cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective processing of body image words in women at-risk for developing an eating disorder: A preliminary study

We evaluated the utility of the Modified Stroop task as a measure of body image concerns in women at-risk for an eating disorder. Data were collected among 31 participants from an eating disorder prevention program. The Modified Stroop was significantly associated with overeating episodes and an explicit measure of shape concern. The traditional Stroop effect was found while the Modified Stroop effect was non-significant. The results raise questions about the Modified Stroop task’s utility in identifying at-risk women. Methodological and clinical implications are discussed.
Resilience and Justice

The term resilience has become the popular formulation for plans that deal with preparedness for disaster. It implies adaptation rather than returning to a pre-crisis state. Its use has been extended from environmental events to social and economic crises. Its fault is that it obfuscates underlying conflict and the distribution of benefits resulting from policy choices. Development of resilience policies is cloaked in complicated models showing complexity and indeterminacy. Marxist analysis provides insights that cut through the failure of these models to assign agency, but it does not offer approaches short of revolution to assist present-day planning. The conclusion of the essay presents strategies that can lead to greater justice in planning to cope with the impacts of devastating events.
Low flagellar motor torque and high swimming efficiency of Caulobacter crescentus swarmer cells.

We determined the torque of the flagellar motor of Caulobacter crescentus for different motor rotation rates by measuring the rotation rate and swimming speed of the cell body and found it to be remarkably different from that of other bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Vibrio alginolyticus. The average stall torque of the Caulobacter flagellar motor was ∼350 pN nm, much smaller than the values of the other bacteria measured. Furthermore, the torque of the motor remained constant in the range of rotation rates up to those of freely swimming cells. In contrast, the torque of a freely swimming cell for V. alginolyticus is typically ∼20% of the stall torque. We derive from these results that the C. crescentus swarmer cells swim more efficiently than both E. coli and V. alginolyticus. Our findings suggest that C. crescentus is optimally adapted to low nutrient aquatic environments.
Racial and Gender Differences on Sources of Acute Stress and Coping Style Among Competitive Athletes

The authors examined racial and gender differences on sport-related sources of acute stress that competitive athletes perceived as highly intense and experienced during the competitive event. Athletes (N = 332, 176 men, 156 women; 59 African Americans: 27 men, 32 women; 232 Caucasians: 125 men, 107 women; and 41 Hispanics: 24 men, 17 women) who competed in sport on a high school or college team participated in this study. The sources of the acute stress and the coping style in sport scales, which M. H. Anshel and T. Sutarso (2007) developed, required the athletes to indicate their perceived stress intensity and their "typical" coping responses after experiencing the two stressors they perceived as most intense. A multivarite analysis of variance indicated that Caucasians experienced higher stress intensity more often than did African Americans on each of two sources of acute stress, and Caucasians tended to use an approach-behavior coping style. Women reported higher stress intensity for coach-related sources of acute stress and used approach-behavioral and avoidance-cognitive coping styles more often than did their male counterparts. Hispanic athletes did not differ from other groups on any measure. The authors conclude that race and gender influence the coping process in competitive sport.
Comparison of Values of Alaska Native and Non-Native Alcoholics and Counselors

Values of 42 Alaska Native clients, 30 Alaska Native counselors, and 19 non-Native counselors at seven Indian Health Service inpatient alcoholism treatment programs in Alaska are compared. Using the Rokeach Value Survey, differences were revealed on six instrumental values and six terminal values. The primary value disparities were between the Alaska Native groups and non-Native counselors. Specifically, both Alaska Native groups placed greater importance on values that were other-focused while the non-Native counselors placed more importance on values that were self-focused. Minor differences were noted also between clients and both groups of counselors. Therapeutic implications of such values disparities are discussed as are possible avenues to remediate the problem.
Alcohol consumption, physical activity, and chronic disease risk factors: a population-based cross-sectional survey.

Background Whether the association of alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease is the product of confounding and the degree to which this concern applies to other behaviors are unclear.
Semi-leptonic weak and electromagnetic interactions in the Goldhaber-- Teller model

Abstract We employ the Goldhaber-Teller model in an investigation of semi-leptonic weak and electromagnetic excitations in a series of doubly even light nuclei. We examine electron scattering, a comprehensive set of weak interactions (μ-capture, β-decay, neutrino-induced reactions, muon-induced reactions) with particular emphasis on the identification of second-class tensor current effects, and inelastic neutrino scattering via neutral current interactions.
Education, Occupational Status, and Illness:

This study investigates the direct and indirect effects of education on an individual's self-reported work hours lost due to illness with data from the Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics. It is argued that education can influence health directly through greater knowledge of health problems, and indirectly by allowing access to a high-status job. Although the measure of ill-health used in the study may not be entirely accurate, and the model only allows for causation running from education, earnings, and occupational status to illness rather than vice-versa, the results suggest that education has only significant indirect effects and no direct effects on ill-health. If education affects health only through allowing the individual access to a higher status job and if the proportion of higher status jobs is relatively constant, then increased education will not enhance public health.
Postendocytotic trafficking of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-FSH receptor complex.

