cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Piling and pressing: towards a method of 3D printing reinforced concrete columns

This paper introduces a speculative method of 3D printing reinforced concrete columns called “piling and pressing.” Innovations in concrete 3D printing research are discussed, specifically those that pertain to the integration of reinforcement, the customization of printing extruders, and the development of 3D printed concrete structures as architectural components. Previous research into an experimental technique of 3D printing concrete called “pointillistic, time-based deposition” (PTBD) is introduced. Findings from research into PTBD that led to the development of the piling and pressing method are presented. The custom concrete 3D printing system that was innovated in order to develop the piling and pressing method is outlined in detail, including its material systems, mechatronic configurations, and temporal parameters. Challenges in both the prototyping of this system and the piling and pressing method are discussed. Finally, future investigations into the piling and pressing method are outlined with a particular emphasis on those that will advance this method towards full-scale architectural construction.
Correlation of Ambient Temperature With Feedlot Cattle Morbidity and Mortality in the Texas Panhandle.

Anecdotal data would suggest that weather patterns influence beef cattle health in feedyards, and cattle producers often associate the seasonality of some illnesses with changes in environmental temperatures. However, to our knowledge, there is little information from large-scale feeding operations and precision weather stations that establishes a link or lack thereof between weather patterns and cattle health. Additionally, we are unaware of any studies correlating other weather parameters with animal health data. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test for associations between monthly temperature variation and animal morbidity/mortality in feedlots in the Texas Panhandle. Weather data was collected from a Texas Tech University Mesonet weather station in close proximity to 19 beef cattle feed yards in the Texas Panhandle. Additionally, near real-time morbidity and mortality data was collected from those yards from 2015 - 2018. These data document a seasonal pattern relative to cattle morbidity and mortality with most health events occurring from November to January. This pattern is differentiated when comparing morbidity and mortality by listed causation (e.g., respiratory, digestive, other), and the majority of deaths over the entire time course were attributed to respiratory disease. Most cattle morbidity and was documented in the winter months, most of which were classified as respiratory disorders. Additionally, an increase in health events was observed as the population of the feedyard increased. However, the overall effects of ambient temperature on cattle health were minimal and the two may not be causally linked.The initial overview of the relationships documented in this manuscript may warrant further stratification and exploration.
Model Selection for Classification

In this chapter, we address an obvious question about classification: which classification rule should one choose for a given problem? A related question is how to pick the free parameters of a classification rule.
The AGCVIII kinase Dw2 modulates cell proliferation, endomembrane trafficking, and MLG/xylan cell wall localization in elongating stem internodes of Sorghum bicolor.

Stems of bioenergy sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.), a drought-tolerant C4 grass, contain up to 50 nodes and internodes of varying length that span 4-5 m and account for approximately 84% of harvested biomass. Stem internode growth impacts plant height and biomass accumulation and is regulated by brassinosteroid signaling, auxin transport, and gibberellin biosynthesis. In addition, an AGCVIII kinase (Dw2) regulates sorghum stem internode growth, but the underlying mechanism and signaling network are unknown. Here we provide evidence that mutation of Dw2 reduces cell proliferation in internode intercalary meristems, inhibits endocytosis, and alters the distribution of heteroxylan and mixed linkage glucan in cell walls. Phosphoproteomic analysis showed that Dw2 signaling influences the phosphorylation of proteins involved in lipid signaling (PLDδ), endomembrane trafficking, hormone, light, and receptor signaling, and photosynthesis. Together, our results show that Dw2 modulates endomembrane function and cell division during sorghum internode growth, providing insight into the regulation of monocot stem development.
Excitonically renormalised coupled-cluster theory

ABSTRACTA variant of coupled-cluster theory is described here, wherein the degrees of freedom are fluctuations of fragments between internally correlated states. The effects of intra-fragment corre...
A Novel Device that Reduces Preparation Times and Precision Mass Error in Patch Testing for Allergic Contact Dermatitis.

BACKGROUND Patch test preparation for evaluation of allergic contact dermatitis is traditionally a slow process with inherent errors. OBJECTIVE A novel device, referred to as a syringer, designed to dispense 10 unique petroleum-based haptens simultaneously, significantly reduces preparation time and increases the precision of the mass dispensed per well. METHODS The syringer was custom designed and "printed" through the use of a 3-dimensional printer with a polylactic acid plastic medium. RESULTS The syringer dispensed 10 haptens significantly (P < 0.05) faster: 6.9 seconds on average, compared with 29.6 seconds by the traditional method. The syringer demonstrated a significantly (P < 0.05) lower average deviation of each strip's per-well mass average compared with the traditional method. CONCLUSIONS In practice, this syringer is ideal for preparing patient-ready patch tests in quantities of 2 identical strips or more.
One Germany, Two Worlds of Housework? Examining Employed Single and Partnered Women in the Decade after Unification.

