cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER): Sensor design, performance, and lessons learned

The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument, a 10-channel infrared (1.27 - 16.9 μm) radiometer, was launched on the TIMED (Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) satellite in December 2001 from Vandenburg Air Force Base. SABER is being used to measure earthlimb emissions and to characterize infrared radiation, allowing calculation of cooling rates and determination of composition and temperature profiles in the mesosphere, lower thermosphere, and ionosphere (60-180 km). The SABER telescope is an on-axis Cassegrain design with a picket-fence tuning fork chopper at the first focus and a clamshell re-imager to focus the image on the focal plane. The telescope was designed to reject stray light from the Earth and atmosphere outside the instrument's instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV). The baffle assembly contains a single-axis scan mirror, which permits the 2 km vertical IFOV of each detector to be scanned from the Earth to a 400 km tangent height. The telescope and baffle assembly are cooled to 220 K by a dedicated radiator. The focal plane assembly is cooled to 75 K by a miniature cryogenic refrigerator. Field programmable gate arrays are used to implement state machine algorithms for control and operation of the instrument and subsystems. Although originally designed for a two-year lifetime requirement, the SABER instrument has been in continuous operation since January 2002. This paper discusses the SABER instrument design and innovations developed to achieve the required performance, along with instrument performance and lessons learned from the program.
Aberrant expression of interleukin-1β and inflammasome activation in human malignant gliomas.

Objective Glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant form of primary brain tumor with grave prognosis. Mounting evidence supports that chronic inflammation (such as chronic overactivation of IL-1 system) is a crucial event in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. IL-1 also is an important cytokine with species-dependent regulations and roles in CNS cell activation. While much attention is paid to specific anti-tumor immunity, little is known about the role of chronic inflammation/innate immunity in glioma pathogenesis. In this study, we examined whether human astrocytic cells (including malignant gliomas) can produce IL-1 and its role in glioma progression. Methods We used a combination of cell culture, real-time PCR, ELISA, western blot, immunocytochemistry, siRNA and plasmid transfection, micro-RNA analysis, angiogenesis (tube formation) assay, and neurotoxicity assay. Results Glioblastoma cells produced large quantities of IL-1 when activated, resembling macrophages/microglia. The activation signal was provided by IL-1 but not the pathogenic components LPS or poly IC. Glioblastoma cells were highly sensitive to IL-1 stimulation, suggesting its relevance in vivo. In human astrocytes, IL-1β mRNA was not translated to protein. Plasmid transfection also failed to produce IL-1 protein, suggesting active repression. Suppression of microRNAs that can target IL-1α/β did not induce IL-1 protein. Glioblastoma IL-1β processing occurred by the NLRP3 inflammasome, and ATP and nigericin increased IL-1β processing by upregulating NLRP3 expression, similar to macrophages. RNAi of annexin A2, a protein strongly implicated in glioma progression, prevented IL-1 induction, demonstrating its new role in innate immune activation. IL-1 also activated Stat3, a transcription factor crucial in glioma progression. IL-1 activated glioblastoma-conditioned media enhanced angiogenesis and neurotoxicity. Conclusions Our results demonstrate unique, species-dependent immune activation mechanisms involving human astrocytes and astrogliomas. Specifically, the ability to produce IL-1 by glioblastoma cells may confer them a mesenchymal phenotype including increased migratory capacity, unique gene signature and proinflammatory signaling.
Lactic dehydrogenase. I. Kinetics

Abstract Equations for the evaluation of kinetic constants in two substrateenzyme systems are derived and applied to the system lactic dehydrogenase-pyruvate-DPNH2. It is inferred that non-competitive inhibition results from adsorption of inhibitor on the enzyme site normally occupied by a second substrate which undergoes no measurable concentration change.
Imprinting: Its Effect on the Response to Stress in Chicks

Young chicks imprinted to surrogate mothers were compared with nonimprinted controls on two tests designed to measure resistance to stress. Half of each group was run with and half without a surrogate present during the stress. One test involving survival time under starvation showed no effects. However, in the other test, imprinted chicks showed fewer distress calls in response to auditory stimulation than nonimprinted controls.
An examination of the developing cotton fiber: Wall and plasmalemma

