cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining Age as a Potential Moderator of Response to Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Vulnerable Populations.

INTRODUCTION Young adults (aged 18-24 years) have a higher smoking prevalence than younger and older age groups and young adulthood is an important developmental period during which long-term behavior patterns like cigarette smoking are established. The aim of the current study was to examine how young adult smokers with additional vulnerabilities to smoking respond to reduced nicotine content cigarettes. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of a double-blind, within-subject experiment conducted with 169 cigarette smokers recruited from populations with comorbid psychiatric conditions or socioeconomic disadvantage assessing acute effects of research cigarettes varying in nicotine content (0.4, 2.4, 5.2, 15.8 mg/g). Participants were dichotomized by chronological age (18-24 vs. ≥25 years). Across 14 laboratory sessions effects of nicotine content were examined on measures of relative reinforcing efficacy (Cigarette Purchase Task [CPT] and Concurrent Choice testing), subjective effects, craving/withdrawal, and smoking topography. Repeated measures analysis of variances were used to examine potential moderating effects of age. RESULTS Young adults exhibited lower demand for reduced nicotine content cigarettes than older adults across three of five CPT indices (ps < .05). No differences by age were observed on other measures of reinforcing efficacy, subjective effects, craving/withdrawal, or smoking topography where effects generally decreased as an orderly function of decreasing nicotine content (ps <.05). CONCLUSION Overall, these findings suggest that reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes would decrease the addiction potential of cigarette smoking in young adult smokers as much or perhaps more than older adult smokers from populations at increased vulnerability to smoking, addiction, and smoking-related health consequences. IMPLICATIONS Reducing the nicotine content in cigarettes to lower addiction potential of smoking has been proposed as a means to improve overall population health. It is imperative to examine how young adults may respond to a nicotine reduction policy. We saw minimal evidence that age moderates acute response and where there was evidence it was in the direction of reduced nicotine content cigarettes having less addictive potential among young versus older adults (eg, steeper decreases in demand for very low nicotine content cigarettes among young versus older adults). Overall, a nicotine reduction policy has the potential to reduce smoking across age groups.
Exercise test interpretation.

The interpretation of an exercise test should encompass both subjective and objective aspects derived from testing. The patient’s appearance, symptoms, and physical examination form an important part of the exercise test as do the hemodynamic responses of blood pressure and heart rate. In addition, the assessment of exercise capacity has been correlated to diagnosis and prognosis of patients with heart disease. Moreover, exercise-induced electrocardiographic changes provide the clinician with markers of cardiac pathology, which together with hemodynamic and clinical responses complete the exercise interpretation.
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Pediatric Patients: A Review of Epidemiology, Symptomatology, Laboratory and Imaging Results to Guide the Development of a Management Algorithm

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been declared a worldwide pandemic. Compared to adults, there has been a significantly smaller number of reported cases of COVID-19 in the pediatric population, although the incidence is increasing every day. This article looks to review specific epidemiological factors, symptomatology, laboratory and imaging workup, and other relevant metrics derived from the limited published literature that are specific to the pediatric population, to provide a review for the pediatric practitioner and guide, in part, the creation of a clinical algorithm for the management of COVID-19 in the pediatric population that can be utilized by pediatric institutions.
Association Between Public Knowledge About COVID-19, Trust in Information Sources, and Adherence to Social Distancing: Cross-Sectional Survey.

Background: The success of behavioral interventions and policies designed to reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic depends on how well individuals are informed about both the consequences of infection and the steps that should be taken to reduce the impact of the disease. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate associations between public knowledge about COVID-19, adherence to social distancing, and public trust in government information sources (eg, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), private sources (eg, FOX and CNN), and social networks (eg, Facebook and Twitter) to inform future policies related to critical information distribution. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey (N=1243) between April 10 and 14, 2020. Data collection was stratified by US region and other demographics to ensure representativeness of the sample. Results: Government information sources were the most trusted among the public. However, we observed trends in the data that suggested variations in trust by age and gender. White and older populations generally expressed higher trust in government sources, while non-White and younger populations expressed higher trust in private sources (eg, CNN) and social networks (eg, Twitter). Trust in government sources was positively associated with accurate knowledge about COVID-19 and adherence to social distancing. However, trust in private sources (eg, FOX and CNN) was negatively associated with knowledge about COVID-19. Similarly, trust in social networks (eg, Facebook and Twitter) was negatively associated with both knowledge and adherence to social distancing. Conclusions: During pandemics such as the COVID-19 outbreak, policy makers should carefully consider the quality of information disseminated through private sources and social networks. Furthermore, when disseminating urgent health information, a variety of information sources should be used to ensure that diverse populations have timely access to critical knowledge.
Fatigue or Weakness

