cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chaotic dynamics versus stochastic processes in El Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation in coupled ocean-atmosphere models

Abstract The relative importance of chaotic dynamics versus stochastic processes in the evolution of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is examined in three different types of coupled models — an intermediate coupled model (ICM), a hybrid general circulation model (HGCM) and a fully coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (CGCM). It is shown that in both the ICM and HGCM whose atmospheric components contain no internal high-frequency variability, irregularity of ENSO can be described by a low-order chaotic process generated by nonlinear interaction between the seasonal cycle and interannual oscillation. Numerical experiments reveal that the behavior of the ENSO cycle in this class of coupled models is sensitive to changes in coupling strength. By increasing the coupling strength, the model ENSO cycles evolve from nonoscillatory (stable) to time-periodic (unstable) and eventually to chaotic regimes. Although these models give reasonable ENSO frequency and spatial structure compared with observations, the phase-locking with the annual cycle is apparently too strong. Inclusion of stochastic forcing in these models can have two effects on the ENSO cycles. It can break up strong annual phase-locking in the unstable regime and it can also excite ENSO-like variability in the stable regime, where the coupling strength is so weak that no self-sustaining oscillations can exist in the coupled models. In contrast, the ENSO cycle in the CGCM, where internal high-frequency fluctuations are included, does not appear to be driven by a low-order chaos. By comparing the invariant properties of the dynamics derived from long-term sea surface temperature time series obtained from the different coupled models, it was found that the dynamical characteristics of the CGCM response were similar to those of the ICM forced with stochastic forcing in the stable regime, suggesting that the ENSO cycles in the CGCM may be dominated by stable dynamics driven by stochastic processes. Testing for nonlinearity gives further support to this result. The nonlinear time series analysis also implies that stochastic processes rather than chaotic dynamics are likely to be a major source of ENSO irregularity in reality.
Effect of Amendment Type and Incorporation Depth on Runoff from Compacted Sandy Soils

AbstractIncreased runoff rates and volumes from urbanizing watersheds are generally attributed to increased imperviousness within the watershed. While pervious surfaces in urban areas are often credited with having little runoff contribution, soil compaction can reduce infiltration capacity, leading to increased runoff. The objective of the research reported in this paper was to evaluate the hydrologic response of potential treatments for mitigating urban soil compaction. In the lysimeter study of the research reported in this paper, two Florida soils [(1) Arredondo fine sand, and (2) Orangeburg fine sandy loam] were compacted and potential mitigating treatments were applied to evaluate runoff reduction. Treatments combined two incorporation depths [(1) 10 cm, and (2) 20 cm] with three amendment cases [(1) no amendment, (2) compost, and (3) fly ash] and were applied to both soils. A set of compacted lysimeters for each soil were designated as controls and remained compacted (no treatment) throughout the r...
Incestuous Twins and the House Societies of Insular Southeast Asia

In "A Study of Customs Pertaining to Twins in Bali," Jane Belo (1970) addresses a puzzling question. When Balinese commoners gave birth to twins1 (in the 1930s), the parents and twins were banished from the village for a period, their house was dismantled, and a ritual of purification of the village was performed after the untoward event. The birth of twins to high nobles, by contrast, was greeted with joy. The reason for the difference in reception of twins between highand lower-status people rested on the belief "that the twins had had contact amounting to marital intimacy before birth, in the womb of the mother. For some this intimacy was a good and very portentous thing, and the high caste princes and priests claimed that the boy was born like a god, that he brought his wife with him out of the mother's womb" (Belo 1970:3). By this logic, commoner twins, far from the gods, were incestuous: "It is incestuous for opposite-sex twins to occupy a womb; but the higher the status, the less abominable the incest, since for the gods incest is proper" (Boon 1977:138). Twin-birth beliefs form a condensed icon for whole marriage systems in insular Southeast Asia's Indic States, where high nobles strive to marry close (at best, first cousins) while close marriage is abhorred or was prohibited to lower people. Incest or its compromise act, close marriage, in short, is a statement about status; among commoners, Geertz has remarked (1982), incest is less a sin than a status mistake. The "text" of incest prohibitions has been read in a variety of ways. Some commentators explicate the local meanings of particular societies' taboos, often implying that no persuasive general theory of "incest" can be put forward (e.g., Needham 1971:29). Persuasive or not, general theories continue to be generated by others who, admitting the prohibited categories vary, are impressed with the universality of a (variable) prohibition. Throughout this article I tack between a localist's concern with cultural meanings and social and political action, and a universalist's (especially structuralist's) comparative scope-but not beyond Oceania, and with no theory claiming to explain "the" incest taboo. Using "incest" as the rhetorical motivator, I use the occasion of this essay to recast the conceptualization of groupings in insular Southeast Asia, to explore the dynamics of marriage in the preferentially endogamous "cognatic" societies of insular
A methodology for muscular isometric endurance and fatigue research