The fall of the “iron curtain” and the end of state socialism in Eastern Europe radically changed Europe in the mid 1990s. Amid the dramatic changes that occurred, Germany stands out as a special case, as the unification process resulted in a rapid adoption of the institutional and economic settings of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) in the territory of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). This resulted in fundamental economic and social changes. Prior to unification, the former FRG and GDR had markedly different sociopolitical systems, with a market based capitalist system in the FRG firmly integrated in the western world, and heavily regulated state socialism in the GDR, which was politically and economically aligned with the Soviet Union. As such, Germany is a useful case study that allows the investigation of social processes in one country with uniform legal and policy structures, yet very different institutional legacies and, to this date, substantive regional differences in the levels of female labor force participation. In this study, I examine women’s housework in the united Germany.
Use of a Personalized Multimedia Education Platform Improves Preoperative Teaching for Lung Cancer Patients.

We sought to develop and evaluate a personalized multimedia education (ME) tool for preoperative patient education to improve patient health knowledge, quality of life and satisfaction with care in thoracic surgery. The ME tool was developed and deployed in outpatient clinic during preoperative teaching for patients undergoing surgical resection for lung cancer for quality improvement. Patients were given an electronic survey prior to preoperative teaching and at initial postoperative visit to assess teaching effectiveness and care satisfaction. Sequential patients received either standard preoperative teaching or teaching using the ME tool. Pre- and postoperative survey responses were compared using independent sample paired t test and multivariable linear regression modeling for adjustment. The final ME tool was an iPad application that incorporated real-time annotations of 3-dimensional, interactive anatomic diagrams. The tool featured video tours of operations, and radiology image import for annotation by the surgeon. Forty-eight patients were included in this pilot study (standard education n = 26; ME, n = 22). ME patients had significantly higher satisfaction scores compared to SE patients with respect to length of education materials, clarity of content, supportiveness of content and willingness to recommend materials to others. There was no difference in length of clinic visit between groups. Both patient and provider input can be used to create an innovative electronic preoperative educational tool that prepares and empowers patients in shared decision-making before surgery. Improvements in health literacy and self-efficacy may be more difficult to achieve but remain important as multimedia teaching tools are further developed.
Bridge clinic buprenorphine program decreases emergency department visits.

Abstract Introduction Opioid withdrawal due to opioid use disorder (OUD) is an increasing health emergency and complaint in emergency departments (EDs) across the United States. As a response to the increased need for OUD treatment, a low threshold buprenorphine program, or Bridge Clinic, was established within our hospital system. Patients are primarily connected to the Bridge Clinic through the ED, and are able to complete their consultation appointment reliably within 1–3 days of referral. This program also serves to connect patients to community resources for continued treatment of OUD. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed to identify ED-based referrals to the Bridge Clinic in the period from January 1, 2017 – December 31, 2018. Outcomes of interest included: (1) ED utilization in the six months before and after consultation at the Bridge Clinic and (2) adherence to buprenorphine therapy at 2-year follow-up. Results A total of 269 patients were included in the study, with 167 males (62%) and a mean age of 37.8 years. There were 654 total visits to the ED six months before referral to the Bridge Clinic and 381 visits in the six-month period after the initial appointment. There was a high adherence to buprenorphine treatment at 2 year follow up (56%). Conclusions These early results suggest that prompt referral to a buprenorphine treatment program significantly reduces ED utilization and connects patients to community resources for continued buprenorphine treatment for OUD.
Limbic progesterone receptor activity enhances neuronal excitability and seizures.

OBJECTIVE Emerging evidence raises the possibility that progesterone receptor (PR) signaling may contribute to the reproductive hormone fluctuation-linked seizure precipitation, called catamenial epilepsy. Therefore, we studied PR isoform expression in limbic regions involved in temporal lobe epilepsy and the effect of PR activation on neuronal activity and seizures. METHODS We evaluated PR expression in the limbic regions, entorhinal cortex (EC), hippocampus, and amygdala in female rats using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A selective agonist, Nestorone (16-methylene-17 alpha-acetoxy-19-nor-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) activated PRs, and the effect on excitability and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR)-mediated synaptic transmission of EC neurons was studied using electrophysiology. Finally, we assessed PR regulation of epileptic seizures and status epilepticus (SE) induced by lithium-pilocarpine in female rats with the global deletion of PRs (PR knockout; PRKO) using video electroencephalography (-EEG). RESULTS Limbic regions EC, hippocampus, and amygdala robustly expressed PR messenger RNA (mRNA). Nestorone (16-methylene-17 alpha-acetoxy-19-nor-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) treatment reduced the action potential threshold of layer II/III EC neurons and increased the frequency of AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic currents of ovariectomized and estrogen-primed female rats. Female rats lacking PRs (PRKO) experienced a shorter duration, less intense, and less fatal SE than wild-type (WT) animals. Furthermore, Nestorone treatment caused seizure exacerbation in the WT epileptic animals, but not in the PRKO epileptic animals. SIGNIFICANCE Activation of PRs expressed in the EC and hippocampus increased neuronal excitability and worsened seizures. These receptors may play a role in catamenial epilepsy.
Absolving Responsibility and Dampening Activism?: The Structural Racism Framework, Democratic Motivation, and the Complex Systems Alternative

