cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redesigning knowledge systems for urban resilience

Abstract While studies have suggested that climate change adaptation will require dynamic sets of knowledge types—scientific, technical, local, and tacit—about complex, interconnected problems across spatial and temporal scales, less attention has been directed to how these different ways of knowing might be used to transform specific urban knowledge systems that are currently in place, to align with diverse societal needs, and to open new pathways for designing how cities sense, anticipate, adapt to, and learn from extreme weather events. This special issue on knowledge systems for urban resilience explores the social practices that produce, validate, circulate, and use information, data, and expertise to enable institutions to adapt to the unpredictable and highly dynamic conditions of the Anthropocene. We are particularly interested in the relationship between the social organization of knowledge production and ways that cities can build urban resilience to extreme weather events associated with climate change. Through a combination of conceptual and case study analyses of how knowledge systems work in cities, we argue that building adaptive capacity requires changing the practices, rules, expectations, and underlying power relations in the production and use of knowledge.
Mitochondria and Alzheimer's: Is PTCD1 the Smoking Gun?

Multiple features distinguish the mitochondria of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients from those of unaffected individuals. The causes and consequences of these differences are informed by the recent finding by Fleck et al. (J. Neurosci., 2019) that pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein 1 (PTCD1) gene variants associate with AD. This suggests a proximal or initiating role for mitochondria in AD.
Technology Acceptance in Context: Preschool Teachers' Integration of a Technology-Based Early Language and Literacy Curriculum.

This study examined how preschool teachers’ perception of technology usability and associated beliefs about technology integration influence the way they integrate a technology-based, early languag...
A Descriptive Revenue Analysis of a Wound-Center IR Collaboration to Treat Lower Extremity Venous Ulcers.

Abstract Purpose To describe the revenue from a collaboration between a dedicated wound care center and an interventional radiology (IR) practice for venous leg ulcer (VLU) management at a tertiary care center. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included 36 patients with VLU referred from a wound care center to an IR division during the 10-month active study period (April 2017 to January 2018) with a 6-month surveillance period (January 2018 to June 2018). A total of 15 patients underwent endovascular therapy (intervention group), whereas 21 patients did not (nonintervention group). Work relative value units (wRVUs) and dollar revenue were calculated using the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Physician Fee Schedule. Results Three sources of revenue were identified: evaluation and management (E&M), diagnostic imaging, and procedures. The pathway generated 518.15 wRVUs, translating to $37,522. Procedures contributed the most revenue (342.27 wRVUs, $18,042), followed by E&M (124.23 wRVUs, $8,881), and diagnostic imaging (51.65 wRVUs, $10,599). Intervention patients accounted for 86.7% of wRVUs (449.48) and 80.0% of the revenue ($30,010). An average of 33 minutes (38.3 hours total) and 2.06 hours (36.8 hours total) were spent on E&M visits and procedures, respectively. Conclusions In this collaboration between the wound center and IR undertaken to treat VLU, IR and E&M visits generated revenue and enabled procedural and downstream imaging revenue.
A Novel Allergen-Specific Immune Signature-Directed Approach to Dietary Elimination in Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

Objectives Dietary elimination for treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is limited by lack of accuracy in current allergy tests. We aimed to develop an immunologic approach to identify dietary triggers and prospectively test allergen-specific immune signature-guided dietary elimination therapy. Methods In the first phase, we developed and assessed 2 methods for determining selected food triggers using samples from 24 adults with EoE: a CD4+ T-cell proliferation assay in peripheral blood and food-specific tissue IgG4 levels in esophageal biopsies. In the second phase, we clinically tested elimination diets created from these methods in a prospective cohort treated for 6 weeks (NCT02722148). Outcomes included peak eosinophil counts (eos/hpf), endoscopic findings (measured by the EoE Endoscopic Reference Score), and symptoms (measured by the EoE Symptom Activity Index). Results Parameters were optimized with a positive test on either assay, yielding agreements of 60%, 75%, 53%, 58%, and 53% between predicted and known triggers of peanut, egg, soy, wheat, and milk, respectively. In clinical testing, the mean number of foods eliminated based on the assays was 3.4, and 19 of 22 subjects were compliant with treatment. After treatment, median peak eosinophil counts decreased from 75 to 35 (P = 0.007); there were 4 histologic responders (21%). The EoE Endoscopic Reference Score and EoE Symptom Activity Index score also decreased after treatment (4.6 vs 3.0; P = 0.002; and 32.5 vs 25.0; P = 0.06, respectively). Discussion We successfully developed a new testing approach using CD4 T-cell proliferation and esophageal food-specific IgG4 levels, with promising accuracy rates. In clinical testing, this led to improvement in eosinophil counts, endoscopic severity, and symptoms of dysphagia, but a smaller than expected number of patients achieved histologic remission.
Fluopyram Suppresses Population Densities of Heterodera glycines in Field and Greenhouse Studies in Michigan

