cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evapotranspiration of Full-, Deficit-Irrigated, and Dryland Cotton on the Northern Texas High Plains

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is beginning to be produced on the Northern Texas High Plains as a lower water-requiring crop while producing an acceptable profit. Cotton is a warm season, perennial species produced like an annual yet it requires a delicate balance of water and water deficit controls to most effectively produce high yields in this thermally limited environment. This study measured the water use of cotton in fully irrigated, deficiently irrigated, and dryland regimes in a Northern Texas High Plains environment using precision weighing lysimeters in 2000 and 2001. A lateral-move sprinkler system was used to irrigate the fields. The water use data were used to develop crop coefficient data and compared with the FAO-56 method for estimating crop water use. Cotton yield, water use, and water use efficiency was found to be as good in this region as other more noted cotton regions. FAO-56 evapotranspiration prediction procedures performed better for the more fully irrigated treatments in this environment.
Detection and Fundamental Applications of Individual First Galaxies

First galaxies that formed within halos of mass M = 107.5-109 M☉ at z = 30-40 in the standard cold dark matter (CDM) universe may each display an extended hydrogen 21 cm absorption halo against the cosmic microwave background, with a brightness temperature decrement of δT = -(100-150) mK at a radius 0.3 ≤ r ≤ 3.0 Mpc comoving, corresponding to an angular size of 10''-100''. A 21 cm tomographic survey in the redshift shell z = 30-40 (at 35-45 MHz) is expected to encompass millions of first galaxies and may prove exceedingly profitable in enabling (at least) four fundamental applications for cosmology and galaxy formation. First, it may yield direct information on star formation physics in first galaxies. Second, it could provide a unique and sensitive probe of small-scale power in the standard cosmological model, and hence physics of dark matter and inflation. Third, it would allow for an independent, perhaps "cleaner" characterization of interesting features on large scales in the power spectrum, such as the baryonic oscillations. Finally, and possibly the most secure, each 21 cm absorption halo is expected to be highly spherical and faithfully follow the Hubble flow. By applying the Alcock-Paczynski test to a significant sample of first galaxies, one may be able to determine the dark energy equation of state with an accuracy likely only limited by the accuracy with which the matter density can be determined independently.
On mixtures of copulas and mixing coefficients

We show that if the density of the absolutely continuous part of a copula is bounded away from zero on a set of Lebesgue measure 1, then that copula generates "lower ? -mixing" stationary Markov chains. This conclusion implies ? -mixing, ? -mixing, β -mixing and "interlaced ? -mixing". We also provide some new results on the mixing structure of Markov chains generated by mixtures of copulas.
THE HUBBLE WIDE FIELD CAMERA 3 TEST OF SURFACES IN THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM: THE COMPOSITIONAL CLASSES OF THE KUIPER BELT

We present the first results of the Hubble Wide Field Camera 3 Test of Surfaces in the Outer Solar System. The purpose of this survey was to measure the surface properties of a large number of Kuiper Belt objects and attempt to infer compositional and dynamical correlations. We find that the Centaurs and the low-perihelion scattered disk and resonant objects exhibit virtually identical bifurcated optical color distributions and make up two well-defined groups of objects. Both groups have highly correlated optical and NIR colors that are well described by a pair of two-component mixture models that have different red components but share a common neutral component. The small, H_606 ≳ 5.6 high-perihelion excited objects are entirely consistent with being drawn from the two branches of the mixing model, suggesting that the color bifurcation of the Centaurs is apparent in all small excited objects. On the other hand, objects larger than H_606 ~ 5.6 are not consistent with the mixing model, suggesting some evolutionary process avoided by the smaller objects. The existence of a bifurcation amongst all excited populations argues that the two separate classes of object existed in the primordial disk before the excited Kuiper Belt was populated. The cold classical objects exhibit a different type of surface that has colors that are consistent with being drawn from the red branch of the mixing model, but with much higher albedos.
A locking protocol for resource coordination in distributed databases

A locking protocol to coordinate access to a distributed database and to maintain system consistency throughout normal and abnormal conditions is presented. The proposed protocol is robust in the face of crashes of any participating site, as well as communication failures. Recovery from any number of failures during normal operation or any of the recovery stages is supported. Recovery is done in such a way that maximum forward progress is achieved by the recovery procedures. Integration of virtually any locking discipline including predicate lock methods is permitted by this protocol. The locking algorithm operates, and operates correctly, when the network is partitioned, either intentionally or by failure of communication lines. Each partition is able to continue with work local to it, and operation merges gracefully when the partitions are reconnected.A subroutine of the protocol, that assures reliable communication among sites, is shown to have better performance than two-phase commit methods. For many topologies of interest, the delay introduced by the overall protocol is not a direct function of the size of the network. The communications cost is shown to grow in a relatively slow, linear fashion with the number of sites participating in the transaction. An informal proof of the correctness of the algorithm is also presented in this paper.The algorithm has as its core a centralized locking protocol with distributed recovery procedures. A centralized controller with local appendages at each site coordinates all resource control, with requests initiated by application programs at any site. However, no site experiences undue load. Recovery is broken down into three disjoint mechanisms: for single node recovery, merge of partitions, and reconstruction of the centralized controller and tables. The disjointness of the mechanisms contributes to comprehensibility and ease of proof.The paper concludes with a proposal for an extension aimed at optimizing operation of the algorithm to adapt to highly skewed distributions of activity. The extension applies nicely to interconnected computer networks.
Simulation of attitude motions of torque-free, deformable spacecraft

