cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A load-dependent transmission friction model: theory and experiments

Mechanical transmission dynamics are a major source of motion disturbances and prospective instability in feedback. To overcome this problem, feed-forward compensation is often added to the control algorithm requiring an accurate friction model. A load-dependent friction model based on a wedge-like planar transmission is presented. The effects of load dependence, backlash, and tooth preload can be incorporated into the model. Derivation of the model is presented together with the results of experiments performed on a worn gear drive and a discussion of how the data fits the model. >
Evolution of the Deep Impact flash: Implications for the nucleus surface based on laboratory experiments

The Deep Impact flyby spacecraft obtained high-speed images of the evolving impact event. Multiple exposures captured a self-luminous impact flash, caused by the heating and vaporization of the cometary surface. Laboratory investigations show that target conditions affect the photometric and spatial evolutions of the impact flash; thus, the flash can be used to constrain the state of the target if the other initial impact conditions are known. Through comparisons of DI flash observations to laboratory impact experiments, the impact flash evolution can be used to determine the type of impact that occurred and to interpret the nature of the impacted Tempel 1 surface. The Deep Impact flash was of relatively long duration, though its luminous efficiency was an order of magnitude lower than expectations. Both uprange and downrange self-luminous plumes were observed. Comparisons of the DI observations with the results of laboratory experiments suggest that the surface of Tempel 1 contains silicates, volatiles, and carbon compounds, and is a highly-porous substrate.
Preliminary results in experimental identification of 3-DOF coupled dynamical plant for underwater vehicles

Underwater vehicle control research is presently limited by the availability of explicit experimentally validated plant models. We report an experimentally identified 3 degrees of freedom (DOF) coupled non-linear finite-dimensional plant model for the Johns Hopkins remotely operated vehicle (JHUROV) for the forward, lateral, and heading degrees of freedom. We report the parameter estimation methodologies of total least squares (TLS), ordinary least squares (OLS), and their underdetermined variants. We report that in general TLS is superior to OLS when error exists in all data. We report a 3-DOF coupled non-linear finite-dimensional plant of an underwater vehicle estimated by TLS and compared to the same plant identified by OLS by comparing the mean absolute error between the velocity profile of a numerical simulation and the experimental velocity. We report that the TLS estimate of the parameter model including a fully parameterized quadratic drag performed best overall in cross validation and that in general TLS estimate performs better then OLS estimate. Our goal is to enable the development of new model based controllers capable exact position and velocity trajectory tracking of the forward, lateral and heading DOFs.
Hierarchies of adaptive experts

In this paper we present a neural network architecture that discovers a recursive decomposition of its input space. Based on a generalization of the modular architecture of Jacobs, Jordan, Nowlan, and Hinton (1991), the architecture uses competition among networks to recursively split the input space into nested regions and to learn separate associative mappings within each region. The learning algorithm is shown to perform gradient ascent in a log likelihood function that captures the architecture's hierarchical structure.
Shark meal as a protein supplement in chick rations.

Abstract SHARK meal is a relatively new protein supplement of high nitrogen content, the production of which has been reviewed briefly in a previous publication by Marshall and Davis (1946). The output of this by-product of the shark fishing industry has increased to considerable proportions during the last six years. Some of this shark meal has gone into poultry rations. Many investigators have reported on the nutritive value of fish meals as protein supplements in poultry rations, but little work has been published on the evaluation of shark meal as a protein source for poultry. Since sharks, class Chondrichthyes, whose skeletons are cartilaginous, are a different class of animals from the bony fishes, class Osteichthyes (Hyman, 1942), information was needed on the feeding value of shark meal as a protein supplement in rations for growing chicks. The efficiency of dogfish shark meals processed by different methods was studied by Rhian, Carver . . .
Adaptive multisensor data fusion for acoustic emission source localization in noisy environment

This article proposes an adaptive multisensor fusion algorithm for acoustic emission source location in isotropic plate-like structures in noisy environments. Overall, the approach consists of the ...
The densification of rigid PVC dry blend during fusion

The mechanism of fusion of suspension PVC rigid dry blend in low-shear processing involves the compaction, densification, intergrain fusion, and elongation of the grains. Using a “zero-length” capillary, the entrance pressure loss was measured for dry blend at various stages of fusion. The initial decrease in the entrance pressure loss curve during processing is related to the fusion of the primary particle agglomerates. The consequences of the entrance pressure loss decrease on the rate of melting during extrusion are discussed.
Regeneration in echinoderm larvae.

The ability of echinoderms to regenerate missing body parts has been a subject of interest to scientists for many years. Asexual reproduction (by fission or budding) is a phenomenon that involves regeneration of missing structures. Although asexual reproduction and regeneration have been the focus of many studies in adult echinoderms, there have been comparatively fewer studies examining these phenomena in echinoderm larvae, and most of these have been conducted in the last few years. In this article we review regeneration in larval echinoderms. We also discuss larval asexual reproduction.
The Impact of Writing Style on Compliance with Instructions.

