cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional Frequency Analysis of Extreme Precipitation in Northeastern Colorado and Fort Collins Flood of 1997

Regional frequency analysis based on the index flood method has been utilized to analyze short duration annual maximum precipitation (AMP) for Northeastern Colorado. An extraordinary storm and flood that occurred in the City of Fort Collins, Colorado, in July 1997 prompted the study. The main objective of the study was to develop regional frequency curves that may be useful for that part of Colorado. In addition, we wanted to answer the question whether the City’s design criteria for storm drainage as of 1997 was adequate, and to determine to what degree the referred storm was indeed an extraordinary storm. We utilized up-to-date technology that has been widely popularized in literature, with some minor modifications. We conclude that the regional growth curves developed may be useful for the subregions specified. However, they should be used with caution for sites located near the boundaries of subregions close to the Colorado Front Range. This has become evident in determining the precipitation quantile...
CA-PK: conditional access for broadcast networks

This paper presents a conditional access solution suitable for broadcast networks (e.g. Eureka-147 DAB, XM Radio's SDARS, etc.). This solution, called CA-PK (Conditional Access through Public Keys), can only be implemented in software, although it can utilize external crypto processors and allows a content provider to operate a conditional access system independently of third parties (i.e. DAB or GSM network operators). Furthermore, it integrates the consumer into the protection chain, creating a social environment that discourages illegal redistribution of access keys.
Long-range internal stresses in monotonically and cyclically deformed metallic single crystals

Selected experimental measurements and theoretical predictions for the magnitude of long-range internal stress in monotonically and cyclically deformed metals are assessed and recently developed, spatially-resolved X-ray micro-beam techniques for direct measurements of long-range internal stress are discussed. The results of previously reported differential-aperture X-ray microscopy spatially-resolved measurements of long-range internal stress in dislocation-cell interiors in monotonically deformed copper are compared with predictions and analyses associated with the composite model of deformation. In addition, the results of volume-integrating X-ray line-profile measurements and spatially-resolved differential-aperture X-ray microscopy measurements of strains in oriented copper single crystals that were cyclically deformed to pre-saturation (without persistent slip bands) are presented.
Design, fabrication, and testing of enhanced EO materials for mmW modulators

We seek to incorporate enhanced electro-optic (EO) materials into mmW imaging systems. EO based mmW detection systems have demonstrated sub-picowatt noise equivalent power while overcoming many of the drawbacks inherent in other systems including size, cooling, and cost. Current EO imaging systems rely on LiNbO3 modulators because of its strong EO effect. The linear EO effect, which only exists in non-centro-symmetric materials, has been shown to increase by orders of magnitude in quantum confined materials. III-V quantum dot materials offer the potential for a stronger EO effect than LiNbO3 while providing the advantages of III-V semiconductor integration. We focus on MBE grown InAs quantum dots in a GaAs matrix and offer XRD and AFM characterization These quantum dot materials are incorporated into an external Mach-Zehnder Interferometer setup where the Vπ is measured experimentally allowing us to extract an EO coefficient for the InAs/GaAs quantum dot layer of 39.4pm/V, an order of magnitude improvement relative to the bulk coefficients.
Zinc and dry matter content of tissues and feces of zinc-deficient and normal ruminants fed ethylenediaminetetraacetate and cadmium.

Abstract In experiments involving 18 male Holstein calves and 17 male goats, zinc and dry matter content of various tissues were studied in zinc-deficient and normal animals fed purified diets containing either: no additive, 300ppm EDTA (as disodium EDTA), or 350ppm cadmium (as CdCl 2 ). All of the animals were given the same low zinc (4ppm zinc) purified diet beginning seven days before fecal collections were initiated and 21 days before tissue samples were obtained. None of the normal animals exhibited any zinc deficiency symptoms. Addition of EDTA to the diet had little effect on fecal zinc excretions or zinc content of most tissues studied. Feeding cadmium increased fecal excretion of zinc in calves but not in the goats which were more mature. Livers of cadmium-fed zinc-deficient calves had an increased concentration of zinc, but this phenomenon was not observed in goat livers. The zinc content of heart, lung, kidney, spleen, testicles, muscle, and bone was not consistently or materially affected by cadmium feeding. Neither EDTA nor cadmium had much effect on dry matter content of most tissues. Differences in tissue zinc level between zinc-deficient and normal animals, in most instances, were nonsignificant. Samples from the epiphyseal-diaphyseal junction of tibia from zinc deficient calves contained less dry matter than those from normal calves.
Zum nachweis der elektronenmehrfachemission mittels szintillationszähler

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Wandleranordnung beschrieben, die auf dem Prinzip des Ionen-elektronenwandlers nach Schutze-Bernhard beruht. Ihre Eignung fur die Messung von Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen der ioneninduzierten Elektronenemission und zum Nachweis geringer Ionenstrome wird diskutiert. Fur Einzelelektronen von 23.2 keV wird fur eine polykristalline Cu-Oberflache eine Nachweiswahrscheinlichkeit von 98 % ermittelt. Fur Casiumionen, die mit einer Energie von 13.2 keV auf ein Kupfertarget geschossen werden, wird fur den Ionennachweis eine Nachweiswahrscheinlichkeit von 98.3 % gefunden. Der geringste nachweisbare Ionenstrom betragt 2 × 10 −20 A.
Data Mining Historic Stock Quotes in Java