Abstract Equations of motion are derived for torque-free, elastic, dissipative systems possessing a finite number of degrees of freedom. The equations are linearized about a particular solution in the variables describing the “internal” configuration of the system, and then SAM, a computer program based on these equations, is described. The program permits the user to obtain information about motions of a given system without writing any computer code. The paper concludes with an illustrative example involving a comparison of results obtained, on the one hand, by solving the exact equations of motion and, on the other hand, by using SAM to explore the behavior of a satellite containing a passive nutation damper. The example shows rather vividly both that relatively small deformational motions can give rise to large attitude motions and that SAM can describe these motions satisfactorily.
SYNTHESIS OF BATZELLADINE E AND ITS E ISOMER

Abstract The synthesis of 4E established that batzelladine E ( 4Z ) has the Z - rather than the E -stereochemistry previously depicted. Batzelladine E ( 4Z ) has been synthesized by an efficient 9-step route in 3% overall yield.
Total synthesis of citreomontanin and its C18Z polyene isomer

Abstract A total synthesis of citreomontanin 5 , a biologically active mycotoxin isolated from P. pedemontanum , and its C 18 Z isomer 6 , is described
Generating Large Data Sets for Simulation of Electronics Manufacturing

Very often the data sets needed for large-scale system simulation and testing aren't available. Even when it's possible to collect and use the real-world data, they're not always suitable. In some situations, only a small portion of the data sets is actually needed for system testing. In others, the sets may involve many data variables and extensive data elements in each data variable, creating high complexity and difficulty. This is especially true in manufac turing production planning, where many fac tors must be considered, and the scope of the data sets is often very large. Here we introduce the procedure and methods we developed for generating large data sets in manufacturing using Monte Carlo techniques combined with the Extended Entity Relationship modeling method. We introduce an approach that can deal with complicated relationships and order ing among random variates. We generate the data sets for an IBM electronics manufactur ing facility. We examine use of the sets to test an information visual...
On the Geometry of Constant Returns.

Abstract Constant returns to scale, always a simplifying assumption, is often also much more: many important results depend critically on the very special properties of this class of production function. The author provides a unified set of simple proofs for most of the crucial analytical properties of constant returns production and their implications for firm costs. He uses only familiar diagrams and high school geometry, and the proofs are written to be easily understood by college sophomores.
Statistical Traces of Long-Term Memories Stored in Strengths and Patterns of Synaptic Connections

Learning and long-term memory rely on plasticity of neural circuits. In adult cerebral cortex, plasticity can result from potentiation and depression of synaptic strengths and structural reorganization of circuits through growth and retraction of dendritic spines. By analyzing 166 distributions of spine head volumes and spine lengths from mouse, rat, monkey, and human brains, we determine the “generalized cost” of dendritic spines. This cost universally depends on spine shape, i.e., the dependence is the same in all the analyzed systems. We show that, in adult, synaptic strength and structural synaptic plasticity mechanisms are in statistical equilibrium, the numbers of dendritic spines in different cortical areas are nearly optimally chosen for memory storage, and the distributions of spine lengths and head volumes are governed by a single parameter—the effective temperature. We suggest that the effective temperature may be viewed as a measure of circuit stability or longevity of stored memories.
Review of Reactor Neutrino Oscillation Experiments

In this document we will review the current status of reactor neutrino oscillation experiments and present their physics potentials for measuring the θ13 neutrino mixing angle. The neutrino mixing angle θ13 is currently a high-priority topic in the field of neutrino physics. There are currently three different reactor neutrino experiments, DOUBLE CHOOZ, DAYA BAY and RENO and a few accelerator neutrino experiments searching for neutrino oscillations induced by this angle. A description of the reactor experiments searching for a nonzero value of θ13 is given, along with a discussion of the sensitivities that these experiments can reach in the near future.
The Kulinkovich Reaction in the Synthesis of Constrained N,N-Dialkyl Neurotransmitter Analogues

An intermolecular Ti(IV)-mediated cyclopropanation reaction has been used to synthesize substituted 2-phenylcyclopropylamines and constrained analogues of the neurotransmitters histamine and tryptamine. Many hydroxy- and methoxy-substituted phenylcyclopropylamines are known to inhibit monoamine oxidase and have been shown to mimic hallucinogens. These compounds were made in 1 to 5 steps from readily available starting materials.
An efficient and mild synthesis of highly substituted imidazoles

