found in the periportal mesenchyme surrounding the bile ducts. While many researchers have hypothesized that they are an important myofibroblast precursor population in biliary fibrosis, responsible for matrix deposition in early fibrosis and for recruiting hepatic stellate cells, the role of portal fibroblasts relative to hepatic stellate cells is controversial. Several papers published in the past year have addressed this point and have identified other potential roles for portal fibroblasts in biliary fibrosis. The goal of this review is to critically assess these recent studies, to highlight gaps in our knowledge of portal fibroblasts, and to suggest directions for future research.
Congenital tracheal stenosis in lambs induced by maternal ingestion of Veratrum californicum

Seven of nine lambs born to six ewes gavaged with Veratum californicum root and rhizome material on days 31, 32 and 33 of gestation died from asphyxia within 5 minutes after birth. Five of the seven were autopsied and found to have severe stenosis of the trachea. None of the 12 lambs born to seven control ewes had tracheal stenosis. The defect was characterized by lateral flattening of the trachea throughout its entire length. Cartilaginous tracheal rings were reduced in number, nonuniform in size and shape, irregularly spaced, and with abnormal orientation. The rings were thinner than those of control tracheas, and had zones of chondrogenesis on outer and inner surfaces which were of equal width, rather than of unequal width as in controls. The smaller size and relatively noncurved shape of the cartilaginous rings of the stenotic trachea resulted in a nondistended lumen.
A 2-D algebraic stability test

Two approaches are used to develop a 2-D algebraic stability test and to establish a link between the frequency-dependent Lyapunov equation and the frequency-dependent Routh algorithm. The 2-D algebraic test procedure consists of two steps: (1) Computing the principal minors of the frequency-dependent Bezoutian and checking if they are positive at one point; and (2) computing the last principal minors of the frequency-dependent Bezoutian. The 1-D discrete Routh algorithm is used to test the positivity of the symmetric polynomial associated with the last principal minor of the Bezoutian. >
The gyrocon: A high-efficiency, high-power microwave amplifier

The gyrocon is a high-power, high-efficiency amplifier, which operates by deflection modulation of an electron beam. The bunching is better than that in a klystron, especially for very high powers and UHF frequencies, so the overall efficiency and the maximum output power can be higher than in a klystron. The present theory includes the effects of large signals, space charge, and finite beam size. The equations of motion are relativistically correct, but the space-charge fields are only correct to first order in v/c. The theory is derived and a computer code to solve these equations is discussed. Then the code is used to obtain radial gyrocon designs which have significant advantages over klystrons or gridded tubes in the 0.2-1.0- GHz frequency range. We briefly discuss other gyrocon types but, to date, we have not performed computational analyses for the spherical and planar gyrocons. The upper frequency limit may reach 3 GHz for these devices.
SimScape terrain modeling toolkit

Planetary space mission applications involving landers and surface exploration vehicles make extensive use of terrain models within their simulation testbeds. Such terrain models are large, complex and have a variety of attributes including topography, reflectivity, soil mechanics, and hazard information. Sources for the terrain models include planetary data archives, field tests, and analytically constructed models. Simulation uses of such models include surface rover vehicles' kinematics and dynamics models, instrument models, camera models and robotic arm models. This paper describes the SimScape middleware toolkit for providing a common infrastructure to represent terrain model data from multiple data sources and make them available to simulation applications. SimScape simplifies the overall simulation design by eliminating the traditional need for custom terrain model interfaces to terrain data sources for simulation users. SimScape provides a collection of libraries and tools to use and manage terrain environment models within the simulation applications.
Postpartum Services Redesigned

Poster Presentation Objective To explore the needs of the current generation of new mothers in relation to their perspectives of postpartum follow‐up services. Design A qualitative descriptive study. Setting Interviews took place in locations the participants preferred, including their homes, coffee shops, and places of employment. Sample The participants included 24 low‐risk postpartum women who were recruited by snowball sampling and were from the Mid‐Atlantic region in the United States. Methods Digitally recorded, semistructured, in‐depth interviews were conducted. Data were transcribed and content was analyzed. Multiple strategies were used to ensure trustworthiness of findings, including member checks, bracketing, and an audit trail. Results were shared with the participants. Results Themes were identified from the content relating to redesign of postpartum services: (a) cut loose and abandoned, (b) 6‐week check‐ups: too little too late, (c) wanting human connection, (d) remembering the constraints of being a new mother, and (e) new mother's suggestions for postpartum follow‐up. Conclusion/Implications for Nursing Practice The need for professional support through community‐based interventions after hospital discharge was the prominent need identified. Professional postpartum follow‐up was found lacking primarily related to women's postpartum mental health and breastfeeding support needs. Multiple implications for nursing practice, education, and research are discussed.
The Modulation of Ocular Growth in Rabbits with Peripheral Retinal Ablation

