cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model of Two Higgs-Boson Doublets with No Increase in Parameters

We extend the standard SU(2) × U(1) electroweak gauge model to include two Higgs-boson doublets but without increasing the total number of adjustable parameters. This is achieved by the matching of couplings in a way consistent with their respective renormalization-group equations. The resulting Higgs-Boson masses are all well below 100 GeV, with substantial production rates from W, Z, and t decay.
Organization of some brain stem afferents to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the rat

Brain stem afferents to subnuclei of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus were studied by the anterograde autoradiographic technique in the rat. The parabrachial nuclei and locus coeruleus project to the posterior, periventricular, parvocellular and dorsal divisions. The ventral medulla projects to the posterior, medial, lateral, parvocellular and dorsal divisions. The A1 catecholamine cell group projects to the posterior, medial, lateral, parvocellular and dorsal divisions, and the nucleus of the solitary tract to the parvocellular and dorsal divisions. The A1 region and the ventral medulla also project to the supraoptic nucleus.
Molecular targeting in childhood malignancies using nanoparticles

ABSTRACT The goal of our project is to develop a new therap y for childhood malignancies using nanoformulated siRNA targeting Mxd3, a molecule in the Sonic Hedgehog signali ng pathway, which we belie ve is important for cell survival. We plan to use cancer-s pecific ligands and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO NPs) to carry siRNA. This delivery system will be tested in mouse xenograft models that we developed with primary cancer tissues. Our current focus is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common cancer in children. We report our progress to date. Keywords: siRNA, nanoparticles, acute ly mphoblastic leukemia, leukemia-speci fic ligand, targeted therapy 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and current treatment Leukemia is the most common cancer in children, with B-cell type ALL being the most common type (Figure 1 ) [1,2]. Despite the progress in medicine, certain types of ALL continue to have poor outcomes, with survival rates as low as 30% [2]. Current standard treatments take 2 ½ to 3 years and include systemic chemotherapy or radiation therapy. These treatments ar e highly toxic to growing ch ildren, as they inevitably damage healthy cells along with the leukemia cells. These toxicities are not limited to short-term side effects, but also result in long-term irreversible side effects th at decrease the quality of life of children who survive. These long-term effects involve multi-organ systems leading to poor growth, osteoporosis, infertility, heart failure, and secondary cancers [3]. To overcome the limitations and significant side effects of current treatments, we need new approaches that specifically target leukemia cells. A few promising targeted therapies have been clinically tested in different le ukemias, such as a BCR-ABL ty rosine kinase inhibitor in chronic myeloid leukemia (and in BCR-ABL positive ALL) and all-trans retinoic acid in acute myeloid leukemia [7]. However, no targeted therapy h as been applied exclusively for childhood ALL.
Tests for Paired Lifetime Data with Frailty Models

We consider the problem of hypothesis testing of the equality of marginal survival distributions observed from paired lifetime data. Usual procedures include the paired t-test, which may perform poor for certain types of data. We propose asymptotic tests based on gamma frailty models with Weibull conditional distributions, and investigate their theoretical properties using large sample theory. For finite samples, we conduct simulations to evaluate the powers of the associated tests. For moderate and less skewed data, the proposed tests are the most powerful among the commonly applied testing procedures. A data example is illustrated to demonstrate the methods.
Rap music and its political connections: An annotated bibliography

Rap music subordinates music to language. It is this emphasis on language that can make rap a vehicle for many ideas, if that is the rapper's intention. Playthell Benjamin, former academic and freelance writer for such magazines as the Village Voice and Emerge, believes that rappers can be divided into distinct groups, based on the message or non‐message conveyed. He groups rappers as “Narcissists, didactics, party‐time rappers, or gangsters” based on the content of their rapping. Any rapper who falls into one of these groups can have political significance for blacks, whites, women, liberals, conservatives, Jews, Muslims, and Christians. Narcissists frequently refer to women as mere sex objects, the worst example being the group 2 Live Crew, and less offensive examples being L.L. Cool J. and Big Daddy Kane. Didactics are the chief proponents of Afrocentric thinking and revisionist history. Representatives of this style would be Public Enemy, KRS‐One, and X‐Clan. Party‐time rappers, such as Heavy D and the Boyz or Biz Markie, are rarely serious, but sexism and homophobia can be elements in their raps. Gangster rappers N.W.A., Ice‐T, and Ice Cube are currently receiving a lot of attention from the press, and violent behavior characterizes their lyrics.
Select Nutrients in the Ovine Uterine Lumen. V. Nitric Oxide Synthase, GTP Cyclohydrolase, and Ornithine Decarboxylase in Ovine Uteri and Peri-Implantation Conceptuses

