cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning disabilities in the academy: A professor’s guide

I ncreasingly, professors have been receiving memos of this sort f rom administrators. Currently more than 45,000 students with learning disabilities (LD) enter college each year, up f rom 19,000 in 1988,1 with the n u m b e r o f LD students graduat ing high school growing by more than 5 percent a year. 2 Professors have reacted to these developments with confusion. Most have no idea what LD is and have only a vague awareness that the law is somehow relevant. Consequently they have quietly acquiesced to all requests, believing they have no legal recourse. Professors who otherwise staunchly resist any intrusions into their teaching now passively abdicate their academic f reedom, allowing an administrator to decide how they shall conduct their courses. To remedy this problem, I shall describe LD, explain the legal issues, and provide a f ramework for thinking about the topic.
Nanomaterials hold promise in natural gas industry

The gas industry represents a major prospect for substantial, near-term adoption of nanoscale technologies with sustained benefits. Importantly, the gas industry employs materials and processes particularly suited to improvement through application of nanoscale technologies. Designing and creating materials at the nanoscale often leads to products that achieve exceptional performance ? possibly enabling more efficient and less expensive manufacturing processes. The commercialisation of new nanomaterials promises to have a profound effect on multiple industries in the coming decades. Depending on the application, nanomaterials are incorporated into a wide variety of hydrocarbon extraction, gas separations, solid-state gas sensors for air pollution monitoring, nanoadsorbent materials for environmental separations, and corrosion inhibitors that are used in a broad range of gas industry markets. In this paper, recent advances in nanomaterial-derived technologies are presented as examples of how nanomaterials might be used to create new developments in the natural gas industry.
The shame of medical malpractice.

Much of the rhetoric surrounding medical malpractice reform claims to address the unfairness of the current system. A 2003 report entitled Resolving the Medical Malpractice Crisis: Fairness Conside...
Effectiveness and historical merit of trephination.

(1993). Effectiveness and historical merit of trephination. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 13-15.
Reminiscences on influential papers

Unfortunately, this will be my last influential papers column. I've been editor for about five years now (how time flies!) and have enjoyed it immensely. I've always found it rewarding to step back and look at why we do the research we do, and this column makes a big contribution to the process of self-examination. Further, I feel that there's a strong need for ways to publicly and explicitly highlight "quality" in papers. Criticism is easy, and is the more common experience given the amount of reviewing (and being reviewed) we typically engage in. I look forward to seeing this column in future issues.
Induction of an alloplasmic male-sterile Brassica oleracea by substituting cytoplasm from ‘Early Scarlet Globe’ radish (Raphanus sativus)

Alloplasmic male-sterile Brassica oleracea L. was synthesized in a backcrossing program through amphidiploid Raphanobrassica by using ‘Early Scarlet Globe’ radish (Raphanus sativus L.) as the donor of cytoplasm and B. oleracea broccoli and cabbage as recurrent pollen parents. Persistence of radish chromosomes and high female sterility were encountered in the first four backcrosses. Following use of colchiploid 4x broccoli as pollen parent, a BC5 plant was obtained that had 2n=3x+1=28 chromosomes, improved seed set, and no radish traits. The BC6 with recurrent 2x broccoli contained male-sterile plants with 2n=18 or 19 chromosomes, increased seed set, and broccoli morphology. Subsequent generations segregated for male-sterile and restored male-fertile plants, some with variable development of stamens and pollen. Leaf color of the alloplasmic plants, especially seedlings, was lighter green than normal.
A Genetically-Encoded YFP Sensor with Enhanced Chloride Sensitivity, Photostability and Reduced pH Interference Demonstrates Augmented Transmembrane Chloride Movement by Gerbil Prestin (SLC26a5)

Background Chloride is the major anion in cells, with many diseases arising from disordered Cl− regulation. For the non-invasive investigation of Cl− flux, YFP-H148Q and its derivatives chameleon and Cl-Sensor previously were introduced as genetically encoded chloride indicators. Neither the Cl− sensitivity nor the pH-susceptibility of these modifications to YFP is optimal for precise measurements of Cl− under physiological conditions. Furthermore, the relatively poor photostability of YFP derivatives hinders their application for dynamic and quantitative Cl− measurements. Dynamic and accurate measurement of physiological concentrations of chloride would significantly affect our ability to study effects of chloride on cellular events. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we developed a series of YFP derivatives to remove pH interference, increase photostability and enhance chloride sensitivity. The final product, EYFP-F46L/Q69K/H148Q/I152L/V163S/S175G/S205V/A206K (monomeric Cl-YFP), has a chloride Kd of 14 mM and pKa of 5.9. The bleach time constant of 175 seconds is over 15-fold greater than wild-type EYFP. We have used the sensor fused to the transmembrane protein prestin (gerbil prestin, SLC26a5), and shown for the first time physiological (mM) chloride flux in HEK cells expressing this protein. This modified fluorescent protein will facilitate investigations of dynamics of chloride ions and their mediation of cell function. Conclusions Modifications to YFP (EYFP-F46L/Q69K/H148Q/I152L/V163S/S175G/S205V/A206K (monomeric Cl-YFP) results in a photostable fluorescent protein that allows measurement of physiological changes in chloride concentration while remaining minimally affected by changes in pH.
Enhancement of device performance of organic solar cells by an interfacial perylene derivative layer

