cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Respiratory Neurons Mediating the Breuer–Hering Reflex Prolongation of Expiration in Rat

Afferent input from pulmonary stretch receptors is important in the control of the timing of inspiratory and expiratory phases of the respiratory cycle. The current study was undertaken to identify neurons within a column of respiratory neurons in the ventrolateral medulla (termed the ventral respiratory group, VRG) that, when activated by lung inflation, produce the Breuer–Hering (BH) reflex in which lung inflation causes inspiratory termination and expiratory prolongation. Intracellular recordings of VRG neurons revealed three groups of inspiratory (I) and two groups of expiratory (E) neurons similar to previous descriptions: I-augmenting (I-Aug), I-decrementing (I-Dec), I-plateau (I-All), E-augmenting (E-Aug), and E-decrementing (E-Dec) neurons. Low-intensity, low-frequency stimulation of a vagus nerve elicited paucisynaptic EPSPs in E-Dec, I-Aug, and I-All neurons that could be divided into two groups on the basis of latency (2.8 ± 0.1 msec, n = 10; 4.0 ± 0.1 msec, n = 17). IPSPs were elicited in I-Aug and I-All neurons (4.8 ± 0.1 msec, n = 12). However, only E-Dec neurons were depolarized when the BH reflex was activated by lung inflation (7.5 cm H 2 O) or mimicked by vagus nerve stimulation (50 Hz). All other neurons were hyperpolarized and ceased firing during BH reflex-mediated expiratory prolongation. A subset of E-Dec neurons (termed E-Dec early ) discharged before inspiratory termination and could contribute to inspiratory termination. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a group of E-Dec neurons receives a paucisynaptic (probably disynaptic) input from pulmonary afferents and, in turn, inhibits inspiratory neurons, thereby lengthening expiration.
Sense and sensibility: nutritional response and signal integration in yeast.

Yeast cells respond to the quantity and quality of carbon and nitrogen sources in the environment both by adjusting their transcriptional and metabolic profiles to make optimum use of the available nutrients and by selecting a developmental program — budding, pseudohyphal differentiation, quiescence or sporulation — that maximizes their potential for survival under the existing nutrient conditions. Recent studies fueled by genomic tools have refined our knowledge of the components and connections within individual pathways and the interconnections between pathways. More significantly, these studies begin to paint an as yet inchoate portrait of the yeast cells’ means of processing its environmental information, in which specific transcription factors and chromatin modifying activities coordinate input from several signaling pathways to yield an appropriate and coherent response of genes involved in mass accumulation and metabolism.
Rural anchor institution broadband connectivity: enablers and barriers to adoption

This paper presents findings from two research projects that entail needs assessments, benchmarking, and onsite diagnostics of anchor institutions in support of multi-million dollar broadband middle mile projects funded by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) through the Broadband Technology Opportunities Program (BTOP). The research employs a multi-method approach that includes a web-based survey, focus groups, and onsite diagnostics at selected anchor institutions in rural Florida. Findings indicate that anchor institution broadband adoption is impacted by a host of situational factors, both enablers and barriers, and that understanding the enablers and barriers to broadband adoption in anchor institutions is critical to achieving widespread broadband adoption. The findings also lead to a proposed model of community-based broadband planning through which multiple anchor institutions in a community join together to plan for, develop, implement, and assess broadband deployment and adoption in their community.
A New Device for Experimental Modeling of Central Nervous System Injuries

This article introduces a new device for inducing central nerve system injuries in experimental studies with animal models. The construction of the device is based on a commercially available servo-drive system incorporating the latest instrumentation technology and software developed in house to control the motion profile of the injury bit. The software, which is available upon request from the author, was designed such that the user can set the mechanical properties of the motion. For the purpose of quality control, tests were described and performed to assess the ability of the device to reproduce the prescribed motion when operated repetitively under the same set of parameters. Experiments were then conducted on animals to injure mouse brain and rat spinal cord. Following the injuries, in vivo magnetic resonance imaging was performed on the animals to depict the pathologies of the resulting injuries in the corresponding neuronal tissues. Rat spinal cords injured mildly and severely were followed longi...
Drug Use and Sexual Risk Among Gay and Bisexual Men Who Frequent Party Venues

Research connecting club drug use to risky sex among gay/bisexual men (GBM) contains methodological issues that have limited knowledge about the relative risks of distinct drugs. This paper reports drug use and sexual behavior data from 197 GBM who frequented at least one party venue within 3 months of participating. Alarming rates of drug use and unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with casual sex-partners were reported in connection with time spent at a bar, club or circuit party. Structural equation modeling revealed that use of methamphetamine, gammahydroxybutrate (GHB), and/or ketamine (K), but not use of ecstasy, at a party venue helped explain likelihood of UAI with a casual sex-partner while under the influence of a drug during/following time partying (β = 0.41, p < .01). Findings suggest use of methamphetamine, GHB and/or K at party venues increases risk for subsequent UAI with casual sex-partners. Study implications, limitations, and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Spontaneous clearance of hepatitis B surface antigenemia after long-term hemodialysis.

Persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) [as indicated by chronic HBV surface antigenemia (HBsAg)] continues to be an important problem in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and specifically in those receiving maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Patients on HD who are HBsAg-positive for a year have little chance of ever eliminating the virus; hence, clearance of HBsAg is a rare event in long-term HD patients. We report the case of a 62-year-old diabetic woman who was HBsAg-positive at the time she started HD and remained so until 10 years later when she became HBsAg-negative followed by the development of hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs). Prior to her seroconversion, she suffered a persistent infection of her HD arteriovenous graft (AVG) that required prolonged antibiotics and several surgical procedures. We speculate that this immune stimulation contributed to her seroconversion.
Eye movements of prereaders to pseudowords containing letters of high and low confusability

Children were required to make same-different judgments about matched and unmatched pseudoword pairs containing middle letters of either high confusability (e.g.. ZPR.W or low confusability (e.g., EROI). Differential eye-movement patterns were observed between matched and unmatched low-confusion pairs. This finding would be predicted from a features analysis of the visual characteristics of the letters of the pseudowords. Low-confusion pseudowords contain more different visual features than high-confusion pseudowords. Therefore, in making a matching judgment. low-confusion pairs should require more eye movements; however, detection of a mismatch should be facilitated due to the greater availability of distinctive features.
Sibling composition, executive function, and children's thinking about mental diversity.

Abstract Prior investigations of relations between sibling composition and theory of mind have focused almost exclusively on false belief understanding in children 6 years of age and younger. The current work expands previous research by examining whether sibling composition predicts 4- to 11-year-olds’ (N = 192) more advanced mental state reasoning on interpretive theory of mind tasks. Even when controlling for age and executive function, children with a greater number of older siblings or with more same-sex siblings demonstrated stronger knowledge in both their predictions and explanations that people with different past experiences can have diverse interpretations of ambiguous stimuli. These data provide some of the first documentation of sibling constellations that predict individual differences in theory of mind during middle childhood.
Interaction of clathrin with liposomes: pH-dependent fusion of phospholipid membranes induced by clathrin

Clathrin, dissociated from coated vesicles of bovine brain and purified by gel chromatography, was found to interact with the lipid bilayer as shown by the spontaneous release of encapsulated fluorescent dye in liposome. Clathrin-induced dye release was enhanced at acidic pH in phosphatidylserine-containing vesicles. A strong correlation between dye release and fusion of liposomes was observed. In general, when there was a fast release of encapsulated dye induced by clathrin, a pH-dependent, clathrin-induced fusion was observed. Clathrin did not induce either dye release or fusion of egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The self-association of clathrin at low pH diminished the fusogenic activity. Fusion induced by clathrin at low pH could be stopped at pH above 5.0 and resumed by lowering the pH below 5.0. This suggests that the interaction of clathrin with phospholipid membranes can be regulated by pH.
Knee Moments After Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty During Stair Ascent

Background For unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), abnormal loading on the tibiofemoral joint could exacerbate knee osteoarthritis or implant wear. Joint moments are an indirect measure of such loading. However, little is known about knee moments of patients with UKA, tempering enthusiasm for its use.
Brain morphology links systemic inflammation to cognitive function in midlife adults.

Abstract Background: Inflammation is linked to cognitive decline in midlife, but the neural basis for this link is unclear. One possibility is that inflammation associates with adverse changes in brain morphology, which accelerates cognitive aging and later dementia risk. Clear evidence is lacking, however, regarding whether inflammation relates to cognition in midlife via changes in brain morphology. Accordingly, the current study examines whether associations of inflammation with cognitive function are mediated by variation in cortical gray matter volume among midlife adults. Methods: Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP), relatively stable markers of peripheral systemic inflammation, were assessed in 408 community volunteers aged 30–54 years. All participants underwent structural neuroimaging to assess global and regional brain morphology and completed neuropsychological tests sensitive to early changes in cognitive function. Measurements of brain morphology (regional tissue volumes and cortical thickness and surface area) were derived using Freesurfer. Results: Higher peripheral inflammation was associated with poorer spatial reasoning, short term memory, verbal proficiency, learning and memory, and executive function, as well as lower cortical gray and white matter volumes, hippocampal volume and cortical surface area. Mediation models with age, sex and intracranial volume as covariates showed cortical gray matter volume to partially mediate the association of inflammation with cognitive performance. Exploratory analyses of body mass suggested that adiposity may be a source of the inflammation linking brain morphology to cognition. Conclusions: Inflammation and adiposity might relate to cognitive decline via influences on brain morphology.
Visual half-field differences in masking effects for sequential letter stimuli in the right and left handed.

