cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential cadmium-induced embryotoxicity in two inbred mouse strains. I. Analysis of inheritance of the response to cadmium and of the presence of cadmium in fetal and placental tissues.

NAW-wa-2 + /Pr (NAW) mouse embryos and fetuses were relatively resistant to death caused by maternal injection of Cd on days 81–17 of gestation, and C57BL/10ChPr (B10) mouse embryos and fetuses were relatively susceptible, Crosses indicated that sensitivity to Cd-induced embryotoxicity was inherited by a complex pattern with a possible maternal effect. Studies using maternal injections of 109Cd at 10 days' gestation indicated that Cd crossed the placenta in both the sensitive and resistant strains since 109Cd was detected in embryos and placentas at 1–24 h postinjection. Fractionation of the tissue cytosol preparations by Sephadex gel G-200 filtration indicated that free Cd was absent from embryos and placentas of both strains. In embryonic cytosol of both strains 109Cd was associated with fractions showing elution characteristics indicative of Cd-binding protein (metallothionein, MW 10,000). In placental cytosol of both strains 109Cd was predominantly associated with fractions whose characteristics indicated a moiety of approximately 19,000 MW. The two strains differed only in the amount of Cd present in the embryonic cytosol — B10 embryos had more Cd in the binding-protein fractions than did NAW embryos. To evaluate the placental capacity for transfering Cd throughout gestation females were injected on day 13 and 17 of gestation; l09Cd was detected in embryos, fetuses, and placentas of both strains 4 and 24 h postinjection, In contrast with day-10 results gel profiles from offspring and placentas were qualitatively similar, i.e., the heavier (dimeric?) Cd-binding molecule was not present in placental cytosol. B10 embryonic mortality was greater at these later gestational times.
Using think-aloud protocols in formative evaluation of interactive voice response systems

Interactive voice response (IVR) systems, which require people to respond on a telephone keypad to a series of aural prompts, are becoming increasingly widespread. Because writing or reading information is quite different from listening to it, guidance based on testing with actual users is particularly crucial to successful development of a usable IVR system.
Slack Bus Modeling and Cost Analysis of Distributed Generator Installations

The installation and operation of distributed generators (DGs) has great potential for local utilities to improve distribution system reliability and lower their operating and expansion planning costs. To evaluate this potential, distribution system analyses must reflect its new operating environment with significant DG. Resulting tools can be utilized by both utilities and DG owners to improve their decision making algorithms. As such, this work investigates two different slack bus models for unbalanced distribution power flow and their impacts on subsequent cost analysis. The models include the traditional single slack bus model which assigns the substation as the slack bus and a distributed slack bus model which assigns slack to the substation and DGs according to network-based participation factors. Detailed expressions for cost analysis which directly depend on the distributed slack bus model are presented and discussed. Simulations illustrate that the different slack bus models have significant impa...
Maribavir Inhibits Epstein-Barr Virus Transcription in Addition to Viral DNA Replication

Although many drugs inhibit the replication of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in cell culture systems, there is still no drug that is effective and approved for use in primary EBV infection. More recently, maribavir (MBV), an l-ribofuranoside benzimidazole, has been shown to be a potent and nontoxic inhibitor of EBV replication and to have a mode of action quite distinct from that of acyclic nucleoside analogs such as acyclovir (ACV) that is based primarily on MBV's ability to block the phosphorylation of target proteins by EBV and human cytomegalovirus protein kinases. However, since the antiviral mechanisms of the drug are complex, we have carried out a comprehensive analysis of the effects of MBV on the RNA expression levels of all EBV genes with a quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR-based array. We show that in comparisons with ACV, the RNA expression profiles produced by the two drugs are entirely different, with MBV causing a pronounced inhibition of multiple viral mRNAs and with ACV causing virtually none. The results emphasize the different modes of action of the two drugs and suggest that the action of MBV may be linked to indirect effects on the transcription of EBV genes through the interaction of BGLF4 with multiple viral proteins.
Bilayers of chiral spin states.

We study the behavior of two planes of a quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnet in the regime in which a chiral spin liquid is stabilized in each plane. The planes are coupled by an exchange interaction of strength ${\mathit{J}}_{3}$. We show that in the regime of small ${\mathit{J}}_{3}$ (for both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic coupling), the system dynamically selects an antiferromagnetic ordering of the ground state chiralities of the planes. For the case of an antiferromagnetic interaction between the planes, we find that, at some critical value ${\mathit{J}}_{3}^{\mathit{c}}$ of the interlayer coupling, there is a phase transition to a valence-bond state on the interlayer links. We derive an effective Landau-Ginzburg theory for this phase transition. It contains two U(1) gauge fields coupled to the order parameter field. We study the low-energy spectrum of each phase. In the condensed phase an ``anti-Higgs-Anderson'' mechanism occurs. It effectively restores time-reversal invariance by rendering massless one of the gauge fields while the other field locks the chiral degrees of freedom locally. There is no phase transition for ferromagnetic couplings. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Dilution of dipolar interactions in a spin-labeled, multimeric metalloenzyme for DEER studies