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, causes significant damage to soybean production annually. Fluopyram is a fungicide commonly used in soybean seed treatments intended t...
Use of uniform shots for robust planning of mask-based treatment in Gamma Knife Icon

Abstract Purpose To verify whether Icon automatic correction is robust in preserving plan quality. Materials/methods An end-to-end phantom was used to verify Icon’s correction accuracy qualitatively. For quantitative assessment, two plans, a composite- and a uniform-shot-only, were created for an elliptical- (E) and a sausage-shaped (S) lesion inside a PseudoPatient head phantom with a film insert. The phantom was irradiated in the planned and three other positions under each plan: 14° pitch (B); 14° rotation + 8° pitch (C); 95° rotation + 4-cm shift (D). Results Icon accurately corrects the locations of the shots. For the uniform-shot plans: all gamma index passing rates were >97%, and the differences between the planned and the delivery doses (minimum, maximum, and mean) were all ≤0.1 Gy. For the composite-shot plans, however, the dose differences increased as the phantom was shifted through positions B-D, with a gamma index passing rate of 61% for lesion-E in position D, and 92%, 79%, and 45% for lesion-S in positions B, C, and D, respectively. Conclusions Plans using only uniform shots are more robust to deviations in treatment position. The tolerance for such deviations may be lower for plans using composite shots.
Reuse in STEM Research Writing: Rhetorical and Practical Considerations and Challenges.

Abstract Text recycling (hereafter TR), sometimes problematically called “self-plagiarism,” involves the verbatim reuse of text from one’s own existing documents in a newly created text – such as the duplication of a paragraph or section from a published article in a new article. Although plagiarism is widely eschewed across academia and the publishing industry, the ethics of TR are not agreed upon and are currently being vigorously debated. As part of a federally funded (US) National Science Foundation grant, we have been studying TR patterns using several methodologies, including interviews with editors about TR values and practices (Pemberton, Hall, Moskovitz, & Anson, 2019) and digitally mediated text-analytic processes to determine the extent of TR in academic publications in the biological sciences, engineering, mathematical and physical sciences, and social, behavioral, and economic sciences (Anson, Moskovitz, & Anson, 2019). In this article, we first describe and illustrate TR in the context of academic writing. We then explain and document several themes that emerged from interviews with publishers of peer-reviewed academic journals. These themes demonstrate the vexed and unsettled nature of TR as a discursive phenomenon in academic writing and publishing. In doing so, we focus on the complex relationships between personal (role-based) and social (norm-based) aspects of scientific publication, complicating conventional models of the writing process that have inadequately accounted for authorial decisions about accuracy, efficiency, self-representation, adherence to existing or imagined rules and norms, perceptions of ownership and copyright, and fears of impropriety.
The Math is not the Territory: Navigating the Free Energy Principle

Much has been written about the free energy principle (FEP), and much misunderstood. The principle has traditionally been put forth as a theory of brain function or biological self-organisation. Critiques of the framework have focused on its lack of empirical support and a failure to generate concrete, falsifiable predictions. I take both positive and negative evaluations of the FEP thus far to have been largely in error, and appeal to a robust literature on scientific modelling to rectify the situation. A prominent account of scientific modelling distinguishes between model structure and model construal. I propose that the FEP be reserved to designate a model structure, to which philosophers and scientists add various construals, leading to a plethora of models based on the formal structure of the FEP. An entailment of this position is that demands placed on the FEP that it be falsifiable or that it conform to some degree of biological realism rest on a category error. To this end, I deliver first an account of the phenomenon of model transfer and the breakdown between model structure and model construal. In the second section, I offer an overview of the formal elements of the framework, tracing their history of model transfer and illustrating how the formalism comes apart from any interpretation thereof. Next, I evaluate existing comprehensive critical assessments of the FEP, and hypothesise as to potential sources of existing confusions in the literature. In the final section, I distinguish between what I hold to be the FEP—taken to be a modelling language or modelling framework—and what I term “FEP models.”
A mass transport deposit in the Permian Mackellar Formation, Victoria Group, Antarctica

The Permian Mackellar Formation in the central Transantarctic Mountains is a fine-grained siliciclastic succession, which was deposited in a marine to brackish inland sea (Mackellar Sea) along the ...
The Cost of Certainty

Setting the stage for the “Psychology and the Other” special issue, this introductory article lays out the complex relationship between certainty and uncertainty and points to the critical importan...
Thermosyphon-Cooled Three-Dimensional Stacked Heat Sources

