cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can You Be Large and Not Obese? The Distinction Between Body Weight, Body Fat, and Abdominal Fat in Occupational Standards

Weight control is an important early intervention in diabetes, but the nature of the association between weight and disordered metabolism has been confused because fat mass and its distribution are only partly associated with increasing body size. Weight, fat, and regional fat placement, specifically in the abdominal site, may each have distinctly different associations with diabetes risk. Abdominal circumference may be the common marker of poor fitness habits and of increased risk for metabolic diseases such as diabetes. This is an important question for public health policy as well as for occupational standards such as those of the military, which are intended to promote fitness for military missions and include strength and aerobic capacity, as well as military appearance considerations. U.S. soldiers are heavier than ever before, reflecting both increased muscle and fat components. They also have better health care than ever before and are required to exercise regularly, and even the oldest soldiers are required to remain below body fat limits that are more stringent than the current median values of the U.S. population over age 40. The body fat standards assessed by circumference-based equations are 20‐26% and 30‐36%, for various age groups of men and women, respectively, and the upper limits align with threshold values of waist circumference recommended in national health goals. The basis and effects of the Army standards are presented in this paper. U.S. Army body fat standards may offer practical and reasonable health guidelines suitable for all active Americans that might help stem the increasing prevalence of obesity that is predicted to increase the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes.
In situ cleaning effect on the electrical properties of Ge MOS devices by Ar gas anneal

An in situ surface-cleaning technique by annealing germanium substrates at 550 degC in Ar gas is investigated. Reduced equivalent oxide thickness confirms the effective removal of native oxides by this technique. Improved electrical characteristics in terms of reduced interface-state density and slow trap density are demonstrated in the Ge MOS devices, with surface-nitridation treatment and chemical vapor deposited HfO2 high-kappa dielectric, suggesting the advantage of this technique. Significant elimination of GeOxN y interfacial layer is observed from cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images after 600 degC postmetallization anneal, suggesting that an interface passivation technique having better thermal stability is required in order to suppress the severe interdiffusion across the interface between Ge substrate and the upper dielectric layer
Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Polarization of Steel in Seawater: Part 1 — A Novel Experimental and Analysis Methodology

Abstract API-2H, grade 42 steel (UNS K12037) specimens were cathodically polarized in natural seawater by galvanic coupling to an aluminum anode through an external resistor. The interdependence of the decay in potential (ϕ) vs current density (i) conformed analytically to a straight line, the slope of which was the product of the total circuit resistance and cathode surface area and the vertical intercept of which was the anode corrosion potential. From experiments with resistor sizes ranging from 75 Ω to 5,750 Ω, a sigmoidal shape for the curve defining the relationship between long-term ϕ and i values for cathodically polarized steel in seawater was identified, with −1.00 VSCE being the potential of minimum steady-state (maintenance) current density (im). Evaluation of data from instrumented, newly deployed offshore structures and of survey data from older structures indicated that the ϕ-vs-i trend for these structures conformed to the same linear relationship as the laboratory specimens. A procedure w...
Hepatitis B viral transactivator HBx alleviates p53-mediated repression of α-fetoprotein gene expression

Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is associated with development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The exact mechanism by which chronic infection with HBV contributes to onset of HCC is unknown. However, previous studies have implicated the HBV transactivator protein, HBx, in progression of HCC through its ability to bind the human tumor suppressor protein, p53. In this study, we have examined the ability of HBx to modify p53 regulation of the HCC tumor marker gene, α-fetoprotein (AFP). By utilizing in vitro chromatin assembly of DNA templates prior to transcription analysis, we have demonstrated that HBx functionally disrupts p53-mediated repression of AFP transcription through protein-protein interaction. HBx modification of p53 gene regulation is both tissue-specific and dependent upon the p53 binding element. Our data suggest that the mechanism by which HBx alleviates p53 repression of AFP transcription is through an association with DNA-bound p53, resulting in a loss of p53 interaction with liver-specific transcriptional co-repressors.
Navigating adaptive challenges in quality improvement

