cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lunar rock Q in 3000-5000 range achieved in laboratory

Q measurements carried out by the vibrating bar technique on lunar sample 70215,85 have yielded Q values as high as 4800 at room temperature. The strong outgassing procedures necessary to raise the Q to these high values from Q =- 60 (when received) and studies of the effect on Q by a variety of different gases shows that the removal of thin layers of adsorbed H 2 O are responsible for the dramatic increase in Q . Experiments carried out with a low frequency apparatus on a terrestrial analogue at 50 Hz suggest similar increases in Q with outgassing, thus providing evidence that dramatic effects on Q can be expected to occur down to seismic frequencies. These results, in part, explain the contrast between seismic data in the lunar and terrestrial crust in terms of the absence and presence respectively of adsorbed H 2 O.
A Nanoprobe Electron Diffraction Study of Surface Phases in LiCoO2

The LiCoO2 compound with trigonal structure (R-3m), is the most common positive electrode material used in Li-ion batteries. In this paper, we report nanoprobe electron diffraction results of two surface phases in LiCoO2 formed by two different heat treatments conditions. The nanoprobe diffraction patterns were taken at 200 kV with a Topcon TEM and using a 5nm probe size of convergence semi-angle α=2.4 mrad. Kinematical simulations of the nanoprobe diffraction patterns were done using JEMS program [1]. The diffraction patterns were analyzed with respect to published crystallographic data of stoichiometric LiCoO2 and Li deficient LixCoO2 phases [2, 3].
Molecular-size determination of xanthan polysaccharide

Abstract Hydrodynamic chromatographic separations of xanthan polysaccharide of ultrahigh molecular weight have been obtained by using columns packed with 30-μm, non-porous spheres. From calibration curves of the elution volume versus particle size for spherical, polystyrene latexes, it was found that xanthan is eluted at the same volume as a 0.153-μm diameter sphere. Extremely dilute samples of xanthan (70 p.p.m.) were injected to preclude self-association and aggregate formation. Detection at these low concentrations was accomplished by tagging the xanthan with a fluorescein derivative and using a flow-through fluorometer detector. Flow rates of 1 mL/min yielded run times of ∼7 min. Comparison of the accepted molecular conformation of xanthan—a rigid rod-like molecule—with the apparent molecular volume from the spherical-latex calibration indicates that the xanthan molecules are substantially oriented by the flow field in the chromatography column.
Growth of resonant interband tunneling diodes using trimethylamine alane

Abstract Resonant interband tunneling diodes (RITDs) in the (Al,Ga)Sb InAs material system have been studied recently for use in a new class of multifunctional quantum devices. The RITD consists of InAs contacting regions and an AlSb/GaSb/AlSb QW structure in the active region, and make use of the type-II energy band alignment between InAs and GaSb. Conventional solid-source MBE is typically used to grow these RITDs, and a high peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR) can be achieved at room temperature. In this study, we report and compare the electrical properties of RITDs grown using elemental as well as alkyl Al and Ga sources. Arsine and solid Sb were used for Group V sources, while trimethylindium was used throughout to grow the InAs layers. Using trimethylamine alane as the Al source, PVCRs comparable to those obtained by using elemental Al have been obtained. However, the additional substitution of triethylgallium for elemental Ga resulted in a sizeable reduction in the PVCR. The strong dependence of the GaSb growth rate on substrate temperature and V III flux ratio is believed to be a likely cause of the degradation.
Demonstration of mycobacterial lipids in bacilli separated from infected tissue.

A study was made of the lipids of mycobacteria separated from homogenates of infected animal tissue by differential centrifugation. By means of chromatography and infrared spectroscopy, phthiocerol dimycocerosate and mycolic acid were detected in the lipids ofM. bovis grownin vivo. Comparison of the relative amounts of these lipids in organisms grownin vivo andin vitro indicates that they are present in about the same concentration. Mycolic acid was also detected in the lipids ofM. paratuberculosis separated from infected tissue. No specific lipids were detected inM. avium harvested from spleens and livers of infected chickens.
Collectively Bargained Health Plans: More Comprehensive, Less Cost Sharing Than Employer Plans

National statistics on the cost and provisions of collectively bargained health plans show them to have similar single premiums, but lower family premiums, compared to employer-based plans not subject to collective bargaining. Union members contribute 4 percent and 6 percent of the cost of their premiums for single and family coverage, respectively, versus 18 percent and 29 percent for workers in employer-based plans. Cost sharing in collectively bargained plans is considerably less than in employer-based plans; coverage for prescription drugs is similar.
A common short-term memory retrieval rate may describe many cognitive procedures.

