cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The funny people: A source‐orientation to the communication of humor

Research investigated the production of humor and correlates with the communicator trait of Humor Orientation (HO; Booth‐Butterfield & Booth‐Butterfield, 1991). In Phase One, 161 university students completed four self report scales. Humor Orientation was positively correlated with communication traits of communicator adaptability, concern for eliciting positive impressions, affective orientation, and situational sense of humor. To compare differences in humor production, 57 students from Phase One were recruited on the basis of HO scores. High (N=29) and low (N=28) HOs delivered 3 jokes. High HOs were perceived to be funnier than low HOs both by participant‐observers and by independent coders who listened to audiotapes. However, participant‐observers rated messages significantly funnier than those who only listened to tapes.
Relating Moral Principles and Moral Behavior

horrible, and even now astonishing, story of a medical researcher in Texas who, as part of a double-blind experiment on oral contraceptives, provided seventy-six women with placebo pills. In Veatch's words, "All had come, not to assist in research, but to prevent further pregnancies. None were told they were receiving placebos, or even that they were participating in research, but they were instructed to use vaginal cream in addition since the pill might not be 'completely effective.'" How right that last statement was: ten of the women
La0.9−xCaxCe0.1CrO3−δ as potential anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract LaCrO 3 doped with calcium and cerium on the A-site in the series of La 0.9− x Ca x Ce 0.1 CrO 3− δ (LCCC3060, LCCC4050, LCCC5040, LCCC6030 corresponding to x = 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, and 0.3 respectively), is synthesized by a sol–gel combustion method and evaluated as anode material for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Relatively higher Ca-doping on La in LaCrO 3 is found to improve both electronic and ionic conductivity. LCCC compositions have demonstrated good chemical stability in reducing atmospheres. Evaluation of the LCCC material as anode in symmetrical cell configuration shows that the highest Ca-doping composition results in the lowest activation energy and the lowest polarization resistance. La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Ga 0.83 Mg 0.17 O 3− δ (LSGM) electrolyte-supported single cells with LCCC3060 as the anode and La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3− δ (LSCF) as the cathode show that LCCC3060 can be a potential anode material for H 2 , but not for CH 4 .
TMEM16A channels generate Ca2+-activated Cl− currents in cerebral artery smooth muscle cells

Transmembrane protein (TMEM)16A channels are recently discovered membrane proteins that display electrophysiological properties similar to classic Ca2+-activated Cl− (ClCa) channels in native cells. The molecular identity of proteins that generate ClCa currents in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of resistance-size arteries is unclear. Similarly, whether cerebral artery SMCs generate ClCa currents is controversial. Here, using molecular biology and patch-clamp electrophysiology, we examined TMEM16A channel expression and characterized Cl− currents in arterial SMCs of resistance-size rat cerebral arteries. RT-PCR amplified transcripts for TMEM16A but not TMEM16B–TMEM16H, TMEM16J, or TMEM16K family members in isolated pure cerebral artery SMCs. Western blot analysis using an antibody that recognized recombinant (r)TMEM16A channels detected TMEM16A protein in cerebral artery lysates. Arterial surface biotinylation and immunofluorescence indicated that TMEM16A channels are located primarily within the arterial SMC plasma membrane. Whole cell ClCa currents in arterial SMCs displayed properties similar to those generated by rTMEM16A channels, including Ca2+ dependence, current-voltage relationship linearization by an elevation in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, a Nerstian shift in reversal potential induced by reducing the extracellular Cl− concentration, and a negative reversal potential shift when substituting extracellular I− for Cl−. A pore-targeting TMEM16A antibody similarly inhibited both arterial SMC ClCa and rTMEM16A currents. TMEM16A knockdown using small interfering RNA also inhibited arterial SMC ClCa currents. In summary, these data indicate that TMEM16A channels are expressed, insert into the plasma membrane, and generate ClCa currents in cerebral artery SMCs.
The Importance of the Global Health Strategy from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

The world in which we live is more interconnected today than ever before. In an era when we can get anywhere on the planet in less than a day, and when the flow of persons and goods stretches worldwide, we must ensure that the systems for preventing, detecting, and containing disease stretch equally far. Likewise, we need to remain just as vigilant when it comes to safeguarding the food and drug products that go into our bodies.
Engineering an online course: applying the ‘secrets’ of computer programming to course development

Colleges and universities are increasingly migrating towards utilising the World Wide Web to convey at least part of, and in many cases, their entire curricular offering. Despite this trend there is little support for the professors responsible for translating courses refined over a career in the classroom for delivery via the Web. Teachers who are experts in their subject area and masters of their craft when in a classroom find themselves in the uncomfortable position of having to relearn how to teach in a new environment with little or no support. Development of an online course is, in many significant aspects, analogous to developing a computer product. The procedures and tools utilised in the software engineering field to manage computer software development, therefore, offer promise for developing online courses. This paper explores the potential of one process developed for the software engineering field-the System Development Lifecycle (SDL)-as a tool to effectively design and develop online college courses.
Thermodynamics of segregation in alloys

