cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Osmium and Ruthenium Atoms with Nitrogen. Matrix Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations of Osmium and Ruthenium Nitrides and Dinitrides

Laser-ablated osmium and ruthenium atoms were reacted with nitrogen molecules; the products were isolated in solid argon and nitrogen and identified by infrared spectroscopy. Both MN and NMN nitrides are observed, and estimates for the triatomic bond angles are made using nitrogen and ruthenium isotopic data. The growth of NOsN on annealing in solid argon suggests that osmium atoms insert into the dinitrogen triple bond at cryogenic temperatures, allowing a lower limit of ∼473 kJ/mol to be estimated for the average Os−N bond energy in NOsN. The force constants for MN and NMN (M= Fe, Ru, Os) were calculated using all available isotopic data; force constants increase moving down the metal group, and diatomic MN force constants are larger than those for the corresponding NMN triatomic molecules. DFT calculations for the ruthenium and osmium nitrides give reasonable agreement with experiment. Bonding analyses for these molecules show that the M−N bonds are largely nonpolar with bond orders in the range 2.5−3....
Benet L Z and Galeazzi R L: noncompartmental determination of the steady-state volume of distribution, J Pharm Sci 68, 1071-1074, 1979--the backstory.

In 1967, as a young assistant professor at Washington State University, I received a call from Dr. Arnold Marcus, then the chair of the Industrial Pharmaceutical Technology Section of the Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, who asked if I would serve as a faculty member in the academy’s January 1968 Arden House Conference on Pharmacokinetics. I answered, “Arnold, I don’t know any pharmacokinetics. I never took a course in pharmacokinetics and the little reading that I’ve done in the pharmacokinetics literature is just cursory.” Arnold replied that he was looking for someone with a good mathematical background to critique the approaches then being proposed in the field of pharmacokinetics and to lead the discussion during the last session of the course summarizing the positives and negatives of the approaches being employed, while attempting to hypothesize the future directions of the field. I accepted Arnold’s offer and in late January 1968 traveled from Pullman, Washington to Harriman, New York with a suitcase full of Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences issues containing pharmacokinetic papers. Obviously this was prior to copy machines and baggage fees. I felt that I learned more about pharmacokinetics than any of the attendees at the conference, and my general impression at that time was that the discipline as practiced was much too complicated mathematically (unnecessarily) to have a major impact on drug therapy. In general the pharmacokinetic parameters in use at that time appeared to have no relationship with useful physiological and pathological processes that would allow a clinician to know how to adjust dosing under the various conditions that a patient would experience.
Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products.

Summary. Thin layer two phase acrylamide gel electrophoresis was used for separation of fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products which were subsequently quantitated by scanning. The use of 6 m urea in the spacer gel greatly improved separation. Three main fibrinogen fragments X, Y and D and minor fragments E1, E2 and E3 were identified. During plasmin digestion of fibrinogen, Fragment X gradually decreased and Fragment D increased. The concentration of Fragment Y was rather low as would be expected of an intermediate product in the conversion of X to D. At various times of proteolysis, there was good agreement between the level of Fragment X determined by electrophoresis and the amount of protein precipitated at low concentration of protamine sulphate (PS) from the digest pretreated with thrombin. The study supports the concept of two varieties of Fragment X, one with fibrinopeptides (Xfp)—in fibrinogen degradation products (FDP)—and one devoid of fibrinopeptides (X°)—in fibrin degradation products (fdp). During electrophoresis without urea, Fragment X° undergoes extensive polymerization in the slots and gel because of its dissociation from complexes with Fragments Y and D. In the presence of urea, Fragment X° of the early fibrin digest had slower electrophoretic mobility than Fragment Xfp. The mobility of other fibrinogen fragments was not affected by thrombin.
Development of a low-cycle fatigue life curve for 80In15Pb5Ag

The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology to predict the low-cycle (large strain—from 0.1 to 0.35 strain) fatigue life of solders subject to thermal cycling. Solders are commonly used in electronic assemblies. Using thermal fatigue data measured for 80In15Pb5Ag, a low-cycle fatigue curve for 80In15Pb5Ag solder subject to thermal cycling was developed. Specifically a Coffin-Manson relationship was derived for the solder, with a high degree of correlation (see Table I), for four different failure criteria, defined in the body of the paper. This relationship, together with calculated strains in the solder joint, allows the low-cycle fatigue life of the solder joint to be predicted.
Low Incidence of Aspiration and Subsequent Pneumonia Associated with Emesis and/or Endotracheal Suction of Enteral Formula During Intragastric Feeding and Mechanical Ventilation.