Abstract A versatile, one-step imidazole synthesis employing vicinal tricarbonyl compounds is described.
Synthesis of indolocarbazoles via annulations of chromium carbene complexes

Abstract The synthesis of indolocarbazoles containing hydrogen bonding functionality mimicking the pharmacophore contained within bioactive indolocarbazole natural products is reported. The indolocarbazoles are prepared via palladium catalyzed cross coupling of indoles followed by photochemical and thermal annulation reactions of chromium carbene complexes.
Double bonds between molybdenum atoms supported by dimethylamido ligands: Mo2(NMe2)4(OR)4 compounds, where R 4- methylcyclohexyl and diisopropylmethyl

Abstract Hydrocarbon solutions of Mo(NMe2)4 and the alcohols, ROH (2 equiv) (where R  4-methylcyclohexyl and diisopropyl) react to give compounds of empirical formula Mo(NMe2)2(OR)2 which are dimeric both in solution and in the solid-state. The derivative for R  4-methylcyclohexyl has a crystallographically imposed centre of inversion and a central planar MO2(μ-N)2 moiety: MoMo  2.5431(5) A. The local geometry about each Mo atom corresponds to a distorted trigonal bipyramid and the two halves of the molecule are joined along a common equatorial-axial edge.
A Note on US Royalty Relief, Rent Sharing and Offshore Oil Production

This paper offers an economic analysis explaining why royalty relief under US Federal legislation is expensive in terms of revenue foregone, but is largely ineffective in increasing US offshore oil production. Repeal of royalty relief is therefore justified.
Malyngamide I from the tropical marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula and the probable structure revision of stylocheilamide

Abstract An ichthyotoxic amide of 7( S )-methoxytetradec-4( E )-enoic acid was isolated from an Okinawan collection of Lyngbya majuscula . Data from the acetate derivative of this amide was used for the probable structure revision of stylocheilamide, a previously reported metabolite from the sea hare Stylocheilus longicauda .
Dynamical study of a first order gravitational phase transition

Abstract Using dynamical simulation we study a gravitational phase transition in a system of N rotating mass shells at constant temperature. Even for N = 8 we find evidence of the transition in each direction, and improved agreement with mean field predictions for larger values. Surprising features are powerlaw relaxation and system wide correlation.
Addition of Sulfonic Acids to Terminal Alkynes Catalyzed by a Rhodium Complex: Ligand Concentration‐Controlled Reaction Selectivity

A Rh-catalyzed process for the regioselective formation of vinyl sulfonate esters in moderate to high yields through the hydrosulfonation of alkynes with sulfonic acids has been developed. Our synthetic approach is capable of adding a variety of alkynes to a set of sulfonic acids and is amenable to different phosphorus ligands, solvents, and Rh precursors. We control the chemo- and regioselectivity of the reaction to the Markovnikov vinyl sulfonate ester by tuning the concentration of the exogenous ligand, PPh3, which forms the active RhP species in situ. At lower PPh3 concentrations, the reaction favors the formation of vinyl sulfonate esters, whereas at higher PPh3 concentrations, the reaction favors the formation of vinylphosphonium salts. We perform Hammett analyses and kinetic isotope effect experiments to determine the steps of the catalytic mechanism. Reaction data for substituted acetylenes indicates syn and anti addition occur across the triple bond. Experiments performed with the vinylphosphonium salt as the exogenous ligand determined that the formation of the salt was not a necessary step in the catalytic mechanism for the direct formation of the vinyl sulfonate esters.
Hot topics from the Tevatron

The Tevatron Run-II began in March 2001. To date, both the CDF and D0 experiments have collected 1 fb{sup -1} of data each. The results obtained from this data set were summarized at this conference in 39 parallel session presentations covering a wide range of topics. The author summarizes the most important of those results here and comments on some of the prospects for the future.
An infrared study of the dynamics of weakly bound water in crystalline hydrates

Isotopic dilution studies of water molecules in weakly bound crystalline hydrates reveal a strong dependence of the infrared spectra on temperature. The infrared stretching and bending bands of dilute HDO in NaClO4⋅H2O and LiI⋅3H2O show multiple bands at low temperature which broaden and move together as the temperature is raised. In contrast, only single narrow bands are seen in the very similar LiClO4⋅3H2O. The potential in which the waters move is calculated from a simple electrostatic model. The stretching frequencies are taken to be a function of the librational coordinate of the water and the observed frequencies are then averages over the libration. This simple prescription for calculating the observed bands is that given by Redfield theory. We conclude that the observed band collapse in NaClO4⋅H2O is due primarily to the increase with temperature of the in‐plane water libration. At higher temperatures, the 180° flipping motion also contributes to the collapse. For LiI⋅3H2O, the motion is a complex one involving locally ordered domains of the water molecules in the crystal.
Prediction of IC50 values for ACAT inhibitors from molecular structure.

