cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic Study of Data Requirements and AMI Capabilities for Smart Meter Analytics

Timeseries power and voltage data recorded by electricity smart meters in the US have been shown to provide immense value to utilities when coupled with advanced analytics. However, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) has diverse characteristics depending on the utility implementing the meters. Currently, there are no specific guidelines for the parameters of data collection, such as measurement interval, that are considered optimal, and this continues to be an active area of research. This paper aims to review different grid edge, delay tolerant algorithms using AMI data and to identify the minimum granularity and type of data required to apply these algorithms to improve distribution system models. The primary focus of this report is on distribution system secondary circuit topology and parameter estimation (DSPE).
How I treat sickle cell disease with hematopoietic cell transplantation

Sickle cell disease (SCD) leads to significant morbidity and early mortality, and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the only widely available cure, with impacts seen on SCD-related organ dysfunction. Outcomes are excellent following matched-related donor (MRD) HCT, leading to significantly expanded application of this treatment over the past decade. The majority of SCD patients lack an MRD, but outcomes following alternative donor HCT continue to improve on clinical trials. Within this framework, we aim to provide our perspective on how to apply research findings to clinical practice, for an individual patient. We also emphasize that the preparation of SCD recipients for HCT and supporting them through HCT have special nuances that require awareness and close attention. Through the use of clinical vignettes, we provide our perpsective on the complex decision-making process in HCT for SCD as well as recommendations for the evaluation and support of these patients through HCT.
Implications of endothelial shear stress on systemic sclerosis vasculopathy and treatment

There are no Federal Drug Administration approved drugs for the treatment of systemic sclerosis vascular digital ulcers (DU) in the United States, which are thought to be an end-stage result of prolonged ischaemia due to severe, prolonged Raynaud's phenomenon. Most therapeutics for vasodilation used in SSc work different pathways to target the smooth muscle to induce vessel relaxation. Longitudinal studies of vascular function allow insight into the effects of medications used for Raynaud's phenomenon in the SSc patient population. In this review, we discuss vascular tone, the function of the endothelium in SSc, and provide the rationale for longitudinal studies of vascular function and therapeutics that target the endothelial shear stress in addition to vasodilation for treatment and prevention of DU. This review provides the rationale for vasodilatory medication use for treatment of SSc-related DU and justifies access to non-FDA approved medications for this indication.
Dual Functional Ni3S2@Ni Core–Shell Nanoparticles Decorating Nanoporous Carbon as Cathode Scaffolds for Lithium–Sulfur Battery with Lean Electrolytes

Lithium–sulfur batteries are very promising for next-generation energy storage. However, most studies use flooded electrolytes to achieve a high specific capacity at the expense of lowering the spe...
Alternative Venture Capital: The New Unicorn Investors

Elizabeth Anne Holmes was once celebrated by the press as the youngest female entrepreneur and billionaire, who dropped out of Stanford to start her own firm Theranos. Theranos quickly joined the prestigious “unicorn” club, and enjoyed the benefits of an “all-star” board of directors. The unicorn bubble burst when the SEC charged Holmes with massive fraud. Holmes defrauded patients, doctors, investors, journalists, White House officials, military generals and employees. Holme is also scrutinized for various mismanagement claims. Theranos is not the only unicorn that gets press coverage these days. The CEOs of Uber and Zenefits also resigned lately due to various allegations. Unicorn managers’ actions can have serious effects on economic activity. Monitoring unicorn managers is extremely important, because misbehavior, such as rent-seeking, corruption or other illegal activities, can not only hamper the manager’s decision-making process, but may also reduce the incentives and opportunities to invest in innovation in the future. In 2019, it is projected that many unicorns will finally go public, but until recently, there was a sharp decline in the number of IPOs in the USA. Recent changes to the securities laws, provided incentives for unicorn founders to stay private longer, and for new market actors to invest in unicorn firms rather than in the U.S. public markets. As a result of these market and regulatory changes, there was a dramatic increase in alternative financing vehicles and new capital sources. This Article explores a puzzle: how do the new nontraditional investors affect VC-backed startups corporate governance arrangements (such as voting rights, board composition and ownership structure)? Unicorns are private companies that experience a transition from early stage to late stage to mega deals, and their new investors are accordingly affecting private ordering in the venture capital financing context. The hypothesis is that there are new market conditions, specifically, new market actors, that change the traditional investment patterns in unicorns, and affect private ordering. The contractual mechanism that VC investors traditionally used to avoid opportunism by founders changed as a result of the intervention of these new market players. These changes give unicorn founders greater power vis-a-vis preferred shareholders and minority common shareholders to oppose a sale and keep the company private longer. New VC investment rounds are now structured as “friendly” financing rounds. There is a need for policy reform and implementation of new corporate governance principles and practices for unicorn firms, in order to address the concentration of power in the hands of founders. The Article will also address the new UK Wates Corporate Governance Principles for Large Private Companies.
Toward a Structural Theory of Hallucinations

