cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic associations with archaea drive shifts in hydrogen isotope fractionation in sulfate-reducing bacterial lipids in cocultures and methane seeps

Correlation between hydrogen isotope fractionation in fatty acids and carbon metabolism in pure cultures of bacteria indicates the potential of biomarker D/H analysis as a tool for diagnosing carbon substrate usage in environmental samples. However, most environments, in particular anaerobic habitats, are built from metabolic networks of micro-organisms rather than a single organism. The effect of these networks on D/H of lipids has not been explored and may complicate the interpretation of these analyses. Syntrophy represents an extreme example of metabolic interdependence. Here, we analyzed the effect of metabolic interactions on the D/H biosignatures of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) using both laboratory maintained cocultures of the methanogen Methanosarcina acetivorans and the SRB Desulfococcus multivorans in addition to environmental samples harboring uncultured syntrophic consortia of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing Deltaproteobacteria (SRB) recovered from deep-sea methane seeps. Consistent with previously reported trends, we observed a ~80‰ range in hydrogen isotope fractionation (e_(lipid–water)) for D. multivorans grown under different carbon assimilation conditions, with more D-enriched values associated with heterotrophic growth. In contrast, for cocultures of D. multivorans with M. acetivorans, we observed a reduced range of e_(lipid–water) values (~36‰) across substrates with shifts of up to 61‰ compared to monocultures. Sediment cores from methane seep settings in Hydrate Ridge (offshore Oregon, USA) showed similar D-enrichment in diagnostic SRB fatty acids coinciding with peaks in ANME/SRB consortia concentration suggesting that metabolic associations are connected to the observed shifts in e_(lipid–water) values.
X- and K-band Tunable Phase Generation Circuits for Monolithic mm-Wave Phased Arrays

This paper presents design and characterization of two polyphase generation circuits, operating at X and K bands. These are crucial building blocks of an intended mixed-signal scalable architecture, suitable for integration of large beamformers on silicon technologies, operating at mm-wave frequencies. Circuits are designed with a mixed-signal approach: signals and topologies are digital, but performance and accuracy are achieved with analog-IC techniques. The novel topology proposed for the phase generator bases its operation on the time delay of matched ECL inverters loaded with quasi-matched varactors. One core phase shifter generates the phase gradient step, and it is reused several times to generate eight output differential signals of different phases. Without using any inductive component, the two phase generators provide 4 bit phase resolution in the 5-17 GHz and 11-26 GHz bands requiring 534 mW and 615 mW respectively, and are excellent candidates for the silicon integration of high-density beamformers.
Interferometric measurement of refractive-index change in photosensitive glass.

We report on a technique for determining the change in the refractive index of photosensitive glass. We have demonstrated our interferometer-based technique on fiber preform and bulk glass samples, achieving an optical-path-difference (OPD) repeatability of 0.2 nm. For the bulk glass sample we measured an OPD of 15.2 ? 3.0 nm, corresponding to an index change of 2.1 ? 0.7 x 10(-5). Our technique was found to be insensitive to the effects of photodarkening and material compaction.
A Thermodynamic Framework for Viscoplasticity Based on Overstress (VBO)

A thermodynamic framework is presented for the theory of Viscoplasticity Based on Overstress (VBO) developed by Krempl and co-workers (Krempl, E., and Ho, K., 2001, in Lemaitre Handbook of Materials Behavior Models, Academic Press, New York, pp. 336-348; 2000, in Time Dependent and Nonlinear Effects in Polymers and Composites, ASTM STP 1357, Schapery, R. A., and Sun, C. T., eds., ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 118-137; Cernocky, E. P., and Krempl, E., 1979, Int. J. Non-Linear Mech., 14, pp. 183-203; Gomaa et al., 2004, Int. J. Solids Struct., 41, pp. 3607-3624), for anisotropic materials and small deformations. A Caratheodory-based approach is applied to demonstrate the existence of entropy and absolute temperature, as previously described by Hall (2000, Compos. Sci. Technol., 60, pp. 2581-2599). The present framework indicates that the stress rate-dependent term in the established growth law for the equilibrium stress cannot contribute to the dissipation, and is therefore referred to here as the elastic equilibrium stress rate. A new temperature rate-dependent term is obtained for the same growth law, which is also required to be dissipationless. These terms are therefore identified with dissipationless changes of the stored energy and/or entropy. In general, the traditional, and thermodynamically justified, forms for the potential functions that arise in the present nonequilibrium treatment lead to dissipationless contributions from internal variable growth law terms that are linear in the rates of the controllable variables. Similar indications, without first establishing entropy and absolute temperature existence, were noted in the modeling of Lehmann (1984, in The Constitutive Law in Thermoplasticity, T. Lehmann, ed., Springer, New York).
A new fast algorithm for system identification

A recursive least mean square technique for system identification is outlined, and applied to a recursive system, to determine an algorithm for updating the coefficients, or weights, of such a system. The effects of the convergence coefficients on stability are detailed, in addition to the all important synthesis in hardware. Of particular interest are the synthesis of this system with a charge-coupled device (CCD), to produce the delayed version of the signals, and the effect of the charge retention in the cells of the CCD on convergence and coefficient or weight changes. The application of this system to a telephone network is discussed with regard to echo cancellation of long distance telephone calls. >
Field evidence of an airborne enemy-avoidance kairomone in wolf spiders.