We report that device performance of organic solar cells consisting of zinc phthalocyanine and fullerene (C60) can be enhanced by insertion of a perylene derivative interfacial layer between fullerene and bathocuproine (BCP) exciton blocking layer (EBL). The morphology of the BCP is influenced by the underlying N,N′-dihexyl-perylene-3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PTCDI-C6), which promotes migration of the cathode metal into the BCP layer. Insertion of a PTCDI-C6 layer between fullerene and BCP layers enhances the power conversion efficiency to 2.5%, an improvement of 32% over devices without PTCDI-C6 layer. The enhancement in device performance by insertion of PTCDI-C6 is attributed to a reduction in series resistance due to promoted metal migration into BCP and optimized optical interference effects in multilayered devices.
Freshwater Sediment Toxicity Bioassessment: Rationale for Species Selection and Test Design

The rationale and conceptual basis for the use of sediment toxicity assays are discussed in relationship to their use in sediment evaluations employing faunal surveys, toxicity assays, and chemical analyses. The disadvantages and advantages of various species from the major classes of aquatic organisms for use as sediment toxicity assay organisms are presented. Relative sensitivities of selected species and their ease of laboratory culture and utility as assay organisms are used to rank assays and propose a battery of assays for the rapid screening evaluation of sediment toxicity. The usefulness of a battery of assays for the screening evaluation of sediment toxicity and statistical considerations which are important in the development of study designs and the analysis of results from the battery of proposed assays are discussed. The assays recommended for inclusion in the screening battery for evaluation of sediment toxicity are Microtox®, an algal assay, the Chironomus tentans 10-d growth assay, and the 48-h Daphnia magna acute assay.
Mechanism of recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation guided by complex fractionated atrial electrograms

Background A better understanding of the mechanisms of recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) after radiofrequency ablation of complex, fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) may be helpful for refining AF ablation strategies.
Integrity of semantic fields in Alzheimer's disease.

It has been suggested that Alzheimer patients retain general semantic knowledge about concrete objects (e.g., category membership) but lose information about objects' distinctive features and functions. To test this hypothesis, normal young and old subjects and Alzheimer patients were given a concrete concept. They were then shown a series of words and for each had to say whether it was related to the concept. Of the words that were related to a given concept, one was a physical feature, another a function, another the object's superordinate category, and another a generally associated concept. In comparison to the normals, Alzheimer patients were not disproportionately worse at making decisions about features and actions than they were about categories and general associates. Also, while Alzheimer patients were less accurate in generating features, actions and associates to a given concept than were normals, they were not differentially more impaired on any one type.
A comparison of a new polypropylene suture with prolene

The purpose of this paper is to examine the performance of the newly available monofilament polypropylene suture (Surgipro) manufactured by U.S. Surgical and compared it with commercial Prolene sutures for determining the merit of this new suture. Two different sizes of Surgipro sutures were esused. They were 4/0 and 0 sizes and were tested in terms of their fundamental properties: level of crystallinity, melting temperature, fiber morphology, and mechanical properties including knot strength and knot security. The effect of three different sterilization methods on the mechanical and fundamental properties of the new polypropylene (PP) sutures was also examined. In general, the new Surgipro sutures performed as good as Prolene sutures in terms of mechanical properties; but there were some differences in fundamental properties between these two types of PP sutures, particularly in finer size PP sutures. The major differences were in interior fiber morphology, level of crystallinity, and melting temperature. Surgipro suture fibers showed homogeneous interior morphology, while Prolene fibers exhibited two distinctive fiber morphologies. These two types of PP suture fibers also responded differently to the three sterilization methods tested. Surgipro sutures are less affected by different sterilization methods than the same size Prolene control. Except for the Co60 gamma sterilization, Surgipro suture fibers did not exhibit statistically significant differences in tensile breaking strength between sterilized and control. Ethylene oxide and autoclave sterilized Prolene suture fibers, however, showed statistically (p < 0.05) consistently lower tensile breaking strength than their unsterilized controls. One should be aware of the fact that suture manufacturers are constantly improving their manufacturing processes. The difference between these two types of PP suture fibers may disappear in the future. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Comparison of Taiwanese and American Police Supervisors' Attitudes

This article compares attitudinal differences between Taiwanese and American police supervisors. Although a growing number of cross-national studies of police have been conducted, very few have empirically assessed attitudinal distinctions among officers across countries. Using interview and survey data collected from two American and two Taiwanese police departments, this research assessed police supervisors' role orientations and their attitudes toward aggressive law enforcement, legal restrictions, and citizens. The findings show that Taiwanese police supervisors differ significantly from their American counterparts in all attitudinal scales. Compared to American supervisors, Taiwanese supervisors tended to have a broad role orientation, positive attitudes toward aggressive law enforcement and legal restrictions, and negative attitudes toward citizens. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
Reduced Secretion of YopJ by Yersinia Limits In Vivo Cell Death but Enhances Bacterial Virulence

