cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mathematical model of airflow in the lungs of children ii effects of ventilatory parameters

In an effort to develop more effective aerosol therapy procedures, we examined airflow patterns in the lung of a child (age four years). In particular, we were concerned with how ventilatory parameters (i.e., breathing rate and tidal volume) affected the patterns of airflow around tumors. To conduct the study, a computational fluid dynamics package, FIDAP was used to define a model lung. The results of simulations show the extent to which changing ventilatory parameters can affect flow patterns in the neighborhood of the tumors as well as drug distribution throughout the lung.
Relationships between Sleep and Retirement--Nonretirement Status.

Two-week sleep diaries and four consecutive nights of laboratory recordings were obtained from a sample of forty (17 males, 23 females) fifty- to seventy-year-old people. Participants were drawn from the same work pool and were divided into age matched retired-employed subsamples. Twenty-nine measures of EEG sleep structure were analyzed using two-way (sex-by-employment status) ANOVA. There were no significant main effects associated with employment status. Sleep pattern measures derived from two-week diaries were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. The two significant work status main effects indicated that retirees spend more time sleeping on weekday nights than employed peers, and that employed participants had later bed times on weekend nights than retirees. The one significant interaction indicated that employed males slept for significantly less time on weekend nights than retired males. There were indications that retirement status decreased the frequency of napping, which may result from their more exte...
Sum frequency generation and solid-state NMR study of the structure, orientation, and dynamics of polystyrene-adsorbed peptides

The power of combining sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy to quantify, with site specificity and atomic resolution, the orientation and dynamics of side chains in synthetic model peptides adsorbed onto polystyrene (PS) surfaces is demonstrated in this study. Although isotopic labeling has long been used in ssNMR studies to site-specifically probe the structure and dynamics of biomolecules, the potential of SFG to probe side chain orientation in isotopically labeled surface-adsorbed peptides and proteins remains largely unexplored. The 14 amino acid leucine-lysine peptide studied in this work is known to form an α-helical secondary structure at liquid-solid interfaces. Selective, individual deuteration of the isopropyl group in each leucine residue was used to probe the orientation and dynamics of each individual leucine side chain of LKα14 adsorbed onto PS. The selective isotopic labeling methods allowed SFG analysis to determine the orientations of individual side chains in adsorbed peptides. Side chain dynamics were obtained by fitting the deuterium ssNMR line shape to specific motional models. Through the combined use of SFG and ssNMR, the dynamic trends observed for individual side chains by ssNMR have been correlated with side chain orientation relative to the PS surface as determined by SFG. This combination provides a more complete and quantitative picture of the structure, orientation, and dynamics of these surface-adsorbed peptides than could be obtained if either technique were used separately.
In vitro testing of calcium phosphate (HA, TCP, and biphasic HA‐TCP) whiskers

Calcium phosphate [single-phase hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca(10)(PO(4))(6)(OH)(2)), single-phase tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP, Ca(3)(PO(4))(2)), and biphasic HA-TCP] whiskers were formed by using a novel microwave-assisted molten salt mediated process. Aqueous solutions containing NaNO(3), HNO(3), Ca(NO(3))(2) x 4H(2)O, and KH(2)PO(4) (with or without urea) were used as starting reagents. These solutions were irradiated in a household microwave oven for 5 min. As-recovered precursors were then simply stirred in water at room temperature for 1 h to obtain the whiskers of the desired calcium phosphate (CaP) bioceramics. These whiskers were evaluated, respectively, in vitro by (1) soaking those in synthetic body fluid (SBF) solutions at 37 degrees C for one week, and (2) performing cell attachment and total protein assay tests on the neat whiskers by using a mouse osteoblast cell line (7F2). beta-TCP, HA, and HA-TCP biphasic whiskers were all found to possess apatite-inducing ability when soaked in SBF. SBF-soaked whiskers were found to have BET surface areas ranging from 45 to 112 m(2)/g. Although the osteoblast viability and protein concentrations were found to be the highest on the neat HA whiskers, cells were attached and proliferated on all the whiskers.
Effects of hydrothermal aging on NH3-SCR reaction over Cu/zeolites

The effects of hydrothermal treatment on model Cu/zeolite catalysts were investigated to better understand the nature of Cu species for the selective catalytic reduction of NO{sub x} by NH{sub 3}. After hydrothermal aging at 800 C for 16 h, the NO{sub x} reduction performance of Cu-ZSM-5 and Cu-beta were significantly reduced at low temperatures, while that of Cu-SSZ-13 was not affected. When the zeolite framework aluminum species were probed using solid state {sup 27}Al-NMR, significant reduction in the intensities of the tetrahedral aluminum peak was observed for Cu-ZSM-5 and Cu-beta, although no increase in the intensities of the octahedral aluminum peak was observed. When the redox behavior of Cu species was examined using H{sub 2}-TPR, it was found that Cu{sup 2+} could be reduced to Cu{sup +} and to Cu{sup 0} fir Cu-ZSM-5 and Cu-beta catalysts, while Cu{sup 2+} could be reduced to Cu{sup +} only for Cu-SSZ-13. After hydrothermal aging, CuO and Cu-aluminate species were found to form in Cu-ZSM-5 and Cu-beta, while little changes were observed for Cu-SSZ-13.
Large-scale dynamic systems: Stability and structure [Book reviews]

