cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
399 WHOSE RIME ASSESSMENT PREDICTS STUDENT EXAMINATION PERFORMANCE: ATTENDINGS, RESIDENTS, OR INTERNS?

Purpose The most well-studied feedback system used in internal medicine clerkships is the RIME system. RIME is a descriptive framework in which students and their teachers can gauge progress throughout a clerkship from R (reporter) to I (interpreter) to M (manager) to E (educator). The purpose of this project was (1) to see if a student9s RIME rating is associated with end-of-clerkship examination performance and (2) to determine whose independent RIME rating is most predictive of a student9s examination performance: attendings, residents, or interns. Methods Students have two 4-week rotations on our general medicine services, working with two to four attendings (usually hospitalists), two residents, and four interns. For academic year 2004-05 and the first third of 2005-06, each attending, resident, and intern independently evaluated the student on a written form at the end of the 4-week block. On the form, each evaluator was asked to circle the RIME stage and its accompanying descriptor that most matched their assessment of the student. For the purpose of analysis, R stage = 1, I = 2, M = 3, and E = 4. The attending, resident, and intern RIME score was the mean score of all of their attendings, residents, and interns, respectively. End-of-clerkship examinations included the NBME Medicine Subject examination and a Clinical Performance Examination (CPE), a 12-station examination using standardized patients. Pearson9s correlations assessed the bivariate relationships between the various measures. Regression analyses were performed with the examination scores as dependent variables, with independent variables of mean attending RIME score, mean resident score, and mean intern score. Results Data were received regarding 122 students. Mean attending RIME rating was 2.86 (SD 0.8), resident rating was 2.87 (0.9), and intern rating was 3.11 (0.8). In regression analyses, significant predictors of NBME subject examination score were resident RIME rating (p = .008) and intern RIME rating (p = .02). Significant predictor of CPE performance was resident RIME rating (F = 6.50, p = .01); intern and attending ratings approached statistical significance (p = .09 and .07, respectively). Conclusion Housestaff ratings of students using the RIME taxonomy are associated with better student examination performance. These findings suggest that housestaff (including interns) are accurate in their evaluation of student ability, perhaps better than attendings.
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in E-box motifs ACAT|GTG and ACAC|GTG increases DNA-binding of the B-HLH transcription factor TCF4

We evaluated DNA binding of the B-HLH family members TCF4 and USF1 using protein binding microarrays (PBMs) containing double-stranded DNA probes with cytosine on both strands or 5-methylcytosine (5mC) or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) on one DNA strand and cytosine on the second strand. TCF4 preferentially bound the E-box motif (CAN|NTG) with strongest binding to the 8-mer CAG|GTGGT. 5mC uniformly decreases DNA binding of both TCF4 and USF1. The bulkier 5hmC also inhibited USF1 binding to DNA. In contrast, 5hmC dramatically enhanced TCF4 binding to E-box motifs ACAT|GTG and ACAC|GTG, being better bound than any 8-mer containing cytosine. Examination of X-ray structures of the closely related TCF3 and USF1 bound to DNA suggests TCF3 can undergo a conformational shift to preferentially bind to 5hmC while the USF1 basic region is bulkier and rigid precluding a conformation shift to bind 5hmC. These results greatly expand the regulatory DNA sequence landscape bound by TCF4.
Dual wavelength imaging of a scrape-off layer in an advanced beam-driven field-reversed configuration

A dual wavelength imaging system has been developed and installed on C-2U to capture 2D images of a He jet in the Scrape-Off Layer (SOL) of an advanced beam-driven Field-Reversed Configuration (FRC) plasma. The system was designed to optically split two identical images and pass them through 1 nm FWHM filters. Dual wavelength images are focused adjacent on a large format CCD chip and recorded simultaneously with a time resolution down to 10 μs using a gated micro-channel plate. The relatively compact optical system images a 10 cm plasma region with a spatial resolution of 0.2 cm and can be used in a harsh environment with high electro-magnetic noise and high magnetic field. The dual wavelength imaging system provides 2D images of either electron density or temperature by observing spectral line pairs emitted by He jet atoms in the SOL. A large field of view, combined with good space and time resolution of the imaging system, allows visualization of macro-flows in the SOL. First 2D images of the electron density and temperature observed in the SOL of the C-2U FRC are presented.
Planning and implementing small dam removals: lessons learned from dam removals across the eastern United States

We review and build on a growing literature assessing small dam removal outcomes to inform future dam removal planning. Small dams that have exceeded their expected duration of operation and are no longer being maintained are at risk of breach. The past two decades have seen a number of small dam removals, though many removals remain unstudied and poorly documented. We summarize socio-economic and biophysical lessons learned during the past two decades of accelerated activity regarding small dam removals throughout the United States. We present frameworks for planning and implementing removals developed by interdisciplinary engagement. Toward the goal of achieving thorough dam removal planning, we present outcomes from well-documented small dam removals covering ecological, chemical, and physical change in rivers post-dam removal, including field observation and modeling methodologies. Guiding principles of a dam removal process should include: (1) stakeholder engagement to navigate the complexity of watershed landuse, (2) an impacts assessment to inform the planning process, (3) pre- and post-dam removal observations of ecological, chemical and physical properties, (4) the expectation that there are short- and long-term ecological dynamics with population recovery depending on whether dam impacts were largely related to dispersion or to habitat destruction, (5) an expectation that changes in watershed chemistry are dependent on sediment type, sediment transport and watershed landuse, and 6) rigorous assessment of physical changes resulting from dam removal, understanding that alteration in hydrologic flows, sediment transport, and channel evolution will shape ecological and chemical dynamics, and shape how stakeholders engage with the watershed.
A Simulated Night on Call Experience for Graduating Medical Students.

