cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Interventions in Faith-Based Settings: A Systematic Review Using the Reach, Effectiveness/Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance Framework.

Context Faith-based health interventions may improve obesity-related health behaviors, including healthy eating and physical activity. However, the generalizability of results and comprehensiveness of reporting for critical design elements sufficient for large-scale implementation and broad public health impact are unclear. This review assesses the degree to which faith-based healthy eating and physical activity programs report intervention elements using the reach, effectiveness/efficacy, adoption, implementation, maintenance framework. Evidence acquisition A systematic literature search was initiated in June 2017, and updated searches concluded in December 2019. Articles were included if they (1) were published in an English language peer-reviewed journal, (2) were conducted in the U.S., (3) were interventions, (4) included individual-level healthy eating or physical activity behavioral outcomes, (5) were conducted within an organizational setting, and (6) were faith-based. Intervention elements were extracted, and comprehensiveness of reporting for intervention elements was assessed according to reach, effectiveness/efficacy, adoption, implementation, maintenance domains. Evidence synthesis A total of 38 interventions (46 articles) met the inclusion criteria. Most were conducted at the individual/interpersonal level (66%); few included additional elements of policy or environmental change (34%). Most interventions showed favorable changes in at least 1 health behavior outcome. No intervention addressed all reach, effectiveness/efficacy, adoption, implementation, maintenance indicators. The mean level of reporting was low for all reach, effectiveness/efficacy, adoption, implementation, maintenance dimensions (reach: 2.3 of 5 [SD=1.0] indicators, efficacy/effectiveness: 2.3 of 4 [SD=0.8] indicators, adoption: 3.7 of 6 [SD=1.4] indicators, implementation: 1.3 of 3 [SD=0.6] indicators, maintenance: 0.3 of 3 [SD=0.5] indicators). Conclusions Studies reporting outcomes of faith-based interventions to improve healthy eating/physical activity behaviors lack the information necessary to understand the potential for broad dissemination and implementation in community settings. Future studies should report on the considerations for the translation and dissemination of evidence-based programs to expand public health impact.
The State of Gender-Based Sexual Violence Against Women in India: Current State and Future Directions

Sexual violence in India became a worldwide topic of discussion after the brutal Nirbhaya gang rape in late 2012. In response to the widespread protests that followed, Indian legislative bodies passed a series of landmark legislations on sexual violence and made attempts to reform the court process. In 2018, a series of rape cases of young girls brought the state of gender-based sexual violence back into public scrutiny, when the issue was thought to have been addressed in the previous few years. This article provides a review of the legislative reforms that have been implemented since 2013 and aims to assess whether these reforms have made a positive impact on Indian women across the country. Legislation, government data, and news articles, in addition to quantitative and qualitative reports made by non-profit organizations, are analyzed to explore this question. Specifically, the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act of 2013 and 2018, along with fast track courts, are discussed. Challenges for the effective implementation of these initiatives, such as the mishandling of sexual assault cases by key personnel and the implementation of fast track courts, are then examined. Lastly, future steps in the form of witness and victim protection acts, along with the criminalization of marital rape, are identified as potential future steps.
Evaluation of Classification algorithms for Distributed Denial of Service Attack Detection

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks aims exhausting the target network with malicious traffic, which is a threat to the availability of the service. Many detection systems, specifically Intrusion Detection System (IDS) have been proposed throughout the last two decades as the Internet evolved, although users and organizations find it continuously challenging and defeated while dealing with DDoS. Though, IDS is the first point of defense for protecting critical networks against ever evolving issues of intrusive activities, however it should be up to date all the time to detect any anomalous behavior so that integrity, confidentiality and availability of the service can be preserved. But, the accuracy of new detection methods, techniques, algorithms heavily rely on the existence of well-designed datasets for training purposes and evaluation by creating the classifier model. In this work, experimentation has been carried out using major supervised classification algorithms to classify the DDoS attack accurately from the legitimate flows. Among all the classifier, tree-based classifiers and distance-based classifiers performed the best.
The Dynamics of Plant-level Productivity in U.S. Manufacturing

Recent work in I.O. has emphasized the importance of firm- and plant-level het- erogeneity in total factor productivity. In this paper, we estimate establishment- level productivity for the entire U.S. manufacturing sector from 1976 until 1999 by using the Census Bureau's Longitudinal Research Database combined with the Bureau's Longitudinal Business Database. We characterize the time series proper- ties of establishment-level idiosyncratic shocks to productivity, taking into account aggregate economy-wide and industry-level shocks. We use simulated method of moments estimation to control for short sample bias and to isolate estimation errors
Post-Embryonic Phase Transitions Mediated by Polycomb Repressive Complexes in Plants

