cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of increased ambient lighting on detection accuracy in uniform and anatomical backgrounds

Under typical dark conditions found in reading rooms, a reader's pupils will contract and dilate as the visual focus intermittently shifts between the high luminance monitor and the darker background wall, resulting in increased visual fatigue and the degradation of diagnostic performance. A controlled increase of ambient lighting may, however, minimize these visual adjustments and potentially improve reader comfort and accuracy. This paper details results from two psychophysical studies designed to determine the effect of a controlled ambient lighting increase on observer detection of subtle objects and lesions viewed on a DICOM-calibrated medical-grade LCD. The first study examined the effect of increased ambient lighting on detection of subtle objects embedded within a uniform background, while the second study examined observer detection performance of subtle cancerous lesions in mammograms and chest radiographs. In both studies, observers were presented with images under a dark room condition (1 lux) and an increased room illuminance level (50 lux) for which the luminance level of the diffusely reflected light from the background wall was approximately equal to that of the displayed image. The display was calibrated to an effective luminance ratio of 409 for both lighting conditions. Observer detection performance under each room illuminance condition was then compared. Identification of subtle objects embedded within the uniform background improved from 59% to 67%, while detection time decreased slightly with additional illuminance. An ROC analysis of the anatomical image results revealed that observer AUC values remained constant while detection time decreased under increased illuminance. The results provide evidence that an ambient lighting increase may be possible without compromising diagnostic efficacy.
A review of the potential to restore vision with stem cells

Vision research involving stem cells is a rapidly evolving field. Animal experiments have shown that in response to environmental cues, stem cells can repopulate damaged retinas, regrow neuronal axons, repair higher cortical pathways, and restore pupil reflexes, light responses and basic pattern recognition. Viable corneas have been grown from stem cells and transplanted into humans. Similarly, human trials to repair damaged retinas in retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration patients have produced preliminary successes. This review attempts to place the collective contributions toward stem cell/vision research into a broader clinical model of how stem cells might ultimately be used to restore the entire visual pathway.
Numerical model of fiber wetting with finite resin volume

The partial wetting of cylindrical surfaces is encountered in many industrial applications such as composites manufacturing, MEMS, hair care products, and textile engineering. Understanding the impact of key parameters such as resin and fiber surface interaction properties and the geometric arrangement of the fibers on wetting would lead to tailoring a desired interface between the resin and the fiber surface. A three-dimensional model of resin wetting a single fiber is presented. This model is then extended to study a finite volume of resin wetting fibers in square and triangular packing arrangements. The impact of changing wetting properties and fiber volume fraction is examined for each packing arrangement.
Analysis of Electromagnetic Fields Generated by a Spin-Torque Oscillator

Electromagnetic fields generated by spin-torque nano-oscillators have been theoretically investigated. The study is conducted on a specific magnetic device with an in-plane magnetization rotation driven by spin transfer torque. Under the macrospin approximation, analytic solutions of the electromagnetic fields can be obtained. The electromagnetic fields have been analyzed and characterized in the near field and far regimes. In the far field, the electromagnetic fields resemble those of an electric dipole. However, the radiating fields are too weak to be detected, given the small size of the spin-torque oscillator. In the near field, the magnetic dipole field from the rotating magnetization and a radiating E-field are detectable over a reasonable range. This implies that the spin-torque oscillators can be used as a magnetic field or an electric field source in a short-range communication system.
Generalized Wahba Problems for Spinning Spacecraft Attitude and Rate Determination

Two generalized versions of Wahba’s attitude determination problem have been developed for a spinning spacecraft, and a restricted version of one problem has been solved in closed-form. These problems seek to estimate both attitude and rate based solely on a time series of vector attitude observations along with a spacecraft dynamic model. Algorithms that solve these problems will be useful for spin-stabilized spacecraft that reduce complexity by omitting rate gyros. The first generalized Wahba problem presumes that the spin axis is known and that the spin rate is constant but unknown, as for a spinning spacecraft that has a nutation damper. The second generalized problem includes full rigid-body Euler dynamics, which allow for nutations, and seeks to estimate the unknown initial attitude rate vector. Both problems are recast into the K-matrix form of Wahba’s problem with K matrices that depend on the unknown rates. Restricted problems are developed that use the minimum number of vector measurements, two for the first problem and three for the second problem. The restricted first problem is solved in closed-form. The restricted second problem is shown to be observable, and it is reduced to a small system of nonlinear equations in the axially symmetric case. The possibility of deriving global solutions for these problems makes them attractive to assist or replace an extended Kaiman filter because a global solution cannot suffer from nonlinear divergence.
VAMPIRIC SEDUCTION AND VICISSITUDES OF MASCULINE IDENTITY IN BRAM STOKER'S DRACULA

