cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compliance Rates for Storm Water Detention Facility Installation

Best management practices (BMPs) are designs and practices used to mitigate the environmental impacts of nonpoint source pollution, a leading cause of receiving water quality degradation in the United States. Proper selection and design of a BMP should consider its performance throughout its anticipated life. The magnitude of one particular life cycle variable, representing the likelihood of installation of a required storm water detention facility, was analyzed based on data from 716 privately developed sites in a county in South Carolina. This yielded an overall 86% probability for storm water detention facility construction. This variable was found to be approximately 79 and 88% for areas of disturbances of less than 0.4 ha and greater than 0.4 ha, respectively. Such compliance rates are useful information in conducting BMP life cycle analyses as well as for improving nonpoint source pollution estimates for postconstruction watershed conditions.
Phylogeny of Amblyospora (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and Related Genera Based on Small Subunit Ribosomal DNA Data: A Possible Example of Host Parasite Cospeciation

Abstract Small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences were analyzed for six species and four genera of microsporidia from mosquito hosts; Amblyospora stimuli ( Aedes stimulans ), Amblyospora californica ( Culex tarsalis ), Amblyospora sp. ( Culex salinarius ), Edhazardia aedis ( Aedes aegypti ), Culicosporella lunata ( Culex pilosus ), and Parathelohania anophelis ( Anopheles quadrimaculatus ). Comparison of these sequences to those of other microsporidia show that these sequences are longer with the SSU rRNA gene of E. aedis being the longest microsporidia sequenced to date (1447 base pairs). Parsimony, maximum likelihood, and distance methods produced identical trees, suggesting that the above microsporidian taxa, contrary to current classification schemes, form a monophyletic group. Relationships within this group are further supported by high bootstrap and decay analysis values. Based on the molecular analysis, P. anophelis is the most divergent species in this group of mosquito parasites. Amblyospora is paraphyletic with A. californica and Amblyospora sp., forming a sister taxon to a clade composed of E. aedis and A. stimuli. Culicosporella lunata comprises a sister taxon to the Amblyospora/Edhazardia clade. The pattern of host relationships on the tree provides preliminary evidence that the branching pattern seen here may indicate that host–parasite cospeciation is an important mechanism of evolution in this group.
Enhanced Level Building Algorithm for the Movement Epenthesis Problem in Sign Language Recognition

One of the hard problems in automated sign language recognition is the movement epenthesis (me) problem. Movement epenthesis is the gesture movement that bridges two consecutive signs. This effect can be over a long duration and involve variations in hand shape, position, and movement, making it hard to explicitly model these intervening segments. This creates a problem when trying to match individual signs to full sign sentences since for many chunks of the sentence, corresponding to these mes, we do not have models. We present an approach based on version of a dynamic programming framework, called Level Building, to simultaneously segment and match signs to continuous sign language sentences in the presence of movement epenthesis (me). We enhance the classical Level Building framework so that it can accommodate me labels for which we do not have explicit models. This enhanced Level Building algorithm is then coupled with a trigram grammar model to optimally segment and label sign language sentences. We demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm using a single view video dataset of continuous sign language sentences. We obtain 83% word level recognition rate with the enhanced Level Building approach, as opposed to a 20% recognition rate using a classical Level Building framework on the same dataset. The proposed approach is novel since it does not need explicit models for movement epenthesis.
A cliq of content curators

A social news site presents user-curated content, ranked by popularity. Popular curators like Reddit, or Facebook have become effective way of crowdsourcing news or sharing for personal opinions. Traditionally, these services require a centralized authority to aggregate data and determine what to display. However, the trust issues that arise from a centralized system are particularly damaging to the "Web democracy" that social news sites are meant to provide. In this poster, we present cliq, a decentralized social news curator. cliq is a P2P based social news curator that provides private and unbiased reporting. All users in cliq share responsibility for tracking and providing popular content. Any user data that cliq needs to store is also managed across the network. We first inform our design of cliq through an analysis of Reddit. We design a way to provide content curation without a persistent moderator, or usernames.
Anomalous magnetic moment and limits on fermion substructure

Experimental constraints on possible lepton and quark substructure are analyzed and expressed in terms of a general formalism for describing composite particles in terms of their constituents. In particular, the measured gyromagnetic ratios may very severely restrict possible internal structure of light leptons (electrons and muons) in some models. Simple expressions for hadronic $g$ values and electromagnetic radii are given in terms of their quarkgluon infinite-momentum-frame wave function. The contribution to the anomalous moment of a fermion due to internal structure is shown to vanish as the mass or inverse-size scale of the internal state becomes infinitely large.
Rapid Acyl-Homoserine Lactone Quorum Signal Biodegradation in Diverse Soils