Abstract Enteral feeding is historically identified as a risk factor for pulmonary aspiration leading to pneumonia and death. Efforts are made to detect aspiration early to help prevent subsequent morbidity and mortality. However, lack of a clear definition of clinically significant aspiration makes it difficult to interpret reported aspiration events. A prospective pilot study was conducted in a medical intensive care unit to determine the incidence of emesis and/or suctioned enteral formula with added blue dye from endotracheal tubes (ETT) and subsequent pneumonia during intragastric feeding and mechanical ventilation. Concurrently, a case series study was performed to determine the adequacy of nutritional intake in this group of patients. Pneumonia was confirmed when at least 3 of the following 5 criteria were met; new infiltrate by chest x-ray within 24 to 48 hours, increased white cell count, change in temperature >2 degrees, increased purulent sputum from ETT, or newly prescribed antibiotic. Energy requirements were calculated from Harris Benedict equations and adequate intake was defined as ≥90% calculated goals. Thirty patients were selected which included 250 tube-feeding days (mean=8±6, range 4–38). Adequate intake was achieved in 72% of patients by day four and maintained in 90 of 138 days (65%) beyond day four (n=24). Incidence rates were determined to be 2% for emesis events and 0.8% for blue dye suctioned from ETT for the 250 tube-feeding days. Criteria for pneumonia was met in only 1 patient, an incidence of 0.4% in 250 days or 3% of patients studied. The low incidence of aspiration and subsequent pneumonia in this group of patients has led us to reevaluate routine recommendations for post-pyloric delivery of enteral formula during mechanical ventilation.
The radiographic parameters for the prediction of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis

Abstract The grading of severity of spondylolisthesis and measurement of percentage slip are well-known radiological parameters that affect progression of the slip. The role of pelvic morphology and spino-pelvic balance in the prediction of spondylolisthesis has been recently scrutinized. Pelvic incidence, sacral slope, and pelvic tilt define the pelvic morphology and position. Pelvic incidence is most important as it determines the spino-pelvic balance, affects the biomechanical stresses at the lumbosacral junction, and predicts the progression of spondylolisthesis. A new classification by the Spinal Deformity Study Group incorporates pelvic morphological parameters and global sagittal balance and seeks to guide surgical management of spondylolisthesis.
Environmental and substrate controls over carbon and nitrogen mineralization in northern wetlands

Northern wetlands may be a potential carbon source to the atmosphere upon global warming, particularly with regard to methane. Three wetland soils were incubated for 80 wk in the laboratory under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions at 15{degrees} and 30{degrees}C. The soils were obtained from a Scirpus-Carex-dominated meadow in an abandoned beaver pond and from the surface and at 1 m depth of a spruce (Picea)-Sphagnum bog in Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota. The responses of nitrogen mineralization, carbon mineralization, and trace gas partitioning to both temperature and aeration depended strongly on the substrate quality of the soils. Sedge meadow soil had the highest nitrogen and carbon mineralization rates and methane production under anaerobic conditions, and carbon mineralization under aerobic conditions, but the surface peats had the highest nitrogen mineralization rates under aerobic conditions. Methanogenesis was highest in sedge soil but less sensitive to temperature than the peats. Most of the variation in nitrogen and carbon mineralization among the soils and treatments was accounted for by differences in the size and kinetics of a relatively small labile pool. The kinetics of this pool were more sensitive to changes in temperature and aeration than that of the larger recalcitrant pool. Principal componentsmore » analysis separated the soils on the basis of labile and recalcitrant carbon fractions. Total C and N mineralization correlated positively with the factor representing labile elements, while methanogenesis also showed a negative correlation with the factor representing recalcitrant elements. Estimates of atmospheric feedbacks from northern wetlands upon climatic change must account for extreme local variation in substrate quality and wetland type; global projections based on extrapolations from a few field measurements do not account for this local variation and may be in error. 52 refs., 4 figs., 6 tabs.« less
A Comparison of HIV Knowledge, Attitudes, and Sources of STI Information Between Female and Male College Students in Taiwan

Taiwan withdrew from the United Nations in 1971, which led to missed opportunities for participating in global HIV/AIDS programs and made Taiwan more vulnerable to HIV. Employing a questionnaire of 996 college students in Taiwan, the authors assessed and compared female and male HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and sources of HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STI) information. Students reported moderate knowledge and attitudes. Females had more positive attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS than males. Most participants reported learning about HIV and STIs from traditional media, school teachers, and the Internet. We suggest evidence-based educational interventions for students should include targeted electronic and cultural awareness strategies.
Langmuir-probe measurements in flowing-afterglow plasmas

The validity of the orbital-motion theory for cylindrical Langmuir probes immersed in flowing-afterglow plasmas is investigated experimentally. It is found that the probe currents scale linearly with probe area only for electron-collecting but not for ion-collecting probes. In general, no agreement is found between the ion and electron densities derived from the probe currents. Measurements in recombining plasmas support the conclusion that only the electron densities derived from probe measurements can be trusted to be of acceptable accuracy. This paper also includes a brief derivation of the orbital-motion theory, a discussion of perturbations of the plasma by the probe current, and the interpretation of plasma velocities obtained from probe measurements.
Storied Conflict Talk: Narrative construction in mediation

