cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tunable resonant leaky mode silicon-on-insulator photonic devices

The objective of this paper is to present MEMS-tunable leaky-mode resonance elements. With focus on the silicon-oninsulator (SOI) materials system, the paper provides computed results elucidating the nature of resonant leaky modes associated with periodic refractive-index lattices such as gratings and photonic crystals. Introductory examples demonstrate the general features of the basic guided-mode resonance effect and the resulting externally measurable diffraction efficiency. Computed Brillouin diagrams illustrate the association of the guided-mode resonance with the second stopband considering grating profile symmetry and its Fourier harmonic content controlled by the chosen fill factors. A tunable double-grating resonant leaky-mode MEMS-type element is then introduced. Significant level of tunability is demonstrated by controlling the effective fill factor and the structural symmetry as well as the effective thickness of the resonant layer. For a particular example SOI structure treated, it is shown that the resonance wavelength can be shifted by ~500 nm with a horizontal movement of ~300 nm within the 1.6-2.2 μm wavelength band. Additionally, the reflectance can be tuned from ~10 -4 to 100% with a vertical movement of ~250 nm. These results demonstrate potentially new dimensions in design of tunable optical devices.
New flip-flop construction for hypohamilton graphs☆

Abstract A graph G is called hypohamiltonian if G is not hamiltonian but every vertex deleted subgraph G - υ is hamiltonian. We show that the number of nonisomorphic hypohamiltonian graphs of order p increases at least exponentially. Moreover, we show that every bipartite graph can be found as the induced subgraph of some hypohamiltonian graph, and that there exists a p -vertex hypohamiltonian graph of girth 3 for every p ⩾ 18 except possibly for p = 19,20,22,25.
A Stroll Through la Boca The Politics and Poetics of Spatial Experience in a Buenos Aires Neighborhood

Celebrated in local folklore as Buenos Aires' Italian barrio, la Boca is in fact a contested neighborhood where a number of middle-class residents of European origin denounce the presence of a large mestizo underclass as a threat to la Boca's Italianness—especially the passion for the arts, the work ethics, and the family values that allegedly characterized the old, southern European immigrant community. Drawing on de Certeau's theorization of the “stories of the street,” this article explores the discourse and practice through which nostalgic middle-class boquenses spatialize their definition of local heritage, thus seeking to foster consensus over who belongs in the neighborhood and who does not.
Relationship between Anxiety and Addiction to a Depressant Drug

A systematic random sample of 267 patients who were involved in outpatient detoxification was surveyed. Their records were evaluated, and the demographics, psychiatric diagnoses, and type(s) of substance of abuse of each patient were recorded. The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between an anxiety disorder and whether the patient was addicted to an opioid. A followup was conducted on 79 patients who were addicted to an opioid, and had an anxiety diagnosis. Of this group, 54 (70%) responded, of which only 22 (40%) said that they were receiving some type of treatment for their disorder. All of these patients reported that they were sober and that their anxiety disorder significantly decreased.
Teaching tips we wish they'd told us before we started, small college class edition

Be an opener of doors for such as come after thee..." - Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1844. At the SIGCSE Symposium in 2007, we presented a panel in which seasoned teaching faculty from four large, PhD-granting universities shared the teaching tips we wished we'd known before starting our careers [1]. The difference from earlier "Teaching Tips" panels [6] was that our suggestions were meant to be hidden gems less often highlighted by our colleagues or by some of the best-known teaching resources [2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 11]. We clustered our tips into several categories: Lecturing, Office (hours), Staff (mentoring), Exams (authoring & administering), Labs (authoring & running), Section (TA-led discussion), Projects (and homework; authoring & supporting), and Meta (advice spanning categories). The session was received quite well, and the audience contributed many of their own teaching tips throughout the presentation. Since all of the presenters in 2007 regularly taught large, hundred-student classes, many of their suggestions (e.g., lecturing in a large venue or managing an army of teaching assistants) were not relevant to the experience of teaching small classes. Quite a few attendees suggested there be a follow-up session with presenters who could address the challenges specific to small college or university classes. To that end, we present the "Small College Class" edition, with seasoned educators who have expertise teaching smaller classes at their university or college. The position statements that follow offer a random sampling of two of these "hidden" pearls; presenters will share many more during the session, and time will be provided for audience participation. We'll endeavor to capture all the tips for an online collection. Complementing the categories above, we have added two more that capture the intimate setting of small classes: - Classroom (organization, interactions, and incentives) - Personal (fostering relationships).
Fixation of radioactive waste in high silica glasses

THE safe disposal of large quantities of high-level radioactive wastes from spent power reactor fuels, or reprocessing is a problem of considerable concern because of the danger which may arise from their release into the environment. We describe here a multi-barrier vitrification process which is conducted at moderate temperatures (below 900 °C) and which yields the fixation of radioactive wastes as oxides in a high-silica matrix. Some special characteristics of this process are discussed, including the excellent chemical durability, high thermal and structural stability of the glass, and the possibility of multibarrier protection.
Markov models of occupational mobility: Theoretical development and empirical support. Part 2: Continuously operative job systems

