cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Privacy Preserving Link Analysis on Dynamic Weighted Graph

Link analysis algorithms have been used successfully on hyperlinked data to identify authoritative documents and retrieve other information. They also showed great potential in many new areas such as counterterrorism and surveillance. Emergence of new applications and changes in existing ones created new opportunities, as well as difficulties, for them: (1) In many situations where link analysis is applicable, there may not be an explicit hyperlinked structure. (2) The system can be highly dynamic, resulting in constant update to the graph. It is often too expensive to rerun the algorithm for each update. (3) The application often relies heavily on client-side logging and the information encoded in the graph can be very personal and sensitive. In this case privacy becomes a major concern. Existing link analysis algorithms, and their traditional implementations, are not adequate in face of these new challenges. In this paper we propose the use of a weighted graph to define and/or augment a link structure. We present a generalized HITS algorithm that is suitable for running in a dynamic environment. The algorithm uses the idea of "lazy update" to amortize cost across multiple updates while still providing accurate ranking to users in the mean time. We prove the convergence of the new algorithm and evaluate its benefit using the Enron email dataset. Finally we devise a distributed implementation of the algorithm that preserves user privacy thus making it socially acceptable in real-world applications.
Ethics in Practice: What Are Managers Really Doing?

This study asked managers with different educational backgrounds and experience from a variety of industries of a variety of sizes representing both genders and various predominant managerial functions at different levels to “describe the skills they think are necessary to perform their jobs effectively”. In particular, they were asked to rank 178 behavioral skills presented under 22 different categories that described different aspects of management. Data were then examined first to determine the importance of ethics or integrity overall in the group of managerial activities and then to explore how specific ethical activities of managers differ across various managerial and organizational characteristics. Findings indicate that ethics is still considered one of the least important skills necessary in managers’ daily work. However, once specific ethical activities are analyzed separately, significant differences are found across characteristics of managers, as well as those of the organizations at which they work.
Kinetics of proflavin binding to bacteriophages T2L and T4D.

We have measured the kinetics of proflavin binding to T-even bacteriophages—the 700 S and 1000 S forms of T2L, T4D, and T4D os41—by difference spectroscopy at 430 nm. Measurements were carried out from 22° to 37°C. Binding is very slow to encapsulated DNA compared to free DNA, requiring hours to reach equilibrium. The kinetic data are compatible with the two-step mechanism where P is proflavin, N is nucleotide, and PN1 and PN2 are complexes. Computer integration of the rate equations allows evaluation of the rate constants; previous equilibrium measurements gave thermodynamic parameters. For all phage studied, the bimolecular step is endothermic with high positive entropy; the second, unimolecular step is highly exothermic with small negative entropy change. Both forms of T2L bind proflavin with essentially the same rate, as do T4D and the osmotic shock resistant mutant T4D os41. This suggests that the encapsulated DNA is equally accessible to proflavin in both forms of each phage. However, T4D binds dye appreciably faster than T2L, indicating that capsid permeability or DNA environment (glucosylation or packing) is different in the two species.
Inhibitory Receptors Abound

Receptor biologists have traditionally focused on receptors that are physiologically coupled to inductive responses such as gene expression, cytokinesis, secretion, or entry into the cell cycle. It has generally been assumed that such inductive responses were terminated by ligand decay or receptor desensitization, which lead to cessation of signaling. While such mechanisms are clearly operative, a number of recent experiments have demonstrated that inhibitory receptors exist that function to attenuate inductive signals and further indicate that these receptors play a very important regulatory role in biology. Relatively few inhibitory receptors have been defined in part because the effects of these receptors can only be detected against the backdrop of an inductive signal. However, this situation is rapidly changing as recent pioneering studies have provided new approaches to isolation of such receptors. Three reports published in recent months (1–3), one by Kubagawa et al. in the Proceedings (1), have identified two new extended families of cell surface proteins that may function as inhibitory receptors. These findings are discussed below in the context of known inhibitory receptors and their mode of action (Table 1).
Analysis of hydrogen peroxide and an organic hydroperoxide via the electrocatalytic Fenton reaction

Abstract A new concept for the electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide, and organic hydroperoxides is presented. One advantage of the significance of this technique is that it does not require chemical modification of the electrode or addition of enzymes. Direct electro-reduction of the peroxides was not observed on the carbon disk electrode as it is a kinetically slow process. Redox cycling of the iron complex is apparent as FeIIEDTA rapidly reduces the O–O bond of the peroxides (Fenton Reaction) upon its production by the kinetically facile electro-reduction of FeIIIEDTA. This provides an enhanced and steady-state reductive current as observed by cyclic voltammetry. These features are indicative of the electrocatalytic (EC′) mechanism. A calibration curve was constructed based on the chronoamperometric response at 32 s and a detection limit for H2O2 and t-butyl hydroperoxide was calculated to be 0.4 μM and 20 µM, respectively. This difference is attributable to the rate in which the iron(II) complex reduces the O–O bond, H2O2 (2.3 × 105 M− 1 s− 1) being faster than for the organic peroxide (5.1 × 104 M− 1 s− 1). The FeIIEDTA complex was observed to be unreactive toward dialkyl peroxides. This method may find use in the detection of peroxide-based explosives or in enzymatic assays as it is rapid, simple, inexpensive and should prove to be robust.
Perforated semiconductor neutron detectors for battery operated portable modules

