cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D Mapping of calcite and a demonstration of its relevance to permeability evolution in reactive fractures

Abstract There is a need to better understand reaction-induced changes in fluid transport in fractured shales, caprocks and reservoirs, especially in the context of emerging energy technologies, including geologic carbon sequestration, unconventional natural gas, and enhanced geothermal systems. We developed a method for 3D calcite mapping in rock specimens. Such information is critical in reactive transport modeling, which relies on information about the locations and accessible surface area of reactive minerals. We focused on calcite because it is a mineral whose dissolution could lead to substantial pathway alteration because of its high solubility, fast reactivity, and abundance in sedimentary rocks. Our approach combines X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and scanning electron microscopy. The method was developed and demonstrated for a fractured limestone core containing about 50% calcite, which was 2.5 cm in diameter and 3.5 cm in length and had been scanned using XCT. The core was subsequently sectioned and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to determine elemental signatures for mineral identification and mapping. Back-scattered electron microscopy was used to identify features for co-location. Finally, image analysis resulted in characteristic grayscale intensities of X-ray attenuation that identify calcite. This attenuation mapping ultimately produced a binary segmented 3D image of the spatial distribution of calcite in the entire core. To demonstrate the value of this information, permeability changes were investigated for hypothetical fractures created by eroding calcite from 2D rock surfaces. Fluid flow was simulated using a 2D steady state model. The resulting increases in permeability were profoundly influenced by the degree to which calcite is contiguous along the flow path. If there are bands of less reactive minerals perpendicular to the direction of flow, fracture permeability may be an order of magnitude smaller than when calcite is contiguous. These results emphasize the importance of characterizing spatial distribution of calcite in heterogeneous rocks that also contain a similar abundance of less reactive minerals.
Stubborn Diseases of Citrus Caused by Spiroplasma Citri

The mycoplasma disease of citrus caused by Spiroplasma citri called “stubborn” was first observed about 1915 in Washington navel orange trees in orchards near Redlands, California (Fawcett et al., 1944). From 1915-1917 several non-productive trees were observed and some were top-worked using carefully selected “healthy” buds. In spite of the carefully chosen budwood, the growth of these scion buds was slow and exhibited growth characteristics shown by the original tree. This type of growth was described at the time as “stubborn.” The first report of stubborn outside California and Arizona was from Palestine where it caused heavy damage when it appeared in epidemic during the summer of 1982 (Reichert and Perlberger, 1931). This disease, “little leaf,” was thought to have been he result of drought. Subsequent work showed many similarities between little leaf and s ubborn and at present both names apply to th same disorder.
Principal Changes in Starches during Food Processing

Starch, the main supplier of dietary calories to the world’s human population, has many chemical and physical characteristics that set it apart from all other food components and even all other carbohydrates. It is important that food processors take note of the structural and behavioral characteristics of starch and develop an understanding of its unique properties so as to avoid food processing difficulties and to take advantage of its numerous beneficial qualities. The chemistry and technology of starch has been reviewed recently in great detail (Whistler et al 1984).
Enzymes of plasma membranes of liver.

The aim of the work was to provide tentative criteria for distinguishing between authentic and contaminating activities of plasma membrane preparations from rat liver. To this end, the specific activities and extractabilities were studied of eight activities found in the membrane preparations and in liver microsomes. Liver microsomes were examined since contaminants of the plasma membrane preparations, when they could be detected, were invariably derived from rough endoplasmic reticulum. One of the activities of the plasma membrane preparations (a threonine-dependent adenosine triphosphate-inorganic pyrophosphate exchange activity) appeared to be a soluble adsorbed contaminant; three others (an esterase, β-glucuronidase, and an amylase) seemed to derive from contamination with rough endoplasmic reticulum; and the remaining four activities (acid and alkaline phosphatase (substrate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate), a diphosphopyridine nucleotide-splitting activity, and phosphodiesterase) were considered to be components of the plasma membrane.
Presidents Creating the Presidency: Deeds Done in Words, by Karlyn Kohrs Campbell and Kathleen Hall Jamieson

This revision of its predecessor, Deeds Done in Words (1990), is weightier than the original. Literally, it is bulkier, over 100 pages longer, including two new chapters (on national eulogies and d...
Histoblood Group A and B Transferases, Their Gene Structures, and Common O Group Gene Structures