This paper, consisting of two parts, presents an analysis of the current state of Markov model building for intragenerational occupational mobility. Part 1 examined models of careers; Part 2 analyzes models of continuously operative job systems. In Part 2 we find considerable predictive power for the simple MC model of personnel flows and the job vacancy chain model. Major analytical work has extended in two primary directions: the theoretical conceptualization of job vacancies to further explicate the underlying causal structure of mobility and the use of control theory to shift the focus to manpower decision making and policy formulation. Moreover, the diversity of job systems in which the models have been tested points to their general applicability.
Venus cloud microphysics

Because sulfuric acid does not wet sulfur, composite drops in the atmosphere of Venus cannot have sulfur 'cores', but must instead have sulfur coats. Both components then communicate with the vapor phase. Drops that are fully coated with sulfur are immune to coalescence; this sets a limit to growth that may explain 'Mode 3' particles. The sulfur coating is probably responsible for the anomalously low refractive indices derived from entry-probe nephelometer data. There appears to be about an order of magnitude less elemental sulfur than sulfuric acid in the clouds.
ALL ANIMALS MATTER: MARC BEKOFF'S CONTRIBUTION TO CONSTRUCTIVE CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY

Along with Jane Goodall, Mark Bekoff proposes that religion can join science in recognizing that animals have minds of their own; that humans can humbly imagine themselves inside these minds, all the while recognizing their independent integrity; and that, as creatures with psyches, animals deserve respect and care. In his various writings Bekoff offers many hints of what a theology of animal minds might look like and how it might be part of a more comprehensive theology of respect and care for the community of life. Process or Whiteheadian theology offers a way of appreciating Bekoff's insights, linking them with the ecojustice movement, showing how they can be linked with various themes in evolutionary biology, and developing a threefold approach to animal well-being: cosmo ogical, ethical, and spiritual. In so doing, process thought shows how the practice of science, particularly as expressed in cognitive theology, involves a marriage of empathy and observation, which represents science and spirituality at their best.
Mechanism of Membrane Curvature Sensing by Amphipathic Helix Containing Proteins

There are several examples of membrane-associated protein domains that target curved membranes. This behavior is believed to have functional significance in a number of essential pathways, such as clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which involve dramatic membrane remodeling and require the recruitment of various cofactors at different stages of the process. This work is motivated in part by recent experiments that demonstrated that the amphipathic N-terminal helix of endophilin (H0) targets curved membranes by binding to hydrophobic lipid bilayer packing defects which increase in number with increasing membrane curvature. Here we use state-of-the-art atomistic simulation to explore the packing defect structure of curved membranes, and the effect of this structure on the folding of H0. We find that not only are packing defects increased in number with increasing membrane curvature, but also that their size distribution depends nontrivially on the curvature, falling off exponentially with a decay constant that depends on the curvature, and crucially that even on highly curved membranes defects large enough to accommodate the hydrophobic face of H0 are never observed. We furthermore find that a percolation model for the defects explains the defect size distribution, which implies that larger defects are formed by coalescence of noninteracting smaller defects. We also use the recently developed metadynamics algorithm to study in detail the effect of such defects on H0 folding. It is found that the comparatively larger defects found on a convex membrane promote H0 folding by several kcal/mol, while the smaller defects found on flat and concave membrane surfaces inhibit folding by kinetically trapping the peptide. Together, these observations suggest H0 folding is a cooperative process in which the folding peptide changes the defect structure relative to an unperturbed membrane.
Cell division in plants

The past couple of years have seen the isolation and characterization of many of the regulatory genes from plants that are thought to be intimately involved in regulation of the cell division cycle. In addition, characterization of plant-specific aspects of the cell division cycle has provided insight into how spatial and temporal controls may be linked. The comparative lack of cell mobility means that plant organs are historic records of the cell cycles that occurred during their evolution. Differentiated cells retain a capacity for re-entry into the cell cycle, which is probably an adaptation to compensate for the damage that they must tolerate because of a sedentary lifestyle. Understanding how plants cope with such damage and manage to generate such an array of diverse multicellular structures will require a basic comprehension of cell division.
Incorporating Right Half-Plane Poles and Zeros in a Frequency Domain Design Technique

The frequency domain design methodology developed in Jayasuriya and Franchek (1988) for the synthesis of controllers that maximize the allowable size of an unknown-but-bounded disturbance in the presence of several time domain constraints is revisited. It is shown that (i) the basic ingredients of the methodology stays essentially the same for systems with nonminimum phase zeros and/or unstable poles, and (ii) two modifications can facilitate the loop shaping step. In particular, a nonminimum phase problem may be converted to one of frequency shaping a minimum phase loop; and a prestabilization scheme may be used for unstable systems. Two examples illustrate the proposed modifications with one compared to results obtained by the so called Set-Theoretic (ST) approach
Fuzzy logic rule based system for separation sequence synthesis: An object-oriented approach

