cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of surface structures of poly(ethyl methacrylate) and poly(ethyl acrylate) in different chemical environments

Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy has been applied to investigate and compare the chemical structures of poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) and poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA) in air, in water, and in a non-polar solvent, FC-75. SFG spectra from both polymer surfaces in air are dominated by vibrational modes from the ester ethyl side groups. The average orientation of these ester ethyl groups on the two polymer surfaces is slightly different. In water, the two polymers show markedly different restructuring behavior. The ester ethyl side chains on the PEMA surface in water reorient to tilt more toward the surface, yet remain ordered. Such a restructuring of the PEMA surface in water is reversible. However, no SFG signal was detected from the PEA/water interface, showing that the surface of PEA becomes disordered upon contacting water, and this process is irreversible. SFG results collected from the CO range indicate that hydrogen bonding is observed for both polymer/water interfaces, but the order of CO at the PEA/water interface is much lower than that at the PEMA/water interface. Supplemental experiments support our hypothesis that the PEA surface becomes rough and loses order gradually as it interacts with water. We have demonstrated, for the first time, that the loss of surface structural order is due to the interaction between soft PEA chains with water molecules followed by reorganization of the polymer backbone. This causes the polymer surface to become rough and disordered. However, the surface structures of PEMA and PEA in FC-75 are similar and are also similar to those in air. This indicates that not only Tg, but also the contacting medium plays an important role in determining the surface restructuring behavior of polymer materials.
Biochemical changes in rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi and Trypanosoma rhodesiense: Glycogen, protein, glucose-6-phosphatase

Abstract 1. 1. Glucose-6-phosphatase, glycogen and protein changes were studied in rats given living cells, cell derivatives (metabolic products, homogenates) of Trypanosoma lewisi and Trypanosoma rhodesiense . 2. 2. Marked reductions in glucose-6-phosphatase and glycogen were directly related to the degree of parasitemia. No essential differences in glucose-6-phosphatase or glycogen were seen in animals inoculated with physiological saline or derivatives of trypanosomes when compared with uninoculated controls. 3. 3. Liver and blood protein levels were greatly reduced in rats inoculated with living cells and derivatives of T. lewisi but not in animals inoculated with physiological saline. 4. 4. The livers of rats inoculated with living cells of T. rhodesiense showed statistically significant reductions in protein content when compared with the uninfected rats. The protein content of livers of rats inoculated with physiological saline and derivatives of T. rhodesiense were not significantly different from that of the controls.
Effect of electroacupuncture on synaptosomal (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.

The action of electroacupuncture (EA) may be similar to analgesia by electrode stimulation or transcutaneous nerve stimulation. Since EA may directly stimulate nerve activity or indirectly enhance the release of opiate peptides and other neurotransmitter substances, we have used (Na+ + K+)-ATPase as a model to study the mechanism of action of EA. The membrane-bound (Na + K)-ATPase from purified synaptic plasma membranes inhibited slightly by high concentration of endorphin (30 microM), but not by met-enkephalin up to 6 X 10(-4) M. A single EA treatment for 30 min did not alter the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in the cerebral cortex. However, when rats were treated with low (4 Hz) or high (200 Hz) frequency EA 30 min daily for 3 weeks, both (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase were significantly elevated. The enhanced (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity after high frequency EA was only partially blocked by i.p. injection of naloxone prior to EA during the last week of the EA treatment program. The results indicated that EA treatment may involve some other neurotransmitter pathways besides opiate peptides.
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF AQUEOUS POLYMER GEL NETWORK MORPHOLOGY

Freeze-fracture TEM images of polymer network structure in aqueous hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) gels permit direct correlations between observed gel morphology and macroscopic chemical and mechanical properties. HPG in aqueous solution associates via hydrogen bonding, even without titanate crosslinker, to form an extended network, the structure of which depends on the electrolyte concentration. The titanate crosslinker acts only to weld together polymer molecules already associated by hydrogen bonding. Mechanical shear degrades the gel by breaking up the network inhomogeneously to form “fractured gel particles,” small domains of well-crosslinked gel separated by fluid domains.
New investigations on enzymatic glycolysis and phosphorylation.

Le schema des etapes du dedoublement des glucosides dans la glycolyse des tissus animaux est expose ici conformement aux resultats obtenus de 1932 a 1939. Toutes les substances intermediaires sont phosphorylees. La transphosphorylation s'accomplit selon le systeme adenylique (acides adenosinetri-, di- et monophosphoriques). La grande energie libre de ce groupe phosphorique n'est pas perdue, mais transmise aux intermediaires de la glycolyse et s'accumule dans la phosphocreatine. Un autre type de phosphorylation est represente par la phosphorolyse reversible du glycogene, avec formation du glucose-1-phosphate. Ce type est en realite une «transglucosidation» comme on peut le demontrer dans la formation semblable du disaccharide a partir du glucose-1-phosphate et de la levulose. En l'absence de la levulose, le glucose-1-phosphate reagit avec l'enzyme en proportion stoechiometrique, et conserve l'energie du groupe phosphorique dans la combinaison du glucose avec l'enzyme. L'article traite des nombreuses reactions enzymatiques des enzymes purifiees et cristallisees et discute plus en detail la fonction des trois enzymes, soit: la transformation de l'acide 2-phosphoglycerique en phosphoenolpyruvique par l'enolase, la phosphorylation de la glucose par l'adenosinetriphosphate en presence de l'hexokinase, et le dedoublement de l'acide pyruvique par la carboxylase. Le role des vitamines comme groupes essentiels des coenzymes, et celui des hormones comme activateurs et inhibiteurs des enzymes sont mis en evidence dans les reactions metaboliques des glucosides.
Correlation of CGS 19755 neuroprotection against in vitro excitotoxicity and focal cerebral ischemia.

