cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Mental Health of Refugees: Trauma, Stress, and the Cultural Context

In 2011 approximately 800,000 individuals were forcibly displaced from their homes and fled their countries. While the number of refugees generated that year was the highest in over a decade [1] it represents only 2 % of the overwhelming 42.5 million forced migrants. Most refugees flee their homes with little time to prepare [2] and, in turn, frequently are ill-equipped with the financial, linguistic, and other resources needed to address the challenges of their journey that lies ahead. The nature of the pre-migration and flight experiences for refugees, which are frequently marked by fear, forced departure, and experiences of torture and trauma, distinguishes them from other voluntary migrants. As Papadopoulos [3] stated, “…it is important to remember the obvious fact that becoming a refugee is not a psychological phenomenon per se; rather, it is exclusively a sociopolitical one, with psychological implications” (p. 301). As refugees resettle in third party countries, sometimes after prolonged stays in refugee camps, many experience mental health problems associated with past trauma, ongoing stress, or both. Since 1975 approximately three million individuals have been resettled in the USA [5]; this represents an important population to respond to clinically. In order to effectively serve this population, mental health professionals including, academics, researchers, and clinicians will need to understand the impact of the refugee experience and cultural context on psychological functioning. This chapter will review the unique mental health challenges and culturally adapted assessments and treatments targeting some of the world’s most vulnerable, yet resilient, populations.
HIGH FIELD BREAKDOWN OF CARBON NANOTUBE NETWORK TRANSISTORS

We develop and employ a self-consistent electro-thermal model to study the high field breakdown of carbon nanotube (CNT) network thin film transistors (CN-TFTs). We investigate the effects of the CNT alignment angle and length distribution on the breakdown process caused by excessive self-heating. We examine relevant breakdown characteristics such as the peak current and corresponding voltage and power in relation to these two network parameters. We find that the breakdown behavior can significantly vary with respect to the CNT length and alignment distribution even when the network density is kept the same. Results suggest that an optimum alignment (∼ 65°) can be found for a network with constant CNT lengths to obtain higher current/power without setting off an early breakdown. When both CNT length and alignment angle are varied, we find that networks with higher average CNT length have lower optimum alignment such that doubling the average CNT length lowers the optimum alignment angle by half. Therefore these network parameters need to be carefully selected to achieve greater thermal reliability and higher electrical performance.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Hyperspectral Sounding Measurements-Specification of CLARREO FOV Size

AIRS data are used to perform global hyperspectral atmospheric sounding retrievals for different horizontal resolutions (15 km - 100 km). The purpose of this research is to optimize the CLARREO field of view size specification.
Otherness and the problem of evil: How does that which is other become evil?

In seeking to answer the question “How does that which is other become evil?” the author provides a discussion of four entwined aspects of the issue at stake: (1) difficulty in achieving clarity on the grammar of evil; (2) genocide as a striking illustration of otherness becoming evil; (3) the challenge of postnationalism as a resource for dealing with otherness in the socio-political arena; and (4) the ethico-religious dimension as it relates to the wider problem of evil.
CONSUMER PREFERENCES FOR FLAVOR IN CREAMED COTTAGE CHEESE.

Abstract A triangular test and a paired comparison test were used to determine, respectively, the difference threshold and preference for diacetyl in creamed Cottage cheese samples by a consumer panel. Creamed Cottage cheese of 4% fat and 80% moisture was used in the tests. Levels of diacetyl compared were 0.2 vs. 1.4, 0.2 vs. 2.2, 0.2 vs. 3.5, and 0.2 vs. 5.0 ppm. The consumer panel could detect differences between samples when diacetyl content of the samples differed by 1.4 ppm or more. Preference was for the creamed Cottage cheese containing the higher level of diacetyl. Sex, age, and like or dislike of creamed Cottage cheese did not affect the ability to detect differences between diacetyl levels. Sex and age did not affect the preference choice in the preference test. Both sexes and all age groups expressed a greater preference for the high diacetyl creamed Cottage cheese. Preference of those individuals who liked Cottage cheese was not significantly different from those individuals who disliked creamed Cottage cheese. However, those who disliked the product showed a slight preference for the samples with low levels of diacetyl.
The role of heterogeneities in faulting

Abstract Very general considerations suggest that spatial heterogeneities in either stress or fracture energy are required to explain observed seismic faulting characteristics, such as the frequency-magnitude relations, non-uniform fault slip, multiple events, and random ground accelerations. In order to obtain a full dynamic solution to greatly heterogeneous faulting, we used a one-dimensional continuum model in which the total stress and the fracture energy varied along the fault, and employed the method of characteristics. The results clearly demonstrate that the process of rupture in a heterogeneous system is closely linked to the stopping phase of the motion. We found that heterogeneous rupture can be due either to initially non-uniform stress or to spatially non-uniform frictional strength. However, non-uniform stress drop — the difference between tectonic stress and frictional strength — tends to become smoother with increasing slip, a condition which is clearly not observed in nature. Spatially variable fracture energy, however, can both produce and maintain a heterogeneous effective stress. We conclude that spatially variable fracture energy may be responsible for the heterogeneous nature of earthquake faulting. Non-uniform stress by itself cannot indefinitely maintain the heterogeneous nature of faults.
ON THE SUPERDIMENSIONS OF RELATIVELY FREE NILPOTENT SEMIGROUPS

