cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mooring line fatigue in an offshore guyed tower

Abstract A probabilistic method is presented for the fatigue analysis of the mooring lines of a guyed tower. The wave loading is idealized as the first component of a two-dimensional Markov process. Using Ito's rule of stochastic differentials, differential equations for moments up to the fourth order are obtained, and these are solved using numerical techniques for both Gaussian and non-Gaussian methods. The displacement response is modelled as a mixture distribution. The probability distribution of guyline tension is then estimated. The probability density for peak guyline tensions is estimated by mapping a Gaussian process into the non-Gaussian process of guyline tensions using the double inversion technique and estimating level crossings. The tension fatigue is estimated using Palmgren-Miner's rule. It is shown that the fatigue damage estimated using non-Gaussian closure is greater than that estimated using Gaussian closure.
Effect of sympathetic block demonstrated by triple-phase bone scan

The triple-phase bone scan is frequently used in the diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy although the etiology of the abnormal findings is not well established. This study evaluated the effect of increased blood flow secondary to sympathetic block on the triple-phase bone scan. In 15 reflex sympathetic dystrophy patients, all of whom had significant relief with sympathetic block, baseline and postsympathetic block bone scans were analyzed. There was a significant linear relationship between change in counts from baseline to postsympathetic block on the blood pool image and bone uptake image. As the blood pool and bone uptake counts increased, the likelihood of typical reflex sympathetic dystrophy findings on visual inspection also increased. These results strongly support the concept of increased vascular flow as the cause of increased periarticular uptake.
Role of Auxin in Growth of Inhibitor‐treated Oat Coleoptile Tissue

The role of auxin in the recovery of plant tissue from oxidant treatment was investigated. Treatment of oat coleoptile sections with concentrations of indoleacetic acid (IAA) or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) optimal for normal growth, following pretreatment with moderately inhibiting levels of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) immediately accelerated recovery of growth rate. In some cases inhibition was also less at supraoptimal values of auxin. Treatment of ozonepretreated tissue with IAA or 2,4-D enhanced inhibition at high levels of auxin and produced an optimal growth concentration level which was lower than for sections not given ozone pretreatment. Auxin treatment also reduced the degree of inhibition in fluoride and iodoacetamide-pretreated sections. Mechanisms by which auxin-induced recovery from inhibition may occur are discussed.
Spectra of single-atom lasers

We calculate the output spectrum of a single-atom laser in a microcavity across a wide range of operating conditions. We considered both three-level and four-level atomic level structures. We used a numerical routine to calculate spectra that is more efficient than others used previously. We found that the linewidth of a single-atom laser generally scales as the inverse of the photon number and that there is no pump value at which an abrupt change occurs that might locate a lasing threshold. For a three-level gain atom we found vacuum–Rabi splitting similar to that found by Loffler et al. [Phys. Rev. A 55, 3923 (1997)] and used quantum trajectory theory to obtain a new interpretation of the results. For a four-level gain atom the vacuum–Rabi structure can appear at a small nonzero pump level and is maintained for large pumps, even when the intracavity photon number is larger than unity and the laser is on. We use the quantum trajectory approach to explain these results.
A comparison of accommodative and fusional convergence as cues to distance

The effectiveness of fusional as compared with accommodative convergence (with accommodation present in both cases) in determining perceived distance was investigated in this study. Luminous frames of two different visual angles at a nearly constant distance were viewed binocularly to provide fusional convergence and monocularly to provide accommodative convergence. Although some differences in reported size and distance of the frames occurred on the first presentations for binocular as compared to monocular observation, the most systematic differences between these two types of observation were present for the second (successive) presentations of the two frame sizes to the same Os. This is attributed to the relative size cue to distance occurring as a function of the different retinal sizes on the successive presentations. It was found that this relative size cue was more effective in modifying the perceived size and distance of the second presentations for monocular than for binocular observation. It is suggested that this reflects the greater effectiveness as a cue to distance of fusional as compared with accommodative convergence. This conclusion is of importance for studies concerned with the evaluation of convergence as a determiner of perceived distance.
Political-Administrative Relations in State Government: A Legislative Perspective

Abstract In an effort to contribute to knowledge about political-administration relations in state government, this article presents the results of the author's participant-observation as a state legislator. Academics or public administration practitioners have written much of the literature on political-administrative relations. Little has been presented by politicians. The author reviews how the politicians with whom he served related to state administrators. He suggests that state legislators did not have a consistent approach in these relationships. Rather, administrators variously are enemies, allies, whipping boys or behind-the-scenes resources, depending on any given political situation in state government. Hence situational political logic dictated state political-administrative relations, driven by the self-interest of each particular elected official.
Recovery cycle of the acoustically evoked potential.

