cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic Structure of Gallium, Copper, and Nickel Complexes of Corrole. High-Valent Transition Metal Centers versus Noninnocent Ligands

Using regular nonlocal density functional theory (DFT) as well as combined DFT and configuration interaction calculations, we have carried out a first theoretical study of the electronic structure of metallocorroles. The valence orbital energy spectra and the calculated electronic absorption spectrum of (Cor)Ga (Cor3- = corrolato), a prototype non-transition-metal corrole, are qualitatively similar to those of a metalloporphyrin such as zinc porphyrin. The “four-orbital model” holds well for corroles. The a2 and b1 HOMOs of (Cor)Ga are crude analogues of the well-known a1u and a2u porphyrin HOMOs, respectively. Thus, as in the case of porphyrins, there are two nearly equienergetic π-cation radical states for corroles. DFT also appears to provide a good description of the stabilization of high-valent transition-metal centers and of ligand noninnocence, two intertwined and central themes in metallocorrole chemistry. The calculated ground state of (Cor)Cu is a diamagnetic d8 Cu(III) state, with Cu(II) π-cati...
Type I interferons induced by radiation therapy mediate recruitment and effector function of CD8(+) T cells.

The need for an intact immune system for cancer radiation therapy to be effective suggests that radiation not only acts directly on the tumor but also indirectly, through the activation of host immune components. Recent studies demonstrated that endogenous type I interferons (type I IFNs) play a role in radiation-mediated anti-tumor immunity by enhancing the ability of dendritic cells to cross-prime CD8+ T cells. However, it is still unclear to what extent endogenous type I IFNs contribute to the recruitment and function of CD8+ T cells. Little is also known about the effects of type I IFNs on myeloid cells. In the current study, we demonstrate that type I and type II IFNs (IFN-γ) are both required for the increased production of CXCL10 (IP-10) chemokine by myeloid cells within the tumor after radiation treatment. Radiation-induced intratumoral IP-10 levels in turn correlate with tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cell numbers. Moreover, type I IFNs promote potent tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells by directly affecting the phenotype, effector molecule production, and enhancing cytolytic activity. Using a unique inducible expression system to increase local levels of IFN-α exogenously, we show here that the capacity of radiation therapy to result in tumor control can be enhanced. Our preclinical approach to study the effects of local increase in IFN-α levels can be used to further optimize the combination therapy strategy in terms of dosing and scheduling, which may lead to better clinical outcome.
Development of a polymeric releasing device for 2'-carbomethoxyphenyl 4-guanidinobenzoate (a proteinase inhibitor): release rate, in vitro antifibrinolytic activity and in utero contraceptive effect.

Abstract A polymeric delivery system consisting of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVAc) was developed for ′2—carbornethoxyphenyl 4—guanidinobenzoate (MSGB), a potent inhibitor of the sperm enzyme acrosin. The optimal device consists of copolymer with 40% vinyl acetate by weight (EVAc/40), 65% drug loading and MSGB with a particle size of 250–499 μm. This formulation yields a device that is highly flexible and can be shaped to many forms and sizes. Construction of the device does not alter the properties of MSGB. Well controlled release of MSGB from the device occurs in vitro and in the uteri of rats. The in vitro release rate under “infinite sink” conditions is essentially the same as the in vivo release rate. The contraceptive effect of the MSGB-releasing device was tested in rabbits by placing a blank (control) device in one uterine horn and an MSGB- releasing device in the contralateral horn. In contrast to blank devices, MSGB-releasing devices completely prevent pregnancy, not only by inhibiting fertilization but also by decreasing implantation. MSGB possesses high in vitro antifibrinolytic activity. These results indicate that a very flexible device can be constructed for uterine application which retains its contraceptive effect by release of MSGB. The antifibrinolytic activity of MSGB may further decrease the menorrhagla that can be associated with IUD use.
The History of American Philanthropy as a Field of Research

IN the literature of American social history, one finds certain large themes or areas receiving special attention. These include the social structure and social relations of the family, of work groups, and of social classes, as well as the characteristics and interactions with the rest of the population of the various ethnic and nationality groups. The historian has also described the social aspects of such institutions as religion, education, technology and the arts, politics and, especially of late, business, which has of course come more and more to affect all other occupations. The time has come to ask whether there are less obvious but possibly almost as important segments of our culture which have received less attention at the hands of social historians than their importance warrants. To be specific, is philanthropy, in all its ramifications, one of these major culture segments? In other words, how important has relatively disinterested benevolence been in giving expression to, and in promoting at home and abroad, a major American value-human welfare? All one can say at the present time, I think, is that the literature of the subject warrants the hypothetical statement, to be tested by investigation, that philanthropy has been one of the major aspects of and keys to American social and cultural development. In recognition of the need for advancing our knowledge in this field, Russell Sage Foundation, which from its inception has concerned itself with the nature and impact of giving, sponsored a research planning conference, held at Princeton, February 3-4, I956. The conference participants' take this way of sharing with others some of the suggestions that were developed in the course of their discussions. It is hoped that the suggestions made here may stimulate historians to direct the
Regulation of cardiac Ca2+ channel by extracellular Na+

