cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory and Politics of First-Amendment Protections: Why Does the Supreme Court Favor Free Expression Over Religious Freedom?

This Article explains why the Supreme Court has favored free-expression claims over religious-freedom claims under the pluralist democratic regime, which took hold in the 1930s. The developing theory of pluralist democracy readily justified an expansive concept of free expression. An individual could not be a full and equal democratic participant unless she could freely gather information about political issues and unrestrainedly express her interests and values in the democratic arena. Yet, the theoretical relationship between pluralist democracy and religious freedom seemed more ambiguous. While numerous theories could be offered to justify the protection of religious freedom, no single theory enjoyed widespread support. Partly for this reason, the justices imbued free expression rather than religious freedom with the greater vitality.Constitutional politics further contributed to this preference for expression over religion. As the pluralist democratic regime solidified, the Protestant old-stock elite, aided by the Protestant-controlled Supreme Court, constitutionalized their interests and values, particularly in first-amendment freedoms, so as to form a bulwark against the emergent political power of peripheral groups. But through this constitutionalization of rights, the justices differentiated free expression and religious freedom. When a case highlighted the outsider-claimant’s difference from the mainstream - as would happen often in religious-freedom cases - the justices were less likely to uphold the constitutional claim. Meanwhile, in those cases where the Court upheld the first-amendment claim, the justices were most likely to view the claimants’ practices as similar to mainstream practices and interests.
Ecdysone agonist-inducible expression of a coat protein gene from tobacco mosaic virus confers viral resistance in transgenic Arabidopsis

Constitutive expression of a gene encoding tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP) in transgenic plants confers resistance to infection by TMV and related tobamoviruses. Here, we examined resistance to TMV by temporal and quantitative control of TMV Cg CP (CgCP) gene expression using a simple, methoxyfenozide-inducible system in Arabidopsis plants. By soil drenching with a commercial ecdysone agonist (Intrepid-2F/methoxyfenozide), most transgenic lines were induced from undetectable levels of gene expression to protein levels from 0.05 to 0.8% (w/w) of CgCP. This corresponds to up to four times the amount of CP produced by the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) double 35S promoter. CgCP transcripts were induced by 700-fold, without changing the expression patterns of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. The high level of accumulation of CgCP was sufficient to produce large amounts of virus-like particles that accumulate in large aggregates throughout the cells. In virus challenge assays, treatment with Intrepid-2F prior to TMV infection resulted in high levels of viral resistance, while no treatment or treatment with the inducer following infection did not confer resistance. This report demonstrates chemically controlled disease resistance and confirms the utility of the ecdysone agonist-inducible system under greenhouse conditions.
Kinetic and spatial interrelationships between ganglioside glycosyltransferases and O-acetyltransferase(s) in human melanoma cells

The melanoma-associated disialogangliosides 9(7)-O-acetyl-GD3 and 9(7)-O-acetyl-GD2 have been structurally well characterized. However, the compartmentalization and sequence of action of the biosynthetic activities responsible for synthesizing these molecules remain obscure. Here, we have studied the spatial and temporal interrelationships among the activities responsible for the later stages of ganglioside biosynthesis and those for O-acetylation in cultured human melanoma cells. First, brefeldin A treatment was used to separate biosynthetic steps into compartments distal or proximal to the transport block imposed by the drug. In keeping with prior reports, GM2/GD2 synthase was consistently rendered inaccessible to its acceptors GM3 and GD3. In contrast, the effect on GD3 biosynthesis was cell line-specific. Synthesis of GD3 was nearly abrogated in two lines, while it accumulated in a third line. This indicates that the spatial organization of ganglioside processing activities can vary even between similar cell lines. However, in all cell lines studied, the ratio of 9(7)-O-acetyl-GD3 to GD3 was not changed by brefeldin A, indicating that the majority of ganglioside O-acetyltransferase activity is co-localized with GD3 biosynthetic activity in the same Golgi subcompartment(s). As an alternative approach, Golgi-enriched fractions from melanoma cells were incubated with radiolabeled and nonlabeled nucleotide sugars or acetyl-CoA. In these preparations, biosynthesis is dependent upon the co-localization of appropriate sugar nucleotide transporters, glycosyltransferases, and acceptors that are endogenously present within intact topologically correct compartments. Incubations with CMP-Neu5Ac and acetyl-CoA corroborated the results with brefeldin A, co-localizing ganglioside O-acetyltransferase activity in compartments where GD3 biosynthesis takes place. Analyses with CMP-Neu5Ac and UDP-GalNAc showed that GD2 and GD3 synthesis occur in partially overlapping compartments. Labeling with acetyl-CoA and UDP-GalNAc indicated that although labeled acetate can be transferred from acetyl-CoA directly to GD2, ganglioside O-acetyltransferase activity does not substantially overlap with the biosynthetic compartment(s) for GD2. Instead, O-acetyl-GD3 appears to be co-localized with the compartment of GD2 biosynthesis and serves as an acceptor for GD2 synthase. Thus, both 9-O-acetyl-GD3 and GD2 can be precursors of 9-O-acetyl-GD2, but apparently in distinct compartments.
H1 histones from mammalian testes. The widespread occurrence of H1t.