This investigation determined the recovery of the acoustically evoked potential in man as a function of intersignal interval (ISI) when each member of a click-pair was presented to opposite ears an...
Systematic review and meta-analysis: does gall-bladder ejection fraction on cholecystokinin cholescintigraphy predict outcome after cholecystectomy in suspected functional biliary pain?

Summary Background : Patients with suspected functional biliary pain often undergo cholecystectomy if a decreased gall-bladder ejection fraction (GBEF < 35%) is demonstrated by cholecystokinin cholescintigraphy. However, the validity of GBEF in predicting which patients will have symptomatic relief following cholecystectomy is unclear. Aim : To determine whether patients with suspected functional biliary pain with decreased GBEF have a better symptomatic outcome after cholecystectomy than those with normal GBEF. Methods : Systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature through MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Results : We included nine studies with a total of 974 patients with suspected functional biliary pain; 362 patients underwent cholecystectomy. Most studies assessed outcome by direct patient interview. Mean ages across the studies ranged from 35 to 47 years; 78% of all patients were female. Mean duration of follow-up after surgery ranged from 1 to 2.5 years. After cholecystectomy, 94% of the patients with reduced GBEF had a positive outcome compared to 85% among those with normal GBEF. The pooled Mantel–Haenszel odds ratio for positive outcome was 1.37 (95% confidence interval 0.56–3.34), P = 0.56. Conclusion : These data do not support the use of GBEF to select patients with suspected functional biliary pain for cholecystectomy. Prospective randomized trials are required if this practice is to be evidence-based.
Combined Lisfranc and medial cuneiform fracture dislocation

Lisfranc fracture dislocations are uncommon foot injuries and can be difficult to diagnose clinically and radiographically. Associated dislocation of the medial cuneiform is rare and also is difficult to diagnose. We present a case of combined Lisfranc and medial cuneiform fracture dislocation; the dislocation of the medial cuneiform was overlooked on initial radiographs. Subsequent CT examination showed the degree of midfoot disruption better than plain radiographs.
Cell death and diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Myocardial cell death is a key element in the pathogenesis and progression of various etiological cardiomyopathies such as ischemia-reperfusion, toxic exposure, and various chronic diseases including myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction. Myocardial cell death is also observed in the hearts of diabetic patients and antimal models; however, its importance in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy is not completely understood. The goal of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the characteristics of diabetes-induced myocardial cell death. In the search of themechanisms by which diabetes induces myocardial cell death, multiple cell death pathways have been proposed. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species accumulation plays a critical role in the cell death by antioxidants or inhibitors for apoptosis-specific signaling pathways results in a significant prevention of diabetic cardiotoxicity, suggesting that cell death in diabetic subjects plays an important role in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Is there occult tissue ischemia in chronic end‐stage liver disease?

Whether pathological oxygen supply dependency exists in patients with chronic end-stage liver disease (CESLD) is unknown, although the frequently occurring multiorgan dysfunction seen in these patients may be the result of occult tissue ischemia. In this study, 15 adult patients with CESLD were evaluated for the presence of pathological oxygen supply dependency and, thus, occult tissue ischemia before undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Whole-body oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured using indirect calorimetry at baseline, at reduced oxygen delivery (DO2) using positive end-expiratory pressure, and at increased DO2 using volume infusion. As a group, no significant increase or decrease in VO2 was observed with changes in DO2. However, 4 patients showed increases in VO2 of 14%, 10.8%, 9.6%, and 8.2% when DO2 was increased. The study results suggest that pathological oxygen supply dependency is present in a subset of patients with CESLD, and the existence of occult tissue ischemia is speculated.
CSF Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Personality Disorder: Relationship with Self-Reported Parental Care

This cross-sectional investigation tests the relationship between the level of self-reported childhood parental care and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) concentration in adults with and without personality disorder (PD). Based on preclinical models of the lasting effect of post-natal parental care on central CRF function, the primary hypothesis was that childhood parental care, as reflected by the parental bonding inventory (PBI) care and involvement subscale, is inversely correlated with adult CSF CRF levels. The sample includes cerebrospinal fluid CRF samples from 19 subjects who were included in a previously published report on the relationship between CRF level and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire score. Parental bonding was measured retrospectively with the PBI in 54 medication-free male and female subjects, 37 of whom were diagnosed with a DSM-IV PD, 17 of whom were normal controls free of Axis I and II psychopathology. CSF CRF level as measured by lumbar puncture was entered into a model as the dependent variable, with the independent variables of PBI Parental Care and Involvement, diagnostic category, age, and gender. The model predicting CSF CRF level was significant, with PBI parental care and involvement negatively correlated with CSF CRF level. PD subjects with higher than median PBI parental care and involvement score had significantly lower CSF CRF levels than both normal controls and PD subjects with lower than median PBI parental care and involvement. Higher levels of self-report parental care predict lower CSF CRF levels in PD subjects, consistent with a beneficial effect of parental care on decreased stress reactivity, and consistent with previous reports in humans. The cross-sectional design of the study, however, limits causal inferences.
A study of the weak interaction in SCO/He and SCO/N2 systems

