cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk of sexual revictimization: A theoretical model.

Survivors of child sexual abuse suffer serious short- and long-term psychological consequences. Sexual revictimization as an adult is one of the consequences that has been reported. At present, there is no theoretical model identifying the risk factors that result in child sexual abuse survivors being at greater risk of experiencing an adult sexual assault. The proposed model is designed to integrate existing research, stimulate further empirical work, and eventually aid in the development of a program to prevent revictimization. The variables hypothesized to play a mediating role in the pathway to revictimization include: severe psychological symptoms as a consequence of the child sexual abuse, poor coping styles, an insecure attachment style, hyperfemininity, delinquent behavior, drug use, and high risk sexual behavior.
Les altérations histologiques observées au cours de la surveillance de l’endobrachyœsophage

Diverses modifications epitheliales s’observent sur l’epithelium de Barrett, qui est lui-meme une metaplasie post-inflammatoire. Les modifications les plus importantes sont les remaniements neoplasiques, en raison de leurs implications importantes du point de vue diagnostique, surveillance et pronostic. Le diagnostic d’une dysplasie de faible degre est souvent difficile, en raison du manque de clarte de la distinction histologique entre dysplasic veritable et epithelium regeneratif pseudodysplasique. Des lors, le concept d’epithelium « en dysplasie indeterminee » a nettement evolue. Chaque biopsie prelevee sur une muqueuse d’epithelium de Barrett a des implications sur la conduite de la surveillance, qui va du simple suivi de l’epithelium neoplasique a la surveillance stricte qui concerne les etats allant de l’epithelium indetermine a la resection pour carcinome.
Induction of human immunodeficiency virus 1 replication by human herpesvirus 8.

Abstract Background.—Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1)–infected individuals are commonly infected with herpesviruses, including cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8, also known as Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus [KSHV]). Previous studies have demonstrated that coinfection with herpesviruses can modulate HIV-1 replication. This can occur either through direct interaction between the 2 viruses or through secondary effects resulting from the release of cellular factors in response to infection. Objective.—To investigate HIV-1 replication in the presence and absence of HHV-8. Design and Methods.—HIV-1 replication was analyzed following culture of HIV-1–infected CD4+ T cells in the presence of HHV-8 infected B-cell lines or control, uninfected B-cell lines. To confirm and extend the results of these in vitro studies, HIV-1–infected T cells were injected into human skin transplanted onto severe combined immunodeficient mice. The human skin was ...
The humanities are scientific: a reply to the defenses of economic neo-institutionalism

I reply to amiable criticisms by Greif, Mokyr, Langlois, Lawson, and Tabellini of my own criticism of neo-institutionalism. They say that ‘culture’ is included in neo-institutionalism – which is mistaken on any serious definition of culture, such as those involving ethics, rhetoric, ideology, and ideas. They also say that neo-institutionalism has advanced beyond Max U and Samuelsonian economics. That's also mistaken. They do not attend to the humanities, which as ‘humanomics’ can indeed acknowledge ‘culture’ and non-Max U. Their particular historical examples show the opposite of what they think is shown. Ideas, rhetoric, ethics changed, and had to change, before institutions mattered.
Action of Bufagins Isolated from Different Species of Toads

In the investigation of Ch'an Su, a commercial preparation of the venom of a Chinese toad, and the poisonous secretions of 10 additional species of toads collected from different parts of the world, the authors found variations in the potency, physical constants, and chemical composition of some of the principles that were isolated from them. The secretion of each species of the toads contains at least from 3 to 5 distinct principles that belong to 5 classes of compounds: cholesterol, epinephrine, bufagin, bufotoxin, and bufotenine.Cholesterol occurs in all of the secretions. Spectrographs examinations of several different samples showed the presence of ergosterol in various amounts. It has already been proved that after irradiation the sterol from Ch'an Su has an antirachitic action in rats.1Epinephrine occurs in B. marinus2Ch'an Su,3 and appears to be present in B. arenarum, B. regularis, B. formosus, and B. bufo gargarisans. The amount varies from 2 to 5% of the dried secretion.Bufagin is a word used g...
The Influence of Uniaxial Normal Stress on the Performance of Vertical Bipolar Transistors

