cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initial results on computational performance of Intel Many Integrated Core (MIC) architecture: implementation of the Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) Purdue-Lin microphysics scheme

Purdue-Lin scheme is a relatively sophisticated microphysics scheme in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The scheme includes six classes of hydro meteors: water vapor, cloud water, raid, cloud ice, snow and graupel. The scheme is very suitable for massively parallel computation as there are no interactions among horizontal grid points. In this paper, we accelerate the Purdue Lin scheme using Intel Many Integrated Core Architecture (MIC) hardware. The Intel Xeon Phi is a high performance coprocessor consists of up to 61 cores. The Xeon Phi is connected to a CPU via the PCI Express (PICe) bus. In this paper, we will discuss in detail the code optimization issues encountered while tuning the Purdue-Lin microphysics Fortran code for Xeon Phi. In particularly, getting a good performance required utilizing multiple cores, the wide vector operations and make efficient use of memory. The results show that the optimizations improved performance of the original code on Xeon Phi 5110P by a factor of 4.2x. Furthermore, the same optimizations improved performance on Intel Xeon E5-2603 CPU by a factor of 1.2x compared to the original code.
Folate content of dairy products measured by microbiological assay with trienzyme treatment

Folate contents of a total of 210 dairy products, including milk, yogurt, ice cream, sherbet, frozen yogurt, pudding, sour cream and cheese, were measured by Lactobacillus casei microbiological assay after the extraction using trienzyme treatment. These values are compared with these using traditional folate conjugase treatment alone and those in previously published food tables. Folate contents by the method using trienzyme treatment were uniformly higher than those using the traditional method and the published contents. To our knowledge, the values published here are the largest collection of folate content of dairy products and can be used to accurately assess dietary folate intake in the general population. Cette etude determine les teneurs en folate de 210 produits laitiers dont du lait, des yaourts, de la creme glacee, du sorbet, du yaourt congele, du pudding, de la creme acide et du fromage en utilisant une nouvelle methode d'extraction du folate appelee traitement trienzyme et un dosage microbiologique. Les valeurs obtenues sont comparees avec celles mesurees par un traitement traditionnel du folate par conjugase et celles publiees anterieurement dans les tables.
Soft X-ray lasing without population inversion in 3He using Pauli principle

We have studied a scheme of lasing without inversion (LWI) that uses the Pauli exclusion principle. We perform simulations to demonstrate the gain at 58 nm using parameters for 3He. The usage of the Pauli principle allows us to meet the necessary condition for LWI and provides also the efficient control of the coupling between X-ray radiation and atomic system. This approach can be extended to other atoms and ions to obtain lasing at shorter wavelengths.
Solubility of alkali metal carboxylates in hydrocarbons

Abstract The solubility of alkali metal, mainly lithium, carboxylates in n -heptane, isooctane, or benzene has been investigated. Regardless of structure variations the solubility of pure aliphatic or alicyclic alkali metal carboxylates was found to be below 10 −4 mole/l. at 27.0°C. It is shown that erroneously high results can be obtained by ( a ) the presence of trace amounts of impurities, ( b ) incomplete separation of the liquid and solid phases, or ( c ) the instability of the colloidal dispersion. The solubility of alkali metal naphthenates or arylstearates is related to the fact that they are mixtures. The exceedingly low solubility of pure alkali metal carboxylates is explained by their inability to form stable micelles in hydrocarbon media.
Output Regulation of Non-Minimum Phase Nonlinear Systems Using Extended High-Gain Observers

Abstract In this paper, a robust output feedback controller for systems in the normal form—which could potentially include unstable zero dynamics—is presented. The control scheme we present incorporates an extended high-gain observer to estimate an unknown function in the system dynamics, in addition to the derivatives of the output. This design scheme is not dependent on any specific type of control law, but continuously implemented sliding mode control was chosen for this paper due to its robustness and the fact that it tends to provide good transient performance. It is shown that regulation can be achieved in the case of an unknown control coefficient and uncertain constant parameters.
The effect of cytosine arabinoside on the synthesis of rapidly labeled RNA during DNA replicating and non-DNA replicating periods of the cell cycle.

Abstract The effects of various concentrations of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) on the rates of DNA and RNA synthesis were investigated during the peak of DNA synthesis, using a naturally synchronized culture of Aedes aegypti (mosquito) cells. During this stage of the cell cycle, the synthesis of both DNA and RNA was found to be progressively inhibited with increasing concentrations of Ara-C. When the same concentrations of Ara-C were added to the culture at a time period when no DNA was being synthesized, it was found that the synthesis of RNA was not inhibited. Rapidly labeled polysomal RNA species were isolated from cultured cells in which DNA was being synthesized. The synthesis of these RNA species is inhibited completely in the presence of a concentration of Ara-C which inhibits 90% of DNA synthesis. It is suggested that during periods of DNA replication, Ara-C is a selective inhibitor of the synthesis of rapidly labeled RNA species or of the processing of these RNA species from the nucleus to the polysomes.
Laser cooling in an optical lattice that employs Raman transitions

