cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Clinical Pathology Data Correlating Changes with Other Study Data

During the conduct of in vivo toxicology studies, in-life, clinical pathology, and anatomic pathology parameters are collected and interpreted. These sets of parameters are evaluated in an integrative manner to determine the overall toxicity of a test article. For clinical pathology parameters, the inherent variability and physiologic factors affecting each analyte must be understood prior to interpretation. Changes in clinical pathology parameters that are considered to be test article-related are then assessed with respect to changes in the concurrent data sets such as clinical signs and anatomic pathology to determine the underlying pathophysiology. In this article, examples of hemolysis and hepatotoxicity are used to demonstrate the relationships among the various parameters and data sets. Whereas there was tight correlation of all data sets in the example of hemolysis in rats, the examples of altered enzymes and other biomarkers indicating liver injury and dysfunction were more often discordant with other data sets.
Testing the Conditions for Acquiring Intuitive Expertise in Judgment: Evidence from a Study of NCAA Basketball Tournament Predictions

Evidence from psychological studies of both novice and expert forecasters often show that people are overconﬁdent in their ability to make accurate judgmental predictions about future events. In contrast, evidence from much cognitive engineering research appears to show that experienced performers are reasonably well adapted to their task environments and do not display many of the cognitive biases, such as overconﬁdence, evident in the psychological literature. We present the results of a study providing evidence for both views, and more importantly, for the conditions under which experienced forecasters will exhibit high levels of calibration (little overconﬁdence) versus poorer calibration and thus overconﬁdence. In short, good calibration resulted when forecasters were required to draw solely upon high validity base-rate information gained through many years of repetitive exposures to a prediction task, yet displayed overconﬁdence when they were also provided case-speciﬁc information with high salienc...
Influence of contraction intensity, muscle, and gender on median frequency of the quadriceps femoris.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of contraction intensity, gender, and muscle on median frequency of the three superficial portions of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Thirty healt...
Cochlear pathology in human temporal bones with otitis media

Conclusion: Middle and inner ear interactions in otitis media can lead to cochlear pathology. More severe pathological changes observed in the basal turn of the cochlea are consistent with prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss at higher frequencies in patients with otitis media. Methods: Of 614 temporal bones with otitis media, 47 with chronic and 35 with purulent otitis media were selected following strict exclusion of subjects with a history of acoustic trauma, head trauma, ototoxic drugs, and other diseases affecting the cochlear labyrinth. Temporal bones with labyrinthine inflammatory changes were further evaluated for loss of hair cells and other histopathologic changes compared to age-matched controls. Results: In all, 19% of temporal bones with chronic and 9% with purulent otitis media showed labyrinthine inflammatory changes. In chronic otitis media, inflammatory changes were: 56% localized purulent, 22% localized serous, 11% generalized seropurulent, and 11% generalized serous. Inflammatory changes in temporal bones with purulent otitis media included 67% localized purulent and 33% were generalized seropurulent. Pathological findings included: serofibrinous precipitates and inflammatory cells in scala tympani of basal turn and cochlear aqueduct, significant loss of outer and inner hair cells, and significant decrease in area of stria vascularis in the basal turn of the cochlea, as compared to controls.
On the Optimality of Motion-Based Particle Filtering

Particle filters have revolutionized object tracking in video sequences. The conventional particle filter, also called the CONDENSATION filter, uses the state transition distribution as the proposal distribution, from which the particles are drawn at each iteration. However, the transition distribution does not take into account the current observations, and thus many particles can be wasted in low likelihood regions. One of the most popular methods to improve the performance of particle filters relied on the motion-based proposal density. Although the motivation for motion-based particle filters could be explained on an intuitive level, up until now a mathematical rationale for the improved performance of motion-based particle filters has not been presented. In this letter, we investigate the performance of motion-based particle filters and provide an analytical justification of their superiority over the classical CONDENSATION filter. We rely on the characterization of the optimal proposal density, which minimizes the variance of the particles'weights. However, this density does not admit an analytical expression, making direct sampling from this optimal distribution impossible. We use the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence as a similarity measure between density functions and denote a particle filter as superior if the KL divergence between its proposal and the optimal proposal function is lower. We subsequently prove that under mild conditions on the estimated motion vector, the motion-based particle filter outperforms the CONDENSATION filter, in terms of the KL performance measure. Simulation results are presented to support the theoretical analysis.
Stochastic simulation methods for biochemical systems with multi-state and multi-scale features

