cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Juvenile Initiation of Keel Bursa Enlargement in Tom Turkeys

Abstract O’NEIL (1943) described the anatomy and architecture of the keel cyst or keel bursa of the domestic fowl to differ considerably from a blister in its anatomical detail. Although O’Neil suggested the term “bursa synovialis presternalis” to be more precise, the terms “breast blister,” “keel cyst” and “keel bursa” are currently utilized to depict the situation encountered with turkeys and chickens. Lucas and Stettenheim (1968) suggest the term sternal bursa (Bursa sternalis). The cause of keel bursa enlargement has been attributed to a wide array of factors. Type, particle size, depth, frequency of addition and dampness of litter have been evaluated by Smith (1956), Bezanson and Stephenson (1958), May and Noles (1966), Stephenson et al. (1960) and Adams et al. (1967). In addition to litter, other types of floor and brooder coverings have been investigated by Koonz et al. (1963) and Adams et al. (1967). Influences of equipment on bursa . . .
Integrated portfolio strategies for dynamic organizations

Technology, mergers and acquisitions, changing workforce demographics, constantly shifting organizational strategies, new ways of working, global competition – all of these factors generate chronic organizational uncertainty. This article focuses on the nature of integrated portfolio strategies (IPS) which companies in North America and Europe have adopted to manage organizational uncertainty. It draws on the developing work on the science of complexity and adaptive strategies to explore issues of standardization and customization, supply chain relationships, knowledge and workplace options. It argues that uncertainty is best met with a diverse set of options that continually emerge and disappear over time in response to changing business conditions.
Comments on "Black Americans in the 21st Century: Should We Be Optimistic or Concerned?"

In “Black Americans in the 21st Century: Should we be Optimistic or Concerned?”, Dr. Angel Harris discusses a number of facts about the myriad gaps in performance between black Americans and white Americans. In what follows, I present evidence that suggests that a combination of race-conscious policies and early-childhood investments should be included in any policy that seeks to reduce the gaps in performance between black Americans and white Americans.
Pulsed Optical and Electron Beam Excitation of Silicon Position Sensitive Detectors

Silicon two dimensional position sensitive detectors were fabricated by ion implantation and their response to pulsed electron beam and optical excitation was determined. The results of measurements of rise time, position resolution, linearity and current gain as a function of electron accelerating voltage are presented. It is shown that the gain-voltage curves are consistent with a model incorporating a thin (?0.5 ?m) dead layer at the surface of the detector.
Biosynthesis of hydroxyphaseollin and related isoflavanoids in disease-resistant soybean hypocotyls

Abstract Phenylalanine-U-14C and isoliquiritigenin-9-14C were readily incorporated into the antifungal pterocarpan hydroxyphaseollin in soybean hypocotyls that were inoculated with incompatible strains of the phytopathogenic fungus Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae. Hydroxyphaseollin accounted for over half of the phenylalanine and isoliquiritigenin incorporated into ethyl acetate soluble compounds. Daidzein, coumestrol, and sojagol were identified as major compounds which accumulated coordinately with hydroxyphaseollin and contained significant amounts of radioactivity from the labelled isoflavanoid precursors. Hydroxyphaseollin was not present in healthy soybean plants and was not detected until ca. 16 hr after inoculation with the fungus. The pterocarpan then accumulated rapidly between 16 and 48 hr after inoculation, while the greatest accumulations of daidzein, coumestrol, and sojagol occurred between 48 and 72 hr after inoculation, when hydroxyphaseollin accumulation had ceased. Although soybean hypocotyls contained the anthocyanin malvin, neither this compound nor any other flavone pathway product was observed to accumulate after fungus-inoculation. The results therefore indicate that the accumulation of hydroxyphaseollin in fungus-inoculated soybean hypocotyls involves the activation of isoflavanoid biosynthesis with 'direction' of metabolic intermediates to biosynthesis of the pterocarpan.
Note on a new computer-oriented approach to molecular mechanics

An improvement is made in computational aspects of a new computer-oriented theory of molecular mechanics. When applied to the water molecule, it yields results which are in complete agreement with experimentation.
Aorta segmentation in non-contrast cardiac CT images using an entropy-based cost function

