cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Language Ideologies in the Arabic Diglossia of Egypt

This paper surveys studies on language ideologies in the Arabic diglossic environment of present-day Egypt. Specifically, it discusses linguistic and cultural implications of language ideologies associated with Classical Arabic (CA), Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), Egyptian Arabic (EA), and English in the Cairo area. The language ideologies of these varieties are a product of both the past and the present: they emerged during British colonialism in the late nineteenth century and are maintained in the postcolonial climate through discourses on the purity of Classical Arabic, on the linguistic corruption of the dialects, and on the increasing use of English as a symbol of Western capitalism and modernity. Aligning with Woolard’s (1998) definition of language ideology as a mediating link between linguistic features and social processes, this study demonstrates how language ideologies are communicated in structural aspects of the language varieties in the Arabic diglossia and how Egyptians use language varieties strategically to access the symbolic power of these ideologies. It argues that studies of language ideologies, language features, and discursive interaction are inseparable in uncovering how language is used in the Arabic diglossia in Egypt.
Perfluorooctanoate and changes in anthropometric parameters with age in young girls in the Greater Cincinnati and San Francisco Bay Area.

Methods We conducted a study of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance biomarkers, including PFOA, in girls from Greater Cincinnati (CIN, N = 353) and the San Francisco Bay Area (SFBA, N = 351). PFOA was measured in the baseline serum sample collected in 2004–2007 of 704 girls at age 6–8 years. Mixed effects models were used to derive the effect of PFOA on BMI, waist-to-height and waist-to-hip ratios over increasing age in this longitudinal cohort. Results Median PFOA serum concentrations were 7.3 (CIN) and 5.8 (SFBA) ng/mL, above the U.S. population median for children 12–19 years in 2005–2006 (3.8 ng/mL). Log-transformed serum PFOA had a strong inverse association with BMIz in the CIN girls (p = 0.0002) and the combined two-site data (p = 0.0008); the joint inverse effect of PFOA and Age*PFOA weakened at age at 10–11 years. However, in the SFBA group alone, the relationship was not significant (p = 0.1641) with no evidence of changing effect with age. The effect of PFOA on waist:height ratio was similar to BMIz at both sites, but we did not find a significant effect of PFOA on waist:hip ratio in either the CIN or SFBA girls. Conclusions PFOA is associated with decreased BMI and waist:height ratio in young girls, but the strength of the relationship decreases with age. Site heterogeneity may be due to greater early life exposure in Cincinnati. Disclaimer The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the CDC, the Public Health Service, or the US Department of Health and Human Services.
A Framework for Time-Consistent, Risk-Sensitive Model Predictive Control: Theory and Algorithms

In this paper, we present a framework for risk-sensitive model predictive control (MPC) of linear systems affected by stochastic multiplicative uncertainty. Our key innovation is to consider a time-consistent, dynamic risk evaluation of the cumulative cost as the objective function to be minimized. This framework is axiomatically justified in terms of time-consistency of risk assessments, is amenable to dynamic optimization, and is unifying in the sense that it captures a full range of risk preferences from risk neutral (i.e., expectation) to worst case. Within this framework, we propose and analyze an online risk-sensitive MPC algorithm that is provably stabilizing. Furthermore, by exploiting the dual representation of time-consistent, dynamic risk measures, we cast the computation of the MPC control law as a convex optimization problem amenable to real-time implementation. Simulation results are presented and discussed.
Applied Theatre in Peacebuilding and Development

Blending autoethnographic approaches with critical analysis, this article explores the intersection of arts-based praxis in peacebuilding and development in peace studies and conflict resolution (P...
Towards optimal control of air handling units using deep reinforcement learning and recurrent neural network

Abstract Optimal control of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVACs) aims to minimize the energy consumption of equipment while maintaining the thermal comfort of occupants. Traditional rule-based control methods are not optimized for HVAC systems with continuous sensor readings and actuator controls. Recent developments in deep reinforcement learning (DRL) enabled control of HVACs with continuous sensor inputs and actions, while eliminating the need of building complex thermodynamic models. DRL control includes an environment, which approximates real-world HVAC operations; and an agent, that aims to achieve optimal control over the HVAC. Existing DRL control frameworks use simulation tools (e.g., EnergyPlus) to build DRL training environments with HVAC systems information, but oversimplify building geometrics. This study proposes a framework aiming to achieve optimal control over Air Handling Units (AHUs) by implementing long-short-term-memory (LSTM) networks to approximate real-world HVAC operations to build DRL training environments. The framework also implements state-of-the-art DRL algorithms (e.g., deep deterministic policy gradient) for optimal control over the AHUs. Three AHUs, each with two-years of building automation system (BAS) data, were used as testbeds for evaluation. Our LSTM-based DRL training environments, built using the first year's BAS data, achieved an average mean square error of 0.0015 across 16 normalized AHU parameters. When deployed in the testing environments, which were built using the second year's BAS data of the same AHUs, the DRL agents achieved 27%–30% energy saving comparing to the actual energy consumption, while maintaining the predicted percentage of discomfort (PPD) at 10%.
Metaeugenics and Metaresistance: From Manufacturing the ‘Includeable Body’ to Walking Away from the Broom Closet