Perforated semiconductor diode detectors have been under development for several years at Kansas State University for a variety of neutron detection applications. The fundamental device configuration is a pin diode detector fabricated from high-purity float zone refined Si wafers. Perforations are etched into the diode surface with inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) reactive ion etching (RIE) and backfilled with 6 LiF neutron reactive material. The perforation shapes and depths can be optimized to yield a flat response to neutrons over a wide variation of angles. The prototype devices delivered over 3.8% thermal neutron detection efficiency while operating on only 15 volts. The highest efficiency devices thus far have delivered over 12% thermal neutron detection efficiency. The miniature devices are 5.6 mm in diameter and require minimal power to operate, ranging from 3.3 volts to 15 volts, depending upon the amplifying electronics. The battery operated devices have been incorporated into compact modules with a digital readout. Further, the new modules have incorporated wireless readout technology and can be monitored remotely. The neutron detection modules can be used for neutron dosimetry and neutron monitoring. When coupled with high-density polyethylene, the detectors can be used to measure fission neutrons from spontaneous fission sources. Monto Carlo analysis indicates that the devices can be used in cargo containers as a passive search tool for spontaneous fission sources, such as 240 Pu. Measurements with a 252 Cf source are being conducted for verification.
Herbivore impacts on two morphologically similar bloom-forming Ulva species in a eutrophic bay

Herbivore impacts on macrophyte growth vary with the identity of the herbivores and macrophytes, as well as under different abiotic conditions. This interaction is further complicated by anthropogenic alterations to the environment, such as eutrophication. In this study, we utilized in situ herbivore exclusion experiments and mesocosm feeding preference assays to examine the impacts of different herbivores on the growth of two morphologically similar, co-occurring macroalgal bloom Ulva species in a nutrient-rich environment. We found that herbivory had a measurable impact on Ulva biomass, though the rate of consumption rarely surpassed growth for either Ulva species. We determined that the primary herbivores within the blooms were amphipods and mud crabs, and that their effects varied among study sites and months. Our results also confirmed that, even with a diverse suite of consumers, Ulva blooms are capable of escaping herbivore control, particularly early in the growing season when growth rates peak and herbivore activity is limited. Furthermore, our experiments revealed species-specific feeding preferences among herbivores, as well as differences in growth rates and chemistry between the two Ulva species, which likely influence bloom dynamics.
Bienzyme sensors based on poly(anilinomethylferrocene)‐modified electrodes

Amperometric bienzyme electrodes for glucose, lactic acid and glutamic acid were constructed using glucose oxidase, lactate oxidase and glutamate oxidase immobilized on a horseradish peroxidase-poly(anilinomethylferrocene)-modified glassy carbon electrode. In these bienzyme sensors hydrogen peroxide formed by the enzymatic reaction of glucose, lactic acid and glutamic acid with oxygen in presence of the appropriate enzyme was detected at −50 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl), by the horseradish peroxidase-poly(anilinomethy1ferrocene)-modified glassy carbon electrode. Because of the detection at a low applied potential, electroactive compounds such as ascorbic acid, uric acid and acetaminophen, did not interfere in analyses. The results of characterization studies of these bienzyme electrodes in terms of their, sensitivity, selectivity, linear detection range, precision, accuracy, operational lifetime stability, and long term storage stability are presented.
Reactive distillation with KATAPAK

Abstract KATAPAK-SP and -S are structured catalytic packings for reactive distillation or gas–liquid reactors available from laboratory to industrial scale. Applying the KATAPAK-SP concept, the ratio of catalyst volume fraction to separation efficiency can be varied over a wide range, therefore the design of a reactive distillation column can be further optimized to fit each reaction system best. Pressure drop, separation efficiency, dynamic liquid hold-up and residence time distribution have been investigated for KATAPAK-SP in a diameter of 250 mm. Results for different gas and liquid loads are presented. The findings are compared with results for the structured laboratory scale packing KATAPAK-S and the industrial scale packing KATAPAK-S 170.Y. The dehydration of tert-butyl alcohol was selected as a sample reaction to illustrate the influence of different catalytic structures on the performance of the reactive distillation column. The setups are compared with respect to dimensions and economics.
Direct measurement of strain rates in biological tissues

