cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Explaining Violence after Wars

What explains variations in violence in post-conflict states? Within the existing literature, violence in post-conflict states is portrayed simply as a threat to an existing peace settlement and is explained by referring to either the legacy of the war (that is, the death and destruction caused by the war itself) or by the legacy of the peace (that is, the nature of the peace settlement). Using a medium-n dataset of fifty four post-conflict states from 1989-2007, this paper will traces variations in violence for five years following the termination of the war, using five different sources of data per year. It finds that post-conflict states, even those that do not relapse into war, feature significant variations in incidence, magnitude, type and target of attack. Even states that are described as stable and peaceful in the existing literature have a range of violent acts, including both strategic and criminal violence, which can have a significant political effect and erode confidence in the peace settlement. More specifically, it also finds that neither explanations focusing on the legacy of the war or peace are sufficient to account for the variations in strategic violence. Drawing on recent work focusing on the organizational dimensions of armed groups (Kalyvas 2006, Weinstein 2007), it develops a theory for explaining the variation in strategic violence based on the capacity of leaders of armed organizations to manage the risks of organizational dissolution through the provision of domestic rewards and in-group policing. It concludes by specifying the mechanisms in which distributional and policing failures generate or facilitate mobilization by new or latent claimants to power in post-conflict states.
Corrigendum to “Voluntary implementation”: J. Econ. Theor. 98 (2001) 1–25

We thank Mark Hahmeier for pointing out that there was an error (and several typographical errors) in our previous proof of Theorem 2. The central change is simply an addition of the phrase "and z satisfies 2 in the definition of G-monotonicity" to the definition of D 1 . However, we include the complete proof below as this leads to a few corresponding changes in the remainder of the proof.
Measuring Linear Passive Devices

Linear passive devices are at one time both some of the simplest of microwave components and some of the most difficult to characterize as the quality of measurements must be very good, especially for low loss devices. Filters, transmission lines, couplers, and isolators, all are designed to be as nearly ideal as possible, and any error in the vector network analyzer (VNA) measurements can lead to production test failures and loss of yield. This chapter presents some particular details of the real‐world problems and solutions to measuring these devices. Transmission responses are usually tested against a minimum limit line value, but in some VNAs, the limit testing is performed only on discrete data points, and the actual limits might lie in between data points. One key figure of merit in filters used for communications systems is the amplitude deviation or ripple in the passband; this is sometimes called filter flatness .
Oversaturated signal systems with queue length constraints—II: Systems of intersections

Abstract The problem of minimizing delay of a system of oversaturated intersections subject to queue length constraints is solved using optimal control theory. Turning movements, storage capacity and travel times between intersections are taken into consideration and it is shown that coordination of the signals, according to analytical relationships developed here, is necessary for optimal operation. It is also demonstrated that the entire congestion period must be divided into two intervals and that the optimal control in both intervals is determined by considering separate test functions. In each interval the optimal control is bang-bang if none of the queues reaches its upper or lower bound, and the switch-over points are at most three per intersection. The optimal control policy with queue length constraints requires, in general, utilization of variable cycle lengths and splits. Numerical determination of the optimal control policy is proposed based on the results presented here and a technique described previously (Michalopoulos and Stephanopoulos, 1977).
Fabrication of TiAl by blended elemental powder semisolid forming

Semisolid forming from blended elemental powders is investigated on Ti-Al alloy. The effects of the forming pressure, temperature, and pressure holding time on the density of the green billets are discussed. The forming method is outlined as follows: the mixture of the blended elemental powders are filled in a metal mold, and heated to approximately the melting point of aluminum. Thereafter, the forming pressure is loaded and held for the prescribed time. The pore-free green compacts are obtained under almost all the present forming conditions. However, pores are observed after alloying heat treatment. The volume fraction of the pores depends on the microstructures of the green billets. Experiments have also been carried out on the effects of the alloying heat treatment conditions on the mechanical properties of the compacts.
Kinetic studies of normal and modified heavy meromyosin and subfragment-1

