cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Necrosis of Nasal and Airway Epithelium in Rats Inhaling Vapors of Artificial Butter Flavoring

As the result of a high prevalence of fixed airways obstruction in workers at a microwave popcorn manufacturing plant, we examined the hypothesis that vapors of butter flavoring used in the manufacture of microwave popcorn and other foods can produce airway injury in rats. Rats were exposed to vapors liberated from heated butter flavoring. Rats were exposed for 6 h by inhalation and were necropsied 1 day after exposure. The exposure was found by GC-MS analysis to be a complex mixture of various organic gases with the major peaks consisting of diacetyl (2,3-butanedione), acetic acid, acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone), butyric acid, acetoin dimers, 2-nonanone, and delta-alkyl lactones. Diacetyl was used as a marker of exposure concentration. In the lung, butter flavoring vapors containing 285-371 ppm diacetyl caused multifocal, necrotizing bronchitis, which was most consistently present in the mainstem bronchus. Alveoli were unaffected. Butter flavoring vapors containing 203-371 ppm diacetyl caused necrosuppurative rhinitis, which affected all four levels of the nose. Within the posterior two nasal levels (T3 and T4), necrosis and inflammation was principally localized to the nasopharyngeal duct. Control rats were unaffected. Therefore, concentrations of butter flavoring vapors that can occur during the manufacture of foods are associated with epithelial injury in the nasal passages and pulmonary airways of rats.
Breathing Iron: Molecular Mechanism of Microbial Iron Reduction by Shewanella oneidensis

Dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria occupy a central position in a variety of environmentally important processes, including the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and iron, the bioremediation of radionuclides and organohalides, and the generation of electricity in microbial fuel cells. Fe(III)-reducing bacteria are scattered and deeply rooted throughout both prokaryotic domains, an indication that microbial Fe(III) reduction may also have been one of the first respiratory processes to have evolved on early Earth. The metal-reducing γ-proteobacterium Shewanella oneidensis is one of the most extensively studied Fe(III)-reducing bacteria. This chapter examines the molecular mechanism by which S. oneidensis transfers electrons to Fe(III) ranging from highly soluble organic-Fe(III) complexes to highly insoluble Fe(III) oxides. S. oneidensis employs four novel respiratory pathways for dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction, including: i) localization of c-type cytochromes to the cell surface where they deliver electrons to external Fe(III) (Mechanism No. 1, Direct contact by outer membrane-localized c-type cytochromes); ii) localization of c-type cytochromes along extracellular nanowires where they deliver electrons to external Fe(III) (Mechanism No. 2, Direct contact by nanowire-localized c-type cytochromes); iii) delivery of electrons to external Fe(III) via endogenous or exogenous electron shuttles (Mechanism No. 3, Extracellular electron shuttling); and iv) non-reductive dissolution of Fe(III) oxides to form more readily reducible soluble organic-Fe(III) complexes (Mechanism No. 4, Fe(III) oxide solubilization followed by reduction of the produced soluble organic-Fe(III) complexes); The chapter highlights the mechanistic details associated with each of the four Fe(III) reduction pathways of S. oneidensis, including a concluding discussion of the future research directions for each pathway.
Comparative biochemistry and virology.

Publisher Summary Within the past decade, the questions posed concerning the bacterial viruses and their interactions with their host bacteria have shifted from the biological to the chemical level. Many of the most important biological questions have been rephrased as chemical problems. Questions are now being posed concerning the nature of the building blocks and the pathways of their biosynthesis. The time course of infection, duplication, and virus liberation is being dissected minute by minute in terms of the molecular transformations occurring in these systems. This chapter shows that the problems of genetic duplication and virus synthesis are being posed and tested at molecular and intermolecular levels. Many of the biologists working on the phage are now engaged in chemical work, in learning the elements of chemical manipulation, or in hiring the chemically trained personnel for their research projects. Since the biological prerequisites for chemical work in the field of the animal viruses are essentially solved, that is, the systems of infected cells can be made readily available, it can be anticipated that animal virology will soon see a burst of activity in chemical directions as well. It therefore seems appropriate to scan the present status of chemical virology in the light of the impending growth of this specialization. It also seems desirable to assess some current trends in biochemistry for the purposes of the orienting approaches to the biochemical work in virology.
Prostate cancer‐derived cathelicidin‐related antimicrobial peptide facilitates macrophage differentiation and polarization of immature myeloid progenitors to protumorigenic macrophages

