cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Should I Stay or Should I Go: Why Immigrant Reunification Decisions Should Be Based on the Best Interest of the Child

Blanca is a nineteen-year-old undocumented immigrant from Guatemala. Blanca speaks no English and only a little Spanish. She comes from a remote region in Guatemala where the primary language is an indigenous dialect called Xinca. The village Blanca grew up in is incredibly poor. There is no hospital, illiteracy rates are high, sanitation is inadequate, and nutritious food can be scarce. She entered the United States without documentation, hoping to make a better life for herself. Her son Xavier was born a year later. Xavier is now 19 months old and Blanca is being deported. Xavier was removed from Blanca's care shortly before she was detained. At that time, the state welfare agency determined that Blanca's living arrangement, a studio apartment she shared with two other families, constituted neglect. Since her detention, Blanca has had little contact with Xavier, but she wishes to take Xavier with her when she is deported. The family court denied her request finding that returning to Guatemala with Blanca is contrary to Xavier's best interest. The judge then severed Blanca's parental rights and Xavier was adopted by Mark and Sandra, a middle class couple from Encino, California who have been foster parents to Xavier during Blanca's year-long detention. I. THE STATE'S INTEREST IN IMMIGRANT CHILDREN 1144 A. The State's Role as Parens Patriae 1146 B. The State's Interest in Teaching Children the Fundamental Values of a Democratic Society 1147 C. The State's Interest in Keeping American Children Connected to America 1150 D. The Other Solution 1152 II. PARENTAL RIGHTS 1153 A. What Are Parental Rights and Where Do They Come From? 1153 1. The origin of parental rights 1154 B. The Case for Parental Rights 1156 1. Parental rights benefit children 1157 2. Parental rights benefit the state 1157 3. The problems with parental rights 1159 4. Parental rights as a danger to children 1160 5. Parental rights as a danger to liberalism 1162 III. CHILDREN'S RIGHTS 1164 A. What Are Children's Rights? 1164 B. The Case for Children's Rights 1167 1. Children's rights benefit children 1167 2. Children's rights benefit the state 1169 C. The Problem with Children's Rights 1170 IV. PARENTAL RIGHTS, CHILDREN'S RIGHTS AND IMMIGRANT CHILDREN 1171 A. Parental Rights Assumptions and Separations Due to Abuse and Neglect 1172 B. Parental Rights Assumptions and Separations Due to Status 1173 C. Presuming Children Want to Be with Their Biological Parents 1176 D. Parental Rights Assumption Regarding Stability and Security 1178 V. IMMIGRANT REUNIFICATION DECISIONS SHOULD BE MADE UNDER A BEST INTEREST STANDARD 1179 A. State and Children's Interests Align 1179 B. A Best Interest Standard Does Not Automatically Require Separation . …
Stability of a horizontal vortex in weakly stratified flow

A horizontal vortex in a moving stratified flow will have the density field overturn along the axis of the vortex. Gravity distorts this steady vortex, ultimately leading to three instabilities. The twirling and rolling instabilities are strong for small Froude number and small pitch. The streaming instability is strong for large pitch and is independent of Froude number.
Plug Design for Deep Borehole Disposal of High-Level Nuclear Waste

AbstractThis paper focuses on the improvement of the longevity and robustness of materials for sealing and plugging the upper portion of a deep borehole used for permanent isolation of high-level nuclear waste. Analytical models of porous and laminar flows show that even when materials have low intrinsic permeability, micron-sized cracks and gaps between the plug and rock (formed via chemical reaction, shrinkage, osmotic consolidation, etc.) significantly diminish the plug’s sealing properties. On this basis, materials such as asphalt, traditional cements, and pure bentonite—which crack or shrink under certain conditions—are unfavorable. An ongoing test program has formulated expanding cement mixtures containing MgO to prevent such bypass flow. Furthermore, these findings support using stable, malleable, and low-permeability plug material (k ≤ 10-16 m2), such as a crushed rock (70%) and bentonite (30%) mixture. Alternative clays such as sepiolite could be blended with the bentonite to further reduce the p...
Adenoma and Biliary Cystadenoma

Hepatic adenomas are rare liver tumors whose pathomolecular classification distinguishes it from other hepatic lesions and directly impacts its clinical course. The incidence of hepatic adenomas is about 0.1 per 100,000 in non-oral contraceptive users versus 4 per 100,000 in oral contraceptive users. Biliary cystadenomas are rare epithelial tumors which account for less than 5 % of all cystic liver lesions. Although benign, both hepatic adenomas and biliary cystadenomas have malignant potential and can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma and biliary cystadenocarcinoma, respectively. More liberal use of cross-sectional imaging has led to increased diagnosis of both neoplasms. A careful and thorough diagnostic evaluation is necessary. Appropriate management consists of complete surgical excision and obtaining negative margins in order to lower the likelihood of recurrent or residual neoplastic disease. We describe the incidence, etiology, clinical presentation, and therapy of both lesions with a particular emphasis on appropriate management of these rare liver neoplasms.
Geometric effects in SeaWiFS lunar observations

