cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating the effects of caseworker characteristics in child welfare

Abstract While it is widely accepted that the biological parent(s), the foster or adoptive parent(s) and the child all have a role in explaining child welfare outcomes, a fourth player—the caseworker—may have an equally influential role in effecting child outcomes. Caseworkers can influence the nature, amount, and quality of benefits and sanctions provided by their agencies, as well as the eligibility of clients for services, and can maneuver through the system in a way that has the most direct effect on clients. This paper investigates the role of caseworkers in determining outcomes in the child welfare system. We develop and test a variety of multi-level and multiple membership models to better understand the association between caseworker characteristics and child welfare outcomes. Specifically, we focus attention on the relationship between the number of caseworkers assigned to each child (i.e., turnover), the racial match between the child and the caseworker, and the role of graduate education (possession of an MSW)—on a child's length of stay in the child welfare system and family reunification.
Trypanosoma brucei: host parasite interaction in parasite destruction by salicylhydroxamic acid and glycerol in mice.

Abstract Mouse blood and serum contain a synergistic factor which affects both the speed and completeness of destruction of Trypanosoma brucei in the presence of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) and glycerol. The action of this factor is dose dependent producing complete killing in infected whole blood with 2 mM SHAM and 12 mM glycerol but not in a mixture of 20% infected whole blood and 80% buffer containing the same final concentration of SHAM and glycerol. This factor may account for the discrepancy in reports showing that SHAM-glycerol does not kill 100% of the exposed parasites in vitro yet is able to cure infected animals. The factor is not due to an acquired immune response, complement action, nor lipoproteins. Should the level of the factor be able to be increased, this could greatly increase the effectiveness of SHAM-glycerol.
Stokes' first problem for linear viscoelastic fluids with finite memory

We consider Stokes' first problem for a viscoelastic fluid. The memory of the fluid is truncated to a finite time interval and discontinuities in the stress relaxation modulus or its derivatives are allowed at the point of truncation. We investigate secondary waves which are generated by the interaction of these singularities in the memory with earlier waves.
Effects of the equatorward auroral boundary location and solar wind parameters on Pc5 activity at auroral zone stations: A multiple regression analysis

[1] We have conducted a multiple regression analysis of the effect of auroral boundary movement on Pc5 power, the pulsation index, and the product of these two parameters at 17 auroral zone ground magnetometer stations in both hemispheres in March–April 2001, during which time several strong magnetic storms occurred. Solar wind parameters observed by the ACE satellite (velocity, ion density, and Bz) were included as additional independent variables in the regression models to control for their known effects. Auroral boundary data were determined from particle data collected by the DMSP satellites. The fraction of time a station was poleward of the equatorward auroral boundary increased Pc5 power, pulsation index, and the product of the two parameters independent of changes in the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field. When data were analyzed by storm onset and storm recovery, this association was seen only during storm recovery periods. Individual station analyses showed a reduction in Pc5 power when stations were equatorward of the boundary, but there was no reduction in the Pc5 pulsation index. However, this association between Pc5 activity and auroral boundary movement was not seen in simple graphical presentations; this argues for the value of multifactor analyses in the determination of the drivers of Pc5 activity, rather than the individual study of single factors. A more northward Bz correlated with increased Pc5 power and pulsation index. Solar wind velocity and ion density were both associated with higher Pc5 activity during daylight hours.
Morphological alterations in dorsal root ganglion neurons after peripheral axon injury: association with changes in metabolism.

Abstract Axotomized rat sensory ganglion neurons have been shown to undergo rapid metabolic changes in the first 2 weeks after injury. The present study examined selected morphological features of these neurons over the same time period. Parameters studied included the position of the cell nucleus (eccentricity) and soma, nuclear, and nucleolar size over time periods primarily in the first 2 weeks after a unilateral crush injury of the sciatic nerve. Comparisons were made with normal ganglia and ganglia contralateral to the injury. The eccentricity of the nucleus in injured neurons was significantly altered within 1 day after injury and remained so over the entire time period studied. Alterations in neuron soma included an initial decrease in size at 1 day followed by a significant bilateral increase at 3 days after injury. Nuclear and nucleolar size changes were phasic with significant increases size peaking at 3–4 and 8–11 days after injury. These alterations coincided temporally with known changes in RNA synthesis occurring in these neurons after injury. Significant alterations in all parameters were observed on the uninjured side. Preliminary studies of the bilateral changes suggested that the trauma of the operation may be the major factor in this response. The data suggest that significant morphological alterations parallel the rapidly fluctuating change in neuronal metabolism after axon injury.
Hes1 is required for pituitary growth and melanotrope specification.