We examine the relationship between response speed and the number of items in short-term memory (STM) in four different paradigms and find evidence for a similar high-speed processing rate of about 25‐30 items per second (35‐40 ms/item). We propose that the similarity of the processing rates across paradigms reflects the operation of a very basic covert memory process, high-speed retrieval, that is involved in both the search for information in STM and the reactivation or refreshing of information that keeps it in STM. We link this process to a specific pattern of rhythmic, repetitive neural activity in the brain (gamma oscillations). This proposal generates ideas for research and calls for an integrative approach that combines neuroscientific measures with behavioral cognitive techniques.
Identification of Signaling Pathways Regulating Primary Cilium Length and Flow-Mediated Adaptation

The primary cilium acts as a transducer of extracellular stimuli into intracellular signaling [1, 2]. Its regulation, particularly with respect to length, has been defined primarily by genetic experiments and human disease states in which molecular components that are necessary for its proper construction have been mutated or deleted [1]. However, dynamic modulation of cilium length, a phenomenon observed in ciliated protists [3, 4], has not been well-characterized in vertebrates. Here we demonstrate that decreased intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) or increased cyclic AMP (cAMP), and subsequent protein kinase A activation, increases primary cilium length in mammalian epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Anterograde intraflagellar transport is sped up in lengthened cilia, potentially increasing delivery flux of cilium components. The cilium length response creates a negative feedback loop whereby fluid shear-mediated deflection of the primary cilium, which decreases intracellular cAMP, leads to cilium shortening and thus decreases mechanotransductive signaling. This adaptive response is blocked when the autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) gene products, polycystin-1 or -2, are reduced. Dynamic regulation of cilium length is thus intertwined with cilium-mediated signaling and provides a natural braking mechanism in response to external stimuli that may be compromised in PKD.
Hypersensitivity of Drosophila mei-41 mutants to hydroxyurea is associated with reduced mitotic chromosome stability

Abstract 6 mutant alleles of the mei-41 locus in Drosophila melanogaster are shown to cause hypersensitivity to hydroxyurea in larvae. The strength of that sensitivity is directly correlated with the influence of the mutant alleles on meiosis in that: alleles exhibiting a strong meiotic effect ( mei-41 D2 , mei-41 D5 , mei-41 D7 ) are highly sensitive; alleles with negligible meiotic effects ( mei-41 104D1 , mei-41 104D2 ) are moderately sensitive and an allele which expresses meiotic effects only under restricted conditions ( mei-41 D9 ) has an intermediate sensitivity. This sensitivity is not a general feature of strong postreplication repair-deficient mutants, because mutants with that phenotype from other loci do not exhibit sensitivity ( mus(2)205 A1 , mus(3)302 D1 , mus(3)7310 D1 ). The observed lethality is not due to hypersensitivity of DNA synthesis in mei-41 larvae to hydroxyurea as assayed by tritiated thymidine incorporation. Lethality is, however, potentially attributable to an abnormal enhancement of chromosomal aberrations by hydroxyurea in mutant mei-41 larvae. Both in vivo and in vitro exposure of neuroblast cells to hydroxyurea results in an increase in 3 types of aberrations which is several fold higher in mei-41 tissue. Since hydroxyurea disrupts DNA synthesis, these results further implicate the mei-41 locus in DNA metabolism and provide an additional tool for an elucidation of its function. The possible existence of additional genes of this nature is suggested by a more modest sensitivity to hydroxyurea which has been detected in two stocks carrying mutagen-sensitive alleles of alternate genes.
The place of Islamic law in Sierra Leone

L'intention de l'A. est d'evaluer la portee de la loi islamique sur les populations du Sierra Leone, particulierement dans le nord du pays. De nombreux domaines de la vie des musulmans du Sierra Leone sont affectes par la loi islamique. Si l'on met a part le mariage, le divorce et le droit de succession, on doit garder a l'esprit que la separation entre ce qui releve de la loi islamique et les pratiques traditionnelles n'est pas claire. La loi islamique est bien observee mais elle fonctionne avec les coutumes et les lois des autochtones. La population integre les aspects de la loi coranique qui s'accordent bien avec leurs propres traditions
Racial Identity as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Perceived Applicant Similarity and Hiring Decisions

While most research on the impact of race on employment evaluations has focused on non-Blacks' perceptions of hiring decisions, the current study extends existing research by focusing on such perce...
Simulation of influenza propagation: Model development, parameter estimation, and mitigation strategies

Simulation models for disease propagation have been widely used over the last several years. Such models allow one to study and evaluate the potential impacts of various government intervention policies. However, due to the lack of common guidelines, researchers have built simulation models separately and often in isolation, resulting in the repeated re-invention of the wheel. This paper provides a broad review of disease propagation simulation models. We discuss methods for generating susceptible populations, the choice of influenza transmission parameters, and various mitigation strategies. Our aim is to provide the information needed for researchers, practitioners, and decision makers to build simulation models for influenza propagation in particular (and disease propagation in general), and to use these models to better understand diseases, analyze people's behaviors, and identify appropriate intervention strategies.
Comparison of Rat Retinal Fixation Techniques: Chemical Fixation and Microwave Irradiation

