cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do Multiple Measurements Employing Different Ultrasonic Techniques Improve the Accuracy of Amniotic Fluid Volume Assessment

This investigation was undertaken to determine if the accuracy of the ultrasound assessment of abnormal amniotic fluid volume (oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios) is improved by employing multiple sonographic amniotic fluid measurements. Four ultrasound techniques consisting of the subjective assessment (ultrasonic visualization without measurement), largest vertical pocket, amniotic fluid index and 2-diameter pocket technique were performed followed by amniocentesis and dye-dilution confirmation of amniotic fluid volume in 66 singleton pregnancies. The ultrasound accuracy to detect abnormal amniotic fluid volume ranged from 61% with the largest vertical pocket to 70% with the 2-diameter pocket procedure used separately. Receiver operator characteristic curves demonstrated that combining the 4 ultrasonic measurements did not improve the accuracy of identifying amniotic fluid volumes.
High-numerical-aperture optical designs

This paper is an overview of the designs of high-numerical-aperture lenses for optical projection lithography at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center.
The effects of quinone analogues on cytochrome b6 reduction and oxidation in a reconstituted system

Abstract The reconstituted system containing Photosystem I, plastocyanin and the cytochrome b6−ƒ complex is used to study the effects of various quinone analogues on the redox behavior of cytochrome b6. The effects of DBMIB, DNP-INT and HQNO are compared in an attempt to discern the modes of action of these quinone analogues. Both DBMIB and DNP-INT are potent inhibitors of the plastocyanin reductase activity of the isolated cytochrome complex. However, while DBMIB abolished the oxidant-induced reduction of cytochrome b6, DNP-INT only inhibited about 25% of the net reduction. On the other hand, HQNO does not show any significant inhibition of plastocyanin reductase activity of the isolated cytochrome complex at concentrations up to 20μM. An enhancement of the net amount of cytochrome b6, reduced is observed in the presence of HQNO. Both DNP-INT and HQNO inhibited the dark oxidation rate of cytochrome b6. The possible identity of the oxidant for cytochrome b6 is discussed. Plastoquinone is concluded to be the most likely candidate. DNP-INT is concluded to have at least two sites of inhibition in the cytochrome complex. The implications of these findings on quinone functions in the cytochrome b6−ƒ complex are discussed.
High temperature transport properties of gases; limitations of current calculating methods in the light of recent experimental data

Requirements for satisfactory calculation of high temperature transport properties are discussed, with special emphasis on the role of the intermolecular potential. The determination of appropriate pair potentials from scattering of high energy neutral beams is described, and potentials obtained from helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon, each scattered by its own gas, are tabulated. Similar potentials are given for helium scattered by argon, nitrogen, methane, monofluoromethane, difluoromethane, trifluoromethane, and tetrafluoromethane; neon by argon; argon by hydrogen and nitrogen; atomic hydrogen by helium and hydrogen; and atomic deuterium by deuterium gas. Average potentials derived from suitable combinations of these experimental potentials are given for the like-particle systems of nitrogen, methane, monofluoromethane, difluoromethane, trifluoromethane, and tetrafluoromethane. Results of calculations which use suitable and unsuitable potential functions are shown in tabulated form for the coefficient of viscosity, the coefficient of self-duffusion, and the isotopic reduced thermal diffusion ratio of argon and of nitrogen, and in graphical form for the coefficient of viscosity of xenon.
The use of the goldberg indices with alcoholics: A cautionary note

Applied Goldberg's (1972) regression equation for the classification of MMPI profiles to the MMPI profiles of 173 alcoholic male veterans. All Ss also completed a detailed alcoholic life history questionnaire. It was hypothesized that there would be differences between the life history responses of those Ss classified as sociopathic and those classified as normal neurotic, or psychotic. However, analysis revealed no significant differences between the groups. This finding is discussed in terms of the relationship of life events to diagnosis and the validity of the use of Goldberg Indices with alcoholic patients.
Transport systems for ocean disposal of CO2 and their environmental effects

Abstract After removal from the power plant flue gas, the CO 2 has to be transported from the power plant to the deep ocean. Because of the vast quantities that need to be transported, this is a formidable engineering task. The transport systems will add significantly to the cost of CO 2 disposal, and they may pose an environmental and safety risk. Considering that a single 1000 MW bituminous coal-fired power plant equipped with CO 2 removal system will deliver between 7.2–8.2E6 T/y of CO 2 (228–260 kg/s), the only practical transport systems appear to be pipes and large tankers in which the CO 2 is transported as a liquid. The environmental impact of offshore pipes will occur mainly during the construction phase. In USA territorial waters pipes need to be buried to a depth of 61 m. This means blasting and digging through sediments and reefs. After construction, the underwater habitat will be restored in a few years. Tanker transport requires major port and docking facilities, which could lead to perturbations of coastal habitat, and contamination due to leakages, spills and effluents. As CO 2 is stored and transported as a pressurized liquid, there is a risk of rupture and release of large quantities of CO 2 . At concentrations in air above 10%, CO 2 is an asphyxiant, and at smaller concentrations it causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and skin lesions. However the environmental impacts and safety hazards of CO 2 transport systems can be minimized or altogether prevented with prudent management and exercise of precaution.
The 2004 Fitts Lecture: current perspective on combat casualty care.