Abstract H1t is a testis-specific H1 histone variant recently isolated from the rat [13]. We have now identified H1t in testicular extracts from mice, rabbits, hamsters, bulls, and boars, thus establishing its widespread presence in animals. H1t from all species could be differentiated from standard somatic H1 forms by a variety of criteria. It was poorly extracted by 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA), migrated more rapidly than standard H1 forms during electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and eluted more slowly than standard H1 species during chromatography over cross-linked polyacrylamide beads (Bio-Gel P100). Using an improved purification procedure, H1t was isolated from two new species, mouse and rabbit. In these species as with the rat, H1t is readily identified by its low lysine (ca 19 mol%) and high arginine (6–7 mol%) content as compared with that of standard somatic H1 forms (ca 25% lysine and 3% arginine).
Acoustic duetting in Drosophila virilis relies on the integration of auditory and tactile signals

When performing a duet, human singers listen to each other and also use other cues like tapping and nodding to keep in time. Duets are also found in the courtship rituals of some animals, but unlike human duetters—who tend to sing at the same time—the male and female animals take turns singing back and forth in quick succession. For most species, the male starts the duet and the female responds. It is thought that animals rely on their sense of hearing to perform their duets successfully, but it is not clear whether they also rely on other cues, or what these might be. Fruit flies produce songs during courtship displays by vibrating their wings. Typically, only the male fly in a pair will sing, while the female is silent and makes the mating decisions. However, both the male and female sing in the courtship rituals of a fruit fly species called Drosophila virilis. Now, LaRue et al. have studied the songs and other behaviors produced by this fruit fly during courtship displays. The experiments show that D. virilis males and females perform duets; in other words, there is a predictable timing between male and female songs. For the female fly to produce the right amount of song, she needs to detect sound cues from the male fly and also be in physical contact with him. This contact involves the male tapping the female's abdomen and licking her genitalia, and the precise timing of these behaviors predicts when she sings. This behavior was also observed in duets produced by male-only pairs, so it is not gender-specific. These findings show that D. virilis flies use both sound and other types of cues to coordinate singing duets during courtship. LaRue et al. suggest that female flies may choose to mate with males that provide multiple timing cues during the duet. A future challenge is to understand how information provided by the different cues is combined in the brain of the female to drive this courtship behavior.
Concatenative and Nonconcatenative Plural Formation in L1, L2, and Heritage Speakers of Arabic.

This study compares Arabic L1, L2, and heritage speakers' (HS) knowledge of plural formation, which involves concatenative and nonconcatenative modes of derivation. Ninety participants (divided equally among L1, L2, and heritage speakers) completed two oral tasks: a picture naming task (to measure proficiency) and a plural formation task. The findings indicate that both L2 learners and heritage speakers have consistent problems with nonconcatenative plural morphology (particularly plurals with geminated and defective roots). However, the difficulties that heritage speakers displayed were mainly restricted to forms that are acquired late by L1 children, unlike L2 learners who displayed a sharp performance dichotomy between concatenative and nonconcatenative plurals. Furthermore, with regard to the default strategy, heritage speakers resorted to the language-specific default form, namely the sound feminine, whereas L2 learners opted for the sound masculine, which is likely a case of adhering to a universal tendency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Oligoribonuclease Is Encoded by a Highly Conserved Gene in the 3′-5′ Exonuclease Superfamily

Oligoribonuclease, a 3′-to-5′ exoribonuclease specific for small oligoribonucleotides, was purified to homogeneity from extracts of Escherichia coli. The purified protein is an α2 dimer of 40 kDa. NH2-terminal sequence analysis of the protein identified the gene encoding oligoribonuclease as yjeR (o204a), a previously reported open reading frame located at 94 min on the E. coli chromosome. However, as a consequence of the sequence information, the translation start site of this open reading frame has been revised. Cloning of yjeR led to overexpression of oligoribonuclease activity, and interruption of the cloned gene with a kanamycin resistance cassette eliminated the overexpression. On the basis of these data, we propose that yjeR be renamed orn. Orthologs of oligoribonuclease are present in a wide range of organisms, extending up to humans.
Propargyl-terminated Resins—A Hydrophobic Substitute for Epoxy Resins

Propargyl derivatives of biphenols and phenol-formaldehyde resins (propargyl-terminated resins—PTRs) are being evaluated as non-polar matrices for advanced polymeric composites. The dipropargyl ether of bisphenol A and its B-staged materials are the most attractive candidates. PTR monomers are available in a one-step, easy preparation in quantitative yield from inexpensive starting materials. They are suitable for industrial production in large scale at a potentially low price. PTR thermosets based on different biphenols have a glass transition temperature above 300°C (572°F), and excellent isothermal thermo-stability in air and nitrogen which corresponds to that of the acetylene-terminated resins. In addition, they have low water absorption, low dielectric constant and dissipation factor, excellent physico-mechanical properties, etc. B-staging of PTR proceeds with a rearrangement of the propargyl group into a chromene ring. The final thermosets cure through polymerization of the chromene group. PTRs are ...
Role of i.v. allopurinol and rasburicase in tumor lysis syndrome.