This experiment tested the hypothesis that masking interference effects would be greater for the left visual field (LVF) than for the right visual field (RVF). Bilateral pairs of single letters were exposed for 30 msec and then, either 0·1 msec or 100 msec later, a second bilateral pair of letters appeared for 30 msec in the same location as the initial letter pair. Right-handed Ss showed significantly greater recognition in the RVF (p<0.001) than in the LVF. Left-handed Ss showed a tendency for greater overall recognition in the LVF (p<0.20), and when performance on the initial stimuli alone was examined, they showed significant LVF superiority of letter recognition. Left and right-handed Ss differed most clearly in their performances on the initial stimuli. It was suggested that this and similar lateralized sequential stimulation procedures hold promise of elucidating cerebral organizational differences between groups differing on handedness or in familial handedness characteristics.
Small bowel obstruction resulting from mesenteric hematoma caused by spontaneous rupture of a jejunal branch artery.

We report a case of small bowel obstruction (SBO) caused by extrinsic compression of the duodenum by a mesenteric hematoma. This resulted from spontaneous rupture of the first jejunal branch artery with formation of a pseudoaneurysm that spontaneously healed as documented by angiography. This unique case has clinical features similar to the previously reported cases of SBO caused by traumaand warfarin-induced intramural duodenal hematomas and ruptured splanchnic artery aneurysms.1-7 CASE REPORT
Block adaptive quantization of Magellan SAR data

A report is presented on a data compression scheme that will be used to reduce the SAR (synthetic-aperture radar) data rate on the US NASA Magellan (MGN) mission to Venus. The MGN spacecraft has only one scientific instrument, namely, a radar system that is used for imaging the surface. for altimetric profiling of the planet topography, and for measuring radiation of the planet surface. A straightforward implementation of the scientific requirements of the mission results in a data rate higher that can be accommodated by the available system bandwidth. A data-rate-reduction scheme which includes operation of the radar in burst mode and block adaptive quantization of the SAR data is selected to satisfy the scientific requirements. >
A Reassessment of the Alternative Regeneration Cycle

Two prior papers and several patents have considered improvements to a gas turbine engine's cycle efficiency by using two turbines in series with an intermediate heat exchanger that preheats combustion air. This approach allows heating the combustion air to temperatures higher than those that can be achieved with "conventional regeneration" in which the combustion products are fully expanded across a turbine before any heat recovery. Since heat addition in the combustor of the "alternative regeneration" cycle occurs at a higher average temperature, then under certain conditions the cycle efficiency can be higher than that available from a cycle using conventional regeneration. This paper reconsiders the usefulness of the alternative regeneration cycle with more detailed modeling than has been presented previously. The revised modeling shows that the alternative regeneration cycle can produce efficiencies higher than conventional regeneration, but only for a more limited set of conditions than previously reported. For high-technology engines operating at high temperatures, the alternative regeneration cycle efficiencies can be three to four percentage points better than comparable conventional regeneration cycles. For lower-technology engines, which are more typical of those currently installed, improvements in efficiency only occur at lower values of heat exchanger effectiveness, which limits the usefulness of the alternative regeneration cycle. Also considered is an extension to the cycle that employs a second heat exchanger downstream of the second turbine for the purpose of further preheating the combustion air. In its optimum configuration, this "staged heat recovery" can produce additional small improvements of between 0.3 and 2.3 percentage points in cycle efficiency, depending on the particular cycle parameters assumed.
‘If It Isn’t Published, It Isn’t Research’

Daniel Longnecker is a worldwide-recognized pancreatologist for his contribution to the understanding of the pathogenesis of pancreatic diseases. He was a pioneer in the development of animal models for pancreatic disorders, in particular pancreatic cancer. In addition, he led the way in the characterization and classification of the lesions involved in pancreatic neoplasias. In this interview, Professor Longnecker comments on his experience in pancreatic research and provides advice to new investigators in this field.
Proof Loading and Structural Reliability

Structural reliability depends on uncertainties in resistance and loads. In many practical cases the resistance dominates and a reduction of uncertainty about resistance is an effective way of increasing safety. It can be accomplished by proof loading. A truncated distribution is considered and reliability indices are calculated for various proof load levels. The structural reliability is sensitive to proof loading for larger coefficients of variation of resistance. A Bayesian approach is applied to develop a posterior distribution for resistance, after proof loading. Reliability indices are calculated for various ratios of the coefficients of variation of load and resistance.
The Design of a 10-kV Deuterium-Ion Extractor for Continuous Service