Many quality improvement (QI) projects often fail to achieve their goals. Some fail for technical reasons, such as invalid measures, inattention to key contextual factors that determine the intervention's effectiveness, or not pilot testing the effort to identify and remove implementation barriers. But, an even larger number of projects fail because of adaptive challenges. ‘Adaptive challenges can only be addressed through changes in people's priorities, beliefs, habits, and loyalties.’1 2 A challenge for leaders is engaging people in deciding the change is needed, while also accepting that there may be things people want to preserve. For example, convincing physicians to include nurses during patient rounds, but letting them work out the logistics. Technical challenges are issues for which there is knowledge to implement a solution. For example, prescribing a β blocker to treat patients following an acute myocardial infarction, or installing computers outside patient rooms to quickly access electronic medical records. A common mistake is to treat an adaptive problem as a technical one. QI work has to address both technical and adaptive issues. The science must be robust yet it must address values, beliefs, and attributes of the group involved in the work. There is clearly a science to QI. Strategies to implement interventions or changes require sound evidence, or at the very least consensus among opinion leaders, supporting their effectiveness,3 and a methodology to apply the QI work such as translating evidence into practice.4 While careful attention to the technical and methodological work is important, equally important is the engagement of health professionals and others affected by the QI project. There is local context and culture to contend with, and also psychological, social and political dynamics of staff and managers, and the organisation's history and resources. One thing is certain, health professionals want to help …
High-speed single-quantum-well InGaAs/GaAs laser design and experiment

Summary form only given. The authors report damping factors an order of magnitude lower than previously reported for SQW lasers. They also report bandwidths of 15 GHz obtained in SQW (single quantum well) lasers as a result of proper design of the quantum-well structure. The laser samples were grown on
Disturbance Rejection for the Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite One Hertz Pointing Oscillation

A 1 Hz pointing oscillation with a magnitude of abo ut twenty arcseconds and duration of a few tens of seconds has been observed in the Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite attitude data. The oscillation is caused by command ed motion of the solar panels. A controller design for active disturbance rejection of the 1 Hz oscillation using the spacecraft reaction wheels has been developed. A generalized method for representing the spacecraft attitude relative to a desired attitude is used; th is method is well suited to spacecraft with high precision pointing requirements. Modified Rodrigues parameters are used for the kinematic description of the spacecraft and provide a linearization of the angular rates. A new linearization of the angular accelerations is g iven that allows the equations of motion to be expressed in linear state space form. State spac e methods are used and the control loop feedback gains are found using eigenvalue placement. In a simulation study using external moments to excite a rigid body rotation representin g the 1 Hz oscillation, disturbance rejection using reaction wheels is shown to greatly reduce pointing errors.
Fast Imaging with an Introduction to k-Space

Fast imaging is employed for much of the current clinical imaging in brain, offering the diagnostic power of long TE imaging, rapid acquisition times, and the ability to manipulate contrast as well as to tailor the study to the desired speed/quality compromise. An understanding of the essential parameters that define these techniques can enhance the ability of the physician to prescribe and interpret imaging studies. Novel scan sequences based upon FSE, EPI, and other techniques, coupled with continued advances in magnet and system technology, will continue to extend diagnostic capabilities.
High-throughput microfluidics and ultrafast optics for in vivo compound/genetic discoveries

We developed microfluidic and ultrafast optical technologies that enable high-throughput whole-animal neural regeneration studies. These technologies allow automated and rapid manipulation and non-invasive immobilization of C. elegans for sub-cellular resolution two-photon imaging and femtosecond-laser nanosurgery.
Mechanisms of Working Memory Disruption by External Interference

The negative impact of external interference on working memory (WM) performance is well documented; yet, the mechanisms underlying this disruption are not sufficiently understood. In this study, electroencephalogram and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were recorded in separate experiments that each introduced different types of visual interference during a period of WM maintenance: distraction (irrelevant stimuli) and interruption (stimuli that required attention). The data converged to reveal that regardless of the type of interference, the magnitude of processing interfering stimuli in the visual cortex (as rapidly as 100 ms) predicted subsequent WM recognition accuracy for stored items. fMRI connectivity analyses suggested that in the presence of distraction, encoded items were maintained throughout the delay period via connectivity between the middle frontal gyrus and visual association cortex, whereas memoranda were not maintained when subjects were interrupted but rather reactivated in the postinterruption period. These results elucidate the mechanisms of external interference on WM performance and highlight similarities and differences of distraction and multitasking.
Computers in Early Education: Issues Put to Rest, Theoretical Links to Sound Practice, and the Potential Contribution of Microworlds

Over the years, since computers were first introduced to early childhood education, much debate and research has centered on the issue of appropriateness. In spite of recent gains in understanding, the debate rages on. The purpose of this article is threefold. First, research evidence is presented taking issue with a number of the most often cited reasons for not including computers in preschool environments. Secondly, a theoretical base for computer use in early childhood is developed which includes: Papert, Piaget, Erikson, and competence development. Finally, direction for software development is offered through review and description of successful microworld programs. It is concluded that the microcomputer, when coupled with appropriate software, has the potential to empower the development of young children.
Strategic search from long-term memory: An examination of semantic and autobiographical recall

