cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Poly(amide‐acetals) and poly(ester‐acetals) from polyol acetals of methyl 9(10)‐formylstearate: Preparation and physical characterization

Condensation polymers were prepared from the pentaerythritol acetal of methyl 9(10)-formylstearate by reaction with diamines and with ethylene glycol. The glycerol acetal was self-condensed to a poly(ester-acetal) and also copolymerized with caprolactam. A novel step growth, addition polymerization was carried out with ethylene bis[9(10)-methoxymethylenesterate] and pentaerythritol. Physical and spectral (infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance) properties of the various products were determined. In general, the long C8–C9 side chains in the polymers of the pentaerythritol acetal of methyl 9(10)-formylstearate reduced crystallinity to such a degree that, unlike polymers from methyl azelaaldehydate pentaerythritol acetal, they were soluble in the more ordinary solvents, e.g., chloroform and tetrahydrofuran.
Factors That Control Species Numbers in Silver Springs, Florida1

The effect of productivity on species variety has been studied by counts of diatom species on glass slides at a high production and a low production station within Silver Springs. Species variety has been presented in a measure that is apparently independent of sample size. This measure is based on the linear increase of accumulated species with logarithmic increase of individuals counted. Diatom productivity was measured by the rate of chlorophyll accumulation. The poor station accumulated diatoms and chlorophyll slowly and was characterized by a large species variety during most of the experiment. The rich station accumulated diatoms and chlorophyll rapidly and was characterized by a rapid decrease in species variety as the density of the population increased. These results indicated that species variety was decreased by conditions of high productivity, possibly through the action of high densities and coactions. In addition, other factors that affect species variety were classified and discussed.
Mindfulness, vulnerability, and love: Spiritual lessons from frail elders, earnest young pilgrims, and middle aged rockers

Abstract Gerontologists have studied religion and spirituality for almost three decades. Much of this work focuses on determining how elders' religious and spiritual beliefs and practices affect various indicators of well-being. This paper critiques many of the assumptions underlying this research and suggests alternatives to individualistic formulations of well-being. Experiences in spiritual communities of various types may help aging persons to be mindfully present to others, to recognize that all are vulnerable to the afflictions of aging and the certainty of death, and to love and care for others while working to promote justice. In this paper, I describe how my marriage to a minister enabled me to develop relationships with frail elders and young adults seeking to live faithfully. These friends have influenced my work and have helped to shape my views on my own aging.
Gender Differences in Work Stress Among Clinical Social Workers

Since no consistent pattern of gender differences in the measurement of burnout and work stress has been reported in the literature, this study presents further data illustrating the effect of various work-related stress variables upon burnout and selected psychological strains related to gender d~fferences. The data were received from a national sample of 617 clinical social workers. The results indicate gender differences in the prediction of burnout and psychological strains utilizing multiple regression analyses. The nature of these differences and the implications of these findings for the reduction of work stress are discussed.
The synthesis of some bidentate ligands containing both phosphine and nitrile groups

Abstract Both (C6H5)2P(CH2)3CN and (C6H5)2P(CH2)4CN have been obtained from the reaction of Br(CH2)nCN (n = 3, 4) with (C6H5)2POCH3 followed by reduction with (C6H5)2SiH2. These phosphine-nitrile ligands form L2PdCl2 complexes which are shown by IR measurements to have trans geometries with the phosphine portions of the ligands coordinated. Reactions of o-BrC6H4CN with CH3(CH2)3Li followed by R2PCl (R = C6H5 or (CH3)2N) have been used to provide good yields of the corresponding R2P-o-C6H4CN products.
Direct Foreign Investment, Globalization, and Northern Growth: Implications of a North-South Model

A model of North-South trade is developed in which TNCs invest in the South to produce a good competing directly with the Northern good. It implies that the liberalization of direct foreign investment to the South increases the long-run equilibrium rate of both Northern and Southern growth. However, since the long-run equilibriums is likely to be a saddlepoint, the North can be hurt by this globalization.
Modular device for direct holographic measurements

A small, simple device is designed which makes transmission holograms of arbitrarily large objects coated with a retro-reflective paint. It allows direct readout of (delta) Z values from observed interferometric fringes under double-exposure, time-averaged, or real-time conditions. Three such orthogonal devices can be used for simultaneous detection of (delta) x, (delta) y, and (delta) z displacements.
Tandem capillary column gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of the organophosphonate nerve agent surrogate dimethyl methylphosphonate in gaseous phase.