Fatigue is one of the most common patient complaints, particularly among adolescents. Although it is usually due to environmental factors such as insufficient sleep or excessive stress or exertion, it can be a presenting symptom of underlying disease. In addition to non-endocrine diseases, thyroid disorders, hyperglycemia, hypercalcemia, and adrenal disorders may all present with fatigue. Weakness may also be a presenting sign of thyroid disorders, hypercalcemia, adrenal insufficiency, or Cushing syndrome. This chapter will discuss the differential diagnosis of fatigue or weakness, along with recommended initial evaluation, with particular attention to endocrine disorders that may present with these complaints.
Linguistics Then and Now: Some Personal Reflections

By mid-twentieth century, a working consensus had been reached in the linguistics community, based on the great achievements of preceding years. Synchronic linguistics had been established as a sci...
Finite element analysis of double lap protruding head bolted joints in tension simulating aircraft joints

Since the inception of aerospace industry the emphasis has been laid upon safe and efficient design of aircraft. Use of bolted joints is widespread in aircraft industry due to high loading capability. They have higher tensile and fatigue strengths as compared to welded, riveted and pinned joints. Bolt pretension has a direct positive impact on joint behavior and its resistance to fatigue due to creation of positive stress conditions surrounding the hole. Double lap joints have improved strength as compared to single lap joints due to direct impact of pretension on double lap joints. This paper focuses on investigating the effects of fastener geometry in the absence of washers around the double lap single bolted aluminum alloy joint. The model comprises of 7075-T6 aluminum plates bolted by structural steel bolt. Elastic plastic multi linear kinematic hardening material behavior has been observed for the aluminum alloy. Bolt clamping force and tensile force on the middle plate has been applied in two steps and result solely for bolt clamping forces, combination of bolt clamping force & tensile force and for difference frictional coefficients between the contact surfaces have been analyzed. It has been observed that the increase in clamping force increases compressive stress around the plate. Moreover, in the presence of tensile loading the increase in clamping force decreases the tensile stress around the holes. This study also finds that the increase in frictional coefficient significantly decreases tensile and compressive stress distribution around the hole, therefore choice of proper frictional coefficient is of paramount importance for correct results. This research helps in analysis of compressive and tensile stresses induced as a results of force application on double lap joints with protruding heads. Moreover effects of frictional coefficients on joint loading has also been emphasized.
Information friction and investor home bias: A perspective on the effect of global IFRS adoption on the extent of equity home bias

Abstract This paper provides a perspective on the effect of IFRS adoption on the tendency of investors to under-invest in foreign equities. We consider explanations for the equity home bias described in prior research and discuss research relevant to the informational consequences of global adoption of IFRS. Specifically, we evaluate whether IFRS adoption reduces information processing costs or decreases investor uncertainty about either the quality of financial reporting or the distribution of future cash flows. We predict that the effect of any reduction in information processing costs from the adoption of IFRS is likely to be small relative to the effects of other determinants of home bias such as the strength of investor protection mechanisms in foreign countries, behavioral biases toward familiar equities, and informational advantages related to geographical proximity. We argue that the quality of the information that investors have (or perceive they have) decreases with distance, conclude that global IFRS adoption is unlikely to affect home bias, and propose avenues for future research.
App Analysis with a Larger Than Usual Number of Usability Experts

Mobile app development and usage is booming in India; however, it is still in the early stages of adoption especially among the rural farming community. This research attempted to identify the usability problems of a selected agricultural mobile app, NaPanta, developed for Indian farmers. A twofold method was used to understand the usability and functionality of the app. Phase-1: the app was reviewed by experts (n = 18) using cognitive walkthrough and heuristic evaluation for usability and performance analyses. Phase-2: field studies with real users (n = 53) were conducted to compare and validate findings from the low-cost usability studies of phase-1. This paper discusses methods and findings of phase-1.
Effects of Chinese Import Competition on Self-employed Business Owners in the U.S.

Exploiting variation in exposure to Chinese import growth across U.S. local markets, I investigate the effects of import competition on self-employment between 1990 and 2014. I find Chinese import competition had negative effects on self-employment during the 1990s. However, the negative effects disappear after 2000. Indeed, Chinese import growth did not have any significant impact on self-employment in manufacturing, but had positive effects on self-employment in non-manufacturing sectors, mostly driven by incorporated self-employed individuals. I also find that the impact varies substantially across different groups characterized by gender, age, and education.
A multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory-based approach to molecular junctions

