cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential versus actual contribution of vertical transmission to pathogen fitness

Theory predicts that virulent parasites cannot be maintained at high prevalence if they are only vertically transmitted. However, parasites with high rates of vertical transmission that cause severe reduction in host fitness have been reported. Atkinsonella hypoxylon is a fungal pathogen capable of both vertical and horizontal transmission that drastically reduces its host's fitness. In contrast with theoretical predictions, field and laboratory observations suggested that the primary mechanism of transmission was vertical. Using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers, we investigated the effective contribution of vertical and horizontal transmission to the genetic structure of three natural populations of A. hypoxylon. We found high genotypic diversity and low linkage disequilibrium, indicating that most established genotypes are derived from horizontally transmitted, sexual spores. The low contribution of vertical transmission to the parasite's fitness despite its high potential might be due to lower establishment of cleistogamous seeds (through which vertical transmission occurs) or lower vigour of vertically transmitted fungal genotypes. Low establishment of vertically infected hosts might explain the persistence of virulent parasites with high apparent vertical transmission. Our results suggest that caution must be taken when using the potential for vertical transmission to make predictions about the evolution of parasite virulence.
Structural changes, market growth and productivity gains of the US real estate investment trusts in the 1990s

The 1990s were tumultuous times for the US Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) industry. Significant structural changes occurred during the decade, especially after the 1993 Revenue Reconciliation Act, which tremendously boosted the flow of funds into the system by allowing the participation of institutional investors in REITs. As a result, the industry experienced remarkable asset growth during the decade, with a large number of initial public offerings and substantial increases in market capitalization. Employing the Data Envelopment Analysis-type Malmquist index approach, this paper explores the impact of such environmental changes on productivity growth, efficiency change, and technological progress of REITs. Our results indicate that while efficiency of the REITs significantly increased, their average productivity declined and technology regressed during this decade. It appears that the typical REIT has failed to improve technically, but exerted substantial effort to catch up with the best practice ones relying mainly on aggressive growth strategies. However, our empirical results indicate that they might have overextended themselves as most began to suffer from diseconomies of scale.
Air pollution and forest water use.

Arising from T. F. Keenan et al. , 324–327 (2013)10.1038/nature12291 Forests in North America and northern Europe increased their water-use efficiency (WUE)—the ratio of photosynthetic CO2 uptake to water loss through evapotranspiration—over the last two decades, according to a recent Letter1. Keenan et al. attribute the rising WUE to fertilization by increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 (ref. 1), although biosphere models predict this effect to be much smaller than the observed trend. Here, I show that falling concentrations of ozone and other phytotoxic air pollutants, which were not considered in ref. 1, may explain part of the WUE trend. Future efforts to reconcile biosphere models with field data should, therefore, use integrated modelling approaches that include both air quality and CO2 effects on forest growth and water use. There is a Reply to this Brief Communication Arising by Keenan, T. F. et al. Nature 507, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13114 (2014).
Demonstration and isolation of the hybrid hemoglobins α2AβAβC and α2AβSβC

Abstract The cross-linking reagent p , p ′-difluoro- m , m ′-dinitrodiphenylsulfone has been used to fix in the tetramer form the various species of hemoglobin present in mixtures of hemoglobin A and hemoglobin C and of hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C. Following reaction, the presence of the hybrid hemoglobins α 2 A β A β C and α 2 A β S β C in these hemoglobin mixtures was demonstrated electrophoretically and the hybrids were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography. The identity of the α 2 A β A β C hybrid was further verified by peptide analysis. The success in cross-linking α 2 A β 2 C , α 2 A β A β C , and α 2 A β S β C with p , p ′-difluoro- m , m ′-dinitrodiphenylsulfone shows that the distance between the alpha chain amino terminals in solution for these hemoglobin species is the same as in normal hemoglobin.
Mechanisms of exercise-induced muscle fibre injury