Studies have shown that aortic calcification is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, aortic calcium assessment can be performed on standard cardiac calcium scoring Computed Tomography scans, which may help to avoid additional imaging studies. In this paper, we present an entropy-based, narrow band restricted, iterative method for segmentation of the ascending aorta in non-contrast CT images, as a step towards aortic calcification detection and pericardial fat quantitation. First, an estimate of the aorta center and radius is obtained by applying dynamic programming in Hough space. In the second step, these estimates serve to reduce the aorta boundary search area to within a narrow band, and the contour is updated iteratively using dynamic programming methods. Our algorithm is able to overcome the limitations of previous approaches in characterizing (i) the boundary edge features and (ii) non-circular shape at aortic root. The results from the proposed method compare favorably with the manually traced aorta boundaries and outperform other approaches in terms of boundary distance and volume overlap.
Distributed sequestration and release of PAHs in weathered sediment: the role of sediment structure and organic carbon properties.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated sediments from Piles Creek (PC) and Newtown Creek (NC) in the NY/NJ Harbor estuary were separated into size fractions and further separated into low ( 1.7 g cm-3) density fractions. The fractionated sediments were characterized for carbon content, pore structure, surface area, and PAH concentration. Most PAHs (50−80%) in both sediments were associated with the low-density fraction, which represents only 3−15% of total sediment mass, at levels greater than expected based on equilibrium partitioning. PC low-density sediment had 10 times greater organic carbon-normalized equilibrium partitioning coefficients (Koc) than the other size fractions and whole sediment. Characterization of the sediment organic matter suggested that the preferential sequestration observed in PC sediment was not correlated with soot carbon but was likely due to the presence of detrital plant debris, an important food source for benthic animals. Fractional PAH d...
Patterns of nutrient uptake by the mammary glands of lactating dairy cows.

Twenty-one multiparous lactating dairy cows with previous 305-d milk production records varying from 5900 to 13,600 kg were used to examine patterns of nutrient uptake by the mammary glands. On d 71 and continuing until d 126 of lactation, animals were injected daily with 40 mg of sometribove (bST group) or bicarbonate buffer (control group). Arterial and venous blood plasma samples were collected over a 12-h period on d 35, 70, 105, and 126 of lactation. Regression equations developed to evaluate linear effects of plasma arterial concentrations on net arterial-venous difference across the mammary glands demonstrated that, for acetate, NEFA, and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, plasma arterial concentration accounted for over 50% of variation in uptake by the mammary glands. Additionally, a sigmoidal equation fitted the relationship between D-beta-hydroxybutyrate plasma arterial concentration and mammary gland uptake (r2 = .70). Triacylglyceride concentration was less effective in predicting uptake (r2 = .25). Administration of bST did not alter patterns of nutrient uptake, but a fourfold increase in NEFA uptake was predicted for bST-treated cows from this study, using NEFA concentrations from the literature. These observations indicate that plasma concentrations of acetate, NEFA, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, and triacylglyceride are major determinants of uptake by the mammary glands. Factors other than plasma concentration, such as mammary gland biosynthetic capacity, availability of other nutrients, and blood flow, determine uptakes of glucose, lactate, and total and free cholesterol (r2 less than or equal to .03).
Car surfing: An underreported mechanism of serious injury in children and adolescents

Abstract Background: Car surfing, in which participants stand on top of a moving vehicle as though it were a surfboard, has been reported as a cause of traumatic injury in only 5 cases in the literature. Over the last 8 years, however, the authors have treated 26 children, primarily adolescents, for injuries resulting from car surfing. This report describes the injuries and outcomes of this potentially underreported mechanism of injury. Methods: Medical records of 26 patients treated for car surfing injuries between 1991 and 1999 were reviewed. Demographics, hospital course, and type and severity of injuries were analyzed. Results: Eighteen boys (69%) and 8 girls (31%) with an average age of 15.7 ± 3.4 years (range, 6 to 22) have presented with injuries related to car surfing. All patients had fallen from the hood, roof, or trunk of a moving motor vehicle, the majority falling from the hood (n = 13; 50%). Injury severity was evaluated using the Injury Severity Scores (ISS; 12.4 ± 6.5), Revised Trauma Score (RTS; 7.5 ± 1.1) and Glasgow Coma Score (GCS; 13.5 ± 3.2). Injury severity was equivalent between boys and girls ( P >.05). Central nervous system injuries predominated, with closed head injuries occurring in 22 (85%) and loss of consciousness in 10 (39%). Skull fractures occurred in 11 (42%) and intracranial bleeding in 9 (35%). Long-term cognitive rehabilitation was necessary in 22 (85%) patients. Three patients (12%) had spinal column fractures, with 2 (8%) suffering permanent paralysis. Two extremity (8%) and 3 (11.7%) pelvic fractures occurred. Most patients (73%) suffered significant skin and soft tissue injuries. Two patients (8%) presented with solid visceral injuries, and 1 child died. Conclusions: Car surfing is an extremely high-risk behavior in children and adolescents that leads to significant morbidity, long-term disability, and is potentially fatal. The incidence of car surfing may be greater than has been reported previously; therefore, prevention programs aimed at discouraging this high-risk behavior in children and adolescents should be considered. J Pediatr Surg 36:232-234. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Amperometric flow-through wire detector: a practical design with high sensitivity

Abstract A flow-through detector is described which is easily constructed at low cost for application to flow-injection analysis, liquid chromatography and continuous stream analysis. The platinum wire indicating electrode is stretched through a narrow channel cut in a glass-filled teflon block, which also holds the reference and auxiliary electrodes. The response of the detector to ca. 10 -5 M iodide and arsenic(III) solutions is compared with theoretical predictions for an annular flow cell under laminar fluid dynamics.
Optical absorption and luminescence of n-irradiated Kbr