Hyponatremia is a predictor of poor cardiovascular outcomes during acute myocardial infarction and in the setting of preexisting heart failure [1]. There are no definitive mechanisms as to how hyponatremia suppresses cardiac function. In this report we provide evidence for direct down-regulation of Ca(2+) channel current in response to low serum Na(+). In voltage-clamped rat ventricular myocytes or HEK 293 cells expressing the L-type Ca(2+) channel, a 15mM drop in extracellular Na(+) suppressed the Ca(2+) current by ∼15%; with maximal suppression of ∼30% when Na(+) levels were reduced to 100mM or less. The suppressive effects of low Na(+) on I(Ca), in part, depended on the substituting monovalent species (Li(+), Cs(+), TEA(+)), but were independent of phosphorylation state of the channel and possible influx of Ca(2+) on Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger. Acidification sensitized the Ca(2+) channel current to Na(+) withdrawal. Collectively our data suggest that Na(+) and H(+) may interact with regulatory site(s) at the outer recesses of the Ca(2+) channel pore thereby directly modulating the electro-diffusion of the permeating divalents (Ca(2+), Ba(2+)).
Infrared differential interference contrast microscopy for overlay metrology on 3D-interconnect bonded wafers

Overlay metrology for stacked layers will be playing a key role in bringing 3D IC devices into manufacturing. However, such bonded wafer pairs present a metrology challenge for optical microscopy tools by the opaque nature of silicon. Using infrared microscopy, silicon wafers become transparent to the near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, enabling metrology at the interface of bonded wafer pairs. Wafers can be bonded face to face (F2F) or face to back (F2B) which the stacking direction is dictated by how the stacks are carried in the process and functionality required. For example, Memory stacks tend to use F2B stacking enables a better managed design. Current commercial tools use single image technique for F2F bonding overlay measurement because depth of focus is sufficient to include both surfaces; and use multiple image techniques for F2B overlay measurement application for the depth of focus is no longer sufficient to include both stacked wafer surfaces. There is a need to specify the Z coordinate or stacking wafer number through the silicon when visiting measurement wafer sites. Two shown images are of the same (X, Y) but separate Z location acquired at focus position of each wafer surface containing overlay marks. Usually the top surface image is bright and clear; however, the bottom surface image is somewhat darker and noisier as an adhesive layer is used in between to bond the silicon wafers. Thus the top and bottom surface images are further processed to achieve similar brightness and noise level before merged for overlay measurement. This paper presents a special overlay measurement technique, using the infrared differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy technique to measure the F2B wafer bonding overlay by a single shot image. A pair of thinned wafers at 50 and 150 μm thickness is bonded on top of a carrier wafer to evaluate the bonding overlay. It works on the principle of interferometry to gain information about the optical path length of the stacked wafers, to enhance the image contrast of overlay marks features even though they are locating in different Z plane. A two dimensional mirror-symmetric overlay marks for both top and bottom processing wafers is designed and printed in each die in order to know and realize the best achievable wafer to wafer bonding processing. A self-developed analysis algorithms is used to identify the overlay error between the stacking wafers and the interconnect structures. The experimental overlay results after wafer bonding including inter-die and intra-die analysis results will be report in the full paper. Correlation of overlay alignment offset data to electrical yield, provides an early indication of bonded wafer yield.
Microchannel heat exchangers for advanced climate control

This paper presents details of fabrication and performance testing of prototype microchannel heat exchangers. The microchannel heat exchangers are being developed for advanced cooling and climate control applications, and are designed for heat loads of 100 W/cm2. Bulk and surface micromachining techniques are used to fabricate the test devices. Each heat exchanger section consists of over 150 microchannels etched in silicon substrates by either chemical etching or ion milling processes. The channels are 100-micrometers deep, 100-micrometers wide, and spaced 50- to 100-micrometers apart and connected with headers. Other heat exchangers have also been fabricated in copper and aluminum using machining and ion milling processes. Process steps involved photolithographic patterning, deposition of etch masks, ion or chemical etching, electrostatic bonding of the silicon to glass, insulator deposition, lamination of silicon to metals, application of thin heater coatings with busbars, and installation of the inlet/outlet hardware and valves. Recent hear exchangers have the silicon laminated to copper substrates. Performance testing focuses on determining the performance characteristics of the microchannel heat exchangers over a wide range of flow and heat transfer conditions. The working fluid for heat transfer is restricted to water or SUVA refrigerant HCFC-124 (R-124). Testing with water is run under single-phase conditions. The tests with R-124 are run under single-and two-phase flow conditions.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Color enhancement of highly correlated images. II. Channel ratio and “chromaticity” transformation techniques

