cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adenosine aminohydrolase inhibition in cosolvent--buffer mixtures.

Abstract Adenosine aminohydrolase from calf intestinal mucosa is sensitive to changes in the cooperative water structure of its environment as induced by the cosolvent dioxane. When dioxane is added to lower the dielectric constant from that of 78 of neat water to about 74, V is approximately halved, competitive inhibition by N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenosine is virtually abolished, and competitive inhibition by the product of the reaction, i.e., inosine, is significantly decreased (Ki changes from 0.2 to 0.5 m m inosine). Yet Km remains unaltered at 40 μ m adenosine even to a dielectric constant of 66. Since both N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenosine and inosine are competitive inhibitors, they cannot be bound by the enzyme at the same time as adenosine. The fact that substrate binding remains unaltered at dielectric constants where these inhibitors are impotent indicates that binding of these inhibitors by portions of the enzyme not directly involved in substrate binding is important. The degree of alteration of binding with increasing dioxane concentration is different for these two inhibitors, with appreciable inosine binding at mole fractions dioxane where N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)-adenosine binding cannot be demonstrated. Because of this differential effect of dioxane on inosine and N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenosine binding, it is apparent that two substances can be competitive inhibitors kinetically and yet be bound differently by an enzyme. Cosolvents may thus be useful probes for the study of enzyme inhibitor interactions. It is proposed that studies of cosolvent effects on enzyme catalysis and substrate and inhibitor binding are capable of revealing the sensitivities of these various sites to alterations in the dielectric constant of the medium and thus may be considered as models for enzyme behavior near cytoplasmic membranes in vivo.
Immunocytochemical studies of atherosclerotic lesions of cerebral berry aneurysms

Immunocytochemical analysis of human saccular aneurysms, commonly referred to as berry aneurysms, was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections using monoclonal antibodies with single and double staining methods. Atherosclerotic lesions were detected in all aneurysms, which ranged in size from 2 mm to 3 cm in diameter. Changes consistent with the earliest stages of atherogenesis, so-called "fatty streaks," were not detected. In the smallest aneurysms, atherosclerotic lesions were characterized by diffuse intimal thickening composed predominantly of proliferating smooth muscle cells (SMC) with a small number of macrophages and lymphocytes. Large aneurysms had advanced atherosclerotic lesions with cellular infiltrates composed mostly of macrophages, more mature looking SMC and a greater number of lymphocytes. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression was detected predominantly in macrophages in all aneurysms. Some SMC in advanced atherosclerotic lesions, but not in diffuse intimal thickening, had MHC class II immunoreactivity. A significant number of lymphocytes and NK cells were found at the site of aneurysmal rupture. The progression of atherosclerosis within the aneurysmal sac correlated positively with aneurysmal growth, and we speculate may have contributed to aneurysmal rupture. Some evidence also suggested a possible role of atherosclerosis in the formation of berry aneurysms.
An Old Map of Africa

EARLY in the year 1870 I visited the vineyard of Mr. J. L. Cloete at Constantia, near Cape Town.
Cobalt(III) Corroles as Electrocatalysts for the Reduction of Dioxygen: Reactivity of a Monocorrole, Biscorroles, and Porphyrin--Corrole Dyads

Three series of cobalt(III) corroles were tested as catalysts for the electroreduction of dioxygen to water. One was a simple monocorrole represented as (Me4Ph5Cor)Co, one a face-to-face biscorrole linked by an anthracene (A), biphenylene (B), 9,9-dimethylxanthene (X), dibenzofuran (O) or dibenzothiophene (S) bridge, (BCY)Co2 (with Y = A, B, X, O or S), and one a face-to-face bismacrocyclic complex, (PCY)Co2, containing a Co(II) porphyrin and a Co(III) corrole also linked by one of the above rigid spacers (Y = A, B, X, or O). Cyclic voltammetry and rotating ring−disk electrode voltammetry were both used to examine the catalytic activity of the cobalt complexes in acid media. The mixed valent Co(II)/Co(III) complexes, (PCY)Co2, and the biscorrole complexes, (BCY)Co2, which contain two Co(III) ions in their air-stable forms, all provide a direct four-electron pathway for the reduction of O2 to H2O in aqueous acidic electrolyte when adsorbed on a graphite electrode, with the most efficient process being obse...
Transverse collisional instabilities of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a driven one-dimensional lattice

Motivated by recent experiments, we analyze the stability of a three-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate loaded in a periodically driven one-dimensional optical lattice. Such periodically driven systems do not have a thermodynamic ground state but may have a long-lived steady state which is an eigenstate of a ``Floquet Hamiltonian.'' We explore collisional instabilities of the Floquet ground state which transfer energy into the transverse modes. We calculate decay rates, finding that the lifetime scales as the inverse square of the scattering length and inverse of the peak three-dimensional density. These rates can be controlled by adding additional transverse potentials.
A dynamic neural network approach to nonlinear process modeling

