cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
100. Inducible and Reversible Transgene Expression in Human Stem Cells Stably Transduced by Novel Lentiviral Vectors

It is ideal, and quite often necessary, to have regulated or inducible transgene expression in stem cell-based gene therapies or basic studies, in which stage-specific or lineage-specific gene expression is crucial in analyzing progeny cells after stable gene transfer to the ancestral stem cells. We have previously shown that self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vectors confer promoter-specific transgene expression. In this study, we used the tetracycline repressor (tetR) that is fused with the KRAB transcriptional suppression domain (tTS) to specifically suppress transgene expression from stably transduced human cells. The transgene expression is controlled by a regular promoter adjacent to a high affinity-binding site (tetO7) of tTS. After optimizing a lentiviral vector containing a strong ubiquitous promoter such as EF1a and UBC and the location of the tetO7 site in the vector, we achieved better inducible transgene expression than previous lentiviral system containing the |[ldquo]|tet-off|[rdquo]| or |[ldquo]|tet-on|[rdquo]| system. In the new system, the transgene transcription from a regular promoter such as EF1a or UBC is suppressed by the tTS bound to the nearby tetO7 site in the absence of a tet analog doxycycline (Dox). In the presence of Dox, however, the tTS binding is off from the vector DNA and the regular transcription is restored. Thus the new system (dubbed as tet-SUPER) simply adds an extra level of regulation on transgene transcription, regardless which type of promoter is used. We tested the tet-SUPER system in human CD34- positive multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cell line TF1 and human embryonic stem (hES) cell lines H1 and I-6, using a dual-gene vector containing the GFP reporter (titers remain at 10-20 million transducing units per ml). In both human cell systems, we observed a tight regulation (suppression) in the un-induced or |[ldquo]|off|[rdquo]| state when Dox is absent. However, the suppression is reversible even after long-term suppression in the absence of Dox. The specific suppression was abolished and transgene expression was restored at a very low level of Dox (5 ng/ml). The presence of the tet-SUPER system did not alter unique properties of hES cells. In addition, the tet-SUPER lentiviral vector also conferred inducible transgene expression of the human PIG-A gene in a mutated human cell line that is deficient in the PIG-A gene and thus GPI-anchored proteins on cell surface. Together with recent papers published by Dr. Trono and others, we show that it is now possible to achieve inducible and reversible transgene expression in essentially any mammalian cell types.
Control of Carboplatin-Induced Emesis with a Fixed Low Dose of Granisetron (0.5 mg) plus Dexamethasone

In an effort to develop a cost-effective antiemetic regimen for carboplatin-based chemotherapy, we examined a fixed (0.5 mg) low dose of granisetron (a new 5-HT3(serotonin) antagonist) plus dexamethasone (20 mg) in 23 patients with gynecologic malignancies receiving this antineoplastic drug. Nineteen (83%) patients experienced complete control of acute emesis (nausea and vomiting) while 22 (96%) individuals demonstrated complete or major control (≤2 episodes of vomiting, ≤5 episodes of retching, minimal interference with eating) of emetic events. We conclude that this fixed low-dose granisetron plus dexamethasone regimen is a safe, convenient, and cost-effective antiemetic program for individuals receiving carboplatin-based chemotherapy.
Cosmic-Ray Acceleration from Supernova Ejecta in Superbubbles

We suggest that the cosmic rays are accelerated primarily out of the supernova ejecta-enriched matter in the interiors of superbubbles. These hot, low-density superbubbles, which reach dimensions of several hundred parsecs, are generated by the winds and ejecta of supernova explosions of massive stars formed in giant molecular cloud OB associations that last for tens of megayears. Since these bubbles expand with shell velocities that are much faster than the dispersion velocities of the O and B star progenitors of the supernovae that power the bubbles, the bulk of the supernovae occur in their cores. The expanding remnants of each of these supernovae fill only less than 1% of this core before they have slowed to sonic velocities. Thus, the bulk of these supernovae remnants, together with their metal-rich grain and gas ejecta and their cosmic-ray-accelerating shocks, are well confined within the cores of superbubbles. These cores can thus provide a source of cosmic-ray matter of essentially constant metallicity throughout the age of the Galaxy, which is required to account for the constancy of cosmic-ray-produced Be relative to supernova-produced Fe observed in halo stars formed in the early Galaxy. The interactions of the grains and gas in metal-rich superbubbles, with recurrent supernova shocks every ~3×105 yr, also reconcile the requirement of a supernova ejecta source of cosmic rays with the recent observations that require a greater than 105 yr delay between nucleosynthesis and acceleration for the cosmic-ray metals. Supernova-enriched bubble metallicity may also explain the X-ray emission from the interiors of superbubbles in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
A Review of Three Discrete Multivariate Analysis Techniques Used in Assessing the Accuracy of Remotely Sensed Data from Error Matrices