Abstract A procedure based on capillary column gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric (GC–MS) confirmation was developed for the verification of the ubiquitous and versatile chemical and nerve agent simulant, dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP; CAS# 756-79-6), from gaseous samples. This method was developed to verify low nanogram DMMP concentrations during testing of a nerve agent detection system. Standard solutions of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 ng/ml DMMP in acetonitrile were employed. Through 15 calibration curves using the 5 lowest concentrations, coefficient of determination (r2) values showed a mean of 0.998 (0.992–1.000). An additional 15 calibration curves likewise containing 5 concentrations of DMMP spanning 3 orders of magnitude (1, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 ng/ml) yielded a mean r2 of 0.997 (0.991–1.000). Sixty-five nitrogen diluted gaseous samples varying from 1.0 to 10.0 μl in volume were analyzed and concentrations of DMMP ranging from 1 to 1000 ng/ml were confirmed. An additional 35 vapor samples in UHP N2 ranging in DMMP concentration from 5.8 μg/m3 to 1.0 mg/m3 were analyzed by increasing sample volume range to between 10.0 and 100 μl. For gaseous samples with volumes > 1.0 μl, the lowest concentration observed was 5.8 μg/m3. The method detection limit (Appendix B of Title 40 CFR, United States) for 1.0 μl autoinjected standards in acetonitrile was determined to be 0.331 ng/ml. Method precision for 15 independently analyzed standards of 25 ng/ml had a relative standard deviation of 1.168. This method demonstrated high linearity across a wide range of concentrations, as well as excellent sensitivity and repeatability, and proved applicable to other lower alkyl-phosphonates.
Energy Storage Application for Performance Enhancement of Wind Integration

This paper proposes a stochastic framework to enhance the reliability and operability of wind integration using energy storage systems. A genetic algorithm (GA)-based optimization approach is used together with a probabilistic optimal power flow (POPF) to optimally place and adequately size the energy storage. The optimization scheme minimizes the sum of operation and interrupted-load costs over a planning period. Historical wind speed, load and equipment failure data are used to stochastically model the wind generation, load and equipment availability. Using Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering, wind and load samples are grouped into 40 clusters of days with similar sample points to account for seasonal variations. The IEEE 24-bus system (RTS) is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method and realize the maximum achievable reliability level. A cost-benefit analysis compares storage technologies and conventional gas-fired alternatives to reliably and efficiently integrate different wind penetration levels and determine the most economical design. Storage distribution and its effect on performance enhancement of wind integration are examined for higher wind penetrations.
Preliminary Evidence That GnRH Has the Properties of a Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor In Vivo in the Rat

We investigated whether GnRH has the properties of a growth hormone-releasing factor in vivo in a mammalian species. Sexually mature female Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared for in vivo dynamic hormone testing. The rats were assigned to one of four groups: I) GnRH, II) apomorphine and GnRH, III) somatostatin and GnRH, or IV) saline control. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after treatment. Growth hormone (GH) and LH were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance, Student test, and comparisons of the area under the curve where appropriate. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone caused a marked rise in both GH and LH levels as a junction of time. Apomorphine caused a significant blunting of the LH response to GnRH but did not blunt the GnRH-induced rise in GH. Somatostatin blocked the GnRH-induced rise in GH but did not block the increase in LH. In saline-treated controls, neither the GH nor LH levels exhibited a statistically significant variance over the 2-hour test period. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone appears to have the properties of a growth hormone-releasing factor.
Lattice diffusion kinetics in Y2O3-stabilized cubic ZrO2 single crystals : a dislocation loop annealing study

Abstract The shrinkage rates of small prismatic dislocation loops introduced by high-temperature plastic deformation in 9·4 and 18 mol% Y2O3-stabilized cubic ZrO2 single crystals have been determined via sequential observation of thin transmission electron microscopy foils annealed ex situ between 1100 and 1300°C. The shrinkage rates of individual loops were used to determine the diffusivity of the rate-controlling species, assumed to be Zr point defects (the Zr diffusivity is known to be less than the 0 diffusivity in this superionic conductor). Both vacancy and interstitial loops were present and exhibited approximately the same shrinkage rates. The Zr diffusivities in the 18 mol% Y2O3 alloy were approximately 15 times slower than those in the 9·4 mol% Y2O3 alloy. However, the activation energies for the two alloy concentrations, 5·3 ± 0·1 eV, were essentially identical. Traditional point-defect calculations suggest that cation transport involves a charged-vacancy cluster (V‥ O V″″Zx)″, with an apparent...
Predictive model for critical current density of Ag-sheathed Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8 composite tapes with fabrication defects

Abstract Fabrication of long Ag-sheathed Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 1 Cu 2 O 8 composite tapes is sometimes accompanied by the distribution of large bubble-type defects located at relatively uniform intervals along the length of the conductor. The size, shape and number of these defects dictate the critical current density and eventually the overall quality of the tape. The effect of defect size and concentration on the overall critical current density is theoretically modelled. Using experimental data on the transport properties of short conductor samples with a defect of known dimensions, the model can be used to predict the critical current density of a long conductor tape by visual inspection of the number, size and location of these defects along the conductor length.
Surrogate marker profiles for genetic lesions in acute leukemias.