Correct timing of developmental phase transitions is critical for the survival and fitness of plants. Developmental phase transitions in plants are partially promoted by controlling relevant genes into active or repressive status. Polycomb Repressive Complex1 (PRC1) and PRC2, originally identified in Drosophila, are essential in initiating and/or maintaining genes in repressive status to mediate developmental phase transitions. Our review summarizes mechanisms in which the embryo-to-seedling transition, the juvenile-to-adult transition, and vegetative-to-reproductive transition in plants are mediated by PRC1 and PRC2, and suggests that PRC1 could act either before or after PRC2, or that they could function independently of each other. Details of the exact components of PRC1 and PRC2 in each developmental phase transitions and how they are recruited or removed will need to be addressed in the future.
Integrating Physical Education

(1931). Integrating Physical Education. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 3-55.
Talking Animals in British Children's Fiction, 1786–1914

(2007). Talking Animals in British Children's Fiction, 1786–1914. Anthrozoos: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 88-90.
Selecting a fuzzy aggregation operator for multicriteria fault location problem

Many problems in science and engineering fields involve decision-making. Usually these decision-making processes are based on several criteria that represent various experts' knowledge. Multicriteria decision-making (MCDM), however, may not provide sharp boundaries to classify candidates as belonging to single categories. To solve problems with criteria without sharp boundaries, fuzzy logic is a good tool to deal with. Hence, fuzzy logic-based multicriteria decision-making (FMCDM) is an effective tool. A new fault location method for radial distribution systems uses the FMCDM process to determine possibility values for each line section in a distribution system. The possibility values represent the possibility of a fault being present on a particular line section. In the FMCDM process, fuzzy aggregation operators are needed to combine the multiple possibility values into an aggregated value. Often fuzzy aggregation operators are selected to solve these problems without considering information reflecting in the possibility values, and this information is related to the characteristic of the decision-making process. In this paper, the authors discuss a process for selecting aggregation operators to solve the multicriteria fault location problem taking into account the characteristics of the decision-making process.
Body Mass Index and the Risk of Incident Noncommunicable Diseases After Starting Antiretroviral Therapy

Objectives Obesity and HIV infection are associated with an increased incidence of noninfectious comorbid medical conditions, but the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and the development of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) among individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) has not been well characterized. Methods A cohort study of adults initiating ART between 1998 and 2010 at an academic centre with systematic laboratory and clinical data collection, including AIDS and NCD diagnoses, was carried out. The relationship between BMI at ART initiation and the risk of incident cardiovascular, hepatic, renal or oncological NCDs was assessed using Cox proportional hazard models. BMI was fitted using restricted cubic splines and models adjusted for age, sex, race, CD4 count, protease inhibitor use, year of initiation, and prior AIDS-defining illness. Results Among 1089 patients in the analysis cohort, 54% had normal BMI, 28% were overweight, and 18% were obese. Baseline BMI was associated with developing an incident NCD (P < 0.01), but the relationship was nonlinear. Compared with a BMI of 25 kg/m2, a BMI of 30 kg/m2 conferred a lower risk of an incident NCD diagnosis [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 0.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40, 0.87]. This protective effect was attenuated at a BMI of 35 kg/m2 (AHR 0.78; 95% CI 0.49, 1.23). Results were similar in sensitivity analyses incorporating tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use, statin and antihypertensive exposure, and virological suppression. Conclusions Overweight individuals starting ART have a lower risk of developing NCDs compared with normal BMI individuals, which may reflect a biological effect of adipose tissue or differences in patient or provider behaviours.
Teenage Driving Offers Challenges and Potential Rewards for Developmentalists

— Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death during adolescence, but developmentalists rarely study teen driving behavior. This article argues that developmentalists can help reduce motor vehicle accidents and deaths and that studies focusing on teen driving behavior can inform developmental theory. It reviews current research and potential contributions from developmentalists with expertise in parenting and peer relationships; identifies potential contributions from developmentalists with expertise in cognitive, affective, and psychomotor development; and discusses similarities and differences between driving behavior and other behaviors that developmentalists more commonly study.
Rotman lens design issues

Traditional Rotman lenses can be designed using mathematical formulations (Rotman, W. and Turner, R.F., 1963; Gagnon, D.R., 1989; Hansen, R.C., 1991). The design equations, however, do not specify the shape of the sidewall that joins the lens focal ports to the lens array ports, and while they specify the port locations they do not specify the port widths. These parameters can substantially affect lens performance, especially side lobe level and coupling between nearest-neighbor ports. Other problems, not addressed by the Rotman equations, include phase front curvature along the array ports and energy leakage in microstrip and stripline lenses. In order to evaluate various lens designs, numerical models have been developed to predict the N-port scattering matrix of lenses. In the course of a series of design projects, these models have been implemented for four different lens realizations: microstrip, stripline, and waveguide using both horizontally and vertically oriented rectangular waveguide feeds (Peterson, A.F. and Rausch, E.O., 1992; 1999; Rausch and Peterson, 1992; 1997). The paper presents the lens performance of various designs evaluated with the models or by experimentation.
Canine islets in an ultrafiltered environment.

