cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grain substitution and food dependency in the Third World

Abstract Critics of the green revolution in agriculture have argued that the introduction of high-yielding varieties of seed and their requisite complementary inputs to the countries of the Third World have actually rendered these countries more food dependent than before. It is also argued that the internal results of this technology transfer have been increasing inequality in the distribution of income and growing malnutrition of the majority of the populations in these countries. The purpose of this paper is to examine empirically the relationships between so-called ‘grain substitution” and several indicators of human welfare including malnutrition and child mortality. The study is based on cross-country data covering over 70 nations in the Third World and a time period extending from the early to mid-1960s through 1989/1990. The results suggest a negative and statistically significant relationship between social welfare and the process of grain substitution. On the other hand, the data do not support the proposition that grain substitution is significantly related to levels of external food dependency.
Small group relational satisfaction scale: Development, reliability and validity

A 12‐item Relational Satisfaction Scale (RSS) was developed and examined for reliability and validity. Reliability (Cronbach's alpha) for the RSS was high at .89 (M = 43.91, SD = 6.89). In Study I, full time employees (N = 228) reported attitudes about group work, assertiveness, responsiveness, perceptions of feedback and relational satisfaction in work groups. All four variables were positively correlated to relational satisfaction. In Study 2, the RSS along with measures of loneliness, cohesion and consensus were administered to 210 students involved in on‐going decision‐making projects. Positive relationships were found for relational satisfaction and cohesion and consensus, with a negative relationship for loneliness. Implications for future research are discussed.
Configuration maintaining control of three-body ring tethered system based on thrust compensation

Space multi-tethered systems have shown broad prospects in remote observation missions. This paper mainly focuses on the dynamics modeling and configuration maintaining control of space spinning three-body ring tethered system for such mission. Firstly, we establish the spinning dynamic model of the three-body ring tethered system considering the elasticity of the tether using Newton-Euler method. Subsequently, a control strategy based on thrust compensation, namely thrust to simulate tether compression under LP initial equilibrium conditions is designed to solve the configuration maintaining control problem. Control effects are verified by numerical simulation compared with uncontrolled situation. Simulation results show that the configuration of the three-body ring tethered system could maintain under this active control strategy.
Comparative evaluation of innovative and traditional seismic-resisting systems using the FEMA P-58 procedure

Abstract Two new innovative structural systems are investigated using the FEMA P-58 performance assessment procedure to determine the consequences (repair times, repair costs, unsafe placards and casualties) of being subjected to seismic ground shaking. These new systems were developed to display enhanced performance across multiple ground motion intensity levels. The first new system, called a Hybrid Buckling Restrained Braced System, is similar to existing BRB systems except that the core of the brace uses multiple plates, each with a different stress–strain behavior. The second new system, called a Collapse Prevention System, is designed for use in locations where the intensity of shaking under frequent earthquakes is negligible, but life-safety under rare high-intensity shaking is still a concern. These two innovative systems illustrate that the seismic resistant design philosophy should be dependent on the nature of the seismic hazard and that Performance Based Earthquake Engineering should support hazard-dependent philosophies. This paper also discusses the influence of including the lateral resistance of the gravity framing in the structural analysis models used to predict the seismic performance of traditional Steel Special Moment Resisting Frames. This modeling assumption is investigated, as the behavior of the Collapse Prevention Systems is dependent on the behavior of the gravity framing. In this work, these new systems and modeling philosophy are shown to reduce the consequence estimations, particularly the average repair costs, across pertinent intensity levels.
Distribution and transport of hydrocarbons in surface sediments of the alaskan outer continental shelf

Abstract Surface sediments from the Outer Continental Shelf of Alaska were analyzed for hydrocarbons as part of an environmental survey sponsored by NOAA/BLM. Sediments were collected from the proposed oil lease areas of Beaufort Sea, southeastern Bering Sea, Norton Sound, Navarin Basin, Gulf of Alaska, Kodiak Shelf and lower Cook Inlet. Data on normal and branched alkanes and di- and triterpenoids from capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/ MS) indicate that the area displays little evidence of petroleum hydrocarbons (i.e., seeps) except at a few isolated stations. Beaufort Sea sediments have the highest hydrocarbon budget, whereas Kodiak Shelf sediments have the lowest. The molecular markers of the hydrocarbons are of a mixed marine autochthonous and terrestrial allochthonous origin. Norton Sound and Cook Inlet sediments contain the highest levels of terrigenous lipids and Kodiak Shelf the lowest. The abundance of alkenes implies that relatively low oxidizing conditions exist in some of the depositional areas studied, suggesting that extraneous petroleum hydrocarbons introduced into these sediments would be expected to have a relatively long residence time. The distribution of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is complex and shows a pyrolytic origin. The data on perylene strongly favor the hypothesis that it is “performed” from terrigenous precursors and transported into the marine environment with no apparent in situ generation. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of diagenetic origin are probably dominant in Gulf of Alaska and Kodiak Shelf sediments. Two stations, north of Kalgin Island, in lower Cook Inlet and one in southeastern Bering Sea show typical weathered petroleum distribution of n-alkanes and triterpenoids. Probable pathways of transport and fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in case of an oil spill are also briefly discussed.
(+)-[C-11]-cis-N-benzyl-normetazocine: A selective ligand for sigma receptors in vivo