The segregation process is described in terms of thermodynamic equations that use concepts of excess partial molar free energies and activity coefficients. Using such generalized equations, simplified equations are developed that can be used to check the segregation behavior in terms of thermodynamic quantities that are generally available in the literature. These simplified equations can be used to represent segregation semiquantitatively in many situations, including those where the elements form highly stable chemical compounds, such as sulfides, borides, and phosphides. The validity of our equations is checked by comparing the calculated segregation values with those observed on the surface of Ni, Cr, Al, Y, and NiCrAl(Y) alloys containing small concentrations of sulfur.
Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Repair for Recurrent Patellar Dislocation

Background: The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the primary restraint to extreme lateral displacement and is typically disrupted with an acute lateral patellar dislocation. Patients who fail a comprehensive nonoperative program and experience recurrent lateral patellar instability episodes are candidates for surgical treatment. Current surgical procedures include a variety of proximal realignment techniques, including repair or reconstruction of the MPFL along with distal realignment of the tibial tubercle when indicated.Purpose: The objective of this study was to review the clinical, functional, and radiographic outcomes of isolated MPFL repair for recurrent lateral patellar dislocation.Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods: The records of all patients undergoing MPFL repair for recurrent patellar dislocation at the Mayo Clinic from 2001 to 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-seven patients (29 knees) with an average age of 19 years (range, 11-32 years) were included in ...
Viscero-somatic neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) of the squirrel monkey

Thirty-eight neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) in α-chloralose/Nembutal, or halothane (in N2O/O2) anesthetized squirrel monkeys were tested for responses to distention of the urinary bladder, the distal colon and the lower esophagus. Of the 38 SI neurons studied 13 were classified as visceroceptive. Eight of the 13 visceroceptive neurons responded to stimulation of a single viscus, the other five responded to two viscera. All SI neurons investigated had somatic low threshold type responses. Anesthesia was a critical factor, because 6 of 11 neurons responded to visceral stimulation only under a light halothane anesthetic level, and during moderate halothane anesthesia levels significantly more neurons exhibited visceral inputs than under α-chloralose/Nembutal. The results suggest that the squirrel monkey SI is involved in processing of visceral information.
Growth and characterization of heteroepitaxial ZnO thin films by organometallic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract High-conductivity ZnO films have been deposited on sapphire substrates using organometallic chemical vapor deposition at atmospheric pressure. Unintentionally doped films had net donor concentrations of 10 17 –10 20 cm -3 and resistivities of 10 -3 -1 Ω cm. Resistivity was found to be dependent upon oxidant partial pressure present during deposition. Photoluminescence spectroscopy at 16 K indicated the presence of strong near band edge emission at 3.36 eV in addition to deep level emission peaks at 1.8, 2.1 and 2.4 eV.
Synthesis, antiviral activity, and bioavailability studies of γ-lactam derived HIV protease inhibitors

Abstract Incorporation of a γ-lactam in hydroxyethylene isosteres results in modest inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. Additional structural activity studies have produced significantly more potent inhibitors with the introduction of the trisubstituted cyclopentane (see compound 20 ) as the optimum substituent for the C-terminus. This new amino acid amide surrogate can be readily prepared in large scale from ( R )-pulegone. Optimized compounds ( 36 ) and ( 60 ) are potent antiviral agents and are well absorbed (15–20 %) in a dog model after oral administration.
Decentralized regulation of a common property renewable resource industry with irreversible investment

Abstract The effectiveness of output controls for rationalizing a common property renewable resource has been called into question by the theoretical work of J. R. Gould [Economica, Nov., 383–402 (1972)]. A proper examination of this question requires an intertemporal analysis, one that takes into account that asymmetries between persistent factors of production (“immaleable capital”) and factors that are instantaneously consumed (“labor” or ldharvest effort”). We present here a nonlinear intertemporal model of a renewable resource industry, under conditions of irreversible capital investment, and undertake to analyze its dynamics, both at open access and under centralized optimal management. We then examine the theoretical possibility of decentralized regulation by Pigouvian taxes, and reconsider the proposition of Gould.
Hepatic response to insulin in control of glucose kinetics in the neonatal lamb.

