cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urban Pulse—Claiming "The Right to the City": Architectural Preservation in St. Petersburg as Cultural and Political Catalyst

Twenty years after the collapse of the centrally planned economies, urban renewal approaches in the post-socialist cities have come under sharp public criticism from their own residents. In Russia's St. Petersburg, whose historical center has been a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1990, growing public resistance to the infill techniques, modern steel-and-glass construction inside the city center, and widespread destruction of historical buildings has become closely intertwined with growing levels of public discontent toward city leaders and business elites. Activists' effective use of social networking and other creative coalition-building methods are playing a key role in their efforts to protect the center's inherited urban fabric.
Analysis of the ν4 band of CH4

Abstract Recently published 0.05 −1 resolution infrared spectra of the ν 4 band of CH 4 have been analyzed up through J′ = 12 with a root mean square deviation of 0.0149 −1 . The fit does not appear to diverge at high J, the worst lines being scattered throughout the spectrum.
An examination of the most frequent adverse events in home care agencies.

While home care agencies and surveyors can access individual agency adverse event reports, there has been little reported on common profiles across agencies. This study examined adverse event reports from participating Ohio and Michigan agencies to provide descriptive information regarding the most
Energetic electrons in the inner belt in 1968

Pitch-angle data were obtained by the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory's scanning, magnetic electron spectrometer on OGO 5 during its traversals of the inner belt in 1968. Data from the five lowest-energy channels 79–822 keV, were analyzed in terms of j⊥ vs λI, time-decay rates, and spectral shapes at constant L. The inner-belt electron injection following two storm periods was observed; the first was the mild storm of 11 June and the second the more intense storms of 31 October and 1 November. Comparisons with other data indicate that only a small Starfish residual (at > 1 MeV) still remained in the heart of the inner belt; hence, the results are indicative of the normal inner belt. The data are discussed in terms of current ideas regarding the source and loss of particles in the inner belt.
Does the Centers for Disease Control's NNIS system risk index stratify patients undergoing cardiothoracic operations by their risk of surgical-site infection?

BACKGROUND: In 1991, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention devised the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) System risk index to stratify populations of surgical patients by the risk of acquiring surgical-site infections (SSIs). OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the NNIS risk index adequately stratifies a population of cardiothoracic surgery patients by the risk of developing SSI. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, a 900-bed, midwestern, tertiary-care hospital. PATIENTS: 201 patients with SSIs identified by prospective infection control surveillance and 398 controls matched by age, gender, type of procedure, and date of procedure. All patients underwent cardiothoracic operative procedures between November 1990 and January 1994. RESULTS: The SSI rate was 7.8%. Seventy-four percent of cases and 80% of controls had a NNIS risk index score of 1; 24% of cases and 16% of controls had a score of 2 (P=.05). Patients with a NNIS risk score ≥2 were 1.8 times more likely to develop an SSI than those with a NNIS score <2 (odds ratio, 1.83; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-2.94, P=.01). The duration of the procedure was the only component of the index that stratified the population by risk of SSI. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of SSI after cardiothoracic operations increases as the NNIS risk index score increases. However, this index only dichotomized the patient population on the basis of the procedure duration. More research is needed to develop a risk index that adequately stratifies the risk of SSI after cardiothoracic operations.
Separable Roles for rent1/hUpf1 in Altered Splicing and Decay of Nonsense Transcripts

The mechanism by which disruption of reading frame can influence pre–messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) processing is poorly understood. We assessed the role of factors essential for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in nonsense-mediated altered splicing (NAS) with the use of RNA interference (RNAi) in mammalian cells. Inhibition of rent1/hUpf1 expression abrogated both NMD and NAS of nonsense T cell receptor β transcripts. In contrast, inhibition of rent2/hUpf2 expression did not disrupt NAS despite achieving comparable stabilization of nonsense transcripts. We also demonstrate that NAS and NMD are genetically separable functions of rent1/hUpf1. Additionally, rent1/hUpf1 enters the nucleus where it may directly influence early events in mRNA biogenesis. This provides compelling evidence that NAS relies on a component of the nonsense surveillance machinery but is not an indirect consequence of NMD.
Prevalence and Predictors of Atrial Fibrillation Among Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery

While AF is a disease of the elderly, it can occur earlier in the presence of risk factors such as obesity. Bariatric surgery patients are significantly younger and more obese than previously described populations with AF. Therefore, it remains to be determined whether current estimates of the prevalence and predictors for AF remain true in the bariatric surgery population. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 1,341 consecutive patients who underwent bariatric surgery from January 2008 to October 2012. Baseline characteristics were compared between patients with and without AF. For additional comparison, 176 patients with AF and body mass index (BMI) >40 kg/m2 were identified from the Vanderbilt AF Registry. A multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of AF within the bariatric surgery cohort. The prevalence of AF in the bariatric surgery cohort was 1.9 % (25/1,341). Patients with AF were older (median 56 years (interquartile range [52–64) vs.46 [38–56] years, p < 0.001), were more often male (48 vs. 23 %, p = 0.004), had more comorbidities, but had no difference in BMI (50 kg/m2 [44–58] vs. 48 [43–54], p = 0.4). In multivariable analysis, the odds of AF increased 2.2-fold by age per decade (95 % CI, 1.4–3.5; p < 0.001) and 2.4-fold by male gender (1.1–5.4, p = 0.03) when adjusted for BMI. BMI was not independently associated with AF (OR 1.15 [95 % CI, 0.98–1.41], p = 0.09). The prevalence of AF is 1.9 % among patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Risk of AF was found to increase with age and male gender, but not with higher BMI.
Charge Transfer Reactions and Solvation Dynamics

