cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Successful outcome of pregnancy in a patient with generalized lipoatrophic diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Objective To report the first known case of a successful outcome of pregnancy in a patient with generalized lipoatrophic diabetes. Methods We present a detailed case report of a patient who achieved and successfully completed a pregnancy despite having lipoatrophic diabetes. Results With careful attention to glycemic control with use of U-500 insulin and strict avoidance of dietary fat, a 23-year-old woman with lipoatrophic diabetes maintained a pregnancy to 28 weeks. The infant weighed 1,235 g and was devoid of serious metabolic complications. Three months after childbirth, the patient died of gastrointestinal bleeding. Conclusion We are not aware of any previously published report of a successful pregnancy in a patient with generalized, acquired lipoatrophic diabetes. Because of the involvement of multiple organ systems in generalized lipoatrophic diabetes, female patients should be thoroughly advised of the serious pregnancy-associated risks to both the mother and the fetus and the need for extremely close monitoring. (Endocr Pract. 2000;6:34-36)
Interrater Agreement of the Adjustment Scales for Children and Adolescents

Standardized behavior rating scales and checklists offer unobtrusive evaluations of students' behavior in natural social environments. This study investigated the interrater agreement of the Adjustment Scales for Children and Adolescents (ASCA), a behavior rating scale used in school settings. Participants were 71 students enrolled in a variety of special programs who were rated by 29 observers in 24 classrooms. Resulting interrater reliability coefficients were substantial, and level differences, although significant, were not clinically meaningful. It was concluded that the ASCA produced acceptable levels of interrater agreement when educational professionals and paraprofessionals observed exceptional students within a common environment.
Inhibition of cation contransport by cholesterol enrichment of human red cell membranes

1. Human red cells were enriched with cholesterol by incubation with lipid dispersions having a high cholesterol: phospholipid mol ratio and the kinetics of the furosemide-sensitive cotransport for Na+ and K+ were measured. 2. Influxes of both K+ and Na+ through this system were inhibited by 70 and 76% in cholesterol-rich cells (cholesterol: phospholipid mol ratio 1.80) and the Km of the furosemide-sensitive flux components for both K+ and Na+ decreased. 3. Effluxes of both K+ and Na+ are inhibited by furosemide and the magnitudes of these furosemide-sensitive components are markedly decreased in cholesterol-rich cells. 4. The inhibitory effect of cholesterol enrichment on this carrier-mediated transport of cations suggests that cholesterol may either alter the position of the carrier or retard its movement within a more viscous membrane micro-environment.
Welcome address for the general chair and the program chair

On behalf of the Standing Steering Committee we welcome you to the XX IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. The IEEE RO-MAN conference series addresses fundamentals of co-existance between humans and intelligent machines such as robots, augmented and virtual environments and collaborative systems.
Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors

Abstract This study examines the impact of transformational leader behaviors on organizational citizenship behaviors, and the potential mediating role played by subordinates' trust and satisfaction in that process. Measures of six transformational leader behaviors (Articulating a Vision, Providing an Appropriate Model, Fostering the Acceptance of Group Goals, High Performance Expectations, Individualized Support, and Intellectual Stimulation), one transactional leader behavior (Contingent Reward Behavior), employees' trust in their leader, and satisfaction were obtained from 988 exempt employees of a large petrochemical company. Matching evaluations of five citizenship behaviors of these employees (Altruism, Conscientiousness, Courtesy, Civic Virtue, and Sportsmanship) were obtained from their supervisors. In order to determine whether transformational behaviors augment the impact of transactional behaviors, their effects on followers' trust, satisfaction, and citizenship behaviors were examined in the context of the effect of transactional leader behaviors on these same variables. The results indicate that the effects of the transformational leader behaviors on citizenship behaviors are indirect, rather than direct, in that they are mediated by followers' trust in their leaders. Moreover, these results were found not to be wholly attributable to the effects of common method biases. The implications of these findings for future research on transformational leader behaviors, trust, and organizational citizenship behavior are then discussed.
Age-Related Source Memory Deficits Persist Despite Superior Item Memory

Source and item memory for faces of former United States Presidents were assessed in nondemented older adults over 65 years of age (n = 20) and young adults 18 to 25 years of age (n = 20). During the study phase, a male and a female source each presented pictures of faces to the participant one at a time. To assess source memory, the participant was asked to indicate whether a face from the study phase was presented by the male or female. To assess item memory, a study phase face and distractor face were presented and the participant was asked to indicate which was presented previously. Older adults displayed significantly better item memory for the faces of presidents compared to young adults. However, despite showing superior item memory, source memory still was impaired in older adults compared to young adults. The ability of older adults to efficiently integrate source and item information may be compromised to such a large extent that enhanced item memory does not appear to minimize or negate age-related source memory deficits. The findings demonstrate the robust effects of aging on source memory.
Engendering a new police identity