Abstract The use of feedforward neural networks for process modeling has proven very successful for steadystate applications, but suitable applications for dynamic systems are still being studied. A novel approach is presented in this paper which uses intrinsically dynamic neurons inspired from biological control systems as the processing elements in network architectures. This results in a network which incorporates dynamic elements with continuous feedback. Two case studies show that the recurrent dynamic neuron network (RDNN) does an excellent job of predicting nonlinearities such as asymmetric dynamic response. In addition, the RDNN significantly outperforms linear models and more traditional neural network models for open-loop simulations. Finally it is shown how this RDNN model can be used in model-based control architectures, such as internal model control.
Expert System for Planning the Establishment of Turfs

TURFPLAN, an expert planning system, was constructed principally for turf managers, Extension staff, educators, contractors, etc. The major design tasks of TURFPLAN are the selection of turfgrass species and their cultivars, establishment procedures, and maintenance procedures during the post-planting period. Expert System Environment (ESE) was selected as the development platform for TURFPLAN. A portion of the rules covering the selection of turfgrass cultivars was developed from examples using AURORA, an inductive learning system. An evaluation of TURFPLAN's performance was conducted by comparing a set of generated designs to comparable designs developed by turf experts (...)
Effect of Nutritive State and Precursor Dose on the Incorporation of Orotic Acid and Uridine into Kidney and Liver of Normal, Castrated, and Androgen-treated Mice1

The labeling of acid soluble pyrimidines and RNA by radioactive orotic acid and uridine was measured in the kidney and liver of normal, castrated, and androgen-treated mice. The incorporation of [6-14C]-orotic acid injected in doses of 0.5 to 0.6 n-mole into 17-hour fasted mice was approximately twice as high in castrated than in normal andtestosterone propionate-treated castrated mice. In fed animals or in animals fasted only after the injection very little or no difference in labeling was observed. The incorporation of [5-3H]-orotic acid injected in doses of 0.2 to 1.2 nmoles was approximately twice as high in the kidneys of castrated than normal mice, even when the animals were not fasted before the injection. Treatment with testosterone propionate again restored the incorporation to the normal values. Preinjection fasting increased the absolute amounts of radioactivity incorporated by both groups of mice. The difference in labeling between castrated and normal fed mice greatly diminished or entirely d...
Stability of thin viscoelastic films between permeable membranes

Abstract Differential equations which describe the dynamics of thin viscoelastic films, behaving as Maxwell or Kelvin bodies between permeable and deformable membranes are derived. General dispersion equations for planar, thin viscoelastic films between membranes are developed. The effects due to the membrane tension, bending elasticity and permeability, as well as those of the disjoining pressure and the viscoelasticity of the films, on the conditions for film rupture and on the film breaking time are considered. It is proposed that the film stability may be a determinant of the kinetics of membrane fusion. The theoretical estimates are in qualitative agreement with available experimental data.
Seasonal ice mass-balance buoys: adapting tools to the changing Arctic

Monitoring the local mass balance of Arctic sea ice provides opportunities to attribute the observed changes in a particular floe's mass balance to specific forcing phenomena. A shift from multi- year to seasonal ice in large portions of the Arctic presents a challenge for the existing Lagrangian array of autonomous ice mass-balance buoys, which were designed with a perennial ice cover in mind. This work identifies the anticipated challenges of operation in seasonal ice and presents a new autonomous buoy designed to monitor ice mass balance in the seasonal ice zone. The new design presented incorporates features which allow the buoy to operate in thin ice and open water, and reduce its vulnerability to ice dynamics and wildlife damage, while enhancing ease of deployment. A test deployment undertaken from April to June 2009 is discussed and results are presented with analysis to illustrate both the features and limitations of the buoy's abilities.
Performance degradation of GaN field-effect transistors due to thermal boundary resistance at GaN/substrate interface

The authors investigate the effect of the thermal boundary resistance between the GaN layer and the substrate on the current–voltage characteristics of GaN MESFETs. Using material specific models for carrier drift-diffusion and thermal conductivity the authors determine the dependence of the breakdown voltage on thermal boundary resistance. The mechanism of the thermal breakdown in GaN transistors is also discussed. Obtained results can be used for structure optimisation of GaN-based transistors.
Systemic activation and vascular infiltration of neutrophils with term labor.