The kinetic behaviour of heavy meromyosin (HMM) and subfragment-1 (S-1) has been compared for a range of pH and temperature for normal and SH-1 modified proteins. No significant differences were found between S-1 and HMM and the evidence is consistent with an identical independent site mechanism of the form first proposed by Bagshaw and Trentham: $$\begin{gathered} M + ATP\mathop { \leftharpoondown \rightharpoonup }\limits^{K_1 } M.ATP \mathop { \leftharpoondown \rightharpoonup }\limits^{k_2 } M.ATP^* \mathop { \leftharpoondown \rightharpoonup }\limits^{k_3 } M.Pr^{**} \mathop {\mathop { \leftharpoondown \rightharpoonup }\limits_{H^ + ,P_i } }\limits^{k_4 } \hfill \\ M.ADP^* \mathop { \leftharpoondown \rightharpoonup }\limits^{k_5 } M.ADP \mathop { \leftharpoondown \rightharpoonup }\limits^{K_6 } M + ADP \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ where asterisks refer to states of enhanced tryptophan fluorescence and a M.Pr is a state in which both products are bound.k3 andk5 had a large temperature dependence (Arrhenius activation energy approximately 100 kJ mol−1).k3 andk5 increased with increasing pH and the variation fitted a titration curve with pK of 7.4. The rate of step 4 was measured by decay of tryptophan fluorescence, proton release and phosphate release measured as an increase in conductance. The temperature dependence curves fork4 andk5 cross over at 11–13° C for Mn2+-ATPase, 3–5° C for SH-1 modified Mg2+-ATPase and below 0° C for normal Mg2+-ATPase. A change of the rate-determining step fromk4 tok5 accounts for the nonlinear Arrhenius plots of Mn2+-ATPase and SH-1 modified Mg2+-ATPase. Modification also reduced the rate of the hydrolytic stepk3 measured by the maximum rate of the phosphate early burst. The two fluorescence transitions (steps 2 and 3) are easily resolved for the modified enzyme andk3 measured by fluorescence was equal to the rate of hydrolysis obtained from phosphate measurements.
The pringle parallel computer

The Pringle is a 64 processor MIMD computer with a 64 M (8 bit) instructions per second execution rate. (Copies are running at Purdue and Washington.) The Pringle runs programs written for the Configurable, Highly Parallel (CHiP) Computer. That is, the Pringle executes the 64 separate instruction streams as well as the interconnection (phase) stream that configures the lattice of a 64 processor CHiP computer. But the Pringle is not a CHiP. It gives the illusion of the CHiP machine's conflict-free, point-to-point communication using a 64 Mbit internal polled bus. In addition to describing the design goals and the Pringle architecture, this paper identifies two problems common to novel architecture implementation projects, the “wisdom of experience” problem and the “single instance” problem, and expalins how they were addressed for the Pringle.
Voice-related modulation of mechanosensory detection thresholds in the human larynx

Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors within the laryngeal mucosa provide the central nervous system with perceptual and proprioceptive afference for a variety of essential yet diverse human functions including voice sound production and airway protection. It is unknown why mechanosensory information that yields a defensive response when an individual breathes may go largely unnoticed when the individual voices. Therefore, a central question is whether there is voice-related modulation of laryngeal mechanosensory detection. Such modulation would be consistent with current models of afferent laryngeal control, and may be important to maintain fluent voice in the presence of potentially distracting sensory input. Therefore, we employed endoscopic assessment of laryngeal mechanosensory detection thresholds in ten healthy adults during tidal breathing and a voice task. We tested the hypothesis that laryngeal mechanosensory detection thresholds would be higher during the voice task. We found that thresholds were significantly higher for all participants during the voice task and that these changes were significantly more modest in women. Our findings suggest that the laryngeal sensorium may modulate mechanosensory afference to attenuate the potentially distracting influence of sensory input during voice. The finding that women maintain a greater sensitivity during the voice task than men (lower thresholds) may have important implications for the higher prevalence of sensorimotor voice disturbances in women. Our results are consistent with the presence of mechanosensory modulation in other motor systems and with observed sensory differences between women and men. Such modulation has important implications for understanding the underlying neural mechanisms of laryngeal control and how these mechanisms may operate in individuals with laryngeal disturbances.
Narrow-scoping for wide-scopers

Many philosophers think that requirements of rationality are “wide-scope”. That is to say: they are requirements to make true some material conditional, such that one counts as satisfying the requirement iff one either makes the conditional’s antecedent false or makes its consequent true. These contrast with narrow-scope requirements, where the ‘requires’ operator takes scope only over the consequent of the conditional. Many of the philosophers who have preferred wide-scope requirements to narrow-scope requirements have also endorsed a corresponding semantic claim, namely that ordinary talk about rationality, despite appearances to the contrary, expresses wide-scope claims. In doing so, they seek to avoid attributing massive error to ordinary speakers. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the wide-scope semantics inadequately captures the meaning of ordinary talk about rationality. It seems, then, that we are left with a dilemma: either give up the view that requirements of rationality are wide-scope, or accept an implausible semantics for ordinary talk about rationality, or attribute massive error to speakers. In this paper, I argue that this dilemma is only apparent, since we can appeal to a standard kind of contextualist semantics for modals to explain why narrow-scope talk comes out true in virtue of the wide-scope requirements. My view, then, combines wide-scoping about the explanatorily fundamental requirements of rationality with a contextualist variant of a narrow-scope semantics. I argue that this view gives us the best of both worlds, as well as solving related puzzles and challenges for the extant views in the literature.
Rate of capillary rise in soil