Around the globe, democratization and peacebuilding processes have been transforming security forces. From Haiti to Bosnia to South Africa, international agencies have been spending millions of U.S. dollars to try to professionalize and civilianize the police—to create accountable and representative police forces to reflect the emerging “democracies” and to replace often repressive pre‐existing security forces. For women's rights activists, the dismantling and subsequent democratic rebuilding of old security forces is particularly critical, since those forces have so often committed rape and sexual torture against women.
Leafcutting and Diet Selection: Relative Influence of Leaf Chemistry and Physical Features

The effects of leaf toughness, trichome characteristics, nutrient and water availability, and secondary chemistry on diet selection by the leafcutting ant Atta cephalotes were determined using individuals of 49 woody plant species from a tropical deciduous forest in Costa Rica. The palatability of plants was measured by presenting whole leaves to leafcutting ant foragers on trails and counting the number of pieces cut from leaves. The effectiveness of physical barriers to leaf cutting was evaluated by measuring the speed with which ants were able to cut leaves of varying toughness, trichome densities, and trichome lengths. Plant secondary chemistry was highly correlated with the relative palatability of leaves, while palatability was only marginally correlated with trichome characteristics and plant nutritional quality and was uncorrelated with leaf toughness and water content. Highly palatable leaves generally contained hydrolyzable tannins, while most unpalatable leaves possessed nonpolar extracts found to deter leaf cutting in laboratory bioassays. Within the subset of highly palatable plants, leaf protein content was positively correlated with the number of pieces cut, indicating that secondary chemistry and nutrient availability interact to determine palatability. Decreases in plant palatability over time paralleled decreases in protein content. Ant size was the most important variable determining the rate at which ants cut leaves. Trichome characteristics were uncorrelated with the rate at which leaves were cut, while leaf toughness explained a small amount of the variance in cutting rate. The results suggest that leaf toughness and trichome characteristics within the ranges encountered by leafcutting ants in this tropical deciduous forest do not generally deter attack by ants. Instead, the results are consistent with the idea that leafcutting ants use a combination of plant secondary chemistry and nutrient availability to evaluate the quality of leaves.
A path constrained method for integration of process design and control

Integration of process design and control (IPDC) has been the holy grail of process systems engineering since the introduction of heat and mass integration. A proper combination of these separate yet connected tasks carries the promise of achieving superior designs that cannot be realized with conventional procedures. In this work, a bi-level dynamic optimization approach is introduced for achieving IPDC in its true sense. The principal idea proposed here is to utilize an optimal controller (a modified linear quadratic regulator) to practically evaluate the best achievable control performance for each candidate design during process design. The evaluation of complete, closed-loop system dynamics can then be meshed with a superstructure-based process design algorithm, thus enabling considering both cost and controllability in design of a process. The practicality of the introduced approach enables a solution of this complex dynamic optimization problem within reasonable computational requirements, as demonstrated in an evaporator case study.
Carbon dioxide concentrations are very high in developing oilseeds

A new method has been developed to rapidly determine the total inorganic carbon concentration (gaseous [CO2] + aqueous [CO(2)] + [HCO3-] + [CO3(2)-]) in developing seeds. Seeds are rapidly dissected and homogenized in 1 N HCl in gas-tight vials. The headspace gas is then analyzed by infrared gas analysis. Developing rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds were analyzed and found to have up to 40 and 12 mM total inorganic carbon, respectively. These concentrations are ca. 600-2000-fold higher than in ambient air or values reported for leaves. Carbon dioxide concentrations in rapeseed peaked during the stage of maximum oil synthesis and declined as seeds matured. The consequences for seed metabolism, physiology and carbon economy are discussed.
Radiometric microbiological assay of B vitamins. part 2: extraction methods

Extraction procedures used for the analysis of niacin, thiamine, pantothenic acid, and biotin with radiometric microbiological assay. Values for percent recovery of B vitamins in whole blood, human milk, plasma and food.
Cubic symmetric polynomials yielding variations of the Erdős–Ginzburg–Ziv theorem

Let p be a prime and let $\varphi\in\mathbb{Z}_{p}[x_{1},x_{2},\ldots, x_{p}]$ be a symmetric polynomial, where $\mathbb {Z}_{p}$ is the field of p elements. A sequence T in $\mathbb {Z}_{p}$ of length p is called a φ-zero sequence if φ(T)=0; a sequence in $\mathbb {Z}_{p}$ is called a φ-zero free sequence if it does not contain any φ-zero subsequence. Motivated by the EGZ theorem for the prime p, we consider symmetric polynomials $\varphi\in \mathbb {Z}_{p}[x_{1},x_{2},\ldots, x_{p}]$ , which satisfy the following two conditions: (i) every sequence in $\mathbb {Z}_{p}$ of length 2p−1 contains a φ-zero subsequence, and (ii) the φ-zero free sequences in $\mathbb {Z}_{p}$ of maximal length are all those containing exactly two distinct elements, where each element appears p−1 times. In this paper, we determine all symmetric polynomials in $\mathbb {Z}_{p}[x_{1},x_{2},\ldots, x_{p}]$ of degree not exceeding 3 satisfying the conditions above.
High-performance metadata indexing and search in petascale data storage systems

