cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self assembled ordered phthalocyanine monolayers on 2D semiconductors for subnanometer dielectric ALD nucleation

2-D materials for future semiconductor devices require ultrathin and defect-free dielectric layers as gate or channel insulators. However 2D semiconductors are un-reactive; thus, the dielectric layer selectively nucleates on defect sites or step edges creating large leakage current. In the present report, polar metal phthalocyanine molecules have been employed as an ALD template for high nucleation density deposition of dielectric layers. By combining in-situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and fabrication graphene devices, the insulating property and growth mechanism of the dielectric layer have been elucidated.
Consensus of recommendations guiding comparative effectiveness research methods.

Purpose Because of an increasing demand for quality comparative effectiveness research (CER), methods guidance documents have been published, such as those from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI). Our objective was to identify CER methods guidance documents and compare them to produce a summary of important recommendations which could serve as a consensus of CER method recommendations. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review to identify CER methods guidance documents published through 2014. Identified documents were analyzed for methods guidance recommendations. Individual recommendations were categorized to determine the degree of overlap. Results We identified nine methods guidance documents, which contained a total of 312 recommendations, 97% of which were present in two or more documents. All nine documents recommended transparency and adaptation for relevant stakeholders in the interpretation and dissemination of results. Other frequently shared CER methods recommendations included: study design and operational definitions should be developed a priori and allow for replication (n = 8 documents); focus on areas with gaps in current clinical knowledge that are relevant to decision-makers (n = 7); validity of measures, instruments, and data should be assessed and discussed (n = 7); outcomes, including benefits and harms, should be clinically meaningful, and objectively measured (n = 7). Assessment for and strategies to minimize bias (n = 6 documents), confounding (n = 6), and heterogeneity (n = 4) were also commonly shared recommendations between documents. Conclusions We offer a field-consensus guide based on nine CER methods guidance documents that will aid researchers in designing CER studies and applying CER methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raw Tomatoes and Salmonella

Publisher Summary Commercial fresh market tomatoes include several different types ranging from rounds to specialty types. Sanitation is a critical factor in tomato production and marketing. If an acre of tomatoes were uniformly contaminated, the magnitude of the resulting outbreak would be historic as well as tragic. If fruits are, in fact, contaminated in the field, then it is likely to be sporadic and difficult to pinpoint except where bird or animal intrusion is evident. The prudent control measure is then an attempt to prevent contact between the crops and environmental sources of Salmonella. Commercial production must include a requirement that all producers use Good Agricultural Practices and all postharvest handlers use Good Manufacturing Practices. All types of tomato fruits at a packinghouse or other point of production must be inspected and given an appropriate grade designation. A sanitation step should be required for all tomatoes, which could include a sanitizer wash followed by drying procedure or a gas treatment with ozone or chlorine dioxide. Furthermore, the packed tomatoes must be evaluated for cleanliness in addition to the other product requirements for a safe dry pack. Free moisture or soiled containers must not be allowed, since free water enables bacteria to internalize particularly through water congested wounds and natural openings. Finally, periodic restaurant inspections that have become commonplace should be expanded to include food-service suppliers and distributors.
Improving Copper Pillar Interconnection on Embedded Trace Substrates

In the push for thinner packages for applicationprocessors, baseband processors, and other devices, EmbeddedTrace Substrates (ETS) have found quick adoption in themicroelectronics packaging industry. ETS offer several benefitsover conventional cored substrates, such as dielectric layerthickness reduction, layer count reduction, and lowermanufacturing costs. In parallel, copper pillar interconnectshave become a standard for devices that fall into the FlipChip/Chip Scale Package (fcCSP) envelope. Copper pillartechnology provides long-term reliability, high bumping yields, and very fine pitch interconnects, all of which have becomemandatory attributes for advanced devices. As a result, copperpillar technology with ETS is now a popular choice for low-cost, robust solutions to many of the most demanding deviceapplications. While ETS have many benefits, they suffer riskswhich cored Protruded Trace Substrates do not, namely, areduced trace surface area for first-level interconnection and aninherent pad recess below the substrate surface. Both of thesecharacteristics increase the risk of non-wets occurring duringchip attach in device assembly. In order to take full advantage of the benefits of copperpillar technology and ETS, reliability risks must be reduced toa minimum. The present paper seeks to do so by identifying thekey geometric variables involved in the chip attach process ofcopper pillar bumps on ETS and developing a mathematicalmodel to understand how each variable plays a role in thewetting outcome of the chip attach process. The intended goal ofthis paper is to provide a useful tool to predict and ultimatelyreduce the risk of non-wets.
Global Learning and Development as an Engagement Strategy for Christian Higher Education: A Macro Study

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research was to better understand the variety of student and faculty global learning and development programs by member institutions of the Council for Christian Colleges & Universities (CCCU), and what motivated the creation of these types of programs. Although various forms of global engagement programming were examined, the scope of the study primarily focused on mutually beneficial long-term programs that had been designed to reduce poverty, alleviate social problems, and promote other forms of social progress. Data were collected over a seven-month period in 2014 from interviews with 19 faculty and global learning and development leaders who represented 13 CCCU member institutions. The findings documented a wide variety of CCCU-sponsored global programs and partnerships, the motives and faith foundations for these global initiatives, and various levels of institutional support for global programming.
Evolution of robot-assisted orthotopic ileal neobladder formation: a step-by-step update to the University of Southern California (USC) technique.

