cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Antoine set

Here we present the first and classical example of wild imbedding, due to Louis Antoine [A3], [A4]. (For the definition of wild, see Section 10, just after Theorem 10.4.)
NOBLE - Flexible concept recognition for large-scale biomedical natural language processing.

Natural language processing (NLP) applications are increasingly important in biomedical data analysis, knowledge engineering, and decision support. Concept recognition is an important component task for NLP pipelines, and can be either general-purpose or domain-specific. We describe a novel, flexible, and general-purpose concept recognition component for NLP pipelines, and compare its speed and accuracy against five commonly used alternatives on both a biological and clinical corpus. NOBLE Coder implements a general algorithm for matching terms to concepts from an arbitrary vocabulary set. The system’s matching options can be configured individually or in combination to yield specific system behavior for a variety of NLP tasks. The software is open source, freely available, and easily integrated into UIMA or GATE. We benchmarked speed and accuracy of the system against the CRAFT and ShARe corpora as reference standards and compared it to MMTx, MGrep, Concept Mapper, cTAKES Dictionary Lookup Annotator, and cTAKES Fast Dictionary Lookup Annotator. We describe key advantages of the NOBLE Coder system and associated tools, including its greedy algorithm, configurable matching strategies, and multiple terminology input formats. These features provide unique functionality when compared with existing alternatives, including state-of-the-art systems. On two benchmarking tasks, NOBLE’s performance exceeded commonly used alternatives, performing almost as well as the most advanced systems. Error analysis revealed differences in error profiles among systems. NOBLE Coder is comparable to other widely used concept recognition systems in terms of accuracy and speed. Advantages of NOBLE Coder include its interactive terminology builder tool, ease of configuration, and adaptability to various domains and tasks. NOBLE provides a term-to-concept matching system suitable for general concept recognition in biomedical NLP pipelines.
The Benefits of Biotech

As the world's population grows, environmental stewardship will require science to find ways to produce more food on less land. The rapidly expanding use of bio-engineered corn, cotton, and soybean varieties has increased yields, reduced the use of agricultural chemicals, and saved growers time, resources, and money. The increased productivity allows farmers to grow substantially more food and fiber on less land. However, numerous attempts have been made in recent years to increase the regulatory burden borne by the products of biotechnology - through both agency rulemaking and congressional legislation. All of those attempts have two things in common: They require regulators to consider only the risks of bio-engineered crops and not their benefits, and they hold gene-splicing to a standard of safety that could not possibly be met by non-biotech products and practices. Heightened regulation of certain high-risk plant varieties may indeed be warranted. But when biotechnology is evaluated on a level playing field, farmers, consumers, and regulators will find that it outshines its competitors.
Relative Reactivity of Stable Ligated Boranes and a Borohydride Salt in Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Boron–Hydrogen Insertion Reactions

Relative reactivities of a series of neutral ligated boranes L-BH3 (where L is NHC, amine, pyridine, or phosphine) and the cyanoborohydride anion have been assessed in Rh(II)-catalyzed B–H insertion reactions with methyl 2-phenyl-2-diazoacetate. Stable α-boryl ester products were isolated by flash chromatography in all cases except for the salt product from cyanoborohydride. All of the substrates were either comparable to or more reactive than 1,4-cyclohexadiene, which is one of the most reactive substrates in C–H insertion reactions. The range of reactivity between the most reactive pyridine-borane and the least reactive phosphine-borane is a factor of approximately 40.
Recipes for Free Energy Calculations in Biomolecular Systems

During the last decade, several methods for sampling phase space and calculating various free energies in biomolecular systems have been devised or refined for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Thus, state-of-the-art methodology and the ever increasing computer power allow calculations that were forbidden a decade ago. These calculations, however, are not trivial as they require knowledge of the methods, insight into the system under study, and, quite often, an artful combination of different methodologies in order to avoid the various traps inherent in an unknown free energy landscape. In this chapter, we illustrate some of these concepts with two relatively simple systems, a sugar ring and proline oligopeptides, whose free energy landscapes still offer considerable challenges. In order to explore the configurational space of these systems, and to surmount the various free energy barriers, we combine three complementary methods: a nonequilibrium umbrella sampling method (adaptively biased MD, or ABMD), replica-exchange molecular dynamics (REMD), and steered molecular dynamics (SMD). In particular, ABMD is used to compute the free energy surface of a set of collective variables; REMD is used to improve the performance of ABMD, to carry out sampling in space complementary to the collective variables, and to sample equilibrium configurations directly; and SMD is used to study different transition mechanisms.
Toxoplasmosis in Wild Rats

