cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical and genetic analysis of six Chinese children with Poirier-Bienvenu neurodevelopmental syndrome caused by CSNK2B mutation.

Mutations in CSNK2B lead to Poirier-Bienvenu neurodevelopmental syndrome (POBINDS), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder. Only 14 cases of POBINDS have been reported worldwide. The main manifestations are seizures, often tonic–clonic, with or without intellectual disability, growth retardation, and developmental language retardation. We conducted a comprehensive phenotypic mining and trio-whole exome sequencing on six children with POBINDS for gene diagnosis and analyzed the different variants using bioinformatics analysis software and related experiments. This paper reviews previous literature and discusses two common missense variants that lead to structural changes. Among the six patients, four, one, and one had tonic–clonic, myoclonic, and febrile seizures, respectively. Language development disorder, motor development disorder, and developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID) are the main clinical features. All children had de novo mutations in CSNK2B, including three missense variants (c.410G > T/p.(Cys137Phe), c.494A > G/p.(His165Arg), and c.3G > A/p.(Met1Ile)), two splice variants (c.292-2A > T, c.558-3 T > G), and one frameshift variant (c.499delC/p.(Leu167Serfs*60)). Three missense variants were predicted to be harmful by various software programs, and two splicing variants were found to produce new exonic splicing enhancers by the minigene assay. Western blot analysis showed that the frameshift variant resulted in decreased protein expression. According to a literature review, c.3G > A/p.(Met1Ile), c.292-2A > T, c.558-3 T > G, and c.499delC/p.(Leu167Serfs*60) are novel variants of CSNK2B. The decrease or loss of protein function caused by CSNK2B mutations may be a pathogenic factor in this cohort. The severity of the POBINDS phenotype differs, and refractory epilepsy may be accompanied by a more serious DD/ID, language disorder, and motor retardation. At present, there is no specific treatment, and antiepileptic therapy usually requires the combination of two or more anti-epileptic drugs.
Placebo and Competitive Placebo Effects on Motor Skill

Abstract Placebos have been determined to be very effective in drug research and related areas. Three groups of 20 undergraduate and graduate male students each were formed in order to analyze the placebo effect in motor learning and performance. All subjects performed in two tasks: one involving the pursuit rotor and the other reaction time-movement time. When examining mean trial performance, no differences were noted in either task among the groups (placebo, competitive-placebo, and control). Groups improved in performance with trials in both tasks and a significant interaction effect was observed in reaction time and movement performance. In general, the trends were not in the expected direction as far as group differences in performance were concerned and were explained accordingly.
Flow Cytometric Immunophenotyping Using Cluster Analysis And Cluster Editing

Flow cytometry is the best method for classifying leukemias and lymphomas (Braylan, 1989; Braylan, 1993; Deegan, 1989; Drexler, 1987; Duque, 1993; Foon, 1986; Neame, 1986; Stewart, 1989, 1990A, 1990B, Terstappen, 1988; Verwer, 1993; Weber, 1990; Wilman, 1989). In a flow cytometer, a distinct group of cells is identified by its repertoire of cell surface markers or epitopes. An epitope is labeled using a monoclonal antibody with an attached fluorochrome. A flow cytometer is used to detect the monoclonal antibody through its attached fluorochrome, which, in turn, identifies an epitope on a cell. Appropriate combinations of monoclonal antibodies provide a set of probes for labeling all important epitopes. This process enables the identification of cell types in a specimen. For three-color immunophenotyping, the set of three different probes is referred to as a panel. Each panel is designed to label a specific set of cell types. A panel of three probes provides more information about specific groups of cells than do panels of one or two probes. This additional information requires the use of more complex data analysis methods than are now available.
FACTORS AFFECTING LEARNING OF MEXICAN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

This paper isolates factors affecting Mexican primary school children's grade repetition rates and their educational outcomes, as measured by reading and math scores on a standardized test. We estimate an econo- metric production function for primary school education where the en- dogenous variables are language achievement, math achievement and grade repetition for individual children. The empirical results indicate that gender, socioeconomic status, parental education levels and past repetition of a grade are significant and common determinants of the endogeneous variables. This study also shows that more teaching hours and increased student- teacher interaction, coupled with improved facil- ities and libraries, improve children's math and language achievement scores. Policy implications flowing from these results are outlined.
Collective Memory, Anthropology of

The rapid emergence of global memory archives presents a novel challenge for anthropological research. Media industries, commodity capitalism, and digital technologies have altered the practices and possibilities of collective remembering. Competing representations of the past are forged, deposited, and exchanged in virtual space. How do anthropologists investigate these modalities of social remembering and forgetting when the machinations of past experience and the formations of historical consciousness are increasingly uncoupled from local memory communities? Through a critical engagement with anthropological concepts, research agendas, and debates about the multiple linkages between remembrance, past experience, and history, this article attempts to uncover the impact of globalization on collective memory practices.
Modeling the Environmental Effects on Carbon Fibers in a Ceramic Matrix at Oxidizing Conditions