In histological studies using retinas, eyes are commonly fixed with aldehyde derivatives administered by immersion or perfusion. However, the histology of rat retinas chemically fixed as a whole eye is typically inferior to the histology of retinas that are immediately fixed after acute dissection from the rest of the eye. Chemical fixation without dissection often results in neuronal swelling resembling excitotoxic damage induced by ischemia because the retina is protected by the sclera and is thus poorly accessible to immersion or perfusion fixation techniques. In order for the acute dissection technique to work properly, it must be completed in a timely manner, which may be difficult under some circumstances. Microwave irradiation is an alternative method for fixing tissues that are inaccessable to chemicals. We examined the effectiveness of microwave irradiation of the whole eye as a substitute for acute retinal dissection. To study the feasibility of microwave methods, we compared retinal morphology using microwave irradiation to morphology using conventional immersion fixation methods. Eyes were removed from rats, placed in a container with 2 or 20 ml artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) and irradiated with a household microwave oven. For morphological comparison, control eyes were immersed in a chemical fixative containing 1% paraformaldehyde and 1.5% glutaraldehyde. All eyes were embedded in araldite for evaluation by light microscopy. Retinal segments acutely isolated before immersion fixation revealed intact histology whereas retinal segments exposed to 60 min of simulated ischemia showed severe neuronal degeneration. Using an immersion technique, the retinas of chemically fixed whole eyes showed neuronal swelling similar to excitotoxic ischemic damage, suggesting that conventional immersion methods provide poor whole eye fixation. The neuronal degeneration observed with conventional immersion fixation was not found in retinas of whole eyes fixed with 20 sec of microwave irradiation. During microwave irradiation the temperature in the bathing aCSF rose to 55-72 degrees C. In some eyes, overcooking produced chromatin clumping and a small loss of contrast in staining. Although nuclear clumping and diminished staining occasionally result from overcooking, ischemic damage is well controlled with microwave fixation of enucleated eyes. When the optimal conditions are defined, microwave fixation may be preferable for retinal histology if chemical fixation following acute dissection is not feasible.
Partition functions for Maxwell theory on the five-torus and for the fivebrane on S 1 × T 5

We compute the partition function of five-dimensional abelian gauge theory on a five-torus T 5 with a general flat metric using the Dirac method of quantizing with constraints. We compare this with the partition function of a single fivebrane compactified on S 1 times T 5, which is obtained from the six-torus calculation of Dolan and Nappi [ hep-th/9806016 ]. The radius R 1 of the circle S 1 is set to the dimensionful gauge coupling constant $ g_{{5Y\,M}}^2=4{\pi^2}{R_1} $ . We find the two partition functions are equal only in the limit where R 1 is small relative to T 5, a limit which removes the Kaluza-Klein modes from the 6d sum. This suggests the 6d N = (2, 0) tensor theory on a circle is an ultraviolet completion of the 5d gauge theory, rather than an exact quantum equivalence.
The chemistry of allergens. XX. New antigens generated by pepsin hydrolysis of bovine milk proteins.

Abstract Bovine serum albumin, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and casein were hydrolyzed at pH 2 with pepsin for 8 minutes. Hydrolyzates were separated into 2 fractions by dialysis—the dialysate and the endo fraction. Antigencity was determined by the Schultz-Dale technique with the use of uterine strips from guinea pigs sensitized with Freund's complete adjuvant. A new antigen was demonstrated in the dialysate of each of bovine serum albumin, α-lactalbumim, β-lactoglobulin, and casein. Casein was significantly less effective than the other proteins in the production of a new antigen. None of the antigens in the dialysates gave a precipitate with homologous rabbit antiserum. The endo fractions of β-lactoglobulin and casein contained no new antigens, and only one of 10 tests with the endo fraction of α-lactalbumin showed a new antigen. The endo fraction of bovine serum albumin contained a new antigen which gave a precipitate with homologous rabbit antiserum. Guinea pig antibodies for the dialysate of the pepsin digest of α-lactalbumin were stable when heated 4 hours at 56° C. These results may explain why milk proteins and possibly other foods in some cases do not give positive skin reactions on persons who give an immediate allergic response on ingestion of the food. Such persons may be sensitive to this type of new antigen formed during digestion.
Formation of CH3 radicals in the decomposition of trimethyl aluminum on hot solid surfaces

Abstract The thermal decomposition of trimethyl aluminum on different hot substrates has been studied under low-pressure conditions. The products of the decomposition reaction were analyzed mass-spectrometrically using electron-impact and resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization. The results of this study reveal that only CH3 appears as a gas-phase product and stable compounds such as CH4 and C2H6 are not observed under the conditions employed. The apparent activation energy for the production of the CH3 radical from the Al-coated hot substrates is measured to be 11 ± 2 kcal/mole.
Lithium Stabilizes the CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein α (C/EBPα) through a Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (GSK3)-independent Pathway Involving Direct Inhibition of Proteasomal Activity