An extractor for accelerating 50 A of deuterium ions to 10 keV for injection into a metal, vapor charge-exchange cell has been designed. The beam-forming electrodes are convection cooled and capable of continuous service.
Laparoscopic surgery for bladder carcinoma

Recent utilization of laparoscopy in urology has led to the performance of several pelvic procedures. The successful performance of laparoscopic diverticulectomies and cystectomies for benign pathology has led to speculation about, and utilization of, the laparoscopic approach in the treatment of bladder cancer. Herein, we relay our experience with the laparoscopic approach for bladder surgery and discuss the pros and cons of its current status in the treatment of bladder cancer. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tailored unilobar and multilobar resections for orbitofrontal-plus epilepsy

Background Surgery for frontal lobe epilepsy often has poor results, likely because of incomplete resection of the epileptogenic zone. Objective To present our experience with a series of patients manifesting 2 different anatomo-electro-clinical patterns of refractory orbitofrontal epilepsy, necessitating different surgical approaches for resection in each group. Methods Eleven patients with refractory epilepsy involving the orbitofrontal region were consecutively identified over 3 years in whom stereoelectroencephalography identified the epileptogenic zone. All patients underwent preoperative evaluation, stereoelectroencephalography, and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Demographic features, seizure semiology, imaging characteristics, location of the epileptogenic zone, surgical resection site, and pathological diagnosis were analyzed. Surgical outcome was correlated with type of resection. Results Five patients exhibited orbitofrontal plus frontal epilepsy with the epileptogenic zone consistently residing in the frontal lobe; after surgery, 4 patients were free of disabling seizures (Engel I) and 1 patient improved (Engel II). The remaining 6 patients had multilobar epilepsy with the epileptogenic zone located in the orbitofrontal cortex associated with the temporal polar region (orbitofrontal plus temporal polar epilepsy). After surgery, all 6 patients were free of disabling seizures (Engel I). Pathology confirmed focal cortical dysplasia in all patients. We report no complications or mortalities in this series. Conclusion Our findings highlight the importance of differentiating between orbitofrontal plus frontal and orbitofrontal plus temporal polar epilepsy in patients afflicted with seizures involving the orbitofrontal cortex. For identified cases of orbitofrontal plus temporal polar epilepsy, a multilobar resection including the temporal pole may lead to improved postoperative outcomes with minimal morbidity or mortality.
A Polymorphism of a Platelet Glycoprotein Receptor as an Inherited Risk Factor for Coronary Thrombosis

Background Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa is a membrane receptor for fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor, and it has an important role in platelet aggregation. It is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes. Previously, we found a high frequency of a particular polymorphism, Pl A2 , of the gene encoding glycoprotein IIIa in kindreds with a high prevalence of premature myocardial infarction. Methods To investigate the relation between the Pl A2 polymorphism and acute coronary syndromes, we conducted a case–control study of 71 case patients with myocardial infarction or unstable angina and 68 inpatient controls without known heart disease. The groups were matched for age, race, and sex. We used two methods to determine the Pl A genotype: reverse dot blot hybridization and allele-specific restriction digestion. Results The prevalence of Pl A2 was 2.1 times higher among the case patients than among the controls (39.4 percent vs. 19.1 percent, P = 0.01). In a subgroup of patients w...
A phase II study of sequential docetaxel and gemcitabine followed by docetaxel and carboplatin as first-line therapy for non-small cell lung cancer

Our study involves a preliminary phase II trial, which evaluates the activity, feasibility and tolerability of a sequential combination of docetaxel and gemcitabine followed by docetaxel and carboplatin, as first-line treatment for inoperable NSCLC. Twenty-six chemo-naive patients aged less than 75 years with histologically or cytologically confirmed unresectable stage IIIB, IV or relapsed post-operative metastatic NSCLC were included in the study. Gemcitabine 1,250 mg/m2 was administered and was followed by docetaxel 65 mg/m2. Treatment was administered on days 1 and 14 in a 28-day cycle for three consecutive cycles. If patients had no progressive disease after three cycles of chemotherapy, they received another three cycles of docetaxel 65 mg/m2 followed by carboplatin AUC5 on day 1 in a 21-day cycle. Recombinant human granocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) was given prophylactically. In addition, all patients received standard pre- and post- treatment with oral dexamethasone. Response rates at three cycles were: 19% achieved a partial response (PR), 46% had stable disease (SD) and 23% had progressive disease. At six cycles, 8% of the patients maintained PR, 19% showed SD and 35% had progressive disease. The median time-to-disease progression was 6 months. The median survival time of patients was 10 months while, at the end of the first year, the patients who managed to get through the complete therapy (20 patients) had a survival rate of 38%. This detailed analysis of 20 patients showed that 80% of the patients survived for up to 6 months, 38% up to 12 months and 19% for more than a year. The only risk factor associated with the hazard of death among the factors studied was the performance status of the patients. Patients with PS = 0 presented a median survival time of 13 months and those with PS = 1, it was only 9 months. Non-haematological and haematological toxic effects were generally mild to moderate and entirely manageable.
Strategies for Growth in Banking: An Exposition