This paper describes how to extract historic stock quote data and display it. We show how to chart stock prices, using the web as a data source. The methodology for converting the web data source into internal data structures is based on using HTML as input. This type of screen scraping has become a popular means of recording data into programs. Simple string manipulation techniques are shown to be good enough for these types of well-formed data streams.
Molecular dynamics and quasidynamics simulations of the annealing of bulk and near‐surface interstitials formed in molecular‐beam epitaxial Si due to low‐energy particle bombardment during deposition

Molecular dynamics and quasidynamics simulations, utilizing the Tersoff many‐body potential, were used to investigate the relaxation, diffusion, and annihilation of split and hexagonal interstitials resulting from 10 eV Si irradiation of (2×1)‐terminated Si(001). The interstitials were created in layers two through six. Stable atomic configurations and total potential energies were derived as a function of site symmetry and layer depth. The interstitial Si atoms were allowed to diffuse and total potential energy changes calculated. Lattice configurations along each path, as well as the starting configurations, were relaxed and minimum energy diffusion paths derived. The results showed that the minimum energy paths were toward the surface and generally involved tetrahedral sites. Calculated interstital migration activation energies were always less than 1.4 eV and were much lower in the near‐surface region than in the bulk. Thus, the defects could easily be annealed out over time periods corresponding to less than that required for monolayer deposition under typical molecular‐beam epitaxial film growth conditions.
Atmospheric Diffusion of Particulate Matter Released from an Elevated Continuous Source

Abstract Dustfall simulation experiments were conducted to estimate the ground-level deposition pattern. Batches of different size glass microspheres (50–200 μ) were continuously released into the atmosphere from an elevated point source. Samplers were placed at ground level along arcs downwind from the stack and the particles were subsequently identified and counted. Measurements of wind speed, gustiness and temperature gradient were made. The data and data obtained by previous investigators were compared with theory. Two mathematical models were used in the comparison: a three-dimensional classical model by Denisov (comparable to Rounds's two-dimensional solution), and a three-dimensional statistical model by Csanady. Both models assume steady-state conditions, horizontal homogeneity, linear growth relationships for the plume dimensions, and complete particle retention at the ground. It was found that the deposit pattern can be predicted reasonably well by the statistical model but should be restricted ...
Leadership for a Quality Organization

This article analyzes a framework for leadership within the context of a quality organization. It builds on the premise that leadership is an essential element in achieving organizational effectiveness. The focus of this discussion is a statement of principles, illustrated by concepts, providing a frame of reference for developing leadership skills to heighten administrative and functional quality. The intent is to overview the anatomy and demonstrated importance of leadership in achieving association quality. There can be no significant institutional excellence without leadership. Organizations in the process of implementing value-added, constructive changes within today's highly competitive international environment will immediately recognize the importance of leadership at every organizational level. This paper is also designed to sharpen the ability of individuals to more effectively lead in establishing and maintaining quality-driven, efficient, and cost-effective organizations.
Circadian alterations in prolactin, corticosterone, and thyroid hormone levels and down-regulation of prolactin receptor activity by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Abstract Studies were initiated to determine whether 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) affects circadian rhythms of serum prolactin (PRL), corticosterone, thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. In addition, the effects of TCDD on PRL receptor activity, as assessed by the ability of PRL to induce ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), were determined. The earliest effect detected following TCDD administration was a significant decrease in the serum PRL concentration compared with that of pair-fed controls within 4 hr (p adrenal > spleen > heart > kidney > liver. By 7 days, liver ODC activity in response to PRL was only 12% that detected in pair-fed controls. Liver ODC activity in response to dexamethasone and aminophylline was decreased to 25 and 22% of pair-fed controls, respectively, by 7 days after TCDD administration. However, in kidney, TCDD-treated rats had an increased ODC response to aminophylline to 191% of pair-fed controls by Day 7. These results suggest that the ability of TCDD to alter receptor coupling or the receptor number for diverse hormones may play a role in TCDD toxicity.
50 nm resolution, defect-free, electron-beam resists produced with monomer/polymer multilayer films

Recent technological advances in very large scale integration (VLSI) are beginning to outstrip the technology used to produce these circuits. Ultraviolet and optical lithography techniques are producing resist patterns with resolutions approaching the expected minimum. Application needs demand that this minimum be improved to achieve more features per unit area of circuit. We have achieved a potentially major breakthrough towards improving the resolution of resist patterns. Through the use of monomer/polymer multilayers, line resolutions produced by way of a novel computer-controlled electron beam technique is now possible. The relative ease and high reliability of multilayer formation ensures uniform films of a thickness an order of magnitude less than spin cast film thicknesses. The high electron sensitivities of these films enables excellent degradation (or polymerization) upon exposures to an electron beam. Final pattern resolution, for both positive and negative resists, is an order of magnitude higher than conventional resist resolutions, offering possible improvement in circuit capability. Morphological studies of these multilayer films provide unique information on domain size and structure. The ultimate morphology of these films is shown to be dependent on deposition conditions as well as the substrate used.
Human visual system based mammogram enhancement and analysis