Background A growing body of evidence indicates a positive correlation between expression of human antimicrobial peptide leucin leucin 37 (LL-37) and progression of epithelial cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). Although the molecular mechanisms for this correlation has not yet been elucidated, the primary function of LL-37 as a chemotactic molecule for innate immune effector cells suggests its possible association in coordinating protumorigenic mechanisms, mediated by tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Methods To investigate protumorigenic role(s) of cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP), a murine orthologue of LL-37, the present study compared tumor growth kinetics between mouse PCa cell lines with and without CRAMP expression (TRAMP-C1 and TRAMP-C1CRAMP-sh, respectively) in immunocompetent mice. CRAMP-mediated chemotaxis of different innate immune cell types to the tumor microenvironment (TME) was observed in vivo and confirmed by in vitro chemotaxis assay. The role of CRAMP in differentiation and polarization of immature myeloid progenitors (IMPs) to protumorigenic type 2 macrophages (M2) in TME was determined by adoptive transfer of IMPs into mice bearing CRAMP(+) and CRAMP(−) tumors. To differentiate protumorigenic events mediated by tumor-derived CRAMP from host immune cell-derived CRAMP, tumor challenge study was performed in CRAMP-deficient mice. To identify mechanisms of CRAMP function, macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) gene expression was analyzed by QRT-PCR and STAT3 signaling was determined by immunoblotting. Results Significantly delayed tumor growth was observed in wild-type (WT) mice implanted with TRAMP-C1CRAMP-sh cells compared to mice implanted with TRAMP-C1 cells. CRAMP(+) TME induced increased number of IMP differentiation into protumorigenic M2 macrophages compared to CRAMP(−) TME, indicating tumor-derived CRAMP facilitates differentiation and polarization of IMPs toward M2. Tumor challenge study in CRAMP deficient mice showed comparable tumor growth kinetics with WT mice, suggesting tumor-derived CRAMP plays a crucial role in PCa progression. In vitro study demonstrated that overexpressed M-CSF and MCP-1 in TRAMP-C1 cells through CRAMP-mediated autocrine signaling, involving p65, regulates IMP-to-M2 differentiation/polarization through STAT3 activation. Conclusion Altogether, the present study suggests that overexpressed CRAMP in prostate tumor initially chemoattracts IMPs to TME and mediates differentiation and polarization of early myeloid progenitors into protumorigenic M2 macrophages during PCa progression. Thus, selective downregulation of CRAMP in tumor cells in situ may benefit overcoming immunosuppressive mechanisms in PCa. Prostate © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Suicide and documentation: don't let the pen kill your career.

1. Nurses' notes must reflect the assessment performed regarding their patients' risk factors, red flags, and protective supports, especially for suicidal patients. 2. Nursing interventions range from the least-restrictive methods to full restraints, if necessary to prevent patients from harming themselves. 3. Medications, such as antidepressant, antipsychotic, and antimanic agents, as well as benzodiazepines, have been shown to help psychiatric patients cope with depression, psychosis, and mood stability. Language: en
“Big and Small Truths” in the Work of Historians and Sociologists

This is one of those books not written by a sociologist but nonetheless highly enlightening for sociologists, or at any rate those among them whose interests are not limited to present-day American society and are not single-mindedly committed to quantitative methods. It will be of special interest to those drawn to the larger, timeless, and theoretically challenging questions of social existence and human interactions the kinds of questions which preoccupied Durkheim, Marx, and Weber. It will be of particular interest to American sociologists who think of themselves as public intellectuals rather than social scientists not that these categories are mutually exclusive. This volume also includes some interesting reflections on the professional insecurities of historians which unexpectedly parallel those of sociologists, for example: . historians today. . . suffer from a sort of double insecurity. First, the discipline is not very clear where it sits in the world of scholarly categories. Is it a humanity? Is it a social science?. . . This sense of insecurity goes a long way to account for the fascination. . . with theory, with models, with 'frameworks'. These tools, such as they are, offer the reassuring illusion of intellectual structure. . . " (pp. 261-62). Sounds familiar does it not? Tony Judt, a British historian who passed away in 2010, was educated in Britain and France, taught at Oxford and Cambridge as well as the University of California, Davis and Berkeley before moving to New York University, where the spent the bulk of his academic career as founder and director of
Massive or 2-Tendon Rotator Cuff Tears in Active Patients With Minimal Glenohumeral Arthritis Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of Reconstruction Using Dermal Tissue Matrix Xenograft

Background:The management of irreparable massive or full-thickness 2-tendon rotator cuff tears in active patients with minimal glenohumeral arthritis remains a difficult challenge for the treating surgeon. Many different treatment options, with varied success, have been proposed.Hypotheses:(1) Patients undergoing reconstruction of irreparable massive or full-thickness 2-tendon rotator cuff tears by dermal tissue matrix xenograft would demonstrate improvements in pain, range of motion, strength, and subjective functional outcomes. (2) Postoperative ultrasonography would demonstrate intact repairs at a minimum 2-year follow-up.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:Twenty-six patients (27 shoulders) underwent reconstruction of irreparable massive or full-thickness 2-tendon rotator cuff tears by dermal tissue matrix xenograft. Pain level (scale 0-10, 10 = severe pain), active range of motion, and supraspinatus and external rotation strength were assessed. Subjective outcome measures included ...
Home Range and Habitat Use by Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizards in the Southern San Joaquin Desert of California