Numerous microbial pathogens modulate or interfere with cell death pathways in cultured cells. However, the precise role of host cell death during in vivo infection remains poorly understood. Macrophages infected by pathogenic species of Yersinia typically undergo an apoptotic cell death. This is due to the activity of a Type III secreted effector protein, designated YopJ in Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. pestis, and YopP in the closely related Y. enterocolitica. It has recently been reported that Y. enterocolitica YopP shows intrinsically greater capacity for being secreted than Y. pestis YopJ, and that this correlates with enhanced cytotoxicity observed for high virulence serotypes of Y. enterocolitica. The enzymatic activity and secretory capacity of YopP from different Y. enterocolitica serotypes have been shown to be variable. However, the underlying basis for differential secretion of YopJ/YopP, and whether reduced secretion of YopJ by Y. pestis plays a role in pathogenesis during in vivo infection, is not currently known. It has also been reported that similar to macrophages, Y. enterocolitica infection of dendritic cells leads to YopP-dependent cell death. We demonstrate here that in contrast to Y. enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis infection of bone marrow–derived dendritic cells does not lead to increased cell death. However, death of Y. pseudotuberculosis–infected dendritic cells is enhanced by ectopic expression of YopP in place of YopJ. We further show that polymorphisms at the N-terminus of the YopP/YopJ proteins are responsible for their differential secretion, translocation, and consequent cytotoxicity. Mutation of two amino acids in YopJ markedly enhanced both translocation and cytotoxicity. Surprisingly, expression of YopP or a hypersecreted mutant of YopJ in Y. pseudotuberculosis resulted in its attenuation in oral mouse infection. Complete absence of YopJ also resulted in attenuation of virulence, in accordance with previous observations. These findings suggest that control of cytotoxicity is an important virulence property for Y. pseudotuberculosis, and that intermediate levels of YopJ-mediated cytotoxicity are necessary for maximal systemic virulence of this bacterial pathogen.
Synthesis and structure of a ruthenium(II) complex incorporating κN bound 2-pyridonato ligands; a new catalytic system for transfer hydrogenation of ketones

The preparation of trans-[(terpy)Ru(NC5H4O-κN)2(OH2)] 1 provides the first structurally characterized example of monodentate κN bound 2-pyridonato ligands on ruthenium(II) and a new catalyst for the transfer hydrogenation of ketones featuring a saturated hard donor ligand set.
Study of Surface-to-Air Intercepting Missile Simulation Model

To make a high efficiency surface-to-air missile system is a mainstream in world naval fleet combats under the condition of high technology, which makes the effectiveness analysis of such system very important. While the existed model is found not to fit for the missile in service. Thus, based on the analysis of combats process of the surface-to-air missile system and the theory of discrete-event simulation, the model is constructed by using Entity Flow Chart, the simulation time is advanced by using Event Scheduling, the simulation result is also given with mathematical statistics method. Finally, the paper discusses the problem of model applicability.
Using NMR to Distinguish Viscosity Effects from Nonspecific Protein Binding under Crowded Conditions

Conventional NMR approaches to detect weak protein binding and aggregation are hindered by the increased viscosity brought about by crowding. We describe a simple and reliable NMR method to distinguish viscosity effects from binding and aggregation under crowded conditions.
Action of sulfonamides upon bacterial dehydrogenases.

By means of the methylene blue reduction test, the action of sulfonamides upon the dehydrogenase system was studied. No effect by sulfonamides was produced on glucose dehydrogenase but a strongly inhibitory action by them was produced on lactic dehydrogenase. From the evidence accumulated it is believed that bacteria which do not possess succinic dehydrogenase are more susceptible to Sulfasuxidine and probably to other sulfonamides. Among the bacteria capable of dehydrogenating succinic acid in the presence of Sulfasuxidine are Shigella sonnei, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, and Aerobacter aerogenes.
Diffusion of interstitial hydrogen into and through bcc Fe from first principles

We report periodic spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) predictions of hydrogen adsorption, absorption, dissolution, and diffusion energetics on and in ferromagnetic (FM) body-centered cubic (bcc) iron. We find that H prefers to stay on the Fe surface instead of subsurfaces or in bulk. Hydrogen dissolution in bulk Fe is predicted to be endothermic, with hydrogen occupying tetrahedral (t) sites over a wide range of concentrations. This is consistent with the known low solubility of H in pure Fe. In the initial absorption step, we predict that H occupies the deep subsurface t-site for Fe(110) and the shallow subsurface t-site for Fe(100). Diffusion of H into Fe subsurfaces is predicted to have a much lower barrier for Fe(100) than Fe(110). For H diffusion in bulk Fe, we find that H diffuses through bcc Fe not via a straight line trajectory, but rather hops from one t-site to a neighboring t-site by a curved path. Moreover, we exclude a previously suggested path via the octahedral site, due to its higher barrier and the rank of the saddle point. Quantum effects on H diffusion through bulk Fe are discussed.
Exploration-dependent modulation of evoked responses in fascia dentata: Fundamental observations and time course

