cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methods employed for purification of streptokinase.

SummaryChemical fractionation of a currently available, partially purified streptokinase-streptodornase concentrate yielded a 4-5 fold purification of the streptokinase. The addition of a starch zone electrophoresis to the methods increased the purification to 6-7 fold. Biophysical examination suggested that the protein was largely homogenous, but immunochemical analysis revealed the presence of extraneous antigenic components. Ultracentrifuge examination suggested that streptokinase has a molecular weight of approximately 50,000.
SUBSPECIATION IN CLARKIA BILOBA

Clarkia biloba (Durand) Nels. & Macbr. (Onagraceae) is an annual species endemic to California in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and a small area near San Francisco Bay. It varies conspicuously from place to place in external morphology, and particularly in the conformation of the petals. The purpose of this paper is to compare the morphological variation and fertility relationships within this species in relation to the differentiation of geographical races. Clarkia biloba occurs in colonies that may comprise tens of thousands of individuals, covering several hundred square yards or, more often, several hundred or a few thousand individuals may occur in a correspondingly smaller area. Still smaller colonies are also found and we believe that solitary plants may sometimes occur. The density of most colonies lies between 10 and 100 mature individuals per square yard although seedling densities may be much higher. The colonies may be separated by a few feet or by several miles. Clarkia biloba is pollinated by insects, particularly bees. The flowers are protandrous. The stigma is held above the anthers, and most, if not all, of the pollen is shed before the stigma of the same flower becomes receptive; consequently, outcrossing is the norm. However, clarkias are self-compatible and self-pollination undoubtedly occurs to whatever extent pollinators visit flowers of different ages on the same plant. Seed set per capsule is usually about 50 and the ordinary plant in the wild will produce 10 to 20 capsules. The seeds have no special
PUFAs, A Dietary Supplement and Seizure Threshold

Investigators at the University of Toronto, Canada studied the effects of chronic dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) derived from fish oil on seizure thresholds in the amygdala as well as on blood and brain PUFA levels in 60-day-old rats.
In vitro and in vivo Comparison of Inhibition Effects of Yellow Soybean,Black Soybean and Semen sojae Preparatum on Non-enzyme Glycation

To compare the effects of yellow soybean,black soybean and Semen sojae Preparatum on non-enzyme glycation in vitro and in vivo,diabetes mellitus model of mice was established by intraeritoneal injecting of alloxan,and the mice were given intragastrically with yellow soybean,black soybean group and Semen sojae Preparatum group (18.5 g medicinal material/kg·d) for 56 days,while the normal and model group were treated with water. Subsequently,the levels of serum and aortic advanced glycation end products(AGEs) were assayed. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and D-glucose were incubated,simultaneously adding yellow soybean,black soybean and Semen sojae Preparatum extracts of different concentrations respectively. The fluorescent values were determined after the glycation systems were established for 90 days. The results showed that the aortic AGEs are low in the above legume groups,and the serum AGEs are low except the black soybean group; The above mentioned groups can inhibit the non-enzyme glycation reaction in vitro,and the lowest concentration is between 1～100 mg/ml. Semen sojaeP reparatum is more effective in inhibiting non-enzyme glycation than yellow soybean and black soybean,and no differences were found between yellow soybean and black soybean group. It was thus concluded that Semen sojae Preparatum can markedly inhibit the reaction of non-enzyme glycation,which might be more useful in health care.
Epidemiological Analysis of Infections Diarrhea in Huizhou,2006-2011

Objective To investigate the epidemiologic characteristics of infectious diarrhea in Huicheng district.Methods Descriptive epidemiology was employed to analyze the epidemic situation of infectious diarrhea cases reported from the routine infections disease surveillance system from 2006 to 2011.Results A total of 3,713 infectious diarrhea cases were reported during 2006 to 2011,with the annual incidence rates of 32.72/105,78.35/105,104.71/105,66.01/105,133.90/105and 62.35/105,respectively.Statistical difference was detected among incidences from 2006 to 2011( χ2= 563.39,P 0.01).The patients of 0-3 years old accounted for 88.82%;those aged less than one year accounted for 44.14% and 1-2 year-old accounted for 34.04% of the total cases.A proportion of 82.74% cases were scattered children.The incidence rate of infectious diarrhea was statistically different in term of gender( χ2= 306.57,P 0.01).The peak prevalence season was between Nov.and Dec.Conclusion The annual incidence rate of infectious diarrhea in Huizhou is characterized by an ascending trend,clustered in the children under 3 years old and outbreak between Nov.and Dec.Thus,pertinent measures towards the aforementioned aspects should be timely taken.
Analysis of HIV voluntary counseling and testing services in Shenzhen from 2011 to 2013