In this article, we offer a perspective on solvation dynamics from the point of view of chemical reactions, and in particular from an initial viewpoint of heavy particle charge transfer reactions. These reactions include SN2 nucleophilic displacements — X - + RY → XR + Y - SN1 unimolecular ionizations —RX →, R + + dipolar isomerizations, and (with a certain elasticity of definition) ion pair interconversion. Here the solvation dynamics act to influence the motion of the reacting solute nuclear coordinate(s), and thus to influence the reaction rate. The primary reactive coordinate is a nuclear coordinate of the solute.
Gap junctions in goldfish preoptic ependyma: regional variation in cellular differentiation

Ependyma adjacent to the goldfish preoptic neurosecretory nucleus was examined with transmission electron microscopy. Ependymal cells adjoining the rostroventral end of the nucleus were spindle-shaped with their long axes perpendicular to the ventricular surface. Gap junctions and desmosomes were common near the apical (ventricular) ends of these cells, and less frequent laterally in the ependymal layer. Ependymal cells in more caudodorsal preoptic regions (adjacent to large neurosecretory cells) were progressively more pleomorphic. The frequent occurrence of apparently internalized gap junctions and of gap junction fragments enclosed within lysosome-like organelles indicated extensive turnover of these junctions, or uncoupling. Ependymal cells in the caudodorsal region formed gap junctions on their lateral and basal (abluminal) surfaces with glial processes containing bundles of intermediate filaments. Subependymally, these processes (presumptive radial glia) were parallel to one another and coupled together by gap junctions. Neurites containing dense core vesicles occasionally invaginated into ependymal cells in the caudal region, but did not appear to form gap junctions. Previous observations indicate continuing maturation and growth of the goldfish preoptic area with neurosecretory cell formation rostroventrally and a rostroventral to caudodorsal gradient of maturation. The present findings suggest a parallel and related gradient in preoptic ependyma. Ependymal cell differentiation possibly involves loss of gap junctions, and radial migration or differentiation into underlying neurons and glia.
Cellular Biology in Terms of Stochastic Nonlinear Biochemical Dynamics: Emergent Properties, Isogenetic Variations and Chemical System Inheritability

Based on a stochastic, nonlinear, open biochemical reaction system perspective, we present an analytical theory for cellular biochemical processes. The chemical master equation (CME) approach provides a unifying mathematical framework for cellular modeling. We apply this theory to both self-regulating gene networks and phosphorylation-dephosphorylation signaling modules with feedbacks. Two types of bistability are illustrated in mesoscopic biochemical systems: one that has a macroscopic, deterministic counterpart and another that does not. In certain cases, the latter stochastic bistability is shown to be a “ghost” of the extinction phenomenon. We argue the thermal fluctuations inherent in molecular processes do not disappear in mesoscopic cell-sized nonlinear systems; rather they manifest themselves as isogenetic variations on a different time scale. Isogenetic biochemical variations in terms of the stochastic attractors can have extremely long lifetime. Transitions among discrete stochastic attractors spend most of the time in “waiting”, exhibit punctuated equilibria. It can be naturally passed to “daughter cells” via a simple growth and division process. The CME system follows a set of nonequilibrium thermodynamic laws that include non-increasing free energy F(t) with external energy drive Q hk ≥0, and total entropy production rate e p =−dF/dt+Q hk ≥0. In the thermodynamic limit, with a system’s size being infinitely large, the nonlinear bistability in the CME exhibits many of the characteristics of macroscopic equilibrium phase transition.
Ultralow threshold lasers. How low is low enough

Ultralow threshold (I/sub th/<100 /spl mu/A) lasers can be used in bias-free digital optical modulation. Even though the pulse drive current may be many times I/sub th/ reducing the latter to 50-100 /spl mu/A is essential in minimizing the total driver power.
New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase and Multidrug Resistance: A Global SOS?

extended-spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL)‐ or AmpC-producing gram-negative bacteria. At that time, only a few b-lactamases could inactivate carbapenems, and these were limited to rare strains of Enterobacter cloacae possessing serine carbapenemases called NMC-A (Non Metallo Carbapenmase-A) and IMI-1 (Imipenemase-I), Sme-1 (Serratia marcescens), MBLs BcI and BcII of Bacillus cereus, the MBL L1 of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and CcrA of Bacteroides fragilis (another MBL) [3]. In
Implementation of the Sensor-MAC Protocol for the JiST/SWANS Simulator