The in vivo biodistribution profile of the novel sigma (sigma) receptor ligand (+)-[C-11]-cis-N-benzyl-normetazocine ([C-11]-(+)-NBnNM) in mouse brain was examined. This radioligand displayed high brain uptake and a distribution consistent with the density of sigma receptors. Brain radioactivity levels peaked at 15 min postinjection and were largely maintained (ca. 80% of maximal values) up to 90 min postinjection. Pretreatment with several different sigma ligands (haloperidol, (+)-pentazocine, DuP 734, ifenprodil) effectively inhibited [C-11]-(+)-NBnNM binding in a dose-dependent manner in all brain regions. [C-11]-(+)-NBnNM binding sites were shown to be saturable with unlabeled (+)-NBnNM (ED50 = 0.02 mg/kg) and enantioselectively inhibited by the optical isomers of pentazocine. A blocking dose of the dopamine D2 antagonist spiperone (1 mg/kg) did not significantly inhibit [C-11]-(+)-NBnNM binding. Pretreatment with the phencyclidine (PCP) blocker 1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl] piperidine (TCP) did not significantly alter total brain tissue radioactivity. Thus, [C-11]-(+)-NBnNM binds with high specificity and selectivity to sigma receptors in vivo and offers excellent potential to study sigma receptors in living human brain via positron emission tomography.
Radioactive Waste Disposal in Thick Unsaturated Zones

Portions of the Great Basin are undergoing crustal extension and have unsaturated zones as much as 600 meters thick. These areas contain multiple natural barriers capable of isolating solidified toxic wastes from the biosphere for tens of thousands to perhaps hundreds of thousands of years. An example of the potential utilization of such arid zone environments for toxic waste isolatic is the burial of transuranic radioactive wastes at relatively shallow depths (15 to 100 meters) in Sedan Crater, Yucca Flat, Nevada. The volume of this man-made crater is several times that of the projected volume of such wastes to the year 2000. Disposal in Sedan Crater could be accomplished at a savings on the order of $0.5 billion, in comparison with current schemes for burial of such wastes in mined repositories at depths of 600 to 900 meters, and with an apparently equal likelihood of waste isolation from the biosphere.
SU‐FF‐J‐93: Dosimetric Feasibility of Patient‐Specific Margins for Prostate Patients Using a Wireless Localization and Tracking System

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to investigate the potential dosimetric benefits of designing patient‐specific margins for prostate cancer patients based on an observation of prostate motion during the initial few treatments using a 4D localizing and tracking system.Method and Materials: 10 prostate cancer patients were localized and tracked using the Calypso Localization System. These patients were treated with a margin of 10 mm in all directions and 7 mm posteriorly from the CTV. All patients were first localized and then tracked for the entire duration of treatment for all fractions. The tracking data was used retrospectively to determine the individualized margin. The daily standard deviations of motion in all three directions were used to ascertain if after a certain number of fractions, the motion could be predicted for the remaining fractions. Another set of plans with a uniform margin of 5 mm was also developed, as this is the typical margin used by centers which performed some form of image guided treatment. Plams with the same constraints were generated for all three of these margin sets. The resulting plans were compared. Results: For all of the 10 patients, 3 standard deviations calculated for the initial 5 days of treatment, resulted in at least 95% coverage of the CTV for the whole treatment. Individualized margins were therefore, calculated based on 3 standard deviations. The individualize margin generally creates the smallest PTV volume. The smaller the margin used to create the PTV, the greater the dosimetric advantage. Conclusion: For all 10 patients, the intra‐fraction motion was predictable based on the initial 5 fractions. It suggests that individualized margin optimization is feasible without compromising on CTV coverage. Based on our data a uniform margin of 5 mm may not be adequate for some patients.
A research and development effort in developing the optimal formulations for new tablet drugs using design of experiments: part 2 (bioequivalence studies)

As an extension to the dissolution comparison studies in Part 1, this paper further examines the optimal levels of inactive ingredients of a formulation, when excipient changes occur which require crossover designs be performed to demonstrate bioequivalence between the pre-change and post-change formulations. In this paper, a standard 2 × 2 crossover study, as a special type of experimental design, is integrated into the ordinary framework. In addition to the discrete computational method for assessing bioequivalence that is suggested by the FDA, we further develop a continuous method to calculate critical quality characteristics. Incorporating the Taguchi quality loss concept and regulatory requirements, we propose an enhanced formulation optimisation model by simultaneously considering both the mean and variance of related characteristics. A numerical example is given to verify the effectiveness of our proposed approach. Additionally, the simulated results show that the continuous assessment method produces more desirable optimal formulations than the discrete one.
The analyst's participation: a new look.