Advice for writers of business communication implies that certain stylistic conventions will contribute to the effectiveness of that communication. The case for improved readability and comprehensi...
The Copernicus ultraviolet spectral atlas of Beta Orionis

An ultraviolet spectral atlas is presented for the B8 Ia star Beta Orionis, which has been scanned from 999 to 1561 A by the Princeton spectrometer aboard the Copernicus satellite. From 999 to 1420 A the observations have a nominal resolution of 0.05 A. At the longer wavelengths the resolution is 0.1 A. The atlas is presented in graphs. Lines identified in the spectrum are also listed.
TESTING THE ROBUSTNESS OF MANAGEMENT DECISIONS TO UNCERTAINTY: EVERGLADES RESTORATION SCENARIOS

To effectively manage large natural reserves, resource managers must prepare for future contingencies while balancing the often conflicting priorities of different stakeholders. To deal with these issues, managers routinely employ models to project the response of ecosystems to different scenarios that represent alternative management plans or environmental forecasts. Scenario analysis is often used to rank such alternatives to aid the decision making process. However, model projections are subject to uncertainty in assumptions about model structure, parameter values, environmental inputs, and subcompo- nent interactions. We introduce an approach for testing the robustness of model-based management decisions to the uncertainty inherent in complex ecological models and their inputs. We use relative assessment to quantify the relative impacts of uncertainty on scenario ranking. To illustrate our approach we consider uncertainty in parameter values and uncertainty in input data, with specific examples drawn from the Florida Everglades restoration project. Our examples focus on two alternative 30-year hydrologic management plans that were ranked according to their overall impacts on wildlife habitat potential. We tested the assumption that varying the parameter settings and inputs of habitat index models does not change the rank order of the hydrologic plans. We compared the average projected index of habitat potential for four endemic species and two wading-bird guilds to rank the plans, accounting for variations in parameter settings and water level inputs associated with hypothetical future climates. Indices of habitat potential were based on projections from spatially explicit models that are closely tied to hydrology. For the American alligator, the rank order of the hydrologic plans was unaffected by substantial variation in model parameters. By contrast, simulated major shifts in water levels led to reversals in the ranks of the hydrologic plans in 24.1-30.6% of the projections for the wading bird guilds and several individual species. By exposing the differential effects of uncertainty, relative assessment can help resource managers assess the robustness of scenario choice in model-based policy decisions.
Comparison of prednisolone, vincristine, methotrexate and 6‐mercaptopurine vs. 6‐mercaptopurine and prednisone maintenance therapy in childhood acute leukemia: A southwest oncology group study

The study was designed to compare the relapse rate and toxicity of intermittent prednisone, oncovin (vincristine), methotrexate, and 6-mercaptopurine (POMP) vs. 6-mercaptopurine daily and a prednisone pulse every three months (PIP) for maintenance therapy in acute leukemia. Children with acute lymphoblastic, acute undifferentiated, or acute stem-cell leukemia were stratified on the basis of initial leukocyte count and age, then randomly assigned to POMP or PIP maintenance therapy. All patients received cranial irradiation and intrathecal chemotherapy. Of the 67 patients receiving POMP maintenance, 20 (30%) remain in continuous remission. The median length of continuous remission achieved with POMP therapy was 49 weeks. Of 80 patients receiving PIP maintenance, 25 (31%) remain in remission. The median length of continuous remission for PIP was 62 weeks. Of the possible prognostic factors evaluated, the only significant factor was the prognostic grouping base in age and initial leukocyte count. Prognostic group I contained the patients with the longest duration of remission. The POMP regimen was associated with a higher incidence of toxic reactions, frequently causing therapy interruption. The results for both regimens as studied are inferior to those for 6-mercaptopurine-methotrexate maintenance regimens as reported by others.
Island Coalescence Induced Substructure Within GaP Epitaxial Layers Grown on (001), (111), (110) and (113) Si

GaP islands grown on selected surfaces of Si and their coalescence behavior have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. These layers were grown by chemical beam epitaxy. A number of significant observations emerge from this study. First, planar defect formation has been shown to be related to stacking errors on the smaller P-terminated {111} facets of GaP islands. Amongst the four orientations, (111) epilayers have a higher density of stacking faults and first order twins because of more P-terminated {111} facets per island. Second, multiple twinning on exposed {111} facets can produce tilt boundaries and irregular growths when islands coalesce. Third, inversion domain boundaries lying on {110} planes have been shown to form during GaP island coalescence across monatomic steps on (001) Si. Image simulations have been performed to show that these boundaries can be seen in high resolution lattice images and the observed contrast is attributed to the presence of wrong Ga-Ga and P-P bonds at the inversion boundary.
The efficacy of preoperative 5-fluorouracil, high-dose leucovorin, and sequential radiation therapy for unresectable rectal cancer.

