cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An equation of state for silicate melts. III. Analysis of stoichiometric liquids at elevated pressure: shock compression data, molecular dynamics simulations and mineral fusion curves

Experimental data and molecular dynamics simulations that constrain the densities of liquids of "mineral-like" stoichiometry at elevated pressure are evaluated using the liquid Equation of State (EOS) of Ghiorso (2004a). Phase equilibrium constraints on melt density are developed from experimental brackets on mineral fusion curves, specifically congruent melting of albite, anorthite, cristobalite/ quartz/stishovite, diopside, enstatite, fayalite, forsterite, jadeite, nepheline, pyrope, sanidine, and titanite. A self consistent thermodynamic analysis of shock compression is applied to experimentally determined brackets on the Hugoniot for the liquid compositions CaMgSi2O6, CaAl2Si2O8 ,F e2SiO4, and (CaMgSi2O6)0.64(CaAl2Si2O8)0.36. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of both melt density and melt structure are analyzed utilizing the liquid EOS of Ghiorso (2004a) and an ideal associated solution model that accounts explicitly for the effect of pressure and temperature on the oxygen coordination environment of silicon and aluminum. MD data on Mg2Si2O6, CaMgSi2O6, SiO2 ,N a 2Si4O9, CaAl2Si2O8, NaAlSiO4, NaAlSi2O6, and NaAlSi3O8 liq- uids are considered in conjunction with the fusion curve and shock compression experimental data sets. An internally consistent assessment of liquid EOS parameters from all available data sources is attempted for each liquid composition considered. Shock compression experiments on more chemically complex liquids of komatiite and MORB bulk composition are also examined. In support of the analysis of mineral fusion curves, volumetric properties as a function of temperature and pressure of diopside, enstatite (both Pbca and C2/c), fayalite, forsterite, and pyrope are evaluated from literature data. Experimental observations are parameterized to a Universal EOS (Vinet and others, 1986, 1987, 1989). It is found that the reference pressure properties derived by Ghiorso and Kress (2004) are internally consistent with the majority of high-pressure constraints on melt density. The notable exceptions are molten SiO 2 and melts in the system MgO-SiO 2 . For the latter system, the calibration of Ghiorso and Kress (2004) fails to recover reference pressure volumes. The effect of configurational collapse (the volumetric response associated with changes in melt structure, such as changing oxygen coordination number about a cation) is systematically assessed from molecular dynamics simulation data. Fully depolymerized melts exhibit an 11 percent density increase associated with Si and Al transforming from IV- to V-fold coordination with respect to oxygen. Alkali aluminosili- cate melts demonstrate 27 percent increase in melt density and SiO2 and Na2Si4O9 liquids show a density increase of 17 percent.
Grown-in defects in silicon produced by agglomeration of vacancies and self-interstitials

Abstract Grown-in microdefects in dislocation-free silicon are distributed in banded patterns that result from a spatial variation in the type and concentration of the incorporated point defects: vacancies (at V/G larger than some critical value) or self-interstitials otherwise ( V is the growth rate, G is the axial temperature gradient). The incorporated point defects agglomerate into microdefects upon lowering the temperature; particularly the vacancies are agglomerated into voids. Oxygen in Czochralski crystals plays an important role by assisting the void formation, by producing joint vacancy-oxygen agglomerates (oxide particles) and by trapping vacancies into VO 2 species.
Being Bad in Order to Do Well: Deviance Admiration in the Rap/Hip-Hop Music Industry

Reputation has emerged as an intangible asset that is vital to performance because of its inimitable qualities and the information it conveys. While much of the literature emphasizes the need for reputation to be positive and guarded, certain stakeholders may value behavior that differs from mainstream expectations. In essence some stakeholders place value on, or admire, nonconformity. Reinforcing the fact that reputation is part of the market information regime, we suggest that deviance admiration helps us to understand how nonconforming behaviors become the ‘normative expectations’ of key constituents. Using longitudinal data from the rap/hip-hop industry, we find support for the idea that nonconforming behavior leads to better sales performance in this context. We conclude that reputation is both contextual and dynamic.
Role of Nitric Oxide in Short-term and Prolonged Effects of Angiotensin II on Renal Hemodynamics