Abstract : Carbon fiber/silicon carbide matrix composites (C/SiC) are promising materials for space applications such as nozzles, thrusters, and bladed disks. However the as-fabricated, cracked nature of the material makes it susceptible to environmental degradation due to fiber oxidation. Theoretical models can be used to gain a better understanding of how certain variables (i.e. temperature, environment, diffusion coefficient and reaction rate constant) are related to a specific process and to supplement or analyze experimental results. Methods for predicting the distribution of local oxygen concentration from the edge to the interior of an open column in a matrix bounded by carbon fiber tows will be discussed. The amounts and distribution of oxygen in a matrix and the gradients in oxygen concentration convey information regarding the oxidation kinetics. The models consider the case of a crack in a ceramic matrix that is bridged by carbon fiber tows. Two analytical solutions and differing finite difference models will be used to predict oxygen concentrations. Results from each prediction method will be presented and compared. The results and their relation towards oxidation kinetics will be discussed. Several geometries for the composite (square and rectangular) are considered in the finite difference models.
Evaluating Student Field Education: An Empirical Study.

Abstract Despite the importance given to student field performance evaluations in social work education, little empirical evidence has supported their validity. In the study described in this article, field supervisors' ratings of student performance in the field were compared to an independent judge's content analyses of tape recordings of their performance. The results revealed significant correlations between the supervisors' and the judge's ratings, providing evidence for the validity of the supervisors' evaluations. It is argued that the validity of the these evaluations may have been enhanced by the students' use of a well-specified intervention model and of structured recording forms.
CLC‐3 chloride channels moderate long‐term potentiation at Schaffer collateral–CA1 synapses

Key points • The CLC-3 chloride channel is expressed on postsynaptic membranes, where it is spatially and functionally linked to the NMDA receptor. • CLC-3 is phosphorylated by Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II. • Loss of CLC-3 expression or prevention of CLC-3 phosphorylation/gating results in excessive induction of long-term potentiation. • Given that knockout of CLC-3 results in hippocampal neurodegeneration, our results suggest that CLC-3 gating may provide a protective limit on plasticity and Ca2+ influx. Abstract The chloride channel CLC-3 is expressed in the brain on synaptic vesicles and postsynaptic membranes. Although CLC-3 is broadly expressed throughout the brain, the CLC-3 knockout mouse shows complete, selective postnatal neurodegeneration of the hippocampus, suggesting a crucial role for the channel in maintaining normal brain function. CLC-3 channels are functionally linked to NMDA receptors in the hippocampus; NMDA receptor-dependent Ca2+ entry, activation of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II and subsequent gating of CLC-3 link the channels via a Ca2+-mediated feedback loop. We demonstrate that loss of CLC-3 at mature synapses increases long-term potentiation from 135 ± 4% in the wild-type slice preparation to 154 ± 7% above baseline (P < 0.001) in the knockout; therefore, the contribution of CLC-3 is to reduce synaptic potentiation by ∼40%. Using a decoy peptide representing the Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II phosphorylation site on CLC-3, we show that phosphorylation of CLC-3 is required for its regulatory function in long-term potentiation. CLC-3 is also expressed on synaptic vesicles; however, our data suggest functionally separable pre- and postsynaptic roles. Thus, CLC-3 confers Cl− sensitivity to excitatory synapses, controls the magnitude of long-term potentiation and may provide a protective limit on Ca2+ influx.
pH, Carbon Dioxide, and Alkalinity

The pH or negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration is a master variable in water quality because the hydrogen ion influences many reactions. Because dissolved carbon dioxide is acidic, rainwater that is saturated with this gas is naturally acidic—usually about pH 5.6. Limestone, calcium silicate, and feldspars in soils and other geological formations dissolve through the action of carbon dioxide to increase the concentration of bicarbonate in water and raise the pH. The total concentration of titratable bases—usually bicarbonate and carbonate—expressed in milligrams per liter of calcium carbonate is the total alkalinity. Total alkalinity typically is less than 50 mg/L in waters of humid areas with highly leached soils, but it is greater where soils are more fertile, limestone formations are present, or the climate is arid. Alkalinity increases the availability of inorganic carbon for photosynthesis, because most phytoplankton species and many higher aquatic plants can obtain carbon from bicarbonate. Water bodies with moderate to high alkalinity are well-buffered against wide daily swings in pH resulting from net removal of carbon dioxide by photosynthesis during daytime and return of carbon dioxide to the water by respiratory process at night when there is no photosynthesis. The optimum pH range for most aquatic organisms is 6.5–8.5, and the acid and alkaline death points are around pH 4 and pH 11, respectively. Fish and other aquatic animals avoid high carbon dioxide concentration, but 20 mg/L or more can be tolerated if there is plenty of dissolved oxygen.
The Influence of Learning Style Preferences on Student Success in Online vs. Face-to-Face Environments

Using three learning style instruments, researchers assessed students enrolled in an online instructional design course and students in an equivalent face-to-face course to determine the students’ preferences across the constructs of motivation maintenance, task engagement, and cognitive controls. Although significant differences were found between the learning style preferences of the online students and those of the face-to-face students, these differences were not significant when success factors were controlled. The results of this study suggest that students can learn equally well in either delivery format, regardless of learning style, provided the course is developed around adult learning theory and sound instructional design guidelines.
Changes in everyday function in individuals with psychometrically defined mild cognitive impairment in the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly Study.

