cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation of Carbon Dioxide in Water Miniemulsions Using the Phase Inversion Temperature Method

The curvature of an emulsion of CO2 and brine stabilized with a triblock copolymer of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), PEO-b-PDMS-b-PEO, was inverted from H2O-in-CO2 to CO2-in-H2O (C/W) by reducing the temperature. A “v-shaped” trough was observed in the interfacial tension between the aqueous and CO2 phases versus temperature at constant CO2 density. The minimum in the interfacial tension coincided with the phase inversion temperature (PIT) where the curvature of the emulsion inverts. Novel C/W miniemulsions consisting of 200 nm droplets, measured by multiwavelength turbidimetry, were formed by low-shear stirring in the low interfacial tension PIT region and then cooling to 25 °C. These droplets were 3 times smaller than those produced isothermally by high shear at a temperature below the PIT region.
Behavioral assessment of cognitive function using a translational neonatal piglet model

Pigs are used in myriad research disciplines related to human health, but no studies have employed the piglet to directly assess cognitive function during the neonatal period. Our objective was to develop a behavioral assay for neonatal piglets to assess learning and memory. At 2-wk of age, piglets were trained to locate a milk reward in an 8-arm radial maze using colored intra-maze cues (acquisition phase, 60-s trials with 8 trials per d for 4 d). Cue colors were then reversed and pigs re-tested to assess learning and working memory (reversal phase). Piglets quickly learned the simple associative acquisition task, and proficiency greatly improved throughout reversal testing. To further assess the behavioral assay, piglets received an i.p. injection of saline or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C; 5 mg/kg body weight) immediately preceding reversal testing. Poly I:C-treated piglets exhibited acute sickness behaviors, but observationally, were asymptomatic 12-h post-injection. Pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression was elevated 4-h post-injection in both peripheral and central compartments, and plasma cytokine protein levels were concurrently elevated. Specifically, poly I:C elicited the largest increases in interleukin (IL)-1β mRNA in the liver, spleen, and hippocampus. At 24-, 48-, and 72-h post-injection (i.e., after acute sickness), poly I:C-treated piglets committed more incorrect arm entries, required more time to complete the reversal task, and moved a greater distance in the maze compared with control piglets. Collectively, these data demonstrate that neonatal piglets are capable of being trained in traditional learning and memory tests, and peripheral immune activation elicits alterations in cognitive processing in the neonate.
FT—IR characterization of the reaction at the silane/matrix resin interphase of composite materials

Abstract FT—IR Spectroscopy was used to characterize the chemical reactions at the silane/matrix resin interphase of a composite material. The system studied was γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS), a difunctional epoxy resin and E-glass fiber composite. The reactions were studied with and without the glass fiber. The reactivity of the silane coupling agent with the epoxy resin was found to vary with the drying conditions of the silane coupling agent. The reactions between the coupling agent and the epoxy resin were minimized when the silane interphase was most condensed. A bicarbonate salt, which forms with the primary amines of the coupling agent, slightly decreases the reactivity of the coupling agent with the epoxy resin. It is necessary to keep the reaction temperature under 115°C in air to prevent the oxidation of the primary amines to imine groups under atmospheric conditions. The reactivity of the resin with the coupling agent is mainly a function of optimizing their contact or interpenetration. Indirect evidence was also found to support the interpenetrating network theory in that the siloxane linkages are needed to improve the chemical resistance of the crosslinked interphase region of the composite to solvent attack.
Resolving complex tandem repeats with long reads.

Motivation: Resolving tandemly repeated genomic sequences is a necessary step in improving our understanding of the human genome. Short tandem repeats (TRs), or microsatellites, are often used as molecular markers in genetics, and clinically, variation in microsatellites can lead to genetic disorders like Huntington’s diseases. Accurately resolving repeats, and in particular TRs, remains a challenging task in genome alignment, assembly and variation calling. Though tools have been developed for detecting microsatellites in short-read sequencing data, these are limited in the size and types of events they can resolve. Single-molecule sequencing technologies may potentially resolve a broader spectrum of TRs given their increased length, but require new approaches given their significantly higher raw error profiles. However, due to inherent error profiles of the single-molecule technologies, these reads presents a unique challenge in terms of accurately identifying and estimating the TRs. Results: Here we present PACMONSTR, a reference-based probabilistic approach, to identify the TR region and estimate the number of these TR elements in long DNA reads. We present a multistep approach that requires as input, a reference region and the reference TR element. Initially, the TR region is identified from the long DNA reads via a 3stage modified Smith–Waterman approach and then, expected number of TR elements is calculated using a pair-Hidden Markov Models–based method. Finally, TR-based genotype selection (or clustering: homozygous/heterozygous) is performed with Gaussian mixture models, using the Akaike information criteria, and coverage expectations. Availability and implementation: https://github.com/alibashir/ pacmonstr
The greenhouse effect and intergenerational transfer