Two techniques for enhancing the color of multispectral images are described; both involve ratioing of data from different image channels. In the first technique, the ratioed data are assigned the primary color for display as color ratio pictures, and in the second method, image data are transformed to RGB chromaticity coordinates by ratioing the data acquired in three channels to the sum of their intensities. The two techniques are applied to a NASA Thermal-IR Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) image of Death Valley and to a Landsat MSS image of the Mojave Desert. The basic principles of ratioing are discussed, and the effects of atmospheric path radiances on the interpretation of ratioed images are investigated. It is observed that the color pictures produced using these two enhancement techniques are similar to the pictures enhanced by decorrelation and hue-saturation-intensity methods.
Bottom-up controls on a mixed-species HAB assemblage: A comparison of sympatric Chattonella subsalsa and Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) isolates from the Delaware Inland Bays, USA

Abstract Recent novel mixed blooms of several species of toxic raphidophytes have caused fish kills and raised health concerns in the highly eutrophic Inland Bays of Delaware, USA. The factors that control their growth and dominance are not clear, including how these multi-species HAB events can persist without competitive exclusion occurring. We compared and contrasted the relative environmental niches of sympatric Chattonella subsalsa and Heterosigma akashiwo isolates from the bays using classic Monod-type experiments. C. subsalsa grew over a temperature range from 10 to 30 °C and a salinity range of 5–30 psu, with optimal growth occurring from 20 to 30 °C and 15 to 25 psu. H. akashiwo had similar upper temperature and salinity tolerances but also lower limits, with growth occurring from 4 to 30 °C and 5 to 30 psu and optimal growth between 16 and 30 °C and 10 and 30 psu. These culture results were confirmed by field observations of bloom occurrences in the Inland Bays. Maximum nutrient-saturated growth rates ( μ max ) for C. subsalsa were ∼0.6 d −1 and half-saturation concentrations for growth ( K s ) were 9 μM for nitrate, 1.5 μM for ammonium, and 0.8 μM for phosphate. μ max of H. akashiwo (∼0.7 d −1 ) was slightly higher than C. subsalsa , but K s values were nearly an order of magnitude lower at 0.3 μM for nitrate, 0.3 μM for ammonium, and 0.2 μM for phosphate. H. akashiwo is able to grow on urea but C. subsalsa cannot, while both can use glutamic acid. Cell yield experiments at environmentally relevant levels suggested an apparent preference by C. subsalsa for ammonium as a nitrogen source, while H. akashiwo produced more biomass on nitrate. Light intensity affected both species similarly, with the same growth responses for each over a range from 100 to 600 μmol photons m −2 s −1 . Factors not examined here may allow C. subsalsa to persist during multi-species blooms in the bays, despite being competitively inferior to H. akashiwo under most conditions of nutrient availability, temperature, and salinity.
MIMIC: A proposal for deposit insurance reform

Here the author proposes the Mutual Insurance Model with Incentive Compatibility (MIMIC). MIMIC is a model for deposit insurance that mimics the incentives and practices of a private sector, mutual, insurance organisation. The main features of MIMIC are: fully risk‐based premiums, payments by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to the US Treasury Department (the Treasury) for its line of credit and ‘catastrophe insurance’, rebates to banks when the reserve ratio exceeds a risk‐based ceiling, surcharges on banks when the reserve ratio dips below a risk‐based floor, dilution fees on deposit growth to maintain reserve ratio and refunds to banks to maintain reserve ratio when their deposits shrink.
Functional defects in six ryanodine receptor isoform-1 (RyR1) mutations associated with malignant hyperthermia and their impact on skeletal excitation-contraction coupling.

Abstract Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a potentially fatal pharmacogenetic disorder of skeletal muscle that segregates with >60 mutations within the MHS-1 locus on chromosome 19 coding for ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1). Although some MHRyR1s have been shown to enhance sensitivity to caffeine and halothane when expressed in non-muscle cells, their influence on EC coupling can only be studied in skeletal myotubes. We therefore expressed WTRyR1, six of the most common human MHRyR1s (R163C, G341R, R614C, R2163C, V2168M, and R2458H), and a newly identified C-terminal mutation (T4826I) in dyspedic myotubes to study their functional defects and how they influence EC coupling. Myotubes expressing any MHRyR1 were significantly more sensitive to stimulation by caffeine and 4-CmC than those expressing WTRyR1. The hypersensitivity of MH myotubes extended to K+ depolarization. MH myotubes responded to direct channel activators with maximum Ca2+ amplitudes consistently smaller than WT myotubes, whereas the amplitude of their responses to depolarization were consistently larger than WT myotubes. The magnitudes of responses attainable from myotubes expressing MHRyR1s are therefore related to the nature of the stimulus rather than size of the Ca2+ store. The functional changes of MHRyR1s were directly analyzed using [3H]ryanodine binding analysis of isolated myotube membranes. Although none of the MHRyR1s examined significantly altered EC50 for Ca2+ activation, many failed to be completely inhibited by a low Ca2+ (≤100 nm), and all were significantly more responsive to caffeine than WTRyR1 at Ca2+ concentrations that approximate those in resting myotubes. All seven mutations had diminished sensitivity to inhibition by Ca2+ and Mg2+. Using a homologous expression system, our study demonstrates for the first time that these 7 MH mutations are all both necessary and sufficient to induce MH-related phenotypes. Decreased sensitivity to Ca2+ and Mg2+ inhibition and inability of MHRyR1s to be fully inactivated at [Ca2+]i typical of normal myotubes at rest are key defects that contribute to the initiation of MH episodes.
The Investigation of Sleepiness