Exercise for which a skeletal muscle is not adequately conditioned results in focal sites of injury distributed within and among the fibres. Exercise with eccentric contractions is particularly damaging. The injury process can be hypothesised to occur in several stages. First, an initial phase serves to inaugurate the sequence. Hypotheses for the initial event can be categorised as either physical or metabolic in nature. We argue that the initial event is physical, that stresses imposed on sarcolemma by sarcomere length inhomogeneities occurring during eccentric contractions cause disruption of the normal permeability barrier provided by the cell membrane and basal lamina. This structural disturbance allows Ca++ to enter the fibre down its electrochemical gradient, precipitating the Ca++ overload phase. If the breaks in the sarcolemma are relatively minor, the entering Ca++ may be adequately handled by ATPase pumps that sequester and extrude Ca++ from the cytoplasm ('reversible' injury). However, if the Ca++ influx overwhelms the Ca++ pumps and free cytosolic Ca++ concentration rises, the injury becomes 'irreversible'. Elevations in intracellular Ca++ levels activate a number of Ca(++)-dependent proteolytic and phospholipolytic pathways that are indigenous to the muscle fibres, which respectively degrade structural and contractile proteins and membrane phospholipids; for instance, it has been demonstrated that elevation of intracellular Ca++ levels with Ca++ ionophores results in loss of creatine kinase activity from the fibres through activation of phospholipase A2 and subsequent production of leukotrienes. This autogenetic phase occurs prior to arrival of phagocytic cells, and continues during the inflammatory period when macrophages and other phagocytic cells are active at the damage site. The phagocytic phase is in evidence by 2 to 6 hours after the injury, and proceeds for several days. The regenerative phase then restores the muscle fibre to its normal condition. Repair of the muscle fibres appears to be complete; the fibres adapt during this process so that future bouts of exercise of similar type, intensity, and duration cause less injury to the muscle.
The Other of the Exotic: Balinese Music as Grammatical Paradigm in Ligeti's‘Galamb borong’

From the 1980s onwards, Gyorgy Ligeti openly acknowledged the influence of African polyphony, Indonesian gamelan and music of the Americas on works such as the Piano Concerto (1980–8) and Violin Concerto (1989–93), as well as the Etudes pour piano (1985–2001). The present article analyses Etude No. 7, ‘Galamb borong’, in order to establish the precise point of intersection between Western and non-Western within one specific piece. On the basis of this case study, the composer may be shown to celebrate the exotic under the umbrella of the cosmopolitan in a discourse of the universal that is inherently local. Furthermore, by permitting ‘Galamb borong’ to unfold as a dialogue between Balinese music and the Western classical canon, Ligeti's embrace of ‘amalgamated musical languages’ comes to represent an aesthetic standpoint capable of liberating the creative individual not only from inherited tradition but also from the postmodern present.
Factors impacting the likelihood of death in patients with small TBSA burns.

Survival rates of burn patients have increased greatly over the past several decades. There are, however, still patients with relatively small burns who do not survive their hospitalizations. This work aimed to elucidate factors common to this select subset of patients. The NBR Main dataset was queried for record numbers associated with TBSA between 0.1 and 10 and a discharge status indicating death. Using SAS statistical software, the patients were matched for age, sex, and TBSA. Chi-square analyses of independence on categorical variables and unpaired, two-tailed Students' t-tests with unequal variance on continuous variables were used to identify fields of further interest. SAS was then used to build multivariate logistic regression models examining variables affecting discharge status. The NBR complications child dataset was queried and categorized for the types of complications for analysis. Multivariate logistic regression for discharge status, comorbidities, and complications showed that the presence of a complication significantly impacted discharge status. The presence of an identified complication (other than death) increased the odds ratio of a discharge status of death by a factor of 3.023 (95% confidence interval [2.306, 3.964], P Language: en
Evaluation of hexahedral, prismatic and hybrid mesh styles for simulating respiratory aerosol dynamics

Abstract In simulating biofluid flow domains, structured hexahedral meshes are often associated with high quality solutions. However, extensive time and effort are required to generate these meshes for complex branching geometries. This study evaluates potential mesh configurations that may maintain the advantages of the structured hexahedral style while providing significant savings in grid construction time and complexity. Specifically, the objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of unstructured hexahedral, prismatic and hybrid meshes based on grid convergence and local particle deposition fractions in a bifurcating model of the respiratory tract. A grid convergence index (GCI) has been implemented to assess the mesh-independence of solutions in cases where true grid halving is not feasible. Localized and total deposition values have been evaluated for particles ranging from 1 through 10 μm in planar and out-of-plane geometries. Structured hexahedral, unstructured hexahedral and prismatic meshes were found to provide GCI values of approximately 5% and nearly identical velocity fields. In contrast, the hexahedral–tetrahedral hybrid model resulted in GCI values that were significantly higher in comparison to the other meshes. The resulting velocity field for the hybrid configuration differed from the hexahedral and prismatic solutions by up to an order of magnitude at some locations. Considering the deposition of 10 μm particles in the planar configuration, all meshes considered provided relatively close agreement (2–20% difference) with an available experimental study. For all particle sizes considered, local and total deposition results for the structured and unstructured hexahedral meshes were similar. In contrast, the prismatic and hybrid geometries resulted in significantly higher deposition rates when compared to the hexahedral meshes for particles less than 10 μm. As a result, only the unstructured hexahedral mesh was found to provide overall performance similar to the structured hexahedral configuration with the advantage of a significant savings in construction time. These results emphasize the importance of aligning control volume gridlines with the predominant flow direction in biofluid applications that involve long and thin internal flow domains. Future studies are needed to assess other forms of the hybrid configuration and the effects of other element styles.
A novel approach to enhance antibody sensitivity and specificity by peptide cross-linking

