cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress Buffering Effects of Oxytocin on HIV Status in Low-Income Ethnic Minority Women

Summary Background Elevated perceptions of psychosocial stress and stressful life events are linked to faster disease progression in individuals living with HIV and these associations may be stronger for women from ethnic minority populations. Levels of neurohormones such as oxytocin (OT), cortisol, and norepinephrine (NE) have been shown to influence the effects of psychosocial stress in different populations. Understanding how intrinsic neuroendocrine substances moderate the effects of stressors in minority women living with HIV (WLWH) may pave the way for interventions to improve disease management. Methods We examined circulating levels of plasma OT as a moderator of the effects of stress on disease status (viral load, CD4+ cell count) in 71 low-income ethnic minority WLWH. Results At low levels of OT, there was an inverse association between stress and CD4+ cell counts. Counter-intuitively, at high levels of OT there was a positive association between stress and CD4+ cell counts. This pattern was unrelated to women's viral load. Other neuroendocrine hormones known to down-regulate the immune system (cortisol, norepinephrine) did not mediate the effects of OT and stress on immune status. Conclusions OT may have stress buffering effects on some immune parameters and possibly health status in low income ethnic minority WLWH reporting elevated stress.
Role Of The National Information Infrastructure On Health Care Deliveky In A Resource-constrained Environment

Health Care Reform has been the focus of national attention for the past 2 years. Issues in the forefront of health care delivery which must be solved include the escalating cost of delivering high quality health care, inadequate access to primary and specialty care to segments of both rural and urban America, and the duplication of expensive facilities because of the inability of the infrastructure to enable the sharing of these facilities. Individuals who are geographically distant or residing in inner city neighborhoods of large metropolitan areas have little or no access to the most basic medical care, let alone tertiary care centers. As but a few examples, in some regions seven days are required for a general practitioner to receive an x-ray report from a radiologist, an increasing number of small towns do not have physicians or even physician assistants in residence, and many do not have 9 t I services.
Estimated Risk of Radiation-Induced Breast Cancer From Mammographic Screening for Young BRCA Mutation Carriers

BRCA mutation carriers are recommended to start mammographic screening for breast cancer as early as age 25-30 years. We used an excess relative risk model (based on a pooled analysis of three cohorts with 7600 subjects who received radiation exposure) to estimate the lifetime risk of radiation-induced breast cancer from five annual mammographic screenings in young (<40 years) BRCA mutation carriers. We then estimated the reduction in breast cancer mortality required to outweigh the radiation risk. Breast cancer rates for mutation carriers were based on a pooled analysis of 22 pedigree studies with 8139 subjects. For BRCA1 mutation carriers, the estimated lifetime risk of radiation-induced breast cancer mortality per 10,000 women resulting from annual mammography was 26 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 14 to 49) for screening at age 25-29 years, 20 (95% CI = 11 to 39) for screening at age 30-34 years, and 13 (95% CI = 7 to 23) for screening at age 35-39 years. To outweigh these risks, screening would have to reduce breast cancer mortality by 51% (95% CI = 27% to 96%) at age 25-29 years, by 12% (95% CI = 6% to 23%) at age 30-34 years, and by 4% (95% CI = 2% to 7%) at age 35-39 years; estimates were similar for BRCA2 mutation carriers. If we assume that the mortality reduction from mammography is 15%-25% or less for young women, these results suggest that there would be no net benefit from annual mammographic screening of BRCA mutation carriers at age 25-29 years; the net benefit would be zero or small at age 30-34 years, but there should be some net benefit at age 35 or older. These results depend on a number of assumptions due to the absence of empiric data. The impact of varying these assumptions was therefore examined.
The influence of the reference electrode on CMAP configuration

The ulnar, hypothenar compound muscle action potential often shows a double-peaked configuration in the negative phase component while the median, thenar potential has a simple dome shape. To investigate the origin of these differences we evaluated the activity at the belly and tendon electrode locations by referencing those sites to an electrode on the contralateral hand. The tendon sites are not electrically inactive. The ulnar tendon electrode contributes a large amplitude potential which corresponds to the second peak of the ulnar belly-tendon potential. The median tendon electrode contributes only a minimal component to the negative phase of the belly-tendon potential. The distribution of such potentials throughout the hand is evaluated and possible mechanisms for the presence of a tendon potential as well as the differences between ulnar and median sites are discussed.
A Treasure Trove of Hypothalamic Neurocircuitries Governing Body Weight Homeostasis

