cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intersurgeon agreement in determining 3 cm surgical margins of subcutaneous tumors in dogs.

Objective To evaluate intersurgeon agreement in performing a 3 cm wide surgical excision for subcutaneous malignancies in dogs. Study design Prospective, blinded, randomized, clinical study. Animals Client-owned dogs with subcutaneous tumors undergoing curative-intent, wide surgical excision between April 2019 to March 2020. Methods Four surgeons, instructed to perform a 3 cm wide excision, each sequentially indicated their proposed skin incision locations around subcutaneous tumors, without knowledge of the other surgeons' proposed incisions. A tripod-mounted camera and laser positioning system were used to photograph each surgeon's proposed margin length. A random-effects model was used to estimate the standard deviation of margin lengths that would be expected from a random sample of surgeons. Results Each of the four surgeons provided 33 independent radial measurements from 11 tumors (six soft tissue sarcomas and five mast cell tumors), for a total of 132 radial measurements. No individual surgeon consistently proposed longer or shorter margin incision locations. The prediction interval for a future margin measurement was 6 mm, implying that the 95% confidence interval of an individual surgeon's margin length would be within ±6 mm of the mean margin length from a random sample of surgeons. Conclusion Ninety-five percent of surgeons would be expected to deliver a surgical dose between 2.4-3.6 cm, for a theoretically uniform surgical dose of 3 cm wide margins. Clinical significance Surgical doses are likely to vary at clinically relevant levels among surgeons, complicating design and interpretation of studies attempting to identify an ideal surgical dose.
Zirconium-Titanium Phosphate Acid Catalysts Synthesized by Sol Gel Techniques

Recently a large effort has been put into identifying solid acid materials, particularly sulfated zirconia and other sulfated metal oxides, that can be used to replace environmentally hazardous liquid acids in industrial processes. The authors are studying a group of mixed metal phosphates, some of which have also been sulfated, for their catalytic and morphological characteristics. Zirconium and titanium are the metals used in this study and the catalysts are synthesized from alkoxide starting materials with H{sub 3}PO{sub 4}, H{sub 2}O, and sometimes H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} as gelling agents. The measurement of acidity was achieved by using the isomerization of 2-methyl-2-pentene as a model reaction. The phosphate stabilized the mixed metal sulfates, preventing them from calcining to oxides boosting their initial catalytic activity. The addition of sulfate prevented the formation of the catalytically inactive mixed metal pyrophosphates when calcined at high temperatures (> 773 K).
Measurement of human placental lactogen by microcomplement fixation

Abstract A microcomplement fixation method (MCF) is described for the measurement of human placental lactogen (HPL) in maternal pregnancy serum and compared with the radioimmunoassay method (RIA) in 58 women in various stages of pregnancy. MCF is not yet sensitive enough to detect HPL levels before the twelfth week of pregnancy, but thereafter the results are closely comparable by both methods. MCF is less costly and no more time-consuming than RIA and it avoids the possibility of altering the antigen by radioactive labeling. It does require strict attention to environmental conditions, but, nevertheless, should be more easily available for use in routine hospital laboratories and facilitate, thereby, the assessment of the true value of HPL in obstetric management.
Recombinogenic Phenotype of Human Activation-Induced Cytosine Deaminase

Class switch recombination, gene conversion, and somatic hypermutation that diversify rearranged Ig genes to produce various classes of high affinity Abs are dependent on the enzyme activation-induced cytosine deaminase (AID). Evidence suggests that somatic hypermutation is due to error-prone DNA repair that is initiated by AID-mediated deamination of cytosine in DNA, whereas the mechanism by which AID controls recombination remains to be elucidated. In this study, using a yeast model system, we have observed AID-dependent recombination. Expression of human AID in wild-type yeast is mutagenic for G-C to A-T transitions, and as expected, this mutagenesis is increased upon inactivation of uracil-DNA glycosylase. AID expression also strongly induces intragenic mitotic recombination, but only in a strain possessing uracil-DNA glycosylase. Thus, the initial step of base excision repair is required for AID-dependent recombination and is a branch point for either hypermutagenesis or recombination.
Protecting victims of domestic violence and their children after divorce: the American Law Institute's model

This article discusses the issue of domestic violence in the postdivorce context and how abused women who have children with their abusers are at a particular high risk of becoming victims of this phenomenon. It discusses recent state legislation that has been enacted to deal with the problems of domestic abuse after divorce. More specifically, this article looks at the American Law Institute's proposed model statute on child custody and visitation and how it addresses the issue of domestic violence both during and after divorce. This article will also explore potential flaws of the American Law Institute's model as well as some ideas for further development in this area. Language: en
2,6-Di­amino-3,5-di­nitro-1,4-pyrazine di­methyl sulfoxide solvate

The title compound, C4H4N6O4·C2H6OS, crystallizes in the triclinic space group P\overline 1. It is a di­methyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvate of the insensitive energetic compound 2,6-di­amino-3,5-di­nitro-1,4-pyrazine (ANPZ). The structure has been determined to obtain more accurate metrical parameters for the 2,6-di­amino-3,5-di­nitro-1,4-pyrazine moiety than those obtained from unsolvated crystals which are invariably twinned. The packing motif consists of two formula units linked by strong complementary hydrogen bonds between the ANPZ units with the two DMSO solvate mol­ecules each linked by two bifurcated hydogen bonds to the two ANPZ units. This central motif is further linked into planar sheets by weaker interactions between the DMSO methyl H atoms and the O atoms from the nitro groups. This looser packing arrangement compared to ANPZ is reflected in a lower density (1.662 Mg m−3 versus 1.812 Mg m−3 for ANPZ).
A regulatory model for clinical laboratories: an empirical evaluation.