A quantitative structure−activity study is performed on several series of compounds derived from N-chlorosulfonyl isocyanate to develop models that relate their structures to IC50 activity for inhi...
Determination of both mechanical and electronic shifts in cone beam SPECT

The difference between the displacement of the centre of rotation (mechanical shift, MS) and the electronic centring misalignment (electronic shift, ES) in cone beam SPECT is evaluated. A method is proposed to determine both MS and ES using the centroid of a projected point source sampled over 360 degrees and the Marquardt non-linear fitting algorithm. Both shifts are characterized by two orthogonal components. This method is verified using Monte Carlo simulated point source data with different combinations of mechanical and electronic shifts. Both shifts can be determined correctly. The authors have also applied the proposed method to their cone beam SPECT system to determine both shifts as well as the focal length. The determined ES parameters are then used to correct the projections and the MS parameters are incorporated into a reconstruction algorithm. The point source images are reconstructed and the image resolutions with and without the shift corrections are measured. The experimental results demonstrate that the image resolution is improved after shift corrections.
Mapping techniques for aligning sulci across multiple brains.

Visualization and mapping of function on the cortical surface is difficult because of its sulcal and gyral convolutions. Methods to unfold and flatten the cortical surface for visualization and measurement have been described in the literature. This makes visualization and measurement possible, but comparison across multiple subjects is still difficult because of the lack of a standard mapping technique. In this paper, we describe two methods that map each hemisphere of the cortex to a portion of a sphere in a standard way. To quantify how accurately the geometric features of the cortex – i.e., sulci and gyri – are mapped into the same location, sulcal alignment across multiple brains is analyzed, and probabilistic maps for different sulcal regions are generated to be used in automatic labelling of segmented sulcal regions.
Confidentiality and Privacy Breaches in a University Hospital Emergency Department

Objective: To determine the frequency of visual and auditory confidentiality and privacy breaches in a university ED. Methods: A prospective, observational study of medical personnel behavior was performed using participant and direct observation techniques. Observations were made in a university tertiary referral and trauma center emergency facility. Observers recorded auditory and visual confidentiality and privacy breaches in various patient care areas during 1-hour periods. Information collected included patient name or room number, complaint/diagnosis, diagnostic tests, past medical history, and personal information. It was then determined whether a clear identification of the patient's name or face and/or an association to his or her clinical course could be made. Results: All members of the health care team committed confidentiality and privacy breaches. Frequency of breaches was dependent on room location and design. Breaches in the triage/waiting area occurred for >53% of the patients. Breaches near the physician/nursing station ranged from 3 to 24 per hour and 1.5 to 3.4 per patient hour. Other inappropriate comments also were noted. One hundred consecutive patients and family members were interviewed at ED release, with only 2/100 having noticed the status board, although neither could recall any specific details. Conclusion: Confidentiality and privacy breaches occur in a university ED by all members of the health care team. The ED architecture and floor plan affect patient confidentiality and privacy.
Experimental studies of magnetic levitation train aerodynamics

A high-speed moving-track test system was designed and built for the aerodynamic testing of magnetically levitated vehicle (Maglev) models. The moving-track test system was configured to match wind speeds up to 150 miles per hour and to extend a sufficient distance upstream and downstream of the test-vehicle model to provide a uniform flowfield at the model nose and to simulate proper closure of the flowfield at the rear of the model. Extensive flowfield testing around the track system confirmed its capability to properly simulate the flow around the high-speed tracked vehicle. The selected Maglev model was tested with the moving-track system, and aerodynamic forces and moments were measured. Hot-wire anemometer surveys were used to examine the flowfield behind the model and the turbulence levels and transition location on the vehicle nose. Flow visualization tests were also conducted to verify the nature of the flowfield found in the velocity surveys. Testing included direct measurement of skin friction at selected locations on the model. Separate tests were conducted with the track system removed from the tunnel. The resulting data provide a database for use in the design of Maglev systems and for comparison with computer analyses.
An application of rough set theory to defect detection of automotive glass

Abstract A technique based on rough set theory is investigated for identifying defects on a backlight (a rear window of a vehicle with a defrost circuit). Since replacement of defective backlights result in a significant financial loss, automobile manufacturers are trying to remove defective backlights during the manufacturing process. Therefore, an automated inspection system based on infrared (IR) imaging techniques has been developed to detect backlight defects such as missing lines or hotspots, where the most challenging task is identifying hotspots from their artifacts. Feature selection techniques based on rough set theory are explored in this paper and are used to extract a feature vector, which increases inspection accuracy as well as reduces computational complexity. The theory is also applied to generate decision rules, which can be simply added to existing inspection systems to assist the operators in their decision making process. The proposed inspection system is expected to provide more reliable fault detection with low rate of false alarms than currently available systems.
X-Ray Properties of Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in Active Galaxies