Analytic power has always been a key consideration in adjudicating between analytic frameworks, but the political effects of frameworks have never been unimportant in assessing their relative value...
Once Timorous, Now a ‘Very Dangerous’ Infidel, 1838–1845

The late 1830s were years of severe sadness, new friendships, and intensive study for Richard Congreve. Within a decade’s time, people considered this Anglican minister a ‘very dangerous’ man. This chapter argues that central to this persona was his keen enthusiasm for the ‘combative element’ at Oxford Union Society debates. Here, among other places, he engaged in difficult conversations on public education, Chartism, home rule, social reform, and Tractarianism. His continental, socially conscious teachings as an Oxford ‘coach’ were popular among undergraduates. But rumours of his secret writings left his peers and pupils suspicious of the extent to which he was a religious and political infidel. Controversy after controversy left him in search of a way out of Oxford.
Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front: The German Infantry's War, 1941-1944

Introduction: the German infantry's war 1. The Wehrmacht and German society 2. Preparations for war 3. 'Attack with a ruthless offensive spirit and ... a firestorm of destruction': the opening phase of Operation Barbarossa 4: 'Will the continuation of this attack be worth it?' The drive on Leningrad 5: 'It is only a question of where, not if, civilians will starve': the 121st Infantry Division and the occupation of Pavlovsk 6. The failure of Operation Barbarossa: the fusion of ideology and military culture 7. The Soviet winter offensive 1942: Demiansk and the Volkhov River 8. 'The population ... shouted out to the interpreter that one would rather be shot instead of being left to starve': the evolution of military necessity 9. 'From one mess to another': war of attrition in Northwest Russia 10: 'We need to fight to the end, so oder so': combat and the reconstruction of Army Group North 11. A more rational occupation? The contradictions of military necessity 12. 'As miserable representatives of the miserable twentieth century, we burned all of the villages': the scorched earth retreat to the Panther Line Conclusion. The primacy of military necessity.
The Highest Good as Content for Kant’s Ethical Formalism

This article examines Kant’s conception of the highest good (summum bonum) with a view to determining whether it can, as Kant believed, function as a necessary content for the form of moral violation. It argues that it cannot and also suggests that the whole procedure of looking for a material content to fill out Kant’s formalism is spurious, because this content is already quite obviously given in the context of common moral experience. In dealing with this notion of the highest good, this article is primarily concerned to investigate the differences between Professors John Silber and Lewis White Beck on this subject. It outlines and questions Professor Silber’s continued insistence that Kant, in speaking of the highest good as a necessary object of moral violation, was exhibiting great insight. Contrarily, this article argues that Kant’s introduction of this notion was unnecessary and ill-advised, serving as it does extra-moral theological purposes by introducing confusions into the epistemology of his moral philosophy proper.
FIXED POLES IN FIRST-ORDER WEAK OR ELECTROMAGNETIC AMPLITUDES.

A recently proposed sum rule for the photoproduction amplitude of on-shell pion is examined. The sum rule was derived on the basis of a postulated equal-time commutator between the electromagnetic current and the source current of the pion. The sum rule, if true, requires the existence of fixed poles in the on-shell-photoproduction amplitude. We show that the commutator in question in fact vanishes when the pion is on the mass shell and further that thet-channel singularities on both sides of the sum rule fail to match. We conclude, there-fore, that the sum rule does not hold and that first-order weak or electromagnetic amplitudes could be Reggeized. Our considerations are then verified in simple field-theory models. The implications of superconvergent relations for first-order amplitudes are discussed.
New algorithms for convolution and DFT based on polynomial transforms

Discrete transforms, defined in rings of polynomials, have been introduced recently. These polynomial transforms have the convolution property and can be computed in ordinary arithmetic, without multiplications. We show that, by combining the polynomial transform approach with a split nesting technique, multidimensional convolutions can be computed very efficiently in general purpose computers. This computation method can also be used for the evaluation of one-dimensional convolutions and discrete Fourier transforms (DFT's).
Modeling the response of small myelinated and unmyelinated axons to kilohertz frequency signals

The effects of kilohertz frequency signals on action potential conduction in small myelinated (1 to 5.7 µm diameter) and unmyelinated axons are poorly understood, but could have important therapeutic applications. We developed a finite element model of a compound peripheral nerve and quantified the effects of a 5 kHz signal delivered via cuff electrode on conduction in small myelinated and unmyelinated axons. We compared the results from this realistic model to responses to the same signal delivered by an extracellular point source in a homogeneous isotropic extracellular medium. Using typical clinical parameters, the primary effect of the 5 kHz signal was excitation of the 5.7 µm diameter myelinated fibers in both models. The unmyelinated fibers were mostly unaffected by the applied signal. Axonal conduction block occurred only for certain parameter sets in the 5.7 µm diameter myelinated fibers. Our model reveals the complexity of possible responses to kilohertz frequency signals, and suggests that mechanisms of therapeutic efficacy other than conduction block need to be considered. A better understanding of the effects of kilohertz frequency signals is needed to inform clinical parameter selection for electrical devices targeting conduction block in small fibers.
Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies

In epidemiologic studies, total energy intake is often related to disease risk because of associations between physical activity or body size and the probability of disease. In theory, differences in disease incidence may also be related to metabolic efficiency and therefore to total energy intake. Because intakes of most specific nutrients, particularly macronutrients, are correlated with total energy intake, they may be noncausally associated with disease as a result of confounding by total energy intake. In addition, extraneous variation in nutrient intake resulting from variation in total energy intake that is unrelated to disease risk may weaken associations. Furthermore, individuals or populations must alter their intake of specific nutrients primarily by altering the composition of their diets rather than by changing their total energy intake, unless physical activity or body weight are changed substantially. Thus, adjustment for total energy intake is usually appropriate in epidemiologic studies to control for confounding, reduce extraneous variation, and predict the effect of dietary interventions. Failure to account for total energy intake can obscure associations between nutrient intakes and disease risk or even reverse the direction of association. Several disease-risk models and formulations of these models are available to account for energy intake in epidemiologic analyses, including adjustment of nutrient intakes for total energy intake by regression analysis and addition of total energy to a model with the nutrient density (nutrient divided by energy).
Uncovering food web structure using a novel trophic similarity measure

Abstract Aggregation of species on the basis of their trophic relationships is a fundamental step for quantifying, visualizing and thereby uncovering the structure of food webs. Although the Additive Jaccard Similarity (AJS) has been widely used to measure trophic similarity between species, it has also been criticized for its limited ability to find species with equivalent trophic roles, especially when they do not share the same predators and prey. In this study, we proposed a new trophic similarity measure, the Extended Additive Jaccard Similarity (EAJS), which quantifies trophic similarity between species based not only on the similarity of their shared predators and prey at adjacent trophic levels but at all trophic levels throughout a food web. Average linkage clustering was then used to aggregate species in the mammalian food web for the Serengeti ecosystem in northern Tanzania and southern Kenya on the basis of both trophic similarity measures. Compared to groups identified on the basis of AJS values, groups derived using EAJS had greater within-group similarity in terms of species' trophic relationships and greater discrimination vs. those in other groups. Groups based on EAJS values also better reflected ecological factors known to structure food webs, including producer-level habitat segregation and mammalian body mass. The advantage of EAJS lies in the fact that it is designed to consider species feeding relations in food webs that is not limited to adjacent trophic levels. Our approach provides a means for revealing the patterns of trophic relations among species in food webs and exploring known and unknown factors shaping food web structure.
Multistakeholder Evaluation of Condominial Sewer Services.

A multistakeholder evaluation procedure is presented to address the many challenges in evaluating the performance of condominial sewer projects in Brazil. Condominial sewerage is a promising appropriate technology that is coproduced by users and public agencies, but little is known about project performance. This article shows that multistakeholder evaluation is more appropriate to the research setting than evaluations based on a single stakeholder's perspective, is more reliable than the use of expert judgments alone, and provides more information than recom- mended sewer performance indicators. The author argues that the perspectives of multiple stake- holders should be included in project evaluations. The multistakeholder approach presented is a workable solution to the condominial sewer evaluation problem.
Conduct disorder and HIV risk behaviors among runaway and homeless adolescents

This study was designed to assess the prevalence of conduct disorder (CD) among runaway and homeless adolescents and to investigate associations between CD and HIV risk behaviors. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children and a standardized HIV risk assessment questionnaire were administered to 219 runaway and homeless adolescents recruited from a drop-in center serving high-risk youth. One-half of the males and 60% of the females were diagnosed with CD. In multivariate analyses, CD was the strongest predictor of lifetime use of heroin and/or cocaine and exchanging sex for money, drugs, food or shelter, as well as the number of drugs used and the number of sex partners in the 3 months preceding the interview. The high rate of CD in this population, and the association between CD and both drug and sex-related HIV risk behaviors, indicate a need for interventions that consider the influence of this psychiatric diagnosis on high-risk behaviors.
Mechanism of plutonium metal dissolution in HNO3-HF-N2H4 solution