In this thesis we study stochastic modeling and simulation methods for biochemical systems. The thesis is focused on systems with multi-state and multi-scale features and divided into two parts. In the first part, we propose new algorithms that improve existing multi-state simulation methods. We first compare the well known Gillespie’s stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA) with the StochSim, an agent-based simulation method. Based on the analysis, we propose a hybrid method that possesses the advantages of both methods. Then we propose two new methods that extend the Network-Free Algorithm (NFA) for rule-based models. Numerical results are provided to show the performance improvement by our new methods. In the second part, we investigate two simulation schemes for the multi-scale feature: Haseltine and Rawlings’ hybrid method and the quasi-steady-state stochastic simulation method. We first propose an efficient partitioning strategy for the hybrid method and an efficient way of building stochastic cell cycle models with this new partitioning strategy. Then, to understand conditions where the two simulation methods can be applied, we develop a way to estimate the relaxation time of the fast sub-network, and compare it with the firing interval of the slow sub-network. Our analysis are verified by numerical experiments on different realistic biochemical models.
Computational Models Reduce Complexity and Accelerate Insight Into Cardiac Signaling Networks

Cardiac signaling networks exhibit considerable complexity in size and connectivity. The intrinsic complexity of these networks complicates the interpretation of experimental findings. This motivates new methods for investigating the mechanisms regulating cardiac signaling networks and the consequences these networks have on cardiac physiology and disease. Next-generation experimental techniques are also generating a wealth of genomic and proteomic data that can be difficult to analyze or interpret. Computational models are poised to play a key role in addressing these challenges. Computational models have a long history in contributing to the understanding of cardiac physiology and are useful for identifying biological mechanisms, inferring multiscale consequences to cell signaling activities and reducing the complexity of large data sets. Models also integrate well with experimental studies to explain experimental observations and generate new hypotheses. Here, we review the contributions computational modeling approaches have made to the analysis of cardiac signaling networks and forecast opportunities for computational models to accelerate cardiac signaling research.
Intelligence Test Interpretation: Acting in the Absence of Evidence

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the overriding assumption that intelligence testing can be enhanced if psychologists function as scientifically based practitioners. The identification of science is the ultimate basis for Wechsler intelligence scale for children-third edition (WISC-III) interpretation. Usually, four additional premises influence clinical interpretation of the WISC-III. WISC-III interpretation is generally based on scientific findings. Most of the interpretations made by the psychological practitioners are not grounded in scientific research. There are several WISC-III interpretations that lack scientific support. The scientific evidence related with the four factors is voluminous and usually supportive, thereby making the lack of evidence for individual subtest interpretations even more disturbing. The chapter also portrays the importance of individual interpretation, keeping in mind the subtest interpretations that can successfully constitute a case of acting in the absence of or in opposition to evidence. The chapter explains that the search for scientific support can be enhanced and upgraded with the help of organized psychology's efforts to review and disseminate the state of scientific evidence on a regular basis.
Comparison of fusion cross sections for /sup 10/B + /sup 16/O. -->. /sup 26/Al and /sup 12/C + /sup 14/N. -->. /sup 26/Al

The cross section for fusion of $^{10}\mathrm{B}$+$^{16}\mathrm{O}$ is found to differ markedly from that of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$+$^{14}\mathrm{N}$ for bombarding energies in the range 3 to 9 times the fusion barrier. This difference exceeds that expected on the basis of calculated or measured nuclear density distributions for these nuclei.
Validity and Diagnostic Accuracy of Written Expression Curriculum-Based Measurement for Students With Diverse Language Backgrounds

The use of curriculum-based measurement (CBM) for screening is well established, but there has been less research regarding the technical adequacy of written expression CBM (WE-CBM) for screening and the utility of this type of measure when used with students with diverse language backgrounds. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and diagnostic accuracy of various WE-CBM indicators for 139 4th-grade students from diverse language backgrounds (89 native English-speaking students, 19 English language learners, and 31 Monitored students). We examined the validity of WE-CBM with the statewide writing achievement test and studied the diagnostic accuracy of WE-CBM for determining students at risk using receiver-operating characteristic curves. Results suggest that WE-CBM varies in validity and diagnostic accuracy across students and depending on the WE-CBM scoring indicator used. Additional research on the use of WE-CBM, particularly with diverse groups of students, is greatly needed.
A Social Morality for Mortals

This essay praises Gerald Gaus’s The Order of Public Reason as a building block for all normative explorations into the institutional foundations of human sociability. It evaluates the normative implications put forth by Gaus in terms of the Kirzner’s “finder’s keeper’s ethic.” This raises a question about the relationship between the moral order and the political order that underlies market processes. Examining the role of entrepreneurship in the market process in relation to Kirzner’s “finder’s keeper’s principle” suggests a deeper ethical foundation that underpins the institutional conditions of “social morality.”
Abstract 3471: Paclitaxel selects and enriches for CD44+/MyD88+ ovarian cancer stem cells