Abstract The metallo-β-lactamases (MβLs), which require one or two Zn(II) ions in their active sites for activity, hydrolyze the amide bond in β-lactam-containing antibiotics, and render the antibiotics inactive. All known MβLs contain a mobile element near their active sites, and these mobile elements have been implicated in the catalytic mechanisms of these enzymes. However little is known about the dynamics of these elements. In this study, we prepared a site-specific, double spin-labeled analog of homotetrameric MβL L1 with spin labels at positions 163 and 286 and analyzed the sample with DEER (double electron electron resonance) spectroscopy. Four unique distances were observed in the DEER distance distribution, and these distances were assigned to the desired intramolecular dipolar coupling (between spin labels at positions 163 and 286 in one subunit) and to intermolecular dipolar couplings. To rid the spin-labeled analog of L1 of the intermolecular couplings, spin-labeled L1 was “diluted” by unfolding/refolding the spin-labeled enzyme in the presence of excess wild-type L1. DEER spectra of the resulting, spin-diluted enzyme revealed a single distance corresponding to the desire intramolecular dipolar coupling.
Webs of Wrath: Terrible Textiles from the War of Troy

AbstractThe legends of the War of Troy are among the most enduring of all the world's great tales. Besides thrilling action and striking characters, these epics and dramas record vivid details of Mediterranean life stretching back to the Bronze Age.Like many textile researchers, I have been poring over these stories for what they reveal about cloth's place and meaning in ancient times. In this article, I will discuss references that suggest that clothing fitted into a broad spectrum of fiber technology that transcended gender, and stretched from engineering to war, economics to aesthetics. Rather than being marginalized as soft, superfluous “women's work,” textiles could have terrifying power: as weapons, as agents of torment, and as prizes so alluring as to drive greed out-of-bounds.Among the fabric/fiber images running through the Trojan stories are deadly slings, treacherous snares and nets, and crimson carpets marking a path to murder. These, and other examples, show how richly ambiguous textiles coul...
Spin−Orbit Coupling in Biradicals. 2.1 Ab Initio Methodology and Application to 1,1-Biradicals: Carbene and Silylene

A general procedure is described for the computation of spin−orbit coupling of triplet states of organic biradicals with their singlet states and of the zero-field splitting parameters of the triplets, including the full one- and two-electron terms of the Breit−Pauli Hamiltonian and using a new ab initio computer program suite. Spin−orbit coupling matrix elements are obtained for each triplet sublevel separately and are analyzed in an intuitively appealing fashion in terms of vectorial contributions from individual atoms and individual natural hybrid orbital pairs. CASSCF(6,6) results for S0−T1 spin−orbit coupling in CH2 converge rapidly with increasing basis set size, and a polarized double-ζ basis set appears adequate. However, convergence with respect to the extent of electron correlation has not yet been reached at the CASSCF(6,6) level, whose results appear to be only semiquantitative. The experimental D‘ and E‘ values for CH2 are reproduced within 5% at the CISD/aug-cc-pVTZ level, but the results ob...
A Search for K I in Absorption in Comet Giacobini-Zinner

Spectra through the coma of P/Giacobini-Zinner toward the star SAO 035030 have been obtained during a close apulse. K I is searched for, and a 3-sigma upper limit of 3 x 10 to the 10th/cu cm at a distance of about 1500 km from the nucleus is found. This corresponds to a column abundance for Na I of less than 2 x 10 to the 11th/sq cm, assuming a solar abundance ratio for Na/K. The observations are not yet sufficiently sensitive to constrain either Na or K abundances, but a case is made from these data that such observations are feasible for the brighter periodic comets.
Effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on A- and L-site amino acid incorporation by bullfrog tadpole liver and tail fin cells.

Abstract 1. 1. Cycloheximide and puromycin inhibited leucine transport and incorporation into isolated bullfrog tadpole tail and hepatic cells. 2. 2. However, high concentrations of these 2 inhibitors did not affect alanine incorporation appreciably in either tissue. 3. 3. NEM and DNP inhibited leucine and alanine incorporation in both cell types, but at different concentrations. 4. 4. NEM stimulated leucine transport only in hepatocytes; alanine transport was inhibited by NEM in tail fin cells. 5. 5. The results suggest different mechanisms of transport and protein synthesis for the 2 types of amino acids by tadpole liver and tail fin cells.
Mutagenicity testing of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in histidine auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract The mutagenicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been examined using the Salmonella typhimurium histidine auxotrophs TA1535, TA100, TA1538, TA98, and TA1537. TCDD did not show mutagenicity in any of these auxotrophs in the presence of mammalian metabolic activating systems isolated from the livers of Arochlor 1254-treated rats, Arochlor 1254-treated hamsters, or TCDD-treated hamsters. Test run in the absence of NADP+-dependent metabolic activation failed to reveal any mutagenic activity of TCDD.
Fuzzy I/O controller