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop a reliable statistical method of finding a cut-off point between the endurance section and the fatigue section from a single endurance-fatigue curve of force versus time for extended times. Two age groups (20–29, 50–59 years old) with 10 subjects in each group participated in this study. Two muscle groups (biceps and quadriceps) were tested at five levels of % MVC (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % MVC). Subjects were instructed to exert a force and reach a designated % MVC level and maintain that level for as long as possible until asked by the experimenter to stop. Each condition was tested for five minutes. The method developed used the sum of squares technique to find the optimal cut-off point on the curve thus, determining the endurance time. The methodology proved to be useful and reliable. The steps involved along with an example are discussed.
Virtual twins and intelligence: Updated and new analyses of within-family environmental influences

Abstract Virtual twins (VTs) are same age, unrelated siblings reared together from early infancy who replay twinship, but without genetic relatedness. A previous report from an ongoing study of behavioral similarities and differences between VTs, based on 90 pairs (Segal, 2000b), indicated a modest within-family contribution to general intelligence and a negligible within-family contribution to the cognitive ability profile. New data, based on a larger VT sample (mean age = 8.10 years; SD = 8.56), supported these findings, yielding a within-pair IQ correlation of .26 ( n = 113 pairs) and a profile correlation of .07 ( n = 111 pairs). This special class of adopted siblings also enabled updated analyses of the IQ similarity between adopted–adopted and adopted–biological pairs. In addition, a first assessment of sibling interaction found positive and significant effects for each IQ measure. These findings are interpreted with reference to available twin and adoption data.
Spared caudal brainstem SERT binding in early Parkinson's disease

Postmortem data indicate loss of serotoninergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). We used the serotonin transporter (SERT) radioligand 3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-phenylsulfaryl)-benzonitril (DASB) and positron emission tomography to examine SERT distribution and changes in early PD subjects. We studied five PD subjects (H&Y 1 to 2.5) and eight normal controls. There is reduced SERT binding in PD. The magnitude of DASB binding reductions was greater in the forebrain than in the brainstem regions. There was no asymmetry of diminished SERT binding. DASB binding in the medulla was relatively spared, inconsistent with the description of early prominent pathologic study in these caudal brainstem nuclei.
Dynamic changes in histone-methylation 'marks' across the locus encoding interferon-gamma during the differentiation of T helper type 2 cells

The 'histone-code' hypothesis proposes that cell fate 'decisions' are achieved through the creation of stable epigenetic histone 'marks' at gene loci. Here we explored the formation of marks of repressive methylation of histone 3 at lysine 9 (H3-K9) and of H3-K27 at the locus encoding interferon-gamma (Ifng locus) during the commitment of naive T cells to the T helper type 1 (TH1) and TH2 lineages. Methylation of H3-K9 across the Ifng locus was rapidly induced in differentiating TH1 and TH2 cells and was sustained in TH1 cells. In contrast, TH2 differentiation caused loss of methylation of H3-K9 and gain of methylation of H3-K27 by mechanisms dependent on the transcription factors GATA-3 and STAT6. Thus, histone-methylation marks at the Ifng locus are highly dynamic, which may ensure higher-order transcriptional regulation during early lineage commitment.
Comparison of scapular kinematics between elevation and lowering of the arm in the scapular plane

Objective. To compare scapular orientation during both the concentric (elevation) and eccentric (lowering) phases of scapular plane abduction in subjects with and without shoulder impingement. Design. Mixed model analysis of variance with one between-subjects factor (group) and within-subjects factors of phase, humeral angle, and trial. Background. Abnormal scapular kinematics have been identified in shoulder impingement patients during the concentric phase of arm elevation, and under static conditions. Because abnormal scapular motion is observed clinically during the eccentric phase of arm elevation, analysis of this phase of motion is warranted. Methods. Twenty-six symptomatic and 26 healthy subjects performed five repetitions of humeral scapular plane abduction. An electromagnetic tracking device described three-dimensional scapular kinematics during arm elevation and lowering. Angular values for scapular anterior/posterior tipping in the sagittal plane, upward/downward rotation in the scapular plane, and internal/external rotation in the transverse plane were calculated. Scapular orientation relative to the thorax at humeral angles of 40°, 60°, 80°, 100°, and 120° was statistically tested for effects of phase and trial, or for interactions of phase with group or humeral angle. Results. Internal rotation was significantly increased in the eccentric phase for both groups at the 100° angle (P<0.05) and for the symptomatic group only at the 120° angle (P<0.05). Scapular anterior tipping was significantly decreased during the eccentric phase in both groups at the 80° (P<0.001), 100° (P<0.0001), and 120° (P<0.0001) angles. Conclusions. Small but statistically significant differences in scapular tipping and internal rotation during the eccentric phase of arm elevation were identified at higher humeral angles in both subject groups, while no significant phase differences for scapular upward rotation or for scapular variables at lower humeral angles were found. Averaged across phases, the symptomatic group demonstrated significant reductions in upward rotation at lower humeral elevation angles, and significant increases in anterior tipping at higher elevation angles as compared to the healthy group. Relevance Normal and abnormal scapular kinematics during varying types of motion need to be understood in order to optimally design rehabilitation programs for individuals with impingement syndrome.
Courtship Behavior: The Right Touch Stimulates the Proper Song