Background. The encouraging results seen in patients who received postoperative combined modality therapy in the adjuvant setting have prompted increased interest in preoperative combined modality therapy for patients with unresectable rectal cancer. The authors report the local control and survival of a previously reported Phase I dose escalation trial of combined preoperative 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), high-dose leucovorin (LV), and sequential radiation therapy followed by postoperative LV–5-FU for the treatment of patients with unresectable rectal cancer. Methods. Twenty patients (13, primary and 7, recurrent disease) received LV–5-FU for one cycle. Radiation therapy (5040 cGy) began on day 8. A second cycle of LV–5-FU was given concurrently with week 4 of radiation. Six patients received intraoperative brachytherapy. Postoperatively, the patients received LV–5-FU. The pathologic complete response rate was 20%, and 89% underwent a complete resection with negative margins. Results. The crude local failure rate was 26%, and the 3-year actuarial local failure rate was 29% (95% confidence interval [CI],±8.94%). The crude abdominal and distant failure rates were 40% and 30%, respectively. The 3-year actuarial disease-free survival was 64% (95% CI,±6.75%), and the overall survival was 69% (95% CI,±7.65%). Conclusions. These preliminary data revealed encouraging local control and survival rates. Preoperative combined modality therapy is an attractive approach in patients with unresectable rectal cancer.
Reduced Number of Neurons in Esophageal Plexus Ganglia in Down Syndrome: Additional Evidence for Reduced Cell Number as a Basic Feature of the Disorder

Four patients with Down syndrome and 3 age-matched control patients were studied by a microdissection technique to investigate the number of neurons in the ganglia of the deep submucous and Auerbach plexuses of the esophagus. The mean number of neurons per ganglion of the deep submucous plexus in Down patients was 69% of the control value, and the value for the Auerbach plexus was 75% of control number. These findings may explain esophageal dysfunction, common in Down syndrome, and support a proposal that a biochemical "signal" relating to chromosome 21 determines the number and sizes of certain cell types.
Female Exstrophy: Failure of Initial Reconstruction and its Implications for Continence

ABSTRACTPurpose: Bladder exstrophy is a rare malformation affecting only 1 female out of every 5 patients. In the female initial closure is combined with reconstruction of the outer genitalia, and urinary continence can be achieved by some girls without the need for later bladder neck reconstruction. We evaluated the management and outcome of failed initial closures in the female exstrophy population.Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective database review of patients with the exstrophy complex. Females with classic bladder exstrophy with failure of initial closure were identified. Age at initial closure, use of osteotomies, reasons for failure and number of closures, as well as definitive treatment and long-term outcomes were evaluated.Results: Of 71 females with classic bladder exstrophy 14 had failure of initial closure. Of these patients 1 had undergone initial closure at our institution and 13 were referred for reclosure. Mean followup was 6.5 years (range 3 to 12) and mean age was 10 year...
A ΔΣ CMOS ADC with 80-dB dynamic range and 31-MHz signal bandwidth

A new ΔΣ modulator architecture is proposed that shapes DAC mismatches in a manner similar to quantization noise shaping, allowing operation with low oversampling ratios and compact logic. The concept is demonstrated in a fourth-order cascaded system running at a clock frequency of 500 MHz and digitizing input frequencies as high as 31 MHz with 80-dB dynamic range. Fabricated in 90-nm CMOS technology, the prototype provides a peak signal-to-(noise+distortion) ratio of 70 dB at 31 MHz while consuming 140 mW from a 1.2-V supply.
Howard J. Lucas. A pioneer in the introduction of the teaching of physical organic chemistry at the college and university level of elementary organic chemistry

Virtually all recent textbooks for elementary organic chemistry courses now offer substantial components of physical organic chemistry, an emerging discipline first known by that name in 1940. It may come as a surprise to learn of an elementary textbook using many physical principles was published in 1935 by Howard J. Lucas of the California Institute of Technology. A comparison will be made of the subject matter of the Lucas book with two highly respected texts of about the same period, written by Paul Karrer and Louis and Mary Fieser.
Reactivity of Bisulfite With a Number of Pharmaceuticals

Although bisulfite is presently widely employed as an antioxidant in preparations containing drugs which readily autoxidize; the antioxidant itself, according to the study described, undergoes reaction with a number of these compounds. Results of the present investigation show that sympathomimetic and other drugs which are para- or ortho-hydroxybenzyl alcohol derivatives react with bisulfite to yield corresponding sulfonic acid derivatives. Both amino and nitrobenzyl alcohols similarly conjugated (e. g., chloramphenicol) also appear to be subject to similar reactions. The resulting sugonic acids seem to possess little or no activity.
Use of intracoronary ultrasound to identify the "true" coronary lumen in chronic coronary dissection treated with intracoronary stenting.