The structure and energetics of the complexes formed between SCO/He and SCO/N2 were investigated using ab initio wave functions at both the SCF and correlated levels of theory with a medium-sized polarized basis set. The energy of the T-structure for SCO He was found to be lower than the energy of the corresponding linear complexes with He bonded to the oxygen or sulfur atoms. Two linear structures for SCO He were found to be nearly isoenergetic. There is only a small difference in energy between the T-structure for SCO N2 and the OCS NN colinear structure, with the T-structure being the lowest. The electron correlation contributions to the interaction energy were calculated using Moller–Plesset perturbation theory at the MP2, MP3 and SDTQ–MP4 levels. Analysis shows the importance of the triple excitations in these complexes. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The infectivity of Eimeria sporozoites recovered from Monensin medicated chickens 1

Summary Sporozoites of embryo‐adapted lines olEimeria tenella, E. brunetti and E. necatrix were recovered from monensin medicated chickens. The viability of these sporozoites was compared with that of sporozoites recovered from unmedicated birds by assessing their infectivity in chicken embryos. Sporozoites of the three species of Eimeria recovered from 100 parts/106 monensin‐medicated birds produced infections in embryos which were 94 to 98% less severe than infections resulting from the inoculation of sporozoites recovered from unmedicated chickens. A concomitant scanning electron microscope study revealed no apparent ultrastructural damage to the exposed sporozoites. Timed medication experiments in chickens showed that medication with monensin for the period covering sporozoite penetration in vivo was almost completely effective, being comparable to continuous medication. Medication started before infection (to ensure tissue concentrations of monensin) but terminating 5 to 7 hours before the oocysts we...
Synthesis and characterization of molybdate-modified platinum nanoparticles

We report the synthesis of Pt nanoparticles stabilized through the addition of molybdate. The resultant particles were smaller than uncapped Pt particles with average sizes in the 7.5–8.4 nm range. Evidence for an interaction between molybdate and platinum comes from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, XPS and CV measurements. The voltammetric features of the molybdate-stabilized Pt particles indicated an electrochemically accessible surface. Incorporation of additional molybdate and acid to the synthesis bath leads to post-synthetically modified Pt nanoparticles which feature a partially oligimerized molybdate overlayer.
SPECTROSCOPY OF CHLOROPHYLL IN BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC SYSTEMS

. –This review discusses recent spectroscopic studies aimed at discovering the structure, orientation, and function of chlorophyll in vivo. In plant membranes there appear to be at least two distinct types of chlorophyll a. The greater part, over 99%, is antenna chlorophyll which absorbs and transfers radiant energy to a few specialized chlorophyll molecules in a reaction center where the actual charge separation occurs. A dimer-oligomer model for antenna chlorophyll has been proposed on the basis of comparative studies of the absorption spectra of chlorophyll in various dry solvents and in vivo. Unfortunately a similarity between essentially structureless broad spectra is very weak evidence for their original identity. Also the requirement of an anhydrous environment for most of the chlorophyll in biological material is an unlikely postulate. A cross-linked, linear polymer model of chlorophyll in vivo has also been proposed. Recent Resonance Raman spectroscopic results appear to rule out, in large part, either polymer model and once again suggest that it is the various attachments of chlorophyll to proteins which determine its function as antenna pigment in vivo. Circular dichroism measurements of chlorophyll in various plant materials have also led to the conclusion that antenna chlorophyll has strong interaction with protein. However, some doubt still exists as to the interpretation of these CD results. New studies of fluorescence, polarized fluorescence and Resonance Raman spectroscopy of various plant species corroborate the original proposition, based upon deconvolution of absorption spectra, that antenna chlorophyll occurs in vivo in at least five discrete pools, and that each pool is likely to be located in the same environment in different plants. A new model-systems approach to simulating chlorophyll in vivo has come through the use of lipid bilayers and liposomes. Charge transfer has been observed between chlorophyll in a lipid phase and phycobiliproteins or cytochrome c. The most promising, newly synthesized model for the reaction center, P700, is a covalently bound dimeric derivative of pyrochlorophyllide a. Its properties are similar to P700 in several respects except for reversible photooxidation which has not yet been observed. By detergent treatments chlorophyll-protein complexes having about 20–40 chlorophyll a molecules for every P700 have been isolated from different plants, and their spectroscopic properties are under investigation in several laboratories. The several hypotheses to explain the shape of the oxidized minus reduced absorption difference spectrum of P700 have not yet been reconciled. The nature of the photosystem II reaction center chlorophyll, P680, is also a subject of active investigation. Its absorption difference spectrum appears to have two kinetic components.
Ion transporters for fluid reabsorption in the rooster (Gallus domesticus) epididymal region