Hogna helluo, Pardosa milvina, and Trochosa ruricola are co-occurring species of wolf spiders within agricultural fields in the eastern USA. The largest species, H. helluo, is a common predator of the two smaller species, P. milvina and T. ruricola. H. helluo frequently resides within soil fissures where P. milvina and T. ruricola may be attacked when they enter or walk near these fissures. We tested the ability of P. milvina and T. ruricola to avoid H. helluo-containing burrows by detecting airborne enemy-avoidance kairomones associated with H. helluo. To simulate soil fissures and control for visual and vibratory means of predator detection, we baited funneled pitfall traps with one of the following (N = 20 traps/treatment): (1) blank (empty trap); (2) one house cricket (Acheta domesticus); (3) one adult female H. helluo; and (4) one adult male H. helluo. Over two separate 3-d periods, we measured pitfall capture rates of P. milvina and T. ruricola as well as other incidentally captured ground-dwelling arthropods. During the day, male P.milvina showed significant avoidance of pitfall traps baited with H. helluo of either sex but showed no avoidance of empty traps or those containing crickets. At night, male T. ruricola showed a qualitatively similar pattern of avoiding H. helluo-baited traps, but the differences were not statistically significant. We found no evidence that other ground-dwelling arthropods either avoided or were attracted to H. helluo-baited traps. This study suggests that an airborne enemy-avoidance kairomone may mediate behavior among male P. milvina in the field.
Civic culture and democracy from Europe to America

In this study we explore the extent to which the civic cultures of European immigrants to the United States persist in their contemporary descendants. Analyses using data from the World Values Survey and the cumulative General Social Surveys indicate that the civic attitudes of contemporary Americans bear a strong resemblance to the civic attitudes of the contemporary citizens of the European nations with whom they share common ancestors. The Americans who descend from nations with highly civic populations tend to hold relatively civic attitudes, while those who descend from nations with less civic populations tend to hold relatively less civic attitudes. The significance of these findings for democracy is discussed.
Do I have to learn something new? Mental models and the acceptance of replacement technologies

Few studies in technology acceptance have explicitly addressed the acceptance of replacement technologies, technologies that replace legacy ones that have been in use. This article explores this issue through the theoretical lens of mental models. We contend that accepting replacement technologies entails both mental model maintenance and mental model building: mental model maintenance enables users to apply their knowledge of the legacy technologies, and mental model building helps users acquire new knowledge and reform their understanding to use replacement technologies. Both processes affect user perceptions about replacement technologies, which in turn affect user intentions to use them. In addition, this study explores how perceived compatibility between replacement and legacy technologies affects both mental model processes. A research model was developed and empirically tested with survey data. The results in general support our arguments. Based on the findings, we offer a few suggestions that can promote user acceptance of replacement technologies.
Decentralized recovery of sparse signals for sensor network applications

In this paper, we consider the problem of distributed l 1 regularized quadratic optimization in a large-scale sensor network setting. Specifically, we consider sensor nodes which can measure only a part of the entire measurement vector and whose communication capabilities are limited to only their neighboring nodes. We formulate the l 1 -optimization problem as bound constrained quadratic optimization and develop a distributed, gossip-based algorithm using the projected-gradient approach. The sensor nodes reach a consensus on the gradient to be used for vector update at each step of the optimization algorithm. Finally we analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm using synthetic data and compare it with a standard l 1 solver.
Effects of Digitalis Upon Body Electrolytes

Studies of the electrolyte alterations in 54 dogs during 165 discrete digitalizations with acetyl strophantbidin to an endpoint of ventricular tachycardia are reported. In 94 per cent of digitalizatious, increase in arterial potassium concentration occurred. This was noted as early as five niinutes after drug administration. At the time of ventricular tachycardia, the increase was 0.67 mEq./L. When digitalization was carried to ventricular fibrillation, the increase was 3.1 mEq./L. In 75.5 per cent of the digitalizations, arterial sodium concentration decreased; average de crease was 2.6 mEq./L. At ventricular fibril lation, the decrease amounted to 11.0 mEq./L. Arterial calcium concentration and oxygen saturation were not altered. There was a modest decrease in CO 2 content and an increase in arterial pH and hcmatoerit. Peaking of the late portion of the T wave was common during acute digitalization and correlated with the increase in extracellular potassium concentration. The relationship of the electrolyte changes to the process of digitalization is discussed.
Fine manipulation with multifinger hands