Abstract About ten minutes after reactor pneumatic tube irradiation (10–50 sec) of KBr samples, optical absorption and luminescence were studied during heating-cooling cycles. The induced radioactivity acting as an internal source of irradiation is found to play a dominant role and is responsible for some anomalous results.
Platelet abnormalities in asthma and allergy

Abstract Rationale Since hemopoietic mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of allergic disease we examined platelet abnormalities in patients with asthma and allergy. Methods Adults and children with asthma and allergic diseases were studied. Platelet counts, eosinophils and mean platelet volume (MPV) were measured. Allergy tests for aeroallergens were done by skin or in vitro testing. IgE levels were measured using Pharmacia CAP System. Results A total of 111 patients aged 16 months to 76 years were studied. There were 29 children Conclusions Decreased mean platelet volume is present in patients with asthma and allergy. This may be a manifestation of systemic inflammation induced by cytokines. These effects are more pronounced in children and may be related to immaturity of hemopoiesis. The etiology for the low MPV needs to be explored in future studies.
Linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery for acoustic Schwannomas☆

Abstract Purpose: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is currently being investigated for treatment of acoustic schwannomas in patients who are not good surgical candidates. The vast majority of the available data is based on gamma knife-treated patients. We present the largest series of patients treated with linear accelerator-based SRS. Methods and Materials: Thirty-two patients with acoustic schwannomas were treated with SRS between July 1988 and February 1993; follow-up ranged from 4–59 months. Age ranged from 34–88 years (mean, 62 years). The primary presenting symptom was hearing loss in 30 patients and dementia in two patients. Indications for SRS were age > 65 years (17 patients); recurrence after surgery (13 patients); and medical infirmity (two patients). Dose to the periphery of the lesion ranged from 10–22.5 Gy (mean, 15.5 Gy) specified at the 68–90% isodose line (mean, 80%). Collimator size ranged from 12–35 mm (mean, 23 mm), indicating that the sizes of the tumors were significantly larger than those reported in most gamma knife series. Results: Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or computed tomography (CT) scans revealed the following at 1 year: tumor regression, 12 patients (63%); and no change, seven patients (37%). At 2 years, 11 tumors (73%) were smaller and four tumors (27%) were unchanged. At 3 years, seven patients (78%) had experienced tumor regression and two (22%) had no change. No patient experienced tumor progression after SRS. Seven patients (22%) suffered one or more treatment complications: new onset of 5th and/or 7th cranial nerve deficit (six patients), ataxia (two patients), and/or hydrocephalus necessitating VP shunt (two patients). Conclusion: Linear accelerator-based SRS provides excellent short-term local control and a relatively low incidence of complications for acoustic schwannomas. Our data compare favorably with results obtained with gamma knife-based SRS. Additional follow-up will be necessary to evaluate the long-term results of treatment.
Exchange and Superexchange Coupling between Conduction Electrons and d Electrons in Magnetic Materials

An analysis is made of the magnetization of the conduction electrons in a ferromagnetic material induced by their exchange interaction with the $d$ electrons. The problem is set up by using the density matrix, some special properties of which are proved in the Appendix. When this formalism is used, the exchange interaction between a conduction electron and the inner as well as the $d$ electrons associated with a given atom are found as a function of the relative spin orientation of the atom and the conduction electron. The problem is treated for $T\ensuremath{\ll}{T}_{C}$ and for $T\ensuremath{\sim}{T}_{C}$. Results for Fe have been calculated by using the nearly free electron method and the cellular methods. The effect of correlation is taken into account by the Bohm and Pines technique. A magnetization of about ${0.20}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}0}$ per atom is found. An antiferromagnetic coupling is found to be possible between magnetic ions in dilute alloys such as has been found experimentally in Cu-Mn. The mechanism is a superexchange coupling of the magnetic ions through the conduction electrons. A molecular field theory has been worked out for this case on the basis of an antiferromagnetic coupling between the magnetic ions and a ferromagnetic coupling between these ions and the conduction electrons. This theory is found to admit the possibility of an antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic transition. Application of this theory to the Cu-Mn alloys shows that it is unnecessary to assume that the $s\ensuremath{-}d$ exchange interaction is as weak as previously believed. It is, furthermore, suggested that the combination of direct and superexchange interactions between the $4f$ and conduction electrons in the rare earths is responsible for their magnetic properties and in particular is the source of the observed antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic transitions in erbium and dysprosium.
The Social Structure of the World Polity

