cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and quantification of carbonyl-containing α-pinene ozonolysis products using O - tert -butylhydroxylamine hydrochloride

The yields of carbonyl-containing reaction products from the ozonolysis of α-pinene have been investigated using concentrations of ozone found in the indoor environment ([O3] ≤ 100 ppb). An impinger was used to collect gas-phase oxidation products in water, where the derivatization agent O-tert-butylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (TBOX) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to identify carbonyl-containing species. Seven carbonyl-containing products were observed. The yield of the primary product, pinonaldehyde was measured to be 76 %. Using cyclohexane as a hydroxyl radical (∙OH) scavenger, the yield of pinonaldehyde decreased to 46 %, indicating the influence secondary OH radicals have on α-pinene ozonolysis products. Furthermore, the use of TBOX, a small molecular weight derivatization agent, allowed for the acquisition of the first mass spectral data of oxopinonaldehyde, a tricarbonyl reaction product of α-pinene ozonolysis. The techniques described herein allow for an effective method for the collection and identification of terpene oxidation products in the indoor environment.
The post-civil war Battlefield Pattern: An example from the Custer Battlefield

Battlefield Pattern analyses define the spatial and temporal aspects of a battle. The pattern is made up of individual and unit behaviors. Battlefield Pattern analyses test hypotheses regarding the progress of a battle. Gross patterns are defined as the spatial aspect of behavior. Dynamic patterns are defined as analytical techniques that can identify participant movement. Recent historical archaeological investigations at Custer Battlefield National Monument illustrate this process. Battlefield Pattern analyses provide an initial step in defining the archaeological aspect of warfare within broader anthropological contexts.
Do Open Projects "Break the Mirror"?: Re-conceptualization of Organizational Configurations in Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) Development

The mirroring hypothesis holds when products and the organizations that create them have structures that mirror each other, coordination will be reduced and projects will be more successful. Yet research suggests that free/libre open source software (FLOSS) projects can be successful even when violating this principle, "breaking the mirror" when loosely-coupled FLOSS contributors develop tightly-coupled systems. This study investigates this idea through a multiple-case studies using an explanatory sequential mixed methods design. This study contributes to a fine-grained perspective that considers organizational configurations in community-based FLOSS development as an aggregate of many work episodes, each of which produces work outcomes, and can have different organizational coupling from loosely-coupled to tightly-coupled. This study intends to make a contribution to software design research, open collaboration, and industry practitioners who are interested in adoption of the FLOSS approach in commercial software development projects.
Structure and defects in multilayer CVD graphene on C-face 6H-SiC

Determining the structure of multilayer graphene grown on 6H-SiC presents a problem common to other epitaxial systems. Accordingly, the configuration of such a film may be addressed in detail using electron microscopy techniques that are sensitive to crystallographic orientation. Initially, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) was used to determine the basic orientation of the graphene layer with respect to the C-Face (000–1) 6H-SiC substrate. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was then used to reveal the extended defects needed to bring the epitaxial layer into registry with the substrate. In this study, plan-view TEM (PVTEM) was shown to be particularly useful in giving a complete view of the crystallographic relationships between the graphene multilayer and the C-face 6H-SiC substrate.
Dietary obesity in the mouse: interaction of strain with diet composition

The effect of varying dietary macronutrient content on the body composition of AKR/J and SWR/J mice was examined. Dietary fat was fed at three levels (45, 30, and 15 kcal%), while dietary protein also was varied across three levels (10, 20, and 30 kcal%). All mice were placed on the defined diets at 5 wk of age and maintained on these diets for 12 wk. AKR/J mice were significantly larger and had a significantly greater carcass fat content compared with SWR/J mice in all dietary conditions. There was a clear dose-response effect of dietary fat on body fat in the AKR/J mice. In contrast, SWR/J mice showed an increase of body fat only when fed the diet containing the highest level of dietary fat and the lowest protein concentration. High levels of dietary protein (30 kcal%) resulted in a significant decrease of carcass fat in the AKR/J mice compared with diets containing either 20 or 10 kcal% protein. This effect of protein was not observed in the SWR/J mice except in the groups fed the 45 kcal% fat diets. These findings demonstrate a strong interaction of genetic background and macronutrient content of the diet on body composition. The AKR/J strain of mouse has a greater percentage of carcass fat and is more responsive to the effects of dietary fat composition compared with the SWR/J strain.
Distal Fixation for Adult Lumbar Scoliosis: Indications and Techniques

