cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variations in the aluminum:phosphorus binding ratio and alum dosage considerations for Half Moon Lake, Wisconsin

The aluminum:phosphorus binding ratio (Al:P) is an important variable for estimating the Al dosage required to inactivate loosely bound and iron-bound P (redox-P) in sediment for internal P loading control in lakes. For shallow Half Moon Lake, Wisconsin, the Al:P ratio varied in a negative exponential pattern as a function of increasing redox-P concentration. While more Al was needed to inactivate higher concentrations of redox-P, inactivation was more efficient at higher redox-P. The Al:P ratio needed to bind 90% of the redox-P exceeded 150:1 for redox-P concentrations 2.0 mg/g. Competition for binding sites by other constituents in relation to redox-P concentration may be responsible for this pattern. Although organically bound P was not important in Half Moon Lake, it may be in other cases, and lake specific assays are recommended to determine the most appropriate Al dosage. Even then, slower processes of P release from labile organic P and vertical dif...
Intermediate cannabis dependence phenotypes and the FAAH C385A variant: an exploratory analysis.

Rationale Cannabis dependence is a growing problem among individuals who use marijuana frequently, and genetic differences make some users more liable to progress to dependence. The identification of intermediate phenotypes of cannabis dependence may aid candidate genetic analysis. Promising intermediate phenotypes include craving for marijuana, withdrawal symptoms after abstinence, and sensitivity to its acute effects. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gene encoding for fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) has demonstrated association with substance use disorder diagnoses, but has not been studied with respect to these narrower phenotypes. FAAH is an enzyme that inactivates anandamide, an endogenous agonist for CB1 receptors (to which Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol binds). CB1 binding modulates mesocorticolimbic dopamine release, which underlies many facets of addiction.
LL-37 Peptide Enhancement of Signal Transduction by Toll-like Receptor 3 Is Regulated by pH IDENTIFICATION OF A PEPTIDE ANTAGONIST OF LL-37

LL-37 is a peptide secreted by human epithelial cells that can lyse bacteria, suppress signaling by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and enhance signaling to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) by TLR3. How LL-37 interacts with dsRNA to affect signal transduction by TLR3 is not completely understood. We determined that LL-37 binds dsRNA and traffics to endosomes and releases the dsRNA in a pH-dependent manner. Using dynamic light scattering spectroscopy and cell-based FRET experiments, LL-37 was found to form higher order complexes independent of dsRNA binding. Upon acidification LL-37 will dissociate from a larger complex. In cells, LL-37 has a half-live of ∼1 h. LL-37 half-life was increased by inhibiting endosome acidification or inhibiting cathepsins, which include proteases whose activity are activated by endosome acidification. Residues in LL-37 that contact poly(I:C) and facilitate oligomerization in vitro were mapped. Peptide LL-29, which contains the oligomerization region of LL-37, inhibited LL-37 enhancement of TLR3 signal transduction. LL-29 prevented LL-37·poly(I:C) co-localization to endosomes containing TLR3. These results shed light on the requirements for LL-37 enhancement of TLR3 signaling.
The intermittent punishment effect in humans: Conditioning or adaptation?

Human Ss were trained under 100% reward, 50% punishment, 50% reward, or 100% reward, with exposure to the punishing stimulus on a noncontingent basis. Following acquisition, Ss’ resistance to continuous punishment was assessed. The 50%P–50%R group persisted longer under continuous punishment than either of the 100%) reward groups. Since exposure to noncontingent punishment did not increase resistance to continuous punishment, an adaptation-to-punishment explanation of the persistence of 50%–50% R Ss was eliminated in favor of a conditioning interpretation.
Edge coloring series parallel graphs

Abstract We present an algorithm for optimally edge coloring series parallel graphs. We give a linear time implementation, as well as a parallel implementation, of the algorithm that runs in O (log 3 n ) time using O ( n ) processors. The sequential implementation, which is optimal, improves the best-known algorithm. The parallel implementation of the algorithm is the first known NC algorithm for this problem. The algorithm is based on the ear decomposition of a graph (Y. Maon, B. Schieber, and U. Vishkin, Parallel ear decomposition search (EDS) and ST-Numbering in graphs, Theoret. Comput. Sci. 47 (1986), 277-298). Eppstein (Parallel recognition of series-parallel graphs, Inform. Comput. 98 (1992), 41-55) found that any ear decomposition of a series parallel graph is nested . We show constructively that for every biconnected series parallel graph there exists an open ear decomposition, such that its corresponding tree of ears has an O (log n ) depth, and this ear decomposition contains no ear whose endpoints are connected by a single edge in its parent. This result is used to reduce a match in series parallel graphs into a match in outerplanar graphs, and to establish the edge coloring problem of series parallel graphs in NC.
Functional interfaces for oxide/oxide composites

