cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of [Ring‐3H] Dopamine and Fluoro Analogues at High Specific Activity

Dopamine and several fluoro analogues were labeled with tritium at high specific activity by a catalytic tritium dehalogenation of polybromo precursors.
Production and isolation of pH sensing materials by carbonate melt oxidation of iridium and platinum

Structure and pH sensing properties are presented for solid state pH sensing materials prepared by Li+/H+ ion-exchange of Li2MO3 (M = Ir, Pt) as well as by carbonate melt oxidation of iridium and platinum wires. To obtain reproducible results with the latter technique, a new vertical melt oxidation technique was developed. The structures and morphologies of Li2MO3 before and after H+ ion-exchange are characterized using high resolution powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Iridium wires melt oxidized 30 min and 5 h possessed near Nernstian responses with −0.060(3) and −0.057(3) V pH−1, respectively, while melt oxidized platinum wires resulted in unstable pH sensing. Ion-exchange of Li2IrO3 results in the formation of H1−xLix[Li1/3Ir2/3]O2 with a HCrO2 structure, which was determined to be the active compound in pH-sensing of melt oxidized iridium electrodes and possessed a pH response of −0.060 V pH−1.
Privacy in emerging wireless networks

Ad hoc wireless networks have emerged as a solution to providing ubiquitous, on-demand connectivity without the need for significant infrastructure deployment. In this thesis we address the privacy problems in two types of emerging wireless ad hoc networks, namely sensor and vehicular networks. Although the content of sensor messages describing “events of interest” may be encrypted to provide confidentiality, the context surrounding these events may also be sensitive and therefore should be protected from eavesdroppers. The source-location privacy problem occurs in sensor networks when adversaries use RF localization techniques to perform hop-by-hop traceback of messages to the source sensor’s location. Our work provides a formal model for this problem and examines the privacy characteristics of different sensor routing protocols. In order to provide efficient and private sensor communications, we devise new techniques to enhance source-location privacy that augment these routing protocols. Similarly, an adversary armed with knowledge of the network deployment, routing algorithms, and the data sink location can infer the temporal patterns and track the spatio-temporal evolution of a sensed event, by monitoring the packet arrivals at the sink. We introduce the temporal privacy problem for delay-tolerant sensor networks, provide an information theoretic formulation and propose adaptive buffering to obfuscate temporal information from the adversary. Sensor networks are also characterized by distinctive traffic patterns, wherein traffic mostly exists when events of interests occur. Due to the direct correlation between the type of event and size of data generated by it, an adversary observing a traffic burst can infer information about the type of event simply from the observed message size. We formulate this traffic privacy problem in terms of information entropy, present a quantifiable means to measure traffic privacy and propose solutions to enhance it. Vehicular ad hoc networks represent a promising new communication paradigm that can facilitate many new forms of automotive applications. We present a robust and efficient security and privacy framework, for such networks, that uses identity-based cryptography. We show that our framework provides authentication, confidentiality, non-repudiation and message-integrity. Further, it supports scalable, user-customizable privacy through short-lived, unforgeable, pseudonyms.
Construction and simulation of a multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer at the University of Notre Dame

Abstract One of the most significant problems in the production of rare isotopes is the simultaneous production of contaminants, often time isobaric. Thus, a high-resolution beam purification method is required which needs to be compatible with both the low yield and short half-life of the desired radionuclide. A multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer meets all these criteria, in addition to boasting a smaller footprint relative to traditional separator dipole magnets. Such a device is currently under construction at the University of Notre Dame and is intended to be coupled to the IG-ISOL source of the planned cyclotron facility. The motivation and conceptual design are presented, as well as the status of simulations to determine the feasibility of using a Bradbury–Nielsen gate for bunching ion beams during initial system testing.
Therapeutic protein-polymer conjugates: advancing beyond PEGylation.

Protein–polymer conjugates are widely used as therapeutics. All Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved protein conjugates are covalently linked to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). These PEGylated drugs have longer half-lives in the bloodstream, leading to less frequent dosing, which is a significant advantage for patients. However, there are some potential drawbacks to PEG that are driving the development of alternatives. Polymers that display enhanced pharmacokinetic properties along with additional advantages such as improved stability or degradability will be important to advance the field of protein therapeutics. This perspective presents a summary of protein–PEG conjugates for therapeutic use and alternative technologies in various stages of development as well as suggestions for future directions. Established methods of producing protein–PEG conjugates and new approaches utilizing controlled radical polymerization are also covered.
Growth of the Ambrosia Fungus Ambrosiella Hartigii on Various Nitrogen Sources