Searching long-term memory is theoretically driven by both directed (search strategies) and random components. In the current study we conducted four experiments evaluating strategic search in semantic and autobiographical memory. Participants were required to generate either exemplars from the category of animals or the names of their friends for several minutes. Self-reported strategies suggested that participants typically relied on visualization strategies for both tasks and were less likely to rely on ordered strategies (e.g., alphabetic search). When participants were instructed to use particular strategies, the visualization strategy resulted in the highest levels of performance and the most efficient search, whereas ordered strategies resulted in the lowest levels of performance and fairly inefficient search. These results are consistent with the notion that retrieval from long-term memory is driven, in part, by search strategies employed by the individual, and that one particularly efficient stra...
Shock splitting in single-phase gases

We consider single-phase gases in which the fundamental derivative is negative over a finite range of pressures and temperatures and show that inadmissible discontinuities give rise to shock splitting. The precise conditions under which splitting occurs are delineated and the formation of the split-shock configuration from smooth initial conditions is described. Specific numerical examples of shock splitting are also provided through use of exact inverse solutions.
Not so sexy in the city: urban birds adjust songs to noise but compromise vocal performance

Anthropogenic noise affects the behavior of a variety of animal taxa around the world. In many taxa, minimum frequencies of acoustic signals increase with ambient noise levels, and males and females respond less strongly to these adjusted signals. Lower response may be due to higher minimum frequencies or to the associated decrease in frequency bandwidth. There is a performance challenge to producing notes rapidly at a wide bandwidth, and any reduction in bandwidth necessarily reduces the performance value. This measure of vocal performance is a trait under sexual selection in many taxa. We investigated the relationship between anthropogenic noise amplitude and male white-crowned sparrow vocal performance in San Francisco, CA. Males on louder territories produced songs at higher minimum frequencies but also with reduced bandwidth and lower vocal performance. These results suggest that behavioral adjustments to anthropogenic noise reduce vocal performance of songs. We conducted playback experiments to test if lower responses to urban songs are due to higher minimum frequencies or to narrower bandwidths. Males responded more strongly to normal than to reduced bandwidth songs, but equally to high- and low-pass filtered songs. Our results therefore suggest that reduced bandwidth and performance—not higher minimum frequency—could be the reason that urban birds are less responsive to songs adjusted for anthropogenic noise. Ultimately, the lower vocal performance of birds on territories with high levels of anthropogenic noise could result in fewer mating opportunities and more challenges in defending their territory.
Risks and Benefits of Pharmacological Prophylaxis for Venous Thromboembolism Prevention in Patients Undergoing Robotic Partial Nephrectomy

Purpose: We investigate the safety and efficacy of pharmacological venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients treated with robotic partial nephrectomy at our center.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively examined our robotic partial nephrectomy database for cases performed between 2006 and 2014. Clinical venous thromboembolism episodes within 6 months from surgery were documented. Patients were stratified according to the administration of pharmacological venous thromboembolism prophylaxis into pharmacological prophylaxis (222) and no pharmacological prophylaxis (762) groups. The groups were compared in terms of perioperative outcomes, complications and adverse hemorrhagic events defined as the administration of 2 or more units of red blood cells, the need for vascular embolization or any procedures related to blood loss.Results: There were no differences between the pharmacological prophylaxis and no pharmacological prophylaxis groups regarding mean operation time, median warm ischemia time and es...
The Study of Electronic Spectra in Crystalline Solid Solutions

Crystalline solid solutions are useful for obtaining electronic spectra of large molecules because the molecular environment is uniform for all solute molecules, thus forming one condition for obtaining narrow lines. At temperatures of 2°K linewidths under 1 cm−1 are often observed. In addition, single oriented crystals give polarization information. The spectra of pyridine, pyrazine, naphthalene, benzoic acid dimer and stilbene in suitable crystalline matrices are presented and analyzed as examples of this method.
Molecular Mechanisms of Lipotoxicity in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing epidemic which affects up to 30 % of the American population. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the more severe form of NAFLD, is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hepatic steatosis, elevated circulating levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) and hepatocyte apoptosis. Because lipid-induced toxicity, or lipoapoptosis, represents a key pathogenic factor for NAFLD, we will focus on the evidence connecting the accumulation of certain lipid types in the liver with the progressive induction of hepatocyte injury and secondary inflammation/fibrosis during the disease. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular pathway of lipotoxicity has both diagnostic and therapeutic implication for the treatment of NAFLD.
Development of Resistance to 2,4-Diamino-5(3'4'-Dichlorphenyl)-6-Methyl-pyrimidine (SK5265) by Streptococcus faecalis.