Over the past fifteen years or so, advocates of a relational theory of psychoanalytic process have developed a compelling challenge to the classical approach to clinical work. Their critique of a f...
Erosive temporomandibular joint disease as a feature of the spondyloarthropathy of ulcerative colitis

A patient with ankylosing spondylitis associated with ulcerative colitis developed bilateral temporomandibular joint pain and severe restriction of jaw motion. Conventional radiographs did not show structural abnormality of the temporomandibular joints, but corrected axis tomography revealed erosions in both mandibular condyles with extensive reactive sclerosis in the subchondral bone. These findings suggest that the temporomandibular joint disease in this case was a feature of the patient's spondylitis rather than a manifestation of the peripheral joint arthritis which commonly occurs in patients with ulcerative colitis.
Conscientious Objection to Sexual and Reproductive Health Services: International Human Rights Standards and European Law and Practice

The practice of conscientious objection often arises in the area of individuals refusing to fulfil compulsory military service requirements and is based on the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion as protected by national, international and regional human rights law. The practice of conscientious objection also arises in the field of health care, when individual health care providers or institutions refuse to provide certain health services based on religious, moral or philosophical objections. The use of conscientious objection by health care providers to reproductive health care services, including abortion, contraceptive prescriptions, and prenatal tests, among other services is a growing phenomena throughout Europe. However, despite recent progress from the European Court of Human Rights on this issue (RR v. Poland, 2011), countries and international and regional bodies generally have failed to comprehensively and effectively regulate this practice, denying many women reproductive health care services they are legally entitled to receive. The Italian Ministry of Health reported that in 2008 nearly 70% of gynaecologists in Italy refuse to perform abortions on moral grounds. It found that between 2003 and 2007 the number of gynaecologists invoking conscientious objection in their refusal to perform an abortion rose from 58.7 percent to 69.2 percent. Italy is not alone in Europe, for example, the practice is prevalent in Poland, Slovakia, and is growing in the United Kingdom. This article outlines the international and regional human rights obligations and medical standards on this issue, and highlights some of the main gaps in these standards. It illustrates how European countries regulate or fail to regulate conscientious objection and how these regulations are working in practice, including examples of jurisprudence from national level courts and cases before the European Court of Human Rights. Finally, the article will provide recommendations to national governments as well as to international and regional bodies on how to regulate conscientious objection so as to both respect the practice of conscientious objection while protecting individual's right to reproductive health care.
Spectroscopic evidence for interactions between hexacyanoiron(II/III) and an engineered purple CuA azurin

Abstract Interactions between hexacyanoiron(II/III) and a dinuclear, mixed valence Cu A center in engineered Cu A azurin have been investigated by UV–visible (UV–vis) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic techniques. Addition of ferricyanide (hexacyanoiron(III)) to the Cu A azurin resulted in a new absorption band around 500 nm in the UV–vis and an isotropic line at g =2.16 in the EPR spectra. Control experiments, including additions of Cu(II)SO 4 or Cu(I)(CH 3 CN) 4 PF 6 to ferricyanide or ferrocyanide, as well as gel filtration purification of the ferricyanide–Cu A azurin adduct indicate complex formation between cupric ion and ferrocyanide ion in the protein. Solvent or small molecule accessibility, metal oxidation state and the presence of more than one metal ion are potential factors important for the complex formation. These findings must be taken into consideration when using ferricyanide or ferrocyanide as redox agents for studying Cu A centers in proteins.
Immunoreactive-β-endorphin, -adrenocorticotropin and -calcitonin in extracts of anaplastic or differentiated (rat) medullary thyroid carcinoma

Summary Substances with β-endorphin-like and adrenocorticotropin-like immunoreactivity were observed in extracts of both differentiated and anaplastic rat medullary thyroid carcinoma. In the tumor extracts, molar ratios of immunoreactive β-endorphin to immunoreactive-adrenocorticotropin were statistically equal to 1.0 while no consistent relationship was observed in the ratios of the concentrations of these two substances to that of immunoreactive-calcitonin.
Fabrication and Alignment of Wires in Two Dimensions

Arrays of high-aspect ratio “wires”, assembled from organically functionalized silver nanocrystals, were found to form spontaneously at the air/water interface. For all cases, the wires were 1 part...
Coining and defining novel nursing terminology. Part 1: critical incident nursing diagnosis.

