cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heuristic strategies for the discovery of inclusion dependencies and other patterns

Inclusion dependencies (INDs) between databases are assertions of subset-relationships between sets of attributes (dimensions) in two relations. Such dependencies are useful for a number of purposes related to information integration, such as database similarity discovery and foreign key discovery. An exhaustive approach at discovering INDs between two relations suffers from the dimensionality curse, since the number of potential mappings between the attributes of two relations is exponential in the number of attributes. For this reason, levelwise (Apriori-like) approaches at discovery do not scale beyond relations with 8 to 10 attributes. Approaches modeling the similarity space as graphs or hypergraphs are promising, but also do not scale very well. This paper discusses approaches to scale discovery algorithms for INDs and some other similarity patterns in databases. The major obstacle to scalability is the exponentially growing size of the data structure representing potential INDs. Therefore, the focus of our solution is on heuristic techniques that reduce the number of IND candidates considered by the algorithm. Despite the use of heuristics, the accuracy of the results is good for real-world data. Experiments are presented assessing the quality of the discovery results versus the runtime savings. We conclude that the heuristic approach is useful and improves scalability significantly. It is particularly applicable for relations that have attributes with few distinct values.
Factors Influencing Elementary Teachers' Positioning of African American Girls as Science and Mathematics Learners.

Despite recent progress toward gender equity in science and mathematics education, the underachievement of low-income African American girls remains a challenge when compared with their white counterparts. Furthermore, the causes of this persistent underachievement have not been explored thoroughly. We have initiated a three-year longitudinal study of how African American girls position themselves in relation to science and mathematics learning from fifth to seventh grade, including the impact, if any, of the positioning of teachers, counselors, and parents on this process. In this article, we share findings examining science and mathematics teachers' actions and perceptions and their positioning of African American girls. This qualitative study used an interpretive design with multiple data sources including classroom observations, interviews, and field notes. Findings reveal that school-wide policies and teachers' autonomous decisions impact the regularity of science and mathematics instruction, and that teachers do not always conceptualize the girls as science and mathematics achievers, positioning them in negative ways.
Roles of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins in viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions

Active host-pathogen interactions take place during infection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Outcomes of these interactions determine the efficiency of viral infection and subsequent disease progression. HIV-infected cells respond to viral invasion with various defensive strategies such as innate, cellular and humoral immune antiviral mechanisms. On the other hand, the virus has also developed various offensive tactics to suppress these host cellular responses. Among many of the viral offensive strategies, HIV-1 viral auxiliary proteins (Tat, Rev, Nef, Vif, Vpr and Vpu) play important roles in the host-pathogen interaction and thus have significant impacts on the outcome of HIV infection. One of the best examples is the interaction of Vif with a host cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G. Although specific roles of other auxiliary proteins are not as well described as Vif-APOBEC3G interaction, it is the goal of this brief review to summarize some of the preliminary findings with the hope to stimulate further discussion and investigation in this exhilarating area of research.
Potassium, Rubidium, Strontium, Thorium, Uranium, and the Ratio of Strontium-87 to Strontium-86 in Oceanic Tholeiitic Basalt.

The average concentrations of potassium, rubidium, strontium, thorium, and uranium in oceanic tholeiitic basalt are (in parts per million) K, 1400; Rb, 1.2; Sr, 120; Th, 0.2; and U, 0.1. The ratio Sr87 to Sr86 is about 0.702, that of K to U is 1.4 x 104, and of Th to U is 1.8. These amounts of K, Th, U, and radiogenic Sr87 are less than in other common igneous rocks. The ratios of Th to U and Sr87 to Sr86 suggest that the source region of the oceanic tholeiites was differentiated from the original mantle material some time in the geologic past.
Detecting Individual Genetic Variation

Parallel DNA analysis by 2-D DNA electrophoresis may provide a cost-effective way to look at squence variation
Toward a Mechanistic Understanding of Anaerobic Nitrate-Dependent Iron Oxidation: Balancing Electron Uptake and Detoxification

The anaerobic oxidation of Fe(II) by subsurface microorganisms is an important part of biogeochemical cycling in the environment, but the biochemical mechanisms used to couple iron oxidation to nitrate respiration are not well understood. Based on our own work and the evidence available in the literature, we propose a mechanistic model for anaerobic nitrate-dependent iron oxidation. We suggest that anaerobic iron-oxidizing microorganisms likely exist along a continuum including: (1) bacteria that inadvertently oxidize Fe(II) by abiotic or biotic reactions with enzymes or chemical intermediates in their metabolic pathways (e.g., denitrification) and suffer from toxicity or energetic penalty, (2) Fe(II) tolerant bacteria that gain little or no growth benefit from iron oxidation but can manage the toxic reactions, and (3) bacteria that efficiently accept electrons from Fe(II) to gain a growth advantage while preventing or mitigating the toxic reactions. Predictions of the proposed model are highlighted and experimental approaches are discussed.
Preliminary analysis of laser-pulse-induced pressure variation for immersion lithography