Abstract The scientific basis for understanding the economic issues involved in the greenhouse effect is outlined. Four important aspects of the problem are identified and discussed: irreversibility, international and institutional constraints, uncertainty and intergenerational equity. Attention is focused upon the intertemporal choice problem. A model describing the potential for intergenerational transfers under the uncertainty of climatic change due to fossil fuel combustion is presented. We conclude intergenerational compensation can be achieved by investment in capital or technology, or by bequest, and is ethically required regardless of any other action.
A node-disjoint multi-path routing protocol based on location prediction for mobile ad hoc networks

We propose a node-disjoint multi-path version to the location prediction-based routing protocol (LPBR-M) for mobile ad hoc networks to simultaneously reduce the number of global broadcast multi-path route discoveries and the average hop count per path from the source to the destination. During a global broadcast route discovery, the intermediate forwarding nodes include their location and mobility information in the Route-Request (MP-RREQ) messages. The destination node selects a set of nodedisjoint paths from the MP-RREQ messages received and sends a sequence of Route-Reply (MP-RREP) messages on each of the node-disjoint paths extracted. Upon failure of all the node-disjoint paths, the destination attempts to locally construct a global topology (using the location and mobility information collected during the global broadcast route discovery) and sends a sequence of MP-LPBR-RREP messages on each of the node-disjoint paths on the predicted global topology. If the source receives at least one MP-LPBR-RREP message within a certain time, it continues to send the data packets along the newly learnt node-disjoint paths. Otherwise, the source initiates another global broadcast route discovery. Simulation results indicate that LPBR-M incurs the longest time between successive route discoveries, lowest energy consumed per data packet and the lowest control message overhead. Keywords: Multi-path Routing Protocol, Mobile Ad hoc Networks, Location Prediction, Node Disjoint, Simulation
Linear Restoration of Incoherently Radiating Objects

Light from an incoherently radiating object and background light are focused onto a photosensitive mosaic, the currents from whose elements constitute the data on which is based a least-squares linear estimate of the radiance at points in the object. By comparison of the mean-square error with that given by Wiener filtering theory, the equivalent noise spectral density for use in the latter is shown to consist of a shot-noise term and a term due to the random fluctuations of the incoherent light; the former predominates under most circumstances. Turbulent distortion of the image after passage of the rays through a random-phase screen is also treated from this standpoint.
The Calciuric Response to Dietary Salt of Dahl Salt-Sensitive and Salt-Resistant Female Rats

ABSTRACT Background We have shown previously that the calciuric response to salt does not differ in Dahl salt-sensitive (S) and salt-resistant (R) male rats. Clinical studies with women, however, suggest an effect of salt sensitivity on the calciuric response to salt. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an effect of salt sensitivity on the calciuric response to salt of female S and R rats. Method Dahl S and R female rats were fed high- (8%) or low- (0.3%) salt diets for 3 weeks. The rats were placed in metabolic cages for 24-hour urine collection at baseline and weekly (for sodium and calcium determination). Results Blood pressure of female S rats was 177 ± 3.0 mm Hg at week 3 of high salt intake compared with 96 ± 1 mm Hg for female R rats. Female S rats excreted significantly more calcium than female R rats at baseline ( P P = 0.004). Salt sensitivity significantly increased calcium excretion, water intake, and urine output when rats were fed a high-salt diet. Calcium excretion, water intake, and urine output of female S rats were time-dependent during high salt intake. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations were markedly lower in female S rats fed a high-salt diet, but not in female R rats. Plasma parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations did not significantly differ between female S and R rats, but plasma concentrations of these two hormones at week 3 were significantly higher in S rats fed a high-salt diet compared with S rats fed a low-salt diet. Conclusions Our data indicate that the calciuric response to salt is greater in female S compared with female R rats, thus supporting findings on the effect of salt sensitivity reported in several clinical studies with women. The greater calciuric response to salt of female S rats compared with female R rats, which was not seen in a previous study when male S rats were compared to male R rats, suggest a gender difference in the calciuric response to salt.
Monitoring cerebral venous blood oxygenation in neonates with a medical-grade optoacoustic system

