cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distributed grating-assisted coupler for optical all-dielectric electron accelerator

A Bragg waveguide consisting of multiple dielectric layers with alternating index of refraction becomes an excellent option to form electron accelerating structure powered by high power laser sources. It provides confinement of a synchronous speed-of-light mode with extremely low loss. However, laser field cannot be coupled into the structure collinearly with the electron beam. There are three requirements in designing input coupler for a Bragg electron accelerator: side coupling, selective mode excitation, and high coupling efficiency. We present a side-coupling scheme using a distributed grating-assisted coupler to inject the laser power into the waveguide. Side coupling is achieved by a grating with a period on the order of an optical wavelength. The phase matching condition results in resonance coupling thus providing selective mode excitation capability. The coupling efficiency is limited by profile matching between the outgoing beam and the incoming beam, which has normally a Gaussian profile. We demonstrate a nonuniform distributed grating structure generating an outgoing beam with a Gaussian profile, therefore, increasing the coupling efficiency.
MR features of osteoarthritis of the knee

A group of patients with idiopathic osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee was surveyed using weight-bearing radiographs and MR imaging to compare the relative value of these methods in disease evaluation. Fifty-two patients with a clinical and radiological diagnosis of OA of the knee of relatively short duration (87%: < or = 4 yr) were compared to a reference group of 40 age- and sex-comparable subjects with no knee symptoms. All patients had a complete history, physical examination, standard anterior-posterior and lateral weight-bearing radiographs, T1-weighted, and FLASH MR images in both knees. The prevalence of MRI abnormalities was significantly greater in patients with OA of the knee in all radiographic grades (Kellgren and Lawrence) compared to the reference subjects. Significant differences were encountered for synovial thickening (OA, 73%; reference, 0%), synovial fluid (60%; 7%), meniscal degeneration (52%; 7%), osteophytes (67%; 12%), and subchondral bone involvement (65%; 7%), even in the patients at the mild end of the osteoarthritic spectrum, indicating the exquisite sensitivity of MRI compared with weight-bearing radiographs.
Surface wave along a ferrite rod magnetized below saturation

Surface waves supported by a ferrite rod, magnetized longitudinally near and below saturation, are studied experimentally using the surface wave resonator technique. Two types of slow waves are found to exist. Their propagation constants depend on the dc magnetic field and rod size. They are interpreted as the HE_{11} mode positive and negative circularly polarized surface waves. For pure circularly polarized waves, a magnetized ferrite is considered as a dielectric with nontensor permeability. A calculation of the propagation constant of these circularly polarized surface waves, based on the dielectric analogy, is made. The agreement between calculation and measurement is close.
Using Subsample Values as Typical Values

Abstract The subsample values of a statistic t are the values of t for subsets of the whole sample. Subsample values may be used as indicators of variability of t. For real valued statistics t, estimating a parameter θ, the subsample values are defined to form a set of typical values if the intervals between the ordered subsample values each include θ with equal probability. The typical value property holds exactly in some cases and approximately in others.
A tale of two fields: public health ethics

Over the last decade, public health and bioethics have been courting each other, trying to figure out a way to inform and assist one another. Ethics in public health began in epidemiology and public health in ethics began in health law. Attempts have been made to create both an ethics of and in public health. Although many edited volumes and even model curriculums have been created for the teaching of public health ethics, most efforts are mired in medical ethics and do not take the unique population perspective of public health. Several challenges to the development and teaching of public health ethics remain, including the issue of ethics being a required public health competency and the questions: what should be in a public health ethics curriculum, where will instructors be trained and how wi;l such faculty be paid? A true public health ethics will help professionals address issues of values, critical thinking and decision making.
Charge transfer in photoexcited AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs heterojunctions

Abstract Charge transfer in photoexcited Al x Ga 1− x As/GaAs heterojunctions is calculated under the assumption that electrons excited into the conduction band of Al x Ga 1− x As from donor levels are prevented from recombining with the ionized donors at low temperatures by a barrier of microscopic origin, but are able to maintain quasi-equilibrium with electrons in the GaAs channel. The results are in reasonable agreement with published data and tend to support the assumptions of the model, including the assumption that each donor in Al x Ga 1− x As gives rise to a deep level when x > 0.2.
FIGHTING INDUSTRIAL SENILITY: A SYSTEM FOR GROWTH IN MATURE INDUSTRIES

Most American businesses operate in mature markets. That's an economic fact of life. In order to grow in the decade ahead, these businesses will have to innovate rather than rely so heavily on acquisitions as they have done in the past.
Senescence of Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Bone Marrow Failure