PURPOSE: In the first of a three-part series, a novel nursing terminology is introduced and proposed for inclusion in the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) International Classification--Critical incident nursing diagnosis (CIND)--defined as the recognition of an acute life-threatening event that occurs as a result of disease, surgery, treatment, or medication. DATA SOURCES: The literature, research studies, and meta-analyses from a variety of disciplines, and personal clinical experience serve as the data sources for this article. DATA SYNTHESIS: The current nursing diagnoses in the NANDA International Classification are inaccurate or inadequate for describing nursing care during life-threatening situations. The lack of standardized nursing terminology creates a barrier that may impede critical communication and patient care during life-threatening situations. CONCLUSIONS: Coining and defining a novel nursing terminology, CIND, for patient care during life-threatening situations are important and fill the gap in the current standardized nursing terminology. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE. Refining the NANDA International Classification will permit nursing researchers, among others, to conduct studies on nursing diagnoses in conjunction with the proposed novel nursing terminology: CIND. Parts 2 and 3 of this series will propose additional nursing terminology: critical incident nursing intervention and critical incident control, respectively.
Spatiotemporal changes in neural response patterns to faces varying in visual familiarity

Abstract Increasing experience with a previously unfamiliar face improves human ability to recognize it in challenging and novel viewing conditions. Differential neural responses to familiar versus unfamiliar faces in multiple regions of the ventral-temporal and parietal cortex have been reported in previous work, but with limited attention to how behavioral and neural measures change with increasing familiarity. We examined changes in the spatial and temporal characteristics of neural response patterns elicited by faces that vary in their degree of visual familiarity. First, we developed a behavioral paradigm to familiarize participants to low-, medium-, and high-levels of familiarity with faces. Recognition of novel, naturalistic images of the learned individuals improved with increasing familiarity with faces. Next, a new set of participants learned faces using the behavioral paradigm, outside the fMRI scanner, and subsequently viewed blocks of whole-body images of the learned and novel people, inside the scanner. We found that the face-selective FFA and OFA, and a combination of the ventral-temporal areas (e.g., fusiform gyrus) and parietal areas (e.g., precuneus) contained patterns useful for classifying highly familiar versus unfamiliar faces. Classification along the temporal-sequence of the face blocks revealed an early separation of neural patterns elicited in response to highly familiar versus unfamiliar faces in the FFA and OFA, but not in other regions of interest. This indicates the potential for a rapid assessment of the “known versus unknown” status of faces in core face-selective regions of the brain. The present study provides a first look at the perceptual and neural correlates underlying experience gains with faces as they become familiar.
Hydrodeoxygenation of benzofuran over sulfided and reduced Ni–Mo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts: Effect of H2S

Effect of H2S on the catalytic performance of the reduced and sulfided Ni–Mo/Al2O3 catalysts in hydrodeoxygenation of benzofuran is studied. The steady-state reaction experiments showed a decrease in activity for both reduced and sulfided catalysts when H2S was introduced into the feed. The reaction conversion of benzofuran over the reduced catalyst still remained superior to that of the sulfided catalyst in the presence of H2S, however, at high reaction temperatures, the product distribution over the pre-reduced catalyst is similar to the sulfided catalyst. The studies with temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), temperature-programmed reaction (TPRxn) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques showed a partial sulfidation of the reduced catalysts when exposed to H2S under reaction conditions, however, the catalyst does not go through a complete conversion to a molybdenum sulfide phase. Instead oxygen–sulfur exchange on the surface leaves behind oxisulfide species, with catalytic activity closely resembling that of the reduced catalysts. The effect of H2S on the reaction performance is mainly coming from the competitive adsorption between H2S and benzofuran and the formation of SH groups with decomposition of H2S at high temperatures.
Synthesis and characterization of binuclear rhenium(I) complexes containing bifunctional ligands

The ligand exchange reaction of the anionic binuclear rhenium complexes Re 2 ( CO ) 6 ( OR ) 3 - (R = H ( 1 ), or Me ( 2 )) has been studied with the bifunctional ligands 2-aminophenol ( 3 ), 4-hydroxypyridine ( 4 ), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid ( 5 ), and 3-pyridylcarbinol ( 6 ). The reactivity the pendant pyridyl group of 6 was studied in reactions with the Lewis acids ZnCl 2 ( 7 ), and AgPF 6 ( 8 ). Crystal structure determinations for several of these derivatives have been carried out which reveal both discrete and polymeric complexes upon addition of the Lewis base.
Typicality effects on memory for voice: Implications for earwitness testimony

The effects of voice typicality on voice recognition were examined. In an incidental task, participants were presented with consonant-vowel-consonant stimuli (with varying vowels) spoken by voices rated as high-typical or low-typical. One week later, they were brought back for a surprise voice recognition test where the target voice was presented along with low-typical and high-typical voice distracters. The results indicated that voice misidentifications occur, with many errors due to confusions of high-typical voice targets with high-typical target voices. The results show that voice typicality affects voice recognition accuracy and is an important factor to be considered in real-life earwitness testimony situations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Tabu search to schedule timber harvests subject to spatial wildlife goals for big game

