cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How water quality improvement efforts influence urban–agricultural relationships

Urban and agricultural communities are interdependent but often differ on approaches for improving water quality impaired by nutrient runoff waterbodies worldwide. Current water quality governance involves an overlapping array of policy tools implemented by governments, civil society organizations, and corporate supply chains. The choice of regulatory and voluntary tools is likely to influence many dimensions of the relationship between urban and agricultural actors. These relationships then influence future conditions for collective decision-making since many actors participate for multiple years in water quality improvement. In this policy analysis, we draw on our professional experiences and research, as well as academic and practitioner literatures, to investigate how different types of water quality interventions influence urban-agricultural relationships, specifically examining policy tools on a regulatory to voluntary spectrum. Interactions between farmers and other rural agricultural interests on one hand, and urban residents and their stormwater managers and wastewater treatment plants on the other, influence dynamics relevant for water quality improvement. We suggest that the selection of policy tools within complex governance contexts influence urban–agricultural relationships through financial exchange, political coalitions, knowledge exchange, interpersonal relationships, and shared sense of place. Policy tools that provide a means to build relationships and engage with people’s emotions and identities have potential to influence personal and community change and adaptive capacity, while processes such as lawsuits can catalyze structural change. Engaging these relationships is particularly critical given the need to move out of polarized positions to solve collective problems.
Clinical role of fluorescence imaging in colorectal surgery - an updated review.

Colorectal surgery has markedly advanced due to the introduction of laparoscopic and robotic surgery. During the past 20 years, these two modalities have been further enhanced by fluorescence imagi...
ON THE INITIAL CONDITIONS FOR STAR FORMATION AND THE INITIAL MASS FUNCTION

Density probability distribution functions (PDFs) for turbulent self-gravitating clouds should be convolutions of the local log-normal PDF, which depends on the local average density ρave and Mach number , and the PDFs for ρave and , which depend on the overall cloud structure. When self-gravity drives a cloud to increased central density, the total PDF develops an extended tail. If there is a critical density or column density for star formation, then the fraction of the local mass exceeding this threshold becomes higher near the cloud center. These elements of cloud structure should be in place before significant star formation begins. Then the efficiency is high so that bound clusters form rapidly, and the stellar initial mass function (IMF) has an imprint in the gas before destructive radiation from young stars can erase it. The IMF could arise from a power-law distribution of mass for cloud structure. These structures should form stars down to the thermal Jeans mass MJ at each density in excess of a threshold. The high-density tail of the PDF, combined with additional fragmentation in each star-forming core, extends the IMF into the brown dwarf regime. The core fragmentation process is distinct from the cloud structuring process and introduces an independent core fragmentation mass function (CFMF). The CFMF would show up primarily below the IMF peak.
Sex-Specific Platelet Activation Through Protease-Activated Receptors Reverses in Myocardial Infarction

Objective: The platelet phenotype in certain patients and clinical contexts may differ from healthy conditions. We evaluated platelet activation through specific receptors in healthy men and women,...
Assessing inpatient platelet ordering practice: evaluation of computer provider order entry overrides

Background and objectives Judicious utilization of platelet products protects a limited resource and mitigates risks of transfusion. At many institutions, computer physician order entry systems provide prompts to guide transfusion decisions; many capture the indication for transfusion, and generate metadata when orders are dissonant with guidelines. We conducted a retrospective review to examine adherence to and overrides of hospital guidelines for platelet transfusion to identify opportunities for improved transfusion practice. Materials and methods Physician override reports (1/1/2018-3/31/2019) were examined and physician-entered justification comments accompanying override orders were extracted, in addition to patient-specific data (clinical service, age, sex, and pretransfusion platelet count). Two transfusion medicine physicians independently assessed comments in context of patient data and institutional guidelines and categorized as: indicated, protocol driven, or not indicated. Following adjudication, consensus was reached between the two reviewers. Override keyword frequencies were also determined. Results Over 15-months, 1373 override orders were placed for 558 unique patients (25% of all adult inpatient platelet transfusions). haematology/oncology providers placed 573 (42%) override orders (261 unique patients), 46% of which were categorized as "not indicated", based on consensus review. Overall, 470 (34%) override orders were categorized as "not indicated". Examples of recurring key words included "bleeding/risk of bleeding", "falling platelet count", "platelet goal of XX". Conclusions A large percentage of override orders for platelet transfusions were determined to be "not indicated" and out of compliance with institutional guidelines. The metadata captured identified concerns regarding clinical transfusion practice and opportunities for revised indications (e.g. threshold for retinal haemorrhage).
Enhancing Patient Experience in Office-Based Laryngology Procedures With Passive Virtual Reality.