Functional failure in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) may bring fatal consequences because HSCs are the ultimate source of mature blood cells, which need continuous replenishment. One potential cause of HSC dysfunction is senescence, in which HSCs and progenitor cells enter a state of proliferative arrest. HSC senescence is genetically regulated and one particular regulator is the telomerase gene. Mutations in the telomerase gene complex have been found in patients with bone marrow failure syndromes. During a normal lifetime, HSC clones function over the long term and may not show any functional loss under normal circumstances. However, pathologic environments may limit HSC proliferation, accelerate HSC turnover, and shorten the functional life of HSCs, leading to HSC clonal exhaustion and senescence.
Survival of juvenile striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and Morone hybrid bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis) increased by addition of calcium to soft water

Abstract CaCl 2 was used to increase the total hardness of water in three ponds from 20 to 45–100 mg/l as CaCO 3 5 days before harvest. CaCl 2 was also used to increase hardness from 10 to 70–200 mg/l as CaCO 3 in water used for holding and transporting fish after they were harvested from ponds. All groups of fish in water containing additional calcium had 80–99% survival compared with 16% survival for a group of fish without additional calcium in the water before or after harvest. Addition of 1% NaCl to the water did not increase survival.
Temperature dependent redistribution among the multiple forms of rat Yb-glutathione-S-transferase

Summary Anionic (Y b ) rat liver glutathione-S-transferases are susceptible to temperature or pH dependent transitions to more basic forms of this class of proteins. At elevated temperatures (25–30°) or at pH values above 9.0 the protein is rapidly and irreversibly converted to forms that are no longer retained by anion exchange resins and display basic components in chromatofocusing systems, because bound glutathione is removed at the higher temperatures or pH. Sharp increases in enzymatic activity with 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene as a substrate, accompany the temperature induced changes. Microheterogeneity patterns for this protein are contingent upon these interconversions, and the results explain apparent variations in relative amounts of the multiple forms under different conditions in terms of glutathione binding.
A proposal for minimum detectable compartment in MIRD dosimetry modelling

The accuracy of radiation dose estimates from radiopharmaceutical administrations has recently become more important for three main reasons: (i) clinical providers are demanding more information on diagnostic procedures; (ii) regulatory groups are scrutinizing dosimetry for research subjects; and (iii) accurate organ doses are crucial in therapeutic administrations. These dose estimates are a sensitive function of the residence times. Because most clinical data acquisition protocols are limited to the first 24 h after dose administration, the area under the remainder of the time-activity curve (TAC) must be estimated. Estimation methods range from assuming physical decay only (overly conservative) to extrapolating end point physiological kinetics (overly liberal). This study demonstrates how much the results from these two methods vary and develops an alternative method which more accurately estimates this remainder term. A method, called the minimum detectable compartment (MDC), is constructed so that an accurate dose estimate can be made with a realistic measure of the remainder term. The method for determining MDC uses standard hypothesis testing. Using an analogue of the traditional minimal detectable activity calculation, a model with and without constant compartments is fitted to the TAC. The size of the constant compartment is varied until the relative likelihood of the two models meets the desired measure of power and sensitivity. Computer simulations of a simple mono-exponential are used to demonstrate the MDC as a function of the model, the number of data points, the range of the data and the noise in the data. The MDC is a very sensitive function of the data range. It falls by more than 50% when the data range is increased from two to three half-lives. In addition, the MDC is moderately sensitive to the noise in the data and relatively insensitive to the number of data points. These findings suggest that the MDC method can also be uses a priori to indicate what type of data collection regimen is necessary to achieve a certain accuracy.
Urbanization and seasonal temperature trends: observational evidence from a data-sparse part of North America

Viewed from the continental or hemispheric perspective, the evidence of warming trends in surface temperatures continues to accumulate. Here, we focus on the detection of seasonal temperature trends at regional and sub-regional space scales. The study region is transnational, extending from the border areas of New Mexico and Texas in the USA, southward into the altiplano of north central Mexico. The analysis considers maximum and minimum temperature records (1941–2000) from 21 stations located in a variety of land-use environments ranging from large urban settings to rural areas. The analysis demonstrates that a significant part of the variability in minimum temperatures for stations located in large urban areas is captured by positive linear trend, and thus is likely associated with rapid urbanization within the region. A similar, but comparatively minor, urban effect is also apparent in the maximum temperature records for the warm season (June–September). Aside from the urban influence, the most consistent feature emerging from the analysis is the tendency for station records to exhibit a recent (post—1970) warming trend. It is present across all place sizes, i.e. from large urban to rural stations, and is particularly pronounced for cool- and warm-season minimum temperatures and for warm-season maximum temperatures. This behaviour generally mirrors the temperature trends detected on continental and hemispheric space scales, and thus the onset of this warming regime is broadly consistent with documented changes in large-scale climate modes such as the North Atlantic oscillation and the Atlantic multi-decadal oscillation. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Caritas in Veritate and Africa's Burden of (Under)Development:

Providing a critical reading of Pope Benedict's Caritas in veritate from an African perspective, the note examines several key issues in the encyclical to determine their relevance to the situation of development and underdevelopment in Africa. The note also points out some omissions and troubling situations regarding the role of women in development and the contribution of religion to development, and calls for a careful nuancing of the theological and philosophical underpinnings of the encyclical.
Does Selection Favor Dewlap Colors that Maximize Detectability? A Test with Five Species of Jamaican Anolis Lizards

Abstract: Animal color signals evolve in response to selection by visual systems that perceive them, ambient light spectra that illuminate them, and features of the background against which they are juxtaposed. In Anolis lizards, males use a colorful dewlap, together with head-bobbing displays, to deter conspecific rivals and to attract females. As most anoles are both arboreal and sympatric with one or more congeners, selection should favor dewlap colors that contrast sufficiently with the visual background of foliage to be detectable, and that differ reliably from dewlaps of sympatric congeners to be discriminable. We used spectroradiometry and computational visual modeling for five species of closely related Jamaican anoles to calculate the detection probability of each species' dewlap in each of the species' light habitats. Despite substantial interspecific differences in dewlap colors, as well as moderate differences in habitat light spectra, results of our analyses did not support the prediction th...
Harvard Dental School and the fight for "the ideals of democracy".

World War I, “The Great War,” brought to reality a suffering, violence, and destruction that was new to the human experience. Historically, the pressure placed on the medical profession to respond to the care of the wounded during wartime has often stimulated the medical sciences into new eras of advancement. Dentistry is no exception. From the Revolutionary War came the evolution of the barber-surgeon dentist into a medically trained professional. From the Civil War came the incentive for organized universitybased dental education. Trench warfare during the World War I provided surgeons with new challenges in facial trauma and laid the cornerstone for modernday oral and maxillofacial surgery. The work of surgeons such as Gillies, Ivy, Morestin, Valadier, and others provided the basis for facial reconstruction. However, none impacted oral and maxillofacial surgery as much as Varastad H. Kazanjian and the dentists from Harvard Dental School who comprised the dental section of the Harvard Surgical Unit.
Reaction of Some 1-Deoxy-2,3-Dicarbonyl Hexose Derivatives with Aminoguanidine (Guanylhydrazine)1

Abstract The reaction of 4-O-acetyl-1-deoxy-5,6-O-isopropylidene-2,3-D-erythro and (D-threo)-hexodiulose with aminoguanidine (guanylhydrazine) was investigated at pH 7.0 and 37°C. The two dicarbonyl compounds reacted rapidly to give 6-methyl-5-substituted triazine derivatives, which were fully characterized. The compounds were deblocked in a stepwise manner to give, first the de-O-acetylated compounds and then (by removal of the isopropylidene groups) the free triazine derivatives which were fully characterized (GLC/MS, NMR and elemental analyses).
Employee labor market information: comparing direct world of work measures of workers' knowledge to stochastic frontier estimates

Abstract A number of papers use stochastic frontier estimation to measure a worker's incomplete information about available wages. These papers define incomplete information as the difference between a worker's wage and his or her maximum potential wage. Many question this approach since it essentially measures incomplete information as a residual, without independent evidence relating this residual to incomplete information. This paper introduces independent direct measures of workers' knowledge of the world of work obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Men (NLSYM). Frontier estimates of incomplete information are compared to the direct measures of workers' knowledge. The results verify that stochastic frontier estimates provide a reasonable measure of a worker's incomplete wage information.
“Seeing” shapes that are almost totally occluded: A new look at Parks’s camel

When a shape moves behind a very narrow window, or “slit,” the entire shape can be recognized, although at any instant only meaningless fragments are visible. In some manner, the human visual system has the ability to piece together these sequential fragments into a coherent shape that is seen as moving across the largely occluded field. As a first step toward understanding how this feat may be accomplished, we show some minimal conditions for recovering the direction and speed of motion of an unknown shape moving behind a slit. Two important conditions are that the object be rigid and that its motion be a simple transition in the image plane.
High-resolution four-dimensional HMQC-NOESY-HSQC spectroscopy.