Changes in physical activities and feeding habits have transformed the historically rare disease of obesity into a modern metabolic pandemic. Obesity occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure over time. This energy imbalance significantly increases the risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus and as such represents an enormous socioeconomic burden and health threat. To combat obesity, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and neurocircuitries underlying normal body weight homeostasis is required. In the 1940s, pioneering lesion experiments unveiled the importance of medial and lateral hypothalamic structures. In the 1980s and 1990s, several neuropeptides and peripheral hormones critical for appropriate feeding behavior, energy expenditure, and hence body weight homeostasis were identified. In the 2000s, results from metabolic analyses of genetically engineered mice bearing mutations only in selected neuronal groups greatly advanced our knowledge of the periphera...
Early Family Formation Among White, Black, and Mexican American Women

Using data from Waves I and III of Add Health, this study examines early family formation among 6,144 White, Black, and Mexican American women. Drawing on cultural and structural perspectives, models of the first and second family transitions (cohabitation, marriage, or childbearing) are estimated using discrete-time multinomial logistic regression. Complex differences by race and ethnicity and generation are partially explained by differences in attitudes and values in adolescence and family socioeconomic status; marriage values are especially important in first-generation Mexican women’s early entry into marriage. Examination of sequential family transitions sheds light on racial and ethnic differences in the meaning and consequences of early cohabitation and pre-union births.
Can you efficiently incorporate patient-specific electronic medical record data into radiology workflow?

The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, passedbyCongressaspartof theAmericanReinvestmentandRecoveryActof 2009, created financial incentives for the adoption and meaningful use of electronic medical record (EMR) applications for health care providers to improvequalityandreducewaste[1,2]. Clinical information that once resided in paper charts is now and will be increasingly available in digital format in EMR databases. Physician notes; hospital discharge summaries; operative notes; pathologic, radiologic, and laboratory results; lists of allergies; medications; and active clinical problems will be a rich source of relevant information to help radiologists provide the highest quality of interpretative and consultative services to improve the care of patients. A major performance improvement opportunity for our specialty is to efficiently and consistently enable access to relevant patient-specific data in theEMR[3]. Inthiscolumn,Idescribe omeof theprosandconsof3strategies or incorporating EMR data in radiolgists’ workflow. Our existing radiology requisitions, traditionally the vehicle for communicating clinical information among referring physicians and radiologists, will be an inadequate tool for sharing relevant clinical information. Because today’s predominantly transactional heath care financing model promotes physician time constraints over ambiguous measures of quality, it will be unlikely for our referring colleagues to consistently create an optimal synopsis of a patient’s relevant clinical information by reentering information already present in the EMR, in a computerized radiology requisition. Just as our referring colleagues will have to search the EMR for relevant clinical information when evaluating their patients, they will expect radiologists to search the EMR for information relevant to the interpretation of imaging studies. Thus, the radiologyrequisition is likely, at its best, to include the minimum clinical information to justify the need for the imaging study (a solution for billing compliance rather than optimum quality of care). Radiologists’ time constraints, on the other hand, create substantial barriers for an EMR search beyond what is communicated ina radiology requisition,particularly if such a search is onerous (eg, login to multiple systems, reentry of medical record numbers, and searching for informationthatmaynotexist intheEMR). Strategies to enable the optimum communication of relevant clinical information among referring physician and radiologists beyond existing radiology requisitions will require various health IT tools. Below, I explore the pros and cons of 3 strategies to help enable efficient access to relevant EMR data within current radiologist workflow.
A combined wave‐number‐‐frequency and time‐extended EOF approach for tracking the progress of modes of large‐scale organized tropical convection

An algorithm combining filtering in the wave-number--frequency domain with time-extended empirical orthogonal function (EEOF) analysis is developed and applied to diagnose and track signals associated with modes of organized moist deep convection in the Tropics. The wave-number--frequency spectrum of outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) is broken down into five broad filter bands in order to concentrate signals associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation, convectively coupled equatorial Rossby, Kelvin, and mixed Rossby–gravity waves, easterly waves, and low-frequency variations such as the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The EEOF patterns are obtained from analysis of the filtered data, and principal component (PC) time series are generated by projection of temporally smoothed, but otherwise unfiltered data onto the EEOF patterns. Filtered data are reconstructed by taking the product of the EEOF patterns and the corresponding PCs. These reconstructed data compare well with unfiltered OLR anomalies and with OLR anomalies filtered in the wave-number--frequency domain for the same modes. The method is easily applied in real time since results are not influenced by the proximity to the end of the dataset. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Distribution of label-retaining cells in the limbal epithelium of a mouse eye.