In this paper, we have explored the response of bipolar junction transistors (BJT) to the controlled application of mechanical stress. Mechanical strains and stresses are developed during the fabrication, assembly and packaging of the integrated circuit (IC) chips. Due to these stresses and strains, it has been observed by many researchers that changes can occur in the electrical performance of both analog and digital devices. Stress-induced device parametric shifts affect the performance of analog circuits that depend upon precise matching of bipolar and/or MOS devices, and can cause them to operate out of specifications. In the past the authors have extensively investigated the stress effects on resistors embedded on integrated chips and were successful in characterizing die stresses for various packaging architectures. We have also observed stress effects on diodes, field effect transistors (FETs), van der Pauw structures and CMOS sensor arrays. In this present work, the stress dependence of the electrical behavior of bipolar transistors has been investigated. Test structures have been utilized to characterize the stress sensitivity of vertical bipolar devices fabricated on (100) silicon wafers. In the experiments, uniaxial normal stresses were applied to silicon wafer strips using a four-point-bending fixture. An approximate theory has also been developed for stress-induced changes in the current gain of bipolar junction transistors. Both the theoretical and experimental results show similar trend for DC current gain vs. stress plots. Multi-Physics based finite element simulations (coupled electro-mechanical-thermal) have been performed to understand the device level mechanisms that cause the stress induced changes in the BJTs and also to characterize and model stress dependence of fundamental silicon material parameters such as bandgap, intrinsic carrier concentration, and electron/hole mobilities. In the future, the developed formulations can be applied to theoretically optimize transistor design, placement, orientation, and processing to minimize the impact of fabrication and packaging induced die stresses.© 2013 ASME
A Gum-Inducing Diplodia of Peach and Orange

(1911). A Gum-Inducing Diplodia of Peach and Orange. Mycologia: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 151-153.
APOE ε4 and the Associations of Seafood and Long-Chain omega-3 Fatty Acids With Cognitive Decline

Objective: To examine the association between consumption of seafood and long-chain n-3 fatty acids with change in 5 cognitive domains over an average of 4.9 years. Methods: From an ongoing longitudinal, community-based epidemiologic study of aging and dementia (the Rush Memory and Aging Project), we included 915 participants (age 81.4 ± 7.2 years, 25% men) who had completed at least one follow-up cognitive assessment and dietary data. Diet was assessed by semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Scores for global cognitive function and 5 cognitive domains (episodic, semantic, and working memory, perceptual speed, and visuospatial ability) were assessed using 19 cognitive tests. Mixed models adjusted for multiple risk factors of cognitive change were used to assess the associations. Results: Consumption of seafood was associated with slower decline in semantic memory (β = 0.024; p = 0.03) and perceptual speed (β = 0.020; p = 0.05) in separate models adjusted for age, sex, education, participation in cognitive activities, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, and total energy intake. In secondary analyses, APOE e4 carriers demonstrated slower rates of decline in global cognition and in multiple cognitive domains with weekly seafood consumption and with moderate to high long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake from food. These associations were not present in APOE e4 noncarriers. Higher intake levels of α-linolenic acid were associated with slower global cognitive decline, but also only in APOE e4 carriers. Conclusions: These results suggest protective relations of one meal per week of seafood and long-chain n-3 fatty acids against decline in multiple cognitive domains. The role of APOE e4 in this association needs further study.
Temperature Sensitivity and Shape Optimization of Solid-State Wave Gyroscopes

We analyze the change of angular gain and vibration frequency of the solid-state wave gyroscopes as a result of geometry perturbations due to thermal expansion. We analyze sensitivity of the device to the thermal expansion effects by an isoparametric finite-element analysis method, and we analyze the sensitivity to thermal changes in the material properties assuming a linear dependence on temperature. We quantify these sensitivities for common device geometries, and use our analysis as the basis for a local optimization problem that minimizes the temperature sensitivity as a function of device shape.
Communication and Community: Clarifying the Connection Across the Communication Community

Community is a compelling, but elusive, concept that spans many areas of the communication discipline and methodologies employed by communication scholars. However, no systematic attempt has been made to synthesize studies of community across the communication discipline. This state-of-the-discipline review examines contemporary empirical communication research studies to reveal ways in which community, and its relationship to communication, have been conceived and operational-ized. Examining this literature clarifies the concept of community and its connection to communication and suggests profitable directions for future research.
Abstract 3621: Deubiquitination of AXIN1 by USP9X promotes apoptosis in melanoma in response to BRAF or MEK inhibition

