cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth of large PbTiO3 crystals by a self-flux technique

Abstract Pure lead titanate (PbTiO 3 ) crystals (5 x 5 x 5 mm3) were grown from high-temperature solutions by a slow cooling technique using PbO as a self-flux. The optimum growth conditions were determined to be: (1) (1- x ) TiO 2 + x PbO with x (in moi%) varying from 0.78 to 0.82 for the starting compositions, (2) 930-1050°C as the growth temperature range and (3) 0.4-1.5°C/h as the cooling rates. Evaporation of PbO was significantly reduced by use of a double-crucible technique. The grown crystals were characterized by X-ray diffraction, chemical analysis and optical microscopy. The transformation temperatures (onset) of 492.5°C (on heating) and 491.3°C (on cooling) were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The transformation process had a thermal hysteresis of 1.2°C from onset data.
Capture cross-section and density of deep gap states in a−SiHx schottky barrier structures

Abstract Recombination of charge carriers in a −SiH x Schottky barriers with density of states near mid-gap ranging from 2.8×10 15 −7×10 16 cm -1 eV -1 is attributed to recombination centers with hole capture cross-section of 1.3×10 -15 cm 2 .
A detailed analysis of the serum luteinizing hormone secretory profile in conscious, free-moving female rats during the time of puberty.

To determine if the temporal pattern of LHsecretion changes during the days preceding the first preovulatory surge of gonadotropins, peripubertal female rats (28–37 days of age) were bled through indwelling jugular cannulae every 15 min for 3 h either in the mornings (900–1200 h) or the afternoons (1400–1700 h). In all pubertal stages plasma LH levels fluctuated in a pulsatile manner. In late juvenile rats (anestrous phase of puberty), the magnitude of the pulses in the afternoon was greater than in the morning and a drop in afternoon LH baseline levels became apparent. This pattern became established after day 28 and persisted throughout the late juvenile period and the early proestrous phase of puberty, a stage in which uterine fluid appears for the first time. During the first proestrus (late proestrous phase of puberty), morning LH levels fluctuated in a manner similar to that seen in anestrous and early proestrous animals. In the afternoon a preovulatory surge occurred, with LH levels increasing 40 t...
Methodologies for the sensitive and specific measurement of S-nitrosothiols, iron-nitrosyls, and nitrite in biological samples.

(2003). Methodologies for the Sensitive and Specific Measurement of S -nitrosothiols, Iron-nitrosyls, and Nitrite in Biological Samples. Free Radical Research: Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 1-10.
Toward Shorter Wavelengths For Soft X-Ray Lasers Based On Li-Like Ions

We present recent experiments on soft x-ray amplification in lithium-like ions in a CO 2 laser-produced recombining plasma confined in a magnetic field. The maximum gain-length products observed are GL = 3 - 4 for the 154 A, 4f - 3d transition in Al XI and GL = 1 - 2 for the 129 A, 4f-3d transition in Si XII, respectively. A one-dimensional hydrodynamic code with a collisional-radiative atomic model was used to model the plasma and comparisons of theoretical results with experimental observation are discussed. Descriptions of both hydrodynamic and atomic physics code are given.
Addition of salmeterol to low-dose fluticasone versus higher-dose fluticasone: an analysis of asthma exacerbations.

Abstract Background: Adding salmeterol to low-dose fluticasone propionate (FP) produces greater improvements in pulmonary function and symptom control than increasing the dose of FP in patients who remain symptomatic with low-dose FP. Objective: We sought to compare the rates and characteristics of asthma exacerbations in patients after adding salmeterol to low-dose FP with the rates and characteristics of exacerbations in patients receiving higher dose FP. Methods: In 2 multicenter, double-blind studies, 925 patients 12 years of age and older receiving 88μg twice daily FP randomly received either 42 μg of salmeterol and 88 μg of FP or an increased dose of FP (220μg) twice daily for 24 weeks. Exacerbation rates and clinical measures of asthma worsening were assessed for all patients who experienced an asthma exacerbation. Results: The addition of salmeterol resulted in a significantly lower rate and number of exacerbations compared with higher dose FP. A total of 41 (8.8%) patients experienced 47 exacerbations with the addition of salmeterol compared with 63 (13.8%) patients with 75 exacerbations in the group receiving increased-dose FP ( P = .017). Salmeterol plus low-dose FP was significantly more protective than increased-dose FP in preventing asthma exacerbations, as assessed by the time to first exacerbation ( P Conclusion: Salmeterol plus low-dose FP was more effective than higher dose FP alone in reducing asthma exacerbations in patients with persistent asthma. The ability to detect deteriorating asthma and the severity of exacerbation was similar between groups. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:783-9.)
Talking and Teaching Through a Positional Lens: Recognizing what and who we privilege in our practice

