cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophilic Addition to η2-Aldehyde Complexes of Pentaammineosmium(II): The Formation of Fischer Carbyne Complexes via η2-Aldehydium Intermediates

A series of η2-aldehyde complexes of pentaammineosmium(II) of the form [Os(NH3)5(L)](OTf)2 (L = formaldehyde (1), acetaldehyde (2), trimethylacetaldehyde (3), benzaldehyde (4), and crotonaldehyde (...
Der Zickzack‐Sichter ‐ ein Windsichter nach neuem Prinzip

Durch die Weiterentwicklung des Steigrohr-Windsichters und dessen spezieller Abart, des Kaskaden-Windsichters, zum Zickzack-Sichter gelang es, einen solchen Stromungsverlauf zu erzielen, das sich in jedem Glied des senkrechten, vielfach abgeknickten Rohres eine horizontale Wirbelwalze ausbildet. Dadurch wurde aus einem Steigrohr-Windsichter ein Vielfach-Querstromsichter, in dem Fein- und Grobgut im Gegenstrom zueinander gefuhrt werden, wobei in jeder Sichtstufe ein gerichteter Austausch stattfindet. Theoretische Darlegungen zeigen die Eigenschaften dieses neuen Prinzips. Die praktischen Trenngrenzen sind etwa 0,1 bis 10 mm. Die Trennscharfe kann durch Erhohung der Gliederzahl beliebig eingestellt werden. Durch Anordnung solcher Zickzack-Sichter in einem Laufrad wird der praktische Trennbereich auf etwa 20 bis 200 μm verschoben. In einem Labor-Sichter wurde sogar eine Trenngrenze von 1,5 μm erreicht. Praktische Anwendungen der neuen Sichtermuhle Duoplex®, einer Kombination einer Hammerprall-Muhle mit dem Zickzack-Sichtrad, werden beschrieben1.
Gronwall-OuIang-Type Integral Inequalities on Time Scales

We present several Gronwall-OuIang-type integral inequalities on time scales. Firstly, an OuIang inequality on time scales is discussed. Then we extend the Gronwall-type inequalities to multiple integrals. Some special cases of our results contain continuous Gronwall-type inequalities and their discrete analogues. Several examples are included to illustrate our results at the end.
Anger Expression and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: Evidence From the Nova Scotia Health Survey

Background Whereas some studies have found that anger increases the risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD), others found anger to be protective. Prior studies did not account for different types of anger expression, which may be associated with opposing levels of cardiovascular risk. This study examines whether distinct types of anger expression differentially predict incident CHD. Methods We conducted a population-based, observational prospective study of 785 randomly selected Canadian men and women (50% each) aged 46 to 92 years and free of CHD in 1995. Using videotaped interviews, trained coders rated 3 types of anger expression: constructive anger (discussing anger to resolve the situation), destructive anger justification (blaming others for one's anger), and destructive anger rumination (brooding over an anger-inducing incident). The association between anger expression type per SD and incident CHD was estimated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for sex, age, cardiovascular risk factors, depressive symptoms, hostility, and anxiety. Interactions of anger expression type and gender were also tested. Results There were 115 incident CHD events (14.6%) during 6,584 person-years of follow-up. The association between clinically assessed constructive anger expression and CHD varied by gender ( P for interaction=.02); higher levels were associated with a lower risk of incident CHD in men only (hazard ratio 0.58, 95% CI 0.43-0.80, P P = .03) and predicted CHD incidence independent of covariates and depressive symptoms, hostility, and anxiety. Conclusions Decreased constructive anger in men and increased destructive anger justification in men and women are associated with increased risk of 10-year incident CHD.
Non-invasive material discrimination using spectral x-ray radiography

Current radiographic methods are limited in their ability to determine the presence of nuclear materials in containers or composite objects. A central problem is the inability to distinguish the attenuation pattern of high-density metals from those with a greater thickness of a less dense material. Here, we show that spectrally sensitive detectors can be used to discriminate plutonium from multiple layers of other materials using a single-view radiograph. An inverse algorithm with adaptive regularization is used. The algorithm can determine the presence of plutonium in simulated radiographs with a mass resolution per unit area of at least 0.07 g cm−2.
IGAP: interactive genetic algorithm peer to peer

We present IGAP, a peer to peer interactive genetic algorithm which reflects the real world methodology followed in team design. We apply our methodology to floorplanning. Through collaboration users are able to visualize designs done by peers on the network, while using case injection to allow them to bias their populations and the fitness function to adapt to subjective preferences.
Axiomatizable theories with few axiomatizable extensions

In this paper we prove two theorems. They answer questions raised by Myhill in 1956. (We recall the well-known fact that Myhill's invention of the maximal set in 1956 [2] stemmed from his attempt to prove I below.) I. There exists an axiomatizable, essentially undecidable theory in standard formalization such that all axiomatizable extensions of are finite extensions. II. There exists an axiomatizable but undecidable theory in standard formalization such that (a) has a consistent, complete, decidable extension , (b) If is an axiomatizable extension of then either (i) is a finite extension of , or (ii) is a finite extension of .
Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients With Saphenous Vein and Internal Mammary Artery Bypass Grafts

