cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smartphone Usage, Social Media Engagement, and Willingness to Participate in mHealth Weight Management Research Among African American Women.

Background. African American women (AAW) are in a unique position to be recruited into mobile (mHealth) weight management research and programs due to their high rates of obesity and their high ownership of smartphones. Aim. This study examined smartphone usage, social media engagement, and willingness to participate in mHealth weight management among AAW in north-central Florida, United States. Methods. A self-administered survey was completed by a convenience sample of 425 smartphone owners in north-central Florida. Results. Mean age was 34.84 ± 13.74, with age distribution of 18 to 29 (45%), 30 to 50 (39%), and 51+ years (17%). Mean body mass index was 29.52 ± 8.18. Most used smartphones to access the Internet daily and were engaged with eight social media sites, such as Facebook (85%), YouTube (75%), and Google+ (57%). Compared to those 51+, those 18 to 29 were more likely to use YouTube (odds ratio [OR] = 2.52, p = .017) and Instagram (OR = 10.90, p < .0001), but they were less likely to use Google+ ...
Spinal implant options to optimize fixation in patients with osteopenia/osteoporosis

Abstract The challenges presented by osteoporotic spines for creating a strong bone–implant interface are substantial. Many devices have been specifically designed to enhance fixation of screws, hooks, and cages in order to create an optimal healing environment for patients with low bone mineral density. Screw design has been enhanced via differing screw pitches, shapes, materials, coating, and sizes in order to enhance fixation in both the posterior and anterior osteoporotic spine. Several novel designs for cages, plates, anchors, hooks, and bands can be used to achieve fixation as well. With appropriate surgical technique, these technological advances can dramatically improve fixation for a construct to treat osteoporotic spines.
Collisions: History, home and storytelling:

Home is a central and contested emotional, imagined and physical location that is meaningful for every person. Using personal narratives and scholarly essays, this special issue works through the n...
Electron microscopy study of Pd, Ag, and Cs in carbon areas in the locally corroded SiC layer in a neutron-irradiated TRISO fuel particle

Abstract A detailed electron microscopy study was performed on focused ion beam-prepared lamellae from different locations relative to a crack across the inner pyrolytic carbon layer of a neutron-irradiated tristructural isotropic-coated particle. The distribution and composition of fission products across the inner pyrolytic carbon and silicon carbide (SiC) layers were studied. Previously, this crack was identified in the particle that released significant inventory fractions of cesium and silver during irradiation and displayed localized palladium pileup with SiC degradation. In this study, carbon areas were found in the SiC layer close to the crack tip and they had precipitates that consisted mostly of palladium silicides or palladium, with silver and/or cadmium frequently identified. Results confirmed that areas in the SiC layer close to the crack tip with localized accumulation of palladium were corroded by palladium, forming pure carbon areas and palladium silicide that provided pathways for silver, cadmium and cesium migration.
Arenemetal complexes : VIII. Preparation of (η8-alkenylbenzene)dicarbonylchromium complexes☆

Abstract Several (η 8 -alkenylbenzene)dicarbonylchromium complexes (arenechelate complexes) were prepared in fair yield by the photolysis in ether of the tricarbonylchromium complexes of benzonorbornadiene ( syn -isomer), dibenzobicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5,7-triene ( syn -isomer), 4-phenyl-1-butene, 4-phenyl-1-butene-4,4- d 2 , 5-phenyl-1-pentene, allyl phenyl ether, and benzyl vinyl ether. All of these arenechelate complexes are relatively stable and their IR, NMR, and mass spectral data are presented. Photolysis of the tricarbonylchromium complexes of benzobicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5-diene ( syn -isomer), 1,4-dihydronaphthalene, 3-phenyl-1-propene, 6-phenyl-1-hexene, and benzyl acrylate lead to decomposition and no arenechelate complexes. It is concluded that this method of preparation of arenechelate complexes is fairly general but there are some limitations that are apparent from the tricarbonylchromium complexes studied which failed to produce arenechelate complexes.
A preliminary survey of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in market-age swine.

We conducted an epidemiological survey of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella recovered from market-age swine at five different Texas farms. These farms, which were visited between October 1997 and June 1998, were completely integrated, farrow-to-finish operations. Samples were taken from the lymph nodes and cecal contents at the time of slaughter. The Salmonella samples that were recovered were sent to the National Veterinary Services Laboratory for serotyping. Antibiotic resistance was determined using the Dispens-O-Disc Susceptibility Test System using 13 different antimicrobial agents that have been utilized in either veterinary medicine, human medicine, or both. Preliminary analysis of the first 183 samples out of approximately 400 Salmonella samples recovered indicated that 183 (100%) of the Salmonella samples were resistant to penicillin G, and 122 (66.7%) were resistant to chlortetracycline. Six (3.3%) were resistant to four antibiotics (chlortetracycline, penicillin G, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole), and 25 (13.7%) were resistant to three antibiotics (chlortetracycline, penicillin G, and either streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, or ampicillin). Variation was seen between serotypes, with four out of five S. agona samples (80.0%) and two out of eight S. derby samples (25.0%) resistant to four antibiotics. Variation in antibiotic resistance also was seen between farms. There is an increasing concern about the prevalent usage of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture and the relationship this may have on emerging microbial resistance patterns; therefore, continued surveillance on antibiotic resistance in animal production is warranted.
S cone pathway sensitivity loss in ocular hypertension and early glaucoma has nerve fiber bundle pattern