Abstract Rathke’s pouch contains progenitor cells that differentiate into the endocrine cells of the pituitary gland. It gives rise to gonadotrope, thyrotrope, somatotrope, corticotrope and lactotrope cells in the anterior lobe and the intermediate lobe melanotropes. Pituitary precursor cells express many members of the Notch signaling pathway including the downstream effector gene Hes1. We hypothesized that Hes1 regulates the timing of precursor differentiation and cell fate determination. To test this idea, we expressed Hes1 in differentiating pituitary cells and found that it can inhibit gonadotrope and thyrotrope differentiation. Pituitaries of Hes1 deficient mice have anterior lobe hypoplasia. All cells in the anterior lobe are specified and differentiate, but an early period of increased cell death and reduced proliferation causes reduced growth, evident as early as e14.5. In addition, cells within the intermediate lobe differentiate into somatotropes instead of melanotropes. Thus, the Hes1 repressor is essential for melanotrope specification. These results demonstrate that Notch signaling plays multiple roles in pituitary development, influencing precursor number, organ size, cell differentiation and ultimately cell fate.
Right-to-left interatrial shunting through a patent foramen ovale despite normal intracardiac pressures.

Abstract In summary, we have described what may be an infrequently recognized cause of dyspnea. Patients with unexplained dyspnea and arterial desaturation out of proportion to their cardiopulmonary disease can easily and inexpensively be screened with an arterial blood gas determination while inspiring 100% oxygen. If these arterial oxygen values suggest a right-to-left shunt, an echocardiograpbic contrast study with injection of contrast into the femoral vein should be performed. If contrast crosses over from the right to the left atrium, further evaluation to define right-to-left shunting at the atria1 level is indicated.
Coupling to the fast wave via a phased waveguide array

A dielectric-loaded waveguide array has been used to launch fast waves into a plasma in which ..omega../sup pi/ < ..omega.. << ..omega../sub pe/ approx. ..omega../sub ce/. The wave propagates when accessibility and cutoff requirements are satisfied. Reflection coefficients as low as 1% have been measured. Use of the fast wave for steady-state current drive is suggested.
Sequential clinical scheduling with service criteria

Abstract This study investigates sequential appointment scheduling with service criteria. It uses a constraint-based approach with service criteria bounded in a constraint set in contrast to the more typical weighted linear objective function. Properties are derived and a sequential scheduling algorithm is developed. Fairness properties of generated schedules are considered in detail, where fairness is the uniformity of performance across patients. New unfairness measures are proposed and used to capture the inequity among patients assigned to different slots. Other criteria such as expectation and variance of patient waiting time, queue length, and overtime are also considered. The fairness/revenue tradeoff is investigated as is the flexibility of the constraint-based approach in handling unavailable time periods.
Self-energy correction for the energy bands of silicon by the full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave method: Effect of the valence-band polarization.

Pour la matrice dielectrique dynamique, on propose un nouveau modele de pole de plasmon ayant une limite convenable a la matrice dielectrique statique. De plus, il a un bon comportement dans une large gamme d'energie. Evaluation de l'autoenergie pour les bandes de valence et de conduction
Potential alteration of fjordal circulation due to a large floating structure—Numerical investigation with application to Hood Canal basin in Puget Sound

Abstract Circulation in typical fjords is characterized by a shallow brackish layer at the surface over a deep long and narrow saltwater column. This surface layer is responsible for the outflow of water from the fjord and is important for flushing of the basin and water quality maintenance. The vertical structure of circulation and transport is known to be easily disrupted, and we postulate that the stability of fjordal circulation may also be vulnerable to impacts from anthropogenic alterations, such as floating structures, which could constrict the mixing and transport in the upper layers of the water column. First, using simplified fjord geometry and a three-dimensional finite volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM), a baseline examination of tidally averaged current profiles in basins with and without sills is presented. The response, varying from a partially mixed estuary regime to classical fjord conditions matches many fjord-like basins such as those in Puget Sound, Washington. The effect of surface obstruction on tidally averaged currents and residence times was then examined by incorporation of a narrow block in the surface layer of the model across the width of the simplified fjord channel such that normal velocity in the horizontal direction was forced to zero. This block approximated the presence of a floating bridge and was further tested using the geometry of Hood Canal, a fjordal sub-basin with a sill in Puget Sound. The results show that tidally averaged mean outflow under the influence of such a constraint at the water surface could be reduced significantly. In the case of Hood Canal, preliminary results indicate that the presence of the floating bridge might have increased the residence times in the basin by 8–13%, which could be an important factor affecting water quality.
Evaluation of channel access protocol performance for a mobile multimedia terminal in a multihop network

