cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Physiological Response to Perceived Scarcity as a Mechanism of Sensory Modulation of Life Span

Chemosensation is a potent modulator of organismal physiology and longevity. In Drosophila, loss of recognition of diverse tastants has significant and bidirectional life-span effects. Recently published results revealed that when flies were unable to taste water, they increased its internal generation, which may have subsequently altered life span. To determine whether similar adaptive responses occur in other contexts, we explored the impact of sensory deficiency of other metabolically important molecules. Trehalose is a major circulating carbohydrate in the fly that is recognized by the gustatory receptor Gr5a. Gr5a mutant flies are short lived, and we found that they specifically increased whole-body and circulating levels of trehalose, but not other carbohydrates, likely through upregulation of de novo synthesis. dILP2 transcript levels were increased in Gr5a mutants, a possible response intended to reduce hypertrehalosemia, and likely a contributing factor to their reduced life span. Together, these data suggest that compensatory physiological responses to perceived environmental scarcity, which are designed to alleviate the ostensive shortage, may be a common outcome of sensory manipulation. We suggest that future investigations into the mechanisms underlying sensory modulation of aging may benefit by focusing on direct or indirect consequences of physiological changes that are designed to correct perceived disparity with the environment.
Extending the scope of syntactic abstraction

The benefits of module systems and lexically scoped syntactic abstraction (macro) facilities are well-established in the literature. This paper presents a system that seamlessly integrates modules and lexically scoped macros. The system is fully static, permits mutually recursive modules, and supports separate compilation. We show that more dynamic module facilities are easily implemented at the source level in the extended language supported by the system.
Sensation Seeking and Drug Choice

Sensation Seeking Scale scores were obtained from two groups of drug program clients: poly drug users and opiate and depressant drug users. The major findings were that polydrug users scored higher in sensation seeking than depressant users, and that this effect was independent of demographic differences between groups. These results suggest that the sensation-seeking motive may be a significant factor for polydrug, but not depressant, abuse patterns.
FRAMING SPATIAL COGNITION: NEURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF PROXIMAL AND DISTAL FRAMES OF REFERENCE AND THEIR ROLES IN NAVIGATION

The most common behavioral test of hippocampus-dependent, spatial learning and memory is the Morris water task, and the most commonly studied behavioral correlate of hippocampal neurons is the spat...
Weighing the ocean with a single mooring

Scientists propose that it would be possible to measure changes in ocean mass with a single moored sensor. Changes in ocean mass, which can be caused by added water from melting ice sheets, are an important part of global sea level changes, which can also result from thermal expansion. Many estimates of changes in ocean mass currently rely on satellite-based measurements of the regional gravitational field, which are used to calculate mass. However, satellites have limited spatial resolution and have difficulty distinguishing mass on land from ocean mass near coasts. They also have problems measuring the very largest scales, making interpretation difficult.
Seizure Treatment in Transplant Patients

Solid organ transplantation is frequently complicated by a spectrum of seizure types, including single partial-onset or generalized tonic-clonic seizures, acute repetitive seizures or status epilepticus, and sometimes the evolution of symptomatic epilepsy. There is currently no specific evidence involving the transplant patient population to guide the selection, administration, or duration of antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy, so familiarity with clinical AED pharmacology and application of sound judgment are necessary for successful patient outcomes. An initial detailed search for symptomatic seizure etiologies, including metabolic, infectious, cerebrovascular, and calcineurin inhibitor treatment-related neurotoxic complications such as posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), is imperative, as underlying central nervous system disorders may impose additional serious risks to cerebral or general health if not promptly detected and appropriately treated. The mainstay for post-transplant seizure management is AED therapy directed toward the suspected seizure type. Unfavorable drug interactions could place the transplanted organ at risk, so choosing an AED with limited interaction potential is also crucial. When the transplanted organ is dysfunctional or vulnerable to rejection, AEDs without substantial hepatic metabolism are favored in post-liver transplant patients, whereas after renal transplantation, AEDs with predominantly renal elimination may require dosage adjustment to prevent adverse effects. Levetiracetam, gabapentin, pregabalin, and lacosamide are drugs of choice for treatment of partial-onset seizures in post-transplant patients given their efficacy spectrum, generally excellent tolerability, and lack of drug interaction potential. Levetiracetam is the drug of choice for primary generalized seizures in post-transplant patients. When intravenous drugs are necessary for acute seizure management, benzodiazepines and fosphenytoin are the traditional and best evidence-based options, although intravenous levetiracetam, valproate, and lacosamide are emerging options. Availability of several newer AEDs has greatly expanded the therapeutic armamentarium for safe and efficacious treatment of post-transplant seizures, but future prospective clinical trials and pharmacokinetic studies within this specific patient population are needed.
Simulated annealing-reinforcement learning algorithm for ABR traffic control of ATM networks