We demonstrate laser cooling in an optical lattice that employs Raman transitions. Four laser beams with different frequencies form a one-dimensional lattice with a basic lattice period that is a factor of 2 less than in standard optical lattices. Rb atoms are cooled to $8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$. We measure the intensity- and detuning-dependence of the cooling mechanism. Our experimental results agree well with theoretical models.
Contamination of public ground water supplies by Superfund sites

Multiple sources of contamination can affect ground water supplies, including municipal landfills, industrial operations, leaking underground storage tanks, septic tank systems, and prioritized uncontrolled hazardous waste sites known as “Superfund” sites. A review of Superfund Records of Decision (RODs) in the United States was conducted in this study to obtain information concerning incidents of public ground water supply contamination. Approximately 450 separate RODs or their abstracts were reviewed, and 49 cases with municipal water well contamination were identified. In addition to the 49 pertinent cases, a significant number of RODs listed contaminated ground water as a potential threat to local public water supply wells. The 49 cases were geographically distributed in 21 states throughout the United States. The main source of contamination was industrial operations and other activities associated with industries. In 34 of 49 relevant Superfund cases, industry and related activities were identified ...
DNA immobilization on high aspect ratio glassy carbon (GC-MEMS) microelectrodes for bionanoelectronics applications

We present the immobilization of DNA on a high aspect-ratio glassy carbon microelectrodes patterned using standard photolithography techniques and fabricated from pyrolyzed negative-tone photosensitive polymer, and their subsequent electrical characterization as part of a new bionanoelectronics platform. The 3D glassy carbon microelectrode architecture introduced here consists of mainly high aspect-ratio microelectrode structures (>20 μm height) with amide bond between the carboxylated glassy carbon electrode and aminated ?-DNA bridge suspended between two electrodes. The use of these glassy carbon electrodes patterned through lithography and derived from the pyrolysis of negative-tone resist polymers (hence called GC-MEMS) as opposed to the commonly used metal electrodes offers advantages of an inert carbon electrode surface that is resistant to non-specific binding of salts--an issue that has plagued most ?-DNA attachment experiments reported in the literature. The results demonstrate the ability to immobilize DNA on the surface or generate a DNA bridge between to GC-MEMS electrodes using oxygen plasma functionalization and carbodiimide crosslinking with aminated oligonucleotides. We also discuss in detail (1) the effect of concentration of reactants, (2) pH of the crosslinking reaction, and (3) the use of electrokinetic mixing in promoting DNA attachment on this GC-MEMS platform.
Is Breast Milk Adequate in Meeting the Thiamine Requirement of Infants

Summary 1. Thiamine and pyrimidine have been determined by microfermentation technique in eighteen double collection periods, of four hours each, for fourteen infants. 2. Nine infants receiving unsupplemented breast milk excreted 3.0 μg of thiamine and 9.0 μg of pyrimidine during the first four hours and 6.5 μg of thiamine and 8.4 μg of pyrimidine during the second four hours. The administration of a test thiamine dose between the two periods did not affect the results materially. These infants had received breast milk containing about 20 μg of thiamine per 100 ml., which gave them daily intakes, depending on their size, of between 150 and 210 μg of thiamine. 3. One 22-week-old infant on unsupplemented breast milk excreted 37.1 μg of thiamine after his test dose, as compared to 3.2 μg during the first four hours. He had received milk containing about 23.5 μg of thiamine per 100 ml. to give him an intake of approximately 325 μg of thiamine. 4. Eight infants whose mothers had received vitamin B 1 supplements,or who had been given evaporated milk formulas, excreted larger amounts of both thiamine and pyrimidine than did the unsupplemented breast-fed infants. Averages of 11.6 and 41.6 μg of thiamine and 12.8 and 20.1 μg of pyrimidine were found for the first and second four-hour periods, showing that these infants had not needed to retain their test doses as had the other group of infants. 5. It was concluded that young infants appear to have a minimumthiamine requirement of approximately 200 μg daily. This can just be met by the normal healthy infant if his mother's milk contains 20 or more μg of thiamine per 100 ml. The suggestion is made that 40 μg of thiamine per kilogram may be a practical standard to cover the ordinary needs of the young infant.
The gene expression of adenosine receptors in the processes of contrast induced nephropathy in mouse kidney

Objective: Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is the third leading cause of hospital acquired renal failure. The mechanism of CIN is not fully understood. The objectives of this study were to investigate the expression changes of the four subtypes of adenosine receptors (A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR, and A3AR) following administration of contrast media in mice. Methods: C57BL/6J mice were randomized into treatment and control groups. Iodixanol (IDX) was administered to two treatment groups through retroorbital injection at two different dosages, 0.75 gI/kg and 2.75 gI/kg. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was given to the control group. Mice kidneys were harvested at day 3 and day 7 after Iodixanol administration. Kidney injuries and function were evaluated according to Hematoxylin and eosin stain, Ki67 protein expression, and TUNEL assay of paraffin embedded kidney sections, and plasma creatinine assay. RNA and protein were extracted from the kidney specimens. A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR, and A3AR RNA and protein level of the samples were assessed using qRT-PCR and Western blotting, with GAPDH as an endogenous control. Results: H&E staining showed no significant histopathology injuries after Iodixanol administration. No evidence of kidney injury and functional impairment was found. However, there was an increased number of A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR, and A3AR RNA transcripts detected in the kidney 3 days after Iodixanol injection. The RNA levels in all the four subtypes of adenosine receptors were increased 2 - 3 fold in the day 3 specimens and back to normal at day 7. Western blot demonstrated that A1AR, A2AAR, and A3AR expression increased 1.5 to 2 fold at day 3 and day 7 following Iodixanol injection. A2BAR baseline expression was low in normal physiological conditions and no significant change was detected by Western blot. Conclusions: Iodixanol significantly increases adenosine receptors gene expression in mice. This suggests that adenosine receptors may play a role in the development of CIN.
Metaphor in group mental health consultation