Objective To describe our, step-by-step, technique for robotic intracorporeal neobladder formation. Patients and Methods The main surgical steps to forming the intracorporeal orthotopic ileal neobladder are: isolation of 65 cm of small bowel; small bowel anastomosis; bowel detubularisation; suture of the posterior wall of the neobladder; neobladder–urethral anastomosis and cross folding of the pouch; and uretero-enteral anastomosis. Improvements have been made to these steps to enhance time efficiency without compromising neobladder configuration. Results Our technical improvements have resulted in an improvement in operative time from 450 to 360 min. Conclusion We describe an updated step-by-step technique of robot-assisted intracorporeal orthotopic ileal neobladder formation.
One Body: Overview

I offer a reading of my book One Body on Christian sexual ethics as an application of Inference to Best Explanation based on theological and philosophical data.
Evaluation and Management of RLS and PLMD

The commonly occurring (5-7 % of adults) restless legs syndrome (RLS) has a wide range of severity. When severe it causes major life and health problems. Both genetic allelic variations and iron-compromising environmental factors increase the risk of RLS. RLS can be treated fairly well using α2δ ligands, dopamine agonists and iron. Longer term treatment with dopamine agonists may augment the RLS condition producing a profoundly severe RLS and should be used with caution in lower doses not exceeding regulatory approved dosing. The primary motor sign of RLS are periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS). When PLMS occur without RLS and are associated with sleep or wake disturbances not otherwise explained, they signify the Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD). Since PLMS are a motor sign of RLS this chapter starts with describing the advances in PLMS and accordingly PLMD and then presents RLS.
Arizona Senate Race: McCain Holds On For a Sixth Term

Republican John McCain was first elected to the U.S. Senate from Arizona in 1986 and was reelected by comfortable margins four more times. He was also the 2008 GOP presidential nominee. However, McCain was perceived as vulnerable after he decided to seek a sixth Senate term in 2016. Some Republicans were upset with his moderate stance on issues such as immigration. Meanwhile, the state’s growing Latino population was seen as a key voting bloc that could permanently reshape Arizona politics and swing the election to a Democrat. U.S. House Representative Ann Kirkpatrick was seen as a rising star in Arizona’s Democratic Party and a strong contender. McCain won the November balloting, defeating Kirkpatrick, and Gary Swing, a Green party candidate.
The Risk of Recognition: A Postscript on the History of the Apparitions of Mary in Lipa, the Philippines

This article examines recent decisions made by the local Catholic Church and the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) in Rome regarding the alleged apparitions of the Virgin Mary to a Carmelite novice in the town of Lipa, the Philippines. Officially declared to have excluded any supernatural intervention in 1951, the stories of the apparitions and accompanying miracles circulated anew in the public sphere in recent decades, sparking a revival in devotion to this particular Mary that was tolerated to varying degrees by Lipa’s archbishops. In September 2015, after a six-year investigation, the presiding archbishop issued a decree that declared the apparitions of Mary “supernatural in character” and “worthy of belief.” This brought swift action from the CDF, which nullified his decree, upholding the original negative decision on the case. Drawing from official Church communiques and decrees circulated over the past year, as well as previous fieldwork and archival research, I discuss what the final intervention of the CDF reveals about intra-hierarchical dynamics and the limits of bishopric authority vis-a-vis global Church authority in the discernment of apparitions.
Manufacturing and Productivity

One of the most significant problems currently facing the United States is the competitiveness of its manufacturing industry, which must be enhanced within the next s;everal years. In order to increase the productivity, the value added (i.e., selling price) must be maximized and the manufacturing cost must be minimized. Both of these depend on the quality of products and processes, which in turn depend on the design decisions made during the product and process development. The only means of assuring good design is to use scientific principles for rational decision making such as the synthesis Axioms. These manufacturing and productivity issues are discussed by analyzing the margin of profitability of the discrete mechanical parts manufacturing industry and by presenting the concepts and examples of the design Axioms. In addition to these short-term issues, there are long-term issues related to manufacturing and productivity, such as availability of natural resources, which may only be resolved through technological breakthroughs.
Activity of near-response cells during disconjugate saccades in strabismic monkeys

The present study is the first to investigate the activity of neurons in the supraoculomotor area (SOA) during horizontally disconjugate saccades in a nonhuman primate model of infantile strabismus...
Motivations for alcohol use to intoxication among young adult gay, bisexual, and other MSM in New York City: The P18 Cohort Study.

