cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical and Urodynamic Spectrum of Bladder Function in Cerebral Palsy

Purpose: The nature of voiding function and dysfunction associated with cerebral palsy is described in the literature without concurrence of opinion. We correlated urodynamic findings with voiding patterns to better understand and manage voiding dysfunction in children with cerebral palsy.Materials and Methods: Voiding patterns and urodynamic studies in our last 31 patients with cerebral palsy were reviewed. Patients and families were surveyed on the child ability to void spontaneously, clean intermittent catheterization requirement, daytime incontinence and enuresis. Urodynamics consisted of slow fill water cystometry and patch electromyography. Measured parameters were bladder capacity based on age, capacity pressure, compliance, uninhibited contractions, bladder sensation and external sphincter activity. Patients were stratified by voiding status and statistical analysis was performed with p <0.05 considered significant.Results: The 15 boys and 16 girls were 4.5 to 16.6 years old. Three children requir...
Foot anatomy, climbing, and the origin of the Indriidae

Abstract Living indriids share a suite of derived osteological and myological features of the foot which are related to three of the most important components of their locomotor repertoire: climbing (primarily on vertical supports), vertical clinging, and leaping. However, the overall structure of the foot bones and musculature reflects the requirements for climbing more than any other behavior. All indriid subfamilies have postcranial morphologies and locomotor behaviors which are derived compared to the probable indriid-lemurid common ancestor. It seems most likely that the ancestral indriid was an “arboreal quadruped” (i.e. lemur-like), not a vertical clinger and leaper.
Optimization of power and channel allocation using the deterministic channel model

In a multiuser interference channel, solving the optimal power and channel allocation for a weighted sum-rate maximization is a well-known non-convex problem, and has NP complexity. In this paper, we apply the recently developed deterministic channel model, and obtain a new formulation for this classic problem. Although the non-convex nature remains unavoidable, we exploit novel insights and techniques to significantly reduce the algorithm's complexity, while still guaranteeing its asymptotic optimality. For cellular structured networks with a fixed number of cells, our algorithm has a worst-case polynomial complexity. We provide simulation solutions of this non-convex optimization in a seven-cell network. The proposed algorithm also computes performance upper bounds in all simulation cases as a numerical verification of the solutions' optimality. The upper bounds demonstrate very small gaps from the maximum achieved objective values of the simulation solutions.
Surface Electromagnetic Modes of a Ferrite Slab

The dispersion relationship describing the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) surface modes supported by a ferrite slab of finite thickness magnetized parallel to the planes of its air-ferrite-air or air-ferrite-metal interfaces is investigated. Surface wave propagation at frequencies greater than the ferrite-metal mode resonance is predicted for thick grounded ferrite slabs thereby clarifying prior results based upon semi-infinite and magnetostatic analyses. The relative energy densities of the electromagnetic surface modes is examined at the air-ferrite interfaces of an ungrounded slab.
The Perky Effect Revisited: Blocking of Visual Signals by Imagery.

Perky's 1910 observation that mental images were indistinguishable from external stimuli is considered as two issues: (1) description of images which apparently resemble the unidentified stimulus, ...
The relationship between mass transport and oxide chemistry in oxidation of Ni 3 Al alloys

Isotope diffusion and surface analysis has been used to investigate mass transport processes and oxide chemistry during oxidation of Ni3Al alloys in oxygen between 450 and 800 °C. In all cases, the oxide has an outer layer rich in NiO that grows by outward metal diffusion. Below 650 °C, an inner mixed oxide layer allows fast inward oxygen diffusion and growth. A porous inner layer of alumina forms at 700 °C that also allows oxide growth by oxygen in-diffusion. At 800 °C, the alumina becomes protective and halts the inner oxide growth mechanism. When macroalloyed with chromium, oxide chemistry is similar, but with an additional chromium oxide in the outer layer. There is an increased oxidation protection at temperatures ⋚600 °C that results from the inhibition of oxygen in-diffusion as an oxidation process. Above 700 °C, however, protective alumina formation is retarded and faster outward metal diffusion enhances the oxide growth rate when compared to Ni3Al.
Extraction of boundary representation from surface triangulations

Many computational science tools employ finite element meshes as discretizations of the geometrical domains, and automatic mesh generation has become an indispensable part of the discretization process. Boundary representations (BRep) of solids are the means of describing the geometrical model to the mesher, thus enabling the generator to proceed without user intervention. Significant effort has been devoted in the past to BRep construction in the frame-work of solid modelling systems. In this paper we consider the task of converting a tesselation (triangulation) of the surface of a solid into a BRep, and propose a robust and efficient set of algorithms for this purpose. Applications include, among others, remeshing of finite element discretizations during simulations involving not only geometric distortion but also changes in topology (coalescence and fragmentation of solids, flow, and so on).
Religion and the demand for membership in environmental citizen groups

