cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unequal signal and coding joint formation in human V(D)J recombination

Abstract Substrates for studying V(D)J recombination in human cells and two human pre-B-cell lines that have active V(D)J recombination activity are described. Using these substrates, we have been able to analyze the relative efficiency of signal joint and coding joint formation. Coding joint formation was five- to sixfold less efficient than signal joint formation in both cell lines. This imbalance between the two halves of the reaction was demonstrated on deletional substrates, where each joint is assayed individually. In both cell lines, the inversional reaction (which requires formation of both a signal and a coding joint) was more than 20-fold less efficient than signal joint formation alone. The signal and coding sequences are identical in all of these substrates. Hence, the basis for these differential reaction ratios appears to be that coding joint and signal joint formation are both inefficient and their combined effects are such that inversions (two-joint reactions) reflect the product of these inefficiencies. Physiologically, these results have two implications. First, they show how signal and coding joint formation efficiencies can affect the ratio of deletional to inversional products at endogenous loci. Second, the fact that not all signal and coding joints go to completion implies that the recombinase is generating numerous broken ends. Such unresolved ends may participate in pathologic chromosomal rearrangements even when the other half of the same reaction may have proceeded to resolution.
Convective boiling in microchannel heat sinks with spatially-varying heat generation

Two-phase microchannel heat sinks are promising for VLSI chip cooling, but little is known about their ability to minimize the impact of chip hotspots (regions of very high heat generation). The wall temperature distribution is governed in part by the coupling between the pressure drop and the saturation temperature, whose distributions will change in the vicinity and downstream of a region of high heat generation. This study theoretically examines the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of two-phase flow in microchannels with hydraulic diameters of 150/spl sim/450 micrometers for strongly varying wall heat flux conditions. The theory developed aims to help minimize the pressure drop in the two-phase region and to provide the foundation for optimizing channel dimensions to reduce temperature variations. The results suggest that a two-phase microchannel heat sink should be arranged so that downstream is located near the hotspot to minimize the pressure drop in two-phase flow region and maximum wall temperature. This work is particularly promising for a practical closed loop microchannel cooling system that competes directly with heat pipe technology and is based on an electroosmotic pump.
Electrical conductivity in a conductor 5 atoms thick

Abstract A single crystal 5 atoms thick comes close to the approximation of a quasi-two-dimensional system. Still, it retains some characteristics of the bulk material as revealed by the virtual absence of any contact effects as long as the contacts consist of thicker areas of the same crystal. Electrical conductivity and electron mobility are strongly influenced by adsorption on the surface. The onset of an additional conduction process at high current density and low temperature is reported.
Translation as the Catalyst of Cultural Transfer

This essay reflects on the many different strategies involved in translation, which is both a linguistic and a cultural-historical strategy. Examples from the Middle Ages and the Modern Age are adduced to illustrate the huge impact which translations have had on peoples and societies throughout time.
Assay of tyrosine transaminase activity by conversion of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to p-hydroxybenzaldehyde☆

Abstract A rapid, convenient, and highly sensitive fixed-time assay for tyrosine transaminase activity, based on the conversion of p -hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid to p -hydroxybenzaldehyde in strong alkali, is described. Its principal advantage is a 15- to 20-fold increase in sensitivity over the Briggs colorimetric assay commonly employed, and a 2- to 4-fold increase in sensitivity over other methods currently available. Another advantage is its simplicity: the same reagent (NaOH) stops the enzymic reaction and starts the reaction producing the absorbing species, and it is not necessary to centrifuge away a protein precipitate and take an aliquot of a supernatant solution.
Heme-copper/dioxygen adduct formation relevant to cytochrome c oxidase: spectroscopic characterization of [(6L)FeIII-(O22−)-CuII]+

In the further development and understanding of heme-copper dioxygen reactivity relevant to cytochrome c oxidase O2-reduction chemistry, we describe a high-spin, five-coordinate dioxygen (peroxo) adduct of an iron(II)-copper(I) complex, [(6L)FeIICuI](BArF20) (1), where 6L is a tetraarylporphyrinate with a tethered tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine chelate for copper. Reaction of 1 with O2 in MeCN affords a remarkably stable [t1/2 (rt; MeCN)≈60 min] adduct, [(6L)FeIII-(O22-)-CuII]+ (2) [EPR silent; λmax=418 (Soret), 561 nm], formulated as a peroxo complex based on manometry (1:O2=1:1; spectrophotometric titration, −40 °C, MeCN), mass spectrometry {MALDI-TOF-MS: 16O2, m/z 1191 ([(6L)FeIII-(16O22−)-CuII]+); 18O2, m/z 1195}, and resonance Raman spectroscopy (ν(O-O)=788 cm–1; Δ16O2/18O2=44 cm–1; Δ16O2/16/18O2=22 cm–1). 1H and 2H NMR spectroscopy (−40 °C, MeCN) reveals that 2 is the first heme-copper peroxo complex which is high-spin, with downfield-shifted pyrrole resonances (δpyrrole=75 ppm, s, br) and upfield shifted peaks at δ= −22, −35, and −40 ppm, similar to the pattern observed for the μ-oxo complex [(6L)FeIII-O-CuII](BArF) (3) (known S=2 system, antiferromagnetically coupled high-spin FeIII and CuII). The corresponding magnetic moment measurement (Evans method, CD3CN, −40 °C) also confirms the S=2 spin state, with μB=4.9. Structural insights were obtained from X-ray absorption spectroscopy, showing Fe–O (1.83 A) and Cu–O (1.882 A) bonds, and an Fe...Cu distance of 3.35(2) A, suggestive of a μ-1,2-peroxo ligand present in 2. The reaction of 2 with cobaltocene gives 3, differing from the observed full reduction seen with other heme-Cu peroxo complexes. Finally, thermal decomposition of 2 yields 3, with concomitant release of 0.5 mol O2 per mol 2, as confirmed quantitatively by an alkaline pyrogallol dioxygen scavenging solution.
Overview of National Launch System with emphasis on cargo transfer vehicle