Large-scale storage systems used for scientific applications can store petabytes of data and billions of files, making the organization and management of data in these systems a difficult, time-consuming task. The ability to search file metadata in a storage system can address this problem by allowing scientists to quickly navigate experiment data and code while allowing storage administrators to gather the information they need to properly manage the system. In this paper, we present Spyglass, a file metadata search system that achieves scalability by exploiting storage system properties, providing the scalability that existing file metadata search tools lack. In doing so, Spyglass can achieve search performance up to several thousand times faster than existing database solutions. We show that Spyglass enables important functionality that can aid data management for scientists and storage administrators.
A Bayesian Truth Serum for Subjective Data

Subjective judgments, an essential information source for science and policy, are problematic because there are no public criteria for assessing judgmental truthfulness. I present a scoring method for eliciting truthful subjective data in situations where objective truth is unknowable. The method assigns high scores not to the most common answers but to the answers that are more common than collectively predicted, with predictions drawn from the same population. This simple adjustment in the scoring criterion removes all bias in favor of consensus: Truthful answers maximize expected score even for respondents who believe that their answer represents a minority view.
Stability of the forced vibrational motion of a vehicular body supported by rubber shear mountings with quadratic response

Abstract The stability of the undirectional motion of a load supported on a rotating vehicle by two identical rubber shear mountings is studied. In any case for which the shear response function may be constant, the equation of motion is linear and the criterion for stability is related to necessary and sufficient conditions for stability obtained in [3]. Stability maps are provided to characterize the engineering design of a stable system. This special model includes, for example, the Mooney-Rivlin, Hadamard, and Blatz-Ko elastomeric models. For a broader class of quadratic materials, however, the equation of motion is the forced Duffing equation, and the stability analysis is more involved. The present paper explores the infinitesimal stability of all relative equilibrium states. It is found for some designs that the undeformed equilibrium state undergoes a symmetric pitchfork bifurcation characterized by a critical angular speed of the vehicle. The initially stable equilibrium state becomes unstable at this point, and the load moves to another stable, relative equilibrium state. In other designs, it is found that the bifurcation of relative equilibrium shear states is asymmetric. In practicable situations, however, the finitely deformed equilibrium state generally is infinitesimally stable for all vehicular speeds.
Magneto-optical absorption in an overfilled parabolic quantum well. II. In-plane field

We study the far-infrared optical-absorption spectrum and collective excitations of electrons confined in an imperfect parabolic quantum well in a magnetic field tilted with respect to the growth axis. Using a self-consistent-field approach both with and without a local exchange-correlation potential, we calculate spectra for an ``overfilled'' well with abrupt boundaries. We choose well parameters to match a real experimental sample, and investigate the effects of well asymmetry and finite temperature on the optical spectrum. We compare our calculations to experiment and find excellent agreement over a wide range of magnetic-field strengths. We also study the effects of overfilling on the low-lying collective excitations, and find that in the sample considered, nonparabolicities are strong enough to shift the energies of the excitations substantially from their ideal-well values.
A male-specific lethal mutation in Drosophila melanogaster that transforms sex.

Abstract Sex-lethal, male-specific allele #1 (SxlM#1, 1–19.2) is a dominant, X-linked mutation that is lethal to males. It has no effect in females other than to rescue them from the otherwise lethal maternal effect of the autosomal mutation, daughterless. From a study of the effects of SxlM#1 on the development of sexually mosaic flies (gynandromorphs), it was observed that this lethal mutation can cause genetically male (haplo-X) tissue to differentiate as if it were female. With respect to its effect on sexual differentiation, the mutation transformer (tra, 3–45) is epistatic to SxlM#1, though the lethal effects of SxlM#1 are not modified by tra. In addition to its effect on sexual differentiation, SxlM#1 reduces the size of haplo-X imaginal disc and histoblast derivatives in general in a cell autonomous fashion. The viability of gynandromorphs with SxlM#1 tissue is very low, and the surviving mosaics have relatively little haplo-X tissue, suggesting that there is no single localized “lethal focus” for this mutation. The relationship between Sxl and daughterless is discussed, as well as the possible involvement of the Sxl locus in X-chromosome dosage compensation.
Progress towards personalized therapeutics: biologic- and risk-directed therapy for neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma, a tumor of the developing peripheral sympathetic nervous system, is the most common and deadly extracranial solid tumor of childhood. Risk-stratification and risk-adapted therapy play a large role in the modern treatment of neuroblastoma. Recently, through extensive international collaboration, new guidelines for risk stratification have emerged that will aid in international cooperative studies, as well as clarifying therapeutic options for patients. Current therapies for low- and intermediate-risk neuroblastoma have resulted in excellent prognoses for these risk strata, and current efforts are concentrated on chemotherapy reduction. By contrast, much more gradual progress has been made in improving survival for high-risk neuroblastoma patients, despite significant chemotherapy intensification. Current investigations focus on overcoming resistance by elucidating the molecular/genetic causes of neuroblastoma tumorigenesis and progression, with the aim of developing more effective biologically targeted therapies for this disease.
Rodderbergtuff Im Rheinischen Quartärprofil Zur Zeitlichen Stellung Des Rodderberg-Vulkanismus