Abstract We used radiotracking to study the home range and use of space by Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizards (Gambelia sila) in the Lokern Natural Area in the San Joaquin Desert of California. The average home-range size of males, based on the fixed kernal local convex hull method, was 6.21 ha in 2003 and 7.62 ha in 2004, which differed significantly from the average size for females, which was 2.85 ha in 2003 and 3.17 ha in 2004. Average home-range size did not differ significantly between years or with the interaction of sex and year. Home ranges of nine lizards with collars were in about the same locations between 2003 and 2004. There were no significant differences in either the percentage or number of home-range overlaps among adjacent pairs. Males moved an average of ∼100 m daily, significantly farther than the 65-m average daily movements of females, but there were no significant differences for the average greatest distance moved in 1 day by sex or year, or their interaction. The longest distance moved ...
Reply to Argüelles.

To the Editor,It is very much appreciated that Dr. Juan-Carlos Arguelles has critiqued our review of the trehalose pathway as an antifungal target.1,2 In his letter, he cogently has emphasized and ...
What Makes ERP Systems to Deliver? Impact of Post-Implementation Capabilities on ERP Value

More than two decades of research on information technology (IT) value still leaves the issue of IT value in an organization a less understood concept. The issue of IT value is particularly important in case of systems such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) because these systems involve significant financial investments. Evidence from the current literature indicates that a high number of ERP implementations fail to deliver the anticipated benefits. While successful implementation of ERP systems is essential before any benefit can be expected from them, success of the implementation itself cannot ensure that ERP systems will add value to the organization subsequently. Extant literature on ERP systems is overly focused on capabilities that help an organization to successfully implement an ERP system and lacks studies that focus on capabilities required to derive benefits from ERP systems in the post-implementation stage. To address this gap in the literature, in this research in progress study, we develop a theoretical model and related hypotheses to examine the effect of post-ERP implementation capabilities on value delivered by ERP systems. In this paper, we also outline the methodology to validate the theoretical model using the data that would be collected in the next step. Broadly, the research suggests that value of ERP systems after successful implementation is impacted by three sets of capabilities, end users’ capability to use ERP system functionalities, managerial capability to use information generated through ERP systems to achieve organizational objectives, and overall organizational IT capability.
Perioperative Periprosthetic Fractures Associated With Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Periprosthetic fracture (PPF) is a rare but devastating complication of primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). While PPF is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, early revision rate, and poor patient outcome, there is a paucity of data on patient and hospital-dependent risk factors. Using a large administrative database, we investigated epidemiology and the risk factors associated with perioperative PPF after primary THA. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the National Inpatient Sample records from 2006 to 2011 and identified 1062 PPFs of 1,187,969 patients using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code for PPF (996.44). We then analyzed sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and hospital characteristics of our study population. Results The overall incidence of PPF in National Inpatient Sample database was 0.089% (8.9 per 10,000 THAs). Patient-dependent risk factors were: female (odds ratio [OR] 1.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.67-2.22), low household income (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.18-1.65), Medicaid (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.39-2.57), and uninsured (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.63-4.61). Patients with malnutrition and hemiparesis/hemiplegia were associated 10-fold and 6-fold risk of PPF. Nonteaching hospitals (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01-1.32), hospitals in northeast (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.04-1.59), and rural hospitals (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.06-1.53) had higher incidence of PPF. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that the incidence of PPF was low in our study population, and greater awareness is needed when performing primary THAs in patients with risk factors identified in our study to prevent PPF.
Imagining Literacy Equity Theorizing Flows of Community Practices

Theorizing flows of community practices implicates three interrelated themes: (1) theorizing practices rather than practicing theories, (2) theorizing our stories, and (3) research as responsibilit...
TrkB Receptor Agonist 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone and Its Therapeutic Potential for Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem worldwide. Following the primary injury, there is no cure to rescue the damaged neural tissue. Current treatment options for TBI mostly focus on targeting the secondary injuries. The secondary injuries are a series biochemical processes that occur in response to the primary mechanical insult which often lead to further neural tissue loss in days and weeks following the primary injury. Finding a treatment that can prevent, reduce, and repair secondary damage is instrumental in the recovery of TBI patients. The flavonoid 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) is a tropomyosin-receptor-kinase B (TrkB) agonist that mimics the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Upon binding to the TrkB receptor, signaling cascades are initiated that can promote neuronal survival and regeneration. The use of 7,8-DHF in the treatment of TBI is favorable due to its longer half-life and ability to pass the blood–brain barrier. In this review, we summarized functions of BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway and studies examining the potential of 7,8-DHF as a therapy for TBI.
Antagonistic Potentiality of Fungal Pathogens Against Trichoderma Viride And Trichoderma Harzianum

