cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precision of the one- versus two-handed method of skinfold measurement in the obese.

Skinfolds at five anatomic sites were measured on 47 subjects in a study of gallbladder disease in Starr County, Texas, by two methods, one and two handed. A comparison was made of the two methods as to bias and precision. There were statistically significant but biologically unimportant differences (on the order of 1-2 mm) at four of the five sites. At three of these, the two-handed method gave larger values (lower thigh, triceps, and subscapular), and at the other site (medial calf) this method produced smaller values on average. Measurement precision was improved using the two-handed method at three of the five sites, significantly so for the triceps skinfold. Measuring skinfolds with two hands improves the precision of measurement for some skinfold sites in obese individuals. It does not introduce important and systematic biases across skinfold sites. Adoption of this technique should be used when circumstances outweigh the cost of involving an extra observer in the measurement of skinfold thickness, such as when precision is very important and when subjects are obese. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Understanding and Optimizing GPU Cache Memory Performance for Compute Workloads

Processing elements such as CPUs and GPUs depend on cache technology to bridge the classic processor memory subsystem performance gap. As GPUs evolve into general purpose co-processors with CPUs sharing the load, good cache design and use becomes increasingly important. While both CPUs and GPUs must cooperate and perform well, their memory access patterns are very different. On CPUs only a few threads access memory simultaneously. On GPUs, there is significantly higher memory access contention among thousands of threads. Despite such different behavior, there is little research that investigates the behavior and performance of GPU caches in depth. In this paper, we present our extensive study on the characterization and improvement of GPU cache behavior and performance for general-purpose workloads using a cycle-accurate ISA level GPU architectural simulator that models one of the latest GPU architectures, Graphics Core Next (GCN) from AMD. Our study makes the following observations and improvements. First, we observe that L1 vector data cache hit rate is substantially lower when compared to CPU caches. The main culprit is compulsory misses caused by lack of data reuse among massively simultaneous threads. Second, there is significant memory access contention in shared L2 data cache, accounting for up to 19% of total access for some benchmarks. This high contention remains a main performance barrier in L2 data cache even though its hit rate is high. Third, we demonstrate that memory access coalescing plays a critical role in reducing memory traffic. Finally we found that there exists inter-workgroup locality which can affect the cache behavior and performance. Our experimental results show memory performance can be improved by 1) shared L1 vector data cache where multiple compute units share a single cache to exploit inter-workgroup locality and increase data reusability, and 2) clustered workgroup scheduling where workgroups with consecutive IDs are assigned on the same compute unit.
Semi-empirical estimation of sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments and soils

Methods were developed for estimating the equilibrium sorption behavior of hydrophobic pollutants. At low pollutant concentration (aqueous phase concentration less than half the solubility), sorption isotherms were linear, reversible, and characterized by a partition coefficient, Kp. Partition coefficients normalized to organic carbon, KOC (KOC = Kpfraction organic carbon), were highly invariant over a set of sediments and soils collected from throughout the nation. Equations for estimating KOC from water solubility (including crystal energy) and octanol/water partition coefficients were developed. The predictive equations were tested on literature sorption data and found to estimate measured KOC's generally within a factor of two.
Response of the Contralateral Hippocampus to Lateral Fluid Percussion Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. Pathological examinations of humans and animal models after brain injury demonstrate hippocampal neuronal damage, which may contribute to cognitive impairments. Data from our laboratories have shown that, at 1 week after brain injury, mice possess significantly fewer neurons in all ipsilateral hippocampal subregions and a cognitive impairment. Since cognitive function is distributed across both cerebral hemispheres, the present paper explores the morphological and physiological response of the contralateral hippocampus to lateral brain injury. We analyzed the contralateral hippocampus using design-based stereology, Fluoro-Jade (FJ) histochemistry, and extracellular field recordings in mice at 7 and 30 days after lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI). At 7 days, all contralateral hippocampal subregions possess significantly fewer healthy neurons compared to sham-injured animals and demonstrate FJ-positive neuronal damage, but not at 30 days. Both the ipsilateral and contralateral dentate gyri demonstrate significantly increased excitability at 7 days post-injury, but only ipsilateral dentate gyrus hyperexcitability persists at 30 days compared to sham. In the contralateral hippocampus, the transient decrease in the number of healthy neurons, concomitant with FJ damage, and electrophysiological alterations establish a stunned period of cellular and circuit dysfunction. The return of healthy neuron number, absence of FJ damage, and sham level of excitability in the contralateral hippocampus suggest recovery of structure and function by 30 days after injury. The cognitive recovery observed after human traumatic brain injury may stem from a differential injury exposure and time course of recovery between homologous regions of the two hemispheres.
Cluster-to-cluster data transfer with data compression over wide-area networks