Histoblood group A and transferases are UDP-GalNAc: H-α3GalNAc transferase and UDP-Gal: H-a3Gal transferase, respectively (Fig. 1). Depending on the structure of H, four types of A antigen and three types of B antigen have been distinguished. Type-3 chain A, i.e., repetitive A, is present only as a glycosphingolipid in A1 but not in A2-erythrocytes (see Chapter 25). The corresponding “repetitive B” is absent or unknown. Type-4 chain A (globo-A) is also expressed in A1 but not in A2- erythrocytes. Type-4 chain B (globo-B) is not known in erythrocytes; however, both globo-A and globo-B are highly expressed in other organs, particularly kidney and urogenital epithelia. The distribution patterns of these isotypes of A and B antigens, and their patterns during development, have been reviewed (Hakomori 1981; Oriol et al. 1986; Clausen and Hakomori 1989; Oriol 1995). In this chapter, only allelic structures of A and B transferases, and the allele for the common O blood group gene, are described. Alleles for variants are described in Chapter 25. Open image in new window Fig. 1 Enzymatic reactions for the synthesis of A and B antigens from various types of H. For the synthesis of A, four types of H structure with different R residues (R1,2,3,4) are involved. For the synthesis of B, only three types of H structure with different R residues (R1,2,4) are involved. The structures of R are shown in Table 1
On the Image of the Country and the City

We know from the Grundrisse that Marx felt the division of town and country to be as vital to political economy as the division of classes. From the Manifesto we know that he saw this division as a homological version of the dependency created by capitalism of global South on global North. It was, however, the cultural theorists of twentieth-century Marxism who internalized this geopolitical imagination and significantly developed it in the form of scales and configurations of spatial meaning contained in the concepts “city” and “country”. The structuralist revolt against history, then, as a bid to arrest historical becoming, must really be seen as a perverse analogue of earlier twentieth century Marxist innovations in the spatialization of time. Thinkers like Ernst Bloch, Henri Lefebvre, and Raymond Williams, although unheralded for this aspect of their work, developed Marx's nascent city/country pairing, exploring the materiality of its metaphor. In geography, it is Neil Smith's Uneven Development that follows in the footsteps of this “classical” motif in literary and cultural theory.
Myocardial performance and adaptive energy pathways in a torpid mammalian hibernator

The hearts of mammalian hibernators maintain contractile function in the face of severe environmental stresses during winter heterothermy. To enable survival in torpor, hibernators regulate the exp...
Women in male-dominated professions

The problems faced by women pharmacists are discussed in relation to the literature on women in male-dominated fields. Subconscious stereotypes preclude the occurrence of true equality for women pharmacists in many hospitals. Some people have predicted that the clinical pharmacist role will be primarily filled by men since men are perceived to have the time commitment, aggressiveness, and rapport with physicians that is considered necessary for that role. Women in health professions are perceived to be dedicated to service and not self-interest, and people expect them to drop out of the labor force to raise families, thus obviating the need for promotions and salary increases. Research has shown that women in male-dominated fields place more importance on success values than do women in other fields. Fear of success, defined as anxiety about doing well when competing with men, can be a problem for women, particularly if they have a strong affiliative need. It is important that women in male-dominated professions become actively involved in professional organizations to facilitate their gaining a professional identity. In addition, these women need to be encouraged to seek out managerial positions and to be given a clearer understanding that being a manager can be combined with family and household responsibilities. People can eliminate stereotypes from their thinking only if, after they admit the stereotypes exist, they make a conscious effort to not treat women pharmacists on the basis of what women pharmacists have done in the past.
Movement of Corn Rootworm Larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Between Border Rows of Soybean and Corn in a Strip Intercropping System

Strip intercropping of corn may provide spatial and temporal diversity for management of extended-diapause corn rootworm populations. Strip-intercropped corn may sustain infestations of corn rootworm larvae attributable to migration of larvae into 1st-yr corn from soil previously planted to corn. Row-specific distribution of corn rootworm eggs and adult emergence were determined in a strip intercropped system, and effects of interstrip cultural and insecticidal treatments on rootworm infestation of outer rows were evaluated. Corn rootworm eggs were found in all rows of strips previously planted to corn. Root injury ratings were significantly higher in the outer rows than in the interior rows of corn adjacent to the previous year’s corn strips. Oilseed meal and insecticide treatments were associated with lower corn rootworm adult emergence and larval root injury than was found in untreated plots. Higher rootworm adult emergence and root injury scores in tillage treatments, where the soil was disturbed by ripping with a cultivator shank, were attributed to increased soil pore space that facilitated larval movement into adjacent corn strips. Fewer adults emerged and less root injury occurred in outer rows of corn adjacent to soybean strips that were subjected to interrow soil compaction from wheel traffic. In severely infested fields, deliberate compaction of interrow soil or incorporation of cruciferous plant material into soil between strips are possible noninsecticidal management options for reducing severe corn rootworm infestation of outside rows of corn in strip intercropping systems.
Interface design and development: the human factor

Shortcomings in the BRS MENTOR mainframe interface and the desirability of using the workstation capabilities of the PC were factors in the decision to develop and implement a microcomputer‐based interface to the BRS software and associated databases. The Interface Design Subcommittee's charge was to design and implement the interface components for the Library Information Workstation, a microcomputer public terminal that provides access to local and remote online catalogs, periodical index databases, campus information resources, and information files stored on the microcomputer. This article focuses on the design of the interface to the BRS/SEARCH software and ancillary periodical index databases—initially Current Contents, six Wilson databases, and ERIC.
Comparison of the heavy metal removal efficiency of biosorbents and granular activated carbons

