cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The study of nitrogen doping in ZnSe and ZnSe:Te

A comparative study of nitrogen doping in ZnSe and ZnTe has been performed and the results suggest that dopant solubility seems to be the limiting factor, at least under our growth conditions, in obstructing degenerate p-type doping of ZnSe. In an effort to increase the nitrogen acceptor concentration in ZnSe, we have investigated the effects of Te isoelectronic impurity on the nitrogen doping concentration in ZnSe. It was found that the total nitrogen concentration and the nitrogen acceptor concentration are indeed increased, but the room temperature free hole concentration actually drops slightly. Temperature dependent transport measurements were performed and the results show a large increase in compensation ratio as well as a dramatical reduction in hole mobility. The latter is attributed to the tendency for hole localization at the isoelectronic impurity.
Relationship Between The Excited State Relaxation Paths Of Rhodopsin And Isorhodopsin

The pigment Isorhodopsin, an analogue of the visual pigment Rhodopsin, is investigated via quantum-mechanics/molecular-mechanics computations based on an ab initio multiconfigurational quantum chemical treatment. The limited <5 kcal mol-1 error found for the spectral parameters allows for a nearly quantitative analysis of the excited-state structure and reactivity of its 9-cis-retinal chromophore. We demonstrate that, similar to Rhodopsin, Isorhodopsin features a shallow photoisomerization path. However, the structure of the reaction coordinate appears to be reversed. In fact, while the coordinate still corresponds to an asynchronous crankshaft motion, the dominant isomerization component involves a counterclockwise, rather than clockwise, twisting of the 9-cis bond. Similarly, the minor component involves a clockwise, rather than counterclockwise, twisting of the 11-trans bond. Ultimately, these results indicate that Rhodopsin and Isorhodopsin relax along a common excited-state potential energy valley st...
Changes in Parental Behavior Reported by Children in West Germany and the United States

Changes in parental behavior were investigated in Cologne, West Germany, in 1960 and 1968, and upstate New York in 1960–62 and 1965, using ratings made by 6th-grade school children. Changes in the family as a social system were expected to be toward more openness to the external environment and less role differentiation among family members. These trends were used to predict decreases over time in ‘traditional’ behaviors of nurturance, physical punishment, protectiveness, and prescription of responsibilities; and increases in ‘modern’ behaviors of instrumental companionship, achievement demands, principled discipline, deprivation of privileges, and indulgence. The hypothesized changes were confirmed for 7 parental behaviors. Also found were: convergence of Germans and Americans on 7 of 11 variables, convergence of mothers and fathers on 4 variables, trends toward divergence of boys’ and girls’ ratings, general increase in parenting by fathers relative to mothers, general decrease in parenting received by girls relative to boys, and increase in ‘professionalization’ of the parental role described by American children. Several interpretations are offered alternative to the hypothesis that the family as a social system is tending toward dissolution.
First-Order Autoregression and the Uncertainty Principle

Equation (3) describes a process o f extrapolation by dead reckoning: X ,. ~ --, X t X tt "" X t -'~ X t + 1 X t -'~ X t + I, and so on. In the second place, however, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle guarantees that the previous value and the rate of change cannot both be measured with unlimited accuracy, even in the ideal case where one has exact knowledge of r and Var( e t ) = s 2 [Halliday and Resnick, Fundamentals o f Physics, New York: Wiley, 1988]. This is so because
Emotional responsivity to nonveridical heart rate feedback as a function of anxiety

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the effects of nonveridical heart rate feedback and anxiety on electrodermal responses and verbal reports to emotionally laden stimuli. Forty-eight female subjects were divided into high and low anxious groups on the basis of their Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale scores and resting level electrodermal activity. All subjects viewed 10 autopsy slides while hearing continuous auditory tones supposedly representing their own heartbeats. Twenty-four subjects heard the tones increase in rate with slide onset. The other 24 subjects heard no change in rate with slide onset. The high resting autonomic activity group responded with significantly larger electrodermal responses to the heart rate feedback-slide combination than the low resting level autonomic activity group. The high autonomic activity group also reported that the slides were significantly more unpleasant than the low autonomic activity group, particularly those slides accompanied by an increase in heart rate feedback. Implications of these findings for a cognitive-visceral model of emotion are discussed.
RCS Model of EM Backscattering from Objects with Nonlinear Motion Dynamics

The purpose of this work is to simulate electromagnetic (EM) backscattering from objects with nonlinear motion dynamics, such as a heavy top with precession motion, a spinning gyroscopic, or a swinging pendulum, and to analyze modulations induced by the nonlinear motion dynamics
Reaction Times Identify a Pavlovian Component in a Two-Choice Discrimination