When blue light is detected exclusively by S cones, early glaucoma (EG) and ocular hypertensive (OH) patients show losses of sensitivity at both the fovea and in near periphery out to 30° (e.g., Adams et al., 1987; Heron et al., 1988; Johnson et al., 1988).
Integrative Therapies for Lung Transplantation Recipients

The prevalence of integrative therapy usage after lung transplantation is high. The interest in seeking integrative therapies for better symptoms management and health maintenance is likely to grow given the overall symptom burden and psychological distress and complications after lung transplantation. However, empirical evidence regarding the effects and safety of particular integrated therapy practices in lung transplant populations is seriously lacking. Also unknown are the interactions between complementary and alternative therapies and the conventional medical therapies prescribed for lung transplantation. In this chapter, we present what little evidence exists to guide clinicians in advising lung transplant recipients regarding the safety and efficacy of integrative therapy usage. Nonetheless, the success of integrative therapies in other settings and populations demand that more attention be paid to this important area in the future.
Memory Coalescing for Hybrid Memory Cube

Arguably, many data-intensive applications pose significant challenges to conventional architectures and memory systems, especially when applications exhibit non-contiguous, irregular, and small memory access patterns. The long memory access latency can dramatically slow down the overall performance of applications. The growing desire of high memory bandwidth and low latency access stimulate the advent of novel 3D-staked memory devices such as the Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC), which provides significantly higher bandwidth compared with the conventional JEDEC DDR devices. Even though many existing studies have been devoted to achieving high bandwidth throughput of HMC, the bandwidth potential cannot be fully exploited due to the lack of highly efficient memory coalescing and interfacing methodology for HMC devices. In this research, we introduce a novel memory coalescer methodology that facilitates memory bandwidth efficiency and the overall performance through an efficient and scalable memory request coalescing interface for HMC. We present the design and implementation of this approach on RISC-V embedded cores with attached HMC devices. Our evaluation results show that the new memory coalescer eliminates 47.47% memory accesses to HMC and improves the overall performance by 13.14% on average.
Implementation of a hepatitis B screening process prior to CD20 therapy treatment in an oncology practice.

287Background: Reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) during or after chemotherapy is a serious complication of cancer treatment. Guidelines suggest hepatitis B testing prior to the initiation of CD20 based therapies. Black box warnings mandate clinicians screen patients for HBV before starting immunosuppressive therapy due to the risk of hepatitis B reactivation. We conducted a workflow implementation change at our infusion center sites to improve hepatitis B serological testing in patients receiving CD20 agents at our cancer center. Methods: For baseline evaluation, patients at The University of Arizona Cancer Center who were treated with CD20 agents between the years 2013 to April 2014 were retrospectively evaluated for HBV serology results prior to the initiation of first treatment. We implemented a pharmacy and nursing workflow process regarding chemotherapy orders and lab testing through the integrated EMR technology. Presence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis B Core Antibody (HB...
Text-linguistic approaches to register variation

Abstract Douglas Biber, Regents’ Professor of Applied Linguistics at Northern Arizona University, authors this article exploring the connections between register and a text-linguistic approach to language variation. He has spent the last 30 years pursuing a research program that explores the inherent link between register and language use, including at the phraseological, grammatical, and lexico-grammatical levels. His seminal book Variation across Speech and Writing (1988, Cambridge University Press) launched multi-dimensional (MD) analysis, a comprehensive framework and methodology for the large-scale study of register variation. This approach was innovative in taking a text-linguistic approach to characterize language use across situations of use through the quantitative and functional analysis of linguistic co-occurrence patterns and underlying dimensions of language use. MD analysis is now used widely to study register variation over time, in general and specialized registers, in learner language, and across a range of languages. In 1999, the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (Biber et al.) became the first comprehensive descriptive reference book to systematically consider register variation in describing the grammatical and lexico-grammatical patterns of use in English. Douglas Biber’s quantitative linguistic research has consistently demonstrated the importance of register as a predictor of language variation. In his own words, “register always matters” (Gray 2013: 360, Interview with Douglas Biber, English Language & Linguistics).
Tyrosine, cysteine, and proton coupled electron transfer in a ribonucleotide reductase-inspired beta hairpin maquette