Due to their small size and unique properties, single-molecule electronics have long seen research interest from experimentalists and theoreticians alike. From a theoretical standpoint, modeling these systems using electronic structure theory can be difficult due to the importance of electron correlation in the determination of molecular properties, and this electron correlation can be computationally expensive to consider, particularly multiconfigurational correlation energy. In this work, we develop a new approach for the study of single-molecule electronic systems, denoted NEGF-MCPDFT, which combines multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MCPDFT) with the non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism (NEGF). The use of MCPDFT with NEGF allows for the efficient inclusion of both static and dynamic electron correlations in the description of the junction’s electronic structure. Complete active space self-consistent field wave functions are used as references in the MCPDFT calculation, and as with any active space method, effort must be made to determine the proper orbital character to include in the active space. We perform conductance and transmission calculations on a series of alkanes (predominantly single-configurational character) and benzyne (multiconfigurational character), exploring the role that active space selection has on the computed results. For the alkane junctions explored (where dynamic electron correlation dominates), the MCPDFT-NEGF results agree well with the DFT-NEGF results. For the benzyne junction (which has a significant static correlation), we see clear differences in the MCPDFT-NEGF and DFT-NEGF results and evidence that NEGF-MCPDFT is capturing additional electron correlation effects beyond those provided by the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof functional.
Prior Informed Regularization of Recursively Updated Latent-Variables-Based Models with Missing Observations.

Abstract Many data-driven modeling techniques identify locally valid, linear representations of time-varying or nonlinear systems, and thus the model parameters must be adaptively updated as the operating conditions of the system vary, though the model identification typically does not consider prior knowledge. In this work, we propose a new regularized partial least squares (rPLS) algorithm that incorporates prior knowledge in the model identification and can handle missing data in the independent covariates. This latent variable (LV) based modeling technique consists of three steps. First, a LV-based model is developed on the historical time series data. In the second step, the missing observations in the new incomplete data sample are estimated. Finally, the future values of the outputs are predicted as a linear combination of estimated scores and loadings. The model is recursively updated as new data are obtained from the system. The performance of the proposed rPLS and rPLS with exogenous inputs (rPLSX) algorithms are evaluated by modeling variations in glucose concentration (GC) of people with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in response to meals and physical activities for prediction windows up to one hour, or 12 sampling instances, into the future. The proposed rPLS family of GC prediction models are evaluated with both in-silico and clinical experiment data and compared with the performance of recursive time series and kernel-based models. The root mean squared error (RMSE) with simulated subjects in the multivariable T1D simulator where physical activity effects are incorporated in GC variations are 2.52 and 5.81 mg/dL for 30 and 60 mins ahead predictions (respectively) when information for all meals and physical activities are used, increasing to 2.70 and 6.54 mg/dL (respectively) when meals and activities occurred, but the information is withheld from the modeling algorithms. The RMSE is 10.45 and 14.48 mg/dL for clinical study with prediction horizons of 30 and 60 mins, respectively. The low RMSE values demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed rPLS approach compared to the conventional recursive modeling algorithms.
The early embryonic transcriptome of a Hawaiian Drosophila picture-wing fly shows evidence of altered gene expression and novel gene evolution

A massive adaptive radiation on the Hawaiian archipelago has produced approximately one quarter of the fly species in the family Drosophilidae. The Hawaiian Drosophila clade has long been recognized as a model system for the study of both the ecology of island endemics and the evolution of developmental mechanisms, but relatively few genomic and transcriptomic datasets are available for this group. We present here a differential expression analysis of the transcriptional profiles of two highly conserved embryonic stages in the Hawaiian picture-wing fly Drosophila grimshawi. When we compared our results to previously published datasets across the family Drosophilidae, we identified cases of both gains and losses of gene representation in D. grimshawi, including an apparent delay in Hox gene activation. We also found high expression of unannotated genes. Most transcripts of unannotated genes with open reading frames do not have homologs in non-Hawaiian Drosophila species, although the vast majority have sequence matches in other genomes of the Hawaiian picture-wing flies. Some of these genes may have arisen from non-coding sequence in the ancestor of Hawaiian flies or during the evolution of the clade. Our results suggests that both the modified use of ancestral genes and the evolution of new ones may occur in rapid radiations.
A successful embolization of a vertebral arteriovenous fistula.

Selective arterial embolization of arteriovenous fistula has been used as an alternative approach co surgical repair. In one case that was twice surgically treated without success, cathecer embolization was performed with good result. Our case offers additional proof of the efficacy of this form of treatment.
Uniform Vehicle Code and State Statutes Governing Bicycling, 2010: Analysis of Definitions and Statutes

The legal framework in which the users of bicycles and motorized vehicles operate varies widely from state to state. For laws governing vehicles on roads, the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances has created the Uniform Vehicle Code (UVC). The UVC was developed as a framework that each state can adopt fully or in part or ignore completely as best serves the state. Most states have adopted the majority of the UVC without alteration, but standards applied by various states to the operation of bicycles tend to deviate from the UVC. Twelve areas of the UVC and how the 50 states have each chosen to treat these areas through their state codes were examined. As the rules of the road are made nearly uniform, especially regarding the operation of and interaction with bicycles, the goals of promoting safety and uniformity are advanced. This consistency also mitigates the potential for confusion, as the expectancy for operators of vehicles and bicycles will likely not be violated. This research showed that not every state had placed the same priority on the safety of all road users. This analysis showed that although much progress was being made to alleviate inadequacies, there was still much work to be done. Without a national focus on the uniformity of traffic laws related to bicycling, the continued patchwork covering the nation would remain and leave serious holes that would ultimately make the roads less safe for everyone.
Hummingbird nutrition: Development of a purified diet for long-term maintenance