Objective To analyze the situation of HIV voluntary counseling and testing(VCT)from 2011 to 2013 in Shenzhen in order to provide evidence for developing HIV/AIDS prevention and control strategies. Methods The historical data of HIV VCT from 2011 to 2013 in Shenzhen were analyzed aided with Excel and SPSS13.0. Results Totally 49 503people received VCT from 2011 to 2013 in Shenzhen, with the male/female ratio of 1.3:1:1, most of the VCT clients were young adults aged between 20 and 39 years accounting for 80.9%, a majority of then were married or having spouse(46.3%). From2011 to 2013,the proportion of extramarital heterosexual behaviors were 64.0%, 62.9% and 67.2%, respectively and male homosexual were 5.8%,7.1% and 8.8%(Linear- by- linear associationχ2=1453.61,P =0.000). The overall HIV positive detection rate accounted for 1.9% and the detection rate in the 3 years was 1.9%、1.8% and 2.3%, respectively. Among HIV positive clients, the majority of them were homosexual males, followed by injecting drug users and those having HIV positive spouses/regular sex partners. The proportions of VCT services accounted for 67.7%,71.4% and 71.4% of overall outpatient services by medical institutions at different levels from 2011 to 2013, while the proportion of clients occupied 61.9%、70.6%and 64.4% of the total VCT clients in the respective 3 years. Conclusion Shenzhen medical institutions provided good VCT services to the public. VCT outpatients can detect HIV positives that is effective for control the spread of HIV/AIDS infection.Highest HIV positive rate was detected among MSM, the focus group for HIV/AIDS control.
Beef color update: the role for vitamin E

Dietary supplementation of livestock with vitamin E results in improved quality of meat subsequently obtained from these animals. The effect is especially noteworthy in cattle, in which the primary effects are delayed discoloration and lipid oxidation. A threshold level of alpha-tocopherol in muscle ensures a detectable effect; dietary strategies for attaining this threshold must consider tocopherol status of cattle arriving at the feedyard and duration and level of supplementation. The alpha-tocopherol concentration in muscle must be determined before proper interpretation of experimental results can be made. Muscles vary in their color stability, and this relative difference is not changed by vitamin E supplementation. Several in vitro models have been used to characterize the interaction between alpha-tocopherol, lipid oxidation, and oxymyoglobin oxidation. Alpha-tocopherol seems to exert its color-stabilizing effect by indirectly delaying oxymyoglobin oxidation via direct inhibition of lipid oxidation. However, recent results demonstrating a protective effect of alpha-tocopherol toward oxymyoglobin in low-oxygen atmospheres indicate that additional mechanisms may exist. A better understanding of the fundamental bases for protection of water-soluble myoglobin by lipid-soluble alpha-tocopherol is needed to optimize this beneficial effect.
Diagnostic methods in pediatric oncology.

Diagnosing malignant disorders in pediatric patients demands a good working relationship between informed clinician and informed pathologist and the application of sophisticated methodology in order to arrive at correct specific diagnoses and thus appropriate patient management programs. Anatomic pathologic techniques in diagnosis are described.
Smoke Point Measurements of Diesel-Range Hydrocarbon–Oxygenate Blends Using a Novel Approach for Fuel Blend Selection

The use of oxygenated fuels decreases particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines. Studies using engines, experimental flames, and modeling have shown that the decrease in soot emissions ...
Modulation of T-cell-mediated regulation of antibody production by interaction with specific immune complexes.

The importance of the phlogogenic effects of immune complexes in disease pathogenesis is emphasized, but they also have a role in immunoregulation. The authors (1) examine the effects of DNA: anti-DNA immune complexes, formed at different antigen: antibody ratios, on the ability of T cells to modulate DNA antibody production in vitro; (2) find that antigen-excess complexes promote IgM anti-DNA synthesis, whereas antibody-excess complexes favor a switch to IgG anti-DNA production; and (3) suggest that the interaction of T cells with immune complexes is an important feedback mechanism in control of the immune response.
Acquisition and Retention of Motor Skills as a Function of Age and Aerobic Fitness

Evidence suggests that cognitive ability declines with advancing age but that aerobic fitness can serve to minimize or even negate these declines. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between age, fitness, and retention. Twenty younger (M=24.2 years) and 18 older adults (M=66.6 years) practiced on the mirror star trace until they achieved a criterion. VO2max was measured. The number of trials required to reach criterion was predicted by VO2max, p < .001. and age, p < .02. Retention distance was also predicted by VO2max, p < .001, and age, p < .001. Analysis of relative alpha change at P3 and F4 indicated that a relative increase in left-hemisphere alpha and a relative decrease in right-hemisphere alpha were associated with retention errors. Thus, older and less aerobically fit adults required more trials to reach criterion and performed less well at retention, and changes in brain activity were associated with retention errors.
Application of the vortex breakdown phenomenon in the attenuation of trailing vortices