The performance of the channel access protocol is a main factor when designing and evaluating the overall performance of a multimedia and multihop radio network. A search in the current open literature shows almost no results or investigation on this subject. The purpose of this research is to design and evaluate several candidates for the channel access protocol. The main objective is to find one, or more, protocol that can meet or exceed the performance requirements for all informed voice service to be provided by a hand-held mobile multimedia terminal (MMT) in a multihop network. Extensive simulation models of MMT have been developed using both asynchronous and synchronous protocol modes. The first one accesses the channel using a suitable random policy. The second one reserves time slots or periods in a fashion similar to conventional time division multiple access (TDMA) techniques. Within each mode there are several options involving various levels of implementation complexity. Based on the simulation results, the following recommendations and conclusions are made: (i) use an asynchronous policy that meets the requirements for all informed voice. At least one of the options studied and simulated meets those requirements; (ii) design a convenient mechanism to reserve channel capacity to ensure promised quality of service. This is particularly important for restricting the channel use for data streams on those nodes which are also handling voice packet streams; (iii) design practical methods to estimate channel capacity; (iv) the level of complexity for implementing any synchronous mode protocol greatly outweighs any potential network performance gain. No performance gain was observed with the synchronous mode procedure implemented in this research work; (v) refine the model to closely match the current design specification for the MMT system at the link layer level. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thalidomide in cancer

In addition to immunomodulatory and cytokine-modulatory properties, thalidomide has antiangiogenic activity. It has been investigated in a number of cancers including multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndromes, gliomas, Kaposi’s sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, advanced breast cancer, and colon cancer. Its role has been best explored in myeloma, where, at daily doses of 100 to 800mg, it is remarkably active, causing clinically meaningful responses in one-third of extensively pretreated patients and in over half of patients treated early in the course of the disease. It also acts synergistically with corticosteroids and chemotherapy in myeloma. Thalidomide produces improvement of cytopenias characteristic of myelodysplastic syndrome, resulting in the reduction or elimination of transfusion dependence in some patients. Responses have also been seen in one-third of patients with Kaposi’s sarcoma, in a small proportion of patients with renal cell carcinoma and high grade glioma and, in combination with irinotecan, in some patients with colon cancer. Thalidomide is being investigated currently in a number of clinical trials for cancer. Drowsiness, constipation and fatigue are common adverse effects seen in 75% of patients. Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy and skin rash are seen in 30%. A minority of patients experience bradycardia and thrombotic phenomena. Despite the high frequency of adverse effects, those severe enough to necessitate cessation of therapy are seen in only 10 to 15% of patients. A therapeutic trial of thalidomide should be considered in all patients with myeloma who are unresponsive to or relapse after standard therapy. In other malignant diseases, the most appropriate way to use the drug is in the setting of well designed clinical trials. In the absence of access to such studies, thalidomide could be considered singly or in combination with standard therapy in patients with no meaningful therapeutic options.
A cost function for neutralizing acidic Adirondack surface waters

A cost function for neutralizing acidic surface waters by base addition (liming) is derived based upon constrained cost minimization. The model is estimated using a sample of 547 acidic Adirondack lakes with total costs projected for neutralizing each lake to one of six possible target alkalinity levels. Empirical findings indicate that relatively accurate forecasts of lake neutralization costs can be obtained given target alkalinity levels and various limnological characteristics. The results provide a model for predicting lake neutralization costs which can potentially be used in evaluating the relative merits of alternative strategies for reducing acidic deposition damages. 13 references.
Seminal Improvement Following Repair of Ultrasound Detected Subclinical Varicoceles

AbstractPurpose: We determined whether repair of subclinical varicoceles detected by scrotal duplex ultrasonography results in significant seminal improvement and identified the best ultrasonographic criteria to use in the selection of patients for subclinical varicocelectomy.Materials and Methods: Of 256 consecutive infertile men being evaluated by physical examination and color duplex scrotal ultrasonography 76 underwent varicocele repair and were followed with serial semen analyses. All subclinical varicoceles were confirmed by venography. The outcome of varicocelectomy was determined by changes in total motile sperm count and compared among patients with different clinical grades of varicoceles and ultrasonographically measured vein sizes.Results: A significant overlap was observed between ultrasonographically measured venous diameter and clinical grade of varicocele. There was no correlation between venous diameter and postoperative outcome when controlled for clinical grade. Significant postoperativ...
PCR–RFLP assays for discerning three weevil stem feeders (Ceutorhynchus spp.) (Col.: Curculionidae) on garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata)

Abstract Polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) assays were developed to rapidly and cost-effectively differentiate the morphologically indistinguishable larval stages of three species, Ceutorhynchus alliariae, C. roberti and C. scrobicollis, proposed for the biological control of Alliaria petiolata. A PCR–RFLP using TaqαI restriction enzyme can differentiate the three target species only, while a PCR–RFLP double digestion using the restriction enzymes AluI and TaqαI should enable, based on virtual digestion, distinguishing them from 12 other Ceutorhynchus species associated with A. petiolata.
Maternal hospital charges associated with trial of labor versus elective repeat cesarean section

