cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen burden from the steam side corrosion in sodium-heated steam generators

It has been observed that in sodium-heated steam generators most of the hydrogen produced from water- or steam-side corrosion permeates into the secondary sodium. The amount of hydrogen that diffuses into the secondary side is extremely important from the standpoint of the design of the cold trap, hydrogen background levels, and tritium concentrations in the secondary system. We have compiled all the available data on H/sub 2/ permeation from all operating sodium-heated steam generators. In addition, based on the available steam-side corrosion data, we have made tentative recommendations: Steady-state H/sub 2/ flux, (1) Evaporator (2/sup 1///sub 4/ Cr--1 Mo)--1.8 to 2.2 x 10/sup -11/ g H/cm/sup 2/.s. (2) Superheater (2/sup 1///sub 4/ Cr--1 Mo)--1.2 to 1.7 x 10/sup -11/ g H/cm/sup 2/.s. Initial H/sub 2/ flux (up to 2000 h): Evaporator and superheater (2/sup 1///sub 4/ Cr--1 Mo)--approximately 7 to 8 x 10/sup -11/ g H/cm/sup 2/.s.
Microtubules as Targets for Drug and Toxic Chemical Action: The Mechanisms of Action of Colchicine and Vinblastine

Colchicine (Fig. 1), the earliest chemical substance discovered that acts on microtubules, was initially described as a spindle poison in the 1930s because it produced strikingly disorganized mitotic spindles and chromosome patterns in treated cells (reviewed by Dustin, 1978). It was many years before it was established that the mechanism of action of colchicine involved disruption of microtubules (see Borisy and Taylor, 1967a,b; Wilson and Friedkin, 1967). Other microtubule-disruptive substances originally identified as spindle poisons include griseofulvin (see Deysson, 1964), podophyllotoxin, a plant alkaloid that binds to tubulin in the vicinity of the colchicine binding site (see Wilson, 1975), and a clinically important group of alkaloids commonly known as the “vinca alkaloids.” These drugs were discovered in 1957 in extracts of the plant Catharanthus rosea, originally called Vinca rosea (Cutts et al., 1957; Noble et al., 1958). Three vinca alkaloids, vinblastine, vincristine (Fig. 1), and vindesine, are currently used for the treatment of several forms of cancer (Gerzon, 1980).
Isolation and Characterization of the Human MDR (P-Glycoprotein) Genes

Most of the studies described in this chapter were carried out with a series of multidrug-resistant (MDR) derivatives of the human KB carcinoma cell line. KB cells, used for selection of the MDR cell lines, represent a subclone of human HeLa cells (Nelson-Rees and Falndermeyer, 1976), as indicated by their karyotype and cell surface markers. These cells were chosen for the study of MDR because they are highly sensitive to most chemo-therapeutic drugs, clone with high efficiency (>20%), grow rapidly (t l/2 < 20 hr), and can be subcloned in 7–10 days. MDR derivatives of KB cells were obtained by selection with colchicine, vinblastine, or Adriamycin, which represent three structurally dissimilar groups of cytotoxic drugs associated with multidrug resistance.
Exact Moduli of Anisotropic Laminates

One of the most important aspects of the analysis of the response of composite materials is related to the studies of the overall behavior of laminates composed of anisotropic layers. In this phase of the analysis, we are concerned with the relationship between forces and moments per unit length and the deformations which they produce. These relations may be termed the “effective” laminate constitutive equations since they define the geometric response caused by loads exerted on the laminate, as distinguished from the conventional implication of an elastic constitutive equation, namely the stress-strain relationship of an infinitesimal material element. Once the effective constitutive law is formulated, theories can be developed based upon consideration of the laminate as a unit, rather than resorting to a layer by layer elasticity analysis. Once a particular boundary value problem is solved, however, one can determine the detailed stress distribution throughout the laminate. Another motivation for the study of effective laminate moduli is the popular use of the laminate as a model for the behavior of complex heterogeneous materials, such as composites reinforced with three-dimensional networks of fibers (Halpin and Pagano, 1969; Berkowitz and Cohen, 1970; Halpin et al., 1971). Finally, proper interpretation of data from even the most routine experiments involving composite laminates requires appreciation of an effective constitutive relation.
Genetic algorithm to study practical quantum adversaries

In this paper we show how genetic algorithms can be effectively applied to study the security of arbitrary quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols when faced with adversaries limited to current-day technology. We compare two approaches, both of which take into account practical limitations on the quantum power of an adversary (which can be specified by the user). Our system can be used to determine upper-bounds on noise tolerances of novel QKD protocols in this scenario, thus making it a useful tool for researchers. We compare our algorithm's results with current known numerical results, and also evaluate it on newer, more complex, protocols where no results are currently known.
Role of tillage, thiamethoxam seed treatment, and foliar insecticide application for management of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in seedling cotton.