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Background: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. The current standard of care in the treatment of EOC patients is surgical debulking and combination chemotherapy usually with Carboplatin and Paclitaxel. Although effective in majority of the cases, more than 20% of patients do not respond. Moreover, more than 80% of patients present with recurrent disease within 5 years. Therefore, there is an underlying biology that results in the differential response to treatment as well as the occurrence of recurrent disease. Tumors are heterogeneous and consist of multiple types of cancer cells, which exhibit different chemoresponsiveness. Our group previously described the characterization of CD44+/MyD88+ EOC stem cells and demonstrated their tumor-initiating properties. An important characteristic of these cells, which differentiate them from the CD44-/MyD88- EOC cells, is the presence of a functional TLR4-MyD88-NFkB pathway. This pathway confers Paclitaxel resistance to these cells. We hypothesize that a cause for recurrence following Paclitaxel treatment is the selective survival of cancer stem cells capable to recreate the tumor. In this study, we demonstrate that Paclitaxel enriches for the CD44+/MyD88+ EOC stem cells thus promoting recurrence. Methods: In vitro model: co-culture system consisting of (50%:50%) GFP+ CD44+/MyD88+ and RFP+ CD44-/MyD88- cells treated with 0.2 uM Paclitaxel. In vivo model: Ovarian tumors implanted s.c in Nude mice treated with 10 mg/kg Paclitaxel q3d for 21 days. Levels of GFP+ and CD44+ cells were determined by flow cytometry. Klf-4, Nanog, MyD88, and ALDH1 were determined by qPCR or western blot. Results: Control co-cultures were characterized by overgrowth of CD44-/MyD88- EOC cells while the Paclitaxel treated co-cultures had mainly CD44+/MyD88+ EOC stem cells. Similarly in vivo results show enrichment in CD44+ cells with Paclitaxel (49% CD44+ in control vs 88% CD44+ with treatment). Analysis of genes associated with stemness showed upregulation of Klf-4, Nanog ALDH1, and MyD88 in the cultures treated with Paclitaxel compared to control. Conclusion: We demonstrate that Paclitaxel selectively induce cell death in CD44-/MyD88- EOC cells but has a pro-survival effect and enhances self-renewal in the pleuripotent and chemoresistant CD44+/MyD88+ EOC stem cells. Based on these data, we propose that the mode of management for EOC patients should take into consideration the tumor's molecular phenotype. Our results highlight the need to identify patients that should not receive Paclitaxel - not only because they are resistant, but more importantly, because it can enrich for the more aggressive cancer stem cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3471. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3471
Effect of Parasites and Food Plants on the Stability of a Population of Melanoplus femurrubrum

Nymphs and adults of Melanoplus femurrubrum (DeGeer) in a 1.8 acre mixed grassforb field were collected and analyzed for food plants and parasites for 3 years. The most common foods in the crops of the grasshoppers were normally those most abundant in the field, although the less common hoary alyssum ( Berteroa ) was profusely selected. Feeding trials indicated that a mixture was needed for increased fecundity. Ground cherry ( Physalis ) made up 6% of the crop contents but when fed alone it caused nymphal mortality. The nematode, Mermis nigrescens , accounted for up to 71% mortality when analyzed using the seasonal index of parasitism. Eutrombidium rostratus , Perilampus hyalinus and a Sarcophaga sp. had a negligible effect on mortality. Nematode parasitism and suboptimal nutrition appeared to be major factors in maintaining a stable grasshopper population.
Talent Education on Female College Students in New Economy Times

In light of new economy characteristics,opportunities and challenges which female college students are facing are analyzed in the paper,and several proposals are put forward,towards their education for becoming a useful person under the conditions of new economy times.
A Program of Preparation for Teachers of Disturbed Children

This article describes a graduate program of preparation for teachers of emotionally and socially maladjusted children. Development, content, operations, and outcomes are presented, together with some of the underlying philosophy -which guides the program.
Traumatic Brain Injury

TBI is “damage to brain tissue caused by an external mechanical force as evidenced by medically documented loss of consciousness or post traumatic amnesia (PTA) due to brain trauma or by objective neurological findings that can be reasonably attributed to TBI on physical examination or mental status examination. Penetrating wounds fitting the definition listed above are included. This definition of TBI excludes several conditions when the criteria above are not met: Lacerations or contusions of the face, eye, or scalp, without other criteria listed above; Fractures of skull or facial bones, without criteria listed above; Primary anoxic, inflammatory, toxic, or metabolic encephalopathies which are not complications of head trauma; Brain infarction (ischemic stroke); Intracranial hemorrhage (hemorrhagic stroke) without associated trauma; Airway obstruction (e.g., near-drowning, throat swelling, choking, strangulation, or crush injuries to the chest); Seizure disorders (grand mal, etc.); Intracranial surgery; Neoplasms” [1].
Short communication: Influence of pulsed light treatment on the quality and sensory characteristics of Cheddar cheese