The radiometric stability requirements for ocean color climate data records place tight constraints on the onorbit calibration of ocean color instruments. A major component of the on-orbit calibration methodology for NASA ocean color sensors is the normalization of lunar observations for variations in observing geometry by the USGS ROLO photometric model of the Moon. SeaWiFS made 204 lunar observations over its 13-year mission. 145 radiometric trending observations were made at low phase angles (-8° to -6° and +5° to +10°). 59 additional observations were made at high phase angles (-49° to -27° and +27° to +66° degrees). The NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group has undertaken a reanalysis of residual geometric effects in the SeaWiFS lunar observations. Ratios of SeaWiFS observations to ROLO model predictions were fit with quadratic functions of phase angle and linear functions of sub-spacecraft point and sub-solar point libration longitude and latitude angles. The resulting phase and libration fit coefficients have been used as additional geometric corrections for the SeaWiFS lunar observations. For the low phase angle observations, the phase corrections are 0.16% and the libration corrections are 0.18%. For the low and high phase angle observations, the phase corrections are 1.8% and the libration corrections are 0.22%. These geometric corrections have reduced the overall scatter in the lunar observations, bringing the high phase angle data into family with the low phase angle measurements without impacting the radiometric response in the low phase angle observations.
Microwave heating of metals

Modelling of industrial microwave furnaces is a multi-physics, non-linear, temperature-dependent, complicated process given that the computational domain could become exceptionally large, and many of the utilised furnace material properties are functions of temperature that remain unknown or unpublished. This research details the authors' efforts for accurate modelling of the industrial microwave furnace operation including extensive material characterisation at elevated temperatures. The research further develops the coupled electromagnetic and transient thermal model to represent the furnace's dynamic heating phenomenon which is presented as a non-linear time-variant multi-physics process. Results will be shown for heating copper, as an example, to temperatures above 1000'C based on the authors' experiments and from their modelling efforts. Comparison of data will be made to examine how representative of the experimental process is the modelling effort. Conclusions for development of such models and their support for further optimisation studies of the microwave metal heating process will be discussed.
Technology in the University and the Death of Socrates

Although technology has its place in the academic world, for both the classroom and collaborative scholarship, an over-reliance on technology and injudicious application to the classroom environment, especially to overcome financial strain at the university level, replaces the Socratic model while not always offering a viable alternative. The anonymity of the online classroom, moreover, threatens the students’ ability to build mentoring relationships and career networks, and does not always prepare them for real-world expectations. Hybrid online courses that balance classroom instruction with independent, out-of-classroom activities may prove more educationally valuable in the long run. The academy, however, runs the risk of stifling individuality among students as a result of dependence upon the virtual classroom.
Power of Single- vs. Multi-Marker Tests of Association

Current genome-wide association studies still heavily rely on a single-marker strategy, in which each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is tested individually for association with a phenotype. Although methods and software packages that consider multimarker models have become available, they have been slow to become widely adopted and their efficacy in real data analysis is often questioned. Based on conducting extensive simulations, here we endeavor to provide more insights into the performance of simple multimarker association tests as compared to single-marker tests. The results reveal the power advantage as well as disadvantage of the two- vs. the single-marker test. Power differentials depend on the correlation structure among tag SNPs, as well as that between tag SNPs and causal variants. A two-marker test has relatively better performance than single-marker tests when the correlation of the two adjacent markers is high. However, using HapMap data, two-marker tests tended to have a greater chance of being less powerful than single-marker tests, due to constraints on the number of actual possible haplotypes in the HapMap data. Yet, the average power difference was small whenever the one-marker test is more powerful, while there were many situations where the two-marker test can be much more powerful. These findings can be useful to guide analyses of future studies.
PERCEIVED FAIRNESS, DECISION CONTROL, AND COMMITMENT IN INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURE MANAGEMENT TEAMS

Previous research examining the effectiveness of international joint ventures (IJVs) has focused on differences in the backgrounds and bargaining power of IJV parent firms, while little attention has been given to the IJV itself. This study takes a different perspective by examining the relationship between IJV parent firms and the IJV. Specifically, we examine how IJV and parent involvement in strategic decision-making influences the IJV management team's commitment to the IJV and to the parent firms. We hypothesize that the IJV management team tends to be more committed to the IJV than to the parent firms, and that there is a strong positive relationship between procedural justice, strategic decision control, and organizational commitment. A field study involving 51 IJVs supported our hypotheses. We discuss the implications of organizational commitment and procedural justice for managing IJVs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Second Hand Google Mini Search Appliance

Information and the technological advancements for which mankind develops with regards to its storage has increased tremendously over the past few decades. As the total amount of data stored rapidly increases in conjunction with the amount of widely available computer-driven devices being used, solutions are being developed to better harness this data (LaTulippe, 2011). One of these solutions is commonly known as a search appliance. Search appliances have been used in e-discovery for several years. The Google Mini Search Appliance (Mini) has not only been used for e-discovery, but for indexing and searching internal documents. To accomplish these tasks, search appliances not only cache html versions of the documents, they contain metadata about the indexed documents, as well as metadata about search activity. This research analyzes the Mini to determine what forensically interesting artifacts exist on the device.
CFD Predictions of Severe Accident Steam Generator Flows in a 1/7th Scale Pressurized Water Reactor