Six pigeons discriminated on discrete trials between two colors. In Experiment 1, two luminous spots were both either blue or green and the reinforced responses were "peck left" for blue and "peck right" for green. In Experiment 2, the hue of a center spot controlled subsequent choice pecks to left or right. In both experiments response bias was manipulated in two ways. During stimulus frequency ("SF") sessions correct responses brought food on 40% of trials; in "imbalanced" blocks of sessions one hue appeared on 80% of trials and the other on 20%. During reinforcement probability ("RNF") sessions the hues appeared equally often, but in imbalanced blocks the hues signaled different reinforcement probabilities, either 64% or 16%. In "balanced" control blocks the hues appeared equally often and were both reinforced at 40%. The experiments gave similar results. When bias was computed from choice percentages the imbalanced conditions yielded substantial response bias, and the amount of bias was about the same under RNF and SF treatments. However, reaction times (RTs) gave a different outcome. RNF imbalance slowed responses directed at the less reinforced stimulus, but SF imbalance had little RT effect (Experiment 1) or no effect (Experiment 2). These results suggest that choice was controlled by an instrumental stimulus-response-reinforcement association, whereas RTs were controlled by a Pavlovian stimulus-reinforcement association.
Best-next-view algorithm for three-dimensional scene reconstruction using range images

The primary focus of the research detailed in this paper is to develop an intelligent sensing module capable of automatically determining the optimal next sensor position and orientation during scene reconstruction. To facilitate a solution to this problem, we have assembled a system for reconstructing a 3D model of an object or scene from a sequence of range images. Candidates for the best-next-view position are determined by detecting and measuring occlusions to the range camera's view in an image. Ultimately, the candidate which will reveal the greatest amount of unknown scene information is selected as the best-next-view position. Our algorithm uses ray tracing to determine how much new information a given sensor perspective will reveal. We have tested our algorithm successfully on several synthetic range data streams, and found the system's results to be consistent with an intuitive human search. The models recovered by our system from range data compared well with the ideal models. Essentially, we have proven that range information of physical objects can be employed to automatically reconstruct a satisfactory dynamic 3D computer model at a minimal computational expense. This has obvious implications in the contexts of robot navigation, manufacturing, and hazardous materials handling. The algorithm we developed takes advantage of no a priori information in finding the best-next-view position.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Substantial contribution of biomethylation to aquifer arsenic cycling

Arsenic in aquifers is transformed by biological and abiotic reactions. Field measurements and laboratory experiments suggest that the microbial methylation of arsenic contributes to subsurface arsenic cycling.
SECRETION AND RENAL EFFECTS OF ANF PROHORMONE PEPTIDES

SUMMARY 1. Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and pro ANF peptides appear to be secreted simultaneously from the atria in response to atrial stretch. 2. The major peptide forms secreted from rat atria appear to be ANF (pro ANF 99–126) as the primary C-terminal peptide and pro ANF 1–30 as the primary N-terminal peptide, as opposed to 1–67 or 1–98. 3. The plasma concentrations of ANF and pro ANF 1–30 are increased by acute stimulation with blood volume expansion and the plasma levels of ANF and N-terminal ANF prohormone peptides are chronically elevated by high salt diet. 4. Pro ANF 31–67 produces a natriuresis which is not dependent on an increase in renal cGMP excretion, decreases in plasma renin activity (PRA) or elevations in plasma ANF concentration.
Parallel Symbolic Computing

Programs differ from one another in many dimensions. In one such dimension, programs can be laid out along a spectrum with predominantly symbolic programs at one end and predominantly numerical programs at the other. The differences between numerical and symbolic programs suggest different approaches to parallel processing. This article explores the problems and opportunities of parallel symbolic computing and describes the language Multilisp, used at M.I.T. for experiments in parallel symbolic programming.
The magnetic susceptibility of 248Cm metal

A SQUID-based micromagnetic susceptometer [1,2] has been used to determine the magnetic susceptibility of 248Cm metal in the temperature range 4.2–320 K and in the applied magnetic field range of 0.45–1400 G. X-ray diffraction indicated that two of the samples of mass 37.2 and 41.2 μg exhibit the dhcp phase and one of mass 152 μg the fcc structure. The nominally dhcp samples exhibit an antiferromagnetic transition at ≈ 65 K. A small second transition near 200 K is observed and influences the high temperature Curie-Weiss fit to the data. For 270 K < T < 307 K and an applied field of 1200 G, x = C/(T + θ), with C = Nμ2/3k and μ = 5.5 μB, θ = −176 K. The fcc sample exhibits a ferrimagnetic transition in the neighborhood of 200 K and at low temperature has a saturated magnetic moment per atom of 0.4 Bohr magnetons in applied fields above 1200 G. At high temperatures three interpretations of the susceptibility may be made. 1. (a) Two regions of Curie-Weiss behavior x = C/(T + θ) with C = Nμ2/3k. For 200 K < T < 300 K, μ = 6.2 μB, θ = −202 K. For 300 K < T < 340 K, μ = 7.7 μB, and θ = −138 K. 2. (b) A modified Curie-Weiss behavior x = x0 + C/(T + θ), with C = Nμ2/3k. Here x0 = 530 × 10−6, μ = 5.36 μB, and θ = −204 K. 3. (c) A ferrimagnetic behavior x = (C1 + C2)T − 2λC1C2T2 − TN2 with Ci = Nμ2i/6k and μi constrained = μ ± 0.4 μB. Here λ = 231 ± 49, μ = 6.13 ± 0.2 μB, and TN = (205 ± 0.6) K.
High-Throughput Analysis of Stimulus-Evoked Behaviors in Drosophila Larva Reveals Multiple Modality-Specific Escape Strategies