Signal degradation impacts all communications. Although acyl-homoserine lactone (acyl-HSL) quorum-sensing signals are known to be degraded by defined laboratory cultures, little is known about their stability in nature. Here, we show that acyl-HSLs are biodegraded in soils sampled from diverse U.S. sites and by termite hindgut contents. When amended to samples at physiologically relevant concentrations, 14C-labeled acyl-HSLs were mineralized to 14CO2 rapidly and, at most sites examined, without lag. A lag-free turf soil activity was characterized in further detail. Heating or irradiation of the soil prior to the addition of radiolabel abolished mineralization, whereas protein synthesis inhibitors did not. Mineralization exhibited an apparent Km of 1.5 µM acyl-HSL, ca. 1,000-fold lower than that reported for a purified acyl-HSL lactonase. Under optimal conditions, acyl-HSL degradation proceeded at a rate of 13.4 nmol · h–1 · g of fresh weight soil–1. Bioassays established that the final extent of signal inactivation was greater than for its full conversion to CO2 but that the two processes were well coupled kinetically. A most probable number of 4.6 x 105 cells · g of turf soil–1 degraded physiologically relevant amounts of hexanoyl-[1-14C]HSL to 14CO2. It would take chemical lactonolysis months to match the level of signal decay achieved in days by the observed biological activity. Rapid decay might serve either to quiet signal cross talk that might otherwise occur between spatially separated microbial aggregates or as a full system reset. Depending on the context, biological signal decay might either promote or complicate cellular communications and the accuracy of population density-based controls on gene expression in species-rich ecosystems.
Diffraction Pattern of a Circular Aperture at Short Distances

The diffraction pattern of electromagnetic waves was studied at distances from zero to five wave-lengths from a circular aperture. Microwaves of 12.8-cm wave-length were employed. The aperture was an iris diaphragm that could be varied between one and six wave-lengths in diameter. The beam was incident normally upon the plane of the aperture from a 4 ft parabolic reflector 24 feet away. The sharpest diffraction patterns were in the plane of the aperture. Measurements were made of the intensity of radiation in the electric and magnetic planes through the axis. Individual plots were made of intensities along the diameter and along lines parallel to the diameter at steps of quarter wave-lengths from the diameter. Measurements were also made of the intensities at fixed points along the axis as the diameter of the iris was varied from one to six wave-lengths. It was observed that Fresnel zone theory could be employed as a rule of thumb in predicting the intensity along the axis even in the illogical case of predicting the intensity at the center of the aperture. Checks were made against Kirchhoff's theory.
An Empirical Study of Two Approaches to Sequence Learning for Anomaly Detection

This paper introduces the computer security domain of anomaly detection and formulates it as a machine learning task on temporal sequence data. In this domain, the goal is to develop a model or profile of the normal working state of a system user and to detect anomalous conditions as long-term deviations from the expected behavior patterns. We introduce two approaches to this problem: one employing instance-based learning (IBL) and the other using hidden Markov models (HMMs). Though not suitable for a comprehensive security solution, both approaches achieve anomaly identification performance sufficient for a low-level “focus of attention” detector in a multitier security system. Further, we evaluate model scaling techniques for the two approaches: two clustering techniques for the IBL approach and variation of the number of hidden states for the HMM approach. We find that over both model classes and a wide range of model scales, there is no significant difference in performance at recognizing the profiled user. We take this invariance as evidence that, in this security domain, limited memory models (e.g., fixed-length instances or low-order Markov models) can learn only part of the user identity information in which we're interested and that substantially different models will be necessary if dramatic improvements in user-based anomaly detection are to be achieved.
The Influence of Ultraviolet Irradiation on the Surface Chemistry of Ztetraol Magnetic Hard Disk Lubricant: a Combined Temperature Programed Desorption and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Study

Magnetic hard disks coated with ztetraol lubricant were characterized with temperature programed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Ztetraol was found to have two adsorbed states, with desorption temperatures of ~650 and ~950 K. The complete removal of the low temperature state by solvent extraction identified it as due to the mobile lubricant. Desorption of the CF3 mass fragment was observed only at high temperature, indicating that lubricant in this state was in contact with the surface, which allowed the assignment of this high temperature state to the bonded lubricant. UV irradiation was found not to alter the TPD of the unextracted lubricant film. In contrast, the TPD of the UV-bonded layer remaining after extraction was observed to have only one desorption state, stabilized at ~40 K higher temperature as compared with the naturally bonded layer. XPS of the mobile layer was accomplished using spectral subtraction of the C1s carbon overcoat peak (284.8 eV BE), and the perfluoroethylene and perfluoromethylene lubricant peaks (293.5 and 295.0 eV BE, respectively), as a function of UV exposure. No change in the mobile lubricant layer was found with increasing UV exposure. C1s XPS of the UV-bonded layer identified five surface species and assigned XPS peaks to each: the carbon overcoat peak at 284.8 eV BE, ether peak at 286.4 eV BE, organic acid peak at 288.7 eV BE, perfluoroethylene peak at 293.5 eV BE, and the perfluoromethylene peak at 295.0 eV BE. Changes in the relative intensity of the assigned peaks with increasing UV irradiation exposure time were observed. The integration of the assigned XPS peaks from the UV-bonded layer with increasing UV exposure was used to identify UV dependent changes in the bonded layer. A significant relative decrease in the perfluoromethylene lubricant component was observed with increasing exposure, with a simultaneous increase of both the ether and organic acid surface concentrations. Quantum chemical calculations using small molecular models of the ztetraol were used to elucidate the XPS and TPD observations. The calculations revealed that the lubricant is fragmented with irradiation, forming reactive end groups, a volatile CF2O, and a hydrolyzeable CFO terminated fragment all consistent with the XPS results. The mechanistic implications and the possible surface chemistry are discussed.
Needed Changes in State and Local Crop and Livestock Reports