Nitric oxide (NO) and polyamines are critical for implantation and development of conceptuses (embryo and extraembryonic membranes), but mechanisms regulating their biosynthesis in uteri and conceptuses are largely unknown. This study determined the effects of the estrous cycle, pregnancy, progesterone, and interferon tau (IFNT) on expression of NO synthases (NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3), guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase (GCH1, the key enzyme in de novo synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, a cofactor for NO production), and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC1) in uterine endometria in cyclic ewes (Days 10-16) and pregnant ewes (Days 10-20). The mRNAs and proteins for NOS1 and ODC1 were most abundant in uterine luminal (LE) and superficial glandular (sGE) epithelia, and abundance was affected by day of estrous cycle and early pregnancy. NOS2, GCH1, and NOS3 mRNAs were detected in very low abundance in uterine epithelia and stromal cells in both cyclic and pregnant ewes. NOS1 mRNA also was expressed very weakly in conceptuses, whereas NOS3 mRNA was abundant in the trophectoderm and endoderm of conceptuses, as were total NOS1 and NOS3 proteins, inhibitory p-NOS1 protein, and stimulatory p-NOS3 protein. GCH1 mRNA was abundant in the trophectoderm and endoderm of conceptuses between Days 13 and 15 of pregnancy and then decreased thereafter, whereas ODC1 mRNA abundance increased in conceptuses between Days 13 and 18 of pregnancy. GCH1 protein was localized primarily in the nuclei of trophectoderm and endoderm, and its abundance decreased after Day 14 of pregnancy, whereas ODC1 protein was more abundant in the trophectoderm than in the endoderm between Days 13 and 18 of pregnancy. Progesterone stimulated NOS1 and GCH1 expression in LE/sGE and glandular epithelia, whereas IFNT inhibited NOS1 expression in these cell types. Thus, biosynthesis of NO and polyamines in ovine uterine endometria and conceptuses is potentially regulated at transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels to favor conceptus development and implantation.
Anticausatives in Sinhala: involitivity and causer suppression

Many recent theories of causative/inchoative alternations adopt an anticausativization analysis, wherein the inchoative is derived from the causative via some operation that eliminates the causer argument from a verb’s argument structure, provided the causer is semantically unspecified for agentivity (Levin and Rappaport Hovav 1995; Chierchia 2004; Koontz-Garboden 2009). We explore the properties of such an analysis for causative/inchoative alternations in Colloquial Sinhala, which are overtly indicated via a volitive/involitive stem contrast on the verb. We argue that the alternation arises from a causer suppression operation that deletes the causer syntactically but preserves it semantically, albeit formally marking it as unresolvable for agentivity. This prevents the verb from occurring in certain contexts requiring agentivity of a syntactically active argument, including the volitive stem, although such a reading may be derived pragmatically. The patient in turn shows a case alternation that we argue reflects two ways the suppressed causer can be interpreted—via reflexivization or existential binding. These data, we argue, support an anticausative analysis as elimination of causers unspecified for agentivity. They also expand the typology of ways agentivity is encoded and left unspecified, how causer elimination can occur, and what types of overt morphology can indicate the alternation.
Totally reflecting thin-film phase retarders.

Thin-film structures which contain totally reflecting boundaries can be designed to produce nearly arbitrary phase retardations. Examples are given for quarterwave retarders that are either achromatic or cover an extended range of incidence angles.
Effect of lovastatin alone and as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent on hepatoma tissue culture-4 cell growth

Background: Cholesterol is essential for cell viability and growth. Interference with the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway with a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (e.g., lovastatin) may preferentially slow malignant cell growth and offer a new approach to cancer chemotherapy. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the effect of lovastatin alone, and as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent, on the growth and function of hepatoma tissue culture-4 (HTC-4) cells.
Spectrochemical Analysis of High Nickel Alloys by the Point-to-Plane Spark Technique Using a Direct Reading Spectrometer

Analysis of high nickel alloys for purposes of quality control and alloy certification has been adapted to a 2.5 meter Wadsworth - mounted spectrometer. Samples are received as forgings and bar stock and prepared by machining a clean flat surface at least ½ inch in diameter [Table 1] and by use of a wet belt sander for high voltage spark excitation. The analytical curves are prepared by repetitive sparking of NBS Standards No. 161, 169, 162a, 349, 1188, 1189, 1191; INCO Standards (secondary) N 4405A, NX 980, NX 1476, NX 1395, NX 1285, M 2946B, M 2987B, M 3005B; and Haynes Stellite Co. Standards CL 3601, CL 3616, CL 3638, X 04044, X 04232, X 14241 (1). Variations in the nickel concentration of standards and samples show very little effect on the precision and accuracy obtained so long as appropriate standards in the range of interest are used.
Special Supplement to Geriatric Nursing: Theory-Based Interventions for Research and Clinical Practice

T he number of adults over age 65 is rapidly increasing in the United States, with an increase from 31 to 34 million between 1990 and 2000. With this increase, there is a pressing need for health promotion efforts that will engage older adults. A primary concern in the nursing care of older adults is the development and delivery of interventions that promote health, reduce risk of disability, and increase a healthy quality of life. Strong clinical management with quality outcomes is the hallmark of geriatric nursing practice, and interventions and management of treatment outcomes are best realized if practice is theory based. Translational research is focused on identifying and applying relevant and effective research theories, methods, and findings to inform practice and policy as a basis to improve health and well-being, especially in vulnerable populations. Such efforts have been emphasized by both researchers and clinicians and also reflected in the National Institutes of Health Roadmap. Nursing knowledge guiding translational research requires exploration of the causal, contributing, and contextual factors associated with healthpromoting behaviors. Leaders have called for relevant, theory-based research targeted to specific populations, acknowledging social and contex-
Finite difference methods for modeling porous media flows