A novel, imaged laser speckle strain gauge is described for directly measuring strain rates in biological tissues. Cortical bone samples were tested in tension in a custom- designed microtensile testing machine. Strain rates were evaluated simultaneously with both the laser speckle strain gauge and contact strain gauges and extensometers. Young's modulus values of the bone samples were estimated using the strain data acquired by all methods. The strain rates and modulus estimates determined through all the methods compared favorably with each other, with the modulus estimates calculated using the speckle data slightly higher than by the other methods (mean of 16.88 GPa for the speckle data vs. 13.4 GPa for the contacting methods). The speckle strain gauge has a strain resolution at least on the order of single microstrain and should prove to be useful in the mechanical evaluation of both native and engineered tissues.
Choosing from a Tournament

A tournament is any complete asymmetric relation over a finite set A of outcomes describing pairwise comparisons. A choice correspondence assigns to every tournament on A a subset of winners. Miller's uncovered set is an example for which we propose an axiomatic characterization. The set of Copeland winners (outcomes with maximal scores) is another example; it is a subset of the uncovered set: we note that it can be a dominated subset. A third example is derived from the sophisticated agenda algorithm; we argue that it is a better choice correspondence than the Copeland set.
Internists' attitudes toward prevention of firearm injury.

BACKGROUND: Professional organizations have called for the medical community's attention to the prevention of firearm injury. However, little is known about physicians' attitudes and practices in preventing firearm injury. OBJECTIVE: To determine internists' attitudes and practices about firearms and to assess whether opinions differ according to whether there are gun owners in a physician's home. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Internal medicine practices. PARTICIPANTS: 573 internists representative of American College of Physicians members. MEASURES: Respondents' experiences and reported practice behaviors related to firearms and their opinions about contributors to and public policies related to firearm violence, as well as physician education and training in firearm safety. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 56.5%. Eighty-five percent of respondents believed that firearm injury is a public health issue and 71% believed that it is a bigger problem today than a decade ago. Seventy-six percent of respondents believed that stricter gun control legislation would help reduce the risks for gun-related injuries or deaths. Although 66% of respondents believed that physicians should have the right to counsel patients on preventing deaths and injuries from firearms, 58% reported never asking whether patients have guns in their homes. LIMITATIONS: The generalizability of these findings to non-American College of Physicians member internists and other physicians is unknown. Responses may not reflect actual behavior. CONCLUSION: Most respondents believed that firearm-related violence is a public health issue and favored policy initiatives aimed at reducing it. Although most internists supported a physician's right to counsel patients about gun safety, few reported currently doing it. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: None. Language: en
Androgens and energy allocation: quasi-experimental evidence for effects of influenza vaccination on men's testosterone.

Androgens are proposed to allocate finite energetic resources away from immune function and toward anabolic processes related to reproductive effort. In situations of pathogen exposure, the significant energetic demands associated with mounting an immune response are expected to produce a decrease in androgen levels and commensurate redistribution of energy. We tested the hypothesis that even the mild immune challenge associated with vaccination may cause a decline in men's testosterone. As predicted, men who received an influenza vaccination exhibited a more negative change in testosterone over a 2-week period than did men in a nonequivalent control group who were not vaccinated. These results suggest that men's androgen concentrations may be finely calibrated to trade-offs between the energetic demands of immune responses and other life history problems. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Facilitated diffusion and active transport systems for glucose in metacercariae of Clinostomum marginatum (Digenea)

Abstract Metacercariae of Clinostomum marginatum excysted from yellow perch, Perca flavescens, appear to have two systems for transporting glucose across the tegument, facilitated diffusion and active transport. These systems were distinguished by their differential sensitivities to Na+, phlorizin and phloretin. In Ringer's saline for cold-blooded vertebrates, 0.1 m m phlorizin and phloretin were incomplete, but similarly effective inhibitors of glucose uptake in 3 min incubations; worms accumulated in 1 h nonmetabolized 3-O-methylglucose against an apparent concentration difference demonstrating the active transport component. In Na+-free saline, phlorizin sensitivity and active transport capacity disappeared, but a phloretin sensitive, Na+-independent component remained. The Vmax and K1 of the Na+-independent system were 3.0 ± 0.54 μmol/g ethanol-extracted dry wt/h, and 0.8 ± 0.36 m m , respectively. Vmax and K1 of the Na+-dependent system, estimated by subtracting the Na+-independent values from those obtained in Ringer's saline, were 1.3 ± 0.27 μ mol/g ethanol-extracted dry wt/h, and0.7 ± 0.36mm, respectively.
42 CHILD ABUSE IN AN URBAN POPULATION