Abstract : I would like to thank the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma and President Cryer for the opportunity to deliver the 2004 Fitts Lecture. When Dr. Cryer asked me to deliver this lecture, I actually wondered whether he had called the wrong number. Dr. Basil Pruitt described Dr. William P. Fitts in his 1992 Fitts Lecture as a physician soldier in World War II, an author, a chairman, an editor of the Journal of Trauma, and a past President of our association .1 To deliver a talk named after such an esteemed surgeon soldier is indeed a privilege. So, as Commander of the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), and Trauma Advisor to the Army Surgeon General, I am here to represent the men and women who serve in uniform, and I hope to do them justice today. At this point, I would like all Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom personnel to please stand and be recognized. Dr. Donald Trunkey discussed his experiences as a deployed Chief of Professional Services of the 50th Field Hospital during Desert Shield/Desert Storm in the 1991 Fitts Lecture and in a paper in The Archives of Surgery in 1993.2,3 Subsequently, he lectured and wrote multiple afteraction reports, resulting in numerous Government Accounting Reports about these experiences. 10 In summary, Dr. Trunkey believed there was significant room for improvement in our ability to care for injured casualties in a deployed setting. Dr. Basil Pruitt eloquently described the interaction between the AAST and military medicine. Both men are retired Army Colonels who have spent the better part of their careers serving in the military. To prepare for this lecture, I went back and read their articles and reports and discussed their findings with the respective authors, among many others.
A Methodology for the Modeling of Rail Vehicles From Time Series Measurements Using Time-Delay Neural Networks

The main goal of this research is to develop and demonstrate a general, efficient, mathematically and theoretically based methodology to model nonlinear forced vibrating mechanical systems from time series measurements. A system identification modeling methodology for forced dynamical systems is presented based on dynamic system theory and nonlinear time series analysis that employs phase space reconstruction (delay vector embedding) for modeling of dynamical systems from time series data using time-delay neural networks (TDNN). The first part of this work details the modeling methodology including background on dynamic systems, phase space reconstruction, and neural networks. In the second part of this work the methodology is evaluated based on its ability to model selected analytical lumped parameter forced vibrating dynamic systems including an example of a linear system predicting lumped mass displacement using a displacement forcing. function The work discusses the application to nonlinear systems, multi degree-of-freedom systems, and multi-input systems. The methodology is further evaluated on its ability to model an analytical passenger rail vehicle predicting vertical wheel/rail force using vertical rail profile as input. Studying the neural modeling methodology using an analytical systems shows the clearest observations from results which provide prospective users of this tool an understanding of the expectations and limitations of the modeling methodology.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
EFFECTS OF CYCLIC AMP AND SEPHADEX FRACTIONS OF CHICK EMBRYO EXTRACT ON CLONED RETINAL PIGMENTED EPITHELIUM IN TISSUE CULTURE

The effects of dibutyryl cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (BcAMP) and Sephadex G-25 fractions of chick embryo extract on the growth rate, morphology, and pigmentation of normal chick retinal pigmented epithelium (PE) were investigated. Seven cloned PE cell lines were each grown in modified Ham's F-12 medium alone (F-12), or in F-12 supplemented with either high molecular weight (H) or low molecular weight (L) fractions of chick embryo extract. Cells grown in F-12 alone or in L medium formed compact epithelial sheets, whereas cells grown in H had a fibrocytic appearance and formed poorly organized monolayers. In H plus BcAMP, cell morphology was more epithelioid than in H alone, and generally the monolayers appeared more differentiated. Under each of these three culture conditions, 2 x 10-4 M BCAMP retarded the increase in cell number and decreased the final number of cells per culture dish, but had little effect on plating efficiency. BcAMP also increased the rate of cell adhesion to a plastic substratum. Pigmentation was marked in cultures grown in F-12 or in L alone, but the addition of BcAMP dramatically reduced visible pigmentation. This effect was reversed when BcAMP was removed from the culture medium. Thus BcAMP modifies cell and colonial morphology, rate of cell accumulation, adhesive properties, and pigmentation of normal PE cells.
Paleomagnetic evidence for fossil biogenic magnetite in western Crete

