cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sikh Dharam and Postcolonialism: Hegel, Religion and Zizek

This article ponders what it would require to rethink Sikh dharam today, given the irreversible transformation that occurred from a (pre-colonial) sikhi to today’s (colonial/modern) Sikhism. Such reassessment is approached through the employment of a third term, sikhi(sm). This third term operates as a postcolonial strategy to foreground the legacy of powerful colonial inscriptions, and in doing so, this study aims to recall how (colonial) power continually affects the production of (modern) knowledge. The article therefore charts not only how Europeans created the modern, and now, ‘world religion’ called Sikhism, but how this mode of naming the other as religious through an abstract conceptualization of religion in general, derives from Hegel and his colonial era—an era where the manufacture of religion as a universal category is simultaneously understood as a racial one. Furthermore, Hegel’s way of confronting difference was through an intellectual/academic project of conceptualizing history as the evolution of religion, and that this way of conceptualizing the other married well with colonial adminstrators that sought to control their colonies. This intellectual project to name the other as being part of a religion and therefore of the past, along with its inherent colonial subjugation, has persisted up to the present—even evident in the critical theory of the Left (Žižek). The persistence of this coloniality in contemporary academic discourse is marked by a mode of enunciation that operates to keep the other at bay and relatively voiceless in their subjugated speech. This subjugation is achieved and maintained through a theory of translation-as-representation; where the difficulty of translation proper (as a real meeting of equals with their varied epistemic centers that are allowed mutually to affect each other) is substituted by one where a singular epistemic center is seen as authoritative, and interacts with the other through orientalist modes of representation only it itself fashions, revealing less a heterolingual dialogue and more a hegemonic monologue. After charting the colonial/modern context, the article then briefly sketches some of the key principles that are required to begin the figuration of a postcolonial sikhi(sm).
SOFT X-RAY EMISSION SPECTRA AND THE BONDING OF ALUMINUM

Presentation des spectres L 2,3 de rayons X mous de l'aluminium pour l'aluminium metallique, les alliages Al-Mn, les alliages dilues Al-Mg, les composes intermetalliques LiAl et Ni 3 Al, l'alliage semiconducteur (Al-Ga)As et l'isolant Al 2 O 3 . Les spectres fournissent une mesure de la densite d'etats locale partielle localisee aux atomes d'aluminium et montrent des structures remarquables qui peuvent etre associees a chacun des types des liaisons dans les solides metallique, covalent et ionique
High-pressure phase diagram and equation of state of solid helium from single-crystal x-ray diffraction to 23.3 GPa.

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements have been performed on solid He-4 from 15.6 to 23.3 GPa at 300 K with synchrotron radiation. The diffraction patterns demonstrate that the structure of the solid is hexagonal close packed over this pressure-temperature range, contrary to both the interpretation of high-pressure optical studies and to theoretical predictions. The solid is more compressible than is indicated by equations of state calculated with recently determined helium pair potentials. The results suggest that a significant revision of current views of the phase diagram and energetics of dense solid helium is in order.
Laboratory Studies on the Adult Behavior of Conopthorus coniperda (Schwarz) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). II. Thigmotropic Aggregation

The white pine cone beetle ( Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz)) ionns aggregations when confined in open arenas in the laboratory. These aggregations are stable and immobile. They appear to be symptomatic of a strong thigmotropism which leads the insect to increase its body contact. The extent of aggregation is increased by a variety of physical conditions which tend to increase overall activity and thus provide more opportunities for collisions. The seasonal change in the reaction makes it a useful model for the investigation of aggregation in general, as well as providing additional understanding of the field behavior of the insect.
THE IMPORTANCE OF INTRAINDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN REACTION TIME

Abstract Individual differences in the trial-to-trial variability of reaction time (RT), indexed by the standard deviation of the individual's RTs over n trials (RTSD), generally has a larger negative correlation with psychometric g than does the median RT (RTmd) over n trials. Large data sets are brought to bear on the question of whether RTmd and RTSD, which are highly correlated, reflect one and the same source of variance, but with different reliability and validity for predicting g, or represent independent processes. Several lines of evidence consistently lead to the conclusion that RTmd and RTSD, though having a substantial proportion of their variance in common even when measured separately in experimentally independent sets of RT trials, also have significant independent components of variance, each of which is correlated with psychometric g. Hypotheses about the neurophysiological basis of individual differences in the independent components of RTmd and RTSD are discussed.
Effects of Trap Fishing on Fish Populations Inhabiting a Fringing Coral Reef

Abstract Fish populations of two separate but structurally similar fringing coral reefs at La Gonave, Haiti, empirically determined to differ with respect to level of exploitation, were assessed by experimental trapping and visual censusing. The fish species composition, total fish abundance, and numerical catch per unit of effort did not differ significantly between sites. Scarids and chaetodontids, which collectively made up over 50% of the catch, were significantly smaller at the site of higher exploitation. The relatively small sizes of resident fishes on both reefs (no fish were over 30 cm in fork length) suggested there was overexploitation. The proportion of fish recruited to traps before reaching sexual maturity ranged from 23 to 78% among six exploited families. Because an enforcement infrastructure for fishery regulation currently does not exist in Haiti, we suggest a system of passive management employing fishermen cooperatives whereby new and modified gear could be introduced for exploitation ...
Alternating-direction collocation for rectangular regions