Corneal epithelial stem cells are believed to be localized in the limbus, an annular zone between the cornea and the conjunctiva, but it has not been possible to identify individual stem cells in situ because of the lack of specific molecular markers. Description of stem cell distribution has also been ambiguous because limbal boundaries are ill defined. In this study, we investigated whether distribution of slow cycling, label-retaining cells (LRCs) could be determined precisely against a definable anatomical structure of an eye. We found that a boundary between the cornea and the limbus could be determined reliably by distinct epithelial nuclear staining patterns. Using this boundary line as a fiduciary marker, we determined that LRCs were located exclusively in the basal epithelium at the limbal side of the cornea–limbus boundary line along the entire circumference, within an annular zone of 100–200 μm wide. LRC density was highest in the superior temporal quadrant and lowest in the inferior nasal quadrant. These results show that LRCs are present asymmetrically in a narrow zone within the limbus that can be defined precisely in reference to a newly defined anatomical boundary line between the cornea and the limbus. (J Histochem Cytochem 57:177–185, 2009)
The limits of squared Euclidean distance regularization

Some of the simplest loss functions considered in Machine Learning are the square loss, the logistic loss and the hinge loss. The most common family of algorithms, including Gradient Descent (GD) with and without Weight Decay, always predict with a linear combination of the past instances. We give a random construction for sets of examples where the target linear weight vector is trivial to learn but any algorithm from the above family is drastically sub-optimal. Our lower bound on the latter algorithms holds even if the algorithms are enhanced with an arbitrary kernel function. This type of result was known for the square loss. However, we develop new techniques that let us prove such hardness results for any loss function satisfying some minimal requirements on the loss function (including the three listed above). We also show that algorithms that regularize with the squared Euclidean distance are easily confused by random features. Finally, we conclude by discussing related open problems regarding feed forward neural networks. We conjecture that our hardness results hold for any training algorithm that is based on the squared Euclidean distance regularization (i.e. Back-propagation with the Weight Decay heuristic).
Effects of the Temporal Properties of a Masker upon Simultaneous-Masking Patterns

Fletcher’s (1940) critical band hypothesis suggests that maskers with equal power within a critical band around the signal frequency ought to produce equal amounts of masking. Simultaneous-masking patterns (SMP’s) for pure-tone and narrowband-noise maskers of equal power and similar center frequency (Egan and Hake, 1950; Carter and Kryter, 1962) indicate that the critical band hypothesis is an over-simplification. At masker levels above 60 dB SL filtered, narrowband-noise and pure-tone maskers were found to mask differently as a function of frequency. Pure-tone maskers were found to be more effective when the probe was 1/2 octave or more above the masker frequency while narrowband-noise maskers were more effective when the probe was at or very near the masker frequency. In the frequency region below the masker, pure-tone and narrow-band noise maskers produced nearly equivalent amounts of masking. More recently, Buus (1985) has shown that pure-tone and broadband-noise maskers, which produced nearly equivalent amounts of masking, produced more masking on the high-frequency side of the masking pattern than did narrowband-noise.
Adult onset of major depressive disorder in relation to early life violent victimisation: a case-control study.

Summary Background Major depressive disorder is a significant cause of morbidity among women in the USA. Women are twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, yet no known risk factors can account for this sex difference. We aimed to assess violent victimisation as a risk factor for depression in women. Methods We undertook a case-control study to assess the association between violent victimisation early in life and major depressive disorder in women. We randomly selected a population-based sample of women, aged 36–45 years, from the greater Boston area. In 1999, 236 cases and 496 controls (n=732) completed a self-administered questionnaire designed to ascertain a lifetime history of exposure to violent victimisation. Our main outcome measure was major depressive disorder, assessed by structured clinical interview for Diagnostic Statistical Manual IV(DSM-IV) criteria. Findings 363 (50%) of 732 respondents reported experience or fear of abuse as a child or adolescent. 68 were excluded because they reported violence as an adult only. Compared with women who reported no abuse, risk of depression was increased in women who reported any abuse as a child or adolescent (relative risk 2·5, 95% Cl 1·9–3·0), physical abuse only (2·4, 1·8–3·0), sexual abuse only (1·8, 1·2–2·8), and both physical and sexual abuse (3·3, 2·5–4·1). Severity of abuse had a linear dose-response relation with depression. Interpretation Our results suggest a positive association between violent victimisation early in life and major depressive disorder in women.
Orbital cavernous hemangioma Unusual presentations and simulating lesions O

The authors reviewed nine orbital cavernous hemangioma patients and a retrospec- tively selected group of patients with simulating lesions. Most surgical procedures were performed because of either, decreased vision or proptosis. They have observed one bilateral orbital cavernous hemangioma. Neither MRI nor CT can correctly differentiate some simulating lesions from cavern- ous hemangioma.
Adaptive in-network query deployment for shared stream processing environments

