cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The end of King Jehoiakim: the afterlife of a problem

Recently, E J Smit has surveyed the Biblical indications concerning the circumstances surrounding the end of Jehoiakim's reign (2 Kg 24:6; 2 Chr 36:6; Jr 22:19; 36:30). Smit further proposes a historical reconstruction, according to which Jehoiakim met a violent death in the context of a Babylonian attack and was denied a proper burial. The present article extends the discussion by examining the statements of Josephus, Rabbinic tradition, and Patristic commentators concerning Jehoiakim's end. It is noted that in this later material one finds explicit statements about Jehoiakim's being put to death as Smit posits, but this is said nowhere in the Biblical witnesses.
Abstract 15086: Caveolin-1 Dependent APPL1 Nuclear Translocation as a Novel Mechanism Mediating Adiponectin Endothelial Protection in Diabetes

Introduction: Adiponectin (APN) regulates multiple genes and exerts pleiotropic vascular protective effects. However, intracellular signaling mediating APN gene regulatory effect and vasculoprotect...
A precision medicine approach for psychiatric disease based on repeated symptom scores

For psychiatric diseases, rich information exists in the serial measurement of mental health symptom scores. We present a precision medicine framework for using the trajectories of multiple symptoms to make personalized predictions about future symptoms and related psychiatric events. Our approach fits a Bayesian hierarchical model that estimates a population-average trajectory for all symptoms and individual deviations from the average trajectory, then fits a second model that uses individual symptom trajectories to estimate the risk of experiencing an event. The fitted models are used to make clinically relevant predictions for new individuals. We demonstrate this approach on data from a study of antipsychotic therapy for schizophrenia, predicting future scores for positive, negative, and general symptoms, and the risk of treatment failure in 522 schizophrenic patients with observations over 8 weeks. While precision medicine has focused largely on genetic and molecular data, the complementary approach we present illustrates that innovative analytic methods for existing data can extend its reach more broadly. The systematic use of repeated measurements of psychiatric symptoms offers the promise of precision medicine in the field of mental health.
The assessment practices of emergent bilinguals: Supporting English language learners

In The Assessment of Emergent Bilinguals: Supporting English Language Learners, Kate Mahoney reevaluates the purpose and use of assessments and presents insightful assessment methods for educators ...
Electronic Medical Records and Hospital Performance: A Longitudinal Analysis

Hospitals in the U.S. have made significant investments in information technologies (IT) to improve care delivery. In particular, Electronic Medical Record (EMR) technologies offer significant pote...
When gossip is good: distributed probabilistic inference for detection of slow network intrusions

Intrusion attempts due to self-propagating code are becoming an increasingly urgent problem, in part due to the homogeneous makeup of the internet. Recent advances in anomaly-based intrusion detection systems (IDSs) have made use of the quickly spreading nature of these attacks to identify them with high sensitivity and at low false positive (FP) rates. However, slowly propagating attacks are much more difficult to detect because they are cloaked under the veil of normal network traffic, yet can be just as dangerous due to their exponential spread pattern. We extend the idea of using collaborative IDSs to corroborate the likelihood of attack by imbuing end hosts with probabilistic graphical models and using random messaging to gossip state among peer detectors. We show that such a system is able to boost a weak anomaly detector D to detect an order-of-magnitude slower worm, at false positive rates less than a few per week, than would be possible using D alone at the end-host or on a network aggregation point. We show that this general architecture is scalable in the sense that a fixed absolute false positive rate can be achieved as the network size grows, spreads communication bandwidth uniformly throughout the network, and makes use of the increased computation power of a distributed system. We argue that using probabilistic models provides more robust detections than previous collaborative counting schemes and allows the system to account for heterogeneous detectors in a principled fashion.
Environmental effects on disulfide bonding patterns of bovine kappa-casein.

Bovine κ-casein, the stabilizing protein of the colloidal milk protein complex, has a unique disulfide bonding pattern. The protein exhibits varying molecular sizes on SDS-PAGE ranging from monomer to octamer and above in the absence of reducing agents. Heating the samples with SDS prior to electrophoresis caused an apparent decrease in polymeric distribution: up to 60% monomer after 30min at 90°C as estimated by densitometry of SDS-PAGE. In contrast, heating the samples without detergent at 90 or 37°C caused a significant increase in high-molecular-weight polymers as judged by electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. In 6 M urea, the protein could be completely reduced, but upon dialysis, varying degrees of polymer reformation occurred depending on the dialysis conditions. Spontaneous reoxidation to polymeric forms is favored at low pH (<5.15) and low ionic strength. The results are discussed with respect to the influence of the method of preparation on the polymer size of κ-caseins and on their resultant physical chemical properties.
Formación y retención de los trabajadores de más edad en la empresa. Evidencia de Alemania