: Molecular sieve membranes can protect pancreatic islets against immune recognition in diabetic patients treated by endocrine tissue replacement. These biocompatible membranes permit the passage of small peptides such as insulin, and preclude the diffusion of immunoglobulins and immunogenic molecules. However, the tissue must function indefinitely in an ultrafiltered environment determined by the sequestering membranes. The chronic perifusion of canine islet tissue was compared in ultrafiltered and microfiltered chambers. The biphasic pattern of insulin release by similar numbers of islets from the same pancreas preparation was not significantly different when tissue was cultured in a micro or an ultrafiltered environment. The cumulative insulin output of the two systems was quite similar over 3 days of culture. Canine islet tissue can be sustained in an ultrafiltered environment with maintenance of insulin release to glucose stimulation, which is quantitatively similar to islet tissue maintained in chronic perifusion without ultrafiltration.
Neutral N-O Chelated Palladium(II) Complexes: Syntheses, Characterization, and Reactivity

A series of neutral salicylaldiminato Pd(II) complexes, Pd(Me)(Ph-CHN-R‘)[3-tBu-2-(O)C6H3-CHN-2,6-di-iPr-C6H3] (R = CH3, n-Pr, tert-Bu, Ph, benzyl) (3a−3e) and Pd(Me)[2-(CHN-t-Bu)-Py][3-tBu-2-(O)C6H3-CHN-2,6-di-iPr-C6H3] (4), have been synthesized and characterized. The structures of complexes 3a, 3c−3e, and 4 have been confirmed by X-ray analysis. NMR studies utilizing 3c indicate that the insertion of CO into the Pd−Me bond occurs through a five-coordinate intermediate. The acyl compounds in turn undergo imine insertion. The neutral complexes 3a−3e show moderate catalytic activity for the polymerization of methyl acrylate at ambient temperature. However, a radical rather than vinyl insertion mechanism appears to be operative.
How Design Experiments Can Inform a Rethinking of Transfer andViceVersa

Limitations with current approaches to the investigation of the transfer of learning in design experiments constrain the type of information that is available to researchers as they make design decisions. This article addresses these limitations by presenting a reconceptualization of transfer, called actor-oriented transfer, which emerged from design experiment work. The merits of this alternative model are considered in terms of the information it provides to design experimenters.
Acid Rain Science and Politics in Japan

Much recent scholarship in science and technology studies has focused on understanding the local dimensions of transnational environmental problems. How do environmental issues—which typically draw...
Measured and Predicted Thermodynamic Properties of Selected Halon Alternative/Nitrogen Mixtures

Abstract Experimental measurements of selected thermodynamic properties of alternative agent/nitrogen mixtures were performed. The selected alternatives were HFC-227ea (C 3 HF 7 ), CF 3 I, FC-218 (C 3 F 8 ), and HFC-125 (C 2 HF 5 ); CF 3 Br was also included as a reference. A thermodynamic model based on an extended corresponding states principle was used. The model predictions were generally found to be within 10% or less of the experimental measurements. The model can be used as a computational tool for designers of fire extinguishers to obtain pressure-temperature relationships for selected halon alternative/nitrogen mixtures.
Effects of thoracic spinal cord stimulation on cardiac autonomic regulation of the sinus and atrioventricular nodes.

Thoracic Cord Stimulation and Cardiac Autonomics.Introduction: Thoracic spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been used to treat angina pectoris and to produce cardiac autonomic control. We studied the effect of thoracic SCS on sinus node and AV nodal function to test the hypothesis that SCS modulated autonomic regulation of the electrophysiology of these structures. Methods and Results: The effects of thoracic SCS on sinus cycle length and AH interval were studied in 47 dogs in five experimental groups: group 1: intact autonomic nerves; group 2: bilateral ansae subclaviae transection and efferent stellate stimulation; group 3: ansae transection, bilateral vagi transection, and efferent stellate stimulation; group 4: bilateral vagi transection and efferent vagal stimulation; and group 5: bilateral vagal stimulation and bilateral ansae subclaviae transection. Under fluoroscopic guidance, the spinal stimulator electrode was advanced to the T1-T2 position and threshold determined by adjusting the output to produce muscle contraction. Parameters were measured at baseline prior to SCS and during SCS, at 90% threshold. Ansae subclaviae and vagi nerves were isolated using standard approaches. Stellate and vagal stimulation were each performed using a constant current stimulator and at three different frequencies. Sinus cycle length and AH intervals (the latter at constant right atrial pacing of 400 msec) were measured with and without SCS at baseline and at each level of nerve stimulation. Nitric oxide was measured using the coronary sinus overflow method, from a luminal balloon catheter placed deep in the coronary sinus. SCS resulted in an increase in sinus cycle length from 507 ± 23 msec to 544 ± 22 msec (P = 0.02) and AH interval from 71 ± 4 msec to 74 ± 4 msec (P = 0.03). Ansae subclaviae transection had no effect on this increase, while vagal transection eliminated the increase in sinus cycle length and AH with SCS. The increase in these parameters with SCS was maintained during both stellate stimulation (group 2) and vagal stimulation (group 5) across all three levels of neural stimulation. Conclusion: SCS appears to enhance parasympathetic activity, mediated via the vagus. This may have implications for use of thoracic SCS to treat chronic angina and perhaps prevent sudden cardiac death.
Prominence in a Network of Communication: Work Relations in a Children's Psychiatric Hospital*