All organisms react to noxious and mechanical stimuli but we still lack a complete understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms by which somatosensory information is transformed into appropriate motor outputs. The small number of neurons and excellent genetic tools make Drosophila larva an especially tractable model system in which to address this problem. We developed high throughput assays with which we can simultaneously expose more than 1,000 larvae per man-hour to precisely timed noxious heat, vibration, air current, or optogenetic stimuli. Using this hardware in combination with custom software we characterized larval reactions to somatosensory stimuli in far greater detail than possible previously. Each stimulus evoked a distinctive escape strategy that consisted of multiple actions. The escape strategy was context-dependent. Using our system we confirmed that the nociceptive class IV multidendritic neurons were involved in the reactions to noxious heat. Chordotonal (ch) neurons were necessary for normal modulation of head casting, crawling and hunching, in response to mechanical stimuli. Consistent with this we observed increases in calcium transients in response to vibration in ch neurons. Optogenetic activation of ch neurons was sufficient to evoke head casting and crawling. These studies significantly increase our understanding of the functional roles of larval ch neurons. More generally, our system and the detailed description of wild type reactions to somatosensory stimuli provide a basis for systematic identification of neurons and genes underlying these behaviors.
Constructing and Communicating Privacy Boundaries: How Family Medicine Physicians Manage Patient Requests for Religious Disclosure in the Clinical Interaction.

Religion/spirituality (R/S) is an important component of some patients’ psychosocial framework when facing illness. While many patients report an increased desire for R/S dialogue in clinical interaction, especially when facing a frightening diagnosis, some physicians report discomfort talking about R/S and hold various beliefs regarding the appropriateness of such discussions. Not only do physicians manage conversations centering on patient disclosures in the clinical visit, they must also navigate requests to share their own personal information. Farber et al. (2000) found that over a 12-month period nearly 40% of physicians reported that patients asked questions that transgressed professional boundaries. This article uses Petronio’s communication privacy management theory as a lens through which to situate our understanding of how family medicine physicians construct and communicate privacy boundaries in response to patient requests for religious disclosure. Results provide an in-depth theoretical unde...
EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD ON EARLY PERIDERM AND XYLEM DEVELOPMENT IN FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANIA, ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA AND AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA SEEDLINGS

Summary Seedlings of Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Ailanthus altissima were grown from seed for 30 days in different daylengths and used to investigate early periderm and xylem formation. Periderm and secondary xylem did not develop in dark-grown seedlings. Xylem increments of Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings increased significantly with each increase in daylength from 8 to 24 hours. Xylem increment in seedlings of Ailanthus altissima showed a slight but non-significant response to daylength. Phellogen formation and activity were stimulated in all three species as daylength was increased. Periderm was not present in 30-day-old Ailanthus altissima seedlings grown on 8–hour days, but phellem increased significantly as daylength was increased from 16 to 24 hours. In Fraxinus pennsylvanica seedlings periderm was formed earlier and phellem increment was greater in seedlings grown on 24-hour daylengths than in those grown on 16-hour daylengths. In the latter regime phellogen was formed sooner and was more active than in seedlings grown on 8-hour daylengths. Periderm increment in Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings could not be measured because of crushing of phellem, but it formed sooner and appeared to proliferate faster in seedlings grown on 16 or 24 hour days than on shorter daylengths. Differences in time to formation of the vascular cambium and phellogen and in production of xylem and phellem indicated differences in physiological controls.
A simple method to enhance thermal emission of metal ions

Abstract A simple technique has been developed to enhance ion yields from Pu and U during single-filament thermal analysis. A small amount of Re powder is slurried with a solution of sucrose in water and added to the canoe-shaped filament. Forcing the Pu or U through the resulting ReC layer leads to enhanced ion emission and to significantly reduced fractionation.
Implementing Integrated Production and Distribution Planning Systems

The development and implementation of an integrated production and distribution planning system requires more than the optimal solution of a set of mathematical models. Success is achieved when the organisation addresses both the technical and human issues in planning. The approach followed by a process manufacturer over the last five years to integrate fully its production and distribution planning and scheduling system is described. Reduced distribution costs and improved co‐ordination and communication are the principal benefits of this successful implementation. The major technical strategies adopted to co‐ordinate the tactical and short‐run planning and scheduling system are discussed, followed by the key organisational and human factors which play a vital role in the functioning of a successful system.
Liming effects on some chemical and biological parameters of soil (spodosols and histosols) in a hardwood forest watershed