Summary1. By growing S. faecalis (ATCC 8043) in a liquid medium containing successively higher concentrations of 2,4-diamino-5 (3'4'-dichlorphenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (SK 5265), a thousand fold increase in resistance as evidenced by complete inhibition of growth and a more than two hundred thousand fold increase in resistance as demonstrated by the half maximum inhibition technic has been achieved. 2. No morphologic differences between the sensitive S. faecalis (8043) and the resistant variant could be detected. 3. The resistant organism has lost its requirement for supplementary PGA in Difco Folic Acid Assay Medium and certain other PGA deficient media.
Geography, Race/Ethnicity, and Obesity Among Men in the United States.

The prevalence of obesity in the United States has increased significantly and is a particular concern for minority men. Studies focused at the community and national levels have reported that geography can play a substantial role in contributing to obesity, but little is known about how regional influences contribute to obesity among men. The objective of this study is to examine the association between geographic region and obesity among men in the United States and to determine if there are racial/ethnic differences in obesity within these geographic regions. Data from men, aged 18 years and older, from the National Health Interview Survey were combined for the years 2000 to 2010. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2. Logistic regression models were specified to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between geographic region and obesity and for race and obesity within geographic regions. Compared to men living in the Northeast, men living i...
The identification and analysis of the first-found Salmonella corvallis in Henan province

Objective:To identify and explore a new serotype of Salmonella isolated from the chicken carcass.Methods: In accordance with GB4789.4-2010,the isolated bacteria was carried out salmonella identification and serological typing.Results: The biochemical reactions of the bacteria conformed to that of the Salmonella;the serological classification suggested that the bacteria was Salmonella corvallis.The antigen type of the bacteria was 8,20: Z4,Z23:-.Conclusion: The bacteria was Salmonella with a rare serotype,isolated from chicken in China and reported in Henan province for the first time.
Transgene Flow from Glufosinate-Resistant Rice to Improved and Weedy Rice in China

The development of transgenic rice with novel traits in China can increase rice productivity, but transgene flow to improved or weedy rice has become a major concern. We aimed to evaluate the potential maximum frequencies of transgene flow from glufosinate-resistant rice to improved rice cultivars and weedy rice. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks with three replicates. Experiments were conducted between 2009 and 2010 at the Center for Environmental Safety Supervision and Inspection for Genetically Modified Plants, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China. Glufosinate-resistant japonica rice 99-1 was the pollen donor. The pollen recipients were two inbred japonica rice (Chunjiang 016 and Xiushui 09), two inbred indica rice (Zhongzu 14 and Zhongzao 22), two indica hybrid rice (Zhongzheyou 1 and Guodao 1), and one weedy indica rice (Taizhou weedy rice). The offspring of recipients were planted in the field and sprayed with a commercial dose of glufosinate. Leaf tissues of survivors were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction to detect the presence of the transgene. The frequency of gene flow ranged from 0 to 0.488%. In 2009, the order of gene flow frequency was as follows: weedy rice > Chunjiang 016 > Xiushui 09 and Zhongzu 14 > Guodao 1, Zhongzheyou 1 and Zhongzao 22. Gene flow frequencies were generally higher in 2009 than in 2010, but did not differ significantly among rice materials. Gene flow frequency was the highest in weedy rice followed by the inbred japonica rice. The risk of gene flow differed significantly between years and year-to-year variance could mask risk differences among pollen recipients. Gene flow was generally lesser in taller pollen recipients than in shorter ones, but plant height only accounted for about 30% of variation in gene flow. When flowering synchrony was maximized, as in this study, low frequencies of gene flow occurred from herbicide-resistant japonica rice to other cultivars and weedy rice. Averaged across years, the risk of gene flow to weedy rice was higher than that of improved rice and hybrids. Greater resources must be dedicated to the management of remnant weedy rice in fields planted with herbicide-resistant rice, and to prevent the evolution of resistant weedy rice populations.
2012: The Fingerphone: A Case Study of Sustainable Instrument Redesign

The Fingerphone, a reworking of the Stylophone in conductive paper, is presented as an example of new design approaches for sustainability and playability of electronic musical instruments.
Effects of varying zinc concentrations on quality of alfalfa for lambs.