The ultrastructure of developing cotton fibers has been examined using novel modifications of the techniques of surface replication, freeze-etching and thin-sectioning. The fiber surface was found to be coated with a lamellar cuticle, which is stretched and thinned as the fiber elongates. It is marked by bars which run parallel with the fiber long axis. Beneath the cuticle, the outermost microfibrils of the primary wall lie parallel with the fiber axis, while those adjacent to the plasma membrane are transverse. Primary wall microfibrils are present in bundles, disposed in left-handed and right-handed helices, which correspond with the fibrils observed optically. Microfibrils within bundles form in-phase waves, with wavelengths and amplitudes in the ranges 0.3–7 μm and 0.01–0.1 μm in primary and secondary walls respectively. As elongation proceeds bundles become displaced towards the cell axis. Microfibrils of the secondary wall, disposed around the cell as fast helices, are similarly bundled and wavy (though with a reduced amplitude). In surface-replicas, large (20–30 nm) granules are present on the cytoplasmic face of the wall which probably correspond with 20–40 nm low prominences visible on freeze-etch EF plasma membrane fracture faces. It is proposed that these may be microfibril-synthesizing centers. Plasma membranes fracture such that the membrane-associated-particles segregate 60∶40 between P and E fracture moieties, but the prominence and total number of these particles is reduced at the stage of secondary wall formation as compared with primary wall formation. Beneath the plasmalemma the axes of microtubules parallel secondary wall microfibril orientation. Cross-bridges, which stain heavily after glutaraldehyde/tannic acid fixation, link microtubules to plasma membrane. The use of butyl benzene to cement fragments of cotton fibers, employed in this work, may prove useful in other freeze-etch studies of long fibers which are readily ruptured during preparation.
Simultaneous occurrence of atrial myxoma and mucinous carcinoma of the colon. A common ‘mucinous pathway of carcinogenesis’?

Simultaneous occurrence of atrial myxoma and mucinous carcinoma of the colon. A common ‘mucinous pathway of carcinogenesis’?
Out of Sync and Unaware? Exploring the Effects of Problem Frame Alignment and Discordance in Community Collaboratives

In an effort to deal with complex community issues in a more comprehensive and cohesive manner, communities have increasingly created locally based interorganizational entities, referred to here as community collaboratives. Community collaboratives are comprised of representatives from multiple organizations and public agencies who meet regularly for the purpose of identifying and implementing strategies for improving their community's response to a specific issue of public concern. This article explores the role of problem frames and perceptions of problem frame alignment among members of community collaboratives. Specifically, this study uses an innovative combination of social network analysis methods and hierarchical linear modeling to explore how differences in the extent to which stakeholders view themselves in alignment with other members and how much they are perceived to be in alignment by other members effects the outcomes of the collaborative as a whole. Findings are based on data from members of 48 different domestic violence community collaboratives. Results suggest that the presence of stakeholders who are perceived to be philosophically out of sync by other stakeholders with regards to their understanding of domestic violence but do not acknowledge this apparent disconnect can negatively impact the effectiveness of the collaborative over and above the impact associated with the general degree of alignment in the collaborative. Implications of results for public and nonprofit organizations seeking to provide leadership in promoting the effectiveness of community collaboratives are discussed.
Habitat use by bluegill in laboratory pools: where is the refuge when macrophytes are sparse and alternative prey are present?

In northern clear-water systems, bluegill, Lepomis macrochira, select habitats based on relative reward rates and risk of predation. However, because freshwater systems to the south are often turbid, and their resident fish species different, bluegill habitat use patterns may differ from those found in northern clear-water systems. Here I examine the effects of elimination of the inshore macrophyte refuge (an indirect effect of turbidity), and decreased pelagic predation rates on bluegill due to the presence of gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum, in laboratory pools. Bluegill used depths ≤ 20 cm more often with largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, than without them; the presence of a preferred alternate prey, gizzard shad, did not affect this behavior. Though bluegill did not alter their habitat use in response to bass activity, they did school more as predator activity increased. Even in the presence of a preferred alternate prey without macrophytes, bluegill continue to use shallow ‘littoral’ areas to avoid predation.
Coaching the coach.

The role of the couch in prepared childbirth is evaluated and discussed. Then guidelines for assessing the performance of the couch are specified, and instructions und suggestions for supporting the coach are given.
Epicardial Substrate and Outcome With Epicardial Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia

Background— Efficacy of endocardial ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia may be limited by epicardial VT, right ventricular thickening, or both. We sought to characterize the endocardial versus epicardial substrate, measure right ventricular free wall thickness, and determine epicardial ablation efficacy in patients with right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia. Methods and Results— Thirteen consecutive patients (3 female; aged 43±15 years; range, 17 to 70 years) undergoing endocardial and epicardial sinus rhythm voltage mapping and epicardial VT ablation after failed endocardial VT ablation were included. In each patient, the low bipolar voltage area ( 10 mm in 6 of 13 patients compa...
A physical explanation for multiple-cell classes after centrifugation in colloidal silica gradients.