ObjectivesVirtual reality (VR) has been used as nonpharmacologic anxiolysis benefiting patients undergoing office-based procedures. There is little research on VR use in laryngology. This study aim...
Frequency response of a magnetostrictive wire–polymer composite

The frequency-dependent magnetostriction of five samples of a ferromagnetic steel wire–polymer composite was investigated from 3 to 70 Hz. The volume fractions, or “loadings,” of steel wires in the samples were 0.02, 0.05, 0.07, 0.10, and 0.20. All samples exhibited a resonance at about 40 Hz, with damping and magnetostriction that generally increases with increased wire loading. A decrease in the overall magnetostriction of the 0.20 loading sample is attributed to mechanical blocking of the wire rotations in the polymer. The loading-dependent damping and an unexpected low-frequency behavior were explained by the time-dependent magnetic response of the wires.
Psychiatric Comorbidity and Associated Professional Mental Health Utilization among Students in Recovery from Addiction in Southern Collegiate Recovery Communities

Objectives This pilot study explores the additional psychiatric problems and their associated professional mental health utilization by students in recovery from addiction in collegiate recovery communities (CRCs) across the US South. The article has three goals: introduce CRCs to a broad medical audience; identify coexisting psychiatric concerns among students in CRC programs; and determine these students' type, rate, and location of professional mental health services. Methods During the 2014-2015 academic year, this study recruited participants through e-mail to all known CRC directors, who had the option of forwarding a survey link to its participants. Results Fourteen percent of students in 13 known southern CRCs completed the survey. Seventy-four percent of them reported at least one coexisting psychiatric issue. The most common issue was depression, followed by anxiety. Other reported disorders included attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, eating disorder, bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Most of the students in southern CRCs worked with psychiatrists and other therapists off-campus on their psychiatric problems. Conclusions This pilot study suggests that a significant number of students in southern CRCs have additional psychiatric problems that require professional mental health services.
Ethnic-racial socialization in early childhood: effects of parent–teacher congruency on children’s social and emotional development

Using propositions within critical race theory, this study examined differences between parent and teacher engagement in ethnic-racial socialization and links between parent–teacher congruence in e...
What Goes Up Might Not Come Down: Modeling Directional Asymmetry with Large-N, Large-T Data:

Modeling asymmetric relationships is an emerging subject of interest among sociologists. York and Light advanced a method to estimate asymmetric models with panel data, which was further developed ...
Beyond Imperial Interests: Settler Regimes, Capital and Africans in Colonial Southern Africa’s Currency Politics to 1920

This essay is about the multiple forces that influenced the adoption and circulation of multiple metallic and paper currencies across Southern Africa from the mid-seventeenth to the early twentieth century. When scholars address questions of currency in colonial settings, they often see this as an imperial imposition or as something that was dictated by the powerful interests based in imperial metropolis. Alternatively, they stress how, in the colonies, local conditions influenced the nature and pace of reception of colonial currencies. This chapter suggests that these forces were not mutually exclusive. Significantly, the essay proposes that rather than shifting between the imperial and the local, scholars also need to pay attention to how the regional political economy and the competing interest groups in the colonies informed questions of currency. It shows that coins in circulation in Southern Africa between 1850 and 1920s, in part, reflected the integration of the region’s political economy and, partly, the calculations of its major powers. It also reflected the mobility of African workers who were not only paid using these currencies, but who carried them across colonial borders.
Medical Management of Extraintestinal Manifestations of Ulcerative Colitis

In this chapter, we focused on the medical management of extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) primarily associated with ulcerative colitis (UC). There is considerable overlap with respect to particular EIMs associated with UC or Crohn’s disease (CD), and the current evidence for management is frequently extrapolated from noninflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cases. Notable cases are highlighted to provide the evidence for practical management. Diagnostic and epidemiologic data are discussed where applicable to enhance management algorithms or treatment strategies, but a comprehensive review of all EIMs in IBD is beyond the scope of this review.
The Lothrop and Extended Lothrop Procedures

■ Advanced endoscopic frontal sinus surgery, including the endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure (EMLP), requires a thorough understanding of the anatomy of the frontal recess and its variations.
Logical Fallacies and the Supreme Court: A Critical Analysis of Justice Rehnquist's Decisions in Criminal Procedure Cases

Using former U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist’s opinions in criminal procedures cases as a contextual showcase, the author explores the nature and extent to which even U.S. Supreme Court justices, members of the world’s most powerful tribunal, resort to regularly employing rhetorical tricks and otherwise logically fallacious reasoning in their opinion-writing. A logical fallacy is a type of incorrect argument, and the study of fallacies is a sub-species of logic. A fallacious argument is one that appears to be correct and which may be very persuasive, but which proves on closer examination to be logically invalid. Examples range from the familiar (e.g., begging the question, straw man arguments) to the esoteric (e.g., ignoratio elenchi, undistributed middle term). This article, which has been assigned as required reading at national judicial conferences, examines more than twenty categories of both formal and informal logical fallacies and applies them to Justice Rehnquist’s criminal procedure opinions as concrete examples of how “crooked thinking” permeates persuasive writing even at its highest level of sophistication.
Practical private set intersection protocols with linear complexity

