cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computing The Two Dimensional Fast Fourier Transform On A General Purpose Mesh Connected Multiprocessort

ABSTRACT This paper discusses an implementation of the two dimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT) on SPRINT, the SystolicProcessor with a Reconfigurable Interconnection Network of Transputers. SPRINT is a 64 element multiprocessordeveloped at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for the experimental evaluation of systolic algorithms andarchitectures. The implementation is a radix two decimation in time algorithm, valid for an arbitrary sized p x qmesh of processors and an arbitrary sized P x Q complex input array (P, Q, p, and q must all be powers of two). Theprocessors are interconnected with their nearest neighbors along North -South -East -West communication links. Theproblems of array partitioning, bit reversal, sub -array transform computation, and weighted (butterfly) combinationsare all discussed. Finally, benchmark results are presented, and speedup and efficiency are discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION The FFT is probably the single most important fundamental tool in signal and image processing today. However,it is very compute intensive, often requiring many minutes of computation time to transform large two dimensionalarrays. Researchers are constantly looking for more efficient ways to compute the FFT to improve throughput insignal and image processing applications. In recent years, interest in parallel processing has grown rapidly, andcomparatively low cost parallel processors with computational speeds rivaling those of supercomputers are nowavailable to the researcher. It is a natural consequence then, that researchers in signal and image processing shouldturn to parallel processing platforms in an effort to achieve this increased throughput. Over the past several years,we have developed the Systolic Processor with a Reconfigurable Interconnection Network of Transputers (SPRINT),a 64 processor multiprocessor, to support research in systolic algorithms and architectures and parallel processingin general.' Given the ever increasing need to compute larger and larger two dimensional FFTs in image processingapplications, and the availability of the SPRINT multiprocessor, we have developed a multiprocessor implementationof the two dimensional FFT. This paper describes the implementation on the SPRINT, the problems we encounteredand the design choices we were required to make.The paper is organized as follows: First a brief discussion of the architecture of the SPRINT, and the FFT algorithmwe chose to implement. Next, the implementation is discussed in detail with emphasis on array partitioning, bitreversal, sub -array transform computation, and weighted (butterfly) combinations. Finally, benchmark results arepresented, and speedup and efficiency are discussed.
Cell recovery in foetal brain after ionizing radiation.

SummaryTimed-pregnancy rats were exposed on gestation day 13 to single doses of gamma (60Co)-irradiation of from 25 to 200 R in increments of 25 R, and to split doses of 100 R plus a second dose of from 25 to 150 R in increments of 25 R, with a 9-hour interval between exposures. Additional animals were exposed to the same split-dose regimens but with induction of hypothermia-hypercapnia after the initial dose of 100 R (deep colonic temperature about 20°c) and recovery to normal temperature levels in about 5 ½ hours. Others received a single dose of 100 or 150 R followed by induction of hypothermia-hypercapnia but without exposure to a second radiation dose. The incidence and severity of tissue alterations on gestation day 19 generally varied directly as dose-level. Such alterations were clearly greater in single-dose than in split-dose groups at comparable total dose-levels. In split-dose groups with induction of hypothermia-hypercapnia between exposures, tissue damage was greater than in the split-dose g...
The Left Side of Psychological Capital: New Evidence on the Antecedents of PsyCap

A recent meta-analysis suggests since 2005 there have been dozens of studies with positive psychological capital (PsyCap) predicting optimal individual performance, behaviors (e.g., citizenship, deviance), and attitudes (e.g., satisfaction, commitment, well-being, turnover intentions). However, in reviewing this literature there is an obvious silence as to the antecedents of PsyCap. Outside the examination of developmental interventions, very little is known about how and why an individual reaches and stabilizes at a given level of PsyCap. To address this gap, this study seeks to better understand the antecedents of individual-level PsyCap. In a field study of 1,264 engineers and technicians, a categorical perspective on PsyCap antecedents is tested. In a second study of 529 Chinese technology employees, the results from Study 1 are replicated with less overall variance explained raising measurement and cultural boundary conditions of current tools employed for empirical research on PsyCap. Implications f...
Characterisation of Protective Antibodies in Hamsters Immunised Against Clostridium difficile Toxins A and B