Abstract An alternating-direction procedure for finite element collocation equations can be formulated on rectangular regions. Finite element collocation offers a great savings over finite element techniques in the matrix formation stage of the numerical process. Moreover, with an alternating-direction procedure, multidimensional problems can be solved as a series of one-dimensional problems. This greatly reduces the amount of computer time and storage required to solve large problems.
Using Bayesian space-time models to understand the substance use environment and risk for being referred to child protective services

Parental substance misuse has often been cited as a cause of children being referred for investigation of child abuse and neglect. Research on how the substance use environment might affect this relationship is still in its infancy with primarily only cross-sectional studies finding a positive relationship of alcohol outlet density at the level of neighborhoods and alcohol prices at level of states and maltreatment. A longitudinal study shows that increasing female drug-related arrests are related to increasing rates of maltreatment in rural and urban counties. The current study incorporates three aspects of the substance use environment in a panel study of 58 California counties over 4 years (n = 232) to study this relationship for referrals to child protective services (CPS) for child abuse and neglect. We use conditionally autoregressive (CAR) Bayesian models to model the spatial and temporal structure in the data. We find that use of welfare benefits, the number of outliers per population, and the number of drug-related arrests per population are positively related to referrals while unemployment and admissions to publicly funded alcohol and drug user treatment programs are negatively correlated to referrals. Significant spatial structure and space-time relationships are also found. The findings indicate that supply of alcohol and drugs (as measured by number of alcohol outlets and arrests for drug use and sales) may increase risk for being referred to CPS, but treatment for substance use does not increase the risk for referral.
Aspects of Slurry and Particle Settling and Placement for Viscous Gravel Packing (AQUAPAC)

During gravel packing with viscous aqueous polymer slurries as in Shell's AQUAPAC, the concentrated suspensions may move at higher velocity than the surrounding fluid. The authors show that these concentrated suspensions tend to disperse rapidly in the well-bore. The term ''roping'' is not a suitable description of the phenomena. Measurements and estimates of single particle settling velocities are presented. The use of such measurements to determine polymer viscosity for field applications is suggested. Finally, since gravel packing calls for fluid placement to the formation, new results for particle placement through perforations show that even dilute 0.25%w polymer solutions give up to 100% placement efficiency for some conditions of interest.
Determinants of Commuting-Block Matrices

(1999). Determinants of Commuting-Block Matrices. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 106, No. 10, pp. 950-952.
Efficient array beam forming by spatial filtering for ultrasound B-mode imaging

This paper proposes an efficient array beam-forming method using spatial matched filtering (SMF) for ultrasonic imaging. In the proposed method, ultrasonic waves are transmitted from an array subaperture with fixed transmit focus as in conventional array imaging. At receive, radio frequency echo signals from each receive channel are passed through a spatial matched filter that is constructed based on the system transmit-receive spatial impulse response. The filtered echo signals are then summed without time delays. The filter concentrates and spatially registers the echo energy from each element so that the pulse-echo impulse response of the summed output is focused with acceptably low side lobes. Analytical beam pattern analysis and simulation results using a linear array show that this spatial filtering method can improve lateral resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio as compared with conventional dynamic receive focusing (DRF) methods. Experimental results with a linear array are consistent but point out the need to address additional practical issues. Spatial filtering is equivalent to synthetic aperture methods that dynamically focus on both transmit and receive throughout the field of view. In one common example of phase aberrations, the SMF method was degraded to a degree comparable to conventional DRF methods.
Use of somatostatin analog in the treatment of hypotension during bowel surgery.

M ANY PATIENTS undergoing abdominal cxploration can develop a syndrome similar to a carcinoid crisis with facial flushing and hypotension during traction on the mesentery. Bowel manipulation during abdominal surgery has also been associated with these clinical findings. The release of vasoactive substances. as occurs in a carcinoid crisis, may be the etiology of hypotension and flushing during bowel manipulation and mesenteric traction. It has been reported that the use of a somatostatin analog can ablate the hypotension seen during carcinoid tumor surgery.t-4 The use of a somatostatin analog to treat hypotension and flushing obsetved during manipulation of the bowel and mesenteric traction is described.
Age-dependent differences in the inhibition of HCN2 current in rat ventricular myocytes by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erbstatin