Tyrosine residues act as intermediates in proton coupled electron transfer reactions (PCET) in proteins. For example, in ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), a tyrosyl radical oxidizes an active site cysteine via a 35 A pathway that contains multiple aromatic groups. When singlet tyrosine is oxidized, the radical becomes a strong acid, and proton transfer reactions, which are coupled with the redox reaction, may be used to control reaction rate. Here, we characterize a tyrosine-containing beta hairpin, Peptide O, which has a cross-strand, noncovalent interaction between its single tyrosine, Y5, and a cysteine (C14). Circular dichroism provides evidence for a thermostable beta-turn. EPR spectroscopy shows that Peptide O forms a neutral tyrosyl radical after UV photolysis at 160 K. Molecular dynamics simulations support a phenolic/SH interaction in the tyrosine singlet and radical states. Differential pulse voltammetry exhibits pH dependence consistent with the formation of a neutral tyrosyl radical and a pKa change in two other residues. A redox-coupled decrease in cysteine pKa from 9 (singlet) to 6.9 (radical) is assigned. At pD 11, picosecond transient absorption spectroscopy after UV photolysis monitors tyrosyl radical recombination via electron transfer (ET). The ET rate in Peptide O is indistinguishable from the ET rates observed in peptides containing a histidine and a cyclohexylalanine (Cha) at position 14. However, at pD 9, the tyrosyl radical decays via PCET, and the decay rate is slowed, when compared to the histidine 14 variant. Notably, the decay rate is accelerated, when compared to the Cha 14 variant. We conclude that redox coupling between tyrosine and cysteine can act as a PCET control mechanism in proteins.
Overlapping and distinct roles of CDPK family members in the pre-erythrocytic cycle of the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei

Abstract Invasion of, development within, and exit from hepatocytes by Plasmodium is essential for the parasite to establish the malaria-causing erythrocytic cycle. Identification of signaling pathways that operate during the pre-erythrocytic cycle provides insights into a critical stage of infection and potential targets for chemoprevention of disease. Calcium Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPK) represent a kinase family that is present in Plasmodium but absent in mammals. We demonstrate that P. berghei homologs of CDPK1, CDPK4 and CDPK5 play overlapping but distinct roles in sporozoite invasion and parasite egress from hepatocytes. All three kinases are expressed in sporozoites. All three are required for optimal motility of sporozoites and consequently their invasion of hepatocytes. Increased cGMP compensates for the functional loss of CDPK1 and CDPK5 during sporozoite invasion but cannot overcome CDPK4’s loss. CDPK1 and CDPK5 expression is downregulated after sporozoite invasion. CDPK5 reappears in a subset of late stage liver stages and is present in all merosomes. Chemical inhibition of CDPK4 and depletion of CDPK5 in liver stages suggests that these kinases play a role in the formation and/or release of merosomes from mature liver stages. Furthermore, depletion of CDPK5 in merosomes significantly delays a merosome-initiated erythrocytic cycle without affecting the infectivity of hepatic merozoites. These data suggest that CDPK5 is required for the release of hepatic merozoites from merosomes. Our work provides the first evidence that sporozoite invasion requires CDPK1 and CDPK5 and that the release of hepatic merozoites is a regulated process. Significance The malaria-parasite Plasmodium begins its mammalian cycle by infecting hepatocytes in the liver. A single parasite differentiates into tens of thousands of hepatic merozoites which exit the host cell in vesicles called merosomes. Hepatic merozoites initiate the first round of erythrocytic infection that leads to disease symptoms. We show that optimal invasion of liver cells by Plasmodium requires the action of three closely-related parasite kinases, CDPK1, 4 and 5. Loss of any of the three enzymes in the parasite significantly reduces infection of liver cells. CDPK5 is also required for the release of hepatic merozoites from merosomes and therefore for initiating the erythrocytic cycle. A better understanding of how these kinases function could lead to drugs that prevent malaria.
Randomized controlled trial of an applied behavior analytic intervention for food selectivity in children with autism spectrum disorder

Food selectivity is a common problem for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; Schreck, Williams, & Smith, 2004). Behavior-analytic interventions have the most empirical support for feeding disorders (Sharp, Jaquess, Morton, & Miles, 2011). However, there are no randomized controlled trials that have evaluated its effects with a well-defined cohort of children with ASD. In the current investigation, we randomly assigned 6 young children with ASD and food selectivity to either an applied behavior analytic intervention or a wait-list control. We used a crossover randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of a multicomponent applied behavior analytic intervention on independent acceptance and mouth clean of 16 novel foods. We subsequently exposed the wait-list control group to the intervention. We also evaluated the effects of the intervention on individual participants with single-case designs. The percentage of independent acceptance and mouth clean increased for the applied behavior analytic intervention group, but not for the wait-list control group until we implemented the intervention.
Thematic content of video narratives in patients and survivors of adolescent cancer.