Summary Male fruit flies touch females during courtship. A new study finds that pheromone input received through the male's foreleg allows him to generate the courtship song appealing to female flies. This activity involves sexually dimorphic fruitless -expressing neurons in the brain.
Metal intracellular partitioning as a detoxification mechanism for mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) living in metal-polluted salt marshes

Intracellular partitioning of trace metals is critical to metal detoxification in aquatic organisms. In the present study, we assessed metal (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) handling capacities of mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) in metal-polluted salt marshes in New York, USA by examining metal intracellular partitioning. Despite the lack of differences in the whole body burdens, partitioning patterns of metals in intracellular components (heat-stable proteins, heat-denaturable proteins, organelles, and metal-rich granules) revealed clear differential metal handling capacities among the populations of mummichogs. In general, mummichogs living in metal-polluted sites stored a large amount of metals in detoxifying cellular components, particularly metal-rich granules (MRG). Moreover, only metals associated with MRG were consistently correlated with variations in the whole body burdens. These findings suggest that metal detoxification through intracellular partitioning, particularly the sequestration to MRG, may have important implications for metal tolerance of mummichogs living in chronically metal-polluted habitats.
20-Hydroxyecdysone acts in the male pupa to commit accessory glands toward trehalase production in the adult mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor).

Abstract During postecdysial adult maturation, the bean-shaped accessory reproductive glands (BAGs) of adult male mealworm beetles produce increasing amounts of trehalase. In order to determine when the BAGs become competent to produce trehalase, we transplanted pupal BAGs into 0-day female adults. After 8 days, trehalase activity had increased in BAGs from 4- and 5-day pupae (at the time of the pupal ecdysteroid peak) but not in those from 1-and 2-day pupae (before the ecdysteroid peak). BAGs from 0- and 2-day pupae were exposed to 20-hydroxyecdysone in vitro before implantation into 0-day female adults. Increase in trehalase activity was dose dependent. Both dose (ED 50 , 5 × 10 −6 M ) and exposure time (>6 hr) of hormone required are greater for commitment than for acceleration of pupal cell cycling ( T. Yaginuma, H. Kai, and G. M. Happ, 1988 , Dev. Biol. 126, 173–181). Since trehalase activity increased markedly in isolated adult male abdomens, factors from the cephalic and thoracic centers are not required to sustain trehalase production in the adult BAGs.
Internal nitridation of nickel-chromium alloys

The nitriding behavior of nickel-chromium alloys was studied in ammonia-hydrogen mixtures over the range of 700–900°C. Nitridation rates decreased with increasing chromium content, but the critical amount of chromium for transition from internal nitridation to continuous-nitride film formation was found to be much greater than the critical value to form a continuous-Cr 2O3 film during oxidation. In general, internal-nitridation rates were found to obey the parabolic rate law. Parabolic rate constants and activation energies for the diffusion of nitrogen were measured. Very fine precipitates formed at the lowest temperature, increasing in size with increasing temperature. The precipitate number density was found to vary within the internally nitrided zone, decreasing with distance from the gas/metal surface. The precipitate morphology changed also with temperature and distance, becoming Widmanstatten at higher temperatures and/or increasing distance within the zone. CrN formed for all exposure conditions. No Cr 2 N was detected under any conditions studied.
Supercooling in the SU(5) phase transitions and magnetic-monopole suppression

We demonstrate that there exists a range of values of parameters which leads to a supercooled transition from the symmetric SU(5) phase to the asymmetric SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1) phase when the scalar quartic coupling constants in the Higgs potential are O(g/sup 4/), g being the gauge coupling constant. We find that the transition is supercooled throughout most of the light Higgs region. These results are compared with the results of phase transitions in the standard model of electroweak interactions, and are shown to lead to magnetic-monopole suppression, but other serious problems arise.
Factors Contributing to a School's Decision to Apply for the California Instructional School Garden Program

Abstract Objective To compare the applicant schools (AS) to non-applicant schools (NAS) residing in the same school districts for the California Instructional School Garden Program and identify barriers to the application process. Methods A case-control, cross-sectional study design was used to compare resources and school environments. Pearson chi-square and logistic regression were conducted. Results Public schools throughout California participated (n = 1,662). The response rates for AS and NAS were 43.2% and 48.2%, respectively. Applicant schools had greater access to garden coordinators and parent/community volunteers dedicated to school gardens, and they had other sources of funds/grants to support school gardens compared to NAS ( P Conclusions and Implications Access to certain garden resources played a significant role in predicting whether schools would decide to participate in the California Instructional School Garden Program.
Physiological differences between two sugar-sensitive neurons in the galea and the maxillary palp of the spruce budworm larva Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