Despite the myriad of advances and improvements in spinal instrumentation and techniques, fixation failure and pseudarthrosis at the lumbosacral junction continue to pose a challenge to spine surgeons [1–3]. Pseudarthrosis rates at the lumbosacral junction are reportedly 10 % for an L5–S1 fusion, up to 20 % for two-level fusions, and up to 72 % for a long construct for adult spinal deformity that extends to the sacrum [2, 3]. It is critical that surgeons have an understanding of the diagnosis and prevention of this complication, as studies demonstrate that self-reported clinical outcomes are worse in adult spinal deformity patients who develop a pseudarthrosis [4, 5]. Efforts to improve lumbosacral fusion rates after adult spinal deformity surgery have focused on spinal instrumentation, techniques, and understanding the local biology in this region. The poor bone quality of the sacrum, the complex anatomy, and the biochemical forces unique to this area constitute the essential difficulties of this portion of the operation.
Experimental method and statistical analysis to fit tumor growth model using SPECT/CT imaging: a preclinical study

Background Over the last decade, several theoretical tumor-models have been developed to describe tumor growth. Oncology imaging is performed using various modalities including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Our goal is to extract useful, otherwise hidden, quantitative biophysical parameters (such as growth-rate, tumor-necrotic-factor, etc.) from these serial images of tumors by fitting mathematical models to images. These biophysical features are intrinsic to the tumor types and specific to the study-subject, and expected to add valuable information on the tumor containment or spread and help treatment plans. Thus, fitting realistic but practical models and assessing parameter-errors and degree of fit is important. Methods We implemented an existing theoretical ode-compartment model and variants and applied them for the first time, in vivo. We developed an inversion algorithm to fit the models for tumor growth for simulated as well as in vivo experimental data. Serial SPECT/CT scans of mice breast-tumors were acquired, and SPECT data was used to segment the proliferating-layers of tumors. Results Results of noisy data simulation and inversion show that 5 out of 7 parameters were recovered to within 4.3% error. In particular, tumor "growth-rate" parameter was recovered to 0.07% error. For model fitting to in vivo mice-tumors, regression analysis on the P-layer volume showed R2 of 0.99 for logistic and Gompertzian while surface area model yielded R2=0.96. For the necrotic layer the R2 values were 0.95, 0.93 and 0.94 respectively for surface-area, logistic and Gompertzian. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) weights of the models (giving their relative probability of being the best Kullback-Leibler (K-L) model among the set of candidate models) were ~0, 0.43 and 0.57 for surface-area, logistic and Gompertzian models. Conclusions Model-fitting to mice tumor studies demonstrates feasibility of applying the models to in vivo imaging data to extract features. Akaike information criterion (AIC) evaluations show Gompertzian or logistic growth model fits in vivo breast-tumors better than surface-area based growth model.
Technical Note: An efficient daily QA procedure for proton pencil beam scanning.

Purpose The aim of this work was to develop an efficient daily quality assurance (QA) program with strict tolerance levels for pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton radiotherapy featuring simultaneous dosimetric testing on a single, nonuniform field. Methods A nonuniform field measuring beam output, proton range, and spot position was designed for delivery onto a Sun Nuclear Daily-QA 3 device. A custom acrylic block permitted simultaneous measurement of low- and high-energy proton ranges in addition to beam output. Sensitivities to output, range, and spot position were evaluated to quantitate the device's response. Reproducibility tests were used to identify and control sources of measurement error as well as to assess the QA procedure's robustness. This procedure was implemented in each of our four treatment rooms independently; 4-6 months of daily QA measurements were collected. Results The 1% output, 0.5 mm range, and 1.5 mm spot position tolerances derived from preliminary tests were tighter overall than tolerances found in the literature and equivalent to the limits used for proton system commissioning. The simplicity and automation of the procedure reduced the time required for daily QA to 10 min per treatment room, and competition for beam between multiple treatment rooms was minimized. Conclusions An efficient daily PBS QA procedure can be performed using a single, nonuniform field on a nondedicated QA device. A thorough quantitation of the device's response and careful control of measurement uncertainties allowed daily tolerances to match commissioning standards.
Prevalence and associated birth outcomes of co-use of Cannabis and tobacco cigarettes during pregnancy.

Abstract Use of Cannabis and use of tobacco overlap, and co-use of Cannabis and tobacco has increased over the past decade among adults. The current study aims to document the prevalence and correlates of co-use of Cannabis and tobacco cigarettes among adult pregnant women utilizing secondary data from a larger study that compared and validated screeners for illicit and prescription drug use during pregnancy. Pregnant women (N = 500; 71% African American; 65% never married, average age of 28 years) were recruited from two urban University obstetric clinics between January and December 2017. Participants self-reported demographic, Cannabis, and tobacco cigarette use characteristics, and provided urine and hair samples for drug testing. Within two weeks after due date, research staff reviewed participants' electronic medical records to collect birth outcome data. Results showed that 9.0% reported co-use of Cannabis and tobacco, 12.1% reported Cannabis only use, 7.8% reported tobacco cigarette only use, and 71.1% reported no Cannabis or tobacco cigarette use in the past month. The birth outcomes to emerge as significant correlates of co-use of Cannabis and tobacco cigarettes were small head circumference, and the occurrence of birth defects, with the co-use group having the highest odds of a small head circumference [aOR: 5.7 (1.1–28.9)] and birth defects [aOR: 3.1 (1.2–8.3)] compared with other use groups. The Cannabis only group had 12 times higher odds of a stillbirth or miscarriage (aOR = 12.1). Screening and interventions to address concurrent Cannabis and tobacco use during pregnancy are needed, particularly among subpopulations with higher co-use rates. It is imperative to further explore and highlight the possible health implications of maternal co-use given the high prevalence rates found in this study sample.
Granulomatous mastitis: etiology, imaging, pathology, treatment, and clinical findings

