cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of progesterone receptor binding steroids.

The selection of appropriate descriptors is an important step in the successful formulation of quantitative structure−activity relationships (QSARs). This paper compares a number of feature selection routines and mapping methods that are in current use. They include forward stepping regression (FSR), genetic function approximation (GFA), generalized simulated annealing (GSA), and genetic neural network (GNN). On the basis of a data set of steroids of known in vitro binding affinity to the progsterone receptor, a number of QSAR models are constructed. A comparison of the predictive qualities for both training and test compounds demonstrates that the GNN protocol achieves the best results among the 2D QSAR that are considered. Analysis of the choice of descriptors by the GNN method shows that the results are consistent with established SARs on this series of compounds.
Reinterpretation of the bicyclomycin-sodium methanethiolate reaction

Le methanethiolate s'additionne sur la double liaison exocyclique de la bicyclomycine pour donner un sulfure organique
NEUTRAL HYDROGEN CLOUDS IN THE M81/M82 GROUP

We have observed a 3 ◦ × 3 ◦ area centered on the M81/M82 group of galaxies using the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope in a search for analogs to the high-velocity clouds of neutral hydrogen found around our Galaxy. The velocity range from −605 to −85 km s −1 and from 25 to 1970 km s −1 was searched for Hi clouds. Over the inner 2 ◦ × 2 ◦ the 7σ detection threshold was 9.6 × 10 5 M� . We detect five previously unknown Hi clouds associated with the group, as well as numerous associated filamentary Hi structures, all lying in the range −105 Vhelio +280 km s −1 . From the small angular distance of the clouds to group members, and the small velocity difference between group members and clouds, we conclude that the clouds are most likely relics of ongoing interactions between galaxies in the group.
Use of morphine cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis in critically ill patients.

To determine the efficacy of morphine enhanced radionuclide cholescintigraphy (MC) in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis (AC) in critically ill patients. Retrospective chart review. 2 university hospitals Records of all ICU patients who underwent MC as part of an evaluation for AC over an 8 year period were reviewed (n=45). All patients initially had standard radionuclide cholescintigraphy (RC) performed which showed nonvisualization of the gallbladder (GB) and were then given morphine sulfate (0.05–0.1 mg/kg iV). The mean age was 54 years (range 18–84 years). Risk factors for AC included fasting in 41 patients (mean 12.4 days) and total parenteral nutrition in 32 patients. Signs of biliary sepsis included temperature >100°F in 38 patients, WBC>10 000/ml3 in 40 patients, abdominal pain in 29 patients, and abnormal liver fuction tests in 42 patients. 23 patients had GB ultrasonography, with 7 showing stones. MC was positive (non-visualization) in 16 patients and negative (GB visualized) in 29, including 4 with gallstones. All patients in whom the GB was visualized did so within 1h. There were 13 patients with positive MC who underwent operation; 12 had AC (9 acalculous, 3 calculous). Three patients were treated medically and recovered (false positive). All 29 patients with negative MC were true negatives. Overall, MC had an accuracy of 91%, sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 88%, positive predictive value of 75%, and negative predictive value of 100%. MC is a useful test in the evaluation of critically ill patients for suspected AC, particularly in patients with known risk factors or documented gallstones.
Theory of a ubitron in a corrugated waveguide

Abstract A Ka band ubitron is currently under development at NRL using a corrugated waveguide and a helical wiggler. The corrugated waveguide is used for low-voltage operation. A 3-D nonlinear formulation has been derived, and a simulation code TARANTULA has been developed. The model treats HE and EH modes in the vacuum waveguide. No wiggler average is imposed on the electron dynamics. Preliminary calculations indicate that 20% bandwidth operation in Ka band is possible at voltages of about 90 kV with a 7–8 mm period wiggler generating a 500–600 G transverse magnetic field. Detailed results of the theory and simulation will be presented.
Two new variable hot dq stars

We have discovered periodic variations in the light curves of two hot DQ stars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, SDSS J220029.08–074121.5 and SDSS J234843.30–094245.3. These are the second and third variables detected among the hot DQs and confirm the existence of a new class of variable white dwarf stars. The amplitudes of the variations are one half as large as those detected in the first discovered variable, SDSS J142625.71+575218.3, and required high signal-to-noise photometry to detect. The pulse shapes of the stars are not like those of known white dwarf pulsators but are similar to the first hot DQ variable, SDSS J142625.71+575218.3.
Financial integration, credit market imperfections and consumption smoothing