Abstract An oxidation-reduction balance of the products of the dissolution of plutonium metal and alloys in HNO 3 -HF-N 2 H 4 solution shows that the major reactions during dissolution are the reduction of nitrate to NH 3 , N 2 and N 2 O by the metal, and the oxidation of H free radicals to NH 3 by N 2 H 4 . Reactions between HNO 3 and N 2 H 4 produce varying amounts of HN 3 . The reaction rate is greater for delta-plutonium than alpha-plutonium, and is increased by higher concentrations of HF and HNO 3 . The low yield of reduced nitrogen species indicates that nitrate is reduced on the metal surface without producing a significant concentration of species that react with N 2 H 4 . It is conjectured that intermediate plutonium valences and electron transfer within the metal are involved.
Rift Basins: Origin, History, and Distribution

Rifts are elongate depressions overlying places where the lithosphere has ruptured in extension. Where filled with sediment they may contain exploitable quantities of oil and gas. Because rits form in a variety of tectonic settings, it is helpful to define the particular tectonic environment in which a specific rift or set of rifts has developed. A useful approach has been to relate that environment to the Wilson Cycle of the opening and the closing of oceans. This appreciation of tectonic setting can help in better understanding of the depositional, structural and thermal history of individual rift systems. The global distribution of rifts can also be related to tectonic environment. For example, rifts associated with continental rupture at a temporary still-stand of a continent over the mantle convective system (rifts like those active in East Africa today) can be distinguished from those associated with continental collision (rifts like the Cenozoic rifts of China).
ELECTRON SPIN MAGNETIC MOMENT IN ATOMIC HYDROGEN

The ratio of the electron-spin $g$ factor to the proton $g$ factor has been measured in atomic hydrogen by a precision microwave magnetic resonance absorption technique. The result obtained is $\ensuremath{-}\frac{{g}_{s}}{{g}_{p}}=658.2277\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0002,$ where ${g}_{p}$ refers to protons in molecular hydrogen. The ratio is in good agreement with the atomic-beam result of Koenig, Prodell, and Kusch, and verifies their conclusions concerning the magnitude of the quantum electrodynamical contribution to ${g}_{s}$.
ACTH and adrenocortical gap junctions.

Since the initial identification of gap junctions in the adrenal gland, it has been proposed that a system involving direct cell-cell communication might be involved in adrenal cortical functions. Gap junction channels do, in fact, provide pathways for direct intercellular exchange of small molecules (<1,000 Da), many of which have the potential to influence a wide range of cellular activities. Gap junctions are composed of proteins called connexin which, in the adrenal cortex, have proven to be remarkably consistent in both type and zonal distribution with connexin 43 (Cx43) as the predominant component in mammalian adrenal glands thus far evaluated. Only the inner two zones of the cortex (zonae fasciculata and reticularis) exhibit significant amounts of Cx43 and functional coupling. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) has been shown to increase Cx43 protein in vivo and in vitro, and a strong correlation has been noted between the presence of gap junctions and certain adrenal cortical functions, especially steroidogenic capacity and cell proliferation. This review summarizes evidence of the Cx43 expression in adrenal cortical cells and the likely role of Cx43 in steroidogenesis and cell proliferation. It is concluded that control of gap junction expression in the adrenal gland is hormonally dependent and is functionally linked to adrenal gland zonation.
Determination of thermal parameters of one-dimensional nanostructures through a thermal transient method

We present an improved methodology for a thermal transient method enabling simultaneous measure- ment of thermal conductivity and specific heat of nanoscale structures with one-dimensional heat flow. The temporal response of a sample to finite duration heat pulse inputs for both short (1 ns) and long (5 ls) pulses is analyzed and exploited to deduce the thermal properties. Excellent agreement has been obtained between the recovered physical parameters and computational simulations through choosing an optimized pulse width.
Wide-field shadowgraphy of tip vortices from a helicopter rotor

A l'aide d'une technique d'ombroscopie a large champ, on visualise la trajectoire et le sillage tourbillonnaire de rotors d'helicoptere. Les trajectoires de tourbillons d'extremite sont visibles pour des nombres de Mach de 0,38 a 0,60. Influence de l'angle d'attaque
Developing a Web API for Interlibrary Loan Copyright Payments

Wayne State University Libraries (WSUL) pays copyright royalties for Interlibrary Loan (ILL) copy requests that exceed National Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works (CONTU) gui...
Use of soy protein supplement and resultant need for increased dose of levothyroxine.

ABSTRACT Objective To report a case of difficulty in achieving suppressive serum levels of thyroid hormone because of malabsorption of exogenous levothyroxine attributable to daily ingestion in close temporal relationship to the intake of a soy protein-containing food supplement. Methods We present the relevant history and laboratory data of the current case and provide supportive documentation from the literature. Results A 45-year-old woman who had hypothyroidism after a near-total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine ablative therapy for papillary carcinoma of the thyroid required unusually high oral doses of levothyroxine to achieve suppressive serum levels of free thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH). She had routinely been taking a “soy cocktail” protein supplement immediately after her levothyroxine. Temporal separation of the intake of the soy protein cocktail from the administration of the levothyroxine resulted in attainment of suppressive serum levels of free T4 and TSH with use of lower doses of levothyroxine. Conclusion Administration of levothyroxine concurrently with a soy protein dietary supplement results in decreased absorption of levothyroxine and the need for higher oral doses of levothyroxine to attain therapeutic serum thyroid hormone levels. (Endocr Pract. 2001;7: 193-194)
Quantum Monte Carlo of coupled fermion chains