A theory of the origin of hallucinations requires a psychological framework which encompasses their role in schizophrenia. In their therapy schizophrenic patients bemoan the difficulty of grasping a sense of their self. Laing holds that they experience separation of self from body, as a false self becomes the center of personality. [1] This paper will consider hallucinations within the framework of structural regression in schizophrenia.
A probabilistic model for the distribution of ranks of elliptic curves over Q

Abstract In this article, we propose a new probabilistic model for the distribution of ranks of elliptic curves in families of fixed Selmer rank, and compare the predictions of our model with previous results, and with the databases of curves over the rationals that we have at our disposal. In addition, we document a phenomenon we refer to as Selmer bias that seems to play an important role in the data and in our models.
A 480V to 45V GaN Bidirectional AC-DC Converter for Grid-Tied Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)

The paper proposed a novel three-phase single stage AC-DC converter for grid energy storage applications. Variable-frequency (VF) and dual-phase-shift (DPS) modulation are utilized in this Dual-Active-Bridge (DAB) converter to realize power-factor correction (PFC) and zero voltage switching (ZVS). An optimal control is applied to reduce switching loss and increase system efficiency. The prototype is tested to verify the novel control. An efficiency of 96.5% is achieved at 6.6 kW power
High-gamma modulation language mapping with stereo-EEG: A novel analytic approach and diagnostic validation.

Abstract Objective A novel analytic approach for task-related high-gamma modulation (HGM) in stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) was developed and evaluated for language mapping. Methods SEEG signals, acquired from drug-resistant epilepsy patients during a visual naming task, were analyzed to find clusters of 50–150 Hz power modulations in time–frequency domain. Classifier models to identify electrode contacts within the reference neuroanatomy and electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) speech/language sites were developed and validated. Results In 21 patients (9 females), aged 4.8–21.2 years, SEEG HGM model predicted electrode locations within Neurosynth language parcels with high diagnostic odds ratio (DOR 10.9, p Conclusions SEEG HGM mapping can accurately localize neuroanatomic and ESM language sites. Significance Predictive modelling incorporating time, frequency, and magnitude of power change is a useful methodology for task-related HGM, which offers insights into discrepancies between HGM language maps and neuroanatomy or ESM.
Lasting effects of repeated Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vapor inhalation during adolescence in male and female rats

Adolescents are regularly exposed to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) via smoking, and, more recently, vaping, cannabis / extracts. Growing legalization of cannabis for medical and recreational purposes, combined with decreasing perceptions of harm, makes it increasingly important to determine the consequences of frequent adolescent exposure for motivated behavior and lasting tolerance in response to THC. Male and female rats inhaled THC vapor, or that from the propylene glycol (PG) vehicle, twice daily for 30 minutes from postnatal day (PND) 35-39 and PND 42-45 using an e-cigarette system. Thermoregulatory responses to vapor inhalation were assessed by radio-telemetry during adolescence and from PND 86-94; chow intake was assessed in adulthood. Blood samples were obtained from additional adolescent groups following initial THC inhalation and after four days of twice daily exposure. Additional groups exposed repeatedly to THC or PG during adolescence were evaluated for intravenous self-administration of oxycodone as adults. Female, not male, adolescents developed tolerance to the hypothermic effects of THC inhalation in the first week of repeated exposure despite similar plasma THC levels. Each sex exhibited tolerance to THC hypothermia in adulthood after repeated adolescent THC with THC greater potency exhibited in females. Repeated-THC male rats consumed more food than their PG treated control group, in the absence of a significant bodyweight difference. Adolescent THC did not alter oxycodone self-administration in either sex, but increased fentanyl self-administration in females. Repeated THC vapor inhalation in adolescent rats results in lasting consequences observable in adulthood.
Phage Display Screening for Alba Superfamily Proteins from the Human Malaria Parasite, Plasmodium falciparum Reveals a High Level of Association with Protein Modification Pathways and Hints at New Drug Targets.

