cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hot-electron emission from silicon into silicon dioxide

Abstract Recent progress in the study of hot-electron emission from silicon into silicon dioxide is discussed. Experimental techniques include avalanche injection using gated diodes and MOS capacitors, nonavalanche injection using IGFET structures with an underlying supply p - n junction, and optically induced injection using silicon-gate IGFET structures. IGFET structures allow the fields in the SiO2 layer and in the silicon depletion region to be varied independently. In addition, IGFET structures of reentrant geometry allow absolute emission probabilities of the hot electrons to be determined. Such absolute emission characteristics are useful not only for designing silicon devices but also for quantitative testing of theoretical models of the emission process. Several mechanisms of importance in the emission process have been identified. These are the Schottky lowering of the emission barrier, the scattering of hot electrons in the image-force potential well in the SiO2 layer, the tunneling of hot electrons, and the effect of lattice temperature on electron heating. There is also experimental evidence of the dependence of the hot-electron distribution on electric field gradient. At present, only phenomenological models based on the lucky-electron concept have been developed to the point where quantitative comparison with experimental results is possible. The essential features of these models are discussed.
The impact of atypical early histories on pet or performer chimpanzees.

It is widely accepted that an animal’s early history, including but not limited to its rearing history, can have a profound impact on later behavior. In the case of captive animals, many studies have used categorical measures such as mother reared or human reared that do not account for both the influence of human and conspecific interaction. In order to account for the influence of both human and conspecific early exposure to later behavior, we collected 1385 h of data on 60 chimpanzees, of which 36 were former pets or performers, currently housed at accredited zoos or sanctuaries. We developed a unique metric, the Chimpanzee-Human Interaction (CHI) Index that represented a continuous measure of the proportion of human and chimpanzee exposure subjects experienced and here focused on their exposure during the first four years of life. We found that chimpanzees who experienced less exposure to other chimpanzees as infants showed a lower frequency of grooming and sexual behaviors later in life which can influence social dynamics within groups. We also found chimpanzees who experienced more exposure to other chimpanzees as infants showed a higher frequency of coprophagy, suggesting coprophagy could be a socially-learned behavior. These results help characterize some of the long-term effects borne by chimpanzees maintained as pets and performers and may help inform managers seeking to integrate these types of chimpanzees into larger social groups, as in zoos and sanctuaries. In addition, these results highlight the necessity of taking into account the time-weighted influence of human and conspecific interactions when assessing the impact that humans can have on animals living in captivity.
Comparison study of quickcast versus a traditional thermoplastic in the fabrication of a resting hand splint

Therapists are frequently presented with new splinting material promising better and faster results. Managed care and cost containment make it important to evaluate the splinting materials used in the fabrication process. A new precut splint, QuickCast, is made from a fiberglass material that becomes pliable from the heat of a standard household hair dryer. Graduate occupational therapy students participated in timed trials fabricating resting hand splints with QuickCast and Ezeform brands of thermoplastic. Second-year occupational therapy students chosen as splint makers answered a questionnaire measuring fit, edges, strap application, aesthetics, safety, and ease of positioning. First-year students who had no neurologic or orthopedic involvement in the upper extremities participated as clients. They answered a questionnaire on comfort, weight, and aesthetics of the splint and the safety and comfort of the splinting process. Analysis of timed trials revealed no significant difference in the time required to fabricate the QuickCast precut thermoplastic and the sheet thermoplastic splints. From the questionnaire, the thermoplastic splint was rated safer than the QuickCast material by splint makers. Further studies are suggested for comparing time and cost effectiveness between commercially available splinting materials.
Navajo Sandstone–brine–CO2 interaction: implications for geological carbon sequestration

The injection of CO2 into deep saline aquifers is being considered as an option for greenhouse gas mitigation. However, the response of an aquifer to the injected CO2 is largely unknown. Experiments involving the reaction of Navajo Sandstone with acidic brine were conducted at 200°C and 25 or 30 MPa to evaluate the extent of fluid–rock interactions. The first experiment examined sandstone interaction with CO2-impregnated brine; the second experiment examined sandstone dissolution in CO2-free acidic brine; the third one is carried out in a mixed-flow reactor and designed to measure sandstone dissolution rates based on time-series Si concentrations. The solution chemistry data indicate that the SiO2(aq) increases gradually and pH increases slowly with reaction progress. Silicate minerals in the sandstone display textures (dissolution features, secondary mineralization), indicating that these phases are reacting strongly with the fluid. Dissolution of feldspars and conversion of smectite to illite are likely to be the two reactions that contribute to the release of SiO2(aq). The product minerals present at the end of the experiments are illite, illite/smectite, allophane, and carbonate minerals (for the CO2-charged system). Dissolved CO2 is likely to acidify the brine and to provide a source of carbon for the precipitation of carbonate minerals. Mineral trapping through the precipitation of carbonate minerals is favored thermodynamically and was observed in the experiments. The chemical reactions likely increase the bulk porosity of the sandstone due to dissolution of silicate minerals. However, allophane and illite/smectite fill voids in sandstone grains. There is no evidence for the removal of clay coatings due to chemical reactions. It is uncertain whether the mechanical forces near an injection well would mobilize the smectite and allophane and clog pore throats. Trace amounts of metals, including Cu, Zn, and Ba, were mobilized.
A short-term, multicenter, randomized double-blind dose titration study of the efficacy and anticholinergic side effects of transdermal compared to immediate release oral oxybutynin treatment of patients with urge urinary incontinence.

