cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probing essential residues for cellular uptake with a cationic nuclear localization signal sequence

The nuclear localization signal sequence (NLS) of the transcription factor NF-kappaB is a cationic peptide with the ability to cross the cytoplasmic membrane and facilitate the delivery of attached cargo, such as DNA and proteins, to cells. Previous research had pointed to the essential role of cationic residues, therefore, the importance of residues within the NLS of NF-kappaB was evaluated for cellular uptake using an alanine replacement strategy. Although it was expected that removal of the cationic groups would have the greatest effect on membrane translocation, the most significant decreases in cellular uptake occurred with the replacement of the hydrophilic Q6 (80%) and the hydrophobic L8 (70%) residues. Replacement of the positively charged residues resulted in 30-40% decrease in cellular uptake, indicating that electrostatic interactions are not the primary driving force for membrane translocation.
Error correction mechanisms in social networks can reduce accuracy and encourage innovation

Abstract Humans make mistakes but diffusion through social networks is typically modeled as though they do not. We find in an experiment that high entropy message formats (text messaging pidgin) are more prone to error than lower entropy formats (standard English). We also find that efforts to correct mistakes are effective, but generate more mutant forms of the contagion than would result from a lack of correction. This indicates that the ability of messages to cross “small-world” human social networks may be overestimated and that failed error corrections create new versions of a contagion that diffuse in competition with the original.
Arachidonic acid reciprocally alters the availability of transient and sustained dendritic K(+) channels in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.

The dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites express a high density of transient A-type K+ channels, which play a critical role in the back-propagation of action potentials and in the determination of dendritic excitability. Recently, arachidonic acid and its nonmetabolizable analogue 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA) were shown to block transient K+channels in the somata of these cells ([Keros and McBain, 1997][1]), but to have little effect on the somatic action potential. In the present study we have investigated the effects of arachidonic acid and ETYA on the gating of channels and the excitability of the apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons. We found not only a block of transient K+ channels, but also an enhancement of sustained outward currents. The sustained currents consisted of at least two distinct channel types. The larger conductance channel (>50 pS) was identified as a K+ channel. Arachidonic acid greatly enhanced the amplitude of back-propagating dendritic action potentials (>200 μm from the soma) but did not result in sustained depolarizations of the dendrites similar to those seen with 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) application. In fact, arachidonic acid reduced dendritic excitability when applied after 4-AP. Thus, arachidonic acid appears to cause a shift of available channels from the fast, transient type to the slower, sustained types. The net effect appears to be an enhancement of dendritic action potential amplitude that occurs without compromising the electrical stability of the dendrites. [1]: #ref-13
The Activist Polis: Topologies of Conflict in Indigenous Solidarity Activism

Interpersonal conflict poses a serious threat to social justice activism. In the context of indigenous solidarity activism in southern Arizona, conflicts are often born of the challenges accompanying differentials in social privilege due to differences in race and ethnicity relative to white supremacist settler colonialism. This paper examines activ- ist collaboration between Tohono O'odham and non-Native anarchist activists in south- ern Arizona, arguing that a topological activist polis is a useful lens through which we can better understand the roots of conflict in social justice activism. Non-Native activists are often aware of the ways white supremacist settler colonial society privileges particular identities while marginalizing others. Nonetheless, settler and white privilege give rise to tensions which can be seen topologically through the very different relationships non-Na- tive and indigenous activists have to ongoing processes of white supremacy and to histo- ries of the genocide of indigenous peoples.
Variations of maximum tracheid and pit pore dimensions from pith to bark for ponderosa pine and redwood before and after drying determined by liquid displacement

Measurements of the gas pressure just required to displace saturating liquids and allow a slow continuous stream of gas to pass through ponderosa pine and redwood cross sections over a broad range of thicknesses at varying distances from pith to bark, together with the surface tensions of the liquids, have been used to calculate: (1) maximum lumen radii and maximum fiber lengths from the data for the thinner specimens, and (2) maximum pit pore radii for the specimens thicker than the maximum fiber lengths. Maximum lumen radii and maximum fiber lengths both increase from pith to bark and with increasing height in the tree. Maximum effective pit pore radii increase from the pith to the sapwood transition point, then increase abruptly followed by a variable zone in the sapwood. Displacement of water or a wetting agent solution gave comparable results for never-dried wood. Drying from water and resoaking reduced the maximum effective pit pore size. Drying from a wetting agent soaked condition followed by resoaking reduced the loss in permeability but not to the degree anticipated. ponderosa pine sapwood, that had been exposed to bacterial action, showed a large increase in the maximum effective communicating opening sizes.
UNINHIBITED POINCARÉ SERIES

We introduce a class of functions that generalize the epoch-making series of Poincare and Petersson. Our "uninhibited Poincare series" permits both a complex weight and an arbitrary multiplier system that is independent of the weight. In this initial paper we provide their Fourier expansions, as well as their modular behavior. We show that they are modular integrals that possess interesting periods. Moreover, we establish with relative ease that they "almost never" vanish identically. Along the way we present a seemingly unknown historical truth concerning Kloosterman sums, and also an alternative approach to Petersson's factor systems. The latter depends upon a simple multiplication rule.
Photoelectric determination of work function via cremsee enhancement: photo-cremsee