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha), a basic leucine zipper transcription factor, is involved in mitotic growth arrest and differentiation. Given that numerous proteins involved in cell cycle regulation are degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome system, we examined whether the C/EBPalpha protein is degraded via a proteasomal mechanism. In cycloheximide-treated BALB/MK2 keratinocytes we found that C/EBPalpha is a short-lived protein with a half-life of approximately 1 h. Treatment with proteasome inhibitors, MG-132 or lactacystin, blocked the degradation of the C/EBPalpha protein. Higher molecular weight species of ubiquitinated C/EBPalpha were detected in BALB/MK2, and in vitro studies confirmed that C/EBPalpha is degraded by the proteasome in an ATP- and ubiquitin-dependent manner. GSK3 is a known C/EBPalpha kinase and treatment of keratinocytes with LiCl, an inhibitor of GSK3 resulted in: (i) a 5-fold increase in C/EBPalpha protein levels, (ii) increased electrophoretic mobility of C/EBPalpha, and (iii) no increase in C/EBPalpha mRNA levels suggesting that GSK3-mediated phosphorylation of C/EBPalpha may target it for proteasomal degradation. However, a mutant C/EBPalpha containing T to A mutations in the GSK3 phosphorylation sites (T222A and T226A) retained its response to LiCl, and additional pharmacological inhibitors of GSK3 did not alter C/EBPalpha levels indicating the effects of LiCl on C/EBPalpha are GSK3-independent. LiCl treatment of BALB/MK2 cells inhibited C/EBPalpha degradation and produced a 6-fold increase in the half-life of C/EBPalpha protein. In vitro studies revealed that LiCl inhibited proteasome activity and the ensuing degradation of C/EBPalpha. These results demonstrate C/EBPalpha is degraded via a ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal pathway, and LiCl stabilizes C/EBPalpha through a GSK3-independent pathway involving direct inhibition of proteasome activity.
Physiological transition of a coliphage λ DNA replication

Abstract The “rolling-circle” replicative intermediate (σ-type molecules) which is normally produced in the late stage of coliphage λ DNA replication can be found during the first round of λ DNA replication if cells infected with λ replication mutant Ots28 are incubated at the nonpermissive temperature until the late stage of the latent period of λ infection. After shifting to the permissive temperature, the vast majority of replicating forms are σ-type rolling-circle even during the first round of DNA replication. Concatemeric λ DNA molecules, produced from these σ-type intermediates, are efficiently packaged into progeny phage, indicating that in the first round of λ DNA replication, double-branched ϑ-type molecules are not required for production of viable progeny phage.
POEMS: parallelizable open-source efficient multibody software

This paper introduces POEMS, parallelizable open-source efficient multibody software, as a modular research package being developed to serve as a backbone software for collaborative research in multibody dynamics. POEMS aims to serve as a repository of efficient implementations of relevant algorithms and be applied to varied applications of interest in research, academia and industry. It allows the user to model systems with varied topologies, and choose between different algorithms for generating and solving the equations of motion as well as for time integration. POEMS utilizes a growing number of solvers, integrators, and system types, which lays a good foundation towards its future development as an optimized, customizable, and parallelizable computational tool for multibody dynamics research and application.
Nonlinear-linear transition in the frog intraretinal electroretinogram.

Abstract The electroretinographic system is stimulated with sinusoidal light signals at various frequencies. Such steady state responses indicate that the system contains two frequency ranges a low frequency nonlinear range and a higher frequency essentially linear range. The transitional frequency range is from about 3–5 c/s. Reduction of stimulus amplitude at low frequency does not indicate any significant linearization.
Some Sampling Simplified

Abstract Results in the theory of sampling from finite populations can be obtained very easily by working in terms of k's. The single subscript k's were introduced by R. A. Fisher [2], while the multiple subscript ones seem to be new. The k's have very simple general properties as regards sampling from one or more finite populations, and may be easily computed numerically. Applications are made here mostly to known results, while further applications to obtain new results will be made elsewhere. * Fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation.
A New Genus of Fossil Sand Crab (Anomura: Albuneidae) from the Oligocene of Italy

The recently described fossil albuneid Paralbunea galantensis De Angeli and Marangon differs from the type of the genus Paralbunea Serene and is herein made the type species of a new genus, Harryhausenia, which is closely related to Zygopa Serene and Umali. A discussion is given on the relationships between the new genus and Zygopa, as well as between Zygopa and other albuneid taxa.
Structure and evolution of a mouse tRNA gene cluster encoding tRNAAsp, tRNAGly and tRNAGlu and an unlinked, solitary gene encoding tRNAAsp

We have sequenced mouse tRNA genes from two recombinant lambda phage. An 1800 bp sequence from one phage contains 3 tRNA genes, potentially encoding tRNAAsp, tRNAGly, and tRNAGlu, separated by spacer sequences of 587 bp and 436 bp, respectively. The mouse tRNA gene cluster is homologous to a rat sequence (Sekiya et al., 1981, Nucleic Acids Res. 9, 2239-2250). The mouse and rat tRNAAsp and tRNAGly coding regions are identical. The tRNAGlu coding regions differ at two positions. The flanking sequences contain 3 non-homologous areas: a c. 100 bp insertion in the first mouse spacer, short tandemly repeated sequences in the second spacers and unrelated sequences at the 3' ends of the clusters. In contrast, most of the flanking regions are homologous, consisting of strings of consecutive, identical residues (5-17 bp) separated by single base differences and short insertions/deletions. The latter are often associated with short repeats. The homology of the flanking regions is c. 75%, similar to other murine genes. The second lambda clone contains a solitary mouse tRNAAsp gene. The coding region is identical to that of the clustered tRNAAsp gene. The 5' flanking regions of the two genes contain homologous areas (10-25 bp) separated by unrelated sequences. Overall, the flanking regions of the two mouse tRNAAsp genes are less homologous than those of the mouse and rat clusters.
Bringing It Back Home: Perspectives on Gender and Family History in Modern Mexico