A purified liquid diet containing 25% solids (by weight) was developed for maintenance of adult hummingbirds so that nutritional studies could be conducted. Calypte anna and C. costae were fed the diet for at least 1 year, during which time they maintained body weights and general good health, and they molted normally. A diet containing 3% protein (dry weight basis), supplied by isolated soybean protein plus methionine, met the need for nitrogen. It was found that Calypte anna and C. costae do not need ascorbic acid in their diets.
Algorithms for intersecting parametric and algebraic curves I: simple intersections

The problem of computing the intersection of parametric and algebraic curves arises in many applications of computer graphics and geometric and solid modeling. Previous algorithms are based on techniques from elimination theory or subdivision and iteration. The former is, however, restricted to low-degree curves. This is mainly due to issues of efficiency and numerical stability. In this article we use elimination theory and express the resultant of the equations of intersection as matrix determinant. The matrix itself rather than its symbolic determinant, a polynomial, is used as the representation. The problem of intersection is reduced to that of computing the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a numeric matrix. The main advantage of this approach lies in its efficency and robustness. Moreover, the numerical accuracy of these operations is well understood. For almost all cases we are able to compute accurate answers in 64-bit IEEE floating-point arithmetic.
Secure code distribution in dynamically programmable wireless sensor networks

Remote reprogramming of in situ wireless sensor networks (WSNs) via the wireless link is an important capability. Securing the process of reprogramming allows each sensor node to authenticate each received code image. Due to the resource constraints of WSNs, public key schemes must be used sparingly. This paper introduces a mechanism for secure and efficient code distribution that employs public key cryptography only to sign the root of a combined structure consisting of both hash chains and hash trees. The chain based scheme works best when packets are received in the order they are sent with very few losses. Our hash tree based scheme allows nodes to authenticate packets and verify their integrity quickly, even when the packets may arrive out of order, but can result in too many public key operations. Integrating hash chains and hash trees produces a mechanism that is both resilient to losses and lightweight in terms of reducing memory consumption and the number of public key operations that a node has to perform. Simulation shows that the proposed secure reprogramming schemes add only a modest amount of overhead to a conventional non-secure reprogramming scheme, namely Deluge, and are therefore feasible and practical in a wireless sensor network.
A Project Staffing Model to Enhance the Effectiveness of Knowledge Transfer in the Requirements Planning Phase for Multi-Project Environments

When the systems analysis phase produces faulty requirements, it can often be traced to the failure of the requirements determination team and the client to communicate effectively. This failure is frequently a consequence of inadequate knowledge of the client's domain possessed by the development team. This paper presents concepts and procedures designed to facilitate communication between requirements determination teams and clients across a full set of IS projects with potentially differing priorities. A systematic framework for staffing requirements determination teams is provided. The importance and interdependence of two types of knowledge, explicit and tacit, to the success of the requirements determination phase is extensively explored. A metric for explicit knowledge coupled with a model that captures the impact of various levels of tacit knowledge upon the acquisition rate of explicit knowledge serve as key inputs to our Project Staffing Model. The appropriately weighted area under an explicit knowledge curve captures the totality of explicit knowledge. Summing such values, weighted to reflect project importance, provides a mechanism for evaluating alternative staffing assignments. An illustrative case highlights implementation issues and suggests procedures when uncertainty exists concerning key inputs. A research agenda is recommended for the estimation of factors required by the analysis.
Field evaluation of three methods for monitoring populations of house flies (Musca domestica) (Diptera: Muscidae) and other filth flies in three types of poultry housing systems.

Analysis of field data collected over several years in three poultry housing systems (narrow caged-layer houses. high-rise caged-layer houses. and broiler-breeder layer houses) indicated that the baited jug-trap was a reliable method of sampling house flies. Musca domestica L.; sticky ribbons provided additional information on two other fly species. Relative frequency of house fly capture indicated that this fly was present in all poultry systems in North Carolina from May to October. while Fannia canicularis (L.) and Ophyra spp. were present in low numbers after July. Sticky ribbon indices were correlated with baited jug-trap indices for all three fly species in all poultry systems. Spot card indices were correlated with house fly abundance indices, but appeared to be influenced by other fly species in narrow and high-rise caged-layer houses. The relationship between the mean and variance of house fly abundance indices was used to determine the number of samples required to obtain estimates of house fly abundance with a fixed level of precision (CV = 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20) in each poultry housing system.
A model for the high temperature superconducting (La or Y)BaCuO systems

