cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spin Compensation in an Element, Cerium

The low-temperature susceptibility above the magnetic ordering temperature of La-Ce alloys (Ce concentration \ensuremath{\le} 40 at%) and of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-Ce and $\ensuremath{\beta}$-Ce is proportional to ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$. This is the temperature dependence recently suggested by Anderson in the case of spin compensation. The susceptibility per Ce atom for the alloys above the magnetic ordering temperature is independent of Ce concentration. It is suggested that these systems exhibit spin compensation.
Using argument representations to make thinking visible for individuals and groups

This paper describes how an argument representation tool called SenseMaker has been used to promote science learning with middle school science students during a debate activity. The argumentation tool is one component of the Knowledge Integration Environment (KIE) Internet-based learning suite for science education. The argument representations make student thinking visible during individual and collaborative activities in the classroom. The paper elaborates on how the cognitive mechanisms and learning goals shaped the design of the SenseMaker software and presents results from several formative classroom trials of the tool. Student arguments vary based on their epistemological beliefs about the nature of science. Students report using the SenseMaker tool to support both individual and collaborative learning during their classroom projects.
Detecting Emotion in Speech: Experiments in Three Domains

The goal of my proposed dissertation work is to help answer two fundamental questions: (1) How is emotion communicated in speech? and (2) Does emotion modeling improve spoken dialogue applications? In this paper I describe feature extraction and emotion classification experiments I have conducted and plan to conduct on three different domains: EPSaT, HMIHY, and ITSpoke. In addition, I plan to implement emotion modeling capabilities into ITSpoke and evaluate the effectiveness of doing so.
Experimental Investigation of Ion Beam Neutralization by Coaxially Injected Electrons

A model of an ion source for producing large spacecharge-neutralized beams is preserted. Experiments show that coaxially injected electrons overcome space charge, thereby increasing ion output. Ideally, ions and electrons emerge together with the same density and velocity, forming a neutralized beam. (auth)
Position-annotated photographs: A Geotemporal Web

With the advent of digital cameras, photographs are no longer gathering dust, forgotten in old shoeboxes. Instead, they are lying unused in hard disk dircctories and on CDs. The Geotemporal Web system, belonging to the "capture and access" class of ubiquitous computing applications, addresses this phenomenon by automatically converting raw data from the typical vacation trip into a lively Web site. Exploiting the synergies of integrating different consumer-grade information appliances and publicly accessible databases, a GTWeb site presents a trip overview, timelines, maps, and annotated photographs.
Effect of Na on Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 in-plane conductance and Seebeck coefficient

Despite numerous studies, there is still no definitive explanation on how Na improves Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) device efficiency. This paper investigates how the electrical transport properties of CIGS films are affected by the amount of Na at grain boundaries. The controlled removal of Na from CIGS grain boundaries is achieved by rinsing in a water bath at 70°C. Periodically during the rinse, the in-plane conductance and the Seebeck coefficient are measured, and both are found to decrease as Na is removed by the bath. Assuming carrier mobility remains unaffected, a simultaneous decrease in conductivity and Seebeck effect can only be caused by an increase in compensating donor-like defects.
Multiple thymidine incorporation peaks in the S phase of synchronous human diploid fibroblasts

Abstract Synchronous populations of human diploid fibroblasts, CHO cells, and HeLa cells were obtained by mitotic selection. Human diploid fibroblasts were found to have three distinct peaks of thymidine incorporation during a 10–13 h S phase. This contrasts with CHO and HeLa which have one (or, for CHO, occasionally 2) peak(s) of thymidine incorporation during a 6–8 h S phase.
Inhibition of rat hepatic mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-mediated acetaldehyde oxidation by trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal.

The hepatic oxidation of ethanol has been demonstrated to cause peroxidation of cellular membranes, resulting in the production of aldehydes that are substrates for hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenases. It was the purpose of this study to evaluate the cooxidation of the lipid peroxidation product, trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and acetaldehyde by high-affinity mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, which is of prominent importance in the oxidation of ethanol-derived acetaldehyde. Experiments were performed for determination of kinetic parameters for uninhibited acetaldehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal oxidation by semipurified mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase prepared from male Sprague-Dawley rat liver. The affinity of the enzyme for the substrate at low substrate concentrations and the Michaelis-Menten constant of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase for acetaldehyde were 25 and 10 times greater, respectively, than those determined for 4-hydroxynonenal. Coincubation of acetaldehyde with physiologically relevant concentrations of 4-hydroxynonenal (0.25 to 5.0μmol/L) with mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase demonstrated that 4-hydroxynonenal is a potent competitive or mixed-type inhibitor of acetaldehyde oxidation, with concentration of 4-hydroxynonenal required for a twofold increase in the slope of the Lineweaver-Burk plot for acetaldehyde oxidation by ALDH of 0.48 μmol/L. The results of this study suggest that the aldehydic lipid peroxidation product, trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, is a potent inhibitor of hepatic acetaldehyde oxidation and may potentiate the hepatocellular toxicity of acetaldehyde proposed to be an etiological factor of alcoholic liver disease. (HEPATOLOGY 1991;13:728–734.)
HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM AND GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE OF RELATIVISTIC CHARGED FLUID BALLS.