Purpose: To study the effects of transcleral cryotherapy and laser photocoagulation of anterior retina on ocular growth. Methods: Twenty-one rabbits underwent transcleral cryotherapy or indirect ophthalmoscopic laser photocoagulation of the anterior retina on one of their eyes between 2 and 8 weeks of age. Results: After the rabbits were killed between 3 and 6 months of age, treated rabbit eyes were found to be significantly smaller in axial length ( P P P P Conclusions: The results demonstrate that these treatments slow growth of both the anterior and posterior segment of rabbit eyes.
A Physical and Regulatory Map of Host-Influenza Interactions Reveals Pathways in H1N1 Infection

Summary During the course of a viral infection, viral proteins interact with an array of host proteins and pathways. Here, we present a systematic strategy to elucidate the dynamic interactions between H1N1 influenza and its human host. A combination of yeast two-hybrid analysis and genome-wide expression profiling implicated hundreds of human factors in mediating viral-host interactions. These factors were then examined functionally through depletion analyses in primary lung cells. The resulting data point to potential roles for some unanticipated host and viral proteins in viral infection and the host response, including a network of RNA-binding proteins, components of WNT signaling, and viral polymerase subunits. This multilayered approach provides a comprehensive and unbiased physical and regulatory model of influenza-host interactions and demonstrates a general strategy for uncovering complex host-pathogen relationships.
Four Myths about Subjective Well-being

Subjective well-being is a broad construct that reflects an individual's subjective evaluation of the quality of his or her life. Psychologists know a great deal about the causes and correlates of well-being, but some important misconceptions have developed and are often repeated. The purpose of this article is to address the evidence for four such misconceptions that we believe reflect ‘myths’ about subjective well-being. These myths include the idea that well-being measures are strongly influenced by irrelevant contextual factors, the idea that money is not an important correlate of well-being, the idea that social relationship variables are a particularly strong correlate of well-being, and the idea that well-being cannot change.
Measurement of chromaticity-energy spread product by transversely kicking the beam

A method for measuring the product of the chromaticity and the energy spread of a stored electron beam is presented. The technique involves observing the free betatron oscillations resulting from a short kick to the stored beam. Because of the positive chromaticity, the betatron oscillation amplitude is modulated. The ratio of maximum to minimum modulation amplitude is proportional to the product of the chromaticity and the energy spread. If the chromaticity is known, this method provides a useful tool for calculating the energy spread. The advantages and the disadvantages of the method are also discussed. Experimental results are given, including comparison with energy spread values obtained from direct measurement of the bunch length. It is concluded that the proposed method is especially attractive in situations where other methods may be difficult to implement, e.g. trying to measure the energy spread by measuring the bunch length when the bunches are very short. >
A conserved histidine in the ij loop of the Semliki Forest virus E1 protein plays an important role in membrane fusion.

The enveloped alphavirus Semliki Forest virus (SFV) infects cells via a low pH-triggered membrane fusion reaction mediated by the E1 protein. E1 is a class II fusion protein that contains the hydrophobic fusion peptide loop and converts to a stable homotrimer during the fusion reaction. Intriguingly, the fusion loop is closely associated with a loop connecting the i and j β-strands. This ij loop plays a role in the cholesterol dependence of membrane fusion and is specifically susceptible to proteolysis in the protease-resistant E1 homotrimer. The SFV ij loop contains a histidine residue at position 230. Sequence comparisons revealed that an analogous histidine is completely conserved in all alphavirus and flavivirus fusion proteins. An E1 H230A mutant was constructed using the SFV infectious clone. Although cells infected with H230A RNA produced virus particles, these virions were completely noninfectious and were blocked in both cell-cell fusion and lipid mixing assays. The H230A virions efficiently bound to cell surface receptors and responded to low pH by undergoing acid-dependent conformational changes including dissociation of the E1/E2 dimer, exposure of the fusion loop, association with target liposomes, exposure of acid-conformation-specific epitopes, and formation of the stable E1 homotrimer. Studies with a soluble fragment of E1 showed that the mutant protein was defective in lipid-dependent conformational changes. Our results indicate that the E1 ij loop and the conserved H230 residue play a critical role in alphavirus-membrane fusion and suggest the presence of a previously undescribed late intermediate in the fusion reaction.
About Medical Writing and Writers

