cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aberrant regulation of choline metabolism by mitochondrial electron transport system inhibition in neuroblastoma cells

Anomalous choline metabolic patterns have been consistently observed in vivo using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) analysis of patients with neurodegenerative diseases and tissues from cancer patient. It remains unclear; however, what signaling events may have triggered these choline metabolic aberrancies. This study investigates how changes in choline and phospholipid metabolism are regulated by distinct changes in the mitochondrial electron transport system (ETS). We used specific inhibitors to down regulate the function of individual protein complexes in the ETS of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Interestingly, we found that dramatic elevation in the levels of phosphatidylcholine metabolites could be induced by the inhibition of individual ETS complexes, similar to in vivo observations. Such interferences produced divergent metabolic patterns, which were distinguishable via principal component analysis of the cellular metabolomes. Functional impairments in ETS components have been reported in several central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD); however, it remains largely unknown how the suppression of individual ETS complex function could lead to specific dysfunction in different cell types, resulting in distinct disease phenotypes. Our results suggest that the inhibition of each of the five ETS complexes might differentially regulate phospholipase activities within choline metabolic pathways in neuronal cells, which could contribute to the overall understanding of mitochondrial diseases.
On the dynamics of spinodal decomposition: A numerical solution of a generalized diffusion equation

Abstract A numerical solution of a recently proposed diffusion equation governing spinodal decomposition of a fluid is presented. The results are compared with those of Cahn's theory. For times beyond the linear regime, the two theories differ significantly in detail for the coarsening process and for the equilibrium structure of the liquid-vapor interface.
Integer points on the Gomory fractional cut (hyperplane)

In this paper we show that the Gomory fractional cut (hyperplane) for the integer program is either void of integer points or contains an infinite number of them. The conditions for each case are presented. Also, we derive a stronger cut from the hyperplane which does not intersect integer points.
Systems engineering: a summary of electronics packaging techniques available for present and future systems

The different microelectronics packaging approaches currently available and in development are summarized for system engineers. Some of the important attributes the various approaches are pointed out. Some of the packaging issues a system engineer should consider when attempting to baseline a packaging approach are discussed. Four major categories of advanced packaging techniques are considered. They are: high I/O single-chip packages, multichip modules, chip-on-board, and monolithic wafer scale integration. >
Modified ileal conduit stoma: safety of freeing the mesenteric edge of the distal part of ileal conduits.

Purpose: An ileal conduit is created in about half of all urinary diversions. Difficulties in constructing an abdominal stoma in morbidly obese patients can be challenging, especially if the patient has a short mesentery. Excessive traction on the mesentery in an attempt to pass the distal segment of ileum through the thick abdominal wall may result in ischemia of the whole segment blood supply. We evaluated the safety of freeing the terminal portion of the conduit from its mesentery to facilitate easy passage of the conduit through the abdominal wall and decrease the incidence of parastomal hernia.Materials and Methods: Five domestic pigs were used for this study. In each subject a 10 cm segment of ileum was isolated to form the ileal loop and bowel continuity was established. A 3 to 4 cm segment of the distal ileal loop was freed from its mesenteric blood supply. This segment of the loop was passed through the appropriate defect in the abdominal wall to the skin and an everted stoma was constructed. Pos...
Denervation-induced sprouting of intact peripheral afferents into the cuneate nucleus of adult rats

In adult monkeys with dorsal rhizotomies extending from the second cervical (C2) to the fifth thoracic (T5) vertebrae, cortex deprived of its normal inputs regained responsiveness to inputs conveyed by intact peripheral afferents from the face [T.P. Pons, P.E. Garraghty, A.K. Ommaya, J.H. Kaas, E. Taub, M. Mishkin, Massive reorganization of the primary somatosensory cortex after peripheral sensory deafferentation, Science 252 (1991) 1857-1860]. It has been suggested that the extent of this massive topographic reorganization may be due to the establishment of novel connections between intact afferents and neurons denervated after dorsal rhizotomy [P.E. Garraghty, D.P. Hanes, S.L. Florence, J.H. Kaas, Pattern of peripheral deafferentation predicts reorganizational limits in adult primate somatosensory cortex, Somatosens. Motor Res. 11 (1994) 109-117]. Using adult rats with comparably extensive dorsal rhizotomies, we employed anatomical tracing techniques to address this possibility. Subcutaneous hindpaw injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to either wheat germ agglutinin or cholera toxin subunit B revealed aberrant expansions of gracile projections into the cuneate and, in one case, external cuneate nucleus within three months of the deafferentation. It seems plausible that such modest sprouting of ascending projections at the level of the brainstem may form functional connections which, through divergence, ultimately drive a larger population of neurons in cortex. This new growth may well account for both the substantial cortical reorganization observed in the 'Silver Spring monkeys' [T.P. Pons, P.E. Garraghty, A.K. Ommaya, J.H. Kaas, E. Taub, M. Mishkin, Massive reorganization of the primary somatosensory cortex after peripheral sensory deafferentation, Science 252 (1991) 1857-1860] and the 'referred sensation' phenomena (see J.P. Donoghue, Plasticity of adult sensorimotor representations, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 5 (1995) 749-754 for review) reported to follow proximal limb amputations in humans.
Development and Validity of a 2-Item Screen to Identify Families at Risk for Food Insecurity