The existence of two- and three-finger grasps in the presence of arbitrarily small friction is shown for 2D and 3D smooth objects using a simple technique. No convexity of the objects is assumed. The existence of finger gaits for rotating a planar object using three and four fingers is proved. Additional results for smooth convex objects which describe two different finger gaits using four fingers are presented. The purpose is to move one or more fingers at any one time and at the same time to maintain a grip with the others, and thereby to move the object further than or in other ways than it could be moved with a fixed grip. >
NSF CAREER: Scalable learning and adaptation with intelligent techniques and neural networks for reconfiguration and survivability of complex systems

The NSF CAREER program is a premier program that emphasizes the importance the foundation places on the early development of academic careers solely dedicated to stimulating the discovery process in which the excitement of research enriched by inspired teaching and enthusiastic learning. This paper describes the research and education experiences gained by the principal investigator and his research collaborators and students as a result of a NSF CAREER proposal been awarded by the power, control and adaptive networks (PCAN) program of the electrical, communications and cyber systems division, effective June 1, 2004. In addition, suggestions on writing a winning NSF CAREER proposal are presented.
MonDe: safe updating through monitored deployment of new component versions

Safely updating software at remote sites is a cautious balance of enabling new functionality and avoiding adverse effects on existing functionality. A useful first step in this process would be to evaluate the performance of a new version of a component on the current workload before enabling its functionality. This step would let the engineers assess the component's performance over more (and more realistic) data points than by simply performing regression testing in-house.In this paper we propose to evaluate the performance of a new version of a component by (1) deploying it to remote sites, (2) running it in a controlled environment with the actual workloads being generated at that site, and (3) reporting the results back to the development engineers. Running the new version can either be done on-line, alongside the current system, or offline, using capture-replay techniques. By running at the remote site and reporting concise results, issues of data security, protection, and confidentiality are diminished, yet the new version can be evaluated on real workloads.
Effect of humidity on the composition of isoprene photooxidation secondary organic aerosol

The effect of relative humidity (RH) on the com- position and concentrations of gas-phase products and sec- ondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated from the photoox- idation of isoprene under high-NOx conditions was investi- gated. Experiments were performed with hydrogen peroxide as the OH precursor and in the absence of seed aerosol. The relative yields of most gas-phase products were the same re- gardless of initial water vapor concentration with exception of hydroxyacetone and glycolaldehyde, which were consid- erably affected by RH. A significant change was observed in the SOA composition, with many unique condensed-phase products formed under humid (90 % RH) vs. dry (<2 % RH) conditions, without any detectable effect on the rate and ex- tent of the SOA mass growth. There is a 40 % reduction in the number and relative abundance of distinct particle- phase nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOC) de- tected by high resolution mass spectrometry. The suppres- sion of condensation reactions, which produce water as a product, is the most important chemical effect of the in- creased RH. For example, the total signal from oligomeric esters of 2-methylglyceric acid was reduced by about 60 % under humid conditions and the maximum oligomer chain lengths were reduced by 7-11 carbons. Oligomers formed by addition mechanisms, without direct involvement of wa- ter, also decreased at elevated RH but to a much smaller ex- tent. The observed reduction in the extent of condensation- type oligomerization at high RH may have substantial im- pact on the phase characteristics and hygroscopicity of the
Transient Melting of a Metal Plate by a Penetrating Plasma Arc

A study was performed on the heat transfer and the fluid flow during transient melting of a metal plate subjected to stationary, penetrating plasma-arc heating. An integral method of solution was used for this simplified, first-order simulation of plasma-arc metal processing. The results of the study reveal the importance of the workpiece thickness, plasma-penetrating hole size, and gravity on the melting process and the molten fluid flow. The study also shows that plasma-arc metal processing seems to be a low-efficiency manufacturing process with only 7% of the plasma energy contributing to the melting.
Rumination moderates the effects of daily events on negative mood: Results from a diary study.