Three discrete multivariate analysis techniques were used to assess the accuracy of land use/land cover classifications generated from remotely sensed data. Error matrices or contingency tables were analyzed using these techniques and the results reported. The first technique is a normalization procedure using an "iterative proportional fitting" algorithm that allows for direct comparison of Corresponding cell values in different matrices irregardless of sample size. The second technique provides a method of testing for significant differences between error matrices that vary by only a single variable or factor. The third technique allows for multivariable comparisons to be made between matrices. Each technique is implemented through the use of a computer program.
An economic, organizational and behavioral model of the determinants of CEO tenure

Abstract This paper seeks to determine the extent to which chief executive officer (CEO) reward systems align the interests of CEOs with interests of stockholders and, therefore, counter the agency problem. The theoretical framework used differs from previous research in two major areas. First, the model focuses on the determinants of CEO tenure rather than CEO compensation, an explicit acknowledgement that most firms do not rely solely on firm performance to determine executive compensation, but rather depend on the ‘going rate’ for CEOs. Second, the model integrates the theoretical constructs from economic, organizational, and behavioral theory. This interdisciplinary model should provide a broader perspective of the environment in which CEOs operate and minimize the pitfalls associated with prior research which has generally adopted the perspective of only a single discipline. The empirical results from this study show that the power structure of an organization and certain key behavioral traits of CEOs are important in the CEO reward system, independent of firm performance. Moreover, these factors even seem to supercede the influence of corporate performance in their impact on CEO tenure.
Economic Trends and Being Trendy: The Influence of Consumer Confidence on Retail Fashion Sales

Consumers who make early purchases of fashion apparel often pay a premium for being the first to wear the new styles. These consumers are often characterized as being relatively less price sensitive and more affluent than those who make their purchases later in the selling season. In this study we show that the sales of fashion apparel early in the season are substantially influenced by the confidence consumers have about the future state of the economy. Monthly sales data from five divisions of a Fortune 500 retailer are pooled together in a hierarchical Bayes model to produce estimates of the influence of consumer confidence and purchasing ability. These variables are shown to have a differential pre-season and in-season effect on sales, with confidence being a stronger predictor of pre-season sales and ability a stronger predictor of in-season sales. This result indicates that, when developing marketing plans, retailers need to be aware of the fact that fashion-forward consumers who purchase apparel ea...
Overview of the Helicity Injected Torus Program

Summary form only given. The helicity injected torus with steady inductive helicity injection (SIHI) spheromak experiment (HIT-SI) addresses critical issues for spheromaks, including current drive, operation at high beta, and confinement. HIT-SI features an optimal high-beta plasma shape and current profile, steady-state inductive operation, minimal plasma-wall interaction, and injected power always flowing into the plasma. HIT-SI has a "bow-tie" shaped 1.3 cm thick Cu flux conserver with major radius R=0.33 m and axial extent of 0.57 m. A half torus helicity injector at each end of the flux conserver produces conjugate sinusoidal flux (4 MW peak) and loop voltages (20 MW peak) at 5 kHz by IGBT-based switching power amplifiers. The injector loop voltage is provided by a series LC resonant tank "voltage circuit" with a novel amplitude feedback control method. The injector flux is generated by a direct pulse-width-modulated feedback "flux circuit". Injector flux and loop voltages are phase controlled to maintain power flow always inward. Insulating breaks for the oscillating flux and loop voltage are provided by a novel double viton o-ring system. HIT-SI uses the diagnostic suite previously used by the HIT-II experiment. Recent results show increased injector current with increased neutral gas fuelling in the injectors. Efforts are underway to improve wall conditioning by RF glow discharge cleaning and installation of an improved pumping system. Studies are underway to evaluate replacement of the present series resonance on the voltage circuit with a parallel resonance. This should eliminate the voltage steps of the square-wave driver from appearing on the transformer primary coil. The NIMROD code is used to perform 3D MHD simulations of HIT-SI. The HIT-SI injectors are modeled using high toroidal mode number (up to n=10) boundary conditions. Previous results have shown an increase in the spheromak n=0 component with increasing Lundquist number, and also after the injectors are shut off. Present modeling work includes extending the duration of injector sustainment, and continued simulation of spheromaks decay after injector shut off
Existence of every possible distribution for any sample order statistic

Given are any stated value for sample size and an arbitrary but specified univariate distribution. Let an arbitrary but specified order statistic for a univariate random sample of this size be considered. It is shown that a statistical population always exists, for yielding the sample, such that the distribution of the order statistic is exactly the specified distribution. Some asymptotic implications of these results are outlined.
Mutual Phase-Locking of Two Spin Torque Nano-Oscillators