OBJECTIVES: To develop a brief screen to identify families at risk for food insecurity (FI) and to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and convergent validity of the screen. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Caregivers of children (age: birth through 3 years) from 7 urban medical centers completed the US Department of Agriculture 18-item Household Food Security Survey (HFSS), reports of child health, hospitalizations in their lifetime, and developmental risk. Children were weighed and measured. An FI screen was developed on the basis of affirmative HFSS responses among food-insecure families. Sensitivity and specificity were evaluated. Convergent validity (the correspondence between the FI screen and theoretically related variables) was assessed with logistic regression, adjusted for covariates including study site; the caregivers9 race/ethnicity, US-born versus immigrant status, marital status, education, and employment; history of breastfeeding; child9s gender; and the child9s low birth weight status. RESULTS: The sample included 30 098 families, 23% of which were food insecure. HFSS questions 1 and 2 were most frequently endorsed among food-insecure families (92.5% and 81.9%, respectively). An affirmative response to either question 1 or 2 had a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 83% and was associated with increased risk of reported poor/fair child health (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.56; P CONCLUSIONS: A 2-item FI screen was sensitive, specific, and valid among low-income families with young children. The FI screen rapidly identifies households at risk for FI, enabling providers to target services that ameliorate the health and developmental consequences associated with FI.
Behavioral and Electrophysiological Studies on Chemoreception in Aplysia

Using the typical mouth opening response (MOR) as the index of chemore-ception, several amino acid constituents of natural food for Aplysia were effective in eliciting MOR in concentrations as low is 10−6 10−7 m (glutamic acid) and 10−5 10−6 m (aspartic acid). It was suggested that these substances may serve as food attractants for this animal. Combined results of behavioral and electrophysiological experiments indicated that the most sensitive food receptors of Aplysia are predominantly located in the anterior tentacular groove area of the oral veil. These receptors appeared to strongly project to the caudal dark cell clusters of the cerebral ganglion. Extracellular recording of single afferent units following oral veil stimulation with various chemicals showed that the chemoreceptors in the anterior tentacular groove area were 100 to 1000 times more sensitive to food substances than other stimuli tested. It was suggested that these receptors are relatively “specific” to food attractants. There was a correlation between behavioral and electrophysiological threshold data for the individual compounds. The electrophysiological thresholds however were 5–15 times higher than the behavioral thresholds.
Reproducibility and cell biology

![Figure][1] © Sidney Harris The New Yorker Collection/The Cartoon Bank Growing concerns about the reproducibility of published research threaten to undermine the scientific enterprise and erode public trust. Conscientious application of “best practices” for the generation and
SphK1 and SphK2, Sphingosine Kinase Isoenzymes with Opposing Functions in Sphingolipid Metabolism

The potent sphingolipid metabolite sphingosine 1-phosphate is produced by phosphorylation of sphingosine catalyzed by sphingosine kinase (SphK) types 1 and 2. In contrast to pro-survival SphK1, the putative BH3-only protein SphK2 inhibits cell growth and enhances apoptosis. Here we show that SphK2 catalytic activity also contributes to its ability to induce apoptosis. Overexpressed SphK2 also increased cytosolic free calcium induced by serum starvation. Transfer of calcium to mitochondria was required for SphK2-induced apoptosis, as cell death and cytochrome c release was abrogated by inhibition of the mitochondrial Ca2+ transporter. Serum starvation increased the proportion of SphK2 in the endoplasmic reticulum and targeting SphK1 to the endoplasmic reticulum converted it from anti-apoptotic to pro-apoptotic. Overexpression of SphK2 increased incorporation of [3H]palmitate, a substrate for both serine palmitoyltransferase and ceramide synthase, into C16-ceramide, whereas SphK1 decreased it. Electrospray ionizationmass spectrometry/mass spectrometry also revealed an opposite effect on ceramide mass levels. Importantly, specific down-regulation of SphK2 reduced conversion of sphingosine to ceramide in the recycling pathway and conversely, down-regulation of SphK1 increased it. Our results demonstrate that SphK1 and SphK2 have opposing roles in the regulation of ceramide biosynthesis and suggest that the location of sphingosine 1-phosphate production dictates its functions.
GRADIENT FLOW OPTIMIZATION FOR REDUCING BLOCKING EFFECTS OF TRANSFORM CODING

This paper addresses the problem of reducing blocking effects in transform coding. A novel optimization approach using the gradient flow is proposed. Using some properties of the gradient flow on a manifold, an optimized filter design method for reducing the blocking effects is presented. Based on this method, an image reconstruction algorithm is derived. The algorithm maintains the fidelity of images while reducing the blocking effects. Experimental tests demonstrate that the presented algorithm is effective.
Prospecting for Spiral Structure in the Flocculent Outer Milky Way Disk with Color-Magnitude Star Counts from the Two Micron All Sky Survey