Abstract Contrary to standard theoretical reasoning, recent empirical research shows that financial integration is associated with higher consumption volatility in developing countries. This paper illustrates how domestic credit market imperfections can alter the standard predictions about the consumption smoothing possibilities under financial autarky and international financial integration. I use a two-country international real business cycle model where the non-traded sector in the small country faces borrowing constraints due to contract enforceability problems. If the international risk-sharing opportunities are non-existent, households can secure themselves against the shocks in the non-traded sector only by adjusting their labor effort, which leads to changes in sectorial output and terms of trade. The deterioration of the terms of trade acts as a dampening effect on consumption, causing it to be less volatile under financial autarky relative to financial integration. Under financial integration, international financial assets provide the insurance against domestic productivity shocks without affecting the relative prices, hence allowing the consumption to react more.
Trends in U.S. income inequality: Evidence from a panel of states

Abstract Many studies have attempted to explain the sharp increase in U.S. income inequality. These studies typically used time series data of the U.S. or compared the trends in the U.S. with those in other countries. We employ panel data from 1960–1990 for the 48 contiguous states to examine trends in U.S. income inequality. Advantages of our panel data set include the addition of a large number of sufficiently similar cross-sectional units and extension of the period of analysis to before the increase in U.S. income inequality. Based on state fixed effect estimates, we find that greater international migration, greater metropolitan shares of population, find increased percent of households headed by females increase income inequality while greater participation rates decrease income inequality. Also, advanced stages of economic development may increase income inequality. Other factors such as unionization did not affect state income inequality.
A retrospective examination of outpatient commitment in New York

Outpatient commitment (OC) is a growing trend in mental health treatment. The impetus for this movement has been partly due to the public perception that some mentally ill outpatients are prone to violence as result of poor treatment compliance. Numerous studies have shown that poor treatment compliance is associated with increased hospitalization, substance abuse, homelessness, and contact with the criminal justice system. This study examined treatment effectiveness, demographic variables, hospital utilization, and violence among 100 OC participants in New York. Results indicate that OC can be an effective means of increasing treatment compliance and reducing hospitalization and encounters with the criminal justice system.
An efficient approach to asymmetric synthesis of dipeptide β-turn mimetics: indolizidinone amino acids

Abstract Azabicyclo[ XY0 ] alkane amino acids are rigid dipeptide β-turn mimetics with great potential applications for drug discovery. The lack of efficient methods to synthesize these compounds is a major bottleneck in this field. Herein we report an efficient approach to the enantiopure synthesis of (3 S ,6 S ,9 S ) and (3 R ,6 R ,9 R ) methyl 2-oxo-3-[ N -(Boc/Cbz)amino]-1-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane-9-carboxylates 1 . In this approach, the key intermediates 5a and 5b with different stereochemical configurations were efficiently constructed from the same precursor in high stereoselectivity via asymmetric hydrogenations using ( S , S ) or ( R , R ) Et-DUPHOS, Rh(I)-based catalysts. The process, starting from inexpensive diethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate 2 , can allow for the practical synthesis of this class of compounds.
Synthetic‐aperture assessment of a dispersive surface

This article considers Synthetic Aperture Radar and other synthetic-aperture imaging systems in which a backscattered wave is measured from a variety of locations. We focus on the case in which the ground-reflectivity function depends on frequency as well as on position. We begin with a (linearized) mathematical model, based on a scalar approximation to Maxwell's equations, which includes the effects of the source waveform and the antenna beam pattern. The model can also accommodate other effects such as antenna steering and motion. For this mathematical model, we use the tools of microlocal analysis to develop and analyze a three-dimensional inversion algorithm that uses measurements made on a surface and determines the frequency-dependent ground reflectivity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 14, 28–34, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.20004
A meta-analytic review of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder

Abstract Two decades of research demonstrate the efficacy of exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The efficacy of prolonged exposure (PE), a specific exposure therapy program for PTSD that has been disseminated throughout the world, has been established in many controlled studies using different trauma populations. However, a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of PE for PTSD has not been conducted to date. The purpose of the current paper is to estimate the overall efficacy of PE for PTSD relative to adequate controls. We included all published randomized controlled trials of PE vs. control (wait-list or psychological placebo) for the treatment of PTSD in adolescents or adults. Treatments were classified as PE if they included multiple sessions of imaginal and in vivo exposure and were based on the manualized treatment developed by Foa, Rothbaum, Riggs, and Murdock (1991). Thirteen studies with a total sample size of 675 participants met the final inclusion criteria. The primary analyses showed a large effect for PE versus control on both primary (Hedges's g = 1.08) and secondary (Hedges's g = 0.77) outcome measures. Analyses also revealed medium to large effect sizes for PE at follow-up, both for primary (Hedges's g = 0.68) and secondary (Hedges's g = 0.41) outcome measures. There was no significant difference between PE and other active treatments (CPT, EMDR, CT, and SIT). Effect sizes were not moderated by time since trauma, publication year, dose, study quality, or type of trauma. The average PE-treated patient fared better than 86% of patients in control conditions at post-treatment on PTSD measures. PE is a highly effective treatment for PTSD, resulting in substantial treatment gains that are maintained over time.
Mild oxidation of cytidine-sialic acid phosphite derivatives using dimethyldioxirane