A 2016 study estimated that over 3 billion people are currently at risk of contracting malaria. Although a wide variety of medications are available to treat malaria, the parasites have started to exhibit resistance to many commonly used therapeutics necessitating a push for new investigations to identify novel drug targets. In this study, nucleic acid-binding Alba superfamily proteins of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum were investigated to identify interacting protein motifs. A high-throughput molecular screening technique, phage display, coupled with next-generation sequencing was applied to assess large data sets. Four P. falciparum Alba proteins were used for screening which appear to have distinct roles in parasite biology based on the results of this work. The majority of the peptide motifs identified from phage display were involved in post-translational modification pathways, thus suggesting that parasite-specific gene regulatory mechanisms are involved which could serve as drug targets for novel therapeutics. This study found 18 peptide motifs which potentially have strong interactions with one or more of the Alba superfamily proteins from P. falciparum. Considering the large fraction of post-translational modification-related peptide motifs identified from this work, one or more of the protein modification pathways could serve as a good target for malaria treatment.
A solar azimuth formula that renders circumstantial treatment unnecessary without compromising mathematical rigor: Mathematical setup, application and extension of a formula based on the subsolar point and atan2 function

Abstract A conceptually and mathematically concise formula for computing the solar azimuth angle has been used by a subgroup of scientists, but for lack of documentation and publication, it has not been well circulated. This paper introduces this formula which is based on the idea of a unit vector, S , originating from the observer’s location and pointing toward the center of the Sun. The vector is completely determined by the coordinates of the subsolar point and of the observer. The x- and y-components of the vector determine the solar azimuth angle, and their use along with the function atan2 , which is available in a number of programming/scripting languages, including Fortran and Python , renders any circumstantial treatment absolutely unnecessary. The z-component of the vector, at the same time, determines the solar zenith angle. The use of the unit vector also facilitates a figure that can be used as a full 3D graphic depiction of the daily and annual cycles of the Sun’s position for any given location, and this figure can be called “wreath of analemmas”.
Semi‐quantitative Histology Confirms That The Macrophage is the Predominant Cell Type in Metal‐on‐Metal Hip Tissues

Numerous studies have examined the histology of metal-on-metal hip tissues for evidence of a dose response to metal wear but have often reported inconclusive or contradictory findings. The aim of the present study was to address these discrepancies using multiple histological scoring methods to characterize the tissue features of one large group of revised metal-on-metal total hips. Periprosthetic tissues from 165 metal-on-metal hip revisions were examined for features of aseptic lymphocytic vasculitis associated lesions (ALVAL) as rated using two scoring systems as well as rankings for macrophage and lymphocyte numbers, intracellular wear debris and necrosis. Correlations between histological features and clinical variables including gender and time to revision and implant variables including articular surface wear volume or visual taper corrosion scores were examined. Both ALVAL scores reflected the macrophage dominated histology with average scores of 5.9/10 and 1.5/3. There was a statistically significant correlation between the original ALVAL score and wear rate per year (correlation coefficient = 0.17, p = .05) and a moderate correlation between the number of macrophages and wear particles and wear volume. There was no statistically significant correlation between wear and any other feature including lymphocytic inflammation or necrosis. Strong correlations between combined cup and ball wear volume and histological characteristics were not observed, although the number of macrophages was more closely correlated with wear than lymphocytes or necrosis.
Implementing a Culture of Health Among Probationers.

Justice-involved individuals struggle with a multitude of health issues, and addressing the needs of these individuals requires the efforts of multiple agencies working across traditionally siloed ...
A Method to Analyze Rideshare Data for the Surveillance of Novel Strains of SARS-CoV-2 (preprint)

Background: The emergence of novel, partially vaccine-resistant strains of SARS-CoV-2 poses a serious risk to public health. The interactions between passengers and drivers facilitated by rideshare platforms, such as Uber and Lyft, are essentially a series of partially standardized, pseudo-random experiments of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Rideshare companies share data with government health agencies, but no statistical method is available to aggregate these data for the systematic study of the transmission dynamics of COVID-19. Methods: We develop a proof-of-concept method for the analysis of data from rideshare interactions merged with COVID-19 diagnosis records. Using simulated data with rideshare volumes, disease prevalence, and diagnosis rates based on a large US city, we test hypotheses about the emergence of viral strains and their transmission characteristics in the presence of non-pharmaceutical interventions and superspreaders. Findings: Data from ten simulated trials of SARS-CoV-2 propagation within the Los Angeles rideshare network resulted in an average of 190,387·1 potentially infectious rideshare interactions. Assuming access to data on 25% of the total estimated infections (Partial Reporting), these interactions resulted in an average of 409·0 diagnosed rideshare infections given our transmission model assumptions. For each of the ten simulated trials, analysis given Partial Reporting could consistently differentiate between a baseline strain and an emergent, more infectious viral strain, enabling hypothesis testing about transmission characteristics. Interpretation: Simulated evaluation of a novel statistical method suggests that rideshare data combined with COVID-19 diagnosis data have the potential to automate continued surveillance of emergent novel strains of SARS-CoV-2 and their transmission characteristics. Funding Information: Stanford University, Stanford. Declaration of Interests: The authors have no relationships or disclosures relevant to the contents of this paper. All authors have no conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise.
Slow crack growth in laminate composites via in-situ X-ray tomography and simulations