Toxigenic Clostridium difficile is the major cause of antimicrobial agent-associated pseudomembranous colitis in humans and of ileocaecitis in golden Syrian hamsters. The pathogenicity of C. difficile is believed to be dependent on the production of two immunologically and biochemically distinct toxins: toxin A (enterotoxin) and toxin B (cytotoxin). In earlier investigations we demonstrated that hamsters immunised against toxins A and B are protected against clindamycin-induced C. difficile -associated ileocaecitis and that this protection is transferred to infant hamsters through maternal milk. In the present investigation, the class-specific immunoglobulin response in adult and infant hamsters immunised against C. difficile toxins A and B was examined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. Parenteral immunisation of adult hamsters against toxins A and B induced IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies in hamster sera specific for these two toxins. IgG antibodies to toxins A and B predominated in the milk and intestines of adult hamsters immunised against toxins A and B and in the sera and intestine of infants from immunised adult hamsters. No significant IgA or IgM antibodies to toxins A and B were detected in maternal milk and intestines or in infant sera and intestines. IgG antibodies to toxins A and B were detected in infant caecal contents up until 10 d and in sera up until approximately 24 d of age. The results from this investigation suggest that serum derived IgG antibody to C. difficile toxins is primarily responsible for protection of adult and infant hamsters against C. difficile -associated ileocaecitis when immunised parenterally against toxins A and B. Keywords: Clostridium difficile ; Toxin A; Toxin B: Antibody; Immunisation; Hamster; Ileocaecitis; Enterotoxin; Cytotoxin.
A two-stage modeling and simulation process for web-based modeling and simulation

The area of web-based simulation has thrived primarily on novel methods for executing models, with contributions to both client and server side applications based in Java and other web-accessible languages. However, there has not been a commensurate degree of research in the area of model design, and in the dissemination of models over the web to support discrete event simulation. For a web-based modeling framework to succeed, that framework must support at least one markup language for specifying model content, as well as methods for converting the markup to a programming language, which is used to simulate the model. We present such a framework, called rube, and focus on a two-stage translation process from one markup language (MXL) to another (DXL), with a final process to create either Java or Javascript target code. This framework has allowed us to leverage the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) for capturing the dynamics of a small number of key modeling types commonly found in computer simulation applications. Our approach allows us to achieve customization of a model's appearance, as well to obtain the transformative benefits of specifying model information within an XML format.
Nonminimal generalized Kane's impulse-momentum relations

Introduction A methodology for deriving equations of motion for dynamical systems is Kane’s method. A close relationship between the method and those of D’Alembert and of Gibbs and Appell has been noted in the literature.1,2 The impulse–momentum approach to modeling impact was adopted by Kane3 in a general form for both holonomic and nonholonomic impulsive constraints. The basic assumption in the approach is that the duration of the impact is very short compared to the time interval of the motion, so that the impact can be considered a discrete event, and the change in the configuration of the system during impact is ignorable, although the changes in velocities of the system components can be significant.4 This allows converting the differential equations that govern the dynamics of the system to algebraic equations, by integrating the equations in velocities over the infinitesimal time period of impact. The relationships between the velocities before and after impact are given by an experimentally evaluated constant that is dependent on the material and the geometry of the collided bodies and the surfaces of collision, called the coefficient of restitution.5 The impulse–momentum approach to modeling impact was applied to different modeling methodologies. An example is the method of coordinate partitioning,6 where the acceleration form of constraint equations is utilized to eliminate dependent acceleration variables in favor of independent acceleration variables to derive minimal equations of motion. Another example is the Hamilton equations of motion.7 The impulse–momentum approach was followed successfully in the area of multibody system dynamics to model the intermittent motion of both rigid6 and flexible8 systems, but it is interesting to notice that using the approach for multibody system dynamics in the context of Kane’s equations of motion was not done until recently.9 In this Note, the impulse–momentum approach is extended to the nonminimal nonholonomic form by explicitly including the effect of nonholonomic constraints on the rapid changes of the generalized speeds. The nonminimal form of the equations of motion provides a convenient way to analyze the intermittent motion of both nonholonomic systems and complex holonomic systems with numerous configuration settings but relatively low numbers of degrees of freedom. The latter case pertains to analyses in which pseudogeneralized coordinates (i.e., additional configuration variables) are needed to facilitate the formulation, and hence more holonomic constraints are added. In the next section, nonholonomic generalized impulses and momenta are defined and are related to their holonomic counterparts by means of the constraint matrix.
Supply chains and compatibility among components in product design

Abstract Two problems in designing and developing a product are directly tied into effective management of the marketing/operations interface. We first consider technological incompatibility between pairs of alternatives for different components to identify feasible product designs at various stages of product-development, from screening to the final design. We then consider experts’ judgment on compatibility between pairs of alternatives for different attributes to generate product ideas and to perform a preliminary screening. This expert-based approach can be used in conjunction with other expert-based approaches or consumer-based approaches to identify potentially desirable product ideas. The methodology developed here includes explicit simultaneous consideration of product, process, and supply chain development and it is applicable to the entire spectrum of product novelty, from radical to incremental innovation. We also describe a real-world application.
Intraoperative heat conservation using a reflective blanket.

brated with ambient temperature. Test patients were wrapped in the aluminized blanket as completely as po­ sitioning would allow; test and control patients were draped in standard manner. For test patients in Groups 1 and 2, a copper cable connected the aluminized blanket to the operating table to prevent patient isolation. Patient temperature, mon­ itored with an esophageal temperature probe,20 operating room temperature, and relative humidity were recorded at half-hour intervals. Other aspects of anesthetic man­ agement were left to the discretion of the responsible anesthesiologist. Patients were observed for shivering in the recovery room by a nurse blinded to the treatment. Observations were subjected to chi-square analysis. Tem­ perature and humidity data were examined by analysis of variance. All results are reported as significant if P < 0.05.
Strong, Quasiperiodic Dependence of Autoionization Shape Parameters on Projectile Energy in H + + He Collisions