The constantly increasing dependence on anytime-anywhere availability of data and the commensurately increasing fear of losing privacy motivate the need for privacy-preserving techniques. One interesting and common problem occurs when two parties need to privately compute an intersection of their respective sets of data. In doing so, one or both parties must obtain the intersection (if one exists), while neither should learn anything about other set elements. Although prior work has yielded a number of effective and elegant Private Set Intersection (PSI) techniques, the quest for efficiency is still underway. This paper explores some PSI variations and constructs several secure protocols that are appreciably more efficient than the state-of-the-art.
Dynamic end target part conveyance using an autonomous morphing surface

Large-Scale Actuator Networks (LSANs) are a rapidly growing class of electro-mechanical systems. A prime implementation of LSANs in the industrial sector is distributed manipulation. Some distributed manipulators include: vibrating plates, arrays of air jets, and mobile multi-robot teams. This paper examines an autonomous morphing surface that reconfigures itself using an array of linear actuators to translate an object. The cooperative behavior of the network outweighs the limitations of the individual single Degree of Freedom (DOF) actuators, allowing the mechanism to form complex configurations to convey the object. A detailed derivation of the kinematics and limitations of an arbitrary multi-cell surface is given. The allowable actuators alignments of the LSAN determine the available control resources and the total DOF of the surface. Simulation results combined with the actual implementation to the prototype illustrate the advantage of this technology over standard static feeders.
A parallel algorithm for automatic particle identification in electron micrographs

Three dimensional reconstruction of large macromolecules like viruses at resolutions below 10 A requires a large set of projection images. Several automatic and semi-automatic particle detection algorithms have been developed along the years. We have developed a general technique designed to automatically identify the projection images of particles. The method is based on Markov random field modelling of the projected images and involves a preprocessing of electron micrographs followed by image segmentation and post processing. In this paper we discuss the basic ideas of the sequential algorithm and outline a parallel implementation of it.
Peptide Acceptors in the Leucine, Phenylalanine Transfer Reaction

Abstract Defined di- and tripeptides were tested as acceptors in the reaction catalyzed by leucyl, phenylalanyl-tRNA-protein transferase. Criteria for acceptance were ability to inhibit the αs1-casein-dependent enzymatic transfer of 14C-amino acid from tRNA to protein and the presence in reaction mixtures of a specific peptide-dependent radioactive product. Among peptides comprising 19 different NH2-terminal residues, only those with arginine, lysine and, to a lesser extent, histidine fulfilled these criteria. Results were similar using phenylalanyl or leucyl-tRNA. Inhibition was found to be competitive with αs1-casein. When Lys-Ala-Ala was used as acceptor for phenylalanine, the product was isolated and identified as Phe-Lys-Ala-Ala. All peptides containing an NH2-terminal l-arginine or l-lysine residue were found to function as acceptors; however, d-Arg-d-Val was inactive. In each series a considerable variation in Ki values was observed, suggesting that in addition to an absolute requirement for an NH2-terminal basic amino acid, acceptor substrate specificity in this reaction is also influenced by other residues.
Comparison of Primary and Secondary Task Measures as a Function of Simulated Vehicle Dynamics and Driving Conditions

In a previously reported experiment involving a moving base driving simulator with computer-generated display, secondary task measures of workload showed significant increases as a function of large changes in vehicle dynamics and disturbance levels. Because the secondary task measures appeared less sensitive than desired, driving performance measures recorded during the same experiment were later analyzed. Particular emphasis in examining the driving performance data was placed on (1) determining the degree of intrusion of the secondary task on the driving task as a function of the independent variables, and (2) on comparing the sensitivity of the primary and secondary task measures. The results showed the secondary task does intrude significantly upon the driving task performance at low workload levels, but that it does not significantly intrude at high workload levels. Also, when the four primary task measures were analyzed for sensitivity to the independent variables, new information was obtained indi...
Historical interpretations of alcohol use and misuse. implications for nursing curricula.

Since the 1950's, nursing schools have been encouraged to include some formal content on alcoholism in their curricula. Yet there remains on immerse disparity between the prevalence of drug and alcohol problems in our society and the required number of hour on these topics in our nursing curricula. The International Nurses Society on Addictions calls on the nursing profession to promote healthy lifestyles for "at-risk" individuals. In a historical context, this article critiques the ambivalence related to alcohol use and misuse in the United States. Within that background, pedagogy to help nursing faculty and students meet current societal and professional demands and standards regarding intervention for alcohol-related problems will be explored. The constructivist educational and caring-educative models are highlighted. Language: en
A COMPARISON OF SOME METHODS OF CHOLESTEROL MEASUREMENT.