MOST CRITICS WHO DISCUSS VAMPIRISM in Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1897) as a type of seduction focus on the symbolic corruption of English womanhood as the central theme in the novel and emphasize the significance of “the seduction of Lucy and Mina, to which the experience of Harker at Castle Dracula,” according to Phyllis Roth, “provides a preface.” Roth believes that Harker’s role as “a hero, one whose narrative encloses the others and with whom, therefore, one might readily identify ... is a defense against the central identification of the novel with Dracula and his attacks on the women” (61–62). 1 Other critics have observed that, in addition to preserving the symbolic purity of Englishwomen, Stoker’s novel is also about the symbolic education of Englishmen, through which members of different professions and classes that carry the bourgeois order learn to work together and, pooling their various backgrounds and knowledge and combining tradition with progress in order to save the women, confirm the strength of their own manhood, and destroy the symbolic threat of the vampire. 2 Both groups of critics, however, tend to overlook the unique position that the young solicitor Jonathan Harker occupies in the narrative: he is the only character who is both an object of the vampire’s seduction and an agent of his destruction. 3 While some critics pay due attention to Harker’s sensational seduction by Dracula and the three vampiric women in the first part of the novel, they either simplify the meaning of that seduction or underestimate Harker’s continuing significance in the rest of the novel because he gradually blends into the group of several valiant vampire hunters. At the same time, his membership in that group has been too easily taken for granted by most critics. What has remained insufficiently explored is the significance of the twofold nature of Harker’s experiences: he yields to Dracula’s seduction and then recuperates from its consequences by participating in vampire hunting. It is through Harker’s experiences throughout the narrative that the paradox of the novel’s simultaneously conservative and subversive tendencies becomes most conspicuous. My analysis of Harker’s role in the novel builds on recent critics’ resistance to earlier excessive critical emphasis on sexual transgression as the key theme of the novel, and I contribute to their efforts to stress work and the rise of professions as equally important in the narrative. For example, Jennifer L. Fleissner suggests that the novel is “as much
Multiple sites of replication initiation in the human β-globin gene locus

The cell cycle-dependent, ordered assembly of protein prereplicative complexes suggests that eukaryotic replication origins determine when genomic replication initiates. By comparison, the factors that determine where replication initiates relative to the sites of prereplicative complex formation are not known. In the human globin gene locus previous work showed that replication initiates at a single site 5′ to the β-globin gene when protein synthesis is inhibited by emetine. The present study has examined the pattern of initiation around the genetically defined β-globin replicator in logarithmically growing HeLa cells, using two PCR-based nascent strand assays. In contrast to the pattern of initiation detected in emetine-treated cells, analysis of the short nascent strands at five positions spanning a 40 kb globin gene region shows that replication initiates at more than one site in non-drug-treated cells. Quantitation of nascent DNA chains confirmed that replication begins at several locations in this domain, including one near the initiation region (IR) identified in emetine-treated cells. However, the abundance of short nascent strands at another initiation site ∼20 kb upstream is ∼4-fold as great as that at the IR. The latter site abuts an early S phase replicating fragment previously defined at low resolution in logarithmically dividing cells.
Assessment of coronary plaque burden by computed tomography: getting closer—step by step

Contemporary multidetector row computed tomography (CT) scanners permit the acquisition of non-invasive coronary angiograms with good diagnostic accuracy for the detection of coronary stenosis. Early studies have demonstrated that, in addition to the depiction of luminal narrowing, CT also allows visualisation of coronary atherosclerotic plaque.1 2 However, given the small dimensions of coronary atherosclerotic lesions, further characterisation of coronary atherosclerosis and the exact quantification of plaque volumes has remained challenging. Correlation of plaque volumes determined by CT and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has been reported early.1 2 However, margins of agreement have been wide because the accuracy of CT plaque volume quantification has been hampered by insufficient spatial resolution, calcium blooming artefacts, the presence of motion artefacts and image noise. Nevertheless, as CT technology has matured and image acquisition protocols have been improved, newer studies have shown stepwise improvements in our ability to quantify coronary plaque burden.1–3 In this issue of Heart , Schepis et al 4 report the results of their study comparing the quantification of non-calcified coronary plaque volumes by a very recent CT scanner generation, dual-source computed tomography (DSCT) ( see page 610 ). The authors examined high-quality CT coronary angiograms of 70 subjects and measured plaque volumes in 100 non-calcified plaques. Corresponding IVUS images were used as the gold standard for the measurements of plaque volumes. The agreement between DSCT and IVUS was good (correlation r=0.89, mean difference −1±34 mm3). However, the limits of agreement were still relatively wide (−67 to +65 mm3). Studies with previous CT scanner generations have demonstrated that the size of non-calcified plaques was typically underestimated, and calcified or partly calcified plaques were overestimated.1–3 5 The results of the study by Schepis et al 4 suggest that the next generation of scanners with better temporal resolution may provide improved quantification …
Seasonal abundance of rice-feeding insects and spiders in continuously cropped lowland rice in West Africa

