cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-Cylinder Engine Evaluation of Methanol - Improved Energy Economy and Reduced NOx

Comparative testing of pure methanol, methanol/water blends and isooctane in single-cylinder engines has demonstrated that through proper utilization of methanol's fuel-lean combustion characteristics it may be possible to reach CO emissions of the order of 0.1% and NO/sub x/ emission levels of less than 100 ppM in the raw (undiluted) exhaust. Exhaust treatment to remove unburned methanol and partial oxidation products might be required. Concomitant with decreased emissions are specific energy consumption improvements estimated to be in the range of 26 to 45% better than achievable with current gasolines and the associated low compression ratio engines and emission control systems. These energy consumption improvements are obtained by virtue of efficient lean operation and by utilizing the high octane values of methanol/water blends at high compression ratios. Despite these potential end-use technical advantages for methanol, its large scale use as an automotive fuel is precluded for at least one to two decades because of inadequate supply, the need for immense capital expenditures to increase supply and the need for special engine and fuel control designs.
Automatic transport model data assimilation in Laplace space

[1] Emerging in situ sensors and distributed network technologies have the potential to monitor dynamic hydrological and environmental processes more effectively than traditional monitoring and data acquisition techniques by sampling at greater spatial and temporal resolutions. Since sensor networks supply data with little or no delay, applications exist where automatic or real-time assimilation of this data would be useful, for example, during smart remediation procedures where tracking of the plume response will reinforce real-time decisions. As a foray into this new data context, we consider the estimation of hydraulic conductivity when incorporating subsurface plume concentration data. Current practice optimizes the model in the time domain, which is often slow and very nonlinear. Instead, we perform model inversion in Laplace space and are able to do so because data gathered using new technologies can be sampled densely in time. An intermediate-scale synthetic aquifer is used to illustrate the developed technique.
Stages of adolescent cigarette smoking acquisition: measurement and sample profiles.

A stage model of adolescent cigarette smoking acquisition was developed and an instrument to measure the stages was created. Internal validity was obtained based on principal component analysis, item analysis, and coefficient alpha. Three distinct components were labeled precontemplation, decision-making, and maintenance. The scales had reliability coefficients ranging from .86 to .94. External validity was obtained by relating the scale scores to measures of smoking behavior and intent to smoke. A cluster analysis resulted in nine distinct clusters, including profiles representing precontemplation, contemplation, decision-making, action, and maintenance stages. Further validity was obtained for the clusters by comparing groups on the perceived positive and negative consequences of smoking, and the derived pleasure from smoking.
Poetic Influences on the Development of Aurobindo's Spiritual and Nationalistic Convictions

Many in the West have a deep admiration for spiritual men and women from Asia. However, most admirers see only a narrow slice of the life and contexts of such figures. For instance, the idea most Americans have of India's nationalist movement is shaped solely by the life and character of Mahatma Gandhi; Americans generally have no awareness that Gandhi was only one of a wide range of leaders. Also, many Westerners familiar with the thinker and contemplative, Aurobindo Ghose, would be surprised to learn that he was deeply involved with the nationalist movement. In fact, this man, who is portrayed in a popular photograph with calm and otherworldly features, wrote fiery diatribes, argued in support of the use of violence, and was tangentially involved with the famous Muzzafarpur bombing.1 Aurobindo's life (1872-1950) was so varied that his most recent biography is not entitled "The Life of Sri Aurobindo," but The Lives of Sri Aurobindo. His father, Krishnadhan Ghose, had been educated by the British and was a medical doctor. He wanted his sons to be like Englishmen and rise high in the Indian Civil Service, so when Aurobindo was age seven the father brought him and his two older brothers to England to receive their education. In England, Aurobindo was a withdrawn and precocious boy who spent his time reading the classics of European literature, especially the works of the English Romantics. However, he
Heat transfer from a cylindrical probe in a slurry bubble column

Abstract Heat transfer coefficient between an electrically heated 19.0 mm diameter vertical probe and slurries of glass beads of different sizes (50.0, 117.6 and 143.3 μm) and concentrations (108–312 kg/m3) is determined in a 10.8 cm diameter bubble column as a function of superficial air velocity (0.103–0.353 m/s). Heat transfer coefficient values are found to be independent of particle size in the slurry, but are dependent on the air velocity and rather weakly on the solids concentration. To characterize the three-phase system, the average values of the holdups for the gas, solid and liquid phases are also measured as a function of air velocity and solids concentration in the slurry.
A novel RNA binding protein, SBP2, is required for the translation of mammalian selenoprotein mRNAs