Thrips are early-season pests of cotton and can cause yield and stand losses if not managed. Strip tillage into a winter cover crop, use of a neonicotinoid seed treatment, and foliar insecticide applications are all reliable pest management tactics, but how these methods interact with each other in a thrip-cotton agroecosystem needs to be further understood. A 2-yr field study was conducted to compare thrip counts and thrip-induced plant injury as a function of tillage practice (conventional vs strip tillage with heavy rolled rye), thiamethoxam seed treatment, and foliar insecticide application for managing thrips in cotton. Adult and nymph density, seedling biomass, true leaf formation, stand count, and lint yield were assessed. Results indicate that heavy rolled rye was effective for mitigating thrips on seedling cotton. On conventionally tilled fields, the neonicotinoid seed treatment and a foliar insecticide application were necessary for maximizing yield. Spinetoram was more efficacious than either acephate or cyantraniliprole for management of immature thrips; however, there were no yield effects attributed to foliar insecticide application. These data suggest that growers can mitigate early-season thrips using both cultural and chemically based management tactics.
Understanding Hackathons for Science: Collaboration, Affordances, and Outcomes

Nowadays, hackathons have become a popular way of bringing people together to engage in brief, intensive collaborative work. Despite being a brief activity, being collocated with team members and focused on a task—radical collocation—could improve collaboration of scientific software teams. Using a mixed-methods study of participants who attended two hackathons at Space Telescope Science Institute, we examined how hackathons can facilitate collaboration in scientific software teams which typically involve members from two different disciplines: science and software engineering. We found that hackathons created a focused interruption-free working environment in which team members were able to assess each other’s skills, focus together on a single project and leverage opportunities to exchange knowledge with other collocated participants, thereby allowing technical work to advance more efficiently. This study suggests “hacking” as a new and productive form of collaborative work in scientific software production.
Do longer growing seasons give introduced plants an advantage over native plants in Interior Alaska

In interior Alaska, increases in growing season length and rapid expansion of introduced species are altering the environment for native plants. We evaluated whether earlier springs, warmer summers...
The Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation in the Relation Between Adult Attachment Insecurity and Depression Among Young Gay and Bisexual Men

AbstractObjectives: Attachment insecurity may be more pronounced among young gay and bisexual men (YGBM). Further, attachment insecurity is associated with dysregulated patterns of emotion regulati...
BK current contributions to action potentials across the first postnatal week reflect age dependent changes in BK current kinetics in rat hippocampal neurons

The large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channel is a critical regulator of neuronal action potential firing and follows two distinct trends in early postnatal development: an increase in total expression and a shift from the faster activating STREX isoform to the slower ZERO isoform. We analyzed the functional consequences of developmental trends in BK channel expression in hippocampal neurons isolated from neonatal rats aged one to seven days. Following overnight cultures, action potentials were recorded using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology. This population of neurons undergoes a steady increase in excitability during this time and the effect of blockade of BK channel activity with 100 nM iberiotoxin, changes as the neurons mature. BK currents contribute significantly more to single action potentials in neurons of one-day old rats (with BK blockade extending action potential duration by 0.46±0.12 ms) than in those of seven-day old rats (with BK blockade extending action potential duration by 0.17±0.05 ms). BK currents also contribute consistently to maintain firing rates in neurons of one-day old rats throughout extended action potential firing; BK blockade evenly depresses action potentials frequency across action potential trains. In neurons from seven-day old rats, BK blockade initially increases firing frequency and then progressively decreases frequency as firing continues, ultimately depressing neuronal firing rates to a greater extent than in the neurons from one day old animals. These results are consistent with a transition from low expression of a fast activating BK isoform (STREX) to high expression of a slower activating isoform (ZERO).
Implementing parity for mental health and substance use treatment in Medicaid.

Objective To estimate the association between the implementation of parity in coverage for mental health and substance use disorder (MHSUD) services within the Medicaid program and MHSUD service use. Data sources/study setting Wisconsin Medicaid enrollment and claims data from 2013 to 2015. In April 2014, Wisconsin Medicaid transitioned childless adult beneficiaries from coverage with limited MHSUD services to parity-consistent coverage. Preparity, they only had Medicaid coverage for MHSUD visits to psychiatrists and the emergency department, while parent beneficiaries had parity-consistent coverage. Study design The study uses a difference-in-differences design to compare outcome changes for childless adult and parent beneficiaries. Data collection/extraction methods We identified 76, 569 childless adult and parent beneficiaries aged 18-64 who were continuously enrolled for the 2-year study period. Principal findings Introducing parity-consistent coverage within Medicaid was associated with increased utilization of Medicaid-reimbursed MHSUD services: outpatient, prescription medication, ED, and inpatient. Increased MHSUD outpatient visits were driven by increased visits to nonpsychiatrists. Conclusions Parity's effects on MHSUD service use have been studied in the context of private insurance, but its impact among Medicaid beneficiaries has not. Our findings suggest that parity implementation in Medicaid could increase access to effective MHSUD services in a high-need population.
Structural parameters of hyperbolic metamaterials controlling high-k mode resonant wavelengths