Recently discovered effect of microwave generation in magnetic nano-structures driven by spin-polarized current opens a possibility for the development of a new class of tunable microwave generators for nano-world. To increase the output power and coherence of generation one can use the phase-locking effect in a system of weakly interacting oscillators. In this work we theoretically investigate the phenomenon of mutual phase-locking of two nano-contacts coupled either by magnetodipole field or by radiation of spin waves.
The Political Economy of State Subsidies in Europe

In this article, I examine the reasons behind public aid to industry in 12 European countries during the period 199–93. 1 build a model based on societal demands for producer subsidies and the wiliingness and constraints of national governments to provide them. The main contribution of this study is the attention to the institutional context within which demand for and supply of public policy takes place. Institutions not only help shape actor preferences to extract “rents” but also fundamentally condition the level and distribution of subsidies.
Economics of Managing Invasive Pest Species: Exclusion and Control

An important policy decision in managing invasive species is how to allocate resources between activities aimed at preventing the arrival of new pests - including additional arrivals of existing pests - and activities aimed at reducing the damages done by species that are already here. We develop a dynamic model for managing a generic invasive pest with an uncertain arrival date. The optimal conditions reveal that it is generally more efficient to spend a larger share of outlays for exclusion activities before a species arrives than after it is known to be here. They also show that outlays should be allocated such that the marginal costs of control measures equal the benefits from the marginal reduction of the species' population growth rate, and the marginal costs of exclusion measures equal the benefits from the marginal reduction of the rate of subsequent arrivals.
Self-Caring IT Systems: A Proof-of-Concept Implementation in Virtualized Environments

In self-caring IT systems, faults are handled proactively, e.g. by slowing down the deterioration of system health thereby effectively avoiding or delaying system failures. This requires health management which entails health monitoring, diagnosis, prognosis, planning of recovery and remediation actions. A brief overview of our prior work, which proposes a general methodology to capture system properties and incorporate health management using Petri nets, is provided. We describe in detail an application of the proposed formal method to the design and development of middleware that can manage the health of a batch-based, job submission system on a virtualized platform. First, we describe how a real world job submission IT system is converted to a Petri net model. Secondly, we show system validation and analysis using this model to understand resource needs of different activities in the IT chain. Thirdly, we describe how the executable model is used as a system manager to control operation and health management of a virtualized test bed. Fourthly, we illustrate the use of a feedback controller to manage health deterioration due to resource depletion in the job-execution stage of the modeled IT chain. Using a proof-of-concept implementation, we show that the early detection and handling of health deteriorations results in significant benefits in terms of cost savings and down time reduction. Experimental results show that our health management framework can be used to effectively prevent job failures, while imposing low overhead to the managed system. We have shown that for a typical workload consisting of jobs that suffer from potential resource depletion faults, our feedback controller can be used to gain useful life that is needed for critical planning and remediation actions in up to 82% of the jobs.
Banking and Economic Development: Brazil, 1889–1930 . By Gail D. Triner. New York: Palgrave, 2000. Pp. xv, 333.

This book marks an important addition to the literature on banks and capital markets in the economic development of Latin America. In the field of Brazilian economic history, it will take its place on a short shelf of basic reference works that engage their subject in a systematic fashion. What makes the book especially ambitious is its attempt to link financial markets and banking institutions to the development of the Brazilian state and economy. Triner argues that the rise of modern banking in Brazil was accompanied by economic growth, market integration, and political arbitrage based on credit and monetary policies underwritten by banks. She argues, moreover, that Brazil's banking system developed simultaneously along public and private lines; that in many ways, banks provided an institutional linkage between public and private spheres; and that the state sought to use the banking system to consolidate and expand its influence.
Investigation of carrier generation in fully depleted enhancement and accumulation mode SOI MOSFET's

An unified dual gate Zerbst-like technique has been developed to extract the generation lifetime in enhancement and accumulation mode fully depleted SOI MOSFET's. The technique is based on the analysis of the temporal variation of the quasi Fermi levels in the devices, following the application of a suitable voltage step on one of the gates. The analysis resulted in simple Zerbst-like expressions for the drain current transients. Numerical simulations, using PISCES, have been performed to validate the technique and its underlying analysis. The technique has been applied to both kinds of typical fully depleted SIMOX SOI MOSFET's and the measured generation lifetimes were in the range of 0.1 /spl mu/s to 1.0 /spl mu/s. >
Density Functionals and the Description of Metal Surfaces