Background: Although cesarean section is known to be associated with higher hospital charges than vaginal delivery, cost comparisons require further investigation. This study compared maternal hospital charges of women with one previous cesarean section undergoing a trial of labor with the charges of women who underwent an elective repeat cesarean section. Hospital charges for the trial of labor group were also compared with charges of women with a previous vaginal delivery but no previous cesarean section. Methods: A retrospective analysis of three primiparous privately insured patient groups who gave birth from July 1992 to October 1993 was conducted. Hospital charges for 50 primiparas with previous cesarean births who underwent a trial of labor were compared with those of 50 contemporaneous primiparas who underwent elective repeat cesarean section, and with those of 50 primiparas without a past history of cesarean birth. Results: Trial of labor was associated with a mean maternal hospital charge of $5820 ±$1609 compared with $6785 ±$771 for elective repeat cesarean section (p < 0.001). Trial of labor was also associated with a decreased length of stay when compared with elective cesarean section (2.48 ± 0.88 days vs 3.62 ± 0.57 days, p < 0.001). The difference in charges between these two groups was primarily due to charges associated with length of stay and the operating room, but was partly offset by charges associated with labor. The group of women without a past history of cesarean birth had a mean maternal hospital charge of $4685 ±$966 and a mean length of stay of 1.96 ± 0.63 days. Conclusions: Trial of labor is associated with an overall 14 percent reduction in maternal hospital charges and a 31 percent reduction in length of stay compared with elective repeat cesarean section. (BIRTH 25:2 June 1998)
A survey of formal tools and models for developing user interfaces

This paper presents a survey of formal tools, methodologies, and models which have been proposed for developing user interfaces for interactive information systems. The treatment examines issues related to human engineering, human-computer interfacing, behavioural experiments, and user interface design aids. Particular emphasis is placed on user research studies, specification techniques for interactive language modeling, analytical studies of user-system interaction, user models (including cognitive models, conceptual models, and mental models), and user interface management systems. The paper concludes with a brief list of suggested future research directions based on the results of this survey.
Candidates for the Certificate of Added Qualifications in Geriatric Medicine; Who, Why, and When?

We surveyed physicians who took the examination for certification for Added Qualifications in Geriatric Medicine, physicians who only inquired about the examination, and physicians who expressed no interest in the examination to learn about practice characteristics of those who took the examination and their reasons for taking it. Based on a 72% response rate, we were able to demonstrate that those who took the examination took care of an older population of patients and disproportionately more of the oldest-old. These physicians were more likely to report the care of older people to be a professional focus and, in internal medicine, were more likely to have had formal training in geriatrics. Their reasons for taking the examination were primarily to obtain credentials but also frequently to improve their ability to care for older people. Nearly two-thirds of those who had inquired about the exam but did not take it in 1988 plan to do so at a later date.
Reassessment of the utility of fetal umbilical vein diameter in the management of isoimmunization

High-resolution ultrasound has been recently introduced in the management of many conditions in which the fetus is at risk. In the detection of severe erythroblastosis fetalis, sonographic evaluation of fetal anatomic changes is being used in association with amniotic fluid spectral analysis to assess the degree of the hemolytic process. In 1981 it was reported that sonographically detected umbilical vein dilatation, resulting from hepatic congestion, could be used as a sign of impending fetal compromise. We analyzed data obtained from 47 patients in a total of 76 examinations, including sonographic measurement of umbilical vein diameter, associated ultrasound findings, results of amniotic fluid spectral analyses, and neonatal outcome. The collected data, divided in two groups according to the results of amniotic fluid spectral analyses ( p > 0.05). Therefore, the present and relatively large series demonstrates that dimensions of the umbilical vein cannot be used as a reliable predictor of worsening fetal disease.
On the size of programs in subrecursive formalisms

This paper gives an overview of subrecursive hierarchy theory as it relates to computational complexity and applies some of the concepts to questions about the size of programs in subrecursive programming languages. The purpose is three-fold, to reveal in simple terms the workings of subrecursive hierarchies, to indicate new results in the area, and to point out ways that the fundamental ideas in hierarchy theory can lead to interesting questions about programming languages. A specific application yields new information about Blum's results on the size of programs and about the relationship between size and efficiency.
Chronic thyrotropin-releasing hormone decreases the affinity and increases the number of its own receptor in the spinal cord

Abstract Effect of chronic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) treatment on the properties of spinal cord TRH-receptor was evaluated by Scatchard analysis of data on the saturation of specific binding of [ methyl-His 3 - 3 H]TRH. Continuous subcutaneous administration of TRH (0.51 ± 0.02 mg/kg/day) via an Alzetmini osmotic pump for ten days led to a substantial increase in both B max (control: 20.0 ± 2.9, treated: 36.1 ± 2.8 fmol/mg protein, P = 0.0018) and K d (control: 7.6 ± 0.8 treated: 11.7 ± 1.8 nM, P = 0.0349) of the binding sites. These data suggest that chronic TRH treatment may not induce desensitization of physiologic/pharmacologic responses of TRH in the spinal cord.
Should the Same Learners Be Used Both within Wrapper Feature Selection and for Building Classification Models