A ‘rice garden’ with monthly plantings of rice was established in an irrigated lowland area in April 1993 and continued for 3 years. Populations of the most common insects, the stalk-eyed flies, Diopsis spp., and the green leafhoppers, Nephotettix spp., and spiders and stemborer damage varied distinctly in relation to month of transplanting. Arthropod populations also exhibited distinct patterns in relation to crop growth stage. Grain yields varied with month of transplanting but there was no distinct trend from one year to the next. This study indicated that continuous cropping of the same fields over a 3-year period did not result in a build-up of insect pests or a decline in grain yield.
Public Perceptions of Criminal Behavior: A Review of the Literature

The literature on public perceptions of criminal behavior is reviewed in an attempt to summarize the main trends and their significance for future research and correctional policy. Four key aspects of deviance perception are identified-opinion, intensity of reaction, social definition, and societal reactions-and the studies reviewed are classified accordingly. It is concluded that strength of religiosity is an important factor mediating perceptions of deviance. However, in comparison to the extensive work in perceptions of mental illness, perceptions of crime have rarely been found to be affected by the various social class variables. A broad consensus concerning the severity of traditional criminal behavior has been found in many studies. Lack of consensus is found concerning behavior which is more on the fringe of traditional crime, such as victimless crimes and some white-collar crimes.
Thick filament substructures in Caenorhabditis elegans : evidence for two populations of paramyosin

The thick filaments of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans contain two myosin heavy chain isoforms A and B and paramyosin, the products of the myo-3, unc-54, and unc-15 genes, respectively. Dissociation of paramyosin from native thick filaments at pH 6.36 shows a biphasic function with respect to NaCl concentration. Electron microscopy of the remaining structures shows 15-nm core structures that label with monoclonal anti-paramyosin antibody at 72.5-nm intervals. Purified core structures also show 72.5 nm repeats by negative staining. Structural analysis of native thick filaments and dissociated structures suggests that the more dissociable paramyosin is removed radially as well as processively from the filament ends. Minor proteins with masses of 20, 28, and 30 kD cosediment stoichiometrically with paramyosin in purified core structures.
Déjà vu in the theories of atrial fibrillation dynamics

This brief review looks back to the major theoretical, experimental, and clinical work on the dynamics and mechanisms of atrial fibrillation (AF). Its goal is to highlight the most important issues, controversies, and advances that have driven the field of investigation into AF mechanisms at any given time during the last ∼100 years. It emphasizes that while the history of AF research has been full of controversies from the start, such controversies have led to new information, and individual scientists have learned from those that have preceded them. However, in the face of the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia seen in clinical practice, we are yet to fully understand its fundamental mechanisms and learn how to treat it effectively. Future research into AF dynamics and mechanisms should focus on the development and validation of new numerical and animal models. Such models should be relevant to and accurately reproduce the important substrates associated with ageing and with diseases such as hypertension, heart failure, and ischaemic heart disease which cause AF in the vast majority of patients. Knowledge derived from such models may help to greatly advance the field and hopefully lead to more effective prevention and therapy.
Analysis of Skin Cancer Treatment and Costs in the United States Medicare Population, 1996–2008

Background There is a skin cancer epidemic in the United States. Objective To examine skin cancer treatment modality, location, and cost and physician specialty in the Medicare population from 1996 to 2008. Methods Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services databases were used to examine skin cancer treatment procedures performed for Medicare beneficiaries. Results From 1996 to 2008, the total number of skin cancer treatment procedures [malignant excision, destruction, and Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS)] increased from 1,480,645 to 2,152,615 (53% increase). The numbers of skin cancers treated by excision and destruction increased modestly (20% and 39%, respectively), but the number of MMS procedures increased more rapidly (248% increase). Dermatologists treated an increasing percentage (75–82%) of skin cancers during these years, followed by plastic and general surgery. In 2008, more than 90% of all skin cancers were treated in the office, with the remainder being treated in facility-based settings. Allowable charges paid to physicians by Medicare Part B for skin cancer treatments increased 137% from 1996 to 2008, from $266,960,673 to $633,448,103. Conclusions The number of skin cancer treatment procedures increased substantially from 1996 to 2008, as did overall costs to Medicare. Dermatologists treated the vast majority of skin cancers in the Medicare population, using a mix of treatment modalities, almost exclusively in the office setting.
Parents dying of cancer and their children