Abstract The adsorption efficiencies of granular activated carbon (GAC) and biosorbents: Saccaromyces cerevisiae yeast (caustic treated and active) immobilized in GAC; Yeast (caustic treated) immobilized in alginate acid, and alginate itself were compared for the removal of Cu2+. Cd2+, Zn2+ from simulated waste waters. Yeast biomass has a high capacity for uptake of heavy metal ions, and can be adsorbed on activated carbon. The alginate used in this study was used as an entrapment material to immobilize yeast. It was observed that the pH of the solution was a critical parameter for the adsorption process; the value chosen in the experiments was 4.5. Two different experimental modes were used, a batch mode and a flow mode were used. In batch mode operation, using biosorbents yeast immobilized on GAC and on alginate, the percentage removal of heavy metal can exceed 90%. When only GAC was used as an adsorbent, acceptable results were obtained. Comparing the two different experimental modes, no difference was...
Love and Death: Existential Dimensions of Physicians' Difficulties with Moral Problems

Physicians often appear more troubled by moral dilemmas than would seem justified given the present social and professional consensus on many of the questions involved. Their discomfort arises not only at ethical, technical, and behavioral levels (the most commonly identified sources of difficulty), but also at an existential level, that is, as the manifestation of conflicts rooted in the processes and conditions of our coming-to-be as persons. Analysis of this level of physicians' moral difficulties requires renewed attention to the physician as a person, and suggests new perspectives on the interpersonal environment of medical practice.
Numerically stable finite element techniques for viscoelastic calculations in smooth and singular geometries

Abstract Finite element calculations for viscoelastic flows are reported that use a restructured form of the equation of motion that makes explicit the elliptic character of this equation. We call this restructured equation the Explicity Elliptic Momentum Equation, and its use is illustrated for flow of an upper convected Maxwell (UCM) model between eccentric and concentric rotating cylinders and also for a modified upper convected Maxwell (MUCM) model in the stick-slip problem. Sets of mixed-order approximations for velocity, stress, and a modified pressure are used to test the algorithm in both problems. Both sets of calculations are shown to converge with mesh refinement and are limited at high values of Deborah number by the formation of elastic boundary layers that are identified in the momentum equation by the growth of low-order derivative terms that involve the local velocity gradient and divergence of stress. Similar convergence properties are observed for bilinear and biquadratic Lagrangian approximations to the stress components. However, calculations with the more accurate basis for stress converge to higher values of De and are sensitive to the weighted residual method used for the constitutive equation, particularly for the eccentric cylinder problem. Streamline-upwind Petroy-Galerkin (SUPG) and artificial diffusivity (AD) formulations of the constitutive equation are tested for solution of both problems by calculations of the stress fields with fixed kinematics and by solution of the coupled problem. The SUPG method improves the performance of the calculations with the biquadratic basis set for the eccentric cylinder problem. For the UCM model, adding artificial diffusion to the constitutive equation in the stick-slip problem changes the dominant balance for the stress field near the singularity, making it appear as an integrable stress approximation for fixed mesh. For the MUCM model the Newtonian-like behavior of the stress near this point is unaffected by the AD method and calculations converge to moderate De .
A correlation for heat transfer by natural convection from horizontal cylinders that accounts for viscous dissipation

Abstract Eight previously published correlation equations plus one new correlation for heat transfer by natural convection from horizontal isothermal cylinders are tested against a fairly extensive body of experimental data culled from the literature for 10 −8 Ra 8 and 0.7 Pr 4 . The new equation, which represents the Nusselt number as a function of the Prandtl and Rayleigh numbers plus an additional dimensionless parameter that accounts for viscous dissipation, is shown to correlate the experimental data more accurately than does any one of the eight previously published equations. It is concluded that viscous dissipation may not be neglected in all cases of natural convection from horizontal cylinders, and further, that the inclusion of a viscous dissipation term in certain related problems, such as natural convection in porous media, may lead to more accurate correlation equations.
Mirrors, Memories, and Mirages: Songs-within-Songs in Schubert's Lieder

Schubert's treatment of “songs-within-songs” changes across his Lied oeuvre, as does the function of the songs themselves. Analyses of “Lied des Orpheus,” “Pause,” and “Im Fruhling” illuminate Schubert's increasing use of embedded songs to convey Lied protagonists' self-conscious sense of alienation. Ironically, as Schubert's Lied protagonists became more self-conscious (reflecting the composer's increasing attraction to Biedermeier-era poetry), they seemed to lose touch with, and control of, their musicality; they became alienated from their own songs. Feeling incapable of singing—that is, of knowingly using song for some practical or emotional purpose (as in folk song)—they often allude to other phantomlike songs they wish they could sing, once sang, or hear in nature. Although we perceive that the protagonists of Schubert's Lieder from the 1820s are singing throughout, they themselves might show no inkling of their own musical discourse, a form of dramatic irony familiar from opera. Schubert's mature L...
Prospects for site-specific delivery of pharmacologic and molecular therapies