We describe an assessment of the pressure rise that may be induced by the short-duration but high-power pulses associated with the immersion lithography exposure process. A conservative model provides an upper bound on the pressure rise related to the expansion of the fluid near the wafer due to rapid heating. This rapid heating process is simulated as a constant heat flux from the substrate. The resulting temperature rise causes a change in pressure that propagates into the fluid at the speed of sound. The net change in the mass of the fluid contained within the pressure wavefront must be zero. This continuity requirement allows an estimate of the pressure rise and its penetration depth into the gap. For the nominal conditions associated with 193-nm immersion lithography, the model predicts that the pressure near the wafer surface may rise by as much as 7.3 kPa during the laser pulse. At the end of the laser pulse, this pressure rise will extend nominally 75 μm into the gap. Following the laser pulse, this pressure rise will rapidly decay as the pressure wavefront continues to propagate across the gap and eventually out of the under-lens region.
Anger attacks in major depressive disorder and serum levels of homocysteine.

Background Increased levels of homocysteine have been associated with anger and depression separately. We investigated the association of anger attacks in major depressive disorder (MDD) with serum levels of homocysteine. Methods Homocysteine serum levels were measured in 192 outpatients with nonpsychotic MDD, mean age 39.9 ± 10.7 (range 19–65), 53% women, at baseline of an open-trial antidepressant treatment. We used the Massachusetts General Hospital Anger Attacks Questionnaire to evaluate anger attacks, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Axis I Disorders—Patient Edition (SCID-I/P) to diagnose MDD and the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression to measure depression severity. Results In the multiple regression analysis split by anger attacks adjusted for parameters of depression, creatinine, vitamin B 12 , folate, age, smoking, and alcohol consumption, serum levels of homocysteine were positively correlated with length of current major depressive episode ( t value, 3.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], .09 to .43; p = .004) and HAM-D-17 scores ( t value, 2.48; 95% CI, .07 to 0.64; p = .016) in patients with anger attacks but not in those without anger attacks. Conclusions Anger attacks in MDD may moderate the relationship of homocysteine serum levels with the severity and length of the depressive episode. Future studies are warranted to confirm and clarify the nature of this moderating effect.
Necrotizing sialometaplasia. A disease simulating malignancy.

Results of a clinicopathologic study of seven cases of a previously unreported disease of minor salivary gland are presented. Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a disease of adults with four of seven patients being in the sixth decade of life. In every case, this benign inflammatory process involved only the tissues covering the hard palate, and, in six instances, it was characterized by ulceration. Lobular necrosis and marked squamous metaplasia of salivary gland are consistent features. Microscopically, necrotizing sialometaplasia shows marked similarity to mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and criteria are presented to aid in distinguishing these two conditions. There have been no recurrences following local surgical excision. Etiologic factors remain obscure.
‘You may not know it, but I'm black’: White women's self‐identification as black*

This article shows ways in which five European American women intertwine and interweave the American discourses of race and ethnicity to talk about themselves as ‘black.’ This black identity both fits with their anti‐racist desires and makes strategic sense in the context of their everyday lives. Importantly, the women do not deny the European side of their heritage, rather they embrace a multi‐racial/ethnic identity. It is argued that the element of choice involved with American ethnic discourse, combined with a general shift toward the allowance of mixed identities, allows this identity construction to be understood as a sensible one. It is further argued that these women's constructions illustrate a type of identity configuration that has become a highly significant option in the United States.
Parametric adjustment in saccadic eye movements

During a change-of-fixation eye movement, the target toward which S was shifting his gaze was displaced 1° toward the original point of fixation so that the eye made an overshoot with respect to the new target position. When this was repeated several times in succession, the eye movement control system made an adjustment such that the overshoot gradually diminished. Ihe end-result of this “parametric adjustment” was that a visual target 10° from the fovea elicited an eye movement of only 9.1°.
Survival and Growth of Lake Sturgeon during Early Life Stages as a Function of Rearing Environment

AbstractThe need for hatchery programs to reflect the latest scientific knowledge is critical for understudied groups with unique ecologies such as Acipenseriform species, including Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens. In order to address uncertainties regarding the efficacy of Lake Sturgeon culture techniques, we quantified and compared growth and survival at the egg, larval, and juvenile life history stages as a function of hatchery rearing environment over 2 years (two cohorts). Furthermore, we evaluated growth and survival of juveniles produced from three methods of progeny collection including direct gamete takes, collection of naturally spawned eggs from the stream substrate, and collection of larvae dispersing downstream from the spawning grounds. Progeny from each collection method were evenly divided between a streamside hatchery on the natal river and a traditional hatchery. Progeny reared at the streamside hatchery experienced a natural temperature regime and were exposed to natal water only fil...
The influence of urban form on GHG emissions in the U.S. household sector