OBJECTIVES: To examine trajectories of change in everyday function for individuals with cognitive deficits suggestive of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DESIGN: Using data from the longitudinal, multisite Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly Study allowed for post hoc classification of MCI status at baseline using psychometric definitions for amnestic MCI, nonamnestic MCI, multidomain MCI, and no MCI. SETTING: Six U.S. cities. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand eight hundred thirty-two volunteers (mean age 74; 26% African American) living independently, recruited from senior housing, community centers, hospitals, and clinics. MEASUREMENTS: Mixed-effect models examined changes in self-reported activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) from the Minimum Data Set Home Care Interview in 2,358 participants over a 3-year period. RESULTS: In models for IADL performance, IADL difficulty, and a daily functioning composite, there was a significant time by MCI classification interaction for each MCI subtype, indicating that all MCI groups showed faster rates of decline in everyday function than cognitively normal participants with no MCI. CONCLUSION: Results demonstrate the importance of MCI as a clinical entity that not only predicts progression to dementia, but also predicts functional declines in activities that are key to autonomy and quality of life. MCI classification guidelines should allow for functional changes in MCI, and clinicians should monitor for such changes. Preservation of function may serve as a meaningful outcome for intervention efforts.
Copulatory Plug Displacement Evidences Sperm Competition in Lemur catta

Male displacement of copulatory (sperm) plugs from female vaginas provides further evidence for sperm competition in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), a gregarious prosimian species with a multimale, multifemale mating system. During two mating seasons, I studied two groups of free-ranging ring-tailed lemurs on St. Catherines Island, GA, USA. I observed 22 mating pairs in which males achieved penile intromission. Copulatory plug displacement by males occurred in 9 cases. Plugs were displaced during copulation by male penes upon withdrawl following deep vaginal thrusting. In every case of copulatory plug displacement, the male displacing a plug mated to ejaculation with the estrous female. In a mating system in which females typically mate with more than one male during estrous, often in succession, copulatory plug displacement may function to disrupt or preclude other males' successful insemination of estrous females. The effects of sperm plug displacement on paternity in Lemur catta are unknown, as no study had heretofore documented copulatory plug displacement in this species. The first-male mating advantage suggested for Lemur catta should be re-evaluated where mating order is known, and copulatory plug displacement during mating, or lack thereof, is identified. Because there is a tendency for first-mating males to mate-guard for longer periods of time in Lemur catta, the latency period between the first mate's ejaculation and that of subsequent mates may be an important determinant of male fertilization success.
Exploiting Social Trust Assisted Reciprocity (STAR) Toward Utility-Optimal Socially-Aware Crowdsensing

Mobile crowdsensing takes advantage of pervasive mobile devices to collect and process data for a variety of applications (e.g., traffic monitoring and spectrum sensing). In this study, a socially-aware crowdsensing system is advocated in which a cloud-based platform incentivizes mobile users to participate in sensing tasks by leveraging social trust among users, upon receiving sensing requests. For this system, social trust assisted reciprocity (STAR), a synergistic marriage of social trust and reciprocity, is exploited to design an incentive mechanism that stimulates users’ participation. Given the social trust structure among users, the efficacy of STAR for satisfying users’ sensing requests is thoroughly investigated. Specifically, it is first shown that all requests can be satisfied if and only if sufficient social credit can be “transferred” from users who request more sensing service than they can provide to users who can provide more than they request. Then utility maximization for sensing services under STAR is investigated, and it is shown that it reduces to maximizing the utility of a circulation flow in the combined social graph and request graph. Accordingly, an algorithm that iteratively cancels a cycle of positive weight in the residual graph is developed, which computes the optimal solution efficiently, for both cases of divisible and indivisible sensing service. Extensive simulation results corroborate that STAR can significantly outperform the mechanisms using social trust only or reciprocity only.
The long-term antihypertensive effects of prazosin and atenolol☆