Abstract Short-term infusions of angiotensin II (Ang II) increase renal vascular resistance and thereby endothelial shear stress and nitric oxide (NO) release. Prolonged stimulation of Ang II can decrease the expression of NO synthase isoforms in the macula densa, but prolonged increases in shear stress can increase transcription of endothelial NO synthase. Therefore, we designed these studies to test the hypothesis that Ang II exerts time-dependent effects on renal NO generation as assessed from renal excretion of nitrate and nitrite, percent increases in renal vascular resistance during inhibition of NO synthase with intravenous N G -nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), or decreases in renal vascular resistance during stimulation of endothelial NO synthase with intravenous acetylcholine. Rats were tested during graded short-term (30 to 90 minutes intravenous) or prolonged (5 to 6 days subcutaneous) Ang II infusions that led to dose-dependent increases in blood pressure and renal vascular resistance and reductions in renal blood flow. Captopril was administered for 3 to 4 days to suppress Ang II generation. The renal excretion of nitrate and nitrite was increased during short-term Ang II infusions (from 205±22 to 331±58 pmol·min −1 , P −1 , P =NS). The percent increase in renal vascular resistance with L-NAME was potentiated dose dependently by short-term but not long-term Ang II infusions. The increase in renal vascular resistance with L-NAME in control rats without Ang II infusions was +150±13%. At an Ang II infusion of 200 ng·kg −1 ·min −1 , the L-NAME–induced percent increase in renal vascular resistance was significantly ( P P −1 ·min −1 versus control, −21.5±5.0%; with short-term Ang II, −24.9±4.5%; with long-term Ang II, −52.1±7.2%). In conclusion, short- and long-term Ang II infusions caused equivalent changes in blood pressure and renal blood flow and hence presumably equivalent increases in endothelial shear stress. However, only short-term Ang II infusions increased NO generation and the dependence of the renal circulation on NO, whereas acetylcholine-induced NO release was enhanced selectively during long-term Ang II infusions. This suggests that during long-term Ang II, renal NO release may become uncoupled from shear stress yet remains highly responsive to receptor-mediated stimulation.
The impact of the new biology on radiation risks in space.

Radiation is considered to be one of three or four major hazards for personnel in space and has emerged as the most critical issue to be resolved for long-term missions, both orbital and interplanetary. Space habitats are stressful and dangerous environments. Health and medical consequences arising from microgravity, stress, and trauma include weakened immune systems, increased viral activity, and loss of bone mass. The greatest risks from radiation are generally assumed to be cancers and possibly damage to the central nervous system. Synergistic effects arising from the other environmental hazards along with abscopal and exogenic factors are likely. Space programs represent an exceptional opportunity for examining the biological consequences of low-dose exposures of humans to radiation at every level of progression. Although astronauts are a relatively small population, they are healthy, physically active volunteers who undergo extensive testing and medical examinations before, during, and after protracted exposures with periodic follow-up examinations. The radiation environments along with other hazards are likewise monitored and documented. Extensive international research programs are in progress. Seven years ago the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration established the National Space Biomedical Research Institute through a cooperative agreement with a consortium of research and academic institutions in order to address radiation issues through a concerted, programmatic effort. Advanced technologies are rapidly being incorporated into these programs to determine the significance of new biological data and to evaluate the interplay among the different medical hazards. Programmatic in vivo and in vitro studies of the processes leading to carcinogenesis are in progress. Drugs and dietary supplements are being examined at the cellular and in vivo levels to assess their potential as dose-modifying agents. The infrastructure of this new approach, recent results, and research in progress are reviewed and discussed.
Drosophila JAK/STAT pathway reveals distinct initiation and reinforcement steps in early transcription of Sxl.

Summary X-linked signal elements (XSEs) communicate the dose of X chromosomes to the regulatory-switch gene Sex-lethal ( Sxl ) during Drosophila sex determination. Unequal XSE expression in precellular XX and XY nuclei ensures that only XX embryos will activate the establishment promoter, SxlPe , to produce a pulse of the RNA-binding protein, SXL [1]. Once XSE protein concentrations have been assessed, SxlPe is inactivated and the maintenance promoter, SxlPm , is turned on in both sexes; however, only in females is SXL present to direct the SxlPm -derived transcripts to be spliced into functional mRNA [2, 3]. Thereafter, Sxl is maintained in the on state by positive autoregulatory RNA splicing [2]. Once set in the stable on (female) or off (male) state, Sxl controls somatic sexual development through control of downstream effectors of sexual differentiation and dosage compensation [1, 4]. Most XSEs encode transcription factors that bind SxlPe , but the XSE unpaired ( upd ) encodes a secreted ligand for the JAK/STAT pathway [5–7]. We show that although STAT directly regulates SxlPe , it is dispensable for promoter activation. Instead, JAK/STAT is needed to maintain high-level SxlPe expression in order to ensure Sxl autoregulation in XX embryos. Thus, upd is a unique XSE that augments, rather than defines, the initial sex-determination signal.
A Value-Added Approach to Macroeconomics

Focusing on the “value-added” approach to computing Gross National Product encourages students to see their role as a producers, rather than only as consumers. It also offers an alternative approach the distribution of income between labor and capital from that provided by marginal productivity theory.
The Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Restaurant Tipping

Two explanations for the effects of alcohol on prosocial behavior-that is, mood enhancement and cognitive impairment-suggest that restaurant diners should tip more when they have consumed alcohol than when they have not. However, previous attempts to find a relationship between percent tip and alcohol consumption have failed. This failure may be due to statistical problems associated with using percent tip as a measure of tipping. This article reports a study that uses as a dependent variable residuals from a regression of bill size on tip amount. The results of this study indicate that alcohol consumption is positively related to tipping.
A sense of time: how molecular clocks organize metabolism

