cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of acebutolol and propranolol in essential hypertension

A multicenter, double-blind study compared oral acebutolol (n = 186) with propranolol (n = 190) in the treatment of mild to moderately severe essential hypertension (diastolic greater than or equal to 95 to 129 mm Hg). Both beta blockers produced significant and comparable reductions in diastolic, systolic, and mean arterial blood pressures of 16%, 12%, and 14% on acebutolol and 15%, 12%, and 14% on propranolol (all p less than 0.01). At equipotent, antihypertensive doses, acebutolol induced significantly less reduction in resting heart rate than propranolol (13% on acebutolol, 17% on propranolol, p = 0.02). The mean effective doses of acebutolol and propranolol were 738 mg and 231 mg, respectively. Significantly fewer acebutolol patients experienced central nervous system side effects (acebutolol, n = 50; propranolol, n = 75; p = 0.01) or withdrew from the study prematurely due to side effects (acebutolol, n = 11; propranolol, n = 29; p less than 0.01). No clinically significant trends in abnormalities of laboratory parameters were seen, and there were no statistically significant differences in the development of positive antinuclear antibody titers between the two treatment groups. It is concluded that acebutolol is as effective as propranolol in the treatment of hypertension, and acebutolol was better tolerated on the basis of heart rate and central nervous system side effects.
Structural basis for cooperative RNA binding and export complex assembly by HIV Rev.

HIV replication requires nuclear export of unspliced viral RNAs to translate structural proteins and package genomic RNA. Export is mediated by cooperative binding of the Rev protein to the Rev response element (RRE) RNA, to form a highly specific oligomeric ribonucleoprotein (RNP) that binds to the Crm1 host export factor. To understand how protein oligomerization generates cooperativity and specificity for RRE binding, we solved the crystal structure of a Rev dimer at 2.5-A resolution. The dimer arrangement organizes arginine-rich helices at the ends of a V-shaped assembly to bind adjacent RNA sites and structurally couple dimerization and RNA recognition. A second protein-protein interface arranges higher-order Rev oligomers to act as an adaptor to the host export machinery, with viral RNA bound to one face and Crm1 to another, the oligomers thereby using small, interconnected modules to physically arrange the RNP for efficient export.
Prediction of the High Temperature Oxidative Life of Intermetallics

A method is presented to predict the oxidative life of intermetallics. The method is demonstrated by predicting the lifetimes of several aluminides undergoing cyclic oxidation at 1200°C. For NiAl and NiAI-Zr alloys, the lifetimes were predicted at several other temperatures as well. Using a critical surface recession failure criterion, it is shown that several aluminides (e.g., NiAl and FeAl) have long-term oxidation resistance (∼ 10,000 hours) to approximately 1150°C. Aluminides containing reactive elements (e.g., NiAI-Zr alloys) have long-term oxidation resistance to approximately 1 200°C. The method is also applied to predict the oxidative lifetime of MoSi2 at temperatures of 1200°-1400°C which shows that the oxidation resistance of MoSi2 is significantly better than that for the aluminides. For the same failure criterion, it is shown that MoSi2 can exhibit long-term oxidation resistance (∼ 10,000 hours) at temperatures in excess of 1400°C. Use of the method to predict the maximum use temperature is also demonstrated for NiAl and NiAI-Zr alloys.
The Practice Turn in Nursing Epistemology

This column presents the perspectives of two authors, Pamela Reed and Gary Rolfe, on the topic of knowledge production in nursing practice. The articles were written independent of each other, but readers may note areas of remarkable similarity as well as differences in emphasis between the two authors. The column concludes with a dialogue between Pamela Reed and Gary Rolfe.
Structure and reactivity of zeolite catalysts: Atomistic modelling using ab initio techniques

Abstract The combined use of quantum chemical ab initio calculations on finite models of bridging OH sites and lattice energy minimizations for fully periodic structures of the zeolites is reviewed: (1) ab initio consistent potential functions, (2) ab initio derived potential functions, and (3) embedding techniques. Emphasis is on bridging OH groups, their local structures and properties and their distribution in different frameworks such as FAU, MFI and MOR. Predictions of the acid strength of bridging OH groups are compared with spectroscopically derived values and the suitability of 1 H NMR chemical shifts as measures of acidity is analyzed. Ab initio results are reviewed for the interaction of NH 3 , CH 3 OH and H 2 O molecules with the acidic sites and the possible role of the protonated surface species CH 3 OH 2 + and CH 5 + as intermediates or transition structures in acidic catalyzed processes (MTG, H/D-exchange) is discussed.
Third-generation TDRSS-compatible direct-sequence spread-spectrum digital receiver