The L1 contact-chemoreceptor sensillum on the maxillary palp of the spruce budworm larva Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was examined electrophysiologically for its responses to stimulation by various pyranose and furanose sugars. The results were compared to those from previous work on the sugar-sensitive neuron of the LST sensillum on the galea. We show that the L1 contact-chemoreceptor sensillum contains one sugar-sensitive neuron with furanose but no pyranose sites. It has response characteristics that differ from those of the sugar-sensitive neuron in the LST. Behavioural 2-choice feeding experiments show that, even with both known sugar-sensitive neurons disabled, larvae can still discriminate between disks treated with either distilled water or α-d-glucose. We conclude that the epipharyngeal sensilla must thus also contain a sugar-sensitive neuron.
Addition of eosin to the aniline blue assay to enhance detection of immature sperm histones

Objectives To compare the aniline blue assay with and without eosin, and to correlate the results with pregnancy outcome after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedure. Design A retrospective study. Setting University-based fertility center. Patient(s) One hundred thirty infertile patients. Intervention(s) Left-over washed sperm after each ICSI procedure were fixed on glass slides and stained with aniline blue with and without eosin. Main Outcome Measure(s) Chromatin condensation, pregnancy, and age. Result(s) Percentage chromatin condensation assessed by aniline blue–eosin was higher compared with standard aniline blue (72.4 ± 2.4% vs. 64.0 ± 2.4% [mean ± SEM]). Chromatin condensation was higher in pregnant (86.6 ± 0.9%) versus nonpregnant (80.9 ± 2.1%) women age 35 years or more. In younger women, chromatin condensation was not correlated with pregnancy outcome. There was no correlation between chromatin condensation and ICSI fertilization or male age. Conclusion(s) Adding eosin counterstain to aniline blue improved assessment of chromatin condensation, suggesting that the standard assay underestimated chromatin condensation. The association between chromatin condensation and pregnancy in older but not younger women suggests that oocytes of younger women had the capacity to compensate for the immature sperm shortcomings.
On the use of a coordinate transformation for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations

The equations of fluid motion have been formulated in a generalized noncartesian, nonorthogonal coordinate system. A particular coordinate transformation, which transforms a domain with an irregular lower boundary into a cube, has been constructed. The transformed system, unlike the original one, has flat boundaries and homogeneous boundary conditions. Where the topography is flat, the original and transformed system are identical, and extra terms do not appear. A finite difference scheme for solving the transformed equations has been constructed and will be described later.
Changes in response to odors during the reproductive period in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)

In prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster (Wagner, 1842), the onset of parental caring differs by sex and reproductive condition. Maternal caring is displayed abruptly at parturition, whereas paternal...
Medical student experience with AIDS and needle disposal behaviour

A survey of medical students at Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, was conducted to investigate needle-handling behaviour with HIV positive patients. Recapping a used needle increases the students' risk of a needle stick. There were 160 responses, yielding a response rate of 27.6%. Students placed used needles in the sharps container without recapping the needle significantly more often if they had experience with a patient with AIDS. There was no correlation between personal exposure to contaminated material (being stuck or exposure to other contaminated material) and correct needle disposal behaviour. Women students (single or married) only used increased precautions during sex about one-third of the time, a figure similar to women psychiatric patients. Single male students used increased precautions 41.5% of the time, while married male students used increased precautions 8.7% of the time.
Ionized-impurity scattering in the strong-screening limit

We have developed a self-consistent multi-ion screening formalism which, unlike conventional treatments, explicitly assures that no electron state should contribute more than -e to the net charge screening the donors. A key finding is that formal consistency can be achieved only when neighboring ion potentials overlap somewhat. Ionized-impurity scattering in a semiconductor is therefore intrinsically a multi-ion process, and the tightly screened, isolated-impurity regime is unphysical. Temperature- and doping-dependent majority-carrier mobilities for uncompensated n-type Si, Ge, GaAs, and InP are recalculated using the ``multi-ion'' screening length. The correction to the mobility is often substantial (as much as a factor of 4), and in some regimes the agreement between theory and experiment is considerably improved.
Congenital Erythrocyte Enzyme Deficiencies

Congenital hemolytic anemias resulting from pyruvate kinase (PK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme deficiencies in domestic animals are described. Persistent methemoglobinemia has been reported in dogs and cats with methemoglobin reductase enzyme deficiency. Affected animals have cyanotic-appearing mucous membranes but exhibit no or only mild clinical signs attributable to hypoxemia. Erythrocyte enzyme assays are usually carried out after acquired causes of hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia have been ruled out.
Vascular smooth muscle: the first recorded Ca2+ transients.