Imprecise control of neonatal glucose homeostasis may be partially due to decreased hepatic response to insulin. In prior kinetic studies the effect of that response could not be determined because the hormonal effects of insulin could not be separated from those of glucagon. Somatostatin (SRIF) suppresses secretion of both and has been used to differentiate the hormonal effects. Eighteen term lambs (age 4.2 +/- 0.3 days and birth weight 4.0 +/- 0.2 kg (M +/- SEM] were infused with 0.9% NaCl at 0.06 mL.kg-1 min-1 plus 100 microCi/kg D[6-3H] glucose by prime plus constant infusion. Ra (production) and Rd (utilization) were measured during infusion of SRIF or SRIF plus replacement insulin (0.2 mU.kg-1 min-1). There was a rise in pl. glucose (98 +/- 10 to 119 +/- 10 mg/dL (P less than .0001)); a fall (46.2%) in pl insulin [13 +/- 2 to 7 +/- 1 microU/mL (P less than .0004); a rise in Ra (7.8 +/- 1.5 to 13.2 +/- 4.1 mg.kg-1 min-1 P less than .047); and a rise in Rd (7.7 +/- 1.4 to 11.3 +/- 3.0 mg.kg-1 min-1 (P less than .047)) in SRIF treated animals compared to nontreated controls. There was no change in plasma glucagon (454 +/- 182 to 255 +/- 141 pg/mL) in SRIF treated animals compared to nontreated controls. All perturbations were eliminated when SRIF plus replacement insulin produced control insulin levels. Insulin suppression in the neonatal period resulted in glucagon being unopposed which produced an elevated rate of glucose production and elevated plasma glucose concentration.
Electroconvulsive Shock Increases α1b‐but Not α1a‐Adrenoceptor Binding Sites in Rat Cerebral Cortex

Repeated administration of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) increases [3H]prazosin binding to alpha 1-adrenoceptors in rat cerebral cortex. In contrast, [3H]WB4101 binding in cortex has been reported to be unchanged after ECS. [3H]Prazosin labels two alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes, termed alpha 1a and alpha 1b, whereas [3H]WB4101 labels the alpha 1a subtype preferentially. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ECS increases one or both alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes in rat cerebral cortex. We found that treatment of rats with ECS once daily for 10-12 days increased [3H]prazosin binding in cortex by about 25% but did not significantly alter [3H]WB4101 binding to alpha 1-adrenoceptors. Measurement of alpha 1a and alpha 1b receptors by competition analysis of the selective alpha 1a antagonist 5-methylurapidil against [3H]prazosin and measurement of [3H]prazosin binding in homogenates preincubated with chlorethylclonidine, which alkylates alpha 1b binding sites, also indicated that the ECS-induced increase in alpha 1-adrenoceptors is confined to the alpha 1b subtype. In contrast to its effect on [3H]prazosin binding, ECS did not increase phosphoinositide hydrolysis as measured by [3H]inositol 1-phosphate accumulation in slices of rat cerebral cortex stimulated by either norepinephrine or phenylephrine. The failure of ECS to increase [3H]inositol 1-phosphate accumulation stimulated by phenylephrine, which is a partial agonist for this response, suggests that spare receptors do not account for the apparent absence of effect of ECS on alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis.
Making sense of CSR communication

Although a great deal of research has focused on communicating Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), the literature is diverse and encompasses a plethora of theories and approaches. It is still unclear what communicative behaviors carry the messages of organizational virtuosity and the implementation of responsible initiatives. What is missing is a simple, inclusive assessment of how organizations explicitly communicate the behaviors that constitute CSR. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to provide an illustration of the accounts that constitute CSR communication. Fifty US firms are examined for CSR moves within a variety of organizational contexts. The results show that communicating CSR is limited to large organizations and primarily, that they communicate CSR by conveying information about classically accepted responsible and virtuous behaviors. This patterned communicative behavior is a process that organizations engage in to make sense of CSR. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Mapping the spatial variability of plankton metabolism using nitrate and oxygen sensors on an autonomous underwater vehicle

It is now possible to make highly resolved vertical (< 1 m) and horizontal (3 m at constant depth and ∼400 m when undulating from surface to 100 m) measurements of nitrate concentration in the upper ocean using sensors deployed on propeller-driven autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The ability to make such highly resolved measurements opens the possibility of detecting small-scale anomalies in nutrient fields that are created by locally high rates of primary production. We employed an in situ ultraviolet spectrophotometer optical nitrate sensor and Sea-Bird oxygen sensor mounted on the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute Dorado AUV to investigate the spatial variability of nitrate and oxygen in Monterey Bay, California. The Dorado conducts missions up to 100 km in length. A very simplified diffusion and reaction model for nitrate, ignoring horizontal processes and advection and assuming steady state, would require that consumption rate = K z X a 2 NO - 3 1aZ 2 (K z = vertical eddy diffusion coefficient). Water column regions exhibiting elevated nitrate uptake rates are identified from anomalies in the second derivatives of the vertical concentration profiles relative to the second derivative of conservative properties. The relationship between chlorophyll a fluorescence and the inferred productivity rates exhibits coherent spatial variability across the bay.
Ultrathin Layer-by-Layer Hydrogels with Incorporated Gold Nanorods as pH-Sensitive Optical Materials