The recent emergence of ultra high-speed networks up to 100 Gb/s has posed numerous challenges and has led to many investigations on efficient protocols to saturate 100 Gb/s links. However, end-to-end data transfers involve many components, not only protocols, affecting overall transfer performance. These components include disk I/O subsystem, additional computation associated with data streams, and network adapters. For example, achievable bandwidth by TCP may not be implementable if disk I/O or CPU becomes a bottleneck in end-to-end data transfer. In this paper, we first model all the system components involved in end-to-end data transfer as a graph. We then formulate the problem whose goal is to achieve maximum data transfer throughput using parallel data flows. We also propose a variable data flow GridFTP XIO stack to improve data transfer with data compression. Our contributions lie in how to optimize data transfers considering all the system components involved rather than in accurately modeling all the system components involved. Our proposed formulations and solutions are evaluated through experiments on the ESnet 100G testbed and a wide-area cluster-to-cluster testbed. The experimental results on the ESnet 100G testbed show that our approach is several times faster than Globus Online-8 i? faster for datasets with many 10?MB files and 3-4 i? faster for other datasets of larger size files. The experimental results on the cluster-to-cluster testbed show that our variable data flow approach is up to 4 i? faster than a normal cluster data transfer. We model all the system components involved in end-to-end data transfer as a graph.We formulate the problem to optimize data transfer throughput using parallel flows.We propose a novel software I/O stack with variable parallel data flows per layer.Optimized parallel data flows improve overall data transfer throughput.The novel I/O stack with data compression alleviates network bottleneck situations.
Mechanism of T cell tolerance induction by murine hepatic Kupffer cells.

The liver is known to favor the induction of immunological tolerance rather than immunity. Although Kupffer cells (KC) have been indicated to play a role in liver tolerance to allografts and soluble antigens, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. We hypothesized that KCs could promote immune tolerance by acting as incompetent antigen-presenting cells (APC), as well as actively suppressing T cell activation induced by other potent APCs. The expression of antigen presentation-related molecules by KCs was phenotyped by flow cytometry. The abilities of KCs to act as APCs and to suppress T cell activation induced by splenic dendritic cells (DC) were examined by in vitro proliferation assays using CD4+ OVA-TCR (ovalbumin T cell receptor) transgenic T cells. We found that, compared with DCs, KCs expressed significantly lower levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II, B7-1, B7-2, and CD40. This result is consistent with our observation that KCs were not as potent as DCs in eliciting OVA-specific T cell proliferation. However, KCs isolated from polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid–treated mice expressed significantly higher levels of MHC II and costimulatory molecules than did naive KCs and could stimulate stronger T cell responses. More importantly, we found that KCs could inhibit DC-induced OVA-specific T cell activation. Further investigation of the underlying mechanism revealed that prostaglandins produced by KCs played an important role. The results ruled out the possible involvement of interleukin-10, nitric oxide, 2,3-dioxygenase, and transforming growth factor β in KC-mediated T cell suppression. Conclusion Our data indicate that KCs are a tolerogenic APC population within the liver. These findings suggest that KCs may play a critical role in regulating immune reactions within the liver and contributing to liver-mediated systemic immune tolerance.
The Perils of Pondering: Intuition and Thin Slice Judgments

Intuitive processing is critical for effective social and interpersonal interactions. Previous work has found that people are able to form accurate impressions that predict certain ecologically valid outcomes from brief observations or “thin slices” of behavior. This article discusses theoretical and empirical work showing that thin slice judgments are intuitive and efficient. Thin slice judgments can be made accurately even under conditions of distraction. Moreover, such judgments are impeded by tasks that interfere with the intuitive process. Thin slice judgments are impeded by tasks involving deliberation such as reasons analyses tasks. Thus, impressionistic, evaluative thin slice judgments seem to be intuitive.
“Why Do I Have to Pledge the U.S. Flag? It's Not My Country!”: Latina Youths Rearticulating Citizenship and National Belonging

Using interview data collected from high school students who attended school in Broward County, Florida, this article focuses on how first- and second-generation adolescent Latinas understand citizenship. The author explores participants’ citizenship formations using the conceptual frameworks of transnationalism and cultural dimensions of citizenship. Drawing richly from their voices, the author sheds light on the paradoxes of citizenship and national belonging by illuminating how Latina youth are positioned as ambiguous U.S. residents and citizens. She concludes with an exploration of the practical implications of attending to youths’ re-articulations of citizenship and national belonging.
Use of Simplified System Models to Measure Retrofit Energy Savings

