cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro modeling of matrix vesicle nucleation: synergistic stimulation of mineral formation by annexin A5 and phosphatidylserine.

Annexins A5, A2, and A6 (Anx-A5, -A2, and -A6) are quantitatively major proteins of the matrix vesicle nucleational core that is responsible for mineral formation. Anx-A5 significantly activated the induction and propagation of mineral formation when incorporated into synthetic nucleation complexes made of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and Anx-A5 or of phosphatidylserine (PS) plus ACP (PS-CPLX) and Anx-A5. Incorporation of Anx-A5 markedly shortened the induction time, greatly increasing the rate and overall amount of mineral formed when incubated in synthetic cartilage lymph. Constructed by the addition of Ca2+ to PS, emulsions prepared in an intracellular phosphate buffer matched in ionic composition to the intracellular fluid of growth plate chondrocytes, these biomimetic PS-CPLX nucleators had little nucleational activity. However, incorporation of Anx-A5 transformed them into potent nucleators, with significantly greater activity than those made from ACP without PS. The ability of Anx-A5 to enhance the nucleation and growth of mineral appears to stem from its ability to form two-dimensional crystalline arrays on PS-containing monolayers. However, some stimulatory effect also may result from its ability to exclude Mg2+ and HCO–3 from nucleation sites. Comparing the various annexins for their ability to activate PS-CPLX nucleation yields the following: avian cartilage Anx-A5 > human placental Anx-A5 > avian liver Anx-A5 ≥ avian cartilage Anx-A6 >> cartilage Anx-A2. The stimulatory effect of human placental Anx-A5 and avian cartilage Anx-A6 depended on the presence of PS, since in its absence they either had no effect or actually inhibited the nucleation activity of ACP. Anx-A2 did not significantly enhance mineralization.
K-shell conversion coefficient of the 40.58 keV transition in 99Mo decay

Abstract The multipolarity of the 40.584 keV transition between the 181.095 and 140.511 keV levels in 99 Tc is established as M1 by a precision measurement of α K (3.2 ± 0.2) with a coincidence technique.
Hydrogen atom abstraction from hydrocarbons by a copper(III)-hydroxide complex

With the aim of understanding the basis for the high rate of hydrogen atom abstraction (HAT) from dihydroanthracene (DHA) by the complex LCuOH (1; L = N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide), the bond dissociation enthalpy of the reaction product LCu(H2O) (2) was determined through measurement of its pKa and E1/2 in THF solution. In so doing, an equilibrium between 2 and LCu(THF) was characterized by UV–vis and EPR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV). A high pKa of 18.8 ± 1.8 and a low E1/2 of −0.074 V vs Fc/Fc+ in THF combined to yield an O–H BDE for 2 of 90 ± 3 kcal mol–1 that is large relative to values for most transition metal oxo/hydroxo complexes. By taking advantage of the increased stability of 1 observed in 1,2-difluorobenzene (DFB) solvent, the kinetics of the reactions of 1 with a range of substrates with varying BDE values for their C–H bonds were measured. The oxidizing power of 1 was revealed through the accelerated decay of 1 in the presence of the substrates, inclu...
Argentine–Chilean Relations in the Shadow of the Debt Crisis

In the history of the relations between Argentina and Chile, the period between 1984 and 1989 is arguably the most interesting and the least studied. In Argentina, the civilian government of Alfonsin faced, on the other side of the Andes, the military regime of Pinochet. While the two countries were affected by the Debt Crisis and timidly cooperated on it, the two presidents never met. And if Chilean exiles in Argentina played a major role in the Chilean transition to democracy, Chilean rebels caused troubles in Argentina's civil–military relations. New sources have been uncovered and this article provides a broad reading of this complex period.
An analytic technique for investigating mode-locked lasers

We present an analytic theory capable of predicting pulse parameters in mode-locked lasers in the presence of dispersion and nonlinearity. Excellent agreement is obtained between this approach and full numerical solutions.
612 DIFFERENCES IN PROCESSING OF ORALLY ADMINISTERED PROSTAGLANDIN F2|[alpha]| IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AND LIVER OF SUCKLING AND WEANLING RATS

The presence of prostaglandin F2α (PGF) in milk led us to explore developmental differences in its metabolism between suckling and weanling rats. Disposition of orally administered 3H-PGF (20 μCi/kg/b.w.) to 12-day-old suckling (Su) and 30-day-old weanling (We) rats was evaluated quantitatively by determination of total radioactivity (TRA) recovery; and qualitatively by column and thin layer chromatography of extracts of liver (L), gastric wall and lumen (G), and small intestinal wall and lumen (I) two hours after administration. Recovery of TRA in these organs was 32.6% ± 2.1,8 (mean ± SE, N) of counts administered in Su, and 22.7% ± 4.8,5 in We (p < 0.03). In Su, G values tended to be higher than in We (11.1% ± 1.3,8 vs 8.5% ± 3.2,5); I values were 15.9% ± 0.7 vs 10.3% ± 1.8 (p < 0.01). Despite the presence of higher nonabsorbed TRA in G and I of Su, increased TRA was present in L [9.1% ± 1.7 vs 3.4% ± 0.6 (p < 0.05)]. Qualitatively, there was no substantial difference in distribution of TRA (un-metabolized parent PGF vs metabolites) in G and I. However, L of Su when compared to L of We, exhibited more unmetabolized PGF (12% ± 0.9 vs 7% ± 1.1 of TRA in L (p < 0.01) and less of the polar metabolites (21% ± 3.7 vs 35% ± 3.1 (p < 0.02). Conclusions. Qualitative and quantitative differences in metabolism of orally administered PGF were found between suckling and weanling rats. Despite slower absorption of PGF from the gastrointestinal tract of suckling rats, a larger proportion of prostaglandin was found in the liver in an unmetabolized form.
Formation of biopolymer particles by thermal treatment of β-lactoglobulin–pectin complexes