Objective:The purpose of the current study was to determine if neutrophils infiltrate maternal systemic vascular tissue at the time of term labor.Methods:Subcutaneous fat biopsies were obtained at cesarean delivery or abdominal surgery from laboring women (n = 5), non-laboring women (n = 5), and normal non-pregnant women (n = 5). Immunohistochemical staining was performed for CD66b, a neutrophil antigen, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; CD54), an endothelial cell adhesion molecule for neutrophils. Vessels (10 to 2000 μm) were analyzed for intensity of staining and percentage of vessels with staining.Results:CD66b staining intensity was significantly greater for laboring women at term than for non-laboring women at term or for normal non-pregnant women (1.3 ± 0.3 versus 0.2 ± 0.1 versus 0.2 ± 0.1, respectively, P <.01), Laboring women had significantly more vessels with staining for CD66b (79 ± 4 versus 24 ± 8 versus 19 ± 6%, P <.001), more vessels with neutrophils adhered and flattened to en...
Accounting for marine economic activities in large marine ecosystems

We develop an index that is a measure of the intensity of marine activities in large marine ecosystems (LMEs). We compare this marine activity index with an index of socioeconomic development across ocean regions. This comparison identifies regions that may be capable of achieving the sustainable development of their regional marine environment on their own and those that are less likely to do so. The latter may be candidates for international financial or management assistance. An important next step is to carry out detailed case studies designed to improve our understanding of any specific ocean region.
Classification of pulmonary airway disease based on mucosal color analysis

Airway mucosal color changes occur in response to the development of bronchial diseases including lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma. These associated changes are often visualized using standard macro-optical bronchoscopy techniques. A limitation to this form of assessment is that the subtle changes that indicate early stages in disease development may often be missed as a result of this highly subjective assessment, especially in inexperienced bronchoscopists. Tri-chromatic CCD chip bronchoscopes allow for digital color analysis of the pulmonary airway mucosa. This form of analysis may facilitate a greater understanding of airway disease response. A 2-step image classification approach is employed: the first step is to distinguish between healthy and diseased bronchoscope images and the second is to classify the detected abnormal images into 1 of 4 possible disease categories. A database of airway mucosal color constructed from healthy human volunteers is used as a standard against which statistical comparisons are made from mucosa with known apparent airway abnormalities. This approach demonstrates great promise as an effective detection and diagnosis tool to highlight potentially abnormal airway mucosa identifying a region possibly suited to further analysis via airway forceps biopsy, or newly developed micro-optical biopsy strategies. Following the identification of abnormal airway images a neural network is used to distinguish between the different disease classes. We have shown that classification of potentially diseased airway mucosa is possible through comparative color analysis of digital bronchoscope images. The combination of the two strategies appears to increase the classification accuracy in addition to greatly decreasing the computational time.
Critique of the Bonifacio-Lugiato superfluorescence model.

This paper shows how the Bonifacio-Lugiato mean-field model of atomic superfluorescence, which is particularly attractive because it deals with a crystalline array of emitters, can be extended to the nuclear case. However, limits exist on the validity of certain approximations used in the development of the model. In particular, a numerical instability that increases without bound is shown to exist in the non-Markovian case, placing in doubt the application of the semiclassical theory derived for the non-Markovian case.
Role of sulfhydryl groups in the formation of a hereditary cataract in the rat.

Abstract The predominant chemical change observed in the lens proteins during formation of the hereditary rat cataract was the oxidation of cysteine sulfhydryl (-SH) groups to cystine disulfide (-S-S-) groups. The process was accompanied by the formation of high mol. wt protein aggregates composed of various species of lens proteins. The process could be simulated, to a large extent, by in vitro exposure of normal rat lens to pure oxygen under pressure.
Salmonella carrier treated successfully with streptomycin.

Summary An infant in the carrier state of Salmonella infection was successfullytreated with streptomycin administered in large doses orally over a prolonged period of time.
On the bandwidth of asynchronous multiprocessors

Abstract In shared memory multiprocessor designs, the main memory is the major concern to get high performance. This research considers the memory access conflict in an asynchronous multiprocessor system having R processors and M memory modules. These memory modules are shared and a crossbar interconnection between the processor and the modules is assumed. Considering the particular nature of asynchronous multiprocessing, the memory conflict is studied from the point of view of a tagged request arrival. The overall system performance is analyzed by assuming a Poisson process. A relation for bandwidth (BW) has been derived. The results indicating the effect of memory conflict on the memory bandwidth are discussed.
The politics of ethnic separatism in Russia and Georgia

The politics of ethnic separatism in Russia and Georgia, by Julie A. George, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, 248 pp., US$57.37 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-230-61359-1 Each of the many episodes of vi...
Angiographic findings of primary versus salvage varicoceles treated with selective gonadal vein embolization: an explanation for surgical treatment failure.