Abstract Potentially useful interfacial coatings for composites of sapphire fibers in polycrystalline aluminum oxide matrices are discussed, subject to the constraints of phase compatibility in high temperature oxidizing environments and low mechanical interface strength ( i.e. to allow pull-out). Results of preliminary tests to investigate feasibility of some candidate coatings ( β -aluminas, LaPO 4 and CaF 2 ) are presented. These systems exhibited interfacial debonding under certain conditions, as required for high toughness composites, although several issues remain to be resolved before they can be used successfully.
15α-Hydroxyestrogen N-Acetylglucosaminyl Transferase Activity in Human Adult Liver1

ABSTRACT Homogenates obtained from fresh or freshly frozen adult human liver, fortified with uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine converted 15α-hydroxyestrone and its 3-sulfate to the corresponding 15α-β-N-acetylglucosaminides. This finding stands in contrast to earlier unsuccessful attempts to demonstrate N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase activity in adult liver frozen as early as 3 hr post mortem.
Human newborn skin: the effect of isopropanol on skin surface hydrophobicity.

ABSTRACT: The development of a hydrophobic skin surface in newborn mammals such as the rat plays an important role in promoting adaptation to the abrupt change in the environment that occurs at birth. To determine whether the skin surface plays a similar role in the human neonate, we performed tests of water sorption and desorption on the chest wall of 13 term newborns. These tests were performed within the first 24 h of life on unperturbed skin (controls) and after perturbation of a contralateral site with isopropanol. The degree of surface hydration was determined by measurement of skin surface electrical capacitance, and desorption rates were calculated by 1st-order kinetic analysis. The unperturbed surface of the newborn skin exhibited a peak sorption value (change from baseline after water loading) of 435 ± 83 pF (mean ± SEM) and a desorption rate of 0.048 ± 0.009 s−1. After exposure to isopropanol, the peak sorption value increased to 594 ± 79 pF (p < 0.05) and the desorption rate decreased to 0.024 ± 0.004 s−1 (p < 0.01). Paired sorption values were positively correlated (r2 = 0.8, p < 0.001). These results support the hypothesis that the skin surface of the human newborn, by limiting the sorption of water (or amniotic fluid) on the skin, may play a role in the adaptation to the change in environment at birth.
The Business Law Education of Accounting Students in the USA: The Accounting Chairperson's Perspective

This study reports the findings of a survey of accounting chairpersons concerning their perceptions of the purpose and content of law courses in the undergraduate business curriculum in the USA. It identifies the types of legal courses offered and required at their institutions. The respondents rank the importance of those legal topics most recently tested on the redesigned CPA examination and similarly rank the importance of those topics not currently covered by the new CPA examination. The study examines the extent to which accounting chairpersons believe that undergraduate business law curricula should prepare accounting students to pass the CPA examination. The study identifies the extent to which accounting chairpersons feel their business law curricula are successfully preparing their students for careers in public and non-public accounting. Finally, analysis is made of the significance of business law education to foreign accountants who desire to become CPAs. This paper should be of primary intere...
Yeast weighs in on the elusive spindle matrix: New filaments in the nucleus

The mitotic spindle is an impressive cellular machine, responsible for distributing each set of the duplicated genome into daughter cells. Microtubules, the major component of the spindle, are constantly recycled by two turnover mechanisms: dynamic instability of microtubule plus ends and treadmilling, or flux of tubulin dimers toward the pole. Thus, the critical function of chromosome segregation is based on an intrinsically metastable structure. A nonmicrotubule “spindle matrix” that provides a scaffold for microtubules and/or motors has long been hypothesized. Recent findings have revived the quest for the elusive matrix, and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene FIN1 (1) is the latest entry in this small but provocative field.
The orphan nuclear receptor NR4A1 (Nur77) regulates oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in pancreatic cancer cells

NR4A1 (Nur77, TR3) is an orphan nuclear receptor that is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and exhibits pro-oncogenic activity. RNA interference of NR4A1 expression in Panc-1 cells induced apoptosis and subsequent proteomic analysis revealed the induction of several markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, including glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP), and activating transcription factor-4 (ATF-4). Treatment of pancreatic cancer cells with the NR4A1 antagonist 1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)methane (DIM-C-pPhOH) gave similar results. Moreover, both NR4A1 knockdown and DIM-C-pPhOH induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induction of ROS and endoplasmic reticulum stress by these agents was attenuated after cotreatment with antioxidants. Manipulation of NR4A1 expression coupled with gene expression profiling identified a number of ROS metabolism transcripts regulated by NR4A1. Knockdown of one of these transcripts, thioredoxin domain containing 5 (TXNDC5), recapitulated the elevated ROS and endoplasmic reticulum stress; thus, demonstrating that NR4A1 regulates levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress and ROS in pancreatic cancer cells to facilitate cell proliferation and survival. Finally, inactivation of NR4A1 by knockdown or DIM-C-pPhOH decreased TXNDC5, resulting in activation of the ROS/endoplasmic reticulum stress and proapoptotic pathways. Implications: The NR4A1 receptor is pro-oncogenic, regulates the ROS/endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways, and inactivation of the receptor represents a novel pathway for inducing cell death in pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 12(4); 527–38. ©2014 AACR .
A Preprandial Rise in Plasma Ghrelin Levels Suggests a Role in Meal Initiation in Humans