Profiles of the $2{s}^{2} (^{1}S)$ autoionizing state in He have been observed in the ejected-electron spectrum of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ + He for small angles of ejection and for ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ energies of 6 to 150 keV. The shape parameter $q$ shows an increasing dependence on projectile energy as the angle of ejection is decreased, with strong, quasiperiodic oscillations appearing at 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.
Kingdom-Agnostic Metagenomics and the Importance of Complete Characterization of Enteric Microbial Communities

Advanced sequencing techniques have shown that bacteria are not the only complex and important microbes in the human intestine. Nonbacterial organisms, particularly the virome and the mycobiome, are important regulators of intestinal immunity and inflammation. The virome is mucosal and systemic; it can alter the host response to bacteria and interact with host genes and bacteria to contribute to disease pathogenesis. The human mycobiome is also complex and can contribute to intestinal inflammation. We review what has recently been learned about the nonbacterial and nonarchaeal microbes in the gastrointestinal tract, discussing their potential effects on health and disease and analytical approaches for their study. Studies of associations between the microbiome and intestinal pathology should incorporate kingdom-agnostic approaches if we are to fully understand intestinal health and disease.
A low protein-high carbohydrate diet decreases D2 dopamine receptor density in rat brain

The property of D2 dopamine receptors in the rat brain was evaluated after long-term dietary manipulation. Groups of rats were pair-fed with equicaloric diet containing low protein (8%)-high carbohydrate, high protein (52%)-low carbohydrate and normal protein (20%) for 36 weeks. The low protein-high carbohydrate fed rats exhibited a significant decrease in the density (Bmax) of D2 dopamine receptor in the striatum (28%) and the mesolimbic regions (36%) with no apparent change in the receptor affinity (Kd). These findings suggest that long-term consumption of a low protein-high carbohydrate diet, by decreasing D2 dopamine receptor density, may be an important determinant of central dopaminergic function.
A variable time-discretization strategies-based, time-dependent shortest path algorithm for dynamic traffic assignment

Within the simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment (SBDTA) model, the time-dependent shortest path (TDSP) algorithm plays a crucial role in the path-set update procedure by solving for the current optimal auxiliary solution (shortest path). Common types of TDSP algorithms require temporal discretization of link/node time/cost data, and the discretization could affect the solution quality of TDSP and of the overall SBDTA as well. This article introduces two variable time-discretization strategies applicable to TDSP algorithms. The strategies are aimed at determining the optimal time discretization for time-dependent links/nodes travel time data. The first proposed strategy produces a specific discretization interval for each link. The second proposed strategy generates time-varying intervals for the same link over the analysis period. The proposed strategies are implemented in a link-based time-dependent A* algorithm in a SBDTA model DynusT and tested with two numerical experiments on two traffic netwo...
Vulval development: the battle between Ras and Notch.

Abstract Vulval patterning in Caenorhabditis elegans is controlled by both Ras-mediated ‘inductive' signaling and LIN-12/Notch-mediated ‘lateral' signaling. Recent studies have identified the lateral signal as well as various genes that are targets of the lateral signaling pathway, and begun to define the multiple molecular links connecting Ras and Notch.
Falls in construction: injury rates for OSHA-inspected employers before and after citation for violating the Washington State Fall Protection Standard

This study examined the relationship between Washington's fall protection standard and injuries in construction workers. Workers' compensation claim rates for falls were examined for employers that were cited for violating the standard over the 1991–1992 period. Fall injury rates for the periods before and after inspections were compared. Claims for a control group of employers that had not been cited were also examined. For the 784 cited employers, the claim rate for compensable fall injuries decreased from 1.78 to 1.39 per 200,000 hours worked for the one-year periods before and after inspection. For the control group (n = 8,301), the claim rate decreased from 1.04 to 0.95 per 200,000 hours. Cited employers were 2.3 times as likely as control employers (p < 0.0001) to experience a claim rate reduction, after adjustment for employer size and type of business. Results suggested that industry-wide fall injury rates might be expected to decrease if more employers were inspected. Am. J. Ind. Med. 31:296–302, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Decision development in small groups II: A study of multiple sequences in decision making 1

Poole's recent study of group decision‐making processes rejected the traditional unitary sequence model of decision development in which all decision‐making groups are assumed to follow a uniform set sequence of phases. It supported a multiple sequence model, which assumed different groups may have different sequences of phases. This study attempts to build on Poole's findings by presenting a detailed analysis of multiple decision sequences in two sets of groups: student groups performing a ranking task and groups of physicians performing a program planning task. This research had three specific goals: (1) To develop and define a Multiple Sequence Descriptive System adapted to the ten groups studied and generalizable for future research; (2) To analyze developmental patterns in conflict interaction and in the evolution of ideas in the ten groups; and (3) To compare unitary sequence and multiple sequence descriptions of the same discussions, with the object of meshing the two models. Results of the study s...
Surface contamination effects on resistance of gold nanowires