There were 103 patients with suspected child abuse or neglect reported to the Bureau of Child Welfare (BCW) in 1977 from our hospitals. The predominant form of abuse varied with age: 14 patients were less than 6mo. old with major trauma in 10, including 5 instances of subdural hematomas; 34 patients were 6mo.-3yr.old with significant trauma in 15 and neglect or failure to thrive in 11; 39 patients were 3-12 yr. old including 10 instances of sexual abuse; 16 patients were 12-18 yr. old with 8 instances of parent inflicted trauma as a result of an argument. 28% of the patients came from families with a prior record with BCW. Alcohol and/or drugs were associated with the abuse in 20% of patients. An apparent psychiatric disorder was present in one or both parents in 26% of the cases. Significantly, 43% of patients less than six mo. of age had parents with psychiatric problems. Patients were returned home by BCW in 87 instances and placed with relatives or foster care in 12 cases. Follow up indicated that 21% had no positive change in their families or environment which would prevent future abuse or neglect. This study of urban poor suggests that: 1-there is a high incidence of psychiatric disorders in the families of abused children; 2-sexual abuse is common in the childhood age; and 3-child abuse is a chronic disorder with a recurrence rate of 20-30% as a result of inadequate resources for treatment and prevention.
Renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure and natriuretic responses to volume expansion in pregnant rats

During normal pregnancy, a gradual plasma volume expansion (VE) occurs and reaches a maximum level at late term. Pressure natriuresis and renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure (RIHP) responses ar...
Response of tomato to rates and methods of placement of urea and ammonium sulfate as affected by Dwell, a nitrification inhibitor.

Abstract The effectiveness of Dwell, a nitrification inhibitor, was tested in a greenhouse with two fertilizers and three Arizona soils. Tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill., cv. Row Pak) were grown in ABS plastic columns 10 cm diameter and 50 cm long containing 4500 g soil. Urea and ammonium sulfate (AS) were applied at 112 and 224 kg N/ha and Dwell (5‐ethoxy‐3‐trichloromethyl‐l,2,4‐thiadiazole) was applied at rates of 0 and 1.27 kg/ha of active ingredient. Both fertilizers and Dwell were added by mixing uniformly or in a band. Dwell increased ? uptake by 41%. The highest ? uptake was with Dwell with the highest urea rate, but Dwell was effective with both fertilizers in all soils. The lowest response to Dwell was with AS‐Laveen loam treatment, whereas the highest response, but the lowest ? uptake, was with urea ‐ Vinton loamy sand treatment. Dwell did not affect the inorganic‐N contents of the soils.
Generation of regulatory oxysterols: 26-hydroxylation of cholesterol by ovarian mitochondria.

De novo synthesis of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor levels are suppressed in the presence of cholesterol. Recent evidence suggests that a cholesterol metabolite (possibly a hydroxysterol), not cholesterol per se, is the effector that inhibits transcription of genes encoding enzymes involved in sterol synthesis and LDL receptors. We found that 26-hydroxycholesterol inhibits human ovarian cell sterol synthesis, and that luteinized human granulosa cells contain 26-hydroxylase messenger RNA (mRNA). We proceeded to characterize the enzyme generating 26-hydroxycholesterol in the rat ovary. Mitochondria derived from ovaries of PMSG-human CG (hCG) primed immature rats (day 3 post-hCG) metabolized [3H] cholesterol into [3H]26-hydroxycholesterol in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and aminoglutethimide (100 micrograms/ml), added to inhibit metabolism of sterols by the cholesterol side-chain cleavage system. The identity of the product was confirmed by chromatography in several systems; recrystallization to constant specific activity and mass spectrometry. Negligible 26-hydroxylase activity was detected in other ovarian subcellular fractions. 26-Hydroxycholesterol formation progressed at a linear rate for up to 40 min and was linearly related to mitochondrial protein added to the incubation mixture. 26-Hydroxylase was markedly stimulated (5-fold) by calcium (0.2 mM). Maximal rates of 26-hydroxycholesterol formation observed were 1 pmol/min.mg protein. This activity is substantially lower than cholesterol side-chain cleavage measured in the absence of aminoglutethimide. Ketoconazole (1-100 microM) inhibited 26-hydroxylase in a dose-dependent manner. Pregnenolone (1-1000 microM) and progesterone (1-100 microM) inhibited 26-hydroxylase in a dose-dependent manner, with appreciable inhibitory effects in the 1-10 microM range. We suggest that 26-hydroxycholesterol is an intracrine regulator that controls cellular sterol metabolism. Formation of 26-hydroxcholesterol in ovarian cells may be regulated by steroidogenic activity in such a way as to ensure availability of steroid hormone precursors. When steroidogenesis is active, 26-hydroxylase is inhibited by products of the side-chain cleavage system, allowing increased de novo sterol synthesis and LDL uptake. With reduced steroidogenic activity and less demand for cholesterol, 26-hydroxylase is not blocked, permitting formation of 26-hydroxycholesterol with attendant reduction in sterol synthesis and LDL receptor gene expression.
Characterization of Glutathione S-Transferase in Cultured Human Keratinocytes

The glutathione S-transferase activity and isozymic composition of cultured human keratinocytes were characterized. Keratinocytes were grown in culture and harvested at different stages of differentiation. Glutathione S-transferase activity was found in the soluble cell fraction but not in the microsomal cell fraction. The glutathione S-transferase specific activity of the soluble cell fraction was found to increase as the keratinocytes differentiated in culture. All of the enzymatic activity was found to reside with a single isozymic form that was concluded to be the pi form of the enzyme based on substrate specificity, sensitivity to inhibitors, molecular weight, and reactivity towards antibodies raised to alpha, mu, and pi forms of the enzyme. It is concluded that all of the isozymic forms of glutathione S-transferase noted in whole skin, with the exception of pi, are of extra-keratinocyte origin.
Need for quality assurance related to PACS