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of pulsed light (PL) treatment on the color, oxidative stability, and onset of molding of Cheddar cheese. Slices of sharp white Cheddar cheese of 2.5 × 5 cm were treated on one side with PL doses from 1.02 to 12.29 J/cm2, sealed in polyethylene bags, and stored at 6°C for up to 1 mo. Peroxide value, color parameters, and the onset of molding were evaluated. No significant changes in color or peroxide value were observed for PL-treated samples compared with the untreated controls. Pulsed light was able to significantly delay surface molding during refrigerated storage, with a PL dose of 9.22 J/cm2 delaying the onset of molding by 7 d. The effect of PL on the taste, appearance, and acceptability of Cheddar cheese slices treated with a PL dose of 9.22 J/cm2 on each side was assessed. In triangle tests, 60 untrained panelists were unable to detect significant differences between the control and PL-treated samples, although PL had a significant effect on overall liking, flavor, and appearance. These findings suggest that although PL can be effective for surface decontamination of cheese, it may have some detrimental effects on sensory properties.
A Mini Pilot-Scale Flow Loop Experimental Study of Turbulent Flow Wax Deposition by Using a Natural Gas Condensate

Wax deposition is one of the important flow assurance problems in oil and gas production for both offshore and onshore fields. In this study, we experimentally investigated the turbulent flow wax deposition phenomena under single-phase turbulent flow conditions. The experiments were conducted in a mini pilot-scale flow loop by using Garden Banks condensate from the Gulf of Mexico. Condensate velocities of 1.89, 2.83, 3.78, and 4.72 m/s and testing durations of 2.67 h (2 h, 40 m), 8 h, 16 h, and 24 h were used for the deposition test. The initial value of the Reynolds number, wall shear stress, and heat-transfer coefficient corresponding to these four flow velocities were in the ranges of 7300–19 000, 12–60 Pa, and 1200–2900 W/(m2 K), respectively. Deposit thickness data based on the mass and pressure drop measurements were obtained. The deposit composition was analyzed by using high-temperature gas chromatography (HTGC). The results revealed that more than 45% of the total wax mass flux (from the bulk oil...
The interaction of Io’s plumes and sublimation atmosphere

Abstract Io’s volcanic plumes are the ultimate source of its SO2 atmosphere, but past eruptions have covered the moon in surface frost which sublimates in sunlight. Today, Io’s atmosphere is a result of some combination of volcanism and sublimation, but it is unknown exactly how these processes work together to create the observed atmosphere. We use the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method to model the interaction of giant plumes with a sublimation atmosphere. Axisymmetric plume/atmosphere simulations demonstrate that the total mass of SO2 above Io’s surface is only poorly approximated as the sum of independent volcanic and sublimated components. A simple analytic model is developed to show how variation in the mass of erupting gas above Io’s surface can counteract variation in the mass of its hydrostatic atmosphere as surface temperature changes over a Jupiter year. Three-dimensional, unsteady simulations of giant plumes over an Io day are also presented, showing how plume material becomes suspended in the sublimation atmosphere. We find that a plume which produces some total mass above Io’s surface at night will cause a net increase in the noon-time atmosphere of only a fraction of the night-time value. However, as much as seven times the night-side mass of the plume will become suspended in the sublimation atmosphere, altering its composition and displacing sublimated material.
Potamology Data Collection on Lower Mississippi River

The potamology data collection program of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg District, is designed to provide adequate, dependable data on the behavior of the Lower Mississippi River. The data are being used to establish guidelines for effectively and economically stabilizing the river for flood control and navigation. Channel stabilization problems involve not only the most feasible means of stabilizing specific reaches of the river, but also long-range predictions hydrographic surveys, bed form profiles, current direction, discharge and horizontal velocity distribution, bed material and suspended sediment samples, and water surface profiles. Emphasis is placed on standardized data documentation in order to minimize the amount of time necessary to prepare the data for study and to enable personnel who are relatively unfamiliar with details of the program to use the data confidently.
Accuracy of swallow roost locations assigned using weather surveillance radar

Weather surveillance radars (WSR) have been used to detect roosting aggregations of swallows since the 1950s. We provide the first quantitative assessment of the accuracy of roost locations derived from WSR images. We found 265 swallow roosts in WSR images from the Eastern US (east of 100oW) between June and September over 7 years (2010–2016). We quantified error in WSR-based roost locations of 72 of these roosts by comparing them to ground-truth locations. Purple Martins (Progne subis) formed 67 (93%) of ground-truthed roosts. Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) and Bank Swallows (Riparia riparia) formed the other 5 roosts (7%); all of which were in the northeastern U.S. (north of 41oN and east of 80oW). Magnitude of roost-location error was 2.94 kilometers (SD = 1.63 km, N = 72, range = 0–7.3). This error increased slightly, but significantly, with distance from the WSR (R2 = 0.13, P = 0.002). Location error was not influenced by wind speed. Directions of location errors (from confirmed to estimated location) were clumped in a southeasterly direction (x = 128.9°, SD = 1.32, N = 72, P < 0.05). Similarly, prevailing wind direction (x = 180.0°, SD = 1.28, N = 71, P < 0.01) tended to come from the south. Wind direction and direction to the nearest WSR were not correlated with direction of the location error. Magnitude and direction of error associated with using WSR images to assign geographic locations to swallow roosts is small. This error is largely unaffected by variation in distance and direction to WSR stations and prevailing wind conditions. These results enable future studies that seek automated approaches to roost identification and permit association with other environmental data at the appropriate level of spatial precision.
Dispersion of particles released at the leading edge of a crop canopy