Abstract Plaque fracture, intimai flaps and medial dissections resulting from coronary angioplasty can be readily identified using high-frequency intracoronary ultrasound. 1 Tissue and atheroma characterization using intracoronary ultrasound also may allow identification of structural abnormalities and stenoses not readily apparent using standard angiographic methods. 2,3 We report a case in which intracoronary ultrasound was used to identify the "true" coronary artery lumen in a patient with a severe coronary dissection and a double-lumen coronary 6 months after apparently successful balloon angioplasty. Correct identification of the true coronary lumen using intracoronary ultrasound allowed successful intracoronary stent placement and obliteration of the false channel.
The cortisol response in policemen: intraindividual variation, not concentration level, predicts truncal obesity.

Objectives Chronic stress, characteristic of police work, affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis' control of cortisol production. Capacity to vary cortisol may be the appropriate measurement to interpret associations with chronic diseases, including obesity, best measured by variability within a person, not central tendency. Methods On each of 217 policemen, 18 saliva specimens were obtained for cortisol. Statistical models examined the associations of within-subjects (W-S) cortisol standard deviation (SD) and W-S cortisol mean with waist circumference and four body composition indexes: BMI, and three derived from DEXA: fat-mass, and trunk and extremities lean-mass. Explained variance and the functional nature of associations are reported. Results Associations of anthropometrics with W-S cortisol mean were not statistically significant at P < 0.05; all associations with W-S cortisol SD were significant. The association of trunk lean mass index (LMIt) with W-S cortisol SD dominated all models. Associations of W-S cortisol SD with other indexes vanished when models contained LMIt ; when any other index was included in models predicting LMIt, associations with W-S cortisol SD remained significant. The functional association between LMIt and W-S cortisol SD is progressively “hockey stick,” monotonic increasing, and flattens at joint high values. Conclusions Results support inferences that LMIt measures visceral adiposity and W-S cortisol variability appears to be an appropriate construct to measure in association with visceral adiposity. The “hockey stick” character of the association is consistent with other investigations suggesting obesity is associated with less W-S cortisol variation; however, the monotonic increase and flattening of association at increasing W-ScortisolSD values suggests a more complex association, potentially interpretable by allostasis models of causation. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:499–507, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphometric Variability Related to Ecological Conditions of Three Biotypes of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae) in the North Central United States

Three biotypes, Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri, of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), were reared on inbred corn WF9 at each of 4 localities, St. Paul, Minn.; Waseca, Minn.; Ankeny, Iowa; and Portageville, Missouri. Ten morphometric characters of female adults were selected and measured. The available material made it possible to analyze the effects on morphometry of ecological conditions under which the larvae developed. It was found: (1) the ecological conditions affected the morphometry of these characters. There is a trend suggesting that the influence was more pronounced on characters on legs and wings than those on the thorax. (2) The Iowa biotype was least influenced and Minnesota the most. The significance of the results in future studies on biotypes of this insect is discussed.
Life cycle details of Solenopotes capillatus (Anoplura: Linognathidae).

The duration of immature life stages and the preoviposition period of Solenopotes capillatus Enderlein (Anoplura: Linognathidae) were determined by daily observation in vivo of individual specimens. The duration of the egg and nymphal stages was obtained by daily observation of eggs deposited by females transferred to normal predilection sites of uninfested cattle. The preoviposition period was determined by transferring third instars to uninfested cattle and then recording the period from adult eclosion to first oviposition. The egg stage required 11–13 d. Both first and second instars required 3–4 d, and third instars, based on observations of females, required 5–6 d. The preoviposition period was 2 d. Between 27 and 29 d was required for completion of the cycle (egg to egg). The size (length) of unmounted specimens, in millimeters, was egg 0.70; first instar 0.69; second instar, 0.82; third instar, 1.06; adult female, 1.50; and adult male, 1.08.
Conducting polymer-based multilayer films for instructive biomaterial coatings

Aim: To demonstrate the design, fabrication and testing of conformable conducting biomaterials that encourage cell alignment. Materials & methods: Thin conducting composite biomaterials based on multilayer films of poly(3.4-ethylenedioxythiophene) derivatives, chitosan and gelatin were prepared in a layer-by-layer fashion. Fibroblasts were observed with fluorescence microscopy and their alignment (relative to the dipping direction and direction of electrical current passed through the films) was determined using ImageJ. Results: Fibroblasts adhered to and proliferated on the films. Fibroblasts aligned with the dipping direction used during film preparation and this was enhanced by a DC current. Conclusion: We report the preparation of conducting polymer-based films that enhance the alignment of fibroblasts on their surface which is an important feature of a variety of tissues.
Large-scale subspace clustering using random sketching and validation

