cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dengue-induced autophagy, virus replication and protection from cell death require ER stress (PERK) pathway activation

A virus that reproduces in a host without killing cells can easily establish a successful infection. Previously, we showed that dengue-2, a virus that threatens 40% of the world, induces autophagy, enabling dengue to reproduce in cells without triggering cell death. Autophagy further protects the virus-laden cells from further insults. In this study, we evaluate how it does so; we show that dengue upregulates host pathways that increase autophagy, namely endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signaling followed by production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Inhibition of ER stress or ATM signaling abrogates the dengue-conferred protection against other cell stressors. Direct inhibition of ER stress response in infected cells decreases autophagosome turnover, reduces ROS production and limits reproduction of dengue virus. Blocking ATM activation, which is an early response to infection, decreases transcription of ER stress response proteins, but ATM has limited impact on production of ROS and virus titers. Production of ROS determines only late-onset autophagy in infected cells and is not necessary for dengue-induced protection from stressors. Collectively, these results demonstrate that among the multiple autophagy-inducing pathways during infection, ER stress signaling is more important to viral replication and protection of cells than either ATM or ROS-mediated signaling. To limit virus production and survival of dengue-infected cells, one must address the earliest phase of autophagy, induced by ER stress.
In-Wall Clutter Suppression Based on Low-Rank and Sparse Representation for Through-the-Wall Radar

For through-the-wall-radar signal processing, there exist extensive studies on removing the wall surface reflection signal, while how to eliminate/alleviate the in-wall structure reflection is not well addressed. In many building structures, a layer of reinforced steel bars and utility pipes exist inside the wall which can cause strong clutter to overwhelmingly mask the reflection signal from the targets under test behind the wall. Such clutter cannot be mitigated using the conventional wall clutter removal methods. Thus, a new effective technique to remove the strong inside-wall rebar or pipe reflection is indispensable. Considering the correlated features of the in-wall rebar or pipes and the spatial sparsity of the behind-wall targets under test, a low-rank and sparse representation model-based in-wall clutter suppression algorithm is developed in this letter for target feature enhancement and detection. Experiments on both simulation data and field test data are performed for performance evaluation and validation.
Effect of Calco Oil Red N-1700 Dye Incorporated into a Semiartificial Diet of the Imported Cabbageworm, Corn Earworm, and Cabbage Looper

When Calco Oil Red N-1700® dye was added to the artificial larval diet of Pieris rapae (L.), Heliothis zea (Boddie), and Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), some of the internal organs of the adults, and the eggs deposited, were dyed pink. The male pupal weight of P. rapae , male and female pupal weight of T. ni , and longevity of H. zea were significantly less ( P = 0.05) than for those reared on diet that did not contain dye. Also, the peak of the oviposition period occurred 1 day later for P. rapae females reared on diet containing dye, and both H. zea and T. ni were observed to deposit fewer eggs. None of these differences, however, are considered sufficient to prevent effective use of the dye for marking released specimens for field studies.
PEDUNCULAR ARMAMENT IN THE SCALPELLOMORPHA (CIRRIPEDIA) AND A NEW ABYSSAL SPECIES FROM THE EAST PACIFIC RISE

A unique pedunculate barnacle, Arcoscalpellum spinum, new species, was discovered on the East Pacific Rise (18?S) during the 1993 "Naudur" cruise of the French submersible Nautile. We propose Vertebroscalpellum, new subgenus, to include this and a related species, A. brevecarinatum (Hoek), from the south Atlantic. Although basically 8 plates comprise each whorl of the peduncular armament in scalpellomorphs, the number in derived forms is subject to variation. The number of vertical tiers of peduncular plates generally relates to the number of capitular plates and/or the sutures between them. One trend is toward the multiplication of plates, the other a reduction. The latter is manifest in Vertebroscalpellum by the separation of 5-plated whorls into an imbricating 2/3 plated pattern that is unique among scalpellomorphs. Numerous barnacles were collected during the pioneering voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. Among them there were several specimens of a scalpellomorph dredged from 2,514-2,926 m at 46?S, 45?E, west of Crozet Island in the south Atlantic, and described by Hoek (1883) as Scalpellum brevecarinatum, a species subsequently assigned to the genus Arcoscalpellum Hoek, 1907. The Russian research vessel Ob purportedly dredged this species from 4,540 m at 59?S, 97?E, off the eastern coast
Recoil distance transmission method: Measurement of interaction cross sections of excited states with fast rare-isotope beams