Quality Assessment or Quality Assurance (QA) in PACS has its roots in QA procedures which have been developed in the course of many years of radiology practice. The need for QA in all aspects of radiology is being escalated by more complex technology, administrative controls, and economic factors. Growth in PACS is leading to increased demand for QA at the system level, as well as for individual PACS components and modalities.
Evidence for the Innateness of Deontic Reasoning

When reasoning about deontic rules (what one may, should, or should not do in a given set of circumstances), reasoners adopt a violation-detection strategy, a strategy they do not adopt when reasoning about indicative rules (descriptions of purported state of affairs). I argue that this indicative-deontic distinction constitutes a primitive in the cognitive architecture. To support this claim, I show that this distinc- tion emerges early in development, is observed regardless of the cultural background of the reasoner, and can be selectively disrupted at the neurological level. I also argue that this distinction emerged as a result of selective pressure favouring the evolution of reasoning strategies that determine survival within dominance hierarchies. If seven decades of empirical investigations of human reasoning have shown us nothing else, they have shown us that our reasoning strategies vary as a
Optimization of Well Placement

Optimal placement of oil, gas or water wells is a complex problem that depends on reservoir and fluid properties, well and surface equipment specifications, as well as economic parameters. An optimization approach that enables the evaluation of all these information is presented. A hybrid of the genetic algorithm (GA) forms the basis of the optimization technique. GA operators such as uniform, single-point, two-point crossover, uniform mutation, elitism, tournament and fitness scaling were used. An additional operator that employs kriging is proposed. The GA was hybridized with the polytope algorithm, which makes use of the trends in the search space. The hybrid algorithm was tested on a set of mathematical functions with different characteristics in order to determine the performance sensitivity to GA operators and hybridization. Simple test cases of oil production optimization on 16×16 simulation grids with known optimum well locations were carried out to verify the hybrid GA results. Next, runs were carried out for a 32X32 problem. The locations of a production and injection well were optimized in the case of three existing producers. Exhaustive runs were carried out for these cases to determine the effects of the operators, hybridization and the population size on the performance of the algorithm for well placement problems. Subsequently, the optimum configuration of two injection wells were determined with two existing producers in the field. It was observed that the hybrid algorithm is able to reduce the required number of simulations substantially over simple GA.
Studies on a sarcosine oxidase of bacterial origin.

A "sarcosine oxidase" was prepared from a creatinine-decomposing strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The enzyme is inactivated by drying, lyophilization, and dialysis against distilled water. No dialyzable cofactor was found. Optimal activity of the enzyme is reached at pH 7.8. Enzyme activity is directly proportional to enzyme concentration and also to substrate concentration up to the point of saturation of enzyme with substrate molecules. One molecule of enzyme combines with one molecule of substrate. Data concerning the effect of temperature and of a variety of chemical compounds on the enzyme are presented. Its inactivation by heat follows the course of a first order reaction, and the critical thermal increment between 48° and 52°C. was calculated to be 103,000 calories per mol. The relationship of enzyme concentration to heat inactivation rates is illustrated.
Inhibition of phorbol ester action in lymphocytes by 5,6-epoxy-β-ionone

Abstract The tumor promoting agent, 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is both a highly active stimulator of phospholipid metabolism and a potent comitogen in bovine lymphocytes. Retinoic acid and the short chain analog, β-ionone, antagonize TPA action, but exhibit broad dose-response curves suggesting a requirement for metabolic activation of these inhibitors. In the present study 5,6-epoxy-β-ionone has been synthesized as a model metabolite and shown to be a more effective inhibitor of TPA action than the parent compound, β-ionone. The data are in accord with the concept that activation of both β-ionone and retinoic acid may proceed by epoxidation.
Aromatic interactions impact ligand binding and function at serotonin 5-HT2C G protein-coupled receptors: receptor homology modelling, ligand docking, and molecular dynamics results validated by experimental studies

The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) 5-HT2 G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family consists of types 2A, 2B, and 2C that share ∼75% transmembrane (TM) sequence identity. Agonists for 5-HT2C receptors are under development for psychoses; whereas, at 5-HT2A receptors, antipsychotic effects are associated with antagonists – in fact, 5-HT2A agonists can cause hallucinations and 5-HT2B agonists cause cardiotoxicity. It is known that 5-HT2A TM6 residues W6.48, F6.51, and F6.52 impact ligand binding and function; however, ligand interactions with these residues at the 5-HT2C receptor have not been reported. To predict and validate molecular determinants for 5-HT2C-specific activation, results from receptor homology modelling, ligand docking, and molecular dynamics simulation studies were compared with experimental results for ligand binding and function at wild type and W6.48A, F6.51A, and F6.52A point-mutated 5-HT2C receptors.
Fibromuscular Dysplasia of the Brachial Artery Causing Hemodialysis Access Dysfunction