A framework is presented for thinking about the various avenues through which banks can pursue growth. This includes discussion of market penetration, market development, product development and diversification together with evaluation of such growth strategies.
The CLEO mobile sensing platform

We demonstrate the CLEO mobile sensing platform, including ultra-portable, low-power sensors, phone-based data upload software, and a location resolution and data management web service in the cloud. The sensing platform leverages cloud-offloaded GPS (CO-GPS) for location sensing. A sensor communicates with mobile devices using an audio-port-based connector. The back-end cloud service supports OData protocol to make data accessible to other systems, such as World-Wide Telescope (WWT).
Superconducting Tunneling in the Amorphous Transition Metals Mo and Nb

The results of a tunneling experiment in thin films of amorphous Mo and Nb stabilized with ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ are presented. The data were analyzed by several methods to obtain the Eliashberg function, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}F(\ensuremath{\omega})$. The resulting spectra are qualitatively different from ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}F(\ensuremath{\omega})$ of amorphous simple metals, and in good agreement with computer model simulation of Rehr and Alben of the phonon spectrum of amorphous transition metals.
INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE OF MICE TO ENTERIC BACTERIAL AND NEUROTROPIC VIRUS INFECTIONS

Under the conditions specified, there may be selected promptly from a hybrid stock of mice, of which 40 to 50 per cent die following a standard dose of B. enteritidis or St. Louis encephalitis virus, lines in which as high as 95 per cent and as low as 15 per cent succumb. Three lines,—one bacteria-susceptible-virus-susceptible, one bacteria-susceptible-virus-resistant, and one bacteria-resistant-virus-susceptible,—are regarded as remaining relatively stable after approximately twelve generations of selection and brother to sister or line inbreeding. Crossing susceptible with resistant lines and testing F1, F2, F3, and backcross progeny resulted in mortality percentages in the neighborhood of those expected on the basis that resistance to B. enteritidis and to encephalitis virus is each inherited independently on a single factor basis with resistance dominant over susceptibility. A bacteria-resistant-virus-resistant line is being developed from a cross between bacteria-susceptible-virus-resistant and bacteria-resistant-virus-susceptible lines. All selected lines proved uniformly susceptible to a strain of mouse passage rabies virus.
Contrasting effects of nitroprusside and phentolamine in experimental myocardial infarction

Phentolamine and nitroprusside have recently been shown to improve myocardial performance in the presence of ischemia. The comparative effects of these agents on both local contraction and degree of ischemia in central ischemic, border and nonischemic zones were studied in 10 dogs using Walton-Brodie strain gauges and epicardial electrograms (8 to 12 sites). After coronary occlusion, total tension and rate of tension rise in the border zone decreased to 80.0 ± 8.5 and 76.0 ± 10.5 percent, respectively, whereas total S-T elevation increased from 7.1 ± 2.1 to 117.6 ± 12.1 mv. Tension in the nonischemic zone decreased slightly but not significantly (88.5 ± 9.1 percent). Phentolamine (0.25-2.0 mg/min) decreased systolic pressure by 21.4 ± 2.2 mm Hg and increased tension in the border zone from 80.0 ± 8.5 to 100.4 ± 10.8 percent ( P P P P P P P P P P Thus, both phentolamine and nitroprusside improve local myocardial contractile ability. However, phentolamine, in contrast to nitroprusside, increases the area of ischemic injury as measured by S-T segment elevation. In part, this effect of phentolamine is due to its positive chronotropic action. Thus, each vasodilator agent must be evaluated individually to assess its action in the setting of acute myocardial infarction.
Correlation‐induced phase transitions in two‐dimensional electron systems

Abstract : The electrons in inversion or accumulation layers of MOSFETs or in semiconductor-semiconductor interfaces show prominent many-body effects. A new theory off the correlation energy is developed for these electrons such that the results are applicable to a wide density range. The ground-state energy is obtained for all densities. It is continuous and convergent, but changes its analytical form at r sub s = 1.414. Associated with this change is a divergence of the compressibility that occurs at r sub s =1.989. Hence, around this r sub s, the system can be considered to be in a liquidlike state. In the (001) direction of silicon inversion layers, the two valleys, occupied equally by the electrons at high densities, may be populated unevenly due to electron correlations. This unbalance will cause a valley occupancy phase transition at r sub s =8.011, in close agreement with a recent experiment. Under a magnetic field, the susceptibility is enhanced nonlinearly when the density of electrons is reduced. This enhancement becomes very strong toward r sub s =13.0, beyond which a spin-polarized state is favored.
Role of Nrf1 in antioxidant response element-mediated gene expression and beyond