To outline the demographics, clinical presentation, imaging features, and treatment modalities observed among a series of patients diagnosed with biopsy-proven granulomatous mastitis (GM). Following approval by institutional review board, retrospective chart review was performed on patients with biopsy-proven granulomatous mastitis at our institution in the period from January 2013 until October 2017. A total of 90 patients were identified: 87 women and 3 men. The mean age was 35 years, mostly women in their reproductive age. In our study, patients with GM were more likely to be Hispanic compared to the general population. Sixty-three percent of patients were within 5 years of previous pregnancy. Painful palpable mass-like lesion was the most common physical finding. Breast ultrasound (US) was performed in all patients, and most commonly showed a hypoechoic irregular-shaped mass. Mammography (MG) showed asymmetry or irregular mass as the main finding. Definitive diagnosis was obtained by imaging-guided core needle biopsies in 94.4%. Conservative management was preferred, and only one patient underwent surgery. Although clinical and radiological findings of patients with GM may mimic those of breast carcinoma, our study showed that women of childbearing age, especially among Hispanic ethnicity with a recent history of pregnancy or high prolactin level and newly tender mass-like lesion, in addition to new focal asymmetry on mammogram and heterogeneous hypoechoic irregular-shaped mass on ultrasound exam, should raise concern for GM. Non-invasive approach and clinical follow-up were the preferred treatment method.
The Argument from Definition Revisited: Race and Definition in the Progressive Era.

In this essay, I examine the ways in which the argument from definition functions. Specifically, I consider two novels published in 1912 that illustrate the argument from definition in descriptions...
Emil Fischer Pioneer in Monomer and Polymer Science

Emil Fischer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in 1902 and one of chemistry’s alltime greats, invested much of his outstanding career in pioneering the science of monomers, polymers, polymerization, and depolymerization. His remarkable genius becomes even more evident when it is recalled that he lived (1852–1919) and worked with complex materials long before the development of modern instruments and techniques. The monomers of his investigations included formaldehyde, hydroxyaldehydes, sugars, amino acids, and hydroxybenzoic acids. The monomelic aldehydes were converted into carbohydrates of increased molecular weight; the synthesis of starch and cellulose was contemplated. Various amino acids, some prepared by the hydrolysis of proteins, were polymerized to polypeptides. Tannins were hydrolyzed to hydroxybenzoic acids, e.g., gallic acid; these were converted into polyesters of sugars.
Language Dysfunction and Childhood Behavior Disorders

Language is the predominant means by which we interact with our environment. Through language we are able not only to communicate and socialize with those around us but also to learn and internalize the values, customs, and rules of society. The period of initial language development usually occurs so naturally and smoothly that it is frequently taken for granted. Indeed, by the age of 2 to 3 years, the average child has a vocabulary of 250–450 words and understands up to 900 words (McKirdy, 1985). However, the development of speech and language, which occurs through the interaction between a neurophysiological substrate and a number of psychological and environmental processes, is one of the most complex tasks the human organism must master. Since adequate language development is so vital to the adaptive socialization of the young child, it is not surprising that delays or deficiencies in the development of speech and language in children have been associated with behavioral, emotional, and social disturbances in this population (Baker & Cantwell, 1985; Cantwell & Baker, 1977; Rutter, Graham, & Yule, 1970; Rutter & Martin, 1972).
Attachment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Ground Beef to Meat Grinders and Survival after Sanitation with Chlorine and Peroxyacetic Acid

The potential for transfer of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from contaminated ground beef to grinding equipment and the inactivation of attached cells during cleaning and sanitizing was examined. Chub-packed ground beef with lean:fat ratios of 75:25, 80:20, or 90:10 was inoculated with 6 log CFU/g or 2 log CFU/g E. coli O157:H7 strain FRIK 910. Samples were consecutively ground in a Hobart meat grinder with stainless Steel (SS) chips (1 cm2) glued to the auger housing. Chips were harvested after grinding, detergent washing with or without manual scrubbing and rinsing, sanitizing in a chlorine or peroxyacetic acid sanitizer, and overnight storage. Survival of E. coli O157:H7 was evaluated both by plate count and enrichment in trypticase soy broth. Approximately 3 to 4 log CFU/cm2 were attached to the SS after grinding with all three fat contents. After washing and sanitizing in a chlorine or peroxyacetic acid sanitizer, viable bacteria were infrequently recovered by plate count. Enrichment of chips resulted in ...
The Internet of People: A human and data-centric paradigm for the Next Generation Internet