Toxoplasmosis has become of particular interest lately because of its occurrence in man. We became interested in this infection about three years ago when it was occasionally found in our inoculated guinea pigs. More recently, during the course of an experimental typhus study, complicating infections which were believed to be toxoplasmosis began to occur with annoying frequency in guinea pigs inoculated with saline suspensions of wild rat brains. During the period of March through November, 1941, we inoculated the brains of 1943 wild rats* into guinea pigs in pools of 2 to 8 brains (usually 5 to 6). A total of 351 such pools were inoculated and 2 guinea pigs were used for each pool. Toxoplasmosis was encountered 94 times, 63 times in both inoculated guinea pigs and 31 times in one of the pair. In this same period the brains of 39 wild rats were inoculated singly into pairs of guinea pigs. Seven toxoplasma infections occurred; 5 in both guinea pigs and 2 in one.
Superior Mesenteric Arterial Flow Pattern is Associated with Major Adverse Events in Adults with Fontan Circulation

Factors contributing to the failure of Fontan circulation in adults are poorly understood. Reduced superior mesenteric arterial (SMA) flow has been identified in pediatric Fontan patients with protein-losing enteropathy. SMA flow has not been profiled in an adult Fontan population and its association with adverse events is unknown. We aimed to examine associations between SMA flow patterns and adverse events in adult Fontan patients. We performed a retrospective review of adult Fontan patients who underwent echocardiograms between 2008 and 2014. SMA Doppler data included peak systolic and end-diastolic velocity and velocity time integral (VTI). Systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio and resistive index were calculated. The relationship between SMA flow parameters and major adverse events (death or transplantation) was examined using proportional hazard Cox regression analyses. Kaplan–Meyer analysis was conducted to construct survival curve of patients with and without adverse events. 91 post-Fontan adult patients (76 % systemic left ventricle, 20 % atriopulmonary Fontan, mean age 27.9 years) were analyzed. Adverse events occurred in nine patients (death = 4, transplant = 5). When compared with the non-event group, the event group had increased end-diastolic velocity [hazard ratio (HR) 1.5, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.1–1.8; p = 0.002], increased systolic VTI (HR 1.5, 95 % CI 1.1–2.2, p = 0.02), increased diastolic VTI (HR 1.7, 95 % CI 1.2–2.4, p = 0.004), decreased S/D velocity ratio (HR 0.32, 95 % CI 0.14–0.71, p = 0.006), decreased S/D VTI ratio (HR 0.76, 95 % CI 0.61–0.97, p = 0.02), and decreased resistive index (HR 0.29, 95 % CI 0.14–0.60, p = 0.0007). Increased end-diastolic velocity and VTI in mesenteric arterial flow, with lower systolic/diastolic ratio and resistive index, were associated with death and need for heart transplant in adult Fontan patients. The mesenteric hyperemic flow was also associated with clinical signs of portal venous outflow obstruction, suggesting the presence of vasodilatory state in end-stage adult Fontan circulation.
Vertical Motion of the Granular Materials on the Horizontally Vibrating Plane

This paper describes some experiments with the vibration behaviour of the granular materials. The acceleration and the displacement are measured concerning the screened sand (diameter: 0.8mm) which slides repeatedly on the vibrating trough (the frequency: f=10-15Hz and the amplitude: a=2-4mm). The results of the experiments and the considerations are as follows:(1) The vertical acceleration of the granular materials y varies almost as: 0g→-0.5g→0g→0.7g→0g instantaneously when the sliding direction changes (g is the acceleration of gravity).(2) The grains move vertically each time when the sliding direction is reversed. Therefore, the vertical motion repeats with a half of the period of the trough.(3) This phenomenon is considered to be caused by the rearrangement of the grains with the repeated sliding.
Th1 and Th2 cells.

After activation, CD4 helper T (Th) cells differentiate into Th1or Th2 effector subsets. These two types of cells produce distinct profiles of cytokines and regulate different immune responses. This review summarizes recent progress on different features of co-stimulatory regulation and chemokine-mediated homing of Th1 and Th2 cells. Transcription factors and signaling pathways that are selectively expressed or activated in Th1 and Th2 cells to regulate cytokine gene expression are discussed.
[Misdiagnosis of horny cysts. Simulation of a prickle-cell carcinoma or a deep mycosis].