The purpose of this study is to determine what finite-difference algorithms are best used in numerical simulation of two-dimensional single-phase saturated porous media flows when the models have a nondiagonal symmetric tensor for the mobility (or hydraulic conductivity) that has nontrivial jump discontinuities along lines that are not aligned with the coordinate axes. Such problems arise naturally in many modeling situations and, in addition, when simpler problems are studied using adaptive grids.
The Political Economy of Urban Disaster Assistance

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, policy makers are once again debating the manner in which we prepare for, respond to, and recover from extreme events in the United States. While much is known about how to make urban regions safer, political and economic calculations often overwhelm these considerations. The mix of competing priorities and incentives of federal, state, and local officials conspire to make urban hazard planning difficult if not impossible. The considerable challenge facing those charged with making cities less vulnerable is to strike an appropriate balance between these political and economic dynamics, and the creation of more disaster-resilient communities.
Lower Protein Stability Does Not Necessarily Increase Local Dynamics

Overall protein stability is thought to have an important impact on the millisecond time scale dynamics modulating enzyme function. In order to better understand the effects of overall stability on the substructure dynamics of mitochondrial cytochrome c, we test the effect of a destabilizing L85A mutation on the kinetics and equilibrium thermodynamics of the alkaline conformational transition. The alkaline conformational transition replaces the Met80 ligand of the heme with a lysine residue from Ω-loop D, the heme crevice loop, consisting of residues 70–85. Residues 67–87 are the most conserved portion of the sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome c, suggesting that this region is of prime importance for function. Mutations to Ω-loop D affect the stability of the heme crevice directly, modulating the pKapp of the alkaline transition. Two variants of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c, WT*/L85A and WT*/K73H/L85A, were prepared for these studies. Guanidine-HCl unfolding monitored by circular dichroism and pH titrations...
Couro imperial: raça, travestismo e o culto da domesticidade

Analisando a relacao sadomasoquista de um casal vitoriano, a autora argumenta que o travestismo de Hannah Cullwick e seu fetichismo eram tentativas sistematicas de negociar os perigos do que, segundo ela, foi um dos atos de desaparecimento mais bem sucedidos da historia moderna - a ocultacao do trabalho domestico das mulheres. Recusando-se a trocar a sua forca desordeira da classe trabalhadora pelas redeas da respeitabilidade, Hannah se adornou com seus proprios grilhoes simbolicos, pondo em questao, de modo dramatico, a narrativa vitoriana de progresso e a familia humana heterossexual.
Urea nitrogen for potatoes

1. The source of nitrogen influenced the total yield of potato tubers, the nutrient concentrations in the potato petiole and the appearance of growing plants, especially in fields of low available phosphorus. 2. Urea resulted in higher nitrate-nitrogen, calcium, and magnesium concentrations in the plant petiole, but in lower phosphate-phosphorus concentrations as compared with ammonium sulfate. 3. Urea application in soils of neutral and alkaline reaction resulted in lower total yields than did ammonium sulfate at equal rates of nitrogen. In acid soils, urea appeared equal to ammonium sulfate. 4. Potatoes from urea-fertilized plants grown on soils of low available phosphurus exhibited symptoms of phosphorus deficiency during early season but outgrew these symptoms as the plants approached maturity. 5. Increasing the biuret content in the urea material from 0.2 to 1.3 per cent had no effect on yield or plant appearance. 6. In neutral and alkaline soils, ammonium sulfate was more efficient than urea as a nitrogen source for potatoes. In acid soils, indications were that urea equaled ammonium sulfate in efficiency for potatoes.
Chemically mediated escape behavior in the marsh periwinkle Littoraria irrorata Say

Abstract Marsh periwinkles Littoraria irrorata Say substantially reduce their exposure to predatory crown conchs Melongena corona Gmelin by ascending intertidal plants during high tide, when conchs actively hunt. Studies were conducted to determine if the periwinkle's responses to predator contact were comparable to those of gastropods lacking an equivalent strategy of predator avoidance. Marsh periwinkles exhibit an escape response to contact with crown conchs. consisting of a 64% increase in average speed of locomotion, and a 68% increase in average rate of cephalic tentacle contacts with the substratum. Crown conch mucus alone is sufficient to elicit a full-strength response. The cephalic tentacles, anterior foot, and posterior foot of marsh periwinkles appear equally sensitive to this predator's mucus, but periwinkles do not move in any particular direction relative to the site of stimulation. Mucus of nonprcdators (ragged sea hares, scallops) did not elicit a significant escape response in marsh periwinkles. Contact with mucus from each of five predatory neogastropods did elicit a significant response, but contact with the natural predator ( M. corona ) elicited a significantly stronger response than the others. The marsh periwinkle's escape response and chemo-discrimination ability is similar to that reported for some other gastropods.
Growth of Pb 1 - x Sm x X (X is Se or Te and x = 0.01-0.04) Films on Porous Silicon