Purpose: We compared the short-term efficacy, safety and tolerability of transdermal versus oral oxybutynin in adults with urge urinary incontinence.Materials and Methods: Volunteers with detrusor instability currently responding to oral immediate release oxybutynin were enrolled in our study. Those patients presenting with recurrence of incontinent symptoms after a 2-week washout underwent confirmatory cystometrogram with subsequent randomization to transdermal or oral treatment. Matching active and placebo medications included matrix patches applied twice weekly and capsules taken 2 or 3 times daily. Dose titration was based on anticholinergic symptoms. Outcome measures included comparison of baseline to 6 week changes in incontinence episodes on a 3 day urinary diary, a visual analog scale for efficacy and anticholinergic symptoms reported on a questionnaire. Safety monitoring included adverse events and skin tolerability of the transdermal system.Results: A total of 76 patients were enrolled and 74 co...
Analytical and numerical resonator analysis of spectral beam combining of Yb fiber lasers

An analytical/numerical approach, based on the Van Vleck Green function, was developed in order to analyze spectrally multiplexed beam combining of a linear array of fiber lasers, in which a blazed diffraction grating located in an external cavity plays the role of a spatially dispersive element. The focus is on the laser-external cavity coupling, which determines excess cavity loss, as affected by primary aberrations of the transform lens. Other issues are also touched upon, however, such as beam quality and bandwidth dependence on element location, and the optimization of the latter. Analytical results were supported by a more general numerical implementation. Typical values for bandwidth were found optimally as low as a few GHz, which, being substantially narrower than the free-running fiber laser line-width, maximum power limits are foreseeably determined by stimulated light scattering. A rough but encouraging degree of agreement of the resonator theory with independent lens aberration calculations and preliminary experiments performed at MIT/LL using triplet and quadruplet transform lenses was encountered so far.
Requirement of Rigid-Body Motion of Transmembrane Helices for Light Activation of Rhodopsin

Conformational changes are thought to underlie the activation of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors. Such changes in rhodopsin were explored by construction of double cysteine mutants, each containing one cysteine at the cytoplasmic end of helix C and one cysteine at various positions in the cytoplasmic end of helix F. Magnetic dipolar interactions between spin labels attached to these residues revealed their proximity, and changes in their interaction upon rhodopsin light activation suggested a rigid body movement of helices relative to one another. Disulfide cross-linking of the helices prevented activation of transducin, which suggests the importance of this movement for activation of rhodopsin.
Single-Molecule Analysis of the Microtubule Cross-Linking Protein MAP65-1 Reveals a Molecular Mechanism for Contact-Angle-Dependent Microtubule Bundling

Bundling of microtubules (MTs) is critical for the formation of complex MT arrays. In land plants, the interphase cortical MTs form bundles specifically following shallow-angle encounters between them. To investigate how cells select particular MT contact angles for bundling, we used an in vitro reconstitution approach consisting of dynamic MTs and the MT-cross-linking protein MAP65-1. We found that MAP65-1 binds to MTs as monomers and inherently targets antiparallel MTs for bundling. Dwell-time analysis showed that the affinity of MAP65-1 for antiparallel overlapping MTs is about three times higher than its affinity for single MTs and parallel overlapping MTs. We also found that purified MAP65-1 exclusively selects shallow-angle MT encounters for bundling, indicating that this activity is an intrinsic property of MAP65-1. Reconstitution experiments with mutant MAP65-1 proteins with different numbers of spectrin repeats within the N-terminal rod domain showed that the length of the rod domain is a major determinant of the range of MT bundling angles. The length of the rod domain also determined the distance between MTs within a bundle. Together, our data show that the rod domain of MAP65-1 acts both as a spacer and as a structural element that specifies the MT encounter angles that are conducive for bundling.
School Counselor Field Supervision: A Model.

Little attention is devoted, in literature, to posttraining supervision. Collective bargaining procedures have produced a need for systematic approaches to the field supervision of practicing school counselors. A supervision model based on a ten-month counseling contract is described.
Roles of p300, pocket proteins, and hTBP in E1A-mediated transcriptional regulation and inhibition of p53 transactivation activity.