In most studies, aspirin has been shown to be effective for a period of 1 year in reducing the frequency of saphenous vein bypass graft occlusion when begun 1 day before surgery, on the day of surgery, or the day after surgery. Effective doses of aspirin range from 100 to 975 mg/d. Aspirin in combination with dipyridamole is effective in the prevention of saphenous vein bypass graft occlusion if aspirin and dipyridamole therapy is started 1 or 2 days before surgery or aspirin therapy is started on the day of surgery but dipyridamole therapy is started before surgery or if treatment with both aspirin and dipyridamole is started 1 day after surgery. Aspirin in combination with dipyridamole is not more effective than aspirin alone in the prevention of saphenous vein graft occlusion. Bleeding is higher among patients treated with aspirin alone than among controls if aspirin therapy is started 1 day before surgery. Bleeding is not greater in comparison to controls if aspirin therapy is started the day of surgery or 1 day after surgery. When aspirin and dipyridamole are used in combination, bleeding is higher than in controls, and bleeding is higher than with aspirin alone. The continued use of aspirin for 2 additional years after an initial year of aspirin therapy for the prevention of saphenous vein bypass graft occlusion showed no additional long-term benefit on graft patency at the end of the third year.
POPULATION CHANGE IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO

ABSTRACT Autocovariance procedures provide useful insights into the spatial patterns of population change in the cities, towns, and villages of southern Ontario. Covariance patterns reflect distance decay and urban hierarchy effects, and reveal spatial constraints on population change that complement the better known temporal constraints. A close relationship between scale-variance shifts and aggregate system growth shows that spatial patterns of covariance depend on the regional growth rate. Local variability of change rates increases when aggregate growth is accelerating.
Case Study of a Hailstorm in Colorado. Part III: Airflow From Triple-Doppler Measurements.

Abstract Triple-Doppler measurements are presented for a hailstorm of moderate intensity that occurred over the High plains of northeastern Colorado, and an airflow model is synthesized. The storm had a number of persistent features similar to previous descriptions of supercells. However, its evolution is shown to be intermediate in a certain sense between classical multicell and supercell models. A new model based on the Doppler observations, termed “weak evolution,” emphasizes gradual changes in the structure of a long-lived updraft. The new airflow model explains the periodic echo intensifications noted for this storm, and seems to apply well to other storms discussed in the literature.
Multivariate Image Processing Technique for Noninvasive Glucose Sensing

A potential noninvasive glucose sensing technique was investigated for application towards in vivo glucose monitoring for individuals afflicted with diabetes mellitus. Three dimensional ray tracing simulations using a realistic iris pattern integrated into an advanced human eye model are reported for physiological glucose concentrations ranging between 0 to 500 mg/dL. The anterior chamber of the human eye contains a clear fluid known as the aqueous humor. The optical refractive index of the aqueous humor varies on the order of 1.5x10 -4 for a change in glucose concentration of 100 mg/dL. The simulation data was analyzed with a developed multivariate chemometrics procedure that utilizes iris-based images to form a calibration model. Results from these simulations show considerable potential for use of the developed method in the prediction of glucose. For further demonstration, an in vitro eye model was developed to validate the computer based modeling technique. In these experiments, a realistic iris pattern was placed in an analog eye model in which the glucose concentration within the fluid representing the aqueous humor was varied. A series of high resolution digital images were acquired using an optical imaging system. These images were then used to form an in vitro calibration model utilizing the same multivariate chemometric technique demonstrated in the 3-D optical simulations. In general, the developed method exhibits considerable applicability towards its use as an in vivo platform for the noninvasive monitoring of physiological glucose concentration.
Viscoelastic Winding Mechanics

The viscoelastic analysis of tape systems composed of rate-dependent materials is presented. Histories for winding, winding-pause, and winding-pause-unwinding are considered. Numerical results are presented for several histories and representative material properties
Perceived characteristics, organizational factors, and the utilization of external market research suppliers

Abstract A paucity of research has been conducted on the degree to which organizations utilize external market research suppliers. Yet one of the primary tasks of the marketing and research manager is to balance the amount of market research that is done internally versus externally. This study, unlike those that have focused on the degree to which managers use the output of market research, examines how organizations accomplish the research project. In-house market research departments (or client organizations) are sampled and questioned as to their utilization of external research suppliers. Diffusion theory (Brown, 1981; Rogers, 1962, 1983), with particular emphasis on the concept of continuous innovation, is used to explain the utilization of external market research suppliers.
AGE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN HORMONE CONTENT OF THE RABBIT HYPOPHYSIS