Acidic lakes and streams can be restored with base application (usually limestone) provided that the base does not wash out before the benefits of alkalization can be realized; liming soils of the adjoining watershed may be an alternative approach. This study was conducted to provide a scientific basis for soil liming. Plots (50 m2) with different limestone dosages (e.g. 0, 5, 10 or 15 Mg CaCO3 ha −1) were established on each of two different soils (a Spodosol and a Histosol) in the Woods Lake watershed of the Adirondack Park Region of New York, USA. Six months after soil liming much of the added limestone was still present in both the Spodosol and in the Histosol. Ten months after soil liming results indicated that: (1) soil pH increased (> 1 unit) but mostly in the top 1 cm; (2) net N mineralization increased from 9.6 to ca. 15 µg N g −1 d−1 and nitrification increased from 2.8 to ca. 8 µg N g−1 d-1, (3) denitrification was not affected (98 µg N g−1 d−1); (A) CO2 production potential decreased in the surface soil and as a function of limestone dosage (60 to 6 µmol g−1 d−1); and (5) soluble SO4 2− concentrations in the Histosol were not affected (105 µmol l −1 ). Liming acidic forest soils with > 5 Mg CaCO3 ha−1 may increase the soil’s acid neutralizing capacity, which could provide long-term benefits for surface water acidification.
Polyimides in lithography

Polyimides and Polyamide-imides have a high thermal and dimensional stability, good properties, and resistance to attack by solvents. These features, along with their electrical properties, have led to their wide acceptance in the electronics industry. Specifically, Polyimide masks are superior to conventional resists during metal deposition, sputter etching, and chip soldering, for which high-temperature stability is essential. Such a mask is prepared by selectively etching the polyamide-imide with in organic solvent such as ethylenediamine. The reaction of ethylenediamine with polyamide-imides has been applied successfully in metallizing semiconductors by the lift-off method; also, polyamide-imides have been used as a reworkable protective coating for semiconductor modules.
Theoretical studies of point defects and diffusion in Nb 3 Sn

The structure and energetics of several simple point defects in A15 Nb 3 Sn were investigated by means of computer simulations based on a pair-potential model of cohesion. The properties of vacancies on both the Nb and Sn sublattices, as well as those of simple antisite defects, were examined, and estimates were made of the energetics of several types of atom-vacancy exchange ("jump") processes. The results show an unusual structure for the vacancy on the Nb sublattice: the vacancy is "split" between two adjacent sites along the Nb chain with an atom midway between them. We find the Sn vacancy (on the Sn sublattice) to be metastable; this vacancy will "decompose" by an activated process into a more stable configuration consisting of a Nb atom on a Sn site adjacent to a split Nb-sublattice vacancy. We find that the lowest energy grouping of defects compatible with maintaining sublattice sites in the proper three-to-one ratio is the antisite defect pair; the lowest energy grouping which contains vacancies is found to consist of Nb-sublattice vacancies and Nb-on-Sn-sublattice antisite defects in the ratio of four of the former to one of the latter (quintuple defects). Our results also suggest that bulk Sn diffusion is slower than Nb diffusion; this is consistent with the belief that rapid Sn diffusion during Nb 3 Sn layer growth does not occur by bulk but by grain-boundary diffusion.
Electroencephalographic changes in children with artificially induced hyperthermia

Summary 1. The electroencephalographs of twelve children were recorded following the intravenous administration of typhoid vaccine. 2. Seven children had a history of three or more convulsions with fever; three had no family or personal history of convulsions of any kind; one had a history of a previously abnormal electroencephalogram; and one had a twin brother who had febrile convulsions. 3. Electroencephalographic changes consisting of high-voltage slow waves, increase delta activity, spike-and-wave formations, and some seizure discharges occurred in all tracings. 4. The fact that otherwise normalchildren have electroencephalographic changes during and shortly after a febrile episode without convulsions should be considered in the interpretation of electroencephalographic changes following a febrile convulsion.
Hydrological response due to projected climate variability in Haw River watershed, North Carolina, USA

ABSTRACTGlobal climate variations are expected to cause serious challenges to water resources planning and management, including an increase in sea level, abrupt changes in rainfall patterns and changes in ecosystems. This study evaluates impacts of mid-century climate variability as projected by climate models in the Haw River watershed, which contributes significantly to Jordan Lake, a major source of drinking water supply in central North Carolina, USA. The watershed-based hydrological model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), was successfully calibrated with very good to excellent performance. Projected precipitation and temperature information for 2040–2069 from four dynamically downscaled regional climate models (RCMs) was used to force the SWAT modeling set-up of the watershed. On a long-term basis, a 38% decrease in the precipitation in early fall is expected while spring months are expected to receive 30% higher precipitation compared to the baseline condition (1980–2009). Water yield was fou...
Rapid Softening of Acidified Peppers: Effect of Oxygen and Sulfite