Although the fates of the internalized hormone-receptor complexes formed by the lutropin/choriogonadotropin and the TSH receptors have been examined in some detail, much less is known about the fate of the internalized FSH-FSH receptor (FSHR) complex. Using biochemical and imaging approaches we show here that the majority of the internalized FSH-FSHR complex accumulates in endosomes and subsequently recycles back to the cell surface where the bound, intact hormone dissociates back into the medium. Only small amounts of FSH and the FSHR are routed to a lysosomal degradation pathway, and the extent of FSH-induced down-regulation of the cell surface and total FSHR is minimal. This pathway was detected in heterologous (human kidney 293T) cells transfected with the rat (r) or human (h) FSHR as well as in a mouse Sertoli cell line (MSC-1) or a mouse granulosa cell line (KK-1) transfected with the rFSHR.Additional experiments using a series of C-terminal deletions of the rFSHR and the hFSHR showed that the recycling of the internalized FSH-FSHR complex and the extent of hFSH-induced down-regulation is dictated by a short stretch of amino acids present at the extreme C-terminal end of the receptor.We conclude that most of the internalized FSH-FSHR complex is recycled back to the cell surface, that this recycling pathway is highly dependent on amino acid residues present near the C terminus of the FSHR, and that it is an important determinant of the extent of down-regulation of the FSHR.
Estimation of Convective Rainfall from Lightning Observations

Abstract The objective of this study is to develop a technique to use lightning observations for estimating convective rainfall. A framework for rainfall estimation is developed in which key elements are 1) the rainfall–lightning ratio, that is, the convective rainfall mass per cloud-to-ground lightning flash; 2) the spatial distribution of rainfall relative to flash locations; and 3) the temporal distribution of rainfall relative to the time of lightning occurrence. These three elements are examined through a study of 22 summer thunderstorms in the domain covered by the Melbourne, Florida, WSR-88D radar during August of 1992 and 1993. The analyses are carried out by combining lightning observations from the National Lightning Detection Network with storm parameters computed from 3D reflectivity observations using the Thunderstorm Identification Tracking and Nowcasting storm-tracking and analysis algorithms. The effect of the prevailing convective regime on the variability of lightning–rainfall relationsh...
Interruption of endometrial maturation without hormonal changes by an antiprogesterone during the first half of luteal phase of the menstrual cycle: a contraceptive potential *

Objective To examine hormonal and endometrial responses to intermittent low-dose RU486 administration in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Design Prospective open trial in which subjects serve as their own controls. Patients/Participants Eight normal cycling women. Interventions RU486 (10mg, orally) was administered 5 and 8 days after urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) surge of treatment cycle. Main Outcome Measures Daily serum concentrations of LH, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol (E 2 ), and progesterone (P) were determined in control, treatment, and recovery cycles (n=5) or treatment and recovery cycles (n=3). Changes in endometrial morphology and immunohistochemical staining for P receptor (PR) and E 2 receptor (ER) were determined during control (or recovery) and treatment cycles. Results Cycle length and hormonal patterns were unaltered after treatment with RU486. As demonstrated by reduced stromal edema and delayed glandular development, endometrial dyssynchrony occurred in all eight treatment cycles. In addition, seven of eight treatment cycle endometria demonstrated a decrease in PR staining without consistent change in ER staining. Conclusions Two low doses of RU486 given 72 hours apart during the luteal phase of the cycle disrupted ongoing endometrial maturation without altering the hormonal and time course of the menstrual cycle. This study provides a basis for the development of a novel form of luteal contraception.
Effect of Cladding Residual Stress Modeling Technique on Shallow Flaw Stress Intensity Factor in a Reactor Pressure Vessel

Prior probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) analysis of reactor pressure vessels (RPVs) subjected to normal cool-down transients has shown that shallow, internal surface-breaking flaws dominate the RPV failure probability. This outcome is caused by the additional crack driving force generated near the clad interface due to the mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between the cladding and base material, which elevates the thermally induced stresses. The CTE contribution decreases rapidly away from the cladding, making this effect negligible for deeper flaws. The probabilistic fracture mechanics code FAVOR (Fracture Analysis of Vessels, Oak Ridge) uses a stress-free temperature model to account for residual stresses in the RPV wall due to the cladding application process. This paper uses finite element analysis to compare the stresses and stress intensity factor during a cool-down transient for two cases: (1) the existing stress-free temperature model adopted for use in FAVOR, and (2) directly applied RPV residual stresses obtained from empirical measurements made at room temperature. It was found that for a linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis, the application of measured room temperature stresses resulted in a 10% decrease in the peak stress intensity factor during a cool-down transient as compared to the stress-free temperature model.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Back and Lower Extremity Pain