Abstract The local delilvery of therapeutic agents to the arterial wall represents a new strategy for the treatment of vascular diseases, including restenosis. Approaches for local, intravascular, sitespecific delivery include 1) direct deposition of therapeutic agents into the vessel wall through an intravascular delivery system; 2) systemic administration of inactive agents followed by local activation; and 3) systemic administration of fusion toxins that have a specific affinity to proliferating smooth muscle cells at the angioplasty site. In addition to conventional drugs, new therapeutic agents based on molecular mechanisms, including recombinant genes and antisense oligonucleotides, are now under investigation. Although development of intravascular drug delivery devices, including those tailored to accommodate novel therapeutic agents, offers new treatment options for restenosis and other vascular diseases, certain issues that currently limit the safety and efficacy of these approaches remain to be addressed.
Down to Now: Memory, Narrative, and Women's Leadership in the Civil Rights Movement in Atlanta, Georgia

This paper is a case study of African-American women’s leadership. It documents women’s involvement in a voter registration drive in 1946 and traces the develop-ment of an ‘official history’ of that event that emerged in the ensuing decades. This narrative shifted emphasis from the organising leadership that both women and men exhibited to a form of leadership – success in electoral politics – that pertained almost exclusively to men. Concluding remarks address the relevance of memory and narrative for writing the history of women’s leadership.
Two Students at One Microcomputer

(1983). Two students at one microcomputer. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 22, Microcomputers/A Revolution in Learning, pp. 296-300.
Embedded processing for SHM with integrated software control of a wireless impedance device

Wireless sensor nodes with impedance measurement capabilities, often based on the Analog Devices AD5933 impedance chip and Atmel's 8-bit ATMega 1281 microcontroller, have been demonstrated to be effective in collecting data for localized damage detection (such as for loose bolt detection) and for sensor self-diagnostics. Previouslydeveloped nodes rely on radio telemetry and off-board processing (usually via a PC) to ascertain damage presence or sensor condition. Recent firmware improvements for the wireless impedance device (WID) now allow seamless integration of the WID with SHMTools and mFUSE, an open-source function sequencer and SHM process platform for Matlab. Furthermore, SHM processes developed using mFUSE can be implemented in hardware on the WID, allowing greater autonomy among the sensor nodes to identify and report damage in real time. This paper presents the capabilities of the newly integrated hardware and software, as well as experimental validation.
Dr. James Gallagher’s Concern for Gifted Learners Beyond Academics

In a tribute to her father, Shelagh Gallagher (2014) wrote, “[James] Gallagher spent his life carving a path from what education was to what it could be for children at the edges of the educational system” (p. 330). As a national and international leader in both the field of special education and gifted and talented education, Gallagher’s concerns for the individuals at both ends of the spectrum extended beyond academics. Although he is primarily known for his tireless lobbying to establish national and state policies that would promote a commitment to research, curriculum development, technical assistance, evaluation, and other necessary support systems to create an effective educational infrastructure for gifted children (J. J. Gallagher, 2013), his ultimate concerns were for the well-being of students and a nation that he believed desperately needed their developed talents in the face of international competitors.
Biodegradation of trichloroethylene by bacteria indigenous to a contaminated site

Abstract Bacteria indigenous to a trichloroethylene (TCE) contaminated site were exposed to 0.56 and 6.7 mg L‐1 TCE. Under the aerobic, oligotrophic conditions of the microcosms, the populations were able to degrade TCE and to increase their numbers by two orders of magnitude within one week. No other substrate was added. The average TCE disappearances were 47 percent and 33 percent for initial TCE concentrations of 0.56 and 6.7 mg L‐1, respectively. No TCE disappearance was observed in controls. Results of individual microcosms suggest that bacteria degraded TCE to levels as low as 1–2 percent of the initial concentration. Lag times of 14 and 18 days were observed for the 0.56 and 6.7 mg L‐1 concentration microcosms, respectively. Bacterial population shifts were noted throughout the experiment. None of the isomers of a dehalogenation reaction were found.
Planimetric measurement of total lung capacity in asthma.