The conserved region 1 and the extreme N-terminus of adenoviral oncoprotein E1A are essential for transforming activity. They also play roles in the interaction of E1A with p300/CBP and pRb and are involved in both transactivation and repression of host gene expression. It was reported recently that p53-mediated transactivation is specifically repressed by E1A and that p53-induced apoptosis can be protected by pRb. In this report, we investigated the roles of pRb and p300 in the N-terminus of E1A-mediated transcriptional regulation. We demonstrate here that p300 and pRb have no effect on DBD.1-70 transactivation and that overexpression of p300 or pRb failed to relieve the repression by E1A. Repression of p53 transactivation requires both the extreme amino terminus and CR1 but not CR2. This repressive activity of E1A specifically correlates with E1A's ability to bind p300 and TBP. On the other hand, E1A inhibited the transactivation activity of a fusion construct containing the DNA binding domain of yeast Gal4 and the transactivation domain of p53. When p53 was cotransfected with E1A, similar inhibition was found in Saos-2 cells that lack endogenous pRb and p53 activity. Introduction of pRb into Saos-2 cells did not affect p53 transcription activity. E1A-mediated repression can be relieved by overexpression of either p300, hTBP, or TFIIB but cannot be released by overexpression of pocket proteins. Our data suggest that p300/CBP and TBP but not the pocket proteins, pRb, p107, and pRb2/p130 are functional targets of E1A in transcriptional regulation and that p53 transactivation requires the function of the p300/TBP/TFIIB complex, thus delineating a new pathway by which E1A may exert its transforming activity. J. Cell. Biochem. 66:277–285, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Modeling and simulation of membrane distortions in Next Generation Lithography (NGL) masks

Next Generation Lithographies will face major challenges to meet the allotted error budgets for sub-130 nm technologies. The development of low distortion masks will be essential. Using comprehensive finite element simulation models, mask distortions can be efficiently and accurately predicted. Pattern-specific distortions have been evaluated to investigate pattern placement accuracy and stability. For the three principal membrane mask technologies, typical pattern-transfer results are presented.
Theoretical potential energy curves and spectroscopic properties of the X2Σu+ and A2Σg+ states of He2+

Abstract The MC SCF procedure is utilized to determine the potential energy curves of the first two states of He 2 + and to determine the spectroscopic constants of the ground state. The resulting spectroscopic constants are in significantly better agreement with experiment than are the predictions of prior theoretical studies.
Targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in the treatment of breast cancer: recent advances and future directions.

Abstract The HER2/neu (HER2) gene is a member of a family of genes which has been implicated in cancer. These four genes, HER1/EGFR, HER2, HER3 and HER4 encode for transmembrane proteins that are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Amplification of HER2 occurs in 20%-25% of breast cancers and is associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype and poor prognosis. Results from five randomized, phase III clinical trials have recently demonstrated that trastuzumab (Herceptin) significantly improves disease free survival and overall survival when used in conjunction with chemotherapy for early stage HER2-positive breast cancer. Despite adjuvant trastuzumab, approximately 15% of patients with early stage disease recur, and those with metastatic disease eventually become resistant to therapy. Novel treatment approaches are needed for patients who have either intrinsic or acquired resistance to trastuzumab. This article reviews the role of trastuzumab in managing early and advanced stage HER2-positive disease, the role of lapatinib (Tykerb) in trastuzumab resistant disease, and the novel agents in development targeting mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance.
Diet of the Columbia Torrent Salamander, Rhyacotriton kezeri (Caudata: Rhyacotritonidae): Linkages Between Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems In Forested Headwaters

Abstract The basic ecology of torrent salamanders, family Rhyacotritonidae, is poorly known. This information lack is acute for the Columbia Torrent Salamander, Rhyacotriton kezeri, a species that is of conservation concern throughout its range. There have been no studies of its diet, which may be a significant barrier to its conservation and management. We studied the diet of both larval and post-metamorphic Columbia Torrent Salamanders in the Willapa Hills, Washington. A wide range of aquatic and terrestrial prey was documented, supporting both aquatic and terrestrial prey bases for this highly aquatic salamander. Copepoda and Diptera were particularly common in the diet of larvae, whereas Arachnida, Diptera, Collembola, and Coleoptera were more common in the diet of post-metamorphs. Our results for post-metamorphs were generally consistent with the diet of a post-metamorphic congener, R. variegatus, but demonstrate several new prey items for the family and some differences in frequencies of prey consumed.
Determination of the Hyperfine Structure of Atomic Nitrogen by Optical Orientation

In the method of optical orientation with spin exchange the problems of dissociation of molecular nitrogen and detecting nitrogen atoms are simply and effectively solved: fractional dissociation of only about one part in 10/sup 7/ is required, and detection is effected with a photocell. New precise values for the hyperfine intervals of the ground state of atomic nitrogen are reported. The experiment is performed in a 500 cc flask filled with N/sub 2/ at a pressure or 3.0 cm Hg, He at 0.5 Hg, and Rb vapor at a temperature of 50 C. Nitrogen atoms are produced by a pulsed discharge between aluminum electrodes mounted along a diameter of the bulb. (W.D.M.)
Isohedonic Contour Maps