Summary In the surroundings of Bonn, six profiles of Quaternary sediments (loess, solifluction sheets, tuffs) are described. The different layers are intercalated by paleosols such as a B horizon of a gray-brown podzolic soil (Parabraunerde) of the Eem Interglacial, a humic A horizon of early Wurm, and the arctic brown soil of Stillfried-B-Interstadial (Lohner Boden). Below these buried soils another paleosol of interglacial type (Parabraunerde) occurs, which is underlain by basaltic ash and lapilli originating from the Rodderberg volcano. Therefore, the eruption is considered as belonging to the Mindel Glacial.
Exact solution of the quadratic interaction Hamiltonian

Abstract We construct the exact solution for the quadratic coupling of a scalar field to an external source. With increasing dimension of space-time the perturbation becomes more and more singular, allowing us to verify the various predictions which Glimm has extracted from the perturbation theory of Moller operators.
Innovations in preparative regimens for autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation

With improvements in supportive care measures, he treatment-relatedmortality rate of autologous hemaopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has decreased to ery low levels; the result is that the overwhelming reaon for treatment failure is disease recurrence. Although roviding a purer stem cell product and developingmore ffective posttransplantation treatment strategies might iminish relapse rates, if autologous HCT is to become more successful intervention, improvements in the reparative regimen are required. Unfortunately, the task of improving treatment is ampered at the outset by our inability to identify the est current approaches. Only a few randomized trials ave compared various regimens in the setting of llogeneic HCT. Two randomized trials, 1 in acute yeloid leukemia (AML) and 1 in chronic myeloid eukemia (CML), compared cyclophosphamide (CY) nd 12 Gy of total body irradiation (TBI) with CY and 5.75 Gy of TBI [1,2]. Both showed a reduction in elapse rates with the higher TBI dose but showed reater treatment-related mortality. Two studies have ompared CY/TBI with busulfan (BU) and CY—1 in ML and a second in CML [3,4]. The AML study uggested the superiority of CY/TBI, whereas the ML trial showed relative equivalence. Beyond this ery limited group of studies, almost no other ranomized trials of preparative regimens before allogeeic transplantation have been published in the last ecade and a half. The situation is even worse for utologous HCT. Except for the rare small, underowered study, there are no randomized trials of prep
Reciprocal opioid–opioid interactions between the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens regions in mediating μ agonist-induced feeding in rats

Feeding elicited by the mu-selective agonist, [D-Ala2, M-Phe4, Gly-ol5]-encephalin administered into the nucleus accumbens is blocked by accumbal pre-treatment with mu, delta1, delta2 and kappa, but not mu1 opioid antagonists. Correspondingly, mu-agonist-induced feeding elicited from the ventral tegmental area is blocked by ventral tegmental area pre-treatment with mu and kappa, but not delta opioid antagonists. A bi-directional opioid-opioid feeding interaction has been firmly established such that mu-agonist-induced feeding elicited from the ventral tegmental area is blocked by accumbal naltrexone, and that accumbal mu-agonist-induced feeding is blocked by naltrexone pre-treatment in the ventral tegmental area. To determine which opioid receptor subtypes mediate the regional bi-directional opioid-opioid feeding interactions between these two sites, the present study examined the dose-dependent ability of either general (naltrexone), mu (beta-funaltrexamine), kappa (nor-binaltorphamine) or delta (naltrindole) opioid antagonists administered into one site to block mu-agonist-induced feeding elicited from the other site. General, mu and kappa, but not delta opioid receptor antagonist pre-treatment in the ventral tegmental area dose-dependently reduced mu-agonist-induced feeding elicited from the nucleus accumbens. General, mu and delta, and to a lesser degree kappa, opioid receptor antagonist pre-treatment in the nucleus accumbens dose-dependently reduced mu-agonist-induced feeding elicited from the ventral tegmental area. Thus, multiple, but different opioid receptor subtypes are involved in mediating opioid-opioid feeding interactions between the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area regions.
The juvenile phase inBryophyllum daigremontianum

Young plants ofBryophyllum daigremontianum, which do not form flowers in response to the change from long day to short day, can easily be induced to flower by grafting onto flowering donor stocks, indicating that the growing points of young plants are fully capable of responding to the floral stimulus but their leaves are incapable of producing the latter.
Genetic manipulation of individual somatic mammary cells in vivo reveals a master role of STAT5a in inducing alveolar fate commitment and lactogenesis even in the absence of ovarian hormones.

