cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single Molecule Analysis of a Red Fluorescent RecA Protein Reveals a Defect in Nucleoprotein Filament Nucleation That Relates to Its Reduced Biological Functions

Fluorescent fusion proteins are exceedingly useful for monitoring protein localization in situ or visualizing protein behavior at the single molecule level. Unfortunately, some proteins are rendered inactive by the fusion. To circumvent this problem, we fused a hyperactive RecA protein (RecA803 protein) to monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP1) to produce a functional protein (RecA-RFP) that is suitable for in vivo and in vitro analysis. In vivo, the RecA-RFP partially restores UV resistance, conjugational recombination, and SOS induction to recA− cells. In vitro, the purified RecA-RFP protein forms a nucleoprotein filament whose kcat for single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity is reduced ∼3-fold relative to wild-type protein, and which is largely inhibited by single-stranded DNA-binding protein. However, RecA protein is also a dATPase; dATP supports RecA-RFP nucleoprotein filament formation in the presence of single-stranded DNA-binding protein. Furthermore, as for the wild-type protein, the activities of RecA-RFP are further enhanced by shifting the pH to 6.2. As a consequence, RecA-RFP is proficient for DNA strand exchange with dATP or at lower pH. Finally, using single molecule visualization, RecA-RFP was seen to assemble into a continuous filament on duplex DNA, and to extend the DNA ∼1.7-fold. Consistent with its attenuated activities, RecA-RFP nucleates onto double-stranded DNA ∼3-fold more slowly than the wild-type protein, but still requires ∼3 monomers to form the rate-limited nucleus needed for filament assembly. Thus, RecA-RFP reveals that its attenuated biological functions correlate with a reduced frequency of nucleoprotein filament nucleation at the single molecule level.
The "anconeus slide": rotation flap for management of posterior wound complications about the elbow.

Background Wound dehiscence at the tip of the olecranon is not an uncommon complication associated with surgical approaches to the elbow that involve a posterior skin incision. Various flaps have been described in the treatment of such soft tissue defects, but have associated morbidity. The “anconeus slide” rotation flap has low morbidity and is technically simple. In this study, we review the surgical technique and describe our experience with the anconeus rotation flap in 20 consecutive patients. Methods The records of 20 patients who underwent an anconeus rotation flap by a single surgeon, from September 2006 to March 2010 were reviewed. The procedure was performed in the setting of total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) in 12 patients, revision total elbow arthroplasty in 3 patients, wound complications in 4 patients, and for an acute open distal humerus fracture in 1 patient. Patients were evaluated postoperatively for wound healing, pain, and postoperative Mayo Elbow Performance Scores (MEPS). Results All 20 patients healed their surgical wounds completely. Postoperative MEPS scores averaged 79.3 (range, 50-100). Conclusion The anconeus rotational flap is a technically simple, reliable, and safe option for treatment of posterior wound complications about the elbow, and in the setting of primary and revision TEA when wound healing is a clinical concern. We recommend its use in patients who have either compromised posterior soft tissue coverage, triceps insufficiency, or factors associated with the potential for compromised wound healing.
MONETARY FACTORS IN SOUTH AFRICA'S POST‐WAR DEVELOPMENT

Summary During the period 1949–60 the Government encouraged development of the money market. This, coupled with increased gold production, encouraged a “liquidity boom.” The only serious monetary crisis during the period was political, and the fact that this coincided with a strong upward movement in gold production largely explains how the crisis was handled without a major monetary adjustment, such as devaluation. The marked increase in gold production prevented any serious balance of payments deficits during years of sharply increased business activity. There was also sufficient gold to support marked credit expansion by the growing banking system. Indeed, except for the political crisis period 1960-61, the chief concern of the Government since the early 1960's has been excess liquidity in the monetary system. Prior to 1960, the Government's attitude was that cyclical fluctuations (and their varying effects on liquidity) could be effectively handled by the usual monetary, fiscal and trade controls available up to that date. The Severe crisis of 1960-61 led to an investigation of the monetary system and the passage of new laws aiming at greater equity as between banking institutions, more effective allocation of resources, protection of bank customers, and more effective control of excess liquidity and inflation. In 1964, inflation accelerated. The banking amendments came into effect almost immediately thereafter. During the past 3 years, the Government has made strenuous efforts to curb inflation. These efforts stressed monetary, fiscal, and import controls. Consumer credit controls have been used more effectively since 1965, but evasion of these controls has continued to be somewhat of a problem [25]. Apparently there has been some reluctance to use an “incomes policy” [3, p. 91. A device not widely used until recently was the so-called “credit directive” which was in the form of a ceiling on private credit. Initially, it was not entirely effective, but towards the end of 1967 there was evidence that the authorities' efforts to curb infiation were having some success, as the rate of price increase in the first half of 1968 has been less than in 1967, which in turn was less than the increase in 1966. The real growth rate in 1967 was nearly 7 percent, which was higher than the average of the preceding several years, but was attributable in considerable part to increased agricultural production which benefited greatly from u n d y good weather conditions [15, March 1968, p. 61.] several of the years immediately preceding 1967 were poor ones from the point of view of agriculture [6, p. 131).
Dysregulated Expression of Pre-Tα Reveals the Opposite Effects of Pre-TCR at Successive Stages of T Cell Development