An experimental investigation to determine the effectiveness of a wing-tip device designed to attenuate the trailing vortex of a lifting, flat-plate wing is detailed. The induced-breakdown vortex attenuation device (IBVAD) is essentially a toed-in, vertically-oriented sheared tip. Results are presented comprising force-balance, water tunnel flow visualisation and wake studies using a seven hole probe. The data shows that compared with an equal span rectangular wing, variations of the IBVAD device can reduce drag at moderate-to-high lift coefficients, as well as reduce die maximum rotary velocity of the trailing vortex by 28%. Axial vorticity in the wake vortex was significantly attenuated compared with the rectangular wing, with a 52·6% reduction in the magnitude of die maximum vorticity. The vortex core radius was also seen to be larger than die rectangular wing. However, even substantial attenuation and redistribution of trailing vorticity may be insufficient to reduce the wake hazard.
Two-way lossy compression via a relay with self source

We consider interactive source coding of two sources through a relay which also has a source. Alice and Bob have no direct links and wish to exchange their sources with fidelity via an intermediary, Ryan. Ryan also has an individual source and seeks to communicate it to Alice and Bob. We develop inner and outer bounds for the optimal rate-distortion region of this problem, which coincide in certain lossless cases, e.g., when the sources of Alice and Bob are conditionally independent given the source of Ryan or when two of the sources are functions of the third one. The bounds heavily make use of Wyner-Ziv and Berger-Tung coding and often rely on linear network coding. Our results highlight the dual role of the relaying source, which, on one hand, facilitates compression rate savings for the other two sources by helping as side information, and on the other hand, requires additional rate for its own description.
Landscape and Climate

In Kazuo Ishiguro’s Booker prize-winning novel The Remains of the Day, the English landscape and English butler are intimately linked. Darlington Hall’s butler, Stevens, explains the connection as he relaxes in a Salisbury guesthouse after a day’s drive through the West Country. The expedition took him near the Berkshire border where he climbed a steep but beckoning footpath for a hill-top view of the surrounding countryside. From that elevated position where a light breeze caressed his face, Stevens felt that the English landscape was ‘the most deeply satisfying in the world’. It possessed, he thought, a quality found in no other national landscape — the quality of greatness. By ‘great’ Stevens did not mean dramatic or spectacular. Quite the contrary. The beauty of the English landscape was great, in Stevens’s view, because of its ‘calmness’ and ‘sense of restraint’. At this point, Stevens’s thoughts shifted from the rolling countryside to the reserved English butler.
Ciudadanía y libertad republicana. La fundamentación del concepto de autonomía en el constructivismo político de John Rawls

The idea of autonomy that Rawls presents in the second stage of his work – in Political Liberalism and in Justice as Fairness – is not only limited to the traditional conception of autonomy as a claiming of rights. Strictly speaking, it is not a legal concept but one that is “constructed”. The underlying theme of this construction is the difference that, ultimately, he establishes between mere “political autonomy” and a specific concept – constructed – of autonomy, conceived in the context of the original position . The latter concept – that of “full autonomy” – as a theoretical device different from the traditional notion of “political autonomy”, describes rather an ideal state, or realization of the freedom that political rights protect. This added aspect embodies, inside the theoretical construct, the normative content of Rawls’ proposal, of clear Republican inspiration. The analysis indeed shows that, in the end, it is this concept of full autonomy , and not the traditional legal notion of political autonomy , that is the real key supporting the argument that Rawls makes as to the stability of the well-organized society. Keywords: autonomy, republicanism, political identity, political constructivism.
Crazing of glassy polymers in oil-impregnated cables

The need for lower dielectric losses in EHV cables has stimulated recent interest in the use of oil-impregnated polymer films in place of paper. To minimize swelling by the oil and resultant degradation of mechanical and electrical properties, polymers with relatively high glass transition temperatures such as polyphenylene oxide, polydian carbonate, and polysulphone have received most attention.1,2 Such glassy materials under a mechanical strain like that which may be induced in a cable either in wrapping the film or in bending the finished cable may develop small crazes or cracks particularly in the presence of oils. In this paper we have examined the tendency of glassy polymers to craze and swell in a number of commonly used cable oils as well as in a number of pure alkanes including the molecular weight range found in these oils. Measurements of dry crazing have also been made as a function of temperature and the influences of annealing and molecular orientation investigated. The results suggest a theory relating crazing to the glass transition temperature which permits quantitative predictions of both dry and solvent crazing.
Characterization of Urolithiasis in Patients Following Lower Urinary Tract Reconstruction with Intestinal Segments

Abstract Purpose: Urinary diversion and augmentation cystoplasty are associated with long-term complications, including metabolic derangements, infectious complications, and urolithiasis. The aim of this series was to characterize upper and lower urinary tract (LUT) calculi in this population. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients with a history of urinary diversion or augmentation cystoplasty who subsequently underwent treatment for urolithiasis between January 1998 and May 2015. Data collected included demographics, perioperative characteristics, type of reconstructive procedure, urine culture, stone analysis, and metabolic evaluation. A statistical analysis was performed. Results: Ninety-nine patients were identified with a history of urolithiasis and incontinent urinary diversion (28), neobladder (21), continent cutaneous diversion (12), and augmentation cystoplasty (38). LUT stones were more common than upper tract stones in all except for incontinent diversions, which o...
The Early Dutch Reception of L’Homme