World polity research argues that modern states are shaped by embeddedness in a network of international organizations, and yet the structure of that network is rarely examined. This is surprising, given that world polity theory implies that the world polity should be an increasingly dense, even, flat field of association. This article describes the social structure of the world polity, using network analysis of the complete population of intergovernmental organizations as it has evolved since 1820. Analysis of the world polity's structure reveals growing fragmentation, driven by exclusive rather than universalist intergovernmental organizations. The world polity has thus grown less cohesive, more fragmented, more heterogeneous, and less “small worldly” in its structure. This structure reflects a recent rise in the regionalization of the world polity.
Using a grass substrate to compare decay among two clades of brown rot fungi

Interest in the mechanisms of wood-degrading fungi has grown in tandem with lignocellulose bioconversion efforts, yet many potential biomass feedstocks are non-woody. Using corn stover (Zea mays) as a substrate, we tracked degradative capacities among brown rot fungi from the Antrodia clade, including Postia placenta, the first brown rot fungus to have its genome sequenced. Decay dynamics were compared against Gloeophyllum trabeum from the Gloeophyllum clade. Weight loss induced by P. placenta (6.2 %) and five other Antrodia clade isolates (average 7.4 %) on corn stalk after 12 weeks demonstrated inefficiency among these fungi, relative to decay induced by G. trabeum (44.4 %). Using aspen (Populus sp.) as a woody substrate resulted in, on average, a fourfold increase in weight loss induced by Antrodia clade fungi, while G. trabeum results matched those on stover. The sequence and trajectories of chemical constituent losses differed as a function of substrate but not fungal clade. Instead, chemical data suggest that characters unique to stover limit decay by the Antrodia clade, rather than disparities in growth rate or extractives toxicity. High p-coumaryl lignin content, lacking the methoxy groups characteristically cleaved during brown rot, is among potential rate-distinguishing characters in grasses. This ineptitude among Antrodia clade fungi on grasses was supported by meta-analysis of other unrelated studies using grass substrates. Concerning application, results expose a problem if adopting the strategy of the model decay fungus P. placenta to treat corn stover, a widely available plant feedstock. Overall, the results insinuate phylogenetically distinct modes of brown rot and demonstrate the benefit of using non-woody substrates to probe wood degradation mechanisms.
MEMS thermal switch for spacecraft thermal control

Small satellites with their low thermal capacitance are vulnerable to rapid temperature fluctuations. Therefore, thermal control becomes important, but the limitations on mass and electrical power require new approaches. Possible solutions to actively vary the heat rejection of the satellite in response to variations in the thermal load and environmental condition are the use of a variable emissivity coating (VEC), micro-machined shutters and louvers, or thermal switches. An elegant way the radiate heat is to switch the thermal contact between the emitting surface and the radiator electrostatically. This paper describes the design and fabrication of an active radiator for satellite thermal control based on such a micro electromechanical (MEMS) thermal switch. The switch operates by electrostatically moving a high emissivity surface layer in and out of contact with the radiator. The electromechanical model and material considerations for the thermal design of the MEMS device are discussed. The design utilizes a highly thermal conductive gold membrane supported by low-conductance SU-8 posts. The fabrication process is described. Measured actuation voltages were consistent with the electrostatic model, ranging from 8 to 25 volts.
Evaluating User-Level Fault Tolerance for MPI Applications

The User Level Failure Mitigation (ULFM) interface has been proposed to provide fault-tolerant semantics in MPI. Previous work has presented performance evaluations of the interface; yet questions related to its programability and applicability remain unanswered. In this paper, we present our experiences on using ULFM in a case study (a large molecular dynamics application) to shed light on the advantages and difficulties of this interface to program fault-tolerant MPI applications. We found that, although ULFM is suitable for applications with work-decomposition flexibility (e.g., master-slave), it provides few benefits for more general (e.g., bulk synchronous) MPI applications.
Decision strategies in neuropsychology II: Determination of age effects on neuropsychological performance

The relationship of age to neuropsychological test performance was explored on the subtests comprising the Halstead-Reitan Battery and allied tests. Performance of 192 pseudo-neurologic control patients across 10-year age intervals from 16 to 65 was analyzed. The findings indicate a strong age-performance effect on spatial and more complex integrative tests with peak performance between 25 to 35 years of age and a decline thereafter. A lack of significant decline was noted on sensory, motor, and language tasks. The findings reveal that there is a curvilinear change in performance as a function of age and were discussed with regard to the obvious need to modify decision strategies to account for the age of the patient.
The receptor mosaic of Aotes trivirgatus: Distribution of rods and cones

The distribution and density of rods and cones have been determined in the temporal retina of the owl monkey Aotes trivirgatus. Rod density varied from 175,000/mm2 in the far periphery to 387,000/mm2 in the area centralis. Cone density was 4000/mm2 in the periphery and 7300/mm2 within the central retinal area. Variation of densities across the retina was continuous but the ratio of rods to cones remained about 50:1 at all locations. The cones are not randomly scattered, but are separated by distances of about 10 mu in central retina and 13 mu in peripheral retina.
Survey studies hydrothermal circulation on the Northern Juan de Fuca Ridge