Abstract An algorithm was developed that uses Tabu search to schedule timber harvests subject to even-flow of timber volume harvested, adjacency constraints, and spatial wildlife habitat quality goals. A subroutine within the algorithm senses the size of contiguous cover blocks in order to evaluate the wildlife habitat quality goals. The wildlife habitat quality goals consist of (1) maintaining at least 80% of the forage area within 200 m of a hiding or thermal patch at least 3 ha in size, and (2) maintaining 80% of the forage area within 300 m of a hiding or thermal patch at least 17 ha in size. To illustrate the procedure, feasible harvest plans for a three-period planning horizon were developed. Two scenarios were examined: (1) units 0–39 years old were considered forage, and there was no minimum harvest age for timbered units, and (2) units 0–9 years old were considered forage with a minimum harvest age of 50 years for timbered units. The second wildlife habitat quality goal was found to be the most limiting in both scenarios, while the first wildlife goal was at a minimum for only one of the three periods in the case study. The results of the first scenario showed that the second wildlife goal was at the minimum level for all three periods when the algorithm has reached a steady-state area of locating solutions. The second scenario resulted in a much more spatially and temporally constrained set of results, where all solutions met the wildlife goals, yet a steady state was not reached and harvest levels eventually deviated widely from an even-flow perspective. We demonstrate that an algorithm can be developed to simultaneously evaluate these types of spatial wildlife goals which do not have a predictable response to decision choices.
The Need for Market Research in Executive Decision Making

Discusses executive decision making and the importance of the broader use of market research throughout the management ranks. Looks at the opportunities and constraints between market research and decision‐making executives. Proposes an amalgamated and integrated effort to ensure the timely gathering and analysis of appropriate information to help make beneficial decisions.
The biotransformation of α-(2, 4, 6-trimethylphenyl) ethylamine by rabbit liver preparations

Abstract Microsomal incubation of the parent amine, α-(2, 4, 6-trimethylphenyl) ethylamine, VI, produced imine, II, alcohol, IV, oxime, V, and several unknowns. The isolation of imine, II, produces evidence that imines may be involved in the microsomal deamination of primary amines. Separate incubations of the imine, II, produced oxime, V, and several unknowns, one of which is tentatively identified as the nitro derivative. Incubation of the oxime, V, gave the alcohol, IV, the “nitro” metabolite as above and 2 unknowns. Incubation of the hydroxylamine, VII, gave oxime, V, alcohol, IV, 2 unknowns and the “nitro” metabolite.
Redesigning a warehouse network

To take advantage of economies of scale, a growing number of firms have begun to explore the possibility of integrating supply chain activities. The advent of such a possibility would necessitate the redesign of a warehouse network. Typically, a warehouse redesign problem involves the consolidation of regional warehouses into a fewer number of master stocking points and the subsequent phase-out of redundant or underutilized warehouses without deteriorating customer services. This paper develops a mixed-integer programming model to solve the warehouse redesign problem. The usefulness of the model was validated by its successful application to a real-world problem and by its sensitivity analyses when used with changing scenarios within a warehouse network configuration.
Dispersed Communist Networks and Grassroots Leadership of Peasant Revolts in Mexico

Mexico's land revolts of the early 1970s were neither spontaneous nor simply called out by state-created political opportunities. Rather, militants and sympathizers of the Mexican Communist Party (PCM) were systematically among the initiators of many peasant movements, despite earlier state repression that had nearly destroyed the Party and despite ongoing repression. The PCM's history of rural organizing mattered for the peasants' subsequent protests both because it created some of the rural structures that could later be reconstituted and because it cultivated among its militants two crucial cultural resources: the ideological commitment to peasants and radical activist identities. The PCM's prior organizing in the countryside even enhanced the mobilization potential of their noncommunist supporters. Thus when state repression smashed the Party, it disconnected their membership. Rank-and-file members retained their radical commitments and activist identities and, as such, functioned as dispersed conflic...
Model theory of functors: Axiomatizability problems

Abstract After setting down the needed facts of many-sorted model theory, we obtain model-theoretic characterizations of small preadditive coherent (perfect, noetherian) categories.
Environmentally assisted cracking of nickel alloys —a review

Nickel can dissolve a large amount of alloying elements while still maintaining its austenitic structure. That is, nickel based alloys can be tailored for specific applications. The family of nickel alloys is large, from high temperature alloys (HTA) to corrosion resistant alloys (CRA). In general, CRA are less susceptible to environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) than stainless steels. The environments where nickel alloys suffer EAC are limited and generally avoidable by design. These environments include wet hydrofluoric acid and hot concentrated alkalis. Not all nickel alloys are equally susceptible to cracking in these environments. For example, commercially pure nickel is less susceptible to EAC in hot concentrated alkalis than nickel alloyed with chromium (Cr) and molybdenum (Mo). The susceptibility of nickel alloys to EAC is discussed by family of alloys.
Guidelines for an Optimum Screening Colonoscopy