Premature, very-low-birth-weight (VLBW; ≤1500 g) and low-birth-weight (LBW; 1500-2499 g) infants are at increased risk for severe neurological disability. 25-50% of the 63,000 VLBW infants born annually in the USA have major longterm cognitive or neurobehavioral deficits in which cerebral hypoxia plays an important role. At present, no technology is capable of noninvasive, accurate monitoring of cerebral oxygenation in newborns. We proposed to use an optoacoustic technique for noninvasive cerebral hypoxia monitoring by probing the superior sagittal sinus (SSS). Recently, we developed and built a medical grade, multi-wavelength, near-infrared optoacoustic system suitable for neonatal applications. We designed and built an adjustable patient interface for neonates with VLBW, LBW, and normal weight (NBW) that provides single or continuous measurements of the SSS blood oxygenation in both the reflection and transmission modes. We performed pilot clinical tests of the system in VLBW, LBW, and NBW hemodynamically stable infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. The system was capable of detecting SSS signals through the open anterior and posterior fontanelles and through the skull and allowed for monitoring of the SSS blood oxygenation in both modes. To the best of our knowledge this paper reports for the first time detection of optoacoustic signals from human cerebral blood vessels in both the transmission mode and the reflection mode. Analysis of the signals allows for noninvasive measurement of cerebral venous blood oxygenation in newborns in both modes. The transmission mode can be used for accurate measurement of the total hemoglobin concentration as well. The method and system proposed in this study can be used for optoacoustic human brain imaging, tomography, and mapping.
Applied immunology of mineral oil adjuvants.

I N 1956, in reviewing the historical development of the use of water-in-oil emulsions as immunologic adjuvants, Jules Freund wrote the following succinct statement. “The past of the whole subject is long, but its history is rather short. Indeed in retrospect one wonders at the disproportion between the length of time and the fewness of the steps that separate the basic observations from their successful application.“l In the preceding year, Dr. Freund addressed the American Academy of Allergy at its Eleventh Annual Meeting and one of his characteristically cautious conclusions was, “The use of adjuvants may find application in prophylactic immunization and preseasonal treatment of allergic patients.“2 Jules Freund was responsible for many of the steps which made it possible to bridge the gaps between the basic observations and their application.” Today, therefore, in recognition of the central role he played in the development of mineral oil adjuvants, it seems appropriate to recount before this society some of these basic observations and to interpret their significance, since, by now, the unique advantages of mineral oil adjuvants have been utilized successfully for prophylactic immunization of man and for the treatment of allergic patients.
Effect of alcohol on the atrial fibrillation threshold in dogs.

The atrial fibrillation threshold was measured in 10 anesthetized dogs by delivering a series of impulses directly to the right atrium after infusion of 4.5 ml of 5% glucose per kilogram of body weight, and after 1.5 ml of absolute alcohol per kilogram in 3 ml/kg of 5% glucose. There were no changes in the atrial fibrillation threshold after glucose. The mean AFT before alcohol was 6.8 volts. Immediately after alcohol infusion, the arterial blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was 300.7 mg/100 ml, and the AFT increased to 9.75 volts (P < 0.01); 20 minutes later the BAC was 181.2 mg/100 ml and the AFT 8.5 (P < 0.02). There was no rebound decrease in AFT up to 65 minutes. The findings suggest that in anesthe tized normal dogs, alcohol may have a direct mild antiarrhythmic effect on the atria. Atrial fibrillation in alcoholics may be due to alcohol indirectly through electrolyte, autonomic, or histologic changes.
Graphitic Edges and Unpaired π-Electron Spins

The effects of different types of boundaries on graphite fragments are considered as they influence the π-electrons. From a simple resonance theoretic argument there are proposed simple structural conditions governing the occurrence of “unpaired” π-electron density near the edges. Predictions based on these rules are made for a variety of edge structures. Further, the novel resonance theoretic argument and predictions are strengthened through more elaborate considerations of both the valence bond and molecular orbital theoretic nature, especially for translationally symmetric polymer strips with various types of edges.
Projection-based volume alignment

When heterogeneous samples of macromolecular assemblies are being examined by 3D electron microscopy (3DEM), often multiple reconstructions are obtained. For example, subtomograms of individual particles can be acquired from tomography, or volumes of multiple 2D classes can be obtained by random conical tilt reconstruction. Of these, similar volumes can be averaged to achieve higher resolution. Volume alignment is an essential step before 3D classification and averaging. Here we present a projection-based volume alignment (PBVA) algorithm. We select a set of projections to represent the reference volume and align them to a second volume. Projection alignment is achieved by maximizing the cross-correlation function with respect to rotation and translation parameters. If data are missing, the cross-correlation functions are normalized accordingly. Accurate alignments are obtained by averaging and quadratic interpolation of the cross-correlation maximum. Comparisons of the computation time between PBVA and traditional 3D cross-correlation methods demonstrate that PBVA outperforms the traditional methods. Performance tests were carried out with different signal-to-noise ratios using modeled noise and with different percentages of missing data using a cryo-EM dataset. All tests show that the algorithm is robust and highly accurate. PBVA was applied to align the reconstructions of a subcomplex of the NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I) from the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, followed by classification and averaging.
Spring mating period in Orconectes limosus: the reason for movement.