Low back pain affects about 60% of adults at some point during their lives and becomes chronic for about one in four patients. Most cases of low back pain are caused by nonspecific conditions responding to conservative therapy. Thoracic spine pain may occur due to myofascial pain, vertebral fractures, post-herpetic neuralgia, and metastatic disease. Hip and knee pain commonly occur due to musculoskeletal conditions, such as arthritis and bursitis. Common causes of chronic foot pain include plantar fasciitis, Morton's neuroma, tarsal tunnel syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, and peripheral vascular disease.
The Spanish Colonial Question1

The Napoleonic Wars had virtually assured the emancipation of Spanish America, but European recognition of this newly won independence remained as important diplomatic question for a decade thereafter (1815–1825). By the fall of 1822, this question, like the slave trade, had become an issue to be decided primarily between Britain and France, since the interests of the other continental powers were only remotely involved. The role of the Congress of Verona, appears to have been that of a watershed in the colonial quest for European recognition.
Cirrhosis is under-recognised in patients subsequently diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer

Summary Background Most clinical practice guidelines recommend screening for HCC in patients with cirrhosis. However, patients with compensated cirrhosis are often asymptomatic and may remain unrecognised for years. Aims To determine the extent to which cirrhosis is unrecognised in a US Veteran population with HCC, and to evaluate the association between lack of cirrhosis recognition and stage of HCC at diagnosis. Methods We reviewed the electronic medical records of a random sample of HCC cases diagnosed in the national Veterans Affairs system between 2005 and 2011. We conducted multivariable analyses adjusting for patients’ demographics, comorbidity, aetiology of underlying disease and healthcare utilisation including HCC surveillance. Results Of 1201 patients with HCC and cirrhosis, 24.6% had unrecognised cirrhosis prior to HCC diagnosis. Older patients [>65 years, odds ratio (OR) 2.32], African Americans (OR 1.93), patients with alcoholic or NAFLD liver disease (OR 1.69 and 4.77 respectively), HIV (OR 3.02), and fewer comorbidities (Deyo 0 vs. 3, OR 2.42) had significantly higher odds of having unrecognised cirrhosis than comparison groups. Furthermore, patients with unrecognised cirrhosis were 6.5 times more likely to have advanced stage HCC at diagnosis. The effect of cirrhosis recognition on HCC stage remained significant after adjusting for pre-specified covariates (OR 3.37). Conclusions In one quarter of patients, cirrhosis was unrecognised prior to HCC diagnosis, and this group was significantly more likely to have advanced stage HCC. These findings emphasise the importance of timely evaluation for cirrhosis in at-risk populations as a critical step to improving outcomes for patients with HCC.
ON THE COEXISTENCE AND COEVOLUTION OF ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL COMPETITORS.

The coexistence and coevolution of sexual and asexual species under resource competition are explored with three models: a nongenetic ecological model, a model including single locus genetics, and a quantitative-genetic model. The basic assumption underlying all three models is that genetic differences are translated into ecological differences. Hence if sexual species are genetically more variable, they will be ecologically more variable. Under classical competition theory, this increased ecological variability can, in many cases, be an advantage to individual sexual genotypes and to the sexual species as a whole. The purpose of this paper is to determine the conditions when this advantage will outway three disadvantages of sexuality: the costs of males, of segregation, and of the additive component of recombination. All three models reach similar conclusions. Although asexuality confers an advantage, it is much less than a two-fold advantage because minor increases in the overall species niche width of the sexual species will offset the reproductive advantage of the asexual species. This occurs for two reasons. First, an increase in species niche width increases the resource base of the sexual species. Second, to the extent that the increase in niche width is due to increased differences between individuals, a reduction in intraspecific competition will result. This is not to imply that the sexual species will always win. The prime conditions that enable sexual species to stably coexist with or even supplant an asexual sister species are: relatively high between-genotype (but within-species) niche differentiation; significant niche differences between the species; low environmental variance; severe resource exploitation; larger within-phenotype niche width in the sexual species than in the asexual species. Spatial or temporal heterogeneities are not required in this model. This is an important difference between this model and other models for sexual advantage. Instead, depletion of resources used by common genotypes creates a rare-genotype advantage. The sexual species, with its great diversity of genotypes, is better equipped to capture this advantage. Although the mechanisms of our model are framed in terms of competition for shared resources, the important factor is that it generates frequency-dependent fitnesses. Other frequency-dependent ecological mechanisms, such as shared predators with functional responses, or shared genotypically-specific parasites, would work as well.
Retrospective-Cost-Based Adaptive State Estimation and Input Reconstruction for a Maneuvering Aircraft with Unknown Acceleration