Abstract We describe a fuzzy controller which accepts and produces fuzzy data (linguistic variables) as well as crisp data (real numbers) for the control of man-machine systems.
Epr studies of the cytochrome b-c1 segment of the mitochondrial electron transfer system☆

Abstract Previously unreported resonances (X-band) were observed in beef heart mitochondrial fragments (ETPH, Complexes II and III). They have characteristics of low field lines of low spin ferric heme compounds. On the basis of their behavior during reduction, as also monitored optically, they are attributed to cytochromes c 1 (g=3.33) , b K (g=3.44) and b T (g=3.78) .
Correlates of the Belt Voice: A Broader Examination

Summary The purpose of the present study was to further clarify a definition of belting in physiological and acoustic terms. Twenty professional female singers produced triads ascending by halftone steps from C 4 to C 5 and sang the last four measures of a popular Broadway ballad in both legit and belt styles. Vocal source differences between belt and legit singing modes were assessed with respect to closed quotient (CQ) and speed quotient (SQ) computed from the electroglottographic waveform during productions of /ma/ triads covering approximately one octave. Differences in supraglottal configuration were evaluated in terms of the ratio (dB) of the amplitudes of the first and second harmonics of /I/ sustained at the pitch A 5 b , as noted in the long-term average spectrum. CQ did not vary significantly as a function of the singing type. SQ, however, decreased monotonically in association with increasing pitch level in both legit and belt singing styles. Belt mode phonations had higher SQ's than those of legit mode phonations at the same pitch. A repeated-measures analysis of variance demonstrated that the data differences associated with both pitch level and with singing mode were significant beyond P 1 was always stronger than H 2 , but this unidirectionality of amplitude was not characteristic of belt singing, for which the second harmonic had greater amplitude in 25% of the cases. Implications of these results are discussed with regard to a new definition of belting.
Role of endothelin-1 and cyclic nucleotides in ischemia/reperfusion-mediated microvascular leak.

Background: A consequence of ischemia/reperfusion (IR) is endothelial barrier dysfunction and intravascular volume loss. The purposes of our study are to explore the impact of: 1) cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis inhibition, 2) cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) synthesis inhibition, 3) treatment with endothelin-1, and 4) endothelin-1 (ET-1)-mediated cAMP changes on IR-induced fluid leak. We hypothesize that IR-mediated microvascular fluid leak results from increased cGMP activity and ET-1 decreases IR-induced fluid leak via cAMP. Methods: A micro-cannulation technique was used to determine fluid leak or hydraulic permeability (L p ) in rat mesenteric venules. L p was measured during IR and after treatment with 1) cGMP synthesis inhibitor (LY83583,10 μmol/L) 2) cAMP synthesis inhibitor (2',5'dideoxyadenosine,10 μmol/L), 3) ET-1 (80 pM), and 4) cAMP synthesis inhibitor plus ET-1 (n = 6 in each group; Lp represented as mean ± standard error of the mean; units 10- 7 cm/sec/cmH 2 O). Results: IR resulted in an increase in Lp (L p = 7.07 ± 0.20) sevenfold above baseline (1.05 ± 0.31) (p ≤ 0.001). Compared with IR alone, 1) pretreatment with cGMP synthesis inhibitor completely blocked IR-induced fluid leak (Lp = 1.08 ± 0.18) (p ≤ 0.001), 2) pretreatment with cAMP synthesis inhibitor attenuated fluid leak (L p = 3.92 ± 0.20) (p ≤ 0.005), 3) treatment with ET-1 decreased fluid leak (L p = 5.38 ± 0.28) (p ≤ 0.005), and 4) pretreatment with a cAMP inhibitor plus treatment with ET-1 reduced fluid leak nearly 50% compared with ET-1 alone (L p = 2.95 ± 0.12) (p ≤ 0.005). Conclusion: cGMP inhibition completely blocks fluid leak, pointing toward a central role as a mediator of IR-induced postcapillary venular leak. ET-1 mildly decreased leak. Furthermore, ET-1 may not exert its effects on microvascular fluid leak during IR via cAMP.
Reproductivity of Female Spanish Goats Exposed Continuously to Gamma-radiation

SummaryFemale Spanish goats were penned with males for up to 3 years and exposed continuously to 60Co gamma-radiation at average doses of 0, 2, 7 or 30 R/20-hour day. The median death time for the females receiving 30 and 7 R/day was 86 and 348 days, respectively. The ability to survive in the radiation environment was the only limiting factor affecting reproductive performance of the goats.
Experimental Evidence for Alkali-Metal Ion Cation−π Interactions Using Bibracchial Lariat Ether Complexes

Attempts to demonstrate cation−π interactions between alkenes and/or alkynes and such alkali-metal cations as Na+ and K+ have proved largely unsuccessful. Recently, however, lariat ethers having side arms terminated by either indole or phenol have afforded solid complexes that exhibit clear evidence for cation−π complexation when studied by X-ray crystallography.
Utilizing support vector machine in real-time crash risk evaluation