Thirteen adult Orconectes limosus males (carapace length 32.5 ± 2.48 mm; weight 10.8 ± 2.63 g) were radio-tagged and tracked during and after the spring mating period, April–June 2008. Average distances moved per day were higher in the mating period (14.9 ± 21.4 m) due to mate searching activity. During the mating period, movement did not correlate with water temperature, and crayfish were active during daylight hours. They moved rapidly upstream and downstream, a maximum 118 and 95 m per day, respectively. When water temperature increased over 10°C, this initiated the end of mating and the start of spawning, and the spring migration abruptly ceased. An influence of water temperature on movements was observed during the non-reproductive period. Orconectes limosus was highly mobile in small watercourses, signifying a threat of penetration into native crayfish habitats, and potentially enabling the transmission of crayfish plague. This threat was increased during the mating period due to increased activity.
Magic numbers in alkali-halide microclusters☆

Abstract Close packing of soft spheres, each standing for the envelope of both ions in an alkali-halide molecule and forming nested octahedral shells, is proposed for the structure of alkali-halide microclusters (magic numbers: 6, 14, 18, 20, 24, 30, 32, 38, …). Thus the structure for low photon energy of ionization corresponds to a metastable structure which is transformed into a nested icosahedral-shell ground-state structure (magic numbers: 7, 10, 13, 17, 19, 25, …).
Study of the mechanism of metabolic activation of chloramphenicol by rat liver microsomes.

Abstract The mechanism of the metabolic activation of chloramphenicol (CAP) by a cytochrome P-450 enzyme system in liver microsomes of rats has been studied by measuring the covalent binding to microsomal protein of specifically labeled [ 14 C] and [ 3 H] derivatives of CAP. The lack of binding of dichloroacetic acid, CAP base, and the acetamido and trifluoroacetamido derivatives of CAP indicates that the diehloroacetamido group of CAP is required for activation. The binding of dichloroacetamide supports this conclusion. Moreover, the C—H bond of the dichloromethyl carbon of CAP appears to be broken in the activation process since the hydrogen is lost in covalent binding. These results are consistent with the view that CAP is activated by hydroxylation of the diehloroacetamido group followed by spontaneous dehydrochlorination to an oxamyl chloride which acylates microsomal protein. The possible pharmacologic and toxicologie importance of this oxidative dehalogenation process is discussed
SAFETY study: Alanine aminotransferase cutoff values are set too high for reliable detection of pediatric chronic liver disease

Background & Aims The appropriate alanine aminotransferase (ALT) threshold value to use for diagnosis of chronic liver disease in children is unknown. We sought to develop gender-specific, biology-based, pediatric ALT thresholds. Methods The Screening ALT for Elevation in Today's Youth (SAFETY) study collected observational data from acute care children's hospitals, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999–2006), overweight children with and without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and children with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. The study compared the sensitivity and specificity of ALT thresholds currently used by children's hospitals vs study-derived, gender-specific, biology-based, ALT thresholds for detecting children with NAFLD, HCV, or HBV. Results The median upper limit of ALT at children's hospitals was 53 U/L (range, 30–90 U/L). The 95th percentile levels for ALT in healthy weight, metabolically normal, liver disease-free, NHANES pediatric participants were 25.8 U/L (boys) and 22.1 U/L (girls). The concordance statistics of these NHANES-derived thresholds for liver disease detection were 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74–0.96) in boys and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.83–0.99) in girls for NAFLD, 0.80 (95% CI: 0.70–0.91) in boys and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.69–0.89) in girls for HBV, and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.77–0.95) in boys and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.75–0.93) in girls for HCV. Using current children's hospitals ALT thresholds, the median sensitivity for detection of NAFLD, HBV, and HCV ranged from 32% to 48%; median specificity was 92% (boys) and 96% (girls). Using NHANES-derived thresholds, the sensitivities were 72% (boys) and 82% (girls); specificities were 79% (boys) and 85% (girls). Conclusions The upper limit of ALT used in children's hospitals varies widely and is set too high to reliably detect chronic liver disease. Biology-based thresholds provide higher sensitivity and only slightly less specificity. Clinical guidelines for use of screening ALT and exclusion criteria for clinical trials should be modified.
Site classification for the osseointegrated implant

Descriptions of jaw anatomy and bone quality have been based on total jaw resorption classifications. These classifications have not been specific for treatment planning for the osseointegrated implant. The proposed classification describes specific sites by bone quantity and quality and proximity to vital structures. This classification is suggested as an aid in assigning a prognostic value to implants and for the purpose of clarity and communication between the various dental disciplines.
Toward a definite diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease

There is a significant, and growing, number of patients who suffer from dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT). However, due to clinical variability and symptom overlap, and despite millions of dollars spent in diagnostic work-ups, the diagnosis of DAT remains one of exclusion or by neuropathologic study (usually postmortem). This report evaluates two promising methods, the newly refined clinical criteria sets (e.g., NINCDS-ADRDA) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), on their capacity for definite, accurate, and early diagnosis of DAT patients. We found that clinical diagnosis of DAT can achieve a weighted average for sensitivity of 72%, specificity of 86%, and diagnostic confidence of 72%; however, when NINCDS-ADRDA criteria are used, these results improve to 88%, 91%, and 92%, respectively. SPECT scans could differentiate DAT patients from normals with 86% sensitivity, 96% specificity, and 98% diagnostic confidence. Comparable figures for DAT versus multi-infarct dementia (MID) are 82%, 81%, and 86%, respectively. We conclude that, although a definite clinical diagnosis of DAT is still elusive and more research is needed, the use of either NINCDS-ADRDA criteria or SPECT scans may enhance diagnostic accuracy.
Motivational Factors Associated with the Use of Cannabis (Marihuana)

There is little data to indicate what factors are associated with the continuing use of the mildly toxic drug, cannabis. The present study attempts to delineate some of the reinforcing properties of the drug that supports its habitual use. Physiological responses of subjects, who had used the drug for at least 5 years, were obtained before and after the use of cannabis. The results are consistent with the interpretation of cannabis as an anti-anxiety agent and that the motivational factors associated with habitual use are related to anxiety reduction.
The exocyst localizes to the primary cilium in MDCK cells.

Abstract Primary cilia play a role in the maintenance of tubular epithelial differentiation and ciliary dysfunction can result in abnormal cyst formation, such as occurs in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). We previously showed that the exocyst, an eight-protein complex involved in the biogenesis of polarity from yeast to mammals, is centrally involved in cyst formation [Mol. Biol. Cell. 11 (2000) 4259]. Here we show that the exocyst complex localizes to the primary cilium in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) tubular epithelial cells. We further show that the exocyst is overexpressed in both cell lines and primary cell cultures of ADPKD origin, suggesting that the exocyst may be involved in the pathogenesis of ADPKD.
Age-associated changes in rhesus CNS composition identified by MRI.

Multispectral automated segmentation of MR images of the brains of 10 young (5-8 years), 10 middle-aged (12-17 years), and 11 old (21-27 years) female rhesus monkeys revealed age-associated changes in brain volume and composition. Total brain parenchymal volume (expressed as fraction of intracranial volume-%ICV) decreased at a linear rate of 0.3+/-0.04% ICV/year. Up to age approximately 15 years, this loss was almost entirely due to gray matter loss, with a compensatory increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and possibly some white matter. Brain tissue composition, expressed as the gray matter/white matter volume ratio confirmed that gray matter loss exceeded white matter loss, but the rate of decline in the gray/white ratio began to slow after approximately 15 years. Comparison of these age-associated changes in rhesus brain with those in humans suggest that the brain aging in rhesus is a good model of human brain aging, but occurs approximately 3-fold faster.
What is it that lingers? Garden-path (mis)interpretations in younger and older adults.

Previous research has shown that comprehenders do not always conduct a full (re)analysis of temporarily ambiguous “garden-path” sentences. The present study used a sentence–picture matching task to investigate what kind of representations are formed when full reanalysis is not performed: Do comprehenders “blend” two incompatible representations as a result of shallow syntactic processing or do they erroneously maintain the initial incorrect parsing without incorporating new information, and does this vary with age? Twenty-five younger and 15 older adults performed a multiple-choice sentence–picture matching task with stimuli including early-closure garden-path sentences. The results suggest that the type of erroneous representation is affected by linguistic variables, such as sentence structure, verb type, and semantic plausibility, as well as by age. Older adults’ response patterns indicate an increased reliance on inferencing based on lexical and semantic cues, with a lower bar for accepting an initial ...
Acute myocardial infarction caused by rupture of minimal intrastent intimal hyperplasia after implantation of bare-metal stent

Although instent restenosis after implantation of bare-metal stent has been manifested as a benign clinical presentation, some studies reported that acute coronary syndrome could be developed as a result of ruptured ISR. However, little evidence exists concerning acuity of minimal to moderate stenotic lesion that is not severe enough to warrant repeat percutaneous coronary intervention. Recently, we experienced a case of acute myocardial infarction caused by rupture of minimal instent intimal hyperplasia after implantation of bare-metal stent. Our case showed that minimal stenotic lesion after implantation of bare-metal stent could be a nidus for subsequent thrombus formation like instent restenotic lesion.
Written spelling agraphia.