Evidence was found for two previously unreported, nonenzymatic reactions that affected texture retention in acidified red bell peppers. First, oxygen was found to cause rapid softening of the pepper tissue such that it lost at least 40% of the initial tissue firmness within 2 weeks after acidification. Second, sulfite added to the acidified peppers prevented the softening caused by oxygen. Combined addition of sulfite and calcium chloride resulted in better retention of tissue firmness during extended storage than the addition of either component by itself.
Solitary wave solution for the generalized Kawahara equation

Abstract The travelling wave ansatz is used to find the solitary wave solution of the generalized Kawahara equation. The ansatz is obtained from the structure of the soliton solution of the Kawahara equation and the modified Kawahara equation. The first two integrals of motion of the generalized Kawahara equation are also computed in this work.
Inhibition of cell growth in CaCO2 cells by the polyamine analogue N1,N12‐bis(ethyl)spermine is preceded by a reduction in MYC oncoprotein levels

The polyamine analogue N1,N12bis(ethyl)spermine (BESpm) is a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation and is representative of a class of agents currently in clinical trials. Previous studies have demonstrated that BESpm treatment can produce a decrease in the mRNA levels of the protooncogene c-myc resulting from decreased transcription. Investigation into the mechanism of the antiproliferative effect of BESpm in the colon cancer cell line CaCO2 indicated that significant reduction in MYC protein, but not c-myc mRNA levels, preceded cytostasis. Specificity of the downregulation of MYC expression by BESpm treatment was demonstrated by comparison to effects on the polyamine catabolic enzyme spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) and the polyamine biosynthetic enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). SSAT activity rapidly increased while levels of ODC activity decreased after BESpm treatment. Measurement of intracellular polyamines demonstrated significant uptake of the analogue after 24 hours, which was concurrent with a reduction of spermine and spermidine levels. Thus, cellular uptake of BESpm mediated a reduction of polyamine levels that was associated with a decrease of MYC protein at the post-transcriptional level. J. Cell. Physiol. 174:380–386, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A conceptual model of the impact of advertising on service employees

Although the importance of the service employee in providing satisfying service encounters has frequently been noted, the effects of organizational marketing actions on employees has been virtually ignored. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of advertising on service employees. Ads can have positive impacts on employee organizational commitment by depicting roles which will encourage congruent expectations among the organization, the employee, and the customer; by clarifying workers' roles in the organization; by communicating the degree to which the organization values employees; and by being accurate in their messages about services, organizational policies, and treatment of employees. This employee organizational commitment is critical to the provision of quality service to consumers.
NEODYMIUM--NEODYMIUM HYDRIDE PHASE SYSTEM.

Abstract The phase relationships between neodymium and neodymium hydride have been established. Hydrogen in solution increases the melting point of neodymium and lowers the α−β transformation temperature. A metal-rich intermediate phase was found between 680° and 880°C. The solid immiscibility gap seemed to close above 1150°C.
The B56 Family of Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) Regulatory Subunits Encodes Differentiation-induced Phosphoproteins That Target PP2A to Both Nucleus and Cytoplasm

Protein phosphatase 2A is a heterotrimeric protein serine/threonine phosphatase consisting of a 36-kDa catalytic C subunit, a 65-kDa structural A subunit, and a variable regulatory B subunit. The B subunits determine the substrate specificity of the enzyme. There have been three families of cellular B subunits identified to date: B55, B56 (B'), and PR72/130. We have now cloned five genes encoding human B56 isoforms. Polypeptides encoded by all but one splice variant (B56gamma1) are phosphoproteins, as shown by mobility shift after treatment with alkaline phosphatase and metabolic labeling with [32P]phosphate. All labeled isoforms contain solely phosphoserine. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrates distinct patterns of intracellular targeting by different B56 isoforms. Specifically, B56alpha, B56beta, and B56epsilon complexed with the protein phosphatase 2A A and C subunits localize to the cytoplasm, whereas B56delta, B56gamma1, and B56gamma3 are concentrated in the nucleus. Two isoforms (B56beta and B56delta) are highly expressed in adult brain; here we show that mRNA for these isoforms increases severalfold when neuroblastoma cell lines are induced to differentiate by retinoic acid treatment. These studies demonstrate an increasing diversity of regulatory mechanisms to control the activity of this key intracellular protein phosphatase and suggest distinct functions for isoforms targeted to different intracellular locations.
Transplantation of neural progenitor and stem-like cells as a strategy for gene therapy and repair of neurodegenerative diseases