I test the hypothesis that religious affiliation is an empirical measure of tastes and beliefs that affect the demand for membership in environmental citizen groups. The number of adherents to Judeo-Christian denominations per household has a significant, negative effect on state membership rates for nine groups advocating a preservationist approach to environmental policy, particularly in states with many Catholics, Baptists and Mormons. Religious affiliation has a marginally significant, positive effect on membership rates for two sportsmen groups advocating private stewardship. These results suggest that religious affiliation should also be a significant determinant of constituent preferences for environmental policies.
Repoliticizing Higher Education Assessment within Neoliberal Globalization

This article shows how universities, like education and social services in general, are increasingly pressured to adopt neoliberal principles that encourage privatization, entrepreneurship, standardization, assessment, and accountability. The authors examine recent efforts in the United States to develop measurement and accountability systems that commodify higher education, and show how they reflect a neoliberal rationale that undermines the historical purposes of higher education, reduces faculty autonomy, and harms the common good. However, they propose ways in which assessment and accountability might be implemented in higher education so as to promote teaching and learning responsive to the interests of students, faculty, the university, and wider communities.
The Illness, Stigma, Culture, or Immigration? Burdens on Chinese American Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia:

In this study, the author investigates the burden of 30 Chinese American caregivers of patients with schizophrenia using both quantitative and qualitative data. The relatives experienced enormous burden because of being intensely involved in patient care. Burdens were strongly positively related to family conflicts. In the literature, conflicts among caregivers have rarely been examined, but these conflicts seem particularly important to Chinese families because of the intense involvement of more than 1 member in caregiving. The significant relationship between length of stay in the United States and burden is perhaps related to caregivers' sense of mastery in language and knowledge of community resources in coping with stress.
Cropping system effects on soil quality in the Great Plains: Synthesis from a regional project

Soils perform a number of essential functions affecting management goals. Soil functions were assessed by measuring physical, chemical, and biological properties in a regional assessment of conventional (CON) and alternative (ALT) management practices at eight sites within the Great Plains. The results, reported in accompanying papers, provide excellent data for assessing how management practices collectively affect agronomic and environmental soil functions that benefit both farmers and society. Our objective was to use the regional data as an input for two new assessment tools to evaluate their potential and sensitivity for detecting differences (aggradation or degradation) in management systems. The soil management assessment framework (SMAF) and the agro-ecosystem performance assessment tool (AEPAT) were used to score individual soil properties at each location relative to expected conditions based on inherent soil-forming factors and to compute index values that provide an overall assessment of the agronomic and environmental impact of the CON and ALT practices. SMAF index values were positively correlated with grain yield (an agronomic function) and total organic matter (an agronomic and environmental function). They were negatively correlated with soil nitrate concentration at harvest (an indicator of environmental function). There was general agreement between the two assessment tools when used to compare management practices. Users can measure a small number of soil properties and use one of these tools to easily assess the effectiveness of soil management practices. A higher score in either tool identifies more environmentally and agronomically sustainable management. Temporal variability in measured indicators makes dynamic assessments of management practices essential. Water-filled pore space, aggregate stability, particulate organic matter, and microbial biomass were sensitive to management and should be included in studies aimed at improving soil management. Reductions in both tillage and fallow combined with crop rotation has resulted in improved soil function (e.g., nutrient cycling, organic C content, and productivity) throughout the Great Plains.
The flow of a liquid film along a periodic wall

The creeping flow of a liquid film along an inclined periodic wall of arbitrary geometry is considered. The problem is formulated using the boundary-integral method for Stokes flow. This method is extended to two-dimensional flows involving free surfaces, and is implemented in an iterative numerical procedure. Detailed calculations for flow along a sinusoidal wall are perfomed. The free-surface profile is studied as a function of flow rate, inclination angle, wave amplitude, and surface tension, and is compared with previous asymptotic solutions. The results include streamline patterns, velocity profiles and wall-shear-stress distributions, and establish criteria for flow reversal. For specified wall geometry, the asymptotic behaviour for very small flow rates is shown to be a strong function of surface tension. It is demonstrated that these results are valid in a qualitative sense for general wall geometries. The analogy between gravity-driven flow and the flow of a liquid layer on a rotating disk (spin coating) is also discussed.
Subsurface Observations of Surface Waves From an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