Gold nanowires were patterned with e-beam lithography and fabricated with a gold film deposited by e-beam evaporation. The resistances of these wires were measured and found to be nonlinear with respect to surface area/volume. With x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, carbon and oxygen contaminants in the forms of C, C–O–C, and CO were found adsorbed on the gold surface. This contamination adsorbed on the surface may lead to increased resistance of nanowires.
Coherent states and the Kepler-Coulomb problem

The Kustaanheino-Stiefel transformation is used to transform the Coulomb problem to a four-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator with a constraint. Ordinary coherent states are introduced over this oscillator and are shown to evolve in a fictitious time. When projected back into the physical space, the states follow the classical Kepler orbits in physical time. The resulting quasiclassical picture is obtained without the Bohr correspondence principle of taking only contributions from high principal quantum numbers.
Enrollment Decisions in a Child Development Accounts Program for Low-Income Families

This exploratory study analyzed factors that influenced parental decision to enroll in a child development accounts program for their pre-school children’s college education. Data used is from a savings demonstration program in a Midwestern U.S. state. Of the individual, household and service-level variables, only the level of parent’s education and the program orientation about the accounts offered to parents were significantly associated with enrollment decision. Analyzed variables explained 79.0% of the decision to enroll. Results provide limited support for an institutional mechanism to help low-income families participate in child development savings accounts program. Implications are directed towards program and policy implementation of similar programs.
Chlorine Dioxide Gas Sterilization of Oxygenators in an Industrial Scale Sterilizer: A Successful Model

Artificial organ oxygenators, with large surface areas and complicated structures, were sterilized using chlorine dioxide gas in an industrial scale sterilizer. Bacillus subtilis var. niger ATCC 9372 biological indicators (BI) (10(6) spores/BI) planted in the artificial organs were reproducibly sterilized in a designed cycle schedule with a 30-min dwell time with a chlorine dioxide gas concentration of approximately 30 mg/L in 80 to 85% relative humidity at 30 degrees C. The D value (time required for 90% spore inactivation under specific conditions) was estimated to be 4.4 min. Chlorine dioxide was not detected after post-sterilization aeration. The intravenous median lethal dose (LD50) of chlorine dioxide derivatives, chlorite and chlorate, in rats was found to be 112.8 and 2,228.6 mg/kg, respectively. In an immediate hypersensitivity test, chlorine dioxide gas-treated ovalbumin and bovine serum albumin, unlike ethylene oxide gas-treated proteins, did not cause sterilant-specific IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions in rats. Results of an Ames mutagenicity test on chlorine dioxide and on the extracts of the chlorine dioxide gas-exposed oxygenators were negative.
Voyager 1 measures electron intensity in the outer heliosphere

The Voyager 1 spacecraft is exploring the outer heliosheath past about 111 astronomical units from the Sun. The heliosheath is the region where the outgoing solar wind is slowed by the interstellar medium. The Voyager spacecraft have been sending back interesting new information about the structure of this previously uncharted boundary region at the edge of the solar system. Webber et al. now report that Voyager 1 recently observed two sudden increases in the intensity of low-energy cosmic ray electrons as it traveled farther from the Sun. At the outer boundary of the heliosheath, the electron intensity is usually assumed to be equal to that in interstellar space, outside the heliosphere. The authors suggest that the sudden changes in electron intensity are evidence of significantly different regions in the structure of the outer heliosheath and that as of early 2012, Voyager 1 had not quite reached the undisturbed interstellar medium outside of the heliosheath. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL051171, 2012)
WE-D-204C-01: Opportunities and Considerations for Multi-institutional Clinical Trials Research

The physicist role in clinical trials is sometimes confined to participation in filling out questionnaires, reviewing treatment plans, performing phantom studies, and verifying export of the correct information to the clinical trial group. However, participation in clinical trials research can be a rewarding and productive endeavor. The focus of this session is to highlight for investigators the potential and rewards of such research. In this session, experts will present on different roles in supporting and conducting clinical trials research and secondary analyses. First, the role of the National Institute of Health in supporting clinical trials research will be described. Then, the richness of the data collected by the Radiological Physics Center (RPC) to support quality in clinical trials since its inception in 1968 will be described. The RPC has provided quality independent audits of delivered dose, design of phantoms, and other clinical trials support. More recently, the Advanced Technology Consortium (ATC) has been collecting digital 3D data to support clinical trials research for prospective and retrospective trials. Considerations with respect to the quality of data needed for retrospective analyses will then be discussed. Finally, individual investigators will share their experiences in 1) conducting research as a member of a clinical trials group and 2) furthering that research as an independent investigator supported by an NIH R‐01 grant. The panel discussion will provide an opportunity for investigators to ask questions about the nuts and bolts of becoming active in clinical trials support ‐ and ultimately in clinical trials research. Learning Objectives: 1. NIH mechanisms for funding clinical trials research 2. Examples of the RPC's database in support of clinical trials 3. Potential opportunities to conduct clinical trials research through the ATC 4. Ways to improve the quality of data acquired during clinical trials 5. Examples of research in the RTOG utilizing multi‐modality imaging 6. Examples of improved biological models utilizing multi‐institutional data
Cyclin E2, the cycle continues