Abstract The purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize biopolymer particles based on thermal treatment of protein–polysaccharide electrostatic complexes formed from a globular protein (β-lactoglobulin) and an anionic polysaccharide (beet pectin). Initially, the optimum pH and pectin concentration for forming protein–polysaccharide complexes were established by mixing 0.5 wt% β-lactoglobulin solutions with beet pectin (0–0.5 wt%) at different pH values (3–7). Biopolymer complexes in the sub-micron size range (d = 100–300 nm) were formed at pH 5.0 and 0.1 wt% pectin. These particles were then subjected to a thermal treatment (30–90 °C at 0.8 °C min−1). The presence of pectin increased the thermal aggregation temperature of the protein, although aggregate formation was still observed when the protein–polysaccharide systems were heated above about 70 °C. The impact of pH (3–7) on the properties of heat-treated biopolymer particles (83 °C, 15 min, pH 5) was then established. The biopolymer particles were stable to aggregation over a range of pH values, which increased as the amount of pectin was increased. The biopolymer particles prepared in this study may be useful for encapsulation and delivery of bioactive food components, or as substitutes for lipid droplets.
Dihydrocytochalasin B disorganizes actin cytoarchitecture and inhibits initiation of DNA synthesis in 3T3 cells

Abstract Dihydrocytochalasin B (H 2 CB) disrupts the actin structure of Swiss/3T3 mouse fibroblasts and inhibits the ability of serum growth factors to stimulate DNA synthesis in quiescent cultures. Low doses of H 2 CB (2–10 × 10 −7 M) added to serum-arrested cells reversibly block initiation of DNA synthesis by serum; by epidermal growth factor and insulin; or by epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor and insulin. H 2 CB is effective only when added to cells within 8–10 hr after stimulation. Low doses of H 2 CB cause cell rounding and a loss of actin microfilament bundles, but they do not interfere with glucose or thymidine transport. These results suggest that stimulation of 3T3 cells involves at least one obligatory actin-mediated step. Transformed cells appear to obviate this step, for H 2 CB does not inhibit the entry into S phase of SV40-transformed or Moloney murine sarcoma virus-transformed 3T3 cells synchronized by mitotic shake-off.
A Parametric Study on Failure of Pin-Loaded Unidirectional-Woven Composite Joints

An analysis was performed to predict the failure load of unidirectional and woven pinned loaded composite joints using the characteristic curve model. The characteristic dimensions used to determine the characteristic curve were evaluated from stress functions without experimental tests. A parametric study was carried out for different coefficient of friction ranging between 0 and 0.15 to evaluate the effect of friction on joints failure using Tsai-Wu failure criterion along the characteristic curve. A comparison of analytical results with the available experimental data showed that the friction coefficient of 0.05 generally gave the best prediction for the joint configurations evaluated.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Functioning of the Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis in Rats at and After Birth

The adrenal ascorbic acid concentration in fetal rats was about 400 mg/100 g the day before parturition. At birth it fell to about 350, returned to 400 on days 1 and 2 postnatally, and then fell precipitously to 210 on day 3, from which low point it rose slowly in 10 days to 310 mg/100 g. During this time, depletion of the adrenal ascorbic acid concentration due to stress occurred the last day prenatally and not again until the 4th day postnatally. In the same rats the plasma concentration of corticosterone was 21 μg/100 ml on the last prenatal day and at birth. It fell slightly to 18 μg/100 ml on postnatal days 1, 2 and 3, and to 10 μg on day 4, where it remained. Stress produced significant increases of the corticosterone concentration in plasma on the last prenatal day, at birth, and not again until the 4th postnatal day. Corticosterone concentration in plasma in the mother was twice that in the fetuses (40 μg and 21 μg/100 ml). Adrenalectomy of the mother reduced her plasma concentration of corticoste...
Energy and protein utilization during lactation

Abstract Nine Holstein cows selected for the first phase of this study produced an average of 19,171lb of milk and 668lb of fat (2×-305). These cows had an average gross energetic efficiency of 40.6%. The average requirement of TDN above maintenance after adjusting for body weight changes for all cows through the entire experiment was 0.287lb per pound of FCM produced. High net energetic efficiencies were associated with early stages of lactation or high levels of production. A high, significant correlation ( r =0.82) was found between energy requirement and level of production. The protein equivalent of a pound FCM in this study was found to be 3.43%. The average requirement of digestible protein above maintenance during the entire experiment was found to be 0.052±0.004lb. All cows showed higher protein efficiency at early stages of lactation than later in the lactation. A significant correlation ( r =0.73) was found between protein requirement and level of production. There was considerable variation among cows in energetic and protein efficiencies.
The race relations problematic in American sociology: A case study and critique