Abstract When a disorder of single word writing is seen in conjunction with preserved oral spelling and intact written grapheme formation (“written spelling agraphia”), the deficit may be presumed to lie somewhere between letter choice and written motor output. Two potential deficits are considered: (1) visual letter codes are not activated properly and (2) the information contained within properly activated visual letter codes fails to reach intact graphic motor patterns. Two patients with written spelling agraphia were each given a series of tests aimed at distinguishing between the two possibilities. Results suggest that the written spelling agraphia seen in these two patients arises from different underlying deficits. The results are discussed in terms of the patients' CT scan lesion sites, which were markedly different.
Formal intervention in employee health: Comparisons of the nature and structure of employee assistance programs and health promotion programs

Abstract Health promotion programs (HPP) and employee assistance programs (EAP) are compared in terms of their structure and process. Two common themes are extracted: a belief that both are beneficial to both employers and employees, and a sense of ‘mission’. The technology of HPP and EAP are examined and compared. EAPs' stimulation from Federal funding is contrasted with the more indigenous roots of HPPs. Examination of empirical data comparing organizations with EAPs which have and have not adopted HPPs indicate the former tend to be somewhat more ‘caring’ toward employees. An examination of program ingredients indicates much greater commonality of structural and processual ingredients within EAPs as compared to HPPs. The extent to which each program type has become more ‘populist’ in orientation and the implications of these changes for program technology are considered. Finally the paper describes differences in program evaluation stemming from target group definitions in the two types of programs.
Multiple Functional Groups of Varying Ratios in Metal-Organic Frameworks

We show that metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can incorporate a large number of different functionalities on linking groups in a way that mixes the linker, rather than forming separate domains. We made complex MOFs from 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (denoted by "A" in this work) and its derivatives -NH2, -Br, -(Cl)2, -NO2, -(CH3)2, -C4H4, -(OC3H5)2, and -(OC7H7)2 (denoted by "B" to "I," respectively) to synthesize 18 multivariate (MTV) MOF-5 type structures that contain up to eight distinct functionalities in one phase. The backbone (zinc oxide and phenylene units) of these structures is ordered, but the distribution of functional groups is disordered. The complex arrangements of several functional groups within the pores can lead to properties that are not simply linear sums of those of the pure components. For example, a member of this series, MTV-MOF-5-EHI, exhibits up to 400% better selectivity for carbon dioxide over carbon monoxide compared with its best same-link counterparts.
Processing and microstructure development in Al2O3-SiC ‘nanocomposites’

Abstract Composites consisting of Al 2 O 3 + 5 vol.% 0·15 μm SiC particles were prepared by pressureless sintering. The optimum conditions for achieving dense and uniform microstructures by conventional ceramic processing are given in detail. The SiC particles were found to strongly inhibit grain growth of the Al 2 O 3 matrix. Densification was also significantly retarded by these ultra-fine particles, and possible explanations for this behavior are discussed.
Devaluating Death Education through Short-Term Suicide Intervention Programs

The wisdom and results of the Shaffer et al. study [1] are challenged regarding: 1) program content, 2) length of student exposure, 3) instructor competence, and, particularly 4) the implicit conceptualization of suicide as a simplistic rather than a complex, interpretive act. Certainly to conclude, or even to imply, that the effectiveness of all educational suicide intervention efforts are doomed, or that suicide is a function of mental illness rather than the stresses and losses experienced through living in mass society, is clearly unwarranted. The value of ongoing death education courses of semester length for the tempering of suicidal behaviors is argued.
Cesium fluoride induced desilylation reaction of immonium salts derived from vinylogous amides

Abstract The cesium fluoride induced desilylation reaction of immonium salts derived from amides, thioamides and vinylogous amides provides access to reactive azomethine ylides in synthetically useful yields.
Interaction of nylon polymers with epoxy resins in adhesive blends

Blends of nylon-epoxy resins are used as adhesives. It is found by swelling tests that the epoxy resin crosslinks the nylon. By the failure of poly-N,N'-diisobutylhexamethyleneadipamide to cure and by the failure of prereactions of the nylon with phenyl glycidyl ether, it is shown that the epoxy resin reacts with the nylon through the amide hydrogen. The effect of the epoxy cure on increasing the brittle strength and on decreasing the yield strength of the nylon is discussed in terms of stresses in the adhesive joint.
The Emerging Benefits of Image Technology

Information technology is now recognized as a critical component of business success. The information systems clarion call has been sounded and the mounting evidence for the strategic value of information technology has convinced all but the most steadfast doubters.
Conception rates of dairy cows following early not-pregnant diagnosis by ultrasonography and subsequent treatments with shortened Ovsynch protocol.