In the present study,five plant pathogens obtained from St. Joseph University College ofAgricultural Science and Technology, Songea, Tanzania. Thebiocontrol agents were tested against active plant pathogenic fungi. Bio control agents namely T. viride and T. harzianum and plant pathogens namely Aspergillusniger, A. fumigatus, A. luchensis, Humicola and Bipolarisoryzae were tested. T. viride and T. harzianum were effective biocontrol agents against all tested plant pathogens. Trichodermaviride had good antagonistic active against all pathogenic fungi. T. viride showed maximum percentage inhibition activity against Humicola sp.(82.8%).
Initial proof-of-concept of photoacoustic cell stimulation approach: preliminary in vitro study

Localized, non-invasive cell stimulation has many applications. Here we show the initial proof-of-concept in vitro study of the photoacoustic cell stimulation approach, which is amenable to high-throughput screening applications. The proposed method is implemented as follows: 1) the localized excitation using the focused pulsed laser delivery on an absorptive material placed inside the well containing the cells, 2) cell stimulation by the photoacoustic pressure generated, and 3) fluorescence quantification of the membrane potential change over time. The preliminary proof-ofconcept in vitro study is conducted with primary neurons isolated from mouse cerebral cortex. The absorptive rubber media generates the photoacoustic pressure by the pulsed laser excitation. The experimental results show the feasibility of photoacoustic cell stimulation approach by indicating the significant membrane potential chance from the photoacoustically-stimulated primary neurons. Otherwise, the sham control without any photoacoustic stimulation shows minimal membrane potential change. We envisage that the proposed approach can allow broad strategies for noninvasive cell stimulation by using the photoacoustic contrasts situated at inside or outside of the body such as external absorptive materials or intravascularly-injected photoacoustic contrast particles.
Food Matters: Alonso Quijano’s Diet and the Discourse of Food in Early Modern Spain

In her title that boldly exclaims that “food matters,” Carolyn A. Nadeau writes a cultural history that uses the immortal Don Quixote as a point of departure in order to narrate a more profound inv...
Formulation and Development of Fast Dissolving Tablet of Methanolic Extract of Some Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants for Arthritis

Aim: The aim of the study is to formulate fast dissolving tablet of Methanolic Extract of Some Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants for Arthritis. Material & Methods: Fast dissolving tablet of methanolic extract of selected medicinal plants were prepared by using Crospovidone & β-cyclodextrin by kneading methods. Various physicochemical parameter i.e. angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density; drug content, disintegration time etc were studied. Results Hardness of tablets was between 3.2-3.7kg/cm2 for all the formulations. Friability was found in between 0.62‐0.69%. The friability value below 1% was an indication of good mechanical resistance of the tablet. The drug: content was found to be 98.18‐ 102.50% which was within the acceptable limits. Formulations F1, F4 and F7 which contains 3% super disintegrates releases 97.43%, 91.00% and 93.75% drug respectively at the end of 60 min. Conclusion: The prepared herbal fast dissolving tablets shows good disintegration property and dissolution rate. The comparative study of several superdisintegrants yielded a conclusion that Crospovidone at 3% concentration are suitable for the preparation of Herbal fast dissolving tablets which will satisfy all the criteria and official limits.
Pyridinium-Functionalized Pyromellitic Diimides with Stabilized Radical Anion States

In this work, we report the stabilization of the reduced states of pyromellitic diimide by charge-balancing the imide radical anions with cationic pyridinium groups attached to the aromatic core. This structural modification is confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Characterization by (spectro)electrochemical experiments and computations reveal that the addition of cationic groups to an already electron-deficient ring system results in up to +0.57 V shifts in reduction potentials, largely as a consequence of charge screening and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital-lowering effects. This formal charge-balancing approach to stabilizing the reduced states of electron-deficient pyromellitic diimides will facilitate their incorporation into spin-based optoelectronic materials and devices.
Bone surface enhancement in ultrasound images using a new Doppler-based acquisition/processing method

Ultrasound (US) imaging has long been considered as a potential aid in orthopedic surgeries. US technologies are safe, portable and do not use radiations. This would make them a desirable tool for real-time assessment of fractures and to monitor fracture healing. However, image quality of US imaging methods in bone applications is limited by speckle, attenuation, shadow, multiple reflections and other imaging artifacts. While bone surfaces typically appear in US images as somewhat 'brighter' than soft tissue, they are often not easily distinguishable from the surrounding tissue. Therefore, US imaging methods aimed at segmenting bone surfaces need enhancement in image contrast prior to segmentation to improve the quality of the detected bone surface. In this paper, we present a novel acquisition/processing technique for bone surface enhancement in US images. Inspired by elastography and Doppler imaging methods, this technique takes advantage of the difference between the mechanical and acoustic properties of bones and those of soft tissues to make the bone surface more easily distinguishable in US images. The objective of this technique is to facilitate US-based bone segmentation methods and improve the accuracy of their outcomes. The newly proposed technique is tested both in in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results of these preliminary experiments suggest that the use of the proposed technique has the potential to significantly enhance the detectability of bone surfaces in noisy ultrasound images.
Efficiency of Motor Learning as a Function of Intertrial Rest