A method is presented to obtain state estimates for a possibly nonminimum-phase system in the presence of unknown harmonic inputs. The method estimates the states and reconstructs the unknown harmonic input. An adaptive feedback model injects an input into the estimator such that the error between the estimator output and the actual output converges to zero despite the presence of the unknown harmonic input. Using input reconstruction based on a retrospective cost, the unknown harmonic input is reconstructed. Using the reconstructed input, the parameters of the adaptive feedback system are updated using recursive least squares. Results are presented for a rigid body, a damped rigid body, and a 2D missile with a three-loop autopilot topology.
Effects of Allelochemics on the Black Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon;1 Effects of p-Benzoquinone, Hydroquinone, and Duroquinone on Larval Growth, Development, and Utilization of Food2

The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), is a highly polyphagous species; therefore, the larvae are subjected to a wide variety of allelochemics. We have tested the hypothesis that some allelochemics may exert chronic effects on rate of growth, ingestion of food, utilization of food, and pupation. Growth and pupation were inhibited by p-benzoquinone. It inhibited growth by reducing ingestion. The reduced form of p-benzoquinone, hydroquinone, was not biologically active in our experiments. Duroquinone, a synthetic, inhibited survival, growth, and pupation. It inhibited growth by reducing ingestion, the efficiency of conversion of assimilated food, and the overall efficiency of conversion of ingested food. The biologically active concentrations were well within the range at which many allelochemics occur in plants.
Analysis of the status of echinococcosis epidemic at the fourth agricultural division of Xinjiang production and construction corps

Objective The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of echinococcosis at the fourth agricultural division, aiming to provide a reference for the control of echinococcosis epidemic. Methods The incidence, infection rate of children, infection rate of canines, infection conditions of viscus of livestocks, and awareness rate on the knowledge of echinococcosis prevention and control at the fourth agricultural division were surveyed in accordance with the National Echinococcosis Prevalence Survey Plan and the Corps Echinococcosis Prevalence Survey Plan. The obtained survey data were digitized and used to establish a database; the data were analyzed by Epi Infor 2007. Results Analysis of the prevalence of echinococcosis and echinococcosis infections among 3 618 residents in 855 households in 16 companies of 7 corps from 18 corps of the fourth agricultural division showed that the incidence of echinococcosis, child infection rate, canine infection rate, and infection rate of viscus of livestocks were 0.19%, 2.14%, 0.625%, and 0.97%, respectively, and the awareness rate on the knowledge of echinococcosis prevention and control was 73.55%. Conclusion Incidence of echinococcosis at the fourth agricultural division is relatively low. Prevalence of the disease is primarily influenced by economics, geological environments, natural conditions, and cultural environments. Government guidance and coordination and cooperation of various agencies are required to effectively control the epidemic of echinococcosis.
Urinary Tract Infections Occurring in Recent Spinal Cord Injury Patients on Intermittent Catheterization

AbstractDuring a 28-month interval 70 spinal cord injury patients in the initial rehabilitation hospitalization underwent 5,052 days of intermittent catheterization. Intermittent catheterization was done with a sterile technique and a neomycin-polymyxin irrigant. At the time of transfer to our facility 39 patients were using Foley catheter drainage but no difficulty was encountered when these patients were changed to intermittent catheterization. While on intermittent catheterization 52 urinary tract infections occurred, half caused by gram-positive cocci, 24 by gram-negative bacilli and 2 by Candida albicans. These infections occurred in 38 patients (54 per cent) at an over-all rate of 10.3 infections per 1,000 patient-days of intermittent catheterization. Only 2 infections were symptomatic and these occurred in patients on pass who unilaterally discontinued intermittent catheterization. Only 6 infections were not cured by antimicrobial therapy. Urinary tract infection was less common in patients who had...
Endocrine radionuclide scintigraphy with fusion single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography.

Endocrine radionuclide scintigraphy with fusion single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography
Enzymatic Requirements for Non-Canonical Proton Import by Na/K Pumps

The Na/K pump hydrolyzes one ATP molecule to export 3 Na+ and import 2 K+ across the plasma membrane. Its reaction cycle involves a set of reversible conformational changes between phosphorylated and dephosphorylated states alternately opening ion binding sites externally (E2) or internally (E1), depending on ion (Na+, K+) and ligand (ATP, ADP, PO4, etc.) binding. Under whole-cell voltage clamp, with conditions that promote E2-P (high Na+i and ATP) and sub-saturating [Na+]o and [K+]o, the pump passively imports protons generating an inward current (IH). To elucidate the partial reactions involved in this non-canonical transport mode, we evaluated the effects of intracellular application of transported ions and ligands on giant inside-out patches excised from Xenopus oocytes heterologously expressing Na/K pumps. Without Na+ o or K+o in the pipette, IH activation by ATP in the presence of K+i was ∼1/8th of that observed in Na+i. ADP did not activate IH in Na+i, but activated it like ATP in K+i. The [Na+i]-dependence at saturating [ATP] showed K0.5, Na = 2 mM and the [ATP]-dependence at saturating [Na+i] yielded K0.5, ATP = 55 μM. Comparatively, the voltage-dependent transient currents caused by external binding/release of Na+o, required Na+i and ATP with K0.5, Na = 1 mM and K0.5, ATP = 0.4 μM, respectively. These data indicate that IH requires low affinity binding of ATP to externally open E2 conformations and that the Na+- and K+-free E2 state allowing proton flow can be reached from E1 either through forward pump phosphorylation in the presence of Na+i or backward, through binding of intracellular K, even in the absence of PO4. The smaller current with Ki solutions must reflect the lower probability of external K release from the unphosphorylated E2 compared to E2P. NSF MCB-1515434 and NIH GM-061583.
Emergency Department Presentation of Patients with Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection

Abstract Background Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an infrequently recognized but potentially fatal cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) that disproportionately affects women. Little is currently known about how patients with SCAD initially present. Objectives We sought to describe patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) with symptoms of SCAD to improve providers’ awareness and recognition of this condition. Patients and Methods We performed a retrospective medical record review of all patients who presented to the ED of a single academic medical center from January 1, 2002 through October 31, 2015 and were subsequently diagnosed with SCAD by angiography. These patients were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes and a Boolean search of the diagnosis field of the medical record. Data regarding patients’ presentations and course were abstracted by two independent reviewers. Results We identified 20 episodes of SCAD involving 19 patients, all of whom were female. The majority of patients had 0–1 conventional cardiovascular disease risk factors. Most patients had chest pain (85%), initial electrocardiograms without evidence of ischemia (85%), and elevated initial troponin (72%). The most common diagnosis in providers’ differential was acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Conclusion Patients with SCAD present with similar symptoms compared to patients with ACS caused by atherosclerotic disease, but have different risk profiles. Providers should consider SCAD in patients presenting with symptoms concerning for ACS, especially in younger female patients without traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors, as their risk may be significantly underestimated with commonly used ACS risk-stratifiers.
Players and Contestation Mechanisms in the Journalism Field

Journalism awards have been staples of professional journalism since the beginning of the twentieth century with the introduction of the Pulitzer Prizes. Dozens of awards programs have emerged since then to recognize journalists and news organizations working in print, broadcast, and online news media. This study uses data from the 1969, 1998, and 2008 editions of Awards, Honors & Prizes to consider how major journalism awards programs have advanced alongside shifts in the journalistic field overall. Considering journalism as a professionalized field, the analysis examines how journalism awards confer legitimacy for agents who are recognized while also highlighting the key players in the field, including founders, sponsors, judges, and participants, who vie for legitimacy. The findings address how the emergence and evolution of journalism awards programs mirror changes in the journalism field historically, including the education and socialization of journalists, economic and geographic shifts, and the ad...
The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement

ABSTRACTThis essay explores the changing character of public discourse in the Age of Twitter. Adopting the perspective of media ecology, the essay highlights how Twitter privileges discourse that is simple, impulsive, and uncivil. This effect is demonstrated through a case study of Donald J. Trump's Twitter feed. The essay concludes with a brief reflection on the end times: a post-truth, post-news, President Trump, Twitter-world.
Why tolerance invites resistance

Bacteria use two strategies to avoid being killed by antibiotics: resistance and tolerance. Resistance mechanisms such as destruction of a drug or modification of its target allow bacteria to grow in the presence of antibiotics. Tolerance is a property of dormant, nongrowing bacterial cells in which antibiotic targets are inactive, allowing bacteria to survive. The two phenomena are mechanistically distinct and assumed to be unrelated. On page 826 of this issue, Levin-Reisman et al. ( 1 ) show that tolerance nevertheless leads to resistance.
The role of high-resolution computed tomography in the follow-up of diffuse lung disease: Number 2 in the Series “Radiology” Edited by Nicola Sverzellati and Sujal Desai

High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the lung is a key component of the multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis in diffuse lung disease (DLD). HRCT also plays an important role in the follow-up of patients with established DLD. In this respect, serial HRCT examinations may provide valuable information that cannot be determined from clinical history and other diagnostic tests, such as pulmonary function tests. Important roles of HRCT in this context include assisting in determining prognosis, monitoring for the efficacy of treatment, detecting progression of disease or complications, and evaluating patients with worsening or acute symptoms. Both clinicians and radiologists should be aware of the expected evolution of HRCT changes in a variety of DLDs. The goals of this paper are to discuss: 1) the expected evolution of HRCT findings over time in common DLDs; 2) the role of serial HRCT examinations in formulating an initial diagnosis; and 3) the role of HRCT in the follow-up of patients with known DLD.
Grape Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) Biology and Management on Grapes