Computation involving fermions in more than one dimension presents a challenge to Monte Carlo simulations. One is either faced with calculation of the fermion determinant or the appearance of random walks that carry negative weights. The cancellations among positive and negative weights give rise to uncontrollable fluctuations. A new stochastic algorithm is proposed for treating quantum problems in which the matrix elements of the projection operator, U(..beta..) = e/sup -betaH/, carries both positive and negative signs. The algorithm is a variant of the population scheme of the Projector Monte Carlo method. We apply this algorithm to a double-chain fermion system where electron tunnelling across the chains gives rise to unavoidable negative matrix elements.
Island Trees v. Pico The Legal Implications

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the June 25 decision of the United States Supreme Court in the Island Trees school library case (Board of Education, Island Trees Union Free School District No. 26, et al. v. Pico, et al., _U.S._, 50 Law Week 4831 [1982]).
Story structure and retelling of narratives by aphasic and non-brain-damaged adults.

Aphasic and non-brain-damaged subjects listened to and retold two narrative stories three times in succession. Both aphasic and non-brain-damaged subjects were affected by story structure—they reto...
Studies on a very flare-active δ group: Peculiar δ spot evolution and inferred subsurface magnetic rope structure

The complex subsurface magnetic rope structure of a very flare-active isolated δ group (McMath 13043, July 1974) is studied by means of high-resolution evolutionary data from BBSO magnetic and velocity data. This group showed unusually fast evolution accompanied by a number of intense flares occurring on the neutral line of a δ spot, and provided an excellent opportunity to study the inherent relation of flare occurrence to changes of the magnetic configuration. We first examine the abnormal evolution of this group started by formation of a large, compact, reversed δ spot by squeezing of multipoles. The δ configuration was deformed by penetration into the opposite polarity umbra and its subsequent disappearance, decaying by rapid shear motions. Strong transverse fields over 4000 G were detected in the penumbrae and some umbral components. Combining these data with the August 1972 region, the evolution of these isolated δ groups is shown to decompose into two flare-associated elementary modes: (A) shearing produced by spot growth and (B) reduction of shear as spots disappear. We propose a model of an emerging twisted magnetic knot to explain the two modes and apply realistically to the present evolution. The inferred magnetic topological structure of this region consists of tightly twisted (sheet-like) knots and a long-winding twisted rope with an internally reversed loop and a hooked bottom struture. Their consecutive emergences are suggested to explain the abnormal evolution of this 5 group. This result indicates that the origin of the concentrated flare activity in these isolated δ groups may be traced to internal magnetic activity responsible for forming anomalous magnetic ropes.
In situ uranium stabilization by microbial metabolites.

Soil contaminated with U was the focus of this study in order to develop in-situ, U bio-immobilization technology. We have demonstrated microbial production of a metal chelating biopolymer, pyomelanin, in U contaminated soil from the Tims Branch area of the Department of Energy (DOE) Savannah River Site (SRS) as a result of tyrosine amendments. Bacterial densities of pyomelanin producers were >106 cells/g wet soil. Pyomelanin demonstrated U chelating and mineral binding capacities at pH 4 and 7. In laboratory studies, in the presence of goethite or illite, pyomelanin enhanced U sequestration by these minerals. Tyrosine amended soils in field tests demonstrated increased U sequestration capacity following pyomelanin production up to 13 months after tyrosine treatments.
Decadal cycling within long-lived carbon pools revealed by dual isotopic analysis of mineral-associated soil organic matter

Long-lived soil organic matter (SOM) pools are critical for the global carbon (C) cycle, but challenges in isolating such pools have inhibited understanding of their dynamics. We physically isolated particulate (>53 μm), silt-, and clay-sized organic matter from soils collected over two decades from a perennial C3 grassland established on long-term agricultural soil with a predominantly C4 isotopic signature. Silt- and clay-sized fractions were then subjected to a sequential chemical fractionation (acid hydrolysis followed by peroxide oxidation) to isolate long-lived C pools. We quantified 14C and the natural 13C isotopic label in the resulting fractions to identify and evaluate pools responsible for long-lived SOM. After removal of particulate organic matter (~14% of bulk soil C) sequential chemical treatment removed 80% of mineral-associated C. In all mineral-associated fractions, at least 55% of C4-derived C was retained 32 years after the switch to C3 inputs. However, C3–C increased substantially beginning ~25 years after the switch. Radiocarbon-based turnover times ranged from roughly 1200–3000 years for chemically resistant mineral-associated pools, although some pools turned over faster under C3 grassland than in a reference agricultural field, indicating that new material had entered some pools as early as 14 years after the vegetation switch. These findings provide further evidence that SOM chemistry does not always reflect SOM longevity and resistance to microbial decomposition. Even measureable SOM fractions that have extremely long mean turnover times (>1500 years) can have a substantial component that is dynamic over much shorter timescales.
A system for computer control of auditory stimuli

A computer system for generation of auditory stimuli is described. The system produces natural-speech or software-generated stimuli for monaural, binaural, or dichotic presentation. Stimuli have been generated for experiments run both on-line and off-line.
Acute ischemic stroke in the setting of cervical carotid occlusion: a proposed management strategy.

