cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Andrews–Curtis groups and the Andrews–Curtis conjecture

For an integer n at least two and a positive integer m, let C(n,m) denote the group of Andrews-Curtis transformations of rank (n,m) and let F denote the free group of rank n + m. A subgroup AC(n,m) of Aut(F) is defined, and an anti-isomorphism AC(n,m) to C(n,m) is described. We solve the generalized word problem for AC(n,m) in Aut(F) and discuss an associated reformulation of the Andrews-Curtis conjecture.
Use of remote sensing in monitoring and forecasting of harmful algal blooms

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have impacts on coastal economies, public health, and various endangered species. HABs are caused by a variety of organisms, most commonly dinoflagellates, diatoms, and cyanobacteria. In the late 1970's, optical remote sensing was found to have a potential for detecting the presence of blooms of Karenia brevis on the US Florida coast. Due to the nearly annual frequency of these blooms and the ability to note them with ocean color imagery, K. brevis blooms have strongly influenced the field of HAB remote sensing. However, with the variability between phytoplankton blooms, heir environment and their relatively narrow range of pigment types, particularly between toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellates and diatoms, techniques beyond optical detection are required for detecting and monitoring HABs. While satellite chlorophyll has some value, ecological or environmental characteristics are required to use chlorophyll. For example, identification of new blooms can be an effective means of identifying HABs that are quie intense, also blooms occurring after specific rainfall or wind events can be indicated as HABs. Several HAB species do not bloom in the traditional sense, in that they do not dominate the biomass. In these cases, remote sensing of SST or chlorophyll can be coupled with linkages to seasonal succession, changes in circulation or currents, and wind-induced transport--including upwelling and downwelling, to indicate the potential for a HAB to occur. An effective monitoring and forecasting system for HABs will require the coupling of remote sensing with an environmental and ecological understanding of the organism.
Food choices of young college women consuming low- or moderate-calcium diets

Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the eating habits of young college women, particularly the habits that affect calcium intake, and to identify methods that might be used to increase that intake. Twenty-three female college students 19 to 24 years of age attended one of four focus group interviews. Women attending two of the focus groups consumed low-calcium diets ( 800 mg/day). Low-calcium consumers appeared to have random eating patterns and ate away from home more often than women with moderate-calcium intakes. Women suggested they would eat high-calcium foods, if the foods fit into an active lifestyle, and were low in calories. They would choose milk at a fast-food restaurant, if it was not packaged in a cardboard carton and if the restaurant advertising showed pictures of milk with meals. Graphic representation on the nutrition label showing the calcium content of the food and the portion of a woman's needs that are met by the food would be helpful. This information can be used to design new strategies for increasing the calcium consumption of young college women.
Twin-T compensation using root locus methods

Techniques are described for the rapid synthesis of twin-T RC (resistance capacitance) networks with specified singularities. The twin-T network can be used to generate a pair of complex zeros that lie at any specified points in the left-half portion of the s-plane and under certain conditions can be used to produce zeros in the right-half plane.
Studies on Pyry I retinal Analogues of Bacteriorhodopsin

The retinal analogues 3-methyl-5-(l-pyryl)-2E,4E-penta-dienal (1) and 3,7-dimethyl-9-(l-pyryl)-2E,4E,6E,8E-non-atetraenal (2), which contain the tetra aromatic pyryl system, have been synthesized and characterized in order to examine the effect of the extended ring system on the binding capabilities and the function of bacteriorhodopsin (bR). The two bR mutants, E194Q and E204Q, known to have distinct proton-pumping patterns, were also examined so that the effect of the bulky ring system on the proton-pumping mechanism could be studied. Both retin-als formed pigments with all three bacterioopsins, and these pigments were found to have absorption maxima in the range 498–516 nm. All the analogue pigments showed activity as proton pumps. The pigment formed from wild-type apoprotein bR with 1 (with the shortened polyene side chain) showed an M intermediate at 400 nm and exhibited fast proton release followed by proton uptake. Extending the polyene side chain to the length identical with retinal, analogue 2 with wild-type apoprotein gave a pigment that shows M and O intermediates at 435 nm and 650 nm, respectively. This pigment shows both fast and slow proton release at pH 7, suggesting that the pKa of the proton release group (in the M-state) is higher in this pigment compared to native bR. Hydrogen azide ions were found to accelerate the rise and decay of the O intermediate at neutral pH in pyryl 2 pigment. The pigments formed between 2 and E194Q and E204Q showed proton-pumping behavior similar to pigments formed with the native retinal, suggesting that the size of the chromophore ring does not alter the protein conformation at these sites.
Prognosis and treatment of acute rheumatic fever: The possible effect of treatment on subsequent cardiac disease