This article describes a year‐long professional development project that brought together a group of high school English teachers around multicultural literature they would be teaching to their students. The teachers all taught together in a culturally and economically diverse high school context in the USA. One objective of the project was to enable the teacher participants to explore their discourse patterns around the literature to discern their own subject positions with regard to one another and to the texts studied. In addition, the teachers together analyzed their own classroom discourse to determine how those subject positions carried over into their teaching, how they essentially taught who they were. Discussions of multicultural literature and teachers’ talk around that literature, accompanied by close interrogation of classroom practice, enabled the teachers to discern what (and who) they privileged in their teaching practice. These realizations led one of the two teachers highlighted to readil...
Whose Voice Sets the Agenda for Environmental Education? Misconceptions Inhibiting Racial and Cultural Diversity

(1995). Whose Voice Sets the Agenda for Environmental Education? Misconceptions Inhibiting Racial and Cultural Diversity. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 5-12.
Excited-state potential energy curves of CH+: a comparison of the EOMCCSDt and full EOMCCSDT results

The recently developed equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (EOMCC) method with singles, doubles, and a selected set of triples defined through active orbitals (EOMCCSDt) is applied to the excited-state potential energy curves of the CH+ ion. The results are compared with the EOMCCSD (EOMCC singles and doubles), EOMCCSDT (EOMCC singles, doubles, and triples), and full configuration interaction results. It is demonstrated that the EOMCCSDt method provides the excited-state potentials of the EOMCCSDT quality and that the EOMCCSDt and EOMCCSDT methods restore the asymptotic degeneracy of excited states, which is broken by the EOMCCSD and other EOMCC doubles models.
Omission training compared with yoked controls and extinction in multiple-schedule discrimination learning*

After rats were trained on a multiple schedule with variable interval 30-sec reinforcement in both stimulus components, omission, yoked, and extinction procedures were applied in S− while the variable interval continued in S+. In S−, omission training reduced response rate faster and to a lower terminal level than either response-independent yoked reinforcement or extinction, which were approximately equivalent. In S+, the extinction group exhibited elevated response rates representing behavioral contrast, while the omission and yoked groups showed reduced response rates. These results attest to the effectiveness of omission training as a response elimination method. They also contradict theories which posit reduction of response rate in S− to be necessary and sufficient for behavioral contrast.
Increasing the visibility of patient fatigue

Objectives : To describe the process used by our cancer center to assess staff knowledge and attitudes about cancer-related fatigue, and to change clinical practice of fatigue assessment and management. Data Sources : Review articles, research studies, guidelines, and questionnaires. Conclusions : Change in clinical practice occurs slowly. One major change that occurred was the inclusion of a fatigue question in the Daily Patient Care Record. This inclusion signified a commitment by the institution to address this under-reported and under-treated symptom. Implications for Nursing Practice : Professionals challenged to pursue practice change must be passionate, persistent, and patient. A multidisciplinary effort is needed to support change.
Coupling of South American and African Plate Motion and Plate Deformation

Although the African Plate's northeastward absolute motion slowed abruptly 30 million years ago, the South Atlantic's spreading velocity has remained roughly constant over the past 80 million years, thus requiring a simultaneous westward acceleration of the South American Plate. This plate velocity correlation occurs because the two plates are coupled to general mantle circulation. The deceleration of the African Plate, due to its collision with the Eurasian Plate, diverts mantle flow westward, increasing the net basal driving torque and westward velocity of the South American Plate. One result of South America's higher plate velocity is the increased cordilleran activity along its western edge, beginning at about 30 million years ago.
Smooth Muscle-Mediated Connective Tissue Remodeling in Pulmonary Hypertension