The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is important in development, transformation and self-renewal of various tissues and tumors. In contrast, Wnt/β-catenin signaling appears to play a paradoxical role in melanoma where its activation is anti-oncogenic and a marker of good prognosis. Previous studies have shown that activation of the NRAS/BRAF/MEK pathway suppresses Wnt/β-catenin signaling and reduces apoptotic sensitivity to BRAF or MEK inhibitors in melanoma. MEK pathway activation stabilized AXIN1, a Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor, in some melanoma cell lines through a proteasome-dependent process and co-treatment with Wnt3A and BRAF/MEK kinase inhibitors resulted in a reduction of AXIN1 and full activation of apoptosis. Further, AXIN1 knockdown sensitized BRAF/MEK inhibitor insensitive cells to kinase inhibition, providing a prominent role for AXIN1 in determining melanoma cell apoptotic responsiveness and exposing a potential mechanism for improving kinase inhibitor clinical activity. While AXIN1 protein levels appear to be regulated by ubiquitination, the enzymes involved in control of its ubiquitination or deubiquitination are not fully defined. Here we show that ubiquitin-specific peptidase 9, X-linked (USP9X), a deubiquitinating enzyme whose expression is elevated in melanoma, binds and deubiquitinates AXIN1. USP9X knockdown resulted in increased ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated depletion of AXIN1 (but not AXIN2), resulting in a reduction in AXIN1 cellular half-life. USP9X knockdown elevated β-catenin response genes (>2-fold) in melanoma cells treated with Wnt3A. USP9X depletion also increased apoptotic responsiveness to Wnt3A or BRAF/MEK inhibitor and overcame BRAF inhibitor resistance in A375R cells. In contrast, USP34 which was previously shown to regulate AXIN1 (and AXIN2) deubiquitination, did not alter AXIN1 levels or apoptotic responsiveness in melanoma. A previously identified small molecule USP9X inhibitor (EOAI3402143 or G9) replicated the effects of USP9X knockdown on AXIN1 depletion in vitro and in vivo, suppressed melanoma tumor growth in animals and fully blocked in vivo tumor growth when combined with BRAF kinase inhibitor. Thus, we identify USP9X as a potential therapeutic target in melanoma and established G9 as a lead compound for the development of AXIN1 depleting agents that may add to the targeted therapies already used in the treatment of melanoma. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Harish Potu, Luke F. Peterson, Malathi Kandarpa, Eric Fearon, Moshe Talpaz, Nicholas J. Donato. Deubiquitination of AXIN1 by USP9X promotes apoptosis in melanoma in response to BRAF or MEK inhibition. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3621. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3621
Memorial for Shigeho Sueno, 1937–2001

Shigeho Sueno, Fellow of the Mineralogical Society of America, passed away in Tsukuba, Japan, on March 11, 2001. At the date of his retirement in March 2000, he was a Professor of Mineralogy at the University of Tsukuba and was well known to many members of MSA and the international mineralogical community. He received his B.Sc. degree from Chiba University and his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Tokyo where he worked with Professor R. Sadanaga. In 1970, he accepted a postdoctoral appointment in the Department of Earth and Space Sciences at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. In a …
Challenging conceptions of young people as urban blight: street children and youth's ambiguous relationship with urban revitalization in Lima, Peru

Government officials, city planners and elites frequently position young people, especially street children and youth, as detrimental to revitalization, contributing to urban blight and needing removal. Through an examination of urban change in Lima, Peru, this article challenges the assumption that street children and youth exclusively detract from urban revitalization. Although many young people have been negatively affected by Lima’s revitalization, I argue that conflict does not tell the whole story. Street children and youths’ reactions are often more ambiguous than many assume, and young people may even be central to some efforts to improve urban space. Further, an examination of street children and youths’ informal and formal efforts to negotiate public space reveals the importance of relationships to perceptions of urban change and the success of various urban revitalization efforts. Such relationships are often overlooked in binaries that represent street children and youth as either a problem or...
Planned Subtotal Resection of Vestibular Schwannoma Differs from the Ideal Radiosurgical Target Defined by Adaptive Hybrid Surgery.

Objective To retrospectively compare ideal radiosurgical target volumes defined by a manual method (surgeon) to those determined by Adaptive Hybrid Surgery (AHS) operative planning software in 7 patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS). Methods Four attending surgeons (3 neurosurgeons and 1 ear, nose, and throat surgeon) manually contoured planned residual tumors volumes for 7 consecutive patients with VS. Next, the AHS software determined the ideal radiosurgical target volumes based on a specified radiotherapy plan. Our primary measure was the difference between the average planned residual tumor volumes and the ideal radiosurgical target volumes defined by AHS (dRVAHS-planned). Results We included 7 consecutive patients with VS in this study. The planned residual tumor volumes were smaller than the ideal radiosurgical target volumes defined by AHS (1.6 vs. 4.5 cm3, P = 0.004). On average, the actual post-operative residual tumor volumes were smaller than the ideal radiosurgical target volumes defined by AHS (2.2 cm3 vs. 4.5 cm3; P = 0.02). The average difference between the ideal radiosurgical target volume defined by AHS and the planned residual tumor volume (dRVAHS-planned) was 2.9 ± 1.7 cm3, and we observed a trend toward larger dRVAHS-planned in patients who lost serviceable facial nerve function compared with patients who maintained serviceable facial nerve function (4.7 cm3 vs. 1.9 cm3; P = 0.06). Conclusions Planned subtotal resection of VS diverges from the ideal radiosurgical target defined by AHS, but whether that influences clinical outcomes is unclear.
Common sense: Its uses, misuses, and pitfalls

ABSTRACT“Common sense” is ubiquitous in most discourse, including the psychoanalytic process. It is comprised of multiple different forms of thinking which have certain similarities of organization. Its appearance in interpersonal discourse evokes typical affects, fantasies, and intersubjective experiences, which I call “the feeling of common sense”. Because of its underlying conceptual structure and its powerful affective and intersubjective components, as well as the underlying conceptual organization of the various forms of thinking associated with it, common sense can have a variety of different functions in the analytic process; some serve its forward movement, while others function, in various ways, as impediments which need to be understood and unravelled. Such understanding sheds light not only on the patient’s internal dynamics, but the analyst’s collusive participation in enactments at many levels. Such awareness may shape the analyst’s technical decisions as much as the content of his or her in...
A History of Breast Reconstruction Following Mastectomy