OQUTLOOK work involves an appraisal of all the facts and estimates about current and prospective demand, production and price trends, and the effect of government programs; so that the individual or family having access to outlook can make the best possible estimate of what is going to happen in the future. As such, outlook depends heavily upon accurate and timely information about crop and livestock production and price prospects. During the past decade-and especially during the last 5 years-we have experienced a rapid growth in the acceptance of outlook. Nearly every farm magazine has an outlook section. Television and radio stations carry regular outlook programs. Newspapers have outlook columns. Private industry and agricultural colleges have expanded their outlook activity. The average farmer is brought in contact with outlook regularly; and he is paying more attention to it in making his farm plans. This places additional demands upon the scope and accuracy of state and local crop and livestock reports. Let us break down the problem into three segments: Can we improve the accuracy of the estimates now being made? Can we make changes in the timing of the reports now being made? Can we increase the amount of information collected? In considering this problem, let us make clear that our sights are set to the future; and let us begin with the accuracy of reports. This part of the problem has become more important with the increased use of outlook. I believe that most state and federal statisticians are aware of the
Fast Algorithms for Finding Extremal Sets

Identifying the extremal (minimal and maximal) sets from a collection of sets is an important subproblem in the areas of data-mining and satisfiability checking. For example, extremal set finding algorithms are used in the context of mining maximal frequent itemsets, and for simplifying large propositional satisfiability instances derived from real world tasks such as circuit routing and verification. In this paper, we describe two new algorithms for the task and detail their performance on real and synthetic data. Each algorithm leverages an entirely different principle – one primarily exploits set cardinality constraints, the other lexicographic constraints. Despite the inherent difficulty of this problem (the best known worst-case bounds are nearly quadratic), we show that both these algorithms provide excellent performance in practice, and can identify all extremal sets from multi-gigabyte itemset data using only a single processor core. Both algorithms are concise and can be implemented in no more than a few hundred lines of code. Our reference C++ implementations are open source and available for download.
A Stabilization System by Rate Measurement

Wartime requirements of airborne armament led to the development of a successful system of stabilization which, when applied to gun turrets, enabled gunners to track a target with greater ease. At present, the system is being adapted to the stabilization of aerial cameras to overcome certain faults inherent in present photographic techniques. This paper discusses the problems and describes the system applied to aerial photography.
DD-008 Prospective study on restricted-use antibiotics: ertapenem, linezolid, tigecycline and daptomycin

Background Because of antibiotic resistance problems and their frequently inappropriate use, these drugs have often been the target of attempts to restrict their use. Purpose To analyse the appropriateness of the use of restricted-use antibiotics approved by the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee (DTC). Materials and methods The study was conducted prospectively from October to February 2012 in a tertiary hospital. We included a total of 100 patients, of whom 39 were treated with ertapenem (39%), 7 with tigecycline (7%), 49 with linezolid (49%) and 5 with daptomycin (5%). The data required for the clinical monitoring of patients were collected from the Clinical History. The variables were: age of the patient and laboratory data, clinical service, justification of the indication and duration of treatment. Results The overall rate of inappropriate use was 14%, based on criteria approved by the DTC. In analysing the results for Services we found that 90% of prescriptions that conformed to the approved DTC indications were prescribed by General Surgery, 81.8% by Internal Medicine, 55% by Infectious Diseases, 85% by Traumatology, 71.4% by Cardiovascular Surgery, 66% by Pulmonology, 50% by Urology and 100% by other services. The suitability was 92.3% for ertapenem, 85.71% for tigecycline, 83.67% for linezolid and 60% for daptomycin. The average duration of treatment for each drug was 4.5 days for ertapenem, 12.5 days for linezolid, 11 days for tigecycline and 18 days for daptomycin. Conclusions The appropriateness of the use of restricted antibiotics as approved by the DTC, although acceptable, could be improved. The participation of pharmacists in choosing the most appropriate treatment strategy and drug for the patient, could improve the use of restricted use antibiotics. A system for antibiotic control between the Pharmacy and Infectious Diseases departments could improve patient care quality. No conflict of interest.
Interprofessional Education in Mental Health: Developing Practitioners to Work Collaboratively in Providing Patient-centered Care