The discovery of an internal temporal clockwork that coordinates behavior and metabolism according to the rising and setting of the sun was first revealed in flies and plants. However, in the past decade, a molecular transcription-translation feedback loop with similar properties has also been identified in mammals. In mammals, this transcriptional oscillator programs 24-hour cycles in sleep, activity and feeding within the master pacemaker neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. More recent studies have shown that the core transcription mechanism is also present in other locations within the brain, in addition to many peripheral tissues. Processes ranging from glucose transport to gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, adipogenesis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation are controlled through overlapping transcription networks that are tied to the clock and are thus time sensitive. Because disruption of tissue timing occurs when food intake, activity and sleep are altered, understanding how these many tissue clocks are synchronized to tick at the same time each day, and determining how each tissue 'senses time' set by these molecular clocks might open new insight into human disease, including disorders of sleep, circadian disruption, diabetes and obesity.
Correlation of Late Pleistocene Glaciolacustrine and Marine Deposits by Means of Geomagnetic Secular Variation, with Examples from Northern New York and Southern Ontario

The geomagnetic secular variation record retained by glaciolacustrine and marine sediments at nine sites in northern New York and southern Ontario provides a means for stratigraphic correlation of glacial deposits for the time period between about 12,600 to 9900 14C yr B.P. Measurement of the depositional remanent magnetism of sediments deposited in Glacial Lake Iroquois and the Champlain Sea has produced a geomagnetic secular variation curve that represents the time period immediately following deglaciation about 12,600 14 C yr B.P. The curve varies from about 358° to 344° declination and 51° to 61° inclination over approximately 180 valve years. Marine sediments of the Champlain Sea have preserved a record approximately 1500 yr long that varies from about 2° to 29° declination and 47° to 60° inclination. These combined glacial-paleomagnetic records may also correlate with those from glacial sequences beyond our study area. The shape and amplitude of the secular variation record in glaciolacustrine and marine sediments from the western Adirondack borderland show agreement with other glacial varve secular variation records and suggest possible correlations with secular variation curves from lake cores.
Drosophila embryonic neuroblasts in culture: Autonomous differentiation of specific neurotransmitters

Isolated neuroblasts from gastrula-stage Drosophila embryos divide and differentiate in vitro to produce clonally derived clusters of neurons. Both serotonin and dopamine are expressed within these cultures in patterns that are similar to their distributions in vivo. Clusters containing serotonergic neurons are generally distinct from those with dopaminergic neurons, suggesting that different neuroblasts produce neurons with these phenotypes. The appearance of each transmitter correlates with transcription of dopa decarboxylase in the transmitter-positive cells. The developmental program leading to the appearance of either serotonergic or dopaminergic neurons is different for each transmitter type. Thus, serotonergic cells are progeny of early neuroblast divisions, whereas dopaminergics arise throughout the lineage. Inhibition of cell division, but not nuclear division, with cytochalasin B demonstrates that the expression of the serotonin phenotype requires a determined number of DNA replications. These experiments establish that neuroblasts, as soon as they are formed during early gastrulation events in Drosophila, are already determined for the subsequent expression of transmitter phenotype.
Lineshape and morphology study of structures formed using a reconfigurable photomasking element

The proposed application of holographically formed polymer dispersed liquid-crystal (H-PDLC) thin films is a real-time dynamically reconfigurable mask for the resist exposure step in the photolithographic process. An adaptable photomask has advantages over traditional binary masks that include multiple fabrication patterns using a single mask, reduction in realignment error between different masks, real-time correction and adjustment of fabricated structures, and the ability to alter the mask pattern during exposure. H-PDLC films, or thin periodic nanostructures of alternating layers of polymer and liquid crystal, have unique electro-optic properties, including the ability to modulate a particular wavelength as a function of bias applied to the film. Structures formed using the H-PDLC photomask device have been compared to similar structures formed with a static photomask using an optical profilometer. Features studied were decreasing lines with a maximum width of 121 µm to a minimum width of 84 µm. Edge width between structures formed using the H-PDLC mask and static photomask differ by <5%. Additionally, morphology studies have been performed on developed regions of glass and resist formed using a static and an H-PDLC mask to demonstrate that no structural defects exist due to formation under an H-PDLC grating.
ELASTICITY SOLUTION FOR STRESSES IN A SANDWICH BEAM WITH FUNCTIONALLY GRADED CORE