Abstract Background and Purpose: Gonadal vein angioembolization is a successful means of primary and salvage treatment for symptomatic varicoceles. We aim to investigate angiographic findings during embolization of primary varicoceles vs those with failed surgical ligation. Patients and Methods: Between 1992 and 2010, 106 cases referred to our interventional radiologists for primary or salvage varicocelectomy were reviewed. These patients underwent venography and gonadal vein embolization using a combination of embolization coils and vascular plugs. All images were reviewed by an interventional radiologist to determine the anatomic etiology of the varicocele. Primary and salvage embolization cohorts were compared using t test and chi-square analyses for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Angiographic parameters were analyzed using univariate and multivariable regression models to determine significance in predicting primary vs salvage status. Results: Of the 106 patients, 46 patients (57 ...
Loss of waterborne brevetoxins from exposure to phytoplankton competitors

Abstract We tested whether interactions among phytoplankton competitors affect toxin dynamics involving the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, whose brevetoxins incapacitate and kill coastal wildlife. The addition of a live diatom, Skeletonema costatum, led to decreased concentrations of brevetoxin B (PbTx-2) associated with K. brevis cells in co-culturing experiments and with two of three natural bloom samples containing K. brevis. Similar decreases in PbTx-2 concentration, but not PbTx-3 concentration, occurred when a mixture of brevetoxins (without live K. brevis cells) was exposed to S. costatum, indicating that S. costatum metabolizes waterborne PbTx-2. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and ELISA analyses indicated that PbTx-2 is probably not transformed into other brevetoxins or into known brevetoxin metabolites, and instead is biotransformed by a previously unrecognized mechanism. Four different S. costatum strains from around the world caused similar loss of PbTx-2, suggesting that evolutionary experience with K. brevis is not a pre-requisite for the ability to metabolize PbTx-2. Additionally, phytoplankton-associated bacteria were found to play no role in the loss of PbTx-2, as bacteria-free S. costatum strains metabolized PbTx-2. Finally, loss of waterborne PbTx-2 caused by exposure to a dinoflagellate, a cryptophyte, and two additional diatom species indicates that this phenomenon is widespread among phytoplankton. Our results unexpectedly suggest that competing phytoplankton species present during K. brevis blooms, and possibly other red tides, could mediate bloom toxicity and therefore ecosystem-level consequences of red tides.
An experimental study of the seismic ringing of the moon

The seismic records obtained from the seismic station ALSEP (Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package) on the moon, due to the impact of the LM (Lunar Module) of the Apollo XII and the S-IVB rocket state of the Apollo XIII moon missions show the seismic signals decaying in amplitude slowly with time. The observed ringing phenomenon on these records along with the fact that the disturbances lasted for a long period were unexpected. Laboratory experiments on homogeneous spheres have produced this ‘ringing’. The physical explanation of this may be complicated, and it is quite possible that this observed ringing is due to the combined effect of the filtering, reflections and scattering of energy due to the curvature of the homogeneous (in the seismic sense) sphere. The explanation of the ‘ringing’ of the moon may very well lie in such a study.
Pressure injection of 3′,5′-cyclic GMP into solitary rod photoreceptors of the tiger salamander

Abstract The outer segments of solitary rods of large neotenicAmbystoma tigrinum were impaled with double-barrel micropipettes. One barrel was used to record membrane voltage and the other barrel was used both to pass voltage-clamp current and to pressure-inject cyclic GMP. Injections of cyclic GMP induced inward currents in normal cells that were bathed in Ringer's solution and studied at the dark, resting voltage. These cyclic GMP-induced currents reversed sign for voltages 25–40 mV more positive than the dark, resting voltage; however, light-induced currents did not reverse sign for voltages as depolarized as 55 mV more positive than the dark, resting voltage. The responses to light became slow and very prolonged in cells that had been injected with large amounts of cyclic GMP. In these over-injected cells, both light-induced and cyclic GMP-induced currents increased in amplitude but did not reverse sign, for voltage 35–45 mV more positive than the dark, resting voltage. We conclude that light causes the simultaneous change in concentration of an intracellular messenger for excitation in addition to cyclic GMP, or that a change in the cytosolic concentration of cyclic GMP is not a step in the excitatory process.
The effect of antihistaminic drugs on pentazocine antinociception in the rat.

Abstract The antinociception produced by pentazocine, diphenhydramine, promethazine, chlorpheniramine, cyclizine and chlorcyclizine in the rat has been measured with a low-temperature (51.5°C) hot-plate from 15 to 75 min following drug administration. The mean reaction times measured at 15 min and the area under the antinociception curves following administration of pentazocine (5 to 30 mg/kg) were linear. Diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, promethazine, cyclizine, and chlorcyclizine showed mild antinociceptive potency. The antinociception produced by SC pentazocine (5 and 10 mg/kg) was potentiated, rather than in a simple additive manner, by simultaneous IP administration of 20 mg/kg of diphenhydramine, promethazine, cyclizine, or chlorpheniramine, but not by chlorcyclizine. After concurrent administration of pentazocine and diphenhydramine, diphenhydramine did not alter pentazocine concentrations in the brain and plasma 15 to 75 min following drug administration, nor did pentazocine change diphenhydramine concentrations. Results of this study demonstrate that pentazocine antinociception can be potentiated by several antihistamines and that the potentiation was not due to a mutual effect on metabolism but rather through an as yet undefined mechanism.
Common Mode of Action of Three Agents that Decrease the Transient Change in Sodium Permeability in Nerves