This monograph presents the state of the art in the theory and applications of large-scale systems via the concept of vector Lyapunov functions in a very readable way and, consequently, should be of immense value to applied mathematical scientists and engineers interested in the analysis and control of complex dynamic systems. The book is written with a distinct purpose of initiating a systematic inquiry into the intricate relationship between complexity, stability, and reliability of large scale dynamic systems. The central new concept of the book is stability under structural perturbations called connecrice srabihy. The concept is of considerable practical interest since in complex processes if is common that the subsystems do not stay together for all time during operation. Furthermore, the knowledge of interconnections among the subsystems is seldom satisfactory due to model uncertainties, imprecise measurements, equipment failures, and the like. A large system is considered connectively stable if it is stable under structural perturbations whereby subsystems are disconnected from each other and again connected together during operation. This type of stability comes often for free when stability is established by vector Lyapunov functions. From the point of liew of Lyapunov theory, connective stability for large scale systems is analogous to absolute stabihty concept for Lure-Popov systems. Both concepts represent strengthenings of the standard global asymptotic stability in order to extract all that is available in the results obtained by using Lyapunov functions. It is, therefore, not surprising that for certain classes of dynamic systems it is possible to derive necessary and sufficient conditions for connective stability. An equally important aspect of the connective stability concept is the fact that stability of this type .can be established for a class of systems by showing stabihty of a single member of that class. a s fa ct may be used as a general recipe for stability analysis of systems with uncertain parameters.
Development of a portable field rainfall simulator for use in hillside vineyard runoff and erosion studies

An inexpensive, mobile field rainfall simulator and runoff plot frame were developed for use on hillside vineyards. The simulator framework and components were lightweight, readily available and easily manageable such that they can be handled by one person during transport, set–up and operation. The vineyard rainfall simulator was simpler than many of the machines in recent use for similar studies, yet offered equal or improved performance for small-plot studies. The system developed consistent sized 2·58 mm raindrops at intensities ranging from 20 to 90 mm/h. The average distribution uniformity coefficient at an intensity of 60 mm/h was 91·7%, with a deviation of only 2·2%. This coefficient was similar to the range reported for a more complex rotating disk simulator, and was notably greater than that obtained for other similar devices. The system water capacity of 40 l allowed for 1-h storm durations at 60 mm/h, usually sufficient time for commencement of erosion and runoff. The runoff plot frame was designed to be quickly installed, and to discourage sediment deposition in the routing of runoff to collect containers. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Where do educational technologists really publish? An examination of successful emerging scholars’ publication outlets

This study engages the question of where successful emerging (pretenure) scholars are most likely to publish their research. Spurred on by findings of a survey of leaders in the field of educational technology/instructional design and technology (ET/IDT) to determine the advisability of a rank-ordered list of journals for the purposes of decision making about tenure and promotion, this document analysis presents the results of measuring the conventional wisdom against the actual practices of emerging scholars. Findings suggest that pretenure scholars publish in a wide variety of outlets including some, but not all of those identified in earlier surveys. While it is understood that the tenure decision is a complicated one—based on many criteria (eg, teaching, service, grantsmanship, etc), research and scholarship remain primary determinants. Therefore, these findings will be useful to emerging scholars and to those decision makers seeking direction regarding research outlets. The study is limited by a focus from an original survey conducted in 2003 to primarily North American scholars as participants, however, international considerations are included. The findings indicate that a list of journals for tenure decision making may not be advisable at this point in the development of the field of ET/IDT.
"Mulher-raça": a reprodução da nação em Gabriela Mistral

This article unmasks Gabriela Mistral's fiercely claimed public position, as the champion of the indigenous peoples of Latin America, by arguing that in her intimacy her position was absolutely opposed to any public nonnormative sexual stance. The author proposes three critical operations for the reading of Mistral's work, regarding the subject of the Latin American "race": the disavowal of blackness (Mistral responds to it with anxiety, sexualization, and pathologization, i.e., stereotypical white responses), the complicity of the language of diversity in the practices of white supremacist thinking (which is made clear in her correspondence), and the role played by Mistral's queerness in her racialized nationalism (her queerness helped improve heteronormativity and the Latin Americanist racial project).
Partially coherent sources which generate far fields with the same spatial coherence properties

Abstract A class of partially coherent model sources is described, which have different distributions of the intensity and of the degree of spatial coherence, but which generate fields with the same coherence properties throughout the far zone.
A new species of Ellipanthus Hook.f. (Connaraceae) from humid forest in east-central Madagascar

Randrianasolo A. & Lowry II P. P. 2010. — A new species of Ellipanthus Hook.f. (Connaraceae) from humid forest in east-central Madagascar. Adansonia ser. 3, 32 (2) : 229-233.
Mucronatinine, a new alkaloid from Crotalaria mucronata Desv. I.