Colleague consultation in professional organizations is both important and commonplace. One consequence of consultation is that some individuals acquire more prominence than others in the work contact networks. The literature suggests that variation in prominence depends on personal characteristics, such as occupation, education, ascribed traits, and activities both inside and outside the organization. Using sociometric data for the staff members of a psychiatric hospital for children, various hypotheses dealing with the effects of personal attributes are examined. An alternative explanation is that social relations within and between organizational subunits influence the likelihood that subunit members will be prominent in the hospital-wide communication network. The analysis indicates that these subunit relations have direct effects on prominence and also mediate the effects of certain personal characteristics.
AI based simulation in reusability

This paper presents a knowledge-based approach for selecting and testing modular reusable code. This approach entails three stages: system definition through a system entity structure (SES), SES pruning and model synthesis using an expert system (ES), and the evaluation of candidate design models using discrete event simulation (DEVS). An example of this approach is shown through the development of a Group Decision Support System (GDSS) idea generation tool.
SEINE: Standard Errors of Indirect Effects

In his early exposition of path analysis, Duncan (1966, p. 7) noted that the method "provides a calculus for indirect effects." Despite the interest in indirect causal effects, most users treat them as if they are population parameters and do not test whether they are statistically significant. Sobel (1982) has recently derived the asymptotic distribution of indirect effects. This paper describes a new FORTRAN IV computer program that provides the causal modeler with standard errors of indirect effects for recursive causal models. The only input data required are in the form of a matrix of structural parameter estimates along with their variances and covariances.
Painless cauterization of spider veins with the use of iontophoretic local anesthesia

Treatment of small vascular abnormalities of the skin is painful, and injections of local anesthetic agents distort the operating field. Iontophoresis of salt-free, 4% lidocaine, with and without epinephrine, delivered to the skin from a receptacle with a semipermeable membrane, and with the use of a current-controlled electrical system, resulted in effective anesthesia of the skin for cauterization of "spider" veins. Fourteen subjects received 32 treatments. Sixteen paired areas of spider veins were anesthetized with iontophoresis of lidocaine and with lidocaine plus epinephrine 1/50,000. The duration of anesthesia with lidocaine averaged 14 minutes; relief of pain was complete in 9/16 treatments, adequate in 6/16, and inadequate in 1/16. Lidocaine plus epinephrine supplied anesthesia for 56 minutes; relief of pain was total in 14/16 treatments and adequate in the remaining two. Thus iontophoresis with the use of selected local anesthetic and iontophoretic equipment provides adequate conditions for cauterization of spider veins, a procedure poorly served by conventional local anesthesia.
Pyrolysis of 1,1,2-trimethyl-1-silacyclobutane. Site of initial ring cleavage

Abstract The gas-phase, flow pyrolysis of 1,1,2-trimethyl-1-silacyclobutane (I) is described. A total of six products, containing two silicon atoms, have been analyzed with respect to relative yields (at 520°, 570°, 620° and 680°) and mechanistic origin. It is concluded that thermolysis of I occurs with predominant initial cleavage of the carboncarbon bond rather than the siliconcarbon bond and that further cleavage affords a silaalkene, Me 2 Si=CHCH 3 . The pyrolysis of 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-disilacyclobutane at 700° leads to silaalkene production as shown through trapping with benzaldehyde.
Equilibrium form of horizontally retreating, soil-mantled hillslopes: Model development and application to a groundwater sapping landscape

[1] We present analytical solutions for the steady state topographic profile of a soil-mantled hillslope retreating into a level plain in response to a horizontally migrating base level. This model applies to several scenarios that commonly arise in landscapes, including widening valleys, eroding channel banks, and retreating scarps. For a sediment transport law in which sediment flux is linearly proportional to the topographic slope, the steady state profile is exponential, with an e-folding length, L, proportional to the ratio of the sediment transport coefficient to the base level migration speed. For the case in which sediment flux increases nonlinearly with slope, the solution has a similar form that converges to the linear case as L increases. We use a numerical model to explore the effects of different base level geometries and find that the one-dimensional analytical solution is a close approximation for the hillslope profile above an advancing channel tip. We then compare the analytical model with hillslope profiles above the tips of a groundwater sapping channel network in the Florida Panhandle. The model agrees closely with hillslope profiles measured from airborne laser altimetry, and we use a predicted log linear relationship between topographic slope and horizontal distance to estimate L for the measured profiles. Mapping 1/L over channel tips throughout the landscape reveals that adjacent channel networks may be growing at different rates and that south facing slopes experience more efficient hillslope transport.
Identification and Characterization of the IKKα Promoter POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE REGULATION BY ETS-1 AND p53, RESPECTIVELY