The circulation of hydrothermal fluid within upper oceanic crust constrains the global composition of seawater and is also responsible for many of the dynamic chemical and biological processes that alter the underlying volcanic rocks that form the sea floor. The heat of crustal formation drives this fluid circulation, and the impact on the overlying ocean is most easily observed at mid-ocean ridge spreading centers. Previous efforts to quantify the heat associated with crustal formation have lacked information regarding the partitioning of thermal energy between discrete, high-temperature vent fields, ubiquitous low-temperature diffuse venting, and the pervasive conductive heat flux through the volcanic rocks.
Initiating Customer Loyalty to a Retailer: A Resource Theory Perspective

Michael Dorsch and Colby Brooks analyze customer loyalty from a resource theory perspective in Chap. 20. More specifically, they examine how resource theory can be used to better understand how retailers may initiate customer loyalty through the investment of the six “Foa resources.” Full-profile conjoint analysis was used to determine whether the resource investments that retailers make to initiate a relationship with first-time shoppers can influence shopper intentions to revisit that retailer to make a product purchase. Findings from their study supported the applicability of social resource theory for understanding customer loyalty. Retailer resource investments were found to influence first-time shopper intentions to revisit a retailer, and first-time shoppers may be segmented in terms of the importance that they place on the resources when deciding to revisit a retailer. Thus, retailers interested in initiating customer loyalty may be recommended to place greater emphasis on the development of customer relationship management programs that incorporate both social (particularistic and symbolic) and economic (universalistic and concrete) resources.
High-throughput method for on-target performic acid oxidation of MALDI-deposited samples

An information-rich on-target performic acid oxidation method, which is compatible with alkylation for differentiation of free cysteine versus disulfide-containing peptides, is described. On-target oxidation is achieved using performic acid vapor to oxidize disulfide-containing peptides and/or small proteins on the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) sample deposits. The on-target oxidation method is preferred over solution-phase oxidation methods because (1) less sample handing is required, (2) oxidation throughput is drastically increased and (3) ion suppression effects are reduced because performic acid is not added directly to the MALDI spot. The utility of this method is demonstrated by simultaneous oxidation of multiple MALDI sample deposits containing model disulfide-linked peptides, intact bovine insulin and a bovine ribonuclease A proteolytic digest. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SUN-1 and ZYG-12, Mediators of Centrosome–Nucleus Attachment, Are a Functional SUN/KASH Pair in Caenorhabditis elegans

Klarsicht/ANC-1/Syne/homology (KASH)/Sad-1/UNC-84 (SUN) protein pairs can act as connectors between cytoplasmic organelles and the nucleoskeleton. Caenorhabditis elegans ZYG-12 and SUN-1 are essential for centrosome–nucleus attachment. Although SUN-1 has a canonical SUN domain, ZYG-12 has a divergent KASH domain. Here, we establish that the ZYG-12 mini KASH domain is functional and, in combination with a portion of coiled-coil domain, is sufficient for nuclear envelope localization. ZYG-12 and SUN-1 are hypothesized to be outer and inner nuclear membrane proteins, respectively, and to interact, but neither their topologies nor their physical interaction has been directly investigated. We show that ZYG-12 is a type II outer nuclear membrane (ONM) protein and that SUN-1 is a type II inner nuclear membrane protein. The proteins interact in the luminal space of the nuclear envelope via the ZYG-12 mini KASH domain and a region of SUN-1 that does not include the SUN domain. SUN-1 is hypothesized to restrict ZYG-12 to the ONM, preventing diffusion through the endoplasmic reticulum. We establish that ZYG-12 is indeed immobile at the ONM by using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and show that SUN-1 is sufficient to localize ZYG-12 in cells. This work supports current models of KASH/SUN pairs and highlights the diversity in sequence elements defining KASH domains.
Empirical modeling of campus-wide pedestrian mobility observations on the USC campus

Mobility is one of the main factors affecting the performance of ad hoc networks. Obtaining realistic mobility models is essential for the proper evaluation of ad hoc protocol performance. In our paper, we develop a hybrid mobility model, by observing the actual movement patterns of people on-campus and then post processing the data to form their spatio-temporal distributions. Our model differs from the synthetic and wireless network trace based models in that the model is empirical in nature and devoid of the restrictions as observed in some of the existing mobility models. Our model has been implemented by a structure similar to that of a finite state machine (FSM), using a tool that operates on our traces to generate another trace file which is readable by the network simulator (NS-2).
2DSIM: A prototype of nanoscopic traffic simulation