The pre-TCR complex (TCRβ-pre-TCRα chain (pTα)), first expressed in a fraction of CD8 − 4 − CD44 − 25 + (DN3) cells, is believed to facilitate or enable an efficient transition from the CD8 − 4 − double-negative (DN) to the CD8 + 4 + double-positive (DP) developmental stage. Subsequent to pre-TCR expression, DN3 thymocytes receive survival, proliferation, and differentiation signals, although it is still unclear which of these outcomes are directly induced by the pre-TCR. To address this issue, we generated mice bearing a range of pTα transgene copy number under the transcriptional control of the p56 lck proximal promoter. All lines exhibited increased DN3 cycling, accelerated DN3/4 transition, and improved DN4 survival. However, the high copy number lines also showed a selective reduction in thymic cellularity due to increased apoptosis of DP thymocytes, which could be reversed by the ectopic expression of Bcl-2. Our results suggest that transgenic pTα likely caused apoptosis of DP thymocytes due to competitive decrease in surface TCRαβ formation. These results highlight the critical importance of precise temporal and stoichiometric regulation of pre-TCR and TCR component expression.
Patient-specific bicuspid valve dynamics: Overview of methods and challenges

Abstract About 1–2 % of the babies are born with bicuspid aortic valves instead of the normal aortic valve with three leaflets. A significant portion of the patients with the congenital bicuspid valve morphology suffer from aortic valve stenosis and/or ascending aortic dilatation and dissection thus requiring surgical intervention when they are young adults. Patients with bicuspid aortic valves (BAVs) have also been found to develop valvular stenosis earlier than those with the normal aortic valve. This paper overviews current knowledge of BAVs, where several studies have suggested that the mechanical stresses induced on the valve leaflets and the abnormal flow development in the ascending aorta may be an important factor in the diseases of the valve and the aortic root. The long-term goals of the studies being performed in our laboratory are aimed towards potential stratification of bicuspid valve patients who may be at risk for developing these pathologies based on analyzing the hemodynamic environment of these valves using fluid–structure interaction (FSI) modeling. Patient-specific geometry of the normal tri-cuspid and bicuspid valves are reconstructed from real-time 3D ultrasound images and the dynamic analyses performed in order to determine the potential effects of mechanical stresses on the valve leaflet and aortic root pathology. This paper describes the details of the computational tools and discusses challenges with patient-specific modeling.
Molecular beacons: A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting Escherichia coli from fresh produce and water

Molecular beacons (MBs) are oligonucleotide probes that fluoresce upon hybridization. The development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect the presence of Escherichia coli using these fluorogenic reporter molecules is reported. MBs were designed to recognize a 19-bp region of the uid A gene, coding for an enzyme beta-glucuronidase. The specificity of the MB-based PCR assay was evaluated for various E. coli strains as well as bacteria species that are present in nature. The capability of the assay to detect E. coli in drinking water and produce was demonstrated. Positive detection of E. coli was demonstrated when >10(1) CFU mL(-1) (colony forming unit) was present in the water samples and fresh produce after 18 h of enrichment. These assays could be carried out entirely in sealed PCR tubes, enabling rapid and semiautomated detection of E. coli in food and environmental samples.
A numerical experiment with wind variations in the planetary boundary layer

The equations of motion applied to the planetary boundary layer are numerically integrated for certain special eddy viscosity distributions. Accelerations are retained, eddy viscosity varied with height and, to a lesser extent, with time. The resulting inertial oscillations, although very limited in generality, show agreement with observations. Not only clockwise but also counterclockwise rotation of the end point of the wind vector can occur in some cases. Some solutions agree and others disagree with the analytical solutions for unbounded eddy viscosity.
A New Era of Minimal Effects? A Response to Bennett and Iyengar

This article takes up Bennett and Iyengar's (2008) call for debate about the future of political communication effects research. We outline 4 key criticisms. First, Bennett and Iyengar are too quick to dismiss the importance of attitude reinforcement, long recognized as an important type of political media influence. Second, the authors take too narrow a view of the sources of political information, remaining fixated on news. Third, they offer an incomplete portrayal of selective exposure, exaggerating the extent to which individuals avoid attitude-discrepant information. Finally, they lean toward determinism when describing the role technologies play in shaping our political environment. In addition, we challenge Bennett and Iyengar's assertion that only brand new theory can serve to help researchers understand today's political communication landscape. We argue that existing tools, notably the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), retain much utility for examining political media effects. Contrary to Bennett and Iyengar's claims, the ELM suggests that the contemporary political information environment does not necessarily lead to minimal effects.
Can Clinicians Recognize DSM-IV Personality Disorders From Five-Factor Model Descriptions of Patient Cases?