CONSTITUTIONAL FACTORS of age and sex are known to influence the ex′ pression of many spontaneous and experimental diseases. In a study of these factors, attention has been directed to the endocrine system. The fol′ lowing experiments were performed to obtain an index of the normal age and sex differences in endocrine function in one of the commonly used labora′ tory animals, the rabbit. Since the anterior hypophysis occupies a dominant position in the endocrine system, studies were confined to this gland. Esti′ mates were made of the relative content, according to age and sex, of certain anterior lobe hormones of the rabbit hypophysis, based upon changes found in the thyroids, ovaries and adrenals of immature guinea pigs following pitui′ tary implantations. The procedure was essentially that employed by Loeb in an analysis of anterior pituitaries of different species (i),
Enhancement of rotordynamic performance of high-speed micro-rotors for power MEMS applications by precision deep reactive ion etching

High-precision fabrication is indispensable for high-speed silicon micro-rotors for power MEMS applications so as to minimize the rotor imbalance that deteriorates the rotor performance. Etch variation of deep reactive ion etch (DRIE) process results in differences in rotor blade heights and thus rotor imbalance. A Fourier transform of the etch non-uniformity along the rotor circumference revealed the global etch variation across the wafer and local variations in etch rates depending on the concentration or proximity of the patterned geometry. Rotor imbalance arising from the global etch variation of DRIE process was estimated, which compared favorably to results obtained from spinning experiments. The global etch non-uniformity which culminates in rotor imbalance could be alleviated to 0.25% across a rotor of 4.2 mm diameter by optimizing the plasma chamber pressure. The developed DRIE recipe successfully reduced the rotor imbalance and thus enhanced the rotordynamic performance. The manufacturing processes presented herein are readily applicable to the constructions of other microstructures containing intricate geometries and large etched areas.
Epithelial healing: quantitative monitoring of the cornea following alkali burn

A micropolarographic system was used as a quantitative means of monitoring the healing course of corneal epithelium following a 10 second exposure to 0.20 N sodium hydroxide solution. Concentrations of less than that strength produced inconsistent flux baselines due to incomplete damage to the epithelium, while higher concentrations commonly involved the stroma as well. Virtually complete epithelial destruction (down to the basement membrane) and reproducible flux baselines were found, however, with the 0.20 N induced lesion studied in detail here. The healing course following those exposures consisted of two well defined phases: an initial period of hypoflux lasting some 48 h before rising back up to the pre-lesion baseline, followed then by a period of hyperflux lasting about 7 days before decreasing once again down to the pre-lesion baseline. This oxygen flux sequence closely parallels certain sliding and mitotic phases of epithelial healing already established in the literature.
First-order reliability application and verification methods for semistatic structures

Escalating risks of aerostructures stimulated by increasing size, complexity, and cost should no longer be ignored by conventional deterministic safety design methods. The deterministic pass-fail concept is incompatible with probability and risk assessments, its stress audits are shown to be arbitrary and incomplete, and it compromises high strength materials performance. A reliability method is proposed which combines first order reliability principles with deterministic design variables and conventional test technique to surmount current deterministic stress design and audit deficiencies. Accumulative and propagation design uncertainty errors are defined and appropriately implemented into the classical safety index expression. The application is reduced to solving for a factor that satisfies the specified reliability and compensates for uncertainty errors, and then using this factor as, and instead of, the conventional safety factor in stress analyses. The resulting method is consistent with current analytical skills and verification practices, the culture of most designers, and with the pace of semistatic structural designs.
Image Mapping Spectrometer (IMS) for real time hyperspectral fluorescence microscopy

Image Mapping Spectrometer is a non-scanning hyperspectral imaging technique providing a complete spectral-spatial information simultaneously. IMS acquires, analyzes and displays data at 5-10 frame/sec rates. Imaging results for cells expressing GFP/YFP/CFP are presented.
Convents as homes.

SUMMARY The present article discusses convents as homes. Resulting from the study of a Gregorian source presently housed at DePaul University's Richardson library, this article probes the complexities and restrictions of convent life in 17th century Spain. The Sanctoral de Visperas (1653) functions as a backdrop for a consideration of how singing chant and attendant rituals enriched the lives of nuns. Also included are references to nuns from this period who were outstanding musicians and poets and whose works have recently received enthusiastic attention.
A Single cDNA Encodes All Three AedesLeucokinins, Which Stimulate Both Fluid Secretion by the Malpighian Tubules and Hindgut Contractions *

Abstract A cDNA encoding preproleucokinin was isolated from a cDNA library of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The deduced amino acid sequence of Aedes preproleucokinin contains a putative signal peptide of 18 amino acid residues and a 210-amino acid residue proleucokinin. Within the proleucokinin are encoded one copy each of the Aedes leucokinins 1, 2, and 3 isolated previously from this species (Veenstra, J. A. (1994)Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 202, 715–719). All threeAedes leucokinins depolarize the transepithelial voltage of the malpighian tubule in concentrations of less than 10−9 m and increase the frequency of hindgut contractions at concentrations above 10−8 m. At higher concentrations the Aedes leucokinins 1 and 3 but notAedes leucokinin 2 are also able to increase the rate of fluid secretion by the malpighian tubules. The differences of the threeAedes leucokinins in their potencies to induce fluid secretion or depolarizations in the malpighian tubules suggest that there may be more than one type of leucokinin receptor in this tissue.
High-precision measurement of pixel positions in a charge-coupled device.