Breast reconstruction has had a period of rapid development during the past 25 years. In the late 1970s, the reliability and quality of breast reduction following mastectomy were very suboptimal. During the quarter of a century, reconstruction has become very reliable and has a very high acceptance rate among patients.
THE IMPACT OF AIRLINE SERVICE FAILURES ON TRAVELERS' CARRIER CHOICE: A CASE STUDY OF CENTRAL IOWA

This study examines air travelers' carrier choices in the context of their experience of past airline service failures, such as seat denials, flight delays, and baggage mishandling. Testing this "service-carryover" effect in airline choice models is of great interest to carriers in determining how their performance will affect potential customers in the future. But no empirical work on this topic has been conducted to date. There have been attempts to capture the effect of flight delays, using publicly available on-time data for carriers, but nothing using the passengers' experience and how that affects their decisions. There are two possible hypotheses, one, that any service failure will have some kind of negative effect on the traveler's decision to use that carrier in the future, or, two, that it won't have any effect because past performance is not a reliable predictor of future performance. These are termed the loss aversion hypothesis and the no-service-carryover hypothesis. Using survey data of passengers in central Iowa, the authors estimated a discrete-choice model of selection that incorporates service-carryover effects. The intent is not to derive implications that can be generalized for all airlines and regions. This is considered a case study of a particular region and an initial modeling attempt. Describes, the model, the survey and methodology and airline attributes. Initial findings suggest that negative experiences have a minimal effect on carrier choice, consistent with the random utility theory. Limitations of the study are described as are avenues for future research.
Books of the Next Generation — Reading on the Electronic Frontier

Today reading has successfully made the transition from paper to the dynamic medium of the computer screen and is becoming a common experience in the world of electronic media. And while the computer industry does everything to convince us that multimedia, will be the glorious future of electronic communication we convey most of our concepts by writing and reading, be it on the computer, be it on paper. The electronic book as a platform to read on a dynamic medium is still in a very early stage both in software and hardware and may look dramatically different from what we expect it to be at this stage. Still the book is the primary source for text and thus a container of memory.
Analysis of utility-theoretic heuristics for intelligent adaptive network routing

Utility theory offers an elegant and powerful theoretical framework for design and analysis of autonomous adaptive communication networks. Routing of messages in such networks presents a real-time instance of a multi-criterion optimization problem in a dynamic and uncertain environment. In this paper, we incrementally develop a set of heuristic decision functions that can be used to guide messages along a near-optimal (e.g., minimum delay) path in a large network. We present an analysis of properties of such heuristics under a set of simplifying assumptions about the network topology and load dynamics and identify the conditions under which they are guaranteed to route messages along an optimal path. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relevance of the theoretical results presented in the paper to the design of intelligent autonomous adaptive communication networks and an outline of some directions of future research.
Dynamic Simulation for Vehicle Virtual Prototyping

Virtual prototyping is a key element in emerging simulation-based Integrated Product and Process Development (IPPD) frameworks for vehicles and other human-operated mechanical equipment. Virtual prototyping simulation can allow evaluation of design alternatives in the hands of a human operator at relatively early stages of the product development process. It thus provides a fundamentally new capability to investigate human factor-based design issues. A key requirement of operator-in-the-loop virtual prototyping is the ability to simulate the behavior of the mechanical system in real-time, at a level of fidelity sufficient to insure valid human-machine interaction and to support the associated engineering design and analysis functions. Modern recursive multibody dynamics formulations have been developed that can achieve real-time performance for detailed vehicle models, using advanced parallel processing computing methods. These dynamics formulations, augmented with appropriate models of vehicle subsystems (tires, steering system, powertrain, etc.) can achieve a level of fidelity and real-time performance sufficient to support engineering virtual prototyping applications. As such, they provide the foundation for advanced ground vehicle simulators that can provide a comprehensive operator-in-the-loop virtual prototyping capability to support the IPPD process.
A circuit of protein-protein regulatory interactions enables polarity establishment in a bacterium

Abstract Asymmetric cell division generates specialized daughter cells that play a variety of roles including tissue morphogenesis in eukaryotes and pathogenesis in bacteria. In the gram-negative bacterium Caulobacter crescentus, asymmetric localization of two biochemically distinct signaling hubs at opposite cell poles provides the foundation for asymmetric cell division. Through a set of genetic, synthetic biology and biochemical approaches we have characterized the regulatory interactions between three scaffolding proteins. These studies have revealed that the scaffold protein PodJ functions as a central mediator for organizing the new cell signaling hub, including promoting bipolarization of the central developmental scaffold protein PopZ. In addition, we identified that the old pole scaffold SpmX serves as a negative regulator of PodJ subcellular accumulation. These two scaffold-scaffold regulatory interactions serve as the core of an integrated cell polarization circuit that is layered on top of the cell-cycle circuitry to coordinate cell differentiation and asymmetric cell division.
Chapter 21 – Family Filoviridae