Films with the composition Pb1 − xSmxX (X is Se or Te and x = 0.01–0.04) have been prepared and their structural properties have been investigated. A method for growing a buffer porous silicon layer is described. It is established that, for all samples (except for an amorphous film on the surface of porous silicon), the real film structure consists of blocks 10–50 μm in size and is independent of the porous layer morphology.
Life insurance funding of buy-sell arrangements in family businesses

Purpose – Buy-sell arrangements for the death of a co-owner may be funded with life insurance. Although many factors may enter the decision of whether to fund the buy-sell with life insurance, the degree of tolerance to risk is a major factor. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the risk aversion necessary to make life insurance funding the preferred option. Design/methodology/approach – The decision whether to use life insurance was modeled using the expected utility theorem under state-dependent utility. Aversion to risk was varied to determine at what risk aversion levels insurance was preferred. Analysis was done for difference ages and thus mortality risk and for difference levels of insurance markups. Findings – Life insurance funding is preferred at relatively low amounts of risk aversion, especially if the surviving partner becomes more risk averse upon the co-owner's death. A lower percentage of life insurance would be used if insurance premiums are significantly above actuarially fair premi...
Biogeography of Tropical Montane Cloud Forests. Part I: Remote Sensing of Cloud-Base Heights

Abstract Cloud-base heights over tropical montane cloud forests are determined using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud products and National Centers for Environmental Prediction global tropospheric final analysis (FNL) fields. Cloud-base heights are computed by subtracting cloud thickness estimates from cloud-top height estimates. Cloud-top pressures determined from the current MODIS retrieval algorithm often have serious cloud-top pressure retrieval errors at pressures > 700 hPa. The problem can be easily remedied by matching cloud-top temperature derived from the 11-μm channel to the dewpoint temperature profile (instead of the temperature profile) obtained from the FNL dataset. The FNL dataset at 1° spatial resolution produced results that were nearly equivalent to those derived from radiosonde measurements. The following three different approaches for estimating cloud thickness are examined: 1) the constant liquid water method, 2) the empirical method, and 3) the adiabatic mo...
Values, Modes and Domains of Inquiry into Communication

Prevailing ambiguity regarding concepts of communication often precludes serious consideration of relevant methodology and theory, i.e., problems of a discipline of communication. Noting this, the paper examines organizing principles of a possible discipline of communication, aims of current inquiries into the process, values employed in judging their objectifications, and practical problems encountered in generating knowledge in the field. Rather than promoting a particular framework for the study of communication or emphasizing a specialized problem of improving on a particular communication phenomenon, the paper attempts to develop a general typology for inquiries into communication processes. This typology differentiates among modes and domains of inquiry according to a number of methodological and practical criteria. It suggests that a possible discipline of communication, in order to be viable, should simultaneously employ three separate investigative strategies: a praxiological mode of inquiry, a scientific mode of inquiry and a cybernetic mode of inquiry.
Evidence of a high-Andean, mid-Holocene plant community: An ancient DNA analysis of glacially preserved remains.

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Around the world, tropical glaciers and ice caps are retreating at unprecedented rates because of climate change. In at least one location, along the margin of the Quelccaya Ice Cap in southeastern Peru, ancient plant remains have been continually uncovered since 2002. We used genetic analysis to identify plants that existed at these sites during the mid-Holocene. • METHODS We examined remains between 4576 and 5222 yr old, using PCR amplification, cloning, and sequencing of a fragment of the chloroplast trnL intron. We then matched these sequences to sequences in GenBank. • KEY RESULTS We found evidence of at least five taxa characteristic of wetlands, which occur primarily at lower elevations in the region today. • CONCLUSIONS A diverse community most likely existed at these locations the last time they were ice-free and thus has the potential to reestablish with time. This is the first genetic analysis of vegetation uncovered by receding glacial ice, and it may become one of many as ancient plant materials are newly uncovered in a changing climate.
Comparative Political Theory: An Islamic Fundamentalist Critique of Rationalism

In this manuscript I analyze the political theory of an influential Islamic fundamentalist theorist. From this analysis I argue that the fundamentalist insistence on divine sovereignty must be understood, in part, as a rejection of and rebuttal to modern theories of political sovereignty and the rationalist epistemology that justifies them. This suggests that fundamentalist ideas should not be dismissed as either irrational or purely epiphenomenal. Fundamentalist political thought needs to be understood as an apparently compelling (albeit potentially dangerous) ethicopolitical vision for the future, one that, furthermore, is part of a broader critique of rationalism and modernity that we in the West not only recognize, but in which we often participate. This particular analysis and comparison with Western thought is also an occasion to elaborate the possibility of and conditions for comparative political theory in general, that is, the introduction of non-Western perspectives into familiar normative debat...
Kinetics and nucleation for driven thin film flow