In-network processing has been an important research problem for distributed stream processing systems. In this paper, we study the problem in the context of shared processing environments, where query operators could be used by multiple applications. In these environments, run-time modifications on the query deployment add new challenges. Applications with strict and potentially conflicting QoS requirements may share operators. Hence, operator placement decisions must be fast, adaptive to network conditions, and well-coordinated in order to guarantee the QoS expectations. We propose a novel sharing-aware middleware for in- network processing that achieves fast adaptivity to dynamic changes. We follow a proactive approach where nodes propagate metadata regarding alternative operator placement configurations. Whenever QoS violations occur, the metadata enables nodes to make fast, localized, operator migration decisions that can adapt to dynamic network conditions and resolve the existing violations.
Dissemination and Implementation of Evidence-Based Practices for Child and Adolescent Mental Health: A Systematic Review

Objective Although there has been a dramatic increase in the number of evidence-based practices (EBPs) to improve child and adolescent mental health, the poor uptake of these EBPs has led to investigations of factors related to their successful dissemination and implementation. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify key findings from empirical studies examining the dissemination and implementation of EBPs for child and adolescent mental health. Method Of 14,247 citations initially identified, 73 articles drawn from 44 studies met inclusion criteria. The articles were classified by implementation phase (exploration, preparation, implementation, and sustainment) and specific implementation factors examined. These factors were divided into outer (i.e., system level) and inner (i.e., organizational level) contexts. Results Few studies used true experimental designs; most were observational. Of the many inner context factors that were examined in these studies (e.g., provider characteristics, organizational resources, leadership), fidelity monitoring and supervision had the strongest empirical evidence. Albeit the focus of fewer studies, implementation interventions focused on improving organizational climate and culture were associated with better intervention sustainment as well as child and adolescent outcomes. Outer contextual factors such as training and use of specific technologies to support intervention use were also important in facilitating the implementation process. Conclusions The further development and testing of dissemination and implementation strategies is needed to more efficiently move EBPs into usual care.
PLS, Small Sample Size, and Statistical Power in MIS Research

There is a pervasive belief in the Management Information Systems (MIS) field that Partial Least Squares (PLS) has special abilities that make it more appropriate than other techniques, such as multiple regression and LISREL, when analyzing small sample sizes. We conducted a study using Monte Carlo simulation to compare these three relatively popular techniques for modeling relationships among variables under varying sample sizes (N = 40, 90, 150, and 200) and varying effect sizes (large, medium, small and no effect). The focus of the analysis was on comparing the path estimates and the statistical power for each combination of technique, sample size, and effect size. The results suggest that PLS with bootstrapping does not have special abilities with respect to statistical power at small sample sizes. In fact, for simple models with normally distributed data and relatively reliable measures, none of the three techniques have adequate power to detect small or medium effects at small sample sizes. These findings run counter to extant suggestions in MIS literature.
Nosocomial Transmission of Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin to Children Receiving Cancer Therapy and to Their Health Care Providers

A previous report of nosocomial infection due to Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) implicated contamination of chemotherapy solutions reconstituted under the same biosafety hood as BCG vaccine used for bladder cancer therapy. We report 3 similar BCG infections in children and describe evidence of respiratory transmission to health care workers (HCWs) from 1 patient. These children were receiving chemotherapy for leukemia when they presented with active tuberculosis. Each isolate was identified biochemically and by both gas-liquid chromatography and major polymorphic tandem repeat-polymerase chain reaction. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that 2 isolates were identical strains and identical to the Tice and Connaught strains licensed in the United States for bladder chemotherapy. The third isolate differed by a single fragment after DraI restriction. One patient with heavily positive sputum exposed numerous HCWs. Of 41 HCWs, 2 (5%) converted their purified protein derivatives (PPD) skin test. These data underscore the risk of nosocomial BCG transmission by contamination of chemotherapy solutions and demonstrate the potential for transmission to HCWs from patients with active pulmonary disease.
Toward an Integrative Multimodeling Interface: A Human-Computer Interface Approach to Interrelating Model Structures:

Among the different sorts of challenges for the modeling and simulation community, two types of challenges face us: challenges that optimize space and time for the computer and challenges that improve the human interface to the modeling and simulation process itself. While these types of challenges are important for the future health of simulation, the author presents a grand challenge of the latter variety, based on an area termed integrative multimodeling. The purpose of integrative multimodeling is to provide a human-computer interaction environment that allows components of different model types to be linked to one another. This study specifies current modeling practices in simulation and proceeds to justify a need for the challenge. It then follows this with two areas: aesthetic computing and the RUBE software framework, which supports customized “notations” for dynamic models constructed using the extensible markup language (XML).
Heat and mass transfer in water-laden sandstone: microwave heating

Our previous theoretical model was extended to predict the heat and mass transfer phenomena in microwave-heated porous materials. A water-filled sandstone was heated in microwaves and its drying rates and temperature profiles were measured. Predictions agree well with observations. Besides moisture loss rates and temperature profiles, the model also predicts local moisture content, gas densities, and pressure. These latter quantities were not measured in our work, but are of interest since they reveal the basic mechanisms of heat and mass transfer in internally heated porous media.
Distributed wireless control for building energy management