Wireless sensor networks consist of very large number of resource constrained nodes. Therefore, protocols and applications for wireless sensor networks need to be very scalable and efficient. To properly evaluate the performance of these networks a scalable ad-hoc wireless network simulator is needed. The JIST/SWANS is a highly scalable ad hoc wireless network simulator that has been recently developed. However, JIST/SWANS does not have an energy model or a MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In recent work, we developed an energy model for JiST/SWANS. This work presents our implementation of the S-MAC protocol for the JiST/SWANS simulator. The implementation is validated through simulations. Results using JiST/SWANS and NS-2 are obtained and compared for similar network scenarios.
Parvalbumin correlates with relaxation rate in the swimming muscle of sheepshead and kingfish.

SUMMARY Parvalbumin is a muscle protein that aids in relaxation from contraction. Parvalbumin binds myoplasmic Ca 2+ during contractions, reducing calcium concentration and enhancing relaxation. Different isoforms of parvalbumin have varying affinities for calcium, and relaxation rates in skeletal muscle may be affected by variations in the isoforms of parvalbumin expressed. This study examines the effect of expression levels of parvalbumin isoforms on relaxation rate in the sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus (Pisces, F. Sparidae). We measured relaxation rate of each of the three fiber types, white (fast-twitch), red (slow-twitch) and pink (intermediate), from three longitudinal body positions. Sheepshead show a significant longitudinal shift in relaxation rate in red muscle, with anterior muscle displaying faster rates of relaxation than posterior, but this pattern was not significant in the pink and white muscle. We hypothesized that patterns of parvalbumin expression determine relaxation rate along the length of the fish. The prediction is that total parvalbumin content and the relative expression of parvalbumin isoforms will differ between the anterior and posterior red muscle, but little longitudinal variation will be observed in parvalbumin expression in white and pink muscle. We successfully employed protein electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) with western blots to identify two parvalbumin isoforms in each muscle fiber type. SDS–PAGE and densitometry were used to determine the relative expression levels of the two parvalbumin isoforms and total parvalbumin expression. Red muscle displays a significant shift, from anterior to posterior, in the relative expression of the two isoforms, both in their relative contribution and in total parvalbumin content, but white and pink muscle did not. The red muscle of southern kingfish, Menticirrhus americanus (Pisces, F. Scianidae) showed a pattern similar to the red muscle of sheepshead.
A Microcomputer-based Statistics Course with Individualized Assignments

This article describes my use of a microcomputer software/ textbook package (Elzey, 1985), including computer-generated individualized assignments, in an introductory statistics course. Advantages and limitations of these materials are summarized and students' reactions to them are mentioned.
The Cominform and the People's Democracies

The creation of the Cominform in the summer of 1947 marked an important stage in the development of communism in Europe. The precise reasons that led the leaders of Soviet Communism to revive a public form of co-operation between several Communist parties remain to this day uncertain. What is obvious is the use to which the Cominform has been put during its brief existence up to now. It has acted as an added catalyst of social and political change in the satellite countries. Its resolutions, like the one on the occasion of the expulsion of Yugoslavia from that body, have laid down the broad lines of policy to be pursued by the People's Democracies on such vital issues as the question of collectivization of agriculture, the “nationalist deviation,” etc. The original concept of the Com-inform included, undoubtedly, creation of the appearance of complete autonomy of the Communist parties in Eastern Europe. The language of the speeches at the founding meeting and the choice of the seat for the new organization, outside of the Soviet Union, testify as to the serious attempt to present the collaboration between the Soviet Union and her Communist allies under a veneer of equality. If the picture thus presented seemed to lack realism to the Communist leaders from Poland or Yugoslavia, it is unreasonable to assume that the propaganda effect of the establishment of the Cominform was entirely lost upon the masses who had, since the end of the war, joined the ranks of the ruling parties in the satellite states.
A hub-based labeling algorithm for shortest paths in road networks

Abraham et al. [SODA 2010] have recently presented a theoretical analysis of several practical point-to-point shortest path algorithms based on modeling road networks as graphs with low highway dimension. They also analyze a labeling algorithm. While no practical implementation of this algorithm existed, it has the best time bounds. This paper describes an implementation of the labeling algorithm that is faster than any existing method on continental road networks.
Defending Against Fingerprint-Copy Attack in Sensor-Based Camera Identification

Sensor photoresponse nonuniformity has been proposed as a unique identifier (fingerprint) for various forensic tasks, including digital-camera ballistics in which an image is matched to the specific camera that took it. The problem investigated here concerns the situation when an adversary estimates the sensor fingerprint from a set of images and superimposes it onto an image from a different camera to frame an innocent victim. This paper proposes a reliable method for detecting such fake fingerprints under rather mild and general assumptions about the adversary's activity and the means available to the victim. The proposed method is subjected to experiments to evaluate its reliability as well as its limitations. The conclusion that can be made from this study is that planting a sensor fingerprint in an image without leaving a trace is significantly more difficult than previously thought.
Acute leukemia in children with Down syndrome