Narrative analyses routinely investigate autobiographical and interview data. This book examines narratives-in-interaction co-constructed by participants in formal mediation sessions, by asking how many of the five cases in the videotaped data display the adversarial narrative pattern pervasive within the interpersonal conflict literature, and secondly what other narrative patterns may be present, and how do they work? Focusing simultaneously at the utterance level and the macro-levels present within the larger dispute context, this book reveals situated communicative practices by which interlocutors interactively construct, resist, reproduce, and intertextually transform adversarial narratives to produce outcomes consonant with their underlying interests. In contrast to the dramaturgical model traditionally used in narrative research, this book illuminates the emergent, microgenetic character of narrative development.
Carboxylic Solvents and O-Donor Ligand Effects on CH Activation by Pt(II)

We report on the design of more efficient C−H activation catalysts based on DFT calculations. The first examples of well-defined, N,O-donor ligated platinum complexes that are competent for fast C−H activation are detailed. These complexes exhibit thermal and protic stability and are efficient catalysts for H/D exchange reactions with benzene. The C−H activation is shown to benefit from design elements that (A) reduce the barrier for substrate coordination and (B) retain a low barrier for CH cleavage via a novel six-membered transition state involving the carboxylate group of the solvent.
β-Catenin Serves as a Clutch between Low and High Intercellular E-Cadherin Bond Strengths

A wide range of invasive pathological outcomes originate from the loss of epithelial phenotype and involve either loss of function or downregulation of transmembrane adhesive receptor complexes, including Ecadherin (Ecad) and binding partners β-catenin and α-catenin at adherens junctions. Cellular pathways regulating wild-type β-catenin level, or direct mutations in β-catenin that affect the turnover of the protein have been shown to contribute to cancer development, through induction of uncontrolled proliferation of transformed tumor cells, particularly in colon cancer. Using single-molecule force spectroscopy, we show that depletion of β-catenin or the prominent cancer-related S45 deletion mutation in β-catenin present in human colon cancers both weaken tumor intercellular Ecad/Ecad bond strength and diminishes the capacity of specific extracellular matrix proteins—including collagen I, collagen IV, and laminin V—to modulate intercellular Ecad/Ecad bond strength through α-catenin and the kinase activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3β). Thus, in addition to regulating tumor cell proliferation, cancer-related mutations in β-catenin can influence tumor progression by weakening the adhesion of tumor cells to one another through reduced individual Ecad/Ecad bond strength and cellular adhesion to specific components of the extracellular matrix and the basement membrane.
Evidence-based venous thromboembolism prophylaxis is associated with a six-fold decrease in numbers of symptomatic venous thromboembolisms in rehabilitation inpatients.

Objectives To measure the impact of a standardized risk assessment tool and specialty-specific, risk-adjusted venous thromboembolism (VTE) order sets on compliance with American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines and the number of symptomatic VTE as assessed by administrative data. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Academic hospital inpatient rehabilitation unit. Patients and Participants All patients on the rehabilitation unit. Methods and Interventions Assessment of VTE risk factors and evaluated admission VTE prophylaxis orders before and after implementation of an ACCP guideline–based, specialty-specific VTE risk assessment, and prophylaxis order set by using a standardized data collection form. Main Outcome Measures Discharge diagnostic codes for VTE and pulmonary embolism were tracked by ICD-9 (International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition) discharge diagnosis codes for the 12 months before and 36 months after the intervention. Results Before implementation of the VTE order set, 27% of patients received VTE prophylaxis in compliance with the 2004 ACCP VTE guidelines. By following implementation of specialty-specific, risk-adjusted VTE order sets, compliance increased to 98%. In the year before VTE order-set implementation, the number of VTEs per admission was 49 per 1000. By following implementation, the number of VTEs steadily decreased each year to 8 per 1000 in 2007 (χ 2 = 14.985; P = .0001). Conclusions Implementation of a standardized VTE risk assessment tool and prophylaxis order set resulted in a substantial improvement in compliance with ACCP guidelines for VTE prophylaxis and was associated with a 6-fold reduction in the number of symptomatic VTEs in a hospital-based rehabilitation unit.
Analytical Model for the Characterization of the Guiding Zone Tribotest for Tube Hydroforming

Common part failures in tube hydroforming include wrinkling, premature fracture, and unacceptable part surface quality. Some of these failures are attributed to the inability to optimize tribological conditions. There has been an increasing demand for the development of effective lubricants for tube hydroforming, due to widespread application of this process. This paper presents an analytical model of the guiding zone tribotest commonly used to evaluate lubricant performance for tube hydroforming. Through a mechanistic approach, a closed-form solution for the field variables contact pressure, effective stress/strain, longitudinal stress/strain, and hoop stress can be computed. The analytical model was validated by the finite element method. In addition to determining friction coefficient, the expression for local state of stress and strain on the tube provides an opportunity for in-depth study of the behavior of lubricant and associated lubrication mechanisms. The model can aid as a quick tool for iterating geometric variables in the design of a guiding zone, which is an integral part of tube hydroforming tooling.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Pegmatology: Pegmatite Mineralogy, Petrology and Petrogenesis.By W.B. Simmons, K.L. Webber, A.U. Falster and J.W. Nizamoff. Published by Rubellite Press, New Orleans, Louisiana 70122, 2003, 176 pages. US$59.00 (ISBN 0–9740613–0–1).