The in vivo neuroprotective effect and brain levels of cis-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine carboxylic acid (CGS 19755), a competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, were compared with its i...
Self-Concept as the Organization of Roles: Importance, Centrality, and Balance.

Data from a set of middle-aged working men and women from the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill metropolitan area are used to explore three different ways that individuals organize their self-concepts and infuse personal significance into their roles. Five sets of findings include the following: (1) both men and women identify many of their roles as personally significant, especially work and family roles; (2) men tend to attribute more importance and centrality to the role of worker than do women, while women tend to assign greater importance and centrality to most other roles; (3) different combinations of importance, centrality, and balance influence worker, spouse, and parent role satisfaction and identity meanings; (4) worker role centrality tends to have negative effects on spouse and parent role satisfaction and identity meanings; and (5) worker role importance and spouse centrality have a positive influence on self-esteem while worker centrality has a negative impact on self-esteem. The findings suggest that importance, centrality, and balance appear to be independent dimensions of personal significance that individuals ascribe to their roles.
Pterosphenus cf. P. schucherti Lucas (Serpentes, Palaeophidae) from the Late Eocene of peninsular Florida

ABSTRACT The first specimen of the giant marine snake Pterosphenus Lucas is recorded from a carbonate platform environment in the Late Eocene (Jackson Age) of the Crystal River Formation of Alachua County, Florida. The great enlargement of the marrow cavities and concomitant thinning of the vertebral walls are interpreted as specializations to a completely aquatic and fully marine habitus. The Florida specimen indicates that Pterosphenus was not limited to estuarine and low salinity environments as previously proposed.
Strategy-proofness of social choice rules

Summary It is well known that a strategically non-manipulable voting mechanism which satisfies the Arrow condition of citizen's sovereignty is dictatorial if it satisfies single-valuedness, and oligarchical if it satisfies binariness. This paper attempts to weaken both conditions to resolve the dilemma between strategic manipulation of a voting mechanism and an unacceptable power structure. It is shown that although the dilemma cannot be resolved completely, the power structure diminishes significantly as the single-valuedness and the binariness are relaxed.
Onsager reciprocal relations in complex membranes

Abstract Given the general transport relations of irreversible thermodynamics with Onsager's reciprocal relations applicable at every point in space in an inaccessible membrane region, general considerations of averaging dictate whether the macroscopically observable coefficients relating fluxes to forces form a symmetrical matrix. Considering only steady state conditions, it is shown that in planar membranes without chemical reactions involving the transported species, reciprocal relations among the macroscopic phenomenological coefficients obtain when the membrane is homogeneous, or when it is heterogeneous either with respect to the coordinate normal to its plane or heterogeneous with respect to the plane, but not both. Chemical reactions destroy the symmetry relations even in a homogeneous membrane.
Designing Robust Coverage Systems: A Maximal Covering Model with Geographically Varying Failure Probabilities

Covering models have been used in a wide range of modeling and geospatial analysis applications ranging from planning emergency services to natural reserve design. One topic in coverage modeling that has received considerable research attention is addressing uncertainty due to facility unavailability and service disruptions. In this article, we propose a covering model that maximizes the expected coverage of demand by considering the possibility of facility failures. Unlike existing models that assume a uniform failure probability across all sites in an area, the proposed model can account for spatially varying failure probabilities and describes better the underlying geographic processes that cause facility failures. The model is posed as a spatial optimization problem using integer linear programming. We compare two different formulations of the covering model and discuss their properties. The proposed model formulations have been tested computationally using a warning sirens data set that has been wide...
Cobalt and scandium partitioning versus iron content for crystalline phases in ultramafic nodules

Abstract Fractionation of Co and Sc between garnets, olivines, and clino- and orthopyroxenes, separated from a suite of Salt Lake Crater ultramafic nodules that equilibrated at the same T and P , is strongly dependent on Fe contents. This observation suggests that petrogenetic equilibrium models of partial melting and crystal fractionation must take into account effects of magma composition, if they are to describe quantitatively geochemical evolutionary trends.
Protection against peroxynitrite-induced fibroblast injury and arthritis development by inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) synthase.