While successful in clustering multiple types of high-dimensional data, subspace clustering algorithms do not scale well as the number of data increases. The present paper puts forth a novel randomized subspace clustering algorithm for high-dimensional data based on a random sketching and validation approach. Utilizing a data-driven random sketching technique to estimate the underlying probability density function of the data, the performance of the proposed method is assessed via simulations, and is compared with state-of-the-art sparse subspace clustering methods.
Self-referencing a CW laser with efficient nonlinear optics

We present self-referencing of a CW laser via nonlinear pulse broadening of a Kerr microcomb and an electro-optic modulation (EOM) comb. Our experiments demonstrate the first phase-coherent optical-to-microwave link via f-2f self-referencing with such combs.
Mass Transfer Coefficient for CO2 Dissolution in Brine

Abstract A novel approach to geologic CO2 sequestration is the surface dissolution method. Effective implementation of this concept requires design calculations using applicable values of the mass transfer coefficient for CO2 into brine. Original experimental data on the rate of dissolution of CO2 into Na-Ca-Cl brines across a range of temperatures and wet CO2 densities are presented. The pressure decline with respect to time in a closed two-phase system was converted into a dissolved concentration history, from which the mass transfer coefficient was computed with a simple one-dimensional transport model. The results are applicable to a broad range of expected brine sources and target aquifers. Transport calculations based on the measured mass transfer coefficient for a typical application are presented. The depth to achieve complete dissolution of bulk phase CO2 into brine is calculated for a hybrid surface dissolution approach, involving wellbore co-injection.
Thrombin stimulates association of src homology domain containing adaptor protein Nck with pp125FAK

Thrombin stimulates mitogenesis and tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins in glomerular mesangial cells [T. Force, J. M. Kyriakis, J. Avruch, and J. V. Bonventre, J. Biol. Chem. 266: 6650-6656, 1991; and G. Grandaliano, G. Ghosh Choudhury, P. Biswas, and H. E. Abboud, Am. J. Physiol. 267 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 36: F528-F536, 1994]. However, none of the tyrosine phosphorylated proteins have been identified. Here we show that thrombin stimulates phosphorylation of four major proteins of molecular masses 170, 125, 97, and 47 kDa in antiphosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates in vitro. Immunoblot analysis of antiphosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates from lysates of thrombin-treated cells with anti-Nck antibody revealed the presence of this src homology domain-containing adaptor molecule in the tyrosine-phosphorylated protein fraction. In addition, in thrombin-treated cells, direct immunoblotting of Nck immunoprecipitates with antiphosphotyrosine antibody showed no tyrosine phosphorylation of Nck. In these immunoprecipitates, we detected a 125-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated protein. We identified this protein as pp125FAK (FAK, focal adhesion kinase) after analyzing Nck immunoprecipitates by anti-FAK immunoblotting. Treatment of mesangial cells with thrombin resulted in stimulation of the tyrosine kinase activity of pp125FAK in vitro. We conclude that activation of the cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase pp125FAK by thrombin stimulates its association with the src homology domain-containing adaptor protein Nck. This indicates that Nck is a direct target for FAK in the thrombin-induced signal transduction pathway.
The ecology of Zymomonas: a review

Zymomonas mobilis is a Gram-negative bacterium studied primarily as a spoilage organism and ethanol producer. As with many bacteria, much remains to be learned about its ecology. It can serve as a model organism for examining microbial interactions, as well as interactions between plants and bacteria. Better understanding of its ecology can help with biotechnological applications, such as process improvement, new uses of the bacterium, and the search for new strains.
Metal Nanoparticles Catalyzed Selective Carbon–Carbon Bond Activation in the Liquid Phase

Understanding the C–C bond activation mechanism is essential for developing the selective production of hydrocarbons in the petroleum industry and for selective polymer decomposition. In this work, ring-opening reactions of cyclopropane derivatives under hydrogen catalyzed by metal nanoparticles (NPs) in the liquid phase were studied. 40-atom rhodium (Rh) NPs, encapsulated by dendrimer molecules and supported in mesoporous silica, catalyzed the ring opening of cyclopropylbenzene at room temperature under hydrogen in benzene, and the turnover frequency (TOF) was higher than other metals or the Rh homogeneous catalyst counterparts. Comparison of reactants with various substitution groups showed that electron donation on the three-membered ring boosted the TOF of ring opening. The linear products formed with 100% selectivity for ring opening of all reactants catalyzed by the Rh NP. Surface Rh(0) acted as the active site in the NP. The capping agent played an important role in the ring-opening reaction kineti...
Colon Cancer Germline Genetics: The Unbelievable Year 1993 and Thereafter

See related article by Peltomaki et al., [Cancer Research 1993;53:5853–55][1] . Visit the Cancer Research 75th Anniversary [timeline][2]. The article to be discussed appeared in the last issue of Cancer Research for 1993 ([1][3]). As it happens, 1993 classifies as the year of colon cancer
Immunohistochemical analysis of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Immunohistochemical analysis of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Application of a new circuit design oriented Q extraction technique to inductors in silicon ICs