Abstract A model which qualitatively accounts for the dependence of the “onset temperatures” of the high temperature superconducting (La or Y)BaCuO systems on the compositions of these systems is presented.
Evolution of therapeutic approaches to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

UNLABELLED ▪ ABSTRACT : The site of origin of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and the histological distribution of the disease are the most important factors in understanding the correct method to evaluate CIN. Changes in terminology from the CIN classification to the Bethesda squamous intraepithelial lesion definitions also influence the approach to treatment. Lowgrade lesions are not treated; high-grade lesions are treated. ▪.
Numerical investigations of liquid-solid slurry flows in a fully developed turbulent flow region

In this paper, a simplified 3D algebraic slip mixture (ASM) model is introduced to obtain the numerical solution in sand–water slurry flow. In order for the study to obtain the precise numerical solution in fully developed turbulent flow, the RNG K–e turbulent model was used with the ASM model. An unstructured (block-structured) non-uniform grid was chosen to discretize the entire computational domain, and a control volume finite difference method was used to solve the governing equations. The mean pressure gradients from the numerical solutions were compared with the authors experimental data and that in the open literature. The solutions were found to be in good agreement when the slurry mean velocity is higher than the corresponding critical deposition velocity. Moreover, the numerical investigations have displayed some important slurry flow characteristics, such as volume fraction distributions, slurry density, slip velocity magnitude, slurry mean velocity distributions, and slurry mean skin friction coefficient distributions in a fully developed section, that have never been displayed in the experiments. 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Tests of Market Reaction and Analysts' Forecast Revisions to the Disclosure of Improved Management Earnings Expectations: A Case of Concurrent Bad News Management Earnings Forecasts

This paper tests whether a negative stock market reaction, associated with a management forecast of near term bad earnings, is lessened by a concurrent management forecast of improved longer term earnings expectations. Stock market reactions depend on the creditability of management forecasts of improved earnings expectations. In this analysis, the authors examined market reactions around the time of management forecasts of bad earnings, with and without longer-term management forecasts of improved earnings expectations. The results show that the stock market reaction is significantly less negative when management forecasts of bad earnings are followed by management forecasts of improved long run earnings expectations than when management forecasts of bad earnings are not accompanied by management forecasts of improved earnings expectations. In addition, this paper examines financial analysts' reactions to management bad earnings forecasts and management forecasts of improved earnings expectations. The findings show that analysts react less negatively to management forecasts of improved earnings expectations than to management forecasts of bad earnings. An analysis of a sub-sample of observations shows that analysts consider management forecasts of improved earnings expectations to imply improved expected future performance, thus conveying that analysts give credence to management forecasts of improved earnings expectations. However, results show that the stock market and analysts are unable to distinguish management forecasts of improved earnings expectations that come true from management forecasts of improved earning expectations that do not come true.
Pemphigus vulgaris with involvement of the cervix treated using thalidomide therapy

A 55-year-old White woman was first seen in July 1995 with ulceration of the oral mucosa, including the gingiva, labial mucosa, gums, palate and tongue, as well as erosions and blisters on the trunk. A biopsy showed a suprabasal blister with acantholysis. Direct immunofluorescence was positive for intercellular deposits of IgG and C3, and indirect immunofluorescence was positive for intercellular antibodies at a titer of 160. The patient was diagnosed as having pemphigus vulgaris and treated with prednisone 1–1.5 mg/kg/day from 1995 until 1998, but no response was observed (the disease continued to be active with the formation of new lesions). The patient developed a number of steroid-induced complications including diabetes, osteoporosis, Cushing syndrome, hypertension and high-output cardiac failure, and required repeated hospitalization. In August 1998 she was started on azathioprine 100–150 mg/day and continued on prednisone 1 mg/kg/day. One year later, in August 1999, the disease was still active with new lesion formation and persistent oral erosions and dysphagia, despite persistent therapy with azathioprine 150 mg/day and prednisone 1 mg/kg/day. Because of the disease severity and the lack of a response to treatment, in October 1999 the patient was started on thalidomide therapy 100 mg/day (1.7 mg/kg/day) and continued the prednisone treatment at 1 mg/kg/day together with azathioprine 150 mg/day (2.7 mg/kg/day). There was a good response, with clearing of all oral lesions in 20 days. The prednisone dose was gradually reduced and was discontinued in May 2000; azathioprine was gradually reduced to 50 mg 3 times/week (0.35 mg/kg/day). Thalidomide was continued at a dose of 100 mg/day. The patient was in total clinical remission, being free of both old and new lesions, for the next 14 months, when the thalidomide treatment was discontinued as a result of side-effects, including weakness in the legs and paresthesis of the fingers. After the discontinuance of treatment with thalidomide, severe lesions returned. Thalidomide was reintroduced, at 100 mg/day. After 2 months the patient entered total clinical remission and on the last occasion on which she was seen, in May 2003, was found to have remained clear of lesions. The patient continues to take thalidomide at 100 mg/day.
Hypothalamic thermosensitivity and regulation of heat storage behavior in a day-active desert rodentAmmospermophilus nelsoni