For the congestion problems in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks, a hybrid intelligent controller based on simulated annealing (SA) and reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm is proposed. The SA algorithm is a powerful way to solve hard combinatorial optimization problems, which is used to adjust the parameters of the controller. The RL algorithm shows the particular superiority in ATM networks, which is independent of the mathematic model and just needs simple fuzzy information obtained through trial-and-error and interaction with the environment. With the advantages of the two algorithms, the proposed controller forces the queue size in the multiplexer buffer to the desired value by adjusting the source transmission rate of the available bit rate (ABR) service. Simulation results show that the proposed method can promote the performance of the networks and avoid the occurrence of congestion effectively.
Capuchin monkeys do not show human-like pricing effects.

Recent work in judgment and decision-making has shown that a good’s price can have irrational effects on people’s preferences. People tend to prefer goods that cost more money and assume that such expensive goods will be more effective, even in cases where the price of the good is itself arbitrary. Although much work has documented the existence of these pricing effects, unfortunately little work has addressed where these price effects come from in the first place. Here we use a comparative approach to distinguish between different accounts of this bias and to explore the origins of these effects. Specifically, we test whether brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) are also susceptible to pricing effects within the context of an experimentally trained token economy. Using a capuchin population previously trained in a token market, we explored whether monkeys used price as an indicator of value across four experiments. Although monkeys demonstrated an understanding of which goods had which prices (consistently shifting preferences to cheaper goods when prices were increased), we observed no evidence that such price information affected their valuation of different kinds of goods. These results suggest that human price effects may involve more sophisticated human-unique cognitive capacities, such as an understanding of market forces and signaling.
Targeting IκB Proteins for HIV Latency Activation: the Role of Individual IκB and NF-κB Proteins

Latently infected cell reservoirs represent the main barrier to HIV eradication. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) effectively blocks viral replication but cannot purge latent provirus. One approach to HIV eradication could include cART to block new infections plus an agent to activate latent provirus. NF-κB activation induces HIV expression, ending latency. Before activation, IκB proteins sequester NF-κB dimers in the cytoplasm. Three canonical IκBs, IκBα, IκBβ, and IκBe, exist, but the IκB proteins' role in HIV activation regulation is not fully understood. We studied the effects on HIV activation of targeting IκBs by single and pairwise small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown. After determining the relative abundance of the IκBs, the relative abundance of NF-κB subunits held by the IκBs, and the kinetics of IκB degradation and resynthesis following knockdown, we studied HIV activation by IκB knockdown, in comparison with those of known HIV activators, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA), and trichostatin A (TSA), in U1 monocytic and J-Lat 10.6 lymphocytic latently infected cells. We found that IκBα knockdown activated HIV in both U1 and J-Lat 10.6 cells, IκBβ knockdown did not activate HIV, and, surprisingly, IκBe knockdown produced the most HIV activation, comparable to TSA activation. Our data show that HIV reactivation can be triggered by targeting two different IκB proteins and that IκBe may be an effective target for HIV latency reactivation in T-cell and macrophage lineages. IκBe knockdown may offer attractive therapeutic advantages for HIV activation because it is not essential for mammalian growth and development and because new siRNA delivery strategies may target siRNAs to HIV latently infected cells.
Non-professional volunteer interpreting as an institutionalized practice in healthcare: a study on interpreters' personal narratives

This article discusses the process of institutionalization of a migrant-oriented NGO where volunteers work as non-professional interpreters and where this had led to the integration of volunteer interpreting services in two hospitals in the Costa del Sol region in southern Spain. It explores the processes of socialization of volunteers and institutionalization of interpreters, leading to the development of an official NGO, drawing on the personal narratives of volunteers collected through focus groups and participant observation. The article begins by looking at the early stages of socialization of volunteers, through which they internalize the field structures and a series of dispositions shaped by empathy and compassion, resulting in volunteers adopting different positions available to them such as interpreters, caretakers and patient advocates. After the initial process of socialization, a process of institutionalization was requested by the regional government for the official establishment of the NGO. Drawing up the constitution of the now official NGO entailed the bureaucratization of the volunteers’ position as interpreters, which provided them with a series of assets and the legitimization of their activity as institutional agents. This study demonstrates how in this particular case volunteer non-professional interpreting became essential for the institutions in which the services are provided. The volunteer interpreters of this NGO are now legitimate institutional agents with a strong degree of professional autonomy that allows them to adopt a series of positions that belong to the domain of intercultural mediators and cultural brokers.
Chapter 12 Quantitative Analysis of Steady-State Potassium Regulation