Abstract To assist in damage tolerant analyses for composites, a compact tension T650/5320 laminate composite was characterized via in-situ X-ray tomography during cyclic loading. A 3D image processing analysis of the fatigue crack growth illustrated the various damage mechanisms, including intralaminar cracking (dominant) and delamination facilitating ply cross-over. A finite element analysis was conducted to compute the change in stored energy per cycle, d U / d N , which showed that the experimentally observed intralaminar crack growth rates, per ply, collapsed to a single d U / d N curve, where direct observations of fiber bridging were associated with a reduction in crack growth rate for the influenced ply.
Quality Improvement and Workflow Engineering

The efficiency of every complex system depends on the efficiency of its component parts. In a medical enterprise, that efficiency is often most dependent on the personnel who work in the department. Suboptimal efficiency not only slows down the department and decreases the quality of patient care, it is also demoralizing. Optimizing worker efficiency is the role of workflow engineering and quality improvement. In particular, understanding the pitfalls that can subtly undermine worker efficiency is essential for the CIIP.
Effect of large woody debris configuration on three‐dimensional flow structure in two low‐energy meander bends at varying stages

[1] Few process-based studies have investigated the effects of large woody debris (LWD) on the fluvial dynamics of obstructed meander bends. This field-based study examines the influence of LWD on spatial patterns of three-dimensional (3-D) flow in two meander bends of a low-energy stream in northern Illinois. The results of this study indicate that LWD substantially modifies 3-D flow structure through low-gradient meander bends. However, the detailed nature of the flow modification is highly dependent on the particular arrangement, density, and mobility of LWD in a bend. In one of the study bends the LWD primarily functions as roughness elements that reduce the velocity of flow and constrain the high-velocity core and helical motion to the center of the channel. In the other study bend, LWD obstructions act to strongly deflect the flow away from the outer bank rather than simply increasing the resistance to flow along this bank. While results indicate that LWD influences patterns of three-dimensional flow at all stages, the degree of influence appears to change with stage; the overall pattern of three-dimensional flow remains constant, but the spatial extent of the pattern increases with increasing stage.
Using Optical Flow Fields for Polyp Detection in Virtual Colonoscopy

Since the introduction of Computed Tomographic Colonography (CTC), research has mainly focused on visualization and navigation techniques. Recently, efforts have shifted towards computer aided detection (CAD) of polyps. We propose a new approach to CAD in CT images that attempts to model the way a radiologist recognizes a polyp using optical flow fields (OFF). Features extracted from OFFs are used by a linear classifier for polyp detection. An initial validation of our technique resulted in an average of 75% specificity at 100% sensitivity in a 10-fold cross validation study on a set of 220 polyp-like structures, 20 of which were true polyps.
The Classes of Kappa in Paramecium Aurelia

Kappas (bacterial symbionts containing R bodies) have been studied in 16 strains of Paramecium aurelia , syngens 2 and 4. All produce toxins capable of killing sensitive paramecia. The first major class, the 51 group (consisting of the kappas of strains 51, 116, and 298), has R bodies which, when the pH is lowered below 6.5, unwind reversibly from the inside to form a tight tube; the outside end of the R-body ribbon forms an acute angle; no sheath surrounds the R body. The phage-like structures of the 51 group are helical; no capsomere-like structures are present; isolated R bodies do not have any killing activity. The second major class, the 7 group (strains 7, 576, Bl 166-1, 249, 1041, 310, 1039), has R bodies which unwind irreversibly from the outside to form a loose twisted ribbon whose outside tip is blunt, irregular or finger-like; a single membraneous sheath covers the R body. Phage-like structures in the 7 group are spherical; capsomere-like structures are present; isolated R bodies show killing activity. The third major class, the 562 group (strains 562, 517, 511), is similar to the 7 group except that there is no sheath, no capsomeres, and free R bodies are almost or completely inactive. The phage-like structures are spherical, and unlike those of the 7 group, do not stick to the R bodies. In addition to these 3 major classes there are 3 strains which show important differences from the major classes and also differ among themselves. 1038 is like 7 in all respects except that the phage-like structures are helical and isolated R bodies are not very active. 51ml, presumably a mutant of 51, has spherical phage-like structures and 7 type-R bodies which are inactive when isolated. 570 is the only known mate-killer with R bodies; it has spherical phage-like structures. It is noted that strain 1039 of the 7 group has very few phage-like structures, virtually all of which are empty. Since free 1039 R bodies are highly active, it is likely that intact phage-like structures are not essential for the toxic action on sensitives. The spherical and helical phage-like structures are probably very closely related because 51, which has helical structures, apparently gave rise to 51m1, which has spherical structures. Likewise the kappa symbionts of 1038 with helical phage-like structures are virtually identical to the kappas of the 7 group with spherical phage-like structures. The presence of phage-like structures in all strains with R bodies suggests that R bodies may be a product of phage activity. Strain 570, a mate-killer whose symbionts contain R bodies, provides a link between kappas and mus, the mate-killer symbionts. The symbionts of 570 are the only ones containing R bodies which are non-toxic when encountered by sensitives in the medium in which the paramecia are cultured. This paper is dedicated to Professor Tracy M. Sonneborn on the thirty-fifth anniversary of his discovery of mating types.
Adverse reactions to parenteral gold salts