Pegmatites have fascinated geologists since the days of Hauy, who first proposed the term pegmatite to refer to graphic granite. I don’t know who more recently coined the term pegmatology , but it was about time; the same could be said about Pegmatology the book. Despite at least two centuries of
Awareness and Utilization of BRCA1/2 Testing Among U.S. Primary Care Physicians

Background Testing for mutations in the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 ( BRCA ) has been commercially available since 1996. Purpose This study sought to determine, among U.S. primary care physicians, the level of awareness and utilization of BRCA testing and the 2005 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations. Methods In 2009, data were analyzed on 1500 physician respondents to the 2007 DocStyles national survey (515 family practitioners, 485 internists, 250 pediatricians, and 250 obstetricians/gynecologists). Results Overall, 87% of physicians were aware of BRCA testing, and 25% reported having ordered testing for at least one patient in the past year. Ordering tests was most prevalent among obstetricians/gynecologists in practice for more than 10 years, with more affluent patients. Physicians were asked to select indications for BRCA testing from seven different clinical scenarios representing increased (4) or low-risk (3) situations consistent with the USPSTF guidelines. Among ordering physicians (pediatricians excluded), 45% chose at least one low-risk scenario as an indication for BRCA testing. Only 19% correctly selected all of the increased-risk and none of the low-risk scenarios. Conclusions A substantial majority of primary care physicians are aware of BRCA testing and many report having ordered at least one test within the past year. A minority, however, appear to consistently recognize the family history patterns identified by the USPSTF as appropriate indications for BRCA evaluation. These results suggest the need to improve providers' knowledge about existing recommendations—particularly in this era of increased BRCA direct-to-consumer marketing.
High-dose-rate intraoperative brachytherapy for recurrent colorectal cancer.

Abstract Purpose: Management of locally recurrent colorectal adenocarcinoma represents a significant challenge. Many of these tumors adhere to or invade into vital pelvic structures rendering surgery or external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) as palliative treatment. Therefore, a treatment approach was developed to evaluate the role of high-dose-rate intraoperative brachytherapy (HDR-IORT) and surgery as a component of therapy in the management of locally recurrent colorectal cancer. This is an update of our preliminary report with longer follow-up and larger patient numbers. Methods and Materials: Between January 1992 and September 1998, 74 patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer were treated with surgery and HDR-IORT. Additional EBRT was given to 29 patients, and 33 patients received 5-fluorouracil based chemotherapy. All patients underwent complete gross resection, and 21 of 74 had positive microscopic margin. The dose of HDR-IORT ranged from 10 to18 Gy. Results: With a median follow-up of 22 months, the 5-year local control, distant metastasis disease-free, disease-free, and overall survival rates were 39%, 39%, 23%, and 23%, respectively. The only predictor of improved local control was a negative margin of resection with a 5-year local control rate of 43%, compared to 26% in those with positive margin ( p = 0.02). For overall survival, a negative microscopic margin ( p = 0.04) and the use of IORT + EBRT ( p = 0.04) were significant predictors of improved survival. The incidence of peripheral neuropathy was 16%. Conclusion: The results with HDR-IORT in this group of patients are encouraging. Further improvements in local and distant control are still needed.
Visitor Behaviors and Perceptions of Jaguar Activities

ABSTRACTZoo animals serve an important function in helping educate the public about their conservation needs. Despite this important function, little is understood about how visitors perceive different zoo exhibits and the animals that reside within them. In the present study, the behaviors displayed by two jaguars located at the Woodland Park Zoo were correlated with visitor behaviors and perceptions. Overall, visitors perceived their enjoyment to be lower when a jaguar was out of sight and rated the behavioral welfare of the jaguar to be lower when it was engaged in stereotypic behaviors. In addition, visitors who described a jaguar's behavior as stereotypic were significantly more likely to give lower ratings than those who perceived the jaguar to be active. It is suggested that by understanding how visitors perceive exhibited animals, zoos can address these perceptions in order to create more positive experiences for their visitors.
‘Very Correct Adversaries’: The Cold War on Ice from 1947 to the Squaw Valley Olympics

This article considers international ice hockey from 1947 through the Squaw Valley Olympics in 1960. International hockey in these years dramatised important Cold War issues and offered useful insight into interaction among Americans, Canadians, Russians and Czechoslovaks. National programmes and styles of play reflected their nation states; hockey served simultaneously as both cultural diplomacy and psychological warfare. Czechoslovakia's powerhouse programme was purged for political reasons, while Prague officials tried to use Soviet hockey success to claim legitimacy for communism. The Soviets' communist-influenced ‘collective hockey’ achieved stunning success: the USSR national team started playing only in 1947 but was competitive with the world's best amateurs by 1954. Rules governing ‘amateurism’ were susceptible to manipulation, especially by communist regimes, further aiding Soviet progress. Canada remained the strongest power, but many of its best players were openly professional, hindering its e...
Criminal justice web sites