Previously, we have shown that murine HCN2 channels over-expressed in newborn and adult cardiac myocytes produce currents with different biophysical characteristics. To investigate the role of tyrosine kinase modulation in these age-dependent differences, we employed the broad spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor erbstatin. Our results demonstrated distinct and separable effects of erbstatin on channel gating and current amplitude and a marked age dependence to these effects. In newborn myocytes, erbstatin decreased current amplitude, shifted the activation relation negative, and slowed activation kinetics. The effect on activation voltage but not that on amplitude was absent when expressing a cAMP-insensitive mutant (HCN2R/E), while a C-terminal truncated form of HCN2 (HCN2ΔCx) exhibited only the voltage dependent but not the amplitude effect of erbstatin. Thus, the action of erbstatin on the activation relation and current amplitude are distinct and separable in newborn myocytes, and the effect on activation voltage depends on the cAMP status of HCN2 channels. In contrast to newborn myocytes, erbstatin had no effect on HCN2 under control conditions in adult myocytes but induced a negative shift with no change in amplitude when saturated cAMP was added to the pipette solution. We conclude that erbstatin’s effects on HCN2 current magnitude and voltage dependence are distinct and separable, and there are fundamental developmental differences in the heart that affect channel function and its modulation by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erbstatin.
Comment on “The Geometry of Musical Chords”

Tymoczko (Reports, 7 July 2006, p. 72) proposed that the familiar sonorities of Western tonal music cluster around the center of a multidimensional orbifold. However, this is not true for all tonal progressions. When prototypical three-voice cadential progressions by Bach converge on the tonic, the chords migrate from the center to the edge of the orbifold.
Direct benefits and costs of regulating automobile gas mileage

Abstract This paper describes an analysis of the direct economic benefits and costs of regulating automobile gas mileage. Three issues are considered: (i) What are the marginal direct benefits and costs of alternatives to the existing 1980–1985 schedules for achieving improved gas mileage? (ii) How are the direct benefits of regulating automobile gas mileage distributed? (iii) What are the marginal direct benefits and costs of regulatory increases in automobile gas mileage beyond the 27·5 miles per gallon standard established for 1985?
Evaluation of a 3D reconstruction algorithm for multi-slice PET scanners

A fully 3D reconstruction algorithm based on filtered backprojection was evaluated for the reconstruction of data obtained with multi-slice positron emission tomography (PET) scanners which have had the septa removed. This algorithm uses forward-projection through the reconstructed images of a 2D subset of the data to complete the 3D dataset thus satisfying the condition of shift invariance. This is followed by 3D filtered backprojection. Axial sampling was doubled by combining adjacent polar angles, thus improving reconstructed axial resolution. The algorithm was tested using real and simulated datasets and gave high quality reconstructions without artifacts over a wide range of imaging conditions. Events are placed accurately throughout the imaging volume as determined by measurements with a MRI/PET registration phantom. The forward-projection step leads to degradation in image resolution due to insufficient axial and transaxial sampling. This effect is amplified if multiple iterations of the algorithm are used, with little decrease in image noise. Changing the filter employed in the initial 2D reconstruction can be used to alter the noise and resolution characteristics of the 3D images.
FUNCTIONAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY OF NEWBORN RABBIT SUPERFICIAL (SF) AND JUXTAMEDULLARY (JM) PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES (PCT)

Adult SF and JMPCT have different functional properties. Permeability characteristics predict that passive forces play a significant part in volume reabsorption only in the most SFPCT but active transport in JMPCT. As salt and volume reabsorption in newbornes differ from that in the adult animal morphological and electrophysiological studies were conducted on PCTs from rabbits 36 h from birth to investigate if one homogenous or two different populations of PCT are present at birth. Segments of PCT were dissected and perfused in vitro and their Na to Cl permeability ratio was measured electrofysiologically by imposing an iso-osmotic 50 mM NaCl gradient across the epithelium. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy studies were performed on the same segments. The morphological studies clearly disclosed that SFPCT are less mature than JMPCT at birth. Also the SFPCT had a lower Na permeability than C1 ( 0.55±0.06, n=6 ) while the JMPCT had a higher Na permeability than C1 ( 1.37±0.11, n=6 ). Thus intrinsic heterogeneity of PCT is present at birth. Since the SF Na to Cl permeability approximates that of free diffusion the results suggest that epithelial discrimination in PCT is part of a maturation process, and as the relative number of C1 permselective tubules in the newborne was greater than in the adult, passively driven volume reabsorption seems to be more significant in the neonatal kidney than in the adult.
Engendering New Netherland: Implications for Interpreting Early Colonial Societies

Here, we study the Algonquian and Iroquoian women who lived in settlements surrounding the Dutch colony of New Netherland, in today’s northeastern United States. We begin by examining their roles in the colony and find that their lives did not fall into the pattern of servitude, concubinage, culture-brokering, and intermarriage that many have seen as the fate of Native or African women in other colonial societies. Instead, these women were, by and large, independent agents and followed their own indigenous customs as they interacted with Europeans. We then go on to explore how this new revisionist view of their actions affects archaeological interpretations of their households and the households of the Europeans as well. We further point out how the role of Native women in New Netherland was influenced in part by the presence and absence of other groups of women—both European and African—there.
Authentic Voices: Stories from Recovery School Students