Testicular fluid is highly condensed during its passage through the epididymal region in the avian species. In the present study, major ion transporters that are responsible for condensation mainly by water resorption in the reproductive tract as identified in the mammalian epididymis were localized within the rooster (Gallus domesticus) epididymis by immunohistochemistry. The results show that the efferent ductule epithelium expressed sodium-potassium ATPase (Na(+),K(+)-ATPase), carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) and sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) and that the connecting ductule and epididymal duct epithelia expressed Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and CAII. These data suggest that a model proposed for reabsorption in mammalian efferent ductules can be applied to avian efferent ductules.
Assignment of the luminescing states of [Au(I)Ir(I)(CO)Cl(μ-dppm)2][PF6]

Abstract Excitation spectra, photoemission spectra, and phosphorescence decay times were measured on the title compound. Results are consistent with an Ir(I) → Au(I) orbital promotion leading to a lowest 1 A 1 state and a corresponding low-lying 3 A 1 term that splits into (B 1 , B 2 ) and A 2 states by spin-orbit coupling in approximate C 2v symmetry. Analysis of T -dependent decay times and emission polarization results indicates that the B 1 , B 2 states are nearly degenerate and lie ≈90 cm −1 above the A 2 state that is formally forbidden in C 2v . There is also quadratic dependence of the decay rate of the A 2 state on applied magnetic-field strength.
Mössbauer Measurements of Tin-Antimony Solid Solutions

The isomer shifts for both ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{121}$ and ${\mathrm{Sn}}^{119}$ nuclei have been measured in primary solid solutions of the Sb+Sn system. The experimental results show that the variation of isomer shift with concentration is much weaker than that from one insulating compound to another. This indicates that an increase in the number of electrons per atom hardly changes the number of $5s$ electrons.
Functional genomics in rat models of hypertension: using differential expression and congenic strains to identify and evaluate candidate genes.

Hypertension is a leading contributor to cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of hypertension. Animal models have been developed to study the genetic contributions to blood pressure (BP) regulation and to identify chromosomal regions harboring candidate genes causative of differences in BP regulation (i.e., BP quantitative trait loci [QTL]). Advances in both mammalian genome projects and global gene expression analysis present opportunities to study functional genomics in these animal models. In this article, novel approaches for designing experiments and interpreting global gene expression data using the Dahl salt-sensitive hypertension rat model are presented. We describe two-step screening protocols that can be used to identify BP QTL candidate genes. Genetically determined expression differences are identified in the target organs of inbred strains of contrasting phenotype in the first screen. Expression patterns in a panel of congenic strains or expression differences stemming from gene x environment interactions are examined in the second screen. Chromosomal locations of these genes can then be examined to determine whether they map to BP QTL-containing regions. Another approach is to study the expression of genes identified from public databases to be located within BP QTL-containing congenic regions. Several candidate genes have been identified using these strategies.
Palatalization of Velars in the Nanking Dialect

Palatalization of velars before high front vowels is a general feature of the Chinese dialects usually classified as Mandarin. Attempts to date this process have been relatively few and have dealt primarily with Pekingese, where evidence for it has been found from the late eighteenth century. In the present paper, palatalization in Nankingese is traced in historical sources and an attempt is made to date it accurately. The conclusion is that the process occurred no earlier than the latter half of the nineteenth century, considerably later than the comparable development in Pekingese. It is also noted that the change seems to have begun primarily among educated speakers and was less advanced in other segments of the population as of c. 1900.
Reproductive responsibilities: rethinking the fetal rights debate.

The fetal rights debate has grown increasingly vitriolic in recent years. The animosity between those who attribute rights to the fetus from the moment of conception and those who argue that the rights of citizens can bestowed only upon those who have been born has created an impasse in a range of important public policy arenas. This article attempts to demonstrate that neither side of this debate provides a satisfactory answer to the question of what limits the state may legitimately place on the medical and behavioral choices of pregnant women. To move beyond the impasse created by the intransigent rhetoric of competing rights, this essay explores the related responsibilities of the expectant mother, the emergent family, and a liberal democratic state. It also applies this conception of reproductive responsibilities to policy issues pertaining to privacy, abortion, regulation of fertile women, and state intervention into parental decision-making.
Aerosol delivery of virulent Mycobacterium bovis to cattle