Criminal justice is a major concern of American society and a vast amount of research is published each year on this topic. In this article, Dodge reviews 15 Web sites, which have been selected according to the following criteria: authority, currency, purpose, objectivity, and potential usefulness to researchers. The Web sites evaluated here all provide narrative and statistical information concerning the field of criminal justice: crime, law enforcement, the judicial system, and corrections. These Web sites are published by educational institutions, the federal government, and a few nonprofit organizations.
Relationship among peripheral glucose uptake, oxygen consumption, and glucose turnover in postabsorptive man.

Abstract To assess the importance of glucose uptake by muscle in determining total glucose utilization in the basal state, forearm glucose uptake (FGU), reflecting mainly skeletal muscle metabolism, and glucose turnover using [3-3H]glucose were studied simultaneously in 17 postabsorptive normal men. Mean ± SE glucose disappearance was 2.36 ± 0.14 mg/kg·min, amounting to 170 ± 9 mg/min, while FGU was 0.049 ± 0.009 mg/100 ml forearm · min. When the latter was calculated in terms of skeletal muscle in the body as a whole, muscle glucose utilization was found to be 24.7 ± 4.5 mg/min, comprising only 13.5 ± 1.9% of the total glucose disappearance. Forearm oxygen consumption was 6.6 ± 0.5 μmol/100 ml forearm-min, of which only 26 ± 5% could be accounted for by concurrent glucose uptake. These results suggest that in the basal state, glucose uptake by skeletal muscle accounts for 1) only a small percentage of total glucose disappearance and 2) only a minor proportion of peripheral oxygen consumption, which may b...
Animal models of fetal renal disease

Fetal models of urinary tract disease have been used for many years and have provided unique and important insights into the pathophysiology of these conditions. This review will summarize the principal model systems used and the current directions of investigation. These models (including rabbit, opossum, sheep and recently swine) have demonstrated that in utero obstruction of the urinary tract alters renal growth, differentiation and produces stereotypical patterns of tissue response, particularly fibrosis. New molecular understanding of these processes has identified specific mechanisms that may be key elements in the development of renal dysfunction due to obstruction. These factors include the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and its interaction with TGF-beta in altering growth regulation and tissue fibrosis. These factors offer the prospect of clinical utility as markers of disease progression as well as pharmacologic therapy. Gene knockout systems have opened a new horizon of molecular models of congenital obstructive uropathy with insights into the role of the RAS in particular. It remains to be defined how closely these knockouts represent the human conditions they resemble. Continued application of fetal models of urinary obstruction, integrating large animal and knockout systems offers promise for improved diagnosis and treatment in these challenging conditions.
Optimization design of plates with holes by mimicking bones through nonaxisymmetric functionally graded material

AbstractThe larger natural holes in bone are not involved in failure because of the special material distribution in their vicinity. In this paper, a procedure was developed that designs the nonaxisymmetric functionally graded material distribution around a hole in a plate in an attempt to mimic bone for increased strength at small weight increase by minimizing a failure index (stress/strength ratio). Nonaxisymmetric graded material distributions were represented by a generic continuous function of eight design variables. The results show that the optimal nonaxisymmetric functionally graded plate with a hole has a material distribution pattern similar to that found in bone, and the load-carrying capability of the plate can be greatly increased at small hole weight ratio#.
A class of groups rich in finite quotients

If X is a class of groups, the class of counter-Xgroups is defined to consist of all groups having no non-trivial X-quotients. The counter-abelian groups are the perfect groups and the counter-counter-abelian groups are the imperfect groups studied by Berrick and Robinson [2]. This paper is concerned with the class of counter-counterfinite groups. It turns out that these are the groups in which any non-trivial quotient has a non-trivial representation over any finitely generated domain (Theorem 1.1), so we shall call these groups highly representable or HR-groups.
On communication in solving distributed constraint satisfaction problems

Distributed Constraint Satisfaction Problems (DCSP) is a general framework for multi-agent coordination and conflict resolution. In most DCSP algorithms, inter-agent communication is restricted to only exchanging values of variables, since any additional information-exchange is assumed to lead to significant communication overheads and to a breach of privacy. This paper provides a detailed experimental investigation of the impact of inter-agent exchange of additional legal values among agents, within a collaborative setting. We provide a new run-time model that takes into account the overhead of the additional communication in various computing and networking environments. Our investigation of more than 300 problem settings with the new run-time model (i) shows that DCSP strategies with additional information-exchange can lead to big speedups in a significant range of settings; and (ii) provides categorization of problem settings with big speedups by the DCSP strategies based on extra communication, enabling us to selectively apply the strategies to a given domain. This paper not only provides a useful method for performance measurement to the DCSP community, but also shows the utility of additional communication in DCSP.
The immune privilege of corneal grafts