The hippocampal formation is thought to be involved in spatial learning. A role as a more general, intermediate-term memory store has also been suggested. In this report, we address a moderately persistent change in propagation of excitation through hippocampal circuitry which resulted from exposure of animals to environments in which they were free to move and explore. Rats were prepared for chronic recording of perforant path-evoked dentate granule-cell population responses. A large increase in the synaptic component of this response developed over the first several minutes after the animals were transferred to a different but not necessarily novel environment, and decayed with a time constant of about 5 min. This apparent growth in synaptic strength was remarkably well correlated with the animal’s recent history of exploratory behavior, and was not due simply to handling or to the electrical stimulation. The amplitude of the population-spike component also varied over time, but was not obviously correlated with changes in the synaptic component. These response changes were different in both apparent mechanism and time course from previously reported, longer lasting, environmentally induced changes in the population-spike component. They also differed from the behavioral state-dependent gating effect reported by Winson and Abzug (1977) to the extent that the present effects long outlasted the behaviors that produced them. Although further analysis is required, it is possible that this phenomenon may reflect one mode of information storage in the hippocampal formation.
Seismoelectric data processing for surface surveys of shallow targets

The utility of the seismoelectric method relies on the development of methods to extract the signal of interest from background and source-generated coherent noise that may be several orders-of-magnitude stronger. We compare data processing approaches to develop a sequence of preprocessing and signal/noise separation and to quantify the noise level from which we can extract signal events. Our preferred sequence begins with the removal of power line harmonic noise and the use of frequency filters to minimize random and source-generated noise. Mapping to the linear Radon domain with an inverse process incorporating a sparseness constraint provides good separation of signal from noise, though it is ineffective on noise that shows the same dip as the signal. Similarly, the seismoelectric signal and noise do not separate cleanly in the Fourier domain, so f - k filtering can not remove all of the source-generated noise and it also disrupts signal amplitude patterns. We find that prediction-error filters provide...
Calling, Goals, and Life Satisfaction: A Moderated Mediation Model

The present study examined the role of goals in the relation between calling and life satisfaction in a diverse, adult sample. Building off the self-concordance model of goal progress, the current study explored whether career goal self-efficacy (CGSE) mediated the relation between calling and life satisfaction and whether this mediation was moderated by intrinsic, extrinsic, self-transcendence, or physical self goal aspirations. We found CGSE to partially mediate the relation between calling and life satisfaction. Additionally, self-transcendence goals and physical self goals moderated this mediation such that, for people high in calling, the mediation only existed for those with high self-transcendence goals or low physical self goals. These results suggest that people with callings may need to have self-transcendence goals and avoid physical self goals in order for the confidence in their ability to achieve career goals to mediate the relation between their sense of calling and life satisfaction. Limit...
Climatology of High-Latitude Air Pollution as Illustrated by Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska

Abstract High latitude communities frequently have severe air pollution problems. The usual situation is the release of moderate amounts of pollutants into an atmosphere with extremely poor dispersion. The poor dispersion is in turn a direct result of the high latitude radiation balance, which in winter is characterized by short days and low solar elevation. At locations north of 60°N, the midwinter day length may vary from 0 to just under 6 hours, and at noon the sun, if it rises at all, is lower in the sky than it would be 45 minutes after sunrise in Los Angeles. The result is a ground-based nighttime inversion which continues through peak traffic hours (throughout the day in some places), coupled with a complete lack of photochemical reactions. Downtown mixing heights as low as 10 m, combined with wind speeds less than 0.5 m s−1, have been measured in Fairbanks. If development in high latitudes is to proceed rationally, these meteorological conditions must be understood, and models developed that take ...
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: insights gained from gene expression profiling.

Analysis of global gene expression with DNA microarrays has great potential to improve the understanding of tumorigenesis, advance tumor diagnosis and classification, and affect cancer treatment. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. However, we now realize that the disease is extremely heterogeneous. This review summarizes the progress in understanding DLBCL that has been made as a result of the application of gene expression profiling.
MPTP as a mitochondrial neurotoxic model of Parkinson's disease

1-Methy-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a potent neurotoxin extensively used to model Parkinson's disease (PD). A cascade of deleterous events, in which mitochondria play a pivotal role, drives MPTP neurotoxicity. How mitochondria are affected by MPTP and how their defect contributes to the demise of dopaminergic neurons in this model of PD are discussed in this review.
Raman Microprobe Spectra and Vibrational Mode Assignments of Talc

The Raman spectra of tale microparticles have been obtained with the Raman microprobe over the frequency range 100 to 3800 cm−1. The vibrational modes are discussed in terms of an idealized unit cell (1-M polymorph) of C2h symmetry. An electro. static dipole-dipole interaction is used to compare the Raman and infrared active branches. Assignments of the Raman active stretching modes of the silicate sheet are found to support previous infrared assignments. Estimates of intrasheet dipole-dipole interactions are obtained.
Isolation and identification of quercetin and isoquercitrin from apricots, Prunus armeniaca.