Abnormal accumulation of connective tissue in blood vessels contributes to alterations in vascular physiology associated with disease states such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Elastin synthesis was studied in blood vessels from newborn calves with severe pulmonary hypertension induced by alveolar hypoxia in order to investigate the cellular stimuli that elicit changes in pulmonary arterial connective tissue production. A two- to fourfold increase in elastin production was observed in pulmonary artery tissue and medial smooth muscle cells from hypertensive calves. This stimulation of elastin production was accompanied by a corresponding increase in elastin messenger RNA consistent with regulation at the transcriptional level. Conditioned serum harvested from cultures of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells isolated from hypertensive animals contained one or more low molecular weight elastogenic factors that stimulated the production of elastin in both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells and altered the chemotactic responsiveness of fibroblasts to elastin peptides. These results suggest that connective tissue changes in the pulmonary vasculature in response to pulmonary hypertension are orchestrated by the medial smooth muscle cell through the generation of specific differentiation factors that alter both the secretory phenotype and responsive properties of surrounding cells.
Quality of life as a therapeutic end-point. An analysis of therapeutic trials in hypertension.

The term ‘quality of life’ is finding increasing use in the popular press and the medical community. In both areas, its use often lacks precision: a comprehensive and universal definition probably does not exist. Indeed, the precise elements contributing probably vary from person to person and from time to time. There is broad agreement that 5 major areas always need assessment, including physical and emotional state, performance of social roles, intellectual function and general feelings of well-being or life satisfaction. A wide range of instruments has been employed in a large number of studies on the effects of antihypertensive agents on quality of life in the patient with hypertension. Hypertension represents a special problem in which the patient is thought to be free of related symptoms, and treatment designed to improve natural history brings with it the burden of adverse reactions. Although some insights have been gained on the relative influence of various therapeutic regimens on the quality of life of treated patients, in many of the studies too little consideration has been given to the use of instruments that have been validated in the patient population to be studied, to the power of the study and its design, to the contribution of confounding variables such as age and gender, and to evidence that short term trials (measured in weeks) can miss important changes that occur over months in a process where treatment is life-long. For these reasons, we believe, the literature on the subject is burdened by many reports that describe no difference among treatment regimens where important differences might exist. On the positive side, important advances have been made in our understanding of the elements that contribute to quality of life and in approaches to its assessment.
Time or spot? A revaluation of Amsterdam market data prior to 1747

Scholars historically believed that the market price data reported for Amsterdam markets were spot prices prior to 1747. Neal (The rise of financial capitalism: international capital markets in the Age of Reason. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990) provided econometric evidence that the prices were time. A newly constructed dataset, containing a much higher frequency of observations from Amsterdam markets, allows us to resolve this dispute. We provide conclusive evidence that the prices report were actually spot, as originally believed.
Phase equilibria modelling and LASS monazite petrochronology: P–T–t constraints on the evolution of the Priest River core complex, northern Idaho