Abnormal sleepiness is one of the primary symptoms of sleep disorders. Sleepiness is a normal physiologic phenomenon, however, and only becomes excessive when it occurs in situations when individuals can be reasonably expected to be awake and alert [1]. The degree of sleepiness depends on interplay between two factors: the time in the circadian cycle (process C), and the length of time from the last sleep period (process S) [2]. In subjects with normal circadian rhythmicity, sleepiness is maximal between 2 and 6 AM with a second minor peak 12 hours earlier in the afternoon. This rhythm is modified by the degree of accumulated sleep debt, a process that results in a homeostatic drive to induce sleep. Sleepiness is counterbalanced by alerting mechanisms, modulated predominantly by monoaminergic neuronal systems, such as dopaminergic and histaminergic pathways. The cluster of hypocretin (orexin) secreting neurons in the hypothalamus may be the master controller modulating monoaminergic systems, with projections from these neurons being widely distributed to the brainstem, diencephalon, and basal forebrain [3]. Sleepiness can be conceptualized as having two components: the subjective perception of the need to sleep, and the ability to transition from a state of wakefulness to a state of sleep [4]. The perception of the need to sleep is usually accompanied by objective manifestations, such as yawning, loss of neck extensor tone, pupillary constriction, ptosis, and a decreased attention span. The ability to fall asleep can be measured objectively using electroencephalographic activity and this forms the basis for the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). The two components of sleepiness may dissociate; some patients with pathologic sleepiness have little or no warning of sleep onset, whereas patients with restless legs syndrome or psychophysiologic insomnia may have an intense desire to fall asleep but be unable to do so. Excessive sleepiness may be caused by factors that disrupt circadian rhythmicity, increase sleep debt by either voluntary curtailment of sleep time or fragmentation of sleep, or decrease the drive toward alertness [Box 1] [4]. Disorders of circadian rhythmicity include intrinsic disorders, such as delayed sleep phase syndrome, and extrinsic causes, such as the effects of shift work. Insufficient sleep syndrome, perhaps the commonest cause of excessive sleepiness, is caused by voluntary sleep curtailment. Fragmentation of sleep by diseases, such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, or environmental factors, such as exposure to a bed partner’s snoring [5], reduce the restorative value of sleep and increase sleep debt. Narcolepsy, in association with cataplexy, is caused by reduced activity of the wakefulness system secondary to decreased hypocretin production. Histamine receptor antagonists reduce alertness, as do benzodiazepine receptor agonists, such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol.
Semianalytic Stress-Function Variational Approach for the Interfacial Stresses in Bonded Joints

AbstractHigh interfacial stresses near the edges of bonded joints are responsible for their debonding failure. This paper reports a new semianalytic stress-function variational approach to the interfacial stresses of a bonded joint, which is made of a straight tension bar covered with a reinforcing patch and subjected to mechanical loads and/or uniform change of temperature. The process introduces two interfacial shear and normal stress functions, which are correlated via the approximately same radius of curvature of the slender adherends. All the stress components in the joint are expressed in terms of the interfacial stress functions based on the classic Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and equilibrium equations of elasticity. Deformation compatibility of the joint is satisfied by minimizing the complementary strain energy, which leads to a fourth-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) of the interfacial shear stress function. The interfacial shear and normal stresses are determined explicitly and compar...
Virtues and pitfalls of EAE for the development of therapies for multiple sclerosis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a useful model for aiding the development of new treatments for MS. All therapies approved for MS ameliorate EAE. Two approved medications, glatiramer acetate and Natalizumab, were developed directly from studies in EAE. Several trials are ongoing in MS after success in EAE, including altered peptide ligands of myelin, DNA vaccines and statins. However, EAE has failed to predict the outcome of certain approaches. The reasons underlying such failures are discussed here.
Bayesian generalization with circular consequential regions

Abstract Generalization–deciding whether to extend a property from one stimulus to another stimulus–is a fundamental problem faced by cognitive agents in many different settings. Shepard (1987) provided a mathematical analysis of generalization in terms of Bayesian inference over the regions of psychological space that might correspond to a given property. He proved that in the unidimensional case, where regions are intervals of the real line, generalization will be a negatively accelerated function of the distance between stimuli, such as an exponential function. These results have been extended to rectangular consequential regions in multiple dimensions, but not for circular consequential regions, which play an important role in explaining generalization for stimuli that are not represented in terms of separable dimensions. We analyze Bayesian generalization with circular consequential regions, providing bounds on the generalization function and proving that this function is negatively accelerated.
Potential and scattering theory on wildly perturbed domains