This is a consideration of the connection of L’Homme to two very different forms of early modern Dutch Cartesianism. On the one hand, this work was central to a dispute between Descartes and his former disciple, Henricus Regius. In particular, Descartes charged that Regius had plagiarized L’Homme in order to distance himself from a form of Cartesian physiology in Regius that is not founded on a proof of the spirituality of the human soul. Despite this repudiation, Regius remained a prominent proponent of Cartesian medicine. On the other hand, Florentius Schuyl published a Latin translation of L’Homme that included a preface in which he defends Descartes’s doctrine of the “beast-machine” by invoking the authority of Augustine. This preface set the stage for the emphasis in the work of Clerselier and other French Cartesians on the presence in Descartes of a kind of Augustinian spiritualism.
The evolving role of rural river ports as strategic economic development actors

The mission of seaports and river ports have evolved, over time, reflecting greater consideration of economic development. This changing role has been examined through analyzing port authorities in metropolitan regions as they diversify into urban development, but research on the changing role of rural river ports is nascent. Based on a project funded by the Mississippi Department of Transportation, this article explores the sixteen public ports in the rural U.S. State of Mississippi to shed light on how rural port authorities can operationally better support economic development efforts. These public agencies, which have traditionally focused on moving non-containerized cargo, are now diversifying into economic development. To be successful at improving rural livelihoods, rural ports need to work closely with the economic development community, but in different ways than urban ports. Their governance, financing, marketing, planning, and collaborative efforts need to adapt to be successful.
Worldschooling: Homeschooling Away from Home

Worldschooling is a form of home education, where travel takes the place of school. Worldschooling can be done alone, with family and friends, or more formally through a program called Project World School. The mission of Project World School is to provide learning retreats for adolescents and young adults with a strong emphasis on cooperative learning, co-creation, community, and social learning. This article is a review and analysis of the five retreats Project World School took in 2016, based on pre and post experience questionnaires filled out by the participants. A discussion of the challenges and benefits of worldschooling is also included within the article.
B‑Site Metal Cation Exchange in Halide Perovskites

We demonstrate exchange of the B-site metal cation in hybrid organic–inorganic halide perovskite thin films. We exchange tin in formamidinium tin triiodide (CH(NH2)2SnI3, or FASnI3) with lead at controllable levels, forming CH(NH2)2SnxPb1–xI3 alloys with partial substitution and fully converting the film to CH(NH2)2PbI3 with a large excess of Pb2+. We observe no evidence for phase segregation or bilayered films, indicating that conversion is uniform throughout the film. This facile technique provides a new way to control composition independently from the crystallization processes, allowing formation of the black phase of CH(NH2)2PbI3 at much lower temperatures than those previously reported while also opening the door to new morphology–composition combinations. The surprising observation that the B-site metal cations are mobile may also provide insight into the nature of transient processes in these materials, suggesting that they may be involved in ionic conduction, and will be a critical consideration ...
COMPARISON OF MATHEMATICS LEARNING RESULT OF STUDENTS TAUGHT BY EMPLOYING SCIENTIFIC APPROACH, PROBLEM POSING, AND OPEN ENDED IN PROBLEM BASED LEARNING MODEL IN CLASS X AT SMAN 2 MAKALE

The study aimed at examining (1) the learning result of student after being taught by employing scientific approach, problem posing approach and open ended approach in problem-based learning model, (2) the differences of improvement of student’s learning result taught by employing scientific approach, open ended approach and problem-posing approach in problem-based learning model. This study was a quasi-experiment with pretest-posttest control group design. The population of the study was class X students at SMAN 2 Makale of academic year 2014/2015 which consisted of 4 classes. Samples were selected by employing purposive sampling technique and obtained class X 2 with 28 students, X 3 with 23 students, and X 4 with 23 students. Afterwards, the three classes were taught using scientific approach, problem posing approach, and open ended approach in problem-based learning model. The learning package used was lesson plan, student’s workbook, and student’s book. The research instruments were test of learning result, self assessment, and learning implementation. The result of the study revealed that (1) the mean score of student’s learning result using scientific approach in problem-based learning on knowledge aspect was 83.33 and attitude aspect was 90.03. Student’s who had achieved master on knowledge aspect was 84%, so the mastery learning result classically had been achieved; the attitude aspect had achieved 96% so the student’s attitude was in very good category. The mean score of student’s learning result using problem posing approach in problem-based learning model on attitude aspect was 86.95 and knowledge aspect was 70.61. Student’s who had achieved mastery was 23%, so the mastery learning result classically had been achieved; the attitude aspect had achieved 95% so the student’s was in very good category. The mean score of student’s learning result using open ended approach in problem-based learning on attitude aspect was 88.24 and knowledge aspect was 66.96. Student’s who had achieved mastery was 35%, so the mastery learning result classically had yet to achieve; the attitude aspect indicated that 100% of student’s was very good category, (2) there was significant difference of learning result of students who were taught by employing scientific approach, problem posing approach, and open ended approach
Sirtuin 1 attenuates inflammation and hepatocellular damage in liver transplant ischemia/Reperfusion: From mouse to human