Abstract When cells of Dictyostelium discoideum were centrifuged to density equilibrium in linear gradients of colloidal silica (Ludox), approximately 40 discrete bands appeared. This suggested that there could be at least 40 different cell types. A similar result was found for formalinized red blood cells and plastic bends. Isolated bands of cells rebanded faithfully in new gradients and band spacing depended upon gradient steepness. However, the cell bands resulted from microscopic modifications in the linear gradients of Ludox caused by centrifugation. When the gradients were analyzed in the analytical ultracentrifuge, absorbance scans revealed that cell bands coincided with “bands” of Ludox, which formed even without cells. Evidence ruling out other possible causes for cell bands is presented. Additionally, procedures which avoid this condition are described.
Transition-metal dopants for extending the response of titanate photoelectrolysis anodes

Abstract Photoelectrolysis of water with doped TiO2 and SrTiO3 electrodes is reported. Dopants used are transition metals V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, as well as Al. The response to visible light is greatest at Cr, then decreases across this period of elements, being absent in Co, Ni and Al. Hydrogen and oxygen generation are observed with Cr-doped TiO2 under visible light excitation. Ultraviolet light response decreases with the dopants in reverse order, being highest for Al and lowest for V. An explanation is given in terms of the minority carrier diffusion length,1which is calculated for samples with each of the dopants.
A parameterized model for the evolution of isotopic heterogeneities in a convecting system

It is experimentally shown that, although steady convective flows are efficient means to heterogeneity within a single cell, they do not produce a dispersal of heterogeneous material over scales that are large by comparison to their depth, which requires that the flow be time-dependent on a time scale comparable to the overturn time. Convection in an internally heated layer does possess this property, and numerical solutions are presently used to study the way in which it disperses a set of neutrally bouyant particles initially confined to a small space. The derived concept of effective diffusivity is applied to the isotopic evolution of the Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr systems, with spatial variations generated by horizontal variations in degree of melting 1.8 billion years ago.
Using Aberration-Corrected STEM Imaging to Explore Chemical and Structural Variations in the M1 Phase of the MoVNbTeO Oxidation Catalyst

We report results of aberration-corrected STEM imaging of the orthorhombic Ml phase in the MoVNbTeO selective oxidation catalyst prepared using two different solution techniques. Atomic coordinates and cation site occupancies for both sample preparations are compared with a previously reported Rietveld-based model for this structure. The high angle annular dark-field (HAADF) images from the two preparations varied significantly only in the occupancy of the heptagonal channels. The Ml sample prepared under ambient conditions exhibited partial occupancy, whereas the hydrothermally prepared sample had heptagonal channels that were primarily vacant. Compared to the Rietveld model, both the atomic positions and the occupancies were found to be consistent, with the exception of the Mo4 and the two Te sites. The Mo4 site shows a lower HAADF intensity than expected, suggesting that appreciable V content may be present, whereas both Te sites had low Te occupancy as compared with the refined model, likely due to e-beam sublimation. Z-contrast imaging may become a valuable tool for rapidly obtaining initial model parameters for the Rietveld refinement of complex structures.
Advances in three-dimensional reversible photonic modules for phased-array control

Novel three dimensional multichannel high speed N-bit switched grey-scale optical amplitude and phase control modules are described. These modules rely on high speed binary on/off optical switches arranged in serial cascaded architectures with preset optical attenuation and/or phase settings provided by relatively slow speed but programmable optical devices and passive polarization optics. Modules have both collinear in-line and non-collinear symmetrical optical designs to improve optical signal stability and minimize optical path difference delays, respectively. These modules can be used for analog microwave and millimeter wave signal processing applications such as array antenna beam steering, beam nulling and adaptive beamforming operations.
Insulin delays platelet accumulation in injured cerebral microvessels of diabetic and normal mice

Pial arterioles of mice were injured by exposure to a noxious light/dye stimulus and resultant accumulation of platelets at the damaged site was monitored in vivo. When normal mice were injected with insulin 2 hr before damaging the arterioles, the accumulation of platelets was significantly delayed, but single injections of even higher doses failed to alter accumulation in mice with streptozotocin diabetes. When diabetic mice were placed on a schedule of daily injections of ultra lente insulin until normoglycemic, the treatment significantly delayed the accumulation of aggregating platelets in damaged vessels.
Work and Welfare as Determinants of Female Poverty and Household Headship

This paper formulates and estimates a model of the determinants of female household headship. Headship responds to variations in the levels of well-being a woman can expect if she marries or if she heads her own household. [The authors] measure the opportunity cost of female headship and the effects of welfare benefits and womens work in the market on female headship and poverty. [They] find that if welfare benefits were reduced there would be small reductions in the proportion of women heading households for whites and nonwhites but a substantial increase in poverty for nonwhites. [They] also find that wives work in the market reduces poverty and female headship for nonwhites and reduces poverty but increases headship for whites. The study is based on 1975 U.S. data. (EXCERPT)
A sequential test of performance (STOP) for all-or-none learning data

A procedure is developed using the binomial test for the sequential criterion testing of all-or-none learning data. The sequential test is accompanied by a format for gathering the data which generates a graphic profile of S’s performance over trials. Comparison of an index of problem difficulty provided by the Sequential Test of Performance (STOP) with a more commonly used index, the number of correct responses in a fixed block of trials, produced a high linear relationship between the two measures with the STOP method showing a savings in trials run of over 40%.
Power spectral analysis of mammographic parenchymal patterns