A digital communication receiver, called a third-generation receiver, has been developed. This receiver takes samples of the direct-sequence spread signal at a nonzero intermediate frequency (IF) instead of the zero IF (baseband), and quantizes the samples by employing a 1-b analog-to-digital (A/D) converter at the receiver front end. These 1-b samples are digitally processed for pseudonoise (PN) code, carrier, bit synchronization, and bit decision with the use of an application-specific integrated circuit. The effects of the IF sampling and 1-b A/D conversion on PN code synchronization are analyzed for a PN spread-spectrum communication system with oversampling rate, e.g., 12 samples per chip. In addition, the bit-error rate (BER) degradation due to the 1-b A/D conversion is studied by assuming perfect PN code, carrier, and bit synchronization. It is observed that the BER degradation due to the 1-b A/D is significant, e.g., 2.4 dB, when decimation is made after IF sampling such that only one sample per chip is used for bit decision. These analyzed BER results agree well with the simulated results. However, if no decimation is made and oversampling is used for bit decision, BER degradation due to 2-b A/D conversion is insignificant, e.g., 0.6 dB.
Quantitative micromagnetics simulations of exchange bias in the NiFe/NiMn system

Developing a predictive understanding of the exchange biasing of a ferromagnet (FM) by its interaction with an antiferromagnet (AF) is a long-standing problem of great technological and scientific interest. Several competing theories to explain the FM/AF coupling have been proposed in the literature but a quantitative application of these theories to a particular FM/AF pair with industrial relevance has been lacking. In this work, we investigate the specific system of NiFe and polycrystalline NiMn using a micromagnetics approach. The NiFe is represented by an array of uniformly magnetized cubes with two-dimensional periodic boundary conditions, i.e., an infinite slab. We incorporate appropriate treatments of the magnetostatic interaction, the exchange interaction within the FM, and the external applied field. We include the presence of the polycrystalline NiMn by an additional term that represents the energy of direct coupling to a NiMn grain. We consider that some NiMn grains are hysteretic as the applied field is rotated. We calculate a hysteresis loop that shows an exchange bias of 272 Oe and an enhanced coercivity of 121 Oe. These results compare favorably to the relevant experiments. We believe that this is the first demonstration of such agreement.
Personal moral philosophies and moral choice

Abstract The moral choices and post-transgression reactions of individuals who adopted varying personal moral philosophies were examined in an experimental setting that permitted the manipulation of the salience of moral norms and the nature of the consequences of one's actions. As predicted, the two situational variables had a strong impact on moral action; only 50.0% of the subjects chose to violate a moral norm when that norm was salient and they would personally benefit by their actions; this percentage increased to 76.2% in the other conditions. Personal ethical philosophies also influenced moral choices and post-transgression reactions, for more of the idealistic subjects chose to act immorally relative to the low idealists (91.66% vs 70.83%), and subjects who were low in both idealism and relativism were less likely to transgress a moral norm if they personally would benefit. The results lend support to the proposed interpersonal model of morality, particularly as applied to post-transgression reactions.
Fracture in Straight Pipes Under Large Deflection Conditions—Part II: Pipe Pressures

A finite difference hydrodynamic code was developed to determine the pressures in a dumbbell pipe configuration when a through crack in the pipe wall was permitted to run along the length. Computations were made for hot water pressurized pipes for two different situations: the crack tips were cusp shaped, restricted in maximum opening, and moved at prescribed subsonic or supersonic speeds; the crack configurations were computed by iterating with the structural code (Part I). The pressurized water computations were made with special equations of state for the two-phase flow in the channel and in the crack exit plane. Significant differences in pressure profiles were obtained for the supersonic and subsonic crack speeds. The air calculations were implemented by use of the perfect gas equations of state to evaluate the differencing system, its stability and the effects of the cross-sectional area change and sonic choking. The air computations followed the exponential pattern suggested by Kanninen’s simplified model when no channel choking downstream of the crack tip occurs.
The effect of spin-orbit splitting on the valence band density of states of lead

Abstract Tight-binding calculations are reported for the valence bands of lead, with and without spin-orbit splitting in the 6p bands. The addition of spin-orbit interaction is necessary to reproduce the two-peaked structure in the 6p density of states observed in X-ray photoemission, in contrast to the assertion by Breeze that crystal-field effects alone are enough. The observed splitting is, however, only fortuitously nearly equal to the atomic spin-orbit splitting. The tight-binding band structure, with spin-orbit splitting, gives better overall agreement with optical, Fermi surface, and photoemission data than did any of the three earlier band structures.
Microbial diversity of a sulphide spire located in the Edmond deep-sea hydrothermal vent field on the Central Indian Ridge