Abstract Previous paleomagnetic research has shown that the concentration of fine-grained magnetite preserved in Miocene marine clays of western Crete drops during two successive geomagnetic transitions, although the mechanism responsible for this effect was not known. Magnetite precipitation by magnetotactic bacteria offers a straightforward explanation for this decrease. Reduced field strengths during a reversal will strain the competitive advantage of having intracellular magnetite and will force bacteria to precipitate correspondingly more magnetite if they are to maintain the same alignment in the geomagnetic field. Their ability to do this is limited by several magnetophysical constraints which should act to reduce the numbers of magnetite-precipitating cells, particularly in fields of less than about 12% of the present level. This would lead to a decrease in the supply of bacterial magnitude to the sediments. Recovery of intact magnetotactic bacterial fossils may lead to a new method for estimating paleointensities from sedimentary rocks.
Cognitive appraisal accuracy moderates the relationship between injury severity and psychosocial outcomes in traumatic brain injury.

Objective:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently results in significant changes in physical, cognitive and emotional status. Outcomes after TBI may be related to accurate appraisal of these change...
Brain-Cocaine Concentrations Determine the Dose Self-Administered by Rats on a Novel Behaviorally Dependent Dosing Schedule

A novel behaviorally dependent dosing (BDD) schedule was used to examine the relationship between doses of cocaine self-administered by rats and brain drug levels within a session. The BDD schedule used a hold-down response to activate a syringe pump. The length of time the lever was held down determined the duration that the syringe pump was activated. In the first experiment, rats self-administered cocaine for daily 3 h sessions and brain levels of cocaine were modeled using well-established parameters. Although analysis revealed that rats self-administered doses within a predicted range, one extremely large dose was consistently observed at the beginning of each session when brain levels of cocaine were low. In the second experiment, we introduced a range of timeout periods (10–25 min) in order to produce variability in brain-cocaine concentrations. Animals self-administered larger doses immediately following each timeout period and the dose size was inversely correlated with the length of the timeout. These results show that the dose of cocaine that rats self-administer within a session is inversely related to the amount of drug on board.
Catalytic hydrogenation of cyclohexene: 8. Gas-phase reaction on supported nickel

Abstract The gas-phase hydrogenation of cyclohexene was studied on seven nickel catalysts supported on silica. The initial turnover frequency was almost independent of the size of Ni particles between 1 and 5 nm. It declined with time during each run because of adsorbed benzene produced by a side reaction, the disproportionation of cyclohexene to benzene and cyclohexane. The latter were found to be products of the reaction in the absence of hydrogen. In the presence of hydrogen, benzene was formed but did not desorb as a reaction product at 273 K. The hydrogenation of cyclohexene was independent of particle size yet the disproportionation leading to benzene adsorption varied with particle size.
Desirable characteristics of information resource dictionary systems

The proliferation of Information Resource Dictionary System (IRDS) products spurred the issuance of national and international standards in 1988 and 1992. Even so, there are numerous features of IRDSs that are not covered by the standards. This paper seeks to provide a comprehensive set of criteria for evaluating the functional capabilities of the systems based on standards as well as the relevant published literature. The framework should benefit both potential adopters of IRDS systems who need to compare competing systems, as well as vendors who need to make design decisions on the functionality of their products.
Subjective Incompetence, the Clinical Hallmark of Demoralization

Abstract Subjective incompetence is self-perceived incapacity to perform tasks and express feelings deemed appropriate in a stressful situation. Subjective incompetence together with distress is demoralization, the common feature of all conditions psychotherapy attempts to relieve. While scales for subjective incompetence are lacking, an overview of research suggests that subjective incompetence and distress will occur together when assumptions relevant to self-esteem are disconfirmed by the stressful situation or social bonds are inadequate. We distinguish subjective incompetence from other concepts, e.g., mastery, orientation of locus of control, learned helplessness, self-efficacy, and neuroticism.
Ocular ischemic syndrome in a child with moyamoyadisease and neurofibromatosis

Ocular ischemic syndrome is extremely rare in childhood. Patients with moyamoya disease may be particularly susceptible to the development of ocular ischemia due to the associated carotid occlusion. A 19-month-old boy presented with neurofibromatosis and signs of ocular ischemia. At 29 months of age, he developed dense right vitreous hemorrhage and eventually lost vision in that eye due to phthisis. At almost six years of age, he developed an acute hemiplegia and was then diagnosed with moyamoya disease. This rare instance of childhood ocular ischemia in conjunction with moyamoya disease and neurofibromatosis demonstrates the serious ocular and systemic sequelae of occlusive vascular disease.
Region of Birth and Disability Among Recent U.S. Immigrants: Evidence from the 2000 Census