Real-time crash risk evaluation models will likely play a key role in Active Traffic Management (ATM). Models have been developed to predict crash occurrence in order to proactively improve traffic safety. Previous real-time crash risk evaluation studies mainly employed logistic regression and neural network models which have a linear functional form and over-fitting drawbacks, respectively. Moreover, these studies mostly focused on estimating the models but barely investigated the models’ predictive abilities. In this study, support vector machine (SVM), a recently proposed statistical learning model was introduced to evaluate real-time crash risk. The data has been split into a training dataset (used for developing the models) and scoring datasets (meant for assessing the models’ predictive power). Classification and regression tree (CART) model has been developed to select the most important explanatory variables and based on the results, three candidates Bayesian logistic regression models have been estimated with accounting for different levels unobserved heterogeneity. Then SVM models with different kernel functions have been developed and compared to the Bayesian logistic regression model. Model comparisons based on areas under the ROC curve (AUC) demonstrated that the SVM model with Radial-basis kernel function outperformed the others. Moreover, several extension analyses have been conducted to evaluate the effect of sample size on SVM models’ predictive capability; the importance of variable selection before developing SVM models; and the effect of the explanatory variables in the SVM models. Results indicate that (1) smaller sample size would enhance the SVM model's classification accuracy, (2) variable selection procedure is needed prior to the SVM model estimation, and (3) explanatory variables have identical effects on crash occurrence for the SVM models and logistic regression models.
Interactions of Desertification and Climate

Desertification is defined as large-scale dryland degradation resulting from human activity or the advancement of arid deserts into surrounding regions. This global problem threatens over 250 million people living in dryland regions that cover approximately 35 million km2 in nearly 100 countries. Only recently has global climate change received increasing attention as a major factor that contributes to desertification. At the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro, the effect of climate and drought on land degradation was extensively discussed. Interactions of Desertification and Climate is a direct outcome of this meeting and was written to provide a comprehensive report for understanding relations between climate, drought, and land degradation and desertification.
Hybrid routing in clustered DTNs with message ferrying

The mobile wireless research community has invested in the development of routing algorithms and protocols for two distinct environments. The mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) environment is generally assumed to contain relatively dense nodes connected by multi-hop paths, where disconnection is rare. The disruption tolerant network (DTN) environment is generally assumed to contain relatively sparse nodes that are frequently disconnected. We are interested in a different environment in which clusters of nodes have MANET-like dense connectivity, while there is DTN-like sparse connectivity between clusters. We focus in this paper on the case of stationary clusters, where message ferrying provides inter-cluster connectivity. Our routing approach combines message ferry routing with MANET routing through the use of gateway nodes. To best utilize gateway nodes, we develop various algorithms for data aggregation at gateways and transmission scheduling between gateways and the ferry. To further improve performance, we design algorithms to customize ferry routes according to node location and traffic condition. Our hybrid routing schemes are evaluated via extensive simulations.
Ultrasonic relaxation investigations of thorium nitrate in water

Ultrasonic absorption measurements have been carried out on Th(NO3)4 solutions in water as a function of thorium(IV) and NO3− concentrations and pH. Only a single relaxation occurs in each Th(NO3)4 solution, attributed to complexation between Th(IV) and NO3−. The effect of complexation is discussed in terms of literature models involving hydrolysis equilibria and osmotic pressure measurements.
Microbodies in conifer needle mesophyll.

Microbodies are described in the mesophyll tissue of several conifer species. Cytochemical staining ofPinus strobus andPicea mariana with 3,3′ diaminobenzidine indicated the presence of catalase in microbodies. In older tissue microbody staining was variable with peroxidative activity occurring in mesophyll cell walls and the cytoplasm.
Party proliferation and electoral transition in post-Mubarak Egypt

In the aftermath of the popular revolt that overthrew President Mubarak in February 2011, Egypt's transition to democracy has been a cautious one. Despite the restrained pace of reform, one of the defining features of post-Mubarak politics has been a surge in the number of new political parties contesting seats in Parliament. This paper argues that the nature of Egypt's new mixed-member majoritarian electoral system encourages loose alliances dominated by three political factions: liberals, leftists, and religious parties. It focuses on Egypt's new electoral framework, emerging political realities, and those parties likely to shape the political landscape in the future.
Tectonic significance of an Early Proterozoic two-province boundary in central Arizona