Objective: This article examined, using theories from cognitive science, the clinical utility of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of Personality, an assessment and classification system under consideration for integration into the forthcoming fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of Mental Disorders. Specifically, the authors sought to test whether FFM descriptors are specific enough to allow practicing clinicians to capture core features of personality disorders. Method: In two studies, a large nationwide sample of clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and clinical social workers (N= 187 and N=191) were presented case profiles based on symptom formats from either the DSM-IV and/or FFM. Ratings for six aspects of clinical utility for DSM-IV and FFM profiles were obtained and participants provided DSM-IV diagnoses. Prototypic cases (only one personality disorder) and comorbid cases were tested in separate studies. Results: Participants rated the DSM-IV as more clinically useful than the FFM on five out of six clinical utility questions. Despite demonstrating considerable background knowledge of DSM-IV diagnoses, participants had difficulty identifying correct diagnoses from FFM profiles. Conclusion: The FFM descriptors may be more ambiguous than the criteria of the DSM-IV and the FFM may therefore be less able to convey important clinical details than the DSM-IV. The findings flag challenges to clinical utility for dimensionaltrait systems such as the FFM.
Effects of gradual versus step increases in carbon dioxide on Plantago photosynthesis and growth in a microcosm study

This study investigated the effects of a gradual versus step increases in carbon dioxide (CO2) on plant photosynthesis and growth at two nitrogen (N) levels. Plantago lanceolata were grown for 80 days and then treated with the ambient CO2 (as the control), gradual CO2 increase and step CO2 increase as well as low and high N additions for 70 days. While [CO2] were kept at constant 350 and 700 mol mol − 1 for the ambient and step CO2 treatments, respectively, [CO2] in the gradual CO2 treatment was raised by 5 mol mol − 1 day − 1 , beginning at 350 mol mol −1 and reaching 700 mol mol − 1 by the end of experiment. The step CO2 treatment immediately resulted in an approximate 50% increase in leaf photosynthetic carbon fixation at both the low and high N additions, leading to a 20–24% decrease in leaf N concentration. The CO2-induced nitrogen stress, in return, resulted in partial photosynthetic downregulation since the third week at the low N level and the fourth week at the high N level after treatments. In comparison, the gradual CO2 treatment induced a gradual increase in photosynthetic carbon fixation, leading to less reduction in leaf N concentration. In comparison to the ambient CO2, both the gradual and step CO2 increases resulted in decreases in specific leaf area, leaf N concentration but an increase in plant biomass. Responses of plant shoot:root ratio to CO2 treatments varied with N supply. It decreased with low N supply and increased with high N supply under the gradual and step CO2 treatments relative to that under the ambient CO2. Degrees of those changes in physiological and growth parameters were usually larger under the step than the gradual CO2 treatments, largely due to different photosynthetic C influxes under the two CO2 treatments. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Metal‐Dependent Type II Restriction Endonucleases

Type II restriction endonucleases are phosphodiesterases that bind double-stranded DNA with high specificity and cleave both strands of the DNA to yield 5′-phosphate and 3′-hydroxyl groups as products utilizing Mg2+ as a cofactor. Owing to their high specificity and extraordinary number (>3500 discovered), type II restriction enzymes have become indispensable tools in molecular biology and have been widely exploited for studying site-specific protein–DNA interactions. Surprisingly, they share little or no sequence homology among them, though the three-dimensional structures of the 14 restriction enzymes determined to date reveal a common-core motif with a central β-sheet that is flanked by α-helices on both sides. The active sites occur at one end of the central β-sheet and contain at least three superimposable residues that are critical for catalysis. The cleavage reaction occurs through an SN2 mechanism with an in-line displacement of the 3′-hydroxyl group and an inversion of configuration of the 5′-phosphate group. However, there is uncertainty about the precise mechanism of cleavage, especially regarding the number of metals involved in catalysis. 3D Structure Keywords: restriction-modification system; type II restriction endonuclease; site-specific DNA cleavage; Mg2+ cofactor; 3D Structure
Does weight cycling present a health risk