This study aimed to test the “healthy immigrant” hypothesis and assess health heterogeneity among newly arrived working-age immigrants (18–64 years) from various regions of origin. Using the 5% sample of the 2000 U.S. Census (PUMS), we found that, compared with their native-born counterparts, immigrants from all regions of the world were less likely to report mental disability and physical disability. Immigrants from selected regions of origin were, however, more likely to report work disability. Significant heterogeneity in disabilities exists among immigrants: Those from Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia reported the highest risk of mental and physical disability, and those from East Asia reported the lowest risk of physical disability. Furthermore, Mexican immigrants reported the lowest risk of mental disability, and Canadian immigrants reported the lowest risk of work disability. Socioeconomic status and English proficiency partially explained these differences. The health advantage of immigrants decreased with longer U.S. residence.
Redox transformations in desorption electrospray ionization

Abstract Redox changes occur in some circumstances when organic compounds are analyzed by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS). However, these processes are limited in scope and the data presented here suggest that there are only limited analogies between the redox behavior in DESI and the well-known solution-phase electrochemical processes in standard electrospray ionization (ESI). Positive and negative ion modes were both investigated and there is a striking asymmetry between the incidence of oxidation and of reduction. Although in negative ion mode DESI experiments, some aromatic compounds were ionized as odd-electron anion radicals, examples of full reduction were not found. By contrast, oxidation in the form of oxygen atom addition (or multiple oxygen atom additions) was observed for several different analytes. These oxidation reactions point to chemically rather than electrochemically controlled processes. Data is presented which suggests that oxidation is predominantly caused by reaction with discharge-created gas-phase radicals. The fact that common reducing agents and known antioxidants such as ascorbic acid are not modified, while a saturated organic acid like stearic acid is oxidized in DESI, indicates that the usual electrochemical redox reactions are not significant but that redox chemistry can be induced under special experimental conditions.
Review article: modulation of the brain-gut axis as a therapeutic approach in gastrointestinal disease.

Summary Background The importance of bi-directional brain-gut interactions in gastrointestinal illness is increasingly being recognized, most prominently in the area of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Numerous current and emerging therapies aimed at normalizing brain–gut interactions are a focus of interest, particularly for irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia. Methods A literature search was completed for preclinical and clinical studies related to central modulation of gastrointestinal functions and published in English between 1980 and 2006. Results Existing data, while sparse, support the use of different classes of antidepressant drugs, including tricyclics, and selective and non-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in irritable bowel syndrome. Serotonin receptor agonists and antagonists with peripheral and possibly central effects are effective in treating specific subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome. Based largely on theoretical and preclinical evidence, several novel compounds that selectively target receptors at multiple levels within the brain–gut axis such as neurokinin, somatostatin and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonists are promising. Conclusions This review discusses the rationale for modulation of the brain–gut axis in the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders and highlights the most promising current and future therapeutic strategies.
Multiple Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria in Long-term-care Facilities: An Emerging Problem in the Practice of Infectious Diseases

Long-term-care facilities (LTCFs) are becoming a major component of the health care delivery system. The management of infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in elderly patients in LTCFs is presenting new challenges to our current therapeutic armamentarium. Among the enteric bacilli, resistance to ceftazidime, beta-lactam/beta-lactamase-inhibitor combinations, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole present the foremost problems. Quinolone-resistant gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria are increasing in frequency because of the widespread use of these agents in empirical treatment. Among the resistant gram-positive organisms, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant pneumococci, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci are the most feared pathogens. Education, antibiotic control measures, and fundamental epidemiological and scientific research are advocated as important preventive measures.
Space charge effects and intensity limits of electron-cooled bunched beams

For stripping injection of proton beams in the IUCF Cooler, electron cooling permits us to accumulate beam currents several times higher than what can be obtained without cooling. Paradoxically, the electron cooling system also appears to be responsible for limiting peak currents in the ring at 45 MeV to about 6 mA. Thus the tool which allows us to accumulate beam also prevents us from accumulating more beam. At this point we can account for some of the observed beam features when we include space charge effects. Presently, we do not, however, have any techniques to counteract the space charge effects and thus raise this intensity limit.
Mentors: Lighting the Path for Growth and Success:

Here's a personal account of good and bad experiences with mentors, and some thoughts about the importance of being an effective mentor for today's students and inexperienced faculty members
Operative vs nonoperative management of blunt pancreatic trauma in children