The basic hypothesis of surrogate marker profiles is that individual genetic lesions result in characteristic distortions of the cellular phenotype with some predictable consistency that can be exploited by sophisticated immunophenotyping. While cytogenetic and molecular aberrancies currently are accepted prognostic predictors in acute leukemias, single antigen expression and even antigenic profiles rarely impact on prognosis. However, increasingly, phenotypes are delineated which can serve as surrogates for underlying genetic aberrations of clinical importance. This development is of particular significance as antileukemic therapy becomes available that targets any component of the disturbed molecular pathways associated with these genetic lesions. This chapter will focus on established surrogate marker profiles, such as those for PML/RARα, AML1/ETO, FLT3-gene mutated acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and BCR/ABL POS ALL. As the list of therapeutic targets grows, the role of surrogate antigen profiles will grow, as they can predict for the efficacy of targeted approaches in lieu of expensive, time-consuming and not always accessible genetic analyses.
Borderzone Contractile Dysfunction Is Transiently Attenuated and Left Ventricular Structural Remodeling Is Markedly Reduced Following Reperfused Myocardial Infarction in Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Knockout Mice

Borderzone Contractile Dysfunction Is Transiently Attenuated and Left Ventricular Structural Remodeling Is Markedly Reduced Following Reperfused Myocardial Infarction in Inducible Nitric Oxide Synt...
Novel Iodinated Dendritic Nanoparticles for Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging

The design, synthesis, and characterization of novel water-soluble iodinated dendritic nanoparticles, G-4-(DMAA-IPA)37, is reported. They consist of a generation 4 Starburst PAMAM dendrimer core and 3-N-[(N‘,N‘-dimethylaminoacetyl)amino]-α-ethyl-2,4,6-triiodobenzenepropanoic acid (DMAA-IPA) molecules covalently attached to the surface. These nanoparticles have an average molecular weight of 37,000 g/mol, a hydrodynamic radius of 2.4 nm and high iodine content (33.06%), while retaining their overall charge and water solubility. Thus, G-4-(DMAA-IPA)37 is the first representative of a novel class of dendritic nanoparticles for computed tomography (CT) imaging.
Turnover in termite colonies: a genetic study of colonies ofIncisitermers schwarzi headed by replacement reproductives

Analysis of allozyme markers was carried out on 16 colonies of the termiteIncisitermes schwarzi in which one or both primary (founding) reproductives had been replaced by secondary reproductives. About one-quarter of field-collected colonies have replacement reproductives, and the genetic data suggest that in most of these a single replacement event had occurred. Genetic evidence for a second replacement event was found in one colony. Genetic analysis of the offspring allowed the following conclusions: (1) Soldiers are a relatively long-lived caste, so that even in colonies in which all other members have been replaced by offspring of the secondary reproductives, the soldiers remain the offspring of the primary reproductives; and (2) when primary reproductives are replaced by secondary reproductives, the nosoldier offspring of the former are completely replaced by those of the latter over a period of about two or three years, probably as a result of the normal maturation of colony members (workers, nymphs, and alates). The results provide no evidence for the existence of a true sterile worker caste in this species.
Stimulation of guanylate cyclase activity in cultured osteogenic murine calvarial mesenchymal cells by PTH, calcitonin and insulin

Abstract These studies provide the first evidence that parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), and insulin, all known effectors of bone cell metabolism, stimulate the activity of guanylate cyclase in osteogenic cells derived from fetal mouse calvarial mesenchyme. Adenylate cyclase activity was stimulated by PTH and epinephrine, but not by CT, the latter effect being consistent with an absence of osteoclastpprogenitor cells in this osteogenic mesenchyme. Adenylate cyclase activity was associated entirely with the particulate fraction of the cells while guanylate cyclase, as well as acid and alkaline phosphatase, were present in both soluble and particulate material. The activation of guanylate cyclase by hormones may provide a better basis for understanding the differentiation and regulation of osteogenic cells.
Temporal course of the icon: a summary.

Two experiments were conducted to measure the temporal decay of the peripheral visual memory trace, the icon. In both experiments four paid subjects first learned to map a three-tone by three-location audio cue to the corresponding single location of a nineletter square display briefly presented in a post-stimulus cueing procedure. Thereby temporal specivity of a single target letter to a particulus inter-stimulus-interval was achieved without incidental masking effects from a visual cue. Each subject then generated confusion matrix data for a 10-capital-letter stimulus set at each of six inter-stimulus intervals. The rwo experiments differed in that one used 10 "round" letters as the stimulus set, the other used 10 "rectangular" letters. Both employed inter-srimulus intervals of .05, .IS, .45, .65, .85, and 1.25 sec. A repeated-measures analysis of variance of recognition performance versus interstimulus interval indicated that performance declined with increasing interval for all lines (Flu, = 33.6, df = 5/15, p < .001). However, the performance for bottom-line locations, while initially equal, declined more rapidly than the performance at middle- and top-line-cued locations (PIS[ . LI.D = 2.52, df = 10/102, p < .01). These results suggest that subjects do not, perhaps can not, refrain from recognition processing during the interval, instead processing individually favored display locations until the cue is presented, and that data from post-stimulus cueing studies should be interpreted as including trials in which the cued location was attended prior to cue onset. Performance for bottom-line-cued locations was used to estimate iconic decay unclouded by information processing during the inter-stimulus interval. These data suggested an exponential decay function. Both linear and quadratic components were significant (FI~,.., = 74.62, df = 1/39, p < .001; Fqu.armttc = 6.68, df = 1/39, p < .05). Further analysis focused upon an information-processing model which assumes (1) that the icon is the neural encoding of specific features (Geyer & DeWald, 1973) and (2) that it is the availability of these features which decays exponentially. This model predicted the 12 confusion matrices (six inter-stimulus intervals for each of rwo stimulus sets), with ratios of unexplained residual variance to total variance ranging from .007 to ,024. The feature-list representations of the round letters and those of the rectangular letters included seven features common to both sets (Geyer & DeWald, 1973). Thereby these experiments represented independent estimates of the decay rates of these seven features. The obtained decay rates were related; 7 = .78 (p < .05, single tail). These results suggest modest incrementaI support for the feature lists to capital letters mapping reported by Geyer and DeWald.
High Voltage Breakdown Levels in Various EPC Potting Materials