Abstract Quercetin and its 3-glucoside, isoquercitrin, have been isolated and identified from apricots, Prunus armeniaca. A third compound, also a quercetin glucoside, has been isolated, but not identified.
Electroreceptive representation and its dynamics in the cerebellum of the catfish,Ictalurus nebulosus (Ictaluridae, Siluriformes)

1. Extracellular unit spike responses have been recorded in the cerebellum of catfish during electroreceptive as well as several other kinds of stimulation. 2. Electric pulses in the water adequate to stimulate ampullary receptors activate some large cells of the cortex of the lobus caudalis pars lateralis and a few in the adjacent eminentia granularis and corpus cerebelli. These cells generally do not respond to vibration, sound, water movement, fin bending, or light, i.e., most are unimodal electrosense units, but some are moderately sensitive to drops of water falling on the water surface up to 15 cm away. 3. Some units have irregular background activity, others are regular and some are silent until stimulated. Presumably some are Purkinje cells and others are not; the latter may in part be equivalent to cells of cerebellar deep nuclei in amniotes. 4. Response characteristics are described, including the following: dipole axis and polarity discrimination, phasic, tonic and phasic-tonic units, and the effects of duration, intensity, pulse stimulus repetition, sine wave stimulus frequency, and movement of the stimulating current source on the response magnitude, form and latency. Low threshold cerebellar units respond to 0.4 μV/cm. In a small sample of units tested, tuning curves showed best frequencies between 2 and 8 Hz. Frequency following may extend only up to 8–15 Hz sine waves. The ON response can markedly alter the following of the first few cycles. Some units are responsive to a moving current source that is subthreshold when stationary. 5. Most units have a receptive field to a small (3 mm) dipole held close to the skin, of < 1/4 of the body length. The center of many receptive fields is excitatory when the current direction is inward; in other receptive fields, when it is outward. Many units have receptive fields on the ispsi-lateral side, some on both left and right sides. Of the latter some are symmetrical, others are asymmetrical either in position or in excitatory polarity. 6. Within the lobus caudalis pars lateralis, receptive fields classified as mainly on the head, on the body or on the tail are systematically distributed in a topographic map. The distribution of best dipole orientations appears random.
Honouring the questions: shifts in the treatment of religion in children’s literature

Contemporary trends in the treatment of religion in children’s literature represent a dramatic shift from the religious didacticism of past centuries. Books from mainline publishing houses today that deal with religion tend to eschew religious assumptions or doctrine, focusing rather on the questions young people have. This article describes four categories of such questions: those arising when religious institutions or leaders disappoint or betray; intellectual questions arising from tensions between science and religion or the presence of suffering in the world; religious implications of social issues such as gender inequity or the break-up of family structures; and the quest for a faith tradition which one can embrace. A representative book in each category is discussed; other relevant books are included in an appendix. These novels do not provide definitive answers. While each reaches a satisfying conclusion, these conclusions are quite varied and open-ended. The pattern that runs through them in trea...
Influence of birthplace on breast cancer diagnosis and treatment for Hispanic women

Research has shown that Hispanic women in the United States are diagnosed with breast cancer at more advanced stages and initiate treatment later than non-Hispanic white women. We investigated whether stage at breast cancer diagnosis and receipt of primary therapy differ by ethnicity and birthplace among US-born Hispanic, foreign-born Hispanic, and white women. We studied 31,012 Hispanic women and 372,313 white women with a first diagnosis of invasive breast cancer during 1988 and 2005 living in a SEER area. We used multinomial logistic regression to assess the association of ethnicity and birthplace with stage at diagnosis and, among women with stage I or II cancers, primary therapy [mastectomy, breast-conserving surgery (BCS) with radiation, BCS without radiation], adjusting for other patient and tumor characteristics. Rates of stage at diagnosis differed significantly by race/ethnicity and birthplace (P < 0.001). Foreign-born Hispanics had lower adjusted rates of stage I breast cancer at diagnosis (35.4%) than US-born Hispanics (40.6%), birthplace-unknown Hispanics (42.3%), and whites (47.4%). Receipt of primary therapy also differed significantly by race/ethnicity and birthplace (P < 0.001). Foreign-born Hispanics and birthplace-unknown Hispanics had lower rates of BCS with radiation (34.9%, 30.7%) than US-born Hispanics (41.5%) and whites (38.8%). Foreign-born Hispanic women in the United States have a lower probability of being diagnosed at earlier stages of breast cancer and, for women with early-stage disease, of receiving radiation following BCS compared to US-born Hispanics and whites. Identifying factors mediating these disparities may help in developing culturally and linguistically appropriate interventions and improving outcomes.
Proteome of the porosome complex in human airway epithelia: Interaction with the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)