This paper introduces a new mammogram enhancement algorithm using the human visual system (HVS) based image decomposition. A new enhancement measure based on the second derivative is also introduced to measure and assess the enhancement performance. Experimental results show that the presented algorithm can improve the visual quality of fine details in mammograms. The HVS-based image decomposition can segment the regions/objects from their surroundings. It offers the users flexibility to enhance either sub-images containing only significant illumination information or all the sub-images of the original mammograms. The algorithm can be used in the computer-aided diagnosis systems for breast cancer detection.
FROM BELIEF TO UNBELIEF AND BACK TO BELIEF: A RESPONSE TO MICHAEL RUSE

. Michael Ruse's rejection of religious belief is questioned at two levels. First, on the metaethical level of analysis, evolutionary ethics cannot account for moral behavior that is based on a “strong version” of the Love Command. Second, agnosticism is discussed as a form of belief. Insights from religious forms of life that are inclusive, pluralistic, and expansive are contrasted with exclusivistic, closed, and fundamentalist forms of religion in order to develop criteria for “genuine religion.” Theistic agnosticism is presented as a prolegomena to belief.
Rediscovering Trust: Towards an Alternative Psychotherapy

The collapse of significant human relationships is a primary cause of psychosis. When basic trust is extinguished, a person can feel that his or her actual existence is threatened by genuine relationships. Yet, every human being has a powerful innate need for relationships. Such is the tragic paradox of psychosis: the person is, at the same time, in terror over the possibility of a relationship and in despair over the impossibility of a relationship. An alternative psychotherapy must emerge that allows the psychotherapist and the disturbed person to build a bond of mutual care. Each person unconditionally accepts and confirms the other for what he is, and for what he may become. The psychotherapist must enter the bizarre psychotic world as a partner in a journey to recover the lost wholeness of the psychotic person. This relationship can serve as a bridge which allows the psychotic person to creatively discover a way to rejoin the normal world.
Family Caregivers of Stroke Survivors: Characteristics of Caregivers at Risk for Depression

Objective: To examine characteristics that best predict family caregivers of stroke survivors at risk for depression. Survivor and caregiver demographic variables and caregiver general health, problem-solving skills, social support, satisfaction with rehabilitation health care services, preparedness, and burden were examined. Design: A correlational design. Participants: Seventy-four family caregivers of individuals receiving inpatient stroke rehabilitation were interviewed 1–2 days prior to their relative’s discharge. Main Outcome Measure: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (L. S. Radloff, 1977). Results: Caregivers at risk for depression had a negative orientation toward solving problems, a lack of caregiver preparedness, and impaired social functioning secondary to their own health. Conclusions: Rehabilitation psychologists should be aware that these variables are important in predicting family caregivers of stroke survivors at risk for depression.
Perfectionism in Chinese university students from Taiwan: A study of psychological well-being and achievement motivation

The present study compared types of perfectionists on psychological well-being and achievement motivation among 273 Taiwanese college students. The factor structure and psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R; Slaney, R. B., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., Ashby, J. S., & Johnson, D. (1996). Almost Perfect Scale-Revised, Unpublished scale, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park.) were assessed. A cluster analysis located four groups; in addition to the adaptive perfectionists, maladaptive perfectionists, and nonperfectionists that were identified in past US studies, a group with low-High Standards/higher-Discrepancy scores emerged. This fourth group had the most participants but their scores on the High Standards scale suggested that they did not set high standards for themselves. Paradoxically, however, their scores on the Discrepancy scale were elevated. Analyses of variance were conducted to examine group differences on measures of achievement motivation, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem. Cultural explanations regarding a collectivistic background and parenting styles are suggested in explaining the elevated Discrepancy scores for the fourth group. Clinical implications, limitations, and future directions for research are discussed.
Optimization of peptidyl allyl sulfones as clan CA cysteine protease inhibitors

This research investigates the synthesis and inhibitory potency of a series of novel dipeptidyl allyl sulfones as clan CA cysteine protease inhibitors. The structure of the inhibitors consists of a R(1)-Phe-R(2)-AS-Ph scaffold (AS = allyl sulfone). R(1) was varied with benzyloxycarbonyl, morpholinocarbonyl, or N-methylpiperazinocarbonyl substituents. R(2) was varied with either Phe of Hfe residues. Synthesis involved preparation of vinyl sulfone analogues followed by isomerization to allyl sulfones using n-butyl lithium and t-butyl hydroperoxide. Sterics, temperature and base strength were all factors that affected the formation and stereochemistry of the allyl sulfone moiety. The inhibitors were assayed with three clan CA cysteine proteases (cruzain, cathepsin B and calpain I) as well as one serine protease (trypsin). The most potent inhibitor, (E)-Mu-Phe-Hfe-AS-Ph, displayed at least 10-fold selectivity for cruzain over clan CA cysteine proteases cathepsin B and calpain I with a (kobs)/[I] of 6080 ± 1390 M(-1)s(-1).
Gastric volumes aspirated from antrum and fundus in man.