Down syndrome or constitutional trisomy 21 (OMIN#190685) was linked to leukemia for the first time in a case report published in 1930.[1][1] Since then, Down syndrome has been recognized as one of the most important leukemia-predisposing syndromes and patients with Down syndrome and leukemia have
Bilateral ureteropelvic junction stenosis causing hydronephrosis and renal failure in an adult cat

A 3.5-year-old male neutered cat was presented for investigation of renomegaly appreciated during a routine physical examination. Marked renomegaly due to bilateral hydronephrosis was detected and further testing identified International Renal Interest Society stage 2, non-hypertensive, non-proteinuric chronic kidney disease. Ten months later the cat was evaluated for acute lethargy; severe azotemia with oliguria was documented. Medical therapy failed to result in clinical improvement and the cat was euthanased. Necropsy revealed bilateral marked hydronephrosis secondary to a tortuous proximal ureter consistent with proximal ureteropelvic junction stenosis. This is the first report of this disorder leading to progressive renal failure in a cat.
Racial/ethnic differences in control of cardiovascular risk factors among type 2 diabetes patients in an insured, ambulatory care population☆ , ☆☆ ,★,★★

Abstract Aims This paper examines differences in cardiovascular disease risk factor control among racial/ethnic minorities (Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Hispanic/Latino, Black/African Americans) with type 2 diabetes compared to Non-Hispanic Whites with type 2 diabetes in an insured, outpatient setting. Methods A three-year, cross-sectional sample of 15,826 patients with type 2 diabetes was studied between 2008 and 2010. Goal attainment rates for three cardiovascular disease risk factors (HbA1c, BP, LDL) were estimated. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between patient characteristics and control of risk factors. Results Only one fifth (21.1%) of patients achieved simultaneous goal attainment (HbA1c, BP, LDL). After adjustment for patient characteristics and treatment, Black/African American women and men, and Filipino and Hispanic/Latino men were significantly less likely to simultaneously achieve all three goals, compared to Non-Hispanic Whites. Of the three goals, patients were more likely to achieve HbA1c goals (68.7%) than BP (45.7%) or LDL (58.5%) goals. Racial/ethnic differences were more apparent in risk factors that were under better control (i.e. HbA1c). Conclusions Cardiovascular risk factor control in type 2 diabetes is suboptimal, even in an insured population. Special attention may be required for specific racial/ethnic/gender groups.
Transition from slab to slabless: Results from the 1993 Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment

Three seismic refraction-reflection profiles, part of the Mendocino triple junction seismicexperiment,allowustocompareandcontrastcrustanduppermantleoftheNorth American margin before and after it is modified by passage of the Mendocino triple junction. Upper crustal velocity models reveal an asymmetric Great Valley basin overlying Sierran or ophiolitic rocks at the latitude of Fort Bragg, California, and overlying Sierran or Klamath rocks near Redding, California. In addition, the upper crustal velocity structure indicates that Franciscan rocks underlie the Klamath terrane east of Eureka, California.TheFranciscancomplexis,onaverage,laterallyhomogeneousandisthickestinthe triple junction region. North of the triple junction, the Gorda slab can be traced 150 km inboardfromtheCascadiasubductionzone.Southofthetriplejunction,strongprecritical reflections indicate partial melt and/or metamorphicfluids at the base of the crust or in theuppermantle.BreaksinthesereflectionsarecorrelatedwiththeMaacamaandBartlett Springs faults, suggesting that these faults extend at least to the mantle. We interpret our datatoindicatetectonicthickeningoftheFranciscancomplexinresponsetopassageofthe Mendocino triple junction and an associated thinning of these rocks south of the triple junction due to assimilation into melt triggered by upwelling asthenosphere. The region of thickenedFranciscancomplexoverliesazoneofincreasedscattering,intrinsicattenuation, or both, resulting from mechanical mixing of lithologies and/or partial melt beneath the onshore projection of the Mendocino fracture zone. Our data reveal that we have crossed thesouthernedgeoftheGordaslabandthatthisedgeand/ortheoverlyingNorthAmerican crust may have fragmented because of the change in stress presented by the edge.
The samuel C. Harvey memorial lecture: Progress and responsibilities of educators in smoking control

It is a privilege to have been asked to present the Harvey Lecture to this group of professional cancer educators. When I was asked by Dr. Kennedy to fill the void left by the illness of Henry Kaplan, he referred to his request in somewhat embarrassed terms, such as my obviously playing “>It is a privilege to have been asked to present the Harvey Lecture to this group of professional cancer educators. When I was asked by Dr. Kennedy to fill the void left by the illness of Henry Kaplan, he referred to his request in somewhat embarrassed terms, such as my obviously playing” I wish publicly to allay his embarrassment by reassuring him, your program committee, and all of you that I deem it an honor to substitute for a man who has contributed so much to radiobiology and hence to an understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and cancer therapy. Indeed, my only regret is that I am not now sitting among you listening to his remarks.
Isoflurane impairs odour discrimination learning in rats: differential effects on short- and long-term memory