Abstract CREMSEE (cyclotron resonance from microwave-induced secondary electron emission), operated at a microwave power level just below threshold for self-sustaining signals may be used as an election-amplifier and detector of photoetectrons. A determination of the work function of air-oxidized Ag on the interior surface of a UHV-microwave cavity yields 4.06 ± 0.05 eV.
Stimulated raman and two-photon absorption processes in molecules

Abstract The energy and momentum conservation conditions for processes described by a polarization cubic in the electric field amplitudes are reviewed. The general four-wave light mixing formalism incorporates Doppler-Free two-photon absorption, stimulated Raman effect under various polarization conditions, and resonant enhanced CARS as special cases. Some recent experimental results based on the direct calibration of a two-photon absorption with a Raman cross section, and the comparison of two different Raman cross sections are presented.
Rapid Prediction of Solvation Free Energy. 1. An Extensive Test of Linear Interaction Energy (LIE)

The present study provides a comprehensive systematic analysis on the applicability of the linear interaction energy (LIE) approximation to the prediction of gas-to-water transfer (hydration) free energy. The study is based on molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent for an extensive and diverse hydration data set comprising 564 neutral compounds with measured hydration free energies, including a “traditional” data set and the more challenging drug-like SAMPL1 data set. A highly correlative LIE model was achieved without empirical scaling of the solute−solvent interaction energy terms along with a cavity term calibrated to the experiment. This model was particularly accurate for the “traditional” data set and of acceptable accuracy for the SAMPL1 data set, with mean-unsigned-errors below 1 kcal/mol and slightly above 2 kcal/mol, respectively. We have analyzed the sensitivity of the LIE model to several parameters such as continuum correction terms applied outside the explicit water shell, the im...
Are economic trends associated with child maltreatment? Preliminary results from the recent recession using state level data

Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the recent economic recession on child maltreatment rates. Specifically, we examine whether unemployment rates, labor force participation, and food stamp usage are associated with aggregate rates of child abuse and neglect (CAN) rates using state-level data. Theory and prior empirical evidence supports the relationship between family and neighborhood poverty and incidence of child maltreatment; however, the relationship between general economic environment and CAN remains unclear. The study uses a multiple case study design at the state level, analyzing administrative child maltreatment and economic data for seven U.S. states. Aggregate numbers for child maltreatment reports and food stamp usage were obtained from state respective agencies and economic data for unemployment and labor force from the Current Population Survey from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Empirical growth plots and OLS regression were used to examine changes in maltreatment and utilization of economic variables as predictors over time. Bivariate correlations and OLS regression results show a weak and inconsistent relationship between the economic indicators in this study and maltreatment rates. Several possible reasons accounting for these results are explored.
Temperature and Isotope Effects on the Rates of Photoinduced Iridium(I)−Pyridinium Electron-Transfer Reactions

Intramolecular electron-transfer (ET) rates have been measured as functions of reaction driving force (0.0−2.0 eV) and temperature (200−280 K) for a series of iridium dimers (Ir2) covalently bound to substituted pyridinium (py+) groups. We found that the rates of recombination reactions (py• → Ir2+) at high driving forces are strongly dependent on temperature and that Ir2* → py+ and py• → Ir2+ rates in both the normal and inverted regions are slower on deuteration of the pyridinium acceptors. Analysis of the rates in terms of semiclassical theory gives the following parameter values: HAB = 52(9) cm-1, λ = 1.05(2) eV (280 K); HAB = 22(2) cm-1, λ = 1.04(1) eV (210 K). 4-Phenyl-N-ethylpyridinium iodide, chosen as a model for the acceptors in the Ir2* → py+ reactions, exhibited resonance Raman scattering that implicated a 1565-cm-1 mode as dominant for inner-sphere reorganization.
A parallel and efficient approach to large scale clone detection

Over the past few years, researchers have implemented various algorithms to improve the scalability of clone detection. Most of these algorithms focus on scaling vertically on a single machine, and require complex intermediate data structures (e.g., suffix tree, etc.). However, several new use-cases of clone detection have emerged, which are beyond the computational capacity of a single machine. Moreover, for some of these usecases it may be expensive to invest upfront in the cost of building these data structures. In this paper, we propose a technique to horizontally scale clone detection across multiple machines using the popular MapReduce framework. The technique does not require building any complex intermediate data structures. Moreover, in order to increase the efficiency, the technique uses a filtering heuristic to prune the number of code block comparisons. The filtering heuristic is independent of our approach and it can be used in conjunction with other approaches to increase their efficiency. In our experiments, we found that: (i) the computation time to detect clones decreases by almost half every time we double the number of nodes; and (ii) the scaleup is linear, with a decline of not more than 70% compared to the ideal case, on a cluster of 2-32 nodes for 150-2800 projects.
Transport of Na+ inside the giant axon of squid.