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is applied to steam generator inlet plenum mixing as part of a larger plan covering steam generator tube integrity. The technique is verified by comparing predicted results with severe accident natural circulation data [1] from a 1/7th scale Westinghouse facility. This exercise demonstrates that the technique can predict the natural circulation and mixing phenomena relevant to steam generator tube integrity issues. The model includes primary side flow paths for a single hot leg and steam generator. Qualitatively, the experimentally observed flow phenomena are predicted. The paths of the natural circulation flows and the relative flow proportions are correctly predicted. Quantitatively, comparisons are made with temperatures, mass flows, and other parameters. All predictions are generally within 10% of the experimental values. Overall, there is a high degree of confidence in the CFD technique for prediction of the relevant flow phenomena associated with this type of severe accident sequence.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Determination of transient stability constrained line flow limits: an application of linearized techniques for the transient energy function method

An effort is made to determine how line flow changes affect the robustness of the power system using the energy margin sensitivities to power generation shifts and power flow distribution factors. A method to obtain stability constrained line flow limits is proposed. The major difference between this research work and other research in transient energy function sensitivity techniques for line flow limits is that this research allows for line flow changes caused by unspecified machines. Previous research dealt with line flow limits due to a generation shift at a single specified machine. However, it is possible that a generation shift at another machine or combination of machines may consume the energy margin less quickly and thus result in large stability constrained transaction capability. >
Origin of Potash Deposits

Large, deeply buried potash deposits are found in many marine evaporite and other formations throughout the world, and occur in every continent and most geological epochs from the Cambrian to the present (Sonnenfeld 1985). The predominant mineral form is sylvite (KCl), found in almost every deposit with halite (NaCl) to form the mixture called sylvinite. In most occurrences fairly pure sylvinite exists with essentially no soluble sulfate or other salts, and in some zones of many deposits carnallite (KCl · MgCl · 6H2O) is also found, occasionally being massive and similarly crystallized with halite nearly free from other soluble salts. In only a few deposits do soluble sulfate salts occur with the potash, such as zones of the Zechstein Basin where “hartsalz” (sylvite with kieserite, MgSO4 · H2O, or anhydrite and halite) is common; double salts such as zones in Sicily and Ethiopia where kainite (KCl · MgSO4 · 2.75H2O) is predominant; and in areas of Carlsbad, New Mexico where langbeinite (K2SO4 · 2MgSO4) occurs extensively. In some deposits various other potash double salts are also present in trace to minor quantities, as well as occasionally quite extensive formations of the insoluble mineral poly halite, K2SO4 · MgSO4 · 2CaSO4 · 2H2O. In a few locations carnallite and some sylvinite occurs with halite and tachyhydrite (CaCl2 · 2MgCl2 · 12H2O.)
Restrictions on Undocumented Immigrants’ Access to Health Services: The Public Health Implications of Welfare Reform

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 greatly restricts the provision of many federal, state, and local public services to undocumented immigrants. These restrictions have prompted intense debates about the provision of free and discounted primary and preventive health careservices and have placed significant burdens on institutions that serve large undocumented immigrant populations. Intended to serve as a tool for reducing illegal immigration and protecting public resources, federal restrictions on undocumented immigrants’ access to publicly financed health services unduly burden health care providers and threaten the public’s health. These deleterious effects warrant the public health community’s support of strategies designed to sustain provision of health services irrespective of immigration status.
Role of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in the evolution of magnetized relativistic sheared plasma flows.