Background Anaesthetics suppress the formation of lasting memories at concentrations that do not suppress perception, but it is unclear which elements of the complex cascade leading from a conscious experience to a lasting memory trace are disrupted. Experiments in conscious humans suggest that subhypnotic concentrations of anaesthetics impair consolidation or maintenance rather than acquisition of a representation (long-term more than short-term memory). We sought to test whether these agents similarly impair learning in rats. Methods We used operant conditioning in rats to examine the effect of isoflurane on acquisition compared with long-term (24 h) memory of non-aversive olfactory memories using two different odour discrimination tasks. Rats learned the ‘valences' of odour pairs presented either separately (task A) or simultaneously (task B), under control conditions and under isoflurane inhalation. In a separate set of experiments, we tested the ability of the animals to recall a learning set that had been acquired 24 h previously. Results Under 0.4% isoflurane inhalation, the average number of trials required to reach criterion performance (18 correct responses in 20 successive trials) increased from 21.9 to 43.5 (P Conclusions Isoflurane interfered with long-term memory of odour valence without preventing its acquisition. This paradigm may serve as a non-aversive animal model of conscious amnesia.
Sensitivity analysis for contagion effects in social networks.

Analyses of social network data have suggested that obesity, smoking, happiness, and loneliness all travel through social networks. Individuals exert ‘‘contagion effects’’ on one another through social ties and association. These analyses have come under critique because of the possibility that homophily from unmeasured factors may explain these statistical associations and because similar findings can be obtained when the same methodology is applied to height, acne, and headaches, for which the conclusion of contagion effects seems somewhat less plausible. The author uses sensitivity analysis techniques to assess the extent to which supposed contagion effects for obesity, smoking, happiness, and loneliness might be explained away by homophily or confounding and the extent to which the critique using analysis of data on height, acne, and headaches is relevant. Sensitivity analyses suggest that contagion effects for obesity and smoking cessation are reasonably robust to possible latent homophily or environ...
An ecological view of cigarette smoking.

The purpose of this article is to explore the implications of an ecological model of smoking behavior. The model derives from the thinking of epidemiologists about the nature of the causes of disease and from the kind of theorizing about behavior which has been common in social psychology in the last generation. Figure 1, drawn from the volume on smoking behavior which has reported most of our preliminary work (Mausner & Platt, 1971), shows the basic character of this model. There are three components: input (i.e., environment), mediating systems, and output (i.e., behavior). The input is specified in terms of three aspects of the environment: biological, social, and physical. Although these three may be distinguished conceptually, their interrelations sometimes make the distinction hard to apply in the real world. In the brackets are found theoretical constructs. And last, to the right under outputs, are a variety of measurable behaviors. The implications of this model for two areas related to smoking behavior are explored in this article. The first is the study of change in smoking among individual smokers. The second is an analysis of society's reactions to the problems of smoking. The rationale for our entire discussion is the assumption, first, that an understanding of an individual's smoking is impossible without a clear picture of the role that smoking behavior plays in his entire life pattern. Second is the assumption that we cannot understand the smoking behavior of 1 The research reported in the paper was carried out under Grant TH4 from the American Cancer
Spinal cellular automata

A special class of two-dimensional cellular automata (spinal automata) is defined. It is shown that the question whether a spinal automaton is injective is decidable, and the question whether a spinal automaton is reversible is decidable. In general those questions for two-dimensional cellular automata are undecidable. As language recognizers, the authors show that spinal automata are much more powerful than one-dimensional cellular automata. >
FoxA1 Translates Epigenetic Signatures into Enhancer-Driven Lineage-Specific Transcription

Complex organisms require tissue-specific transcriptional programs, yet little is known about how these are established. The transcription factor FoxA1 is thought to contribute to gene regulation through its ability to act as a pioneer factor binding to nucleosomal DNA. Through genome-wide positional analyses, we demonstrate that FoxA1 cell type-specific functions rely primarily on differential recruitment to chromatin predominantly at distant enhancers rather than proximal promoters. This differential recruitment leads to cell type-specific changes in chromatin structure and functional collaboration with lineage-specific transcription factors. Despite the ability of FoxA1 to bind nucleosomes, its differential binding to chromatin sites is dependent on the distribution of histone H3 lysine 4 dimethylation. Together, our results suggest that methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 is part of the epigenetic signature that defines lineage-specific FoxA1 recruitment sites in chromatin. FoxA1 translates this epigenetic signature into changes in chromatin structure thereby establishing lineage-specific transcriptional enhancers and programs.
What Harm Does Death Do to the Decedent