The efficacy and tolerability of the alpha-blocker prazosin was compared with that of atenolol, a beta-blocker, in the long-term treatment of uncomplicated, essential hypertension. Twelve patients were randomly assigned to prazosin treatment and 15 to treatment with atenolol. Drug therapy was titrated to reduce diastolic blood pressure by 10 mm Hg or to below 89 mm Hg, whichever was lower. If monotherapy with either study drug failed to do this, hydrochlorothiazide was added to the regimen. Once blood pressure control was established, patients received maintenance therapy at that dosage and were followed for up to 12 months. Blood pressure, side effects, and plasma lipid levels were monitored during this period. Seventy-five percent of patients receiving prazosin monotherapy attained blood pressure goals, compared with 60 percent of patients given atenolol monotherapy. With the addition of low-dose hydrochlorothiazide, those patients not having an adequate response to monotherapy attained blood pressure control. Blood pressure reductions were maintained without dosage adjustment throughout the maintenance period; patient acceptance was good, and there was no evidence of tolerance. Treatment with atenolol produced slight increases in plasma triglyceride levels and little change in total or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In contrast, patients treated with prazosin demonstrated no adverse effects with regard to lipid levels. Although a higher percentage of patients reached goal blood pressure with prazosin monotherapy than with atenolol, the response rates were comparable when hydrochlorothiazide was added to the regimens.
Reward sequence and reinforcement level as determinants of S− behavior in differential conditioning

In two differential conditioning experiments, groups of 10 rats each differed with respect to average reward and schedule of reward received in S+. Nonreward (N) occurred on all S­ trials. In both experiments, extinction of responding to S- (resistance to discrimination) was extensively regulated by reward sequence and was largely independent of average reward. In Experiment I, resistance to discrimination was a function of transitions from N to rewarded (R) trials (N-R transitions). In Experiment 2, resistance to discrimination was increased by large reward on the R trial of N-R transitions and decreased by large reward on the R trial of R-N transitions. These schedule effects on resistance to discrimination parallel the effects of comparable schedules on resistance to extinction following partial reinforcement. The re­ sults are discussed in terms of sequential theory, reinforcement level theory, and their implica­ tions for various schedule manipulations that have previously shown S- behavior to be in­ versely related to average reward in S+. Two factors have been shown to be particularly important in regulating behavior to the negative (S-) stimulus during differential conditioning, trial sequence (Capaldi, Berg, & Morris, 1975; Haggbloom, 1978, 1979, 1980; McHose & Blackwell, 1975) and the dif­ ference between the average incentive associated with the two discriminanda (McHose, 1970).
Brain T1 measured by magnetic resonance imaging in Bulimia

Using a 1.5 Tesla magnetic imager, we measured T1 in various brain regions for a group of unmedicated bulimics compared with controls
Conditional simulations of water–oil flow in heterogeneous porous media

This study is an extension of the stochastic analysis of transient two-phase flow in randomly heterogeneous porous media (Chen et al. in Water Resour Res 42:W03425, 2006), by incorporating direct measurements of the random soil properties. The log-transformed intrinsic permeability, soil pore size distribution parameter, and van Genuchten fitting parameter are treated as stochastic variables that are normally distributed with a separable exponential covariance model. These three random variables conditioned on given measurements are decomposed via Karhunen–Loeve decomposition. Combined with the conditional eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of random variables, we conduct a series of numerical simulations using stochastic transient water–oil flow model (Chen et al. in Water Resour Res 42:W03425, 2006) based on the KLME approach to investigate how the number and location of measurement points, different random soil properties, as well as the correlation length of the random soil properties, affect the stochastic behavior of water and oil flow in heterogeneous porous media.
Periodontal splinting with wire and composite resin. A revised approach

A method for periodontal splinting of anterior teeth with wire and composite resins is described. The method combines the use of a double wire reinforcement shallow tooth preparation, and acid etching to obtain good strength and sealing properties. The sequence of steps are exclusively designed to suit the properties of composite resins. The technique has the advantages of conservatism and simplicity, good esthetics and strength that surpasses that of conventional wire and acrylic or composite splints.
Maintenance of parathyroid hormone response in clonal rat osteosarcoma lines.

Abstract Clonal cell lines possessing parathyroid hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase were established from a rat osteosarcoma. These lines have retained undiminished hormone responsiveness through more than 5 months in continuous culture. Both the extent stimulation and hormone sensitivity were similar to those found in freshly excised tumor and embryonic bone.
Isolation of the Gravity-Inertial Motion Component in a Nonlinear Atmospheric Model

Abstract Diagnostic methods me considered for isolating gravity-inertial motions in the output of a nonlinear atmospheric numerical model. The gravity-inertial component is defined by the nongeostrophic motions not directly incorporated with the synoptic-scale evolution according to quasi-scostrophic or balance model relationships. The analysis methods am applied to the solutions for a propagating jet stream maximum generated by a simple two-layer hydrostatic numerical model. Results identify a coherent pattern in the gravity-inertial motion component but details of the horizontal structure and propagation characteristics are only partially resolved. Results also elucidate relative merits of a number of physical variables and difference fields for defining the gravity-inertial component.
Virginia tech cognitive radio network testbed and open source cognitive radio framework

The Wireless @ VT research group has embarked on a effort to develop a unique testbed named the Virginia Tech Cognitive Radio Network (VT-CORNET), for the development, testing, and evaluation of cognitive engine techniques and cognitive radio network applications. An open cognitive radio network testbed provides the infrastructure for researchers at Virginia Tech and partner institutions to evaluate independently developed cognitive radio engines, sensing techniques, applications, protocols, performance metrics, and algorithms in a real world wireless environment, in contrast to a computer simulation or single node-to-single node environment.
Effects of acid detergent fiber intake on early postpartum milk production and chewing activities in dairy goats fed alfalfa hay