This article reports the results of an analysis of all racial and ethnic relations articles published in the American Journal of Sociology, the American Sociological Review, Social Forces, and Social Problems, from January 1969 through December 1995. The analysis identifies by journal: 1) major methodological orientation(s); 2) how the concepts of “race,” “ethnicity,” and racial and ethnic relations are operationalized, which is useful for examining tendencies toward, or against, reification; 3) substantive content—that is, what a sociology of racial and ethnic relations is; and 4) primary context—that is, are racial and ethnic relations treated as a substantive subdiscipline in their own right, or are they merely a topic of interest for other subdisciplines such as social psychology? In brief, although some differences exist between the journals, all four journals publish disproportionately racial and ethnic relations research that: 1) is highly quantitative as opposed to theoretical, conceptual, or sociohistorical; 2) reifies U.S. Census definitions of race and ethnicity as opposed to critically evaluating such definitions; 3) social psychologizes racial and ethnic relations, or subsumes such relations under stratification processes; and 4) subsumes the racial and ethnic relations problematic under subdiscipline rubrics other than a sociology of racial and ethnic relations. The conclusion discusses the implications of these findings; for example, by virtue of what they publish, these journals construct a paradigmatic frame that gives precedence to, or legitimizes, some views and excludes, or de-legitimizes others.
A Rotated Principal Component Analysis of the Interannual Variability of the Northern Hemisphere 500 mb Height Field

Abstract The principal components derived by Wallace and Gutzler (1981) from a 500 mb height data set are linearly transformed using the varimax method. Their data set consists of 45 winter months of National Meteorological Center analyses of Northern Hemisphere 500 mb height. The linear transformation (or rotation) of the principal components emphasizes the strongest relationships within the 500 mb height data set; hence, spatial patterns associated with the rotated principal components are simpler to interpret than the spatial patterns associated with the unrotated components. The teleconnection patterns identified by Wallace and Gutzler (1981) on the basis of the negative extrema approach closely resemble several of the spatial patterns of the rotated principal components. In order to show the seasonal dependence of the rotated principal components, an expanded data set consisting of 30 years of 500 mb height data is used. Most of the teleconnection patterns derived from the 90 winter month data set ar...
Global warming potential of the sulfur–iodine process using life cycle assessment methodology

Abstract A life cycle assessment (LCA) of one proposed method of hydrogen production – thermochemical water-splitting using the sulfur–iodine cycle couple with a very high-temperature nuclear reactor – is presented in this paper. Thermochemical water-splitting theoretically offers a higher overall efficiency than high-temperature electrolysis of water because heat from the nuclear reactor is provided directly to the hydrogen generation process, instead of using the intermediate step of generating electricity. The primary heat source for the S–I cycle is an advanced nuclear reactor operating at temperatures corresponding to those required by the sulfur–iodine process. This LCA examines the environmental impact of the combined advanced nuclear and hydrogen generation plants and focuses on quantifying the emissions of carbon dioxide per kilogram of hydrogen produced. The results are presented in terms of global warming potential (GWP). The GWP of the system is 2500 g carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO 2 -eq) per kilogram of hydrogen produced. The GWP of this process is approximately one-sixth of that for hydrogen production by steam reforming of natural gas, and is comparable to producing hydrogen from wind- or hydro-electric conventional electrolysis.
Comparison of anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen antibodies and other immunomarkers in metastatic prostate carcinoma

Abstract Objectives. To compare the immunohistochemical properties of the 7E11 anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen (anti-PSMA) monoclonal antibody (mAb) with the recently developed anti-PSMA mAb, PM2J004.5, and with other common immunomarkers in metastatic prostate cancer. PSMA is a type II integral membrane glycoprotein highly expressed in prostate cancer cells. The mAb 7E11 is currently used in the radioisotopic evaluation of prostate cancer, and its immunohistochemical properties have been examined in primary prostate cancer specimens. Methods. We examined 23 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, metastatic prostate carcinoma specimens from various anatomic sites, including bone, lymph node, liver, lung, and soft tissue. Using the biotin-streptavidin method, we performed immunohistochemical reactions with the anti-PSMA mAbs 7E11 and PM2J004.5 and with antibodies to prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase. The immunoreactions were scored by pathologists unaware of the clinical and pathologic data according to a staining intensity scale and the percentage of cells stained. Results. All four mAbs consistently stained the metastatic prostate cancer specimens. In 2 (8.7%) of 23 cases, however, the prostate-specific antigen immunoreaction was negative but the anti-PSMA mAbs had positive staining. Although 7E11 and PM2J004.5 had a similar staining intensity and percentage of cells stained for most specimens, in 3 (13%) of 23 specimens, 7E11 had less intense staining. None of the specimens were negative for all four antibodies. Conclusions. Anti-PSMA mAbs consistently immunoreacted with metastatic prostate cancer specimens and were positive in instances when prostate-specific antigen staining was negative. The anti-PSMA mAbs demonstrated similar staining patterns; however, in select cases, the PM2J004.5 mAb did show more intense staining. The anti-PSMA mAbs 7E11 and PM2J004.5 are useful in the pathologic evaluation of paraffin-embedded metastatic prostate cancer specimens.
Emulating multiple inheritance in Fortran 2003/2008