OBJECTIVE Modern day adolescents and young adults (AYAs) connect with their peers via a number of increasingly novel ways, many of which involve social media. These online relationships are often translated offline to increase one's social standing and quality of in-person relationships. However, when an AYA is diagnosed with a chronic medical condition, like cancer, in-person relationships with peers become difficult and the online component of socialization is all that is left. Video testimonials are a way that some AYAs have chosen to reach out to their peers; however, little is known about what AYAs are saying in these videos and how they are using them to connect with peers on a more intimate level. METHODS This study examined the content of video testimonials of n = 25 AYA cancer patients and survivors. Transcripts of videos were coded by a team of researchers to identify themes and overall tone. RESULTS Results suggested that films focused on struggles AYAs faced during their cancer journeys with a number of themes emerging; additionally, a hopeful tone was seen around the overall impact that cancer had on the patient's life. CONCLUSIONS It may be the case that video testimonials are an effective way to allow AYA patients with a cancer history to explore their thoughts about their illness experience and fill an important social gap not available to them as they undergo treatment.
Supplementation with Sea Vegetables Palmaria mollis and Undaria pinnatifida Exerts Metabolic Benefits in Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice.

Background Sea vegetables are rich sources of nutrients as well as bioactive components that are linked to metabolic health improvement. Algal polysaccharides improve satiety and modulate gut microbiota while proteins, peptides, and phenolic fractions exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic effects. Objective We tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with either Pacific dulse (Palmaria mollis, red algae) or wakame (Undaria pinnatifida, brown algae) could remediate metabolic complications in high-fat diet-induced obesity. Methods Individually caged C57BL/6J mice (n = 8) were fed ad libitum with either a low-fat diet (LFD), 10% kcal fat; high-fat diet (HFD), 60% kcal fat; HFD + 5% (wt:wt) dulse (HFD + D); or HFD + 5% (wt:wt) wakame (HFD + W) for 8 weeks. Food intake and weight gain were monitored weekly. Glucose tolerance, hepatic lipids, fecal lipids, and plasma markers were evaluated, and the gut microbiome composition was assessed. Results Despite the tendency of higher food and caloric intake than the HFD (P = 0.04) group, the HFD + D group mice did not exhibit higher body weight, indicating lower food and caloric efficiency (P < 0.001). Sea vegetable supplementation reduced plasma monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) (P < 0.001) and increased fecal lipid excretion (P < 0.001). Gut microbiome analysis showed that the HFD + D group had higher alpha-diversity than the HFD or LFD group, whereas beta-diversity analyses indicated that sea vegetable-supplemented HFD-fed mice (HFD + D and HFD + W groups) developed microbiome compositions more similar to those of the LFD-fed mice than those of the HFD-fed mice. Conclusion Sea vegetable supplementation showed protective effects against obesity-associated metabolic complications in C57BL/6J male mice by increasing lipid excretion, reducing systemic inflammatory marker, and mitigating gut microbiome alteration. While the obese phenotype development was not prevented, metabolic issues related to lipid absorption, inflammation, and gut microbial balance were improved, showing therapeutic promise and warranting eventual mechanistic elucidations.
Human parvovirus B19 in solid organ transplantation: Guidelines from the American society of transplantation infectious diseases community of practice

Clinical manifestations of human parvovirus B19 infection can vary widely and may be atypical in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. However, disease is apparent when there is destruction of erythrocyte progenitor cells leading to severe acute or chronic anemia with lack of an appropriate reticulocyte response in the setting of active parvovirus B19 infection. Serology may not reliably establish the diagnosis. High-level viremia is more likely to be associated with symptomatic disease. Conversely, ongoing DNAemia after infection may not be clinically significant, if detected at low levels. Despite lack of robust data, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is frequently used for the treatment of SOT recipients with symptomatic parvovirus B19 infection. Although the optimal dosage and duration of IVIG is not known, most patients receive a total of 2 g/kg over a period of 2-5 days. A daily dose of 1 g/kg or more seems to be associated with higher incidence of toxicity. Application of standard and droplet isolation precautions remains the cornerstone for preventing human parvovirus B19 transmission. Additional research is needed to assess the efficacy of current and novel therapies and to develop a safe and effective parvovirus B19 vaccine.
Integrating Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy in Cancer Treatment: Mechanistic Insights and Clinical Implications.

