cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urea Reabsorption by the Proximal Tubule of the Dog.

Both micropuncture and tissue analytical techniques have been used extensively to study urea reabsorption by the renal tubule of the rat (1–3). These procedures have made it possible to quantitate urea reabsorption in various portions of the rat renal tubule. However, in the dog, the percentage contribution of various portions of the nephron to urea reabsorption has not yet been documented. For this reason, simultaneous renal micro-puncture and renal clearance techniques were used in the following experiments to study urea reabsorption by the proximal tubule of the dog.Methods. Nine micropuncture experiments were performed on normal anti-diuretic dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital (30' mg/kg). The surgical procedure and the technique of renal micropuncture in this species have been described(4). After the urine flow has stabilized, serial urine samples of 15 minutes duration were obtained during the collection of samples of proximal tubular fluid. Blood was drawn at the mid-point of each collection peri...
Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Sex Influence Glucose Tolerance in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Glucose intolerance and apolipoprotein e4 allele (E4+) are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Insulin sensitizers show promise for treating AD, but are less effective in E4+ individuals. Little is known about how the APOE genotype influences glucose metabolism. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of 319 older adults who underwent oral glucose tolerance tests; a subset had insulin, amyloid beta (Aβ42), and Mini Mental Status Examination. Glucose and insulin patterns with respect to cognitive diagnosis, E4 status, and sex were examined with analysis of covariance and Pearson correlation. Results: People with cognitive impairment had higher fasting insulin levels. E4 status did not affect fasting glucose values, whereas men had higher fasting glucose levels than women. E4+ men had the lowest and E4+ women had the highest glucose levels, compared to E4- groups; insulin did not differ by sex or E4 group. E4 status and sex moderated correlations between metabolic measures and AD risk factors including age and Aβ. Conclusions: Insulin resistance was associated with cognitive impairment, and sex, E4 status, and glucose values are interrelated in older adults at risk of AD. Understanding glucose metabolism for different APOE and sex groups may help elucidate differences in therapeutic responses.
Clausewitz: A Bibliographical Survey

The vitality of the social sciences in the United States has not prevented some of its most influential pioneers from becoming unread classics. A widespread preference for textbook treatment and up-to-theminute analysis plays its part; but if the reader does want to turn to the originals, he often finds that they are not readily available. Complete and scholarly editions of writers who pursued new directions of inquiry are rarer than might be supposed—even in their native language. The situation is particularly bad when it comes to foreign authors. A writer's theories and insights may be transmitted through one or two major works, while the rest of his output is ignored, so that his thoughts are analyzed in isolation, without benefit of the preliminary sketches, correspondence, and marginal studies that would give depth and suppleness to the interpretation. Until recently Rousseau and Tocqueville have been in this position; another case in point is Max Weber, ignorance of whose fertile theorizing has misled more than one commentator. Still another, and extreme, example of intellectual discontinuity is provided by Clausewitz. Much of his work has never been published; even in German most of it is out of print; little of it has ever been translated. The result has been the partial loss of a remarkable historical and theoretical achievement. To the American reader, in particular, Clausewitz rarely means more than the “philosopher of war,” a famous name associated with one or two cliches backed up by little of substance. Repeated attempts to outline Clausewitz's thought, or to present the “essential Clausewitz” in the form of excerpts, have never been of more than doubtful value, if only because his methodology and dialectic are scarcely less interesting than the conclusions they reach. It would be pointless to attempt the impossible once again. On the other hand, a brief survey of Clausewitz's writings and of the literature concerning him may provide a useful introduction to his theories and to the manner in which for the past 150 years they have influenced the study and the waging of war.
Materials Processing and Texture

Materials Processing and Texture, Edited by A. D. Tony Rollett, A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009, 830 pp., ISBN: 978-0-470-408346This bound volume is in essence the Proceedings of the 15th Internati...
Abstract 2863: Long term COX-2 inhibition in the small intestine of C57BL/6JApc+/+mice altered TGFβ signaling

Previously, we showed that short term (3 weeks) treatment of Apc Min/+ mice with the COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, reduced intestinal tumorigenesis, but long term drug treatment (5 months) increased intestinal tumors, stromal myofibroblasts, fibrosis, and expression of COX-2, PGE 2 , and TGFβ1, 2, 3 (TGFβ). Because COX-2 inhibitors are often used in patients with chronic inflammation, we examined the effects of celecoxib in Apc +/+ mice by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Short term treatment induced canonical TGFβ signaling with increased expression of TGFβ and its receptor, effector, and targeted product (TβRII, Smad4, and PAI-1). In parallel, integrin signaling was suppressed with reduced expression of β1 integrin, active Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK-p-Y397), Integrin-Linked Kinase, and the RhoA inhibitor, p190RhoGAP. Enterocyte differentiation but not proliferation was reduced relative to controls. Although COX-2 and TGFβ expression remained higher than basal levels, long term treatment reversed the effects on canonical TGFβ and integrin signaling, resulting in increased proliferation and differentiation. These results suggest that in the normal intestine PGE 2 plays a role in modulating mechanical changes in cell-matrix adhesion via crosstalk between TGFβ and integrins. The mechanism for this could depend on the ability of PGE 2 to increase [cAMP i ] and Protein Kinase A activity. Chronic exposure to celecoxib may promote tumorigenesis by enhancing enterocyte positive growth regulation via integrins, while suppressing its negative regulation via TGFβ. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2863.
Behavioral and serological monitoring of AIDS among 387 male outpatients at STD Clinics in Liuzhou City