For several years experiments have been carried out under the following conditions. We have used need-free rats, i.e., animals maintained upon an unlimited supply of tap water and adequate diet, in order to control the appetite-drive factor. We have worked with compound, as well as simple, taste solutions. Compound solutions have a distinct advantage in that hedonically positive and negative solutes can be combined within a single solution that is positively acceptable to rats. We have worked with an electronic preference tester which makes it possible to test squads of six rats simultaneously. The tester is built upon the principle of the electronic drinkometer described by Hill and Stellar (1951).
Ecological Niches in Infrared and Sub-Millimeter Space Astronomy: Expected Sensitivity as a Function of Observatory Parameters

Using current estimates of the celestial and atmospheric background emission, infrared source crowding, and detector performance, we estimate expected point source sensitivities for possible future infrared and sub-millimeter observatories on the ground, in the air, and in space. Our goal is to evaluate the effects of variations in basic observatory system parameters for typical operation over the wavelength range labmda ~3 - 1000 microns. For the first time in a general astronomical journal, we evaluate mission design goals for the wavelength range identified as the premier for this decade. Here we emphasize the effects of telescope temperature, aperture, and emissivity upon detectable point source signal level using diffraction-limited instrumentation, along with approximations to improvements in sensitivities using the new generation of array detectors. We find that [1] for broadband imaging, a larger aperture is more important than extremely low optical system temperature in detecting weak sources in two situations: (1) at short wavelengths, where a telescope need only be cooled to several tens of kelvins for the optical system emission to fall below that of the celestial background, and (2) at far-infrared and sub-millimeter wavelengths, where interstellar "cirrus" and extragalactic confusion eventually determine the limits to sensitivity, which, below some critical temperature, can only be improved upon by increasing the effective angular resolution. [2] for moderate-resolution spectroscopy (lambda/delta-lambda ~30 - 2000), the faintest signal level is always achieved when the telescope temperature is low enough so that the optical system contributes less than the celestial background. This temperature declines as the wavelength increases, so, for example, T ~ 100 microns. However, for sub-millimeter wavelengths, on or near the Rayleigh-Jeans side of the optical system emission, sensitivity increases less strongly with declining temperature. Consequently, large, warm (ground-based and airborne) sub-millimeter telescopes compete favorably with small cold ones in space and those windows accessible from within the Earth's atmosphere. [3] for high-resolution spectroscopy {lambda/delta-lambda >~ 105+), the thermal background from sky and optical system can be low enough that detector noise limits achievable sensitivity. If so, the telescope temperature need not be extremely low and light-gathering aperature is relatively more important. However, to take full advantage of reduced thermal background via high spectral resolution, detector performance may need to be near optimum. [4] conversely, in many circumstances, current and near-future detectors are over-specified in key aspects of operation compared to the high background of the far-infrared. Under such circumstances, detectors may be operated in non-optimum conditions without significant adverse effects upon overall system sensitivity.
The Oxidation of Thioanisole by Peroxomolybdate in Micelles of Cetylpyridinium Chloride

The oxidation of thioanisole, PhSMe, by tetraperoxomolybdate dianion, Mo(O2)42-, is mediated by cationic micelles of cetylpyridinium chloride, CPyCl. Concentration of reactants in the micellar pseudophase accelerates reaction, but the local second-order rate constant is lower in micelles than in water:tert-butyl alcohol (7:3 v/v), and except with dilute CPyCl, the overall reaction is micellar inhibited. The sulfoxide formed in the initial oxidation is only slowly oxidized to sulfone. The association equilibrium constant between the tri- and tetra-peroxomolybdates increases in the sequence H2O < H2O:t-BuOH < CPyCl micelles, but the forward and reverse rate constants decrease in this sequence due to changes in water contents of these reaction media. These oxidations are carried out at pH 9−10 where phosphonofluoridates and activated phosphate esters undergo overall peroxydolysis and these systems can potentially decontaminate toxic chlorosulfides and phosphonofluoridates.
A field-theoretic study of the Regge-eikonal model. II

Abstract A previous study of the Regge-eikonal model in φ 3 is extended to QED. First we define a reggeon amplitude that is built up by tower diagrams, and then study multiregge exchange by use of Gribov's reggeon calculus. The situation is essentially the same as in φ 3 : The eikonal approximation is the true high-energy and weak coupling limit ( s → ∞, α ln s = fixed), but it breaks down outside of the weak-coupling limit. This confirms that the eikonal approximation as a model for Regge-cuts is not justifiable by field-theoretic arguments because of the neglect of inelastic intermediate states.
A Unified Approach to Modeling Resin Flow During Composite Processing

This paper derives the models for resin flow during composite processing in terms of Darcy's Law applying a unified approach. It shows that the resin flow models for bleeder ply molding or autoclave processing [1-3], pultrusion [4], and resin transfer molding [5-6] are special cases of a generalized theory. Theoretical predictions are com pared with experimental data available in the literature. Relevant new physics regarding the effects of capillarity and relative permeability on the flow of resin during resin transfer molding (RTM) is presented. Finally, the cause of the discrepancy between the measured and predicted values of resin pressures for RTM is explained.
Information as a management tool: An evaluation of the Pemigewasset Wilderness Management Plan.