Small molecule targeted therapies have demonstrated outstanding potential in the clinic. These drugs are designed to minimize adverse effects by selectively attacking cancer cells while exerting minimal damage to normal cells. Although initial response to targeted therapies may be high, yielding positive response rates and often improving survival for an important percentage of patients, resistance often limits long-term effectiveness. On the other hand, immunotherapy has demonstrated durable results, yet for a limited number of patients. Growing evidence indicates that some targeted agents can modulate different components of the anti-tumor immune response. These include immune sensitization by inhibiting tumor cell-intrinsic immune evasion programs or enhancing antigenicity, as well as direct effects on immune effector and immunosuppressive cells. The combination of these two approaches, therefore, has the potential to result in synergistic and durable outcomes for patients. In this review, we focus on the latest advances on integrating immunotherapy with small molecule targeted inhibitors. In particular, we discuss how specific oncogenic events differentially affect immune response, and the implications of these findings on the rational design of effective combinations of immunotherapy and targeted therapies.
Attitude Dynamics of a Torque-Free Variable Mass Cylindrical Body

This paper investigates the attitude behavior of a variable mass system of the rocket type in free flight. The initial shape of the system is taken to be that of a right circular cylinder, and continuous and substantial mass loss is permitted from one of the ends of the cylinder. The model used allows internal fluid flow within the system, and permits mass center shift as well as variations in system inertia. The focus is on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the system’s rotational motion as propellant is depleted. Results obtained indicate that mass loss has, in general, minimal effect on spin rate. The magnitude of the transverse angular velocity will generally decrease with time as a result of mass loss. However, it is possible for the transverse angular velocity magnitude to grow exponentially with time for certain system geometries and fuel depletion patterns. The analyses presented capture a great deal more of the vital characteristic of the attitude motion of the system than previous work in this area.
The Physical Presence of Survivance in The Heirs of Columbus

Critics attempt to make sense of the fantastic happenings in Gerald Vizenor’s The Heirs of Columbus (1991) by taking his plethora of theoretical claims, the pinnacle of which is a concept called “survivance,” and applying them to the novel. However, no one has considered that Heirs does not simply give body to Vizenor’s theory, but surpasses it, crafting and testing a new definition of “survivance.” I argue in this paper that Vizenor’s Heirs adds a new dimension of “survivance,” portrayed particularly in his character Stone. In this way, “survivance” moves beyond its generally agreed upon definition as personal and intellectual liberation from identity constraints in order to encompass physical and communal healing as well.
Reevaluating the Alliance–Outcome Relationship in the Early Sessions of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy of Depression:

The therapeutic alliance has been reliably associated with outcome across psychotherapies. We investigated the alliance–outcome relationship in the early sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy of...
Sub-millisecond conformational transitions of short single-stranded DNA lattices by photon correlation single-molecule FRET

Thermally-driven conformational fluctuations (or breathing) of DNA plays important roles in the function and regulation of the macromolecular machinery of genome expression. Fluctuations in double-stranded (ds) DNA are involved in the transient exposure of pathways to protein binding sites within the DNA framework, leading to the binding of regulatory proteins to single-stranded (ss) DNA templates. These interactions often require that the ssDNA sequences, as well as the proteins involved, assume transient conformations critical for successful binding. Here we use microsecond-resolved single-molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) experiments to investigate the backbone fluctuations of short oligothymidine [oligo(dT)n] templates within DNA constructs that can also serve as models for ss-dsDNA junctions. Such junctions, as well as the attached ssDNA sequences, are involved in the binding of ssDNA binding (ssb) proteins that control and integrate the mechanisms of DNA replication complexes. We have used these data to determine multi-order time-correlation functions (TCFs) and probability distribution functions (PDFs) that characterize the kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of the system. We find that the oligo(dT)n tails of ss-dsDNA constructs inter-convert, on sub-millisecond time-scales, between three macrostates with distinctly different end-to-end distances. These are: (i) a compact macrostate that represents the dominant species at equilibrium; (ii) a partially extended macrostate that exists as a minority species; and (iii) a highly extended macrostate that is present in trace amounts. We propose a model for ssDNA secondary structure that advances our understanding of how spontaneously formed nucleic acid conformations may facilitate the activities of ssDNA associating proteins. Significance StatementThe genetic information of living organisms is encoded as sequences of nucleic acid bases in DNA, and is protected by the thermodynamically stable secondary structure of the Watson-Crick double helix. The processing and manipulation of gene sequences by macromolecular machines requires that stable segments of duplex DNA be disrupted, and that single-stranded (ss) DNA templates be transiently exposed to the binding sites of DNA associating proteins within the cellular environment. Here we elucidate some of the defining features that control the stability and dynamics of ssDNA secondary structure, using time-resolved methods to detect the presence of transient unstable conformations. Understanding the nature of these instabilities is central to elucidating the mechanisms by which ssDNA templates facilitate protein binding and function.
Investigation of the molecular motor of muscle: from generating life in a test tube to myosin structure over beers.