Lately, study of the family as a special set of historical questions has fallen out of fashion in moder n Latin American history. Yet in increasing numbers, gender historians are examining courtship and sexual behavior, marital conflict, reproductive health, women’s domestic labor, institutions that intersect with families, like education, medicine, and welfare, and political deployment of f amily-based ideologies. Has gender history replaced family history? This essay argues that it has not, but explores some of the ways that gender history has changed not only what we know about past families but also what we ask. Examining recent studies of the working classes in late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Mexico, the era punctuated by the revolution of 1910–1917, this essay finds that scholarly assessments of the impact on the gender order of the economic and political restructuring that preceded and followed that upheaval have expanded the frame of how we think about families while at the same time affirmed the centrality of family in the dynamics of social and ideological change.
Learning Harmony: The Role of Serial Statistics

How do listeners learn about the statistical regularities underlying musical harmony? In traditional Western music, certain chords predict the occurrence of other chords: Given a particular chord, not all chords are equally likely to follow. In Experiments 1 and 2, we investigated whether adults make use of statistical information when learning new musical structures. Listeners were exposed to a novel musical system containing phrases generated using an artificial grammar. This new system contained statistical structure quite different from Western tonal music. Our results suggest that learners take advantage of the statistical patterning of chords to acquire new musical structures, similar to learning processes previously observed for language learning.
Society for women in academic psychiatry: a peer mentoring approach.

Objective Despite an increasing presence of women in medicine, the percentage of women in academic psychiatry remains low. At the University of California, Davis, women represent two-thirds of psychiatry residents; however, the percentage of female faculty is one-third. This article presents a novel approach to the academic gender gap problem.
Drought-induced changes in hydraulic conductivity and structure in roots of Ferocactus acanthodes and Opuntia ficus-indica

SUMMARY Drought-induced changes in hydraulic conductivity (Lp) and anatomy were investigated for 1-, 3- and 12-monthold roots of Ferocactus acanthodes (Lem.) Britton & Rose and Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller. Responses were
The Quality and Frequency of Mother–Toddler Conflict: Links With Attachment and Temperament

The goal of this study was to examine the links among attachment, child temperament, and the quality and frequency of mother–toddler conflict. Sixty-four mothers and children took part in a series of laboratory tasks when the child was 30 months of age and an audiorecorded home observation when the child was 36 months of age. All episodes of conflict were identified from the videotapes/audiotapes, transcribed, and coded for conflict strategies, resolution, and themes. Mothers also completed measures of attachment security and child temperament. Concurrent attachment security was related to the quality of mother–toddler conflict (including resolution, justification, and compromise) at both periods but not to the frequency of conflict. In addition, aspects of child temperament (i.e., negative reactivity and activity level/impulsivity) were related to both the quality and the frequency of mother–toddler conflict.
Combinatorial processing libraries for bulk BiFeO 3 –PbTiO 3 piezoelectric ceramics

A high throughput approach for generating combinatorial libraries with varying processing conditions for bulk ceramics has been developed. This approach utilized the linear temperature gradient in a tube furnace to screen a whole temperature range for optimized preparation. With this approach, the processing of 0.98[0.6BiFeO3–0.4PbTiO3]–0.02Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 ceramic powders and pellets for high-temperature piezoelectric applications was demonstrated to identify the best synthesis conditions for phase purity. The dielectric property measurement on the as-processed solid solution ceramics confirmed the high Curie temperature and the improved loss tangent with the Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 doping.
Nonpeptide αvβ3 antagonists. Part 9: Improved pharmacokinetic profile through the use of an aliphatic, des-amide backbone

Abstract A series of αvβ3 receptor antagonists lacking the amide bond of previously-reported ‘chain-shortened’ compounds is described. Replacement of the lone amide bond with two methylene groups in this series yields more lipophilic compounds that have longer half-lives, lower clearance, and greater oral bioavailability when administered to dogs.
Working with alien objects: an object oriented viewpoint

This paper describes a framework that unifies several different styles of working with distributed objects. Most systems support just one style, typically data shipping or function shipping. We show that multiple styles are necessary and reasonably straightforward to provide and integrate. The style of working with alien objects can be changed without changing the class definition and with very little effect on the application code. A different style of access makes copies of alien objects and then disconnects. Updating the copies and attempting to reflect the updates to the original objects can lead to consistency problems. This paper presents a simple, practical algorithm for reconciling conflicting updates. >
Miniaturized multi-octave band-pass filters

Compact band-pass filters having a bandwidth of multiple octaves are described. The filters consist of short-circuited spurline resonators approximately a quarter-wavelength long. They were realized using microstrip lines and tested with less than 1 dB insertion loss, and the measured results agree with the calculated performance. The developed filters are attractive for wide-band microwave integrated circuits (MIC and MMIC) due to their compactness and wide bandwidth.
Effect of Crude Fat and Crude Protein on Reproduction and Weanling Growth in Four Strains of Inbred Mice