Keratoplasty is the oldest and one of the most successful forms of solid tissue transplantation. In the United States, over 33,000 corneal transplants are performed each year. Unlike other forms of tissue transplantation, keratoplasties are routinely performed without the aid of tissue typing or systemic immunosuppressive drugs. In spite of this, 90% of the first-time corneal transplants will succeed-a condition that demonstrates the immune privilege of keratoplasties. The avascular nature of the corneal allograft bed led many to suspect that corneal grafts were sequestered from the immune apparatus. Although pleasing in its simplicity, this explanation has given way to a more comprehensive hypothesis that embodies multiple, interdependent mechanisms, which promote the long-term survival of corneal allografts. These mechanisms conspire to interrupt the transmission of immunogenic stimuli to peripheral lymphoid tissues; induce the generation of a deviated immune response; and neutralize immune effector elements at the host-graft interface. This paradigm is analogous to a three-legged stool. Disassembly of any one of the three components results in the collapse of immune privilege. Strategies to re-establish corneal immune privilege may have clinical application for high-risk hosts who have rejected previous corneal allografts.
Elemental composition of concentrated brines in subduction zones and the deep continental crust

Abstract It has been well established that fluids played an important part in determining chemical characteristics in many crustal terranes. Studies of fluid inclusions in eclogites have established that brines coexisted with the primary mineral assemblages during their metamorphic crystallization. These brines are currently multiply saturated in halide salts, carbonates, oxides, and sulfides. As a first step in quantitatively bounding the composition of the brines during metamorphism, the equilibrium compositions of the brines at room temperature were computed using the aqueous speciation codes EQ3/6. The results demonstrate that the brines are high density solutions (ca. 1.4 g/cm 3 ) that have ionic strengths of approximately 8 mol, and are approximately 40% dissolved solids, by weight. These are predominately Na- and K-rich brines, with subordinate Ca and Mg. The approximate Na:K:Ca:Mg molar ratios are 4:2:0.5:0.2, but are sensitive to the assumed HCO 3 − concentrations. Charge balance is primarily maintained by the very high Cl concentrations. These brines bear resemblance to brines analyzed from fluid inclusions in metamorphic rocks reported by Roedder (Roedder, E., 1972. Composition of fluid inclusions. US Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 440JJ, p. 164). Although these fluids have the potential of acting as significant metasomatic agents in subduction zones and deep crustal environments, their impact will be mineralogically discernible only if the fluid release and movement is channelized.
Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf

It is approaching a half century since Bill Stokoe published his revolutionary monograph, Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf It is rare for a work of innovative scholarship to spark a social as well as an intellectual revolution, but that is just what Stokoe's 1960 paper did. And it is indicative both of Stokoe's genius and of his commitment that he did not simply publish his groundbreaking work and then sit back to watch the revolutions unfold. He actively promoted important changes in at least three areas of social and intellectual life. First, and perhaps most important, his work, that was ultimately generally accepted as showing the signing of deaf people to be linguistic, supported significant changes in the way deaf children are educated around the globe. Second, his work led to a general rethinking of what is fundamental about human language; and, third, it helped to reenergize the moribund field of language origin studies. This truly revolutionary paper has been reprinted at least twice, in revised and original versions, since its initial release in 1960, and now, five years after Bill's death, it is good to see it once again brought before the general public.
Leon A. Hyer, & Steven J. Sohnle Trauma among older people: Issues and treatment. Philadelphia, PA: Bruner-Routledge, 2001.

L'evaluation et le traitement du syndrome de stress post-traumatique (SSPT) chez les aine(e)s constitue un domaine quelque peu neglige de la documentation, une situation que ce livre tente de corriger. Trauma among older people: Issues and treatment est un texte reflechi et approfondi destine a aider le clinicien a comprendre et a gerer les problemes posttraumatiques chez les aine(e)s. Le travail presente une variete d'orientations theoriques, de resumes de recherche et d'expertise clinique sur la conceptualisation et le traitement du stress post-traumatique. Les auteurs pronent une vaste approche de la conceptualisation et du traitement du SSPT chez les adultes vieillissants et s'attardent a un modele de «readaptation» plutot que de guerison. A ce titre, on a accorde beaucoup d'attention a la personnalite, au counseling et au pardon, dans la mesure ou ces themes s'appliquent a l'approche integrante du traitement mis de l'avant par les auteurs. De plus, on presente des resumes succincts et des directives d'approches courantes au traitement du SSPT, notamment pour les interventions d'exposition, les techniques de relaxation et les therapies cognitives-comportementales.La force du document repose sur le fait que les auteurs sont bien renseignes sur les aine(e)s. Ils presentent des idees innovatrices sur la facon dont le SSPT peut se manifester differemment chez les aine(e)s, particulierement chez ceux qui ont des antecedents traumatiques importants et prolonges. Il aurait ete interessant, dans ce contexte, d'en apprendre plus sur les facteurs de resilience, particulierement a la lumiere de la constatation empirique que les aine(e)s ont recours a des strategies souvent differentes pour faire face a un facteur de stress important. En resume, Hyer et Sohnle ont accompli un travail magnifique dans la redaction de Trauma among older people: Issues and treatment. Le volume est bien divise, vise l'information du praticien sur des questions de vieillissement et de SSPT et atteint un bon equilibre entre l'information theorique et appliquee.
An integrated method for incorporating common cause failures in system analysis