Abstract Introduction A number of medical schools have developed capstone courses to help prepare medical students for their transition to residency training. As part of our capstone program, we de...
Accuracy of a Classical Test Theory–Based Procedure for Estimating the Reliability of a Multistage Test

The purpose of this simulation study was to assess the accuracy of a classical test theory (CTT)–based procedure for estimating the alternate-forms reliability of scores on a multistage test (MST) having 3 stages. We generated item difficulty and discrimination parameters for 10 parallel, nonoverlapping forms of the complete 3-stage test and ability parameters for a population of 30,000 simulated test takers. Using these parameters to generate item responses, we ran each of the 30,000 simulated test takers through each of the 10 simulated forms of the 3-stage test and computed the correlation of the scores on each pair of simulated test forms. We then computed the CTT estimate of the reliability, in the full population of 30,000 simulated test takers, of the total scaled scores resulting from the multistage testing procedure. We computed the estimate separately from the simulated responses to each of the 10 simulated forms of the 3-stage test. The reliability estimates from each simulated form of the MST differed by less than .005 from the average of the correlations between scores on that form and on the other 9 simulated forms of the MST.
Selectable Markers for Use in Genetic Manipulation of Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumannii HUMC1.

Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most antibiotic-resistant pathogens in clinical medicine, and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains are commonly isolated from infected patients. Such XDR strains are already resistant to traditional selectable genetic markers, limiting the ability to conduct pathogenesis research by genetic disruption. Optimization of selectable markers is therefore critical for the advancement of fundamental molecular biology techniques to use in these strains. We screened 23 drugs that constitute a broad array of antibiotics spanning multiple drug classes against HUMC1, a highly virulent and XDR A. baumannii clinical blood and lung isolate. HUMC1 is resistant to all clinically useful antibiotics that are reported by the clinical microbiology laboratory, except for colistin. Ethical concerns about intentionally establishing pan-resistance, including to the last-line agent, colistin, in a clinical isolate made identification of other markers desirable. We screened additional antibiotics that are in clinical use and those that are useful only in a lab setting to identify selectable markers that were effective at selecting for transformants in vitro . We show that supraphysiological levels of tetracycline can overcome innate drug resistance displayed by this XDR strain. Last, we demonstrate that transformation of the tetA (tetracycline resistance) and Sh ble (zeocin resistance), but not pac (puromycin resistance), resistance cassettes allow for selection of drug-resistant transformants. These results make the genetic manipulation of XDR A. baumannii strains easily achieved. IMPORTANCE Multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pan-drug-resistant (PDR) strains of Acinetobacter baumannii have frequently been characterized. The ability of A. baumannii to develop resistance to antibiotics is a key reason this organism has been difficult to study using genetic and molecular biology approaches. Here we report selectable markers that are not only useful but necessary for the selection of drug-resistant transformants in the setting of drug-resistant backgrounds. Use of these selectable markers can be applied to a variety of genetic and molecular techniques such as mutagenesis and transformation. These selectable markers will help promote genetic and molecular biology studies of otherwise onerous drug-resistant strains, while avoiding the generation of pathogenic organisms that are resistant to clinically relevant antibiotics.
Identifying Excitation and Emission Rate Contributions to Plasmon-Enhanced Photoluminescence from Monolayer MoS2 Using a Tapered Gold Nanoantenna

Single-element and periodic arrays of plasmonic nanoantennas have been used to enhance light–matter interactions in 2D materials to improve their suitability for optoelectronic devices. However, single nanoantennas with discrete resonances do not readily enable separation of enhancements in excitation and emission, each of which influences total Raman and photoluminescence (PL) enhancement. Here we use a single Au tapered plasmonic nanoantenna with optical resonances that extend above and below the band gap to observe a broad enhancement in PL of MoS2. The largest peak enhancement of ∼3.2 is observed at an antenna position between the position of maximum excitation-field enhancement and the position of maximum Purcell factor, indicating a contribution of both excitation and emission rate enhancements. In contrast, the peak Raman enhancement occurs at the position of the excitation-field maximum because it is only dependent on the enhancement of the electric field. This independent determination of excitat...
Building Household Rosters Sensibly