This article presents an experimental investigation of two-phase passive liquid cooling, using a miniature-thermosyphon, for the simulated three-dimensional stacked integrated chips (3D-SICs). An evaporator consisting of three heaters separated with two micro-gaps of height 0.178 mm serves as a core component of the miniature-thermosyphon system. The thermosyphon’s cooling performance has been evaluated under multiple parametric conditions, including evaporator tilt angle, vertical separation between the condenser and the evaporator, and inlet-chilled water temperature of the condenser in the auxiliary loop. Boiling regimes at evaporator outlets are presented. All the investigated characteristics except the tilt angle have notable impacts on the cooling performance of each layer of the simulated 3D-SICs. Nonuniform cooling performance between the simulated 3D-SICs layers and within each layer has been observed. This nonuniform cooling performance could require the preferred placement of 3D-SICs with heterogeneous chips in data center cabinets.
Analyzing climate change adaptation policies in the context of the local state

Abstract As climate change becomes a more obvious existential threat to many communities, sharper tools are needed to analyze policymaking and especially the variations in effective adaptive planning. While policy creation, preparedness and disaster management are essentially local activities, much analysis simply focuses on cities and overlooks robust tools to understand what happens within communities of all types. This paper explores the local state, an analytical framework which can connect our understanding of state, market and civil society within communities below the level of the nation state. The local state concept is resurgent within the academic literature and this paper shows the potential of this analysis, drawing on empirical examples of climate change adaptation from Tucson AZ and New Orleans, coupled with broader discussion from several countries.
Treatment initiation with bone-targeting agents among patients with bone metastasis secondary to solid tumors or patients with multiple myeloma.

309Background: Recent real-world evidence is lacking regarding the initiation of bone-targeting agents (BTAs), and time to treatment with BTAs after a diagnosis of bone metastasis secondary to soli...
A Pilot Open-label Study of Aldose Reductase Inhibition with AT-001 (caficrestat) in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 Infection: Results from a Registry-based Matched-control Analysis

Abstract Background Cardiometabolic disease may confer increased risk of adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients by activation of the aldose reductase pathway, a trigger of the inflammatory cascade. We hypothesized that aldose reductase inhibition with AT-001 (caficrestat) might represent a novel therapeutic approach to reduce viral inflammation and risk of adverse outcomes in diabetic patients with COVID-19. Methods We conducted an open-label prospective phase 2 clinical trial to assess safety, tolerability and efficacy of AT-001 (caficrestat) in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection, history of diabetes mellitus and chronic heart disease. Eligible participants were prospectively enrolled and treated with AT-001 1500 mg twice daily for up to 14 days. Safety, tolerability, survival and length of hospital stay were collected from the electronic medical record and compared with data from two matched control groups selected from a deidentified contemporaneous registry of COVID-19 patients at the same institution. Results AT-001 (caficrestat) was safe and well tolerated in the 10 participants who received the study drug. The in-hospital mortality observed in the AT-001 (caficrestat) group was 20% vs. 31% in matched control-1 and 27% in matched control-2. The mean length of hospital stay observed in the AT-001 (caficrestat) group was 5 days vs. 10 days in matched control group-1 and 25 days in matched control-2. Conclusions: In hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and co-morbid diabetes mellitus and heart disease, aldose reductase inhibition with AT-001 (caficrestat) was safe and well tolerated. Exposure to AT-001 (caficrestat) was associated with a trend of reduced mortality and shortening of the length of hospital stay. While the observed trend did not reach statistical significance. The present study provides the rationale for investigating potential benefit of AT-001 (caficrestat) in COVID 19 affected patients in future studies.
Midterm Outcomes and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging following Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.

At midterm follow-up visits performed at a median of 7 months (IQR 6.0-8.4 months), 16 patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children had resolution of left ventricular dysfunction and most had resolution of coronary aneurysms. On cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, no patients had late gadolinium enhancement.
Algebraic Codes on Lines, Planes, and Curves: An Engineering Approach

The past few years have witnessed significant developments in algebraic coding theory. This book provides an advanced treatment of the subject from an engineering perspective, covering the basic principles and their application in communications and signal processing. Emphasis is on codes defined on the line, on the plane, and on curves, with the core ideas presented using commutative algebra and computational algebraic geometry made accessible using the Fourier transform. Starting with codes defined on a line, a background framework is established upon which the later chapters concerning codes on planes, and on curves, are developed. The decoding algorithms are developed using the standard engineering approach applied to those of Reed-Solomon codes, enabling them to be evaluated against practical applications. Integrating recent developments in the field into the classical treatment of algebraic coding, this is an invaluable resource for graduate students and researchers in telecommunications and applied mathematics.
Electrochemical techniques for predicting galvanic corrosion

The various electrochemical techniques for predicting galvanic corrosion behavior of metals are described. Each method is evaluated on the basis of practicality using specific galvanic couples as examples. The paper describes some serious shortcomings of the existing techniques and warns of the dangers of their improper use.
Identification of Dextropropoxyphene and Its Diastereoisomers

The specific diastereoisomer of a suspected propoxyphene sample can be identified by thin-layer chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, or nuclear magnetic resonance. If the sample is α-propoxyphene, the optical isomer must be identified by crystal tests, polarimetry, or melting point. This paper describes spectroscopic methods and physical properties that can be used to identify the four diastereoisomers and two racemates of propoxyphene. Of the four diastereoisomers, only the controlled α-d-propoxyphene and the noncontrolled α-l-propoxyphene forms are commercially available.
Can human populations be stabilized