Objective To understand AIDS related knowledge,high risk behavior,and infection status of AIDS/STDs among male outpatients at STD clinics in Liuzhou city.Methods In 2011 the amount of 3-5ml blood was collected from 287 male outpatients in STD clinics of Liuzhou and detection of HIV/syphilis and questionnaire survey were also conducted.Results Fifteen of 387 male outpatients averagely 40.10 years old were positive for HIV accounting for 3.88% and 26(6.72%)cases were positive for syphilis.Awareness rate of AIDS knowledge was 76.49%.Conclusions The awareness level of AIDS knowledge among male outpatients at STD clinics of Liuzhou City was low.The health education and behavior intervention of AIDS be strengthened among male outpatients in Liuzhou city.
Zur perinatalen Hirnschädigung — Aussagekraft des Kardiotokogramms

Ein kausaler Zusammenhang zwischen einer subpartal aufgetretenen Hypoxie und einer spateren neuromuskularen Entwicklungsstorung gilt nur fur einen sehr geringen Teil der Falle als gesichert und ist in der Regel im Einzelfalle schwer zu belegen (oft auch leider schwer zu widerlegen!) Die Registrierung der fetalen Herzfrequenz kann aus diesen und prinzipiell-methodischen Grunden keine fur die Entstehung von Cerebralparesen spezifischen fetalen Gefahrenzustande zuverlassig anzeigen. Das fetale Kardiotokogramm stellt jedoch die derzeit sicherste kontinuierliche Uberwachungsmethode des fetalen Zustandes unter der Geburt dar. Wie bei allen klinisch-diagnostischen Masnahmen ist insbesondere bei dieser geburtshilflichen Uberwachungsmethode das Bewustsein um die Grenzen des Untersuchungsverfahrens unerlaslich.
Neonatal and Early Childhood Thoracic Aorta Abnormalities and Their Current Surgical Treatment

Thoracic aorta abnormalities in the neonate and young child encompass a wide spectrum of congenital defects. Surgical repair can be performed in the neonate and small infant with little mortality or morbidity. Precise anatomic detail of the specific arch abnormality and associated intracardiac lesions must be obtained prior to attempting surgical repair. Most lesions can be repaired in one stage through a thoracotomy or sternotomy. Staged repair is currently reserved for rare circumstances presenting contraindications for cardiopulmonary bypass.
Language for Winning Hearts and Minds: Verb Aspect in U.S. Presidential Campaign Speeches for Engaging Emotion.

How does language influence the emotions and actions of large audiences? Functionally, emotions help address environmental uncertainty by constraining the body to support adaptive responses and social coordination. We propose emotions provide a similar function in language processing by constraining the mental simulation of language content to facilitate comprehension, and to foster alignment of mental states in message recipients. Consequently, we predicted that emotion-inducing language should be found in speeches specifically designed to create audience alignment – stump speeches of United States presidential candidates. We focused on phrases in the past imperfective verb aspect (“a bad economy was burdening us”) that leave a mental simulation of the language content open-ended, and thus unconstrained, relative to past perfective sentences (“we were burdened by a bad economy”). As predicted, imperfective phrases appeared more frequently in stump versus comparison speeches, relative to perfective phrases. In a subsequent experiment, participants rated phrases from presidential speeches as more emotionally intense when written in the imperfective aspect compared to the same phrases written in the perfective aspect, particularly for sentences perceived as negative in valence. These findings are consistent with the notion that emotions have a role in constraining the comprehension of language, a role that may be used for aligning mental states in large audiences.
When Is Bile Duct Resection Indicated for Biliary Strictures in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) has a variable clinical course, but often becomes a progressive disease that leads to chronic cholestasis, cirrhosis and liver failure. In addition, PSC is the most common risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma in western countries. The etiology is unclear, and as a result there are no specific medical therapies that change long-term outcomes. Liver transplantation offers the only potentially curative therapy but it is usually reserved for patients with advanced stage or cirrhosis. Earlier stages require alternative invasive treatment modalities to manage symptoms and address dominant strictures, which can be benign or malignant. The distinction between these may be extremely challenging, and has an influence on the treatment options, which include endoscopic dilatation, stenting, or surgery, either biliary bypass or extrahepatic bile duct resection. Endoscopic therapy has less morbidity, but surgical treatment has the advantage of not leaving potentially malignant or dysplastic strictures in place and may be associated with longer survival. When cholangiocarcinoma develops, it tends to appear at an advanced stage and prognosis is poor.
The Laboratory in Orthopedic Practice