Automated building energy management systems are essential to enabling the development of mass-market, low-energy buildings. In existing and future buildings, the impacts of occupant behaviors contribute significantly to the total energy efficiency. As building technologies and materials improve, the relative impact of behavioral factors is more significant. We propose a general framework where building systems can share information in order to optimize performance. To be successful, such a system must be responsive, intuitive, robust, and scalable. As a first step toward achieving these goals, we present a prototype distributed control system for building energy management that uses wireless sensor network-class nodes. Using protocol independent multicast, sensors and controllers are allowed to efficiently share information in a distributed peer-to-peer fashion. Our prototype system achieved an energy savings of 7.1% - 14.6% by implementing a relatively simple control policy. Based on the results of this this work we have identified three key areas for future work.
Inflammation and protein metabolism studies of carbon-14-labeled proteins in dogs with sterile abscesses.

Carbon-14-labeled plasma proteins given by mouth to dogs with sterile abscesses undergo decreased absorption, presumably owing to impaired digestion of protein. The turnover of plasma albumin is greatly accelerated but the globulins, excluding fibrinogen, show little change during the acute stage of the sterile inflammation. Fibrinogen shows very rapid production and utilization during acute inflammation. Large amounts of C14 are incorporated in fibrinogen within a few hours after ingestion of the labeled material. The labeled fibrinogen largely disappears within 2 to 4 days after its production. The appearance of C14 in new red cells from labeled protein or amino acid sources is reduced by inflammation—evidence of impaired synthesis. The pus of the sterile abscess contains a good deal of C14 activity which at times is as much as that found in the liver. Pus cell C14 activity per milliliter is similar after injection of labeled plasma and ingestion of labeled plasma or lysine. However, the pus cell fraction contains 3 to 4 times more C14 activity per milliliter than does the supernatant fluid when the isotope is fed. In the supernatant fluid the activity is all within precipitable protein, much of which is probably derived from the blood plasma. In spite of increased loss of C14 as CO2 in the expired air and in the pus, there is evidence of conservation of protein-building materials for maintenance of new plasma proteins and tissue proteins in the more active organs (e.g. liver)—a shift of protein C14 from the less active tissues (muscle and skin).
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Identification of Myocardial Fibrosis: The Need for Standardization and Therapies

Investigators in the 1980s observed increased signal in infarcted myocardium after infusion of gadolinium-chelate in animal models using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) ([1][1]), but the pulse sequence used was suboptimal for clinical application. With the improved pulse sequence developed by
Saul Bellow as a Novelist of Ideas: Introduction to the Forum

According to Saul Bellow (1915–2005), one of the main responsibilities of the novelist is to expose “the center” and to adjudicate among the many explanations, rationalizations, defenses, and subterfuges that constitute modern life. Bellow cautions against the “noise” of modern life because, he believes, it distracts one from the center, from the essence of human experience. Amidst the chaos of modern life, Bellow’s fiction — novels and short stories of contemplation and of meditated reflection — is a stay against confusion. The “Introduction to the Forum” establishes the context for a discussion of Bellow’s works and frames the issues raised in the individual articles in the Forum.
Family Adversity and Resilience Measures in Pediatric Acute Care Settings.

Objective Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) impact health across the life course. The purpose of this study was to identify caregiver ACEs, current adversity, and resilience in families seeking care in pediatric acute care settings. Study aims included identifying demographic characteristics, current adversities, and resilience measures associated with caregiver ACEs ≥4. Design and Sample A cross-sectional survey study design was used and a convenience sample (n = 470) recruited at emergency and urgent care settings of a large Midwest pediatric hospital system. Measures Measures were self-reported. The original 10-item ACEs questionnaire measured caregiver past adversity. Current adversity was measured using the 10-item IHELP. The six-item Brief Resiliency Scale measured resilience, and WHO-5 Well-Being Index was used to measure depressive affect. Results Compared to participants with ACEs score of 0–3 participants with ACEs ≥4 were more likely to have multiple current adversities, increased risk of depression, and lower resilience. Conclusions Caregivers using pediatric acute care settings carry a high burden of ACEs and current adversities. Caregiver ACEs are associated with current child experiences of adversity. Caregivers socioeconomic status and education level may not be an accurate indicator of a family's risks or needs. Pediatric acute care settings offer opportunities to access, intervene, and prevent childhood adversity.
Tetrahydrobiopterin levels regulate endothelial cell proliferation.