In eukaryotes, the decoding of the UGA codon as selenocysteine (Sec) requires a Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element in the 3' untranslated region of the mRNA. We purified a SECIS binding protein, SBP2, and obtained a cDNA clone that encodes this activity. SBP2 is a novel protein containing a putative RNA binding domain found in ribosomal proteins and a yeast suppressor of translation termination. By UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation, we show that SBP2 specifically binds selenoprotein mRNAs both in vitro and in vivo. Using (75)Se-labeled Sec-tRNA(Sec), we developed an in vitro system for analyzing Sec incorporation in which the translation of a selenoprotein mRNA was both SBP2 and SECIS element dependent. Immunodepletion of SBP2 from the lysates abolished Sec insertion, which was restored when recombinant SBP2 was added to the reaction. These results establish that SBP2 is essential for the co-translational insertion of Sec into selenoproteins. We hypothesize that the binding activity of SBP2 may be involved in preventing termination at the UGA/Sec codon.
Relationship Enhancement Therapy: A Case Study for Treatment of Vaginismus:

A case study of Relationship Enhancement (RE) therapy with a couple, in which the woman was identified as having vaginismus, is presented including excerpts of transcripts from the therapy sessions. RE's effectiveness at improving communication skills and providing structure in which the couple could discuss the intimate issues affecting the sexual relationship is illustrated.
Male fertility: A case of enzyme identity

The plant hormone jasmonate has been implicated in male fertility in Arabidopsis. Recent studies have identified the enzyme required for a critical step of jasmonate synthesis in anthers and shown that this enzyme really is required for male fertility.
Novel, Potent and Radio-Iodinatable Somatostatin Receptor 1 (sst1) Selective Analogues

The proposed sst(1) pharmacophore (J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48, 523-533) derived from the NMR structures of a family of mono- and dicyclic undecamers was used to design octa-, hepta-, and hexamers with high affinity and selectivity for the somatostatin sst(1) receptor. These compounds were tested for their in vitro binding properties to all five somatostatin (SRIF) receptors using receptor autoradiography; those with high SRIF receptor subtype 1 (sst(1)) affinity and selectivity were shown to be agonists when tested functionally in a luciferase reporter gene assay. Des-AA(1,4-6,10,12,13)-[DTyr(2),DAgl(NMe,2naphthoyl)(8),IAmp(9)]-SRIF-Thr-NH(2) (25) was radio-iodinated ((125)I-25) and specifically labeled sst(1)-expressing cells and tissues. 3D NMR structures were calculated for des-AA(1,4-6,10,12,13)-[DPhe(2),DTrp(8),IAmp(9)]-SRIF-Thr-NH(2) (16), des-AA(1,2,4-6,10,12,13)-[DAgl(NMe,2naphthoyl)(8),IAmp(9)]-SRIF-Thr-NH(2) (23), and des-AA(1,2,4-6,10,12,13)-[DAgl(NMe,2naphthoyl)(8),IAmp(9),Tyr(11)]-SRIF-NH(2) (27) in DMSO. Though the analogues have the sst(1) pharmacophore residues at the previously determined distances from each other, the positioning of the aromatic residues in 16, 23, and 27 is different from that described earlier, suggesting an induced fit mechanism for sst(1) binding of these novel, less constrained sst(1)-selective family members.
Lateral reorganization of myelin lipid domains by myelin basic protein studied at the air–water interface

It has been speculated that adsorption of myelin basic protein (MBP) to the myelin lipid membrane leads to lateral reorganization of the lipid molecules within the myelin membrane. This hypothesis was tested in this study by surface pressure measurement and fluorescent imaging of a monolayer composed of a myelin lipid mixture. The properties of the lipid monolayer before and after addition of MBP into the subphase were monitored. Upon addition of MBP to the monolayer subphase, the surface pressure rose and significant rearrangement of the lipid domains was observed. These results suggest that binding and partial insertion of MBP into the lipid monolayer led to dramatic rearrangement and morphological changes of the lipid domains. A model of adsorption of MBP to the lipid domains and subsequent domain fusion promoted by minimization of electrostatic repulsion between the domains was proposed to account for the experimental observations. The significance of these results in light of the role of MBP in maintaining the myelin structural integrity is discussed.
Storing syngas lowers the carbon price for profitable coal gasification.

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) electric power generation systems with carbon capture and sequestration have desirable environmental qualities but are not profitable when the carbon dioxide price is less than approximately $50 per metric ton. We examine whether an IGCC facility that operates its gasifier continuously but stores the syngas and produces electricity only when daily prices are high may be profitable at significantly lower CO2 prices. Using a probabilistic analysis, we have calculated the plant-level return on investment (ROI) and the value of syngas storage for IGCC facilities located in the U.S. Midwest using a range of storage configurations. Adding a second turbine to use the stored syngas to generate electricity at peak hours and implementing 12 h of above-ground high-pressure syngas storage significantly increases the ROI and net present value. Storage lowers the carbon price at which IGCC enters the U.S. generation mix by approximately 25%.
Continuous Two‐Channel Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometric Detection of Electrosprayed Ions

Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) is a widely used technique that is recognized for offering high analytical performance at a reasonable cost. Development of this technique is ongoing, and advances in areas such as ion optics and ion-detection hardware have pushed the mass resolution and mass accuracy of TOFMS to regimes that are appropriate for the identification of components of complex mixtures. [1] The technique's intrinsic high ion transmission and capability to measure wide mass ranges without scanning, yields high sensitivity and fast spectral acquisition rates. Based on these characteristics, TOFMS seems to be an ideal detector for fast separations of analytes with a broad range of molecular weights. [2] Such applications, which include the inline separation of pharmaceuticals, peptides, or proteins followed by electrospray ionization, are becoming increasingly important. [3] Unfortunately, the pulsed nature of TOFMS yields inherent losses when analyzing ions emerging from continuous ion sources. Minimization of these losses can be achieved only at the expense of a reduction in the sampled mass range and potentially the mass resolution if the flight path is shortened. In conventional TOFMS, packets of ions are periodically pulsed into the entrance of a field-free drift chamber. To avoid overlap of the recorded flight times, the duration between start pulses is set to be longer than the flight time of the heaviest analyte ion. Ions reaching the entrance of the flight chamber between start pulses are lost. Thus, the ion sampling efficiency (duty cycle) and spectral acquisition speed are directly related to the ratio of the duration of the start pulse to the time between pulses, and these figures of merit decrease as the sampled mass range or flight path are increased.
Exploring the drug resistance of V32I and M46L mutant HIV-1 protease to inhibitor TMC114: Flap dynamics and binding mechanism

Inhibitors of HIV-1 protease (HIV-1-pr) generally only bind to the active site of the protease. However, for some mutants such as V32I and M46L the TMC114 can bind not only to the active cavity but also to the groove of the flexible flaps. Although the second binding site suggests the higher efficiency of the drug against HIV-1-pr, the drug resistance in HIV-1-pr due to mutations cannot be ignored, which prompts us to investigate the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance and behavior of double bound TMC114 (2T) to HIV-1-pr. The conformational dynamics of HIV-1-pr and the binding of TMC114 to the WT, V32I and M46L mutants were investigated with all-atom molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. The 20 ns MD simulation shows many fascinating effects of the inhibitor binding to the WT and mutant proteases. MM-PBSA calculations explain the binding free energies unfavorable for the M46L and V32I mutants as compared to the WT. For the single binding (1T) the less binding affinity can be attributed to the entropic loss for both V32I-1T and M46L-1T. Although the second binding of TMC114 with flap does increase binding energy for the mutants (V32I-2T and M46L-2T), the considerable entropy loss results in the lower binding Gibbs free energies. Thus, binding of TMC114 in the flap region does not help much in the total gain in binding affinity of the system, which was verified from this study and thereby validating experiments.
Ecosystem management and the conservation of river–floodplain systems

Abstract Conserving and protecting remnant natural river–floodplain systems require novel approaches, such as ones that employ concepts embodied by ecosystem management. This study examines the correspondence of the structure and policies of two relatively new conservation schemes in river–floodplain systems, the Lower Wisconsin State Riverway and the Middle Elbe Biosphere Reserve, with an idealized model of ecosystem management. Employing a framework derived from several major works about ecosystem management, this study finds differences among the approaches each reserve employs. The Lower Wisconsin State Riverway stands out due to its longitudinal zonation, its level of cooperation with stakeholders, and its organizational structure. On the other hand, the Middle Elbe Biosphere Reserve stands out in its monitoring and research programs, as well as its public outreach. Despite these differences, both reserves show a strong similarity with ideal ecosystem management and provide promising models for the conservation of river–floodplain systems.
Patterns of cognitive impairment in children with suspected and documented neurological dysfunction.

WISC Verbal-Performance discrepancy, Vocabulary-Block Design discrepancy, and Similarities-Object Assembly discrepancy were investigated in matched samples of 25 normal, suspected neurological dysfunction, and documented neurological dysfunction children. The results suggest a continuum of deficit in these samples ranging from normal performance by normal controls to moderate impairment in Ss with documented neurological dysfunction. The suspected neurological dysfunction sample occupied a median position in the continuum as predicted. An analysis of WISC IQ and subtest scores in the three samples also supported the predicted continuum of deficit. Specific WISC subtest comparisons may be of some research and clinical utility in the prediction of neurological dysfunction in pediatric patients.
Corporate value and ownership structure in the post-takeover period: what role do institutional investors play

Several recent papers show that dissident institutions have more influence with management when the level of institutional ownership in the target firm is high. This paper investigates whether increased institutional ownership and institutional ownership concentration reduce agency costs and thus increase corporate value. We find that corporate value is positively related to institutional ownership but negatively related to institutional ownership concentration. This implies that the linkage between corporate value and institutional ownership is driven by momentum trading and supports the view that the bulk of institutional investors remain passive in regards to monitoring. Whether the relaxation of restrictions on institutional communication and ownership (by individual institutions) would facilitate more efficient managerial oversight remains a debatable point. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ex vivo determination of potentially virulent Sporothrix schenckii.