This study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of a radiographic-planimetric method of estimating total lung capacity in asthma. The technique involved utilizes the routine posterior-anterior (PA) and lateral chest roentgenogram and a polarizing planimeter. Results of total lung capacity obtained by this method in 33 patients were compared with results obtained from conventional methods using helium dilution and body plethysmography combined with routine spirometry. Correlation coefficients of 0.93 for planimetry and helium dilution (p
Novel nano-composite biomaterials that respond to light

Composites of nanoparticles and polymers are finding wide applications to alter material properties, conductivity, and utility. Here, we show that nano-composites can be designed to heat in the presence of near infrared light. This process is useful in transitioning materials through a transition temperature for a range of applications. For example, shape-memory materials (including polymers, metals, and ceramics) are those that are processed into a temporary shape and respond to some external stimuli (e.g., temperature) to undergo a transition back to a permanent shape and may be useful in a range of applications from aerospace to fabrics, to biomedical devices and microsystem components. In this work, we formulated composites of gold nanorods (<1% by volume) and biodegradable networks, where exposure to infrared light induced heating and consequently, shape transitions. The heating is repeatable and tunable based on nanorod concentration and light intensity.
Bayes nets for selective perception and data fusion

Selective perception sequentially collects evidence to support a specified hypothesis about a scene, as long as the additional evidence is worth the effort of obtaining it. Efficiency comes from selecting the best scene locations, resolution, and vision operators, where `best' is defined as some function of benefit and cost (typically, their ratio or difference). Selective vision implies knowledge about the scene domain and the imaging operators. We use Bayes nets for representation and benefit-cost analysis in a selective vision system with both visual and non-visual actions in real and simulated static and dynamic environments. We describe sensor fusion, dynamic scene, and multi-task applications.
Kiss your PLC

Abstract The sage adage, “ Keep it small and simple ,” provides a memorable acronym (KISS) and good advice for any venture involving complex computers. Yesteryear efforts to incorporate this technology into the traditionally conservative realm of water and wastewater engineering all too often overlooked this KISS approach, however, falling headlong into an electronic abyss that still haunts those plants that strayed too far too fast. Hence, the field has recently begun to shift downward in scale and sophistication, towards a hardware grouping largely dominated by a low-end product known as a programmable logic controller (PLC). Indeed, these PLC's systems appear to offer a prime opportunity for small-to-medium scale water and wastewater treatment facilities to explore a wide range of monitoring and control regimes with minimal financial risk…fully within the KISS context! This paper will, therefore, explore the conceptual development of three small-scale PLC applications that largely emphasize a process oversight or “caretaker” role, but which also have clear potential to incorporate additional missions and responsibilities relative to their affiliated control requirements.
Up the down escalator: How to open the door. Comments on professionalism and academic credentials in child care

This paper considers the ways in which academic settings can enhance the professionalization of the child care field. The nature of a profession and professional organizations are described and related to the function of academic institutions and the role of academic leaders. The necessity for the preparation of senior academic leadership is emphasized and an approach to graduate education in child care emphasizing the synthesis of the knowledge and procedures of relevant disciplines is developed.
On the Complexities of Selected Satisfiability and Equivalence Queries over Boolean Formulas and Inclusion Queries over Hulls

This paper is concerned with the computational complexities of three types of queries, namely, satisfiability, equivalence, and hull inclusion. The first two queries are analyzed over the domain of CNF formulas, while hull inclusion queries are analyzed over continuous and discrete sets defined by rational polyhedra. Although CNF formulas can be represented by polyhedra over discrete sets, we analyze them separately on account of their distinct structure. In particular, we consider the NAESAT and XSAT versions of satisfiability over HornCNF, 2CNF, and Horn ⊕ 2CNF formulas. These restricted families find applications in a number of practical domains. From the hull inclusion perspective, we are primarily concerned with the question of checking whether two succinct descriptions of a set of points are equivalent. In particular, we analyze the complexities of integer hull inclusion over 2SAT and Horn polyhedra. Hull inclusion problems are important from the perspective of deriving minimal descriptions of point sets. One of the surprising consequences of our work is the stark difference in complexities between equivalence problems in the clausal and polyhedral domains for the same polyhedral structure.
Formation of Complexes of Fluorocarbons and Fluorocarbon Derivatives with Polar Hydrocarbons, Polar Polymers, Proteins and Polypeptides

VARIOUS studies started four years ago have suggested that complexes form between —CF2 and —CF3 groups and polar groups such as —OH, —NH2, —SH, —RNH, etc. This interaction appears to be independent of the position of these polar groups and has been observed in solution as well as in solids. Thus, it is quite different from urea-hydrocarbon complexes1.
MENTORING URBAN INTERNS: AMALGAMATION OF EXPERIENCES IN THE FORMATION OF MATHEMATICS TEACHERS