Vascular abnormalities, including altered angiogenesis, are major factors contributing to the morbidity and mortality of diabetes. We hypothesized that impaired angiogenesis in diabetes results fro...
Common formin-regulating sequences in Smy1 and Bud14 are required for the control of actin cable assembly in vivo

Formins comprise a large family of proteins with diverse roles in remodeling the actin cytoskeleton. However, the spatiotemporal mechanisms used by cells to control formin activities are only beginning to be understood. Here we dissected Smy1, which has dual roles in regulating formins and myosin. Using mutagenesis, we identified specific sequences in Smy1 critical for its in vitro inhibitory effects on the FH2 domain of the formin Bnr1. By integrating smy1 alleles targeting those sequences, we genetically uncoupled Smy1's functions in regulating formins and myosin. Quantitative imaging analysis further demonstrated that the ability of Smy1 to directly control Bnr1 activity is crucial in vivo for proper actin cable length, shape, and velocity and, in turn, efficient secretory vesicle transport. A Smy1-like sequence motif was also identified in a different Bnr1 regulator, Bud14, and found to be essential for Bud14 functions in regulating actin cable architecture and function in vivo. Together these observations reveal unanticipated mechanistic ties between two distinct formin regulators. Further, they emphasize the importance of tightly controlling formin activities in vivo to generate specialized geometries and dynamics of actin structures tailored to their physiological roles.
Early Stage Dementia: Maximizing Self-Direction and Health

This chapter discusses early stage dementia including psychological response, individual needs, care partner roles, continuity of care and available resources. It highlights the importance of autonomy and empowering the individual with early stage dementia to be as independent as possible in areas of strength. This is demonstrated through the importance of early detection and diagnostic disclosure as well as having joint conversations about difficult topics with the individual in the early stages to further empower personal choice and voice. Overall, both the individual in the early stages and care partner(s) will go through a range of emotions that progress through stages of awareness, coping and self-evaluation. There are varying factors that can influence ones psychological responses pertaining to a diagnosis of dementia. Therefore, it is imperative that the individual in the early stages and care partner(s), with support from healthcare professionals, work together as a team thus enhancing a sense of control over this change of life situation through joint interventions and strategies.
Development of the Respiratory System

Lung development requires the coordinated growth and morphogenesis of multiple populations: the endodermal epithelium of the anterior foregut, splanchic mesoderm, mesothelium, vasculature and lymphatics, and nerves. Together they give rise to the respiratory system consisting of one trachea, four right lung lobes, and one left lung lobe. Each lobe contains a treelike system of conducting airways that end in millions of highly vascularized alveoli, where gas exchange takes place. The trachea and the two primary lung buds develop on the ventral side of the foregut. The lung buds then undergo extensive branching morphogenesis, which is highly stereotypical initially but becomes more variable. Molecular and genetic analyses have identified critical reciprocal interactions between the endoderm and the mesoderm and between the mesothelium and the mesoderm, involving multiple signaling pathways. From the earliest stages, there is proximal–distal patterning of the endoderm related to the developmental fate of the cells. Lineage tracing has shown that the distal tip cells are initially multipotent and give rise to descendants in both conducting airways and alveoli. Subsequently, tip cells become more developmentally restricted and give rise to only alveolar epithelial cell types. Lineage tracing and genetic analysis have shown that mesoderm cells give rise to airway smooth muscle and stromal components of the alveoli, whereas most of the blood vessels derived by angiogenesis from the pre-existing endothelium. Alveolar development is highly complex and continues for several weeks after birth with the formation of secondary septa, which increase surface area for gas exchange.
The Interplay of Theory and Data in the Study of International Trade

This is a survey of the empirical studies of the determinants of the commodity structure of international trade.2 In the context of this review, two deeper questions are addressed: 1. What role does empirical work actually play in the development of our discipline? 2. What role should empirical work play in the development of our discipline?
The Heart in Stroke

This chapter describes various aspects of the heart in stroke. There are various relationships between heart disease and stroke. Heart disease is implicated as a cause of brain infarction in 17% of cases. Embolic infarcts typically present with focal neurologic signs, maximum at onset and only 5% have a progressive or stuttering course. Rheumatic heart disease with atrial fibrillation is associated with a 17-fold increased risk of thromboembolism, with an annual stroke rate of 4%. Mitral stenosis places patients at higher risk. Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery have approximately a 1–5% rate of stroke. The most common mechanism remains cardioembolic, although strokes due to carotid artery disease, air emboli, prolonged hypotension, and aortic plaques occur. Stroke can also adversely affect the heart. Electrocardiogram (EKG) changes are seen after subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, and less commonly after ischemic stroke. Common EKG changes include abnormal QT intervals, peaked T waves or T wave inversions, U waves, and arrhythmias that resolve in days to months. Morbidity and mortality based on these EKG changes are difficult to assess, but these patients may be at increased risk of sudden death immediately and in the months following stroke.
Randomized Trial of Plaque-Identifying Toothpaste: Decreasing Plaque and Inflammation