In this study, we will show how ocean surface wave displacement can be estimated from sensors onboard a subsurface moving autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The approach is to use a high-resolution vertical accelerometer along with a highresolution pressure sensor mounted coincidently on an AUV. We apply this approach to data collected in summer 2005, in northeast Monterey Bay, CA, during an engineering experiment as a part of the Layered Organization in the Coastal Ocean (LOCO) program. The AUV used was the School for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth T-REMUS vehicle. Data were collected while the vehicle traveled at a constant speed 1.2 m/s and a constant depth of 10 m in water of depth 19.5 m. The local wind-generated surface wave field was relatively weak and dominated by surface wave swell of frequencies of 1/12 and 1/6 Hz, respectively. Surface waves of these frequencies in this depth of water have wavelengths of 150 and 55 m, respectively, both values being much larger than the length of the T-REMUS, which is 2 m. This condition, along with the fact that the AUV is moving over an order of magnitude slower than the phase speed associated with these surface waves, allows estimation of the frequency spectrum of surface waves by sensors onboard the AUV as well as interpretation of how the AUV responds to the surface wave field. From our estimation technique, we have confirmed that the two frequencies of 1/12 and 1/6 Hz were the dominant surface wave frequencies present and that the AUV-based estimated spectral values agreed very closely with in situ observations made by a fixed slow rise profiler located 200 m away. Pitch spectra indicated that the AUV responded to the higher frequency swell component of 1/6 Hz by adjusting its depth to try to follow the surface-wave-induced pressure. At the lower frequency, the AUV tended to follow the surface wave coherently.
The empirical relationship of peak emission measure and temperature to peak flare X-ray flux during solar cycle 21

Abstract Approximately 180 major X-ray flares that occurred between September 1977 and May 1984 have been examined to determine some of the outstanding trends and collective properties that characterize this set of large events. This study concentrates only on the distribution of the maximum emission measure and the distribution of maximum electron temperature with respect to the maximum radiative flux in soft X-rays generated by the flare. Two unusual, but apparently related, phenomena appear to be revealed by these empirical relationships. The first of these is a linear dependence of the lower limit of the log emission measure with respect to the maximum flare X-ray flux. The second is the presence of two events arising from the same active region that prove the exception to the rule. One of these special events produced a thermal temperature of 60 MK.
Wide-band ground-plane DC block and bias feed

The realization of a wideband, ground-plane DC block and bias feed for microstrip transmission lines operating in Ka-band, 26.5-40.0 GHz, is described. The waveguide-to-microstrip fixture and transition used for testing are described. Analysis of the ground-plane bias gap structure is provided. A few possible applications are discussed. >
Type-Set Politics: Impact of Newspapers on Public Confidence*

This study combines survey data from the 1974 American National Election Study with the front-page content of 94 newspapers in an investigation of the relationship between the degree of negative political criticism found in newspapers and their readers' feelings of trust in government and a sense of their own political effectiveness. Although newspaper reporting was primarily neutral or positive, readers of highly critical papers were more distrustful of government; but the impact of criticism on the more stable attitude of political efficacy was modest. Level of exposure to national news interacted with critical news content primarily to affect feelings of trust, and not efficacy.This article posits a structural explanation of inefficacy as a result of accumulating distrust, where policy dissatisfaction, rather than dislike of incumbent leaders, acts as the main determinant of cynicism. In this model, media criticism serves as a “mediator” of political realities which eventually, although indirectly, affects political malaise.
Readiness for Organizational Change: The Systematic Development of a Scale.

Using a systematic item-development framework as a guide (i.e., item development, questionnaire administration, item reduction, scale evaluation, and replication), this article discusses the develo...
Stressed and word-final syllables in infant-directed speech

Abstract Comparisons between infant-directed and adult-directed speech were conducted to determine whether word-final syllables are highlighted in infant-directed speech. Samples of adult-directed and infant-directed speech were collected from 8 mothers of 6-month-old and 8 mothers of 9- month-old infants. Mothers were asked to label seven objects both to an experimenter and to their infant. Duration, pitch, and amplitude were measured for whole words and for each of the target word syllables. As in prior research, the infant-directed targets were higher pitched and longer than adult-directed targets. The results also extend beyond previous results in showing that lengthening of final syllables in infant-directed speech is particularly exaggerated. Results of analyses comparing word-final versus nonfinal unstressed syllables in utterance-medial position in infant-directed speech showed that lengthening of unstressed word-final syllables occurs even in utterance-internal positions. These results could suggest a mechanism for proposals that word-final syllables are perceptually salient to young children.
Dielectric plug-loaded two-port transmission line measurement technique for dielectric property characterization of granular and liquid materials

There are numerous dielectric property characterization techniques available in the microwave regime each with its own uniqueness, advantages and disadvantages. The two-port completely-filled waveguide (transmission line) technique is a robust measurement approach which is well suited for solid dielectric materials. In this case, the dielectric material can be relatively easily machined to fit inside the waveguide and the subsequent measurement of the scattering parameters of this two-port device renders the dielectric properties of the material filling the waveguide. However, this technique is not well suited for measuring the dielectric properties of granular and liquid materials. These materials are used in the production of various composites which are increasingly replacing the use of metals in many environments. If this technique is directly applied to these types of materials, several approximations either in the measurement apparatus or the formulation must be made. To overcome this problem, this paper describes a modification to this measurement technique utilizing two dielectric plugs which are used to house the granular or the liquid dielectric material. In this approach no approximation to the measurement apparatus is made while the presence of the plugs are fully accounted for in the derivations. Using this technique, the dielectric properties of cement powder, corn oil, antifreeze solution and tap water, constituting low- and high-loss dielectric materials (granular and liquid) were measured. In addition, the important issue of measurement uncertainty associated with this technique is also fully addressed. The issue of optimal choice of various measurement parameters is also discussed as it relates to the measurement uncertainty.
Steroid-induced cardiac contractility requires exogenous glucose, glycolysis and the sarcoplasmic reticulum in rainbow trout