This paper reviews and compares car-following and lane-changing logics embedded in some microscopic traffic simulation models, and comments are made on the existing techniques of traffic simulation. Future directions of traffic simulation are identified in three aspects: vehicle modeling, driver modeling, and vehicle movement modeling. To illustrate these ideas, a conceptual model, 2DSIM, is proposed, which consists of a dynamic vehicle sub-model and an intelligent driver sub-model. They are further integrated into a driver-vehicle-environment closed-loop system which constitutes the basic building block of road traffic.
Enhancing Accuracy While Reducing Computation Complexity for Voltage-Sag-Based Distribution Fault Location

A fault-location method for radial distribution systems is proposed in this paper. The proposed method uses voltage and current phasors from feeder root and voltage sags measured at sparse nodes along the feeder, and pinpoints faults to the nearest node. Decision-tree (DT)-based fault segment identification is introduced before the process of node selection to reduce the computational complexity and improve fault-location accuracy. The method has been implemented on a practical distribution system and tested under a large number of fault scenarios. Test results are compared with those from the traditional voltage-sag-based fault-location algorithm using the same inputs, and the conclusion is that the proposed method can achieve more reliable results while maintaining computational simplicity. A quantitative method to suggest the optimal placement of measurement units based on the DT variable importance is proposed at the end.
Biogeochemical and hydrographic controls on chromophoric dissolved organic matter distribution in the Pacific Ocean

Recent in situ observations of chromophoric dissolved organic material (CDOM) in the Pacific Ocean reveal the biogeochemical controls on CDOM and indicate predictive potential for open-ocean CDOM in diagnosing particulate organic matter (POM) remineralization rates within ocean basins. Relationships between CDOM and concentrations of dissolved oxygen, nutrients and inorganic carbon in the subthermocline waters of the Pacific reflect the relative influences of water mass ventilation and water-column oxidative remineralization. Apparent in situ oxygen utilization (AOU) accounts for 86% and 61% of variance in CDOM abundance, respectively, in Antarctic Intermediate Water and North Pacific Intermediate Water. In the deep waters of the Pacific below the zone of remineralization, AOU explains 26% of CDOM variability. The AOU–CDOM relationship results from competing biogeochemical and advective processes within the ocean interior. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is not statistically linked to the CDOM or AOU distributions, indicating that the majority of CDOM production occurs during the remineralization of sinking POM and thus potentially provides key information about carbon export. Once formed in the ocean interior, CDOM is relatively stable until it reaches the surface ocean where it is destroyed by solar bleaching. Susceptibility to bleaching confers an additional tracer-like quality for CDOM in water masses with active convection, such as mode waters that appear as subsurface CDOM minima. In the surface ocean, atypically low CDOM abundance highlights a region of unusually extreme oligotrophy: the subtropical South Pacific gyre. For these hyper-oligotrophic waters, the present CDOM observations are consistent with analysis of in situ radiometric observations of light attenuation and reflectance, demonstrating the accuracy of the CDOM spectrophotometric observations. Overall, we illustrate how CDOM abundance in the ocean interior can potentially diagnose rates of thermohaline overturning as they affect regional biogeochemistry and export. We further show how relative surface ocean CDOM abundances are driven in large part by processes occurring in the deep layers of the ocean. This is particularly significant for the interpretation of the global surface distribution of CDOM using satellite remote sensing.
Family influences on commitment: Examining the family of origin correlates of relationship commitment attitudes

Two studies were conducted to investigate the lessons about relationship commitment that people gain from their families of origin. In the first study, participants identified a story from their families of origin that characterized a number of themes about commitment. In the second study, these themes were further refined to reveal eight factors underlying these themes: dedication to partner, constraints on relationships, relationships are impermanent, disillusionment, family and gender influences, approaching relationships with caution, relationships take work, and divorce has negative consequences. Ratings of the themes varied by the occurrence of parental divorce, perceived parental marital happiness, and gender. Commitment lessons remembered from families of origin also were associated with the participants’ reported level of commitment in their current relationships. Implications for current theory on commitment are discussed.
Inclusion of Racial and Ethnic Minorities in Genetic Research: Advance the Spirit by Changing the Rules?

Genetic research aimed at understanding human health and disease is grounded in the study of genetic variation. The inclusion of research subjects with diverse ancestral backgrounds is essential for genetic and genomic research that fully explores human diversity. Large-scale cohort studies and biobanks in Europe and the United States often do not include the breadth of ethnic and racial diversity observed in their countries' citizens. This article explores the findings of a qualitative study of U.S. scientists' understanding and views of the NIH Policy and Guidelines on the Inclusion of Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research. The findings suggest that the policy restricts how scientists use racial and ethnic categories to define and report their study populations and does little to motivate their efforts to increase the inclusion of non-European ancestral populations in genetic and genomic research.
Book Review: Cosmetic Surgery