High power space-borne microwave transmitters invariably use a vacuum tube as a final power amplifier, and this tube requires high electrode voltages for operation. The associated high voltage insulation typically represents a significant fraction of the mass of the transmitter. Since mass is always a premium resource on board spacecraft, we have been investigating materials with the potential to reduce the mass required for our applications here at JPL. This paper describes electrical breakdown results obtained with various potting materials
Patient perception of monetary value to avoiding unpleasant side effects of anesthesia and surgery.

Abstract Study Objectives: To determine which monetary value patients place on decreasing or eliminating common side effects of anesthesia and surgery. Design: Prospective questionnaire with visual analog scales. Setting: Preoperative holding area of a tertiary care hospital. Patients: 60 adult patients scheduled for general anesthesia. Interventions: None. Measurements: Patients' perception of problems with previous general anesthetics and surgery and their concerns about the approaching surgery and anesthesia were recorded. Amounts (in US Dollars) that patients would be willing to pay to decrease by half or to eliminate nausea, emesis, sore throat, headache, and pain were also noted. Results: 95% of the patients had previously undergone a general anesthetic, most without any problems. However, 47% of patients reported at least one problem with a previous general anesthetic, 33% had one or more concerns with the upcoming general anesthetic, and 32% would be willing to pay to decrease or eliminate one or more of these side effects. Patients who were willing to pay were more likely to have had problems or have concerns about side effects. Conclusions: Some patients would be willing to pay extra to avoid unpleasant side effects. This information can be used in quality and satisfaction surveys to justify to hospitals and payors the use of higher quality but more expensive anesthetic drugs.
Influence of androgen on the GnRH-stimulated secretion and biosynthesis of gonadotropins in the pituitary of juvenile female bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana.

Abstract The influence of androgen on pituitary sensitivity to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was investigated in juvenile female bullfrogs. Newly metamorphosed bullfrogs were treated in vivo for 7 days or their pituitaries were treated in vitro for 24 hr with 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Pituitary sensitivity to GnRH was assessed by incubating glands with 100 ng/ml GnRH. The secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was quantified by separate radioimmunoassays. Gth biosynthesis was quantified using immunoprecipitation to measure the incorporation of [ 35 S]methionine. Prior exposure to DHT, in vitro or in vivo , significantly elevated the GnRH-induced secretion of LH and FSH. However, DHT had a differential influence on the two gonadotropins; both the basal and the GnRH-induced secretion of LH was enhanced, whereas only the GnRH-induced secretion of FSH was elevated. DHT did not significantly alter Gth biosynthesis. Treating older frogs (5 months postmetamorphic) in vivo with DHT (for 7 days) combined with a GnRH agonist (GnRHa) for 3 days enhanced the GnRH-stimulated Gth biosynthesis compared to treatment with either DHT or GnRHa alone. Therefore, while DHT may act on the pituitary to enhance gonadotropin secretion in response to GnRH, this action does not result in a concomitant increase in Gth biosynthesis. Juvenile female bullfrogs may require an increase in both GnRH and DHT in order to stimulate Gth biosynthesis.
Atopic dermatitis and food allergies: true, true and related?