Abstract In the present work, an expert system for separation sequence synthesis (Hendry and Hughe, 1972; Seader and Westerberg, 1977; Nath and Mortard, 1981; Nadgir and Liu, 1983; Gomez-Munoz and Seader, 1985) by means of fuzzy heuristics is constructed with a nonconventional software design method. The methodology involves the use of production rules (IF—THEN rules), fuzzy logic (Zadeh 1973; Zimmermann, 1985) and object-oriented programming (Stefik and Bobrow, 1985; Booch, 1986). The construction of the present expert system is based on the result of a previous work in which the heuristic rules are transformed into the production rule format (Gharpuray et al. , 1987). The significance of the present work lies in the successful implementation of the resultant production-rule system in an object-oriented programming environment known as the Lisp Object Oriented Programming System (LOOPS) (Stefik and Bobrow, 1985; Bobrow et al. , 1985).
The communication anxiety graph: A classroom tool for managing speech anxiety

Although speech anxiety is treated as a constant in speech communication research, speech teachers and speakers know that anxiety levels change during the course of one speech event This essay describes the Communication Anxiety Graph, a tool classroom teachers can use to help student speakers trace the pattern of their anxiety during one speech event. The data obtained from the graph can be consulted when planning future speeches to better aid in the management of speech anxiety and preparing, in particular, for the speech anxiety peak moments. Suggestions for use in the speech classroom, and specific advice for speakers based on when their anxiety peak may occur are provided.
The infrared and Raman spectra of S6

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of hexatomic sulfur (S6) are reported in the region from 2000 cm−1 to 45 cm−1. The fundamentals and certain combination bands are assigned and compared with those of S8.
WNx: Properties and applications

Abstract The deposition rate, composition, resistivity, and intrinsic stress of r.f. sputter- deposited WN x films have been investigated in detail as functions of various sputtering parameters. We have also evaluated the diffusion barrier performance of WN x films in three different contact schemes to silicon and GaAs. Finally, a possible application of a Ti/WN x bilayer to the self-aligned TiSi 2 process is discussed.
Sensitivity Analysis and Application of an Entraining Plume Model

Abstract Data derived from radiosonde soundings and stereoscopic photographs collected during a field experiment were input to a steady-state entraining plume cloud model to predict cumulus cloud development. The basic data input requirements of the model include cloud-base height, vertical profiles of temperature and dew point, and initial radius and vertical velocity at cloud base. The model was used to simulate convection on three different days, using the average of each day's measured cloud-base heights, its radiosonde data, and each of four combinations of initial cloud radius and vertical velocity. The dimensions of the four clouds predicted for each day were compared with dimensions of the photogrammetrically observed clouds that formed over mountainous terrain. Variability of measured cloud-top heights corresponded closely with model predictions from three of the combinations of initial radius and vertical velocity for each day's medium and large sized clouds. A sensitivity analysis of the model ...
Early Painful Diabetic Neuropathy Is Associated with Differential Changes in the Expression and Function of Vanilloid Receptor 1

Diabetes mellitus is associated with one or more kinds of stimulus-evoked pain including hyperalgesia and allodynia. The mechanisms underlying painful diabetic neuropathy remain poorly understood. Previous studies demonstrate an important role of vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) in inflammation and injury-induced pain. Here we investigated the function and expression of VR1 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats between 4 and 8 weeks after onset of diabetes. DRG neurons from diabetic rats showed significant increases in capsaicin- and proton-activated inward currents. These evoked currents were completely blocked by the capsaicin antagonist capsazepine. Capsaicin-induced desensitization of VR1 was down-regulated, whereas VR1 re-sensitization was up-regulated in DRG neurons from diabetic rats. The protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate blunted VR1 desensitization, and this effect was reversible in the presence of the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I. Compared with the controls, VR1 protein was decreased in DRG whole-cell homogenates from diabetic rats, but increased levels of VR1 protein were observed on plasma membranes. Of interest, the tetrameric form of VR1 increased significantly in DRGs from diabetic rats. Increased phosphorylation levels of VR1 were also observed in DRG neurons from diabetic rats. Colocalization studies demonstrated that VR1 expression was increased in large myelinated A-fiber DRG neurons, whereas it was decreased in small unmyelinated C-fiber neurons as a result of diabetes. These results suggest that painful diabetic neuropathy is associated with altered cell-specific expression of the VR1 receptor that is coupled to increased function through PKC-mediated phosphorylation, oligomerization, and targeted expression on the cell surface membrane.
Jejunal glucose uptake and oxygen consumption in turkey poults selected for rapid growth