Effective colonoscopy requires a high rate of excellent and good bowel preparations, which can be achieved by split dose or same day dosing. Cecal intubation rates in screening patients should exceed 95%, and experts frequently achieve 99% or more. Cecal intubation should be documented by photographs of the appendiceal orifice and ileocecal valve and notation of landmark visualization. Withdrawal technique must include meticulous inspection of the proximal sides of the folds, clean-up of residual fluid and feces, adequate luminal distension, and adequate withdrawal time. The endoscopist must be familiar with the full spectrum of endoscopic lesions, including flat and depressed lesions and serrated lesions. Optimal screening colonoscopy includes documentation of high quality by adequate adenoma detection rates, cecal intubation rates, and use of appropriate surveillance intervals.
Effect of ethanol on opioid drug permeability through caco-2 cell monolayers.

Several articles have shown that alcohol can alter the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of drugs through changes in gastric emptying, gastrointestinal motility, drug metabolism and solubility, and hepatic clearance (1–5). Acute and chronic ethanol exposure cause functional and morphological damage to the gastrointestinal mucosal surface through mucosal injury, epithelial membrane integrity, and disruption of the tight junction barrier (6–8). Co-ingestion of alcoholic beverages with certain extended-release drug product formulations may accelerate drug release and affect the rate of its gastrointestinal absorption (9). Also, ethanol may enhance the adverse effects of opioids (10). When Opana® (oxymorphone) tablets were co-ingested with 4–40% ethanol, there were variable effects on the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) and maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) (11). The increase in Cmax due to ethanol was seen with another extended release oxymorphone product with no effect on AUC (12). Elevated Cmax was seen with 14% and 40% ethanol when taken with oxycodone multiparticulate capsules (13). A minimal effect on overall exposure was seen with a controlled release OROS® hydromorphone formulation with 4–40% ethanol with an increase in Cmax (9). The objective of this project was to determine whether the presence of ethanol alters the in vitro permeability of model opioid drugs. Oxycodone and hydromorphone have moderate intestinal permeabilities with a bioavailability of 60–87% and 62%, respectively, whereas oxymorphone has a low bioavailability of 10% (11,14,15). Atenolol and metoprolol experiments were carried out to evaluate alcohol effects on low and high permeability drugs, respectively (16).
Differential impact of dilator stimuli on increased myogenic activation of cerebral and skeletal muscle resistance arterioles in obese zucker rats.

Objective To use the OZR model of the metabolic syndrome to determine the impact of dilator stimuli on MA of GA and MCA. We tested the hypothesis that increased oxidant stress and TxA2 exacerbate MA, and prevent its blunting with dilator stimuli, in OZR. Methods GA/MCA from OZR and LZR was pressurized ex vivo. MA was determined under control conditions and following challenge with acetylcholine, hypoxia, and adenosine. Responses were also evaluated after pre-treatment with TEMPOL (antioxidant) and SQ-29548 (PGH2/TxA2 receptor antagonist). Results MA was increased (and dilator responses decreased) in GA/MCA from OZR, dependent on the endothelium and ROS. In GA, the impact of ROS on MA and dilator effects was largely via TxA2, while in MCA, this appeared was more dependent on NO bioavailability. Intrinsic responses of GA/MCA to carbacyclin, U46619, and NO donors were similar between strains. Conclusions A developing ROS-based endothelial dysfunction in MCA and GA of OZR contributes to an enhanced MA of these vessels. Although treatment of GA/MCA with TEMPOL attenuates MA in OZR, the mechanistic contributors to altered MA, distal to ROS, differ between the two resistance vessels.
Bourdieu, Technique And Technology

This paper examines the place of technology in Pierre Bourdieu's social theory, and argues for the relevance of Bourdieu's thought to the study of technology. In moving from an examination of the status of technology in Bourdieu's work through to his broad approach to social practice and his widely cited concept of habitus, it is argued that technologies are crystalliz­ations of socially organized action. As such, they should be considered not as exceptional or special phenomena in a social theory, but rather as very much like other kinds of social practices that recur over time. Ultimately, through the use of Bourdieu's concepts of habitus, field, and capital, we are able to overcome the binary divisions such as technology/society and subject/object that have plagued technology studies.
Use of the Parcel Buoyancy Minimum (Bmin) to Diagnose Simulated Thermodynamic Destabilization. Part II: Composite Analysis of Mature MCS Environments

AbstractHerein, the parcel buoyancy minimum (Bmin) defined in Part I of this two-part paper is used to examine physical processes influencing thermodynamic destabilization in environments of mature simulated mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). These convection-permitting simulations consist of twelve 24-h forecasts during two 6-day periods characterized by two different commonly occurring warm-season weather regimes that support MCSs over the central United States.A composite analysis of 22 MCS environments is performed where cases are stratified into surface-based (SB), elevated squall (ES), and elevated nonsquall (ENS) categories. A gradual reduction of lower-tropospheric Bmin to values indicative of small convection inhibition, occurring over horizontal scales >100 km from the MCS leading edge, is a common aspect of each category. These negative buoyancy decreases are most pronounced for the ES and ENS environments, in which convective available potential energy (CAPE) is greatest for air parcels orig...
Does ecosystem and evolutionary stability include rare species