To better understand the role of sustainable urban development in greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, this study examines the paths by which urban form influences an individual household׳s carbon dioxide emissions in the 125 largest urbanized areas in the U.S. Our multilevel SEM analyses show that doubling population-weighted density is associated with a reduction in CO2 emissions from household travel and residential energy consumption by 48% and 35%, respectively. Centralized population and polycentric structures have only a moderate impact in our analyses. Given that household travel and residential energy use account for 42% of total U.S. carbon dioxide emissions, these findings highlight the importance of smart growth policies to build more compact and transit friendly cities as a crucial part of any strategic efforts to mitigate GHG emissions and to stabilize climate.
Active-learning physics experiments using the Tarzan Swing

By reversing the conventional laboratory sequences, the Tarzan Swing engages and excites students, improving learning and retention. Problems are solved theoretically, then solutions are verified physically. Failure engenders reanalysis; success brings cheers. Students work overtime eagerly to achieve that success.
Use of New Imaging Techniques to Screen for Coronary Artery Disease

Because coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most frequent cause of death in industrialized nations and its onset is currently unpredictable, there is a need for new methods of screening apparently healthy individuals to identify those at increased risk. Technical advances in the noninvasive imaging techniques of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear imaging now make it possible to image the heart and perform a partial evaluation of the coronary arteries without the need for an invasive procedure such as cardiac catheterization. Despite these capabilities, prediction of heart attack is likely to require characterization of the amount and composition of atherosclerotic lesions (plaques) within the coronary arteries. At present, CT is the only noninvasive technique in widespread clinical use that can obtain information about the composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaque in living patients. Although the information is currently limited to determination of the presence and amount of calcium in the plaque, the test has already been documented to provide information about the presence of disease or its probability. Thus, many healthy individuals who could be considered at risk for CAD because of age, high cholesterol level, or other factors now wonder if they should undergo CT scanning to determine if their coronary arteries are calcified. The decision to undergo this test is more complicated than might be expected because of conflicting opinions about the significance of coronary artery calcification. Atherosclerosis is a diffuse disease that affects many arteries of the body, not just the coronary arteries. In the early stages, it causes changes in the walls of the arteries, with increases in cholesterol content and scar tissue. In later stages, it causes plaques that thicken the wall of the artery, and in some cases, narrow the center of the artery so that the flow of blood is …
The man behind the curtain: theatrics of the state in Algeria

This article examines the construction of state and regime in Algeria through performance and narrative. It is ethnographically centred around a series of events surrounding the demolition, relocation, and reconstitution of a local theatre. I argue that even as Algerians position themselves discursively outside the political regime and deny that they can impact its decisions, they also find pragmatic ways of working with it in order to shape their own futures. I show how narratives of regime omnipotence and citizen impotence simultaneously haunt and fuel various creative means for engaging with the state.
Design of a liquid hydrogen target system

Abstract An internal liquid hydrogen target is described for use with intermediate energy light ion beams. As a result, certain safety features are required to prevent a possible hydrogen explosion within the beamline or cyclotron. These safety features include an acoustical delay line which slows the hydrogen gas shock wave and a fast closing valve which shuts before any large volume of escaping gas reaches it. Other safety devices which reduce the chances of cell breakage and quickly shut off various ignition sources are discussed. Also described is a device involving a variable heat load which is coupled directly to the cryocondenser and is used to continually monitor and stabilize the pressure and temperature of the liquid hydrogen.
Multipurpose technical services workstations: access to NOTIS/OCLC/GTO with a single microcomputer

Microcomputer and network systems have been implemented to support multi‐purpose technical services workstations at Vanderbilt University. Although the equipment and procedures described are specific to NOTIS libraries that catalog with OCLC, the general approach can also serve as a model that can be applied to other library management systems and bibliographic utilities. The workstations reduce equipment costs, save desktop space, improve work flow efficiency, and facilitate access to OCLC while reducing connection costs.
Equilibrium partitioning in pores with adsorbing walls

Abstract The theory for the partitioning of a macromolecular or colloidal solute between a bulk phase and a microporous channel is extended to the case where the pore walls exert a short-ranged attraction. The adsorbing interaction on the spherical solute particles is modeled using Baxter's adhesive—surface potential. Concentration profiles and bulk—pore partition coefficients are reported to the second order in the bulk phase concentration. Two pore shapes are considered, a cylinder and a flat slit. For narrow pores, it is found that there exists a competition between the solute monolayer adsorbed onto the pore walls and the nonadsorbed solute within the pore. The distribution of the solute between these two subphases is also studied.
Intelligent systems in process engineering : A review