Five referee sera were analyzed for total cholesterol at several laboratories by up to 10 different methods or modifications. Results by any method varied less within a single laboratory than among laboratories, although the ranges of replicate analyses reported differed considerably. Those methods including procedures for saponification with potassium hydroxide and some isolation of cholesterol from other chromogens by digitonin precipitation or re-extraction into petroleum ether, in general, yielded results somewhat lower than those obtained by methods which did not include these procedures.
Selective formation and modulation of electrical synapses between cultured Aplysia neurons

When dissociated neurons from the mollusc, Aplysia californica, are placed in primary cell culture, they form electrical synapses in a specific, yet alterable, manner. Pairs of neurons from the same ganglion (“homoganglionic” pairs) form electrical synapses with high coupling coefficients. This is due to relatively high macroscopic junctional conductance as determined directly by voltage clamping both neurons of each pair. By contrast, synapses between pairs of neurons from different ganglia (“heteroganglionic” pairs) exhibit lower coupling coefficients as a result of lower macroscopic junctional conductance. Both types of junction are nonrectifying, not gated by voltage, and resistant to uncoupling by octanol and heptanol. This dichotomy of synaptic efficacy is altered upon exposure of the neurons to the lectin, conacanavalin A (Con A). Acute treatment of heteroganglionic cell pairs with Con A increases their junctional conductance to the higher level characteristic of homoganglionic pairs within several hours. However, the higher junctional conductance of homoganglionic pairs is not modulated by Con A. The results presented here suggest that synaptic specificity among these regenerating neurons may be mediated at least in part by ganglion-specific cell-recognition molecules. Furthermore, these molecules may be, or may be linked to, lectin receptors that regulate gap junction channels.
Nutritional implications of marijuana use in an HIV infected population in the Miami Adult Studies on HIV cohort in Miami (810.7)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship of nutritional status and MJ use in HIV+ population . METHODS: Dietary intake, food insecurity, plasma levels of nutrients, anthropometrics, CD4 count, vira...
Synthesis and Melt Dynamics of Model Sulfonated Ionomers

We investigate the dynamics of model ionomers through linear viscoelastic measurements on well-defined sulfonated styrene−ethylene−butene (SEB) ionomers of varying molecular weights and functionalization levels. Random styrene−butadiene copolymers with low polydispersities were synthesized via anionic polymerization, from which ionomers were prepared by selective hydrogenation of the butadiene units, followed by partial sulfonation of the styrene units and subsequent neutralization. The low glass transition temperature of the SEB backbone provides access to both the rubbery and terminal flow regions in lightly functionalized materials. All ionomers show multiple relaxation mechanisms and do not obey time−temperature superposition. We identify the faster relaxations with motions of the outermost portions of the polymer chains, which contain no ionic groups. Rapid relaxation of these chain segments leads to a plateau modulus for the ionomers lower than that for highly entangled unfunctionalized SEB, despite...
Interaction of hypoxia and hypercapnia on respiratory drive in patients with COPD.

The objective of this study was to compare the response of respiratory drive to progressive hypoxia under eucapnic and hypercapnic conditions in patients with severe COPD. Twenty-five patients with severe COPD and 13 nonsmoking young men were studied. The pressure in the occluded airway measured 0.1 second after the onset of inspiration was used as an index of respiratory drive. The occlusion pressure was measured at levels of SaO2 between 97 and 85 percent while eucapnic. The PetCO2 was then increased 10 mm Hg and the study repeated. The response of respiratory drive to hypoxia as measured by the slope of the regression line relating occlusion pressure to SaO2 was weak and variable in eucapnic hypoxia, and some subjects had no demonstrable response. When mild respiratory acidosis was created by increasing the PetCO2, the response to hypoxia was much greater and occurred in all subjects studied. Respiratory acidosis resulting from acute elevation of the PaCO2 greatly potentiates the increase in respiratory drive in response to hypoxia in normal subjects and in patients with severe COPD. Increase in occlusion pressure may occur with slight degrees of hypoxia when acute hypercapnia is present. These observations suggest that patients with acute respiratory failure complicating COPD, treated with controlled oxygen administration with only partial correction of hypoxia and continued respiratory acidosis, will have high respiratory drive.
Rare-Earth-Free Direct-Emitting Light-Emitting Diodes for Solid-State Lighting

The advent of a wide-bandgap GaN p-n junction has enabled highly efficient blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in GaInN/GaN heteroepitaxy. The system also enables a much wider range of emission wavelengths. We summarize progress in epitaxial materials development of green, yellow, and orange direct-emitting LEDs that bypass the steps of external phosphor conversion to achieve higher stability, efficiency, and higher overall color rendering quality for wider adoption of one of the widest power savings resources so far identified.
Authentic Assessment Tasks: Students take a deep approach to learning