Hyphae from 30 isolants ofSporothrix andOphiostoma species were washed, dried and pyrolyzed at 350°C. Pyrolysis products were separated on a Carbowax column heated 7.5°C/min to and maintained for 50 min at 160°C. Hydrogen flame detector responses were recorded graphically. Fifteen clinical isolants ofS. schenckii from geographically separated sources produced qualitatively identical pyrograms.S. foliorum, 8 avirulentS. schenckii and otherSporothrix species isolants from soils, andSporothrix states of 6Ophiostoma species yielded pyrograms readily distinguished from each other and from those of virulentS. schenckii. Taxonomic and clinical implications of the pyrograms are mentioned.
Canonical modules of partially ordered sets

In .this brief note we show that the canonical module of the Stanley-Reisner ring of a doubly Cohen-Macaulay ordered set is isomorphic to a certain ideal of the same ring. For a general finite partially ordered set, the corresponding ideal is isomorphic to a submodule of the canonical module. For an introduction to Cohen-Macaulay ordered sets from the ringtheoretical point of view see Garsia [4] and Baclawski-Garsia [3]. Doubly Cohen-Macaulay ordered sets were introduced in Baclawski [2]. Let A be a finite simplicial complex of rank r (dimension r 1) on vertex set V. We write A, for {(T E A 1 (u 1 = k}. We assume that A can be colored, i.e., there exists a map c: V-r [r] = ( 1,2 ,..., r} such that for every u E A, I c@)l = I Iu , an d we fix a choice of coloring henceforth. The most important example of a colored complex is the simplicial complex A(P) of chains of a partially ordered set (poset)P. For example, the map c: P -+ [r] given by
Land use and land cover change and its implications in Kagera river basin, East Africa

The Kagera basin has experienced major land use/cover changes in tropical forests, woodlands, and savannas due to the incessant conversion of land to agricultural and settlement use. While the land use/cover change has accelerated land degradation, biodiversity loss, and climate change in the region, few studies exist on the drivers and implications of land use/cover dynamics in the basin. The study quantified the historical land use/cover changes beginning from 1984 to 2011 and predicted future changes using multi-level data-sets. We also examined population growth and government policies as they relate to land cover/use change. Data-sets from disparate sources consisting of multi-temporal satellite images, digital elevation model, population, and relevant ancillary data were used in the study. A combination of post-classification change detection method, intensity analysis, and Markov chain models were used to analyze and evaluate historical land use/cover changes and predict future change scenarios. We...
Childhood Exposure to Parental Threatening Behaviors and Anxiety Symptoms in a Community Sample of Young Adults: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Biases

Childhood exposure to parental threatening behaviors has been associated with a number of negative outcomes, including anxiety symptoms. However, research is lacking regarding the mechanisms that may explain these associations. One such mechanism may be cognitive biases, or more specifically, the degree to which individuals interpret neutral or ambiguous events as threatening (i.e., interpretive biases) and make negative judgments about their ability to cope with internal and external events (i.e., judgment biases). The purpose of this study was to examine the direct links between childhood exposure to parental threatening behaviors and anxiety symptoms in young adulthood, as well as the mediating role of cognitive biases in this association. Multiple mediator analyses in both normal (n = 643; mean age = 18.77 years, SD = 1.06; age range = 18–24; 69% women) and anxious groups (n = 152; mean age = 18.64 years, SD = 0.97; age range = 18–23; 80% women) revealed that childhood exposure to parental threatening behaviors significantly predicted current anxiety disorder symptoms. In both groups, this association was fully mediated by participants’ judgment biases. The mediated effect was significant after controlling for negative affectivity. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that childhood exposure to parental threatening behaviors may set the stage for the development of judgment biases, which, in turn, may increase the risk for anxiety symptoms. These findings highlight the potential utility of targeting judgment biases in interventions for anxiety-related problems.
Natural language cognition of humor by humans and computers: A computational semantic approach

This paper deals with a contribution of computational analysis of verbal humor to natural language cognition. After a brief introduction to the growing area of computational humor and of its roots in humor theories, it describes and compares the results of a human-subject and computer experiment. The specific interest is to compare how well the computer, equipped with the resources and methodologies of the Ontological Semantic Technology, a comprehensive meaning access approach to natural language processing, can model several aspects of the cognitive behaviors of humans processing jokes from the Internet.
The effect of a coriolis force on Taylor-Couette flow