Abstract Introduction Motivations for alcohol use to intoxication vary among young adults depending on social setting and other contextual factors. However, there is limited research exploring the role of different drinking motivations among young men who have sex with men (YMSM). Methods Data from a racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of YMSM (n = 426) were used to examine associations between recent (last 30 days) alcohol use to intoxication and scores on three distinct drinking motivation subscales: convivial, intimate, and negative coping drinking. Multinomial logistic regression models were constructed to examine associations between drinking motivations and days of alcohol use to intoxication, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Results YMSM who scored higher on all three drinking motivation subscales were more likely to engage in recent alcohol use to intoxication compared to those who reported no alcohol use to intoxication. In multivariable models, Black and Hispanic YMSM had lower odds of intoxication compared to White YMSM, and those reporting lower perceived familial SES had lower odds compared to higher SES. In a final model including all three motivations, only convivial drinking was significantly associated with days of intoxication (1–2 days: AOR = 1.22; 3+ days: AOR = 1.45). Conclusions This study identifies distinct associations between different motivations for drinking and alcohol use to intoxication in a sample of YMSM. These findings highlight a need to incorporate an understanding of motivations for alcohol use to intoxication into research and clinical practice with YMSM, as different reasons for drinking carry respective potential health risks.
Survey of the ( 9 Be , 6 He) reaction on Be 9 , B 10 , B 11 , and C 12

Elastic scattering and ${(}^{9}$Be${,}^{6}$He) reaction data have been taken at a $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ bombarding energy of 40 MeV. The reaction data are consistent with ${(}^{9}$Be${,}^{6}$He) being a direct $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ cluster transfer, so that population of ${\mathit{T}}_{g}$=3/2 final states from T=0 targets is unlikely. Contributions to the elastic scattering arising from the identity of the target and projectile have been calculated. Large deviations from standard optical model calculations do not occur until scattering angles are larger than 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} c.m.
Exploring Impact Metrics Beyond Indices and Citations for SOTL and Applied Educational Research.

One of the responsibilities of academic pharmacy faculty is to demonstrate excellence within the tripartite mission of teaching, research and service. Faculty members document their activities and achievements at least annually and periodically for promotion and/or tenure reviews. Demonstrating
INVESTIGATION OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS: EXAMPLES OF POLAROGRAPHIC APPROACHES

Abstract The use of analytical chemical approaches for the elucidation of chemical reactions is illustrated by two groups of studies involving primarily the application of electroanalytical technics based on polarography. One involves the nature of the interaction between MA and solvent pyridine to form a pyridinium species, where M is a Lewis acid, e.g., a proton; the ease of electrochemical reducibility of the pyridinium moiety, pyrM+, is a function of the various equilibria involved. The other involves chemical phenomena shown by biologically significant compounds, e.g., in regard to redox mechanisms and kinetics of accompanying actions involving reactant, intermediate (free radical; carbanion), and product species.
Pathways for O2 Electroreduction over Substitutional FeN4, HOFeN4, and OFeN4 in Graphene Bulk Sites: Critical Evaluation of Overpotential Predictions Using LGER and CHE Models

We performed quantum chemical calculations using the plane-wave basis set density functional theory with the PBE-GGA exchange-correlation functional for three sites present substitutionally in grap...
Social Determinants of the Physical Education System

The physical education (PE) system is a consequential social determinant of pediatric health and well-being. Granting selective achievements, sub-optimal PE outcomes for school-aged children as wel...
Using the flicker task to estimate visual working memory storage capacity

Studies of visual working memory (VWM) typically have used a "one-shot" change detection task to arrive at a capacity estimate of three to four objects, with additional limits imposed by the precision of the information needed for each object. Unlike the one-shot task, the flicker change detection task permits measurement of VWM capacity over time and with larger numbers of objects present in the scene, but it has rarely been used to assess the capacity of VWM. We used the flicker task to examine (a) whether capacity is close to the typical three to four items when using subtly different stimuli; (b) which dependent measure provides the most meaningful estimate of the capacity of VWM in the flicker task (response time or number of changes viewed); (c) whether capacity remains fixed at three to four items for displays containing many more objects; and (d) how VWM operates over time, with repeated opportunities to encode, retain, and compare elements in a display. Four experiments using grids of simple items varying only in luminance or color revealed a range for VWM capacity limits that was largely impervious to changes in display duration, interstimulus intervals, and array size. This estimate of VWM capacity was correlated with an estimate from the more typical one-shot task, further validating the flicker task as a tool for measuring the capacity of VWM.
future directions of the HP/1000

This paper overviews the entire HP 1000 product program in an effort to put the products in perspective. Current and future directions of the HP 1000 are discussed with respect to the hardware and software features technical computer buyers seek, as well as a review of the elements of TOTAL cost of ownership, which also affect the buying decision.
O-004 Changes in gene expression of CXCL9 in intracranial distal blood during emergent large vessel occlusion in human stroke

