cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Sexual Function Outcome

The challenge of radical prostatectomy as a treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer lies in its goals. Achieving cancer control often competes with the preservation of sexual function. The introduction of minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with or without robotic assistance in the last 10 years was associated with a remarkable interest in the urological community. Such a rapid popularity of minimally invasive techniques is not supported by evidence demonstrating superiority over other existing surgical approaches. In fact, like the open radical prostatectomy literature, the laparoscopic and robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy literature reviewed in this chapter showed that a large experience with the technique has been accumulated but the subset of patients on whom the sexual function recovery is reported remain relatively small. The literature also shows heterogeneity in the methodology of data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. While prospective analyses at centers of excellence demonstrated equivalency of sexual function recovery between open and laparoscopic radical prostatectomies, the technique of radical prostatectomy regardless of the approach remains highly operator dependent.
The number of -points on Dwork hypersurfaces and hypergeometric functions

We provide a formula for the number of \(\mathbb {F}_{p}\)-points on the Dwork hypersurface $$\begin{aligned} x_1^n + x_2^n \cdots + x_n^n - n \lambda \, x_1 x_2 \ldots x_n=0 \end{aligned}$$ in terms of a p-adic hypergeometric function previously defined by the author. This formula holds in the general case, i.e., for any \(n, \lambda \in \mathbb {F}_p^{*}\) and for all odd primes p, thus extending results of Goodson and Barman et al. which hold in certain special cases.
Application of Regional Flow‐ecology Relationships to Inform Watershed Management Decisions: Application of the ELOHA Framework in the San Diego River Watershed, California, USA

Relationships between changes in streamflow and changes in biological condition are important considerations for water resources management decisions. The Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration (ELOHA) framework offers a way to protect stream health by managing flow conditions. We demonstrate application of a regionally derived ELOHA framework to inform stakeholder defined management challenges in the San Diego River Watershed in southern California, USA—a large semi-urbanized watershed that is undergoing land use changes. Using previously defined flow-ecology relationships based on benthic invertebrate community composition, we: 1) assess how future land use changes will affect flow conditions and impact biological endpoints in the watershed; 2) demonstrate how flow–ecology relationships can be used to prioritize regions of the watershed into various flow management classes that can inform future planning decisions; and 3) evaluate how two future management decisions (specifically, modification of reservoir operations and implementation of low impact development strategies to reduce stormwater runoff) will affect in-stream flow conditions in the watershed. Our study shows a successful transition of regionally derived flow targets to inform local decisions at a catchment or watershed scale, thereby avoiding the need to develop local flow–ecology relationships for every stream of interest (as would be required by other instream flow methods). Case studies are a critical bridge between the science of flow-ecology and real-world implementation and this work illuminates an example of how to navigate technical and management challenges and provide road maps for broader applications by including local stakeholders in defining, interpreting, and implementing products of flow-ecology analyses
14C-Assay of Photorespiration in Leaf Disks

Quite possibly the most important single factor limiting net photosynthesis (defined as net carbon assimilated) are losses in dry weight due to respiratory metabolism. The familiar process of aerobic dark respiration consisting of the sequential reactions comprising glycolysis and the Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle, and in many tissues also involving the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, generally is well understood. This process of dark respiration, which, of course, occurs in all cells in both light and darkness, can itself cause a considerable decrease of dry weight gain. But in many species of chlorophyll-containing plants another, special kind of respiration — called photorespiration — occurs at a sufficiently high rate to alone account for a decrease of 50% of the gross photosynthetic assimilation (see Table 7-I).
Neuropeptidomics of the Rat Habenular Nuclei

Conserved across vertebrates, the habenular nuclei are a pair of small symmetrical structures in the epithalamus. The nuclei functionally link the forebrain and midbrain by receiving input from and projecting to several brain regions. Each habenular nucleus comprises two major asymmetrical subnuclei, the medial and lateral habenula. These subnuclei are associated with different physiological processes and disorders, such as depression, nicotine addiction, and encoding aversive stimuli or omitting expected rewarding stimuli. Elucidating the functions of the habenular nuclei at the molecular level requires knowledge of their neuropeptide complement. In this work, three mass spectrometry (MS) techniques—liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to Orbitrap tandem MS (MS/MS), LC coupled to Fourier transform (FT)-ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) MS/MS, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) FT-ICR MS—were used to uncover the neuropeptide profiles of the rodent medial and lateral habenula. With the assis...
Full Protection Against Soman-Induced Seizures and Brain Damage by LY293558 and Caramiphen Combination Treatment in Adult Rats