Summary No treatment for acute rheumatic fever has been proven to arrest the course of the disease or to prevent subsequent heart damage. The course of rheumatic carditis is so variable that therapeutic trials are difficult to evaluate unless treatment groups are matched carefully for the factors which have the most prognestic significance. Corticosteroids are not yet proven to be superior to salicylates in preventing heart damage, but both are helpful in the management of patients with severe carditis. Penicillin has great value in preventing fresh cardiae insult from new streptococcal infection in the rheumatic subject but no evidence that it influences the course of the acute attack is available and there is only suggestive evidence that, in some cases, it may reduce ultimate heart damage.
Epigenetic regulation of the neural transcriptome and alcohol interference during development

Alcohol intoxicated cells broadly alter their metabolites–– among them methyl and acetic acid can alter the DNA and histone epigenetic codes. Together with the promiscuous effect of alcohol on enzyme activities (including DNA methyltransferases) and the downstream effect on microRNA and transposable elements, alcohol is well placed to affect intrinsic transcriptional programs of developing cells. Considering that the developmental consequences of early alcohol exposure so profoundly affect neural systems, it is not unfounded to reason that alcohol exploits transcriptional regulators to challenge canonical gene expression and in effect, intrinsic developmental pathways to achieve widespread damage in the developing nervous system. To fully evaluate the role of epigenetic regulation in alcohol-related developmental disease, it is important to first gather the targets of epigenetic players in neurodevelopmental models. Here, we attempt to review the cellular and genomic windows of opportunity for alcohol to act on intrinsic neurodevelopmental programs. We also discuss some established targets of fetal alcohol exposure and propose pathways for future study. Overall, this review hopes to illustrate the known epigenetic program and its alterations in normal neural stem cell development and further, aims to depict how alcohol, through neuroepigenetics, may lead to neurodevelopmental deficits observed in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
Effects of amygdalar lesions on eating and drinking and saline preference in the rat.

Abstract Extensive electrolytic lesions were placed bilaterally in the amygdala in albino rats. Both food and water intake relative to preoperative body weight were significantly higher in lesioned animals than in operated controls. Saline preference behavior was also investigated in a two-bottle choice situation. No difference in preference for tap water or a 1.5% NaCl solution was observed between lesioned and control animals.
Expert system for castability evaluation: using a fixed-features based design approach

Abstract In the metal-processing industry, casting is the most popular means for achieving a desired shape (net shape) in a single step. The purpose of this work is to predict possible casting defects at the design stage in order to minimize repeated trial and error in the casting process. A knowledge-based expert system called EXCAST has been developed to facilitate the design of axisymmetrical casting components and to evaluate the manufacturability of the design at the design stage using a fixed-features based design approach. Axisymmetrical casting parts are modeled into a simplified fixed-feature representation so that we can (i) simplify a complex geometrical shape for manufacturability evaluation, (ii) extract common rules for manufacturability evaluation, and (iii) produce a simple and dynamic database for use in other systems. The manufacturability evaluation is carried out for tolerancing, minimum thickness, draft angle, shrinkage, hot junction, parting line, rounding, boss, and solidification. The EXCAST system was tested for eight flywheels in production and found to predict major casting problems.
Path analysis and the optimization of nonstrict functional languages

The functional programming style is increasingly popular in the research world, but functional languages still execute slowly relative to imperative languages. This is largely because the power and flexibility of functional languages restrict the amount of information readily available to the compiler, hindering its ability to generate good code. This article demonstrates that information about order of evaluation of expressions can be statically inferred for nonstrict functional programs and that optimizations based on this information can provide substantial speedups at runtime. We present an exact, nonstandard semantics called path semantics that models order of evaluation in a nonstrict, sequential functional language, and its computable abstraction, path analysis. We show how the information inferred by path analysis can be used to implement destructive aggregate updating, in which updates on functional aggregates that are provably not live are done destructively. We also demonstrate a new approach to strictness analysis and show that strictness analysis is subsumed by path analysis. Benchmarks are presented.
“An Unpardonable Bit of Folly and Impertinence”: Charles Francis Adams Jr., American Anti-Imperialists, and the Philippines

A Boston Brahmin and “otherwise-minded” contrarian, Charles Francis Adams Jr., great-grandson of President John Adams, was one of many so-called “mugwumps” who protested the Spanish-American War. Clashing with the likes of Henry Cabot Lodge, Adams was alternately principled and practical, sensitive and racist, until his influence and the anti-imperialist movement waned at the turn of the twentieth century.
Static versus scheduled interconnect in Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Arrays

Spatially-tiled architectures, such as Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Arrays (CGRAs), are powerful architectures for accelerating applications in the digital-signal processing, embedded, and scientific computing domains. In contrast to Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), another common accelerator, they typically time-multiplex their processing elements and are word rather than bit-oriented. These differences lead us to re-examine some of the traditional architecture choices made for FPGAs as we move to these coarser-granularity architectures. In this paper we study the efficiency of time-multiplexing global interconnect as architectures scale from single-bit to multi-bit datapaths. Using the Mosaic infrastructure, we analyzed the design trade-offs involved in static vs. time-multiplexed routing for global interconnect channels, as well as the benefit of including a dedicated bit-wide control interconnect to supplement the word-wide datapath of a CGRA. We show that a time-multiplexed interconnect is beneficial in these coarse-grained systems, reducing the area-energy product to 0.32× the area-energy product of a fully static interconnect. We also show that for our benchmarks, which include single-bit control logic, providing both word and bit-wide interconnect resources further reduces the area-energy product to 0.94× that of an exclusively word-wide interconnect.
Degradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) using zerovalent iron nanoparticles.

Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) is a common contaminant of soil and water at military facilities. The present study describes degradation of RDX with zerovalent iron nanoparticles (ZVINs) in water in the presence or absence of a stabilizer additive such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The rates of RDX degradation in solution followed this order CMC-ZVINs > PAA-ZVINs > ZVINs with k1 values of 0.816 ± 0.067, 0.082 ± 0.002, and 0.019 ± 0.002 min−1, respectively. The disappearance of RDX was accompanied by the formation of formaldehyde, nitrogen, nitrite, ammonium, nitrous oxide, and hydrazine by the intermediary formation of methylenedinitramine (MEDINA), MNX (hexahydro-1-nitroso-,3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine), DNX (hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine), TNX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine). When either of the reduced RDX products (MNX or TNX) was treated with ZVINs we observed nitrite (from MNX only), NO (from TNX only), N2O, NH4+, NH2NH2 and HC...
Returning a favor and retaliating harm: The effects of stated intentions and actual behavior ☆

Two studies were carried out to determine the joint effects of an-other's stated intentions toward helping a person, and the amount of help the other actually gives a person, on the reciprocation of help. In Study I (n = 120) another person stated she intended to either help, not help, or did not state her intent; this person actually helped the subject a great deal or very little. The data showed subjects reciprocated solely on amount of actual help received (p < .001); however, questionnaire data revealed that when the past helper stated her intentions, regardless of whether the intent was to help or not to help, subjects showed less involvement with the situation. It was hypothesized that knowledge of the past helper's intent threatened the subject's freedom of choice with regard to reciprocation, which led subjects to ignore the intent in order to restore their freedom. Study II (n = 60) was a replication of Study I with the exception that the helper's intent, while stated, was discovered by subjects in such a way that they believed the helper unaware of the subject's knowledge. Both the other person's intent (p < .10) and her actual helping behavior (p < .001) were related to reciprocation. The results were interpreted in terms of Brehm's reactance theory, although other potential explanations were also explored.
Monoclonal antibody to murine embryos defines a stage-specific embryonic antigen expressed on mouse embryos and human teratocarcinoma cells

A murine stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA3) is defined by reactivity with a monoclonal antibody prepared by immunization of a rat with 4- to 8-cell-stage mouse embryos. This antigenic determinant, present on oocytes, becomes restricted first to the inner cell mass at the blastocyst stage, and later to the primitive endoderm. Murine teratocarcinoma stem cells do not react with this antibody, whereas human teratocarcinoma stem cells are SSEA3-positive. This antigenic determinant is not expressed on a variety of other human and murine cell lines, but is found on the surface of human erythrocytes. It is a carbohydrate and is present on both cell-surface glycolipids and glycopeptides. These results demonstrate the feasibility of identifying stage-specific antigenic determinants with monoclonal antibody prepared against embryos. The need for thorough screening on a variety of cell types to establish developmentally important cross-reactivities is also emphasized.
Addendum to “Approximations for solute transport through porous media with flow transverse to layering”

Keywords: Convection-dispersion model ; Time moments Reference ECOL-ARTICLE-1987-003doi:10.1007/BF00136446 URL: http://www.springerlink.com/content/t7270004140lh516/ Record created on 2005-12-09, modified on 2016-11-26
Structural characterization of lipid membranes from clear and cataractous human lenses