Recent data from our laboratory suggest that sex steroids promote contractile function in cardiac muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum), and there are sex differences in hormone signaling and cardiac function. The current study investigated whether steroid-induced inotropism in electrically paced (0.5 Hz, 14 degrees C) ventricle strips at 90% Lmax (1) has a metabolic requirement for exogenous glucose and (2) is associated with enhanced intracellular Ca2+ storage and release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). We also explored whether sex differences exist in extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o) or cardiac sensitivity to Ca2+o. In the absence or at low concentrations (1 or 2 mmol l-)) of exogenous glucose, resting tension and relaxation time were increased selectively in cardiac tissue from females. Increasing glucose promoted twitch force in a bell-shaped manner, with 5 mmol l-1 representing the optimal concentration for both sexes. The positive inotropic effects of physiological concentrations of testosterone (T) and 17beta-estradiol (E2) in male and female trout ventricle strips, respectively, developed slowly (10-45 min) and were not apparent in glucose-free medium, in medium containing iodoacetate (IAA), an inhibitor of glycolysis, or medium containing 5 mmol l-) lactate or pyruvate. Male ventricle strips had increased inotropic responses to glucose and T compared with female strips exposed to glucose and E2. Furthermore, sexually maturing males showed a greater inotropic response than immature males or females. Pretreatment with ryanodine (a specific blocker of SR Ca2+ release) also eliminated the inotropic effects of sex steroids and exogenous glucose and reduced the post-rest potentiation of contractile force (a marker of SR Ca2+ storage). By contrast, the inotropic effects of epinephrine (Epi) or elevated Ca2+o were faster (developing within 1-3 min) and were not diminished by the presence or absence of glucose or by pretreatment with IAA or ryanodine. Sex differences were also found in responsiveness to caffeine (males>females) and the relationship between Ca2+ concentration and force development above baseline. The Ca2+50 was lower in female cardiac tissue than males, suggesting greater Ca2+ sensitivity, and although plasma albumin was higher in females, total and ionized plasma Ca2+ did not differ between the sexes. For the first time, our study highlights the importance of extracellular glucose, glycolytic activity and SR Ca2+ storage and release for sex steroid-induced inotropism in the trout ventricle. Conversely, the inotropes Epi and elevated [Ca2+o] do not require the presence or metabolism of exogenous glucose or the SR for signaling their positive effects on contractility. These results also demonstrate novel sex-related differences in cardiac reliance on exogenous glucose, Ca2+ sensitivity and SR function and thus should be considered in future studies.
Asymmetric Hydrogen Bonding and Orientational Ordering of Water at Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Surfaces: A Comparison of Water/Vapor, Water/Talc, and Water/Mica Interfaces

Interfaces involving aqueous fluid phases play critical roles in natural and technologically important systems, and the atomic scale differences between interfaces involving hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates are essential to understanding and manipulating their chemical and physical properties. This paper compares computational molecular dynamics results for the atomic density profiles, H-bonding configurations, and orientational ordering of water molecules at three different and illustrative interfaces. These are the free liquid water surface, which can be considered hydrophobic, and the interfaces of liquid water with talc (001) and muscovite (001) surfaces, which are prototypical hydrophobic and hydrophilic inorganic oxide surfaces, respectively. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of substrate structure and composition in controlling interfacial behavior and illustrate the differences between the vapor interface and those involving solids. The atomic density profiles of water at the so...
Association of dietary magnesium intake with radiographic knee osteoarthritis: results from a population-based study.

Purpose To examine the cross-sectional association between dietary magnesium (Mg) intake and the radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA) among African-American and Caucasian men and women.
Regulation of cortical dendrite development by Rap1 signaling

Rap1 is a small GTP-binding protein that has been implicated in intracellular signaling and cytoskeletal control. Here, we show that Rap1 is expressed in rat cortical neurons and plays a critical role in dendritic development. Inhibition of Rap1 signaling either by expressing dominant negative mutant of Rap1 or Rap1GAP in cortical neurons reduced dendritic complexity. In contrast, expression of a constitutively active mutant of Rap1 (Rap1V12) induced dendritic growth and branching. Membrane depolarization, which induces dendritic growth via calcium influx, led to a rapid activation of Rap1 via cAMP and cGMP signaling. A CREB-dependent mechanism is involved in depolarization-induced dendritic growth in cortical neurons. Rap1 function contributed to depolarization induced CREB activation, and inhibition of CREB suppressed dendritic growth induced by Rap1V12. These observations identify Rap1 as a key mediator of calcium regulation of CREB-dependent transcription and dendritic development.
Combining SAR and scatterometer data to improve high resolution wind speed retrievals