We consider here the use of the density-functional formalism to study the electronic structure of metal surfaces, and atoms chemisorbed on these surfaces. It is convenient to begin by collecting several of the density-functional results which we will need. 1–3
Earth Science Datacasting: Informed Pull and Information Integration

The intent of Datacasting is to empower consumers of Earth science data with the ability to extract from a stream of data granules (or files) precisely those granules that are required to meet a predefined need, for example, ldquoAcquire from a MODIS L2 data stream only the granules that contain information about a wild fire in Southern California.rdquo Our approach to solving this problem has been to take the concept of Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feeds, for delivering regularly changing web content, and extend this to represent a stream of data granules and deliver regularly changing Earth science data content. In essence, this project is doing for Earth science what Podcasting has done for audio and video. Where Podcasting extended RSS to revolutionize how users access audio and video content provided by various media outlets, so Datacasting extends RSS to provide users with the ability to download data granules provided by Earth science data providers as the data are made available. Moreover, we have taken the concept one step further by creating a solution for filtering on the metadata of a feed in order to identify granules of interest based on user-defined criteria. In this paper, we also show how Datacasting feeds can be combined with other RSS-based feeds to identify relationships between information sources and extract new knowledge, as well as aid the development of new geo-based web services not currently envisaged.
The regulation of T cell homeostasis and autoimmunity by T cell–derived LIGHT

Costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play an important role in T cell activation and expansion. However, little is known about the surface molecules involved in direct T-T cell interaction required for their activation and expansion. LIGHT, a newly discovered TNF superfamily member (TNFSF14), is expressed on activated T cells and immature dendritic cells. Here we demonstrate that blockade of LIGHT activity can reduce anti-CD3-mediated proliferation of purified T cells, suggesting that T cell-T cell interaction is essential for this proliferation. To test the in vivo activity of T cell-derived LIGHT in immune homeostasis and function, transgenic (Tg) mice expressing LIGHT in the T cell lineage were generated. LIGHT Tg mice have a significantly enlarged T cell compartment and a hyperactivated peripheral T cell population. LIGHT Tg mice spontaneously develop severe autoimmune disease manifested by splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, glomerulonephritis, elevated autoantibodies, and severe infiltration of various peripheral tissues. Furthermore, the blockade of LIGHT activity ameliorates the severity of T cell-mediated diseases. Collectively, these findings establish a crucial role for this T cell-derived costimulatory ligand in T cell activation and expansion; moreover, the dysregulation of T cell-derived LIGHT leads to altered T cell homeostasis and autoimmune disease.
Non-parametric discriminatory power

Discriminatory power is the relative usefulness of a feature for classification. Traditionally feature-selection techniques have defined discriminatory power in terms of a particular classifier. Non-parametric discriminately power allows feature selection to be based on the structure of the data rather than on the requirements of any one classifier. In previous research, we have defined a metric for non-parametric discriminatory power called relative feature importance (RFI). In this work, we explore the construction of RFI through closed-form analysis and experimentation. The behavior of RFI is also compared to traditional techniques.
Right Brain: and I saw a brain die.

As an intern in medicine I had responded to and participated actively in many cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) code calls. Even though the code was often unsuccessful, there was something reassuring about giving chest compressions or ventilation and I felt I had done something and given my all. Nothing, though, quite prepared me for the helplessness I felt the day I saw a brain die on the EEG. It started off as any other day for me. I went to the neurologic intensive care unit (ICU) to review the EEG study of a patient. As a fellow in clinical neurophysiology, a good part of my day …
The geographical distribution and seasonal variation of the semidiurnal pressure oscillation in high latitudes

The amplitudes and phases of the semidiurnal pressure wave have been computed for sixteen high-latitude stations. The data were analyzed to obtain a picture of the geographical and seasonal variations of this oscillation at high latitudes. At most of the stations the seasonal variation of the amplitude was found to have a maximum during the equinoxes and a minimum in the summer. No definite seasonal variation was found for the phase, although a tendency was found at stations above 70° N for the latest phase to occur in summer and an earliest phase to occur in winter. A simple expression is given for the geographical distribution of the annual mean of the standing semidiurnal oscillation at high latitudes.
Towards an automated development methodology for dependable systems with application to sensor networks

A general-purpose method to mechanically transform system requirements into a provably equivalent model has yet to appear. Such a method represents a necessary step toward high-dependability system engineering for numerous possible application domains, including sensor networks and autonomous systems. Currently available tools and methods that start with a formal model of a system and mechanically produce a provably equivalent implementation are valuable but not sufficient. The "gap" unfilled by such tools and methods is that their formal models cannot be proven to be equivalent to the system requirements as originated by the customer. For the classes of systems whose behavior can be described as a finite (but significant) set of scenarios, we offer a method for mechanically transforming requirements (expressed in restricted natural language, or in other appropriate graphical notations) into a provably equivalent formal model that can be used as the basis for code generation and other transformations.
Lessons from Mycobacterium avium complex-associated pneumonitis: a case report