We explore, via analytical and numerical methods, the Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability in relativistic magnetized plasmas, with applications to astrophysical jets. We solve the single-fluid relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) equations in conservative form using a scheme which is fourth order in space and time. To recover the primitive RMHD variables, we use a highly accurate, rapidly convergent algorithm which improves upon such schemes as the Newton-Raphson method. Although the exact RMHD equations are marginally stable, numerical discretization renders them unstable. We include numerical viscosity to restore numerical stability. In relativistic flows, diffusion can lead to a mathematical anomaly associated with frame transformations. However, in our KH studies, we remain in the rest frame of the system, and therefore do not encounter this anomaly. We use a two-dimensional slab geometry with periodic boundary conditions in both directions. The initial unperturbed velocity peaks along the central axis and vanishes asymptotically at the transverse boundaries. Remaining unperturbed quantities are uniform, with a flow-aligned unperturbed magnetic field. The early evolution in the nonlinear regime corresponds to the formation of counter-rotating vortices, connected by filaments, which persist in the absence of a magnetic field. A magnetic field inhibits the vortices through a series of stages, namely, field amplification, vortex disruption, turbulent breakdown, and an approach to a flow-aligned equilibrium configuration. Similar stages have been discussed in MHD literature. We examine how and to what extent these stages manifest in RMHD for a set of representative field strengths. To characterize field strength, we define a relativistic extension of the Alfvenic Mach number M(A). We observe close complementarity between flow and magnetic field behavior. Weaker fields exhibit more vortex rotation, magnetic reconnection, jet broadening, and intermediate turbulence. Sufficiently strong fields (M(A)<6) completely suppress vortex formation. Maximum jet deceleration, and viscous dissipation, occur for intermediate vortex-disruptive fields, while electromagnetic energy is maximized for the strongest fields which allow vortex formation. Highly relativistic flows destabilize the system, supporting modes with near-maximum growth at smaller wavelengths than the shear width of the velocity. This helps to explain early numerical breakdown of highly relativistic simulations using numerical viscosity, a long-standing problem. While magnetic fields generally stabilize the system, we have identified many features of the complex and turbulent reorganization that occur for sufficiently weak fields in RMHD flows, and have described the transition from disruptive to stabilizing fields at M(A)≈6. Our results are qualitatively similar to observations of numerous jets, including M87, whose knots may exhibit vortex-like behavior. Furthermore, in both the linear and nonlinear analyses, we have successfully unified the HD, MHD, RHD, and RMHD regimes.
Turbulence in nature and in the laboratory

Fluid turbulence has attracted the attention of physicists, mathematicians, and engineers for over 100 years, yet it remains an unsolved problem. The reasons for the difficulties are outlined and recent advances in describing its small-scale statistical structure are described. Contrary to traditional notions, new experimental evidence indicates that the small scales are anisotropic, reflecting the overall character of the flow. The consequences of this finding with regard to the long-held postulate of the universality of the small-scale turbulence structure are discussed.
Assessment of psychosocial impairment in a supermaximum security unit sample

This article concerns a study of Washington State supermaximum security unit (SMU) residents conducted to generate systematic, empirical data for this population and to investigate behavioral, inst...
Creative movement and dance: the Garcia–Plevin method

Dance and creativity share a reciprocal bond which connects them throughout time. Whether viewed as a performing art, personal rhythmic expression or as a therapeutic modality, creative movement an...
Microstructural changes in homopolymers and polymer blends induced by elastic strain pulverization

A novel polymer processing technique known as elastic strain pulverization (ESP) involves the simultaneous effects of high pressure and shear deformation to pulverize polymers. Homopolymers and blends of commercially important postconsumer plastics, including high-density and low-density polyethylene (HDPE, LDPE), polypropylene (PP), and poly styrene (PS) are studied by several characterization techniques to determine the effects of ESP on the microstructure. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy confirms that free radicals are generated by the mechanical rupture of main chain carbon bonds during pulverization by ESP. The possibility of these free radicals terminating by heterogeneous combination to form compatibilizing block or graft copolymers in coprocessed polymer blends establishes the potential of ESP in commingled plastics recycling. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light microscopy of homopolymers and blends indicate that crystalline structure is drastically altered by ESP processing. Spherulite size reduction is also observed in both crystalline/crystalline and crystalline/amorphous blends after ESP. These results are consistent with homogenization that may be due to the formation of compatibilizing copolymers by heterogeneous macroradical combination. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Computation of large arrays of plasmonic metematerials: A modal profile approach

An acceleration technique for the MoM solution of large-area metamaterial arrays is proposed that relies on numerical extraction of the modal profile associated with the individual array elements followed by projection of the global system equations onto a judiciously constructed reduced solution space. Like all other projection (reduction)-based techniques, the success of the methodology heavily relies on compatibility of the reduced space to that of the final solution. Hence, a multilevel strategy is proposed for the systematic construction of the reduced solution space in which both plane waves and secondary excitations due to the presence of nearby neighbours (and even higher order excitations) are accounted for. In order to deal with the low frequency instability associated with the deep subwavelength structures present in nanomaterial and metamaterial arrays, a JMCFIE formulation is adopted for the underlying surface integral equation (SIE) solver. Higher order quadrilateral surface elements are used to help minimize the computational costs associated with of SIE solver. To further enhance the performance of the underlying MoM couplings, an IE-FFT engine is developed that is compatible with the underlying JMCFIE formulation and higher order quadrilateral discretization. A number of large-area metamaterial arrays are solved and the computational statistics are presented to reflect the advantage of the the proposed methodology. Besides computational efficiency, the proposed macrobasis function approach has advantages with respect to intuitive physical understanding and design of array structures. Particularly, the availability of the modal profile as the spanning basis for the reduced solution space is a valuable tool when it comes to judging whether the array elements are efficiently performing their intended role. The results are verified against solutions obtained using direct MoM and various large nanomaterial arrays are solved using the proposed method in their practical frequency range of operation.
SPATIAL MAPPING OF CADMIUM ZINC TELLURIDE MATERIALS PROPERTIES AND ELECTRICAL RESPONSE TO IMPROVE DEVICE YIELD AND PERFORMANCE