Abstract We study the potential, scattering, and spectral theory associated with boundary value problems for the Laplacian on domains which are perturbed in very irregular fashions. Of particular interest are problems in which a “thin” set is deleted and the behavior of the Laplace operator changes very little, and problems where many tiny domains are deleted. In the latter case the “clouds” of tiny obstacles may tend to disappear, to solidify, or to produce an intermediate effect, depending on the relative numbers and sizes of the tiny domains. These phenomena vary according to the specific boundary value problem and in many cases their behavior is contrary to crude intuitive guesses.
Studies of Shift and Rectification Currents in GaAs(111) Using Terahertz Emission Spectroscopy

The dependence of THz pulse emission on surface orientation has been used to study carrier dynamics in GaAs(111). We find that the angular dependence of linearly polarized excitation is well described by known theory.
Using Web 2.0 to democratize the information economy in qualitative research

Web 2.0 refers to a set of innovations in Internet technology that can transform the Web into a participatory medium energized by the desire of people with shared interests to exchange information and opinions. By combining instant web publishing, social networking, user-generated content, and communal tagging, rating, and commenting-all within an easy-to-use content management system-Web 2.0 websites have the potential to increase the richness, dynamism, and influence of qualitative research. To explore this potential, we have developed a conceptual model for a research website designed to collect structured accounts from a targeted group of people about a specific topic. In our case, we plan to collect first-hand reports from technical communicators about their experiences and opinions related to single sourcing and/or content management methods and tools. This paper describes and illustrates the main components of our conceptual model and also touches on some of the challenges we anticipate. In concluding the paper, we report our progress to date in building the site and speculate about possible implications of our model for opening up the information economy of qualitative research in diverse areas, both within academe and within other organizational contexts.
Independent arachidonic acid-mediated gene regulatory pathways in lymphocytes

In the BW5147 T cell line, we have identified two independent regulatory pathways by which arachidonic acid (20:4) can alter gene expression. The inhibitory effect of 20:4 upon stearoyl-CoA desaturase 2 (SCD2) gene expression was seen to be independent of oxidation of 20:4 by either the lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase pathways. Moreover, oxidized metabolites of 20:4 (15-HPETE and 15-HETE) failed to diminish SCD2 mRNA accumulation whereas 20:4 itself was effective in completely suppressing SCD2 gene expression. In contrast, the transcriptional induction of the proto-oncogene c-fos was dependent upon the oxidation of 20:4 by the lipoxygenase pathway. By using the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, we also show that the 20:4-mediated regulatory effects upon SCD2 or c-fos are completely independent of new protein synthesis. Collectively, the results identify the existence of multiple, independent, intracellular 20:4-mediated regulatory pathways operating simultaneously within this cell type.
Analyzing Panel Data in Studies of Aging Applications of the LISREL Model

The LISREL model, recently developed by Joreskog and his colleagues, is of great importance to students of aging and human development. Essentially, LISREL unites factor analysis and structural equation modeling. It is extremely general, permitting a wide variety of nonrecursive structural equation models while also permitting complex models involving measurement error. Thus, LISREL speaks to the psychometric concerns of those who measure the same variable over time and to the modeling concerns of those who wish to allow for lagged effects, feedback loops, and the like. This article describes the LISREL model in nontechnical terms, points the reader to the more technical literature, and provides an extended example of a three-wave, two-variable model, with and without additional exegenous and endogenous variables. The example shows how causal effects can be estimated and how these estimates are affected by assumptions regarding measurement error.
Reconstruction and Quantitative Characterization of Multiphase, Multiscale Three-Dimensional Microstructure of a Cast Al-Si Base Alloy

The serial sectioning technique is well known for the reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) microstructures of opaque materials. In recent years, techniques also have been developed for the reconstruction of high-fidelity, large-volume segments of 3D microstructures that use montage serial sections and robot-assisted automated acquisitions of montage serial sections. This article reports the reconstruction of the multiphase, multiscale 3D microstructure of a permanent mold cast unmodified Al-12 wt pct Si-1 wt pct Ni base alloy that contains eutectic Si platelets, coarse primary polyhedral Si particles, Fe-rich script intermetallic particles, and pores. These constituents are segmented, reconstructed, rendered, and characterized in three dimensions. The estimated 3D microstrucutral attributes include the distribution of eutectic platelet thickness; the mean volume, mean surface area, and mean thickness of the eutectic Si platelets; the mean volume and the mean surface area of the polyhedral primary Si particles; and the mean number of faces, edges, and corners on the polyhedral primary Si particles.
Influence of human thymocytes on B-lymphocyte differentiation in man

Abstract Human thymocytes from children less than 6 years of age were tested for their influence on differentiation of normal B cells. The addition of either thymocytes or a culture supernatant from thymocytes to normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) enhanced pokeweed mitogen-induced B-cell differentiation as tested in a plaque-forming assay for antibody to sheep red blood cells. The thymocytes, however, could not substitute for T lymphocytes in cultures of PBL which had been previously depleted of T lymphocytes. Further, prior treatment of thymocytes with concanavalin A did not result in generation of suppressor cells for either B-cell differentiation or for the responses of PBL to mitogens. Thus, although thymocytes were functionally immature by these assays as compared to mature T lymphocytes they exerted an influence on B-cell differentiation in cultures of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes.
Growing steers grazing high versus low endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum)-infected tall fescue have reduced serum enzymes, increased hepatic glucogenic enzymes, and reduced liver and carcass mass