Objective We reviewed our experience with 28 consecutive children referred for assessment and intervention. These were the children of patients with terminal cancer referred to the Palliative Care and Symptom Control Service. In all cases the dying parent was a biological parent. Methods Eleven parameters were assessed in each of 29 children and their incidence was calculated. The children and their parents were seen in a semistructured interview, together as well as separately. The parameters were: seeking reassurance (82), becoming a caretaker (79), inability to separate from parent (79), anger about feeling abandoned (68), despair (57), guilt (54), discipline problems, aggressive behavior (46), denial (39), blame of others (21), and fear for the child's own health (18). Results Our results suggest that children with dying parents manifest significant distress as well as a greater understanding of their parent's illness than is usually suspected. Significance of results Timely intervention by a child psychiatrist or other mental health professional with proven competence in working with children can help children to better cope with the death and dying of their parent and ameliorate the process of bereavement following the parent's death. Because of our small sample, we cannot generalize about all of the findings. Further research is required to characterize the level of distress in the children and the long-term impact in their overall adjustment to life.
Optimal bounds for Johnson-Lindenstrauss transforms and streaming problems with sub-constant error

The Johnson-Lindenstrauss transform is a dimensionality reduction technique with a wide range of applications to theoretical computer science. It is specified by a distribution over projection matrices from Rn → Rk where k L d and states that k = O(e−2 log 1/δ) dimensions suffice to approximate the norm of any fixed vector in Rd to within a factor of 1 ± e with probability at least 1 − δ. In this paper we show that this bound on k is optimal up to a constant factor, improving upon a previous Ω(e−2 log 1/δ)/log(1/e) dimension bound of Alon. Our techniques are based on lower bounding the information cost of a novel one-way communication game and yield the first space lower bounds in a data stream model that depend on the error probability δ.For many streaming problems, the most naive way of achieving error probability δ is to first achieve constant probability, then take the median of O(log 1/δ) independent repetitions. Our techniques show that for a wide range of problems this is in fact optimal! As an example, we show that estimating the lp-distance for any p ∈ [0, 2] requires Ω(e−2 log n log 1/δ) space, even for vectors in {0, 1}n. This is optimal in all parameters and closes a long line of work on this problem. We also show the number of distinct elements requires Ω(e−2 log 1/δ + log n) space, which is optimal if e−2 = Ω(log n). We also improve previous lower bounds for entropy in the strict turnstile and general turnstile models by a multiplicative factor of Ω(log 1/δ). Finally, we give an application to one-way communication complexity under product distributions, showing that unlike in the case of constant δ, the VC-dimension does not characterize the complexity when δ = o(1).
Inferring clocks when lacking rocks: the variable rates of molecular evolution in bacteria.

Background Because bacteria do not have a robust fossil record, attempts to infer the timing of events in their evolutionary history requires comparisons of molecular sequences. This use of molecular clocks is based on the assumptions that substitution rates for homologous genes or sites are fairly constant through time and across taxa. Violation of these conditions can lead to erroneous inferences and result in estimates that are off by orders of magnitude. In this study, we examine the consistency of substitution rates among a set of conserved genes in diverse bacterial lineages, and address the questions regarding the validity of molecular dating.
Identity, Appearances, and Things in Themselves

In his lucid and perceptive essay, “Recent Work on Kant's Theoretical Philosophy”, Karl Ameriks signals Kant's distinction between appearances and things in themselves as one of the (two) “central issues” of the Critique of Pure Reason . The reason why the issue is central (and complicated) is that Kant appears to say contradictory things on the matter. At times he says (or implies) that appearances are the same as things in themselves, and at other times he says (or implies) that they are different. Some interpreters have tried to make sense of these contradictions by claiming that “although for Kant there are not two objects involved, there are still two transcendental and intelligible aspects or points of view that are called for by his doctrine of things in themselves and appearances”. However, it is not immediately clear what kind of an animal an aspect or a point of view is, what kind of operation it is to “look at” an object from such different points of view, and what kind of results this operation is supposed to give. In the present paper, I make a fresh proposal. I propose to interpret Kant's conflicting claims on the relation between things in themselves and appearances in terms of the contemporary framework of possible-world semantics.
Patterns of basal skin resistance during sleep.

There are qualitative differences between Ss in the pattern of basal skin resistance (BSR) through a night's sleep. The most common is a rapid rise to maximum value of BSR in the first hour, with a steady fall the rest of the night. A steady rise through the night is also common. No relationship between BSR and the occurrence of stage 1 dreaming was found.
Iron regulatory proteins and the molecular control of mammalian iron metabolism.