Volumes aspirated with the tip of a nasogastric tube in the fundus or antrum were compared in 50 studies 15 minutes after instillation of 200 ml HCI, with subjects lying in the left lateral position. Volumes recovered from the fundus were only 6% greater than those from the antrum. Thus, the site of the tube tip is not critically important for recovering gastric contents, providing free flow is maintained. Displacement of the tube into the pylorus, however, is a potential disadvantage of the antral site.
Part 2: toward an integrated composition pedagogy in hypertext

Abstract Because digital technology increases student access to a diversity of expressive media, we as composition instructors must model our engagement with the multiple forms of literacy that constitute students’ lives. We must reimagine composition, therefore, as a discipline that teaches a composite literacy that integrates verbal and visual media within hypertext. To help students develop the skills necessary to compose and to critique new media compositions, I argue that composition instruction should be based upon a design model mirroring composition’s process-based pedagogy, by asking students to plan, transform evaluate and revise media-rich, hypertextual documents. I also comment on a sample assignment that demonstrates how an integrated composition might be constructed using the design model and conclude by arguing that, in addition to helping students acquire skill with a new literacy, this pedagogy encourages students to recognize that multiple perspectives always attend any issue under discussion.
Cyclopamine inhibition of human breast cancer cell growth independent of Smoothened (Smo)

Altered hedgehog signaling is implicated in the development of approximately 20–25% of all cancers, especially those of soft tissues. Genetic evidence in mice as well as immunolocalization studies in human breast cancer specimens suggest that deregulated hedgehog signaling may contribute to breast cancer development. Indeed, two recent studies demonstrated that anchorage-dependent growth of some human breast cancer cell lines is impaired by cyclopamine, a potent hedgehog signaling antagonist targeting the Smoothened (SMO) protein. However, specificity of cyclopamine at the dosage required for growth inhibition (≥10 μM) remained an open question. In this paper we demonstrate that hedgehog signaling antagonists, including cyclopamine, and a second compound, CUR0199691, can inhibit growth of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER-negative tumorigenic breast cancer cells at elevated doses. However, our results indicate that, for most breast cancer cell lines, growth inhibition by these compounds can be independent of detectable Smo gene expression. Rather, our results suggest that cyclopamine and CUR0199691 have unique secondary molecular targets at the dosages required for growth inhibition that are unrelated to hedgehog signaling.
The effects of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin and other serotonergic agonists on performance in a radial maze: a possible role for 5-HT1A receptors in memory.

A group of ten rats was trained to obtain food pellets in an 8-arm radial maze. The effects of pretreatment with (+)-Lysergic acid diethylamide (+)-tartrate (LSD), m-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine oxalate (5-MeO-DMT), racemic 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin HBr (8-IH-DPAT), and 5-methoxy-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-1H-indole succinate (RU 24969) were then evaluated. All drugs were administered IP 15 min before testing. With the exception of an increased rate of responding at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg of 8-OH-DPAT, all drugs produced a dose-related decline in response rate. In addition, LSD, RU 24969, and 8-OH-DPAT caused a statistically significant decrease in efficiency of responding. Of the three, 8-OH-DPAT was clearly the most active. Doses of 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg resulted in efficiencies of 61%, 53%, and 44%, respectively. The present results taken in light of 8-OH-DPAT's preferential binding to 5-HT1A receptors, the high density of these receptors in hippocampus, and the observation that the number of 5-HT1A receptors is decreased in Alzheimer's disease, suggest a possible role for this serotonergic receptor subtype in memory.
What happens to a pelvic pouch when a fistula develops

PURPOSE: The aim of this article is to determine the outcome of the pelvic pouch after the occurrence of a fistula. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1983 to 1995, 1,040 pelvic pouch surgeries were done at our institution. We reviewed the records of all patients with pouch-related fistulas. Data were collected from chart reviews and our pouch registry. RESULTS: Among 59 patients (22 males) with fistulas, mean age was 33 (range, 19–57) years. Preoperative diagnosis was mucosal ulcerative colitis (n=52), indeterminate colitis (n=6), and familial polyposis (n=1). Site of fistulas included pouch/vaginal (n=24), pouch/cutaneous (n=11), pouch/perineal (n=16), and pouch/presacral (n=8). Postoperative diagnosis was mucosal ulcerative colitis (n=40), Crohn's disease (n=14), indeterminate colitis (n=4), and familial polyposis (n=1). One hundred eleven (range, 1–7) surgeries for treatment were performed. At a mean follow-up of 26 (range, 1–121) months, 19 pouches (32 percent) had been excised, 34 patients had functioning pouches and no fistula, 5 patients had a closed fistula but refused ileostomy closure, and 1 patient had died of unrelated causes (but the fistula was closed). Pouch type and preoperative diagnosis did not statistically affect pouch failure rates (P=0.43 and 0.10. respectively). CONCLUSION: Successful treatment of fistula from a pelvic pouch can be achieved in more than 60 percent of patients. However, multiple procedures may be needed for a successful outcome. Ultimately, 32 percent had their pouches excised.
Stability of the prion protein-encoding (PRNP) gene in HeLa cells