Abstract The possible appearance of nuclear halos in ground and excited states close to the particle-decay threshold is of great importance in the investigation of nuclear structure and few-body correlations at the limit of stability. In order to obtain direct evidence of the halo structure manifested in nuclear excited states, we have considered a new method to measure the interaction cross sections of excited states. The combination of the transmission method and the recoil distance Doppler-shift method with a plunger device enables us to measure the number of interactions of the excited states in a target. Formulae to determine the interaction cross section are derived, and key issues to realize measurements are discussed. Dominant sources of errors are uncertainties in the excited-state lifetimes and γ -ray yields. We examine prototype experiments and perform simulations to study the impact of each uncertainty on the final result. This method provides a novel opportunity to perform cross section measurements on the excited states of rare isotopes.
Increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecules in biliary atresia

The expression of the inflammatory adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1, was studied in six infants with biliary atresia using an immunoperoxidase technique on frozen sections. Controls consisted of five patients with various conditions including total parenteral nutrition-induced cholestasis, choledochal cyst, viral hepatitis, metastatic carcinoma, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. None of the patients were in liver failure. Bile ducts from the control subjects did not express any of the inflammatory adhesion molecules on ductal epithelium. In marked contrast, all of the biliary atresia specimens demonstrated strong intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and occasional vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 staining on epithelial cell membranes of both intra- and extrahepatic ductal structures. Hepatocytes and sinusoidal lining cells including Kupffer cells showed a pattern of intense intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in all specimens with active inflammation that could not differentiate the biliary atresia cases from the control group. Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 intensely stained the inflammatory cell infiltrate in the biliary atresia and inflamed control specimens. The strong expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on biliary ductal epithelium in patients with biliary atresia suggests a potential role for this adhesion molecule in the pathogenesis of this devastating neonatal hepatic disorder.
The Changeling: Blood, Will and Intellectual Eyesight

The Changeling, collaboratively written by Thomas Middleton and William Rowley around 1621, may seem an unlikely candidate for discussion in this book, since its engagements with doubt are less wide-ranging than those in other plays I consider. It conveys a far stronger sense of ethical mooring than, say, Troilus and Cressida, The White Devil or even The Spanish Tragedy; it suggests the existence of a morally responsive universe through its repeated allusions to foreboding, instinct and conscience; it raises the spectre of private vengeance only to intimate that revenge is superfluous in the world inhabited by its characters; and it gives its heroine, Beatrice-Joanna, a final speech of such thorough self-condemnation that the social status quo of Alicante seems absolutely reaffirmed. It is true that the play’s conclusion is so perfunctory and complacent that its moralizing appears tainted by the very artificiality of its presentation. But patriarchal structures and conventional cosmological assumptions are ultimately reinforced by The Changeling’s brilliant double plot and the consequent character-mirroring this plot establishes, particularly that of Isabella and Beatrice-Joanna.1 So if the play strikes us as less ideologically conservative than Tourneur’s Atheist’s Tragedy, or if it astonishes us through the psychological intensity of its interchanges between Beatrice-Joanna and De Flores, it none the less carries with it a sense of diminishment — of capitulation to the existing order — that seems out of keeping with the fictions it powerfully stages.
Mathematical Statistics: ON RANDOM SAMPLING FLUCTUATIONS

Introduction . In Chapter II we have dealt to some extent with the effects of random sampling fluctuations on relative frequencies. But it is fairly obvious that the interest of the statistician in the effects of sampling fluctuations extends far beyond the fluctuations in relative frequencies. To illustrate, suppose we calculate any statistical measure such as an arithmetic mean, median, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, or parameter of a frequency function from the actual frequencies given by a sample of data. If we need then either to form a judgment as to the stability of such results from sample to sample or to use the results in drawing inferences about the sampled population, the common-sense process of induction involved is much aided by a knowledge of the general order of magnitude of the sampling discrepancies which may reasonably be expected because of the limited size of the sample from which we have calculated our statistical measures. We may very easily illustrate the nature of the more common problems of sampling by considering the determination of certain characteristics of a race of men. For example, suppose we wish to describe any character such as height, weight, or other measurable attributes among the white males age 30 in the race. We should almost surely attempt merely to construct our science on the basis of results obtained from the sample.
Speckle imaging at large telescopes: current results and future prospects

In recent years, speckle imaging has proven very useful for certain problems in single-aperture high-resolution imaging, including searching for faint stellar companions near exoplanet host stars and for satellite imaging. These developments have largely been the result of the availability of electron-multiplying CCD cameras, which allow for greater sensitivity and better photometric linearity when compared with other detectors that have comparable speed. This in turn has led to an increased use for speckle imaging at mid-sized and large telescopes. Some results of these efforts will be discussed, and the outlook for the future of speckle will be given.
Long-term occurrence of secondary compartment pelvic organ prolapse after open mesh sacrocolpopexy for symptomatic prolapse