Background and purpose Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is the standard of care for emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO), one of the most severe subtypes of ischemic stroke, which accounts for 30–40% of all cases. Through MT, we can isolate distal blood within the artery immediately downstream from the clot and compare it to systemic arterial blood to provide insight into local intraluminal changes during ischemia. CXCL9 is in interferon gamma-inducible chemokine that binds CXCR3, degrading endothelial tight junctions, attracting T cells, and facilitating immune cell extravasation into brain parenchyma. We aimed to study local CXCL9 expression distal to the intracranial thrombus during large vessel occlusion in human patients. Methods Tissue samples of distal and proximal blood were collected as part of the BACTRAC tissue bank (www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT03153683). Adult subjects with ELVO were prospectively enrolled, and arterial blood distal (intracranial) and proximal (cervical) were collected and processed to optimize RNA quality. RNA were isolated and used to evaluate gene expression in both samples for each subject; proximal systemic blood was used as an internal control for each subject. Results 22 subjects were included in this preliminary analysis. 15 (68.2%) were female. 54.5% of subjects had a CTA collateral score of 1 (18.2% had a score of 0). 4.5% (1 subject) did not attain TICI 2B or 3 recanalization. Infarct time (last known normal to thrombectomy recanalization) was 491 ± 243 minutes. Mean change in NIHSS from admission to discharge was -8 ± 8. CXCL9 expression in distal blood was upregulated an average of 106-fold with a maximum upregulation of 805-fold in one subject. In plotting CXCL9 expression against infarct time, there was a clear negative correlation (Spearman coefficient -0.43, p=0.05). Conclusion For the first time, we evaluate chemokine alterations in human stroke patients in distal stagnant blood during ELVO. There is a significant variance in CXCL9 expression in distal blood in relationship to infarct time, which mirrors the known timing of blood-brain barrier disruption. Disclosures J. Fraser: None. S. Martha: None. L. Collier: None. S. Davis: None. A. Alhajeri: None. S. Grupke: None. K. Pennypacker: None.
Use of oral examinations to assess student learning in the social sciences

Currently, oral examinations are infrequently used for student assessment outside of language classes. Many instructors consider the administering of oral exams time-consuming and their grading sub...
Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament in North American Patients: Does Presentation with Spinal Cord Injury Matter?

Objective We sought to evaluate the influence of trauma-induced spinal cord injury (SCI) on the operative management of cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) in a North American cohort. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for all patients who underwent surgical management for OPLL in an academic medical center between November 2006 and July 2019. Patients were categorized into 1 of 2 groups and compared on the basis of their initial presentation: 1) SCI with OPLL or 2) cervical myelopathy (CM) with OPLL. Patient characteristics were collected. OPLL classification and K-line measurements were performed. Surgical approach, levels fused/decompressed, blood loss, postoperative length of stay, surgical complications, and neurologic outcome were recorded. Results Among the 28-patient cohort, 12 were in the SCI with OPLL group and 16 were in the CM with OPLL group. The most common type of OPLL in both groups was segmental (n = 21, 75%). The average levels fused/decompressed (P = 0.0176), estimated blood loss (P = 0.0204), and postoperative length of stay (P = 0.0003) were all significantly higher in the SCI with OPLL group. There were significantly more anterior-only surgical approaches performed in the CM with OPLL group (P = 0.0159). The motor score at admission (P = 0.0005) and at latest follow-up (P = 0.0003) for the SCI with OPLL group was significantly lower than the CM with OPLL group. Conclusions Patients with SCI complicated by OPLL had worse preoperative and postoperative neurologic motor scores as compared with patients in the CM with OPLL group. Most of the patients in our cohort showed neurologic improvement.
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: Multimodal Imaging and Management Options

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is an idiopathic maculopathy characterized by thickened choroid, retinal pigment epithelial detachment, and variable subretinal fluid. CSCR predominantly affects young men, with risk factors including corticosteroid use, the type A behavior pattern, and psychological stress. While usually self-limited with a good visual prognosis, recurrent and persistent CSCR can lead to outer retinal and/or retinal pigment epithelial atrophy, choroidal neovascularization, and visual loss. This article reviews current multimodal imaging and treatment options, which include observation, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, thermal laser photocoagulation, and off-label photodynamic therapy with verteporfin.
Where’s the beef? Costco’s meat supply chain and environmental justice in California