A culture-independent molecular phylogenetic survey was carried out for a bacterial and archaeal community of a mineralized crust coating a sulphide spire, which was collected from the Edmond vent field (23 ° S, 69 ° E, 3300 m depth) on the Central Indian Ridge. Small-subunit rRNA genes (16S rDNA) were amplified from environmental DNA by PCR utilizing Bacteria-specific, and Archaea-specific 16S rDNA primers. PCR products were cloned and 26 bacterial and nine archaeal unique sequence types (phylotypes) were identified from 150 clones analysed by restriction fragment length polymorphism, representing eight and four distinct lineages, respectively. The majority (>90%) of the bacterial phylotypes group with the e -Proteobacteria and confirms the global prevalence of e -Proteobacteria in deep-sea hydrothermal environments. Among the e -Proteobacteria, >40% of the phylotypes were closely related to the recently isolated deep-sea vent thermophilic chemolithoautotrophic sulphur-reducer, Nautilia lithotrophica . A single bacterial sequence was nearly identical (99% similarity) to the thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing Hydrogenobacter thermolithotrophum , and is the first report of Hydrogenobacter at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. A majority (97%) of the archaeal phylotypes grouped with the ‘Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeotal Group’, a phylogenetic lineage of uncultured Archaea that have only been reported from other deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East Pacific Rise, Juan de Fuca Ridge, Isu‐Ogasawara Arc, Okinawa Trough and the Manus Basin. A single sequence was closely related to the hyperthermophilic sulphur-reducing Thermococcales frequently found in diverse deep-sea vent environments. Scanning electron micrographs of the mineralized crust reveal abundant filamentous, rod and coccoidal forms encased in sulphur and sulphide mineral precipitate, suggesting that the thermophilic chemolithoautorophs and sulphide-producing heterotrophs may influence the architecture and sulphur cycling of the sulphide spire.
A Taxonomy of Robot Deception and Its Benefits in HRI

Deception is a common and essential behavior in humans. Since human beings gain many advantages from deceptive capabilities, we can also assume that robotic deception can provide benefits in several ways. Particularly, the use of robotic deception in human-robot interaction contexts is becoming an important and interesting research question. Despite its importance, very little research on robot deception has been conducted. Furthermore, no basic metrics or definitions of robot deception have been proposed yet. In this paper, we review the previous work on deception in various fields including psychology, biology, and robotics and will propose a novel way to define a taxonomy of robot deception. In addition, we will introduce an interesting research question of robot deception in HRI contexts and discuss potential approaches.
Polygraph Testimony and Juror Judgments: A Comparison of the Guilty Knowledge Test and the Control Question Test1

The present experiment investigated the impact of the Control Question Test (CQT) and the Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) on the verdicts of mock jurors. Although studies have indicated that polygraph evidence has little influence on jurors' verdicts (Cavoukian & Heselgrave, 1980; Spanos, Myers, Dubreuil, & Pawlak, 1992–1993), no research has previously distinguished between the different types of polygraph tests and their impact on juror verdicts. In the present study, jurors were shown a videotape of a simulated rape-murder trial that contained either CQT polygraph evidence, GKT polygraph evidence, or no polygraph evidence. No differences were found among the 3 conditions for either jury verdicts or individual juror verdicts, and jurors tended to rate both forms of polygraph testimony below other forms of equally suspect evidence, such as eyewitness testimony, in its influence on their decision-making process.
Mescaline facilitates retention of passive avoidance in rats

Male hooded rats were given one trial of step-through passive avoidance, then immediately injected with saline or mescaline (160 micromoles/kg ip) and tested for retention 48 h later. Controls were given identical treatments, except that they did not. receive footshock during the training trial. Groups receiving footshock showed significant learning and retention, with the mescaline group showing significantly better retention than the saline group. The no-footshock groups showed no learning, with the mescaline group not differing from the saline. In a separate experiment, rats were given one trial of step-through passive avoidance, then injected with saline or mescaline (160 micromoles/kg ip) 72 h later and tested for retention 48 h after injection. The mescaline group did not differ from the saline, indicating that mescaline did not have a 48-h proactive effect on performance in this task.
National survey of psychotherapy training in psychiatry, psychology, and social work

Context: Approximately 3% of the US population receives psychotherapy each year from psychiatrists, psychologists, or social workers. A modest number of psychotherapies are evidence-based therapy (EBT) in that they have been defined in manuals and found efficacious in at least 2 controlled clinical trials with random assignment that include a control condition of psychotherapy, placebo, pill, or other treatment and samples of sufficient power with well-characterized patients. Few practitioners use EBT. Objective: To determine the amount of EBT taught in accredited training programs in psychiatry, psychology (PhD and PsyD), and social work and to note whether the training was elective or required and presented as a didactic (coursework) or clinical supervision.
Responses of Planted Native Warm-Season Grasses and Associated Vegetation to Seasonality of Fire in the Southeastern US

Abstract State and federal agencies have promoted native grass/forb plantings to increase and enhance habitat for Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite). However, many plantings have resulted in dense stands of grass that do not provide suitable structure for Northern Bobwhite. Prescribed fire is an important tool for managing succession in southeastern grasslands, and previous research has suggested that the timing of prescribed bums can influence plant community composition and structure. We examined the response of planted, native warmseason grasses (NWSG) at three sites in Tennessee to the timing of annual burns conducted 2008–2011 during March, April, May, and September. The grasses included Andropogon gerardii (Big Bluestem), Sorghastrum nutans (Indiangrass), Panicum virgatum (Switchgrass), Schizachyrium scoparium (Little Bluestem), and Bouteloua curtipendula (Sideoats Grama). We monitored vegetation response once each summer during July or August). We used mixedmodel ANOVAs to analyze the effect o...
Duverger's Law and the Meaning of Canadian Exceptionalism:

Duverger's law is an unusually simple and specific elaboration on exactly how political institutions “matter”: It proposes that plurality rule elections result in two-party competition. Canada is commonly thought to violate the law at the national level, but to match its predictions at the district level, and thus not to constitute a genuine counterexample. In fact, analysis of a vast data set of Canadian election returns reveals that these elections are multicandidate events, district by district, year after year. An explanation for this multipartyism may lie in the complicating factor of federalism, because Canadian provinces often feature strikingly different national and provincial party systems. Generally, the Canadian case illustrates that theories relating party systems to electoral law but not to other institutions are unrealistically parsimonious.
USING THE STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE PARADIGM TO TEACH COURSE MATERIAL IN AN UNDERGRADUATE REHABILITATION COURSE

In 2 experiments, we examined whether the stimulus equivalence instructional paradigm could be used to teach relations among names, definitions, causes, and common treatments for disabilities using a selection-based intraverbal training format. Participants were pre- and posttested on vocal intraverbal relations and were trained using multiple-choice worksheets in which selection-based intraverbal relations were taught and feedback was delivered until mastery. Most participants in Experiment 1 showed the emergence of vocal intraverbal relations, but responding did not generalize to final written intraverbal tests. Participants in Experiment 2 showed the emergence of not only vocal intraverbal relations but also written intraverbal relations on final tests. Results suggest that the stimulus equivalence paradigm can be effectively implemented using a selection-based intraverbal training format, the protocol may be an effective means of emphasizing important concepts in a college course, and emergent skills may generalize to novel response topographies.
Athletic identity, affect, and peer relations in youth athletes with physical disabilities

Abstract Background Theory-based investigations of the psychosocial aspects of youth participation in disability sport are underresearched, suggesting a need for more scholarly inquiry in this area. We sought to examine athletic identity, affect, and peer relations of youth athletes with physical disabilities and selected relationships among these variables. Methods Participants ( N = 36) completed the Private-Public Athletic Identity Scale, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Peer Relations Scale. Results Participants reported stronger private athletic identity individual item scores (mean ≈ 4.0) compared with a public (mean = 2.4) athletic identity and expressed much positive (mean = 4.4) affect and low negative affect (mean = 1.7). They also expressed strong peer relations (mean = 5.0). A significant relationship ( r = 0.34, p Conclusions Friendships in and outside of disability sport may contribute to quality of life by promoting positive affective states such as feelings of joy, satisfaction, inspiration, excitement, and enthusiasm. In general, our results supported the potentially positive role that adapted sport can have on the well-being of youth with physical disabilities.
Prevalence and use of complementary health approaches among women with chronic pelvic pain in a prospective cohort study.

Objective The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of and factors associated with use of complementary health approaches among women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP). Design We analyzed data from the Study of Pelvic Problems, Hysterectomy, and Intervention Alternatives, a prospective cohort study of women seeking care for noncancerous pelvic problems with intact uteri at enrollment. Among a subset of 699 participants who reported having CPP, we analyzed the prevalence of complementary health approaches used and associated patient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, health-related quality of life, attitudes and beliefs, and conventional health care practices. Results At baseline, slightly over one-half (51%) of women with CPP used at least one complementary health approach in the past year, including acupuncture (8%), special foods or diets (22%), herbs (27%), and vitamins and minerals (29%). During follow-up surveys conducted annually for 4 years, a substantial proportion of women (44.8%) used complementary health approaches at more than half of the assessments. Users of complementary health approaches were more likely to undergo a hysterectomy or oophorectomy or to use gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists or opioids during the study compared with nonusers. Women with CPP who used complementary health approaches also had more optimal health-related quality of life measured by the Pelvic Problem Impact Questionnaire (31.6 vs 25.6, P < 0.001). Conclusion(s) Many women with CPP consistently use complementary health approaches. The substantial interest in and high prevalence of complementary health approaches used alongside conventional medical approaches highlight the need for better understanding of multimodal approaches to address the complex condition of CPP.
Airborne Radar Observations of Eye Configuration Changes, Bright Band Distribution, and Precipitation Tilt During the 1969 Multiple Seeding Experiments in Hurricane Debbie1

Abstract Project Stormfury radar precipitation data gathered before, during, and after the multiple seedings of the eyewall region of hurricane Debbie on Aug. 18 and 20, 1969, are used to study changes in the eye configuration, the characteristics of the radar bright band, and the precipitation tilt. Increases in the echo-free area within the eye followed each of the five seedings on the 18th, but followed only one seeding on the 20th. Changes in major axis orientation followed only one seeding on the 18th, but followed each seeding on the 20th. Similar studies conducted recently on unmodified storms suggest that such changes do not occur naturally. However, the studies do not exclude this possibility. Changes in the radius of maximum winds follow closely the changes in eyewall radius. It is suggested that the different results on the 2 days might be attributable to seeding beyond the radius of maximum winds on the 18th and inside the outer radius of maximum winds on the 20th. The bright band is found in ...
Biological Scaling Problems and Solutions in Amphibians