The governance of rights is a complex project of exercising ethical discretion in a systemically unethical society. This paper troubles the efficacy of rights as governable by exposing tensions within and between the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Grounded in a critical disability studies perspective, I question the possibility of respecting disability as a natural part of human diversity while simultaneously proposing that disabled children have a right to intervention. Who governs the definition of “health”, of “development”, of “access”, or of “best interests”? I interrogate the function of rights-based discourses in a global culture that has yet to fully abandon the project of eugenics. I present disturbing relations between researcher and subject in case studies of wearable technologies for autism intervention as a challenging site of analysis for the ethics of these interventions. I call us to question who truly benefits when we engage in the production of ‘includable bodies’ rather than the deconstruction of exclusionary environments.
The New Competition in Multilateral Norm-Setting: Transnational Feminists & the Illiberal Backlash

Global norm-setting to advance women's rights has historically been a fertile area for feminist activism. These efforts in multilateral institutions have also, however, attracted a transnationally ...
Cost-Effectiveness of Pneumococcal Vaccination Policies and Uptake Programs in US Older Populations.

Background/objectives Recently revised vaccination recommendations for US adults, aged 65 years and older, include both 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), with PCV13 now recommended for immunocompetent older people based on shared decision making. The public health impact and cost-effectiveness of this recommendation or of pneumococcal vaccine uptake improvement interventions are unclear. Design Markov decision analysis. Setting and participants Hypothetical 65-year-old general and black population cohorts. Intervention Current pneumococcal vaccination recommendations for US older people, an alternative policy omitting PCV13 in immunocompetent older people, and vaccine uptake improvement programs. Results The current pneumococcal vaccination recommendation was the most effective strategy, but afforded slight public health benefits compared to an alternative (PPSV23 for all older people plus PCV13 for the immunocompromised) and cost greater than $750 000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained in either population group with a vaccine uptake improvement program (absolute uptake increase = 12.3%; cost = $1.78/eligible patient) in place. The alternative strategy was more economically favorable, but cost greater than $100 000/QALY in either population, with or without an uptake intervention. Results were robust in sensitivity analyses; however, in black older people, the alternative strategy with an uptake program was most likely to be favored in probabilistic sensitivity analyses at a $150 000/QALY gained threshold. Conclusion Current pneumococcal vaccination recommendations for US older people are economically unfavorable compared to an alternative strategy omitting PCV13 in the immunocompetent. The alternative recommendation with an uptake improvement program may be economically reasonable in black population analyses and could be worth considering as a population-wide recommendation if mitigating racial disparities is a priority. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1271-1278, 2020.
Student Perceptions of Fairness and Security in a Versioned Programming Exam

Using multiple versions of exams is a common exam security technique to prevent cheating in a variety of contexts. While psycho-metric techniques are routinely used by large high-stakes testing companies to ensure equivalence between exam versions, such approaches are generally cost and effort prohibitive for individual classrooms. As such, exam versions practically present a tension between exam security (which is enhanced by the versioning) and fairness (which results from difficulty variation between versions). In this work, we surveyed students on their perceptions of this trade-off between exam security and fairness on a versioned programming exam and found that significant populations value each aspect over the other. Furthermore, we found that students' expression of concerns about unfairness was not correlated to whether they had received harder versions of the course's most recent exam, but was correlated to lower overall course performance.
Modified Papanicolaou staining for oral swab samples stored long term

Pathologists collect swab samples for Papanicolaou (Pap) staining to diagnose various diseases including cancer and HIV. Time constraints and limited resources, may preclude staining a sample immediately. To re-confirm results, samples must be frozen for later analysis. We present a method for Pap staining cells that have been stored long term. An effective method for Pap staining of frozen cells should enable flexibility for processing samples.
What learning tools do students prefer? An assessment of undergraduate business courses

Universities strive to acquire resources to improve learning outcomes for students. This paper describes technology introduced in core undergraduate business classes and students’ assessment of the...
A Reflexive History of Jews in Classical Sociological Theorizing of Modernity

