cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between structural materials and liquid metals at elevated temperatures

A number of liquid alkali metals with significantly better thermal and heat-transfer properties are being considered as coolants, heat-transport media and working fluids for use in advanced energy systems. In these applications, the structural materials of the energy system are exposed to a high-temperature liquid-metal environment, which can result in both metallic and nonmetallic element mass transfer and significant microstructural changes with a subsequent degradation of mechanical behavior. The influence of temperature, material composition, and liquid-metal purity(i.e., oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen content) on interaction processes such as embrittlement, compound formation, reduction in strength, and liquid-metal penetration is discussed. The importance of material selection and system operating limits to minimize potential problems in reactor systems is presented.
Optimal mixed graph augmentation

In this paper we consider an augmentation problem on mixed graphs that generalizes and unifies two augmentation problems considered by Eswaran and Tarjan [this Journal, 5 (1976), pp. 653–665]. The mixed augmentation problem has applications in the design of communication networks, and forms of the mixed augmentation problem are central in statistical data security problems discussed in [Yale Univ. Tech. Report, August 1984]. We solve the augmentation problem on mixed graphs in time linear in the number of edges of the graph, the same time bound obtained in [ET] for each of the two special cases.
Molecular orbitals: into the age of computer graphics

A Pictorial Approach to Molecular Structure and Reactivity. By Robert F. Hout Jr, William J. Pietro and Warren J. Hehre. Wiley: 1984. Pp.404. £46.20, $99.95.
A design method for achieving weak radiator structures using active vibration control.

A general strategy is devised for achieving minimum radiation of sound from structures subjected to a harmonic excitation force. A quadratic expression is written for the total sound power radiated from a structure in terms of the primary excitation and actuator (control) forces. Using quadratic optimization of this expression, a single control force vector is found that minimizes the radiated sound power (weak radiator). A general formulation is presented for the single‐frequency excitation case. This formulation is then extended to the case of a structure subjected to a broadband excitation force; i.e., the magnitude and the phase of the excitation force remain constant as the excitation frequency changes. The numerical implementation of these formulations is described for a baffled beam controlled by forces and moments generated by piezoelectric actuators. Results for a single‐frequency weak radiator show that the radiation efficiency of the beam response with control is drastically lower than that of the beam response with no control. Also, when the response of the structure with control is compared to that of the structure without control, three important observations can be made. First, the controlled structure exhibits lower response amplitudes at frequencies near structural resonances. Second, the controlled structural response amplitude decreases near the boundaries. Third, the wave number content of the controlled structural response shifts from supersonic to subsonic regions. These observations are confirmed experimentally using a clamped–clamped beam excited at a single frequency with a shaker and four PZT actuators bonded to its surface.
Do Schacter’s Seven Sins of Memory Apply to Ratings of Children’s Emotional and Behavioral Functioning?

Schacter (2001) proposes that there are seven memory malfunctions that occur in everyday life and that affect individuals’ ability to recall occurrences in their lives. Given that these sins affect other areas of memory, it is likely that they may affect the ratings that informants provide when they are recalling characteristics of the emotional and behavioral functioning of children and adolescents. This manuscript explores evidence to support this supposition by reviewing relevant studies that fit the description of Schacter’s (2001) seven sins (i.e., transience, absent-mindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and persistence). Generally, this manuscript suggests that mental health professionals should be aware of the influence that these seven sins of memory may have on ratings that informants provided regarding the functioning of children and adolescents.
Conformational dynamics and stability of HP35 studied with 2D IR vibrational echoes.

Two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) vibrational echo spectroscopy was used to measure the fast dynamics of two variants of chicken villin headpiece 35 (HP35). The CN of cyanophenylalanine residues inserted in the hydrophobic core were used as a vibrational probe. Experiments were performed on both singly (HP35-P) and doubly CN-labeled peptide (HP35-P2) within the wild-type sequence, as well as on HP-35 containing a singly labeled cyanophenylalanine and two norleucine mutations (HP35-P NleNle). There is a remarkable similarity between the dynamics measured in singly and doubly CN-labeled HP35, demonstrating that the presence of an additional CN vibrational probe does not significantly alter the dynamics of the small peptide. The substitution of two lysine residues by norleucines markedly improves the stability of HP35 by replacing charged with nonpolar residues, stabilizing the hydrophobic core. The results of the 2D IR experiments reveal that the dynamics of HP35-P are significantly faster than those of HP35...
Prolactin messenger ribonucleic acid concentrations throughout the ovine estrous cycle: Assessment relative to prolactin serum and pituitary amounts