Oxidative stress plays an important part in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. The ability to mount an efficient response against the continuous threat posed by exogenous and endogenous oxidants is essential for cellular homeostasis and survival. Oxidative stress activates transcription of a variety of antioxidant genes through cis-acting sequence known as antioxidant response element (ARE). Members of the Cap-N-Collar family of transcription factors, including Nrf1 and Nrf2, that bind ARE have been identified. Nrf1 and Nrf2 are expressed in a wide range of tissues and cell types, and both bind the ARE as heterodimers with small Maf proteins. Numerous studies indicate a pivotal role of Nrf2 in ARE function. Herein, we review data derived from cell-based studies and knockout mice in an attempt to define the role and regulation of Nrf1 in oxidative stress response and other functions.
Using Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Physical Education

Ratings of perceived exertion have been shown to be a valid method of monitoring physical activity intensity for both adults and children. As such, this subjective method may serve as an alternative to objective measurements for assessing students' performance on national standards 2 and 4. The OMNI-Child perceived exertion scales were developed with mode-specific pictorial descriptors and child-friendly verbal descriptors to help children measure their perceived exertion during physical activity. These ratings are simple, low-cost alternative objective technologies like heart rate monitors, pedometers, and accelerometers. Furthermore, an understanding of the relationship between perceived exertion and exercise intensity can provide students with a monitoring tool that can be used both inside and outside of the classroom.
On the cycle-isomorphism of graphs

This paper considers conditions ensuring that cycle-isomorphic graphs are isomorphic. Graphs of connectivity ≥2 that have no loops were studied by Whitney and Truemper. Here were characterize all graphs G of connectivity 1 such that every graph that is cycle-isomorphic to G is also isomorphic to G
Carbon honeycomb structures for adsorption applications

Abstract Activated carbon honeycomb structures based on synthetic precursors are described. These strong, highly durable honeycombs are continuous interpenetrating structures of activated carbon and a ceramic with adjustable broad range of carbon percentage (5–95 wt%). Dynamic adsorption performance of a particular honeycomb structure containing 18 wt% carbon is described with respect to various adsorbates, i.e. butane, toluene, formaldehyde, isopropanol etc., and the importance of space velocity in determining the adsorption performance as well as the effect of structural parameters on the performance is shown.
Altered Ionic Effects of Insulin in Hypertension: Role of Basal Ion Levels in Determining Cellular Responsiveness

To investigate the ionic actions of insulin in hypertension, 19F- and 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to measure cytosolic free calcium (Cai) and intracellular free magnesium (Mgi) levels in red blood cells from normal (n = 9) and hypertensive (n = 9) subjects before and 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after in vitro incubation with insulin. In hypertensive patients, basal Cai levels were significantly higher (30.0 ± 2.2 vs. 19.8 ± 2.5 nmol/L; P < 0.05), and basal Mgi levels were significantly lower (170 ± 10.9 vs. 209 ± 8μ mol/L; P < 0.05) than in normotensive subjects. In normal cells, insulin significantly elevated Cai to 39.8 ± 8.0, 50.1 ± 8.2, 69.3 ± 11.1, and 50.9 ± 13.4 nmol/L at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min and Mgi to 238± 10 264 ± 14, 226 ± 11, and 216 ± 10 μmol/L at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min. In hypertensive subjects, the insulin-dependent Cai elevation was blunted, and Mgi accumulation was completely suppressed. Continuous relationships were observed between basal values of each ion a...
Geometric issues in reverse osmosis: numerical simulation and experimentation.

This investigation is a synergistic combination of laboratory experimentation and numerical simulation to quantify the practical impact of geometric imperfections in the flow channels of a reverse osmosis (RO) system. To this end, carefully executed experiments are performed to quantify the fluid flow in a system containing feed spacers which are embedded in the RO membrane. In a complementary activity, numerical simulations were performed both for an ideal geometric situation (without embedments) and the actual geometric configuration including the embedments. It was found that the presence of unaccounted embedments affected the pressure drop predictions for the system by 14–19%. When account was taken of the embedments, the simulation results were found to be virtually coincident with the experimental results. This outcome suggests that deviations between experimental and simulation results encountered in the literature might well have been due to geometrical deviations of the type investigated here. The numerical simulation of the feedwater fluid flow was based on the often-used but unverified assumption that the velocity field experiences the geometric periodicity of the feed spacer. This assumption was lent support by results from a non-periodic simulation model and by the excellent agreement between the numerically based predictions and the experimental data.
On the product rotational state distribution in exoergic atom—diatomic molecule reactions☆

Abstract Product rotational state distributions (measured by Polanyi et al. via IR chemiluminescence) for the reactions Cl + HI/DI, F + H 2 /D 2 and H/D + Cl 2 are governed by the fraction of the total energy available for product rotational excitation. The distribution of final rotational states can be characterized by a temperature parameter which is independent of the vibrational state and is isotopically invariant.
Teaching conversation-related skills to predelinquent girls.