The imperfect ambrosia fungus Ambrosiella hartigii Batra has been symbiotically associated with the wood-boring ambrosia beetle Xyleborus dispar Fabricius (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). This fungus proliferates in the fungus-transmitting gland of the beetle called the mycangium and on the tunnel walls of the gallery system of the beetle (Batra, 1967). Using in-vitro techniques X. dispar has been cultured solely with A. hartigii as the fungal symbiont (French and Roeper, 1972). This study reports upon the effect of various nitrogen sources on the growth of A. hartigii and relates these results to the beetle-fungus relationship. In this study A. hartigii (isolate RAR-280) was grown on a buffered (0.1 M K2HP04/KH2PO4) liquid medium at either pH 5.5 or 6.9. The medium consisted of 970 ml of distilled water with 20 g of sucrose plus 30 ml of a mineral solution. The mineral solution consisted of 10 ml each of the three following stock solutions: a) 25.6 g MgS04 7 H20, 352 mg, ZnS04 7 H20, 24.65 mg, MnS04- H20, and 38.1 mg CuS04 5 H20 per liter; b) 1 g CaC12 per liter; c) 1 g FeC12 per liter. Ten mg of nitrogen equivalent of a nitrogen source (TABLE I) were added per 100 ml of basal medium. The media were sterilized using Millipore filtration techniques. The fungal inoculum consisted of a 4-mm mycelial plug taken from a 3-da-old 0.6% malt-extract-agar stock culture. The cultures, 50 ml of media in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks plus inoculum, were shaken at 150 rpm at 25 C in the dark for
Citizenship from below: Hñähñu heritage in a transnational world

This article illustrates the need to redefine notions of citizenship to take into account the articulations and negotiations of difference (that is, class, ethnicity) through active community participation at the local/community level – below the levels of governance of nation-states (a “citizenship from below”). The research focuses on the indigenous Hnahnu's sense of cultural identity and notions of citizenship, constructed as a response to social and political challenges presented by centuries of conquest and marginalization in Mexico. Once in the United States, these understandings of citizenship are broadened to include their communities of destination in their transnational spaces. This fluidity of borders challenges rigid definitions of citizenship that function below the levels of governance of the nation-state and requires the development of a new migratory geometry that allows for simultaneous membership in both host and home communities.
Parental diet effects on egg component weights and shell quality

Abstract An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding laying hens a low protein and energy diet (LPE), a high protein and energy diet (HPE), and a commercial protein and energy diet (control) on whole egg components, egg weight, and shell quality. The hens were fed their respective diets from 15 to 30 wk of age. At 30 wk of age, egg component weight and percentages were measured along with eggshell quality. The results demonstrated that birds fed the LPE diet had significantly lower albumen, yolk, and total egg weights that the control and HPE groups. The LPE group had significantly lower levels of total albumen protein than the control group. The HPE hens had significantly lower shell thickness and pore concentration than the LPE group, demonstrating that dietary levels of CP and ME can alter not only shell quality component but also albumen protein levels.
Development and characterization of a resistance spot welding aerosol generator and inhalation exposure system

AbstractLimited information exists regarding the health risks associated with inhaling aerosols that are generated during resistance spot welding of metals treated with adhesives. Toxicology studies evaluating spot welding aerosols are non-existent. A resistance spot welding aerosol generator and inhalation exposure system was developed. The system was designed by directing strips of sheet metal that were treated with an adhesive to two electrodes of a spot welder. Spot welds were made at a specified distance from each other by a computer-controlled welding gun in a fume collection chamber. Different target aerosol concentrations were maintained within the exposure chamber during a 4-h exposure period. In addition, the exposure system was run in two modes, spark and no spark, which resulted in different chemical profiles and particle size distributions. Complex aerosols were produced that contained both metal particulates and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Size distribution of the particles was multi-...
An Unusual Case of Extranodal Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Infiltrating Skeletal Muscle: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is extranodal in approximately 40% of cases, arising in nearly any organ system. DLBCL involvement of soft tissue and in particular skeletal muscle is extremely rare, comprising less than 1% of all extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). We report a case of a 79-year-old man that presented with a DLBCL of the left triceps. In particular, we describe an unusual histologic appearance of pseudoglandular structures, resembling adenocarcinoma. We performed a review of lymphoma cases involving skeletal muscle diagnosed at our institution over the past 15 years as well as thorough PubMed review of the literature. We discuss the features of lymphoma involving skeletal muscle as it pertains to clinical characteristics, histologic subtype, tumor localization, diagnostic studies, therapy, and outcome. Finally, we highlight the diagnostic difficulties that can present in these rare and often challenging cases.
Bridging biblical faith and ecology for adults an experiential environmental education program