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), an inevitable antigen-independent inflammation response in cadaveric liver transplantation, correlates with poor early graft function, rejection episodes, and contributes to donor organ shortage. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a histone deacetylase that may regulate inflammatory cell activity and manage liver function in IRI, though its functional role and clinical relevance remains to be elucidated. We investigated the efficacy of SIRT1 activation in a murine liver IRI model and verified the concept of putative SIRT1-mediated hepatoprotection in clinical liver transplantation. In the experimental arm, mice were subjected to 90 minutes of liver partial warm ischemia followed by 6 hours of reperfusion with or without adjunctive SIRT1 activation in vivo (resveratrol [Res]). In parallel, bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) or spleen lymphocyte cultures were treated with Res. In the clinical arm, liver biopsies from 21 adult primary liver transplant patients (2 hours after reperfusion) were divided into "low" (n = 11) versus "high" (n = 10) SIRT1 expression groups, assessed by Western blots. Treatment with Res attenuated murine liver IRI while up-regulating SIRT1, suppressing leukocyte infiltration, and decreasing proinflammatory cytokine programs. SIRT1 silencing (small interfering RNA) in BMDM cultures enhanced inflammatory cytokine programs, whereas addition of Res decreased proinflammatory response in a SIRT1-dependent manner. In addition, Res decreased interferon γ production in liver-infiltrating and spleen lymphocyte cultures. Human liver transplants with high SIRT1 levels showed improved hepatocellular function and superior survival (P = 0.04), accompanied by lower proinflammatory cytokine profile. In conclusion, our translational study is the first to identify SIRT1 as a regulator of hepatocellular function in human liver transplant recipients under ischemia/reperfusion stress. By targeting innate and adaptive immune activation, manipulation of SIRT1 signaling should be considered as a novel means to combat inflammation in liver transplantation. Liver Transplantation 23 1282-1293 2017 AASLD.
Maximum efficiencies for internal combustion engines: Thermodynamic limitations:

The thermodynamic limitation for the maximum efficiencies of internal combustion engines is an important consideration for the design and development of future engines. Knowing these limits helps d...
Inferior vena cava obstruction and shock

Shock is one of the most challenging life-threatening conditions with high mortality and morbidity; the outcomes are highly dependent on the early detection and management of the condition. Septic shock is the most common type of shock in the Intensive Care Unit. While not as common as other subsets of shock, obstructive shock is a significant subtype due to well defined mechanical and pathological causes, including tension pneumothorax, massive pulmonary embolism, and cardiac tamponade. We are presenting a patient with obstructive shock due to inferior vena cava obstruction secondary to extensive deep venous thrombosis. Chance of survival from obstructive shock in our patient was small; however, there was complete and immediate recovery after treatment of the obstruction on recognizing the affected vessels. This case alerts the practicing intensivist and the emergency medicine physician to consider occlusion of the great vessels other than the pulmonary artery or aorta as causes of obstructive shock.
Dusk Falls on the Kitchen

prairie dog town. I have a striped wool sock slung through my belt loop and a black toy mask over my eyes. As I nose my way down the street I toss a dime in a bUnd man's cup and suddenly aU eyes are on me. People everywhere begin pointing at me and barking in high-pitched chirps. I run to the curb but the cabs won't stop, they barrel past Uke buffalo with their heads between their fenders. By now the barking is deafening. People are leaning out of windows and popping up through manholes just to chime in. I race around the corner and duck into an alley. A coyote crouching in the shadows over a dead chicken, casually stands up and Ughts a cigarette. Says he thought my kind was extinct.
Pure Likelihood Methods and Nuisance Parameters

In most, if not all, statistical problems we have not one parameter but many. However, we are often interested in inference or statements on just one of the parameters. Suppose then that the parameter of interest is θ and that the remaining parameters, called nuisance parameters, are denoted by γ.
Distress-Anguish, Grief, and Depression

Distress is a highly important fundamental emotion that has many functions. It played a role in the evolution of human beings and it continues to serve important biological and psychological functions. Distress and sadness are generally considered synonymous. Ekman and Friesen (1975), while conceiving sadness as a form of distress, however, draw some distinctions between the two. They see distress as more active, as a stronger motivation to protest as well as to cope. While considering sadness a form of distress is not substantially inconsistent with differential emotions theory, the latter holds that the underlying emotion experience is the same. The total subjective experience in a distress situation may vary as different affects and cognitions interact. Ekman and Friesen’s distinction between distress and sadness may be more a function of the cognition and imagery that interacts with distress than a result of differences in the experiential emotion (distress). For example, the protest and activity that Ekman and Friesen believe to be features that distinguish distress from sadness may result, in part, from a distress-anger interaction.
Design of Experiments