With the December 14, 2002 launch of the SeaWinds scatterometer on Adeos-2 complimenting a similar instrument aboard QuickSCAT, we now enjoy global wind speed measurements at 25 km resolution from two active microwave scatterometers. WindSat launched on January 6, 2003 with the mission to test the possibility of making wind vector measurements of comparable precision and resolution as conventional scatterometry by using polarimetric radiometry. However, the relatively coarse resolution of these instruments makes it difficult to measure winds in coastal areas. Here we show that by combining scatterometer wind direction measurements with high, sub-kilometer resolution radar cross section measurements from the RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) we can make significantly improved wind speed retrievals in coastal areas. Recently ASAR data from ENVIASAT have become available. We have just begun using this data source for SAR wind speed retrievals and have found that these data avoid some of the problems encountered with RADARSAT-1 imagery.
Upper ocean carbon export, horizontal transport, and vertical eddy diffusivity in the southwestern Gulf of Maine

The naturally occurring radionuclides 234Th and 7Be were used to investigate the magnitude of upper ocean particulate organic carbon export and the rate of vertical eddy di!usion in the southwestern Gulf of Maine. Sampling occurred during the spring (March, April) and summer (July, August) of 1997. Both non-steady-state and horizontal transport models were assessed and found to be very important for the accurate determination of 234Th export. Upper ocean particulate organic carbon export was estimated using modeled 234Th export and the ratio of particulate organic carbon to 234Th on GF/F "lters. Our measurements demonstrate that the southwestern Gulf of Maine is typical of many coastal regimes, having an organic carbon export ratio (particulate export/primary production) which ranges from 9 to 49% depending on the depth of integration and primary productivity estimate. 7Be derived estimates of vertical eddy di!usivity into summer surface waters ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 cm2 sec~1, and show that this mechanism is su$cient to support the amount of &new’ nitrogen required for the measured particulate carbon export. ( 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Targeting survivin and p53 in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Despite advances in treatment and outcomes for patients with pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), there continue to be subsets of patients who are refractory to standard chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Therefore, novel gene targets for therapy are needed to further advance treatment for this disease. RNA interference technology has identified survivin as a potential therapeutic target. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins and chromosome passenger complex, is expressed in hematologic malignancies and overexpressed in relapsed pediatric ALL. Our studies show that survivin is uniformly expressed at high levels in multiple pediatric ALL cell lines. Furthermore, silencing of survivin expression in pediatric ALL cell lines as well as primary leukemic blasts reduces viability of these cells. This includes cell lines derived from patients with relapsed disease featuring cytogenetic anomalies such as t(12;21), Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22), t(1;19) as well as a cell line carrying t(17;19) from a patient with de novo ALL. Furthermore, inhibition of survivin increases p53-dependent apoptosis that can be rescued by inhibition of p53. Finally, a screen of randomly selected primary patient samples confirms that survivin-specific small interfering RNA and survivin-targeted drug, YM155, effectively reduce viability of leukemic blasts.
Huntingtin coordinates the dynein-mediated dynamic positioning of endosomes and lysosomes

Huntingtin (Htt) is a membrane-associated scaffolding protein that interacts with microtubule motors as well as actin-associated adaptor molecules. We examined a role for Htt in the dynein-mediated intracellular trafficking of endosomes and lysosomes. In HeLa cells depleted of either Htt or dynein, early, recycling, and late endosomes (LE)/lysosomes all become dispersed. Despite altered organelle localization, kinetic assays indicate only minor defects in intracellular trafficking. Expression of full-length Htt is required to restore organelle localization in Htt-depleted cells, supporting a role for Htt as a scaffold that promotes functional interactions along its length. In dynein-depleted cells, LE/lysosomes accumulate in tight patches near the cortex, apparently enmeshed by cortactin-positive actin filaments; Latrunculin B-treatment disperses these patches. Peripheral LE/lysosomes in dynein-depleted cells no longer colocalize with microtubules. Htt may be required for this off-loading, as the loss of microtubule association is not seen in Htt-depleted cells or in cells depleted of both dynein and Htt. Inhibition of kinesin-1 relocalizes peripheral LE/lysosomes induced by Htt depletion but not by dynein depletion, consistent with their detachment from microtubules upon dynein knockdown. Together, these data support a model of Htt as a facilitator of dynein-mediated trafficking that may regulate the cytoskeletal association of dynamic organelles.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Triphos Ligand Derivative and the Corresponding PdII Complexes