Abstract The dimethyldioxirane oxidation of several Cytidine-Neu5Ac phosphite analogs is described.
A Natural Love of Natural Products

Recent research on the chemistry of natural products from the author’s group that led to the receipt of the ACS Ernest Guenther Award in the Chemistry of Natural Products is reviewed. REDOR NMR and synthetic studies established the T-taxol conformation as the bioactive tubulin-binding conformation, and these results were confirmed by the synthesis of compounds which clearly owed their activity or lack of activity to whether or not they could adopt the T-taxol conformation. Similar studies with the epothilones suggest that the current tubulin-binding model needs to be modified. Examples of natural products discovery and biodiversity conservation in Suriname and Madagascar are also presented, and it is concluded that natural products chemistry will continue to make significant contributions to drug discovery.
Water on Mars

Estimates of the amount of water outgassed from Mars, based on the composition of the atmosphere, range from 6 to 160 m, as compared with 3 km for the Earth. In contrast, large flood features, valley networks, and several indicators of ground ice suggest that at least 500 m of water have outgassed. The two sets of estimates may be reconciled if early in its history, Mars lost part of its atmosphere by impact erosion and hydrodynamic escape.
Exploiting recursion to simplify RPC communication architectures

Current communication architectures suffer from a growing collection of protocols in the host operating systems, gateways and applications, resulting in increasing implementation and maintenance cost, unreliability and difficulties with interoperability. The remote procedure call (RPC) approach has been used in some distributed systems to contain the diversity of application layer protocols within the procedure call abstraction. However, the same technique cannot be applied to lower layer protocols without violating the strict notion of layers.In this paper, we show how the RPC approach can be used for lower layer protocols so that the resulting “layer violations” generate a simple recursive structure. The benefits of exploiting recursion in a communication architecture are similar to those realized from its use as a programming technique; the resulting protocol architecture minimizes the complexity and duplication of protocols and mechanism, thereby reducing the cost of implementation and verification. We also sketch a redesigned DoD Internet architecture that illustrates the potential benefits of this approach. This work was sponsored in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under contract N00039-84-C-0211, by Digital Equipment Corporation, by the National Science Foundation Grant DCR-83-52048 and by ATT Information Systems.
The Growth of Black Holes: Insights from Obscured Active Galaxies

Obscured or narrow-line active galaxies offer an unobstructed view of the quasar environment in the presence of a luminous and vigorously accreting black hole (BH). We exploit the large new sample of optically selected luminous narrow-line active galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey at redshifts 0.1 < z < 0.45, in conjunction with follow-up observations with the Low Dispersion Survey Spectrograph (LDSS3) at Magellan, to study the distributions of BH mass and host galaxy properties in these extreme objects. We find a narrow range in BH mass (log M BH/M ☉ = 8.0 ± 0.7) and Eddington ratio (log L bol/L Edd = –0.7 ± 0.7) for the sample as a whole, surprisingly similar to comparable broad-line systems. In contrast, we infer a wide range in star formation properties and host morphologies for the sample, from disk-dominated to elliptical galaxies. Nearly one-quarter have highly disturbed morphologies indicative of ongoing mergers. Unlike the BHs, which are apparently experiencing significant growth, the galaxies appear to have formed the bulk of their stars at a previous epoch. On the other hand, it is clear from the lack of correlation between gaseous and stellar velocity dispersions in these systems that the host galaxy interstellar medium is far from being in virial equilibrium with the stars. While our findings cast strong doubt on the reliability of substituting gas for stellar dispersions in high luminosity active galaxies, they do provide direct evidence that luminous accreting BHs influence their surroundings on a galaxy-wide scale.
Household Location and Tiebout: Do Families Sort According to Preferences for Locational Amenities?

Abstract If households sort efficiently across locations, then at a given location families receive the same marginal benefit from the locational amenities. We test for such sorting by imposing cross-equation restrictions on hedonic regressions that difference away location- versus house-specific effects. Estimates are obtained using a unique subset of the American Housing Survey in which adjacent housing units are grouped together and observed in both 1985 and 1989. Rejection of the cross-equation restrictions unambiguously implies an inefficient sorting of households. In contrast, the data support the cross-equation restrictions which is a necessary but not sufficient condition for efficient sorting.
The role of psychological probes in genetic studies of schizophrenia