Abstract The purpose of this review is three-fold. First, sketch the directions that research and industrial applications of “intelligent systems” have taken in several areas of process engineering. Second, identify the emerging trends in each area, as well as the common threads that cut across several domains of inquiry. Third, stipulate research and development themes of significant importance for the future evolution of “intelligent systems” in process engineering. The paper covers the following seven areas: diagnosis of process operations; monitoring and analysis of process trends; intelligent control; heuristics and logic in planning and scheduling of process operations; modeling languages, simulation, and reasoning; intelligence in scientific computing; knowledge-based engineering design. Certain trends seem to be common and will (in all likelihood) characterize the nature of the future deployment of “intelligent systems”. These trends are: (1) Specialization to narrowly defined classes of problems. (2) Integration of multiple knowledge representations , so that all of relevant knowledge is captured and utilized. (3) Integration of processing methodologies , which tends to blur the past sharp distinctions between AI-based techniques and those from operations research, systems and control theory, probability and statistics. (4) Rapidly expanding range of industrial applications with significant increase in the scope of engineering tasks and size of problems.
Neuroprotective properties of topiramate in organotypic hippocampal cultures: implications for treatment of vascular and other dementias

Mood stabilizers are often used in the treatment of psychosis and agitation associated with dementia. It has been shown that the antiepileptic drug topiramate (TPM) reduced brain tissue damage in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion, suggesting that it may have a neuroprotective effect. We tested this possibility using confocal microscopy to measure cell death in organotypic hippocampal tissue cultures from 5–7-day-old Fischer 344 rats. To induce death, cultures were treated with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA, 50µM, 30min), kainate (KA, 1–100µm, 60min), or transferred to a fresh culture medium. Cell death was measured as propidium iodide fluorescence 24 and 48h after the insult and normalized to the maximal number of dead cells in the culture; maximal killing was achieved by exposing cultures to 4°C ambient temperature for 48h. Treatment of cultures with TPM at low concentrations (0.01–1µm) for 48 but not for 24h prior to the insult significantly increased survival. Concentrations above 1µm were ineffective. TPM (0.1µm) protected against kainate toxicity in the CA1 area, but not the CA3–4 area. TPM did not reduce cell death in the culture medium exchange model. TPM was ineffective in cultures treated with Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin. Pretreatment with both 0.1µm TPM and 1µm Ca2+/diacylglycerol-dependent PKC inhibitor Go6976 blocked the protective effect of topiramate against NMDA. These data suggest that protective action of TPM against NMDA toxicity may involve PKC activation and Na+ channel blockade and that at low doses TPM may be a clinically useful neuroprotective agent. Drug Dev. Res. 56:393–400, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A semi-analytical model for predicting water quality from an aquifer storage and recovery system

Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) involves the injection of freshwater in an aquifer through wells for the purpose of creating a subsurface water supply that is recovered at a later time, often using the same wells, to meet seasonal, long-term, emergency, or other demands. In this paper a numerically efficient semi-analytical model is developed for predicting the quality of water recovered by an ASR system given data on the qualities of ambient and injected waters, hydraulic properties of the aquifer, ambient hydraulic gradient, and system operations. It is assumed the ASR well is installed in a stratified aquifer such that the semi-analytical ASR model (SASRM) simulates the fate of water injected under steady-state conditions into each stratum. It is also assumed that a sharp and mobile interface separates injected water from ambient groundwater such that in situ mixing of water within and between strata does not occur. SASRM assigns particles to define the location the interface in all strata and then follows the migration of these particles under ambient and induced flow conditions. During water recovery, the transient location of the interface is simulated in each stratum and this information is used to quantify the fractions of ambient and injected water extracted at the well-head and the quality of water recovered. To mimic the effects of dispersion, a Latin Hypercube sampling strategy is used to assign hydraulic conductivities according to a predefined probability distribution to the layers of a conceptually stratified aquifer. The volumetric fraction of water received or delivered from any given lithologic unit is assumed proportional to the transmissivity of the stratum normalized to the total aquifer transmissivity interrogated by the ASR well. SARSM is numerically verified against MT3DMS and then calibrated and validated using field data from an ASR system located in Boynton Beach, FL. The field demonstration shows SASRM is capable of predicting effects of apparent dispersion and rapidly executing 100-layer ASR simulations that are generally difficult to perform with typical numerical transport models like MT3DMS.
Reconstruction and Biomechanical Analysis of Low Speed Automobile Crashes

Biomechanical engineers are often asked to determine if and how the forces and motions in automobile accidents may be injurious to the vehicle occupants. In low-speed automobile crashes, where there is little or no vehicle damage and few if any distinct acute injuries, the materials available to analyze the crash may be sparse. The vehicles involved in low-speed crashes may not be available for inspection, or are only available after damage has been repaired or subsequent damage has been incurred. Repairs may be made “off the books” with no formal estimate or written record and no photographs. Medical records may be limited to an attorney’s recollection of an occupant’s complaints. In minor cases, police accident reports may be cursory and incomplete, summaries may be brief, and one or more vehicles may leave the scene prior to the police arriving.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Bloodshed at Little Bighorn: Sitting Bull, Custer, and the Destinies of Nations