Gold salts continue to serve an important role in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. Despite their characterisation as highly dangerous, life-threatening reactions are unusual. Parenteral gold preparations are available as sodium aurothiomalate and aurothioglucose. The former, which is prepared in aqueous solution is occasionally associated with hypotensive episodes after administration, whereas the latter, suspended in sesame oil, is not. These, so-called “nitritoid” reactions have been described as frightening but transient and have been attributed to the more rapid absorption of the aqueous preparation. Severe acute reactions, including myocardial infarction and angina, have been reported after sodium aurothiomalate injection. We report cerebral ischaemia and death following a nitritoid reaction. A 71-year-old woman undergoing therapy for rheumatoid arthritis was initiated on gold salts, having had a poor response to non-steroidal agents and sulphasalazine. At the time that gold therapy was initiated, her therapeutic regimen consisted of prednisone, 10 mg orally once daily. Sodium aurothiomalate was administered, 25 mg intramuscularly, once a week, and increased 2 weeks later to 50 mg weekly. Other medical problems included hypertension, which was being treated with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, captopril, and cerebrovascular disease. She had experienced a cerebrovascular accident, leaving her with a facial palsy and unilateral weakness. Her response to gold was satisfactory, and therapy was continued for a period of 31 weeks. Moments after her routine gold injection, and without apparent change in any clinical condition, she experienced nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, and a feeling of impending doom. Her blood pressure at the time was 85/50 mm Hg. She was treated with diphenhydramine and epinephrine with prompt clinical response and was discharged. 2 weeks later, gold therapy was resumed in the form of aurothioglucose 50 mg intramuscularly, which was well tolerated, without hypotension or other side-effects. After 14 weeks of further therapy, the patient was admitted to hospital that in addition to the androgen receptor, another factor, ARA70, may be required to enhance the agonistic activity of hydroxyflutamide. These findings may raise some concerns about treatment of prostate cancer with supposedly pure antiandrogens in maximal androgen ablative therapy. Finding molecules that interfere with the interaction between the androgen receptor and ARA70 may be valuable in delaying the emergence of androgen resistance.
Paget's disease: epidemiology and pathophysiology.

Paget’s disease of bone is a focal disorder of aging bone. The classic late-onset Paget’s disease is often caused by a P392L mutation in the gene SQSTM1, which disturbs signaling pathways in osteoclasts on cell activation. This prevalent mutation is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause Paget’s disease. Its identification, along with the elucidation of other mutations underlying early-onset Paget’s and Paget’s disease seen in association with inclusion body myopathy and frontotemporal dementia, have redefined our understanding of genetic disorders of bone remodeling by emphasizing the importance of environmental determinants in their pathophysiology.
The International Decline in Household Oil Use

In this article estimates are made of the permanent and reversible components of changes in heating oil use in major countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The components of the increase in oil use through the mid-1970's, and of the subsequent decline, are revealed. For seven countries, residential oil use decreased by 40 percent between 1972 and 1983, for a savings of about 1.2 million barrels per day (59 million metric tons of oil equivalent per year). One-third of this resulted from reductions in the number of homes heated with oil, the rest from reductions in oil use per oil-heated home. During that time, however, the size of these homes and the penetration of central heating increased significantly, so these figures underestimate the actual conservation achieved. Of the total oil savings, at least 46 percent are of a permanent nature, while the rest could be reversed with a continued slide in oil prices, although it seems likely that most of the savings will be maintained and may even increase.
Isolation and expression analysis of three zebrafish angiopoietin genes

The Tie1 and Tie2 receptor tyrosine kinases and the Tie2 ligands, the angiopoietins, play critical roles in vertebrate vascular embryogenesis, helping to mediate the interaction between endothelial cells and the pericytes or vascular smooth muscle cells that envelop and support them. We have obtained full-length cDNA sequences for zebrafish orthologs of angiopoietin-1 (ang1), angiopoietin-2 (ang2), and angiopoietin-like-3 (angptl3). Ang1 is expressed in head ventral mesenchyme, in the ventromedial region of somites, in mesenchyme surrounding trunk axial vessels, and in the hypochord, a transient embryonic structure of endodermal origin that has been implicated in dorsal aorta assembly in both zebrafish and Xenopus. Ang2 is expressed in head and anterior trunk ventral mesenchyme and the developing pronephric glomeruli. Angptl3 is expressed in the yolk syncytial layer. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hyperdimensional Data Analysis Using Parallel Coordinates