Historical examples of demographic change, in China, Italy, Nigeria, Utah, Easter Island, and elsewhere, together with simple mathematics and biological principles, show that stabilizing world population before it is limited by food supply will be more difficult than is generally appreciated. United Nations population projections are wrong because they assume, in spite of the absence of necessary feedbacks, that all nations will converge rapidly to replacement-level fertility and thereafter remain at that level. Education of women and provision of contraceptives have caused dramatic reductions in fertility, but many groups, including some that are well-educated, maintain high fertility. Small groups with persistent high fertility can grow to supplant low-fertility groups, resulting in continued growth of the total population. The global average fertility rate could rise even if each country's fertility rate is falling. In some low-fertility European countries where deaths exceed births, the population continues to grow because of immigration. Producing more than two offspring is normal for all animal species with stable populations because their populations are limited by resources or predation rather than birth control. It may therefore be appropriate to view the growth of human population as the result not of excess fertility but rather of excess food.
Optical Rotatory Dispersion of Mitochondrial Reduced Diphosphopyridine Nucleotide Dehydrogenase from Cardiac Tissue

Abstract Optical rotatory dispersion spectra of oxidized and reduced FMN and FAD are presented from 600 to 210 mµ and of riboflavin from 600 to 340 mµ. Optical rotatory dispersion behavior of soluble DPNH dehydrogenase was studied between 600 and 185 mµ with respect to the oxidation state of the enzyme. The optical rotatory dispersion spectra were analyzed and the extrinsic Cotton effects were resolved from the protein backbone rotations. Shechter-Blout's A' parameters were computed: A'193 = 147 and A'225 = -278° for the oxidized enzyme, and A'193 = 32 and A'225 = -210° for the reduced. The centers of the resolved extrinsic Cotton effects due to nonprotein chromophores were 437 mµ and 350 mµ for the oxidized and 436 mµ and 346 mµ for the reduced enzyme. The rotational strength, amplitude, and band width of these Cotton effects were dependent upon the oxidation state of the enzyme. In addition, anomalous rotations in the region of 550 mµ were also observed but were too small for accurate analysis. These observations indicate that the interactions between the chromophores and the protein are dependent upon the oxidation state of the dehydrogenase. This dependence may be due to changes in geometrical relationships within the system and in the conformation of the protein moiety which is also determined by the oxidation state of the prosthetic groups. These changes may in turn play an intrinsic role in the physiological action of the enzyme for electron transfer in the respiratory chain.
Localization of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in human bile duct epithelial cells

Abstract Background: Liver dysfunction is a common manifestation of cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease caused by mutations affecting the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The aim of this study was to examine the distribution and role of CFTR in liver. Methods: CFTR messenger RNA was detected in cryosections of human liver by in situ hybridization. CFTR immunoreactivity was detected using antibodies raised against two CFTR peptides. Results: The predominant site of CFTR messenger RNA and immunoreactivity in liver is the intrahepatic bile duct. CFTR is not detected in hepatocytes of normal liver or in livers exhibiting bile duct proliferation. Within bile duct cells, CFTR is localized at or near the apical plasma membrane. Conclusions: The apical localization of CFTR in bile duct cells suggests a model explaining how the CFTR-associated Cl − channel contributes to normal biliary secretion. This model suggests that if CFTR expression could be promoted in intrahepatic duct cells by somatic gene therapy, this might prevent the occurrence of liver disease in CF.
Gender and Adolescent Development.

This article summarizes and critiques recent trends in research and theory on the role of gender in adolescent development. First, gender differences in key areas of adolescent functioning are reviewed. Second, research on 3 constructs that are especially relevant to the investigation of within-gender individual differences in gender phenomena—gender typing, gender stereotypes, and gender identity—is discussed. Third, trends in theories of gender differentiation are identified. Throughout, issues of conceptualization and of methodology are discussed, and directions for future research are offered.
Improving X-tolerant combinational output compaction via input rotation

Combinational linear compactors can be used to compact the output response for a large number of scan chains into a smaller number of outputs. While some compactor designs can guarantee observation of all scan chains in the presence of a small number of X's, this may not be sufficient for designs with higher X densities. This paper describes an approach for using a combinational rotator between the scan chains and compactor to allow detection of faults even in the presence of high X densities. It is shown that the number of control inputs to the rotator is comparable to the number of control inputs required by conventional X masking approaches, but by not masking, the proposed approach is able to provide higher observability which translates to fewer test patterns, better compression, and better coverage of non-modeled faults. Moreover, the control data for the rotator has many more don't cares than the control data for X masking thereby making it easier and more efficient to compress with a linear decompressor. A heuristic procedure for ordering the inputs to a combinational compactor to increase the probability of observation for a given maximum shift distance is also presented. Experimental results indicate that high observability can be achieved using the proposed method with a relatively small number of control inputs.
Vitamin D status in children, adolescents, and young adults with Crohn disease