Abstract A large-eddy simulation (LES) approach was used to investigate the flow characteristics at a canopy leading edge and their impact on the dispersion of particles released from point sources inside the canopy. Comparison of results from these LES simulations with those for a canopy that is infinite and uniform in both streamwise and spanwise directions reveals important insights about the adjustment lengths for mean flow, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and canopy-shear-layer vortices. Two critical locations were identified in the flow adjustment at the leading edge: (1) the location at which canopy-shear-layer vortices begin to develop and (2) the location at which the flow is fully developed. Simulations were conducted for particles released from continuous point sources at four streamwise locations downwind from the leading edge and three heights within the canopy. The four streamwise source locations corresponded to the canopy leading edge, the location at which canopy-shear-layer vortices began to develop, the transition region, and the fully developed region. The adjustment of flow near the leading edge has a profound impact on the dispersion of particles close to the source, which is where most particle escape from the canopy takes place. Particles released close to the canopy leading edge have much higher maximum escape fractions than particles released in the fully developed region. The adjustment length for particle escape is greater than that for the flow. Away from the source (approximately sixteen canopy heights for the present dense canopy), the geometries of the mean plume become similar for particles released from different regions. Within a few tens of canopy heights from the leading edge, the growth rates of converged mean plume height and depth are lower than those for the case of an infinite canopy.
Man-Made Alterations of the Near Earth Space Environment

This paper will deal with questions of “pollution” in space — not in the atmosphere but at altitudes of hundreds or thousands of miles. There is a question about what pollution in space means. What is the pollution? It is particles — not fly ash or SO2 molecules — but rather high energy electrons and protons in the Van Allen radiation belt.
Mixtures: Contrasting Perspectives from Toxicology and Epidemiology

Investigation of the health effects of mixtures will benefit from the cooperation of toxicologists and epidemiologists. This chapter provides insight into the commonalities and differences in the viewpoint and methods that toxicologists and epidemiologists use to investigate health effects of mixtures. Ways in which these two important disciplines can work together are suggested.
Analyzing the dynamic ride-sharing potential for shared autonomous vehicle fleets using cellphone data from Orlando, Florida

Abstract Transportation network companies (TNCs) are regularly demonstrating the economic and operational viability of dynamic ride-sharing (DRS) to any destination within a city (e.g., uberPOOL or Lyft Line), thanks to real-time information from smartphones. In the foreseeable future, fleets of shared automated vehicles (SAVs) may largely eliminate the need for human drivers, while lowering per-mile operating costs and increasing the convenience of travel. This may dramatically reduce private vehicle ownership resulting in extensive use of SAVs. This study anticipates DRS matches across different travelers and identifies optimum fleet sizes required using AirSage's cellphone-based trip tables across 1267 zones over 30 days. Assuming that the travel patterns do not change significantly in the future, the results suggest significant opportunities for DRS-enabled SAVs. Nearly 60% of the single-person trips could be shared with other individuals traveling solo and with less than 5 min of added travel time (to arrive at their destinations), and this value climbs to 80% for 15 to 30 min of added wait or travel time. 60,000 SAVs will be required to meet nearly 50% of Orlando's 2.8 million single-traveler trips each day. With maximum ride-sharing delays of 15 minutes, and when focused on serving solo travelers, the average SAV is able to serve 25 person-trips per day, reducing parking demands while filling up passenger vehicle seats.
Evaluating Client and Family Preferences Regarding Outcomes in Severe Mental Illness

Research has demonstrated that perall parties must collaborate in determining which treatments to make available. Tosons with severe mental illness (SMI) often do not receive appropriate care (Young, ward this end, the present study examined which treatment outcomes are most valSullivan, Burnam, & Brook, 1998), suggesting the need to improve access to efued by clients and family members. Interest in stakeholder collaboration is fective treatments. Since resources to support care can be limited, it is often increasing. Client participation and consumer-driven treatment plans are part of necessary to prioritize desired outcomes and focus treatment service provision. the rules and regulations of most state mental health authorities today. In pracVarious stakeholders (e.g., clinicians, clients, family members, and society) may tice, there is increasing evidence that most agencies do directly involve the client as have different opinions regarding the importance of various outcome domains, so an advisor when designing, implementing,
KINETICS OF CHLORINE RELEASE FROM COAL AND MODEL COMPOUNDS DURING HEATING IN A NITROGEN ATMOSPHERE