The retrofit of dual duct constant volume systems (DDCV) with energy efficient variable air volume systems (VAV) has become common in recent years. In general, the energy savings from such retrofits are estimated by developing a temperature dependent regression model using whole building preretrofit energy consumption data. Model predictions are then compared with measured post retrofit consumption, to determine the savings. In cases where the preretrofit energy consumption is not available such a method cannot be implemented. This paper describes a method that can be used to calculate savings in such cases. The method is based on use of simplified calibrated system models. A VAV model was developed based on the ASHRAE TC 4.7 Simplified Energy Analysis Procedure (SEAP) (Knebel, 1983) and calibrated with the postretrofit energy consumption of a large engineering center in Central Texas. The loads from the calibrated VAV model were then used with the DDCV model to estimate the preretrofit energy use, also based on TC 4.7 SEAP, and apparent savings were determined as the difference between the DDCV predicted consumption and measured energy consumption for the postretrofit VAV system. The simulated hourly cooling energy consumption from the VAV model was within [plus minus] 20 percentmore » of the measured consumption. The simulated daily consumption (the sum of 24 hours of consumption) compared better with the measured daily consumption (within [plus minus] 7 percent). The apparent saving from the retrofit of the DDCV system with VAV was about 684 GJ in cooling energy and 324 GJ in heating energy for a three week period in June and July 1991.« less
Electron transport in the cni-1 mutant of Neurospora crassa.

1 Mitochondria from the nuclear mutant cni-1 have no optically detectable cytochrome aa3 in early log phase growth. These mitochondria have a high level of respiration that is not inhibited by cyanide but is inhibited by salicylhydroxamic acid. They also show a substantial amount of cyanide-sensitive respiration. 2 As cultures of mutant cni-1 age, flux through the hydroxamate-sensitive pathway decreases markedly while flux through the cytochrome chain remains constant. 3 Growth studies with mutant cni-1 indicate that the cytochrome chain in this mutant is more important in supporting growth than the hydroxamate-sensitive pathway. 4 Measurements of the steady-state level of reduction of cytochrome c in mutant cni-1 indicate that the rate-limiting step in the cytochrome chain is at the position occupied by cytochrome oxidase. 5 Electron spin resonance studies with cni-1 mitochondria show normal cytochrome oxidase signals in the g ≅ 6 region although there is little or no optically detectable cytochrome aa3.
Front propagation in the bromate–sulfite–ferrocyanide–aluminum (III) system: Autocatalytic front in a buffer system

Abstract We study the propagation of pH fronts in a narrow, pseudo-one-dimensional strip of gel containing bromate, sulfite, ferrocyanide and aluminum ions. The front propagation speed v decreases with [ Al3+] as 1 / v = 1 / v 0 + c [ Al 3 + ] , where c is a constant. We determine the diffusion coefficients of protons and ferricyanide ions and find that Al(OH)3 loaded in agarose or acrylamide gels binds protons reversibly, thereby slowing the propagating fronts without significantly affecting the diffusion of ferricyanide ions. We present a model that qualitatively reproduces the experimental behavior, and we suggest some general principles governing autocatalytic fronts in buffered systems.
(p,V,T) Behaviour and miscibility of (polysulfone+THF+carbon dioxide) at high pressures

Abstract The (p,V,T) behaviour and the miscibility of polysulfone in binary fluid mixtures of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and carbon dioxide (CO2) have been investigated in the temperature range from (300 to 425) K at pressures up to 70 MPa. Densities of polysulfone solutions (mass fraction=0 to 0.496) in a solvent mixture of THF and CO2 with a mass fraction of CO2 of 0.1 were determined as a function of pressure from the homogeneous one-phase region through the phase separation point into the two-phase region at selected temperatures. The densities at the demixing pressures at these temperatures were also determined. No significant changes in density were found across the phase boundary, indicating that coexisting phases must have similar densities, which is often the case with (liquid+liquid) phase separation in high-pressure systems. The variations of density or specific volume with polymer concentration have also been investigated at selected temperatures and pressures. The data show unique features which are helpful in understanding the phase behaviour of this system which shows multiple miscibility windows. The isothermal compressibility of the polymer solutions as determined from the density data does not show any significant dependence on polymer concentrations. The compressibilities display the expected decrease with pressure and increase with temperature.
Social Reconstruction: Crisis, Culture and Change: In memoriam Professor S. P. Nagendra

Abstract India's humanity is at the crossroads of progress and chaos. Between a fragmented, increasingly unequal, restless and violent country and the peaceful and prosperous nation emerging as a new world power on the horizon of a new century, there stands a disillusioned humanity of one billion people still struggling to make ends meet. The juxtaposition of freedom and unfreedom is both frightening and inspiring. The main burden of this article is to signify the construct and contents of social reconstruction in the context of postcoloniality and its imperatives. The failure of developmental theories warrants a fresh look at India's social transformation within a framework of praxis of hope. Vocabularies of Change Kafilatali, February 12, 1947 “Independent India, as conceived by me, will have all Indians belonging to different religions living in perfect friendship. There need be no millionaires and no paupers; all would belong to the State, for the State belonged to them. 1 will die in the act of reali...
CLINICAL TRIALS WITH INSULIN-QUININE MIXTURES BY MOUTH IN DIABETICS1