I review research on the hypothesis that weight fluctuations caused by unsuccessful dieting are hazardous to one's health. Recent epidemiologic findings show that weight variability over time is associated with increased total and cardiovascular mortality (relative risk: 1.5-2.0), independent of a variety of possible confounding variables. Although these findings are consistent across studies, methodologic limitations of a lack of a uniform or standard definition of weight cycling, and the linking of weight variability to unsuccessful dieting raise serous questions about whether these findings should be interpreted as supporting the weight-cycling hypothesis. The absence of data identifying a plausible biological mediator for weight fluctuation per se as a health hazard is also a problem. It is concluded that, although epidemiologic data on weight variability and health are intriguing, they are at present insufficient to alter public health recommendations regarding weight control.
5 x 9 integrated optical star coupler in silicon-on-insulator technology

We describe fabrication of the first optical star coupler in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. The 5/spl times/9 coupler consists of two silicon rib waveguide arrays with a radiative slab waveguide region. The star geometry was analyzed and designed using the beam propagation method. The coupler exhibits low loss (average excess insertion loss /spl alpha//spl sim/1.3 dB) and good coupling uniformity (standard deviation /spl sigma//spl sim/1.4 dB) at /spl lambda/=1.55 /spl mu/m. It represents a key component for realization of photonic circuits in a silicon integrated circuit technology.
A γ-Glutamyl Cyclotransferase Protects Arabidopsis Plants from Heavy Metal Toxicity by Recycling Glutamate to Maintain Glutathione Homeostasis

Plants detoxify toxic metals through a GSH-dependent pathway. GSH homeostasis is maintained by the γ-glutamyl cycle, which involves GSH synthesis and degradation and the recycling of component amino acids. The enzyme γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase (GGCT) is involved in Glu recycling, but the gene(s) encoding GGCT has not been identified in plants. Here, we report that an Arabidopsis thaliana protein with a cation transport regulator-like domain, hereafter referred to as GGCT2;1, functions as γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase. Heterologous expression of GGCT2;1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae produced phenotypes that were consistent with decreased GSH content attributable to either GSH degradation or the diversion of γ-glutamyl peptides to produce 5-oxoproline (5-OP). 5-OP levels were further increased by the addition of arsenite and GSH to the medium, indicating that GGCT2;1 participates in the cellular response to arsenic (As) via GSH degradation. Recombinant GGCT2;1 converted both GSH and γ-glutamyl Ala to 5-OP in vitro. GGCT2;1 transcripts were upregulated in As-treated Arabidopsis, and ggct2;1 knockout mutants were more tolerant to As and cadmium than the wild type. Overexpression of GGCT2;1 in Arabidopsis resulted in the accumulation of 5-OP. Under As toxicity, the overexpression lines showed minimal changes in de novo Glu synthesis, while the ggct2;1 mutant increased nitrogen assimilation by severalfold, resulting in a very low As/N ratio in tissue. Thus, our results suggest that GGCT2;1 ensures sufficient GSH turnover during abiotic stress by recycling Glu.
Preparation, Analysis, and Evaluation of Experimental Wines

There are many instances when a winemaker wishes to modify or consider modification of the usual winemaking practices. In fact, from vintage to vintage every wine is made somewhat differently depending upon circumstances. If the wines have been highly satisfactory, replicating previous practices as closely as possible may be the objective. If small improvements are sought in the commercial-sized lots, small incremental changes intended to correct the deficiencies may be made in the practices employed. In this chapter, we are thinking primarily of proposed changes of larger magnitude that may make notable and possibly detrimental changes in the wines produced. How should the winemaker proceed? How should the new wines be evaluated? How is the decision made to capitalize on the results of the experimentation?
The importance of renal function for the management of the sick newborn with congenital heart disease

Abstract Acute kidney injury (AKI) is increasingly recognized as a cause of increased morbidity and mortality in neonates and infants with congenital heart disease. The list of putative causes of AKI in this population is long, however, the true etiology is multifactorial. Some of the possible factors related to AKI in neonates with heart disease could be neonatal adaptation to extrauterine life (immature kidneys, low glomerular filtration rate, high renal vascular resistance, high plasma renin activity), or perioperative factors affecting renal blood flow (ischemia, reperfusion injury, use of cardiopulmonary bypass, peri-operative hemodynamics), or renal injury due to hormonal, biochemical and cytokine related factors. There is lack of consensus definition for AKI in neonates with congenital heart disease. Use of novel biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule (KIM-1), cystatin C, and interleukin-18 (IL-18) has emerged as a possible alternative to diagnose early AKI. The challenge with all these biomarkers is the lack of good reference intervals by post-conceptual age. Neonates with congenital heart disease may have varying degrees of renal impairment with multiple alternatives for treatment. The therapy of AKI revolves around optimizing renal perfusion pressure and oxygenation through judicious management of fluid balance, electrolyte status, acid–base balance, nutrition, and initiation of renal replacement therapy when appropriate. The focus of this review is to evaluate the prevalence of renal impairment in patients with congenital heart disease before and after surgery, to explore the impact of several risk factors for AKI in this population, to evaluate potential variables for early detection and to review the available treatment options for AKI with renal failure.
“Unleashed on an Unsuspecting World”: The Asbestos Information Association and Its Role in Perpetuating a National Epidemic