La retencion en las empresas de los trabajadores de mas edad podria paliar carencias de capital humano derivadas del rapido envejecimiento de la poblacion activa. Con datos de emparejamientos empresa-asalariado de Alemania, de 2002-2008, los autores investigan la relacion entre formacion en la empresa, salarios y decisiones de jubilacion de los trabajadores de 50-65 anos y encuentran que, cuando la formacion esta adaptada a estos trabajadores, las mujeres, sobre todo de bajos ingresos, son menos proclives a jubilarse, posiblemente por un crecimiento salarial concomitante. Este tipo de formacion podria pues contribuir a retener y promover a las mujeres de edad y de bajos ingresos.
A sample-to-answer droplet magnetofluidic assay platform for quantitative methylation-specific PCR

Dysregulation of DNA methylation has been identified as an epigenetic biomarker for numerous cancer types. Gene-specific identification techniques relying on methylation-specific PCR (MSP) require a lengthy manual benchtop process that is susceptible to human-error and contamination. This MSP assay requires a series of discrete sample processing steps including genomic DNA extraction, bisulfite conversion and readout via PCR. In this work, we present a streamlined assay platform utilizing droplet magnetofluidic principles for integration of all sample processing steps required to obtain quantitative MSP signal from raw biological samples. We present a streamlined protocol for solid-phase extraction and bisulfite conversion of genomic DNA, which minimizes reagent use and simplifies the sample preparation protocol for implementation on a compact assay platform. Furthermore, we present a thermally robust assay chip that enables DNA extraction, bisulfite conversion and quantitative PCR from biological samples on a single device. Technical improvements to facilitate DNA extraction and PCR on a single chip in addition to chip performance characterization data are presented.
Climate Reconstructions (1801 to 1938) Inferred from Tree-Ring Width Chronologies of the North American Arctic

A spatial grid of 56 tree-ring width chronologies from Alaska and northwestern Canada, for the period 1801 to 1938, are reduced using principal components analysis. The principal component weights ...
Solitary Invariant Sets

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the solitary invariant sets. Any isolated invariant set is solitary and any isolating neighborhood is a neighborhood of solitude. In this case, the elliptic set is always empty. It is not known what the simplest structure for a neighborhood of solitude is in general; however, certain simplifications, which are always possible, have been discovered. In the study of isolated invariant sets, it is desirable to limit one's attention to certain specially structured isolating neighborhoods, the isolating blocks. The first simplification of the structure of a neighborhood of solitude involves reducing the set along which δR is tangent to the flow. For this, the notion of generic contact, which was introduced by Pugh in his study of the Poincare index formula, is used. The chapter reviews the example of a Cr isolating block. Here, the tangency set is either empty or a submanifold that separates the ingress region from the egress region in δR. At each point of the tangency set, the orbit is directed transverse to the tangency set and into the egress region. In general, it is not possible to choose the isolating block so that the tangency set is empty. For general neighborhoods of solitude, it is not only necessary to have a nonempty tangency set but also may even be necessary that some orbits be tangent to this tangency set. Generic contact means that such tangencies of all orders have been minimized locally.
THE LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER ON A CIRCULAR CYLINDER IN AN OSCILLATORY AXIAL FLOW

ABSTRACT The laminar boundary layer on a circular cylinder in an axial flow with zero pressure gradient and with free-stream velocity varying sinusoidally with time in magnitude but not in direction is studied both theoretically and experimentally. The solution based on the first-approximation theory for high-frequency oscillations shows that for the frequency parameter, ✓(ω/ v ) a , larger than 10, the amplitude and the phase difference of oscillations for the cylinder practically coincide with the shear-wave solution for a flat plate. The solution for small low-frequency velocity oscillations shows that the boundary layer velocity is always in phase with the free-stream velocity and that the maximum amplitude of the boundary layer velocity oscillations is about 10 per cent larger than the amplitude of free-stream oscillations. Velocity traverses were made in an air tunnel on a 2 1/2-in. O.D. cylinder with a cone as the head-piece. The frequency of oscillations varied from 1/3 cps to 4 cps and the ratio of the amplitude of the free-stream velocity oscillations to the mean free-stream velocity varied from about 11 per cent to 33 per cent.
Environmental Implications of Nano-manufacturing

Green manufacturing for nanotechnologies must be considered, while it is most impactful to do so, during early development and early application stage. There are still a lot of challenges in applying conventional green theories and methodologies to nano-manufacturing technologies, particularly for their overall sustainability assessment and improvement. This chapter provides a basic overview of potential environmental impacts associated with nanotechnology and its manufacturing processes. The fundamental knowledge and scientific methods useful in understanding the environmental impacts of nanotechnology from a holistic view are discussed. A few examples on environmental studies of nano-manufacturing technologies are provided as well. A systematic view of the potential environmental impacts of nano-manufacturing will be helpful for guiding future research in this subject.
A decade of Marcellus Shale: Impacts to people, policy, and culture from 2008 to 2018 in the Greater Mid-Atlantic region of the United States