We prove that in the variety of nilpotent semigroups of class ≤2, which is defined by the Neumann–Taylor identity xyzyx=yxzxy, the sequence of the superdimensions for relatively free semigroups is convergent to 1 and at the same time every element of the sequence is strictly less than 1. This gives the first example of a semigroup variety for which the set of superdimensions for the free objects is infinite.
Optimization of folate-conjugated liposomal vectors for folate receptor-mediated gene therapy.

A folate-targeted transfection complex that is internalized by certain cancer cells and displays several properties reminiscent of enveloped viruses has been developed. These liposomal vectors are comprised of a polycation-condensed DNA plasmid associated with a mixture of neutral and anionic lipids supplemented with folate–poly-(ethylene glycol)–dioleylphosphatidylethanolamine for tumor cell-specific targeting. N-Citraconyl-dioleylphosphatidylethanolamine is also included for pH-dependent release of endosome-entrapped DNA into the cytoplasm, and a novel plasmid containing a 366-bp segment from SV40 DNA has been employed to facilitate transport of the plasmid into the nucleus. Because formation of the DNA core is an important step in the assembly of liposomal vectors, considerable effort was devoted to comparing the transfection efficiencies of various DNA condensing agents. It was found that complexation of plasmid DNA with high molecular weight polymers such as acylated-polylysine and cationic dendrimers leads to higher folate-mediated transfection efficiency than DNA complexed with unmodified polylysine. In contrast, compaction of plasmid DNA with small cationic molecules such as spermine, spermidine, or gramicidin S yields only weakly active folate-targeted liposomal vectors. Compared to analogous liposomal vector preparations lacking an optimally compacted DNA core, a cell-specific targeting ligand, a caged fusogenic lipid, and a nucleotide sequence that facilitates nuclear uptake, these modified liposomal vectors display greatly improved transfection efficiencies and target cell specificity.
Spiral enteroscopy-assisted pancreatoscopy for the diagnosis of obscure overt bleeding in a patient with surgically altered anatomy

Pseudoaneurysm formation of the peripancreatic arteries is a rare but well-described complication of chronic pancreatitis. Angiography and arterial embolization are valuable means of diagnosis and treatment for bleeding peripancreatic pseudoaneurysms. 1 We present a case of obscure overt GI bleeding as a complication of coil migration after embolization of a bleeding gastroduodenal artery (GDA) pseudoaneurysm. Spiral enteroscopy-assisted pancreatoscopy was used to establish the site of bleeding in this patient with a prior lateral pancreaticojejunostomy.
The concept of diabetes translation: addressing barriers to widespread adoption of new science into clinical care.

The National Commission on Diabetes (NCD) performed a landmark review of diabetes in the U.S. in 1975 (1). Its four-volume 10-part report contained extensive testimony from all aspects of the diabetic community, including scientists, clinicians, patients, and their families. The NCD promoted a concept that was new to the diabetes field: the concept of translation. The NCD recognized that a significant weakness in the nation’s overall approach to diabetes was its failure to “translate” research findings into practice. Scientific knowledge was accumulating through the efforts of many basic and clinical investigators, but the application of this knowledge to all patients with diabetes who might benefit from it was spotty. The NCD initially charged Diabetes Research and Training Centers (DRTCs) with the responsibility of conducting translation with the following citation:Translate the advances in the field of diabetes research with least delay into improved care for the diabetic (sic) in the setting of model patient care demonstration units within the centers and through outreach programs in the regional community.Translation responsibilities were further extended to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1990 with the establishment of the Division of Diabetes Translation, which was created to implement translational programs that had been developed and shown to be effective. Development of such programs (i.e., translational research) remained the principal charge to the demonstration and education divisions of the DRTCs. Long-standing National Institutes of Health guidelines for DRTCs have stated (2):The central purpose of the Demonstration and Education (D&E) Division is to address barriers between what is thought to represent ideal diabetes care reflecting current scientific advances in the understanding of diabetes and what is routinely practiced.This commentary addresses the approach that the Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center (MDRTC) has used to fulfill this charge (3). Figure …
Effects of morphine, naltrexone, and dextrorphan in untreated and morphine-treated pigeons.