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the quantitative analysis of steady-state potassium (K) regulation and presents a hypothetical system that was proposed and eventually cast as a mathematical model. The principal concepts upon which the model is based include the following: (1) aldosterone regulates the distribution of K (K) between the intra- and extracellular spaces, higher aldosterone concentrations shifting a greater proportion of K into the cells, (2) K excretion is most powerfully affected by the plasma K concentration, excretion increasing in proportion to the third power of a function of plasma K above the normal level, aldosterone concentration and distal nephron flow both affect K excretion, but not as strongly as changes in plasma K, (3) aldosterone is regulated by a multiplicative interaction between angiotensin II and plasma K concentration, (4) renin release is regulated by the rate of flow into the distal nephron; (5) distal nephron flow rate is a function of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) which is modified by the level of plasma K, as well as by arterial pressure. Increasing plasma K decreases proximal tubular reabsorption, thereby increasing distal flow rate. The chapter shows that the model solutions and experimental results support the validity of the hypothesis as represented by the model.
Restrictions on the quasi-linear description of electron–chorus interaction in the earth's magnetosphere

The interaction of electrons with coherent chorus waves in the random phase approximation can be described as quasi-linear diffusion for waves with amplitudes below some limit. The limit is calculated for relativistic and non-relativistic electrons. For stronger waves, the friction force should be taken into account.
The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission – Six years of science and exploration at the Moon

Since entering lunar orbit on June 23, 2009 the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) has made comprehensive measurements of the Moon and its environment. The seven LRO instruments use a variety of primarily remote sensing techniques to obtain a unique set of observations. These measurements provide new information regarding the physical properties of the lunar surface, the lunar environment, and the location of volatiles and other resources. Scientific interpretation of these observations improves our understanding of the geologic history of the Moon, its current state, and what its history can tell us about the evolution of the Solar System. Scientific results from LRO observations overturned existing paradigms and deepened our appreciation of the complex nature of our nearest neighbor. This paper summarizes the capabilities, measurements, and some of the science and exploration results of the first six years of the LRO mission.
Storytelling, Oral Performance and Sustainability: Film Adaptation in African Children's Literature

Children’s literature tends to be the most unpopular genre in African literature among African literary scholars in contemporary times. Less attention is given to this genre in schools and colleges in many parts of Africa as if children are not part of the African society. Teaching children’s literature through film adaptations, I have come to realize, is the best option that any teacher of children’s literature should adopt to expand and enhance children’s knowledge of African cultures and traditions. Adaptation of children’s books into films can best be achieved by African literary scholars collaborating with African entertainment film industries such as the Nigerian Nollywood. Natalie Jones Loper, Denis Cutchins, and James M. Welsh in The Pedagogy of Adaptation, have demonstrated in their various articles how they view and interpret what adaptation means to them by using personal practical examples with their students to teach literary texts. In this paper, I argue that using film to teach children’s literature in schools is not a fruitless exercise; rather it helps to boost children’s in-depth knowledge of African literary texts in fiction or non-fiction. The pedagogical purpose is sustainability because children tend to retain in their memories what they see more than what they hear.
Are Learning Styles, Study Habits, and Performance Correlated in Woody Plant Identification Students?

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. visual learning, auditory learning, kinesthetic learning, learner-centered instruction SUMMARY. New technologies such as online databases, interactive dichotomous keys, andonlinecourseshavechangedthewaysomeplantidentificationcoursesaredelivered. These changing resources may create discrepancies between traditional instruction of landscape plant materials courses and the way modern students learn, which may result in students not meeting their potential. However, what resources students are using to study plant materials is unclear. We investigated the relationship between learning styles, study habits, and performance of students during two terms of woody landscape plant materials courses. To assess these relationships, we determined the characteristics of the participants and their preferred study method throughout the duration of the term as well as correlations between 1) preferred learning styles and performance, 2) preferredlearningstylesandpreferredstudymethod,and3)performanceandpreferred study method. The participants in this study (n = 31) consisted of 14 males and 17 females. Of the 31 participants, 3 were freshmen, 3 were sophomores, 16 were juniors, 7 were seniors, and 2 were graduate students. Based on preference scores for learning style, 15 students were identified as visual learners, 3 as auditory, and 13 as kinesthetic learners. No significant relationships were observed between preferred learning style and performance or between preferred learning style and preferred study method. The two preferred study methods were using branch samples collected by the instructor and notecards created by students. No relationship existed between preferred study method and performance in the course. Our study provides information on study methods of woody plant identification students enrolled in a site-based course. We did not observe statistically significant relationships among preferred learning style, preferred study method, and course grade, but anecdotal evidence indicated students who prepared their own study aids by making notecards scored better in these courses.
Subcutaneous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome: toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and hematological effects

The toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and hematologic effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating (GM-CSF) were studied in a phase I/II trial of 16 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The GM-CSF was administered subcutaneously (SC) daily so as to achieve prolonged blood levels and to establish an outpatient treatment regimen. Four dose levels were administered for ten days: 0.3 microgram/kg/d (three patients), 1.0 microgram/kg/d (three), 3.0 micrograms/kg/d (four), and 10.0 micrograms/kg/d (six). The most common toxicities were fever and a flu-like syndrome, which were dose-dependent. The maximum-tolerated dose was 10.0 micrograms/kg/d, which induced severe rigors (two patients), fever greater than 40 degrees C (one), severe bronchospasm (one), and WBC 60,000 (one). In one patient, refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-T) progressed to acute nonlymphocytic leukemia after two doses of GM-CSF, and the patient died of leukemia that did not respond to chemotherapy. After doses of 3.0 and 10.0 micrograms/kg, serum GM-CSF levels peaked at 3.8 to 6.3 hours, and persisted for 14 and 24 hours, respectively. Circulating granulocytes (neutrophils and bands) increased in a dose-dependent manner, as 11 of 13 patients who received greater than or equal to 1.0 microgram/kg/d responded with a two- to 194-fold increase. Although the neutrophils usually returned to pretreatment levels shortly after stopping GM-CSF, two patients continue to exhibit an elevation of neutrophils for 6 months. Dose-related increases in circulating monocytes and eosinophils were also noted. Transient increases in platelet and reticulocyte counts were observed in two and three patients, respectively. Five of the 16 patients later received maintenance GM-CSF at 3 micrograms/kg/d for 2 to 9 weeks. All showed a dramatic increase in neutrophils after 2 weeks. Thereafter, despite continued therapy, the neutrophil count in four patients declined markedly. In conclusion, GM-CSF is well tolerated by the SC route and induces striking, but usually temporary, improvement in the neutropenia of MDS. Larger prospective phase III trials will determine the duration of hematologic responses and the impact on infection, morbidity, and mortality.
Comparison of Requirements in Slovak and Selected Foreign Legislation on the Issue of Safe Distance of the Wooden Building Structures from the Flue

The paper deals with the solution of interconnections of flue and combustible construction products in the fire safety design. It is focused mainly on a prescribed value of safe distance of the wooden building construction from a single-walled metal chimneys. The aim of article is to point out the necessity to solve the contradictory requirements in the Slovak legislation and inconsistency with the foreign regulations in terms of fire rates caused by chimneys and flues.
The Microsoft Biology Foundation Applications for High-Throughput Sequencing

w9-2 The need for reusable libraries of bioinformatics functions has been recognized for many years and a number of language-specific toolkits have been constructed. Such toolkits have served as valuable nucleation points for the community, promoting the sharing of code and establishing standards. The majority of DNA sequencing machines and many other standard pieces of lab equipment are controlled by PCs using Windows, and a Microsoft genomics toolkit would enable initial processing and quality control to happen closer to the instrumentation and provide opportunities for added-value services within core facilities. The Microsoft Biology Foundation (MBF) is an open source software library, freely available for both commercial and academic use, available as an early-stage betafrom mbf.codeplex.com. This presentation will describe the structure and goals of MBF and demonstrate some of its uses.
Perinatal exposure to CNS-active medications: Neurodevelopmental risks.

During pregnancy and lactation, women often receive medications that have CNS activity. However, the developmental consequences for infants of perinatal exposure to these medications have not been fully characterised. Some CNS drugs are associated with congenital anomalies and delayed development. An obvious dilemma arises for clinicians, since maternal benefits of pharmacotherapy must be judiciously weighed against risk to the infant. Treatment plans should be directed to the individual needs of the mother and child, in addition to enhancing safety for the dyad. Preclinical studies have demonstrated long term effects of CNS drugs on neuro-development, yet findings are limited on similar risks in humans. In general, clinical information has been gleaned from case reports and uncontrolled studies. Therefore, healthcare providers are burdened with the responsibility of making clinical decisions with minimal data. One solution for enhancing decision-making is to appreciate underlying principles applicable to the evaluation of neurodevelopmental protocols. If the objective is to evaluate developmental effects of CNS drugs, paradigms should address basic tenets of neurodevelopment and drug disposition. Factors related to the general condition of the mother are often neglected. Frequently the data on dose, duration and period of drug exposure are incomplete. Since systematic follow-up assessments generally are not performed, subtle effects on mental acuity and behaviour may have been missed. These methodological deficiencies suggest that further investigation is warranted. Nonetheless, some data on the potential for persistent effects are available. Antidepressants taken during pregnancy and lactation do not appear to be teratogenic or associated with acute adverse effects, but data on development are inadequate. On the other hand, delayed motor development was reported following administration of benzodiazepines during gestation. Adverse effects have not been found from lactational exposure to benzodiazepines, but caution is advised because of potential accumulation in infants. Effects on development and learning were linked to in utero exposure to anticonvulsants. Finally, delays in development were reported in children exposed to antipsychotics in breast milk. Because of teratogenic risks associated with CNS medications, exposed infants should be carefully monitored.
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stability of DSPE-PEG(2000) Micelles in the Presence of Bovine Serum Albumin