Setting: Although animal models of aerosol inoculation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis have been reported using laboratory animals, a model of aerosol delivery of M. bovis to cattle has not been reported previously. Objective: Develop and characterize a model of aerosol delivery of M. bovis to cattle, and compare the distribution of lesions in cattle infected with either of two different strains of M. bovis, one isolated from cattle (HC2005T), and the other isolated from white-tailed deer (1315). Design: Cattle (n=20, female and castrated males) aged 4 months, were infected with 1×103 (n=5) or 1×105 (n=5) colony-forming units (CFU) of M. bovis 1315 or 1×103 (n=5) or 1×105 (n=5) CFU of M. bovis HC2005T. Calves were infected using a commercially available aerosol delivery system. One hundred fifty-five days after infection, calves were euthanized, examined and tissues collected for microscopic analysis and bacteriologic culture. Results: Nineteen of 20 calves developed tuberculosis. Typical tuberculous lesions were most pronounced in the lungs and tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes. Conclusion: The system described provides a reliable method of aerosol delivery of M. bovis to cattle. Lesion distribution suggests that the aerosolized inoculum was delivered deep into pulmonary alveoli and thus represents true aerosol exposure. Disease was more severe in groups receiving the highest dose of either inoculum strain; however, differences between strains were not seen. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Generation of intense ultrashort x-ray pulses

Modeling of x-ray emission from targets heated by an ultrashort-pulse high-intensity optical laser is discussed. One application, using the emitted x rays, is pumping inner-shell photo- ionized x-ray lasers. Short wavelength lasing ((lambda) <EQ 15 angstrom) requires fast rise- time 1 - 3 keV x rays to ionize inner K-shell electrons. It has been shown that structured targets, consisting of grooves on a solid material or a composite of clusters, have high absorption. We model grooved targets as an ensemble of exploding foils finding that the rise time of x rays is rapid enough for pumping inner-shell x-ray lasers. We show that simple atomic models can overestimate the energy in x-ray emission bands: High-Z materials are found to have the highest conversion efficiency but mid-Z materials can be used to provide a band of emission at a particular energy. We show that the pondermotive inhibition of expansion has only a small effect on the x-ray emission.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Management of Psychiatric Disease in Hepatitis C Treatment Candidates

Depression and other influences on mental health can impact antiviral response rates during chronic hepatitis C treatment, the quality of life for these patients, and the risk for adverse outcomes such as suicide. Enhanced treatment outcomes for patients who are receiving interferon-α requires 1) addressing preexisting mental health problems, 2) alleviating psychiatric conditions that emerge during treatment, and 3) prediction and prevention of these conditions. Accumulating evidence indicates that these three goals are feasible. Collaborative involvement of psychiatric management may often be critical in this regard.
Centralized Model of Human Milk Preparation and Storage in a State-of-the-Art Human Milk Lab

Strategies to ensure safe handling and administration of human milk for sick, hospitalized infants are necessary to avoid compromising the integrity of the milk and to prevent administration to the...
Robust stability and performance analysis for linear dynamic systems

In a recent paper K. Zhou and P.P. Khargonekar (ibid., vol.AC-32, pp.621-623, 1987) obtained sufficient conditions for robust stability over specified sets of matrix perturbations. These results are here extended to include performance bounds. Performance is defined as the worst-case expected value of a quadratic functional involving the state variables when the system is subjected to white noise disturbances. The results are illustrated by considering the gain margin of both an LQG controller and a robustified design obtained by D.S. Bernstein and S.W. Greeley (1986) for J.C. Doyle's examples. >
Effects of Desmethylclozapine on Fos Protein Expression in the Forebrain: In Vivo Biological Activity of the Clozapine Metabolite

Several products of the hepatic metabolism of clozapine are found in high concentrations in the plasma of schizophrenic patients treated with this atypical antipsychotic drug. One of these metabolites, N-desmethylclozapine, has substantially different affinities for dopamine and serotonin metabolites than does the parent compound. However, it is not known if this metabolite is active in vivo. We examined the effect of acute administration of desmethylclozapine to rats on forebrain Fos protein expression. Clozapine induces expression of this immediate-early gene in a distinct regional pattern in the brain. Desmethylclozapine significantly increased Fos protein expression in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, but not in the dorsolateral striatum, thus mirroring the effects of the parent compound. These data indicate that the desmethyl metabolite of clozapine has in vivo biological activity.
Joan of Arc in America

Joan of Arc as cultural phenomenon is surprisingly present during this millennial era. The fascination with Joan's story reveals, I believe, a nostalgia for certainty in what is frequently (and loosely) called the postmodern era. There is something about Joan of Arc that appeals to the present obsession with blurred boundaries, and thus with the collapse of "clear" categories (of subjectivity, gender, power, the historical Church, and so on). At the same time, however, Joan's story tantalizes us today because of its unexplained passion and conviction. It seems to presuppose an unacknowledged apodictic which, for secular writers of contemporary theory, both confounds and attracts us. In this essay, I would like to contextualize aspects of Joan as instances of what might be called the "vestigial" traces of the issues she complicates. Metaphor and historical context are here to be understood as symbiotic. On October 13th 1996, the Associated Press ran the following article:
Behavioral case consultation with parents and teachers: An example using differential reinforcement to treat psychogenic cough