Layered semiconductor hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) are composite materials composed of alternating subwavelength-doped (metal) and undoped (dielectric) semiconductor layers. These materials support the propagation of light with large wave vectors through modes called volume plasmon polaritons (VPPs). In this paper, we use finite-element modeling and effective medium analysis (EMA) to investigate how the number of periods, the period thickness, and the overall HMM thickness affect the VPP mode-resonant wavelengths. We show that the overall HMM thickness has a larger impact on shifting the resonant wavelengths of the VPP modes than the subwavelength structure. We also show that the main limitation of EMA for this application is an inability to account for the boundary conditions at the substrate.
Thermodynamics of shear-induced phase transition of polydisperse soft particle glasses

The thermodynamics of the shear-induced phase transition of soft particle glasses is presented. Jammed suspensions of soft particles transform into a layered phase in a strong shear flow from a stable glassy phase at lower shear rates. The thermodynamics of the two phases can be computed based on the elastic energy and excess entropy of the system. At a critical shear rate, the elastic energy, the excess entropy, the free energy, the temperature, and the shear stress undergo discontinuous jumps at the phase transitions from the glassy to the layered phase. An effective temperature is defined from the derivative of the elastic energy and the excess entropy. The Helmholtz free energy is constructed using the elastic energy, excess entropy, and derived temperature. At a fixed shear rate, there is no equilibrium between the states. However, at a fixed temperature, the glassy and layered states may coexist, as indicated by the equality of their Helmholtz free energies. While this first-order phase transition is possible, it cannot be observed in simple shear because the stress is the same in both phases at the same temperature. Thus, shear banding cannot be observed in this system. Finally, an equation of state, which relates the shear stress to the excess entropy, is presented. This equation of state shows that all dynamical properties (e.g., shear-induced diffusivity and first and second normal stresses) of these jammed non-Brownian suspensions can be determined solely by measuring the shear stress.
Recovery from discrete wound severities in side-blotched lizards ( Uta stansburiana ): implications for energy budget, locomotor performance, and oxidative stress

Wounding events (predation attempts, competitive combat) result in injuries and/or infections that induce integrated immune responses for the recovery process. Despite the survival benefits of immunity in this context, the costs incurred may require investment to be diverted from traits contributing to immediate and/or future survival, such as locomotor performance and oxidative status. Yet, whether trait constraints manifest likely depends on wound severity and the implications for energy budget. For this study, food intake, body mass, sprint speed, and oxidative indices (reactive oxygen metabolites, antioxidant capacity) were monitored in male side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana) healing from cutaneous wounds of discrete sizes (control, small, large). Results indicate that larger wounds induced faster healing, reduced food consumption, and led to greater oxidative stress over time. Granted wounding did not differentially affect body mass or sprint speed overall, small-wounded lizards with greater wound area healed had faster sprint speeds while large-wounded lizards with greater wound area healed had slower sprint speeds. During recovery from either wound severity, however, healing and sprint performance did not correspond with food consumption, body mass loss, nor oxidative status. These findings provide support that energy budget, locomotor performance, and oxidative status of a reptile are linked to wound recovery to an extent, albeit dependent on wound severity.
Media Effects on Language Perceptions

While traditional variationist sociolinguists resist citing media exposure as a source of language variation, this chapter presents an experimental study that demonstrates the effects of media exposure on grammaticality judgments and regional association. Chinese Mainlanders with reported Taiwanese TV exposure were more likely to rate Taiwanese Mandarin (TM) features as grammatically more acceptable, as well as to associate the features with TM. Data were collected through an online survey consisting of acceptability judgments, written-guise attitude tasks, reported viewing habits, and demographic questions. Principle Component Analysis was deployed to identify the key personality traits linked to TM that contribute to the media effects. The results suggest an intertwined relationship in which the effects of media exposure on acceptability judgments are moderated by language attitudes.
ASTRINGENCY OF FRUITS AND FRUIT PRODUCTS IN RELATION TO PHENOLIC CONTENT.

Publisher Summary This chapter briefly discusses the nature of the constituents responsible for the sensation of astringency and the physiology of the astringency sensation and the factors influencing it. Variety, maturity, and climate are known to influence the astringency of fruit. The chapter presents extensive data on the effect of seasonal conditions on the astringency of American grape juices, and also on apple juices. Certain fruits are astringent when they are unripe. During ripening on the tree or in storage, this astringency disappears. This loss in astringency may be accompanied by a change in the tannin fraction. The actual change in tannins, determined chemically, are small and may either increase or decrease. In astringent fruits, the main phenolic compounds found are flavanols. Both the flavanols and the flavan diols occur. Other major constituents of the phenolic fraction consist of the flavanols, kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, chlorogenic acid, and the cinnarnic acids such as caffeic acid. Apart from environmental factors such as locality, season, stage of development, and mineral nutrition, which are known to affect the level of phenolic compounds in fruits, and hence astringency, various secondary treatments can decrease the degree of astringency in fruits, for example, treatment with carbon dioxide, ethylene; precipitation of the tannin with acetic acid, formaldehyde; and oxidation with ozone. Astringency may also be reduced by air drying, particularly in persimmons. If the fruit is chilled, astringency may increase. The various theories proposed to explain loss in astringency have been classified into three groups: binding, change in molecular size of the tannins, and a change in the hydroxylatzon pattern of the Phenolic Compound.
Low Back and Neck Pain