Acute exposure to nerve agents induces status epilepticus (SE), which causes brain damage or death. LY293558, an antagonist of AMPA and GluK1 kainate receptors is a very effective anticonvulsant and neuroprotectant against soman; however, some neuronal damage is still present after treatment of soman-exposed rats with LY293558. Here, we have tested whether combining LY293558 with an NMDA receptor antagonist can eliminate the residual damage. For this purpose, we chose caramiphen (CRM), an antimuscarinic compound with NMDA receptor antagonistic properties. Adult male rats were exposed to 1.2 × LD50 soman, and at 20 min after soman exposure, were injected with atropine + HI-6, or atropine + HI-6 + LY293558 (15 mg/kg), or atropine + HI-6 + LY293558 + CRM (50 mg/kg). We found that (1) the LY293558 + CRM treatment terminated SE significantly faster than LY293558 alone; (2) after cessation of the initial SE, seizures did not return in the LY293558 + CRM-treated group, during 72 h of monitoring; (3) power spectrum analysis of continuous EEG recordings for 7 days post-exposure showed increased delta and decreased gamma power that lasted beyond 24 h post-exposure only in the rats who did not receive anticonvulsant treatment; (4) spontaneous recurrent seizures appeared on day 7 only in the group that did not receive anticonvulsant treatment; (5) significant neuroprotection was achieved by LY293558 administration, while the rats who received LY293558 + CRM displayed no neurodegeneration; (6) body weight loss and recovery in the LY293558 + CRM-treated rats did not differ from those in control rats who were not exposed to soman. The data show that treatment with LY293558 + CRM provides full antiseizure and neuroprotective efficacy against soman.
Zusatzkompression der Kälteflüssigkeit

Nach dem Vorschlag von Plank, Danzig1), last sich die Kaltewirkung dadurch erhohen, das man den Stoff nach dem Austritt aus dem Kondensator einer nochmaligen Kompression unterwirft. Das Verfahren eignet sich hauptsachlich fur Kaltetrager, deren kritische Temperatur verhaltnismasig tief liegt (CO2) und dem ziemlich warmes Kuhlwasser zur Verfugung steht.
Preservation of Microorganisms

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various methods used to preserve microorganisms. Storage in liquid nitrogen is one of the best methods for preserving all microorganisms. For some viruses, it may be better to freeze the sample rapidly, but slow freezing with a cryoprotective agent is desirable for all other organisms to retain maximum viability or infectivity. Storage at –70°C is nearly as effective as –196°C (liquid nitrogen). Only a few organisms survive well at higher temperatures, such as –20 or –40 ° C. For short-term preservation (3–12 months), agar slants or stab cultures in tightly capped tubes are adequate. For long-term storage of those organisms that can withstand dehydration, lyophilization is the most economical and reliable method. Although many lyophilized organisms survive well at room temperature, all cultures should be refrigerated. Certain problems associated with lyophilized cultures must be recognized. Dehydration may be mutagenic and, in addition, the relative number of spontaneous mutants can increase in the rehydrated culture.
A Generalized Extinction Theorem and Its Role in Scattering Theory

When an electromagnetic wave is incident on a homogeneous medium with a sharp boundary, it is extinguished inside the medium in the process of interaction and is replaced by a wave propagated in the medium with a velocity different from that of the incident wave. A classic theorem of molecular optics due to P.P. Ewald (1912) and C.W. Oseen (1915) expresses the extinction of the incident wave in terms of an integral relation, that involves the induced field on the boundary of the medium. Various generalizations of this theorem have recently been proposed and it was also shown that the customary physical interpretation of the theorem is incorrect.
Theodor: A Step Towards Smart Home Applications with Electronic Noses

This paper presents preliminary results of the ongoing project TheOdor which explores the potential of electronic noses that make use of commodity gas sensors (MOS, MEMS) for applications in the smarthome, for example, to classify human activities based on the odors generated by activities. We describe the system and its components and report on classification results from first validation experiments.
Psychoanalytic Treatment at the Crossroads of ADHD and Emerging Adulthood: Reflections on Dr. Whitman’s Case Presentation

The case of Mark presents the confluence of issues that are controversial in contemporary psychoanalysis: namely, how to understand and treat a “neurodevelopmental disorder” like attention deficit ...
A sexually dimorphic distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 in the paraventricular hypothalamus

Abstract Sex differences in neural structures are generally believed to underlie sex differences reported in anxiety, depression, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, although the specific circuitry involved is largely unclear. Using a corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRFR1) reporter mouse line, we report a sexually dimorphic distribution of CRFR1 expressing cells within the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVN; males > females). Relative to adult levels, PVN CRFR1-expressing cells are sparse and not sexually dimorphic at postnatal days 0, 4, or 21. This suggests that PVN cells might recruit CRFR1 during puberty or early adulthood in a sex-specific manner. The adult sex difference in PVN CRFR1 persists in old mice (20–24 months). Adult gonadectomy (6 weeks) resulted in a significant decrease in CRFR1-immunoreactive cells in the male but not female PVN. CRFR1 cells show moderate co-expression with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and high co-expression with androgen receptor, indicating potential mechanisms through which circulating gonadal hormones might regulate CRFR1 expression and function. Finally, we demonstrate that a psychological stressor, restraint stress, induces a sexually dimorphic pattern of neural activation in PVN CRFR1 cells (males > females) as assessed by co-localization with the transcription/neural activation marker phosphorylated CREB. Given the known role of CRFR1 in regulating stress-associated behaviors and hormonal responses, this CRFR1 PVN sex difference might contribute to sex differences in these functions.
Retinoblastoma in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