Abstract It’s been just over a decade since Unconventional Oil and Gas development began in earnest in the Marcellus Shale, a dense shale formation that, along with the deeper and larger Utica Shale, covers much of the mid-Atlantic United States. Since January 2008, approximately 15,939 wells have been drilled and fracked at 5674 sites across these shales. This decennial documents the pace, scale, and stages of actual development and takes stock of the social science on impacts to communities, people, policies, and culture. We have divided this article into the following sections that are categorized both geographically and thematically: Pennsylvania: Heart of the Marcellus Shale Play, focuses on the plethora of social science research that has occurred on impacts to Pennsylvania communities, health, economics, and agricultural production; West Virginia and Ohio: Legacies of Extraction discusses research on the overlapping historical legacies of extractive industries in the region and details results of original research examining perceived impacts to residents amid complex historical natural resource lineages; and New York: Fracking, Culture and Politics examines how the regulatory process to develop the Marcellus Shale affected both the state and nation’s culture, politics, and policy as one of the most densely populated regions of the US came to grips with hosting the modern-day Oil and Gas Industry. We conclude with a discussion of emerging research opportunities and directions as a new generation of social scientists document future development in the Marcellus and Utica Shales.
“Intrusions into the Human Body”: Quarantining Disease, Restraining Bodies, and Mapping the Affective in State Discourses

The recent explosion of post-apocalyptic visions of zombie outbreaks, plague, and bio-engineered super viruses reveals the preoccupation that exists about the potential for future disaster and its link to our conceptions of health, the body, and the public good. Born from this same historical conjuncture, The New York State Public Health Manual: A Guide for Attorneys, Judges, and Public Health Professionals , published in 2011, outlines the powers of the state of New York during a time of catastrophe; i.e. plague, outbreak, natural disaster. This particular legal guide demonstrates a current manifestation of biopower and the affective potential States hope to capture and control that emanate from the collision and interaction of bodies. States harness affect through various ways, and in this particular study, through a text that mobilizes fear and the ever-present potential of a threat, ultimately justifying draconian social measures in the name of “public safety”. Written texts provide a rich context in which to critique and better situate State policies within larger frameworks of discipline and control. States and bodies are inextricably connected to each other, and analyzing public policies help better contextualize these links specifically.
The longitudinal relationship between food insecurity in older adults with diabetes and emergency department visits, hospitalizations, hemoglobin A1c, and medication adherence

Abstract Aims To examine the relationship between food insecurity and emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, A1c, and diabetes medication adherence over one year of follow-up among individuals >65 years with diabetes mellitus. Methods We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of adults >65 years with diabetes who did (n = 742) or did not (n = 2226) report food insecurity at baseline. We used conditional logistic regression for the ED visits or hospitalization outcomes, and mixed effects models for A1c and non-insulin diabetes medication adherence. Results In bivariate analyses, individuals with food insecurity were more likely to have an ED visit (OR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.15–1.72) or hospitalization (OR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.11–1.78) in the year after the food security assessment. In addition, A1c was higher (7.5% vs. 7.2%, p Conclusions Differences in diabetes outcomes by food insecurity status were attenuated by adjustment for socioeconomic status. Adverse outcomes in individuals with diabetes and food insecurity may be driven by effects of food insecurity per se or be mediated by a constellation of basic resource needs or lower socioeconomic status.
Zinc Oxide Particles Induce Activation of the Lysosome–Autophagy System

Metal-oxide-based materials are highly versatile and used in a wide variety of applications ranging from medical technology to personal care products. Generally recognized as safe by the US Food and Drug Administration, zinc oxide (ZnO) has been increasingly used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, and commodity chemical industries. As a result, exposure to nano- and micron-sized ZnO particles through occupational processes and consumer products is increasing and has raised concerns over the health effects associated with the large-scale production and commercialization of ZnO-based materials. It is therefore important to investigate the interaction of ZnO particles with biological systems and elucidate the consequent effect on cell physiology. Of particular interest is the autophagic response to zinc oxide particles, as autophagy is the first line of defense activated in response to the uptake of foreign materials. As the main cellular catabolic pathway, the lysosome–autophagy system plays an important ho...
Was America Founded as a Christian Nation? A Historical Introduction by John Fea. Reviewd by Robert Schaffer.