Phase equilibria modelling, laser-ablation split-stream (LASS)-ICP-MS petrochronology and garnet trace-element geochemistry are integrated to constrain the P–T–t history of the footwall of the Priest River metamorphic core complex, northern Idaho. Metapelitic, migmatitic gneisses of the Hauser Lake Gneiss contain the peak assemblage garnet + sillimanite + biotite ± muscovite + plagioclase + K-feldspar ± rutile ± ilmenite + quartz. Interpreted P–T paths predict maximum pressures and peak metamorphic temperatures of ~9.6–10.3 kbar and ~785–790 °C. Monazite and xenotime 208Pb/232Th dates from porphyroblast inclusions indicate that metamorphism occurred at c. 74–54 Ma. Dates from HREE-depleted monazite formed during prograde growth constrain peak metamorphism at c. 64 Ma near the centre of the complex, while dates from HREE-enriched monazite constrain the timing of garnet breakdown during near-isothermal decompression at c. 60–57 Ma. Near-isothermal decompression to ~5.0–4.4 kbar was followed by cooling and further decompression. The youngest, HREE-enriched monazite records leucosome crystallization at mid-crustal levels c. 54–44 Ma. The northernmost sample records regional metamorphism during the emplacement of the Selkirk igneous complex (c. 94–81 Ma), Cretaceous–Tertiary metamorphism and limited Eocene exhumation. Similarities between the Priest River complex and other complexes of the northern North American Cordillera suggest shared regional metamorphic and exhumation histories; however, in contrast to complexes to the north, the Priest River contains less partial melt and no evidence for diapiric exhumation. Improved constraints on metamorphism, deformation, anatexis and exhumation provide greater insight into the initiation and evolution of metamorphic core complexes in the northern Cordillera, and in similar tectonic settings elsewhere.
The engineer's last in the postwar world

The engineer's last, to which he must stick if he is to make the maximum contribution to the postwar world, is defined by Retiring President Prince as working out the plans for a peacetime production of goods and services comparable to our wartime production, which would provide “not merely sustenance and military protection, but comfort and security for our entire population.”
The use of ADINA for analysis of mines with explosive fills

Abstract The structural response of a U.S. M-15 and a Soviet TM-46 land mine with explosive fills subjected to an externally applied pressure wave has been analyzed with the ADINA finite element code. The finite element model of the two-dimensional axisymmetric configurations predicted response out to 2 msec of real time. Failure of the mine case was predicted, based on a comparison of the value of the three-dimensional second invariant of plastic strain with that of the one-dimensional value obtained from tensile tests.
Turbulent-combustion interaction models for practical high intensity combustors

Existing models for spray combustion in gas turbine engines are reviewed in terms of their ability to compare favorably with experimental data. One, utilizing a modular approach, is found to correlate quite well exhaust emissions from several engines, and it is concluded that only qualitative trend predictions for emissions can be expected from the other models, both modular and finite difference. One important reason for this difficulty, particularly in the finite difference techniques, is their inability to model and include turbulent/chemistry/fuel spray interactions; consequently it is recommended that model experiments, designed to highlight these interactions, and not gas turbine combustors, receive attention for model validation. All of the combustor models are concerned primarily with gaseous emissions, and some with pattern factor, but the gas turbine combustor modeler should eventually provide detailed models for smoke emissions, ignition and altitude relight, heat transfer, and flame stabilization as well.
Correlates of fatigue in critical care nurses

The purposes of this study were to examine shift-related differences in chronic fatigue and the contributions of sleep quality, anxiety, and depression to chronic fatigue among a random nationwide sample (N = 142) of female critical care nurses. Twenty-three percent of this sample met criteria for clinical depression. Day and night nurses did not differ in their reports of chronic fatigue. Night nurses reported more depression and poorer sleep quality than did day nurses. Regression analyses indicated that among the variables of global sleep quality, depression, and anxiety, depression and sleep quality were the most relevant to the explanation of chronic fatigue. These findings suggest the need for studies of strategies to promote sleep and improve mood in critical care nurses.
Associations of Marital Conflict With Emotional and Physiological Stress: Evidence for Different Patterns of Dysregulation

The goal of this study was to explore theoretically suggested but untested links between interparental conflict and stress physiology in late adolescence. A multi-method study was conducted involving families (n = 42) who previously participated in the University California, Irvine site of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development; adolescents were 17½ years of age on average. Parent report and observer ratings of conflict, adolescent participation in a robust social-evaluative stressor, and assessment of cortisol, cardiovascular, and emotional functioning were included. Marital conflict was associated with dampened physiological stress responses in adolescence but sensitized emotional responses, suggesting that conflict may be associated with problems integrating and coordinating emotional and physiological responses to stress.
Total anorectal reconstruction following congenital anorectal anomaly: report of a case.