Abstract The surface of the airways is coated with a thin film of mucus composed primarily of mucin, which is under continuous motion via ciliary action. Mucin not only serves to lubricate the airways epithelia, but also functions as a trap for foreign particles and pathogens, thereby assisting in keeping the airways clean and free of particulate matter and infections. Altered mucin secretion especially increased mucin viscosity, results in mucin stagnation due to the inability of the cilia to propel them, leading to infections and diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Since porosomes have been demonstrated to be the secretory portals at the cell plasma membrane in cells, their presence, structure, and composition in the mucin-secreting human airway epithelial cell line Calu-3 expressing CF transmembrane receptor (CFTR), were investigated. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of Calu-3 cells demonstrates the presence of approximately 100 nm in diameter porosome openings at the plasma membrane surface. Electron microscopy confirms the AFM results, and tandem mass spectrometry and immunoanalysis performed on isolated Calu-3 porosomes, reveal the association of CFTR with the porosome complex. These new findings will facilitate understanding of CFTR–porosome interactions influencing mucous secretion, and provide critical insights into the etiology of CF disease. Biological significance In the present study, the porosome proteome in human airway epithelia has been determined. The interaction between the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the porosome complex in the human airway epithelia is further demonstrated. The possible regulation by CFTR on the quality of mucus secretion via the porosome complex at the cell plasma membrane is hypothesized. These new findings will facilitate understanding of CFTR–porosome interactions influencing mucous secretion, and provide critical insights into the etiology of CF disease.
In vivo studies of adenovirus-based p53 gene therapy for ovarian cancer

Abstract Objectives. To test the safety, efficacy, and toxicity of gene therapy using wild-type p53-expressing adenovirus (Ad-CMV-p53) in a nude mouse model with intraperitoneal (ip) 2774 human ovarian cancer cell line that contains a p53 mutation. Study design. An initial study of adenovirus tolerance was determined in nude mice by a single ip injection of increasing doses of Ad-CMV-p53. Nude mice were implanted with an LD 100 dose of 1 × 10 7 cells. To study the efficacy and specificity of Ad-CMV-p53 treatment, the mice received treatment with different adenovirus constructs. One group received Ad-CMV-p53 and another group received a control adenovirus construct, Ad-CMV-βgal. To study the treatment response to Ad-CMV-p53, the mice were divided into groups and received various treatment schedules of 1 × 10 8 pfu of Ad-CMV-p53. Results. The mice tolerated Ad-CMV-p53 without adverse effects at doses of 1 × 10 8 pfu. The response to Ad-CMV-p53 showed significant survival duration in each dose regimen, with a survival time greater than that of untreated animals ( P = 0.0173). However, no statistically significant survival advantage was observed between Ad-CMV-p53- and Ad-CMV-βgal-treated mice. Conclusions. These studies show that at the adenovirus dose and administration regimen used, there is effective but not specific 2774 tumor growth inhibition in vivo. Efficient introduction of biologically active genes into tumor cells would greatly facilitate cancer therapy. Thus, although promising, these results caution that much effort will be required to realize the potential for clinical application of adenovirus-based ovarian cancer gene therapy.
Ranking the Stability of Perfluorinated Membranes Used in Fuel Cells to Attack by Hydroxyl Radicals and the Effect of Ce(III): A Competitive Kinetics Approach Based on Spin Trapping ESR

The stability of Nafion, stabilized Nafion (StNafion), and 3M and Aquivion membranes to attack by the hydroxyl radical, HO•, was compared in their aqueous dispersions at 300 K. HO• radicals were generated by UV irradiation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and radicals were detected by spin trapping with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO). Two types of adducts were detected in all dispersions: DMPO/OH and DMPO/CCR, an adduct of carbon-centered radicals (CCRs) derived from the polymers. The competitive kinetics (CK) approach that has been adapted for ranking the polymer stability leads to the determination of their reaction rate constant with hydroxyl radicals. The experiments consisted of measuring the concentration of the DMPO/OH adduct in the presence of the polymers, which are considered to be “competitors” that react with HO• radicals and compete with the spin trapping reaction HO• + DMPO → DMPO/OH. The results indicated an improved stability in StNafion compared with Nafion. The largest effect was, h...
Dislocation motion in thin Cu foils: a comparison between computer simulations and experiment

Discrete dislocation dynamics (DD) simulations in conjunction with stereo and in situ straining transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) were used to study dislocation motion in thin Cu foils. Stereo imaging prior to and following in situ tensile straining is utilized to describe the three-dimensional (3D) evolution of dislocation structures with incremental straining and observation by TEM. The initial 3D configuration is used as input for 3D discrete dislocation dynamics simulations, and the final 3D configuration serves to refine and validate the DD simulation, thereby providing a direct quantitative link between experiment and dislocation dynamics modeling. In the present experiment, we observed complex 3D structures of dislocations, with significant outof-plane motion. Computer simulations incorporating the Friedel–Escaig cross-slip mechanism indicate that surface image forces are sufficiently strong to activate out-of-plane motion for screw dislocation segments near the surface. Cross-slip of screw segments and dislocation climb of edge components are shown to be necessary mechanisms for explaining the observed 3D dislocation motion.
Realistic Empathy: A Key to Sensible International Relations