Abstract Practical optimization of the 4D [ 1 H, 13 C, 13 C, 1 H] HMQC-NOESY-HSQC experiment in terms of distribution of resolution over the indirect dimensions is analyzed in detail. Recommendations for an optimal experiment are based on computer simulations assessing the effective resolution of the experiment, defined as the percentage of all possible NOE cross peaks that can be assigned unambiguously on the basis of the spectral data alone. Using actual 13 C– 1 H spectra of an 18-kDa chaperone protein, the analysis shows that experiments with the best effective resolution are also among the most sensitive ones. When combined with an efficient aliasing scheme that reduces indirect spectral space 124-fold, a 4D experiment that yields unambiguous assignments for 41% of all possible NOE cross peaks can be recorded in 28 h. A high-resolution experiment, which can be recorded in 8 days, yields 61% unambiguous assignments and can be analyzed more easily using standard NMR display software. The predictions are verified with experimental 4D spectra from which 1850 NOEs (914 long-range) were extracted for the 18-kDa chaperone protein.
Law-making and the Securitization of the Jewish Identity in Israel

AbstractThis article explores the role of law-making in the securitization of ethnic identities in Israel. The article examines the laws passed and bills proposed between 2000 and 2011 by the Israeli Knesset. The evidence suggests that despite consistent attempts to securitize the ethnic identity of the state, they have, for the most part, failed. A brief comparison between Israel and other liberal democracies also reveals that the banality of securitization, i.e. the use of ordinary rather than extraordinary measures in the securitization process, is not unique to Israel. This article demonstrates most clearly how the process of securitization contributes to the ease with which illiberal practices can creep into the democratic system without the need to resort to exceptional action.
Narrating emotional events in schizophrenia.

Research has indicated that schizophrenia patients report similar amounts of experienced emotion in response to emotional material compared with nonpatients. However, less is known about how schizophrenia patients describe and make sense of their emotional life events. We adopted a narrative approach to investigate schizophrenia patients’ renderings of their emotional life experiences. In Study 1, patients’ (n!42) positive and negative narratives were similarly personal, tellable, engaged, and appropriate. However, negative narratives were less grammatically clear than positive narratives, and positive narratives were more likely to involve other people than negative narratives. In Study 2, emotional (positive and negative) narratives were less tellable and detached, yet more linear and social compared with neutral narratives for both schizophrenia patients (n!24) and healthy controls (n!19). However, patients’ narratives about emotional life events were less appropriate to context and less linear, and patients’ narratives, whether emotional or not, were less tellable and more detached compared with controls’ narratives. Although schizophrenia patients are capable of recounting life events that trigger different emotions, the telling of these life events is fraught with difficulty.
Southern negro migration: social and economic components of an ecological model

This paper considers social and economic correlates of age-specific 1950-1960 net migration of Negro males from a sample of 150 southern counties. A model is developed with five components: (1) economic activity and urbanization, (2) white traditionalism, (3) demographic and ecological pressure, (4) nonwhite poverty, and (5) nonwhite home ownership. The dominant migration forces, as evidenced by correlations with component indicator variables, are the "pull" factor of change in nonprimary industrial employment, the "push" factor of population pressure in the nonwhite rural-farm sector, and the "push" of white traditionalism. However, the significance of model components varied when analyzed along age and industrial development continua. In the younger age groupings, industrial employment growth, population pressure, and white traditionalism were dominant migratory forces while in the older age groupings, industrial employment growth and non-home ownership were most significant. For Negro males in agricultural counties, the major migration propellents appeared to be the "push" of population pressure in the rural farm sector and non-ownership of homes. On the other hand the statistical explanation for Negro migration in more industrialized southern counties rests primarily with the "pull" of increased employment in non-primary industries along with population pressure. The importance of the findings for migration theory is discussed.
Assessing the feasibility of recruiting a randomly selected sample of psychiatrists to participate in a national practice-based research network

This study tested the feasibility of recruiting and retaining a randomly selected sample of psychiatrists compared to a volunteer sample to participate in the American Psychiatric Association's Practice Research Network (PRN). One hundred-forty psychiatrists were randomly selected and contacted by phone by peer psychiatrists for recruitment into the PRN. As a comparison group, a sample of 146 self-selected volunteer psychiatrists were also included in the study. Recruited and volunteer psychiatrists were asked to participate in three studies to assess study compliance and retention. The representativeness of each sample was evaluated by comparing the psychiatrists' sociodemographic and practice characteristics to existing national data on psychiatrists. Study response rates and long-term retention rates were compared for the two groups. Sixty-one percent of the recruited sample who were eligible to participate in the network were willing to participate. Both the recruited and volunteer samples were broadly representative of the American Psychiatric Association's membership (with some differences in race, ethnicity and board certification). Of the recruited sample, 74.5% (38/51) successfully completed the network's first three pilot studies compared to 72.5% (98/135) of the volunteer sample. No psychiatrists in the recruited sample withdrew from the network compared to 2.1% (3/138) of the volunteer sample. These findings indicate a randomly selected sample of psychiatrists can be recruited and retained to participate in practice-based research. These methods can be used to enhance the generalizability of observational health services research studies, which require the participation of practicing clinicians. More effective methods should be tested to enhance participation rates.
Decentralized Kinematic Control of Payload Transport by a System of Mobile Manipulators