The bioluminescent calcium indicator aequor in was successfully loaded into vascular smooth muscle cells ofAmphiuma tridactylum by either microinjection or a new method which makes the cells reversibly hyperpermeable. Both gave similar results; however, the latter method produced larger signals. Vasoconstrictors produced a sustained contraction and a light (calcium) response consisting of two component: a large transient followed by a smaller, sustained response. Electrical stimulation produced a light transient that was much briefer than the contraction. These results suggest that tension can be maintained in smooth muscle in the presence of lower calcium levels than those present during force development.
Optomotor Responses to Monocular Stimulation: Relation to Visual System Organization

Results of tests on 4 mammalian, 19 reptilian, and 17 avian species confirmed the prediction that lack of optomotor response to monocular optokinetic stimulation in one of the two horizontal directions would correlate with afoveate retinal organization, whereas consistent optomotor responses to monocular stimulation in either horizontal direction would correlate with foveate organization.
A PROPOSED CRITERION FOR FATIGUE THRESHOLD: DISLOCATION SUBSTRUCTURE APPROACH

— A model for fatigue threshold has been proposed based on the dislocation subgrain cell structure that evolves at the crack tip in steels during the fatigue deformation process. The stabilized subgrain cells that develop in the material act as impenetrable barriers to dislocations in slip band pile-ups that emanate from the fatigue crack tip. The blocking of these dislocations tends to limit crack growth that occurs by crack tip emission of dislocations, thereby leading ultimately to the fatigue threshold condition. The grain size effect on threshold is deduced to be an indirect effect as it is proposed that the subgrain cell size is the controlling substructural parameter at the threshold stress intensity level. The subgrain cell size is shown to be proportional to the one-third power of the initial grain size.
Symmetry coordinates and group orbitals from basis functions

The gradients of the basis functions of group theory are vector-valued basis functions. When one of the components of such a gradient is evaluated at atomic positions, and the values are summed over a set of equivalent atoms, the result represents a symmetry coordinate and/or a group orbital.
Humeral retractor EMG during quadrupedal walking in primates

The mammalian humeral retractors latissimus dorsi, teres major and caudal parts of the pectoral muscles are commonly thought to contribute to forward impulse during quadrupedal locomotion by pulling the body over the supporting forelimb. While most electromyographic studies on recruitment patterns for these muscles tend to support this functional interpretation, data on muscle use in chimpanzees and vervet monkeys have suggested that the humeral retractors of nonhuman primates are largely inactive during the support phase of quadrupedal locomotion. In the chimpanzee and vervet monkey, in contrast to what has been documented for other mammals, the contributions of latissimus dorsi, caudal pectoralis major, and teres major during quadrupedal locomotion are restricted to slowing down the swinging forelimb in preparation for hand touchdown and/or retracting the humerus to help lift the hand off the substrate at the initiation of swing phase. Based on these results, it has been proposed that unique patterns of shoulder muscle recruitment are among a set of characteristics that distinguish the form of quadrupedalism displayed by nonhuman primates from that of other nonprimate mammals. However, two primate taxa is a limited sample upon which to base such far-reaching conclusions. Here we report on the activity patterns for the humeral retractors during quadrupedal walking in an additional eight species of nonhuman primates. There is some variability in the activity patterns for latissimus dorsi, caudal pectoralis major and teres major, both between and within species, but in general the results confirm that the humeral retractors of primate quadrupeds do not contribute to forward impulse by pulling the body over the supporting forelimb.
1765 THE EFFECTS OF INDOMETHACIN ON THE HYPOXIC VASOPRESSOR RESPONSE IN ISOLATED LUNGS OF NEWBORN LAMBS

Previous studies suggest that pulmonary prostaglandin metabolism and action change during the newborn period. Indomethacin, a cyclo–oxygenase inhibitor, increases pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa) in perinatal animals. However, indomethacin has no effect on hypoxic and normoxic Ppa in the isolated perfused lungs of 2-3 month old lambs. This study examined the effects of indomethacin on the steady state pulmonary vascular response to graded hypoxia in isolated perfused lungs of 2-4 day old lambs. Lungs were randomly exposed to 3 levels of hypoxia and returned to an inspired O2 tension (PiO2) of 200 torr after each hypoxic stimulus. The mean Ppa +/- SE (torr) at flow = 50 ml/kg·min for control (C) and indomethacin (I) groups were: In both groups hypoxia (50 and 30) caused an increase in Ppa and vasodilation occurred at 0. Indomethacin enhanced the pressor response (P<.05). Moreover we noted that, in the C group after a first hypoxic exposure, subsequent hypoxic responses were blunted in comparison with the I group (p<.05). These results suggest that, in isolated lungs of 2-4 day old lambs, an initial hypoxic pressor response caused the release of a dilator prostaglandin which attenuated subsequent responses.
Influence of Temperature, Humidity, and Plant Terpenoid Profile on Life History Characteristics of Boreioglycaspis melaleucae (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), a Biological Control Agent of the Invasive Tree Melaleuca quinquenervia