One of the important group process phenomena present in group mental health consultation is the construction of metaphors by group members. This paper reviews the concept of the metaphor, and lists a set of cues to help the consultant identify the existence of a metaphor. In addition, the authors discuss the various functions the metaphor can play in group and individual unconscious and preconscious thinking. Finally, four general strategies for responding to a metaphor are outlined and evaluated. Examples from group mental health consulatation to preservice teachers are provided.
Use of Infrared Microspectroscopy in Plant Growth and Development

Abstract Infrared microspectroscopy (IMS) has emerged as a key technique for the study of plant growth and development. The combination of IMS and synchrotron radiation has enabled researchers to analyze plant development at a cellular level. The spatial distribution of functional groups in plant tissue can be determined by the “chemical imaging” ability of IMS. Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and polarized IR spectroscopies in combination with IMS makes sampling rapid and easy, providing direct analysis in situ. This review covers applications of IMS to study cell wall architecture and the major cell wall components: lignin, cellulose, and polysaccharides; applications for agricultural and feed products; and changes to plant structure due to biotic and abiotic stressors.
Retinol receptors of the retina and pigment epithelium: further characterization and species variation.

Abstract Cytosol (100 000 × g supernatant) fractions of retina, pigment epithelium, liver and brain and also serum samples of diverse animal species demonstrate discrete peaks of bound [3H]retinol as assessed by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. Retina cytosol of rat, guinea pig and chick embryo demonstrates only a 2 S binding species (“receptor”) although bovine retina also has a much more rapidly sedimenting peak. Pigment epithelium and liver show 2 S and 5 S species while brain shows little 2 S binding. Saturation of specific binding sites and reversibility of [3H]retinol binding in chick retina cytosol are observed by both sucrose gradient and gel filtration analysis. Treatment with DNase, neuraminidase or lipase has little effect on retinol binding to the 2 S receptor. From this and a previous study Wiggert and Chader, 1975 we conclude that a limited number of retinol receptors are present in retina and other tissues which are protein in nature and which bind the vitamin with high affinity and specificity.
Hyperiid amphipods from the zooplankton community of the North Pacific central gyre

The hyperiid amphipods have been examined from an extensive series of depthstratified bongo net tows taken at 28°N; 155°W in the North Pacific central gyre, an open-ocean ecosystem. Seventy-nine samples from 6 depth ranges produced 14, 581 individuals belonging to 13 families, 42 genera, and 83 species. Data on depth distributions, rank orders of abundance, sex ratios, and vertical migration are presented. Most of these species are shown to be reproductively active in the gyre, and there appears to be no seasonality to their reproductive behavior. No species endemic to the gyre are yet known.
A study of the stability of a high-power free electron laser utilizing a short Rayleigh length

In order to avoid mirror damage on a high-power free electron laser (FEL), the design can utilize a short Rayleigh length optical cavity in combination with a short magnetic undulator. The short Rayleigh length increases the mode area and reduces the intensity at the mirrors, and also alters the basic FEL interaction and the stability of the laser itself. In particular, mirror misalignment may significantly affect the behavior of the cavity modes. We present simulations showing the effect of mirror tilt on the performance of 100 kW and 1 MW FEL designs with short Rayleigh lengths.
The Three Faces of Synthesis: Bringing Together Quantitative Findings in the Field of Transport and Environmental Policy:

Good policymaking is based on sound information. Seldom, however, does any research work generate findings that are genuinely new. Much research draws upon and extends bodies of existing knowledge ...
Approximate solution of second-order boundary- layer equations.

The Dorodnitzyn method of approximate solution using integral equations is applied to Crocco forms (in which the first-order velocity ratio u replaces the normal distance as an independent variable) of the first- and second-order incompressible, two-dimensional boundarylayer equations. Polynomials in u are used to approximate the first-order shear stress divided by a proper function of u; the function of u insures the convergence of certain first- and second-order integrals. Second-order velocity ratios are also approximated by polynomials in u. The number of strips in the Dorodnitzyn method is equal to the number of undetermined coefficients. However, the number of strips for first- and second-order problems need not be the same. The resultant coupled differential equations are solved by an implicit numerical scheme. Application is made to the analysis of the second-order incompressible boundary-layer development on a two-dimensional Rankine half-body. Vorticity, curvature, and displacement effects are considered. The approximate numerical results compare favorably with those of more accurate numerical computations.
On the derivatives of the stretch and rotation with respect to the deformation gradient

In this paper, a result involving the eigenprojections of the right stretch and its derivative with respect to the deformation gradient is derived, and a related result is found for the rotation. As an application, the form of the constitutive law for an isotropic hyperelastic material in the case when the strain energy function is expressed in terms of the right stretch, is shown to follow at once.
21-cm background anisotropies can discern primordial non-Gaussianity.