Although it affects some 30% of children in industrialised countries, the aetiology of atopic dermatitis remains obscure.1,2 Because up to one third of children with atopic dermatitis have food allergies, foods are frequently invoked as the underlying cause.3 Many families in my practice focus on foods with such intensity that the actual treatment of the skin is marginalised and the patients are miserable (fig 1). Indeed, in one recent study parents had manipulated the diet in 75% of children with atopic dermatitis in attempts to manage their disease.4 Figure 1 A 10-month-old patient with severe facial atopic dermatitis. He was found to have an elevated total immunoglobulin E and had numerous positive RAST tests. Because of fears of food allergy, his diet had been restricted to a 100% free amino acid-based formula. He was still miserable. Atopy is an environmentally influenced syndrome in which the primary immunological abnormality is the production of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE).5,6 The clinical image of massive facial oedema, urticaria, and pruritus minutes after eating a peanut in an individual with significant levels of IgE to peanut beautifully illustrates this definition. Entering the home of a cat-owner and, within minutes, sniffling, sneezing and wheezing also nicely paints the picture of an individual who is specifically sensitive to a cat antigen. But atopic dermatitis seems to defy this model with its non-immunological characteristics such as impaired skin barrier function, an often unpredictable course of waxing and waning, and up to two thirds of patients without any measurable allergen-specific IgE antibody.7–9 Indeed, the fact that atopic dermatitis is seen in patients with X linked agammaglobulinaemia—a state in which there is almost no IgE at all—seems to cement the notion that atopic dermatitis is not IgE-related, and thus not an atopic disease.10 …
A Longitudinal Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Sexual Assault Education Program

The purpose of the present investigation was to empirically evaluate the effectiveness of a sexual assault education program. Participants in this study included 224 college women who were randomly assigned to either the treatment group or the control group. Early in the academic year, all women were assessed with respect to history of sexual victimization and general knowledge about sexual assault. At the time of the initial session, women in the treatment group also participated in a 1-hour sexual assault education program. Women in the control group did not participate in the program. At the end of the academic year, participants in both groups returned for a 7-month follow-up session and were assessed for knowledge about sexual assault and experience of sexual victimization during the follow-up period. Although the program was successful in increasing knowledge about sexual assault, it was not successful in reducing the incidence of sexual assault.
Overlapping addictions and self-esteem among college men and women

To examine whether there is a tendency for individuals to be multiply addicted, overlapping addictions to common substances (alcohol, caffeine, chocolate, cigarettes) and activities (exercise, gambling, Internet use, television, video games) were studied in 129 college men and women. Contrary to previous research, moderate to large correlations were found, both within and between substances and activities. Self-esteem was positively related to exercise but unrelated to the remaining addictions. Several gender differences in addictive tendencies were also revealed: Men scored higher than women on addiction to alcohol, cigarettes, gambling, television, and Internet use, but women scored higher on caffeine and chocolate. The results have implications for theories of addiction and suggest new directions for the study of addiction among normally functioning young adults.
Duodenum: MDCT of acute conditions

Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is the technique of choice for evaluating patients with acute abdominal pain. As the jejunum, ileum, and colon comprise the majority of the gastrointestinal tract, radiologists may potentially neglect the duodenum. However, the duodenum is a complex structure that can be affected by both intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal processes due to its central location and proximity to numerous upper abdominal structures. In this review, the MDCT findings of various congenital, inflammatory, traumatic, infectious, vascular, and miscellaneous conditions that affect the duodenum are discussed.
Improvement in endothelium-dependent brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels <100 mg/dl

To determine whether the current National Cholesterol Education Program cholesterol recommendations are consistent with beneficial endothelium-dependent vasodilation, we prospectively assessed endothelium-dependent brachial artery vasoreactivity in 50 patients with stable coronary artery disease. Our results showed that endothelial-dependent vasoreactivity was greater when low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was <100 mg/dl, suggesting that it may be beneficial to reach the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel II target of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of <100 mg/dl.
Bend performance-enhanced photonic crystal fibers with anisotropic numerical aperture

An error was made in converting the units of bend radius within the computer program used to obtain the reported results. This caused the calculated values of the bending induced stress to be significantly smaller than their true value. Corrected results for stress within the fiber and bend losses are reported. Since bending-induced stresses cause a relatively small correction to the refractive index profile, these corrections result in no changes in the main conclusions of this work.
Water entry of spinning hydrophobic and hydrophilic spheres

Abstract An experimental investigation of the trajectories, forces and cavity formation behind spinning hydrophobic and hydrophilic spheres is presented. Several cases are also presented for non-spinning spheres which are half hydrophobic and half hydrophilic. Data from high speed imaging are processed using advanced data techniques to gain accurate position, velocity and acceleration trends for the spheres as they descend and curve along their trajectories. The data show that an increase in lateral (sideways) force corresponds with the asymmetric cavity formation around the spinning or half-and-half coated spheres. Despite the lack of cavity formation, the slower translating and rotating hydrophilic spheres still move along a curved trajectory, but with less lateral displacement, velocity and acceleration, thus indicating that spin induces less lateral force compared to asymmetrical cavity formation.
Trauma at Buffalo Creek

Editor's Note: The disastrous Buffalo Creek, West Virginia flood occurred on February 26, 1972. The sudden collapse of the Pittston Company's (the local coal company and absentee landlord) massive refuse pile dam unleashed 132 million gallons of water and coal waste materials on the unsuspecting residents of Buffalo Creek. The rampaging wave of water and sludge traveled down the creek in waves of between twenty and thirty feet and at speeds sometimes approaching thirty miles per hour. Buffalo Creek's sixteen small towns were devastated by the deluge, over 125 people were killed, and over four thousand survivors were left homeless.
Warm Absorbers in Active Galactic Nuclei: A Multitemperature Wind