Low back pain is the most common musculoskeletal complaint. An estimated 80% of the population will experience low back pain over the course of their lifetime. The surgical treatment of common lumbar disorders accounts for over $20 billion as hospital fees each year in the United States. The rate of procedures directed at the lumbar spine is increasing faster than the aging of the population. Yet, the indications for and the efficacy of surgical interventions for common lumbar disorders have been a source of controversy. Low back pain affects the area between the lower rib cage and gluteal folds, and frequently radiates into the thighs. Neck pain is also a common complaint, affecting approximately 70% of the population at some time in their lives. Neck pain typically affects the posterior aspect of the neck and frequently radiates into the shoulder blades and deltoid muscles, even in the absence of nerve root or spinal cord involvement.
Development of a Methodology to Separate Thermal from Oil Aging of a Catalyst Using a Gasoline-Fueled Burner System

Typically, an engine/dynamometer thermal aging cycle contains combinations of elevated catalyst inlet temperatures, chemical reaction-induced thermal excursions (simulating misfire events), and average air/fuel ratio's (AFR's) to create a condition that accelerates the aging of the test part. In theory, thermal aging is predominantly a function of the time at an exposure temperature. Therefore, if a burner system can be used to simulate the exhaust AFR and catalyst inlet and bed temperature profile generated by an engine running an accelerated aging cycle, then a catalyst should thermally age the same when exposed to either exhaust stream. This paper describes the results of a study that examined the aging difference between six like catalysts aged using the Rapid Aging Test (RAT) cycle (an accelerated thermal aging cycle). Three catalysts were aged using a gasoline-fueled engine aging stand; the other three were aged using a computer controlled burner system. Both systems were programmed to run aging cycles that provided the same inlet temperature and AFR profiles, and space velocity conditions. Each catalyst was evaluated using a vehicle over the FTP emissions test cycle and an AFR sweep test suing an engine test stand before and after aging. Finally, the catalysts were cored and analyzed to provide a composition and surface area comparison. BACKGROUND
Spatial Approaches to Modeling Dispersion of Communicable Diseases – A Review

The dispersion of communicable diseases in a population is intrinsically spatial. In the last several decades, a range of spatial approaches has been devised to model epidemiological processes; and they differ significantly from each other. A review of spatially oriented epidemiological models is necessary to assess advances in spatial approaches to modeling disease dispersion and to help identify those most appropriate for specific research goals. The most notable difference in the design of these spatially oriented models is the scale and mobility of the modeling unit. Using two criteria, this review identifies six types of spatially oriented models. These include: (1) population-based wave models, (2) sub-population models, (3) individual-based cellular automata models, (4) mobile sub-population models, (5) individual-based spatially implicit models, and (6) individual-based mobile models. Each model type is evaluated in terms of its design principles, assumptions, and intended applications. For the evaluation of design, four aspects of design principles are discussed: the modeling unit, the interaction between the modeling units, the spatial process, and the temporal process utilized in a design. Insights gained from this review can be useful for devising much-needed spatially and temporally oriented strategies to forecast, prevent, and control communicable diseases.
Investigating the effect of visualization on user performance of information systems

This research investigated if and how users using an information visualization system perform differently from those using a traditional information retrieval system. A between-subjects experiment was conducted involving 32 subjects. One group of subjects engaged the visually oriented CiteSpace system; the remaining subjects searched the textual-based Web of Science system. The results indicated that subjects using the CiteSpace system spent significantly less time, felt significantly more satisfied, and performed significantly fewer mouse clicks than those using the Web of Science system. These results indicate that it would be helpful to consider different visualization methods to represent and organize information in the design of information retrieval systems.
Constructing The Self, Constructing America: A Cultural History Of Psychotherapy

* Psychotherapy, the Impossible Bridge * Selves, Illnesses, Healers, Technologies * The Self in America * Healing through Self-DominationCapitalism, the Asylum, the Untamed Female Body, and Freud * Healing through Self-LiberationMesmerism and the Enchanted American Interior of the Nineteenth Century * Strange BedfellowsThe Americanization of Psychoanalysis in the Early Twentieth Century * The Road Not TakenHarry Stack Sullivan, Melanie Klein, and the Location of the Social * Self-Liberation through ConsumerismPost-World War II Object Relations Theory, Self-Psychology, and the Empty Self * Psychotherapy as Moral DiscourseA Hermeneutic Alternative * The Politics of the Self * The Self in Western Society
Lessons from ethology for computational models of development