There is no shortage of books on the religious views of the Founders and on whether the United States began as "a Christian nation." John Fea, a historian at Messiah College in Grantham, Pennsylvania, weighs in on such topics alongside important recent studies by David Holmes, Mark Noll, James Hutson, Thomas Kidd, and Jon Meacham, among others. While their books differ in emphasis, Fea joins these other scholars in debunking the efforts of influential evangelical Christian authors to portray the Founders as orthodox Christians who set up a new nation privileging Christian denominations and ideals. At the same time, Fea shows how religion did figure into the founding and subsequent development of our nation.
Inkbraille: A Pilot Study of a New Reading Medium for Blind Persons:

A pilot study is explained comparing Inkbraille with embossed braille. Advantages of Inkbraille are noted and readability is tested.
Postcolonial Activists and European Museums

This essay examines activist interventions in European museums to ask whether and how they have succeeded in altering museal protocols, structures, and representations regarding the colonial past. It evaluates actions primarily aimed at making institutional structures more inclusive and bolstering contemporary struggles against the surge of nationalist, racist, and anti-immigrant movements and parties. Museums are not only prime targets for contesting the cherished myth of European superior accomplishments, but they are also potential allies in fighting against racial injustice. Thus, activists put pressure on museums to enact support for minoritized communities in addition to mobilizing anti-racist groups that might not otherwise consider museums as allies.
Justice in Wonderland - A Review of Misdemeanorland: Criminal Courts and Social Control in an Age of Broken Windows Policing by Issa Kohler-Hausmann

In Kohler-Hausmann's Misdemeanorland, we navigate the courthouses of New York City, where the fruits of broken windows policing's labors land. The empirical and theoretical account adds to and recasts both descriptive and theoretical understandings of the legacy of broken windows policing, of misdemeanor justice, and of court work more generally. It also suggests important ways in which prevailing criminal justice reform priorities should perhaps be redirected. And finally, it points up deep pathologies in the role of the defense lawyer in high-volume misdemeanor practice - pathologies that have been little noted in the literature and that are amply deserving of exploration in further scholarship.
Quantification of Cellular Drug Biodistribution Addresses Challenges in Evaluating In Vitro and In Vivo Encapsulated Drug Delivery

Nanoencapsulated drug delivery to solid tumors is a promising approach to overcome pharmacokinetic limitations of therapeutic drugs. However, encapsulation leads to complex drug biodistribution and delivery making analysis of delivery efficacy challenging. As proxies, nanocarrier accumulation or total tumor drug uptake in the tumor are used to evaluate delivery. Yet, these measurements fail to assess delivery of active, released drug to the target, and thus it commonly remains unknown if drug-target occupancy has been achieved. Here, we develop an approach to evaluate the delivery of encapsulated drug to the target, where residual drug target vacancy is measured using a fluorescent drug analog. In vitro measurements reveal that burst release governs drug delivery independent of nanoparticle uptake, and highlight limitations of evaluating nanoencapsulated drug delivery in these models. In vivo, however, our approach captures successful nanoencapsulated delivery, finding that tumor stromal cells drive nanoparticle accumulation and mediate drug delivery to adjacent cancer cells. These results, and generalizable approach, provide a critical advance to evaluate delivery of encapsulated drug to the drug target - the central objective of nanotherapeutics.
Update on rotavirus vaccine underperformance in low- to middle-income countries and next-generation vaccines

In the decade since oral rotavirus vaccines (ORV) were recommended by the World Health Organization for universal inclusion in all national immunization programs, significant yet incomplete progress has been made toward reducing the burden of rotavirus in low- to middle-income countries (LMIC). ORVs continue to demonstrate effectiveness and impact in LMIC, yet numerous factors hinder optimal performance and evaluation of these vaccines. This review will provide an update on ORV performance in LMIC, the increasing body of literature regarding factors that affect ORV response, and the status of newer and next-generation rotavirus vaccines as of early 2020. Fully closing the gap in rotavirus prevention between LMIC and high-income countries will likely require a multifaceted approach accounting for biological and methodological challenges and evaluation and roll-out of newer and next-generation vaccines.
Audit Regulation and the Cost of Equity Capital: Evidence From the PCAOB’s International Inspection Regime

This study investigates the relation between audit regulation and the cost of equity capital. While a relation is intuitively appealing, there is a general lack of empirical evidence because changes in audit regulation are frequently accompanied by other major regulatory changes. We exploit variation in the timing of regulatory changes induced by foreign governments’ staggered allowance of PCAOB inspections. Using a difference-in-differences design, we find that foreign SEC registrants with auditors from countries that allow PCAOB inspections enjoy a lower cost of capital, relative to foreign SEC registrants with auditors from countries that prohibit inspections. Further, we find that this cost of capital effect is attenuated for companies with higher quality existing governance mechanisms. Finally, we document that inspection access is associated with higher quality analyst forecasts, which suggests that this change in audit regulation reduces information risk for market participants.
Screening for Problematic Sleep in a Diverse Sample of Infants.