Although the high-performance computing (HPC) community increasingly embraces object-oriented programming (OOP), most HPC OOP projects employ the C
Registration of High-Methionine Versions of Maize Inbreds A632, B73, and Mo17

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a primary energy-supplying grain for animal feed in the United States. However, it is deficient in the essential amino acid methionine. Of the maize used for animal feed, 20% is fed to poultry, where the methionine requirement is particularly important. Significant increases in maize methionine levels in the lines reported here can be effectively used in poultry nutrition as well as in human diets where corn and bean (Phaseolus L.) play a major role. Eleven inbred lines of high-methionine maize (58611 Inbred A632 [Reg. No. GP-557, PI 648423], 58609 A632 (Meth) BC5S4 [Reg. No. GP-558, PI 648424], 58610 A632 (Meth) BC5S4 [Reg. No. GP-559, PI 648425], 58612 Inbred B73 [Reg. No. GP-560, PI 648426], 58613 B73 (Meth) BC5S4 [Reg. No. GP-561, PI 648427], 58614 B73 (Meth) BC5S4 [Reg. No. GP-562, PI 648428], 58615 B73 (Meth) BC5S4 [Reg. No. GP-563, PI 648429], 58801 Inbred Mo17 [Reg. No. GP-564, PI 648430], 58802 Mo17 (Meth) BCS3 [Reg. No. GP-565, PI 648431], 58803 Mo17 (Meth) BCS3 [Reg. No. GP-566, PI 648432], and 58804 Mo17 (Meth) BCS3 [Reg. No. GP-567, PI 648433]) were developed by the University of Minnesota and released on 26 Oct. 2007 by the Minnesota Agricultural Experimental Station. These materials were produced by crossing BSSS53 with inbred lines A632, B73, and Mo17 and backcrossing to the respective inbred with intermittent selfing. Maize inbred lines A632, B73, and Mo17 are released with methionine elevated as much as 12.5, 25.0, and 50.0%, respectively, above the recurrent parent. The germplasm source of the high methionine trait is a random line isolate from the Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic, identified as BSSS53 and later released by the Iowa State Experiment Station as B101 after obtaining the high methionine information from the University of Minnesota.
Switch from neuroleptics to clozapine does not influence pituitary-gonadal axis hormone levels in male schizophrenic patients.

Abstract Hypothalamic dopaminergic and serotonergic inputs participate in the regulation of pituitary hormones, and drugs that block central dopamine and serotonin receptors are expected to influence the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) and –adrenal (HPA) axes. In schizophrenic patients, the switch from neuroleptics to clozapine influences prolactin and cortisol secretion, but there is no information on possible changes on HPG-axis hormones. We measured the plasma levels of testosterone (TST), LH, FSH, as well as of prolactin (PRL) and cortisol (CORT), in a group of male patients with schizophrenia during treatment with classical neuroleptics with no satisfactory therapeutic response (31 pts, age 30.3±8.5, range 18–50), and 6 weeks later, after switch to treatment with clozapine (CLZ) in doses from 100 to 600 mg daily (mean 328 mg). Psychopathology was assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. The hormone levels were also compared to those of a control group of 38 healthy males. Treatment with CLZ resulted in a reduction in the BPRS score by 30% in the mean. Plasma PRL was reduced from 39.9±26.1 to 8.3±5.0 ng/ml (P
Comparative effects of a highly specific protein kinase C inhibitor, calphostin C and calmodulin inhibitors on angiotensin-stimulated aldosterone secretion

Abstract We have examined the relative roles of the calcium-calmodulin system and protein kinase C in angiotensin-mediated aldosterone secretion. We used a highly specific protein kinase C inhibitor, calphostin C and two well-accepted calmodulin inhibitors, W-7 and calmidazolium. Although both types of inhibitors affected angiotensin-induced aldosterone secretion, as judged by the inhibitory doses of these compounds, angiotensin-evoked aldosterone secretion was more sensitive to calmodulin inhibition than protein kinase C inhibition. Manipulation of intracellular calcium by dantrolene and thapsigargin also modified aldosterone secretion significantly.
SINGLE-QUANTUM ANNIHILATION OF POSITRONS

An experiment has been performed to investigate single-quantum annihilation of positrons in the field of high-$Z$ nuclei. This mode of annihilation has been observed and the absolute magnitude, energy dependence, and $Z$ dependence of the cross section measured. Backgrounds which might contaminate the derived signals have been semiempirically investigated and found to be an order of magnitude or more below the rate identified as single-quantum annihilation. The data on absolute magnitude of the counting rate and its dependence on positron energy agree with the calculations of Jaeger and Hulme. The $Z$ dependence agrees with a cross section proportional to ${Z}^{5}$.
Towards an Urban Narrative Layers Approach to Decipher the Language of City Films