Using star counts in both color and magnitude from the Two Micron All Sky Survey Second Incremental Release Point Source Catalog, we search for evidence of large-scale nonuniform extinction and stellar population density changes in the Galactic plane. Extinction causes the entire main sequence to shift toward redder colors on a color-magnitude diagram. A local increase in the stellar density causes an increase in the star counts along a line parallel to the main sequence. We find streaks in star count color-magnitude contour plots along the angle of the main sequence that are likely to be caused by distant gas clouds and stellar density variations. The distance of a gas cloud or stellar density change can be estimated from an adaptation of the Wolf diagram or the location of the shift in the star count contours. We identify features in these diagrams that are coherent across at least 10° in Galactic longitude. A series of features is seen at the distance of the expected Perseus spiral arm, 2–4 kpc from the Sun. However, other features as prominent are found at both larger and smaller distances. These structures are over 300 pc in size and so likely to be associated with large-scale coherent structures in the gas distribution such as weak spiral arms. The presence of multiple and weak spiral arms and lack of strong ones suggests that the outer Milky Way is flocculent in its morphology.
STEP: SPATIAL-TEMPORAL ENHANCEMENT PATTERN, FOR MR-BASED BREAST TUMOR DIAGNOSIS

This paper demonstrates the importance of capturing spatial-temporal enhancement pattern (STEP) for completely characterizing breast tumor in contrast-enhanced MR images. STEP captures not only the dynamic enhancement and architectural features of tumor, but also the spatial variations of pixel-wise temporal enhancement of tumor. Although the latter has been widely used by radiologist during diagnosis, it is rarely considered as important features for computer-aided tumor diagnosis. Notice that, by regarding serial contrast-enhanced images as a single spatial-temporal image, STEP can capture all types of the features within a single framework. In particular, a Fourier transformation is used to extract various temporal enhancement features, followed by moment invariants to capture spatial patterns of each temporal enhancement feature. Experimental results show the better performance of our designed STEP features than many other features available in the literature. The area under ROC curve can reach 0.96 with our STEP features in tumor diagnosis
Characterization and quantification of groundwater sulfate sources at a mining site in an arid climate: The Monument Valley site in Arizona, USA

The Monument Valley site, a former uranium mining site located in the state of Arizona in the Southwest USA, has high concentrations of sulfate in groundwater. Stable isotope analysis of S and O for sulfate, in combination with geochemical and hydrogeological data, was used to characterize the sources and fate of sulfate. The results indicate the existence of two discrete sources of sulfate (in excess of baseline levels): sulfuric acid released during ore processing and sulfate generated via sulfide-mineral oxidation. The contributions of the sources are related to spatial distributions of sulfate in the plume through analysis of groundwater travel times. Quantification of the sources using two isotope-analysis methods yielded similar results. The results indicate that sulfuric acid served as the primary source (mean = 427 mg/L, 74%), with sulfide-mineral oxidation providing a smaller contribution (mean = 147 mg/L, 26%). It appears that the major contribution to the sulfide-mineral oxidation component originates from oxidation of sulfide minerals in exposed bedrock residing in the primary recharge zone of the local aquifer, which provides an elevated sulfate background for groundwater. Conversely, the oxidation of sulfide minerals associated with the mine tailings appears to provide a relatively minor contribution (∼8% of the overall total). Interestingly, it appears that sulfuric acid served as a sustained source of sulfate for approximately 40 years. This may be related to the accumulation of sulfate salts (formed after neutralization and disposal of the sulfuric acid) in the source zone due to the arid climate of the site. Contrary to the typical assumption applied at many mining sites that sulfide-mineral oxidation is the primary source of sulfate, these sulfate salts are hypothesized to be the primary source for this site.
Parylene-Based Electrochemical-MEMS Transducers

We report the design, fabrication, and characterization of electrochemical microelectromechanical systems (EC-MEMS) devices featuring encapsulated fluid as the basis for transduction. Parylene microstructures, including discrete chambers (square or circular geometry), are utilized as physical transducers for electrochemically mediated liquid impedance transduction of physical phenomenon such as contact and force. Parylene-based EC-MEMS technologies uniquely leverage advantages in size (<; 500 μm diameter), packaging (no hermetic packaging necessary), power (nanowatts to microwatts), and flexibility to address the physical sensing requirements of in vivo applications. Robust EC impedance (EI) sensor responses (up to 20% from base-line) and discrimination of 200-nm chamber deflections were possible using the EI transduction technique. Additional transducer configurations enabling electrolysis-based out-of-plane actuation and biomimetic mechanotransduction in microfluidic channels are also presented.
Performance Analysis with High-Level Languages for High-Performance Reconfigurable Computing

High-Level Languages (HLLs) for FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays) facilitate the use of reconfigurable computing resources for application developers by using familiar, higher-level syntax, semantics, and abstractions, typically enabling faster development times than with traditional Hardware Description Languages (HDLs). However, this abstraction is typically accompanied by some loss of performance as well as reduced transparency of application behavior, making it difficult to understand and improve application performance. While runtime tools for performance analysis are often featured in development with traditional HLLs for serial and parallel programming, HLL-based applications for FPGAs have an equal or greater need yet lack these tools. This paper presents a novel and portable framework for runtime performance analysis of HLL applications for FPGAs, including a prototype tool for performance analysis with Impulse C, a commercial HLL for FPGAs. As a case study, this tool is used to locate performance bottlenecks in a molecular dynamics application.
Cold tolerance including rapid cold-hardening and inoculative freezing of Fall migrant monarch butterflies in Ohio.