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is an increasingly recognized cause of pulmonary disease in immunocompetent individuals. An acute form of MAC lung disease, MAC-associated pneumonitis, has generally been associated with the use of hot tubs. There is controversy in the literature about whether MAC-associated pneumonitis is a classic hypersensitivity pneumonitis or is a direct manifestation of mycobacterial infection. We report the second case in the literature of MAC-associated pneumonitis not related to the use of hot tubs. The source of MAC in a 52-year-old immunocompetent patient was an intrapulmonary cyst containing numerous acid-fast bacilli. The patient developed disseminated miliary nodules throughout both lung fields. Histological examination of resected lung tissue revealed well-formed, acid-fast negative granulomas composed predominantly of CD4+ T-cells and CD68+ histiocytes. The granulomas were strongly positive for tumor necrosis factor-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. The attempt to classify MAC-associated pneumonitis as either a classic hypersensitivity pneumonitis or a direct manifestation of mycobacterial infection is not particularly useful. Our case demonstrates that MAC-associated pneumonitis is characterized by a vigorous T-helper 1-like, pro-inflammatory, immune response to pulmonary mycobacterial infection. The immunopathology provides a rationale for clinical studies of anti-MAC therapy with the addition of anti-inflammatory agents (for example, corticosteroids) to hasten the resolution of infection and symptoms.
Fabrication and characterization of microwave immunosensors based on organic semiconductors with nanogold-labeled antibody

Microelectronic biosensors hold great promise for rapid, sensitive and specific in vitro point-of-care immunodiagnostics. In particular, sensors fabricated using organic semiconductors have attractive advantages—such as ease of manufacture and low cost—in the design and implementation of such devices. Furthermore, immobilization of an antibody or protein antigen as a biorecognition element onto an organic semiconducting film allows for direct transduction of biomolecular binding events into an electronic signal which is readily measured and processed. In previous work, we have demonstrated that an antigen can be bound to organic semiconducting films while retaining enzymatic activity after immobilization. The present work considers organic semiconducting films which are spin-cast onto an interdigitated electrode; antibodies labeled with gold-nanoparticles are applied to the organic semiconducting film and serve as a biorecognition element. The sensor geometry includes a high-frequency coplanar waveguide contact metallization to facilitate direct measurement using microwave wafer probes. Equivalent circuit models are derived from microwave measurements over the frequency range 0.3 MHz to 8.5 GHz.
Geological modelling and history matching of multi-scale flow barriers in channelized reservoirs: methodology and application

ABSTRACT The key problem addressed in this paper arises in the situation where multi-scale shale drapes are present along channel, channel-belt and/or valley-bounding surfaces, but the channel location is uncertain or unknown. In order to reduce this uncertainty, the channel and drape locations should be modified in order to calibrate the flow response to the historic production data as well as any static data from wells. We propose a coupled geological modelling and history-matching method in which the reservoir architecture composed of channels is simulated with a pre-defined stacking pattern, then the shale drapes are simulated along the bounding surfaces using a multiple-point statistics technique and, finally, channel and scour-hole locations are gradually perturbed until the corresponding flow responses match the field production data. The perturbation during the history matching must be geologically consistent, i.e. the result must honour the observed individual channel geometries and the interpreted channel stacking patterns. A digital 3D model representing a real field in offshore West Africa was studied to demonstrate this modelling and history-matching approach in which the multi-scale shale drapes are simulated and perturbed while the reservoir geological concepts are preserved and the well data are honoured. The final history-matched geological models have better prediction power than geological models built with randomly selected input parameters.
Taken with a Grain of Salt? Micronutrient Fortification in South Asia

This article reviews the research on fortification of food in the context of South Asia, with an emphasis on avenues for future research in economics and policy. We argue that while the efficacy of fortified foods in controlled settings is well established, more research is needed to evaluate the take-up and effectiveness of fortified foods distributed through standard channels. In addition, we argue that more research is needed to understand the determinants of long-term demand for fortified foods. (JEL codes: I15, I18) Copyright The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Ifo Institute, Munich. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Oxford University Press.
TREATMENT OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN AUTISM THROUGH THE MODIFICATION OF PIVOTAL SOCIAL SKILLS