The laboratory in orthopedic practice is involved in a variety of ways. These include the tissue bank that helps with the storage and retrieval of nucleic acids. The molecular and cytogenetic laboratory is also involved in their analysis and molecular genetic studies for tumors and skeletal diseases and dysplasias. The anatomic pathology laboratory is of course involved in the analysis of biopsy and resection specimens. The clinical chemistry and microbiological laboratory is involved with a variety of tests and assays for metabolic bone disease, infections, and other conditions affecting the skeleton.
Implementation of Seismic Hazard Mitigation in the Central United States: The Policy - Setting Role of the States

This research examines the potential for state-level seismic hazard mitigation policies in the seven member states of the Central United States Earthquake Consortium. The federal government requires mitigation to be a significant component of emergency preparedness activities, but such activities are only beginning to be implemented in the Central U.S. This paper describes current activities by the seven states and identifies future needs. The research found that awareness and preparedness activities have increased markedly over the past few years, five of the states now have state seismic building code requirements, several states have active seismic advisory councils, and some states are using innovative funding methods to finance seismic zonation mapping. The greatest future needs are to continue these efforts as well as initiate programs for existing building hazards and non-structural hazards. Programs should emphasize critical facilities.
The Foot Beat Experience

This chapter examines the pros and cons of foot patrol work from the perspective of officers performing the duty, using extensive field notes and officer quotes throughout. It explores the notion of what is “real police work” and how in the minds of many officers foot beats are not real policing, a view often shared by their commanders. The chapter explores how officers learn to use a variety of legal and informal means to police their beats and develop a rapport with the entire community, law abiding and otherwise. A section examines the potential to generate work statistics and the pressure of performance evaluations in driving ‘busy work’ that is not necessarily effective at community crime and disorder control. The chapter concludes by discussing beat integrity, the reasons why officers leave their assigned beats, and the impact that might have on crime prevention.
1982 Recent references (cumulation)

Keywords and references are given for all literature received by National Nuclear Data Center during 1982. (AIP)
Psychometric Evaluation of the Symptoms of Dementia Screener (SDS) in a Geriatric Primary Care Population

ABSTRACTObjectives: The Symptoms of Dementia Screener (SDS) is an 11-item scale developed to screen for cognitive impairment. We aim to evaluate the psychometric properties of the SDS for use in pr...
The Philosophic Enterprise

The philosophic task represents for Temple the most serious efforts of man to comprehend the meaning of existence. The philosopher makes “a determined effort to think clearly and comprehensively about the problems of life and existence.”1
The War of 1812 in Wisconsin: The Battle for Prairie du Chien

Review of: "The War of 1812 in Wisconsin: The Battle for Prairie du Chien", by Mary Elise Antoine.
Rudkin Testamentary Trust -- A Response to Prof. Cohen

In the August 3 issue of Tax Notes, 1 Professor Stephen Cohen wrote an article about Justice Sonia Sotomayor’s opinions in three tax cases. Of those three cases, only the opinion she wrote in William L. Rudkin Testamentary Trust v. Commissioner is worthy of comment. Although the Second Circuit’s decision in that case was affirmed by the Supreme Court under the name Knight v. Commissioner, the construction of the critical statutory language that Justice Sotomayor adopted was rejected and criticized by Chief Justice Roberts, writing for a unanimous court. Cohen concluded that Justice Sotomayor’s construction of the statutory language is ‘‘at least as valid as, and probably preferable to, the construction adopted by the Supreme Court’’ and that Chief Justice Roberts’s criticism of Justice Sotomayor’s rationale is ‘‘logically flawed.’’ Cohen also said that Chief Justice Roberts’s criticism of Justice Sotomayor’s opinion is ‘‘unpersuasive and overstated.’’ In my view, the construction adopted by Justice Sotomayor was incorrect, and Chief Justice Roberts’s criticism was persuasive and accurately stated. Moreover, based on policy considerations, a plausible case can be made that the courts could have construed the statute differently, resulting in a decision for the taxpayer.
Recreational Leasing of Alaska Commercial Halibut Quota: The Early Years of the GAF Program in Alaska

The Pacific Halibut Catch Sharing Plan formalized the process for allocating halibut between the Alaska commercial and recreational charter sectors. It included a new program intended to allow for “flexibility” through inter-sectoral trading, permitting charter operators to lease commercial halibut pounds to relax client harvest restrictions. Here we evaluate the first two years of lease market activity and participation. Participation from some commercial quota holders in the lease market suggests that the program provided beneficial flexibility; in fact, the number of transfers to the charter sector was greater than transfers within the commercial sector for some quota types. We also identified a high proportion of self-leasers. However, transfers to the charter sector were on average smaller than within-sector commercial transfers, and total poundage leased by the charter sector was low compared with commercial transfers. Usage of leased quota by the recreational charter sector enables the harvest of larger fish or additional fish, and provides flexibility in catch composition on halibut closure days. Finally, the value-per-pound may be higher in the charter sector, as commercial-to-charter transfer prices approached the commercial ex-vessel price.
A thermodynamically consistent model for viscoelastic polymers undergoing microstructural changes