Prolactin (PRL) mRNA concentrations were assessed by nucleic acid hybridization assays in pituitaries of ewes representing the defined stages of the ovine estrous cycle. Concomitantly, pituitary and serum PRL concentrations were measured in these ewes using radioimmunoassays. It was observed that PRL serum, pituitary and mRNA concentrations tended to increase near the time of the gonadotropin preovulatory surge, particularly between 24 hrs before behavioral estrus to 5 hours after estrus. However, the changes in PRL mRNA, serum and pituitary concentrations were shown not to be statistically significant. These data suggest that PRL production during the sheep estrous cycle is maintained without dramatic changes in synthesis or secretion.
Angle-resolved photoemission from molecules in the independent-atomic-center approximation

This paper considers several implications of the approximation that the total amplitude for photoemission from an oriented molecule is the sum of the amplitude of coherent emission from spherically symmetric regions at the atomic centers. We show that this approximation, which is increasingly valid at high energies (accessible, for example, to synchrotron-radiation sources) is readily calculable using tabulated initial-state atomic functions and simple solutions of the radial Schr\"odinger equation. We illustrate the fact that in special but important cases (e.g., oriented benzine), one can obtain the angular distribution of photoemission at fixed final energy without any recourse to atomic-photoemission-amplitude calculations. Finally, we emphasize that fact that the orthogonalized-plane-wave approach, which is a special case of the independent-atomic-center approximation, fails in two regards---neglect of atomic phase shifts, and the neglect of initial-state core-region wave-function behavior, which is crucial at high energies. This latter point is illustrated by comparing orthogonalized-plane-wave calculations using Slater atomic functions (which emphasize the bonding-region wave-function behavior), and hydrogenic wave functions, which can have radial nodes and core-region behavior which can more closely approximate the behavior of the true initial-state wave functions.
Incentive contracts under product market competition and R&D spillovers

This paper studies cost-reducing R&D incentives in a principal-agent model with product market competition. It argues that moral hazard does not necessarily decrease firms’ profits in this setting. In highly competitive industries, firms are driven by business-stealing incentives and exert such high levels of R&D that they burn up their profits. In the presence of moral hazard, underprovision of R&D incentives due to risk sharing can generate considerable cost savings, implying higher profits for both rivals. This result indicates firms’ incentives to adopt collusive-like behavior in the R&D market. We also examine the agents’ contracts and the profits-risk relationship when cross-firm R&D spillovers occur.
EMPIRICAL FUZZY ESTIMATE OF THE SURVIVAL CURVE

In this paper, a computational system is developed that estimates a survival curve and a point estimate when very few data are available and a high proportion of the data are censored. Standard sta...
Mystery Shopping in Lodging Properties as a Measurement of Service Quality

ABSTRACT Despite the prevalence of mystery shopping as a quality assurance practice in the U.S. lodging industry, it has not been recognized as a topic for empirical research. This study attempts to explore facts related to current mystery shopping practices in the industry and hotel senior manager's perceptions of the effectiveness of mystery shopping as a tool to monitor service quality. Data were collected from hotel general managers and financial controllers through survey questionnaires. The results suggest that mystery shopping is being widely used in the industry as a tool to monitor service quality. Factor analysis identified three dimensions of service quality that can be effectively assessed by mystery shopping. The research findings provide an analysis of issues related to the implementation of the mystery shopping program that will help marketers develop and conduct mystery shopping programs more effectively.
Carbon-13-enriched carbohydrates. Preparation of aldononitriles and their reduction with a palladium catalyst

Abstract Cyanide condenses with aldoses at 25° in aqueous solution between pH 7.0–9.0 to produce aldononitriles in high yield. These nitriles may be reduced catalytically over palladium-barium sulfate (5%) at pH 4.2 ± 0.1 and 25° to yield the corresponding aldoses in 60–90% yield, depending on the structure of the nitrile. 1-Amino-1-deoxyalditols are produced in approximately 10% yield, and their formation is favored when hemiacetal formation is hindered in the parent aldose. Generally, the product epimeric aldoses can be separated from contaminating by-products and from each other by ion-exchange and adsorption chromatography. This procedure has been applied to the preparation of [1- 13 C]-enriched pentoses and hexoses.
Keeping our network safe: a model of online protection behaviour

The objective of this study is to develop and test a model of online protection behaviour, particularly regarding the use of virus protection. Hypotheses are proposed concerning the predictors of the intention to engage in virus protection behaviour. Using a survey of 273 college students who use the Internet, a test of the hypotheses is conducted using multiple regression analysis. The result suggests that perceived self-efficacy in using virus protection measures, perceived response efficacy of virus protective measures, positive outcome expectations of virus protection measures, perceived vulnerability to virus threats and prior virus infection experiences were the most important predictors of the intention to adopt virus protection behaviour. The conclusion is that those who are in charge of information security management should not only concentrate their efforts into increasing individuals' awareness of the likelihood of virus attacks, but also conduct interventions aimed at increasing self-efficacy and response efficacy beliefs.
Hormonal Control of Pelage Cycles In The Mink