Most current techniques employed to improve antigen-antibody signals in Western blotting and in immunohistochemistry rely on sample processing prior to staining (e.g., microwaving) or using a more robust reporter (e.g., a secondary antibody with biotin-streptavidin). We have developed and optimized a new approach intended to stabilize the complexes formed between antigens and their respective primary antibodies by cupric ions at high pH. This technique improves the affinity and lowers cross-reactivity with nonspecific bands of approximately 20% of antibodies tested (5/25). Here we report that this method can enhance antigen-antibody specificity and can improve the utility of some poorly reactive primary antibodies.
Pedagogical lurking: Student engagement in non-posting discussion behavior

This paper presents the results of a study of student non-posting participation behavior in two online classes. Most often active message is assessed and thus implicitly valued in online class discussion, but the act of writing messages is not the only factor that contributes to student learning. However, it is the most visible and easiest to measure. Students may engage in processes of reading and reflection on the discussion board, not leaving their mark; it is these acts that may be referred to as pedagogical lurking. In this study, students were asked to self-report their non-visible course activities, the reasons behind these activities and their perceived usefulness related to learning. Findings show that about half of the students felt that they learned through the online discussion experience, and that they believe both posting and reading messages contributed to their ability to learn. These students were likely to enter the discussion before posting to obtain a model for participation, and to return at a later time to check for replies and reflect. Students who participated solely to meet course requirements and who focused on posting messages more than reading messages had less positive impressions of the discussion activity's impact on learning.
Contact Potential Measurements with Adsorbed Films

Measurements have been made of the contact potential differences between a clean unheated tungsten filament, and the same filament coated with an adsorbed film of thorium, caesium, oxygen, or a mixture of caesium and oxygen. The method used is well adapted to prevent accidental contamination of the filament surfaces. The values found for the contact potentials between cold surfaces are The surface on the left is positive to that on the right. These values of contact potential do not agree with those calculated from the thermionic emission constants. An example is given of the application of the method to the measurement of the changes in work function produced by heating a tungsten filament to various temperatures in presence of caesium vapor, thus changing the amount of adsorbed caesium.
Double extreme on joint sets for Gaussian random fields

Abstract For a centered Gaussian random field X = { X ( t ) , t ∈ R N } , let T 1 and T 2 be two compact sets in R N such that I = T 1 ∩ T 2 ≠ 0 and denote by χ ( A u ( I ) ) the Euler characteristic of the excursion set A u ( I ) = { t ∈ I : X ( t ) ≥ u } . We show that under certain smoothness and regularity conditions, as u → ∞ , the joint excursion probability P { sup t ∈ T 1 X ( t ) ≥ u , sup s ∈ T 2 X ( s ) ≥ u } can be approximated by the expected Euler characteristic E { χ ( A u ( I ) ) } such that the error is super-exponentially small.
Media framing and social movement mobilization: German peace protest against INF missiles, the Gulf War, and NATO peace enforcement in Bosnia

. How does media framing of issues affect social movement mobilization? This relationship is examined in light of the striking variation in levels of German peace protest against INF missiles, the Gulf War and the NATO peace-keeping mission to Bosnia. I argue that this variation in mobilization capacity can be explained in part by the degree of congruence between media framing and movement framing of the issues involved. Congruence between the two framings facilitates movement mobilization, whereas divergence hinders it. I compare the relative congruence between movement framing and media framing in Die Tageszeitung and Der Spiegel coverage of the three issues. I also evaluate possible alternative or complementary explanations, including public opinion, ‘normalization’ and elite cues, and political opportunity structure.
Identification of sulfation sites of metabolites and prediction of the compounds' biological effects

Characterizing the biological effects of metabolic transformations (or biotransformation) is one of the key steps in developing safe and effective pharmaceuticals. Sulfate conjugation, one of the major phase II biotransformations, is the focus of this study. While this biotransformation typically facilitates excretion of metabolites by making the compounds more water soluble, sulfation may also lead to bioactivation, producing carcinogenic products. The end result, excretion or bioactivation, depends on the structural features of the sulfation sites, so obtaining the structure of the sulfated metabolites is critically important. We describe herein a very simple, high-throughput procedure for using mass spectrometry to identify the structure—and thus the biological fate—of sulfated metabolites. We have chemically synthesized and analyzed libraries of compounds representing all the biologically relevant types of sulfation products, and using the mass spectral data, the structural features present in these analytes can be reliably determined, with a 97% success rate. This work represents the first example of a high-throughput analysis that can identify the structure of sulfated metabolites and predict their biological effects.
Cross-cultural perspectives on illness and wellness: Implications for depression