The transport mechanism of Na ions within the nerve cell was studied by measuring the radioactivity distribution profile of22Na that had been intracellularly injected into the giant axon. Specifically, we tested whether or not the movement of Na ions is coupled with the process of “fast axonal transport.” Results of our measurements indicate that the intracellular transport of Na+ and the fast axonal transport are two independent processes. Very few Na ions are irreversibly sequestered into the axoplasmic vesicles involved in axonal transport. The movement of Na+ inside the axon can be modeled by a one-dimension diffusion. The effective diffusion coefficient of the intracellular Na+ was determined in this study.
Trends in stroke hospitalizations and associated risk factors among children and young adults, 1995-2008.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine acute stroke hospitalization rates for children and young adults and the prevalence of stroke risk factors among children and young adults hospitalized for acute stroke. Methods: The study population consisted of 1995–2008 hospitalizations from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, and ischemic stroke hospitalizations were identified by the primary International Classification of Diseases, 9th ed, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code. Seven consecutive 2-year time intervals were selected. Three age groups were utilized: 5 to 14 years, 15 to 34 years, and 35 to 44 years. Stroke risk factors and comorbidities among those hospitalized with acute stroke were identified by secondary ICD-9-CM codes. Results: During the period of study, the prevalence of hospitalizations of acute ischemic stroke increased among all age and gender groups except females aged 5 to 14 years. Females aged 15 to 34 years and males and females aged 35 to 44 years showed a decrease in the prevalence of hospitalizations for subarachnoid hemorrhage, whereas females aged 5 to 14 years showed increases for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hypertension, diabetes, obesity, lipid disorders, and tobacco use were among the most common coexisting conditions, and their prevalence increased from 1995 to 2008 among adolescents and young adults (aged 15–44 years) hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke. Interpretation: Increases in the prevalence of ischemic stroke hospitalizations and coexisting traditional stroke risk factors and health risk behaviors were identified among acute ischemic stroke hospitalizations in young adults. Our results from national surveillance data accentuate the need for public health initiatives to reduce risk factors for stroke among adolescents and young adults. ANN NEUROL 2011;00:000–000
Microarray technology and applications in the arena of genome-wide association.

Background: There is a revolution occurring in single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping technology, with high-throughput methods now allowing large numbers of SNPs (105–106) to be genotyped in large cohort studies. This has enabled large-scale genome-wide association (GWA) studies in complex diseases, such as diabetes, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease, to be undertaken for the first time. Content: The GWA approach serves the critical need for a comprehensive and unbiased strategy to identify causal genes related to complex disease, and is rapidly replacing the more traditional candidate gene studies and microsatellite-based linkage mapping approaches that have dominated gene discovery attempts for common diseases. As a consequence of employing array-based technologies, over the last 3 years dramatic discoveries of key variants involved in multiple complex diseases and related traits have been reported in the top scientific literature and, most importantly, have been largely replicated by independent investigator groups. As a consequence, several novel genes have been identified, most notably in the metabolic, cardiovascular, autoimmune, and oncology disease areas, that are clearly rooted in the biology of these disorders. These discoveries have opened up new avenues for investigators to address novel molecular pathways that were not previously linked to or thought of in relation with these diseases. Summary: This review provides a synopsis of recent advances and what we may expect to still emerge from this field.
Translesion synthesis past the C8- and N2-deoxyguanosine adducts of the dietary mutagen 2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline in the NarI recognition sequence by prokaryotic DNA polymerases.

2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) is found in cooked meats and forms DNA adducts at the C8- and N2-positions of dGuo after appropriate activation. IQ is a potent inducer of frameshift mu...
Mechanisms of Decreased Insulin Responsiveness of Large Adipocytes

We have studied glucose metabolism using large adipocytes isolated from older, fatterrats (>12 months old, >550 g), and smaller cells obtained from younger, leaner animals (4–5 weeks old, 126–160 g). 2-Deoxyglucose uptake was equal in large and small adipocytes, while insulin mediated oxidation of [l−l4C]glucose was greatly diminished (7-fold) in large cells. Thus, the defect in oxidation of the number one carbon atom of glucose (pentose pathway oxidation) is distal to the 2-deoxyglucose uptake system. However, this intracellular defect is not present in all pathways of glucose oxidation as demonstrated by the findingthat [6‒14C]glucose oxidation was comparable in small and large adipocytes. Thus, the number six carbon atom of glucose is oxidized normally indicating that glycolytic and Krebs cycle activity is intact in the large adipocyte. Furthermore, in large adipocytes conversion of glucose to total lipid was normal in the basal state and moderately decreased at high glucose concentrations in the prese...
A possible overhauser mechanism for 19F nuclear spin polarization in the reaction of fluorobenzyl halides with sodium naphthalene

Abstract It is proposed that the high field 19 F nuclear spin polarization observed in the product of the reaction of fluorobenzyl halides with sodium naphthalene is not due to the usual radical pair mechanism, but rather to a build up of electron spin polarization in the intermediate benzyl radical combined with electron—nuclear spin cross relaxation.
Investigations into the production of lipids by submerged cultures of the mushroom Tricholoma nudum. I. Fatty acid composition of neutral lipids and phospholipids as a function of time.