A reflexive history of sociological thought calls for uncovering the hidden intellectual assumptions that shape social theorizing often in unfruitful ways. According to Pierre Bourdieu, small number of binary oppositions haunt contemporary thinking by forcing unreflected perceptions into taken-for-granted alternatives that divide, simplify, and rank complex and interconnected social realities into rigid hierarchical classifications. Such is the case in much theorizing of the transition from traditional to modern societies --- the modernity problematic --- that is a unifying theme in classical social theory. Chad Goldberg, in Modernity and the Jews in Western Social Thought , deploys this kind of reflexive analysis by showing how the Jew/gentile binary has figured, sometimes positively mostly negatively, in the theoretical imagination of many of the classical sociologists in their views of modernization.
Nudging a Slow‐Moving High‐Margin Product in a Supply Chain with Constrained Capacity

For a slow‐moving high‐margin product, we demonstrate the viability of an information‐based nudging strategy. The motivation to study this problem was because a firm faced availability constraints for one of its slow‐moving high‐margin products, but the available quantities still exceeded the current demand. To identify customers to nudge, we develop a support vector machine (SVM) approach to rank order the customers based on their propensity to purchase the product. The underlying notion in our approach is that Type I errors, to be defined in the paper, in our classifier are not necessarily problematic but are potential nudging targets. Also, as a consequence, traditional ways of evaluating classifiers (with Type I and Type II errors) are not appropriate. Therefore, we conduct a field experiment to evaluate how well the identified customers are nudged through information and/or couponing. We find that in terms of the successful nudges, our SVM‐based approach performed better than other approaches. The experiment also generated insights about when couponing as opposed to information is more effective when nudging.
The Clinical Usefulness of Chromosome Abnormalities in Acute Leukemia

Considerable excitement has been generated recently by newer techniques for the cytogenetic analysis of acute leukemia. Older, less precise, methods of analysis suggested that approximately 50% of patients with either ANLL or ALL had karyotype abnormalities in the leukemic cell population. However, it was thought that the chromosomal abnormalities detected were random rather than specific changes. The application of banding techniques, primarily quinacrine fluorescence (Q) and Giemsa (G), has permitted more detailed characterization of structural rearrangements within chromosomes. This has meant that gross morphologic alterations in the shape of the chromosome did not have to be present for abnormalities to be detected. It is now possible to precisely identify individual chromosomes despite deletions and translocations. Moreover, for unknown reasons, culture techniques, with or without methotrexate synchronization, increase relative to direct techniques the yield of mitoses containing the clonal chromosome abnormality, at least in ANLL (Berger et al. 1980a; Carbonell et al. 1979; Knuutila et al. 1980, 1981; Waghray et al. 1981; Fitzgerald et al. 1982; Hagemeijer et al. 1979; Yunis et al. 1981). By applying banding and various culture as well as direct techniques, and by obtaining adequate samples pretreatment of bone marrow, nonrandom chromosome changes can now be identified in the majority of patients with acute leukemia.
P-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar for Planetary Subsurface Imaging Applications

The Space Exploration Synthetic Aperture Radar (SESAR) is a new P-band radar instrument development for planetary applications that will enable unprecedented surface and near-subsurface measurements of planetary bodies including the Moon, Mars, and asteroids. The radar will measure full polarimetry at meter scale resolution, and achieve beam agility through programmable digital beamforming architecture. The radar features a low power, lightweight, modular design, specifically developed to meet stringent launch and operation requirements of planetary instruments. A prototype SESAR system is currently being developed under NASA's MATISSE (Maturation of Instruments for Solar System Exploration) program.
An indirect immediate-load prosthetic protocol using a novel-winged analog.

UNLABELLED Immediate loading of implants has increasingly become the preferred treatment modality for both patients and clinicians. While the concept has been accepted as the preferred method of treatment, there are various options in terms of completing the actual procedure. This article will discuss the utilization of a novel-winged analog in combination with polyvinylsiloxane-casting material. This correlation allows for the rapid chairside development of a high-precision cast. On this cast, a conversion denture is transformed into an interim fixed prosthesis. Both the conventional analog as well as the computer-guided protocols will be described herein. LEARNING OBJECTIVES This article discusses a simplified, indirect method for placing an interim fixed prosthesis utilizing a novel-winged analog and polyvinylsiloxane casting material. Upon reading this article, the reader should: Understand the benefits attributed to the immediate loading of dental implants. Become familiar with the differences between conventional open-flap surgery and treatment protocol utilizing CAD/CAM technology.
Understanding the most commonly billed diagnoses in primary care: General medical exam.