Bei der histologischen Untersuchung von Horncysten in der tieferen Cutis konnen zweierlei Fehldiagnosen gestellt werden: tiefe Mykose und Stachelzellcarcinom. An Hand von sechs Fallen werden die verschiedenen Befunde diskutiert, die zu solchen Fehldiagnosen Anlas geben.
Controls on selenium distribution and mobilization in an irrigated shallow groundwater system underlain by Mancos Shale, Uncompahgre River Basin, Colorado, USA

Elevated selenium (Se) concentrations in surface water and groundwater have become a concern in areas of the Western United States due to the deleterious effects of Se on aquatic ecosystems. Elevated Se concentrations are most prevalent in irrigated alluvial valleys underlain by Se-bearing marine shales where Se can be leached from geologic materials into the shallow groundwater and surface water systems. This study presents groundwater chemistry and solid-phase geochemical data from the Uncompahgre River Basin in Western Colorado, an irrigated alluvial landscape underlain by Se-rich Cretaceous marine shale. We analyzed Se species, major and trace elements, and stable nitrogen and oxygen isotopes of nitrate in groundwater and aquifer sediments to examine processes governing selenium release and transport in the shallow groundwater system. Groundwater Se concentrations ranged from below detection limit (<0.5μgL(-1)) to 4070μgL(-1), and primarily are controlled by high groundwater nitrate concentrations that maintain oxidizing conditions in the aquifer despite low dissolved oxygen concentrations. High nitrate concentrations in non-irrigated soils and nitrate isotopes indicate nitrate is largely derived from natural sources in the Mancos Shale and alluvial material. Thus, in contrast to areas that receive substantial NO3 inputs through inorganic fertilizer application, Se mitigation efforts that involve limiting NO3 application might have little impact on groundwater Se concentrations in the study area. Soluble salts are the primary source of Se to the groundwater system in the study area at-present, but they constitute a small percentage of the total Se content of core material. Sequential extraction results indicate insoluble Se is likely composed of reduced Se in recalcitrant organic matter or discrete selenide phases. Oxidation of reduced Se species that constitute the majority of the Se pool in the study area could be a potential source of Se in the future as soluble salts are progressively depleted.
Extensin and Arabinogalactan-Protein Biosynthesis: Glycosyltransferases, Research Challenges, and Biosensors

Recent research, mostly in Arabidopsis thaliana, has led to the identification and characterization of the glycosyltransferases responsible for the biosynthesis of two of the most functionally important and abundant families of plant cell wall proteins, extensins and arabinogalactan-proteins. Extensin glycosylation involves monogalactosylation of serine residues by O--serine galactosyltransferase and the addition of oligoarabinosides one to five arabinose units in length to contiguous hydroxyproline residues by a set of specific arabinosyltransferase enzymes, which includes hydroxyproline O-β-arabinosyltransferases, β-1,2-arabinosyltransferases, and at least one α-1,3-arabinosyltransferase. AGP glycosylation, however, is much more complex and involves the addition of large arabinogalactan polysaccharide chains to non-contiguous hydroxyproline residues. These arabinogalactan chains are composed of -1,3-galactan backbones decorated with -1,6-galactose side chains that are further modified with -arabinose as well as other sugars, including -(methyl)glucuronic acid, -rhamnose, and -fucose. Specific sets of hydroxyproline O--galactosyltransferases, -1,3-galactosyltransferases, -1,6- galactosyltransferases, -arabinosyltransferases, -glucuronosyltransferases, -rhamnosyltransferases, and -fucosyltransferases are responsible for the synthesis of these complex structures. This mini-review summarizes the EXT and AGP glycosyltransferases identified and characterized to date along with corresponding genetic mutant data, which addresses the functional importance of EXT and AGP glycosylation. In one case, genetic mutant data indicate that the carbohydrate moiety of arabinogalactan-proteins may serve as an extracellular biosensor or signal for normal cellular growth. Finally, future research challenges with respect to understanding the function of these enzymes more completely and discovering and characterizing additional glycosyltransferases responsible for extensin and arabinogalactan-protein biosynthesis are also discussed.
Self-pulsing in doubly resonant second-harmonic generation

Second-harmonic generation (SHG) in doubly resonant optical resonators (resonant for the pump and for the harmonic wave) is a subject rich in outstanding challenges: the demonstration of self-pulsing, in which the intracavity field amplitudes undergo a Hopf bifurcation to a stable limit cycle,1 and chaos; the generation of near-perfect squeezing near but below the self-pulsing threshold; the generation of squeezed radiation in the self-pulsing regime; and the demonstration of quantum nondemolition measurements.
Cybersecurity in South Korea

While South Korea’s highly digitized economy makes it an attractive target for hackers with diverse motivations, a unique aspect of the country is its hostile and tense relationship with North Korea, which has special implications for the CS. While the government and private sector initiatives have contributed to South Korea’s success in improving connectivity and making fast and universal access to the citizens, North Korea has focused its efforts in building advanced cyber-warfare capabilities. North Korea has been able to exert its cyber power over South Korea by being able to engage in a number of high profile cyber-attacks. Moreover, due to its extremely low degree of digitization, North Korea has more to gain and less to lose from cyber-warfare. This chapter highlights South Korea’s recent initiatives and actions to enhance cyber-offense and cyber-defense capabilities. It also analyses positive and negative asymmetries of South Koreas in cyber-warfare and cyber-attacks.
A polynomial primal-dual affine scaling algorithm for symmetric conic optimization