As a result of the Augustine Committee's recommendation to the National Space Council, NASA and the DOD have embarked on a joint program to provide a new capability for transporting payloads into space. Vehicles within the National Launch System (NLS) family are to be robust designs allowing more streamlined ground processing with corresponding reductions in operations cost. A primary NASA objective is access to space and the space station independent of the Space Shuttle. This requires the program to provide more than a simple payload-to-orbit capability. This capability is provided in large part by the cargo transfer vehicle.
Cerebral effects of hypocapnia plus nitroglycerin-induced hypotension in dogs

✓ This study examined the effect of hypocapnia (PaCO2 20 mm Hg) on cerebral metabolism and the electroencephalogram (EEG) findings in 12 dogs during nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced hypotension. Previous studies suggest that NTG is a more potent cerebral vasodilator than sodium nitroprusside or trimethaphan. It was speculated that combining hypocapnia with NTG-induced hypotension would cause less disturbance of cerebral metabolism and the EEG than the disturbances previously reported when hypocapnia was combined with hypotension induced by sodium nitroprusside or trimethaphan. All 12 dogs were examined at 1) normocapnia with normotension; 2) hypocapnia with normotension; and 3) hypocapnia combined with NTG-induced hypotension to mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) levels of 60, 50, and 40 mm Hg. In six dogs the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen was determined, and the EEG was evaluated using compressed spectral analysis. Brain tissue metabolites were calculated in the other six dogs. During normotension, hypoc...
Recurrent Clustering for Unsupervised Feature Extraction with Application to Sequence Detection

In many unsupervised learning applications both spatial and temporal regularities in the data need to be represented. Traditional clustering algorithms, which are commonly employed by unsupervised learning engines, lack the ability to naturally capture temporal dependencies. In supervised learning methods, temporal features are often learned through the use of a feedback (or recurrent) signal. Drawing inspiration from the Elman recurrent neural network, we introduce a winner-take-all based recurrent clustering algorithm that is able to identify temporal regularities in an unsupervised manner. We explore the potential pitfalls that result from adding feedback to an incremental clustering algorithm and apply the proposed technique to several time series inference problems in the context of semi-supervised learning. The results clearly indicate that the framework can be broadly applied with particular relevance to scalable deep machine learning architectures.
Myofilament incorporation determines the stoichiometry of troponin I in transgenic expression and the rescue of a null mutation.

The highly organized contractile machinery in skeletal and cardiac muscles requires an assembly of myofilament proteins with stringent stoichiometry. To understand the maintenance of myofilament protein stoichiometry under dynamic protein synthesis and catabolism in muscle cells, we investigated the equilibrium of troponin I (TnI) in mouse cardiac muscle during developmental isoform switching and in under- and over-expression models. Compared with the course of developmental TnI isoform switching in normal hearts, the postnatal presence of slow skeletal muscle TnI lasted significantly longer in the hearts of cardiac TnI (cTnI) knockout (cTnI-KO) mice, in which the diminished synthesis was compensated by prolonging the life of myofilamental TnI. Transgenic postnatal expression of an N-terminal truncated cTnI (cTnI-ND) using α-myosin heavy chain promoter effectively rescued the lethality of cTnI-KO mice and shortened the postnatal presence of slow TnI in cardiac muscle. cTnI-KO mice rescued with different levels of cTnI-ND over-expression exhibited similar levels of myocardial TnI comparable to that in wild type hearts, demonstrating that excessive synthesis would not increase TnI stoichiometry in the myofilaments. Consistently, haploid under-expression of cTnI in heterozygote cTnI-KO mice was sufficient to sustain the normal level of myocardial cTnI, indicating that cTnI is synthesized in excess in wild type cardiomyocytes. Altogether, these observations suggest that under wide ranges of protein synthesis and turnover, myofilament incorporation determines the stoichiometry of troponin subunits in muscle cells.
An immunoassay for determination of quinine in soft drinks