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of nonoperative vs operative management of blunt pancreatic trauma in children. Methods: Retrospective review of pancreatic injuries from 1995 to 2006 at an urban level I regional pediatric trauma center. Results: Forty-three children with pancreatic injury were included in the analysis. Injuries included grade I (n = 18), grade II (n = 6), grade III (n = 17), and grade IV (n = 2). For grade II to IV injuries, patients managed operatively (n = 14) and nonoperatively (n = 11) had similar lengths of stay and rates of readmission, despite increased pancreatic complications (PCs) in the nonoperative cohort (21% vs 73%; P = .02). There was a trend toward increased non-PCs in patients managed with resection (P = .07). Twelve patients underwent successful diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in which duct injury was identified. In this group, nonoperative management was pursued in 6 patients but was associated with increased rates of PC (86% nonoperative vs 29% operative; P = .02). Conclusions: Operative management of children with grades II to IV pancreatic injury results in significantly decreased rates of PCs but fails to decrease length of stay in the hospital, possibly as a result of non-PCs. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography may serve as a useful diagnostic modality for guiding operative vs nonoperative management decisions.
Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in the treatment of cancers of the breast and ovary

Peglyated liposomal doxorubicin was developed to maintain or enhance the demonstrated antineoplastic effects of doxorubicin, while improving the toxicity profile associated with this important cytotoxic agent. Accumulating clinical data have confirmed the activity of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in cancers of the breast and ovary. Furthermore, Phase II and III trial experience has revealed that the drug produces objective responses comparable in rate and duration to doxorubicin and other single agents employed in metastatic breast cancer. In recurrent and platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, single-agent pegylated liposomal doxorubicin has assumed an important role in routine patient management.
P2D-3 Performance Evaluation of Neural Network Based Ultrasonic Flaw Detection

In this study, a robust flaw detection algorithm using Neural Networks (NN) is presented for NDE applications. A three-layer feedforward NN which can perform a complex nonlinear mapping process has been used as a detection processor following the subband decomposition of the measured signal. The neural network architecture is trained to suppress the clutter echoes while maintaining the integrity of flaw echoes. The training process allows the neural network to learn about the statistics and the variation of the clutter signal. The robustness of the NN method is examined through testing materials with different grain sizes and multiple flaws. It has been shown that NN can improve the flaw-to-clutter (FCR) ratio significantly when the input experimental signal has FCR equal to 0 or less. Experimental results show that a typical FCR improvement of 40dB can be achieved using NN post detectors as opposed to 15dB with the conventional techniques including minimum, median, average, geometric mean and polarity detectors. The experimental results also confirm that the NN detector is capable of distinguishing two adjacent flaw echoes whereas the conventional techniques detect the presence of a single anomaly only. Furthermore, due its trainability, NN performs robustly when some of the subband signals used for detection have little or no flaw information.
Measurement Issues in Problem Gambling: Inclusion of a Gambling Specific Psychopathology Measure, the Gambling Impact Scale (GIS)

Problem gambling is becoming an increasing issue throughout the world with greater numbers of people presenting to treatment services with gambling problems. However, many cases are still missed, due in part, to a lack of general screening tools that are able to be used by non-specialist gambling services. This paper presents the findings of a gambling screening tool (Gambling Impact Scale—GIS) which was designed to identify problem gambling behavior, associated psychopathology and impact to self and others. The principle aim was to devise a tool that could be used by all potential treatment agencies that may come into contact with people experiencing problems with their gambling. The Gambling Impact Scale (GIS) consists of three sub-scales. Both internal and concurrent validity of the tool have been established with a help seeking gambling population. Discussed are further refinements of the GIS in general mental health and counseling populations.
Origin of the Hadži ABC structure: An ab initio study

Medium and strong hydrogen bonds are well known to give rise to broad features in the vibrational spectrum often spanning several hundred wavenumbers. In some cases, these features can span over 1000 cm(-1) and even contain multiple broad peaks. One class of strongly hydrogen-bonded dimers that includes many different phosphinic, phosphoric, sulfinic, and selenic acid homodimers exhibits a three-peaked structure over 1500 cm(-1) broad. This unusual feature is often referred to as the Hadži ABC structure. The origin of this feature has been debated since its discovery in the 1950s. Only a couple of theoretical studies have attempted to interpret the origin of this feature; however, no previous study has been able to reproduce this feature from first principles. Here, we present the first ab initio calculation of the Hadži ABC structure. Using a reduced dimensionality calculation that includes four vibrational modes, we are able to reproduce the three-peak structure and much of the broadness of the feature. Our results indicate that Fermi resonances of the in-plane bend, out-of-plane bend, and combination of these bends play significant roles in explaining this feature. Much of the broadness of the feature and the ability of the OH stretch mode to couple with many overtone bending modes are captured by including an adiabatically separated dimer stretch mode in the model. This mode modulates the distance between the monomer units and accordingly the strength of the hydrogen-bonds causing the OH stretch frequency to shift from 2000 to 3000 cm(-1). Using this model, we were also able to reproduce the vibrational spectrum of the deuterated isotopologue which consists of a single 500 cm(-1) broad feature. Whereas previous empirical studies have asserted that Fermi resonances contribute very little to this feature, our study indicates that while not appearing as a separate peak, a Fermi resonance of the in-plane bend contributes substantially to the feature.
The golden-cheeked warbler: History of a conflict