In this issue of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, there are three reports addressing the management of Retinoblastoma in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC) [1–3]. Retinoblastoma is the most ...
Seasonal habitat use and community structure of rockfishes in the Gulf of Alaska

Abstract Research is needed to determine the seasonal importance of high-relief habitats, particularly those containing biotic structures to rockfishes within the Gulf of Alaska. We examined the density and community structure of commercially important rockfishes in low-relief, high-relief, and biotic habitats in the spring, summer, and winter seasons at three sites in the central Gulf of Alaska using stereo drop cameras and bottom trawls. The fish community structure within all three sites was dominated by dusky rockfish (Sebastes variabilis), northern rockfish (S. polyspinis), Pacific ocean perch (S. alutus), and harlequin rockfish (S. variegatus). There was no effect of season on community structure and density of rockfish in the study area. While there were local differences in fish density and community structure, rockfish densities throughout the study areas were higher in complex than bare habitats. Significant differences in densities between high-relief and biotic habitats were not found and the additional value of structure- forming invertebrates was not proven. Juvenile rockfish were also associated with high-relief habitat, particularly complex boulder habitat. This study advances our knowledge of seasonal habitat preferences of commercially important rockfish species with the Gulf of Alaska and emphasizes the need to consider these preferences in surveying and managing these species.
Hercule Poirot Investigates: The Pyrrhic Victory of Technology and 21st Century Reading Practices or the Death of the Literary Mind

Employing a synthesis of recent neuroscience research, cultural criticism, and the creative symbolism of Agatha Christie’s famous detective, Hercule Poirot, “Hercule Poirot Investigates: The Pyrrhic Victory of Technology and 21st Century Reading Practices or The Death of the Literary Mind,” theorizes that technology use and value conflict within English departments has resulted in a generation of reading professionals who are ill equipped to continue the work of the discipline.
An expanding bacterial colony forms a depletion zone with growing droplets

Many species of bacteria have developed means to spread on solid surfaces. This study focuses on the expansion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on an agar gel surface. We report the occurrence and spread of a depletion zone, where the layer of bacteria on the agar becoming thinner. The depletion zone occurs within an expanded colony under conditions of minimal water evaporation. It is colocalized with a higher concentration of rhamnolipids, the biosurfactants that are produced by the bacteria and accumulate in the older region of the colony. With continued growth in bacterial population, dense droplets occur and coalesce in the depletion zone, displaying remarkable fluid dynamic behavior. Whereas expansion of a central depletion zone requires activities of live bacteria, new zones can be seeded by adding rhamnolipids. These depletion zones due to the added surfactants expand quickly, even on plates covered by bacteria that have been killed by ultraviolet light. We propose a model to account for the observed properties, taking into consideration bacterial growth and secretion, osmotic swelling, fluid volume expansion, cell-cell interaction, and interfacial fluid dynamics involving Marangoni flow.
Patient characteristics associated with complications during neonatal intubations.

INTRODUCTION Complications of neonatal intubation are known to be increased with emergent intubations, increased number of attempts, unstable hemodynamics, or ventilation failure; and decreased with use of paralytic medication and videolaryngoscopy. Patient characteristics associated with complications are not well understood. DESIGN/METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed of neonates who underwent intubation between January 2017 and June 2019. Patient characteristics of infants with and without complications were compared. Complications included common adverse events and abnormal vital sign changes occurring during intubation. RESULTS A total of 467 intubation encounters in 352 infants were included with median gestational age (GA) at birth of 29 weeks, postmenstrual age (PMA) 33 weeks at intubation, and median weight 1795 g. 41.5% of infants had complications and 58.5% of infants did not. Infants with complications compared to infants without had a median FiO2 of 0.50 versus 0.45 (p = .183), median GA at birth of 29 versus 31 weeks (p < .001), median PMA of 32 weeks versus 33.0 weeks (p = .352), median weight of 1540 g versus 1970g (p = .091), and median chronological age of 3 days versus 1 day (p = .001). Generalized Estimating Equations controlling for administration of paralytic indicated decreased complications in infants ≤21.5 days in chronological age (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.30-0.69) and increased complications in infants ≤1565 g (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.04-2.23). CONCLUSION Patient characteristics associated with an increased rate of complications included chronological age and weight. Further study is needed to reduce complications.
A molecular dynamics study of nanofracture in monolayer boron nitride