Size is a primary feature of biological systems that varies at many levels, from the organism to its constituent cells and subcellular structures. Amphibians populate some of the extremes in biological size and have provided insight into scaling mechanisms, upper and lower size limits, and their physiological significance. Body size variation is a widespread evolutionary tactic among amphibians, with miniaturization frequently correlating with direct development that occurs without a tadpole stage. The large genomes of salamanders lead to large cell sizes that necessitate developmental modification and morphological simplification. Amphibian extremes at the cellular level have provided insight into mechanisms that accommodate cell-size differences. Finally, how organelles scale to cell size between species and during development has been investigated at the molecular level, because subcellular scaling can be recapitulated using Xenopus in vitro systems.
Abstract W P90: Insulin-like Growth Factor-1-mediated Reduction of Stroke-induced Brain Infarction is Preceded by Improvement of Blood Brain Barrier Integrity and Inflammatory Cytokines

Background and Purpose: Although insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 treatment has been shown to reduce stroke-induced infarct volume, the mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective actions are not fully understood. The present study tested the hypothesis that IGF-1 may regulate the neuroinflammatory cascade initiated by ischemic stroke, specifically, by promoting the integrity of the blood brain barrier. Methods: Middle-aged (10-12 month old) female rats were implanted with a cannula directed toward the lateral ventricle. One week later, animals were anesthetized using isoflurane and the middle-cerebral artery was occluded using an intraluminal suture maintained in place for 90 mins. IGF-1 or vehicle was delivered icv, via a mini-pump, following reperfusion. All animals were terminated at 4h or 24h post MCAo. Blood brain barrier permeability was determined using Evan’s blue extravasation and infarct volumes were determined from TTC-stained brain sections. Inflammatory cytokines were analyzed from brain lys...
The Nutrient Requirements of Cultured Mammalian Cells

This chapter seeks to bridge a gap in current research by analyzing the nutrient requirements of cultured mammalian cells from a perspective that is usually applied only to nutritional studies with intact animals. The combined experience of the authors includes both whole-animal nutrition and the growth requirements of cultured cells. In order to make our presentation clear to members of both disciplines, it is necessary to begin by comparing a number of concepts and specific terms from the two fields.
Freedom's Vanguard: Horace Greeley on Threats to Press Freedom in the Early Years of the Penny Press

Abstract During the early years of the Penny Press, the concept of freedom of the press faced grave threats from government and citizens as journalism became more commercial and accessible. Horace Greeley, founder of the New-Yorker and the New-York Tribune and one of the most influential publishers of this era, stood up to these challenges in the 1830s and 1840s through numerous libel lawsuits, battles with the postmaster, and threats of physical violence from the public and political rivals. Greeley used his platform as a publisher and editor to link these dangers to press freedom as threats to American freedom and democracy that limited the ability of the press to serve as a watchdog and agent of social reform. This study, which examines Greeley's thoughts and actions when dealing with government and social constraints on publication in the pre-Civil War era, details Greeley's role in shaping modern understanding of press freedom in the formative years of the Penny Press.
Phosphate Treatment of Lead-Contaminated Soil: Effects on Water Quality, Plant Uptake, and Lead Speciation.

Water quality threats associated with using phosphate-based amendments to remediate Pb-contaminated soils are a concern, particularly in riparian areas. This study investigated the effects of P application rates to a Pb-contaminated alluvial soil on Pb and P loss via surface water runoff, Pb accumulation in tall fescue ( Schreb; Kentucky 31), and Pb speciation. An alluvial soil was treated with triple superphosphate at P to Pb molar ratios of 0:1 (control), 4:1, 8:1, and 16:1. After a 6-mo reaction period, rainfall simulation (RFS) studies were conducted, followed by tall fescue establishment and a second set of RFS studies (1 yr after treatment). Results from the first RFS study (unvegetated) demonstrated that the total Pb and P concentrations in the effluents of 8:1 and 16:1 (P:Pb molar ratio) treatment levels were significantly greater ( 55%. X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy data showed that pyromorphite [Pb(PO)OH,Cl,F] abundance ranged from 0% (control) to 32% (16:1 P:Pb; 1 yr after treatment) of the total soil Pb. Although P treatment stimulated pyromorphite formation, pyromorphite abundance was comparable between the P-treated soils. These findings suggest that a 4:1 (P:Pb molar ratio) P treatment may be a sufficient means of reducing Pb bioavailability while minimizing concerns related to P loss in an alluvial setting.
Can Cognitive Theory Guide Human Factors Measurement

This paper considers four questions about measurement in human factors proposed by David Meister. The fundamental problem of measurement is deciding what to measure. Theory can help answer this question by telling us where to look in complex system environments. Measuring theoretical parameters (such as d1 and beta from signal detection theory) may prove more helpful than measuring only different types of errors. Measurement in human factors must provide meaningful assignments of numbers to objects that satisfy both tribes: scientists and practitioners. It must also deal with the problem of emergent levels. Human factors must create its own brand of theory to meet its unique measurement requirements. One possible solution might be using combinations of sub-models based upon cognitive theory and network simulation. Such a theoretical human factors model could have both scientific rigor and operational utility.
Predictive models for GABAA/Benzodiazepine receptor subtypes : Studies of quantitative structure-activity relationships for imidazobenzodiazepines at five recombinant GABAA/Benzodiazepine receptor subtypes [αxβ3γ2 (x = 1-3, 5, and 6)] via comparative molecular field analysis