Wildlife biologists are undoubtedly familiar with the decades-long debate over the Endangered Species Act and the conflicts that often arise among people of differing interests when a species is listed as federally threatened or endangered. One example that made local and national headlines in the 1990s was the golden-cheeked warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia), which breeds exclusively in central Texas, USA, and primarily on private lands. The inclusion of the warbler on the federal endangered species list in 1990 prompted conflict between land developers, environmentalists, ranchers, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Miscommunication and mistrust among the groups resulted in purposeful destruction of habitat and delayed or lost opportunities for species' conservation and scientific research. Now, 20 years later, we have taken the opportunity to review some of the events and conflicts surrounding the listing of the warbler such that a new generation of researchers and biologists can understand the progress made and identify where additional work may be needed. The significance of threatened and endangered species conservation varies among people and places; thus, there will be a continual need for agencies and biologists to develop relationships with local communities formed around understanding the values and motivations of all stakeholders, in an effort to limit conflict and create an atmosphere that promotes cooperative approaches to research on, and recovery of, at-risk species. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
High relatedness in a social amoeba: the role of kin-discriminatory segregation

A major challenge for social theory is to explain the importance of kin discrimination for the evolution of altruism. One way to assess the importance of kin discrimination is to test its effects on increasing relatedness within groups. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum aggregates to form a fruiting body composed of dead stalk and live spores. Previous studies of a natural population showed that where D. discoideum occurs in the soil, multiple clones are often found in the same small soil samples. However, actual fruiting bodies usually contain only one clone. We here performed experiments to gauge the effect of kin-discriminatory segregation on increasing relatedness. We mixed co-occurring clones from this population using a relatedness level found in small soil samples. We found a lower proportion of uniclonal fruiting bodies and a lower level of relatedness compared with natural fruiting bodies. We found that the amount of relatedness increase attributable to kin-discriminatory segregation was small. These findings suggest a relatively minor influence of kin-discriminatory segregation on relatedness in D. discoideum. We discuss our results comparing with the results of previous studies, including those of wild clones and laboratory mutants. We ask why wild clones of D. discoideum exhibit a low degree of kin-discriminatory segregation, and what alternative factors might account for high relatedness in D. discoideum.
Grade and gender differences in and the stability and correlates of the structural complexity of children's playground games

Second and fifth graders' playground activities during school recess were studied with a one-year follow-up. At the second time of assessment, measures were also taken of logical reasoning, interpersonal understanding, and understanding game rules. Both grade and gender differences were found in the complexity of children's activities. Generally, older children participated in more complex activities than younger children, and boys participated in more complex activities than girls. The complexity of children's activities increased over the one-year period, especially for boys. The correlates of game complexity differed for boys and girls. For boys, game complexity was negatively related to interpersonal understanding and positively related to understanding game rules. For girls, game complexity was positively related to interpersonal understanding. RESULTS are discussed in terms of social and sex role development. Language: en
Communication Strategies and Cultural Issues in the Delivery of Bad News

Good communication is a fundamental skill for all palliative care clinicians. Patients present with varied desires, beliefs, and cultural practices, and navigating these issues presents clinicians with unique challenges. This article provides an overview of the evidence for communication strategies in delivering bad news and discussing advance care planning. In addition, it reviews the literature regarding cultural aspects of care for terminally ill patients and their families and offers strategies for engaging them. Through good communication practices, clinicians can help to avoid conflict and understand patients' desires for end of life care.
Sources of non-compliance with clinical practice guidelines in trauma triage: a decision science study.

Background United States trauma system guidelines specify when to triage patients to specialty centers. Nonetheless, many eligible patients are not transferred as per guidelines. One possible reason is emergency physician decision-making. The objective of the study was to characterize sensory and decisional determinants of emergency physician trauma triage decision-making.
Eye Movement and Stimulus Movement; New Photoelectric Electromechanical System for Recording and Measuring Tracking Motions of the Eye*