Common Mode of Action of Three Agents that Decrease the Transient Change in Sodium Permeability in Nerves
Towards scalable location-aware services: requirements and research issues

The emergence of location-aware services calls for new real time spatio-temporal query processing algorithms that deal with large numbers of mobile objects and queries. Online query response is an important characterization of location-aware services. A delay in the answer to a query gives invalid and obsolete results, simply because moving objects can change their locations before the query responds. To handle large numbers of spatio-temporal queries efficiently, we propose the idea of sharing as a means to achieve scalability. In this paper, we introduce several types of sharing in the context of continuous spatio-temporal queries. Examples of sharing in the context of real-time spatio-temporal database systems include sharing the execution, sharing the underlying space, sharing the sliding time windows, and sharing the objects of interest. We demonstrate how sharing can be integrated into query predicates, e.g., selection and spatial join processing. The goal of this paper is to outline research directions and approaches that will lead to scalable and efficient location-aware services.
Rise in deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity in the absence of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in cultured kidney cells.

IN the liver cells of the partially hepatectomized rat and in kidney cells cultured directly from the rabbit, the stimuli to cell multiplication are not followed immediately by DNA synthesis. Instead, there is a long presynthetic period (12–18 h in rat liver1, 30 or more hours for the cultured cells2) during which metabolic changes occur that endow the cells with the ability to replicate DNA. In both the liver3 and kidney cells4 a marked increase in DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) activity occurs, beginning at about the same time as DNA replication. This temporal coincidence could mean that DNA synthesis begins after the rise in level of enzymes involved in its synthesis or, conversely, that initiation of DNA synthesis indirectly stimulates the manufacture of higher levels of enzymes and substrates needed for replication.
Acoustic resonance spectroscopy for the classification of fluids using smart structure technology

A smart structure based on fiber optic sensor technology is used to provide nondestructive evaluation of fluids. Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy techniques are used to extract fluid signatures using the proposed smart structure. These signatures are then presented to a nonparametric classifier either in their raw format or in a processed format based on autoregressive modeling techniques. Three types of nonparametric fluid classifiers are examined in this study. The performances of these classifiers are compared and the effects of autoregressive modelling on the classification performance are examined.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Protruded displacement mapping for image-based urban representation

This paper introduces a displacement mapping algorithm that represents protruded shapes on the surface of an object. Two verticalsurfaces that are perpendicular to the underlying surface are added along the boundary of the polygon surface in order to represent pixels overflowing acrossthe boundary of the polygon surface. The proposed approach can accurately represent the silhouettes of protruded shapes. Using per-pixel instructions on graphics hardware, the approach is accelerated and executed in real-time. The proposed method provides an effective solution for the representation of protruding shapes such as high-rise buildings in an urban environment which can be used in location based applications of mobile electronic devices.
Exercise and Sodium Butyrate Transform a Subthreshold Learning Event into Long-Term Memory via a Brain-Derived Neurotrophic factor-Dependent Mechanism

We demonstrate that exercise enables hippocampal-dependent learning in conditions that are normally subthreshold for encoding and memory formation, and depends on hippocampal induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a key mechanism. Using a weak training paradigm in an object location memory (OLM) task, we show that sedentary mice are unable to discriminate 24 h later between familiar and novel object locations. In contrast, 3 weeks of prior voluntary exercise enables strong discrimination in the spatial memory task. Cognitive benefits of exercise match those attained with post-training sodium butyrate (NaB), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor previously shown to enable subthreshold learning. We demonstrate that the enabling effects of exercise and NaB on subthreshold OLM learning are dependent on hippocampal BDNF upregulation, and are blocked by hippocampal infusion of BDNF short-interfering RNA. Exercise and NaB increased bdnf transcripts I and IV, and the increases were associated with BDNF promoter acetylation on H4K8 but not H4K12. These data provide support for the concept that exercise engages epigenetic control mechanisms and serves as a natural stimulus that operates in part like NaB and potentially other HDAC inhibitors, placing the brain into a state of readiness for plasticity.
Neurologic, ophthalmic, and neuropsychiatric manifestations of pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus.

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune, multisystem disorder with diverse manifestations. There are limited reports on the neuro-ophthalmic and neuropsychiatric findings in childhood SLE. Case Report: An 8-year-old patient with suspected SLE with a history of skin rash, joint pain, transient hematologic abnormality, headaches, seizures, and psychosis, presented with papilledema secondary to acquired, obstructive hydrocephalus. Discussion: SLE-related ocular and neuropsychiatric findings are reviewed. Proposed mechanisms for ocular and cerebral lupus include immune complex deposition, vascular thrombosis, and postinflammatory lesions. Conclusion: The prevalent neurologic and neuropsychiatric complications of pediatric SLE require close follow-up and interdisciplinary management.
Synthesis of aligned few-walled carbon nanotubes on conductive substrates