OBJECTIVE To examine screening strategies for identifying problematic sleep in a diverse sample of infants. METHODS Parents of infants (5-19 months; N = 3,271) presenting for a primary care visit responded to five screening items and the Infant Sleep Questionnaire (ISQ), a validated measure of problematic infant sleep. If parents responded affirmatively to any screening item, primary care providers received a prompt to evaluate. For each of the screening questions, we examined differences in item endorsement and criterion related validity with the ISQ. Using conceptual composites of night waking and sleep difficulty, prevalence, criterion-related validity, and concurrent demographic correlates were analyzed. RESULTS Infants were primarily of Black race (50.1%) or Hispanic ethnicity (31.7%), with the majority (63.3%) living in economically distressed communities. Rates of problematic sleep ranged from 7.4%, for a single item assessing parental perception of an infant having a sleep problem, to 74.0%, for a single item assessing night wakings requiring adult intervention. Items assessing sleep difficulty had high (95.0-97.8%) agreement with the ISQ in identifying infants without problematic sleep, but low agreement (24.9-34.0%) in identifying those with problematic sleep. The opposite was true for items assessing night waking, which identified 91.0-94.6% of those with sleep problems but only 31.8-46.9% of those without. CONCLUSIONS Screening strategies for identifying problematic infant sleep yielded highly variable prevalence rates and associated factors, depending on whether the strategy emphasized parent-perceived sleep difficulty or night wakings. The strategy that is most appropriate will depend on the system's goals.
Single layer, tunable, liquid crystal based Pancharatnam phase devices

Pancharatnam Phase Devices (PPDs) are an exciting new area for optical component development. Single layer active devices that provide optical beam steering over a range of several degrees will be discussed. The devices considered here use a comb electrode structure to provide an in-plane electric field to control the optical axis orientation of the liquid crystal director to have the desired spiral pattern of a PPD device. Two basic concepts will be discussed: one that used the in-plane fields to “pin” the only the ends of the spiral pattern; and another that uses sub elements to defines the desired director orientation at several locations in the spiral. The concepts, design details, and modeling results are shown.
Oxidized thioredoxin-1 restrains the NLRP1 inflammasome

At least six human proteins detect danger-associated signals, assemble into complexes called inflammasomes, and trigger pyroptotic cell death. NLRP1 was the first protein discovered to form an inflammasome, but the danger signals and molecular mechanisms that control its activation have not yet been fully established. Here, we report that the NACHT-LRR region of NLRP1 directly binds to oxidized form of thioredoxin-1 (TRX1). We found that NLRP1 requires the ATPase activity of its NACHT domain to associate with TRX1, and that this interaction represses inflammasome activation. Moreover, we discovered that several patient-derived missense mutations in the NACHT-LRR region of NLRP1 weaken TRX1 binding, leading to inflammasome hyperactivation and autoinflammatory disease. Overall, our results establish that oxidized TRX1 binds to and restrains the NLRP1 inflammasome, thereby revealing a link between the cellular redox environment and innate immunity.
Synthesis of Dysprosium Oxychloride (DyOCl)

Dysprosium oxychloride, DyOCl, was synthesized using a simple hydrolysis method with DyCl3·6H2O. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) data was used to determine the crystal structure. The DyOCl compound is isostructural to the matlockite (PbFCl) crystal structure and crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/nmm (#129) space group. The crystal structure contains the alternating cationic layers of (DyO)n and anionic layers of nCl− along the c-axis. The structural data including unit cell, volume, and density of DyOCl were compared to other rare-earth oxychloride data from the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) and our previous study on TbOCl. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was performed on DyOCl and peaks observed at 543 and 744 cm−1 were attributed to Dy–O and Dy–Cl. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed irregularly shaped crystals. Hot-stage XRD, thermogravimetry, as well as differential scanning calorimetry coupled to a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer (evolved gas analysis) were performed on DyCl3·6H2O to understand the phase transformation to DyOCl (and Dy2O3) as a function of temperature and time at temperature. DyOCl compound with the tetragonal P4/nmm space group is composed of the alternating layers of (DyO)n and nCl− along the c-axis.
Mental Illness, Geneticization of

Geneticization has roots in broader theories of medicalization, and is an ongoing process characterized by three increasingly prevalent trends: (1) individual variation is reduced to genotype differences; (2) physical, emotional, and behavioral differences are seen as having genetic causes; and (3) genetic tests and technologies are employed to manage problems. This entry describes key theoretical arguments of this perspective and reviews empirical findings from media studies and public opinion research that provide evidence for geneticization. In addition, the consequences of geneticization for public attitudes toward mental illness are examined, highlighting the apparently misguided hope that advocating genetic causal attributions would increase treatment seeking and reduce stigma and desire for social distance. Finally, this entry considers implications of geneticization for social science perspectives and for resource allocation in mental health research and practice. Keywords: biological; determinism; DNA ; medicalization; stigma
Using attribute-managed storage to achieve QoS