Abstract Cadmium zinc telluride has experienced tremendous growth in its application to various radiation sensing problems over the last five years. However, there are still issues with yield, particularly of the large volume devices needed for imaging and sensitivity-critical applications. Inhomogeneities of various types and on various length scales currently prevent the fabrication of large devices of high spectral performance. This paper discusses the development of a set of characterization tools for quantifying these inhomogeneities, in order to develop improvement strategies to achieve the desired cadmium zinc telluride crystals for detector fabrication.
Platinoid element Eh-pH diagrams (25 °C, 1 bar) in the systems MOHS with geochemical applications

Abstract Theoretical Eh-pH diagrams for the platinoids (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt) have been constructed for 25 °C, 1 bar conditions. Thermodynamic data from recent sources are adequate for these diagrams. With caution these diagrams may be applied to higher P , T conditions. These diagrams help explain the following geochemical observations: 1. (1) Ru and Os form M (IV) -sulfides but not M (II,III) -sulfides, hence Ru and Os are segregated somewhat from Ir (III,IV), Pd (II,IV) and Pt (II,IV) during magmatic sulfide formation. 2. (2) Rh occurs as native Rh and as Rh (III) -oxide, but forms no sulfides, thus it is segregated from the other platinoids during sulfide mineral formation. 3. (3) Deep-sea nodules are enriched in Pt over Pd because Pt (IV) forms a stable oxide whereas Pd does not. 4. (4) Pt is enriched over Os in magmatic sulfides [see (1) above], but much less so in sedimentary rocks due in part of existence of aqueous Os (VI, VIII) oxyions. 5. (5) Os is enriched in sedimentary rocks for the same reason over Ir. 6. (6) PtIr segregation is complex; under magmatic sulfide conditions PtS forms earlier than Ir 2 S 3 with Pt enriched over Ir, but under alkaline oxidizing conditions Ir as IrO − 4 may be mobile thus accounting for the extreme Pt/Ir variation in sedimentary rocks. 7. (7) In the iridium-anomaly clay zones from the KT boundary, the Os/Ir, Pt/Ir and Os/Pt ratios are near one as are these ratios in meteorites. These same ratios in sedimentary rocks vary widely, and only rarely approach 1. The Eh-pH diagrams suggest that no simple terrestrial mechanism(s) can result in these ratios being near one. 8. (8) The Eh-pH diagrams calculated are useful in addressing platinoid element behavior in rocks.
Microstructure and electronic properties of Cu/Mo multilayers and three-dimensional arrays of nanocrystalline Cu precipitates embedded in a Mo matrix

Nanostructured Cu/Mo multilayers were prepared by magnetron sputtering. The thickness of the Cu layer was kept constant at 0.6 nm, while the thickness of the Mo layers varied from 2.5 to 20 nm for different specimens. The Cu layers exhibit a body centered cubic (bcc) structure and the interface between Cu and Mo remains sharp and planar in all specimens. Annealing of a Cu 0.6 nm/Mo 20 nm multilayer produced three-dimensional arrays of Cu nanoparticles lying along the previous interface. These Cu nanoparticles have an average particle size of roughly 2 nm with a bcc structure. Temperature-dependent resistivity measurements in as-deposited and annealed samples are reported. These data indicate that carrier scattering changes markedly as the system evolves from one that consists predominantly of planar interfaces to one dominated by spherical scattering centers.
A window on the dynamics of biological switches.

A practical method for measuring the synthesis and decay of mRNA promises new insight into cellular regulation.
Impact of Physical Activity Intervention Programs on Self-Efficacy in Youths: A Systematic Review

Lack of physical activity has contributed to the nation's childhood obesity crisis, but the impact of physical activity on self-efficacy as a mediator of behavior change has not been examined. This systematic review (SR) describes the published evidence related to the impact of physical activity intervention programs on self-efficacy among youths. From January 2000 to June 2011, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards were used to identify publications from PubMed, PsychInfo, Web of Knowledge, and the Cochran Database of Systematic Reviews. The Cochrane Population, Intervention, Control, Outcome, Study Design (PICOS) approach guided this SR articles selection and evaluation process. Of the 102 publications screened, 10 original studies matched the SR inclusion criteria. The types of physical activity interventions and self-efficacy assessments for these 10 studies were diverse. Of the 10 included articles, 6 articles identified an improvement in post-self-efficacy assessments compared to baseline and 4 showed no effect. In conclusion, physical activity intervention programs may improve self-efficacy in youths. A standardized approach to classify and measure self-efficacy is required. Further research is needed to quantify the association of self-efficacy ratings after completing physical activity interventions with objective health improvements, such as weight loss.
Intrinsic Contractures of the Thumb

A wide range of conditions can lead to intrinsic contractures of the thumb. A thorough understanding of the normal and pathologic anatomy as well as the disease processes and their effect on thumb function is essential in understanding and treating these contractures. Because intrinsic contractures of the thumb rarely present in isolation, a patient-specific approach based on functional needs is required. Prevention of iatrogenic contractures and progression of predictable contractures regardless of etiology is the health care provider's primary responsibility.
Molecular biology: sticky end in protein synthesis.