The recently discovered orexigenic peptide ghrelin is produced primarily by the stomach and circulates in blood at levels that increase during prolonged fasting in rats. When administered to rodents at supraphysiological doses, ghrelin activates hypothalamic neuropeptide Y/agouti gene-related protein neurons and increases food intake and body weight. These findings suggest that ghrelin may participate in meal initiation. As a first step to investigate this hypothesis, we sought to determine whether circulating ghrelin levels are elevated before the consumption of individual meals in humans. Ghrelin, insulin, and leptin were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma samples drawn 38 times throughout a 24-h period in 10 healthy subjects provided meals on a fixed schedule. Plasma ghrelin levels increased nearly twofold immediately before each meal and fell to trough levels within 1 h after eating, a pattern reciprocal to that of insulin. Intermeal ghrelin levels displayed a diurnal rhythm that was exactly in phase with that of leptin, with both hormones rising throughout the day to a zenith at 0100, then falling overnight to a nadir at 0900. Ghrelin levels sampled during the troughs before and after breakfast correlated strongly with 24-h integrated area under the curve values (r = 0.873 and 0.954, respectively), suggesting that these convenient, single measurements might serve as surrogates for 24-h profiles to estimate overall ghrelin levels. Circulating ghrelin also correlated positively with age (r = 0.701). The clear preprandial rise and postprandial fall in plasma ghrelin levels support the hypothesis that ghrelin plays a physiological role in meal initiation in humans.
Non-Linearity and Response-Ability: Emergent Order in 21st-Century Careers

Over the past two decades there has been a shift in the career literature from the view of a career as being a linear progression of job responsibilities within an industry, to that of a ‘boundaryless’, competency-based exploration that evolves in unexpected ways. This article argues that core constructs from ‘new science’ (non-linearity, interdependence and emergence) can provide a useful theoretical foundation for understanding the current dynamics of career behavior. The article also discusses implications of these constructs for career development practice and its contexts.
Ambient aerosol size distributions and number concentrations measured during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS)

Twelve months of aerosol size distributions from 3 to 560 nm, measured using scanning mobility particle sizers are presented with an emphasis on average number, surface, and volume distributions, and seasonal and diurnal variation. The measurements were made at the main sampling site of the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study from July 2001 to June 2002. These are supplemented with 5 months of size distribution data from 0.5 to 2.5mm measured with a TSI aerosol particle sizer and 2 months of size distributions measured at an upwind rural sampling site. Measurements at the main site were made continuously under both low and ambient relative humidity. The average Pittsburgh number concentration (3–500 nm) is 22,000 cm 3 with an average mode size of 40 nm. Strong diurnal patterns in number concentrations are evident as a direct effect of the sources of particles (atmospheric nucleation, traffic, and other combustion sources). New particle formation from homogeneous nucleation is significant on 30–50% of study days and over a wide area (at least a hundred kilometers). Rural number concentrations are a factor of 2–3 lower (on average) than the urban values. Average measured distributions are different from model literature urban and rural size distributions.
Portrayal of mental illness and special hospitals in the UK press

The portrayal of mental illness in the media can be negative and stigmatizing. Mental health nurses, therefore, need to be aware of the ways in which the media frame mental illness issues, and should be prepared to challenge inaccuracy. This article examines the changing nature of the UK press’s reporting of mental health issues by focusing on two areas. First, the changing terminology the press uses in their attempt to appear more sensitive, exemplified by recent growth in use of the term ‘suicide watch’. Secondly, the article examines the press’ reporting of the three English high-security special hospitals as an example of how the framing and personalization of stories is used to set the public agenda on mentally disordered offenders.
KenLM: Faster and Smaller Language Model Queries

We present KenLM, a library that implements two data structures for efficient language model queries, reducing both time and memory costs. The Probing data structure uses linear probing hash tables and is designed for speed. Compared with the widely-used SRILM, our Probing model is 2.4 times as fast while using 57% of the memory. The Trie data structure is a trie with bit-level packing, sorted records, interpolation search, and optional quantization aimed at lower memory consumption. Trie simultaneously uses less memory than the smallest lossless baseline and less CPU than the fastest baseline. Our code is open-source, thread-safe, and integrated into the Moses, cdec, and Joshua translation systems. This paper describes the several performance techniques used and presents benchmarks against alternative implementations.
Food choices and habitat use by the Tana River yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus): a preliminary report on five years of data