Abstract The cyber-physical convergence, the fast expansion of the Internet at its edge, and tighter interactions between human users and their personal mobile devices push towards a data-centric Internet where the human user becomes more central than ever. We argue that this will profoundly impact primarily on the way data should be handled in the Next Generation Internet. It will require a radical change of the Internet data-management paradigm, from the current platform-centric to a human-centric model. In this paper we present a new paradigm for Internet data management that we name Internet of People (IoP) because it embeds human behavior models in its algorithms. To this end, IoP algorithms exploit quantitative models of the humans’ individual and social behavior, from sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics, physics. IoP is not a replacement of the current Internet networking infrastructure, but it exploits legacy Internet services as (reliable) primitives to achieve end-to-end connectivity on a global-scale. In this opinion paper, we first discuss the key features of the IoP paradigm along with the underlying research issues and challenges. Then, we present emerging data-management paradigms that are anticipating IoP.
Some Macrophages Are Softies.

Adequate maintenance of the arterial extracellular matrix is essential for steady-state vascular functions. In this issue of Immunity, Lim et al. (2018) describe that aortic LYVE-1+ macrophages regulate steady-state arterial matrix content by interacting with smooth muscle cells and collagen.
Rules of engagement in the gut microbiome

In humans, niche-specific gastrointestinal microbiomes influence the colonization success of probiotic microbes. Microbiome reconstitution following antimicrobial perturbation is most successful using preperturbation autofecal microbial transplant.
FALLS AMONG ASSISTED LIVING RESIDENTS: RESULTS FROM THE 2016 NATIONAL STUDY OF LONG-TERM CARE PROVIDERS

Fall-related injuries among older adults are common and expensive; can result in hospitalizations, functional decline, and nursing-home placement; and, are more common in institutionalized settings. Even falls not resulting in injury can increase fear of falling, future fall risk, depression, and social isolation. Falls in assisted living and similar residential care communities (RCCs) have been less studied than in nursing home settings. A 2010 Cochrane systematic review found that 20% to 30% of falls in long-term care facilities are preventable. We present results from the National Study of Long-Term Care Providers conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2016, 22% of current RCC residents had a fall in the prior 90 days, representing 175,000 RCC residents in the United States; in 20% of RCCs, more than one-quarter of residents had a fall. Among residents with a fall, 15% had a fall-related injury; in 7% of RCCs, more than one-quarter of residents sustained a fall-related injury. Among residents with a fall, 19% went to a hospital as a result of the fall; in 11% of RCCs, more than one-quarter of residents went to a hospital as a result of the fall. Four-tenths of RCCs reported using a fall risk assessment tool as standard practice with every resident; almost three-fourths of RCCs report using some type of formal fall reduction intervention. Results will be further examined by selected resident case-mix and other RCC characteristics. Results may inform strategies to target RCCs that might benefit from evidence-based fall reduction interventions.
Law enforcement agencies' perceptions of the benefits of and barriers to temporary firearm storage to prevent suicide

Objectives. To examine the perceived benefits of and barriers to law enforcement agencies providing increased access to voluntary and temporary firearm storage.Methods. We surveyed 448 police chiefs and sheriffs in 8 US Mountain West states about firearm storage practices, benefits of and barriers to storage, and related attitudes and beliefs. Data collection occurred during the spring and summer of 2016.Results. Nearly three quarters of agencies reported that they are already providing storage and perceive relatively few barriers in doing so. Agency characteristics were not associated with current provision of firearm storage. Among the barriers identified included state laws, limited space, training needs, and community perceptions. Benefits of storage included being perceived positively by the community and supporting health care workers.Conclusions. Engaging with law enforcement agencies in suicide prevention efforts and addressing their perceived barriers to providing temporary firearm storage have p...
Bohr Inequalities on Noncommutative Polydomains