Ralph White's concept of realistic empathy, developed in the context of the Cold War, continues to be relevant in the context of the War on Terror. As "the great corrective for all forms of war-provoking misperception" (White, 1984, p. 160), it is arguably psychology's greatest contribution to the guidance of international policy. Lack of realistic empathy has devastating consequences.
Excess enthalpies for (propane + acetonitrile) at the temperatures (298.15, 313.15, 323.15, 333.15, 338.15, and 348.15) K and at the pressures (5, 10, and 15) MPa. Determination of (liquid + liquid) equilibria from the calorimetric results

Excess molar enthalpies H E m have been determined for (propane + acetonitrile) at the temperatures (298.15, 313.15, 323.15, 333.15, 338.15, and 348.15) K and at the pressures (5, 10, and 15) MPa. The linear regions of H E m against x at 298.15 K, 313.15 K, and 323.15 K at all three pressures and at 333.15 K at 5 MPa and 10 MPa, are due to (liquid + liquid) phase separation. The T ( x ) values obtained from the discontinuity in the H E m curves were used to construct the (liquid + liquid) phase diagram.
Measuring flow rates and characterizing flow regimes in hot springs

Abstract Detailed studies were conducted at Big Boiler hot spring in Lassen Volcanic National Park, CA, and Ojo Caliente hot spring in Yellowstone National Park, WY, to measure the flow rate and characterize the flow regime of hot spring drainages. These drainages represent some of the most dynamic interfaces between the hydrosphere and atmosphere with steep temperature gradients and chemical gradients. The rate of thermal disequilibrium and chemical disequilibrium dissipation depends on the flow rate and flow regime. The drainage of each hot spring was divided into ten or more segments and water samples were collected at segment boundaries. Fluid flow velocity throughout the drainage was measured using an in situ flow probe where possible and by determining the advancement of a red food dye tracer through the flow channel. A combination of field and laboratory studies was used to adapt a method based on the transport-controlled dissolution rate of gypsum to characterize the flow regime throughout the drainages. Laboratory experiments as a well as a deployment in an artificial drainage were conducted to validate the application of this method for hot spring environments. The deployment of the gypsum tablets was complemented by using digital videography to record the nature of the flow regime throughout the drainages. In situ flow probe measurements were not possible at all locations. The data obtained with the probe showed a range of values that was in reasonable agreement with the flow rates obtained using the dye tracer. The average flow rate based on advancement of dye tracer determined at Big Boiler was 0.22 m/s in both 2000 and 2001, while in Ojo Caliente flow rate varied from 0.39 m/s in 2001 to 0.45 m/s in 2002. The results of the gypsum dissolution measurement in the field yield boundary layer thicknesses between 8 and 38 μm, with most values between 15 and 25 μm, indicating well-developed turbulent flow throughout the drainages. The results, consistent with videography, indicate that gypsum dissolution rates based on the deployment of well-characterized and pure gypsum tablets can be used in hot-spring environments. An analysis of cooling rates within the drainages illustrates the importance of turbulent flow in cooling the waters.
Growth factors accelerate epithelial repair in sheep trachea.

Toxic gases and fumes have been shown to be injurious to the upper airways. Repair of this injury involves proliferation and migration of surviving nonciliated cells, followed by differentiation to a normal phenotype. Because recent results suggested that growth factors could improve the outcome of an airway injury, we undertook this study to determine the efficacy of these materials as an initial treatment to accelerate the healing process. In 24 anesthetized sheep, a portion of the trachea was exposed to smoke from smouldering cotton cooled to 37°C. Twelve received aerosolized epidermal growth factor plus platelet derived growth factor, while twelve received placebo. At 10 days after injury, nonciliated and ciliated cells were totally absent in the injured trachea receiving the placebo. In animals receiving growth factors, nonciliated and ciliated cells, however, were present (56% and 31% of uninjured trachea, respectively). At 13 days after injury, nonciliated and ciliated cell counts in those receiving placebo were 67% and 33% of uninjured, respectively. In sheep receiving growth factors, tracheal nonciliated and ciliated cell counts had increased to 105% and 64% of uninjured trachea, respectively. We conclude that growth factors therapy after airway injury stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation, and this therapeutic intervention to accelerate the repair process in acute airway injury is an approach applicable to humans.
Urinary catecholamine excretion following lysergic acid diethylamide in man.