Clinical laboratories in the United States are subject to various regulatory and accreditation programs, which mandate a broad range of requirements regarding personnel, quality-control systems, and analytical proficiency standards. Reported here, for a cross-section of U.S. laboratories, is the degree of compliance with these regulatory requirements, some other laboratory characteristics, and their relation to analytical proficiency. The results suggest that those laboratory characteristics that predict highest proficiency-test performance differ for each laboratory specialty. Regression models are presented that explain from 12% to 35% of the variation in analytical performance and suggest that factors outside of those specified in the regulatory model and other characteristics measured in this research are important. Indeed, the current regulatory approach may not ensure highest performance. Also discussed are the current status, limitations, and prospects for change of the clinical laboratory regulatory system.
Laboratory demonstration of vascular smooth muscle function using rat aortic ring segments.

This laboratory exercise uses a simple preparation and a straightforward protocol to illustrate many of the basic principles of vascular biology covered in an introductory physiology course. The de...
Safety and Feasibility of Open Chest Epicardial Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia During the Period of Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation.

Introduction Patients undergoing catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia (VT) may require epicardial mapping. In patients with end-stage heart failure, hybrid surgical epicardial mapping and ablation during the period of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation may be considered in select patients to reduce post-LVAD ventricular tachycardia. Methods and results From March 2009 to October 2012, 5 patients (4 men and 1 woman, age range 52-73 years) underwent open chest electrophysiology study and epicardial mapping for recurrent ventricular tachycardia while the heart was exposed during the period of LVAD implantation. Epicardial mapping was considered if patients had recurrent VT despite failed prior endocardial ablation and/or electrocardiogram (EKG) features of an epicardial exit. Activation and/or a substrate mapping approach were employed during all procedures. Three of 5 patients (60%) had acute procedural success. In all patients, VT was either eliminated or significantly reduced with epicardial ablation. One patient had mediastinal bleeding delaying sternal closure. During a follow-up period of 363 ± 368 days, 4 patients died due to nonarrhythmic causes. Conclusions Open-chest hybrid epicardial mapping and ablation for recurrent VT is feasible and can be considered in select patients during the period of LVAD implantation.
Morphic cohomology and singular cohomology of motives over the complex numbers

Abstract Morphic cohomology and singular cohomology of motives over the complex numbers are defined via the triangulated category of motives. Regarding morphic cohomology as functors defined on the triangulated category of motives, natural transformations of morphic cohomology are studied.
Further investigations of the operationally defined quantum phase.

The formalism that we have previously developed for the phase difference between two quantized electromagnetic fields, which is intimately connected with the measurement process, is explored further, both theoretically and experimentally. We calculate the higher moments of the measured cosine and sine operators for certain two-mode Fock states \ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathit{n}}_{1}$,${\mathit{n}}_{2}$〉, and show how the measurement itself exerts a bias on the outcome. We find that the corresponding phase difference becomes uniform over the interval 0 to 2\ensuremath{\pi} only in the limit ${\mathit{n}}_{1}$,${\mathit{n}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}. On the other hand, the phase difference associated with the product of a coherent state \ensuremath{\Vert}v〉 with a Fock state can be random for large \ensuremath{\Vert}v\ensuremath{\Vert}, because of the availability of an infinite number of photons. Several of our theoretical predictions are compared with predictions based on the Susskind-Glogower and the Pegg-Barnett operators, and they are also tested by experiment. We find that the experimental results confirm our theory in every case, and this includes tests of the higher moments of the measured cosine operator.
Electronic properties of clean and cesiated (110) surfaces of GaSb

Abstract Electronic properties of cleaved (110) surfaces of n- and p-type GaSb were investigated by means of photoemission measurements. Cleavage results in inhomogeneous band bending and work function but well-defined ionization energy. The inhomogeneities disappear after two days at room temperature. Modulation of photoemission by additional, non-emitting light is interpreted in terms of an escape depth surface, p-type crystals present flat bands at the surface; n-type GaSb has an inversion layer with a surface potential (EF − Ev)s = 0.09 eV. The ionization energy is ξ, = 4.94 ± 0.05 eV at room temperature. A lower limit for the density of surface states is Ds $ = 2.2 × 1013 cm−2 eV−2 near the top of the valence band. Adsorption of up to a monolayer of cesium does not result in any appreciable change in band bending: the cesiated surface of n-type material holds a negative charge.
Néphrectomie NOTES transvaginale : première expérience clinique