Introduction W EIGHT savingsofferedby sandwich constructionsfor structures that require high bending stiffness are signi cant. However, sandwich constructions have not been fully exploited in structuralapplicationsdue to damage toleranceconcerns.The core– face-sheet delamination is a major concern in sandwich construction. The stiffness discontinuityat the face sheet and core interface results in a large increase in shear stresses. Although the core material itself may be able to withstand very high shear stresses, the bond (or adhesive layer) at the interface could be relativelyweaker resulting in interfacial delamination. Results from this study indicate that the interfacial shear stresses can be reduced by varying (functionallygrading) the core properties through the thickness. This Note presents the displacement and stress  elds in a functionallygraded core for a one-dimensionalsandwichplate and compares them to that in a uniformcore. The objective is to demonstrate the signi cant reduction in shear stresses at the face-sheet–core interface in the sandwich panel achieved by functionally grading the core properties.
Precision Measurements of Correlated Energies and Velocities of Cf 252 Fission Fragments

Correlated energies and velocities of single fission fragments from the spontaneous fission of $^{252}\mathrm{Cf}$ have been measured. Absolute energies and times of flight are obtained with estimated accuracies of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5% from direct comparison measurements with 30- to 120-MeV $^{79}\mathrm{Br}$, $^{81}\mathrm{Br}$, and $^{127}\mathrm{I}$ ions from the tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. The post-neutron-emission kinetic parameters obtained from this experiment for $^{252}\mathrm{Cf}$ fragments are compared with pre-neutron-emission quantities obtained from double-time-of-flight experiments of Whetstone and of Milton and Fraser. Of special interest is the fine structure which appears in the post-neutron-emission mass distribution. It is shown that this structure reflects the fine structure observed in the pre-neutron-emission mass distribution, which in turn is known to reflect certain energetically preferred even-even fragment configurations in $^{252}\mathrm{Cf}$ spontaneous fission. Within the \ensuremath{\approx}2.5% mass resolution of the present experiment, no additional fine structure appears as a result of neutron boil-off to specific fragment masses. The number of neutrons $\ensuremath{\nu}(M)$ as a function of fragment mass has been calculated from the pre- and post-neutron-emission mass distributions. In an appendix, a "universal" energy calibration procedure for solid-state detectors for fission fragments is given; this procedure is based on the present absolute fragment energy determinations and takes into account the mass dependence of the pulse-height-versus-energy relation.
Bound on Lorentz and CPT violating boost effects for the neutron.

A search for an annual variation of a daily sidereal modulation of the frequency difference between colocated $^{129}\mathrm{X}\mathrm{e}$ and $^{3}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{e}$ Zeeman masers sets a stringent limit on boost-dependent Lorentz and $CPT$ violation involving the neutron, consistent with no effect at the level of 150 nHz. In the framework of the general standard-model extension, the present result provides the first clean test for the fermion sector of the symmetry of spacetime under boost transformations at a level of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}27}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$.
Inferotemporal cortex and categorical perception of visual stimuli by monkeys.

Abstract Twelve monkeys learned to discriminate between extreme values of sets of unidimensional visual stimuli that differed in length, orientation or texture. They were divided into lesion and normal control groups, and tested on all possible comparisons of the 10 stimuli in each set. A category boundary for each set was identified as the stimulus value eliciting 50% choice over all comparisons. Normal control animals, and animals with bilateral partial striate lesions discriminated pairs of stimuli that belonged to different categories better than they did pairs of stimuli that belonged to the same category. Animals with inferotemporal lesions did not show categorical perception.
Decision costs and price sensitivity: Field experimental evidence from India

Abstract Poor people often exhibit puzzlingly high sensitivity to low prices of important consumer health goods. This paper proposes decision costs as one explanation: whether a person buys at a price depends on whether she carefully considers the offer, which itself depends on price. A simple model predicts that deliberation costs (1) increase sensitivity to low prices; (2) can prevent cost-sharing from targeting products to buyers with high value; and (3) can have larger effects on poorer people. The principal contribution of this paper is a field experiment that sold hand-washing soap in rural India. Participants were randomly assigned to be offered soap for either a low or very low price, which was experimentally crossed with assignment to a control group or to a treatment that required deliberation. Results matched predictions of the model: the treatment decreased price sensitivity relative to the control group, and increased targeting of product take-up by need.
Symmetry-breaking and percolation transitions in a surface reaction model with superlattice ordering

A symmetry-breaking order-disorder transition of the Ising type is found in a nonequilibrium surface reaction model for CO oxidation incorporating superlattice ordering of adsorbed oxygen. We relate this transition to the percolation of superlattice domains of oxygen, and discuss the consequences for chemical diffusion of coadsorbed CO. The latter constitutes a new type of problem involving transport in disordered media. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
The development of moral orientation in elementary school children.

While much research has focused on issues of justice in children's moral learning, little is known about children's use of other moral orientations in solving moral problems. A study was conducted with children drawn from Grades 1, 3, and 5 (total n=54). Fables were used as the moral dilemmas, since previous research had shown that they could be solved from either a justice or a care orientation. In individual interviews, children were asked how they would solve the problems in the fables, whether there was a different solution, and what the best solution (justice or care) would be. They were then asked to explain the logic of the solution they offered. The results from the study showed that (a) children tended to adopt a care orientation as their first solution and to consider it the best solution, (b) there were no differences between first- and third-grade boys and girls, (c) solutions involving violence and tricks appeared among the fifth-grade boys only, and (d) the ability to explain the logic of both orientations to the fables problem was correlated with children's use of abstract reasoning skills on beginning formal operational tasks and with perspective-taking ability.
Bone fractures and incident epithelial ovarian cancer in a prospective cohort study.