Two lines of turkey poults, one selected for rapid growth at 16 wk of age (F line) and the other a randombred control line (RBC2) were used to investigate the effect of selection for rapid growth on jejunal O2 consumption and glucose transport as well as whole-body O2 consumption. All trials used unsexed poults and were designed as a randomized complete block with day and line as independent variables. In Trial 1, 120 turkey poults, fed a standard starter ration (25.5% CP), were used to examine the effect of selection on feed intake, body weight gain, and efficiency from hatching (Day 0) to 13 d of age. At Day 14, 36 of 60 birds from each line were killed to measure intestinal length and weight and jejunal O2 consumption after 18 h of feed deprivation. Compared with the RBC2 line, the F line had relatively shorter but heavier small intestinal segments when adjusted by 18 h feed-deprived body weight (FBW; P < 0.001). The F line consumed more O2 over the entire jejunum adjusted to FBW than RBC2 line (43.8 vs 34.6 nmol O2/min.g FBW; P < 0.001). Jejunal ouabain- and cycloheximide-sensitive O2 consumption were greater (P < 0.05) in the F line. In Trial 2, 16 14-d-old poults from each line were used to measure in vitro jejunal glucose transport rate. There was no difference in glucose transport of the jejunum (nanomoles per minute per gram of FBW) between the lines. In Trial 3, 20 poults from each line were used to measure whole-body O2 consumption at 7 to 10 d of age. The F and RBC2 lines had similar whole-body O2 consumption rate per gram of FBW. These data suggest that selection of turkeys for rapid growth at 16 wk of age did not increase efficiency of jejunal glucose uptake in 14-d-old turkey poults.
Second-order expressions for velocity moments in two- and three-dimensional statistically anisotropic media

Second-order expressions are derived for the mean and covariance of steady state seepage velocity under mean uniform flows in infinite two- and three-dimensional domains. The order of approximation is defined in terms of the variance σ2 of a statistically homogeneous and anisotropic natural log hydraulic conductivity field Y with a Gaussian spatial autocorrelation function. Results show that second-order mean velocity either exceeds or is close to its first-order counterpart, depending on anisotropy. Head fluctuations of order larger than σ affect second-order velocity moments to the same extent as do head fluctuations of order σ in virtually all cases, hence neglecting the former renders the results nonasymptotic. Velocity variances are generally larger when approximated consistently to second than to first order, The ratio between second- and first-order variance approximations is larger in three than in two dimensions, larger for transverse than for longitudinal velocity, and increases with σ2. Anisotropy has a significant effect on second-order velocity variance. Second-order effects have the greatest influence on longitudinal velocity variance at extreme anisotropy ratios and on transverse velocity variance in isotropic domains.
The fine structure of mast cells in normal human gingiva

Mast cells in normal human gingiva have been investigated with the electron microscope. On a morphologic basis, two types of cytoplasmic granules were evident. A round, single-bodied, simple type, with an amorphous internal composition, often displayed a substructure of cylindrical or scroll-like lamellae. The lamellae in cross section were composed of regularly arranged, dense particles. A larger, compound type, irregular in outline and consisting of two or more components, exhibited a crystalline internal structure, in addition to the features described above. The crystalline material presented an ordered array of parallel dense and less dense lines, but occasionally, a hexagonally arranged, honeycomb-like network with an identical periodicity was encountered. Noncrystalline granules were frequently encompassed by a discontinuous membrane-like configuration which closely resembled the above lamellae. The wide range of cytoplasmic granules is compatible with the diversity of chemical compounds presumably contained within this cell type.
Prolactin inhibits the induction of its own renal receptors in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles.

Abstract The effects of ovine prolactin (oPRL) and thyroxine (T 4 ) on the binding of [ 125 I]oPRL to kidney microsomal membrane fractions of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles were studied. T 4 treatment significantly increased receptor binding. Injections of oPRL reduced binding to levels lower than those of controls and antagonized the T 4 -induced increase in PRL binding. In vitro and in vivo receptor desaturation methods were employed to minimize the possibility that either injected or endogenous PRL remained bound to receptor sites through the procedures of membrane isolation and assay. These results indicate that the renal PRL receptor is inducible by T 4 and that this induction is inhibited by PRL. These findings illustrate a novel and somewhat unusual form of PRL-T 4 antagonism, but emphasize the possibility of both synergistic and antagonistic interactions between the two hormones.
Mensuration and Isostasy of Lunar Mascons and Maria

The theory that mascons have been formed by the partial filling of impact craters now leads to the conclusion that they are isostatically in equilibrium with the rocks beneath.
The long-acting neuroleptics: a retrospective appraisal.