Resume Introduction La chirurgie par orifice naturel (Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery : NOTES) sans incision visible pourrait reduire la morbidite et accelerer la convalescence. Nous presentons la premiere nephrectomie transvaginale chez l’humain. Methodes Realisation d’une nephrectomie NOTES transvaginale chez une patiente de 57 ans par une equipe multidisciplinaire. Le pneumoperitoine est obtenu a l’aide d’une aiguille de Veress transombilicale. Un trocart unique multivalve transvaginal est place apres colpotomie posterieure. Pour controler la mise en place du trocart vaginal, un trocart de 5 mm transombilical a ete utilise. Le rein est mobilise a l’aide d’instruments articules et le hile, controle par EndoGIA. L’extraction du rein est realisee par voie vaginale. Resultats La visualisation, la dissection du rein, le controle hilaire et l’extraction se sont deroules par voie vaginale. Le trocart de 5 mm transombilical a seulement ete utilise pour controler l’introduction du trocart vaginal et pour recliner le colon lors de l’agrafage hilaire. Il n’y a pas eu de complication per ou postoperatoire. La duree d’hospitalisation etait de vingt-trois heures. Conclusion La nephrectomie NOTES transvaginale est techniquement realisable. L’instrumentation reste limitee. Les indications et avantages de cette technique restent a definir.
Fractionation of an Esterase from Calf Spleen Implicated in the Detoxification of Bacterial Endotoxin

Discussion and SummaryThe use of the two successive fractionation procedures resulted in the preparation of an esterase-rich fraction which was capable of detoxifying endotoxin. The partial inhibition of esterase activity—but not detoxifying power—by DFP or TEPP indicated that the final Sephadex Fraction II contained a cholinesterase-type enzyme not involved in the detoxification reaction. The concentration of DFP employed was sufficient to have inhibited the esterolytic activity of proteases such as trypsin or chymotrypsin, if present. Consequently, the bulk of the enzyme in Fraction II which was active in the detoxification of endotoxin is considered for the present to be an esterase of the nonspecific, carboxylic type. Most of the esterase activity present in DEAE-cellulose Fractions I and III (Fig. 1) was inhibited by DFP and these fractions possessed only a weak capacity to inactivate endotoxin.Whereas the spleen enzyme is considered to be a nonspecific esterase of the type found in normal serum, it ...
Solid-State 13C NMR Characterization of Irradiation-Cross-Linked Natural Rubber

Solid-state 13C NMR was used to characterize the structure changes produced in gamma irradiation in natural rubber. The structure of the irradiated natural rubber was found to be heterogeneous, consisting of a mobile phase and a semi-rigid phase. Cis-trans chain isomerization was detected in the mobile phase of the gamma-irradiated samples. The CP/MAS spectra of the more rigid phase contained resonances due to quaternary carbons arising from cross-links and vinyl end groups caused by main chain scission. The calculated values of β and G(X) agreed with earlier published results. Peroxide-cured natural rubber of an equivalent amount of network density showed a higher amount of trans structure than did the gamma-irradiated natural rubber.
Chloroplast phosphoproteins: phosphorylation of a 12-kDa stromal protein by the redox-controlled kinase of thylakoid membranes.

Abstract (i) Activation of the redox-controlled protein kinase of thylakoid membranes is detectable in vivo by measuring radioisotope incorporation into the light-harvesting Chl a b protein and four photosystem II proteins (8.3, 32, 34, and 44 kDa). In normal barley leaves, the kinase is active under both aerobic and anaerobic (N2) conditions, but in the Chl b-less chlorina f2 mutant it is active only under anaerobic conditions. The responsiveness of this enzyme in the mutant to changes in the gas phase has been exploited to distinguish its protein substrates from those of other leaf protein kinases. (ii) Most of the soluble phosphoproteins of normal and mutant leaves (including a conspicuously labeled 67-kDa polypeptide) are labeled equally under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, indicating that they are not substrates of the redox-controlled protein kinase. The major exception is a 12-kDa phosphoprotein, which is labeled in the mutant only under anaerobic conditions. The 67- and 12-kDa phosphoproteins are located in the chloroplast and are labeled when isolated organelles are incubated with [32P]orthophosphate in the light, (iii) When thylakoids and stroma are prepared from chloroplasts and are incubated with [γ-32P]ATP in vitro, the 12-kDa protein is phosphorylated in the thylakoid preparation and then released from the membranes into the medium. The electron transport inhibitor diuron blocks activation of the redoxcontrolled kinase and prevents phosphorylation of the 12-kDa protein, which is thus the first example of a soluble protein to be phosphorylated by the thylakoid-bound protein kinase. The 67-kDa protein is phosphorylated by a distinct stromal kinase whose activity is not sensitive to diuron.
Creating a new mobile learning community with podcasting