The application to soft drinks of a microtitration plate enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of quinine is described. Dilution of sample allowed direct and simple analysis. Intra‐ and inter‐assay coefficients of variation were 5.7% and 6.7% respectively. The advantages and disadvantages of the immunological approach over conventional techniques are discussed.
Effects of an internal floor on low frequency sound transmission into aircraft cabins - An experimental investigation

A simplified cylindrical model of an aircraft fuselage is used to experimentally study the effects of an internal floor on low frequency sound transmission into aircraft cabins. A scaled-down lattice floor support and floor skin are designed based upon selected characteristics of a business aircraft. Thus, the model provides a simplified procedure for studying the effects of various structural modifications as well as other important effects. Modal decomposition of the shell response and the corresponding pressure response at various interior locations are presented. Results indicate that the main effect of the floor on interior pressure levels is due to modification of the interior acoustic mode shape and not due to the structural modification of the fuselage caused by the lattice floor support.
Clear Cell Entities of the Head and Neck: A Selective Review of Clear Cell Tumors of the Salivary Glands

Clear cell changes may be observed in virtually any benign or malignant tumor of epithelial, mesenchymal, melanocytic and hematopoeitic derivation not be attributed to variable etiologies. In general, benign and malignant clear cell neoplasms of the head and neck are rare. They may involve various regions and may be of diverse derivations, with only 1–2% of tumors of the salivary glands, jaws and oral mucosa are primarily or almost exclusively composed of clear cells (Maiorano et al., Semin Diagn Pathol 14:203–212, 1997). This review will selectively discuss the clinicopathological features of salivary gland tumors with clear cell changes, which, at times, may pose a diagnostic challenge and dilemma.
Arithmetic distance functions and height functions in diophantine geometry

In virtually all areas of Diophantine Geometry, the theory of height functions plays a crucial role. This theory associates to each (Cartier) divisor D on a projective variety V a function ho mapping the group of rational points of V to the real numbers. This function, which is defined up to a bounded function on V, has very nice functorial properties. For example, it is linear in D and depends only on the linear equivalence class of D. As a consequence, any relation between divisor classes, such as the theorem of the square for abelian varieties, will yield a corresponding relation for height functions. Further, it is possible to write the height function ho as a sum of local height functions 20(" ; v), where v ranges over the distinct absolute values of the given field. (These local heights are also known as logarithmic distance functions or Weil functions.) Each 2 o is defined away from the support of D, and gives a measure of the v-adic distance from the given point of V to the divisor D. In this paper we propose to define local height functions 2 x for every closed subscheme X of a projective variety V. As above, 2x(; v) will give a measure of the v-adic distance from a point of V to X. These functions will have many nice functorial properties; for example, 2xny will equal the minimum of 2x and hr. In this way, relations between closed subschemes (or equivalently, between ideal sheaves) will yield relations between local height functions. We will thus be able to convert geometric statements into arithmetic statements relatively painlessly. More generally, we will deal with the case that V is merely quasi-projective by defining a function 20v('; v) which will measure the v-adic distance to the "boundary" of V. We will then be able to assign to each closed subscheme X of V a local height function 2x which will be well defined up to addition of a multiple of 2~v. This extra generality is useful, for example, when one has a complete family of varieties and wishes to discard the "bad" fibers. As one application of the machinery that we have developed, we prove a quantitative version of the inverse function theorem. Thus given a finite map, we use local height functions to describe how far away from the ramification locus
A New Neurocognitive Theory of Dreams

Discoveries in three distinct areas of dream research make it possible to suggest the outlines of a new neurocognitive theory of dreaming. The first relevant findings come from assessments of patients with brain injuries, which show that lesions in different areas have differential effects on dreaming and thereby imply the contours of the neural network necessary for dreaming. The second set of results comes from work with children ages 3–15 in the sleep laboratory, which reveals that only 20–30% of REM period awakenings lead to dream reports up to age 9 and that the dreams of children under age 5 are bland and static in content. The third set of findings comes from a rigorous system of content analysis, which demonstrates the repetitive nature of much dream content and that dream content in general is continuous with waking conceptions and emotional preoccupations. Based on these findings, dreaming is best understood as a developmental cognitive achievement that depends upon the maturation and maintenance of a specific network of forebrain structures. The output of this neural network for dreaming is guided by a “continuity principle” linked to current personal concerns on the one hand and a “repetition principle” rooted in past emotional preoccupations on the other.
Influence of Stimulus Symmetry on the Movement Response

Summary The symmetry of Rorschach stimuli has led to some theorizing that balanced composition may contribute to the production of M responses. In this study, Holtzman protocols from 95 Ss were analyzed for differences in number of M responses evoked by balanced versus unbalanced stimuli. An additional 30 protocols were obtained under conditions where symmetry was destroyed by masking half of the slide. Results indicated that symmetrical stimuli do not produce more M responses. This supports the idea that the M response originates on a level which is not directly influenced by the immediate environmental stimulation.
Profound Underestimation of Glucose Uptake by [18F]2-Deoxy-2-fluoroglucose in Reperfused Rat Heart Muscle