Abstract: Studies on hypophysectomized mink ( Mustela vison ) indicate that the pituitary gland is necessary for normal pelage cycles. Animals hypophysectomized in both the winter and summer coats molted and regrew hair in an asynchronous continuous fashion, but maintained a coat which resembled the winter pelage; at the same time intact controls underwent the normal type and sequence of hair changes. The administration of pregnant mare serum, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone to intact mink, and the administration of unfractionated ovine gonadotrophin to intact and hypophysectomized mink in the winter pelage, did not induce molting or the growth of summer pelage after hair growth had been initiated by plucking. Gonadectomy, during the growth or maintenance of the winter pelage, failed to affect the normal seasonal changes from the winter to the summer pelage, nor did the administration of purified thyroid stimulating hormone to hypophysectomized mink in the winter pelage induce molting or the regrowth of summer hair after hair growth had been initiated by plucking. Bilateral adrenalectomy appeared to hasten the spring pelage change in mink while the administration of hydrocortisone to intact mink, prior to and during the spring molt, inhibited the normal hair changes. Purified corticotrophin administered to hypophysectomized mink of the ancestral genotype (an an) in the winter pelage stimulated melanogenesis in plucked hair follicles so that nonagouti hair (summer type) was grown, while uninjected hypophysectomized and intact controls regrew agouti hair (winter type) after hair growth had been similarly induced.
Defining Recovery in Adult Bulimia Nervosa

To examine how different definitions of recovery lead to varying rates of recovery, maintenance of recovery, and relapse in bulimia nervosa (BN), end-of-treatment (EOT) and follow-up data were obtained from 96 adults with BN. Combining behavioral, physical, and psychological criteria led to recovery rates between 15.5% and 34.4% at EOT, though relapse was approximately 50%. Combining these criteria and requiring abstinence from binge eating and purging when defining recovery may lead to lower recovery rates than those found in previous studies; however, a strength of this definition is that individuals who meet this criteria have no remaining disordered behaviors or symptoms.
STUDIES ON AN UNCOMPLICATED CORYZA OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL : II. THE RELATION OF THE "BACILLARY" CORYZA TO THAT PRODUCED BY EXUDATE.

Three types of an uncomplicated fowl coryza, differing in the onset and duration of symptoms, developed after the intranasal injection into normal birds of exudate from natural cases. Protection tests were carried out with 2 of the types in an attempt to explain why the "bacillary" disease regularly ran a shorter course than the "exudate" disease. Reciprocal protection was demonstrated in one case, but in the other the birds which had recovered from the "bacillary" disease were susceptible to reinfection with exudate. There was no indication, however, that a second infectious agent was present in the exudate, and the failure to cross-immunize was ascribed, rather, to a reduction in the immunizing properties of the specific bacillus induced by artificial cultivation. It was also noted that the coryzas produced by exudate and bacilli, respectively, could be transmitted from infected birds to normal ones by direct contact. In both cases 1 bird out of 5 failed to contract coryza on exposure. These 2 birds were later injected with the respective agents to which they had been exposed and found to be resistant.
Carrier detection of the X-linked primary immunodeficiency diseases using X-chromosome inactivation analysis

Carrier detection of three of the X-linked primary immunodeficiency diseases (X-linked agammaglobulinemia, X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease, and the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome) is possible by analyzing patterns of X-chromosome inactivation in those cells affected by the disorder. Normal women have balanced patterns of X-chromosome inactivation; that is, in a given population of cells, approximately half of their active X chromosomes are of paternal origin and half of their active X chromosomes are of maternal origin. In contrast, female carriers of these X-linked immunodeficiency disorders have an unbalanced pattern of X-chromosome inactivation in those cell lineages that are affected by the disorder; that is, all the active X chromosomes in affected cell lineages are the X chromosomes that carry the normal allele. Two techniques are available for X-chromosome inactivation analysis. One technique depends on methylation differences between the active and inactive X chromosome, and the other technique uses somatic cell hybrids that selectively retain the active X chromosome. In either case, carrier detection can be performed in individuals from families in which only one member of the family has been affected, since neither of these methods depends on linkage analysis.
Experiments in integer programming

Abstract A hybrid algorithm to solve large scale zero–one integer programming problems has been developed. The algorithm combines branch-and-bound, enumeration and cutting plane techniques. Mixed-integer cuts are generated in the initial phase of the algorithm and added to the L.P. Benders cuts are derived and used implicitly but, except for the cut from the initial LP, are not stored. The algorithm has been implemented on an experimental basis in MPSX/370 using its Extended Control Language and Algorithmic Tools. A computational study based on five well-known difficult test problems and on three practical problems with up to 2000 zer–one variables shows that the hybrid code compares favorably with MIP/370 and with results published for other algorithms.
Flower plantings increase wild bee abundance and the pollination services provided to a pollination-dependent crop