Summary form only given. Recent results from the ethological literature challenge some widely held views about the development of animal behavior and offer new directions for research into the organization of synthetic behavior systems. The process of development is often seen as one of continual refinement, with infantile behaviors representing the primitive precursors of adult behavior. While this notion is intuitively pleasing, there are two ways in which it may be incorrect. First, Coppinger (Coppinger and Smith 1990) argues that infantile behaviors are just as well adapted as adult behaviors, but adapted to the challenges that the organism faces during its early life and early social context. In his view, development is best understood as a process of, 'swapping' elements in the behavioral repertoire rather than refining them; the adult version of a behavior, in other words, is a distinct replacement for its juvenile counterpart, not an outgrowth of it. The second problem with the traditional view of behavioral development is that infantile behaviors are often expressed in an entirely different motivational context than their adult counterparts. Indeed, infantile behaviors that satisfy a particular motivational system such as hunger may be controlled by entirely different motivational systems. Hall and Willams have shown, for example, that during the first several weeks of life, a rat pup's suckling rate is independent of how hungry it is. That is, rat pups suckle because they are innately motivated to do so, not because they are hungry. Similarly, Hogan (Hogan 1999) suggests that during the first 48 hours of a chick's life, the amount that it pecks has nothing to do with its level of hunger. Leyhausen (Lorenz and Leyhausen 1973) has shown that the behaviors that make up the sequence of predatory behaviors in cats are refined through play, often well before the cat ever makes 'the connection' between the acquisition of prey and a subsequent reduction in hunger. What is going on here? In the first two cases, the juvenile behaviors act as 'fail-safe' mechanisms to ensure that the creature's needs are met without needing an innate or learned connection between the behaviors and the critical motivational systems that they act to satisfy. In the latter case, behaviors that will be critically important in adulthood are initially expressed and refined in a context in which the costs of failure are low, i.e. the creature's life doesn't depend on how well they perform the behavior at that given moment. Both of these concerns suggest that by re-examining our assumptions about development in animals, we may be able to glean generally useful organizing principles for the design of adaptive computational systems.
Extent of thermal processing of infant formula affects copper status in infant rhesus monkeys

Background Infant rhesus monkeys are excellent models in which to study the effect of infant formulas on trace element absorption and status. Infants fed powdered formula from birth exhibit normal growth and have blood variables similar to those of breast-fed infants. Objectives The objectives were to evaluate the effects of feeding ready-to-feed (RTF) formulas exposed to different heat treatments to infant monkeys, and, for one of these formulas, to compare the effect of fortification with 2 iron concentrations. Design From birth to age 5 mo, infant monkeys (n = 6/group) were fed one of the following formulas exclusively: 1) 12 mg Fe/L processed in cans (RTF-12), 2) formula in glass bottles with 12 mg Fe/L and manufactured by an ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) process (UHT-12), or 3) formula manufactured by a standard thermal process (STP), containing either 8 (STP-8) or 12 (STP-12) mg Fe/L. All formulas had similar copper concentrations (0.6 mg Cu/L). Anthropometric measures and venous blood samples were taken monthly. Results Weight and length gain did not differ among groups; however, the STP-12 group weighed less than the UHT-12 group at ages 2, 4, and 5 mo. Hemoglobin values were significantly lower in the RTF-12 group than in all other groups at ages 4 and 5 mo and serum ferritin was lower in the RTF-12 group than in the STP-12 group at age 5 mo. Copper status was lower in STP-12 infants than in STP-8 infants. There was a progressive and significant decline in plasma copper, ceruloplasmin, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase activity in infants fed canned formula (RTF-12). Furthermore, coat color changed from normal brown to silver. These outcomes suggest that the canned formula induced copper deficiency in infant monkeys. Conclusions Excessive heat treatment of formula can have a pronounced negative effect on copper status. High iron concentrations did not improve iron status but may adversely affect copper status.
Spotlight on receptor/transducer interaction.

The atomic resolution structure of a microbial sensory rhodopsin interacting with its cognate transducer protein casts light on signal transmission between two membrane proteins.
Carbide layer-growth rates on tungsten-molybdenum and tungsten-rhenium alloys

Abstract The effect of alloying tungsten with rhenium (up to 25 at%) or molybdenum (up to 32 at%) on the structures and rates-of-growth of the carbide layers grown on these alloys has been evaluated. A single carbide layer was observed on the tungsten-molybdenum alloys, consisting of (W, Mo) 2 C with a few small isolated precipitate islands of the (W, Mo)C phase along the graphite edge of the M 2 C layer. In contrast, layers of both (W, Re)C and (W, Re) 2 C were observed to grow simultaneously on the tungstenrhenium alloys, with a pearlite-like precipitate of a second phase present in the (W, Re) 2 C layer along the carbide-metal interface. The existence of the cubic (β-manganese structure) π-phase was confirmed, and its homogeneity range was found to extend from at least W 3 Re 4 C to W 4 Re 3 C. The total carbide-layer growth rate was increased by the addition of either rhenium or molybdenum to the tungsten, with the rhenium effecting a larger increase than the same atom fraction of molybdenum. For both alloy types, the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor in the Arrhenius equation describing the layer-growth process decreased with increasing additions of the alloying atom.
Kinetic properties of bursty bulk flow events