Grape scale, Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock), is a pest of grapes, Vitus spp., in the south-central United States. This study compared Julian days and cumulative degree-days (DD at base 10°C accumulat...
Parenting to Reduce Child Screen Time: A Feasibility Pilot Study

Objective Excessive screen time has been associated with a multitude of child health problems. This pilot study examined the feasibility and preliminary outcome of a novel 1-session intervention designed to help parents reduce their child's screen time. Methods Thirty-nine parents of 5- to 12-year-old children were randomized to the intervention (a combined didactics and hands-on approach focused on technology-specific parenting) or waitlist control group. Results The findings suggested that a sample could be recruited in a reasonable time (6 wk) at a reasonable cost, randomized, and retained at 6 weeks postintervention. Preliminary evidence suggested the intervention, which was implemented with fidelity, was associated with change in technology-specific parenting and 1 of 2 measures of child screen time. Parents reported satisfaction with the intervention and confidence in managing their child's screen time. Conclusion The results of this pilot study suggest that this 1-session intervention is a promising approach to managing child screen time.
Viability analysis for multiple populations

Abstract Many species of conservation interest exist solely or largely in isolated populations. Ideally, prioritization of management actions among such populations would be guided by quantitative estimates of extinction risk, but conventional methods of demographic population viability analysis (PVA) model each population separately and require temporally extensive datasets that are rarely available in practice. We introduce a general class of statistical PVA that can be applied to many populations at once, which we term multiple population viability analysis or MPVA. The approach combines models of abundance at multiple spatial locations with temporal models of population dynamics, effectively borrowing information from more data-rich populations to inform inferences for data-poor populations. Covariates are used to explain population variability in space and time. Using Bayesian analysis, we illustrate the method with a dataset of Lahontan cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi ) observations that previously had been analyzed with conventional PVA. We find that MPVA predictions are similar in bias and higher in precision than predictions from simple PVA models that treat each population individually; moreover, the use of covariates in MPVA allows for predictions in minimally-sampled and unsampled populations. The basic MPVA model can be extended in multiple ways, such as by linking to a sampling and observation model to provide a full accounting of uncertainty. We conclude that the approach has great potential to expand the use of PVA for species that exist in multiple, isolated populations.
In-Line Monitoring of Amino Acids in Mammalian Cell Cultures using Raman Spectroscopy and Multivariate Chemometrics Models

The application of PAT for in-line monitoring of biopharmaceutical manufacturing operations has a central role in developing more robust and consistent processes. Various spectroscopic techniques have been applied for collecting real-time data from cell culture processes. Among these, Raman spectroscopy has been shown to have advantages over other spectroscopic techniques, especially in aqueous culture solutions. Measurements of several process parameters such as glucose, lactate, glutamine, glutamate, ammonium, osmolality and VCD using Raman-based chemometrics models have been reported in literature. The application of Raman spectroscopy, coupled with calibration models for amino acid measurement in cell cultures, has been assessed. The developed models cover four amino acids important for cell growth and production: tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and methionine. The chemometrics models based on Raman spectroscopy data demonstrate the significant potential for the quantification of tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine. The model for methionine would have to be further refined to improve quantification.
Association between early life adversity and risk for poor emotional and physical health in adolescence a putative mechanistic neurodevelopmental pathway

Importance Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with poor mental and physical health outcomes. However, the mechanism of this effect, critical to enhancing public health, remains poorly understood. Objective To investigate the neurodevelopmental trajectory of the association between early ACEs and adolescent general and emotional health outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective longitudinal study that began when patients were aged 3 to 6 years who underwent neuroimaging later at ages 7 to 12 years and whose mental and physical health outcomes were observed at ages 9 to 15 years. Sequential mediation models were used to investigate associations between early ACEs and brain structure, emotion development, and health outcomes longitudinally. Children were recruited from an academic medical center research unit. Exposure Early life adversity. Main Outcomes and Measures Early ACEs in children aged 3 to 7 years; volume of a subregion of the prefrontal cortex, the inferior frontal gyrus, in children aged 6 to 12 years; and emotional awareness, depression severity, and general health outcomes in children and adolescents aged 9 to 15 years. Results The mean (SD) age of 119 patients was 9.65 (1.31) years at the time of scan. The mean (SD) ACE score was 5.44 (3.46). The mean (SD) depression severity scores were 2.61 (1.78) at preschool, 1.77 (1.58) at time 2, and 2.16 (1.64) at time 3. The mean (SD) global physical health scores at time 2 and time 3 were 0.30 (0.38) and 0.33 (0.42), respectively. Sequential mediation in the association between high early ACEs and emotional and physical health outcomes were found. Smaller inferior frontal gyrus volumes and poor emotional awareness sequentially mediated the association between early ACEs and poor general health (model parameter estimate = 0.002; 95% CI, 0.0002-0.056) and higher depression severity (model parameter estimate = 0.007; 95% CI, 0.001-0.021) in adolescence. An increase from 0 to 3 early ACEs was associated with 15% and 25% increases in depression severity and physical health problems, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance Study findings highlight 1 putative neurodevelopmental mechanism by which the association between early ACEs and later poor mental and physical health outcomes may operate. This identified risk trajectory may be useful to target preventive interventions.
Recruiting and Retaining Black Students for Special Education Teacher Preparation Inclusion Programs