Assessing the molecular control of development and cell fate in individual cells in the intact mammary epithelium has not been possible to date. By exploiting an intraductal retrovirus (RCAS)-mediated gene delivery method to introduce a marker gene, we found that ductal epithelial cells are turned over with a half time of approximately 1 month in adult virgin mice. However, following RCAS-mediated introduction of a constitutively activated STAT5a (caSTAT5a), caSTAT5a-activated ductal epithelial cells expand and replace other cells in the epithelium, eventually forming a mammary gland resembling that in a late pregnant mouse, suggesting that STAT5a activation alone is sufficient to mediate pregnancy-induced mammary cell expansion, alveolar cell fate commitment, and lactogenesis. Furthermore, such caSTAT5a-induced alveolar differentiation does not require ovarian functions, although caSTAT5a-induced cell proliferation is partly reduced in ovariectomized mice. In conclusion, in this first report of studying the developmental role of a gene in a few cells in a normally developed virgin mammary ductal tree, STAT5a activation causes alveolar fate commitment and lactogenesis, and with the help of ovarian hormones, drives alveolar expansion.
SHIPS AS HABITATS: BIOFOULING — A PROBLEM THAT REQUIRES GLOBAL SOLUTIONS

Colonization of ship hulls by living organisms, which occurs on molecular, microbial and macro organism levels, decreases ship performance, increases costs and is a biological problem with global consequences. Managing fouling is necessary for efficient economics and to prevent environmental damage due to introduction of invasive species. Colonization is managed by broad spectrum long-lived toxins which kill colonizers. Broad spectrum long-lived toxins build up and impact environments. Toxins damage ecosystems and directly or indirectly kill food species. Ideally, novel antifouling approaches will be compatible with existing business models and with the environment. A mixture of short-lived biologically active molecules that manage colonization has this potential. The mixture would contain a short-lived toxin that managed colonization of organisms that have no behavior and then additional molecules that interfere with the process of colonization by organisms with behavior and those that attach as part of a change in life stage. Environmentally benign antifouling approaches are novel and require cooperation rather than competition or adversarial relationships. They require cooperation by individuals with expertise from business, governmental agencies and academia. The science is likely to be easier than the necessary changes in philosophy and governance required to successfully address this and other complex global problems.
Word sense disambiguation of WordNet glosses

This paper presents a suite of methods and results for the semantic disambiguation of WordNet glosses. WordNet is a resource widely used in natural language processing and artificial intelligence. Intended and designed as a lexical database, WordNet exhibits some deficiencies when used as a knowledge base. By semantically disambiguating the words in the glosses, we add pointers from each word to its concept or synset, and this increases the connectivity between the WordNet concepts by approximately an order of magnitude. We show how lexical chains and other applications can be built on this richly connected WordNet. The semantic disambiguation of the WordNet glosses is performed using automatic methods based on a set of heuristics. The precision of the semantic annotation is improved by using voting between the disambiguation system described here and another WSD system. The entire WordNet 2.0 has been disambiguated with an overall precision of 86% and is available at http://xwn.hlt.utdallas.edu.
Cancer-specific mutations in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.

Cancer-specific mutations in the catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) p110α occur in diverse tumors in frequencies that can exceed 30%. The majority of these mutations map to one of three hot spots in the gene, and the rest are distributed over much of the PI3K coding sequence. Most of the cancer-specific mutations induce a gain of function that results in oncogenicity, elevated lipid kinase activity and constitutive signaling through the kinases Akt and TOR. The location of the mutations on a model structure of p110α indicates several distinct mechanisms for the gain of function. The mutated p110α proteins are promising cancer targets. Although identification of mutant-specific small-molecule inhibitors seems technically challenging, the therapeutic benefits from such inhibitors could be extremely important.
Amyloid β-Peptide Is Transported on Lipoproteins and Albumin in Human Plasma

The amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) is the major constituent of neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease and occurs as a soluble 40-42-residue peptide in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of both normal and AD subjects. It is unclear whether Abeta, once it is secreted by cells, remains free in biological fluids or is associated with other proteins and thus transported and metabolized with them. Such knowledge of the normal fate of Abeta is a prerequisite for understanding the changes that may lead to the pathological aggregation of soluble Abeta in vivo, the possible influence of certain extracellular proteins, particularly apolipoprotein E, on plaque formation, and the pharmacology of putative Abeta-lowering drugs. To address the question of Abeta distribution in human biological fluids, we incubated fresh human plasma from 38 subjects with physiological concentrations (0.5-0.7 nM) of radioiodinated Abeta1-40 and seven plasma samples with Abeta1-42. Lipoproteins and lipid-free proteins were separated and analyzed for bound iodinated Abeta1-40. We found that up to 5% of Abeta added to plasma is bound to selected lipoproteins: very low density, low density, and high density, but not lipoprotein(a). The large majority ( approximately 89%), however, is bound to albumin, and very little Abeta is free. Abeta distribution in plasma was not significantly influenced by apolipoprotein E genotype. We conclude that Abeta is normally bound to and transported by albumin and specific lipoproteins in human plasma under physiological conditions.
Growth rate differences between resident native brook trout and non‐native brown trout