In this paper, we examine creation of a decentralized kinematic control scheme for a composite system of two (or more) wheeled mobile manipulators that can team up to cooperatively transport a common payload. Each mobile manipulator module consists of a differentially-driven wheeled mobile robot (WMR) with a mounted planar two-degree-of- freedom (d.o.f) manipulator. A composite multi-degree-of- freedom system is formed when a payload is placed at the end- effectors of multiple such modules with significant advantages. However, the nonholonomic/holonomic constraints and active/ passive components within the composite vehicle need careful treatment for realizing the payload transport task. Hence, we first verify that arbitrary desired end-effector motions can be accommodated, within the feasible motion distributions of the articulations and the wheeled base. Then, we develop motion- plans by which this desired end-effector motion can be actively realized, using only the limited active motion-distribution of the differentially-driven wheels. Finally, we deploy this in the form of a two-level hierarchical control framework, with an upper-level planning of the steerable active vector-fields and a lower-level posture stabilization control of the individual WMRs. Preliminary experimental results from the decentralized-control implementation for a two-module composite vehicle are also presented.
Quiver: Consistent and Scalable Object Sharing for Edge Services

We present Quiver, a system that coordinates service proxies placed at the "edge" of the Internet to serve distributed clients accessing a service involving mutable objects. Quiver enables these proxies to perform consistent accesses to shared objects by migrating the objects to proxies performing operations on those objects. These migrations dramatically improve performance when operations involving an object exhibit geographic locality, since migrating this object into the vicinity of proxies hosting these operations will benefit all such operations. Other workloads benefit from Quiver, dispersing the computation load across the proxies and saving the costs of sending operation parameters over the wide area when these are large. Quiver also supports optimizations for single-object reads that do not involve migrating the object. We detail the protocols for implementing object operations and for accommodating the addition, involuntary disconnection, and voluntary departure of proxies. We also evaluate Quiver through experiments on PlanetLab. Finally, we discuss the use of Quiver to build an e-commerce application and a distributed network traffic modeling service.
Statistical screening, selection, and multiple comparison procedures in computer simulation

We present a state-of-the-art review of screening, selection, and multiple comparison procedures that are used to compare system designs via computer simulation. We describe methods for three broad classes of problems: screening a large number of system designs, selecting the best system, and comparing all systems to a standard (either known or unknown). We concentrate primarily on recent methods that we would be likely to use in practice. Where possible, we unify the screening, selection, and multiple comparison perspectives.
Empirical Assessment of a Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale

Although wisdom is thought to be a strong predictor for many attributes of aging well, the concept of wisdom still lacks a comprehensive, directly testable scale. Quantitative and qualitative interviews with a sample of 180 older adults (age 52-plus) were conducted to develop a three-dimensional wisdom scale (3D-WS) and to test its validity and reliability. Wisdom was operationalized and measured as a latent variable with cognitive, reflective, and affective effect indicators. Respondents completed a self-administered questionnaire, which included 114 items from existing scales and 18 newly developed items to assess the three dimensions of wisdom. The final version of the 3D-WS consists of 14 items for the cognitive, 12 for the reflective, and 13 for the affective component of wisdom. Results indicate that the 3D-WS can be considered a reliable and valid instrument and a promising measure of the latent variable wisdom in large, standardized surveys of older populations.
Novel DOCK8 Mutation

Background: Hyper IgE syndrome (HIES) is a primary immunodeficiency with sporadic, autosomal dominant (STAT3 mutation) and autosomal recessive (DOCK8 and TYK2 mutations) inheritance patterns. HIES secondary to DOCK8 mutation is characterized by extensive cutaneous viral and staphylococcal infections, recurrent sinopulmonary infections, severe allergic diseases, increased susceptibility to malignancy with lymphopenia, eosinophilia, and elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE). Methods: This case report highlights the clinical presentation and immune investigations of a male patient with a novel DOCK8 mutation. Results: Our patient presented with cutaneous viral infections including severe molluscum contagiosum and herpes simplex virus plus skin abscesses and acute otitis media. In addition to infections, he developed intermittent diarrhea, eczematous lesions, abnormal fingernails, oral ulcers, and Bell's palsy. Immune evaluation revealed lymphopenia, in particular low CD8 cells, low mitogen stimulation response, an...
The role of polarizability in determining metal ion affinities in polymer-supported reagents: monoprotic phosphates and the effect of hydrogen bonding