In his article "Towards an Urban Narrative Layers Approach to Decipher the Language of City Films" Francois Penz investigates how film narratives may provide us with the perceptual tools to grasp complex urban phenomena. He posits that, in order to elicit the mechanisms that make up the projected image of city films, new analytical tools need to be devised. Penz demonstrates that the cinematic image is composed of a succession of narrative layers and suggests that the eye of the unsuspecting film spectator encounters a succession of narrative layers recomposed seamlessly into a single movie image on the screen. Penz identifies four narrative layers: the story and history of the buildings, the narratives and points of view of the city planning process, the tales and personal stories embodied by the passers-by, and the narrative intentions of the film itself. Penz uses his own moviemaking experiments to test the narrative layers hypothesis concentrating on observational cinema. Francois Penz, "Towards an Urban Narrative Layers Approach to Decipher the Language of City Films" page 2 of 2 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 14.3 (2012): Thematic Issue New Work in Landscape and Its Narration. Ed. Sofie Verraest, Bart Keunen, and Katrien Bollen
Use of conditional stochastic models to generate climate change scenarios

Stochastic models have been proposed as one technique for generating scenarios of future climate change. One particular daily stochastic weather generator, termed Richardson's Model or WGEN, has received much attention. Because it is expressed in a conditional form convenient for simulation (e.g., temperature is modeled conditional on precipitation occurrence), some of its statistical characteristics are unclear. In the present paper, the theoretical statistical properties of a simplified version of Richardson's model are derived. These results establish that when its parameters are varied, certain unanticipated effects can be produced. For instance, modifying the probability of daily precipitation occurrence not only changes the mean of daily temperature, but its variance and autocorrelation as well. A prescription for how best to adjust these model parameters to obtain the desired climate changes is provided. Such precautions apply to conditional stochastic models more generally.
Current and future standards in evaluation of erectile dysfunction

Sexual dysfunction and more specifically erectile dysfunction (ED) can be a harbinger of serious occult medical conditions. ED can be considered a clinical manifestation of generalized vascular disease and therefore shares similar risk factors: aging, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and smoking. The initial evaluation of men with ED should be thorough. Studies of normal and abnormal penile tumescence have led to the discovery of many important pathways. The greatest medical advance in the management of male sexual dysfunction since the identification of androgens have been the discoveries that nitric oxide (NO) is the primary neuro-modulator of penile smooth muscle relaxation and that oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors enhance erection quality through the NO mechanism. As a consequence of oral pharmacotherapies, the role of invasive diagnostics has diminished. Most guidelines recommend only history, physical exam and limited laboratory testing prior to instituting oral therapies for ED. In 2006 we still have unanswered questions about ED and these will frame the role of future diagnosis and therapy: can lifestyle changes alone improve erectile function; is ED a marker for the development of atherosclerotic heart disease, do lower urinary tract symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy and ED share a common pathway?
A simple enzymatic method for parietal yolk sac removal in early postimplantation mouse embryos

Crucial aspects of axial development in mice occur at early postimplantation stages from the time of implantation to the appearance of the primitive streak. However, this period of development is notoriously refractory to experimental approaches due to the small size of the conceptus and to the presence of the parietal yolk sac, a protective tripartite membrane that surrounds the developing egg cylinder. Here, we describe a method that combines enzymatic digestion and mechanical manipulation to remove the parietal yolk sac of conceptuses at stages between 5.5 and 6.5 days post coitum. This method, which is compatible with whole-mount in situ hybridization and immunostaining techniques, offers a significant improvement over conventional dissection techniques, and it will greatly facilitate research in early mammalian development. Developmental Dynamics 236:489–493, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A new approach to soot control in Diesel engines by fuel-drop charging

Particulate formation is greatly enchanced by the nondiluteness of a diesel spray because it is responsible for the creation of a fuel-rich vapor that accumulates without burning and instead undergoes complex chemical reactions [1, 2] which, combined with nucleation processes, [2-4] form soot. Since premixing was found to eliminate soot [1], it is clearly desirable to burn the nondilute spray injected in a diesel engine cylinder in a dilute configuration.
Transition Due to Heat-Shield Cavities on a Mars Entry Vehicle

The influence of heat-shield cavities on the forebody of the proposed Mars Science Laboratory entry vehicle has been investigated experimentally and computationally. Wind-tunnel tests were conducted on the 70-deg sphere-cone forebody of the vehicle with various cavity sizes and locations to assess their effects on convective heating and boundary-layer transition. The heat-transfer coefficients and transition locations were measured using global phos-phor thermography. Laminar and turbulent Navier-Stokes computations were performed to compare with the experimental aeroheating data and to determine boundary-layer parameters for use in correlation of the experimental transition data. Comparisons of laminar heating data and computations were found to agree to within the experimental uncertainty, but turbulent computations underpredicted measured heating levels by up to 20%, possibly because the cavities were not included in the simple computational geometry employed. The cavity transition data were analyzed to determine a correlation for transition to turbulence at a cavity in terms of cavity geometric parameters and computed boundary-layer conditions. This correlation was used to show that the vehicle could experience early onset of turbulent flow in flight as a result of the presence of cavities.
Pollen morphology of the Embothrieae (Proteaceae) II. Embothriinae (Embothrium, Oreocallis, Telopea)