▪ Abstract Mammalian iron homeostasis is maintained through the concerted action of sensory and regulatory networks that modulate the expression of proteins of iron metabolism at the transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional levels. Regulation of gene transcription provides critical developmental, cell cycle, and cell-type-specific controls on iron metabolism. Post-transcriptional control through the action of iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) and IRP2 coordinate the use of messenger RNA-encoding proteins that are involved in the uptake, storage, and use of iron in all cells of the body. IRPs may also provide a link between iron availability and cellular citrate use. Multiple factors, including iron, nitric oxide, oxidative stress, phosphorylation, and hypoxia/reoxygenation, influence IRP function. Recent evidence indicates that there is diversity in the function of the IRP system with respect to the response of specific IRPs to the same effector, as well as the selectivity with which IRPs modulate the u...
Risk factors associated with fungal peritonitis in very low birth weight neonates with severe necrotizing enterocolitis : a case-control study

Fungal peritonitis is uncommon in infants with severe necrotizing enterocolitis with intestinal perforation. In our institution we noted a significant (P < 0.01) increase in fungal peritonitis from 7% (3 of 45 cases of peritonitis) from January, 1980, to June, 1989, to 35% (8 of 23 cases of peritonitis) from July, 1989, to December, 1991. The mean birth weight of 11 infants with fungal peritonitis (946 +/- 70 g) (mean +/- SE) was significantly less (P = 0.008) than that of 57 infants with bacterial peritonitis (1282 +/- 52 g). In a case-control study to identify risk factors associated with fungal peritonitis, 11 infants with bacterial peritonitis were matched to the 11 infants with fungal peritonitis by age at bowel perforation and birth weight. Infants with fungal compared with bacterial peritonitis had significantly longer (P < 0.05): median duration of umbilical vessel catheterization before bowel perforation, 10 vs. 3 days, respectively; median duration of antibiotic therapy before bowel perforation, 23 vs. 14 days, respectively; and median duration of intubation, 13 vs. 5 days, respectively. Other potential risk factors that were not significant in this study included duration of central venous catheterization, total parenteral nutrition, intravenous lipid administration, aminoglycoside use, dexamethasone use or methyl xanthine therapy. In summary fungal peritonitis in neonates with necrotizing enteritis was significantly related to extremely low birth weight, prolonged umbilical vessel catheterization, prolonged exposure to antibiotics and prolonged intubation.
They Need to Know Us and We Need to Know Them: Preparing Today's Students for Tomorrow's Reference

Planning for sustainable reference services requires instituting practices today to help build our clientele for tomorrow. This means academic librarians must endeavor to truly understand our student user community and their research behaviors and motivations for seeking research assistance. Academic librarians must help users understand what reference service is and how it can support their academic success. This article discusses designing for improvements in the user experience, identifies three things reference departments can do to improve student awareness of reference services, and identifies three things reference librarians can do to improve their understanding of the student population.
The China-India Challenge: A Comparison Of Causes And Effects Of Global Warming

It is likely that the future environment of our globe depends on the actions taken by China and India as they develop into two of the three largest economies in the world over the next twenty-five years. The global warming problem alone will be dominated by the total greenhouse gas emissions from these two countries. This article summarizes the economic growth of these two countries, the resulting increasing environmental problems, the trends and impacts of increased energy consumption, the trends and impacts of greenhouse gas emissions, and the potential for reducing these impacts, should the two countries have the will to do so.
Large-Eddy Simulations of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using a New Subgrid-Scale Model – II. Weakly and moderately stable cases

A series of simulations under weakly to moderately stable boundary layers (SBLs) have been performed using the proposed subgrid-scale (SGS) model implemented into the Terminal Area Simulation System (TASS). The proposed SGS model incorporates some aspects of the two-part eddy viscosity SGS model of Sullivan et al. (1994) and further refinements which include the dependence of SGS mixing length on stratification, two-part separation of the SGS eddy diffusivity of heat, and more realistic empirical forms of Monin–Obukhov similarity functions. The potential temperature profiles from simulations clearly show a three-layer structure: a stable surface layer of strong gradients, a middle layer of small gradients, and an inversion layer on the top. The wind speed profiles show the formation of low level jet (LLJ). However, the sub-layer structures under moderately SBLs differ from those under weakly SBLs. Both the momentum and heat fluxes decrease almost linearly in the lower part of the SBL. The near surface values of the normalized turbulent kinetic energy (TKE/u*2) in all simulations are about 4 which is much less than the typical value of 5.5 under the neutral condition. The decay of turbulence first occurs in the area with large values of Richardson number (Ri<0.2). Generally, instantaneous values of the TKE and Ri at the various grid points are negatively correlated, but there is not a unique relationship between the two parameters.
The Biology of Gobies