Chapter 1 tells the stories of medicine’s great writers such as Hippocrates, Galen, Thomas Sydenham, and Sir William Osler, and classic medical written works such as Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine and Osler’s Principles and Practice of Medicine. It discusses how medical writing has changed over the years, the characteristics of successful medical writers and what constitutes good medical writing. Here the reader will learn the joys of medical writing, as well as some of the frustrations writers may face.
Differential Accumulation of Mercury and Selenium in Brown Trout Tissues of a High-Gradient Urbanized Stream in Colorado, USA

Total mercury (THg) and selenium (Se) were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry in 11 internal and external tissues and stomach contents from 23 brown trout, Salmo trutta, of a 22.9-km reach of a high-gradient stream (upper Fountain Creek) in Colorado, USA, impacted by coal-fired power plants, shale deposits, and urbanization. Trout and water were sampled from four sites ranging from 2335 to 1818 m elevation. Lengths, weights, and ages of fish between pairs of the four sites were not significantly different. The dry weight (dw) to wet weight (ww) conversion factor for each tissue was calculated with egg-ovary highest at 0.379 and epaxial muscle fourth highest at 0.223. THg and Se in stomach contents indicated diet and not ambient water was the major source of Hg and Se bioaccumulated. Mean THg ww in kidney was 40.33 µg/kg, and epaxial muscle second highest at 36.76 µg/kg. None of the tissues exceeded the human critical threshold for Hg. However, all 23 trout had at least one tissue type that exceeded 0.02 mg/kg THg ww for birds, and four trout tissues exceeded 0.1 mg/kg THg ww for mammals, indicating that piscivorous mammals and birds should be monitored. Se concentrations in tissues varied depending on ww or dw listing. Mean Se dw in liver was higher than ovary at the uppermost site and the two lower sites. Liver tissue, in addition to egg-ovary, should be utilized as an indicator tissue for Se toxicity.
Identifying themes within a medical school admission committee's reviews of applicants.

ABSTRACTBackground: Admissions committees attempt to select the most qualified applicants based on many cognitive and “noncognitive” factors. Purpose: Identify common themes cited in the admissions committee member summaries of medical school matriculants and determine the relative frequency and importance of these themes. Methods: After reviewing a convenience sample of 150 reviewer comments, 14 qualitative themes were identified. Utterances (thematic word strings) from each of the three reviewer comments for each matriculant for 7 academic years (1989–1996) were then categorized and coded as being positive, negative, or neutral. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities were calculated. Results: Utterances (n = 9299) about 981 matriculants were categorized by theme and sorted as being positive, neutral, or negative. Intra-rater reliabilities were excellent (mean K = 0.98, range 0.90–1.00). Similarly, inter-rater reliabilities were also excellent (mean K = 0.94, range 0.55–1.00 and mean K = 0.90, range 0...
Food cravings, binge eating, and eating disorder psychopathology: Exploring the moderating roles of gender and race

Abstract Objective To examine the moderating effects of gender and race on the relationships among food cravings, binge eating, and eating disorder psychopathology in a community sample. Methods Data were collected from a convenience sample of 320 adults (53% male; mean age 28.5 ± 8.2 years; mean BMI 27.1 ± 5.2 kg/m 2 ; mean education 15.1 ± 2.2 years; 64% white, 24% black, and 13% other race) participating in a cross-sectional study examining the interactions between stress, self-control and addiction. Participants completed a comprehensive assessment panel including a demographic questionnaire, the Food Craving Inventory, and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression for binge eating behavior and multiple linear regression for eating disorder psychopathology. Results Overall, food cravings demonstrated significant main effects for binge eating behavior (adjusted OR = 2.65, p p Conclusion These findings, based on a diverse sample recruited from the community, suggest that food cravings are associated with binge eating and eating disorder psychopathology and may represent an important target for interventions.
Resisting resistance: Establishing new treatment options for CRPC patients