The high level of spatial uniformity in modern CCD’s makes them excellent devices for astrometric instruments. However, at the level of accuracy envisioned by the more ambitious projects such as the Astrometric Imaging Telescope, current technology produces CCD’s with significant pixel registration errors. We describe a technique for making high-precision measurements of relative pixel positions. We measured CCD’s manufactured for the Wide Field Planetary Camera II installed in the Hubble Space Telescope. These CCD’s are shown to have significant step-and-repeat errors of 0.033 pixel along every 34th row, as well as a 0.003-pixel curvature along 34-pixel stripes. The source of these errors is described. Our experiments achieved a per-pixel accuracy of 0.011 pixel. The ultimate shot-noise limited precision of the method is less than 0.001 pixel.
Revisiting the validity of APACHE II in the trauma ICU: Improved risk stratification in critically injured adults

Abstract Background Quality and benchmarking initiatives highlight the need for accurate stratified risk adjustment. The stratification of trauma patients has relied on scores specific to trauma populations. While the Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score has been considered “invalid” in the trauma population, we hypothesized that APAHCE II would more accurately predict outcomes in critically injured patients in whom commonly used trauma scores have inherent limitations. Methods A prospective cohort of critically injured patients was enrolled. Severity scores and their sub-components were collected, and in-hospital mortality was assessed. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was used to determine the predictive value of each score. Logistic regression estimated the odds of death associated with incremental changes in severity scores and their subcomponents. Results 1019 patients were available for analysis. APACHE II was the best predictor of mortality (AUROC 0.77 versus AUROC 0.54 for ISS and 0.64 for TRISS). A unit increase in APACHE II was associated with an OR of death of 1.18 (95% CI 1.14–1.22). The components of APACHE II that contributed the most to its accuracy included temperature, serum creatinine and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Conclusion Critically injured patients have physiologic derangements not accurately accounted for by commonly used trauma scores. In this subset a more general ICU scoring system is useful for risk adjustment for research, administrative and quality improvement purposes.
Interactions between gallamine and muscarinic receptors: allosterism and subpopulation specificity are separate phenomena.

Abstract The quaternary antagonist gallamine discriminates subpopulations of muscarinic receptors in the forebrain and brainstem of the rat and also modulates the binding of other muscarinic ligands via an allosteric mechanism in both brain regions. The calcium channel antagonist verapamil exhibits a similar allosteric effect in both regions (at 100 μM) but does not differentiate the subpopulations that are defined by gallamine. On the other hand, N-methylatropine does not produce the allosteric effect at 100 μM, but shows a high degree of selectivity (about 1000-fold) for the gallamine-defined subpopulations. These studies indicate that the allosterism and subpopulation specificity of gallamine are separate phenomena and may be examined in isolation by appropriate ligands.
The Palomar/MSU Nearby Star Spectroscopic Survey. III. Chromospheric Activity, M Dwarf Ages, and the Local Star Formation History

We present high-resolution echelle spectroscopy of 676 nearby M dwarfs. Our measurements include radial velocities, equivalent widths of important chromospheric emission lines, and rotational velocities for rapidly rotating stars. We identify several distinct groups by their Hα properties and investigate variations in chromospheric activity among early (M0–M2.5) and mid (M3–M6) dwarfs. Using a volume-limited sample together with a relationship between age and chromospheric activity, we show that the rate of star formation in the immediate solar neighborhood has been relatively constant over the last 4 Gyr. In particular, our results are inconsistent with recent large bursts of star formation. We use the correlation between Hα activity and age as a function of color to set constraints on the properties of L and T dwarf secondary components in binary systems. We also identify a number of interesting stars, including rapid rotators, radial velocity variables, and spectroscopic binaries.
Rubblization over Soft Soils: The Florida Experience

ABSTRACT In 1998, two concrete pavement sections were rehabilitated using rubblization techniques on a major Interstate in Florida. The pavement in general performed well, except for certain regions that failed pre-maturely and showed severe rutting. The Florida Department of Transportation was aware of the potential problems associated with rubblization especially over soft subgrade and took what were considered adequate precautions before and during construction. Edge drains below the rubblized layer were installed and the breaker speed was modified when sufficient compaction was not achieved due to soft subgrade. A study was conducted to determine the cause of failure in these regions. The analysis of FWD data showed that the failure of these regions was due to the development of pore pressures in the subgrade during rubblization. The pore pressures mobilized water to flow into the sandy-clay base underneath the rubblized layer, leading to poor compaction after rubblization and severe rutting with loca...
The Transitional Impacts of Municipal Consolidations

This article examines the transition and short-term effects of municipal consolidation on five recently amalgamated municipalities in Canada. The data for this study were collected from provincial ...
Krogh-cylinder and infinite-domain models for washout of an inert diffusible solute from tissue.