Following several unsuccessful postnatal attempts at anoplasty to correct anal atresia with a rectovaginal fistula, the patient, 20 years later, underwent an anorectal sphincteric construction using a gracilismuscle transplant. The five-stage procedure, which extended over a period of two years, resulted in highly satisfactory continence and full social rehabilitation of the patient. The continence achieved in this case seems to be in contradiction to some of the accepted concepts of the mechanisms of continence.
Improved management decisionmaking using optimization of a nonlinear mixed-integer financial model

A nonlinear mixed-integer financial model and optimization algorithm are described that support management decisions for one defense contractor. Counterintuitive insights have been uncovered that improve financial performance at less cost and with greater confidence than traditional alternatives. It is argued that normal search routines would have been unlikely to uncover these insights.
Soluble trehalases from larvae of the mosquito, Culex pipiens, and the fungal parasite, Lagenidium giganteum

Trehalase from the larvae of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus was purified 187-fold, its properties studied and compared with a trehalase from the fungal parasite Lagenidium giganteum. The properties of the larval trehalase are: pH stability 5.5 to 9.0, pH optimum 5.5 to 6.5, stable up to 30°C without substrate, stable up to 40°C with substrate, Ea = 28.9 kcal/mole, Km = 1.21 × 10−3 M, mol. wt = 75,000. Inhibition by monosaccharides, disaccharides, nucleotides, heavy metals, and organic compounds occurred. Sucrose inhibited the enzyme competitively with a Ki = 2.2 × 10−4 M. A fit of glucose to the enzyme active site via three-point attachment is proposed.
Standardized Patients in Educating Student Nurses: One School's Experience

Abstract The use of standardized patients (SPs) integrated into students' educational experience is one suggestion for overcoming clinical site challenges facing nursing educators today. This article describes one university nursing school's experience with starting an SP program and integrating SPs into the curricula for the undergraduate and graduate nursing programs. Additionally, this article discusses how one school expanded the role of SPs to serve as family or caregivers with manikin-based simulation. Questions to consider when starting an SP program are discussed.
HETEROCYCLES FROM SUBSTITUTED AMIDES PART 5, 1,2,3,5-OXATHIADIAZOLIN-4-ONE 2-OXIDES FROM THIONYL CHLORIDE AND N-HYDROXYUREAS

The reaction of certain N-hydroxy-N-methyl-N′-aryl ureas, 2, with thionyl chloride are shown to give a new heterocycle, 1,2,3,5-oxathiadiazolin-4-one 2-oxides, 3, in a synthesis that appears to have more severe structural requirements than the previously reported ring closures from α-hydroxyacylanilides and thionyl chloride. Isolable amounts of 3 are obtained only if the aryl group contains deactivating substituents, and the hydroxy group is attached to the N-alkyl nitrogen; otherwise, resin formation or ring chlorination are found to occur. The assigned structure as 3 was verified by a full three dimensional X-ray analysis of a representative example, 3a, 3-(4-bromophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2,3,5-oxathiadiazolin-4-one.
Hormonal Implications in the Development and Treatment of Prostate Cancer

In this article, the conflicting data concerning the androgen axis and prostate cancer development are reviewed in addition to how this pathway may be exploited to prevent the development of prostate cancer. The expanding role of hormone ablative therapy alone or in conjunction with standard therapies, the controversies of timing of therapy, and the completeness of ablation and its use on an intermittent basis are reviewed.
Capsule Commentary on Thomas et al., A Comparison of the Willingness of Resident and Attending Physicians to Comply with the Requests of Patients at the End of Life