To assess the risk of the de novo emergence of the agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in cultured cells, we examined the stability of the prion protein-encoding (PRNP) gene in HeLa cells and in cultures contaminated with HeLa cells that have been passaged extensively for over 50 years. Various sub-lineages of HeLa cells showed that some contained a mixture of a truncated PRNP gene (R3-R4 deletion) and a full-length PRNP gene, while others were homozygous for the R3-R4 deletion. That finding suggests that the progenitor of several popular sub-lineages of HeLa must have lost part or all of chromosome 20 early in the history of HeLa cells. No mutations were found in the PRNP genes. We conclude that the spontaneous appearance of mutations leading to expression of abnormal prion proteins in continuously passaged heteroploid cell lines is unlikely to pose a substantial risk for the safe production of biologicals in such cells.
Paddles and rakes: Fluid flow through bristled appendages of small organisms*

Many small organisms capture food particles, locomote through water or air, or create currents using appendages bearing arrays of long bristles. The performance of these arrays of hairs depends on the movement of fluid relative to them. We have modeled the fluid flow around such hairs, and have used the model to predict, for a range of biologically-relevant circumstances: (1) the steepness of the shear gradients adjacent to the hairs, (2) the leakiness of the gaps between pairs of hairs, and (3) the drag force on hairs with neighbors. We point out the circumstances under which bristled appendages function as rakes versus those under which they operate as paddles. Our results suggest that a simple change in size or speed of a bristled appendage can lead to a novel mode of functioning under some circumstances, whereas in other situations differences in morphology or behavior have little effect on performance.
Orthopedic uses of teriparatide

Teriparatide is a drug currently approved for treating patients with osteoporosis who are at high risk for future fracture. In the treatment of osteoporosis, teriparatide works as an anabolic agent stimulating bone formation throughout the skeleton by principally enhancing osteoblast-derived bone formation relative to osteoclast-derived bone resorption. The net effect is increased bone mass. For patients with a fracture, a similar process of increased bone formation is required transiently at the fracture site for repair. Teriparatide has been investigated in animal models and in patients as a potential agent to enhance fracture repair. In addition, evidence that teriparatide enhances chondrogenesis has generated interest in using the agent for articular cartilage repair. Research is currently underway to understand the effects teriparatide may have on mesenchymal stem cells, and on other effects that have been reported anecdotally in patients using the drug for osteoporosis care, including the healing of fracture nonunions and a decreased incidence of back pain. We review the current animal and human reports available on the uses of teriparatide in musculoskeletal diseases beyond osteoporosis.
Production of highly homogeneous Si(100) surfaces by H2O etching: surface morphology and the role of strain.

The etching of Si(100) surfaces in ultrapure water was studied with a combination of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). While the FTIR results show that the initi...
In-game Management of Common Joint Dislocations:

Context:Sideline management of sports-related joint dislocations often places the treating medical professional in a challenging position. These injuries frequently require prompt evaluation, diagnosis, reduction, and postreduction management before they can be evaluated at a medical facility. Our objective is to review the mechanism, evaluation, reduction, and postreduction management of sports-related dislocations to the shoulder, elbow, finger, knee, patella, and ankle joints.Evidence Acquisition:A literature review was performed using the PubMed database to evaluate previous and current publications focused on joint dislocations. This review focused on articles published between 1980 and 2013.Study Design:Clinical review.Level of Evidence:Level 4.Results:The clinician should weigh the benefits and risks of on-field reduction based on their knowledge of the injury and the presence of associated injuries.Conclusion:When properly evaluated and diagnosed, most sports-related dislocations can be reduced an...
Quantum dots and their potential applications in cancer detection and therapy

Tools are needed which can distinguish healthy from high risk populations for the early diagnosis of cancer and development of cancer control strategies. Imaging tools which may analyse the cellular profiles are non-invasive tools suitable for epidemiologic screening purposes. Quantum dots (QDs) technology fulfils the requirements of non-invasive technologies and high-throughput. Optical properties of normal cells and cancer cells are different. QDs help identify cancerous tissues and cells and follow-up of the efficacy of treatment based on the optical properties of cells. Although QD technology is still in a formative phase, it is maturing at an extremely rapid pace. Semiconductor quantum dots and nanoparticles composed of metals, lipids or polymers have emerged with promising applications for early detection and therapy of cancer. Implications of QDs in the biomedical field, especially cancer, are discussed in this article.
Practical guidance on characterizing availability in resource selection functions under a use–availability design