Abstract Background Randomized data are sparse about whether a plaque-identifying toothpaste reduces dental plaque and nonexistent for inflammation. Inflammation is intimately involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and is accurately measured by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a sensitive marker for cardiovascular disease. The hypotheses that Plaque HD (TJA Health LLC, Joliet, Ill), a plaque-identifying toothpaste, produces statistically significant reductions in dental plaque and hs-CRP were tested in this randomized trial. Methods Sixty-one apparently healthy subjects aged 19 to 44 years were assigned at random to this plaque-identifying (n = 31) or placebo toothpaste (n = 30) for 60 days. Changes from baseline to follow-up in dental plaque and hs-CRP were assessed. Results In an intention-to-treat analysis, the plaque-identifying toothpaste reduced mean plaque score by 49%, compared with a 24% reduction in placebo ( P = .001). In a prespecified subgroup analysis of 38 subjects with baseline levels >0.5 mg/L, the plaque-identifying toothpaste reduced hs-CRP by 29%, compared with a 25% increase in placebo toothpaste ( P = .041). Conclusion This plaque-identifying toothpaste produced statistically significant reductions in dental plaque and hs-CRP. The observed reduction in dental plaque confirms and extends a previous observation. The observed reduction in inflammation supports the hypothesis of a reduction in risks of cardiovascular disease. The direct test of this hypothesis requires a large-scale randomized trial of sufficient size and duration designed a priori to do so. Such a finding would have major clinical and public health implications.
Automated path planning for simulation

Automated route planning over digital synthetic terrain is of importance to systems involving simulated human entities. Using a route planner whose sole criteria is minimizing distance and elevation change, we analyze the effects of terrain resolution on path quality, and compare human and computer generated paths. We conclude that with some measures, the computer generated route plans are reasonably difficult to distinguish from human generated plans. >
Benefit of iodine density images to reduce out-of-field image artifacts at rapid kVp switching dual-energy CT.

To evaluate the reduction of out-of-field artifacts caused by body parts outside the field of view (FOV) at rapid kVp switching dual-energy CT (rsDECT). This retrospective study was approved by our institutional review board. Informed consent was not required. We viewed 246 consecutive rsDECT thoracoabdominal scans to identify those with body parts outside the maximal FOV of 50 cm. The maximal length, thickness, and subjective severity of the out-of-field artifacts were recorded for the 40, 65, and 140 keV virtual monochromatic and iodine and water density images. Artifact severity was rated on a 6-point scale from 0 = absent to 5 = obscures intraabdominal/intrathoracic anatomic detail. Artifact thickness and severity scores were compared by t-test and Wilcoxon tests, respectively. In 20 of 246 scans (8.1%), body parts extended past the maximum FOV of 50 cm. The mean BMI of these 20 patients was 40.2 kg/m2 (range, 26.83–61.69 kg/m2), and out-of-field artifacts occurred for all 20. The mean out-of-field artifact maximal length was 16.6 cm. The mean artifact thickness was significantly less for iodine density (0.6 mm) than for the 65 keV and water density images (8.4 and 13.5 mm, respectively, p < 0.001 each comparison). The mean artifact severity score was lower for iodine density (0.2) than for the 65 keV and water density images (2.5 and 2.6, respectively, p < 0.001 each). Iodine density images reduce out-of-field image artifact at rsDECT and assists in the evaluation of peripheral tissues that extend beyond the maximal CT FOV.
Comparative Proteomic Profiling Using Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis and Identification via LC-MS/MS Reveals Novel Protein Biomarkers to Identify Aggressive Subtypes of WHO Grade I Meningioma.

Background Meningomas represent the most common primary intracranial tumor. The majority are benign World Health Organization (WHO) Grade I lesions, but a subset of these behave in an aggressive manner. Protein biomarkers are needed to distinguish aggressive from benign Grade I lesions. Materials and Methods Pooled protein lysates were derived from five clinically aggressive Grade I and five typically benign WHO Grade I tumors snap frozen at the time of surgery. Proteins were separated in each group using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) and protein spots of interest were identified using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Potential biomarker candidates were validated using western blot assays in individual tumor samples and by tissue microarray (TMA). Results Seven candidate biomarkers were obtained from the 2DGE and validated via western blot and TMA. Biomarker validation data allowed for the creation of predictive models using binary logistical regression that correctly identified 85.9% of aggressive tumors within the larger cohort of Grade I meningioma. Conclusion Simple protein separation by 2DGE and identification of candidate biomarkers by LC-MS allowed for the identification of seven candidate biomarkers that when used in predictive models accurately distinguish aggressive from benign behavior in WHO Grade I meningioma.
Relationships between physical activity, food choices, gender and BMI in Southern Californian teenagers