We obtain the metric corresponding to an arbitrary spherically symmetric distribution of charged perfect fluid without restricting consideration to the static case, and we show that it joins onto the standard Reissner-Nordstr\"om exterior solution of Einstein's equations. We also generalize the Oppenheimer-Volkoff equations of hydrostatic equilibrium to the charged case, and we discuss their applicability. Using our formalism, we then rederive a formula of Christodoulou which splits the mass of a charged black hole into an irreducible part and a reducible electrical part. Finally, we derive the equations for the gravitational collapse of a charged fluid ball, and we draw some general conclusions from them.
Cigarette smoking and serious psychological distress: a population-based study of California adults.

Introduction: This study examines differences in smoking behaviors between adults with and without serious psychological distress (SPD) in California, which has the longest running comprehensive tobacco control program in the world.
Influence of smear layer removal and application mode of MTA on the marginal adaptation in immature teeth: a SEM analysis.

Objectives This study was an ex vivo evaluation of the marginal adaptation of mineral trioxide aggregate as an apical barrier using teeth with an open apex and scanning electron microscopy. Materials and methods Eighteen single-rooted human teeth were used. An artificial open apex was created using Gates Glidden drills #6–1 in a crown-down manner until the #1 bur passed through the foramen. A 1.36-mm divergent open apex was created at the foramen by retrograde apical transportation using a #40 Profile 0.6 taper instrument inserted to the length of the cutting blade. The teeth were divided into four groups (n = 4), and two teeth served as controls. The GI = mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was placed as a 5-mm-thick apical barrier without removal of the smear layer; GII = MTA was placed with indirect ultrasonic activation; GIII = apical plug was placed after removal of the smear layer without indirect ultrasonic activation; and GIV = MTA was placed with indirect ultrasonic activation, but the smear layer had been previously removed. The root apices were visualized with SEM (1000×), and 12 predetermined material/dentine interface points were measured (gaps). One-way anova and Bonferroni's post hoc tests were used to compare the linear measurements of the gaps between the groups. Results GIV had the lowest gap when compared with other groups, and no statistical differences were found among GI, GII, and GIII. Conclusions The technique of MTA placement using passive ultrasonic vibration in association with smear layer removal improved the marginal adaptation of the material.
Prenatal methamphetamine attenuates serotonin mediated renin secretion in male and female rat progeny: evidence for selective long-term dysfunction of serotonin pathways in brain.

In adult rats, methamphetamine produces biochemical alterations in brain serotonin (5-HT) neurons. Since 5-HT is critical to the development of fetal 5-HT neurons and target tissues, we hypothesized that in utero exposure to methamphetamine could result in long-term alterations in postnatal 5-HT systems. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats, administered either saline or (+/-)methamphetamine (5 mg/kg, s.c., b.i.d.) from gestational day 13 to 20, were divided into three treatment groups: Saline-injected/Ad Lib Fed (VEH); Saline-injected/Pair Fed (PF); and methamphetamine injected (METH). Prenatal methamphetamine exposure did not alter litter size, gender number, or progeny birth weights. Functional alterations in serotonergic systems were determined in postnatal day (PD) 70 male progeny and in PD 30 female progeny by measuring changes in 5-HT mediated increases in plasma hormones following a single injection of the 5-HT releaser p-chloroamphetamine (PCA; 8 mg/kg). Prenatal methamphetamine produced long-term marked (-30 to -62%) attenuation of plasma renin responses to PCA in male and female progeny. In contrast, no alterations were observed in the ACTH, corticosterone, or prolactin responses to PCA in male and female progeny. Prenatal methamphetamine did not alter basal levels of any hormones measured regardless of gender. No significant differences were observed in the density of cortical or hypothalamic 5-HT uptake sites, or in the density of cortical 5-HT1 or 5-HT2 receptors in male progeny. The lack of significant differences in cortical 5-HT uptake sites observed between PF and METH treated dams 2 days post-parturition indicates that methamphetamine was not neurotoxic to the pregnant dams. These data, which demonstrate longterm postnatal deficits in 5-HT mediated renin secretion, suggest selective functional alterations of brain 5-HT systems in male and female progeny exposed in utero to methamphetamine.
Does size matter? Fibroids and the pregnant uterus