Abstract Although the environmental and social burdens associated with the production of beef are well-understood, due to supply chain complexities, we rarely know precisely where these impacts occur or who is affected. This limitation is a barrier to more sustainable production and consumption of animal products. In this study, we combine life cycle thinking with an environmental justice approach to map Costco’s beef supply chain in California and to explore the environmental burden of air pollution (PM2.5) due to beef production in the San Joaquin Valley, a region that has some of the worst air quality in the United States. To map the supply chain of one of Costco’s primary suppliers, Harris Ranch, and the feedlots they operate, the study uses a methodological framework known as Tracking Corporations Across Space and Time (TRACAST). Our modeling revealed that feedlots produce ∼95% of total PM2.5 emissions across the beef supply chain, and they alone account for approximately 1/3 of total anthropogenic PM2.5 emissions in the Valley. PM2.5 concentrations are markedly higher around these facilities. The spatial analysis revealed that communities living near feedlots are often poor, predominantly Latinx and have increased PM2.5 related disease burdens, including asthma, heart disease and low weight birth. Based on company documents and news reports, neither Costco nor Harris Ranch are addressing this environmental injustice. Documenting the geographically specific impacts of livestock production opens up opportunities for corporations to address environmental injustices in their supply chains through more sustainable sourcing and production practices, and for consumers to rethink their consumption of meat.
Propelling the new blue economy with safer marine transportation and infrastructure

Abstract This chapter explores the implications of the ever-expanding marine economy’s reliance on a safe marine transportation system and then examines the global network of marine weather service providers and the observations that underpin their safety of life and property forecasts and warning services. It looks at the current and near-future state of collecting and analyzing marine observations from sea and space as well as the opportunities to translate those observations into improved marine services. It then takes a critical look at the outdated methods used to transmit and convey this important life and cargo saving information and then highlights novel capabilities under development that could transform the way hazardous weather warnings are disseminated, received, and acted upon by the mariners. Finally, it postulates a state-of-the-possible in regard to a rapid-refresh, high-resolution, fully coupled marine forecasting system that, along with other improvements, could propel a viable new blue economy well into the future with increased safety of life and property at sea, reduced economic losses, and even increased sustainability.
The Holman Research Pathway in Radiation Oncology: 2010 to 2019.

Abstract Purpose There has not been an assessment of the Holman Research Pathway (HRP) in radiation oncology (RO) in nearly 10 years. In this study, we sought to review the demographic characteristics, research productivity during and after residency, job placements, and National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant funding of RO residents who completed the HRP in the modern era. Methods and Materials We created a comprehensive database of RO residents who completed the HRP between 2010 and 2019. Using a variety of data sources, we obtained demographic information, first-author manuscripts published in residency, and first- and last-author manuscripts published in the first 30 months after residency for each resident. In addition, we identified the first and current job and NIH grant funding for each resident. Results Ninety-seven RO residents who graduated from 50 medical schools and 25 residency programs were included. The majority were male (82.5%), had a PhD (92.8%), and identified as white (64.9%). Collectively, these residents published 212 first-author, PubMed-searchable manuscripts during residency (mean: 2.2) and 142 first- or last-author, PubMed-searchable manuscripts in the first 30 months after completion of residency (mean: 1.5). The number of first-author publications authored by HRP graduates during residency was highly correlated (r = 0.62; P Conclusions Over the past decade, the HRP has proven successful in training a new cohort of physician investigators in RO. Although productive, HRP residents have had relatively homogenous sex, educational, and racial backgrounds. Ensuring sufficient representation of residents from a variety of backgrounds in the HRP in the future will be crucial.
Arms Control and European Security: An Overview of START, INF, MBFR, and CSCE/CDE

The potential contributions of arms control to European security have long been recognized by NATO governments. As the West German government suggested in July 1982, NATO’s arms control efforts should aim “to achieve equilibrium between East and West at the lowest possible level, safeguard it by contractual means and make it verifiable, strengthen stability and reduce the danger of an arms race.”1 These goals are sometimes extended to include attempts to improve transparency and calculability in military activity, in order to build international confidence and improve prospects for war-prevention and successful crisis management.
Analysis of basement membrane self-assembly and cellular interactions with native and recombinant glycoproteins.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biochemical and structural methods used to characterize binding interactions in both native and recombinant glycoproteins, and describe approaches that can be used to study cell-surface interactions and the relationships between matrix binding and cell-surface accumulation. Basement membrane formation is one of self-assembly in which both laminins and type IV collagens polymerize and bind to nidogen, perlecan, and, where presents, agrin. These extracellular matrices (ECMs) can be many microns thick, and only a small fraction of components may be close enough to the cell surface to be able to interact with a receptor. Basement membrane formation can be separated into several steps. These are (1) the synthesis of structural components and their folding to form active molecules; (2) secretion into the extracellular compartment; (3) adhesion of components to target cell surfaces; (4) self-assembly through polymerization and intercomponent bond formation to create an extracellular supramolecular complex; and (5) turnover, reflecting the balance of formation and degradation of assembled components that is an important part of tissue remodeling. A defect in any one of these steps may lead to the failure to develop or detect a basement membrane in a correct tissue location.
T3 and T7 Bacteriophage Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Directed Enzyme Synthesis In Vitro