The newly instituted management plan for the Pemigewasset Wilderness area of New Hampshire, USA, which relies principally on providing information to visitors, represents a departure from traditional plans. Logit analysis of survey data indicates limited evidence of the plan having much direct impact on visitor behavior. There is evidence of success in information dissemination to area users; however, the type of information that is being relayed to backcountry users does not appear to be that which the management plan is attempting to promote.
Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect as Responses to Job Dissatisfaction: A Multidimensional Scaling Study

This study focuses on workers' responses to job dissatisfaction. It is suggested that four theoretical categories—exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect—characterize a diverse group of more specific beh...
Kr and Xe irradiations in lanthanum (La) doped ceria: Study at the high dose regime

Abstract In order to understand cavity and bubble formation and growth in oxide nuclear fuel materials, ion beam irradiation experiments were conducted with two common fission gas species: Kr and Xe. Ceria (CeO2) was selected as a surrogate material for uranium dioxide (UO2) due to its many similar properties to UO2. Ion beam energies were chosen such that both cavities and gas bubbles structures were induced by ion irradiations. The ion irradiation experiments were carried out at 600 °C, at which temperature, cavity/gas bubble structures are believed to be immobile in this material. Lanthanum (La) was chosen as a dopant in CeO2 to investigate the effect of impurities. The presence of La in the CeO2 lattice also introduces a predictable initial concentration of oxygen vacancies, similar to the introduction of oxygen vacancies by the existence of Pu3+ in MOX fuel [1] . The influence of two La concentrations, 5% and 25%, were examined. The study focused on the high dose regime where cavity/gas bubble structures were clearly identifiable with their sizes and number densities readily measurable. Cavity/gas bubble coarsening by coalescence was identified with TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) characterizations of as-irradiated La doped CeO2 specimens. The results revealed that lanthanum trapping has significant influence on the cavity/bubble growth in the material lattice by comparing the cavity/gas bubble size distributions between 5% La doped ceria and 25% La doped ceria. Lattice and kinetic Monte Carlo calculations described in a previous work have provided insights to the interpretations of the experimental results [2] . Solid state Xe precipitates were observed in low energy Xe implantation in 5% La doped ceria to a very high fluence of 1 × 1017 ions/cm2 at 600 °C. The solid state Xe precipitate structures are represented by faceted morphology. Very similar observations of solid state/near solid state Xe bubbles were made by Nogita et al. in the outer region of UO2 pellet irradiated to a pellet average burnup of 49 GWd/t [3] .
Cloning and expression of recombinant human pineal tryptophan hydroxylase in Escherichia coli: purification and characterization of the cloned enzyme.

The first step in the biosynthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland is the hydroxylation of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan. A cDNA of human tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) was cloned from a library of human pineal gland and expressed in Escherichia coli. This cDNA sequence is identical to the cDNA sequence published from the human carcinoid tissue [1]. This human pineal hydroxylase gene encodes a protein of 444 amino acids and a molecular mass of 51 kDa estimated for the purified enzyme. Tryptophan hydroxylase from human brainstem exhibits high sequence homology (93% identity) with the human pineal hydroxylase. The recombinant tryptophan hydroxylase exists in solution as tetramers. The expressed human pineal tryptophan hydroxylase has a specific activity of 600 nmol/min/mg when measured in the presence of tetrahydrobiopterin and l-tryptophan. The enzyme catalyzes the hydroxylation of tryptophan and phenylalanine at comparable rates. Phosphorylation of the hydroxylase by protein kinase A or calmodulin-dependent kinase II results in the incorporation of 1 mol of phosphate/mol of subunit, but this degree of phosphorylation leads to only a modest (30%) increase in BH4-dependent activity when assayed in the presence of 14-3-3. Rapid scanning ultraviolet spectroscopy has revealed the formation of the transient intermediate compound, 4α-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin, during the hydroxylation of either tryptophan or phenylalanine catalyzed by the recombinant pineal TPH.
Exploring in Chinese: A DVD–Based Course in Intermediate Chinese by NING, CYNTHIA

The article reviews the book "Exploring in Chinese: A DVD-Based Course in Intermediate Chinese," vols. 1 and 2," by Cynthia Ning.
Hormonal Mechanisms for Regulation of Aggression in Human Coalitions