1. The characteristics of hypothalamic thermosensitivity ofAmmospermophilus nelsoni were determined at three ambient temperatures by manipulating the temperature of the hypothalamus with chronically implanted, water-perfused thermodes while continuously measuring metabolic rate (Figs. 1, 2, and 3). 2. Hypothalamic thermosensitivity as measured by the proportionality constant for the heat production response to hypothalamic cooling (αMHP) was extremely high in the 6 individuals studied, averaging −5.1 watts kg−1 °C−1 at aTa of 10°C, −5.4 watts kg−1 °C−1 at 20°C, and −7.6 watts kg−1 °C at 30°C (Table 1). 3. The threshold hypothalamic temperature for the metabolic heat production response to hypothalamic cooling decreased asTa increased a veraging 42.2 °C at aTa of 10 °C, 40.9 °C at aTa of 20 °C, and 39.1 °C at aTa of 30 °C (Table 1). 4. High hypothalamic temperatures (>40 °C) induced a long-lasting suppression of the level at whichTb was regulated (Fig. 4). This fall inTb was associated with a decrease in αMHP or the hypothalamic threshold temperature for the metabolic heat production response (Figs. 5 and 6). It is hypothesized that these changes in the hypothalamic regulator of body temperature resulting from high hypothalamic temperatures are the physiological bases of the alleged heat storage thermoregulatory behavior of this small, day-active, desert mammal. 5. A neuronal model of the CNS thermoregulatory system is presented (Fig. 7) which offers possible explanations for the two unusual features of the antelope ground squirrel's thermoregulatory system descriged in this study, namely the increase in the absolute value of αMHP asTa increases and the suppression ofTb, αMHP, and the thresholdThy for the metabolic heat production response following episodes of high hypothalamic temperature.
Enhanced late survival following coronary artery bypass graft operation for unstable versus chronic angina.

Abstract Late survival following coronary artery bypass operation is time-frame dependent, with a major improvement occurring by 1974. In the cohort of patients undergoing operation between 1974 and mid-1982, subsets were present with further enhanced survival. In this study of 3,575 patients, the urgency of clinical presentation is examined as a survival determinant, and the results are seemingly paradoxical. Among the 1,404 patients with chronic angina, survival at 1 month was 98.3%; at 5 years, 88%; and at 8 years, 79%. Among the 1,008 patients with progressive angina, survival at 1 month was 97.8%; at 5 years, 90%; and at 8 years, 80%. Among the 1,163 patients with unstable angina, 1-month survival was 98.3%; 5-year survival, 92%; and 8-year survival, 89%. The best long-term results were obtained in patients with an acute clinical presentation. Ventricular function was an important determinant of late survival for the groups with chronic ( p p p = 0.803). For the patients with chronic angina and good left ventricular (LV) function, survival was 99.5% at 1 month; 92% at 5 years; and 86% at 8 years. For those with poor LV function, the respective survival was 96%, 84%, and 71%. For the patients with progressive angina and good LV function, 1-month survival was 98.9%; 5-year survival, 94%; and 8-year survival, 83%. For those with poor LV function, the respective figures were 96.3%, 85%, and 76%. For the patients with unstable angina and good LV function, survival at 1 month was 97.8%; at 5 years, 92%; and at 8 years, 89%. For those with poor LV function, the respective survival was 98.2%, 91%, and 88%. Late survival is not impaired by poor ventricular function in patients with unstable angina. This unexpected finding suggests greater reversibility in that subset.
Chloride transport and the membrane potential in the marine alga,Halicystis parvula

The relationship between the rate of Cl− transport and the electrical properties ofHalicystis parvula was investigated. Three metabolic inhibitors-darkness, cyanide (2mm), and low temperature (4°C)-all rapidly and reversibly reduce both the short circuit current (SCC), which is a measure of net Cl− transport, and the vacuole electrical potential (PD). Plotting thePD vs. SCC for inhibited cells yields a linear regression with ay-intercept of zero. ThePD is also greatly reduced when the [Cl−] of the external medium is lowered. Raising the external [K+] produces an appreciable, but less than Nernstian, depolarization, while increasing the external [H+] tenfold has no net effect on thePD. Decreasing the external [Na+] by tenfold produces only a slight depolarization. Thus, the outer plasma membrane appears to be moderately selective for K+ over Na+ or H+. The effects of ion substitutions in the vacuolar perfusing solutions on thePD reveal that the vacuolar membrane does not discriminate electrically between Cl− and the much larger anions, isethionate and benzenesulfonate, or between Na+ and K+. The data suggest that in internally perfused cells ofH. parvula generation of thePD of −50 to −60 mV by a transport system involving only electroneutral pumps is unlikely and that most of thisPD is generated by an electrogenic Cl− pump.
Hypothesis Testing in Linear Models (Eisenhart Model I)