EXTENSIVE TRIALS of mixtures of insulin with a variety of agents in animals and men, showed that an insulin-quinine mixture given enterally, or orally, regularly produced hypoglycemia (I). In animals, this mixture produced convulsions, thus indicating a considerable absorption of insulin. When tried in human diabetics, the same quinine-insulin mixture frequently showed, though somewhat irregularly, beneficial effects. However, the results were encouraging enough to justify placing them on record in the hope that a search for agents in the light of the principles believed to be important for developing an oral absorbable insulin may be continued. This paper presents the results obtained in clinical diabetes. The insulin mixture used for clinical trials contained 500 units of crystalline insulin2 and 0.5 gm. quinine sulfate. The mixture was put into a gelatin capsule, and the capsule was coated with one of several substances used to increase its resistance to gastric juice.
CLUSTERING ON LOCAL APPEARANCE FOR DEFORMABLE MODEL SEGMENTATION

We present a novel local region approach for statistically characterizing appearance in the context of medical image segmentation via deformable models. Our appearance model reflects the inhomogeneity of tissue mixtures around the exterior of the object of interest by determining mixture-consistent local region types relative to the object boundary. The region types are formed by clustering local regional image descriptors. We partition the object boundary according to region type and apply principal component analysis on the cluster populations to acquire a statistical model of object appearance that accounts for local variability in the object exterior. We present results using this approach to segment bladders and prostates in CT in the context of day-to-day adaptive radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Results show improved fits versus those obtained with a previously developed method
Influence of water on the surface of the water-miscible ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate: a sum frequency generation analysis.

Sum frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG) was used to study the influence of water on the surface of the water-miscible ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The orientation of the cation at the gas−liquid interface was analyzed as a function of ionic liquid concentration in water for concentrations from 0 to 1 mole fraction of the ionic liquid. The cation was found to be oriented with the imidazolium ring nearly parallel to the surface plane with a tilt angle ≥ 70° when the ionic liquid was dry. Furthermore, no noticeable change in the orientation was observed when high concentrations of water were mixed with the ionic liquid. The cation butyl chain is projecting into the gas phase with a CH3 tilt angle of 54 ± 2° when the ionic liquid is dry and 46 ± 4° when mixed with water. Water is oriented at the surface only for concentration ≤ 0.02 mole fraction of the ionic liquid. At higher ionic liquid concentrations (mole fractions ≥ 0.05) the gas−liquid interface resembles that of the ...
A radiant energy-powered shape memory alloy actuator

Abstract This paper will present the development of an innovative actuator using a shape memory alloy (SMA) that is powered by available radiant energy in the space environment. Currently, self-contained or tethered power supplies provide the energy source for actuators in space applications. These can be costly, heavy and require regular maintenance and/or refueling. Ideally an actuator for space applications should have a high power density, be able to operate with little interference from its power source and maintain a low operating cost. Shape memory alloys are materials that recover internal strain with the addition of heat, thus changing thermal energy to mechanical energy. Because of this, they are known as thermomechanical motors. These materials can be thermally actuated by a number of means with the primary conventional approach based on resistive heating. Radiant energy, while typically impractical for use under normal circumstances, is a significant and abundant energy source in space and can be directed to control phase transition in a SMA material. This paper will describe the development of a radiant-heat driven SMA actuator, presenting a simple actuator model and prototype. The paper will also compare this actuator against other SMA-based actuators.
Asymmetric Catalysis at a Distance: Catalytic, Site-Selective Phosphorylation of Teicoplanin

We report three distinct, peptide-based catalysts that enable site-selective phosphorylation of three distinct hydroxyl groups within the complex glycopeptide antibiotic teicoplanin A2-2. Two of the catalysts are based on a design that capitalizes on a catalyst–substrate interaction that mimics the biological mechanism of action for teicoplanin. These catalysts are based on a dXaa–dXaa peptide motif that is known to target the teicoplanin structure in a specific manner. The third was identified through evaluation of a set of catalysts that had been developed for historically distinct projects. Each catalyst contains additional functionality designed to dispose a catalytic moiety (a nucleophilic alkylimidazole) at a different region of the glycopeptide structure. A combination of mass spectrometry and 2D-NMR spectroscopy allowed structural assignment of the distinct phosphorylated teicoplanin derivatives. Mechanistic studies are also reported that support the hypotheses that led to the discovery of the cat...
Time dependence of interface trap formation in MOSFETs following pulsed irradiation