A rigorous closed-form analytical solution is developed for analyzing the rate of capillary rise in soils. The new solution can be reduced to Terzaghi's classical solution if the nonlinearity in the hydraulic conductivity with changing soil suction is ignored. Results obtained using the new solution are compared with Terzaghi's classical solution and a series of previously documented experimental data from open-tube capillary rise tests. The new solution is a significant improvement over the previous solution, thus providing more realistic and practical predictions for the rate of capillary rise in unsaturated soils.
Spiritual Development, Its Thought, Public Praxis and the Crisis of Intersubjectivity Refocusing Religious and Theological Thought in Africa

In this essay I briefly discuss three texts on religion, theology and the public role of the church in Africa, arguing that these texts provide an understanding of spiritual development, religious and theological thought, and the public praxis of the church in selected African countries. I further posit that these texts demonstrate that spiritual resources are available to address the socio-economic problems in Africa, which I call a crisis of intersubjectivity. In the second part of the essay, I argue that to address these problems, religious thought and theology should continue to focus on relationality and community. I suggest ideas that should be considered so that religious and theological thought will continue to contribute to impact positively on the lives of people who live on the margins of society.
Transplanting Social Capital to the Online World: Insights from Two Experimental Studies

The recent proliferation of computer networks has stimulated the emergence of thousands of online communities. Facebook, which has grown to 175-million users in five years and recently surpassed megasite MySpace to become the world's largest social networking site, is a classic example. As the importance of online communities continues to grow, a good understanding of their success factors for building and sustaining a community becomes crucial. In this article, we apply social capital theories to examine the interactions among individuals and trust building at the initial development of an online community. Specifically, we postulate that offline social capital can be transplanted into an online community (small or large) to foster the development of trust and social norms that make a community thrive. We conduct two experimental studies: one in the context of real-world, small-scale online communities, and the other in the context of computer-simulated large-scale online communities. Results from these ...
The radioulnar joints and forearm axis: Surgeons' perspective

Forearm injuries are common and can vary in complexity. The fractures are easily diagnosed, but the associated soft tissue injuries may not be as obvious. Treatment results are dependent not only on the fracture healing but on the return of normal relationships about the distal radioulnar joint, the interosseous membrane, and the proximal radioulnar joint. Alteration in any of these elements can result in permanent loss of forearm rotation and stability. Recent anatomic and biomechanical studies have increased our knowledge of these structures and their role in forearm function. The findings from these studies may lead to earlier repair of soft tissue injuries about the radioulnar joints and the interosseous membrane. Further follow-up of these procedures will be needed to validate their indications.
Estradiol up-regulation of pituitary progesterone binding is required for progesterone inhibition of luteinizing hormone release

This study examines the regulation of progesterone receptor (PR) in the inhibition of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. Ovariectomized ewes underwent hypothalamic-pituitary disconnection, were pulsed with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and received 1 of 4 treatments: estradiol alone (E), estradiol priming before progesterone (E+P), E removed and replaced with P (E-P), or no steroids (C). P treatment for 24 h, with E or following E-priming, reduced LH pulse amplitude by 55% (p<0.05). E alone did not affect LH release. E increased pituitary cytosolic P binding capacity fourfold over controls (p<0.01) and P further increased binding to eight times controls (p<0.01). Pituitary PR mRNA increased to 149 and 171% of C in E and E+P groups, respectively (p<0.05), but E removal resulted in PR mRNA levels not different from controls. Pituitary receptors for GnRH were tripled by E alone compared to C (p<0.01), whereas P alone or with E had no effect. These data suggest an E-induced, direct pituitary inhibition of LH secretion by P and that this effect of P is associated with E-enhanced binding of P in the pituitary. Additionally, the direct pituitary effects of P on LH secretion cannot be accounted for by influences on GnRH receptor numbers.
Trends in terrestrial plant communities and landscape health indicate the effects of alternative management strategies in the interior Columbia River basin

Abstract Current and potential future conditions of terrestrial plant communities and landscape health were modeled for three alternative public land management strategies in the interior Columbia River basin. Landscape health was defined as an integration of the degree to which vegetation and disturbance conditions resemble native patterns and support levels of human activity. The range of vegetation and disturbance variability for a period before the middle 19th century was used as a basis for comparison of current and future regimes to the “historical” system. Departure from the “historical” regime in wildland environments was found to be related to altered disturbance patterns, especially changed fire regimes, forest insect and disease levels and excessive livestock grazing effects. Overall, mid-seral forests are currently more prevalent than they were in the past and old forests, especially single-layer structural types, are less abundant. Non-native plant species and altered plant community composition conditions exist across broad areas of rangelands. Landscape health has declined substantially in many areas. Proposed management strategies that emphasize maintenance and restoration activities in a hierarchical landscape approach should generate improved landscape health conditions over the next 100 years. However, the massive scale of changes to disturbance and vegetation patterns from historical to current times and the cost of implementing restoration activities make dramatic improvement unlikely.
An electron microscope study of the DNA sequence organization of the human genome