Abstract This is the second of two papers dealing with pollen morphology and evolution within the tribe Embothrieae. The present paper examines pollen of the subtribe Embothriinae, Embothrium (1 sp.), Oreocallis (6 spp.), Telopea (4 spp.)) in the light microscope and scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Pollen is large-sized, oblate to suboblate to oblate-spheroidal, foveolate to microreticulate to spinulate with a predominantly granular exine and simple aperture morphology. The Embothriinae are palynologically heterogeneous with both Oreocallis and Telopea each exhibiting two distinct pollen types. Pollen of New World Oreocallis (O. grandiflora, O. mucronala) and the Old World O. pinnata are closer to the Old World Telopea (excluding T. speciosissima) than to other Old World Oreocallis (O. sp. nov. O. brachycarpa, O. wickhamii). Within this complex, O. pinnata occupies an intermediate position between Oreocallis and Telopea. Despite the uniformly biporate condition in Embothrium, other pollen ...
Isolation of an Antibacterial Peptide from Human Lung Lavage Fluid

The contribution of extracellular secretions to the antibacterial defenses of the lungs remains poorly defined. Recent studies have demonstrated that mouse and rabbit bronchoalveolar washings contain a low-molecular-weight peptide that has antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. In this study we investigated whether a similar peptide could be identified in human secretions. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was obtained from normal volunteers and patients with interstitial lung disease or pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Cellular material and surfactant lipids were removed from the fluid by sequential centrifugations, and the supernatant was fractionated by exclusion filtration to isolate peptides with a molecular weight less than 10,000. Gel filtration chromatography separated the ultrafiltrate into several peaks, the first of which had antibacterial activity against E. coli. This material was further separated into several hydrophilic peaks by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RPHPLC). All samples had similar RPHPLC graphs. Material from the third RPHPLC peak produced an antibacterial effect similar to that produced by the rabbit and mouse peptide.
Arginine vasopressin release by acetylcholine or norepinephrine: region-specific and cytokine-specific regulation.

Abstract Interferon-a and transforming growth factor-β 1 have been detected in the brain, suggesting their possible regulatory functions. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of these cytokines on the in vitro release of arginine vasopressin, previously reported to be sensitive to neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and corticotropin releasing hormone as well as to cytokines interleukin-1 and interleukin-2. Interferon-a was found to enhance arginine vasopressin release from both hypothalamus and amygdala, as was dibutyryl cyclic GMP. Blockade of nitric oxide synthase antagonized the interferon-a induced arginine vasopressin release from the amygdala but not from the hypothalamus. Transforming growth factor-β 1 had no effect on basal release of arginine vasopressin, nor on the arginine vasopressin-release induced by interferon-a, interleukin-2 or norepinephrine, but selectively blocked the acetylcholine-induced release in both hypothalamus and amygdala. When the release of arginine vasopressin induced by interferon-a, interleukin-2, acetylcholine and norepinephrine was probed with inhibitors of guanylate cyclase, the interactions exhibited regional selectivity: neither the interleukin-2-induced arginine vasopressin release from hypothalamus, nor the norepinephrine-induced release of arginine vasopressin from either amygdala or hypothalamus was affected by guanylate cyclase inhibitors, but all other arginine vasopressin releasers were blocked. Taken with previous reports that interferon-a will enhance hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone release, our results suggest that arginine vasopressin release enhanced by interferon-α may also contribute to the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, while the ability of transforming growth factor-β 1 to diminish the arginine vasopressin released by acetylcholine could mediate some of this cytokine's central effects. The extension of these neurotransmitter-cytokine interactions to the amygdala may provide an additional basis for interactions between neuronal and immune systems.
Middle-Class Woes

This intriguing book about the financial pressures faced by middle-class, two-earner families with children is exceptional in its originality. It begins by discussing the recent upswing in bankruptcy among U.S. families. One in seven families goes bankrupt in the course of a decade, 90% of them educated, middle-class families, mostly with children. Contrary to the stereotype, most bankruptcies do not occur among poor families with marginal incomes. Job loss, family breakup, and major medical problems are reasons for the large majority of bankruptcies, not overspending or domestic mismanagement. The book quickly turns to a more ambitious agenda: explaining why the transition from oneto two-earner households has not brought financial stability to the college-educated middle class. The core argument is that, in decades past, a stay-at-home mom was a safety net in case the father's job disappeared. Families whose standard of living was constructed around one paycheck could limp by, at least in the short run, if Dad was laid off and Mom went out to work. Today, the authors argue, a middle-class lifestyle with children usually requires two earners, and if either one gets ill or disabled, loses his or her job, or becomes divorced, the family faces financial ruin. The safety net provided by the stay-at-home mom has disappeared. That's why the two-income family is a trap. But why don't two incomes protect families and provide a financial buffer in bad times, and lots of savings? The authors argue against scholars
Model for mixed region collapse in a stratified fluid