Examining previously underused corporate documents, we revisit the story of the Asbestos Information Association/North America, an industry trade group that sought in the early 1970s to counteract the growing public attention to, and government regulation of, asbestos as a serious threat to workers and consumers. From the mid-1960s through the early 1970s, according to its own spokesperson, asbestos was exposed as "probably the most hazardous industrial material ever unleashed on an unsuspecting world." In retrospect, thousands of lives may have been saved if the Asbestos Information Association had publicly acknowledged this earlier.
Survey on carbonated beverage consumption among some residents in Nanjing Area

[Objective]To understand the frequency of carbonated beverage drinking and related influencing factors,and provide the basis for carrying out nutrition education and intervention. [Methods]A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted to understand the basic information and the situation of various drinks consumption among 340 residents in community. [Results]The consumption of carbonated drinks was significantly different between spring,summer and autumn(P0.05).The frequency of carbonated beverage consumption is highest in 18-44 years age group,groups with medium level of education and lower income family. [Conclusion]To reduce the frequency of carbonated beverage consumption,is conductive to promote healthy lifestyles and prevent the prevalence of chronic diseases among residents.
Molecular analysis of human papillomavirus virus-like particle activated Langerhans cells in vitro.

Langerhans cells (LC) are antigen presenting cells responsible for initiating an immune response against human papillomaviruses (HPV) entering the epithelial layer in vivo as they are the first immune cell that HPV comes into contact with. LC become activated in response to foreign antigens, which causes internal signaling resulting in the increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Functionally activated LC are then capable of migrating to the lymph nodes where they interact with antigen specific T cells and initiate an adaptive T cell response in vivo. However, HPV has evolved in a manner that suppresses LC function, and thus the induction of antigen specific T cells is hindered. While many methods exist to monitor the activity of LC in vitro, the migration and induction of cytotoxic T-cells is ultimately indicative of a functional immune response. Here, methods in analyzing functional migration and induction of antigen specific T cells after stimulation of LC with HPV virus-like particles in vitro are described.
Efeito da realidade virtual na recuperação da função motora do membro superior em paciente com AVC crônico

A terapeutica atraves do ambiente virtual tem sido cada vez mais implementada e estudada. Este estudo de caso tem por objetivo verificar o efeito do treinamento atraves da realidade virtual na recuperacao do membro superior de um individuo com acidente vascular cerebral cronico. Para mensuracao e posterior avaliacao dos resultados, foram realizados os testes de Funcao Motora de Wolf (TFMW) e o Protocolo de Desempenho Fisico de Fugl-Meyer (PDFFM). O paciente foi submetido a um protocolo de tratamento utilizando jogos em realidade virtual com o Nintendo-Wii® durante 10 sessoes, 2 vezes por semana com duracao de 30 minutos cada. O tempo de tratamento foi de 10 minutos para cada jogo com intervalo de 5 minutos entre eles. O paciente apresentou melhora na destreza do membro superior paretico mensurada pelo TFMW e melhora da funcao motora mensurada pelo PDFFM. O calculo do Indice de Efetividade em relacao a subescala de funcao motora do PDFFM apontou melhora de 55%. A partir desses resultados, observou-se que o sistema de jogo Nintendo-Wii® pode promover melhora da destreza e funcao motora do membro superior paretico de paciente com AVC cronico, parecendo ser um bom aliado no tratamento fisioterapeutico. Palavras-chave : acidente vascular cerebral, extremidade superior, paresia, fisioterapia,
Innominate Artery Stenosis Presenting With Migratory Digital Ischemia

Background:Atherosclerotic lesions of the supra-aortic trunk vessels, including the innominate artery, subclavian artery, or the common carotid artery, tend to present either as low-flow state distal to the lesion or as embolic events. The risk of embolic cerebrovascular event complicates the management of this condition via a pure endovascular approach. A combined operative–endovascular intervention may be a valuable approach in order to reduce the risk of intraoperative stroke and prevent future embolic events.Case Presentation:An 84-year-old female presented at the emergency department (ED) with a 4-month history of migratory digital cyanotic lesions across various fingers on her right hand. The lesion eventually progressed into dry gangrene on her right middle finger. Selective angiography of the aortic arch vessels demonstrated significant atherosclerotic plaque burden throughout her supra-aortic vessels and a segmental stenosis at the proximal innominate artery. A right carotid cut down was performe...
Non-opioid anesthetic drug abuse among anesthesia care providers: a narrative review