Although soft X-ray absorption features in AGNs were discovered almost ten years ago, the nature and location of the gas creating them has remained controversial. Guided by the results of recent high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy, we argue that these features are created in a multitemperature wind whose source of matter is photoionized evaporation from the inner edge of the obscuring torus often found surrounding an AGN. Photoionized evaporation in the presence of a copious mass source locks the ratio of ionizing intensity to pressure to a critical value. However, a broad range of temperatures can coexist in equilibrium for this value of the ratio of ionizing intensity to pressure. Consequently, the flow is expected to be strongly inhomogeneous in temperature. The inferred distance of this material from the source of ionizing radiation depends on how much matter exists at the highest obtainable temperature. This distance can be measured by monitoring how ionic column densities respond to changes in the ionizing continuum on timescales of days to years.
Airlift bioreactors: Analysis of local two‐phase hydrodynamics

Local two-phase flow measurements were obtained in a pilot-scale, external-loop airlift bioreactor using hot-film anemometry and resistivity probe techniques. The radial dependence of both gas and liquid velocities and of the void fraction was substantial. Developing flow effects were pronounced, as evidenced by distinct changes in the radial profiles of fluid flow properties with axial position. For high gas flow rates, liquid acceleration effects near the sparger resulted in greatly reduced slip velocities in a substantial portion of the riser. A significant reduction in mass transfer may occur under such conditions. The point equations of continuity and motion were used to develop a differential, two-fluid model for two-phase flow in airlift risers. The only empirical parameters in the model represent frictional effects. The developing two-phase flow characteristic of airlift risers was observed to create significantly higher frictional effects at the wall than is routinely observed for fully-developed flow. Model predictions were compared to our own experimental results as well as those of Merchuk and Stein (1981). Agreement between the predicted and measured values was typically within 10% for both cases.
A method of determination of the thermal diffusivity of refractory powders in the 400-1200 K range

This paper describes a method of measurement of the thermal diffusivity of refractory powders at temperatures of 400-2100 K in different gaseous media in the p = 10/sup 2/-10/sup 5/ Pa pressure range. The method developed is based on the rules of steady heating of cylindrical specimens. The calculation equation has a form characteristic of regular conditions of the second order in an infinite cylinder with corrections for the deviation from quasisteadiness and for the nonuniformity of the temperature field in the specimen. Thermal diffusivities of magnesite powder and PIT-1 yttrium oxide powder are shown in different gaseous media. The method developed possesses satisfactory accuracy and makes it possible to obtain information on the thermal divusivity and conductivity of refractory powders in a broad temperature range and in the area of high temperature.
Measurement of the Survival Probabilities for Hot Fusion Reactions

We have studied the fission-neutron emission competition in highly excited (274)Hs (Z=108) (where the fission barrier is due to shell effects) formed by a hot fusion reaction. Matching cross bombardments ((26)Mg+(248)Cm and (25)Mg+(248)Cm) were used to identify the properties of first chance fission of (274)Hs. A Harding-Farley analysis of the fission neutrons emitted in the (25)Mg,26+(248)Cm was performed to identify the prescission and postscission components of the neutron multiplicities in each system. (Γn/Γt) for the first chance fission of (274)Hs (E*=63 MeV) is 0.89±0.13; i.e., ∼90% of the highly excited nuclei survive. The high value of that survival probability is due to dissipative effects during deexcitation. A proper description of the survival probabilities of excited superheavy nuclei formed in hot fusion reactions requires consideration of both dynamic and static (shell-related) effects.
Bone and the Hematopoietic and Immune Systems: A Report of the Proceedings of a Scientific Workshop

Recent observations underscore the linkage between endochondral bone formation and the establishment of hematopoietic marrow and suggest that interactions among bone, marrow, and the immune system persist in the mature skeleton. A workshop was held at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, to discuss recent work on these interactions and to identify new areas of research. Marrow stromal cells include the precursors of the osteochondrogenic lineage, exert important influences on osteoclastogenesis and lymphopoiesis, and mediate the effects of some systemic factors on bone turnover. Recent evidence indicates that hematopoietic cells can influence the differentiation of osteogenic cells and suggests that mature lymphocytes can influence osteoclastic and osteoblastic functions. However, interpretation of experiments may be confounded by the potential for stage-specific responses within a cell lineage, the likelihood that divergent pathways compete for limited pools of precursor cells, and the possibility that important cells or factors are still unidentified. Further, in vitro models may be limited by species and anatomical site specificities, the absence of intermediary or accessory cells, and the absence of normal marrow spatial organization and cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix. Nevertheless, current approaches hold the potential for significant advances in our understanding of the relationships between bone and the hematopoietic and immune systems. Refinements of in vitro systems, the use of genetically manipulated mice, and the examination of clinical syndromes promise important insights. Collaborations among bone biologists, hematologists, and immunologists, and between basic scientists and clinical investigators, will be crucial for continued progress.
Free Surface Modeling of a Glass Tube Sealing Process