The use of conversation-related skills by youthful offenders can influence social interactions with adults. These behaviors are also likely to be useful to adolescents after their release from a treatment program (Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1972, 5, 343–372). Four girls, aged 13 to 15 yr, residing at Achievement Place for Girls in Lawrence, Kansas, received training on conversation-related behaviors. A multiple-baseline design across youths and across behaviors was used. Youth answer-volunteering in response to questions and three youth nonverbal components (“hand on face”, “hand at rest”, and “facial orientation”) were measured during daily 10-min sessions with a simulated guest in the group home's living room. Answer-volunteering was scored each session as the per cent of 13 “secondary” questions that the simulated guest did not have to ask following 10 “primary” questions. The three nonverbal components were scored according to their occurrence during 10-sec intervals and the resultant scores were averaged per session for an overall appropriate nonverbal score. The girls individually earned points within the home's token economy for participating in each session and additional points were awarded after training if preselected behavioral criteria were achieved for each of the two behavior categories per girl. Some of the training sessions were led by a “teaching-parent” (specially trained houseparent) while others were led by individual girls. Point consequences were administered by both the teaching-parent and by the “peer-trainers”. The average observed rate of answer-volunteering by the girls during pretraining sessions was 30% for S1, 30% for S2, 23% for S3, and 68% for S4. The average rate of answer-volunteering during posttraining sessions was: S1 = 92%, S2 = 89%, S3 = 90%, and S4 = 98%. The average nonverbal score during pretraining sessions was 82% for S1, 53% for S2, 60% for S3, and 82% for S4. The average nonverbal score during posttraining sessions was: S1 = 98%, S2 = 98%, S3 = 98%, and S4 = 100%. Videotapes of the sessions were shown in a random sequence to four adults (probation officer, social worker, etc who represented “significant others” for the youths' future success in the community. The adults judged posttraining tapes on the average as more appropriate 100% of the time for S1, 100% of the time for S2, 90% of the time for S3, and 70% of the time for S4. The study demonstrated that training of conversation-related skills is feasible with predelinquent girls, that the girls can help train each other, and that social validation of the training results is possible.
The recent behavior of M2 velocity

There have been numerous references in recent Federal Reserve Open Market Committee minutes concerning the unusual behavior of M2 velocity. Normally, when interest rates decline (along with the opportunity cost of holding M2 balances), V2 also declines. However, in the recent upturn, M2 opportunity costs (as measured by the Cleveland FR Bank) declined significantly, while V2 rose consistently through the period. A fresh perspective on V2 movements can be gained if one ignores the usual demand for money approach and concentrates instead on the actual turnover rate for GDP transactions. In the case of M2, virtually all this turnover resides in its M1 components. Money market deposit accounts and money market mutual funds are the only M2 components that can be used directly in GDP transactions, and their turnover rate for all types of transactions is very low [see p. A16 in any recent Federal Reserve Bulletin]. With this in mind, it is useful to express V2 as a weighted average of its M1 and non-M1 components:
Nerve growth factor: a mitogenic signal for retinal Müller glial cells.

Knowledge of the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) on glia is limited. A CNS site where NGF-glial interactions may occur is the retina. NGF is endogenous to the retina, and the retinal Muller glial cells have NGF receptors. Here, we examined the possibility that NGF may be a mitogen for Muller glial cells, which often proliferate in response to pathophysiological conditions. Experiments were performed on cultured glial cells from the adult human retina. Exposure of cultured Muller glial cells to 2.5 S NGF under serum-free conditions resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in cell number and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into nuclei. The half-maximally effective concentration was 0.04 ng/ml (1.5 pM), consistent with activation of high affinity NGF receptors. K252a, a blocker of the neurotrophin family of tyrosine kinase-linked receptors, potently inhibited the proliferative effect of NGF. Transforming growth factor beta-2, another growth factor endogenous to the retina, inhibited the mitogenic response to NGF. These findings indicate that human Muller glial cells in culture express functional NGF receptors and that the response of Muller cells to NGF can be modulated by other growth factors.
Image processing: some challenging problems.