Peroxynitrite, a cytotoxic oxidant formed from nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide, induces DNA strand breakage, which activates the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) synthase (PARS; EC 2.4.2.30). The cellular function of PARS was determined in fibroblast lines from PARS knockout animals (PARS−/−) and corresponding wild-type animals (PARS+/+), with the aid of the lipophilic PARS inhibitor 5-iodo-6-amino-1,2-benzopyrone (INH2BP). We investigated the role of PARS in peroxynitrite-induced fibroblast injury in vitro and also in the development of arthritis in vivo. Exposure of embryonic fibroblasts from the PARS+/+ animals to peroxynitrite caused DNA single-stand breakage and PARS activation and caused an acute suppression of mitochondrial respiration. INH2BP protected the PARS+/+ cells against the suppression of mitochondrial respiration in response to peroxynitrite (50–100 μM). Similarly to PARS inhibition with INH2BP, the PARS−/− cells were protected against peroxynitrite-induced injury. The protection against cellular injury by PARS−/− phenotype or INH2BP waned when cells were challenged with higher concentrations of the oxidant. Inhibition of PARS by INH2BP or by PARS−/− phenotype reduced inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS; EC 1.14.13.39) mRNA levels and inhibited production of NO in immunostimulated cells. INH2BP had no peroxynitrite scavenging or hydroxyl radical scavenging effects, and it exerted no additional (nonspecific) effects in the PARS−/− cells. In collagen-induced arthritis, significant staining for nitrotyrosine, a marker of peroxynitrite formation, was found in the inflamed joints. Oral treatment with INH2BP (0.5 g/kg, daily), starting at the onset of arthritis (day 25), delayed the development of the clinical signs at days 26–35 and improved histological status in the knee and paw. Our data demonstrate that deletion of PARS by genetic manipulation or pharmacological inhibition of PARS protects against oxidant-induced cellular injury in vitro and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in vivo.
Sclerosing stromal tumors of the ovary.

Ten cases of a distinctive, hitherto undescribed type of benign ovarian stromal tumor are reported. These tumors occurred predominantly in the second and third decades and appeared to be without function. A heterogeneous pattern, often characterized by pseudolobulation of cellular areas, a prominent tendency to sclerosis, a frequently marked vascularity, and a pronounced variation in cellular size and shape distinguished this tumor, designated “sclerosing stromal tumor” from the fibroma, thecoma, and other forms of ovarian stromal tumor.
Data point selection for piecewise trilinear approximation

Abstract A technique for the iterative selection of 3D points with associated function values (trivariate data) is presented. The selection algorithm is based on assigning weights to the given data and selecting the most important ones. Weights are assigned using a local least square polynomial approximation to the data based on a triangulation of the 3D points. The absolute curvature of the graph of such a local approximant defines the weight for the associated data point. The boundary (convex hull) of the original point set is preserved by keeping boundary points defining the convex hull. Interior data points are selected according to their weights. The insertion of a selected data point requires a local modification of the triangulation.
Paget's disease of the spine and secondary osteosarcoma.

This is a case of a 72-year-old male with a known history of Paget's disease with worsening back pain. Images from computed tomographic (CT) myelography performed 4 years prior to recent presentation demonstrate the characteristic appearance of Paget's disease of the spine with diffuse coarsened, thickened trabeculae and enlargement of the bone resulting in central canal stenosis (see Fig. 1). Selected images of the T12 vertebral body also demonstrate the characteristic appearance of Paget's disease to a slightly lesser degree than the more inferior L1 vertebral body (see Fig. 2). Fig 1 Axial CT image of the L1 vertebral body obtained postmyelography and viewed with bone windows obtained 4 years prior to recent presentation demonstrates the characteristic appearance of Paget's disease with thickened, coarsened trabeculae and ... Fig 2 Axial postmyelogram CT of the T12 vertebral body obtained 4 years prior to presentation demonstrates mild Pagetic involvement. Four years later, the patient presents with worsening back pain. High-resolution CT scanning of the spine demonstrates, at the T12 level, lytic destruction of the left margin of the vertebral body and pedicle with associated soft tissue involvement (see Fig. 3). Nuclear medicine bone scan demonstrates multifocal involvement of Paget's disease with characteristic increased radiotracer uptake and enlargement of the bones, as noted in the left femur, right hemipelvis, and spine (see Fig. 4). Fig 3 (a) Axial CT image of the T12 vertebral body at recent presentation at approximately the same level as in Fig. 2 (at the level of the celiac axis) demonstrates marked lytic destruction of the left margin of the vertebral body extending into the ... Fig 4 Nuclear medicine bone scan demonstrates characteristic Pagetic appearance with multifocal areas of increased radionuclide uptake and enlargement of the bone including the left femur, right hemipelvis, and spine. CT-guided biopsy of the T12 vertebral body was performed, given the change in morphology of the vertebral body. An 11-gauge Osteo-Site (Cook Inc., Bloomington, IN, USA) device was inserted coaxially over an 18-gauge discogram needle to obtain two core biopsies of bone and soft tissue (see Fig. 5). A diagnosis of osteosarcoma was made. Fig 5 Images from CT-guided biopsy of the T12 vertebral body demonstrate accurate needle placement into the abnormal Pagetic bone.
Separation of 3-α- and 3-β-hydroxysterold oxidoreductases from the soluble fraction of rat liver by gel filtration