The primal-dual Dikin-type affine scaling method was originally proposed for linear optimization and then extended to semidefinite optimization. Here, the method is generalized to symmetric conic optimization using the notion of Euclidean Jordan algebras. The method starts with an interior feasible but not necessarily centered primal-dual solution, and it features both centering and reducing the duality gap simultaneously. The method's iteration complexity bound is analogous to the semidefinite optimization case. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the method is viable and robust when compared to SeDuMi, MOSEK and SDPT3.
MECP2 Mutations and Rett Syndrome Phenotypes

Seventy-one sporadic and 7 familial Rett syndrome (RTT) patients were screened for MECP2 mutations by direct sequencing and the pattern of X chromosome inactivation (XCI) was determined in 39 RTT patients at the Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
Using Social Media to Measure Student Wellbeing: A Large-Scale Study of Emotional Response in Academic Discourse

Student resilience and emotional wellbeing are essential for both academic and social development. Earlier studies on tracking students’ happiness in academia showed that many of them struggle with mental health issues. For example, a 2015 study at the University of California Berkeley found that 47 % of graduate students suffer from depression, following a 2005 study that showed 10 % had considered suicide. This is the first large-scale study that uses signals from social media to evaluate students’ emotional wellbeing in academia. This work presents fine-grained emotion and opinion analysis of 79,329 tweets produced by students from 44 universities. The goal of this study is to qualitatively evaluate and compare emotions and sentiments emanating from students’ communications across different academic discourse types and across universities in the U.S. We first build novel predictive models to categorize academic discourse types generated by students into personal, social, and general categories. We then apply emotion and sentiment classification models to annotate each tweet with six Ekman’s emotions – joy, fear, sadness, disgust, anger, and surprise and three opinion types – positive, negative, and neutral. We found that emotions and opinions expressed by students vary across discourse types and universities, and correlate with survey-based data on student satisfaction, happiness and stress. Moreover, our results provide novel insights on how students use social media to share academic information, emotions, and opinions that would pertain to students academic performance and emotional well-being.
Institutional and Individual Publication Productivity in Selected Adult Education Journals, 1993-2002

Examining institutional and individual publication productivity in scholarly journals is a commonly used index of institutional quality, influence, and prestige within a discipline. Expanding and extending the work of Rachal and Sargent (1995b), the present study surveyed the Commission of Professors of Adult Education for research journal preferences and examined the resulting five research journals from 1993-2002 for 10-year institutional productivity, institutional productivity by 5-year breakout, institutional productivity in each journal, individual author productivity, and single versus multiple authorship patterns by gender and by journal. Results yielded 65 per cent single authorship among 806 articles written by 1214 cumulative authors in two British, two American, and one Canadian journal. Institutions from four different countries emerged in the top 10 as the most productive for the 10-year period. Resume L'examen de la productivite institutionnelle et individuelle en publication universitaire constitue l'une des facons les plus communement utilisees pour mesurer le degre d'expertise, d'influence et de prestige d'une institution dans une discipline donnee. En poursuivant et elargissant le travail amorce par Rachal et Sargent (1995b), la presente etude a effectue un sondage aupres des membres de la CPAE (Commission of Professors of Adult Education) en vue de retenir cinq revues universitaires, qui ont ete examinees de 1993 a 2002, afin de mesurer la productivite institutionnelle sur une periode de dix ans et par tranche de cinq ans, la productivite individuelle et le nombre d'articles collectifs par rapport au nombre d'articles a auteur unique par genre et par revue universitaire. La recherche a demontre que 65 pourcent des 806 articles avaient ete ecrits par un seul auteur, qu'un total de 1214 auteurs ont ecrits dans deux revues universitaires britanniques, deux revues americaines et une revue canadienne. Les dix institutions les plus productives sur une periode de dix ans proviennent de quatre differents pays.
Ovarian extraembryonal teratoma. II. Endodermal sinus tumor mixed with other germ cell tumors.

Abstract From the files of the Eimil Novak Ovarian Tumor Registry, 18 cases of mixed ovarian germ-cell neoplasms containing endodermal sinus tumor as one element have been reviewed. The data regarding the patient age, presenting symptoms, gross apperance of the tumors, and response to therapy are similar to those reported in a previous series of pure endodermal sinus tumors. Response to all modes of therapy is disappointing but there is growing evidence that combination chemotherapy should be added to surgical excision as a routine part of therapy in such patients. The rarity of this lesion is such that meaningful data are likely to be available only if individual and institutional experiences are combined in central tumor registries.
Epigenetics in osteoarthritis: Potential of HDAC inhibitors as therapeutics.