It is well established that grazing Neotyphodium coenophialum-infected forages results in reduced BW gain and serum prolactin concentrations of cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the potential effects of toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue consumption on blood metabolites, carcass characteristics, and content of proteins critical for AA metabolism in the liver, kidney, and LM tissue of growing steers. Steers grazed a low toxic endophyte (LE; 0.023 μg/g ergot alkaloids) tall fescue-mixed grass pasture (n = 9; BW = 266 ± 10.9 kg; 5.7 ha) or a high toxic endophyte (HE; 0.746 μg/g of ergot alkaloids) tall fescue pasture (n = 10; BW = 267 ± 14.5 kg; 5.7 ha) from June 14 through at least September 11 (greater-than-or-equal89 d). No difference was observed for BW (P 0.91), backfat (P > 0.95), or backfat/100 kg of HCW (P > 0.67). However, ADG (P < 0.01), final BW (P < 0.05), HCW (P < 0.01), dressing percentage (P < 0.01), ribeye area (P < 0.01), whole liver wet weight (P < 0.01), and whole liver wet weight/100 kg of end BW (P < 0.01) were greater for LE steers than HE steers. After 85 d of grazing, serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05), alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.01), aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.03), cholesterol (P < 0.01), lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.01), and prolactin (P < 0.01) were less for HE than LE steers. At slaughter, hepatic content of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (P < 0.01) was greater in HE steers than LE steers. Hepatic content of aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.01) also was greater, whereas renal and LM content were not (P greater-than-or-equal 0.42). No differences (P greater-than-or-equal 0.15) were observed for hepatic, renal, and LM content of alanine aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, and 3 glutamate transport proteins. These data indicate that the HE steers displayed classic endophyte toxicity symptoms for growth and blood variables, classic symptoms that were concomitant with novelly identified altered glucogenic capacity of the liver and decreases in carcass characteristics.
Isolation of a New Terpene Glucoside, Loliolide-β-d-glucopyranoside from Flue-cured Tobacco

(1982). Isolation of a New Terpene Glucoside, Loliolide-β-d-glucopyranoside from Flue-cured Tobacco. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry: Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 1409-1411.
Elevated plasma concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor in cardiac myxoma

S hortly after Kono and associates1 reported their findings concerning the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression in the development of cardiac myxomas, we had the opportunity to assay plasma VEGF before and after surgery in a 31-year-old black woman with multicentric recurring myxomas. At the age of 10 years, she had undergone excision of a left atrial myxoma. In the following decade, she had 4 more operations with excision of 19 myxomas. The tumors (9 on the right side and 10 on the left side), occurring at widely separated and random sites within both atria and on the tricuspid and mitral valves, appeared to develop de novo without invasion of surrounding tissue. The sizes ranged from a “nodule” to 3 × 4 cm, and the histologic features, by both light and electron microscopy, were typical for myxoma. Now, 12 years after her fifth heart operation, the tumor recurred and she underwent a sixth operation. We report our observations.
Radioimmunoassay techniques for detecting naturally occurring viral antibody in human sera

Abstract Virus infected, fixed, replicate monolayer cell cultures can be pre-tested, stored, then withdrawn for use in the radioimmunoassay (RIA) as solid phase viral antigens. Ready availability of uniform, potent viral antigens permits quantitative determination of viral antibody concentrations simply, rapidly and precisely. Where cell destruction by cytolytic viruses might prevent in situ fixation of cell monolayers, a rapid and simple RIA procedure is described which utilizes imitation pearls as antigen adsorbents.
Columnar grain structure in thick sputtered nickel

Abstract The same two types of columnar growth structures were observed in sputtered nickel as have been observed in sputtered chromium. Transmission electron microscopy showed that columnar boundaries oriented perpendicular to the substrate surface were actually grain boundaries originating from rotational mismatch between adjacent grains about a common axis ([110] Ni direction) perpendicular to the substrate surface. No porosity or reduced density was observed in these columnar grain boundaries or in an interface 100–200 A thick that was produced by an interruption in the sputter deposition experiment.
Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor therapy for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis

The epidermal growth factor pathway has been implicated in various tumors, including human papillomavirus (HPV) lesions such as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). Due to the presence of epidermal growth factor receptors in RRP, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors have been utilized as adjuvant therapy. This case series examines the response to EGFR inhibitors in RRP. Four patients with life-threatening RRP were treated with EGFR inhibitors. Operative frequency and anatomical Derkay scores were calculated prior to, and following EGFR inhibitor treatment via retrospective chart review. The anatomical Derkay score decreased for all four patients after initiation of EGFR inhibitor therapy. In one patient, the operative frequency increased after switching to an intravenous inhibitor after loss of control with an oral inhibitor. In the other patients there was a greater than 20% decrease in operative frequency in one and a more than doubling in the time between procedures in two. This study suggests that EGFR inhibitors are a potential adjuvant therapy in RRP and deserve further study in a larger number of patients.
Differences Among College Women for Breast Cancer Prevention Acquired Information-Seeking, Desired Apps and Texts, and Daughter-Initiated Information to Mothers