We report a robust synthesis of densely aligned few-walled carbon nanotubes on industrially useful conductive substrates such as carbon fibers and carbon papers. This was achieved by water-assisted chemical vapor deposition using an Al/Fe bimetallic catalyst and a thin epoxy-based polymer layer beneath the catalyst. The carbon nanotubes had a mean diameter of 6 nm, mainly double walls, and lengths up to a couple of millimeters. Raman spectroscopy showed high G-band/D-band intensity ratio (>5) indicating high quality of the nanotubes. They were tightly bound and electrically connected to the substrates, as confirmed by ultrasonication test and enhanced cyclic voltammetry signals, respectively. High quality carbon nanotubes synthesized on conductive substrates may find applications in fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, and field emitters.
Cross-task validation of functional measurement

Ss judged average heaviness of two unseen lifted weights on a 20-step rating scale. They also rated heaviness of a single visible object of variable size and weight. The data for each task obeyed the parallelism prediction of the linear integration model. This within-task consistency validates jointly the model and the response scale. Functional measurement procedure yielded independent scales of subjective heaviness from each task. These were linearly related, a criterion of external consistency. The plot of subjective heaviness against objective weight was slightly negatively accelerated. These results disagree with those that have been obtained with magnitude estimation. Since the rating data satisfy both internal and external consistency, they constitute the true measure of sensation. Magnitude estimation, in contrast, must be biased and invalid.
The rate of convergence of the virial series in confined systems

We examine cluster-series methods for the behaviour of simple fluids under confinement, applying the Mayer-sampling Monte Carlo method to evaluate the necessary cluster integrals. We examine two series formulations, one based on the density of a bulk phase in equilibrium with the confined phase (effectively specifying the chemical potential), and another based on the density of the confined phase. The theory and methods are used to calculate the structure and properties of hard-sphere fluids confined between parallel planar hard walls. We present the effects of width of the confined region on the inhomogeneous virial coefficients, and through them, on the thermodynamics of the confined system.
Perspectives on the landmark decision designating the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) as a threatened subspecies

Following an extensive legal battle challenging its original decision to not extend the protection of the Endangered Species Act to the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), the US Fish and Wildlife Service was ordered by the 9th District Court of Appeals to reassess the status of the owl. As a result of the revised analysis, the service proposed the northern spotted owl for threatened status throughout its range. Because of the complex biological issues involved and the perceived potential for economic disruption in timber-dependent communities of the Pacific Northwest, this proposal generated more controversy and interest than any previous one. In this article I discuss the rationale for the service’s decision, public involvement in the process, and the mechanisms now available to conserve the northern spotted owl and its habitat under the Endangered Species Act.
Reexamination of lead(II) coordination preferences in sulfur-rich sites: implications for a critical mechanism of lead poisoning.

Recent studies suggest that the developmental toxicity associated with childhood lead poisoning may be attributable to interactions of Pb(II) with proteins containing thiol-rich structural zinc-binding sites. Here, we report detailed structural studies of Pb(II) in such sites, providing critical insights into the mechanism by which lead alters the activity of these proteins. X-ray absorption spectroscopy of Pb(II) bound to structural zinc-binding peptides reveals that Pb(II) binds in a three-coordinate Pb(II)-S3 mode, while Zn(II) is known to bind in a four-coordinate mode in these proteins. This Pb(II)-S_3 coordination in peptides is consistent with a trigonal pyramidal Pb(II)-S_3 model compound previously reported by Bridgewater and Parkin, but it differs from many other reports in the small molecule literature which have suggested Pb(II)-S_4 as a preferred coordination mode for lead. Reexamination of the published structures of these “Pb(II)-S_4” compounds reveals that, in almost all cases, the coordination number of Pb is actually 5, 6, or 8. The results reported herein combined with this new review of published structures suggest that lead prefers to avoid four-coordination in sulfur-rich sites, binding instead as trigonal pyramidal Pb(II)-S_3 or as Pb(II)-S_(5-8). In the case of structural zinc-binding protein sites, the observation that lead binds in a three-coordinate mode, and in a geometry that is fundamentally different from the natural coordination of zinc in these sites, explains why lead disrupts the structure of these peptides and thus provides the first detailed molecular understanding of the developmental toxicity of lead.
MO-A-BRA-01: New NCRP Report: General Report Background and Formulation

This Report was prepared through a joint effort of the AAPM Task Group 57 and the NCRP Scientific Committee 46‐13. It addresses the structural shielding design and evaluation for medical use of megavoltage x rays and gamma rays for radiotherapy and supersedes related material in NCRP Report No. 49, which was issued in 1976. This first presentation will review the general formalisms used for primary and secondary barrier designs at energies below and above the 10MeV maximum energy that was considered by the old Report 49. While most of the formalisms and data can be found in the published literature, the goal of the report was to bring together in one work all the required methods for shielding modern radiotherapy accelerators. This overview will be followed on the second day by a review of the methods and equipment that are necessary to survey the final facility and then the equations and data presented will be used extensively in the third day's presentation to work a number of detailed example calculations. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the history and rationale behind this report, 2. Understand the appropriate use of the equations and data for calculating shielding for medical accelerators, 3. Understand the limitations of the proposed methods.
The effect of organic nitrogen and glucose on the production of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor in high cell density Escherichia coli fermentations