Abstract The 3-α- and 3-β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductases from the soluble fraction of rat liver were fractionated by centrifugal ion, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and gel filtration. The NAD-1 inked 3-α- and 3-β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activities were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The 3-β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity was NAD-specific and was greatest with 5β-androstan-3β-ol-17-one as substrate.
C26-analogs of naturally occurring bile alcohols-II. Preparation of 24-nor-5β-cholestane-3α,7α,12α,23-tetrols (23R and 23S) and 24-nor-5β-cholestane-3α,7α,12α,26-tetrols (25R and 25S) by a hydroboration procedure

Abstract A convenient procedure for the synthesis of 24-nor-5β-cholestane-3α,7α,12α,23-tetrol (23R and 23S) and 24-nor-5β-cholestane-3α,7α,12α,26-tetrol (25R and 25S) starting from 24-nor-5β-cholestane-3α,7α,12α,25-tetrol was developed. Dehydration of 24-nor-5β-cholestane-3α,7α,12α,25-tetrol with glacial acetic acid and acetic anhydride yielded a mixture of 24-nor-5β-cholest-23-ene-3α,7α,12α-triol and the corresponding Δ 25 compound. Hydroboration and oxidation of the mixture of unsaturated nor-triols resulted in the formation of 24-nor-5β-cholestane-3α,7α,12α,23-tetrols (23R and 23S) and 24-nor-5β-cholestane-3α,7α,12α,26-tetrols (25R and 25S). In addition, smaller amounts of 24-nor-5β-cholestane-3α,7α,12α,22ζ-tetrol and 24-nor-5β-cholestane-3α,7α,12α-triol were also obtained. The C 26 bile alcohols epimeric at C-23 and C-25 were resolved by analytical and preparative TLC and characterized by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Provisional assignment of the configurations of the C-23 and C-25 hydroxyl groups were made on the basis of molecular rotation differences. These C 26 alcohols will be used to test the stereospecificity of the hepatic enzymes that promote oxidation of the cholesterol side chain.
Properties of Crystalline Argon, Krypton, and Xenon Based upon the Born and Huang Method of Homogeneous Deformations. I. Zero-Pressure Thermal and Elastic Data

The thermodynamic properties of solid argon, krypton, and xenon have been calculated for a two-body central force potential. Anharmonic contributions due to thermal expansion have been taken into account via a quasiharmonic calculation based upon the Born and Huang method of homogeneous deformations. The nonarbitrarily adjustable parameters of the Morse potential have been obtained from the solid-state bulk properties in a recursive refinement procedure. For those thermal properties sensitivity dependent upon the dilatation of the lattice the calculations become valid only for temperatures less then $\frac{1}{3} {T}_{M}$.
Porosity and tensile ductility in Al-Zn alloys

The tensile ductility of Al-Zn alloys processed in two different ways was examined over a broad range of temperature and strain rates. The different processing conditions produced materials with differing initial void andJor inclusion contents. If all the defects present are assumed to be in the form of voids, their respective volume fractions in the two alloys are 0.5 and 1.5 pct. Testing at temperatures from 77 to 480 K encompasses a range of mechanical behavior, ranging from brittle to superplastic. The poorly processed material has markedly less ductility than the one containing fewer defects both at high temperatures and at near cryogenic ones (196 K), where the alloys are marginally ductile. Increasing strain rate embrittles alloys in the temperature range 196 K to 300 K. At 196 K the strain rate needed to induce brittleness in the low defect alloy is over two orders of magnitude higher than in the alloy with a greater voidJinclusion content. Critical embrittling strain rates at room temperature are in the range common to conventional metal-forming operations for the poorly processed alloy, and thus cold formability devolves importantly on initial processing. In the vicinity of room temperature and at low strain rates, tensile ductility is greater for alloys with a higher defect concentration; this behavior is related to the development of multiple necks in the poorly processed materials. At the highest temperatures investigated, tensile ductility correlates directly with strain rate sensitivity and material defect concentration. Materials with low defect concentrations resist neck development during quasi-uniform flow to a much greater degree than do those with a high defect concentration.
Hemodynamic evaluation before and after closure of fenestrated Fontan. An acute study of changes in oxygen delivery.

BACKGROUNDAcute changes in hemodynamics and oxygen delivery accompanying temporary occlusion of atrial defects in 14 patients after a fenestrated Fontan procedure were evaluated at a median interval of 32 days after surgery to identify candidates for permanent transcatheter closure of their defects.METHODS AND RESULTSPatients ranged in age from 9 months to 33 years and in weight from 7.9 to 69 kg. Right atrial (RA), left atrial (LA), and aortic pressures, mixed venous (SmvO2) and aortic (SaO2) oxygen saturation, and whole-body oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured, and systemic blood flow (Qs), systemic oxygen transport (SOT), and oxygen extraction were calculated before and after occlusion. SmvO2, VO2, and RA pressures did not change, but SaO2 increased from 84 +/- 6% to 95 +/- 3% (p less than 0.05), and LA pressures fell from 5.1 +/- 3.6 to 3.7 +/- 2.2 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Qs fell from 2.4 +/- 0.7 to 1.8 +/- 0.41.min-1.m-2 (p less than 0.05), SOT fell from 425 +/- 154 to 366 +/- 112 ml.O2.min-1.m-...
Preparation, Purification, and Spectrophotometric Characterization of Cytochrome P450 1A2 Conjugated with Polyethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether

Rabbit cytochrome P450 1A2 was modified with succinimidyl carbonate poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether, purified by size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography, and lyophilized. Modification of cytochrome P450 1A2 caused no structural deformation of the heme as evidenced by the similarity of the spectral signatures for both the ferric form and the ferrous-CO complex to the respective forms for the unmodified enzyme. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation activity in the presence of iodosobenzene for the modified enzyme was comparable to that of the native enzyme.
The VOH center in CaO

In MgO; an OH- impurity ion substituting for O2- may associate with a cation vacancy to give the array O [ = ] HO+. (Here only effective charges are shown.) A positive hole may then be trapped on the oxygen atom to give the VOH center O+ [ = ] HO+. ENDOR studies verify the geometry of this defect in CaO.
Reducing duplex examinations in patients with iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms

Objective Ultrasound-guided thrombin injection has become the initial treatment of choice for femoral access-related pseudoaneurysms. Patients typically undergo serial duplex examinations to assess for spontaneous resolution of small iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms (IPSAs) ( 2.5 cm). We evaluated the impact of a revised treatment algorithm that includes primary treatment of both small ( 2.5 cm), rather than observation of smaller ones, and attempts to establish a single duplex examination via a point-of-care treatment strategy. Methods We reviewed 105 consecutive patients treated with ultrasound-guided thrombin injection from July 2001 through September 2004. Patient, IPSAs, characteristics, and treatment methods were examined. The number of duplex examinations per patient was evaluated over the treatment interval. Also, published cost data were used to compare primary treatment of small ISPAs vs observation with serial duplex examinations. Results Successful thrombosis occurred in 103 (98.1%) of 105 treated pseudoaneurysms. No minor or major complications occurred after thrombin injection in either small or large ISPAs, and both failures requiring operation were in the large aneurysm group. The recurrence rate for the series was 1.9% (2/105), and both recurrences were successfully treated with an additional thrombin injection. A single injection was successful in treating 43 (97.7%) of 44 small ( Conclusions Ultrasound-guided thrombin injection is safe and effective for the treatment of nearly all iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms. We recommend primary treatment of small pseudoaneurysms by ultrasound-guided thrombin injection rather than observation with serial duplex scans. A point-of-care treatment algorithm can result in cost savings by reducing the number of necessary duplex examinations.
Controlled formation and resistivity scaling of nickel silicide nanolines

We demonstrate a top-down method for fabricating nickel mono-silicide (NiSi) nanolines (also referred to as nanowires) with smooth sidewalls and line widths down to 15 nm. Four-probe electrical measurements reveal that the room temperature electrical resistivity of the NiSi nanolines remains constant as the line widths are reduced to 23 nm. The resistivity at cryogenic temperatures is found to increase with decreasing line width. This finding can be attributed to electron scattering at the sidewalls and is used to deduce an electron mean free path of 6.3 nm for NiSi at room temperature. The results suggest that NiSi nanolines with smooth sidewalls are able to meet the requirements for implementation at the 22 nm technology node without degradation of device performance.
The adolescent/young adult experience.

Adolescents and young adults with cancer (AYA) have strikingly poorer outcomes when compared to younger or older patients. Contributing reasons include low rates of enrollment in clinical trials and the “invisibility” of the AYA perspectives in research reports. We recommend a shift in research perspectives away from function-based studies that focus on morbidity and mortality outcomes to meaning-based models that will very likely rely upon qualitative methods and findings as the basis for developing psychosocial interventions that are sensitive to the AYA cancer experience. In addition, research on positive health concepts such as hope, spirituality, and positive coping are recommended as a way to learn about the effective strategies used by AYA to adjust to the cancer experience.
Are stock prices in the US nonstationary? evidence from contemporary unit root tests

This article extends the empirical literature on the efficiency of stock markets in the US by applying a battery of unit root tests to empirically ascertain whether stock prices are mean reverting. This article, unlike previous studies, employs a disaggregated approach using the daily closing values of the Dow Jones industrial average, NASDAQ composite and S&P 500 index covering the period 5 February 1971 to 31 December 2009 to investigate the integration properties of the US stock market. The empirical findings reveal that the three major stock price series are nonstationary, indicating that they do not follow a trend path. The primary implication is that trading strategies that simply rely on mean reversion of stock prices are valueless.
Osteoarthritis in Other Joints (Hip, Elbow, Foot, Ankle, Toes, Wrist) after Sports Injuries

Osteoarthritis of nonknee joints, although less common than knee osteoarthritis, remains a significant and disabling condition for many present and former athletes. These injuries can be caused by repeated loads or following a specific traumatic event. The resulting pain and loss of motion can limit function and ability. Arthroscopic techniques in many cases enable surgeons to symptomatically treat limitations of range of motion and pain, prolonging active careers. Joint replacement remains the ultimate solution for hip osteoarthritis, and may be a viable option in ankle osteoarthritis.
Multi-objective optimization in radiotherapy: applications to stereotactic radiosurgery and prostate brachytherapy.