Background Occlusion of the extracranial internal carotid artery, whether a result of atherothrombosis or dissection, is a challenging cause of ischemic stroke, characterized by a dismal natural history and a poor response to systemic thrombolysis. Methods Review of the literature and proposal of a management strategy. Results In most patients, symptoms are caused by a coexistent intracranial occlusion, and treatment of the latter dictates the final outcome. However, a smaller subset of patients present with acute cerebral hemodynamic insufficiency requiring recanalization of the extracranial vessel. Careful analysis of the initial angiograms, particularly the extent and pattern of collateral flow, will usually give the clue as to the mechanism of stroke. The distal lesion can often be accessed by advancing a microcatheter, either through collateral channels or through the proximal occlusion itself. Conclusions In all cases, the importance of prompt and timely recanalization through aggressive intra-arterial therapy cannot be overemphasized.
The Effect of Spatial Variability of Meteorological Data on Annual Average Air Concentrations Predicted by a Wind-Rose Model

This paper discusses the effect of spatial variability of meteorological data on annual average air concentrations for distance from the source ranging from 2-21 km. Annual average relative air concentrations varied by about 20 percent for the stations examined. This study also showed that annual average concentrations obtained with a simple wind-rose model, although overpredicting by a factor of 3, are not particularly sensitive to the amount of meteorological data used to represent the frequency distribution of wind and stability. These results indicate that a much smaller data recovery rate than the 90 percent required by NRC might be more appropriate.
Tonic status epilepticus: An unusual presentation of unresponsiveness

We report an unusual cause of unresponsiveness in a 73-year-old woman seen in the emergency department. Extensive evaluation, including an emergency EEG that demonstrated rhythmic, high-voltage spike-and-wave discharges characteristic of convulsive activity, confirmed the diagnosis of generalized tonic status epilepticus. The patient's persistent subclinical seizures terminated after the IV administration of diazepam. Varying presentations of generalized tonic status epilepticus have been described in the neurology literature, with EEG confirmation of this diagnosis. Review of the emergency medicine literature does not describe a similar presentation of altered mental status in the adult population. This case illustrates one necessary role for ED EEG in the identification of occult status epilepticus causing altered mental status.
Computational studies of the 3‐Dimensional structure of cyclopenta polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing a gulf region

Recently, some cyclopenta-fused polyaromatic hydrocarbons, an environmentally relevant subclass of chemicals, have been shown to have carcinogenic activity in animals. It has been suggested that benz[l] aceanthrylene (I), an active member of this subclass with a gulf region, has a trans dihydrodiol metabolite that is nonplanar and has two distinct spatial configurations. We have used MMP2(85) and AM1 to investigate the three-dimensional structure of this dihydrodiol and other similar derivatives of (I) and have found that although (I) is somewhat nonplanar the relevant derivatives are all nearly planar. Further, we have computed potential functions for the bending of the angular ring in the gulf region using MMP2(85), AM1, and ab initio computed energies for AM1 spatial configurations and find that these molecules all have only a single potential minimum. We have performed the same calculations for benzo[c]phenanthren and its 1,12 dimethyl derivative, molecules with a similar gulf region for which crystallographic data exists. In agreement with that data, we find that two distinct spatial configurations exist separated by significant barries. The differences between the results generated by the three different methods of computation will be discussed.
A STATISTICAL MODEL OF INTERMITTENT SHORT FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

The stochastic nature of the growth of short surface fatigue cracks under uniform cyclic loading can be attributed to their interaction with a stochastic microstructure. In this paper, a computational scheme is proposed to describe the statistical effects of the temporary arrest of short cracks by grain boundaries, and the modification of rates of propagation across grains by various effects of grain boundary constraint. The fact that a crack tip may be in one of two states, either temporarily arrested at a grain boundary or actively propagating, is treated explicitly by considering probability densities evolving in complementary state spaces corresponding to each case. The evolution of the densities during fatigue is described by conservation equations, which are solved numerically. It is shown how engineering quantities, such as the time to initiation of a macroscopic crack, can be derived from the calculated densities. The explicitness with which the characteristics of short crack growth are treated greatly enhances the potential accuracy of predictions based on this approach. The theory is constructed to allow considerable flexibility in the microstructure-related mechanisms assumed to control growth rates in any given material. However, as it is stated here, the theory is restricted to Mode I (tensile opening) transgranular crack growth under constant amplitude cyclic loading. Examples are given of the various effects that can be treated, as well as those that would require modification of the structure of the computational procedure. The theory is illustrated by an application to data for Al 2219-T851.
Registration of ‘Centennial’ Sand Bluestem