The objective of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the problem of non-opioid anesthetic drug abuse among anesthesia care providers (ACPs) and to describe current approaches to screening, therapy, and rehabilitation of ACPs suffering from non-opioid anesthetic drug abuse. We first performed a search of all literature available on PubMed prior to April 11, 2016. The search was limited to articles published in Spanish and English, and the following key words were used: anesthesiology, anesthesia personnel, AND substance-related disorders. We also searched Ovid MEDLINE® databases from 1946-April 11, 2016 using the following search terms: anesthesiology OR anesthesia, OR nurse anesthetist OR anesthesia care provider OR perioperative nursing AND substance-related disorders. Despite an increased awareness of drug abuse among ACPs and improvements in preventive measures, the problem of non-opioid anesthetic drug abuse remains significant. While opioids are the most commonly abused anesthesia medications among ACPs, the abuse of non-opioid anesthetics is a significant cause of morbidity, mortality, and professional demise. Early detection, effective therapy, and long-term follow-up help ACPs cope more effectively with the problem and, when possible, resume their professional activities. There is insufficient evidence to determine the ability of ACPs to return safely to anesthesia practice after rehabilitation, though awareness of the issue and ongoing treatment are necessary to minimize patient risk from potentially related clinical errors.
Collaboration enforcement in mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) have attracted great research interest in recent years. Among many issues, lack of motivation for participating nodes to collaborate forms a major obstacle to the adoption of MANETs. Many contemporary collaboration enforcement techniques employ reputation mechanisms for nodes to avoid and penalize malicious participants. Reputation information is propagated among participants and updated based on complicated trust relationships to thwart false accusation of benign nodes. The aforementioned strategy suffers from low scalability and is likely to be exploited by adversaries. To address these problems, we first propose a finite state model. With this technique, no reputation information is propagated in the network and malicious nodes cannot cause false penalty to benign hosts. Misbehaving node detection is performed on-demand; and malicious node punishment and avoidance are accomplished by only maintaining reputation information within neighboring nodes. This scheme, however, requires that each node equip with a tamper-proof hardware. In the second technique, no such restriction applies. Participating nodes classify their one-hop neighbors through direct observation and misbehaving nodes are penalized within their localities. Data packets are dynamically rerouted to circumvent selfish nodes. In both schemes, overall network performance is greatly enhanced. Our approach significantly simplifies the collaboration enforcement process, incurs low overhead, and is robust against various malicious behaviors. Simulation results based on different system configurations indicate that the proposed technique can significantly improve network performance with very low communication cost.
Case 32-2016. A 20-Year-Old Man with Gynecomastia.

A 20-year-old man reported a 3-year history of gynecomastia and a 4-year history of polyuria and polydipsia that had recently resolved. Evaluation revealed bilateral gynecomastia, minimal facial hair, small testes, and an elevated serum sodium level. Diagnostic tests were performed.
Data Rate Effects on Transition and Remanence Noise in a Modeled Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording System

The heat-assisted magnetic recording performance at varying data rate conditions is investigated using an ensemble waveform analysis method. This method decouples the transition signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the remanence SNR from the total spatial media SNR. For data rates below 2200 Mbpsi, transition and remanence noises are largely independent of writer field rise time (RT) values less than 150 ps. Above a data rate of 2200 Mbpsi, the transition SNR is significantly degraded for the slowest RTs considered. For all data rate values, the remanence SNR sees minimal degradation with increasing RT. At the highest data rate, at least a 1 dB loss is observed compared with the lowest data rate, across the RT range considered. For comparison, spin-stand data were also collected. The modeled results were contrasted to bit error rate (BER) trends obtained from the measurement. The spin-stand data show a significant BER degradation as a function of increasing RT at higher data rates. This trend is likely explained with the increase in transition noise observed in the model. These results suggest that moderate writer field RTs do not degrade either transition or remanence noise significantly. If RTs can be kept low, higher data rates may be allowable from a media noise perspective.
Ancient Biological Invasions and Island Ecosystems: Tracking Translocations of Wild Plants and Animals

Biological invasions are one of the great threats to Earth’s ecosystems and biodiversity in the Anthropocene. However, species introductions and invasions extend deep into the human past, with the translocation of both wild and domestic species around the world. Here, we review the human translocation of wild plants and animals to the world’s islands. We focus on establishing criteria used to differentiate natural from human-assisted dispersals and the differences between non-native and invasive species. Our study demonstrates that, along with a suite of domesticates, ancient people transported numerous wild plants and animals to islands and helped shape ecosystems in ways that have important ramifications for modern conservation, restoration, and management.
Introduction to cells comprising the nervous system.