Abstract The success of the neurosciences in opening pathways to the understanding of psychotic disorders has led to enormous optimism about solutions to the mysteries of these illnesses. Yet the Holy Grail for this field - the discovery linkage between a chromosomal locus that is linked to a diseased gene - has thus far eluded us, whereas it has been grasped in such disorders as cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, and neurofibromatosis. This paper argues that those biological studies that bypass the psychological domain, and have directly attempted to find biochemical measures associated with schizophrenia, probably will not succeed. Seeking direct links from such molar behaviors as psychotic symptoms to molecular events has not worked in the past, and is not likely to work in the future. The approach recommended here focuses on working one's way from the behavioral through the psychological and psychophysiological levels toward the neural, biochemical and molecular levels. Psychology has much strength to contribute in the search for traits that broaden the phenotype of schizophrenia. Examples are given in the study of eye movement abnormalities as aids in the genetic exploration of schizophrenia.
A survey of techniques for improving energy efficiency in embedded computing systems

Recent technological advances have greatly improved the performance and features of embedded systems. With the number of just mobile devices now reaching nearly equal to the population of Earth, embedded systems have truly become ubiquitous. These trends, however, have also made the task of managing their power consumption extremely challenging. In recent years, several techniques have been proposed to address this issue. In this paper, we survey the techniques for managing power consumption of embedded systems. We discuss the need of power management and provide a classification of the techniques on several important parameters to highlight their similarities and differences. This paper is intended to help the researchers and application-developers in gaining insights into the working of power management techniques and designing even more efficient high-performance embedded systems of tomorrow.
Household Debt and Income Inequality, 1963-2003

I construct an economy with heterogeneous agents that mimics the time-series behavior of the earnings distribution in the United States from 1963 to 2003. Agents face aggregate and idiosyncratic shocks and accumulate real and financial assets. I estimate the shocks that drive the model using data on income inequality, aggregate income, and measures of financial liberalization. I show how the model economy can replicate two empirical facts: the trend and cyclical behavior of household debt and the diverging patterns in consumption and wealth inequality over time. While business cycle fluctuations can account for the short-run changes in household debt, its prolonged rise of the 1980s and the 1990s can be quantitatively explained only by the concurrent increase in income inequality.
SURFACTANT-MEDIATED SURFACE GROWTH: NONEQUILIBRIUM THEORY

A number of recent experiments have shown that surfactants can modify the growth mode of an epitaxial film, suppressing islanding and promoting layer-by-layer growth. Here a set of coupled equations are introduced to describe the coupling between a growing interface and a thin surfactant layer deposited on the top of the non-equilibrium surface. The equations are derived using the main experimentally backed characteristics of the system and basic symmetry principles. The system is studied using a dynamic-renormalization-group scheme, which provides scaling relations between the roughness exponents. It is found that the surfactant may drive the system into a novel phase, in which the surface roughness is negative, corresponding to a flat surface.
Instructional Staff Rides for Management Learning and Education

Staff rides—planned learning events that recreate a significant historical incident while engaging participants in open reflection and dialogue—offer many advantages for developing managers, yet th...
Identification of the Cdc48•20S Proteasome as an Ancient AAA+ Proteolytic Machine

Proteasomes are the major energy-dependent proteolytic machines in the eukaryotic and archaeal domains of life. To execute protein degradation, the 20S core peptidase combines with the AAA+ ring of the 19S regulatory particle in eukarya or with the AAA+ proteasome-activating nucleotidase ring in some archaea. Here, we find that Cdc48 and 20S from the archaeon Thermoplasma acidophilum interact to form a functional proteasome. Cdc48 is an abundant and essential double-ring AAA+ molecular machine ubiquitously present in archaea, where its function has been uncertain, and in eukarya where Cdc48 participates by largely unknown mechanisms in diverse cellular processes, including multiple proteolytic pathways. Thus, proteolysis in collaboration with the 20S peptidase may represent an ancestral function of the Cdc48 family.
Benzotriazole-assisted synthesis of novel mannich bases from ketones and diverse aldehydes

Abstract A wide variety of β-amino ketones are prepared in moderate to good yields by the reaction of the lithium enolates of cyclohexanone, acetophenone, α-tetralone and camphor with the readily available adducts from an aldehyde or ketone, an amine and benzotriazole. Some diastereoselectivity is observed when the benzotriazole adduct is derived from benzaldehyde.
Teleparallel complex gravity as foundation for noncommutative gravity

Abstract We present a teleparallel complex gravity as the foundation for the formulation of noncommutative gravity theory. The negative energy ghosts in the conventional formulation with U (1,3) local Lorentz connection no longer exists, since the local Lorentz invariance is broken down to U (1,3) global Lorentz symmetry. As desired, our teleparallel complex gravity theory also passes the key classical test of perihelion advance of Mercury. Based on this result, we present a Lagrangian for the noncommutative teleparallel gravity theory.
A decision tree of bigrams is an accurate predictor of word sense