Introduction In 2010, the WHO called for innovative strategies to strengthen global health workers and develop an action framework on interprofessional education and collaborative practice. Studies consistently demonstrate health care delivered by teams working together improves quality, patient outcomes, patient satisfaction, efficiency, and job satisfaction. There is no place more evident for the need for collaboration than mental illness as it comprises the greatest burden of all illness worldwide due to its relationship to overall health, productivity, and longevity. Aims The purpose of the study was to explore the experiences of students, faculty, field supervisors, and preceptors in graduate psychiatric-mental health nursing and social work involved in an IPE course and clinical practica on co-occurring disorders. Methods In-depth interviews were conducted to understand how graduate level professionals learn from and with each other. Results Participants grew to have a broader perspective of approaches to patient care through understanding discipline specific strengths and knowledge and by letting go of assumptions about the skills and scope of practice of the other professional group. Students who had prior practice experience in mental health settings were able to engage more in the course and described a richer learning experience in the course and practica settings than students who had less experience. Conclusions IPE courses facilitate understanding of each discipline’s theoretical underpinnings and how disciplines function and engage as a team in practice settings. Increasing the number of courses and practica opportunities in graduate programs and inclusion of more health professions disciplines is warranted.
Ground-Moving-Platform-Based Human Tracking Using Visual SLAM and Constrained Multiple Kernels

This paper proposes a robust ground-moving-platform-based human tracking system, which effectively integrates visual simultaneous localization and mapping (V-SLAM), human detection, ground plane estimation, and kernel-based tracking techniques. The proposed system systematically detects humans from recorded video frames of a moving camera and tracks the humans in the V-SLAM-inferred 3-D space via a tracking-by-detection scheme. To efficiently associate the detected human frame by frame, we propose a novel human tracking framework, combining the constrained-multiple-kernel tracking and the estimated 3-D information (depth), to globally optimize the data association between consecutive frames. By taking advantage of the appearance model and 3-D information, the proposed system not only achieves high effectiveness but also well handles occlusion in the tracking. Experimental results show the favorable performance of the proposed system, which efficiently tracks humans in a camera equipped on a ground-moving platform such as a dash camera and an unmanned ground vehicle.
Teaching the Healthcare Economics Milestones to Radiology Residents: Our Pilot Curriculum Experience

Rationale and Objectives Since July 2013, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has required radiology residency programs to implement a set of educational milestones to track residents' educational advancement in six core competencies, including Systems-based Practice. The healthcare economics subcompetency of Systems-based Practice has traditionally been relatively neglected, and given the new increased ACGME oversight, will specifically require greater focused attention. Materials and Methods A multi-institutional health-care economics pilot curriculum combining didactic and practical components was implemented across five residency programs. The didactic portion included a package of online recorded presentations, reading, and testing materials developed by the American College of Radiology (ACR's) Radiology Leadership Institute. The practical component involved a series of local meetings led by program faculty with the production of a deliverable based on research of local reimbursement for a noncontrast head computed tomography. The capstone entailed the presentation of each program's deliverable during a live teleconference webcast with a Radiology Leadership Institute content expert acting as moderator and discussion leader. Results The pilot curriculum was well received by residents and faculty moderators, with 100% of survey respondents agreeing that the pilot met its objective of introducing how reimbursement works in American radiology in 2015 and how business terminology applies to their particular institutions. Conclusion A health-care economics curriculum in the style of a Massive Open Online Course has strong potential to serve as many residency programs' method of choice in meeting the health-care economics milestones.
The contact system.

Abstract Objectives.—To review the literature for conditions, diseases, and disorders that affect activity of the contact factors, and further to review the literature for evidence that less than normal activity of any of the contact factors may be associated with thrombophilia. Data Sources.—MEDLINE search for English-language articles published from 1988 to 2001 and pertinent references contained therein, as well as search of references in recent relevant articles and reviews. Study Selection.—Relevant clinical and laboratory information was extracted from selected articles. Meta-analysis was not feasible because of heterogeneity of reports. Data Extraction and Synthesis.—Evidence for association of altered levels of the contact factors and thrombophilia was sought. A wide variety of disorders is associated with decreased activity of the contact factors; chief among these disorders are liver disease, hepatic immaturity of newborns, the antiphospholipid syndrome, and, for factor XII, being of Asian desce...
Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937-1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism

Through a ground breaking examination of available sources, Garver illuminates the complicated history of Soviet-Chinese relations during the critical anti-Japanese period in the larger context of international relations in East Asia and the world.
Six-Month Follow-Up of Recovery-Oriented Cognitive Therapy for Low-Functioning Individuals With Schizophrenia