The purpose of this research is to determine the relationships among race, socioeconomic status (SES) and depressive symptomatology. Contrary to the findings of over 20 years of psychiatric epidemiology, two research teams have recently reported that Blacks, primarily those of low SES, are significantly more depressed than Whites occupying the same status. Using the same epidemiologic field survey data as one of these research groups (Whites=1,648; Blacks=450), the issues of race, SES, and depression are reopened for examination. Depressive symptomatology was measured by the Florida Health Study Depression Scale. The findings indicated that, in general, Blacks had significantly higher levels of depressive symptomatology than Whites. However, these differences were eliminated once SES, a composite of occupational status, education, and household income, was statistically controlled. Race, in other words, was not found to be an independent predictor of depression. The author concludes that poverty is hazardous to one's psychological well-being and that race, by itself, is merely a proxy for socioeconomic status. In addition, methodological issues associated with the conceptualization and operationalization of socioeconomic status and mental health constructs such as depression are explored.
Combination of photodynamic and ultrasonic therapy for treatment of infected wounds in animal model

One of the important problems of modern medicine is treatment of infected wounds. There are many diversified expedients of treatment, but none of them obey the modern physician completely. The aim of this study is to develop and test a new combined method of photodynamic ultrasonic therapy (PDUST) for treatment of infected wounds with focus on experimental trials. PDUST is based on a combination of two methods: photodynamic (PD) therapy (PDT) with photosensitizer and low frequency ultrasonic (US) therapy with antibiotic as tools for treatment of wounds and effectively killing bacteria. The main parameters are: US frequency - 26.5 kHz; US tip elongation - 40±20 μm; wavelength of light emitting diodes (LED) array - 660±10 nm; light intensity on biotissue surface - 1-2 mW/cm 2 ; photosensitizer - an aluminum disulfonated phtalocyanine dissolved in a physiological solution in concentration 10 mg/l. The experiments were carried out with 70 male chinchilla rabbits divided into 7 groups, thus the dynamics of wounds healing were studied in different modes of PDUST. The PD and US methods supplement each other and in conjunction provide additive and especially synergetic effects. The experimental data demonstrated advantages of new technology in comparison with conventional methods in cases of treatment of extended suppurative inflammatory and profound wounds. The more detailed study of PDUST method's mechanism, which is based on low intensity of LED light, PD therapy and US influence is required.
Metal-binding properties of Hpn from Helicobacter pylori and implications for the therapeutic activity of bismuth

Nickel is of particular importance to Helicobacter pylori in part because it acts as a cofactor of urease, which is critical to the survival of H. pylori. In this study the nickel storage, histidine-rich protein Hpn from H. pylori was converted into a Ni2+ probe by inserting it between two fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) partners, cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). The resulting construct, Hpn-FRET, exhibited a change in FRET upon the binding of Ni2+. Hpn-FRET has a moderate selectivity for Ni2+; it also responds to Zn2+ and Co2+ but not to other biometals. Competition experiments between Ni2+ and other metals plus the measured Kd values for Zn2+ and Ni2+ establish the selectivity order for Hpn-FRET as Zn2+ > Ni2+ > Co2+ ≫ other biometals. Bismuth is widely used as a therapeutic agent against H. pylori, and Hpn has been suggested as one of the possible targets. The dissociation constant of Bi3+ to Hpn-FRET was measured to be 6.19 × 10−5 M. Further experiments using Hpn-FRET in E. coli indicate that Hpn-FRET responds to Bi3+ but not to Ni2+ and Zn2+ inside E. coli. The result shows that unlike Ni2+ and Zn2+, which are tightly regulated in most bacteria, available Bi3+ can reach high micromolar levels inside E. coli.
Prepartum serum hormone concentrations related to dystocia in Holstein heifers.

Abstract Twelve Holstein heifers from a herd having a high incidence of dystocia were bled each day at 0730h from 260 days gestation until parturition. The blood was analyzed for estradiol-17 β , estrone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, and corticosteroids. Six of the animals had dystocia. The concentrations of estradiol-17 β were lower and the concentration of progesterone higher in dystocial animals during the prepartum period from 23 to 12 days. The prepartum patterns of secretion of corticosteroid, estrone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone did not change significantly in the two groups between days 23 and 12 prepartum. The prepartum difference in serum estradiol-17 β and progesterone concentration between normal and dystocial animals suggests that the timing of hormone changes in preparation for parturition is delayed and not as pronounced in dystocial animals.
Service providers' perception of their knowledge and skill levels in the nutrition management of pregnant adolescents