Abstract This study presents a thermodynamic framework for describing the mechanical response of viscoelastic polymers undergoing microstructural changes within the framework of a body possessing multiple natural configurations. In order to incorporate the effect of microstructural changes on the macroscopic response of polymers, we assume that the polymer under consideration consists of two networks. In its initial configuration, the polymer is comprised of an original microstructure (initial network) and as the polymer is deformed, a new network is formed. The newly formed network has a new reference configuration. When subjected to mechanical loading, the natural configuration of the polymer evolves between these initial and final configurations. We use the proposed constitutive model in order to describe the macroscopic response of a polyoxymethylene (POM) polymer under various loading histories. The predictions of the model developed are in good agreement with experimental data that is available.
Mito, literatura y nación: el mito de Sikán y la construcción del mundo Abakuá en Alejo Carpentier y Lydia Cabrera

Les societats secretes abakua han estat historicament associades amb el crim i la delinquencia dins de l'imaginari cuba. Una mirada atenta revela, en canvi, la necessitat de repensar la naturalesa d'aquestes organitzacions d'ajuda mutua basades en un complex univers mitic-religios. El mite genesiac de Sikan funciona com a punt de suport d'una cosmovisio unica dins de l'espectre dels cultes afrocubans, entre els quals s'inclou el abakua. El seguent assaig explora la incorporacio d'aquest mite i de la presencia abakua en textos d'Alejo Carpentier i Lydia Cabrera, i la seva relacio amb una hibridesa generica marcada per l'etnografic i el literari. Amb aquest proposit, el present assaig s'orienta cap a la cerca i deconstruccio de representacions literaries de la presencia negra a Cuba i els seus efectes en la configuracio de les obres en questio.
Beneath the bitter laughter: Online parodies, structures of feeling and cultural citizenship in China:

This article examines the practice of egao, or online parody, in China as an act of cultural citizenship. Looking at user-generated parodies derived from a viral meme called Mom Please Hit Me Once ...
Should Surgeons or Anesthesiologists Manage Perioperative Pain Protocols

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS®) protocols vary by surgery type. This article examines benefits of ERAS pathways
Disability Theology Despite Itself

This article examines the biography, literature, and religious thought of Shi Tiesheng (1951–2010), arguably the most influential author with a disability in contemporary China. Using the definitio...
Schrödinger Operators with Thin Spectra

The determination of the spectrum of a Schrodinger operator is a fundamental problem in mathematical quantum mechanics. We discuss a series of results showing that Schrodinger operators can exhibit spectra that are remarkably thin in the sense of Lebesgue measure and fractal dimensions. We begin with a brief discussion of results in the periodic theory, and then move to a discussion of aperiodic models with thin spectra.
Focus on Data: Statistical Design of Experiments and Sample Size Selection Using Power Analysis.

Purpose To provide information to visual scientists on how to optimally design experiments and how to select an appropriate sample size, which is often referred to as a power analysis. Methods Statistical guidelines are provided outlining good principles of experimental design, including replication, randomization, blocking or grouping of subjects, multifactorial design, and sequential approach to experimentation. In addition, principles of power analysis for calculating required sample size are outlined for different experimental designs and examples are given for calculating power and factors influencing it. Results The interaction between power, sample size and standardized effect size are shown. The following results are also provided: sample size increases with power, sample size increases with decreasing detectable difference, sample size increases proportionally to the variance, and two-sided tests, without preference as to whether the mean increases or decreases, require a larger sample size than one-sided tests. Conclusions This review outlines principles for good experimental design and methods for power analysis for typical sample size calculations that visual scientists encounter when designing experiments of normal and non-Gaussian sample distributions.
Convalescent plasma for patients with severe COVID-19: a matched cohort study

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of convalescent plasma (CP) for the treatment of COVID-19 remains unclear METHODS: In a matched cohort analysis of hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19, the impact of CP treatment on in-hospital mortality was evaluated using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional-hazards models, and the impact of CP treatment on time to hospital discharge was assessed using a stratified log-rank analysis RESULTS: 64 patients who received CP a median of 7 days after symptom onset were compared to a matched control group of 177 patients The incidence of in-hospital mortality was 12 5% and 15 8% in the CP and control groups, respectively (p = 0 52) There was no significant difference in the risk of in-hospital mortality between the two groups (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0 93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0 39 - 2 20) The overall rate of hospital discharge was not significantly different between the two groups (rate ratio [RR] 1 28, 95% CI 0 91 - 1 81), although there was a significantly increased rate of hospital discharge among patients 65-years-old or greater who received CP (RR 1 86, 95% CI 1 03 - 3 36) There was a greater than expected frequency of transfusion reactions in the CP group (2 8% reaction rate observed per unit transfused) CONCLUSIONS: We did not demonstrate a significant difference in risk of mortality or rate of hospital discharge between the CP and control groups There was a signal for improved outcomes among the elderly, and further adequately powered randomized studies should target this subgroup when assessing the efficacy of CP treatment
How and Why Placed-Based Learning Works