Due to the problem of high-dimensionality(datasets which contain many independent attributes or features), feature selection has become an important part of data mining research. One popular form of feature selection, wrapper selection, chooses the best features by directly addressing the question of which features build the best models. Various feature subsets are used to build classification models, and the performance of these models is the score of each feature subset. The feature subset with the best score is then used to build the final classification model. As wrappers use a classification algorithm (learner) both to select the features and to build a predictive model, it has been traditional to use the same learner for both, such that the features chosen will be those which optimize that model's performance. However, no research has considered whether having different learners operate inside and outside the wrapper (that is, for selectingthe features and for building the final model) might actually result in improved classification performance. In this work, weconsider five learners both inside the wrapper and for building the classification model, along with two datasets drawn fromthe domain of Twitter profile mining. By considering both the raw performance values and a statistical analysis, we find that contrary to intuition, usually the best performance for a given choice of external learner is not found by using the same learner within the wrapper. Instead, the Naive Bayes learner is usually the best choice for selecting features, regardless of which learner is used for the external model. We also find that Multi-Layer Perceptron is able to build consistent classification models for many different choices of internal learner. Finally, the 5-Nearest Neighbor learner gave poor results both inside and outside the wrapper.
Aberrant hormone balance in fetal autoimmune NZB/W mice following prenatal exposure to testosterone excess or the androgen blocker flutamide.

F, hybrid New Zealand Black (NZB) x New Zealand White (NZW) (NZB/W) mice are hormone-sensitive models of the human disease systemic lupus erythematosus. In this study, NZB/W fetuses produced by pregnant NZB mice were compared with F C57BL/6 x DBA/2 (C57/DBA2) hybrid fetuses produced by nonautoimmune C57BL/6 females. Dams of both strains were treated with testosterone or the androgen blocker flutamide to alter the hormonal environment in late gestation. Hormonal changes in male fetuses carried by treated dams were of interest because hormonal manipulation using either testosterone or flutamide has been shown to increase longevity in male NZB/W offspring. Testosterone-implanted NZB dams developed the expected elevations in circulating maternal testosterone, whereas C57BL/ 6 dams treated with eithertestosterone or flutamide had elevated maternal serum testosterone concentrations. The treatment-induced changes in circulating testosterone in NZB dams and C57BL/6 dams were not reflected in serum from 18-day NZB/W or C57/DBA2 fetuses. Male NZB/W offspring from untreated control NZB dams had unexpectedly high levels of serum estradiol and alpha fetoprotein and relatively low extractable testicular testosterone, compared with nonautoimmune male control fetuses. Maternal testosterone treatments produced a significant decrease in serum estradiol in NZB/W male fetuses, and placental testosterone content was also reduced. Our findings suggest that placental androgen control is regulated differently in the autoimmune NZB-NZB/W vs. the nonautoimmune C57BL/ 6-C57/DBA2 maternal-placental-fetal unit.
Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Apolipoprotein A-I Mimetic Peptide in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Secondary to Sepsis

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to sepsis has a high mortality rate with limited treatment options. High density lipoprotein (HDL) exerts innate protective effects in systemic inflammation. However, its role in ARDS has not been well studied. Peptides such as L-4F mimic the secondary structural features and functions of apolipoprotein (apo)A-I, the major protein component of HDL. We set out to measure changes in HDL in sepsis-mediated ARDS patients, and to study the potential of L-4F to prevent sepsis-mediated ARDS in a rodent model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated acute lung injury, and a combination of primary human leukocytes and human ARDS serum. We also analyzed serum from non-lung disease intubated patients (controls) and sepsis-mediated ARDS patients. Compared to controls, ARDS demonstrates increased serum endotoxin and IL-6 levels, and decreased HDL, apoA-I and activity of anti-oxidant HDL-associated paraoxanase-1. L-4F inhibits the activation of isolated human leukocytes and neutrophils by ARDS serum and LPS in vitro. Further, L-4F decreased endotoxin activity and preserved anti-oxidant properties of HDL both in vitro and in vivo. In a rat model of severe endotoxemia, L-4F significantly decreased mortality and reduces lung and liver injury, even when administered 1 hour post LPS. Our study suggests the protective role of the apoA-I mimetic peptide L-4F in ARDS and gram-negative endotoxemia and warrant further clinical evaluation. The main protective mechanisms of L-4F are due to direct inhibition of endotoxin activity and preservation of HDL anti-oxidant activity.
MicroITIES Detection of Adenosine Phosphates