This article traces 60 years of investigation of the molecular motor of skeletal muscle from the 1940s through the 1990s. It started with the discovery that myosin interaction with actin in the pre...
International Statebuilding and the Domestic Politics of State Development

Managing the threat of violence remains a central concern in international security and development. International actors seek to terminate civil wars and prevent conflict recurrence by building peace and strengthening state institutions. In this article, I review the scholarship on international statebuilding, defined broadly as external efforts to create, strengthen, reform, and transform the authority structures of the state. Much of this literature models international statebuilding as provision, in which external actors provide a solution to the enforcement problem that plagues post-conflict bargains. However, in many cases the assumptions about domestic politics underpinning the provision model do not hold. When the central problem of domestic politics concerns bargaining over the distributional consequences of the peace rather than the parties' ability to credibly commit to the peace, international statebuilding is more fruitfully modeled as imposition, in which terms are imposed on recalcitrant domestic actors. The imposition model allows the preferences of external actors over the post-war order to diverge from the preferences of domestic actors. Divergence arises because statebuilding interventions have distributional consequences that threaten the interests of domestic elites. To unpack why this is the case, I turn to the literature on the domestic politics of statebuilding, which shows that ``weak statehood'' can help manage violence by facilitating the distribution of sovereignty rents. Insights from these literatures suggest exciting new avenues for future scholarship.
The Human Elder in Nature, Culture and Society

The Human Elder in Nature, Culture and Society. David Gutmann. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997. 250 pp.
Spinal cord injuries without radiologic abnormality in children: a systematic review.

STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to systematically review the literature for pediatric cases of spinal cord injuries without radiologic abnormality (SCIWORA) to investigate any possible relationship between initial neurologic impairment and eventual neurologic status. SETTING: A university department of orthopedics. METHODS: Following the preferred reporting items for systemic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic review, the databases of PubMed and OvidSP were electronically searched for articles that use individuals under 18 years old, have trauma resulting in spinal cord injury and have no fractures or dislocations on radiographs. When available, the patients' age, sex, mechanism of injury and spinal cord level were recorded. Individuals with cervical injury, who had specific information on cervical level and mechanism of injury, were recorded as well. Patients who reported specific magnetic resonance imaging findings and the time from the injury were also reported. When possible, the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) was determined initially after the injury and then at last follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 433 pediatric patients were identified with SCIWORA. The most prevalent mechanism of injury was sports-related injury cases (39.83%) followed by fall (24.18%) and motor vehicle-related (23.18%) injuries. The mean improvement recorded for all patients was 0.89 AIS grades. CONCLUSION: The most common mechanism of injury was sports-related and cervical injury, which occurred more frequently than other levels. Initial AIS grade A showed poorer outcomes in the pediatric population compared with the adult population. Initial presentation of D showed the highest likelihood of no permanent neurologic impairment (AIS of E).Spinal Cord advance online publication, 14 July 2015; doi:10.1038/sc.2015.110. Language: en
Talkin\' to Myself: Blues Lyrics, 1921-1942

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Michael Taft Year: 2005 Publisher: Taylor and Francis ISBN: 0-415-97378-3 Prices: $125.00 US(hard cover).
Comparison of rate of annual change of mental status score in four independent studies of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Longitudinal studies of subjects with autopsy-proven Alzheimer's disease in one skilled nursing home and of clinically diagnosed cases (NINCDS/ADRDA criteria) in three community cohorts are compared with regard to the annual rate of change in the error score of the Blessed information-memory-concentration test (IMC) in which the maximum number of errors possible is 33. The four cohorts differed significantly from each other in regard to age, education, sex, and the degree of dementia as measured by the initial IMC score. Subjects spanned the age range of 52 to 96 years and had 2 to 20 years of education. The rate of change in error score per year was similar whether the initial error score was 0 to 7, 8 to 15, or 16 to 23; however, the rate was reduced when the initial error score was 24 or above, due to a ceiling effect of the test. Among subjects with initial IMC scores less than 24, the annual rate of change varied considerably. However, the mean annual rate of change, 4.4 errors (SD 3.6, SEM 0.3) per year, was independent of residence in a nursing home, location of the study site, and of the patient's sex or education. Of particular importance was the finding that the rate of change in mental test score was independent of age. It can be concluded that the rate of cognitive deterioration in patients with Alzheimer's disease is quite variable among individuals and is independent of the patient's age and whether the patient resides in the community or in a nursing home. More importantly, the rate of change of the IMC test provides no evidence for a difference between early-onset and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The average rate of change on the IMC and its variance can be used as the basis for designing studies of drugs or procedures that might alter the course of Alzheimer's disease.
T1ρ‐relaxation mapping of human femoral‐tibial cartilage in vivo