This paper presents a corpus-based approach to word sense disambiguation where a decision tree assigns a sense to an ambiguous word based on the bigrams that occur nearby. This approach is evaluated using the sense-tagged corpora from the 1998 SENSEVAL word sense disambiguation exercise. It is more accurate than the average results reported for 30 of 36 words, and is more accurate than the best results for 19 of 36 words.
Monotonicity Analysis of Taguchi’s Robust Circuit Design Problem

Taguchi’s robust circuit design problem can be formulated rigorously as an optimization problem. A necessary condition for optimality is that the control range be centered about the target value. This generates a constraint on the two design variables which cannot be solved for either variable. The present article shows that by approximating this unsolvable constraint with a simpler constraint that is solvable, one variable can be eliminated and the problem reduced to an unconstrained one in a single variable. Since this reduced objective turns out to be monotonic in the remaining design variable, its optimum value must be at the limit of its range. The corresponding optimum value of the other variable is then determined exactly from the true, not approximate, constraint. Since no model construction, experimentation, statistical analysis, or numerical iteration is needed, this procedure is recommended whenever the input-output relation is known to be a monotonic algebraic function.
Does the Threat of Private Litigation Increase the Usefulness of Reported Earnings? International Evidence

In this cross‐border study, we document the usefulness of reported earnings as conditioned by varying levels of litigation risk. We focus on litigation risk, since Ball (2001) suggests that although litigation rights are seldom discussed in the context of international accounting, the threat of private litigation can motivate corporate insiders to increase transparency in financial reporting. We operationalize the quality of reported earnings based on their ability to predict the firm's future cash flows. The focus on future cash flows enables us to examine the usefulness of reported earnings without having to assume pricing similarities across stock markets. We examine the relation between litigation risk and earnings quality for firms in a sample of 34 countries. We find that the higher the litigation threat, the greater the predictive ability of reported earnings for future cash flows.
Rate constants for hydrogen abstraction by resonance stabilized radicals in high temperature liquids

Benzylic H-atom abstraction rates by diphenylmethyl radicals from a series of donors were determined in nonpolar liquids at elevated temperatures. Relative rates were converted to absolute rates via available equilibrium constant data for the dimerization of diphenylmethyl radicals. Abstraction by diphenylmethyl from 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) was studied over the temperature range 489–573 K. Its Arrhenius expression is 109.9±0.3 exp{−(10183 ± 373)/T} M−1 s−1. Abstraction from other donors was studied at 548 K. Rate constant values ranged from a low of 3.6 M−1 s−1 for toluene to a high of 3000 M−1 s−1 for 9, 10-dihydroanthracene. Similar reactions with the fluorenyl radical were also studied. In this case, relative rates were converted to absolute rates with an equilibrium constant for fluorenyl dimerization determined from the observed homolysis rate of the dimer and an assumed recombination rate. In addition, forward and reverse rate measurements yielded the equilibrium constant for hydrogen transfer between fluorenyl and diphenylmethyl. At 548 K, fluorenyl is favored by a factor of 13 over diphenylmethyl.
Toric varieties with huge Grothendieck group

Abstract In each dimension n ⩾3, there are many projective simplicial toric varieties whose Grothendieck groups of vector bundles are at least as big as the ground field. In particular, the conjecture that the Grothendieck groups of locally trivial sheaves and coherent sheaves on such varieties are rationally isomorphic fails badly.
Unitarity in “Quantization Commutes with Reduction”

Let M be a compact Kahler manifold equipped with a Hamiltonian action of a compact Lie group G. In this paper, we study the geometric quantization of the symplectic quotient M // G. Guillemin and Sternberg [Invent. Math. 67, 515–538 (1982)] have shown, under suitable regularity assumptions, that there is a natural invertible map between the quantum Hilbert space over M //G and the G-invariant subspace of the quantum Hilbert space over M.
Extrastriate cortical activity reflects segmentation of motion into independent sources

Identical local image motion signals can arise from countless object motions in the world. In order to resolve this ambiguity, the visual system must somehow integrate motion signals arising from different locations along an object’s contour. Difficulties arise, however, because image contours can derive from multiple objects and from occlusion. Thus, correctly integrating respective objects’ motion signals presupposes the specification of what counts as an object. Depending on how this form analysis problem is solved, dramatically different object motion percepts can be constructed from the same set of local image motions. Here we apply fMRI to investigate the mechanisms underlying the segmentation and integration of motion signals that are critical to motion perception in general. We hold the number of image objects constant, but vary whether these objects are perceived to move independently or not. We find that BOLD signal in V3v, V4v, V3A, V3B and MT varies with the number of distinct sources of motion information in the visual scene. These data support the hypothesis that these areas integrate form and motion information in order to segment motion into independent sources (i.e. objects) thereby overcoming ambiguities that arise at the earliest stages of motion processing.
Intramolecular 4+3 cycloadditions. Some examples of surprisingly high levels of simple diastereoselection