Abstract A new alkaloid mucronatinine, has been isolated from Crotalaria mucronata. Its structure has been established using NMR and mass spectra. It has been found to be a diastereomer of retrorsine. The antimicrobial screening of mucronatinine has also been reported.
Inhibition by glucosamine of aggregation of dissociated embryonic cells

Abstract d -Glucosamine free base inhibited the normal adhesion and histogenetic associations of trypsin-dissociated 8- to 10-day chick neural retina and liver cells in vitro. The effects were dependent on concentration and temperature. Cells cultured with N-acetylglucosamine formed normal aggregates. The suggestion is made that d -glucosamine free base acts at the cell surface either by blocking the available sites normally occupied by N-acetylglucosamine or by interfering with glucose metabolism and biosynthesis of cell surface materials necessary for the adhesive mechanisms of cell aggregation. Simple carbohydrate units, such as N-acetylglucosamine, may participate in activities at the cell surface which provide the basis for histotypic aggregation.
What Are Americans Seeing? Examining the Message Frames of Local Television Health News Stories

While local television news is the number-one source among Americans for health information, little attention has been given to what viewers are actually watching in these newscasts. Toward this en...
Interrogation of nanoscale silicon dioxide/water interfaces via Hyper-Rayleigh scattering

Hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) experiments performed on nanometer-scale SiO2/water interfaces (aqueous colloidal suspensions) display finite, measurable signals. HRS is not constrained by the orientational, size, and/or charge restrictions inherent to conventional interfacial second harmonic generation (SHG) or electric-field-induced SHG measurements. Thus, apparently for the first time, the second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) response of ultrasmall interfaces has been measured. pH- and electrolyte-dependent experiments show the response to be sensitive to changes in chemical composition at the silicon dioxide/solution interface. HRS provides detailed information about the surface of these technologically interesting and important particles in their native solution-phase environment.
Scale-invariant fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation

A distortion-invariant joint transform correlator, based on the fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator and the synthetic discriminant function concepts, is presented. Computer simulation results show that the proposed joint transform correlator peak and lower sidelobes compared with the classical joint transform correlator.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hedgehog signaling in the neural crest cells regulates the patterning and growth of facial primordia

Facial abnormalities in human SHH mutants have implicated the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway in craniofacial development, but early defects in mouse Shh mutants have precluded the experimental analysis of this phenotype. Here, we removed Hh-responsiveness specifically in neural crest cells (NCCs), the multipotent cell type that gives rise to much of the skeleton and connective tissue of the head. In these mutants, many of the NCC-derived skeletal and nonskeletal components are missing, but the NCC-derived neuronal cell types are unaffected. Although the initial formation of branchial arches (BAs) is normal, expression of several Fox genes, specific targets of Hh signaling in cranial NCCs, is lost in the mutant. The spatially restricted expression of Fox genes suggests that they may play an important role in BA patterning. Removing Hh signaling in NCCs also leads to increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation in the BAs, which results in facial truncation that is evident by embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5). Together, our results demonstrate that Hh signaling in NCCs is essential for normal patterning and growth of the face. Further, our analysis of Shh–Fox gene regulatory interactions leads us to propose that Fox genes mediate the action of Shh in facial development.
An Examination of Academic Nonpersistence Decisions of Latino Undergraduates

This study assessed the extent to which university comfort, social support, and self-beliefs were interrelated and subsequently predictive of academic nonpersistence decisions for 99 Latina/o under...
More than kimchi and cash: designing for cultural identity

This project was motivated by one question: Can products be instruments for designing and shaping culture? We know that there are products that can destroy a culture. For example, the Nazis created sophisticated products to annihilate groups of people. More recently, many of the visually impaired have complained about not being able to hear hybrid vehicles before crossing the street. If certain products are destructive to a culture, can other ones enhance it? My hypothesis is that there are products or a class of products - centered around appropriate activities - that can support an environment for people to participate and shape. This project focuses on a specific cultural environment and the impact a product could have in facilitating relationships and participation in that context.
Negative contrast as a function of the interval between preshift and postshift training

Rats were trained to lick either 32% or 4% sucrose solutions for 5 min per day. Following 10 days of acquisition training, the 32% rats were shifted to the 4% solution. A negative contrast effect was found with a 1-day but not with a 32-day retention interval interposed between the shift phases. An attempt to reinstate the memory of the 32% solution in the 32-day retention condition prior to the first postshift test failed to affect postshift licking behavior.
Library cell layout with Alt-PSM compliance and composability