Using a circuit design oriented Q extraction technique based on bandwidth (Q/sub bw/), Q factors of a wide range of inductor structures are studied and compared to Q factors extracted using the conventional technique (Q/sub conv/=-Im(y/sub 11/)/Re(y/sub 11/)). This new technique corrects the under-estimation problem of the Q/sub conv/ at moderate to high frequencies. Use of Q/sub conv/ can result erroneous conclusions leading to improper inductor optimization. To make the difference between Q/sub conv/ and Q/sub bw/ lower than 10% for all the examined inductors, the |W~/sub m/|/|W~/sub e/| (average magnetic energy/average electrical energy) ratio computed using the extracted inductor model parameters should be greater than /spl sim/20.
Magnetic Shielding Characteristics of Hybrid High-Temperature Superconductor/Ferromagnetic Material Multilayer Shields

Magnetic shielding characteristics of hybrid shields consisting of second generation high-temperature superconducting tapes and ferromagnetic materials are presented. Shields with multiple layers with several combinations of superconducting and ferromagnetic materials showed interesting patterns. Shielding factors as high as 95% are observed for three-layer hybrid shielding structures. The data presented offers new ways to achieve the required shielding factors in a given application with minimal use of expensive superconductors.
Recombination in bacteriophage lambda. I. Mutants deficient in general recombination.

Abstract Two types of recombination-deficient (red−) λ mutants have been studied: point mutants isolated after hydroxylamine mutagenesis, and certain deletion mutants isolated as plaque-forming biotin-transducing strains (λbio). In a recombinationd-eficient (rec−) host, crosses of the λbio deletions, or the least leaky point mutant, give recombinants at less than 1 100 the frequency of the wild-type. In a rec+ host, recombination is restored to 1 10 to 1 2 the wild-type frequency, depending on the particular mutant. The product of at least one red gene is diffusible. All the mutant sites lie on the A map between the int and cIII loci. These results demonstrate that λ produces at least one component of the system responsible for general vegetative phage recombination, and that the bacterial recombination system can replace this phage function.
Where to Begin and How to Proceed

This chapter assumes that you are an OBE producer and want to know where to begin to evaluate your program, and how to proceed in a logical way. Most of my program administrator friends either want or need to evaluate their programs, but are often lost as to what this actually means. In this regard, there are two questions that you will want to ask yourself. First, “For what purpose will I use the outcome evaluation data?” Answering this question requires that you be proactive and know where you are going with your evaluation. As we saw in Table 1.2, the three primary purposes of OBE are effectiveness, impact, and benefit-cost analysis.
Müller cells and diabetic retinopathy.

Muller cells are one of the primary glial cell types found in the retina and play a significant role in maintaining retinal function and health. Since Muller cells are the only cell type to span the entire width of the retina and have contact to almost every cell type in the retina they are uniquely positioned to perform a wide variety of functions necessary to maintaining retinal homeostasis. In the healthy retina, Muller cells recycle neurotransmitters, prevent glutamate toxicity, redistribute ions by spatial buffering, participate in the retinoid cycle, and regulate nutrient supplies by multiple mechanisms. Any disturbance to the retinal environment is going to influence proper Muller cell function and well being which in turn will affect the entire retina. This is evident in a disease like diabetic retinopathy where Muller cells contribute to neuronal dysfunction, the production of pro-angiogenic factors leading to neovascularization, the set up of a chronic inflammatory retinal environment, and eventual cell death. In this review, we highlight the importance of Muller cells in maintaining a healthy and functioning retina and discuss various pathological events of diabetic retinopathy in which Muller cells seem to play a crucial role. The beneficial and detrimental effects of cytokine and growth factor production by Muller cells on the microvasculature and retinal neuronal tissue will be outlined. Understanding Muller cell functions within the retina and restoring such function in diabetic retinopathy should become a cornerstone for developing effective therapies to treat diabetic retinopathy.
Patterns of Social Skill Development Over-Time Among Clusters of LiFE sports Participants

Abstract Although growing in prevalence, little is known about how and for whom sport-based positive youth development (PYD) programs make a difference. This study addresses two gaps: A lack of multi-year studies and limited research differentiating outcomes between groups of participants. Specifically, this study uses repeated measures ANOVAs and hierarchical and non-hierarchical modeling procedures to investigate outcomes among two clusters of underserved youth who participated in two consecutive LiFEsports summer camps. Two hundred and thirty one youth participated, with the majority African American (87%) and male (62%). The average age of participants was 10.71 years. Participants completed surveys to assess four skills: self-control, effort, teamwork, and transfer. Within the full sample, growth was seen over the course of each camp. Social skills returned to baseline levels between summers. Youth entering LiFEsports with high levels of social skills experienced some fluctuations but no significant changes in outcomes. Conversely, youth with relatively low social skills experienced more consistent and maintained growth between summers. Results support the positive impact of sport-based PYD programs on vulnerable youth and reiterate the need for a more complex understanding of the mechanisms affecting certain types of youth. Implications for sports-based PYD research and practice are drawn.
Control of Spontaneous Lipid and Protein Transport