A compilation of U-Pb zircon dates for lower Proterozoic rocks in central Arizona shows that, although rocks tend to be older in the northwest (1800−1696 m.y.) than the southeast (1738−1630 m.y.), there is no single boundary separating distinct geochronologic provinces in Arizona. Instead, the distribution of isotopic ages reflects the presence of two major tectonic provinces separated by a regionally subhorizontal boundary or boundaries. The northwestern part of central Arizona contains the Yavapai Series (1800−1755 m.y.) and calc-alkaline batholiths (1750−1696 m.y.), both believed to represent oceanic island-arc materials. The southeastern part of central Arizona is dominated by the Alder, Red Rock, and Mazatzal Groups and related hypabyssal intrusions (1710−1692 m.y.), with voluminous rhyolitic ash-flow tuffs and quartz arenite believed to record a relatively stable continental tectonic setting. Two working hypotheses emerge to explain the juxtaposition of representatives of these two tectonic provinces over a 100-km-wide zone in central Arizona. One interpretation (model 1) suggests that rocks of the southeast province were deposited with angular unconformity on newly accreted continental crust composed of northwest province rocks. A second interpretation (model 2) suggests that the two areas represent allochthonous terranes that evolved separately and were juxtaposed by large subhorizontal movements on thrusts and strike-slip faults. An important new constraint is that the 1699-m.y.-old strongly peraluminous Crazy Basin Quartz Monzonite was emplaced in the northwest province during ductile deformation at depths greater than 8 km at the same time that rhyolitic ash-flow tuffs and quartz arenite were being deposited in the southeast province. For model 1, this implies a rapid change of tectonic regimes about 1700 Ma, from convergence to uplift, erosion, sedimentation, and possibly extension. For model 2, the differences in crustal level, structural style, and petrologic affinity between ∼1700-m.y.-old rocks in both provinces are believed to result from juxtaposition of different crustal blocks after 1700 Ma.
Post-adoption service need and access: Differences between international, kinship and non-kinship foster care

Abstract Post-adoption services are important to bolster a family's commitment to their adopted children, thus avoiding potential problems following adoption finalization. It is vitally important to assess post-adoption services in an effort to ensure families are provided with effective supports for successful family functioning. Few investigators have assessed service needs and access according to adoptive family type. This study focuses on international, foster care kin and foster care non-kin adoption types. Utilizing the National Survey of Adoptive Parents, this research investigated twelve post-adoption services. Two comparisons were made with respect to whether, according to the adoptive parents, post-adoption services were received or not received: 1) international and foster care non-kin adoptive families; and 2) foster care kin and foster non-kin adoptive families. International non-kin families were more likely to indicate they discussed post-adoption services than foster care non-kin families, particularly among those who were white, had adopted boys, had no other children in the home, and whose socio-economic background was lower. When comparing foster care non-kin families with kinship families, non-kin families tended to receive more desired services than kinship families, with kinship families indicating less need for services. Policy efforts and program design need to focus on reaching out to families and developing effective post-adoption services based on the expressed needs of families.
Porphyrinmaleimides: Towards Thiol Probes for Cysteine Residues in Proteins

Porphyrinmaleimides were synthesized and characterized. The thiol-containing amino acid L-cysteine reacted with 58% yield with these porphyrins to form bioconjugate adducts. The new thiol-active reagents were labeled cytoplasmic cysteine 140 and 316 in rhodopsin (Rh), a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR).
Relationship of object loss during development to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function during major affective illness later in life.

Abstract Although many studies have attempted to determine whether early object loss influences the risk of developing major affective illness in adulthood, there are few empirical data relating early loss to subsequent hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction in adulthood. Forty-five psychiatric inpatients admitted for an active major affective illness, all of whom had a previous history of a significant permanent object loss (by death only), were studied retrospectively in this preliminary investigation to examine whether the type and timing of object loss experienced earlier in life would discriminate affectively ill patients who exhibit HPA dysfunction. Several loss variables were found to be statistically significant predictors of cortisol responses following glucocorticoid challenge. A median split of the distribution was used to classify patients into early loss (⩽ 19 years) and late loss (⩾ 20 years) groups. Analyses for all subjects, early and late loss combined, showed that late loss was associated with higher 11 p.m. cortisol levels. Within the early loss group, however, age of first loss was the most significant predictor of 4 p.m. cortisol levels after dexamethasone challenge. Consistent with the hypothesis that childhood object loss may be associated with long-term alterations in HPA axis function, younger age of loss correlated significantly with higher 4 p.m. cortisol responses. These preliminary data suggest that future prospective investigation of the neurobiological as well as psychosocial consequences of various types of early loss warrant further study.
Diagnosing lung cancer using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy

Lung carcinoma is the most prevalent type of cancer in the world, and it is responsible for more deaths than other types of cancer. During diagnosis, a pathologist primarily aims to differentiate small cell carcinoma from non-small cell carcinoma on biopsy and cytology specimens, which is time consuming due to the time required for tissue processing and staining. To speed up the diagnostic process, we investigated the feasibility of using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy as a label-free strategy to image lung lesions and differentiate subtypes of lung cancers. Different mouse lung cancer models were developed by injecting human lung cancer cell lines, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma, into lungs of the nude mice. CARS images were acquired from normal lung tissues and different subtypes of cancer lesions ex vivo using intrinsic contrasts from symmetric CH 2 bonds. These images showed good correlation with the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections from the same tissue samples with regard to cell size, density, and cell-cell distance. These features are routinely used in diagnosing lung lesions. Our results showed that the CARS technique is capable of providing a visualizable platform to differentiate different kinds of lung cancers using the same pathological features without histological staining and thus has the potential to serve as a more efficient examination tool for diagnostic pathology. In addition, incorporating with suitable fiber-optic probes would render the CARS technique as a promising approach for in vivo diagnosis of lung cancer.
Frequency of intercolony graft acceptance or rejection as a measure of population structure in the sponge Callyspongia diffusa