Abstract The lubrication theory of thin liquid films, driven by a constant surface stress opposing gravity, is described by a scalar fourth order PDE for the film height h : h t + ( h 2 − h 3 ) x = − γ ( h 3 h x x x ) x , in which γ is a positive constant related to surface tension. In this paper, the wave structure of solutions observed in numerical simulations with γ > 0 is related to the recent hyperbolic theory of the underlying scalar conservation law, in which γ = 0 . This theory involves a kinetic relation, describing possible undercompressive shocks, and a nucleation condition, governing the transition from classical to non-classical solution of the Riemann problem. The kinetic relation and nucleation condition are derived from consideration of traveling wave solutions (with γ > 0 ). The kinetic relation is identified with a codimension-one bifurcation of the corresponding vector field, for which there is a traveling wave approximating an undercompressive shock. The nucleation condition is identified as a transition in the vector field at which there is no traveling wave connecting upstream and downstream heights. The thresholds defined by these conditions are incorporated into a Riemann solver map, which is tested for initial value problems for the full PDE. It is found that the parameter γ determines a limit to the applicability of the hyperbolic theory, in which the fourth order diffusion can dominate short-time transients, resulting in long-time convergence to the classical solution when the hyperbolic theory would predict a non-classical solution.
Noise performance of 90 nm CMOS technology

This work describes the noise figure performance of CMOS transistors at the 90 nm technology node. Noise parameters are measured from 2-18 GHz, resulting in a minimum noise figure less than 2 dB across the range of measured frequencies for both NMOS and PMOS. Data is presented showing the effect of total gate width, gate length, and bias on the noise parameters.
Structure of advanced Maillard reaction products and their pathological role

In this article we review recent progress and controversies relating to three areas of the field of advanced glycosylation end-products (AGE). A controversy exists as to whether pyrraline, an AGE detectable by immunohistochemistry in kidneys from patients with renal failure, exists in vivo. Recent data from the authors' laboratory revealed that pyrraline is present in alkaline or protease digests from human skin and plasma. However, the amounts are very low and pyrraline was found to undergo further reactions to form an ether with itself (dipyrraline) as well as a thioether with cysteine. This high reactivity of pyrraline may explain the difficulty of quantitating it accurately in biological material. In contrast, the glycoxidation products carboxymethyllysine (CML) and pentosidine are stable, very resistant to acid hydrolysis and easy to quantitate. They are present in elevated concentrations in the extracellular matrix in diabetes mellitus and ageing. In the diabetic human lens, CML is not elevated, in contrast to pentosidine, suggesting a different mechanism of formation. Recent data in diabetic dogs have shown that pentosidine is elevated only in lenses from poorly controlled dogs, in contrast to LM-1, a fluorophore thought to arise from ascorbate. Further studies are needed to clarify the intracellular mechanism of glycoxidation. The greatest concentrations of AGEs and glycoxidation products are found in patients with end-stage renal disease, and they are almost completely normalized by renal transplantation. Comparison of peritoneal dialysis (PD) with haemodialysis (HD) showed that PD is associated with lower plasma protein pentosidine, possibly due to selective transport of pentosidine-rich protein across the peritoneal wall. Fractionation of plasma proteins from ESRD patients by size showed that 90% of pentosidine is linked to HMW protein and 1-2% is in free form. The mechanism of accelerated glycoxidation in ESRD is still not understood.
Measurement of Luteinizing Hormone by the Hyperemia and Ovarian Ascorbic Acid Depletion Assays11

The activity of purified preparations of luteinizing hormone (LH) from human, bovine, ovine, porcine and equine pituitaries and from human urine, was measured in terms of the ovine NIH-LH-Sl standard, by the ovarian hyperemia and ovarian ascorbic acid depletion (OAAD) assays. Although the index of discrimination between the hyperemia and OAAD assays did not depart significantly from unity in the case of bovine and porcine LH, there was a marked deviation from unity in measurement of human pituitary and urinary LH, and, to a lesser extent, equine LH. For each of the latter three LH's, considerably greater relative potency estimates were obtained with the hyperemia than with the OAAD assay. These results closely parallel previous reports of higher relative potency estimates obtained for human and equine LH with the ventral prostate assay as compared to those obtained for the same preparations with the OAAD assay. Because of the acute nature of the end-point for both the hyperemia and OAAD assays, it is sugg...
A Frictional Efficiency Loss Model for Helical Gears

In this study, a methodology for prediction of mechanical efficiency of helical gear pairs is proposed. It combines a gear load distribution model with a friction coefficient computation model. The load distribution model is used to provide contact pressures and other contact parameters to the friction coefficient model. Two different approaches are used for the computation of the friction coefficient. The first approach employs a number of published empirical friction coefficient formulae that were typically obtained through twin-disk tests. The second approach uses a rough-surface, thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) model. A simplified, smooth-surface version of the EHL-based model is also proposed. The friction coefficient distributions along the tooth contact surfaces are then used to calculate the friction forces that yield the instantaneous mechanical efficiency loss of the gear pair at a given mesh angle. The model is used to study the influence of a number of design, lubricant and surface related parameters as well as load and speed on the mechanical efficiency of helical gear pairs.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Missed nursing care: a concept analysis.