BACKGROUND Crohn disease (CD) and vitamin D deficiency are associated with decreased bone mineralization. OBJECTIVE We examined the prevalence of and risk factors for hypovitaminosis D in children, adolescents, and young adults with CD. DESIGN Growth, clinical characteristics, vitamin D intake ( micro g/d), and bone mineral density (g/cm(2)) were measured in a cross-sectional study of 112 subjects (44 females) who had CD and were 5-22 y of age. Hypovitaminosis D was defined as a serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] < 38 nmol/L. RESULTS The mean (+/- SD) serum concentration of 25(OH)D was 59.7 +/- 26.9 nmol/L, and 16% (95% CI: 9.3%, 23%) of the subjects had hypovitaminosis D. Hypovitaminosis D was most prevalent during the winter (31%; P = 0.02), among the African Americans (56%; P = 0.01), in the subjects with CD confined to the upper gastrointestinal tract (44%; P = 0.05), and in the subjects with a greater lifetime exposure to glucocorticoid therapy (23.7 +/- 13.5 compared with 17.5 +/- 12.2 mg/d; P = 0.05). There was no association between hypovitaminosis D and either bone mineral density (P = 0.10) or average dietary intake of vitamin D (4.6 +/- 3.6 micro g/d; P = 0.87). CONCLUSIONS In this sample of pediatric patients with CD, hypovitaminosis D was common and was associated with the winter season, African American ethnicity, CD confined to the upper gastrointestinal tract, and magnitude of lifetime exposure to glucocorticoid therapy. The occurrence of these factors should prompt assessment of 25(OH)D status and clinical care optimized by supplementing subjects who have low serum concentrations. The physiologic relevance of ethnicity on 25(OH)D status in children with CD remains to be determined.
Impact of Radiation Field Design on Inadvertent Cardiac and Kidney Dose Delivered During Treatment for Stage I/II Seminoma

identify late SM incidence; we plan to compare these patients to cancer registry, observational, and age-matched general populations. Author Disclosure: M.R. Folkert: None. M.J. Zelefsky: None. A. Fidaleo: None. D.R. Feldman: None. G.J. Bosl: None. J. Sheinfeld: None. B.W. Cox: None. Y. Yamada: D. Employment Other; Institute for Medical Education Speakers Bureau. G. Consultant; Varian Medical Systems. K.M. Alektiar: None. M.A. Kollmeier: None.
US‐based Japanese firms: sales strategies that succeed

The tremendous growth of Japanese investment in the USA continues, but US vendors often lack the sales strategies needed to take advantage of this growing market. Recommends specific strategies based on the author’s extensive consulting experience with Japanese‐owned manufacturing firms and US sales managers who have had experience with Japanese firms. Discusses, among other topics, social and cultural differences between Americans and Japanese and their effect on business practices, differences in sales strategies required by cultural differences, developing sales managers who are immersed in Japanese culture and business practices, the importance of top management support for long‐range sales efforts directed at Japanese‐owned firms, team support for US vendors, the benefits of doing business with loosely worded contracts, and the internal practices of Japanese firms regarding the evaluation of sales proposals. Makes specific recommendations within each area to help the practitioner make the leap from general concepts to concrete experience.
Degradation of β-Amyloid by Proteolytic Antibody Light Chains†

Deposition of beta-amyloid (Abeta) is considered an important early event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clearance of Abeta thus represents a potential therapeutic approach. Antibody-mediated clearance of Abeta by vaccination inhibited and cleared Abeta deposition in animal models; however, inflammatory side effects were observed in humans. An alternative potentially noninflammatory approach to facilitate clearance is to proteolytically cleave Abeta. We screened 12 proteolytic recombinant antibody fragments for potential alpha-secretase activity, a naturally occurring enzyme that cleaves between the Lys16 and Leu17 residues of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). We utilized the synthetic alpha-secretase substrate, benzyloxycarbonyl-l-lysine o-nitrophenyl ester (Z-lys-o-Np) as a preliminary screen for alpha-secretase activity. Two antibody light chain fragments that hydrolyzed Z-lys-o-Np were identified. Abeta hydrolysis was studied using mass spectrometry to identify the cleavage patterns of the antibodies. The recombinant antibody light chain antibody fragment, c23.5, showed alpha-secretase-like activity, producing the 1-16 and 17-40 amino acid fragments of Abeta. The second light chain antibody fragment, hk14, demonstrated carboxypeptidase-like activity, cleaving sequentially from the carboxyl terminal of Abeta. These antibody light chains provide a novel route toward engineering efficient therapeutic antibodies capable of cleaving Abeta in vivo.
Fifteen Years' Experience with Carbon Dioxide in the Management of Cough