IKKα, a subunit of IkBα kinase (IKK) complex, has an important role in the activation of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), a key regulator of normal and tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, and response to chemotherapy. However, little is known about the transcriptional regulation of the IKKα gene itself. The present study revealed that the transcriptional induction of the IKKα gene is positively regulated by binding ETS-1, the protein product of the ETS-1 proto-oncogene. Furthermore, ETS-1 mediated activation of IKKα is negatively regulated by p53 binding to ETS-1. By analyzing the genomic DNA sequence, we identified the putative IKKα promoter sequence in the 5′-flanking untranslated region of the IKKα gene. Transfection of EU-4, an acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line, with plasmids containing the IKKα 5′-untranslated region sequence upstream of the luciferase reporter showed that this region possessed major promoter activity. Induction or enforced overexpression of p53 represses IKKα mRNA and protein expression as well as IKKα promoter activity. Deletion and mutation analyses as well as chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that ETS-1 binds to the core IKKα promoter and strongly induces its activity. Although p53 does not directly bind to the IKKα promoter, it physically interacts with ETS-1 and specifically inhibits ETS-1-induced IKKα promoter activity. These results suggest that the proximal 5′-flanking region of the IKKα gene contains a functional promoter reciprocally regulated by p53 and ETS-1. Furthermore, loss of p53-mediated control over ETS-1-dependent transactivation of IKKα may represent a novel pathway for the constitutive activation of NF-kB-mediated gene expression and therapy resistance in cancer.
P03.03. Facebook use and professionalism among CAM students.

Purpose Social media sites such as Facebook have become a popular way for students to interact, share, and communicate. Studies have found incidents of unprofessional social media use such as posting of protected information or inappropriate photos in both medical and pharmacy students, which has raised concern in healthcare educational settings. To our knowledge, there have been no studies investigating social media use among complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) students.
A Modeling Study of the Effect of Cathode Delamination on SOFC Performance

In this paper cathode delamination is studied in order to better understand its effect on the electrochemical performance of planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In recent published work cathode delamination has been suggested to play a significant role in voltage degradation. Voltage degradation has challenged this new technology in recent years and has prevented SOFC systems to enter the commercial market except for a few prototypes. The objective of this work is to quantify the effect of cathode delamination on the cell electrochemical performance. This study will better elucidate the delamination problem which will in turn inspire more work to improve cathode adhesion by modifying the cathode properties. Modeling results indicate that the SOFC performance is affected if the cathode cannot maintain a good attachment with the SOFC assembly. Voltage-current density curves indicate that the performance of the SOFC declines as the percentage of the separation increases. Therefore a portion of the observed voltage degradation could be attributed to the delamination of the cathode.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
An Inverse Problem for the Heat Equation II

Completeness of the set of products of the derivatives of the solutions to the equation ( av ')' m u v = 0, v (0, u ) = 0 is proved. This property is used to prove the uniqueness of the solution to an inverse problem of finding conductivity in the heat equation $ \dot u = (a(x)u')' $ , u ( x , 0) = 0, u (0, t ) = 0, u (1, t ) = f ( t ) known for all t > 0, from the heat flux a (1) u '(1, t ) = g ( t ). Uniqueness of the solution to this problem is proved. The proof is based on Property C. It is proved the inverse that the inverse problem with the extra data (the flux) measured at the point, where the temperature is kept at zero, (point x = 0 in our case) does not have a unique solution, in general.
Wide-field-of-view solar occultation gas filter correlation radiometer for stratospheric methane measurements from a sounding rocket

A wide field of view Gas Filter Correlation Radiometer (GFCR) has been developed to make solar occultation measurements of the vertical methane distribution in the stratosphere from a sounding rocket platform. The GFCR has demonstrated a 50° solar acceptance angle that allows for a GFCR measurement during every rotation of the payload without active orientation control. The flat surface of a plano-convex ZnSe lens was etched to diffuse the projected image of the sun. By diffusing the incident solar radiation through a wide angle, sufficient radiation could be directed to the collimating GFCR optics even when the optical axis points as far as ± 25° away from the Sun. The system can be configured to measure other gaseous species with spectral bands in the 2 - 6 μm region by simply changing the bandpass filter and the correlation gas. In a laboratory calibration, the optical density of methane in a test cell was varied from 10^-4 to 10 -2 atm·m as the GFCR correlation cell optical density was held at 2.5×10 -3 atm-m. The process showed that measurements with a signal to noise ratio > 30:1 can be expected when the system operates in altitudes from 25 to 40 km. The GFCR performed with a correlation of 99.7% to the prediction of a theoretical model created with the HITRAN database. Sensitivity to gas distributions at other altitudes can be optimized by changing the gas pressure in the correlation cell. The payload featuring the GFCR is scheduled to be launched on an Enhanced Orion sub-orbital sounding rocket from NASA Wallops Flight Facility in April 2003. Future applications include validation and truthing for space-born remote sensing systems.
Lessons Learned From the Hantaviruses and Other Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses

In recent years, numerous previously unknown infectious pathogens and their associated diseases have been recognized. Among these newly identified agents are the viruses that cause the hemorrhagic fevers, including Sin Nombre virus, the etiologic agent of the 1993 outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the American Southwest. Epidemiologic and laboratory investigations of the hemorrhagic fevers and their etiologic agents provide lessons that may be used collectively as a paradigm of the nature of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.
Molecular evolution near a two-locus balanced polymorphism.