Potential new approaches to central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction have been created by the convergence of neural progenitor and stem cell biology with gene therapy and repair. Neural progenitors can be maintained in a proliferative state in vitro through retroviral transduction of an immortalizing gene. The immobilized progenitors then appear to behave much like normal CNS stem cells and hence have been termed stem-like cells. The ability to transplant clonally related neural progenitors that self-renew in culture but, after transplantation to the brain, differentiate appropriately into neurons and gila, may not only facilitate developmental inquiries, but also circumvent the limitations of primary fetal tissue for neural grafting. These cells are homogenous, abundant, and well-characterized. They may express therapeutic gene products intrinsically or be readily engineered ex vivo to do so their ability to integrate efficiently into germinal zones and to migrate make possible transplant techniques that ensure widespread engraftment. Exploiting the inherent properties of neural progenitors, which allow them to become integral members of normal structures throughout the host brain, may allow foreign gene products to be delivered in a sustained, direct, and perhaps regulated fashion without disturbing other neurobiological processes. Transplants of such stem-like cells may make possible new strategies for gene therapy and repair of the CNS, including the replacement of degenerated cells, the engineering of donor cells to be resistant to toxins, the delivery of missing metabolic or other gene products, to the over-expression of molecules, and the substitution of alternate metabolic pathways. These approaches appear to be successful in various mouse models of neurodegeneration. Such observation may also provide a paradigm for the therapeutic use of stem cells from other organ systems. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Size dependence of the diffusion coefficient for large adsorbed clusters

We report systematic and accurate simulation studies of the diffusion coefficient (D) of two-dimensional clusters using a lattice model. For small cluster sizes, we observe a size dependence of D that is consistent with theoretical predictions for a periphery-diffusion mechanism. For larger sizes, we find a much weaker size dependence of D. This is in agreement with that seen in recent experimental studies of homoepitaxial, metal fcc(001) cluster diffusion. The weak size dependence of D for larger clusters correlates well with the concerted motion of kinks. We propose an expression to describe this behavior.
Prioritizing Climate Change Adaptation Needs for Food Security in 2030

Investments aimed at improving agricultural adaptation to climate change inevitably favor some crops and regions over others. An analysis of climate risks for crops in 12 food-insecure regions was conducted to identify adaptation priorities, based on statistical crop models and climate projections for 2030 from 20 general circulation models. Results indicate South Asia and Southern Africa as two regions that, without sufficient adaptation measures, will likely suffer negative impacts on several crops that are important to large food-insecure human populations. We also find that uncertainties vary widely by crop, and therefore priorities will depend on the risk attitudes of investment institutions.
HIS-KCWater: context-aware geospatial data and service integration

The nature of today's geographically and managerially distributed geospatial information sources makes the interoperability across different sources from different organizations difficult. The integration of real-time water quality assurance data with geographic data is even more challenging. In this paper, we present a context-aware geospatial data and service integration framework that is based on the combination of a syntactic model, a semantic model and a pragmatic model using Semantic Web technologies. This model is context-aware, with the ability to analyze existing dependencies, predict causes and effects and provide context-aware services (which information services are relevant, how to perform the services, how often they are needed, etc). As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the HIS-KCWater system for supporting users in analyzing real time watershed data, predicting the water quality using hydrologic model simulators, interpreting the results, dynamically forecasting problems and generating alerts about water quality issues.
Motion of curves constrained on surfaces using a level-set approach

The level-set method has been successfully applied to a variety of problems that deal with curves in R2 or surfaces in R3. We present here a combination of these two cases, creating a level-set representation for curves constrained to lie on surfaces. We study primarily geometrically based motions of these curves on stationary surfaces while allowing topological changes in the curves (i.e., merging and breaking) to occur. Applications include finding geodesic curves and shortest paths and curve shortening on surfaces. Further applications can be arrived at by extending those for curves moving in R2 to surfaces. The problem of moving curves on surfaces can also be viewed as a simple constraint problem and may be useful in studying more difficult versions. Results show that our representation can accurately handle many geometrically based motions of curves on a wide variety of surfaces while automatically enforcing topological changes in the curves when they occur and automatically fixing the curves to lie on the surfaces. The method can also be easily extended to higher dimensions.
A 14b 74MS/s CMOS AFE for True High-Definition Camcorders

A 14b 74MS/s CMOS AFE is designed for true high-definition camcorder applications. This is the first published AFE capable of high-definition sample rates. The AFE operates from a 1.8V supply, achieves 78dB peak SNR, 1.4V input range, and dissipates 70mW
The effect of vitamin B6 on the in vivo utilization of radioactive phenylalanine.