Lipid composition related structural changes in human cataractous lenses was explored by characterizing the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains in lipid membranes corresponding to twelve Indian cataractous lenses and eight American clear lenses of similar age. The nuclear-lipid phase transitions corresponding to the clear lenses exhibited significantly higher average transition temperatures (nucleus 33 degrees C, cortex 26.3 degrees C) and cooperativities, 38.1, as compared to the value of 24.1 for the cortical-lipid phase transitions. At 36 degrees C, the phase transitions corresponding to cortical and nuclear lipids indicate a similar degree of disorder, 63%, in the hydrocarbon chains, i.e., similar relative amounts of gauche and trans rotomers. The twelve cataractous lenses investigated all had nuclear opacities, four were brunescent and four had cortical opacities. No significant differences were observed in the phase transition parameters (temperature, cooperativity, magnitude, enthalpy) evaluated for the nuclear-lipid membranes corresponding to the different types of cataracts. Furthermore, for the cataractous membranes, the phase transition parameters obtained for the nuclear lipids were comparable to those evaluated for the cortical lipid membranes. However, the cortical lipids exhibited the highest order in membranes from nuclear cataracts without cortical opacity. The cortical lipids from clear, non-cataractous lenses had the lowest level of order. At 36 degrees C, the degree of order in the cortical lipid from clear lenses was comparable to that from nuclear cataractous lenses without cortical opacity. The transition temperature, and cooperativity were significantly higher for cortical lipids from cataractous lenses as compared to those from clear lenses. At 36 degrees C, the degree of order in the cortical lipid membranes was lower for all cataract types vs. clear lens fractions. Our results suggest the possibility that lipid-lipid interactions could be different in cataractous lens membranes. Lipid compositional and chemical differences must account for these altered lipid interactions. These studies will provide a basis for studying lipid-protein interactions and structure-function relationships in the lens membrane.
On the Nonexistence of Soliton Solutions of the Regularized Long-Wave Equation

The regularized long wave equation (RLW) was proposed as a model of the dynamics of long nonlinear surface waves with small amplitudes. The standard model in this domain is the Korteweg-de Vries equation (KdV) and it has been shown that these equations are predictively equivalent to the order of approximation used in their derivations. On the other hand, numerical computations indicate that the RLW has no multisoliton solutions and it is generally conjectured that it is not a soliton equation. In this paper we prove that the equation has no analytic two-soliton solutions.
Effects of direct infusion of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells and indirect mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells on atherosclerotic plaque and inflammatory process in atherosclerosis.

Abstract Background We sought to investigate the effects of lin−/sca+ cells, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) administration on atherosclerotic plaque progression. Methods Apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE −/− ) mice were splenectomized and treated with high-cholesterol diet for 6weeks in order to induce atherosclerotic plaque development. Bone marrow-derived Lin−/sca-1+ cells were isolated and further cultured to early growth endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Mice were divided in four groups ( n =10/group) and received two intravenous injections of 5×10 5 cells (lin−/sca-1+ or EPCs), or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF 100μg/kg/day) for 7days or normal saline. The same interventions were administered to animals, which had undergone unilateral hind-limb ischemia. Effects on inflammatory parameters, lesion severity, and atherosclerotic plaque area size were assessed. Results The administration of both G-CSF and progenitor cells significantly decreased the levels of IL-6, 6weeks after the initiation of treatment. Atherosclerotic lesion area was reduced by G-CSF (atherosclerotic plaque area percentage 22.94%±3.68, p =0.001), by lin−/sca-1+ (23.27%±5.98, p =0.002) and cultured EPCs (23.16±4.86%, p =0.002) compared to control (32.75%±7.05). In the atherosclerotic mice that underwent limb ischemia, the atherosclerotic plaque area, was not significantly different between the treatment groups cultured EPCs-treated mice and the control group ( p =NS, for all). Conclusions Direct infusion of progenitor cells and indirect mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells decreased plaque progression and levels of inflammatory molecules in a murine model of atherosclerosis. Treatment with G-CSF, lin−/sca-1+, or EPCs may exert beneficial effects on vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque progression. However, the effects are diminished in an ischemic setting.
Dislocation drag processes

Experiments showing the influence of electron drag on mobile dislocations are presented. These show that dislocations overcome barriers sequentially during low temperature deformation. Also, the influence of viscosity on rate processes is demonstrated through creep studies of lead alloys in the normal state and the superconducting state. Finally, experiments are described which provide real time measurements of instantaneous dislocation velocities during ordinary tensile deformation. All of these results are tied together through the overriding principle of treating dislocations as underdamped oscillators.
Encomium on Helen as Advertisement: Political Life According to Gorgias the Barbarian

Abstract In this paper I develop a speculative reading of Gorgias's Encomium on Helen that begins from several common assumptions about the work—especially its status as a “pretext” for Gorgias's hidden purposes and its character as a sort of advertisement. Beginning from these common assumptions I propose that the Encomium is appropriately read as an allegorical representation of Athenian political life. By way of this allegory Gorgias was able to advertise his conception of persuasion despite its highly controversial political implications. I refer to Gorgias as a “barbarian” due to the fundamental incompatibility of the model of political persuasion implicit in the Encomium with democratic Athenian political culture.
Laboratory evaluation of fatigue characteristics of recycled asphalt mixture