Particle distributions of bursty bulk flow (BBF) events in the central plasma sheet regions show that the high earthward mean velocity comes from a combination of energetic ion flux increases (>few keV) in the earthward direction and decreases of similar energy fluxes in the tailward direction. The energetic ion increases are observed to ∼few MeV during intense events, indicating the responsible mechanisms efficiently accelerate particles. The BBF events are intimately tied to the dynamics of tail current sheet reconfiguration and for the two events discussed here, they occurred 45 minutes and 5 minutes after the expansion onsets. The perception offered by our analysis differs from the earlier studies which described BBF events using MHD approach.
Specific heat anomaly of sulphuric acid with dilution

The specific heat and the specific volume of sulphuric acid show a slight decrease with dilution, at first, before their expected monotonic increase. We theorise that these effects arise from the tendency to form the stoichiometric H2SO4·H2O composition which puts a squeeze on the free volume. Exploiting this idea and the Debey-Huckel theory for the ionized radicals, we derive a formula which simulates the specific heat behaviour.
Estate taxation and charitable bequests

Abstract Charitable bequests in the United States amount to $2 billion annually and account for a substantial share of the total resources devoted to education, health, science, culture, welfare and religion. The amount and composition of such bequests are affected by the rate structure and deductibility of charitable bequests in the estate tax. A model of charitable bequests is estimated on data from the 1957–1959 Treasury Special Study and the 1969 Estate Tax returns. The price elasticity of charitable bequests is considerably greater than one for all but the very largest estates. Hence, the deduction is efficient in the sense of stimulating at least as much additional giving to charity as revenue lost by the Treasury. A variety of alternative policies are simulated. Those policies raising the price of charitable bequests will substantially curtail charitable bequests. This decrease will come almost exclusively at the expense of the education-science and health-welfare sectors.
Acrylodan-conjugated Cysteine Side Chains Reveal Conformational State and Ligand Site Locations of the Acetylcholine-binding Protein *

We undertook cysteine substitution mutagenesis and fluorophore conjugation at selected residue positions to map sites of ligand binding and changes in solvent exposure of the acetylcholine-binding protein from Lymnaea stagnalis, a nicotinic receptor surrogate. Acrylodan fluorescence emission is highly sensitive to its local environment, and when bound to protein, exhibits changes in both intensity and emission wavelength that are reflected in the degree of solvent exclusion and the effective dielectric constant of the environment of the fluorophore. Hence, cysteine mutants were generated based on the acetylcholine-binding protein crystal structure and predicted ligand binding sites, and fluorescence parameters were assayed on the acrylodan-conjugated proteins. This approach allows one to analyze the environment around the conjugated fluorophore side chain and the changes induced by bound ligand. Introduction of an acrylodan-cysteine conjugate at position 178 yields a large blue shift with α-bungarotoxin association, whereas the agonists and alkaloid antagonists induce red shifts reflecting solvent exposure at this position. Such residue-selective changes in fluorescence parameters suggest that certain ligands can induce distinct conformational states of the binding protein, and that mutually exclusive binding results from disparate portals of entry to and orientations of the bound α-toxin and smaller acetylcholine congeners at the binding pocket. Labeling at other residue positions around the predicted binding pocket also reveals distinctive spectral changes for α-bungarotoxin, agonists, and alkaloid antagonists.
Accuracy in Dry Bone Diagnosis: a Comment on Palaeopathological Methods

The objectives of palaeopathological research include: (i) diagnosis of specific diseases in archaeological human remains; (ii) analysis of the impact of various diseases in human populations through time and space; and (iii) clarification of evolutionary interactions between humans and disease. Basic to all these objectives is the need for accuracy in diagnosing diseases in archaeological human remains. Tests of diagnostic accuracy made during workshops in dry bone diagnosis held during the annual meetings of the Paleopathology Association (PPA) in 1989, 1990, 1991 and 1992 suggest important limitations that need to be considered in the development of methods in palaeopathology. Although the conditions do not approximate those found in most field or laboratory situations, these tests indicate an overall accuracy of 28.6 per cent for specific disease recognition and 42.9 per cent accuracy for correct recognition of the more general categories of disease. The factors in diagnostic accuracy are complex and include the knowledge and experience of the observer. Another factor is the often substantial morphological overlap between different diseases. In the classificatory system used for the workshops there are seven general categories of disease, each of which has recognizable, although often non-specific, hallmarks in dry bone specimens. A differential diagnosis with these seven general possibilities in mind rather than hundreds of specific diseases can be a powerful tool for the palaeopathologist in providing data that are more comparable between observers. This improvement in classificatory agreement has important methodological implications in the development of a data protocol in palaeopathological research. The identification of general disease category is recommended as part of descriptive and diagnostic reports on palaeopathological specimens.
Acid-catalyzed degradation of d-fructose