(1978). The Long-Acting Neuroleptics: A Retrospective Appraisal. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 251-262.
Coupled electrons and pair fluctuations in two dimensions: a transition to superconductivity in a conserving approximation

We report a superconducting transition in the fully conserving fluctuation exchange approximation for a two-dimensional attractive Hubbard model. The transition temperature agrees well with quantum Monte Carlo calculations, but the superfluid density and specific heat near ${T}_{c}$ have anomalous temperature dependences for lattice sizes up to $64\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}64$.
Laser heterodyne spectroscopy of 127 I 2 hyperfine structure near 532 nm

Two frequency-doubled diode-pumped Nd:YAG lasers are used to study the hyperfine spectrum of 127I2 near 532 nm by heterodyne spectroscopy. Eight rovibrational transitions between the lowest vibrational level in the ground (X) state to vibrational levels 32–36 in the B state are observed. The measured frequency splittings are used to determine the difference in the hyperfine constants for these transitions. The standard deviation of the theoretical fit to the measured spectra is better than 10 kHz. The root Allan variance of the beat frequency between the I2-locked lasers follows a 1.1×10−2/τ dependence for measurements times τ > 0.002 s and reaches a minimum value of 2.5 × 10−13 (two-sample beat frequency of 70 Hz) at τ = 32 s. A method for accurately determining the absolute frequency of the iodine lines near 532 nm is proposed.
Counterinsurgency Ecotourism in Guatemala's Maya Biosphere Reserve:

Through analysis of a Guatemalan ecotourism project, this paper examines how tourism development is driving the militarization of conservation through a modality of violence I identify as counterinsurgency ecotourism. I look at four manifestations of counterinsurgency ecotourism: the repurposing of the army to enforce conservation law; the creation of an environmental ‘predator’ discourse; the eviction of peasants from protected areas; and the construction of military outposts. These practices illustrate that ecotourism development has become a means by which the Guatemalan state is militarizing conservation spaces in ways that revive and repurpose tactics of counterinsurgency warfare from the country's civil war (1960–96). Furthermore, this militarized approach to ecotourism development obscures the structural production of poverty, insecurity, and deforestation in northern Guatemala and undermines environmental conservation and social justice efforts. The counterinsurgency ecotourism practices identified in Guatemala resonate with many other conservation and ecotourism spaces found across the world, such as UNESCO Biospheres, as well places across the Global South with histories of counterinsurgency warfare.
Cultural Attitudes Toward Weight, Diet, and Physical Activity Among Overweight African American Girls

Little is known about attitudes and perceptions toward weight, diet, and physical activity among American youth, and particularly among young African American females. This pilot study sought to qualitatively explore cultural attitudes and perceptions toward body image, food, and physical activity among a sample of overweight African American girls. 12 overweight girls, aged 12 to 18 years, from a hospital-based pediatric diabetes screening and prevention program were recruited. Five semistructured group interviews were conducted to explore attitudes on weight, diet, and physical activity. The following themes emerged: weight and body size preferences were primarily determined by the individual and her immediate social circle and were less influenced by opinions of those outside of the social circle; food choices depended on texture, taste, appearance, and context more than on nutritional value; engagement in recreational physical activity was influenced by time constraints from school and extracurricular activities and by neighborhood safety; participation in structured exercise was limited because of the cost and time related to maintenance of personal aesthetics (hair and nails); and celebrities were not perceived as role models for diet and physical activity habits. The findings imply that perceptions of weight and healthy lifestyle behaviors are largely determined by environmental and personal influences. These factors should be considered in the development of healthy-weight interventions for African American girls.
The Intertemporal Variability of Teacher Effect Estimates

Abstract The utility of value-added estimates of teachers' effects on student test scores depends on whether they can distinguish between high- and low-productivity teachers and predict future teacher performance. This article studies the year-to-year variability in value-added measures for elementary and middle school mathematics teachers from five large Florida school districts. We find year-to-year correlations in value-added measures in the range of 0.2–0.5 for elementary school and 0.3–0.7 for middle school teachers. Much of the variation in measured teacher performance (roughly 30–60 percent) is due to sampling error from “noise” in student test scores. Persistent teacher effects account for about 50 percent of the variation not due to noise for elementary teachers and about 70 percent for middle school teachers. The remaining variance is due to teacher-level time-varying factors, but little of it is explained by observed teacher characteristics. Averaging estimates from two years greatly improves t...
High efficiency dynamic radioisotope power systems for space exploration-a status report

Background on the space exploration program is discussed, and the currently identified NASA exploration missions are contrasted with the missions that were being planned a year ago. Developments in high-efficiency dynamic radioisotope power systems are discussed: and Brayton and Stirling power conversion cycles are compared for the missions planned for the next decade. Issues related to the use of high-efficiency radioisotope (HER) power systems are identified. It is noted that HER power systems are approximately three times as efficient as current radioisotope thermoelectric generators(RTGs) and are therefore significantly cheaper. Additionally, the world's supply of /sup 238/Pu is extremely limited. Currently discussed missions would cut deeply into this supply if powered by RTGs. >
Factorial hidden Markov models and the generalized backfitting algorithm