We investigated how environmental variables influence development and survivorship of Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) by quantifying life history characteristics of adults, eggs, and nymphs when held at eight constant temperatures, four relative humidities, and on plants that differed in foliar terpenoid profiles. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that terpenoid profiles or humidity influence B. melaleucae development. Although longevity of adult psyllids is greater on plants that contain E-nerolidol versus viridiflorol profiles, this does not translate to a longer ovipositional period or increased fecundity. Similarly, humidity treatments had a limited and inconsistent effect on B. melaleucae developmental rates and nymphal survivorship. In contrast, developmental rates increased linearly with increasing temperature to an optimum 25°C, whereas greater temperatures caused total developmental rates to decrease. Temperature also affected nymphal survivorship, with no individuals completing development below 10 or above 30°C. Mean maximum daily temperatures in southern Florida commonly exceeded 30°C, with maximum temperatures ranging from 30 to 35°C (in Broward Co.) during 138 d in 2006. Therefore, we conclude that lethal upper temperature thresholds will limit population growth rates during summer.
Dehydration in cold clouds is enhanced by a transition from cubic to hexagonal ice

[1] Cubic ice (Ic) is a metastable form of ice with very similar physical properties but different crystal symmetry than normal, hexagonal ice (Ih). Below 200 K, water preferentially nucleates to Ic, then transforms to the more stable Ih in minutes to days. As a metastable phase, Ic will necessarily have a higher vapor pressure than Ih. A cloud parcel model shows that nucleation to Ic, conversion to Ih, and the vapor pressure differential together produce larger ice crystals that can more effectively dehydrate air. The modelled effect is largest at 180 to 200 K, just the range most important for the tropical tropopause and polar stratospheric clouds. The cloud model also produces a wider size distribution when Ic is included, in agreement with observations.
Effects of inhibition of NADPH: cytochrome P-450 reductase on benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in mouse liver microsomes.

Abstract 1. 1. Effects of antioxidants (butylated hydroxytoluene and nor-dihydroguaiaretic acid), vitamin K-related quinones (vitamin K1 and coenzyme Q10) and inorganic copper (CuSO4), in concentrations inhibiting NADPH: cytochrome P -450 reductase, were re-examined on benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in mouse liver uninduced microsomes. 2. 2. It was found that all these compounds decrease production of the two-electron oxygenation products of benzo(a)pyrene (monophenoles, diols) and the amounts of glucuronides in a manner parallel to their inhibitory potency against NADPH: cytochrome P-450 reductase. 3. 3. No correlation was found between amounts of one-electron oxidation products of benzo(a)pyrene and inhibition of NADPH: cytochrome P-450 reductase. 4. 4. Without added UDPGA the compounds studied decreased protein associated benzo(a)pyrene metabolites in parallel to the decreased overall metabolism of this polyaromatic hydrocarbon. 5. 5. The mode of action of the studied compounds is discussed.
The Need for Gender-Sensitive Medical Interpreters for Victims with Limited English Proficiency in Sexual Assault Examinations

Abstract The difficulties and trauma associated with sexual violence are exacerbated by language difficulties. Language difficulties pose particular barriers in accessing legal, social, medical and support services. This presents additional challenges for sexual assault response teams (SART). The SART members serve critical functions in supporting a victim of sexual violence from trauma to trial. This paper addresses the need for trained gender-sensitive medical interpreters for adult female victims with limited English proficiency (LEP) in sexual assault examination, and thus the need for inclusion of trained medical interpreters in SART. Such needs were articulated from interviews with advocates and medical interpreters in the US, from literature reviews and conversations with women with LEP in the US. The paper closes with a set of specific recommendations that will promote comfortable accessible service to female victims of sexual violence with LEP.
Dynamics of 3D Axisymmetric Multicomponent Vesicles in A Viscous Fluid

Multicomponent vesicles are hollow, closed biomembranes with a lipid bilayer membrane containing different types of lipids and cholesterol. Recent experiments on giant unilamellar vesicles demonstrate that there exists a variety of behavior of multicomponent vesicles. Under this understanding, we develop and investigate numerically a thermodynamically consistent model of three dimensional axisymmetric multicomponent vesicles in an incompressible viscous fluid. The model is derived using an energy variation approach that accounts for different lipid surface phases, the excess energy (line energy) associated with surface phase domain boundaries, bending energy, spontaneous curvature, Gaussian bending energy, local inextensibility and fluid flow via the Stokes equations. The equations are high-order (fourth order)nonlinear and nonlocal due to incompressibility of the fluid and the local inextensibility of the vesicle membrane. To solve the equations numerically, we develop a nonstiff, pseudo-spectral boundary integral method that relies on an analysis of the equations at small scales. We present simulations of multicomponent vesicles in a quiescent and an extensional flow and investigate the effect of varying the average surface concentration of an initially unstable mixture of lipid phases. The phases then redistribute and alter the morphology of the vesicle and its dynamics. A comparison of results with experimental vesicle morphologies yields good agreement.
Effect of previous miscarriage on depressive symptoms during subsequent pregnancy and postpartum in the first baby study.