Abstract The efficiency of two practice schedules was examined on two large muscle motor tasks. There were four groups of subjects (N = 160); each individual in a group performed on one of the two motor tasks under one of the two conditions. Distributed practice consisted of alternating 30-second trials of practice and rest; massed practice was continuous for 8 minutes. Comparisons made during the last minute of practice prior to the rest pause revealed that the massed groups had significant decrements in performance level. In contrast, after the rest period, when both groups were on a distributed schedule, no difference was found in the amount of learning. Learning was found to be a function of the number of trials and independent of the conditions of practice.
Korean Communities in America: Past, Present, and Future

(1983). Korean Communities in America: Past, Present, and Future. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 23-52.
Multiresolution Mechanics for Material Design and Manufacturing

Inadequacies of continuum mechanics and the expense of atomic scale simulations have lead to a recent floury of activity in the area of multiscale theories, which aim to predict material behavior in a manner which takes account of the underlying physics of deformation. We are proposing to develop the next generation of computer-aided design (CAD) simulation theory that integrates nano and microscale physics into CAE capabilities for design and manufacturing. This multiscale approach starts at the most fundamental level of material behavior, the strength of the bonds between atoms, which is predicted by quantum mechanics. These bond strengths determine the sub micro-scale behavior which controls the deformation mechanisms responsible for overall material properties and performance. A mathematical framework, which is capable of bridging the gap between discrete atomic scale theory and multiscale continuum theory, is proposed. The resulting governing equations are formulated in terms of forces, and avirtual representation of the lattice structure can be used to facilitate a smooth transition between the treatment of discrete atomic displacements and multiscale continuum fields. Hence, constitutive behavior can be determined ‘on the fly’ during computer implementation by using appropriate atomic potentials. Alternatively, a coarser approximation of the effect of the microscale feature can be gained through an average continuum constitutive equation. The proposed multiresolution technique is capable of linking overall material properties to the underlying microstructure via the micro/nano mechanics at each scale of interest. The small scale deformation phenomena which have a profound impact on macroscale properties are captured. The proposed research will be illustrated for a polycrystalline material, a granular material, an alloy containing particles at various scales. A potential use for a bio-inspired self healing composite will also be discussed.
Ill-timed: The effects of timing of chronic illness onset on depressive symptoms among multiage adults

Abstract Framed by a life course perspective and the stress process, this study examines how life stage at chronic illness onset contributes to mental health disparities among adults with particular attention to the moderating role of personal mastery. Using secondary data from waves 1–4 of the American Changing Lives survey, this study uses multilevel modeling analyses to examine if the life stage (early adulthood, midlife, and late life) in which an adult becomes ill is associated with his/her depressive symptoms across a 16-year period and how the relationship is moderated by mastery. The results confirm that becoming chronically ill early in the adult life course (before 36) is particularly detrimental to the mental health of adults when compared to illness onset at late life (65+), which is due in part to younger adults yielding less psychological protection from the mastery they possess than adults who become ill as older adults. Thus, this study’s findings support that life stage, like race, socioeconomic status and other individual contexts, differentially position people to experience the negative psychological effects of the stressor of chronic illness.
Predictors of Progression in Barrett’s Esophagus

To review recently published data on factors that predict the risk of progression of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) to high grade dysplasia (HGD) or esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Computer models have been developed that could help predict the risk of progression with greater accuracy. The progression of BE score (PIB) is one such model based on clinical and endoscopic features, while a second uses automated image analysis of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues looking for morphologic features and immunostaining patterns for molecular markers. Panels of genes such as those regulated by Myc and hypermethylated genes have been recently described. EAC remains a cancer with a poor 5-year survival of less than 20%. Screening for BE, the only known precursor of EAC is recommended only in high-risk individuals. Clinical, endoscopic, and molecular predictors of progression have been identified but require validation. These tools could in turn help focus screening and surveillance efforts to reduce mortality from EAC.
Designing vertical processors in monolithic 3D

A processor laid out vertically in stacked layers can benefit from reduced wire delays, low energy consumption, and a small footprint. Such a design can be enabled by Monolithic 3D (M3D), a technology that provides short wire lengths, good thermal properties, and high integration. In current M3D technology, due to manufacturing constraints, the layers in the stack are asymmetric: the bottom-most one has a relatively higher performance. In this paper, we examine how to partition a processor for M3D. We partition logic and storage structures into two layers, taking into account that the top layer has lower-performance transistors. In logic structures, we place the critical paths in the bottom layer. In storage structures, we partition the hardware unequally, assigning to the top layer fewer ports with larger access transistors, or a shorter bitcell subarray with larger bitcells. We find that, with conservative assumptions on M3D technology, an M3D core executes applications on average 25% faster than a 2D core, while consuming 39% less energy. With aggressive technology assumptions, the M3D core performs even better: it is on average 38% faster than a 2D core and consumes 41% less energy. Further, under a similar power budget, an M3D multicore can use twice as many cores as a 2D multicore, executing applications on average 92% faster with 39% less energy. Finally, an M3D core is thermally efficient.
Co-translational folding allows misfolding-prone proteins to circumvent deep kinetic traps