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the kinetics of chlorine release from coal and model compounds during heating in a nitrogen atmosphere. In a study described in the chapter, a coal sample was an Illinois No. 6 seam coal having 0.42% Cl that was obtained from the Illinois Coal Development Board Sample Bank. Sample preparation involved grinding a riffled sample of the coal to −200 mesh. The model compounds studied were 9-chloromethyl-anthracene, which has chlorine covalently bonded to a CHO group, neocuproine hydrochloride trihydrate, which has HCl present as a hydrate, and 10-chloro-9-anthracene-methanol, which has chlorine covalently bonded directly to an aromatic ring. In some runs, the model chlorine compounds used in the heating experiments were mixed with −200 mesh IBC-106 coal, which has only 0.02% chlorine, in proportions to provide chlorine contents similar to those of the coals studied. The calculation procedure employed a curve fitting routine to provide least squares values of the kinetic constants.
Perspective taking and advance directives.

New brain imaging suggests that asking patients to put themselves in their surrogates’ shoes when thinking about advance directives might lead to directives that better line up with what surrogates think they should decide. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Population Characteristics of Yellow Perch in Dead Lake, Florida

Abstract In Florida, the Yellow Perch Perca flavescens is known to exist only in the Apalachicola River watershed. We conducted a 2-y study (2015–2016) to assess population characteristics of Yello...
Employment outcomes and quality of life in patients with early breast cancer and their support persons: A dyadic study.

e18241Background: Many women with breast cancer face job loss related to their diagnosis, but little is known about employment outcomes among their partners and other supporters. Moreover, virtuall...
QUANTIFICATION OF CATECHOLAMINE TERMINALS AFTER 6-OH-DA. A CORRELATED EM/FM STUDY

ABSTRACT Marked axonal growth or remodelling tends to be a response of central catecholamine axons to lesions by specific neurotoxins. Such treatment (specifically, intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA)) led to a sharp decline in presumed norepinephrine (NE)-rich axonal varicosities or boutons in the rat paraventricular nucleus. Over a period of six months there was partial restoration of these structures, most of this occurring within two months. To improve the accuracy and reliability of judgement, boutons tagged with 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OH-DA) were quantified by electronmicroscopy (EM), and catecholamine varicosites by fluorescence microscopy (FM) following identical
Do New World pitvipers “scale‐down” at high elevations? Macroecological patterns of scale characters and body size

Bergmann's rule describes the macroecological pattern of increasing body size in response to higher latitudes and elevations. This pattern is extensively documented in endothermic vertebrates, within and among species; however, studies involving ectotherms are less common and suggest no consistent pattern for amphibians and reptiles. Moreover, adaptive traits, such as epidermal features like scales, have not been widely examined in conjunction with Bergmann's rule, even though these traits affect physiological processes, such as thermoregulation, which are hypothesized as underlying mechanisms for the pattern. Here, we investigate how scale characters correlate with elevation among 122 New World pitviper species, representing 15 genera. We found a contra-Bergmann's pattern, where body size is smaller at higher elevations. This pattern was mainly driven by the presence of small-bodied clades at high elevations and large-bodied clades at low elevations, emphasizing the importance of taxonomic scope in studying macroecological patterns. Within a subset of speciose clades, we found that only Crotalus demonstrated a significant negative relationship between body size and elevation, perhaps because of its wide elevational range. In addition, we found a positive correlation between scale counts and body size but no independent effect of elevation on scale numbers. Our study increases our knowledge of Bergmann's rule in reptiles by specifically examining characters of squamation and suggests a need to reexamine macroecological patterns for this group.
Ricostituzione epistemico-estetica: l’aesthesis decoloniale un decennio dopo

My main argument combines two decolonial instances. The first one is the decolonial re-orientation introduced by Anibal Quijano (in 1990) at the very end of the Cold War. In the 80s it was already evident that the objectives of decolonization could not be achieved through the founding of national states. Quijano intuited that the coloniality of power was an invisible and underlying structure of Western civilization, hidden under the pledges made in the name of modernity. For Quijano, the decolonial task was, in the first place, to get rid of the coloniality of power and, secondly, to engage in epistemological reconstitution. The second instance, 20 years later, was the introduction of decolonial reflections within the framework of the coloniality of power of aesthetic restitution. In the process of advancing in the epistemological and aesthetic reconstitution, we rescue the concept of aesthesis from the oblivion to which the hegemony of aesthetics relegated it. Although the word comes from Greece, we appropriate it in the framework of decolonial thinking. In this essay, I reintroduce the concept of gnosis, already incorporated in Local Histories/Global Designs (2000), to re-organize the senses and the politics of epistemic/aesthetic reconstitution (two modern/colonial concepts).
An Importance-Performance Analysis Of the Motivations Behind Agritourism and Other Farm Enterprise Developments in Canada