ABSTRACT One of the central elements of 12-step recovery is the story. Every member of a 12-step group has one and is expected to share it. These stories are told in full “speaker” meetings, but also in increments as people share “experience, strength, and hope.” The story of a “newcomer” evolves over time to become the fully developed story of an “old-timer.” Gradually, stories stop emphasizing “how it was” and are able to focus more upon the lessons learned and “how it is today.” One powerful aspect of recovery stories is that they tend to help the sobriety of both the listener and the teller.
Opening late-industrializing economies: lessons from Argentina and Australia

Economic liberalization has met substantial resistance in polities as different as Argentina and Australia. For these late industrializing nations the verb ‘protect’ came to mean much more than just granting favors to industrialists. It also involved reducing the risks previously taken by societies engaged in economic modernization. After histories of vulnerability to external forces, they deliberately fostered collusion between the public and private sectors in an attempt to achieve benefits at the lowest cost for participants from all social classes. Consequently, economic liberalization now demands more than revisions in economic logic and the attitudes of industrialists, as recent attempts to reform economic strategy in both nations indicate. For three generations who were nurtured on these ‘rent seeking’ notions of political economy, it requires a fundamental transformation of popular attitudes about the creation and distribution of private and public goods.
Comparison of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for detection of cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus

In situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were compared for detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in routinely processed tissue. Fifty-four formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples infected with CMV (36 tissues) or HSV (18 tissues) from 30 autopsies were studied. All tissues had either positive viral cultures (38 of 54) or characteristic viral inclusions on hematoxylin and eosin examination (39 of 54). The tissues examined included lung (28), liver (nine), kidney (five), heart (three), adrenal (two), spleen (two), and thymus, pancreas, appendix, esophagus, and duodenum (one each). Studies by ISH were performed with two detection systems, using biotinylated probes to CMV and HSV (Enzo Biochem, New York, NY). Using ISH with an alkaline phosphatase detection system, infected cells were detected in 33 of 54 tissues (CMV: 23 of 36, HSV: 10 of 18). Using ISH with a peroxidase detection system, infected cells were identified in 30 of 54 tissues (CMV: 22 of 36, HSV: eight of 18). With IHC, antibodies to CMV and HSV stained the infected cells in 34 of 54 tissues (CMV: 24 of 36, HSV: 10 of 18). All infections detected with ISH were also detected with IHC. We conclude that these techniques for ISH and IHC are equally effective for detecting CMV and HSV in paraffin sections. The results of both techniques correlate better with viral inclusions than with culture results. The ISH stains are more difficult to prepare and in some cases are more difficult to interpret. Therefore, IHC may be preferable to ISH for detecting CMV and HSV in routine diagnostic work.
Development of a novel ERCP mechanical simulator

Background There is a paucity of objective methods for evaluating trainee performance and comparing ERCP accessories. Objective Use of a mechanical ERCP simulator to evaluate trainee performance and to compare ERCP accessories via procedure time. Design Pilot study using a mechanical simulator. Setting Hands-on ERCP practice workshops. Subjects Endoscopists at various levels of ERCP experience. Method Validation studies are described to show that the simulator permits participants with varying ERCP experience to demonstrate their skill levels and offers novel training applications in ERCP courses. The time required for completing a simulated stent placement procedure, simulated fluoroscopy time, and participant expectations were recorded in different settings. Participants' expectations were compared before and after training to determine whether the simulator was a credible adjunct to ERCP training. Results Significantly shorter procedure times were recorded for the same accessories used by participants with more ERCP experience than those with less experience and for the same group of participants when using accessories with 1 design compared with another. The mean total credibility score showed a significant increase after simulator practice. Limitations In vitro practice by using a mechanical simulator; results may not translate directly to the clinical setting. How the objective procedure times measured during practice can complement assessment of trainee competence or define usefulness of different accessories is unknown but deserves to be explored in future studies. Conclusions The procedure times can categorize participants according to their ERCP experience and separate accessories according to their ease of use. An increase in credibility score validates participants' endorsement of such practice as a credible adjunct to ERCP training.
Structure and evolution of time-dependent intermediate shocks

A quantitative description of time-dependent intermediate shocks is formulated using the Cohen-Kulsrud-Burgers equations. In noncoplanar Riemann problems, time-dependent two-three transition intermediate shocks evolve in time as a localized self-similar structure whose strength decreases as 1/the square root of t, and whose width expands as the square root of t. Time-dependent intermediate shocks offer a way of solving the noncoplanar MHD Riemann problem.
Identification and characterization of the catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti

Abstract We characterized the catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in Aedes aegypti (Aaegp110). Aaegp110 is an essential component of the insulin/ insulin growth factor I signaling (IIS) cascade, which regulates aging, reproduction, and other physiological processes in diverse organisms. The Aaegp110 gene encodes five putative domains (adapter binding, ras binding, C2, helical, and PI3-kinase) identified by sequence homology with other p110 proteins. Aaegp110 transcript was expressed during all A. aegypti life stages except late pupae, with particularly high levels in embryos. In female tissues, Aaegp110 transcript and protein were strongly expressed in ovaries, and moderately expressed in midguts, fat bodies and heads. The importance of IIS in mosquito reproduction led us to examine Aaegp110 ovarian expression during reproduction. Aaegp110 was expressed in ovaries prior to and during the first 24 h post-bloodmeal, but undetectable 36–48 h post-bloodmeal. Following oviposition Aaegp110 protein levels returned to pre-bloodmeal levels. In reproductively arrested ovaries, Aaegp110 was present predominantly in the cytoplasm of follicle cells surrounding the oocyte. In vitro stimulation of the ovaries with 17 μM bovine insulin resulted in translocation of Aaegp110 from the cytoplasm to cell membrane in 15 s. Lower concentrations (0.17 μM) also recruited Aaegp110 to the cell membrane.
Facing the Rising Sun A History of Black Educators in Washington, DC, 1800-2008

Over 50 years after the monumental decision of Brown v. Board of Education, many U.S. schools remain separate and unequal. This includes schools in the nation’s capital, Washington, D.C. The articl...
Vaginal abnormalities in ovariectomized BALB/cCrgl mice after neonatal exposure to different doses of diethylstilbestrol

Newborn BALB/cCrgl female mice received five daily injections of various doses of diethylstilbestrol (DES), 0.0001-10 micrograms. Mice were killed at 6 days of age or at 4 months after ovariectomy at 40-42 days. Subepithelial nodules of polygonal cells in the upper (Mullerian) vagina during early postnatal life were associated with the later occurrence of ovary-independent persistent stratification with or without cornification in mice treated neonatally with 0.1-10 micrograms DES and thus are a possible predictor of this phenomenon. The thresholds for the induction of ovary-independent epithelial pegs, downgrowths and adenosis (glandular formations) were 0.1 microgram and 0.5 microgram DES/day, respectively.
The limiting behaviour of the turbulent transverse velocity component close to a wall

Electrochemical techniques are used to measure the circumferential component of the velocity gradient sz at the wall of a pipe through which a turbulent fluid is flowing. The ratio of the root-mean-squared value of sz to the time-averaged velocity gradient is found to be 0·09 or 0·1, depending on whether corrections are made for frequency response. The frequency spectrum is similar to that for the component of the wall velocity gradient in the direction of mean flow. The amplitude distribution function for sz is very roughly approximated by a Gaussian distribution.
Iliac and femoral artery occlusion by thromboemboli from an abdominal aortic aneurysm in the setting of blunt abdominal trauma

The abdominal aorta is injured infrequently in blunt trauma to the abdomen. When injury does occur, aortic rupture, dissection, and traumatic aneurysm most commonly result. An aneurysmal abdominal aorta would appear to be at increased risk for injury from blunt abdominal trauma. This case report appears to be the first description of iliac and femoral artery occlusion by thromboemboli dislodged from an atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm at the time of a motor vehicle accident. We believe that this peripheral embolization was caused by direct compression of the abdominal aortic aneurysm by a seatbelt.
In-Flight Stability Analysis of the X-48B Aircraft

This report presents the system description, methods, and sample results of the in-flight stability analysis for the X-48B, Blended Wing Body Low-Speed Vehicle. The X-48B vehicle is a dynamically scaled, remotely piloted vehicle developed to investigate the low-speed control characteristics of a full-scale blended wing body. Initial envelope clearance was conducted by analyzing the stability margin estimation resulting from the rigid aircraft response during flight and comparing it to simulation data. Short duration multisine signals were commanded onboard to simultaneously excite the primary rigid body axes. In-flight stability analysis has proven to be a critical component of the initial envelope expansion.
An experimental study on the comparative assessment of hydraulic bulge test analysis methods

An in-depth understanding and full characterization of mechanical behavior for sheet materials are required since it is critical to establish the highly reliable material models over a broad range of strain levels for accurate modeling and analysis of sheet material deformation processes such as stamping, hydroforming, deep drawing, etc. Hydraulic bulge testing of sheet materials has been known to provide flow stress properties at higher strain levels compared to commonly used tensile tests mainly due to the fact the tested specimens are strained under biaxial loading conditions. However, analysis of the hydraulic bulge test data has not been standardized yet as there have been numerous approaches developed and adopted throughout the years. In this study, different approaches for the analysis of hydraulic bulge were compared with experimental results to determine the best combination in obtaining accurate flow curves models at room and elevated temperature conditions for different lightweight materials of interest for several industrial applications (AA5754 and AISI 201). It was determined that Panknin’s bulge radius and Kruglov’s thickness calculation approaches are the best combination to accurately obtain the flow curves at both cold and elevated temperature conditions.
Gallium-67-Citrate Scintigraphy in Ulcerative Colitis