Lipids in plasma are solubilized by a specialized group of molecules known as the apolipoproteins. In addition to carrying plasma lipids, these proteins have other regulatory activities related to lipid metabolism. Apolipoproteins A-I and C-I are activators of plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, apolipoprotein C-II stimulates lipoprotein activity, and apolipoproteins B and E contain ligands for the receptormediated endocytosis of lipoproteins. Specific transfer proteins can also move lipid molecules among lipoprotein classes. In addition, apoproteins and sparingly soluble lipids transfer among cell and lipoprotein surfaces by a mechanism that involves rate-limiting desorption from the surface of the lipoprotein followed by diffusion-controlled association with acceptor cells or lipoproteins. Following association with cells, lipids may be internalized by a flip-flop mechanism. Thus, plasma lipids and proteins can undergo a large number of physical transport processes that are independent of receptors and enzyme activities. Below I will summarize the current understanding of how these spontaneous transfer processes are regulated by specific functional groups in lipids and apolipoproteins.
Information needed to label a scene

I analyze the information content of scene labels and provide a measure for the complexity of line drawings. The Huffman-Clowes label set is found to contain surprisingly little additional information as compared to more basic label sets. The complexity of a line drawing is measured in terms of the amount of local labeling required to determine global labeling. A bound is obtained on the number of lines which must be labeled before a full labeling of a line drawing is uniquely determined. I present an algorithm which combines local sensory probing with knowledge of labeling constraints to proceed directly to a labeling analysis of a given scene.
Aquaculture feed technology adoption and smallholder household welfare in Ghana

This study employs double‐hurdle model and propensity score‐matching techniques to examine the determinants and extent of adoption and the welfare impacts of improved fish feed technology in Ghana using cross‐sectional data of fish‐farming households. The study focuses on the Ashanti, Brong Ahafo, and western regions of Ghana. The results show that the quantity of improved feed used on‐farm is far below what is technically recommended for maximum yield. The analysis provides evidence that the adoption of improved feed technology increases fish income, as well as reduces poverty among fish‐farming households in the study area. In order to spur the adoption and intensity of the technology, complementary factors such as improving education, delivery of extension services and credit facilities, expansion of area under fish farming, and reduction in the price of improved feed are recommended.
Metallic Air Pollutants and Breast Cancer Risk in a Nationwide Cohort Study.

Background:Toxic metals show evidence of carcinogenic and estrogenic properties. However, little is known about the relationship between airborne metals and breast cancer. We evaluated the risk of breast cancer in relation to exposure to toxic metallic substances in air, individually and combined, i
The mechanism of cross-talk between histone H2B ubiquitination and H3 methylation by Dot1L

Abstract Methylation of histone H3, lysine 79 (H3K79), by Dot1L is a hallmark of actively transcribed genes that depends on monoubiquitination of H2B at lysine 120 (H2B-Ub), and is a well-characterized example of histone modification cross-talk that is conserved from yeast to humans. The mechanism by which H2B-Ub stimulates Dot1L to methylate the relatively inaccessible histone core H3K79 residue is unknown. The 3.0 A resolution cryo-EM structure of Dot1L bound to ubiquitinated nucleosome reveals that Dot1L contains binding sites for both ubiquitin and the histone H4 tail, which establish two regions of contact that stabilize a catalytically competent state and positions the Dot1L active site over H3K79. We unexpectedly find that contacts mediated by both Dot1L and the H4 tail induce a conformational change in the globular core of histone H3 that reorients K79 from an inaccessible position, thus enabling this side chain to project deep into the active site in a position primed for catalysis. Our study provides a comprehensive mechanism of cross-talk between histone ubiquitination and methylation and reveals an unexpected structural plasticity in histones that makes it possible for histone-modifying enzymes to access residues within the nucleosome core.
Intimate Partner Violence and Health: The Roles of Social Support and Communal Mastery in Five American Indian Communities.