This paper presents the results of a laboratory study of evaluating the fatigue characteristics of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures using different testing methods. In this study, the fatigue performance of HMA mixtures was evaluated with the Superpave indirect tension (IDT) tests and beam fatigue test. The HMA mixtures containing 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) were plant prepared with one source of aggregate, limestone, and one type of binder, PG 64–22. The fatigue properties tested included indirect tensile strength (ITS), failure strain, toughness index (TI), resilient modulus, DCSEf, energy ratio, plateau value, and load cycles to failure. The results from this study indicated that both Superpave IDT and beam fatigue tests agreed with each other in ranking the fatigue resistance of mixtures when proper procedures were followed.
In vitro differentiation of myoblasts from skeletal muscle of rainbow trout

Substrata, plating densities and tissue culture media were compared for their effects on the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts from skeletal muscle of rainbow trout. Mononuclear cells were isolated from the lateralis muscle of 4–11-month-old trout and plated on to glass coverslips coated with fibronectin, laminin or Matrigel. Cell proliferation was estimated by determining the density of nuclei on successive days in culture, and myoblast differentiation was detected by immunostaining cultures with the myosin-specific monoclonal antibody MF20. Mononuclear cell proliferation was highest for cells cultured on fibronectin or laminin and lowest for cells cultured on Matrigel, but the total number of nuclei in myosin-positive cells did not differ between substrata. The percentage of nuclei in myosin-positive myocytes and myotubes was significantly higher for cells cultured on Matrigel. The proportion of cells adhering to Matrigel and undergoing differentiation increased with plating density. Of three media tested, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), RPMI 1640 (RPMI), Leibovitz's L-15 (L-15) supplemented with 1 or 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), a significantly greater proportion of the myoblasts differentiated when cells were cultured in L-15+ 10% FBS. These results suggest that culturing trout muscle-derived cells on a substratum of Matrigel at a high density and maintaining cells in L-15+ 10% FBS provide the conditions that maximize the proportion of cells that actively synthesize muscle myosin and facilitate trout myoblast differentiation in vitro.
Variational Calculation of the Ground State of the Lithium Atom

The ground state of the lithium atom is calculated using wave functions containing interelectronic separation terms. A 13-term properly symmetrized variational function is employed yielding a ground-state energy of - 14.9559 in units of $\frac{{e}^{2}}{2{a}_{0}}$ as compared to the previous best value of - 14.9542 using the superposition of 45 configurations and the experimental value of - - 14.9561. A brief discussion of applications and extensions of the present work is given along with solutions of the integrals which occur.
Ultra-low-dose computed tomographic angiography with model-based iterative reconstruction compared with standard-dose imaging after endovascular aneurysm repair: a prospective pilot study

Purpose An ultra-low-dose radiation protocol reconstructed with model-based iterative reconstruction was compared with our standard-dose protocol.
INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE‐AGRICULTURE FARMING SYSTEMS: SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS

The benefits of integrated aquaculture-agriculture farming systems are reviewed from an economic point of view, particularly with respect to reduction in cost of production, improvement in efficiency of resource utilization and increase in profit of operation. Bio-economic factors affecting the profitability of integrated farming are discussed. This paper recommends the development of a system analysis which can integrate all of the important elements and assist the producer in locating the optimal course of action.
A surface ionization source for beam energy calibration

Abstract A surface ionization source has been constructed to produce Tl+ ions having the same magnetic rigidity as light ions of a few MeV energy. The light-ion energy is determined by matching the paths of the light and Tl+ ions through a magnetic spectrometer and by measuring the source voltage with a precision voltage divider and voltmeter. The absolute calibration has been verified by measuring the energy of alpha particles from a 212Bi source and by measuring the 14N(p, n)14O reaction threshold.
What Library Schools Teach about Library Support to Distant Students: A Survey

Abstract This study examined the extent to which the topic of library support for off‐campus and distance education programs is represented in the curriculum of schools of library and information science and the attitudes of library school deans and directors regarding the issues and problems associated with these programs. A questionnaire was mailed to deans and directors of all American Library Association‐accredited library schools in the United States and Canada. Of the fifty‐nine questionnaires distributed, thirty‐nine were completed and returned. Findings from the survey provide baseline data on the current level of commitment to coursework on library support for off‐campus and distance education programs, and indicate that the topic is minimally represented and of a low priority for most deans and directors of library schools.
Moisture History and Small Mammal Community Richness during the Latest Pleistocene and Holocene, Northern Bonneville Basin, Utah

Precipitation and net primary productivity are positively correlated in arid environments. Both variables are, in turn, correlated with mammal species richness, but this relationship is not necessarily positive. With increasing precipitation in arid areas of low to moderate productivity, mammal richness increases linearly; as rainfall and productivity increase beyond this point, mammal richness is known to decline in some areas, producing a relationship that has been termed “unimodal” or “humped.” In the Great Basin of the arid western United States, studies of the relationship between rodent species richness and precipitation have revealed only a positive relationship between these two variables. It has, however, been argued that if areas of higher precipitation were to be sampled within this region, the decline phase would become evident. When latest Pleistocene and Holocene small mammal assemblages from the northern Bonneville Basin (central Utah) are examined across a temporal moisture gradient, species richness declines as moisture declines. Since the Great Basin was significantly moister during the latest Pleistocene and Early Holocene than it has been since that time, the unimodal response model does not appear to apply to this region.
Index Numbers of the Total Cost of Living