Background —[ 18 F]2-deoxy-2-fluoroglucose (FDG) is widely used as a tracer for glucose uptake in ischemic heart muscle. We tested the effects of low-flow ischemia and reperfusion on the ratio of tracer/tracee (lumped constant, LC). Methods and Results —Isolated working rat hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing only glucose 5 mmol/L (group 1) or glucose 5 mmol/L plus oleate 0.4 mmol/L (group 2, fed; group 3, fasted). Dynamic glucose uptake was measured simultaneously with [2- 3 H]glucose and with FDG. After 20 minutes, coronary flow was reduced by 75% for 30 minutes before it was returned to control conditions for the final 20 minutes. Hexokinase activity in the cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions and tissue metabolites were determined. Rates of glucose uptake were highest when glucose was the only substrate. Glucose uptake, FDG uptake, and the LC increased during ischemia only in group 3. There was no change of these parameters during ischemia in groups 1 and 2. FDG uptake decreased significantly with reperfusion in groups 2 and 3, and there was a striking fall in the LC (from >1.0 to P Conclusions —FDG profoundly underestimates glucose uptake during reperfusion in the presence of fatty acids. In the fasted state, however, FDG overestimates glucose uptake during ischemia. The results indicate limitations in the use of FDG to quantify myocardial glucose uptake in human heart.
Nanosecond pulsed discharge in liquid: Initiation mechanism and diagnostics

Nanosecond high voltage pulsing has been recently found to enable plasma formation in liquid media without the traditionally expected “bubble” pre-initiation mechanism. In this work, we study the effect of a highly non-uniform electric field on liquid water, in the proximity of the electrode tip of a pin-to-plane electrode configuration. Nanosecond duration pulses with 4 ns rise time, 10ns duration and 5ns fall time are generated between submerged electrodes in a chamber with 50ml of deionized water. The inter-electrode gap is fixed at 1.5 mm in these experiments, and the electric field is varied by adjusting the voltage pulse amplitude between 7.2 kV and 15.5 kV. Schlieren imaging is then used to investigate density changes near the area of the pin electrode tip for under-voltage conditions for breakdown. The results show the propagation of a weak shockwave emanating from the electrode tip after the application of the voltage pulse, the perturbation size and energy being associated with the amplitude of the applied pulse. In experiments where conditions for breakdown are met, the plasma emission was too intense to resolve any shockwaves using the laser schlieren technique adopted. Preliminary results of optical emission spectroscopy are presented.
Characterization and sequence of a mouse hsp70 gene and its expression in mouse cell lines.

Abstract A heat-inducible member of the mouse hsp70 gene family has been isolated and characterized. The gene, hsp70.1 , has a primary transcript of 2.8 kb before and 3.1–3.5 kb after polyadenylation. It includes a 645-nucleotide (nt) 3′-nontranslated terminus and a 225-nt 5′ leader. The leader sequence is unusual in that it contains a 33-nt triple tandem repeat element proximal to the ATG codon. As expected, a single open reading frame encodes a 642-amino acid (aa) 70-kDa protein with 95% aa homology and 91% nt homology to a human hsp70 gene. While there is no homology through the 5′- and 3′-nontranslated regions, the human and mouse hsp70 gene promoters can be aligned to give 65% homology. Of three mouse cell lines studied, two expressed the 3.1- to 3.5-kb mRNA during heat shock. One line also expressed an additional, smaller, 2.6-kb hsp70 mRNA transcribed from a separate gene(s). Mouse erythroleukemia cells were unresponsive to heat shock, with neither hsp70 RNA being induced by heat shock. These results suggest that cell lineage has a major influence on the cellular response to heat shock and that the response is not universal in all cell types.
A carbonyl capture approach for profiling oxidized metabolites in cell extracts

Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) detection of oxidized cellular metabolites is described using isotopologic, carbonyl-selective derivatizing agents that integrate aminooxy functionality for carbonyl capture, quaternary nitrogen for electrospray enhancement, and a hydrophobic domain for sample cleanup. These modular structural features enable rapid, sensitive analysis of complex mixtures of metabolite-derivatives by FT-ICR-MS via continuous nanoelectrospray infusion. Specifically, this approach can be used to globally assess levels of low abundance and labile aldehyde and ketone metabolites quantitatively and in high throughput manner. These metabolites are often key and unique indicators of various biochemical pathways and their perturbations. Analysis of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells established a profile of carbonyl metabolites spanning multiple structural classes. We also demonstrate a procedure for metabolite quantification using pyruvate as a model analyte.
Clinicopathologic correlation: A mixed radio-opaque and radiolucent lesion of the posterior maxilla

CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 48-year-old male was referred by the general dentist to the oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic at Highland Hospital in Oakland, California, for evaluation of an asymptomatic left maxillary swelling and management of an impacted left maxillary third molar. The swelling had been present for an unknown duration. On physical examination, there were no extraoral findings or lymphadenopathy. Intraorally, there was a firm buccal and palatal expansion in the left posterior maxilla obscuring the visibility of his left maxillary molars (Figure 1). Aside from the notable poor dentition, the rest of the intraoral examination was unremarkable. The medical history was significant for schizophrenia, type II diabetes, and asthma. Two months before our evaluation of the patient, he was hospitalized for a deep venous thrombosis and a pulmonary embolism. The patient’s medications included lisinopril, Advair (fluticasone/salmeterol), aspirin, Lovenox (enoxaparin), risperdone, and bupropion. A panoramic radiograph illustrated an impacted left maxillary third molar and an approximately 4 3 cm diffuse mixed radiolucent and radio-opaque lesion within the left posterior maxilla (Figure 2). A computed tomograph of the maxillofacial region disclosed a 4 3 cm poorly-circumscribed mixed radiolucent and radio-opaque lesion extending from the distal of the left maxillary second premolar to the pterygoid plates (Figures 3A, B). The maxillary sinus was displaced superiorly.
An Algorithm for Identifying Authors Using Synonyms

An approach for identifying the human source of a text by leveraging the significance of synonyms in language is presented. While others have attempted to identify authors in the past, they have focused on purely statistical approaches such as word length distribution, number of distinct words, and language models. We claim that an author's choice of synonyms is idiosyncratic and can be used in determining the identity of an author, which we demonstrate via our algorithm for recognizing authors. This algorithm uses synonym sets from the WordNet lexical database to give more weight to words that have many common synonyms. The results of this method applied to the task of identifying the authors of classic literature show that there is a correlation between an author's synonym choice and the author's identity. With this new author recognition technology, we may now explore new avenues of intelligent and meaningful interaction with users.
Antigenic and allergenic changes during storage of a pollen extract

Abstract The changes that occur in the antigens and allergens of a timothy grass pollen extract during storage were measured by radioallergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition, isoelectric focusing, (IEF), crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) and a dye-binding protein assay. Storage intervals varied from 7 to 92 days at temperatures of 4 °, 22 °, and 35 °C and the freeze-dried extract was rehydrated and stored in either phosphate-buffered saline with 50% glycerol (PBSG) or Coca's solution (CS). For extracts stored in CS at 35 °C, allergenic activity as measured by RAST inhibition dropped by almost one half at 7 days and certain of the IEF, CIE, and CRIE bands were no longer visible, showing that these properties correlated with allergenic activity. After 65 days, no IEF bands were visible but three CIE bands could be visualized. At 22 ° the changes were slower and at 4 °C no changes were observed for the 92-day storage time. Extracts stored in PBSG showed some of the same changes but were much more stable at all temperatures. During storage, the protein content as measured by dye binding was also reduced, showing that proteins were fragmenting. Because some of the allergenic proteins disappeared more rapidly than others, there was not only a loss in total allergenic activity but also a change in specificity. This raises serious questions concerning the use of such extracts, especially for diagnosis.
VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSES TO EMOTIONAL STIMULI IN THE MENTALLY RETARDED

Visual evoked responses (VERs) to slides having different emotional content were recorded in occipital, parietal, motor, and frontal cortex from mental retardates (MRs). Unpleasant stimuli produced the smallest VER amplitudes, neutral stimuli the largest, and pleasant stimuli produced VER amplitudes between unpleasant and neutral values. These results are qualitatively similar to those previously reported for normal subjects, although they occur in later VER components in the MRs.
Penn State’s new “cybrary” at Harrisburg – a talk with Dr Harold Shill

The development of the “cybrary” within the last 15 years represents both a conceptual and a structural change in traditional library design. Clients now conceive of libraries as more than book repositories, and expect that planners will incorporate many of the multifaceted features they want in their designs. The challenge for many planners rests, however, in bringing the design plan to realization. In this article, the author discusses these issues with Dr Harold Shill of PSU‐Harrisburg, who was responsible for coordinating its new library design and construction project.
Catheter ablation of atrial flutter using radiofrequency energy

Sixteen patients with type I atrial flutter underwent an attempt at radiofrequency catheter ablation (8 women, 8 men, mean age 53 +/- 11 years). The primary criterion used to identify sites for radiofrequency energy delivery was the identification of a fractionated electrogram. Radiofrequency energy was delivered for 20 to 30 seconds. Radiofrequency catheter ablation was acutely successful in 13 patients and unsuccessful in 3. During a mean follow-up of 10 +/- 4 months, 9 of 13 patients with a successful acute result (69%) remained free of recurrent atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation. The ability to induce nonclinical types of atrial flutter was associated with an unsuccessful outcome. A greater proportion of electrograms recorded at successful sites demonstrated electrogram stability compared with unsuccessful ablation sites. None of the electrograms recorded at successful ablation sites were fractionated or had a double potential. This study demonstrates that radiofrequency catheter ablation of type I atrial flutter can be achieved safely.
Structural biology: Piston drives a proton pump