This interesting study by Thomas et. al.1 explored differences in resident and physician attitudes regarding honoring patient wishes at the end of life. They conducted a survey to assess willingness to honor end-of-life requests in five different clinical scenarios. They found that attendings were significantly more willing to comply with patient requests, and concluded that this was due to clinical experience. There are several complicating factors, however. Attending demographics varied greatly from the residents. It is not clear that these factors were accounted for in their multivariate model. It is possible that the differences seen between attendings and residents were not due to clinical experience, but rather due to other variables such as religion, race, or gender. Previous studies have shown that physician characteristics influence their opinions as well as their practice.2 They also concluded that substantial changes in attitudes occur over the years of residency training. It is unknown what end-of-life training is included in these residency training programs or what training the attendings had. A study from early 2000 found that only 36 % of practicing internists surveyed had training in end-of-life care.3 A lack of understanding of the ethical issues surrounding end-of-life care can lead physicians to disagree about ethically appropriate responses to patient requests. It is not clear why the authors included a question regarding active euthanasia. It would have been more interesting for the authors to explore attitudes regarding active euthanasia.4 We need to be cautious about extending this study more broadly. This study only looked at physicians in Connecticut, and practice patterns and attitudes may vary in different geographic regions. The scenarios also only addressed inpatients, and decision making may be different for physicians who have an established outpatient relationship with a patient. Further focus on end-of-life training during residency is needed to ensure that future physicians are better equipped to manage patients at the end of life. Studies to evaluate how exposure to such training influences attitudes regarding treatment choices at the end of life will be useful.
Building community involvement in cross-cultural Indigenous health programs

Objectives. To gain preliminary knowledge about issues identified by Native health investigators who would encourage greater community involvement in Indigenous health programs and research in Canada, Pacific Rim, and the United States. Design. A pilot/feasibility study, August 2001–April 2002. Setting. Indigenous health agencies and institutions in New Zealand, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Participants. Thirty-six health professionals from rural and urban health centers participated, which resulted in 10 group and four individual interviews. Subjects included program managers, clinical physicians, and health researchers. Approximately 58% of the subjects self-identified as Indigenous. Results. Three overarching themes emerged from the interview data: (i) integration of cultural values of family and community into health provision; (ii) emphasis on health education and prevention programs for Indigenous youth; and (iii) indigenous recognition and self-determination in health delivery and research. Conclusions. To improve and promote community involvement in primary health programs and services for Indigenous people involves a long-term social and political commitment to health protection on a national and an international level, as well as the understanding that research methodologies and health interventions must explicitly involve culturally appropriate values and behaviors that are implemented by Indigenous people.
An online motion-based particle filter for head tracking applications

The particle filtering framework has revolutionized probabilistic tracking of objects in a video sequence. In this framework, the proposal density can be any density as long as its support includes that of the posterior. However, in practice, the number of samples is finite and consequently the choice of the proposal is crucial to the effectiveness of the tracking. The CONDENSATION filter uses the transition prior as the proposal density. We propose in this paper a motion-based proposal. We use adaptive block matching (ABM) as the motion estimation technique. The benefits of this model are two fold. It increases the sampling efficiency and handles abrupt motion changes. Analytically, we derive a Kullback-Leibler (KL)-based performance measure and show that the motion proposal is superior to the proposal of the CONDENSATION filter. Our experiments are applied to head tracking. Finally, we report promising tracking results in complex environments.
Expert Witness Testimony in Ophthalmology Malpractice Litigation

Purpose To examine the relative qualifications of expert witnesses testifying on behalf of plaintiffs vs defendants in ophthalmology malpractice litigation. Design Correlational and descriptive study; analysis of expert witness and physician demographic data available on several databases. Methods The Westlaw legal database was searched for ophthalmologist expert witness testimony from January 2006 to June 2014. Physician demographic data were used as the main outcome measures, including length of experience, scholarly impact (as measured by the h-index), practice setting, and fellowship training status and were obtained from state medical licensing board sites and online medical facility and practice sites. H-indices were obtained from the Scopus database. Results Defendant and plaintiff expert witnesses had comparable mean years of experience (32.9 and 35.7, respectively) ( P = .12) and scholarly impact (h-index = 8.6 and 8.3, respectively) ( P = .42). Cases tended to resolve on the side of the expert witness with the higher h-index ( P = .04). Significantly higher proportions of defendant witnesses were in academic practice ( P P Conclusion Ophthalmologist expert witnesses testifying for both plaintiffs and defendants had over 30 years of experience and high scholarly impact. Practitioners testifying on behalf of plaintiffs were statistically less likely to work in an academic setting and have subspecialty training. Scholarly impact of expert witnesses appeared to affect trial outcomes. Surgical societies should stringently police for appropriate expert witness testimony given by both plaintiff and defense experts in malpractice litigation.
On the possibility of enhanced multiple ionization near conical intersections.