Understanding the implications of an ecological view of nature for a Christian has recently become a growing interest to the Evangelical community. Until recently resources for exploring how ecological understanding might be incorporated into Christian thought and action have been scarce and difficult to find. Books and internet resources are now emerging, but these represent only a fraction of potential resources and approaches to environmental education for Christians who desire to connect their faith with ecological understanding. This project aims to move beyond the passive and theoretical perspectives of print and media discussions to practical encounters with the natural world. Information comes from print and internet sources, but greater engagement and personal involvement is possible from direct exposure of the natural world informed by these sources. Infusing experiential environmental education programs with biblical themes provides a way for Christians to understand and appreciate their place in the natural world upon which human society depends. This fieldbased program offers interested individuals with a resource for doing this sort of environmental education. It presents a practical workshop which can be implemented by a facilitator without great cost or experience in doing such programs. Directions and suggestions for implementation are provided.
Benjamin Robert Haydon (1786–1846)

A key document of the Romantic Movement is the diary kept by Benjamin Robert Haydon between 1808 and 1846. It may well have been intended to serve as a basis for a published book, but its existence was not even suspected by many of Haydon’s friends during his lifetime. The DNB quietly notes that its 26 volumes, ‘bulky, parchment-bound, ledger-like folios’ form ‘one of the most tragical records extant’.
European Security Challenges in the Post-Cold War World

Having identified the exaggerated threats, the more difficult task of identifying those areas that may pose security concerns to Europe will now be undertaken. At this point the use of the term ‘threat’ will also be dropped in favour of the word ‘concern’ or ‘problem’. The idea of threat is too closely bound up with the Cold War notion of ‘military threat’. The slightly more neutral word ‘concern’ helps to signify challenges to security that go beyond the military environs and demand non-military solutions. Five overlapping problems are touched upon. Although the list is by no means exhaustive, it will serve as a backdrop for subsequent discussion. The five problem areas are: 1. Weapons proliferation and the ex-Soviet nuclear arsenal. 2. Nationalism and irredentism. 3. Migratory pressures. 4. The role of Germany in any new European security order. 5. Implications for the security of Europe.
The Helping Professional’s Guide to Ethics: A New Perspective, by Valerie Bryan, Scott Sanders, and Laura Kaplan

The Helping Professional’s Guide to Ethics: A New Perspective by Valerie Bryan, Scott Sanders, and Laura Kaplan presents a helpful approach to the understanding of moral development, social work va...
A Constructive Approach to Infrastructure: Infrastructure 'Breakdowns' and the Cultivation of Rhetorical Wisdom

It is not typically the bent of infrastructure to be continually responsive in a way that is expansive and inclusive; instead, for newcomers or those with alternative histories, aims, vision, values, and perspectives, the inertia of infrastructure is more likely to be experienced as infrastructural breakdowns. We ask: What might wisdom look like in these “structured” encounters? That is, what is the intellectual work of rhetoric on those thin ledges where institutional chronos shapes and limits possibilities for knowledge work and working relationships among people who likely would not have otherwise met? In response, we advance a framework for a constructive approach to infrastructure—one that prizes deliberation over rationalization and actively attends to the warrants underlying calls for public engagement. We first consider the relationship between infrastructure, rhetorical wisdom, and the imagination of possibilities, then lay out a framework for cultivating rhetorical wisdom in response to infrastructure breakdowns.
Five Kinds of Cyber Deterrence

There were five kinds of cyber deterrence presented at the workshop on Landscaping strategic cyber deterrence, hosted at the Oxford Internet Institute. They were the well-studied areas of deterrence by ‘punishment’ and ‘denial’, and the novel concepts of deterrence by ‘association’, ‘norms and taboos’, and finally, ‘entanglement’. In the following workshop commentary, I present these five kinds of deterrence and explain them in light of recent developments in the academy and industry. I argue for analytical congruence between all three novel concepts, since they aim to alter the behaviour of actors by adding a social cost in response to breaking norms and conventions. Throughout, I argue that we are beginning to understand how cyber deterrence works, both in theory and practice, and when all concepts are taken together, they become more than the sum of their parts. Finally, I point out an omission of the workshop, where computational modelling and simulation could be added to the landscape of strategic cyber deterrence.
Approximation of the Equations of the Humid Atmosphere with Saturation