Aims To report on the long-term occurrence of secondary compartment pelvic organ prolapse (POP) after open mesh sacrocolpopexy (MSC). Methods A prospectively maintained, IRB-approved database of non-neurogenic women with symptomatic triple compartment POP who underwent open MSC between 1999 and 2011 and had a 1-year minimum follow-up was reviewed. Length of follow-up was categorized as: intermediate (1-3 yr), late (3-5 yr), and very late (>5 yr). Demographic data, history of POP repairs, exam with Baden-Walker grading, validated questionnaires (Urogenital Distress Inventory short form [UDI-6], QoL), and outcomes at each follow-up visit were recorded. Failure was defined by either secondary compartment prolapse recurrence (BW > 2) on examination at the last visit or re-operation for POP. Results Out of sixty-eight, sixty-one women met study criteria. Mean age was 66 ± 11, mean BMI 26.1 ± 4.5, mean parity 2.8 ± 1.4 and cohort was mostly Caucasian. ­­Eighty seven percent had prior hysterectomy and 72% had prior POP repair. Mean follow-up was 6.8 ± 3.9 years with over 75% in the late or very late categories. There were 4/61 (7%) clinical failures, 3 of which underwent surgical repair (2 anterior and 1 posterior compartment repair) at 2-12 year interval post-MSC. Mean changes between baseline and last visit UDI-6, QoL, and BW prolapse grade trended favorably. Conclusions Following open MSC, the rate of secondary prolapse compartment failure was found low at very long-term follow-up.
Developing a xenograft human tumor model in immunocompetent mice.

Abstract Animal models are essential to cancer research, but current xenograft models are limited in their utility especially due to the lack of an immune system. Here we demonstrate that a xenograft tumor model can be developed in immunocompetent mice by tolerizing murine fetuses to human tumor cells. A375 human melanoma cells were injected into day E14 fetuses and after birth mice were challenged with A375 cells to determine their ability to develop tumors. Intravenous injections of cells resulted in metastatic-like lung tumors, which were verified to be human in origin by immunohistochemistry and PCR. These results were replicated with several other human tumor types: BxPC3 (human pancreatic adenocarcinoma), MDA-MB-231 (human breast adenocarcinoma), M21 (human melanoma), and HeLa (human cervical adenocarcinoma). Development of an immunocompetent xenograft tumor model would allow the further elucidation of the interaction of the immune system with therapy in both preclinical research and patient derived xenografts.
Structure-Activity Correlations of 2′,3′-Dideoxy- and 2′,3′-Didehydro-2′,3′-Dideoxypyrimidine Nucleosides as Potential Anti-HIV Drugs

The first compound approved for the clinical treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was the nucleoside analog 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT; zidovudine).1 Discovery of its antiviral activity prompted extensive evaluation of other nucleosides for anti-HIV efficacy and to date 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (ddl; didanosine) and 2′,3′-dideoxy-cytidine (ddC; zalcitabine) additionally have been approved on a limited basis for clinical treatment of this virus. These nucleosides share a common mode of action, namely phosphorylation to the corresponding 5′-triphosphates which act as inhibitors of the virus-encoded reverse transcriptase.2.3 Substantial effort also has been directed towards developing non-nucleoside drugs (e.g. protease inhibitors, tat antagonists) which inhibit viral targets other than reverse transcriptase.4 The pursuit of more effective nucleoside analogs nonetheless remains an area of high interest to many investigators. This review provides detailed structure-activity data for two classes of nucleosides, the 2′,3′-dideoxy-and 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxypyrimidine nucleosides, in the hopes it will prove useful to investigators in identifying new synthetic target molecules while avoiding unnecessary duplication of previous synthetic efforts.
Cranial Anatomy and the Cranial Flap

The pterion has been defined in Chapter 1. Figure 4.1 illustrates that the pterion is not a specific point but rather a general region of the skull lying under the temporalis muscle and in close proximity to the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones. The frontoparietal (coronal) suture and the sphenoidotemporal suture do not meet at a common point but instead come to a “T” intersection (Fig. 4.1) with the parietotemporal, parietosphenoidal, and frontosphenoidal sutures (the latter two forming a relatively straight posterior-to-anterior extension of the parietotemporal suture). This anatomical arrangement allows a short common boundary between the parietal and sphenoid bones and causes a separation between the frontal and temporal bones.
Human Bone Cells: Newly Discovered Target Cells for Sex Steroids

This presentation was planned to introduce the novice to bone tissue as a target tissue for sex steroids. Recent advances in this and other laboratories have now implicated both osteoblasts and osteoclasts as target cells for steroid hormones including estrogen (E2). It is, therefore, the hypothesis of this laboratory that E2 plays a major role in the coupling of bone resorbing osteoclasts and bone forming osteoblasts. This coupling appears to involve chemical signals which maintain homeostasis between the activities of these two cell types and abnormalities in coupling have been implicated in osteoporosis. Our laboratories discovered E2 receptors (ER) (as well as progesterone and androgen receptors) in normal human osteoblast-like (hOB) cells, avian osteoclasts (avOC), and recently in human osteoclast-like giant cell tumors (hGCTs). We have identified no E2 effects on cell proliferation or matrix protein production in hOB cells, but have identified a significant E2 induction of TGF-β in these cultured hOB cells. TGF-β is an important cytokine likely to play a key role in E2 action on bone. Since TGF-β is reported to be regulated by Fos/Jun, we then investigated and have preliminary results which demonstrate that E2 rapidly and markedly regulates the steady state mRNA levels of the c-fos gene in the hOB cells and, to a lesser degree, the other nuclear proto-oncogenes. We are currently examining the nature of the E2 regulation of the c-fos gene in hOB cells and the activation of the TGF-β factor by steroids.
Influences of Femininity and Maternal Relationships on Anxiety and Adjustment in Emerging Adulthood