Diets made from natural ingredients were fed to four inbred strains of mice (BALB/cAnN, C3H/HeN, C57BL/6N and DBA/2N) to study the effects of different concentrations of dietary crude protein, 18% and 24% with crude fat concentrations of 4%, 8%, and 12% on reproduction and weanling growth. The parameters measured included the number of litters and pups born, the number of litters and pups weaned, weanling mortality ana weanling weight. Neither crude protein nor crude fat concentrations had significant effects on any of the reproductive param eters tested. However, a significant fat X protein interaction was observed for reproduction. These results indicate that the absolute concentrations of crude protein and crude fat in diets for inbred mouse production are not as important as the ratio of these two nutrients. There was also a differential response in reproduction among the strains due to the level of fat which indicates different dietary requirements for fat among these four inbred strains for maximum reproduction. In contrast to the results for reproduc tion, crude protein and crude fat independently had significant effects on weanling weight, but there was no effect due to the ratio of the nutrients. There was a significant increase in the weanling growth rate for all four strains as the dietary fat level increased, but a decrease in growth rate as the protein level increased. The reduced growth rate due to the increased protein was not of the same magnitude for all four strains which indicates specific protein requirements among the strains for weanling growth. J. Nutr. 107.-61-69, 1977.
A load-controlled scheduling scheme for integrated voice-data communication on high-speed LANs/MANs

A novel dynamic bandwidth-allocation (or rate-control) strategy that can be employed for integrating multimedia traffic on a class of high-speed fiber optical local and metropolitan area networks (LANs/MANs) is investigated. This scheme is based on the load-controlled-scheduling-of-traffic (LOCOST) mechanism, which employs channel feedback for proper distributed control operation. Although the mechanism is quite general for integrating diverse traffic types, the specific focus is on the integration of packet voice with data. The medium access control is simple and is fully asynchronous and distributed, which makes it easy to implement. The necessary control functions are performed locally and independently at each data station based on a single parameter called its packet allowance, while each voice station can transmit a voice packet whenever it can. A gated global queue model is formulated to analyze this system approximately, and simulation results are included to study the protocol's performance. >
A fast workspace-density-driven inverse kinematics method for hyper-redundant manipulators

Hyper-redundant manipulators have a very large number of redundant degrees of freedom. They have been recognized as a means to improve manipulator performance in complex and unstructured environments. However, the high degree of redundancy also poses new challenges when performing inverse kinematics calculations. Prior works have shown that the workspace density (generated by sampling the joint space and evaluating the frequency of occurrence of the resulting end-effector reference frames) is a valuable quantity for use in ${\cal O}(P)$ inverse kinematics algorithms. Here $P$ is the number of modules in a manipulator constructed of a serial cascade of modules. This paper develops a new “divide-and-conquer” method for inverse kinematics using the workspace density. This method does not involve a high-dimensional Jacobian matrix and offers high accuracy. And its computational complexity is only ${\cal O}({\rm log}_2\,P)$, which makes it ideal for very high degree-of-freedom systems. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate this new method on a planar example, and a detailed comparison with a breadth-first search method is conducted.
Use of x-ray absorption spectroscopy in electronic structure studies of high-Tc superconducting oxides

We use x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to investigate metal valence in high-temperature superconducting oxides. The experimental results presented here were obtained at the Cu K-absorption edge of La2−xSrxCuO4(x = 0, 0.15) and YBa2Cu3Ox(x = 6.3, 6.5, 6.9) and at the Bi L3-absorption edge of Ba1−xKxBiO3(x = 0 → 0.5). We also have studied some standard oxides for comparison. In all three superconducting systems, transition temperatures are a function of x and reach a maximum for those values of x suggestive of nonintegral valences of the metal ions. Our results show that changes in the O content of YBa2Cu3Ox produce significant changes in the average charge environment of these Cu atoms, as reflected in K-edge XANES. In contrast, we find no significant changes in the charge environment of Cu in La2−xSrxCuO4 or of Bi in Ba1−xKxBiO3, as indicated by our XANES results for various values of x. We discuss the question of the metal-ion valence and its relation to superconductivity.
Computers in patient care: the promise and the challenge

Information technology has the potential to radically transform health care. Why has progress been so slow?
Social support and response to AIDS and severe acute respiratory syndrome

Negative public reactions to emerging infectious diseases can adversely affect population health. We assessed whether social support was associated with knowledge of, worry about, and attitudes towards AIDS and severe acute respiratory syndrome. Our findings suggest that social support may be central to our understanding of public responses to emerging infectious diseases.
Multi-Agent Learning: Theoretical and Empirical Studies

In this paper we survey research being conducted on multi-agent learning. The work entails both theoretical studies (with Mahendran Velauthapillai and Bala Kalyanasundaram) and empirical studies (with John Grefenstette). The main goal of both of these efforts is an understanding of the nature of the cooperation required by teams of learners for successful learning. Along the way we have observed some very interesting phenomena.
Fast neutrons and misonidazole for malignant astrocytomas.