The role of i.v. allopurinol and rasburicase in tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is described. The current standard management for TLS consists of oral allopurinol in conjunction with i.v. hydration with or without alkalinization. Despite this standard prophylactic regimen, some high-risk patients may still develop urate nephropathy from TLS. Recently, i.v. allopurinol and rasburicase became available for the management of TLS. Available data on i.v. allopurinol indicate that the administration schedule and the adverse-effect profile will be similar to the oral formulation. The primary advantage of i.v. allopurinol is the flexibility of administration for patients who cannot take anything by mouth, since there are no data indicating the superiority of the i.v. to the oral product. Rasburicase is the first agent that will oxidize uric acid to allantoin, a metabolite with 5-10-fold greater solubility than uric acid, and reduces serum uric acid (SUA) levels within four hours of administration. Rasburicase is considerably more expensive than standard management strategies and should be reserved for patients with either renal dysfunction, significant elevations in SUA values, or large tumor burdens. Preliminary evidence indicates that rasburicase offers cost savings in the treatment of TLS and is cost-effective as a strategy for preventing TLS for many cancer patients. Both i.v. allopurinol and rasburicase offer additional flexibility in the management of TLS and may allow for further avoidance of the consequences of inadequate management of this syndrome.
Oxidative coupling of apigenin

Abstract Two novel biflavonyls have been prepared by phenolic oxidative coupling of apigenin, using alkaline potassium ferricyanide as the oxidizing agent. The structures of these dimers have been established as 3,3- and 3,3′-biapigeninyl respectively, primarily by spectroscopic methods. The synthetic compounds differ from all known natural biflavonyls in that linkage through the A ring of at least one of the flavonoid moieties is not observed. This indicates that the bioxynthesis of the natural compounds probably does not involve direct radical coupling.
Studies culminating in the total synthesis and determination of the absolute configuration of (−)-saudin

Abstract A full account of studies that culminated in the total synthesis of both antipodes and the assignment of its absolute configuration of Saudin, a hypoglycemic natural product. Two approaches are described, the first proceeding though bicyclic lactone intermediates and related second monocyclic esters. The former was obtained via asymmetric Diels–Alder cycloaddition and the latter by an asymmetric annulation protocol. Both approaches employ a Lewis acid promoted Claisen rearrangement, with the successful approach taking advantage of bidentate chelation to control the facial selectivity of the key Claisen rearrangement.
Radiosurgery for Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

From September 1991 to May 1997, a total of 59 patients diagnosed with cerebral arteriovenous malformations were treated using radiosurgery. There were 29 men and 30 women, with an age range of 5 to 75 years (mean 36). Of these patients, 39 patients were treated using a LINAC-based system (group 1) and 20 using the Leksell γ-knife unit (group 2). Tumor volume ranged from 0.38 to 35 cc, and the number of isocenters varied from 1 to 3 in group 1 and from 2 to 15 in group 2. Lesion location was as follows: 14 temporal, 8 basal ganglionic, 8 frontal, 6 parietal, 6 thalamic, 5 intraventricular, 5 cerebellar, 3 brain stem, 3 occipital, and 1 corpus callosal. Seven patients underwent prior embolization and three patients had prior surgery with incomplete resection of their lesions. The marginal radiation dose ranged between 1500 and 2000 cGy with a mean of 1800 cGy. Twelve patients had concomitant embolization done on the morning of radiosurgery. Follow-up ranged from 1 month to 4 years. Thirty-six patients have been followed for more than 1 year. Thirty had an angiography during the follow-up period that showed complete obliteration of the lesion in 28 patients. The rate of obliteration was estimated to be 47.1% at 1 year, 82.3% at 2 years and 88.2% at 3 years.
Individual differences in working memory: A model testing and subgroup analysis of learning-disabled and skilled readers

Abstract This experiment compares two models of working memory as means of explaining the variance in skilled and learning-disabled (LD) readers' comprehension performance. The contrasting models are tested as to whether short-term memory (STM) tasks operate independently, or serve as a subset of working memory (WM). Correlational and confirmatory factor analyses tested the alternative models. For Experiment 1, memory processes were inferred from performance on Sentence Span, Concurrent, and Preload tasks. Individual differences in the relationship between memory and reading performance were studied by subgrouping skilled and LD readers. The results support a process model in which LD readers have weaker WMs than skilled readers, not because of poor reading skills, but because they have less WM capacity available for performing reading and nonreading tasks. Experiment 2 extended the model to other measures of WM. Taken together, these studies support two primary conclusions: (a) WM reflects a number of independent processes that coalesce onto a single factor, independent of STM; and (b) reading comprehension and components of WM operate on a continuum of independence to dependence as reading becomes more skilled.
Genetic differences in tolerance and sensitization to the sedative/hypnotic effects of alcohol.