As described in Chapters 2 and 4, sheet and film processes are characterized by large dimensionality, tightly constrained input moves, poorly conditioned interaction matrices, poor signal-to-noise ratios, and a limited number of experimental runs allowed for model identification purposes. The development of high quality models for such processes poses a challenging identification problem [64, 134, 135, 208, 217].
Adenosine, AMP, and Daily Torpor

When calorically restricted at cool ambient temperatures, mice conserve energy by entering torpor, during which metabolic rate (MR), core body temperature (T b), heart rate (HR), and locomotor activity (LMA) decrease. Others have suggested that injection of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) mimics the torpor pathway. We have postulated that AMP is dephosphorylated to adenosine which drastically slows HR, and the reduced oxygen delivery forces metabolism to fall with an accompanying decrease in T b. We would also predict an increase in anaerobic metabolism as oxygen delivery becomes limiting. To test this hypothesis, we measured circulating lactate, a marker for anaerobic metabolism, in C57Bl/6 mice, 30 min after treatment with AMP, ADP, adenosine, methacholine, and during fasting-induced torpor. HR slowed drastically with the treatments, from >600 bpm to 5 mm when treated with AMP or ADP, while lactate levels dropped during natural torpor (0.8 mm). Further, we show that adenosine signaling is necessary for the initiation and maintenance of torpor in fasted mice. Mice were subcutaneously (s.c.) infused with either saline or aminophylline, an adenosine receptor blocker, during fasting. Over the course of a 23 h fast, aminophylline significantly blunted the length of time in torpor fivefold. Also, when aminophylline was infused once torpor had begun, it reversed the hypometabolism, hypothermia, bradycardia, and hypoactivity of torpor, while saline did not. Finally, intracerebroventricular infusion of a polar adenosine receptor antagonist, which does not cross the blood–brain barrier, during fasting-induced torpor also induced emergence from torpor. These findings support the hypothesis that adenosine is necessary for the induction and maintenance of torpor in mice.
The Effect of l-Carnitine Supplement and Its Derivatives on Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death despite signifigant advancement in the drugs, treatment, and technology. Natural products have gained substantial interest in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. l -carnitine is an important part of fatty acid transport into the mitochondria for ATP production. Myocardial tissue produces more than 60% of its energy using fatty acid oxidation. For this reason, the effect of l -carnitine has been evaluated with some success in patients with diabetes, heart failure, angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, and diastolic heart failure. The aim of this chapter is to summarize our current knowledge about the effect of l -carnitine on various cardiovascular conditions.
Oral Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Drugs and Ocular Adverse Events.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate possible associations between oral anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs and ocular side effects. Methods: Spontaneous reports were collected and evalua...
Stimulant Use Disorders and Related Emergencies

Stimulants are the second most widely used class of illicit drugs worldwide after cannabis, and all emergency department clinicians will encounter serious medical and psychiatric emergencies that result from their use. Stimulants include “over-the-counter” stimulants such as caffeine and nicotine, pharmaceutical stimulants such as Adderall and Ritalin, and “street” stimulants such as methamphetamine, synthetic cathinones, and cocaine. The stimulant-intoxicated patient can rapidly develop life-threatening complications and is often highly agitated, paranoid, and violent, posing significant dangers to themselves and others. This chapter outlines common clinical presentations of stimulant intoxication, reviews the psychiatric and medical emergencies that can result from stimulant use, and discusses emergency assessment and management of these complicated and high-risk patients.
A Theory of Adaptive Intelligence and Its Relation to General Intelligence.

Intelligence typically is defined as consisting of “adaptation to the environment” or in related terms. Yet, it is not clear that “general intelligence” or g, traditionally conceptualized in terms of a general factor in a psychometrically-based hierarchical model of intelligence, provides an optimal way of defining intelligence as adaptation to the environment. Such a definition of adaptive intelligence would need to be biologically based in terms of evolutionary theory, would need to take into account the cultural context of adaptation, and would need to take into account whether thought and behavior labeled as “adaptively intelligent” actually contributed to the perpetuation of the human and other species, or whether it was indifferent or actually destructive to this perpetuation. In this article, I consider the similarities and differences between “general intelligence” and “adaptive intelligence,” as well as the implications especially of the differences.
Spatial Correction of Multimodel Ensemble Subseasonal Precipitation Forecasts over North America Using Local Laplacian Eigenfunctions

AbstractThe extent to which submonthly forecast skill can be increased by spatial pattern correction is examined in probabilistic rainfall forecasts of weekly and week-3–4 averages, constructed wit...
Universal Design of Instruction and Social Justice Education: Enhancing Equity in Outdoor Adventure Education

Given continued underrepresentation of nondominant populations in outdoor adventure education, there is a clear need to create more welcoming environments, increase equity in programs, and empower all participants to become agents of change. Many of the current practices used to create equitable outdoor adventure education experiences are specific to organizations or programs and not universally applicable to other settings or the full spectrum of underrepresented populations. The field may benefit from incorporating effective strategies from other educational contexts to improve equity. This paper discusses universal design of instruction and social justice education as potentially viable strategies for enhancing equity. The authors explain each strategy and apply them to outdoor adventure education programming. Together these strategies provide a framework for evaluating current practices and designing new approaches to enhance equity.Subscribe to JOREL
Backpack Forces on the Spine.