Habitat selection is a fundamental aspect of animal ecology, the understanding of which is critical to management and conservation. Global positioning system data from animals allow fine-scale assessments of habitat selection and typically are analyzed in a use–availability framework, whereby animal locations are contrasted with random locations (the availability sample). Although most use–availability methods are in fact spatial point process models, they often are fit using logistic regression. This framework offers numerous methodological challenges, for which the literature provides little guidance. Specifically, the size and spatial extent of the availability sample influences coefficient estimates potentially causing interpretational bias. We examined the influence of availability on statistical inference through simulations and analysis of serially correlated mule deer GPS data. Bias in estimates arose from incorrectly assessing and sampling the spatial extent of availability. Spatial autocorrelati...
Gold-Induced MgCl2 Reduction by AlEt3. Surface Science Study of a Novel Reaction and Its Potential Application in Ziegler−Natta Catalysis

A novel surface reaction for the reduction of MgCl2 by AlEt3 in the presence of Au is reported. MgCl2 submonolayer and multilayer films are prepared by gas-phase deposition over polycrystalline gol...
Auxin-facilitated utilization of glutamic acid by tobacco crown-gall teratoma cells.

Teratoma tissues obtained by inoculating Nicotiana tabacum cv. “Turkish” with a moderately virulent strain of the crown-gall bacterium require the synthetic auxin, α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) when glutamic acid is used as a sole nitrogen source in the culture medium. In contrast, growth on culture media containing ammonium ion, nitrate ion or glutamine as an N source does not require NAA. Moreover, added NAA does not stimulate teratoma tissue grown on these N sources. Glutamic acid did not inhibit growth of teratoma tissue on media containing NO 3 - . Growth on mixtures of glutamic acid and NO 3 - was additive in the presence of NAA indicating that NAA promotes the utilization of glutamic acid in the culture medium. Increased concentration of potassium ion in the culture medium was required for growth on glutamic acid in the absence of added auxin. K+ did not stimulate growth on glutamine. When teratoma tissues were grown on media containing glutamic acid and varying concentrations of both K+ and NAA increasing concentrations of NAA reduced the stimulating effect of K+ and, conversely, increasing concentrations of K+ reduced the stimulating effect of NAA. It is concluded that K+ and auxin act either directly or indirectly at a common site to promote glutamic acid utilization.
A FORMAL THEORY FOR VORTEX ROSSBY WAVES AND VORTEX EVOLUTION

A formal theory is presented for the balanced evolution of a small-amplitude, small-scale wave field in the presence of an axisymmetric vortex initially in gradient-wind balance and the accompanying changes induced in the vortex by the azimuthally averaged wave fluxes. The theory is a multi-parameter, asymptotic perturbation expansion for the conservative, rotating, f-plane, shallow-water equations. It extends previous work on Rossby-wave dynamics in vortices and more generally provides a new perspective on wave/mean-flow interaction in finite Rossby-number regimes. Some illustrative solutions are presented for a perturbed vortex undergoing axisymmetrization.
Simulation of smoke plumes from agricultural burns: application to the San Luis/Rio Colorado airshed along the U.S./Mexico border.

Abstract Vegetation fires emit a number of air pollutants, thus impacting air quality at local, regional and global scales. One such pollutant is the particulate matter (PM) that is known to trigger adverse health effects. In this study, the CALPUFF/CALMET/MM5 modeling system is employed to simulate PM10 dispersion (PM with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) from agricultural fires in the Yuma/San Luis area along the U.S./Mexico border, with the aim of investigating local and regional air quality impacts of fires. To the extent possible the data collected from and observations made in the study area were employed to infer inputs to the modeling system, but insufficient information available on burning practices and input parameters, such as the duration of fire, PM10 emission rate and plume rise, necessitated relying on some previously published research as well as the Fire Emission Production Simulator (FEPS) model to provide necessary inputs. Under the simulated conditions the fire plumes did not disperse much, and thus mostly affected the area near the sources. The PM impact of fires on populated (receptor) areas in Yuma/San Luis was less than 15 μg/m3, calculated on the basis of EPA-recommended 24-hr averaged PM10. If the formation of secondary particles is considered, the impacts could have been greater. In order to conduct more realistic fire plume simulations, it is imperative to have accurate fire-activity records such as the firing technique applied, fuel condition, time of burning as well as some model updates. In all, this paper presents a methodology for calculating agricultural-burns introduced PM, while identifying critical improvements that need to be made in future work.
COX-2: a protein with an active role in gynecological cancers.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Emerging data suggest that COX-2 is involved at various steps of the process of malignant transformation and tumor progression. The current article reviews the latest data linking COX-2 with the various gynecological cancers. RECENT FINDINGS COX-2 overexpression has been reported in most gynecological neoplasms, including breast, cervix, endometrial and epithelial ovarian cancers. COX-2 expression promotes tumor cell proliferation, reduces apoptosis and induces angiogenesis. As a result, tumors expressing COX-2 are reported to exhibit a more aggressive phenotype and clinical behavior. Women whose tumors over-express COX-2 tend to have a lower response to standard therapy and shorter survival times. In-vitro studies have shown that COX-2 inhibitors can inhibit tumor cell growth and reduce angiogenesis. SUMMARY On the basis of the current data and the clinical availability of safe inhibitors, COX-2 is a perfect target for cancer prevention and therapy. A number of trials are investigating the benefits of combining COX-2 inhibitors with existing treatment modalities in the management of breast, ovarian and cervical cancers. In addition, large prevention trials are in the planning stage.
Direct observation of lactate and alanine by proton double quantum spectroscopy in rat hearts supplied with [3-13C]pyruvate.