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease and the leading cause of chronic disability in middle-aged and older populations worldwide. The development of disease modifying therapy for OA is in its infancy largely because the regulatory mechanisms for the molecular effectors of OA pathogenesis are poorly understood. Recent studies identified epigenetic events as a critical regulator of molecular players involved in the induction and development of OA. Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, non-coding RNA and histone modifications. The aim of this review is to briefly highlight the recent advances in the epigenetics of cartilage and potential of HDACs (Histone deacetylases) inhibitors in the therapeutic management of OA. We summarize the recent studies utilizing HDAC inhibitors as potential therapeutics for inhibiting disease progression and preventing the cartilage destruction in OA. HDACs control normal cartilage development and homeostasis and understanding the impact of HDACs inhibitors on the disease pathogenesis is of interest because of its importance in affecting overall cartilage health and homeostasis. These findings also shed new light on cartilage disease pathophysiology and provide substantial evidence that HDACs may be potential novel therapeutic targets in OA.
Children's Comprehension of Object Relative Sentences: It's Extant Language Knowledge That Matters, Not Domain-General Working Memory

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine whether extant language (lexical) knowledge or domain-general working memory is the better predictor of comprehension of object relative sentences for...
Connectionism, computation, and cognition

Our goal in this paper is to locate connectionism in the explanatory enterprise of cognitive science. Consequently we start out by sketching the fundamentals of computationalism, which has been the dominant working hypothesis in the field. After briefly distinguishing computationalism per se from a number of controversial theses that are sometimes packaged with it (by friends and foes alike), we turn to our main focus: how connectionism relates to computationalism. We claim that connectionist research typically shares the defining assumptions of computationalism, though this has often been obscured by confusing computationalism with one or another special form of it (e.g., the language of thought hypothesis). Though connectionist models typically are computationalist in spirit, they needn’t be. We conclude by outlining a possible connectionist position which would constitute a radical departure from basic computationalist assumptions.
The Inconsistent Work of Web Filters: Mapping Information Access in Alabama Public Schools and Libraries

Recent popular and academic discussions regarding the Internet have raised the question of whether and how networked intermediaries have a (dis)integrating social effects. In this study, we use public records of configurations of Internet filters in Alabama public schools and libraries to show how different institutions implement nominally consistent content standards inconsistently. We argue that these varying implementations are both significant and troubling for two reasons: first, they overreach the stated goals of the legislation with which they in principle comply; second, they may contribute to a broader epistemic breakdown by fragmenting the kind of information made available through and across public institutions.
The oldest erect cheilostome bryozoan: Jablonskipora gen. nov. from the upper Albian of south-west England

Although dominant at the present day, the bryozoan order Cheilostomata did not appear until the Late Jurassic. For over 55 million years after their first appearance, cheilostomes remained low in diversity and disparity, exclusively encrusting and scant in the fossil record. During the late Albian, however, cheilostomes began an explosive diversification coinciding with the appearance of several key novelties. In this paper, we describe a new monospecific cheilostome genus, Jablonskipora gen. nov. (type species Jablonskipora kidwellae gen. et sp. nov.), of importance as the oldest known cheilostome with erect growth. Jablonskipora kidwellae is a malacostegine cheilostome characterized by rigidly erect colonies with cylindrical, bifurcating branches and is moderately common in sedimentary rocks of late Albian age in south-west England. Autozooids are dimorphic, with long tubular autozooids in the axial endozone covered by multiple layers of short, stacked, box-shaped autozooids in the surrounding exozone. It is assigned to Chiplonkarinidae, a family now containing five genera, a tabular key for the discrimination of which is provided. The morphology of Jablonskipora and the early evolution of erect growth in cheilostomes are discussed.
Preschool classroom quality and social-emotional functioning: Findings across geographic regions

Abstract This study examined whether classroom quality is related to preschoolers’ social-emotional functioning (social competence and behavior problems) and explored whether urbanicity (variation in geographic region: rural, small city, or large urban living) moderates this relation. Participants included 102 children (51% female) who were approximately 4.5 years old (M = 53.57 months, SD = 5.42). Fifty-one percent of children were enrolled in Head Start. Linear regression models indicated that classroom quality was moderately related to social competence and not significantly associated with behavior problems for the full sample; however, urbanicity moderated relations between quality and social competence and behavior problems. Specifically, higher classroom quality was significantly related to fewer externalizing behaviors and marginally related to fewer internalizing behaviors for children in rural communities, but not for children in small or large urban settings. Similarly, higher quality was associated with stronger social competence for children in small urban cities, but not for children in large urban cities. Discussion addresses the importance of the geographic regions families reside in as a context for children’s development, and how early educational experiences may be particularly important for children living in rural and small urban communities.
Deposition of Circulating Immune Complexes in Glomeruli

Experimental and clinical investigations have established the relationship between circulating immune complexes and the deposition of immune complexes in glomeruli. In spontaneous disease models, in models induced by antigen administration, and in human glomerulonephritis the principal locations of immune complexes are in the subendothelial, mesangial, and subepithelial areas. The presence of immune complexes in glomeruli can result from local formation, as reviewed in the paper by Dr. Curtis B. Wilson, or from deposition of these substances from circulation. The purpose of this review is to consider the pertinent information on glomerular deposition of circulating immune complexes.
The evolving approach to the evaluation of low-gradient aortic stenosis.