We investigate the numerical approximation of solutions to some variational inequalities modeling the humid atmosphere when the saturation of water vapor in the air is taken into account. Here we describe part of our work [31] and extend our former results to the case where the saturation \(q_s\) evolves with time.
Association of Gastric Acid Suppression With Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance Gastric acid suppression has been associated with an increased risk of primary Clostridium difficil e infection (CDI), but the risk of recurrent CDI in patients taking gastric acid suppressant medications is unclear. Objective To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between gastric acid suppressants and recurrent CDI. Data Sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register, the Cochrane Database, and Web of Science were searched from January 1, 1995, to September 30, 2015, for studies assessing the association between gastric acid suppressant exposure and recurrent CDI. Search terms included Clostridium difficile, pseudomembranous colitis , proton pump inhibitor , and histamine H2 blocker . Study Selection Case-control studies, cohort studies, and clinical trials that included patients with CDI who did or did not receive gastric acid suppressant therapy and who were evaluated for recurrent CDI were included, with no restriction on study setting (inpatient or outpatient). Data Extraction and Synthesis The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the methodologic quality of included studies. In this scale, case-control and cohort studies were scored on selection, comparability, and ascertainment of the outcome of interest. Data were independently abstracted to a predetermined collection form by 2 investigators. Summary odds ratio estimates with 95% CIs were calculated using the random-effects model and software to calculate the pooled effect size of studies reporting multivariate analyses. Main Outcomes and Measures Risk of recurrent infection in patients with CDI and its association with use of gastric acid suppressant medication. Results Sixteen observational studies were included, together reporting 7703 patients with CDI; among these, 1525 patients (19.8%) developed recurrent CDI. The rate of recurrent CDI in patients with gastric acid suppression was 22.1% (892 of 4038 patients) compared with 17.3% (633 of 3665) in patients without gastric acid suppression, which indicated an increased risk by meta-analysis (odds ratio [OR], 1.52; 95% CI, 1.20-1.94; P I 2 value of 64%. Subgroup analyses of studies adjusting for age and potential confounders confirmed an increased risk of recurrent CDI with use of gastric acid suppressants (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.08-1.76; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance Meta-analyses of observational studies suggest that patients who receive gastric acid suppressants may be at increased risk for recurrent CDI. These data should be interpreted with caution because they may be confounded owing to the observational design of the individual studies. It may be reasonable to re-evaluate the need for these medications in patients with CDI.
Traditional versus reverse syphilis algorithms: A comparison at a large academic medical center.

Objectives An increasing number of institutions are transitioning from the traditional syphilis testing algorithm (initial screening with nontreponemal tests) to the ‘reverse’ algorithm (initial screening with treponemal tests such as syphilis IgG). The aim of this study was to evaluate the switch in syphilis algorithm at an academic medical center with a population with low syphilis prevalence.
Role of Adipose Tissue Endothelial ADAM17 in Age-Related Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction.

Objective— A disintegrin and metalloproteinase ADAM17 (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF]–converting enzyme) regulates soluble TNF levels. We tested the hypothesis that aging-induced activation in adipose tissue (AT)-expressed ADAM17 contributes to the development of remote coronary microvascular dysfunction in obesity. Approach and Results— Coronary arterioles (CAs, ≈90 µm) from right atrial appendages and mediastinal AT were examined in patients (aged: 69±11 years, BMI: 30.2±5.6 kg/m 2 ) who underwent open heart surgery. CA and AT were also studied in 6-month and 24-month lean and obese mice fed a normal or high-fat diet. We found that obesity elicited impaired endothelium-dependent CA dilations only in older patients and in aged high-fat diet mice. Transplantation of AT from aged obese, but not from young or aged, mice increased serum cytokine levels, including TNF, and impaired CA dilation in the young recipient mice. In patients and mice, obesity was accompanied by age-related activation of ADAM17, which was attributed to vascular endothelium–expressed ADAM17. Excess, ADAM17-shed TNF from AT arteries in older obese patients was sufficient to impair CA dilation in a bioassay in which the AT artery was serially connected to a CA. Moreover, we found that the increased activity of endothelial ADAM17 is mediated by a diminished inhibitory interaction with caveolin-1, owing to age-related decline in caveolin-1 expression in obese patients and mice or to genetic deletion of caveolin-1. Conclusions— The present study indicates that aging and obesity cooperatively reduce caveolin-1 expression and increase vascular endothelial ADAM17 activity and soluble TNF release in AT, which may contribute to the development of remote coronary microvascular dysfunction in older obese patients.
Black and White Parents' Willingness to Seek Help for Children's Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms.

Objective Understanding social and environmental factors that contribute to parental help-seeking intentions is an important step in addressing service underutilization for children in need of treatment. This study examined factors that contribute to parents' intentions to seek formal and informal help for child psychopathology (anxiety and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]). Method A total of 251 parents (N = 128 mothers, N = 123 fathers; 49% Black, 51% White) read 3 vignettes describing children with anxiety, ADHD, and no diagnosis. Measures of problem recognition, perceived barriers, and formal (pediatricians, psychologists, teachers) and informal (religious leaders, family/friends, self-help) help seeking were completed. Four separate hierarchical logistic regression models were used to examine parental help-seeking likelihood from formal and informal sources for internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Predictors were socioeconomic status, parent race, age, and sex, parent problem recognition (via study vignettes), and perceived barriers to mental health service utilization. Result Mothers were more likely than fathers to seek help from pediatricians, psychologists, teachers, and religious leaders for child anxiety and pediatricians, religious leaders, and self-help resources for child ADHD. Black parents were more likely to seek help from religious leaders and White parents were more likely to use self-help resources. Problem recognition was associated with greater intentions to seek help from almost all formal and informal sources (except from friends/family). Conclusion Understanding factors that contribute to parental help seeking for child psychopathology is critical for increasing service utilization and reducing the negative effects of mental health problems. This study highlights the importance of decreasing help-seeking barriers and increasing problem recognition to improve health equity.
Mapping 3D Underwater Environments with Smoothed Submaps