This work investigated the stability of DSPE-PEG(2000) micelles in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA). DSPE-PEG(2000) was found to exist in equilibrium among monomeric, micellar, and BSA-bound states, and this equilibrium shifted toward the BSA-bound state when the temperature increased from 20 to 37 °C. The micellar state is thermodynamically unstable at both temperatures when the concentration of BSA approaches that of DSPE-PEG(2000), and micelle breakup occurs with a first-order time constant of 130 ± 9 min at 20 °C and 7.8 ± 1.6 min at 37 °C. Thus, previous targeting experiments that demonstrate synergistic effects in multiply functionalized DSPE-PEG(2000) micelles are likely due to targeting that occurs on a timescale faster than that of micelle breakup. Micelle breakup was limited by diffusion at 20 °C whereas at 37 °C monomer desorption from the micelle was the rate-limiting step. These findings give clear guidance concerning the lifetimes of micelles that may be used as diagnostic and therapeutic nanoparticles.
POSITIVE SOLUTIONS OF CERTAIN ELLIPTIC SYSTEMS WITH DENSITY-DEPENDENT DIFFUSIONS

Results are obtained on the existence of positive solutions to the following elliptic system:in a bounded region Ω in Rn with a smooth boundary, where the diffusion terms φ ψ are non-negative functions and the system could be degenerate, β γ are strictly increasing functions, k,σ ≧ 0 are constants. We assume also that the growth rates f, g satisfy certain monotonicities. Applications to biological interactions with density-dependent diffusions are given.
What Was the Petty Bourgeoisie? Cultural Positioning and Reification of Marxist Classes in Early PRC Discourse:

The early PRC discourse of the petty bourgeoisie was the intellectual foundation upon which embodied petty-bourgeois subjects appeared at every level of society. The discourse features three interwoven accounts, each founded on a synthesis of Marxian ideas and conventional and contemporary thinking. The national-developmental account reframes existing notions of class, nation-state, and utopia within a Marxist narrative of class struggle and presents the petty bourgeoisie as vital to nation-building. The political-revolutionary account combines conventional views of the political order and the self with a Marxian analysis of political behavior, and highlights the petty bourgeoisie as an obstacle to the Communist revolution. Based on a traditional understanding of the connection between personal conduct and good governance and the Maoist myth of working-class virtues, the habitual-corrective account portrays the petty bourgeoisie as individuals who are afflicted with habits and dispositions harmful to soci...
New Visualization Method to Evaluate Erosion Quantity and Pattern

The objective of this research is to develop tools that would improve the understanding of the process of levee failure because of erosion and reduce the risk of failure. Hydraulic erosion is a complicated phenomenon and depends on many different parameters. To improve design criteria for levees, embankments, and earthen structures, the development of realistic computer models that can simulate the erosion process is necessary. Verification of these computer simulations, as with any simulation, is a necessity. In this research, a large number of physical levee erosion tests were performed at 1g and at high g's using a geotechnical centrifuge. Centrifuge tests were performed to simulate real (prototype) size levees, and thus to obtain a more realistic model. The erosion was modeled physically in detail. Conventional three-dimensional scanning was used to precisely verify the calculated dimensions of initial and final computer model geometries, but did not yield interim data or measurements of the quantity of eroded soil during the tests. A Kinect device was used to scan and evaluate the volume of eroded soil and variation of the shape of the channels as a function of time. Three-dimensional images were obtained, and variations of different parameters were plotted. Various quantities were measured as a function of time. Based on recorded videos and pictures taken during the tests, it was discovered that the Kinect results agreed well with the physical models. The Kinect is a low-cost sensor, and enables the measurement of the rate of soil erosion, which, if done at all, usually requires expensive equipment. The Kinect device was also used in the centrifuge experiments, and functioned well in the high g environment. It is believed to be the first use of a Kinect device in a centrifuge. The application of this method in other laboratory experiments was also investigated.
Reply to comment on "Serving Transgender Youth: Challenges, Dilemmas, and Clinical Examples" by Tishelman et al. (2015).