The T3 phage enzymes S-adenosyl methionine cleaving enzyme and lysozyme and the T7 lysozyme were synthesized in a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent, cell-free system derived from uninfected Escherichia coli. The data presented suggest that these enzymes are encoded in that portion of the DNA which is transcribed early after infection.
Tabu Search Enhanced Markov Blanket Classifier for High Dimensional Data Sets

Data sets with many discrete variables and relatively few cases arise in health care, ecommerce, information security, and many other domains. Learning effective and efficient prediction models from such data sets is a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a Tabu Search enhanced Markov Blanket (TS/MB) procedure to learn a graphical Markov Blanket classifier from data. The TS/MB procedure is based on the use of restricted neighborhoods in a general Bayesian Network constrained by the Markov condition, called Markov Equivalent Neighborhoods. Computational results from a real world data set drawn from the health care domain indicate that the TS/MB procedure converges fast, is able to find a parsimonious model with substantially fewer predictor variables than in the full data set, has comparable or better prediction performance when compared against several machine learning methods, and provides insight into possible causal relations among the variables.
Generation of high-quantity and quality tag/ditag cDNAs for SAGE analysis.

The serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) technique is an important tool for genome-wide gene expression analysis. However, the requirement of a large amount of mRNA for the analysis and the di...
Effects of organic acid and monensin treatment on in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation of cracked corn

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of organic acids and monensin on the in vitro fermentation of cracked corn by mixed ruminal microorganisms. Ruminal fluid was collected from a steer fed 36.3 kg of wheat silage and 4.5 kg of concentrate supplement once daily. Mixed ruminal microorganisms were incubated in anaerobic media that contained 20% (vol/vol) ruminal fluid and .4 g of cracked corn. Incubations were carried out in batch culture for 24 h at 39 degrees C. Organic acids (L-aspartate, fumarate, and DL-malate) were added to serum bottles (n = 4) to achieve final concentrations of 0, 4, 8, or 12 mM. Monensin, dissolved in ethanol, was included in serum bottles at a final concentration of 0 or 5 ppm of culture fluid. The addition of 8 and 12 mM organic acids to cracked corn fermentations increased final pH (P < .05), tended to increase total gas production and CO2 concentration, and decreased the acetate:propionate ratio (P < .05). Organic acids tended to decrease methane concentrations and hydrogen concentration was not altered. DL-Malate addition at all levels reduced (P < .05) lactate accumulation. Additive effects of monensin and organic acids were observed in some fermentations. In conclusion, organic acid addition to in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentations yielded beneficial results independent of monensin treatment by decreasing the acetate: propionate ratio and increasing final pH.
An analytical model for the cross-track correlation length including finite grain size and inter-granular interactions

In this paper, we investigate the perpendicular recording system with finite-size grains an analytical model for the cross-track correlation length is presented including both the intergranular exchange and magnetostatic interaction.
The reactions of cyclopentadienylcarbonylalkynyliron compounds with electrophiles : II. Cycloaddition reactions with tetracyanoethylene and hexafluoroacetone

Abstract Cyclopentadienylcarbonylalkynylirons react with the neutral electrophiles tetracyanoethylene and hexafluoroacetone. These reactions lead to a (2 + 2) cycloaddition to the alkynyl ligand and involve a two step mechanism. Initial electrophilic attack forms a dipolar complex which by a cyclization reaction can form a σ-cyclobutenyl complex.
Rademacher’s series for the partition function

The unrestricted partition function p(n) counts the number of ways a positive integer n can be expressed as a sum of positive integers ≆n. The number of summands is unrestricted, repetition is allowed, and the order of the summands is not taken into account.
Electrical and chemical characterization of W/sub 1-x-y/Si/sub x/N/sub y/ (0/spl les/x/spl les/0.42, 0/spl les/y/spl les/0.30) Schottky diodes for self-aligned gate GaAs MESFETs

WSiN Schottky diodes on GaAs have been electrically and chemically characterized for atomic silicon and nitrogen; compositions of 0 to 42% and 0 to 28%, respectively. It is found that the main cause for Schottky diode degradation, after high temperature annealing, is the out-diffusion of As from GaAs. For films with atomic nitrogen composition of /spl ges/5%, As outdiffusion is eliminated as long as the atomic Si composition is /spl les/40%. WN films (5% nitrogen) were applied to the fabrication of self-aligned gate lightly doped drain MESFET's with buried P layer. A maximum transconductance, g/sub m/, of 370 mS/mm, f/sub T/ of 33 GHz, and DCFL inverter delay of 29 ps are measured for a 0.5 /spl mu/m gate technology. >
The Hardware/Software Balancing Act for Information Retrieval on Symmetric Multiprocessors