Abstract Interest in nonenzymic browning of dehydrated food-products led to this study of the acid-catalyzed degradation of d -fructose. The two major furan derivatives formed in this degradation are 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde and 2-(2-hydroxyacetyl)furan. Several minor products were identified. These included furfural, 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde, isomaltol, 2-(2-hydroxyacetyl)furan formate, and 4-hydroxy-2,3,5-hexanetrione (acetylformoin). Formic acid, acetic acid, and levulinic acid were also present. A new hydroxyfuranone has been isolated, and evidence is presented supporting its structure. Degradation studies at pH 1.0, 2.15, and 3.5 showed a variation in the minor components formed. The mechanism for formation of the furan derivatives is discussed.
An attenuation correction technique to correct for neutron and gamma attenuation in the reconstructed image of a neutron stimulated emission computed tomography (NSECT) system

Neutron spectroscopy is being developed as a tomographic tool to measure trace element concentration in the body at molecular levels. We are developing a neutron stimulated emission computed tomography (NSECT) system using inelastic scattering of neutrons by target nuclei, to identify elements and their concentration in tissue. An incoming neutron scatters inelastically with an atomic nucleus, which emits a gamma photon of specific energy. This energy, which is detected by an energy-sensitive Gamma detector, is characteristic of the scattering nucleus. The neutron beam and gamma photons undergo considerable attenuation while passing through the body, causing a reduction in detected counts leading to inaccurate reconstruction. We describe a technique to correct for this attenuation as follows. The scanning geometry used for data acquisition is simulated. The lengths of attenuating material lying in the path of the neutron beam are calculated. Neutron attenuation is determined along this path, using attenuation coefficients for each element. Gamma attenuation is calculated similarly for the path between the point of gamma origin and the detector. A transmission profile is then determined for each projection, using the product of the neutron and gamma attenuations for every point along the projection. The inverse of the integral of this profile yields a correction factor. The experimental data is multiplied by the correction factors to yield attenuation corrected projections. After correction, the projection data is seen to represent the known elemental distribution more accurately. This correction technique improves the consistency of the projections, and leads to the improved accuracy in reconstructed NSECT images.
Increasing frequency of feline cytauxzoonosis cases diagnosed in western Kentucky from 2001 to 2011

Feline cytauxzoonosis is a rapidly progressing and usually fatal disease in domestic cats caused by the tick-borne pathogen, Cytauxzoon felis. The primary reservoir host for this protozoan parasite is the bobcat (Lynx rufus). In this retrospective study, we have examined the positive cases of feline cytauxzoonosis identified at Murray State University's Breathitt Veterinary Center, a regional diagnostic facility located in Hopkinsville, Kentucky, between January 2001 and December 2011. Center records reveal that there has been an increase in the rate of diagnosis of domestic feline infection with C. felis over that 10-year span with the majority of cases (75%) occurring between 2006 and 2011. The infection was diagnosed from March through October and showed a single peak in May, corresponding well with the questing period for the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, a known vector of C. felis.
Some observations concerning mental verbs and speech act verbs

Abstract By adding further linguistic evidence (e.g., semantic, semiotic and functional similarities) to the studies of Leech (Leech, Geoffrey N., 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. Longman, London) and Nakau (Nakau, Minoru, 1994. Principles of Cognitive Semantics. Taishukan Shoten, Tokyo) on the relationship between mental and speech act verbs, this paper argues that mental verbs (e.g., think) and speech act verbs (e.g., say) essentially depict the same phenomenon, which Dahl (Dahl, Osten, 1997. Egocentricity in Discourse and Syntax. Available from http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/egocentric > calls ‘internal reality’. The difference is that mental verbs depict the ‘internal reality’ still in the private domain, while speech act verbs refer to the same phenomena made public (i.e., externally manifested). This paper points out that this dichotomy relates to well-known epistemological dichotomies such as ‘ego vs. non-ego’ (Akatsuka, Noriko McCawley, 1978. Another look at no , koto , and to : epistemology and complementizer choice in Japanese. In: Hinds, John, Irwin, Howard (Eds.), Problems in Japanese Syntax and Semantics. Kaitakusha, Tokyo, pp. 178–212), ‘experiencing self vs. observing self’ (Lyons, John, 1982. Deixis and subjectivity: loquor, ergo sum? In: Jarvella, R.J., Klein, W. (Eds.), Speech, Place, and Action. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, New York, pp. 101–124; Lyons, John, 1989. Semantic ascent: a neglected aspect of syntactic typology. In: Arnold, G.D. et al., (Eds.), Essays on Grammatical Theory and Universal Grammar. Oxford University Press, London, pp. 153–186), ‘S-perspective vs. O-perspective’ (Iwasaki, Shoichi, 1993. Subjectivity in Grammar and Discourse. John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam) and ‘private vs. public’ (see Dahl, 1997 above). It then argues that such a dichotomy also serves to differentiate self- vs. other- addressed questions, and wish vs. command. That is, the same dichotomy cuts across the three major sentence types (statement, question, and command). Therefore, it is possible to use this dichotomy as a new principle for organizing sentence typology. In addition, this paper notes that this epistemological dichotomy is reflected in the grammaticalization of the verb ‘say’ and the semantic extension of the two Old Japanese question particles ka and ya .
Evaluation of electroless nickel surface treatment for iron powder used in MR fluids