Previous researchers developed new learning architectures for sequential data by extending conventional hidden Markov models through the use of distributed state representations. Although exact inference and parameter estimation in these architectures is computationally intractable, Ghahramani and Jordan (1997) showed that approximate inference and parameter estimation in one such architecture, factorial hidden Markov models (FHMMs), is feasible in certain circumstances. However, the learning algorithm proposed by these investigators, based on variational techniques, is difficult to understand and implement and is limited to the study of real-valued data sets. This chapter proposes an alternative method for approximate inference and parameter estimation in FHMMs based on the perspective that FHMMs are a generalization of a well-known class of statistical models known as generalized additive models (GAMs; Hastie & Tibshirani, 1990). Using existing statistical techniques for GAMs as a guide, we have developed the generalized backfitting algorithm. This algorithm computes customized error signals for each hidden Markov chain of an FHMM and then trains each chain one at a time using conventional techniques from the hidden Markov models literature. Relative to previous perspectives on FHMMs, we believe that the viewpoint taken here has a number of advantages. First, it places FHMMs on firm statistical foundations by relating them to a class of models that are well studied in the statistics community, yet it generalizes this class of models in an interesting way. Second, it leads to an understanding of how FHMMs can be applied to many different types of time-series data, including Bernoulli and multinomial data, not just data that are real valued. Finally, it leads to an effective learning procedure for FHMMs that is easier to understand and easier to implement than existing learning procedures. Simulation results suggest that FHMMs trained with the generalized backfitting algorithm are a practical and powerful tool for analyzing sequential data.
On narrow V-like ship wakes

This paper is concerned with the generation of short gravity waves and their radiation from the outer edge of the turbulent boundary layer and wake of a ship. They arise primarily near the ship's stern. The wave spectrum in the direction of wavenumber vector at an angle (90° – δ) to the ship's track is: \[\Phi_{\delta}(\omega) = \Psi\left(\frac{UT_d}{2l},\frac{U\sin\delta}{c_g},\frac{R}{UT_d}\right)\frac{1}{k_0R}\frac{2l\omega^2}{g^2}\gamma\left(0,\frac{\pi}{l};0,\omega \right),\] where Ψ is dimensionless and a function of three dimensionless parameters. γ is the spectrum of the oscillating motion at the boundary, U the ship speed, Td the decay timescale of the oscillating motion, 2l the lengthscale of the eddies, and R the distance away from the boundary along the wavenumber vector. Generally, Φδ has large values near δ = 0 and small values at large δ; it behaves as 1/R at distances not far from the ship, then may vary slower than 1/R at intermediate distances, and finally behaves as 1/R again at distances far from the ship. These are consistent with the pattern found in SAR images of narrow V-like ship wakes. The method developed here is also applicable to various problems of surface wave generation by turbulence in water.
Speckle Reduction in Ultrasound Images Using Nonisotropic Adaptive Filtering

Abstract In this article, a speckle reduction approach for ultrasound imaging that preserves important features such as edges, corners and point targets is presented. Speckle reduction is an important problem in coherent imaging, such as ultrasound imaging or synthetic aperture radar, and many speckle reduction algorithms have been developed. Speckle is a non-additive and non-white process and the reduction of speckle without blurring sharp features is known to be difficult. The new speckle reduction algorithm presented in this article utilizes a nonhomogeneous filter that adapts to the proximity and direction of the nearest important features. To remove speckle without blurring important features, the location and direction of edges in the image are estimated. Then for each pixel in the image, the distance and angle to the nearest edge are efficiently computed by a two-pass algorithm and stored in distance and angle maps. Finally for each pixel, an adaptive directional filter aligned to the nearest edge is applied. The shape and orientation of the adaptive filter are determined from the distance and angle maps. The new speckle reduction algorithm is tested with both synthesized and real ultrasound images. The performance of the new algorithm is also compared with those of other speckle reduction approaches and it is shown that the new algorithm performs favorably in reducing speckle without blurring important features.
EFFECT, DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF MIXING TEMPERATURE, TIME AND PARTICLE REDUCTION IN THE MANUFACTURE OF RESTRUCTURED BEEF STEAK

Restructured beef steaks were processed from USDA Select chuck muscles without the use of additives, and three processing variables were utilized at three different levels: -2, 0, +2C for mixing temperature, 12, 18, 24 min for mixing time and 1, 2, 3 passes through a kidney plate for particle size reduction. A sensory panel composed of 149 untrained consumer panelists evaluated the 27 treatment combinations for five sensory attributes. Instrumental determinations were also made. Increasing mixing temperature and decreasing particle size significantly decreased sensory tenderness, flavor and overall acceptance and increased instrumental hardness and springiness of the restructured beef steaks. Increasing mixing time had a significant effect on sensory appearance and on instrumental cohesiveness and gumminess. The means for sensory scores were used for a response surface analysis (RSM) to optimize the three processing variables. Significant models were found for tenderness (P<0.05), overall acceptance (P<0.05) and flavor (P<0.15). Using a sensory score of 6.00 (like slightly) as an acceptable score, optima for the processing variables were determined. To obtain an acceptable product, the meat should be ground by two passes through the kidney plate then mixed at a maximum temperature of 0.67C for 12 min.
Response Latency to Lingual Taste Stimulation Distinguishes Neuron Types Within the Geniculate Ganglion