ABSTRACT This is the ninth article in a 12-part series on the most commonly billed diagnoses in primary care. The purpose of the adult general medical exam is health promotion, disease prevention, early disease detection, and management of chronic disease processes.
A Changed Court

On June 10, 1916, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes resigned from the Court so that he could campaign full-time for the Presidency of the United States on the Republican ticket. The move turned out, eventually, to be a double blessing for sitting President Woodrow Wilson of the Democratic Party. First, in the summer, Wilson nominated John H. Clarke — like Wilson, a Democrat and a Progressive — to replace Hughes at the Court. Clarke was promptly confirmed and commissioned, and he took office on July 24. Second, in the autumn, Wilson ran for reelection and defeated Hughes on November 7. And it was, in addition, a busy year for speculation, staff changes, and sentimental expressions at the Court.
Where are the undiscovered hydrothermal vents on oceanic spreading ridges

Abstract In nearly four decades since the discovery of deep-sea vents, one-third of the length of global oceanic spreading ridges has been surveyed for hydrothermal activity. Active submarine vent fields are now known along the boundaries of 46 out of 52 recognized tectonic plates. Hydrothermal survey efforts over the most recent decade were sparked by national and commercial interests in the mineral resource potential of seafloor hydrothermal deposits, as well as by academic research. Here we incorporate recent data for back-arc spreading centers and ultraslow- and slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges (MORs) to revise a linear equation relating the frequency of vent fields along oceanic spreading ridges to spreading rate. We apply this equation globally to predict a total number of vent fields on spreading ridges, which suggests that ~900 vent fields remain to be discovered. Almost half of these undiscovered vent fields (comparable to the total of all vent fields discovered during 35 years of research) are likely to occur at MORs with full spreading rates less than 60 mm/yr. We then apply the equation regionally to predict where these hydrothermal vents may be discovered with respect to plate boundaries and national jurisdiction, with the majority expected to occur outside of states' exclusive economic zones. We hope that these predictions will prove useful to the community in the future, in helping to shape continuing ridge-crest exploration.
Advertising and Welfare

In the previous chapter, we saw that approximately 2% of GDP is spent on advertising each year. For most of us, it is impossible to escape advertising, as it is found on television and radio, in movie theaters, and on the Internet. Advertising spending is especially prominent in consumer goods industries. The advertising-to-sales ratio exceeds 10% in many consumer goods industries, including liquor, perfume, and cosmetics, but is less than 1% in most producer goods industries, such as cement and industrial materials.
Implementing Extreme Programming in Distributed Software Project Teams: Strategies and Challenges

Agile software development methods and distributed forms of organizing teamwork are two team process innovations that are gaining prominence in today’s demanding software development environment. Individually, each of these innovations has yielded gains in the practice of software development. Agile methods have enabled software project teams to meet the challenges of an ever turbulent business environment through enhanced flexibility and responsiveness to emergent customer needs. Distributed software project teams have enabled organizations to access highly specialized expertise across geographic locations. Although much progress has been made in understanding how to more effectively manage agile development teams and how to manage distributed software development teams, managers have little guidance on how to leverage these two potent innovations in combination. In this chapter, I outline some of the strategies and challenges associated with implementing agile methods in distributed software project teams. These are discussed in the context of a study of a large-scale software project in the United States that lasted four months.
Homes for Extraterrestrial Life

: Astronomers are now discovering giant planets orbiting other stars like the sun by the dozens. But none of these appears to be a small rocky planet like the earth, and thus these planets are unlikely to be capable of supporting life as we know it. The recent discovery of a system of three planets is especially significant because it supports the speculation that planetary systems, as opposed to single orbiting planets, may be common. Our ability to detect extrasolar planets will continue to improve, and space missions now in development should be able to detect earth-like planets.
The Flaws of Realism

Capital Beyond Borders: States and Firms in the Auto Industry, 1960–94 By Kenneth P. Thomas
Toward a general theory of motivation: Problems, challenges, opportunities, and the big picture

Motivation theories have tended to focus on specific motivations, leaving open the intellectually and scientifically challenging problem of how to construct a general theory of motivation. The requirements for such a theory are presented here. The primacy of motivation emphasizes that cognition, emotion, agency, and other psychological processes exist to serve motivation. Both state (impulses) and trait (basic drives) forms of motivation must be explained, and their relationship must be illuminated. Not all motivations are the same, and indeed it is necessary to explain how motivation evolved from the simple desires of simple animals into the complex, multifaceted forms of human motivation. Motivation responds to the local environment but may also adapt to it, such as when desires increase after satiation or diminish when satisfaction is chronically unavailable. Addiction may be a special case of motivation—but perhaps it is much less special or different than prevailing cultural stereotypes suggest. The relationship between liking and wanting, and the self-regulatory management of motivational conflict, also require explanation by an integrative theory.
Concurrent validity of physical therapist performed musculo-skeletal (MSK) diagnostic ultrasound imaging (DUI) vs MRI in detecting shoulder RTC tears