Web search engines, such as AltaVista and Infoseek, handle tremendous loads by exploiting the parallelism implicit in their tasks and using symmetric multiprocessors to support their services. The web searching problem that they solve is a special case of the more general information retrieval (IR) problem of locating documents relevant to the information need of users. In this paper, we investigate how to exploit a symmetric multiprocessor to build high performance IR servers. Although the problem can be solved by throwing lots of CPU and disk resources at it, the important questions are how much of which hardware and what software structure is needed to effectively exploit hardware resources. We have found, to our surprise, that in some cases adding hardware degrades performance rather than improves it. We compare the performance of multithreading and multitasking and show that multiple threads are needed to fully utilize hardware resources. Our investigation is based on InQuery, a state-of-the-art full-text information retrieval engine, that is widely used in Web search engines, large libraries, companies, and government agencies such as Infoseek, Library of Congress, White House, West Publishing, and Lotus.
Judgment, Decision, and Choice: A Cognitive/Behavioral Synthesis

This book views both cognitive and behavioural theories and experiments in an historical and philosophical context. Current theory and practice are presented as part of an ongoing effort to understand voluntary human behaviour with roots as deep as those of western civilization. Cognitive and behavioural approaches are viewed as complementary (rather than competing) descriptions of judgement, decision and choice.
Hepatic Expression of Serum Amyloid A1 Is Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury and Modulated by Telmisartan

Traumatic brain injury affects the whole body in addition to the direct impact on the brain. The systemic response to trauma is associated with the hepatic acute-phase response. To further characterize this response, we performed controlled cortical impact injury on male mice and determined the expression of serum amyloid A1 (SAA1), an apolipoprotein, induced at the early stages of the acute-phase response in liver and plasma. After cortical impact injury, induction of SAA1 was detectable in plasma at 6 hours post-injury and in liver at 1 day post-injury, followed by gradual diminution over time. In the liver, cortical impact injury increased neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, apoptosis, and expression of mRNA encoding the chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL10. An increase in angiotensin II AT1 receptor mRNA at 3 days post-injury was also observed. Administration of the AT1 receptor antagonist telmisartan 1 hour post-injury significantly decreased liver SAA1 levels and CXCL10 mRNA expression, but did not affect CXCL1 expression or the number of apoptotic cells or infiltrating leukocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that SAA1 is induced in the liver after traumatic brain injury and that telmisartan prevents this response. Elucidating the molecular pathogenesis of the liver after brain injury will assist in understanding the efficacy of therapeutic approaches to brain injury.
Enteral infusion of phosphatidylcholine increases the lymphatic absorption of fat, but lowers α-tocopherol absorption in rats fed a low zinc diet☆☆

Abstract Our previous study has shown that the lymphatic absorption of both fat and α-tocopherol (αTP) is lowered markedly in rats fed a low zinc diet, with a parallel decrease in lymphatic phospholipid (PL) output. This study was conducted to determine if enteral infusion of phosphatidylcholine (PC) could restore lymphatic absorption of fat and αTP in zinc-deficient rats. One group of rats was fed an AIN-93G diet containing 3 mg Zn/kg (low zinc; LZ) and the other was fed the same diet but containing 30 mg Zn/kg (adequate zinc; AZ). Rats were trained to consume two meals daily of equal amounts of food. At 6 wk, each rat with lymph fistula was infused at 3 mL/h with a lipid emulsion containing 3.6 μmol αTP and 565 μmol [carboxyl-14C]-triolein (14C-OA), with or without 40 μmol 1,2-dilinoleoyl-PC in 24 mL PBS at pH 6.4. The lymphatic absorptions of fat and αTP were determined by measuring 14C-radioactivity and αTP appearing in the mesenteric lymph collected hourly for 8 h. When the emulsion devoid of PC was infused, the absorptions of both 14C-OA (41 ± 4% dose) and αTP (431 ± 55 nmol) in LZ rats were significantly lower than in AZ rats (48 ± 2% 14C-OA dose and 581 ± 70 nmol αTP). When the emulsion containing PC was infused, the absorption of 14C-OA was restored rapidly to normal in LZ rats, along with a parallel increase in lymphatic PL output. However, PC infusion further lowered the absorption of αTP to 311 ± 20 nmol/8 h in LZ rats and also lowered the absorption of αTP in AZ rats (347 ± 48 nmol/8 h). The results demonstrate that low zinc intake results in impaired intestinal absorption of both αTP and fat. The findings also indicate that PC significantly improves the intestinal absorption of fat, but inhibits αTP absorption, suggesting that PC affects the intestinal absorption of αTP and fat via distinctly different mechanisms.
An experimental study of turbulent flows over compliant surfaces