The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a family of serine/threonine protein kinases known as cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). The activation of a CDK is dependent on its association with a cyclin regulatory subunit. The formation of distinct cyclin-CDK complexes controls the progression through the first gap phase (G(1)) and initiation of DNA synthesis (S phase). These complexes are in turn regulated by protein phosphorylation and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs). Cyclin E2 has emerged as the second member of the E-type cyclin family. Cyclin E2-associated kinase activity is regulated in a cell cycle dependent manner with peak activity at the G(1) to S transition. Ectopic expression of cyclin E2 in human cells accelerates G(1), suggesting that cyclin E2 is rate limiting for G(1) progression. Although the pattern and level of cyclin E2 expression in some primary tumor and normal tissue RNAs are distinct from cyclin E1, both E-type cyclins appear to have inherent functional redundancies. This functional redundancy has facilitated the rapid characterization of cyclin E2 and uncovered unique features associated with each E-type cyclin.
Psychiatric hospitalization for senile dementia.

: More than three-fourths of all demented patients seen in one psychiatric ward of a university hospital during a two-year period were discharged within thirty days. Almost half of the group were able to return home from the hospital, and less than one-third were committed to a state hospital. These results support the view that admission to the psychiatric ward of a general hospital for medical-psychiatric assessment of dementia can be worth while. However, further investigation is needed to determine how well the short-term rehabilitation function of the ward serves to ease the transition of these patients from one setting to another.
Plant virus ecology.

Viruses have generally been studied either as disease-causing infectious agents that have a negative impact on the host (most eukaryote-infecting viruses), or as tools for molecular biology (especially bacteria-infecting viruses, or phage). Virus ecology looks at the more complex issues of virus-host-environment interactions. For plant viruses this includes studies of plant virus biodiversity, including viruses sampled directly from plants and from a variety of other environments; how plant viruses impact species invasion; interactions between plants, viruses and insects; the large number of persistent viruses in plants that may have epigenetic effects; and viruses that provide a clear benefit to their plant hosts (mutualists). Plants in a non-agricultural setting interact with many other living entities such as animals, insects, and other plants, as well as their physical environment. Wild plants are almost always colonized by a number of microbes, including fungi, bacteria and viruses. Viruses may impact any of these interactions [1].
Sea urchin small nuclear RNA genes are organized in distinct tandemhy repeating units

The genes coding for the two major small nuclear RNAs in the sea urchin are organized in independent tandem repeating units. The small nuclear RNAs, N1 and N2 were purified from gastrula embryos of Lytechinus variegatus. These RNAs are analogous to the U series of RNA in mammalian cells as judged by their identical 5' termini and the sequence homology of the N1 urchin RNA and U1 mouse RNA. These RNAs were polyadenylated with E. Coli adenylate transferase. A 32PO4 labeled copy of each RNA was made with RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. This copy was used to probe the gene organization of these RNAs by hybridizing to restriction enzyme digests of sperm DNA. Each of these RNAs is coded in a tandemly repeated cluster (at least 30 kb) with a repeat length of 1100-1400 bases. The N1 and N2 clusters are distinct. The N1 repeat has been cloned and the repeating organization confirmed with the cloned gene.
Electron paramagnetic resonance of Al E 1 ' centers in vitreous silica

A new series of /sup 27/Al hyperfine spectra have been discovered by EPR studies in irradiated type-I and -II vitreous silica. Our analysis of these spectra indicate that under ionizing irradiation at low temperatures (T< or approx. =260 K), pre-existent, diamagnetic network defects of the form AlO/sub 3/2/ trap an electron to form paramagnetic AlO/sub 3/2//sup ts-/. Upon annealing or irradiation at 300 K, AlO/sub 3/2//sup ts-/ traps a compensator such as Na/sup +/, Li/sup +/, or H/sub n//sup ts+/. With the aid of high-temperature electrolysis, specific spectra are associated with specific compensators. In one spectrum a superhyperfine interaction with an isotope having I=3/2 and attributed to /sup 23/Na is observed. We observe that the role of charge compensators with respect to the charge (magnetic) state of these Al defects in SiO/sub 2/ gives a consistent indication of the aluminum-oxygen coordination. We also demonstrate a correlation between the strength of the /sup 27/Al contact hyperfine interaction, the presence of charge compensators, and the thermal stability of the trapped electron. An analysis of the /sup 27/Al and /sup 29/Si hyperfine interactions arising from paramagnetic AlO/sub 3/2//sup ts-/ and SiO/sub 3/2/ (E/sub 1//sup prime/) centers indicate that these two centers are isoelectronic.more » Each of the four /sup 27/Al hyperfine spectra are analyzed in terms of coaxial Zeeman and hyperfine interactions which include broadening effects due to variations in bond angles and lengths. Ideas about how Al and Si E/sub 1//sup prime/ centers might be incorporated in the v-SiO/sub 4/2/ network are also presented. In particular, a model for an extrinsic Si E/sub 1//sup prime/ center is proposed which may explain various effects observed with EPR in different kinds of v-SiO/sub 2/ /sup 60/CO ..gamma.. irradiated with fluences < or approx. =10/sup 7/ R.« less
Human nature and moral theories