satisfaction, physiotherapists’ knowledge of and adherence to the CPG-LBP, as well as to compare the results of the two cycles. Methods: All physiotherapists (n= 9) in the Medical Cente participated. The Focus-PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle was selected as a tool for multi-faceted and continuous quality improvement. Physiotherapists were educated focusing on guideline recommendations and patient education, and receivedmonthly reminders. A competency test was conducted to test the therapists’ knowledge and ability in clinical decision-making. Patient files were audited to evaluate physiotherapists’ adherence to guideline recommendations based on thirteen quality indicators. Outcome of care in the second cycle was measured by assessing patients’ health status with the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QBPDS) and Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS-P). Adherence was calculated using descriptive statistics. Results of the second cycle and differences between the two cycles were analyzed with Chi-square statistics and Fisher’s exact test (p value = 0.05). Results: The competency test in the second cycle resulted in an average score of 73% in correct definitions and 60% in clinical decision–making. Adherence to guideline recommendations was derived from 44 patient files. For the diagnostic process, the overall percentages of adherencewere high (90% and 93% in first and second cycle respectively). Overall percentage of adherence in the treatment process improved significantly in the second cycle (42% and 64% for first and second cycle respectively). Health status of patients after treatment during the second cycle was improved significantly for the QBPDS and NRS-P. In the second cycle patients reported 85% agreement with the therapists’ education, 72% satisfaction with the outcome of care, and 70% in overall satisfaction with their recovery. Conclusion(s): A multi-faceted implementation strategy based on identifying barriers to change and continuous evaluation was effective in improving therapists’ adherence to CPG-LBP and patient satisfaction with care. Checking the feasibility of such an implementation strategy nationally is needed. Implications: To the knowledge of the authors this is the first study reporting compared results from two consecutive implementation cycles. Checking the feasibility of such an implementation strategy nationally is needed. Countries like Lebanon, where resources are scarce, can benefit from adopting foreign guidelines to stimulate evidence-based practice.
Iron transport across the blood–brain barrier: development, neurovascular regulation and cerebral amyloid angiopathy

There are two barriers for iron entry into the brain: (1) the brain–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier and (2) the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Here, we review the literature on developmental iron accumulation by the brain, focusing on the transport of iron through the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) of the BBB. We review the iron trafficking proteins which may be involved in the iron flux across BMVEC and discuss the plausible mechanisms of BMVEC iron uptake and efflux. We suggest a model for how BMVEC iron uptake and efflux are regulated and a mechanism by which the majority of iron is trafficked across the developing BBB under the direct guidance of neighboring astrocytes. Thus, we place brain iron uptake in the context of the neurovascular unit of the adult brain. Last, we propose that BMVEC iron is involved in the aggregation of amyloid-β peptides leading to the progression of cerebral amyloid angiopathy which often occurs prior to dementia and the onset of Alzheimer’s disease.
“Hotness” stability of chicken hot-wing products as affected by preparation methods and storage

Chicken hot-drumettes containing 2% cayenne pepper were prepared using three different cooking methods and stored under two different temperatures for "hotness" evaluation. Results demonstrated that the hotness of the samples were highest when products were cooked in a microwave oven, followed by convection oven, and least hot by deep-fat frying. Regardless of the cooking method, the degree of hotness of the hot-drumette decreased drastically during refrigerated storage. Results also indicated that the loss of hotness was associated with the increase of 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values in the product. The addition of antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), rosemary, and sodium nitrate during preparation or vacuum packaging retarded lipid oxidation of chicken hot-drumettes and retarded the loss of hotness of the products during refrigerated storage.
A local economy centre as experiential learning

Experiential learning can generate significant learning gains to students and deliver development benefits to the community. However, economists have been slow to embrace an experiential learning pedagogy where students experience events and integrate these events with their understanding of theory. When economists have employed experiential teaching techniques, it has been linked to a single course. A local economy centre (LEC) represents a new type of experiential learning opportunity that is scalable and replicable, and can mutually benefit students and the community. A LEC provides experiential learning outside of a course experience in a way that allows for a responsive relationship with the community and development of deep learning over a multiple year cycle. In our paper we begin with a discussion of what experiential learning is and the benefits to students and the community. We then describe the specifics of a LEC as a form of experiential learning where students collect and interpret economic data and conditions that are specific to a local community. We conclude with a discussion of how to adopt such a programme at other institutions.
Non-governmental organizations, strategic bridge building, and the “scientization” of organic agriculture in Kenya