Podcasting is becoming an important content delivery strategy, shaping new mobile learning communities both in live classrooms and in distance learning environments. Students have shown favourable responses to podcasts and some universities now offer formal podcasting initiatives or programs to assist faculty in using the technology. As podcasting is becoming more popular, there is a need to accurately assess the educational potential of the technology and develop effective strategies for supporting a podcast community. This article explores recent developments in podcasting, reports on a recent survey of 137 US students' perceptions of the technology and describes existing support services for podcasting in 50 US universities.
The Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain of Protein Phosphatase 5 Mediates Binding to Glucocorticoid Receptor Heterocomplexes and Acts as a Dominant Negative Mutant

We previously identified a protein-serine phosphatase designated PP5, based on the binding of its tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain to the atrial natriuretic peptide receptor (Chinkers, M. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91, 11075-11079). We have now identified another protein complex to which PP5 is targeted through its TPR domain. A 90-kDa protein, identified as heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) by immunoblotting, specifically co-immunoprecipitated from COS-7 cell lysates with the FLAG-tagged TPR domain of PP5. hsp90 also co-immunoprecipitated with full-length FLAG-tagged PP5 overexpressed in COS-7 cells and with endogenous PP5 from untransfected COS-7 cells or rat brain. During gel filtration, PP5 and hsp90 comigrated in a high molecular weight complex. Since glucocorticoid receptors (GR) exist as large heterocomplexes containing hsp90 bound to TPR proteins, we hypothesized that PP5 might be associated with these complexes. Consistent with this hypothesis, PP5 specifically co-immunoprecipitated with GR from mouse L cell lysates. To test the functional importance of this TPR-mediated association in living cells, we used a dominant negative PP5 mutant consisting only of its TPR domain. The mutant inhibited GR-mediated transactivation by approximately 70% in transfected CV-1 cells. This is the first evidence that the TPR proteins in steroid receptor heterocomplexes may be required for signaling in vivo.
Generalized remote state preparation: Trading cbits, qubits, and ebits in quantum communication

We consider the problem of communicating quantum states by simultaneously making use of a noiseless classical channel, a noiseless quantum channel, and shared entanglement. We specifically study the version of the problem in which the sender is given knowledge of the state to be communicated. In this setting, a trade-off arises between the three resources, some portions of which have been investigated previously in the contexts of the quantum-classical trade-off in data compression, remote state preparation, and superdense coding of quantum states, each of which amounts to allowing just two out of these three resources. We present a formula for the triple resource trade-off that reduces its calculation to evaluating the data compression trade-off formula. In the process, we also construct protocols achieving all the optimal points. These turn out to be achievable by trade-off coding and suitable time sharing between optimal protocols for cases involving two resources out of the three mentioned above.
An interactive computer program for force system structural and dimensional synthesis

Abstract An Interactive Structural and Dimensional FORce System Synthesis computer program ISD-FORSS to synthesize a force system that will drive a 4R−4 bar linkage to have a desired motion-time response is described in this paper. The program consists of five blocks: (A) menu directing control of ISD-FORSS; (B) define linkage, desired motion and known forces; (C) desired generalized force curve-plotting; (D) dynamic motion time analysis; (E) nonadjacent link coupler curve plotting and force element attachment point synthesis using circle coupler curve tangent point method; (F) force element (system) synthesis to select element type and parameters by plotting and comparing generalized force for system being synthesized to the desired generalized force.
Annular apertures with low and high obstruction.

The distribution of image energy by the central obstruction of annular apertures is discussed with special emphasis on the effect of an aperture shape parameter which can be interpreted optically as the inverse obstruction ratio. This parameter generates group arrangements with the number of rings given by N2 = 1/a, where a is the central obstruction ratio.
Physiological and biochemical changes relating to postharvest splitting of sweet cherries affected by calcium application in hydrocooling water

Hydrocooling sweet cherries shortly after harvest (4h) and then transporting fruit in cold flume water during packing are used to maximize postharvest quality, but can cause fruit splitting. This study demonstrated that cherry fruit (two splitting-susceptible cultivars) absorbed Ca in a quadratic polynomial manner with increasing CaCl2 concentration from 0.2% to 2.0% in cold water (0°C) for 5 min, but did not take up Cl. The enhanced tissue Ca content reduced splitting potential by decreasing fruit soluble pectin release and increasing the splitting threshold. In contrast, depleting Ca from fruit tissue by EDTA or low pH, increased soluble pectin release and splitting potential. In a simulated commercial procedure, hydrocooling cherry fruit in appropriate CaCl2 solutions (i.e., 0.2-0.5%) for 5 min and then passing the fruit in cold flume water for 15 min increased fruit firmness, retarded losses in ascorbic acid, titratable acidity, and skin color, and reduced splitting and decay following 4 weeks of cold storage.
The effect of freeze-drying on the quaternary structure of L-asparaginase from Erwinia carotovora.