The membrane-spanning enzyme known as complex I couples the movement of electrons to that of protons as a way of converting energy. Crystal structures suggest how electron transfer drives proton pumping from afar. Complex I is the first enzyme of the respiratory chain, playing a central role in cellular energy production in the mitochondria by coupling electron transfer between NADH and quinone to proton translocation. This massive complex was the last component of the respiratory chain for which the mechanism and complete structure were unknown. Now the structures of the membrane domain of complex I from Escherichia coli, and of the entire complex I from Thermus thermophilus have been determined. The structures provide strong clues about coupling mechanism: conformational changes at the interface of the two main domains may drive a long α-helix in a piston-like motion, tilting nearby transmembrane helices and resulting in proton translocation.
Elimination of image blurring due to double scatter events in γ imaging MWPC detectors

In multiwire proportional chmabers used with honeycomb lead converters for detecting 511 KeV γ rays from positron annihilation, a source of image blurring is generated by multiple interaction events due to the escape photoelectric x-ray or from the Compton scattered photon. Using the delay line readout method the majority of these double events are eliminated by using the fact that the sum of the time intervals from the prompt anode signal to the signal arrival at each end of the delay line is a constant to within the timing accuracy for a single interaction. Double interaction events produce a time sum which is shorter. Good improvement in image quality is obtained. The observed number of multiple events is larger than calculations would predict.
Progress for peripartum cardiomyopathy.

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM), which is defined as newonset cardiomyopathy arising during the peripartum period without any other identifiable cause, was first described by Virchow in 1870 and identified as a distinct disease in 1937 by Hull and Hafkesbring [1], but despite its long history, many aspects of this disease have remained unclear until recently. In this issue, Fett and Markham [2] have expertly reviewed the current literature, highlighting several key points and including important discoveries that finally have the potential to move the field forward. Importantly, the authors have appropriately placed significant emphasis on increased awareness and screening as one of the keys to effective treatment and recovery. Until the past decade or so, awareness of the disease has been a major stumbling block to early identification and treatment of affected women. PPCM is a rare condition, affecting about 1 in 3000 live births in the United States, but it is notably more common in some parts of Africa or in women of African descent and one of the leading causes of maternal death [3]. Because early symptoms of congestive heart failure can easily be mistaken for normal pregnancy symptoms, and a lack of physician experience in identifying and treating them appropriately, women who develop PPCM are frequently subject to delays in diagnosis, leading to more adverse outcomes. Although we have known about PPCM for many years, the literature is still filled with studies that have produced wildly variable results regarding prognosis, mortality, outcomes, and risk of relapse with subsequent pregnancies. Wading through a confusing array of small, primarily retrospective and observational studies makes it very difficult for physicians to advise and treat their patients with confidence. Within a few years, we anticipate more definitive studies and results from larger registries and consortia including the Investigations of Pregnancy Associated Cardiomyopathy (IPAC) group and the
Optoelectronic quantum telecommunications based on spins in semiconductors

The transmission of quantum information over long distances will allow new forms of data security, based on quantum cryptography. These new technologies rely for security on the quantum "uncertainty principle" and on the long distance transmission of "quantum entanglement." A new type of telecommunications device called the "quantum repeater" can allow the faithful transmission of quantum information over worldwide distances, in spite of the inevitably severe losses while propagating along optical fibers. In a quantum repeater, information is stored in the quantum state of a semiconductor electron spin, while complementary entangled information is transmitted as a photon down the optical fiber. This long-range entanglement permits the execution of the teleportation algorithm, which accurately transmits a quantum state over long distances. The quantum repeater is an excellent stepping stone to larger quantum information processors, since teleportation requires only three quantum logic gates. This paper reviews the experimental status of semiconductor quantum repeaters, including the spin resonance transistor logic gates, and the experimental detection of single photons in a manner that preserves their spin information.
Ovarian Metastasis of Stage IB1 Squamous Cell Cancer of the Cervix after Radical Parametrectomy and Oophoropexy

We present a case report of a patient with a IB1 cervical squamous cell cancer which recurred in a transposed ovary 8 years following radical parametrectomy. The patient was initially treated with a simple vaginal hysterectomy for apparent CIS but was found to have an invasive squamous cell cancer to a depth of 7 mm into the stroma. She was treated with a radical parametrectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy, and ovarian transposition. There was no evidence of residual disease. The patient then had an apparent isolated recurrence in her left ovary 8 years later. Although there are a few cases of stage IB squamous cell cancer metastatic to a transposed ovary, this is the first case with such minimal primary disease and delayed isolated recurrence.
Autonomous Decision Making for Planetary Rovers Using Diagnostic and Prognostic Information

Abstract Rover missions typically involve visiting a set of predetermined waypoints to perform science functions, such as sample collection. Given the communication delay between Earth and the rover, and the possible occurrence of faults, an autonomous decision making system is essential to ensure that the rover maximizes the scientific operations performed without damaging itself further or stalling. This paper presents a modular software architecture for autonomous decision making for rover operations that uses diagnostic and prognostic information to influence mission planning and decision making to maximize the completion of mission objectives. The decision making system consists of separate modules that perform the functions of control, diagnosis, prognosis, and decision making. We demonstrate our implementation of this architecture on a simulated rover testbed.
Genetic optimization of steam multi-turbines system