Abstract Objective: Osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures are hypothesized to reflect circulating hormone levels in older women and have been inversely associated with breast and endometrial cancers. However, associations between fractures and ovarian cancer, another hormonal cancer, have not been examined. Therefore, we conducted a prospective study among women in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project Follow-up Study. Methods: Fractures after age 45 were assessed using two questionnaires from 1987 to 1995. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for potential confounders. Fracture location was used to further evaluate the fractures most likely to be osteoporotic. Results: Among 36,115 women with up to 11 years of follow-up (average follow-up was 8.3 years), there were 151 cases of incident ovarian cancer. Fractures were reported by 19% (n = 6,919) of women. Ovarian cancer risk was not associated with any (RR = 1.13...
Energy transfer and distribution in the red alga Porphyra perforata studied using picosecond fluorescence spectroscopy

The detailed process of excitation transfer among the antenna pigments of the red alga Porphyra perforata was investigated by measuring time-resolved fluorescence emission spectra using a single-photon timing system with picosecond resolution. The fluorescence decay kinetics of intact thalli at room temperature revealed wavelength-dependent multi-component chlorophyll a fluorescence emission. Our analysis attributes the majority of chlorophyll a fluorescence to excitation originating in the antennae of PS II reaction centers and emitted with maximum intensities at 680 and 740 nm. Each of these fluorescence bands was characterized by two kinetic decay components, with lifetimes of 340–380 and 1700–2000 ps and amplitudes varying with wavelength and the photochemical state of the PS II reaction centers. In addition, a small contribution to the long-wavelength fluorescence band is proposed to arise from chlorophyll a antennae coupled to PS I. This component displays fast decay kinetics with a lifetime of approx. 150 ps. Desiccation of the thalli dramatically increases the contribution of this fast decay component.
Migrant Remittances, Labor Markets, and Household Strategies: A Comparative Analysis of Low-Income Household Strategies in the Caribbean Basin

Cet article analyse l'impact economique des transferts monetaires effectues par les emigres du bassin des Caraibes en direction de leur famille restee dans les iles . L'A. analyse ce comportement economique comme une strategie de subsistance locale motivee par les consequences de la crise economique des annees 80. Le revirement vers un modele de developpement tourne vers l'exportation dans cette region a deteriore les conditions du marche du travail, rendant difficile la subsistance avec les seuls revenus locaux. Les resultats de l'etude mettent en evidence l'importance de ces transferts de revenus dans les foyers a faibles revenus des zones urbaines de Saint-Domingue, Guatemala City, Kingston et Port-au-Prince
Prenatal diagnosis of diverse chromosome abnormalities in a population of patients identified by triple-marker testing as screen positive for Down syndrome.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the incidence of all types of chromosome abnormalities (i.e., trisomy 21 and other abnormalities) in women receiving prenatal chromosome analysis after a Down syndrome screen-positive result by maternal serum triple-marker testing (α-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and unconjugated estriol analyses). STUDY DESIGN: A total of 11,434 patients between 15.0 and 21.9 weeks' gestation received second-trimester Down syndrome risk evaluation by triple-marker testing. By use of a 1:270 midtrimester Down syndrome risk cutoff value, and after ultrasonographic confirmation of gestation age, 677 patients were screen positive for Down syndrome (corrected screen-positive rate 5.92%). Karyotypes were reviewed for 468 (69%) of these patients who received prenatal chromosome analysis. RESULTS: In addition to 12 cases of Down syndrome, 12 other fetal chromosome abnormalities were found (i.e., 5.13% had a chromosome abnormality of some type). Expressed as a proportion of al patients with a corrected Down syndrome screen-positive result, at least 3.69% had a chromosome abnormality. The overall spectrum of abnormal karyotypes (approximately 50% autosomal trisomy, 25% structural and 25% sex chromosome abnormality) appears to be comparable to that seen in patients undergoing amniocentesis because of advanced maternal age. CONCLUSIONS: As is the case for women of advanced maternal age, preamniocentesis counseling for patients with positive triple-marker testing results should reflect the relatively high probability that an abnormality other than Down syndrome may be identified.
Comparison and Assessment of Aerial and Ground Estimates of Waterbird Colonies