The sustained miniaturization of VLSI feature size presents great challenges to sub-wavelength photolithography and requests usage of many resolution enhancement techniques (RET). The difficulty and feasibility of deploying the RET such as alternating phase shifting mask (Alt-PSM) depend heavily on circuit layout. In this paper, we propose a Boolean satisfiability (SAT) based library cell layout method that can achieve Alt-PSM compliance and composability in a constructive manner. Compared to previously reported post processing approach, our method often leads to further cell area efficiency improvement.
Lunar Subsurface Exploration with Coherent Radar

The Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment that is scheduled to orbit the Moon on Apollo 17 consists of a three frequency coherent radar system and an optical recorder. The coherent radar can be used to measure both phase and amplitude characteristics of the radar echo. Measurement methods that are related to the phase and amplitude will be used to determine the surface profile, locate subsurface features and ascertain near surface electrical properties of the lunar surface. The key to the coherent radar measurement is a highly stable oscillator that preserves an accurate phase reference (2 or 3 electrical degrees) over a long period of time. This reference provides a means for reducing surface clutter so that subsurface features are more easily detected and also provides a means of measuring range to the surface to within a fraction of a wavelength.
Schmandt Receives 2013 Keiiti Aki Young Scientist Award: Citation

Brandon Schmandt earned his B.A. from Warren Wilson College and his Ph.D. from the University of Oregon. He was a postdoctoral scholar at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and is now an assistant professor at the University of New Mexico.
Structure of CrIIF(NCMe)2BF4. Rietveld refinement of a component of a physical mixture of unknown composition

The reaction of CrII(NCMe)4(BF4)2 and [NBun4][TCNE] (TCNE = tetracyanoethylene) in CH2Cl2 forms a solid that is a mixture of an amorphous reduced-TCNE containing phase(s) and a crystalline component. Rietveld refinement of the high-resolution, synchrotron X-ray powder pattern enabled the determination of the structure of the crystalline phase to be of CrIIF(NCMe)2BF4 composition and illustrates that this methodology can be used to determine the structure of a crystalline substance of unknown composition in the presence of confounding information from coexisting amorphous material. CrIIF(NCMe)2BF4 exhibits a 1-D chain structure with both μ-F and μ-BF4− linkages that forms a nonplanar 6-membered FCrFBFCr ring. CrIIF(NCMe)2BF4 possesses a previously unknown structure type and is a potential source of CrIIF+ for synthesis applications.
The advantage of no defense: predation enhances cohort survival in a desert amphibian

The impacts that predators have on prey behavior, growth, survival, and ultimately the composition of many ecological communities are mediated by prey defenses and the susceptibility of prey to predators. We hypothesized that prey populations inhabiting short-lived, species-poor, aquatic environments should lack significant morphological, developmental, and behavioral responses to predators and are therefore highly susceptible to predation. Furthermore, we predicted that the resultant decrease in prey density and increase in per capita resources due to high susceptibility to predators should enhance overall cohort survival because of enhanced growth of surviving prey. To test these ideas, we performed laboratory and outdoor mesocosm experiments to disentangle multiple effects of predators on an anuran (Scaphiopus couchii); a species highly adapted to breeding in ephemeral habitats and that has one of the shortest larval periods of all anurans. Chemical (presence of predator) and lethal predator cues (predator plus consumed conspecific) elicited no response in behavior, development, or morphology, indicating a lack of defensive mechanisms. Survivorship was significantly reduced in treatments where tadpoles were exposed to predators. However, this reduction in prey density led to accelerated time to metamorphosis, conferring an advantage to survivors who must metamorphose before ephemeral ponds dry. Our experiments demonstrated that in short-lived environments, prey may exhibit little or no response to the presence of predators presumably because selection for anti-predator defenses is countered by selection for rapid metamorphosis. However, predation actually resulted in an increase in overall cohort survival. Although predators are relatively rare in highly ephemeral aquatic environments, they may play an important role in facilitating the long-term persistence of their prey by reducing prey density.
Guidance and Control of a Fin-Stabilized Projectile Based on Flight Dynamics with Reduced Sensor and Actuator Requirements

Abstract : Successfully guiding a projectile launched from a gun is an extremely challenging task. Striking a balance between performance and affordability requires innovative solutions. This effort introduces a unique guidance and control strategy, which enables precision and trajectory shaping with reduced sensor and actuator needs. The derivation of this guidance and control algorithm is based on flight dynamics. Flight experiments were conducted to verify that the algorithm guided the projectile to the target and demonstrate rapid application to different airframes. Features of the algorithm, such as expected precision, maneuver conservation, and trajectory shaping, were investigated through modeling and simulation. Position bias errors drove the precision; errors due to the guidance and control algorithm were on the order of 0.1 m. An analysis was conducted on the lateral acceleration available from the airframe, lateral acceleration required for this algorithm, and lateral acceleration required for classic proportional navigation. For control authority-limited munitions, proportional navigation was unable to intercept the target point while the current guidance algorithm successfully hit the target. Steepening the angle-of-fall to vertical is possible with this algorithm provided the airframe possesses the necessary maneuverability.
Massive bilateral diaphragmatic rupture after an apparently minor automobile accident