Two kinds of fed batch fermentation processes were compared at a 10-liter scale to examine their effect on recombinant human insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) gene expression inEscherichia coli. The difference between the two processes was the feed medium composition and whether the process used a single or dual feed during the course of the fermentation. In the dual feed system, organic nitrogen was delivered at a higher rate (50 g/h) than in the single feed system (5 g/h). The dual feed process resulted in a significant increase in IGF-1 yield. 30 mg IGF-1/g dry cell weight was synthesized in the dual feed system compared to 3 mg IGF-1/g dry cell weight obtained in the single feed system. The presence of high levels of organic nitrogen during the induction period may enhance IGF-1 synthesis by protecting the IGF-1 from proteolytic degradation. The IGF-1 yield decreased to 17 mg/g dry cell weight when the glucose supply was decreased from 17 g/h to 8 g/h during the induction period; however, an increase in glucose supply from 17 g/h to 50 g/h during the induction period did not enhance the IGF-1 synthesis. Thus, the enhancement of IGF-1 gene expression in the dual feed process was mainly dependent on a high level of organic nitrogen and an appropriate level of glucose in the medium during the induction period.
Model experiment on thermodynamic stability of retained intergranular amorphous films

To test the stability of intergranular amorphous films against crystallization, a model experiment was conducted wherein a thin SiO{sub 2} film was deposited on a single-crystal TiO{sub 2} substrate, annealed to form a eutectic liquid in equilibrium with the substrate, then quenched and crystallized below the eutectic temperature. This geometry is free of residual stresses and capillary effects proposed by others as kinetic limitations to complete crystallization. Furthermore, using a binary system removes solute rejection barriers to complete crystallization. A remnant amorphous film {approximately}1.5 nm thick retained at the hetero-interface shows unequivocally that the amorphous film is thermodynamically preferred to a crystal/crystal interface in this system.
An Exact Thickness-Weighted Average Formulation of the Boussinesq Equations

AbstractThe author shows that a systematic application of thickness-weighted averaging to the Boussinesq equations of motion results in averaged equations of motion written entirely in terms of the thickness-weighted velocity; that is, the unweighted average velocity and the eddy-induced velocity do not appear in the averaged equations of motion. This thickness-weighted average (TWA) formulation is identical to the unaveraged equations, apart from eddy forcing by the divergence of three-dimensional Eliassen–Palm (EP) vectors in the two horizontal momentum equations. These EP vectors are second order in eddy amplitude and, moreover, the EP divergences can be expressed in terms of the eddy flux of the Rossby–Ertel potential vorticity derived from the TWA equations of motion. That is, there is a fully nonlinear and three-dimensional generalization of the one- and two-dimensional identities found by Taylor and Bretherton. The only assumption required to obtain this exact TWA formulation is that the buoyancy f...
The Ionosphere, Skip Distances of Radio Waves, and the Propagation of Microwaves

A detailed description of the ionosphere is given based on the recent measurements of the National Bureau of Standards and the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution. From the ionosphere data the skip distances of radio waves are calculated for temperature and tropical zones, with the diurnal and seasonal changes. The values agree with the observed values as far as they are known. It is concluded that daylight short-wave communication is controlled by the E region in summer and by the F 2 region in winter. Theory indicates that the observed bending of microwaves over the horizon, and hence the successful microray communication to a distance of 200 kilometers, is due to diffraction of the microwaves over the bulge of the earth and to temperature gradients in the lower atmosphere.
A Climatology of Midlatitude Continental Clouds from the ARM SGP Central Facility. Part II: Cloud Fraction and Surface Radiative Forcing

Abstract Data collected at the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) Central Facility (SCF) are analyzed to determine the monthly and hourly variations of cloud fraction and radiative forcing between January 1997 and December 2002. Cloud fractions are estimated for total cloud cover and for single-layered low (0–3 km), middle (3–6 km), and high clouds (>6 km) using ARM SCF ground-based paired lidar–radar measurements. Shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) fluxes are derived from up- and down-looking standard precision spectral pyranometers and precision infrared radiometer measurements with uncertainties of ∼10 W m−2. The annual averages of total and single-layered low-, middle-, and high-cloud fractions are 0.49, 0.11, 0.03, and 0.17, respectively. Both total- and low-cloud amounts peak during January and February and reach a minimum during July and August; high clouds occur more frequently than other types of clouds with a peak in summer. The average annual ...
Exudation of Silicate Liquid from Polycrystalline Alumina

The presence of a liquid film at grain boundaries affects the mechanical properties of the material. One of the ways to eliminate the liquid film is to exude it from the grain boundaries to the free surface of the material. The present paper presents results on the exudation of a liquid silicate from grain boundaries in polycrystalline alumina. The results are compared to exudation behavior from bicrystals of alumina. This approach is very useful in understanding the mechanism of the exudation process.
Establishing the diagnostic criteria for eruption disorders based on genetic and clinical data.