Many large proteins suffer from slow or inefficient folding in vitro. Here, we provide evidence that this problem can be alleviated in vivo if proteins start folding co-translationally. Using an all-atom simulation-based algorithm, we compute the folding properties of various large protein domains as a function of nascent chain length, and find that for certain proteins, there exists a narrow window of lengths that confers both thermodynamic stability and fast folding kinetics. Beyond these lengths, folding is drastically slowed by non-native interactions involving C-terminal residues. Thus, co-translational folding is predicted to be beneficial because it allows proteins to take advantage of this optimal window of lengths and thus avoid kinetic traps. Interestingly, many of these proteins’ sequences contain conserved rare codons that may slow down synthesis at this optimal window, suggesting that synthesis rates may be evolutionarily tuned to optimize folding. Using kinetic modelling, we show that under certain conditions, such a slowdown indeed improves co-translational folding efficiency by giving these nascent chains more time to fold. In contrast, other proteins are predicted not to benefit from co-translational folding due to a lack of significant non-native interactions, and indeed these proteins’ sequences lack conserved C-terminal rare codons. Together, these results shed light on the factors that promote proper protein folding in the cell, and how biomolecular self-assembly may be optimized evolutionarily. Significance Statement Many proteins must adopt a specific structure in order to perform their functions, and failure to do so has been linked to disease. Although small proteins often fold rapidly and spontaneously to their native conformations, larger proteins are less likely to fold correctly due to the myriad incorrect arrangements they can adopt. Here, we show that this problem can be alleviated if proteins start folding while they are being translated, namely, built one amino acid at a time on the ribosome. This process of co-translational folding biases certain proteins away from misfolded states that tend to hinder spontaneous refolding. Signatures of unusually slow translation suggest that some of these proteins have evolved to fold co-translationally.
The closed-head impact model of engineered rotational acceleration (CHIMERA) as an application for traumatic brain injury pre-clinical research: A status report

Closed-head traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide concern with increasing prevalence and cost to society. Rotational acceleration is a primary mechanism in TBI that results from tissue strains that give rise to diffuse axonal injury. The Closed-Head Impact Model of Engineered Rotational Acceleration (CHIMERA) was recently introduced as a method for the study of impact acceleration effects in pre-clinical TBI research. This review provides a survey of the published literature implementing the CHIMERA device and describes pathological, imaging, neurophysiological, and behavioral findings. Findings show CHIMERA inflicts damage in white matter tracts as a key area of injury. Behaviorally, repeated studies have shown motor deficits and more chronic cognitive effects after CHIMERA injury. Good progress with model application has been accomplished by investigators attending to what is required for model validation. However, the majority of CHIMERA studies only utilize adult male mice. To further establish this model, more work with female animals and various age groups need to be performed, as well as studies to further establish and standardize methodologies for validation of the models for clinical relevance. Common data elements to standardize the reporting methodology for the CHIMERA literature are suggested.
Interactive Virtual Reality Renal Models as an Educational and Preoperative Planning Tool for Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the efficacy of interactive virtual reality (iVR) in providing a three-dimensional (3D) experience with the donor's anatomy for surgeons and patients, we present a retrospective, case-controlled study assessing the impact of iVR renal models prior to LDN on both surgical outcomes and patients’ understanding of the procedure. Materials and Methods Twenty patients undergoing LDN were prospectively recruited; their contrast-enhanced CT scans were transformed into iVR models. An iVR platform allowed the surgeons to rotate and deconstruct the renal anatomy; patients could also view their anatomy as the procedure was explained to them. Questionnaires assessed surgeons’ understanding of renal anatomy after CT alone and after CT+iVR. Surgeons also commented on whether iVR impacted their preoperative plan. Patients assessed their anatomical understanding and anxiety level before and after iVR. Surgical outcomes for the iVR cohort were compared to a retrospectively matched, non-iVR cohort of LDN patients. Results Surgeons altered their preoperative plan in 18 of 20 LDNs after viewing iVR models. Patients reported better understanding of their anatomy (5/5) and noted decreased preoperative anxiety (5/5) after viewing iVR. When compared to the non-iVR group, the iVR group had a 25% reduction in median operative time (P Conclusion Preoperative viewing of iVR models altered the operative approach, decreased the operative time, and improved donor patient outcomes. iVR models also reduced patients’ preoperative anxiety.
ONC201 induces the unfolded protein response (UPR) in high- and low-grade ovarian carcinoma cell lines and leads to cell death regardless of platinum sensitivity.