Summary 1. Pollination services from wild insects contribute to crop productivity around the world, but are at risk of decline in agricultural landscapes. Using highbush blueberry as a model system, we tested whether wildflower plantings established adjacent to crop fields would increase the abundance of wild pollinators during crop bloom and enhance pollination and yield. 2. Plantings were seeded in 2009 with a mix of 15 perennial wildflower species that provided season-long bloom and increased plant density and floral area during the subsequent 3 years. 3. Honeybees visiting blueberry flowers had similar abundance in enhanced and control fields in all 4 years of this study, whereas wild bee and syrphid abundance increased annually in the fields adjacent to wildflower plantings. 4. Crop pollination parameters including percentage fruit set, berry weight and mature seeds per berry were significantly greater in fields adjacent to wildflower plantings 3 and 4 years after seeding, leading to higher crop yields and with the associated revenue exceeding the cost of wildflower establishment and maintenance. 5. Synthesis and applications. We suggest that provision of forage habitat for bees adjacent to pollinator-dependent crops can conserve wild pollinators in otherwise resource-poor agricultural landscapes. Over time, these plantings can support higher crop yields and bring a return on the initial investment in wildflower seed and planting establishment, also insuring against loss of managed pollinators. Further understanding of the importance of planting size, location and landscape context will be required to effectively implement this practice to support crop pollination.
Multiple constraint analysis of regional land-surface carbon flux

We applied and compared bottom-up (process model-based) and top-down (atmospheric inversion-based) scaling approaches to evaluate the spatial and temporal patterns of net ecosystem production (NEP) over a 2.5 × 10 5 km 2 area (the state of Oregon) in the western United States. Both approaches indicated a carbon sink over this heterogeneous region in 2003 (a relatively warm, dry year in western Oregon) and 2007 (near normal), with carbon uptake primarily in forested and agricultural areas. The statewide mean NEP for 2007 using the bottom-up approach was 80 gC m -2 yr -1 , which compares with 145 gC m -2 yr -1 for the top-down approach. Seasonality of daily NEP at the ecoregion scale showed similar patterns across the two approaches, but with less sensitivity to seasonal drought in the top-down model. In 2003, simulated annual NEP was lower than in 2007 for both scaling approaches, but the reduction was stronger with the bottom-up approach. Estimates of mean NEP on forested lands from a forest inventory approach, and from the CarbonTracker inversion scheme, bracketed that of our bottom-up approach (ratios to bottom-up estimates were 1.3 and 0.3, respectively). These results support the need for a multiple constraint approach to evaluation of regional trace gas budgets. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00525.x
Reducing the Public Health Burden From Elevated Blood Pressure Levels in the United States by Lowering Intake of Dietary Sodium

Elevated blood pressure levels are a major cause of heart disease and stroke. Healthy People 2010 established objectives to reduce mortality from these diseases by 20% and to reduce the major causal factors associated with these elevated levels, such as excess sodium intake. The American public consumes far more sodium than is needed, most of which is added by food manufacturers and restaurants. In November 2002, the American Public Health Association adopted a policy resolution calling for a 50% reduction in sodium in the nation's food supply over the next 10 years. Such a reduction would greatly enhance the chances of attaining the Healthy People 2010 objectives and would save at least 150 000 lives annually. This issue warrants public health intervention.
Dielectric relaxation in YTTRIA-doped Ceria solid solutions

Abstract The nature of the defects present in Y2O3-doped CeO2 is explored by means of dielectric relaxation, employing primarily the thermally-stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) technique. For Y2O3 concentrations ⩽ 1 mole %, two relaxation peaks are observed. The lower-temperature peak shows a dielectric relaxation rate, τ−1 which is 1 2 the relaxation rate of the corresponding anelastic relaxation. This proves that the peak is due to nn, 〈111〉 oriented, (YVO) pairs, where VO represents the oxygen vacancy. These pairs are positively charged defects which are compensated by an equal number of isolated Ý. The upper peak is a broad peak whose position varies with Y2O3 concentration in the same manner as the activation enthalpy for the ionic conductivity. The peak is not due to simple dipoles, but to relaxation of the array of alternately charged (YVO) and Ý defects by the redistribution of oxygen-ion vacancies. A simple model, in which these defects form a superlattice containing wrong pairs, explains the essential features of the upper peak.
A Positive View of Peer Acceptance in Aggressive Youth Risk for Future Peer Acceptance

Abstract This study examines the relations between aggressive children's perceived levels of peer acceptance at Time 1 and actual levels of social preference and aggression 30 months later. Participants were 49 children nominated for one of two interventions by teachers for their aggressive behaviors in second or third grade at Time 1. This study used longitudinal data to determine whether a positive view of perceived peer acceptance is a risk factor for continued aggression and social rejection for aggressive children. Social preference scores were derived from sociometric assessment procedures at Time 1 and Time 2. Peer and teacher ratings of aggression were also obtained at Time 1 and Time 2. After controlling for baseline (Time 1) levels of aggression, perceived peer acceptance at Time 1 did not predict aggression at Time 2. However, children who reported higher levels of perceived peer acceptance at Time 1 received lower actual social preference scores at Time 2, after controlling for Time 1 levels of social preference. Implications of these findings for future research and for intervening with aggressive children are discussed.
PHISOHEX VERSUS TOPICAL GENTAMICIN IN CLINICAL CONTROL OF NEONATAL STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS COLONIZATION