Between species and across season variation in growth was examined by tagging and recapturing individual brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta across seasons in a small stream (West Brook, Massachusetts, U.S.A.). Detailed information on body size and growth are presented to (1) test whether the two species differed in growth within seasons and (2) characterize the seasonal growth patterns for two age classes of each species. Growth differed between species in nearly half of the season- and age-specific comparisons. When growth differed, non-native brown trout grew faster than native brook trout in all but one comparison. Moreover, species differences were most pronounced when overall growth was high during the spring and early summer. These growth differences resulted in size asymmetries that were sustained over the duration of the study. A literature survey also indicated that nonnative salmonids typically grow faster than native salmonids when the two occur in sympatry. Taken together, these results suggest that differences in growth are not uncommon for coexisting native and non-native salmonids.
Spacing and the Transition from Calculation to Retrieval.

Many arithmetic problems can be solved in two ways—by a calculation involving several steps and by direct retrieval of the answer. With practice on particular problems, memory retrieval tends to supplant calculation—an important aspect of skill learning. We asked how the distribution of practice on particular problems affects this kind of learning. In two experiments, subjects repeatedly worked through sets of multiple-digit multiplication problems. The size of the trained problem set was varied. Using a smaller set size (with shorter average time between problem repetitions) showed faster responses and an earlier transition to retrieval during training. However, in a test session presented days later, the pattern reversed, with faster responses and more retrieval for the large set size. Evidently, maximizing the occurrence of direct retrieval within training is not the best way to promote learning to retrieve the answer. Practical implications are discussed.
A deficiency in interferon-α production in women with vulvar vestibulitis

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have suggested that interferon-α may be an effective treatment for some women with vulvar vestibulitis. We evaluated whether women with this syndrome had a deficiency in endogenous and induced interferon-α production. STUDY DESIGN: Blood was collected in heparinized tubes from 62 women with vulvar vestibulitis and 47 control women of similar age and ethnicity. Whole blood cultures were incubated in the presence of 0.1 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (induced) or culture medium (uninduced) for 18 to 20 hours. Aliquots were tested for interferon-α levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vestibular samples were tested for human papillomavirus by polymerase chain reaction. Aliquots were also characterized for alleles of the polymorphic gene, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: In uninduced cultures, interferon-γ was present in 68.1% of control subjects as opposed to 33.9% of vulvar vestibulitis patients ( P =.0005). Similarly, after lipopolysaccharide stimulation, 70.2% of control subjects and only 48.4% of patients produced interferon-α ( P =.03). Among the positive samples, however, there were no differences in the interferon-α levels between patients and control subjects. In contrast, induction of interferon γ in response to lipopolysaccharide was similar in control subjects (78.0%) and vulvar vestibulitis patients (82.1%). Women who have a deficiency in interferon-α production did not have an increased prevalence of human papillomavirus infection. There was no relation between interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genotype and interferon-α production. CONCLUSION: An inability to produce interferon-α may contribute to chronic vestibular inflammation in some women. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:361-4.)
Short-term oral progesterone administration antagonizes the effect of transdermal estradiol on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in young healthy women

Very few studies have explored the cardiovascular effects of progesterone in premenopausal women. This study aimed to examine the short-term effects of oral progesterone alone, transdermal estrogen...
Urokinase and the Urokinase Receptor: Association With In Vitro Invasiveness of Human Bladder Cancer Cell Lines

Background and purpose The plasminogen activators urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator are enzymes that degrade proteins in tissue basement membranes and the extracellular matrix (a biomolecular complex surrounding individual cells in tissues that serves as a barrier between the cells and the vascular and lymph systems). The action of these enzymes allows tumor cells to escape their local environment and metastasize. Plasminogen activator activity can be influenced by the urokinase receptor, which is expressed on the surface of cells, and by the plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 and 2. Because bladder tumors differ in their propensity to invade local areas and distant sites, we studied the expression of both plasminogen activators, the two plasminogen activator inhibitors, and the urokinase receptor in four human bladder cancer cell lines (RT4, 253J, EJ, and T24) to see if there was an association between the expression of these proteins and tumor cell invasiveness in vitro. Methods The expression of urokinase, tissue plasminogen activator, and the two inhibitors was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of serum-free, cell-conditioned media (i.e., culture fluids). Cell surface expression of the urokinase receptor was assayed by flow cytometry, using an anti-receptor monoclonal antibody (Mab3936). The invasive capacity of untreated cells and of cells exposed to exogenous, high-molecular-weight urokinase was analyzed by use of Matrigel invasion chambers. Results The four bladder cancer cell lines demonstrated differential expression of both plasminogen activators and both inhibitors; three of the cell lines (T24, EJ, and 253J) expressed the urokinase receptor. The four cell lines differed in their invasive potential in vitro. Neither expression of tissue plasminogen activator nor production of the inhibitors appeared to influence Matrigel invasion. EJ cells and 253J cells produced the highest levels of urokinase and demonstrated the greatest propensity for invasion; T24 cells, which produced only small amounts of urokinase, exhibited a low invasive potential. Pretreatment of T24 cells with exogenous high-molecular-weight urokinase markedly increased their invasiveness. Similar pretreatment of EJ and 253J cells increased their invasiveness as well. RT4 cells, which lacked urokinase receptor expression but produced moderate amounts of urokinase, were not invasive and did not become so after exposure to exogenous high-molecular-weight urokinase. Binding of Mab3936 to urokinase receptors inhibited Matrigel invasion. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that bladder tumor cells express the urokinase receptor and that both receptor expression and urokinase expression are required for bladder tumor cell invasion in vitro.
Rescaled height coordinates for accurate representation of free-surface flows in ocean circulation models