Abstract Treatment planning for radiation therapy is a multi-objective optimization process. Here we present a machine intelligent scheme for treatment planning based on multi-objective decision analysis (MODA) and genetic algorithm (GA) optimization. Multi-objective ranking strategies are represented in the L p metric under the displaced ideal model. Goal setting, protocol satisficing and fuzzy ranking of objective importance can be incorporated into the decision scheme to assimilate clinical decision making. For distance measures in the L p metric, a dynamic gauge function is defined based on the state energy of the decision system, which is assumed to undergo thermodynamic cooling with iteration time. The MODA scheme interacts with a robust GA engine, which adaptively evolves in the multi-modal landscape that defines the treatment plan quality. A conventionally challenging case of stereotactic radiosurgery of a brain lesion was selected for GA optimization. The resulting dose distributions are compared to human-developed plans, which are commonly regarded as clinically relevant and empirically optimal. The GA-optimized plans achieve substantially better sparing of critical normal neuroanatomy surrounding the brain lesion while respecting the preset constraints on tumor dose uniformity. In addition, machine optimization tends to produce novel treatment strategies which complements expert knowledge. The run time for producing an optimal plan is considerably shorter than the typical planning time for human experts, thus GA can also be used to aid the human treatment planning process. In prostate brachytherapy, MODA-GA was specifically applied to non-ideal conditions in which typical surgical uncertainties in seed implant positioning occur, where noisy objectives were introduced into the optimization scheme. The noisy system is found to be manageable by MODA-GA at uncertainty levels corresponding to reasonably proficient surgery teams. In contrast, noisy objectives would be very difficult to explore by human expert planners. Potential use of noisy optimization with time series analysis is being explored for error-corrective computer guidance in the operating room for prostate seed implantation. In conclusion, the combination of MODA and GA optimization offers both a solution to practical treatment planning tasks and the potential for real time applications in radiotherapy.
Determinants of Ligand Binding to cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase†

Protein kinases are essential for the regulation of cellular growth and metabolism. Since their dysfunction leads to debilitating diseases, they represent key targets for pharmaceutical research. The rational design of kinase inhibitors requires an understanding of the determinants of ligand binding to these proteins. In the present study, a theoretical model based on continuum electrostatics and a surface-area-dependent nonpolar term is used to calculate binding affinities of balanol derivatives, H-series inhibitors, and ATP analogues toward the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK or protein kinase A). The calculations reproduce most of the experimental trends and provide insight into the driving forces responsible for binding. Nonpolar interactions are found to govern protein−ligand affinity. Hydrogen bonds represent a negligible contribution, because hydrogen bond formation in the complex requires the desolvation of the interacting partners. However, the binding affinity is decreas...
Formation of Pyrazines in Aqueous Maltose/Glucose/Fructose-Glutamine Model Systems upon Heating at below 100°C

Pyrazines generated from aqueous sugar-glutamine model systems heated at 90°C were investigated quantitatively. To determine trace levels of pyrazines in aqueous matrices, an efficient method using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) was developed. A series of alkylpyrazines as well as trace levels of acetylpyrazines and bis-(2-furyl)pyrazines were detected in the model systems by this method. Remarkable difference in the formation of pyrazines between monosaccharide and disaccharide was observed. The yield of acetylpyrazines and bis-(2-furyl)pyrazines from maltose was larger than those from fructose and glucose, while that of alkylpyrazines was less. The pH dependency on the generation of pyrazines in maltose-glutamine model systems was also examined.
Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry of Complex Organic Materials.

Pyrolysis mass spectrometry in combination with computerized multivariate statistical analysis enables qualitative and quantitative analysis of nonvolatile organic materials containing molecular assemblies of a complexity and size far beyond the capabilities of direct mass spectrometry. The state of the art in pyrolysis mass spectrometry techniques is illustrated through specific applications, including structural determination and quality control of synthetic polymers, quantitative analysis of polymer mixtures, classification and structural characterization of fossil organic matter, and nonsupervised numerical extraction of component patterns from complex biological samples.
A study of the believability of the forms of puffery

This study tested consumers' perceptions of the believability of puffery in advertising. Forms of puffery have been ranked for their potential ability to deceive consumers. Subjects were asked to rate how believable they found examples of each of the six forms of puffery. The study compared the believability of the claims with the subjects' familiarity and experiences with the products about which the claims were made. The results of a one-way analysis of variance showed little difference between consumers' levels of believability across five of the six levels of puffery. Overall, most consumers did not feel strongly one way or another about the believability of the puffed claims. That both familiarity and experience with the products significantly influenced the believability of the claims made in the study was indicated by χ2-tests. Recommendations are made concerning marketers' use of puffery. Topics for future research in the area are also suggested.
Clarifying the merits of argument in evaluation practice