The purpose of this study was to examine among college women acquired breast cancer prevention information-seeking, desired apps and texts, and information given to mothers. Using a cross-sectional study, a survey was administered to college women at a southwestern university. College women (n = 546) used the Internet (44 %) for active breast cancer prevention information-seeking and used the Internet (74 %), magazines (69 %), and television (59 %) for passive information receipt. Over half of the participants desired breast cancer prevention apps (54 %) and texts (51 %). Logistic regression analyses revealed predictors for interest to receive apps were ethnicity (Hispanic), lower self-efficacy, actively seeking online information, and older age and predictors for interest to receive texts were lower self-efficacy and higher university level. Eighteen percent of college women (n = 99) reported giving information to mothers and reported in an open-ended item the types of information given to mothers. Predictors for giving information to mothers were actively and passively seeking online information, breast self-exam practice, and higher university level. Screenings were the most frequent types of information given to mothers. Breast cancer prevention information using apps, texts, or Internet and daughter-initiated information for mothers should be considered in health promotion targeting college students or young women in communities. Future research is needed to examine the quality of apps, texts, and online information and cultural differences for breast cancer prevention sources.
A community-based study of menopause symptoms and estrogen replacement in older women.

Abstract This study examines the symptoms after a natural menopause recalled by women aged 50–89 years. We determined the frequency and clustering of symptoms, the effect of age on symptoms, and the relation of symptoms to the use of estrogen therapy in a cross-sectional, community-based study of 589 Caucasian, middle- to upper-middle-class women from Rancho Bernardo, California. At the time of menopause, 55% of the women reported that they felt life was getting better and 57% were more cheerful. The most frequently recalled symptoms were hot flushes (74%), propensity to weight gain (45%), night sweats (35%), tiredness (32%), and insomnia (28%). Irritability was reported by one-fourth depression by one-fifth. Nearly 11% reported anxiety about looking older. The recalled prevalence of hot flushes, irritability, weepiness and tiredness did not vary by current age, but younger women were significantly more likely than older women to have experienced night sweats, visible flushes, depression, anxiety about looking older and insomnia. Principal components factor analysis yielded four main independent factors: psychological symptoms (21% of the variance), vasomotor symptoms (14%), positive feelings (11%), and negative self-image (8%). The four symptom groupings suggest different causal mechanisms. Forty-two percent reported past, and 27% reported current use of estrogen therapy. Both past and current hormone users were significantly more likely to report menopause symptoms than non-users. Estrogen use was not associated with positive feelings or self-image at the time of menopause. Although three-quarters experienced symptoms, the majority of women reported positive feelings about menopause.
Shape of porous cooled region for surface heat flux and temperature both specified

Int intensities. I. Theory of diatomic infra-red bands, J. Chem. Phys. 18, 983-987 (1950). M. Anwom and I. A. STEGUN, Handbook of Mathematical Functions. U.S. Department of Commerce, N.B.S., A.M.S. 55 (1964). C. L. TIEN and W. H. GJJ~DT, Experimental determination of infrared absorption of high temperature gases, Advances in Thermophysical Properties at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures, edited by S. GRATCH, pp. 167-173. Am. Sot. Me&. Engrs., New York (1965). 8. M. M. Anu-ROMU and C. L. Tw, Measurements and correlations of infrared radiation of carbon monoxide at elevated temperatures, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiut. Transf~ 6, 143-167 (1966). 9. C. L. TIN and J. E. Lownaa, A correlation for total band absorptance of radiating gases, Znt. J. Heat Mass Transfer 9,698-701 (1966). 10. D. K. EDWARDS and W. A. MENARD, Comparison of models for correlation of band absorption, Appl. Optics 3, 621-625 (1964).
Screening Multidetector Computed Tomography Angiography in the Evaluation on Blunt Neck Injuries: An Evidence-Based Approach

Blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVI) can cause ischemic stroke and are associated with high mortality rates. These injuries may have an initial silent course and if recognized in a timely fashion can be treated before neurologic deficit occurs. This has led to the growing implementation of aggressive screening programs to detect and thereby treat BCVI early, before onset of symptoms. Digital subtraction angiography is the diagnostic reference standard for diagnosing BCVI. However, in recent years, there has been a renewed interest in the use of noninvasive techniques, such as multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA) for the evaluation of these patients. The accuracy of MDCTA with respect to digital subtraction angiography is not completely elucidated; however, MDCTA shows a level of accuracy sufficient to serve as an initial screening examination for blunt cerebrovascular injuries.
Sensitive liquid chromatographic technique to measure isoniazid in alveolar cells, bronchoalveolar lavage and plasma in HIV-infected patients.