Abstract The13C-fractional enrichments in the lactate and alanine methyl carbon positions were determined by1H NMR spectroscopy of extracts of rat hearts perfused with various concentrations of [3-13C]pyruvate ± unlabeled glucose or acetate. In general, the13C-fractional enrichment of the alanine methyl carbon pool paralleled the13C-fractional enrichment of the acetyl-CoA which entered the TCA cycle (as determined by13C-isotopomer analysis) while the13C-fractional enrichment of the lactate methyl carbon was always significantly lower, consistent with a pool of lactate which does not mix with exogeneous [3-13C]pyruvate. This has also been examined in intact, perfused, KCl-arrested rat hearts supplied with [3-13C]pyruvate by proton double quantum motabolite specific spectroscopy (MSS). A comparison of MSS spectra of intact hearts with one pulse spectra of extracts of those same hearts indicates there is a sizeable non-enriched pool of lactate in the intact hearts which is not visible by NMR spectroscopy.
Structural insights into H + -coupled multidrug extrusion by a MATE transporter

Bacterial multidrug efflux transporters (MATEs) couple drug export to Na+ or H+ influx. A new crystal structure of the H+-coupled DinF transporter from Bacillus halodurans reveals differences in the substrate-binding sites and transport mechanisms of DinF and NorM MATE homologs.
The Theory of Error in Centrally-Directed Economic Systems

I. Effects of size, and private versus public organization, 396. — II. The general tendencies: error and instability in centrally-directed economic systems, 400; fewer but bigger errors, 400; delay, excessive optimism, multiplication of controls, 404; highest motives versus strongest motives, 412; hypocrisy, avoidance and evasion of rules, corruption, 413. — III. Summary, 418.
Aphasia, apraxia and the evolution of the language-ready brain

Background: The Mirror System Hypothesis offers the mirror system for grasping (i.e., neural mechanisms active for both execution and observation of grasping) as a neural ‘‘missing link’’ between the brains of our non-human ancestors of 20 million years ago and the modern human language-ready brain, stressing the importance of manual gesture in the evolution of mechanisms supporting language. Aims: To assess the view that neural mechanisms for both praxis and language share an evolutionary relationship to the ancestral mirror system for grasping. Main Contribution: The praxis system receives a new analysis based on the attempt to link human praxis to computational models of execution and observation of grasping in the macaque as well as the analysis of parallels between language and praxis. Conclusions: The conceptual analysis presented here may prove insightful for clinicians seeking to relate and differentiate aphasia and apraxia.
Development and Assessment of a Scale Addressing Communication Needs of Patients With Laryngectomies

This article deals with the development and assessment of the Self-Evaluation of Communication Experiences After Laryngectomy (SECEL), a 35-item scale developed to address the communication needs of patients with laryngectomies. In the initial stages of development of SECEL, 431 patients with laryngectomies participated. Scale development, factor structure, and data reduction are discussed. Statistical analyses revealed three factors representing General, Environment, and Attitude Subscales. The final version of the SECEL was administered to another 102 patients with laryngectomies to determine validity and reliability measurements. The scale provides a useful measure of adjustment related to communication experiences of patients with laryngectomies.
A DIFFERENTIAL FLOTATION TECHNIQUE FOR RECOVERING MICROFOSSILS FROM INORGANIC SEDIMENTS

In palynological investigations the most generally accepted method of preparing slides from inorganic sediments is to digest the material in hydrofluoric acid. This is a quite drastic treatment which obviously destroys all diatoms, sponge spicules and other siliceous remains, and very likely damages or destroys some of the other microfossils as well. Hence, where one is interested in the total microfossil population, rather than in just the spores and pollen grains, this procedure is unsatisfactory. An alternative method that has been found satisfactory is the use of a heavy liquid to effect a differential flotation, based on the different specific gravities of organic and inorganic particles, respectively. Faegri & Iversen (1950) report that Wenner has used H2SO4, but that his method does not effect a separation in fine colloidal clays. The writer has developed a technique using a non-reactive liquid of bromoform and acetone, which has been used successfully on clays as well as on coarser sediments. Since this method was first described in 195I it has also been used in palynological studies at Yale and Cambridge Universities. It has been suggested that the method be described again to make it more generally known among palynologists. The liquid used is a mixture of bromoform and acetone, adjusted to a specific gravity of 2-3 on the recommendation of Knox (1942) that it would float the silica elaborated by
Implications of tuition grants in higher education: The case of a prior need-based aid program☆