This paper proposes an integrated method for incorporating common cause failures (CCF) in system analysis. CCF are simultaneous failures of multiple components due to a common cause (CC). CCF tend to increase the joint-failure probabilities and can have dominant contribution to the system unreliability. Basically there are two methods for CCF analysis, the explicit method and the implicit method. Both methods have their own shortcomings, especially when they are applied to large-scale fault trees. Our method provides accurate and efficient CCF analysis by incorporating implicit method into binary decision diagram (BDD) and applying Markov model in dynamic fault tree (DFT) analysis. It avoids the disadvantages in the explicit method or the implicit method and is customized for currently widely-used DFT model.
An experimental investigation on the behavior of the dipole antenna near the interface between the conducting medium and free space

An experimental study was made of the driving-point admittance and the relative amplitude and phase distributions of the current for a dipole antenna near and parallel to the interface between the conducting medium and free space. (The antenna was always located in the conducting medium, unless otherwise specified.) The depth d of the antenna from the interface was varied from d/\lambda=4.4 to 0. The loss tangent \sigma/\omega\epsilon_{r}\epsilon_{0} of the conducting medium was varied from 0.036 to 8.8, a range which includes a variety of media such as poor insulators, the ionosphere, plasmas, dry earth, wet earth, lake water, and sea water. The antenna height \beta h in radians was varied from \beta h=0.1 through 2\pi . Comparisons were made, wherever possible, between the characteristics of the dipole antenna in the half space and in a space completely filled with the dissipative medium. The driving-point admittances in the limiting case d\rightarrow \infty are in good agreement with the available theories by King and Harrison [1], and Wu [2], which have already been verified experimentally by Iizuka and King [3]. Since all measured results are given in terms of dimensionless parameters such as \beta h,d/\lambda_{u},\sigma/\omega\epsilon_{r}\epsilon_{0} , and 1/\sqrt{\epsilon_{r}} , they may be applied to any combination of conductivity, frequency, dielectric constant, and distance of the antenna from the interface [4].
Biodehalogenation: The kinetics and rates of the microbial cleavage of carbon‐halogen bonds

Specific rate constants associated with defined molecular paths of carbon-halogen bond cleavage from a variety of alkyl halide substrates by six soil organisms are presented. Five aerobes (three pseudomonads, one methylotroph, and one flavobacterium) and one anaerobe (a methanogen) are compared. The rate constants were obtained with resting cells in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 in the absence of nutrients or other substances. The observed general rate law is d(X[sup [minus]])/dt = k (RX)(organisms), wherein X[sup [minus]] = halide ion, RX = alkyl halide, and (organisms) = number of organisms per liter. At concentrations of substrates [ge]10[sup [minus]3] M, the rate may diminish or cease due to the toxicity of the substrate. At high cell densities [ge]0.1 g/ml wet weight, the rates may saturate. This is attributed to a packing phenomenon of the cells. There is no simple correlation of rates with the chemical structure of the substrates when the conversions are grouped by reaction type; however, the order of reductive hydrogenolysis roughly follows the carbon-halogen bond dissociation energies. Several factors may contribute to a modulation of the rates observed with defined enzymatic active site models in homogeneous solution. These factors are briefly discussed. The aerobes exhibited a greater chemicalmore » diversity than the anaerobe in transforming these substances, and they react with much greater speed. In these biotransformations reductive processes occur more often than substitutions or oxidations. A surprising result was that the aerobes can reductively dehalogenate more rapidly than the methanogen.« less
Housing Relocation Policy and Violence: A Literature Review

This article summarizes and reviews the cross-discipline literature on violent crime in destination neighborhoods postrelocation in order to build a more comprehensive picture of risk factors for violence, as well as how and why housing policies influence risk of violence. High rates of violent crime continue to be a persistent problem in areas of concentrated poverty and public housing. Modern housing programs such as Moving to Opportunity and Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere are popular interventions for reducing the density of low-income people receiving public housing assistance by relocating residents of distressed housing projects. However, evidence suggests that relocated residents may not experience less violence or improved safety in their new communities.
Power‐law scaling of structured poly(p‐xylylene) films deposited by oblique angle