The tube sealing process is implemented by heating the surface of a partially evacuated glass tube by means of a gas torch. Once the glass temperature reaches the softnening point, the tube shrinks because of pressure differential to form a seal. An order of magnitude analysis first shows that both the centrifugal force, due to tube rotation, and the surface tension are negligible compared with the pressure force on the boundary. One intrinsic characteristic associated with the mechanics of the sealing is that the physical boundary of the glass tube deforms during processing. In addition, the glass viscosity is also highly temperature-sensitive; therefore, a numerical approach is necessary for obtaining quantitative process information. The process can be described as an incompressible viscous flow having a distributed heat flux on the boundary. The Galerkin finite element formulation based on the updated Lagrangian technique was used to model this complex problem. The sensitivity analyses and the comparison between the results from modeling and the experiment are also demonstrated.
Heat induced release of Hsp70 from prostate carcinoma cells involves both active secretion and passive release from necrotic cells

Purpose: Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is released from tumour cells and stimulates a potent anti-tumour immune response.Methods: This study examined the role of hyperthermia, including heating conditions from the fever range, the hyperthermia range and the thermal ablation range, in HSP70 release from prostate carcinoma cells. It has observed HSP70 release from human prostate carcinoma cell lines (PC-3 and LNCaP) treated with hyperthermia.Results: The effects of hyperthermia were complex and appeared to involve at least two mechanisms for HSP70 release. Hyperthermia at 40°C strongly stimulated HSP70 release by an active secretion pathway. However, as temperatures were increased, this rapid secretion pathway became progressively inhibited and by a temperature of 55°C, active secretion was abolished. However, when cells exposed to these heating conditions were allowed to recover at 37°C for 24 h after heating, HSP70 release was observed at the high ablation temperature range and this appeared to be related...
Inversion problem in photon counting with dead time

It is shown that the formula for the probability of photoelectric counting of light in a short time in the presence of nonparalyzable counter dead-time effects may be inverted exactly. This allows the counting probability for an ideal dead-time-less counter to be derived from the probability measured with a real counter, without prior knowledge of the light intensity fluctuations.
Negative regulation of activated α2 integrins during thrombopoiesis

Circulating platelets exhibit rapid signaling and adhesive responses to collagen that facilitate hemostasis at sites of vessel injury. Because platelets are anuclear, their collagen receptors must be expressed by megakaryocytes, platelet precursors that arise in the collagen-rich environment of the bone marrow. Whether and how megakaryocytes regulate collagen adhesion during their development in the bone marrow are unknown. We find that surface expression of activated, but not wild-type, α2 integrins in hematopoietic cells in vivo results in the generation of platelets that lack surface α2 receptors. Culture of hematopoietic progenitor cells ex vivo reveals that surface levels of activated, but not wild-type, α2 integrin receptors are rapidly down-regulated during cell growth on collagen but reach wild-type levels when cells are grown in the absence of collagen. Progenitor cells that express activated α2 integrins are normally distributed in the bone marrow in vivo and exhibit normal migration across a collagen-coated membrane ex vivo. This migration is accompanied by rapid down-regulation of activated surface integrins. These studies identify ligand-dependent removal of activated α2 receptors from the cell surface as a mechanism by which integrin function can be negatively regulated in hematopoietic cells during migration between the adhesive environment of the bone marrow and the nonadhesive environment of the circulating blood.
Maurer–Cartan forms and the structure of Lie pseudo-groups

This paper begins a series devoted to developing a general and practical theory of moving frames for infinite-dimensional Lie pseudo-groups. In this first, preparatory part, we present a new, direct approach to the construction of invariant Maurer–Cartan forms and the Cartan structure equations for a pseudo-group. Our approach is completely explicit and avoids reliance on the theory of exterior differential systems and prolongation. The second paper [60] will apply these constructions in order to develop the moving frame algorithm for the action of the pseudo-group on submanifolds. The third paper [61] will apply Grobner basis methods to prove a fundamental theorem on the freeness of pseudo-group actions on jet bundles, and a constructive version of the finiteness theorem of Tresse and Kumpera for generating systems of differential invariants and also their syzygies. Applications of the moving frame method include practical algorithms for constructing complete systems of differential invariants and invariant differential forms, classifying their syzygies and recurrence relations, analyzing invariant variational principles, and solving equivalence and symmetry problems arising in geometry and physics.
The search for new industrial crops

Advances in technological development have produced an ever-increasing pressure for new and different raw materials to keep pace with changing industrial needs. Many new and useful properties of plants may be discovered through the modern chemistry and technology of utilization research. The U. S. Department of Agriculture’s search for new industrial crops is a coordinated botanical and utilization research program.
Responses of cerebellar neurons of the CF-FM bat, Pteronotus parnellii to acoustic stimuli.