A case of massive bilateral diaphragmatic rupture following a low impact motor vehicle accident is described. The patient experienced herniation of intraabdominal contents into the thoracic cavity, but suffered no additional injuries. Few cases of bilateral diaphragmatic rupture have been reported and no cases of acute bilateral rupture have been described as an isolated injury. Diaphragmatic rupture in general may be a difficult injury to recognize. Based on our review of recent cases of diaphragmatic rupture (1979-1990), most patients presenting acutely have additional trauma (89.9%) but only vague symptoms related to their diaphragmatic insult. A chest roentgenogram may be a useful diagnostic tool, although many patients with diaphragmatic rupture have only nonspecific findings. A nasogastric tube placed prior to chest roentgenogram may enable the physician to recognize the injury more readily. A high index of suspicion is required to recognize diaphragmatic rupture and should be maintained for all victims of motor vehicle accidents with abnormal but nondiagnostic chest roentgenograms.
A comparison of essential and general amino acid infusions in protein-depleted patients receiving parenteral alimentation

Six malnourished patients were studied during intravenous nutrition therapy to compare the efficiency of essential and general amino acids when given as the sole nitrogen source during intravenous nitrogen therapy. A cross-over design was used so that each patient received both essential amino acids plus arginine and histidine and a general amino acid solution in random order. Glucose provided the remainder of the energy and both infusions contained 2 g of amino acid per 100 kcal. Each patient's daily urea nitrogen production was greater during infusion of the general amino acid solution. Consequently, nitrogen intake minus urea nitrogen production was significantly greater when the essential amino acid solution was infused. Plasma amino acid levels were determined on each patient during both essential and general amino acid infusion. Abnor- malities tend to reflect the composition of the amino acid solutions as well as their administration directly into the systemic circulation bypassing the portal circulation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32: 1497-1504, 1979.
Improvements in Body Composition, Glucose Tolerance, and Insulin Action Induced by Increasing Energy Expenditure or Decreasing Energy Intake

Increases in exercise energy expenditure without compensatory changes in food intake (EX) and restriction of calorie intake (CR) both decrease body weight and fat mass, which, in turn, improve glucoregulatory function. However, EX may provide greater benefits than can be provided through CR. Therefore, our study hypothesis was that weight loss through EX reduces visceral abdominal fat and improves glucoregulation to a greater extent than does similar weight loss through CR. Forty-eight sedentary 50- to 60-y-old men and women, most of whom were overweight, underwent 12 mo of EX, CR, or a healthy lifestyle control period. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and by magnetic resonance imaging. Indices of glucoregulatory function were determined by oral glucose tolerance test and were measured ≥48 h after the last exercise bout in the EX group. Body weight, total fat mass, and visceral fat volume decreased similarly in the EX and CR groups but did not change in the HL group. Likewise, insulin sensitivity index and the oral glucose tolerance test glucose and insulin areas under the curve improved similarly in the EX and CR groups and remained unchanged in the HL group. In conclusion, weight losses induced by exercise and by CR are effective means for improving glucose tolerance and insulin action in nonobese, healthy, middle-aged men and women; however, it does not appear that exercise training-induced weight loss results in greater improvements than those that result from CR.
Temperature-Dependent Thermal and Thermoelectric Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Aerogels

Aerogels are ultraporous solids that have found a number of uses due to their very low density. Recently, aerogels based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been fabricated and show significant potential for battery, supercapacitor, sensor, and thermal applications due to the electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties of SWCNTs as well as their capacity for functionalization. In this work we report temperature-dependent (100–300 K) measurements of thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient for SWCNT aerogels synthesized through a critical point drying technique. Two types of aerogels are considered: an as-grown SWCNT aerogel and one that is coated with multiple graphitic layers (Gr-SWCNT) leading to significantly improved mechanical properties. Thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity were found to be significantly higher for SWCNT aerogels than for other aerogels, even though they have a much smaller density. Gr-SWCNT aerogels were found to have lower thermal conductivities than as-grown samples.© 2012 ASME
Thinking outside the Asclepias Box: Oleander Aphids and Honeyvine Milkweed