This study examined how maternal acceptance, care, and overprotection, along with individuals’ feminine gender orientation, impacted anxiety and adjustment among emerging adults. Data were collecte...
Ovarian Torsion in Premenarchal Girls.

Abstract Study Objective To investigate characteristics that differentiate premenarchal girls with ovarian torsion (OT) from those without OT at the time of surgery. Design Retrospective chart review of 36 premenarchal girls who underwent 42 surgeries for either OT (n = 33) or a nontorsed ovarian mass (n = 9) from 2006 to 2017. Setting Large, tertiary care academic institution. Participants We included patients aged 0-12 years with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes for torsion of the ovary, adnexa, ovarian pedicle, or fallopian tube. Controls had International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes for ovarian mass or cyst, who also underwent surgery and did not have OT. Interventions Records were reviewed for patient characteristics including laboratory and imaging studies, surgical intervention, and pathologic diagnosis. Fischer exact test and the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. Main Outcome Measures Characteristics predictive of OT in premenarchal girls. Results Twenty-nine premenarchal patients were diagnosed with 33 episodes of OT. Nine patients underwent surgery for ovarian masses but did not have OT. All patients with OT reported abdominal pain (compared with 55.6% without OT; P Conclusion Patients with OT had significantly more nausea, emesis, and abdominal pain compared with those without OT. Additionally, 2 of 4 malignancies were found in patients with OT, indicating that malignancy should still be considered with large, complex masses.
Durability and long-term outcomes of direct EUS-guided gastroenterostomy using lumen-apposing metal stents for gastric outlet obstruction.

Background and study aims EUS-guided gastroenterostomy (GE) is a novel, minimally invasive endoscopic procedure for the treatment of gastric outlet obstruction (GOO). The direct-EUS-GE (D-GE) approach has recently gained traction. We aimed to report on a large cohort of patients who underwent DGE with focus on long-term outcomes. Patients and methods This two-center, retrospective study involved consecutive patients who underwent D-GE between October 2014 and May 2018. The primary outcomes were technical and clinical success. Secondary outcomes were adverse events (AEs), rate of reintervention, procedure time, time to resume oral diet, and post-procedure length of stay (LOS). Results A total of 57 patients (50.9 % female; median age 65 years) underwent D-GE for GOO. The etiology was malignant in 84.2 % and benign in 15.8 %. Technical success and clinical success were achieved in 93 % and 89.5 % of patients, respectively, with a median follow-up of 196 days in malignant GOO and 319.5 days in benign GOO. There were 2 (3.5 %) AEs, one severe and one moderate. Median procedure time was 39 minutes (IQR, 26 – 51.5 minutes). Median time to resume oral diet after D-GE was 1 day (IQR 1 – 2 days). Median post D-GE LOS was 3 days (IQR 2 – 7 days). Rate of reintervention was 15.1 %. Conclusions D-GE is safe and effective in management of both malignant and benign causes of GOO. Clinical success with D-GE is durable with a low rate of reintervention based on a long-term cohort.
Major lab abnormalities as biomarkers in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A single institution study of 1044 patients.

e14108Background: Over the past decade, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have gained increased importance in modern cancer treatment. In this study we investigate the relationship between major l...
Quantitative Visualization of Topology and Morphing of Percolation Path in Nanoparticle Network Array Exhibiting Coulomb Blockade at Room Temperature

A network of one-dimensional (1D) necklaces of 10 nm Au nanoparticles was fabricated by a directed self-assembly to synthesize 1D necklaces followed by self-limiting monolayer deposition to form a two-dimensional (2D) network array. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image analysis revealed a percolation threshold lower than random 2D arrays signifying the local 1D structure. The topology of (shortest) percolation paths (tortuosity) and the fraction of clusters isolated from the percolating array were quantified to relate the network morphology to the observed non-Ohmic (Coulomb blockade effect) behavior. Leveraging charge contrast in SEM, the morphing of the percolation path as a function of the kinetic energy of the conduction electron was visualized and quantified to understand the dynamic nature of the percolation behavior. The morphology can be systematically tailored by tuning the two self-assembly processes to obtain the same coverage of the array with significantly diverse non-Ohmic behavior. It w...
Comparative study of the hot processing behavior in advanced Ni-based superalloys for use in A-USC applications