Abstract In prior writings, we have explored alternative means of justifying claims in evaluation practice. After a brief review of these previous investigations, we provide an analysis employing Toulmin's (1958) jurisprudence metaphor in the assessment of evaluative arguments. Applications and implications for evaluation practice are discussed.
A survey of small group activities used in beginning speech courses

A survey of 297 faculty teaching beginning speech in American colleges and universities in 1970–71 indicated that small group activities were frequently part of the course. Forty‐two per cent of the faculty used small group techniques to teach units in speech other than small group communication, while 30 per cent of the teachers taught a unit on small group theory. Traditional public discussions and a variety of problem‐solving and interpersonal interaction activities were part of the courses surveyed.
PEROXIDASE LOCALIZATION, ACTIVITY, AND ISOZYME PATTERNS IN THE DEVELOPING SEEDLING OF VANDA (ORCHIDACEAE)

A B S T R A C T Peroxidase activity in the seedling of I7anda was investigated at var iouls stages of development. Active sites were demonstrated histochemically and soluble proteins and peroxidase isozymes were resolved by disc electrophoresis at progressive stages of growth. Activity, which is highest in the early stages of development and lowest at the stage when maximum differentiation occurs, is confined to the epidermal layer and outer surface of the seedling in early stages of development. It is also present in the vascular tissues of the leaves, root, and parenchymatous region at later stages. Indoleacetic acid raises peroxidase activity when presenit in the growth medium in physiological concentrations. The number of isoperoxidases varies with developmental stage and is lowest in the stage at which leaves and roots are initiated. These observations are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the peroxidases play a role in morphogenesis as a par t of the indole
INCREASED CALCIUM PUMP TURNOVER RATE IN CARDIAC SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM IN FETAL SHEEP

We have previously reported decreased Ca uptake and Ca-dependent ATP hydrolysis in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles isolated from fetal sheep as compared to SR vesicles from maternal sheep. These indices of SR Ca-handling are dependent upon the relative amounts of ATPase protein present but are expressed as μmoles of Pi or Ca per mg SR protein. To determine if the apparently decreased Ca tranport capacity in the fetal vesicles is due to the presence of varying amounts of other SR proteins, we measured acylphosphoprotein (EP) concentrations and then calculated enzyme turnover rates in SR vesicles isolated from fetal (0.7 gestation) and maternal sheep. EP concentrations were measured using specially developed gel electrophoresis techniques. The enzyme turnover rate is the ratio between Vmax of CaATPase and EP concentration and represents actual turnover of Ca pump sites. These data suggest a significantly higher apparent turnover rate for the Ca pumps on the fetal SR vesicles. We conclude that there is an intrinsic difference in Ca transport function between these SR preparations that is independent of possible differences in protein composition between the preparations.
Supersolvable Malcev algebras

Recall that a group G is supersolvable if it possesses a finite increasing maximal chain of normal subgroups of G such that each factor is cyclic. This concept was introduced with the hope that it would be more tractable than solvability in general. Indeed many results on this class have appeared (see [9]). Motivated at least in part by this success, an analogous concept was introduced in Lie algebras where normal subgroups with cyclic factors were replaced by ideals with one dimensional factors. Once again the investigations proved fruitful [l, 2, 31. Adding to the importance of the concept in the Lie setting is the famous theorem of S. Lie which yields that over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0, all solvable Lie algebras are supersolvable. This fundamental theorem had influence on the development of the structure and representation theory of these algebras. On the other hand, Malcev algebras are a generlization of Lie algebras in which results on the latter often find extensions to the former. Because of all the foregoing, supersolvability shows much promise as an object of study in Malcev algebras. Barnes [ 11 used cohomology theory to find Lie algebra analogues to theorems of Baer, Gaschtitz, and Huppert. These results were used to show various structure theorems and to construct a theory of formations [a]. Eventually, simpler proofs of the Barnes’ theorems were given by Barnes and Newell [3]. Still later the analogues of the theorems of Baer and Gas- chiitz were extended to Malcev algebras [S] and [S]. The final result con- cerns supersolvability and we extend this result to Maicev algebras in this paper where the algebra M is called supersolvable if there exists an increas- ing maximal chain of ideals of M each codimension one in the next. Although this result and related concepts extend to the present case, com- plications arise in the proofs due to the weaker defining identity for Malcev 69
Surface interactions in the system Reγ-Al2O3