I. The use of index numbers of cost of living stimulated by war conditions, 241. - II. Food prices and cost of living may diverge, 243. — III. A fixed collection of commodities and services forms the basis, 244. — IV. The methods of "proportional" and of "aggregate" expenditure, 246. — The proportional method gives a more correct arithmetical result, 250. — The aggregate method more easily understood, 250. — V. Considerations important in the index number for food, 252. — VI. Index numbers for other groups of articles, 256. — VII. American index numbers are fitted to localities, English are not, 259. — Concluding criticism: the methods of constructing index numbers not adequately explained, 262.
Global warming - A reduced threat

Issues associated with global warming are analyzed focusing on global and hemispheric temperature histories and trace gas concentrations; artificial warming from urban heat islands; high-latitude and diurnal temperatures; recent climate models; direct effects on vegetation of an increase in carbon dioxide; and compensatory cooling from other industrial products. Data obtained indicate that anthropogenerated sulfate emissions are mitigating some of the warming, and that increased cloudiness as a result of these emissions will further enhance night, rather than day, warming. It is noted that the sulfate emissions are not sufficient to explain all of the night warming. The sensitivity of climate to anthropogenerated aerosols, and the general lack of previously predicted warming, could drastically alter the debate on global warming in favor of less expensive policies. 61 refs.
Cholesteatoma of the Clivus

Cholesteatomas (central nervous system epidermoids) can be found intradurally or extradurally in the central nervous system. Extradural intraosseous lesions are most commonly found in the petrous bone. The authors describe a unique case of a clival cholesteatoma in a 64-year-old woman who presented with headaches. No other neurological complaints or physical examination findings were noted. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an expansile lesion centered in the middle portion of the clivus. A large portion of the clivus was eroded. The lesion was explored via a transnasal trans-sphenoidal approach and granular debris was evacuated. The cystic lining was stripped from the surrounding bone, and the bone opening was widely fenestrated. Pathological examination showed keratinous debris with macrophages and an outer lining of benign epithelial tissue consistent with a cholesteatoma (epidermoid cyst). When surgically accessible, these lesions should be excised to prevent a recurrence. If inaccessible, marsupialization may be considered.
The stimulation of amino acid incorporation into the protein of unfertilized sea urchin eggs by gamma-irradiation.

Control and γ-irradiated sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) eggs were incubated with H3-leucine. No incorporation of the amino acid into the proteins of most unirradiated eggs was detectable by autoradiography. All irradiated eggs incorporated the amino acid and the amount of autoradiographic labelling varied greatly from cell to cell.
The disposition of cytosine arabinoside and its metabolite after single doses to rabbits

Cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) is rapidly deaminated in vivo to ara-U by cytidine-deoxycytidine deaminase. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of the deamination pathway to the overall clearance of ara-C after a single dose to rabbits, as well as to determine the pharmacokinetics of ara-U itself. Male rabbits were cannulated in the marginal ear vein and received a single IV bolus dose (50 mg kg-1) of either ara-C (n = 10) or ara-U (n = 10). Blood samples were collected for up to 24 h. One week later, the rabbits received the opposite treatment. Plasma samples were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC. The plasma clearance of ara-C (8.16 +/- 2.43 ml min-1 kg-1) was significantly higher than the clearance of ara-U (5.66 +/- 2.59 ml min-1 kg-1). The volume of distribution of ara-C was 0.64 +/- 0.16 l kg-1 (mean +/- SD) and was significantly smaller (p less than 0.05) than that of ara-U (1.22 +/- 0.70 l kg-1). As a result, the elimination rate constant of ara-C was significantly larger than that of ara-U (0.602 +/- 0.097 h-1 vs 0.258 +/- 0.05 l h-1). In the rabbits that received both treatments (n = 7), the fraction of the ara-C dose metabolized to ara-U (fm) was 0.53 +/- 0.20. Qualitatively, the pharmacokinetics of ara-C and ara-U resemble those in humans. This study provides the basis for further work into the modulation of ara-C disposition either by ara-U or other agents.
Immobilization of technetium and nitrate in cement-based materials

The leachabilities of technetium and nitrate wastes immobilized in cement-based materials (i.e., grouts) have been investigated using ANS 16.1 test procedures. Factors found to affect the leachabilities include (1) grout mix ratio, (2) grout fluid density, (3) dry solid blend composition (including ground blast furnace slag), and (4) waste concentration.
Ethical Challenges in Conducting HIV/AIDS Research in Correctional Settings:

To explore ethical challenges in the conduct and oversight of HIV/AIDS research in correctional settings, 92 researchers; IRB chairs, members, and prisoner representatives; research ethicists; and ...
Serotype expression and transformation in Tetrahymena pyriformis.