Abstract Conventional height coordinate models have previously represented free-surface variations by a variable thickness upper layer. We present a rescaled height coordinate, which we call z ∗ , that treats the time-dependent free surface as a coordinate surface. This coordinate is isomorphic with the atmospheric η coordinate, sometimes known as the step-mountain coordinate. The z ∗ coordinate has also been used in a coastal ocean model. However, unlike both these implementations, here we use the finite volume method within the z ∗ coordinate framework, allowing an accurate representation of topography. The resulting scheme provides a very accurate representation of motions over steep topography in a three-dimensional general circulation model, even with fast and large amplitude free-surface variations.
DETECTION AND MONITORING OF CRACKS IN ASPHALT PAVEMENT UNDER TEXAS MOBILE LOAD SIMULATOR TESTING

The Texas mobile load simulator (TxMLS) is a newly developed accelerated pavement testing device used to evaluate pavement performance under real trafficking loads. This evaluation is performed by applying trafficking loads and monitoring surface distress, such as cracking and rutting, in conjunction with a number of other measurements of the pavement, such as those conducted with the falling weight deflectometer, multidepth deflectometer, strain gauge, pressure cells, and seismic (stress-wave) tests. A procedure for monitoring the progressive degradation of the asphalt surface was developed using the spectral-analysis-of-surface-waves (SASW) technique. This procedure was applied with the TxMLS and proved to be equally effective. SASW tests that were performed intermittently between trafficking phases on trafficked and untrafficked areas show (a) the effect of temperatures and frequencies on the asphalt moduli, (b) the importance of temperature and frequency corrections in analyzing the degradation of the asphalt surface layer, and (c) the long-term trends in surface-wave velocities (and hence, moduli) of the surface layer with increasing number of load applications. It was found that stiffness of the asphalt layer in the longitudinal direction was progressively reduced under trafficking. Concurrently, surface cracking progressively increased. The reduction in longitudinal stiffness occurred at a faster rate than the crack growth. In contrast, the reduction in the stiffness of the asphalt layer in the transverse direction was slower, probably because the main mode of cracking was transverse. The feasibility of using SASW testing as a predictor of degradation and imminent cracking was confirmed with these studies.
Purinergic receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius mediate distinct cardiorespiratory response patterns

The purpose of the study was to examine the role of brainstem purinergic receptors in mechanisms of cardiorespiratory control mediated by the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), the major integrative site in the brainstem involved in the regulation of cardiorespiratory function and the reflex coordination of cardiorespiratory response patterns. Microinjections of selective agonists for purinergic receptor subtypes were made into the caudal NTS of anesthetized, spontaneous breathing rats. CGS 21680, a selective agonist for adenosine A2a receptors, elicited pronounced, dose-related decreases in blood pressure, whereas cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), a selective agonist at adenosine A1 receptors, elicited dose-related increases in blood pressure. These depressor and pressor response patterns were completely and selectively blocked, respectively, by pretreatment with CGS 15943a, a selective A2a receptor antagonist, and by 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX) a selective A1 receptor antagonist. 5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), an analog exhibiting mixed agonist actions at adenosine receptor subtypes, elicited both depressor and pressor responses depending on the dosage. Additionally, in contrast to the findings with CGS 21680 and CPA, only NECA elicited very pronounced, dose-related decreases in respiratory rate at dosages which did not affect blood pressure. Related lines of evidence suggested that NECA-induced depression of respiration was mediated via A2b receptors. Microinjections of α,β-MeATP, a selective agonist for P2x receptors, elicited apnea, and these effects were blocked by suramin, a selective antagonist at P2x receptors, but not by DMPX, a methylxanthine exhibiting mixed antagonist properties at P1 adenosine receptors. Moreover, similar microinjections of 2-MeSATP, a selective agonist at P2x receptors, were ineffective in eliciting cardiorespiratory response patterns and it is likely that brainstem purinergic receptors may therefore play a crucial role under both physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hyperpolarized C-13 studies of cancer metabolism in animal models. Hype or real?