The non-Gaussianity of initial perturbations provides information on the mechanism that generated primordial density fluctuations. We find that 21-cm background anisotropies due to inhomogeneous neutral hydrogen distribution prior to reionization captures information on primordial non-Gaussianity better than a high-resolution cosmic microwave background anisotropy map. An all-sky 21-cm experiment over the frequency range from 14 to 40 MHz with angular information out to a multipole of ${10}^{5}$ can limit the primordial non-Gaussianity parameter ${f}_{\mathrm{NL}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.01$.
Ozone depuration of Vibrio vulnificus from the southern quahog clam, Mercenaria campechiensis

Southern quahog clams, Mercenaria campechiensis, were dosed with Vibrio vulnificus and placed in a pilot-scale depuration system using ozonated recirculated artificial seawater. Twenty-four hours of treatment with ozone-treated recirculating artificial seawater reduced the numbers of V. vulnificus in the shellfish meats by an average of 2 log units when compared to natural die-off in control clams. The oxidant levels (up to 3 mg/liter) did not adversely affect shellfish pumping during the depuration process.
The Measurement of Net Space Charge Density Using Air Filtration Methods

The efficiency of a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) or absolute filter for removing charge from an air stream has been measured for a variety of space charge and air flow conditions. Ion densities ranged from lOs to 10 6 /cm 3 and were for positive and negative space charge as well as mixtures. The space charge was made up predominantly of ions with mobilities greater than 0.1 x 10 -4 m 2 /Vs. For all conditions studied, the transmission of the filter was less than 0.1%. For space charge consisting of ions of one polarity, space charge density measurements made using HEPA filters and ion counters may be compared directly. The filter is well suited for accurate measurements of net space charge density.
Testicular regression syndrome — a pathological study of 77 cases

Testicular regression syndrome is characterized by a rudimentary epididymis and spermatic cord with absence of testicular tissue. Although it has been well-described in the surgical literature, few pathological studies have been performed. We report 77 cases of the syndrome, deriving from a 26-year retrospective review. Typical gross descriptions described several cm of spermatic cord with a small mass of firm, fibrotic tissue at one end; elements of the vas deferens, spermatic artery and venous plexuses were usually present. Histologically, the distal expansion of most of the specimens was composed of dense fibrovascular tissue with no evidence of seminiferous tubules or normal testicular elements. Instead, scattered foci of calcification and brown pigment were present. The finding of dystrophic calcification and haemosiderin deposition, with no evidence of viable testicular tissue, in the presence of relatively normal spermatic cord elements, supports the concept of generally unilateral and occasionally bilateral anorchia secondary to remote infarction. The young age of the patients, coupled with the history of an absent testis from birth, is supportive of in utero damage. These histopathological findings provide support for the concept of in utero torsion of the testis as the basis for the testicular regression syndrome.
Graded and Lamina-Specific Distributions of Ligands of EphB Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in the Developing Retinotectal System

Molecular gradients have been postulated to control the topographic mapping of retinal axons in their central targets. Based initially on their expression patterns, and more recently on functional studies, members of the EphA subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin-A ligands have been implicated in the guidance of retinal axons along the anterior–posterior axis of the chick optic tectum. The report that a receptor of the EphB subfamily, EphB2/Cek5/Nuk/Sek3, is expressed in a high ventral to low dorsal gradient in the developing chick retina and is present on ganglion cell axons suggests that it may be involved in the mapping of retinal axons along the corresponding dorsal–ventral axis of the tectum. To address this issue, we have determined the expression and distribution of ephrin-B1/LERK-2/Cek5-L and ephrin-B2/LERK-5/Htk-L/ELF-2, ligands for EphB2, in the developing chick retinotectal system using riboprobes, immunocytochemistry, and receptor affinity probes. Both ephrin-B1 and ephrin-B2 transcripts are expressed in a high dorsal to low ventral gradient in the developing retina, complementary to the distribution of EphB2. Ephrin-B1 and ephrin-B2 proteins are predominantly found in the developing plexiform layers, suggesting a role in the development of intraretinal connections. Neither protein is detected on ganglion cell axons. In tectum, ephrin-B1 transcripts are expressed in a high dorsal to low ventral gradient in the neuroepithelium and the protein is present along the processes of radial glia and is concentrated at their endfeet in the stratum opticum, at the time retinal axons are growing through it. This distribution of ephrin-B1 suggests that it influences retinal axon mapping along the dorsal–ventral tectal axis and may also be involved in intratectal development. In contrast, ephrin-B2 transcripts and protein are localized to the deeper retinorecipient laminae in the tectum at the time retinal axons begin to arborize in them, suggesting that this ligand may influence the laminar patterning of retinal axon terminations.
The psychological impact of false positive elevations of maternal serum α-fetoprotein