Objective:The study examined six-month follow-up results and the impact of length of illness on treatment outcomes of recovery-oriented cognitive therapy (CT-R).Methods:Sixty outpatients (mean age 38.4 years, 33% female, 65% African American) with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and elevated negative symptoms were randomly assigned to CT-R or standard treatment. Assessments were conducted at baseline, midtreatment (six and 12 months), end of treatment (18 months), and follow-up (24 months, N=46 after attrition) by assessors blind to treatment condition. Global functioning, measured with the Global Assessment Scale, was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were negative symptoms (avolition-apathy score on the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms) and positive symptoms (total score on the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms). Length of illness indexed chronicity (less chronic, one to 12 years; more chronic, 13 to 40 years).Results:Intent-to-treat analyses (hierarchal linear m...
Standard intravenous immune globulin but not core-lipopolysaccharide immunoglobulin reduced postsurgical infection in high-risk patients

Source Citation The Intravenous Immunoglobulin Collaborative Study Group. Prophylactic intravenous administration of standard immune globulin as compared with core-lipopolysaccharide immune globuli...
Defining Optimal Length of Opioid Pain Medication Prescription After Common Surgical Procedures.

Importance The overprescription of pain medications has been implicated as a driver of the burgeoning opioid epidemic; however, few guidelines exist regarding the appropriateness of opioid pain medication prescriptions after surgery. Objectives To describe patterns of opioid pain medication prescriptions after common surgical procedures and determine the appropriateness of the prescription as indicated by the rate of refills. Design, Setting, and Participants The Department of Defense Military Health System Data Repository was used to identify opioid-naive individuals 18 to 64 years of age who had undergone 1 of 8 common surgical procedures between January 1, 2005, and September 30, 2014. The adjusted risk of refilling an opioid prescription based on the number of days of initial prescription was modeled using a generalized additive model with spline smoothing. Exposures Length of initial prescription for opioid pain medication. Main Outcomes and Measures Need for an additional subsequent prescription for opioid pain medication, or a refill. Results Of the 215 140 individuals (107 588 women and 107 552 men; mean [SD] age, 40.1 [12.8] years) who underwent a procedure within the study time frame and received and filled at least 1 prescription for opioid pain medication within 14 days of their index procedure, 41 107 (19.1%) received at least 1 refill prescription. The median prescription lengths were 4 days (interquartile range [IQR], 3-5 days) for appendectomy and cholecystectomy, 5 days (IQR, 3-6 days) for inguinal hernia repair, 4 days (IQR, 3-5 days) for hysterectomy, 5 days (IQR, 3-6 days) for mastectomy, 5 days (IQR, 4-8 days) for anterior cruciate ligament repair and rotator cuff repair, and 7 days (IQR, 5-10 days) for discectomy. The early nadir in the probability of refill was at an initial prescription of 9 days for general surgery procedures (probability of refill, 10.7%), 13 days for women’s health procedures (probability of refill, 16.8%), and 15 days for musculoskeletal procedures (probability of refill, 32.5%). Conclusions and Relevance Ideally, opioid prescriptions after surgery should balance adequate pain management against the duration of treatment. In practice, the optimal length of opioid prescriptions lies between the observed median prescription length and the early nadir, or 4 to 9 days for general surgery procedures, 4 to 13 days for women’s health procedures, and 6 to 15 days for musculoskeletal procedures.
Fault-Tolerant Economic Model Predictive Control Using Empirical Models * *Financial support from the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy is gratefully acknowledged

Abstract In this work, we present a data-driven methodology to overcome actuator faults using a model-based feedback controller that optimizes process economics termed economic model predictive control (EMPC). Specifically, we utilize a moving horizon error detector that quantifies prediction errors and triggers updating the empirical model used for state predictions in the EMPC on-line using the most recent input/output data collected after the fault when significant prediction errors occur due to the loss of an actuator. The proposed approach is applied to a catalytic chemical reactor example where an actuator fault occurs, affecting the coolant temperature. The proposed scheme was able to reduce prediction errors caused by the actuator loss by replacing the model within the EMPC with a more accurate model, resulting in improved economic performance compared to not updating the model.
Properties of magnetic tunneling junction devices with characteristic sizes in sub-5-nm range