Robert T. Grant, Constance M. Chen, eds. Cosmetic Surgery. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. ISBN-10: 0071470794 Cosmetic Surgery , edited by Robert T. Grant, MD, and Constance M. Chen, is a 287-page, soft-cover introductory book primarily written for individuals in training to perform cosmetic surgical procedures. The 19 chapters in the book, which vary in length from four to 28 pages, cover the gamut of cosmetic procedures, including surgical, minimally-invasive, and noninvasive options. They were written by a variety of authors who are plastic surgeons, general surgery residents, or plastic surgery residents. Most are affiliated with the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at New York–Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, or the Weill Cornell Medical Center. The first portion of the book, which covers “Public Perceptions & the Business of Cosmetic Surgery,” is an appropriately brief introduction to this changing field. The concern over the ethics of practitioners of cosmetic procedures, which is overlooked in most books, is captured in the last paragraph, in which the author says, “Education is what distinguishes plastic surgeons from so-called ‘beauty quacks.’ It allows plastic surgeons not merely to cater to market demands but to rise above and perform ethically.” In general, the chapters are informative and easy to read. “Evaluation of the Patient for Cosmetic Surgery” is …
CXC Chemokine Ligand 10 Controls Viral Infection in the Central Nervous System: Evidence for a Role in Innate Immune Response through Recruitment and Activation of Natural Killer Cells

How chemokines shape the immune response to viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) has largely been considered within the context of recruitment and activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes. However, chemokines are expressed early following viral infection, suggesting an important role in coordinating innate immune responses. Herein, we evaluated the contributions of CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) in promoting innate defense mechanisms following coronavirus infection of the CNS. Intracerebral infection of RAG1(-/-) mice with a recombinant CXCL10-expressing murine coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus) resulted in protection from disease and increased survival that correlated with a significant increase in recruitment and activation of natural killer (NK) cells within the CNS. Accumulation of NK cells resulted in a reduction in viral titers that was dependent on gamma interferon secretion. These results indicate that CXCL10 expression plays a pivotal role in defense following coronavirus infection of the CNS by enhancing innate immune responses.
The Best Defense: Counterproliferation and U.S. National Security

The world has moved fundamentally beyond five nuclear (and few chemical and biological) weapons states. The United States must similarly move beyond traditional nonproliferation approaches toward a comprehensive counterproliferation strategy.
Random Walks, Fire Damage Amount and Other Paretian Risk Phenomena

Being one of the oldest branches of operations research, actuarial science has accumulated a substantial store of knowledge about the risks associated with living. The present paper will discuss one such question. Although it is relative to a specific problem of fire casualty, it illustrates more generally why the Paretian distribution of incomes and fortunes should constitute "a source of anxiety for the risk theory of insurance." Very similar mechanisms apply in many other problems.
Global Sourcing and Foreign Knowledge Seeking: A Formal Model and Empirical Analysis

This study examines the antecedents of firm global sourcing choices, focusing on the role of foreign knowledge seeking in this context. We develop a formal model showing that firms that invest in f...
Requiem for the Prevention of Genocide in Our Time: Working toward an Improbable Possibility but Not Giving Up

In response to the question “Can genocide in our world be stopped to a significant extent,” I answer “yes.” I propose an International Peace Army (IPA) sponsored by a world government that operates rationally, based on verified news reports and scientific assessments, to respond to mass murders that are in the beginning stages or threats that are gathering. It is very improbable, however, that genocide in our world will be stopped to a significant extent. Global society is not ready to launch an IPA: humankind is still largely governed by totalitarian magic/faith ideological modes, world government is still too much a theater of power seeking, and human beings are still too immoral—that is, they are not committed resolutely to Life over Death for all people. Nonetheless, we cannot afford to give up. Our developing field of genocide studies needs to emphasize efforts at prevention much more. Even if these turn out to be our flailing end-of-species efforts, for me the effort to stop genocide is what gives g...
A technique for reducing rectifier reverse-recovery-related losses in high-power boost converters

A circuit technique that reduces the boost power converter losses caused by the reverse-recovery current of the rectifier is described. The losses are reduced by inserting an inductor in the series path of the boost switch and a rectifier to control the di/dt rate of the rectifier during its turn off. The energy from the inductor after the boost switch turn off is returned to the input or delivered to the output via an active snubber.
Constructing scientific arguments with user collected data in nomadic inquiry

Mobile devices now enable students to engage in nomadic inquiry as they collect large amounts of data from the environment to answer scientific questions. To support them with constructing scientific arguments, we created CogniBits: a system designed for tablet devices that scaffolds students through creating scientific arguments with user-collected data. The system was iteratively designed with two students and seeks to address the additional challenges these opportunities bring to science inquiry.
Hyperstability and adaptive filtering

Recently, results from the area of system identification concerning the concept of system hyperstability have been applied to the analysis of adaptive filtering configurations. In particular, this analysis tool has allowed the development of a family of convergent adaptive recursive digital filtering algorithms, where the use of conventional gradient analysis techniques had proven insufficient. This correspondence provides a somewhat informal explanation of hyperstability analysis as might be useful to the adaptive signal processing community, and clarifies its implications and limitations.
Construction analysis of rainwater harvesting systems