The Tana River Primate National Reserve, Kenya (TRPNR) yellow baboons' (Papio cynocephalus) long-term habitat usage and food preferences are relatively under-reported. The author presents a preliminary food catalog and analyses of 5 years of data (January 88–October 92; n=55 mo; 875 observation days; 4,893 hourly scans) for the Mchelelo troop (x=75 individuals). The author predicted that the TRPNR baboons would spend more time on the much larger savanna, show a seasonal preference for fruits/seeds, and show rainfall-influenced food preferences. Although more time was spent on the proportionately larger savanna than in the forests, more than 42% of the observations occurred in forests that accounted for only 8.7% of the area regularly used by the baboons. Fruits/seeds consumption was high throughout the period and a significantly higher proportion of each month's observations reflected fruits/seeds rather than grasses/herbs/corms consumption. Two forest species' (Phoenix reclinata and Hyphaene compressa) were particularly important. Regression analysis showed fruits/seeds consumption predicted most of the grasses/herbs/corms consumption variance. There was no statistical difference in rainy vs. non-rainy season fruits/seeds or grasses/herbs/corms consumption. One implication of these data is the baboons' potential impact on the critically endangered Tana River mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus), which also rely heavily on P. reclinata and H. compressa. Another is what the “savanna” designation may or may not tell us about baboons. Am. J. Primatol. 71:432–436, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Leveraging collaborative virtual environment technology for inter-population research on persuasion in a classroom setting

Immersive collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) allow us to interact with geographically distant others while experiencing social presence to a degree that goes far beyond text chatting or teleconferencing. Moreover, these environments provide this high level of realism within social contexts that are impossible in the physical world. Given these facts, CVEs provide behavioral researchers with an ideal platform to study social interaction both within and between geographically and culturally distinct communities. The study reported here leveraged these two unique capabilities of CVEs within a persuasive context by: (1) placing people who are seated in physically distal places into the exact same virtual world, and (2) structuring virtual space to maximize persuasion. Specifically, we report data from a study in which pairs of participants listened to a speaker deliver a persuasive passage within the same digital immersive virtual room. The individual members of each pair were separated by hundreds of kilometers, located at two different college campuses. Within the CVE, we digitally transformed the placement of participants' seats in the virtual classroom. Participants in the front of the classroom were more persuaded by the speaker and had more positive impressions of the speaker. Patterns in both persuasion and memory differed between campuses. Together these findings speak to the utility of wide range CVEs to maximize persuasion and demonstrate the viability of using CVEs for inter-site research.
HIV-1 Vif Blocks the Antiviral Activity of APOBEC3G by Impairing Both Its Translation and Intracellular Stability

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) relies on Vif (viral infectivity factor) to overcome the potent antiviral function of APOBEC3G (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G, also known as CEM15). Using an APOBEC3G-specific antiserum, we now show that Vif prevents virion incorporation of endogenous APOBEC3G by effectively depleting the intracellular levels of this enzyme in HIV-1-infected T cells. Vif achieves this depletion by both impairing the translation of APOBEC3G mRNA and accelerating the posttranslational degradation of the APOBEC3G protein by the 26S proteasome. Vif physically interacts with APOBEC3G, and expression of Vif alone in the absence of other HIV-1 proteins is sufficient to cause depletion of APOBEC3G. These findings highlight how the bimodal translational and posttranslational inhibitory effects of Vif on APOBEC3G combine to markedly suppress the expression of this potent antiviral enzyme in virally infected cells, thereby effectively curtailing the incorporation of APOBEC3G into newly formed HIV-1 virions.
Using Grobner bases in decoding AG codes

Methods are suggested for decoding algebraic geometric (AG) codes that are not one-point codes by extending majority voting to handle more than one unknown syndrome at a time. This allows for descriptions of AG codes using fewer variables and possibly all the rational points, but means that one must do more complicated calculations to produce unknown syndromes.
Unanswered questions in the use of blood component therapy in trauma

Recent advances in our approach to blood component therapy in traumatic hemorrhage have resulted in a reassessment of many of the tenants of management which were considered standards of therapy for many years. Indeed, despite the use of damage control techniques, the mortality from trauma induced coagulopathy has not changed significantly over the past 30 years. More specifically, a resurgence of interest in postinjury hemostasis has generated controversies in three primary areas: 1) The pathogenesis of trauma induced coagulopathy 2) The optimal ratio of blood components administered via a pre-emptive schedule for patients at risk for this condition, ("damage control resuscitation"), and 3) The appropriate use of monitoring mechanisms of coagulation function during the phase of active management of trauma induced coaguopathy, which we have previously termed "goal directed therapy". Accordingly, recent experience from both military and civilian centers have begun to address these controversies, with certain management trends emerging which appear to significantly impact the way we approach these patients.
Stability for retarded delay equations with multiple delays

We consider the issue of stability for retarded delay equations with multiple delays. We show how a renorming of the energy state space can be used to obtain a dissipative inequality which implies exponential stability of the solution semigroup associated with the delay differential equation. We provide a detailed proof for the scalar case with two delays, then indicate how the proof extends to systems and multiple delays.
Physio-chemical and spectral properties of phenylphosphonate diester complexes of iron(III) and chromium(VI)