In conducting research for this chapter, I started asking around the U.S. Census Bureau, just looking for a rough estimate of number of surveys that do rosters. I started with the Population Division who said, “I’m not sure, talk to the Demographic Surveys Division,” who then referred me to the Field Division, who referred me back to Population, and so forth. The point is, even within a world-class research institution like the Census Bureau, there is no centralized common knowledge of rostering procedure and which surveys conduct rosters.
Occupy all streets: Olympic urbanism and contested futures in Rio de Janeiro

Little remains in Rio de Janeiro of the excitement of 2009, when the International Olympic Committee chose the city to host the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. Rio put on two mega-events in a short amou...
Complications of Biliopancreatic Diversion and Duodenal Switch

Given the increasing discussion about BPD-DS and its younger sibling the SADI as one of the options for weight regain after a sleeve gastrectomy, it’s very important to be aware of the potential short-term and long-term complications associated with these operations. Early complications include mortality, infectious complications (wound infections and anastomotic/staple line leaks), venous thromboembolism, bleeding, and early bowel obstruction. Long-term complications include internal hernias, GI malabsorptive symptoms, and nutritional deficiencies. We will briefly discuss these complications and their treatment options.
New chemotherapy treatment options and implications for nursing care.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To review the drug profiles and nursing implications of Camptosar (irinotecan) (pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, MI), Hycamtin (topotecan) (SmithKline Beecham Oncology,Philadelphia, PA), 9-aminocamptothecin TM (9-AC) (Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc.), Taxotere (docetaxel) (Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Collegeville, PA), and Oncaspar (Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Pharmaceuticals). DATA SOURCES Published articles, abstracts, drug manufacturers, personal experience with clinical trials of these agents. DATA SYNTHESIS Camptosar's dose-limiting toxicity is diarrhea, which requires astute management. Hycamtin and 9-AC are severely myelosuppressive. Taxotere's use has been complicated by fluid retention and, to a lesser degree, hypersensitivity reactions. Oncaspar has the same toxicity profile as natural L-asparaginase with fewer hypersensitivity reactions. CONCLUSIONS Research in the field of oncology continues to progress toward the cure of cancer. Novel agents offer promising new treatment options and affect response rates and patient care. Oncology nurses are challenged to stay abreast of these new developments. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Nurses play a vital role in the assessment and management of treatment-related side effects. Patient education regarding anticipated side effects and appropriate self-care measures are essential nursing functions.
The Role of Help and Hope in Prevention and Early Intervention with Suicidal Adolescents: Implications for Mental Health Counselors

The role of help and hope as protective factors in prevention and early intervention with suicidal adolescents is examined. Hope is a forward-looking attitude serving as a buffer against suicide. Help reflects the belief and reality that there is a place to turn for support or assistance; it serves as a dynamic force against suicide. Help and hope can be powerful and mutually reinforcing components of any attempt to reach adolescents contemplating suicide. Implications for mental health counselors are presented, with an emphasis on the interrelatedness of help and hope.
Comparative functional dynamics studies on the enzyme nano-bio interface.

Citation: Thomas, S. E., Comer, J., Kim, M. J., Marroquin, S., Murthy, V., Ramani, M., … DeLong, R. K. (2018, August 8). Comparative functional dynamics studies on the enzyme nano-bio interface. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S152222
Au nanocluster growth on Graphene supported on Ni(111)

Abstract Low energy alkali ion scattering is used to investigate the deposition of Au onto a single layer of graphene grown onto Ni(111) by chemical vapor deposition. The yield of 3.0 keV Na+ singly scattered from Au as a function of coverage indicates that it grows in a Volmer–Weber mode forming nanoclusters that increase in size with the amount of deposition. The neutralization probability of the scattered Na+ is high for the smallest clusters and decreases as they increase in size. This is presumably caused by the cluster edge atoms being positively charged combined with the fact that the ratio of edge to center atoms decreases with size, which is similar to the behavior of Au nanoclusters on oxide substrates. In addition, oxygen is intercalated under the graphene film to decouple it from the substrate, but no changes in the growth mode or neutralization probability are observed.
Near Ground-State Cooling of Two-Dimensional Trapped-Ion Crystals with More than 100 Ions

We experimentally study electromagnetically induced transparency cooling of the drumhead modes of planar two-dimensional arrays with up to N≈190 Be^{+} ions stored in a Penning trap. Substantial sub-Doppler cooling is observed for all N drumhead modes. Quantitative measurements for the center-of-mass mode show near ground-state cooling with motional quantum numbers of n[over ¯]=0.3±0.2 obtained within 200 μs. The measured cooling rate is faster than that predicted by single particle theory, consistent with a quantum many-body calculation. For the lower frequency drumhead modes, quantitative temperature measurements are limited by frequency instabilities, but near ground-state cooling of the full bandwidth is strongly suggested. This advance will greatly improve the performance of large trapped ion crystals in quantum information and metrology applications.
Regularized Fourier Ptychography Using an Online Plug-and-play Algorithm