Objective Models based on the Krogh-cylinder concept are developed to analyze the washout from tissue by blood flow of an inert diffusible solute that permeates blood vessel walls. During the late phase of washout, the outflowing solute concentration decays exponentially with time. This washout decay rate is predicted for a range of conditions. Methods A single capillary is assumed to lie on the axis of a cylindrical tissue region. In the classic “Krogh-cylinder” approach, a no-flux boundary condition is applied on the outside of the cylinder. An alternative “infinite-domain” approach is proposed that allows for solute exchange across the boundary, but with zero net exchange. Both models are analyzed, using finite-element and analytical methods. Results The washout decay rate depends on blood flow rate, tissue diffusivity and vessel permeability of solute, and assumed boundary conditions. At low blood flow rates, the washout rate can exceed the value for a single well-mixed compartment. The infinite-domain approach predicts slower washout decay rates than the Krogh-cylinder approach. Conclusions The infinite-domain approach overcomes a significant limitation of the Krogh-cylinder approach, while retaining its simplicity. It provides a basis for developing methods to deduce transport properties of inert solutes from observations of washout decay rates.
A functional deficit in the sensorimotor interface component as revealed by oral reading in Thai conduction aphasia.

The contemporary view is that a disruption in phonological encoding underlies the speech production deficit in conduction aphasia. We therefore expect to observe a commonality in phonological errors regardless of task – speaking, reading, or writing. A case report is presented of an oral reading task performed by a Thai conduction aphasic with evidence of localized damage in the left temporoparietal zone. He was instructed to read aloud selections from elementary school materials printed in Thai script at his own pace. A phonological analysis of substitution errors revealed that syllable-initial consonants were more vulnerable to disruption than vowels or tones. Tonal errors were seen to be a secondary consequence of a substitution error involving the syllable-initial consonant. His impaired performance is interpreted as evidence in support of a sensorimotor interface system that converts phonological representations derived from visual orthographic input into articulatory motor representations for speech output.
Luminescence cross-reactions of Porichthys luciferin and theories on the origin of luciferin in some shallow-water fishes

Abstract 1. 1. Porichthys luciferin gives an extensive series of luminescent cross-reactions with the luciferases of various other luminous organisms. 2. 2. The luminescence reaction of Porichthys is very similar to that of the marine ostracod crustacean, Cypridina hilgendorfii. 3. 3. A relatively high percentage of the stomachs of adult Porichthys contained the euphausiid, Euphausia pacifica. 4. 4. Theories regarding the origin of luciferin in Porichthys and some other shallow-water fishes are discussed. 5. 5. The discovery of luminescence in the marine teleosts, Apogon poecilopterus and Parapriacanthus dispar, is reported.
Nucleon-nucleon interaction at intermediate energies and related nuclear processes

Abstract A model for the nucleon-nucleon interaction at intermediate energy based on a field theoretical Hamiltonian with nucleon-nucleon-meson and nucleon-delta-meson vertices evaluated in the frame work of time-ordered perturbation theory is described. The vertex parameters determined by fitting NN data are applied to π N scattering. In nuclear reactions this model is applied to proton-nucleus elastic scattering at intermediate energies.
Organic geochemical characterization of sediments from the continental shelf south of New England as an indicator of shelf edge exchange

Abstract Organic geochemical determinations of total organic carbon (TOC), lignin and extractable alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fatty acids, alcohols, sterols, amino acids and carbohydrates have been performed on six cores collected during the SEEP—I cruises from the continental margin off southern New England. Our objective was to study the areal distribution and sources of the various classes of organic compounds which would enable us to understand their transport from the shelf through slope to the rise. Measured components in the cores in the mud patch region are homogeneously distributed throughout their length, indicating either bioturbation or low rate of mineralization in the sediments. The identifiable organic matter decreases from the shelf through slope to rise. A generally linear correlation is observed between TOC and most of the organic compound classes studied. Assuming that organic matter is transported by resuspension of sediment or along the sediment floor, we estimate that nearly 40–50% of the organic matter is exported to the slope from the shelf.
Analytic Solution to the Autocorrelation Function for Lateral Diffusion and Rare Strong Adsorption