We appreciate the correction of the historical record, that the Amsterdam clinic was the third and not the first specialty clinic to serve gender dysphoric children and youth. The clinics in Los Angeles and Toronto should be recognized for their pioneering work in this important field. Our intent was to highlight the critical role of the Amsterdam group, the first pediatric academic hospital-based program to provide pubertal suppression for transgender adolescents. The Amsterdam model of care set the stage for the current guidelines published by the World Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) and the Endocrine Society with respect to medical intervention for transgender adolescents, and was the model used to construct the clinic at Boston Children's Hospital, on which this article was based.
Challenges to Achieving New York City's Affordable Housing Goals: Reconciling Mandatory Inclusionary Housing, Community Preference Requirements, and Fair Housing Laws

This article will address the apparent tension between, on the one hand, New York City’s affordable housing plans and related neighborhood-preserving efforts, and, on the other, the policy goals of national and local fair housing laws. In particular, this article considers how New York City might approach reconciling imperatives that should operate in tandem rather than in opposition. Part II addresses the obstacles the City faced when it introduced and first promoted zoning amendments, Mandatory Inclusionary Housing (MIH) and Zoning for Quality and Affordability (ZQA), which require construction of permanently affordable residential units in rezoned areas. Additionally, it considers questions that remain as a result of the expiration of a state tax subsidy law that developers of projects with affordable units expected to have available. Part III discusses the City’s efforts to strengthen the neighborhoods that are likely to be rezoned against gentrification and dislocation pressures, including reliance on the Community Preference Policy, which gives eligible residents of a community district in which a qualifying affordable housing development is sited, a priority in applying for 50% of the affordable units. This Part also discusses the implications of the challenge to the Community Preference Policy in Winfield v. City of New York, a lawsuit claiming that the Policy reinforces existing residential segregation by denying income-eligible City residents equal access to affordable units based on the community district in which they live, constituting intentional and disparate – impact discrimination on the basis of race under the federal Fair Housing Act and the City’s Human Rights Law. The article concludes with reflections on how the City might pursue affordable housing objectives while avoiding the risk of fair housing violations that this legal challenge has raised.
ANA Measurement Results on the ARFTG Traveling Experiment

The Automatic Rf Techniques Group (ARFTG) Executive Committee has assembled two traveling measurement assessment kits. Each of these kits consists of: l-dB, 20-dB, 40-dB, and 60-dB attenuators; a 50-ohm termination; a 10-centimeter air line; 1.2-VSWR and 2.0-VSWR mismatched terminations; and a short circuit termination. These devices are equipped with precision 7-mm coaxial connectors. The traveling kits are being circulated among measurement laboratories that wish to assess their ability to measure reflection coefficient, attenuation, and phase shift from 300 MHz to 17 GHz. The results obtained on ten different automated measurement systems are presented.
Running Away from the Palace: Chinese Eunuchs during the Qing Dynasty

By exploring cases of runaway eunuchs, this paper aims to contribute to understandings of unfree status during the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) and more broadly to the reconstruction of the social history of eunuchs. The abundance of cases in the historical record of palace eunuchs running away, often repeatedly, reflects poorly on the imperial court's treatment of its eunuchs and effectiveness at times in controlling its eunuch population. Confessions from captured eunuchs reveal that for many life serving as a palace eunuch proved too restrictive and too oppressive to endure. The repeated flight of eunuchs suggests that for some, the possibility of punishment was preferable to continued service and waiting for an authorised exit from the system due to old age or sickness. As the majority of palace eunuchs were illiterate, cases of runaway eunuchs give voice to eunuchs and reveal: (1) the tensions that characterised labour relations between the imperial household and its eunuch workforce and (2) that eunuch status does not fit neatly into the binary of free or unfree status, but rather is something more complicated that lies on the continuum in between.
Submicrometer-scale spatial heterogeneity in silicate glasses using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy

Experimental silicate glasses are often used as analog and calibration material for terrestrial and planetary materials. Measurements of Fe oxidation state using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (ac-STEM) show that a suite of experimental silicate (e.g., basaltic, andesitic, rhyolitic) glasses have spatially heterogeneous oxidation states at scales of tens of nanometers. Nano-crystals are observed in several of the glasses, indicating nucleation and incipient crystallization not seen at the scale of electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). Glasses prepared in air are uniformly oxidized while glasses prepared at the iron-wustite (IW) or quartz-fayalite-magnetite (QFM) buffers range from reduced to highly oxidized. EELS spectral shapes indicate that oxidized glasses have tetrahedral Fe3+. The nanoscale compositional and structural heterogeneities present in the experimental glasses mean that the suitability of such glasses as analogs for natural materials and calibration standards depends strongly on the scale of the measurements being done. The electron beam quickly damages silicate glass, but data showing changes in oxidation state among and within samples can be obtained with careful control of the beam current and dwell time. Determination of oxidation state in silicate glasses via STEM-EELS is very challenging, and accurate and reliable measurements of Fe3+/ΣFe require careful sample preparation and control of microscope conditions and benefit from comparison to complementary techniques.
Flt3 Kinase Regulates Microvesicle Transfer of miRNA Between AML and Stromal Cells