The time dependence of interference trap (N/sub it/) formation in MOSFETs was studied as a function of gate oxide thickness, oxide growth type, substrate orientation, temperature, and gate bias. Two different N/sub it/ formation mechanisms are observed. Most (typically 90%) of the formation, called the late process, occurs slowly at long times (1-10000 s) after the radiation pulse. From a variety of experimental data, it is concluded that the rate of the late process is limited by drift of a radiation-induced positive ion, probably H/sup +/, through the gate oxide to the Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface where the N/sub it/ are formed. A relatively fast, or early, process is responsible for a small percentage of the total N/sub it/ formation. The time constant for this process appears to be consistent with hole drift through the oxide. >
Effect of oral administration of tryptophan or water on hepatic polyribosomal disaggregation due to puromycin.

Abstract The oral administration of a tryptophan solution (16 mg/ml water) after puromycin treatment had a corrective effect on the state of aggregation of hepatic polyribosomes and on the rate of protein synthesis. Actinomycin D pretreatment did not after the effect of the tryptophan solution on hepatic polyribosomal reaggregation or increased rate of protein synthesis after puromycin. In in vitro studies the addition of tryptophan did not affect the release of peptides from hepatic polyribosomes due to puromycin. The oral administration of distilled water alone (without tryptophan) after puromycin treatment caused a corrective effect (somewhat less than that of the tryptophan solution) on the state of aggregation of hepatic polyribosomes and on the rate of protein synthesis of normal, hypophysectomized or adrenalectomized mice. The oral administration of distilled water to fasted, untreated mice 10 min before killing caused a shift in hepatic polyribosomes toward heavier aggregates and in vitro the rate of protein synthesis was increased. However, such changes were not observed 60 min after administering distilled water to fasted, untreated mice.
Togetherness among Schistosomes: its effects on the dynamics of the infection

Abstract This paper deals with the overall transmission dynamics of schistosomiasis, and other similar helminthic infections, in which the parasitic worms have a sexual stage in the primary (human) host. Most previous studies have assumed the worms to be independently randomly distributed among hosts; we explore the effects of various kinds of aggregation in the worm distribution, and their implications for medically interesting quantities such as prevalence of worms, prevalence of pairs, and mean egg output per host. The effects of worm aggregation upon the transmission dynamics are discussed, with particular regard to the “threshold” and “breakpoint” phenomena. It is shown that the analysis can be extended, simply but generally, to include the effects of a latent period before infected snails become infective. Most of the presentation is for a monogamous worm mating system, but the opposite extreme of promiscuous worms is also treated (in Appendix C). Although mainly concerned with these new results, the paper also attempts a limited amount of review and synthesis. This includes: relationships among earlier models; the threshold's dependence on the transmission parameters (man-to-snail versus snail-to-man), for arbitrary worm aggregation; the relation between Rosenfield's [30] empirical work and more abstract models.
OSMOTIC RELATIONSHIPS IN THE HEN'S EGG AS DETERMINED BY RELATIVE VAPOR PRESSURES

It has been shown by a comparison of the relative vapor pressures of egg yolk and egg white before and after the addition of sodium chloride to the white that the osmotic pressure of the yolk is greater than that of the white.
Symptom structure and severity: A comparison of responses to the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) between patients with PTSD or schizophrenia

Abstract Objectives To describe and compare the structure and relative severity of symptoms in clinical trial patients diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) or schizophrenia using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), developed originally to evaluate symptoms of schizophrenia. Method This secondary data analysis used baseline PANSS symptom ratings (n = 267) from a six-month multicenter randomized placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive risperidone in patients with chronic military-related PTSD. First, using a split-half design, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was employed to identify independent factors which were then compared to published factor structures for schizophrenia. Next, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was applied to the second half of the sample to compare the results of the EFA and published factor structures. Finally, T-tests were used to compare the severity of factor scores between the PTSD sample and the baseline PANSS ratings from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trial for Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia sample (n = 1460). Results EFA suggested five factors similar to those identified in a summary of 29 schizophrenia studies by Wallwork (Schizophrenia Research, 137:246–250). CFA showed that the five factor Wallwork model fit the data better than the EFA, although both had relatively high goodness of fit. T-tests showed that the PTSD sample had more severe symptoms on the Depressive factor, and the schizophrenia sample on the Positive, Negative, and Disorganized factors, with no significant difference on the Excited factor. Conclusion Veterans with PTSD had similar symptom structure to patients with schizophrenia on the PANSS, but were less symptomatic on psychosis-related factors and more symptomatic on depression. Dimensional symptom factors can be virtually the same across diagnoses.
Fine structure of the lowermost crust beneath the Kaapvaal craton and its implications for crustal formation and evolution