Six pigeons, trained to peck a response key on a fixed-ratio 20 schedule of food reinforcement, were used to examine the effects of morphine, naltrexone, and dextror- phan, before, during, and after chronic treatment with increasing doses of morphine (10.0-100.0 mg/kg/day). Tolerance developed to the rate-decreasing effect of the daily maintenance doses of morphine within 2 days of each dose increase. A small amount of tolerance to morphine and supersensitivity to naltrexone was evident within the 1st week of morphine treatment (10.0 mg/kg/day). Con- tinued administration of morphine (32.0-100.0 mg/kg/day) produced further tolerance to morphine and supersensitiv- ity to naltrexone, as evidenced by a 5-fold increase in the dose of morphine, and 1,000-fold decrease in the dose of naltrexone, necessary to suppress responding. By the 4th week of treatment (100.0 mg/kg/day), a modest tolerance had also developed to the rate-decreasing effects of dextrorphan. Suppression of responding by naltrexone, but not morphine or dextrorphan, was accompanied by a loss in body weight over the 1- to 2-h session in morphine-main- tained pigeons; both weight loss and reduced response rates also occurred on termination of morphine treatment. Sensitivity to the rate-decreasing effects of morphine and naltrexone was near normal within 10 days following termination of morphine treatment. The dramatic changes in sensitivity to naltrexone and morphine produced by daily morphine injections, as well as the ability to generate complete dose-effect curves within a single session, indicate that this behavioral preparation may provide sensitive concurrent measures of narcotic tolerance and supersensi- tivity to antagonists in the pigeon.
Consumer Citizenship and Cross‐Class Activism: The Case of the National Consumers' League, 1899–1918

Political consumerism is often criticized for its failure to cross class lines, a failure linked to the economic resources and cultural capital of affluent consumers. The early history of the National Consumers' League (NCL) illustrates how an alternative model of consumer citizenship can lead privileged shoppers to draw social boundaries in different ways. The NCL included lower-class women and children as beneficiaries and occasional allies in consumer campaigns, but distanced itself from the organized labor movement. This alternative model of political consumerism is traced to the gender and class cultures of reformist women in the Progressive Era.
A comparison of imaging methods for use in an array biosensor

An array biosensor has been developed which uses an actively-cooled, charge-coupled device (CCD) imager. In an effort to save money and space, a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) camera and photodiode were tested as replacements for the cooled CCD imager. Different concentrations of CY5 fluorescent dye in glycerol were imaged using the three different detection systems with the same imaging optics. Signal discrimination above noise was compared for each of the three systems.
Recent Developments In Intrinsic Semiconductor Detectors

A significant effort in any research and development program involving large infrared detector arrays is parameter measurement and evaluation. In fact, the major portion of the program cost is in some way involved with measurements. For this reason and because of the acquisition of several programs requiring large numbers of deliverable arrays, a computer based automated data acquisition system has been implemented for the infrared device effort at the Science Center. A Data General Eclipse S/200 computer with two 10 mega byte disks is utilized. Data acquisition from remote locations is effected by daisy chaining as many as fifteen Hewlett Packard multiprogrammer units at 100 foot intervals. Graphical display of the results as well as operator interaction with the program is conducted using Tektronix 4010 series terminals. The new Data General advanced operating system (AOS) allows independently called time sharing operations from each terminal. A Versatec printer/plotter is used for hard copy of the screen image as well as for a line printer. Test programs for current vs. voltage (IV), capacitance vs. voltage, spectral responsitivity, optical area measurement using an automatic blackbody scan and multiplexer video data acquisition programs have been written and implemented. In addition to acquiring the data, the IV test program has a number of optional features. Included is the ability to control stepping of a cryogenically cooled automatic probe station, allowing completely unattended IV evaluation of a 1024 element array. Another important feature of the IV program is the option of addressing individual row and column elements of mated multiplexer/ diode arrays and measuring IV characteristics through the video output. Examples of the use of this system for evaluation of 32x32 PbSnTe and InAsSb arrays will be given.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Two-photon bound states: The diphoton bullet in dispersive self-focusing media.

We consider two-photon bound states which may be excited in a planar waveguide filled with a self-focusing Kerr material. These bound states are the quantum analogs of the classical light bullets which form under the combined effects of self-focusing, diffraction, self-phase-modulation, and anomalous group-velocity dispersion. A variational approach is used to establish a threshold condition on the strength of the nonlinearity for the existence of the bound state, and a gedanken experiment is proposed to outline the principles for creation and detection of this quasiparticle.
Can Developing Countries Afford the New Food System? A Case Study of the Chinese Agricultural Sector