Abstract The in vivo incorporation of phenylalanine-C 14 into tissues of control and vitamin B 6 -deficient rats was investigated. Thirty minutes after the administration of the isotope, markedly higher levels of C 14 were found in the acid-soluble, lipide, and protein fractions of all control tissues examined as compared to those of vitamin B 6 -deficient rats. Two hours and 7 hr. after the administration of phenylalanine-C 14 , the acid-soluble fraction of all tissues from vitamin B 6 -deficient animals exhibited higher levels of radioactivity than did similar tissues from control animals; however, the radiocarbon concentration in the lipides and proteins of control tissues remained higher. The administration of 1 mg. of pyridoxal daily for 3 days prior to the injection of phenylalanine-C 14 affected only slightly the uptake of C 14 in control animals; the levels of radioactivity in tissues from deficient animals similarly treated with pyridoxine tended to approximate control levels. The relation of these findings to amino acid transport into cells and to protein metabolism is discussed.
A dynamic model of a healing fractured long bone.

Abstract A model consisting of two elastic rods joined by a compliant element capable of bending and shear deformation is presented as a model of a long bone with a healing fracture. Resonant frequencies and mode shapes for a range of element stiffness are presented as well as the acceleration of one end of the model due to a force-time of sin2 ( π 600 × 10 −6 )t variation applied at the other end. Experiments are run with elements of epoxy and urethane rubber and results compared with the theoretical response. The implications of the model behavior to a patient test technique in which the impact response of a healing fractured long bone is used as a measure of the healing state is discussed.
Precordial honk due to tricuspid regurgitation

A systolic honk developed in a woman with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. The honk was present only during deep inspiration, disappeared as her cardiovascular status improved, but recurred when her cardiovascular function declined. Further investigation indicated that the honk was the result of tricuspid regurgitation.
Take back medical education--the "primary care" shuffle.

This editorial is based on an ethnographic case study of a six-year (1992–1998), $6 million project at Michigan State University and three surrounding communities. The project was called the Community/University Health Partnerships (C/UHP). Its overarching goal was to transform health profession education to create more community-oriented primary care practitioners. Community participation was a paramount goal in all areas of project life. Underwritten by the W. K. Kellogg Foundation, it was part of a larger $50 million effort in seven U.S. states. The C/UHP challenged biomedicine's orientation toward curative care, professional rivalry, specialization, and hospital-based medical education. Change was sought in areas such as primary care research, public health, social policy, and biopsychosocial service provision. This editorial highlights significant instances of hegemony and counterhegemony between the medical schools and the communities in the doomed project.
Sepsis and Pathophysiology of Anthrax in a Nonhuman Primate Model

Studies that define natural responses to bacterial sepsis assumed new relevance after the lethal bioterrorist attacks with Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), a spore-forming, toxigenic gram-positive bacillus. Considerable effort has focused on identifying adjunctive therapeutics and vaccines to prevent future deaths, but translation of promising compounds into the clinical setting necessitates an animal model that recapitulates responses observed in humans. Here we describe a nonhuman primate (Papio c. cynocephalus) model of B. anthracis infection using infusion of toxigenic B. anthracis Sterne 34F2 bacteria (5 × 105 to 6.5 × 109 CFU/kg). Similar to that seen in human patients, we observed changes in vascular permeability, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and systemic inflammation. The lung was a primary target organ with serosanguinous pleural effusions, intra-alveolar edema, and hemorrhagic lesions. This animal model reveals that a fatal outcome is dominated by the host septic response, thereby providing important insights into approaches for treatment and prevention of anthrax in humans.
A new 'pressure sensitive' method of measuring aeolian sediment transport using a Gauged Sediment Trap (GaST)

Abstract This paper describes the construction and application of a new field instrument, a Gauged Sediment Trap (GaST). Our GaST measures and captures aeolian-transported sediment, can be deployed for long periods of time (weeks), is easy to construct, and is extremely durable. The instrument consists of a water-level logger contained within an underground, water-filled sleeve, into which sediment is funneled from a surface trap. As sediment enters the sleeve water is displaced proportionally to the volume of sediment allowing for continuous monitoring of sediment accumulation. The rate of sediment transport and flux, for a given time period, is estimated through laboratory calibration using sediment from the study area and the GaST. The instrument can be affixed to almost any surface-sediment trap, whether saltation or bedload transport is the target. Data from laboratory calibration and several field tests staged in the summer and winter on Bogue Banks, NC, are presented. Using the HOBO® U20 Water-Level Logger, the GaST accurately captured sediment transport at a resolution of 5.71 g (2.15 cm3) of sediment per unit time, depending on sampling interval and overall sediment flux. The GaST predicted total sediment mass and volumes with less than 5% error. With an adjustable sampling interval, the GaST can be deployed for various lengths of time but may be limited by the rate of sediment accumulation (they can overflow) and the evaporation rate inside the sleeve (the water could completely evaporate in arid settings).
Compartment analysis: An inverse problem

Abstract A review is presented of the central mathematical problem of compartment analysis: What is the set of coefficient matrices appearing in the compartment equations that are compatible with the part of the solution that is observed? The matrix elements are shown to depend on a generally underdetermined set of nonlinear algebraic equations. Some general properties of the coefficient matrix for an n -compartment system are deduced. The matrix may be made “minimal” by the imposition of null constraints on the matrix elements. The compatibility of such arbitrary constraints with the algebraic equations is investigated. The algebraic simplicity of two-compartment and three-compartment systems permits a complete characterization of the set of minimal matrices in parametric form. Properties of the graphs representing some minimal matrices of a four-compartment system are obtained.
Automatic discovery and classification of bioinformatics Web sources.