The sponge Callyspongia diffusa showed a rate of graft acceptance ranging from 5 to 23% between colony pairs tested at random from a highly localized population occurring on a small fringing reef flat in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. The frequency of graft compatibility varied inversely with distance between the colonies over a range of from 0.1 to 11.9 m. Pairs of colonies in close proximity (5 to 50 m), but from opposite sides of deep channels, were invariably incompatible. Likewise, graft acceptance was not observed for colony pairs taken from different reefs of the bay and separated by a distance of from 2 to 3 km. C. diffusa propagates sexually by production of larvae and asexually by means of branch fragments. Graft rejection implies genetic non-identity, whereas acceptance implies identity. The observed spatial pattern of immunogenetic similarity suggestes that rate of graft acceptance is directly proportional to the extent of successful asexual reproduction within a given population. Conversely, rate of graft rejection appears to reflect the importance of sexual means of reproduction, which produces new combinations of histoincompatibility genes. Extensive genetic polymorphism at the locus or loci controlling graft acceptance and rejection is apparent in this species. Our findings are consistent with the “uniqueness of the individual” concept; postulation of “limited strain diversity” or “one shared allele yields tissue compatibility” is untenable in this species.
Media-driven Humanitarianism? News Media Coverage of Human Rights Abuses and the Use of Economic Sanctions

Despite significant research on the role that media coverage of human suffering has on foreign policymaking, no study to date has examined the news media's impact on the use of economic sanctions, a widely used policy tool to address humanitarian problems. This study explores whether news media coverage of human rights abuses in Newsweek and the New York Times increases the likelihood of US economic sanctions. Synthesizing insights from agenda-setting theory with recent work on the domestic origins of sanction policy, we argue that press attention to human rights violations increases the threat and imposition of sanctions by mobilizing the public to pressure leaders to take action against abusive regimes. We find support for this argument in statistical tests of US sanction cases between the 1976 and 2000 period. The results also indicate that the media's effect is conditioned by US strategic ties to potential targets: the effect of critical press coverage is stronger for US non-allies than allies. Further, this conditional effect occurs even though abusive allies receive more media attention than abusive non-allies. Overall, this manuscript shows that nonstate actors can have an important role on foreign policy decision making generally, and specifically that news media influence the US decision to use economic sanctions. Our analyses also suggest that leaders balance the public's demand for action with the security imperative to maintain good relations with allies.
Quantitative Determination of Sialic Acid in the Monosialoganglioside, GM1, by the Thiobarbituric Acid Method

Several methods for the quantitative analysis of sialic acids in glycoconjugates require that the sialic acid glycosidic bond be cleaved prior to assay. The conventional (L. Svennerholm, (1958) Acta Chem. Scand. 12, 547-554) procedure for the hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates such as gangliosides employs 0.1 n H+ at 80 degrees C for 60 min. Under these conditions, we find that the monosialoganglioside (GM1) yields less than 50% of the total sialic acid. However, 90% recovery of sialic acid was achieved by supplementing the hydrolysis mixture with 0.2% sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and increasing the temperature to 85 degrees C. During hydrolysis under these conditions, N-acetylneuraminic acid (NAN) is degraded at about 7% per hour. If the analytical values for GM1 are corrected for degradation, the recovery of NAN is essentially quantitative.
SU‐GG‐T‐133: TomoTherapy for Post‐Mastectomy Radiotherapy (PMRT): TLD Chest Wall Dose Measurements

Purpose: To compare measured and calculated skindoses in post‐mastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) of the chest wall (CW) treated with the TomoTherapy Hi‐Art system. Method and Materials: In‐vivodosimetry has been used to assess CW skindose at a single point for multiple fractions of 9 patients. On the first treatment day, a radiation therapist marked a point on the CW near the mastectomy scar and took pictures of the mark placement. A thin packet of TLD LiF powder was taped over the mark prior to megavoltage CT alignment and dose delivery. Following treatment,TLD readout was performed using a REXON TLD reader, with TL being converted to dose using a 6‐MV calibration curve. In the Pinnacle TPS, a Point of Interest (POI) was added at the location of the mark by comparing the pictures with 3D skin rendering. Calculated POI dose was obtained and compared to measured dose.Results: The number of daily TLD measurements acquired throughout the course of treatment ranged from 5 to 25 per patient. Overall for the 9 patients, the TLD measured (delivered) dose was less than the calculated (TPS) dose by 3.7±4.2%. This results in approximately 7% of the patients receiving less than 90% of the calculated dose. Reasons for the delivered dose being low are under investigation, but are likely due to inaccuracies in the TPS dose calculation, CW respiratory motion, and air gap between the bolus and patient. Conclusion: In‐vivoTLD measurements are useful in evaluating the dose delivered by TomoTherapy for PMRT of the CW. Understanding the reasons for the dose differences could allow improvement to our existing technique. Conflict of Interest: This work funded in part by a research grant with TomoTherapy, Inc.
Fragment-based ligand discovery meets phage display