Overcoming drug resistance in castrate resistant prostate cancer requires improved understanding of mechanisms by which resistance occurs, as well as new treatment options. A recent study published in Nature (Li et al. 2015) examines the mechanism of abiraterone activity, and reveals the bioactivity of a breakdown product with exciting repercussions for therapy regimes.
Tax Planning After the Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002

President Bush signed into law on March 9, 2002, the Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002. The 2002 Act includes both business and individual tax provisions along with special relief provisions for lower-Manhattan affected by the September 2002 terrorist attacks. There are also extension provisions for expired or nearly expired tax breaks and technical corrections to the 2001 Act included in the new tax law. The new law includes an additional 13 weeks of unemployment benefits for residents of all states who have used up their regular unemployment benefits. There is an additional 13 weeks of benefits available for unemployed workers in states with high unemployment rates. These temporary special benefits will end on December 28, 2002. This article explains these new provisions and provides tax-planning strategies arising from the new law.
Cash To Accrual Accounting: One Nations Dilemma

Over the past three decades, there has been a slow but steady global movement undertaken by most governments to move from cash-based accounting to accrual-based accounting. This migration is the result of calls for greater accountability, increased transparency and more informed decision-making from the public sector. Questions remain regarding the implementation of accrual accounting within public sector organisations. This paper reports on an investigation into Fiji's attempt to use accrual accounting as its financial reporting format. Findings suggest that, due to the nation’s low-skilled public service, high labor turnover and insufficient investment in capital equipment, undertaking the move to accrual accounting for this and similar developing nations require a different approach to that used by developing economies. This paper concludes with recommendations on how to effectively introduce accrual accounting in the public sector of developing nations.
Taking the Perceptual Analogy Seriously

This paper offers a qualified defense of a historically popular view that I call sentimental perceptualism. At a first pass, sentimental perceptualism says that emotions play a role in grounding evaluative knowledge analogous to the role perceptions play in grounding empirical knowledge. Recently, Andras Szigeti and Michael Brady have independently developed an important set of objections to this theory. The objections have a common structure: they begin by conceding that emotions have some important epistemic role to play, but then go on to argue that understanding how emotions play that role means that there must be some alternative, emotion-independent route to obtaining knowledge of value. If there has to be such an emotion-independent route, then the perceptual analogy breaks down in a significant way. In this paper, I argue that the right ways for sentimental perceptualists to respond to each of these objections are revealed by thinking through how analogous objections applied to perception and the empirical domain would be answered. Although Szigeti's and Brady's objections should not persuade sentimental perceptualists to give up their view, the objections do put important constraints on what a form of the view has to be like in order to do exciting metaethical work.
An Improved Rapid Method for Mounting Cytologic Smears

Scanning cytologic smears requires placing ink dots upon coversiips which must be immobile. Routine mounting procedures require at least over-night drying before the mounting substance becomes sufficiently firm. The cytologists at the Vincent Memorial Hospital reduced this time to a few minutes by heating the smears on a hot plate after mounting the coversiips and then pressing out the air bubbles with a pair of forceps. This method, however, gave inconstant results in our laboratory. The following method, which is inexpensive, convenient, and time-saving, has resulted in uniformly satisfactory preparations. In addition, the need for manually pressing out the air bubbles that form under the coverslip during the heating process has been eliminated.
Photonic Generation of High-Power Pulsed Microwave Signals

Photonic generation of high-power pulsed microwave signals is demonstrated using charge-compensated modified unitraveling-carrier photodiodes. The impulse response without RF modulation achieved unsaturated peak voltage of 33.5 V and full-width at half-maximum of 50 ps. The peak power levels for gated modulation at 1 and 10 GHz were 41.5 dBm (14.2 W) and 40 dBm (10 W), respectively.
Abstract 939: Mechanistic basis of tamoxifen-associated development of endocrine resistance in breast cancer