Neonatal staphylococcal colonization has become a clinical problem in many nurseries recently. Environmental control measures, cohort nursing, routine hexachlorophene bathing, and competitive colonization are among the measures currently proposed for controlling colonization. Because of its potent antistaphylococcal properties and realizing the potential risk for the evolution of microbial resistance to gentamicin, we randomly compared: (1) routine total body 3% hexachlorophene bathing with (2) topical 0.1% gentamicin ointment application to the umbilicus following Ivory soap bathing. All infants were randomly assigned to Group (1) or (2) and treated within the first six hours of life and daily until discharged. All infants were rinsed thoroughly following bathing. 1117 infants completed the study and received anterior nares cultures at the time of hospital discharge. 122/571 infants (21%) in Group (1) were colonized with Staphylococcus aureus, and 154/546 infants (28%) in Group (2) were colonized (p=<0.01). Most staphylococci isolated were penicillin resistant (94%) and of the phage Group II. Based on these data, routine hexachlorophene bathing is superior to routine gentamicin ointment application to the umbilicus following Ivory soap bathing, in controlling Group II neonatal Staphylococcus aureus colonization.
Forward masking of auditory nerve and brainstem responses using high-pass noise maskers.

Abstract The effects of varying the low-frequency cutoff of a high-pass noise used as a forward masker for a broadband click (40 dB HL) are compared for wave V of the auditory brainstem response and N1 from the ear canal. Derived responses were also obtained using a waveform subtraction technique. N, amplitude and wave V latency were most sensitive to the changes in the masker low-frequency cutoff. Results suggest that N1 is biased toward the high frequencies, most likely because of its requirements for high neural synchrony, and is not necessarily related to the maximum area of excitation. Wave V, on the other hand, seems to be less dependent upon highly synchronous events and is more closely related to activity in the mid-to-lower frequencies. Complex behavior of wave V was observed as a function of ΔT which suggests that temporal as well as spatial factors can interact in their contributions to wave V.
Smoking, menthol cigarettes and all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular mortality: evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and a meta-analysis.

Background The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has the authority to regulate tobacco product constituents, including menthol, if the scientific evidence indicates harm. Few studies, however, have evaluated the health effects of menthol cigarette use. Objective To investigate associations of cigarette smoking and menthol cigarette use with all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular risk in U.S. adults. Methods We studied 10,289 adults ≥ 20 years of age who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999-2004 and were followed through December 2006. We also identified studies comparing risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease and cancer for menthol and nonmenthol cigarette smokers and estimates were pooled using random-effects models. Results Fifty-five percent of participants were never smokers compared to 23%, 17% and 5% of former, current nonmenthol and current menthol cigarette smokers, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for former, current nonmenthol and current menthol cigarette smokers compared to never smokers were 1.24 (0.96, 1.62), 2.40 (1.56, 3.71) and 2.07 (1.20, 3.58), respectively, for all-cause mortality; 0.92 (0.62, 1.37), 2.10 (1.02, 4.31) and 3.48 (1.52, 7.99) for cardiovascular mortality; and 1.91 (1.21, 3.00), 3.82 (2.19, 6.68) and 2.03 (1.00, 4.13) for cancer mortality. Using data from 3 studies of all-cause mortality, 5 of cardiovascular disease and 13 of cancer, the pooled relative risks (95% CI) comparing menthol cigarette smokers to nonmenthol cigarette smokers was 0.94 (0.85, 1.05) for all-cause mortality, 1.28 (0.91, 1.80) for cardiovascular disease and 0.84 (0.76, 0.92) for any cancer. Conclusions In a representative sample of U.S. adults, menthol cigarette smoking was associated with increased all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality with no differences compared to nonmenthol cigarettes. In the systematic review, menthol cigarette use was associated with inverse risk of cancer compared to nonmenthol cigarette use with some evidence of an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
The influence of internal model variability in GEOS-5 on Interhemispheric CO2 Exchange