Abstract Three Ni-based superalloys, Haynes 214, Haynes 230 and Inconel 740H, have been analyzed for their mechanical behavior under conventional industrial hot-processing conditions. These and other comparable alloys are expected to be used in sCO2 heat exchanger cycles, as proposed in the Advanced Ultra-Supercritical (A-USC) program, due to their unique combination of mechanical, corrosion and creep properties. However, these alloys are difficult to form, specifically for sCO2 components, such as header pipes and manifolds, requiring optimal forming conditions. In this study, hot-deformation testing was conducted using a Gleeble 3500, to simulate temperatures and strain rates expected during industrial forming operations. The effect of using as-received material on the deformation behavior was analyzed, emulating microstructures under real conditions more accurately. The flow-stress curves for all three alloys showed the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) with some signs of dynamic recovery, for the slowest strain rates and higher temperatures. Additionally, the influence of secondary phases on the hot deformation behavior was analyzed. The M6C-carbide in Haynes 230 showed the strongest effect, promoting recrystallization necklacing and inhibiting DRX growth. The activation energies for plastic flow were 246, 302 and 217 kJ mol−1, for Haynes 214, Haynes 230 and Inconel 740H, respectively. Hot-processing maps were generated for all alloys and suggested specific domains for optimal workability under the tested conditions. For Haynes 214, that is e ˙ ≤ 0.1/s and T ≥ 1050 ∘ C. For Haynes 230, it is 1050 ∘ C ≤ T ≤ 1150 ∘ C and 0.01/s ≤ e ˙ ≤ 0.5/s. For Inconel 740H, it is 1010 ∘ C ≤ T ≤ 1075 ∘ C and 0.01/s ≤ e ˙ ≤ 0.1/s.
Minimally Invasive Fetal Therapy for Myelomeningocele

This review details the discoveries that have propelled forward treatment for MMC, from medical management to postnatal surgical repair to open fetal surgery, paving the way for novel scientific research on non-invasive therapeutic approaches. Current investigations to treat MMC in less invasive ways and earlier in gestation include intra-amniotic particle injections, scaffold-based tissue engineering, and cell-based therapy. The common goal of each experimental approach is protecting the exposed spinal cord prior to its damage—to avoid the devastating clinical manifestations associated with the disease. Significant discoveries in translational science are underway. Promising research utilizing fetal stem cells, tissue engineering, and non-invasive particle delivery could form the basis for a new approach to MMC or could augment current therapy to better patient outcomes.
Hierarchically-porous metallic scaffolds via 3D extrusion and reduction of oxide particle inks with salt space-holders

Abstract 3D ink-extrusion of powders followed by sintering is an emerging additive manufacturing method capable of creating metallic microlattices. Here, we study the creation of hierarchically porous Fe or Ni scaffolds by 3D extrusion of 0/90° lattices from inks consisting of fine oxide powders (Fe2O3 or NiO,
Contributions of biomass/solid fuel burning to blood pressure modification in women: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

OBJECTIVES Approximately 2½ billion people worldwide rely on solid/biomass fuel as fuel for cooking/heating the home. Environmental exposure to the smoke associated with biomass fuel burning has been associated respiratory diseases, cardiac disorders, and altered blood pressure. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to study this relationship across multiple studies. METHODS Searches were performed using PRISMA guidelines for articles using Web of Science, PubMed, Toxline, and Web of Science of peer reviewed papers with no beginning time restriction until February 2017. The search yielded 10 manuscripts after application of inclusion criteria, which encompassed 93 724 participants. Outcomes included (a) the proportion of people with a clinical diagnosis of hypertension in an exposed (vs. unexposed) population or (b) correlation coefficients examining degree of exposure and systolic/diastolic blood pressure. RESULTS The four studies reporting effect sizes for hypertension (N = 92 042) had a weighted mean effect size of r = .12 [-0.02, 0.27], z = 1.66, p = 0.097. The six studies reporting effect sizes for systolic and diastolic blood pressure (N = 1682) had weighted mean effect sizes of r = .15 [0.06, 0.24], p = 0.001, and r = .09 [0.03, 0.15], p = 0.002, respectively. CONCLUSION These analyses revealed that there is a small-but-significant relationship between biomass fuel exposure and an increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but the relationship between biomass fuel and hypertension specifically remains unclear.
Dietary Fats, Serum Cholesterol and Liver Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies

To quantify the associations between dietary fats and their major components, as well as serum levels of cholesterol, and liver cancer risk, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science up to October 2020 for prospective studies that reported the risk estimates of dietary fats and serum cholesterol for liver cancer risk. We carried out highest versus lowest intake or level and dose-response analyses. Higher intake of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) was associated with a higher liver cancer risk in both category analysis (relative risk [RR]highest vs. lowest intake = 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06, 1.69) and dose-response analysis (RR1% energy = 1.04, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.07). Higher serum total cholesterol was inversely associated with liver cancer but with large between-studies variability (RR1 mmol/L = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.69, 0.75, I2 = 75.3%). The inverse association was more pronounced for serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (RR1 mmol/L = 0.42, 95%CI: 0.27, 0.64). Higher intake of dietary SFA was associated with higher risk of liver cancer while higher serum levels of cholesterol and HDL were associated with a lower risk of liver cancer with high between-studies variability.
Electronic, molecular, and solid-state structural effects of strong electron withdrawing and donating groups in functionalized fluorophthalonitriles

Perfluoro phthalonitrile substituted separately with perfluoroalkyl (EWG) and NH2, NHMe, and NMe2 (EDG) groups generate a series of aromatic C-H bonds-free nitriles that can now lose electrons, who...
Between Speaking and Silence: A Study of Quiet Students

Between Speaking and Silence: A Study of Quiet Students. Mary M. Reda. New York: SUNY Press, 2009.Through a precise analysis of written reflections and interviews, Mary M. Reda examines perceptions of speaking and silent students in her book Between Speaking and Silence. Using her first-year composition class for observation, she explores major elements of students' decisions to speak or be silent frequently depend on teachers, classroom relationships, and students' senses of identity.Reda has organized the book into seven chapters. Chapter 1 presents contexts, participants, data analysis, and brief introductions for each chapter. Chapters 2 and 3 track the history of silence in the existing body of literature from various perspectives. She defines the contexts of silence with monologues and narratives as "the power of speech" (p. 26), and she notes the relationship of "the power of speech" between student and teacher in the context of the classroom. She acknowledges that those students not being able to speak in the class are highly affected by particular contexts of class, race, and culture. Reda believes that anxiety about student silence in any professional situation is also controlled by "difficult classroom situations and the unjust power relations"(p. 48) between teachers and students. Chapter 4 offers context for a study that took place at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, and includes profiles of five participants (American and non-Americans). Through individual case studies-of written reflections of five students and her own journals from the first-year composition classes, Reda examines the relationship between speaking and silence in the classroom.Chapter 5 illustrates teachers' perspectives on professionalism, and examines how teachers should engage students in discussions with regard to studentteacher relationships. Perceptions of students who choose whether to speak or to be silent in the class depend upon the student-teacher relationship and classroom pedagogy, according to Reda. Chapter 6 explores a critical reading of silent students through the lenses of "identity" and "community." Identity refers to the types of students "seeing themselves" as naturally shy, quiet, or with confidence (or lack of it) in the classroom. Community refers to "hearing responses" from other students so that those students who are shy or have low self-esteem can speak up in discussions. Reda bridges the gap between silent and speaking students through the concepts of identity and community. …
Advances in Phototherapy of Skin Diseases

Most of the ingredients of successful phototherapy were discovered over the past 60 years by clinicians using a trial and error approach and making observations with critical and prepared minds (1). Clinicians have the advantage of knowing the nature of the problem (in this case skin disease). They also have the stimulant of being forced to act -they are repeatedly faced with fellow humans suffering the signs and symptoms of disease. But hurried and repeated encounters with the patient as a whole organism often fills the time and mind of the clinician allowing insufficient attention to pathophysiology of disease and mechanism of therapy. What is new in phototherapy of skin diseases is that mechanisms and parameters of treatment are being studied. Effectiveness is being confirmed and documented in controlled studies. Bilateral comparison techniques are being used to identify and quantify active ingredients of multiparameter therapy. Phototherapy is being clarified and refined.
26. Tay-Sachs disease: Psychologic care of carriers and affected families

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the psychologic care of carriers and affected families of Tay-Sachs disease (TSD). Although people identified as carriers do not differ from controls or those identified as non-carriers in their perception of their past or current health, view their future health with less optimism than the other two groups. The clinician inquires about the carrier's general state of mind and health, answers any questions, and is alert to any unstated signs of depression. The person also investigates and pursues an abrupt change in social or work relationships and refers to a psychiatrist who is not only familiar with genetics, but also interested in trying to understand what is causing distress in this particular individual. Understanding the inner emotional world of carrier provides the rational not only for management of psychologic issues, but also informs the approach to imparting necessary concrete information. Although the options available to patients are increasing, they do not ameliorate the psychologic nature of the trauma to any individual.
Near real-time characterization of unknown missiles in flight using computational intelligence