Nanomagnetic devices in the sub-5-nm size range still do not exist, not only because of many fabrication and characterization challenges but also because of the poorly understood physics in this size range. Previous experimental studies from various groups have shown that the spin relaxation time can be increased by orders of magnitude with this size reduction. The increased spin lifetime leads to a combination of effects such as spin accumulation and tunneling magnetoresistance enhancement which in turn can significantly and favorably affect the device performance [1]. The goal of this study is to exploit this new physics through fabrication and testing of magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) devices with a characteristic size of below 5 nm. To achieve this goal, we integrate magnetic nanoparticles into MTJ structures and measure their key properties such as I-V curves and magnetoresistance dependencies. The nanoparticles, with sizes ranging from below 2 to over 10 nm, are made of the ferrimagnetic spinel ferrite CoFe2O4 using co-precipitation chemistry. It has been theoretically predicted that these nanoparticles become half-metallic in this size range and thus can lead to unprecedented high magnetoresistance values. Indeed, the nanodevices under study display spin-filtering properties, as confirmed through measurements of magnetoresistance and I-V dependences [2]. This paper summarizes the measured room-temperature anomalous magnetoresistance and I-V curves with a Coulomb-staircase-like dependence characteristic of a single-electron transport.
Assessing joint damage in osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a highly prevalent joint disease that primarily affects the elderly (see Figures 2.4 and 2.5). The increasing importance of imaging in osteoarthritis for diagnosis, prognostication and follow-up is well recognised by clinicians and osteoarthritis researchers. While conventional radiography is the gold standard imaging technique for the evaluation of known or suspected osteoarthritis in clinical practice and research, it has limitations that have become apparent in the course of recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based knee osteoarthritis studies [1]. Of the common imaging techniques, only MRI can assess all of the structures of the joint (ie, cartilage, meniscus, subarticular bone marrow and synovium) (Table 5.1), and thus can show the knee as a whole organ three-dimensionally and directly help in the assessment of cartilage morphology and composition. This imaging modality, therefore, plays a crucial role in increasing our understanding of the natural history of osteoarthritis and in the development of new therapies. The uses and the limitations of conventional radiography, MRI and other techniques such as ultrasound, nuclear medicine, computed tomography (CT) and CT arthrography in the imaging of osteoarthritis in both clinical practice and research are described in this chapter.
THE STRUCTURE OF DETONATION WAVES IN SOLID EXPLOSIVES

During the last ten years, several nanosecond time resolved experimental techniques, such as laser interferometry and embedded gauges, have been applied to self-sustaining and overdriven (supracompressed) detonation waves in solid explosives. The resulting experimental data, coupled with reactive flow computer modeling, has yielded detailed equation of state and reaction rate information about the reaction zone, the Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) state, and the reaction product expansion in the Taylor (rarefaction) wave. These techniques have used to study “ideal” explosives based on PETN, HMX, RDX, TATB, and TNT, which exhibit relatively short reaction times, and “nonideal” or composite explosives containing ammonium perchlorate, zirconium hydride, or aluminum, which have relatively long reaction times. The current state of knowledge and future research directions are discussed in this review.
Coding for a Single Sparse Inverse Problem

We propose a coded computing technique for making the power-iteration method of solving a single sparse linear inverse problem robust to erasure-type noise. We observe that for sparse inverse problems, codes with dense generator matrices can significantly increase storage costs. Thus, we propose coding the power-iteration computation using sparse generator matrices. Surprisingly, despite the poor error-correction ability of codes with sparse generator matrices, we show through both theoretical analysis and simulations that these codes are sufficient to achieve almost the same convergence rate as noiseless power iterations, provided that a new decoding algorithm that we call “substitute decoding” is used.
The effect of maturity on concentration and biological activity of protein precipitating polyphenolics in ground juniper is dependent upon species

Abstract Nutritional characteristics of Juniperus species are now well known and suitability as an abundant, low-cost feedstuff for ruminant animal production is a possibility. Juniperus species produce plant secondary metabolites including condensed tannins (CT) and volatile oils. Maturity of Juniperus species has been shown to affect the concentration of plant secondary metabolites produced. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of Juniperus species (Juniperus ashei, J. monosperma, J. pinchotii and J. virginiana) and maturity on protein precipitating polyphenolic (PPP) compounds, their biological activity and relatedness of these effects to rumen digestibility characteristics. We found a species by maturity interaction for PPP (P
Natural products from anaerobes

Natural product discovery in the microbial world has historically been biased toward aerobes. Recent in silico analysis demonstrates that genomes of anaerobes encode unexpected biosynthetic potential for natural products, however, chemical data on natural products from the anaerobic world are extremely limited. Here, we review the current body of work on natural products isolated from strictly anaerobic microbes, including recent genome mining efforts to discover polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides from anaerobes. These known natural products of anaerobes have demonstrated interesting molecular scaffolds, biosynthetic logic, and/or biological activities, making anaerobes a promising reservoir for future natural product discovery.
Monsters in Our World: Rethinking Narrative Transportation in Pokémon Go’s Mixed Reality: An Abstract

Mixed reality media, which blend digital content with aspects of the physical world (e.g., IKEA’s AR-enabled catalogue, Snapchat filters, etc.), provides new opportunities for marketers to tell brand stories. While previous research on narrative transportation theory explains how consumers are immersed into and persuaded by brand stories (van Laer et al. 2014), central assumptions of the theory are called into question when such stories are told through mixed reality media in consumers’ everyday environments. In our research, we explore how the experience of narrative transportation differs when brand stories are emplaced in the physical world amidst a nexus of spatial and social relations, instead of in a separate imaginary story world.
Optimizing cotton irrigation and nitrogen management using a soil water balance model and in-season nitrogen applications.