The plug-and-play priors (PnP) framework has been recently shown to achieve state-of-the-art results in regularized image reconstruction by leveraging a sophisticated denoiser within an iterative algorithm. In this paper, we propose a new online PnP algorithm for Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) based on the accelerated proximal gradient method (APGM). Specifically, the proposed algorithm uses only a subset of measurements, which makes it scalable to a large set of measurements. We validate the algorithm by showing that it can lead to significant performance gains on both simulated and experimental data.
Electric-field effect on photoluminescence of lead-halide perovskites

Abstract With the development of novel semiconductors for optoelectronic applications, new device functionalities utilizing unique characteristics of emerging materials can be particularly appealing. Here, we demonstrate a reversible control of photoluminescence (PL) emission from lead-halide perovskites achieved in perovskite electric-double-layer transistors. PL in several prototypical lead-halide perovskite compounds is shown to be reversibly tuned by a small gate voltage in the range ±1.2 V applied to the ionic-liquid gel on the perovskite surface, with the intensity modulation that can reach one to two orders of magnitude. This effect may be mediated by a reversible migration of oxygen ions affecting the crystal region near the interface with the ion gel. The resulting passivation (or activation) of non-radiative recombination centers (traps) by oxygen ions would then modulate the population of mobile photogenerated electrons and holes that give rise to PL, which is thus tuned with an electric “knob” (the gate) in these devices.
Comprehensive Genomic Analysis of Metastatic Non–Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma to Identify Therapeutic Targets

PURPOSENon–clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (nccRCC) encompasses approximately 20% of renal cell carcinomas and includes subtypes that vary in clinical and molecular biology. Compared with clear cel...
Diminishing Returns of Leadership Behaviors on Leadership Emergence

A large body of evidence has concluded that there are positive linear relationships between leadership behaviors and leadership emergence. Drawing on insights from the leadership and teams research...
Weed control and crop safety in sulfonylurea/glyphosate-resistant soybean

A soybean trait resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides along with glyphosate (Bolt™ soybean) has been developed. Information is needed to determine herbicide programs for weed control and crop safety...
ASIST AM 2020. SIG HFIS panel proposal April 27, 2020

83rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Information Science & Technology October 25‐29, 2020.
Bayesian network-driven clustering analysis with feature selection for high-dimensional multi-modal molecular data

Multi-modal molecular profiling data in bulk tumors or single cells are accumulating at a fast pace. There is a great need for developing statistical and computational methods to reveal molecular structures in complex data types toward biological discoveries. Here, we introduce Nebula, a novel Bayesian integrative clustering analysis for high dimensional multi-modal molecular data to identify directly interpretable clusters and associated biomarkers in a unified and biologically plausible framework. To facilitate computational efficiency, a variational Bayes approach is developed to approximate the joint posterior distribution to achieve model inference in high-dimensional settings. We describe a pan-cancer data analysis of genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic alterations in close to 9000 tumor samples across canonical oncogenic signaling pathways, immune and stemness phenotype, with comparisons to state-of-the-art clustering methods. We demonstrate that Nebula has the unique advantage of revealing patterns on the basis of shared pathway alterations, offering biological and clinical insights beyond tumor type and histology in the pan-cancer analysis setting. We also illustrate the utility of Nebula in single cell data for immune cell decomposition in peripheral blood samples.
Test Suite Prioritization with Element and Event Sequences for Android Applications

Several empirical studies show that test suite prioritization guided by combinatorial-based criteria improves the rate of fault detection for a variety of event-driven systems. This work examines test suite prioritization using novel sequences of elements and events for four Android applications. The results show that the prioritization criteria that use element and event sequences cover the test suite's elements, events, and code faster than random orderings. The prioritized test cases cover all elements within the first 9.3% – 46.4% of the test suites, all events in the first 11 % – 86.7% of test suites, and all code within the first 21.3% – 87% of test suites. Random orderings achieve full coverage within the first 84.8%, 94.2%, and 92.4% of the test suite.
Mehrfachinfektion mit RNS-Phagen

Interference could be demonstrated to occur between fr- and f2-mutants, indicating that the observed effect of mutual exclusion between fr+ and fr-A 105 is of general nature. Phage lysates, inactivated during storage at 4o, showed strong interference with homologous phages. This phenomenon may serve as an explanation for the “temporary immunity” of fr-sensitive cells. UV-inactivated phages interfered with superinfecting viable phages if present at low input multiplicity. This interference showed a maximum of expression immediately upon mixing cells with inactivated phages. During the subsequent 15 min the amount of interference decreased and stayed constant from then on. Cells, pre-treated with UV-inactivated phages permitted the adsorption of challenge virus, not however its invasion.
The Relationship between Plaintiff Success Rates before Trial and at Trial

Legal cases that reach trial are a biased subset of underlying disputes. This makes it difficult to study the legal system by observing tried cases. This paper examines the relationship between plaintiff success at pretrial motion and trial stages across many categories of cases. The large, significant positive relationship between plaintiff success rates at these two procedural stages suggests that characteristics of case categories influence outcomes at both stages. Observers of a category of tried cases or cases resolved by motion can make informed judgments about how that category of cases fares at the other procedural stage.
Conformational ordering of biomolecules in the gas phase: nitrogen collision cross sections measured on a prototype high resolution drift tube ion mobility-mass spectrometer