Forty multiparous Alpine does were studied for effects of incremental levels of acid detergent fiber (ADF) on milk production, milk composition and chewing activities, during the first four weeks of lactation. Diets consisted of combinations of chopped alfalfa hay, corn and soybean meal with 14, 18, 22 or 26% ADF (DM). Increasing ADF intake did not affect DM intake or milk yield but increased (P < 0.05) milk fat concentration linearly. Milk fat yield was not affected by treatments. This could be attributed to a tendency for milk yield to decrease when ADF intake was increased. Feeding higher amounts of ADF to dairy goats increased total chewing and rumination time (P < 0.001). Plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose were not affected by ADF intake, but β-hydroxybutyrate was elevated at 18% ADF (P < 0.05). High fiber intake did not limit milk production in high producing goats during early lactation. Requirements for ADF to maintain normal rumen function and milk fat content during the first four weeks of lactation can be derived from a linear equation: Chewing time (min/d) = 33.11+30.13 ADF (%) (P < 0.001, r = + 0.83) and Milk fat (%) = 3.606+0.0013 ADF (g/d) (P < 0.01, r = + 0.38).
Phonemic verbal fluency decline after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation does not depend on number of microelectrode recordings or lead tip placement.

Abstract Background Evidence suggests that both motor improvement and decline in verbal fluency in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be attributed to a lead implantation effect. Objective We investigated whether the number of microelectrode recording (MER) passes influenced either motor UPDRS scores just prior to stimulation initiation at 4 weeks or decline in verbal fluency 6–24 months after surgery. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 50 PD patients who underwent bilateral STN DBS. Off medication UPDRS III motor scores were obtained before surgery and before stimulation was initiated. Neuropsychological testing was completed pre- and post-operatively in 28 patients at a mean of 377 days. Coordinates of lead tip and active stimulation site were calculated. Results There was no improvement in off-medication UPDRS III motor scores at a mean 33.9 days following surgery, with mean change of 0.04 ± 10.48 (p = 0.98). There was no correlation between the number of MER passes and change in individual UPDRS motor score (r = −0.0001, p = 1.0). We observed significant decline in phonemic verbal fluency by 16% (p = 0.003) but it was not correlated with number of left hemisphere (r = −0.15, p = 0.46), or total number of passes (r = −0.02, p = 0.94) or coordinates of the lead tip or active stimulation site. There was a trend toward correlation with age (r = 0.38, p = 0.07). Conclusions Significant decline in phonemic verbal fluency did not correlate with surgical passes nor with location of the lead tip or active stimulation site. These data suggest that age may influence verbal fluency decline more than surgical technique.
Inhibition of aggregation of human platelets by 8,15-dihydroperoxides of 5,9,11,13-eicosatetraenoic and 9,11,13-eicosatrienoic acids

Abstract The dihydroperoxy derivative of arachidonic acid, 8,15-dihydroperoxy-5,9,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid, at 1×10 5 M , is an effective inhibitor of the aggregation of human blood platelets, induced by ADP, epinephrine and collagen. The nature of the effect is time dependent. If ADP is added 60 sec after the inhibitor, the first phase of aggregation occurs but the second phase is suppressed. When the time is prolonged to 240 sec, the first phase of aggregation is almost completely eliminated. The corresponding dihydroxy derivative is without effect on aggregation. The corresponding dihydroperoxy derivative obtained from 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid is also an effective inhibitor.
Regulation of Responsiveness of Cultured Adrenal Cells to Adrenocorticotropin and Prostaglandin E1: Cell Density, Cell Division, and Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis

In cultured bovine adrenocortical cells, responsiveness to ACTH, as assessed by the maximal rate of ACTHstimulated cAMP production, has been found to depend on cell density and cell proliferation, while the maximal rate of prostaglandin E1< (PGE1)-stimulated cAMP production was constant.The combination of low cell density and normal cell proliferation caused a specific decline in responsiveness to ACTH. Responsiveness did not decline at any density when proliferation was inhibited by mitomycin C treatment. Specific declines in responsiveness to ACTH were also seen when cultures were treated with cycloheximide or sodium butyrate. When protein synthesis was completely inhibited by cycloheximide treatment, responsiveness to ACTH declined with a half-life of 20.5 h and responsiveness to PGE1 declined with a half-life of 75 h. Because PGE1-stimulated cAMP production indicates intact adenylate cyclase catalytic activity, changes in ACTH-stimulated cAMP production appear to be due to specific changes in function...
Charge Injection Device Focal Plane Processor For Video Bandwidth Compression