Abstract Nitrogen (N) and irrigation can be two of the costliest management inputs in United States (U.S.) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production systems. Furthermore, input amounts are often dependent on yearly environmental conditions, making it challenging to optimize N and irrigation management. The objectives of this research were to determine optimal N and irrigation management by: (i) evaluating equally split in-season N rates applied at first square and bloom in combination with varying levels of plant available water replacement (PAWR) estimated by an ET-based soil water balance model for cotton; and (ii) evaluate the whole-plant responses to the interaction between N and water management levels. Field experiments were conducted during 2015 and 2016 at two locations in Florida (Jay and Citra), southeastern U.S. with differing soil textures consisting of a deep sand and sandy loam. Irrigation treatments consisted of: (i) 100% of PAWR (100%); (ii) a primed acclimation (PA) treatment consisting of 50% of PAWR until first bloom and then 100% of PAWR (50%PA); (iii) 50% PAWR for the entire season (50%); (iv) a rain-fed control (RF). Nitrogen treatments consisted of even application splits at first square and bloom applied at a rate of 0 (N0), 22 (N22), 34 (N34), and 45 kg N ha−1 (N45). Lint yield assessments were conducted at both locations in both years. To link yield responses to possible physiological responses, in depth crop measurements consisting of SPAD chlorophyll content, leaf area index (LAI), N uptake, and harvest index (HI) were conducted at the Citra site. Contrasting soil textures and weather conditions between research locations and years allowed for a comprehensive assessment of both N and irrigation management across varying environmental conditions. Lint yield was either increased or at least maintained during the two years of this research at the Citra location by making two split N applications at first square and bloom of N22; while the optimal N treatment at the Jay location was N34 at first square and bloom in both years of this research. Additionally, a yield reduction occurred in the dry year of 2016 at the Citra location when N45 was applied at first square and bloom. The most efficient irrigation strategy at the Citra location was the primed acclimation treatment. At the Jay location, the RF control had similar lint yields as the irrigated treatments in both years, indicating that water application was not limiting at this site. These management strategies offer ways to optimize costly inputs when growing cotton in the southeastern U.S.
Comorbidities and the impact of atopic dermatitis.

Abstract Objective Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic pruritic inflammatory skin disease with substantial patient and population burdens. A number of comorbid health problems occur in patients with AD, aside from the cutaneous signs and symptoms. This review summarizes recent developments in the burden and comorbidities of AD. Data Sources Literature review. Study Selections Nonsystematic. Results Different aspects of AD, such as chronic pruritus, psychosocial distress, and inflammation, can lead to anxiety, depression, or suicidality. Atopic dermatitis is associated with and may predispose to higher risk of other atopic disorders, including asthma, hay fever, food allergy, and eosinophilic esophagitis. Persons with AD appear to be at higher risk for infectious and cardiovascular risk. Conclusion Atopic dermatitis is associated with substantial burden and comorbidities. Identifying AD comorbidities is essential for proper disease management and improving overall patient outcomes.
Inhibition of IKK-2 by 2-[(aminocarbonyl)amino]-5-acetylenyl-3-thiophenecarboxamides.

Abstract A series of 21 novel 2-[(aminocarbonyl)amino]-5-acetylenyl-3-thiophenecarboxamides were synthesized and evaluated for the inhibition of IKK-2. In spite of their often modest activity on the enzyme, six selected analogs showed significant inhibition of the production of inflammatory cytokine IL-8 in IL-1β stimulated rheumatoid arthritis-derived synovial fibroblasts, demonstrating their potential usefulness as NF-κB regulators.
AI + Co-Design: Developing a Novel Computer-supported Approach to Inclusive Design

In this report, we review our early steps in leveraging the promise of Artificial Intelligence to potentially create more inclusive co-design experiences for marginalized populations. We discuss our research agenda and the first phases where we utilized Wizard of Oz prototypes to engage participants in an online co-design environment. We found that the types of interactions between the facilitator and participant determined the amount of engagement with the co-design process.
Randomization-Based Methods for Treatment Comparisons for Dichotomous Outcomes for Multiple Anatomical Regions

Some clinical trials in ophthalmology or dermatology randomize patients into two or more treatment groups, and observations are made for one or more anatomical regions (or sites) for each patient. ...
Facebook Not Statebook: Defining SNS Diplomacy with Four Modes of Online Diplomatic Participation