The purpose of this study was to assess the psychological impact of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening on pregnant women with false positive elevations of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and on their male partners. Subjects with maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein elevations and their partners exhibited significantly heightened anxiety as measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory following notification of the elevation, and this anxiety persisted until normal results were obtained by further testing. Heightened anxiety was not alleviated by counseling prior to definitive testing. Once normal results were obtained, anxiety returned to control levels and heightened anxiety was not observed throughout the remainder of pregnancy. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein elevations had little effect on maternal attitudes toward pregnancy as measured by the Maternal Attitudes to Pregnancy Inventory. Similarly, no differences were observed between subjects with normal and elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels with regard to depression, marital discord, work attendance, or work productivity.
Studies on determining conformational order in n-alkanes and phospholipids from the 1130 cm−1 raman band

Abstract Conformational disorder in lipid bilayer systems is commonly measured with reference to the intensity of the 1130 cm −1 Raman band. However, estimates of the concentration of gauche bonds may vary by a factor of six according to the model used to relate intensity and concentration. In an effort to narrow the wide range in these estimates, we have measured the intensity of the 1130 cm −1 band of crystalline n -C 21 H 44 in its orthorhombic and hexagonal phases. On transition to the hexagonal phase, the intensity of the 1130 cm −1 band is much reduced. It is assumed that the observed intensity reduction results from the introduction of gauche bonds whose number can be independently estimated from other features in the Raman and infrared spectra. From these measurements we conclude that the intensity of the 1130 cm −1 band is not linearly related to the concentration of gauche bonds and that a disproportionately large decrease in the 1130 cm −1 band intensity results from the introduction of a low concentration of gauche bonds. Thus previous estimates of gauche bond concentrations based on the assumption of a linear relation have tended to greatly overestimate the gauche bond concentration. These results derived from experiment are in accord with those of Pink et al. (Pink, D.A., Green, T.J. and Chapman, D. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 349–356) derived from theory.
Poésie critique and poésie visuelle: Apollinaire's “Les lunettes”

Correspondances entre la thematique et le style de la peinture de Survage et les proprietes formelles du poeme d'A., qui non seulement fait la synthese des divers aspects de l'esthetique de S. mais commente ( " poesie critique ") le role du peintre lui-meme
Multi-component gas transport and adsorption effects during CO2 injection and enhanced shale gas recovery

Abstract A new mathematical model is introduced based on the Maxwell–Stefan formulation to simulate multi-component (CH4–CO2) transport in resource shale. The approach considers competitive transport and adsorption effects in the organic (kerogen) micropores of the shale during CO2 injection and enhanced CH4 recovery. Following the primary production, injection of CO2 into organic-rich shale initiates co- and counter-diffusive transport and competitive sorption among the molecules. Consequently, the incoming CO2 molecules activate and displace the in-place CH4 molecules. Competitive sorption rates, however, could be controlled by the diffusive mass fluxes during the injection and production operations. Nature of the transport processes should therefore be understood clearly. In this paper, we first show that the widely used single-component Langmuir gas behavior is, in fact, a limiting case of the generalized formulation. The latter, however, includes not only the anticipated binary effects (due to the co-existence of two components with different molecular size and adsorption capacity) but also additional nonlinear effects due to the direction of diffusive mass fluxes and to the lateral interactions of the adsorbed gas molecules in the micropores. Following, we incorporate the multi-component formulation to a shale gas flow model to consider CO2 injection and enhanced shale gas recovery processes in a single horizontal well setup with multiple fractures. The simulation involves primary gas production for ten years followed by three-stages of operations including injection of CO2 for five years, a short soaking period, and finally production for 30 years. Dynamics of the production stages is then investigated with varying initial/boundary conditions. It is shown that the counter diffusion and competitive adsorption in the micropores could generate nontrivial effects at the reservoir-scale such that the predicted CH4 production is significantly enhanced. The investigation is important for our understanding and the design of CO2 injection and enhanced shale gas recovery processes.
Neuropathological characterization of mutant amyloid precursor protein yeast artificial chromosome transgenic mice

Mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene result in elevated production and deposition of the 42 amino acid beta-amyloid (Abeta1-42) peptide and early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). To accurately examine the effect of the APP FAD mutations in vivo, we introduced yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) containing the entire genomic copy of human APP harboring FAD mutations into transgenic mice. Our current results demonstrate that mutant APP YAC transgenic mice exhibit many features characteristic of human AD, including regional deposition of Abeta with preferential deposition of Abeta1-42, extensive neuritic abnormalities as evidenced by staining with APP, ubiquitin, neurofilament, and hyperphosphorylated tau antibodies, increased markers of inflammation, and the overlapping deposition of Abeta with apolipoproteins E and J. Our results also suggest that APP YAC transgenic mice possess unique pathological attributes when compared to other transgenic mouse models of AD that may reflect the experimental design of each model.
Cardiovascular Effects of Acute Pulmonary Obstruction in Horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction

Background:Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is common in horses. Although pulmonary artery (PA) pressure increases during RAO, cardiac function in horses with RAO has received limited attention. Hypothesis:The purpose of this study was to noninvasively determine the cardiovascular effects of acute pulmonary obstruction (APO) in horses with RAO and their reversibility. Animals:Five geldings with RAO, inducible by exposure to moldy hay, were studied. Methods:Pulmonary mechanics, echocardiography, serum troponin I concentrations, arterial blood gases, and hematocrit were obtained before and after 7 days of APO. Heart rate, PA diameter and flow characteristics, right and left ventricular Iuminal dimensions and wall thicknesses, global cardiac performance, and evidence of myocardial damage were evaluated. Pulmonary mechanics and echocardiography were reevaluated during remission. Results:Severe, transient APO did not induce chronic cor pulmonale in horses, because cardiac anatomy and function were normal between episodes. An acute episode of APO produced anatomical and functional cardiac changes in both the right and left heart (including increased PA diameter, abnormal septal motion, and decreased left ventricular diameter and estimated stroke volume), possibly because of the development of pulmonary hypertension, without apparent myocardial damage. The decrease in stroke volume was offset by the increase in heart rate. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: With APO of 7 days' duration, cardiovascular abnormalities and the functional airway changes that produce them are reversible when the offending allergens are removed.
Investigation of a sinter process for extraction of Al2O3 from coal wastes

Sinter p r o c e s s e s in the a l u m i n u m indus t ry involve high t e m p e r a t u r e r eac t ion of a luminous o re s to fo rm soluble A1203 compounds. The s i n t e r s a r e leached to ex t rac t A12Oa and the leach l iquors a re subsequent ly t r ea t ed to p rec ip i t a t e A12Oa in pur i f ied fo rm . In p rac t i ce , r ap id r eac t i on dur ing s in t e r ing , rapid leaching and high ex t rac t ion ( recovery of A12Oa f rom the ore) a re d e s i r a b l e . This paper is conce rned p r i m a r i l y with s in t e r r eac t ion c h e m i s t r y for ex t rac t ion of A12Oa f rom high ash coal waste f rom a coal benef ic ia t ion plant . All s i n t e r p r o c e s s e s for A12Oa r e c o v e r y a re s i m i l a r in that l imes tone is added to the benef ic ia ted ore to r e ac t at high t e m p e r a t u r e s with SiO2 to fo rm d ica lc ium s i l i ca te (2CaO 9 SiO2) and COs.
The effect of hydrochloric acid pretreatments on 440C steel surface composition and the adhesion and endurance of sputter-deposited MoS2 solid lubricant films☆

Abstract The effects of substrate pretreatment on substrate surface chemistry and on film-substrate adhesion, and film endurance (wear life) of sputter-deposited molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) on 440C bearing steel were investigated. Specifically, 20% hydrochloric acid-ethanol mixtures were used to etch the steel surface prior to deposition or X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Acid etching inhibited fractures at the film-substrate interface generated by brale indentation testing. XPS indicated that the acid etching removed an iron-rich oxide surface layer, exposing a chromium-rich oxide underlayer on the steel matrix. Acid etching did not significantly affect thrust washer sliding wear life.
A functional model of sensemaking in a neurocognitive architecture

Sensemaking is the active process of constructing a meaningful representation (i.e., making sense) of some complex aspect of the world. In relation to intelligence analysis, sensemaking is the act of finding and interpreting relevant facts amongst the sea of incoming reports, images, and intelligence. We present a cognitive model of core information-foraging and hypothesisupdating sensemaking processes applied to complex spatial probability estimation and decision-making tasks. While the model was developed in a hybrid symbolic-statistical cognitive architecture, its correspondence to neural frameworks in terms of both structure and mechanisms provided a direct bridge between rational and neural levels of description. Compared against data from two participant groups, the model correctly predicted both the presence and degree of four biases: confirmation, anchoring and adjustment, representativeness, and probability matching. It also favorably predicted human performance in generating probability distributions across categories, assigning resources based on these distributions, and selecting relevant features given a prior probability distribution. This model provides a constrained theoretical framework describing cognitive biases as arising from three interacting factors: the structure of the task environment, the mechanisms and limitations of the cognitive architecture, and the use of strategies to adapt to the dual constraints of cognition and the environment.
Bright ideas about parasites

The Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis for parasite-mediated sexual selection in animals has generated much controversy. To resolve the arguments it will be necessary to incorporate many more details of the biology, ecology and evolution of hosts and parasites into studies of sexual selection.
Increased production of PGI2-like activity by frozen-thawed rat aorta.