PURPOSE To demonstrate the in vivo feasibility of measuring spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T(1rho)); and T(1rho)-dispersion in human femoral cartilage. Furthermore, we aimed to compute the baseline T(1rho)-relaxation times and spin-lock contrast (SLC) maps on healthy volunteers, and compare relaxation times and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with corresponding T(2)-weighted images. MATERIALS AND METHODS All MR imaging experiments were performed on a 1.5 T GE Signa scanner (GEMS, Milwaukee, WI) using a custom built 15-cm transmit-receive quadrature birdcage radio-frequency (RF) coil. The T(1rho)-prepared magnetization was imaged with a single-slice two-dimensional fast spin-echo (FSE) pulse sequence preencoded with a three-pulse cluster consisting of two hard 90 degrees pulses and a low power spin-lock pulse. T(1rho)-dispersion imaging was performed by varying the spin-lock frequency from 100 to 500 Hz in five steps in addition to varying the length of the spin-lock pulse. RESULTS The average T(1rho)-relaxation times in the weight-bearing (WB) and nonweight-bearing (NWB) regions of the femoral condyle were 42.2 +/- 3.6 msec and 55.7 +/- 2.3 msec (mean +/- SD, N = 5, P < 0.0001), respectively. In the same regions, the corresponding T(2)-relaxation times were 31.8 +/- 1.5 msec and 37.6 +/- 3.6 msec (mean +/- SD, N = 5, P < 0.0099). T(1rho)-weighted images have approximately 20%-30% higher SNR than the corresponding T(2)-weighted images for similar echo time. The average SLC in the WB region of femoral cartilage was 30 +/-4.0%. Furthermore, SLC maps provide better contrast between fluid and articular surface of femoral-tibial joint than T(1rho)-maps. The T(1rho)-relaxation times varied from 32 msec to 42 msec ( approximately 31%) in the WB and 37 msec to 56 msec ( approximately 51%) in NWB regions of femoral condyle, respectively, in the frequency range 0-500 Hz (T(1rho)-dispersion). CONCLUSION The feasibility of performing in vivo T(1rho) relaxation mapping in femoral cartilage at 1.5T clinical scanner without exceeding Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits on specific absorption rate (SAR) of RF energy was demonstrated.
Allosteric inhibition of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase alters the coordination of both substrates.

Abstract 3-Deoxy- d - arabino -heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase (DAHPS), the first enzyme of the aromatic biosynthetic pathway in microorganisms and plants, catalyzes the aldol-like condensation of phosphoenolpyruvate and d -erythrose-4-phosphate with the formation of 3-deoxy- d - arabino -heptulosonate-7-phosphate. In Escherichia coli , there are three isoforms of DAHPS, each specifically feedback-regulated by one of the three aromatic amino acid end products. The crystal structure of the phenylalanine-regulated DAHPS from E. coli in complex with its inhibitor, l -phenylalanine, phosphoenolpyruvate, and metal cofactor, Mn 2+ , has been determined to 2.8 A resolution. Phe binds in a cavity formed by residues of two adjacent subunits and is located about 20 A from the closest active site. A model for the mechanism of allosteric inhibition has been derived from conformational differences between the Phe-bound and previously determined Phe-free structures. Two interrelated paths of conformational changes transmit the inhibitory signal from the Phe-binding site to the active site of DAHPS. The first path involves transmission within a single subunit due to the movement of adjacent segments of the protein. The second involves alterations in the contacts between subunits. The combination of these two paths changes the conformation of one of the active site loops significantly and shifts the other slightly. This alters the interaction of DAHPS with both of its substrates. Upon binding of Phe, the enzyme loses the ability to bind d -erythrose-4-phosphate and binds phosphoenolpyruvate in a flipped orientation.
New insights into the photocycle of Ectothiorhodospira halophila photoactive yellow protein: photorecovery of the long-lived photobleached intermediate in the Met100Ala mutant.

There are previously two known intermediates (I1 and I2) in the room-temperature photocycle of the photoactive yellow protein (PYP) from Ectothiorhodospira halophila. The three-dimensional structures of ground-state PYP and of I2 have shown that light-induced conformational changes are localized to the active site. Previous site-specific mutagenesis studies of PYP in our laboratories have characterized two active site mutants (Glu46Gln and Arg52Ala). We now report the construction and characterization of a mutant at a third active site position (Met100Ala) in order to establish the role of this residue in the photocycle. Met100Ala PYP has an absorption spectrum which is very similar to wild-type (WT) PYP, but exhibits very different kinetic properties. At pH 7.0, the light-induced bleaching reaction (I2 formation) has a half-life <1 μs and the recovery in the dark has a half-life of 5.5 min, as compared with half-lives of 100 μs and 140 ms for the same reactions in WT PYP. The slow rate of recovery from I...
Green Reductive Homocoupling of Bromobenzene

Although transition-metal-catalyzed reactions are important in contemporary organic chemistry, relatively few resources for the second-year organic chemistry curriculum discuss the subject. The inquiry-based experiment described here, an iron-catalyzed preparation of biphenyl from bromobenzene, introduces this topic. The reaction uses an inexpensive and relatively benign iron precatalyst that is air- and moisture-stable, and the experiment can be performed using the equipment found in a typical organic teaching laboratory. The crude product can be analyzed by melting point determination or by gas chromatography. The experiment allows for a general discussion of redox cycles common in many metal-catalyzed reactions, redox processes of organic substrates, and green chemistry. The experiment can be used in organic or inorganic laboratories.
Images contain what the imager put there: A nonreplication of illusions in imagery