The rational design of sensors, solid phase extractants, and cross-linked polymers for environmental remediation requires a pairing of the electronic properties of a targeted metal ion with a given ligand. Polarizability is a key property and values for metal ions have been tabulated. It is now proposed to evaluate ligand polarizabilities by their affinities for Au(III) and Eu(III) as representative soft and hard metal ions. This report centers on: phosphonate diethyl ester (PDE); pentaerythritol diethyl phosphate (pPenta); diprotic phosphonic acid (DPA); phosphinic acid (PA); pentaerythritol monoethyl phosphate (pPentaM); glycerol monoethyl phosphate (pGlyM); and ethylene glycol monoethyl phosphate (pEG1M). Results show that hydrogen bonding is an additional variable that is superimposed on the affinities observed when ion exchange sites are introduced into ligands. PDE and pPenta are classified as soft ligands since they have a high affinity for Au(III) and a low affinity for Eu(III). DPA has a significant affinity for Au(III) and Eu(III) from less acidic solutions which indicates that the phosphoryl oxygen remains soft but intra- and inter-ligand hydrogen bonding cause a loss in both coordinating and ion exchange strength. Changing from a diprotic to a monoprotic acid decreases hydrogen bonding and increases metal ion affinities as indicated by results with PA, which has a high affinity for Au(III) via coordination to the PO and Eu(III) via ion exchange at the P–OH. FTIR spectra support the change in hydrogen bonding. Monoprotic pPentaM is an alternative with decreased hydrogen bonding and it has high affinities for both Au(III) and Eu(III). The FTIR spectrum for pPentaM exchanged with Eu(III) confirms ion exchange by an hypsochromic shift of 25 cm−1 for the P–O band. The ability to tune metal ion affinities with hydrogen bonding is promising for the design of new ligands.
Diagnosis and Management of Gastrointestinal Lymphoma

Primary gastrointestinal (GI) tract lymphomas account for 1–4% of gastric, small intestinal, and colonic malignancies. They arise from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and most are B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. T-cell lymphomas of the bowel are usually associated with celiac disease. The GI tract is the most common site for extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas with the stomach accounting for more than 75%. Accurate staging helps with prognosis and management.
Effect of Oxythiamine on Infection of Mice with the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus.

SummaryMice from a genetically controlled colony and under controlled environmental conditions were used to examine the effect of oxythiamine, an inhibitory analogue of thiamine, on resistance against the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis.A significant degree of protection was induced in all the groups on the oxythiamine as compared with those on the normal diet. This protection was not quite as marked as in the mice on the low-thiamine diet.
Embedded micro/nano sensors for harsh engineering environments

Reliable structures and systems are critical for numerous engineering applications, e.g. manufacturing, energy conversion, and biomedical implants. These systems generally operate in harsh environments. Effective monitoring and diagnosis of these structures or the harsh environments where these structures are operating is of critical importance. Significant development of micro/nano-systems technology has occurred in recent years. However, these micro/nano-systems must survive hostile environments and provide high accuracy, long-term stability, and good reliability during service. To achieve this goal, distributed micro/nano sensors can be embedded at critical locations but without interfering the normal operation of the structures. Novel methods to fabricate and embed micro/nano thin films sensors on metal and ceramic structures will be discussed. Specifically, this paper will present two major sensor embedding methods: electroplating based sensor embedding and diffusion bonding based sensor embedding. The behavior of metal and ceramic embedded micro/nano sensors under harsh environments will be investigated. Embedded micro/nnao sensors yield great potential to numerous engineering processes.
Motor learning changes GABAergic terminals on spinal motoneurons in normal rats

The role of spinal cord plasticity in motor learning is largely unknown. This study explored the effects of H-reflex operant conditioning, a simple model of motor learning, on GABAergic input to spinal motoneurons in rats. Soleus motoneurons were labeled by retrograde transport of a fluorescent tracer and GABAergic terminals on them were identified by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)67 immunoreactivity. Three groups were studied: (i) rats in which down-conditioning had reduced the H-reflex (successful HRdown rats); (ii) rats in which down-conditioning had not reduced the H-reflex (unsuccessful HRdown rats) and (iii) unconditioned (naive) rats. The number, size and GAD density of GABAergic terminals, and their coverage of the motoneuron, were significantly greater in successful HRdown rats than in unsuccessful HRdown or naive rats. It is likely that these differences are due to modifications in terminals from spinal interneurons in lamina VI-VII and that the increased terminal number, size, GAD density and coverage in successful HRdown rats reflect and convey a corticospinal tract influence that changes motoneuron firing threshold and thereby decreases the H-reflex. GABAergic terminals in spinal cord change after spinal cord transection. The present results demonstrate that such spinal cord plasticity also occurs in intact rats in the course of motor learning and suggest that this plasticity contributes to skill acquisition.
Evaluation of cerebral microemboli during radiofrequency ablation of lung tumors in a canine model with use of impedance-controlled devices.