1. The rational management of cough depends upon its nature, origin, and upon the associated clinical findings. 2. Cough which originates from the lung may function with a high degree of failure (tussic insufficiency). 3. Ineffective cough harbors a number of potential dangers and, therefore, it should be corrected. 4. Suppression of the cough by depressing the cough reflex by narcotics, though easy to do, does not necessarily mean adequate treatment. As a matter of fact, there are a great many instances when the administration of narcotics may do more harm than good. 5. Unproductive cough may coexist with an accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the lower air passages. 6. No patient should be permitted to become exhausted under the strain of incessant coughing or to drown in his own accumulated pulmonary secretions. 7. Whenever considerable inflammatory exudate is present in the bronchopulmonary tract, relief from cough is best brought about by the adequate evacuation of these structures. 8. Drugs prescribed for the cleansing of the bronchi and alveoli should be selected according to the individual requirements of the case. 9. Expectoration is not the only means for the elimination of inflammatory exudates from the lung. Large amounts of the exudate are resorbed from the respiratory tract under favorable circumstances. 10. Clinical observation of others as well as my own experience have convinced me that carbon dioxide is a most efficient expectorant. It is superior to medicinal doses of potassium iodide, senega, ipecac and emetine hydrochloride. It is much better than steam Inhalation. It aids the cleansing of the lungs both by facilitated expectoration and by pulmonary resorption. 11. When it is used as an expectorant, one can administer a mixture of 5 per cent carbon dioxide and 95 per cent oxygen, or 10 per cent carbon dioxide and 90 per cent oxygen. The strength of the gas mixture and the timing of its inhalation should be adjusted to the individual patient. 12. It is of advantage to combine carbon dioxide inhalation with steam inhalation. 13. Postural drainage may be instituted after the inhalation of carbon dioxide for the rapid evacuation of the respiratory tract. 14. Carbon dioxide by inhalation is given only as a symptomatic measure and it must not exclude specific drugs or accepted methods of treatment.
Analysis of the Correlation Between Tool Wear and Cutting Damping Generated in the Machining Process

Since the advent of the first numerically controlled machine, the full automation of machine tools has been a central theme in manufacturing engineering research. Especially, the ability to change tools automatically due to tool wear or damage is an essential part of a machining system in the unmanned factory. Although a wide variety of tool failure sensing techniques have been developed recently, few have been successfully implemented in industries and show much limitation in the real application of on-line tool wear sensing. In order to develop an algorithm to sense tool wear which causes the instability of process in real time during the machining operation, cutting tests with artificially worn tools were conducted, and the experimental index related to cutting damping in the cutting zone was measured directly using a device developed by the authors. The correlation between tool wear and the amount of experimental index was analyzed. The results showed that the experimental index representing cutting d...
Cadmium content in selected rat tissues following treatments with cadmium chloride and/or γ radiation

This study was conducted to determine (1) concentrations of cadmium (Cd) in various rat tissues; (2) radiation effectiveness on Cd concentrations in rat tissues; and (3) Cd effectiveness when radiation was applied as the second insult. Animals were subjected to Cd over a 29-day period and on Day 30 were exposed to an acute dose of 60Co γ-ray. Rats were killed on Day 1, 7, or 21 following irradiation. Cd concentrations were determined by flame spectroscopy. Rats injected with Cd alone or Cd in combination with radiation showed a dose-dependent accumulation and retention of the metal in the liver and kidney over the intervals to sacrifice. Significantly smaller amounts of the metal were seen in the spleen, intestine, stomach, heart, testis, lung, blood, brain, and muscle. Generally, Cd did not afford protection against radiation in the tissues studied. Radiation, when used singly or as a coinsult with Cd, did not significantly alter the concentrations of Cd in any of the tissues studied except the heart, in which it contributed to the clearance of Cd. No synergistic or antagonistic effects were observed between Cd and ionizing radiation in any of the other tissues studied.
Postoperative pelvic intensity-modulated radiotherapy in high risk endometrial cancer