Rumination describes a detrimental response to distress that involves repetitive thoughts about one's emotional state and its causes and potential consequences. Many experimental studies have shown that induced state rumination exacerbates the effect of laboratory stressors on negative affect. The current study examines whether use of rumination in response to specific real-life events moderates the association between unpleasant daily events and negative mood. One hundred fifty-seven undergraduate participants completed daily diaries for six consecutive days. The daily diaries assessed current mood, a survey of unpleasant daily events, and use of rumination in response to the most unpleasant daily event. Data were analyzed with a multilevel random coefficient modeling (MRCM) approach. It was predicted and found that use of rumination in daily life moderates the relation between unpleasant daily events and negative mood. On days when participants reported intense rumination use, higher levels of unpleasant daily events predicted higher levels of negative mood. By contrast, on days when participants reported lower use of rumination, higher levels of unpleasant events were not associated with higher levels of negative mood. This study is the first to demonstrate that real-life use of rumination moderates the relation between unpleasant events and mood in daily life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).
Analysis of anisotropic side-chain packing in proteins and application to high-resolution structure prediction.

p–p, cation–p, and hydrophobic packing interactions contribute specificity to protein folding and stability to the native state. As a step towards developing improved models of these interactions in proteins, we compare the side-chain packing arrangements in native proteins to those found in compact decoys produced by the Rosetta de novo structure prediction method. We find enrichments in the native distributions for T-shaped and parallel offset arrangements of aromatic residue pairs, in parallel stacked arrangements of cation–aromatic pairs, in parallel stacked pairs involving proline residues, and in parallel offset arrangements for aliphatic residue pairs. We then investigate the extent to which the distinctive features of native packing can be explained using Lennard-Jones and electrostatics models. Finally, we derive orientation-dependent p–p, cation–p and hydrophobic interaction potentials based on the differences between the native and compact decoy distributions and investigate their efficacy for high-resolution protein structure prediction. Surprisingly, the orientationdependent potential derived from the packing arrangements of aliphatic side-chain pairs distinguishes the native structure from compact decoys better than the orientation-dependent potentials describing p–p and cation–p interactions. q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Uterine balloon tamponade for the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage in resource-poor settings: a systematic review

BACKGROUND: Effective interventions addressing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) are critically needed to reduce maternal mortality worldwide. Uterine balloon tamponade (UBT) has been shown to be an effective technique to treat PPH in developed countries but has not been examined in resource-poor settings. OBJECTIVES: This literature review examines the effectiveness of UBT for the treatment and management of PPH in resource-poor settings. SEARCH STRATEGY: Publications were sought through searches of five electronic databases: Medline Cochrane Reference Libraries CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) Embase and Popline. SELECTION CRITERIA: Titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility by two independent reviewers. Each reviewer evaluated the full text of potentially eligible articles by defined inclusion criteria including the presentation of empirical data and use of UBT in resource-poor settings to treat PPH. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Full text of all eligible publications was collected and systematically coded. MAIN RESULTS: The search identified 13 studies that met the inclusion criteria: six case reports or case series five prospective studies and two retrospective studies for a total of 241 women. No randomised controlled trials were identified. The studies used various types of UBT including condom catheter (n = 193) Foley catheter (n = 5) and Sengstaken-Blakemore oesophageal tube (n = 1). In these studies primarily conducted in tertiary-care settings rather than lower-level health facilities UBT successfully treated PPH in 234 out of 241 women. CONCLUSIONS: UBT is an effective treatment for PPH in resource-poor settings. Further study of UBT interventions is necessary to better understand the barriers to successful implementation and use in these settings. (c) 2012 The Authors BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (c) 2012 RCOG.
Vibrational response of surface adsorbates to femtosecond substrate heating

Abstract The transient response of the internal stretch vibration of CO molecularly adsorbed on Cu(111) has been measured following the impulsive (300 fs) excitation of electrons in the underlying metal substrate by a visible light pulse. It is proposed that the stretch vibration couples indirectly to substrate phonon and electron reservoirs via the frustrated translational surface mode. The couplings to the bulk electron reservoir with a rate γe= 167(24) GHz, and to the bulk phonon reservoir with a rate γL= 145(56) GHz were measured. The experiments represent an important step towards surface control of specific states of molecular adsor- bates near their desorption threshold
Effects of Low‐Frequency Ultrasound on the Transdermal Permeation of Mannitol: Comparative Studies with In Vivo and In Vitro Skin