We report ultrathin pH-responsive plasmonic membranes of [poly(methacrylic acid)-gold nanorods]20 (PMAA-Au NRs)20 with gold nanorods embedded into swollen cross-linked LbL hydrogels. In contrast to the most of known pH responsive materials which rely on pH-triggered change in the intensity of photoluminescence or plasmon bands, the responsive structures suggested here exhibit a significant pH-triggered shift in easily detectable, strong plasmon resonance band. We show that a pH-induced deswelling of the (PMAA-Au NRs)20 hydrogel film in the pH change from 8 to 5 causes a dramatic blue-shift of the longitudinal plasmon peak by 21 nm due to the increased side-by-side interactions of adjacent gold nanorods. These composite hydrogel multilayer films can be released from the substrates yielding free-floating and optically pH-responsive ultrathin hydrogel films which can be transferred to the appropriate solid substrates.
On the semiclassical approximation for double well potentials

Abstract Semiclassical connection formulae for a parabolic barrier are used to derive a quantization formula for the energy levels of an asymmetric double well oscillator. The connection with the phase integral approach to this problem is discussed.
External Nasal Lesion in a Middle-aged Man.

Aman inhis60swhowas fromtheCaribbean Islandsandhadahistory of multiple myeloma presented with a right external nasal lesion.Thediagnosisofmultiplemyelomahadbeenmadeseveralyears previously in the setting of a thoracic spine compression fracture, for which he was initially treated with radiation along with a stem cell transplant. Hewas now stable, receiving therapywith revlimid and prednisone. During routine surveillance using positron electron tomographic–computed tomographic imaging for the multiple myeloma, a 1.8-cm fluorodeoxyglucose F18–avid speculated density was noted in the lower lobe of the right lung. This was believed to be inflammatory and/or infectious in nature, and a course of moxifloxacin was given. Two months later, the external nasal lesion was noted. It was described as painless, rarely associatedwith bleeding, andwas not preceded by any formof trauma. The patient denied any intranasal or constitutional complaints. He also denied a history of smoking. On physical examination, the patient was noted to have a 14 × 11-mm ulcer located on the right nasal ala (Figure, A). The edge was pearly and rolled. Findings from an intranasal and oropharyngeal examination were unremarkable. Under local anesthesia, a 3-mm punch biopsy specimen was taken. Histologic examination revealed diffuse histiocytic infiltrates with numerous yeast-like forms (Figure, B), which stained positively with Grocott methenamine silver stain. With a variety of other stains (mucicarmine, Alcian blue, periodic acid–Schiff), a variably thin mucopolysaccharide capsule was identified (Figure, C). Approximately 2weeks later, thepatientbegancomplainingof imbalance that resulted in a fall. On further questioning, he noted that incontinence, constipation, and fatigue were new associated symptoms. What is your diagnosis? A
Amino Acid Profile of Insoluble Collagen Isolated from Fresh Water Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Insoluble collagen was isolated from the abdominal tissue of fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The yield was 0.4–0.6%. The amino acid profile of this insoluble collagen was elucidated with 81.6 hydroxyproline residues per 1000 collagen amino acid residues or 2 mg hydroxyproline per 100 mg insoluble collagen. A comparison was made between the amino acid profile of insoluble collagen from M. rosenbergii and that of P. setiferus.
Synthesis and in vitro properties of trimethylamine- and phosphonate-substituted carboranylporphyrins for application in BNCT.

A series of carboranylporphyrins containing either amine or phosphonic acid functionalities and two to six closo-carborane clusters have been synthesized via a [2+2] condensation of a dimethylamino- or diethylphosphonate-substituted dipyrromethane with a dicarboranylmethyl-benzaldehyde. The X-ray structures of four key reaction intermediates (1, 2, 3 and 4a) and of two target porphyrins, the diphosphonate ester- and the diamino-tetracarboranylporphyrins 5b and 6a are presented and discussed. In vitro studies using human carcinoma HEp2 and human glioblastoma T98G cells show that these porphyrins are non-toxic in the dark up to 100 μM concentrations, and that a tetracarboranylporphyrin bearing two quaternary ammonium groups is the most efficiently taken up by cells at short times (up to 8 h), followed by a dicarboranylporphyrin bearing three phosphonic acid substituents. All carboranylporphyrins delivered therapeutic amounts of boron to T98G cells and localized mainly within the cell lysosomes.
Solid-phase selection of human T lymphocyte subpopulations using monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract This report describes a novel solid-phase technique for the positive selection of human T lymphocyte subsets labeled by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies. Fluorescein labeled normal human T cells or a T cell line were fractionated on plastic culture dishes precoated with affinity chromatography purified anti-fluorescein antibodies. Cell binding was specific for fluorescein, and was both time and temperature dependent. Bound cells were eluted at 37°C with fluorescein- l -lysine. The eluted cells were enriched with highly viable and functional human T cell subsets. Thus Leu3 monoclonal antibody selected cells were shown to provide helper activity in the pokeweed mitogen induced IgM and IgG immunoglobulin secretory response of autologous B cells. The Leu2 antibody selected T cells suppressed both IgM and IgG secretory responses. In addition, studies with the monoclonal antibody 1G11, which bonds to an antigen expressed on acute lymphocytic leukemia (T-ALL) cells and the T-ALL derived cell line RPMI-8402, demonstrated that this solid-phase technique can be used to select for cells which are present at low frequencies in a mixed population. It thus provides a simple and reproducible means for the preparative isolation of lymphocyte subsets associated with autoimmune and neoplastic disease for functional and biochemical analysis.
Structural network theory for a filled polymer melt in large amplitude oscillatory shear