Abstract Abstract 1492 The presence of an internal tandem duplication in the receptor tyrosine kinase Flt3 (Flt3-ITD) is found in 25–30% of cytogenetically normal AML and confers a worsened prognosis, including an increased likelihood for relapse after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This tendency toward relapse, combined with the improved capacity of Flt3-ITD+ disease to resist chemotherapy, may imply mechanisms of resistance beyond those present in leukemias lacking this mutation. Microvesicles and exosomes, membrane-bound extracellular vesicles that capture cell-specific protein and RNA, have previously been isolated from the serum of CLL patients (Ghosh et al., Blood 2010 Mar 4;115(9): 1755–64). We recently observed that vesicles are constitutively produced by both AML cell lines and by AML blasts isolated from patients. Using light scatter analysis and transmission electron microscopy, we found that vesicles produced by the HL60 (Flt3-ITD-) and Molm14 (Flt3-ITD+) cell lines, as well as by AML patient cells, predominantly fall within the 30–100nm range, generally considered to specify exosomes. To demonstrate vesicle transfer to neighboring cells, we labeled vesicles produced by the HL-60 cell line with the fluorescent membrane dye PKH-26 and imaged their uptake by stromal cells. Internalization of labeled exosomes was detectable within 15 minutes following exposure, and occurred at approximately 27 particles per cell by 2 hours (n=20). This result indicates rapid uptake of exosomes by non-phagocytic bystander cells, and supports a potential role for the vesicle content in altering the cell phenotype. We next tested for the presence of certain candidate mRNAs in the AML cell lines HEL, HL-60, MOLM-14, and U937, and in vesicles produced by those cell lines. We detected several relevant mRNAs, including nucleophosmin-1 and Flt3-ITD, in the vesicle preparations. During a more global comparison of vesicle and cell-of-origin RNA spectra using bioanalyzer analysis, we found that the RNA in microvesicles from (Flt3-ITD+) MOLM14 cells contained no detectable ribosomal RNA, but a markedly increased proportion of small RNA transcripts, suggesting that miRNA content might be increased. An initial screen of cultured MOLM-14 cells in the presence and absence of a small-molecule Flt3 inhibitor (AC220) and microvesicles isolated from the culture supernatant revealed several candidate miRNAs, including let-7a, miR-99b, and miR-155, whose expression varied with the presence of inhibitor. Our results not only support a role for Flt3 kinase activation in determining the miRNA expression profile, but provide evidence for the kinase-regulated incorporation of miRNA into cell membrane vesicles. The recent description of several AML subtypes, including Flt3-ITD+ disease with unique miRNA profiles, and the role of miRNA as potent regulators of both microenvironmental function and immune responses provides strong motivation to evaluate the role of vesicles in AML therapy evasion. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Towards a Critically Conscious Approach to Social and Emotional Learning in Urban Alternative Education: School Staff Members' Perspectives

Social and emotional learning (SEL) has been well researched and validated as an important component of youth education (Durlak, Weissberg, Dymnicki, Taylor, & Schellinger, 2011; Elias et. al., 1997). However, much of the literature implies a very monolithic approach to SEL interventions (Watts, Griffith, & Abdul-Adil, 1999). The current study examines a predominately African-American urban alternative school’s unique approach to reaching students’ SEL needs. Utilizing Consensual Qualitative Research (Hill, 2012), researchers interviewed 15 staff members at the school, ranging from teachers to mental health professionals to community educators, to obtain a thorough understanding of the unique approaches to SEL within urban alternative education. Implications for educators and mental health professionals working in alternative educational settings are discussed
ARQ 197, a small molecule inhibitor of c-met, prevents bone metastasis in a humanized mouse model of breast cancer

B184 Skeletal metastasis remains an incurable complication of >70% of breast cancer (BrCa) cases that spread beyond the primary tumor. Studies aimed at understanding the complex mechanisms of interaction between BrCa and the supporting bone stroma hold the promise of identifying potential target molecules for the development of anti-osteotropic therapies. Using a novel humanized mouse model of BrCa metastasis to bone that recapitulates each step involved in the metastatic cascade, we examined the efficacy of one potential molecularly targeted chemotherapeutic agent. ARQ 197 is a small molecule inhibitor of c-Met, the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). The dysregulation of HGF/c-Met signaling correlates with poor prognosis, drug resistance, and the appearance of metastases in a number of human cancers, including breast. To test the efficacy of ARQ 197 at preventing bone metastasis, mice bearing human bone grafts and injected with luciferase-expressing SUM 1315 BrCa cells in their mammary fat pads, were administered ARQ 197 at 30 mg/kg via oral gavage 5x per week for 14 weeks. Use of bioluminescent imaging technology allowed for the detection of luciferase-expressing BrCa cells that had colonized the human bone implants. Approximately 20% of mice treated with ARQ 197 showed metastasis to the human bone grafts, a marked reduction compared to the nearly 50% of mice in the vehicle-treated (control) and paclitaxel-treated groups (10 mg/kg, IV, 2x weekly). In our humanized model of BrCa osteotropism, ARQ 197 shows promise as an anti-osteotropic anti-metastasis drug.
Die Bakteriencytologie im Vergleich zum Feinbau höher differenzierter Zellen