The collapse of a mixed fluid mass immersed in a vertically stratified fluid is studied analytically. Simple approximate theories are given for the initial stage of the process for a fully mixed fluid mass in two and three dimensions and for a partially mixed fluid mass in two dimensions. The solutions are obtained via an energy conservation principle and they are exact within the models. They compare favorably with approximate solutions of the same model obtained previously for the two-dimensional fully mixed case.
Technical Ceramic Fabrication Processes

This paper reviews the fabrication of technical ceramic components. The basic functions of the various steps in the fabrication process are outlined, including materials preparation, forming, sintering, and final machining. The advantages and limitations of various forming methods are discussed, as is the application of quality control and non-destructive evaluation. Since the use of ceramic components for high temperature gas turbine engines is a promising development, this paper provides an overview of fabrication processes which may come into widespread use for manufacturing such components.Copyright © 1975 by ASME
Compensatory and Orienting Eye Movements Induced By Off-Vertical Axis Rotation (OVAR) in Monkeys

Nystagmus induced by off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR) about a head yaw axis is composed of a yaw bias velocity and modulations in eye position and velocity as the head changes orientation relative...
Late gestation fetal magnetic resonance imaging-derived total lung volume predicts postnatal survival and need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Purpose Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used as an imaging modality to assess pulmonary hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDHs). The objective of this study was to determine if there is a correlation between late gestational fetal MRI–derived total lung volumes (TLVs) and CDH outcomes.
A 0.9V, 65nm logic-compatible embedded DRAM with > 1ms data retention time and 53% less static power than a power-gated SRAM

A logic-compatible low power eDRAM is demonstrated in 65nm CMOS achieving a retention time of 1.25msec and a static power dissipation of 91.3µW/Mb at 0.9V, 85oC. A boosted 3T gain cell enhances data retention time and read speed. A regulated bit-line write scheme and a read reference bias generator mitigate write disturbance issues and improve tolerance to PVT variations.
Understanding of Derived-Fact Strategies in Addition and Subtraction

This study examined children's justifications and evaluations of derived-fact strategies-strategies for solving addition and subtraction problems by using known combinations-to explore their knowledge of underlying part-whole relationships. Twenty-two normally achieving third graders and 19 learning-disabled (LD) students were asked to evaluate, justify, and complete derived fact strategies modeled correctly and incorrectly by puppets. About half of the students gave adequate explanations of the derived-fact strategies for addition-explanations that included the appropriate transformations to parts and wholes. Only 10% to 20% of students gave adequate explanations of subtraction strategies. Students, especially LD students, often solved subtraction problems by rigidly applying previously learned or invented methods, rather than explaining the derived-fact strategies modeled by the puppets. Although the performance of LD students lagged considerably behind that of their peers, their successful explanations...
Hyperthyroidism in an adolescent with bulimia nervosa

Zrztrodzrctiorr Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent frequent episodes of consumption of large amounts of food in a relatively short period of time and is often associated with repeated attempts to lose weight by severely restrictive diets, exercise, self-induced vomiting, or use of cathartics and/or diuretics (1). We describe bulimia in an l&year-old girl associated with hyperthyroidism (Graves disease), which is known to increase appetite and to affect body weight.
The development of radioactive sample surrogates for training and exercises

Source term information is required for to reconstruct a device used in a dispersed radiological dispersal device. Simulating a radioactive environment to train and exercise sampling and sample characterization methods with suitable sample materials is a continued challenge. The Idaho National Laboratory has developed and permitted a radioactive response training range (RRTR), an 800 acre test range that is approved for open air dispersal of activated KBr, for training first responders in the entry and exit from radioactively contaminated areas, and testing protocols for environmental sampling and field characterization. Members from the Department of Defense, Law Enforcement, and the Department of Energy participated in the first contamination exercise that was conducted at the RRTR in the July 2011. The range was contaminated using a short lived radioactive 82Br isotope (activated KBr). Soil samples contaminated with KBr (dispersed as a solution) and glass particles containing activated potassium bromide that emulated dispersed radioactive materials (such as ceramic-based sealed source materials) were collected to assess environmental sampling and characterization techniques. This presentation summarizes the performance of a radioactive materials surrogate for use as a training aide for nuclear forensics.
A Hydrophobic Bundle Crossing Found in Glutamate Receptor and K+ channel Pore Helices Dominates the Conformational Free Energy Landscape