The family Filoviridae includes the genera Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus, and Cuevavirus. Ebola virus and Marburg virus can cause severe, often lethal, hemorrhagic fever in humans. Filoviruses (member of the order Mononegavirales) are enveloped viruses with unsegmented, negative-strand RNA genomes. They are notable for their bizarre filamentous shapes with virions that range in length from 800 to 1200 nm. As many filoviruses have the potential to cause severe disease, and there are no licensed vaccines, their study is restricted to high security, high containment laboratories. Filoviruses can infect many different cell types including fibroblasts, epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells. Infection is cytopathic resulting in formation of necrotic lesions in affected organs. Severe infections appear to be caused by the ability of filoviruses to overwhelm innate immune responses to produce large quantities of virus in symptomatic individuals. Viral hemorrhagic fever is a common outcome and is probably caused by a combination of factors that include liver damage, coagulopathies, leaky blood vessels and high levels of proinflammatory mediators. A historic outbreak of human EBOV infection occurred in West Africa from 2013 to 2016. It was eventually brought under control, but not before causing over 28,000 infections with 11,325 deaths.
Using teleconsultation to teach expressive number discrimination through stimulus fading and reinforcement

AbstractStrategies such as reinforcement and stimulus fading have been shown to be effective in the acquisition of skills, particularly for individuals with developmental disabilities. Teleconsulta...
The Nature of Economics

We all have unsatisfied wants. Just ask yourself if there is something that you would like to have but have not been able to afford? You can also ask your parents, friends and even strangers. They will all agree that they have unsatisfied wants. Some of us may think that the very rich have everything. But we cannot be sure they have everything they want. In fact they would tell you that there are many things they want but have to do without. The message is quite simple. On the issues of aspirations, tastes, preferences, desires and feelings, we can only speak for ourselves. And speaking for ourselves, we all have unsatisfied wants.
Long-term outcomes among injured older adults transported by emergency medical services.

Abstract Introduction/Objective: Little is known about the long-term outcomes of injured older adults cared for in trauma systems. We sought to describe mortality and causes of death over time, and the independent association of injury severity, comorbidities, and other factors on 12-month mortality among injured older adults transported by emergency medical services (EMS). Materials and Methods: This was a population-based cohort study of injured adults ≥ 65 years in the United States transported by 44 EMS agencies to 51 hospitals from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2011, with 12-month follow-up through December 31, 2012. The primary outcomes were time to death and causes of death. We used descriptive statistics and Cox proportional hazards models to generate adjusted hazard ratios (HR). Results: 15,649 injured older adults were transported by EMS, frequently after a fall (84.5%). Serious injuries (Injury Severity Score [ISS] ≥ 16) occurred in 3.5%, with serious extremity injury (Abbreviated Injury Scale score ≥ 3) being most common (17.8%). Mortality rates were: 1.6% in-hospital, 5.1% at 30 days, 9.4% at 90 days and 20.3% at 1 year. The adjusted HR for patients in the highest comorbidity quartile was 2.20 (versus lowest quartile, 95% CI 1.97–2.46, p Conclusions: Injury requiring EMS transport is a sentinel event among older adults, with death typically occurring months later, often due to cardiovascular causes and dementia. A heavy comorbidity burden had an adjusted mortality risk comparable to severe injury.
The role of endoscopy in uveitic eyes

In cases where loss of visualization the ability to accomplish surgical goals, hybrid endoscopic vitrectomy is a valid option where an endoscope is combined with a traditional microscopic wide angle viewing system. This may also be done with a three dimensional heads-up display where the endoscopic view is reported on the same monitor as the wide field microscopic view. Endoscopy remains a useful adjunctive technique in several clinical scenarios which may be encountered in uveitic retinal detachment or endophthalmitis. For those interested in pursuing ophthalmic endoscopy, additional information, techniques and animated programs and videos are available on a free educational website, ophthalmicedge.org.
Challenges and Lessons Learned From Digital Storytelling With Parenting Women in Recovery.