Initial sensitivity to alcohol and the development of alcohol tolerance were examined in rats of the selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) and -nonpreferring (NP) lines. All rats received two alcohol injections (3.0 g/kg b.wt., IP) separated by either 1 or 2 days. P rats were less sensitive to the behaviorally impairing effects of alcohol than were NP rats, as evidenced by a longer latency to lose righting reflex (RR) and a shorter time to recover RR following an initial alcohol injection. When 1 day separated the two alcohol injections, P rats recovered the RR more rapidly following a second injection compared to the first, indicating that the P rats developed tolerance to the sedative/hypnotic effects of alcohol. In contrast, the NP rats recovered the RR more slowly following the second injection compared to the first, indicating that the NP rats developed sensitization to alcohol. Tolerance in the P line and sensitization in the NP line disappeared when 2 days separated the two alcohol injections. Line differences in initial sensitivity and tolerance/sensitization to the behaviorally impairing effects of alcohol may contribute to the differences in alcohol consumption observed in the P and NP lines.
Population Characteristics of Adult Pink Salmon in Two Minnesota Tributaries to Lake Superior

Pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, have adapted well to the Lake Superior environment and have become a significant member of the Great Lakes salmonid community. However, to properly manage pink salmon in this new environment, an improved understanding of their population characteristics is necessary. To gather population information, the following parameters were estimated for the 1981 and 1982 runs of pink salmon in the Cascade and Cross rivers, Minnesota: 1) absolute abundance of spawners, 2) age, size, and sex distribution of the spawners, 3) fecundity and growth of returning adults, and 4) egg deposition, egg fertilization rates, and embryo development. Trap nets were used to collect upstream migrant pink salmon, while electrofishing, carcass counts, and creel censuses were used to obtain recaptures. Left pectoral fin rays were used for aging and growth back-calculation. Redd samples were collected to estimate egg fertilization rates and embryo development. It was found that Lake Superior pink salmon are similar to their Pacific Coast counterparts, except that they are smaller and 3-year-old fish are common. The latter may preclude the genetic divergence based on spawning stock which is apparent in the Pacific. The sex distribution of 3-year-old pink salmon was highly skewed towards females. Three-year-old female pink salmon had a lower fecundity and a poorer egg quality than 2-year-old females. The major factor controlling the abundance of Lake Superior pink salmon appears to be limited spawning habitat.
Demonstration of anti-hydralazine antibody in hydralazine inducedLupus erythematosus

La presence d'un facteur anti-hydralazine, probablement un anticorps, a ete demontree par l'emploi d'une technique d'hemagglutination dans le serum d'un malade qui manifestait des symptomes de lupus erythemateux apres un long traitement avec de l'hydralazine. Le meme facteur anti-hydralazine a ete observe dans le serum des lapins qui avaient recu des injections repetees d'emulsion d'hydralazine dans un adjuvant.
Enigmatic origin of ferruginous “coprolites”: Evidence from the Miocene Wilkes Formation, southwestern Washington

Excrement-shaped masses of siderite and limonite have been reported from clay-rich sedimentary rocks that range in age from Late Permian to Holocene. These objects have been widely accepted as being coprolites, but the ferruginous composition, absence of internal inclusions, and scarcity of associated vertebrate remains suggest that they may instead be pseudofossils created by mechanical deformation of plastic sediment. Possible abiotic mechanisms include coseismic liquefaction, intrusion of sediment into hollow logs, or expulsion of sediment in response to gravity. Alternatively, carbon stable isotope ratios indicate that sediment extrusion may have been related to emission of biogenic methane during early stages of diagenesis.
Parametric Study on Beam Deflection Using Photostrictive Optical Actuators: A Finite Element Modeling Approach

The objective of this work is to study the effect of three important parameters such as photostrictive actuator thickness, incident light intensity and convective heat transfer coefficient on a silicon cantilever beam with thin photostrictive optical actuator film surface. The authors have developed a computational method useful for design of systems incorporating thin film photostrictive actuators. The element has been implemented in an in-house finite element code named BAMAFEM. A finite element for static analysis of photostrictive thin films has already been developed and verified with analytical analysis approach of another author. To the best of our knowledge, finite element parametric analysis of the photostrictive thin film has not been extensively studied, if studied at all. Photostrictive materials, such as PLZT, demonstrate significant photostrictive behavior under illumination by high-energy light, which can be considered a superposition of a bulk photovoltaic effect and a converse piezoelectric effect. Photostrictive actuators can directly convert photonic energy to mechanical motion. Photostrictive materials can produce strain as a result of irradiation from high-intensity light. Neither electric lead wires nor electric circuits are required. Thus, photostrictive actuators are relatively immune from electrical interference. They have potential use in numerous MEMS devices. At least from the computational point of view, it would be interesting to investigate the effect of different parameters in the actuation of beam using the thin film photostrictive actuators to develop a finite element model useful for design of numerous MEMS and NANO systems having photostrictive actuators.© 2008 ASME
Time to detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum culture correlates with outcome in patients receiving treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis

Study objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether the time to detection (TTD) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum culture correlates with the response to antituberculous treatment in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Study design Twenty-six consecutive patients were studied who had active pulmonary tuberculosis and sufficient sputum cultures and clinical follow-up to allow adequate assessment. Results Following initiation of antituberculous therapy, 13 patients (group 1, responders) had a complete response to treatment, and the TTD of M tuberculosis using the mycobacterial growth indicator tube increased steadily. The remaining 13 patients (group 2, nonresponders) had persistent evidence of active disease and demonstrated little or no increase in the TTD with treatment unless an additional therapeutic intervention was implemented (surgery, improved compliance with medications, or a change in medications). The presence of HIV infection, intravenous drug use, multidrug resistance, treatment with second-line therapy, extensive radiographic involvement, and cavitary disease were associated with a delayed increase in the TTD. Conclusions The TTD was superior to clinical, radiographic, or conventional bacteriologic evaluation in determining treatment outcome. The TTD closely correlates with the overall response to treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis and may represent a useful adjunct to predict outcome in these patients.
OBSCENITY AND SPEECH

In this paper I will advance a simple argument against anti-obscenity legislation. This argument has both moral and legal force, as it appeals to the moral basis underlying the First Amendment protection of speech. In addition to defending this argument, I am concerned to show how it (1) renders moot a number of considerations commonly urged in favor of antiobscenity legislation, and (2) is more fundamental than most arguments typically invoked against anti-obscenity laws. It is appropriate to begin a critical discussion of anti-obscenity legislation with an examination of Miller v. California and its companions. 1 These cases continue to represent the latest major effort of the Supreme Court to deal with what it has called the "intractable obscenity problem. ''2 An analysis of Miller requires a critique of the reasoning of the Court in cases upon which Miller expressly relies. In Miller, it was announced that "since the Court now undertakes to formulate standards more concrete than those in the past, it is useful for us to focus on two of the landmark cases in the somewhat tortured history of the Court's obscenity decisions." 3 The first of these cases is Roth v. U.S. 4 The holding in Roth, explicitly reaffirmed in Miller, is that obscene materials are not speech protected by the First Amendment. In reaching this conclusion, the Court relied heavily upon the following language from Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 5 quoted with approval in Miller:
Velocity Spectrum of Protons and Tritons from the d − d Reaction in Scylla

A diagnostic experiment has been carried out on the $d\ensuremath{-}d$ reactions produced by fast magnetic compression of a deuterium plasma. A determination of the velocity spectra of protons and of tritons from the $d\ensuremath{-}d$ reaction was made by magnetic analysis and nuclear plate detection of the particles. The observed distributions are Gaussian, with widths which correspond to a deuteron temperature of 1.3 kev. Comparison of the mean proton and triton momenta indicates that no plasma drift in the (axial) direction of observation is present, nor any potential difference between the source plasma and detector greater than a few volts. These results, coupled with previous ones on the neutron yield, duration, source extent, and lack of circumferential drift argue against any of the simple, physically plausible non-Maxwellian acceleration mechanisms for the $d\ensuremath{-}d$ reactions so far proposed.
Early Inflammatory Response of Knee Ligaments to Prolotherapy in a Rat Model

Prolotherapy is an alternative injection-based therapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain. Three different proliferants, D-glucose (dextrose), phenol-glucose-glycerine (P2G), and sodium morrhuate, used in prolotherapy are hypothesized to strengthen and reorganize chronically injured soft tissue and decrease pain through modulation of the inflammatory process. Our hypothesis is that commonly used prolotherapy solutions will induce inflammation (leukocyte and macrophage infiltration) in medial collateral ligaments (MCLs) compared to needlestick, saline injection, and no-injection controls. MCLs of 84 Sprague- Dawley rats were injected one time at both the tibial and femoral insertions. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to determine the inflammatory response at three locations (tibial and femoral insertions and midsubstance) 6, 24, and 72 h after dextrose injection compared to saline- and no-injection controls and collagenase (positive control) (n = 4). qPCR was used to analyze gene expression 24 h postinjection (n = 4). Sodium morrhuate, P2G, and needlestick control were also investigated after 24 h (n = 4). In general, inflammation (CD43+, ED1+, and ED2+ cells) increased after prolotherapy injection compared to no-injection control but did not increase consistently compared to saline and needlestick control injections. This response varied by both location and proliferant. Inflammation was observed at 6 and 24 h postinjection but was resolved by 72 h compared to no-injection controls (p < 0.05). CD43+ leukocytes and ED2+ macrophages increased compared to needlestick and saline-injection control, respectively, 24 h postinjection (p < 0.05). Prolotherapy injections created an inflammatory response, but this response was variable and overall, not uniformly different from that caused by saline injections or needlestick procedures.
CITIDEL: making resources available