Abstract Objective According to national surveys, the use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in gynecologic cancers is on the rise, yet there is still some reluctance to adopt adjuvant IMRT as standard practice. The purpose of this study is to report a single-institution experience using postoperative pelvic IMRT with or without chemotherapy in high-risk endometrial cancer. Methods From 11/2004 to 12/2009, 46 patients underwent hysterectomy/bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for stage I-III (22% stage I/II and 78% stage III) endometrial cancer. Median IMRT dose was 50.4Gy. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given to 30 (65%) patients. Results With a median follow-up of 52months, 4 patients recurred: 1 vaginal plus lung metastasis, 2 isolated para-aortic recurrences, and 1 lungs and liver metastasis. Five-year relapse rate was 9% (95% CI, 0–13.6%). Five-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 88% (95% CI, 77–98%) and overall survival (OS) was 97% (95% CI, 90–100%). There were 2 patients with non-hematological grade 3 toxicity: 1 (2%) acute and 1 (2%) chronic gastrointestinal toxicity. In patients treated with IMRT and chemotherapy ( n =30), 5 had grade 3 leukopenia, 8 grade 2 anemia, and 2 grade 2 thrombocytopenia. Conclusions Oncologic outcomes with postoperative IMRT were very good, with DFS and OS rates of >88% at median follow-up of 52months, despite a preponderance (78%) of stage III disease. Toxicity was minimal even in the setting of an aggressive trimodality (65% of patients) approach. Data from this study and emerging data from RTOG trial 0418 demonstrate the advantages of IMRT in high-risk endometrial cancer.
The effect of primary cytoreduction on outcomes of patients with FIGO stage IIIC ovarian cancer stratified by the initial tumor burden in the upper abdomen cephalad to the greater omentum.

Objective Our objective was to analyze the effect of surgical outcome on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma stratified by the initial presence and volume of upper abdominal disease cephalad to the greater omentum (UAD) found at the time of exploration.
Autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia: review of the literature and future directions.

Abstract Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM) is a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and a monoclonal IgM serum peak. Treatment includes cytotoxic chemotherapy with alkylators, or purine nucleoside analogues and monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody. The role of stem cell transplantation (SCT) in WM has not been established. We identified 24 published cases of WM treated with high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) followed by autologous SCT (ASCT). The median age was 50 years; half of the patients had refractory disease and received a variety of preparative regimens. Nine complete and 14 partial responses were observed, with one early death. Fifteen patients were alive and well at follow-ups ranging from 1 to 132 months. Six additional patients, with a median age of 45 years (range, 30 to 62), who received allogeneic SCT have been reported. All were heavily pretreated with refractory or relapsed disease. Median time from diagnosis to transplant was 3.1 years (range, 1.3 to 7). Two patients died of complications of the procedure while one died of disease progression. Three patients were alive and well between 5 and 112 months post-transplant. The small number of reported patients precludes any significant conclusion except that SCT is feasible in WM and long-term disease control can be achieved in selected patients with autologous or allogeneic SCT, even in those with refractory disease. Semin Oncol 30:286-290. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
From data to knowledge to discoveries: Artificial intelligence and scientific workflows

Scientific computing has entered a new era of scale and sharing with the arrival of cyberinfrastructure facilities for computational experimentation. A key emerging concept is scientific workflows, which provide a declarative representation of complex scientific applications that can be automatically managed and executed in distributed shared resources. In the coming decades, computational experimentation will push the boundaries of current cyberinfrastructure in terms of inter-disciplinary scope and integrative models of scientific phenomena under study. This paper argues that knowledge-rich workflow environments will provide necessary capabilities for that vision by assisting scientists to validate and vet complex analysis processes and by automating important aspects of scientific exploration and discovery.
Motor planning for vocal production in common marmosets.

The vocal motor plan is one of the most fundamental and poorly understood elements of primate vocal production. Here we tested whether a single vocal motor plan comprises the full length of a vocalization. We hypothesized that if a single motor plan was determined at vocal onset, the acoustic features early in the call should be predictive of the subsequent call structure. Analyses were performed on two classes of features in marmoset phee calls: continuous and discrete. We first generated correlation matrices of all the continuous features of phee calls. Results showed that the start frequency of a phee's first pulse significantly correlated with all subsequent spectral features. Moreover, significant correlations were evident within both the spectral and temporal features, but there was little relationship between these feature classes. Using a discrete feature, ‘the number of pulses in the phee call’, a discriminant function was able to correctly classify the number of pulses in the calls well above chance based solely on the acoustic structure of the call's first pulse. Together, these data suggest that a vocal motor plan for the complete call structure is established at call onset. These findings provide a key insight into the mechanisms underlying vocal production in nonhuman primates.
Charge state effects in atom-surface scattering

Abstract Experimental results of atom-surface scattering are presented for variable energy (25–200 eV) collisions of hydrogen with a polycrystalline copper surface. Negative ion measurements are made for proton and hydrogen-atom beams impacting the surface. Energy and angular distributions of the resulting H − ions are analyzed for an 18° angle of incidence. Charge state effects become apparent in the H − ion energy spectra at incident energies less than ∼70 eV. Measurements show that H − ions resulting from incident hydrogen atoms are approximately 3 eV less energetic than those from protons with the same kinetic energy. Energy losses can be accounted for by the inclusion of charge state dependent thresholds in a linear function of incident energy.
Straight line access and coronal flaring: effect on canal length.