With the national increase in opioid use disorder among pregnant and parenting women, innovative mechanisms are being utilized to engage with mothers to build social support and promote recovery. T...
Determinants of land value volatility in the U.S. Corn Belt

Understanding land value volatility and its reaction to exogenous shocks helps land owners, investors, and lenders assess risk. Land value volatility, the variance of the unpredictable component of...
Top-gated atomic precision phosphorous doped silicon single electron transistor with low thermal budget gate dielectric

Exponential increases in semiconductor device density have been accompanied by exponential increases in tooling costs for successive generations. Atomically precise devices (APDs) present a comparatively cheap opportunity to assess future device technologies without the investment required to reach manufacturing scales. However, APDs are not easily integrated into standard workflows and require re-development of common device elements to be compatible with the atomically precise components. APDs prepared in a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) via H desorption lithography [1], [2] produce atomically abrupt dopant profiles, but require a bare silicon surface to start the process and restrict the post-processing thermal budget to $\sim 350^{\mathrm{o}}\mathrm{C}$ to prevent dopant diffusion. This prohibits including surface dielectrics in advance of dopant incorporation and permits only deposited oxides in post-processing. Here, we demonstrate for the first time a surface gate incorporating widely available atomic layer deposition (ALD) Al 2 O 3 oxide with APDs made using H lithography and P doping. Fig. 1 shows a schematic (a), an STM image (b) and an optical image (c) of a single electron transistor (SET) processed using previously described methods for P incorporation and Si cap growth at low temperature (LT) [3]. The ALD gate oxide was deposited at 250°C, followed by electron beam lithography to define the metal gate, and photolithography for contact vias and metal fan-out. The SET, though an unconventional device, provides a straightforward path to analyzing energy scales and electrostatics.
“Nature Cannot Be Fooled”: A Dual-Equilibrium Simulation of Climate Change:

Although organizational scholars and social scientists have recently called for the integration of the natural environment into management theories, natural scientists have long espoused integrativ...
Openness to Christianity among Chinese Graduate Students Who Attended a U.S. Christian University: A Grounded Theory Study

More than 300,000 Chinese students attend U.S. universities annually (USDHS, 2018), many of whom reportedly “Leave China, Study in America, Find Jesus” (Zhang, 2016). However, research on this phen...
Refractive-index-matched hydrogel materials for measuring flow-structure interactions

In imaging-based studies of flow around solid objects, it is useful to have materials that are refractive-index-matched to the surrounding fluid. However, materials currently in use are usually rigid and matched to liquids that are either expensive or highly viscous. This does not allow for measurements at high Reynolds number, nor accurate modeling of flexible structures. This work explores the use of two hydrogels (agarose and polyacrylamide) as refractive-index-matched models in water. These hydrogels are inexpensive, can be cast into desired shapes, and have flexibility that can be tuned to match biological materials. The use of water as the fluid phase allows this method to be implemented immediately in many experimental facilities and permits investigation of high-Reynolds-number phenomena. We explain fabrication methods and present a summary of the physical and optical properties of both gels, and then show measurements demonstrating the use of hydrogel models in quantitative imaging.
Exploring persistent racial/ethnic disparities in lead exposure among American children aged 1-5 years: results from NHANES 1999-2016

The aim of this study was to determine whether long-standing racial disparities in lead exposure still exists for children age 1–5 years old. We examined if blood lead levels were higher among non-Hispanic Black children and others compared to non-Hispanic White children. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999-2016 were used. Geometric mean blood lead levels (BLLs) were compared by race/ethnicity using log-transformed simple linear regression. Associations between race and elevated BLL were assessed using weighted Chi-square tests. Log-transformed multiple weighted linear regression was used to assess what factors affected BLLs. A total of 6772 children were included in this study. In 1999–2000, the geometric mean BLL for non-Hispanic Black children was 3.08 μg/dL, compared to 2.03 μg/dL for non-Hispanic White children (p = 0.01). The difference in geometric mean BLL between non-Hispanic Black children and non-Hispanic White children continued to be statistically significant in later years (all p < 0.05) until 2015-2016 (0.89 μg/dL vs 0.74 μg/dL, p = 0.17). Log-transformed linear regression showed that being non-Hispanic Black and having low family income were independently associated with higher BLL. Although lead exposure in the general population continued to decline for all racial/ethnic groups, non-Hispanic Black children still had higher BLL than non-Hispanic White children. In more recent years, the racial/ethnic gap was lesser but persisted. Racial/ethnic disparity in childhood BLL could be partially explained by socio-economic factors.
Frequency and distribution of gastrointestinal oncology patient-reported symptomatic adverse events (SAEs) at a comprehensive cancer center.

463Background: In clinical trials, the systematic collection of patient (pt) reported outcomes has been shown to improve quality of life & overall survival. To develop predictive care models for sy...
Self-powered high energy laser detectors via thermoelectric generators

The prompt and accurate detection of laser strikes is increasingly important to the survivability of military assets in modern warfare as offensive and defensive laser weapon systems have become more widely implemented. Current laser detection systems on military assets can compromise an asset’s low observability features. This paper presents an addressed detection system based on an array of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) that can be integrated into the skin of an asset. An irradiated TEG harvests the incident energy of a high energy laser (HEL) strike to power a sensor node that transmits an address, via a wireless medium, to a reader in order to indicate which TEG within the array is being irradiated. The wireless sensor node consists of an ultralow voltage step-up converter and microcontroller and a low power RF link.
Estimating the influence of Twitter on pre-exposure prophylaxis use and HIV testing as a function of rates of men who have sex with men in the United States.