Abstract Aerial surveys are often used to quantify sizes of waterbird colonies; however, these surveys would benefit from a better understanding of associated biases. We compared estimates of breeding pairs of waterbirds, in colonies across southern Louisiana, USA, made from the ground, fixed-wing aircraft, and a helicopter. We used a marked-subsample method for ground-counting colonies to obtain estimates of error and visibility bias. We made comparisons over 2 sampling periods: 1) surveys conducted on the same colonies using all 3 methods during 3–11 May 2005 and 2) an expanded fixed-wing and ground-survey comparison conducted over 4 periods (May and Jun, 2004–2005). Estimates from fixed-wing aircraft were approximately 65% higher than those from ground counts for overall estimated number of breeding pairs and for both dark and white-plumaged species. The coefficient of determination between estimates based on ground and fixed-wing aircraft was ≤0.40 for most species, and based on the assumption that es...
Effects of protein concentration and oil-phase volume fraction on the stability and rheology of menhaden oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate with xanthan gum

Abstract The influences of protein concentration (0.2, 1, 2 wt%) and oil-phase volume fraction (5%, 20%, 40% v/v) on emulsion stability and rheological properties were investigated in whey protein isolate (WPI)-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions containing 0.2 wt% xanthan gum (XG). The data of droplet size, surface charge, creaming index, oxidative stability, and emulsion rheology were obtained. The results showed that increasing WPI concentration significantly affected droplet size, surface charge, and oxidative stability, but had little effect on creaming stability and emulsion rheology. At 0.2 wt% WPI, increasing oil-phase volume fraction greatly increased droplet size but no significant effect on surface charge. At 1 or 2 wt% WPI, increasing oil-phase volume fraction had less influence on droplet size but led to surface charge more negative. Increasing oil-phase volume fraction facilitated the inhibition of lipid oxidation. Meanwhile, oil-phase volume fraction played a dominant role in creaming stability and emulsion viscosity. The rheological data indicated the emulsions may undergo a behavior transition from an entropic polymer gel to an enthalpic particle gel when oil-phase volume fraction increased from 20% to 40% v/v.
A low power UART design based on asynchronous techniques

Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) implements serial communication between peripherals and remote embedded systems. The UART protocol is defined based on fixed frequencies with a sampling method to achieve robustness under reasonable frequency variations between systems. Such design specifications are natural for clocked domains. This work investigates whether this simple clocked hardware protocol can be advantageously implemented using asynchronous design techniques. A full duplex clocked and asynchronous UART are implemented and compared. The asynchronous design results in average power of about one-fourth that of the clocked design under standard operating modes.
An analysis of coal bump liability in a bump prone mine

This paper presents an analysis of causes of bump in a deep coal mine. The analysis consists of in-mine measurement determination, analysis of physical and mechanical properties of mine materials and simulation of mine layout and mining sequence. Major factors contributing to the causes of bump have been reviewed and those that are related to this case have been identified and simulated analytically using a three-dimensional finite element method.
Effect of double stranded RNA on protein synthesis in an invitro wheat germ embryo system

Abstract Incorporation of amino acids into proteins in a cell-free system derived from rabbit reticulocytes was inhibited by either natural (reovirus) or synthetic (poly I:poly C) double-stranded RNAs. The optimal concentration for this inhibition was approximately 0.1 μg/ml. No inhibition was observed following treatment of a cell-free protein synthesizing system derived from wheat germ embryos with double-stranded RNAs at concentrations up to 10 μg/ml. Wheat germ extracts were examined for the presence of a nucleolytic activity capable of digesting double-stranded RNA. No such activity could be detected. A possible explanation for the difference in effect of double-stranded RNA on the two systems is discussed.
Current velocity as a factor in determining macroinvertebrate assemblages on wood surfaces

The velocity of moving water near submerged wood surfaces may be an important factor for shaping benthic communities in sandy-bottomed streams. As wood can be suspended above the streambed and be kept free of inundating sediments, wood substrates may provide the primary hard surface for macroinvertebrate colonization. To examine this, we sampled macroinvertebrate assemblages from the surface of 20 pieces of submerged wood in a sandy-bottomed stream in the west-central Wisconsin. Near-surface velocity was characterized at the wood surface and the streambed macroinvertebrate assemblage was sampled near each wood piece for comparison. We found that the density of macroinvertebrates was five times greater on wood than the sandy streambed and the average richness on wood was twice as great. Macroinvertebrate abundance and richness on wood surfaces increased with velocity; however, abundance increased as a consequence of adding taxa rather than adding individuals of the dominant taxa. These data suggest that ne...
Vaccine responses to conserved regions of the HIV-1 proteome are associated with an increased capacity to inhibit multiple virus isolates ex vivo.