We present the results of a simulation to assess the optimal design characteristics of rainwater harvesting systems to be used in a semi-arid region of the United States. The simulation leverages a stochastic, non-parametric rainfall generator based on 64-years of daily historical data. The assumption of non-stationarity of rainfall is also thoroughly investigated for this paper. Of specific interest to this simulation was the estimate of roof capture space and cistern capacity required for a 100% reliable system capable of supporting family sizes of two or three for a 30-year time horizon. Considerations included rainfall supply, system capture efficiency, household occupancy, as well as individual demand variation. The optimal design characteristics in terms of roof surface area and cistern volume necessary for 100% reliability are presented using two response surface plots and separate multiple regression modeling based on expected occupancy.
Characterization of oncocytes in deep esophageal glands.

Summary Deep esophageal glands play a vital role in the protection and regeneration of the esophageal mucosa. Conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett's esophagus have been associated with a change in the usual glands by oncocytic metaplasia. However, little is known regarding the function of oncocytes or the relevance of this metaplastic change in the human esophagus. We hypothesized that oncocytes of deep esophageal glands also express markers characteristic of a ductal epithelial phenotype because similar oncocytes have been described as part of large ductal epithelial cells in salivary glands. We used immunohistochemical stains to define structural, functional, proliferative, and potential stem/progenitor characteristics of oncocytes. Oncocytes did not express mucins or lysozyme C, two molecules found in mucous cells and used for antimicrobial defense. Oncocytes did not express CK5, a cytokeratin found in myoepithelial cells and basal epithelial cells, but expressed CK7, a cytokeratin found in intralobular ductal epithelial cells and luminal epithelial cells of the main duct. Oncocytes expressed cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and sodium/potassium ATPase, ion channels that play a role in bicarbonate secretion. Membrane-bound beta-catenin was detected in oncocytes, but these cells did not express the proliferative marker Ki67. Approximately, a third of oncocytes expressed SOX9 and p63, transcription factors expressed in epithelial progenitor cells in multiple organs. Moreover, oncocytes expressed CD44, a transmembrane Glycoprotein expressed in cancer stem cells. Taken together, our data show that oncocytes express markers of intralobular ductal epithelial cells and luminal epithelial cells of the main duct. Additionally, our observations suggest that oncocytes act as epithelial progenitor cells and play a role in bicarbonate secretion. Since oncocytic metaplasia is associated with conditions of chronic acid injury, it is possible that oncocytes replace the mucous cells in deep esophageal glands (dEG) as an adaptive change to counteract injury from acid reflux. The marker characterization suggests that oncocytes may originate from transdifferentiation of myoepithelial and mucous cells. This transdifferentiation might lead to an overall decrease of mucins production and secretion by the dEG and a subsequent reduction of the protection conferred by the viscoelastic mucous layer.
Federalism and the Safety Net: Delinkage and Participation Rates

Since the enactment of welfare reform legislation in 1996, the federal government and the states have emphasized putting the needy to work and reducing caseloads. Simultaneously, however national policymakers delinked eligibility for cash assistance from eligibility for other safety-net benefits. Contrary to stated policy, though, this delinkage has led to declining participation in the case of Food Stamps and health-insurance programs for low-income children. We highlight four factors that states must shape if they are to narrow this gap between policy promise and program performance byfostering higherparticipation. We show how ourfocus intersects with enduring questions of American federalism-the level of state commitment to redistributive programs, their capacity to implement these programs effectively, and the degree to which states can augment governing capacity by becoming more genuine laboratories of democracy.
Small-Scale Wave Breaking: A Widespread Sea Surface Phenomenon and Its Consequence for Air–Sea Exchanges

Abstract Features of observed radar sea returns are interpreted to provide evidence of widespread small-scale wave breaking over the sea surface. These breakings can extensively disrupt aqueous thermal and diffusion sublayers, greatly modifying present formulations on air–sea exchanges of heat and mass.
A Desktop Tensile Kolsky Bar for the Dynamic Testing of Metallic Foils

A miniature tension Kolsky (split-Hopkinson) bar has been developed to facilitate measurement of the uniaxial stress–strain constitutive response of metallic foils at strain rates on the order of 104 s−1. The system utilizes a cylindrical launch tube with an internal striker to generate the loading pulse. This launch tube set-up allows for the use of traditional disk shaped pulse shapers which may be required to ensure that the specimen in deformed under force equilibrium and at a nearly constant strain rate. Unlike most traditional Kolsky bar systems, incident and transmitted bars with rectangular cross-section are used to facilitate specimen and strain gage mounting. The rectangular bar cross-section also provides a reduced cross sectional bar area when compared to an equivalent diameter circular section which increases the system sensitivity. The system was used to perform dynamic tests on 99.9 % magnesium specimens, illustrating the ability to measure the high-rate response of ductile metals under equilibrium and constant strain rate conditions.