Abstract The arrangements of inverted-repeated and repeated DNA sequences in the human genome have been investigated by an electron microscope method. The arrangement of the interspersed repeated DNA sequences is found to be similar to the corresponding arrangement found in Xenopus . This arrangement consists of 300-nucleotide-long repeated DNA sequences interspersed with roughly gene-size single-copy DNA sequences. The inverted-repeated sequences are also 300 nucleotides in length and are interspersed with the other DNA sequence classes. Most inverted-repeated sequences (64%) are spaced by another sequence which is recognized by electron microscopy as a single-stranded loop in a hairpin structure. The average length of this spacer loop is 1.6 kilobases. Although some pairs of inverted-repeated sequences are clustered, most seem to be randomly distributed throughout the genome. The average distance separating two pairs of inverted-repeated sequences is 10 to 20 kilobases. The interspersed repeated sequences and inverted-repeated sequences are arranged simultaneously in a portion of the human genome resulting in an interspersion of all three sequence classes.
The R. A. Evans - P. K. McElroy Award for 2009 best paper

Ralph Evans has served the Reliability Symposium and its predecessors and the reliability engineering community in general for 40 years. On January 24, 2004, at the Symposium, he was presented the IEEE - Reliability Society Lifetime Achievement Award in recognition of his leadership and multifaceted service.
Coprocessor design to support MPI primitives in configurable multiprocessors

The Message Passing Interface (MPI) is a widely used standard for interprocessor communications in parallel computers and PC clusters. Its functions are normally implemented in software due to their enormity and complexity, thus resulting in large communication latencies. Limited hardware support for MPI is sometimes available in expensive systems. Reconfigurable computing has recently reached rewarding levels that enable the embedding of programmable parallel systems of respectable size inside one or more Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). Nevertheless, specialized components must be built to support interprocessor communications in these FPGA-based designs, and the resulting code may be difficult to port to other reconfigurable platforms. In addition, performance comparison with conventional parallel computers and PC clusters is very cumbersome or impossible since the latter often employ MPI or similar communication libraries. The introduction of a hardware design to implement directly MPI primitives in configurable multiprocessor computing creates a framework for efficient parallel code development involving data exchanges independently of the underlying hardware implementation. This process also supports the portability of MPI-based code developed for more conventional platforms. This paper takes advantage of the effectiveness and efficiency of one-sided Remote Memory Access (RMA) communications, and presents the design and evaluation of a coprocessor that implements a set of MPI primitives for RMA. These primitives form a universal and orthogonal set that can be used to implement any other MPI function. To evaluate the coprocessor, a router of low latency was designed as well to enable the direct interconnection of several coprocessors in cluster-on-a-chip systems. Experimental results justify the implementation of the MPI primitives in hardware to support parallel programming in reconfigurable computing. Under continuous traffic, results for a Xilinx XC2V6000 FPGA show that the average transmission time per 32-bit word is about 1.35 clock cycles. Although other computing platforms, such as PC clusters, could benefit as well from our design methodology, our focus is exclusively reconfigurable multiprocessing that has recently received tremendous attention in academia and industry.
Differential targeting of androgen and glucocorticoid receptors induces ER stress and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells A novel therapeutic modality

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Androgen (AR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptor signaling play opposing roles in prostate tumorigenesis: in prostate AR acts as an oncogene and GR is a tumor suppressor. Here we explored a novel strategy of simultaneous inhibition of AR and activation of GR signaling for prostate cancer treatment using non-steroidal AR/GR modulator Compound A (CpdA) in combination with proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib (BZ). We and others found that CpdA acts as anti-inflammatory anti-androgen. It inhibits basal and DHT-induced AR activity; does not induce GR dimerization and transactivation but induces GR transrepression via inhibition of several transcription factors, including NF-kB, AP-1, and others. We also previously reported that CpdA has high anti-PC potential (Yemelyanov et al., 2008). It is known that GR and AR are controlled by proteasomal degradation. Here we show that prolonged exposure of prostate carcinoma (PCa) cells PC3 (AR-/GR+), DU145 (AR-/GR+), LNCaP (AR+/GR-), and LNCaP-GR (AR+/GR+), to BZ caused AR degradation and GR accumulation. BZ enhanced CpdA ability to inhibit AR and to augment GR transrepression. We also found that CpdA+BZ cooperatively inhibited PCa cell growth and survival and induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) as was indicated by up-regulation of BIP/HSPA5, ATF2 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, and by induction of downstream pro-apoptotic ERS effector CHOP/GADD153. In contrast, glucocorticoid fluocinolone acetate and androgen DHT down-regulated cytoplasmic and nuclear CHOP, pointing to the ability of the androgens and glucocorticoids to counteract ERS in PC cells. Using ChIP we showed that BIP/HSPA5 and CHOP regulation was due to effects of CpdA and CpdA+BZ on GR loading on their promoters. Since CHOP/GADD153 was differentially activated by CpdA and BZ+CpdA via GR, we analyzed its role in anti-cancer effect of CpdA+BZ. The cooperative CpdA+BZ growth suppression and induction of apoptosis were significantly stronger in LNCaP-GR-CHOP compared to LNCaP-GR cells with low endogenous CHOP expression. Growth suppression and apoptosis induction by CpdA+BZ were drastically diminished in LNCaP-GR-shCHOP cells with depleted endogenous CHOP. Finally, we found that AR and GR are abundant in advanced PCa from patients treated by androgen ablation and/or chemotherapy: 56% of carcinomas from treated patients expressed both receptors, and the other 27% expressed either GR or AR. Overall, our data validate the concept of dual AR/GR targeting in prostate cancer (PC), and suggest that BZ combination with dual-target steroid receptor modulator CpdA has high potential for PC therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3929. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3929
Erosion/redeposition analysis of lithium-based liquid surface divertors