Abstract The physio-chemical and spectral properties of the ternary layers that form between thu aqueous and organic layers of a solution of iron(III) in 6 M hydrochloric acid equilibrated with a solution of phenylphosphonate diester 5 per cent (w/v) in kerosene and between the aqoeous and organic layers of an acidic chromium(VI) solution equilibrated with a solution of phenylphosphonate diester 5 per cent (w/v) in cyclohexane are reported. Physio-chemical evidence indicates a general formula FeCl3. 2C6H5PO3R2 for R = n-butyl, ands-butyl and n-octyl. Spectral evidence supports the general formula H2Cr2O6. 2C6H5PO3R2 for R = n-butyl and s-butyl. For iron(III) complexes, the u.v. spectra indicate an enhancement of the molecular extinction coefficient and a slight red shift in the 260-nm region for the phenyl band for complex vs complexing agent. Iron(III) chloride absorption occurs in the 290–400-nm region for the complex—solvent effects are observed. The u.v. spectrum of the chromium(VI) complexes appears to be the simple addition of the H2Cr2O7 spectrum to that of the complexing agent. In the i.r. spectrum of the iron(III) complexes and chromium(VI) butylester complexes, th 8-μm PO band disappears and a new band appears in the 4·5-μm region. The spectral evidence for the chromium(VI). di-n-octylphenylphosphonate is inconclusive.
Localizing Synchronized Dipole Sources Using a Modified RAP-MUSIC Algorithm

Synchronization across different brain regions is suggested to be a possible mechanism for functional integration. Analyzing the synchronization of cortical activity is possible if the source activity can be estimated by solving the inverse problem. RAP-MUSIC and R-MUSIC are well-known inverse algorithms that employ an independent topography (IT) source model which allows for synchronous sources. However, these two algorithms have difficulty distinguishing highly correlated sources because of their dependence on a correlation threshold. In this paper we modify RAP-MUSIC to a multi-stage process which analyzes the correlation of candidate sources and searches ITs among pre-correlated groups. This algorithm is not dependent on a subspace correlation threshold to identify synchronous sources and also avoids an exhaustive multidimensional search for such sources among numerous possible combinations. A comparative study was carried out on simulated data, and the results demonstrate superior performance with the modified algorithm compared to the original RAP-MUSIC in recovering synchronous sources. The modified algorithm thus has potential in the study of brain synchronization
Mental Health Professionals' Determinations of Adolescent Suicide Attempts

The degree of ambiguity in the term suicide attempt was examined among 14 expert suicidologists, and 59 general mental health clinicians who either did or did not receive a standard definition of the term. The participants judged whether each of ten vignettes of actual adolescent self-harm behaviors was a suicide attempt. Low levels of agreement were found within each group, although agreement was better for the most and least serious cases. Possible explanations were examined, including how professionals weight suicidal intent and medical lethality in their suicide attempt decisions, and the use of a "fuzzy," natural language conceptualization of suicide attempts was proposed.
Personality and habitat segregation in giant sea anemones (Condylactis gigantea)

article i nfo Article history: Animal personality is described as consistent differences in individual behavior across time or context, and may vary spatially. Bolder animals are more likely to migrate, grow slowly, or explore than shyer animals. Personality types within a population can also differ between discrete habitats or continuously across an en- vironmental gradient. We examined the distribution of giant sea anemone (Condylactis gigantea) responses to disturbance across a continuous habitat gradient to determine whether anemones' habitat selection is explained by individual variation. On four different occasions we induced individual anemones to retract their tentacles by touching them with a model blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) and recorded the time for their tentacles to relax into their original state. We also recorded several environmental variables associated with each anemone. We found that individual anemones behaved in consistently different ways and that a combination of seagrass measurements and the number of close conspecifics, as well as their tentacle color, significantly explained this variation. This indicates that personality may either influence habitat choice, or that habitats favor certain personalities. Ultimately, personality types are segregated by habitat type, which suggests that such variation could lead to reproductive isolation.
Equilibrium Hard-Disk Program

Here we provide a Fortran 77 program to generate equilibrium configurations of equal-sized hard disks via the Metropolis algorithm. It also computes the radial distribution function g 2(r) by averaging over the configurations. The extension of the program to d-dimensional hard spheres is obvious. For simplicity, it does not use a “neighbor list,” as described in Chapter 12.
The Use of Heavy Metal Complexes in Organic LEDS and Solar Cells

We have investigated the use of heavy metal complexes in organic solar cells. The goal is to efficiently utilize triplet excitons to enhance efficiencies. I will discuss our most recent results in this direction.
Comparison of progenitor cell concentration techniques: continuous flow separation versus density-gradient isolation.