Zinc concentrations in alfalfa hay were varied using a N-Zn liquid fertilizer as a foliar applicant (.34 or .68 kg Zn/ha) or as a soil fertilizer (4.07 kg Zn/ha). Mean concentrations of Zn across five cuttings of alfalfa in 2 yr were 18, 27, 41 and 21 mg Zn/kg DM for control, low foliar, high foliar and soil treatments, respectively. Each treatment was fed in ad libitum amounts to eight crossbred wether lambs (20 to 35 kg) in 6-wk growth and intake trials, followed by 2-wk digestibility and balance trials with individual lambs. For one cutting, hays were also fed in an 81-d trial to four ram lambs (30 to 35 kg) and live weight gain and testicular development were measured. Average daily gain (ADG) and intake over 6 wk differed (P less than .01) with cutting but not with Zn treatment. Average daily gain and testes weight of ram lambs also were not affected by treatment. In the metabolism trials, Zn treatment did not alter (P greater than .05) intake or dry matter digestibility (DMD) of alfalfa, but did influence digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Digestible NDF (%) was higher (P less than .05) for high foliar than for low foliar treatments. Apparent absorption and retention of Zn was significantly greater for control than for Zn-treated alfalfas and did not differ with cutting. Mean serum Zn concentrations for control, low and high foliar, and soil treatments were .79, .81, .78 and .75 micrograms Zn/ml, respectively, for all cuttings, with no differences due to treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Programming user interfaces using the Nintendo Wii remote: tutorial presentation

The Nintendo Wii gaming console utilizes a 3D user interface device called the Wii Remote, also known as the Wiimote. The Wiimote incorporates a number of buttons for console communication as well as an accelerometer and IR sensor. In addition, the device allows accessories to be attached (such as the Classic Controller and Nunchuck) to extend its capabilities. The Wiimote utilizes the Bluetooth wireless protocol for communicating with the game console. The Wiimote has been used in a wide variety of applications beyond simply acting as a game console interface. Applications range from the seminal work with the Wiimote device by a Carnegie Mellon University researcher involving an interactive whiteboard [1] to the control of a 15 ton construction grapple by an Australian engineering firm [2]. It has become the favorite device with homebrew application developers [3] since interfacing the Wiimote to a PC simply requires a low cost Bluetooth dongle (<$20). In this tutorial we will present an easy to use software framework for utilizing the WiiMote as a PC input device. Building on an existing library [4], we've developed a series of examples that illustrate how the Wiimote may be used as a sophisticated input device. The goal is to provide examples that can be used and extended by students without detailed knowledge of user interface messaging requirements. Examples included in the presentation will be: • Basic Wiimote and Bluetooth setup and "Hello World" applications. • Understanding of control button and sensor inputs including the accelerometer and IR sensors. • Integrating input from external controls including the Classic Controller and Nunchuck. • Developing a classic game using simple sprites. • Developing a gaming environment using OpenGL. Programming examples may be utilized by introductory programming students as well as computer science undergraduates developing unique user interfaces or pursuing an independent study.
Partial anomalous venous drainage of the left upper lobe during a robot-assisted pulmonary resection

Anomalies in pulmonary vasculature are rare; however, the knowledge of the anomal and potential physiological implications for a patient undergoing a thoracic surgery must be understood. We report a case of a 64-year-old female who had a robotic left upper lobectomy for an incidental pulmonary nodule and was found to have a partial anomalous pulmonary vein. We discuss the incidence of pulmonary vein anomalies, associated conditions, and surgical management in patients requiring thoracic surgery.
Understanding Functional and Divisional Organizational Structure: A Classroom Exercise

Most management students have had limited exposure to issues concerning organizational structure. This exercise offers a brief in-class experience of the differences of working in a functional stru...
“Universal Values” and “Chinese Characteristics”: Memory and Chinese Modernity

This chapter expands on the three previous chapters’ findings: how the three sets of social tensions orchestrate collective remembering, in the service of Chinese modernity debate. It starts with the Southern Weekend incident, an online and offline protest initiated by journalists, which pushed the modernity debate to the foreground of Weibo. Chinese modernity is a product of revisiting and reusing the sources of the past on a global scale, since its encounter with the global powers in the mid-nineteenth century. On Weibo, a condensed display of the past 150 years in China has led to a debate between two visions of Chinese modernity. Represented by the discourses of “Chinese characteristics” and “universal values,” which are both nationalistic and looking to the West, the modernity debate has reflected the intensifying conflict between state power and rights of individual citizens, between authoritarian politics and the desire of democratization and constitutionalism. However, this simple dichotomy neglects the complexity and diversity of experiences of the present transitional moment, and the possibility of convergence of the two sides.
HIP AND GLENOHUMERAL PASSIVE RANGE OF MOTION IN COLLEGIATE SOFTBALL PLAYERS.