Abstract Twenty-five patients with biopsy proven malignant supratentorial astrocytomas were entered into a Phase I/II study of misonidazole combined with neutron radiation at Fermilab Neutron Therapy Facility (NTF) between August 1979 and April 1981. The main objectives were to determine tissue tolerance in terms of acute and late effects, and to estimate tumor clearance and survival rates. The total dose was 18.0 Gy given in weekly fractions of 3.0 Gy over 39 days. Four hours before each irradiation, 2.5 gm/m 2 misonidazole was administered orally. Patients' ages ranged from 28–69 years. Karnofsky status for most patients was 80 or 90; the lowest grade was 60. The majority of patients had glioblastoma multiforms. Most were already on steroids prior to initiation of therapy. The median survival for the whole group was 12.0 months; 25% were alive at 18 months with some neurological compromise. The median survival remained unchanged for subgroups of patients with ages between 40–60 years and with Karnofsky performance status above 80. Among the 19 patients with glioblastoma multiforme, the median survival was 10 months. Acute toxicity was within tolerable limits. Details of toxicity and tissue analysis from post mortems and second craniotomy samples are presented.
Geometric phase in quantum mechanics and calculation for spin one-half in a rotating magnetic field

A mathematical formalism for describing geometric phases is presented. A development of the geometric phase is given, which is valid for noncyclic nonadiabatic processes. The result is used to calc...
Elevational Distributions of Kangaroo Rats (Genus Dipodomys): Long-Term Trends at a Mojave Desert Site

Abstract Distributions of related species along environmental gradients provide ecologists with insights into factors that limit distributions of species. We apply this approach to two species of kangaroo rats. A survey in 1983 showed that Dipodomys merriami is replaced by D. panamintinus at the tops of elevational gradients in parts of the Mojave Desert where both species occur. Over the 17 y since the initial survey we have conducted six additional censuses along one such gradient. In years of high population densities D. merriami is more abundant at low and D. panamintinus at high elevations along this gradient. Following periods of drought, however, when population densities are reduced overall, D. merriami expands upward along the gradient, whereas D. panamintinus becomes restricted to even higher elevations. This pattern suggests that D. merriami normally is restricted to lower elevations by competition from the larger D. panamintinus, and experiences competitive release when the latter is at low de...
Deixando as criancas para tras: a educacao urbana, as políticas pedagógicas e as máquinas do capitalismo transnacional

This article discusses educative practices in the context of conservative and progressive educational reforms. The author analyzes the experience of a democratic reform in a Cincinnati school in the mid 90’s. To debate the experience the author attempts to construct a Post-structural Marxism approach, using the contributions of Gramsci, Foucault, and Guattari. He also examines the experience of action-research and its relation to broader contexts of educational reform, discussing its limits and potentiality. The author also analyzes the discourse of conservative reforms and youth control policies, showing how schools operate as machines of urban schooling. Finally, he discusses the possibilities of educative practices being influenced by hegemonic or counter-hegemonic discourses.
Linkage analysis for blood pressure with rat chromosome 15 markers.

A series of markers located across rat chromosome (Chr.) 15 was mapped and then systematically genotyped for cosegregation with blood pressure in an F2 population that originated from crosses of the Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats with rats of the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) strain, i.e., F2(S x WKY). Alleles for the markers centered around the locus for endothelin-receptor B (Ednrb) weakly cosegregated with blood pressure in the F2(S x WKY) population. Therefore, it appears highly unlikely that there is major blood pressure quantitative trait locus (QTL) on rat Chr. 15, which possesses a strong effect on blood pressure in the S rat. The Chr. 15 map will be useful for mapping genes and searching for QTL of other biological traits.
Synthesis, Structures, and Ethylene Dimerization Reactivity of Palladium Alkyl Complexes That Contain a Chelating Phosphine–Trifluoroborate Ligand

The chemistry of palladium alkyl complexes that incorporate the phosphine–trifluoroborate ligand ortho-(Ph2P)C6H4(BF3–) (PF–) is described. The reaction of the pinacol borane ortho-(Ph2P)C6H4(Bpin) with K[HF2] yields ortho-(Ph2P)C6H4(BF3K) (K[PF], 1). Crystallization of 1 from Et2O/THF in the presence of 18-crown-6 yields [K-(18-crown-6)][PF]·0.5THF (2·0.5THF). In the solid state, the phosphine–borate anion of 2 is ion-paired with the [K-(18-crown-6)] cation through weak contacts with the phosphorus and two fluorine atoms. 1 reacts with (COD)PdMeCl in the presence of 18-crown-6 to form [K-(18-crown-6)][(PF)PdMeCl] (3) and with (COD)PdMeCl and 2,4,6-collidine (col) to yield (PF)PdMe(col) (4). The PF– ligands in 3 and 4 are bound to Pd in a κ2 mode through the phosphine and one fluorine of the −ArBF3– unit. The other two fluorines are weakly bound to the K(18-crown-6)+ cation in 3. NMR studies show that the Pd–F interactions in 3 and 4 are maintained in solution and that, for 4, the three fluorine atoms und...
A Curious Distal Tibiofibular Neuropathic Fracture: A Case Report