The vast majority of people believe that death harms the person who dies. After all, it seems to be common sense that death is a bad thing, and bad things happening to people are generally injurious in some direct way to those individuals; therefore, death must harm the people who undergo it. The trouble with the common sense view is that it fails to recognize that in order to be injured a person must exist. Since death annihilates the person by destroying an essential characteristic the person has, then no person can ever experience her own death, and if she cannot experience it, then it cannot harm her. In what follows, I examine various ways that philosophers and others have argued that death harms the person who has the misfortune of dying (Calling it a misfortune assumes the common sense view is correct without critical evaluation of it). Firstly, options incorporating an afterlife are found wanting. Secondly, Cambridge changes , Priorism , and other attempts to show that a person is injured when she dies are considered. These attempts are shown to be either based on fundamentally flawed reasoning that creates the illusion of existence when all that actually exists are ideas and reflections in the survivors’ minds, or the entity that is harmed is not that which common sense says is injured.
Timed dependence flow graphs, an intermediate form for verified high-level synthesis

We present timed dependence flow graphs, an intermediate form for high-level synthesis from specifications written in behavioral hardware description languages. Timed dependence flow graphs express data, control, resource access, and timing dependences, and call be constructed in linear time from behavioral VHDL descriptions. We also present a formal execution semantics for timed dependence flow graphs, which we are using in verification of our high-level synthesis tools.
Evaluation of Chinese Centipedegrasses and other Turfgrass Taxa for Potential Resistance to Twolined Spittlebug, Prosapia bicincta (Say)

Abstract Warm season turf taxa of centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack], bermudagrass [Cynodon L.C. Rich, spp.], St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze], and zoysiagrass [Zoysia Willd. spp.] were evaluated for tolerance to adult twolined spittlebug (Prosapia bicincta Say) feeding in choice and no-choice experiments, and for their ability to support nymphal development (antibiosis potential). Among 133 selections evaluated, few showed evidence of potential antibiosis and/or improved tolerance over commercially available cultivars. Most of the centipedegrass taxa evaluated were susceptible to the spittlebug. However, some potential antibiosis among Chinese centipedegrass taxa was identified, and there was a gradient in the ability to tolerate spittlebug feeding. Among centipedegrasses, TC 358 and TC 362 showed moderate tolerance and recovery in no-choice and choice trials. The most tolerant bermudagrasses in no-choice trials were 00 - 23, 03 - 14, and 03 - 15. Centipedegra...
Osmanli Balkan Mirasi Ve Türk Millî Kimliğinin Oluşumu (Ottoman Balkan Heritage and the Construction of Turkish National Identity)

Turkish Abstract: Bu calisma Osmanli Balkan mirasinin Turk milli kimliginin olusturulmasindaki etkilerini incelemektedir. Osmanli mirasi, Balkanlar ve Turk milli kimligi arasindaki munasebeti aydinlatabilmek amaciyla arastirma su hipotezi sunmaktadir: Her ne kadar cumhuriyetci Turk eliti laik bir ulus devlet insa etmek amaciyla Osmanli Devleti’ne karsi olumsuz bir tavir almissa da, Balkan gocmenlerinin Islam’i milli kimliklerinin ana unsuru olarak gormesi Turk milli kimliginin olusturulmasinda onemli bir etken olmustur.English Abstract: This study covers the influence of Ottoman Balkan Heritage on the construction of Turkish national identity.In order to shed light on the intricate correlation among the Ottoman heritage, the Balkans and Turkish national identity, this article presents that while the Turkish republican elite took a negative stance on the Ottoman Empire to create a secular nation-state,Balkan migrants’ view on Islam as the main component of their identity helped to shape the creation of Turkish national identity.
Oregon Simplifications of the Strength and Physical Fitness Indices

Abstract After experimentation with chronological age and eight anthropometric tests, weight and age were found to have the highest multiple correlation with the Strength Index and were chosen as the basis for norms. The following multiple correlations were obtained between the Strength Index and the various test items composing the SI battery: for upper elementary school boys, .977 for leg lift, back lift, and push-ups; for junior high boys, .987 for leg lift and Rogers' arm strength score, .998 when right grip was added; for senior high school boys, .985 for leg lift and Rogers' arm strength score, .996, when back lift was added. Regression equations were computed for each of these multiple correlations.
Out of Adolescence and Into Adulthood: Critical Race Theory, Retrenchment, and the Imperative of Praxis

In commemoration of the germinal 1995 critical race theory (CRT) in education manuscript offered by Gloria Ladson-Billings and William Tate IV, the following account seeks to perform several tasks....
A Report on the College of American Pathologists Survey Programme