It's not clear what general level of accuracy is required in translating the genetic code. But the protective role of proof-reading is evident from a case in which a small mistake has a catastrophic effect.
Familial model of data

The family of sets is proposed as the basic structure for modeling data. A family is created by indexing one set of objects by another to represent a directed binary association between two sets. Familial models are shown to have a number of distinct advantages in supporting diverse user views through a hierarchy of abstractions and a variety of derived data, and in describing themselves and other data models through metamodels. An algebra of families is introduced to provide a data definition, maintenance and processing language that is minimal, intuitive, algebraic and theoretically sound. The language is extended to a specification language for database application systems, largely eliminating the need for embedding database constructs into procedural programming languages.
Least-squares wave front errors of minimum norm

Requirements for adaptive optics and compensating imaging systems lead to wave front reconstruction problems which we formulate as generalized least-squares problems. For a given array of phase-difference measurements, we construct explicit and exact solutions for the least-squares wave front error. Of particular interest are solutions with minimum norm. Two different discretizations for the gradient are used and the reasons for the different results are given.
Liberal studies and the education of teachers

(1990). Liberal studies and the education of teachers. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 29, Reforming Education: The Holmes Agenda, pp. 30-35.
Small-x DIS in the NLO

Abstract Deep inelastic scattering in the saturation region (for small x and/or large nucleus) is described by the evolution of color dipoles. In the leading order this evolution is governed by the non-linear BK equation. To see if this equation is relevant for existing or future DIS accelerators (like EIC or LHeC) one needs to know how big are the next-to-leading order (NLO) corrections. I review the calculation of the NLO corrections to high-energy amplitudes in QCD.
Morphological Changes During Postembryonic Development in Two Species of Neotropical Harvestmen (Opiliones, Laniatores, Cranaidae)

Morphological changes during postem- bryonic development in the Cranaidae are described on the basis of the examination of an incomplete series of larvae, nymphs, and adults of Phareicranaus calcarife- rus and Santinezia serratotibialis. The life histories of these species are hypothesized to consist of six nymphal stages, featuring the appearance of secondary male sex- ual characteristics in the antepenultimate nymph (N5). Color and body shape change dramatically during devel- opment. Growth rates for nymphs based upon leg mea- surements were similar for both species. In S. serratoti- bialis, the greatest increase in leg size occurred from larva to 1st nymph. The tarsomeres of legs I-IV varied by 1-2 segments per leg for each nymph stage, with the number of tarsal segments increased by 1-2 segments at each stage. Adults had nearly twice as many tarsomeres on leg II than other legs. Ontogenetic changes were observed in the armature of the proximal cheliceral seg- ment, ocularium, pedipalp, opisthosoma, distitarsus III and IV, and leg IV. Morphological changes in postem- bryonic development in cranaid harvestmen are similar to those reported for other Laniatores. J. Morphol. 270:1055-1068, 2009. 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ecosystem‐atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide over a mixed hardwood forest in northern lower Michigan

[1] We report results from the first 3 years (1999–2001) of long-term measurements of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) at an AmeriFlux site over a mixed hardwood forest in northern lower Michigan. The primary measurement methodology uses eddy covariance systems with closed-path infrared gas analyzers at two heights (46 and 34 m) above the forest (canopy height is ∼22 m). One objective is to contribute to a more firmly established methodology of estimating annual net ecosystem production (NEP), by systematically examining the consequences of several variations of criteria to identify periods of unreliable measurements, and to fill gaps in the data. We compared two methods to fill data gaps (about 30% of time in 1999) due to missing observations or rejected data after quality control; one using short-term ensemble averages of the daily course and the other by semiempirical parametric models based on relationships between ecosystem respiration and soil temperature and between gross ecosystem photosynthetic uptake and photosynthetically active radiation. The modeled estimates were also used to replace eddy covariance fluxes during periods of weak and/or poorly developed turbulence when eddy covariance measurements cannot be expected to represent the ecosystem exchange. Examination of the fractions of eddy covariance fluxes and storage change relative to the expected ecosystem respiration suggested a friction velocity (u*) of 0.35 m s−1 as the lower limit for the acceptance of micrometeorologically determined NEE for this site. The differences in estimated annual NEP due to different criteria of data acceptance, measurement height, or gap-filling strategies turned out to be at least as large as the interannual variations over the 3 years. After discussing various analysis strategies we conclude that the best estimate of annual NEP at our site is achieved by replacing data gaps and measurements in low-u* conditions at all times with site and period-specific parametric models, using the upper measurement level (about 2.1 canopy heights). These “best estimates” of annual NEP for 1999–2001 amounted to 170 (1999), 160 (2000), and 80 (2001) g C m−2. We also discuss some problems of assigning quantitative estimates of uncertainty for annual NEP.
Computed tomographic imaging of microscopic dystrophic calcification in urachal adenocarcinoma