This paper focuses on the rapid characterization and identification of missiles of both known and unknown types early in their trajectories. Many physical relationships in the field of aerospace and aeronautics can be used to create computational models to calculate characteristics of an aerodynamic system. In such cases, the models created are generally more computationally intensive for problems of higher complexity. For example, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) yields high-fidelity solutions at the expense of long computation times. In a missile defense scenario where seconds are critical, computations must be performed much more rapidly than CFD while maintaining a high level of accuracy. In the event that an adversarial missile system of an unknown type is launched, there is an even greater need for rapid characterization. Computational intelligence methods provide a means to determine the underlying relationships between sets of data that may not be obvious to a human observer, such as between missile kinematic data and missile geometric data. Once the computational cost of training the algorithms has been invested, the calculation time per new solution is reduced to the order of milliseconds, enabling near real-time applications. In this study, we adapted a mature artificial neural network ensemble (ANNE) methodology originally developed for pharmaceutical research to accurately predict the diameter of missiles based on critical points of their ballistic trajectories, such as the state of the missile at motor burnout. The results indicate that it is feasible to determine geometric parameters, such as missile diameter, based on sparse telemetry data while a missile is still in flight. We expect that additional independent models can be trained for fineness ratio and other geometric measures. We also expect that the difficulties that early boost termination and other forms of “sandbagging” present for diameter prediction can be overcome. With further enhancement, this methodology could serve as an additional input to current missile defense algorithms, and is particularly well-suited as a supplementary process for characterizing previously unknown missiles.
Cohort segmentation: An exploration of its validity

Abstract The notion of cohorts is becoming increasingly popular among trade journals and is even cited in undergraduate marketing textbooks as a segmentation technique; however, little empirical evidence exists to support the validity of the concept. The goal of the current study was twofold: (1) to examine the central relationship in the cohort concept—whether values can predict cohort groupings; and (2) to determine if consumers within cohort groupings cite similar external events as influential to them. Based on data gathered from 373 subjects, a multiple discriminant analysis was conducted to determine if subjects' ratings on seven value dimensions could predict their cohort membership. Additionally, cross-tabulations were conducted to explore the significant external life events each cohort cited as influential. The results showed that 45% of participants could be correctly classified into their cohort grouping and that external life events were related to these groupings; however, the results raise questions about the existence of consumer cohorts.
Research Agenda for Frailty in Older Adults: Toward a Better Understanding of Physiology and Etiology: Summary from the American Geriatrics Society/National Institute on Aging Research Conference on Frailty in Older Adults

Evolving definitions of frailty, and improved understanding of molecular and physiological declines in multiple systems that may increase vulnerability in frail, older adults has encouraged investigators from many disciplines to contribute to this emerging field of research. This article reports on the results of the 2004 American Geriatrics Society/National Institute on Aging conference on a Research Agenda on Frailty in Older Adults, which brought together a diverse group of clinical and basic scientists to encourage further investigation in this area. This conference was primarily focused on physical and physiological aspects of frailty. Although social and psychological aspects of frailty are critically important and merit future research, these topics were largely beyond the scope of this meeting. Included in this article are sections on the evolving conceptualization and definitions of frailty; physiological underpinnings of frailty, including the potential contributions of inflammatory, endocrine, skeletal muscle, and neurologic system changes; potential molecular and genetic contributors; proposed animal models; and integrative, system biology approaches that may help to facilitate future frailty research. In addition, several specific recommendations as to future directions were developed from suggestions put forth by participants, including recommendations on definition and phenotype development, methodological development to perform clinical studies of individual-system and multiple-system vulnerability to stressors, development of animal and cellular models, application of population-based studies to frailty research, and the development of large collaborative networks in which populations and resources can be shared. This meeting and subsequent article were not meant to be a comprehensive review of frailty research; instead, they were and are meant to provide a more-targeted research agenda-setting process.
Learning Phonological Mappings by Learning Strictly Local Functions

In this paper we identify strict locality as a defining computational property of the input-output mapping that underlies local phonological processes. We provide an automata-theoretic characterization for the class of Strictly Local functions, which are based on the well-studied Strictly Local formal languages (McNaughton & Papert 1971; Rogers & Pullum 2011; Rogers et al. 2013), and show how they can model a range of phonological processes. We then present a learning algorithm, the SLFLA, which uses the defining property of strict locality as an inductive principle to learn these mappings from finite data. The algorithm is a modification of an algorithm developed by Oncina et al. (1993) (called OSTIA) for learning the class of subsequential functions, of which the SL functions are a proper subset. We provide a proof that the SLFLA learns the class of SL functions and discuss these results alongside previous studies on using OSTIA to learn phonological mappings (Gildea and Jurafsky 1996).
Infratentorial angioleiomyoma: A new location for a rare neoplastic entity - Case report

Angioleiomyomas are benign neoplasms most often located in the subcutaneous tissue of middle-aged individuals and usually confined to the subcuticular and deep dermal layers of the lower extremities. An intracranial site for this tumor is exceedingly rare, with very few reports documenting locations in the neuraxis. To the authors' knowledge the present case represents the first reported instance of an infratentorial angioleiomyoma. The authors conducted a review of selected English-language papers published since 1960 describing well-documented cases of intracranial vascular leiomyomas, with detailed information on the clinical presentation, radiology, pathology, and particulars of surgical management in each case.
Methods for improved recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from cheese