Background The majority of assays currently used to assess HIV-1 vaccine candidate immunogenicity in humans fail to predict protection against HIV-1 acquisition or control of viraemia. However, a correlation between in vivo and ex vivo control mediated by CD8+ T-cell populations has been described using an ex vivo virus inhibition assay (VIA) in chronically infected individuals and vaccinated non-human primates. Here we attempt to relate the specificity of vaccine-induced virus-specific CD8 responses to the inhibition of HIV-1 ex vivo. Methods
Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model to study subzero acclimation in small grains

The suitability of using Arabidopsis as a model plant to investigate freezing tolerance was evaluated by observing similarities to winter cereals in tissue damage following controlled freezing and determining the extent to which Arabidopsis undergoes subzero-acclimation. Plants were grown and frozen under controlled conditions and percent survival was evaluated by observing re-growth after freezing. Paraffin embedded sections of plants were triple stained and observed under light microscopy. Histological observations of plants taken 1 week after freezing showed damage analogous to winter cereals in the vascular tissue of roots and leaf axels but no damage to meristematic regions. The LT(50) of non-acclimated Arabidopsis decreased from about -6 degrees C to a minimum of about -13 degrees C after 7 days of cold-acclimation at 3 degrees C. After exposing cold-acclimated plants to -3 degrees C for 3 days (subzero-acclimation) the LT(50) was lowered an additional 3 degrees C. Defining the underlying mechanisms of subzero-acclimation in Arabidopsis may provide an experimental platform to help understand winter hardiness in economically important crop species. However, distinctive histological differences in crown anatomy between Arabidopsis and winter cereals must be taken into account to avoid misleading conclusions on the nature of winter hardiness in winter cereals.
The Local Use of Benadryl1 Ointment

A natural outgrowth of the use of antihistamine compounds in the treatment of allergic dermatoses is the local use of Benadryl (Betadimethyl aminoethyl benzhydryl ether hydrochloride). Friedlaender and Feinberg (1) studied ten ragweed sensitive patients with scratch tests. They showed that when a standard amount of Benadryl (50 mgm. per cc) is added to serial dilutions of ragweed extract or histamine, there was a definite decrease in the flare and to a lesser extent in the wheal in all ten cases. This was compared to the same dilutions of ragweed extracts or histamine used as controls (without the addition of Benadryl, 50 mgm. per cc). Their study indicates that the local application of Benadryl has some antihistamine effev,;.
Crystal Structure of the Yeast Vacuolar ATPase Heterotrimeric EGChead Peripheral Stalk Complex

Summary Vacuolar ATPases (V-ATPases) are multisubunit rotary motor proton pumps that function to acidify subcellular organelles in all eukaryotic organisms. V-ATPase is regulated by a unique mechanism that involves reversible dissociation into V 1 -ATPase and V o proton channel, a process that involves breaking of protein interactions mediated by subunit C, the cytoplasmic domain of subunit "a" and three "peripheral stalks," each made of a heterodimer of E and G subunits. Here, we present crystal structures of a yeast V-ATPase heterotrimeric complex composed of EG heterodimer and the head domain of subunit C (C head ). The structures show EG heterodimer folded in a noncanonical coiled coil that is stabilized at its N-terminal ends by binding to C head . The coiled coil is disrupted by a bulge of partially unfolded secondary structure in subunit G and we speculate that this unique feature in the eukaryotic V-ATPase peripheral stalk may play an important role in enzyme structure and regulation by reversible dissociation.
Canonical transition probabilities for adaptive Metropolis simulation

We examine non-Boltzmann Monte Carlo algorithms used to study slowly relaxing systems. By adding a simple bookkeeping step to the Metropolis algorithm, we obtain statistical estimators of canonical macrostate probabilities. These estimators enable a natural accumulation of statistics from simulations having different importance weights, enable temperature extrapolation without using energy to define macrostate labels, improve parallelization, and reduce variance. We illustrate with an Ising model example.
Risk Factors of Postoperative Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Following Colorectal Resections

There is limited data regarding the risk factors of postoperative upper GI bleeding (UGIB) in patients undergoing colorectal resection. We sought to identify risk factors of UGIB after colorectal resection. The NIS database was used to evaluate all patients who had colorectal resection complicated by UGIB between 2002 and 2010. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed to quantify the association of preoperative variables with postoperative UGIB. We sampled a total of 2,514,228 patients undergoing colorectal resection, of which, 12,925 (0.5 %) suffered a postoperative UGIB. The mortality of patients who had UGIB was significantly greater than patients without UGIB (14.9 vs. 4.7 %; OR, 3.57; CI, 3.40–3.75; P < 0.01). Patients suffering from UGIB had an associated 14.9 % inhospital mortality. History of chronic peptic ulcer disease (6.75; CI, 5.75–7.91; P < 0.01) and emergency admission (OR, 4.27; CI, 4.09–4.45; P < 0.01) are associated with UGIB. Duodenal ulcer as the source of bleeding is a mortality predictors of patients (OR, 1.71; CI, 1.49–1.97; P < 0.01). Postoperative UGIB occurs in less than 1 % of colorectal resections. However, patients suffering from postoperative UGIB are over three times more likely to die. Chronic peptic ulcer disease and emergency admission are respectively the strongest predictors of postoperative UGIB.
Criteria for a comfortable indoor environment in buildings

Abstract 1. 1. The major purpose of buildings is to provide a healthy and comfortable environment for occupants. 2. 2. The indoor environment is a complex system including factors like thermal, visual and acoustic conditions, indoor air quality, electromagnetic fields, static electricity and vibration. 3. 3. To obtain an indoor environment that is acceptable in terms of health as well as comfort, criteria for these factors need to be established. 4. 4. The present paper gives an overview of the criteria recommended in current existing standards and guidelines. 5. 5. As most studies to date have focussed on thermal conditions and indoor air quality, these two factors are described in more detail.
A quality-control phantom for digitization of radiographs.