We present a pilot study of the X-ray properties of intermediate-mass (~105-106 M☉) black holes in active galaxies using the Chandra X-ray telescope. Eight of the 10 active galaxies are detected with a significance of at least 3 σ, with X-ray luminosities in the range L0.5-2 keV ≈ 1041-1043 ergs s-1. The optical to X-ray flux ratios are consistent with expectations, given the known correlations between αox and ultraviolet luminosity, while a couple of objects appear to be anomalously X-ray weak. The range of 0.5 to 2 keV photon indices we measure, 1 < Γs < 2.7, is entirely consistent with values found in samples of more luminous sources with more massive black holes. Black hole mass is evidently not a primary driver of soft X-ray spectral index. On the other hand, we do find evidence for a correlation between the X-ray power-law slope and both X-ray luminosity and Eddington ratio, which may suggest that X-ray emission mechanisms weaken at high Eddington ratios. Such a weakening may explain the anomalous X-ray weakness of one of our most optically luminous objects.
Magnetic vacancy percolation in dilute antiferromagnets

Neutron-scattering experiments at the magnetic vacancy percolation threshold concentration ${x}_{v},$ using the random-field Ising crystal ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.76}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{0.24}{\mathrm{F}}_{2},$ show stability of the transition to long-range order up to fields $H=6.5\mathrm{T}.$ The observation of the stable long-range order corroborates the sharp boundary observed in computer simulations at ${x}_{v}$ separating equilibrium critical scattering behavior at high magnetic concentration from low concentration hysteretic behavior. Low-temperature $Hg0$ scattering line shapes exhibit the dependence on the scattering wave vector expected for percolation threshold fractal structures.
Synthesis of novel and photolabile philanthotoxin analogs: Glutamate receptor antagonists

Abstract The synthetic methods for 27 novel and photolabile philanthotoxin analogs are described. Most analogs were synthesized by two general methods with modifications of these methods where necessary.
Preparation of 2,4-Bis(Methylsulfonyl)-1-naphthyl (BMSN) Active Esters and their Potential Utility in Peptide Bond Formation

Abstract A convenient synthesis of 2,4-bis(methylthio)-1-naphthol and 2,4-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-naphthol is reported. The utility of the latter as a carboxyl-activating component in the formation of peptide bonds is also presented.
Lagrangian-eulerian methods for uniqueness in hydrodynamic systems

Abstract We present a Lagrangian–Eulerian strategy for proving uniqueness and local existence of solutions of limited smoothness for a class of incompressible hydrodynamic models including Oldroyd-B type complex fluid models and zero magnetic resistivity magneto-hydrodynamics equations.
Flight Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Area Navigation for Jet Transport Noise Abatement

The NASA, working with American Airlines, has completed the first phase of research to evaluate the operational feasibility of two-segment approaches for noise abatement. For these tests, area navigation was used to establish the upper glide slope and an ILS was used to establish the lower. The flight director was modified to provide command information during the entire approach. Twenty-eight pilots representing the airlines, professional pilot associations, FAA, and NASA participated. With an ILS approach for comparison, the procedure gave a noise reduction of 18 EPNdB at the outer marker and 8 EPNdB 1.1 n. mi. from touchdown.
The transcription factor Etv5 controls TH17 cell development and allergic airway inflammation.

Background The differentiation of T H 17 cells, which promote pulmonary inflammation, requires the cooperation of a network of transcription factors. Objectives We sought to define the role of Etv5, an Ets-family transcription factor, in T H 17 cell development and function. Methods T H 17 development was examined in primary mouse T cells wherein Etv5 expression was altered by retroviral transduction, small interfering RNA targeting a specific gene, and mice with a conditional deletion of Etv5 in T cells. The direct function of Etv5 on the Il17 locus was tested with chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays. The house dust mite–induced allergic inflammation model was used to test the requirement for Etv5-dependent T H 17 functions in vivo . Results We identify Etv5 as a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3–induced positive regulator of T H 17 development. Etv5 controls T H 17 differentiation by directly promoting Il17a and Il17f expression. Etv5 recruits histone-modifying enzymes to the Il17a-Il17f locus, resulting in increased active histone marks and decreased repressive histone marks. In a model of allergic airway inflammation, mice with Etv5 -deficient T cells have reduced airway inflammation and IL-17A/F production in the lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared with wild-type mice, without changes in T H 2 cytokine production. Conclusions These data define signal transducer and activator of transcription 3–dependent feed-forward control of T H 17 cytokine production and a novel role for Etv5 in promoting T cell–dependent airway inflammation.
Temperature fluctuations in interstellar dust grains

Temperature fluctuations in interstellar dust grains caused by absorption of ultraviolet photons are discussed. Temperature probability distributions are presented for various assumptions about the grain specific heat and far infrared emissivity. Grains smaller than or about 0.01 μ may suffer large temperature fluctuations and would spend most of their time at very low temperatures. The ‘equilibrium temperature’ is not a good measure for most average temperatures of such grains. It is shown that, although small grains spend only a small fraction of their time at the higher temperatures, the emitted far infrared spectrum is significantly shifted towards shorter wavelengths than predicted for grains assumed to be at the equilibrium temperature.
Modeling spatial dimensions of housing prices in Milwaukee, WI