Abstract Optimization analysis of partially loaded cogeneration, multiple-stages steam turbines system was numerically investigated by using own-developed code (C++). The system can be controlled by following variables: fresh steam temperature, pressure, and flow rates through all stages in steam turbines. Five various strategies, four thermodynamics and one economical, which quantify system operation, were defined and discussed as an optimization functions. Mathematical model of steam turbines calculates steam properties according to the formulation proposed by the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam. Genetic algorithm GENOCOP was implemented as a solving engine for non–linear problem with handling constrains. Using formulated methodology, example solution for partially loaded system, composed of five steam turbines (30 input variables) with different characteristics, was obtained for five strategies. The genetic algorithm found multiple solutions (various input parameters sets) giving similar overall results. In real application it allows for appropriate scheduling of machine operation that would affect equable time load of every system compounds. Also based on these results three strategies where chosen as the most complex: the first thermodynamic law energy and exergy efficiency maximization and total equivalent energy minimization. These strategies can be successfully used in optimization of real cogeneration applications.
From Syllables to Syntax: Multilevel Statistical Learning by 12-Month-Old Infants

To successfully acquire language, infants must be able to track multiple levels of regularities in the input. In many cases, regularities only emerge after some learning has already occurred. For example, the grammatical relationships between words are only evident once the words have been segmented from continuous speech. To ask whether infants can engage in this type of learning process, 12-month-old infants in 2 experiments were familiarized with multiword utterances synthesized as continuous speech. The words in the utterances were ordered based on a simple finite-state grammar. Following exposure, infants were tested on novel grammatical and ungrammatical sentences. The results indicate that the infants were able to perform 2 statistical learning tasks in sequence: first segmenting the words from continuous speech, and subsequently discovering the permissible orderings of the words. Given a single set of input, infants were able to acquire multiple levels of structure, suggesting that multiple levels...
A 12-lipoxygenase product, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, is increased in diabetics with incipient and early renal disease

Earlier studies in diabetic animal models or ex vivo from diabetics suggest a deficiency in prostacyclin (PGI2) production and an increase in an alternate arachidonic acid metabolite, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), which stimulates angiogenesis, mitogenesis, and inhibits renin secretion. We studied the urinary excretion rate of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (a stable metabolite of PGI2) and 12-HETE in controls and 42 noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients with normal renal function and those with micro- or macroalbuminuria/hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism (HH). The 2 eicosanoids were measured in urine using previously described high pressure liquid chromatography and RIA methods. Normal subjects and patients with NIDDM and microalbuminuria were infused with low dose calcium infusions that stimulate prostacyclin production in normal subjects. The PGI2 excretion rate of NIDDM patients with normal renal function was not different from that of controls (143 +/- 17 vs. 118 +/- 34 ng/g creatinin...
Fast relaxation and elasticity-related properties of trehalose-glycerol mixtures

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate basic fast relaxation properties and thermo-physical properties of trehalose-glycerol mixtures over a wide composition range and for a temperature range from above to below the glass transition temperature, Tg. An important aspect of the present work is that we employ a revised force field that yields glycerol densities that agree much better with experiment than those formerly used in models of these mixtures. This optimized molecular model provides a platform for more refined simulation studies of this class of protein drug preservative matrix materials. For temperatures below Tg, the inverse of the Debye–Waller factor, −1, exhibits a maximum near a 30% relative glycerol mass concentration. This local ‘stiffening’ effect, in conjunction with a reduction of Tg by glycerol, indicates that glycerol is an antiplastizer of trehalose at intermediate concentrations, a finding consistent with dielectric measurements on trehalose-glycerol mixtures in which moisture has been carefully excluded from the samples. We also find that the shear modulus of these materials C11 increases progressively with glycerol concentration. The Boson peak, which provides one of the most experimentally accessible fast dynamics properties of glass-forming liquids, is also calculated for trehalose-glycerol glasses as a function of glycerol concentration. The change in the Boson peak intensity with glycerol concentration is found to be consistent with a reduction of fragility of glass formation with the addition of glycerol, an effect that previous simulation studies of coarse grain models have linked to antiplasticization. We also find general agreement with a recently proposed relation between the fast beta relaxation time τβ and the local amplitude of atomic motion on picosecond timescales, . The implications of our simulations and their interpretation in terms of physics of glass formation are briefly discussed in the context of protein stabilization.
Comparison study of liquid replenishing impacts on critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficient of nucleate pool boiling on multiscale modulated porous structures