In this demonstration, we present the features of the Computing and Information Technology Interactive Digital Educational Library project (CITIDEL). CITIDEL is being developed to bring learning resources related to computing into one open archive and search center. We will demonstrate the current status of development of CITIDEL, both in terms of collections accessible and of technical developments for data provision and harvesting. (www.citidel.org http://www.citidel.org).The CITIDEL development team includes people from Virginia Tech (the lead institution), Hofstra University, Penn State University, The College of New Jersey, and Villanova University. CITIDEL is part of the Collections Track activities in the U.S. National STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education Digital Library (NSDL, www.nsdl.nsf.gov). Our focus includes technical development, content collection, search engine technology, assessment, and community development.Topics presented include metadata harvesting of collections, tailored search capabilities, and a demonstration of the front-end access to the educational resources related to computing and information technology. Conference attendees interested in having their work accessible through CITIDEL will have the opportunity to talk with a project representative during the demonstration time. Avenues of dissemination include the ACM Journal of Educational Resources in Computing (JERIC) and the Computer Science Teaching Center (CSTC, www.cstc.org).
Management of time-dependent multimedia data

A number of approaches have been proposed for supporting high-bandwidth time-dependent multimedia data in a general purpose computing environment. Much of this work assumes the availability of ample resources such as CPU performance, bus, I/O, and communication bandwidth. However, many multimedia applications have large variations in instantaneous data presentation requirements (e.g., a dynamic range of order 100,000). By using a statistical scheduling approach these variations are effectively smoothed and, therefore, more applications are made viable. The result is a more efficient use of available bandwidth and the enabling of applications that have large short-term bandwidth requirements such as simultaneous video and still image retrieval. Statistical scheduling of multimedia traffic relies on accurate characterization or guarantee of channel bandwidth and delay. If guaranteed channel characteristics are not upheld due to spurious channel overload, buffer overflow and underflow can occur at the destination. The result is the loss of established source-destination synchronization and the introduction of intermedia skew. In this paper we present an overview of a proposed synchronization mechanism to limit the effects of such anomalous behavior. The proposed mechanism monitors buffer levels to detect impending low and high levels on frame basis and regulates the destination playout rate. Intermedia skew is controlled by a similar control algorithm. This mechanism is used in conjunction with a statistical source scheduling approach to provide an overall multimedia transmission and resynchronization system supporting graceful service degradation.
Ethanol intake in the chicken and its effect on body temperature and hypothalamic serotonin

Abstract Male strain broiler chickens 13 days to 3 weeks old, were offered water or 1, 3, 5, or 10% ethanol solutions (v/v) in four experiments. The chickens tolerated up to 5% ethanol solutions without significant changes in total fluid intake or body weight. With 10% ethanol, body weight and fluid intake were significantly decreased in comparison with the other treatments. Solutions of 5 and 10% ethanol lowered skin and rectal temperature and solutions of 3 and 5% (10% not measured) caused significant elevations in blood ethanol concentrations. Hypothalamic serotonin was significantly reduced by chronic 3% ethanol solution ingestion. In a fifth experiment, 9-week-old White Leghorn cockerels were given from 0–10% alcohol for one h following prior water (24 h) and food (12 h) deprivation. These animals consumed similar amounts of ethanol (in g/kg) irrespective of the concentration of the ethanol solution offered. This, in turn, produced a highly significant inverse linear relationship between fluid intake and ethanol concentration. In this experiment also, skin and rectal temperature were reduced by consumption of 5 and 7.5% ethanol solutions. The results suggest that the chicken may be a useful model for the study of ethanol metabolism since it voluntarily consumes up to 5% ethanol solutions in amounts similar to water.
T -colorings of graphs

Abstract Given a finite set T of positive integers containing {0};, a T -coloring of a simple graph G is a nonnegative integer function f defined on the vertex set of G , such that if { u , v }; ϵ E ( G ) then ¦ f ( u ) - f ( v )¦ ∉ T . The T -span of a T -coloring is defined as the difference of the largest and smallest colors used; the T -span of G , sp T ( G ), is the minimum span over all T -colorings of G . It is known that the T -span of G satisfies sp T ( K ω( G ) ) ⩽ sp T ( G ) ⩽ sp T ( K x ( G ) ). When T is an r -initial set (Cozzens and Roberts, 1982), or a k multiple of s set (A. Raychaudhuri, 1985), then sp T ( G ) = sp T ( K x ( G ) ) for all graphs G . Using graph homomorphisms and a special family of graphs, we characterize those T 's with equality sp T ( G ) =sp T ( K x ( G ) ) for all graphs G . We discover new T 's with the same result. Furthermore, we get a necessary and sufficient condition of equality sp T ( G ) = sp T ( K m ) for all graphs G with X ( G ) = m .
Geomicrobiology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents

During the cycling of seawater through the earth9s crust along the mid-ocean ridge system, geothermal energy is transferred into chemical energy in the form of reduced inorganic compounds. These compounds are derived from the reaction of seawater with crustal rocks at high temperatures and are emitted from warm (≤25°C) and hot (∼350°C) submarine vents at depths of 2000 to 3000 meters. Chemolithotrophic bacteria use these reduced chemical species as sources of energy for the reduction of carbon dioxide (assimilation) to organic carbon. These bacteria form the base of the food chain, which permits copious populations of certain specifically adapted invertebrates to grow in the immediate vicinity of the vents. Such highly prolific, although narrowly localized, deep-sea communities are thus maintained primarily by terrestrial rather than by solar energy. Reduced sulfur compounds appear to represent the major electron donors for aerobic microbial metabolism, but methane-, hydrogen-, iron-, and manganese-oxidizing bacteria have also been found. Methanogenic, sulfur-respiring, and extremely thermophilic isolates carry out anaerobic chemosynthesis. Bacteria grow most abundantly in the shallow crust where upwelling hot, reducing hydrothermal fluid mixes with downwelling cold, oxygenated seawater. The predominant production of biomass, however, is the result of symbiotic associations between chemolithotrophic bacteria and certain invertebrates, which have also been found as fossils in Cretaceous sulfide ores of ophiolite deposits.
Longitudinally extensive NMO spinal cord pathology produced by passive transfer of NMO-IgG in mice lacking complement inhibitor CD59.

Abstract Spinal cord pathology with inflammatory, demyelinating lesions spanning three or more vertebral segments is a characteristic feature of neuromyelitis optica (NMO). NMO pathogenesis is thought to involve binding of immunoglobulin G anti-aquaporin-4 autoantibodies (NMO-IgG) to astrocytes, causing complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and secondary inflammation, demyelination and neuron loss. We investigated the involvement of CD59, a glycophosphoinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane protein on astrocytes that inhibits formation of the terminal C5b-9 membrane attack complex. CD59 inhibition by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody greatly increased NMO-IgG-dependent CDC in murine astrocyte cultures and ex vivo spinal cord slice cultures. Greatly increased NMO pathology was also found in spinal cord slice cultures from CD59 knockout mice, and in vivo following intracerebral injection of NMO-IgG and human complement. Intrathecal injection (at L5–L6) of small amounts of NMO-IgG and human complement in CD59-deficient mice produced robust, longitudinally extensive white matter lesions in lumbar spinal cord. Pathology was most severe at day 2 after injection, showing loss of AQP4 and GFAP, C5b-9 deposition, microglial activation, granulocyte infiltration, and demyelination. Hind limb motor function was remarkably impaired as well. There was partial remyelination and recovery of motor function by day 5. Our results implicate CD59 as an important modulator of the immune response in NMO, and provide a novel animal model of NMO that closely recapitulates human NMO pathology. Up-regulation of CD59 on astrocytes may have therapeutic benefit in NMO.
Search for electron-electron scattering in Tantalum

Electrical resistivity measurements between 2.56 and 300 K were made on two high-purity specimens of tantalum with residual resistance ratios of 1186 and 1333. The data obtained were analyzed with various expressions used by earlier investigators. Although good fits were found for an expression including terms for electron-impurity, electron-electron, and electron-phonon interband and intraband scattering, the domination of the electron-impurity term at the lowest temperatures made it impossible to determine unambiguously whether a T2 term due to electron-electron scattering was indeed present.
A Fully Faceted Syntax for Library of Congress Subject Headings

Moving to a fully faceted syntax would resolve three problems facing Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): (1) Inconsistent syntax rules; (2) Inability to create headings that are coextensive with the topic of a work; and (3) Lack of effective displays for long lists of subdivisions under a single subject heading in OPACs and similar electronic displays. The authors advocate a fully faceted syntax using the facets of a modern faceted library classification (The Bliss Bibliographic Classification, 2nd ed.). They demonstrate how this might be accomplished so as to integrate the new syntax with existing headings.
Oxygen isotope partitioning between phosphate and carbonate in mammalian apatite

Abstract The oxygen isotope compositions of phosphate and structural carbonate in mammalian enamel and bone apatite are linked to that of body water at constant body temperature near 37°C, but the isotope systematics of oxygen in structural carbonate are not well understood. Using coupled measurements of the oxygen isotope composition of structural carbonate and phosphate from horse tooth enamel, the apparent oxygen isotope fractionation factor between structural carbonate and body water is estimated to be 1.0263 ± 0.0014. These estimates provide a quantitative basis for using the oxygen isotope composition of structural carbonate in mammalian biogenic apatite for ecological, climatological, and physiological reconstruction.
Fragmentation of Supermassive Disks

Supermassive rotating disks, invoked by some models for quasars and active nuclei of galaxies, are unstable against fragmentation. A hierarchy of successive fragmentation into smaller and smaller pieces is described. Questions are raised about pulsar-like and gravitational radiation, which become important at the later stages of fragmentation.
Micromolar intracellular hydrogen peroxide disrupts metabolism by damaging iron-sulfur enzymes