ALEXANDRA SPADOLA, JANE CLEARY-GOLDMAN, JULIAN ROBINSON, Columbia University, Maternal Fetal Medicine, New York, NY OBJECTIVE: To determine the significance of fibroid size assessed by prenatal ultrasound on obstetrical outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective chart review of singleton pregnancies with uterine fibroids identified from an obstetric ultrasound database from 1/99-12/02. Inclusion criteria included fetal viability, fibroids > 3 cm, > 13 weeks, and on-site delivery. Exclusion criteria included multiple gestation, fibroids 6 cm (N = 136). Mean patient age between groups was similar; however, there were 130 primigravidas in the small fibroid group vs 82 in the large fibroid group (47% vs 60%, P = .012). A subplacental fibroid was noted in 93 vs 66 (34% vs 49%, P = .003) and tumor previa occurred in 7 vs 28 (2.5% vs 21%, P 6 cm group was significantly higher (P = .013). No significant difference was found between controls and the 3-6 cm group (P = .513). The Table demonstrates differences in maternal complications. There was no significant difference in incidence of stillbirth or fetal growth restriction. Overall, the incidence of complications between the two groups was 21% vs 39% (P 6 cm are associated with a higher likelihood of cesarean delivery and intrapartum complications, but not growth restriction or stillbirth.
Catalytic Hydrodechlorination of Chlorocarbons. 2. Ternary Oxide Supports for Catalytic Conversions of 1,2-Dichlorobenzene

Abstract Ternary oxides of Ti-Zr-Al and Ti-Zr-Si were prepared by coating commercial Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 with a THF solution of Ti(OPr i ) 4 and Zr(OPr i ) 4 under controlled conditions. Nitrogen adsorption and X-ray powder diffraction indicate that the structure of the base supports, Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 , were not significantly altered upon coating and that TiO 2 and ZrO 2 were quite uniformly spread on them. The acid resistance of alumina was found to be increased upon coating. Palladium supported catalysts, Pd/TiZrAlO x , Pd/TiZrSiO x , Pd/TiO 2 , Pd/ZrO 2 , Pd/SiO 2 , and Pd/Al 2 O 3 were prepared to evaluate the ternary oxides relative to the component single oxide supports. Palladium dispersion was determined using hydrogen chemisorption and the catalysts were evaluated for hydrodechlorination of 1,2-dichlorobenzene. The experimental runs were carried out in a microflow reactor system at atmospheric pressure, in the gas phase. The catalysts were oxidized and then reduced, prior to reaction. The kinetic studies showed that the ternary oxide-based catalyst, Pd/TiZrAlO x exhibited an improved stability and activity much higher than the arithmetic sum of the activities of the component single oxide based palladium catalysts. Comparison of the specific activities of the catalysts expressed as TOF, indicate that the observed differences in activity may be related to the chemical nature of the supports. The best catalyst had an initial specific activity of 16.6 s −1 . We observed that the pretreatment of the catalyst has a profound effect on its stability and activity. Also, the experimental results indicated that the major factors of the catalyst deactivation are agglomeration of palladium particles and HCl poisoning. Prospects for optimization of these catalysts are discussed in light of the results of this work.
Gas chromatographic evaluation of the effects of some muscarinic and antimuscarinic drugs on acetylcholine levels in rat brain.

Abstract The effects of some muscarinic and antimuscarinic drugs on brain acetylcholine levels have been re-evaluated using a specific gas chromatographic method for the analysis of acetylcholine as its volatile tertiary analog. The elevation of brain acetylcholine levels produced by oxotremorine has been demonstrated to be independent of the concomitant hypothermia, since the rise is not prevented by maintaining the animals in a thermally neutral environment in which the hypothermie effect is suppressed. Peripheral parasympathomimetic changes do not appear to be responsible for the alteration of brain acetylcholine because the quaternary analog, N -methyl oxotremorine, produces profound peripheral parasympathomimetic effects with no central cholinergic response and a minimal acetylcholine elevation. Similarly, while atropine sulfate is capable of abolishing the oxotremorine induced rise in acetylcholine, methylatropine, when given in a dose which antagonized all peripheral effects of oxotremorine, failed to inhibit the elevation of brain acetylcholine levels. It is concluded that the elevation of brain acetylcholine levels produced by oxotremorine is mediated by a direct central action.
A MOCHE CEMETERY AT MASANCA, JEQUETEPEQUE VALLEY, PERU

In 1997, a Moche cemetery was looted at the town of Masanca, in the lower Jequetepeque Valley of northern Peru. Subsequently, a salvage excavation of what remained of this cemetery produced a sample of 21 unlooted graves. These provide important new information about Moche burial practices, and the 96 ceramic vessels recovered from the excavation constitute a valuable type collection of Moche ceramics—both domestic ware and fine ware. Moreover, since many of the graves appear to have been accidentally disturbed by the Moche people when they buried other individuals in this cemetery, the burials provide interesting insights about the attitudes of the Moche people toward disturbing and/or removing material from burials.
Determination of photoionization rates of divalent samarium doped in alkaline earth fluorides