Our objective was to test the hypothesis that nulliparous women with a history of miscarriage have an increased risk of depression during late pregnancy, and at 1, 6, and 12 months postpartum compared to women without a history of miscarriage. We conducted secondary analysis of a longitudinal cohort study, the First Baby Study, and compared 448 pregnant women with a history of miscarriage to 2,343 pregnant women without a history of miscarriage on risk of probable depression (score >12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale). Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios at each time point and generalized estimating equations were used to obtain estimates in longitudinal analysis. Women with a history of miscarriage were not more likely than woman without a history of miscarriage to score in the probable depression range during the third trimester or at 6 or 12 months postpartum but were more likely at 1 month postpartum, after adjustment for sociodemographic factors (OR 1.66, 95 % CI 1.03–2.69). Women with a history of miscarriage may be more vulnerable to depression during the first month postpartum than women without prior miscarriage, but this effect does not appear to persist beyond this time period. We support the promotion of awareness surrounding this issue and recommend that research is planned to identify risk factors that may position a woman with a history of miscarriage to be at higher risk for depression.
Rapid Effect of Sodium Cyanide and Dinitrophenol on Mammalian Nerve

Strips of rat nerve from dorsal roots were immersed in solutions containing sodium cyanide and alpha-dinitrophenol. The inhibitors extinguish the action potential of such strips within minutes. The rapid action on mammalian nerve is contrasted with the slow effect of inhibitors on amphibian and invertebrate nerve.
A quantitative mixing analysis using fluorescent dyes

A method of quantifying fluid mixing using the fluorescence intensity of fluorophors in aqueous solution is presented. The general technique involves ratioing optically separable fluorescence from two fluorescent dyes. The resulting ratio normalizes for laser intensity distribution and any laser reflections. By properly selecting the fluorescent dyes, fluorescence ratios can be used to either measure the concentration of a passive scalar or temperature fields. In this study, fluorescence ratios were used to quantify the hydronium ion concentration of mixing fluids in a 2D plane. This was accomplished by temporally and spatially synchronizing two CCD cameras to simultaneously image laser induced fluorescence. Single and multidye systems were examined for their accuracy in predicting mixing; of the dye systems examined, a fluorescent rhodamine B solution proved to be the most accurate. Using this dye system, the fluorescence ratios were found to vary under 1 standard deviation for a 2.5 fold change in laser power. A standard error of under 6 percent of the mean fluorescence ratio was typical. (Author)
Design, Simulation, and Microfabrication of a Heat-Conduction DNA Chip with Integrated Microheaters

Abstract A continuous-flow polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system with integrated heaters for DNA amplification has been designed and fabricated. A new concept of obtaining a temperature zone by natural heat conduction is presented. The finite element method is employed to analyze the temperature distribution in the DNA chip. The system is integrated through a microfluidic interconnect based on polydimethylsioxane (PDMS) material. Using oxygen RIE bonding, the PDMS interconnect can withstand a pressure up to 470 kPa. The fabrication process for the DNA chip is developed using micromachining techniques. The temperature distribution was measured. The uniformity of the denaturization temperature, annealing temperature, and extension temperature was 1.5°C/mm, 0.7°C/mm, and 3.1°C/mm, respectively. The microchannel has a width of 380 μm, a depth of 30 μm, and a total length of approximately 0.6 m. Depending on the flow rate (5 nL/s to 80 nL/ s), the 20-cycle DNA chip needs only 52 seconds to 14 minutes for thermal cycling.
Age and geochemistry of an 'anorogenic' crustal melt and implications for I-type granite petrogenesis

The Capoas intrusion is a metaluminous, high-K calc-alkaline, I-type biotite granite emplaced within Permian-Jurassic sedimentary rocks of the North Palawan Continental Terrane (NPCT) in the western Philippines. The NPCT is a fragment of the Mesozoic Andean-type margin of southeast China that was separated from the mainland during the late Oligocene-early Miocene opening of the South China Sea. Zircons from the granite have xenocrystic cores, and form a discordant array with a lower intercept age of 15 (+ 3/ −4) Ma. Monazites have concordant 207Pb/235U ages with a mean age of 13.4 (± 0.4) Ma. The late middle Miocene age and the location of the pluton in the NPCT uniquely constrain the formation of the Capoas granite in a post-rifting, non-collisional tectonic setting unrelated to any subduction zone. The major and trace element geochemistry of the granite and the presence of apparently Proterozoic xenocrystic zircon indicate that the pluton is composed largely, if not entirely, of older continental crust. The only viable heat source for crustal melting and/or assimilation was widespread basaltic magmatism that occurred in the area following cessation of seafloor spreading in the South China Sea in early Miocene time. The geochemical affinity of the Capoas granite with calc-alkaline magmatic arc and collisional granites is therefore a function of the source rocks that were melted to produce the granite rather than the specific tectonic setting in which the granite was generated. The calc-alkaline source rocks most likely formed in the Mesozoic Andean-type margin of south China and subsequently underwent partial melting in late middle Miocene time in an ‘anorogenic’ setting.
Felty's syndrome: When is splenectomy indicated?