Abstract A sputtering erosion/redeposition analysis was performed for three candidate tokamak fusion reactor liquid divertor surfaces–lithium, tin–lithium (Sn80Li20), and flibe (LiF+BeF2 salt). The analysis uses coupled edge-plasma, impurity-transport, and sputtering codes (UEDGE/WBC/VFTRIM), and available sputtering data. A pure-lithium surface strongly absorbs impinging D–T ions-this results in a high temperature, low density, (∼200 eV, ∼ 1×10 19 m −3 ) low-recycle plasma edge regime. Lithium appears to perform well in this regime. Although overall sputtering is high, self-sputtering is finite. Most (∼95%) of the sputtered lithium is confined to the near-surface region and redeposited on the divertor with the remainder (∼5%) also being redeposited after transport in the scrape-off layer. Lithium core plasma contamination is low (∼10 −4 Li / D – T ) . Tin–lithium and flibe would likely operate in a high-recycle regime (e.g., 30 eV, 3×10 20 m −3 ). Erosion/redeposition performance of these materials is also good, with finite self-sputtering and negligible core plasma contamination predicted, but with some concern about changing surface composition due to different constituent element redeposition distances.
Natural products as inspiration for the development of asymmetric catalysis

Biologically active natural products often contain particularly challenging structural features and functionalities in terms of synthesis. Perhaps the greatest difficulties are those caused by issues of stereochemistry. A useful strategy for synthesizing such molecules is to devise methods of bond formation that provide opportunities for using enantioselective catalysis. In using this tactic, the desire for a particular target structure ultimately drives the development of catalytic methods. New enantioselective catalytic methods contribute to a greater fundamental understanding of how bonds can be constructed and lead to valuable synthetic technologies that are useful for a variety of applications.
Estimating parameters for a dual-porosity model to describe non-equilibrium, reactive transport in a fine-textured soil

Several models have recently been proposed to describe solute transport in two or more mobile regions, yet there have been relatively few attempts to calibrate these models for a particular soil. In this study, a dual-porosity approach is used to describe the steady-state reactive transport of a Br− tracer through a fine-textured Ultisol over a range of pore-water velocities and levels of soil-water saturation. This model partitions the soil into two mobile regions that represent the soil matrix and macropores. Theory and methodology are presented to estimate dispersive transport and adsorption in each region and diffusive exchange between regions for soil columns subjected to steady-state water flow. Numerical inversion of the governing transport equations was used in conjunction with non-linear least-squares optimization to estimate transport parameters for displacement experiments. Pore-water velocity and water content were independently estimated for each region using a pair of displacement experiments conducted on the same column but at different degrees of saturation. Results suggest that the fitted mass exchange coefficient represents a lumped process resulting from the combined effects of intra-aggregate diffusion and local flow variations. We also conclude that when there is limited interaction between regions, the mass transfer coefficient should be estimated independently. A principal difficulty of the application of the dual-porosity model was the non-linear behavior of the diffusive exchange term at early times after a step change in inlet concentration. Another problem was that fitted solutions predicted nearly all adsorption sites to be in equilibrium with solute in the macropore region rather than with solute in the matrix region. Despite these difficulties, the dual-porosity model led to differentiation of transport processes that corresponded to observed structural differences in soil horizons.
The paracrisis: The challenges created by publicly managing crisis prevention

Abstract Social media is emerging as critical element of scanning for many crisis risks. When these crisis risks emerge online, people often confuse them with crises and that is why we have developed the term paracrisis. Para can mean “like” something. A paracrisis is like a crisis. It can “look like” a crisis and does require action from the organization. However, a paracrisis does not warrant convening the crisis team and operating in a crisis mode. This paper details the value of paracrises, how to evaluate their threat potential, and ways to respond to them and how to evaluate those responses.
Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (Western Cape Province, South Africa) in context: The Cape Floral kingdom, shellfish, and modern human origins.