An analytic expression is derived to describe the autocorrelation function for fluorophors interacting with heterogeneous chemical interfaces, where both lateral diffusion and reversible strong adsorption occur. The expression is accurate when the rate of strong adsorption is low compared to the rates of both diffusion and desorption, enabling analysis by nonlinear regression. Simulations of single molecules are employed to investigate the applicability of the analytic equation for interpretation of chemical equilibrium and kinetics of single fluorescent molecules undergoing both lateral diffusion and varying amounts of specific adsorption at chemical interfaces. The simulations show that the analytic equation accurately describes the autocorrelation decay, and the equation begins to deviate, as expected, when the adsorption rate becomes large. The results show that a smaller beam size enhances the ability to extract sorption kinetics from the autocorrelation decay, and that a larger beam size enhances the ability to obtain information about the diffusion coefficient with minimal interference from sorption processes. The expression provides a tool for choosing between fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and single-molecule sorting in studies of heterogeneous surfaces.
Lone pair interactions in fluoroethyl anions

Abstract Calculations are performed on fluoroethyl and ethyl anions in the syn, anti, and perpendicular conformations with a range of semi-empirical molecular orbital methods containing varying amounts of directional character in the electron integrals. The nature of the interactions of the lone pair with the rest of the molecule is discussed.
Tenulin 0.25-hydrate, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Helenium amarum

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C17H22O5·0.25H2O [systematic name: 2-hy­droxy-2,2a,6,9a-tetra­methyl-2a,4a,5,6,6a,9a,9b,9c-octa­hydro-2H-1,4-dioxadi­cyclo­pent[cd,f]azulene-3,9-dione 0.25-hydrate], a natural product isolated from Helenium amarum, contains two independent tenulin mol­ecules and half a water mol­ecule of crystallization situated on a twofold rotation axis. The hy­droxy group of the hemiketal moiety is in a β-position. In the crystal, each water mol­ecule inter­acts with four tenulin mol­ecules via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The two independent tenulin mol­ecules (A and B) differ only in the character of their participation in hydrogen bonding. Specifically, while A is an acceptor of Owater—H⋯OA and a donor of OA—H⋯OB hydrogen bonds, mol­ecule B is an acceptor of the latter hydrogen bond and the donor of an OB—H⋯Owater hydrogen bond. In the crystal, these O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the tenulin and water mol­ecules into layers parallel to the ac plane.
Residual Stress Distribution in an Al2O3-Ni Joint Bonded with a Composite Layer

Neutron diffraction was used to study the residual stress distribution in an axisymmetric Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Ni joint bonded with a 40 vol% Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-60 vol% Ni composite layer. A series of measurements was taken along the axis of symmetry through the Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and composite layers. It is shown that after taking into account the finite neutron diffraction sampling volume, both the trends and peak values of the experimental strain distribution were in excellent agreement with calculations of a simple finite element model, where the rule-of-mixtures approach was used to describe the constitutive behavior of the composite interlayer. In particular, the predicted steep strain gradient near the interface was confirmed by the experimental data.
Miki Crespi and the Origin of the National Park Service Ethnography Program

Dr. Muriel (Miki) Crespi made extraordinary contributions to the development of the field of cultural resource management, especially in conceiving, launching, and developing an Ethnography Program in the National Park Service. As Associate Director for Cultural Resources of the Service, I had the pleasure of sharing part of that experience with her. This paper is not a researched history of that experience, but is rather my personal recollection, containing all of the advantages and disadvantages of that perspective. The Ethnography Program has now been around long enough and made enough demonstrable differences in the field of cultural resource management that it ought to be the subject of a thorough administrative history. To the scholar who undertakes that history, I especially recommend a detailed examination of the planning, execution, and follow-up of the First World Conference on Cultural Parks, which I would describe as the seminal event behind the Ethnography Program.
Beyond the detergent effect: a binding site for sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in mammalian apoferritin

Although sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is widely used as an anionic detergent, it can also exert specific pharmacological effects that are independent of the surfactant properties of the molecule. However, structural details of how proteins recognize SDS are scarce. Here, it is demonstrated that SDS binds specifically to a naturally occurring four-helix bundle protein: horse apoferritin. The X-ray crystal structure of the apoferritin–SDS complex was determined at a resolution of 1.9 A and revealed that the SDS binds in an internal cavity that has previously been shown to recognize various general anesthetics. A dissociation constant of 24 ± 9 µM at 293 K was determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. SDS binds in this cavity by bending its alkyl tail into a horseshoe shape; the charged SDS head group lies in the opening of the cavity at the protein surface. This crystal structure provides insights into the protein–SDS interactions that give rise to binding and may prove useful in the design of novel SDS-like ligands for some proteins.
The Strangest Terrestrial Planet

Every great planetary mission makes surprising discoveries, and NASA's MESSENGER mission has made more than its share ( 1 – 3 ). Now new reports on Mercury's gravity field and topography, by Smith et al. on page 214 ( 4 ) and by Zuber et al. on page 217 ( 5 ), respectively, up the ante, showing Mercury to be utterly unique among the terrestrial planets. The combination of detailed gravity measurements and high-precision topography is even more powerful, yielding the first views of Mercury's inner layering and mechanical structure.
Operator/system communication: an optimizing decision tool