Agriculture plays a very important role in developing countries. The necessary political stability required to nurture the process of economic development is typically dependent upon adequate domestic food supplies. Investment in agricultural development is essential in developing countries in their earlier stage of economic development. The resultant increase in agricultural productivity enables a shift of human resources from agriculture to industrial development. Thus, countries, as development progresses, shift some of their limited resources from agricultural development to industrial development to maximize their economic growth. Yet, many developing countries have protected their agriculture to secure a domestic source of food. For example, China has used a system of quotas to keep out unwanted imports. Lower levels of technology, and often poorer natural endowments of arable land and weather, along with limited investment in the agricultural sectors of most developing countries, frequently assure them a comparative disadvantage in world agricultural markets. The Uruguay Round of GATT reduces the ability of developing countries to continue their protectionist policies for domestically produced goods. The agreement provides for trade liberalization for both agricultural and industrial goods and is effective from January 1995. The World Trade Organization (WTO), created in the Uruguay Round, is to implement the agreement on trade liberalization, settle trade disput s among countries, and review trade policies implemented by the member countries. The Uruguay Round provisions on agricultural commodities focus on issues related to internal support, tariffs and nontariff barriers, market access, and export subsidies. The agreement will, however, make agriculture in many developing countries less competitive compared to developed countries, mainly because of developing countries' limited capital investment to improve agricultural productivity. China, the world's largest country with a population of 1.2 billion, is a developing economy in which the agricultural and industrial sectors interact in the process of economic development. Because of limited new investment in technology and land development in Chin , its agricultural sector has a comparative disadvantage over that of developed exporting countries. It is unlikely that major investment will be diverted from the industrial sector to the agricultural sector in China, mainly because China's industrial sector has higher marginal productivity than its agricultural sector. That suggests the agricultural sector will likely continu to lag the industrial sector and the food needs of China. This is also true in other devel-
Soluble E-selectin in cancer patients as a marker of the therapeutic efficacy of CM101, a tumor-inhibiting anti-neovascularization agent, evaluated in phase I clinical trial

A polysaccharide toxin, GBS toxin, is produced by group B Streptococcus (GBS) isolates from neonates who died of "early-onset disease". GBS toxin, named CM101 in the clinic, was hypothesized, on the basis of our previous in vivo studies, to induce inflammation in pulmonary neovasculature in neonates by cross-linking of embryonic receptors still expressed after birth and in tumor neovasculature in adults. Immunohisto chemical in vitro analysis of human biopsies showed that tumor neovasculature is indeed a binding site for CM101. In vivo studies in mice have demonstrated that CM101 induced inflammatory responses in neoplastic tumor neovasculature causing inhibition of tumor growth and tumor cell necrosis. These experimental observations warranted a phase I clinical trial for CM101 as an anti-neovascularization agent in human cancer therapy. Cancer patients received one cycle of therapy consisting of three treatments during 1 week. CM101 was administered over 15 min by i.v. infusion. Dosages of 7.5 micrograms/kg (1 U/kg), n = 3; 15 micrograms/kg (2 U/kg), n = 6; 24.75 micrograms/kg (3.3 U/kg), n = 3; and 37.5 micrograms/kg (5 U/kg), n = 3 were used. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent sandwich assays (ELISA) of the patients sera showed a marked elevation of soluble E-selectin with a peak concentration observed at 8-12 h after each CM101 infusion. The average baseline value for soluble E-selectin prior to the first treatment was 97.3 +/- 23.4 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM, n = 15) and the average peak level at 8 h was 441.6 +/- 62.4 (mean +/- SEM, n = 15; P < 0.001). Subsequent treatments gave average maximum soluble E-selectin levels again at 8 h of 466.9 +/- 87.6 and 412.0 +/- 67.8 ng/ml, for treatments 2 and 3 respectively. Baseline values for treatments 2 and 3 were 192.3 +/- 26.4 and 226.4 +/- 26.1 ng/ml respectively (p < 0.01 versus treatment 1). Out of 15 patients, 5 showed tumor reduction or stabilization and were given additional cycles of therapy. CM101 induced an increase in soluble E-selectin levels, which remained elevated over baseline at the start of the following treatment cycles. The baseline remained elevated for several weeks after the final treatment, i.e., P < 0.01 for levels before treatment 1 compared to those at week 4 after treatment. Elevated soluble E-selectin is considered proof of endothelial engagement in an inflammatory process. Our data support the contention that the inflammatory response observed in these cancer patients is targeting the tumor neovasculature and that measurement of soluble E-selectin levels in patients treated with CM101 can provide important information on the magnitude of CM101-mediated neovascular endothelial activation and tumor cell damage in cancer of endothelial origin, or cancer with a major neo-angiogenic component.
An in situ TEM study of phase formation in gold-aluminum couples

In the gold wire bonding of aluminum in microelectronic devices the presence of aluminum oxide on the metallization surface may be expected. Electron transparent couples containing an oxide layer at the interface were heated in a TEM to determine the effects of a passivation layer on intermetallic formation. Intermetallic phases were evidenced by changes in sample appearance and their structure was determined by electron diffraction. The presence of an oxide at the interface hindered second phase formation at temperatures at which they were usually expected to form. In aluminum rich couples, the formation of the AuAl2 intermetallic was not observed to form until about 350°C with the oxide present. In a reverse configuration involving a gold rich couple, an amorphous oxide phase was observed between the Al and the advancing Au2Al front. The movement of the reaction front appeared to be controlled by surface diffusion across this phase.
Estimation of Left Ventricular Volume by One-Plane Cineangiography