Abstract In this paper, we use molecular dynamics (MD) modeling to study the fracture properties of monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) under mixed mode I and II loading. We investigate the impact of crack edge chirality, crack tip configuration and loading phase angle on the crack propagation path and critical stress intensity factors. The MD results predict that under all the loading phase angles cracks prefer to propagate along a zigzag direction and the critical stress intensity factors of zigzag cracks are higher than those of armchair cracks. Under mixed mode loading, the h-BN sheets can undergo out-of-plane deformations due to the buckling induced by compressive stresses. The out-of-plane deformations can be significant when mode II loading is dominant. An excessive amount of out-of-plane deformation can induce buckling cracks. Depending on the loading phase angle and crack configurations, buckling cracks can nucleate before or after the propagation of the original cracks.
Mutants of Escherichia coli with an Altered Tyrosyl-Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase

We have isolated several mutants defective in the gene for tyrosyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase (tyrS). One of these mutants is described in detail. It was isolated as a tyrosine auxotroph with defects both in the tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase and in the tyrosine biosynthetic enzyme, prephenate dehydrogenase. It also had derepressed levels of the tyrosine-specific 3-deoxy-d-arabinoheptulosonic acid-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthetase. The latter finding suggested that a wild-type tyrS gene was required for repression of the tyrosine biosynthetic enzymes. The following results demonstrated that this hypothesis was not correct. (i) When the defective tyrS gene was transferred to another strain, the tyrosine-specific DAHP synthetase in that strain was not derepressed, and (ii) two other mutants with defective tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases had repressed levels of the tyrosine biosynthetic enzymes. The tyrS gene was located near minute 32 on the Escherichia coli chromosome by interrupted mating experiments.
Telepsychiatry intervention is better for ADHD symptoms than usual treatment augmented by telemedicine consultation

ABSTRACT FROM: Myers K, Vander Stoep A, Zhou C, et al . Effectiveness of a telehealth service delivery model for treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a community-based randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015;54:263–74. Disparity in availability of mental healthcare based on geography is so prevalent that federal mandates, such as the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (http://www.recovery.gov/arra/About/Pages/The_Act.asp) have been developed to encourage the use of technology to rectify reduced mental healthcare access in rural areas. Even with such encouragement, however, the use of ‘virtual visits’ through video teleconferencing (VTC) remains relatively underutilised by providers and third-party payers.1 This study evaluated the impact of improving access to expert care for youth with ADHD in rural areas by utilising a ‘hub and spoke’ model to deliver mental healthcare …
Graphite Fluoride (CFx)n—A New Solid Lubricant

Friction and wear life studies were conducted on burnished (rubbed-on) films of a potential, new, solid lubricant, graphite fluoride (CFx)n. Results were compared to those of similar tests using graphite or MoS2. The comparisons showed that, at any one specific temperature, the wear lives of (CFx)n films exceeded those of graphite or MoS2. Also, the friction coefficient of (CFx)n was less than that of graphite and approximately equal to that of MoS2. The upper temperature limitation on the (CFx)n burnished films is about 400 C. The influence of the fluorine-to-carbon ratio in the compound was investigated and did not seem to be of importance in the range considered (1.12 to 0.7). Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Houston, Texas, October 14–16, 1969
Lateral Line Function and the Internal Dynamics of Fish Schools

The question whether the lateral line plays a significant role in fish schooling has been posed repeatedly (Bateson 1889, Parker 1904, Parr 1927, Allen, Blaxter, and Denton 1976 and references in reviews by Shaw 1970, Radakov 1973). Until recently, however, and although some studies had indicated that information from the lateral lines might be utilized (Backus 1958, Disler 1963, Cahn, Shaw, and Atz 1968, Cahn 1972, Webb 1980), most authors considered vision to be the only, or at least the primary, sensory modality employed (e. g., Parr 1927, Bowen 1931, Schlaifer 1942, Breder 1951, 1959, Atz 1953, Hunter 1969, Shaw 1962, 1970). Observation that Pollachius virens (saithe) could school while temporarily blindfolded (Pitcher, Partridge, and Wardle 1976) and the subsequent detailed analysis of the effects of blindfolding or cutting the posterior lateral lines on schooling (Partridge and Pitcher 1980) demonstrated that the role of the lateral lines in normal schooling is far greater than had been previously recognized. Results from those studies, coupled with analyses of the internal dynamics of fish schools described below, begin to explain how sensory information from the lateral lines is used by individuals in the collective decision making process of the school.
Acceptance of and experiences utilising expedited partner therapy among African-American juvenile girls.