Abstract This article presents the basic results of using the parallel coordinate representation as a high-dimensional data analysis tool. Several alternatives are reviewed. The basic algorithm for parallel coordinates is laid out and a discussion of its properties as a projective transformation is given. Several duality results are discussed along with their interpretations as data analysis tools. Permutations of the parallel coordinate axes are discussed, and some examples are given. Some extensions of the parallel coordinate idea are given. The article closes with a discussion of implementation and some of my experiences.
PL fibrations are fibrations in the PL category

Abstract Proper PL maps which are Hurewicz fibrations have the covering homotopy property in the PL category.
Analysis of the specific features of propagation of tsunamis in the shelf zone of the basin

A 3D model of nonlinear long waves is applied to the numerical analysis of the propagation of tsunami waves from a rectangular zone of generation in a basin with continental slope and shelf zone. The waves are generated by unidirectional displacements of a bounded area of the bottom of the basin for a finite period of time. It is shown that the efficiency of wave generation depends on the location, horizontal sizes, and duration of deformations of the bottom. The run-up of waves onto the vertical coastal boundary is maximum for short-term shifts of the bottom, for large zones of generation, and seismic sources located on the continental slope. The reflection of waves from the coast leads to the formation of two waves entrapped by the shelf and propagating along the coast in the opposite directions from the zone of the initial wave impact. A partial entrapping of waves by the shelf is observed. This phenomenon manifests itself in the form of multiple reflections of the waves from the coast and the shallow edge of the continental slope and is absent in the case of generation of waves in the deep-water part of the basin.
Stimulation of DNA synthesis in rat uterine cells by growth factors and uterine extracts

Abstract Replicative DNA synthesis, as measured by thymidine incorporation, has been measured in rat uterine cells in primary culture in response to growth factors. Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulated DNA synthesis, while estradiol, epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and relaxin did not stimulate or did so weakly and only at very high concentrations. Uterine acid extracts also stimulated DNA synthesis. IGF-I stimulated at concentrations consistent with its acting through the IGF-I receptor; however, insulin stimulated at concentrations higher than expected for its acting through its receptor and thus its action may be mediated through the IGF-I receptor. IGF-I was found in uterine tissue by radioimmunoassay (RIA). There was a 5- to 10-fold increase in IGF-I in the uteri from ovariectomized rats that had been treated with estradiol 24 h earlier. This is analogous to the increase in growth factor activity found previously in rat uterus after 24-h estradiol treatment (Beck, C.A. and Garner, C.W. (1989) Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 63, 93–101). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that estradiol effects in the uterus are in part mediated through IGF-I.
Socioeconomic and demographic factors modify the association between informal caregiving and health in the Sandwich Generation

Background: Nearly 50 million Americans provide informal care to an older relative or friend. Many are members of the “sandwich generation”, providing care for elderly parents and children simultaneously. Although evidence suggests that the negative health consequences of caregiving are more severe for sandwiched caregivers, little is known about how these associations vary by sociodemographic factors. Methods: We abstracted data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to determine how the association between caregiving and health varies by sociodemographic factors, using ordinal logistic regression with interaction terms and stratification by number of children, income, and race/ethnicity. Results: The association between informal caregiving and health varied by membership in the “sandwich generation,” income, and race/ethnicity. This association was significant among subjects with one (OR = 1.13, 95% CI [1.04, 1.24]) and two or more children (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.09, 1.26]), but not in those without children (OR = 1.01, 95% CI [0.97, 1.05]). Associations were strongest in those earning $50,000-$75,000 annually, but these income-dependent associations varied by race/ethnicity. In Whites with two or more children, the strongest associations between caregiving and health occurred in lower income individuals. These trends were not observed for Whites without children. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the added burden of caregiving for both children and elderly relatives may be impacted by income and race/ethnicity. These differences should be considered when developing culturally appropriate interventions to improve caregiver health and maintain this vital component of the US health care system.
Depth-dependent profiles of glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage by μMRI and histochemistry

Purpose To quantify the distribution profile of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in articular cartilage with the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gadolinium (Gd) contrast method (the dGEMRIC procedure in clinical MRI) and correlate with histochemical results. Materials and Methods Fresh canine cartilage from seven humeral heads was harvested. Sixteen cartilage specimens were imaged at 13 μm pixel resolution using the μMRI T1-Gd method to generate 2D GAG maps in cartilage. Nineteen cartilage specimens from adjacent locations on the same joints were papain-digested to quantify the bulk GAG content in tissue. In addition, six cartilage specimens were microtomed into 40-μm serial sections that were parallel with the articular surface. These sections were biochemically analyzed individually to determine the depth-dependent profiles of GAG concentration. Results The GAG concentrations between the μMRI measurement and the bulk biochemical method have statistically significant agreement. The depth-dependent GAG profiles from the histochemical method (40 μm depth resolution) have similar line shapes as that determined by μMRI at 13 μm resolution. Conclusion The GAG concentration as measured by μMRI T1-Gd contrast method provides an accurate account of the macromolecular content in articular cartilage. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;28:151–157. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Energy-minimizing structures for interfacial dislocation arrays: Non-planar configuration in small-angle grain boundaries