The goal of this paper is to study the Bohr phenomenon in the setting of free holomorphic functions on noncommutative regular polydomains $$\mathbf{D_f^m}$$ , $$\mathbf{f}=(f_1,\ldots , f_k)$$ , generated by positive regular free holomorphic functions. These polydomains are noncommutative analogues of the scalar polydomains $$\begin{aligned} {{\mathcal {D}}}_{f_1} ({{\mathbb {C}}})\times \cdots \times {{\mathcal {D}}}_{f_k}({{\mathbb {C}}}), \end{aligned}$$ where each $${{\mathcal {D}}}_{f_i}({{\mathbb {C}}})\subset {{\mathbb {C}}}^{n_i}$$ is a certain Reinhardt domain generated by $$f_i$$ . We characterize the free holomorphic functions on $$\mathbf{D_f^m}$$ in terms of the universal model of the polydomain and extend several classical results from complex analysis to our noncommutative setting. It is shown that the free holomorphic functions admit multi-homogeneous and homogeneous expansions as power series in several variables. With respect to these expansions, we introduce the Bohr radii $$K_{mh}(\mathbf{D_f^m})$$ and $$K_{h}(\mathbf{D_f^m})$$ for the noncommutative Hardy space $$H^\infty (\mathbf{D_{f,\text { rad}}^m})$$ of all bounded free holomorphic functions on the radial part of $$\mathbf{D_f^m}$$ . Several well-known results concerning the Bohr radius associated with classes of bounded holomorphic functions are extended to our noncommutative multivariable setting.
Introduction to the Special Issue-Age-Friendly Universities (AFU): Principles, practices, and opportunities.

The need for more age-friendly campuses is plain and clear. Institutions of higher education in the U.S. and beyond are facing profound challenges as they look to respond to the contemporary needs ...
ESL and content teachers’ collaboration

This paper reviews the earlier studies to synthesize the benefits and challenges of ESL and content teachers’ collaboration and discusses Amanda’s recent experiences of collaboration in a middle school in the Southeastern U.S. Previous studies document the collaborative benefits (DelliCarpini, 2018), which include teacher learning, increased ESL students’ participation, and strengthened professional partnerships. However, ESL and content teachers’ collaboration has yet to become a routine teaching practice in the U.S., particularly in secondary mainstream classrooms, because of the reported challenges (Dove & Honigsfeld, 2018), such as teachers’ incompatible personalities and beliefs (Arkoudis, 2003), conflicting schedules (Peercy, Ditter, & DeStefano, 2016), inconsistent administrative support (Villa, Thousand, Nevin, Liston, 2005), and the ESL teacher’s relegated role compared to the content teacher (Ahmed Hersi, Horan, & Lewis, 2016). In order for ESL and content teachers’ collaboration to be a pathway for equitable learning outcomes for ESL students, educational stakeholders, namely content teachers, ESL teachers, and school administrators, need to share responsibility for planning for and teaching ESL students. This begins with school administrators who can foster a culture of collaboration, and content and ESL teachers who can take steps to build and strengthen collaborative partnerships. More specific recommendations are discussed in the conclusion.
A systems-based approach for modeling of microbiologically influenced corrosion implemented using static and dynamic Bayesian networks

Abstract Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a microbial community assisted degradation of materials affecting chemical processing and oil and gas industries. MIC has been implicated in incidents involving loss of containment of hazardous hydrocarbons which have led to fires and explosions, economic and environmental impact. The interplay between abiotic environmental factors and dynamic biotic factors in MIC are poorly understood. There is a lack of mechanistic understanding of MIC and very few models are available to predict or assess MIC threat. Here we report on the development of a model to assess the susceptibility to MIC. The high-resolution model utilizes 60 independent nodes, including operational and historical failure analysis data, and is built by combining empirical relationships between the abiotic and biotic variables impacting MIC. Both static and dynamic Bayesian-network (BN) approaches were used to combine heuristic and quantitative states of variables to ultimately yield a susceptibility measure for MIC. A confidence-in-information metric was generated to reflect the amount of data used in the estimation. A susceptibility to MIC of 45%–60% was estimated by the model for ten different scenarios simulated using case-studies from literature. The susceptibility to MIC estimated by these scenarios was further interpreted in the context of these cases. This systems-based MIC model can be utilized as an independent estimator of susceptibility or can be incorporated as a sub-model within comprehensive safety threat assessment models currently utilized in industry.
s- and p-Wave neutron spectroscopy: Part I. Peak height analysis and level assignments☆

Abstract Methods for analyzing transmission measurements of neutron resonances in the kev region are discussed. The “peak height” and the “double difference” methods are described in detail; they are useful in the kev region where the peak cross section of an isolated resonance, which is almost entirely due to scattering, has a predictable value. In order to illustrate the methods of analysis, the spins and widths of several compound nucleus states in sodium and fluorine are determined from experimental data. The assignments are 1+ and 3− for the 3- and 53-kev resonance in sodium, respectively; 2− and 1− for the 27- and 49-kev resonances in fluorine; and 2+ for the 36-kev resonance in aluminum. Some details of the sodium cross section between 1 and 100 kev are discussed.
Identifying the operation of a parked car's engine, transmission, and door using millimetre wave pulse Doppler radar