Abstract Broadening of the electronic transitions of Sm 2+ doped into CaF 2 , SrF 2 and BaF 2 is investigated. A Lorentzian fit of the one-photon absorption spectrum of the lowest f 5 d state in the BaF 2 :Sm 2+ spectrum shows an additional decay time of 40 fs. This time is interpreted as the rapid photoionization of the Sm 2+ impurity and is consistent with the decay rates determined by Bonch-Bruevich and Ovsyankin using temperature dependency arguments for the BaF 2 :Sm 2+ luminescence. The two-photon excitation spectra of the 7 F→ 5 D transitions of Sm 2+ are also presented in all three hosts. The 5 D 0 state is less than 0.5 cm -1 wide in all three systems indicating no broadening due to ionization. This observation is surprising since in the BaF 2 :Sm 2+ system the 5 D 0 state is only 1000cm -1 lower than the f 5 d state. The 5 D 2 and 5 D 3 states are only found in the CaF 2 :Sm 2+ and SrF 2 :Sm 2+ and appear not to photoionize; however, the same states could not be found in BaF 2 :Sm 2+ implying that they are ionizing rapidly.
Isomerization and Autolysis at Specific Amino Acid Residues of the Tau Protein and its Relations to Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's Disease is the most common form of dementia that more than 5 million Americans are suffering from. With no known cure and no known cause, it is an urgent matter that researcher's are desperately attempting to tackle. Alzheimer's disease is clinically characterized by memory loss and histopathologically characterized by the high prevalence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (tau tangles). In a healthy brain, the tau protein performs the role of stabilizing microtubules in healthy neurons. However, due to their long turn-over rates, they are susceptible to many non-enzymatic, post-translational protein modifications such as racemization and isomerization. While in many cases aged or non-enzymatically damaged proteins can be repaired or replaced, some changes can inhibit protein turnover resulting in an accumulation of damaged protein over time. One of the modifications that very-long lived proteins have been shown to undergo is racemization of aspartic acid and asparagine residues to the non-natural D-form from the common L-form via succinimide intermediate. In this study we have employed quantitative label-free mass spectrometry to study isomerization/racemization reactions site specifically in the repeat-1 domain of Tau protein. We found that Asp-265 isomerizes into four different isoforms. We also found that the Tau peptide undergoes an auto-catalytic cleaveage without the use of a protease. A possible mechanism for the formation of the four isomers is proposed. This data may provide useful information on the in vivo rates of tau racemization, providing insights into the mechanisms and potentially opening a door to finding biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease.
Surface plasmon high-efficiency projection display

A novel projection display, based on a new phenomenon of voltage-induced color-selective absorption with surface plasmons, is able to generate bright image on a large screen with high efficiency. In addition, neither color filter nor phosphor is needed to generate the color. With an incident beam of +/- 7 degrees half cone angle, the color purity of this device can be as good as the CRT displays, and the contrast ratio can reach over 200:1. System analysis shows that, for a color sequential single panel 1.8 inches surface plasmon projector, the luminous efficiency can reach 3 Lumens/Watt, and for a 1.8 inches surface plasmon 'smart card' projector, the luminous efficiency can reach over 10 Lumens/Watt.
Upscaling and Downscaling—A Regional View of the Soil–Plant–Atmosphere Continuum

The strength of interaction among soil, plants, and atmosphere depends highly on scale. As the spatial scale of organized soil-plant behavior (e.g., soil drying and/or stomatal closure) increases, so does the influence the land surface has on atmospheric properties and circulations. Counterbalancing this is a system of feedback loops that serve to reduce the sensitivity of surface fluxes to changes in surface conditions. Model upscaling involves capturing land-atmosphere feedbacks and effects of land surface heterogeneity on surface fluxes and atmospheric boundary-layer dynamics that become operative at progressively larger spatial scales. Conversely, by downscaling, we learn how to appropriately parameterize subgrid-scale phenomena within large-scale modeling frameworks. This paper discusses some of the major challenges faced today in properly describing system behavior at regional spatial scales. We focus on a suite of simple biophysical models, tied closely to remote sensing, that work synergistically from canopy to mesoscales. This suite includes a diagnostic regional-scale model used for routine mapping of flux and moisture conditions across the United States at 10-km resolution. A related approach disaggregates regional flux estimates to local scales (10°-102 m) for comparison with ground-based measurements or for use in site-specific agricultural or resource management applications. Coupled with turbulence- and mesoscale atmospheric models, the core land surface representation provides means for assimilating remote sensing data into large-eddy simulations and improving short-range weather forecasts. This multiscale modeling framework is being utilized in a concerted research effort aimed at identifying scale-relevant land-atmosphere feedbacks and representing surface heterogeneity efficiently and robustly in regional modeling schemes.
Chemical Erosion of Carbon-Carbon/Graphite Nozzles in Solid-Propellant Rocket Motors