Migrants of the eastern North American population of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, are often subjected to subzero temperatures, heavy dews and frost in late September and October during the autumn migration to overwintering sites in Mexico. Adults of this generation had the capacity to rapidly increase their cold-hardiness. A chilling period of 1 h at +4OC before exposure to -4OC for 24 h significantly improved the survival ( > 80%) of monarchs over those with no chilling prior to -4OC exposure (~40%). This is the first report of rapid cold-hardening in Lepidoptera, and the capacity to rapidly cold-harden may protect monarchs against cold injury during diurnal changes in temperature. An extended period of progressively lower temperature acclimation enhanced cold-hardiness to a greater extent than did the rapid cold-hardening treatment. When exposed to -4’C, migrants collected in the field from Ohio were less tolerant (LT, = 37.5 h) than migrants gradually acclimated over several weeks from 20 to 25OC in the field to overwintering conditions of +4OC in the laboratory (LT,, = 85.8 h). External moisture on the exoskeleton significantly raised supercooling points (SCPs) of acclimated monarchs from -8.2 to -4.7OC. In addition, external moisture decreased the supercooling capacity and triggered internal ice formation at subzero temperatures above the SCP of dry monarchs. No monarchs survived internal ice formation associated with SCP determination, evidence that the monarch butterfly is a freeze-susceptible insect. Supercooling point Cold tolerance Freezing temperatures Danaus plexippus
Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 2A Preferentially Signals through the Src Family Kinase Lyn

Latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) is a viral protein expressed during Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latency in EBV-infected B cells both in cell culture and in vivo. LMP2A has important roles in modulating B-cell receptor signal transduction and provides survival and developmental signals to B cells in vivo. Although Lyn has been shown to be important in mediating LMP2A signaling, it is still unclear if Lyn is used preferentially or if LMP2A associates promiscuously with other Src family kinase (SFK) members. To investigate the role of various SFKs in LMP2A signaling, we crossed LMP2A transgenic mice (TgE) with Lyn−/−, Fyn−/−, or Blk−/− mice. TgE Lyn−/− mice had a larger immunoglobulin M (IgM)-positive B-cell population than TgE mice, suggesting that the absence of Lyn prevents LMP2A from delivering survival and developmental signals to the B cells. Both TgE Fyn−/− and TgE Blk−/− mice have an IgM-negative population of splenic B cells, similar to the TgE mice. LMP2A was also transiently transfected into the human EBV-negative B-cell line BJAB to determine which SFK members associate with LMP2A. Lyn was detected in LMP2A immunoprecipitates, whereas Fyn was not. Both Lyn and Fyn were able to bind to an LMP2A mutant which contained a sequence shown previously to bind tightly to the SH2 domain of multiple SFK members. From these results, we conclude that LMP2A preferentially associates with and signals through Lyn compared to its association with other SFKs. This preferential association is due in part to the SH2 domain of Lyn associating with LMP2A.
Effects of mutations in the Pseudomonas putida miaA gene: regulation of the trpE and trpGDC operons in P. putida by attenuation.

Tn5 insertion mutants defective in regulation of the Pseudomonas putida trpE and trpGDC operons by tryptophan were found to contain insertions in the P. putida miaA gene, whose product (in Escherichia coli) modifies tRNATrp and is required for attenuation. Nucleotide sequences upstream of trpE and trpG encode putative leader peptides similar in sequence to leader peptides found in other bacterial species, and the phenotypes of the mutants strongly suggest that transcription of these operons is regulated solely by attenuation.
Simulating dispersal of reintroduced species within heterogeneous landscapes