A charge injection device (CID) solid-state video sensor/focal plane processor is described which can be used to implement Hadamard transform techniques to reduce video band-width. This device can be operated in two modes. In one mode, the output is a normal video signal. In the second mode, the output is the Hadamard transform of the image. This approach offers an opportunity to relieve the small size and low power requirements imposed by mini-RPV and guided weapon antijam video data link applications by performing the transform processing function of the airborne encoder directly on the image plane. A description of the CID imager, the one- and two-dimensional Hadamard transform implementation of the focal plane processing chip, and preliminary test results are included.
Synaptotagmin C2 Domain Membrane Targeting: Kinetic and Mechanistic Diversity Among Isoforms from Different Cell Types

Synaptotagmin (Syt) triggers Ca2+-dependent membrane fusion during secretion via its tandem C2 domains, termed C2A and C2B. The seventeen known human isoforms are active in different secretory cell types, including neurons (SytI and others) and pancreatic β cells (SytVII and others). Here, quantitative fluorescence measurements reveal notable differences in the membrane docking affinities, kinetics, and molecular driving forces for C2A and C2B domains from SytI and SytVII, using vesicles comprised of physiological target lipid mixtures. In agreement with previous studies, the Ca2+ sensitivity of membrane binding is greater for both domains from SytVII than for their counterparts in SytI. We demonstrate that for C2A, this increased sensitivity is due to a stronger SytVIIC2A membrane interaction, which involves substantial contribution from the hydrophobic effect. Association and dissociation rate constants for both SytVII domains are found to be significantly slower than their counterparts in SytI. For SytVIIC2A, the dissociation rate constant is ∼50-fold slower than SytIC2A and is reminiscent of the cPLA2C2 domain that is known to insert deeply into membranes. Addition of sodium sulfate decreases the dissociation rate of SytVIIC2A but not SytIC2A, further indicating that hydrophobic contacts play a major role in SytVIIC2A membrane docking. Thus, SytVIIC2A docks to membranes via both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, while the membrane docking interaction of SytIC2A is predominantly electrostatic. The inclusion of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) in membrane mixtures leads to increased affinity and slower dissociation for both C2B domains, but has minimal effects on C2A domains. Overall, highly homologous domains from these two proteins exhibit distinct mechanisms of membrane binding that may reflect their functions in different cell types.
Catalytic Mechanism of Perosamine N-Acetyltransferase Revealed by High-Resolution X-ray Crystallographic Studies and Kinetic Analyses.

N-Acetylperosamine is an unusual dideoxysugar found in the O-antigens of some Gram-negative bacteria, including the pathogenic Escherichia coli strain O157:H7. The last step in its biosynthesis is catalyzed by PerB, an N-acetyltransferase belonging to the left-handed β-helix superfamily of proteins. Here we describe a combined structural and functional investigation of PerB from Caulobacter crescentus. For this study, three structures were determined to 1.0 A resolution or better: the enzyme in complex with CoA and GDP-perosamine, the protein with bound CoA and GDP-N-acetylperosamine, and the enzyme containing a tetrahedral transition state mimic bound in the active site. Each subunit of the trimeric enzyme folds into two distinct regions. The N-terminal domain is globular and dominated by a six-stranded mainly parallel β-sheet. It provides most of the interactions between the protein and GDP-perosamine. The C-terminal domain consists of a left-handed β-helix, which has nearly seven turns. This region provides the scaffold for CoA binding. On the basis of these high-resolution structures, site-directed mutant proteins were constructed to test the roles of His 141 and Asp 142 in the catalytic mechanism. Kinetic data and pH-rate profiles are indicative of His 141 serving as a general base. In addition, the backbone amide group of Gly 159 provides an oxyanion hole for stabilization of the tetrahedral transition state. The pH-rate profiles are also consistent with the GDP-linked amino sugar substrate entering the active site in its unprotonated form. Finally, for this investigation, we show that PerB can accept GDP-3-deoxyperosamine as an alternative substrate, thus representing the production of a novel trideoxysugar.
A polymer-supported dichloro(cyclopentadienyl)rhodium(III) catalyst

Abstract Insoluble dichloro(η 5 -cyclopentadienyl)rhodium(II) has been attached to 20% divinylbenzene cross-linked polystyrene by treating polymer-attached cyclopentadiene directly with rhodium trichloride trihydrate. Polymer-supported dichloro (η 5 -cyclopentadienyl)rhodium(III), I, is a good hydrogenation catalyst for olefins as well as arenes in the presence of excess triethylamine under 110 psig H 2 at 70°C. It can also catalyze isomerization of allylbenzene in the absence of triethylamine at 85°C. Under 80 psig of CO and H 2 (1/1) in the presence of triethylamine, I can be easily converted into the polymer-supported η 5 -cyclopentadienylrhodium dicarbonyl catalyst. Mechanisms for the catalyst preparation, hydrogenation and isomerization are also discussed.
A calibration procedure for millimeter-scale stereomicroscopic particle image velocimetry