Title. Missed nursing care: a concept analysis. Aim. This paper is a report of the analysis of the concept of missed nursing care. Background. According to patient safety literature, missed nursing care is an error of omission. This concept has been conspicuously absent in quality and patient safety literature, with individual aspects of nursing care left undone given only occasional mention. Method. An 8-step method of concept analysis – select concept, determine purpose, identify uses, define attributes, identify model case, describe related and contrary cases, identify antecedents and consequences and define empirical referents – was used to examine the concept of missed nursing care. The sources for the analysis were identified by systematic searches of the World Wide Web, MEDLINE, CINAHL and reference lists of related journal articles with a timeline of 1970 to April 2008. Findings. Missed nursing care, conceptualized within the Missed Nursing Care Model, is defined as any aspect of required patient care that is omitted (either in part or in whole) or delayed. Various attribute categories reported by nurses in acute care settings contribute to missed nursing care: (1) antecedents that catalyse the need for a decision about priorities; (2) elements of the nursing process and (3) internal perceptions and values of the nurse. Multiple elements in the nursing environment and internal to nurses influence whether needed nursing care is provided. Conclusion. Missed care as conceptualized within the Missed Care Model is a universal phenomenon. The concept is expected to occur across all cultures and countries, thus being international in scope.
Repertoire of Vα and Vβ regions of T cell antigen receptors on CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral blood T cells in a novel X‐linked combined immunodeficiency disease

The repertoire of V regions of alpha/beta+ T cell receptor (TcR) on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the peripheral blood of six patients with a novel X-linked combined immunodeficiency was investigated by flow cytometry. The relative frequencies of V region subfamilies V alpha 2a on CD4+ T lymphocytes and V beta 5b and V beta 12a on CD8+ T lymphocytes from the peripheral blood from the affected males were decreased significantly. Also, the relative frequencies of certain other V region subfamilies on CD4+ or CD8+ T cells from the peripheral blood of some patients were either considerably below or above the ranges found in normal subjects. Although there may be other explanations including an extrathymic event, we suggest that the abnormalities in the TcR repertoire of peripheral blood T cells are consistent with a dysregulation of the intrathymic maturation/selection of T cells that leads to deficiencies in T cell populations in the peripheral blood of males with this disease.
HIPAA enhancements to improve emergency department security

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) seems to be as useful as is capitalism to the medically uninsured (or perhaps, as necessary as another leukotriene inhibitor for asthma). Is the emergency medical community doing enough? Can we improve on HIPAA to increase privacy in the emergency department? HIPAA regulations are reviewed in all their wondrous complexity and simplified so that even your medical director can understand them.
SNP2Structure: A public database for mapping and modeling nsSNPs on human protein structures

With the development of deep DNA sequencing techniques, the cost for detecting mutations in the human genome falls significantly. Numerous non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) have been identified and many of them are associated with human disease. One of the long-standing challenges is to understand how nsSNPs change protein structure and further affect their function. While it is impractical to solve all the mutated protein structures experimentally, it is quite feasible to model the mutated structures in silico. Toward this goal, we are building a publicly available structure database (SNP2Structure) to facilitate our research endeavors. Compared with the existing web portals with a similar aim, ours has three major advantages. First, we corrected the existing sequence mapping discrepancies presented in others. Although the percentage of erroneously mapped structures is small, it is critical to correct such errors. Second, our portal offers comparison of two structures simultaneously. Third, the mutated structures are available to download locally for further investigations. We believe SNP2Structure will be a valuable tool to the research community to understand the functional impact of disease-causing nsSNPs.
Promoting Liberal Arts Thinking through Online Discussion: A Practical Application and Its Theoretical Basis.

Addressing Carsten and Worsfold's (2000) assertion that online learning eliminates the possibility for "liberal learning," the author of this paper describes the context and guidelines for an online discussion assignment that he used as a faculty member at a liberal arts college. The purpose of this assignment was to help students engage in personal development by examining the ways course content manifested itself in their own lives. After describing the assignment guidelines, the author connects the assignment to numerous theories that are often associated with "liberal arts" learning. This theoretical explication includes connections to the need for a synthesis between the personal and professional selves, notions of constructing knowledge, and online discussion's placement within the writing process. The implication of this article is that the instructional strategies embedded in an online discussion, not the online environment itself, sustains a liberal education.
T Cell Costimulatory and Coinhibitory Pathways in Vascular Inflammatory Diseases