Ion mobility-mass spectrometry measurements which describe the gas-phase scaling of molecular size and mass are of both fundamental and pragmatic utility. Fundamentally, such measurements expand our understanding of intrinsic intramolecular folding forces in the absence of solvent. Practically, reproducible transport properties, such as gas-phase collision cross-section (CCS), are analytically useful metrics for identification and characterization purposes. Here, we report 594 CCS values obtained in nitrogen drift gas on an electrostatic drift tube ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) instrument. The instrument platform is a newly developed prototype incorporating a uniform-field drift tube bracketed by electrodynamic ion funnels and coupled to a high resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The CCS values reported here are of high experimental precision (±0.5% or better) and represent four chemically distinct classes of molecules (quaternary ammonium salts, lipids, peptides, and carbohyd...
Selective digital venous hypertension: A rare complication of hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula

We report and document angiographically a case of selective venous hypertension, masquerading as an infection, which involved the three middle digits of the right hand in a patient with an access arteriovenous (AV) fistula. This complication arose following hemodialysis and was resolved after resection of the right radial artery at the site of AV fistula and re-anastomosis.
Programming for an Advanced Nuclear Phiysics Data Acouisition System

Experience in the design and operation of a previously reported (1) hardware-software computer-based on-line nxuclear physics data acquisition system is described. Major emphasis is placed upon the structure of the programming system, which embodies data acquisition, display, control,, and analysis facilities, and a supervisor capable of coordinating the parallel operation of multiple tasks. Basic concepts, rather than details, are stressed throughout.
The Struggle to Unionize U.S. Radio Technicians, 1935–1940

The most important fight to bring independent unionism to American broadcasting stations emerged during the American Federation of Labor (AFL) vs. Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) battle for supremacy in 1937. U.S. radio technicians gained collective bargaining contracts first through management-dominated professional associations (company unions), and later in independent labor organizations such as NABET, the IBEW, IATSE, and the ACA. The important work of these labor organizations would not have been realized had it not been for two key New Deal labor reforms: the National Industrial Recovery Act and the Wagner Act in 1933 and 1935, respectively.
The potential for community level evaluations based on loop analysis.

In this paper we present results obtained with a computer simulation in which a community, described by Levins in his presentation of loop analysis (Levins, R., 1975, Evolution in communities near equilibrium, in: Ecology and Evolution of Communities, M.L. Cody and J.M. Diamond (eds) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.) pp. 16-50), is analysed. We show how our simulation accurately reproduces Levins' calculations and further, (i) how our simulation can be used to answer questions raised by Levins but never answered, (ii) how the simulation can be used to dissect a community in order to analyse the roles played by the various entities, and (iii) how predictions relating to the evolution of this community, proposed by Levins, can be analysed with some interesting and unexpected results. In particular, it becomes clear that discussion of the type of selection that may take place needs to be done in the framework of the community in which it occurs.
Coriolis coupling in polyatomic molecules with partly frozen vibrations

Abstract The “Eckart expansion of the normal mode,” proposed by Herschbach and Laurie, has been used to derive explicit forms for Coriolis coupling constants and first- and second-order expansion coefficients for the instantaneous moment of inertia tensor. Several examples of “unfrozen” vibrational modes in molecules of C 2 V and C 3 V symmetry are treated with the use of Polo's vectors, and the results are given in tabular form.
Thalamic and cortical mechanisms of attention suggested by recent positron emission tomographic experiments

An attention mechanism in the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus appears to be involved in the filtering of a location in a cluttered visual field, according to recent PET data. The mechanism in the pulvinar is assumed to be a particular type of circuit that reciprocally connects thalamic relay cells to cortical cells. This circuit, which is characteristic of thalamic nuclei in general, appears to embody an algorithm that enhances firing in a target set of cells while inhibiting firing in the surrounding set of cells. Recent PET studies have also identified specific areas of cortex that show increased blood flow when humans expect to process particular aspects of visual objects, such as location, shape, color, and movement velocity. An expectation for a particular feature can be regarded as a peaked activity distribution across cortical synaptic space that increases the effectiveness (accuracy and speed) of the perception of that feature and features similar to that feature. The expectation process is assumed to be generated by a thalamic enhancement circuit, which in turn is driven by a cognitive procedure, apparently located in the anterior cingulate area of the cortex. The selection of a particular cognitive procedure is assumed to depend on the momentary relative motivational value associated with it by means of connections to deeper limbic structures. Under usual conditions, the procedure having the dominant motivational value is the one selected.
Flow Cytometric Analysis and Sorting of Live Female Rat Anterior Pituitary Cell Types by Forward Angle and Perpendicular Light Scatter: Effect of 17β-Estradiol*