Mammographic density and parenchymal patterns have been shown to be associated with the risk of developing breast cancer. Two groups of women: gene-mutation carriers and low-risk women were included in this study. Power spectral analysis was performed within parenchymal regions of 172 digitized craniocaudal normal mammograms of the BRCA1/BRCA2 gene-mutation carriers and those of women at low-risk of developing breast cancer. The power law spectrum of the form, P ( f )= B / f β was evaluated for the mammographic patterns. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the performance of exponent β as a decision variable in the task of distinguishing between high and low-risk subjects. Power spectral analysis of mammograms demonstrated that mammographic parenchymal patterns have a power-law spectrum of the form, P ( f )= B / f β where f is radial spatial frequency, with the average β values of 2.92 and 2.47 for the gene-mutation carriers and for the low-risk women, respectively. A z values of 0.90 and 0.89 were achieved in distinguishing between the gene-mutation carriers and the low-risk women with the individual image β value as the decision variable in the entire database and the age-matched group, respectively.
Large electronic D-C motor drives in industry

THE TREND IN INDUSTRY is toward the wider use of adjustable-speed drives. An endless list of processes and conditions suggest the reasons for this trend. A piece of material — it may be a strip of steel or a web of cloth or paper — may pass in continuous flow from one machine to another with each machine doing some work in the material. There will be different kinds of materials, changes in physical properties, and changes in size during processing, all of which will require adjustable speed if processing is to be uniform and if high quality is to be maintained.
Entre la cotidianeidad, el placer y la fuga: fragmentos narrativos de una transición

Tanto la reflexion cultural bajo la dictadura como aquella surgida durante el proceso de transicion han nutrido una literatura que indaga los limites del lenguaje en relacion con las diversas experiencias vividas bajo los regimenes dictatoriales del cono sur. La produccion literaria de Andrea Maturana (Chile, 1969) no es ajena a dichos fenomenos. Desde sus primeros cuentos, esta escritora dio cuenta de escenarios vitalmente atomizados donde los demas eran, precisamente, los bordes tangibles y cotidianos de experiencias sociales tan traumaticas como insolubles. Esa atomizacion vital no solo se deja leer como una respuesta a un medio agresivo sino, ademas, como el anverso de un individualismo reducido a apologia en los discursos publicos. En ese contexto, los encuentros, roces y danos mutuos narrados por Maturana delinean personajes surgidos y disueltos al ritmo de una percepcion situada, acotada y regulada de lo cotidiano. Alli, sus historias surgen indicando la fragilidad de las nociones mismas de tiempo, memoria y proyectos respecto de una experiencia individual que no precisa de ellas al interior de una comunidad donde reconocer y reconocerse en los demas exige cautela. A veces solo se trata de experiencias reducidas a espacios minimos donde la incertidumbre deriva de un acoso totalizador que diluye cualquier nocion de limites. Como consecuencia, la interpelacion al otro constituye una forma de resistencia a un medio hostil a la vez que la posibilidad de imaginar juntos alguna idea de comunidad sujeta al escrutinio publico y a la sospecha. Bajo esta perspectiva, analizo uno de sus relatos y lo hago a partir de la relacion de uno de sus momentos textuales con el contexto mas general de una sociedad en transicion. La nocion que ordena mi lectura es la de fuga, concebida no solo como mecanismo de sobrevivencia sino como experiencia de placer dentro de un orden represivo y cultural cargado por la sospecha. [excerpt]
OPTI: a Measure of Children's Optimism

A measure of young children's generalized tendency to expect positive or negative outcomes (Optimism-Pessimism Test Instrument : OPTI) is described. Descriptive data and evidence for the measure's reliability for first- and second-grade children are provided. Validity is assessed by the measure's relationship to several other measures of personality constructs. Moderate but significant correlations were found between OPTI and attitude toward school, self-concept, delay of gratification, and locus of control. These significant correlations suggest that the meaning of such personality dimensions may be clarified by further examination of their relationship to a generalized expectancy for positive or negative outcomes. The OPTI measure could be a useful research tool in such investigations.
IgE antibody to Aspergillus fumigatus recombinant allergens in cystic fibrosis patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Background: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by a heightened Th2 CD4+ T-cell response to Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) allergens and a hyper-immunoglobulin E (IgE) state compared with cystic fibrosis patients without ABPA. The IgE serologic differentiation of ABPA from atopic CF patients can be difficult. We propose as the reactivity with purified antigens varies qualitatively and quantitatively and that the antibody response is more specific than with crude Af antigen extract, the IgE responses to purified recombinant Af allergens may differentiate ABPA from atopic CF patients. Methods: Serum IgE reactivity to seven recombinant purified allergens and to a crude extract of Af was measured in 15 ABPA, in 23 Af skin test positive (ST+), and in 19 Af skin test negative (ST−) CF patients. Four of the ABPA CF patients were studied before and after developing ABPA. Nine ABPA patients were studied during flares and remissions of ABPA. Results: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis patients had significantly increased IgE reactivity to Asp f2, f3, f4, f6, and f16 compared with the Af ST+ and ST− non-ABPA CF patients. In the ABPA patients studied before and after developing ABPA, IgE reactivity also increased to Asp f2, f3, f4, and f6, and to the crude extract. In ABPA CF patients, IgE reactivity to Asp f1, f2, f3, and f6 significantly increased during periods of ABPA flares compared with periods of remission. Analysis of the receiver operating curve demonstrated that IgE reactivity to Asp f3 and f4 gave the best sensitivity and specificity and were better than IgE reactivity to a crude extract of Aspergillus. Furthermore, in ABPA patients studied during periods of remission the IgE reactivity to Asp f3 and f4 remained significantly elevated compared with Af ST+ non-ABPA patients. The IgE responses when considered either to be positive or negative to Asp f3 and f4 significantly differentiated ABPA from Af ST+ and ST− non-ABPA CF patients. In contrast, IgE reactivity was considered positive to the crude extract in 89% of ABPA, 61% of Af ST+, and 0% of Af ST− non-ABPA CF patients. Conclusions: Immunoglobulin E reactivity to a panel of purified Af allergens, especially to Asp f3 and f4, differentiates ABPA from atopic Af ST+ non-ABPA CF patients. Serial determinations of IgE reactivity to individual purified Aspergillus antigens, especially Asp f3, demonstrates that increases in IgE reactivity may provide improved distinction between stages of flares and remission compared with changes in IgE reactivity to a crude Aspergillus extract.
Dimensions of the I-E Scale and their Relationship to Other Personality Measures