An 83-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease secondary to hypertension and left upper-arm arteriovenous graft dysfunction was found to have fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) of the left brachial artery. The classic "string of beads" appearance on arteriography was suggestive of FMD. The lesion responded well to balloon angioplasty and required no further intervention. Although other lesions including venous outflow stenosis and central venous stenosis resulted in two further episodes of access dysfunction in the next 6 months, no further arterial intervention was needed until her death 6 months later after withdrawal of hemodialysis.
Estimation of the number of precursors in a sequence of first order reactions

For a sequence of first order reactions, X1 → X2 → … → Xp → Xp + 1, in which all materials is initially in X1, a method of determining the minimum number of precursors is presented. The method is based on the observable ratio Qn(Tn) = Tnxn(Tn)⋎An, where 2 ⩽ n ⩽ p, Tn is the time of the unique maximum of xn(t), xn(Tn) is the value of xn at the maximum, and An = ∫0∞ xn(t)dt. The main result is that Qn(Tn) ⩽ (n − 1)n/ (n − 1)! exp[−(n − 1)]. Since the sequence (m − 1)m/(m − 1)! exp(−(m − 1)) = Rm, m = 1, 2, …, is an increasing sequence of numbers, the result provides a method of determining the minimum number of precursors: the integer m is chosen such that the observed Qn(Tn) satisfies Rm − 1 < Qn(Tn) ⩽ Rm; then m is the minimum number of precursors. A method of determining the maximum number of precursors based on the time of the maximum of xn(t) is also presented. The results are extended to schemes of first order reactions in which the shortest path from X1 to Xp is of length p − 1.
Caution light: The Anik E2 solar disruption and its effect on Telesat Canada

Abstract Telesat Canada is a satellite communications firm, founded in 1969, that provides global broadcast and broadband services. Its fleet of satellites includes the geostationary Anik line. On January 20, 1994, a major solar storm knocked out communications on two Anik satellites. Anik E1 was recovered through a backup system within hours. However, Anik E2 was non-operational until June 1994, when engineers used an innovative ground fix to regain control.
EMBRITTLEMENT OF TITANIUM ALLOYS BY LONG TIME, HIGH TEMPERATURE EXPOSURE.

α stabilized titanium alloys are known to exhibit embrittlement after long-time exposures above ∼800°F. The time-temperature dependency of this embrittlement phenomenon in the Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo and Ti-5Al-6Sn-2Zr-lMo-0.25Si alloys was observed using a substandard fracture mechanics test. Room temperature slow-bend tests of fatigue precracked Charpy specimens were used to monitor toughness degradation after unstressed thermal exposures in the temperature range of 800° to 1100°F for times to 5000 hr. The activation energy for the embrittlement process was found to be ∼25 to 28 kcal per g mole, which approximates that for diffusion of aluminum or tin in α-Ti. The embrittlement is attributed to the Ti3X (X = Al, Sn) phase with the rate controlling step that of diffusion controlled growth of the Ti3X phase domains. The embrittlement process is reversible by heat treatment at temperatures above the α + Ti3X two phase region.
Exploring Martian planetary images: C++ exercises for CS1

We present a series of programming exercises based on photographic images of Mars collected by the NASA Viking Orbiter. Even without the news that there may once have been life on Mars [1], we feel that these exercises provide an exciting platform for exploring machine representation of data, presentation of data, and methods of storing and extracting data from files. All exercises are on the level easily mastered in the first programming course.
Thermal analysis of paraffins by calorimetry

Abstract Paraffins of sufficient chain length can serve as model compounds for flexible macromolecules. They crystallize almost completely and do not suffer from chain folding as long as their chain length is less than about 10 nm. The melting and crystallization of a paraffin, C 50 H 102 ( n -pentacontane), was analyzed as such a model compound with both, standard differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and temperature-modulated DSC (TMDSC) using saw-tooth modulation and quasi-isothermal modulation with very small amplitude (0.05 K). The supercooling due to nucleation was shown to be strongly cooling-rate dependent. There was practically no supercooling needed for crystallization from the melt with cooling rates up to 10 K/min, and values of up to 10 K were found for cooling rates of 30 K/min. Melting was completed within 1 K with quasi-isothermal modulation, but 66% of total melting occurred over a much narrower temperature range of 0.1 K or less. A ‘reversing’ melting in the paraffin was detected by TMDSC and the previously proposed integral analysis is found to be a useful tool for quantitative analysis of the thermal transition.
4.6.1 An Integrated Tool Suite for the NOAA Observing System Ar chitecture

The NOAA Observing System Architecture describes a number of observing systems that provide accurate and timely environmental information to various stakeholders who depend on this information to make critical decisions about farming, construction, fishing, military operations, traffic safety, and so on. This paper describes a project to develop the interfaces between several tools to assist in development of the NOAA Observing System Architecture. We used “knowledge modeling” as the basic approach to capture information about the systems and other entities associated with the architecture. We are using the Metis enterprise architecture tool along with DOORS for requirements, NOAA Forge for team collaboration, and ArcIMS for geospatial data visualization.
Kinetics of proliferation and latency between final cell division and onset of differentiation of cerebellar stellate and basket neurons.