Abstract This study presents a demonstration of successful behavioral case consultation combined with case study methodology in the treatment of a 13-year-old female who presented with a brief history of psychogenic cough. Psychogenic cough is diagnosed when there is no organic or physiologic basis for the repeated, harsh coughing. We first present a brief review of treatments for psychogenic cough and then describe how we used differential reinforcement of low rate responding (DRL) and differential reinforcement of zero responding (DRO) within an A-B-C design. The DRL schedule produced significant decreases in coughing but plateaued at about one-third the baseline rate. Thereafter, a DRO schedule was employed which resulted in complete and lasting elimination of coughing. Discussion focuses on the limitations of case study methodology as well as its usefulness for conducting service related research in the schools, implications of some of the findings for practitioners, and other issues related to treatment.
Solubilization and functional reconstitution of the protein-translocation enzymes of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The SecY protein and other membrane proteins of Escherichia coli were solubilized by mixed micelles of n-octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside, phospholipids, and glycerol. Proteoliposomes formed from this extract by detergent dialysis supported energy-dependent translocation and processing of pro-OmpA. Translocation required ATP, SecY, and SecA and was stimulated by a proton-motive force. These results provide an important assay for the isolation and identification of membrane components involved in protein translocation.
The role of air turbulence in warm rain initiation

Quantitative parameterization of turbulent collision of cloud droplets represents a major unsolved problem in cloud physics. Here a hybrid direct simulation tool is used specifically to quantify the turbulent enhancement of the gravitational collision-coalescence. Simulation results show that air turbulence can enhance the collision kernel by an average factor of about 2, and the observed trends are supported by scaling arguments. An impact study using the most realistic collection kernel suggests that cloud turbulence can significantly reduce the time for warm rain initiation. Areas for further development of the hybrid simulation and the impact study are indicated. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Extension of 248-nm optical lithography: a thin film imaging approach

A negative-tone bilayer thin film imaged (TFI) resist has been developed for extension of 248 nm optical lithography to sub-150 nm regime. The bilayer TFI resist system consists of a thin (0.2 um) silicon containing top imaging layer and a thick (0.7 - 0.8 um) highly absorbing organic underlayer. The chemically amplified negative-tone top layer resist comprises of three major components: an aqueous base soluble silicon containing polymer, poly(hydroxybenzylsilsesquioxane); a crosslinking agent; and a photoacid generator. The highly absorptive underlayer is a hard baked novolak resist or a DUV ARC. Imaging of the top layer resist has shown resolutions down to 137.5 nm for line/space features and 130 nm for isolated features with 248 nm exposure tools and chrome on glass masks. The O2 reactive ion etch (RIE) selectively of the top layers versus a novolak underlayer is more than 25:1 as a result of the high silicon content in the silicon containing polymer. Furthermore, residue-free and nearly vertical wall profile image transfer to the underlayer has been achieved with RIE. Application of the negative-tone bilayer resist to 150 nm Gbit DRAM critical level lithography has been demonstrated. Resist line edge roughness is also discussed.
A Test of Buck's Prime Number Coding Scheme

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of coding, as an independent variable, on the information retrieval process. A simple prime number coding scheme was utilized in conjunction with Goffman's indirect method file structuring and searching technique. The results demonstrated that a code, in itself, can affect retrieval. It introduces a noticeable variable into the process. Generally, coding has been considered a minor element, but clearly much more needs to be learned about how codes interact with the other functions in the retrieval system.
Linoleic acid, cis-epoxyoctadecenoic acids, and dihydroxyoctadecadienoic acids are toxic to Sf-21 cells in the absence of albumin.

Conversion of 12,13-cis-epoxyoctadecenoic acid (12,13-EOA) to 12,13-dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid (12,13-DHOA) by soluble epoxide hydrolase has been suggested to be a critical step in mediating the toxicity of epoxidized linoleic acid. The current study tests the hypothesis that low levels of albumin in the normal culturing media of Sf-21 cells can protect these cells from exposures to 12,13-EOA, but not 12,13-DHOA. In albumin-free media, Sf-21 cells exposed to 100 μM 12,13-EOA, and 12,13-DHOA for 1 min showed significant signs of mitochondrial dysfunction which led to cytotoxicity. The addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) at a concentration (3 μM) found in normal serum-supplemented media protected Sf-21 cells exposed to 12,13-EOA, but not 12,13-DHOA while BSA (500 μM) fully protected Sf-21 cells exposed to these fatty acids. These data resolve previous discrepancies observed among in vitro models and help clarify our understanding of how these metabolites affect human health.
Evolutionary distances in Hawaiian Drosophila measured by DNA reassociation.