High quality data from a dense seismic array covering an area of approximately 60×40 km2 are used to obtain tight quantitative estimates of the fine-scale velocity and density structure of the lowermost crust and the crust–mantle boundary (Moho) beneath the Kaapvaal craton in the vicinity of Kimberley, South Africa. Results based on a modified receiver function waveform analysis of Moho conversions and crustal reverberation phases show that the crust beneath the array is thin (35.4 km) with an average Poisson’s ratio of 0.254. The minimum S-wave velocity contrast across the Moho is 17.3% while the contrast in density is 15.4%. The density contrast across the Moho is particularly diagnostic. For an assumed uppermost mantle density beneath Kimberley of 3.3 gm/cc as determined from mantle xenoliths, the density of the lowermost crust is 2.86 gm/cc, indicating rocks of felsic to intermediate composition. Analysis of waveform broadening of the crustal reverberation phases relative to that of the direct P-wave shows the thickness of the Moho transition zone to be less than 0.5 km and the maximum variation in crustal thickness over the region of the array to be less than 1 km. The flat and almost perfectly sharp Moho, together with the absence of a mafic lower crust, suggests large-scale crustal reworking in the period between crustal formation and the time of cratonic stabilization.
Postoperative shoulder rehabilitation

This article focuses on the rehabilitation considerations for several shoulder surgeries: acromioplasty, rotator cuff repair, rotator cuff debridement, Bankart repair, thermal capsulorrhaphy, superior labral anterior posterior repair, multidirectional instability, proximal humerus fracture, surgical management of the stiff shoulder, arthroplasty,and fusion. General guidelines are presented for discussing and planning rehabilitation for patients, including exercises, timing of progression, patient education, precautions or restrictions, and expectations.
MCNP capabilities at the dawn of the 21st century: Neutron-gamma applications

The Los Alamos National Laboratory Monte Carlo N-Particle radiation transport code, MCNP, has become an international standard for a wide spectrum of neutron-gamma radiation transport applications. These include nuclear criticality safety, radiation shielding, nuclear safeguards, nuclear oil-well logging, fission and fusion reactor design, accelerator target design, detector design and analysis, health physics, medical radiation therapy and imaging, radiography, decontamination and decommissioning, and waste storage and disposal. The latest version of the code, MCNP4C [1], was released to the Radiation Safety Information Computational Center (RSICC) in February 2000. This paper describes the new features and capabilities of the code, and discusses the specific applicability to neutron-gamma problems. We will also discuss some of the future directions for MCNP code development.
A student‐operated crisis center

In this article we describe an attempt to meet a university community's needs for emergency mental health services through the establishment of a student-operated telephone emergency service. The service provides an interesting model for use of nonprofessionals in mental health services, in which the professional functions primarily as a trainer and consultant rather than offering direct services. We describe the structure of the center and then discuss further innovations and projects.
Prognostic significance of weight gain during definitive chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

Abstract Background The successful treatment of locally advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is still compromised by poor locoregional and distant control rates. Given the morbidity associated with treatment, it is critical to determine clinical prognostic factors to risk stratify patients before and after aggressive therapy. This study aimed to discern the prognostic value of weight gain during CRT in patients with locally advanced NSCLC. Patients and Methods This was a retrospective analysis of 92 patients treated with definitive split-course CRT between 2004 and 2010 at Rush University Medical Center. Weight gain was defined as a weight change greater than the highest quartile of change between the start and finish of CRT (4.5 lb). Overall survival (OS), locoregional progression-free survival (PFS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) were determined using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and the cumulative incidences of locoregional and distant recurrence were calculated. Cox regression (multivariate analysis) was used to determine independent predictors of OS. Results With a median follow-up of 50 months for surviving patients, the median, 3- and 5-year OS probabilities were 25 months, 37%, and 29%, respectively. The 3-year cumulative risks of locoregional and distant metastases were 51% and 64%. Patients who experienced weight gain were significantly more likely to survive (3-year OS, 55% vs. 31%; P = .04) and prolonged DMFS resulted. Weight gain was the only significant predictor of survival on multivariate analysis. Conclusions Weight gain during split-course CRT was associated with superior OS and DMFS. The presence of weight gain may have utility in risk stratification after CRT as well as in identifying novel treatment approaches for patients with locally advanced NSCLC.
Anatomic study of full facial and scalp allografts without cutaneous facial scars