Taylor-Couette flow subject to a Coriolis force is studied experimentally and numerically. In the experiment, the Couette apparatus is mounted on a turntable with the axis of the cylinders orthogonal to the rotation vector of the turntable. The Coriolis force stabilizes the fluid against the onset of Taylor vortices and alters the velocity fields, both above and below the transition from the initial flow. At small dimensionless turntable frequenciesΩ, the transition yields time-independent Taylor vortices which are tilted with respect to the cylinder axis. At largerΩ there is a direct transition to turbulence. We determine the first-order correction to the classical Couette initial flow, to account for the effects of the Coriolis force, by expanding in powers ofΩ. We present numerical results for the axial velocity (the only nonvanishing correction term to orderΩ) in the infinite-cylinder approximation.
Bankruptcies, Bailouts and the Banking Bureaucracy: The Bush Agenda and the Capacity for Crisis

True crises, such as the recent failure of the financial markets, test the capacity of the permanent bureaucracy. Leadership, responsiveness, and creativity, as well as stability and practicality, were put to the test in the intense summer and fall months of 2008. Major financial institutions failed or sat on the brink of failure, liquidity froze, the credit market vanished, foreclosure rates soared, and the government struggled to prevent further economic collapse. Just as critically, the capacities of regulatory foresight and independence, along with long-standing regulatory procedures, had in effect been tested in the decade leading up to the crisis. What was the impact of the Bush Administration’s management of the financial regulatory bureaucracy over his eight-year presidency? What was its impact in the midst of the crisis at the close of his last term? This paper examines the longer-term capacity of foresight—the expertise and independence to see a crisis on the horizon and to speak truth to power in the midst of economic boom time—and the short-term capacities of responsive competence in the form of policy and administrative answers to the immediate challenges of the crisis itself.
Towards a scalable intrusion detection system based on parallel PSO clustering using mapreduce

The growing data traffic in large networks faces new challenges requiring efficient intrusion detection systems. The analysis of this high volume of data traffic to discover attacks has to be done very quickly. However, in order to be able to process large data, new distributed and parallel methods need to be developed. Several approaches are proposed to build intrusion systems using clustering approaches. In this paper, we introduce an intrusion detection system based on a parallel particle swarm optimization clustering algorithm using the MapReduce framework. The proposed system is scalable in processing large data on commodity hardware.
Formal and informal associations: Dominicans and Colombians in New York

It is the contention of this article that the incidence and types of voluntary associations in immigrant communities can be employed as an indicator of the differential weight of cultural-ideological and structural factors in the articulation of such communities with the receiving society. It is also held in this paper that the relative similarity of cultural-ideological variables in the Colombian and Dominican communities revealed by the attribution of a common "Hispanic" identity tends to have less weight in this articulation then the structural differences between their places of origin and the disparity between place of origin and destination. (authors)
The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a child with adult respiratory distress syndrome following post‐obstruction pulmonary oedema

Summary The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for post-operative complications is not well described. ECMO, a partial venoarterial cardiopulmonary bypass, may permit the reversal of pulmonary insult from barotrauma and oxygen toxicity. This report concerns an 8-year-old girl who developed post-obstruction pulmonary oedema and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after a general anaesthetic for an attempted aspiration of a peritonsillar abscess and demonstrates an effective use of this technique. In this patient, the extreme levels of ventilatory support required post-operatively caused haemodynamic instability and severe barotrauma. The institution of ECMO with accompanying decrease in ventilatory support resulted in rapid resolution of haemodynamic instability, hypoxia, and pulmonary pathology.
Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia arising from an ectopic pancreas in the small bowel

BACKGROUND Ectopic pancreatic tissue is relatively uncommon, and is characterized as pancreatic tissue with no contact with the normal pancreas, and with its own ductal system and blood supply. It is usually asymptomatic, and can be incidentally diagnosed by conventional imaging studies. METHOD A 69-year-old woman with a prior history of bilateral breast carcinoma presented with ectopic pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) that was identified incidentally in the small bowel during an oncological resection of a synchronous primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma. RESULTS The patient underwent subtotal pancreatectomy with splenectomy, regional lymphadenectomy, radical left nephrectomy, and small bowel resection with primary anastomosis of ectopic PanIN-2. She had an uneventful hospitalization and was discharged home on postoperative day 7. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of ectopic PanIN is extremely unusual with only few cases previously reported in the literature. The need for negative margins after surgical resection of ectopic PanIN lesions remains controversial. ( Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2014;13:658-661 )
A Polymerase Chain Reaction Screening Method for Rapid Detection of Microsatellites in Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes

Standard protocols aimed at identifying subclones of interest from bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) include the use of hybridization methods that are time consuming and often require the use of radioactive isotopes. Through our efforts to identify microsatellites in BACs from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) we have developed a nonradioactive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based screening technique to select microsatellites containing subclones for marker development. Two BACs were subcloned and screened by PCR using a vector-specific primer and a mix of microsatellite repeat primers. The subclones were then sequenced to evaluate the efficiency of the PCR screening method. Correlation between positive PCR amplification and presence of microsatellites varied between the two BACs (21.9% and 71.4%), but still a sufficient number of subclones were identified to enable design and optimization of microsatellite markers.
The Osmotic Behavior of Corn Mitochondria