The brain consists of neurons and glial cells. Neurons are responsible for integrating input and responding to stimuli from both the internal and the external environment. The integration occurs via electrical and chemical signals that impinge on the receptive area of neurons known as dendrites, and the response is via propagation of an axonal potential. Glial cells have three functionally distinct subtypes, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Astrocytes perform a variety of functions responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the brain through functions such as formation of the blood–brain barrier, preserving osmolarity, and the uptake, degradation, and secretion of neurotransmitters. Oligodendrocytes are responsible for the production of myelin, a lipid-rich substance that encapsulates neuronal axons. Microglia are responsible for immune surveillance and remodeling of the CNS during both normal development and injury. Together the cells of the brain form a highly metabolic and dynamic unit with robust requirements for oxygen and nutrients.
Analysis of individual cells identifies cell‐to‐cell variability following induction of cellular senescence

Senescent cells play important roles in both physiological and pathological processes, including cancer and aging. In all cases, however, senescent cells comprise only a small fraction of tissues. Senescent phenotypes have been studied largely in relatively homogeneous populations of cultured cells. In vivo, senescent cells are generally identified by a small number of markers, but whether and how these markers vary among individual cells is unknown. We therefore utilized a combination of single-cell isolation and a nanofluidic PCR platform to determine the contributions of individual cells to the overall gene expression profile of senescent human fibroblast populations. Individual senescent cells were surprisingly heterogeneous in their gene expression signatures. This cell-to-cell variability resulted in a loss of correlation among the expression of several senescence-associated genes. Many genes encoding senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors, a major contributor to the effects of senescent cells in vivo, showed marked variability with a subset of highly induced genes accounting for the increases observed at the population level. Inflammatory genes in clustered genomic loci showed a greater correlation with senescence compared to nonclustered loci, suggesting that these genes are coregulated by genomic location. Together, these data offer new insights into how genes are regulated in senescent cells and suggest that single markers are inadequate to identify senescent cells in vivo.
Lithium Carbonate in Medicine and Psychiatry

The history of lithium carbonate is a striking example of the fundamental unity of psychiatry and medicine. The medical use of lithium began in the mid-1800’s somewhat after it was discovered in 1817 by Arfvedson while working in the laboratory of Berzelius (Jefferson and Griest, 1977). Isolated from the mineral petalite and named lithium after the Greek word for stone, it was used ineffectively in the treatment of urinary calculi and gout based on the in vitro observation that uric acid bladder stones dissolved in the lithium salt of uric acid. Lithium became popular as a medical panacea and waters from “lithia” springs were bottled and widely used well into the 1900’s in the unsubstantiated hope that a wide range of medical ills could be cured or prevented. in the early twentieth century, the lithium salt of bromide was used both as a hypnotic and an anti-epileptic agent but this use faded as the use of bromides fell into disfavor.
Backhanded Compliments: How Negative Comparisons Undermine Flattery

Seven studies (N = 2352) examine backhanded compliments—seeming praise that draws a comparison with a negative standard—a distinct self-presentation strategy with two simultaneous goals: eliciting liking (“Your speech was good…”) and conveying status (“…for a woman”). Backhanded compliments are common, from delivering feedback in work settings to communicating in casual conversation, and take several distinct forms (Studies 1a-b). Backhanded compliments have mixed effectiveness, as people who deliver backhanded compliments erroneously believe that they will both convey high status and elicit liking (Studies 2a-2b) but recipients and third-party evaluators grant them neither (Study 3a-3b); however, backhanded compliments are successful in reducing recipients’ motivation (Study 3c). We identify two constructs useful in determining the general effectiveness of ingratiation: excessive concern with image drives negative perceptions of backhanded compliment givers, while perceptions of low relative rank in a distribution drives the reduced motivation of backhanded compliment recipients.
The Safety of Autonomous Vehicles: Lessons from Philosophy of Science

The safety argument is perhaps the most widely cited argument in favor of the rapid development and widespread adoption of automated vehicles (AVs). Versions of this argument promote the development and use of AVs on the grounds that these vehicles will have much lower crash, injury, or fatality rates than human drivers. (Throughout this essay, I assume that AVs are designed to respond to malfunctions and hazards without human intervention, corresponding to level 4 or 5 automation [1].) For example, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) Federal Automated Vehicles Policy, announced in September 2016, gives the safety argument as its first, and most well-developed, argument in support of AVs
Perioperative Nursing Considerations

Many older adults must undergo surgery after a traumatic injury. The nurse must consider many factors that complicate surgical procedures in the older adult, including comorbidities, decreased physiological reserve, and a more limited functional capacity. It is often the nurse who must compile the whole of the patient information and ensure review by the attending surgeon prior to a procedure. Of course, emergent situations will differ.
An Irrational Number

The bugs studied in the previous chapter generated a curve which makes a constant angle, namely 45° with the direction toward the origin (the radial direction). We could have used six bugs at the corners of a regular hexagon, in which case they would have travelled at 60° to the radial direction.
Seeking Justice at the International Criminal Court: Victims' Reparations