The production of neutral lipids and phospholipids by submerged cultures of the mushroom Tricholoma nudum, as well as the fatty acid composition of these two fractions, was studied as a function of time. The bulk of the neutral lipids was produced after 2 days when the organism appeared to be in a non-proliferative phase. The major fatty acids of the neutral lipids were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid (23–35% each); stearic acid was a minor component (8–13%); myristic, palmitoleic, and linolenic acid were present in small amounts (0.5–4.8%). The major fatty acid of the phospholipids was linoleic acid (55–70%); palmitic (15–19%), stearic (1.8–4.6%), and oleic (7–19%) acid were minor components; myristic, palmitoleic, and linolenic (0–2.3%) were present in small amounts. Linolenic acid was a major fatty acid (26–30%) only in the early stages of growth.A preliminary investigation was carried out with a 4-day-old culture to establish the identity of the various components of the neutral lipids and phosphol...
Marketing theory: A current status report

“Marketing Theory: A Current Status Report” presents the findings of a study conducted among a select group of marketing though leaders. This study explored their attitudes regarding the present state of marketing theory and particularly their views regarding the need for a general theory of marketing. Further, the question of whether academicians and practitioners have differing views concerning the need for theory is examined, as is the question of the importance of practicality in research.
Characterization of neuritic outgrowth-promoting activity of conditioned medium on spinal cord explants

Abstract Conditioned medium (CM) from muscle or fibroblast cultures dramatically increases the outgrowth of neurites from fetal rat spinal cord slices in vitro8. The factor(s) in CM responsible for this enhanced outgrowth is chymotrypsin-sensitive, but neuraminidase-insensitive At neutral pH, the factor(s) binds to a concanavalin A-agarose affinity column, a zinc metal chelate affinity column, a DE-52 anion exchange column, but not to a carboxymethyl-52 cation exchange column. These results suggest that the active CM factor(s) is a glycoprotein that is negatively charged at neutral pH. Following gel chromatography the major peak of outgrowth-promoting activity elutes at a molecular weight of approximately 50,000 daltons.
Labor market experiences and expectancies

Comparisons are made of the labor market experiences of a national sample of employed Black and White men and women. While women had "invested in their human capital" nearly as often as men, they less often had tried job training or job changes, and more often had acquired additional schooling, to improve their market posin'ons. Compared to White men, both groups of women also expressed lower work-related expectancies. Part of the White male expectancy edge can be attributed to differences in past investment strategies. Black and white women who had tried to make work changes did not differ from White men in present expectancies. While the causal relationship between experiences and expectancies needs further examination, especially in longitudinal studies, these results suggest that adult socialization in the labor market, while generally neglected, is a potentially important area of research on women's employment. Research on women's labor force participation and employment patterns has emphasized women's work motivation, sex-role attitudes, and the early home and school socialization through which these work-related dispositions presumably develop. Far less attention has been given to adult socialization and labor market experiences as influences on women's employment (Gutek & Nieva, 1978). Moreover, women's career preferences and their motives and values have been stressed more than their expectancies of success (Laws, 1976), although both expectancies and values are viewed as critical to work motivation in the dominant theories in organizational psychology. The dual emphasis on the value-motive aspect of motivation and on preadult socialization is reasonable because empirical evidence to date generally shows early sex differences in career "preferences." Boys and girls as young as kindergarten also substantially agree that some jobs are appropriate for males and others for females (Shepard & Hess, 1975; Looft, 1971a, 1971b; Siegel, 1973). Moreover, despite large increases in female employment in recent years, most women still work in traditionally "female" jobs, and research evidence
Characteristic features of alloy polarization curves

Abstract The different tendencies for dissolution of the individual components of alloys produce unique polarization behavior that is not seen in pure metals. This behavior, which is just as prevalent in base metal as in noble metal alloys, is often obscured in the polarization curves by other reactions, e.g. H 2 evolution. Four distinct polarization regions are identified and characterized in terms of the tendency for selective dissolution, surface enrichment of the more noble component and the stability of a planar surface. The greater the difference in the standard reduction potentials of the metals in the alloy, ΔE °, the more pronounced are the alloy features. The alloy composition is important in determining which alloy features occur. Stress corrosion susceptibility is greatest for one type of alloy dissolution.
Young Children's Perceptions of Old People