Object Backpacks are standard load carriers for people of all ages, especially school children and the military. Previous studies have described the impact of the forces exerted by backpacks on load distribution, back pain, and gait. The objective of this study was to use finite element analysis (FEA) to assess the effects of incremental weights in a backpack on the spine. Methods To assess the forces experienced by the spine under the incremental addition of weight to a backpack, we performed a finite element simulation using commercially available 'BodyParts3D/Anatomography' data, which were imported into FEA software. We studied two different scenarios: 1) a regular backpack with incrementally placed weights using both shoulder straps with the spine in a neutral position, and 2) a regular backpack with incrementally placed weights using both shoulder straps with the spine tilted forward 20 degrees. The spine model was physiologically accurate. Results For all of the added weights examined (1-100 pounds; 0.45-45.36 kg), the force experienced by the neutral spine was 7.2-fold the added weight. For the 20 degrees-forward posture, this value rose to 11.6-fold. Conclusions These findings should help to clarify the forces experienced by the spine due to objects in a backpack. For example, this should help spinal surgeons to better understand the tremendous importance of sagittal plane alignment in planning their surgical reconstructions.
Surrogate tumor antigen (STA) surface expression may be required for cross-priming and induction of systemic tumor immunity following STA-based vaccination

4696 Vaccination against cancer has been difficult to exploit for poorly immunogenic tumors for which no tumor antigens have been identified, a scenario that reflects most human malignancies. To begin addressing this we employed the 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma model. Since 4T1 tumor cells are relatively non-immunogenic we engineered them to express either simian virus 40 large tumor antigen (SV40 Tag) or ovalbumin (OVA) as surrogate tumor associated antigens (STA). Immunization of mice with recombinant SV40 Tag (rTag) in alum had no effect on parental 4T1 tumor formation. However, if 4T1 tumor challenge was preceded by rejection of s.c. 4T1.Tag challenge, the formation of parental 4T1 tumors was completely prevented and mice were protected from spontaneous lung metastases. Previously we reported that both CD4+ T cells and anti-Tag IgG antibodies were required for the rejection of Tag positive tumors, and that ADCC may be involved. To further address this, mice were immunized with purified OVA in alum using a dosage, route and schedule similar to that used for Tag. Sera were collected and analyzed by ELISA for the presence of anti-OVA IgG antibodies. Two weeks following the final immunization mice were challenged with 4T1.OVA and monitored for tumor growth. Within 2 weeks of challenge tumors were palpable in spite of the presence of anti-OVA IgG antibodies. Thus unlike the Tag experiments, mice immunized with OVA and challenged with 4T1.OVA did not reject the challenge. This lack of rejection may be due to the lack of surface expression of OVA on 4T1.OVA cells, unlike 4T1.Tag cells. OVA expression on the surface of 4T1 may enable the immune system to reject challenge with OVA expressing 4T1 cells and result in cross-priming and systemic tumor immunity against parental 4T1 tumor cells. To address the necessity of STA surface expression, full length OVA cDNA was sub-cloned into a surface expression vector and parental 4T1 cells transfected to yield the cell line 4T1.OVAsur. Expression of OVA protein in 4T1.OVAsur was confirmed by Western Blot analysis, and surface expression confirmed by flow-cytometry using OVA-specific antibodies. Mice immunized with OVA protein in alum will be challenged with 4T1.OVAsur and tumor growth monitored. Following rejection of 4T1.OVAsur, mice will be challenged with parental 4T1 cells in the opposite flank, and tumor growth and lung metastasis measured. These results should provide pre-clinical insight into whether surface expression of an STA is necessary for the rejection of STA expressing tumor cells and subsequent cross priming against parental (indigenous) tumor cells.
A 5.6 μ A Wide Bandwidth, High Power Supply Rejection Linear Low-Dropout Regulator With 68 dB of PSR Up To 2 MHz

High power supply rejection (PSR) with a wide rejection frequency band is becoming a critical requirement in linear low-dropout regulators (LDOs) used in complex systems-on-chip (SOCs). Typical LDOs achieve higher PSR within their loop-bandwidth; however, their supply rejection performance degrades with reduced loop-gain outside their loop-bandwidth. Typical LDOs with external filtering capacitors may also have spectral peaking in their PSR response, causing excess system-level supply noise. This work presents an LDO design approach, which achieves a PSR of higher than 68 dB up to 2 MHz frequency and over a wide range of loads up to 250 mA. The wide PSR bandwidth is achieved using a current-mode feedforward ripple canceller (CFFRC) amplifier which provides up to 25 dB of PSR improvement. The feedforward path gain is inherently matched to the forward gain of the LDO, not requiring calibration. The LDO has a fast load transient response with a recovery time of 6.1 $\mu \text {s}$ and has a quiescent current of 5.6 $\mu \text {A}$ . For a full load transition, the LDO achieves settling with overshoot and undershoot voltages below 27.6 and 36.36 mV, respectively. The LDO is designed and fabricated in a 180 nm bipolar/CMOS/DMOS (BCD) technology. The CFFRC amplifier helps to achieve low quiescent power due to its inherent current mode nature, eliminating the need for supply ripple summing amplifiers and adaptive biasing.
Harnessing Augmented Reality and CT to Teach First-Year Medical Students Head and Neck Anatomy