Recent measurements of the transient laser-induced fragmentation of photoexcited 1,3-cyclohexadiene undergoing isomerization have seen that some of the fragments have higher velocity at the pump–probe delay corresponding to the time of passage through a conical intersection (CoIn). (http://arxiv.org/abs/1212.3728) Here we explore several possible explanations related to the electronic and ionic structure of molecules in the vicinity of CoIns and suggest some experimental tests that could illuminate the mechanism and ultimately control this behaviour.
A model of time-periodic mantle flow

Summary. The instability of a layer consisting of a lighter viscous fluid on top of a heavier less viscous fluid is considered in the case when the heavy fluid is adiabatically stratified and the light fluid contains heat sources and possesses a lower heat conductivity. A perturbation in the thickness of the upper fluid layer causes horizontal temperature variations in the lower fluid. The motions induced by thermal buoyancy can interact with the distortion of the interface in such a way that the initial perturbation is reinforced in the form of an overstable oscillation. It is proposed that this mechanism is relevant to the problem of timedependent flow in the Earth’s mantle. A large number of theoretical models for the physical mechanisms underlying plate tectonics have been proposed since the finally convincing evidence for continental drift was discovered in the early sixties. The nonlinear problems associated with the rheology of the Earth’s mantle, the effects of phase transitions and chemical differentiation, and last but not least, the lateral inhomogeneities of the lithosphere have, so far, prevented a definitive solution of the problem. There appears to be general agreement, however, that thermal buoyancy plays a dominant role as a driving force of plate tectonics. A particular aspect of the flow in the Earth’s mantle which is not well understood is its apparent timedependence. The present episode of continental drift started about 2 x 10’yr ago with the breakup of Gondwanaland. It is likely that similar episodes have taken place in early geologic history. In this paper we intend to describe an instability mechanism which may be related to the episodic events of continental breakup. The objective of our analysis is to isolate this mechanism in its simplest dynamically consistent form rather than to give a geophysically realistic description of it. Obviously, the phenomenon of mantle flow defies a simple explanation and the illumination of basic physical mechanisms appears to be more important than the construction of complex models, given the present state of our knowledge. The basic idea of the instability mechanism can be described in a few words. We think of the Earth’s mantle as a viscous fluid, covered by a ‘crust’ of lighter material with a much higher viscosity. The crust contains a relatively high amount of radioactive heat sources and does not conduct heat as well as the underlying mantle. Assuming, that the mantle is
Severe extracranial carotid atherosclerosis in young adults.

Studies of stroke in adults under age 50 emphasize nonatherosclerotic causes. We examined the risk factor profile in 41 patients under age 45 who underwent carotid endarterectomy for severe atherosclerotic stenosis at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation from 1975 to 1990. Smoking was the strongest risk factor. Hyperlipidemia, family history, and associated coronary atherosclerosis were also major risk factors. In contradistinction to older patients with carotid disease, hypertension was a less important risk factor.
Producer Services Trade in City Systems: Evidence from Chicago:

Recent efforts aimed at understanding the spatial supply and demand of business services have focused on their trade in regional and global settings. Noticeably absent from this research is a clear understanding of the organisation of trade within city systems. This paper demonstrates conceptually that trade flows through a two-tiered organisation of cities. The first involves 'world-class' cities, and the second a hierarchical organisation of cities within the US urban system. These patterns of interaction are analysed empirically using a recent survey of 263 business service establishments located in the Chicago metropolitan region. The survey enables identification of the spatial extent of both supply and demand for five business services. Spatial supply and demand distances are examined more closely via survivor functions. The results indicate that supply and demand distances vary markedly from industry to industry.
Assessment of lymphatic impairment and interstitial protein accumulation in patients with breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema using CEST MRI