Abstract Efforts to recruit and retain effective teachers of color have spread into the field of special education. However, scant research examining the experiences of teachers of color enrolled in special education teacher preparation inclusion programs exists. In the current study, a phenomenological investigation of 10 preservice Black students at predominately White higher education institutes in special education teacher programs designed to train teachers for inclusive classrooms was conducted to understand their experiences and identify effective recruitment and retention strategies. Based on the findings, students reported five themes: (a) feeling alienated in their programs, (b) feeling that they need effective mentoring from faculty of color, (c) better relationships with other peers of color, (d) deliberate mission of the institute and program, and (e) better need for financial support. The implications for recruiting and retaining Black teachers in special education and directions for future ...
Phytoavailability of Trace Elements from a Landfill Containing Coal Combustion Waste

The 488-D Ash Basin (488-DAB) is an unlined, earthen landfill on the U.S. Department of Energy’s Savannah River Site, SC that contains approximately one million tons of coal combustion wastes (CCWs). Pyrite that is co-mingled with the CCWs has undergone oxidation and formed sulfuric acid, which has dissolved metals and trace elements in the CCWs and facilitated their mobility. The acid leachate contributes to ground-water deterioration in the area and threatens biota on, and adjacent to, the landfill. A study was undertaken to examine CCWs and vegetation on the 488-DAB to assess the potential for phytoavailability of these elements and to determine if a secondary contamination source exist. Results indicated that trace element concentrations of the CCWs were higher than those of native soils in the area. Mean pH (1.79 ± 0.75) and As concentrations (64.7 ± 43.0 mg kg−1) for the CCWs were in the range of critical plant toxicity. Sequential extractions of the CCWs indicated that Mn, Zn, Ni, and Cr were organically bound and in exchangeable fractions in the material and likely phytoavailable, while Pb and Se were tightly bound in the crystalline and acid extractable (residual) fractions. The fractionation patterns for Al, As, Cd and Fe were very similar with most bound to the poorly crystalline fraction, which suggest that their solubilities are likely controlled by a common precipitate or mineral in the CCWs. Tissue analysis indicated that Mn and Zn were accumulated by species growing on the 488-DAB, as predicted. However, Ni and Cr were not accumulated at levels above that of the CCWs. Uptake of Se and Cd in tissue was observed at levels over that of the CCWs in several species, but not all. Given these conditions, results suggest that periodic monitoring of plant species growing on the 488-DAB should continue to ensure that toxicity and secondary contaminant problems do not arise.
From Church to Laboratory to National Park: A Program of Research on Excess and Insufficient Populations in Behavior Settings

In the national office of a liberal protestant church, a researcher looks up and down a row of yearbooks of the 112 dioceses of the church. He selects one, looks for the listing of a particular local church, and copies down the church’s average worship-service attendance, average church-school attendance, number of pastors, and number of church-school teachers.
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION-INDUCED NOCICEPTION: BASIS FOR A NOVEL ANALGESIC TEST IN MICE

When the photosensitizer, anthracene, is applied topically to humans, pain is experienced only when that area of skin is exposed to ultraviolet radiation. The possibility that this reaction might provide a restraint-free laboratory test for potential analgesics has been examined. When anthracene (50 μl) was applied to the shaven backs of male, ICR mice (20-25 g) subsequent exposure to ultraviolet radiation (320-400 nm), elicited a characteristic back-biting response with a latency of 50–70sec. The ED 50's for subcutaneously injected morphine and buprenorphine were 2.85 mg/kg (2.233.65, 95% confidence limits) and 0.017 mg/kg (0.011-0.026), respectively. Pentazocine (12.5-100 mg/kg, s.c.) and indomethacin (3-30 mg/kg, p.o.) were inactive. The morphine dose-response relation was displaced to the right when naloxone (0.05 mg/kg, s.c.) was injected at the same time as morphine. These initial results suggest that the test will detect the same types of analgesic as conventional tail pressure, tail flick and hot plate procedures.
Transcriptional upregulation of c-MYC by AXL confers epirubicin resistance in esophageal adenocarcinoma.