Balancing selection at one locus can increase the amount of selectively neutral variation within neighboring genomic regions. Discrete phenotypic polymorphisms studied in natural populations are frequently determined by sets of interacting genes instead of alternative alleles at single loci. We extend coalescent theory to investigate balancing selection on combinations of linked genes. We find that variation at neutral sites is increased across a much larger genomic region relative to the single-locus models: the entire region lying between the two loci in balanced combination is affected to some degree. Epistatic selection maintains these high levels of neutral variation because it directly opposes the homogenizing effect of recombination. The results of the theory are discussed in relation to published gene sequence data, primarily from Drosophila.
The Greek citizen woman in Attic vase painting: New views and new questions

(1978). The Greek citizen woman in Attic vase painting: New views and new questions. Women's Studies: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 267-284.
Deriving algebraic Petri net specifications from structured analysis—a case study

Abstract Algebraic Petri nets have been developed as a suitable formal method for concurrent and distributed systems in recent years. However, applications of algebraic Petri nets to non-trivial real-world systems are scarce. In this paper, we present an algebraic Petri net specification of an automatic teller machine system. The algebraic Petri net specification is systematically derived from an informal specification written in structured analysis methods by using a methodology developed in our earlier work. Our results in this paper: (1) demonstrated a feasible approach to construct algebraic Petri net specifications; (2) provided sufficient details for potential users to understand and use algebraic Petri nets through a non-trivial real-world system; and (3) established a baseline for meaningful comparisons of different formal methods.
Double‐decker Earth Observing Satellite

Envisat, which will continue observations from two earlier European remote sensing missions, is “the most complex Earth observation satellite ever to be built,” British Science Minister Lord Sainsbury said prior to the satellite's successful 1 March launch from Kourou Spaceport in French Guiana. The $2-billion polar-orbiting satellite, which was developed by the British National Space Center, and by the British space industry in partnership with the European Space Agency includes 10 different instruments to measure Earth's atmosphere, ocean, land, and ice over a 5-year period. Sainsbury said the satellite is like a double-decker bus compared with most satellites that have one or two instruments on board.
5-HT1B receptor mRNA levels in dorsal raphe nucleus: inverse association with anxiety behavior in the elevated plus maze.

Abstract Serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus, the major source of forebrain serotonin projections, synthesize a terminal autoreceptor that inhibits serotonin release—the 5-HT 1B autoreceptor. Overexpression of this autoreceptor is hypothesized to contribute to anxiety. Antidepressants decrease (while learned helplessness increases) 5-HT 1B mRNA in dorsal raphe neurons, and viral-mediated overexpression of 5-HT 1B here increases anxiety behavior after stress. However, 5-HT 1B mRNA levels in dorsal raphe are substantially elevated in unstressed rats in two models of stress resistance. Thus, the role of dorsal raphe 5-HT 1B autoreceptors in anxiety is complex. Therefore, we tested whether different stressors differentially affect dorsal raphe 5-HT 1B mRNA [via in situ hybridization histochemistry] and anxiety behavior (using the elevated plus maze). Rats were assigned to a stressor (either forced swim, water restraint, dry restraint, or electric tail shock) or a control condition, then were tested and sacrificed 24 h later. Overall, controls exhibited less anxiety than stressed rats as indicated by a higher ratio of open arm to total arm entries (OTR). The stressors did not differentially affect the OTR, nor did any alter dorsal raphe 5-HT 1B mRNA levels. There was, however, a significant positive correlation between the OTR and 5HT 1B mRNA intensity in controls ( r =.64; P =.006), but not in stressed rats ( r =.16, P =.36), providing further evidence that elevated dorsal raphe 5-HT 1B levels are associated with reduced anxiety in animals that have not been exposed to stress.
The social dimensions of the AIDS epidemic: A sociology of the AIDS epidemic

Concentrates on HIV/AIDS prevention practitioners and how the AIDS epidemic can be recognized in such a way as to influence individuals to assist in prevention. Highlights how the gay community, in particular, have managed to reduce deaths and infection but that the newer members of the community seem to be falling by the wayside now. Discusses social and psychological theories involved in the fight in AIDS prevention. States that in the USA the effective interventions being discontinued are the poorly funded or not at all. Concludes the fight against AIDS through publicity and knowledge must go on.
Photoconduction in Germanium and Silicon