The in vivo and the in vitro correlation of the effects of low-frequency ultrasound (low-frequency sonophoresis, LFS) on the percutaneous penetration of mannitol, a model hydrophilic permeant, was investigated using three in vitro skin models (including full-thickness and split-thickness pig skin, and heat-stripped human cadaver skin) and in vivo pig as the animal model. The central objective of this article was to identify the relevant in vitro skin models and ultrasound conditions that may be used in in vitro LFS studies to predict the effects of LFS in vivo on the transdermal delivery of hydrophilic permeants. In this article, by conducting comparative studies of the in vivo pig skin and of the three in vitro skin models under two LFS protocols (a constant ultrasound energy dose protocol, and a constant skin electrical resistance protocol), we demonstrated that: (1) under a constant ultrasound energy dose protocol (protocol A, 5 min LFS), no good correlation was observed between the in vivo skin and the in vitro skin models in terms of the measured skin permeabilities to mannitol. Moreover, the effects of LFS on the barrier functions of the in vivo pig skin, as measured by the enhancement ratio of the skin permeation rate of mannitol and by the reduction of the skin electrical resistance, are much more pronounced than those observed with the excised skin models in vitro; (2) under a constant skin electrical resistance protocol (protocol B) of LFS, a good correlation was found between the skin permeability to mannitol measured using the three in vitro skin models and that of the in vivo pig skin. This result indicates that by utilizing the skin electrical resistance as a quick indicator of the skin permeabilization state due to LFS, the three in vitro skin models can be utilized to predict the transport rate of mannitol across the in vivo skin during LFS; (3) by applying a recently developed skin porous-pathway theory, we demonstrated that within the range of LFS conditions examined, the three in vitro skin models exhibit similar transport properties to mannitol and similar skin effective pore radius values, and hence, represent equivalent skin models for the in vitro LFS studies in the case of hydrophilic permeants; (4) histological studies revealed that the LFS protocol that was shown to be efficacious in enhancing the skin penetration rate of mannitol across the in vivo pig skin, and was also utilized for the in vivo/in vitro skin comparative studies, is safe for the living skin; and (5) through measuring the skin concentration of mannitol in the presence and in the absence of the LFS treatment, we found that the LFS-induced flux enhancement outweighs the enhancement of the skin concentration of mannitol during the LFS studies both in vivo and in vitro. This result suggests that LFS represents a good method of enhancing the systemic absorption of hydrophilic permeants, while it does not significantly alter the vehicle-to-skin partition coefficient for the same class of permeants.
Antecedents of Young Women's Sexual Risk Taking in Tourist Experiences.

The purpose of this phenomenological exploration was to shed light on the constellation of factors anteceding young women's sexual risk taking during their tourist experiences. A total of 15 in-depth interviews (1.5 to 2.5 hours each) with 13 women were conducted and analyzed through the lens of transcendental phenomenology. An analysis of antecedent factors revealed a confluence of sociopersonal characteristics (e.g., sexual definitions, attitudes, double standards, and age) and touristic attributes (e.g., the sense of temporariness/ephemerality, anonymity, and fun-oriented mentality depending on length, destination, and type of tourist experience) that underlie women's proclivity for and perceptions of sexual risk taking in certain travel scenarios. These result in myriad effects on physical, sexual health, sociocultural, mental, and emotional aspects of women's health and well-being. While the sociopersonal antecedents highlight the cross-pollination between sex-related perceptions in everyday life and touristic environments, the touristic antecedents emphasize the uniqueness of tourist experiences as the contexts for sexual risk taking. The findings address an underresearched topic in sex and tourism scholarship and offer implications for health education and intervention programs, pointing to the value of constructing the context-specific and gender-sensitive sexual health messages underpinned by the ideas of women's empowerment and sexual agency.
Quasi-Monotone Advection Schemes Based on Explicit Locally Adaptive Dissipation

The authors develop and test computational methods for advection of a scalar field that also include a minimal dissipation of its variance in order to preclude the formation of false extrema. Both of these properties are desirable for advectively dominated geophysical flows, where the relevant scalars are both potential vorticity and material concentrations. These methods are based upon the sequential application of two types of operators: 1) a conservative and nondissipative (i.e., preserving first and second spatial moments of the scalar field), directionally symmetric advection operator with a relatively high order of spatial accuracy; and 2) a locally adaptive correction operator of lower spatial accuracy that eliminates false extrema and causes dissipation. During this correction phase the provisional distribution of the advected quantity is checked against the previous distribution, in order to detect places where the previous values were overshot, and thus to compute the excess. Then an iterative diffusion procedure is applied to the excess field in order to achieve approximate monotone behavior of the solution. In addition to the traditional simple flow tests, we have made long-term simulations of freely evolving twodimensional turbulent flow in order to compare the performance of the proposed technique with that of previously known algorithms, such as UTOPIA and FCT. This is done for both advection of vorticity and passive scalar. Unlike the simple test flows, the turbulent flow provides nonlinear cascades of quadratic moments of the advected quantities toward small scales, which eventually cannot be resolved on the fixed grid and therefore must be dissipated. Thus, not only the ability of the schemes to produce accurate shape-preserving advection, but also their ability to simulate subgrid-scale dissipation are being compared. It is demonstrated that locally adaptive algorithms designed to avoid oscillatory behavior in the vicinity of steep gradients of the advected scalars may result in overall less dissipation, yet give a locally accurate and physically meaningful solution, whereas algorithms with built-in hyperdiffusion (i.e., those traditionally used for direct simulation of turbulent flows) tend to produce a locally unsufficient and, at the same time, globally excessive amount of dissipation. Finally, the authors assess the practial trade-offs required for large models among the competing attributes of accuracy, extrema preservation, minimal dissipation (e.g., appropriate to large Reynolds numbers), and computational cost.
Lessons from Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology for a Partnership Society