During the past decade there has been increasing interest in methods of assessing the quality of laboratory testing. Data concerning laboratory performance are obtained primarily by surveys and proficiency studies in which unknown samples are analysed by laboratory personnel. The manner of res­ ponse serves to measure proficiency. By comparison with other methods of evaluation, surveys are easiest to perform. Feedback is rapid and electronic processing permits compilation of results into numerous sub-groups. Despite imaginative and prodigious efforts to develop the survey method, it is apparent that this method is far from being perfected partly because of the intricate nature of the test procedure. For the present the uncertainty of survey data must be accepted and any interpretation concerning the quality of laboratory testing requires careful deliberation and study. This report offers a framework for discussing the survey method. It will not eliminate all controversy or differences in opinion, but may answer a few questions and illuminate problem areas. This is a good time to take stock of the survey method and decide how it is to evolve and be adapted. Since 1963, the Standards Committee of the College of American Pathologists has sponsored a continuous survey programme with four aims: 1. to arrive at a profile of laboratory testing, including the methods used and the accuracy and precision of analytical measurements; 2. to serve an educational function by stimulating interest in new and better standards, reagents, and methods; 3. to define differences in nomenclature and classi­ fication; 4. to decrease interlaboratory variation in test results. Although the College programme includes a study ofall laboratory divisions, this paper deals with clinical chemistry. Only routine, well accepted procedures are considered; glucose, urea nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, protein, cholesterol, chloride, sodium, potassium, uric acid, haemoglobin and creatinine. Enzyme measurements are not included since they present different problems which have not yet been resolved.
Action of angiotensin on isolated guinea pig ileum.

Conclusions1. Atropine and morphine effectively block angiotensin and nicotine-induced spasm on the isolated guinea pig ileum. 2. Mecamylamine, pempidine, pentolinium and hexamethonium blocked nicotine-induced spasms; however, only mecamylamine and pempidine blocked angiotensin spasms, but very high concentrations were required. 3. It is proposed that angiotensin acts on the post-ganglionic cholinergic mechanism of the ileum and that its site of action is probably peripheral to the ganglion.
Vitamin C and the risk of preeclampsia--results from dietary questionnaire and plasma assay.

Background. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Methods. In a case-control study of 109 women with preeclampsia and 259 controls maternal dietary and plasma vitamin C in relation to preeclampsia risk were assessed. Dietary intake during the periconceptional period and pregnancy was ascertained using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression procedures were used to derive odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (Cl). Plasma ascorbic acid was determined using automated enzymatic procedures. Results. After adjusting for maternal age, parity, prepregnancy body mass index, and energy intake, women who consumed <85 mg of vitamin C daily (below the recommended dietary allowance), as compared with others, experienced a doubling in preeclampsia risk (OR = 2.1; 95%) CI = 1.1-3.9). The OR for extreme quartiles of plasma ascorbic acid (<41.5 vs ≥ 63.3 μmol/liter) was 2.3 (95% Cl = 1.1-4.6). Compared with women in the highest quartile, those with plasma ascorbic acid <34.6 μmol/liter (lowest decile) experienced a 3.8-fold increased risk of preeclampsia (95% CI = 1.7-8.8). Conclusions. Our results, if confirmed, would suggest that current public health efforts to increase intake of fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin C and other antioxidants may reduce the risk of preeclampsia.
Synthesis of Sequence-Specific Vinyl Copolymers by Regioselective ROMP of Multiply Substituted Cyclooctenes

A variety of multisubstituted cyclooctenes were prepared and employed as monomers for ring-opening metathesis polymerization using the Grubbs second or third generation catalysts. The resulting polymers were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. Monomers possessing a substituent at the 3-position afforded highly regio- and stereoregular polyalkenamers, from which the corresponding sequence-specific vinyl quaterpolymers were obtained upon hydrogenation. Simultaneous control of tacticity was also demonstrated by employing monomers with defined stereochemistry.
A fully resolved chloroplast phylogeny of the brassica crops and wild relatives (Brassicaceae: Brassiceae): Novel clades and potential taxonomic implications

Brassicas boast an enormous diversity of economically important products. Strikingly, relationships among main lineages are still unknown. The phylogeny of the tribe Brassiceae (Brassicaceae) was reconstructed for 89 species using four plastid regions (rpl32-trnL, atpI-atpH, psbD-trnT, ycf6-psbM ). Representatives of almost all genera were sampled, covering the entire natural range of the tribe from Central Asia to the western Mediterranean, including four previously unsampled genera (Ammosperma, Eremophyton, Fezia, Pseudofortuynia). Phylogenetic analysis recovered eight well-supported clades in the tribe including a new African clade (Henophyton) comprised of genera that have not been previously sampled. Relationships within and between the eight major clades are strongly supported for the first time. The earliest-divergent lineages in the tribe are the clades Vella and Zilla. Henophyton is sister to the clade that includes the lineages Nigra, Crambe, Cakile, Savignya, and Oleracea. Core Brassiceae—a new clade defined here—is comprised of two subclades: (1) Nigra, Crambe, and Cakile and (2) Savignya and Oleracea. Within the Oleracea lineage, a new Core Oleracea clade is defined. Several genera were confirmed to be polyphyletic or paraphyletic, including Brassica, Erucastrum, Sinapis, Diplotaxis and Cakile. Economically important spe- cies belonging to the genera Brassica were primarily distributed across the two most species-rich lineages, Nigra or Oleracea. Collectively, the finding of these novel clades has numerous taxonomic implications.
Recent trends and findings in cognitive radar