This article presents the student-centered, deep approach to learning. The teaching resources developed for two strategic and services marketing courses have been integrated with several formative and summative assessment tasks. Authentic assessment tasks allowed for deeper engagement of students with the subject content, peers, and the course coordinator. A student-centered deeper approach to learning is evident through the creative thinking and problem solving demonstrated through the provision of solutions to real-life business problems.
The coordination chemistry of chemically derivatized nickel surfaces generation of an electrochromic interface

Divers coordinats bidentes, tels que le bipyridyle-2,2', peuvent etre fixes indirectement a la surface de l'electrode du nickel via le complexe cyano de fer, avec formation en surface du complexe [Fe II (CN) 4 bpy] 2− , qui se colore en rouge intense au transfert de charge du metal (Fe) du complexe au coordinat. Ce processus electrochrome est sensible a l'etat d'oxydation du metal du complexe. Donnees numeriques
Exploring the structure of ethical attributions as a component of the consumer decision model: The vicarious versus personal perspective

The managerial ethics literature is used as a base for the inclusion of Ethical Attribution, as an element in the consumer's decision process. A situational model of ethical consideration in consumer behavior is proposed and examined for Personal vs. Vicarious effects. Using a path analytic approach, unique structures are reported for Personal and Vicarious situations in the evaluation of a seller's unethical behavior. An attributional paradigm is suggested to explain the results.
Reorganization of Frontal Systems Used by Alcoholics for Spatial Working Memory: An fMRI Study

Chronic alcoholism is associated with impairment in sustained attention and visual working memory. Thus, alcoholics have reduced ability, but not necessarily inability, to perform these executive tasks, assumed to be subserved by regions of prefrontal cortex. To identify neural substrates associated with this impairment, we used functional MRI (fMRI) to determine whether alcoholics invoke the same or different brain systems as controls when engaged in working memory tasks that the two groups were able to perform at equivalent levels. The fMRI spatial working memory paradigm instructed subjects to respond with a button press when a target position was either in the center of the field (match to center) or matched the spatial position of one presented two items previously (match 2-back) or to rest. Using whole-brain fMRI, alcoholics showed diminished activation frontal cortical systems compared to controls (bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) when responding 2-back vs rest. In the center vs rest contrast, the control group compared with the alcoholic group activated a large expanse of prefrontal cortex (including Brodmann areas 9, 10, and 45), whereas there was significantly greater activation by the alcoholic group relative to the control group localized more posteriorly and inferiorly in the frontal cortex (area 47). Examination of within group activation patterns revealed two different patterns of activation: the control group exhibited activation of the dorsal ("Where?") stream for visual spatial working memory processing, whereas the alcoholic group exhibited activation of the ventral ("What?") stream and declarative memory systems to accomplish the spatial working memory task. The differences in the pattern of brain activations exhibited by the alcoholic and control groups, despite equivalence in behavioral performance, is consistent with a functional reorganization of the brain systems invoked by alcoholic individuals or invocation of an inappropriate brain system when engaged in a visual spatial task requiring working memory.
A proposed back action evading read-out for a gravitational wave detector

Abstract We propose a Back Action Evasion read out to improve the sensitivity of a capacitively coupled resonant transducer for gravitational wave detectors. We show that the noise can be reduced by factors 10 to 100 over the standard amplifier limit using detector parameters already achieved.
Birth projections with cohort models

El proposito del estudio es exponer un modelo de proyecciones de la natalidad con las probabilidades de natalidad de las mujeres segun su edad, la cohorte a que pertenecen y el numero de nacimientos anteriores, como parametros esenciales, incluyendo algunos parametros adicionales de origen psicologico, economico y socioloqico.
Near-field modeling versus optical ray modeling of extended halogen light source in computer design of a reflector

A near-field modeling technique was applied to modeling of a halogen extended light source. The modeling was performed to create a continuous set of rays which can then be used in raytracing for the purpose of designing a reflector. The near- field modeling was implemented by acquiring a series of images of the source using CCD camera with wide-angle lens focused at infinity. Optical ray model, which involved geometrical and ray modeling of the source to match its measured luminous intensity distribution, was also developed. Luminous intensity distribution as well as illuminance pattern from a reflector/source combination, calculated using near-field and optical ray models, were compared. It is demonstrated, in this paper, that near-field modeling technique has several advantages over the optical ray modeling technique when used for computer design of reflectors.
Shuttle Platform Sensor Testing And Operations

The Space Shuttle Orbiter, in addition to serving as a transportation system, has proven to be a valuable test platform for science and applications space sensor systems. In low earth orbit the Shuttle can manuever into a variety of orientations for sensor pointing purposes. An astronaut, trained in the use, evaluation, and testing of the specific system, can make real-time adjustments to the system involved. In some cases, the astronaut could perform hands-on sensor repairs in the payload bay. Of extreme importance is the ability of the Shuttle to bring the sensor back to earth where laboratory assessments can continue sensor evaluation or establish cause of failure.
William Keith Brooks and the naturalist’s defense of Darwinism in the late-nineteenth century