The International Criminal Court (ICC) represents a major step forward in international criminal justice, particularly with regard to victims. Victims of international crimes are, for the first time, recognized as having rights as participants in the process and as recipients of reparations. The self-professed goal of the ICC is to provide a foundation for rebuilding society after mass violence, through prosecution of the perpetrators and reparations for victims. In keeping with the theory of restorative justice, the Assembly of States Parties has expanded the universe of victims eligible for reparations through the Victims Trust Fund (VTF). The Court can award reparations to victims of the most responsible perpetrators prosecuted and convicted by the ICC. The VTF's "other resources" mechanism (voluntary contributions to the fund) can cover victims (and their families) of crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court, not merely crimes of convicted defendants. The collective nature of restorative justice is consonant with collective or group reparations for victims. The victims of mass atrocities cannot be made whole by compensation alone. Realistically, sufficient individual payments are not feasible. Even if the VTF has millions of dollars to disburse, the sheer scale of international crimes would likely dwarf monetary resources. As a result, the VTF should typically complement the retributive justice achieved through the prosecution of the worst offenders with restorative justice measures in the form of collective reparations. Thus, the VTF should consider favoring collective awards to a broader class of victims to further the restorative justice goal of the ICC. If the VTF manages the expectations of these large numbers of potential victims and gives them a voice in the allocation of scarce resources through collective reparations, it can contribute to the healing of victims and society.
The Use of Thermal Analytical Methods in Organic Geochemistry

The topic of thermal analytical methods in organic geochemistry covers many methods ranging from bulk characterization of organic matter in terms of total organic carbon content (TOC) and weight loss through thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) to sophisticated fingerprinting of organic matter using microscale pyrolysis techniques combined with analytical techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), gas chro-matography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) and more recently gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCIRMS). In general, the methods can be divided into those which either involve degradation of organic matter or thermal desorption of extractable organic matter from various types of matrices. Organic geochemistry itself covers a broad spectrum of disciplines including environmental and forensic geochemistry (see for example Kaplan et al., 1997; Murphy and Morrison, 2001) as well as the more traditional topics of petroleum geochemistry (Hunt, 1996), fate of organic matter (Engel and Macko, 1992), or origin of life type studies (Calvin, 1964). The main idea behind this chapter will be to discuss and review the techniques associated with the thermal analytical methods, and examples of applications will be given wherever it might be deemed appropriate. For each technique a brief overview will be given along with a few key references and examples of applications. It is not proposed that this chapter be an exhaustive review of the all the pyrolysis work of the past few decades.
The semantic interpretation of nominal compounds

This paper briefly introduces an approach to the problem of building semantic interpretations of nominal compounds, i.e. sequences of two or more nouns related through modification. Examples of the kinds of nominal compounds dealt with are: "engine repairs", "aircraft flight arrival", "aluminum water pump", and "noun noun modification".
Limnological conditions in Mono Lake: contrasting monomixis and meromixis in the 1990s

Mono Lake is a large, saline lake, located in the North American Great Basin and is subject to large variations in freshwater inflow as climatic conditions and diversion schemes have changed; consequently, major variations in chemical stratification occur. A transition from monomixis to meromixis occurred from 1994 to 1995. Lake-wide surveys of temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, ammonium and chlorophyll profiles, Secchi depth and light attenuation, and Artemia monica abundances conducted throughout 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 and 1997 document the contrasts between monomixis and meromixis. During the monomictic conditions in 1993 and 1994, the lake thermally stratified in March and mixed to the bottom by December, the hypolimnion became anoxic in late March and the water column was oxygenated to the bottom by December. During meromictic conditions in 1995, 1996 and 1997, the absence of holomixis during winter resulted in persistent anoxic conditions beneath the chemocline, an accumulation of ammonium in the monimolimnion and depletion in the mixolimnion, and low mixolimnetic chlorophyll concentrations in the spring and autumn. A comparison of the density differences between 2 and 28 m due to thermal versus chemical stratification indicated thermal stratification predominated in 1993 and 1994, while in 1995, 1996 and 1997 chemical stratification dominated the density differences. Ammonium, the limiting nutrient in Mono Lake, was lower in the upper mixed layer throughout 1996 and 1997 compared to the monomictic years, 1993 and 1994. During 1996 and 1997, the annual maxima in Secchi depths were among the deepest observed during the past 19 years, and reflected the lower phytoplankton abundance caused by decreased availability of nitrogen as a result of strong chemical stratification and the absence of a period of holomixis. In both 1996 and 1997, maturation of the spring generation of Artemia was slowed, peak abundance of the first generation of adult Artemia was a month later and percent ovigery, fecundity, and body size were reduced as compared to 1993 and 1994.
Rural–Urban Disparities in Physical Activity Among Service Member and Veteran Cancer Survivors

This study examined the association of rurality with physical activity (PA) among veteran cancer survivors. Data for this cross-sectional study were obtained from the 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Su...