Comparisons of the sequence divergence of three species of Hawaiian Drosophila have been made by hybridization of single-copy tracer DNA of each of the species with driver DNA from each species, and measurement of the average melting temperature (Tma) in a chaotropic solvent (2.4 M tetraethylammonium chloride) which minimizes differences due to base composition. Correction was made for the length of hybrid duplex regions to obtain the reduction in thermal stability due to divergence. An accuracy of ± 0.2°C was achieved and the mean reduction in Tm for hybridization betweenD. heteroneura andD. silvestris (found only on the island of Hawaii) was 0.55°C and betweenD. picticornis, found only on the island of Kauai, and the other two species was 2.13°C. The rate of DNA change is estimated to be between 0.2 and 0.4%/My by assuming that theD. heteroneura-D. silvestris divergence occurred 0.8 My ago and the divergence between these species andD. picticornis between 4 and 6 My ago. The general single copy DNA sequence divergence appears to be very much greater than the minimal coding region sequence divergence previously estimated from allozyme studies.
Millimetre Wave Emission by Interstellar Dust

IF the interstellar grains consist of material resembling a semiconductor with a d.c. conductivity σ in the range 0.01 to 10 Ω−1 cm−1, then there may be large optical depths for millimetre and submillimetre waves due to grains. Thus dense clouds or condensations within them may be significant blackbody radiators at these wavelengths because of the grains. Because the grains may have amorphous but not glassy structure, or contain impurities and lattice defects even if the structure should be well ordered, such conductivities for the grains are highly probable1,2.
Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography – By David S. Brown

During the 1937 filming of the unfinished I, Claudius, lead actor Charles Laughton muttered “I can't find the man” as he stalked around the set. He realized that there exists a vital, perhaps indis...
Shear wave speed measurement using repeated short push pulses

Measurement of shear wave propagation speed in tissues has clinical significance of indicating tissue stiffness and health state. Shear waves are usually produced by a high voltage, long duration ultrasound push beam. Many ultrasound scanners cannot produce such push beams due to power droop of the transmit circuitry. We propose using repeated short push pulses instead to generate shear waves. The waveform of such shear wave is separated into a push and a release shear wave as the collective push duration increases. Shear wave magnitudes and speeds in phantoms produced by different numbers and repetition intervals of short pulses were studied and the speeds were compared with 1D transient elastography results. The method was further validated using in vivo biceps measurements from a healthy volunteer. Results show accurate shear wave speed can be measured from shear waves produced by multiple short push pulses. Such short Doppler-like pulses could be used by conventional and low-end ultrasound scanners to do shear wave measurement.
Does peripheral blood further enhance hematopoietic recovery after autologous bone narrow transplantation and post transplantation recombinant growth factor

To determine if peripheral blood cells (PBC) apheresed following mobilization with chemotherapy and recombinant growth factor further enhances hematopoietic recovery over that achieved with autologous bone marrow (ABM) and recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) ÷ 14 patients with metastatic solid tumors were supported by ABM and GM-CSF during the first course of high doses of cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and cisplatin (CVP) and by mobilized PBC with ABM and GM-CSF during the second course. Each patient served as his or her own control. Identical doses of CVP were given in both courses: cyclophosphamide 5.25 g/m2, etoposide 1200 mg/m2, and cisplatin 165–180 mg/m2. PBC were collected on day 10 after mobilization with cyclophosphamide intravenously (IV) and doxorubicin and GM-CSF as a daily four-hour IV infusion at 0.6 mg/m2 for 14 days. The duration of absolute neutropenia under 0.1 × 109/L was not statistically significant between cycles but platelet recovery to both 0.02 × 1012/L and 0.05 × 1012/L was enhanced. Additional studies on different approaches to further enhance the reconstitutive powers of peripheral blood with lesser toxicity include studies with G-CSF administration and combination GM-CSF and G-CSF for six days prior to apheresis. These approaches were equivalent to chemotherapy and growth factors but were less toxic.
Scaling of park trail length and visitation with park area: conservation implications

Analysis of 688 state parks and 41 national parks shows that total trail length in a park has a significant decelerating scaling relationship with park area. Larger parks have much lower trail densities (less trail per acre) than smaller parks. A decelerating scaling pattern is also found when the number of annual visitors is regressed onto park area. Larger parks have fewer visitors per acre of park. Since trails and visitors are major sources of disturbance for many species of wildlife and plants in most reserves, these scaling patterns have important conservation implications.
Homocysteine theory of arteriosclerosis

Arteriosclerotic plaques were found in the aorta and arteries of rabbits given homocysteine thiolactone, methionine or homocysteic acid, both parenterally and in a synthetic diet. Animals given large doses of parenteral methionine or homocysteine thiolactone died of pulmonary embolism and pulmonary infarct. Pyridoxine prevented thrombosis and pulmonary embolism but did not prevent arteriosclerotic plaques. These findings and previous work, showing a new matabolic pathway for sulfate ester synthesis from methionine, the somatotrophic activity of homocysteic acid, and control of cellular growth and intercellular matrix synthesis by homocysteine derivatives, suggest a theory to explain aspects of the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis.
Effect of surgical and chemical in ovo bursectomy on hatchability, mortality rate, and antibody response in hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys.