The results from an analysis of balanced data are frequently summarized in an analysis of variance (AOV) table. Each sum of squares (SS) in the AOV table is uniquely associated with testing a particular hypothesis in the linear model. These hypotheses are well known and cause no confusion among statisticians as to what is being tested. Results from an analysis of unbalanced data, however, cannot be uniquely summarized in an AOV table, and, consequently, statisticians are often confused about the hypotheses being tested. Some statisticians prefer an orthogonal partitioning of the SS (paralleling the balanced case) as the appropriate analysis; others prefer various forms of nonorthogonal analyses. The purpose of this paper is to show (and, hopefully, clarify) the hypotheses that are being tested in various unbalanced AOV tables.
Semi‐analytical finite element procedure for conduction in anisotropic axisymmetric solids

Through the use of complex series representations and the properties of adjoint differential operators, a semi-analytical finite element procedure is developed which can analyse the steady state and transient temperature fields of thermally anisotropic axisymmetric bodies with complete circumferential properties. Due to its generality, the procedure can handle arbitrary laminate construction with possible meridional and radial variations in locally or globally thermally anisotropic materials. In this respect, the procedure developed herein supercedes the classical semi-analytical treatment which is limited to specially orthotropic materials. Furthermore, in contrast with the classical procedure, the present treatment reveals several important effects of material anisotropy which are entirely missed by the specially orthotropic assumption.
Percutaneous venovenous CO2 removal with regional anticoagulation in an ovine model.

Extracorporeal CO 2 removal may reduce minute ventilation requirements and allow for better tolerance of low tidal volume ventilating strategies in patients with severe respiratory insufficiency. Conventional extracorporeal gas exchange is labor-intensive, expensive, and usually requires systemic anticoagulation. In this study, a simplified venovenous circuit was developed by using regional citrate anticoagulation to avoid potential complications associated with systemic heparin. Five healthy adult sheep underwent percutaneous placement of a double-lumen 18F catheter into the internal jugular vein. The extracorporeal circuit consisted of a hollow fiber oxygenator and a variable speed roller pump. Regional anticoagulation consisted of a continuous citrate infusion to the inflow limb of the circuit. Systemic calcium levels were maintained by calcium chloride infusion through a central line. CO 2 transfer was measured at varying levels of blood and gas flow. CO 2 transfer ranged from 31 ml/min (500 ml/min blood flow; 2 1/min gas flow) to 150 ml/min (1000 ml/min blood flow; 15 l/min gas flow) and was directly proportional to blood flow and gas flow (p < 0.05). Normocapnia was maintained despite a 75% reduction in minute ventilation. At 24 hours, there was no significant clot formation in the circuit.
The molecular basis of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: what are the different hypotheses regarding mechanisms?

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is an inherited disorder characterized by exercise- and stress-induced ventricular tachycardias associated with syncope and sudden cardiac death.1 Two genetic variants of this disease have been described: an autosomal-dominant form caused by mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor gene (RyR2),2–4 and a recessive form associated with homozygous mutations in calsequestrin (CASQ2).5 RyR2 and CASQ2 are both critically involved in the regulation of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling, during which opening of plasmalemmal Ca2+ channels triggers a much greater release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via RyR2 channels. CASQ2 associates with the luminal side of RyR2, and represents a high capacity, low affinity Ca2+-binding protein that plays an important role in buffering Ca2+ within the SR and preventing diastolic Ca2+ release via RyR2.6 Accordingly, abnormalities in the control of SR Ca2+ release constitute the central pathogenic abnormality in CPVT, although considerable controversy exists about the molecular mechanisms causing these defects. This viewpoint will discuss some of these hypotheses, mechanisms, and controversies.
Sucrose octanoate toxicity to brown citrus aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and the parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae).