Abstract The effects of storage conditions, temperature, and time on the ability of the rat thoracic aorta to produce a platelet aggregation inhibitor were investigated. Aortic fragments were incubated in Tris buffer, aliquots of which were then tested for their ability to inhibit ADP-induced human platelet aggregation. The incubation fluid of samples that had been soaked in Tris buffer at 4°C for 24 hours contained no inhibitor activity, whereas the incubation fluid of similar samples that had been kept at 4°C but not soaked in buffer contained comparable inhibitor activity as that of fresh samples. The incubation fluid of samples that had been kept at −20°C or −80°C contained greater inhibitor activity than that of fresh samples, and was maintained in −20°C samples for 7 days, and −80° samples for 28 days. The aortic inhibitor had similar properties as PGI2.
The partially ordered collection of regular ℛ-classes ofS(X)

It is known that the product of two relatively regular operators/'1 and T 2 need not be relatively regular. In fact, T can be relatively regular and T 2 can fail even to have closed range. We study this question by looking at the equation T~T2VT~T2=TxT 2, written as TI WT 2 = T~T 2 (1) and T 2 VT~ = W(2). We show that the family of solutions of (1) can be written as W=S1T~T2S2+U-SITIUTzS 2 where U is an arbitrary operator and St is a pseudo-inverse of T i, i= 1, 2. Substituting in (2) and writing P=T2S2 and Q=SaT 1, we get T2VTI=QP+U-QUP. We show that this last equation has a solution if and only if U=(pQ)2-Qp+PUQ+Q UP-PQUPQ (3). Hence T1T 2 has a pseudo-inverse if (3) has a solution. Using successive approximations, we obtain a sequence
Use of lectins for detection of electrophoretically separated glycoproteins transferred onto nitrocellulose sheets.

Abstract A method of rapidly identifying lectin-binding glycoproteins separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is described. The method is particularly useful for comparing the glycoprotein content of different cell types and fractions. Normal rat liver, Novikoff hepatoma, and rat mammary tumor cell line 13762 MAT-B were fractionated to give purified nuclei and other fractions defined by their sedimentation properties in low ionic strength buffer. The subcellular fractions were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, transferred to nitrocellulose sheets, and localized by an immunochemical method to identify lectin-binding activities. The localization pattern of concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin-binding activities in the fractions from the three cell types showed the greatest similarities between the glycoprotein contents of normal liver and Novikoff hepatoma fractions. On a per-cell basis the purified nuclei from each of the cell types contained less activity overall than did other particulate cell fractions. Washing the nuclei from normal liver and Novikoff hepatoma, but not MAT-B cells, in nonionic detergent removed or depressed most of the lectin-binding activities. However, two major bands were unaffected by the detergent. One of these localized with wheat germ agglutinin at an apparent molecular weight of 62,000 in the nuclei of all three cell types. The other localized with concanavalin A at an apparent molecular weight of 200,000 in normal liver and Novikoff hepatoma nuclei.
Structure of the binuclear metal-binding site in the GAL4 transcription factor

The GAL4 transcription factor from yeast contains within its N-terminal DNA-binding domain an amino acid sequence containing six cysteine residues, C11-X2-C14-X6-C21-X6-C28-X2-C31-X6-C38. The six Cys residues will form a binuclear metal cluster with either Zn(II) or Cd(II) in which two of the -S- donors are bridging ligands between the two metal ions. Binding of Zn(II) or Cd(II) to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain is essential to induce the conformation of GAL4 required for the protein to recognize the specific DNA sequence, UASG, to which GAL4 binds. Evidence for the presence of the binuclear cluster has come from 113Cd NMR and 2D 1H-113Cd heteronuclear NMR studies of the cloned DNA-binding domain of GAL4 consisting of the N-terminal 62 residues, GAL4(62*) [Pan and Coleman (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 2077]. Cd(II) binding to the GAL4 DNA is highly cooperative, thus the Cd2Cys6 cluster is always formed. On the other hand, Zn(II) forms well-defined Zn1 and Zn2 complexes with the DNA-binding domain of GAL4, both of which bind specifically to the UASG DNA sequence. The structural details of the Cd2-, Zn2-, and Zn1GAL4(62*) proteins have been determined by a variety of heteronuclear and 2D NMR techniques. When Cd(II) is exchanged for Zn(II), the cluster appears to expand to accommodate the larger Cd(II) ion as suggested by changes of 2 to 4 Hz in the 3JHN alpha coupling constants for the amino acid residues which form the polypeptide loops enclosing the cluster, residues 10-40. These changes suggest alterations in the backbone phi torsional angles of from 20 degrees to 30 degrees. A metal-ligand structure derived from the 1H-113Cd heteronuclear NMR as well as the polypeptide backbone connectivity around the cluster as determined from short-range 1H-1H NOE's is presented. The metal ions also determine the major folding of GAL4(62*), since the chemical shift dispersion in the entire NH-alpha CH fingerprint region of the 1H-1H COSY spectrum collapses on removal of the metal ion. Two short segments of the GAL4(62*) polypeptide (residues 14-19 and 30-36 in the cluster forms, 12-19 and 30-36 in the Zn1 species) show significant dNN(i,i + 1) NOE's. These short segments of polypeptide chain are the only ones that could be helical in the GAL4(62*).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Mixed function oxidases and nitroreductases in hepatopancreas of homarus americanus