Administration of physiological concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2) to ovariectomized rats resulted in changes in the forward angle light scatter (FALS) and perpendicular light scatter (PLS) signals of anterior pituitary lobe cells. One day after steroid treatment some cells showed increases in PLS signals to an intermediate ridge position lying between the two ridges seen for cells prepared from oil-treated ovariectomized rats. Over the first 5 days of E2 treatment, the major effect was a progressive increase in the FALS signal of cells in this intermediate ridge position. Increases in PLS signals continued over the 12-day treatment period. Since the results of a cell sorting experiment showed that PRL cells predominated in the intermediate scatter ridge, it was concluded that E2 increases both size (FALS) and secretory granule content (PLS) of mammotrophs. Cells in the low and high scatter regions were unaffected by E2. Those in the low scatter region were shown, by both electron microscopy and light m...
Unusual July 10, 1996, rock fall at Happy Isles, Yosemite National Park, California

Effects of the July 10, 1996, rock fall at Happy Isles in Yosemite National Park, California, were unusual compared to most rock falls. Two main rock masses fell about 14 s apart from a 665-m-high cliff southeast of Glacier Point onto a talus slope above Happy Isles in the eastern part of Yosemite Valley. The two impacts were recorded by seismographs as much as 200 km away. Although the impact area of the rock falls was not particularly large, the falls generated an airblast and an abrasive dense sandy cloud that devastated a larger area downslope of the impact sites toward the Happy Isles Nature Center. Immediately downslope of the impacts, the airblast had velocities exceeding 110 m/s and toppled or snapped about 1000 trees. Even at distances of 0.5 km from impact, wind velocities snapped or toppled large trees, causing one fatality and several serious injuries beyond the Happy Isles Nature Center. A dense sandy cloud trailed the airblast and abraded fallen trunks and trees left standing. The Happy Isles rock fall is one of the few known worldwide to have generated an airblast and abrasive dense sandy cloud. The relatively high velocity of the rock fall at impact, estimated to be 110–120 m/s, influenced the severity and areal extent of the airblast at Happy Isles. Specific geologic and topographic conditions, typical of steep glaciated valleys and mountainous terrain, contributed to the rock-fall release and determined its travel path, resulting in a high velocity at impact that generated the devastating airblast and sandy cloud. The unusual effects of this rock fall emphasize the importance of considering collateral geologic hazards, such as airblasts from rock falls, in hazard assessment and planning development of mountainous areas.
Taylor Series Expansion for Solutions of the Korteweg-deVries Equation with Respect to Their Initial Values

Abstract The initial value problem (IVP) for the Korteweg-deVries (KdV) equation ∂ t u+u∂ x u+∂ 3 x u=0, u(x, 0) = φ(x) for x ∈ R, t ∈ R establishes a nonlinear map K from the space Hs(R) to the space C([−T, T]; Hs(R)). It has been known for many years that this map K is continuous [Bona and Smith (1975), Kato (1983)] and it was proved recently that this map is Lipschitz continuous [Kenig et al. (1993)]. It is shown in this paper that the nonlinear map K is infinitely many times Frechet differentiable from Hs(R) to C([−T, T]; Hs(R)). Furthermore, it is proved that K has a Taylor series expansion at any given φ ∈ Hs(R), i.e., [formula] where Kn(φ), the nth derivative of K at φ, is an n-linear map from the n-fold space of Hs(R) to C([−T, T]; Hs(R)) and the series converges in the space C([−T, T]; Hs(R)) uniformly for ||h|| ≤ δ for some δ > 0. Each term yn= Kn(φ)[hn] in the series solves a linearized KdV equation. Thus any solutions of the IVP (∗) can be obtained by solving a series of linear problems. By contrast, the corresponding map Kp established by the initial value problem for the periodic KdV equation ∂ t u+u∂ x u+ ∂ 3 x u = 0, u(x, 0) = φ(x) for x ∈ S, t ∈ R, where S is the unit length circle in the plane, is known to be continuous only from Hs(S) to C([−T, T]; Hs(S)). This is due to the lack of smoothing effects for solutions of the periodic KdV equation. In this paper, it is shown that Kp is Lipschitz continuous from Hs+1(S) to C([−T, T]; Hs(S)) and is n times Frechet differentiable from Hs+n+1(S) to C([−T, T]; Hs(S)) for any n ≥ 1. The method developed in this paper applies to other nonlinear dispersive wave equations.
Development of novel 3D-printed robotic prosthetic for transradial amputees.

Background and aim:Upper extremity myoelectric prostheses are expensive. The Robohand demonstrated that three-dimensional printing reduces the cost of a prosthetic extremity. The goal of this project was to develop a novel, inexpensive three-dimensional printed prosthesis to address limitations of the Robohand.Technique:The prosthesis was designed for patients with transradial limb amputation. It is shoulder-controlled and externally powered with an anthropomorphic terminal device. The user can open and close all five fingers, and move the thumb independently. The estimated cost is US$300.Discussion:After testing on a patient with a traumatic transradial amputation, several advantages were noted. The independent thumb movement facilitated object grasp, the device weighed less than most externally powered prostheses, and the size was easily scalable. Limitations of the new prosthetic include low grip strength and decreased durability compared to passive prosthetics.Clinical relevanceMost children with a tr...
More on lingual tonsillar hypertrophy.