William Keith Brooks was an American zoologist at Johns Hopkins University from 1876 until his death in 1908. Over the course of his career, Brooks staunchly defended Darwinism, arguing for the centrality of natural selection in evolutionary theory at a time when alternative theories, such as neo-Lamarckism, grew prominent in American biology. In his book The Law of Heredity (1883), Brooks addressed problems raised by Darwin’s theory of pangenesis. In modifying and developing Darwin’s pangenesis, Brooks proposed a new theory of heredity that sought to avoid the pitfalls of Darwin’s hypothesis. In so doing he strengthened Darwin’s theory of natural selection by undermining arguments for the inheritance of acquired characteristics. In later attacks on neo-Lamarckism, Brooks consistently defended Darwin’s theory of natural selection on logical grounds, continued to challenge the idea of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, and argued that natural selection best explained a wide range of adaptations. Finally, he critiqued Galton’s statistical view of heredity and argued that Galton had resurrected an outmoded typological concept of species, one which Darwin and other naturalists had shown to be incorrect. Brooks’s ideas resemble the “biological species concept” of the twentieth century, as developed by evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr and others. The late-nineteenth century was not a period of total “eclipse” of Darwinism, as biologists and historians have hitherto seen it. Although the “Modern Synthesis” refers to the reconciliation of post-Mendelian genetics with evolution by natural selection, we might adjust our understanding of how the synthesis developed by seeing it as the culmination of a longer discussion that extends back to the late-nineteenth century.
Photoresist-derived porous carbon for on-chip micro-supercapacitors

Abstract Photoresist, which is frequently used in existing microelectronics processing, can be pyrolyzed to form a conductive carbon film. We demonstrate that a pyrolysis technique of SPR-220 photoresist, consisting of heating in Ar ambient to 900 °C followed by further annealing in an H2/Ar mixture, results in a high surface area porous carbon, applicable to supercapacitor electrode fabrication. Electrochemical testing of the pyrolyzed photoresist film yields a specific areal capacitance of 1.5–3.5 mF/cm2 and a specific volumetric capacitance of 15–35 F/cm3. These results are obtained on the as-pyrolyzed films, without additional activation or deposition of electroactive species. The cycling stability of the films is shown to be robust over 10,000 cycles. This photoresist pyrolysis process could be readily integrated into microelectromechanical systems or microelectronics technology for on-chip energy storage.
Pharmacokinetic nature of tachyphylaxis to lidocaine: peripheral nerve blocks and infiltration anesthesia in rats

Tachyphylaxis to peripheral neural blockade was determined with repeated injections of a constant dose of lidocaine in three experimental models: sciatic nerve block, produced by intraneural or extraneural injections, and infiltration anesthesia. A decrease in the duration of the subsequent blocks was used as the index of tachyphylaxis development. The anesthetic content in the nerve or skin was determined using radiolabeled lidocaine. Repeated injections of a constant dose of lidocaine resulted in a marked decrease in the duration of the blocks. Accelerated decline in lidocaine content of nerve or skin was observed with repeated blocks. Our data show that tachyphylaxis rapidly develops with both sciatic nerve blocks and infiltration anesthesia. The data also suggest that the mechanism is largely pharmacokinetic in nature.
Standing Waves on the Moon

The existence of local annular and radial structures in the environment of lunar craters, and of a global selenographic tectonic pattern, is ascribed in part to standing “moonquakes” established after impact or eruption.
The Kreditbanken and German Growth: A Postscript

Considers the effect of non-stationarity on the analysis of the effect of banks on economic growth in Germany in the late-19th and early-20th centuries. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Reentrant transitions in liquid crystals: Theoretical predictions of new phenomena

Abstract A new mechanism is proposed for the reentrant nematic-smectic A-nematic transitions seen in several liquid crystals. The mechanism applies in particular to systems with strong dipolar head-group interactions, and involves a subtle interplay between these forces and the Lennard-Jones interactions of the tails. A simple model which embodies the mechanism is developed, and solved exactly. In addition to providing an understanding of the experiments to date, our model makes definite predictions for new types of reentrant phase diagrams.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor and Response to Anti-IGF1R Antibody Therapy in Osteosarcoma

Background Survival outcomes for patients with osteosarcoma (OS) have remained stagnant over the past three decades. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) is over-expressed in a number of malignancies, and anti-IGF1R antibodies have and are currently being studied in clinical trials. Understanding the molecular aberrations which result in increased tumor response to anti-IGF1R therapy could allow for the selection of patients most likely to benefit from IGF1R targeted therapy.
Effect of glutathione status on covalent binding and pneumotoxicity of 3-methylindole in goats☆