Thirty-five preschool-age children were asked to order drawings of young, middle, and old- aged people from oldest to youngest. Subjects were asked to assign adjective descriptions to the pictures representing each age. Significant associations were found between the type of response given by subjects and the age of the male and female figure drawings (p < .001). The number of positive adjectives assigned to old figures was correlated with the time subjects spent with people over the age of sixty-five. There was a significant association between the number of positive adjective assignments and the amount of time spent with an elderly babysitter (p < .001) and an elderly neighbor (p < .02). Results are discussed in relation to changes in family life, and suggestions are made for improving young children's impressions of elderly individuals.
LIFE CYCLE OF THE HETEROTROPHIC DINOFLAGELLATE PFIESTERIA PISCICIDA (DINOPHYCEAE)1

The putatively toxic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida (Steidinger et Burkholder) has been reported to have an unusual life cycle for a free-living marine dinoflagellate. As many as 24 life cycle stages were originally described for this species. During a recent phylogenetic study in which we used clonal cultures of P. piscicida, we were unable to confirm many reported life cycle stages. To resolve this discrepancy, we undertook a rigorous examination of the life cycle of P. piscicida using nuclear staining techniques combined with traditional light microscopy, high-resolution video microscopy, EM, and in situ hybridization with a suite of fluorescently labeled peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes. The results showed that P. piscicida had a typical haplontic dinoflagellate life cycle. Asexual division occurred within a division cyst and not by binary fission of motile cells. Sexual reproduction of this homothallic species occurred via the fusion of isogamous gametes. Examination of tanks where P. piscicida was actively feeding on fish showed that amoebae were present; however, they were contaminants introduced with the fish. Whole cell probing using in situ hybridization techniques confirmed that these amoebae were hybridization negative for a P. piscicida-specific PNA probe. Direct observations of clonal P. piscicida cultures revealed no unusual life cycle stages. Furthermore, the results of this study provided no evidence for transformations to amoebae. We therefore conclude that P. piscicida has a life cycle typical of free-living marine dinoflagellates and lacks any amoeboid or other specious stages.
Techniques: GPCR assembly, pharmacology and screening by flow cytometry

Flow cytometers are well known for their ability to analyze and sort cells at high rates based on physiological responses and expression of protein markers. The potential for flow cytometry in G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) research, however, is less well appreciated. Potential applications include: (i) the homogenous discrimination of free and bound ligands or proteins in both cellular and microsphere-based assays; and (ii) multiplexed (‘suspension array') analysis of cell responses and protein–protein interactions. Innovative sample-handling systems also provide sub-second resolution of interaction kinetics and 1 second per well throughput of microliter-sized samples from multiwell plates. Flow cytometric methods using microspheres for analysis of GPCRs that interact with intracellular and extracellular binding partners such as ligands, G proteins and kinases have been established. These analyses can produce quantitative pharmacological data analogous to radioligand assays, and, in some cases, the probes can be integrated into the assembly as fluorescent fusion proteins.
Redeeming Russia? American missionaries and tsarist Russia, 1886–1917

(1997). Redeeming Russia? American missionaries and tsarist Russia, 1886–1917. Religion, State and Society: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 353-368.
Functional diastolic murmurs.

Abstract The history of functional diastolic murmurs is reviewed. These murmurs are defined as murmurs not caused by valve stenosis, though usually connected with severe changes of cardiovascular dynamics. The phonocardiograms of 11 patients are presented and clinical and laboratory data of these patients are discussed. The mechanism of the functional diastolic murmurs is discussed, and differential phonocardiographic criteria are presented.
Sulfur dichloride diadducts of unsaturated fatty derivatives. I. preparation and oxidation

Sulfur dichloride diadducts of oleate esters, oleylnitrile, elaidate esters and ethyl linoleate were prepared by addition of the theoretical amount of sulfur dichloride to the fatty derivative. Similar diadducts were also prepared from commercial oleate esters including esters of ADM's monoenoic acid. Several of the resultingβ,β′- dichlorosulfide diesters were then oxidized with peracetic acid to β,β′-dichlorosulfoxide diesters and to β,β′-dichlorosulfone diesters. The latter materials were converted to the divinyl sulfone diacids.
Immunoregulatory cytokines in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Pre‐ and posttreatment with interferon alfa

T lymphocytes and immunoregulatory cytokines may be important in the host response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. T-helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines (interleukin [IL]-2, interferon gamma [IFN-gamma]) are required for host antiviral immune responses, including cytotoxic T-cell generation and natural killer cell activation, while T-helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines (IL-4,IL-10) can inhibit the development of these effector mechanisms. In this study, the serum levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in patients (n = 23) infected with HCV were measured and compared with biochemical (alanine transaminase [ALT]) and viral (HCV RNA) indicators of infection. Serial cytokine levels were measured in a subset of 11 patients at 1 and 12 weeks during and at 1 week after interferon alfa (IFN-α) therapy (n = 33 samples). Levels of circulating IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ were significantly elevated in HCV patients versus normal controls (128 vs. 25 pg/mL, 3,045 vs. 29 pg/mL, 2,949 vs. 18 pg/mL, and 307 vs. 24 pg/mL respectively; P < .01). Treatment with IFN-α decreased the levels of IL-4 (321 ± 224 pg/mL), and IL-10 (1,011 ± 344 pg/mL), which paralleled a decrease in HCV RNA (114 ± 27 vs. 25 ± 20 Eq/ml X 105, pre- vs. post-IFN-α [12 weeks];P <.05). These findings indicate that an activated T-cell response, as manifest by increased circulating immunoregulatory cytokines, is present in patients with HCV liver disease. Furthermore, treatment with HCV liver disease. Furthermore, treatment with IFN-α diminishes the Th2 cytokine response. Thus, modulation of T-cell function and cytokine production may be one mechanism whereby IFN-α therapy results in reduced viral burden. (Hepatology 1996 Jul;24(1):6-9)
Directional Effects in the Electric Breakdown of Ionic Crystals