One-plane cineangiographic measurement of left ventricular volume uses angiocardiograms taken in the right anterior oblique view. Its basic assumption is that the third (unvisualized) dimension, depth from septum to free wall, is of the same magnitude and behaves in the same way as the visualized short axis. Examination of this assumption with biplane x-ray equipment revealed that the unmeasured length averages 7% less and varies directly with the length of the measured short axis. Volumes measured correlate well with consecutive studies using serial biplane x-rays and are systematically somewhat larger than volumes obtained in autopsy specimens injected with barium sulfate paste. The method is tolerant of variations in positioning of the patient, is convenient, yields repeatable analyses from one experienced observer to another, allows 60 volume measurements per second so that rapid cardiac events can be studied, and the small doses of x-rays and contrast medium permit several observations at one cathete...
Digital movies for off-the-shelf displays

There are a variety of emerging technologies which will facilitate the incorporation of video into the work station environment. These technologies, whether analog or digital, very often require the addition of special purpose hardware to be added to the work station or personal computer. We have been investigating algorithms for the display and integration of video image sequences into a PC using an off-the-shelf graphics adapter. The techniques we employ are not as powerful as those taking advantage of special purpose hardware. In particular, no provisions are made for either real-time capture or full screen motion. However, by providing the simultaneous display of multiple, scalable, moving movies, "multi-media" applications which use preprocessed, window-sized video sequences can be designed. In this paper we describe both techniques for image reduction and coding and various strategies for decoding, playing, and smoothly moving video image sequences.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Equilibria, Kinetics, and Mechanism in the Bicarbonate Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide: Oxidation of Sulfides by Peroxymonocarbonate

Bicarbonate ion is an effective activator for hydrogen peroxide in the oxidation of sulfides. Kinetic and spectroscopic results support the formation of peroxymonocarbonate ion (HCO4-) as the oxidant in the catalytic reactions. The reaction of hydrogen peroxide and bicarbonate to form HCO4- occurs rapidly at 25 °C (t1/2 ≈ 300 s) near neutral pH in aqueous solution and alcohol/water mixtures, and an equilibrium analysis of the reaction by 13C NMR leads to an estimate of the electrode potential for the HCO4-/HCO3- couple (1.8 V vs NHE). Solubility of the bicarbonate catalyst is enhanced by the use of NH4HCO3 rather than by the use of group 1 salts, which tend to have lower solubility in the mixed solvents and can lead to phase separation. Rate laws and mechanistic analyses are presented for the oxidation of ethylphenylsulfide and related sulfides. The second-order rate constants for sulfide oxidations by HCO4- are ∼300-fold greater than those for H2O2, and this increase is consistent with expectations based...
Addressing Encroachment with Cooperative Agreements and Conservation

Land-use planners have long understood the need for consolidated planning across political boundaries. Collaborative interaction between adjacent land managers predates the U.S. Constitution; however, tools necessary to support federal missions and natural resource conservation requirements across public-private land mosaics are increasingly ineffective.The nation's modern regulatory system and resource-constrained climate increasingly confounds this cooperation. This article describes and analyses a new tool that has been proven effective in joint land management. The tool is a cooperative agreement (CA) that was signed in 1995 by Fort Bragg, The Nature Conservancy (TNC), and the U.S. Army Environmental Center (AEC). The CA enables the cost-sharing of the acquisition of conservation encumbrances in the vicinity of Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Conservation encumbrances are defined as fee simple land purchases by TNC or the purchase of perpetuity deed restrictions by TNC. All acquisitions are done with willing sellers and based upon fair market values of the acquired assets. All acquisitions have provisions for low-impact soldier access to the conserved lands. This article details the development and amendments of the CA and specifies benefits to all parties.Ultimate ownership, land-use plans, and long-term management responsibilities will be discussed. This article assesses lessons learned in a long-term effort at collaborative land management at which the Army's training mission was (and is) in jeopardy. Also, a mechanism to assess return on investment at other installations that are considering this approach is offered. While most bioregional planning is by nature highly crafted to meet specific local requirements, lessons learned from this project are instructive. In this case, both encroachment by incompatible development in the vicinity of a military installation and training restrictions due to environmental compliance are being reduced. Under limited circumstances, this tool can provide long-term security of military missions and declining natural resources. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Variation in respiration of Earle's strain L cells.