This paper defends a modest conception of human nature and argues that any adequate moral theory must incorporate this conception. Against the extreme historicist view it is argued that there are morally important necessary characteristics all human beings possess, and that many moral theories can be justified and criticized on the basis of these characteristics. Against the extreme naturalist view it is argued that the morally important and necessary characteristics give only a minimum content to moral theories and an adequate theory must both include and go beyond this minimum. In conclusion, it is claimed that it follows that purely formal, some relativistic, some elitist, and some natural law moral theories are mistaken.
Electron–optical-phonon scattering in wurtzite crystals

We present Fr\"ohlich-like electron--optical-phonon interaction Hamiltonian for wurtzite crystals in the long-wavelength limit based on the macroscopic dielectric continuum model and the uniaxial model. In general, the optical-phonon branches support mixed longitudinal and transverse modes due to the anisotropy. We calculate electron scattering rate due to the optical phonons in the bulk wurtzite GaN and demonstrate that the scattering rate due to transverselike phonon processes can be strongly enhanced over a range of angles with respect to the $c$ axis. For the case of longitudinal-like modes, the anisotropy is small and the result is almost the same as that obtained with the cubic Fr\"ohlich Hamiltonian.
Tropospheric sulfate distribution during SUCCESS: Contributions from jet exhaust and surface sources

The distribution of SO4= aerosol over the central US during SUCCESS indicates that surface sources of SO4= and SO2 in the western US caused SO4= enhancements up to 10 km altitude. The mean (median) SO4= mixing ratio in the mid- and upper-troposphere increased from 24 (16) pptv over the Pacific ocean to 58 (29) pptv over the central plains. Above 10 km the SO4= mixing ratio was essentially the same in both regions, and also when the geographic classifications were further partitioned into upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric categories (mean near 40 pptv). No obvious enhancements of SO4= could be detected in jet exhaust plumes, but this may reflect the difficulty of keeping a large airborne sampling platform within a turbulent wake for time periods longer than a few seconds. Expected SO4= enhancements (based on observed CO2 enhancements and emission factors for these two species) were generally much smaller than the variability of ambient SO4= mixing ratios, so our null result does not mean that aircraft do not emit H2SO4.
Hyperthermia and chemotherapy: When will they be used in the clinical treatment of cancer?☆

INTRODUCTION HYPERTHERMIA improves the ability of many drugs to kill tumor cells [l, 21. Recent research has investigated the cytostatic interaction of heat and drugs against tumor cells in culture [3], and in general these studies have been confirmed by in viuo results in mice [4]. However, considering the potential improvement in drug action that heat offers the chemotherapist, it is unfortunate that few clinical trials have been initiated. The relative neglect of this area of cancer treatment is particularly difficult to understand in view of the rapid clinical application of local hyperthermia with ionizing radiation therapy. Why has the clinical development of thermochemotherapy been so slow? What are the barriers that prevent its acceptance by the chemotherapist? How can relevant data on the design of effective combination therapy be provided to the clinician? In this paper I will address these questions and offer suggestions intended to speed the clinical application of thermochemotherapy. The rapid growth of ultrasonic, microwave and radiowave methods for the production of local and whole-body hyperthermia is clearly documented in recent publications [5] and symposia [6,7]. Although these heating systems can be used equally well in conjunction with chemotherapy or radiation therapy, it is the latter that has seen the most rapid advance toward clinical trials. This situation may have developed because the radiation therapist is more comfortable using
Venous air embolism during operative hysteroscopy

The world literature, including hospital and medicolegal case records, was reviewed to collate cases of venous air embolism resulting from the increasing number of operative hysteroscopies being performed. Seven women undergoing operative hysteroscopy for five different indications had clear-cut evidence of venous air embolism early in the course of the procedure. Five of these patients died. This complication is rare but devastating, resulting from traumatic opening into large uterine sinuses, especially with the patient in the Trendelenburg position, when the heart is below the level of the uterus. Several steps can be taken to try to prevent this problem.
Comparison of tissue effects in rabbit muscle of surgical dissection devices