Specification of storage systems by means of user-oriented Quality-of-Service attributes is the key to ease of use and efficient resource utilization. Attribute-managed storage systems hide details of the underlying storage systems through virtual store abstractions—units of storage with quality of service guarantees. The mapping of virtual stores onto physical storage devices can be optimized to achieve high level goals such as balancing system performance against total system cost. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach with a prototype matching engine called Forum.
Signal Detection in Discrete Time

In Chapter II we discussed several basic optimality criteria and design methods for binary hypothesis-testing problems. In this chapter we apply these and related methods to derive optimum procedures for detecting signals embedded in noise. To avoid analytical complications, we consider exclusively the case of discrete-time detection, leaving the continuous-time case for Chapter VI. The discrete-time case is of considerable practical interest due to the predominance of digital implementations for signal processing functions.
The End of Public Space?People's Park, Definitions of the Public, and Democracy

Abstract The nature of public space in contemporary society is changing. This paper uses the turmoil over People's Park in Berkeley, California, as a means for exploring changing ideas about and practices in public space. I argue that as public space is increasingly privatized or otherwise brought under greater control, possibilities for democratic action are minimized. To make this claim, I provide a brief outline of the roots of the August 1991 riots at People's Park. I then examine the role that public space plays in modern democracies, and how ideas about public space have developed dialectically with definitions of who counts as “the public.” In American democracy, “the public” is constituted by private individuals. In this paper, I suggest that the presence of homeless people in public spaces raises important contradictions at the heart of this definition of “the public.” Many commentators suggest that these contradictions have led to “the end of public space” in contemporary cities, or at the very ...
SOCIAL CLASS AND THE BLACK/WHITE CROSSOVER IN THE AGE-SPECIFIC INCIDENCE OF BREAST CANCER: A STUDY LINKING CENSUS-DERIVED DATA TO POPULATION-BASED REGISTRY RECORDS

An unexplained racial crossover in breast cancer rates in the United States has been apparent since 1969: among women over age 40 years, the rate is higher among white compared with black women, while among women under age 40, the reverse is true. To explore the contribution of social class to this phenomenon, the present study used 1980 census block-group data to generate population-based age-specific breast cancer rates stratified by race and class. Cancer data included all black women (n = 405) and white women (n = 4,259) diagnosed with primary breast cancer during 1979-1981 in the San Francisco Bay Area Resource for Cancer Control registry. Among women under age 40, the black/white incidence ratio among women from predominantly working class block-groups was 1.08 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74-1.56), but among those from non-working class block-groups, the black/white ratio equaled 1.96 (95% CI 1.17-3.26). Among women age 40 years or over, the black/white incidence ratio among women from working class block-groups was 0.78 (95% CI 0.68-0.89), but was 0.98 (95% CI 0.78-1.23) among women from non-working class block-groups. These findings underscore the class-based nature of the observed crossover and pose a challenge to accepted theories of breast cancer etiology. Possible risk factors contributing to these findings are discussed, including induced abortion and oral contraceptive use prior to first full-term pregnancy.
A social insect fertility signal is dependent on chemical context

Identifying group members and individuals' status within a group are fundamental tasks in animal societies. For ants, this information is coded in the cuticular hydrocarbon profile. We manipulated profiles of the ant Odontomachus brunneus to examine whether the releaser and primer effects of fertility signals are dependent on chemical context. Fertility status is signalled through increased abundance of (Z)-9-nonacosene (Z9 : C29). Across the ant's distribution, populations have distinct hydrocarbon profiles but the fertility signal is conserved. Foreign queens and fertility-signal-treated workers from the same population, sharing a similar chemical background, elicited releaser effects from workers, whereas queens and fertility-signal-treated workers from different populations did not. Z9 : C29 presented without chemical background did not elicit releaser effects. A primer-effect experiment found that Z9 : C29, presented without a chemical background, did not inhibit worker reproduction. Our results demonstrate that a familiar chemical background is necessary for appropriate responses to fertility signals.
HARTRAN: A digital description language

Abstract A hardware description language, HARTRAN, is described and an application to the design of logic system illustrated. The language is based on FORTRAN and uses the same character set, so that a HARTRAN-based design system may be implemented with a modest investment in software development and training. Parallel operations and their description are an integral part of the language. The use of HARTRAN at the top level of design should fill an important gap in the designer's repertoire and bring increased confidence and precision to the early stages of complex designs.
Cholinergic modulation of the coronary vasoconstriction induced by cocaine in conscious dogs.