To the Editor: Davies et al. reported their experience with three patients with lingual tonsillar hypertrophy.1 We recently managed a similar case. A diabetic 57-yr-old female presented for axillo-femoral bypass; she refused regional anesthesia. Following induction of general anesthesia, an obstructing soft tissue mass at the base of the tongue was observed on direct laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation was impossible with both laryngoscopy and with a lighted-stylet. Adequate ventilation was achieved with a size 3 laryngeal mask. Following this event, nasolaryngoscopy revealed lingual tonsillar hypertrophy, with the mass occupying and filling the valleculae and obstructing the view of the epiglottis. Because she derived no symptoms from the lesion, surgical excision was not felt to be indicated. When re-scheduled for surgery, she again refused regional anesthesia but agreed to awake tracheal intubation. She received glycopyrrolate 0.6 mg sc, supplemental oxygen by nasal prongs, incremental sedation and topical anesthesia of the airway. A Bullard laryngoscope fitted with oxygen tubing (8 L·min–1), a dedicated stylet with a size 7 endotracheal tube, and a surgical camera were introduced into the airway. Under video guidance the laryngoscope was passed to the base of the tongue and used to gently elevate the tonsil, allowing the laryngoscope to move beyond and into the laryngeal inlet, visualizing the vocal cords. The trachea was intubated and the procedure proceeded uneventfully. We agree with Davies that these patients test the limits of our airway management technologies. These lesions are asymptomatic and often unanticipated. They are not readily compressible and may not permit direct viewing of the laryngeal inlet. In one patient, Davies noted the use of an anterior commissure blade, an instrument unfamiliar to most anesthesiologists. However, the more commonly available Bullard laryngoscope is possibly the ideal instrument, both in the anticipated and unanticipated scenario. In the scenario of an airway mass, the Bullard can be fitted with a camera, allowing for visualization of the entire intervention. Its robust construction permits gentle manipulation of airway tissues, allowing it to create the necessary endoscopic airspace. Because it carries the tracheal tube mounted on it, no second working channel is needed for tube placement an obvious advantage in the patient with a lingual tonsil and a relatively non-compliant airway. We agree that no single technique or technology can be guaranteed to resolve all airway issues; strategies to manage unanticipated difficult ventilation and intubation must be preformulated and rehearsed. Consideration should also be given to the routine placement of an oxygenation stylet before extubation of the trachea in these patients.
Sensitivity to grammatical structure in so-called agrammatic aphasics

Abstract Comprehension failures in agrammatic aphasics, as well as their difficulties in sentence construction, have been attributed to an underlying deficit involving the retrieval of syntactic structure. In this study we show that four agrammatic patients display a remarkable sensitivity to structural information, as indicated by their performance on a grammaticality judgment task. These results indicate significant sparing of syntactic knowledge in agrammatism, and suggest that the sentence comprehension disturbances in these patients do not reflect loss of the capacity to recover syntactic structure. In particular, accounts of the comprehension deficit in agrammatism that implicate a failure to exploit information carried by the closed class (function word) vocabulary are called seriously into question. Alternative explanations of the comprehension problem in agrammatism are explored.
Interpretation of Extended Empirical Orthogonal Function (EEOF) Analysis

Abstract Application of an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to a data matrix that contains two or more variable fields has been referred to as extended EOF (EEOF) analysis. Coherence between individual features contained within one EEOF has been implied to represent interrelationships between the fields (in the case of a combination of different variables) or propagating features (in the case of the same field at different times). However, caution must be exercised in the interpretation of interrelationships within one EEOF because the derivation of the EEOFs is based on the optimization of the variance of every EEOF as an entity and may not indicate correlations among substructures within one EEOF. These types of problems associated with interpretation of EEOF analyses are highlighted through an analytic example and application to a dataset with known statistical properties. Although other multivariate analysis techniques such as singular value decomposition and canonical correlation analysis...
Leveraging mammalian pharmaceutical toxicology and pharmacology data to predict chronic fish responses to pharmaceuticals.

Abstract Comparative pharmacology and toxicology approaches with fish models provide important linkages between the biomedical and environmental sciences. Because chronic fish responses to select pharmaceuticals are observed at very low (e.g., ng/L) concentrations, approaches are needed to identify therapeutics for robust environmental hazard and risk assessments. Whereas we observed no obvious relationship between acute toxicity data for rodent (LD50) and fish (LC50) models, using a probabilistic hazard evaluation approach, rodent and fish acute toxicity distributions predicted limited potential for acute toxicity at low concentrations, which is consistent with the peer-reviewed literature. Similar probabilistic distributions were developed to examine mammalian Cmax and an Acute to Therapeutic Ratio (ATR), a surrogate for mammalian therapeutic index that is similar to an Acute to Chronic Ratios (ACRs) commonly calculated for fish models. Probabilistic distributions of ATRs for fifteen drug classes were also examined, which showed specific groups with higher (e.g., reproductive hormones, corticosteroids, antihistamines) and lower (e.g., antibiotics, NSAIDs) ATR values than the distribution for all available pharmaceutical ATRs. A statistically significant relationship (r2 = 0.846, p
536 EVIDENCE FOR AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE OF MITOCHONDRIAL CARBAMYL PHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE DEFICIENCY