Affinities of a series of substituted imidazobenzodiazepines at recombinant alpha1beta3gamma2, alpha2beta3gamma2, alpha3beta3gamma2, alpha5beta3gamma2, and alpha6beta3gamma2 GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor subtypes are reported. Many of these ligands displayed high affinities (low-nanomolar to subnanomolar scale) at all five receptor subtypes. Furthermore, a number of imidazobenzodiazepines exhibited relatively good selectivity at the alpha5-containing receptor isoform. For example, ligand 27 (RY-023) demonstrated a 55-fold higher selectivity at alpha5beta3gamma2 isoforms in comparison to other receptor subtypes. The affinity ratio of alpha1 (the most prevalent subtype in the brain) to alpha5 of this series of ligands ranged from 60- to 75-fold for the most selective ligands. Studies of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) by means of comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) were carried out. As a result, examination of CoMFA models for all five receptor subtypes demonstrated their predictability for affinities of imidazobenzodiazepines at the five receptor subtypes. Regions of molecular fields which would favor or disfavor the binding affinity of a ligand at a specific receptor subtype were examined via CoMFA for alpha1, alpha2, alpha3, alpha5, and alpha6 subtypes. A CoMFA regression analysis was applied to predict the ratio of Ki alpha1/Ki alpha5, an index for the selectivity of a ligand at the alpha5 subtype. All of the CoMFA models offered good cross-validated correlations for the ligands in the test set as well as the ratios of Ki alpha1/Ki alpha5, which demonstrated their potential for prediction.
A Coordinated Control Strategy for Photovoltaic Systems and Controllable Loads

A coordinated control strategy for photovoltaic systems(PVs) and controllable loads is proposed,with which the net power output of the coordinated control system can be flexibly adjusted and high-capacity characteristics of controllable loads can be used.By solving a mixed integer programming problem,the reference power output of PVs and operational conditions of controllable loads can be determined.With the quadratic interpolation based active power control strategy,each PV can track its reference power output,and the net power output power of the coordinated control system can be flexibly adjusted.Externally,the coordinated control system behaves like the conventional hybrid energy storage system,with characteristics such as the fast charging/discharging speed.In addition,it has such exclusive advantages as large capacity and low cost.The feasibility of the control strategy proposed is verified by simulation results.
TRANSIENT PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF HORIZONTAL WELL WITH COUPLED IN WELLBORE AND RESERVOIR PART 1: MATHEMATIC MODEL

It is an important base for the analysis to reservoir engineering and the design for the oil production method to how to predict the productivity of the horizontal well accurately. For itself theoretical limitation, there is the serious error on the commonly method to predict the stable productivity. This paper is based on the unsteady flow theory and looks on the reservoir flow and wellbore flow of horizontal well as a coupling system. The transient flow mathematic model under the coupling of the reservoir and wellbore was established. It has considered some complicated factor, such as the fluid friction loss, the change of momentum, the inflow of the sidewall of wellbore etc. The model is based on boundary integral method and can assemble with any reservoir model. It will provide the advanced method for horizontal well to research reservoir engineering, the well completion and oil production design.
The Killer Tornado Outbreak of 3 May 1999: Applications of Ok-First in Rural Communities

The OK-FIRST Program was developed, beginning in October 1996, as a formal educational outreach program of the Oklahoma Climatological Survey. The goal of OK-FIRST was to develop a transportable, agency-driven information-support system that helped public safety agencies harness the information age. The desired impact of OK-FIRST was documentable improvements in how public safety agencies (fire, police, and emergency management) responded to weather emergencies.
Violence, Trauma and Memory in Ireland: The Psychological Impact of War and Revolution on a Liminal Society, 1916–1923

Memories of trauma were also subjective, distorted and re-defined by increasingly fragmented cultural and political agendas. The breakdown of hegemonic trauma narratives can be seen in Justin Stover’s analysis in this chapter of overlapping, contested forms of trauma that overshadowed the Irish revolution. Demobilized Irish veterans, civilians, and political activists in Ireland’s independence struggle all used the traumatic impacts of war and revolution to define the nation and perceptions of persecution. ‘Traumatic injury’ was defined not only in the context of war-time violence, but also in the context of street fighting, hunger strikes, sexual violence and poverty. Thus, while traumatic experiences were layered and diverse, they also became part of a collective memory, albeit fragmented, constructed by soldiers and civilians, combatants and revolutionaries, under the rubric of loyalty to Irish independence.
National Trends (2007-2013) of Clostridium difficile Infection in Patients with Septic Shock: Impact on Outcome.

BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile is the most common infectious cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea and is associated with worse outcomes and higher cost. Patients with septic shock (SS) are at increased risk of acquiring C. difficile infections (CDIs) during hospitalization, but little data are available on CDI complicating SS. OBJECTIVE Prevalence of CDI in SS between 2007-2013 and impact of CDI on outcomes in SS. METHODS Outcomes were prevalence of CDI in SS, effect on mortality, length of stay (LOS), and 30-day readmission. RESULTS There were 2,031,739 hospitalizations with SS (2007-2013). CDI was present in 8.2% of SS. The in-hospital mortality of SS with and without CDI were comparable (37.1% vs 37.0%; 𝑃 = 0.48). Median LOS was longer for SS with CDI (13 days vs 9 days; 𝑃 75th percentile (>17 days) was 36.9% in SS with CDI vs 22.7% without CDI (𝑃 90th percentile (> 29 days) was 17.5% vs 9.1%, 𝑃 75% and >90% in SS were greater with CDI (odds ratio [OR] 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.06-2.15; 𝑃 < 0.001 and OR 2.25; 95% CI, 2.22-2.28; 𝑃 < 0.001, respectively). Hospital readmission of SS with CDI was increased, adjusted OR 1.26 (95% CI, 1.22-1.31; 𝑃 < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS CDI complicating SS is common and is associated with increased hospital LOS and 30-day hospital readmission. This represents a population in which a focus on prevention and treatment may improve clinical outcomes.
The Democratization of Invention in the American South: Antebellum and Post Bellum Technology Markets in the United States

Patenting expanded rapidly across the post bellum South as its transportation network filled in and city growth extended markets. This was consistent with Sokoloff and Khan (1990), who demonstrated the elastic supply of patentable ideas in early America. Successful innovation required that inventors could or did sell their property rights through "assignment" to those who commercialized new technology. The assignment characteristics of 1912 southern patents were examined. Southern "border" state patents had a higher rate of marketable assignments than those issued to residents in the Deep South. Greater commercialization of patents in border state cities accounted for most of this difference.
Contribution of extension twinning to plastic strain at low stress stage deformation of a Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy

Abstract Extruded magnesium alloys present a typical sigmoidal shaped stress-strain curve when compressed along the extrusion direction due to the activation of { 10 1 2 } 〈 10 1 1 〉 extension twinning. Quantitative measurements of the contribution of twinning to plastic strain at the low stress stage deformation are incomplete in the literature. In this work, we carefully measured the evolution of twin volume fraction during low stress stage plastic deformation of an extruded Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy by electron backscatter diffraction, and calculated the contribution of twinning to the plastic strain. Our results show that, at the very beginning of yielding, basal dislocation slip is the main contributor to the plastic strain, but twin nucleation is already activated. The contribution from twinning rapidly increases as the plastic strain increases. After the plastic strain exceeds 1.0%, extension twinning contributes 80–90% of the plastic deformation until twinning is saturated.
Triplet Sensitized Photodenitrogenation of Δ2-1,2,3-Triazolines To Form Aziridines in Solution and in the Crystalline State: Observation of the Triplet 1,3-Alkyl-aminyl Biradical.

Taking advantage of an operationally simple technique to perform transmission pump–probe spectroscopy in crystalline solids, based on the use nanocrystalline suspensions in water, we analyzed the intermediates in the photodenitrogenation of a Δ2-1,2,3-triazoline bearing a benzophenone group that served as an internal triplet sensitizer. Measurements carried out in acetonitrile solution revealed the formation of a transient with a λmax= 570 nm with a lifetime of 70 ns. Measurements in the solid state displayed an analogous blue-shifted transient with a λmax= 510 nm that first grows and then decays with time constants of 63 and 270 ns, respectively. Based on the comparison of the observed transient spectra with the one obtained from an independently generated aminyl radical, we assign it to the corresponding 1,3,-alkyl-aminyl biradical. We conclude that triplet state denitrogenation and the subsequent intersystem crossing-limited product formation are slower in the solid state than in solution.
Association of Faculty Entrustment With Resident Autonomy in the Operating Room.