Quality control is fundamental to the clinical application of digital radiography. A 14 x 17-in phantom radiograph was designed to test digital image quality by measurement of five parameters: high-contrast spatial resolution, low-contrast discrimination, linearity of gray-scale response, high-frequency noise, and geometric distortion. The phantom was used to evaluate the ATT Philips Medical Systems, Shelton, CT). High-contrast resolution was found to be greater along the diagonal axis of the system than along either the horizontal or vertical axis. Problems with low-contrast discrimination and linearity of gray-scale response were identified. This phantom provides a simple tool for daily quality assurance testing and an objective standard for comparison of image quality between different digital radiography systems.
Redox behavior of rhodium 9,10-phenanthrenediimine complexes.

New square-planar rhodium complexes of the redox-active ligand 9,10-phenenthrenediimine (phdi) have been prepared and studied. The complexes [dpp-nacnacCH3]Rh(phdi) (2a; [dpp-nacnacCH3]− = CH[C(Me)(N-iPr2C6H3)]2−) and [dpp-nacnacCF3]Rh(phdi) (2b; [dpp-nacnacCF3]− = CH[C(CF3)(N-iPr2C6H3)]2−) have been prepared from the corresponding [nacnac]Rh(CO)2 synthons by treatment with Me3NO in the presence of the phdi ligand. Complexes 2a and 2b are diamagnetic, and their absorption spectra are dominated by intense charge-transfer transitions throughout the visible region. Electrochemical studies indicate that both the phdi ligand and the rhodium metal center are redox-active, with the [nacnac]− ligands serving to modulate the one-electron-oxidation and -reduction redox potentials. In the case of 2a, chemical oxidation and reduction reactions provided access to the one-electron-oxidized cation, [2a]+, and one-electron-reduced anion, [2a]−, the latter of which has been characterized in the solid state by single-cryst...
Radiological dose calculations for the particle beam fusion accelerator upgrade (PBFA-U)

Abstract Biological dose rate calculations are performed for different locations in the vicinity of the target chamber and diode of the particle beam fusion accelerator upgrade (PBFA-U) facility. The facility is to be used for research on light ion beam driven inertial confinement fusion. Depending on the diagnostic shots, Bremsstrahlung radiation as well as neutrons are produced. On interacting with the diode material, the Bremsstrahlung radiation results in the emission of photoneutrons. Results of the activation analysis show that photoneutron production has a negligible contribution to the dose rate at the outer casing of the diode following fusion shots. The dose rates are dominated by the contribution from fusion neutrons streaming into the diode. The dose rate in the vicinity of the diode following non-fusion shots is minimal, allowing it to be accessed immediately for hands-on maintenance. However, several shifts of maintenance personnel are required if the outer casing of the diode needs to be accessed following fusion shots to minimize individual exposure. The use of steel as structural material for the chamber and diode casing results in lower dose rates compared with the use of aluminum for up to several months following fusion shots. Using steel, chamber and diode can be accessed 1 day after shots for a maximum of 15 min per maintenance shift. Using the aluminum alloy would delay hands-on maintenance to several days following shots.
Delamination of a high-temperature sandwich plate

This paper describes the development of a method for determining the fracture toughness of the core/faceplate bond in high-temperature sandwich plates. The tensile deformation behavior of a sandwich element was also determined. The results from the latter experiment were used in a beam on elastic foundation analysis of the fracture specimen. The faceplate/core toughness was determined at 23 and 180°C. The room temperature toughness was slightly higher and, in both cases, the toughness decreased with crack length. The higher toughness was associated with a greater degree of interlaminar failure in the faceplates, as opposed to core-pullout.
Molecular theory of viscoelasticity for homogeneous block and graft copolymers

Abstract The Rouse-Bueche-Zimm molecular theory of viscoelasticity has been extended to compute the relaxation time spectra of radial block and graft copolymers of various configurations and compositions. The basic assumption of the model is that the effect of foreign blocks and grafts on the relaxation spectrum is attributable to differences in the friction coefficients and submolecular chain dimensions from those of the host chain. In addition, the nearest-neighbor matrix must also be appropriately modified to take into account the nonlinear nature of the chain structure. Relaxation spectra can then be obtained by solving the equation of motion numerically on a computer. The resulting viscoelastic relaxation times of those copolymers are given as a function of copolymer composition, number of side chains, their lengths and the spacings between them. The model is restricted to bulk homogeneous copolymers or those copolymers dissolved in appropriate solvents to preclude microphase separation.