A stereomicroscopic particle image velocimetry (SμPIV) system has been developed for millimeter scale flows. The SμPIV system is based on an off-the-shelf stereomicroscope, with magnification between 0.69× and 30×, and a field of view between 7.5 × 6 mm and 250 × 200 μm. Custom calibration targets were devised using printed circuit board technology, and applied at a magnification factor of 1.74, with a field of view of 4.75 × 3.8 mm. Measurement errors were assessed by moving a test block with fixed particles. Total system uncertainty in test block displacement transverse to the optical axis was 0.5% of the field of view, and 3% of the depth of field for motion along the optical axis. Approximately 20% of this uncertainty was due to the calibration target quality and test block procedures.
Brain Regions for Perceiving and Reasoning About Other People in School‐Aged Children

Neuroimaging studies with adults have identified cortical regions recruited when people think about other people's thoughts (theory of mind): temporo-parietal junction, posterior cingulate, and medial prefrontal cortex. These same regions were recruited in 13 children aged 6-11 years when they listened to sections of a story describing a character's thoughts compared to sections of the same story that described the physical context. A distinct region in the posterior superior temporal sulcus was implicated in the perception of biological motion. Change in response selectivity with age was observed in just one region. The right temporo-parietal junction was recruited equally for mental and physical facts about people in younger children, but only for mental facts in older children.
On the structure of indecomposable injective modules 1

For a ring R, the following two conditions are equivalent:. (1) If E is an indecomposable injective right R-module, then End ER is a field (not necesarily commutative). (2) Every co-irreducible rigtht ideal is critical. Since (2) has been characterized ideal-theoretically, this amounts to an ideal-theoretical characterization of (1). These rings come up to the study of (QI) rings in which every quasi-injective module is injective.
Electromagnetic instability in high‐β plasmas with generalized distribution functions

Electromagnetic instability of waves propagating transverse to the external magnetic field of an anisotropic high‐β plasma governed by generalized non‐Maxwellian distribution functions is discussed. The region of instability is much smaller compared with that for Maxwellian plasma.
Organizations as political coalitions: A behavioral view of the goal formation process

Within the contemporary theory of formal organization, much is said of the importance of organizational goals. I t has been noted, for example, that goals are instrumental in defining the organization in i t s environment so as to establ ish legi t imacy, to provide for the coordination of diverse subunits, and to establ ish the standards for performance evaluation (17). When reading the l i t e r a t u r e on goal formation, one is impressed with two factors. F i rs t , everyone agrees that to accurately understand organizational processes, one must recognize the importance of goals. Second, although goals are un iversa l ly accepted as basic to organization and management, l i t t l e at tent ion has been directed toward a systematic theory of goal formation. Thus, on one hand, we concede the importance of goals while on the other hand we do l i t t l e to explain how they come into being. In th is paper an attempt w i l l be made to examine and expand one view of organizational goal formation. This view is labeled the po l i t i ca l theory because of the way in which goals are said to emerge. The thesis is not new. I t is hoped, however, that the process w i l l provide some perspectives that are seldom scrut inized with any degree of seriousness.
Some classes of inelastic materials related problems basic to future technologies

Abstract This mainly philosophic look ahead to the future highlights a number of developing classes of materials-related mechanics problems on the microscale and the macroscale. Each appears to be of considerable practical importance, intellectually stimulating, and likely to be very difficult. The list includes: the mechanics of response of lightly and heavily damaged structures and microstructures to further loading, the development of design theorems for the microscale and macroscale which contain suitable measures of damage, mechanics guidance for the development and interpretation of the remarkably sensitive and discerning NDE ultrasonic measurements that are now becoming possible for creep and fatigue damage, the mechanics of chemically active solids, and the mechanics of enormous strain rates, strains, stresses and temperatures likely to be encountered in power generation by fusion. The paper closes with attention to the need to capture the essence of reality rather than its full complexity.
The reliability of performing a screening cystometrogram using a fetal monitoring device for the detection of detrusor instability

Objective: To determine if a cystometrogram performed using the intrauterine pressure channel of a fetal monitor can be used to screen for detrusor instability in women undergoing evaluation for urinary incontinence. Methods: Sixty-six women with primary complaints of urinary incontinence were randomized to have a cystometrogram performed at their initial visit with a multichannel electronic cystometer or with the intrauterine pressure channel of a fetal monitor. Subjects underwent a second cystometrogram 1–4 weeks later with the alternative technique. The results were analyzed with χ 2 analysis and correlation coefficients. Results: Twenty-two subjects had detrusor instability diagnosed by the multichannel electronic cystometer. The fetal monitor cystometrogram was 91% sensitive and 86% specific in detecting detrusor instability, and had a 77% positive predictive value and a 95% negative predictive value. The correlation coefficients between the two examinations for bladder volume at first sensation, maximum capacity, volume at first contraction, and intensity of uninhibited detrusor contraction were r = 0.51, r = 0.69, r = 0.87, and r = 0.79, respectively; all of these were statistically significant. Conclusion: The intrauterine pressure channel of a fetal monitor can be used reliably to perform a cystometrogram to screen for detrusor instability in patients presenting with complaints of urinary incontinence.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus carrier state in cells cultured from tissues of convalescent cattle.