Elevated rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) have been documented among American Indian (AI) populations and multiple negative health outcomes are associated with IPV among the general populat...
Costless: Optimizing Cost of Serverless Computing through Function Fusion and Placement

Serverless computing has recently experienced significant adoption by several applications, especially Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In serverless computing, rather than deploying and managing dedicated virtual machines, users are able to deploy individual functions, and pay only for the time that their code is actually executing. However, since serverless platforms are relatively new, they have a completely different pricing model that depends on the memory, duration, and the number of executions of a sequence/workflow of functions. In this paper we present an algorithm that optimizes the price of serverless applications in AWS Lambda. We first describe the factors affecting price of serverless applications which include: (1) fusing a sequence of functions, (2) splitting functions across edge and cloud resources, and (3) allocating the memory for each function. We then present an efficient algorithm to explore different function fusion-placement solutions and find the solution that optimizes the application's price while keeping the latency under a certain threshold. Our results on image processing workflows show that the algorithm can find solutions optimizing the price by more than 35%-57% with only 5%-15% increase in latency. We also show that our algorithm can find non-trivial memory configurations that reduce both latency and price.
Characterization of serum levels of testosterone and corticosterone in a blast and amputation rat model of heterotopic ossification.

Abstract Introduction Endocrine dysregulation's role in heterotopic ossification (HO) remains unexplored. We sought to examine corticosterone and testosterone in established rat models of ectopic bone formation, and correlate to HO formation with CT analysis. Methods Fifteen rats were placed into three groups of traumatic injury patterns: Blast and injury (120 kPa blast, femoral fracture and quadriceps crush), injury only, and blast only. Serum corticosterone and testosterone levels were drawn until post-operative day 40. HO was analyzed using CT. Results Corticosterone levels peaked in the blast and injury group in the shortest time post injury, followed by injury only and blast only groups. Testosterone levels reached nadir in similar fashion. Volume of HO was highest in the blast and injury group, followed by the injury only group. Conclusion Corticosterone and testosterone's contribution to HO formation requires further characterization, but this study suggests that high peaks in corticosterone and a low nadir in testosterone are associated with higher volumes of HO.
Providing Medical Care to Survivors of Sexual Assault and Harassment in the Military

Experiences of sexual assault and harassment during military service can have a profound impact on survivors’ health and healthcare needs. Fortunately, medical professionals can provide strong support for survivors’ recovery by helping to ensure that the full scope of their healthcare needs is addressed, by adapting care to be sensitive to the ways sexual assault and harassment may affect their experiences of healthcare, and by facilitating reparative experiences that stand in opposition to the devaluing, powerlessness, and helplessness that likely characterized their experiences of sexual assault or harassment. In service of this, this chapter provides an overview of key issues to consider when providing medical care to survivors of military sexual assault and harassment, including: (1) definitions, prevalence, and elements involving gender-based violence; (2) unique aspects of military sexual assault and harassment relative to other potentially traumatic experiences; (3) the impact of these experiences on survivors, including commonly associated conditions and effects on healthcare needs; (4) strategies for addressing this impact in a trauma-sensitive manner; and (5) key resources and ways to learn more. We hope that readers find this chapter both a helpful introduction to the topic and an accessible reference to guide their ongoing care for survivors.
Chapter 31 – Antibacterial Drugs

Antibacterial drugs is a general term that refers to a group of drugs that includes antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, and antiprotozoals. The term antibacterials also includes antibiotics, but antibiotics are more often referred to as substances produced by microorganisms. A significant milestone event in the field of antimicrobials was the discovery of sulfonamides, synthetic compounds that have activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Certain bacteria require p-aminobenzoic acid in order to synthesize dihydrofolic acid, which is required to produce nucleic acids. p-Aminobenzoic acid, one of the two substrates of the dihydropteroate synthase, is a key enzyme in folic acid synthesis. Sulfonamides are antimetabolites that substitute for p-aminobenzoic acid, resulting in blockade of several enzymes needed for the biogenesis of purine bases; for the transfer of desoxy-uridine to thymidine; and for the biosynthesis of methionine, glycine, and formylmethionyl-tRNA. The sulfonamides competitively inhibit dihydropteroate synthetase, a vital enzyme that facilitates p-aminobenzoic acid as a substrate for the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid. Dihydrofolate is a precursor for formation of tetrahydrofolate, an essential methyl group shuttle required for the de novo synthesis of purines, thymidylic acid, and certain amino acids. When the folate synthesis is inhibited in bacteria the bacteria can no longer grow. Sulfonamides are the oldest and remain among the widely used antibacterials. Quinolones are synthetic, bactericidal, antibacterial agents with broad-spectrum activity. They inhibit the enzyme topoisomerase II (named DNA gyrase), which is necessary for the replication of the bacteria. By inhibiting topoisomerase II in bacteria, the DNA replication and transcription of the bacteria are blocked, thereby stopping bacterial multiplication. The unique mechanism of action of this class of antibacterial agents with its economically and clinically proven track record generated considerable scientific efforts and resulted in creation of a new family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs—the nitrofurans. The nitrofurans are a class of synthetic antibacterials characterized by the 5-nitro-2-furanyl scaffold. The basic mechanism of action of nitrofuran antibacterials remains unclear. Nitrofurans inhibit many microbial enzyme systems, including those involved in carbohydrate metabolism. None of nitrofurans is included in the list of Top 200 Drugs by sales for the 2010s.