Objectives Treatment of both platinum resistant high grade (HG) and low-grade (LG) ovarian cancer (OVCA) poses significant challenges as neither respond well to conventional chemotherapy leading to morbidity and mortality. Identification of novel agents that can overcome chemoresistance is therefore critical. Previously, we have demonstrated that OVCA has basal upregulated unfolded protein response (UPR) and that targeting cellular processes leading to further and persistent upregulation of UPR leads to cell death. ONC201 is an orally bioavailable Dopamine Receptor D2 inhibitor demonstrating anticancer activity and was found to induce UPR. Given its unique properties, we hypothesized that ONC201 would overcome platinum resistance in OVCA. Methods Cisplatin sensitive and resistant HG OVCA and two primary LG OVCA cell lines were studied. Cell viability was determined using MTT assay. Cell migration was studied using wound healing assay. Apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential were investigated using flow cytometry. Analysis of pathway inhibition was performed by Western Blot. mRNA expression of UPR related genes were measured by qPCR. In vivo studies were completed utilizing axillary xenograft models. Co-testing with conventional chemotherapy was performed to study synergy. Results ONC201 significantly inhibited cell viability and migration in a dose dependent manner with IC50's from 1-20 µM for both cisplatin sensitive and resistant HG and LG-OVCA cell lines. ONC201 lead to upregulation of the pro-apoptotic arm of the UPR, specifically ATF-4/CHOP/ATF3 and increased the intrinsic apoptosispathway. The compensatory, pro-survival PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was downregulated. In vivo, weekly dosing of single agent ONC201 decreased xenograft tumor size by ~50% compared to vehicle. ONC201 also demonstrated significant synergy with paclitaxel in a highly platinum resistant OVCA cell-line (OV433). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that ONC201 can effectively overcome chemoresistance in OVCA cells by blocking pro-survival pathways and inducing the apoptotic arm of the UPR. This is a promising, orallybioavailable therapeutic agent to consider in clinical trials for patients with both HG and LG OVCA.
Comparing students’ responses to synchronous written corrective feedback during individual and collaborative writing tasks

The present study examined students’ attention to linguistic forms during writing tasks and compared individual and collaborative writing conditions. Furthermore, the ways students in both conditio...
Pimavanserin in Dementia-Related Psychosis

Dementia occurs in a range of progressive neurodegenerative brain disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson’s disease dementia, vascular dementia, and frontotem...
SARS-CoV-2: An empirical investigation of Rose's population-based logic.

BACKGROUND Geoffrey Rose's paper "Sick Individuals, Sick Populations" highlights the counterintuitive finding that the largest share of morbidity arises from populations engaging in low- to moderate-risk behavior. Scholars refer to this finding as the prevention paradox. We examine whether this logic applies to SARS-CoV-2 infected persons considered low to moderate risk. METHODS We conducted a population-representative survey and sero-surveillance study for SARS-CoV-2 among adults in Orange County, California. Participants answered questions about health behaviors and provided a finger-pin-prick sample from 10 July to 16 August 2020. RESULTS Of the 2979 adults, those reporting low- and moderate-risk behavior accounted for between 78% and 92% of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Asymptomatic individuals, as well as persons with low and moderate scores for self-reported likelihood of having had SARS-CoV-2, accounted for the majority of infections. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support Rose's logic, which encourages public health measures among persons who self-identify as unlikely to have SARS-CoV-2. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B860.
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in Ruminant Hosts

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, or pathogenic Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), is distinguished from other pathogenic E. coli by its ability to produce Shiga toxins designated Stxl, Stx2, Stx2c, and Stx2e. E. coli O157:H7 is highly pathogenic, possesses numerous virulence factors, and is the most common cause of STEC disease in humans in many parts of the world. The accumulation of virulence factors into pathogenicity islands may have resulted from continued acquisition of genes from bacteriophages or plasmids that integrate at common integration sites such as the bacterial tRNA genes. The prevalence of E. coli 0157:H7 was higher in herds that weaned calves abruptly than in herds that used a variety of methods to gradually wean calves. Some of the most numerous bacterial species in the rumen and colon, such as Bacteroides spp. and Prevotella spp., can hydrolyze esculin to the aglycone esculetin, thus producing inhibitory aglycones in the gastrointestinal tract. The major inhibitory factor under aerobic conditions is pyocyanin and under anerobic conditions appears to be fluorescein. The possibility of adding specific feed substances, feed additives, or competitive exclusion bacteria to the diets of cattle to reduce fecal shedding and rumen proliferation of STEC is promising but will require further study. Ruminants used as food are an important source of food-borne STEC infections in humans. Shedding of STEC is widespread in healthy cattle throughout the world.
Vie et mort du traducteur : de l’Ancien Régime au Second Empire (1727-1857)