Supravesical calcification noted on conventional radiography when associated with a bladder lesion has been considered nearly pathognomonic of the uncommon lesion, urachal adenocarcinoma. As the case reported here demonstrates, stippled microscopic calcification undetected by conventional means can be demonstrated uniquely by computed tomography with great sensitivity. Because urachal adenocarcinoma may be managed in a distinctly different manner if adequate preoperative preparation is made, it is suggested that in cases of anterior bladder lesions, computed tomographic imaging can detect this typical characteristic of urachal adenocarcinoma and may thereby provide further comfirmatory diagnostic evidence helpful in surgical planning.
Pregnancy rates at Days 2 and 14 and estimated embryonic loss rates prior to day 14 in normal and subfertile mares

Pregnancy rates at Days 2 and 14 postovulation were determined for 15 normal mares and 15 subfertile mares. Embryonic loss rates were estimated by the difference in the Day 2 and Day 14 pregnancy rates. Mares were artificially inseminated with the pooled ejaculates from three stallions, and the embryonic vesicle was detected with ultrasonography at Days 9, 10, 12 and 14. Mares were short-cycled with prostaglandin F(2) alpha (PGF(2alpha)) and rebred to the same stallions, and the Day 2 pregnancy rates were determined by recovery of cleaved ova (embryos) from the surgically excised oviducts. Significantly more (P 0.5) in the mean number of blastomeres per embryo or in the mean diameter of embryos recovered at Day 2 from normal or subfertile mares. The estimated embryonic loss rate was significantly lower (P < 0.01) for normal verusus subfertile mares (0 10 vs 8 11 ). Fertilization rates were similar for normal and subfertile mares; however, subfertile mares had a higher embryonic loss rate prior to Day 14 postovulation.
Rhamnogalacturonan I, a pectic polysaccharide that is a component of monocot cell-walls

Abstract Pectic polysaccharides were solubilized from the primary walls of suspension-cultured cells of maize (Zea mays) and rice (Oryza sativa) , and shown by glycosyl-linkage analysis to be similar to the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) that had previously been solubilized from walls of suspension-cultured sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) cells. Maize and rice are monocots; sycamore is a dicot. The backbone of sycamore RG-I had previously been shown to consist of the disaccharide repeating unit →4)-α- d -Gal p A-(1→2)-α- l -Rha p -(1→. Side chains containing arabinosyl, galactosyl, and fucosyl residues are attached through O-4 of about half of the backbone rhamnosyl residues. To compare the structures of monocot and dicot RG-I, galactosyluronic acid residues in the maize and rice polysaccharides were selectively cleaved by treatment with lithium in ethylenediamine, and the structural characteristics of the oligoglycosylalditol products compared to those of oligoglycosylalditols previously isolated from sycamore RG-I. The strong resemblance of the glycosyl-linkage compositions of lithium-treated RG-I from maize, rice, and sycamore indicated the overall structural likeness of the three polysaccharides. Spectra obtained by fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry (f.a.b.-m.s.) of lithium-treated maize and sycamore RG-I showed that most of the oligoglycosylalditols derived from the side chains of the two polysaccharides were the same. Nine oligoglycosylalditols partially purified from maize RG-I were similar to the corresponding components of sycamore RG-I. F.a.b.-m.s. of the maize reaction-products indicated the presence in maize RG-I of an additional eight oligoglycosylalditols previously isolated from sycamore RG-I. On the other hand, seven oligoglycosylalditols were partially purified from maize RG-I that had not been observed in previous studies of sycamore RG-I, and maize RG-I was shown not to contain fucosyl residues (as does sycamore RG-I). The results described here suggest that, despite the observed differences, many of the structural features of RG-I have been conserved in the primary cell-walls of monocots and dicots.
Debunking the Assumed Connection between Educational Attainment, Reduced Fertility and Mortality, Labor Force Inclusion and Political Participation for Women in the Middle East

While in earlier decades, there had been sporadic attempts at reforming the economies and political systems in some Middle East and North African (MENA) countries, the end of the twentieth and the ...
Geriatric Palliative Care: Do Medical Students' Narrative Reflections After a Hospice Clinical Experience Link to Geriatric Competencies?

Since the Association of American Medical Colleges geriatric competencies were released, educators are striving to incorporate them into medical student curricula. The purpose of this study is to examine medical students' reflections after an interdisciplinary, hospice staff-precepted clinical experience, and whether these reflections relate to the geriatric competencies which focus on palliative care. From July 2010 to June 2011, 155 2nd- and 3rd-year medical students participated in a required, half-day hospice experience, with 120 (77%) submitting narrative reflections for analysis. The narratives were analyzed using the constant comparative method associated with grounded theory, followed by consensus-building in an iterative process, to identify themes. Six themes were identified from the analysis of student narratives: demonstrating a new or expanded knowledge of hospice care (79%, 95/120), developing new insights about self and others (74%, 89/120), changing attitudes toward hospice care (63%, 76/120), linking patient needs with appropriate team members (43%, 52/120), understanding patient goals of care (43%, 51/120), and discussing palliative care as a treatment option (27%, 32/120). The authors conclude that a brief, interdisciplinary, hospice staff-precepted clinical experience is an effective model to inspire medical students to reflect on geriatric palliative care. Students clearly reflected on the geriatric palliative care competencies of symptom assessment and management, and gained insight into the role of the hospice team members and how hospice care can be a positive treatment option. Future educators should think about building on this type of high impact learning experience, and developing items to measure application of knowledge gained.
The chemical composition and cycling of particulate and macromolecular dissolved organic matter in temperate estuaries as revealed by molecular organic tracers