Inherited deficiency of hepatic mitochondrial carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS I), the first enzyme of the urea cycle, is a rare cause of hyperammonemia and protein intolerance. The paucity of affected individuals and the lack of family studies have hitherto precluded definition of the mode of inheritance. We now report in its entirety a family with two children affected with partial CPS I deficiency. The proband, a 16 year old girl, was ascertained when hyperammonemia accompanied an episode of encephalopathy. Moderate psychomotor retardation in the proband and her two sibs (1 female; 1 male) necessitated diagnostic liver biopsies for urea cycle enzyme assays. Isolated deficiency of CPS I was observed in the proband's liver (6% of control mean) and that of her sister (5% of control); the brother's activity was well within the range of appropriate control values (see table).
Atmospheric science: Rainfall's oceanic underpinnings

Understanding the processes that govern the complex spatial structure of rainfall is crucial. Idealized numerical simulations reveal the strong influence that ocean heat transport exerts on this structure.
CO Photooxidation on TiO2(110)

The photooxidation of chemisorbed CO on TiO2(110) was investigated. Molecular O2, chemisorbed at 105 K at anion vacancy defect sites on TiO2(110), is shown to undergo excitation leading to either photodesorption of O2 or photooxidation of coadsorbed CO to produce CO2. The yield of photoproduced CO2 and photodesorbed O2 follows the same excitation curve versus photon energy with a threshold at the TiO2 band gap, 3.1 eV. The decay time for photoproduced CO2 is essentially identical with the characteristic decay time for photodesorbed α-O2, corresponding to a photodesorption cross section = 8 × 10-17 cm2 for 3.94 eV photons. This indicates that both O2 photodesorption and CO2 photoproduction are related to the same α-O2 species. Compared to O2 photodesorption, CO2 photoproduction is a minor process. Lattice oxygen in TiO2 is not chemically involved in CO2 formation during ultraviolet irradiation.
Studies on octylphenoxy surfactants: X. Effect of oxyethylene chain length on ethylene production by cowpea and mung bean and comparison with linear alcohol hydrophobes

The effects of ethoxy (EO) chain length on surfactant-induced ethylene production for selected octylphenoxy (OP) and linear alcohol (LA) surfactants were established using primary leaves of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata ‘Dixielee’) seedlings. OP surfactant-induced ethylene production was concentration dependent and decreased log linearly with increasing EO content. C12–15 LA-induced ethylene production decreased log linearly with increasing EO content at 0.1%; however, at 1.0% the relationship was curvilinear with maximum response at 7 EO. Relationships for the C9–11 and C9 LA series were nonlinear with greatest biological activity at intermediate (8–12) EO content. Short EO chain length OP surfactants were only slightly water soluble, and induced low levels of ethylene production and phytotoxicity. Addition of OP+1EO to a long chain, water soluble, non-ethylene inducing surfactant (OP+40EO) solution significantly increased ethylene production by OP+1EO in cowpea. A similar response was found for surfactant-induced phytotoxicity and EO chain length as between ethylene production and EO content. Similar EO chain length and ethylene production relationships were found for germinating mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilcz) seeds as for ethylene production and phytotoxicity in cowpea. Radicle growth was markedly inhibited by OP surfactants with an EO chain length of 10 or less and, in some cases, radicles were irreversibly damaged by ethylene inducing surfactants.
Applications of pullulan in aqueous two-phase systems for enzyme production, purification and utilization

Pullulan, a microbial polysaccharide, was employed with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to form an aqueous two-phase system. The phase diagram of the PEG-Pullulan systems as well as the partition of enzymes depended strongly on the molecular weight of PEG. This behavior provided a basis for the separation of cellulase from β-galactosidase. The extractive hydrolysis of lactose, using a commercial preparation of β-galactosidase, could also be performed in a PEG-Pullulan system (16% PEG 1400, 14% Pullulan). The enzyme was effectively contained in the bottom phase while a high percentage of the glucose produced could be removed in the top phase. The enzyme activity was preserved very well after several repeated hydrolyses.
A simple rule for assessing tariff and tax incidence

Abstract This paper demonstrates that, with constant elasticities, the marginal burden that arises from a tariff increase by the home country is shared equally between the home and foreign country at a tariff rate equal to twice the optimal tariff for the home country. Even if elasticities are not constant, this rule provides an upper bound on the size of the “burden sharing” tariff.
The evolution of a clinically relevant experimental model for the realistic evaluation of long-length (80-cm) arterial prostheses

A new carotid-femoral experimental model has been developed which has significant clinical relevance to human limb salvage bypass grafting in the areas of graft length, hemodynamics and tissue environment. More significantly, the graft healing pattern observed with this model is similar to what is seen in humans. Therefore, this experimental model provides a challenging and critical site for dynamic healing studies and comparisons of different types of vascular prostheses.