Background The aim of this study was to describe acceptance of and experiences utilising expedited partner therapy (EPT) among African-American girls recruited from short-term juvenile detention centres. Methods: Ninety-five detained African-American girls (aged 13–17 years) completed audio computer-assisted self-interviews (ACASI) and self-collected vaginal swab specimens assayed for chlamydia and gonorrhoea. EPT was offered to sexually transmissible infection (STI)-positive participants (n = 51); follow-up phone interviews assessed medication delivery to partners. Summary statistics described EPT acceptance frequency. Generalised estimating equations assessed correlates of acceptance. Nine semi-structured interviews elicited EPT experiences. Results: EPT was offered 69 times, accepted by 70% (n = 37) girls and provided to 68% (n = 36) of girls. Acceptance was significantly associated with sexual risk behaviours such as infrequent partner STI prevention discussion (OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.0,–10.1, P = 0.048) and ≥ 4 lifetime sex partners (OR = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.0–11.0, P = 0.048). Discontinued relationships were the most common barrier to EPT acceptance. Emergent interview themes included sense of responsibility, which appeared to motivate acceptance and help overcome identified discomfort with partner disclosure conversations. Conclusions: Future research is needed to determine EPT efficacy among African-American juvenile populations and feasibility of its use outside of research settings.
827 CONGENITAL SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA (CSA): A MICRO-ENVIRONMENT DEFECT

Erythroid colony (EC) formation and heme biosynthesis were studied in marrow cultures of a 2 year old girl with severe CSA and neutropenia. Bone marrow showed micronormoblastic erythroid hyperplasia, ringed sideroblasts and decreased granulopoeisis. The patient had not responded to hematinics. and prednisone. EC formation was determined in plasma clot (pc) and methyl cellulose (mc) culture systems after 7 days incubation by benzidine staining and expressed as CFUE/8×105 marrow cells. In pc cultures, EC(140) were fewer than normal adult controls (1100).However, cultures in me resulted in exuberant EC growth (1400). Good EC formation (900) also occurred without added erythropoeitin (ep), in contrast to no growth in controls. Addition of hemin stimulated EC formation (2000) and reversed pyridoxal PO4 inhibition. δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase activity of marrow itself was substantially decreased and heme oxygenase was increased. However, in me culture ALA synthetase, ALA dehydratase, C- 14ALA incorporation into heme and H-3 leucine incorporation into protein were normal and increased by addition of hemin. This patient's excellent capacity to synthesize hemoglobin and form EC in me culture, even in the absence of added ep, suggests that CSA may result from an unfavorable marrow microenvironment.
Effects of Verbal Study-Strategies on the Free Recall and Recognition of Concrete and Abstract Nouns

Sunz7nary.-The present experiment tested a portion of Paivio's (1969) dual processing theory which suggested "a verbal mediational set should be equally effective with concrete or abstract items." 23 subjects learned lists of 15 concrete and 15 abstract nouns using each of four verbal study-strategies: rote repetition, word association, dictionary definition, and sentence generation. Following immediate recall tests on each 15-item list, a final recall test for all 120 nouns and a recognition test were given. In immediate recall, more concrete words were recalled than abstract words, with no differences due to studystrategy, as Paivio's theory suggested. However, in final recall, differences were found between concrete and abstract nouns only under dictionary definition and sentence generation. In recognition, more concrete than abstract nouns were recognized, but the three mediational strategies all proved superior to the nonmediational rote-repetition strategy. One well-supported finding in the field of verbal learning is that concrete nouns ate recalled better than abstract nouns (Paivio & Foth, 1970; Gorman, 1961; Dukes & Bastian, 1966). This difference has been attributed to a twoprocess encoding procedure (Paivio, 1969, 1971) in which concrete nouns evoke both imaginal and verbal mediators which aid in noun recall, while abstract nouns rely primarily on verbal mediators. In addition to the advantage that a concrete noun has in establishing two memory mediational traces, its imaginal trace appears to be more resistant to forgetting over time as compared with a verbal mediational trace. A limited number of studies have examined two or more verbal studystrategies and their effects on memory-performance, all of them using concrete nouns as stimuli. Bower and Winzenz (1970) have found in a paired-associate task that subjects generating sentences combining the paired associates (sentence generation) recalled more than subjects reading a sentence which contained the paired words, with both methods being more effective than continuous repetition of pairs (rote repetition). In a subsequent recognition task, the sentencegeneration method proved more effective than either the sentence-reading method or the rote-repetition method, which did not differ significantly from one another. Schwartz and Humphreys ( 1974) found that subjects receiving no particular encoding instructions recalled more than subjects given instructions for rote repetition. However, no difference between the two study methods was found for recognition.
Social capital, inclusive networks, and economic performance