Abstract The effect of in ovo bursectomy on hatchability, mortality rate, and antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was studied in hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys. Experiments were conducted to assess the optimal time to perform surgical in ovo bursectomy in turkey embryos for the lowest mortality rate. Factors such as the ease of operation, hatchability, and least deaths were considered. Surgical bursectomies at 25, 24, 23, and 22 day embryonation resulted in 75, 20, 0, and 10% hatchability, respectively. The surgical procedure performed at 25-day embryonation resulted in superior hatchability and ease of operation, and it was less traumatic as evidenced by fewer deaths. The hatchability of embryos injected with testosterone (TE) at 15 days incubation was 55%. Birds subjected to surgery or chemical treatment had increased mortality rates. Cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment at 1 and 2 days posthatch caused a significant increase in deaths over groups not treated with CY. Both primary and secondary KLH responses were significantly lower in bursectomized and TE-injected groups, than in shamoperated or nonoperated control groups.
Development of an actuator power factor meter for experimental determination of the optimal actuator location on complex structures

Actuator power factor, defined as the ratio of structural dissipative mechanical power to apparent supplied electrical power, describes the effectiveness of the integrated actuators to convert supplied electrical power to mechanical power which creates the intended structural response. A large actuator power factor in the frequency range of application indicates that the corresponding actuator (position) has a higher authority to excite its host structure in that frequency range than positions with a lower power factor. The use of acutator power factor provides an alternate tool in the determination of the optimal actuator locations and dimensions to theoretical calculations. More importantly, the power factor can be experimentally measured on large-scale complex structures, thereby eliminating the need for sophisticated theoretical modeling. The concept of an actuator power factor was first introduced by the authors (Liang et al., 1993a) and will be briefly described herein. The utility of using the actuator power factor in optimizing an actuator system will then be illustrated using a numerical case study. The hardware development of the actuator power factor meter will be presented. The application of actuator power factor meter for optimal experimental actuator placement will be discussed.
Ligand sorption and chromatographic separation of metals with XAD-2 resin

A macroreticular adsorbent (crosslinked copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene) is used as the solid support. Ligands immobilized to the resin via physical forces selectively form complexes with metal ions in the solution, thus achieving separation or preconcentration. The compounds studied are sodium tetraphenylboron, 1,10-phenanthroline, 8,8′(ethylenediimino)-diquinoline, 8-hydroxyquinoline and 5-chlorobenzotriazole. Since these agents possess properties of acids and bases, the pH of solution exerts great influence on the adsorption of ligands on the resin. pH-dependent studies on the distribution coefficient shows that, when conditions favor the existence of neutral species, the adsorption reaches maximum.
Common Sense and the Collaborative Production of Class

In the USA, economic inequality, while arguably one of the most material sites of `difference', is often one of the least visible. The presence and meaning of class in daily life may be more vague than at any other time in US history. This article examines how commonsense knowledge about class leads people to engage in practices that systematically disorganize the presence of social and economic capital. The over-arching analytical framework builds a performative analysis of class by situating the personal agency of talk within broader cultural discourses that shape and constrain possibilities for talk. I draw from ethnomethodology and post-structural discourse analysis to analyze talk about class in 1600 pages of transcript from interviews with 23 people. By linking the interpretive practices of talk in interviews to the circulation and repetition of cultural knowledge in discourses, I demonstrate how class identities are constituted through conditions not generally associated with economic processes.
Tracking Cows Wirelessly

A student team from NC State designed and built a prototype wireless network to monitor the milking and weighing of cows.
THE EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF SULPHAMETHOXAZOLE‐TRIMETHOPRIM COMPOUND IN CHILDHOOD URINARY INFECTIONS

SYNOPSIS Sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim combination was given to children suffering urinary tract infections and compared in a double blind fashion with sulphamethoxazole alone. The overall success rate 7 months after a 6 months’course of the above medications was 63% with sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim and 41.7% with sulphamethoxazole alone. This difference is not statistically significant. Both medications were administered for 6 months and no haematological abnormalities or other evidence of folic acid deficiency were noted.
WICS: A Model of Positive Educational Leadership Comprising Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity Synthesized.

Who are the people who become positive educational leaders? This essay presents WICS as a model of positive educational leadership. WICS stands for wisdom, intelligence, creativity, synthesized. Each of these elements is asserted to constitute one of the elements of educational leadership. Regrettably, our society is organized around a closed system of selection and talent development that emphasizes intelligence in a narrowly defined way that sometimes ignores its synthesis with creativity and wisdom.