Gallium-67-citrate scanning was performed in 9 patients with ulcerative colitis. In all patients there was good correlation between the regional uptake of gallium and the extent and activity of disease. In 2 patients the scans were positive during an acute exacerbation and reverted to normal or near normal during clinical remission. In one patient in whom the colon was resected because of toxic dilatation, good correlation was found between pathologic and scintigraphic examinations. During the acute attack of ulcerative colitis, when colonoscopy or barium enema may be contraindicated, gallium scanning may be a noninvasive means of assessing the extent of colonic involvement. It may also be an alternative means of following the clinical course of the disease.
Expansions of the correlation-energy density functional E c [ρ] and its kinetic-energy component T c [ρ] in terms of homogeneous functionals

Based on the constrained-search formulation of a coupled Hamiltonian, new formulas are given involving the correlation-energy density functional ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$[\ensuremath{\rho}] and its kinetic component ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$[\ensuremath{\rho}], starting from two relations of Levy and Perdew. Consequences are examined of assuming (following earlier authors) the existence of a Taylor series expansion of ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}^{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$[\ensuremath{\rho}] in the coupling parameter \ensuremath{\lambda}. If one truncates the series at the linear term, one finds that ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$[\ensuremath{\rho}] and ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$[\ensuremath{\rho}] are homogeneous of degree zero with respect to coordinate scaling, and if local, they are homogeneous of degree one in the density scaling. More generally, it is shown that ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$[\ensuremath{\rho}] and ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$[\ensuremath{\rho}] are linear combinations of homogeneous functionals of different specific degrees in coordinate scaling: 0,-1,-2,-3,...,(1-n),... . If the functionals also are local, both ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$[\ensuremath{\rho}] and ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$[\ensuremath{\rho}] are combinations of functionals 〈${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}^{\mathit{k}}$〉 homogeneous in \ensuremath{\rho} of degrees k=1,2/3,1/3,0,...,(4-n)/3,... . For atoms and molecules, k\ensuremath{\ge}0, and so ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$ and ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ take the form ${\mathit{X}}_{\mathit{c}}$[\ensuremath{\rho}]=aN+b\ensuremath{\int}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}^{2/3}$(r)${\mathit{d}}^{3}$r+c\ensuremath{\int}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}^{1/3}$(r) ${\mathrm{d}}^{3}$r+d, where a, b, c, and d are constants to be determined. Numerical tests are given that demonstrate the effectiveness of such series of local functionals. We also give definitions of density scaling, coordinate scaling, and homogeneities, and relations among them. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Theory and simulation of energy transfer dynamics in van der Waals clusters

simuktion of energy transfer dynamics in van der Waals clustersCraig C. Martens, Thiming Li, and Angela BorrmannDepartment of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717ABSTRACTAn overview of our recent work on the theory and simulation of the vibrational predissociation dynamics of 12(B,v)-Arl3clusters will be given. The decay of the intact cluster induced by vibrational relaxation of the excited impurity exhibits un-usual nonexponential behavior, characterized by an instantaneous rate that increases with time. A hybrid statistical model isdescribed, which explicitly takes into account the slow relaxation of the impurity while assuming rapid redistribution of en-ergy among the low frequency cluster modes. This model provides a good description of the statistical dissociation dynamics.A direct mechanism for rapid and selective ejection of rare gas atoms from the system is identified, and understood in terms ofcorrelated binary coffisions between molecule and "solvent" atoms facilitated by a nonlinear resonance phenomenon.
Extradural thoracic arteriovenous malformation in a patient with Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Spinal cord involvement in Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber (KTW) syndrome is rare. Cases of intradural spinal cord arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) have been associated with this syndrome. Likewise, cases of epidural hemangioma and angiomyolipoma have been reported to occur at the same segmental level as cutaneous hemangioma in KIW syndrome. This report details a rare case of art extradual thoracic AVM in a patient with KTW syndrome. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 30-year-old man presented with a 10-month history of progressive myelopathy, bilateral lower-extremity weakness, and numbness, with the right side affected more than the left. His symptoms had progressed to the point that he was unable to walk. The patient had the characteristic manifestations of KTW syndrome, including numerous cutaneous angiomas and cavernomas,, limb hypertrophy and syndactyly, and limb venous malformation. A magnetic resonance imaging scart and subsequent anglogram demonstrated a large extradural AVM causing cord compression at the T3-T4 levels. INTERVENTION: The patient underwent two separate endovascular procedures, in-cluding embolization of upper thoracic and thyrocervical trunk feeders. Subsequently he underwent T1-T4 laminectomy and microsurgical excision of the AVM. Clinically, the patient improved such that he could walk without assistance. CONCLUSION: KTW syndrome represents a spectrum of clinical presentations. Although involvement of the spinal cord is uncommon, the manifestations of this syndrome may include both Intradural and extradural AVMs in addition to various tumors.
Robust video multicast with joint network coding and video interleaving