Introduction Proper diagnosis and management of eruption disturbances remains challenging but is critical to a functional occlusion. The objective of this study was to establish definitive criteria to differentiate and diagnose eruption disorders, specifically primary failure of eruption (PFE) and ankylosis. Methods Sixty-four affected persons were placed into 3 cohorts: PFE diagnosed through confirmed PTH1R mutation (n = 11), PFE diagnosed based on clinical criteria (n = 47), and ankylosis diagnosed based on clinical criteria (n = 6). These groups were assessed to identify clinical features that differentiate PFE and ankylosis. Results Ninety-three percent of the subjects in the genetic and clinical PFE cohorts combined (n = 58) and 100% in the genetic PFE cohort had at least 1 infraoccluded first permanent molar. Additionally, a novel functional PTH1R mutation, 1092delG, was identified and linked to PFE in the deciduous dentition. Conclusions An infraoccluded, supracrestal first molar is a hallmark of PFE, often involving both arches in the permanent or deciduous dentition, and with unilateral or bilateral affection, infraoccluded second premolar or second molar, and multiple affected adjacent teeth. Our results further suggest that PFE and ankylosis might be clinically indistinguishable without knowledge of prior trauma, treatment history, genetic information, or obliteration of the periodontal ligament space.
Factors that impact students’ motivation in an online course: Using the MUSIC model of academic motivation

The aim of this study was to examine the factors that motivate students in large online courses. Specifically, the purposes were: (a) to document how highly men and women rated motivational beliefs in a large online course; (b) to determine why men and women rated their motivational beliefs the way in which they did; and (c) to provide recommendations for how to intentionally design online courses to motivate students. Using a mixed methods design, we used a questionnaire to assess undergraduate students’ perceptions of the components of the MUSIC Model of Academic Motivation (i.e., eMpowerment, Usefulness, Success, Interest, and Caring) in an online course and their suggestions for changing the course. Overall, men and women provided high ratings for their motivational beliefs in the course. The suggestions students provided for changing the course were similar for both sexes and revealed a preference for instructional strategies that were consistent with the tenets of the MUSIC Model of Academic Motivation, including: offering more and/or varied assessments, providing interactive activities, including videos and/or video lectures, and offering face-toface meetings. Other suggestions for improving the online course design are provided.
Power distribution studies for CMS forward tracker

The Electronic Systems Engineering Department of the Computing Division at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory is carrying out R&D investigations for the upgrade of the power distribution system of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Pixel Tracker at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Among the goals of this effort is that of analyzing the feasibility of alternative powering schemes for the forward tracker, including DC to DC voltage conversion techniques using commercially available and custom switching regulator circuits. Tests of these approaches are performed using the PSI46 pixel readout chip currently in use at the CMS Tracker. Performance measures of the detector electronics will include pixel noise and threshold dispersion results. Issues related to susceptibility to switching noise will be studied and presented. In this paper, we describe the current power distribution network of the CMS Tracker, study the implications of the proposed upgrade with DC-DC converters powering scheme and perform noise susceptibility analysis.
M-matrices and bounds for reliable transmission of information in communication systems and economic markets☆

Abstract A multivariate normal density N (0, Σ ) whose covariance matrix is positive with an M -matrix inverse is shown to give an upper bound to the region in which communication systems and economic markets can reliably transmit information. The upper bound is known to be tight when the density is bivariate.
Histologic Changes Associated With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Are Predictive of Nodal Metastases in Patients With High-Risk Prostate Cancer

Clinical trials are evaluating the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on men with high-risk prostate cancer. Little is known about the clinical significance of postchemotherapy tumor histopathologic features. We assessed the prognostic and predictive value of histologic features (intraductal carcinoma, vacuolated cell morphologic features, inconspicuous glands, cribriform architecture, and inconspicuous cancer cells) observed in 50 high-risk prostate cancers treated with preprostatectomy docetaxel and mitoxantrone. At a median follow-up of 65 months, the overall relapse-free survival (RFS) rates at 2 and 5 years were 65% and 49%, respectively. In univariate analyses (using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank tests), intraductal (P = .001) and cribriform (P = .014) histologic features were associated with shorter RFS. In multivariate analyses, using the Cox proportional hazards regression, baseline prostate-specific antigen (P = .004), lymph node metastases (P < .001), and cribriform histologic features (P = .007) were associated with shorter RFS. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, only intraductal pattern (P = .007) predicted lymph node metastases. Intraductal and cribriform histologic features apparently predict postchemotherapy outcome.