This paper presents a technique for improved mapping of complex underwater environments. Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are becoming valuable tools for inspection of underwater infrastructure, and can create 3D maps of their environment using high-frequency profiling sonar. However, the quality of these maps is limited by the drift in the vehicle’s navigation system.We have developed a technique for simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) by aligning point clouds gathered over a short time scale using the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm. To improve alignment, we have developed a system for smoothing these “submaps” and removing outliers. We integrate the constraints from submap alignment into a 6-DOF pose graph, which is optimized to estimate the full vehicle trajectory over the duration of the inspection task. We present real-world results using the Bluefin Hovering AUV, as well as analysis of a synthetic data set.
Preferred Following Distance and Performance in an Emergency Event while Using Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control

This study explored human factors issues associated with cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC); specifically the relationship between drivers’ preferred following distance, assigned following distance, and driving performance. Participants drove in a dedicated lane and experienced a vehicle merging in front of their vehicle and later, an emergency event that required intervention in order to avoid a collision. Drivers followed at either a near or a far distance. Drivers’ perceived workload did not vary between the cruise and postmerge periods. However, workload was significantly greater after the emergency crash event. Workload did not vary significantly based on following distance assignment or preference. Those participants assigned to the near following distance were more likely to hover their foot over the brake during the merging event and to react faster to the emergency event. As with workload, performance (collision avoidance) did not vary significantly due to following distance assignment or preference. In other words, one’s abilities may not necessarily reflect their following preferences. This is a promising finding for widespread implementation of CACC.
Textured Breast Implants: A Closer Look at the Surface Debris Under the Microscope.

Background:Texturing of breast implants is done to decrease the risk of associated complications. Each manufacturer utilizes unique and at times proprietary techniques to texture the surface of the...
Spirituality and Health Outcomes in the Elderly

The purpose of this mail survey was to examine the relationship of attitudinal and behavioral measures of spirituality to physical and mental health outcomes in a sample of elderly community residents. Frequency of prayer, importance of faith, and reliance on religion for their coping were compared for their association with eight categories of physical and mental health. All three measures, prayer, faith and religious coping, correlated strongly with positive mental health, but not with the other seven physical health categories. Multiple regression analyses indicated importance of one's faith had the strongest association with positive mental health, even after controlling for the effect of other significant variables, age and education. The behavioral measure of prayer was a component of importance of faith to mental health, with no independent impact. This study highlights attitudes rather than practices, as the stronger spiritual variables related to mental health in the elderly.
A Critical Review of the Research in Teaching Vocabulary to Secondary Students

(1973). A Critical Review of the Research in Teaching Vocabulary to Secondary Students. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western College Reading Association: Vol. 6, Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference of the WCRA. Technological Alternatives in Learning, pp. 73-78.
Random Vectors and Joint Distributions

In Chapters 7 and 8, we formulate the concept of real random variables and describe the distributions that they induce on the real line. In that development, we direct attention to a single number associated with each outcome of the basic experiment. Real random variables are considered singly. In this chapter, we consider the case of several numbers associated with the outcome of the experiment. These numbers are viewed separately as values of real random variables; but they are considered jointly as the coordinates of a random vector. We use fundamental mapping ideas in the same manner as for real random variables to produce a joint distribution that describes the probabilistic, or stochastic, behavior of the random vector as well as the probabilistic relations between the coordinate random variables.
Dissecting the Contribution of Release Factor Interactions to Amber Stop Codon Reassignment Efficiencies of the Methanocaldococcus jannaschii Orthogonal Pair

Non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) are finding increasing use in basic biochemical studies and biomedical applications. The efficiency of ncAA incorporation is highly variable, as a result of competing system composition and codon context effects. The relative quantitative contribution of the multiple factors affecting incorporation efficiency are largely unknown. This manuscript describes the use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporters to quantify the efficiency of amber codon reassignment using the Methanocaldococcus jannaschii orthogonal pair system, commonly employed for ncAA incorporation, and quantify the contribution of release factor 1 (RF1) to the overall efficiency of amino acid incorporation. The efficiencies of amber codon reassignments were quantified at eight positions in GFP and evaluated in multiple combinations. The quantitative contribution of RF1 competition to reassignment efficiency was evaluated through comparisons of amber codon suppression efficiencies in normal and genomically recoded Escherichia coli strains. Measured amber stop codon reassignment efficiencies for eight single stop codon GFP variants ranged from 51 to 117% in E. coli DH10B and 76 to 104% in the RF1 deleted E. coli C321.ΔA.exp. Evaluation of efficiency changes in specific sequence contexts in the presence and absence of RF1 suggested that RF1 specifically interacts with +4 Cs and that the RF1 interactions contributed approximately half of the observed sequence context-dependent variation in measured reassignment efficiency. Evaluation of multisite suppression efficiencies suggests that increasing demand for translation system components limits multisite incorporation in cells with competing RF1.
Asymptotic properties of maximum likelihood estimators with sample size recalculation