Teenage sexuality and pregnancy are issues of national concern. Out of a total female teenage population of about ten million, more than one million become pregnant each year and, of those, approximately half give birth (1). Adolescent pregnancy is associated with significant medical and nutritional risk (1-6). Maternal nutritional status is recognized as a critical environmental factor affecting pregnancy outcome and infant well-being, thus providing a strong rationale for nutrition services for pregnant adolescents (7). Spivak and Weitzman (8) emphasize that the powerlul association between the risks of teenage pregnancy and the health habits of adolescents strongly support the need for improved and expanded nutrition and health education services as intrinsic components of adolescent prenatal services. While there is an established need to provide comprehensive health care services to all adolescents, studies have documented that many health-care professionals working with teenagers feel unprepared and inadequately trained to meet the special health care needs of this population (5-12). Major areas of self-perceived deficits include health problems of high-risk behaviors and/ or life$,tyle (i.e., alcohol and other drug abuse, eating disorders, and delinquency); affective and emotional concerns; communication and counseling; chronic and handicapping conditions; and sexuality and pregnancy (5-12). A recent survey (12) of nutrition professionals working with youth found that a large proportion of practitioners perceived themselves as having inadequate skills in several major areas of adolescent health, particularly in managing special conditions that place youth at increased nutritional risk. Another recent study (13) found that public health nutrition personnel identified the area of adolescent pregnancy as one of their foremost continuing education needs. At this time, no information is available on service providers' perceived competencies in specific areas of nutrition management of pregnant adolescents. Such information would be valuable for continuing education and training purposes. Therefore, the intent of this sur-
Tracking rare incidence syndromes (TRIS) project

It is with great excitement that I read the articles about trisomy 18 in a recent issue of the American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. It is encouraging to see clinical information about this under-studied population. The Tracking Rare Incidence Syndromes project (TRIS) (http://web.coehs.siu.edu/Grants/TRIS/) intends to further the research agenda in this area through development of a database with information from parents of living and deceased children with trisomy18and related chromosomaldisorders (http:// web.coehs.siu.edu/Grants/TRIS/survey.html). At the present time, pilot data has been collected on similar types of clinical characteristics as those provided by Kosho et al. [2006], Lin et al. [2006], and Niedrist et al. [2006]. An additional study published in this series [Pont et al., 2006] describes the common congenital malformations in infants with trisomy 18. These authors emphasize the utility of this information in clinical decision-making and to assist families with understanding treatment options. The TRIS project also focuseson increasing theknowledgebase related to medical, therapeutic and educational interventions with an added emphasis on family resources and support. In fact, the oneof theproject’s sponsors is the support organization for trisomy 18, 13, and related disorders (SOFT) (www.trisomy.org). The TRIS project is aimed at both families and professionals in the hopes of increasing and expanding information related to daily care, medical interventions and developmental accomplishments as ameans towardgreater understanding indecisionmaking in children and adults with rare trisomy syndromes. We will begin by examining families with a child or adult with trisomy 18 or 13 and then expand to include rarer trisomies. The TRIS survey is currently in revision andwill be available in print and electronic formats by the end of the year. The project will begin in the United States and expand to other English-speaking countries and, ultimately, be launched on a worldwide scale.
The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study: baseline Axis I/II and II/II diagnostic co-occurrence.

Objective: To describe baseline diagnostic co-occurrence in the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. Method: Six hundred and sixty-eight patients were reliably assessed with diagnostic interviews for DSM-IV Axis I and II disorders to create five groups: Schizotypal (STPD), Borderline (BPD), Avoidant (AVPD), Obsessive-Compulsive (OCPD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) without personality disorder (PD). Results: Mean number of Axis I lifetime diagnoses was 3.4; STPD and BPD groups had more diagnoses than AVPD, OCPD, and MDD groups. Significant Axis I co-occurrences emerged for Social Phobia/AVPD, PTSD/BPD and Substance Use/BPD. Mean number of co-occurring PDs was 1.4; STPD had more than BPD group which had more than AVPD and OCPD groups. Significant PD co-occurrence emerged for: STPD/ Paranoid and Schizoid PDs, BPD with Antisocial and Dependent PDs, and lower frequency for OCPD/Antisocial PD. Conclusion: Diagnostic co-occurrences generally followed base rates, while significant departures resemble those of controlled literature.
Pairs of two-level systems

Correlations between the orientations of two particles with spin \textonehalf{} are formulated in terms of a complete set of operators appropriate to display the spectrum of oscillations under the influence of the spin interactions. The operators are classified for this purpose according to space and permutation symmetries. The treatment is intended as a model for any pair of two-level systems. Its extension to multilevel systems and the eventual emergence of dissipative behavior are outlined. The correlation of two-photon polarizations in the Einstein-Rosen-Podolsky paradox is described as an illustration.
Ligand binding by a recombinant insect juvenile hormone binding protein.