Challenging conditions in the current agricultural context have encouraged farmers to develop agritourism and other enterprises on their farmland. Previous research suggests that a complex set of personal and economic goals drive the creation and maintenance of agritourism and other on-farm diversification ventures. However, the extent to which those goals are accomplished has not been verified. This study employs an importance-performance analysis (IPA) to examine the level of accomplishment of different goals driving agritourism and on-farm entrepreneurial development in Canada. IPA shows that goals with high levels of both importance and accomplishment are "to continue farming," "to enhance personal/family quality of life," "to increase or diversify the market," and "to respond to a market need or opportunity." Further, results show differences in goals between agritourism and other types of farm entrepreneurs. Study findings suggest that extension agents can focus on the operator goals considered to be most important and to yield higher levels of accomplishment as they promote agritourism and other farm enterprises. These results have important implications for rural well-being, as agritourism is suggested to keep family farms economically feasible and revitalize local communities. Keywords: agritourism, farm enterprise diversification, rural tourism, importance-performance analysis, rural well-being, goal
Energy Stable SBP-FDTD Methods for Maxwell-Duffing Models in Nonlinear Photonics

We consider electromagnetic models that describe nonlinear optical phenomenon in which the nonlinear polarization is driven by the electric field and modeled as anharmonic oscillator(s). These models are given by Duffing equations and incorporate both nonlinearity and dispersion. Using the auxiliary differential equation approach, our discretizations of the coupled Maxwell-Duffing models are high-order and energy-stable finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods of so-called summation by parts (SBP) type. Boundary and interface conditions are handled by the simultaneous approximation technique (SAT).
Dimensions of Sexual Orientation and Rates of Intimate Partner Violence among Young Sexual Minority Individuals Assigned Female at Birth: The Role of Perceived Partner Jealousy.

Objective Sexual minorities assigned female at birth are at increased risk for experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) compared to heterosexual individuals, and bisexual individuals assigned female at birth appear to be at greatest risk. However, few studies have examined potential explanatory factors. Partner jealousy may contribute to bisexual individuals' increased risk for experiencing IPV, given stereotypes that they are promiscuous and evidence that people anticipate being jealous of a bisexual partner. Methods This study examined the role of perceived partner jealousy in cross-sectional associations between self-reported dimensions of sexual orientation (identity, attractions, behavior) and IPV victimization among 368 young sexual minorities assigned female at birth (77.4% cisgender women). Results Sexual behavior was associated with IPV, but sexual identity and attractions were not. Those with both male and female sexual partners in their lifetime were at increased risk for many forms of IPV compared to those with only male partners and those who never had sex, and these associations were partially explained by their higher perceived partner jealousy. Those with male and female partners were only at increased risk for two types of IPV compared to those with only female partners and these differences were not explained by perceived partner jealousy. Conclusions Jealousy may contribute to behaviorally bisexual individuals' increased risk for many forms of IPV compared to those with only male partners or never had sex. This highlights the importance of considering multiple dimensions of sexual orientation and has implications for the development of interventions to reduce IPV in this population.
Experiments and CFD of a high-speed deep-V planing hull – part II: Slamming in waves

Abstract Part II of this two-part paper presents the results from experiments and simulations of a high-speed deep-V planing hull operating in head waves (both regular and irregular). Results from calm water comparisons were presented in Part I of this paper. The regular waves generated in the experiments showed more variability than desired, likely related to limitations of the wave maker capabilities. Both simulation and experimental pressure measurements showed re-entering and emerging peaks. The emerging slam is due to the hull emerging from the next wave peak and being pushed airborne again. The regular and irregular wave tests were used to see how well a single wave representation of the most probable wave (RWA) of an irregular wave field could provide motion, acceleration, and slamming pressure predictions for the irregular wave field. An extreme wave slam event correlation study using the CFD from irregular wave results is presented, showing the largest slams were correlated to consecutive waves that were short (small λ/L) and steep (small λ/H). The experimental mount and wave quality, especially for irregular waves, were factors for validation of resistance and slamming. Validation included motions, accelerations, and re-entering and emerging slamming pressures. Regular wave models for irregular waves and extreme event correlations were also investigated. Issues for future study were identified and included the experimental mount, the validation of resistance in waves, and reasons for the large experimental uncertainties and CFD errors for irregular waves.
Systematic versus statistical uncertainties in masses and magnifications of the Hubble Frontier Fields

The Hubble Frontier Fields data, along with multiple data sets obtained by other telescopes, have provided some of the most extensive constraints on cluster lenses to date. Multiple lens modeling teams analyzed the fields and made public a number of deliverables. By comparing these results, we can then undertake a unique and vital test of the state of cluster lens modeling. Specifically, we see how well the different teams can reproduce similar magnifications and mass profiles. We find that the circularly averaged mass profiles of the fields are remarkably constrained (scatter <5%) at distances of 1 arcmin from the cluster core, yet magnifications can vary significantly. Averaged across the six fields, we find a bias of -6% (-17%) and a scatter of ~40% (~65%) at a modest magnification of 3 (10). Statistical errors reported by individual teams are often significantly smaller than the differences among all the teams, indicating the importance of continued systematics studies in cluster lensing.
Enhanced recovery of a viscous oil with a novel surfactant