Bloodshed at Little Bighorn: Sitting Bull, Custer, and the Destinies of Nations TIM LEHMAN Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010 Pp. 219, $19.95 (pbk), ISBN 978 0 8018 9501 2 Tim Lehman o...
The effect of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on tumor necrosis factor-α production and leucine aminopeptidase levels in rat peritoneal macrophages

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production and macrophage (MO) activation state. Rats were fed diets containing 12.5% linseed oil (LO) or corn oil (CO) that are high in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids respectively. The LO diet resulted in a significant increase in basal and endotoxin (LPS)-induced levels of TNF-α from resident MO cultured in vitro. There was no difference between the diets in LPS-induced TNF-α production by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) elicited macrophages. Variable responses were also observed between LO and CO MO in response to prostaglandin E 2 , indomethacin (INDO), and the prostaglandin E receptor antagonist SC-19220. This may indicate differences in signal transducing secondary messengers due to different activation states, receptor expression or ligand binding. Fluorescence due to leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) staining was determined by flow cytometry. Resident LO MO had a 15% increase in LAP fluorescence compared to CO MO. In CFA-elicited MO, the CO MO had a 43% increase in fluorescence compared to LO MO. Resident LO MO increased in LAP fluorescence by 35% to the activated state whereas resident CO MO increased in LAP fluorescence by 93%. The smaller window of activation for the LO MO may explain some of the antiinflammatory properties of dietary n-3 fatty acids.
Benefits and Risks of Newer Treatments for Chemotherapy-Induced and Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are common adverse effects of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, anaesthesia and surgery. The incidence of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is estimated to vary from 30 to 90%, depending on the type of chemotherapeutic agent used. Radiation-induced emesis varies with anatomical site radiated but is estimated to have an overall incidence of approximately 40%. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) depends on the type of anaesthesia and surgery, but overall is estimated to be 20-30%. Evidence-based medicine and meta-analysis have been used to direct medical therapy to help determine equivalence, optimal dose, timing, safety and efficacy of antiemetic medications. Concepts such as the number needed to treat and number needed to harm are helpful to guide the clinician regarding the benefits and risks of a particular treatment. The serotonin 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron and dolasetron have been important additions to the antiemetic armamentarium. The 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists are similar in chemical structure, efficacy and adverse effect profile. They appear to have no important differences among themselves in clinical outcomes for CINV and PONV. Headache, dizziness, constipation and diarrhoea are their most common adverse effects, and when they occur they are usually mild and easily managed. Haemodynamic changes and extrapyramidal adverse effects are uncommon. ECG changes such as prolonged corrected QT (QTc) interval are infrequent, dose-related and overall judged to be clinically insignificant. As most studies with the 5-HT(3) antagonists have been conducted on relatively healthy patients, caution should be exercised when these drugs are used in susceptible patients with co-morbidities. The clinician must weigh the benefit of administering an antiemetic for CINV or PONV against the risk of occurrence of an adverse event.
Karyotypic Instability and Centrosome Aberrations in the Progeny of Finite Life-Span Human Mammary Epithelial Cells Exposed to Sparsely or Densely Ionizing Radiation

The human breast is sensitive to radiation carcinogenesis, and genomic instability occurs early in breast cancer development. This study tests the hypothesis that ionizing radiation elicits genomic instability in finite life-span human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) and asks whether densely ionizing radiation is a more potent inducer of instability. HMEC in a non-proliferative state were exposed to X rays or 1 GeV/nucleon iron ions followed by delayed plating. Karyotypic instability and centrosome aberrations were monitored in expanded clonal isolates. Severe karyotypic instability was common in the progeny of cells that survived X-ray or iron-ion exposure. There was a lower dose threshold for severe karyotypic instability after iron-ion exposure. More than 90% of X-irradiated colonies and >60% of iron-ion-irradiated colonies showed supernumerary centrosomes at levels above the 95% upper confidence limit of the mean for unirradiated clones. A dose response was observed for centrosome aberrations for each radiation type. There was a statistically significant association between the incidence of karyotypic instability and supernumerary centrosomes for iron-ion-exposed colonies and a weaker association for X-irradiated colonies. Thus genomic instability occurs frequently in finite life-span HMEC exposed to sparsely or densely ionizing radiation and may contribute to radiation-induced breast cancer.
Congenital anomalies among children born of mothers receiving chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic neoplasms