A cDNA for the hemolymph juvenile hormone binding protein (JHBP) of larval Manduca sexta has been isolated, sequenced, and expressed in an insect cell line. A recombinant baculovirus, containing the JHBP cDNA fused to the p10 promoter of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, was constructed. Insect cells (Sf9) infected with this virus secreted recombinant JHBP (rJHBP) into the medium (> 50 micrograms/mL), and cotranslational removal of an 18 amino acid leader sequence was observed. rJHBP was cross-reactive with an antiserum prepared to the hemolymph JHBP and was specifically labeled by [3H]EHDA, a photoaffinity analog of JH II, demonstrating that rJHBP was an isoform of the previously reported 32-kDa JHBP [Lerro, K. A., & Prestwich, G.D. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 19800-19806]. rJHBP was purified from insect cell medium to homogeneity by ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. The purified rJHBP had a higher affinity (KD = 11 nM for JH I and KD = 42 nM for JH II) than that reported for crude hemolymph JHBP (KD = 80 nM for JH I). The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of purified rJHBP indicated 34% alpha-helix and 23% beta-sheet. The CD spectra of rJHBP in the presence and absence of JH II were the same, indicating no change in secondary structure induced by ligand binding. Thus, the rJHBP expressed in insect cells binds JHs and is suitable for structural and functional analysis.
Three-dimensional visualization of cardiac single-photon-emission computed-tomography studies

We have previously reported on a method for visualizing cardiovascular nuclear medicine tomographic perfusion studies which included: long and short axis slices, two-dimensional (2- D) polar maps, three-dimensional (3-D) surface models, and four-dimensional surface models. We have since validated the 3-D surface model in a prospective patient population, added the ability to generate 3-D models from any polar map, and added a panoramic display that allows two 3-D models to be compared side-by-side. This paper describes the methodologies involved in these enhancements.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Self-Reported Changes in Food Safety Behaviors among Foodservice Employees: Impact of a Retail Food Safety Education Program.

ABSTRACT: A food safety education program developed for retail food establishments was evaluated to assess the extent to which participants were practicing selected behaviors linked to reducing the risk of foodborne disease both before and after the program. Scores from the state health department's Certified Food Manager (CFM) exam also were examined. Based on the 189 usable surveys returned, most respondents were female, middle age, and white with nearly 11 y of foodservice experience. Results revealed that after completing the program, participants reported practicing behaviors related to hand washing, maintaining safe food temperatures, preventing crosscontamination, and pest management more frequently (P < 0.05) compared to before the program. Effect size analysis indicated these results were also practically significant. Most (82.5%; n= 156) participants passed the CFM exam. Compared to those who failed the CFM exam, those who passed reported significantly higher changes in the adoption of selected behaviors; however, these results were of limited practical significance according to effect size analysis. Results suggest the food safety program is effective in promoting the adoption of food safety behaviors that can help reduce the risk of foodborne illness.
Wireless-compatible optics-free microarray imager

We describe a low-cost, wireless compatible biosensor for optical microarray based applications. With the increasing use of microarray platforms in biosensors, as well as high-throughput screening in the areas of research and diagnostics, it has become necessary to develop a low cost imager compatible with existing mu array platforms, enabling microarray technology to be widely utilized outside of a laboratory setting. The incorporation of a wireless interface enables the possibility of a package-free biosensor for direct integration into biological environments. To accomplish this we developed an imaging platform using a standard digital CMOS process that allows direct integration of electronics, while levering the optical properties of silicon photodiodes and quantum dots to eliminate the need for optical filters and lenses, enabling a low-cost integrated solution. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the detection of a 20 nM concentration of streptavidin without the use of optics.
Planar consistency and the hadron spectrum

Abstract It is shown that arguments for the presence of Regge cuts even in the planar term of the topological expansion do not apply to models which include baryons and other multi-quark states.
Reconfigurable Array Design to Realize Principal Component Analysis (PCA)-Based Microwave Compressive Sensing Imaging System

This letter presents a design of a principal component analysis (PCA)-based microwave compressive sensing system using reconfigurable array. An iterative beam synthesis process is used to realize the required radiation patterns obtained from PCA. In this letter, a human body scanning system is studied as an example to investigate the compressive sensing performance using PCA-generated radiation patterns. Optical images are used as surrogates for the RF images in implementation of the training PCA dictionary. Compared to random-patterns-based compressive sensing system, this PCA-based compressive sensing system requires fewer numbers of measurements to achieve the same performance .
Natural convection between horizontal heated concentric circular cylinders

Natural convection between infinitely long, horizontal, heated, concentric circular cylinders is considered. It is assumed that the temperature difference between the cylinders is small and also that the radius of the inner cylinder is small. It is shown that the problem is mainly conduction dominated provided thatR, the ratio of the radius of the outer cylinder to the radius of the inner cylinder, is not too large. The criterion derived for a conduction dominated problem is a relation betweenR and the Grashof number.
Effect of Beta‐Adrenergic Stimulation on the QT Interval of Children with Syncope