In this study, eleven K–8 mathematics urban interns' perceptions of their mentoring support systems and factors that influenced their ability to teach mathematics were examined. Semi-structured interviews revealed that district and grade-level campus mentors provided the greatest amount of mathematics instruction and pedagogically based support to interns. Three factors most instrumental in developing the ability to teach mathematics were (a) manipulative use, (b) planning of classroom instruction and activities, and (c) execution of the lesson. Four factors hindering interns' abilities to teach mathematics included (a) mathematics-specific skills; (b) instructional-based strategies, but not necessarily math-specific; (c) mentoring-support assistance; and (d) general or non-content specific hindrances.
Biochemical and structural applications of scanning force microscopy

Abstract Significant progress in scanning force microscope (SFM) imaging of biological systems, from cells to molecules, has occurred during the past year. The first part of this paper reviews the most important biochemical and structural results obtained during the last twelve months using the standard contact mode of imaging. The second part discusses latest technical advances that are likely to play a major role in the study of biological systems in the near future. Finally, the third part describes the recent use of the SFM as a non-imaging tool to measure single molecule mechanics.
Instability of vortex textures in the two-dimensional Hubbard model

The Hubbard model on a two-dimensional square lattice is investigated within an unrestricted, inhomogeneous Hartree-Fock approximation. Vortexlike states discussed by Verge\ifmmode\acute\else\textasciiacute\fi{}s et al. [Phys. Rev. B 43, 6099 (1991)] are studied in detail. They are found to be unstable against transverse spin fluctuations. Doping of holes does not suppress these fluctuations strongly enough to stabilize the vortex states.
Distributional Effects of Household Linkages

The study uses input-output models with disaggregated household sectors to demonstrate that important interhousehold linkages are ignored in standard input-output models of both rural and urban regions. The results indicate that higher-income households are not strongly linked to low-income households and that, given equal changes in exogenous income, low-income households will have much higher impacts on the local economy than high-income households. In addition, significant differences in household linkages were found between rural and urban regions.
Horizontal Anisotropy Determined by Pumping in Two Powder River Basin Coal Aquifers, Montana

Hydraulic anisotropic behavior was determined for the Sawyer-A and Anderson coal aquifers (Tongue River Member of Paleocene Fort Union Formation) by five-well and four-well aquifer tests, respectively. The average maximum hydraulic conductivity of 0.65 m/d (2.13 ft/d) for the Sawyer-A coal aquifer bears N. 85° E. The average minimum hydraulic conductivity, which is perpendicular to the maximum, is 0.26 m/d (0.85 ft/d). Aquifer heterogeneity in the form of poorly developed coal cleat is believed to be responsible for a wide range of principal-axis orientations determined by a five-well test performed on the Sawyer-A coal aquifer. The maximum hydraulic conductivity of the Anderson coal aquifer is 0.20 m/d (0.66 ft/d) and bears N. 32° W. The minimum hydraulic conductivity is 0.07 m/d (0.23 ft/d). When coal cleat orientation and development are unknown, a five-well aquifer test proves more beneficial than a four-well test in analyzing the reliability of the results. Well storage and aquifer dewatering affected the drawdowns of the pumped well during both tests. However, such effects were minimal, as indicated by drawdowns in observation wells at a distance as small as 13m (44 ft) from the pumped well. Average hydraulic conductivity determined from drawdowns observed at the pumped wells alone were lower than average values determined from a multiple-well analysis.
Gain depression due to undulator field errors in the UCSB FEL

Abstract The linearly polarized undulator for the single stage free electron laser (FEL) experiment at UCSB is made of cobalt-samarium permanent magnets. It can provide a maximum field of 850 G on axis with ±2% uniformity. Numerical simulation of the electron beam transport through the undulator shows strong focusing betatron oscillations in the vertical direction. In the horizontal plane, typical beam trajectories have fluctuating amplitudes comparable to the laser beam radius. As a result of this, the laser gain is reduced by 30%. Numerical analysis of the bandwidth broadening of the spontaneous emission is discussed. Field imperfection in the undulator reduces electron beam recovery, which also reduces laser gain. With a maximum recovery rate of 97%, the gain is reduced by 1% due to electron beam energy shift. It can be reduced more with less recovery rate.
Modular MR-compatible lower leg exercise device for whole-body scanners

Purpose To develop a modular MR-compatible lower leg exercise device for muscle testing using a clinical 3 T MR scanner.
At last, the structure of an ion-selective channel

Ion channels allow specific ions to flow across the cell membrane at rates of ten million ions per second with error rates of only 1 in 1,000. The structure of a protein that accomplishes this feat has now been discovered.
Generation and immunologic functions of Th17 cells in malignant gliomas