SECTION 1: SYSTEMATICS A History of Gobioid Morphological Systematics: James L. Van Tassell, Luke Tornabene and Michael S. Taylor Molecular Systematics of Gobioid Fishes: Lukas Ruber and Ainhoa Agorreta Systematics of Rhyacichthyidae: Helen K. Larson Systematics of Odontobutidae: Akihisa lwata Systematics of Butidaeand Eleotridae: Christine Thacker Systematics of Gobionellidae: Frank Pezold Systematics of Oxudercinae: Edward Murdy Systematics of Amblyopinae: Edward Murdy Systematics of Sicydiinae: Philippe Keith and Clara Lord Systematics of Gobiidae: Christine Thackekr SECTION 2: ZOOGEOGRAPHY Gobiidae of the Americas: James L. Van Tassell North-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Gobies: Marcelo Kovacic and Robert A. Patzner Diversity and Distribution of Marine, Euryhaline and Amphidromous Gobies fromWestern, Central and SouthernAfrica: Ulrich K. Schliewen The Marine Temperate Gobioids of Southern Australia and the New Zealand Region: Helen K. Larson Tropical Freshwater Gobies: Amphidromy as a Life Cycle: Philippe Keith and Clara Lord Diversity and Distribution of Freshwater Gobies from the Mediterranean, the Black and Caspian Seas: Joerg Freyhof SECTION 3: GENERAL BIOLOGY Gobies as Predator and Prey: C. Dieter Zander Morphological Adaptations to Special Environments of Gobies: C. Dieter Zander Morphological Organization and Variability of the Reproductive Apparatus in Gobies: Carlotta Mazzoldi Robert A. Patzner and Maria B. Rasotto Early Development of Gobies: Rita Borges Claudia Faria Fatima Gil and Emanuel J. Goncalves SECTION 4: ECOLOGY Planktonic and Paedomorphic Gobioids: Mario La Mesa Gobies on Coral Reefs: Juergen Herler Philip L. Munday and Vanessa Hernaman Gobies as Cleaners: Isabelle M. Cote and Marta C. Soares The Partnership between Gobiid Fishes and Burrowing Alpheid Shrimps: Ilan Karplus and Andrew Richard Thompson Mudskippers: Front Runners in the Modern Invasion of Land: Atsushi Ishimatsu and Tomas T. Gonzales
Investment in Subsidiary Construction Company

The dicision process of an international construction concern regarding the acquistion of a dredging comapny is described. A detailed market and investment analysis was performed by the staff of the concern. The investment decision process practiced by the concern is described. The investment decision of the concern is verified applying the concepts of portfolio theory and utility theory.
Importance of Correct Photopeak Setting in Nuclear Medicine Imaging Procedures

Most scintillation camera systems currently use an analog display for photopeak selection. A systematic evaluation of this peak setting procedure was undertaken to investigate its accuracy and effect upon the resultant image. The scintillation camera we selected provided both an analog and a multichannel analyzer (MCA) display of the spectrum. For each data collection, the investigator set the Co-57 peak symmetrically using the MCA. Polaroid images were taken of the resultant field flood. Several technologists were then asked to set the Co-57 peak using the analog display; additional Polaroid images were obtained of the ensuing field floods. The field flood images thus obtained were given to a panel for evaluation. The panel ranked as “best” those field flood images taken with the peak symmetrically aligned. In addition, a series of patient images was obtained at various peak settings. When this series was evaluated by the panel, the patient images obtained with the peak set too high were judged to be of unacceptable diagnostic quality. The accuracy needed for a diagnostically useful image is often not achieved by using an analog display for photopeak setting. The use of an MCA enables an accurate and objective method of selecting the peak.
Intimate partner violence and use of contraceptives in Bangladesh: results from a national sample

The effect of intimate partner violence (IPV) on women's lives includes negative reproductive health outcomes by way of compromised control over their bodies. This effect is contextual, which leads to contradictory implications for practitioners involved in sexual and reproductive health. The current article adds to the literature by providing an examination of the association between partner violence and contraceptive use in a nationally representative sample of married women in Bangladesh, where some 24 percent of national samples of women report IPV. The study is a secondary data analysis of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2007 with a sample of 4,467 women aged 15-49 years. Significant main effects were observed for partner violence: The probability of using contraceptives was 9 percent higher for women who reported partner violence compared with women who did not. Additionally, women were more likely to use contraceptives when they had children under the age of five and were employed. Policy and practice implications for social work are discussed. Key Practitioner Message: • To understand how intimate partner violence may increase the odds of contraceptive use as a way of "help seeking"; • To understand the implications of contraceptive use in a Muslim majority population; • To provide policy suggestions for bundling services for intimate partner violence with reproductive health services. Language: en
Optimum Plant Numbers and Locations for Multiple Product Processing