AXL receptor tyrosine kinase is overexpressed in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and several other types of malignancies; hence, it may be a valuable therapeutic target. Herein, we investigated the role of AXL in regulating c-MYC expression and resistance to the chemotherapeutic agent epirubicin in EAC. Using in vitro EAC cell models, we found that AXL overexpression enhances epirubicin resistance in sensitive cells. Conversely, genetic knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of AXL sensitizes resistant cells to epirubicin. Notably, we showed that inhibition or knockdown of c-MYC markedly sensitizes AXL-dependent resistant cells to epirubicin, and our data demonstrated that AXL promotes epirubicin resistance through transcriptional upregulation of c-MYC. We showed that AXL overexpression significantly increased transcriptional activity, mRNA, and protein levels of c-MYC. Conversely, AXL knockdown reversed these effects. Mechanistic investigations indicated that AXL upregulates c-MYC expression through activation of the AKT/β-catenin signaling pathway. Data from a tumor xenograft mouse model indicated that inhibition of AXL with R428 in combination with epirubicin synergistically suppresses tumor growth and proliferation. Our results demonstrate that AXL promotes epirubicin resistance through transcriptional upregulation of c-MYC in EAC. Our findings support future clinical trials to assess the therapeutic potential of R428 in epirubicin-resistant tumors with overexpression of AXL and activation of c-MYC.
The truth behind conscientious objection in medicine

Answers to the questions of what justifies conscientious objection in medicine in general and which specific objections should be respected have proven to be elusive. In this paper, I develop a new framework for conscientious objection in medicine that is based on the idea that conscience can express true moral claims. I draw on one of the historical roots, found in Adam Smith's impartial spectator account, of the idea that an agent's conscience can determine the correct moral norms, even if the agent's society has endorsed different norms. In particular, I argue that when a medical professional is reasoning from the standpoint of an impartial spectator, his or her claims of conscience are true, or at least approximate moral truth to the greatest degree possible for creatures like us, and should thus be respected. In addition to providing a justification for conscientious objection in medicine by appealing to the potential truth of the objection, the account advances the debate regarding the integrity and toleration justifications for conscientious objection, since the standard of the impartial spectator specifies the boundaries of legitimate appeals to moral integrity and toleration. The impartial spectator also provides a standpoint of shared deliberation and public reasons, from which a conscientious objector can make their case in terms that other people who adopt this standpoint can and should accept, thus offering a standard fitting to liberal democracies.
The Effects of Instructor Credibility, Grade Incentives, and Framing of a Technology Policy on Students’ Intent to Comply and Motivation to Learn

This experiment assessed whether instructor credibility (low or high) moderated the effects of grade incentives (rewards or punishment) and advantage framing (gain or loss) of technology policies o...
Emotion Beliefs, Emotion Regulation, and Emotional Experiences in Daily Life.

Abstract One potential factor that could influence how individuals with at least moderate symptoms of depression cope with upsetting events in their daily lives is the beliefs that these individuals hold about whether emotions are malleable or fixed. The current study adopted an experience sampling approach to examine how the beliefs about emotion’s malleability related to daily positive and negative affect and daily emotion regulation efforts among individuals with at least moderate symptoms of depression (N = 84). Results demonstrated that individuals having at least moderate symptoms of depression who held more malleable beliefs about emotions reported decreased negative affect both overall during the day and specifically in response to daily upsetting events. Additionally, these individuals who held more malleable beliefs about their emotions also reported more daily use of cognitive reappraisal to regulate their emotions in response to upsetting daily events. Results from the current study extend previous work examining the relationship between emotion malleability beliefs, emotional experiences, and emotion regulation to examine these relationships in people who are moderately depressed as they navigate the emotional landscape of their daily lives.
Neurocognitive Effects of Brain Metastases and Their Treatment

Brain metastases are the most common intracranial tumors, occurring in more than 15% of cancer patients. The treatment of brain metastases involves a multidisciplinary approach that may consist of surgery, radiation therapy (stereotactic radiosurgery or whole-brain radiation therapy), and/or systemic therapy. Unfortunately, all these treatment strategies, as well as the disease process itself, can be associated with debilitating and life-altering neurocognitive adverse effects. Balancing the benefits and toxicities of brain metastasis treatment is a challenging task that medical, radiation, and surgical oncologists face daily. Strategies have been developed to try mitigating these toxicities, such as stereotactic radiosurgery, hippocampal avoidance whole-brain radiation therapy, and “neuroprotective” drugs. Efforts have also been deployed in developing formal instruments/battery of tests to capture neurocognitive changes consistently in patients with brain metastases.
Book Review: Open Divide: Critical Studies on Open Access

This book provides a good variety of diverse and critical perspectives on open access (OA) issues. There are fifteen contributors to the thirteen chapters, one preface, and one introduction. Part One contains six chapters covering global issues, and Part Two contains seven chapters on North/South issues. This book focuses on the viewpoints of researchers, librarians, information professionals, publishers, and library users in the Global South. Many of the chapters, the preface, and the introduction are available online. See https://scidecode.com/en/open-divide-critical-studies-on-open-access/ provided by Mr. Herb. Individual chapters are licensed CC-BY-NC 4.0, but not the book as a whole.