Abstract Electron microscope observations of small-angle grain boundaries in zinc reveal that the boundaries are generally not planar but rather take on a puckered form. A linear isotropic elastic analysis of the interactions between the individual dislocation segments making up the boundaries reveals that the interaction forces are consistent with the observed behavior which is therefore expected to be general to dislocation-containing boundaries in all materials.
Evidence for a GABAergic interface between cortical afferents and brainstem projection neurons in the rat central extended amygdala

The synaptic circuitry of the intrinsic GABAergic system of the central extended amygdala (CEA) in relation to efferent neurons and cortical afferents was examined in the present study. Neurons in the CEA projecting to the dorsal vagal complex and the parabrachial complex were identified by the retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Postembedding GABA-immunocytochemistry revealed that GABA-immunoreactive (GABA-IR) terminals formed largely symmetrical synaptic contacts with the perikarya and proximal dendritic processes of almost all WGA-HRP-labeled neurons in the CEA. To determine the relationship between cortical afferents and CEA GABAergic neurons, WGA-HRP was used to anterogradely label afferents from the insular cortex in combination with postembedding immunogold detection of GABA. Cortical afferents formed asymmetrical synaptic contacts predominantly on small dendrites and dendritic spines. Many of the dendrites postsynaptic to cortical terminals in the central nucleus were immunoreactive for GABA although only relatively few spines were GABA-IR. Combining pre-embedding GAD-immunocytochemistry with cortical lesions resulted in approximately 40% of degenerating terminals of insular cortical origin in the central nucleus in contact with small, GAD-IR dendrites and spines. The present results demonstrate that the neurons providing the major CEA outputs to the brainstem receive an extensive GABAergic innervation, strongly supporting our proposal that CEA efferent neurons are under strong tonic inhibition by intrinsic GABAergic neurons. Further, our finding that the major cortical input to the central nucleus preferentially innervates intrinsic GABAergic neurons suggests that these neurons in the CEA may serve as an interface between the principal inputs and outputs of this forebrain region.
Paper-chromatographic separation of [3H]borohydride-reduced hexoses for quantitative determination of polysaccharide composition

Abstract An improved procedure for determination of composition of heteropolysaccharides by radiochromatography of sodium [3H]borohydride-reduced hydrolyzates has been developed. The method is accurate and sensitive, is less cumber-some and more reliable than similar procedures currently in use, and permits, for the first time, compositional analysis of hydrolyzates containing both hexoses and uronic acids in a single radiochromatographic procedure.
Abstract B26: Identification of molecular and functional differences in tumor-associated macrophage subsets

During breast cancer metastasis motile tumor cells migrate within the primary tumor to blood vessels and enter the bloodstream which leads these cells to other organs where they can found a new metastasis. These cancer cells have to navigate from their primary site to the blood vessel, and make their way through the extra cellular matrix of the basement membranes of mammary ducts and blood vessels. Cancer cells are not acting alone during the metastatic process. Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role during breast cancer development and metastasis. The on-going research aims to gain a better understanding of the origin, location and flexibility in function of different TAM subsets, including the metastasis-assisting macrophages. Using high-resolution multi-photon live-imaging we have identified different TAM subsets based on location and phenotype. For example TAMs can be found at the outside of the tumor (cortical), around tumor blood vessels (perivascular) or in fast moving cell streams (streaming). All these different TAM subsets perform different functions. Cortical TAMs are suggested to be immunosuppressive, while streaming TAMs appear to guide motile cancer cells towards blood vessels, and perivascular macrophages seem to attract the streams and mediate cancer cell intravasation. Currently, there are no (surface) markers to differentiate these unique TAM subsets and little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms relevant for the differentiation of monocytes into any of these subtypes. The current research is using single-cell laser capture dissection, high-resolution multi-photon live-imaging and lineage tracing experiments to elucidate some aspects of the interplay between cancer cells and macrophages Citation Format: Esther N. Arwert, Allison S. Harney, David Entenberg, Yarong Wang, Jeffrey W. Pollard, John S. Condeelis. Identification of molecular and functional differences in tumor-associated macrophage subsets. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B26.
A management science application in the courtroom: A jury selection model