Extension of John Stollsteimer's one product model to encompass the multiple product case is the primary aim of the paper. Both the one and multiple product models attempt to determine the number, size, and location of plants that minimize combined transportation and processing costs. The multiple product model differs from Stollsteimer's model in that aggregate assembly costs are affected by varying locational patterns as the product dimension is increased and that total processing cost varies both with the number of plants and the combination of products handled at each optimum plant location. A comparison of one and multiple product processing of identical quantities of raw product results in an economic advantage for multiple product processing.
The Numerical Evaluation of Multiple Integrals on Parallel Computers

Many problems in the applied sciences require the numerical calculation of integrals. Sometimes a problem requires the calculation of a single integral in one or more dimensions, but more often the calculation of a large number of integrals is required, with the integration region fixed for all of the integrals. Two examples of this second class of integration problem occur a) in quantum chemistry when the Self Consistent Field method [14] is used for the study of molecules and large numbers of similar two and three dimensional electron orbital integrals are required, and b) with the finite element method for the numerical solution of partial differential equations [1], where the Galerkin formulation of the method requires the computation of large numbers of one, two or three dimensional integrals before an approximate solution to the partial differential equation can be found. For many problems, the numerical integration occupies a significant proportion of the total processing time. All of the commonly used integration methods (two good general references are [2] and [16]) use a linear combination of the integrand function values to estimate the integrals, so this numerical integration time is usually dominated by the repeated calculation of the integrand values. However, some adaptive algorithms also spend a significant proportion of the computation time with further processing of the integrand values in order to obtain a good subdivision of the integration region.
X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets and the murine Hyp homologue

Recent studies have reported the cloning of several sodium-dependent phosphate cotransport proteins from the apical membrane of proximal tubules of several species. The human proximal tubule apical sodium-phosphate cotransport protein maps to chromosome 5 in the 5q35 region, indicating that this gene is not a candidate for the genetic defect leading to X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). Studies in what is thought to be the murine XLH homologue, Hyp, also indicate that the proximal tubular phosphate cotransporter gene does not map to the X chromosome. In Hyp, message levels for the apical membrane sodium cotransport protein are reduced by approximately 50%, similar to the reductions in the apical membrane protein levels of the transporter. This indicates a potential transcriptional defect in Hyp, leading to underexpression of the sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein. Recent studies in the Hyp osteoblast have characterized the intrinsic abnormalities of the cell leading to the osteomalacia characteristic of both Hyp and XLH. These studies demonstrate that the Hyp osteoblast expresses normal rates of phosphate transport, but altered gluconeogenesis similar to the proximal tubule, and that there is an underphosphorylation of an important matrix protein, osteopontin. Since osteopontin is involved in matrix mineralization, defective posttranslational modification of the protein could be a factor in producing the osteomalacia of the Hyp. Other recent studies have demonstrated improved modalities of treatment for Hyp and potentially for XLH. These involve the use of phosphate and nonhypercalcemic analogues of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Thus, although the detection of the genetic defect producing XLH and Hyp is awaited, significant advances in the characterization of the phenotype and the bone abnormalities continue.
Mend It or End It: Redirecting the Search for Interactions in the Organizational Sciences

Moderator variables are widely hypothesized and studied in the organizational sciences, but the empirical track record of moderator variable studies is very discouraging. These studies often lack s...
Questions asked at the virtual and physical health sciences reference desk: how do they compare and what do they tell us?

Abstract The questions asked at the traditional reference desk are decreasing while questions asked at the virtual reference desk are on the rise. Over a one-month period, the types of reference questions asked at an academic health sciences library were coded. This paper examines and compares the types of questions asked at the current day reference desk versus the virtual reference desk. This paper also reviews past literature examining the types of questions asked via virtual reference and the traditional reference.
A Survey of Software and Hardware Approaches to Performing Read Alignment in Next Generation Sequencing

Computational genomics is an emerging field that is enabling us to reveal the origins of life and the genetic basis of diseases such as cancer. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies have unleashed a wealth of genomic information by producing immense amounts of raw data. Before any functional analysis can be applied to this data, read alignment is applied to find the genomic coordinates of the produced sequences. Alignment algorithms have evolved rapidly with the advancement in sequencing technology, striving to achieve biological accuracy at the expense of increasing space and time complexities. Hardware approaches have been proposed to accelerate the computational bottlenecks created by the alignment process. Although several hardware approaches have achieved remarkable speedups, most have overlooked important biological features, which have hampered their widespread adoption by the genomics community. In this paper, we provide a brief biological introduction to genomics and NGS. We discuss the most popular next generation read alignment tools and algorithms. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive survey of the hardware implementations used to accelerate these algorithms.
Understanding and Overcoming Challenges Faced by Working Mothers: A Theoretical and Empirical Review