While some energy-based surgical dissection and coagulation modalities may offer excellent cutting and coagulation abilities, the impact on healing may differ among devices. We compared the tissue effects of three of these modalities with those of the standard surgical scalpel in rabbit muscle at 24 h and 14 days after surgery by evaluating radiographic and histological data. Linear incisions were made with each device in the dorsal lumbar musculature of rabbits using monopolar electrocautery in cut mode (MPE-Cut) and coagulation mode (MPE-Coag), a ferromagnetic induction loop (FMI), and a traditional scalpel. Magnetic resonance imaging scans and histological sampling were done at 24 h and 14 days. Subjective cutting and coagulation characteristics for each device were also recorded during surgery. The scalpel and FMI appeared to cause the least tissue damage adjacent to the incisions in rabbit dorsal lumbar musculature. The scalpel showed the best healing, while the FMI and MPE-Cut demonstrated good healing. The MPE-Coag showed the worst tissue healing. The scalpel, FMI, and MPE-Cut all exhibited favorable subjective characteristics during surgery. It appears that the FMI may be a better choice for surgical dissection and coagulation in muscle tissue than the MPE coagulation mode because it shows less tissue damage and offers better tissue healing.
Remnant grooves on alumina surfaces

Abstract Thermal grooving of grain boundaries in alumina has been studied using a combination of visible-light microscopy (VLM) and atomic-force microscopy (AFM). The partial angles of grooves that develop during heat treatments at 1650 °C were estimated by AFM. The observation of remnant grooves is key to determining the magnitude of the movement of a grain boundary. Imaging using VLM and AFM enabled the smoothing of remnant grooves to be observed through a progression of heat treatments, which enables the anisotropic nature of the surface diffusivity of alumina to be monitored.
Recent Advances in Delirium Recognition and Management

Delirium is a common syndrome in the elderly and is associated with high mortality and negative health outcomes. Over the last few years, there has been considerable research on delirium. This article summarizes recent studies. The initial literature search conducted for this article revealed over 2,000 articles published from January 2010 through March 2014. The initial list was refined to around 100 original research articles for closer review. Despite considerable research, there have been no breakthroughs in new treatment modalities for this rather complex yet common problem.
The Lecture and Discussion Method for Management Education:Pros and Cons

The lecture method for management education is discussed. The nature of the method is presented, strengths and weaknesses are summarised, and recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of lectures through discussion are presented.
An Overview of Alaskan Late Pleistocene Archaeology: Historical Themes and Current Perspectives

Alaska has long held an important role in the late Pleistocene prehistory of the New World. Alaska being situated at the juncture between the Old and New Worlds, scholars have long looked to the Alaskan archaeological record to provide clues into the initial peopling of the New World. As such, Alaska figures prominently in most models of the peopling of the New World. In recent years, however, it has become clear that the late Pleistocene archaeological record of Alaska is characterized by great technological and adaptive diversity, and no single interpretive model can adequately explain that diversity. This paper traces the development of Pleistocene Alaskan archaeology by outlining the history of site discoveries and interpretations. In so doing, it provides a historical perspective on current frameworks of Alaskan Pleistocene prehistory. Based primarily on a search for the first inhabitants of the New World, however, the research questions traditionally guiding Alaskan archaeology have tended to complicate rather than clarify the picture. In some cases, this has led to false expectations and oftentimes contradictory interpretations, many of which still persist, and which can only be resolved by addressing the Alaskan record on its own terms.
Thermal expansivity in semiconducting NbO2

Abstract Measurements have been made of sample lengths La and Lc parallel to the a- and c-crystallographic directions, respectively, in semiconducting, distorted-rutile (C64h) structure NbO2 between 133 K and 360 K using a fused silica LVDT dilatometer system. La changes very slightly and goes through a minimum as a function of temperature, T, while Lc increases monotonically with T in a normal manner. This behavior is compared with that of rutile-structure compounds. The present data do not cause significant changes in the elastic stiffness moduli which were deduced previously from ultrasonic transit times using lengths extra-polated from lattice parameter data above room T. Thus the discrepancy between the elastic and calorimetric Debye temperatures reported in the literature remains. Thermal expansion coefficients and Gruneisen anharmonicity parameters are deduced. The expansion coefficients are analyzed into a quasicubic component and a term depending on the anisotropy of the Gruneisen function.
Simulation of shallow cumuli and their transition to deep convective clouds by cloud‐resolving models with different third‐order turbulence closures