In this study we investigate spatial dimensions of housing-market dynamics in the City of Milwaukee by modeling the determinants of housing prices. From the 2003 Master Property data file of the city, two sets of owner-occupied single-family houses were randomly selected (one to construct the models, and the other to rest the models). Besides conventional housing attributes, remote-sensing information, in particular the fractions of soil and impervious surface representing degraded neighbor- hood environment conditions, is added to improve the model. Spatial regression and geographically weighted regression approaches are employed to examine spatial dependence and heterogeneity. Results reveal that these spatial models tend to perform better, especially in terms of model performance and predictive accuracy, than the ordinary least squares estimates.
The isotropic material closest to a given anisotropic material

The isotropic elastic moduli closest to a given anisotropic elasticity tensor are defined using three definitions of elastic distance, the standard Frobenius (Euclidean) norm, the Riemannian distance for tensors, and the log-Euclidean norm. The closest moduli are unique for the Riemannian and the log-Euclidean norms, independent of whether the difference in stiffness or compliance is considered. Explicit expressions for the closest bulk and shear moduli are presented for cubic materials, and an algorithm is described for finding them for materials with arbitrary anisotropy. The method is illustrated by application to a variety of materials, which are ranked according to their distance from isotropy.
Broadly tuned and respiration-independent inhibition in the olfactory bulb of awake mice

Olfactory representations are shaped by brain state and respiration. The interaction and circuit substrates of these influences are unclear. Granule cells (GCs) in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) are presumed to sculpt activity reaching the cortex via inhibition of mitral/tufted cells (MTs). GCs potentially make ensemble activity more sparse by facilitating lateral inhibition among MTs and/or enforce temporally precise activity locked to breathing. Yet the selectivity and temporal structure of wakeful GC activity are unknown. We recorded GCs in the MOB of anesthetized and awake mice and identified state-dependent features of odor coding and temporal patterning. Under anesthesia, GCs were sparsely active and strongly and synchronously coupled to respiration. Upon waking, GCs desynchronized, broadened their tuning and largely fired independently from respiration. Thus, during wakefulness, GCs exhibited stronger odor responses with less temporal structure. We propose that during wakefulness GCs may shape MT odor responses through broadened lateral interactions rather than respiratory synchronization.
Does Information Undermine Brand? Information Intermediary Use and Preference for Branded Web Retailers

Abstract Investments in advertising to create brands provide one method for vendors to convince potential customers that vendors will deliver as promised. Alternatively, third-party information on whether retailers tend to keep their commitments can serve a similar function and may undermine investments in brand. This study uses a 13-month panel dataset on 1998-99 Internet shopping behavior and use of information intermediaries by over 30,000 households to examine whether information use undermines brand. We find that individuals using price comparison sites , such as DealTime and mySimon, reduce their Amazon shopping by about a tenth, while individuals using BizRate, which provides both price comparison and vendor reliability information, reduce their Amazon shopping by a quarter. The results have possible implications for both firm strategy and the evolution of market structure. If information weakens the pull of brand, then Internet retailing may grow less concentrated over time. We are grateful to the Wharton e-Business Initiative (WeBI) for financial support.
Density-functional description of water condensation in proximity of nanoscale asperity.

We apply nonlocal density-functional formalism to describe an equilibrium distribution of the waterlike fluid in the asymmetric nanoscale junction presenting an atomic force microscope tip dwelling above an arbitrary surface. The hydrogen bonding dominating in intermolecular attraction is modeled as a square-well potential with two adjustable parameters (energy and length) characterizing well’s depth and width. A liquid meniscus formed inside the nanoscale junction is explicitly described for different humidity. Furthermore, we suggest a simple approach using polymolecular adsorption isotherms for the evaluation of an energetic parameter characterizing fluid (water) attraction to substrate. This model can be easily generalized for more complex geometries and effective intermolecular potentials. Our study establishes a framework for the density-functional description of fluid with orientational anisotropy induced by nonuniform external electric field.
Trembling Invisible Hand Equilibrium

Abstract This paper shows how to find approximate strong Markov equilibria in a setting of infinite horizon incomplete markets by solving a finite dimensional fixed point problem. These equilibria have the interpretation of a slightly imperfect and slightly random market mechanism. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C62, D52, D92, G10.
The ideal center of the dual of a Banach lattice

Let E be a Banach lattice. Its ideal center Z(E) is embedded naturally in the ideal center Z(E′) of its dual. The embedding may be extended to a contractive algebra and lattice homomorphism of Z(E)ʺ into Z(E′). We show that the extension is onto Z(E′) if and only if E has a topologically full center. (That is, for each $${x\in E}$$ , the closure of Z(E)x is the closed ideal generated by x.) The result can be generalized to the ideal center of the order dual of an Archimedean Riesz space and in a modified form to the orthomorphisms on the order dual of an Archimedean Riesz space.
Epicardial fat volume and concurrent presence of both myocardial ischemia and obstructive coronary artery disease.