This century has seen explosive growth in our knowledge about the human brain and mind due to recent advances in neuroscience, experimental psychology, and neural network modeling, and convergence between those fields. The scientific findings that have emerged confirm that humans have evolved for partnership and cooperation at least as much as they have evolved for domination and competition. Moreover, the findings suggest that partnership interactions promote optimal brain functioning.
Understanding the Institutional Variation in China’s Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs): the complex interplay of domestic and international influences

This article explores the domestic and international factors that influence the strength of investment protection and liberalization provisions embedded in China’s bilateral investment treaties (BITs). It hypothesizes that China is more likely to sign stringent BITs following the leadership’s implementation of major reform initiatives; when the partner country possesses strong democratic institutions that not only allow domestic interest groups with strong interests in legalization to press for their policy preferences, but also reduce the leaders’ aversion to signing highly legalistic international agreements that bind their behavior; when divergent diplomatic interests render informal negotiations a less viable means of dispute resolution. Statistical analyses of the stringency of the key provisions included in 71 Chinese BITs signed between 1982 and 2011 lend substantial support to the above hypotheses.
Why Prisons are Brim-Full of the Mentally Ill: Is Their Incarceration a Solution or a Sign of Failure?

Two remarkable sociological phenomena only occasionally appear to attract indignation in the press or ameliorative action by government. The first is the "deinstitutionalization" of the nation's psychiatric hospitals, a movement estimated to involve 1 million patients and to historically constitute the largest migration of individuals from government custody to the private sector. The closing of many psychiatric hospitals without adequate planning or community support and appropriate medical treatment produced large numbers of homeless mentally ill. Secondarily as a consequence, many of these abandoned individuals have suffered needless criminalization (persons with serious and persistent mental illness now constitute 16% of the inmate population of non-federal jails and prisons) related to mental illness and unmanaged, socially disordered behaviors. Now the nation's jails and prisons are the largest "mental health facilities," while urban streets increasingly serve as "public housing." Judicial decisions of the past thirty years have dramatically changed the traditional notions of the responsibility of the state to care for the mentally incompetent by homogenizing the distinctions between the police power and parens patriae power in civil commitment proceedings into a new form of "one-size-fits-all" crypto-criminal jurisprudence. Ironically, state departments of mental health have largely welcomed these increasing legal burdens and restrictions. This symbiosis of judicial mandates and a retreating government intervention has provided a disingenuous cover of civil rights sensitivity to, in reality, limit direct mental health services to the most needy and treatment-resistant mentally ill population for economic and bureaucratic reasons. Historically, both culturally and scientifically, the late 20th and beginning 21st century government policies of benign neglect and judicial misconceptions of civil rights have produced devolution of public policy to a darker age that existed before the scientific enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries. Two hundred and fifty years ago mental illness was beginning to be thought of as a disease with treatment appropriately provided in a hospital. Now public policy is returning to treat mental illness as a social curse and to put such individuals in the penal system. This article explains some causes and suggests possible solutions.
Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress, and Signal Transduction

Publisher Summary The participation of nitric oxide (NO), a free radical, in signal transduction is well established; the roles of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite are less well understood. This chapter describes the properties of second messengers and how these oxidants fit into this essential role in signal transduction. An important aspect is the caveats that must be considered, including an examination of the use of antioxidants. The evidence of involvement of oxidants in signaling is substantial and the various signaling pathways triggered by oxidants are described. Transient changes in intracellular free-calcium concentration, activation of phospholipases, the mitogen-activated protein kinases, and protein tyrosine phosphatases are examined. Both the essential elements in the signaling pathways and the site where oxidants act are described. The major role of protein cysteine residues as sites for interaction with oxidants in transmission of signaling is examined. Finally, the transcription factors and cis-actingelements that respond to oxidant-induced signaling of gene expression are examined.
Missfit: Tearsa Coates and Teruko Productions