A theory is proposed to explain the fact that in ionic crystals the paths formed as a result of electric breakdown lie along definite crystallographic directions which are independent of the direction in which the breakdown field is applied. The directional dependence of the collision probability for fast electrons is calculated on the basis of the directional asymmetry of the Brillouin zone of the phonons and the selection rules for electron-phonon collisions. For increasing temperature, or increasing impurity content, or decreasing overvoltage, the theory predicts the following sequence of breakdown directions: $\mathrm{Random} [R]\ensuremath{\rightarrow}[100]\ensuremath{\rightarrow}[111]\ensuremath{\rightarrow}[110]\ensuremath{\rightarrow}[110] \mathrm{and} [100]\ensuremath{\rightarrow}[100].$ A criterion is suggested for predicting the paths to be observed under any given conditions.
Modeling of Lipase-Catalyzed Acidolysis of Sesame Oil and Caprylic Acid by Response Surface Methodology: Optimization of Reaction Conditions by Considering Both Acyl Incorporation and Migration

Lipase-catalyzed acidolysis in hexane to produce structured lipids (SLs) from sesame oil and caprylic acid was optimized by considering both total incorporation (Y1) and acyl migration (Y2). Response surface methodology was applied to model Y1 and Y2, respectively, with three reaction parameters: temperature (X1), reaction time (X2), and substrate molar ratio (X3). Well-fitting models for Y1 and Y2 were established after regression analysis with backward elimination and verified by a chi2 test. All factors investigated positively affected Y1. For Y2, X1 showed the greatest positive effect. However, there was no effect of X3. We predicted the levels of Y2 and acyl incorporation into sn-1,3 positions (Y3) based on Y1. The results showed that over the range of ca. 55 mol % of Y1, Y3 started to decrease, and Y2 increased rapidly, suggesting that Y1 should be kept below ca. 55 mol % to prevent decrease in quality and yield of targeted SLs.
Protection of substituted anilines with 1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-1,4-bis(n,n-dimetrylamino)disilethylene

Abstract A simple high yield method has been developed for the protection of substituted anilines with 1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-1,4-bis(N,N-dimethylamino)disilethylene.
Pseudomorphic InGaAs/AlGaAs modulation-doped FET's with reduced low-frequency noise and thermally stable performance

A high-performance MODFET structure grown by MBE with the incorporation of a single quantum well In(0.15)Ga(0.85)As layer for the transport of two-dimensional electron gas has been critically examined for its thermal stability at 80 K and low-frequency noise form 0.01 to 10 to the 8th Hz. Experimental results indicate that the behavior of this device in both these respects is much superior when compared with the same behavior of conventional MODFETs. A maximum low-field carrier mobility of 29,000 sq cm/s at 80 K and an average carrier saturation velocity of 2 x 10 to the 7th cm/s at 300 K in a 1-micron gate device clearly indicate that the quality of the pseudomorphic quantum well (InGaAs) layer is either comparable or better than that of the usual GaAs buffer layer. The deep level spectra, obtained through photo-FET measurements, and the low-frequency noise spectra at different temperatures obtained for the new pseudomorphic and conventional MODFET's have clearly indicated that contributions from various deep levels present in the new structure are significantly reduced.
Trends in postpartum hemorrhage: United States, 1994-2006.

Objective The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) in the United States and to assess trends. Study Design Population-based data from the 1994–2006 National Inpatient Sample were used to identify women who were hospitalized with postpartum hemorrhage. Data for each year were plotted, and trends were assessed. Multivariable logistic regression was used in an attempt to explain the difference in PPH incidence between 1994 and 2006. Results PPH increased 26% between 1994 and 2006 from 2.3% (n = 85,954) to 2.9% (n = 124,708; P P Conclusion Population-based surveillance data signal an apparent increase in PPH caused by uterine atony. More nuanced clinical data are needed to understand the factors that are associated with this trend.
Location-Allocation Problems

The calculational aspects of solving certain classes of location-allocation problems are presented. Both exact extremal equations and a heuristic method are presented for solving these problems. Directions for further investigation are also indicated because of the need for methods to shorten the total amount of calculation involved.
The isolation, characterization and synthetic utility of several solid organolithium compounds