Fifty-eight women who conceived following successful chemotherapy of gestational trophoblastic neoplasms subsequently became pregnant a total of 96 times. Seventy-eight of these 96 pregnancies or 81% terminated in live-born infants. Fifteen of the 96 or 16% ended in abortion and three or 3% terminated with stillborn infants. Among the live-born and stillborn infants there were three with congenital malformations classified as major. While this incidence of congenital malformations does not appear to be increased over that expected, the numbers are too small to perceive a two-fold increase in the expected incidence. Suggestions are made for improvements in the quality of these data.
PSEUDO-SEXUAL-PRECOCITY; THE ADRENAL CORTICAL SYNDROME IN PREADOLESCENT GIRLS

THE SYMPTOMS and signs produced by adrenal-cortical-endocrine-tumors (hyperplasias, adenomas, or malignancies) vary according to the sex and age of the patient. If such a tumor arises during intra-uterine life, pseudohermaphroditismus results; if it occurs in a little boy, sexual precocity develops with genitalia of adult size and corresponding secondary sex characteristics; if the adult male is affected, gynecomastia, and perhaps even lactation and other evidences of femininization appear; the adult female is masculinized (so-called virilism or hirsutism) and amenorrhea, heterosexual hypertrichosis, enlarged clitoris and atrophy of the mammary tissue develop. When a little girl is afflicted by such a tumor, however, pseudo-sexual precocity occurs, the outstanding characteristics of which are the very early appearance of pubic hair and hypertrophy of the clitoris causing it to resemble a small penis.course of observations on the maintenance dose of monosodium thyroxine (3), thyroxine as the free amino aci...
CLK-1 protein has DNA binding activity specific to OL region of mitochondrial DNA

Mutations in the clk-1 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans extend worm life span and slow down a variety of physiological processes. Here we report that C. elegans CLK-1 as well as its mouse homologue have DNA binding activity that is specific to the OL region of mitochondrial DNA. DNA binding activity of CLK-1 is inhibited by ADP, and is altered by mutations that extend nematode life span. Our results suggest that, in addition to its enzymatic function in ubiquinone biosynthesis, CLK-1 is involved in the regulation of mtDNA replication or transcription.
Lifestyle Modifications for Its Prevention and Management

Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) are important for the prevention and management of, as well as adjuncts to, pharmacotherapy of hypertension. This article reviews relevant TLC and their effects on blood pressure (BP) levels, with emphasis on exercise and dietary habits. Regular, moderate-intensity (40%-70% of heart rate reserve) aerobic exercise training for 30 to 60 minutes, 3 to 5 times per week, can lower systolic and diastolic BP levels, with a greater reduction observed in patients with hypertension compared with those with normal BP levels. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, with a moderate intake of fat-free or low-fat dairy products, and low in saturated and total fat, sodium, and alcohol, such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating pattern, also significantly reduces BP levels. A TLC program including regular exercise and dietary modifications along with weight management appears to result in a greater BP reduction than either intervention alone. TLC can also s...
Different Intracellular Locations for Prostaglandin Endoperoxide H Synthase-1 and −2

The subcellular locations of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-1 and −2 (PGHS-1 and −2) were determined by quantitative confocal fluorescence imaging microscopy in murine 3T3 cells and human and bovine endothelial cells using immunocytofluorescence with isozyme-specific antibodies. In all of the cell types examined, PGHS-1 immunoreactivity was found equally distributed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear envelope (NE). PGHS-2 immunoreactivity was also present in the ER and NE. However, PGHS-2 staining was twice as concentrated in the NE as in the ER. A histofluorescence staining method was developed to localize cyclooxygenase/peroxidase activity. In quiescent 3T3 cells, which express only PGHS-1, histofluorescent staining was most concentrated in the perinuclear cytoplasmic region. In contrast, histochemical staining for PGHS-2 activity was about equally intense in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, a pattern of activity staining distinct from that observed with PGHS-1. Our results indicate that there are significant differences in the subcellular locations of PGHS-1 and PGHS-2. It appears that PGHS-1 functions predominantly in the ER whereas PGHS-2 may function in the ER and the NE. We speculate that PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 acting in the ER and PGHS-2 functioning in the NE represent independent prostanoid biosynthetic systems.
Development and performance of an all-DNA-based electro-optic waveguide modulator

Marine-based deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), purified from waste products of the Japanese fishing industry, has recently become a new material of interest in photonics applications. The water soluble DNA is precipitated with a surfactant complex, hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride (CTMA), to form a water insoluble complex, DNA-CTMA, for application as a nonlinear optical material. In order to fabricate an all-DNA-based waveguide, it was necessary to crosslink the DNA-CTMA films. Crosslinking makes the films resistant to their initial solvent; this permits spin-coating of successive DNA-CTMA layers without solvent damage. A chromophore dye is added to the core layer to allow for an electro-optic coefficient to be induced through contact poling. Through contact poling, an electro-optic (EO) coefficient comparable to that in other polymers was demonstrated in crosslinked DNA-CTMA films with the chromophore dye Disperse Red 1. This EO effect allowed for the creation of the first all-DNA-based EO waveguide modulator. The performance of the modulator is described.
Presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of oesophageal motility disorders