A study was conducted to investigate the relationship between glutathione (GSH) status, in-vivo metabolite covalent binding and 3-methylindole (3MI)-induced lung injury in goats. Cysteine or diethylmaleate pretreatments were given to sustain or deplete GSH, respectively, prior to intravenous 14C-3MI administration. Cysteine pretreatment prolonged survival times, decreased (P<.05) covalent binding of 3MI metabolites and reduced the severity of 3MI-induced lung injury. Diethylmaleate pretreatment shortened survival times, increased (P<.05) covalent binding and enhanced lung injury. Covalent binding was higher (P<.05) in lung compared to liver and kidney. 3-Methylindole alone depleted GSH in 4 hours to 36, 66, and 75% of controls in these tissues, respectively. The relationship between tissue GSH, covalent binding and toxicity supports the hypothesis that 3MI-induced pneumotoxicity results from the formation of activated intermediates and that GSH plays a role in detoxication of these 3MI metabolites.
Cytotoxicity of graphene oxide and graphene in human erythrocytes and skin fibroblasts.

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials, including graphene oxide and graphene, are potential candidates for biomedical applications such as sensors, cell labeling, bacterial inhibition, and drug delivery. Herein, we explore the biocompatibility of graphene-related materials with controlled physical and chemical properties. The size and extent of exfoliation of graphene oxide sheets was varied by sonication intensity and time. Graphene sheets were obtained from graphene oxide by a simple (hydrazine-free) hydrothermal route. The particle size, morphology, exfoliation extent, oxygen content, and surface charge of graphene oxide and graphene were characterized by wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta-potential. One method of toxicity assessment was based on measurement of the efflux of hemoglobin from suspended red blood cells. At the smallest size, graphene oxide showed the greatest hemolytic activity, whereas ag...
The Ethnography of Infrastructure

This article asks methodological questions about studying infrastructure with some of the tools and perspectives of ethnography. Infrastructure is both relational and ecological—it means different ...
Recombinant human interleukin 1α enhances anti-Listeria resistance in both genetically resistant and susceptible strains of mice

Abstract In this study we show that recombinant human IL-1α (rhIL-1α) protects both genetically resistant and susceptible strains of mice against Listeria monocytogenes infection. Similar levels of protection were observed in all strains tested. These data suggest that innate susceptibility to an infectious agent may not abrogate the ability of rhIL-1α to enhance antibacterial resistance.
Causes of Soviet adult mortality increases

The recent increase in mortality in the USSR is analyzed. In particular the author seeks to identify the causes of mortality change among older males. Several possible explanatory variables are tested by regression analysis. The variables considered include alcohol tobacco education rural residence age sex ratio and Moslem population. Heart diseases accidents poisonings and traumas and diseases of the respiratory organs are identified as major causes of increased mortality and alcohol and tobacco consumption are related to mortality levels. (ANNOTATION)
Dependence of energy resolution on anode diameter in zenon proportional counters

Abstract The characteristics of a conventional cylindrical geometry proportional counter with different anode wire diameters from 12.5 μm to 100 μm were investigated for both pure xenon gas and xenon +5% methane gas mixtures at 1 atm. With pure xenon gas the energy resolution with 12.5 μm to 100 μm anodes were 7.0% and 8.1% for 22 keV X-rays, respectively. From calculations of the Townsend ionization coefficient it is shown that proportional counters with thinner anode wires operate at stronger reduced electric fields than those with thicker anode wires. It is suggested that this is the fundamental reason for the improvement in energy resolution observed as the anode diameter is decreased.
Unconditioned aggression in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica

Isolate, social, and social-isolate quail were paired to observe fighting, pecking, jumping and vocalization. Data showed a direct relationship between isolation and aggression. Slightly more consistent pecking was also recorded from the isolate birds. Jumping behavior was also directly related to social and social-isolate rearing conditions. Aggressive vocalization was observed in only two of the isolated birds.
Pathophysiology and current therapy of congestive heart failure.

Abstract Congestive heart failure is a common clinieal syndrome, with a relatively poor prognosis in its advanced stages. During the development of heart failure, there is a decline in myocardial contractility and activation of neurohormonal systems. An overshoot of some of these compensatory mechanisms sets the stage for therapeutic interventions. Any of the three therapeutic classes of drugs (inotropic drugs, diuretics or vasodilators) can be used as first-line therapy. Other classes can be added to produce additive effects on ventricular function. Because vasodilators have been shown to prolong life, they should be used routinely in patients with heart failure. Arrhythmias and sudden death are relatively common in heart failure, although the value of antiarrhythmic therapy is less certain. Although current therapy is very helpful in patients with heart failure, it is clear that preventive approaches will be more effective in decreasing morbidity and mortality.
A review of the modulation of the startle reflex by affective states and its application in psychiatry.