Abstract l -Asparaginase ( l -asparagine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.1) from Erwinia carotovora undergoes extensive dissociation from active tetramer to inactive monomers when freeze-dried. The monomeric state is stabilized by reconstitution of the freeze-dried enzyme with buffers of high pH and high ionic strength. Some compounds, particularly sugars and sugar derivatives, prevent dissociation on freeze-drying, whereas others, such as urea and chaotropic ions, increase dissociation. The effects of additives are not related to water retention. The dissociation is completely reversible on reconstitution at neutral pH, but the alkali-stabilized monomer only partially reassociates when the pH is brought back to neutrality.
Oxidative Stress Modulates Complement Factor H Expression in Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells by Acetylation of FOXO3

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of severe vision loss in the elderly, is a complex disease that results from genetic modifications that increase susceptibility to environmental exposures. Smoking, a major source of oxidative stress, increases the incidence and severity of AMD, and antioxidants slow progression, suggesting that oxidative stress plays a major role. Polymorphisms in the complement factor H (CFH) gene that reduce activity of CFH increase the risk of AMD. In this study we demonstrate an interaction between these two risk factors, because oxidative stress reduces the ability of an inflammatory cytokine, interferon-γ, to increase CFH expression in retinal pigmented epithelial cells. The interferon-γ-induced increase in CFH is mediated by transcriptional activation by STAT1, and its suppression by oxidative stress is mediated by acetylation of FOXO3, which enhances FOXO3 binding to the CFH promoter, reduces its binding to STAT1, inhibits STAT1 interaction with the CFH promoter, and reduces expression of CFH. Expression of SIRT1, a mammalian homolog of NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sir2, attenuated FOXO3 recruitment to the CFH regulatory region and reversed the H2O2-induced repression of CFH gene expression. These data suggest an important interaction between environmental exposure and genetic susceptibility in the pathogenesis of AMD and, by elucidating molecular signaling involved in the interaction, provide potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
Network topology and integral multicommodity flow problems

In this paper we investigate the nature of integer solutions to multicommodity network flow problems from a graphtheoretic viewpoint. A sufficient condition for unimodularity is developed that is based upon the topological characteristics of the associated graph, and the results are applied to certain well-structured examples.
Modelling and analysis of ground bounce due to internal gate switching

Ground bounce noise due to internal gate switching is studied. Unlike the ground bounce caused by switching of the output buffer, both power-rail and ground-rail impedances are important, and a double negative feedback mechanism must be considered. Based on the lumped-model analysis and taking into account the parasitic and velocity-saturation effects of MOS transistors, an analytical model is developed including both switching and non-switching gates. The proposed model is employed to analyse the on-chip decoupling capacitance, resonant frequency, wire/pin inductance and loading effect. Good agreement between the model predictions and SPICE simulation results is obtained.
Quantitative Evaluation of the Optic Nerve Head in Patients with Unilateral Visual Field Loss from Primary Open-angle Glaucoma

Measurable structural alterations of the optic nerve head may precede visual field abnormalities in early open-angle glaucoma. The authors studied the optic nerve heads of 10 patients with unilateral visual field loss from primary open-angle glaucoma, and 12 age- and sex-matched normal subjects. Topographic optic nerve head parameters were measured with a system of computerized image analysis (Rodenstock Analyzer, G. Rodenstock Instrumente GMBH, Munich, W. Germany). In patients with asymmetric primary open-angle glaucoma, eyes with normal visual fields had a slightly larger mean (+/- standard error of the mean) disc rim area (0.90 +/- 0.04 mm2) than eyes with glaucomatous visual field defects (0.78 +/- 0.05 mm2). However, both sets of eyes in the asymmetric primary open-angle glaucoma patients had smaller mean disc rim areas (P less than 0.0007) than did the control group (1.27 +/- 0.09 mm2). These findings support the hypothesis that loss of the optic disc rim can be detected before perimetric abnormalities develop in primary open-angle glaucoma.
NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF POOR BLACK AND HISPANIC CHILDREN IN AN URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD HEALTH CENTER

Abstract A survey was made of a poor inner-city population attending a neighborhood health center to determine the prevalence of undernutrition, obesity, and short stature. The Waterlow classification of acute and chronic undernutrition was used; obesity was defined as triceps fat fold 85%ile. A total of 316 patients aged 0–12 years were studied; 69% were Hispanic and 29% were Black. The prevalence of undernutrition was 14%, whereas only 11% were obese. Short stature was found in 21%. There were no significant differences between Blacks and Hispanics in the prevalence of undernutrition, obesity, and short stature. Hispanic immigrant children had significantly more short stature than U.S. born Hispanics. These data indicate a prevalence of undernutrition in some U.S. population that is comparable to that in developing countries.
Performance limits for optimal microburst encounter

An effort has been made to ascertain the envelope-edges for uneventful aircraft penetrations of microburst windshears on the basis of optimal aircraft control strategies. Over 1100 such trajectories have been computed for contemporary airliners and general aviation aircraft, in the case of idealized microbursts, using a successive quadratic program trajectory optimization algorithm able to directly handle inequality constraints. Variations of optimal performance with microburst type, intensity, length scale, and location, define performance limits; these limits fall into short, intermediate, and long microburst length scale regimes. The ability to safely transit a microburst also varies strongly with microburst location.
Effects of Task Instructions and Passage Difficulty on Semantic and Non-Semantic Processing of Linguistic Ideas:

An active role in learning was assumed by the 80 volunteers in this experiment. Three independent variables were manipulated, knowledge of a recognition test, voicing an opinion about the passage, and the difficulty of passage. Three factorial analyses of variance showed significant main effects for knowledge of a recognition test and difficulty of passage on the nonsemantic section of the recognition task; significant three-way interactions of knowledge of the recognition task and voicing of an opinion and difficulty of the passage on the combined questions and on the semantic questions. The results fall within the depth of processing framework of Craik and Lockhart (1972).
Sphincter-Sparing Surgery in Patients with Low-Lying Rectal Cancer: Techniques, Oncologic Outcomes, and Functional Results

Rectal cancer management has evolved into a complex multimodality approach with survival, local recurrence, and quality of life parameters being the relevant endpoints. Surgical treatment for low rectal cancer has changed dramatically over the past 100 years. Abdominoperineal resection, once the standard of care for all rectal cancers, has become much less frequently utilized as surgeons devise and test new techniques for preserving the sphincters, maintaining continuity, and performing oncologically sound ultra-low anterior or local resections. Progress in rectal cancer surgery has been driven by improved understanding of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the disease, innovative surgical technique, improved technology, multimodality approaches, and increased appreciation of the patient’s quality of life. The patient with a low rectal cancer, once almost universally destined for impotence and a colostomy, now has the real potential for improved survival, avoidance of a permanent stoma, and preservation of the normal route of defecation.
‘Can the Dalit articulate a universal position?’: the intellectual, the social, and the writing of history

The term intellectual, whether understood as a certain kind of human or as a social activity, is marked by a striking tension between a claim to universality and searching questions about what that...
TRAFFIC EXTERNALITIES AND SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSE PRICES.

. This study is the first to lend empirical support to the common belief that traffic intensity affects property values. Using a standard hedonic pricing model, this paper investigates the price effects on housing of traffic within a neighborhood. Results using data on single-family housing transactions for two different locations in a medium-sized city show a substantial negative price effect of traffic externalities. The magnitude of the effect is shown to be location specific.
Pioneers of the online age

Abstract The historical development of online systems and services is not just a story of tapes and disks, terminals and telephones, search engines and algorithms, demonstrations and downtime; it is also a story of people. Examination of the published and unpublished documentation and transcripts of oral histories reveals a sense of a significant era and a vital, exciting time in the individual professional lives of the online pioneers. The leaders of the online age can be divided into three groups: the developers, the managers and trainers, and the users. The developers were diverse in their geographic and disciplinary backgrounds and their underlying goals, but they all were aggressive, competitive, and imaginative in creating opportunities to exploit the latest hardware and software of the period. The second group, managers and trainers, energetically demonstrated the unreliable online systems. With zeal, perseverance, charm, and even chicanery, they recruited and trained the first users. The users were the third group, playing a critical role in evaluating new systems, testing documentation, and assessing training programs.
RADIATIVE TRANSPORT IN THE DIFFUSION APPROXIMATION : AN EXTENSION FOR HIGHLY ABSORBING MEDIA AND SMALL SOURCE-DETECTOR SEPARATIONS

The diffusion approximation to the Boltzmann transport equation is commonly used to analyze data obtained from biomedical optical diagnostic techniques. Unfortunately, this approximation has significant limitations to accurately predict radiative transport in turbid media, which constrains its applicability to highly scattering systems. Here we extend the diffusion approximation in both stationary and frequency-domain cases using an approach initially formulated independently by Prahl [Ph.D. thesis, University of Texas at Austin, 1988 (unpublished)] and Star [in Dosimetry of Laser Radiation in Medicine and Biology, edited by G. J. M\"uller and D. H. Sliney (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1989), pp. 146--154; in Optical-Thermal Response of Laser-Irradiated Tissue, edited by A. J. Welch and M. J. C. van Gemert (Plenum, New York, 1995), pp. 131--206]. The solution is presented in the stationary case for infinite media with a collimated source of finite size exhibiting spherical symmetry. The solution is compared to results given by standard diffusion theory as well as to measurements made in turbid phantoms with reduced single scattering albedos ${a}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ ranging from 0.248 to 0.997. Unlike the conventional diffusion approximation, the approach presented here provides accurate descriptions of optical dosimetry in both low and high scattering media. Moreover, it accurately describes the transition from the highly anisotropic light distributions present close to collimated sources to the nearly isotropic light distribution present in the far field. It is postulated that the ability to measure the transition between this near and far field behavior and predict it within a single theoretical framework may allow the separation of the single scattering anisotropy g from the reduced scattering coefficient ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{s}^{\ensuremath{'}}.$ The generalized formulation of diffusion theory presented here may enable the quantitative application of present optical diagnostic techniques to turbid systems which are more highly absorbing and allow these systems to be probed using smaller source-detector separations.
A leucyl-transfer RNA specified by the amber suppressor gene Su6+☆