Objectives Acceptance of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and testing for HIV is likely to vary as a function of the norms and communications within a geographic area. This study examined associations involving county tweets, in person communications, and HIV prevention and testing in regions with higher (vs. lower) estimated rates of men who have sex with men (MSM). Design and methods Ecological analyses examined (a) tweets about HIV (i.e. tweet rates per 100 000 county population and topic probabilities in 1959 US counties); (b) individual-level survey data about HIV prevention and testing and communications about PrEP and HIV (N = 30 675 participants); and (c) estimated county-level MSM rates (per 1 000 adult men). Results In counties with higher rates of MSM, tweet rates were directly associated with PrEP use and HIV testing (rs = .06, BF10 > 10). Topics correlated with PrEP use (rs = -0.06 to 0.07, BF10 > 10) and HIV testing (rs = -0.05 to 0.05, BF10 > 10). Mediation analyses showed that hearing about and discussing PrEP mediated the relations between tweet rates and PrEP use (bi∗ = 0.01-0.05, BF10 > 100) and between topics and PrEP use (bi∗ = -0.04- 0.05, BF10 > 10). Moreover, hearing about PrEP was associated with PrEP use, which was in turn associated with tweet rates (bi∗ = 0.01, BF10 > 100) and topics (bi∗ = -0.03 - 0.01, BF10 > 10). Conclusions Rates of MSM appear to lead to HIV tweets in a region, in person communications about PrEP, and, ultimately, actual PrEP use. Also, as more men hear about PrEP, they may use PrEP more and may tweet about HIV.
Song of Wrath: The Peloponnesian War Begins – By J. E. Lendon

The Peloponnesian War, as defined by its original historian Thucydides, was the greatest upheaval Greece had ever known, a twenty‐seven‐year struggle between Athens, Sparta, and their respective al...
Malic Dehydrogenase VI. A KINETIC STUDY OF HYDROXYMALONATE INHIBITION

Initial rate kinetic studies of pig heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase with substrate analogues hydroxymalonate and ketomalonate are reported. At 25° in pH 8.0, 0.05 ionic strength Tris acetate buffer, ketomalonate is reduced rapidly, with half of the turnover number observed with the physiological substrate. No appreciable oxidation of hydroxymalonate could be observed. When malate is oxidized or oxalacetate is reduced, hydroxymalonate inhibits uncompetitively with respect to malate and competitively with respect to oxalacetate, suggesting that the analogue hydroxymalonate binds the enzyme-reduced coenzyme complex but not the enzyme-oxidized coenzyme complex that could oxidize it. The manner in which hydroxymalonate inhibits ketomalonate reduction supports this model with the important addition that the replacement of oxalacetate by ketomalonate induces or potentiates a competitive interaction between hydroxymalonate and reduced coenzyme on the enzyme and appears to strengthen the binding of hydroxymalonate. Because the compulsory order catalytic mechanism developed previously in the literature and amended here shows no ketomalonate or oxalacetate bound to the enzyme form which binds hydroxymalonate, it is believed that the oxidized substrates affecting the inhibition must be bound to the enzyme subunit other than that at which hydroxymalonate is bound.
Gradient Algorithms for the Optimization of Dynamic Systems

Abstract : Recent advances in the area of gradient methods for optimal control problems are reviewed. Single-subarc problems are treated. Specifically, two classes of optimal control problems, called Problem P1 and Problem P2 for easy identification, are solved. Problem P1 consists of minimizing a functional I which depends on the n-vector state x(t), the m-vector control u(t), and the p-vector parameter 3.14. The state is given at the initial point. At the final point, the state and the parameter are required to satisfy q scalar relations. Problem P2 differs from Problem P1 in that the state, the control, and the parameter are required to satisfy k additional scalar relation along the interval of integration. Algorithms of the sequential gradient-restoration type are given for both Problem 1 and Problem 2. Problem P2 enlarges the number and variety of problems of optimal control which can be treated by gradient-restoration algorithms. Eight numerical examples are presented to illustrate the performance of the algorithms associated with Problem P1 and Problem P2. The numerical results show the feasibility as well as the convergence characteristics of these algorithms.
Bound states at impurities as a probe of topological superconductivity in nanowires

Spin-orbit coupled superconductors are interesting candidates for realizing topological and potentially non-Abelian states with Majorana fermions. We argue that time-reversal broken spin-orbit coupled superconductors generically can be characterized as having subgap states that are bound to localized nonmagnetic impurities. Such bound states, which are referred to as the Shiba states, can be detected as sharp resonances in the tunneling spectrum of the spin-orbit coupled superconductors. The Shiba state resonance can be tuned using a gate voltage or a magnetic field from being at the edge of the gap at zero magnetic fields to crossing zero energy when the Zeeman splitting is tuned into the topological superconducting regime. The zero-crossing signifies a fermion parity changing first-order quantum phase transition, which is characterized by a Pfaffian topological invariant. These zero crossings of the impurity level can be used to locally characterize the topological superconducting state in topological nanowires from tunneling experiments.
Exploiting capability constraints to solve global two-dimensional path planning problems