Thymidine-3 autoradiographic, Golgi, and electonmicroscopic methods were combined to analyze proliferation kinetics and to determine the interval between final cell division and initial differentiation of interneurons of the cerebellar molecular layer (stellate and basket cells). The protracted span of development makes rhesus monkeys particularly suitable for unravelling temporal sequences in neurogenesis. Labeling index measurements in autoradiograms of adult animals injected at different developmental ages indicate that interneurons are generated at a steady rate of about 1% per day from the eightieth embryonic day to just after birth. The precursor pool is about 300,000 cells, each yielding on the average one differentiating and one proliferating daughter cell. The rate of interneuron proliferation parallels neither the exponential production of granule cells nor the 40-fold expansion of cerebellar surface. Adult position of interneurons correlates with time of cell origin; the deep cells are generated first, the more superficial ones progressively later. By comparison of autoradiographic maps with Golgi impregnations and electronmicrographs at developmental stages, the interval from final mitosis to dendritic outgrowth and onset of synaptogenesis was found to increase systematically, reaching a maximum of two months for the last-forming interneurons. Postmitotic interneurons, as yet without dendrites, accumulate at the interface between the external granular layer and the thickening molecular layer, and only later become enveloped by newly-forming processes of other cells. Identified among these were mainly parallel fibers, some climbing fibers, axons of previously generated interneurons, and Purkinje dendrites. It is speculated that any or all of these may induce interneuron differentiation, since proliferation of any given interneuron is completed relatively early while it differentiates only later when its local milieu has developed.
Aerobic exercise improves self-reported sleep and quality of life in older adults with insomnia

Objective To assess the efficacy of moderate aerobic physical activity with sleep hygiene education to improve sleep, mood and quality of life in older adults with chronic insomnia.
Pair wave functions in atomic Fermi condensates

Recent experiments have observed condensation behavior in a strongly interacting system of fermionic atoms. We interpret these observations in terms of a mean-field version of resonance superfluidity theory. We find that the objects condensed are not bosonic molecules composed of bound fermion pairs, but are rather spatially correlated Cooper pairs whose coherence length is comparable to the mean spacing between atoms. We propose experiments that will help to further probe these novel pairs.
Reniform Nematode Resistance in Upland Cotton Germplasm

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is attacked by parasitic nematodes including the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira). Options for management of reniform nematode are limited. No cultivars of upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.) have genetic resistance. Our objectives were to evaluate the USDA G. hirsutum collection for reaction to parasitism by R. reniformis, and determine the value of measurement of eggs (reproduction) or vermiform stages (nematode survival) as an indicator of nematode resistance. In groups of 50, accessions were evaluated in the greenhouse, using single plants in four replicates. Accessions were planted in sterile soil and inoclated with a mixture of R. reniformis isolates. After 60 d, soil populations of vermiform nematodes were determined, and eggs were extracted from the root system and counted. Paymaster 'PM 1218' was included as a check in every experiment. Out of 1973 accessions with at least one replication, none showed high levels of resistance. Seven accessions had lower population development than PM 1218 after repeated evaluations. Results indicated egg counts and vermiform counts were correlated, but not closely. Egg counts were higher and more variable than vermiform counts. While some accessions showed levels of resistance that might be useful in cotton improvement, evaluation remains difficult and introgression of genes for reniform nematode resistance remains a long-term breeding objective.
Computational Experience with a Sequencing Algorithm Adapted to the Tardiness Problem

Abstract This paper summarizes computational experience with a generalized dynamic programming algorithm known as the Chain Algorithm. This algorithm is a general purpose procedure for solving sequencing problems, and in this study the procedure is adapted to the problem of minimizing total tardiness in the single-machine model. The results indicate that at the present state of the art, 50-job problems can normally be solved in a few seconds of computer time, although memory requirements may be extensive.
Some aspects of electrolyte and water balance in three estuarine reptiles, the diamondback terrapin, American and "salt water" crocodiles.