AbstractConventional reconstructive procedures for face and scalp reconstruction fall short of aesthetic and functional goals because of the unique quality and quantity of facial and scalp soft tissue. The purpose of this cadaver study was to demonstrate the feasibility of a flap design for full face and scalp composite tissue allotransplantation, without cutaneous facial scars. Six fresh human cadavers were dissected with sagittal scalp and mucosal incisions for full face and scalp harvest without cutaneous facial incisions. Sub-galeal and sub-SMAS dissection allowed for inclusion of the external carotid and internal jugular systems. Time of facial-scalp flap harvesting, length of the arterial and venous pedicles, length of sensory nerves (that were included in the facial flaps) and approximate surface area of the flaps were measured. Three of six flaps were transferred to recipient cadavers and the time of transfer was recorded. As a proof of concept, the external carotid arteries of one of six cadavers...
Memory Capacity of Linear vs. Nonlinear Models of Dendritic Integration

Previous biophysical modeling work showed that nonlinear interactions among nearby synapses located on active dendritic trees can provide a large boost in the memory capacity of a cell (Mel, 1992a, 1992b). The aim of our present work is to quantify this boost by estimating the capacity of (1) a neuron model with passive dendritic integration where inputs are combined linearly across the entire cell followed by a single global threshold, and (2) an active dendrite model in which a threshold is applied separately to the output of each branch, and the branch subtotals are combined linearly. We focus here on the limiting case of binary-valued synaptic weights, and derive expressions which measure model capacity by estimating the number of distinct input-output functions available to both neuron types. We show that (1) the application of a fixed nonlinearity to each dendritic compartment substantially increases the model's flexibility, (2) for a neuron of realistic size, the capacity of the nonlinear cell can exceed that of the same-sized linear cell by more than an order of magnitude, and (3) the largest capacity boost occurs for cells with a relatively large number of dendritic subunits of relatively small size. We validated the analysis by empirically measuring memory capacity with randomized two-class classification problems, where a stochastic delta rule was used to train both linear and nonlinear models. We found that large capacity boosts predicted for the nonlinear dendritic model were readily achieved in practice.
Autonomous growth potential of leukemia blast cells is associated with poor prognosis in human acute leukemias

We have described a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model that permits the subcutaneous growth of primary human acute leukemia blast cells into a measurable subcutaneous nodule which may be followed by the development of disseminated disease. Utilizing the SCID mouse model, we examined the growth potential of leukemic blasts from 133 patients with acute leukemia, (67 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 66 acute myeloid leukemia (AML)) in the animals after subcutaneous inoculation without conditioning treatment. The blasts displayed three distinct growth patterns: "aggressive", "indolent", or "no tumor growth". Out of 133 leukemias, 45 (33.8%) displayed an aggressive growth pattern, 14 (10.5%) displayed an indolent growth pattern and 74 (55.6%) did not grow in SCID mice. The growth probability of leukemias from relapsed and/or refractory disease was nearly 3 fold higher than that from patients with newly diagnosed disease. Serial observations found that leukemic blasts from the same individual, which did not initiate tumor growth at initial presentation and/or at early relapse, may engraft and grow in the later stages of disease, suggesting that the ability of leukemia cells for engraftment and proliferation was gradually acquired following the process of leukemia progression. Nine autonomous growing leukemia cell lines were established in vitro. These displayed an aggressive proliferation pattern, suggesting a possible correlation between the capacity of human leukemia cells for autonomous proliferation in vitro and an aggressive growth potential in SCID mice. In addition, we demonstrated that patients whose leukemic blasts displayed an aggressive growth and dissemination pattern in SClD mice had a poor clinical outcome in patients with ALL as well as AML. Patients whose leukemic blasts grew indolently or whose leukemia cells failed to induce growth had a significantly longer DFS and more favorable clinical course.
Dynamic Pricing Under a General Parametric Choice Model

We consider a stylized dynamic pricing model in which a monopolist prices a product to a sequence of T customers who independently make purchasing decisions based on the price offered according to a general parametric choice model. The parameters of the model are unknown to the seller, whose objective is to determine a pricing policy that minimizes the regret, which is the expected difference between the seller's revenue and the revenue of a clairvoyant seller who knows the values of the parameters in advance and always offers the revenue-maximizing price. We show that the regret of the optimal pricing policy in this model is $\Theta(\sqrt T)$ , by establishing an $\Omega(\sqrt T)$ lower bound on the worst-case regret under an arbitrary policy, and presenting a pricing policy based on maximum-likelihood estimation whose regret is $\cal{O}(\sqrt T)$ across all problem instances. Furthermore, we show that when the demand curves satisfy a “well-separated” condition, the T-period regret of the optimal policy is Θ(log T). Numerical experiments show that our policies perform well.
On the Annihilation of Electrons and Protons