Stoffwechsel, Bewegung und Genetik der Bakterien entsprechen grundsatzlich gleichen Lebenserscheinungen bei morphologisch hoher differenzierten Zellen des Pflanzen- und Tierreichs. Es besteht kein Zweifel, das diese Funktionen an identische oder chemisch ahnliche Substanzgruppen gebunden sind. Umstritten dagegen ist das Verhaltnis des Feinbaus von Bakterienorganellen zum Feinbau von Mitochondrien, Kern und Centrosomen hoherer Zellen. Geht man von der Voraussetzung aus, das die rezenten Bakterien noch die Organisation phylogenetisch altester Zellen besitzen, so taucht damit das Problem auf, ob auch Zellorganellen eine phylogenetische Entwicklung durchgemacht haben, oder ob Strukturen, die in der hoheren Zelle zum gesetzmasigen Bestand gehoren, in Bakterien bereits in vergleichbarer Differenzierung der Struktur praformiert sind. Eine ahnliche Frage wurde fur die Ontogenese bereits im 18. Jahrhundert diskutiert, namlich Praformation des fertigen Organismus in den Keimzellen oder Epigenese.
Semantic richness and word learning in children with autism spectrum disorder

Semantically rich learning contexts facilitate semantic, phonological, and articulatory aspects of word learning in children with typical development (TD). However, because children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show differences at each of these processing levels, it is unclear whether they will benefit from semantic cues in the same manner as their typical peers. The goal of this study was to track how the inclusion of rich, sparse, or no semantic cues influences semantic, phonological, and articulatory aspects of word learning in children with ASD and TD over time. Twenty-four school-aged children (12 in each group), matched on expressive vocabulary, participated in an extended word learning paradigm. Performance on five measures of learning (referent identification, confrontation naming, defining, phonetic accuracy, and speech motor stability) were tracked across three sessions approximately one week apart to assess the influence of semantic richness on extended learning. Results indicate that children with ASD benefit from semantically rich learning contexts similarly to their peers with TD; however, one key difference between the two groups emerged - the children with ASD showed heightened shifts in speech motor stability. These findings offer insights into common learning mechanisms in children with ASD and TD, as well as pointing to a potentially distinct speech motor learning trajectory in children with ASD, providing a window into the emergence of stereotypic vocalizations in these children.
Filter capacitor current estimation and grid current control in LCL based grid connected inverter

The control of the grid side current in an LCL filter based grid connected converter is generally complex and involve multi loop structure. This paper presents a method to control the grid current indirectly by controlling the converter side current with compensation of the filter capacitor current. The proposed control algorithm uses only one current sensor to measure the converter side current. The filter capacitor current need to be estimated and an estimation method is presented to do the same. Simulation and experimental results are presented to confirm the feasibility of the proposed scheme.
Hybrid gradient descent for robust global optimization on the circle

We further develop the concept of synergistic potential functions and corresponding hybrid feedback laws, from [1], in the context of optimization on the circle. Our hybrid gradient-descent algorithm solves the problem of globally optimizing an objective function with unknown minimum by using an adjustable diffeomorphism to warp the function at points where it exceeds a known threshold. We use two diffeomorphisms to split the objective function into a pair of potential functions for control, each having the same minimum as the objective function, but with their peaks shifted around the circle. Hysteretic switching between these potential functions produces robust global asymptotic convergence to the set of minima of the objective function. We also present a modelfree algorithm which solves the problem of global optimization on the circle without access to the gradient of the objective function. This algorithm estimates the gradient by dithering the state in a neighborhood of the circle, resulting in robust global stability of a neighborhood of the optimizer.
Recurrent migration of peripherally inserted central catheter into the azygos vein

Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) migration into azygos vein (AV) is a rare complication. It is recognised only when catheter malfunction occurs or when patients develop associated complications. PICC migration into AV has been reported to be associated with various complications such as catheter malfunction, perforation, haemorrhage, thrombosis, infection and stenosis of AV. Pleural effusion and trachea–azygos fistulas have also been reported. We present a patient with recurrent migration of PICC into AV after an initial corrective repositioning during the same hospital stay. In this case, PICC migration was possibly related to left-sided approach, use of smaller diameter PICC, severe congestive heart failure and her bedbound status. PICC migration should be considered when PICC found be malfunctioning, especially if associated with the above risk factors.
Enhancing Family Engagement in Schoolwide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports.

Schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) is a systems-level approach to promote appropriate behavior, increase academic achievement, and improve school climate. The PBIS inf...