Abstract The appearance of faunal stability in the fossil record occurs because mainly abundant species are preserved and sampled. The paleontologist does not therefore observe many rare species with high ecological and evolutionary turnover rates. High ecological turnover refers to higher rates of local extinction and recolonization for rare species in the community. There is also evidence that many rare species, because they are trophically or otherwise specialized, are less tightly integrated into ecosystems than abundant species. Higher evolutionary turnover in rare species is seen in their higher rates of extinction and speciation compared to abundant species. A simulation with foraminifera communities shows that high numbers of individuals must be preserved and sampled to properly characterize original community species diversity. Despite the benefit of time-averaging which can often enhance fossil completeness, taphonomic studies indicate that a substantial fraction of the original species in a community are ultimately unsampled in subfossil and young fossils. This problem is probably worse in older (e.g., Paleozoic) fossils. We show how spatial and temporal patterns of abundance are mixed in a community. Because spatio-temporal abundance patterns of species may be linked biologically, with rare species having a patchier (less uniform) distribution in both time and space, the intermixing of spatial and temporal patterns in the record may still provide important data. Rare species thus seem to have greater temporal and spatial abundance variation on both ecological and geological time scales. The biased perception of community stasis may depend on the degree of resolution. Observation of Recent through young fossil communities provides higher resolution that permits perception of individualistic behavior of rare species via higher rates of extinction, speciation and migration. Coarse scales of observation, such as the biofacies, largely filter out the “noise” of rare species community flux and one sees suites of coexisting abundant species, with minor and covariant abundance changes. These co-occurring abundant species are extinguished only by large-scale disturbances. But the perceived coordinated stasis of abundant species may be real. Abundant species tend to be more eurytopic and biotically interconnected, to form the “framework” of the community, with rare species in spatial and temporal flux through this framework.
Weight Pushing and Binarization for Fixed-Grammar Parsing

We apply the idea of weight pushing (Mohri, 1997) to CKY parsing with fixed context-free grammars. Applied after rule binarization, weight pushing takes the weight from the original grammar rule and pushes it down across its binarized pieces, allowing the parser to make better pruning decisions earlier in the parsing process. This process can be viewed as generalizing weight pushing from transducers to hypergraphs. We examine its effect on parsing efficiency with various binarization schemes applied to tree substitution grammars from previous work. We find that weight pushing produces dramatic improvements in efficiency, especially with small amounts of time and with large grammars.
Attractors in cellular automata

We give a classification theorem for cellular automata, showing that either there is a minimal quasi-attractor whose basin has full measure, or else no chain component has a basin with positive measure.
Blood pressure in the arm and thigh of man

Abstract Blood pressure, pulse pressure, the difference of blood pressure in thigh and arm, and the pulse rate in 112 subjects in the horizontal posture showed great variability from person to person. The tendency of the diastolic blood pressure to increase while the systolic blood pressure remained essentially the same on changing from the horizontal to the standing position is in agreement with the results reported by others. Fifty-nine and five-tenths per cent of all blood pressures fell within 10 per cent, and 86.5 per cent fell within 20 per cent, of the average for the group. These results are almost identical with those of Strang. 16 Differential blood pressures between thigh and arm revealed a wide range of values; the average was 35 mm., systolic, and 27 mm., diastolic, for the horizontal posture. Assumption of the standing posture resulted in a differential pressure of 78 mm., systolic, and 66 mm., diastolic. No apparent correlation was noted between differential pressures and factors such as age, sex, or occupation. No significant differences were found between blood pressures in the left and right thighs of normal subjects. Knowledge of the range of blood pressure in the normal, nonhyperreacting subject, as contrasted to that in the normal, hyperreacting, or hypertensive, hyperreacting subject, is particularly important for those who are trying to evaluate therapeutic attempts to lower or raise the blood pressure.
Centralization, decentralization, recentralization ‐ Educational reform in China

China’s educational leaders have long debated the pluses and minuses of decentralization of control and resources of China’s vast educational enterprise. During various periods of post‐1949 China, the central authorities have devolved control to the provinces, key cities, and rural communes, only to recentralize later usually due to political reforms. In this chapter various stages of the educational reform movement begun in 1985 will be considered and we will focus on what motivated the reforms in the context of China’s unique political culture. Some specific features of educational decentralization will be examined such as finance, curriculum and management. We conclude that while the current leadership appears to be committed to decentralization, they remain conflicted over the need to maintain control while at the same time respond creatively to the needs of the new market economy.
The effect of certainty on exposure to information prior to commitment