‘Centennial’ (Reg. No. CV-15, PI 670042) sand bluestem (Andropogon hallii Hack.) is a synthetic cultivar selected for greater seed germination at a low water potential and seedling establishment under field conditions. Two cycles of recurrent selection were used to develop Centennial (ABmedium Syn-2) from ‘Chet’ sand bluestem (AB-medium Syn-0). Cycle 1 consisted of germinating 3500 open-pollinated seeds of population AB-medium Syn-0 in a −0.8 MPa D-mannitol solution for 7 d. All germinated seeds (~250) were selected to create population ‘AB-medium Syn-1’. Cycle 2 selection was similar to Cycle 1 except that population AB-medium Syn-1 was used to create population AB-medium Syn-2. Germination of seeds of Centennial was 16.3% higher than for those of Chet in a water potential of −0.8 MPa and 12.8% higher than Chet in deionized water. Seeds from Centennial had significantly greater field emergence (62.7%) than either the ABmedium Syn-1 (59.6%) or Chet sand bluestem (54.6%). Thus, percentage field emergence of sand bluestem was increased by recurrent selection for increased seed germination at a low water potential. Centennial sand bluestem was cooperatively released by the USDA–ARS and USDA–NRCS to provide forage for pasture, hay, or complementary rangeland–forage production systems and to stabilize soils by reclaiming marginal croplands in the central and southern Great Plains of the United States.
Fatigue Life Predictions for Thermally Loaded Solder Joints Using a Volume-Weighted Averaging Technique

Fatigue lives of thermally loaded solder joints are predicted using the finite element method. An appropriate constitutive relation to model the time-dependent inelastic deformation of the near-eutectic solder is implemented into a commercial finite element code, and the stress-strain responses of different electronic assemblies under the applied temperature cycles are calculated. The finite element analysis results are coupled with a newly developed approach for fatigue life predictions by using a volume-weighted averaging technique instead of an approach based on the maximum stress and strain locations in the solder joint. Volume-weighted average stress and strain results of three electronic assemblies are related to the corresponding experimental fatigue data through least-squares curve-fitting analyses for determination of the empirical coefficients of two fatigue life prediction criteria. The coefficients thus determined predict the mean cycles-to-failure value of the solder joints. Among the two prediction criteria, the strain range criterion uses the inelastic shear strain range and the total strain energy criterion uses the total inelastic strain energy calculated over a stabilized loading cycle. The obtained coefficients of the two fatigue criteria are applied to the finite element analysis results of two additional cases obtained from the literature. Good predictions are achieved using the total strain energy criterion, however, the strain range criterion underestimated the fatigue life. It is concluded that the strain information alone is not sufficient to model the fatigue behavior but a combination of stress and strain information is required, as in the case of total inelastic strain energy. The superiority of the volume-weighted averaging technique over the maximum stress and strain location approach is discussed.
Measures of sexual partnerships: lengths, gaps, overlaps, and sexually transmitted infection.

GOAL: The length of time between partnerships ("gap") is an important determinant of the overall transmission system of sexually transmitted infections. We describe the distributions of gaps, lengths, and overlaps among participants in a random-digit dialing survey conducted among 1194 Seattle residents during 2003-2004. METHODS: Survey participants were restricted to those 18 to 39 years of age with fluency in the English language. We limited our analysis to the 1051 (88%) participants who reported ever engaging in vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse and reported information on gaps, lengths, and overlaps. RESULTS: Most (59%) observed gaps between partnerships were of length<or=6 months; therefore, the majority of 18- to 39-year-olds seeking new partners find a new partner well within the infectious period of chlamydia infection, gonorrhea, and syphilis (if no treatment is received) and herpes simplex virus, human papilloma virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections. This was generally true independent of gender, race, income, or education. Gap length, however, correlated with age. CONCLUSIONS: The observed shorter gap lengths among younger individuals reinforce the need to focus interventions on adolescents and young adults, particularly those with the potential to mix with infected individuals.
Interactions between nucleus centrum medianum and gigantocellular nociceptive neurons

Cells in nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NGC) and nucleus centrum medianum (CM) are known to respond to tooth pulp stimulation, which is a nociceptive trigeminal stimulus. We examined the effect of stimulation of CM on this class of neurons in NGC. Thirty-nine percent of the 57 neurons tested were antidromically activated by stimulation of the ipsilateral CM, while 28% of the 40 neurons tested were antidromically activated from the contralateral CM. In addition, the spontaneous activity of seven NGC neurons was altered by stimulation of the ipsilateral CM, while five cells were affected by stimulation of the contralateral CM. These data suggest a complex and reciprocal interaction between neurons in NGC and CM.