In a powerful complement to traditional ligand discovery methods such as high-throughput screening, fragment-based ligand discovery methods identify ligands piece by piece. A recent advance combines the concepts of fragment-based ligand discovery with phage-display technology to yield bivalent kinase inhibitors with high potency and specificity.
Axis ratios and oscillations of raindrops

Abstract Axis ratios were determined for about 3500 raindrop images recorded in summertime rainshowers by an instrumented aircraft. These ratios were used to determine the mean axis ratios and oscillation amplitudes of raindrops. A filtering algorithm using Fourier descriptors was applied to the raindrop images to reduce the quantization noise and the systematic errors, and simulations were used to estimate the standard errors of the measurement procedure. Drops with diameters <4 mm were observed to be slightly more spherical than would be expected for drops in equilibrium. Oscillation amplitudes were found to be typically ±10% in axis ratio for light to moderate rainfall rates, and such oscillations can account for the departures from equilibrium values. The effects of these axis ratios and oscillations on the differential radar reflectivity of rain are calculated and discussed.
Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders sustained by a U.S. Army brigade combat team during the Iraq War.

Abstract Objective This study was designed to describe the epidemiology of psychiatric illnesses experienced by soldiers in a combat environment, which has been previously underreported. Methods A U.S. Army brigade combat team deployed to Iraq during the Iraq War "Troop Surge" was followed by reviewing unit casualty rosters and electronic medical records for psychiatric diagnoses made by treating providers. The main outcome was the incidence rates of psychiatric disease and nonbattle injury (DNBI). Results Of the 4122 soldiers deployed, there were 308 psychiatric DNBI casualties (59.8 per 1000 soldier combat-years), which represented 23% of all DNBIs and was second only to musculoskeletal injuries (50% of all DNBI). Most psychiatric DNBI (88%) were treated in theater and returned to duty, 11% were medically evacuated and 1% died. Junior enlisted soldiers, compared with junior officers, and women, compared with men, were at a significantly increased risk for becoming a psychiatric DNBI casualty (77.3 vs. 32.2 per 1000 combat-years, P P Conclusions Psychiatric diagnoses are second only to musculoskeletal injuries as a cause for DNBIs sustained in the current combat environment. Most can be treated in theater and permit soldiers to return to duty.
Network of Edge States: A Random Josephson Junction Array Description

We construct a generalization of the Chalker-Coddington network model to the case of the fractional quantum Hall effect, which describes the tunneling between multiple chiral edges. We derive exact local and global duality symmetries of this model, and show that its infrared properties are identical to those of a disordered planar Josephson junction array in a weak magnetic field, which implies that they are in the same universality class. The zero frequency Hall resistance of the system, which was expressed through exact correlators of the tunneling fields, is shown to be quantized both in the quantum Hall limit and in the limit of the perfect Hall insulator.
RETENTION IN HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY AND DISSOLUTION OF NONPOLAR GASES IN WATER

The retention data of dansyl amino acids in hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is interpreted in terms of physicochemical properties of the eluites and solvent and the results are compared to data for the dissolution in water of nonpolar gases. Isothermodynamic temperatures, certain linear relationships between thermodynamic quantities and molecular structure as well as the hermeneutics of the solvophobic theory are employed for data analysis. van't Hoff plots of the retention data with dansyl amino acids are curved and intersect at the isoenergetic temperature, indicative of enthalpy-entropy compensation. The isoenthalpic and isoentropic temperatures are also evaluated and the three isothermodynamic temperatures are found to fall in the same narrow ranges as those for the dissolution of gases in water. Plots of thermodynamic quantities for the retention in HIC against the nonpolar molecular area are linear and thus allow the evaluation of enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs energy and heat capacity changes per unit nonpolar surface area of dansyl amino acids. By employing the solvophobic theory thermodynamic expressions are derived in terms of the nonpolar molecular area and interfacial tension. Using these expressions and n-heptane as model compound it was found that the above group molecular parameters are nearly identical for the retention in HIC and the dissolution of gases in water, thus confirming the mechanistic identity of the two processes.
Effects of postulated neurochumoral transmitters on the isolated radula protractor of Busycon canaliculatum

Abstract 1. 1. Acetylcholine potentiates twitches in low concentrations and induces contracture in high concentrations. Acetylcholine contracture is temperature dependent. 2. 2. Tryptamine is more effective than 5-hydroxytryptamine in potentiating twitches and in inducing rhythmicity. 3. 3. High concentrations of noradrenaline, tyramine and GABA potentiate twitches. 4. 4. High concentrations of adrenaline, dopamine and glutamic acid depress twitches. 5. 5. At comparable concentrations, tryptamine is more effective than 5-hydroxytryptamine in relaxing acetylcholine contracture.
Determination of fracture toughness from thin side-grooved specimens