Purpose To evaluate the incidence of cerebral microemboli during radiofrequency (RF) ablation of lung tumors in a canine model and evaluate the adverse effects of these microemboli on the brain parenchyma with use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and histopathologic examination. Materials and Methods Percutaneous RF ablation of 12 lung tumors in 12 dogs was performed under computed tomography (CT) guidance with use of impedance-controlled devices. The common carotid artery was continuously monitored in each animal during RF ablation with duplex Doppler ultrasonography. All animals underwent brain MR imaging shortly after RF ablation. Delayed brain MR imaging (5–8 days after RF ablation) was performed in eight animals. The MR examinations included diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging. The animals were euthanized 3–11 days after RF ablation. The brain was harvested from each animal and examined by an experienced veterinary pathologist for evidence of ischemia. Results RF ablation was technically successful in all animals. Microbubbles were detected in the carotid artery in two animals (17%). Acute and delayed MR studies demonstrated no evidence of ischemic brain injury in any of the animals. Gross and histopathologic assessment of brain tissue also demonstrated no ischemic changes. Conclusions During RF ablation of lung tumors, microbubbles are detected in the carotid arteries in a small number of cases. These microbubbles are too few and too small to be detected by CT imaging of the brain and do not cause ischemic brain injury.
Thomas Forrest Kelly, Early Music: A Very Short Introduction

In this recent addition to the Very Short Introduction series (Oxford University Press), Thomas Forrest Kelly weaves much of the story of early music and its revival. Kelly’s slim volume is notable for its detailed overview of genres, idioms, and prominent composers of the medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque eras; he also provides a reasonable approach to performance practice as well as an extensive account of the early-music revival. While not necessarily appropriate as a stand-alone text in a music history survey course, the book could function most effectively as an additional source for graduate seminars in performance practice or early-music performance.
Temperature controlled Lévy flights of minority carriers in photoexcited bulk n-InP

Article history: We study by photoluminescence the spatial distribution of minority carriers (holes) arising from their anomalous photon-assisted diffusion upon photo-excitation at an edge of n-InP slab for temperatures ranging from 300 K to 78 K. Giant enhancement in the spread of holes — over distances exceeding 1 cm from the excitation edge — is seen at lower temperatures. We show that the experiment provides a realization of the "Levy flight" random walk of holes, in which the Levy distribution index γ is controlled by the temperature. The variation γ (T ) is close to that predicted earlier, γ = 1−Δ/kT ,w hereΔ(T ) is the Urbach tailing parameter of the absorption spectra. This theoretical prediction is based on the assumption of a quasi-equilibrium intrinsic emission spectrum in the form due to van Roosbroeck and Shockley. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Identification of Clinical Markers of Specific Language Impairment in Adults.

Purpose To investigate the usefulness of 3 tasks known to be effective diagnostic clinical markers of specific language impairment (SLI) in children: (a) nonword repetition, (b) sentence repetition...
Race, Roll-Off, and the Straight-Ticket Option

Analyzing data from three Deep South states, this paper examines roll-off for lower-level offices and for referenda proposing repeal of nearly identical state prohibitions against interracial marriage. Applying Ecological Inference, the paper concludes that contrary to the findings of others, African-American roll-off was markedly higher than white roll-off even on the interracial marriage referenda; that roll-off for both groups was lower on the interracial marriage referenda than on other referenda; and that as expected, black roll-off exceeded white roll-off for election to lower-level offices. The latter finding, however, held only when the straight-ticket option was not available. When that option was available, African-American voters were less likely than white voters to roll-off for lower-level offices because they were found to make a much greater use of the option. The black–white roll-off gap was shown to dramatically affect the racial composition of the effective electorate when referenda and lower-level offices were at issue.
Particles without a Box: Brush-first Synthesis of Photodegradable PEG Star Polymers under Ambient Conditions

Convenient methods for the rapid, parallel synthesis of diversely functionalized nanoparticles will enable discovery of novel formulations for drug delivery, biological imaging, and supported catalysis. In this report, we demonstrate parallel synthesis of brush-arm star polymer (BASP) nanoparticles by the "brush-first" method. In this method, a norbornene-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromonomer (PEG-MM) is first polymerized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) to generate a living brush macroinitiator. Aliquots of this initiator stock solution are added to vials that contain varied amounts of a photodegradable bis-norbornene crosslinker. Exposure to crosslinker initiates a series of kinetically-controlled brush+brush and star+star coupling reactions that ultimately yields BASPs with cores comprised of the crosslinker and coronas comprised of PEG. The final BASP size depends on the amount of crosslinker added. We carry out the synthesis of three BASPs on the benchtop with no special precautions to remove air and moisture. The samples are characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC); results agreed closely with our previous report that utilized inert (glovebox) conditions. Key practical features, advantages, and potential disadvantages of the brush-first method are discussed.
Steady-state serum concentrations of progesterone following continuous intravenous infusion in patients with acute moderate to severe traumatic brain injury.