An ensemble of eight atmospheric CO2 simulations was completed employing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Earth Observation System, Version 5 (GEOS-5) for the years 2000-2001, each with initial meteorological conditions corresponding to different days in January 2000 to examine internal model variability. Globally, the model runs show similar concentrations of CO2 for the two years, but in regions of high CO2 concentrations due to fossil fuel emissions, large differences among different model simulations appear. The phasing and amplitude of the CO2 cycle at Northern Hemisphere locations in all of the ensemble members is similar to that of surface observations. In several southern hemisphere locations, however, some of the GEOS-5 model CO2 cycles are out of phase by as much as four months, and large variations occur between the ensemble members. This result indicates that there is large sensitivity to transport in these regions. The differences vary by latitude-the most extreme differences in the Tropics and the least at the South Pole. Examples of these differences among the ensemble members with regard to CO2 uptake and respiration of the terrestrial biosphere and CO2 emissions due to fossil fuel emissions are shown at Cape Grim, Tasmania. Integration-based flow analysis of the atmospheric circulation in the model runs shows widely varying paths of flow into the Tasmania region among the models including sources from North America, South America, South Africa, South Asia and Indonesia. These results suggest that interhemispheric transport can be strongly influenced by internal model variability.
Band structure of HgSe and HgTe

The band structures of HgSe and HgTe are calculated, including spin. The empirical pseudopotential form factors agree with estimated values and the energy differences confirm some previous experimental spectral line assignments.
Orthogonal site-specific protein modification by engineering reversible thiol protection mechanisms

Covalent modification is an important strategy for introducing new functions into proteins. As engineered proteins become more sophisticated, it is often desirable to introduce multiple, modifications involving several different functionalities in a site-specific manner. Such orthogonal labeling schemes require independent labeling of differentially reactive nucleophilic amino acid side chains. We have developed two protein-mediated protection schemes that permit independent labeling of multiple thiols. These schemes exploit metal coordination or disulfide bond formation to reversibly protect cysteines in a Cys2His2 zinc finger domain. We constructed a variety of N- and C-terminal fusions of these domains with maltose-binding protein, which were labeled with two or three different fluorophores. Multiple modifications were made by reacting an unprotected cysteine in MBP first, deprotecting the zinc finger, and then reacting the zinc finger cysteines. The fusion proteins were orthogonally labeled with two different fluorophores, which exhibited intramolecular fluorescene resonance energy transfer (FRET). These conjugates showed up to a threefold ratiometric change in emission intensities in response to maltose binding. We also demonstrated that the metal- and redox-mediated protection methods can be combined to produce triple independent modifications, and prepared a protein labeled with three different fluorophores that exhibited a FRET relay. Finally, labeled glucose-binding protein was covalently patterned on glass slides using thiol-mediated immobilization chemistries. Together, these experiments demonstrated that reversible thiol protection schemes provide a rapid, straightforward method for producing multiple, site-specific modifications.
Relationships between DNA damage and the survival of radiosensitive mutant Chinese hamster cell lines exposed to gamma-radiation. Part 1: Intrinsic radiosensitivity.

In this study we used the neutral elution technique (at pH 9·6) to compare the efficiency of DNA double-strand break (dsb) induction and cell killing in two radiosensitive Chinese hamster ovary cell lines, EM9 and NM2, and their parent cell line, AA8, after exposure to low doses (2·5–12 Gy) of 137Cs γ-radiation. The survival curves indicated that at all radiation doses examined EM9 cells were the most radiosensitive and AA8 cells were the least radiosensitive. We found significant differences among the three cell lines in the neutral elution assay. While NM2 cells showed the same immediate postirradiation dose response for DNA damage as the parent cell line, EM9 cells showed a two-fold greater elution rate than AA8 cells per unit dose. Either the dsb induction efficiency was greater in EM9 than in AA8 cells, or the same frequency of dsb in EM9 and AA8 cells gave rise to a different DNA elution rate, perhaps because of differences in their chromatin structure. We also used a mitotic selection technique to ...
Continuum Dyson's equation and defect Green's function in a heterogeneous anisotropic solid

Abstract A continuum Dyson's equation and a defect Green's function (GF) in a heterogeneous, anisotropic and linearly elastic solid under homogeneous boundary conditions have been introduced. The continuum Dyson's equation relates the point-force Green's responses of two systems of identical geometry and boundary conditions but of different media. Given the GF of either system (i.e., a reference), the GF of the other (i.e., a defect system with “defect” change of materials property relative to the reference) can be obtained by solving the Dyson's equation. The defect GF is applied to solve the eigenstrain problem of a heterogeneous solid. In particular, the problem of slightly inhomogeneous inclusions is examined in detail. Based on the Dyson's equation, approximate schemes are proposed to efficiently evaluate the elastic field. Numerical results are reported for inhomogeneous inclusions in a semi-infinite substrate with a traction-free surface to demonstrate the validity of the present formulation.
Simulation of aerosol agglomeration in the free molecular and continuum flow regimes