Cet article etudie l’impossibilite de distinguer, dans la France de l’Ancien Regime, l’auteur traduit et l’auteur traduisant dans le cas des Modernes, l’absence d’une distinction nette entre l’auteur original et ses traducteurs, tant chez ceux-ci que pour la critique de l’epoque, remettant en question la lecture moderne des textes produits jusqu’en 1857, lecture qui ne voit en eux que de « belles infideles ». Tout comme d’Ablancourt avant eux, les traducteurs francais du XVIIIe siecle se concoivent autant comme auteurs que comme traducteurs; la question d’une quelconque forme de fidelite ou d’exactitude ne se pose donc pas. L’opposition entre traducteurs-auteurs (qui produisent le plus souvent les premieres versions francaises des textes de leurs contemporains) et (re-) traducteurs scientifiques (qui proposent une enieme version d’un classique) se maintient jusqu’au XIXe siecle en France au moins, au moment ou l’auteur « a traduire » devient Dante, entre 1850 et 1860.
Irrigation Pond Characterization and Analysis: Impact of Weather and Management

Abstract Weather and management practices were monitored to assess the impact on water quality at four stormwater retention ponds used for irrigation. Two retention ponds were located at Bayville Golf Club (BGC) in Virginia Beach, VA, and two were located at Knotts Creek Nursery (KCN) in Suffolk, VA. Total dissolved N concentrations were examined at increasing depths and over time at the pond inflows and middles. Multiple fertilizer products with variable analyses were applied more frequently at BGC, but N concentrations were consistently higher at KCN. In 2002, a drought year, water temperatures fluctuated little over the season or with depth, regardless of location. N concentration ranges were 1.0—3.5 mg·liter−1 (ppm) at BGC and 2.5—6.0 at KCN. Nitrogen concentrations fluctuated as water depth increased. In 2003 rainfall was above average. Water temperatures fluctuated more over the season than in 2002 and with increasing depth. N concentration ranges were 0.75—4.2 mg·liter−1 (ppm) at BGC and 0.5—6.0 at...
Production of volatile nitrogenous compounds from the degradation of streptomycin by Pseudomonas maltophilia.

Ammonia, methylamine, and pyridine were detected in broth filtrates of a streptomycin-degrading strain of Pseudomonas maltophilia during growth on streptomycin as a sole carbon and nitrogen source. Ammonia and methylamine, quantitatively measured by conversion to chromophores with picryl sulfonic acid, were found to accumulate in broth, whereas pyridine concentration increased in the early stages of streptomycin degradation and then decreased as the degradation of the antibiotic neared completion. Exogenous pyridine was metabolized by washed-cell suspensions. Use of N-streptomycin-methyl-14C showed that the methylamine arose from the N-l-glucosamine-methyl moiety of streptomycin. Methylamine was an end product and was not further metabolized by cells.
Obesity and risk of sepsis: a population-based cohort study.

Objective Sepsis, the syndrome of microbial infection complicated by systemic inflammation, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. To determine if obesity increases risk of sepsis events. Design and Methods Data from the 30,239 subject population-based longitudinal cohort study REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) were used. Using measurements at the start of the study, we defined obesity using body mass index (BMI; 102 cm or female >88 cm] = obese). Over an 8-year observation period, we evaluated the association between obesity and subsequent sepsis events, adjusting for sociodemographic factors, health behaviors, chronic medical conditions, statin use, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Results There were 975 incident sepsis events. Compared to those with a BMI of 18.5-24.9, sepsis risk was higher only for BMI ≥ 40 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.57, [1.16-2.14]). Risk of sepsis was associated with increased WC (HR 1.34 [1.14-1.56]). In a model with both BMI and WC, sepsis risk was associated with increased WC (HR 1.47 [1.20-1.79]) but not BMI. Conclusions Obesity is independently associated with future sepsis events. WC is a better predictor of future sepsis risk than BMI.
Anatomical Sites and Subsites of Head and Neck Cancer

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents the sixth most common solid tumour malignancy with more than 500,000 cases worldwide and 52,000 newly diagnosed cases annually [1]. These tumours arise from the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract, which holds important functional roles for respiration, speech and swallowing. Both surgical and non-surgical treatment modalities achieve a cure for ~50 % of HNSCC patients at 5 years; [2] however, these same treatment regimens can also be debilitating, both functionally and cosmetically. An understanding of the anatomical origins of HNSCC tumours is paramount to making an appropriate diagnosis, for treatment and for post-treatment tumour surveillance in all cases.
Measurements of 10 B( n ,He) Reaction Rates in a Mockup Control Rod in ZPPR

This paper reports the first direct measurement of /sup 10/B capture rate in a mockup control rod in a critical assembly. The experiment used the helium accumulation fluence monitor (HAFM) technique. 13 refs.