Abstract This article presents estimates showing that the distribution of higher education subsidies from all state sources was fairly equal across income classes prior to the implementation of New York's Tuition Assistance Program (TAP). The major effect of TAP is shown to be a shift in this distribution as to be highly favorable to the lowest income classes, but with small accompanying enrollment benefits. These findings should be suggestive to policymakers in states where low public tuition charges have not been the only basis for encouraging investment in higher education.
Probability density of quantum expectation values

Abstract We consider the quantum expectation value A = 〈 ψ | A | ψ 〉 of an observable A over the state | ψ 〉 . We derive the exact probability distribution of A seen as a random variable when | ψ 〉 varies over the set of all pure states equipped with the Haar-induced measure. To illustrate our results we compare the exact predictions for few concrete examples with the concentration bounds obtained using Levyʼs lemma. We also comment on the relevance of the central limit theorem and finally draw some results on an alternative statistical mechanics based on the uniform measure on the energy shell.
Preparation and Specificity of Antiserum to Synthetic Secretin and Its Use in a Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Secretin antibodies were produced in rabbits by immunization with synthetic secretin coupled to bovine serum albumin. An antiserum was obtained which reacted with similar strength with the complete secretin molecule and the C terminal tricosapeptide (residues 5 through 27) to a lesser extent (50%) with the C terminal tetradecapeptide (residues 14 through 27) and only minimally (0.03%) with the N—terminal tetradecapeptide (residues 1 through 14). Insulin, human growth hormone, ACTH, FSH, LH, glucagon and gastrin I did not react with the antibody. Natural cholecystokinin—pancreozymin crossreacted weakly (0.03%) probably as a result of contamination with secretin. Using this antiserum and 125I—labeled secretin of high specific activity a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for the measurement of secretin has been developed. Sensitivity of the assay was 25 pg. Coefficients of variation of intra and interassay reproducibility were 9.4% and 17.1%, respectively. Mean fasting serum immunoreactive secretin (IR...
Attack behavior and host size selection by Diglyphus begini on Liriomyza trifolii in chrysanthemum

Diglyphus begini (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a larval ectoparasitoid of the leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Female wasps oviposit on larvae which are significantly larger than larvae utilized for host feeding or hosts rejected for oviposition or feeding. Host size is evaluated on a relative rather than absolute basis. Individual female reproductive success increases with host size because of accompanying increases in offspring survivorship and adult body size. The number and duration of parasitoid stings is significantly greater when host feeding compared to oviposition and host rejection due to extensive probing of the internal viscera of larvae with the female ovipositor when host feeding. Upon host paralysis, 47.5% of parasitoid eggs become displaced from their host. However, eggs experimentally placed a mean distance of 0.8 mm away from a host do not result in a reduction in offspring survivorship compared to eggs attached to a host. Resume Comportement de Diglyphus begini lors de l'attaque de Liriomyza trifolii sur chrysanthemes La mineuse L. trifolii Burgess attaque de nombreuses cultures a travers le monde. L'eulophide, D. begini Ashmead, est un parasitoide frequent du diptere. L'objectif de nombreux praticiens de la lutte biologique est de pouvoir predire le resultat de lâchers d'ennemis naturels. Cette etude a ete entreprise en estimant que la connaissance du comportement de prospection aide a comprendre la dynamique des interactions des populations hotes et parasites. Une attaque de D. begini se concretisant par une ponte, est generalement caracterisee par deux piqures de duree limitee avec emission de l'œuf normalement au cours de la seconde piqure. L'alimentation aux depens de l'hote est caracterisee par des piqures prolongees et repetees. Les hotes refuses pour la ponte ou l'alimentation sont piques une fois ou deux, les deux piqures etant tres breves. L'aptitude de D. begini a percevoir les differences de tailles des larves de L. trifolii augmente la valeur adaptative individuelle des parasites. Les femelles ne pondent que dans les hotes les plus grands, ce qui augmente le taux de survie des descendants et la taille des adultes. Puisque la taille des hotes est evaluee sur une base relative, la valeur adaptative du parasite est independante des changements de distribution des tailles des hotes rencontres. Les larves de L. trifolii utilisees comme hotes ne deviennent pas immediatement immobiles apres avoir ete attaquees. Ceci fait que de nombreux œufs peuvent etre deloges de leur hote. Nous avons ete incapables de deceler quelque effet nocif de ces mouvements de l'hote apres la ponte sur la survie des œufs de D. begini.
Creep behavior in near-nanostructured Al 5083 alloy

Abstract Creep tests are being carried out on ultra-fine grained (UFG) Al 5083 alloy processed by consolidating nanocrystalline cryomilled powder particulates in the temperature range of 573–648 K. The creep data show that the apparent stress exponent and the apparent activation energy increase continuously with decreasing stress. Analysis of the data reveals the existence of a threshold stress, τ o , whose temperature dependence is much stronger than that attributable to the shear modulus. Incorporation of this threshold stress into a modified creep equation yields a true stress exponent of about 2 and a true activation energy close to that anticipated for boundary diffusion in Al. These values of the true stress exponent and the true activation energy suggest that the rate controlling process is related to boundary sliding.