Importance A critical balance is sought between faculty supervision, appropriate resident autonomy, and patient safety in the operating room. Variability in the release of supervision during surgery represents a potential safety hazard to patients. A better understanding of intraoperative faculty-resident interactions is needed to determine what factors influence entrustment. Objective To assess faculty and resident intraoperative entrustment behaviors and to determine whether faculty behaviors drive resident entrustability in the operating room. Design, Setting, and Participants This observational study was conducted from September 1, 2015, to August 31, 2016, at Michigan Medicine, the University of Michigan’s health care system. Two surgical residents, 1 medical student, 2 behavioral research scientists, and 1 surgical faculty member observed surgical intraoperative interactions between faculty and residents in 117 cases involving 28 faculty and 35 residents and rated entrustment behaviors. Without intervening in the interaction, 1 or 2 researchers observed each case and noted behaviors, verbal and nonverbal communication, and interaction processes. Immediately after the case, observers completed an assessment using OpTrust, a validated tool designed to assess progressive entrustment in the operating room. Purposeful sampling was used to generate variation in type of operation, case difficulty, faculty-resident pairings, faculty experience, and resident training level. Main Outcomes and Measures Observer results in the form of entrustability scores (range, 1-4, with 4 indicating full entrustability) were compared with resident- and faculty-reported measures. Difficulty of operation was rated on a scale of 1 to 3 (higher scores indicate greater difficulty). Path analysis was used to explore direct and indirect effects of the predictors. Associations between resident entrustability and observation duration, observation month, and faculty entrustment scores were assessed by pairwise Pearson correlation coefficients. Results Twenty-eight faculty and 35 residents were observed across 117 surgical cases from 4 surgical specialties. Cases observed by postgraduate year (PGY) of residents were distributed as follows: PGY-1, 21 (18%); 2, 15 (13%); 3, 17 (15%); 4, 27 (23%); 5, 28 (24%); and 6, 9 (8%). Case difficulty was evenly distributed: 36 (33%) were rated easy/straightforward; 43 (40%), moderately difficult; and 29 (27%), very difficult by attending physicians. Path analysis showed that the association of PGY with resident entrustability was mediated by faculty entrustment (0.23 [.03];P Conclusions and Relevance Faculty entrustment behaviors may be the primary drivers of resident entrustability. Faculty entrustment is a feature of faculty surgeons’ teaching style and could be amenable to faculty development efforts.
Musculoskeletal Pain and Headache in the Active Duty Military Population: An Integrative Review.

Background Since 2001, the U.S. Armed Forces' training and deployment have greatly increased, escalating the risk of injury and pain-related issues both at home station and deployment environments. Aims This integrative review examines the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors for musculoskeletal pain (MSP) and headaches in active duty (AD) military populations. Methods Peer-reviewed research published between 2001 and 2016 was identified relevant to MSP and headache in AD military personnel using MeSH terms in key biomedical databases. Inclusion criteria were: epidemiological studies examining MSP or headache as primary or secondary outcome; samples that included AD populations; and studies conducted in the theater of operations, at home station, and in military treatment or Veterans Health Administration facilities. Results Twenty-six articles met inclusion criteria. Low back pain (LBP) was the most prevalent MSP diagnosis. The incidence of LBP was 40.5 per 1,000 person-years and was comparable to nonmilitary populations. Inflammation and pain from overuse comprised the largest proportion of injury mechanism, accounting for about 82% of all injuries among nondeployed military personnel. The risk of MSP was greater for AD, female, Army, enlisted personnel, and those with greater time in a motor vehicle. Evidence suggests posttraumatic headache, occurring in up to 92% of military personnel who have sustained a mild traumatic brain injury, is associated with chronic daily headaches. Implications Nurses must recognize the consequences military service can have on the development of pain. Nurses have an opportunity to positively impact the health and well-being of military and veteran populations through early recognition and treatment of pain. Linking evidence to action The findings from this review underscore considerable magnitude of MSP in military personnel and expose modifiable risk factors and potential targets for designing nurse-led interventions to improve pain and symptoms in military subpopulations.
Spin resolved electronic structure and transport properties of zinc oxide nanoribbon based devices

Abstract Employing first principles study, through Density Functional Theory , spin resolved electronic structure and transport behavior of ZnO nanoribbon devices are addressed. Electronic transport properties of both armchair and zigzag ZnO nanoribbon (AZnO and ZZnO, respectively) are investigated using the ZnO and Ni electrodes . Spin dependent electronic properties of these structures are exhibited through the band-structure, transmission and density of states. A spin-asymmetric metallic property and a high spin polarization nearby the Fermi level is found for the ZZnO which can be harnessed to develop a spin-valve device. It is demonstrated that, using either a defect or Ni electrodes in the AZnO, both the electronic transport and magnetic properties of an AZnO based device can be tailored. Current-voltage ( I-V ) characteristics of the AZnO attached to the Ni electrodes (AZnO-Ni) reveals spin resolved non-ohmic behavior. A pronounced negative differential resistance occurs for both majority and minority current of the AZnO-Ni at certain bias intervals. The induced magnetic moment , spin polarization and other relevant quantities associated with the spin resolved electronic transport are elucidated.
Learning Reciprocity in Complex Sequential Social Dilemmas.

Reciprocity is an important feature of human social interaction and underpins our cooperative nature. What is more, simple forms of reciprocity have proved remarkably resilient in matrix game social dilemmas. Most famously, the tit-for-tat strategy performs very well in tournaments of Prisoner's Dilemma. Unfortunately this strategy is not readily applicable to the real world, in which options to cooperate or defect are temporally and spatially extended. Here, we present a general online reinforcement learning algorithm that displays reciprocal behavior towards its co-players. We show that it can induce pro-social outcomes for the wider group when learning alongside selfish agents, both in a $2$-player Markov game, and in $5$-player intertemporal social dilemmas. We analyse the resulting policies to show that the reciprocating agents are strongly influenced by their co-players' behavior.