SYNOPSIS. Of the 4 serotypes of Tetrahymena pyriformis, syngen 1, the H (expressed at 20–35 C) and T (expressed at 36–40 C) serotypes and their genetic bases have received the most attention. The present study describes the L and I serotypes, considers their transformations to and from the H serotype, and compares inter-locus repression with allelic repression. The L serotype occurs below 20 C. No strain differences have been found between L antigens. However, the rate of transformation between H and L varies in the families, which can be ranked according to their preference for the H or L serotype. A3 is strongly L; D1 is strongly H; the other families form a continuum between these extremes. Preference for the H or L serotype is not correlated with the H allele present. Serotype differences may be hereditary, by the “dilution” test for hereditary differences. Altho the environment largely determines which serotype will be expressed, sublines can maintain established H and L serotypes for more than 40 fissions in a common environment. Crosses between H and L cells suggest macronuclear control of serotype determination and a cytoplasmic influence on macronuclear differentiation. Evidence for the cytoplasmic influence comes from both conjugants and nonconjugants. The I serotype is induced from the H serotype at room temperature by treatment with specific H antibodies, which are also necessary for I maintenance. The I serotype consists of a series of unstable serotypes which transform among themselves. Clones go thru an initial I type one day after induction and then diversify to express secondary types. The initial type and the secondary types are characteristic of the family but are not related to the H genotype. Family C1 lacks 2 secondary types found in other families studied. The differences between inter-locus repression and allelic repression are marked. Altho inter-locus repression is labile, all efforts to reverse allelic differentiations have failed. H heterozygotes maintained for long periods of time in the I or L state showed no reversal of H allelic repression.
Effect of dispersion on impulsive waves

The generation and propagation of surface waves resulting from suddenly created disturbances over water surfaces is investigated. The initial boundary conditions defining the disturbance are given either by a velocity of the free surface, an initial elevation of the free surface or a pressure impulsively applied on the free surface. It is shown that the corresponding three forms of solutions are related by a simple time derivative. Linear solutions are obtained in the cases where the wave motion is assumed to be nondispersive, mildly dispersive and fully dispersive, as well as in the case where the motion is given by the method of stationary phase. Criteria are established to indicate the limit of validity of each method.
Computational modeling of the response and damage behavior of fiber reinforced cellular concrete

A computational model is presented to predict the effective mechanical behavior and damage evolution in fiber reinforced cellular concrete (FRCC). The effective moduli of the FRCC are formulated based on the Eshelby's micromechanics and the orientational averaging process. The effects of random dispersion and orientation of inclusions are accommodated. Damage models are subsequently considered in accordance with the Weibull's probabilistic function to describe the varying probability of progressive fiber debonding and the continuum damage law proposed by Karihaloo and Fu [Eur. J. Mech. A 8 (1989) 62; ACI Mater. J. 87 (1990) 62] to model the nucleation of microvoids in the cement matrix. The constitutive model incorporating the damage mechanisms is then implemented into a finite element code to predict the performance of FRCC. The computational model is exercised to predict the performance of a typical fiber reinforced concrete to show the potential of the model. Finally, the prediction based on the computational model is compared with the experimental data to assess the capability of the model for predicting the performance of FRCC. The results show that the proposed computational model is a viable analytical and numerical tool for accurate evaluation of the performance of FRCC.
Microarray analysis of rat pancreas reveals altered expression of Alox15 and regenerating islet-derived genes in response to iron deficiency and overload.

It is well known that iron overload can result in pancreatic iron deposition, beta-cell destruction, and diabetes in humans. Recent studies in animals have extended the link between iron status and pancreatic function by showing that iron depletion confers protection against beta-cell dysfunction and diabetes. The aim of the present study was to identify genes in the pancreas that are differentially expressed in response to iron deficiency or overload. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6/group) were fed iron-deficient, iron-adequate, or iron-overloaded diets for 3 weeks to alter their iron status. Total RNA was isolated from the pancreases and pooled within each group for microarray analyses in which gene expression levels were compared to those in iron-adequate controls. In iron-deficient pancreas, a total of 66 genes were found to be differentially regulated (10 up, 56 down), whereas in iron-overloaded pancreas, 164 genes were affected (82 up, 82 down). The most up-regulated transcript in iron-deficient pancreas was arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (Alox15), which has been implicated in the development of diabetes. In iron-overloaded pancreas, the most upregulated transcripts were Reg1a, Reg3a, and Reg3b belonging to the regenerating islet-derived gene (Reg) family. Reg expression has been observed in response to pancreatic stress and is thought to facilitate pancreatic regeneration. Subsequent qRT-PCR validation indicated that Alox15 mRNA levels were 4 times higher in iron-deficient than in iron-adequate pancreas and that Reg1a, Reg3a, and Reg3b mRNA levels were 17–36 times higher in iron-overloaded pancreas. The elevated Alox15 mRNA levels in iron-deficient pancreas were associated with 8-fold higher levels of Alox15 protein as indicated by Western blotting. Overall, these data raise the possibility that Reg expression may serve as a biomarker for iron-related pancreatic stress, and that iron deficiency may adversely affect the risk of developing diabetes through up-regulation of Alox15.
Studies in Duck Nutrition 5. Bowed Legs in Ducks, a Nutritional Disorder