Abstract The need to monitor the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs in treating opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients requires the development of sensitive assays. A suitable HPLC method was developed to measure the concentration of isoniazid (INH) in plasma 1 h after a standard 300 mg dose and to detect the low levels typically found in alveolar cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of subjects maintained on a standard regimen of the drug. Following extraction with a chloroform–butanol mixture, the INH was back-extracted into dilute acid which was subsequently analyzed by HPLC using a CN reversed-phase column and an acetonitrile–isopropanol based mobile phase. Another HPLC method was developed using direct injection and a polymer based column to measure minute concentrations of INH in the cell-free lavage. In both systems, detection of the drug was accomplished with a sealed coulometric detector (+0.6 V) capable of giving a consistent daily response without adjustment. When saline, cellular extracts and plasma from untreated subjects were spiked with various amounts of INH and analyzed, the lowest level of quantitation was 10, 25 and 100 ng/ml, respectively. Calibration curves showed good linearity when spiked concentrations were compared to peak areas ( r =0.991, 0.993 and 0.998, respectively). Alveolar cell extracts and cell-free bronchoalveolar fluid from HIV-positive patients maintained on a standard INH regimen had detectable levels of INH 4 h after a 300 mg oral dose. The plasma INH at 1 h had a range of 0.3–7.1 μg/ml ( n =50). Precision studies with plasma spiked at 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 μg/ml revealed within-run coefficients of variation (C.V.s) of 8.9, 7.2, 4.2 and 4.9%, respectively and analytical recoveries of 97, 108, 108 and 98%, respectively. The day-to-day C.V.s for the plasma method were 7.6, 4.9 and 3.8% at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0 μg/ml, respectively. The results suggest that this rugged HPLC technique can quantitate INH in 1 h plasma with good precision and can be used to estimate the very low INH concentrations found in alveolar cells and cell-free lavage recovered from patients undergoing anti-tuberculosis therapy.
Relationship between nailfold capillary abnormalities and organ involvement in systemic sclerosis

Nailfold capillary abnormalities in 42 consecutive patients with systemic sclerosis were studied by wide field capillary microscopy, and capillary abnormalities were correlated with organ involvement. Twenty-eight patients hd diffuse skin disease, and 14 had the CREST variant of systemic sclerosis (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasis) with anticentromere antibodies. Nailfold capillary enlargement and loss were graded from photographs. There was no correlation between the severity of either nailfold capillary loss or enlargement and duration of disease, number of organ systems involved, or acroosteolysis. The presence of telangiectasis correlated with extreme capillary enlargement (P less than 0.025). Based on these findings it can be concluded that nailfold capillary changes in individual patients with systemic sclerosis are not useful in predicting organ involvement.
Tunneling experiments involving magnetic tip and magnetic sample

Preliminary STM experiments have been performed on a Fe polycrystal using a CoCr magnetic tip. With the usualW-tip, the Fe topography reveals a typical polycrystalline corrugation. The CoCr tip was obtained by cleaving a Si wafer covered with a CoCr film. Its operation was verified to be normal on a Cu single-crystal surface. The combination of Fe sample and CoCr tip leads to a strongly enhanced corrugation as compared to the normal topography. A preliminary explanation, in terms of force enhancement, is based on the interaction of the tip magnetic moment with the field gradient near the sample surface.
Real Time Phonon Dephasing Kinetics In Calcite

ABSTRACTThe dephasing time of the 1086 cm -' mode in calcite has been measured as a function of temperature using anew innovative single shot streak camera technique that measures the phonon dephasing rate in real time.Phonon -phonon interaction models have been proposed and tested to explain the temperature dependence of theexperimentally measured dephasing time. It is found that multiphonon splitting and scattering processesinvolving at least four phonons substantially contribute to the dephasing of the 1086 cm -' mode in calcite.INTRODUCTION There has been considerable research devoted towards the understanding of optical phonon dynamics. Several techniques have been employed, which give information about the phonon linewidth, phonon frequencies,dispersion relations, symmetry type, and phonon dephasing times.'-8 Alfano and Shapiro' and Laubereau andcoworkers3 were the first to utilize picosecond laser pulses to coherently drive and directly measure thedephasing time of phonons in several solids and liquids. In all of the investigations, the experimentaltechnique relied on the picosecond excite and probe method to monitor the temporal evolution of the phonons.In this papers a new innovative technique is employed to directly measure the phonon dephasing timeof the 1086 cm mode of calcite in real time as a function of temperature. We show that three phononanharmonic processes
Traumatic postsurgical aneurysm of the intracavernous carotid artery: A delayed presentation

Abstract Sixteen years after transsphenoidal sellar implantation of yttrium-90 screws for acromegaly, a 56-year-old woman was examined because of severe headaches and diabetes insipidus. Intravenous digital subtraction angiography revealed a large intrasellar aneurysm of the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery. The aneurysm was entrapped, with an excellent surgical outcome. Previous reports of postsurgical aneurysms of the intracavernous carotid artery are discussed.