BACKGROUNDThe effects of cocaine on the coronary circulation were examined in conscious dogs chronically instrumented to measure arterial and left ventricular pressures, coronary blood flow, and arterial and coronary sinus oxygen content.METHODS AND RESULTSWith heart rate held constant, the peak effects of cocaine (1 mg/kg i.v.) occurred within 2 minutes, when mean arterial pressure increased by 42 +/- 5 mm Hg, coronary blood flow increased by 13 +/- 3%, and coronary vascular resistance increased by 24 +/- 3%. The arterial oxygen content increased significantly (by 2.8 +/- 0.3 vol%), the arterial-coronary sinus oxygen difference increased by 2.5 +/- 0.6 vol%, and myocardial oxygen consumption increased by 41 +/- 9%. The increase in coronary vascular resistance induced by cocaine was attenuated (p < 0.05) in the presence of cholinergic blockade (12 +/- 3%) despite a similar increase in MVO2 (49 +/- 8%). The increase in coronary vascular resistance was enhanced (p < 0.05) in the presence of beta-adrenergic ...
The impacts of shale gas supply and climate policies on energy security: The U.S. energy system analysis based on MARKAL model

Abstract Shale gas development has grown in recent years in the U.S. This paper addresses the environmental and energy security issues associated with the shale gas boom in both a “business as usual” case and a variety of alternate scenarios. The paper examines the impacts of the shale gas supply on the U.S. energy security in the short and long-term future and will help guide policy making by identifying the extent to which climate policy can reinforce energy security objectives. The U.S. and other high-income countries face several long-term challenges relating to energy. One is climate change and another, also highly complex and controversial, is energy security. Energy security refers to the robustness, sovereignty, and resilience of energy systems. Energy security and climate policy are frequently presented as two aspects of the same issue. This paper evaluates energy security under long-term energy scenarios and provides analysis to help maintain energy security while meeting other energy challenges. The framework considers vulnerability as a combination of risks associated with energy trade and resilience reflected in diversity of energy sources and technologies. We apply this framework to five scenarios modeled with MARKAL: reference, high shale gas reserves, restricted access to shale gas, CO 2 taxes that are equal to Social Costs of Carbon (SCC) and environmental regulation in power sector. Scenarios with high shale reserves and scenario with power sector regulations are associated with lower diversity of energy options. A few risks do emerge under CO 2 taxes scenario after 2030 that include potentially high inter-regional trade in natural gas and electricity and low diversity of electricity sources. Net import is lower in the high shale reserves scenario while diversity is higher in a scenario that limits the shale reserves development.
Perioperative Management of Antithrombotic Therapy in Cardiovascular Patients

Many patients with underlying cardiovascular disease require long-term anticoagulation. The perioperative or periprocedural management of patients who require temporary interruption of anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications is a common and often challenging clinical problem.1 It requires a fine balance between the risk of thromboembolic events during anticoagulant interruption and the risk of bleeding in the setting of antithrombotic therapy administered around the time of surgery.2 Interruption of anticoagulation is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic events.3 Stratifying patients into thromboembolic risk groups may be helpful in directing anticoagulation management in the perioperative setting. Bridging anticoagulation, generally with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), is often an integral part of perioperative thrombosis risk reduction.2 Perioperative anticoagulation management varies depending on the indication for anticoagulation and the anticoagulant or antiplatelet agent being used by the patient. In this article, we review some of the general principles involved with perioperative anticoagulation and discuss the perioperative management of patients taking vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), bridging regimens for anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, and strategies for managing patients on the newer oral anticoagulants.
The Gaussian atmospheric transport model and its sensitivity to the joint frequency distribution and parametric variability

Reconstructed meteorological data are often used in some form of long-term wind trajectory models for estimating the historical impacts of atmospheric emissions. Meteorological data for the straight-line Gaussian plume model are put into a joint frequency distribution, a three-dimensional array describing atmospheric wind direction, speed, and stability. Methods using the Gaussian model and joint frequency distribution inputs provide reasonable estimates of downwind concentration and have been shown to be accurate to within a factor of four. We have used multiple joint frequency distributions and probabilistic techniques to assess the Gaussian plume model and determine concentration-estimate uncertainty and model sensitivity. We examine the straight-line Gaussian model while calculating both sector-averaged and annual-averaged relative concentrations at various downwind distances. The sector-average concentration model was found to be most sensitive to wind speed, followed by horizontal dispersion (sigmaZ), the importance of which increases as stability increases. The Gaussian model is not sensitive to stack height uncertainty. Precision of the frequency data appears to be most important to meteorological inputs when calculations are made for near-field receptors, increasing as stack height increases.
Ion propulsion technology requirements for planetary mission applications