Working mothers face different sets of challenges with regards to social identity, stigmatization, and discrimination within each stage of the employment cycle, from differential hiring practices, unequal career advancement opportunities, ineffective retention efforts, and inaccessible work-family supportive policies (Jones et al. in The Psychology for Business Success. Praeger, Westport, CT, 2013). Not only do these inequalities have negative effects on women, but they can also have a detrimental impact on organizations as a whole. In this chapter, we review several theoretical and empirical studies pertaining to the challenges faced by women throughout their work-motherhood transitions. We then offer strategies that organizations, mothers, and allies can use to effectively improve the workplace experiences of pregnant women and mothers. This chapter will specifically contribute to the existing literature by drawing on identity management and ally research from other domains to suggest additional strategies that female targets and supportive coworkers can engage into help remediate these negative workplace outcomes. Finally, we highlight future research directions aimed at testing the effectiveness of these and other remediation strategies, as well as the methodological challenges and solutions to those challenges associated with this important research domain. We call upon researchers to develop more theory-driven, empirically tested intervention strategies that utilize all participants in this fight to end gender inequality in the workplace.
Nanochemistry – Chemical Reactions of Iron and Benzene Within Molecular Clusters

Molecular clusters represent a nanoscale test tube where chemical reactions can be examined in a unique way for the effects of the local environment and the possibility of size-dependent reactions. Previous experiments have shown that the ionization/dissociation of iron pentacarbonyl clusters can lead to the formation of iron ions and iron cluster ions and that these species can further react with dopant molecules to yield chemically rearranged products. The present experiments characterize similar reactions with benzene molecules and clusters. Heteroclusters of the form [Fe(CO)5]m(C6H6)nArp are created in an expanding supersonic jet of the component molecules. Following ionization by a 30 ps, 266 nm laser pulse, extensive dissociation, aggregation, and chemical rearrangement occurs leading to ionic products which are characterized by mass spectrometry. Cluster ions of the type Fem(C6H6)n+ are observed as products. The stability of the sandwich form of the ion, Fe(benzene)2+, is inferred from the data. Evidence for a similar special stability for the double-decker, Fe2(benzene)3+, is presented.
Potential Strategies to Address the Major Clinical Barriers Facing Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease: A Review

Importance Although progress continues to be made in the field of stem cell regenerative medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, significant barriers to clinical implementation still exist. Objectives To summarize the current barriers to the clinical implementation of stem cell therapy in patients with cardiovascular disease and to discuss potential strategies to overcome them. Evidence Review Information for this review was obtained through a search of PubMed and the Cochrane database for English-language studies published between January 1, 2000, and July 25, 2016. Ten randomized clinical trials and 8 systematic reviews were included. Findings One of the major clinical barriers facing the routine implementation of stem cell therapy in patients with cardiovascular disease is the limited and inconsistent benefit observed thus far. Reasons for this finding are unclear but may be owing to poor cell retention and survival, as suggested by numerous preclinical studies and a small number of human studies incorporating imaging to determine cell fate. Additional studies in humans using imaging to determine cell fate are needed to understand how these factors contribute to the limited efficacy of stem cell therapy. Treatment strategies to address poor cell retention and survival are under investigation and include the following: coadministration of immunosuppressive and prosurvival agents, delivery of cardioprotective factors packaged in exosomes rather than the cells themselves, and use of tissue-engineering strategies to provide structural support for cells. If larger grafts are achieved using these strategies, it will be imperative to carefully monitor for the potential risks of tumorigenicity, immunogenicity, and arrhythmogenicity. Conclusions and Relevance Despite important achievements to date, stem cell therapy is not yet ready for routine clinical implementation. Significant research is still needed to address the clinical barriers outlined herein before the next wave of large clinical trials is under way.
The Role of Human Rights Education in Social Movements: Case Studies in South Africa and the United States

Legalized racial discrimination, in the form of segregation, is a part of the United States’ recent history. It ended with the Civil Rights Act, which passed in 1964. It is part of South Africa’s even more recent history, in the form of apartheid. The apartheid system was dismantled in the early 1990s. Legal discrimination ended in both countries in large part due to massive social movements, the civil rights movement in the United States and the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. Human rights education played an essential role in these social movements. Now a movement of its own, the human rights education movement, at present, is growing in South Africa and the United States. This paper will examine the role of human rights education in the anti-apartheid movement and the civil rights movement, and review a few specific cases of organizations and networks that are contributing to the growth of the human rights education movement in each country today.
A Survey Of Paleo-Indian Sites Along the Middle Rio Grande Drainage

Sandia Cave is so important to the Paleo-Indian picture that it dominates the “classic” hunting site complex in the middle Rio Grande. As a result there is a tendency to minimize the considerable v...