Abstract The large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) behavior of a high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe resin containing 2% carbon black has been measured with a sliding plate rheometer incorporating a shear stress transducer. We have evaluated a structural network theory recently proposed by De Kee and Chan Man Fong for suspensions, in LAOS. This model provides for the creation of junctions due to an imposed flow field, and has been proposed as a generalization of the Liu kinetic rate equation, to model the complex behavior of suspensions. A new model, also based on the transient network concept, is proposed for filled polymer melts, and has the desirable feature of separating the effects of the filler material from the entanglement kinetics of the pure polymer. Both models are able to fit the steady shear viscosity data measured for this material. We find that both models are capable of predicting the LAOS behavior of this material, except for severe conditions.
An exact analysis of class E amplifiers with finite DC-feed inductance at any output Q

Previous analyses of class E amplifiers have required infinite output network Q and/or infinite DC-feed inductance. A Laplace-transform technique is applied to class E circuits with neither of these restrictions. The analysis presented is shown to have excellent agreement with observed circuit performance. >
The use of a simple computer math package to demonstrate complex communication systems principles

In the study of communication systems, it is often difficult for students to develop a true understanding of the more complex systems and signal principles without exercising an appropriate communication system. While actual hardware usage is arguably the best technique for student investigation, the complexity of and costs associated with appropriate commercial or instructional communication hardware systems make such systems, in many cases, unattractive in a university setting. Often a more appropriate solution to augmenting student learning is computer simulation. A series of original computer exercises that demonstrate several communication principles has been developed by the author to be used as student laboratory exercises or as a supplement to hardware laboratory exercises. The paper describes the simulation exercises, gives complete listings of the programs, and reports on the use of these exercises in a university setting to augment a course in communication system principles. Among the communication systems topics investigated in the exercises are quantization noise, distortion, companding, and Nyquist's criteria for zero intersymbol interference. While the exercises were written using the mathematical computation package MathCAD, adaptation to other similar packages is not difficult.
American Society of Clinical Oncology Quality Care Symposium 2012: Re-Engineering Your Practice to Deliver Quality and Value

This session highlighted the steps in creating a reliable system-based health care delivery system—one that is team based, is continually evolving, and provides the highest quality and efficient care for our patients.
Regulating the Behavior of Nursing Homes Through Positive Incentives: An Analysis of illinois' Quality Incentive Program (QUIP)

The Illinois Quality Incentive Program (QUIP) offers nursing homes a separate bonus payment per Medicaid day for achievement of each of 6 quality standards. Using data from 809 participating nursing homes between 1985-1988, this study found that over 90% of eligible facilities chose to participate annually. Success in achieving bonus payments in multiple standards increased over time, with 27% qualifying for 5 or 6 components by 1988. But the validity of the individual measures and the relationship between achievement of QUIP standards and resident quality was not firmly established. The resident satisfaction standard proved insensitive, with 92% of participating facilities qualifying on this standard.
Cognitive Fit: A Theory‐Based Analysis of the Graphs Versus Tables Literature*

A considerable amount of research has been conducted over a long period of time into the effects of graphical and tabular representations on decision-making performance. To date, however, the literature appears to have arrived at few conclusions with regard to the performance of the two representations. This paper addresses these issues by presenting a theory, based on information processing theory, to explain under what circumstances one representation outperforms the other. The fundamental aspects of the theory are: (1) although graphical and tabular representations may contain the same information, they present that information in fundamentally different ways; graphical representations emphasize spatial information, while tables emphasize symbolic information; (2) tasks can be divided into two types, spatial and symbolic, based on the type of information that facilitates their solution; (3) performance on a task will be enhanced when there is a cognitive fit (match) between the information emphasized in the representation type and that required by the task type; that is, when graphs support spatial tasks and when tables support symbolic tasks; (4) the processes or strategies problem solvers use are the crucial elements of cognitive fit since they provide the link between representation and task; the processes identified here are perceptual and analytical; (5) so long as there is a complete fit of representation, processes, and task type, each representation will lead to both quicker and more accurate problem solving. The theory is validated by its success in explaining the results of published studies that examine the performance of graphical and tabular representations in decision making.
Stability and mixing of a vertical plane buoyant jet in confined depth