The synthesis of the new bis(2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl)methylhydroxyphosphine tridentate phosphine ligand, LCH2OH/Ph, is reported. The ligand reacts with [Pd(Cl)2(PhCN)2 to form [Pd(LCH2OH/Ph)Cl]Cl. Exchange of the chloride ions for triflate (OTf–) using AgOTf yielded pure [Pd(LCH2OH/Ph)OTf]OTf. In addition to spectral characterization the free ligand, LCH2OH/Ph, and Pd(II) complex, [Pd(LCH2OH/Ph)OTf]OTf, are structurally characterized. This research was supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Biosciences, and Geosciences. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is a multiprogram national laboratory operated by Battelle for DOE.
Prediction of springback in air-bending of Advanced High Strength steel (DP780) considering Young׳s modulus variation and with a piecewise hardening function

Abstract Advanced High-Strength steels (AHSS) are increasingly used in industry. Thus, the springback prediction in bending of AHSS is important to maintain close geometric tolerances in deformed parts. The unique properties of AHSS: a non-constant Young׳s modulus and a stress–strain relation which does not follow a simple flow stress equation make the prediction of springback very difficult. In this study, an analytical model was developed to predict the springback in air-bending of AHSS, considering the special properties of these materials. A computer code which is developed based on classical bending theory was updated based on the new model. The finite element simulation which includes the properties of the AHSS is also presented in the paper. The comparison between the experimental results and predictions indicates that the detailed consideration of the properties of AHSS affects the accuracy of the springback prediction with the analytical method. It is hoped that this new analysis can be incorporated into the controller of a press brake to adjust the machine for compensating springback during bending.
Measurement of cerebral blood flow using phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging and duplex ultrasonography.

Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) and color-coded duplex ultrasonography (CDUS) are commonly used for measuring cerebral blood flow in the internal carotid (ICA) and vertebral arteries. However, agreement between the two methods has been controversial. Recent development of high spatial and temporal resolution blood vessel wall edge-detection and wall-tracking methods with CDUS increased the accuracy and reliability of blood vessel diameter, hence cerebral blood flow measurement. The aim of this study was to compare the improved CDUS method with 3 T PC-MRI for cerebral blood flow measurements. We found that cerebral blood flow velocity measured in the ICA was lower using PC-MRI than CDUS (left ICA: PC-MRI, 18.0 ± 4.2 vs. CDUS, 25.6 ± 8.6 cm/s; right ICA: PC-MRI, 18.5 ± 4.8 vs. CDUS, 26.6 ± 6.7 cm/s, both p < 0.01). However, ICA diameters measured using PC-MRI were larger (left ICA: PC-MRI, 4.7 ± 0.50 vs. CDUS, 4.1 ± 0.46 mm; right ICA: PC-MRI, 4.5 ± 0.49 vs. CDUS, 4.0 ± 0.45 mm, both p < ...
The Effect of Aeration Basin Configuration on Activated Sludge Bulking at Low Organic Loading

Continuous-flow laboratory-scale activated sludge units were operated on domestic sewage at low F/M. In CSTR units at the F/M range of 0.05–0.25 g COD removed/g TMLVSS, day bulking did not occur with a weak (BOD5 = 139 mg/L) sewage feed and TMLSS = 1.5 g/L. Supplementation of sewage by blending with raw sludge produced a stronger sewage (BOD5 = 315 mg/L) which caused TMLSS to increase to 3.5 g/L. Bulking occurred in CSTR, 2, 4, 8, and 16 compartment units. An aeration basin with initial compartment l/32nd of aeration basin volume prevented but did not cure bulking. An aeration basin with initial compartments 1/74th of aeration basin volume, prevented and cured bulking. Anoxia in an aeration basin with two initial compartments each 1/64th of the total aeration basin volume did not aid in curing bulking. The SVI of sludges at low F/M (0.3–0.35 g COD removed/g TMLVSS, day) and high TMLSS (3.5 g/L) is related to conditions in the initial compartment rather than those in the remainder of the aeration basin. Initial compartment soluble COD, first-compartment F/M, and initial compartment size are important; floc loading, dispersion number and total number of aeration basin compartments are not important.
Effects of Liquid Superheat on Droplet Disruption in a Supersonic Stream