Coalitions and alliances are core aspects of human behavior. All societies recognize alliances among communities, usually based in part on kinship and marriage. Aggression between groups is ubiquitous, often deadly, fueled by revenge, and can have devastating effects on general human welfare. Given its significance, it is surprising how little we know about the neurobiological and hormonal mechanisms that underpin human coalitionary behavior. Here we first briefly review a model of human coalitionary behavior based on a process of runaway social selection. We then present several exploratory analyses of neuroendocrine responses to coalitionary social events in a rural Dominican community, with the objective of understanding differences between in-group and out-group competition in adult and adolescent males. Our analyses indicate: (1) adult and adolescent males do not elevate testosterone when they defeat their friends, but they do elevate testosterone when they defeat outsiders; (2) pre-competition testosterone and cortisol levels are negatively associated with strength of coalitionary ties; and (3) adult males usually elevate testosterone when interacting with adult women who are potential mates, but in a striking reversal, they have lower testosterone if the woman is a conjugal partner of a close friend. These naturalistic studies hint that reciprocity, dampening of aggression, and competition among friends and allies may be biologically embedded in unique ways among humans.
New Derivation of Elastic Equations for Trigonal Holoaxial Crystals

Based upon potential energy due to interaction between unit cells in a crystal, a new derivation of elastic equations is proposed. The theory is fully developed for the holoaxial class of crystal symmetry. The theory does not require the assumptions that are used in the conventional derivation. Instead, it is shown that a simple translation and a rigid body rotation have no effect on the conventional equations. The derivation achieves two objectives: First, it gives in a more satisfactory fashion physical meaning to each term in the differential equations. Secondly, it provides a general relationship between macroscopic and intermolecular forces. The difficulty of interpreting the nature of the forces acting in the conventional equations is resolved. In addition to the central force, it is found necessary to have a new force, acting in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the central force. It is further found that the forces have centroidal symmetry, in addition to the spherical and trigonal holoaxial symmetries. If only central forces are assumed, the Cauchy relations are easily obtained.
Book search: indexing the valuable parts

With massive book digitization efforts underway, there is a need for developing effective book retrieval strategies. This paper explores the relative contribution of different parts of digitized and OCR'ed books towards effective retrieval. The examined parts include the entire content of books, book headings, book titles, and table of content entries. Results show that indexing the headers and titles of books is nearly as effective as indexing the entire contents of books. These results indicate that certain portions of the books, specifically titles and headers, are more valuable than other parts of books. This is akin to web search where hypertext and page titles are more valuable to index than the rest of the webpage. Also, using a combination of evidence approach provides further improved retrieval effectiveness compared to using any portion of the book in isolation.
Self at the Heart of Trust: The Global Relevance of an Interactionist Understanding of Trust as a Form of Association

Trust is a way of organizing one’s relationship to the other, an orientation that exemplifies Simmel’s form of association of the second order. Whereas much has been said about the “further element” that distinguishes trust from confidence, I argue that the missing element is self. Confidence building is an inherently systemic or institution relevant function; in contrast, trust emerges in relationship to the self of the role-occupant, for this individual is the interface between these larger structures and the other. Providing fertile grounds for trust, confidence is not trust. Both may place the individual at risk; however, trust places the self at risk. In this paper, I examine the relevance of this self-oriented approach to trust in the context of increasing globalization as diverse selves cross national boundaries.
Current concepts and advances: computerized tomography in sports medicine.

Computed tomography (CT) is a widely used imaging technique. With the introduction of multidetector row technology, CT has been further refined. Although the focus of this transformation has been body and cardiac imaging, orthopedic imaging has benefited greatly. Specifically, the improvements in CT
An Unlikely National Revival: Soviet Higher Learning and the Ukrainian ‘Sixtiers,’ 1953–65

T JL he Ukrainian novelist Volodymyr Drozd grew up in a village in Chernihiv province and attended a school in the heavily Russian-speaking provincial center. When Drozd took up work in a local newspaper in 1956, he tried "with all [his] energies to speak in the cultured manner?in Russian, even though [his] Russian was broken." A few years later, after a graduate of Kyiv University took up work at his paper, "Kyivan national passions wafted through" the "stuffy offices" of his newspaper.1 Under the influence of the newcomer, Drozd discovered Ukrainian identity. He soon began to speak exclusively in Ukrainian, interrupting and rebuking anyone he heard around him speaking Russian. He also discovered his calling as a Ukrainian writer, and stopped writing in Russian. In his diary, he vowed to "write only that which will benefit the [Ukrainian] people," his nation that had been "left behind, spurned, ashamed." Drozd's national awakening belongs to the history of a postwar generation of free thinking writers and humanitarians that have been dubbed the shistdesiatnyky ("people of the '60s" or "sixtiers"), a name coined in the period from comparisons to the Russian radicals of the 1860s.2 Drozd and his cohort developed an influential movement for national cultural expression and later played a galvanizing role during national mobilization in the 1980s. Both Western literature and post-Soviet Ukrainian historians have lionized the "sixtiers" as legitimate and rightful defenders of the Ukrainian nation against state-led "Russification" and members of an unbroken tradition of national resistance against Russian
AN EXAMINATION OF SHNEIDMAN'S APPLICATION OF HENRY MURRAY'S CLASSIFICATION OF NEEDS TO SUICIDAL INDIVIDUALS '