Abstract Empirical studies show that the relationship between social capital and economic performance is ambiguous. The paper points to the potential trade-off between the sustainability of self-enforcement and the magnitude of gains from trade in social networks as an explanation. Based on an infinitely repeated multi-player prisoners’ dilemma it is shown how self-enforcement of cooperation within a network is influenced by its inclusiveness, its communication capacity, and the complexity of the exchange setting. The paper shows that inclusive social capital can combine both low enforcement costs and high gains from trade even in a complex exchange setting.
Gauge repeatability and reproducibility for accessing variability during dissolution testing: A technical note

In this study, the gauge R&R method was used to analyze sources of variability for the paddle apparatus (USP apparatus 2). An initial evaluation of gauge R&R dissolution testing results using the amount dissolved at 30 minutes for a 10-mg prednisone tablet showed no instrument or operator contributions to variability but did highlight some vessel differences within an instrument. Based on this finding, a new mechanical calibration step was developed to improve the performance of the measurement system.
Thoracic Duct Injury Resulting in Abnormal Newborn Screen

Measurement of T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC) in neonates has allowed for population-based screening of severe combined immunodeficiency and other disorders associated with T-cell lymphopenia. In addition to primary T-cell lymphopenic disorders, secondary causes of T-cell lymphopenia can be diagnosed with TREC analysis. We discuss the diagnostic evaluation of a patient with normal TREC analysis at birth that became abnormal after cardiac surgery. TREC analysis was performed by the Florida State Laboratory. Diagnostic evaluation and treatment were performed at All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, Florida. We identified a 38-day-old female patient with thoracic duct injury, which caused chylothorax and chylous ascites diagnosed after an abnormal newborn screen. Chylothorax was secondary to thoracic duct injury after cardiac surgery and led to severe lymphopenia and hypogammaglobulinemia. Thoracic duct ligation led to improved lymphocyte counts and normalization of immunoglobulin levels. Secondary causes of lymphopenia are detected with TREC assay that lead to abnormal newborn screen results. Many secondary causes of lymphopenia can be acquired with normal initial newborn screens that become abnormal over time.
Magnetic-field effect in organic photoconductive devices studied by time-of-flight

It is well established that weak applied magnetic fields of several tens of millitesla can lead to a change of several percent in the continuous-wave photocurrent in organic semiconductor devices. However, it remains to be determined whether the applied magnetic field modifies the photocarrier generation efficiency or its mobility or both. We use magnetic-field-dependent time-of-flight spectroscopy to disentangle these two possibilities. We find evidence that the magnetic field leads to a decrease in the photocarrier time-of-flight.
Towards low-noise fiber sources for coherent Raman microscopy

A compact, robust, and inexpensive ﬁber-based source for coherent Raman imaging would beneﬁt both re-searchers and the clinical application of these imaging techniques. However, the relative intensity noise of ﬁber sources has precluded their use for stimulated Raman scattering microscopy without the use of electronic noise cancellation. A recently demonstrated ﬁber optical parametric oscillator was used to achieve high-quality images using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy, and demonstrated that the self-consistent nature of the oscillator aided low-noise frequency conversion. Thus, reducing the intensity noise on the ﬁber laser used to pump this device will be a critical step in creating a ﬁber-based source for stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. We will report the design and construction of high-energy dissipative soliton ﬁber lasers as a potential source of quiet picosecond pulses at 1 μm, along with application to pumping the optical parametric oscillator.
Strengthening R&D and its integration with corporate operations

Abstract This paper explores the corporate policy environment within which RD designing RD developing RD appraising project contributions; and more effectively integrating R&D into corporate operations and planning.
Finite element analysis and application for a nonlinear diffusion model in image denoising

The stability analysis and error estimates are presented for a nonlinear diffusion model, which appears in image denoising and solved by a fully discrete time Galerkin method with kth (k ≥ 1) order conforming finite element spaces. Numerical experiments are provided with denoising several grayscale noisy images by our Galerkin method on bilinear finite elements. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 649–662, 2002; DOI 10.1002/num.10017
Iothalamate stimulates hydroperoxide formation by soybean lipoxygenase.

Sodium iothalamate produced a dose dependent increase in basal oxygen consumption when soybean lipoxygenase was incubated with arachidonic acid in 0.1M borate buffer pH 9.0. The increase in oxygen consumption was associated with an increase in absorbance at 234 nm indicating an increased conjugated diene formation. The stimulation of O2 consumption was demonstrated to be due to an increase in 1500H arachidonic formation. The increase in 1500H arachidonate formation could be blocked by mannitol which is an inhibitor of the lipoxygenase enzyme. N-methyl glucamine (meglumine) which is added to some preparations of iothalamate, was also able to suppress the increase in hydroperoxide formation in a dose dependent fashion.
Cyclic sedimentation produced by fluctuations in meltwater discharge, tides and marine productivity in an Alaskan fjord