Abstract Steam-based recovery methods are usually employed to recover heavy and viscous oils, but they are not efficient in deep and thin oil reservoirs. Chemical flooding is studied here to improve recovery of a viscous oil (about 300 cp at the reservoir temperature of 70 °C) from a thin, high permeability, unconsolidated reservoir. A large number of novel short-hydrophobe based surfactants were designed and synthesized. As these surfactants do not require expensive aliphatic alcohols for their synthesis, they are likely to be less costly than conventional anionic surfactants. Only phenol hydrophobe-based non-ionic surfactants with varying number of propylene oxide (PO) and ethylene oxide (EO) groups are discussed in this paper. These surfactant molecules were investigated for their aqueous stability, interfacial tensions (IFT) with a viscous crude oil, and oil recovery from sandpack or sandstone cores. Surfactant phase behavior experiments with viscous crude oil showed low IFT (not ultralow) for single surfactant systems. A chemical formulation using only a single surfactant (Phenol-7PO-15EO) was chosen for corefloods in sandpacks and sandstone cores. Water flood recovered about half of the original oil and reduced the oil saturation to about 48% in the high permeability sandpacks. The tertiary surfactant polymer flood with Phenol-7PO-15EO increased the cumulative recovery to 99% for sandpacks. The oil recovery was insensitive to injection brine salinity in the range studied. As the permeability decreased, the tertiary oil recovery decreased. Surfactant-polymer formulations with this surfactant can be recommended for high permeability sandstone reservoirs with viscous oils, but not for sub-Darcy sandstones.
America’s covid-19 preexisting vulnerability: a government of men, not laws

The legislative response of the United States of America to the covid-19 pandemic is a calamity. Incompetent leaders have turned a natural disaster into a national catastrophe. The catastrophe unma...
The Variability of IPO Initial Returns

The monthly volatility of IPO initial returns is substantial, fluctuates dramatically over time, and is considerably larger during “hot” IPO markets. Consistent with IPO theory, the volatility of initial returns is higher for firms that are more difficult to value because of higher information asymmetry. Our findings highlight underwriters’ difficulty in valuing companies characterized by high uncertainty, and raise serious questions about the efficacy of the traditional firm-commitment IPO process. One implication of our results is that alternate mechanisms, such as auctions, could be beneficial for firms that value price discovery over the auxiliary services provided by underwriters. INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS (IPOS) are underpriced on average: The secondary market trading price of a stock is on average much higher than its IPO price. A number of academic papers note that the equity in private companies with uncertain prospects is inherently difficult to value, and they posit that underpricing is an efficient response to the complexity of this valuation problem. 1 In contrast, others have questioned whether the IPO price-setting process results in excess underpricing of IPO stocks. This article proposes a new metric for evaluating the pricing of IPOs in traditional firm-commitment offerings: the volatility of initial returns to IPO stocks. We find that there is considerable volatility in initial returns. To the extent that the IPO price is a forecast of the secondary market price for the stock, these forecasts are not only biased downward (underpricing), but the range of the
Cortical Bone Mass is Low in Boys with Klinefelter Syndrome and Improves with Oxandrolone.

Context Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common sex aneuploidy in men. Affected males have hypogonadism, and, as a result, face an increased risk for osteoporosis and fractures. Androgen therapy is standard in adolescents and adults with KS but has not been used earlier in childhood. Objective To determine the effects of androgen treatment on bone mass in children with KS. Methods Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of oxandrolone (OX; 0.06 mg/kg daily; n = 38) versus placebo (PL; n = 40) for 2 years in boys with KS (ages 4-12 years). Changes in bone mass were examined by digital x-ray radiogrammetry, which determines the Bone Health Index (BHI) and standard deviation score (SDS). Results BHI SDS was similar between groups at baseline (-0.46 ± 1.1 vs -0.34 ± 1.0 OX vs PL, P > .05) and higher in the OX group at 2 years (-0.1 ± 1.3 vs -0.53 ± 0.9, OX vs PL, P < .01). At baseline, BHI SDS values of all subjects were not normally distributed with 25.7% of subjects plotted below -1 SDS (P < .001), suggesting a deficit in bone mass. In total, 13.5% of subjects had sustained a fracture and their BHI SDS was lower than those with no fractures (-1.6 ± 1.3 vs -0.3 ± 1.0, P = .004). Conclusion Bone mass using BHI SDS is reduced in some children with KS and improves with OX. Since these individuals are at risk for osteoporosis, age-appropriate androgen replacement and future studies on bone health in children with KS should be further explored.