The 46 alternatives in the original 23-item forced-choice format of the I-E scale were administered in a Likert agree-disagree format. The intercorrelations of the 46 alternatives were subjected to a principal components analysis. A varimax rotation of four factors yielded four subscales comparable to those reported by Collins (1974): Belief in a difficult world, a just world, a politically responsive world, and a predictable world. Subjects' responses were factor scored and correlated with five measures: Skill-chance task preference, an achievement test, a political efficacy test, the Mach V scale, and a Just World scale. The pattern of correlations suggested that the difficult world factor, and to a lesser extent the predictable world factor, are relatively general in that they related to most of the five scales. The political world factor related only to (a) political efficacy and (b) Mach V (among males only), and appeared to be more specific in nature. The correlation with the Mach-V suggested that e...
Neurospora crassa 1,3-α-glucan synthase, AGS-1, is required for cell wall biosynthesis during macroconidia development.

The Neurospora crassa genome encodes two 1,3-α-glucan synthases. One of these 1,3-α-glucan synthase genes, ags-1, was shown to be required for the synthesis of 1,3-α-glucan in the aerial hyphae and macroconidia cell walls. 1,3-α-Glucan was found in the conidia cell wall, but was absent from the vegetative hyphae cell wall. Deletion of ags-1 affected conidial development. Δags-1 produced only 5 % as many conidia as the WT and most of the conidia produced by Δags-1 were not viable. The ags-1 upstream regulatory elements were shown to direct cell-type-specific expression of red fluorescent protein in conidia and aerial hyphae. A haemagglutinin-tagged AGS-1 was found to be expressed in aerial hyphae and conidia. The research showed that 1,3-α-glucan is an aerial hyphae and conidia cell wall component, and is required for normal conidial differentiation.
Evaluation of Primary Carcinoma of the Lung and Survival Rate after Curative Resection in a Large City Hospital

Between January, 1956, and December 30, 1960, 1191 patients with possible bronchogenic carcinoma were admitted to the Kings County Hospital Center. A positive diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma was established in 440 (36 per cent) of these patients. An additional 32 patients were found to have pulmonary adenomata, mesatheliomata and miscellaneous tumors. The incidence of bronchogenic carcinoma
Measurement techniques used in the optics workshop.

Measurement techniques used in the optics workshop often are complex and demanding. Characteristics considered are flatness, parallelism, angularity, curvature, length, and surface quality. Types of measuring equipment common to the workshop and their relative accuracies are discussed. The present usage of the Kosters prism as a workshop measuring device is also discussed.
Presidents of the United States on Leadership

This study analyzes US presidential statements on leadership since Franklin Roosevelt. Results indicate that presidents define leadership as visionary, goal oriented, moral, principles based, a responsibility, and a search for the common good. Such definitions typically involve the world of ideas and ideals, which seems to lean more toward a more passive leadership role. However, presidents frequently complement these definitions with discussions of what leaders do, clearly establishing leadership as active rather than passive. Such discussions most often focus on decision making in leadership and the necessity of persuasion to facilitate decisions once made. Finally, presidents emphasize the reciprocal nature of leadership and the necessity of collaboration in leading, particularly given the ultimate importance of and focus on people. This idea of leadership typifies a western/Anglo understanding of leadership not always consistent with other cultural definitions.
Differential expression, alternative splicing, and adhesive properties of the zebrafish δ1-protocadherins