DeWitt and Langran consider the scholarship that addresses why place-based pedagogy can create transformative learning environments, what is known about the learning process, and the contextual issues associated with inclusion, equity, and empowerment of students from underrepresented or marginalized groups. Keeping this end goal of meaning-making in mind, educators can focus on providing authentic learning experiences, and the skills that are needed to transfer knowledge to new contexts, along with opportunities to observe and analyze complex phenomena from multiple angles. When critical place-based pedagogy is used to consider the social construction of place, takes into account the experiences students bring with them, and challenges preconceptions, it becomes possible for students to develop a deeper understanding of course material as well as play a transformative role in their communities. Key to understanding place is recognizing the multiplicity of perspectives and how spatial storytelling gives voice to and silences perspectives.
Toward an Understanding of "Ashé" as an Aesthetic Condition

As an artist and cultural investigator specializing in contemporary art theory and practice, my area of research is centered on African spiritual and aesthetic retentions, rediscoveries and reinventions in the African diaspora. As an educator, my pedagogical interest is in constructing new and innovative teaching methods to critically analyze works of art. I was therefore eager to introduce the concept of ashe as an aesthetic criterion to my students and colleagues but needed to test my hypothesis. To that end I created a research project to assess the viabilityof my hypothesis. The results of my investigation led to the creation of a series of four weekly workshops that challenge participants to conduct critical analyses of works of art using ashe as a criterion along with the accepted formal elements of art and principles of design. To date, I have conducted these workshops with a diverse population of students from Spelman College, Morehouse College, Clark Atlanta University, Emory University and Colgate University. Spelman College’s African Diaspora and the World program (ADW)1 has embraced my project and a number of faculty members have used it in the classroom with promising results. The primary purpose of this essay is to introduce the project to a broader audience of students, educators, and scholars.
Exploring the Possibility of Peak Individualism, Humanity's Existential Crisis, and an Emerging Age of Purpose.

There is an emerging cultural narrative in the United States that we are entering an age of purpose - that millennials, more than any other generation, are searching for purpose and purposeful work (Sheahan, 2005) and that we are entering an era or economy of purpose (Hurst, 2014). For profit, non-profit, and educational institutions are perceiving and adapting to serve millennials’ demand for purpose in life, specifically within the workplace (Klein, Galinsky, & Grant, 2015). Yet, longitudinal studies of purpose do not exist, and millennials are also referred to as GenMe. Existing quantitative research suggests they (we) are increasingly individualistic, materialistic, and narcissistic (Greenfield, 2013). Google’s digitization of millions of books and the Ngram Viewer allow for quantified analysis of culture over the past two centuries. This tool was used to quantitatively test the popular notion that there is a rise in demand for purpose. Analysis reveals a growing interest in purpose-in-life and a shift toward collectivistic values emerging over the lifespan of the millennial generation.
Multilingual Answer Sentence Reranking via Automatically Translated Data.

We present a study on the design of multilingual Answer Sentence Selection (AS2) models, which are a core component of modern Question Answering (QA) systems. The main idea is to transfer data, created from one resource rich language, e.g., English, to other languages, less rich in terms of resources. The main findings of this paper are: (i) the training data for AS2 translated into a target language can be used to effectively fine-tune a Transformer-based model for that language; (ii) one multilingual Transformer model it is enough to rank answers in multiple languages; and (iii) mixed-language question/answer pairs can be used to fine-tune models to select answers from any language, where the input question is just in one language. This highly reduces the complexity and technical requirement of a multilingual QA system. Our experiments validate the findings above, showing a modest drop, at most 3%, with respect to the state-of-the-art English model.
Measuring Patient Experience with Home Dialysis in the United States

Providing patient-centered care, one of the three pillars of health care quality, requires understanding the patient experience. Defined by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality as “the range of interactions that patients have with the health care system,” patient experience gauges
The Politics of Accountability in Supreme Court Nominations: Voter Recall and Assessment of Senator Votes on Nominees

While longstanding theories of political behavior argue that voters do not possess sufficient political knowledge to hold their elected representatives accountable, recent revisionist studies challenge this view, arguing that voters can both follow how their representatives vote and use that information intelligently. We apply the revisionist account to the study of Supreme Court nominations in the modern era. Using survey data on the nominations of Clarence Thomas, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan, we show that voters can and do hold senators accountable for their votes on Supreme Court nominees. In particular, we show that voters on average can correctly recall the votes of their senators on nominees, and that correct recall is correlated with higher levels of education and political knowledge. We then show that voters are more likely to both approve of and vote to re-elect their senator if he or she casts a vote on a nominee that is in line with the voter's preferences. Finally, we show this effect is quite sizable, as it rivals the effect of agreement on other high-profile roll call votes. These results have important implications for both the broader study of representation and for understanding the current politics of Supreme Court nominations.
Caring for a child with a disability in a Zambian community: A study using photo-elicitation.