Abstract Methods of determining fracture toughness from specimens of thickness lower than that required by ASTM Standard, E399 were studied using aluminum and titanium alloy specimens. In thin specimens in which crack growth initiation is clearly marked by a sudden change in the slope of the load-displacement curve, the stress intensity at the crack growth initiation point was found to be the same as the standard fracture toughness value. Crack growth initiation was more easily identifiable in the aluminum alloys than in the titanium alloy, although the latter was more brittle. Side grooves enable identification of crack growth initiation in thinner specimens, reducing considerably the thickness requirement for fracture toughness testing. A nearly straight crack front was found to be essential for obtaining reproducible results. Sharp and deep side grooves produced fatigue cracks leading at the edges.
Abstract LB-68: MYCN-induced TRPM7 expression and channel activity occurs through a mechanism that involves ornithine decarboxylase

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Neuroblastoma (NB) is an extra-cranial solid cancer in children. MYCN is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes that are involved in cell proliferation, growth, cell migration, etc. MYCN gene amplification is a prognostic indicator of poor outcome in NB. Recent studies have shown that intracellular free calcium regulates multiple steps involved in cell migration. Although significant advances have been made in understanding the role of calcium during migration, little has been achieved towards understanding its impact on the malignant progression of NB. Our results showed that MYCN gene amplification or over-expression of MYCN in NB cells increased TRPM7 expression, increased peak TRPM7 current, induced constitutive TRPM7 channel activity, enhanced calcium signaling, and promoted cell migration, implicating TRPM7 as a potential regulator of calcium signals that promote NB cell migration and invasion. Recent results suggest that MYCN may regulate TRPM7 expression through a process that involves ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines, and a direct transcriptional target of MYCN. Treatment of NB cells with α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an irreversible inhibitor of ODC, or transfection of ODC specific siRNA effectively decreased TRPM7 expression. This effect was attenuated by supplementing the culture media with spermidine, confirming that ODC may function downstream of MYCN to regulate TRPM7 expression. Interestingly, western blot analysis of NB cell lysates showed that MYCN induced the cleavage of the TRPM7 kinase domain, a post-translational modification that has been shown to increase TRPM7 currents and induce constitutive TRPM7 channel activity. Additionally, DFMO inhibited TRPM7 cleavage, an effect that was reversed by spermidine supplementation. Taken together, these results suggest that MYCN may regulate TRPM7 expression and channel activity through a mechanism that involves ODC-mediated polyamine biosynthesis. Citation Format: Dana-Lynn T. Koomoa, Ingo Lange. MYCN-induced TRPM7 expression and channel activity occurs through a mechanism that involves ornithine decarboxylase. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-68. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-68
Local elected officials and environmental policy: Does rural matter anymore?

Abstract A survey was mailed to elected officials (mayors and city council) from a sample of 52 rural communities in Idaho and all 7 communities with populations above 20,000 to examine whether there is a relationship between environmental policy issues and various independent variables such as economic type, age, gender, rural/ urban, political ideology, and percentage of life lived in the current community. One-hundred and fifty-five (155) out of three hundred twenty seven (327) respondents returned the survey for a response rate of 47%. The findings reveal that while the rural/urban dichotomy consistently predicted for questions on “trust of information sources,” overall economic base was a better predictor of attitudes toward environmental issues and policy.
Dormancy in Reduvius Personatus (Linnaeus).

The subject of dormancy of Reduvius personatus (Linnaeus) first aroused the interest of the writer when, while rearing this species in connection with studies of the biology of the Reduviidae, it was observed that this insect apparently ceased development during the winter months, even though kept in heated quarters and supplied with the same food which permitted its development at other seasons of the year. A survey of the literature showed that others had observed this phenomenon, but had not attempted to explain it. De Geer (1) stated that this species passed the winter as an engorged nymph, without taking food; that its body became thin and flat; and that at the return of warm weather it again became active and recommenced feeding. Also Poujade (2) recorded the fact that he kept a nymph which he collected in August, 1887, until it molted and became an adult in June, 1888, thus living for ten months without undergoing more than one molt, its final one. This insect remained torpid during the winter and took no food.
Ink, paper, scissors: experiments in cutting campus printing costs

Universities are always looking for ways to economize, both because of rising costs and because of growing awareness of ecological issues. Printing is a common target. Indiana University's Pervasive Technology Institute (PTI) compared several typefaces, looking at ink usage, paper usage, and readability. PTI chose to standardize on 11-point Times New Roman for printed documentation such as internal reports and white papers. PowerPoint presentations and other items with relatively small blocks of text are done in Century Gothic. Reports for external audiences will include a mix of fonts with deliberate mindfulness toward ink and paper usage. In short, if a message is rendered ineffective by its presentation, any ink or paper used can be considered wasted.