Many estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers respond well initially to endocrine therapies, but often develop resistance during treatment with SERMs such as tamoxifen. We have reported that the 14-3-3 family member and conserved protein, 14-3-3ζ, is up-regulated by tamoxifen and that high expression correlated with an early time to disease recurrence. However, the mechanism by which tamoxifen up-regulates 14-3-3ζ and may promote the development of endocrine resistance is not known. Our findings reveal that the tamoxifen up-regulation of 14-3-3ζ results from its ability to rapidly down-regulate a microRNA that specifically targets 14-3-3ζ. The levels of 14-3-3ζ and this microRNA were always inversely correlated, with 14-3-3ζ being elevated and the microRNA being at a low down-regulated level in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells. Of note, down-regulation of the microRNA was selectively elicited by tamoxifen but not by other SERMs such as raloxifene or by the estrogen receptor down-regulator ICI182,780 (Fulvestrant). Reducing the cellular level of 14-3-3ζ by either antagomiR blockade of the tamoxifen suppression of the microRNA or by elevation of the intracellular level of the microRNA by over-expression resulted in decreased cell proliferation and colony formation, increased apoptosis, and very importantly, restoration of the growth inhibitory effectiveness of SERMs in endocrine-resistant breast cancer cells. Restoration of responsiveness to endocrine therapy was also accompanied by markedly reduced activation of HER2, EGFR, and MAPK signaling, key components in endocrine resistance. Thus, we identify tamoxifen down-regulation of a microRNA, and consequent elevation of the key survival factor 14-3-3ζ, as a mechanistic basis of tamoxifen-associated development of endocrine resistance. These findings suggest that therapeutic approaches that increase expression of this microRNA should be considered to down-regulate 14-3-3ζ and enhance the effectiveness of endocrine therapies. Furthermore, the observed differential effects of the two SERMs, tamoxifen and raloxifene, in regulation of this microRNA and 14-3-3ζ, may assist in understanding differences in the activities of these SERMs, as seen in the STAR breast cancer prevention trial and in other clinical trials. (Supported by a grant from The Breast Cancer Foundation to BSK and a postdoctoral fellowship from the Department of Defense (W81XWH-09-1-0398) to AB.) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 939. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-939
Single-layer closure of a bladder laceration during laparoscopy. A case report

BACKGROUND: The increase in complex laparoscopic surgery has led to an increase in bladder injuries. Two-layer laparoscopic closure has been described but is technically difficult. CASE: A bladder laceration was sustained during laparoscopic removal of an ovarian cyst with lysis of omental adhesions. A single-layer closure using laparoscopically assisted suturing resulted in a good outcome. CONCLUSION: Case reports demonstrate that two-layer closure of the bladder using laparoscopic suturing is technically feasible but may be beyond the capabilities of many laparoscopic surgeons. This case demonstrates that single-layer closure may give good results.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in a young woman with Crohn's disease.

Background: Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Because Crohn's disease is transmural it may form fistulas to adjacent structures, including the perineum and vulva. Case: A 28-year-old white female with a history of Crohn's disease presented with a non-healing vulvar fistula. Biopsy revealed squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion: Young women may develop squamous cell carcinoma associated with fistulae of Crohn's disease.
Phylogenies and angiosperm diversification

Approaches to patterns of diversification based on counting taxa at a given rank can be misleading, even when all taxa are monophyletic. Such "rank-based" approaches are unable to reflect a hierarchy of evolutionary events because taxa of the same rank cannot be nested within one another. Phylogenetic trees specify an order of origination of characters and clades and can therefore be used in some cases to test hypotheses on causal relationships between characters and changes in diversity. "Tree-thinking" also clarifies discussions of the age of groups, by distinguishing between splitting of the stem-lineage from its sister group and splitting of the crown-group into extant clades. Cladistic evidence that Pentoxylon, Bennettitales, and Gnetales are the sister group of angiosperms implies that the angiosperm line (angiophytes) existed by the Late Triassic. The presence of primitive members of five basic angiosperm clades indicates that the crown-group (angiosperms) had begun to diversify by the mid-Early Cretaceous (Barremian-Aptian), but not necessarily much earlier. The greatest unresolved issue raised by cladistic analyses concerns the fact that the angiosperm tree can be rooted in two almost equally parsimonious positions. Trees rooted near Magnoliales (among "woody magnoliids") suggest that the angiosperm radiation may have been triggered by the origin of intrinsic traits, e.g., a fast-growing, rhizomatous habit in the paleoherb and eudicot subgroup. However, trees rooted among paleoherbs, which are favored by rRNA data, imply that these traits are basic for angiosperms as a whole. This could mean that the crown-group originated not long before its radiation, or, if it did originate earlier, that its radiation was delayed due to extrinsic factors. Such factors could be a trend from environmental homogeneity and stability in the Jurassic to renewed tectonic activity and disturbance in the Early Cretaceous. Potentially relevant pre- Cretaceous fossils cannot be placed with confidence, but may be located along the stem-lineage (stem angiophytes); their generally paleoherb-like features favor the paleoherb rooting. The history of angiophytes may parallel that of Gnetales: some diversification of the stem-lineage in the Late Triassic, near disappearance in the Jurassic, and vigorous radiation of the crown-group in the Early Cretaceous.
Regional Differences of Sample Respondents Over the Data Collection Period