Progesterone (PC) has been shown to provide substantial neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in multiple animal models. As a first step in assessing applicability to humans, the authors examined the effects of acute TBI and extracranial trauma on the pharmacokinetics of PG given by intravenous infusion. Multiple blood samples were obtained from 11 female and 21 male trauma patients receiving PG and 1 female and 3 male patients receiving placebo infusions for 72 hours. Values for C S S , CL, t 1 / 2 , and V d were obtained using AUC ( 0 - 7 2 ) and postinfusion blood samples. C S S values were 337 ′ 135 ng/mL, which were significantly lower than the target concentration of 450 ′ 100 ng/mL. The lower C S S is attributed to the CL, which was higher than anticipated. In addition, t 1 / 2 was longer and V d was higher than anticipated. These results demonstrate that stable PG concentrations can be rapidly achieved following TBI.
In vitro Tomato Fruit Cultures Demonstrate a Role for Indole-3-acetic Acid in Regulating Fruit Ripening

‐4 M indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) supplied in the medium. Other auxins, auxin conjugates and antiauxins tested were not effective or produced markedly fewer fruit. Additional IAA supplied to the fruit culture media before breaker stage resulted in an increase in the time period between breaker and red-ripe stages from 7 days without additional IAA to 12 days when 10 ‐5 M IAA was added. These results suggest that significant changes in the ripening period could be obtained by alteration of auxin relationships in tomato fruit. There are five classes of generally recognized plant hormones that control plant growth and development throughout the life cycle of the plant. By far the most studied plant hormone in relation to fruit ripening and postharvest storage has been ethylene. Although we know much less about the other hormones in relation to fruit development and ripening, the utility of numerous agricultural sprays and practices suggest that the complex series of reactions of ripening fruit are controlled by an interplay of several classes of these plant hormones (Bangerth, 1983). In general, a relationship can be envisioned where ripening is controlled by a balance among several factors, but the details of such interactions are not well established.
A Possible Heat Island Effect from a Small Rural Community

The purpose of this paper is to understand whether or not heat that is radiated from the business district of a very small community impacts the local temperature Þ eld in the outer and inner portions of the community as a function of one or more variables (wind speed, wind direction, and degree of cloud cover). Previous studies of larger communities in the region showed that wind speed, direction, or cloud cover could lead to differences in the strength of the heat island effect even for a community of about 20,000 to 25,000 residents. Here we study the impact of a community which has fewer than 10,000 residents, and demonstrate that there was circumstantial evidence for a heat island effect.
Upconversion-pumped luminescence efficiency of rare-earth-doped hosts sensitized with trivalent ytterbium

We discuss the upconversion luminescence efficiencies of phosphors that generate red, green, and blue light. The phosphors studied are single crystals and powders codoped with Er3+ and Yb3+ and with Tm3+ and Yb3+. The Yb ions are pumped near 980 nm; transfers of two or three quanta to the codoped rare-earth ion generate visible luminescence. The main contribution is the quantitative measurement of this upconversion efficiency, based on the use of a calibrated integrating sphere, determination of the fraction of pump light absorbed, and careful control of the pump-laser-beam profile. The green phosphors are the most efficient, yielding efficiency values as high as 4%. with the red and blue materials giving 1%-2%. Saturation was observed in all cases, suggesting that populations of upconversion steps of the ions are maximized at higher power. Quasi-cw modeling of the intensity-dependent upconversion efficiency w& attempted; input data included level lifetimes, transition cross sections, and cross-relaxation-rate coefficients. The saturation of the Yb,Er:fluoride media is explained by the pumping of Er3+ ions into a bottleneck (long-lived state), that is, the 4I13/2 metastable level, making them unavailable for further excitation transfer.
The Short-Run Supply of Veal

In the early 1970s, cattle herds were expanding rapidly due to favorable retail beef and grain prices. This rapid buildup tended to reduce the supply of beef in the short run and reinforce an upward trend in beef prices. During 1974, however, the higher price of feed grain coupled with an inward shift of the beef demand curve due to concurrent reductions in real spendable income created a condition of unprofitably low prices for live beef. As a result, raising calves for feedlot replacement became quite unprofitable. This incentive to reduce the supply of beef has already manifested itself to some extent through changes in the supply of veal. Slaughtering calves for veal is one of the more effective ways of reducing the supply of beef. The impact of slaughtering potential beef-producing animals, however, has a considerable lag before its effects will be felt on the retail market. An analysis of the factors influencing the supply of veal, therefore, is not only interesting in its own right but also is of considerable importance in bringing about a longer-run equilibrium in the supply of beef. Previous studies of the supply of beef have neglected veal production as a supply regulator. The number of animals slaughtered for veal as a percentage of total beef slaughter declined from 35% in 1950 to about 7% in 1973. In 1974, it rose for the first time since 1964.