An electron, according to relativity quantum theory, has two different kinds of states of motion, those for which the kinetic energy is positive and those for which it is negative. Only the former, of course, can correspond to actual electrons as observed in the laboratory. The latter, however, must also have a physical meaning, since the theory predicts that transitions will take place from one kind to the other. It has recently been proposed that one should assume that nearly all the possible states of negative energy are occupied, with just one electron in each state in accordance with Pauli's exclusion principle, and that the unoccupied states or ‘holes’ in the negative-energy distribution should be regarded as protons. According to these ideas, when an electron of positive energy makes a transition into one of the unoccupied negative-energy states, we have an electron and proton disappearing simultaneously, their energy being emitted in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The object of the present paper is to calculate the frequency of occurrence of these processes of annihilation of electrons and protons.
On the Politics of Faith and Reason: The Project of Enlightenment in Pierre Bayle and Montesquieu

This study seeks to contribute to our understanding of the original political goals of the Enlightenment, especially in its confrontation with the Bible as a source of political guidance. It consists primarily of an exegesis of two seminal works of the period, Pierre Bayle's Various Thoughts on the Occasion of a Comet (1682) and Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws (1748). With clarity, grace, and power, both works make manifest the grandeur of the Enlightenment's philosophic vision, the staggering ambition of its attempt to overcome the Bible as a political authority, and the ultimate vulnerability of that attempt, the full consequences of which we in the post-Enlightenment era must come to grips with.
ZooZBeat: a Gesture-based Mobile Music Studio.

ZooZBeat is a gesture-based mobile music studio. It is designed to provide users with expressive and creative access to music making on the go. ZooZBeat users shake the phone or tap the screen to enter notes. The result is quantized, mapped onto a musical scale, and looped. Users can then use tilt and shake movements to manipulate and share their creation in a group. Emphasis is placed on finding intuitive metaphors for mobile music creation and maintaining a balance between control and ease-of-use that allows non-musicians to begin creating music with the application immediately.
On the finiteness of the cone spectrum of certain linear transformations on Euclidean Jordan algebras

Abstract Let L be a linear transformation on a finite dimensional real Hilbert space H and K be a closed convex cone with dual K ∗ in H . The cone spectrum of L relative to K is the set of all real λ for which the linear complementarity problem x ∈ K , y = L ( x ) - λ x ∈ K ∗ , and 〈 x , y 〉 = 0 admits a nonzero solution x . In the setting of a Euclidean Jordan algebra H and the corresponding symmetric cone K , we discuss the finiteness of the cone spectrum for Z -transformations and quadratic representations on H .
An evolutionarily conserved DNA architecture determines target specificity of the TWIST family bHLH transcription factors

Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors recognize the canonical E-box (CANNTG) to regulate gene transcription; however, given the prevalence of E-boxes in a genome, it has been puzzling how individual bHLH proteins selectively recognize E-box sequences on their targets. TWIST is a bHLH transcription factor that promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during development and tumor metastasis. High-resolution mapping of TWIST occupancy in human and Drosophila genomes reveals that TWIST, but not other bHLH proteins, recognizes a unique double E-box motif with two E-boxes spaced preferentially by 5 nucleotides. Using molecular modeling and binding kinetic analyses, we found that the strict spatial configuration in the double E-box motif aligns two TWIST-E47 dimers on the same face of DNA, thus providing a high-affinity site for a highly stable intramolecular tetramer. Biochemical analyses showed that the WR domain of TWIST dimerizes to mediate tetramer formation, which is functionally required for TWIST-induced EMT. These results uncover a novel mechanism for a bHLH transcription factor to recognize a unique spatial configuration of E-boxes to achieve target specificity. The WR-WR domain interaction uncovered here sets an example of target gene specificity of a bHLH protein being controlled allosterically by a domain outside of the bHLH region.
On the sustainability of metal supplies: A response to Tilton and Lagos

Abstract The sustainability of metal supplies can be discussed from a physical perspective, as done here, as well as from an economic one. The physical approach involves the concept of limits to virgin supplies, either absolute or arising from external constraints, as well as the sometimes-overlooked additional supply provided by recycling and reuse. At present, economic geology data are too sparse to accurately quantify many of these issues, but current trends imply increased emphasis on recycling and the use of alternative materials for some of the metals widely employed in modern technology.
Rating vs. coding in animal personality research.

Animal personality research has become increasingly popular over the past few decades. The two main methods used to examine individual differences in animals are rating and coding. The rating method involves human scoring of an animal's behavioral tendencies along various behavioral dimensions, such ratings are typically based on the human rater's experience with the animal. The coding method also requires humans to score an animal's behavior, but differs in that the scoring is based on the animal's immediate behavior in a specific context. This brief report describes the use of both the rating and coding methods to examine personality within a group of 10 Garnett's bushbabies (Otolemur garnettii). The results indicated that individual personalities do exist in bushbabies, but also suggested that the rating method is heavily influenced by the rater's experience with an animal. Consequently, it is important that the nature of the rater's interactions with the target animals be considered when using the rating method to assess animal personality. Zoo Biol 29:509–516, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.