The Warburg effect [1–3] is the tendency of many cancer types to metabolize glucose into lactate via glycolysis rather than oxidation in the TCA cycle. While fermentative glycolysis is highly inefficient in terms of ATP production (indeed, it yields only about 1/9 of the ATP that would be produced by the TCA cycle), it may confer a survival advantage on cancer cells, for instance by providing a source of carbon to support rapid proliferation [4]. The Warburg effect, and cancer metabolism more generally, may provide opportunities for novel therapeutic strategies that target specific metabolic pathways that cancer cells rely upon for survival and proliferation. Recently, there have been reports that indicate that cancer cells can survive on glutamine as a carbon source, even when glucose is removed from their growth medium [5,6]. Imaging tools for the study of metabolism include PET and MR spectroscopic imaging. Metabolic studies with PET make use of metabolites that have been isotopically labeled with e emitters such as C or N, or, alternatively, where one or more protons have been substituted with F. Over the past several decades F-18 PET using fluoro-deoxyglucose as the radiotracer has been widely adopted in oncological imaging. There have other radiotracers that have shown promise for imaging different metabolic alterations in tumors [7]. The advantages of PET include its high sensitivity (some metabolites can be detected at picomolar concentrations) and the relatively long half-lives of the radiotracers (10 minutes for N, 20 minutes for C, and 110 minutes for F). The disadvantages of PET include limitations on spatial resolution imposed by positron ranging (the highest achievable resolution is on the order of a few millimeters) and the inability of PET to distinguish between signal arising from the injected radiotracer and its metabolites. For the shorter-lived isotopes like C-11, there is the need for both a cyclotron and chemistry facilities for rapid synthesis of desired radiolabeled compounds.
Acute high-intensity endurance exercise is more effective than moderate-intensity exercise for attenuation of postprandial triglyceride elevation

Acute exercise has been shown to attenuate postprandial plasma triglyceride elevation (PPTG). However, the direct contribution of exercise intensity is less well understood. The purpose of this stu...
Supramolecular assembly of biological molecules purified from bovine nerve cells: from microtubule bundles and necklaces to neurofilament networks

With the completion of the human genome project, the biosciences community is beginning the daunting task of understanding the structures and functions of a large number of interacting biological macromolecules. Examples include the interacting molecules involved in the process of DNA condensation during the cell cycle, and in the formation of bundles and networks of filamentous actin proteins in cell attachment, motility and cytokinesis. In this proceedings paper we present examples of supramolecular assembly based on proteins derived from the vertebrate nerve cell cytoskeleton. The axonal cytoskeleton in vertebrate neurons provides a rich example of bundles and networks of neurofilaments, microtubules (MTs) and filamentous actin, where the nature of the interactions, structures, and structure–function correlations remains poorly understood. We describe synchrotron x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and optical imaging data, in reconstituted protein systems purified from bovine central nervous system, which reveal unexpected structures not predicted by current electrostatic theories of polyelectrolyte bundling, including three-dimensional MT bundles and two-dimensional MT necklaces.
EFFECTIVENESS OF FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION TRAINING WITH AND WITHOUT EXTINCTION AND PUNISHMENT: A SUMMARY OF 21 INPATIENT CASES

Functional communication training (FCT) is a frequently used treatment for reducing problem behavior exhibited by individuals with developmental disabilities. Once the operant function of problem behavior is identified by a functional analysis, the client is taught to emit an appropriate communicative response to obtain the reinforcer that is responsible for behavioral maintenance. Studies on FCT have typically used small numbers of participants, have reported primarily on clients for whom FCT was successful, and have varied with respect to their use of other treatment components. The main purposes of the present study were to evaluate the efficacy of FCT for treating severe problem behavior in a relatively large sample of individuals with mental retardation (N = 21) and to determine the contribution of extinction and punishment components to FCT treatment packages. FCT with extinction was effective in reducing problem behavior for the majority of clients and resulted in at least a 90% reduction in problem behavior in nearly half the applications. However, when demand or delay-to-reinforcement fading was added to FCT with extinction, treatment efficacy was reduced in about one half of the applications. FCT with punishment (both with and without fading) resulted in at least a 90% reduction in problem behavior for every case in which it was applied.
A Study of the Rapid Thermal Annealing Process for PECVD‐Deposited Borophosphosilicate Glass

A study of the flow behavior of PECVD-deposited borophosphosilicate glass has been conducted The flow that occurs due to the rapid thermal annealing process was measured for several concentrations of boron and phosphorus, as well as for different heights of the glass. The flow angle increases with the concentrations of boron and phosphorus, and increases in the height of the glass. The results will prove useful to process engineers trying to achieve flow with low thermal loads using rapid thermal annealing.