Given the increased prevalence of pediatric obesity and risk of developing chronic disease, there has been great interest in preventing these conditions during childhood by focusing on healthy lifestyle habits, including nutritious eating and physical activity (PA). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between PA, body mass index (BMI) and food choices in adolescent males and females. This cross-sectional study, using a survey questionnaire, evaluated 1212 Southern Californian adolescents' self-reported PA, BMI and food frequency. Results revealed that even though males are more active than females, they have higher BMI percentile values (p < 0.05). Females consumed salad, vegetables and fruit more frequently than males (p < 0.05), where males consumed hamburgers, pizza, red meat, processed meat, eggs, fish, fruit juice, soda and whole milk more frequently than females (p < 0.05). Overweight/obese teens consumed red meat, processed meat and cheese more frequently than healthy weight teens (p < 0.05), yet there was no difference in PA between healthy and overweight/obese teens. These results demonstrate that higher levels of PA may not counteract an unhealthy diet. Even though PA provides numerous metabolic and health benefits, this study suggests that healthy food choices may have a protective effect against overweight and obesity. Healthy food choices, along with PA, should be advocated to improve adolescent health by encouraging maintenance of a healthy weight into adulthood.
Operation of the grating-coupled oscillator at submillimeter wavelengths

The grating-coupled oscillator is an electron-beam-driven grating-loaded quasi-optical resonator. Devices such as the Orotron/Ledatron, in which a spherical mirror is placed on an axis that is normal to the grating, fall into this category.
Molecular Features Influencing the Release of Peptides from Amphiphilic Polymeric Reverse Micelles

Efficient and controlled release of peptides bound to polymeric reverse micelle assemblies can be achieved through the cooperative effects of disassembly and disruption of charge–charge interactions. Through the examination of various peptides and polymer architectures, we have identified the factors that affect the release efficiency of the electrostatically bound peptides. Peptide guests and polymers with a greater number of complementary charges result in less efficient release than peptides and polymers with lower numbers of charges. Interestingly, we find that the presence of adjacent charged groups on the monomeric unit of the polymer exhibits exceptionally low release efficiency, perhaps because of a chelate-like effect, even when the total polymer charge is lower. Overall, our findings inform the design principles for catch-and-release systems based on polymeric reverse micelles, which offer great versatility and tunability.
Impact of Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry on Research 1981–2017: Roswell Park Experience

Each year in the USA, 22,280 women are diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 14,240 women die each year from this disease. While accounting for only 2.4% of all cancer deaths, the 5-year survival rate is extremely low at 46% which highlights the great need for continued research. The Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry’s goal since its inception has been to provide the tools needed for the development of improved screening, diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer. All major articles produced from the inception of the registry using data either from registry pedigrees or registry samples were collected and reviewed by the authors. Articles from the registry have contributed to the field of ovarian cancer research from 1981 to 2017 in many ways from better defining risks associated with ovarian cancer syndromes to looking at specifics of gene mutations in ovarian cancer registry families. The database continues to grow and provide new information for gene sequencing not only from participants but directly from tumor samples collected at Roswell Park Cancer Institute.
Other Hereditary Breast Cancer Syndromes and Genes

The major genes associated with inherited susceptibility to breast cancer are BRCA1 and BRCA2. However, breast cancer is a component of other cancer susceptibility syndromes, including Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Cowden syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and Hereditary Gastric Cancer. This chapter is divided into two major parts: (1) rare familial cancer syndromes with breast cancer as a component (Table 7.1) and (2) mutations in DNA damage response genes associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, notably in families with multiple breast cancer cases.
Variability in Camp Structure and Bone Food Refuse Patterning at Kua San Hunter-Gatherer Camps

As part of a widening interest in site formation processes, archaeologists have turned to ethnoarchaeology for insight into the factors that contribute to variability in the spatial makeup of prehistoric hunter-gatherer sites (e.g., Binford 1978a, 1983; Gould 1980; O’Connell 1987; Schiffer 1983; Spurting and Hayden 1984; Yellen 1977a). The structure of this volume reflects the fact that ethnoarchaeology complements archaeology in the development of methods for the discovery, description, and interpretation of intrasite spatial patterns. Together these approaches constitute an effective method for investigating prehistoric hunter-gatherer sites.
The Survival of Typhoid in Nature

In the period from 1906 to 1910 the typhoid death rate for the eighteen Middle Atlantic States was 23 per 100,000. In 1933 it was 0.81 per 100,000. Conceivably that remarkable record may be dangerous. In times of peril, men are alert. With the signs of acute danger long absent, carelessness is oftentimes born. When a people are actively threatened, funds for defense are readily forthcoming. When the danger is abated it becomes difficult to sell the idea of an army of wartime efficiency. In spite of the tremendous steps in the reduction of typhoid incidence it must be emphatically stated that typhoid fever is not in any sense of the word a conquered disease. It will not be conquered in this generation nor in your children's generation. It is merely an enemy fended off for the moment with some measure of