The effects of liquid superheat on the disruption of liquid droplets accelera ted in a supersonic flow were examined experimentally in a draw -down supersonic wind tunnel. Monodisperse 60 µm diameter neat droplets of three test fluids (methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol) were generated upstream of the entrance to the tunnel and accel erated with the supersonic flow such that their maximum velocities relative to the air flow were transonic. Droplets were imaged by shadowgraphy and by multiple -exposure direct photography using laser sheet illumination. In addition to providing informat ion on droplet lifetime, the latter technique allows measurement of the droplet downstream distance versus time, from which the velocity and acceleration during disruption can be inferred. All droplets were unheated upon injection. Depending on the vapor pressure of the liquid, the droplets achieved varying levels of liquid superheat as they experienced the low static pressure in the supersonic flow. Histograms of the droplet population downstream of the supersonic nozzle throat indicate that the lifetim e of droplets before disruption in supersonic flow decreases with an increasing amount of droplet superheat. The shorter lifetime occurred even as the droplet Weber number – based on initial droplet size – decreased initially due to the lower relative vel ocity of the methanol droplets to that of ethanol droplets. This is consistent with the more rapid disruption and the faster decrease in mass for the methanol droplets. The droplets, depending on the level of superheating, in some cases underwent disrupt ion modes different than those expected for the corresponding values of Weber number.
A piloted simulation study of advanced controls and displays for novice general aviation pilots

A dccouplcd, fly-by-wire control systcm combincd with a pictorial head-up display has bccn dcvclopcd and cvaluatcd on a piloted simulator. Thc tcst subjects uscd in thc evaluation wcrc primarily non-pilots who wcrc givcn no training or practicc bcforc thc data runs. Dcspitc thcir lack of cxpcricncc and training, all of thc tcst subjccts wcrc ablc to complctc ,a complcx piloting task on thcir vcry first run. Thc piloting task was pcrformcd in rcduccd visibility conditions and consistcd of a continuous scrics of common mancuvcrs bcginning with a lakcoff and cnding with a landing. Variations of the control systcm, pictorial display format, and thc cffwt of wind and turbulcncc conditions wcrc also studicd. Quantitativc q d qualihtivc data are prcscntcd LO illustrate thc vast supcriority of thc advanced controls and displays ovcr convcntional controls and instrumcnts. v Introduction get thcir ccrtificatc duc to thc recurring proficiency requircmcnts. Unfortunately, these training and proficiency rcquiremcnts are wcll justificd by the complcxity of safcly operating an airplane. What is ncedcd is ncw technology that would reduce the complcxity of safely opcrating an airplanc. This ncw technology could substantially reduce the nccd for cxtcnsive pilot training. Such ncw tcchnology is currcntly being dcvclopcd and uscd in other fields of aviation; howcvcr, it could bc of cvcn greatcr bcnelit to bcginning gcncral aviation pilots. For cxamplc, the fly-by-wirc technology which has bccn dcveloped for military and commbrcial aviation probably would be of much grcatcr bcncfit to a novice pilot than it has bccn to full-time pilots. The full-time pilot who rcgularly accumulatcs many hours of flying timc is vcry comfomblc with thc control characteristics of an airplanc and rwlly doesn't have a nccd for an airplane which is easicr to control. The beginning pilot, on the other hand, often finds Ihc control characteristics of an airplane strange and hard to undcrstand and nccds thc tailored control characteristics which can bc provided by a fly-by-wire control syslem. The same commcnts can he made for other technologies such as microprocessors, glass cockpits, the Global Positioning System, and data link. Thc timc and cost of bccoming a private pilot has always bccn,a dctcrrcnt to more widcsprcad usc of gcncral aviation airplancs for pcrsonal transportalion. The majority of pcoplc who bcgin flying lcssons drop out of thc proccss bcforc they get thcir ccrtificatc bccausc of thc time and costs involvcd. In addition, a majority of those who do get their ccnificatc quit flying in a fcw years a f w they Over thc ycars the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has developed rechnofoby' aimed at incrcasing the efficiency and Safety of general aviation airplanes. For cxamplc, NASA has explored ways to reduce the possibility of stalls and spins, refcrcncc 1, which historically have bccn responsiblc for many accidents. Such accidcnts have reinforced the continucd requirement for rigomus *Rcscarch Enginccr, Flight Rcscarch Branch; Mcmbcr AIAA Copyright
ANALYSIS OF THE HESSIAN FOR AERODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION: INVISCID FLOW

In this paper we analyze inviscid aerodynamic shape optimization problems governed by the full potential and the Euler equations in two and three dimensions. The analysis indicates that minimization of pressure dependent cost functions results in Hessians whose eigenvalue distributions are identical for the full potential and the Euler equations. However, the optimization problems in two and three dimensions are inherently different. While the two dimensional optimization problems are well-posed, the three dimensional ones are ill-posed. Oscillations in the shape up to the smallest scale allowed by the design space can develop in the direction perpendicular to the flow, implying that a regularization is required. A natural choice of such a regularization is derived. The analysis also gives an estimate of the Hessian''s condition number which implies that the problems at hand are ill-conditioned. Infinite dimensional approximations for the Hessians are constructed and preconditioners for gradient based methods are derived from these approximate Hessians.
Analysis on influencing factors of hand,foot and mouth disease among children in Zigong urban area