The effect of intravenous bolus doses (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 microgram) of isoproterenol on the QT and RR intervals was reviewed in a group of 34 children undergoing autonomic testing for syncope. Twenty-one patients had a positive orthostatic test and 13 were negative. The two groups (positive and negative) were compared. Baseline QT and RR intervals were similar. The RR interval was shortened by isoproterenol in both groups. Isoproterenol shortened the QT interval in the negative group (as seen in normal persons), but produced QT prolongation in the positive group, although neither reached statistical significance when compared to baseline within the respective group. Comparing the values for RR and QT at each dose of isoproterenol (including baseline) between the two groups showed a significant difference in the QT interval after the 1.0-microgram dose of isoproterenol. Thus children with orthostatic positive neurocardiogenic syncope showed a different QT response to beta-adrenergic stimulation. This lends support to the theory of altered beta-adrenergic sensitivity being present in children with neurocardiogenic syncope.
Collisional heating by nonthermal electrons in a tapered magnetic loop

The behavior of nonthermal electrons ejected into a tapered magnetic loop, under the action of both Coulomb collisional and magnetic field gradient forces is studied. An approximate analytic formula for the heating rate as a function of distance along the loop is developed, and found to be in good agreement with exact numerical solutions of the relevant equations. Such a formula is useful as a source term in many situations, such as hydrodynamic simulations of atmospheric response to flare energy input.
Representativeness and Counterfactual Thinking: The Principle that Antecedent and Outcome Correspond in Magnitude:

Past research has found that when people imagine how an outcome might have turned out differently, their "if only" thoughts consistently focus on particular types of antecedent conditions. The authors propose that one principle people follow is to focus on an antecedent that fails to correspond in magnitude to the imagined counterfactual outcome. Specifically, they propose that people focus on such antecedents and change them in the direction of increasing correspondence to the imagined counterfactual outcome. In a series of four experiments, they find evidence that people follow the principle of magnitude correspondence and that it is independent of previously identified principles in counterfactual thinking such as tendencies to focus on exceptional rather than normal antecedents and tendencies to focus on antecedents that correspond to the actual outcome in normality or valence.
The effect of noise in the emergency department.

Background It is hypothesized that high ambient noise in the emergency department (ED) adversely affects the ability of the examiner to hear heart and lung sounds. Objective To determine the ability of various examiners to hear heart tones and lung sounds at the high end of loudness typically found in the ED setting. Methods The study was divided into two parts. First, sound levels in the ED were measured over various times during the months of January through June 2001, using a sound level monitor. The second part of the study was the determination of the ability to hear heart and lung sounds on a young healthy volunteer using the same Littmann lightweight stethoscope at a predetermined ambient noise level of 90 dB. The results were entered into a database and analyzed using SPSS version 10 (Chicago, IL). Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, frequencies, and correlation were calculated using this program. Results Two hundred five sound measurements were taken in the ED during the study period in three locations at various hours. The mean noise level at the nursing station was 57.60 dB, with a minimum of 45.00 dB and a maximum of 70.00 dB. Four of the 104 test subjects (3.8%) were unable to hear the heart tones, and nine of the 104 (8.7%) were unable to hear the lung sounds. Fifty percent (27 of 54) of the test subjects reported diminished lung sounds and eight of 15 (53.3%) reported diminished heart sounds. No significant difference was found between hearing heart sounds and years of experience, age, professional position, and quality of the sound. Significant differences were found between hearing lung sounds and years of experience and professional position, but not with age, gender, and sound quality. Conclusions This study demonstrated that most of the tested examiners have the ability to hear heart and lung sounds at the extreme of loudness found in one ED.
Myristoylation of the Fus1 Protein Is Required for Tumor Suppression in Human Lung Cancer Cells

FUS1 is a novel tumor suppressor gene identified in the human chromosome 3p21.3 region that is deleted in many cancers. Using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric analysis on an anti-Fus1-antibody-capture ProteinChip array, we identified wild-type Fus1 as an N-myristoylated protein. N-myristoylation is a protein modification process in which a 14-carbon myristoyl group is cotranslationally and covalently added to the NH2-terminal glycine residue of the nascent polypeptide. Loss of expression or a defect of myristoylation of the Fus1 protein was observed in human primary lung cancer and cancer cell lines. A myristoylation-deficient mutant of the Fus1 protein abrogated its ability to inhibit tumor cell-induced clonogenicity in vitro, to induce apoptosis in lung tumor cells, and to suppress the growth of tumor xenografts and lung metastases in vivo and rendered it susceptible to rapid proteasome-dependent degradation. Our results show that myristoylation is required for Fus1-mediated tumor-suppressing activity and suggest a novel mechanism for the inactivation of tumor suppressors in lung cancer and a role for deficient posttranslational modification in tumor suppressor-gene-mediated carcinogenesis.
The Effect of Meaning Frequency on Processing Lexically Ambiguous Words: Evidence from Eye Fixations