We examined acquisition of individual social communicative behaviors and generalization across other social behaviors in 2 children with autism. The results of a multiple baseline design showed that the children's treated social behaviors improved rapidly and that there were generalized changes in untreated social behaviors. These improvements were accompanied by increases in subjective ratings of the overall appropriateness of the children's social interactions. The results suggest the possibility of identifying pivotal response classes of social communicative behavior that may facilitate the understanding of social behavior in autism as well as improve peer interactions, social integration, and social development.
Coherence relation and clause linkage: Towards a discourse approach to adjunct islands in Chinese

Abstract This paper proposes that adjunct island effects (Ross, 1967; Cattell, 1976) receive a discourse-semantic explanation. The exact formulation of this explanation builds upon previous work (e.g. Kehler, 2002) on island effects of conjuncts (Ross, 1967), which explains asymmetrical extraction from coordinate structures in English (that is, violations of the coordinate structure constraint) in terms of certain coherence relations (Hobbs, 1979). I show that asymmetric extraction from adjuncts in Chinese (that is, violations of the adjunct island constraint) is also sensitive to coherence relations. I argue that such similarities exist because coherence relations may be expressed by either a coordinative or a subordinative structure, and the variation in the syntactic realizations of coherence relations can be characterized through an independently motivated interclausal relations hierarchy that governs the mapping between semantics and syntactic linkage (van Valin, 2005).
Structured analytics in social media

The rise of social media has turned the Web into an online community where people connect, communicate, and collaborate with each other. Structured analytics in social media is the process of discovering the structure of the relationships emerging from this social media use. It focuses on identifying the users involved, the activities they undertake, the actions they perform, and the items (e.g., movies, restaurants, blogs, etc.) they create and interact with. There are two key challenges facing these tasks: how to organize and model social media content, which is often unstructured in its raw form, in order to employ structured analytics on it; and how to employ analytics algorithms to capture both explicit link-based relationships and implicit behavior-based relationships. In this tutorial, we systemize and summarize the research so far in analyzing social interactions between users and items in the Web from data mining and database perspectives. We start with a general overview of the topic, including discourse to various exciting and practical applications. Then, we discuss the state-of-art for modeling the data, formalizing the mining task, developing the algorithmic solutions, and evaluating on real datasets. We also emphasize open problems and challenges for future research in the area of structured analytics and social media.
An Empirical Reduced Modeling Approach for Mobile, Distributed Sensor Platform Networks

In this paper, we present an efficient means for both modeling phenomena in a mobile sensor context and determining where the sensors should travel to collect meaningful information. Our approach is based on offline-online model reduction, which is performed via a snapshot-weighted proper orthogonal decomposition/discrete empirical interpolation. That is, through collected observations, we construct and reduce empirical dynamical systems that characterize the evolution of the phenomena and determine those locations that can be visited and sensed to improve the model quality. To showcase the effectiveness of our contributions, we apply them to the tasks of estimating the concentration and location of plumes in two-dimensional environments.
Leveraging a high resolution microfluidic assay reveals insights into pathogenic fungal spore germination

Germination of spores into actively growing cells is a process essential for survival and pathogenesis of many microbes. Molecular mechanisms governing germination, however, are poorly understood in part because few tools exist for evaluating and interrogating the process. Here, we introduce an assay that leverages developments in microfluidic technology and image processing to quantitatively measure germination with unprecedented resolution, assessing both individual cells and the population as a whole. Using spores from Cryptococcus neoformans, a leading cause of fatal fungal disease in humans, we developed a platform to evaluate spores as they undergo morphological changes during differentiation into vegetatively growing yeast. The assay uses pipet-accessible microdevices that can be arrayed for efficient testing of diverse microenvironmental variables, including temperature and nutrients. We discovered that temperature influences germination rate, a carbon source alone is sufficient to induce germination, and the addition of a nitrogen source sustains it. Using this information, we optimized the assay for use with fungal growth inhibitors to pinpoint stages of germination inhibition. Unexpectedly, the clinical antifungal drugs amphotericin B and fluconazole did not significantly alter the process or timing of the transition from spore to yeast, indicating that vegetative growth and germination are distinct processes in C. neoformans. Finally, we used the high temporal resolution of the assay to determine the precise defect in a slow-germination mutant. Combining advances in microfluidics with a robust fungal molecular genetic system allowed us to identify and alter key temporal, morphological, and molecular events that occur during fungal germination.
Legibility of Telephone Directories: Reductions Due to Compressed Print and Disproportionate Effects for the Aged

The relative legibility of a telephone directory that used horizontally compressed print was determined in comparison to one that did not use compression but was otherwise identical, by measuring the speed and accuracy with which present and absent targets could be searched by college students (20) and senior citizens (9). The compressed print significantly increased response times, more markedly for senior citizens. Error rates were not significantly different. The data also showed that compression decreased legibility for phone numbers more than for names, and this effect was more pronounced for the aged.
On a Class of Monotone Functions Generated by Ergodic Sequences

(1968). On a Class of Monotone Functions Generated by Ergodic Sequences. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 594-601.
An Improved State Equation in the Vicinity of the Critical Point.