With a blend of qualitative and quantitative analyses, this case offers a discussion to which everyone in a class, regardless of background and experience, can contribute. An interactive supplement to the written case offers students a taste of the decision-making challenges that developing a product often generates. Tearsa Coates, founder and president of the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-based company, had a mission to promote female teen fitness and to build self-esteem. She developed a product, the MissFit interactive fitness kit, that featured a DVD that allowed users to choose their workout from options including yoga, cardio kickboxing, or hip-hop dance. Viewers could also select their music from nine different soundtracks. After competing for a spot on the popular home shopping network QVC Inc., Coates' MissFit kit was chosen as a product to feature. At the same time, Coates approached the local Borders Books retailer and had an opportunity to put her product on that store's shelves. The QVC offer was an uplifting opportunity to sell MissFit to the viewing world. On the other hand, the inventory the QVC offer demanded would require Coates to raise a major investment of cash. What would it mean if she charged ahead? What would it mean to Teruko if Coates turned down the QVC option? Selling MissFit through Borders Books would require less inventory and open the retail distribution channel. This opportunity could catapult Coates and her teenage fitness program to instant fame or break the bank. What should Coates do?
Future direction of immunosuppression in lung transplantation.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immunosuppression regimens have helped improve rejection episodes following lung transplantation, but long-term outcomes are still not comparable with cardiac, hepatic, or renal transplantation. This review summarizes the immunobiology that contributes to rejection events and future opportunities in outcomes on the basis of providing optimized delivery of the immunosuppression based on immune-monitoring techniques, taking into account individual patient pharmacokinetics and phenotypic variance. RECENT FINDINGS Drug toxicities, narrow therapeutic drug monitoring windows, and current immunoassays currently do not assist in detecting the global degree of immunosuppression. The currently available randomized control trials for induction therapy or maintenance therapies do not provide additional benefits compared with previously reported retrospective trials. To push beyond the current barriers, transplant teams are focusing on the role of pharmacokinetics, assessing phenotypic variable to potentially modify to quadruple therapy and using extracorporeal photopheresis. SUMMARY Conventional practice for the choices of immunosuppression is being evaluated on the basis of randomized control trials as opposed to retrospective studies or single-center trials. The future direction of immunosuppression will be continued by dynamic processes taking into consideration measures to improve tolerance, reducing treatment burden, and providing the best level of evidence while accounting for rejection, infections, renal function, and other comorbidities.
Evaluation of erythrocyte washing using the Haemonetics Model 102 Cell Washer

The Haemonetics Model 102 Cell Washer was evaluated for efficiency of leukocyte removal and erythrocyte recovery. Groups of 25 units of blood were washed using five different protocols, including the methods recommended by the manufacturer. Mean erythrocyte recovery ranged from 83% to 91% and median residual leukocytes ranged from 1% to 4% for the five protocols. The mean erythrocyte recovery for units washed with 30 sec of increased pump speed was 95%, while it was 84% for units washed with 90 sec of increased pump speed (P less than 0.001). The median residual leukocytes was 1% for units washed after buffy coat removal and 4% for all other units (P less than 0.001). There was no other significant difference among the different protocols. These findings could not be explained on the basis of age of units, prewash erythrocyte mass, or prewash total leukocytes.
Modernization of the Cassini Ground System

The Cassini Spacecraft and its ground system have been operational for over 16 years. Modernization presents several challenges due to the personnel, processes, and tools already invested and embedded into the current ground system structure. Every mission's ground system has its own unique complexities and challenges, involving various organizational units. As any mission from its inception to its execution, schedules are always tight. This forces GDS engineers to implement a working ground system that is not necessarily fully optimized. Ground system challenges increase as technology evolves and cyber threats become more sophisticated. Cassini's main challenges were due to its ground system existing before many security requirements were levied on the multi-mission tools and networks. This caused a domino effect on Cassini GDS tools that relied on outdated technological features. In the aerospace industry reliable and established technology is preferred over innovative yet less proven technology. Loss of data for a spacecraft mission can be catastrophic; therefore, there is a reluctance to make changes and updates to the ground system. Nevertheless, all missions and associated teams face the need to modernize their processes and tools. Systems development methods from well-known system analysis and design principles can be applied to many missions' ground systems. Modernization should always be considered, but should be done in such a way that it does not affect flexibility nor interfere with established practices. Cassini has accomplished a secure and efficient ground data system through periodic updates. The obstacles faced while performing the modernization of the Cassini ground system will be outlined, as well as the advantages and challenges that were encountered.
The Crimes of the Powerful and the Globalization of Crime