We provide an overview of recent advances that have come about in the area of cognitive radar over the past decade. The area of cognitive radar involves closed loop radar operation to overcome the challenges imposed by harsh environments, difficult targets, and a rapidly shrinking spectrum. In particular this construct is devised to bring to bear all available resources on transmit and receive as well as exploit situational awareness of the operational environment to maximize system performance. The multidisciplinary nature of the field is highlighted and salient advances are presented to motivate the interested reader to delve deeper.
Research on Data Exchanging and Service Sharing Technology for Unifi ed Grid Resource Model

Aiming at the diffi culties of information sharing and business fusion between business systems of SGCC, and the poor effi ciency of data processing, this paper studies the fast data exchanging and service sharing technology for unifi ed grid resource model, which is based on the service bus. First, data exchanging requirement is defi ned, data exchanging scenarios are stated, then the service interface types, input-output interface standard and interface message models are defi ned. At last, service exchanging method and format are proposed. These works can achieve the aim of fast data and application service sharing for the cross-district network equipments.
A STUDY ON ACTIVITY SPACE OF SHOPPING OF SHANGHAI RESIDENTS:TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND RELATIVE INFLUENCING FACTORS

Based on questionnaire survey and field investigation in Shanghai,the paper tries to find the time and spatial characteristics of residents' shopping behavior. Besides,further research on its relative influencing factors is carried out from views of individual choice and urban space.The results show that the characteristics of shopping behavior of residents is Shanghai can be summed up as an typical activity of low-frequency,close-travel distance,non-motor-oriented mode as well as night timing.Meanwhile,the shopping activity space shows obvious hierarchical characteristic,but with a condensational trend.Further,the hierarchy of shopping trip of different commodities is explained by individual choice course while the travel mode,range of the space and the concentrated extent mostly rest on the physical space of retailing of the city.
Critical review of experience with surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta.

Repair of coarctation of the aorta has been performed in 164 patients since July, 1947. Eighteen were younger than 6 months of age, 44 were I to 11 years, 87 were 11 to 40 years, and 15 were older than 40 years of age. Resection and end-to-end anastomosis were performed in 92, interposition grafts in 59, and other procedures in 13. Four operative deaths occurred in infants with multiple anomalies (22 percent infant mortality rate). Ten late deaths were due to associated anomalies (three), myocardial infarction (two), cerebrovascular accident (one), rupture of an aneurysm at the graft site (one), and unrelated causes (three). No hospital deaths occurred in patients with isolated coarctation or in patients older than 1 year, including the 15 patients older than 40 years. Late complications were evaluated in 147 patients followed from 2 months to 28 years. Restenosis occurred in eight (three repaired when younger than 6 months) and false aneurysm at graft sites in two (fatal rupture in one). Residual hypertension occurred in 38 of 147 (25.9 percent) and was related to age at the time of repair: younger than 6 months (three of 13), 1 to 11 years (one of 43), 11 to 40 years (29 of 79), and older than 40 years (five of 13). Residual hemodynamic abnormality due to uncorrected associated anomalies, hypertension, ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, restenosis, or anastomotic aneurysm occurred in 56.1 percent of 98 patients followed at least 2 years. Of this group, 21.4 percent of those repaired before age 11 years and 70 percent of those repaired after age 11 had residual hemodynamic abnormality. Hypertension and other residual hemodynamic abnormalities occur frequently after coarctation repair, but significantly less often when repair is performed between the ages of 1 and 11 years. The incidence of mild hypertension is increased if repair is performed after 6 years of age.
A simple approximation for the current-voltage characteristics of high-power, relativistic diodes

A simple approximation for the current-voltage characteristics of a relativistic electron diode is presented. The approximation is accurate from non-relativistic through relativistic electron energies. Although it is empirically developed, it has many of the fundamental properties of the exact diode solutions. The approximation is simple enough to be remembered and worked on almost any pocket calculator, so it has proven to be quite useful on the laboratory floor.
A Practical Engineering Approach for Predicting Interlaminar Stresses in Composites

This paper deals with the development of a model for the interlaminar stress predictions in the regions of high stress gradients. The model is based on the modified Donnel approach where the stresses obtained form the classical engineering theory are improved by adding a series of corrections. These corrections are determined by satisfying the stress equilibrium and compatibility conditions of two-dimensional elasticity. Accuracy of the model is verified by comparing the results of some sample cases with those obtained from a finite element code.
Positional and cooccurrence restrictions on ejectives

Different studies have looked at phonotactic restrictions on ejectives from a variety of perspectives focusing on syllable structure or on general patterns of laryngeal features, such as cooccurrence limitations or positionally motivated neutralization of contrast (Blevins 2004, Coulston 2001, MacEachern 1997, Maddieson 2004, Rimrott 2003, Steriade 1999). This paper examining ejectives in 27 languages brings together these diverse approaches suggesting that all phonotactic restrictions are based on articulatory and auditory features often working together. Given that languages vary with respect to articulatory features of their phonemes and with regard to perceptual similarity, different restriction patterns are found cross-linguistically.