Abstract We have examined high molecular weight dissolved organic matter collected seasonally throughout the 200 km Delaware Estuary and nearby coastal ocean and compared its organic composition to particles collected in parallel. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) was collected and fractionated by ultrafiltration into 1–30 kDa (HDOM) and 30 kDa — 0.2 μm (VHDOM) molecular weight fractions. For one time period (June 1996) a suite of analytical methods was used to characterize dissolved and particulate fractions in detail and to provide complementary information on sources, impact of biological processing and the transport of organic material through the estuarine interface. Substantial, yet variable, portions of organic carbon were identified as carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids and lignin phenols, accounting for 30–90% of POC, 42–67% of VHDOM-C and 14–39% of HDOM-C. The average composition of organic material in Delaware Bay included 32% POC, 1.3% VHDOM, 23% HDOM and 42% LDOM (
Effect of extravascular pressure gradients on capillary fluid exchange

Abstract A mathematical model is developed to examine the effect of pressure gradients in the extravascular space on fluid exchange from capillaries. Starling's hypothesis describes fluid transport through the capillary wall, and D'Arcy's law governs flow in the tissue. Using physiologically reasonable values for the wall and tissue hydraulic conductivities and other parameters, it is shown that the tissue hydrostatic pressure is not uniform throughout the tissue space. The greatest deviations from the background pressure occur near the capillary, and the magnitude of deviations increases with increasing ratios of the two conductivities. The model also shows that the fluid exchange behavior is modified by the presence of other capillaries. This capillary-capillary interaction is influenced by the ratio of conductivities, capillary proximity, and the number of existing capillaries.
SUBCELLULAR LOCATION OF MAC-1 (CR-3) IN HUMAN NEUTROPHILS: EFFECTS OF CHEMOTACTIC FACTORS AND PMA

Induction of surface Mac-1 by inflammatory stimuli is fundamental to a broad spectrum of granulocyte adherence reactions. To study the mechanisms regulating expression and intracellular translocation of Mac-1, neutrophils were disrupted by nitrogen cavitation and subcellular organelles were isolated on Percoll gradients. Mac-1 was visualized by a sensitive Western Blot Assay made quantitative by digital imaging. Unstimulated neutrophils contained 29%, 27% and 26% of total (5.60 μg/107 cells) Mac-1 in beta (1.10 g/ml density granules) pre-gamma (1.07 g/ml density granules) and gamma (plasma membrane) fractions, respectively. fMLP elicited a ≥50% translocation of Mac-1 in the pre-gamma to the gamma fraction but no translocation of Mac-1 from the beta fraction and a ≤5% release of vitamin B12 transport protein. In contrast, PMA (1μg/ml) stimulation resulted in a ≥50% decrease in both the beta and pre-gamma Mac-1 pools concomitant with an increase in the gamma fraction and, a ≥50% release of vitamin B12 transport protein. Under both conditions, a 4-7 fold increase of surface Mac-1 was detectable by flow cytofluorography. Among both control and stimulated neutrophil suspensions, only 5% and 20% of Mac-1 partitioned with Triton-X 114 in beta and gamma fractions, respectively. These findings indicate that Mac-1 is contained in multiple distinct intracellular pools, and that it may exist both as an integral membrane protein and in other forms. Its “up regulation” by chemotactic factors is associated with a recruitment of a pre-gamma granular pool but does not require the participation of the beta fraction associated Mac-1 pool.
Fatigue of ceramic matrix composites

Fatigue in ceramic matrix composites typically occurs when matrix cracks are present. It proceeds by cyclic degradation of the sliding resistance of the interface. The basic mechanisms are discussed and a methodology is developed that enables fatigue life predictions to be made, based on a minimum number of experimental measurements. The methodology relies on analysis of hysteresis loops. Changes in modulus upon cyclic loading as well as the permanent strains are predicted, as well as the fatigue threshold and the S-N curve.
Inherited sterility in the F 1 progeny of irradiated male pink bollworms.

When individual P, male Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) were treated with 20 had of gamma irradiation and paired with normal females, the sex ratio of the resulting F, adults was 4 males to I female, and the F1 males were not competitive. When males were treated with 15 had, the sex ratio of the F1 adults was about 2 males to I female. Most of these F1 males mated and transferred sperm, but the sperm mixture was abnormal; in half the matings, eupyrene sperm was lacking. As with many other species of moths, the F1 males were more sterile than the irradiated male parent.