A conserved sequence of hydrophobic residues in ionotropic glutamate receptors is believed to be important for determining the channel's resting state. This sequence is homologous in many K+ channel helices, specifically the KcsA pore lining M2, for which a pH sensor controls channel gating. The mechanism of channel gating in KcsA remains poorly characterized. Umbrella sampling, a method to compute free energy differences based on MD simulations, is used to investigate the change in free energy required to transition from a closed to an open KcsA channel conformation. Physical mechanisms that control this transition are analyzed in detail using computational mutagenesis. A potential of mean force is constructed within a two-dimensional reaction coordinate between opposing helices in the M2 transmembrane region of KcsA. The M2 bundle crossing acts as a hydrophobic gate, providing 4 kcal/mol to the total 5.3 kcal/mol free energy barrier between a closed and open conformation. Two of the three known pH sensor residues E118 and E120 are important for stabilizing the intracellular region of the M2 bundle while the third, H25 on M1, initiates disruption of the hydrophobic gate initiating channel opening. Arginine residues within the charged intracellular region of M2 are also shown to stabilize the M2 bundle although do not drive M2 into an open channel conformation. Water density fluctuations at the hydrophobic gate boundary show vapor-liquid phase transitions as the channel pore opens. It is hypothesized that the M2 hydrophobic bundle crossing within KcsA provides a barrier to ion conduction through hydrophobic forces excluding water. H25 protonation provides the energy to disrupt the M2 hydrophobic gate inducing a local water phase transition. Hydration or wetting of the pore creates an open conducting ion channel.
Transition Best Practice: Who is Responsible for Preparing our Educators to Promote Transition Related Best Practice?

Graduate students taking a class on transition for students with disabilities surveyed personnel of school districts in which they lived and worked to determine if the districts were engaging in transition best practices. Ten school districts in Southeast Texas were surveyed. The majority of these districts did not engage in transition best practices. There was a gap between what was being taught in the graduate class and what was actually happening in the public school classrooms. Implications for educator preparation programs and public school professional development programs are discussed.
An analytic approach to significance assessment in local sequence alignment with gaps

A detailed study of the Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm is performed in order to find an analytical approach to the problem of assessing the statistical significance of local alignments with gaps. The significance is shown to be given in terms of an eigenvalue equation which captures the dynamics of the much simpler global alignment algorithm. This eigenvalue equation is then explicitly solved for a simple scoring system and the resulting significance estimations are verified by a comparison to extensive numerical simulations
First-Session Competency: The Brief Strategic Therapy Scale-1

The first session in brief strategic therapy is the most critical phase of treatment. More than a mere "assessment phase," the first session in a true intervention sets the stage for all subsequent therapeutic maneuvers. This article presents a supervisory observation tool, the Brief Strategic Therapy Scale-1 (BSTS-1), a fidelity measure proposed as a more formal method of analyzing performance and competency of the therapist for the first session. During scale development, a narrow group of expert judges defined the core skills of therapists and determined the structure/phases of a brief strategic therapy first session. In addition, expert collaborators gave feedback on the scale's usability. This article concludes with the BSTS-1.
Interactions between Operophtera brumata and Tortrix viridana on oak: new evidence from time-series analysis

1. Yearly population estimates of the green oak leaf roller moth, Tortrix viridana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), were taken from the pedunculate oak, Quercus robur, from 1951 to 1966 in Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire, U.K. Larval mortality from parasitoids was recorded for both species over the same period. 2. Operophtera brumata population density fluctuated around a constant mean, whereas T. viridana population density exhibited a linear decline over the sampling period. Population counts were subjected to time-series analysis after the linear decline was removed from the T. viridana data by detrending. Multiple regression models were built so that variation in the per capita rate of increase of each population could be partitioned among (a) current and previous population density, (b) current and previous population density of the second moth species, and (c) rates of larval parasitism. 3. Multiple regression analysis suggested that variation in the per capita rate of increase of O. brumata could be explained by negative feedback from O. brumata density at T–2 (32%), a negative relationship with T. viridana density at T–1 (18%), and a positive relationship with parasitism suffered by T. viridana at T–1 (24%). 4. The T. viridana population time-series was dominated by a rapid feedback process such that per capita rate of increase at time T was negatively related to population density at time T–1, explaining 53% of variance in population growth rate. Per capita rate of increase was unrelated to larval parasitism or densities of O. brumata. 5. In light of previous life-table and experimental studies on O. brumata and T. viridana, the current analyses suggest that pupal predation (data not presented) and interspecific competition are significant determinants of O. brumata population growth rates in Wytham Woods. In contrast, T. viridana population growth rates appear to be dominated by rapid negative feedback consistent with intraspecific competition.
The Firm and the Price Formation Process: On the Presence and the Ramifications of a “Logical Gap” in the Neoclassical Framework

This paper represents an attempt to follow-up on Kenneth Arrow's long-neglected identification of a “logical gap” in the perfectly competitive foundation of the neoclassical framework. Attention is initially focused on establishing the fact that this logical gap exists and that it leaves the orthodox paradigm without an endogenous account of the manner in prices are determined. The presence of this logical gap implies, in other words, that neoclassical economics fails to provide our discipline with a theory of value. Given this fact, the second, considerably longer part of this paper establishes the broad outlines of a framework in which this logical gap is not present and that is capable, therefore, of providing our discipline with a legitimate theory of value. While prior efforts to develop an explicit account of the manner in which prices are determined provide crucial guidance in this regard, these efforts are extended in terms that address certain shortcomings and traditional sources of resistance.