This paper describes the development and application of a spatially explicit, individual based model of animal dispersal (J-walk) to determine the relative effects of landscape heterogeneity, prey availability, predation risk, and the energy requirements and behavior of dispersing organisms on dispersal success. Significant unknowns exist for the simulation of complex movement behavior within heterogeneous landscapes. Therefore, initial simulations with J-walk examined the relative effect of landscape patterns and species-specific characteristics on dispersal success. Differences in landscape pattern were simulated by random generation of fractal maps with average available energy (i.e. prey) and predation risk expressed as a function of habitat type. Variation in species-specific patterns were then simulated by a series of scenarios that varied the response of dispersing individuals to habitat heterogeneity, including: habitat selection to maximize energy intake, habitat selection to minimize predation risk, or habitat selection contingent on energy reserves. Results showed that significant shifts in dispersal could be related to (1) the unique spatial arrangement of habitat within each map, (2) changes in relative prey abundance, and (3) variation in the relationship between energy availability and predation risk. Hypothetical management scenarios were used to identify critical data needed to assure the persistence of reintroduced populations of American martens (Martes americana).
Adjunctive Therapy with Pramlintide in Patients with Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is associated with both microvascular and macrovascular complications. Despite an array of treatment options available, achievement of euglycemia in most patients with diabetes is still lacking. Pramlintide acetate, a synthetic analog of the human hormone amylin and belonging to a new class of agents, was approved in March 2005 as adjunctive treatment in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus. To evaluate the data available on the efficacy and safety of pramlintide, we conducted a search of MEDLINE (January 1966–May 2006) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (January 1970–May 2006). Bibliographies of clinical trials were reviewed for additional references. The literature reviewed demonstrated that pramlintide is effective in reducing levels of glycosylated hemoglobin and potentially preventing weight gain. The most commonly reported adverse effects associated with pramlintide were nausea, anorexia, and hypoglycemia. These adverse effects occurred more often during the initiation of therapy and were usually mild to moderate in nature. Whether this therapy is a cost-effective option for patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus is yet to be determined.
Anticipated Seismic Responses of the Bakken Formation, East Williston Basin, North Dakota

In this study, we analyze borehole data of Bakken wells from both the Cottonwood and the Sanish Field, including density information and seismic P and S wave velocities from Sonic Scanner logs. The Bakken Formation is deeper and thicker in the Sanish Field and is shallower and thinner in the Cottonwood Field. The Upper and Lower Bakken shale units are similar and can be characterized by low density, low P and S wave velocities and low Vp/Vs ratios. The Sonic Scanner data suggest that the Upper and Lower Bakken shales can be treated as VTI media while the Middle Bakken may be considered as seismically isotropic. We simulate different types of models for both fields, including isotropic models, VTI models, HTI models and the combination of VTI and HTI models. We generated full offset elastic synthetic seismograms to simulate the seismic responses of the various models of Bakken Formation. We compare the anisotropic responses with isotropic responses to investigate the effect of anisotropy. Results show that bed thickness, anisotropies of the Upper and Lower Bakken shales, fractures/cracks and fluid fill in the fracture/cracks all have influences on the seismic responses of the Bakken Formation.
Optimizing Growth in the Preterm Infant

Most very low birth weight preterm infants experience postnatal growth failure in the neonatal ICU. In an attempt to minimize this phenomenon, the nutritional support of these infants has tended to become more aggressive in recent years and has become a focus of much study. Despite this attention, many questions remain unresolved. This article examines several of these issues, including the controversies regarding optimal postnatal growth velocity, early aggressive nutritional support, and the transition to enteral nutrition in preterm infants.
Distal Revascularization and Interval Ligation (DRIL)

Distal revascularization and interval ligation are performed to treat steal syndrome in patients with hemodialysis access in an attempt to preserve the fistula and avoid its ligation. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
Trial By Jury or By Military Tribunal for Accused Terrorist Detainees Facing the Death Penalty? An Examination of Principles that Transcend the U.S. Constitution

Following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the President ordered the creation of military tribunals in which to try persons associated with the attacks. Several persons currently imprisoned at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, have been charged with capital crimes. As originally set forth by military orders, and now governed by the Military Commission Act of 2006, the procedures contemplate that the Executive Branch will serve as both the prosecutor and the judges of the accused. The procedures require unanimity of the military officers on a tribunal before imposition of the death penalty. Nevertheless, the system lacks a guarantee that a person independent of the prosecuting authority would have to concur in a judgment of death. Most commentary on the validity of military tribunals, if it goes so far as to analyze the constitutionality and applicability of the Geneva Conventions, stops there. This article goes further. It presumes that all fundamental rights are not codified in the Constitution. In matters of national security, the Framers avoided the erection of constitutional limits - enforceable by courts - that could bind the government's prosecution of military engagements. As in every aspect of the Constitution, however, the Framers created checks to keep each branch of government from becoming imperious. The Constitution thus allocates to Congress the significant task of serving as a check on the Executive Branch in such matters. Congress should not, of course, impinge on the Executive Branch's prosecution of military affairs any more than necessary. Nevertheless, certain values are so intrinsic that Congress needs to act to vindicate those values even if that makes the Executive Branch's job more difficult. Where, however, does one draw the line? One approach is to examine the principles underlying the Constitution itself. The Framers did not create these principles out of whole cloth. Instead, they relied on and were influenced by not only their own experience but also the philosophies of others they deemed admirable. This Article focuses, in particular, on the principles underlying two sets of constitutional provisions - the right to a jury trial, and the government's war powers. This analysis reveals not only the tension between individual rights and governmental powers, but also offers possible means of reconciling these seemingly irreconcilable interests.
Moyamoya Disease in a Patient with VACTERL Association.