The complexation between a triamide ligand derived from tris-2-(aminoethyl)amine: N-{2-[bis-(2-(4-tert-butylbenzoyl)-aminoethyl)-amino]-ethyl}4-tert-butylbenzamide, L, and the three adenosine-containing nucleotides, ATP, ADP, and AMP, was investigated by facilitated ion transfer processes through a microhole array film. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to measure the transfer currents for the respective nucleotides. The three nucleotides were found to have different transfer potentials with transfer currents proportional to their aqueous concentrations. Based on the differences of the transfer potentials, it is concluded that the host ligand, L, interacts with the phosphate moiety and the Gibbs transfer energy is dominated by the charge generated by the phosphate groups. The linear relationship between the current response and nucleotide concentration forms the basis of an anion sensor with a dynamic range from 0.1 mM to 5 mM.
Thermal control requirements for large space structures

Performance capabilities and weight requirements of large space structure systems will be significantly influenced by thermal response characteristics. Analyses have been performed to determine temperature levels and gradients for structural configurations and elemental concepts proposed for advanced system applications ranging from relatively small, low-power communication antennas to extremely large, high-power Satellite Power Systems (SPS). Results are presented for selected platform configurations, candidate strut elements, and potential mission environments. The analyses also incorporate material and surface optical property variation. The results illustrate many of the thermal problems which may be encountered in the development of three systems.
Speaking to trees

What is the epistemological status of a world within which speaking to trees would appear as an appropriate behavior? It would be a world perceived as a community of autonomous beings worthy of respect. Such a world contrasts with the anthropocentric conception of the world as a value‐free reservoir of raw materials, but neither worldview can or should claim descriptive accuracy. Both are equally “manners of speaking” and the choice between them must rest on whether they are conducive to ecologically constructive or ecologically destructive behavior. On that basis, speaking to trees is a legitimate, speaking of biomechanisms an illegitimate form of verbal behavior.
In vivo urinary bladder function in rats following prolonged diabetic and non‐diabetic diuresis

Changes in urinary bladder function are present in animal models of diabetes mellitus. In vivo cystometry in diabetic rats shows a bladder with increased capacity and a raised threshold for initiation of the micturition reflex. At sacrifice, diabetic rats have bladder hypertrophy, resulting in approximately a doubling of the bladder weight. This study was designed to characterize the effects of diabetes on micturition in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. For comparative purposes, two different control groups were examined: 1) age-matched control rats and 2) age-matched rats which were given 5% sucrose to drink. Sucrose-fed rats consumed large volumes of fluid resulting in diuresis and bladder hypertrophy. Fluid consumption and excretion were significantly increased in diabetic and sucrose-drinking rats. In addition, the diabetic rats both drank and excreted more than the sucrose-drinking rats. Control rats had twice as many micturitions during the dark cycle than during the light cycle, but the volume micturition during the dark cycle was less than one-half the volume per micturition during the light cycle. Sucrose drinking rats had the same number of micturitions as control rats during the light cycle. but the volumes per micturition were significantly increased. During the dark cycle, the number of micturitions increased four-fold and the volume per micturition was significantly increased compared to controls. The diabetic rats, in contrast to the two control groups, had a significant increase in the number of micturitions during the light and dark cycles. Similar to the sucrose drinking rats, the volumes excreted per micturition were significantly greater than the normal controls. The data are discussed with regard to the effects of prolonged diuresis on bladder function and hypertrophy.
Axonal outgrowth by identified neurons in the spinal cord of zebrafish embryos

The spinal cord of early zebrafish embryos contains a small number of neurons per hemisegment. The earliest neurons are identifiable as individual neurons or small groups of homogeneous neurons and project growth cones that follow stereotyped, cell-specific pathways to their targets. These growth cones appear to bypass some axons but follow others during pathfinding, suggesting that they can distinguish among the different axons they normally encounter. Furthermore, identified growth cones exhibit cell-specific behaviors in apparent contact with the floor plate cells, which are found at the ventral midline of the early cord. These observations suggest the testable hypothesis that the floor plate may mediate multiple, cell-specific actions on identified growth cones in the zebrafish cord. One hypothesized action is inhibition of specific growth cones to prevent them from crossing the ventral midline.
Improving trace cache hit rates using the sliding window fill mechanism and fill select table

As superscalar processors become increasingly wide, it is inevitable that the large set of instructions to be fetched every cycle will span multiple noncontiguous basic blocks. The mechanism to fetch, align, and pass this set of instructions down the pipeline must do so as efficiently as possible. The concept of trace cache has emerged as the most promising technique to meet this high-bandwidth, low-latency fetch requirement. A new fill unit scheme, the Sliding Window Fill Mechanism, is proposed as a method to efficiently populate the trace cache. This method exploits trace continuity and identifies probable start regions to improve trace cache hit rate. Simulation yields a 7% average hit rate increase over the Rotenberg fill mechanism. When combined with branch promotion, trace cache hit rates experienced a 19% average increase along with a 17% average improvement in fetch bandwidth.
Pediatric Dermatology Clinical-Pathologic Cases: A Spectrum of Purpuric Disorders of Childhood

In the following sections, we will present three recent cases of pediatric purpura encountered on the inpatient dermatology consult service from a tertiary pediatric hospital. In all cases, the final diagnoses were established with dermatopathologic-clinical correlation and special stains.
Hemophilioid factors: acquired deficiencies in several hemorrhagic states.