Abstract Image processing can be broadly defined as the manipulation of signals which are inherently multidimensional. The most common such signals are photographs and video sequences. The goals of processing or manipulation can be (i) compression for storage or transmission; (ii) enhancement or restoration; (iii) analysis, recognition, and understanding; or (iv) visualization for human observers. The use of image processing techniques has become almost ubiquitous; they find applications in such diverse areas as astronomy, archaeology, medicine, video communication, and electronic games. Nonetheless, many important problems in image processing remain unsolved. It is the goal of this paper to discuss some of these challenging problems. In Section I, we mention a number of outstanding problems. Then, in the remainder of this paper, we concentrate on one of them: very-low-bit-rate video compression. This is chosen because it involves almost all aspects of image processing.
Phase separation in the two-dimensional electron liquid in MOSFET's

We show that the existence of an intermediate phase between the Fermi-liquid and the Wigner crystal phases is a generic property of the two-dimensional pure electron liquid in MOSFET's at zero temperature. The physical reason for the existence of these phases is a partial separation of the uniform phases. We discuss properties of these phases and a possible explanation of experimental results on transport properties of low-density electron gas in Si MOSFET's. We also argue that in a certain range of parameters, the partial phase separation corresponds to a supersolid phase discussed in F. Andreev and I. M. Lifshitz [Sov. Phys. JETP 48, 1107 (1969)].
Enzyme activities in the anterior horn of spinal cord after β,β-iminodipropionitrile

Abstract Four enzymes, representative for different steps of carbohydrate metabolism, were studied in L3–L4 segments of rat spinal cord. The ventral horns were dissected from frozen dried sections and the enzyme activities were measured microfluorometrically by their quantitative reduction of NADP. In control rats the enzyme activities remained constant during the growth of the animals from 4 to 16 weeks of age. In rats which had neurological symptoms and axonal lesions after feeding of β,β-iminodipropionitrile, the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was constantly increased during the same age period, while other enzymes were not. These findings are considered in relation to the findings of other investigators that drugs, dehydration, nerve transection, and other procedures affect the same enzymes.
Globular Cluster Microstructure of Endellite (Hydrated Halloysite) from Bedford, Indiana

Scanning electron microscope observation of endellite from Bedford, Indiana, discloses the existence of globular clusters of quasi-tubular endellite particles radiating from common centers. Individual clusters are of the order of 10 µ in overall diameter. The individual quasi-tubular particles are irregularly flattened in cross section, and some may be plugged at the ends. Conventional oven drying at 105°C results in partial unrolling and incomplete flattening of the quasi-tubular particles of some of the clusters. The globular cluster microstructure is taken to represent the result of in-situ crystallization from solution. If this is so, these hollow tubes cannot have arisen by the mechanism of repeated extrusion of concentric zonal crystallites as postulated by Chukhrov and Zvyagin.
Confinement and the supercritical Pomeron in QCD

Deep-inelastic diffractive scaling violations have provided fundamental insight into the QCD Pomeron, suggesting a single-gluon inner structure rather than that of a perturbative two-gluon bound state. This paper derives a high-energy, transverse momentum cutoff, confining solution of QCD. The Pomeron, in a first approximation, is a single Reggeized gluon plus a {open_quotes}wee-parton{close_quotes} component that compensates for the color and particle properties of the gluon. This solution corresponds to a supercritical phase of Reggeon field theory. Beginning with the multi-Regge behavior of massive quark and gluon amplitudes, Reggeon unitarity is used to derive a Reggeon diagram description of a wide class of multi-Regge amplitudes, including those describing the formation and scattering of bound-state Regge poles. When quark and gluon masses are taken to zero, a logarithmic divergence is produced by helicity-flip Reggeon interactions containing the infrared quark triangle anomaly. With the gauge symmetry partially broken, this divergence selects the bound states and amplitudes of a confining theory. Both the Pomeron and hadrons have an anomalous color-parity wee-parton component. For the Pomeron the wee-parton component determines that it carries negative color charge parity and that the leading singularity is an isolated Regge pole. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Academic opportunities in radiology education and education research.

Abstract Education can be the focus of a rewarding and successful career in academic radiology. Educational opportunities for academic radiologists include teaching medical students, residents, nursing students, physician assistant students, radiology technologist students, and other allied health profession students. Teaching can occur in large or small groups, or as a one-on-one encounter. Teaching is the very best way to learn a subject well; thus, educators are often considered experts in their fields. Educators can develop innovative teaching materials that are passed on to generations of students. Opportunities in educational administration and personal development are available both locally and nationally. Participation in radiology education research allows a radiologist to contribute to the body of knowledge in radiology education and advance the field of radiology education through science.