Abstract The reaction of alcohols 6 and 7 with triflic anhydride and 2,6-lutidine results in the formation of the corresponding 4+3 cycloadducts with surprisingly high levels of simple diastereoselection.
Method of lines solution of the Korteweg-de vries equation

Abstract The Korteweg-de Vries equation (KdVE) is a classical nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) originally formulated to model shallow water flow. In addition to the applications in hydrodynamics, the KdVE has been studied to elucidate interesting mathematical properties. In particular, the KdVE balances front sharpening and dispersion to produce solitons, i.e., traveling waves that do not change shape or speed. In this paper, we compute a solution of the KdVE by the method of lines (MOL) and compare this numerical solution with the analytical solution of the kdVE. In a second numerical solution, we demonstrate how solitons of the KdVE traveling at different velocities can merge and emerge. The numerical procedure described in the paper demonstrates the ease with which the MOL can be applied to the solution of PDEs using established numerical approximations implemented in library routines.
Radio interferometry for international study of the earthquake mechanism

Abstract The radio astronomy technique of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) offers significant promise for high accuracy, long distance, three-dimensional surveying of continental plate tectonics and its resultant earth crustal deformations that are intimately related to earthquakes. The methods of VLBI lend themselves to crustal deformation monitoring with possible applications to earthquake prediction on local and global scales. It is proposed to establish a network of independently operated radio receiving stations at arbitrary separations using extragalactic radio sources as a frame of time invariant reference. Systems analysis and initial feasibility demonstrations indicate that calibrations can be developed to make possible a transportable radio interferometry system. Using a 9 m diameter dish antenna operated in combination with a 64 m antenna receiving at X-band wavelengths (4 cm) it will be possible to measure the three-dimensional separation between antennas with a few cm accuracy for baselines up to 1000 km. With simultaneous S X band reception for charged-particle effect calibration, the transportable antenna can be operated at intercontinental distances with 10 cm accuracy. Earth platform parameters of universal time and polar motion can be calibrated to 0.25 msec and 10 cm, respectively, and radio source positions established to 0.005 arc sec accuracy by S X - band reception using large antennas at intercontinental distances.
Magnon-mediated pairing and isotope effect in iron-based superconductors

Within a minimal model for the iron-based superconductors in which itinerant electrons interact with a band of local moments, we derive a general conclusion for multiband superconductivity. In a multiband superconductor, due to the Adler theorem, the interband scattering dominates the intraband scattering at the long wavelength limit as long as both interactions are induced by the Goldstone boson (which is the magnon in our case) and the transferred momentum is non-zero. Such an interaction leads to a well known sign-reversing superconductivity even if the interband and intraband interaction are repulsive. This effect can be modeled as arising from an internal Josephson link between the Fermi surface sheets. Our model is also consistent with the recently discovered coexistence of superconductivity and magnetic order in iron-pnictides. Although the experimentally observed isotope effect is large, α = 0.4, we show that it is consistent with a non-phononic mechanism in which it is the isotope effects which result in a change in the lattice constant and, as a consequence, the zero-point motion of the Fe atoms.
NUCLEAR MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC EMP, SOLAR STORMS, AND SUBSTORMS

In addition to a fast electromagnetic pulse (EMP), a high altitude nuclear burst produces a relatively slow magnetohydrodynamic EMP (MHD EMP), whose effects are like those from solar storm geomagnetically induced currents (SS-GIC). The MHD EMP electric field E≲10−1V/m and lasts ≲102sec, whereas for solar storms E≳10−2V/m and lasts ≳103sec. Although the solar storm electric field is lower than MHD EMP, the solar storm effects are generally greater due to their much longer duration. Substorms produce much smaller effects than SS-GIC, but occur much more frequently. This paper describes the physics of such geomagnetic disturbances and analyzes their effects.
The case for GDP‐indexed bonds

GDS-indexed bonds This paper seeks to revive the case for countries to insure against economic growth slowdowns by issuing bonds indexed to the rate of growth of GDP. We show that GDP‐indexed bonds could provide substantial benefits in reducing the likelihood of default crises and allowing countries to avoid pro‐cyclical fiscal policies. We simulate the effects of GDP‐indexed bonds under different assumptions about fiscal policy reaction functions and their output effects and find that they could substantially reduce the likelihood of debt/GDP paths becoming explosive. The insurance premium would likely be small, because cross‐country comovement of GDP growth rates is low and cross‐country GDP growth risk is thus largely diversifiable for an investor holding a portfolio of GDP‐indexed bonds. Potential obstacles to the emergence of a market for these bonds include the verifiability of GDP data, the trade‐off between insurance and moral hazard, and the need for liquidity. Theory and past experience suggest that financial innovation often requires official intervention and its timing and form are difficult to predict. We discuss institutional fixes and suggest an approach for attempting to start up a market. — Eduardo Borensztein and Paolo Mauro
Impact-Compression-Morphology Relationship in Polyolefin Foams*