Background and purpose Range of motion deficits at the hip and glenohumeral joint (GHJ) may contribute to the incidence of injury in softball players. With injury in softball players on the rise, softball related studies in the literature are important. The purpose of this study was to examine hip and GHJ passive range of motion (PROM) patterns in collegiate softball players. Hypothesis It was hypothesized that the position players would exhibit significantly different PROM patterns than pitchers. Additionally, position players would exhibit significantly different side-to-side differences in PROM for both the hip and GHJ compared to pitchers. Study design Prospective cohort study. Methods Forty-nine collegiate softball players (19.63 ± 1.15 years; 170.88 ± 8.08 cm; 72.96 ± 19.41 kg) participated. Passive hip and GHJ internal (IR) and external rotation (ER) measures were assessed. Glenohumeral PROM was measured with the participants supine with the arm abducted to 90 °. The measurements were recorded when the scapula began to move or a firm capsular end-feel was achieved. The hip was positioned in 90 ° of flexion and passively rotated until a capsular end-feel was achieved. Total PROM was calculated by taking the sum of IR and ER for both the hip and GHJ. Results No significant side-to-side PROM differences were observed in pitchers, at the GHJ or hip joint. Position players throwing side hip IR was significantly greater than the non-throwing side hip (p = 0.002). The non-throwing side hip had significantly greater ER compared to the throwing side hip (p = 0.002). When examining side-to-side differences at the GHJ, IR was significantly greater in the non-throwing shoulder (p = 0.047). No significant differences in total range of motion of the hip and GHJ were observed. Conclusion In the current study, position players displayed side-to-side differences in hip and GHJ IR PROM while no statistically significant differences were observed in the softball pitchers. The findings of the current study add to the body of literature related to PROM in throwing athletes, additionally these are the first hip IR and ER PROM data presented in softball players. Level of evidence Level 3.
Satellite monitoring of cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom frequency in recreational waters and drinking water sources

Abstract Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHAB) cause extensive problems in lakes worldwide, including human and ecological health risks, anoxia and fish kills, and taste and odor problems. CyanoHABs are a particular concern in both recreational waters and drinking water sources because of their dense biomass and the risk of exposure to toxins. Successful cyanoHAB assessment using satellites may provide an indicator for human and ecological health protection. In this study, methods were developed to assess the utility of satellite technology for detecting cyanoHAB frequency of occurrence at locations of potential management interest. The European Space Agency's MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) was evaluated to prepare for the equivalent series of Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Colour Imagers (OLCI) launched in 2016 as part of the Copernicus program. Based on the 2012 National Lakes Assessment site evaluation guidelines and National Hydrography Dataset, the continental United States contains 275,897 lakes and reservoirs >1 ha in area. Results from this study show that 5.6% of waterbodies were resolvable by satellites with 300 m single-pixel resolution and 0.7% of waterbodies were resolvable when a three by three pixel (3 × 3-pixel) array was applied based on minimum Euclidian distance from shore. Satellite data were spatially joined to U.S. public water surface intake (PWSI) locations, where single-pixel resolution resolved 57% of the PWSI locations and a 3 × 3-pixel array resolved 33% of the PWSI locations. Recreational and drinking water sources in Florida and Ohio were ranked from 2008 through 2011 by cyanoHAB frequency above the World Health Organization’s (WHO) high threshold for risk of 100,000 cells mL −1 . The ranking identified waterbodies with values above the WHO high threshold, where Lake Apopka, FL (99.1%) and Grand Lake St. Marys, OH (83%) had the highest observed bloom frequencies per region. The method presented here may indicate locations with high exposure to cyanoHABs and therefore can be used to assist in prioritizing management resources and actions for recreational and drinking water sources.
“Making It” Among At-Risk Youth: The Role of the Social Context

A new, interdisciplinary paradigm is emerging in developmental psychology. It includes contextual as well as individual variation and is more consonant with the complexity of adolescent behavior and development than traditional research paradigms. Social problems, such as poverty and racial discrimination, and the ways that young people negotiate adolescence successfully, are objects of research. A research program sponsored by the MacArthur Foundation, that embodies the new paradigm, is described.
A graph-based approach for feature extraction and segmentation of multimodal images

In the past few years, graph-based methods have proven to be a useful tool in a wide variety of energy minimization problems [1]. In this paper, we propose a graph-based algorithm for feature extraction and segmentation of multimodal images. By defining a notion of similarity that integrates information from each modality, we merge the different sources at the data level. The graph Laplacian then allows us to perform feature extraction and segmentation on the fused dataset. We apply this method in a practical example, namely the segmentation of optical and lidar images. The results obtained confirm the potential of the proposed method.
Chapter 10 – Tumor-Targeted Therapy

Abstract With the increase in cancer incidences, developments of precise diagnostic and therapeutic methods have gained further significance. Iron oxide nanoparticles have been used as targeted cancer therapy agents and contrast enhancement agents for targeted cancer diagnosis. In this chapter, we discuss the applications of iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted tumor therapy and as multimodal imaging contrast agents.
Walking performance in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome: the role of obesity and sleep problems