The volume changes undergone by corn (Zea mays L.) mitochondria suspended in solutions of constant or varying osmolarity were studied. Within the range of osmotic pressure from 1.8 to 8.4 atmospheres, corn mitochondria behave as osmometers, if allowance is made for an osmotic "dead space" of about 6.9 mul/mg protein. The final equilibrium volume of mitochondria swollen in solutions containing both ribose and sucrose were shown to depend upon the concentration of impermeable solute (sucrose) present and not upon the concentration of ribose present. Osmotic reversibility was found for mitochondria swollen in isotonic solutions of KCI or ribose. The passive swelling of corn mitochondria may be due to the osmotic flow of water coupled to the diffusion of a permeable solute.
The effect of hypotension on brain energy state during prolonged neonatal seizure.

ABSTRACT: Prolonged seizures in the human neonate may be complicated by systemic hypotension. To examine the effect of systemic hypotension on brain metabolic state during seizure, neonatal dogs were made hypotensive (by exsanguination) during bicuculline-induced seizure. Measurement of regional cerebral blood flow showed that moderate hypotension did not impair cerebral perfusion during seizure. Measurement of brain energy state with in vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy disclosed a similar pattern of alteration of high energy phosphates in animals subjected to seizure or to the combination of seizure and hypotension. The additional metabolic stress imposed by moderate hypotension during seizure in the neonatal dog appears to be slight.
Generalization of the maggi-rubinowicz theory of the boundary diffraction wave part I

As a first step towards a generalization of the Maggi-Rubinowicz theory of the boundary diffraction wave, a new vector potential W(Q,P) is associated with any monochromatic scalar wavefield U(P). This potential has the property that the normal component of its curl, taken with respect to the coordinates of any point Q on a closed surface S surrounding a field point P, is equal to the integrand of the Helmholtz-Kirchhoff integral; that is, curlQW(Q,P)·n=14π{U(Q)∂∂n(exp(iks)s)−exp(iks)s∂∂nU(Q)}.where s is the distance QP and ∂/∂n denotes the differentiation along the inward unit normal n to S.Further it is shown that the vector potential always has singularities at some points Q on S and that the field at P may be rigorously expressed as the sum of disturbances propagated from these points alone.A closed expression for the vector potential associated with any given monochromatic wavefield that obeys the Sommerfeld radiation condition at infinity is derived and it is shown that in the special case when U is a spherical wave, this expression reduces to that found by G. A. Maggi and A. Rubinowicz in their researches on the boundary diffraction wave.
When black holes meet Kaluza-Klein bubbles

We explore the physical consequences of a recently discovered class of exact solutions to the five dimensional Kaluza-Klein theory. We find a number of surprising features including the following: (1) In the presence of a Kaluza-Klein bubble, there are arbitrarily large black holes with topology ${S}^{3}.$ (2) In the presence of a black hole or a black string, there are expanding bubbles (with de Sitter geometry) which never reach null infinity. (3) A bubble can hold two black holes of arbitrary size in static equilibrium. In particular, two large black holes can be close together without merging to form a single black hole.
Preventing the spread of malaria and dengue fever using genetically modified mosquitoes

In this candid interview, Anthony A. James explains how mosquito genetics can be exploited to control malaria and dengue transmission. Population replacement strategy, the idea that transgenic mosquitoes can be released into the wild to control disease transmission, is introduced, as well as the concept of genetic drive and the design criterion for an effective genetic drive system. The ethical considerations of releasing genetically-modified organisms into the wild are also discussed.
Industrial tools for the feature location problem: an exploratory study

Software engineers who maintain and enhance large systems often encounter the feature location problem: where in the many thousands of lines of code is a particular user feature implemented? Several methods of addressing the problem have been proposed, most of which involve tracing the execution of the system and analyzing the traces. Some supporting academic tools are available. However, companies that depend on the successful evolution of large systems are more likely to use new methods if they are supported by industrial-strength tools of known reliability. This article describes a study performed with Motorola, Inc. to see whether there were any pitfalls in using Metrowerks CodeTEST and Klocwork inSight for feature location on message-passing software similar to systems that Motorola maintains. These two tools were combined with TraceGraph, an academic trace comparison tool. The study identified two main problems. First, some ‘glue’ code and workarounds were needed to get CodeTEST to generate a trace for an interval of time in which the feature was operating. Second, getting information out of TraceGraph and into inSight was needlessly complicated for a user. However, with a moderate amount of work, the tool combination was effective in locating, understanding and documenting features. Study participants completed these steps in typically 3–4 hours per feature, studying only a few hundred lines out of a 200 000 line system. An ongoing project with Motorola is focused on improving tool integration with the hope of making feature location common practice at Motorola. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three-Dimensional Structure of the Relaxed State of Calcium-Regulated Myosin Filaments