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that prior to a choice persons who are uncertain about which alternative is best will be more interested in information favoring one of the alternatives than will persons who are certain that alternative is not the best one. College men who were told they would later be able to choose between a particular product and another product that they had ranked almost equal in desirability spent significantly more time reading material advertising the particular product than those who were told they would later be able to choose between the particular product and another product that they had ranked considerably higher in desirability.
Convection modeling in directional solidification

Mathematical and numerical models of solidification of binary and multicomponent dendritic alloys that can model the dynamics of the mushy zone as well as the all liquid region are examined. The discussion is centered around models based on finite element discretization of the governing equations that have been developed by the authors during the last fifteen years. The capabilities of existing simulation codes to model the effects of convection and the resulting macrosegregation in castings, and in particular, the development of ‘freckles’ in vertically solidified dendritic monocrystals are discussed. The current capabilities of the models as well as the areas in which more improvement is needed are noted. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the different aspects of the simulations. To cite this article: J.C. Heinrich, D.R. Poirier, C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).
Aspectual Para in Paraguayan Spanish Directive Clauses

Colloquial Paraguayan Spanish exhibits an innovative use of the preposition para in directive constructions that is related to the Guarani prospective complementizer hagua. Through a process of grammatical replication (Heine and Kuteva, 2005), para has acquired an aspectual function not evident in Normative Spanish. This semantic and grammatical shift is motivated by the intersecting semantic components of the forward projection of para and the prospectivity of hagua, whereby two new use patterns [para + infinitive] and [para que + subjunctive verb] employ the syntactic rules of Spanish to replicate the prospectivity of the Guarani source, resulting in the abandonment of the prepositive function of para in certain contexts in favor of an overt aspectual role. This study analyzes internal and external forces that make this grammaticalization process possible in the context of extensive contact between Spanish and Guarani in Paraguay.
Seasonal δ13C and δ15N isoscapes of fish populations along a continental shelf trophic gradient

The West Florida Shelf, located in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, transitions from a eutrophic ecosystem dominated by the Mississippi River plume to mesotrophic and oligotrophic ecosystems off the coast of peninsular Florida. Three extensive trawl surveys in this region were used to acquire samples of fish muscle, benthic algae from sea urchin stomach contents, and filtered particulate organic matter (POM) to create δ13C and δ15N isoscapes. Muscle δ15N from three widely distributed fish species, Synodus foetens (inshore lizardfish), Calamus proridens (littlehead porgy), and Syacium papillosum (dusky flounder), exhibited strong longitudinal correlations (Pearson′s r=−0.67 to −0.90, p<0.001) that coincided with the principal trophic gradient, whereas δ13C values of fish muscle and benthic algae were correlated with depth (Pearson′s r=−0.34 to −0.73, p<0.05). Correlations between isotopic values and surface concentrations of chlorophyll and particulate organic carbon (POC) imply linkages between the isotopic baseline and transitions from eutrophic to oligotrophic waters. The δ13C depth gradient and the δ15N longitudinal gradient were consistent between seasons and years, providing a foundation for future stable isotope studies of animal migration in the Gulf of Mexico.
Fast and cycle-accurate modeling of a multicore processor

An ideal simulator allows an architect to swiftly explore design alternatives and accurately determine their impact on performance. Design exploration requires simulators to be easily modifiable, and accurate performance estimates require detailed models. Unfortunately, detailed modeling not only impacts the ease with which a simulator can be modified, but also the speed at which it can be executed, resulting in fidelity being traded for simulation speed. Although FPGA-based simulators have dramatically higher speed than software simulators, sacrificing fidelity is still common. In this paper we present Arete, an FPGA-based processor simulator, which offers high performance along with accuracy and modifiability. We begin with a cycle-level specification of a multicore architecture which includes realistic in-order cores and detailed models of shared, coherent memory and on-chip network. We then describe how this specification is implemented faithfully and efficiently on FPGAs. Arete delivers a performance of up to 11 MIPS per core. We run a subset of the PARSEC benchmark suite on top of off-the-shelf SMP Linux, and achieve an average performance of 55 MIPS for an 8-core model.We also describe two significant architectural explorations: one involving three different branch predictors and the other requiring major modifications to the cache-coherence protocol.
Nonproteolytic Functions of Ubiquitin in Cell Signaling

The small protein ubiquitin is a central regulator of a cell's life and death. Ubiquitin is best known for targeting protein destruction by the 26S proteasome. In the past few years, however, nonproteolytic functions of ubiquitin have been uncovered at a rapid pace. These functions include membrane trafficking, protein kinase activation, DNA repair, and chromatin dynamics. A common mechanism underlying these functions is that ubiquitin, or polyubiquitin chains, serves as a signal to recruit proteins harboring ubiquitin-binding domains, thereby bringing together ubiquitinated proteins and ubiquitin receptors to execute specific biological functions. Recent advances in understanding ubiquitination in protein kinase activation and DNA repair are discussed to illustrate the nonproteolytic functions of ubiquitin in cell signaling.