Abstract An unusual culture of strain L cells was found and was subcultured for more than a year in an hydrolysate medium containing 10 per cent serum. These cultures were unusual in that they contained many giant multinucleated cells as contrasted to only a few giant cells found in regular cultures of strain L cells. Metabolic determinations were made on subcultures of both regular and irregular strain L. The irregular subcultures were different metabolically in that respiration was lower, aerobic glycolysis was higher and per cent increase in respiration was greater when sodium succinate was added. All cultures of strain L tended to raise or lower pH of medium to 7.2. The mechanism for lowering pH was by increased lactic acid formation. All determinations were based on live cell count using erythrosin B. Subjecting the cells to anaerobic conditions did not kill a significant number of them.
Pre-ramus passage of inside–out transobturator sling

Groin pain after transobturator tape is not uncommon. Differential diagnosis and treatment strategies are becoming elaborated in the literature. A patient presented with partial improvement in her stress incontinence and persistent groin and vulvar discomfort for 3 months after “inside–out” transobturator tape. The sling was removed secondary to malposition anterior to the inferior pubic ramus, i.e., a trans-vulvar passage. Her vulvar and groin complaints resolved. Recommendations are made to facilitate the “inside to out” transobturator dissection and trocar passage to prevent this complication.
Double Recessed GaAs pHEMTs for 20-50 V Power Switching

A normally-OFF RF pHEMT process is optimized for a blocking voltage in the 20-50V range for power switching ICs. Due to their superior material properties, the intrinsic figure of merit for pHEMT switching devices show an order of magnitude improvement over the state-of-the-art Silicon NMOS transistors and in the same range as lateral GaN HEMTs. In a scenario where innovations in silicon based low voltage power transistors have saturated, this approach is a new way of breaking the paradigm and making large leaps in performance.
Tomboys and sissies: Androgynous children?

Psychological studies of masculinity-femininity in children have paralleled those done with adults, which often consider deviations from masculinity for males and femininity for females as abnormal and perhaps pathological. Children who demonstrate cross-sex behaviors, however, may become androgynous adults whose cross-sex behaviors mean flexibility, not pathology. This study had two purposes: (1) to identify potentially “androgynous” children as those labeled by their peers as “tomboys” and “sissies”; (2) to compare personality characteristics of “androgynous” children with those of peers. Subjects were 312 elementary school children in a midwestern city. Results indicate that the labels tomboy and sissy are not necessarily indicators of androgynous children, but important social behaviors are related to the labels. For males, the possibility of frustrated creativity was raised.
The Role of Bone in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Objectives: To evaluate and confirm the histological inflammatory changes that occur in bone and in the overlying mucosa in experimentally induced chronic rhinosinusitis and to evaluate differences in the inflammatory patterns that may occur with different organisms. Study Design: Histological study of induced maxillary rhinosinusitis in 29 New Zealand White rabbits (15 with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 14 with Staphylococcus aureus) 7 to 9 weeks after infection. Methods: Following maxillary sinus ostial infection, unilateral chronic bacterial rhinosinusitis was induced in 29 New Zealand White Rabbits, using Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 15) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 14). The pathogenic organism was confirmed by culture, and the rabbits were sacrificed at predetermined time intervals (7, 8, and 9 wk) from the time of infection. Following harvest, en bloc sinus sections were mounted, stained, and analyzed. Specific attention was given to identifying histological changes in paranasal sinus bones on both sides. Results: All animals (29 of 29) demonstrated histological evidence of operative occlusion on the side of the original inoculum, and all were culture-positive for the inoculated organism at death. Histological evidence of chronic rhinosinusitis in the inoculated sinus was demonstrated in 86% of animals (25 of 29). Evidence of chronic osteomyelitis in the noninfected side was seen in 15 of 29 animals (52%) overall, or 9 of 15 animals (60%) infected with pseudomonas and 6 of 14 (43%) animals infected with staphylococcus organisms. Conclusions: The study provides further evidence that bacterial rhinosinusitis can involve bone at a distance from the site of primary infection, thereby suggesting that infectious agents may spread through bony structures in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis.
Energy savings and economics of advanced control strategies for packaged air conditioners with gas heat

Abstract This paper presents an evaluation of the potential energy savings from adding advanced control to existing packaged air conditioners. Advanced control options include an air-side economizer, multi-speed fan control, demand control ventilation and staged cooling. The energy and cost savings from the different control strategies individually and in combination are estimated using the EnergyPlus energy simulation program for four building types, namely, a small office building, a stand-alone retail building, a strip mall building and a supermarket. For each of the four building types, the simulation was run for 16 locations covering all 15 climate zones in the U.S. Simulation results show that simply adding multi-speed supply-fan control and DCV leads to 14–42% energy savings and 27–59% cost savings. The maximum installed cost of a replacement controller that provides acceptable payback periods to owners is also estimated.
Contribution of computed tomography to relative costs in the operative management of patients with renal cell carcinoma

Abstract Relative costs In 14 patients undergoing operative treatment for primary renal carcinoma were analyzed to determine the contribution of “little ticket” items relative to so-called “high technology” items, such as computed tomography (CT). The major contributing categories of cost were daily room charges, physician fees, and charges for laboratory and pharmacy. In most of the categories, a large variation was encountered, primarily due to patient and disease-related factors. CT was a minor factor in cost.
Mars sample return - A direct and minimum-risk design