A plane turbulent buoyant jet discharging vertically into a two-dimensional channel of confined depth is considered. The channel opens at both ends into a large outside reservoir, thus defining a steady symmetrical flow field within the channel. The analysis is aimed at two aspects, the stability and the bulk mixing characteristics of the discharge. A stable discharge configuration is defined as one in which a buoyant surface layer is formed which spreads horizontally and does not communicate with the initial buoyant jet region. On the other hand, the discharge configuration is unstable when a recirculating cell exists on both sides of the jet efflux.It is shown that discharge stability is only dependent on the dynamic interaction of three near-field regions, a buoyant jet region, a surface impingement region and an internal hydraulic jump region. The buoyant jet region is analysed with the assumption of a variable entrainment coefficient in a form corresponding to an approximately constant jet-spreading angle as confirmed by different experimental sources. The properties of surface impingement and internal jump regions are determined on the basis of control volume analyses. Under the Boussinesq approximation, only two dimensionless parameters govern the near-field interaction; these are a discharge densimetric Froude number and a relative depth. For certain parameter combinations, namely those implying low buoyancy and shallow depth, there is no solution to the conjugate downstream condition in the hydraulic jump which would satisfy both momentum and energy conservation principles. Arguments are given which interpret this condition as one which leads to the establishment of a near-field recirculation cell and, thus, discharge instability.The far-field boundary conditions, while having no influence on discharge stability, determine the bulk mixing characteristics of the jet discharge. The governing equations for the two-layered counterflow system in the far field are solved. The strength of the convective transport, and hence the related dilution ratio, is governed by another non-dimensional parameter, the product of the relative channel length and the boundary friction coefficient.Experiments in a laboratory flume, covering a range of the governing parameters, are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions, both the stability criterion and the bulk mixing characteristics.
Using Computer and Video Technologies to Develop Interpersonal Skills

Abstract Two studies investigated ways in which computer and video technology can support expert human coaches in order to reduce instructor time and potentially increase access to powerful learning environments. The content goal was to train undergraduate students to facilitate others' interpersonal problem solving. In Experiment 1 the standard classroom treatment used instructor lecture and guided discussion, instructor modeling of skills, and role play, with the instructor present the full time. The combined instructor/ computer/video treatment substituted computer instruction for lecture and video for instructor modeling. The dependent variable was performance in a role play. Both treatments required 9 hr of subject time, but the combined treatment reduced instructor time from 9 to 4.5 hr. The combined treatment yielded comparable subject outcomes: F(1, 25) = 1.21, p = NS. In Experiment 2, the classroom treatment remained essentially the same. In the optimized treatment subjects scored videotaped examples and applied the scoring technique in teams to their own videotaped role-play performance. Total subject time in both treatments was 6 hr. Instructor time was 6 hr in the classroom treatment and 2 hr in the combined treatment. The optimized treatment yielded significantly better performance: F(1, 23) = 20.27, p
The International Pattern of Authority

The broad question posed here is how authority is distributed in the world and what shifts may be occurring in its pattern of distribution. Mainly, of course, authority is today allocated according to the Western State System, characterized in its legal mechanics by territorial rule among equals and in its political philosophy by consent of the governed. Conveniently dated from the Treaty of Westphalia and the French Revolution, the system is now more widespread than ever before.
Predicting classifier performance with a small training set: Applications to computer-aided diagnosis and prognosis

Selection of an appropriate classifier for computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) applications has typically been an ad hoc process. It is difficult to know a priori which classifier will yield high accuracies for a specific application, especially when well-annotated data for classifier training is scarce. In this study, we utilize an inverse power-law model of statistical learning to predict classifier performance when only limited amounts of annotated training data is available. The objectives of this study are to (a) predict classifier error in the context of different CAD problems when larger data cohorts become available, and (b) compare classifier performance and trends (both at the sample/patient level and at the pixel level) as additional data is accrued (such as in a clinical trial). In this paper we utilize a power law model to evaluate and compare various classifiers (Support Vector Machine (SVM), C4.5 decision tree, k-nearest neighbor) for four distinct CAD problems. The first two datasets deal with sample/patient-level classification for distinguishing between (1) high from low grade breast cancers and (2) high from low levels of lymphocytic infiltration in breast cancer specimens. The other two datasets are pixel-level classification problems for discriminating cancerous and non-cancerous regions on prostate (3) MRI and (4) histopathology. Our empirical results suggest that, given sufficient training data, SVMs tend to be the best classifiers. This was true for datasets (1), (2), and (3), while the C4.5 decision tree was the best classifier for dataset (4). Our results also suggest that results of classifier comparison made on small data cohorts should not be generalized as holding true when large amounts of data become available.
Incorporating human and machine interpretation of unavailability and rhythm awareness into the design of collaborative applications