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of response latency in discrimination of chemical stimuli by geniculate ganglion neurons in the rat. Accordingly, we recorded single-cell 5-s responses from geniculate ganglion neurons (n = 47) simultaneously with stimulus-evoked summated potentials (electrogustogram; EGG) from the anterior tongue to signal when the stimulus contacted the lingual epithelium. Artificial saliva served as the rinse solution and solvent for all stimuli [(0.5 M sucrose, 0.03-0.5 M NaCl, 0.01 M citric acid, and 0.02 M quinine hydrochloride (QHCl)], 0.1 M KCl as well as for 0.1 M NaCl +1 μM benzamil. Cluster analysis separated neurons into four groups (sucrose specialists, NaCl specialists, NaCl/QHCl generalists and acid generalists). Artificial saliva elevated spontaneous firing rate and response frequency of all neurons. As a rule, geniculate ganglion neurons responded with the highest frequency and shortest latency to their best stimulus with acid generalist the only exception. For specialist neurons and NaCl/QHCl generalists, the average response latency to the best stimulus was two to four times shorter than the latency to secondary stimuli. For NaCl-specialist neurons, response frequency increased and response latency decreased systematically with increasing NaCl concentration; benzamil significantly decreased NaCl response frequency and increased response latency. Acid-generalist neurons had the highest spontaneous firing rate and were the only group that responded consistently to citric acid and KCl. For many acid generalists, a citric-acid-evoked inhibition preceded robust excitation. We conclude that response latency may be an informative coding signal for peripheral chemosensory neurons.
Levels of reactive oxygen species before and after sperm preparation: comparison of swim-up and L4 filtration.

In previous studies, high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been associated with an adverse impact on the fertilizing ability of sperm. The present study evaluated ROS levels in unprocessed (raw) semen specimens and in specimens processed by the traditional swim-up method and by L4 filtration, thereby assessing the potential of these techniques to damage sperm. Semen specimens from 26 men (10 patients in whom subfertility was suspected and 16 donors with normal fertility) were randomly collected, and ROS levels were measured. For all specimens combined (those from patients and those from donors), ROS levels were significantly lower after L4 filtration (6.07 ± 1.97 mV/s 109 sperm−1, p <. 01) and after swim-up (5.70 ± 0.96 mV/s 109 sperm−1,p <. 001) than in unprocessed ejaculate (12.88 ± 2.32 mV/s 109 sperm−1). However, ROS levels in swim-up and L4 specimens were not statistically different from each other. It would appear that sperm processing by either swim-up or L4 filtration yields specimens ...
Early American Sociology and the Holocaust: The Failure of a Discipline:

American sociology, established as an academic discipline in 1905, passed through two early developmental stages, Christian reformism and sociological positivism, together forming the basis for what was taught and researched in the academy. Topics not fitting this religious and positivistic paradigm were dismissed by the leaders of the discipline. Included among the neglected topics was the Holocaust, the paradigmatic genocide of the twentieth century. Permeated with religious ideology and anti-Semitism, American sociology as practiced in the leading universities in the United States institutionalized a professional milieu that precluded recognition of the Holocaust, even after World War II. Drawing upon archival materials, previously published sources, and interviews with professor emeriti who lived through the earlier era, I document the failings of a discipline in this important area of sociological inquiry.
Analysis and modeling of nonlinearities in VLSI MOSFETs including substrate effects

Presents a detailed analysis of the distortion components of the drain current of integrated MOS transistors operated in nonsaturation, in which signals are simultaneously applied to the drain, gate, and substrate terminals. In contrast with previous analyses which have accounted for the modulation of the inversion layer channel mobility by both transverse and longitudinal fields (short channel devices), the model yields highly accurate analytical expressions in closed form (down to at least 80 dB below fundamental), and hence easily lends itself to 'hand' analysis. Moreover, the model predicts that individual odd or even distortion components can be suppressed (nulled) by a range of combinations of substrate bias and signal amplitudes. Alternatively, odd distortion components can be nulled by suitable substrate drive while even distortion components can be nulled by properly driving the gate terminals of the MOSFETs. Experimental data which validate the model are presented, and the effectiveness of harmonic suppression in a standard, tunable, MOSFET-C integrator is demonstrated. >
Sorting and Intracellular Transport of RNA in Neurons: Regulation of Gene Expression at Synaptic Sites

It has been recognized since the time of Cajal that different parts of the neuron are specialized for different functions; indeed, this is the basis for what Cajal called the “dynamic polarization of the neuron.” Axons are specialized for transmitting information over great distances, dendrites and cell bodies for receiving and integrating inputs from other cells, and synapses for communicating information from one neuron to the next. Each of these functional attributes depends upon two features: (1) the “molecular anatomy” of the neuron, which includes the composition and spatial distribution of receptors, channels, etc. in the neuronal plasma membrane and the intracellular distribution of organelles, second messenger systems, and enzyme systems; and (2) neuronal microstructure, i. e., the shape and spatial configuration of axons, dendrites, and the synaptic connections between them.
Experiments on Quadratic Spatial Solitons