Th17 cells, a recently discovered inflammatory T cell subtype, have been implicated with autoimmune disorders. However, mechanism of generation or functions of intratumoral Th17 cells are still unclear. We have been investigating the mechanism of induction and role of Th17 cells in malignant gliomas using primary tumor as well as cell lines. We report here that: (1) a higher frequency of Th17 cells in gliomas were associated with higher number of myeloid (CD11b) cells as well as the expression of TGF-β1 or IL-6; (2) conditioned medium from glioma cells (Gl CM) induced Th17 cell differentiation, which was inhibited by anti-TGF-β1 and anti-IL-6; (3) glioma-associated monocytes secreted Th17-promoting cytokines IL-1β and IL-23; (4) CM from glioma and monocyte co-culture (Gl+Mo CM) induced high frequency of Th17 cells in naive T cell culture, which was abrogated by anti-IL-1β and anti-IL-23 antibodies; (5) In vitro Gl+Mo CM-mediated Th17 generation was associated with a decrease in IFN-γ and a concomitant increase in IL-10 secretion. Anti-TGF-β1, but not anti-IL-6, significantly reversed this cytokine profile. These results demonstrate prevalence of Th17 cells in gliomas and implicate the cytokines derived from the tumor as well as infiltrating myeloid cells in the induction of Th17 cells in glioma microenvironment. Moreover, the data also suggest that glioma-associated Th17 cells may contribute to immune-suppression via TGF-β1-induced IL-10 secretion. Further studies on the mechanism of tumor-infiltration, developmental pathways, and pro-/anti-tumor functions of Th17 cells will provide rationale for developing novel adjuvant immunotherapeutic strategies for malignant gliomas.
Effect of metallic and hyperbolic metamaterial surface on electric and magnetic dipole emission

Spontaneous emission patterns of electric and magnetic dipoles on different material surfaces were studied numerically and experimentally. The results show the modified behavior of electric and magnetic dipoles on metallic and HMM surfaces.
Prevalence of low-titer and “negative” antithyroglobulin antibodies in biopsy-proved juvenile Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Although the finding of antithyroglobulin antibodies has been considered the mostuseful diagnostic procedure for nonbiopsy diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, we found titers
Pulmonary hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea: is it clinically significant? A critical analysis of the association and pathophysiology

The development of pulmonary hypertension is a poor prognostic sign in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and affects both mortality and quality of life. Although pulmonary hypertension in OSA is traditionally viewed as a result of apneas and intermittent hypoxia during sleep, recent studies indicate that neither of these factors correlates very well with pulmonary artery pressure. Human data show that pulmonary hypertension in the setting of OSA is, in large part, due to left heart dysfunction with either preserved or diminished ejection fraction. Longstanding increased left heart filling pressures eventually lead to pulmonary venous hypertension. The combination of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary venous hypertension with abnormal production of mediators will result in vascular cell proliferation and aberrant vascular remodeling leading to pulmonary hypertension. These changes are in many ways similar to those seen in other forms of pulmonary hypertension and suggest shared mechanisms. The majority of patients with OSA do not receive a diagnosis and are undertreated. Appreciating the high prevalence and understanding the mechanisms of pulmonary hypertension in OSA would lead to better recognition and management of the condition.
Long-term rescue of a familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by a mutation in the thin filament protein, tropomyosin, via modulation of a calcium cycling protein

We have recently shown that a temporary increase in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) cycling via adenovirus-mediated overexpression of sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase (SERCA2) transiently improves relaxation and delays hypertrophic remodeling in a familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) caused by a mutation in the thin filament protein, tropomyosin (i.e., α-TmE180G or Tm180). In this study, we sought to permanently alter calcium fluxes via phospholamban (PLN) gene deletion in Tm180 mice in order to sustain long-term improvements in cardiac function and adverse cardiac remodeling/hypertrophy. While similar work has been done in FHCs resulting from mutations in thick myofilament proteins, no one has studied these effects in an FHC resulting from a thin filament protein mutation. Tm180 transgenic (TG) mice were crossbred with PLN knockout (KO) mice and four groups were studied in parallel: 1) non-TG (NTG), 2) Tm180, 3) PLNKO/NTG and 4) PLNKO/Tm180. Tm180 mice exhibit increased heart weight/body weight and hypertrophic gene markers compared to NTG mice, but levels in PLNKO/Tm180 mice were similar to NTG. Tm180 mice also displayed altered function as assessed via in situ pressure-volume analysis and echocardiography at 3-6 months and one year; however, altered function in Tm180 mice was rescued back to NTG levels in PLNKO/Tm180 mice. Collagen deposition, as assessed by Picrosirius Red staining, was increased in Tm180 mice but was similar in NTG and in PLNKO/Tm180 mice. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation increased in Tm180 mice while levels in PLNKO/Tm180 mice were similar to NTGs. The present study shows that by modulating SR calcium cycling, we were able to rescue many of the deleterious aspects of FHC caused by a mutation in the thin filament protein, Tm.
Rheological Properties of Nonfat Yogurt Stabilized Using Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus Producing Exopolysaccharide or Using Commercial Stabilizer Systems