Abstract Pentachlorophenyllithium and ferrocenyllithium have been isolated and characterized as relatively air-stable solids. The chemical reactivity of these organo-lithium compounds has been investigated, and several carbene complexes of chromium and tungsten have been prepared. Pentachlorophenyllithium adds to furan and therefore represents a solid benzyne precursor. 1,1′-Dilithioferrocene · 2TMEDA, ferrocenyllithium · TMEDA, and 2-lithio[(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocene were isolated and characterized as air-sensitive solids. An attempted formation of 2,2′-dilithiobiphenyl from 2,2′-dibromobiphenyl and n-butyllithium yielded a mixture of ca. 80% of this dilithium reagent and ca. 20% of 2-bromo-2′-lithiobiphenyl.
Mercury effects from chronic and acute doses on fixed-interval operant behavior of female squirrel monkeys.

Summary.-Adult female squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus, were conditioned on a fixed-interval 10-min. schedule of Noyes 190-mg food pellets until steady states were recorded. Chronic, sublethal doses of dimethylmercury were then administered via the inuaperitoneal route prior to each experimental session. Physiologically normal saline was administered IP during control sessions. Following the chronic series, one acute dose of mercury was administered to each S. As transitions between the chronic doses and the acute dose occurred, proportionate rate changes typical of the effects of variable-interval scheduling were observed, even though the fixed-interval schedule contingencies remained constant throughout the investigation. The results are explained as a function of sensory-motor disruptions due to the entrance of organic mercury into the brain and spinal cord. The effeccs of mercury on laboratory animals, until recently, had been predominantly confined to blood chemical or cellular effects. The Study Group on Mercury Hazards ( 1971 ) reviewed animal studies in rats and cats. These studies indicated a correlation between dose, body burden, and toxic effeccs of methylmercury at the physiological level. Friberg (1959) injected methylmercury into one set of rats and mercuric chloride into another set over a 10-day period. The mercury concentration was 100 times greater in the blood, twice as high in the liver, and 10 times as high in the brain of animals receiving methylmercury than in those receiving mercuric chloride. The only organ in which the mercury values were higher after injection of the inorganic compound was the kidney. Putman and Madden (1972) report that in humans high amounts of mercury, organic as well as inorganic, lead to tremors, motor disability, blindness, intellectual impairment, loss of muscle control, and deafness. Organic mercury was injected into pregnant mice by Spyker, Sparber, and Goldberg (1972). The offspring of these mice were significantly more emotional in an open field than the offspring of nontreated mice, even though they appeared normal in other respects. The investigators injected 0.16 mg/20 gm body weight of methylmercury deqandramide into the pregnant mice. They also found that mercury treatment disrupted normal swimming patterns in mice. 'The laboratory in which this research was conducted operates under the Principles for the Care and Use of Animals, approved June 26. 1968, by the Council of Representauves, American Psvcholonical Association. A~preciation noes to Dr. Paul Mornan from the College of ~Gdicine for his assistance in preparing t6e mercury solutions.
Examination of the effects of LiOH, LiCl, and LiNO3 on alkali–silica reaction

Abstract Lithium additives have been shown to reduce expansion associated with alkali–silica reaction (ASR), but the mechanism(s) by which they act have not been understood. The aim of this research is to assess the effectiveness of three lithium additives—LiOH, LiCl, and LiNO3—at various dosages, with a broader goal of improving the understanding of the means by which lithium acts. The effect of lithium additives on ASR was assessed using mortar bar expansion testing and quantitative elemental analysis to measure changes in concentrations of solution phase species (Si, Na, Ca, and Li) in filtrates obtained at different times from slurries of silica gel and alkali solution. Results from mortar bar tests indicate that each of the lithium additives tested was effective in reducing expansion below an acceptable limit of 0.05% at 56 days. However, different lithium additive threshold dosages ([Li2O]/[Na2Oe]) were required to accomplish this reduction in expansion; these were found to be approximately 0.6 for LiOH, 0.8 for LiNO3, and 0.9 for LiCl. Quantitative elemental analysis indicated that sodium and lithium were both bound in reaction products formed within the silica gel slurry. It is also believed that lithium may have been preferentially bound over sodium in at least one of the reaction products because a greater percent decrease in dissolved lithium than dissolved sodium was observed within the first 24 h. It appears that lithium additives either decreased silica dissolution, or promoted precipitation of silica-rich products (some of which may be nonexpansive), because the dissolved silica concentration decreased with increasing dosage of lithium nitrate or lithium chloride additive.
Overexpression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and MHC class II antigen on hypertrophic nerve trunks suggests an immunopathologic response in Hirschsprung's disease