Background VACTERL association is characterized by a group of congenital malformations that tend to occur together. Rarely, concurrent cerebrovascular abnormalities have been reported. In this article, we present the first reported case of moyamoya disease in a patient with VACTERL association. Case Description The patient presented in the neonatal period with esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula as well as an imperforate anus. He also had a ventricular septal defect and persistent foramen ovale. At age 11 years, he developed seizures and was diagnosed with moyamoya disease, for which he underwent bilateral pial synagiosis. Conclusions Our report adds moyamoya disease to the spectrum of rare diseases that may occur in the context of VACTERL association. Further studies may reveal whether a common pathophysiology exists between the 2 conditions. Our patient's congenital heart disease and the association between renovascular and cardiac disease with moyamoya may suggest a systemic vasculopathy. Moyamoya should be considered in children with VACTERL association who present with neurologic deficits or seizures.
Towards Accurate Application Characterization for Exascale (APEX)

Sandia National Laboratories has been engaged in hardware and software codesign activities for a number of years, indeed, it might be argued that prototyping of clusters as far back as the CPLANT machines and many large capability resources including ASCI Red and RedStorm were examples of codesigned solutions. As the research supporting our codesign activities has moved closer to investigating on-node runtime behavior a nature hunger has grown for detailed analysis of both hardware and algorithm performance from the perspective of low-level operations. The Application Characterization for Exascale (APEX) LDRD was a project concieved of addressing some of these concerns. Primarily the research was to intended to focus on generating accurate and reproducible low-level performance metrics using tools that could scale to production-class code bases. Along side this research was an advocacy and analysis role associated with evaluating tools for production use, working with leading industry vendors to develop and refine solutions required by our code teams and to directly engage with production code developers to form a context for the application analysis and a bridge to the research community within Sandia. On each of these accounts significant progress has been made, particularly, as this report will cover, in themore » low-level analysis of operations for important classes of algorithms. This report summarizes the development of a collection of tools under the APEX research program and leaves to other SAND and L2 milestone reports the description of codesign progress with Sandia’s production users/developers.« less
Political Voice and Civic Attentiveness of Public and Non-Profit Employees:

The scarcity of citizen involvement in the public sphere is an ongoing concern within the literature on democratic citizenship. This study examines two dimensions of engagement—attentiveness and participation—in several political voice activities, looking at citizens working in the public and non-profit sectors in comparison with private-sector employees. Government employees serve the public interest by providing public services in various ways, but they are also individual citizens with varying values, opinions, and attitudes. How does this dual role shape their civic engagement behaviors and habits of political attentiveness? Are they more politically attentive or more likely to engage in political voice activities than individuals working in other sectors? How do non-profit workers fare? Are they more similar to public workers or private workers with regard to participation in these activities? Using the Current Population Survey (CPS) Special Supplement on civic engagement, the analyses here indicate that both government and non-profit employees are significantly more likely to engage in political voice activities than those working in the private sector. By focusing on political voice activities, knowledge, and media use, the study contributes to the literature by providing a more comprehensive profile of individual participation by sector. The findings generate new questions about what such participation might mean for democratic citizenship.
Bulk synthesis of metal-organic hybrid dimers and their propulsion under electric fields.

Metal–organic hybrid particles have great potential in applications such as colloidal assembly, autonomous microrobots, targeted drug delivery, and colloidal emulsifiers. Existing fabrication methods, however, typically suffer from low throughput, high operation cost, and imprecise property control. Here, we report a facile and bulk synthesis platform that makes a wide range of metal–organic colloidal dimers. Both geometric and interfacial anisotropy on the particles can be tuned independently and conveniently, which represents a key advantage of this method. We further investigate the self-propulsion of platinum-polystyrene dimers under perpendicularly applied electric fields. In 1 × 10–4 M KCl solution, the dimers exhibit both linear and circular motion with the polystyrene lobes facing toward the moving direction, due to the induced-charge electroosmotic flow surrounding the metal-coated lobes. Surprisingly, in deionized water, the same dimers move in an opposite direction, i.e., the metallic lobes fac...
Analysis of Spacer Damage of 500 kV Transmission Line

Spacers of a certain 500 kV transmission line were broken.By analyzing the broken surface,chemical compositions and metallographic structure,it is considered that the inner casting defect is the main reason of the spacer broken.Based on the manufacture technology of the spacer,measures to prevent the spacer damage are proposed.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA stabilization enhances transgenic expression in normal cells and tissues

To increase transgenic production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), we mutated the mRNA's 32-untranslated region, AUUUA instability elements. Expression vectors containing human or murine GM-CSF cDNAs coding for wild-type (GM-AUUUA) or mutant versions with reiterated AUGUA repeats (GM-AUGUA) were transfected into cells in culture or animals using particle-mediated gene-transfer technology. Normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells accumulated 20-fold greater levels of GM-CSF mRNA and secreted comparably greater amounts of cytokine after transfection with hGM-AUGUA expression vectors versus hGM-AUUUA. hGM-AUGUA mRNA was fivefold more stable (t 1/2 = 95 minutes) than hGM-AUUUA mRNA (t 1/2 = 20 minutes), accounting for elevated steady-state levels. Transfection site extracts and serum samples obtained 24 hours after gene transfer of hGM-AUGUA cDNA into mouse skin contained greater than 32 ng/mL and 650 pg/mL of GM-CSF protein, respectively, compared with 0.33 ng/mL and less than 8 pg/mL for hGM-AUUUA cDNA. GM-CSF produced from mGM-AUGUA cDNA transfected into rat abdominal epidermis induced a profound neutrophil infiltrate. These data suggest a novel strategy for enhanced production of biologically active cytokines by normal cells after in vivo gene transfer.
Description on the Key Technology of 306MW Hydro Generator at Geheyan Hydro Power Station