Background Over the past 25 years, caregivers of children with disabilities (CWD) in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) have received limited attention from researchers (Van der mark, et al., 2017). Previous research identified the physical, emotional, and social challenges of caregiving in resource-limited areas. Researchers also identified protective factors, such as problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. This study seeks to explore experiences of caregivers of CWD through participant-driven photo-elicitation, in a low-income sub-district of Lusaka, Zambia. Methods Researchers considered the experiences of caregivers providing support to their children with disabilities (CWD). Ten parent-participants completed this qualitative study using photo-elicitation. Parent-participants completed an individual interview to describe their experiences reflected in the pictures they took. The research team used qualitative content analysis to identify the themes. Results Five general themes emerged from the data. The last two themes, "Also, a human being," and "The community should learn," are unique in research of CWD caregivers in LMIC settings. It indicates ways that these parents sought to encourage more inclusion and acceptance of their CWD in the community and to speak to other parents who might be struggling with providing care for their CWD. Conclusions This study expanded disability research to include perspectives from a low-income area in Lusaka, Zambia. In doing so, we acquire a new viewpoint and enhanced understanding of their community experiences. Practice considerations include encouraging disability advocates to continue their work of educating the community about the inherent dignity and worth of people with disabilities and supporting CWD's rights.
A Study on Forecasting Economic Convergence of India in Comparison to USA, China and Japan

This paper attempts to examine, compare and forecast the per capita GDP of India, the USA, China, and Japan for a period of ten years from 2020 to 2029. It studies the concept of economic convergence which states that the developing economies’ per capita income levels tend to move at a faster rate than that of developed economies. For forecasting, it uses the ARIMA approach. The ARIMA equation varies for each country chosen. The notation for China is ARIMA (2,2,0), for India it is ARIMA (0,2,1), for Japan it is ARIMA (2,1,2) and for USA it is ARIMA (1,1,2). This research paper has estimated the percentage change in GDP per capita for the above countries after every 10 years over the decades starting from 1979 till 2029 (Based on forecasted values of 2029). The research findings suggest that in the group of 4 countries that have been selected, there is a presence of economic convergence pattern, as, during the initial two decades from 1979 - 89 & 1989 -99, the GDP growth rate of the developed nations is much faster than the developing countries, whereas, after 1999, the GDP growth rate of India catches up with that of US and Japan. The GDP growth rates of India after 1999 are much faster as compared to the US & Japan. In the case of China, the catching-up effect takes place after 1989, as after that the GDP growth rate of China is much higher than the growth rates of the US and Japan and in both cases, these trends continue to exist even in 2029. The annual GDP growth rate of these countries according to our forecasted results from 2020 -2029 has also been predicted.
Precision of geoid approximation and geostatistics: how to find continuous map of absolute gravity data

An accurate geoid model is needed for surveyors and engineers who require orthometric heights on a common datum, and environment scientists who require elevations relative to present sea level. Airborne gravity data has been collected by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) under the Gravity for the Redefinition of the Amer- ican Vertical Datum (GRAV-D) project and is available along the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico. For this study we obtained a set of absolute gravity data derived from full-field gravity at altitude/elevation. We used the data to derive free-air gravity anomalies to establish gravity on the geoid. For spatial interpolation we used the kriging method to estimate gravity on the geoid in any location and kriging of the difference between gravity on the ellipsoid of reference and the geoid. Various kriging methods were used for evaluation of errors calculated in this study. The mean precision of the predicted values is around 1.23 cm, a very good result for coastal regions, which traditionally have sparse gravity data sets.
Optical cancer screening

Abstract The goal of this chapter is to review recent advancements of optical cancer detection based on the contrast of native chromophores and/or fluorophores between cancerous and normal tissues and the contrast enhanced by specific cancer receptor-targeting contrast agents. The reviews will be mainly concentrated on our recent experimental studies of human prostate cancer tissue and cells. The investigation of optical contrast for some other types of cancers, such as breast cancer, will also be presented. The underlying physical and biological basis for these optical approaches will be discussed. This chapter is organized as follows: Section 6.1 will introduce the concept and the history of optical cancer screening. Section 6.2 will review the spectroscopic techniques for cancer detection and evaluation of chemotherapy effect on cancer. Section 6.3 will present spectral polarization imaging of human prostate cancer tissue enhanced by cancer receptor-targeting contrast agents, namely Cybesin and Cytate, in the near-infrared “tissue optical window.” Section 6.4 will demonstrate that scanning backscattering-polarization imaging, combined with independent component analysis, can be used to obtain 3D locations of cancerous tissue embedded in the host human normal prostate tissue. Section 6.5 will briefly review the recently developed multimodality imaging approaches, that is, optical imaging combined with other techniques, such as ultrasound modulated diffusion optical tomograph, photoaccoustic imaging, and Doppler optical coherence tomography.
China and Globalization : The Social, Economic and Political Transformation of Chinese Society