Glacimarine sediment deposited in the fjord adjacent to Muir Glacier in south-eastern Alaska consists of rhythmically laminated muds, stratified sandy mud, sand and gravelly mud facies. Cyclicity is recorded by gravelly mud facies deposited during winter by ice-rafting, black mud laminae formed by spring plankton blooms and variations in tidal rhythmite thickness and texture produced by the interaction of meltwater discharges and tidal currents in the macrotidal fjord. Regular cyclicity in laminae thickness is tested statistically by Fourier transform and can be attributed to a lunar tidal cycle control in the five cores collected up to 6 km from the sediment source. Cores close to the source can have additional laminae as a result of discharge fluctuations, and distal cores may lack full cycles because of variability in the plume path and attenuation with distance. Cyclic variations in sediment texture are recorded in magnetic susceptibility (MS) profiles of the cores. High MS values are produced by turbidite sand beds or by stratified sandy mud deposited by overflow plumes during peak summer meltwater discharge. Low values reflect muddy intervals deposited during periods of low meltwater discharge, such as during autumn and winter. Sediment accumulation rates measured by 210Pb dating range from 82 cm year–1, 2 km from the sediment source at the head of the fjord, to 16 cm year–1, 6 km away. These rates are within the same range as average sediment accumulation rates determined from cyclic seasonal markers within the cores. These data show that, with careful documentation, annual cycles of glacimarine sediment accumulation can be detected within marine cores. Cores collected from the distal portion of the basin were deposited during the transition of Muir Glacier from a tidewater terminus ending in deep water to a terrestrial glacier with an ice-contact delta deposited in front of the terminus. This transition is recorded by a coarsening-upward sedimentary sequence formed by turbidite sands originating from the prograding delta above fine-grained, laminated basin fill deposited by turbid overflow plumes.
Textile Mechanics Model of a Pneumatic Tire

Abstract A mathematical model to analyze the structural behavior of a pneumatic tire is described. The model consists of a series of unidirectional layers of tire cord bonded together in a contoured shape to form a laminated structure. The number of cord layers and the properties and orientation of the cords in each layer can be varied to represent various sections such as the belt and sidewall of a radial construction. The model includes only membrane stresses, but permits large deformations and geometric rearrangement of the cords. Inputs to the model include the initial uninflated tire geometry (mold shape), properties and arrangement of cords and rubber, and the applied load distribution. Model outputs include shape, cord tension distributions, and interply shear stresses. A selection of results from the model are presented for a particular radial tire, and a comparison is made between the calculated and experimentally observed shapes. The results are interpreted in terms of the fundamental mechanical...
Marriage Among African Americans: What Does the Research Reveal?

The research reveals that African Americans are the least likely to marry, when they marry, they do so later and spend less time married than White Americans, and they are the least likely to stay married. Factors contributing to the marriage status of African Americans include structural, cultural, individual and interactive factors. Structural factors include the disparity in sex ratios between African American males and females and employment instability among African American males. Cultural factors include changing cultural trends such as marriage not being a perquisite for sex, the independence of women, the shift from familism to individualism, cohabitation as an increasing option, and the promotion of the values of materialism and patriarchy through popular culture. Individual factors stem from an internalization of cultural values that affects people’s perceptions of marriage and their expectations of potential mates, their willingness to commit to a relationship that can lead to marriage, and, once they marry, their willingness to sustain the marriage through the challenges it will face. Added to this is the fact that, until recent federal funding in 2006, there was little or no education to help couples sustain relationships to marriage or sustain the marriage after they are married. In addition, all members of US society are expected to conform to the dominant group’s idea of the monogamous, nuclear family. This forces those who opt for other life styles e.g., gay and lesbian, polygynous, etc., to stay in cohabitating relationships. All of these factors contributes to African Americans being less likely to marry and more likely to divorce.
Professional Political Consultants: An Operational Definition1

Although political consultants have increasingly been the subject of scholarly research, there is little agreement as to what a ‘political consultant’ actually is. Early research in the field, and a good deal of contemporary work as well, has provided only vague conceptualisations of the term. Recent quantitative work that attempts to examine the role and impact of consultants in elections suffers from a lack of a common operational definition. After a brief review of the way systematic empirical researchers operationalise ‘professional political consultant,’ I offer a comprehensive definition that can be used in future research on the topic. Without an agreed definition to employ, the study of political consulting will remain idiosyncratic and fragmentary. That, in turn, hampers efforts to provide normative evaluation, and comparative analysis, of the consulting phenomenon.
Determination of laminar flame speeds using stagnation and spherically expanding flames: Molecular transport and radiation effects