ABSTRACT Severe aortic stenosis (AS) is typically identified by a low valve area (≤1.0 cm2) and high mean gradient (≥40 mm Hg). A subset of patients are found to have a less than severe mean gradient (
Research Design, Data Collection, and Preliminary Clues

This chapter serves two purposes: first, to discuss the research methodology and data collection based on an ethnographic account of the physical upgrading efforts from the five target cities; second, to report the preliminary clues following data analysis and synthesis. The inherent complexity and messiness of informal settlements made it imperative from the get-go to acknowledge and identify the unique physical and non-physical characteristics of each of the five target cities. Participating in the World Bank’s physical upgrading and enabling project served as a common denominator or benchmark for comparing and contrasting these five cities, and how they allocated their physical upgrading loans. The rest of this chapter develops a comparative analytical framework for evaluating the five cities across four intervention categories: goals and outcomes, standards, indexes and scales. This framework compares the physical upgrading and enabling goals set up for each city, the performance standards used in their evaluation, the indexes that allowed analysts to measure outcomes for each set goal, and finally, the scales of intervention (local, regional or provincial, national or even global).
Ensemble Modeling of the Theis Equation under Uncertain Parameter Conditions

AbstractThe Fokker-Planck equation (FPE) methodology was applied to the transient state confined groundwater flow equation under the initial and boundary conditions leading to the Theis problem. Th...
New CMP processes development and challenges for 7nm and beyond

Either new material or new integration usually requires a new CMP process. CMP is still growing for CMOS applications. And many newer applications are now also being developed beyond “traditional” CMP. In each new application, CMP's stop-on capability, high selectivity, with-in-wafer and with-in-chip uniformity control are increasingly seen as essential elements in gauging device integrity, and thus are critical to the successful implementation of a technology. This presentation discusses oxide CMP stop on SiN and new Si-poly CMP. Poor SiN quality in oxide CMP stop on SiN causes center residues and with-in-wafer SiN uniformity issue. Center residues is strong related with incoming step height, which affects CMP slurry removal rate on pattern wafer. New slurry application is required with good stopability or new stop hardmask is implemented. In Si-poly slurry evaluation, we demonstrate that the silica-based slurry has better selectivity, dishing, and nitride loss performance than the ceria-based slurry, but the process is heavily dependent on the incoming profile and topography. In further process improvement and optimization work will continue.
Proactively Protecting Against the Singularity: Ethical Decision Making in AI

This article proposes an ethical framework for the development and implementation of artificial intelligence that is based on philosophical principles and perspectives upholding human rights and well-being above potential superior machine intelligence referred to as the singularity. Illustrative cases demonstrate the framework’s application and suggest guidelines for future policy.
Impaired Cardiac Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Respiration in Copper-Deficient Rats

Cardiac mitochondrial respiration, ATP synthase activity, and membrane potential and intactness were evaluated in copper-deficient rats. In the presence of NADH, both copper-deficient and copper-adequate mitochondria had very low oxygen consumption rates, indicating membrane intactness. However copper-deficient mitochondria had significantly lower oxygen consumption rates with NADH than did copper-adequate mitochondria. Copper-deficient mitochondria had significantly lower membrane potential than did copper-adequate mitochondria using fluorescent dyes. Copper-deficient mitochondria had significantly lower state 3 oxygen consumption rates and were less sensitive to inhibition by oligomycin, an ATP synthase inhibitor. Copper-deficient and copper-adequate mitochondria responded similiarly to CCCP. No difference was observed in mitochondrial ATPase activity between copper-deficient and copper-adequate rats using submitochondrial particles. We conclude that cardiac mitochondrial respiration is compromised in copper-deficient rats, and may be related to an altered ATP synthase complex and/or a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential.
Statistical Power and Sample Size Considerations

Suppose a researcher wants to calculate the statistical power of an experiment comparing two parallel arms of behavioral interventions. Participants are randomized with equal probability into two intervention conditions. The experimenter wants to know the statistical power for a total sample size of 100 (50 in each intervention condition), assuming that the difference between the two sample means is half of the pooled standard deviation.
Immunodeficiency scoring index to predict poor outcomes in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients with RSV infections