Abstract The species of leucyl-tRNA responsible for the amber suppressor activity of the Su 6 + gene was partially purified (60-fold increase in specific suppressor activity) by chromatography on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose. The homologous species of leucyl-tRNA (without suppressor activity) was similarly purified from an Su6 − strain. Each of the species of tRNA accounts for about 5% of the total leucine-acceptor activity. The binding to ribosomes of leucyl-suppressor tRNA from the Su 6 + strain is stimulated by the amber codon UAG but not by the leucine codon UUG. The homologous leucyl-tRNA from the Su 6 − strain shows the opposite codon specificity, binding to ribosomes with UUG but not with UAG, These results suggest that in the Su 6 + strain, the anticodon CAA of one species of leucyl-tRNA has been changed to CUA as a result of the suppressor mutation in the Su 6 gene. There is another species of leucyl-tRNA which also binds to ribosomes with UUG; this species is not affected by the suppressor mutation and therefore remains available in the Su 6 + strain for the translation of UUG.
Democratic Deficits of a Dualist Deliberative Constitutionalism: Bruce Ackerman and Jürgen Habermas

. This paper analyzes the deliberative constitutional models of Bruce Ackerman and Jurgen Habermas. It argues that Ackerman’s version of democratic dualism sets strict normative distinctions between constitutional and ordinary political deliberations. As a result, it ignores everyday political processes and citizens’ ordinary public deliberations and is unresponsive to ongoing social changes in a liberal pluralist society. On the other hand, Habermas’s discursive constitution defends a dynamic relationship between constitutional and ordinary politics. It provides a better model of a continuous constitutional development that is more open to new social and historical circumstances.
Thymocyte-stimulating factor from peripheral blood cells

Abstract Human peripheral blood leukocytes (HPBL) produce a thymocyte-stimulating factor (TSF-HPBL) that enhances the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) responsiveness of murine thymocytes. This activity is considerably specific for thymocytes. TSF-HPBL is not mitogenic by itself. Experiments with cell cultures pretreated with carbonyl iron particles showed that phagocytic cells are not involved in the production of mouse and rat TSF but are involved in the production of TSF-HPBL. The dose-response profile to PHA of murine thymocytes cultured in the presence of TSF-containing supernatants is similar to that of mature, immunocompetent spleen cells. TSF-HPBL, however, does not enhance the PHA responsiveness of murine thymocytes at low (
Extending GACP aerosol climatology beyond NOAA-9 AVHRR lifetime

We present an improved version of GACP (Global Aerosol Climatology Project) algorithm which uses channel 1 and 2 radiances of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) to retrieve aerosol optical thickness and Angstrom exponent over the ocean. We specifically discuss recent changes in the algorithm as well as the results of a sensitivity study analyzing the effect of several sources of retrieval errors not addressed previously. Uncertainties in the AVHRR radiance calibration (particularly in the deep- space count value) may be among the major factors potentially limiting the retrieval accuracy. On the other hand, the performance of two-channel algorithms weakly depends on a specific choice of the aerosol size distribution function. The updated algorithm is applied to a 10-year period of observations (July 1983 - Aug 1994), which includes data from NOAA-7, NOAA-9 (February 1985 - November 1988),and NOAA-11 satellites. The results are posted on the world wide web at http:gacp.giss.nasa.gov/retrievals. The NOAA-9 record shows no discernable long-term trends in the global and hemisphere averages of the optical thickness and Angstrom exponent. On the other hand, there is a discontinuity in the Angstrom exponent values derived from NOAA-9 and NOAA-11 data and a significant temporal trend in the NOAA-11 record. The latter are unlikely to be related to the Pinatubo eruption and may be indicative of a serious calibration problem.
Preinduction cervical ripening with prostaglandin E2 (Prepidil) gel

The effect of preinduction cervical ripening with Prepidil, a commercially prepared prostaglandin E2 gel (0.5 mg), on the outcome of induction of labor with intravenous oxytocin was investigated. Fifty-nine pregnant women were randomized either to receive intracervical application of the gel or to undergo sham application. Compared to control subjects, patients in the group given Prepidil had significant increases in cervical Bishop scores, shorter induction-to-delivery intervals, lower maximum doses of oxytocin, and fewer days of induction. Systemic side effects were minimal, but 37% (11 of 30) of the gel-treated patients experienced labor prior to receiving oxytocin and 20% (six of 30) were actually delivered during the 12-hour ripening period. No differences in route of delivery or fetal outcome were found between the two groups.
2‐Hydr­oxy‐5,5‐dimethyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaphospho­rinan‐2‐one monohydrate

The title compound, C11H15O4P·H2O, commonly called (S)-phencyphos monohydrate, belongs to a class of phosphori­nanes. Mol­ecules form a hydrogen-bond network of corrugated ribbons.
Complete solutions of the Clausius-Duhem inequality for electromagnetic interactions with matter