Iron powders, used in magnetorheological (MR) fluids, were coated with nickel by electroless deposition. The ability of the coating to reduce the oxidation rate of the iron powder was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Nickel metal appears to be very effective in reducing oxidation of the iron as indicated by the TGA results. However, the electroless treatment process also produces an undesirable decrease in both the saturation magnetization and the density of the iron powder. There is also a significant material handling difficulty as the treatment is conducted in a large volume aqueous suspension at elevated temperature.
Acute pyogenic parotiditis

Abstract 1. 1. Acute pyogenic parotiditis is of medical and surgical importance. 2. 2. The preponderance of evidence seems to indicate that the majority of infections are ductogenous, rather than hematogenous in origin. 3. 3. The histopathologic pictures produced in the two instances are dissimilar and sufficiently characteristic to predicate the mode of infection in a given instance. 4. 4. The majority of cases are caused by the Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus albus, the various streptococcic strains, pneumococcus, and Bacillus typhosus occur, but with far less frequency. 5. 5. The affection has its highest incidence in females during the third decade, and during the months of November to April, inclusive. It follows many medical, as well as surgical conditions. 6. 6. Prophylaxis rests on scrupulous oral hygiene, a free flow of saliva, and maintenance of general bodily economy. 7. 7. The most characteristic clinical signs are pain and swelling in the parotid region, pyrexia, and leucocytosis. 8. 8. Treatment consists of supportive and conservative measures, with recourse to surgery in the event that these prove futile. If radium is available, and its use can be controlled by one who is competent to do so, it will probably afford the most effective means of treatment. 9. 9. The affection in the majority of cases is not of itself lethal; death should usually be attributed to the original disease, or to some other complication.
INTEGRITY MONITORING FOR PRECISION APPROACH USING KINEMATIC GPS AND A GROUND-BASED PSEUDOLITE

Although DGPS is inherently robust to space-vehicle-related ranging errors, failures in the differential station or airborne receiver can be a threat to continuous precise positioning. The stringent required navigation performance (RNP) for Category III precision landing, therefore, establishes the need for an active integrity verification system. Carrier tracking of ground-based pseudolites can provide comprehensive integrity. The large geometry change that occurs during overflight of a ground-based pseudolite and the great precision of carrier-phase measurements can provide the leverage for effective autonomous integrity monitoring. The measurement residual statistic can be used to detect a wide range of conceivable fault scenarios occurring during the pseudolite overflight, including cycle slips, intentional tampering, and airborne database errors. The potential for autonomous integrity verification for Category III approach is demonstrated through analysis, simulation, and flight tests performed in a single-engine aircraft.
Cationic Facially Amphiphilic Poly(phenylene ethynylene)s Studied at the Air−Water Interface

The design of secondary conformation and chemically rich polymers that mimic natural biopolymers in function and structure is an important goal. Polymers based on meta-phenylene ethynylenes were patterned with polar, cationic, and nonpolar alkyl groups along the backbone with a repeat similar to amphiphilic β-sheet peptides. These polymers were characterized at the air−water interface by Langmuir techniques and found to adopt an edge-on, amphiphilic, extended conformation with an area per repeat unit of ∼42 A. They are also membrane active as shown by phospholipid vesicle lysis experiments.
Antiaging Gene Klotho Enhances Glucose-Induced Insulin Secretion by Up-Regulating Plasma Membrane Levels of TRPV2 in MIN6 β-Cells

Klotho is a recently discovered antiaging gene. Klotho is expressed in mouse pancreatic islets and in insulinoma β-cells (MIN6 β-cells). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Klotho plays a role in the regulation of insulin secretion in MIN6 β-cells by overexpression and silencing of Klotho. It is interesting that overexpression of Klotho increased glucose-induced insulin secretion in MIN6 β-cells. Overexpression of mouse Klotho protein also significantly increased plasma membrane levels of transient receptor potential V2 (TRPV2), calcium entry, and the glucose-induced increase in intracellular calcium. On the other hand, knockdown of Klotho by siRNA significantly decreased plasma membrane levels of TRPV2 and attenuated glucose-induced calcium entry and insulin secretion. Tranilast, a selective inhibitor of TRPV2, abolished the promoting effects of overexpression of Klotho on glucose-induced calcium entry and insulin secretion in MIN6 cells. Thus, TRPV2 lies in the downstream of Klotho in the regulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion. This study demonstrated, for the first time, that Klotho may enhance glucose-induced insulin secretion by up-regulating plasma membrane levels of TRPV2 and thus glucose-induced calcium responses. These findings reveal a previously unidentified role of Klotho in the regulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion in MIN6 β-cells.