The interaction of a turbulent boundary layer with a compliant surface is studied experimentally in a rotating disk geometry. A hydroelastic instability, in the form of a wave structure in the compliant surface-liquid interface, develops when the quotient (free stream fluid velocity) × (square root of the liquid density)/(square root of the shear modulus of the compliant material) exceeds a critical value. Below this critical condition surface compliance does not affect the flow in any measurable way, whereas above it the skin-friction drag is significantly increased. Explanations for these observations are offered on the basis of photographic and visual studies of the wave structure and a theoretical treatment of the interaction of an inviscid fluid with a compliant surface.
A Model For Parallel Image Processing

Despite the large degrees of parallelism present in the structure of the data and operations, it is not clear what parallel architecture is best suited for a given image processing application. This paper proposes a model for the formulation of parallel image processing tasks, and it enables a determination of a 'high level' specification of an optimal parallel architecture corresponding to a given application. In addition, the problem of determining the requirements for real time processing is addressed.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Genome-wide search identifies Ccnd2 as a direct transcriptional target of Elf5 in mouse mammary gland

The ETS transcription factor Elf5 (also known as ESE-2) is highly expressed in the mammary gland and plays an important role in its development and differentiation. Indeed studies in mice have illustrated an essential role for Elf5 in directing alveologenesis during pregnancy. Although the molecular mechanisms that underlie the developmental block in Elf5 null mammary glands are beginning to be unraveled, this investigation has been hampered by limited information about the identity of Elf5-target genes. To address this shortcoming, in this study we have performed ChIP-cloning experiments to identify the specific genomic segments that are occupied by Elf5 in pregnant mouse mammary glands. Sequencing and genomic localization of cis-regulatory regions bound by Elf5 in vivo has identified several potential target genes covering broad functional categories. A subset of these target genes demonstrates higher expression levels in Elf5-null mammary glands suggesting a repressive functional role for this transcription factor. Here we focus on one putative target of Elf5, the Ccnd2 gene that appeared in our screen. We identify a novel Elf5-binding segment upstream of the Ccnd2 gene and demonstrate that Elf5 can transcriptionally repress Ccnd2 by directly binding to the proximal promoter region. Finally, using Elf5-null mammary epithelial cells and mammary glands, we show that loss of Elf5 in vivo leads to up regulation of Ccnd2 and an altered expression pattern in luminal cells. Identification of Elf5-targets is an essential first step in elucidating the transcriptional landscape that is shaped by this important regulator. Our studies offer new toolbox in examining the biological role of Elf5 in mammary gland development and differentiation.
Multi-isotope study of ozone: Implications for the heavy ozone anomaly

Laboratory experiments have been performed with O and O2 in their ground electronic states to study the distribution of all possible ozone isotopes formed. Results show that with respect to (O-48)3, the two symmetric molecules O-17O-17O-17 and O-18O-18O-18 are depleted, in good agreement with standard recombination theory. An enrichment of about 18 percent is found in the asymmetric molecule O-16O-17O-18, while all others carry about 2/3 of that. A comparison with past laboratory and stratospheric ozone isotope measurements shows a standard enrichment which resides in asymmetric molecules only, and leads to an enrichment of stratospheric (O-49)3 and (O-50)3 of 8-9 percent; this has been observed in recent balloon experiments. The enrichments in the stratosphere can reach 40 percent at certain altitudes. Only when ozone was formed in an electric discharge process have larger enrichments been measured in laboratory experiments, affecting both symmetric and asymmetric molecules.
Intelligibility/Severity Measurements of Prekindergarten Children's Speech

Intelligibility/severity measurements were obtained for 48 prekindergarten children with varying levels of phonological proficiency/ deficiency. The measure used as the “standard” was percentage of words understood (i.e., orthographically transcribed correctly) in continuous speech in a known context by unfamiliar trained listeners. The children were divided into four groups based on the percentage of words understood from their continuous speech samples. The ranges of intelligibility for each group were: (a) 91–100% for children with “adult-like” speech; (b) 83–90% for children in the “mild” category; (c) 68–81% for children with moderate intelligibility/speech involvement; and (d) 16–63% for the 12 children in the “severe” (i.e., least intelligible) category. When the percentages of the children in the severe group were excluded, the range of the top three groups combined was 68–100% and the mean was 85%. For a child 4 years of age or older, any percentage of words understood in connected speech that fa...
Two-Year Follow-Up of Behavioral Treatment and Maintenance for Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Recent research has suggested that body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is part of the obsessive- compulsive spectrum of disorders. As such, it has been hypothesized that these disorders respond in a similar manner to obsessive-compulsive disorder when behavioral interventions are used. A continuation of follow-up was conducted with a group of patients with BDD following treatment. Ten patients completed an intensive behavioral therapy program and either partici - pated in a 6-month maintenance program or served as controls. At 12-, 18-, and 24-month follow-up assessments, patients participating in the maintenance program were more effective at managing limited symptom return and had significantly lower anxiety and depression. Both groups remained improved for acute symptomatology and behavioral avoidance. The results suggest that maintenance programs following behavioral treatment are effective in preventing symptom relapse and assist in patient self-management of lapses typically associated with BDD.