Abstract Genetic and anatomical evidence suggests that Homo sapiens arose in Africa between 200 and 100 ka, and recent evidence suggests that complex cognition may have appeared between ∼164 and 75 ka. This evidence directs our focus to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6, when from 195–123 ka the world was in a fluctuating but predominantly glacial stage, when much of Africa was cooler and drier, and when dated archaeological sites are rare. Previously we have shown that humans had expanded their diet to include marine resources by ∼164 ka (±12 ka) at Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (PP13B) on the south coast of South Africa, perhaps as a response to these harsh environmental conditions. The associated material culture documents an early use and modification of pigment, likely for symbolic behavior, as well as the production of bladelet stone tool technology, and there is now intriguing evidence for heat treatment of lithics. PP13B also includes a later sequence of MIS 5 occupations that document an adaptation that increasingly focuses on coastal resources. A model is developed that suggests that the combined richness of the Cape Floral Region on the south coast of Africa, with its high diversity and density of geophyte plants and the rich coastal ecosystems of the associated Agulhas Current, combined to provide a stable set of carbohydrate and protein resources for early modern humans along the southern coast of South Africa during this crucial but environmentally harsh phase in the evolution of modern humans. Humans structured their mobility around the use of coastal resources and geophyte abundance and focused their occupation at the intersection of the geophyte rich Cape flora and coastline. The evidence for human occupation relative to the distance to the coastline over time at PP13B is consistent with this model.
Major Role Change and Self Change

VAMOUs writers have approached the socialization process from the point of view of the self, or the self-concept. The typical position is that "essentially, the self is a complex of reflexive attitudes that arise in the process of socialization." x The individual develops a set of attitudes, feelings, perceptions, and evaluations of himself as an object.2 To many writers, the concept of the self seems to refer primarily to the conscious system of attitudes and values which an individual has toward his own person.3 Certain writers have suggested that the self consists of different levels of experience.4 Bingham Dai, whose framework is used in this study, suggests, for example, that "human personality, on its higher levels of integration may be thought of as an organization of selves or self-concepts."5 The two concepts, primary self and secondary selves, are critical to Dai's theory. Although Dai uses the concept of self in describing the primary self, he is suggesting that the primary self is not a conscious phenomenon. The primary self does not refer to any self picture the individual has of his own person. Rather, Dai uses this concept to refer to the personality as a whole.6 The primary self appears to be
Controlling nonverbal displays: Facial expressions and tone of voice

Abstract This study investigated the hypothesis that facial expressions are more controllable and closer to one's awareness than vocal cues. Specifically, it was suggested that nonverbal displays are a function of three factors: (a) expressiveness, or the tendency to display spontaneous nonverbal cues: (b) controllability, or the ability to voluntarily suppress or exaggerate one's spontaneous display: and (c) demeanor, or the sender's tendency to convey a particular impression regardless of his/her experienced emotion. Subjects' facial and vocal reactions to affective stimuli were recorded in a spontaneous condition or under instructions to magnify or conceal reactions to these stimuli. It was shown that information conveyed by facial expressions was best accounted for by controllability whereas information conveyed by tone of voice was best accounted for by expressiveness and demeanor.
Tidal migrations of the littoral salt marsh snail Melampus bidentatus Say

Abstract Quantitative field observations and experiments on populations of the snail Melampus bidentatus Say revealed tidal-related shifts in their distribution within the intertidal zone of a New England salt marsh. Adult M. bidentatus were found at lower marsh levels during periods of neap tidal cycles and moved to higher ground on days of spring tides. Juveniles did not participate in these periodic migrations and remained in the middle portion of the overall M. bidentatus range, often concealed under the stems and exposed roots of marsh grasses. Some adult snails, but not juveniles, also climbed grass stems during high tides, but did so irregularly and in variable numbers. Since only one-third of the climbers went high enough to avoid flood waters, this vertical migration is unlikely to serve essential respiratory or temperature control functions. Experiments on the locomotory behavior of snails in a laboratory chamber in which humidity and slope of crawling surface were controlled complemented field observations. Wet (high relative humidity, rH) conditions induced up-slope movement at greater speeds and lower turning rates than observed in dry (low rH) conditions. Partially dehydrated (10% loss of body water) snails showed strong geotactic responses (down-slope) but moved up-slope when placed in wet conditions. Juvenile snails exhibited no preferential movement in any chamber conditions but did reduce their crawling speeds and increase their turning rates in response to dry conditions. These combined field and laboratory studies emphasize that M. bidentatus adults respond strongly to specific environmental conditions with locomotory behavior that may help reduce the risk of potentially dehydrating exposure. As is discussed, M. bidentatus possesses a number of physiological capabilities for dealing with water stress. The behavior described herein adds a behavioral adaptation of use to this air-breathing snail in persisting as one of the few resident animals in the highly variable conditions of the salt-marsh intertidal zone.
Interferon-α plus capecitabine and thalidomide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A pilot study