An improved state equation for the vicinity of the critical point is proposed. An analysis of the experimental data on helium and xenon has been carried out in order to investigate the influence of the number of constants in the equation and the PρT range on the critical constants Tc and ρc and on the critical exponents α, β, γ, and δ. No such influence has been detected. The model for the critical point, recently proposed by Widom. has been checked regarding its consequences for the rectilinear diameter. No definite confirmation but indications for its correctness have been found.
Theory Analysis of Modified Xiaochaihu Decoction in Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis in Children

Children with allergic rhinitis is due to vital-Qi deificiency and Wei-Qi failing to control and evils attacking,leading to Qi stagnation and body fluid in nose. Modified Xiaochaihu Decoction can both tonify and purg and regulate Qi movement and is the regulating formula. It can make lung dispersing normally and spleen-stomach descending as well as kidney receiving Qi normally,resulting in curing the disease.
Intraspecific variability in the response to ocean warming and acidification in the scleractinian coral Acropora pulchra

Studies of coral colonies show that ocean acidification and temperature can affect calcification; however, less is known about the consequences for their populations. Understanding intraspecific variation in the response of corals to these conditions will be important for evaluating population-level consequences of environmental change. We examined intraspecific variability in the effects of elevated temperature and carbon dioxide levels on net calcification (G n ) in the coral Acropora pulchra in Moorea, French Polynesia. A common garden experiment showed that G n in four colonies was affected negatively by high partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) (~1000 μatm cf. ~400 μatm ambient conditions), whereas elevated temperature (30 °C cf. 27 °C) had a negative effect on one colony. Together, these results reveal intraspecific variation in the response of G n to temperature but not to pCO2. The fastest growing colonies under ambient temperature and ambient pCO2 showed the greatest decline in G n at high temperature and elevated pCO2. For reef corals, effects of temperature and pCO2 on calcification that depend on the intrinsic growth rate have potentially important consequences, because they imply that coral colonies contributing the most to population-level calcification will be disproportionately affected by changing environmental conditions.
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: Kuhn’s misconceptions of (normal) science

Over 50 years after the publication of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, many of Thomas Kuhn’s (1970a) conceptions of normal science continue to influence thinking about how science progresses. Research in a field is often assumed to be driven by a predominant paradigm. The paradigm is though
Overactive bladder (OAB): A symptom in search of a disease - Its relationship to specific lower urinary tract symptoms and conditions.

Summary Background The ICCS defines OAB by the subjective symptom of urgency; detrusor overactivity (DO) is only implied. While no other symptom is required, OAB can also be associated with urinary frequency, decreased functional bladder capacity, and incontinence. Objective We sought to determine how often these associated findings occur in OAB and what if any uroflow/EMG-defined conditions are found to be associated with it. Methods The charts of 548 children (231M, 318F; mean age 9.0 years, range 3–20) who presented sequentially with urgency (OAB), over a period of 2 years, were reviewed paying particular attention to whether or not there was a history of frequency and/or daytime incontinence in addition to the urgency. All patients had been previously diagnosed with one of the following four lower urinary tract (LUT) conditions based on specific uroflow/EMG findings: 1. dysfunctional voiding (DV; active pelvic floor EMG during voiding); 2. idiopathic detrusor overactivity disorder (IDOD; OAB with a short EMG lag time ( 125%, quiet EMG during voiding); and 4. primary bladder neck dysfunction (PBND; prolonged EMG lag time (>6 s), quiet EMG during voiding, and depressed uroflow curve). Mean %EBC was compared between patients with urgency alone and those with urgency plus other symptoms. Any association with gender was analyzed. Results Urgency was accompanied by either frequency or daytime incontinence in 91% of the children ( summary Table ). Daytime incontinence was reported in 398 (72.6%) and frequency in 268 (48.9%). Mean %EBC was 80.9. Females were more likely to report daytime incontinence (76.7% vs. 66.7%, p = 0.02) and frequency was found more often in males (63.6% vs. 38.1%, p Conclusions %EBC was usually normal or mildly increased in OAB when urgency is the only symptom but significantly decreases with each additional LUTS. OAB is more common in girls and they tend to have a lower incidence of frequency, more incontinence, and >%EBC than boys. Because urgency in an anatomically and neurologically normal child is the only required criterion for diagnosing OAB, it must be realized that OAB can be associated with any of a number of objectively defined LUT conditions. Thus OAB appears to be a symptom, not a condition, that is often associated with other symptoms. Table . Baseline characteristics and presenting symptoms for all patients and based on gender. Total (% all) Girls (% all girls) Boys (% all boys) p-value (girls vs. boys) Number of patients 548 318 231 Mean age (years) 9.0 years 8.4 years 9.6 years >0.05 Frequency 268 (48.9) 121 (38.1) 147 (63.6) 0.02 Daytime incontinence 398 (72.6) 244 (76.7) 154 (66.7) 0.001 Mean %EBC 80.9 89.4 70.3
Improving the management of nuclear technology: Technical, financial, and organizational measures for assessing the performance of nuclear utilities