Current NASA strategy for Mars exploration is to seek simpler and more reliable missions with focused science objectives. This requirement has made untenable most previously proposed Mars sample return missions. The mission proposed here achieves a simplified mission profile by leveraging interplanetary trajectory design, limiting surface science operations, and using advanced propulsion and thermal protection systems. The fast mini direct Mars sample return mission presented could bring back a 0.5-kg sample from the surface of Mars with a total mission duration of less than 1.5 Earth years using a single, medium-lift launch vehicle. The mission constraints require an aggressive design that dictates the use of advanced storable liquid propulsion systems, high-performance thermal protection system materials, and limited spacecraft design mass margins. The key elements are detailed for a mission that eliminates the some of the high-risk operations that were a part of previously proposed Mars sample return missions that used propulsive insertion into orbit at Mars, complex rover operations on the surface, orbit rendezvous, and in-orbit sample transfers.
Development of the Murine Periodontium. II. Role of the Epithelial Root Sheath in Formation of the Periodontal Attachment

Experimental manipulation of the developing murine tooth germ has provided evidence that basement membrane components on the forming root surface are involved in early periodontal attachment formation. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the role of epithelial root sheath (ERS) cells in murine cementogenesis and periodontal ligament formation using tissue separation and recombination techniques. Root dentin specimens, with and without root-associated basement membrane components (D + RBM or D - RBM), were recombined with dental sac in the presence or absence of ERS. Recombinations were cultured for 2 weeks, harvested, and examined by light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Mineralized tissue formed in all tissue recombinations. However, when ERS was included in recombinations between D + RBM and dental sac, 25% of recombinations formed a periodontal ligament with fibrous attachment of the root specimen to adjacent bone. These results support the hypothesis that root and periodontal ligament formation is influenced by epithelio-mesenchymal interactions and further support a key role for ERS in these processes.
The binding of the noble metal cations Au+ and Ag+ to propene

Abstract The binding energies for the reaction M+ + CH2 CHCH3 → M+[CH2 CHCH3], for M = Ag, Au, are predicted using both second order perturbation theory (MP2) and coupled cluster theory (CCSD(T)). Systematically improving the quality of the atomic basis set to the complete basis set limit produces a monotonic improvement in the predicted binding energy for M = Ag relative to the experimentally determined value; the final predicted binding energy is within experimental error. Conversely, the same systematic improvement in the atomic basis set results in successively worse agreement at the MP2 level of theory.
FACTORS AFFECTING MODAL CHOICE DECISIONS IN URBAN TRAVEL

This paper develops some further tests of the effects of prices and disaggregated time-related characteristics of public versus private transportation on individual modal choice behavior, as well as factors which differentiate households according to auto availability, income and occupational status. Parameter values pertain to a travel survey conducted in five parts of the Buffalo metropolitan area. Estimates are obtained by using logit and probit estimation techniques.
Stable ion and electrophilic substitution (nitration and bromination) study of a-ring substituted phenanthrenes : Novel carbocations and substituted derivatives; NMR, X-ray analysis, and comparative DNA binding

Persistent carbocations were generated from five A-ring mono- and di-substituted phenanthrenes [3-OMe; 4-OMe, 1,3-bis(OMe), 2,4-bis(OMe), and 1,3-bis(Me)]. In all cases protonation occurs in the A-ring, ortho/para relative to methoxy or methyl substituent(s). Complete NMR assignments of the resulting carbocations are reported and their charge delocalization modes are discussed. Mild nitration (with 20–50 % aqueous HNO3 at –10 °C or at room temp.) and bromination (NBS/MeCN/room temp.) of these substrates resulted in the synthesis of several novel mononitro-/dinitro- as well as monobromo/dibromo derivatives, including those with nitro or bromo substituent in the bay-region. Correspondence between the site of attack in low-temperature protonation study and nitro substitution in ambient mild nitrations are examined. Complete NMR assignments for the new derivatives are reported as well as X-ray structures for 2,4-dimethoxy-1-nitro- and 1,3-dimethyl-4-nitrophenanthrenes. A comparative DNA binding study with MCF cells on three of the synthesized mononitro and one dinitro derivative showed that 1,3-dimethyl-9-nitro- (nitro at the meso position), 3-methoxy-4-nitro- (nitro in bay-region), and 1,3-dimethoxy-4,9-dinitrophenanthrenes (nitro in both meso and bay-regions) formed DNA adducts. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Secondary structure formation precedes tertiary structure in the refolding of ribonuclease A.