Germanium and silicon are probably the two best known of all of the semiconductors. Their electronic properties have been studied in great detail both theoretically and experimentally. The reason for this is that these two materials are of such great practical importance for transistors and rectifiers. Perhaps less generally appreciated is the fact that both of these materials are excellent photoconductors. Their intrinsic response extends through the entire visible spectrum into the near infrared. When doped with appropriate foreign atoms and operated at low temperatures, these materials are very effective impurity photoconductors with response extending into the far infrared portions of the spectrum.
Heterogeneity of 14S and 30S dynein ATPase activities with respect to activation by calmodulin

Demembranated cilia of Tetrahymena pyriformis were extracted with KCl or Tris-EDTA and the crude dyneins from each resolved by sucrose density gradient sedimentation into 14S-K, 30S-K, 14S-E and 30S-E dyneins, respectively. The calmodulin activation ratio (ATPase activity in presence of added calmodulin/ATPase activity in absence of added calmodulin) did not vary across the 30S dynein fractions regardless of the method of extraction nor did it vary across the 14S-E region. However, in going from the “heavy” fractions to the “light” fractions of the 14S-K region, it increased markedly. The concentration of calmodulin required for half-maximal activation did not differ appreciably in the “light” versus the “heavy” fractions of the 14S-K region, suggesting that the affinity for calmodulin does not vary in these fractions. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis studies showed the presence of several polypeptides that varied in a systematic fashion across the 14S-K region and hence may be involved in regulating the sensitivity of 14S-K dynein ATPase activity to added calmodulin.
Psych-Out: Using a Team-Based Game to Teach Diagnosis and Interventions

Psych-Out is a team-based game designed to motivate graduate counseling students to study diagnostic symptoms and related interventions associated with reading assignments. At least 83% of students agreed or strongly agreed that the game contributed to their enjoyment of the class, increased their motivation to study for class, and contributed to their learning of the course content. Four themes (learning, preparation, team, and suggestions) emerged from student evaluations of the game and reflected positive results.
Effect of gaseous phase on the behavior of boron carbide during the heating process

This paper uses x-ray diffraction and phase analysis to study the effects of temperature and various atmospheres comprised of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide on boron carbide and its sinterability in the presence of graphite. The addition of free boron was found to facilitate the formation of a binder and enhance the sinterability of the carbide.
Inhibitory and stimulatory effects of dexamethasone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on chick intestinal calbindin-D28K and its mRNA

Abstract The present study examined the interactions of the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, with the regulation of chick intestinal calbindin-D 28K (a 28 000 Da vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein, CaBP) and its mRNA by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ). Dexamethasone (0–500 nmol) had a neutral impact on calbindin levels in the rachitic chick intestine when measured 12 h later. However, dexamethasone appeared to exert a significant, though modest, stimulatory influence upon calbindin-mRNA accumulation in the vitamin D-deficient (−D) intestine when measured 12 h after administration. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 also stimulated calbindin-mRNA accumulation in the −D chick intestine; half-maximal (ED 50 ) doses were 1.1 nmol (7.6-fold) and 12.6 nmol (4.3-fold stimulation) for 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 and dexamethasone respectively. In contrast, when both 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 and dexamethasone were administered simultaneously, the stimulatory effect of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 (and that of the glucocorticoid) was lost in terms of calbindin and calbindin-mRNA accumulation. Dexamethasone treatment of vitamin D-replete (+D) chicks resulted in a depression of calbindin-mRNA accumulation; levels were depressed to baseline with 250 nmol/bird. Dexamethasone (1.25 μmol per day for 3 days) also induced an apparent ‘down-regulation’ of the 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 receptor population in the −D chick intestine but failed to influence the binding of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 to its receptor in vitro. Taken collectively, these data indicate that glucocorticoids are able to influence the receptor-mediated action of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , possibly at the level of calbindin-D 28K gene expression.
A note on managing deposit flows with cash and futures market decisions

Abstract As deposit market become less regulated, financial intermediaries must focus more of their attention on the explicit pricing of deposit accounts. An implication of pricing deposits is that the intermediary faces a random source of funds when future deposit supplies are unknown. This note shows that financial futures contracts can be used to hedge the risk of deposit withdrawals, allowing the financial firm to set lower deposit rates than it would without futures trading. A model of risk averse banking behavior is constructed to determine the relationship between hedging deposit withdrawals and setting deposit rates. Using the certificate of deposit futures contract to hedge demand and savings deposit withdrawals, an empirical application of the model reveals that the possible gains in profitability from setting deposit rates and hedging withdrawals are small but statistically significant.
Physiological apoptotic agents have different effects upon human amnion epithelial and mesenchymal cells.