SummaryDeficiencies of hemophilioid factors are not necessarily genetic in origin. Serum activities of plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA) and of plasma thromboplastin component (PTC) were depressed in 20 patients with a variety of hepatocellular disorders. PTA and PTC activities were also reduced in several patients who developed a deficiency of vit K subsequent to inability to adsorb fats. PTA and PTC were depressed in a number of patients following administration of 4-hydroxy coumarin compound. In these latter 2 groups, PTA and PTC activities rapidly increased toward normal following administration of vit K analogue. Significant deficiency of antihemophilic factor (AHF) was not found in any of the above conditions.
Continuous Patterning of Nanogratings by Nanochannel‐Guided Lithography on Liquid Resists

Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA H. J. Park , Dr. C. A. Pina-Hernandez , Prof. L. J. Guo Macromolecular Science and Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USAE-mail: guo@umich.edu Dr. M. K. Kwak , Prof. L. J. Guo Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA [ +] Present address: Molecular Imprints, Inc., Austin, TX 78758, USA
Chronopotentiometric study of oxygen reduction at a platinum wire cathode

Abstract This study provides conclusive proof that in both acid and basic aqueous media oxygen is reduced at a platinum cathode all the way to water rather than to hydrogen peroxide. It was discovered that rapid, diffusion-controlled reduction of oxygen occurs only when there is some platinum oxide on the platinum cathode. It is not necessary that the electrode be fully covered by a platinum oxide (PtO + PtO 2 ) film; an amount of platinum oxide corresponding to about So μcoulombs/cm 2 (i.e., about one-tenth the amount on a fully oxidized electrode) is enough to maintain diffusion control. When the quantity of platinum oxide is much smaller than this the overall reaction becomes kinetically-controlled. but the net reaction is still a 4-electron reduction of oxygen. The platinum-platinum ion (or platinum oxide) couple must be intimately involved in whatever the detailed kinetic mechanism may be. Apparently the primary step (or steps) in the reduction of oxygen is direct “chemical” reaction between the oxygen and the platinum, and the platinum ion(s) or oxide(s) thus formed are rapidly reduced back to metallic platinum in subsequent electron-transfer steps to yield the observed current. Very probably the rate-controlling step is associated with the primary “chemical” reduction of the oxygen by the metallic platinum. The characteristics of the chronopotcntiograms of oxygen with a platinum wire cathode in both acid and basic media are very well suited to the practical determination of oxygen. In such analitycal applications the platinum electrode should be freshly oxidised by brief anodic polarization before each trial to insure that the transition time will be diffusion-controlled, and thus will be governed by the concentration of oxygen.
Life after 80 hours: the impact of resident work hours mandates on trauma and emergency experience and work effort for senior residents and faculty.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of work hours mandates on (1) senior resident patient exposure and operating experience in trauma and emergency surgery and (2) faculty work effort. Methods: We measured resident and faculty work on the trauma and emergency surgery services at our Level I trauma center during two comparable 6-month periods. Period 1 (July 1-December 31, 2002) had no call restrictions, separate trauma and emergency service resident call, and some overlap of faculty call responsibilities. Period 2 (July 1-December 31, 2003) had resident work hours compliance and complete integration of resident and faculty trauma and emergency call. Work hours were measured by surveys for faculty and residents. All data were collected prospectively. Results: Resident exposure to trauma patients was similar during both time periods. Emergency surgery admissions declined during period 2; however, intensive care unit admissions increased. The number of operations performed by senior residents did not change; however, there was a shift in the median number of emergency surgery cases to more senior residents. Faculty work hours increased slightly despite a decrease in faculty call. Conclusion: Work hours compliance resulted in a 50% reduction in senior resident call and a 19% decrease in their work hours with no significant change in trauma/emergency patient care exposure or operative case load. Service call amalgamation reduced faculty call by 21% but did not result in a corresponding change in work hours or productivity.
Temperature dependence of the 19F transferred hyperfine interaction in the EPR of Mn2+:PbF2.

The EPR of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ in ${\mathrm{PbF}}_{2}$ has been reexamined in an attempt to resolve the apparent discrepancy between the values of the $^{19}\mathrm{F}$ transferred hyperfine structure (hfs) ${A}_{\mathrm{para}}^{19}$ and ${A}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{19}$ previously observed in EPR measurements made between 77 and 300 K with those obtained from NMR studies below 2 K. Between 77 and 50 K the EPR is found to broaden, and the $^{19}\mathrm{F}$ transferred hfs undergoes an abrupt change below \ensuremath{\sim}50 K suggesting that a local lattice distortion occurs. Below \ensuremath{\sim}20 K a well-resolved transferred hfs reappears. The high- and low-temperature values of ${A}_{\mathrm{para}}^{19}$ and ${A}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{19}$ now agree with the aforementioned EPR and NMR results.
Comparison of subjects who fully versus minimally participated in a breast-feeding study.