Summary The spectrum of disease was assessed in 43 patients with Felty's syndrome. Twenty-three underwent splenectomy. Although complete remission of neutropenia occurred in only two nonoperated patients, most of the patients had no serious infections during the subsequent period of observation. Operative morbidity was minimal in the splenectomized patients. On the basis of natural history of this condition, splenectomy should probably be restricted to neutropenic patients with serious or recurrent infections, patients with severe anemia requiring transfusions, those with the rare circumstance of profound thrombocytopenia, and those with non-healing leg ulcers.
Cyclic GMP-dependent Protein Kinase Activates Cloned BKCa Channels Expressed in Mammalian Cells by Direct Phosphorylation at Serine 1072

NO-induced activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) increases the open probability of large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels and results in smooth muscle relaxation. However, the molecular mechanism of channel regulation by the NO-PKG pathway has not been determined on cloned channels. The present study was designed to clarify PKG-mediated modulation of channels at the molecular level. The cDNA encoding the α-subunit of the large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel,cslo-α, was expressed in HEK293 cells. Whole cell and single channel characteristics of cslo-α exhibited functional features of native large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels in smooth muscle cells. The NO-donor sodium nitroprusside increased outward current 2.3-fold in whole cell recordings. In cell-attached patches, sodium nitroprusside increased the channel open probability (NPo) ofcslo-α channels 3.3-fold without affecting unitary conductance. The stimulatory effect of sodium nitroprusside was inhibited by the PKG-inhibitor KT5823. Direct application of PKG-Iα to the cytosolic surface of inside-out patches increased NPo 3.2-fold only in the presence of ATP and cGMP without affecting unitary conductance. A point mutation of cslo-α in which Ser-1072 (the only optimal consensus sequence for PKG phosphorylation) was replaced by Ala abolished the PKG effect on NPo in inside-out patches and the effect of SNP in cell attached patches. These results indicate that PKG activates cslo-α by direct phosphorylation at serine 1072.
Efficient cross-layer protocol for bandwidth-satisfied multicast in multi-rate MANETs

Since the multi-rate enhancements have been implemented in 802.11 wireless networks, QoS-constrained multicast protocols for multimedia communication should be adapted to exploit them fully. This work proposes a multicast protocol for data rate selection and bandwidth-satisfied multicast tree determination with an efficient cross-layer design based on the integration of PHY and MAC layers into the network layer. To use bandwidth efficiently and increase network capacity (which is the number of multicast flows supported by the network), we aim to select the combination of data rates and a multicast tree whose total amount of bandwidth consumption to the network is minimal in order to maximize the network capacity. The performance of the proposed protocol is compared with two existing protocols. Simulation results indicate that the proposed protocol has the ability to admit more multicast flows.
Biketivism and Technology: Historical Reflections and Appropriations

In Western society bicycling is commonly perceived as either a sport, a form of leisure, an activity for children, or at best, a utilitarian transportation technology. In this paper, I contest these assumptions by discussing ways in which both bicycling and bicycle technologies are politicized as a response to the cultural, social and political norms of Western society. Through historical examples that include 19th century Socialists, ‘first wave’ feminists, and 1960's Dutch Anarchists, I provide a theoretical context in which one can understand how present day activists appropriate the bicycle through a dialectic of action and communication. In short, I demonstrate how a seemingly neutral technology (the bicycle) and an everyday activity (bicycling can be utilized as tools for dissent, protest, and cultural critique.
Interactive Effects of Neurocognitive Impairment and Substance Use on Antiretroviral Non-adherence in HIV Disease

While numerous studies have established the adverse independent effects of clinical conditions including neurocognitive dysfunction, psychiatric illness, and substance abuse/dependence on medication adherence among HIV-infected adults, fewer have studied their interactive effects. The current study examined this issue among 204 HIV-infected participants based upon current neurocognitive functioning and DSM-IV-diagnosed psychiatric illness and current substance abuse or dependence. Results confirmed that participants with any of these risk factors demonstrated poorer adherence than individuals with no risk factors. A neurocognitive status × substance abuse/dependence interaction was also identified such that participants with impaired neurocognition and a co-occurring substance abuse/dependence diagnosis demonstrated the poorest adherence. Results confirm the deleterious impact of these risk factors in isolation and also identify a specific interactive effect for individuals with comorbid neurocognitive impairment and a substance abuse/dependence disorder. Findings highlight the need for interventions that simultaneously address these problems.
Optimal time spacings for T2 measurements: monoexponential and biexponential systems.

We have developed an optimal design strategy, i.e. a choice of times at which the magnetization should be measured, in spin-echo measurements, when the number of measurements is fixed in advance. Results are given for samples whose relaxation is described by either an exponential or biexponential decay curve. The analysis is based on having an initial estimate of the ranges in which the relaxation times are likely to lie. The optimal design consists of a set of easily parameterized non-uniformly spaced measurement times, as opposed to present implementation of spin-echo experiments. Analysis of the biexponential case shows that an order of magnitude greater signal-to-noise is required to achieve T2 estimates of comparable precision to monoexponential measurements with the same number of data points. The optimal designs lead to an improved ability to discriminate between two relatively similar relaxation times. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.