Protocadherins comprise the largest family within the cadherin superfamily of cell surface receptors. Here, we characterize the δ1-protocadherin subfamily during the development of the zebrafish nervous system. In zebrafish, there are five δ1-protocadherins: pcdh1a, pcdh1b, pcdh7a, pcdh7b, andpcdh9. Each protocadherin gene is highly homologous to its human ortholog. While the expression pattern in the developing CNS is similar for each δ1-protocadherin, with labeling observed in all major subdivisions, the detailed patterns are distinct. In addition, we provide evidence for alternative splicing of the pcdh7b and pcdh9 genes, resulting in variation in their respective cytoplasmic domains. As protocadherins are widely regarded to act as cell adhesion molecules, we used in vitro assays of δ1-pcdh ectodomains to directly test their adhesive properties. We found no evidence for calcium-dependent, homophilic adhesion, contrasting sharply with the behavior of classical cadherins.
Integrating Physical Sciences Perspectives in Cancer Research

Cancer research integrated a physical sciences perspective through team science, which fostered communication, trust, joint publication, and open access to data.
Knowledge about various contraceptive methods in young women with and without eating disorders

Objective: To determine if young women with eating disorders (EDs) have altered views about the risks/benefits of different forms of birth control than the general population. Method: Data was collected using a cross-sectional, survey-based study of postmenarchal women aged 13–25 years with a diagnosed ED (n 5 50) or no history of disordered eating patterns (n 5 57). Results: Despite having a higher level of education (p 5 0.04) and no differences in sexual history (p 5 0.16), ED patients were less knowledgeable than controls about the health risks and benefits, effectiveness in preventing HIV, and effectiveness in preventing pregnancy of various methods of birth control (p 0.05). Discussion: ED patients may be incorrectly presumed to be asexual while working on recovery; physicians may need to take extra time to educate ED patients about their personal risks of unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and the benefits that different methods of contraception can provide.
IDENTIFICATION OF ARACHNOID CYSTS IN THE QUADRIGEMINAL CISTERN USING ULTRASONOGRAPHY

The ultrasonographic findings in three small breed dogs with intracranial arachnoid cysts are described. Ultrasound images were obtained via the foramen magnum, temporal window and persistent bregmatic fontanelle (when possible). In transverse, dorsal and sagittal transcranial ultrasound images there was marked dilation of the lateral ventricles and a well-defined, oval to triangular-shaped an-echoic area between the caudal aspect of the occipital lobes, dorsal to the midbrain, and rostral to the cerebellum. These findings were consistent with a diagnosis of concurrent hydrocephalus and an arachnoid cyst within the quadrigeminal cistern.
Isovector radiative decays and second-class currents in mass 8 nuclei

The total isovector $M1$ radiative width of the 16.6-16.9 MeV doublet in $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ to the broad first excited state has been measured via the $^{4}\mathrm{He}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, \ensuremath{\gamma})$ reaction to be 6.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.53 eV. Angular distributions at the 16.6 and 16.9 MeV resonances have been measured and determine the isovector $E2$ to isovector $M1$ mixing ratio to be $\ensuremath{\delta}[(\frac{E2, T=1)}{(M1, T=1)}]=0.19\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$. A comparison of these results with recent $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ angular correlation measurements of $^{8}\mathrm{Li}$ and $^{8}\mathrm{B}$ is consistent with predictions of the conserved vector current theory and the absence of a second-class induced tensor form factor.
Resistance to retroviral infection in transgenic and bone marrow chimeric mice containing Fv4-env-expressing hematopoietic cells.

Abstract Mice and chickens that inherit certain retroviral envelope genes are resistant to infection with related retroviruses. Previously, we described two transgenic mouse strains bearing a retroviral envelope gene, Fv4, that confers resistance to infection with ecotropic retroviruses (T. I. Limjoco et al. , 1993, J. Virol. 67, 4163-4168). Here, we present results with these and an additional transgenic strain that show that (1) the level of resistance is correlated with level of expression of the transgene, (2) low-level expression of the transgene is associated with an unexpected and possibly immune-mediated phenotype of recovery from viremia, (3) resistance can be transferred by bone marrow transplantation and is "dominant" in chimeras containing mixtures of transgenic resistant plus control bone marrow, and (4) transplantation after infection with Friend Virus is much less effective than transplantation before infection. We discuss the implications of these results for gene therapy of retroviral infection.
Play the winner for phase II/III clinical trials

In comparing two treatments under a typical sequential clinical trial setting, a 50-50 randomization design generates reliable data for making efficient inferences about the treatment difference for the benefit of patients in the general population. However, if the treatment difference is large and the endpoint of the study is potentially fatal, it does not seem appropriate to sacrifice a large number of study patients who are assigned to the inferior arm. An adaptive design is a data-dependent treatment allocation rule that sequentially uses accumulating information about the treatment difference during the trial to modify the allocation rule for new study patients. In this article, we utilize real trials from AIDS and cancer to illustrate the advantage of using adaptive designs. Specifically we show that, with adaptive designs, the loss of power for testing the equality of two treatments is negligible. Moreover, the study patients do not have to pay a handsome price for the benefit of future patients. We also propose multi-stage adaptive rules to relax the administrative burden of implementing the study and to handle continuous response variables, such as the failure time in survival analysis.
Effects of catechins and low temperature on embryonic development and hatching in Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita

Mimics of two natural influences, a chemical similar to one present in cyst nematodes and low temperature exposure of nematode eggs, were evaluated for their effects on quantitative and qualitative features of embryonic development and hatching. The polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), an analogue of a compound found in nematode cysts, reduced hatch from both Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita eggs. Reduction was by 22.7% in H. glycines and 68.5% in M. incognita at 14 days after exposure to 1.0 mM EGCG. Significant reductions in hatch were observed at 7 days after exposure in H. glycines eggs, and as early as 5 days in M. incognita. Half-maximal percentage hatch was delayed by 0.6 days in H. glycines and 1.1 days in M. incognita (16.2 and 18.3%, respectively). Decreased hatch was associated primarily with an increase in unhatched, but viable, second-stage juveniles (J2). Hatch levels could be completely restored by day 14 in both species if EGCG was replaced with water on day 3. Replacement on day 7 partially restored hatch in M. incognita but was not effective in H. glycines. Inhibition of chitinase activity by EGCG suggests one factor in J2 retention in the egg. Exposure to low temperature decreased hatch by ca 50% in both species but without accumulation of unhatched J2. This stage peaked on day 3 in H. glycines-treated eggs, and on day 7 in M. incognita. However, response to low temperature in each species was characterised by developmental arrest at the first-stage juvenile.
Isolation and functional characterization of snail hemocyte-modulating polypeptide from primary sporocysts ofSchistosoma mansoni

Abstract Infection with larval trematodes has been shown to inhibit several snail-host defences, including hemocyte phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, motility, and adherence. Certain plasma factors which mediate snail defence responses, and which may be produced by host hemocytes, also appear to be altered by these parasites. In this study we present protocols for the isolation of 2 proteins from larvalSchistosoma mansoni excretory-secretory (ES) products and detail the effects of these components onBiomphalaria glabrata hemocyte protein synthetic/secretory (S/S) activity. Schistosome ES proteins, separated with a combination of membrane ultrafiltration, size exclusion, and ion exchange chromatography, were tested for their in vitro effect on cultured snail hemocytes, in the presence and absence of homologous plasma. A high-molecular-weight ultrafiltration fraction of parasite ES products (H30), in combination with plasma, was found to differentially affect susceptible (M-line) and resistant (10-R2) snail hemocytes. Secretion of metabolically labeled polypeptides by M-line cells was inhibited significantly while the S/S response of 10-R2 hemocyte polypeptides was not affected. In the absence of homologous plasma, little or no differential affects of ES polypeptides on hemocyte S/S activity was seen. Much of the inhibitory activity of H30 was attributable to a partially purified fraction, Peak I (PkI), of ES products. Evidence suggests that, in its native state, PkI is a high-molecular-weight protein aggregate comprising subunits of approximately 22–24 kDa. Thus, PkI, in the presence of homologous plasma components, is a potential mediator of schistosome-induced suppression of polypeptide synthesis or secretion in hemocytes of susceptible snails. In combination with other parasite and host factors, PkI may be involved in the host-parasite interaction which leads to the state of susceptibility or resistance found in our strains ofB. glabrata.
Lateral habenula neurons signal errors in the prediction of reward information

Humans and animals value information that can help them predict future events. Here, the authors test whether the value of information is encoded in the same way as the value of rewards. They find signals in the lateral habenula that could provide a common instructive signal for reward-seeking and information-seeking behavior.
Small-angle intraocular light scatter: a hypothesis concerning its source

The crystalline lens makes a major contribution to intraocular light scatter, yet the responsible structural features have not been identified. A hypothesis is presented that implicates the fiber architecture of the ocular lens in small-angle scatter, this being the only part contributing to the associated reduction in vision. The main evidence supporting this hypothesis is a calculation of light scatter by a model lattice of fibers simulating the fiber lattice of the ocular lens. The results agree well with the angular dependence of measured intraocular scatter and for reasonable parametric values, agree also with the measured magnitude.
In situ analysis of estrogen receptor mRNA expression in the brain of female rats during pregnancy

Estrogen's action in specific brain regions, particularly the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN), is necessary for the onset of maternal behavior in the pregnant female rat. There is an increase in estrogen binding in the MPN during pregnancy, and it has been hypothesized that this increase is part of the mechanism by which the brain is readied to support estrogen-dependent maternal behavior. This experiment determines whether an alteration in the levels of estrogen receptor mRNA precedes the increase in estrogen binding to its receptor. Using in situ hybridization, estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA levels were measured in specific brain regions in females on day 8, 16 or 22 of pregnancy or on postpartum day 1 or in non-pregnant females. ER mRNA levels are significantly higher in the MPN in females on day 8 of pregnancy compared with non-pregnant females or with females on day 16. In the ventromedial nucleus, which is important for estrogen's role in postpartum sexual receptivity, there was an increase in ER mRNA levels on day 22 of pregnancy compared with day 16 of pregnancy. These results suggest that ER levels may increase in specific, behaviorally relevant brain regions at critical times during pregnancy through regulation of ER mRNA levels.
The Mnemonic Value of Orthography for Vocabulary Learning