Spatial solitons are beams which do not diffract on propagation in a material due to the presence of some optical nonlinearity. Their properties were first documented by John Scott Russell when he reported his observations on non-spreading water waves which consisted of a single “hump” propagating in a canal in Scotland.[l] In the very early days of nonlinear optics, interest was quickly evoked by what were then called “self-focused filaments”, initiated by observations of self-focusing of powerful lasers in optical media, frequently leading to stable filaments or even material damage. [2,3] However it was not until the late 1990s that systematic experimental research into spatial solitons was initiated. [4] Since then there has been a surge of activity and many new solitons have been observed. [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]
Implicit Approximate-Factorization Schemes for Steady Transonic Flow Problems

Implicit appproximate-factorization (AF) algorithms are developed for the solution of steady-state transonic flow problems. The performance of the AF solution method is evaluated relative to that of the standard solution method for transonic flow problems, successive line over-relaxation (SLOR). Both methods are applied to the solution of the nonlinear, two-dimensional transonic small-disturbance equation for flows about representative transonic airfoils. Results indicate that the AF method requires substantially less computer time than SLOR to solve the nonlinear finite-difference matrix equation for the flowfield. This increase in computational efficiency is achieved with virtually no increase in computer storage or coding complexity.
Interaction of Microbiology and Pharmacokinetics in the Selection of Appropriate Antibiotic Therapy

Factors that affect a drug's microbiological activity include drug concentration and duration at the binding site and cell wall penetration. Pharmacokinetics can be used as the basis for substituing one drug for another in some cases. By replacing cefoxitin with cefotetan, our hospital saved $120,000-140,000 a year. Several cephalosporins are compared using microbiological and pharmacokinetic data. For example, the microbiological activity of ceftriaxone lasts for at least 12 hours with Staphylococcus aureus and for almost 24 hours with Enterobacteriaceae. Clinical experience with beta lactams has demonstrated that maintaining serum concentrations above the target organism's minimum concentration required to inhibit 90 percent of the organisms for 50 percent or more of the dosing interval is associated with successful therapy.
Morphology of Tryblidiella Clavispora

Ascocarps of Tryblidiella clavispora (Peck) Berl. & Vogl., on dead branches of Salix nigra L., arise as plectenchymatous stromata in which ascogonia provided with trichogynes appear. True paraphyses with free tips originate in the central portion of the ascostroma and grow upward, creating a flat locule. Bitunicate asci develop among the paraphyses. At maturity the ascostroma resembles the apothecium of Euascomycetes but differs in having bitunicate asci. This type of centrum structure is quite unusual in Loculoascomycetes, and the pattern of ascocarp development in T. clavispora cannot be referred to any of the types of ascocarp development previously described in this group. The chromosome number in T. clavispora is n = 4.
IN VITRO INHIBITION OF THE FAT-MOBILIZING ACTION OF NOREPINEPHRINE.

SummaryNicotinic acid at concentrations of 10-3 m and 10-5 m markedly reduced the norepinephrine induced release of glycerol and FFA in isolated adipose tissue. Nicotinamide at equal concentrations had no effect.
AN ULTRA-LIGHT LARGE ANTENNA REFLECTOR FOR COMMUNICATION SATELLITES

To lower the cost and increase the performance of commercial satellite systems, we are developing larger and lighter antenna reflectors than are currently available. To realize this new breed of reflector antennas, we propose a geodesic cable network system whose backbone is a tendon reinforced deployable frame structure. Two issues are fundamental to realizing a successful structure. One is to design a cable network system that keeps its shape even if the support structure is strongly deformed by in-orbit thermal and vibration disturbances. The other is to design an extremely light weight support structure whose structural behavior is non-linear and that can accept high levels of deformation. The results of a preliminary design consideration demonstrate the feasibility of a large deployable mesh antenna reflector whose aperture is 20m and weight is less than 80 kg.
Amplitude and Phase Correction of Ultra-broadband Femtosecond Laser Pulses

We report on the effects of amplitude and phase correction of an ultra-broadband (400 nm) femtosecond laser. This bandwidth generates 4.6-fs pulses with minimized satellite pulses in time profile.
Unimolecular Decomposition Pathway for the Vapor-Phase Cracking of Eugenol, A Biomass Tar Compound

To design optimal thermochemical processes for the conversion of biomass into chemicals, fuels, and electrical power, an understanding of the mechanisms for the secondary vapor-phase cracking of tar compounds is crucial. Despite the many studies examining the homogeneous secondary cracking of biomass tar existing in the literature, its thermal decomposition reaction pathways are not completely understood. Much of this lack of understanding is due to the complex, heterogeneous nature of biomass tar. A useful approach is to examine the pyrolysis of model-fuel compounds that are actual components or are representative of compounds found in biomass tar. In this study, we focus on eugenol, a model-fuel compound representative of the lignin-derived components found in biomass tar. We conduct pyrolysis experiments at temperatures of 300–900 °C and one second residence time using a non-isothermal laminar-flow reactor system. We report the variation in the experimental yield of light product gases as functions of ...