Two separate controlled experiments in man measured the excretion of epinephrine, norepinephrine, vanilmandelic acid (VMA) and total metanephrines following lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), comparisons being made with an injection of a similar dose of epinephrine in the one instance and with a no-treament period in the other. LSD (2 mcg/kg) produced insignificant changes in urinary catecholamine excretion over a four-hour period while epinephrine (3 mcg/kg) evoked substantial increases in excretion of epinephrine, VMA and metanephrines with a concomitant decrease in norepinephrine excretion. Sympathomimetic effects of these doses of LSD were apparent clinically and as judged by the degree of elevation of plasma free fatty acids (FFA); the response to epinephrine was brief and intense, while that to LSD was sustained and more gradual in onset. In the second experiment, LSD (1.5 and 2 mcg/kg) produced no more changes in catecholamine excretion over an eight-hour period than a control no-treatment trial.
Does pelvic magnetic resonance imaging differentiate among the histologic subtypes of uterine leiomyomata

Abstract Objective: To evaluate if pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is reliable for differentiating leiomyoma subtypes. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Academic center. Patient(s): Forty-five patients underwent MRI before surgery for leiomyomata. Intervention(s): One radiologist blinded to patient history and histologic diagnosis recorded the MRI characteristics and classification of the largest leiomyoma. Main Outcome Measure(s): Comparison of MRI and histologic diagnoses. Result(s): Leiomyoma subtypes were diagnosed accurately by MRI in 69% of cases. Magnetic resonance imaging had a 95% sensitivity and 72% specificity for diagnosing an uncomplicated leiomyoma and a 10% sensitivity and 100% specificity for a cellular leiomyoma. For cystic leiomyomata, the sensitivity was 80% and specificity was 98%, and for hemorrhagic leiomyomata, 100% and 86%, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging correctly diagnosed all malignant tumors and did not incorrectly diagnose a leiomyoma as a leiomyosarcoma in any case. Ill-defined MRI margins were significantly more likely to be leiomyosarcoma, whereas well-defined margins were characteristic of benign lesions. Hemorrhagic leiomyomata were significantly more likely to be hyperintense on T1-weighted images than other subtypes. Conclusion(s): Although MRI is only fairly accurate in differentiating the subtypes of benign uterine smooth muscle tumors, signal intensities and margin characteristics are useful to distinguish accurately benign from malignant tumors.
Oblique tibial osteotomy revisited

Purpose Oblique proximal tibial osteotomy is a useful option for correcting deformity associated with Blount’s disease (tibia vara). Safe, adequate correction depends on technical issues that have evolved since the original description of the procedure.
Within and between-site distribution of frog species on the Udzungwa Plateau, Tanzania

Abstract Amphibian distribution and abundance patterns are linked with environmental factors that define the suitable habitat for each species on both macro and micro scales. Determining the distribution and habitat requirements of species is a necessary first step in monitoring population persistence or declines and implementing conservation strategies to counteract global amphibian declines. Although amphibian population declines and extinctions are recorded globally, taxonomic and geographical sampling has been uneven, especially in tropical regions. With the exception of southern Africa, data on abundance and populations trends of African amphibians are severely lacking. To address this gap, we investigated community structure and microhabitat distribution of breeding and post‐breeding anuran species at Mtele Swamp, a high‐elevation wetland on the Udzungwa Plateau, Tanzania. Over a two‐week period of intensive sampling during the rainy season of 2001, we recorded species presence, microhabitat use, an...
The effect of gradual or acute arterial occlusion on skeletal muscle blood flow, arteriogenesis, and inflammation in rat hindlimb ischemia.

Background Current experimental models of critical limb ischemia are based on acute ischemia rather than on chronic ischemia. Human peripheral vascular disease is largely a result of chromic ischemia. We hypothesized that a model of chronic hindlimb ischemia would develop more collateral arteries, more blood flow, and less necrosis and inflammation than would acute hindlimb ischemia. We therefore developed a rat model of chronic hindlimb ischemia and compared the effects of chronic ischemia with those of acute ischemia on hindlimb skeletal muscle. Methods Acute or chronic ischemia was induced in 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Chronic ischemia caused blood flow, as measured by laser Doppler scanning and confirmed by muscle oxygen tension measurements, to gradually decrease over 1 to 2 weeks after operation. Results Histologic analysis showed chronic hindlimb ischemia better preserved muscle mass and architecture and stimulated capillary angiogenesis, while lacking the muscle necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltrate seen after acute ischemia. Surprisingly, the chronic ischemia group recovered dermal blood flow more slowly and less completely than did the acute ischemia group, as measured by laser Doppler (0.66 ± 0.02 vs 0.76 ± 0.04, P P P P P Conclusions We describe here the first model of chronic hindlimb ischemia in the rat. Restoration of blood flow after induction of hindlimb ischemia is dependent on the rate of arterial occlusion. This difference in blood flow recovery correlates with distinct patterns of muscle necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cytokine induction in the ischemic muscle. Differences between models of acute and chronic hindlimb ischemia may have important consequences for future studies of mechanisms regulating arteriogenesis and for therapeutic approaches aimed at promoting arteriogenesis in humans suffering from critical limb ischemia.