A comprehensive theoretical/numerical framework is established and validated to study the chemical erosion of carbon-carbon/graphite nozzle materials in solid-rocket motors at practical operating conditions. The formulation takes into account detailed thermofluid dynamics for a multicomponent reacting flow, heterogeneous reactions at the nozzle surface, condensed-phase energy transport, and nozzle material properties. Many restrictive assumptions and approximations made in the previous models have been relaxed. Both metallized and nonmetallized AP/HTPB composite propellants are treated. The predicted nozzle surface recession rates compare well with three different sets of experimental data. The erosion rate follows the trend exhibited by the heat-flux distribution and is most severe in the throat region. H 2 O proved to be the most detrimental oxidizing species in dictating nozzle erosion, followed by much lesser contributions from OH and CO 2 , in that order. The erosion rate increases with increasing chamber pressure, mainly due to higher convective heat transfer and enhanced heterogeneous surface reactions. For nonmetallized propellants, the recession rate is dictated by heterogeneous chemical kinetics because the nozzle surface temperature is relatively low. For metallized propellants, the process is diffusion-controlled due to the high surface temperature. The erosion rate decreases with increasing aluminum content, a phenomenon resulting from reduced concentrations of oxidizing species H 2 O, OH, and CO 2 . The transition from the kinetics-controlled to diffusion-controlled mechanism occurs at a surface temperature of around 2800 K.
A theoretical investigation of several methods for combining multiple diagnostic assessments

Acquiring multiple images of the same patient (e.g., mediolateral oblique and craniocaudal view mammograms) can, in principle, help improve diagnostic accuracy. We investigated theoretically, in the context of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), four methods of combining multiple computer outputs obtained from multiple images of the same patient: taking the average, the median, the maximum, or the minimum of the individual assessments. We assumed that multiple computer outputs for each patient are equally accurate and that they can be transformed monotonically to the same pair of truth conditional normal distributions. We found that both the average and the median always produce improved area under the ROC curve (AUC) compared to single-view images, and that the average always performs better than the median. Furthermore, the maximum and the minimum can also produce improved AUCs and can outperform the average under certain situations, but in other situations they can produce worse results than single-view images. Moreover, except for the median, each method can be the best-performing method under specific conditions. Finally, as the strength of correlation between image pairs increases, the maximum and the minimum tend to perform the best more often whereas the average is less often the best performer.
Resource Selection by Translocated Three‐Toed Box Turtles in Missouri

Resource selection is a multi-staged process of behavioral responses to various resource cues or stimuli. Previous research suggests some aspects of resource selection may be inherent (i.e., genetic predisposition) or based on early experience and that individuals respond to certain resource cues but not to others. In other words, resource selection may be based on a template that specifies which cues to use in the resource-selection process and the appropriate response to those cues. We used resource utilization functions (RUFs) to examine the resource-selection template of translocated three-toed box turtles (Terrapene carolina triunguis; hereafter turtles) and made comparisons to resident turtles. Translocated turtles, previously residents of a predominantly forested landscape with low edge-density, used forest openings, forest edges, and southwest-facing slopes before and after translocation to a fragmented site containing resident turtles. In contrast, resident turtles used forested areas and northeast-facing slopes within a predominantly open landscape with high edge-density. Our comparison of resource selection by translocated and resident turtles revealed population-specific resource selection and consistency in selection following translocation, which reinforces the idea of a resource-selection template and suggests that in the short-term box turtles may not adapt their predisposed behavior to local conditions. Thus, translocated animals may evaluate and respond to resource cues as if they were at the original site. Lack of site fidelity may result from individuals seeking additional resources to match their resource-selection template. Successful translocation of turtles may require an assessment of resource selection prior to translocation and development of management strategies that mitigate turtle response to translocation.
The instruction of reading comprehension

While it is still possible to lament the lack of good solid causally interpretable research in the area of reading comprehension instruction (Jenkins & Pany, 1980; Tierney & Cunningham, 1980), there can be little question that more research about the basic processes and instructional practices of reading comprehension has been packed into the last half decade (1978-1982) than in any previous period (however long). The purpose of this review is to characterize, summarize, and evaluate that research in terms of its contribution to principles of instructional practice. The first and most formidable task of a reviewer is to limit his or her search for potentially relevant studies. This is especially important in the area of reading comprehension given the enormous output of the field in each of the last 6 or 7 years. Since our focus is on instruction rather than basic processes or the development of processes, we will deal with process or cross-age studies only to establish a feeling for the milieu in which research about instruction has been conducted or only if the implications for instruction of a particular, say developmental, study are so strong as to compel comment about it. The major criterion for inclusion, then, becomes, “Did the study examine either comprehension instruction or the consequences of comprehension instruction and/or learning?” A secondary criterion became obvious during the search. The studies dealing with instruction varied along a continuum of interpretability; that is, some studies appeared, prima facie, to be about comprehension instruction, but they were difficult if not impossible to evaluate within the prevailing zeitgeist. In short, they seemed to add little to our cumulative knowledge about either the nature of comprehension, comprehension instruction, or the relationship between the two. This criterion of interpretability, or, if you will, contribution to cumulative knowledge, became a criterion not for inclusion/exclusion but rather for degree of assigned emphasis. The second task of a reviewer is to establish a framework for organizing the various research efforts that pass the inclusion test. Anyone who has ever searched for such a framework will recognize the arbitrariness of
Finding patterns on protein surfaces: algorithms and applications to protein classification