BACKGROUND High prevalence of obesity and features of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are major health issues in individuals with Down syndrome (DS), and both may also affect adversely on their daily activities. Further, lower levels of physical work capacity (PWC) have been reported in this population compared to their peers with intellectual disabilities. However, no study examines the relationships between obesity and sleep problems with PWC in individuals with DS. Thus, this study investigated the influence of body mass index (BMI) and different types of sleep problems on PWC in adolescents and young adults with DS (14-31 years). METHODS The incremental treadmill walking trial was used to assess PWC. RESULTS The negative associations were indicated between BMI and walking steps (p = .03) as well as features with OSA and walking steps (p = .04). Thus, BMI and OSA were included in the regression analysis to estimate the walking steps achieved during walking trials. In addition, Bland-Altman plots demonstrated no overestimation and underestimation of variability in the difference between actual and estimated walking steps developed by using BMI and OSA. CONCLUSIONS Obesity and sleep problem are potentially detrimental to walking performance (i.e., fewer walking steps) in individuals with DS. Thus, individuals with DS may adopt a slow walk speed due to the increased balance deficits and physical fatigue that result from obesity and sleep fragmentation, respectively. Exercise interventions, which have the potential to reduce obesity and OSA, are recommended to improve the accomplishment of PWC in individuals with DS.
Extraction of total RNA from single-oocytes and single-cell mRNA sequencing of swine oocytes.

Analyses of single oocytes are essential for a fine dissection of molecular features governing developmental competence. We adapted the phenol–chloroform procedure for the purification of total RNA from single oocytes. Key modifications include the use of Phasemaker™ tubes, a second chloroform wash of the aqueous phase, and the precipitation of the RNA with glyclogen in a 200 μl micro-centrifuge tube. Assessment of the RNA profile from single oocytes showed distinct peaks for 18S and 28S ribosomal subunits. This approach permitted the extraction of small RNAs from single oocytes, which was evident by the presence of 5S and 5.8S rRNAs and tRNAs around 122–123 nucleotides long. The amplification of polyadenylated RNA resulted in detectable DNA products ranging from ~ 500 to ~ 5000 nucleotides. We used the amplified DNA as template for single-cell mRNA-sequencing of five swine oocytes and quantified the expression levels of 9587 genes with complete coverage of transcripts over 10,000 nucleotides in length. The coverage was similar in all oocytes sequenced, demonstrating consistent high RNA quality across samples. We isolated total RNA from single oocytes and demonstrated that the quality was appropriate for single-cell mRNA-sequencing.
Aspects of Neuropsychological Assessment in Patients with Cerebral Disease

Psychological impairment associated with brain disease takes a great variety of forms, depending primarily on the locus, extent, and nature of the cerebral lesion and secondarily on premorbid characteristics of the patient, e.g., his intellectual level, his personality, and his hemispheric cerebral organization as reflected (imperfectly) in his lateral preference. Assessment of the various forms of behavioral impairment associated with brain disease has a two-fold interest. First, it is of theoretical interest in that it provides data from which inferences about cerebral organization and the functional properties of the different areas of the brain can be made. Secondly, from a practical standpoint, it provides a relatively accurate and unbiased estimate of various aspects of a patient’s behavioral capacity which can aid diagnosis and management in various ways, e.g., in making a judgment about the presence of cerebral disease in the doubtful case, in furnishing a baseline against which future changes in status can be measured, as a guide in rehabilitation, and in providing evidence for focal cerebral disease in the form of specific cognitive, perceptual, or psychomotor deficits.
Retreat Growth in the Ascidian Botryllus Schlosseri: A Consequence of Nonself Recognition

In the genus Botryllus fusion between genetically distinct individuals is controlled by a single genetic locus (or haplotype) with multiple codominantly expressed alleles. Colonies which do not share an allele at this locus reject each other. The outcomes of juxtaposing nonfusible colonies of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri from Monterey, California, were followed in terms of colony rejection and colony vectorial growth in two sets of experiments. In the first, 2–5 subclones were isolated from each of 14 large colonies and experimentally matched to 26 nonfusible pairs. In the second, 50 nonfusible pairs of oozooids were followed for up to one year.
Optimizing carbon storage and biodiversity co‐benefits in reforested riparian zones