Whilst the current treatment of achalasia is well understood, the management of other oesophageal disorders is still debated, as these are rare and the literature on their clinical presentation and management is scarce. The following review describes the clinical presentation of oesophageal motility disorders, gives an overview of their diagnosis in light of the new advances in oesophageal motility testing, and provides an evidence-based approach to their management with different forms of treatment (medical, endoscopic, and minimally invasive).
Pulmonary exposure of mice to “engineered” pseudomonads influences intestinal microbiota populations

Microbial biotechnology applications have prompted research into their potential impacts on human health and the environment. In this study, a mouse model was used to evaluate indirect effects (e.g., alteration of the intestinal microbiota) of pulmonary exposure to representative biotechnology agents (Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain AC869 and Pseudomonas cepacia strain AC 1100) selected for their ability to degrade hazardous chemicals. CD-I® mice were challenged intranasally with approximately 103 or 107 colony-forming units (cfu) of strain AC869 or 108 cfu of strain AC1100. At time intervals, clearance of the microorganisms and effects on resident microbiota were determined. When the low (103 cfu) dose was administered, strain AC869 was not recovered from the small intestine but was detectable in the cecum and lungs 3 h after treatment and persisted in the nasal cavity intermittently for 14 d. Treatment of animals with 107 cfu of strain AC869 resulted in detection 14 d following treatment. Strain AC869 challenge modified the small intestinal anaerobe count and cecal obligately anaerobic gram-negative rods (OAGNR) and lactobacilli. Following exposure, Pseudomonas cepacia strain AC1100 persisted in the lungs for 7 d and was recovered from the small intestine, cecum, and nasal cavity 2 d following treatment. Strain AC1100 treatment impacted the small intestinal anaerobe count, OAGNR counts, and reduced lactobacilli numbers. Strain AC1100 also altered the cecal OAGNR and lactobacilli. Therefore, pulmonary treatment of mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or cepacia affects the balance of the protective intestinal microbiota, which may cause further negative health effects (e.g., harbored pathogen multiplication, opportunistic pathogen invasion, bacterial translocation).
A Revised Theory of American Party Politics

The traditional theory of American politics holds that the pervasive characteristic of our major parties is their similarity. Both parties are presumed to support similar policies and to make similar appeals to similar groups. Inherent in this theory is the view that the parties are most evenly balanced numerically where they are most alike in programmatic terms. This follows because both parties will almost equally represent all groups of the population and because each party will be directing special appeals to that middle element whose support means the difference between victory and defeat. On the other hand, where one party is definitely dominant, the opposition party in that area will tend to be isolated and of an extremist nature of one sort or another. Professor Schattschneider has summed up this theory as follows:
Non-Natural glycosphingolipids and structurally simpler analogues bind HIV-1 recombinant Gp120

Interactions of recombinant gp120 (rgp120) with non-natural glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and structurally simpler analogues have been studied using a competitive adhesion assay. Conjugates of cellobiosyl ceramide and melibiosyl ceramide were synthetically prepared as water-soluble GSL analogues. These ligands were screened against a panel of biologically relevant analogues, and the results show that their interactions with rgp120 are comparable to natural cellular receptors. Glycolipid interactions with rgp120 were probed further by the synthesis and testing of structurally simpler analogues that were obtained by reductive amination of lactose, cellobiose, and melibiose with a biotinylated amino ethylene glycol moiety. RGp120 did not recognize conjugates lacking a lipid component. However, palmitoylation of the secondary amino alditols yielded compounds with comparable rgp120 affinity to the natural cellular receptor, galactosyl ceramide (GalCer). Taken together, the SAR showed that both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic component are required for rgp120 recognition. Moreover, structural variability in the carbohydrate headgroup did not significantly alter rgp120 recognition indicating that this interaction is not highly specific.
A Plea for Process in Personality Prevarication

We make a series recommendations for focusing research on personality test faking. Overall we suggest that a focus on the response process test takers go through will accelerate our understanding of faking behavior. We argue that the decision making process for faking must be simple and dependent on a modest set of decision rules or heuristics. The set of heuristics used by any given test taker will, in turn, be the result of test taker goals and situational press. By focusing in on what the test taker is doing we will avoid adopting the wrong frame of reference and, hopefully, make ever more rapid progress.
A simplified technique for fabricating esthetic cast metal occlusal surfaces for dentures

This article describes a simplified method for making esthetic cast metal occlusal surfaces. Monoplane posterior acrylic resin block teeth, cast in a nickel-chrome alloy, are coated with silane and an esthetic composite resin veneer is applied to the buccal surface. These veneered posterior metal teeth are incorporated in the wax setup and the dentures are processed and finished. The dentist's routine technique for delivering dentures to the patient can be followed.
Chemical synthesis of two deoxyribopolynucleotide fragments containing the natural sequence of T4 lysozyme gene e.