Hindfoot and distal leg neuropathic fracture collapse secondary to normal pressure hydrocephalus is a very rare clinical pathology. The authors present a case of a 69-year-old woman who sustained a distal tibiofibular fracture that resulted in a recurvatum deformity with idiopathic neuropathy and gait instability on initial presentation. A subtalar and ankle joint arthrodesis was performed achieving rectus alignment of the lower extremity with no postoperative complications. Her neuropathic etiology was negative for common causative factors, including diabetes, infection, nutritional deficiencies, congenital neuropathy, and trauma. Approximately 6 months postoperatively, the patient had persistent bilateral lower extremity weakness with the sensation of her “feet sticking to the floor” on ambulation. A referral to neurology revealed a normal pressure hydrocephalus as a possible etiology for her gait abnormalities and neuropathy. She required a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, with resolved gait disturbance and...
Sensitivity of Various Viruses to Chloroform.

SummaryA number of myxoviruses were found to be susceptible to chloroform on short exposure in the same way that they are sensitive to the action of ether. On the other hand, the adeno, Coxsackie, echo, polio and Coe viruses tested, were resistant to chloroform.
Utilization and impact of 21-gene recurrence score assay for breast cancer in clinical practice across the United States: lessons learned from the 2010 to 2012 National Cancer Data Base analysis

The aim of our study is to investigate patient selection for the 21-gene recurrence score assay (RS) for breast cancer (BC) and the RS impact on chemotherapy administration (Chemo) in clinical practice across the United States through the retrospective observational study of National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) patients from 2010 to 2012. NCDB captures ~70 % of all newly diagnosed malignancies in the USA annually. The 2010–2012 period depicts data from the beginning of the NCDB that required recording of molecular assays and their data release in April 2015. De-identified demographic and clinical variables of patients that had RS results were analyzed. 513,080 patients had BC; 406,525 were estrogen receptor-positive (ER+). 74,334/91,651 patients with RS recorded as a numerical value (0–100) were analyzed (18.2 % of ER+). Patients’ ages ranged from 18 to 90 (mean = 58.8, median = 59); 99.1 % were females. Patients of Caucasian race, from regions with $63,000 median household income were more likely to be tested than patients of other races, education, or income (p 1 cm tumors; 16.4 % included ≥N1 disease; 9.9 % included T1a, T3, Stage III and IV, or HER2-positive cancers. Low-risk RS result had 92.2 % negative predictive value for no Chemo. Intermediate-risk RS result had 40.1 % positive predictive value (PPV); high-risk RS had 81.2 % PPV for Chemo. RS is obtained in ~1/5 of ER + BC patients across the USA. Further studies investigating influence and implementation of the newest evidence-based management guidelines regarding patients’ selection for RS test and chemotherapy administration upon obtaining of test results are warranted.
The Conceptual Neighborhood of Rights

Bentham had argued that talk about rights made sense only within a legal framework. Within such a framework, to say that someone had a right of a certain kind was simply to say that he stood to benefit from a legal duty imposed on someone else. Legal rights correlate with legal duties, and if we wished, we could dispense with talk of rights altogether and simply speak in terms of legal duties and their beneficiaries. Bentham’s view calls for a rigorous moral critique of law, but in his view, that critique cannot sensibly be phrased in the terminology of rights. The moral critique, for the Benthamite, must be in terms of utility. As we saw in the last chapter, Bentham’s reasons for disallowing an external critique of law and political institutions in terms of rights were inconclusive. Some modern utilitarians have taken Mill’s line, which is to attempt to reformulate the idea of moral rights in utilitarian terms, whereas others have tried to avoid using the notion of rights altogether. But was Bentham correct about the analysis of legal rights? Specifically, was Bentham correct in suggesting that a legal right is simply the correlate of a legal duty? Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld, an American law professor who wrote in the early twentieth century, found this sort of analysis simplistic and misleading. Bentham’s account of legal rights is more subtle than his writings attacking the French Declaration would suggest, but his more subtle account was scattered through a prodigious body of manuscript, much of which is still being edited, and which employs technical terminology that has never caught on. Consequently, Hohfeld rather than Bentham is widely credited with having first taken the analysis of rights to a level deeper than that reflected in the simple reduction of having a legal right to benefiting from another’s legal duty, or to having legal recourse to a remedy.
Using bioassays with the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) to determine residual activity of two systemically soil-applied neonicotinoid insecticides in field-grown tobacco

ABSTRACTDuration of systemic pesticide activity under field conditions has wide implications for pest management. Our aim was to determine the duration of activity of systemic insecticides commonly used in cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by measuring the levels of insect infestations on field plots and effects on reproduction and survival of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) in controlled bioassays using field grown leaves. Plants were treated with different concentrations of two systemic neonicotinoid pesticides, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, and grown in small field plots. Our results show that these materials are effective under field conditions against aphids for at least 13 weeks after transplant. Pesticides also affected aphid reproduction and nymph survival in bioassays, although some aphids survived on pesticide-treated leaves. We also observed that leaf age affected aphid survival. We showed that neonicotinoids were very effective against M. persicae, aphids are a useful organism to ...