Efficient coordination of collaboration requires sharing information about collaborators' current and future availability. We describe the usage of an awareness system called Awarenex that shared real-time awareness information to help coordinate activities at the current moment. We also developed a prototype called Lilsys that used sensors to gather additional awareness information that would help avoid disruptions when users are currently unavailable for interaction. Our experiences over time in designing and using prototypes that share awareness cues for current availability led us to identify temporal patterns that could help predict future reachability. Rhythm awareness is having a sense of regularly recurring temporal patterns that can help coordinate interactions among collaborators. Rhythm awareness is difficult to establish within distributed groups that are separated by distance and time zone. We describe rhythmic temporal patterns observed in activity data collected from users of the Awarenex prototype. Analyzing logs of Awarenex usage over time enabled us to construct a computational model of temporal patterns. We explored how to apply those patterns and model to predict future reachability among distributed team members. We discuss trade-offs in the design of collaborative applications that rely on human- and machine-interpretation of rhythm awareness cues. We also conducted a design study that elicited reactions to a variety of end-user visualizations of rhythmic patterns and investigated how well our computational model characterized their everyday routines.
Bisexuals at Midlife Commitment, Salience, and Identity

In the framework of a constructionist approach, a life-course point of view, and traditional concepts borrowed from identity theory, the authors report on a study of fifty-six San Francisco bisexuals. The data show that by midlife, changing life commitments among the participants were associated with a decrease in sexual involvement, a move toward sexual activity with just one sex, a decrease in contact with the bisexual subculture, and a decrease in the salience of a bisexual identity. Given these changes, the data reveal the opposite of what might be expected—an increase rather than a decrease in the certainty about and stability of the bisexual identity. The authors show that this was due to the continuation of dual attractions that were positively regarded even as there was a move away from a bisexual lifestyle. In explaining these findings, they discuss the interplay between sexual communities, relationships, selves, and sexuality.
Government and the Press: The Question of Subsidies.

Sweden, West Germany, and England debate the advisability of government subsidies as a way of maintaining “a free and viable press in a period of economic strife.”
Comparison of parametric and nonparametric models for traffic flow forecasting

Single point short-term traffic flow forecasting will play a key role in supporting demand forecasts needed by operational network models. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), a classic parametric modeling approach to time series, and nonparametric regression models have been proposed as well suited for application to single point short-term traffic flow forecasting. Past research has shown seasonal ARIMA models to deliver results that are statistically superior to basic implementations of nonparametric regression. However, the advantages associated with a data-driven nonparametric forecasting approach motivate further investigation of refined nonparametric forecasting methods. Following this motivation, this research effort seeks to examine the theoretical foundation of nonparametric regression and to answer the question of whether nonparametric regression based on heuristically improved forecast generation methods approach the single interval traffic flow prediction performance of seasonal ARIMA models.
A descriptive evaluation of CDC's LEAN Works! Leading employees to activity and nutrition--a Web-based employer tool for workplace obesity management.

Abstract Purpose. The study aim was to determine the utility of and satisfaction with a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Web-based employer tool, CDC's LEAN Works!, which provides evidence-based recommendations and promising practices for obesity prevention and control at worksites. Design. This study examined employers' natural usage (i.e., without any study parameters on how, when, or how much to use the Web site and its resources) and impressions of the Web site. Setting. Employers of varying sizes, industry types, and levels of maturity in offering obesity management programs and from both private and public sectors were recruited to participate in the study. Participants. A convenience sample of 29 employers enrolled to participate. Method. Participants were followed over a 12-month period. First impressions, bimonthly use of the Web site, and final assessments were collected using self-report surveys and individual interviews. Descriptive analyses were conducted. Results. Almost all ...
Ultimatum Game with Ethnicity Manipulation: Problems Faced Doing Field Economic Experiments and their Solutions

This article reports the experiences of one ethnographer conducting economic experiments in Bulgan Sum, Khovd, Republic of Mongolia. Torguud and Kazakh nomadic pastoralists played the ultimatum game against anonymous coethnics and nonethnics. The evidence gathered is relevant to (1) whether there is an in-group favoritism bias as maintained by social identity theory and social categorization theory and (2) whether non-Western populations behave differently from the now relatively well-studied Western populations in ways that are plausible given their culture. Special attention is given to the challenges involved in adapting this valuable research method to non-Western populations in rural settings. The biggest difficulty had to do with bootstrapping for participants all of the “obvious” background cultural assumptions about experiments as social situations, which an ideal participant carries in his head and which are assumed to be there rather than verified when conducting experiments in the West.
Efficient Retargeting of Generated Device User-Interfaces