This paper contributes to the growing social science scholarship on organic agriculture in the global South. A “boundary” framework is used to understand how negotiation among socially and geographically disparate social worlds (e.g., non-governmental organizations (NGOs), foreign donors, agricultural researchers, and small-scale farmers) has resulted in the diffusion of non-certified organic agriculture in Kenya. National and local NGOs dedicated to organic agriculture promotion, training, research, and outreach are conceptualized as “boundary organizations.” Situated at the intersection of multiple social worlds, these NGOs engage in “strategic bridge building” and “strategic boundary-work.” Strategic bridge building involves the creation and use of “boundary objects” and “hybrid forms” that serve as meeting grounds for otherwise disconnected social worlds. Strategic boundary-work involves efforts to “scientize,” and thereby legitimize, organic agriculture in the eyes of foreign donors, potential research collaborators, the Kenyan state, and farmers. Examples of strategic bridge building and boundary-work are presented in the paper. The Kenyan case illustrates that different social actors can unite around a shared objective – namely, the promotion and legitimization of organic agriculture as an alternative to the Green Revolution (GR) technological package.
Assessment of Pain in the Elderly Adult

The goals of a clinical assessment for pain in the elderly adult may be similar to those established for younger patients; however, unique characteristics of aging make this assessment more challenging for clinicians. The overarching goal of pain assessment in the elderly is to provide successful pain management. This article provides the clinician with the foundation to perform a successful pain assessment for older adults who are able to communicate by self-report. This provides a comprehensive base on which to build a relevant plan of care.
Calibration of piezoelectric bimorphs for experiments in a surface forces apparatus

A simple interferometric method is described to measure the time-dependent deformation of piezoelectric bimorphs driven by ac voltage. Applying this method to a bimorph assembly used to measure viscoelastic forces in a surface forces apparatus, we find that a sinusoidal-shaped harmonic drive voltage generates sinusoidal deformation but that a triangular-shaped harmonic drive voltage fails to produce triangular-shaped deformation if the drive frequency exceeds 1/100 of the resonance frequency. Sinusoidal displacement amplitudes as small as 0.1 nm were resolved.
ℒ1 subspaces ofl 1

It is proved that every subspace ofl 1 which is an Λ1, λ space with λ close enough to 1 is isomorphic tol 1.
On the Application of Science to the Fishing Industry

THE comments in NATURE of December 15, 1923, p. 872, on Prof. Stanley Gardiner's lecture on the above subject were read with interest. There is, indeed, much fault to be found with the operation of the fishing trade by any one of scientific training. In connexion with the statement that fishermen look askance at the mere mention of studying the plankton as a guide to placing fishing nets, however, it may be of interest to readers of NATURE to learn that plankton studies are rendering very material aid to the oyster industry in parts of the United States.
Reflections on Mediation

This commentary reviews the author's history with mediation. In the second part, the author attempts to explain why there is such interest in the topic. In the third part, the author comments on the five articles in this feature topic.
Corrigendum to “An activity-induced microRNA controls dendritic spine formation by regulating Rac1-PAK signaling” [YMCNE (2010) 146–156]

a Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA b Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA c Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA d Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA e Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA f Washington State University, Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, USA
Sol-gel processing of cordierite: Effect of seeding and optimization of heat treatment

Three series of cordierite powders were prepared by the sol-gel route: a single phase (monophasic) gel prepared from alkoxides, a nominally triphasic nanocomposite gel made with two nanosized powders and one solution phase, and a truly compositionally triphasic nanocomposite gel prepared from three nanosized powders. Crystalline α-cordierite seeds were also incorporated with the gels and their effectiveness as nucleating agents was investigated and found to lower the crystallization temperature of α-cordierite by 125–150°C. The densification behavior of powder compacts was examined and alterations made to the heat treatment until optimum conditions were found. The truly triphasic compact sintered at 1300°C for 2 h resulted in 100% of theoretical density whereas the nominally triphasic and monophasis pellets densified to 96% and 80%, respectively. The enhanced densification achieved with powder compacct prepared for triphasic nanocomposite gels is due to part to the excess free energy of the three components.
Management of frontal sinus mucoceles with posterior table erosion in the pretransplant cystic fibrosis population.