Our objective was to determine the feasibility of prompt reinsemination of dairy cows when diagnosed not pregnant 27–29 days after first-service timed AI (TAI). We assumed that a first-wave dominant follicle was present at that time that would ovulate in response to GnRH once precocious luteal regression was induced after administration of PGF2a. Cows that had not been detected in estrus and reinseminated by Days 27–29 after a first-service TAI were diagnosed not pregnant by ultrasonography. Nonpregnant cows from three herds were assigned randomly to receive either no further treatment until reinsemination (controls; n ¼ 189); 25 mg i.m. of PGF2a and then reinsemination according to detected estrus (81 of 108) or at 72–80 h after PGF2a treatment (PGF) in the absence of estrus (27 of 108); or 25 mg i.m. of PGF2a followed by 100 m gi .m. of GnRH 48 h later (PGF þ GnRH) and then reinsemination after detection of estrus (9 of 160) or at 16–20 h after GnRH (151 of 160). Blood samples were collected at the time of the not-pregnant diagnosis and again 48 h later. Concentrations of progesterone before treatment with PGF2a were elevated (<1 ng/ml) in 61% of the cows when PGF2a was administered and 81% of the cows given PGF2a had low (<1 ng/ml) concentrations of progesterone 48 h after PGF2a. Treated cows were reinseminated earlier (P < 0:01; 31 � 1 days) after first-service TAI than controls (55 � 1d ays). Conception rates after treatment were not different among treatments: PGF (22%), PGF þ GnRH (23%), and control (23%). Average intervals from calving to conception were 22–23 days less (P < 0:001) in treated cows than in controls. We concluded that treating nonpregnant cows with PGF2a on Days 27–29 after insemination produced acceptable conception rates when inseminations were made after detected estrus or when TAI was used after GnRH treatment. Further, both
Schizophrenic-like neurocognitive deficits in children and adolescents with 22q11 deletion syndrome.

22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS) is the most common genetic microdeletion syndrome affecting humans. The syndrome is associated with general cognitive impairments and specific deficits in visual-spatial ability, non-verbal reasoning, and planning skills. 22q11DS is also associated with behavioral and psychiatric abnormalities, including a markedly elevated risk for schizophrenia. Research findings indicate that people with schizophrenia, as well as those identified as schizoptypic, show specific cognitive deficits in the areas of sustained attention, executive functioning, and verbal working memory. The present study examined such schizophrenic-like cognitive deficits in children and adolescents with 22q11DS (n?=?26) and controls (n?=?25) using a cross-sectional design. As hypothesized, 22q11DS participants exhibited deficits in intelligence, achievement, sustained attention, executive functioning, and verbal working memory compared to controls. Furthermore, deficits in attention and executive functioning were more pronounced in the 22q11DS sample relative to general cognitive impairment. These findings suggest that the same pattern of neuropsychological impairment seen in patients with schizophrenia is present in non-psychotic children identified as at-risk for the development of schizophrenia based on a known genetic risk marker. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lewis acid coordination complexes of polymers: 3. Poly(benzobisimidazobenzophenanthroline) ladder and semiladder polymers

Abstract The structures, solution properties and solid state properties of complexes of poly(benzobisimidazobenzophenanthroline) ladder (BBL) and its semiladder analogue (BBB) with the Lewis acid aluminium(III) chloride (AlCl3) and gallium(III) chloride (GaCl3) are reported. At a 4:1 mole ratio of Lewis acid to polymer (BBB or BBL) repeat unit, electron donor-acceptor complexes of Lewis acid-base type, which are highly soluble in organic solvents, are formed. A detailed spectroscopic investigation shows that complexation of both polymers involves coordination of the Lewis acids to the electron-rich carbonyl oxygens and the imine nitrogens in the polymer backbones. The complexes of BBL exhibit the characteristic rigid-rod behaviour of the pristine ladder polymer. BBL complexes have rigid, rod-like chain conformations in dilute solution as evidenced by their solvent independent intrinsic viscosities. The complexes form liquid crystalline solutions above 8 wt% BBL in AlCl 3 nitromethane and above 9–9.5 wt% in GaCl 3 nitromethane . The solid complexes of BBL have slightly smaller optical absorption edges than BBL and ∼50% larger absorption coefficients at λmax. D.s.c. revealed a glass transition (Tg) of the 4:1 GaCl3:BBL complex at 15°C. Dynamic mechanical experiments indicated the Tg, measured at the loss tangent peak, was in the range 29–37°C depending on frequency, with an activation energy of 448 kJ mol−1. The complexes of BBB by contrast exhibit flexible-coil behaviour due to the polymer topology. In solution, BBB complexes have intrinsic viscosities which depend on the solvent and Lewis acid used, due to differing degrees of coil expansion in different solvent media. Coil expansion in solution leads to improved conjugation of BBB complexes as evidenced by comparison of the electronic absorption spectra with those of BBL. BBB complexes, like the pure polymer, are apparently not liquid crystalline at high concentrations in solution. The solid 4:1 GaCl3:BBB complex has a Tg at 30°C, and a dynamic mechanical analysis Tg in the range 12–24°C. The Tg activation energy, at 293 kJ mol−1, is lower than that of the BBL GaCl 3 complex. The overall results of the present studies provide a basis for understanding the structure and properties of these polymers in terms of intermolecular interactions and also have implications for the processing of the polymers for diverse applications.
Spectral measurements of inductively coupled and helicon discharge modes of a laboratory argon plasma source

Abstract An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of several operational parameters in the emission spectra, in the 400–850 nm wavelength region, of a laboratory Argon plasma source. In particular, the emission spectra of the inductively coupled plasma and the Helicon plasma modes of operation were compared. Comparisons of spectra point to a significant increase in the ionization fraction of the plasma for the Helicon mode of operation. The spectral measurements allow one to determine the major trends in the plasma electron density for various parameters such as power delivered to the helical antenna, propellant mass flow rate, and applied external magnetic field intensity. Analysis of a prominent Argon single ion line, at 434.8 nm, points out that the plasma electron density increases linearly with the power delivered to the helical antenna, and that there is an optimum propellant mass flow rate for maximum ionization fraction. Additional analysis of the same line shows that above a minimum applied axial magnetic field intensity, the variation in the magnetic field strength has little effect on the plasma electron density.
Your Weight: Don't Watch it—Work with it!