Rationale and Objectives Three-dimensional (3D) visualization has been shown to benefit new generations of medical students and physicians-in-training in a variety of contexts. However, there is limited research directly comparing student performance after using 3D tools to those using two-dimensional (2D) screens. Materials and Methods A CT was performed on a donated cadaver and a 3D CT hologram was created. A total of 30 first-year medical students were randomly assigned into two groups to review head and neck anatomy in a teaching session that incorporated CT. The first group used an augmented reality headset, while the second group used a laptop screen. The students were administered a five-question anatomy test before and after the session. Two-tailed t-tests were used for statistical comparison of pretest and posttest performance within and between groups. A feedback survey was distributed for qualitative data. Results Pretest vs. posttest comparison of average percentage of questions answered correctly demonstrated both groups showing significant in-group improvement (p Conclusion Immersive 3D visualization has the potential to improve short-term anatomic recall in the head and neck compared to traditional 2D screen-based review, as well as engage millennial learners to learn better in anatomy laboratory. Our findings may reflect additional benefit gained from the stereoscopic depth cues present in augmented reality-based visualization.
Reaction of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor on Platinum on Alumina Spheres

Abstract An experimental and numerical study of the rates of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide vapor on catalytic surfaces was conducted. Hydrogen peroxide vapor and helium carrier gas flowed over a catalyst (platinum on alumina spheres of varying diameter) at a total pressure of
Delay of ice formation on penguin feathers

Cold-weather penguins continually dive in and out of the water and get splashed by waves during the frigid Antarctic winter. Yet, even under these extreme sub-zero conditions, macroscopic ice crystals are typically not observed on their feathers. In this work, we hypothesize that the origin of the anti-icing properties of a cold-weather penguin’s feathers comes from a unique combination of the feather’s macroscopic structure, the nanoscale topography of its barbules, and the hydrophobicity of its preen oil. We show that, the combination of all three, make cold-weather penguin feathers both highly water repellant and icephobic. In this paper, we present the results from a series of droplet freezing experiments performed on feathers from a number of species of both cold-weather and warm-weather penguins. Compared to a smooth glass substrate, freezing was delayed by a factor of 30-times for drops deposited on warm-weather penguin feathers and 60-times for cold-weather penguins. The difference in freezing time between warm- and cold-weather penguins was statistically significant and can be attributed to the increase in the contact angle measured between the drop and the feather of the cold-weather penguin. This increased contact angle is the result of an increase in the hydrophobicity of the preen oil and the inclusion of nanoscale, air-trapping dimples on the surface of the barbules. The physics of this delay are explained through the development of a simple heat transfer model which demonstrates that increasing contact angle is a primary cause of increased freezing time and icephobicity. The results of this study can be used to motivate the designs of biomimetic surfaces to minimize ice formation in extreme conditions for a number of important engineering applications.
Synthetic amorphous silica nanoparticles: toxicity, biomedical and environmental implications

Natural silica and silicates are predominantly crystalline and constitute the most abundant components of the Earth’s crust. Man-made silica is typically amorphous and manufactured in tonnage quantities for commercial use and, more recently, for burgeoning medical applications, making synthetic amorphous silica nanoparticles (SASNs) arguably the most abundant nanoparticles on Earth. Despite the abundance of silica and SASNs, misconceptions remain regarding what silica is and its medical and environmental implications. SASNs are often considered to be toxic regardless of their source, but, here, we emphasize that all silica nanoparticles are not created equal and explore how composition, synthesis, processing and environmental exposure effect toxicity. Despite having comparable size, shape and nominal composition, SASNs prepared by pyrolytic or colloidal processes can have drastically different toxicities, which, to date, is not generally recognized by the research community. In this Review, we begin with a survey of relationships between synthetic methods and material structure, followed by structure–toxicity relationships. Next, we explore the environmental implications of SASNs exposure and provide a review of the emerging biomedical uses of SASNs in therapy, imaging and theranostics. We conclude with our vision for the field and suggest that minimal SASN characterization standards are needed for reporting and understanding their biological or environmental behaviours and implications. Synthetic amorphous silica nanoparticles are produced in tonnage quantities for a range of commercial uses. In this Review, the synthesis–structure–property relationships of synthetic amorphous silica nanoparticles are outlined, with an emphasis on biomedical applications and environmental implications.