We report the toxicological effects of a new biorational, synthetic sucrose octanoate (AVA Chemical Ventures L.L.C., Portsmouth, NH), on brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), nymphs and adults and to its native parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson). Sucrose octanoate topically applied was equally toxic to brown citrus aphid adults and nymphs with LC50 and LC90 values ranging from 356 to 514 and 1029 to 1420 ppm, respectively. Mortalities of both stages did not differ significantly over time during the 3–24-h sampling period. Dry residues of sucrose octanoate exhibited similar levels of toxicity to both nymphs and adults. Mortality ranged from 60 to 70% at 6,000 ppm 4 h after exposure. L. testaceipes was not harmed by treatments as high as 4,000 ppm of sucrose octanoate as long as the parasitoid had mummified before treatment. Based on these results, sucrose octanoate would be a useful biorational in citrus integrated pest management programs.
Frequency Tunable MESFET Active Patch Antenna/Oscillators

An integrated transistor-excited patch antenna/oscillator configuration that provides control of oscillation frequency and E-plane radiation pattern by way of an integral stub transmission line is presented. The configuration has been analyzed experimentally through six different models?three involving changing patch widths and three involving changing stub length. The latter three are characterized for the case when the stub end is shorted directly to the adjacent patch surface with a capacitor. This modification changes both the oscillating frequency and the radiation pattern of the structure. It is observed that the stub supports both microstrip and coplanar waveguide modes?a feature that potentially can be exploited because of the additional degree of freedom available.
The effect of infection with adenovirus 2 on the transcription of cellular RNA

Abstract The synthesis of cell-specific RNA in exponentially grown KB cells infected with human adenovirus 2 was studied by DNA-RNA hybridization and hybridization-inhibition. The fraction of pulse-labeled RNA (30 min with 3H-uridine) in the nucleus (nRNA) which hybridized to cellular DNA decreased with time after infection while that in the cytoplasm (cRNA) increased. Polyribosomes of 18 hr-infected cells had twice the content of cell-specific RNA as polyribosomes of uninfected cells. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of pulse labeled cRNA revealed a fraction of RNA in the cytoplasm which hybridized with increasing efficiency to cellular DNA as infection progressed. Hybridization-inhibition did not detect qualitative differences between cell-specific RNA sequences isolated from unfractionated infected and uninfected cells. Hybridization-inhibition using cytoplasmic RNA (cRNA) or cRNA with added nuclear RNA (nRNA) indicate that some cellular RNA species transcribed from reiterated DNA sequences largely restricted to the nucleus of uninfected cells enter the cytoplasm at an increasing rate after infection with adenovirus 2.
Ex-vivo holographic microscopy and spectroscopic analysis of head and neck cancer

Optical probes to identify tumor margins in vivo would greatly reduce the time, effort and complexity in the surgical removal of malignant tissue in head and neck cancers. Current approaches involve visual microscopy of stained tissue samples to determine cancer margins, which results in the excision of excess of tissue to assure complete removal of the cancer. Such surgical procedures and follow-on chemotherapy can adversely affect the patient’s recovery and subsequent quality of life. In order to reduce the complexity of the process and minimize adverse effects on the patient, we investigate ex vivo tissue samples (stained and unstained) using digital holographic microscopy in conjunction with spectroscopic analyses (reflectance and transmission spectroscopy) in order to determine label-free, optically identifiable characteristic features that may ultimately be used for in vivo processing of cancerous tissues. The tissue samples studied were squamous cell carcinomas and associated controls from patients of varying age, gender and race. Holographic microscopic imaging scans across both cancerous and non-cancerous tissue samples yielded amplitude and phase reconstructions that were correlated with spectral signatures. Though the holographic reconstructions and measured spectra indicate variations even among the same class of tissue, preliminary results indicate the existence of some discriminating features. Further analyses are presently underway to further this work and extract additional information from the imaging and spectral data that may prove useful for in vivo surgical identification.
Statistical Thermodynamics: Fundamentals and Applications

Preface 1. Introduction Part I. Fundamentals of Statistical Thermodynamics: 2. Probability and statistics Problem set I. Probability theory and statistical mathematics 3. The statistics of independent particles 4. Thermodynamics properties in the dilute limit Problem set II. Statistical modeling for thermodynamics Part II. Quantum Mechanics and Spectroscopy: 5. Basics of quantum mechanics 6. Quantum analysis of internal energy modes 7. The spectroscopy of diatomic molecules Problem set III. Quantum mechanics and spectroscopy Part III. Statistical Thermodynamics in the Dilute Limit: 8. Interlude: from particle to assembly 9. Thermodynamic properties of the ideal gas Problem set IV. Thermodynamic properties of the ideal gas 10. Statistical thermodynamics for ideal gas mixtures 11. Concentration and temperature measurements Problem set V. Chemical equilibrium and diagnostics Part IV. Statistical Thermodynamics beyond the Dilute Limit: 12. Thermodynamics and information 13. Elements of the solid state 14. Equilibrium radiation Problem set VI. The solid state and radiation Part V. Non-Equilibrium Statistical Thermodynamics: 15. Elementary kinetic theory 16. Kinetics of molecular transport 17. Chemical kinetics Problem set VII. Kinetic theory and molecular transport Part VI. The Ensemble Method of Statistical Thermodynamics: 18. The canonical and grand canonical ensembles 19. Applications of ensemble theory to real gases Problem set VIII. Ensemble theory and the non-ideal gas 20. Whence and whither Part VII. Appendices Index.