Researchers have yet to bring definitional clarity to public diplomacy in the digital context. It is unclear whether digital diplomacy, an all-encompassing concept, always happens in the public domain. For social-networking-service (SNS) assisted public diplomacy engagements, I hereby propose “SNS diplomacy” as a new conceptual container. In SNS diplomacy, public participation is an essential component, which I conceptualize as online diplomatic participation. This article summarizes four modes of participation: expression, interaction, membership, and campaign, a framework built on online political participation research. The concept focuses on the flow of dialogue and action between diplomatic and individual actors, to which social platforms offer indispensable support. Voters may participate in domestic politics offline, but most individual actors can influence diplomatic actors only online. I argue that individuals’ online participation is significant in the diplomatic scene and that scholars should look beyond the number of retweets and comments when evaluating such behaviors and resultant impacts.
The Meaning of Work Across Levels of Analysis: Tensions, Dynamics, and Future Directions

Research on the meaning of work continues to grow within management research. Through foundational work on sensemaking (Weick 1995), work orientations (Pratt et al. 2013; Wrzesniewski et al. 1997),...
Social Literacy: Nurses' Contribution Toward the Co-Production of Self-Management

We share findings from a larger ethnographic study of two urban complex care management programs in the Western United States. The data presented stem from in-depth interviews conducted with 17 complex care management RNs and participant observations of home visits. We advance the concept of social literacy as a nursing attribute that comprises an RN's recognition and responses to the varied types of hinderances to self-management with which patients must contend in their lived environment. It is through social literacy that complex care management RNs reconceptualize and understand health literacy to be a product born out of the social circumstances in which patients live and the stratified nature of the health care systems that provide them care. Social literacy provides a broader framework for health literacy-one that is situated within the patient's social context through which complex care management RNs must navigate for self-management goals to be achieved.
Cigar use progression among new cigar initiators: A two-part growth curve analysis among a youth and young adult cohort.

INTRODUCTION Youth and young adults (YYAs) are at high risk of cigar use. This study's objective was to examine progression and sociodemographic differences in current cigar use and frequency among new cigar initiators. METHODS We conducted a two-part latent growth model among a nationally representative cohort of cigar initiators (aged 15-25) to examine 24-month trajectories of current cigar use and frequency (n=1,483). The cohort was recruited via address-based sampling with online data collection from 2014-2019 and surveyed approximately every 6 months. RESULTS The unconditional odds of current cigar use (i.e., past 30-day use) within 6 mos. of initiation was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.63, 0.82), corresponding to a probability of 42%. The odds of current use among recent cigar initiates declined 6 mos. after initiation and was followed by a stabilization in use over time. Among continued users, frequency (# days used in past 30 days) increased linearly over time but remained low (3.47 days/mo. at 24 months). Younger individuals, non-Hispanic African Americans, those with lower subjective financial status, and current users of cigarettes, other tobacco products and/or marijuana were at highest risk within 6 mos. of initiation. Males, younger users and current cigarette smokers had the highest risk for cigar progression over time. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to examine longitudinal cigar use patterns among YYA cigar initiators. Findings emphasize the need for research across the cigar use spectrum and the importance of interventions targeted by age, stage of use, cigarette, other tobacco and marijuana use and key sociodemographics to interrupt use pathways. IMPLICATIONS This study is the first to examine progression of cigar use among youth and young adults who have newly initiated cigars. Results show a high probability current cigar use within six months of initiation followed by a rapid decline and stabilization over time. Frequency increases among those who continue using cigars. Males, younger users and current cigarette smokers had the highest risk for cigar progression over time. Findings emphasize the need for targeting interventions by age, stage of use, cigarette, other tobacco and marijuana use and key sociodemographics to interrupt use pathways.
Evaluation of Industry Relationships Among Authors of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Regarding Ménières Disease.

OBJECTIVES To quantify the presence of conflicts of interest (COI) in SRs and MAs of Menieres disease treatment and identify any related secondary characteristics of these articles. METHODS A search was conducted on May 28, 2020 to search MEDLINE and Embase databases for SRs or MAs pertaining to Menieres disease published between September 1, 2016 and June 2, 2020. A risk of bias assessment was performed using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias assessment criteria. RESULTS A total of 13 systematic reviews conducted by 49 authors met the inclusion criteria. Of the 49 authors, 7 (14.3%) were found to have some form of COI. Of these 7 authors, 1 (14.3%) completely disclosed all COI within the SR, 1 (14.3%) disclosed one or more COI but were found to have an additional undisclosed COI, and 5 (71.4%) were found to have only undisclosed COI. One of 2 industry funded SRs (50%) had a high risk of bias, and 1 (50%) of the non-industry sponsored SRs were found to have a high risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS Overall authors of SRs pertaining to Menieres disease appear to be properly disclosing COI at higher rates than other fields of medicine; however, further room for improvement has been noted.