Abstract An Escherichia coli strain that cannot scavenge hydrogen peroxide has been used to identify the cell processes that are most sensitive to this oxidant. Low micromolar concentrations of H2O2 completely blocked the biosynthesis of leucine. The defect was tracked to the inactivation of isopropylmalate isomerase. This enzyme belongs to a family of [4Fe-4S] dehydratases that are notoriously sensitive to univalent oxidation, and experiments confirmed that other members were also inactivated. In vitro and in vivo analyses showed that H2O2 directly oxidized their solvent-exposed clusters in a Fenton-like reaction. The oxidized cluster then degraded to a catalytically inactive [3Fe-4S] form. Experiments indicated that H2O2 accepted two consecutive electrons during the oxidation event. As a consequence, hydroxyl radicals were not released; the polypeptide was undamaged; and the enzyme was competent for reactivation by repair processes. Strikingly, in scavenger-deficient mutants, the H2O2 that was generated as an adventitious by-product of metabolism (<1 μm) was sufficient to damage these [4Fe-4S] enzymes. This result demonstrates that aerobic organisms must synthesize H2O2 scavengers to avoid poisoning their own pathways. The extreme vulnerability of these enzymes may explain why many organisms, including mammals, deploy H2O2 to suppress microbial growth.
Knowledge and Attitudes of Oncology Nurses Regarding Pharmacogenomic Testing

More than 20 different pharmacogenomic tests are being used in the oncology field. The current descriptive study was conducted with 368 oncology nurses in North Carolina to identify and test key elements of Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation Theory that play a role in the adoption of pharmacogenomic testing. Oncology nurses who participated in this study had limited knowledge of genomics and pharmacogenomic testing. Attitudes toward pharmacogenomic testing were positive overall, and the study revealed that oncology nurses in this study routinely use pharmacogenomic testing information. Variable selection methods revealed that total genomic knowledge was more accurately predicted by prior experience and personality variables, pharmacogenomic knowledge was more accurately predicted by personality variables, and attitude was more accurately predicted by prior experience and perceived need of innovation. Based on these findings, several factors play key roles in the diffusion of pharmacogenomic testing within the oncology nursing field. Therefore, assessment of these variables may benefit the widespread adoption of pharmacogenomic testing. Further research should be conducted with these variables to assess the adoption of the innovation.
Accuracy Assessment of EPA Protocol Gases in 1988

The US Environmental Protection Agency has established quality assurance procedures for air pollution measurement systems. These procedures are intended to reduce the uncertainty of environmental measurements. Among the areas of EPA's concern is the accuracy of compressed gas standards and liquid permeation standards used for calibration and audits of continuous emission monitoring systems and ambient air quality analyzers. EPA's regulations specify that the certified values for these standards be traceable to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) or to NIST/EPA-approved Certified Reference Materials via two traceability protocols. These protocols were published originally in 1978 and were revised in 1987. Following publication of the revised traceability protocols, EPA conducted an accuracy assessment of compressed gas standards in 1988. These standards were to be prepared and analyzed by specialty gas producers according to the revised protocols. EPA directed Research Triangle Institute to purchase from all available sources and to analyze the following gas mixtures: 300 ppm SO{sub 2} in N{sub 2}; 400 ppm NO in N{sub 2}; and 30 ppm CO in air.
Multitarget-ribozyme directed to cleave at up to nine highly conserved HIV-1 env RNA regions inhibits HIV-1 replication—potential effectiveness against most presently sequenced HIV-1 isolates

Abstract Several mono-, di-, tetra-, penta- and nonaribozymes were developed. These multitarget-ribozymes were targeted to cleave HIV-1 env RNA at up to nine different conserved sites. Each multitarget-ribozyme consisted of a chain of up to nine hammerhead motifs, each flanked by a different targeting sequence. The multitarget-ribozymes were functional in vitro and gave rise to multiple, specific partial and/or complete RNA digestion products. Per RNA copy, multitarget-ribozymes were more efficient than monoribozymes or ribozymes targeting a subset of the same sites. In contrast to monoribozymes, a 400nt nonaribozyme, targeted to cleave at nine different sites within a 1.3kb HIV-1 env RNA substrate, was active and showed the same specificity of cleavage when it was part of a large 3.3kb transcript. We conclude that multitarget-ribozymes retain the specificity of monoribozymes, but they are more efficient per ribozyme RNA copy and they remain active when they are part of a large transcript. A tetra-, penta- or nonaribozyme under control of the SV40 late promoter, the beta-actin gene promoter or the HIV-1 LTR, respectively, were cotransfected with the infectious HIV-1 DNA clone pNL4-3 into permissive HeLa T4 cells. Each cotransfection resulted in a specific inhibition of HIV-1 replication as determined by syncytia formation and p24 antigen release. In addition, coexpression of the nonaribozyme with an HIV-1 env RNA transcript resulted in the specific dramatic reduction of the env transcript. We conclude that the multitarget-ribozymes are also functional intracellularly. A nucleotide sequence comparison of the target sites indicates that the multitarget-ribozymes could potentially be effective against all thirty HIV-1 isolates presently sequenced. Their use may help to slow the selection of viral escape mutants and thereby prolong their effectiveness. We anticipate that multitarget-ribozymes will also be more effective in the successful targeting of less variable cellular RNAs.