Abstract The pathogenesis of Hirschsprung's disease (HD) is not fully understood. The authors studied expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen in the resected bowel specimes of 18 patients with HD who had no evidence of enterocolitis and in eight age- and site-matched controls, using indirect immunohistochemistry. There was strong expression of ICAM-1 and MHC class II antigen on hypertrophic nerve trunks, in both the submucous and myenteric plexuses of the aganglionic colon. The transition zone showed strong expression of ICAM-1 and MHC class II antigen on small ganglia in the myenteric and submucous plexuses. However, no staining of ganglia or nerve fibers was found in the submucous and myenteric plexuses of the colon from controls or in the ganglionic colon from patients with HD. The expression of both antigens on hypertrophic nerve trunks suggests the presence of an immunologic response in the pathogenesis of HD.
Metastability and hysteresis in active materials

We explore two issues related to metastable systems relevant to shape-memory alloys with highly mobile, complex, and easily transformed microstructure. The first is an approach towards modeling of the system interactions across a wide range of length scales, termed a hierarchy of scales approach. The second relates to possible dynamical principles and, in particular, hysteresis. We suggest that the metastability is governed in the weak topology and evolution is determined by a solution to the Fokker-Planck Equation.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An Introduction to the Theory of Seismology

This old standard text has undergone its first face-lift since its 1963 third edition. Its length has been increased from 381 pages to 499, its size from 14.5×22.0 cm to 15.5×23.5 cm, the number of equations from 433 to 859, the number of figures from 43 to 96, the date of most recent reference from 1962 to 1985, and its price from $9.50 to $69.50. Problems have been added to the end of each chapter, and an appendix of earth models (e.g., the Preliminary Earth Reference Model) to the end of the book. As Bolt states in the preface, “About sixty percent of this edition is new material.”
CamAuth: Securing Web Authentication with Camera

Frequent outbreak of password database leaks and server breaches in recent years manifests the aggravated security problems of web authentication using only password. Two-factor authentication, despite being more secure and strongly promoted, has not been widely applied to web authentication. Leveraging the unprecedented popularity of both personal mobile devices (e.g., Smartphones) and barcode scans through camera, we explore a new horizon in the design space of two-factor authentication. In this paper, we present Cam Auth, a web authentication scheme that exploits pervasive mobile devices and digital cameras to counter various password attacks including man-in-the-middle and phishing attacks. In Cam Auth, a mobile device is used as the second authentication factor to vouch for the identity of a use who is performing a web login from a PC. The device communicates directly with the PC through the secure visible light communication channels, which incurs no cellular cost and is immune to radio frequency attacks. Cam Auth employs public-key cryptography to ensure the security of authentication process. We implemented a prototype system of Cam Auth that consists of an Android application, a Chrome browser extension, and a Java-based web server. Our evaluation results indicate that Cam Auth is a viable scheme for enhancing the security of web authentication.
An Education Imperiled: The Challenge to Prepare Teachers to Combat School Aggression and Violence

The incidence of aggression and violence in the schools is approaching epidemic proportions. Unfortunately, few teacher education programs have initiated coursework designed to equip public school personnel to face the mounting challenge of student aggression. First, we examine briefly the origin and nature of student aggression. Then, drawing upon a review of the accumulated literature, we offer a series of recommendations to refocus the content of teacher education programs. We also discuss redefining the boundaries of professional development to engage all school personnel to combat aggression. Lastly, we argue for strengthening university and public school collaboration to curb the rising tide of student aggression and violence.
Women Derive Collective Self‐Esteem from Their Feminist Identity

Women's self-esteem is more strongly related to social acceptance and inclusion than to accomplishments. We investigated the extent to which women derive self-esteem from being women, that is, from their membership in a collective gender group. We hypothesized and found that women's collective self-esteem (i.e., self-esteem derived from their gender group) would systematically vary for women showing differing degrees of feminist development. Thus, women's self-esteem derived from womanhood seems to depend on the “meaning” of womanhood to the individual woman.
Chemotherapy of gastric cancer.

AbstractDespite a steady decline in incidence over the past five decades in this country, gastric carcinoma continues to represent a major health problem. From the turn of the century through the 1930s, gastric cancer was the leading cause of death in the United States (1). Despite the subsequent decline, the American Cancer Society estimated that approximately 25,000 new diagnoses of gastric cancer would be made in 1988, and that deaths due to this malignancy would exceed 14,400 in the same year. At present, it is the eighth most common cause of cancer death in this country.
Morphological foundations of precartilage development in mesenchyme

Hyaline cartilage is archetypic for the appendicular skeleton and the vertebral column. It arises from pluirpotential mesenchymal ancestor cells that remain morphologically undifferentiated prior to a localized cell aggregation in specific regions destined to undergo chondrogenesis. The critical ultrastructural studies of limb bud mesenchymal differentiation prior to, during, and after aggregation were largely completed during the 1970s. These studies accurately and reproducibly described the changes in the cells and matrix with reference to the developmental stages of the embryonic chick and mouse. Collectively, the morphological literature concerning mouse and chick chondrogenesis is in fundamental agreement on the timing and sequence of cell and matrix changes. The morphological observations are foundational and are now extensively correlated with the molecular events of cartilage differentiation.