The object of this study was to determine if canal length is altered as a result of straight-line access (SLA) and coronal flaring (CF). Selected were 86 canals of extracted molars and premolars from two groups: straight or severely curved (Schneider curvature 20 degrees). The reference cusp tip and root-end were flattened to produce reproducible measurements. A #10 file was placed such that the tip extended slightly beyond the apex, with the handle on the referenced cusp. The amount of file protrusion was measured with a stereomicroscope. Then, SLA and CF were performed and the corresponding file replaced to the same coronal reference position. Apical file protrusion was measured again. The change in canal length was determined by the difference in the pre- and post-SLA/CF measurements. A Wilcoxon signed rank test statistically verified that there was a measurable, significant (p < 0.001) change in canal length after SLA and CF. The mean change overall was slight, with a decrease of 0.17 mm. Severe curvature had a slightly greater, significant effect on the amount of change. Tooth type had no significant effect. Changes in working length from SLA and CF, although statistically significant, were very small and clinically unimportant.
Antigenic differences between Anabaena azollae fresh from the Azolla fern leaf cavity and free-living cyanobacteria

Fluorescent antibody staining indicated differences in surface antigenicity in Anabaena azollae cells fresh from the leaf cavities of the fern, Azolla caroliniana, and algae which were isolated and subcultured from this fern. Such results suggest that either changes in antigenicity occur in this phycobiont during culturing or that isolation selects for an antigenically different mutant strain capable of in vitro growth.
Tallgrass prairie ants: their species composition, ecological roles, and response to management

Ants are highly influential organisms in terrestrial ecosystems, including the tallgrass prairie, one of the most endangered ecosystems in North America. Through their tunneling, ants affect soil properties and resource availability for animals and plants. Ants also have important ecological roles as consumers of plant tissue and seeds. In the last several decades, various organizations, agencies, and agricultural producers have attempted to create wildlife habitat or reduce soil erosion by seeding thousands of hectares of bare cropland in the central United States with tallgrass prairie seed mixes. Although initially, monitoring of these restorations and of unplowed prairie remnants focused on plants and birds, in recent years the response of invertebrates such as ants has increasingly been the subject of research. An understanding of tallgrass prairie ant communities can help land managers and scientists better monitor the ecological condition of tallgrass prairie and guide management and restoration efforts. Here I review our current knowledge of ant species found within tallgrass prairie, their ecological roles, and their response to management.
13C NMR spectroscopy of the insoluble carbon of carbonaceous chondrites

13C NMR spectra have been obtained of the insoluble carbon residues resulting from HF-digestion of three carbonaceous chondrites, Orgueil (C1), Murchison (CM2), and Allende (CV3). Spectra obtained using the cross polarization magic-angle spinning technique show two major features attributable respectively to carbon in aliphatic/olefinic structures. The spectrum obtained from the Allende sample was weak, presumably as a consequence of its low hydrogen content. Single pulse excitation spectra, which do not depend on 1H-13C polarization transfer for signal enhancement were also obtained. These spectra, which may be more representative of the total carbon in the meteorite samples, indicate a greater content of carbon in aromatic/olefinic structures. These results suggest that extensive polycyclic aromatic sheets are important structural features of the insoluble carbon of all three meteorites. The Orgueil and Murchison materials contain additional hydrogenated aromatic/olefinic and aliphatic groups.
Frequent loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes Xp and 13q in human ovarian cancer

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was examined at 27 loci on chromosomes 3p, 6q, 11p, 13q, 17 and X in 42 human ovarian tumors. LOH was detected in 12 of 26 (46%) and 5 of 12 (42%) informative cases at 2 chromosome 13q loci, D13S32 and D13S34 respectively. On chromosome Xp, tumor-specific allele loss was observed in 9 out of 15 informative cases (60%) at the ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) gene locus. Examination of 12 additional Xp and 13q loci has mapped the common deletion regions to Xp21.1 p11.4 and 13q33 q34. The observation of significant LOH on Xp represents a strong indication of genetic changes in the X chromosome in a human malignancy. The allele losses on 13q which have been reported for other cancers suggest that chromosome 13, in addition to the retino blastoma gene, may contain other growth-regulating gene(s) important in the development of several tumor types, including ovarian malignancies. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Parent–child relationship qualities and child adjustment in highly stressed urban black and white families

Compared poor, highly stressed African-American and White, 2nd–6th grade urban parents and their children on: a) three parent–child relationship clusters (i.e., positive attitudes, involvement, and discipline practices); b) nine child adjustment variables; and c) patterns of relationships between these two sets of variables. There were no significant racial group differences on any parent–child relationship cluster. Although White children exceeded African-American children on social problem solving and realistic control variables, few group differences were found in the relationships between parenting- and child test-variables. In both groups, the parent attitude cluster, reflecting overall warmth and soundness of the parent–child relationship, was the strongest predictor of positive child outcomes on teacher and child self-ratings of adjustment. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mode-locked lasers for optical transmission

The characteristics of both semiconductor colliding pulse mode locked lasers and mode locked fiber lasers are described. Optical pulses with few ps pulse width at varying repetition rates have been obtained using rational harmonic mode locking technique. A scheme for stable pulse train output from fiber lasers is described.