Cultures were made from mucosal tissues of the pharynx, esophagus, rumen and tongue of cattle convalescent (7 days) from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) infection. The persistence of FMD virus in the cell cultures was demonstrated by fluorescent antibody technique and by subcultures in primary swine kidney cells using cytopathic effect and plaque assay techniques.
HyCoRE: Towards a generalized hierarchical hybrid context reasoning engine

Varied context reasoning approaches are used across a variety of applications in the pervasive computing domain including: health monitoring, intrusion detection, airport security and military target tracking. The same types of context are being inferred in diverse ways across a number of platforms. For example, human activity has been inferred using a number of statistical, ontological, and logical approaches. What we do not find in sufficient measure is context aware reasoning framework and knowledge reuse. Lack of reuse limits rapid context aware application development. This further restrains innovation. Among the factors contributing to this situation are: i) insufficient modeling formalisms; ii) limited generalized APIs for reasoning; and iii) inefficient and inflexible reasoning choices that fail to meet application needs. Utilizing reusable components for application development is a fundamental challenge in generalizing context reasoning. In this paper, we attempt to design and develop a foundation for implementing a generalized hierarchical hybrid context reasoning engine for pervasive applications. With such a framework we can achieve greater context reasoning framework and knowledge reuse, support for context modularization and improved context aware application performance.
Mutual Repulsion Between Moving Visual Targets

When two spatially intermingled sets of random dots move in different directions, the direction of each set may be misperceived. Observers report that each set of dots appears to move in a direction displaced by as much as 20 degrees from the direction of its companion set. Probably the result of inhibitory interactions, this mutual repulsion occurs at a central site in the visual system and may normally enhance discrimination of direction.
OMG: An ontology-based group mobility generator

We present an ontology based group mobility model generator, OMG, which especially focuses on the user convenience and group mobility. Simulation models play a significant role in designing and evaluating network protocols. In such a process, it is important to use a proper mobility model for valid and practical results. However, it can be a daunting task for a protocol designer to understand the details of various mobility models, then choose, implement, and tune an appropriate mobility model. In this work, we develop a tool that provides a group mobility model based on the user's demand in an intuitive and convenient manner, using a semantic-based approach. We first extract characteristics from various group mobility models, and then build an efficient and flexible framework that can yield an mobility model satisfying a user's demand. An ontology is defined that enables associations among extracted characteristics. A user just needs to specify the demand with intuitive properties in order to obtain a network simulator code of a mobility model that satisfies the user's demand. OMG facilitates mobile network simulations with efficient support of group mobility models in order for users to create a mobility model without having to handle the details.
CD5, CD10, and CD23 Expression in Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia

CD5, CD10, and CD23 are cell surface antigens used to distinguish B-cell disorders. The expression of these antigens and their clinical significance in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM), an uncommon B-cell disorder, remains to be clarified. We therefore determined expression of CD5, CD10, and CD23 by flow cytometric analysis on bone marrow lymphoplasmacytic cells (CD19+ k/l light chain restricted) for 171 serially biopsied patients with findings of the consensus panel definition of WM. Importantly, we also correlated laboratory and clinical data, as well as existence of a familial history of a B-cell disorder in view of reports suggesting familial predisposition in WM. These studies demonstrated tumor cell expression of CD5, CD10, and CD23 in 15 of 171 patients (9%), 11 of 161 patients (7%), and 37 of 105 patients (35%), respectively. Coexpression of CD23 with CD5 or CD10 was common. Tumor Lymphoplasmacytic from 10 of 15 (66%) and 3 of 11 (27%) patients with WM that expressed CD5 and CD10, respectively, also showed expression of CD23 (P = 0.01 and P = 0.08, respectively). Among patients with CD23 expression, increased serum immunoglobulin (Ig) M levels were observed compared with patients without CD23 expression (P = 0.05). No differences in age at diagnosis; presence of adenopathy and/or splenomegaly; bone marrow involvement; serum IgA, IgB, and b2 macroglobulin levels; hematocrit; platelet count; or familial history of WM or a related B-cell disorder were observed among patients with and without CD5, CD10, and CD23 expression. These studies demonstrate that CD5, CD10, and CD23 are commonly found in WM and that their expression should not exclude the diagnosis of WM. Moreover, expression of CD23 may define a clinically distinct subset of patients with WM.
Using a microprocessor in high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract The background and use of a microprocessor-controlled liquid chromatograph to carry out the automatic optimization of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separations is discussed. The procedure is based upon the use of the modified sequential simplex algorithm to select the optimum composition of a three component mobile phase. The way in which the simplex algorithm is incorporated into a program and the hardware used is described. The use of this approach provides the chromatographer with the ability to optimize HPLC separations without requiring either extensive theoretical knowledge or a great expenditure of time and effort.