This Letter demonstrates the technical capability of millimetre wave pulse-Doppler radar to identify safety-critical operating status information for parked cars. A simple 94-GHz pulsed linear frequency modulated radar with stretch processing on receive provides range-selective detection of small-scale vibration along the length of a parked car. The resulting range-Doppler signature clearly differentiates whether the car's engine is running or not as well as whether the car's transmission is shifting between ‘park’ and ‘drive’. The rotational motion of an opening car door also produces a distinct signature in range-Doppler space. Incorporating this knowledge into future automotive sensors can alert oncoming vehicles to unanticipated actions of parked cars to avert potential damage or injury.
Control systems model of the spontaneous and light-evoked patterns of the compound action potentials in the eye of Aplysia

The spontaneous and light-evoked firing patterns of the compound action potentials (CAPs) in the isolated eye of Aplysia are experimentally observed from a control systems viewpoint. The eye, exhibiting an endogenous bursting activity and a marked circadian rhythm in darkness, is a self-excited system and responds to illumination with a controlled electrical activity. It is represented by the nonlinear systems model predicting the firing-rate variation of the CAPs. Construction of the model is based on the eye's biological model reported in the literature, and involves an experimental analysis of the system characteristics using linear approximation and conventional control systems techniques. The model is simulated and found to adequately conform to the observed behavior of the eye under various experimental conditions.
Characteristics and Outcomes for Delayed Diagnosis of Concussion in Pediatric Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department

Abstract Background Concussions are common pediatric injuries. Previous studies have found concussed youth may be underdiagnosed in the emergency department (ED), but outcomes for those with delayed diagnosis have yet to be described. Objective Our aim was to compare visit characteristics and outcomes of patients who present to the ED with head injury who receive immediate vs. delayed diagnosis. Methods Retrospective chart review of patients aged 6 to 18 years diagnosed with concussion on their first ED or urgent care (UC) visit and patients requiring a second visit for diagnosis between July 1, 2017 and June 20, 2019. We compared demographic information, ED or UC visit features, and recovery outcomes using χ2 tests, Student's t-tests, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results Overall, we included 85 patients with delayed concussion diagnosis and 159 with immediate diagnosis. Those with immediate diagnosis had more symptoms inquired at initial visit (5 vs. 4; p = 0.003) and a higher likelihood of receiving concussion-specific physical examinations (80% vs. 36.5%; p Conclusions Concussed children evaluated acutely for head injury who do not receive an immediate diagnosis may be at risk for persistent symptoms. Performance of a concussion-specific physical examination and use of a standardized symptom scale may aid in identification of concussed youth acutely.
Perceived burdensomeness, but not thwarted belongingness, mediates the impact of PTSD symptom clusters on suicidal ideation modeled longitudinally.

Abstract Background Studies examining Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptom clusters, suicidal ideation, and variables described in the Joiner's interpersonal theory of suicidal behavior were cross-sectional. Methods We tested whether the relation between the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptom clusters and suicidal ideation is mediated by perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness (variables of the interpersonal theory of suicidal behavior) in military personnel with current suicidal ideation using longitudinal design. DSM-IV model with reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal clusters was used. Structural equation modelling was used to test separate models for each symptom cluster with a symptom cluster at baseline, month 1 perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, and month 3 suicidal ideation, controlling for baseline values of the month 1 and month 3 variables. Results Analysis of direct non-mediation models showed that baseline reexperiencing (p = .08) and avoidance (p = .07) symptom clusters marginally predicted month 3 suicidal ideation. The mediation analyses showed indirect effects from baseline reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal to suicidal ideation at month 3 through perceived burdensomeness at month 1. Thwarted belongingness did not mediate the relations between symptom clusters and suicidal ideation. Limitations The mechanism driving development of suicidal ideation in military personnel with PTSD may be different from the mechanism in other samples. Doing a phone interview limited us to use questionnaires instead of a clinical interview. Conclusions Our findings suggest that interventions targeting perceived burdensomeness in military personnel with reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms may be beneficial to reduce suicidal ideation.
Highly elevated polygenic risk scores are better predictors of myocardial infarction risk early in life than later

Several polygenic risk scores (PRS) have been developed for cardiovascular risk prediction, but the additive value of including PRS together with conventional risk factors for risk prediction is questionable. This study assesses the clinical utility of including four PRS generated from 194, 46K, 1.5M, and 6M SNPs, along with conventional risk factors, to predict risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD), myocardial infarction (MI), and first MI event on or before age 50 (early MI). A cross-validated logistic regression (LR) algorithm was trained either on ~ 440K European ancestry individuals from the UK Biobank (UKB), or the full UKB population, including as features different combinations of conventional established-at-birth risk factors (ancestry, sex) and risk factors that are non-fixed over an individual’s lifespan (age, BMI, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, family history), with and without also including PRS. The algorithm was trained separately with IHD, MI, and early MI as prediction labels. When LR was trained using risk factors established-at-birth, adding the four PRS significantly improved the area under the curve (AUC) for IHD (0.62 to 0.67) and MI (0.67 to 0.73), as well as for early MI (0.70 to 0.79). When LR was trained using all risk factors, adding the four PRS only resulted in a significantly higher disease prevalence in the 98th and 99th percentiles of both the IHD and MI scores. PRS improve cardiovascular risk stratification early in life when knowledge of later-life risk factors is unavailable. However, by middle age, when many risk factors are known, the improvement attributed to PRS is marginal for the general population.
Deadlines as Behavior in Diplomacy and International Law