Bone marrow harvests were processed using two techniques; 20 mononuclear cell concentrations (MNC) were prepared on the COBE Spectra and compared to 10 light-density cell fractions isolated using the COBE 2991. Both procedures recovered essentially the same percentage of nucleated cells (22 versus 21%) and gave progenitor cell recoveries of 132 and 100% of the CFU-GM and 101 and 104% of the CD34+ cells in the MNC and light-density products, respectively. The advantage of the Spectra MNC concentrate is that it was prepared with reagents approved for injection by the Food and Drug Administration. However, the average hematocrit on the MNC concentrate was 4%, while it was unmeasurable in the light-density cell fractions. This difference is significant only when bone marrows require purging with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide or erythrocytes otherwise interfere with processing. The Spectra procedure recovered a larger percentage of MNC cells and had less contamination with mature granulocytes than did the dens...
PP2A's restraint of mTOR is critical for T(reg) cell activity.

Regulatory T cells must limit activation of the metabolic checkpoint kinase mTOR to maintain their identity. The lipid ceramide serves a unique role in this process by inducing phosphatase PP2A–mediated inhibition of the mTORC1 complex.
Grassroots Leadership: Responding to Declining Shared Governance in the Neoliberal World

Many campuses in the United States have experienced a decline in shared governance and a centralization of decision-making as a result of neoliberalism being entrenched into campus management. As a result, campuses are looking less like a shared environment for decision-making and instead taking a more oppositional character through faculty and staff activism on college campuses. This chapter examines theoretical and empirical research to describe the changing nature of governance in higher education from shared governance to faculty grassroots leadership. We utilize Clark’s (1983) framework to identify academic, state, and market forces that have resulted in a trend away from shared governance and examine grassroots leadership as a countermovement to reclaim academic values. We conclude by considering potential avenues for regaining academic voice in governance in the future.
Brain Anomalies and Heart Defects

The type, frequency, and clinical presentation of developmental brain anomalies in 41 infants with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome are reviewed from the Children’s Hospital of Philadelophia, and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia.
In-vacuo work function measurement of dispenser cathodes

A novel experimental technique was used for direct measurement of cathode material work function at elevated temperature. Dispenser cathodes were activated in a vacuum chamber and the work function determined from the contact potential difference between the cathode and a precisely calibrated probe tip. The experimental test setup allowed for cathodes to be activated and the work function measured without breaking vacuum. B-type, M-type, and other cathodes were activated and their work function tracked during the initial heating stage and during cooling after activation. The various cathode types showed a smooth increase in work function as the cathode cooled, but the B-type had a lower room temperature work function than other cathodes. It is suggested that residual gas in the chamber may have caused the rise in work function during cooling.
MBTH: A novel approach to rapid, spectrophotometric quantitation of total algal carbohydrates

Abstract A high-throughput and robust application of the 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH) method was developed for carbohydrate determination in microalgae. The traditional phenol-sulfuric acid method to quantify carbohydrates is strongly affected by algal biochemical components and exhibits a highly variable response to microalgal monosaccharides. We present a novel use of the MBTH method to accurately quantify carbohydrates in hydrolyzate after acid hydrolysis of algal biomass, without a need for neutralization. The MBTH method demonstrated consistent and sensitive quantitation of algae-specific monosaccharides down to 5 μg mL−1 without interference from other algae acidic hydrolyzate components.
Home visitation programs: an untapped opportunity for the delivery of early childhood obesity prevention.

SummaryBackground Extant obesity efforts have had limited impact among low-income underserved children, in part because of limitations inherent to existing programs: (i) short duration and low intensity; (ii) late timing of implementation, when children are already overweight or obese; (iii) intervention delivery limiting their accessibility and sustainability; and (iv) failure to address barriers such as a lack of culturally competent services, poverty and housing instability, which interfere with healthy lifestyle changes. Objective This concept paper proposes an innovative model of obesity prevention implemented in infancy and sustained throughout early childhood to address the limitations of current obesity prevention efforts. Specifically, we propose to integrate sustained, weekly, in-home obesity prevention as part of the services already delivered by ongoing Home Visitation Programs, which currently do not target obesity prevention. Conclusion The home visiting structure represents an ideal model for impactful obesity prevention as home visitation programs: (i) already provide comprehensive services to diverse low-income infants and families who are most at risk for obesity and poor health because of socio-economic and structural conditions; (ii) services are initiated in infancy and sustained throughout critical developmental periods for the formation of healthy/unhealthy behaviors; and (iii) have been in place for more than 40 years, with a widespread presence across the United States and nationwide, which is critical for the scalability and sustainability of obesity prevention.
Managing biodiversity under climate change: challenges, frameworks, and tools for adaptation