This paper is the outcome of a study with the objective of better understanding and improving the quality of the management of technology in the case of the nuclear power industry. The authors tried to deal with this topic in an empirical way, namely by conducting four case studies on the major nuclear power utilities in the State of New York and by doing a comparative analysis of the material collected, focusing on the main economic and organizational issues, and the management of technology practices that pertain to nuclear power generation. The study covered in depth the nuclear divisions of only four out of a total of fifty–five nuclear utilities that exist in the United States, hence we want to stress the caveat that it has an exploratory rather than a statistically conclusive nature.
Culture and Ideology in Mathematics Teacher Noticing.

This paper responds to the burgeoning literature on mathematics teacher noticing, arguing that its cognitive orientation misses the cultural and ideological dimensions of what and how teachers notice. The author highlights Goodwin’s concept of professional vision as a way of bringing analyses of culture and power into studies of teacher noticing. The case of a high school algebra teacher who learned to notice the mathematical strengths of students from marginalized groups is used to illustrate how this might be done. The teacher’s noticing involved not only cognitive processes like attending to, interpreting, and deciding how to respond to students’ thinking, but also managing dominant ideologies that position students—especially students from non-dominant communities—as mathematically deficient rather than as sense-makers whose ideas should form the basis for further learning. The paper advances the field’s capacity for understanding the challenges that teachers face as they attempt to notice in ways that are ambitious as well as equitable.
Where Do I Start When It Comes to Ending

Group workers know the importance of addressing endings, so in my last editorial as editor of The Journal for Specialists in Group Work (JSGW), that is what I will do. The most important part of cl...
Tackling Chinese Upgrading Through Experimentalism and Pragmatism: The Case of China’s Wind Turbine Industry

This paper examines the development of China’s wind turbine industry, shedding light on the Chinese mode of disruptive industrial upgrading through policy pragmatism and fragmented, experimental governance. Based on a historical analysis of China’s wind turbine industry, the paper highlights three distinct phases, which are all marked by their own inbuilt and potentially self-disruptive impasses and associated crises. In turn, these impasses have forced the Chinese government into radical and flexible interventions, which have spurred on Chinese companies to creatively find new ways to develop and upgrade. The paper illustrates the transformation of Sino–foreign relations by China’s non-linear upgrading approach, particularly during the Chinese wind power industry’s quality crisis, and its development model. It also discusses the implications this examination of China’s approach has for the literatures on China, upgrading, and catch-up. Finally, the paper calls on future studies to enquire further into China’s distinct mode of industrial upgrading and its embeddedness in China’s institutional context.
Role of Lipid Transfer Proteins in Loading CD1 Antigen Presenting Molecules

Research to connect lipids with immunology is growing, but details about the specific roles of lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) in antigen presentation remain unclear. A single class of major histocompatibility class-like molecules, called CD1 molecules, can present lipids and glycolipids to the immune system. These molecules all have a common hydrophobic antigen-binding groove. The loading of this groove with various lipids throughout the life of a CD1 molecule defines the immune recognition of lipids by T cells. At each location of residence, CD1 molecules are exposed to particular physicochemical conditions, particular collections of lipids, and unique combinations of LTPs that will define which lipids bind to CD1 and which do not. The lipid transfer machinery that is used by CD1 molecules is entirely hijacked from the normal synthetic and catalytic pathways of lipids. The precise determinants that regulate the presentation of certain lipids over others with respect to chemistry, solubility, and abundance are still poorly defined and require investigation to allow the use of lipids as regular antigenic targets of immunotherapy and vaccine.
Eastern Herbal Medicine

Abstract Eastern Herbal medicine also known as Chinese herbal medicine has been practiced across China for more than 2000 years. Kanpo, which is the way of Han, is a guide of different ancient formularies used to treat a wide range of conditions. Different combinations of herbs have been used to treat men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) as well as lower urinary tract symptoms. This branch of medicine offers patients with BPH a natural method to improve their symptoms. This chapter will present the different the history of Chinese herbal medicine, the different methods used to diagnose the patient as well as the different herbal combinations, which have been effective depending on their symptoms.