Abstract Background Chronic rhinosinusitis has been described as a universal finding in cystic fibrosis (CF). Much of the literature has focused on pediatric population with a relative paucity of data on adult CF patients. In this report, we review our experience with management of frontal sinus mucoceles with posterior table (PT) erosion diagnosed by imaging in asymptomatic adult CF patients presenting for pretransplant evaluation. Study design Retrospective chart analysis. Materials and methods Adult CF patients presenting with frontal sinus mucoceles from January 2003 to December 2005 comprised the focus of the study. Charts were reviewed for age, sex, clinical presentation, culture results, complications, and outcome. Results Fifty-nine CF patients undergoing lung transplant evaluation were seen in the outpatient rhinology clinic. Among these, 3 patients presented with asymptomatic frontal sinus mucoceles with PT erosion. The average age was 28.7 years (range, 23-38 years) and male-female ratio was 1:2. Two patients were managed with computer-aided endoscopic frontal sinusotomy during the pretransplant period. In the third patient, surgery was performed post transplantation when the patient was clinically stable. Intraoperative cultures grew Pseudomonas aeruginosa in all cases. No intraoperative surgical complications were encountered. One patient required overnight ventilatory support and was extubated successfully after 24 hours. Endoscopic patency of the frontal sinusotomy was confirmed at mean follow-up of 12.7 months (range, 4-22 months). Conclusions This preliminary report describes asymptomatic frontal sinus mucoceles with PT erosion in CF patients presenting for transplant evaluation. A high index suspicion must be maintained to avoid an inordinate delay in diagnosis given the potential risk of intracranial complications with this clinical entity.
Exact 1-soliton solution of the Zakharov equation in plasmas withpower law nonlinearity

Abstract This paper studies the Zakharov equation with power law nonlinearity. An exact 1-soliton solution is obtained by the ansatz method. The parameter regimes are identified in the process. The numerical simulation is also given to complete the study.
TRANSLATING THE PROBLEMS OF THE ELDERLY INTO EFFECTIVE POLICIES: AN ANALYSIS OF FILIAL ATTITUDES

This paper examines the political implications of current decision making efforts that underpin recent cost-cutting measures of federally supported programs serving the elderly. Current policy changes that favor the private sector (e.g., shifts of the cost of care to other levels of government and to elderly individuals and their families) have also generated a renewed interest in the policy of mandating family responsibility. The paper also examines attitudes concerning filial responsibility, such as multigenerational living. The inadequacy of current policy analysis that has encouraged the disestablishment of the current long-term care system and the shifting of care costs to the private sector, especially to the individual and the family are also examined.
A temperature controlled, tantalum second surface for graphite furnace atomization

Abstract A device built into a standard graphite furnace which features a new concept for atomic vapor production is described. The device consists of a gas-cooled Ta insert, or “plug”, which is kept relatively cool while the sample is vaporized from the furnace wall. The analyte condenses upon this insert as the furnace is maintained at high temperature. For atomization, the coolant gas is shut off and the analyte is revaporized into the high temperature, relatively isothermal furnace volume. Detection limits for several elements are comparable with conventional wall atomization and a significant reduction in the background signal from sea water and whole blood is realized.
Evidence that only donor cells produce antibody in a lethally irradiated cell transfer recipient.

In a cell transfer system, using the allotype congenic pair C57BL/6 (Ihgb) and B.C-9 (Igha), we established that the antibody response to dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin measured by solid state radioimmunoassay was only of donor allotype, both in the primary and in the secondary responses and regardless of the age of the cell donor. The magnitude of the response by allotype congenic recipients was similar to that of syngeneic recipients when either B.C-9 or C57BL/6 were used as donors.
Enrique C. Creel: Business and Politics in Mexico, 1880–1930

Enrique C. Creel was Mexico's leading banker, an innovative industralist, venture capitlist, and representative of the nation's largest land and cattle owner; he was also the political boss of the state of Chihuahua and the key conciliator of the conflicting intersts of the north and the national regime of dictator Porfirio Diaz. In this essay, Professor Wasserman describes Creel's activities, showing how he and his family built the greatest business empire in Mexico before 1910, survived the decade-long destruction of the revolution (1910–20), and rebuilt their empire in the 1920s. Better than any of his contemporaries, Creel combined managerial talent and vision with a mastery of the interplay of politics, regional interests, and foreign capital that comprised his economic entrepreneurship and the special nature of economic entrepreneurship and the intimate relationship between business and politics in pre-and post-revolutionary Mexico.
Titanium elastic nails for pediatric tibial shaft fractures

Abstract Purpose The purpose of our study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of elastic stable intramedullary nailing for unstable pediatric tibial shaft fractures using titanium elastic nails (TENs). To our knowledge, this is the largest series reported in the literature of this specific fixation technique. Methods We reviewed all children with tibial shaft fractures treated operatively at our tertiary care children's hospital to find those patients who underwent fixation with TENs. Between 1998 and 2005, we identified 19 consecutive patients who satisfied inclusion criteria. The average age of the patients in our series was 12.2 years (range 7.2–16 years), and mean follow-up was 15.7 months (range 6–28 months). Patient charts and radiographs were retrospectively reviewed to gather the clinical data. Outcomes were classified as excellent, satisfactory, or poor according to the Flynn classification for flexible nail fixation. Results All patients achieved complete healing at a mean of 11.0 weeks (...
Nutritional changes in host foliage during and after defoliation, and their relation to the weight of gypsy moth pupae