Consider an experiment in which the primary objective is to determine the significance of a treatment effect at a predetermined type I error and statistical power. Assume that the sample size required to maintain these type I error and power will be re-estimated at an interim analysis. A secondary objective is to estimate the treatment effect. Our main finding is that the asymptotic distributions of standardized statistics are random mixtures of distributions, which are non-normal except under certain model choices for sample size re-estimation (SSR). Monte-Carlo simulation studies and an illustrative example highlight the fact that asymptotic distributions of estimators with SSR may differ from the asymptotic distribution of the same estimators without SSR.
Marriage among U.S. International Students: Meanings and Aspirations

Although there exists a breadth of literature on Americans’ marital aspirations and experiences, there is a significant lack of research available specifically on U.S. international students’ aspir...
Benevolent Images of God, Gratitude, and Physical Health Status

This study has two goals. The first is to assess whether a benevolent image of God is associated with better physical health. The second goal is to examine the aspects of congregational life that is associated with a benevolent image of God. Data from a new nationwide survey (N = 1774) are used to test the following core hypotheses: (1) people who attend worship services more often and individuals who receive more spiritual support from fellow church members (i.e., informal assistance that is intended to increase the religious beliefs and behaviors of the recipient) will have more benevolent images of God, (2) individuals who believe that God is benevolent will feel more grateful to God, (3) study participants who are more grateful to God will be more hopeful about the future, and (4) greater hope will be associated with better health. The data provide support for each of these relationships.
Nanotechnology enabled design of a structural material with extreme strength as well as thermal and electrical properties

Abstract The potential benefits of nanocrystalline (NC) alloys for use in various structural applications stem from their enhanced mechanical strengths. However, deformation-induced grain growth in NC materials reduces the strength and is a widely reported phenomenon occurring even at low-temperatures. Controlling such behavior is critical for the maturation of bulk nanocrystalline metals in various advanced engineering applications. Here, we disclose the mechanism by which grain boundary sliding and rotation are suppressed when a NC material is truly thermo-mechanically stabilized against grain growth. Unlike in any other known nanocrystalline metals, the absence of sliding and rotation during loading, at extreme temperatures, is related to short-circuit solute diffusion along the grain boundaries causing the formation of solute clusters and thus a significant change of the grain boundary structures. The departure of this unusual behavior from the well-established norm leads to a strong enhancement of many mutually exclusive properties, such as thermo-mechanical strength, creep resistance, and exceptionally high electrical/thermal conductivity. This work demonstrates that Cu-based nanocrystalline alloys can be used in applications where conventional Cu-based polycrystalline materials are not viable.
The Association Between Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Readmissions for Patients Hospitalized With Sepsis.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate associations between a readily availvable composite measurement of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage (the area deprivation index) and 30-day readmissions for patients who were previously hospitalized with sepsis. DESIGN A retrospective study. SETTING An urban, academic medical institution. PATIENTS The authors conducted a manual audit for adult patients (18 yr old or older) discharged with an International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition code of sepsis during the 2017 fiscal year to confirm that they met SEP-3 criteria. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The area deprivation index is a publicly available composite score constructed from socioeconomic components (e.g., income, poverty, education, housing characteristics) based on census block level, where higher scores are associated with more disadvantaged areas (range, 1-100). Using discharge data from the hospital population health database, residential addresses were geocoded and linked to their respective area deprivation index. Patient characteristics, contextual-level variables, and readmissions were compared by t tests for continuous variables and Fisher exact test for categorical variables. The associations between readmissions and area deprivation index were explored using logistic regression models. A total of 647 patients had an International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition diagnosis code of sepsis. Of these 647, 116 (17.9%) either died in hospital or were discharged to hospice and were excluded from our analysis. Of the remaining 531 patients, the mean age was 61.0 years (± 17.6 yr), 281 were females (52.9%), and 164 (30.9%) were active smokers. The mean length of stay was 6.9 days (± 5.6 d) with the mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score 4.9 (± 2.5). The mean area deprivation index was 54.2 (± 23.8). The mean area deprivation index of patients who were readmitted was 62.5 (± 27.4), which was significantly larger than the area deprivation index of patients not readmitted (51.8 [± 22.2]) (p < 0.001). In adjusted logistic regression models, a greater area deprivation index was significantly associated with readmissions (β, 0.03; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients who reside in more disadvantaged neighborhoods have a significantly higher risk for 30-day readmission following a hospitalization for sepsis. The insight provided by neighborhood disadvantage scores, such as the area deprivation index, may help to better understand how contextual-level socioeconomic status affects the burden of sepsis-related morbidity.
Deformation and instability of three-dimensional graphene honeycombs under in-plane compression: Atomistic simulations