Abstract Objective Epicardial fat volume (EFV) is linked to cardiovascular event risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether EFV is independently related to concurrent presence of both myocardial ischemia and obstructive coronary stenosis. Methods We studied 92 consecutive patients without known coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent Rb-82 PET, coronary calcium scoring (CCS) and invasive coronary angiography (ICA) within 6 months. EFV was computed from non-contrast CT by validated software and indexed to body surface-area (EFVi, cm 3 /m 2 ). Ischemia was defined by ≥5% difference of total perfusion deficit (quantified by validated software) between stress and rest. Obstructive stenosis was defined ≥50% luminal diameter stenosis. Results Fifty three patients had both ischemia and stenosis. Compared to those without, patients with both having ischemia and stenosis had significantly higher CCS (1125±1230 vs. 626±690, p =0.02) and EFVi (64.6±20.6 vs. 49.7±14.2cm 3 /m 2 , p =0.0002). On multivariable analysis after adjusting age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors, chest pain, and CCS (≥400), only elevated EFVi (>68.1cm 3 /m 2 ) significantly predicted concurrent presence of both ischemia and stenosis (odds ratio 6.18, 95% confidence interval 1.73–22.01, p =0.005). Area under the receiver-operator-characteristic analysis demonstrated a trend towards improved incremental prediction of concurrent myocardial ischemia and obstructive stenosis over age, gender, chest pain, and high CCS (0.73 vs. 0.65, p =0.09). Conclusions Our study suggests that elevated EFVi measured using non-contrast CT may be related to concurrent presence of both ischemia and stenosis.
Twisting to abelian BF/Chern-Simons theories

Abstract Starting from a D = 3, N = 4 supersymmetric theory for matter fields, a twist with a Grassmann parity change is defined which maps the theory into a gauge-fixed, abelian BF theory on curved 3-manifolds. After adding surface terms to this theory, the twist is seen to map the resulting supersymmetric action to two uncoupled copies of the gauge-fixed Chern-Simons action. In addition, we give a map which takes the BF and Chern-Simons theories into Donaldson-Witten TQFTs. A similar construction, but with N = 2 supersymmetry, is given in two dimensions.
Imputation of missing links and attributes in longitudinal social surveys

The predictive analysis of longitudinal social surveys is highly sensitive to the effects of missing data in temporal observations. Such high sensitivity to missing values raises the need for accurate data imputation, because without it a large fraction of collected data could not be used properly. Previous studies focused on the treatment of missing data in longitudinal social networks due to non-respondents and dealt with the problem largely by imputing missing links in isolation or analyzing the imputation effects on network statistics. We propose to account for changing network topology and interdependence between actors' links and attributes to construct a unified approach for imputation of links and attributes in longitudinal social surveys. The new method, based on an exponential random graph model, is evaluated experimentally for five scenarios of missing data models utilizing synthetic and real life datasets with 20 %---60 % of nodes missing. The obtained results outperformed all alternatives, four of which were link imputation methods and two node attribute imputation methods. We further discuss the applicability and scalability of our approach to real life problems and compare our model with the latest advancements in the field. Our findings suggest that the proposed method can be used as a viable imputation tool in longitudinal studies.
International delegation and state disaggregation

Following Voigt and Salzberger (Kyklos 55:281–310, 2002) this paper considers the tradeoff between international and domestic delegation devices, and argues that the two are largely complements rather than substitutes. It then explores the domestic separation of powers as an explanatory factor in understanding different levels of international delegation across states. It argues that the domestic separation of powers is a driving factor in propensity to delegate, and provides some empirical evidence in this regard. Federal states and those with bicameral legislatures are more likely to sign treaties and join international organizations. Presidential systems, however, are no more likely to do so than parliamentary ones.
Recovery rates in investment-grade pools of credit assets: A large deviations analysis

Abstract We consider the effect of recovery rates on a pool of credit assets. We allow the recovery rate to depend on the defaults in a general way. Using the theory of large deviations, we study the structure of losses in a pool consisting of a continuum of types. We derive the corresponding rate function and show that it has a natural interpretation as the favored way to rearrange recoveries and losses among the different types. Numerical examples are also provided.
Analysis and minimization of input ripple current in PWM inverters for designing reliable fuel cell power systems

This paper presents the implementation of a technique to minimize the input ripple current in three-phase voltage-source pulse width modulated (PWM) inverters when supplying unbalanced/nonlinear loads. This is achieved without increasing the KVA ratings of the dc-link filter components. The results presented are particularly important for designers of fuel cell power systems. Inverter input ripple current has been reported to possibly degrade fuel cell performance and reduce operating life if ripple currents are not adequately controlled. Experimental results from a prototype are included to verify the findings from the analysis and simulation.
The space performance of silicon vertical junction solar cells on the LIPS-III satellite