The abilities of cloud-resolving models (CRMs) with the double-Gaussian based and the single-Gaussian based third-order closures (TOCs) to simulate the shallow cumuli and their transition to deep convective clouds are compared in this study. The single-Gaussian based TOC is fully prognostic (FP), while the double-Gaussian based TOC is partially prognostic (PP). The latter only predicts three important third-order moments while the former predicts all the thirdorder moments. A shallow cumulus case is simulated by single-column versions of the FP and PP TOC models. The PP TOC improves the simulation of shallow cumulus greatly over the FP TOC by producing more realistic cloud structures. Large differences between the FP and PP TOC simulations appear in the cloud layer of the second- and third-order moments, which are related mainly to the underestimate of the cloud height in the FP TOC simulation. Sensitivity experiments and analysis of probability density functions (PDFs) used in the TOCs show that both the turbulence-scale condensation and higher-order moments are important to realistic simulations of the boundary-layer shallow cumuli. A shallow to deep convective cloud transition case is also simulated by the 2-D versions of the FP and PP TOC models. Both CRMs can capture the transition from the shallow cumuli to deep convective clouds. The PP simulations produce more and deeper shallow cumuli than the FP simulations, but the FP simulations produce larger and wider convective clouds than the PP simulations. The temporal evolutions of cloud and precipitation are closely related to the turbulent transport, the cold pool and the cloud-scale circulation. The large amount of turbulent mixing associated with the shallow cumuli slows down the increase of the convective available potential energy and inhibits the early transition to deep convective clouds in the PP simulation. When the deep convective clouds fully develop and the precipitation is produced, the cold pools produced by the evaporation of the precipitation are not favorable to the formation of shallow cumuli.
Reduction of crosspoints in one-sided crosspoint switching networks

The authors establish upper and lower bounds for the number of crosspoints required in a one-sided crosspoint switching network to provide a given level of connectivity. Two modes of operation are considered, namely, nonblocking and rearrangeable. A complete nonblocking switch matrix with N ports has N/sup 2//2 crosspoints. The authors show that this number can be reduced by at most N/2-1 crosspoints for nonblocking operation. If rearrangeable operation is allowed, however, as many as 25% of the crosspoints can be removed. An analysis is made of the relationship between the number of crosspoints removed and the maximum number of rearrangements of connections needed. Also introduced are algorithms for rearrangement of connections in both single-chip and partitioned implementations with reduced numbers of crosspoints. >
Observational validation of an extended mosaic technique for capturing subgrid scale heterogeneity in a GCM

A technique called extended mosaic (EM) was designed to allow the subgrid scale interactions between the land surface and the atmosphere to extend vertically. EM addresses a limitation of previously existing techniques, and has been shown to have an important impact on the simulated climate in global models. The present work focuses on an observational validation of the climate characteristics of a general circulation model using EM, based on a set of 10-yr simulations with each of EM and the standard mosaic technique (M), driven by climatological sea surface temperatures. Model simulations using EM show improvements in many aspects of the mid-latitude climate and in wintertime air temperature over Alaska and Western Canada and in the pattern of the Australian monsoon precipitation over land. An example of a degradation in the EM simulation is the temperature over southern South America in wintertime. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00257.x
Correlation of logical failures to a suspect process step

Traditional yield enhancement efforts have long relied on memory bitmapping techniques. With the industry marching toward system-on-a-chip technology, the importance of logic products has increased exponentially. This necessitates the development of innovative techniques to perform logic yield enhancement. In this paper the authors present a novel technique that can be used to perform logic yield enhancement. The paper concentrates on logic bitmapping at Texas Instruments. Results obtained from a few production samples of a graphics processor are also presented.
Does integrity require moral goodness

Most accounts of integrity agree that the person of integrity must have a relatively stable sense of who he is, what is important to him, and the ability to stand by what is most important to him in the face of pressure to do otherwise. But does integrity place any constraints on the kind of principles that the person of integrity stands for? In response to several recent accounts of integrity, I argue that it is not enough that a person stand for what he believes in, nor even that he is committed to and stands for what, in his best judgement, is morally right. In our web of moral concepts integrity is internally related to a host of virtues which exclude weakness of will and dogmatism, and presuppose trustworthiness. Integrity requires that the principles stood for must be those that a morally good, morally trustworthy agent would stand for, and that the agent himself is morally trustworthy.
Doxorubicin clearance in the obese.

A study was carried out to examine the effect, if any, of obesity on doxorubicin pharmacokinetics. Body weight was found to be significantly related to doxorubicin clearance (r = -.75; P less than .001) and elimination half-life (r = .62; P = .003). Thus, the contribution of obesity on pharmacokinetics of antineoplastic agents should be taken into consideration in the analysis of clinical data with respect to toxicity and tumor response. Twenty-one patients were studied with their first course of doxorubicin (50 to 70 mg/m2) administered as a 60-minute intravenous (IV) infusion. Patients were divided into three groups on the basis of percentage of ideal body weight (IBW): normal (less than 115% IBW), mildly obese (115% to 130% IBW), and obese (greater than 130% IBW). Blood samples were collected up to 48 hours after the infusion and analyzed for doxorubicin and its metabolite, doxorubicinol, by high performance liquid chromatography. Doxorubicin area under the curve (AUC) was greater in obese than in norm...