In this work, we propose a cross-layer solution to robust video multicast in erasure networks based on random linear network coding (RLNC) in the network layer and video interleaving (VI) in the application layer, and call it the joint RLNC-VI scheme. In the RLNC implementation, we partition one video coding unit (VCU) into several priority levels using scalable properties of H.264/SVC video. Packets from the same priority level of several VCUs form one RLNC generation, and unequal protection is applied to different generations. RLNC provides redundancy for video packets in the network layer and has proved to be useful in a multicast environment. Then, we propose a new packet-level interleaving scheme, called the RLNC-facilitated interleaving scheme, where each received packet corresponds to a new constraint on source packets. As a result, it can facilitate the RLNC decoding at the destination node. Furthermore, we study the problem of optimal interleaving design, which selects the optimal interleaving degree and the optimal redundancy of each generation. The tradeoff between delay and received video quality due to the choice of different VCUs is also examined. It is shown by simulation results that the proposed RLNC-VI scheme outperforms the pure RLNC method for robust video multicast in erasure networks. This can be explained by two reasons. First, the VI scheme distributes the impact of the loss (or erasure) of one VCU into partial data loss over multiple neighboring VCUs. Second, the original video content can be easily recovered with spatial/temporal error concealment (EC) in the joint RLNC-VI scheme.
Convergence of Specific Factors in Vocational Interests and Personality

This study tests Larson and Borgen's assertion that a dramatic increase in variance occurs in the prediction of interests by personality if one examines the overlap at specific levels rather than only at broad levels of the RIASEC and Big Five dimensions. Whereas Larson and Borgen studied gifted adolescents, this study assessed a college sample using Tellegen's Big Three model of personality. Participants (n = 200) completed the 1994 Strong Interest Inventory (SII) and the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ). The authors' findings corroborate 7 out of 10 specific hypotheses supported by Larson and Borgen, and also support the general hypothesis that specific MPQ primary scales contribute significantly to the prediction of SII Basic Interest scales (BISs) beyond the contribution of the related MPQ higher order factors. An important relation found between the MPQ Harm Avoidance and several Realistic BISs is discussed.
Three-dimensional structure of a curved wake

The effects of streamwise curvature on the 3D structure of a plane wake are studied. Preliminary results indicate that the wake is initially grossly 3D with large spanwise distortions in the mean velocity and Reynolds stress contours. Local extrema distributed in a quasi-periodic manner are seen. The spanwise variations are caused by the presence of relatively strong quadrupoles of mean streamwise vorticity. Further downstream the mean vorticity decays at a rate lower on the unstable side of the wake so that only the unstable side row of vortices persist to the far-field region. As a result, the spanwise distortions and local extrema seem to persist with a relatively slow decay. The effects of curvature are also apparent in the Reynolds stress results. In particular, the shear stress is significantly affected by curvature right from the start such that significantly higher magnitudes are observed on the unstable side. The curved wake clearly develops a very 3D asymmetric structure which shows no signs of reaching an equilibrium state.
A note on creep in a single-crystal, Ni-based superalloy

Creep in metals, ceramics, and silicates has been shown to change, as the applies stress, {sigma}, decrease, from power law dislocation creep with a stress exponent, n, of 3 to 5 to Newtonian viscous flow with n = 1. Superalloys are the materials of choice for high-temperature, structural applications. Ni-base superalloys, in particular, are strengthened by coherent precipitates ({gamma}{prime}Ni3Al). Although power law creep has been observed in many cases, Newtonian creep had not yet been reported for these alloys. The objective of the present communication is to demonstrate Newtonian creep in the single crystal of a superalloy.
Assemblage-structuring force of species interactions varies spatially and temporally: Co-occurrence analysis of canopy arthropod distributions

Understanding how interactions amongst species contribute to their distribution is central to community ecology. However, it is not understood how these processes may change under different environmental conditions. In this study, we present evidence that suggests interactions amongst canopy arthropods contribute to assemblage structure, depending on both the sampling time and location. We sampled canopy arthropod species abundances on individual trees in three adjacent, monospecific stands of Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood), which differ in planting year (2000, 2002, 2005). We then conducted null-model based co-occurrence analysis using the freely available software EcoSim (Kesey-Bear and Acquired Intelligence, Inc.) to test for patterns suggestive of interactions influencing assemblage structure. Environmental heterogeneity amongst trees is low within stands; therefore environmental gradients are most likely not contributing to co-occurrence patterns. Also, all stands were planted recently and closely enough such that evolutionary processes (e.g. allopatric speciation) have not occurred. For the analyses of each stand at each sampling date we used a fixed-row, equiprobable-column matrix permutation algorithm in order to simulate presence-absence matrices in which species co-occurrences are effectively random with respect to species interactions. We chose to use the C-score index of co-occurence because of its robustness to Type I Errors when used with this simulation algorithm. P-values and standardized effect sizes (SES) were based on 5000 simulated matrixes. We found significant variation in SES values across both sampling dates and stands; and three main patterns emerged. 1) The SES values in the youngest stand (2005) were all near zero and none were statistically significant. This could be the result of unresolved species interactions, meaning that species interactions have not had sufficient time to produce consistent distributional patterns. 2) The SES values were primarily negative, indicating a dominating force of facilitative interactions. 3) The 2000 and 2002 stands varied in the size and significance of their SES values with the oldest (2000) stand switching from positive to negative as the season progressed, suggesting a switch from competitive to facilitative interactions driving structure. These results suggest that species interactions are indeed important in structuring canopy arthropod communities, but that the efficacy of these forces can vary across both space and time.
Preparation of butadienyl- and butenyl-plumbanes and -stannanes, by hydroplumbylation and hydrostannylation of vinylacetylene and 1-butyne including in situ techniques☆