Abstract While monolayer graphene is known strong and brittle, its three-dimensional (3D) scaleup to architected assemblies, such as graphene aerogels, leads to superior compressibility and resilience. 3D graphene assemblies feature nanoscale characteristic dimensions, and their constitutive mechanical behaviors arise from complex deformation modes. However, whether 3D graphene assemblies exhibit deformation mechanisms widely observed in conventional foams is unclear. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we explore the deformation and instability mechanisms in a 3D graphene honeycomb subjected to uniaxial in-plane compression. Our simulations capture the orientation-dependence of stress–strain response and deformation mode. Compression along the armchair direction causes progressive buckling and results in a structural transformation. In contrast, compression along the zigzag direction results in localized shearing. These findings demonstrate that deformation and instability mechanisms in 3D graphene honeycombs are very similar to those identified in hexagonal honeycombs at the macro-scale level, both experimentally and theoretically.
Preparing and sharing the table: The invisibility of women and enslaved domestic workers in Luke’s Last Supper:

In biblical narratives that involve food, women and enslaved domestic workers were very involved in the planning, preparation, and the partaking of meals, even though they are mostly invisible in b...
Improved cluster ranking in protein–protein docking using a regression approach

Abstract We develop a Regression-based Ranking by Pairwise Cluster Comparisons (RRPCC) method to rank clusters of similar protein complex conformations generated by an underlying docking program. The method leverages robust regression to predict the relative quality difference between any pair or clusters and combines these pairwise assessments to form a ranked list of clusters, from higher to lower quality. We apply RRPCC to clusters produced by the automated docking server ClusPro and, depending on the training/validation strategy, we show improvement by 24–100% in ranking acceptable or better quality clusters first, and by 15–100% in ranking medium or better quality clusters first. We compare the RRPCC–ClusPro combination to a number of alternatives, and show that very different machine learning approaches to scoring docked structures yield similar success rates. Finally, we discuss the current limitations on sampling and scoring, looking ahead to further improvements. Interestingly, some features important for improved scoring are internal energy terms that occur only due to the local energy minimization applied in the refinement stage following rigid body docking.
Electric-Field-Induced Chirality in Columnar Liquid Crystals

We describe a novel class of tetraphenylbenzene-based discotic molecules with exceptional self-assembling properties. Absorption and fluorescence studies confirmed the formation of J-type aggregates in solution. The discotic mesogens also show an enhancement of the emission upon aggregation. Interestingly, these discotic molecules displayed enantiotropic hexagonal columnar liquid crystal (LC) phases that can be switched into a helical columnar organization by application of an electric field. The helical columns arise from the electric-field-induced tilt of the polar fluorobenzene ring that directs all of the peripheral phenyl groups into a propeller-like conformation with respect to the central benzene core. A cooperative assembly process of these propeller-shaped molecules resolves into a helical columnar organization, in which the preferred helical sense is obtained from the stereogenic center proximate to the polar carbon-fluorine bond. The ease of inducing chirality in columnar LCs by an electric field presents opportunities to create next-generation chiral materials for a variety of applications.
Provider preferences for delivery of HIV care coordination services: results from a discrete choice experiment

Introduction The PROMISE study was launched in 2018 to assess and document the implementation of changes to an existing HIV Care Coordination Program (CCP) designed to address persistent disparities in care and treatment engagement among persons with HIV in New York City. We evaluated provider endorsement of features of the CCP to identify opportunities for improvement. Methods We used a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to measure provider endorsement of four CCP attributes, including: a) how CCP helps with medication adherence, b) how CCP helps with primary care appointments, c) how CCP helps with issues other than primary care, and d) where CCP visits take place (visit location). Each attribute had three to four levels. Our primary outcomes were relative importance and part-worth utilities, measures of preference for the levels of the four CCP program attributes. Results Visit location (28.6%) had the highest relative importance, followed by how staff help with ART adherence (24.3%), how staff help with issues other than primary care (24.2%), and how staff help with primary care appointments (22.9%). Within each of the above attributes, respectively, the levels with the highest part-worth utilities were home visits 60 minutes from the program or agency (19.9 utiles, 95% CI 10.7-29.0), directly observed therapy (26.1 utiles, 95% CI 19.1-33.1), help with non-HIV specialty medical care (26.5 utiles, 95% CI 21.5-31.6), and reminding clients about and accompanying them to primary care appointments (20.8 utiles, 95% CI 15.6-26.0). Conclusions Ongoing CCP refinements should account for how best to support and evaluate the intensive CCP components endorsed by providers in this study.
Changes in Stimulus Frequency Otoacoustic Emissions Produced by Two-Tone Suppression and Efferent Stimulation in Cats