Abstract The critical heat flux (CHF) and heat transfer coefficient of de-ionized (DI) water pool boiling have been experimentally studied on a plain surface, one uniform thick porous structure, two modulated porous structures and two hybrid modulated porous structures. The modulated porous structure design has a porous base of 0.55 mm thick with four 3 mm diameter porous pillars of 3.6 mm high on the top of the base. The microparticle size combinations of porous base and porous pillars are uniform 250 μm, uniform 400 μm, 250 μm for base and 400 μm for pillars, and 400 μm for base and 250 μm for pillars. Both the CHF and heat transfer coefficient are significantly improved by the modulated porous. The boiling curves for different kinds of porous structures and a plain surface are compared and analyzed. Hydrodynamic instability for the two-phase change heat transfer has been delayed by the porous pillars which dramatically enhances the CHF. The highest pool boiling heat flux occurring on the modulated porous structures has a value of 450 W/cm 2 , over three times of the CHF on a plain surface. Additionally, the highest heat transfer coefficient also reaches a value of 20 W/cm 2 K, three times of that on a plain copper surface. The study also demonstrates that the horizontal liquid replenishing is equally important as the vertical liquid replenishing for the enhancement of heat transfer coefficient and CHF improvement in nucleate pool boiling.
Simulations of auroral plasma processes: Electric fields, waves and particles

Plasma processes driven by current sheets of finite thicknesses in an ambient magnetized plasma are studied using a 2 1/2 dimensional particle-in-cell code, and similarities are found between simulated plasma processes and those observed in the auroral plasma. Current sheets are shown to be bounded by large perpendicular electric fields occurring near their edges above the conducting boundary. Shaped potential structures form when the current sheets are narrow, and when the current sheets are wide, potential structures develop a significant parallel potential drop such that the electrons are accelerated upwards. Downward parallel electric fields of variable strength are noted in the downward current region, and double layer formation is seen in both narrow and wide current sheets. High frequency oscillations near the electron plasma frequency and its harmonic are seen, and low frequency waves are observed.
Inhibition of Photorespiration and Increase of Net Photosynthesis in Isolated Maize Bundle Sheath Cells Treated with Glutamate or Aspartate

Net photosynthetic (14)CO(2) fixation by isolated maize (Zea mays) bundle sheath strands was stimulated 20 to 35% by the inclusion of l-glutamate or l-aspartate in the reaction mixture. Maximal stimulation occurred at a 7.5 mm concentration of either amino acid. Since the photosynthetic rate and the glutamate-dependent stimulation in the rate were equally sensitive to a photosynthetic electron transport inhibitor, 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, it was concluded that glutamate did not stimulate CO(2) fixation by supplying needed NADPH (NADH) through glutamate dehydrogenase. Treatment of the bundle sheath strands with glutamate inhibited glycolate synthesis by 59%. Photorespiration in this tissue, measured as the O(2) inhibition of CO(2) fixation (the Warburg effect), was inhibited by treatment with glutamate. The stimulation in net photosynthetic CO(2) fixation probably results from the decrease in photorespiratory CO(2) loss. This metabolic regulation of the rate of glycolate synthesis and photorespiration observed with isolated bundle sheath strands could account for the inability to detect rapid photorespiration in the mature intact maize leaf.
Multi-Axis Bend Sensing Using a Single Surface Relief Fiber Bragg Grating

We use a single surface relief fiber Bragg grating as a bend sensor with two degrees of freedom. By monitoring the Bragg efficiency and Bragg wavelength, an effective multi-axis bend sensor can be realized.
The Relationship between Intraocular Pressure and Progressive Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Loss in Glaucoma

Purpose To evaluate the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) and progressive retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) loss, as measured by scanning laser polarimetry with enhanced corneal compensation (GDx ECC), in a cohort of glaucoma patients and individuals suspected of having the disease followed over time. Design Observational cohort study. Participants The study included 344 eyes of 204 patients recruited from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study (DIGS). There were 98 eyes (28%) with a diagnosis of glaucoma and 246 (72%) were considered glaucoma suspects at baseline. Methods Images were obtained annually with the GDx ECC scanning laser polarimeter, along with stereophotographs and SAP. The study included a total of 1211 GDx ECC visits with an average of 3.5 visits per eye. Progression was determined by the Guided Progression Analysis software for SAP and by masked assessment of stereophotographs performed by expert graders. Main Outcome Measures Random coefficient models were used to evaluate the relationship between IOP and RNFL thickness measurements over time in progressors and nonprogressors. Models were adjusted for baseline diagnosis and central corneal thickness. Results For all 344 eyes, the overall rate of change for the GDx ECC average thickness at an average IOP of 17 mmHg was −0.25 μm per year ( P = 0.002). Each 1-mmHg higher IOP was associated with an additional loss of 0.05 μm per year of RNFL ( P = 0.001). Twenty-nine eyes (8%) showed progression on SAP and/or optic disc stereophotographs. These eyes had a significantly higher rate of RNFL change (−0.95μm/year) than nonprogressors (−0.17 μm/year; P = 0.001). For progressors, each 1-mmHg higher IOP was associated with an additional loss of 0.13 μm per year of RNFL. Conclusions Higher levels of IOP during follow-up were significantly related to higher rates of progressive RNFL loss detected by the GDx ECC. These findings suggest that the GDx ECC may be helpful in monitoring progression and estimating rates of change in patients with glaucoma or suspected of having the disease. Also, they may contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between IOP and structural deterioration in glaucoma. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.