A successful application of data mining to bioinformatics is protein classification. A number of techniques have been developed to classify proteins according to important features in their sequences, secondary structures, or three-dimensional structures. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to protein classification based on significant patterns discovered on the surface of a protein. We define a notion called /spl alpha/-surface. We discuss the geometric properties of /spl alpha/-surface and present an algorithm that calculates the /spl alpha/-surface from a finite set of points in R/sup 3/. We apply the algorithm to extracting the /spl alpha/-surface of a protein and use a pattern discovery algorithm to discover frequently occurring patterns on the surfaces. The pattern discovery algorithm utilizes a new index structure called the /spl Delta/B/sup +/ tree. We use these patterns to classify the proteins. While most existing techniques focus on the binary classification problem, we apply our approach to classifying three families of proteins. Experimental results show the good performance of the proposed approach.
Differential HIV epitope processing in monocytes and CD4 T cells affects cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition

The ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to clear virus-infected cells is dependent on the presentation of viral peptides processed intracellularly and displayed by major histocompatibility complex class I. Most CTL functional assays use exogenously added peptides, a practice that does not account for the kinetics and quantity of antigenic peptides produced by infectable cells. Here, we examined the relative ability of 2 major human immunodeficiency virus-infectable cell subsets-CD4 T lymphocytes and monocytes-to produce antigenic peptides, using cytosol as a source of peptidases and mass spectrometry to define the degradation products. We show clear subset-specific differences in the kinetics of peptide production and the ability of the peptides produced to sensitize cells for lysis by CTLs, with primary CD4 T lymphocytes having significantly lower proteolytic activity than monocytes. These differences in epitope processing by cell subsets may affect the efficiency of CTL-mediated clearance of infected subsets and contribute to the establishment of chronic infection.
Are Androgynous Managers Really More Effective

Spence's Personal Attributes Questionnaire was used to measure the sex role orientation of 65 first-line supervisors from seven organizations. Contrary to the basic hypothesis and the theoretical literature, those who scored high on both masculinity and femininity (androgynous) and low on both (undifferentiated) were rated by their superiors as least effective. The most effective supervisors were high on either masculinity or femininity but not both. However, consistent with the previous research and our own predictions, successful female supervisors were found to be higher on masculinity than were unsuccessful female supervisors and more feminine than were male supervisors. The findings are discussed in terms of the limited research in this area, the possible negative consequences of androgyny, and the effect of the social context.
ARID1A Mutations in Cancer: Another Epigenetic Tumor Suppressor?

Although disordered chromatin organization has long been recognized as a feature of cancer, the molecular underpinnings of chromatin structure, epigenetic regulation, and their relationships to transcription are only beginning to be understood. Cancer genome sequencing studies have revealed a novel theme: frequent mutation of epigenetic regulators. Among these, the ARID1A/BAF250A subunit of the SWI/SNF (BRG1-associated factors) chromatin remodeling complex has emerged as recurrently mutated in a broad array of tumor types. We review the genomic and functional data supporting classification of ARID1A as a tumor suppressor. Significance: Mutations in chromatin remodeling complex genes are increasingly recognized in many cancer types. However, the mechanisms by which chromatin remodeling complexes contribute to gene expression and the cancer phenotype are poorly understood. Understanding how mutation of chromatin remodelers facilitates transformation may offer the potential for development and implementation of novel therapies for cancer. Cancer Discov; 3(1); 35–43. ©2012 AACR .
Inferring Structural Ensembles from Noisy Experiments and Molecular Dynamics: Correcting Force Field Bias with Bayesian Energy Landscape Tilting