The myriad challenges facing biodiversity under climate change are reflected in the challenges facing managers planning for these impacts. An ever-expanding number of recommendations and tools for climate change adaptation exist to aid managers in these efforts, yet navigating these various resources can lead to information overload and paralysis in decision-making. Here we provide a synthesis of the key considerations, approaches, and available tools for integrating climate change adaptation into management plans. We discuss principal elements in climate change adaptation—incorporating uncertainty through scenario planning and adaptive management—and review three leading frameworks for incorporating climate change adaptation into place-based biodiversity conservation planning. Finally, we identify the following key questions needed for long-term conservation planning and review the associated tools and techniques needed to address them: (1) How is the climate projected to change in my study area?; (2) How are non-climatic stressors projected to change?; (3) How vulnerable are species to climate change impacts?; (4) How are species ranges likely to respond?; and (5) How are management strategies expected to affect outcomes? In doing so, we aim to aid natural resource managers in navigating the burgeoning field of climate change adaptation planning and provide managers a roadmap for managing biodiversity under climate change.
Book reviewContentious Politics, Charles Tilly, Sidney Tarrow, 2nd Revised and Updated, Oxford Press, New York, NY (2015), 268 pp., Paperback, ISBN: 9780190255053

“The secret is no secret. Once we take the analysis to the level of mechanisms and processes, we discover that similar causes and effects operate across the whole range of contentious politics, fro...
Ethical Considerations in Conducting Pragmatic Trials in Oncology

Pragmatic trials evaluate interventions in real-life scenarios, which differ from explanatory trials that control for numerous factors and variables to best determine causal associations. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages. Conducting pragmatic research trials while maintaining the tenets of the ethical conduct of research can sometimes be challenging, particularly regarding informed consent. In this column, distinctions between pragmatic and explanatory trials are discussed from an ethical view.
A Spherical Active Coded Aperture for $4\pi $ Gamma-Ray Imaging

Gamma-ray imaging facilitates the efficient detection, characterization, and localization of compact radioactive sources in cluttered environments. Fieldable detector systems employing active planar coded apertures have demonstrated broad energy sensitivity via both coded aperture and Compton imaging modalities. However, planar configurations suffer from a limited field of view, especially in the coded aperture mode. To improve upon this limitation, we introduce a novel design by rearranging the detectors into an active coded spherical configuration, resulting in a $4 {\pi }$ isotropic field of view for both coded aperture and Compton imaging. This paper focuses on the low-energy coded aperture modality and the optimization techniques used to determine the optimal number and configuration of 1-cm3 CdZnTe coplanar grid detectors on a 14-cm diameter sphere with 192 available detector locations.
High performance polymer blends

This chapter is an overview of the science and technology of high temperature polymer blends, an area which has become a major topic of scientific investigation in the last two decades. The morphology and, hence, the property spectrum of polymer blends is controlled by the miscibility and the phase behavior of the mixture. Approaches to address the interactions between the morphology and the miscibility in these blends are discussed. The chapter specifically reviews the examples of PBI blends, LCP blends, semi-interpenetrating networks and molecular composites. This review is not meant to be totally comprehensive, but is intended to give the reader an overview of the important technological trends in this emerging field.
Ethionine fatty liver.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses ethionine fatty liver. The administration of DL-ethionine to female rats by stomach tube or parenterally is followed rapidly by the accumulation of excess lipid in the liver. The administration of D-, L-, or DL-ethionine to fasting female rats results in the rapid accumulation of excess triglycerides (TG) in the liver. The accumulating liver TG is enriched with oleic and linoleic acids, suggesting an extra hepatic origin for the esterified fatty acids. The oxidation of fatty acids by liver homogenates or mitochondria from ethionine-treated rats appears to be normal at a time when liver TG is accumulating rapidly. In the normal animal, the intravenous injection of Triton is followed by a large and rapid increase in the concentration of plasma TG, presumably because the Triton interferes with the peripheral utilization of plasma lipoproteins without affecting their rates of synthesis by the liver. The mechanism underlying the resistance of the male to fatty liver induced by ethionine is obscure. The chapter also presents the mechanism of induction—pathogenesis.
Perfused Canine Brain: Metabolism and Blood-Brain Transport During Altered Metabolic States

Each organ system of the mammalian anatomy is recognized as performing a unique or specific function in the overall biological activity of the organism. Every organ, in turn, also consists of several cell types, each with often divergent and unique properties that collectively carry out the functions of the particular organ. One approach to investigate the biochemical and physiological properties is to isolate and perfuse the organ with an extracorporeal system.
Reliable index of tumor targeting in RIT with 177Lu-J591 monoclonal antibody in patients with metastatic prostate cancer

1758 Objectives Based on clinical trials in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (metCRPC), we have previously demonstrated that radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with 177Lu-J591 monoclonal antibody (mAb) results in a significant decline of PSA levels and tumor burden (TB). We have used tumor targeting index (TTI) and TB to quantify tumor targeting. We want to identify which index (TBI or TB) is more reliable and predicts treatment response. Methods In phase I clinical trial, 14 patients with metCRPC received repeated RITs with 177Lu-J591 (2 doses, 15-60 mCi/m2, 20mg mAb), imaging studies were performed on day 5-8 in each RIT. TTI was calculated as tumor count intensity corrected for background and total body count intensities. TB was calculated as a product of tumor count and pixel. TTI and TB of consecutive images were analysed with correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plot. In phase II clinical trial, 34 patients with metCRPC received RIT with 177Lu-J591 (single dose, 65-70 mCi/m2, 20mg mAb), imaging studies were performed on day 6-7. Decline of PSA levels in phase II trial were compared to TTI and TB. Results Correlation coefficients of TTI and TB were r2=0.74 (p Conclusions This study clearly documents that TTI is a reliable index to quantify tumor targeting and may potentially be useful to predict treatment response in RIT with 177Lu-J591 monoclonal antibody in patients with metCRPC
Detecting Different Types of Concept Drifts with Ensemble Framework