A broad array of evidence indicates that T lymphocytes make significant contributions to vascular inflammation in the setting of atherosclerotic disease, hypertension, autoimmune vasculitis, and other disorders. Experimental data show that costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways involving molecules of the B7-CD28 and TNF–TNFR families regulate T cell responses that promote vascular disease. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) display both peptide–major histocompatibility complex antigen and costimulators or coinhibitors to T cells. Two major types of APCs, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, are present in significant numbers in the walls of arteries affected by atherosclerosis and arteritis, and some DCs are present in normal arteries. Costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules expressed by these vascular APCs can contribute to the activation or inhibition of effector T cells within the arterial wall. Vascular DCs may also be involved in transport of antigens to secondary lymphoid organs, where they activate or tolerize naive T cells, depending on the balance of costimulators and coinhibitors they express. Costimulatory blockade is already an approved therapeutic approach to treat autoimmune disease and prevent transplant rejection. Preclinical models suggest that costimulatory blockade may also be effective in treating vascular disease. Experiential data in mice show that DCs pulsed with the appropriate antigens and treated in a way that reduces costimulatory capacity can reduce atherosclerotic disease, presumably by inducing T cell tolerance. Progress in treating vascular disease by immune modulation will require a more complete understanding of the functions of different costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways and the different subsets of vascular APCs involved.
Food Consumption Changes of Adult Women between 1977 and 1985

Nationally representative samples of U.S. women aged nineteen to fifty are used to examine comparable food group consumption data collected in 1977 and 1985. Changes in the proportion of women consuming each food group, quantities consumed by users, and the determinants of consumption changes over time are identified. Significant shifts in consumption of food groups defined by fat and dietary fiber criteria are measured in this research. While standard demographic and socioeconomic factors explain significant amounts of cross-section food group consumption variation, the effects of these factors vary considerably between 1977 and 1985 and explain most of the food group consumption trends.
Dyspnea in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients

To determine the epidemiology of dyspnea in terminal cancer patients, we examined data from the National Hospice Study, which followed up patients during their last six weeks of life. The incidence of dyspnea in these patients was 70.2 percent, with prevalence rates generally exceeding 50 percent at any of three measurements. In addition to lung or pleural involvement by the tumor, the presence of underlying lung disease or cardiac and low performance on the Karnofsky scale were significantly associated with dyspnea. Lung, colorectal, and breast carcinomas were the most common tumor sites in our dyspneic patients and accounted for almost 60 percent of cancer diagnoses in these patients. In 23.9 percent of dyspneic terminal cancer patients, neither lung or pleural involvement nor underlying lung or heart disease could be identified as risk factors.
Stabilization of relative equilibria for underactuated systems on Riemannian manifolds

Steady motions of mechanical systems with symmetry are stabilized via a potential shaping and damping control. A general methodology based on Riemannian geometry tools provides exponential stabilization over the full phase space.
Taxing GE and Other Masters of the Universe

General Electric Co. paid essentially no tax in 2010. A 35 percent tax on GE’s economic income would have been $6.8 billion, or $4.7 billion with inflation taken out. The drop in tax is caused by (1) generally accepted accounting principles and tax accounting, which allow too much expensing of investments, and ignore predictable future income, (2) the use of tax havens, (3) accelerated depreciation, and (4) government-spending-like tax credits and unspecified miscellaneous.The government can most easily and fairly collect the requisite tax from GE by imposing a tax on the fair market value of its capital. The government can charge GE $6 billion to $7 billion a year for access to public markets and GE and every corporation would be willing to pay that much to give its shareholders access to ready liquidity.
Borings in an oomoldic rockground, Pennsylvanian of southeast Utah

The upper surface of an ooid grainstone within the Upper Pennsylvanian Hermosa Formation of southeastern Utah bears abundant borings and is encrusted by syringoporid coral colonies. Aragonite-dominated ooids were cemented on the sea floor by high magnesium calcite and were later leached by meteoric waters to form abundant oomolds. Two lines of evidence show that the bored, encrusted, marine-cemented surface is not a simple synsedimentary hardground: 1) The margins of the micrite-filled borings are mammillate: micrite fills truncated oomolds along the perimeter of the boring. Oomolds (and a leaching episode) therefore predate borings. 2) Rhizoliths within the ooid grainstone (previously interpreted as penetrating from a higher unconformity) are also bored along the encrusted surface, providing corroborative avidence of an ex- posure evnt that predated boring and postdated marine cementation
Transfer of eleven species of the genus Burkholderia to the genus Paraburkholderia and proposal of Caballeronia gen. nov. to accommodate twelve species of the genera Burkholderia and Paraburkholderia.