1. The Economies of Radical Change in China 2. Setting the Stage: A Primer to the Study of China's Economic Reforms 3. Economic Development in China 4. Changing Social Institutions 5. Changing Life Chances 6. Economic Reform and the Rule of Law 7. Prospects for Democracy 8. China's Integration into the Global Economy: Communism, Capitalism, and Human Rights
Mechanism of relief of angina after coronary bypass surgery: An angiographic study

Abstract Coronary angiography was performed before and after coronary revascularization In 67 patients. The interval between studies ranged from 1 to 38 months (average 9.9). The patients were separated into four clinical groups on the basis of their symptoms at the time of restudy: Group I, 13 asymptomatic patients; Group II, 19 patients with nonanginal chest pain (18 cases) or dyspnea (1 case); Group III, 12 patients whose angina was relieved but not eliminated; and Group IV, 23 patients whose angina was not alleviated. The graft patency rate was 72 percent in Group I, 78 percent in Group II, 61 percent in Group III and 34 percent in Group IV. The sum of diseased, but not bypassed and unsuccessfully bypassed arteries per patient was 1.6 in Groups I and II, 2.9 in Group III and 4.0 in Group IV. The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction, defined using enzymatic and electrocardiographic criteria, was 8 percent for Group I, 26 percent for Group II, 25 percent for Group III and 52 percent for Group IV. Anginal relief after coronary bypass surgery is achieved by successful and complete revasculartzatlon rather than by perioperative myocardial infarction.
Experimental evidence for the formation of CoFe2C phase with colossal magnetocrystalline-anisotropy

Attainment of magnetic order in nanoparticles at room temperature is an issue of critical importance for many different technologies. For ordinary ferromagnetic materials, a reduction in size leads to decreased magnetic anisotropy and results in superparamagnetic relaxations. If, instead, anisotropy could be enhanced at reduced particle sizes, then it would be possible to attain stable magnetic order at room temperature. Herein, we provide experimental evidence substantiating the synthesis of a cobalt iron carbide phase (CoFe2C) of nanoparticles. Structural characterization of the CoFe2C carbide phase was performed by transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction and energy electron spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction was also performed as a complimentary analysis. Magnetic characterization of the carbide phase revealed a blocking temperature, TB, of 790 K for particles with a domain size as small as 5 ± 1 nm. The particles have magnetocrystalline anisotropy of 4.6 ± 2 × 106 J/m3, which is ten times larger than that of Co nanoparticles. Such colossal anisotropy leads to thermally stable long range magnetic order. Moreover, the thermal stability constant is much larger than that of the commonly used FePt nanoparticles. With thermal stability and colossal anisotropy, the CoFe2C nanoparticles have huge potential for enhanced magnetic data storage devices.
De Wied and colleagues III: brain sites and transmitter systems involved in the vasopressin and oxytocin influence on memory processing.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses evidence relevant to the brain structures that may be target sites for the effects of vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) on memory processing and the monoamine classic transmitter systems with which these neuropeptides may interact to produce these effects. Lesion and microinjection techniques have been used to localize the central sites at which VP and OT exert their effects on memory storage and retrieval. Lesioning a structure important to the influence of the peptide on storage or retrieval can attenuate or prohibit the relevant retention behavior on subsequent peptide treatment of the lesioned subjects. Microinjection of a peptide or its antiserum into a specific brain site is justified on the basis that increasing or reducing its level in a brain site that normally mediates the influence of the peptide on retention should enhance and impair retention behavior. The results of the studies described in the chapter indicate that the thalamic prefrontal cortex (PFC) nucleus, part of the diffuse thalamic arousal system, is involved in mediating the effects on avoidance retention produced by both sets of peptides.
Preparation and properties of cloning inhibitory factor. I. Inhibition of HeLa cell cloning by stimulated lymphocytes and their culture supernatants.

Abstract Lymphocytes stimulated by either phytohemagglutinin or tuberculin inhibit the cloning of HeLa cells. Cell-free supernatants prepared from such cultures of activated lymphocytes produced similar inhibition, whereas supernatants from unstimulated lymphocytes did not. The cloning inhibitory factor (CIF) produced by activated lymphocytes was nondialyzable and inactivated at 56 °C for 30 minutes. CIF did not produce cytolysis of cloned HeLa cells; time-lapse cinematography instead disclosed an additional, normally timed mitosis. Subsequent divisions, however, were markedly delayed. CIF did not depend for its activity on depletion of an essential nutrient from the HeLa medium.
Developmentally regulated appearance of spliced variants of type XII collagen in the cornea.