We developed an immunodeficiency scoring index for respiratory syncytial virus (ISI-RSV) infection, based on a cohort of 237 allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (allo-HCT) recipients, that can predict the risk of progression to lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and RSV-associated mortality. A weighted index was calculated using adjusted hazard ratios for immunodeficiency markers. Based on the ISI-RSV (range, 0-12), patients were stratified into low (0-2), moderate (3-6), and high (7-12) risk groups. A significant trend of increasing incidence of LRTI and RSV-associated mortality was observed as the risk increased from low to moderate to high (P < .001). Patients in the high-risk group had the greatest benefit of ribavirin-based therapy at the upper respiratory tract infection stage and the highest risk for progression to LRTI and death when antiviral therapy was not given (6.5 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.8-23.6] and 8.1 [95% CI, 1.1-57.6], respectively). The ISI-RSV is designed to stratify allo-HCT recipients with RSV infection into groups according to their risk for progression to LRTI and RSV-associated mortality. Identification of high-risk groups using this index would distinguish patients who would benefit the most from antiviral therapy, mainly with aerosolized ribavirin. The ISI-RSV should be validated in a multi-institutional study.
Management of VIPoma

VIPomas are extremely rare tumors that secrete excessive vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Symptoms include watery diarrhea, flushing, hypotension, and dehydration. Most VIPomas are sporadic but can be associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Biochemical evaluation may show hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic acidosis. Diagnosis is confirmed with fasting VIP levels >200 pg/ml. Tumors may be localized with cross-sectional imaging with either computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). VIPomas are usually >2 cm and located in the body or tail of the pancreas. Surgical resection is indicated for isolated disease.
How Should Clinicians Respond When Different Standards of Care Are Applied to Undocumented Patients

A challenge in caring for patients in resource-poor settings is the ethical discomfort and discouragement clinicians might experience when they’re unable to provide optimal care due to lack of resources. This case
Direct, regioselective synthesis of 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromenes. Total syntheses of octandrenolone and precocenes I and II

Abstract Herein is reported an efficient method for the synthesis of 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromenes in a single step from the corresponding phenol and 3-methyl-2-butenal via microwave irradiation in CDCl3. This protocol features a mild reaction environment (neutral, no added catalyst) which yields regioselective formation of the chromene and displays tolerance toward acid- and base-sensitive protecting groups.
Antivenin-associated serum sickness in a dog.

Objective To describe a case of documented serum sickness in a dog following administration of a single dose of a novel antivenin crotalidae polyvalent. Case summary A 4-year-old female neutered mixed breed dog developed recurrent signs of hypersensitivity (swelling, edema, urticaria/hives, gastrointestinal signs, vasculitis) at 1 and 2 weeks following administration of a single unit of a novel antivenin crotalidae polyvalent plasma product. Both episodes were treated with antihistamines and glucocorticoids and signs improved rapidly, with a prolonged course of glucocorticoids and antihistamines administered following the second occurrence. Diagnosis of serum sickness was based on clinical appearance of delayed hypersensitivity following exposure to novel biologic product, absence of other inciting cause of hypersensitivity, complement testing, and skin biopsies confirming vasculitis. New or unique information provided This case documents the first report of delayed hypersensitivity with a novel antivenin plasma product. This is the only case report of serum sickness to a single unit of antivenin. Additionally, the dog developed recurrence of hypersensitivity following the initial episode at 1 week; appropriate identification and prolonged treatment could have prevented recurrence and additional hospitalization. Cost and benefit analysis should be considered with antivenin administration.
AGORA: The END of TREATIES: The FALL and RISE of PEACE TREATIES

When the United States terminated its seven-year occupation of Japan in 1954, it did so having signed a peace treaty. By contrast, the United States tried, unsuccessfully, to persuade Hamid Karzai to sign a Bilateral Security Agreement to accompany the drawdown of U.S. forces in Afghanistan. Even if Karzai had agreed to sign, the draft agreement bears much stronger resemblance to an alliance than to a peace treaty; it does not reference hostilities between the United States and Afghanistan, nor does it include any version of the term “peace treaty.”
An Eavesdropping and Jamming Dilemma when the Adversary might be Subjective

Wireless networks are susceptible to malicious attacks, especially those involving jamming and eavesdropping. To maintain secure and reliable communication under such threats, different anti-adversary strategies have been proposed to mitigate the adversary impact. In this paper, we consider a sophisticated adversary with the dual capability of either eavesdropping passively or jamming any ongoing transmission, and investigate a new aspect to consider when designing an anti-adversary strategy: how uncertainty about whether the rival is rational or subjective could impact the strategies. To model such uncertainty, we formulate a Bayesian Prospect Theory (BPT) extension of the game between a user and an adversary who chooses between an eavesdropping attack and a jamming attack against the user. Meanwhile the user chooses against which of the threats to apply the corresponding best response strategy. Uniqueness of the BPT equilibrium strategies is proven and they are found in closed form.
The Role of Religion in Online Pro-social Lending: An Interactional View