Sampling bias occurs in research when a large percentage of subjects who are eligible for the study refuse to participate. During Phase I of a two-phase multisite Mother-Baby Feeding Project, approximately 50% of the 235 potential participants atfour of five sites declined to enter the study. This report compares subjects who fully participated with those who minimally participated and explores factors related to subjects' refusal to participate. Data regarding sociodemographic data, breast-feeding experience, and reason for refusal were collected from 92 subjects who declined to enter but agreed to minimally participate. The fully participating subjects had more education than those who participated minimally. However, the breast-feeding outcomes studied were similarfor both groups. This provides supportfor generalizing additional studyfindings beyond the group offully participating subjects when considering breast-feeding outcomes. Findings lend insight into the problem of subject recruitment that is no...
Mixed messengers, unified message: spatial grouping from temporal structure.

Abstract In dynamic visual environments, objects can differ from their backgrounds in terms of their associated temporal structure—the time course of changes in some stimulus property defining object and background. In a series of experiments, we investigated whether different “messengers” of temporal structure group into coherent spatial forms. Observers viewed arrays of Gabor patches in which different temporal structures designated figure and ground regions; extracting the figure required grouping across synchronized orientation, spatial frequency, phase, and/or contrast changes. Observers were able to extract spatial form from temporal structure even when information had to be combined across different messengers. Further, mixing messengers of temporal structure proved cost-free: task performance when grouping across messengers approximated performance when all information resided within a single messenger. Thus, the visual system can abstract temporal structure regardless of the messenger of the dynamic event; a coherent spatial structure emerges from this abstracted temporal structure.
Multilayer-coated laminar grating with 16% normal-incidence efficiency in the 150-Å wavelength region

We characterized a laminar grating with a Mo/Si multilayer coating by using synchrotron radiation and atomic force microscopy. The grating substrate had 2400 grooves/mm, 40-A groove depth, and 2080-A groove width. The microroughness of the grating substrate was 5 A rms. The multilayer coating was optimized to have peak normal-incidence reflectance at a wavelength near 150 A. For an angle of incidence of 10° the peak grating efficiency was 16.3% in the +1 order and 15.0% in the -1 order. The efficiency in the zero order was lower by a factor of 40 owing to the excellent matching of the groove depth and groove width to the wavelength of the incident radiation. By dividing the grating efficiencies by the measured reflectance of the multilayer coating, we obtained inferred groove efficiencies of 34% and 32% in the +1 and -1 orders, respectively.
Equation of state and melting curve of helium to very high pressure

An "exponential-six" interatomic pair potential, together with accurate statistical models for solid and liquid phases, is shown to yield good agreement with experimental pressure-volume and melting-curve data for $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ up to 120 kbar. For pressures from 120 kbar to 250 Mbar, linear-muffin-tin-orbitals electron-band-theory calculations have been used to obtain the $T=0$ pressure-volume isotherm. An effective pair potential is fitted to these results in order to compute the melting curve and shock Hugoniot curve in this region. The band-theory calculations indicate $T=0$ metallization at 112 Mbar.
High-temperature partitioning of 181Hf-probe impurities between Li and group-V sites in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3.

Perturbed-angular-correlation (PAC) spectroscopy was used to measure nuclear-electric-quadrupole interactions at high temperatures in ceramic ternary metal oxides, ${\mathrm{LiNbO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{LiTaO}}_{3}$. In these ferroelectric ceramics, the $^{18}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{181}$Ta PAC probe was carried by approximately 0.03 at. % Hf as an impurity dopant, and the PAC measurements were made over a temperature range from approximately 1300 to 1700 K, which included the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric transition for ${\mathrm{LiNbO}}_{3}$. As we recently reported, at temperatures below \ensuremath{\approxeq}1100 K, the probe substitutes primarily into the Li sites in both compounds. At higher temperatures, we find that the $^{181}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{181}$Ta probe partitions between the Li and group-V sites. At these higher temperatures, the Li-site electric-field gradients (efg's) are characterized by high frequencies that are similar to those observed at lower temperatures. The group-V site efg's are characterized by frequencies that are approximately one tenth the magnitude of those corresponding to the Li sites. The occupancy of the Li site decreases and that of the group-V sites increases monotonically with increasing temperature. This partitioning is an equilibrium, reversible process that can be described by a simple thermodynamic model of second-order displacement. The temperature dependence of the associated equilibrium constant indicates enthalpies of several eV for the process.