Abstract The uncertainties associated with the extraction of laminar flame speeds through extrapolations from directly measured experimental data were assessed using one-dimensional direct numerical simulations with focus on the effects of molecular transport and thermal radiation loss. The simulations were carried out for counterflow and spherically expanding flames given that both configurations are used extensively for the determination of laminar flame speeds. The spherically expanding flames were modeled by performing high fidelity time integration of the mass, species, and energy conservation equations. The simulation results were treated as “data” for stretch rate ranges that are encountered in experiments and were used to perform extrapolations using formulas that have been derived based on asymptotic analyses. The extrapolation results were compared then against the known answers of the direct numerical simulations. The fuel diffusivity was varied in order to evaluate the flame response to stretch and to address reactant differential diffusion effects that cannot be captured based on Lewis number considerations. It was found that for large molecular weight hydrocarbons at fuel-rich conditions, the flame behavior is controlled by differential diffusion and that the extrapolation formulas can result in notable errors. Analysis of the computed flame structures revealed that differential diffusion modifies the fluxes of fuel and oxygen inside the flame and thus affect the reactivity as stretch increases. Radiation loss was found to affect notably the extracted laminar flame speed from spherically expanding flame experiments especially for slower flames, in agreement with recent similar studies. The effect of radiation could be eliminated however, by determining the displacement speed relative to the unburned gas. This can be achieved in experiments using high-speed particle image velocimetry to determine the flow velocity field within the few milliseconds duration of the experiment. In general, extrapolations were found to be unreliable under certain conditions, and it is proposed that the raw experimental data in either flame configurations are compared against results of direct numerical simulations in order to avoid potential falsifications of rate constants upon validation.
POLITICAL DISENGAGEMENT AND THE DEATH OF MARTIN LUTHER KING

At about 7: 10 on the evening of April 4, 1968, first word was broadcast over national television networks that the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., had been shot. King's death was announced a short time later. The brutal death of the civil rights leader elicited a political reaction manifest in social disturbances across the nation. Numerous riots and lesser civil disturbances occurred as a direct aftermath of the killing. Several explanations for the disturbances appear obvious. The best-known civil rights leader in the nation had been murdered. For many, King had become a symbol of progressive change in policies concerning race relations and poverty.1 The killing also occurred within the context of increasing interracial tension. More widespread rioting, looting, and burning-although less personal violence-took place in the prior summer than at any other time since the Civil War.2 Finally, diverse modes of political participation among Negroes had emerged on a fairly massive scale.3 I argue that the assassination was a stimulus that led individuals to an emotional disengagement from the realm of normal political behavior. What I term political disengagement occurs when normally positive and latent diffuse sentiments toward the political system and its elements become negative. This process may be slow or rapid. In
Acid modification of starch granules in alcohols: effects of temperature, acid concentration, and starch concentration

Abstract The acid modifications of potato, amylomaize-7, and waxy maize starches were conducted in methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, and 1-butanol using a wide range of acid concentrations (0.36 to 5.0%, w/v) and temperatures of 5 to 65 °C. It was found that limiting degrees of polymerization (dp) values were obtained in 72 h of reaction. The resulting products were modified starch granules that contained new types of limit dextrins. It also was found that the dp values of the limit dextrins were dependent on the concentration of the starch in the alcohol suspension. At a constant concentration of acid, the degree of hydrolysis was inversely proportional to the concentration of the starch suspended in the alcohol. This is explained as due to a decrease in the concentration of acid inside the starch granules as the number of starch granules are increased. We further explore the scope of preparing modified starches with different limiting dp values by studying the reaction of potato starch in the four alcohols with 0.36 to 5% w/v HCl at different temperatures from 5 to 65 °C in 10°C intervals. The study shows that by the selection of the alcohol, the acid concentration, the temperature, and the starch concentration, a wide range of limit dextrins, with selected dp values, can be produced.
p-Version hierarchical three dimensional curved shell element for heat conduction

This paper presents a finite element formulation for a three dimensional nine node p-version hierarchical curved shell element for heat conduction where the element temperature approximation can be of arbitrary order pξ, pη, and pζ in the ξ, η and ζ directions. This is accomplished by first, constructing one dimensional hierarchical approximation functions and the corresponding nodal variable operators for each of the three directions ξ, η and ζ using Lagrange interpolating polynomials and then taking their products (sometimes also called tensor products). The element approximation functions as well as the nodal variables are hierarchical and therefore the element matrices and the equivalent heat vectors are hierarchical also i.e. the element properties corresponding to polynomial orders pξ, pη, and pζ are a subset of those corresponding to (pξ+1), (pη+1), and (pζ+1). The element formulation ensures C0 continuity. The curved shell geometry is constructed in the usual way by taking the coordinates of the nodes lying on the middle surface of the element (ζ=0) and the nodal thickness vectors. The element properties i.e. element matrices and the equivalent heat vectors are derived using weak formulation (or quadratic functional) of the three dimensional F ourier heat conduction equation and the hierarchical element temperature approximation. The element formulation is equally effective for very thin as well as extremely thick shells. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, modeling convenience, faster rate of convergence and over all superiority of the present formulation. The h-approximation results are presented for comparison purposes.