Abstract Foetal membrane rupture is thought to follow from gene-controlled tissue remodelling and apoptosis. We reported previously that staurosporine, cycloheximide, actinomycin D, as well as more physiological apoptotic agents (lactosylceramide, 15d-PGJ2) increase prostaglandin release in parallel with induction of apoptosis in WISH and amnion epithelial cells. Also, inhibition of prostaglandin release by cyclooxygenase inhibitors or PKA activators is accompanied by a parallel decrease in apoptosis. We hypothesize that amnion prostaglandin metabolism is linked with apoptosis in amnion epithelial cells and thus to membrane rupture. Amnion mesenchymal cells are also critical for membrane integrity. Their susceptibility to apoptotic agents is unknown and is the subject of this report. In amnion epithelial cells, lactosylceramide (125 μ m ) induced 6.5-fold, 20-fold increases in PGE2 and NMP production (apoptosis), respectively. Conversely, in mesenchymal cells, lactosylceramide doses up to 200 μ m had no effect on PGE2 or NMP release. In both cell types, incubation with 15d-PGJ2 (5–100 μ m ) demonstrated dose and time dependent increases in PGE2 and NMP. PKA activators inhibited 15d-PGJ2 induced PGE2 release and apoptotis in epithelial cells, but not in mesenchymal cells, however. Major amnion cell types have different sensitivities to physiological apoptotic agents. Prostaglandin release occurs coincident with apoptosis in both amnion epithelial and mesenchymal cells.
ARE STATE GOVERNMENTS PREPARED FOR FISCAL CRISES? A LOOK AT REVENUE DIVERSIFICATION DURING THE 1990S

The financial condition of state and local governments has long been held as a prominent topic of discussion among government administrators, public economists, and political scholars. This article addresses the competing hypotheses of revenue diversification and revenue complexity and offers an empirical analysis of the various factors that affect state tax revenue diversification. The findings suggest that although political and demographic factors influence the level of state tax revenue diversification, economic factors and whether a state utilizes an income or sales tax to generate revenue represent the greatest determinants of state tax structures. As a result, this article serves as a foundation to initiate the development of a comprehensive theory of the determinants of state tax structures.
Movable fiber probe for gas-phase laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

A movable probe that fiber couples both the beam delivery and the signal collection functions of gas-phase laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) measurements was evaluated. The adjustable probe was used to investigate the effect of delivery fiber curvature on plasma characteristics and the associated effect on LIBS spectra and to further identify issues remaining to facilitate fully fiber-coupled gas-phase LIBS measurements. LIBS data were collected from lean methane-air mixtures of various equivalence ratios and spectroscopically analyzed to establish the ability to determine relative fuel-air ratio. Measurements with straight delivery fiber were compared to those with the fiber curved at specific radii. Decreasing fiber radius of curvature decreased fiber transmission efficiency and reduced the spark formation probability by almost a factor of 2. For constant fiber input energy, this decreased transmission increased the percentage of failed spark formations and influenced the LIBS elemental ratio calculations. However, minimal difference was found between LIBS measurements with straight or curved fiber as long as the output energy and a constant laser beam spot diameter were maintained on the exit beam focusing lens. A significant reduction in data scatter and improved linearity were achieved by using the Balmer series H(alpha) and H(beta) hydrogen emission line ratio as a data selection criterion. Observed linear variation of H/N elemental ratio with equivalence ratio confirmed the possibility of a flexible, light-contained, fully fiber-coupled probe for remote gas-phase LIBS analysis.
Matrix row-column sampling for the many-light problem

Rendering complex scenes with indirect illumination, high dynamic range environment lighting, and many direct light sources remains a challenging problem. Prior work has shown that all these effects can be approximated by many point lights. This paper presents a scalable solution to the many-light problem suitable for a GPU implementation. We view the problem as a large matrix of sample-light interactions; the ideal final image is the sum of the matrix columns. We propose an algorithm for approximating this sum by sampling entire rows and columns of the matrix on the GPU using shadow mapping. The key observation is that the inherent structure of the transfer matrix can be revealed by sampling just a small number of rows and columns. Our prototype implementation can compute the light transfer within a few seconds for scenes with indirect and environment illumination, area lights, complex geometry and arbitrary shaders. We believe this approach can be very useful for rapid previewing in applications like cinematic and architectural lighting design.
Depression as a function of the interaction of self- and environmentally controlled reinforcement

This study evaluated the hypothesis that one subtype of nonpsychotic depression is a function of the interaction of a low frequency of self-administered reinforcement and major reductions in environmentally controlled sources of reinforcement. Eighty-eight nondepressed undergraduates with a tendency to engage in either a high or low frequency of self-reinforcement provided retrospective reports of incidences of depression as well as environmental reductions in reinforcement for the previous month. Persons who engaged in a relatively low frequency of self-reinforcement and who reported a major reduction in environmentally controlled reinforcement were more likely to become depressed than persons in the other conditions.
Direct optical spectroscopy of gas-phase molecular ions trapped and mass-selected by ion cyclotron resonance: laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectrum of hexafluorobenzene (C6F6+)

Abstract The laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) excitation spectrum of gas-phase hexafluorobenzene cations (C6F6+) has been measured at room temperature, by ion trapping and cyclotron frequency-based mass-selection. The optical spectral resolution, vibrational state assignments, and their corresponding wavelengths compare favorably to prior data [J. Chem. Phys. 70 (1979) 138]. The present approach offers a general entry into optical spectroscopy of collisionally stable gas-phase ions.