[Objective]To analyze the influencing factors of hand,foot and mouth disease( HFMD) among children in Zigong urban area,put forward the targeted prevention and control measures. [Methods]63 confirmed HFMD patients,who were under five years old and lived in urban area of Zigong City,were collected from the China information system for diseases control and prevention from January to August in 2013. Controls were matched to cases at a ratio of 1 ∶ 2 by address( same community),gender and age( the difference is not more than 1 year old),and all controls did not get HFMD in this year. After the questionnaire survey,the single factor analysis was performed,and the factors which the P-value is less than 0. 10 were investigated with the conditional logistic regression model for multiple factors analysis. [Results]The results of single factor analysis showed that washing hands before meals and after using the toilet was the influencing factor of HFMD( χ2= 14. 131,P 0. 01). Multiple factor logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors of HFMD included children in kindergarten( OR = 11. 49,95% CI = 1. 92-66. 67),contacting with HFMD patients( OR = 11. 11,95% CI = 2. 67-45. 46) and using toys with others( OR = 4. 37,95% CI = 1. 46-12. 99),while the protective factor was receiving child care( OR = 0. 09,95% CI = 0. 02-0. 40). [Conclusion]Children in kindergarten,contacting with HFMD patients,using toys with others and receiving child care are the influencing factors of HFMD. It is necessary to encourage people to develop a good habit of washing hands,remind parents of sick children to avoid contact with other children,regularly carry out the cleaning and disinfection of toys,and actively promote child care work is the effective ways to control the development and spread of HFMD.
Nonparametric detection of an anomalous disk over a two-dimensional lattice network

Nonparametric detection of existence of an anomalous disk over a lattice network is investigated. If an anomalous disk exists, then all nodes belonging to the disk observe samples generated by a distribution q, whereas all other nodes observe samples generated by a distribution p that is distinct from q. If there does not exist an anomalous disk, then all nodes receive samples generated by p. The distributions p and q are arbitrary and unknown. The goal is to design statistically consistent test as the network size becomes asymptotically large. A kernel-based test is proposed based on maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) which measures the distance between mean embeddings of distributions into a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS). A sufficient condition on the minimum size of candidate anomalous disks is characterized in order to guarantee the consistency of the proposed test. A necessary condition that any universally consistent test must satisfy is further derived. Comparison of sufficient and necessary conditions yields that the proposed test is order-level optimal.
Use of Protein Cross-Linking and Radiolytic Labeling To Elucidate the Structure of PsbO within Higher-Plant Photosystem II

We have used protein cross-linking with the zero-length cross-linker 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, and radiolytic footprinting coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, to examine the structure of higher-plant PsbO when it is bound to Photosystem II. Twenty intramolecular cross-linked residue pairs were identified. On the basis of this cross-linking data, spinach PsbO was modeled using the Thermosynechococcus vulcanus PsbO structure as a template, with the cross-linking distance constraints incorporated using the MODELLER program. Our model of higher-plant PsbO identifies several differences between the spinach and cyanobacterial proteins. The N-terminal region is particularly interesting, as this region has been suggested to be important for oxygen evolution and for the specific binding of PsbO to Photosystem II. Additionally, using radiolytic mapping, we have identified regions on spinach PsbO that are shielded from the bulk solvent. These domains may represent regions on ...
l-α,γ-Diaminobutyrate-activating enzyme from Bacillus polymyxa: Properties and distribution

Abstract 1. 1. An enzyme which catalyses the l -α,γ-diaminobutyrate-dependent exchange of ATP with PPi was partially purified from sonic extracts of the polymyxin B-producing organism, Bacillus polymyxa 2459. This enzyme could be separated from most other amino acid-activating enzymes and exhibited an apparent K m for l -α,γ-diaminobutyrate of 0.6 mM. 2. 2. Treatment of sonic extracts with streptomycin sulfate led to an alteration in the properties of the activating enzyme. This appeared to be due to the conversion of the enzyme from polydisperse aggregates of average molecular weight 300 000 to units of 100 000 molecular weight. 3. 3. In lysed protoplast preparations, the l -α,γ-diaminobutyrate-activating enzyme was predominantly associated with the particulate fraction, in contrast with other amino acid-activating enzymes. The K m for l -α,γ-diaminobutyrate of the particulate preparation was the same as that of the soluble enzyme. 4. 4. The specific activity of the l -α,γ-diaminobutyrate-activating enzyme rose about 10-fold during vegetative growth, beginning at the time of the first appearance of polymyxin in the growth medium. 5. 5. Mutants of B. polymyxa that had lost the ability to produce polymyxin also lacked the l -α,γ-diaminobutyrate-activating enzyme. On the other hand, other polymyxin-producing organisms, such as B. polymyxa ATCC 10401 and B. circulans ATCC 14040, were found to have significant levels of this enzyme. These observations suggest that the l -α,γ-diaminobutyrate-activating enzyme plays a role in the biosynthesis of polymyxin.