Dynamic data streams may contain concept drifts, which are data distribution changes that affect the underlying data model. Different types of concept drifts can occur within a real-world data stream. Majority of current study focuses on detecting one type of drift or detecting drift with labeled data, which is not always available in real-world scenarios. This study focuses on detecting all types of drift with limited labeled samples. Ensemble Framework for Drift Detection (EFDD) is proposed. The ensemble approach combines drift detection algorithms that can detect different types of drifts. Detection results from these algorithms are summarized using a novel voting mechanism called "voting by type". Experiments were carried out with one synthetic dataset and three real-world datasets. Experimental results show EFDD can achieve significant improvement with p < 0.05 using z-score test when comparing to drift detection algorithms that detect only a few types of drift.
An offshore solution to cobalt shortages via adsorption-based harvesting from seawater

Abstract The predicted dominance of electric vehicles and the need for grid-scale energy storage have heightened concerns that cobalt, a key constituent of lithium-ion batteries, could become a critical limiting factor. With limited terrestrial resources and over half the global production coming from politically challenging regions increasing risk, a shortage of cobalt could be experienced by the early 2020s. Fortunately, the oceans contain about 70 times more cobalt than on land and can be harvested sustainably with passive adsorption technologies; and a symbiotic system using existing offshore structures to harvest cobalt could enhance the economic feasibility of seawater cobalt harvesting. Our study finds that retrofitting just 76 unused oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico could extract an average of 27.3% of the nation's 2017 cobalt consumption. New Offshore Opportunity for Underwater Cobalt Harvesting has the potential to reduce the cobalt supply pinch point in lithium-ion battery production.
The Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Evaluation of Laryngotracheal Pathology.

Objectives:Laryngotracheal stenosis and obstruction can be challenging to manage. Traditional assessment tools are limited in clinical correlation. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (C...
Economics of plant oil recovery: A review

Abstract Plant oil is a major agricultural commodity used in food, feed, and chemicals. Presently plant oil is produced from oil seeds either using mechanical pressing or solvent extraction. These technologies have steadily improved for increased oil recovery; however, production cost is especially important for a commodity. Herein three technologies and their costs are reviewed for on-farm pressing, industrial mechanical pressing, and solvent extraction. Solvent extraction is the dominant technology because it offers high oil recovery and low production cost. In contrast, industrial mechanical pressing has the highest production cost because of its low oil yield; nevertheless, the simple process results in the lowest fixed capital investment. For on-farm pressing, lower material cost results in lower production cost than industrial mechanical pressing. Additionally, credits from co-products play an important role in determining total revenues, especially for mechanical pressing. Therefore, broadening the applications and values of the co-product is also critical for profitability for the plant oil industry.
Time-optimized 4D phase contrast MRI with real-time convex optimization of gradient waveforms and fast excitation methods.

Purpose To shorten 4D flow acquisitions by shortening TRs with fast RF pulses and gradient waveforms. Real-time convex optimization is used to generate these gradients waveforms on the scanner. Theory and methods RF and slab-select waveforms were shortened with a minimum phase SLR excitation and the time-optimal variable-rate selective excitation method. Real-time convex optimization was used to shorten bipolar and spoiler gradients by finding the shortest gradient waveforms that satisfied constraints on scan parameters, gradient hardware, M0 , M1 , and peripheral nerve stimulation. Waveforms were calculated and TE and/or TR values were compared for a range of scan parameters and compared to a conventional 4D flow sequence. The method was tested in flow phantoms, and in the aorta and neurovasculature of volunteers (N = 10). Additionally, eddy current error was measured in a large phantom. Results TEs and TRs were shortened by 21-32% and 20-34%, respectively, compared to the conventional sequence over a range of scan parameters. Bland-Altman analysis of 2 flow phantom configurations showed flow rate bias of 0.3 mL/s and limits of agreement (LOA) of [-6.9, 7.5] mL/s for a cardiac phantom and a bias of -0.1 mL/s with LOA = [-0.4, 0.2] mL/s for a neuro phantom. Similar agreement was also seen for flow measurements in volunteers (bias = -1.0 and -0.1 mL/s, LOA = [-34.9, 33.0] and [-0.7, 0.6] mL/s). Measured eddy currents were 39% larger with the CVX + mpVERSE method. Conclusion The real-time optimized 4D flow gradients and fast slab-selection excitation methods produced up to 34% faster TRs with excellent flow measurement agreement compared to a conventional 4D flow sequence.