Inferring biomolecular conformation from experiment is a fundamental goal of structural biology. Structure determination often requires the combination of modeling and experiment, but the vast majority of approaches model only a single conformation, provide limited uncertainty information, and inherit biases from assumed force fields when data are limited. Building on recent conceptual advances, we hypothesized that these biases and missing uncertainty estimates could be addressed through Bayesian Energy Landscape Tilting (BELT), a scheme that enables the systematic computation of fully Bayesian "hyperensembles" over conformational ensembles. As a test of BELT's ability to correct force field bias, we show that conformational ensembles of trialanine derived from five different force fields (ff96, ff99, ff99sbnmr-ildn, CHARMM27, and OPLS-AA) and chemical shift and scalar coupling measurements give convergent values of the peptide's α, β, and PPII conformational populations. Furthermore, the ensembles recover set-aside measurements not used in the fitting. BELT's principled combination of simulation and limited experimental data promises rigorous assessment of force field bias and sets a foundation for modeling ensembles and uncertainties in complex biomolecular systems.
Relationships Between Self-Determination and Postschool Outcomes for Youth With Disabilities:

This article reports the results of a follow-up analysis of 779 students with disabilities who participated in group-randomized, control group studies designed to examine the efficacy of self-determination interventions in secondary school to examine the relationship between self-determination status when exiting high school and adult outcomes 1 and 2 years post-high school. Findings suggest that self-determination status upon exiting high school predicts positive outcomes in the domains of achieving employment and community access 1 year post-school, and that exposure to self-determination interventions in secondary school may lead to more stability in student outcomes over time. The complexity of the relationship between self-determination intervention and outcomes is discussed, as are recommendations for future research and practice.
On work and idleness

In this essay we review a number of important historical and everyday conceptions of work, which reveal both the diversity of such conceptions, and also deep tensions, especially between positive (self-fulfilling, sociable) aspects of work and negative (laborious, exploitative) aspects. Due attention to these complexities suggests great caution in deciding how domestic work, including caring work, should be seen in relation to other kinds of work. We also argue that a very broad conception of work including, certainly, domestic and other work outside the market, while not appropriate for all purposes, is essential for considering the appropriate place of work, as opposed to idleness, in the good life. The possible value of idleness, we argue, has been obscured by the productivist ethic embedded in the major Western conceptions of work.
Hot fragment conductive ignition of nitramine-based propellants

Hot fragments generated during the impact of shaped-charge jets may penetrate the cartridge casing and induce propellant ignition. The major objective of this study is to acquire a better understanding of hot fragment conductive ignition behavior of nitramine-bas ed XM39 and M43 propellants. The confinement effect of the cartridge is simulated by an enclosure within which the pyrolysis products can accumulate and significantly increase pressure. Both theory and experiments showed that the ignition threshold was a strong function of confinement. At low pressures, the XM39 propellant was more susceptible to ignition, because its binder decomposition is more exothermic than that of the M43 propellant. At highly confined conditions, which allow for chamber pressurization, the M43 ignition threshold became lower than that of XM39 propellant. The reduction of the ignition threshold is caused mainly by exothermic reactions between CH2O and NO2 species, which are enhanced under gas accumulation conditions.
Orientation, distance, regulation and function of neighbouring genes.

The sequencing of the human genome has allowed us to observe globally and in detail the arrangement of genes along the chromosomes. There are multiple lines of evidence that this arrangement is not random, both in terms of intergenic distances and orientation of neighbouring genes. We have undertaken a systematic evaluation of the spatial distribution and orientation of known genes across the human genome. We used genome-level information, including phylogenetic conservation, single nucleotide polymorphism density and correlation of gene expression to assess the importance of this distribution. In addition to confirming and extending known properties of the genome, such as the significance of gene deserts and the importance of 'head to head' orientation of gene pairs in proximity, we provide significant new observations that include a smaller average size for intervals separating the 3' ends of neighbouring genes, a correlation of gene expression across tissues for genes as far as 100 kilobases apart and signatures of increasing positive selection with decreasing interval size surprisingly relaxing for intervals smaller than ~500 base pairs. Further, we provide extensive graphical representations of the genome-wide data to allow for observations and comparisons beyond what we address.
Early Outcome Determination of Low-Birth-Weight Infants Using the Neurodevelopmental Risk Examination

A neonatal neurodevelopmental assessment, the Neurodevelopmental Risk Examination (NRE), was developed, through adaptation of the scoring of the Allen/Capute neonatal neurodevelopmental examination, for screening the development of low-birth-weight (LBW) infants in the newborn period. A pilot study was conducted of the NRE and its ability to predict motor and cognitive outcome in LBW infants. The NRE was performed on 92 LBW infants (mean birth weight 1,192 g; mean gestational age 29 weeks) at or near term and included assessments of sensory/behavioral response, axial tone, extremity tone, deep tendon reflexes, and primitive reflexes. Developmental outcome was assessed at a mean age of 13.7 months by neuromotor examination and by the mental scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. The NRE total risk score, reflecting overall neurodevelopmental status, correlated well with motor and cognitive outcomes (r = .50, P = .0001; and r = -.38, P = .0001, respectively). When infants were clustered into risk groups based upon NRE score (69 infants were deemed low-risk, 20 moderate-risk, and three high-risk), a strong relationship to outcome was maintained (motor outcome: chi 2 = 43.6, P < .0001; cognitive outcome: analysis of variance (ANOVA) F = 6.78, df(2.89), P = .002). All subcategories of the examination, except primitive reflexes, were associated with outcome. Therefore, by using a simple method of scoring and interpretation, the NRE can validly predict motor and cognitive outcome in LBW infants.
Joint Filtering and Factorization for Recovering Latent Structure from Noisy Speech Data