In 2 experiments, the authors examined whether spellings improve students' memory for pronunciations and meanings of new vocabulary words. Lower socioeconomic status minority 2nd graders (M = 7 years 7 months; n = 20) and 5th graders (M = 10 years 11 months; n = 32) were taught 2 sets of unfamiliar nouns and their meanings over several learning trials. The words were defined, depicted, and embedded in sentences. During study periods, students were shown written forms of 1 set but not the other set. Spellings were not present during word recall. Results of analyses of variance showed that spellings enhanced memory for pronunciations and meanings compared to no spellings (ps < .01). Better readers and spellers increasingly outdistanced poorer readers and spellers in remembering pronunciations over trials when spellings accompanied learning (p < .05), suggesting a Matthew effect. An explanation is that spellings activated graphophonemic connections to better secure pronunciations and meanings in memory. Results indicate that orthographic knowledge benefited vocabulary learning and diminished dependence on phonological memory. Instructional implications are that teachers should include written words as part of vocabulary instruction and that students should pronounce spellings as well as determine meanings when they encounter new vocabulary words.
Mixing Characteristics of Coaxial Injectors at High Gas to Liquid Momentum Ratios

A study of the spray of a swirl coaxial gas-liquid injector operating at high gas to liquid momentum ratios is reported. Mixing and droplet size characteristics of the swirl injector are also compared to a shear coaxial injector, currently being used in the Space Shuttle Main Engine fuel preburner. The injectors were tested at elevated chamber pressures using water as a LOX simulant and nitrogen and helium as gaseous hydrogen simulants. The elevated chamber pressure allowed for matching of several of the preburner injector conditions including; gas to liquid momentum ratio, density ratio and Mach number. Diagnostic techniques used to characterize the spray included; strobe back-light imaging, laser sheet spray imaging, mechanical patternation, and a phase Doppler interferometry. Results thus far indicate that the radial spreading of the swirl coaxial spray is much less than was reported in previous studies of swirl injectors operating at atmospheric back-pressure. The swirl coaxial spray does, however, exhibit a smaller overall droplet size which may be interpreted as an increase in local mixing.
Plasma channel flows: Electro-fluid dynamic jets

The present work builds on the success of a dielectric barrier discharge driven plasma channel by exploring an electrode configuration that directly actuates the bulk fluid minimizing jet impingement and viscosity related losses. Influence of several electrical and physical parameters including electrode materials are experimentally investigated. Results indicate significant variation of performance with these parameters and suggest that in comparison to surface dielectric barrier plasma actuator driven flows, at least an order of magnitude improvement in efficiency is possible. The jet produced from this plasma channel configuration allows greater versatility for applications in boundary layer flow control and internal flows.
Repetitive hot-press approach for performance enhancement of hydrogen fuel cells

Abstract For Nafion 212-based PEM fuel cells assembled with gas diffusion electrodes, two stage hot-press with conditioning or hydration between presses was found to improve performance and to allow the cell to sustain higher current densities. Testing refuted additional time as a driving factor for increased performance and the optimal hot-press time of 3 min from literature is confirmed. The two-stage hot-press process is shown to decrease ohmic resistance and to increase performance by a greater factor for Nafion 212 than Nafion 115. Tafel plots are constructed to focus on kinetics and give insight into the behavior of each membrane. Gains from hot-press and sequential hot-pressings are shown to be largely due to the suppression of kinetic overpotential. A correlation between water content and fuel cell performance in hot-press processes indicates that excessive hot-press limits the water content of a membrane, lending further support to an existence of an optimal hot-press time.
CFD-Based Design Improvement for Single-Phase and Two-Phase Flows Inside an Electrical Submersible Pump

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is widely used to simulate fluid flows in turbomachinery. A detailed CFD study was performed to enhance the design of an electrical submersible pump (ESP) manufactured by Baker Hughes. The pump has a special patented impeller design enabling it to handle up to 70% gas volume fraction (GVF).A CFD-based design study was performed on the ESP diffuser (for the first time) to improve the pump’s performance and reduce losses. The CFD model was initially validated using experimental results. Different designs were simulated to reach the optimum design. Many factors affect pump performance, including flow separation losses in the stator (such as the number of blades, the meridional profile of the pump and the shape of the stator blades). In addition, a non-uniform flow while exiting one stage affects the rotor performance of the next stage. Therefore, improving the diffuser design improves the current stage performance as well as the performance of the next rotor. In this study, improved designs show that optimizing the stator design can increase the static pressure of the pump by 4% for single-phase flow, and 23% for two-phase flow in the simulated cases.Copyright © 2013 by ASME