Abstract The formation of high temperature aerosol agglomerates is simulated by following the Langevin trajectory of each particle with the boundary condition that the particles stick upon collision. Both the free molecular and continuum flow are treated. A new derivation of the friction force of an agglomerate in the continuum limit is developed based on the evaluation of the surface momentum flux at the Oseen flow limit. The agglomerates can be described as a fractal, at least in regard to the power law relationship between mass and size, with a dimensionality of 1.7–1.9 independent of the flow regime. The particle growth is shown to be much more rapid in the free molecular regime than in the continuum. The global kinetics are shown to be consistent with a similarity analysis of the coagulation equation with a modified coagulation coefficient. Comparison between the simulation and coagulation theory at small time suggests a slight fluctuation enhancement in the free molecule case and a small-time enhancement of the coagulation rate at high concentration for the continuum case.
Supergravity on AdS(4/7) x S(7/4) and M branes

We calculate the dimensions of operators in three and six dimensional superconformal field theories by using the duality between these theories at large N and D = 11 supergravity on AdS4/7 × S7/4. We find that for the duality relations to work the Kaluza-Klein masses given in the supergravity literature must be rescaled and/or shifted.
Corpus collection for ATIS

The project goal is to collect and deliver a corpus of speech data that supports DARPA SLS system development. As of February 1991, SRI has set up a hardware and software environment for the collection of spoken interactions with a simulated Air Travel Information System (ATIS), established a data collection procedure, collected and distributed prototype data, and evaluated the prototype data with feedback from the SLS system developers. Having implemented revisions in the environment and procedures, SRI has begun collecting and distributing a corpus of data for ATIS SLS development.
Fission Barrier of Thallium-201

A new method involving the detection of fission fragments in mica has been applied to the measurement of the fission cross section of the compound nucleus Tl201 produced by bombardments of Au197 with helium ions. These data have been interpreted in terms of an expression for the ratio of fission to neutron-emission probabilities similar to those used conventionally, but modified to include the effect of quantum-mechanical barrier penetrability. In this way a height of 22.5±1.5 MeV was found for the fission barrier of Tl201 and a lower limit on the width could be established. The above value of the barrier, when interpreted on the basis of the liquid-drop theory, leads to an accurate determination of the ratio of the electrostatic to the surface energy of nuclei. This serves to establish the constant of proportionality between the "fissionability parameter" x and the value of Z2/A as follows: x=(Z2/A)/(48.4±0.5). This measured barrier height, when added to the ground-state mass of Tl201, gives a saddle-point mass of this nucleus equal to 200.9949±0.0015 mass units (carbon scale).
Efficient room-temperature synthesis of a highly strained carbon nanohoop fragment of buckminsterfullerene

Strained hydrocarbons are more than molecular curiosities — they often have promising materials properties, and even just making them offers challenges that push the limits of synthetic methods. Now, a short, efficient and room-temperature synthesis of [5]cycloparaphenylene, a carbon nanohoop with 119 kcal per mol of strain energy, is reported.
Note-taker 3.0: an assistive technology enabling students who are legally blind to take notes in class

While the Americans with Disabilities Act mandates that universities provide visually disabled students with human note-takers, studies have shown that it is vital that students take their own notes during classroom lectures. Because students are cognitively engaged while taking notes, their retention is better, even if they never review their notes after class. However, students with visual disabilities are at a disadvantage compared to their sighted peers when taking notes - especially in fast-pace class presentations. They find it more difficult to rapidly switch back and forth between viewing the front of the room and viewing the notes they are taking. Currently available assistive technologies do not adequately address this need to rapidly switch back and forth. This paper presents the results of a 3-year study aimed at the development of an assistive technology that is specifically aimed at allowing students with visual disabilities to take handwritten and/or typed notes in the classroom, without relying on any classroom infrastructure, or any special accommodations by the lecturer or the institution.
Biochemical and enzymatic characterization of Edwardsiella tarda from the United States and Taiwan.

One hundred sixteen isolates of Edwardsiella tarda were collected from the United States and Taiwan were biochemically characterized. This species is basically homogenous and has limited substrate utilization capacities. Taiwan isolates differ from the United States isolates in some respects (i.e. mannitol fermentation, motility, hydrogen sulfide production, gas production, and chondroitin sulfate degradation) particulary when incubated at 42°C.
Band Importance Functions for Audiological Applications

Recently, band importance functions have been developed for a number of speech tests used in audiology. These functions, as well as the importance functions for average (everyday) speech, are also being considered for the inclusion in the revised Articulation Index standard (submitted for vote to th
Spatial localization of tissue metabolites by phosphorus-31 NMR rotating-frame zeugmatography