We propose a joint filtering and factorization algorithm to recover latent structure from noisy speech. We incorporate the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) formulation within the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) framework to derive a single, unified cost function for both filtering and factorization. Minimizing this cost function jointly optimizes three quantities – a filter that removes noise, a basis matrix that captures latent structure in the data, and an activation matrix that captures how the elements in the basis matrix can be linearly combined to reconstruct input data. Results show that the proposed algorithm recovers the speech basis matrix from noisy speech significantly better than NMF alone or Wiener filtering followed by NMF. Furthermore, PESQ scores show that our algorithm is a viable choice for speech denoising. Index Terms: NMF, MVDR, denoising, filtering.
Inhibition Controls for Qualitative Real-Time PCR Assays: Are They Necessary for All Specimen Matrices?

A retrospective analysis of 386,706 specimens representing a variety of matrix types used in qualitative real-time PCR assays determined the overall inhibition rate to be 0.87% when the inhibition control was added preextraction to 5,613 specimens and 0.01% when the inhibition control was added postextraction but preamplification in 381,093 specimens. Inhibition rates of ≤ 1% were found for all specimen matrix types except urine and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue.
Age and adolescent sexual offender arousal

As the demand for assessment and treatment of adolescent sexual offenders continues to grow, increasing numbers of clinicians are using penile circumference measures as an objective measure of arousal in this population. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between age and sexual arousal as assessed by penile plethysmography in adolescent sexual offenders. Since younger adolescents might have a diminished ability to inhibit erectile responses, it was hypothesized that erectile responses would be negatively correlated with age. Data were derived from 104 inner-city adolescent males, aged 13 to 17, who were evaluated and underwent assessment of erectile responses at an outpatient clinic for adolescent sexual offenders. In this group, age accounted for a significant proportion of variance in erection measures. Younger adolescents had erectile responses to a greater number of assessment stimuli and greater mean percentage full erection scores across assessment stimuli. Findings suggest that the relationship between age and erection measures merits further attention as research examining the utility, limitations, and appropriate use of the plethysmograph continues.
Global Self-Esteem and Specific Self-Views as Determinants of People's Reactions to Success and Failure

A critical question in self-esteem research is whether people's reactions to success and failure are guided by their global self-esteem level or by their more specific beliefs about their abilities and attributes. To address this issue, the authors led participants to experience success or failure on an alleged test and then assessed their cognitive and emotional reactions to these outcomes. In Experiment 1, specific self-views predicted participants' cognitive reactions to their performance outcomes, whereas global self-esteem predicted participants' emotional reactions to their performance outcomes. In Experiment 2, global self-esteem predicted participants' emotional reactions to their performance outcomes even after participants' beliefs about their more specific abilities and attributes were taken into account. These findings suggest that when it comes to understanding people's emotional reactions to success and failure, the effects of global self-esteem are not reducible to the way people think about their constituent qualities. Few statements are as incontrovertible as this: The way people feel about themselves is an important aspect of psychological life. Laypeople and professionals alike refer to these feelings as indicative a person's level of self-esteem. Through the years, self-esteem has been linked to a wide variety of social psychological phenomena, including conformity (Brockner, 1984), persuasion (Rhodes & Wood, 1992), cognitive dissonance (Steele, Spencer, & Lynch, 1993 ), subjective well-being (Diener & Diener, 1995), and social comparison processes (Aspinwall & Taylor, 1993; Gibbons & Gerrard, 1991; Wood, Giordano-Beech, Taylor, Michela, & Gaus, 1994),just to name a few. Self-esteem also appears to influence people's reactions to valenced outcomes. High self-esteem (HSE) people make more self-serving attributions for performance outcomes (Blaine & Crocker, 1993) and suffer less emotional distress when they fail than do low self-esteem (LSE) people (Brown & Dutton, 1995). The purpose of this article is to examine the source of these differences. One possibility is that these tendencies stem from differences in how the two self-esteem groups think about their particular abilities and attributes. HSE people generally think they have high ability and expect to do well when undertaking an achievement-related task. These perceptions could guide their reactions to failure. After all, if one thinks one has high ability, it is only logical to assume that success is due to one's ability but failure is not (Blaine & Crocker, 1993; Marsh, 1986; Miller & Ross,