Abstract The chemical synthesis of two deoxyribopolynucleotide fragments, d-pApTpTpApApGpTpGpApTpGpG (dodeca-) and d-pApCpTpTpTpTpTpGpT (nona-), containing the natural sequence of T4 lysozyme gene e have been achieved by a new synthetic approach.
Certain physiologic and pathologic effects of microwaves

The primary physiologic effects of microwaves appear to be due to the heating and are accompanied by an increase in the flow of blood. However, several undesirable effects were noted in connection with treatment of the eye, the most serious being the formation of cataracts. Other cautions necessary in the therapeutic application of microwaves are presented.
Effects of sample-specific ratios on free-choice matching-order sequences

During Experiment 1, three pigeons were trained on a matching-to-sample task with yellow, white, and blue stimuli. Each matching-to-sample trial was presented on the three upper, middle, or lower horizontal keys of a nine-key response panel. After acquisition, each of the three center-column keys simultaneously presented a different sample. The pigeon could match each sample in any order. Each bird developed dominant matching-order sequences. Later, the birds matched familiar samples, before matching a novel sample, during 68%-90% of the trials. In Experiment 2, different sample-specific ratios were employed. Each bird matched the sample with the lowest ratio first.
Progress and pitfalls in survey methodology

William M. O'Barr, David H. Spain, and Mark A. Tessler, eds. Survey Research in Africa: Its Applications and Limits. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1973. x + 349 pp. Illustrations, ...
A Randomized Trial of Office-Based Screening for Common Problems in Older Persons

Abstract PURPOSE: To test the effectiveness of a 10-minute office-staff administered screen to evaluate malnutrition/weight loss, visual impairment, hearing loss, cognitive impairment, urinary incontinence, depression, physical limitations, and reduced leg mobility among older persons seen in office practice. This screen was coupled with clinical summaries to assist the physician in further evaluating and managing the screen-included problems. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six community-based office practices of internists and family physicians in Los Angeles were randomized to intervention or control groups. Two hundred and sixty-one patients aged ≥70 years and seeing these physicians for a new visit or a physical examination participated in the study. At the enrollment visit intervention group patients were administered the screening measure and their physicians were given the pertinent clinical summaries. Outcome measures were detection of, and intervention for conditions screened, and health status 6 months after the intervention. RESULTS: Hearing loss was both more commonly detected (40% intervention versus 28% control) and further evaluated (29% versus 16%) by physicians in the intervention group ( P CONCLUSIONS: A brief measure to screen for common conditions in older persons was associated with more frequent detection and follow-up assessment of hearing loss. Although the measure was well accepted by physicians and their staffs, it did not appear to affect detection and intervention in regard to the other screen-included conditions, or health status at 6 months.
ImpactViz: visualizing class dependencies and the impact of changes in software revisions

Object oriented software development is designed to be modular, with code reuse being very common. When bugs are introduced, they can manifest themselves in one or more sections of code, but originating in a completely different area. This poster outlines the features of ImpactViz, a novel approach for visualizing class dependencies and the impact of changes in software revisions stored within a repository.
Suicide attempts among veterans seeking treatment for pathological gambling.

BACKGROUND: There is little information in the scientific literature regarding the suicide attempts of pathological gamblers, even though studies of problem gamblers have found that completed suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation are common outcomes related to gambling behavior. There has been no attempt in previous studies to identify the contributions of comorbid conditions, such as substance abuse, to the suicide attempts of pathological gamblers. METHOD: A retrospective chart review was completed for all consecutive admissions (N = 114) to the Gambling Treatment Program of the Louis Stokes VA Medical Center over a 12-month period (September 2000-September 2001). All subjects met DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling. Relevant information was obtained from the admission history and physical examination, as well as a variety of self-report questionnaires and structured instruments. RESULTS: Forty-five patients (39.5%) reported that they had made a suicide attempt at some time in their lives. The most common method was overdose. Sixty-four percent of attempters reported that their most recent attempt was related to gambling. Forty-two percent of gamblers with a history of alcohol dependence and 58.8% of those with a history of drug dependence had a history of suicide attempts. Mean impulsivity scores differentiated suicide attempters from nonattempters among gamblers with a history of drug and/or alcohol dependence. Severity of psychiatric symptoms and family problems on admission was related to a history of suicide attempts. CONCLUSION: Pathological gamblers have high rates of attempted suicide. They are highly impulsive and suffer from high rates of comorbid psychiatric conditions as well as social disruptions. A combination of these risk factors very likely contributes to their potential for suicidal behavior. Language: en
Measuring Disinflation Credibility in Emerging Markets: A Bayesian Approach with an Application to Turkey

This paper presents an empirical measure of disinflation credibility and discusses its evolution in Turkey since the 2001 crisis. The results indicate that credibility has improved markedly over this period, boding well for the future of disinflation in Turkey.