The oleander aphid, Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe, feeds on milkweeds in the Apocynaceae family. In Kentucky, A. nerii colonizes several common Asclepias species and honeyvine milkweed, Cynanchum laeve (Michaux). Previous studies investigating whether and how host plant characteristics influence A. nerii fitness have produced conflicting results. Our observations suggested that A. nerii more readily colonized C. laeve than Asclepias species. We hypothesized that aphid fitness differed among host plant species having different characteristics, and specifically, that A. nerii performance would be greatest on host plants having low cardenolide concentrations and few physical defenses. Physical and chemical characteristics were measured on C. laeve and three Asclepias species. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to compare A. nerii performance among these four milkweed species in the absence of natural enemies. Changes in aphid densities over time were examined in the presence of natural enemies. Plant characteristics and aphid performance were found to differ among milkweed species. In the absence of natural enemies, A. nerii performance was best on C. laeve. When exposed to natural enemies, A. nerii densities remained higher on A. incarnata and C. laeve than on A. syriaca and A. tuberosa. Physical differences between C. laeve, a vining milkweed, and tested Asclepias species may increase suitability of honeyvine milkweed for A. nerii colonization. Our results suggest that C. laeve may rely more on tolerance and less on nonpreference or antibiosis resistance to herbivores.
Efficient anti-Stokes Raman conversion by four-wave mixing in gases

We describe a means for efficient, energy-scalable generation of first-order anti-Stokes light by four-wave mixing, using collimated pump and first-order Stokes seed beams. We performed a one-dimensional, plane-wave analysis of the process, assuming steady-state conditions and monochromatic beams. A prescription for designing the optimum anti-Stokes converter with this technique is derived from this analysis, and we show that energy conversion efficiencies from pump light to anti-Stokes light of ~30% might be possible. We also report an unoptimized, proof-of-concept experiment that produced 40 mJ of anti-Stokes-shifted light at 432 nm from 1.2 J of 527-nm pump light in a 60-cm-long hydrogen cell.
Performance of learning‐disabled and non‐learning‐disabled children on the Rey‐Osterrieth Complex Figure: Validation of the developmental scoring system

We evaluated performance on the Rey‐Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) test of 323 children between 7 and 14 years old who were referred for evaluation as learning disabled (LD) as well as 353 non‐LD controls. The Waber‐Holmes developmental scoring system (Waber & Holmes, 1985, 1986), which quantifies organization, style, accuracy (organizational scheme [OS], incidental feature [IF]), and errors, was employed. There were reliable group differences for all outcomes, the magnitude of which was age related. Children in the non‐LD group showed marked improvement between 8 and 9 years old in organization, style (more configurational), and the number of organizational‐structure components reproduced, with steady but more gradual improvement at older ages. Frequency of errors among non‐LD children declined with age. There were no age‐related effects for any outcome for the LD group, whose performance remained at the normative 8‐year level through age 14. For LD children, the ROCF is sensitive to metacognitive skil...
Sustained Increase in the Proliferation of Rat Colonic Mucosa During Chronic Treatment With Aspirin

Abstract The effects of indomethacin and aspirin on colonic epithelial proliferative activity, colonic prostaglandin synthesis, and colonic mucosal cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate content were examined. Administration of indomethacin (3 mg/kg day, s.c.) for 2 wk suppressed ex vivo colonic prostaglandin E 2 production by 50% and increased [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into mucosal DNA in vivo, but induced colonic inflammation. Higher doses of indomethacin were toxic and associated with high mortality. By contrast, administration of aspirin (50 mg/kg · day, s.c.) for 2–20 wk suppressed colonic prostaglandin E 2 production by 97% and was unassociated with colonic inflammation or systemic toxicity. Suppression of colonic prostaglandin E 2 production was associated with a sustained stimulation of [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into colonic mucosal deoxyribonucleic acid (2–20 wk) and an increase in the [ 3 H]thymidine labeling index when examined at 20 wk. Basal cyclic adenosine 3′,5′monophosphate content of colonic mucosa was markedly reduced in aspirin-treated rats. Moreover, addition of dimethyl prostaglandin E 2 or 8-Br-cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate suppressed the elevated levels of [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into mucosal deoxyribonucleic acid in incubated colonic segments from aspirin-treated rats. The results demonstrate that sustained suppression of colonic prostaglandin synthesis by aspirin is associated with a persistent increase in colonic epithelial proliferative activity. They support a role for local colonic prostaglandin synthesis as a negative modulator of epithelial growth, possibly mediated through increases in colonic mucosal cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate.
Changing the Law-Science Paradigm for Colorado River Restoration

Legal mandates and scientific realities conflict when existing legal principles do not match the realities and limits of current science. Those conflicts can be addressed if scientists communicate the limits of existing scientific capabilities and if the legal system responds accordingly. One example of that phenomenon was the federal statutory response to the limits of science in toxic tort litigation. Scientists charged with restoration of Colorado River ecosystems work within an ambiguous and limiting legal framework. Federal statutes and other legal authorities governing Colorado River management often present conflicting goals and requirements and assume that existing patterns of water and energy use are inviolate. Colorado River restoration efforts also face physical impediments due to historical development along the river, alterations in hydrology, and other factors that are difficult or impossible to reverse. One key role of scientists in the legal and policy process is to communicate those limitations clearly. Based on that information, the legal and legislative communities could alter the existing law-science paradigm governing restoration programs. A broader concept of environmental restoration would seek replacements for some of the key resources currently drawn from the river (such as water and energy) and that currently limit restoration efficacy.
Dissolved organic carbon in the deep Southern Ocean: Local versus distant controls