This study describes the evolution and growth of structured polymers by oblique angle deposition of poly(p-xylylene) (PPX) derivatives. The deposition of structured PPX polymers have been demonstrated recently, but the mechanism of growth has not been studied. Here, we provide experimental evidence for the growth of structured PPX polymers by an atomic force microscope, electron microscope, and a profilometer. Individual columns expand with respect to their heights according to a power-law, d = chp, where d is the column diameter, c and p are constants, and h is the height of a column. Values of p for structured poly(chloro-p-xylylene), poly(trifloroacetly-p-xylylene-co-p-xylylene), and poly(bromo-p-xylylene) films are estimated as 0.11 ± 0.01, 0.15 ± 0.01, and 0.18 ± 0.01, respectively. This result is different from the traditional oblique angle deposition processes of nonpolymeric materials where the surface diffusion is low. Further analysis with two-dimensional power spectral density (PSD) method showed that the ordering of columns is quasi-periodic. Additionally, the X-ray and transmission electron microscope characterization of the columns revealed that the columns are semicrystalline. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 640–648, 2008
Sedimentary Fill of the 1100 Ma (Keweenawan) Midcontinent Rift System in the Lake Superior Region

In the Lake Superior region, four “sequences” of sedimentary rocks reflect the tectonic-sedimentary framework immediately before, during, and after the 1100 Ma magmatic event that resulted in as much as 20,000 m of dominantly basaltic subaerial lava flows and large gabbroic intrusions (Behrendt et al. 1988).
Dynamic survivable multipath routing and spectrum allocation in OFDM-based flexible optical networks

Compared to traditional wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based flexible optical networks provide better spectral efficiency due to their flexible bandwidth allocation capability and fine granularity. Survivability is a crucial issue in OFDM-based flexible optical networks. Recently we proposed a new survivable multi-path provisioning scheme (MPP) that efficiently supports demands with flexible protection requirement in OFDM-based optical networks and studied the static survivable multipath routing and spectrum allocation (SM-RSA) problem, which aims to accommodate a given set of demands with minimum utilized spectrum. We have showed that the MPP scheme achieves higher spectral efficiency than the traditional single-path provisioning (SPP) scheme. In this paper, we study the dynamic SM-RSA problem, which selects multiple routes and allocates spectrum on these routes for a given demand as it arrives at the network. We develop an integer linear programming (ILP) model as well as a heuristic algorithm for the dynamic SM-RSA problem. We conduct simulations to study the advantage of MPP over SPP for the dynamic traffic scenario in terms of blocking performance and fairness. We also compare the performance of the MPP heuristic algorithm and the ILP model.
Attribution of functional limitation to cancer decreases in the year following breast cancer diagnosis in older patients.

Abstract Objectives To examine the prevalence of self-reported functional limitations in a breast cancer population, identify whether these reported limitations are attributed to breast cancer versus other coexisting illnesses, and examine how this attribution changes over time from early in treatment to 9 months later. Design Longitudinal, observational study. Setting Community dwelling adults in Detroit metropolitan area. Participants 2033 participants (1011 breast cancer patients, 1022 controls) aged 40–84 years. Measurements Participants were asked about each of 23 possible coexisting illnesses in addition to breast cancer and whether or not each illness, including breast cancer, caused any activity limitation. Results Of the 933 cancer patients who completed both baseline and follow-up evaluations, 45% were aged 65 years and older. At baseline, 56% of patients 65 years and older reported functional limitation compared with 50% of patients younger than 65 years ( p =0.005). Of those patients who reported limitation at baseline, 59% of older patients and 78% of younger patients attributed their limitation to breast cancer ( p p p Conclusion Self-reported functional limitations are common 3 months after breast cancer diagnosis, being attributed primarily to breast cancer. By 1 year after diagnosis, much of the limitation due to breast cancer resolves. Older women are less likely to have resolution of their limitations, which are most commonly due to other coexisting illnesses.
Studies on the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Imidazopyrazole

Plasma decay kinetics were analyzed for seven patients (400-5700 mg) during a Phase I clinical trial of imidazopyrazole. A two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model was able to account for the data. The median alpha-phase half-life was found to be 0.65 hour, with a median beta-phase half-life of 23.1 hours. Twelve per cent of the administered drug was excreted unchanged in 72 hours, whereas the total amount of imidazopyrazole equivalents excreted in that period was 38.6%. The median plasma equivalent space was found to be 15.9 l./m2, and volume of distribution at steady state was 40.2 l./m2. Renal and plasma clearance for imidazopyrazole was found to be 0.2 and 1.7 l./m2/hr, respectively.
Problems in Place: Using Discursive Social Psychology to Investigate the Meanings of Seasonal Homes

Researchers continue to explore the nature of place meanings and especially how these meanings are created, disseminated and contested. This paper uses the conceptual framework of discursive social psychology to identify varying interpretive frames homeowners use to characterize the meaning and significance of their seasonal homes as vacation and recreation residences. Among the frames are refuge from modern life, the importance or centrality of seasonal homes in people's lives, obligations and burdens entailed by maintaining dual residences and interactions within a community. The paper advocates for an approach to place meaning that acknowledges the social basis of meaning yet recognizes and focuses on how individuals appropriate and use interpretive frames to explain their relationships to place.