Method of homogenization (Waring blender versus stomacher), type of diluent (tryptose broth [TB] versus aqueous 2% trisodium citrate), and temperature of diluent (20 versus 40 degrees C) were compared for recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from freshly made and ripened Colby cheese. By using direct plating on McBride listeria agar, significantly higher numbers of L. monocytogenes were recovered when cheese samples were (i) homogenized for 2 min with the blender rather than the stomacher (P less than 0.01), (ii) diluted in trisodium citrate rather than TB (P less than 0.01), and (iii) diluted in diluents at 40 rather than 20 degrees C (P less than 0.05). Based on these results, a new diluent/enrichment medium was developed by adding 2% trisodium citrate to TB (TBC). Despite superior results with the blender, biosafety concerns led to use of the stomacher for homogenization of cheese samples; hence, the stomaching time was increased to 3 min. Results obtained by direct plating indicated that recovery of L. monocytogenes from Colby cheese and from curd samples taken during manufacture of brick cheese increased when samples were diluted 1:10 in TBC at 45 degrees C and stomached for 3 min, as compared with similarly treated samples diluted in TB at 25 degrees C. A similar comparison of both diluents for recovery of L. monocytogenes from cold-pack cheese food yielded bacterial counts which were not significantly different. Recovery of L. monocytogenes from cold-enriched (at 4 degrees C for up to 8 weeks) samples of Colby cheese and cold-pack cheese food was generally similar for samples homogenized in TBC or TB.
Interaction of tricoordinated phosphorus compounds with zeolites

Vapor phase chemisorption of dimethylphosphine (DMP), trimethylphosphine and trimethylphosphite (TMP) in acidic faujasite has been studied with in situ 1R and MAS-NMR techniques. Effects of pore filling on the spectral properties of trimethylphosphine are discussed. Protonation of DMP in a reversible acid-base reaction with dry HY zeolite is indicated by a single P resonance at −56 ppm due to P(CH 3 ) 2 H 2 and by the appearence of different P-H stretching modes. An acid catalyzed Arbuzov rearrangement converts TMP into dimethylmethylphosphonate which splits off methoxy groups upon heat treatment in the zeolite.
Cauda Equina Syndrome After a TLIF Resulting From Postoperative Expansion of a Hydrogel Dural Sealant

Background DuraSeal™ (Coviden, Waltham, MA, USA), a hydrogel sealant, is primarily used as an adjunct to a dural repair. Its use has also been described to seal off an annulotomy after a transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion when recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is used. This aids in the reduction of postoperative radiculitis caused by rhBMP-2. However, as a result of its hydrophilic properties, DuraSeal™ has the potential to swell, which could lead to compression of the thecal sac.
Metal Oxycarbides as Cutting Tool Materials

The role of chemical stability of cutting tool materials in tool wear was investigated by studying the wear characteristics of titanium oxycarbides. The oxycarbides TiC0.25 O0.75 , TiC0.5 O0.5 , TiC0.6 O0.4 , and TiC0.75 O0.25 were produced by solid state interdiffusion of TiO and TiC. Their hardnesses and lattice spacings were determined as functions of their chemical composition. The chemical interaction of these oxycarbides with steel was investigated by diffusion couple experiments. Then commercially available cemented carbide tools were coated with TiC0.5 O0.5 and TiC0.75 O0.25 by RF diode sputtering. The wear resistance of these coated tools was determined by cutting tests. The wear rate of these oxycarbide coated tools was comparable to that of a TiC coated tool, although the free energies of formation of oxycarbides were lower and their hardnesses comparable. It is, therefore, concluded that while the data on free energy of formation and hardness can be useful in the initial screening steps of tool materials, the kinetics of the wear process needs to be more fully understood to define the chemical stability of tool materials in a cutting environment.
Augmented hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin gene expression with pubertal development in the male rat: evidence for an androgen receptor-independent action.

To investigate the mechanism(s) during pubertal development by which androgens alter hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression and 0-endorphin content, we used the technique of in situ hybridization histochemistry and the androgen-insensitive testicular feminized (Tfm) rat. We evaluated POMC mRNA levels in the arcuate nuclei and periarcuate regions of 12 coronal brain slices from prepubertal (age, 30 days) and adult (age, 60 days) normal male and Tfm rats (n = 4 for each group). Hybridizations were performed using an 35S-radiolabeled oligonucleotide probe complementary to a 30-base sequence within POMC mRNA. The tissue sections were sequentially exposed to x-ray film and photographic emulsion with subsequent analysis by both densitometry and computer-assisted grain counting. β-Endorphin was measured in hypothalamic tissue blocks from similar animals in each of the four experimental groups. The results of densitometry and grain counting were consistent and revealed an increase in POMC mRNA wi...