Purpose: To assess the activity and toxicity of interferon-α (IFN-α), capecitabine, and thalidomide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC). Patients and methods: Twenty-seven patients were enrolled in a pilot study to receive oral capecitabine 1,900 mg/m2/day in 2 daily doses, 2 weeks on, l week off; daily subcutaneous IFN-α 1 mIU without interruption; and daily oral thalidomide 200 mg/day for the first seven days, then escalated to 400 mg/day without interruption. Dosages were reduced for toxicity as necessary. Results: Two patients discontinued treatment during the first week of the study, leaving 25 patients evaluable. There were 5 (20%) partial responses (PRs), 1 (4%) minor response (MR), 6 (24%) cases of stable disease (SD) ≥ 6 months, and 13 (52%) cases of progressive disease (PD). The interval from first response to disease progression varied from 0–23 months: 17 patients progressed in 0–6 months; 4 progressed in 7–12 months; and 4 progressed in 12–24 months. Median survival was >22 months, 14 months, and 1 month, respectively, for patients with PR, SD, and PD. Grade 3/4 toxicities consisted of hand-foot syndrome, neuropathy, fatigue, anemia, and deep venous thrombosis were common. Conclusion: This study demonstrates antitumor activity of combination IFN-α/capecitabine/thalidomide in MRCC. The 20% PR rate was notable, as the patient population had advanced disease and inferior performance status. Treatment was generally well tolerated, and further research is warranted to explore the efficacy of this combination for treating MRCC.
Photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in rainwater

Significant photodegradation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in rainwater was observed after exposure to simulated sunlight. Fluorescence excitation emission spectra (EEMS) of precipitation revealed the presence of four major peaks all of which degraded upon photolysis with the greatest loss in the region characteristic of marine CDOM. Photobleaching of absorbance also occurred in the wavelength region between 250 and 375 nm with the greatest loss of absorbance in the upper end of the UV-A region near 275 nm. There was a strong positive correlation between absorbance loss and total integrated fluorescence loss suggesting these optical properties and the degree to which they are photobleached in rainwater are directly related. The quantum yield of CDOM photodegradation in rainwater decreased dramatically with increasing wavelength and decreasing energy of incoming radiation with the average quantum yield at 325 nm approximately an order of magnitude greater than at 460 nm. The similarity of photolytic response between rainwater and Cape Fear estuarine CDOM indicates that some fraction of the compounds that make up rainwater CDOM may be derived from surface sources and/or that the processes that produce or modify humic-like substances in the atmosphere result in similar types of compounds as non-atmospheric processes.
Cognitive Adaptation Theory and Breast Cancer Recurrence: Are There Limits?.

Relations of the components of cognitive adaptation theory (self-esteem, optimism, control) to quality of life and benefit finding were examined for 70 women (91% Caucasian) diagnosed with Stage I, II, or III breast cancer over 5 years ago. Half of these women experienced a recurrence within the 5 years; the other half remained disease free. Women were matched on age, race, stage of disease, and intervention condition. Baseline perceptions of personal control over illness, but not general self-esteem or optimism, were associated with women's reports of worse physical functioning, worse mental functioning, and less benefit finding 5 years later for recurrent women but not disease-free women. These findings highlight the notion that there may be boundary conditions on the adaptiveness of perceived control.
INAA of pre-contact basalt quarries on the Samoan Island of Tutuila: a preliminary baseline for an artifact-centered provenance study

Abstract This project presents a material-centered instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) characterization of 120 geologic samples selected from four fine-grained basalt quarries on the Samoan Island of Tutuila. Previous attempts at definitive differentiation of these Tutuilan quarries have utilized x-ray fluorescence (XRF). In this study, clear differentiation of each analyzed quarry was achieved using INAA. Biplots of canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) scores for the INAA data illustrate clear separation based on the variation in chemical composition between each quarry. The samples analyzed not only define quarry separation, but also provide the “core group” for a preliminary baseline necessary for future artifact-centered provenance studies. Inclusion of these “core group” samples in the baseline was confirmed by stepwise discriminant analysis. These findings suggest the ability to determine artifact quarry of origin on the island of Tutuila, which can elucidate the importance of individual Tutuilan quarries in the production, distribution and consumption of fine-grained basalt artifacts in Polynesia.
Vulnerability Scale: a preliminary report of psychometric properties.

This work describes assessment of the psychometric properties of a self-report instrument, the Glover Vulnerability Scale. This scale was administered to a total of 11 groups (N = 695). Six of the groups were Vietnam combat veterans diagnosed as having Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (n = 531). The estimate of internal consistency was .88; the test-retest correlation over 4 wk. was .81. Convergent and discriminant validations were satisfactory based on the pattern of the scale's correlations with relevant MMPI subscales and demographic data. Scale scores also discriminated levels of functioning within the population diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and discriminated veterans diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder from patients with major depressive disorder and anxiety disorder. Principal component factor analysis gave a 4-factor solution: social comfort, vulnerability, paranoia, and family trust. Over-all, the findings strongly support the clinical application of the Vulnerability Scale.
Why Aren’t There Any Turkeys at the Danville Turkey Festival?