Myosin filaments of muscle are regulated either by phosphorylation of their regulatory light chains or Ca2+-binding to the essential light chains, contributing to on-off switching or modulation of contraction. Phosphorylation-regulated filaments in the relaxed state are characterized by an asymmetric interaction between the “blocked” and “free” heads of each myosin, inhibiting actin-binding or ATPase activity (Wendt et al., 2001; Woodhead et al., 2005). We have tested whether a similar interaction occurs in Ca2+-regulated filaments. Filaments were purified from scallop striated adductor muscle and imaged by cryo-electron microscopy. 3D reconstruction was carried out by single particle methods. Reconstructions showed a 7-fold symmetric, helical array of myosin head-pair motifs lying above the filament surface. Fitting of the motif with a myosin head atomic model revealed that the heads interact in a similar way to phosphorylation-regulated filaments. However, the 2-headed motif was more tilted and higher above the filament surface in the Ca2+-regulated filaments. Subfragment 2 of the myosin tail emerged from the motif near the blocked head and connected the motif to the filament backbone, which comprised a 7-fold array of comma-shaped subfilaments. This structure reveals new detail compared with a previous cryo-EM study (Vibert, 1992) and demonstrates that the interpretation of head organization in a negative stain reconstruction of scallop filaments (AL-Khayat et al., 2009) is incorrect. We conclude that the relaxed state of Ca2+-regulated filaments is achieved in a similar way to phosphorylation-regulated filaments, confirming that head-head interaction is a widely used motif (Woodhead et al., 2005). In the scallop filament, the pairs of myosin heads are much closer together azimuthally and the subfilaments have a different structure compared with phosphorylation-regulated filaments, implying that general models for thick filament structure (Squire, 1973) need modification. Supported by NIH grant AR34711.
High-gain, low-noise amplification in olfactory transduction

It is desirable that sensory systems use high-gain, low-noise amplification to convert weak stimuli into detectable signals. Here it is shown that a pair of receptor currents underlying vertebrate olfactory transduction constitutes such a scheme. The primary receptor current is an influx of Na+ and Ca2+ through cAMP-gated channels in the olfactory cilia. External divalent cations improve the signal-to-noise properties of this current, reducing the mean current and the current variance. As Ca2+ enters the cilium, it gates Cl- channels, activating a secondary depolarizing receptor current. This current amplifies the primary current, but introduces little additional noise. The system of two currents plus divalent cations in the mucus produces a large receptor current with very low noise.
Guest Editorial: Educators Who Tell the Truth

In this guest editorial the Americans Who Tell the Truth painting exhibit by artist Robert Shetterly is related to the need for educators to tell the truth about children and social justice.
The Cox ring of \overline{}_{0,6}

We prove that the Cox ring of the moduli space V 0,6 , of stable rational curves with 6 marked points, is finitely generated by sections corresponding to the boundary divisors and divisors which are pull-backs of the hyperelliptic locus in M 3 via morphisms p: M 0,6 → M 3 that send a 6-pointed rational curve to a curve with 3 nodes by identifying 3 pairs of points. In particular this gives a self-contained proof of Hassett and Tschinkel's result about the effective cone of M 0,6 being generated by the above mentioned divisors.
Early Feed Restriction of Broilers: Effects on Abdominal Fat Pad, Liver, and Gizzard Weights, Fat Deposition, and Carcass Composition

A total of five experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of early feed restriction on organ weights, fat deposition, and carcass composition in broilers. In Experiments 1 and 2, broiler chicks were reared in litter pens for 49 days, whereas Experiments 3, 4, and 5 were conducted in battery cages for 28 days. Feed restriction in all experiments was accomplished by providing male broiler chicks 40 kcal per bird per day for 7 (Experiments 1 and 2) or 6 (Experiments 3, 4, and 5) days, starting at 4 days of age. Feed restriction of broiler pullets in Experiment 1 was imposed from 4 to 9 days of age. Furthermore, the starter and grower diets in Experiment 2 contained either 1 or 4% added fat and the starter diets in Experiments 3, 4, and 5 contained either 21 or 26% protein. No significant differences were observed for abdominal fat pad and gizzard weights, liver and carcass fat, or carcass protein between early restricted birds and ad libitum controls at 49 days of age in Experiments 1 and 2. Furthermore, with the exception of Experiment 4, no differences in abdominal fat pad weights were observed among the different feeding regimens. Significant increases in abdominal fat pad weights, percentage liver, and percentage carcass fat were noted for females at 49 days of age when compared with male broilers. Carcass fat was significantly higher and carcass protein was significantly lower in broilers fed commercial versus reduced fat diets. Broilers fed a 21% protein diet had significantly heavier abdominal fat pad weights at 28 days of age than birds fed a 26% protein diet.
Efficient data race prediction with incremental reasoning on time-stamped lock history