Inspired by the theme and written for the Seminario Internacional de Direcito, Democracia & Sustentabilidade, 13-14 de agosto de 2015, IMED, Passo Fundo, this article examines the effects of the crimes of the powerful as represented by multinational corporations, state organizations, and non-state actors alike in the context of geopolitics and the globalization of capital. The essay sets out to exhaustively define the crimes of the powerful while providing an overview of the globalization of crime and victimization. Additionally, as a matter of discussing the relations of the globalization of crime, capital, and social control, I summarize the primary lessons learned from The Routledge International Handbook of the Crimes of the Powerful (2015) that I was the Editor for and contributor to. Finally, I conclude by responding to the dialectical question of whether the current economic recessions, contractions, and unchecked expansion of financial and corporate wealth are sustainable and represent a prototype of things to come or are not sustainable and represent the need for the development of alternative archetypes of change and sustainability? Key Words Crime; Globalization; Political Economy; Powerful; Sustainable RESUMO inspirado pelo tema e escrito para o Seminario Internacional de Direito, Democracia e Sustentabilidade, 13-14 de agosto de 2015, IMED, Passo Fundo, este artigo examina os crimes dos poderosos, representados pelas corporacoes multinacionais, organizacoes estatais e atores nao estatais, tanto no contexto da geopolitica quanto da globalizacao do capital. O ensaio visa a definir exaustivamente os crimes dos poderosos , proporcionando uma visao geral da globalizacao do crime e da vitimizacao. Alem disso, para discutir as relacoes da globalizacao do crime, do capital, e do controle social , eu resumirei as principais licoes aprendidas a partir de The Routledge International Handbook of the Crimes of the Powerful (2015), do qual eu fui editor e colaborador. Por fim, concluo respondendo a questao dialetica de se a atual recessao economica, as contracoes e a expansao desenfreada de riqueza financeira e corporativa sao sustentaveis e representam um prototipo de coisas para vir ou nao sao sustentaveis e representam a necessidade de desenvolver arquetipos alternativos de mudanca e de sustentabilidade? Palavras-chave: Crime; Globalizacao; Economia Politica; Poderosos; Sustentavel
Monitoring and analysis of poultry breeding population serologic features and environmental highly- pathogenic avian influenza in Ganzhou city from 2009 to 2013

Objective To monitor the infection status of environmental highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in poultry breeding population of Ganzhou,so as to provide scientific basis for making prevention and control strategies. Methods According to"Monitoring scheme for serological characteristics of national occupational exposure population and environmental HPAI", single radial immunodiffusion hemolysis test( SRH) or horse erythrocyte hemagglutination inhibition( HI) test was used to detect H5N1 hemagglutinin antibody in poultry breeding population; While Real- time PCR was employed to detect virus nucleic acid of avian influenza A and H5,H7,H9 subtypes in environment samples. Results From 2009 to 2013,657 serum samples from poultry breeding population were all H5N1 hemagglutinin antibody negative. While in 621 environment samples,the positive rate of avian influenza A virus was 15. 78%,including H5 positive rate 5. 96%,H7 positive rate 0. 97%,H9 positive rate 0. 97%,untyped A positive rate 8. 86%,and H7 and H9 were mixed infection. Conclusion Avian influenza virus H5,H7, H9 subtypes were found in poultry breeding monitoring sites in Ganzhou city,with highly pathogenic avian influenza risk to human,so avian influenza virus infection monitoring should be strengthened on poultry breeding population. So far,there is no human infection with H5N1 avian influenza in Ganzhou.
Overcoming the Challenges of Immunosenescence in the Prevention of Acute Respiratory Illness in Older People

This article describes the impact of acute respiratory illness (ARI) and the challenges to primary prevention of viral ARI and related morbidity in the age 65 and older population. Immunosenescence, the immune system's "memory loss" with aging, compromises both host defense mechanisms against ARI and effective responses to vaccination. Atypical presentations of illness common in older people often lead to delayed or missed diagnoses of ARI and disabling consequences. Thus, preventing ARI will be more effective than treatment. Even with the limited efficacy of current influenza vaccines in older people, vaccination is a cost-saving intervention especially in high-risk groups including those with chronic heart or lung diseases. Significant opportunities to further reduce the morbidity of ARI include developing more effective influenza vaccines and vaccines against other ARI. Combining vaccination with antiviral or immunoenhancing agents particularly in high-risk groups could optimize the cost benefit of additional preventive strategies.
A Very Simple Formula for Aggregation and Multicriteria Optimization

Aggregation of data has many important applications in various fields, especially in economics, planning, optimization, decision-making and ranking of alternatives. There are many approaches to aggregation reflecting the fact that aggregation is application-depend and there are some considerations which are hard to quantify. The simple formula, FA, which is described in the following is easy to apply and lends itself to standardization and generalization. It is convenient to describe the formula in terms of a model in which the data relate to the grades g1, …, gn which a student, call him Robert, received for the collection of courses c1, …, cn . Assume that the data are of the form (c1, g1), (c2, g2), …, (cn, gn). The grades are on a scale from 0 to 100. Upon normalization they become numbers in the unit interval which may be interpreted as grades of membership or degrees. We propose two approaches.