First paragraphs:Twenty-five years ago, my in-laws came to visit us in central Ohio. They were city folks from Philadelphia who couldn’t understand why my wife, Judy, and I had moved to the country.We timed their visit to coincide with Knox County’s Heart of Ohio tour. Each fall, this selfguided driving tour along the area’s scenic back roads features stops at farms, grange halls, and other sites that offer a glimpse into local rural life. This particular tour included a local turkey farm outside the town of Danville. Danville was well known for its many turkey operations; we were always thankful that it was easy to get a fresh bird for the Thanksgiving table.It remains a family story to this day of how Grandpop Irv felt compelled to let out a gobble during our visit, only to generate a vocal response from what seemed like thousands of birds in the adjacent field.A quarter century later there’s barely a gobble to be heard around Danville, and the only talk of turkeys is at the annual Danville Turkey Festival. Why aren’t there any turkeys at the Danville Turkey Festival? The answer is simple enough. The local processing plant moved 200 miles north into Michigan, in keeping with the trend toward centralization so characteristic of the current global food system. For local farmers, 200 extra miles was the difference between profit and loss, and so turkey farming disappeared....
Reversibility of pH-induced dewetting of poly(vinyl pyridine) thin films on silicon oxide substrate.

Thin PVP films deposited on a silicon oxide surface have been found to form a dewetting pattern when treated with basic solutions (pH ≥ 10). We studied the dependence of pattern morphology on the polymer’s molecular weight and thickness of the polymer layer, and observed the formation of three distinctive structures. The structure formed by large drops of polymer is characteristic of a polymer with low molecular weight and the thinnest polymer layer, whereas other samples form holes or a weblike pattern upon dewetting. These experiments have demonstrated for the first time the reversibility of the dewetting process in a liquid environment. The polymer layer has revealed reversible behavior toward flat film when exposed to a pH 4 buffer solution. More complex structures can be obtained by consecutive treatments with acidic (pH 4) and basic (pH 10) solutions. We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study both the morphology and elastic properties of polymers in media with different acidity, in order to det...
Complete hematologic and cytogenetic response to 2-amino-9-β-D- arabinosyl-6-methoxy-9H-guanine in a patient with chronic myelogeneous leukemia in T-cell blastic phase: A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND T-cell lymphoid blastic phase (BP) transformation is rare in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). 2-amino-9-β-D-arabinosyl-6-methoxy-9H-guanine (GW506U78), a prodrug of arabinosylguanine (ara-G), is effective in T-cell leukemias. METHODS The authors present a case of a 48-year-old male with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) positive CML and T-cell lymphoid BP after 17 months in the chronic phase. RESULTS Plasma pharmacokinetic studies after an infusion of GW506U78 at a dose of 40 mg/kg showed GW506U78 concentrations of 60 μM, and a peak ara-G concentration of 260 μM in the plasma. Cellular ara-G triphosphate (ara-GTP) concentration in the peripheral blood T-lymphoblasts was 80 μM at the end of GW506U78 infusion and reached a maximum of 150 μM. The patient achieved a complete response that lasted 13 months. Severe neurotoxicity related to GW506U78 was observed. CONCLUSIONS GW506U78 showed antileukemic activity against Ph positive T-cell BP CML. Neurotoxicity was dose-limiting in this patient. Treatment with GW506U78 and modulation of ara-GTP concentrations are therapeutic strategies that require further exploration in T-cell malignancies. Investigation of other dosing schedules may limit neurotoxicity. Cancer 1999;85:58–64. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Variation-tolerant ultra low-power heterojunction tunnel FET SRAM design

Steep sub-threshold Interband Tunnel FETs (TFETs) are promising candidates for low supply voltage applications with higher switching performance than traditional CMOS. Unlike CMOS, TFETs exhibit uni-directional conduction due to their asymmetric source-drain architecture, and delayed output saturation characteristics. These unconventional characteristics of TFETs pose a challenge for providing good read/write noise margin characteristics in TFET SRAMs. We provide an analysis of 8T and 10T TFET SRAM cells, including Schmitt-Trigger (ST) based cells, to address these shortcomings. By benchmarking a variety of TFET-based SRAM cells, we show the utility of the Schmitt-Trigger feedback mechanism in improving the read/write noise margins, thus enabling ultra low-V CC operation for TFET SRAMs. We also propose a variation model for studying the impact of device-level variation on TFET SRAM cells. We show that the TFET ST SRAM cell has sufficient variation tolerance to operate at low-V CC , and is a very promising cell to achieve a V CC -min of 124mV. The TFET ST cell operating at its V CC -min provides a 1.2x reduction in dynamic energy and 13x reduction in leakage power compared to the best CMOS-based SRAM implementation operating at it's V CC -min, while giving better performance at the same time.