Many pervasive computing systems have been built for using mobile computers to interact with networked devices. To deploy a device's user-interface, several systems dynamically generate the user-interface on a mobile computer. While this approach has several advantages, empirical results from different generators show that it takes a relatively long time for a mobile computer to create a user-interface from scratch. This paper shows that it is possible to overcome this limitation by efficiently mapping or retargeting a previously generated user-interface of one (source) device to another (target) device of the same or different type. Using the implementation of an existing generator and a set of real-world scenarios, we show that user-interface retargeting can yield deployment times that are often as good as or noticeably better than the approach of locally loading pre-existing manually-written user-interface code.
The role of nutrient reserves in mallard reproduction

ABSTP, ACT.--Mallard (Arias platyrhynchos) populations breeding in temperate North America obtain a significant part of the energy and lipid requirements of reproduction at sites occupied prior to arrival on the breeding grounds. Protein for egg formation, however, is obtained principally from the diet during the nesting period. Both sexes arrive heavy and fat in North Dakota but experience substantial weight loss and lipid depletion during the nesting cycle. Weight loss is most pronounced among females and averages 25% from prelaying to late incubation. Body weights of both sexes are positively correlated with carcass lipid content. The paired male draws upon lipids early in the nesting season when an activity center is being established and defended and when females are preparing to nest. The female's lipid reserves are utilized primarily during laying and early incubation. The significance of lipid reserves diminishes as the nesting season progresses, and females do not acquire substantial lipid stores prior to renesting when the initial clutch is destroyed. The magnitude of lipid reserves carried in female carcasses is positively correlated with clutch size from mid-April to early June. Protein transfer for egg formation from flight and leg muscle and body organs can account for only a small part of the protein requirement for the clutch. By utilizing lipid reserves to meet energy requirements, the female can acquire sufficient protein from the diet to produce a large initial clutch even when foods are relatively scarce, whereas the renesting female must rely entirely upon food resources available at the breeding site for its nutrient and energy requirements. Received 3 January 1980, accepted 18 July 1980.
Technical communique: Sufficient conditions for the convergence of a class of nonlinear distributed consensus algorithms

This paper is concerned with the convergence of a class of continuous-time nonlinear consensus algorithms for single integrator agents. In the consensus algorithms studied here, the control input of each agent is assumed to be a state-dependent combination of the relative positions of its neighbors in the information flow graph. Using a novel approach based on the smallest order of the nonzero derivative, it is shown that under some mild conditions the convex hull of the agents has a contracting property. A set-valued LaSalle-like approach is subsequently employed to show the convergence of the agents to a common point. The results are shown to be more general than the ones reported in the literature in some cases. An illustrative example demonstrates how the proposed convergence conditions can be verified.
Medical Illness Burden, Trait Neuroticism, and Depression in Older Primary Care Patients

OBJECTIVE: The authors tested the hypotheses that medical illness burden is independently associated with depression and that this association is moderated by neuroticism. METHOD: Multiple regression techniques were used to determine the independent associations of medical burden and neuroticism with depression in a group of 196 subjects, 60 years of age and older, recruited from primary care settings. RESULTS: Medical burden and neuroticism were independently associated with major depression, depressive symptoms, and psychiatric dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support models in which medical disorders may contribute directly to depression. At the same time, the role of neuroticism in later-life depression warrants further study. (Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:969–971)
A comparison of parametric with semiparametric analysis of the concentration versus effect relationship of metocurine in dogs and pigs.

We investigated the ability of two pharmacokinetic modeling techniques to estimate the equilibration delay (i.e., hysteresis) between plasma drug concentration and observed drug effect. The data were from 20 animals (15 dogs, 5 pigs) receiving an infusion of metocurine, a neuromuscular blocking drug. An effect compartment model was used to model the hysteresis and characterize the relationship between drug concentration and effect. The effect compartment model requires identification of ke0, the rate constant of drug elimination from the effect compartment. Two methods were used to estimate ke0. The first technique was to fit the plasma metocurine concentration-time curve to a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model and then to use this pharmacokinetic model, along with the neuromuscular blockade vs. time curve to estimate ke0 and the parameters of a pharmacodynamic model (the Hill equation). The second technique was to directly estimate ke0 by a recently described semiparametric technique that does not require either a pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic model, although it does assume that drug flux to and front the effect compartment is a first-order process. This semiparametric technique only estimates a single parameter, ke0. The results from the new semiparametric analysis technique were similar to the results from the parametric analysis. In the few animals where the results differed, the semi-parametric analysis produced a better description of the data.
Information literacy student behaviors: Potential items for the National Survey of Student Engagement

Dans le cadre d'une enquete nationale sur les activites des etudiants en rapport avec la culture de l'information et sur la contribution des bibliotheques academiques a l'apprentissage des etudiants, l'article s'interesse plus particulierment aux comportements d'utilisation des technologies de l'information et de la bibliotheque. Un tableau presente les principaux comportements pouvant aider au developpement des competences en culture de l'information. Cette recherche permet d'eclairer les liens entre les activites relatives a la culture de l'information et les activites associees aux pratiques educatives.