Methods of preparation of butadienylplumbanes or -stannanes by reactions of vinylacetylene (1-buten-3-yne) with alkyllead and alkyltin hydrides are described. A procedure was developed for in situ butadienylation by addition of lithium aluminum hydride to a mixture of alkylmetal halide and 1-buten-3-yne. In a similar fashion butenylation by addition to 1-butyne was developed. Tripropyl(1-buten-1-yl)tin, triphenyl(1-buten-1-yl)tin, tripropyl(1,2-butadien-1-yl)tin, triphenyl(1,2-butadien-1-yl)tin, dibutyl(di-1-buten-1-yl)tin, triethyl(1-buten-1-yl)lead, and triethyl(1,3-butadien-1-yl)lead have been prepared. In all cases, the organometal hydride adds to 1-butyne as one would predict if a free radical mechanism were operative, i.e., via anti-Markovnikov addition. The organotin hydrides add in a 1,4-manner to vinylacetylene forming allenic derivatives while the organolead hydride adds to vinylacetylene to give the 3,4-addition product. The latter may be formed by 1,4-addition followed by rearrangement.
Identification of candidate serum biomarkers for intervertebral disk degeneration in an animal model.

Objective To examine serum markers of matrix turnover in an animal model of disk degeneration. Design Randomized prospective in vivo study. Setting Laboratory for Orthopaedic and Spine Research and Department of Large Animal Research. Participants Twenty-one New Zealand White rabbits. Intervention Rabbits were randomly grouped into control (n = 8), sham surgery (n = 5), or stab surgery (n = 8). The stab surgical group underwent annulotomy of L2-3, L3-4, and L4-5 to induce intervertebral disk degeneration. The sham surgical group underwent surgical exposure without annulotomy, and the control group received no intervention. Outcome Measurements Lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and serum samples were obtained before intervention and at 0, 3, 6, and 12 weeks thereafter. MRIs were analyzed for evidence of intervertebral disk degeneration via measurement of MRI index. The serum was assayed at 0, 3, 6, and 12 weeks for the aggrecan biosynthesis marker CS846 and the C-telopeptide of collagen II (CTX-II). Results The stabbed disks demonstrate degeneration apparent by MRI criteria. CTX-II increased with time in the stabbed group compared to the control and sham surgery groups regardless of baseline levels. Aggrecan showed no statistically significant difference among groups. Conclusions CTX-II shows promise as a useful serum biomarker for intervertebral disk degeneration.
Nonfatal and fatal firearm-related injuries among children aged 14 years and younger: United States, 1993-2000.

Objective. To provide national estimates of fatal and nonfatal firearm-related (FA) injuries among children ≤14 years old and to examine the circumstances under which these injuries occurred. Methods. For nonfatal FA injuries among children, we analyzed data on emergency department (ED) visits from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for 1993 through 2000. National estimates of injured children who were treated in hospital EDs were examined by selected characteristics, such as age, gender, race/ethnicity of the patient, primary body part affected, intent of the injury, the relationship of the shooter to the patient, where the injury occurred, and activity at the time of injury. For fatal FA injuries among children, we analyzed mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System for 1993 through 2000. Data from both sources were used to calculate case-fatality rates. Results. From 1993 through 2000, an estimated 22 661 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16 668–28 654) or 4.9 per 100 000 (95% CI: 3.6–6.2) children ≤ 14 years old with nonfatal FA injuries were treated in US hospital EDs. Assaults accounted for 41.5% of nonfatal FA injuries, and unintentional injuries accounted for 43.1%. Approximately 4 of 5 children who sustained a nonfatal, unintentional FA injury were reportedly shot by themselves or by a friend, a relative, or another person known to them. During this period, 5542, or 1.20 per 100 000 (95% CI: 1.17, 1.23), children ≤14 years old died from FA injuries; 1 of every 5 children who were wounded by a firearm gunshot died from that injury. Most FA deaths were violence related, with homicides and suicides constituting 54.7% and 21.9% of these deaths, respectively. For individuals ≤14 years old, the burden of morbidity and mortality associated with FA injuries falls disproportionately on boys, blacks, and children 10 to 14 years old. Both fatal and nonfatal injury rates declined >50% during the study period. Conclusions. Although rates of nonfatal and fatal FA injuries declined during the period of study, FA injuries remain an important public health concern for children. Well-designed evaluation studies are needed to examine the effectiveness of potential interventions aimed at reducing FA injuries among children.