PURPOSE. To determine whether temporal and spatial changes in the distribution of the long and short alternatively spliced variants of type XII collagen are associated with any specific morphogenetic events in pre- and postnatal development of the cornea and surrounding tissues. METHODS. The distribution of alternatively spliced variants of type XII collagen in fetal and newborn rabbit tissues was analyzed immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibodies that recognize either only the long form or both the short and the long forms of type XII collagen. RESULTS. During early fetal development of the cornea in rabbit (days 14 - -17), the short form of type XII collagen was detected in the corneal stroma, the sclera, and the stroma in the rudimentary eyelid folds, whereas the long form was present only in the sclera. The long form was first evident in the cornea at day 24 but only in the posterior stroma. At later stages of prenatal development, the distribution of the long variant gradually extended toward the anterior stroma and in the newborn rabbit, the long variant was distributed throughout the entire stroma. However, in the eyelid, although the short form was present along the entire subepidermal regions both during fetal and neonatal development, the long form was transiently expressed between days 21 and 24 and was restricted to the subepidermal regions at the junction of the opposing eyelids. The long form of type XII collagen was first detectable in the basal epithelial cells and in its basement membrane (BM) at day 12 after birth, just before the opening of the eyelids. It continued to be present in the corneal BM zone in the adult rabbit but was not present in the limbal or conjunctival BM zone. CONCLUSIONS. The expression and distribution of the alternatively spliced forms of type XII collagen are developmentally and differentially regulated in the cornea, the sclera, and the eyelid. Although the short form is expressed in the stromal matrices of the cornea and surrounding tissues from early stages of corneal development, the appearance and distribution of the long variant form of type XII collagen coincide with the pattern of stromal condensation. Its first appearance in the corneal epithelial BM precedes the eyelid opening by 1 to 2 days, possibly suggesting that it may be involved in the tighter anchoring of the corneal epithelium to the underlying tissue or in promoting stromal condensation to assist in the separation of the corneal epithelium from the juxtaposed palpebral conjunctival epithelium of the eyelid.
Using simulation to assess the effectiveness of pallet stacking methods

Stacking objects onto pallets is the most widely used method of bulk shipping, accounting for over 60% of the volume of goods shipped worldwide. Due in part to the wide variation in size, shape and weight of objects to be palletized, successful stacking is more of an art than a science. Pallet stacking is an example of the three dimensional cutting stock problem, a variant of the combinatorial NP-hard knapsack problem. This makes it hard to find a common heuristic to satisfy requirements for major shippers and receivers. In this paper, we explore the role that simulation can play in comparing how well automated metrics can gauge the quality of a pallet. A physics enabled simulator allows us to study the interlocking among hidden internal boxes and makes it possible to study metrics that cannot be determined by mere statistics. Results from a competition held in May 2010 are used to illustrate the concepts.
Shoulder pain and jerk during recovery phase of manual wheelchair propulsion

Abstract Repetitive loading of the upper limb due to wheelchair propulsion plays a leading role in the development of shoulder pain in manual wheelchair users (mWCUs). There has been minimal inquiry on understanding wheelchair propulsion kinematics from a human movement ergonomics perspective. This investigation employs an ergonomic metric, jerk, to characterize the recovery phase kinematics of two recommended manual wheelchair propulsion patterns: semi-circular and the double loop. Further it examines if jerk is related to shoulder pain in mWCUs. Data from 22 experienced adult mWCUs was analyzed for this study (semi-circular: n=12 (pain/without-pain:6/6); double-loop: n=10 (pain/without-pain:4/6)). Participants propelled their own wheelchair fitted with SMARTWheels on a roller dynamometer at 1.1 m/s for 3 min. Kinematic and kinetic data of the upper limbs were recorded. Three dimensional absolute jerk experienced at the shoulder, elbow and wrist joint during the recovery phase of wheelchair propulsion were computed. Two-way ANOVAs were conducted with the recovery pattern type and shoulder pain as between group factors. Findings: (1) Individuals using a semi-circular pattern experienced lower jerk at their arm joints than those using a double loop pattern (P
WebWise: Guide to the University of Washington Genome Center Web Site

This installment of the WebWise series reviews the University of Washington Genome Center (UWGC) web site. Please note that the web address reported in the first WebWise installment (Pruitt 1997) calls up an internal page; the home page address is http://www. genome.washington.edu/UWGC/. As with all of the WebWise reviews, you may find it useful to point your Browser window to the UWGC Home page while reading. Redundant links, and those not related to the Human Genome Project, are omitted from the site map (Fig. 1). The main features of this web site, as well as the features of those sites already reviewed, are indicated in Table 1.
Is Liver Resection in Metastases of Exocrine Pancreatic Carcinoma Justified

No abstract available. Image: College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University. New York, NY, USA