The relationship between the morphology and the mechanical properties of polyethylene (PE) foams has been studied. Experiments have been made on closed cell low density foams at low testing speed as well as in impact conditions. A careful characterization of the cell size distribution and anisotropy was performed and related to the foams mechanical response. The results indicate that the mechanical response of the foams is anisotropic and can be expressed as a function of the foam morphology, using a unique morphological parameter taking into account the cell size in the appropriate direction and foam density. Previously developed for polystyrene foams, the use of this parameter is thus successfully extended to PE-based foams.
On the performance of group key agreement protocols

Group key agreement is a fundamental building block for secure peer group communication systems. Several group key management techniques were proposed in the last decade, all assuming the existence of an underlying group communication infrastructure to provide reliable and ordered message delivery as well as group membership information. Despite analysis, implementation, and deployment of some of these techniques, the actual costs associated with group key management have been poorly understood so far. This resulted in an undesirable tendency: on the one hand, adopting suboptimal security for reliable group communication, while, on the other hand, constructing excessively costly group key management protocols.This paper presents a thorough performance evaluation of five notable distributed key management techniques (for collaborative peer groups) integrated with a reliable group communication system. An in-depth comparison and analysis of the five techniques is presented based on experimental results obtained in actual local- and wide-area networks. The extensive performance measurement experiments conducted for all methods offer insights into their scalability and practicality. Furthermore, our analysis of the experimental results highlights several observations that are not obvious from the theoretical analysis.
Hodge integrals and invariants of the unknot

We prove the Gopakumar{Mari~ no{Vafa formula for special cubic Hodge integrals. The GMV formula arises from Chern{Simons/string duality applied to the unknot in the three sphere. The GMV formula is a q{analog of the ELSV formula for linear Hodge integrals. We nd a system of bilinear localization equations relating linear and special cubic Hodge integrals. The GMV formula then follows easily from the ELSV formula. An operator form of the GMV formula is presented in the last section of the paper. AMS Classication numbers Primary: 14H10 Secondary: 57M27
Breakdown Processes in Wire Chambers, Prevention and Rate Capability

Breakdowns were optically and electronically observed in drift tubes and drift chambers. They occur at a critical gain for given intensity in a gas mixture when ultraviolet photons are not completely quenched. It was observed that the breakdowns depended critically on average current for a given gas mixture independent of the size of the drift tubes used. Using 4.6% ethyl alcohol vapor mixed into 50/50 argon ethane gas, breakdowns are eliminated up to 7 ?A average current drawn by pulses on a 1 cm section of an anode wire under an intense source. Pulses with an avalanche size of 106 electrons, rates above 106 pulses per centimeter per wire may be obtained with the elimination of breakdowns.
Proton-mediated chemistry and catalysis in a self-assembled supramolecular host.

Synthetic supramolecular host assemblies can impart unique reactivity to encapsulated guest molecules. Synthetic host molecules have been developed to carry out complex reactions within their cavities, despite the fact that they lack the type of specifically tailored functional groups normally located in the analogous active sites of enzymes. Over the past decade, the Raymond group has developed a series of self-assembled supramolecules and the Bergman group has developed and studied a number of catalytic transformations. In this Account, we detail recent collaborative work between these two groups, focusing on chemical catalysis stemming from the encapsulation of protonated guests and expanding to acid catalysis in basic solution. We initially investigated the ability of a water-soluble, self-assembled supramolecular host molecule to encapsulate protonated guests in its hydrophobic core. Our study of encapsulated protonated amines revealed rich host−guest chemistry. We established that self-exchange (tha...
People as sensors: Mass media and local temperature influence climate change discussion on Twitter

Abstract This study examined whether people living in the US connect their sensory experiences with local temperature to climate change and whether mass media influences the process. We used the volume of Twitter messages containing words “climate change” and “global warming” as the indicator of attention that public pays to the issue. Specifically, the goals were: (1) to investigate whether people immediately notice substantial local weather anomalies such as deviations from long-term mean temperatures and connect them to climate change by contributing to climate change discourse on Twitter and (2) to examine the role of mass media in this process. Over 2 million tweets were collected for a two-year period (2012–2013) and were assigned to 157 urban areas in the continental US. The rate of tweeting on climate change was regressed on the time variables, number of climate change publications in the mass media, and a number of temperature variables. The analysis was conducted at the two levels of aggregation – national and local. The high significance of the mass media and temperature variables in the majority of regression models suggests that both the weather and mass media coverage control public interest to the topic. However, no convincing evidence was found that the media acts as a mediator in the relationship between local weather and climate change discourse. Overall, the findings confirmed that the public recognize extreme temperature anomalies and connect these anomalies to climate change.
Hardball and the soft touch: The economics of optimal insurance contracts with costly state verification and endogenous monitoring costs