Abstract Single units (125) which faithfully discharged action potentials to acoustic stimuli (35 ms in duration with 0.5 ms rise and decay times) were recorded in the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres of the CF-FM bat, Pteronotus parnellii . These units had response latencies between 1.5 and 27 ms and minimum thresholds between 2 and 83.5 dB SPL. Best frequencies (BFs) of these units ranged from 30.32 to 79.28 kHz, but more than half (64 units, 51.2%) were between 59.73 and 63.32 kHz. While most tuning curves of these units were either broad or irregular, those curves with BFs tuned at around 61 kHz which is the frequency of the predominant CF component of the bat's echolocation signals were extremely narrow with Q-10-dB values as high as 153. Those units (29) with BFs tuned near the 61 kHz also showed off-responses. These data indicate that auditory specialization for processing of species-specific orientation signals also exists in the cerebellum of this bat.
Effects of Lunatia heros predation on the population dynamics of Mya arenaria and Macoma balthica in Maine, USA

The interaction between the naticid snail predator Lunatia heros and 2 iteroparous, infaunal, intertidal bivalves was investigated in Lubec, Maine, USA. The Mya arenaria population consists primarily of young, small individuals. M. arenaria survivorship is low when young (3.5% yr-1 for the first 5 yr), then increases. M. arenaria can attain a length of 60 mm, but it is susceptible to L. heros attack only until it is 30 mm long. It delays reproduction until it is 20 mm long (3.8 yr) and diverts its resources instead into rapid early growth (4.9 mm yr-1 for the first 5 yr). The Macoma balthica population has a larger proportion of older individuals than does that of M. arenaria. Survivorship is higher for M. balthica than for M. arenaria (76.3% yr-1 for the first 5 yr). Unlike M. arenaria, M. balthica attains a final length of only 25 mm and all sizes are susceptible to L. heros attack. M. balthica grows slowly (2.7 mm yr-1 for the first 5 yr) and diverts its resources into earlier reproduction at a length of 10 mm (2.9 yr). These contrasting life-history patterns and the possible relationship between bivalve resource allocation and refuges from predation are discussed.
Teacher awareness of classroom dyadic interactions

Abstract Systematic classroom observation has frequently been used to provide teachers with feedback as to the type and frequency of their interactions with students. This process assumes that teachers are unaware of their interaction patterns; however, this assumption has seldom been tested directly. In order to test this hypothesis, the interactions between teachers and individual students in 30 classrooms were observed. Immediately following these observations teachers were asked to estimate the frequency of occurrence of various types of interactions. The results indicated a general lack of awareness of the frequency of occurrence of the types of interactions observed.
Monte Carlo simulation study of a selforganisation process leading to ordered precipitate structures

Periodically arranged, selforganised, nanometric, amorphous precipitates have been observed after high-fluence ion implantations into solids for a number of ion/target combinations at certain implantation conditions. A model describing the ordering process based on compressive stress exerted by the amorphous inclusions as a result of the density change upon amorphisation is introduced. A Monte Carlo simulation code, which focuses on high-fluence carbon implantations into silicon, is able to reproduce experimentally observed nanolamella distributions as well as the formation of continuous amorphous layers. By means of simulation, the selforganisation process becomes traceable and detailed information about the compositional and structural state during the ordering process is obtained. Based on simulation results, a recipe is proposed for producing broad distributions of ordered lamellar structures.
The effects of interdisciplinary outpatient geriatrics on the use, costs and quality of health services in the fee-for-service environment

Background and aims: To evaluate the effect of interdisciplinary outpatient geriatrics on the use, cost, and quality of health services in a fee-for-service (FFS) environment of two networks of primary care clinics operated by a not-for-profit provider organization in Dallas County, Texas. Methods: The Senior Health Network (SHN) provides interdisciplinary primary care to patients aged 55 years or older; the Health Texas Provider Network (HTPN) provides “usual” primary care to patients of all ages. We conducted a two-year retrospective cohort study of 13,098 fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries who had 2+ visits to one of the networks in 2000. In the SHN, interdisciplinary teams supplemented primary care with social services, specialized clinics, andhealth education. We compared the use, cost and quality of health services, as reflected by paid Medicare claims, provided to eligible patients in the SHN vs the HTPN. Results: Medicare payments for hospital, skilled nursing facility, and home health care services were lower for SHN patients than HTPN patients (−32.7%, −19.8%, and −23.8%, respectively, p≤0.05). SHN patients had a lower likelihood of admission to hospitals for treatment of five “ambulatory care sensitive conditions” (aOR 0.69, 95% CI 0.58–0.81), and they were less likely to receive several preventive services. Total Medicare payments for the two cohorts did not differ significantly. Conclusions: Interdisciplinary outpatient geriatric care in a FFS setting has the potential to avert hospital admissions for ambulatory care sensitive conditions and to reduce Medicare payments for hospital, skilled nursing facility, and home health care services.