Abstract In this paper we address the problem of operator/system communication. In particular, we discuss the issue of efficient and adaptive transmission mechanisms over possible physical links.We develop a tool for making decisions regarding the flow of control sequences and data from andto the operator. The issue of compression is discussed in details, a decision box and an optimizingtool for finding the appropriate thresholds for a decision are developed. Physical parameters likethe data rate, bandwidth of the communication medium, distance between the operator and the system, baud rate, levels of discretization, signal to noise ratio and propagation speed of the signal are taken into consideration while developing our decision system. Theoretical analysis isperformed to develop mathematical models for the optimization algorithm. Simulation modelsare also developed for testing both the optimization and the decision tool box. 1 Introduction Data which is transmitted over a communication medium between the operator and the system, whichmight be a mobile robot, contains some form of redundancy. This redundancy can be exploited tomake economical use of the storage media or to reduce the cost of transferring the data and commandsover the communication network. One of the basic issues in the design of the presentation layer is todecide whether data is to be compressed before transmission or not. Many factors may affect making
Factors influencing stereoacuity outcomes in adults with acquired strabismus.

Purpose Functional improvements of binocular vision after strabismus surgery in adults are common but not well understood. In a prospective study, factors associated with stereoacuity outcome in patients with strabismus acquired following binocular vision maturation were investigated. Design Prospective data collection. Methods Twenty-three patients aged 14 to 85 years with acquired strabismus were enrolled. Random dot stereoacuity was quantified using a battery of tests including the Randot Preschool Stereoacuity test, the Randot (version 2) shapes test, and the Randot Butterfly test. Results Ninety-six percent of patients achieved measurable stereoacuity following successful eye realignment. Better median stereoacuity is achieved in patients with the following characteristics: ≤12 months of constant strabismus (60 vs 400 seconds of arc with >12 months' strabismus, P P P P Conclusion Surgical correction of acquired strabismus is associated with recovery of stereopsis. Factors associated with stereoacuity outcomes include duration of strabismus and presurgical binocular vision capacity. A postsurgical correction of orthotropia or intermittent orthotropia supports better stereoacuity than a larger residual angle of strabismus subtending up to 8 PD of deviation.
Carl Rogers's Personality Theory and Psychotherapy as a Reflection of His Life Experience and Personality:

Carl Rogers shared with other theorists the tendency for his theories to reflect major portions of his life experience and personality. Many interrelationships are identified in this article, in se...
Inferences about winter temperatures and summer rains from the late Quaternary record of C4 perennial grasses and C3 desert shrubs in the northern Chihuahuan Desert

Late Quaternary histories of two North American desert biomes—C4 grasslands and C3 shrublands—are poorly known despite their sensitivity and potential value in reconstructing summer rains and winter temperatures. Plant macrofossil assemblages from packrat midden series in the northern Chihuahuan Desert show that C4 grasses and annuals typical of desert grassland persisted near their present northern limits throughout the last glacial-interglacial cycle. By contrast, key C3 desert shrubs appeared somewhat abruptly after 5000 cal. yr BP. Bioclimatic envelopes for select C4 and C3 species are mapped to interpret the glacial-interglacial persistence of desert grassland and the mid-to-late Holocene expansion of desert shrublands. The envelopes suggest relatively warm Pleis- tocene temperatures with moist summers allowed for persistence of C4 grasses, whereas winters were probably too cold (or too wet) for C3 desert shrubs. Contrary to climate model results, core processes associated with the North American Monsoon and moisture transport to the northern Chihuahuan Desert remained intact throughout the last glacial-interglacial cycle. Mid-latitude effects, however, truncated midsummer (July-August) moisture transport north of 35 � N. The sudden expansion of desert shrublands after 5000 cal. yr BP may be a threshold response to warmer winters associated with increasing boreal winter insolation, and enhanced El Nino-Southern Oscillation variability. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of Community Service-Learning Projects in Graduate Software Engineering Curricula

For the past 20 years, Seattle University's Master of Software Engineering program has incorporated industry sponsored projects into its capstone course sequence. Starting in 2005 the program was expanded to leverage projects that would cut across the themes presented in various courses to enable students to experience continuity and a common pedagogical application in various topics. The projects are community-based project that utilize real customers in our local community, primarily from the non-profit sector. This paper explores our successes and setbacks in incorporating these case study projects throughout our curriculum.
Rapid Extraction of DNA From Escherichia coli and Cryptosporidium parvum for Use in PCR

The Xtra Amp tube, Isocode paper, Instagene matrix, and PrepMan matrix methods were evaluated for their ability to rapidly extract PCR-quality DNAs from Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Cryptosporidium parvum. All methods provided satisfactory DNA from E. coli, and the Xtra Amp and Instagene reagents provided satisfactory DNA from C. parvum.
The potential of complementary heterostructure FET IC's