Abstract This paper reports the results of a study involving the application of management science techniques to the area of jury research. A public opinion survey was conducted, entered in evidence in a motion for change of venue, and the survey data used to develop a jury selection model used by the defense in a second-degree murder trial. The case had involved considerable pre-trial publicity. From a defense perspective, the defendant received the least undesirable guilty verdict. Management science techniques employed involved statistical sampling, linear discriminant function, and regression analysis. Suggestions for other applications in jury research are offered.
Hmos for Medicaid: The Road to Financial Independence Is Often Poorly Paved

During the 1980s both the federal government and the private sector articulated policies to encourage the development and participation of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in the Medicaid program. However, the policies, intended to save costs, limited the ability of new HMOs to achieve financial independence. New plans that emphasize Medicaid participation have few, if any, options on benefit design or in setting capitation rates. Relative to fee-for-service Medicaid programs, their costs to provide services may be quite high, as they have neither the buying power not the ability to impose discounts. As a consequence, plans must focus their financial planning efforts on targeting and attaining a stable enrollment base and on controlling the amount of services provided, tasks that are difficult for all HMOs. Achieving a stable enrollment base is particularly hard because Medicaid eligibles have few incentives to enroll and once enrolled often lose their Medicaid eligibility. Traditional HMOs control the amount of services provided through physician selection, financial incentives on physicians, and monitoring and utilization review. Lack of information and the difficulty inherent in attracting sufficient provider participation limit the first two strategies, so new plans often adopt organization structures that rely heavily on monitoring activities. Unfortunately, management information systems for HMOs are often the weakest link. We discuss the tasks and present data on financial planning, on putting financial plans into operation, and on monitoring progress toward financial independence for a set of ten demonstration projects sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Turbulence Measurements in Channel Flows With Rough and Hydrophobic Walls

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements were made in a fully-developed turbulent channel flow. The channel test section was 1 ft wide and 1 inch in height and was constructed out of plexiglass. One wall of the test section was made removable. Four walls were used: a plexiglass smooth wall, and three hydrophobic walls: (i) a lotus paint coated plexiglass wall, (ii) a treated aluminum sheet attached to the plexiglass wall and (iii) a treated rough surface attached to the plexiglass wall. The bulk velocity was held constant to yield a Reynolds number (based on the channel half-height) of 5,500. Several images were averaged to obtain mean velocity and Reynolds shear stress and turbulence kinetic energy measurements. It was found that the mean velocities in the near-wall region were higher for the lotus-paint coated surface flow and the treated rough surface flow than the flows with the other two surfaces. The friction velocity estimated from the Reynolds shear stress measurements was significantly lower for these two flows as well. The reduction in the wall shear stress in these flows is attributed to the finite slip that occurs at the hydrophobic surfaces.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Review of absolute doubly differential cross-section experiments and cross-section ratios for electron bremsstrahlung from rare gas atom and thin-film targets

Abstract We discuss doubly differential cross-section experiments for electron bremsstrahlung from free gas atom and thin-film targets for electron energies of 100 keV or less. We compare cross-section ratios for different target atoms with two theoretical models: ordinary bremsstrahlung and total bremsstrahlung calculated in the stripping approximation. Ratios of cross sections have been used to improve the comparison between experiment and theory when only relative cross sections are available or when the error in the absolute cross section is large. We also discuss additional background processes that may be more important in gas target experiments.
RushNet: practical traffic prioritization for saturated wireless sensor networks

Network traffic prioritization is gaining attention in the WSN community, as more and more features are being integrated into sensor networks. Real-world deployment experience suggests that WSN brings new challenges to existing problems, such as resource constraints, low data-rate radios, and diverse application scenarios. We present the RushNet framework that prioritizes two common traffic patterns in multi-hop sensor networks: low-priority (LP) traffic that is large-volume but delay-tolerant, and high-priority (HP) traffic that is sporadic but latency-sensitive. RushNet achieves schedule-free and coordination-free delivery differentiations with the following features. First, RushNet works with most data collection protocols to deliver LP traffic. Second, RushNet leverages transmission power difference and radio capture effect to implement on-demand HP packet delivery with low overhead. Third, RushNet proposes a retrodiction technique to help nodes minimize the overhead of recovering LP packet loss due to concurrent HP traffic. We evaluate RushNet performance with micro-benchmarks and a crowdsourced office comfort monitoring deployment. The deployment results suggest RushNet can achieve a throughput close to network capacity, and deliver 98% of the HP packets with a latency of less than four seconds.
The influence of neuronal activity on patterns of synaptic connections

Abstract An important long-term consequence of impulse activity in neurons is that it can influence connectivity within neural networks. Frequently, this effect is demonstrated experimentally by applying chemicals that alter neuronal excitability. However, the results of such experiments cannot be used to distinguish between a specific effect of patterned neural activity on synaptic connectivity and a more general influence on neuronal growth and terminal arborizations.