Abstract LEG weakness, characterized by a severe bowing of the legs ultimately resulting in complete crippling, has been observed at this laboratory in Pekin ducklings fed practical rations. (Heuser and associates, 1951; Scott and Heuser, 1952). Photographs showing this disorder in several degrees of severity are presented in Figure 1. Leg weakness similar in appearance to that observed here is encountered frequently in commercial flocks of ducklings in the Long Island area, representing an important economic problem since ducklings afflicted with the disorder usually do not make normal weight gains and therefore represent a loss at market time. Fritz and associates (1941) and Motzok and Branion (1948) have also reported the occurrence of bowed legs in ducklings raised under experimental conditions. In a preliminary experiment at this laboratory, it was found that the condition could not be prevented or corrected by the addition of high levels of cod liver oil, choline . . .
Confirmation of the association between a polymorphism in the promoter region of the prodynorphin gene and cocaine dependence.

The endogenous opioid system has been shown to have a role in the biological processes involved in addiction to numerous drugs of abuse including cocaine. It has recently been reported that the variable nucleotide tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the 5′ promoter region of the prodynorphin gene, which encodes the precursor for three endogenous opioid peptides, is associated with the cocaine dependent phenotype. In order to confirm this finding, we genotyped the prodynorphin promoter polymorphism in cocaine dependent (n = 167) and control (n = 88) individuals of African descent. The results from this experiment indicate a statistically significant (χ2 = 5.64, OR = 1.59, P = 0.018) association between the prodynorphin promoter VNTR polymorphism and the cocaine dependent phenotype. In contrast to previous work showing increased risk conferred by one or two copies of the prodynorphin VNTR, the genotyping results from this study indicate that persons with three or four copies of this polymorphism are more likely to become cocaine dependent. This disparity suggests that the prodynorphin promoter VNTR may not be the functional polymorphism associating with the cocaine dependent phenotype. It is possible that different alleles of the prodynorphin promoter VNTR in the independent populations used for this and the previous study may be in linkage disequilibrium with a yet to be identified functional polymorphism in this gene. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Selective Lesions of the Dentate Gyrus Produce Disruptions in Place Learning for Adjacent Spatial Locations

The hippocampus (HPP) plays a known role in learning novel spatial information. More specifically, the dentate gyrus (DG) hippocampal subregion is thought to support pattern separation, a mechanism for encoding and separating spatially similar events into distinct representations. Several studies have shown that lesions of the dorsal DG (dDG) in rodents result in inefficient spatial pattern separation for working memory; however, it is unclear whether selective dDG lesions disrupt spatial pattern separation for reference memory. Therefore, the current study investigated the role of the dDG in pattern separation using a spatial reference memory paradigm to determine whether the dDG is necessary for acquiring spatial discriminations for adjacent locations. Male Long-Evans rats were randomly assigned to receive bilateral intracranial infusions of colchicine or saline (control) into the dDG. Following recovery from surgery, each rat was pseudo-randomly assigned to an adjacent arm or separate arm condition and subsequently tested on a place-learning task using an eight-arm radial maze. Rats were trained to discriminate between a rewarded arm and a nonrewarded arm that were either adjacent to one another or separated by a distance of two arm positions. Each rat received 10 trials per day and was tested until the animal reached a criterion of nine correct choices out of 10 consecutive trials across 2 consecutive days of testing. Both groups acquired spatial discriminations for the separate condition at similar rates. However, in the adjacent condition, dDG lesioned animals required significantly more trials to reach the learning criterion than controls. The results suggest that dDG lesions decrease efficiency in pattern separation resulting in impairments in the adjacent condition involving greater overlap among the distal cues. Conversely, in the separate condition, there was less overlap among distal cues during encoding and less need for pattern separation. These findings provide further support for a critical role for the dDG in spatial pattern separation by demonstrating the importance of a processing mechanism that is capable of reducing interference among overlapping spatial inputs across a variety of memory demands.
Radioimmunoassay of angiotensin in human plasma.

Understanding of the renin-angiotensin humoral system has been held up for lack of a really specific and quantitative method of measuring angiotensin in plasma. A very sensitive radioimmunoassay for the hormone, which can be used on small samples of human plasma, has been developed.