Integrating a clustered, four engine ion propulsion system to the Mariner Mark II spacecraft is shown to reduce total trip time for the five proposed Mariner Mark II missions by fifteen years. In addition, this advanced Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) system enables rendezvous encounters with five main belt asteroids rather than one. A precursor Advanced Capability Explorer (ACE) technology demonstration vehicle is proposed to investigate SEP spacecraft interaction and control requirements in support of these future mission opportunities. It is shown that the ACE spacecraft could be assembled from existing residual hardware, protoflight equipment and commercially available flight tested components. The ion propulsion system requirements to support ambitious Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) missions are also examined and specific technology development objectives presented.
Second-degree heart block and Wenckebach phenomenon associated with anxiety

Abstract The transitory occurrence of first- and second-degree heart block with Wenckebach periods has been described in a 27-year-old Negro man without evidence of organic disease. Emotional factors, possibly mediated through the vagus nerve, are believed to have induced the arrhythmia. The literature on this subject has been reviewed.
Age-0 Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker Nearshore Habitat Use in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: A Patch Occupancy Approach

Abstract We examined habitat use by age-0 Lost River suckers Deltistes luxatus and shortnose suckers Chasmistes brevirostris over six substrate classes and in vegetated and nonvegetated areas of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. We used a patch occupancy approach to model the effect of physical habitat and water quality conditions on habitat use. Our models accounted for potential inconsistencies in detection probability among sites and sampling occasions as a result of differences in fishing gear types and techniques, habitat characteristics, and age-0 fish size and abundance. Detection probability was greatest during mid- to late summer, when water temperatures were highest and age-0 suckers were the largest. The proportion of sites used by age-0 suckers was inversely related to depth (range = 0.4-3.0 m), particularly during late summer. Age-0 suckers were more likely to use habitats containing small substrate ( 64 mm) and habitats with vegetation than those with...
Helping end users find and fix performance issues in visual dataflow code

In this paper, the author discusses three techniques that will help end users find and fix performance problems in dataflow code. All of these techniques adapt the established concept of a “bad smell,” which is a heuristic for finding sections of code that function correctly but that have poor maintainability. This concept is adapted and applied in the context of visual dataflow languages for the novel purpose of helping them find and fix a broad range of performance problems. To test these techniques, we will create a prototype that applies them to LabVIEW. Using this prototype, we will conduct several user studies to evaluate how useful each technique is and how well they help end users to find and fix performance problems.
Segmentation and intensity estimation for microarray images with saturated pixels.

Microarray image analysis processes scanned digital images of hybridized arrays to produce the input spot-level data for downstream analysis, so it can have a potentially large impact on those and subsequent analysis. Signal saturation is an optical effect that occurs when some pixel values for highly expressed genes or peptides exceed the upper detection threshold of the scanner software (216 - 1 = 65, 535 for 16-bit images). In practice, spots with a sizable number of saturated pixels are often flagged and discarded. Alternatively, the saturated values are used without adjustments for estimating spot intensities. The resulting expression data tend to be biased downwards and can distort high-level analysis that relies on these data. Hence, it is crucial to effectively correct for signal saturation. We developed a flexible mixture model-based segmentation and spot intensity estimation procedure that accounts for saturated pixels by incorporating a censored component in the mixture model. As demonstrated with biological data and simulation, our method extends the dynamic range of expression data beyond the saturation threshold and is effective in correcting saturation-induced bias when the lost information is not tremendous. We further illustrate the impact of image processing on downstream classification, showing that the proposed method can increase diagnostic accuracy using data from a lymphoma cancer diagnosis study. The presented method adjusts for signal saturation at the segmentation stage that identifies a pixel as part of the foreground, background or other. The cluster membership of a pixel can be altered versus treating saturated values as truly observed. Thus, the resulting spot intensity estimates may be more accurate than those obtained from existing methods that correct for saturation based on already segmented data. As a model-based segmentation method, our procedure is able to identify inner holes, fuzzy edges and blank spots that are common in microarray images. The approach is independent of microarray platform and applicable to both single- and dual-channel microarrays.
HEMOSIDEROSIS: A CASE OF “BRONZE DIABETES” WITH ENDOCRINE DISTURBANCES (SEXUAL REGRESSION)

The disorder of metabolism, variously called bronze diabetes, diabete bronze, hemochromatosis and hemosiderosis, is so infrequently encountered as to be of unusual interest. Howard (1) found only 75 cases in the literature through the year 1918, and since then very few have been added. The case which it is the object of this communication to describe is worthy of note because it presents not only the usual feature of this relatively rare syndrome, but also shows, in sexual regression, evidence of a profound endocrine disturbance.A. Laf, a vagrant laborer 28 years of age, was admitted to the University Hospital August 16, 1922, complaining of excessive thirst and urination, and of weakness. He was born of French parents in the United States. His history was of no medical interest up to the age of 17. Until that time his development was, in his estimation, entirely normal. He believed that there was nothing unusual in his sexual capacity and he stated that he had frequently indulged in coitus. During this y...