Abstract 1. The oxidase activity of the hepatopancreas subcellular fractions was tested using ethylmorphine, biphenyl and aniline substrates. Only aniline was oxidatively hydroxylated. 2. The oxidase activity resided in the soluble fraction, required NADPH and oxygen, and proceeded faster at 20° than 37°C. 3. p-Nitrobenzoic acid was readily reduced to p-aminobenzoic acid by hepatopancreas homogenates. 4. The nitroreductase activity was chiefly in the soluble fraction, and in lesser amounts in the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions; the activity of the latter tended to be unstable. 5. Mitochondrial nitroreductase was more active in the presence of NADH than NADPH. 6. The soluble nitroreductase was most active in the presence of NADPH. However, NADH dependent nitroreductase of the soluble fraction could be stimulated by addition of FAD or FMN, but the NADPH dependent soluble reductase was inhibited by the flavins.
Higher Vibration Modes by Matrix Iteration

References 1 Sokolnikoff, I. S., Mathematical Theory of Elasticity, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1946. 2 Wang, J. T.-S. and Hsu, T. M., "Analysis of a Panel Partially Cracked Along Midline Between Two Edges," Rep. SMN 287, April 1970, Lockheed-Georgia Co., Marietta, Ga. 3 Crandall, S. H., Engineering Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1956. 4 Wang, J. T.-S., "Orthogonally Stiffened Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Internal Pressure," AIAA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3, March 1970, pp. 455-461.
Contributions of nanodiamond abrasives and deionized water in magnetorheological finishing of aluminum oxynitriden

ABSTRACT Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) is a sub-aperture deterministic process for fabricating high-precision optics by removing material and smoothing the surface. The goal of this work is to study the relative contribution of nanodiamonds and water in material removal for MRF of aluminum oxynitride ceramic (ALON) based upon a nonaqueous magnetorheological (MR) fluid. Removal was enhanced by a high carbonyl iron concentration and the addition of nanodiamond abrasives. Sma ll amounts of deionized (DI) water were introduced into the nonaqueous MR fluid to further influence the material removal process. Materi al removal data were collected with a spot-taking machine. Drag force (F d ) and normal force (F n ) before and after adding nanodiamonds or DI water were measured with a dual load cell. Both drag force and normal force were insensitive to the addition of nanodiamonds but increased with DI water content in the nonaqueous MR fluid. Shear stress (i.e., drag force divided by spot area) was calculated, and examined as a function of nanodiamond concentration and DI water concentration. Volumetric removal rate increased with increasing shear stress, which was shown to be a result of increasing viscosity after adding nanodiamonds and DI water. This work demonstrates that removal rate for a hard ceramic with MR F can be enhanced by adding DI water into a nonaqueous MR fluid. Key words: magnetorheological finishing (MRF), viscosity, drag forc e, shear force, normal force, coefficient of friction, nonaqueous fluid, chemical mechanical polishing, aluminum oxynitride (ALON)
The enthalpies of formation of iodoethane, 1,2-diiodoethane, 1,3-diiodopropane, and 1,4-diiodobutane

Abstract The standard molar enthalpies of formation at the temperature 298.15 K of iodoethane, 1,2-diiodoethane, 1,3-diiodopropane, and 1,4-diiodobutane have been measured by rotating combustion calorimetry. The following results were obtained: Δ f H o m (C 2 H 5 I, l) = -(39.1 ± 0.8) kJ·mol -1 Δ f H o m (C 2 H 4 I 2 , cr) = (9.3 ± 0.8) kJ·mol -1 ;Δ f H o m (C 3 H 6 I 2 , l) = -(8.9 ± 1.4) kJ·mol -1 ; Δ f H o m (C 4 H 8 I 2 ,l) = (30.0 ± 2.0) kJ·mol -1 . The results have been combined with the molar enthalpies of vaporization and sublimation to give the values for the gas phase.
Feather coloration in museum specimens is related to feather corticosterone

Colorful ornaments in birds are often sexually selected signals of quality, and variation in ornament expression may be mediated by physiological stress through the secretion of corticosterone. However, testing for links between ornamentation and corticosterone often requires sampling live animals, and such physiological measures may not be matched in the time span in which they were sampled (e.g., very dynamic plasma corticosterone vs. plumage coloration, which is relatively static). Here, we use museum specimens to test for a link between the color of a sexual ornament and feather corticosterone at the time of ornament formation. In red-winged blackbirds, Agelaius phoeniceus, carotenoid-based epaulets appear to be important in male–male social interactions, territory maintenance, and female choice. We measured reflectance spectra of adult male epaulets and plucked adjacent feathers for corticosterone analysis via radioimmunoassay. We controlled for differences in the number of mates, specimen age, and geography by selecting only males with one mate and only birds collected in Florida during a 3-year period. Epaulet hue and red chroma did not vary with feather corticosterone, but males whose epaulets scored high for mean brightness and red brightness had significantly lower corticosterone than males with low brightness scores. This correlation with brightness but not hue or chroma is consistent with an effect of corticosterone (CORT) on feather microstructure, with elevated CORT leading to lower reflectance of white light from the keratin matrix surrounding the carotenoid pigments.