Abstract We examine an environment of costly state verification in which insureds possess private information about the magnitude of an insurable loss. Insurers can verify the actual loss suffered only by incurring a positive resource cost, and insureds may verification and may lead to more generous settlements. Optimal insurance contracts are shown to mitigate the incentives to evade by a combination of incentives, which include the overpayment of easily monitored losses and undercompensation for claims exhibiting higher verification costs.
Counterflow Diffusion Flames with Unsteady Strain Rates

Abstract The counterflow diffusion flame subject to time-varying strain rates is studied analytically in order to assess the effect that unsteadiness caused by turbulent flows might have on laminar flamelets. The characteristic unsteady time considered is of the same order as the characteristic flame time, which is represented by the reciprocal of the strain rate, such that the flame structure consists of a quasi-steady reactive-diffusive zone embedded within the outer unsteady-convective-diffusive region. For constant density and unity Lewis numbers, the Shvab-Zeldovich coupling function takes an analytic self-similar solution for arbitrary strain rate as a function of time, thereby facilitating the analysis as well as physical interpretation for the flame-sheet behaviors. We further analyze the inner reaction zone structure using large activation energy asymptotics for one-step overall chemistry in order to determine the extinction conditions. In relation to turbulent combustion regimes, the unsteady ef...
Two problems in thermal field theory

In this talk, I review recent progress made in two areas of thermal field theory. In particular, I discuss various approaches for the calculation of the quark gluon plasma thermodynamical properties, and the problem of its photon production rate.
Risk and liquidity in a system context

Abstract This paper explores the pricing of debt in a financial system where the assets that borrowers hold to meet their obligations include claims against other borrowers. Assessing financial claims in a system context captures features that are missing in a partial equilibrium setting, such as liquidity spillovers across financial institutions resulting from expansions and contractions of balance sheets. Aggregate liquidity can be seen as the rate of growth of financial sector balance sheets.
Effects of Thermal Barrier Coatings on Approaches to Turbine Blade Cooling

Reliance on Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBC) to reduce the amount of air used for turbine vane cooling is beneficial both from the standpoint of reduced NOx production, and as a means of improving cycle efficiency through improved component efficiency. It is shown that reducing vane cooling from 10% to 5% of mainstream air can lead to NOx reductions of nearly 25% while maintaining the same rotor, inlet temperature. An analysis is given which shows that, when a TBC is relied upon in the vane thermal design process, significantly less coolant is required using internal cooling alone compared to film cooling. This is especially true for small turbines where internal cooling without film cooling permits the surface boundary layer to remain laminar over a significant fraction of the vane surface.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Endometriomas in adolescents.

Objective To report a rare presentation of bilateral endometriomas in an adolescent and describe characteristics of endometriomas. Design Case report. Setting Major academic medical center. Patient(s) An 18-year-old G0 presented with an incidentally found 35-cm pelvic mass that was found to be bilateral endometriomas. Intervention(s) Exploratory laparotomy with resection of endometrioma cyst walls and lysis of adhesions. Main Outcome Measure(s) The incidence, pathogenesis, fertility implications, and treatment options for endometriomas in adolescents. Result(s) Endometriomas are rare in adolescents. There are no case reports in the literature to date. Conclusion(s) Endometriosis should be considered in adolescents presenting with bilateral complex ovarian masses regardless of their size.
Total Synthesis of Caerulomycin C via the Halogen Dance Reaction

The total synthesis of caerulomycin C is described. Key steps in this synthesis utilize 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-halogen dance reactions for the functionalization of the pyridine ring.
Atmospheric Heating and Quiescent Radio Emission in Active Stars

Surveys of magnetically active stars of K to M spectral classes have revealed an interrelationship between their "quiescent" soft X-ray (SXR) and microwave luminosities. While the quiescent SXR emission has a thermal, corona-like nature, the quiescent microwave emission is usually nonthermal gyrosynchrotron radiation. This correlation is discussed in terms of the ability of heating mechanisms to accelerate the required number of electrons to mildly relativistic energies. We analyze the observational signatures of two models involving heating and electron acceleration by electric currents. The first model proposes that the energetic electrons are accelerated by the electric field in classical current sheets within the stellar coronae. The second considers MHD turbulence cascading down to smaller scales in the presence of current sheets, exciting ion-acoustic waves. These waves enhance the heating and particle acceleration in the stellar transition zone. Differences between RS CVn and Sun-like stars are discussed in terms of these models. Explicit expressions for the SXR-microwave relationship are derived and discussed.