Summary.-30 suicidal deaths were examined for the presence of needs described by Henry Murray. The most common needs identified were harmavoidance and infavoidance. Other needs were present rarely and typically only in unusual suicides such as double suicides or seppuku. Shneidman (1980) suggested that a typology of suicide might be based on Murray's (1959) typology of human needs, and he suggested using abasement, achievement, affiliation, aggression, autonomy, counteraction, defendance, deference, dominance, exhibition, harmavoidance, infavoidance, inviolacy, nurturance, order, play, rejection, sentience, sex, succorance, and understanding. To explore this, a sample of 30 famous suicides (Lester, 1994) was utilized. The biographies of these suicides were examined for the extent to which Murray's needs could be detected in the motivations for their suicide as indcated by the clinical judgment of the researcher (DL). The most common detected need was harmavoidance, that is, the person was seeking to avoid pain, as noted in 27 of the 30 suicidal deaths. The next most common need noted was infavoidance (avoidmg humhation), noted in 11 of the 30 suicidal deaths. No other motive was found in more than two suicidal deaths: aggression, autonomy, and exhibition were found in two suicides, while affdiation, defendance, deference, dominance, nurturance, and rejection were found in only one each. The needs of abasement, counteraction, inviolacy, order, play, sentience, sex, succorance and understanding were not detected in any of the 30 suicidal deaths. This preluninary study has shown that only two needs in Shneidman's listing of Murray's needs have wide applicabihty to the suicidal deaths of the suicides studed in this paper, harmavoidance and infavoidance.
Local- and watershed-scale controls on the spatial variability of natural levee deposits in a large fine-grained floodplain: Lower Panuco Basin, Mexico

This study examines spatial variations in natural levee deposits within the lower reaches of a large coastal plain drainage system. The Panuco basin (98,227 km 2 ) drains east-central Mexico, and is an excellent setting to examine the influence of watershed and local controls on the morphology and sedimentology of natural levees. Although many fluvial systems in the U.S. Gulf Coastal Plain have been investigated, the rivers in the Mexican Gulf Coastal Plain have received comparatively little attention. Lateral and downstream characteristics of natural levee morphology and sediment texture are considered within the context of meandering river floodplain deposits. Data sources include total-stations surveying, sediment samples of surficial levee deposits, topographic maps (1:50,000), and aerial photographs (1:40,000). The slope of natural levees average 0.0049 m/ m, whereas the texture (D84) of levee deposits averages 0.12 mm. Natural levee characteristics vary due to local- and watershed- scale controls. The lateral reduction in levee height displays a curvilinear pattern that coincides with an abrupt change in sediment texture. The downstream pattern of natural levee texture exhibits the influence of local-scale perturbations superimposed upon a larger watershed-scale trend. Disruption to the fining trend, either by tributary inputs of sediment or reworking of Tertiary valley deposits, is retained for a limited distance. The influence of the channel planform geometry on levee morphology is examined by consideration of the radius of curvature (Rc) of meander bends, and is inversely related to natural levee width. This suggests that the planform geometry of river channels exerts a control on the dispersal of flood sediments, and is responsible for considerable local variability in the floodplain topography. The average width of natural levees increases with drainage area, from an average of 747 m in the Moctezuma to an average of 894 m in the Panuco. However, in the lower reaches of the Panuco valley the width of natural levees rapidly decreases, which is associated with fining of the suspended sediment load. Thus, the reduction in natural levee width signifies an abrupt change in the directionality of cause- effect relationships at the watershed-scale. Findings from this study elucidate linkages between meandering river channels and floodplains for a large lowland alluvial valley. D 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Shared and Distinct Genetic Influences Among Different Measures of Pulmonary Function

We examined shared and distinct genetic influences among standard measures of pulmonary functions: ratio of forced expiratory volume at 1 s to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) and percent predicted values for forced expiratory volume at 1 s (FEV1%p), forced expiratory flow (FEFmax%p), and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV%p) in 978–1,048 middle-aged (mean age = 55 years) male–male twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. A common latent factor (h2 = 0.30) accounted for the correlations among these measures. This factor accounted for 54–81 % of the heritability of FEV1%p, FEFmax%p and MVV%p, but only explained 16 % of the heritability of FEV1/FVC. The remaining heritability of FEV1/FVC was explained by genetic influences independent of the common factor. Our findings suggest that while a common latent phenotype accounts for the relationships among different pulmonary function measures, the majority of genetic influences underlying FEV1/FVC—an index of pulmonary obstruction—are distinct from those underlying other pulmonary function measures.
Cultural neuroscience: Cultural neuroscience

Cultural neuroscience issues from the apparently incompatible combination of neuroscience and cultural psychology. A brief literature sampling suggests, instead, several preliminary topics that demonstrate proof of possibilities: cultural differences in both lower-level processes (e.g. perception, number representation) and higher-order processes (e.g. inferring others' emotions, contemplating the self) are beginning to shed new light on both culture and cognition. Candidates for future cultural neuroscience research include cultural variations in the default (resting) network, which may be social; regulation and inhibition of feelings, thoughts, and actions; prejudice and dehumanization; and neural signatures of fundamental warmth and competence judgments.
Doing the Right Thing: The Utilization of Evidence-Based Medicine