The performance capability of AlGaAs/GaAs complementary heterostructure FET (C-HFET) integrated circuits has been evaluated in computer simulations. The study is focused on C-HFET designs in which static currents and gate-leakage currents are sufficiently low to take full advantage of the speed, power dissipation, and logic function capabilities of CMOS-like circuitry. ASTAP computer simulations for loaded NAND and NOR circuits are examined over a wide supply-voltage range at both 300 and 77 K in order to determine the potential of various MODFET, MISFET, and SISFET approaches as well as the prospects of future designs. While performance is limited by FET threshold and gate leakage in present C-HFET approaches, the speed of properly designed 0.7-µm C-HFETs at 300 K is projected to be 3 × faster than comparable 300 K Si-CMOS circuits. C-HFET circuits at 77 K are projected to be more than 4 × faster than 77 K Si-CMOS circuits. It is also found that properly designed C-HFET's could operate at speeds close to those of DCFL n-channel HFET circuits while dissipating only 1/10 of the power.
Management of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis in Male Veterans

OBJECTIVE:To determine whether glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in male veterans was managed in accordance with American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guidelines. These guidelines recommend bone mineral density (BMD) determination at the initiation of long-term therapy with prednisone ⩾ 7.5 mg/d, provision of hormone replacement therapy as needed, calcium and vitamin D supplementation as necessary, and antiresorptive therapy for low BMD.DESIGN:Patients receiving prednisone ⩾ 7.5 mg/d throughout a predefined six-month period were identified through a hospital pharmacy database. Electronic and paper chart review was carried out to determine whether BMD measurement by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry had been performed. Supplemental calcium and vitamin D intake was assessed for each patient. In addition, pharmacy records were reviewed to determine whether antiresorptive therapy was prescribed for patients with low BMD.SETTING:The Wm. S. Middleton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Madison, WI.RESULTS:Sevent...
Light Dark Matter and the Electroweak Phase Transition in the NMSSM

We analyze the stability of the vacuum and the electroweak phase transition in the NMSSM close to the Peccei-Quinn symmetry limit. This limit contains light dark matter (DM) particles with a mass significantly smaller than the weak scale and also light $CP$-even and $CP$-odd Higgs bosons. Such light particles lead to a consistent relic density and facilitate a large spin-independent direct DM detection cross section, that may accommodate the recently reported signatures at the DAMA and CoGeNT experiments. Studying the one-loop effective potential at finite temperature, we show that when the lightest $CP$-even Higgs mass is of the order of a few GeV, the electroweak phase transition tends to become first order and strong. The inverse relationship between the direct-detection cross section and the lightest $CP$-even Higgs mass implies that a cross section of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}41}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ is correlated with a strong first-order phase transition.
D. B. Lindenmayer, Large-scale landscape experiments: lessons from Tumut

For anyone who has lamented the low numbers of large-scale, long-term, experimental studies of habitat fragmentation, this book provides an excellent example of what can indeed be accomplished. The Tumut Fragmentation Study, which began in 1995, includes observational studies that have run for over a decade as well as experimental manipulations, integrated demographic and genetic research, and simulation modeling. Set in southeastern Australia, the investigators took advantage of a landscape that included large pine plantations, and both remnant and intact eucalypt forests. A total of 166 sites were used in the study, including 86 eucalypt remnants surrounded by Radiata Pine, 40 sites dominated by Radiata Pine, and 40 sites in large contiguous areas of native eucalypt forest. The remnant patches ranged from 10 to 60 years in time since isolation and 0.1–124 ha in size. In contrast to some of the earlier experimental habitat fragmentation studies that focused on speciesarea relationships, the primary goal of the Tumut project was to quantify the effects of landscape context. Another novel aspect of this project was that it incorporated a comparison of unfragmented ‘‘control’’ areas, a missing aspect of many fragmentation studies. The book begins with a review of the major conceptual models of landscape cover relative to biodiversity conservation. Lindenmayer compares and contrasts alternative themes used in studies of impacts of landscape change on biodiversity, starting with non-human versus human centered approaches and then moving into landcover and connectivity approaches. He reviews three pattern-based landscape models, including the island model, the patch-matrixcorridor model, and the variegation model. These models run the gamut of perspectives in assessing species responses to discrete patches versus more gradient-based models. His argument is that although the island and patch-matrix-corridor models have been widely adopted, they do not generally deal well with spatial continua and they incorrectly assume that a single classification of landscape pattern can work for all species. One of the important messages of Lindenmayer’s work is that we should not assume that all organisms perceive landscapes in the same way humans do. As such, patterns of landscape cover classified from the human perspective may not always provide a useful framework for interpreting biotic responses. A second important message is that human-defined patches may not correspond to habitat for groups of species. Thus, Lindenmayer argues that in some cases it is reasonable to aggregate species responses and in other cases responses may need to be assessed at the individual species level. He advocates for a landscape contour model where each species is assumed to have its own patterns of D. M. Debinski (&) Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 253 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA e-mail: Debinski@iastate.edu