The potential nonresponse bias associated with mail surveys has received much attention in the marketing research literature. However, the inconsistency of the results of these studies has generated concern among researchers and practitioners alike. Two factors, response time in the data collection period and regional/geographic differences, generally ignored in mail response studies, may offer a better understanding of mail response study inconsistency. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of response time and geographical differences on responses to a mail questionnaire.
Evaluation of Vocal Fold Motion Abnormalities: Are We All Seeing the Same Thing?

Summary Objectives Flexible laryngoscopy is the principle tool for the evaluation of vocal fold motion. As of yet, no consistent, unified outcome metric has been developed for vocal fold paralysis/immobility research. The goal of this study was to evaluate vocal fold motion assessment (inter- and intra-rater reliability) among general otolaryngologists and fellowship-trained laryngologists. Study Design Prospective video perceptual analysis study. Methods Flexible laryngoscopic examinations, with sound, of 15 unique patient cases (20 seconds each) were sent to 10 general otolaryngologists and 10 fellowship-trained laryngologists blinded to clinical history. Reviewers were given written definitions of vocal fold mobility and immobility and two video examples. The cases included bilateral vocal fold mobility (six), unilateral vocal fold immobility (five), and unilateral vocal fold hypomobility (four). Five examinations were repeated to determine intra-rater reliability. Participants were asked to judge if there was or there was no purposeful motion, as described by written definitions, for each vocal fold (800 tokens in total). Results Twenty reviewers (100%) replied. Both general otolaryngologists and fellowship-trained laryngologists had an overall inter-rater reliability of 95%. Difference in inter-rater reliability between the two groups of raters was negligible: 95% for general otolaryngologists and 97.5% for fellowship-trained laryngologists. There was no variability in intra-rater reliability within either rater group (99%). Conclusion Intra- and inter-rater agreement in determining whether the patient had purposeful vocal fold motion on flexible laryngoscopic examination was excellent in both groups. This study demonstrates that otolaryngologists can consistently and accurately judge the presence and the absence of vocal fold motion.
CD38 Compared with ZAP-70 or Immmunoglobulin Mutation Status as Predictor of Disease Progression in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

We performed immunophenotypic and IgV H mutation analyses on the chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells of 307 patients for expression of CD38, ZAP-70, and IgV H mutation status to determine the relative strength of each in predicting the need for early treatment. For this we assessed the time from diagnosis to initial therapy for progressive and/or symptomatic disease. Patients confirmed to have remained untreated were censored for this endpoint. Expression of CD38 was defined as the proportion of CD38-stained CLL cells that had fluorescence intensity above a defined threshold. Similarly, cases were defined as ZAP-70 + when 20% or more of the ZAP-70-stained CLL cells had fluorescence intensity above a defined threshold, as described (NEJM 351:893, 2004). CLL cells were classified as expressing mutated IgV H genes if they expressed IgV H with H gene. The median percentage of cells expressing CD38 in our cohort was 11.5% (range 0.1% to 99.5%). In patients with multiple samples, the CD38 expression level appeared constant over time, with a median S.D. of 0.8%. We defined patient samples that had CD38 expression levels at or below the median as having low expression. There was a significant association between low expression of CD38 and lack of ZAP-70 or expression of a mutated IgV H (p H was 4.0%, compared to 27.4% among cases expressing unmutated IgV H (p + cases (p H mutation status (p H mutational status or expression of ZAP-70 is known and no value if knowledge of both ZAP-70 expression and IgV H mutational status is available.