(1973). Your Weight: Don't Watch it—Work with it! Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 44, No. 8, pp. 42-43.
Some factors influencing cooling rates of rotationally molded parts

Recently, rotational molding engineers, concerned with warpage and uneven cooling in parts, have been “pre-cooling” the mold in forced draft air after removal from the oven and prior to water quenching to removal temperature. In this paper, we analyze some of the factors that influence the rate of heat removal from an amorphous plastic in a metal mold. We find that mold thickness and thermal diffusivity, convection heat transfer coefficient of the cooling fluid, the thermal properties of the plastic and the initial, final and “freezing” temperatures of the plastic influence this cooling rate and the corresponding rate of volumetric shrinkage. We illustrate our analysis with several examples and discuss some guidelines in detail.
The Role of Linguistic Labels in Inductive Generalization

What is the role of linguistic labels in inductive generalization? According to one approach labels denote categories and differ from object features, whereas according to another approach labels start out as features and may become category markers in the course of development. This issue was addressed in four experiments with 4- and 5-year-olds and adults. In Experiments 1 to 3, we replicated Yamauchi and Markman's findings with adults (Journal of Memory and Language, 1998, Vol. 39, pp. 124-148, and Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2000, Vol. 26, pp. 776-795) and extended the paradigm to young children. In Experiment 4, we compared effects of labels with those of highly salient visual features. Overall, results of these experiments provide strong support for the idea that early in development labels function the same way as other features, but they may become category markers in the course of development. A related finding is that whereas categorization and induction may be different processes in adults, they seem to be equivalent in young children. These results are discussed with respect to theories of development of inductive generalization.
Phonon Thermal Conductivity of Superlattice Nanowires for Thermoelectric Applications

An incoherent particle model has been developed to predict the phonon thermal conductivity of nanowires and superlattice nanowires. It is argued that the surface roughness of most real nanowires prevents the formation of idealized confined dispersion relations for typical temperatures and diameters. Instead, the three-dimensional bulk dispersion is used, thus addressing only classical size effects. Four adjustable parameters capture the effects of diameter, superlattice, Umklapp, impurity, and alloy scattering. Predictions are compared with experimental data for nanowires and superlattice nanowires down to 22 nm diameter and 20 K, and are in good agreement above ∼40 nm diameter. The analysis suggests that ideal low thermal conductivity nanowires for thermoelectric applications would have small-diameter, alternating alloy segments that are acoustically dissimilar but electrically similar.
Reminiscence of a 50-year Adventure

It began as a freshman medical student in 1944 at Washington University in St. Louis. Dr. Ronzoni, who ran the biochemistry course, was always on the lookout for students with an interest and talent in biochemistry. She sent me to Dr. Alexis F. Hartmann Sr, who put me to work, directed my interest toward pediatrics, and proved a magnetic and inspirational mentor. Measuring the utilization of “corn glycogen” in sick infants was my first exposure to carbohydrate metabolism. Then, with Drs. Hartmann and JV Cooke, we worked out the pathogenesis of “well water” methemoglobinemia that appeared in the Journal of Pediatrics in 1947. During residency at St. Louis Children’s, whenever I had a month’s rotation on child psychiatry, “the chief” would send me to a basic science lab to learn either a micromethod for measuring tocopherol (vitamin E) with Dr. Lowery in pharmacology or a technique for measuring insulin in plasma utilizing glucose uptake by the hypophysectomized rat …
What Does the Population Attributable Fraction Mean

Recent controversy over the disagreement of population attributable fraction estimates for the obesity–total mortality relation has made the concept of attributable fraction visible in both scientific and popular news. Most of the attention in writings on the attributable fraction has focused on technical matters of estimation and on ensuring a causal relationship between exposure and outcome. Yet some of the most illuminating questions about the attributable fraction have to do with another causal question and how the measure is to be interpreted in light of the answer to this question: What interventions are available to cause the assumed reduction in risk among the exposed and the consequent estimated reduction in disease burden? In this paper, I discuss the limitations to the common interpretations of the attributable fraction and argue that these limitations cannot be overcome merely by better statistical modeling or by use of better data sets. They must be addressed through discussion of specific interventions and the hypothesized causal consequences of such specified interventions.