Like most other types of human activity, international legal practice relies heavily on deadlines. Yet deadlines have received very little attention in international legal scholarship. This is the case even though deadlines are heavily studied in other contexts, with research finding that people tend to set and respond to deadlines in ways consistent with bounded rather than perfect rationality. This book chapter takes up the topic of deadlines in international legal practice and makes four contributions. First, using the Chemical Weapons Convention as a case study, it explores various ways in which deadlines are used in international legal practice and highlights just how pervasive they can be. Second, it reviews some behavioral research on deadlines in other contexts and demonstrates that these findings have intriguing parallels with how the Convention’s deadlines have functioned in practice. Third, it assesses the evidence available for evaluating the relevance of domestic research to international affairs in relation to deadlines. The chapter argues that, even though this evidence is currently limited, legal actors would do well to factor this research into their decision-making about how to structure and respond to deadlines. Finally, the chapter considers the extent to which these issues are common to both diplomacy and international law.
Tensions internationales autour d’un concombre tueur : confiance et glocalisation alimentaire

Au printemps 2011, des consommateurs de l’Allemagne du nord tomberent gravement malades, et certains moururent, apres avoir, dit-on, consomme des concombres et des tomates provenant d’Espagne infectes par la bacterie ECEH. Dans cet article, nous proposons de faire l’analyse de cette crise alimentaire en nous interessant a sa representation dans les courriers des lecteurs de trois journaux europeens (Die Welt, El Mundo, Le Monde). Nous montrons comment cette crise alimentaire s’est doublee d’une crise de conscience de la part des consommateurs et de confiance dans le systeme global alimentaire, les partenaires economiques ainsi que dans les institutions nationales et internationales sensees garantir la securite alimentaire.
Methods Using Earthworms for the Evaluation of Potentially Toxic Materials in Soils

The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using earthworms to indicate effects of potentially toxic wastes when such wastes are intentionally or accidentally added to soils. Initial work with metals has shown that earthworms exhibit specific growth and reproductive responses. These responses are related to the concentration and solubility of the metal. Of the metals tested, cadmium was found to be the most toxic, followed by nickel, copper, zinc, and lead. The metal concentration in earthworm tissue and the background manure-metal mixture was measured, permitting the concentration factor to be computed. The concentration factor is the ratio of the metal in the worm tissue to that in the surrounding manure-metal mixture. These and other studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that the methods described in this paper may be used to predict the effect of land-applied or atmospherically deposited residues on the soil biota.
Bacteriorhodopsin, Chemistry of

Thirty years of research with bacteriorhodopsin has provided answers to many questions about how protons are transported by transmembrane pumps. In this small seven-transmembrane protein, absorption of light by the retinal chromophore initiates a reaction cycle in which the initial state recovers through multiple conformational changes of the retinal and the protein, and a proton is translocated stepwise from one side of the membrane to the other. Spectroscopy, extensive use of site-specific mutations, and crystallography have defined the photocycle reactions in atomic detail and provide a step-by-step description of the proton transfers, the transient local and global perturbations in the protein and how they arise, and the energy flow through the system, which add up to the mechanism of the pump.
Some finiteness conditions on the set of overrings of an integral domain

Let D be an integral domain with quotient field K and integral closure D. An overring of D is a subring of K containing D, and O(D) denotes the set of overrings of D. We consider primarily two finiteness conditions on O(D): (FO), which states that O(D) is finite, and (FC), the condition that each chain of distinct elements of O(D) is finite. (FO) is strictly stronger than (FC), but if D = D, each of (FO) and (FC) is equivalent to the condition that D is a Prufer domain with finite prime spectrum. In general D satisfies (FC) iff D satisfies (FC) and all chains of subrings of D containing D have finite length. The corresponding statement for (FO) is also valid.
The Role of Cultural Schemata In Reading Comprehension

Abstract Prior knowledge and cultural background greatly influence comprehension processes. Individuals may comprehend information better when they are culturally familiar with the information, that is, when they have the appropriate cultural schemata. This chapter examines how schemata are affected by culturally unfamiliar information. A brief discussion of schema theory is presented followed by prototypic examples of studies of cultural schemata. Methods of facilitating the acquisition and activation of cultural schemata are discussed. The ability of readers to comprehend culturally unfamiliar information can be enhanced by providing efficient ways of acquiring cultural schemata and ways of retrieving schemata when needed.
Investigating the construct of trauma-related acquired callousness among delinquent youth: differences in emotion processing