Mobile autonomous vehicles require the capability of planning routes over ranges that are too great to be characterized by local sensor systems. Completion of this task requires some form of map data. Much work has been done concerning planning paths through local areas, those which can be scanned by on-board sensor systems. However, planning paths based on long range map data is a very different problem. Extant solution techniques require the search of discrete, node and link representations which characterize continuous, two dimensional problem environments. We assume the availability of topographic data organized into regions of homogeneous traversal cost. Given this, we present a solution technique for the long range planning problem which relies on a Snell's Law heuristic to limit a graph search for the optimal solution.
Substrate Control of Insulin Release

The sections in this article are: 1 Cellular Architecture of Pancreatic Islets 2 General Aspects of Nutrient Sensing 3 The Glucose-Sensing System: A Basic Model 4 Adenine Nucleotides and the Adenosine Triphosphate–Sensitive Potassium Channel 5 Regulation of Glucose Metabolism in Islet β Cells 6 Molecular Manipulations of Glucose-Phosphorylating Activity in Islet Cells 7 Similarities and Differences in the Metabolic Environment of β Cells and Hepatocytes 8 Role of Lipids in Regulation of Insulin Secretion 9 Fundamentals of Amino Acid-Stimulated Insulin Release 10 Mitochondria as Metabolic Signal Generators of Fuel-Stimulated β Cells 11 Outlook
Confocal Analysis of Reciprocal Feedback at Rod Bipolar Terminals in the Rabbit Retina

Amacrine cells in the mammalian retina are famously diverse in shape and function. Here, we show that two wide-field GABA amacrine cells, S1 and S2, have stereotyped synaptic contacts with the appropriate morphology and distribution to perform specific functions. S1 and S2 both supply negative feedback to rod bipolar terminals and thus provide a substrate for lateral inhibition in the rod pathway. Synapses are specialized structures, and the presynaptic compartment is normally characterized by a swelling or varicosity. Each S1 amacrine cell has ∼280 varicosities, whereas an S2 cell has even more, ∼500 per cell. Confocal analysis shows that essentially all varicosities aggregate around rod bipolar terminals where they are apposed by postsynaptic GABA receptors. Each rod bipolar terminal is contacted by varicosities from ∼25 different S1 and 50 different S2 amacrine cells. In fact, rod bipolar cells are the only synaptic target for S1 and S2 amacrine cells: all of the output from these two wide-field GABA amacrine cells goes to rod bipolar terminals. It has long been a puzzle why two amacrine cells, apparently with the same connections, are required. However, an analysis of the distribution of varicosities suggests that S1 and S2 amacrine cells provide different signals. S2 amacrine cells dominate within 200 μ from a rod bipolar terminal and can provide an inhibitory input with spatial characteristics that match the size of the surround signal recorded from AII amacrine cells in the rod pathway. In contrast, the larger, better-coupled S1 amacrine cells may provide a more distant network signal.
Break-induced replication occurs by conservative DNA synthesis

Break-induced replication (BIR) refers to recombination-dependent DNA synthesis initiated from one end of a DNA double-strand break and can extend for more than 100 kb. BIR initiates by Rad51-catalyzed strand invasion, but the mechanism for DNA synthesis is not known. Here, we used BrdU incorporation to track DNA synthesis during BIR and found that the newly synthesized strands segregate with the broken chromosome, indicative of a conservative mode of DNA synthesis. Furthermore, we show the frequency of BIR is reduced and product formation is progressively delayed when the donor is placed at an increasing distance from the telomere, consistent with replication by a migrating D-loop from the site of initiation to the telomere.
The kinetics of the alkaline degradation of daptomycin

The aqueous degradation of daptomycin, a lipopeptide antibiotic, was investigated as a function of substrate concentration (0.5-10.0 mM), pH (9.0-10.5), buffer concentration (0.06-0.20 M borate, glycinate, or carbonate buffers), temperature (20-50 degrees C), and ionic strength (0.1-0.8). The primary degradation pathway was determined by electrospray-mass spectroscopy (ES-MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and fluorescence spectroscopy to be hydrolysis of the ester linkage between the C-terminus (kynurenine) and the side chain of the fourth residue (threonine). The reaction was first order with respect to time; however, the reaction order with respect to substrate concentration was 1 mM. Insignificant buffer effect was observed. The reaction was subject to specific base catalysis. Activation parameters were E(a) = 13.6 kcal/K.mol, DeltaH++ = 13.0 kcal/K.mol, and DeltaS++ = -19.2 eu. The positive primary salt effect was observed with negative deviation at high concentration of salt. The magnitude of the salt effect depended on salt identities in the order sodium < potassium < calcium chloride.