Abstract The study of the system Re γ-Al 2 O 3 by chemisorption, ESR, and temperature-programmed reduction showed the existence of two aggregation states of Re on the surface of γ-Al 2 O 3 : a dispersed, two-dimensional phase and three-dimensional crystallites. The dispersed phase of Re interacts strongly with the γ-Al 2 O 3 . As a result, it can be reduced to zero-valent state by H 2 only at >500 °C. Even when reduced, it does not dissociatively chemisorb hydrogen at room temperature, and therefore surface Re cannot be estimated reliably by ambient H 2 chemisorption. The dispersed phase cannot be oxidized at 500 °C to the heptavalent volatile Re 7+ but only to Re 4+ . The limiting coverage of γ-Al 2 O 3 surface by dispersed Re 4+ is ~10%. The formation of the stable, nonvolatile, tetravalent, dispersed phase is responsible for the prevention of Re loss in the oxidative regeneration of Re-containing, γ-Al 2 O 3 -supported reforming catalysts or during other uses in an oxidizing environment. The crystalline, three-dimensional phase can be oxidized to Re 7+ and reduced to Re∘ by H 2 at 350 °C. Dispersion of it into the two-dimensional phase is accomplished by oxidation followed by vacuum or inert gas treatment at >500 °C. Such treatment creates anion vacancies on the surface which are electron traps and sites for hydrogen adsorption. The anion vacancies can be annealed by oxygen at 500 °C. Under high-temperature reducing conditions, the zero-valent dispersed phase may slowly aggregate into three-dimensional metallic crystallites. The interaction of oxygen with the reduced dispersed phase at 25 °C produces at the surface nondissociated oxygen molecules-ions (O 2 ) and Re 2+ ions which gives an axially symmetrical EPR spectrum. The EPR spectrum of the dispersed Re 4+ , obtained at 500 °C, has a six-peak HFS.
Distribution and Metabolism of Protein-Bound Hydroxyproline in an Elongating Tissue, the Avena Coleoptile

A study has been made of the distribution and metabolism of protein-bound hydroxyproline in an elongating tissue, the excised Avena coleoptile. The hydroxyproline-containing proteins of this tissue have been separated into 3 fractions on the basis of their solubilities. The cytoplasmic, trichloroacetic acid-insoluble proteins (S-fraction) contain the bulk of the proline of the cells but only 20% of the hydroxyproline. The cytoplasm also contains a previously unrecognized trichloroacetic acid-soluble, non-dialyzable fraction (DS-fraction) which is low in proline but contains 20% of the hydroxyproline. The remaining 60% of the hydroxyproline is in the wall-bound, cold alkali-soluble fraction (extensin).Incorporation of free proline into the proline and hydroxyproline of all fractions is linear with time for at least 12 hours. The specific activity of the proline at any time is the same in all 3 fractions while the specific activity of the hydroxyproline is 4-times greater in the S-fraction than in the W-fraction. During a pulse-chase experiment the specific activity of the proline decreases 25 to 40% in all fractions during the chase. The labeling of hydroxyproline in the wall increases during the chase while that of the DS-fraction remains constant. In the S-fraction, the labeling in hydroxyproline rapidly drops 30 to 35% during the chase but then remains constant. It is concluded that the majority of the hydroxyproline-proteins in the cytoplasm are not transported to the wall. It is suggested that a sizeable portion of the cytoplasmic hydroxyproline may be located in enzymatic proteins.
Münch without tears: a steady-state Münch-like model of phloem so simplified that it requires only algebra to predict the speed of translocation.

The pressure-driven mass-flow hypothesis of phloem translocation associated with Ernst Munch has become hegemonic and has been mathematically modelled in many, many different fashions – but not, apparently, in one chosen so that it gives simple algebraic predictions of (i) the speed of translocation; (ii) the saccharide concentration at the source; and (iii) the pressure offset due to translocation. To overcome this deficit, the problem was drastically simplified by assuming that: (i) radial variations could be neglected; (ii) osmotic water uptake was restricted to sink and source regions of negligible thickness; (iii) there was a constant rate of saccharide loading at the source; and (iv) the sink strength was sufficient to lower the photosynthate concentration at the extreme distal end of the sieve tube to levels at which it becomes unimportant. The resulting system of quadratic algebraic equations was then solved for the translocation speed, which was shown to vary as the square-root of the loading rate. Also found were the offset of the intra-tube hydrostatic pressure and the sap saccharide concentration at the source, which, likewise, vary as the square-root of the loading rate.
Sex Discrimination in Simulated Employment Contexts: A Meta-analytic Investigation

Abstract This study meta-analytically tested hypotheses concerning factors that affect sex discrimination in simulated employment contexts. These hypotheses, derived from the social psychological literature on stereotyping, predicted that salience of applicant sex, job sex-type, sex of rater, and amount of job-relevant information would affect discrimination against female and male applicants. Generally, the hypotheses concerning job sex-type and job-relevant information were supported. Female and male applicants received lower ratings when being considered for an opposite-sex-type job, and the difference between ratings of males and females decreased as more job-relevant information was provided. However, ratings of males and females did not differ as hypothesized in regard to salience of sex and rater sex. The research and practice implications of these results are discussed.
Quality Improvement in Cytology: Where Do We Go From Here?

Context.—Cytology is a success because of the many quality controls used to ensure the accuracy of its results. Nevertheless, additional information is becoming available to the cytologist, often from untraditional sources, and the best way to use that information to improve the quality of cytology is not yet known. Objective.—To review ways to use new information to improve the quality of cytology. Data Sources.—Review of relevant literature. Results.—Information contained in many sources can be used in new ways to improve the quality of cytology. These include the timing of cytologic and histologic correlation, electronic medical records, workload information, prior aspirations, and molecular tests. Conclusions.—To maintain their high standard of excellence, cytologists should seek to define the most appropriate way to incorporate this new information into their interpretation of individual cases.