Biases in online platforms pose a threat to social inclusion. We examine the influence of a novel source of bias in online philanthropic lending, namely that associated with religious differences. We first propose a measure of religion distance between pairs of countries, which we incorporate into a gravity model of trade, to explain variation in country-to-country lending volumes. We then propose a set of contextual moderators that characterize a lender and borrower’s local social context, which we argue have the potential to moderate the influence of religion distance on lending decisions. We empirically estimate our gravity model using lending activity data from Kiva.org between 2006 and 2017. We demonstrate the negative and significant effect of religion distance on lending activity, over and above other established factors in the literature, and we demonstrate the moderating role of individuals’ sociopolitical environment. Our findings speak to the important frictions associated with religious differences in individual philanthropy, and they point to the role of government policy vis-a-vis religious tolerance as a determinant of citizens’ global philanthropic behavior.
Mass Intentions: The Historical Development of a Practice: [Mass Intentions—Part One]:

The issue of Mass intentions, where the priest is asked to “apply” a particular Mass for the intention of a donor, has been somewhat neglected in contemporary Eucharistic theology. But the continue...
Beyond Colonoscopy: Exploring New Cell Surface Biomarkers for Detection of Early, Heterogenous Colorectal Lesions.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths among both men and women in the United States. Early detection and surgical removal of high-risk lesions in the colon can prevent disease from developing and spreading. Despite implementation of programs aimed at early detection, screening colonoscopies fail to detect a fraction of potentially aggressive colorectal lesions because of their location or nonobvious morphology. Optical colonoscopies, while highly effective, rely on direct visualization to detect changes on the surface mucosa that are consistent with dysplasia. Recent advances in endoscopy techniques and molecular imaging permit microscale visualization of the colonic mucosa. These technologies can be combined with various molecular probes that recognize and target heterogenous lesion surfaces to achieve early, real-time, and potentially non-invasive, detection of pre-cancerous lesions. The primary goal of this review is to contextualize existing and emergent CRC surface biomarkers and assess each’s potential as a candidate marker for early marker-based detection of CRC lesions. CRC markers that we include were stratified by the level of support gleaned from peer-reviewed publications, abstracts, and databases of both CRC and other cancers. The selected biomarkers, accessible on the cell surface and preferably on the luminal surface of the colon tissue, are organized into three categories: (1) established biomarkers (those with considerable data and high confidence), (2) emerging biomarkers (those with increasing research interest but with less supporting data), and (3) novel candidates (those with very recent data, and/or supportive evidence from other tissue systems). We also present an overview of recent advances in imaging techniques useful for visual detection of surface biomarkers, and discuss the ease with which these methods can be combined with microscopic visualization.
Thromboinflammation Supports Complement Activation in Cancer Patients With COVID-19.

Background COVID-19 pathology is associated with exuberant inflammation, vascular damage, and activation of coagulation. In addition, complement activation has been described and is linked to disease pathology. However, few studies have been conducted in cancer patients. Objective This study examined complement activation in response to COVID-19 in the setting of cancer associated thromboinflammation. Methods Markers of complement activation (C3a, C5a, sC5b-9) and complement inhibitors (Factor H, C1-Inhibitor) were evaluated in plasma of cancer patients with (n=43) and without (n=43) COVID-19 and stratified based on elevated plasma D-dimer levels (>1.0 μg/ml FEU). Markers of vascular endothelial cell dysfunction and platelet activation (ICAM-1, thrombomodulin, P-selectin) as well as systemic inflammation (pentraxin-3, serum amyloid A, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor) were analyzed to further evaluate the inflammatory response. Results Increases in circulating markers of endothelial cell dysfunction, platelet activation, and systemic inflammation were noted in cancer patients with COVID-19. In contrast, complement activation increased in cancer patients with COVID-19 and elevated D-dimers. This was accompanied by decreased C1-Inhibitor levels in patients with D-dimers > 5 ug/ml FEU. Conclusion Complement activation in cancer patients with COVID-19 is significantly increased in the setting of thromboinflammation. These findings support a link between coagulation and complement cascades in the setting of inflammation.
Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation Potential of Chemicals Produced from Biomass

The production of chemicals from biomass has received significant attention due to its potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this work, we develop a systematic framework to quantit...
The Green thumb videotex experiment: Evaluation and policy implications

Abstract The authors report on an evaluation of Green Thumb, a videotex experiment carried out by the Cooperative Extension Service and the US Department of Agriculture. Green Thumb provided marketing, weather and other information to 200 farm families in Kentucky. The experiment was a successful demonstration of the concept of providing farming information via new communication technologies, but the specific configuration and organizational arrangements will have to be improved in future systems. Policy issues concerning the role of USDA in future agricultural systems are discussed.