Traditionally, medical decisions have been largely based on personal experiences and/or those of others and rarely has time been taken to look for supporting data in the medical literature. As health care resources become more limited (at least in comparison to the demand), they will have to be used as effectively and efficiently as possible. A new paradigm for decision making will have to be developed, employing the best available medical literature. Evidence-based medicine, incorporating the systematic review whenever possible, requires identification of the best data and incorporation of this data into a knowledge base, thereby providing care that will be better for patients.
Sparse Approximation Via Iterative Thresholding

The well-known shrinkage technique is still relevant for contemporary signal processing problems over redundant dictionaries. We present theoretical and empirical analyses for two iterative algorithms for sparse approximation that use shrinkage. The GENERAL IT algorithm amounts to a Landweber iteration with nonlinear shrinkage at each iteration step. The BLOCK IT algorithm arises in morphological components analysis. A sufficient condition for which General IT exactly recovers a sparse signal is presented, in which the cumulative coherence function naturally arises. This analysis extends previous results concerning the Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) and Basis Pursuit (BP) algorithms to IT algorithms.
The Effect of Sodium Fluoride on Egg Production, Egg Quality, and Bone Strength of Caged Layers

The development of bone fragility in caged layers is a major problem in the poultry industry. The incidence of bone breakage during the processing of spent hens substantially reduces the economic return from these birds. In two trials, a commercial strain of White Leghorn pullets was used. In each trial, one-day-old chicks were divided into two groups, wing banded, and placed in floor pens. The treated group received fluoridated water at levels up to 300 ppm. The control group of birds received only well water. At 20 weeks of age, birds from each group were transferred to one of two laying batteries. One battery of birds received fluoridated water (100 ppm F). The other served as a control and those birds received only well water. Production rate, egg weight, shell strength, shell thickness, and Haugh units were determined for each bird. At 45 weeks of age, the humeri and tibiae were removed, and bone strength, percentage of bone ash, and fluoride content were determined. Combined data from both trials showed that the fluoride treatment increased the breaking strength of humeri from 6.86 to 13.35 kg and that of tibiae from 6.61 to 13.10 kg. The fluoride treatment also significantly (P less than .01) increased the percentage of bone ash. Egg quality and rate of production were not reduced by the fluoride treatment.
Autonomous Network Management Using Cooperative Learning for Network-Wide Load Balancing in Heterogeneous Networks

Traditional hop-by-hop dynamic routing makes inefficient use of network resources as it forwards packets along already congested shortest paths while uncongested longer paths may be underutilized. To maintain network-wide load balancing, we propose Autonomous Network management with Team learning based Self-configuration (ANTS) which attempts to manage a feasible route for traffic flow with QoS constraints in heterogeneous networks. To enable cognitive intelligence for network-wide load balancing, we implement a cross-layer mechanism in which learning agents in middleware layer can monitor the queue sizes of MAC layer, thereby allowing for the discovery of optimal routes. We present OPNET simulation results illustrating that, in comparison to original OSPF and AODV (2.18 Mbits/s with 46.46% packet loss rate), ANTS dramatically achieves a higher packet delivery (9.57 Mbits/s with 0.53% packet loss rate).
Regulatory Federalism and Workplace Safety: Evidence from OSHA Enforcement, 1981–1995

The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) gives states the option to enforce federal occupational safety and health standards on their own instead of relying on the federal Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA). This legislative provision provides an opportunity to analyze a homogenous set of regulatory standards enforced by heterogeneous agents engaged in interjurisdictional competition. This study finds important differences in the effectiveness of enforcement options measured by occupational mortality. State-administered OSHA programs are associated with fewer workplace fatalities than states regulated at the federal level. This finding is consistent with regulatory federalism and government-as-facilitator models of OSHA enforcement.
Multidimensional Frequency Estimation With Finite Snapshots in the Presence of Identical Frequencies

Recently, an eigenvector-based algorithm has been developed for multidimensional frequency estimation with a single snapshot of data mixture. Unlike most existing algebraic approaches that estimate frequencies from eigenvalues, the eigenvector-based algorithm achieves automatic frequency pairing without joint diagonalization of multiple matrices, but it fails when there exist identical frequencies in certain dimensions because eigenvectors are not linearly independent anymore. In this paper, we develop an eigenvector-based algorithm for multidimensional frequency estimation with finite data snapshots. We also analyze the identifiability (ID) and performance of the proposed algorithm. It is shown that our algorithm offers the most relaxed statistical ID condition for multidimensional frequency estimation from finite snapshots. More important, we introduce complex weighting factors so that the algorithm is still operational when there exist identical frequencies in one or more dimensions. Furthermore, the weighting factors are optimized to minimize the mean square errors of the frequency estimates. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm offers competitive performance when compared to existing algebraic approaches but at lower complexity.