The global ocean contains a massive reservoir (662 ± 32 Pg C) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and its dynamics, particularly in the deepest zones, are only slowly being understood. DOC in the deep ocean is ubiquitously low in concentration (~35 to 48 µmol kg−1) and aged (4000 to 6000 years), persisting for multiple meridional overturning circulations. Deep waters relatively enriched in DOC form in the North Atlantic, migrate to the Southern Ocean to mix with waters from Antarctic shelves and the deep Pacific and Indian Oceans, in turn forming the voluminous waters of the Circumpolar Deep Water. Here we seek evidence for local (autochthonous) versus distant (allochthonous) processes in determining the distribution of DOC in the deep Southern Ocean. Prior analyses on DOC in the deep Southern Ocean have conflicted, describing both conservative and nonconservative traits: the deep DOC field has been reported as uniform in distribution, yet local inputs have been suggested as quantitatively important. We use multiple approaches (multiple linear regression, mass transport, and mass balance calculations) with data from Climate Variability and Predictability Repeat Hydrography sections to evaluate the system. We find that DOC concentrations in the deep Southern Ocean largely reflect the conservative mixing of the several deep waters entering the system from the north. Mass balance suggests that the relatively depleted DOC radiocarbon content in the deep Southern Ocean is a conserved property as well. These analyses advance our understanding of the controls on the DOC reservoir of the Southern Ocean.
Understanding the Competition between Epitaxial Strain and Thermodynamics in TiO2: Structural, Morphological, and Property Evolution

We explore the evolution of epitaxial TiO2 films on a wide range of (001)-oriented perovskite substrates. We observe epitaxial stabilization of anatase to >150 °C above the bulk anatase-to-rutile transition temperature for films grown on substrates with −2.0% to 6.0% lattice mismatch. Continuum elastic models are used to calculate the strain energy density and to construct a model for the preferred epitaxial orientation of anatase. This model is consistent with experimental observations that the strain energy density dominates and leads to the stabilization of 00l- and h00-oriented anatase below and above lattice mismatch values of 5%, respectively. Additionally, TiO2 nanocrystallite size is found to decrease with lattice mismatch and is discussed in terms of energy competition and possible changes in the nucleation and growth process. To further probe the competition between bulk free, surface, interface, and strain energies in metastable (kinetically limited) as-grown TiO2 films, ex post facto annealing...
Audio signal's test in designing a cost-effective hearing aid device using a microcontroller

A large number of hearing impaired people in rural sector of Pakistan cannot afford the high prices of digital hearing aids. Moreover, since the analogue devices amplify the speech and noise signals equally, they are not much flexible and have functional limitations. These problems can be solved with digital devices which are generally costly. In this research work, a microcontroller based cost-effective and portable hearing aid is designed and tested. The main components include sound detection circuit, microcontroller and a digital to analogue (DAC) convertor. Device is aimed to process human voice frequencies with an adjustable gain of up to 80 dB. It is tested with an input audio signal and it showed satisfactory results for low frequency signals up to 3.5 kHz which caters for the frequency range of most human voices. The system is now being developed for more effective noise suppression and broader frequency range.
Knowledge and behavior of AIDS and serological analysis among young students in Liaoning Province

Objective To study the knowledge revel related to HIV/AIDS and high-risk sexual behaviors and HIV morbidity among Young students in Liaoning province. Methods A cross-sectional anonymous questionnaires survey was carried out among the Young students in Benxi,Dandong and Liaoyang city,Liaoning Province. Results A total of 2 411 young students were recruited for the survey. The rate of HIV / AIDS knowledge was 80. 3%( 1 937 /2 411); The awareness rate of boys was significantly higher than girls( χ2= 29. 9,P 0. 05). The proportion of the students reported having sex behaviors was 5. 5%. The awareness rate of boys was significantly higher than girls( χ2= 84. 5,P 0. 05). The proportion of using condoms in the first sexual intercourse was 41. 4%. In the past year,the proportion of students received the test of HIV was 3. 4%. There was no positive report of HIV,But the results of serological test showed the positive rate of syphilis was 0. 2%. Conclusion The young students have some understanding of HIV knowledge,but the consciousness and skills for adopting safer behaviors are still not enough. Some students engage in unprotected sexual behavior,and the risk of HIV-infection still exists. Further enhancing health promotion and behavior interventions is still the main effective method to protect young students against HIV / AIDS.
Laparoscopic retroperitoneal hysteropexy. A randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical applicability, safety and initial efficacy of a new laparoscopic retroperitoneal hysteropexy technique. STUDY DESIGN: A relatively homogeneous group of patients (N = 62) with symptomatic uterine retroflexion was randomly allocated to laparoscopic retroperitoneal uterine suspension (n = 32, group I) and diagnostic laparoscopy (n = 30, group II). Patients from both groups were followed for at least 24 months. The following clinical parameters were compared between groups I (treated) and II (untreated): deep dyspareunia, dysmenorrhea, sense of bladder pressure with frequent urination and sense of pressure in the rectum. RESULTS: Surgery was performed as an outpatient operation by the author. Intraoperative or postoperative complications were not observed in either group. A prospective, double-blind, controlled trial revealed that 87.5% of patients with symptomatic uterine retroflexion experienced relief from symptoms after the operation. Statistical analysis of the two groups documented that clinical symptoms improved (with P <.0001) in a statistically significant number of cases among patients subjected to hysteropexy.
Humor in Father-Daughter Immigration Narratives of Resistance.