It has been proposed to split the genus Burkholderia into two genera according to phylogenetic clustering: (1) a genus retaining this name and consisting mainly of animal and plant pathogens and (2) the genus Paraburkholderia including so-called environmental bacteria. The latter genus name has been validly published recently. During the period between the effective and valid publications of the genus name Paraburkholderia , 16 novel species of the genus Burkholderiawere described, but only two of them can be classified as members of this genus based on the emended genus description. Analysis of traits and phylogenetic positions of the other 11 species shows that they belong to the genus Paraburkholderia , and we propose to transfer them to this genus. The reclassified species names are proposed as Paraburkholderia dipogonis comb. nov., Paraburkholderia ginsengiterrae comb. nov., Paraburkholderia humisilvae comb. nov., Paraburkholderia insulsa comb. nov., Paraburkholderia kirstenboschensis comb. nov., Paraburkholderia metalliresistens comb. nov., Paraburkholderia monticola comb. nov., Paraburkholderia panaciterrae comb. nov., Paraburkholderia rhizosphaerae comb. nov., Paraburkholderia solisilvae comb. nov. and Paraburkholderia susongensis comb. nov. The remaining three species are transferred to the new genus Caballeronia gen. nov. proposed to accommodate twelve species of the genera Burkholderia and Paraburkholderia forming a distinctive clade in phylogenetic trees. The new genus members are Caballeronia choica comb. nov., Caballeronia cordobensis comb. nov., Caballeronia glathei comb. nov., Caballeronia grimmiae comb. nov., Caballeronia humi comb. nov., Caballeronia megalochromosomata comb. nov., Caballeronia jiangsuensis comb. nov., Caballeronia sordidicola comb. nov., Caballeronia telluris comb. nov., Caballeronia terrestris comb. nov., Caballeronia udeis comb. nov., and Caballeronia zhejiangensis comb. nov.
The ductile fracture of polycarbonate

The fracture of a known ductile polymer (polycarbonate) is investigated. It is shown that polycarbonate obeys the Dugdale model of ductile yielding by comparing measured plastic-zone sizes and displacements to the theoretical predictions. Strain-energy release rates are calculated and the critical value is shown to be one or two orders of magnitude higher than critical values for brittle polymers.
Absorption of selenite and selenomethionine from ligated digestive tract segments in rats.

SummaryThe absorption of selenium as sodium selenite or as selenomethionine was studied with ligated intestinal segments in rats. Essentially no absorption of either compound occurred from the stom...
The future of gynecological cytology in the molecular era

The Pap smear, the best example of a cancer-screening test, leads to a 75–90% reduction in the incidence of cervical cancer. Why should countries with successful cervical cancer screening programs change methods? The Pap has long been recognised for its modest sensitivity and performs best when disease prevalence is high. The impact of a lowering prevalence of disease makes evolution of the cervical cancer screening system a mathematical necessity. As the prevalence of CIN III and invasive cancer drops in highly screened populations, even optimised Pap smears using liquid based cytology combined with automation may underperform more sensitive screening methods. In addition, morphological screening may suffer in specificity as well as sensitivity. More slides will be less likely to have significant cytological abnormality and the long interval between significantly abnormal slides will lend itself to an increase in false positives. These established trends will be impacted dramatically by the application of effective prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines. The solution to this mathematical conundrum is the application of more sensitive screening tests and molecular diagnostics for HPV DNA as the most likely candidate to succeed the Pap. The results of recent randomised controlled trials will be reviewed to support this thesis.
Extrauterine Pelvic Serous Carcinomas: Current Update on Pathology and Cross-sectional Imaging Findings

The fallopian tube is postulated to be the site of origin for the majority of extrauterine pelvic serous carcinomas; this concept has potential implications for screening, diagnosis, staging, and management of these malignancies.
Flow Distributions and Discharge Coefficient Effects for Jet Array Impingement With Initial Crossflow

To model the impingement cooled mid-chord region of gas turbine airfoils in cases where an initial crossflow is present, the paper presents experimentally determined flow distributions for jet arrays with ten spanwise rows of holes, which range from uniform to highly nonuniform. The jet flow after impingement is constrained to exit in a single direction along the channel formed by the jet orifice plate and the impingement surface. The streamwise distributions and crossflow velocities are presented for ratios of the initial crossflow rate to the total jet flow rate ranging from zero to unity. For crossflow to jet velocity ratios greater than a value somewhat less than unity, jet orifice discharge coefficients do not remain constant, but decrease significantly, showing a secondary dependence on z/d, where z is the channel height and d is the jet hole diameter.
Effects of IL-4 on pulmonary fibrosis and the accumulation and phenotype of macrophage subpopulations following thoracic irradiation.

AbstractPurpose: Thoracic irradiation injures lung parenchyma, triggering inflammation and immune cell activation, leading to pneumonitis and fibrosis. Macrophage polarization contributes to these processes. Since IL-4 promotes pro-fibrotic macrophage activation, its role in radiation-induced lung injury was investigated.Materials and methods: Lung macrophage subpopulations were characterized from 3–26 weeks following exposure of WT and IL-4−/− mice to 0 or 12.5 Gray single dose thoracic irradiation.Results: Loss of IL-4 did not prevent fibrosis, but blunted macrophage accumulation within the parenchyma. At 3 weeks following exposure, cell numbers and expression of F4/80 and CD206, an alternative activation marker, decreased in alveolar macrophages but increased in infiltrating macrophages in WT mice. Loss of IL-4 impaired recovery of these markers in alveolar macrophages and blunted expansion of these populations in infiltrating macrophages. CD206+ cells were evident in fibrotic regions of WT mice only, ...