This paper aimed to introduce the special technology features for imported hydro-generator of Ge He Yan Power Station,especial the technology of stator skew slot,which can be fundamentally cutting the teeth shape harmonic wave and to improve electricity quality.Its practical application is one and only in the domestic field of hydropower.The technology of even air-gap can Improve the utilization of air-gap flux density and reduce leakage flux from pole shoe;The theory of "N-S pole symmetric windings" has not been reported in domestic,which is more worth for further study.Hydropower is a green energy.Above new technology is very valuable on promoting and using in the field of hydropwer.
Dual-cavity basket promotes encapsulation in water in an allosteric fashion.

We prepared dual-cavity basket 1 to carry six (S)-alanine residues at the entrance of its two juxtaposed cavities (289 A3). With the assistance of 1H NMR spectroscopy and calorimetry, we found that 1 could trap a single molecule of 4 (K1 = 1.45 ± 0.40 × 104 M–1, ITC), akin in size (241 A3) and polar characteristics to nerve agent VX (289 A3). The results of density functional theory calculations (DFT, M06-2X/6-31G*) and experiments (1H NMR spectroscopy) suggest that the negative homotropic allosterism arises from the guest forming C–H···π contacts with all three of the aromatic walls of the occupied basket’s cavity. In response, the other cavity increases its size and turns rigid to prevent the formation of the ternary complex. A smaller guest 6 (180 A3), akin in size and polar characteristics to soman (186 A3), was also found to bind to dual-cavity 1, although giving both binary [1⊂6] and ternary [1⊂62] complexes (K1 = 7910 M–1 and K2 = 2374 M–1, 1H NMR spectroscopy). In this case, the computational and ...
Parsing Heterogeneity in the Brain Connectivity of Depressed and Healthy Adults During Positive Mood

Abstract Background There is well-known heterogeneity in affective mechanisms in depression that may extend to positive affect. We used data-driven parsing of neural connectivity to reveal subgroups present across depressed and healthy individuals during positive processing, informing targets for mechanistic intervention. Methods Ninety-two individuals (68 depressed patients, 24 never-depressed control subjects) completed a sustained positive mood induction during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Directed functional connectivity paths within a depression-relevant network were characterized using Group Iterative Multiple Model Estimation (GIMME), a method shown to accurately recover the direction and presence of connectivity paths in individual participants. During model selection, individuals were clustered using community detection on neural connectivity estimates. Subgroups were externally tested across multiple levels of analysis. Results Two connectivity-based subgroups emerged: subgroup A, characterized by weaker connectivity overall, and subgroup B, exhibiting hyperconnectivity (relative to subgroup A), particularly among ventral affective regions. Subgroup predicted diagnostic status (subgroup B contained 81% of patients; 50% of control subjects; χ 2 = 8.6, p = .003) and default mode network connectivity during a separate resting-state task. Among patients, subgroup B members had higher self-reported symptoms, lower sustained positive mood during the induction, and higher negative bias on a reaction-time task. Symptom-based depression subgroups did not predict these external variables. Conclusions Neural connectivity-based categorization travels with diagnostic category and is clinically predictive, but not clinically deterministic. Both patients and control subjects showed heterogeneous, and overlapping, profiles. The larger and more severely affected patient subgroup was characterized by ventrally driven hyperconnectivity during positive processing. Data-driven parsing suggests heterogeneous substrates of depression and possible resilience in control subjects in spite of biological overlap.
Yugoslavia, II: Murderous Cleansing

DESCENT INTO VIOLENCE IN THE THREATENED BORDERS The previous chapter discussed the descent into the danger zone of murderous cleansing as democratic processes degenerated across Yugoslavia. But to explain descent over the brink into violence we must turn to the armed men who first committed violence in the mixed Croat/Serb areas of the Krajina within Croatia. Later came those from the mixed Muslim/Serb/Croat areas of Bosnia, while Kosovans in 1998 and Macedonians in 2001 lagged far behind. All these conflicts fit into my third thesis: danger threatened because representatives of two rival ethnic communities made sovereign claims on the same territory, their claims being both morally plausible and achievable. One constituted the majority population in the existing state; the other constituted a local majority in particular border districts, the weaker side supported by its homeland state next door. But further descent involved not democratic but authoritarian processes. Sovereignty claims are not easy to settle. They appear as a zero-sum game: “Either you or I have sovereignty over this plot of land.” Conflict can be defused by the minority's enjoying federal autonomy within the majority's state or by consociational power-sharing arrangements at the center. Yet sovereignty immediately also involved concrete issues of military and economic power: who should have the guns and jobs? The initial flash points were in Serb-majority parts of the Krajina, where Serbs had previously provided most policemen and held most of the guns. When Croatia claimed sovereignty, it tried to bring in its own policemen.
Regulatory watch: Evaluating the potential for digital submission of expedited premarket safety reports to the FDA