This study tested theories regarding differences in emotion processing among youth characterized by primary versus acquired callous-unemotional (CU) traits in a sample of 417 detained adolescents (306 boys, 111 girls). Mixture modeling identified 2 groups of youth high in CU, but with different levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms consistent with theoretical conceptualizations of acquired CU as being linked to trauma. Differences between the 2 groups of youth were investigated regarding 3 dimensions of emotion processing: emotion regulation, numbing, and recognition. Compared to youth classified in the primary group, youth classified as acquired CU demonstrated greater difficulty with lack of clarity (OR = 0.53), and nonacceptance of emotions, (OR = 0.57), general numbing of emotions (OR = 0.87), and recognition of disgust (OR = 0.18). Differences in emotion processing reported by youth in the 2 groups are consistent with theories regarding acquired callousness as related to emotional detachment in the aftermath of posttraumatic distress. The results of the current study have implications for the classification of primary and acquired CU, as well as the clinical treatment of youth with these characteristics.
A software architecture for global address space communication on clusters: put/get on fast messages

Global address space parallel programming models can be an effective alternative to send/receive style communication, simplifying programming or code generation and increasing performance for certain application types. Traditionally, global address space mechanisms have been implemented in hardware in order to provide the necessary communication performance and responsiveness. However new high performance cluster messaging systems now allow global address space mechanisms to be realized efficiently in software. We describe a high performance one sided communication model that is implemented as a software layer on top of the Illinois Fast Messages (FM) system. We evaluate several different software implementation architectures for the remote agent, characterizing their differing performance characteristics. Our Put/Get FM implementation achieves peak bandwidths for put/get operations of 67 MBytes/s, overheads of a few microseconds, and remote read latencies as low as 26 microseconds on a Myrinet connected PC cluster. This implementation was released publicly as part of HPVM 1.0 in August 1997, and is receiving significant usage. It has been used for an implementation of the Global Arrays library and also serves as a back-end target for PGI's commercial HPF compiler.
THE COSTS OF COMPLEX LAND TITLES: TWO EXAMPLES FROM CHINA

Chinese customs and law have traditionally prevented a land seller from conveying outright title to a buyer. The ancient custom of dian, which persisted until the 1949 Revolution, gave a land seller and his lineage an immutable option to buy back sold land at the original sale price. This little-analyzed custom discouraged soil conservation and land improvements, and, especially after 1600, contributed to China’s inability to keep pace with England. After calamitous experiences with land collectivization between 1951 and 1981, China’s Communist government began to confer private land-use rights. But, instead of making outright sales, it chose to award contractual rights only for a fixed-term, for example, 50 years in the case of an industrial parcel. For the same reasons dian did, this policy threatens to impair China’s prospects of economic development.
Explosively Created Permeability From Single Charges

A theoretical expression showing the radial dependence of permeability in geologic media as a function of the distance from the point of detonation has been derived. This relationship shows that created permeability decreases as a function of radius (1/r/sup 5/ around a spherical blast and 1/r/sup 4/ around a cylindrical shot). Excellent correlation was found when this prediction was compared with permeability measurements made around the site of the Hardhat Nuclear Event fired in granodiorite and a chemical explosive detonated in coal.
Improving the Flow of Materials in a Cataloging Department: Using ADDIE for a Project in the Ohio State University Libraries

The Cataloging Department at the Ohio State University Library continuously reviews workflow to see which areas need improvement. In 2004, the Cataloging Department began receiving complaints about the time it took to locate unprocessed materials within Technical Services. Locating these materials was difficult and time consuming, causing problems for both patrons and staff. The author reports on a project that examined the workflow of unprocessed materials in the Cataloging Department at Ohio State. Using the instructional design ADDIE model, a new workflow was designed and implemented to ensure that items could be located, processed, and delivered to patrons in a timely manner. The paper concludes with suggestions applicable to other libraries.
Filariomyces forficulae: Occurrence and effects on the predatory earwig, Labidura riparia

Abstract Filariomyces forficulae occurs commonly on the earwig, Labidura riparia, in Florida. The hypopial stage of a mite, Histiostoma sp., often associated with L. riparia is also sometimes infected by the same fungus. Some other earwig species that occur with L. riparia were not found to be hosts. Sites of fungal infection on the earwig were highly variable and influenced by several factors. F. forficulae was transmitted by several types of insect contact including mating with varying efficiencies and by a mechanical inoculation technique. Developmental time required by the fungus from ascospore to mature perithecia was 10–12 days at 24°C. In laboratory studies there were small but consistent differences between longevities of infected and noninfected groups of earwigs and infected populations of earwigs died sooner than noninfected ones. Infection resulted in differences in pattern of egg production; however, no numerically significant differences in total egg production or egg-hatching ability between the two groups were found.