Abstract Surface coils are employed for rotating-frame zeugmatography experiments to accomplish one-dimensional 31 P metabolite mapping in phantoms and bovine eyes. The spatially dependent β 1 field of the surface coil provides the necessary magnetic field gradient, and the experiments are designed to acquire 15–32 spectra obtained with rf pulses of equally incremented durations. Regions of the sample are distinguished on the basis of the differing magnetization precessional rates about the spatially dependent β 1 field. Thus the mapping dimension corresponds to changes in the transverse ( x′y′ ) magnetization components of the β 1 field, which correspond to successive curved surfaces of constant β 1 field strength. Two-dimensional Fourier transform processing of the data results in a metabolite map composed of a suite of spectra displayed as a function of the mapping dimension. Experiments with bovine eye phantoms reveal that T 1 discrimination can produce a loss of resolution due to smearing in the mapping dimension. Resonance offset effects are also apparent at distances removed from the coil. Elimination of the T 1 discrimination-induced smearing is demonstrated through the incorporation of a saturation pulse into the experiment. Application of the method to the intact bovine eye is shown to result in metabolite maps delineating contributions from constituent ocular tissues of the bovine eye.
Libraries and the Middle East

In a democracy, most major issues of public importance are influenced by public debate. We have seen this dynamic at work in debates over equal rights for minorities and women, the nuclear arms race, abortion, human rights in South Africa, East‐West relations, and the state of the economy.
Finite-State-Machine Overlay Architectures for Fast FPGA Compilation and Application Portability

Despite significant advantages, wider usage of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) has been limited by lengthy compilation and a lack of portability. Virtual-architecture overlays have partially addressed these problems, but previous work focuses mainly on heavily pipelined applications with minimal control requirements. We expand previous work by enabling more flexible control via overlay architectures for finite-state machines. Although not appropriate for control-intensive circuits, the presented architectures reduced compilation times of control changes in a convolution case study from 7 hours to less than 1 second, with no performance overhead and an area overhead of 0.2p.
The organization of prehistoric southwestern communities: Economic, ideological, and spatial approaches

Ericson, Jonathon E. and Timothy G. Baugh, eds. The American Southwest and Mesoamerica: Systems of Prehistoric Exchange. New York: Plenum Press, Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology, 1993. xviii + 302 pp. including chapter references and index. $45.00 cloth. McGuire, Randall H. Death, Society, and Ideology in a Hohokam Community. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Investigations in American Archaeology, 1992. xii + 209 pp. including appendix, references, and index. $35.00 paper. Redman, Charles L. People of the Tonto Rim: Archaeological Discovery in Prehistoric Arizona. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993. ix + 214 pp. including appendices, glossary, references, and index. $39.95 cloth, $14.95 paper.
Probing the Compatibility of Type II Ketosynthase–Carrier Protein Partners

Drug discovery often begins with the screening of large compound libraries to identify lead compounds. Recently, the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of natural products have been investigated for their potential to generate new, diverse compound libraries. There have been several approaches toward this end, including altering the substrate specificities of the enzymes involved in natural product biosynthesis and engineering functional communication between enzymes from different biosynthetic pathways. While there exist assays to assess substrate specificity of enzymes involved in these pathways, there is no simple method for determining whether enzymes from different synthases will function cooperatively to generate the desired product(s). Herein we report a method which provides insight into both substrate specificity and compatibility of protein-protein interactions between the acyl carrier protein (ACP) and ketosynthase (KS) domains involved in fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis. Our technique uses a one-pot chemoenzymatic method to generate post-translationally modified ACPs capable of covalently interacting with KS domains from different biosynthetic systems. The extent of interaction between ACPs and KSs from different systems is easily detected and quantified by a gel-based method. Our results are consistent with previous studies of substrate specificity and ACP-KS binding interactions and provide new insight into unnatural substrate and protein interactions.
Observer Based Temperature Control of a Tank: From Constant to Nonlinear State-Dependent Delay

Abstract The problem of temperature control of a fluid in a tank is expounded in this paper. In our problem, the delay is a an explicit nonlinear function of the state (temperature) of the system and the resulting dynamics are governed by a nonlinear State-Dependent Delay differential Equation (SD-DDE). We perform the stability analysis using Lyapunov-Razumikhin based approach. Using the new concept of delay injection with inversion, an infinite dimensional observer is designed to estimate the state of the system. We also shed some light on the state space required for characterizing the Cauchy problem and the evolution of the SD-DDE based system. A juxtaposition of fixed delay and state-dependent delay is given for a better illustration, comparison and contrast of results. Simulation results are depicted at the end which portray the effectiveness, validity and usefulness of the proposed observer scheme.
Quality-evaluation models and measurements

Quality can determine a software product's success or failure in today's competitive market. Among the many characteristics of quality, some aspects deal directly with the functional correctness or the conformance to specifications, while others deal with usability, portability, and so on. Correctness - that is, how well software conforms to requirements and specifications - is typically the most important aspect of quality, particularly when crucial operations depend on the software. Even for market segments in which new features and usability take priority, such as software for personal use in the mass market, correctness is still a fundamental part of the users' expectations. We compare and classify quality-evaluation models, particularly those evaluating the correctness aspect of quality, and examine their data requirements to provide practical guidance for selecting appropriate models and measurements.