Abstract Objective : To provide an overview of startle reflex methodologies applied to the examination of emotional and motivational states in humans and to review the findings in different forms of psychopathology. Methods : Pertinent articles were searched mostly via MEDLINE and PsycINFO. Results : The startle reflex is a non-invasive translational tool of research that bridges the gap between animal and human investigations. Startle is used to study fear and anxiety, affective disturbances, sensitization, motivational states, and homeostasis. Conclusions : The startle reflex is highly sensitive to various factors that are of interest in the studies of emotional disorders and has promoted new areas of investigations in psychiatry. However, research in psychiatry is still in its infancy and most findings await replication. Future progress will benefit from the development of innovative and powerful designs tailored to investigate specific disorders. Significance : The startle reflex has utility as a research tool to examine trauma-related disorders, fear learning, drug addiction, and to contrast affective states and emotional processing across diagnostic groups, but its usefulness as a diagnostic tool is limited.
Acquired rotational digital deformity in children as a result of finger sucking

Although most attention to the harmful effects of finger sucking by infants has been on the potential dental deformities, finger deformities also occur. The three cases presented in this article describe radial rotation of the index finger as a result of persistent finger sucking. In the majority of cases rotational deformities spontaneously resolve once finger sucking ceases. In a few cases, particularly when the habit is unduly prolonged, deformities may persist and cause functional impairment. In these patients surgical intervention is indicated. In our cases the rotational digital deformities were treated successfully by rotational osteotomy of either the metacarpal or the proximal phalanx.
Twenty-five years of stacking research in major league baseball : An attempt at explaining this re-occurring phenomenon

Abstract The longest continuous thread in sport sociology research is the study of stacking. Briefly put, the phenomenon of stacking discussed and analyzed in this essay means the placement of African-American baseball players in non-central positions more often than they are placed in core positions. Most American research studies have been concentrated on the sports of football, soccer, basketball and, to a larger extent, baseball. While discussions of stacking are often severed from the structural changes in the larger economy and society, this research provides a different perspective by concentrating less on primary empirical research and concentrating more on addressing theoretical issues that have been only peripherally addressed in the empirical studies. We hypothesize that the interrelated set of phenomena captured by the term stacking are primarily issues of social isolation, marginalization and the systematic discrimination against African American athletes on and off playing fields.
Carbon dioxide monitoring in emergency medicine training programs.

Objectives: Although the measurement of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in breath is the standard of care for verification of endotracheal tube placement in all anesthesia practice and in the prehospital setting, there is currently no uniform consensus on the status of CO 2 monitoring in emergency medicine. We conducted this survey to delineate practice patterns of CO 2 monitoring in academic emergency medicine training programs and to describe the preference for type of CO 2 monitoring device. Methods: We surveyed the availability, presence, and types of CO 2 monitoring in all general emergency medicine (GEM) residency programs and all pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellowship programs. A two-question survey was used, and data were collected from March 1998 to June 1998. The clinicians surveyed were asked whether their emergency department (ED) used CO 2 monitoring for detection of endotracheal tube placement and, if so, what type of CO 2 monitoring devices was used. Types of CO 2 monitoring devices were categorized as colorimetric, capnometric, capnographic, or combinations of these. Results: Of the 168 programs surveyed, all GEM and PEM programs responded, and the survey results showed that 136 of 168 (81%) used some form of CO 2 monitoring, and 32 of 168 (19%) did not use CO 2 monitoring. The majority of programs (115/168, 68%) used a single device. Colorimetric devices were used most frequently (76/ 168, 45%), ), and capnometry was used the least (9/168, 5%). PEM programs had a significant preference for quantitative CO 2 monitoring, whereas GEM programs had a significant preference for qualitative CO 2 monitoring. Conclusions: Although the majority of academic emergency medicine training programs used CO 2 monitoring, 19% did not. Colorimetric devices were the most frequently used CO 2 monitoring technology.
Facilitated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

The goal of the initial treatment for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is rapid and effective reperfusion. Randomized trials have demonstrated that primary angioplasty is preferred over thrombolysis if done in a timely manner and by an experienced team. However, due to many factors, performance of primary angioplasty within the goal of 90 min is often not possible. A combined strategy of immediate thrombolysis in the emergency room or in the ambulance followed by angioplasty theoretically could provide early reperfusion with subsequent angioplasty to insure complete reperfusion. Over 17 clinical trials have been reported. Compared with thrombolysis, facilitated angioplasty in the most recent trials has been shown to have a more favorable long-term outcome. Trials comparing facilitated angioplasty with full- or half-dose thrombolysis versus primary angioplasty have been far less favorable with the largest trial to date, the ASSENT (Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Treatment Strategy with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention)-4 trial, demonstrating a worse outcome in the primary end point of death, congestive heart failure, or shock at 90 days. Pending the results of the FINESSE (Facilitated Intervention with Enhanced Reperfusion Speed to Stop Events) trial, current data suggest that facilitated angioplasty does not offer any advantage over primary angioplasty and may be harmful.