Black oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) and gray birch (Betula populifolia Marsh.) trees were defoliated in 0, 1, 2, or 3 successive years. Concentrations of 8 minerals, 4 sugars, and 25 amino acids in the foliage of these trees were measured when gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), reared on them were in instars I, III, IV, and V. These concentrations were tested for changes among years, and changes due to previous-and current-year defoliations. Most foliar constituents varied in concentration from year to year, though relatively few were affected by current or previous defoliations. In black oak, concentration of total free sugar measured during the fifth instar was reduced by current defoliation and correlated with gypsy moth pupal weight. In gray birch no decrease in sugar concentration due to defoliation was apparent, but pupal weights of gypsy moths reared on these trees were correlated with the ratio of total free sugar to calcium in the foliage measured during the fifth instar. Some implications of these apparent relations for gypsy moth larval growth and population dynamics are discussed.
A Manuscript Draft of Whitman's Preface, 1876

Transcribes and discusses a draft of Whitman's preface to the Centennial Edition of Leaves of Grass.
The Drugs–Violence Nexus: A Systematic Comparison of Adolescent Drug Dealers and Drug Users

Research on drug use often fails to account for drug dealing in most analyses of violence and other systemic risks associated with illegal drugs. The current study examined whether drug dealing, independent of its connection to drug use, increases involvement with delinquent peers, violence, weapons, and other drug-related conflicts. Data were drawn from the first two waves of the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (N = 1,148). Hierarchical linear models were used to investigate changes in these behaviors that resulted from the respondents’ involvement in drug dealing and drug use. Results indicate that involvement in drug dealing, controlling for drug use, increases violence and other systemic risks to a level that drug use alone is not likely to achieve. Findings also show, however, that drug use among dealers may reduce violence and limit contact with delinquent peers.
4.7 A 409GOPS/W adaptive and resilient domino register file in 22nm tri-gate CMOS featuring in-situ timing margin and error detection for tolerance to within-die variation, voltage droop, temperature and aging

8-Transistor (8T) cell 1-read/1-write (1R1W) register files (RF) with domino read and static differential write are critical performance-limiting building blocks in high-performance microprocessor datapaths. The RF operating voltage (V) and frequency (F) are limited by the delay of the precharge-evaluate read critical path. Traditionally, the operating V/F is set to ensure no read timing error across all data access patterns in the RF array in the presence of within-die (WID) parameter (P) variations, and worst-case voltage droops, temperature (T) changes and transistor-aging-induced delay degradations. However, many of these worst-case conditions and events are rare during normal operation. Therefore, these V/F guardbands can severely limit the best-achievable performance and energy efficiency in scaled CMOS process.
Immediate implant breast reconstruction with acellular dermal matrix for treatment of a large recurrent malignant phyllodes tumor.

Phyllodes tumors (PT) are rare fibroepithelial breast tumors representing less than 1 % of all breast malignancies. These tumors are unpredictable and fast growing with a high local recurrence rate, making this disease challenging to treat. Previous literature focused on surgical resection, and breast reconstruction following a mastectomy in patients with PT is rarely addressed. We report a case of a recurrent malignant PT treated with a nipple-sparing mastectomy followed by immediate single-stage silicone implant breast reconstruction. While PT is a rare breast malignancy that presents challenges with both surgical resection and reconstruction, we demonstrate that nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate implant breast reconstruction with AlloMax is curative and can offer an appealing cosmetic option. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Laser irradiation of chemisorbed oxygen on Si(111): electronic states and clump formation of SiO2

The laser annealed Si(111) 1×1 surface with chemisorbed oxygen at submonolayer coverages and its irradiation with a ruby laser has been studied with ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy. The surface oxide which forms directly upon O2 exposure is found to be similar to that which forms on the Si(111) cleaved 2×1 and the 7×7 reconstructed surfaces. Ruby-laser irradiation converts this surface oxide at submonolayer coverages into clumps of silicon dioxide and regions of clean silicon. Both surface oxides show electronic transitions in the visible and ultraviolet energy region which may be related to known network and point defects in vitreous and crystalline silicon dioxide.
Optical instabilities and localized electronic states in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract Optical excitation of hydrogenated amorphous silicon films at high light intensities (100 W cm −2 or more) yields an increase in the electron spin resonance (ESR) signal which is metastable at room temperature. Pulsed annealing experiments between 375 and 475 K (about 100–200 °C) indicate that this ESR signal follows an annealing curve which is similar to that for the optically induced photoluminescence band at 0.8–0.9 eV. The annealing is complete for temperatures above about 475 K (200 °C).