Regulatory watch: Evaluating the potential for digital submission of expedited premarket safety reports to the FDA
Spatial variation in flux, δ13C and δ2H of methane in a small Arctic lake with fringing wetland in western Greenland

Small lakes in northern latitudes represent a significant source of CH4 to the atmosphere that is predicted to increase with warming in the Arctic. Yet, whole-lake CH4 budgets are lacking as are measurements of δ13C-CH4 and δ2H-CH4. In this study, we quantify spatial variability of diffusive and ebullitive fluxes of CH4 and corresponding δ13C-CH4 and δ2H-CH4 in a small, Arctic lake system with fringing wetland in southwestern Greenland during summer. Net CH4 flux was highly variable, ranging from an average flux of 7 mg CH4 m−2 d−1 in the deep-water zone to 154 mg CH4 m−2 d−1 along the lake margin. Diffusive flux accounted for ~8.5 % of mean net CH4 flux, with plant-mediated and ebullitive flux accounting for the balance of the total net flux. Methane content of emitted ebullition was low (mean ± SD 10 ± 17 %) compared to previous studies from boreal lakes and wetlands. Isotopic composition of net CH4 emissions varied widely throughout the system, with δ13C-CH4 ranging from −66.2 to −55.5 ‰, and δ2H-CH4 ranging from −345 to −258 ‰. Carbon isotope composition of CH4 in ebullitive flux showed wider variation compared to net flux, ranging from −69.2 to −49.2 ‰. Dissolved CH4 concentrations were highest in the sediment and decreased up the water column. Higher concentrations of CH4 in the hypoxic deep water coincided with decreasing dissolved O2 concentrations, while methanotrophic oxidation dominated in the epilimnion based upon decreasing concentrations and increasing values of δ13C-CH4 and δ2H-CH4. The most depleted 13C- and 2H-isotopic values were observed in profundal bottom waters and in subsurface profundal sediments. Based upon paired δ13C and δ2H observations of CH4, acetate fermentation was likely the dominant production pathway throughout the system. However, isotopic ratios of CH4 in deeper sediments were consistent with mixing/transition between CH4 production pathways, indicating a higher contribution of the CO2 reduction pathway. The large spatial variability in fluxes of CH4 and in isotopic composition of CH4 throughout a single lake system indicates that the underlying mechanisms controlling CH4 cycling (production, consumption and transport) are spatially heterogeneous. Net flux along the lake margin dominated whole-lake flux, suggesting the nearshore littoral area dominates CH4 emissions in these systems. Future studies of whole-lake CH4 budgets should consider this significant spatial heterogeneity.
3 kW single stage all-fiber Yb-doped single-mode fiber laser for highly reflective and highly thermal conductive materials processing

A 3 kW single stage all-fiber Yb-doped single-mode fiber laser with bi-directional pumping configuration has been demonstrated. Our newly developed high-power LD modules are employed for a high available pump power of 4.9 kW. The length of the delivery fiber is 20 m which is long enough to be used in most of laser processing machines. An output power of 3 kW was achieved at a pump power of 4.23 kW. The slope efficiency was 70%. SRS was able to be suppressed at the same output power by increasing ratio of backward pump power. The SRS level was improved by 5dB when 57% backward pump ratio was adopted compared with the case of 50%. SRS was 35dB below the laser power at the output power of 3 kW even with a 20-m delivery fiber. The M-squared factor was 1.3. Single-mode beam quality was obtained. To evaluate practical utility of the 3 kW single-mode fiber laser, a Bead-on-Plate (BoP) test onto a pure copper plate was executed. The BoP test onto a copper plate was made without stopping or damaging the laser system. That indicates our high power single-mode fiber lasers can be used practically in processing of materials with high reflectivity and high thermal conductivity.
Contributions of Horizontal Cells

Horizontal cells transmit signals laterally between photoreceptors. In most vertebrates, horizontal cells comprise two or more types that differ in their size and synaptic connectivity. The horizontal cell receives synaptic input signals exclusively from photoreceptors and transmits back to them an inverted signal. This signal, called negative feedback, modulates the photoreceptors’ release of neurotransmitter. The feedback signal is generated by a specialized chemical synapse between the photoreceptor terminal and the horizontal cell’s dendritic tip. The horizontal cell is laterally coupled to its neighbors through gap junctions, which enlarge its receptive field in dim illumination, reducing noise. The horizontal cell feedback creates a receptive field surround for bipolar and ganglion cells and is hypothesized to contribute to a higher-quality contrast signal in the ganglion cell.