We present an efficient data race prediction algorithm that uses lock-reordering based incremental search on time-stamped lock histories for solving multiple races effectively. We balance prediction accuracy, coverage, and performance with a specially designed pairwise reachability algorithm that can store and re-use past search results, thereby, amortizing the cost of reasoning over redundant and overlapping search space. Compared to graph-based search algorithms, our algorithm incurs much smaller overhead due to amortization, and can potentially be used while a program under test is executing. To demonstrate such a possibility, we implemented our approach as an incremental Predictive Analysis (iPA) module in a predictive testing framework. Our approach can handle traces with a few hundreds to half a million events, and predict known/unknown real data races with a performance penalty of less than 4% in addition to what is incurred by runtime race detectors.
Generalized theory of the kinetics of tracers in biological systems

Most theoretical analyses of tracer kinetics in capillaries contain an implicit assumption that the tissues to which they are connected have homogeneous material properties. The microscopic description of the exchange of tracer molecules and tissues is then modeled in terms of first-order kinetics. We consider a class of more general models allowing us to assess the robustness of simplifying assumptions made above. It is shown that when amorphous properties are important the kinetics of the system may differ considerably from those predicted by standard theories.
POLÍTICA E "VIOLÊNCIA CRIMINAL" NO BRASIL: A REAPROPRIAÇÃO DE IMAGINÁRIOS PLEBEUS PELO PRIMEIRO COMANDO DA CAPITAL.

Apoiado nas teorias da plebe, este artigo propoe uma contribuicao teorica para a analise politica da "violencia criminal" no Brasil, a partir dos imaginarios transmitidos pelo discurso do Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC). Nos sugerimos a existencia de um "PCC-plebeu", que, ao contrario da interpretacao dominante em termos de "PCC-crime organizado", permite aborda-lo como conjunto singular de enunciados politicos, que transcendem a organizacao criminosa e fornece uma melhor compreensao da politizacao e propagacao dos imaginarios criminais no contexto democratico.
Characterization of laser-ablated boron nitride thin films on silicon

Abstract The ability to grow heteroepitaxial cubic boron nitride (cBN) films is the first step in the development of a process to grow electronic-grade, doped cBN films. This will eventually facilitate the development of cBN-based, high speed integrated circuits. Such a capability is critical to the development of ultra fast and high power density devices. Recent work is reported here on the characterization of BN thin films grown on 1 cm 2 (100)Si substrates using a newly developed reactive laser ablation technique. The exact nature of the resulting films is highly process dependent and can yield any of the common BN crystal structures, i.e. cubic, hexagonal or wBN. This paper presents the results of Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, channelling and thermal wave analysis on various BN films resulting from that reactive laser ablation process. The results presented from channelling experiments on the cBN films show the heteroepitaxy of the cBN films. In those films, the (100) plane of the resulting heteroepitaxial cBN layer is parallel to the (100) plane of Si, with the (011) plane of the film parallel to the (001) plane of the Si substrate, i.e. a 45° rotation of the cBN lattice relative to the Si lattice. It is believed that the thermal diffusivity value reported here for the cBN thin film is the highest value measured for such films to date.
Detection of Glaucoma Progression with Alternation Flicker

Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by functional visual loss and underlying optic nerve deterioration. Optic nerve imaging, achieved using photography and scanning ophthalmic laser diagnostic imaging techniques, is an important aspect of glaucoma diagnosis and management. Alternation flicker is a technique in which serial optic nerve photographs, typically taken one or more years apart, are aligned and alternated in order to allow the observer to easily detect change over time. Alternation flicker has been shown to improve several aspects of optic nerve evaluation and has been demonstrated to correlate with traditional glaucoma risk factors, with some limitations. In this review, we consider the literature with respect to flicker for the evaluation and monitoring of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
Application of an Area-Imaging Charge-Coupled Device for Television Cameras

Charge-coupled device technology is creating today many new applications in the electronic industry that will impact a great deal the design of future systems in cameras, memories and signal processing. In the particular field of imaging, its impact on television cameras is being felt across the industry at the present, due to its inherent potential long-range, low-cost application. Low power, solid-state construction and high reliability add together to provide an imaging device that will be capable of replacing conventional vidicon and plumbicon tubes in TV cameras.
Contact mechanics of two deformable elastic solids with graded coatings

Abstract The contact problem for two deformable solids with FGM coatings is considered. The problem is considered under the assumption of plane strain, Coulomb friction and linear nonhomogeneous elasticity. The variation of the elastic modulus in the FGM coatings are exponential. It is assumed that the contact area is small compared to radii of curvatures of the cylinders. Thus the standard Hertzian assumption may be used. After solving the half space problem the Green’s functions necessary for deriving the integral equations of the contact problem are obtained. The resulting integral equations are solved to obtain a series of analytical benchmark results for examining the influence of such factors as material inhomogeneity constants, the coefficient of friction, and various length parameters on the critical stresses that may have a bearing on the fatigue and fracture of the components with FGM coatings. The results regarding the contact stresses, the in-plane component of the surface stress and the contact length versus the applied load relationship are presented.