A new technique of eye-movement measurement based upon a photoelectric principle is described. An image of a small portion of the eye at the juncture of the iris and sclera is cast upon a surface containing a small horizontal slit. Behind the slit is located the photocathode of a photomultiplier tube. As the eye rotates on its vertical axis more or less of the sclera (or iris) falls upon the slit, and hence more or less total light reaches the photosensitive element of the tube. The output of the tube thus can be related directly to the angular position of the eye.A system for generating a moving target whose velocity, displacement, form, intensity, and other characteristics can be varied systematically also is described. This system is coupled to that for measuring eye movements with the result that both the signal for eye movement and the signal for the movement of the stimulus can be displayed and recorded simultaneously on an oscilloscope. Consequently, both signals can be studied in detail as a function of time, and in relation to one another.Eye movements of less than one degree can be measured with less than 10% error. Optical modifications of the present system will make possible the measurement of much smaller movements of the eye.Extensions and improvement of the technique of measurement are discussed briefly.
1.16 µs continuously tunable optical delay of a 100-Gb/s DQPSK signal using wavelength conversion and chromatic dispersion in an HNLF

We demonstrate a tunable optical delay element using wavelength conversion in a highly nonlinear fiber, dispersion compensating fiber, and optical phase conjugation. A continuous delay of up to 1.16-µs equaling >55,000 symbols at 50 Gb/s, for 100 Gb/s NRZ-DQPSK and 50 Gb/s NRZ-DPSK modulation formats, is demonstrated.
The Psychophysiological Differentiation of Actual, Imagined, and Recollected Anger:

Heart rate and skin resistance responses from thirty-six participants (5 men and 31 women) were recorded to determine if significant differences exist among three different types of inducing anger ...
Vehicle Identification using Discrete Spectrums in Wireless Sensor Networks

We studied the possibility of using wireless sensor networks for vehicle identification in a large open field. This is exciting research in that it not only presents a challenge but has practicality. The challenge here is to develop algorithms and/or protocols for sensor nodes to execute a given task. Since each sensor node has limited computation and communication capabilities, these limitations prohibit the use of algorithms and/or protocols developed for conventional computers and networks. Each sensor is dispensable and easily deployable, it can do meaningful work when it is collaborated as a networked cluster; therefore it is very practical in application. Our goal is to identify vehicles in real time using acoustic signal sensors and wireless networks. Our contribution in this paper is three fold. First, we developed a simple vehicle sound identification algorithm enough to be implemented for capacity limited sensor nodes. Second, we proposed architecture and protocols of wireless sensor networks for vehicle identification using this developed sound classification algorithm. Third, we proposed a cooperation model among sensors to expedite the classification process. Our preliminary results show the proposed architecture and protocols are promising.
The Dynamic Structure of Thrombin in Solution

The backbone dynamics of human α-thrombin inhibited at the active site serine were analyzed using R1, R2, and heteronuclear NOE experiments, variable temperature TROSY 2D [1H-15N] correlation spectra, and Rex measurements. The N-terminus of the heavy chain, which is formed upon zymogen activation and inserts into the protein core, is highly ordered, as is much of the double beta-barrel core. Some of the surface loops, by contrast, remain very dynamic with order parameters as low as 0.5 indicating significant motions on the ps-ns timescale. Regions of the protein that were thought to be dynamic in the zymogen and to become rigid upon activation, in particular the γ-loop, the 180s loop, and the Na+ binding site have order parameters below 0.8. Significant Rex was observed in most of the γ-loop, in regions proximal to the light chain, and in the β-sheet core. Accelerated molecular dynamics simulations yielded a molecular ensemble consistent with measured residual dipolar couplings that revealed dynamic motions up to milliseconds. Several regions, including the light chain and two proximal loops, did not appear highly dynamic on the ps-ns timescale, but had significant motions on slower timescales.
Arterial pressure optimization in the treatment of septic shock: a complex puzzle

Arterial pressure optimization in septic shock is a critical, yet poorly understood component of resuscitation. New data suggest that, during the routine management of patients with severe sepsis, there is no association between mean arterial pressure achieved and outcome as long as the mean arterial pressure is maintained at or above 70 mmHg. Although these data add important new evidence to our understanding of arterial pressure management, there are still many unanswered questions upon which future investigations should focus.
The Contribution of Alcohol to the Likelihood of Completion and Severity of Injury in Rape Incidents

Alcohol use has consistently been linked to violent crime including sexual assault. However, its effect on the likelihood of rape completion and victim injury has not been explored. This article examines the effect of the perpetrator's alcohol consumption on the probability that a rape will be completed and the likelihood and seriousness of physical injuries to victims of rape. Using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey of the Bureau of Justice Statistics for 1992 through 1994, the authors test three hypotheses regarding the effect of perpetrator drinking using multivariate models to control for situational factors and victim's demographic characteristics. The data suggest that drinking by the perpetrator decreases the likelihood that a rape will be completed, increases the likelihood of victim injury, and shows no relationship between perpetrator drinking and the victim's need for medical care.
Becoming Unionized in a Charter School: Teacher Experiences and the Promise of Choice.