This article draws from an ethnography on Mexican immigrant fathers and their children to examine humor in immigration narratives as acts of resistance. The analysis focuses on the devices employed by a father and daughter during their everyday talk and co-narration of an incident with police officers. Findings illustrate how the form and content of fathers’ pedagogies of the home, including the strategic use of humor, prepare children to combat discrimination based on documentation status.
Celiac Disease Presenting as Profound Diarrhea and Weight Loss – A Celiac Crisis

BACKGROUND Celiac disease is a hypersensitivity enteropathy that can have various presentations in adults. Rarely, patients can present with severe lab abnormalities, dehydration and weight loss caused by celiac disease - a celiac crisis. CASE REPORT A 46-year-old male with a past medical history significant for diabetes mellitus, type 2 (DM2) and recently treated Bell's Palsy presented to the emergency room complaining of weakness, diarrhea and lightheadedness. On presentation, the patient had a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 60 mm Hg and a lactic acidosis with pH of 7.28. Infectious etiologies of diarrhea were ruled out. The patient had an EGD which showed erythema of the duodenal bulb. Serum anti-gliadin and anti-TTG IgA were both elevated suggesting Celiac disease. Biopsies showed histopathology consistent with celiac disease. The patient's diarrhea resolved after initiation of a gluten free diet. He gained 25 kilograms after discharge and did not require further hospitalizations for diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS Celiac crisis is a very rare presentation of celiac disease in adults but nonetheless should be considered in patients with marked metabolic derangements in the setting of osmotic diarrhea. Treatment consists of a gluten free diet and may require management with steroids and total parenteral nutrition (TPN).
Nutrition Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease

Nutrition therapy is effective at controlling cardiovascular disease risk factors and therefore reducing cardiovascular disease risk. Physicians should play an active role in providing nutrition interventions for patients who would benefit from cardiovascular disease risk reduction or refer them to other professionals as needed. The evidence on nutrition interventions for blood pressure and lipid control, including overall dietary patterns, dietary fat and macronutrients, dietary cholesterol, sodium, and alcohol intake, is discussed.
Creation of an Open Framework for Point-of-Care Computer-Assisted Reporting and Decision Support Tools for Radiologists

Abstract Decreasing unnecessary variation in radiology reporting and producing guideline-concordant reports is fundamental to radiology's success in value-based payment models and good for patient care. In this article, we present an open authoring system for point-of-care clinical decision support tools integrated into the radiologist reporting environment referred to as the computer-assisted reporting and decision support (CAR/DS) framework. The CAR/DS authoring system, described herein, includes: (1) a definition format for representing radiology clinical guidelines as structured, machine-readable Extensible Markup Language documents and (2) a user-friendly reference implementation to test the fidelity of the created definition files with the clinical guideline. The proposed definition format and reference implementation will enable content creators to develop CAR/DS tools that voice recognition software (VRS) vendors can use to extend the commercial tools currently in use. In making the definition format and reference implementation software freely available, we hope to empower individual radiologists, expert groups such as the ACR, and VRS vendors to develop a robust ecosystem of CAR/DS tools that can further improve the quality and efficiency of the patient care that our field provides. We hope that this initial effort can serve as the basis for a community-owned open standard for guideline definition that the imaging informatics and VRS vendor communities will embrace and strengthen. To this end, the ACR Assist™ initiative is intended to make the College's clinical content, including the Incidental Findings Committee White Papers, available for decision support tool creation based upon the herein described CAR/DS framework.
Role of Screening Mammography in Early Detection/Outcome of Breast Cancer

Mammography is the gold standard for breast cancer screening. This chapter addresses the historic scientific randomized controlled trials demonstrating the benefit of screening mammography in the early detection of invasive breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and the numerous recent observational and computer modeling studies that have confirmed this positive effect. Since screening began in the 1980s, mammography has been shown to decrease mortality from breast cancer by anywhere from 15 to 58 %. Late-stage disease and node positivity have similarly decreased. Controversy as to the extent of benefit and the harms of mammography exists and the controversy regarding mammographic screening is presented. Major US medical societies agree that screening mammography is beneficial and they have issued guidelines for screening. The greatest discussions exist regarding when to start and how frequently it should be performed. Scientific analysis of different schedules of age to start and screening interval is presented. Overdiagnosis of breast cancer is discussed.