Efferent activity and two-tone suppression might affect the cochlear amplifier at different sites but produce similar effects. Their effects on stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions (SFEs) were compared in cats by measuring the vector change in ear-canal sound pressure. The results indicate that contributions to the SFE originate along a large fraction of the length of the cochlea, and that SFEs may provide a ‘window’ into the action of the cochlear amplifier.
Foundations and implications of a proposed unified services theory

D businesses, such as garbage collection, retail banking, and management consulting are often tied together under the heading of “services”, based on little more than a perception that they are intangible and do not manufacture anything. Such definitions inadequately identify managerial and operational implications common among, and unique to, services. We present a “Unified Services Theory” (UST) to clearly delineate service processes from non-service processes and to identify key commonalities across seemingly disparate service businesses. The UST defines a service production process as one that relies on customer inputs; customers act as suppliers for all service processes. Non-services (such as make-to-stock manufacturing) rely on customer selection of outputs, payment for outputs, and occasional feedback, but production is not dependent upon inputs from individual customers. The UST reveals principles that are common to the wide range of services and provides a unifying foundation for various theories and models of service operations, such as the traditional “characteristics of services” and Customer Contact Theory. The UST has significant operational corollaries pertaining to capacity and demand management, service quality, services strategy, and so forth. The UST provides a common reference point to which services management researchers can anchor future theory-building and theory-testing research.
Modeling Engine Spray/Wall Impingement

A computer model was used to study the impingement of sprays on walls. The spray model accounts for the effects of drop breakup, drop collision and coalescence, and the effect of drops on the gas turbulence. A new submodel was developed to describe the spray/wall interaction process. Predictions of the effect of engine swirl, ambient gas pressure (density), wall inclination angle and the distance from the nozzle to the wall, were in good qualitative agreement with the experiments
Nonharmonic phonons in MgB_2 at elevated temperatures

Inelastic neutron scattering was used to measure phonon spectra in MgB_2 and Mg_(0.75)Al_(0.25)B_2 from 7 to 750 K to investigate anharmonicity and adiabatic electron-phonon coupling. First-principles calculations of phonons with a linear response method were performed at multiple unit cell volumes, and the Helmholtz free energy was minimized to obtain the lattice parameters and phonon dynamics at elevated temperature in the quasiharmonic approximation. Most of the temperature dependence of the phonon density of states could be understood with the quasiharmonic approximation, although there was also significant thermal broadening of the phonon spectra. In comparison to Mg_(0.75)Al_(0.25)B_2, in the energy range of 60 to 80 meV the experimental phonon spectra from MgB_2 showed a nonmonotonic change with temperature around 500 K. This may originate from a change with temperature of the adiabatic electron-phonon coupling.
Two Roles for the DNA Recognition Site of the Klebsiella aerogenes Nitrogen Assimilation Control Protein

The nitrogen assimilation control protein (NAC) binds to a site within the promoter region of the histidine utilization operon (hutUH) of Klebsiella aerogenes, and NAC bound at this site activates transcription of hutUH. This NAC-binding site was characterized by a combination of random and directed DNA mutagenesis. Mutations that abolished or diminished in vivo transcriptional activation by NAC were found to lie within a 15-bp region contained within the 26-bp region protected by NAC from DNase I digestion. This 15-bp core has the palindromic ends ATA and TAT, and it matches the consensus for LysR family transcriptional regulators. Protein-binding experiments showed that transcriptional activation in vivo decreased with decreasing binding in vitro. In contrast to the NAC-binding site from hutUH, the NAC-binding site from the gdhA promoter failed to activate transcription from a semisynthetic promoter, and this failure was not due to weak binding or greatly distorted protein-DNA structure. Mutations in the promoter-proximal half-site of the NAC-binding site from gdhA allowed this site to activate transcription. Similar studies using the NAC-binding site from hut showed that two mutations in the promoter proximal half-site increased binding but abolished transcriptional activation. Interestingly, for symmetric mutations in the promoter-distal half-site, loss of transcriptional activation was always correlated with a decrease in binding. We conclude from these observations that if the binding in vitro reflects the binding in vivo, then binding of NAC to DNA is not sufficient for transcriptional activation and that the NAC-binding site can be functionally divided in two half-sites, with related but different functions.