When California legislators passed the California Charter School Act of 1992, it allowed parents the choice of sending their children to public charter schools, places where teachers would have more autonomy and where schools faced exemptions from state education codes and from collective bargaining contracts. Hope Charter School (a pseudonym; HCS), located in a densely populated area of Los Angeles, was founded in 2000 by local community leaders, teachers, parents, and funders. In 2005, five years after the school was founded, the teachers at HCS voted to form a union, independent from the local district union. The experiences of teachers in this charter school are at the center of this article, which asks, “How did the promise of choice create an environment that led HCS teachers to seek unionization?” This article employed a qualitative case study design that focused on the experiences of one group of teachers who worked at the various HCS sites. There were 17 participants, including former and current...
The Effects of Cognitive Impairment on 9-Year Mortality in a Community Sample

Using 9-year mortality data on a community sample of 3,560 adults aged 40 and over, this study assessed the effects of cognitive functioning and one-year declines in cognitive functioning on mortality controlling for comorbid chronic medical illness, physical disability, and psychiatric illness. The study determined the 9-year vital status and, among the decreased, date of death of respondents who were first interviewed in 1980 by the New Haven Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Mortality risk by cognitive functioning, as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), was estimated using Cox Proportional Hazards Models controlling for baseline assessments of physical and mental health. For both men and women, lower scores on the MMSE decreased the risk of survival, although the effect was stronger for younger respondents than older respondents. Decline in MMSE scores over the course of one year had no additional effect on mortality beyond the resulting MMSE score. Cause-specific mortality was also examined.
Quality of life and emotional distress in advanced prostate cancer survivors undergoing chemotherapy

Prostate cancer continues to occur in over 230,000 men each year. Although the majority of these will be diagnosed in the early stages, there remains a proportion who will either be diagnosed in late stage disease or develop progressive disease. In patients with advanced disease, research has recently focused on using chemotherapy for symptom management and palliation. Given that the focus is not on cure, the effect of chemotherapy on quality of life is of utmost importance. The present article will 1) summarize the current chemotherapeutic studies that have included a quality of life component, with a particular focus on pain and fatigue, 2) discuss the issue of distress in advanced prostate cancer patients treated with chemotherapy, and 3) suggest future research directions. From the studies that have investigated quality of life, it appears that several chemotherapeutic agents reduce pain and fatigue, although the development of fatigue is often the dose-limiting factor of some agents. The assessment of overall quality of life has occurred in several studies, however, an examination into the impact of chemotherapy on functional status and interpersonal relationships has not been studied. Finally, in contrast to the numerous studies in early stage prostate cancer patients, the presence and effect of distress in chemotherapy-treated prostate patients has not been examined. As such, increased attention is needed to quality of life during phase I-III chemotherapy trials.
Conjugate-direction minimization: an improved method for the refinement of macromolecules.

A novel method of function minimization that combines the power of the diagonal approximation to the normal matrix with conjugate directions is described. This method approaches closer to the local minimum than the methods that are commonly used in macromolecular refinement. The weaknesses of the current methods are analyzed to explain the advantage of the conjugate-direction method.
Who Is at Risk for a Psychotic Disorder

Accurate assessment of the individual risk for psychotic disorders has great value. We need to determine the reliability and rate of conversion to a psychotic disorder in clinical samples before we can recommend a risk syndrome diagnosis for general practice. The assessment of risk carries its own risks, including stigmatization and inappropriate treatment, potentially leading to adverse outcomes.
Digital library 2.0 for educational resources

We report on focus group feedback regarding the services provided by existing education-related Digital Libraries (DL). Participants provided insight into how they seek educational resources online, and what they perceive to be the shortcomings of existing educational DLs. Along with useful content, social interactions were viewed as important supplements for educational DLs. Such interactions lead to both an online community and new forms of content such as reviews and ratings. Based on our analysis of the focus group feedback, we propose DL 2.0, the next generation of digital library, which integrates social knowledge with DL content.
Tonoplast Sugar Transporters (SbTSTs) putatively control sucrose accumulation in sweet sorghum stems

Carbohydrates are differentially partitioned in sweet versus grain sorghums. While the latter preferentially accumulate starch in the grain, the former primarily store large amounts of sucrose in the stem. Previous work determined that neither sucrose metabolizing enzymes nor changes in Sucrose transporter (SUT) gene expression accounted for the carbohydrate partitioning differences. Recently, 2 additional classes of sucrose transport proteins, Tonoplast Sugar Transporters (TSTs) and SWEETs, were identified; thus, we examined whether their expression tracked sucrose accumulation in sweet sorghum stems. We determined 2 TSTs were differentially expressed in sweet vs. grain sorghum stems, likely underlying the massive difference in sucrose accumulation. A model illustrating potential roles for different classes of sugar transport proteins in sorghum sugar partitioning is discussed.