Although much research points to the commonalities between imaging and perceiving, there are also large differences between these activities. Perception begins with a distal stimulus; thus, it is possible to ask whether a percept corresponds to its stimulus, implying the possibility of nonveridicality or of ambiguity. In contrast, images come into being accompanied by an understanding of what the image represents; hence, images cannot be misunderstood, and they represent what the imaginer intended. Some recent results showing illusions in imagery appear to undermine these claims, but we argue that these data are potentially flawed. We report results that are consistent with these claims about the nature of images and the relation between imagery and perception.
β-adrenergic regulation of the secretory granule content of acinar cells in olfactory glands of the salamander

1. Theβ-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (IPR) caused a concentration-dependent reduction in the secretory granule content of acinar cells of superficial and deep olfactory glands. Secretory granule areas and heights and the ratios of granule to cell areas and heights were decreased by 3 mg/kg IPR injected i.p. Larger decreases were observed with 30 mg/kg IPR. IPR also caused vasodilation in the superficial and deep gland layers which was more pronounced at the lower concentration. 2. Injection of 42 mg/kg of theβ-adrenergic antagonist propranolol 10 min prior to injection of 30 mg/kg isoproterenol blocked the reduction in secretory granule content seen with IPR alone. The propranolol antagonism of IPR's effects was partial in the superficial acinar cells and complete in the deep acinar cells. 3. Injection of 42 mg/kg propranolol alone had no effect on the secretory granule content of the superficial acinar cells but caused an increase in the deep acinar cells, suggesting a tonic autonomic input. 4. There was a systematic decrease in the amplitude of the negative component of the electro-olfactogram,Veog(−), evoked by the odorant citral orcis-1,2-dichloroethylene recorded at regular intervals after i.p. injection of 30 mg/kg IPR. Injection of 42 mg/kg propranolol blocked the effect of IPR on the amplitude ofVeog(−). IPR had no effect on the amplitude of the positive voltage transient,Veog(+), elicited bycis-1,2-dichloroethylene.
Effect of sulfur-containing dietary supplements on gizzard lining erosions.

Abstract Three experiments were conducted with crystalline amino acid basal diets containing 5% isolated soy protein to ascertain the supplementary effect of sulfur-containing compounds on blood constituents and gizzard lining erosion. At the 0.40% methionine dietary level, the plasma albumin protein values were improved by supplements of sulfate and fishery products, whereas, the globulin values were variable. At the methionine content of 0.55%, the hematocrit value was also increased. Taurine, cysteic acid or fish meal ash did not improve the growth of chicks fed 0.45% methionine. Gizzard lining erosions were quite prevalent and severe when chicks were fed inadequate methionine and were improved considerably but not totally prevented by the 0.70 to 1.25% levels of sulfur amino acids.
Measuring an Individual's Investment in the Future: Symbolic Immortality, Sensation Seeking, and Psychic Numbness.

Robert Jay Lifton has proposed that humans have a compelling urge to relate to the future beyond their own life span, which he calls the need for symbolic immortality. According to Lifton this need...
Skull shape in relation to carcass fatness in pigs.

The relationships between skull shape and carcass fatness were examined in sixty pigs using seventeen linear skull measurements and ten measurements of carcass fat weight. The skull measurements were combined using the multivariate statistical technique of principal components analysis to provide an index of the most variable feature of skull shape. The principal shape component was found to contrast long and narrow skulls with short and broad ones. Correlations showed that a long narrow skull, which is recognised as a late developing feature in the overall growth of the pig's skull, was associated with a fatter carcass. It is suggested that late developing features in bone growth may have value in assessing the overall development of late developing tissues such as fat.
Topological entropy of one-dimensional maps: Approximations and bounds.

We present a method for computing the topological entropy of one-dimensional maps. As an approximation scheme, the algorithm converges rapidly and provides both upper and lower bounds.
HYPOTHEMIA OF THE NEWBORN:CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF SERUM THYROXINE (T4) INSULIN (I) AND GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

HYPOTHEMIA OF THE NEWBORN:CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF SERUM THYROXINE (T4) INSULIN (I) AND GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
Quantitative analysis of modified proteins and their positional isomers by tandem mass spectrometry: human histone H4.

Here we show that fragment ion abundances from dissociation of ions created from mixtures of multiply modified histone H4 (11 kDa) or of N-terminal synthetic peptides (2 kDa) correspond to their respective intact ion abundances measured by Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Isomeric mixtures of modified forms of the same protein are resolved and quantitated with a precision of ≤5% using the relative ratios of their fragment ions, with intact protein ions created by electrospray greatly easing many of the systematic biases that more strongly affect small peptides (e.g., differences in ionization efficiency and ion m/z values). The ion fragmentation methods validated here are directly extensible to intact human proteins to derive quantitative information on the highly related and often isomeric protein forms created by combinatorial arrays of posttranslational modifications.