The kinetics of refolding of ribonuclease A were monitored by circular dichroism (CD), tyrosine fluorescence and absorbance in the −40 to −10°C range using a methanol cryosolvent. The native-like far-ultraviolet CD signal returned in te dead-tinme of the mixing, whereas the native absorbance and fluorescence signals returned in a multiphasic process at rates several orders of magnitude more slowly. Thus the secondary structure was formed much more rapidly than the tertiary structure. In addition, the absorbance signal showed evidence of an early intermediate in which one, or more, tyrosine residues was in a transiently more polar environment. A total of four kinetic phases were observed by absorbance in refolding, the slowest two of which had energies of activation consistent with proline isomerization. A refolding scheme involving initial hydrophobic collapse, concurrent with secondary structure formation, followed by much slower rearrangement to the native tertiary structure is proposed.
We've been working on the railroad: a laboratory for real-time embedded systems

This paper describes a laboratory used to support a junior level course in real-time embedded software development. Thirteen years of data comparing programming languages for a real-time systems course are presented. Funding provided by the Maytag Corporation and Rockwell-Collins makes it possible to provide other schools with low cost electronics necessary to duplicate this laboratory with a minimum of effort.
Aumann's and Schelling's Game Theory: The Nobel Prize in Economic Science, 2005

Abstract Robert Aumann and Thomas Schelling won the Nobel Prize in Economic Science in 2005. Their work in game theory shows two different approaches to understanding strategic interaction. Schelling's work on the strategic aspects of negotiations, focal points, and self-command is mathematically informal and is based on experimental and inductive knowledge of players' capabilities. Aumann's work on repeated games and common knowledge is mathematically deductive, and assumes highly rational agents. An exploration of their work allows for a comparison of these two approaches.
Demonstration of ACTH-sensitive particulate guanylate cyclase in adrenocortical carcinoma.

Summary The guanylate cyclase activity was detectable both in particulate and soluble fractions from adrenocortical carcinoma. The guanylate cyclase in the particulate fraction was stimulated by low concentration of ACTH, 7 × 10 −11 M, but not by sodium nitroprusside or ascorbic acid. The presence of calcium was found to be essential for this ACTH-stimulation of guanylate cyclase. When calcium was omitted from the assay or the calcium chelator EGTA was added to the incubation medium, no stimulation by ACTH was observed. Calcium alone could not replace ACTH in activating the cyclase enzyme. The soluble guanylate cyclase was stimulated by sodium nitroprusside but not by ascorbic acid or ACTH. These data demonstrate the hormonally—sensitive particulate guanylate cyclase in a cell—free system.
On the fast track to organizer gene expression.

Many embryonic species are initially transcriptionally quiescent after fertilization. In this issue of Developmental Cell , Blythe et al. reveal that β-catenin acts very early in Xenopus development to specifically modify the chromatin of organizer genes, poising them for rapid activation when transcription begins.
Selection procedures for mammalian cells in monolayer culture.

Selection techniques are described for the isolation of differentiated mammalian cell lines in culture. Use of the techniques in isolating auxotrophic mutant cell lines and functionally dependent endocrine tumor cell lines is discussed.
Scattering of Single-Particle Excitations by a Vortex in a Clean Type-II Superconductor

A study of the scattering of BCS single-particle excitations by an isolated vortex in a clean type-II superconductor is reported. The coupled Bogoliubov equations provide a theoretical framework for calculating quasiparticle wave functions. The vortex introduces superfluid velocity into the metal, depresses the order parameter $\ensuremath{\Delta}(r)$ at the core, and gives rise to a Bohm-Aharonov effect. The scattering problem has two channels with coupling between particlelike and holelike excitations. The total cross section diverges because of the Bohm-Aharonov effect, but the cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}$ for a particle to scatter from one channel to the other remains finite. This quantity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}$ is also equal to one-half the transport cross section. A numerical evaluation of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}$ as a function of the energy and polar angle of the excitations relative to the external field has been made.
Experimental application of orthogonal eigenstructure control for structural vibration cancellation

Orthogonal eigenstructure control (OEC) is a novel feedback control that is applicable to linear systems. Orthogonal eigenstructure control can minimizes the trial and error by the controller designer. It finds orthogonal vectors to some targeted modes of the structure within the achievable eigenvector set. When the targeted modes are replaced with the orthogonal vectors, it results in a decoupled system or structure that leads to vibration isolation. In this article, experimental application of this control method for active vibration cancellation of a plate is presented. Piezoelectric actuators are used as control actuators and accelerometers are used as feedback sensors. Vibration cancellation in a plate due to 150 Hz sinusoidal disturbance and a wideband disturbance within the range 200–300 Hz are experimentally studied. Since OEC is a model-based control method, system identification techniques are used for estimating the state-space realization of the system model. The effect of tuning the control gain is studied to compensate for the inaccurate system identification or factors that cannot be identified easily but play a major role in vibration of a structure. A finite element model of a plate is considered and the effects of scaling the control gains are investigated. It is shown that there is an allowable region for tuning the control gain without loosing the stability. The result of this analysis is used in the experiment for adjusting the control gains.