Properties of yogurts made using three strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus that produce exopolysaccharide or made with a nonproducing strain, with and without addition of commercial stabilizer blends, were compared. A simple test, developed to measure the extensibility of yogurts, was able to discriminate yogurt made with exopolysaccharide-producing strains from yogurt made with the nonproducing strain and to discriminate among yogurts made with different exopolysaccharide-producing strains. The force required to penetrate the surface of yogurt made with exopolysaccharide-producing strains was less than that needed for yogurts made with the nonproducing strain. Yogurt made with exopolysaccharide-producing strains exhibited less shear thinning than products made with the nonproducing strain. Storage and loss moduli decreased monotonically as strain exceeded 5% for yogurts made using the nonproducing strain. Both moduli decreased monotonically between 5 and 10% strain for yogurt made with the exopolysaccharide-producing strains but exhibited an inflection in the slope between 10 and 100% strain. These data are consistent with a mechanism for shear-induced structural degradation of yogurt made using exopolysaccharide-producing strains in which polymer associated with the casein network prevents disruption of portions of the network.
Said Another Way. Nursing Over the Last 40 Years: A Personal Perspective

Nursing is multidimensional, interaface, interdisciplinary, and complex. Almost anything that can be said about nursing can be said another way. Some things worth being said and heard will not follow the norms of journal presentation. A forum accommodates the emerging voice, the new format, the innovative approach. Nursing Forum, in an effort to honor the independent voice in nursing, presents, here the voice who elects to enter the dialogue, but who does so “in another way.”
Attachment and cognitive skills: An investigation of mediating mechanisms

Associations between maternal attachment patterns and cognitive skills at first grade were examined, and mediators of identified associations tested using Phase I and II data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Care and Youth Development, a prospective study of 1364 children and families from birth through sixth grade. There were three main findings. First, ambivalent and insecure/other attachment patterns were negative predictors of cognitive skills. Second, the association between ambivalent attachment and cognitive skills was mediated by children's behaviors related to testing. Third, the association between insecure/other attachment and cognitive skills was mediated by children's exploration, maternal instruction, children's social relationships, and children's behaviors related to testing. Implications for attachment theory and education are discussed.
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF STATE TERROR

This paper analyzes factors contributing to terrorism, using its initial meaning from the French Revolution in which the state is the terrorist. The independent economic variables are mineral exports/GDP, military expenditures/GDP, real GDP growth, real per capita GDP, and population density, and the dependent variable is democide, the murder of people by government. Analysis of the data indicates that mineral exports and poor economic performance (both level and growth of income) increase the probability of democides. However, once regime type (democracy) is controlled for, only mineral exports remain statistically robust. Therefore, the control of rents seems to be a major factor contributing to democides.
ANATEST: A program to generate geometric analogy problems varying in number of elements and number of transformations

Several recent studies have attempted to identify theinformation-processing components involved in analo­gical reasoning. Some have focused specifically on geo­metric analogies, in which terms of the analogy aregeometric shapes that can be related to one another bytheir degrees of rotation, the number of shapes in eachterm, the number of sides forming each shape, and otherproperties of the figures. Under current information­processing models of analogical reasoning, each anal­ogy term is seen as having defining characteristics orattribute dimensions, and each takes on specific val­ues along these dimensions. For example, in the ver­bal analogy FATHER:SON: :MOTHER..., FATHERcan be represented as a set of attribute values,
Total Occlusion of the Left Main Coronary Artery

An extremely rare case with total occlusion of the left main coronary artery is described. The role of collaterals from the right coronary artery in the maintenance of adequate left ventricular function and in the patient's survival is discussed. The need for emergency aortocoronary bypass surgery, once the lesion is discovered, is stressed. An excellent clinical result of aortocoronary bypass surgery in a patient followed for more than 2 years with a usually fatal condition is shown.
Early environmental factors in autism

Genetic and environmental influences are not mutually exclusive as causes of birth defects. Rather, both contribute to the etiology of many congenital anomalies. Recent results from studies of autism in twins argue that this is the case for autism spectrum disorders. Thus, even after the genetic causes of autism are known, it will be necessary to identify environmental factors that contribute to the expression of the symptoms. The first half of this review describes what has been learned from research on exogenous influences in autism, discussing studies of infections, inoculations, general pre- and perinatal factors, family histories, and drug and chemical exposures. The second discusses gene-environment interactions in other birth defects and the methods by which teratogens have been discovered. The role of known genetic syndromes in the etiology of autism is discussed with attention to whether their associations with the disorder are genetic or teratologic in nature. MRDD Research Reviews 1998;4:121–128. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Physical and Electrical Standardization Program for the AEC

The development of the functional standards program for the AEC Atomic Weapons System is traced. The needs for such a general program and the factors which influenced decisions for both general organization and choices of equipment are outlined. The technical and administrative guidance provided by NBS personnel is emphasized. Briefly mentioned are audits, intercomparisons with other like laboratories, and technical publications for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a broad coordinated standards program. (auth)