The authors present the preliminary analysis and results of a space experiment to evaluate the performance of a new generation of silicon vertical junction solar cells and three adhesives for attaching coverglass to the solar cells. Two of the adhesives are used for the first time in coverglass applications in the space environment. The SOLAREX vertical junction solar cells, which are of 10- Omega -cm silicon with back surface fields (BSFs) and back surface reflectors (BSRs) are compared to SOLAREX planar junction cells, also of 10- Omega -cm, BSF, BSR silicon. The results up to 386 days in space indicate that the two types of solar cell show about the same degradation rate in power output. There are no significant differences at this point in the performances of the three different adhesives. >
Joint Computational/Experimental Aerodynamic Study of a Simplified Tractor/Trailer Geometry

Steady-state Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations are presented for the three-dimensional flow over a generic tractor trailer placed in the Auburn University 3 ×4 ft 2 suction wind tunnel. The width of the truck geometry is 10 in., and the height and length of the trailer are 1.392 and 3.4 times the width, respectively. The computational model of the wind tunnel is validated by comparing the numerical results with the data from the empty wind tunnel experiments. The comparisons include the boundary layer properties at three different locations on the floor of the test section and the flow angularity at the beginning of the test section. Three grid levels are used for the simulation of the truck geometry placed in the test section of the wind tunnel. The coarse mesh consists of 3.4 X10 6 cells, the medium mesh consists of 11.2 X10 6 cells and the fine mesh consists of 25.8 × 10 6 cells. The turbulence models used for both the empty tunnel simulations and the truck geometry placed in the wind tunnel are the standard Wilcox 1998 k-ω model, the SST k-ω model, the standard k-e model, and the Spalart Allmaras model. The surface pressure distributions on the truck geometry and the overall drag are predicted from the simulations and compared with the experimental data. The computational predictions compared well with the experimental data. This study contributes a new validation data set and computations for high Reynolds number bluff-body flows. The validation data set can be used for initial assessment in evaluating RANS models, which will be used for studying the drag or drag trends predicted by the baseline truck geometries.
Characterization of yttrium aluminum garnet /YAG/ using 14 MeV neutron activation

A non-destructive method for the analysis of yttrium, aluminum and oxygen in Yttrium Aluminum Garnet /YAG/ by 14 MeV neutron activation analysis has been developed and evaluated. The fast neutron induces primarily /n, 2n/, /n, p/ or /n, α/ reactions with yttrium, aluminum, and oxygen to produce isotopes with measurable characteristic gamma-ray spectra. Concentrations of Y, Al and O were determined on the basis of calibrated nuclear decay emission spectra recorded on selected standards. After each analysis the crystal was returned to the furnace for further adjustments of the growth parameters, and any resultant elemental variations were observed in the next analysis. The accuracy of this method was determined by repeated analyses with various “YAG” crystals from a series of separate furnace runs.
On the possible formation of Alfvén wings at Mercury during encounters with coronal mass ejections

[1] The solar wind conditions near Mercury's perihelion, especially during Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection (ICME) events, will often be characterized by very low Alfven Mach number (≤3). We suggest that the low Mach numbers and large north-south magnetic fields during ICMEs will lead to the formation of “Alfven wings” that will affect the configuration of the Hermean magnetosphere. It is shown that an electrical conductance threshold of about 5 S, comparable to the Alfven conductance in the solar wind, is required for generation of Alfven wings at Mercury. Assuming crustal conductances above this value it is demonstrated that currents in the Alfven wings and closing across the planetary surface will produce significant perturbations (≥10 nT) of the magnetospheric magnetic field.
Large deviations and queueing networks: Methods for rate function identification ☆

This paper considers the problem of rate function identification for multidimensional queueing models with feedback. A set of techniques are introduced which allow this identification when the model possesses certain structural properties. The main tools used are representation formulas for exponential integrals, weak convergence methods, and the regularity properties of associated Skorokhod Problems. Two examples are treated as special cases of the general theory: the classical Jackson network and a model for processor sharing.
Enamine-Iminium Ion Nazarov Cyclization of α-Ketoenones

The mono-triflate salts of some chiral nonracemic 1,2-diamines react with α-ketoenones in a stoichiometric reaction to form products of the Nazarov cyclization in high enantiomeric ratios. The mech...
The Entropy Photon-Number Inequality and its consequences

Determining the ultimate classical information carrying capacity of electromagnetic waves requires quantum-mechanical analysis to properly account for the bosonic nature of these waves. Recent work has established capacity theorems for bosonic single-user, broadcast, and wiretap channels, under the presumption of two minimum output entropy conjectures. Despite considerable accumulated evidence that supports the validity of these conjectures, they have yet to be proven. Here we show that the preceding minimum output entropy conjectures are simple consequences of an entropy photon-number inequality, which is a conjectured quantum-mechanical analog of the entropy power inequality from classical information theory.