Subjects read sentences containing lexically ambiguous words while their eye movements were monitored Biased ambiguous words (those that have one highly dominant sense) were used in sentences containing a prior context that instantiated their subordinate sense Control words were matched in frequency both to the dominant and to the subordinate meaning of the ambiguous word (high- and low-frequency controls) Subjects fixated longer on both the ambiguous word and the low-frequency control than on the high-frequency control When the target was ambiguous, however, the duration of posttarget fixations was longer and the likelihood of making a regression to the target was greater than when the target was an unambiguous control The results are discussed in relation to current models of lexical ambiguity resolution
In pursuit of the worthwhile life: Finding public management's inner woman

I was trained in economics, attracted by its theoretically disciplined analytic and empirical tools designed to address important social and policy issues. My primary interest being the issues rather than the discipline, especially after nearly a decade in public service, I gravitated toward the then new public policy schools, where issues were paramount. My initial focus on policy analysis gave way to an interest in the emergent field of public management. The conceptualization of public management in the policy schools came to seem insubstantial, however, but I found affinities with public administration scholars who were also interested in public management. Public management cum public administration appeared, contrary to prejudices in the policy schools, to confront issues fundamental to democratic governance and also to own an insightful tradition of efforts to resolve them.Nowapolitical economist, I saw challenging intellectual opportunities in the marriage of rigorous social science with the practical challenges of public management and the normative challenges of Constitutional theory. This is all by way of confessing to Camilla Stivers’s j’accuse in “Administration Versus Management: A Reading From Beyond the Boundaries.” Yes, I believe that the concepts, models, and methods of political economics can strengthen the intellectual foundations of public management cum public administration. So too, of course, can the concepts, models, and methods of other social and behavioral science disciplines and of other professional fields. All the better if such intellectual efforts are complemented, even overshadowed where appropriate, by qualitative research of all kinds and by experientialwisdom. (Her implication that I wish all “soft” knowledge could be “gotten rid of” is bizarre). It
The stops made by commuters: evidence from the 2009 US National Household Travel Survey

Trip chaining, especially during peak-hour commute trips, is an important aspect of travel behavior that impacts the private and social costs and benefits of urban passenger travel. Combining large-sample data from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) and the 2010 US Census, this study analyzes the relationship between the complexity of commute tours and the characteristics of not just commuters and their households, but also their neighborhoods and regions. Different from most existing studies, this analysis controls more detailed individual, household, employment, and location characteristics and important interactions. In particular, by linking the restricted-use location data of households and work places from the NHTS survey to the US Census data, this study quantifies the effects of job-end population and employment densities. Results confirm the important impact of socio-demographics (gender, household responsibilities, and flexible work schedule), which underwent significant changes in the recent past, but fail to identify strong effects of socio-economic status, the regional and local built environment, or gasoline price.
No long-term effect of behavioral treatment on psychotropic drug use for agitation in Alzheimer's disease patients.

To determine if teaching caregivers behavior management techniques (BMTs) reduces long-term psychotropic use in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, we examined 12-month follow-up data from a 4-month randomized study com paring placebo, BMTs, trazodone, and haloperidol for the treatment of agitated behaviors in persons with AD. After 4 months, treatment was allowed with any agent. Between 42.8% and 51% of AD patients received additional psy chotropics between 4 and 12 months. The relative risk of being prescribed any psychotropic drug after the 4-month trial was at or about 1.0 for subjects in each drug arm or placebo arm versus BMTs. We concluded that teaching caregivers BMTs did not diminish long-term prescription of psychotropic drugs. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:95-98).
Voting multi-dimensional data with deviations for Web services under group testing

Web services (WS) need to be trustworthy to be used in critical applications. A technique called WS group testing has been proposed which can significantly reduce the cost of testing and ranking a large number of WS. A main feature of WS group testing is that it is able to establish the test oracles for the given test inputs from multiple WS and infer the oracles by plural voting. Efficient voting of complex and large number of data is critical to the success of group testing. Current voting techniques are not designed to deal with such a situation. This paper presents efficient voting algorithms that determine the plural value on multi-dimensional data and large number of data. The algorithm uses a clustering method to classify data into regions to identify the plural value. Experiments are designed and performed to concept-prove the algorithms and their applications with group testing.
Youth-Subcultural Studies: Sociological Traditions and Core Concepts

The study of youth subcultures has rich histories in the USA and UK, yet has remained a marginal subfield within cultural sociology. In this article, I begin by reviewing the significance of the Chicago school, strain theory, Birmingham school and post-subcultural studies traditions of youth-cultural and youth-subcultural research. I then conceive of a series of significant analytic concepts that over time have proven themselves to be core components of youth-subcultural studies. These analytic concepts include subcultural style, resistance, subcultural space and media, societal reaction, and identity and authenticity. In each analytic section, I explore major conceptual frames and discuss significant empirical research, on youth subcultures including punk goth, straightedge, riot grrrl skateboarding, rave and club cultures, among others.