Abstract A complete solution of the C-D inequality for matter with electromagnetic interactions is shown to consist of sums of three kinds of terms. The first is that given by the quasi-reversible solutions prevalent in the literature, the second is given in terms of a functional gradient of a dissipation potential, and the third has the property of being totally nondissipative. Hall currents and their generalizations are one example of the third kind of terms. It is shown that all electromagnetically interacting bodies possess dissipation potentials, and explicit constitutive relations are obtained in all cases. The analysis is based on a Lorentz covariant formulation so that there is no restriction to velocities that are small compared with the speed of light.
Couples Forgiveness Exercise

The couples forgiveness exercise provides a tool for therapists when a breach of trustworthiness has occurred between mates. The procedure is outlined and applied to a case study.
On a class of weak triangular norm operators

Some basic properties associated with aggregation operators are introduced. We introduce two classes of aggregation operators called weak t-norm and weak t-conorm operators. These classes are obtained by relaxing the associativity and boundary conditions of the t-norms and t-conorm, respectively. Using the fuzzy modeling technology, we construct families of these operators. The families developed involve a nonlinear weighted averaging of t-norms and t-conorms. the nonlinearity results from the fact that the weights used are themselves dependent on the argument values used in the aggregation. Particular emphasis is given, as used in this work, to the possibilities of using the fuzzy systems modeling technology as a tool for constructing aggregation functions from a specification of some properties of the desired operator.
Sexual Abuse Prevention: A Training Program for Developmental Disabilities Service Providers.

Persons with developmental disabilities are at an increased risk for becoming victims of sexual abuse. Research has revealed that the largest group of identified perpetrators of sexual abuse is developmental disability service providers. The purpose of the present study was to develop, implement, and evaluate the effectiveness of a sexual abuse prevention training program. Participants were administered a survey assessing knowledge and attitudes before and after the training workshop. Small improvements in knowledge and attitudes about sexual abuse and the sexuality of persons with developmental disabilities were found; however, ge-neral attitudes about individuals with developmental disabilities did not change. Suggestions for future directions in this area are provided.
“From sweet potatoes to God Almighty”: Roy Rappaport on being a hedgehog

Recognized as a principal figure in ecological anthropology, Roy Rappaport is best known for his study Pigs for the Ancestors (1968). His work in the anthropology of religion has received less attention. Least acknowledged is Rappaport's role in defining an “engaged” anthropology. Drawn from interviews Tom Fricke conducted with Rappaport in the year before his death in October 1997, this article gives insight into these three facets of his professional life. Beginning with an account of Rappaport's fieldwork with the Tsembaga Maring, the discussion takes up his core themes, ideas that evolved out of his early field experience and with which he was engaged as he worked to finish his final book, Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity (1999).
Dosimetric effect of interfractional needle displacement in prostate high-dose-rate brachytherapy.

Abstract Purpose To quantify the dosimetric deviations that would arise from delivering subsequent prostate high-dose-rate fractions with only needle readjustment and no replanning after the first fraction. Methods and Materials Patients were treated with either two implant sessions (two 9.5-Gy fractions per session) separated by 2–4 weeks or with one implant session and external beam radiotherapy. After needle placement, needle positions were adjusted under CT guidance, after which dosimetric planning was performed before each fraction. To evaluate the consequence of not replanning before the second fraction, we analyzed the dosimetric parameters of 45 consecutive implants (26 patients). Needles with optimized dwell positions from the first fraction were transferred to the needle positions in the second fraction. Needle displacement between fractions was assessed as well as changes in plan metrics. Results After adjustment, the mean interfractional needle displacement was 3.5 mm. If replanned, the probability of planning target volume D90% ≥95% is 100%, prostate V100% ≥95% is 87%, and urethra V115% ≤10% is 78%. If treated without replanning, the probability of planning target volume D90% ≥95% is 82%, prostate V100% ≥95% is 53%, and urethra V115% ≤10% is 69%. Even for implants with minimal needle displacement ( Conclusion The dosimetric consequences of not replanning the second fraction for prostate high-dose-rate implants results in significantly inferior plan metrics.
The effect of taxes on small banks' loan loss provisions

So far the earnings management literature has failed to establish the impact of taxes on the Loan Loss Provisions (LLPs) of financial institutions. We extend the discretionary LLP literature to a less studied area regarding the role of taxes in determining the behaviour of LLPs in a sample of 300 small banks in the period 1990?2004. Due to tax provisions that allow small banks to use LLPs, we find support for the hypothesis that taxes affect banks' discretionary LLPs. This finding is contrary to the findings of the few studies on this subject (Beatty et al., 1995; Scholes et al., 1990) that, using large banks, find little or no linkage between taxes and LLPs. We find that banks that were likely to pay the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) tended to lower their LLP. In addition, low Marginal Tax Rate (MTR) banks tend to have greater LLP than high MTR banks. Although the results may not be generalisable to the general population of banks and because LLPs are a large proportion of banks' income, these findings are important for bank regulators and analysts who may want to analyse LLP drivers.