Motivation The World Wide Web provides an incredible resource to genomics researchers in the form of query access to distributed data sources--e.g. BLAST sequence homology search interfaces. The number of these autonomous sources and their rate of change outpaces the speed at which they can be manually classified, meaning that the available data is not being utilized to its full potential. Manually maintaining a wrapper library will not scale to accommodate the growth of genomics data sources on the Web, challenging us to produce an automated system that can find, classify and wrap new sources without constant human intervention. Previous research has not addressed the problem of automatically locating, classifying and integrating classes of bioinformatics data sources. Results This paper presents an overview of a system for finding classes of bioinformatics data sources and integrating them behind a unified interface. We describe our approach for automatic classification of new Web sources into relevance categories that eliminates the human effort required to maintain a current repository of sources. Our approach is based on a meta-data description of classes of interesting sources that describes the important features of an entire class of services without tying that description to any particular Web source. We examine the features of this format in the context of BLAST sources to show how it relates to Web sources that are being described. We then show how a description can be used to determine if an arbitrary Web source is an instance of the described service. To validate the effectiveness of this approach, we have constructed a prototype that correctly classifies approximately two-thirds of the BLAST sources we tested. We conclude with a discussion of these results, the factors that affect correct automatic classification and areas for future study.
Osmolality of Normal Human Saliva at Body Temperature

Osmotic pressure of unstimulated mixed saliva from young adult males was measured by a vapor pressure osmometer. Results on 92 fresh samples showed a normal range of 21-77 mosm./L., whereas 90 frozen samples had a normal range of 0-76 mosm./L. A significant difference (p < 0.001) existed between the 2 groups.
A longitudinal study of a Type I differing conditions claim: investigating the contractor’s failure to meet the reasonable prudent standard

The United States government’s differing conditions clause poses extensive legal and financial risk. This contract clause addresses Type I and Type II unforeseen conditions. A Type I condition occu...
Mission energy prediction for unmanned ground vehicles

A typical unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) mission can be composed of various tasks and several alternative paths. Small UGVs commonly rely on electric rechargeable batteries for their operations. Since each battery has limited energy storage capacity, it is essential to predict the expected mission energy requirement during the mission execution and update this prediction adaptively via real-time performance measurements, e.g., the total battery power required for the mission. We proposed and compared two methods in the paper. One is a linear regression model built upon the UGV longitudinal dynamics model alone. The other is a Bayesian regression model when prior knowledge, e.g., road average grade and operator driving style, is available . In this case, the proposed Bayesian prediction can effectively combine the prior knowledge with real-time performance measurements for adaptively updating the prediction of the mission energy requirement. Our comparative simulation studies show that the Bayesian model can yield more accurate predictions than the linear regression model, particularly during the initial execution stage of a mission.
Unexpected survival in a case of prenatally diagnosed non‐mosaic trisomy 22: Clinical report and review of the natural history

Over 30 cases of complete non-mosaic trisomy 22 have been reported in the literature in the last 20 years [Crowe et al., 1997: Am J Med Genet 71:406-413]. Twenty-two infants were liveborn with an average life expectancy of four days. Of these, nine survived beyond the first two weeks of life. The life span ranged from minutes to 3 years of age. We report a case of an infant diagnosed prenatally with complete non-mosaic trisomy 22. Options such as aggressive medical/surgical intervention or limiting interventions to symptomatic care including home hospice were discussed openly. Given this information, the family elected to provide minimal supportive measures with pediatric hospice. The infant lived for 2 months with her family before her death. Numerous medical and surgical complications are associated with this disorder. Both the family and the medical team must be prepared for in utero fetal demise, stillbirth, or for limited life expectancy. Proper management, therefore, depends upon an understanding of the diagnosis.
An efficient parallel algorithm for digital IIR filters

A parallel algorithm is presented which speeds up the operation of arbitrary infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filters by an integer factor n. When n is a power of two or highly composite a special numerator factorization significantly reduces the number of multipliers required for large n. The resulting filter can operate at a sampling rate exceeding the inverse of a multiply time. Hence, such filters are not multiplier speed limited. The IIR algorithm is shown to share the desirable property of the FIR algorithm that when resampling is done at the output, part of the filter hardware can be eliminated. The IIR parallel algorithm implements a degenerate filter form. The implications of this on practical filter design are considered and a design example given. It is shown that implementations of these parallel filters can exhibit reduced sensitivity allowing a reduction in the multiplier constant length.