Abstract 1. 1. Diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) were caught in the wild at salinities between 11·3 and 31·8%. 2. 2. Acclimation of terrapins to sea water caused a 2·4-fold increasein the Na concentration of orbital fluid. Two species of crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus, C. porosus) showed only a 1·4-fold increase. 3. 3. Sea water acclimation in terrapins caused a rise in plasma Na concentration. The increase was relatively small over a 6-week period of acclimation. Wild-caught terrapins had a higher plasma Na concentration. 4. 4. Maximum rates of salt gland secretion in sea water-acclimated terrapins measured by a head rinse technique varied from 16·8 to 26·6 μmoles Na/100 g hr. In fresh-water-acclimated animals secretion was less than 1 μmole Na/100 g hr. The estuarine terrapin thus has a salt gland intermediate in secretory capacity between those of terrestrial and marine reptiles. 5. 5. Preliminary evidence provides little support for the concept that American and “salt water” crocodiles utilize salt glands as a major pathway of electrolyte excretion, although these crocodiles are fairly tolerant of exposure to sea water.
Islamist Distortions: Hizb ut- Tahrir a Breeding Ground for Al- Qaida Recruitment

In 1953, a radical splinter organization from the Muslim Brotherhood,Hizb ut-Tahrir (HuT), was founded by the Al-Azhar University (Cairo,Egypt) educated jurist Sheikh Taqiuddin an-Nabhani who criticized theMuslim Brotherhood for collaborating with Egyptian secularists, such as Gamal Abdel Nasser. A sizable portion of the more radical members of the Muslim Brotherhood broke away, to join Nabhani's budding movement. Today, HuT is known to operate in more than forty countries, calling for the restoration of the Islamic Caliphate, with a history of violence and links to violent terrorist organizations. Given increasing tensions in the region over the presence of coalition troops, Predator drone airstrikes, a destabilized Pakistan, and lawless regions in Afghanistan, HuT is well positioned to amplify the strategic threat to coalition forces serving in the Pakistan and Afghanistan theaters. This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol2/iss4/6 61 Islamist Distortions: Hizb utTahrir a Breeding Ground for AlQaida Recruitment
Histone release during transcription: displacement of the two H2A-H2B dimers in the nucleosome is dependent on different levels of transcription-induced positive stress.

Both indirect (transcription-induced stress) and direct effects of polymerase elongation on histone−DNA interactions were studied on closed circular DNA that was either moderately or positively coi...
The magnetic transition in finite systems

Abstract The spatial behavior of the magnetization in finite systems near their transition temperature is derived for one-dimensional mean-field models.
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression, part V: Enhancing self-esteem and self-control

Cognitive-behavioral treatments for depression have included attempts to improve social functioning, reduce cognitive biases, and improve interpersonal problem-solving skills. However, many depressed clients report problems caused by low self-esteem. The present manuscript describes a cognitive-behavioral approach to improving self-esteem in depressed clients. Psychosocial exploration can be used to gather detailed information about the client's view of self, and help both therapist and client understand the various components of self-esteem. Then, adaptive change can be structured around four general issues: (1) expanding the client's perspective to include a more balanced view of both positive and negative events, (2) increasing the frequency of self-reinforcement by praising areas of success, (3) modifying the client's coping strategies so as to maximize the likelihood of successful performance, and (4) revising the client's goals and standards that underlie the self-evaluation process. Using a combination of these approaches, the therapist may be able to help clients improve their self-esteem and reduce the likelihood of depression.
LEEM Measurements of Step Energies at the (001) Surface of Heavily Boron-Doped Silicon

We have used the low energy electron microscope (LEEM) to investigate step faceting and striped phase formation on heavily boron-doped Si(001) surfaces. Measurements of thermal fluctuations along the steps, equilibrium island shapes, and the angle of triangular facets provide quantitative information on the step formation energies. We find that a simple, systematic temperature dependence of the spatial anisotropy of the free energy of isolated steps is sufficient to account for the observed faceting of the B type steps. These results suggest that the proliferation of straight A step edges at lower temperature is caused by the energy of isolated A steps becoming vanishingly small. We show that rapid cooling of the samples leads to the nucleation and growth of a high density of vacancy islands on the surfaces. Based on these results, we propose a qualitative model for mass transport during stripe formation.
Measuring the effectiveness of various design validation approaches for PowerPC/sup TM/ microprocessor arrays

Design validation for embedded arrays remains as a challenging problem in today's microprocessor design environment. At Somerset, validation of array designs relies on both formal verification and vector simulation. Although several methods for array design validation have been proposed and had great success, little evidence has been reported for the effectiveness of these methods with respect to the detection of design errors. In this paper, we propose a new way of measuring the effectiveness of different validation approaches based on automatic design error injection and simulation. This technique provides a systematic way for the evaluation of the quality of various validation approaches. Experimental results using different validation approaches on recent PowerPC microprocessor arrays are reported.
The effect of water on the fracture surface energy of fiber‐reinforced composite materials

The effect of absorbed water on the fracture surface energy of both glass and graphite fiber unidirectional epoxy composites has been studied. The fracture energy parallel to the fiber direction was measured by the double torsion technique. Water was absorbed at 70°C while the sample was subject to an external tensile stress both parallel and perpendicular to the fiber direction. No degradation of fracture surface energy was measured for specimens stressed and immersed in water at 70°C for up to 1000 h. The fracture surface energy for the glass composite was greater than for the graphite composite, which was attributed to fiber pull-out in the case of the glass composite.