Climate change and biodiversity loss are two global challenges that can be addressed simultaneously through reforestation of previously cleared land. However, carbon markets can encourage reforestations that focus on maximizing carbon storage, potentially at the expense of biodiversity conservation. To identify opportunities to optimize reforestation design and management to meet both goals, we examined the forest stand features associated with carbon stocks in biomass and soil, as well as bird abundance and diversity, in remnant and restored riparian forest stands in central California, U.S.A. Within three decades of reforestation, both planted and naturally regenerating riparian forest stands provided significantly greater carbon storage and avian biodiversity benefits compared to baseline conditions. They were also similar to a remnant riparian forest stand. We identified a synergy between carbon storage and biodiversity benefits in their positive associations with understorey cover, but we also identified a trade‐off in their relationships to forest stand density. Biomass carbon stocks were strongly positively related to stand density, while bird density and diversity suffered at the highest stand densities. The variability in understorey cover across forest stands indicates an opportunity for further enhancement of carbon and biodiversity benefits in areas where understorey cover is low, while the variability in stand density suggests an opportunity to re‐examine reforestation goals and consider thinning to achieve those goals. Synthesis and applications. We identified synergies and trade‐offs between carbon storage and biodiversity in their relationships to forest stand features, indicating opportunities to optimize reforestation design and management to achieve multiple goals. Our approach can be adapted to other reforestation efforts intended to simultaneously address the global challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss.
Uncivil Society in Digital China: Incivility, Fragmentation, and Political Stability

Once believed to empower a range of Chinese social actors, the Internet is increasingly linked to expressions of extreme incivility that violate the etiquette and norms of interpersonal and online communication. Moving beyond definitions of civility (or incivility) based on democratic norms of deliberation and reciprocity, this article argues that civility should be reconceptualized as respect for others’ communicative rights, including the right to self-expression in pursuit of social justice. This theoretical modification affirms that civility differs from politeness and allows for contextualized and comparative studies of civility and incivility across regions and polities. In China’s authoritarian online spaces, the state tacitly encourages incivility as a divide-and-rule strategy while masking its uncivil purposes with “civil” appeals for rationality and order in a society characterized by pluralism, fragmentation, and visceral conflict. The result, as contributions to this Special Section illustrate, is a toxic uncivil society in which the space for respectful civil debate is narrowed, the influence of social groups and regime critics is diminished, and state power becomes more concentrated and resilient.
Review of Forward-Head Posture and Vestibular Deficits in Older Adults

Forward-head posture (FHP) is a common postural deviation associated with older age, cervical muscle weakness, poor balance, anteriorly displaced center of mass, increased postural sway and fall risk, impaired cervical proprioception, and possibly vestibular dysfunction. Studies have found increased fall risk in older adults with FHP but have not identified a casual reason for this relationship. This review aims to examine the links between (FHP) and vestibular deficits. While assessment of overall posture, including FHP, is a common component of a physical therapy evaluation, a standardized method of clinical measurement for FHP is lacking. The craniovertebral angle (CVA) appears to be the most reliable method, with FHP defined as less than or equal to 44–53 degrees. Studies where FHP is measured using the CVA appear to be more accurate in identifying associations between this postural deviation and factors that impact postural control in older adults, such as balance and cervical proprioception. Limited studies have found FHP to be associated with duration of clinical symptoms of vestibular disease. FHP also heightens age-related increases in anterior-posterior postural sway. Compelling evidence exists that links FHP with vestibular deficits, increased fall risk, and impaired cervical proprioception. Further research using CVA and a consistent definition of FHP is needed to answer this question and develop clinical practice guidelines.
Phenylpropionic acid-based cyclic prodrugs of opioid peptides that exhibit metabolic stability to peptidases and excellent cellular permeation

Purpose. To evaluate the cellular permeation characteristics and the chemical and enzymatic stability of phenylpropionic acid-based cyclic prodrugs \(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{1} \) and \(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{2} \) of opioid peptides [Leu5]-enkephalin (H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH) and DADLE (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH), respectively.
Anthocyanins and Their Metabolites as Therapeutic Agents for Neurodegenerative Disease.

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are characterized by the death of neurons within specific regions of the brain or spinal cord. While the etiology of many neurodegenerative diseases remains elusive, several factors are thought to contribute to the neurodegenerative process, such as oxidative and nitrosative stress, excitotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein aggregation, and neuroinflammation. These processes culminate in the death of vulnerable neuronal populations, which manifests symptomatically as cognitive and/or motor impairments. Until recently, most treatments for these disorders have targeted single aspects of disease pathology; however, this strategy has proved largely ineffective, and focus has now turned towards therapeutics which target multiple aspects underlying neurodegeneration. Anthocyanins are unique flavonoid compounds that have been shown to modulate several of the factors contributing to neuronal death, and interest in their use as therapeutics for neurodegeneration has grown in recent years. Additionally, due to observations that the bioavailability of anthocyanins is low relative to that of their metabolites, it has been proposed that anthocyanin metabolites may play a significant part in mediating the beneficial effects of an anthocyanin-rich diet. Thus, in this review, we will explore the evidence evaluating the neuroprotective and therapeutic potential of anthocyanins and their common metabolites for treating neurodegenerative diseases.