Purpose Lymphatic impairment is known to reduce quality of life in some of the most crippling diseases of the 21st century, including obesity, lymphedema, and cancer. However, the lymphatics are not nearly as well-understood as other bodily systems, largely owing to a lack of sensitive imaging technologies that can be applied using standard clinical equipment. Here, proton exchange-weighted MRI is translated to the lymphatics in patients with breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema (BCRL). Methods Healthy volunteers (N = 8) and BCRL patients (N = 7) were scanned at 3 Tesla using customized structural MRI and amide proton transfer (APT) chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI in sequence with the hypothesis that APT effects would be elevated in lymphedematous tissue. APT contrast, lymphedema stage, symptomatology, and histology information were evaluated. Results No significant difference between proton-weighted APT contrast in the right and left arms of healthy controls was observed. An increase in APT contrast in the affected arms of patients was found (P = 0.025; Cohen's d = 2.4), and variability among patients was consistent with documented damage to lymphatics as quantified by lymphedema stage. Conclusion APT CEST MRI may have relevance for evaluating lymphatic impairment in patients with BCRL, and may extend to other pathologies where lymphatic compromise is evident. Magn Reson Med, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Corn Silage Supplementation for Maximum Intake and Milk Production

Abstract Four feeding trials and one digestion trial were used to evaluate methods of corn silage supplementation. Sixty Jersey cows (30 in each of 2 yr) were used to compare 1) corn silage as the only forage, 2) corn silage plus alfalfa hay, and 3) corn silage plus alfalfa low-moisture silage. Milk and 4% fat-corrected-milk production were less on corn silage alone than when either alfalfa hay or alfalfa low-moisture silage was added to the ration. Forage dry matter intake was lower on corn silage alone than on corn silage plus alfalfa low-moisture silage. Fifty-four Holstein cows (30 in trial 1; 24 in trial 2) were used to compare 1) corn silage as the only forage, 2) corn silage plus alfalfa hay, and 3) urea-treated corn silage. Milk production, 4% fat-corrected-milk, and intake of dry matter were more on corn silage plus alfalfa hay than on either corn silage or urea-treated corn silage. Eighteen Jersey heifers were used in a total collection digestion trial to determine the digestibility of 1) corn silage, 2) corn silage plus alfalfa low-moisture silage, and 3) alfalfa low-moisture silage. Digestibilities of dry matter and fiber were higher on corn silage plus alfalfa low-moisture silage than on either silage fed alone.
Injection locking and saturation intensity of a cadmium iodide laser.

A discharge-pumped cadmium monoiodide (CdI) laser utilizing isotopically pure CdI2 (114CdI2) has been injection locked with a flashlamp-pumped dye laser having a linewidth of 0.3 cm−1. Complete locking of the slave oscillator occurs for wavelengths between 655 and 660 nm and for injection intensities of ∼5 W cm−2. The saturation intensity for the B → X band of CdI has been directly measured with an excimer-pumped dye laser to be (125 ± 60) kW cm−2.
An Integrative Approach to Portfolio Evaluation for Teacher Licensure

The purpose of our overall research agenda is to develop and evaluate a methodology for the assessment of teachers in which experienced teachers, serving as judges, engage in dialogue to integrate multiple sources of evidence about a candidate to reach a sound conclusion. The project that provides the venue for this research agenda is the Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium (INTASC), which is developing a portfolio assessment system to assist participating states in making a decision about teacher licensure. To develop the theoretical foundation necessary to support and evaluate such dialogic and integrative assessment practices, we turn, in part, to the tradition of philosophical hermeneutics, as a complement to psychometrics. In this article, we characterize and assess the processes in which judges, trying out an integrative approach to portfolio evaluation for the first time, engage as they collaboratively construct and document their conclusions, and we locate this work in the larger research agenda. The premise of this project, which is being carefully evaluated in the course of inquiry, is that these integrative practices cannot only lead to an epistemologically sound evaluation of teaching but also promote an ongoing professional dialogue of critical reflection on teaching practice. Current calls for reform in the professional development and practice of teachers consistently highlight particular themes—that successful teachers integrate complex evidence about their students’ learning and the context in which they work, that they engage in ongoing critical reflection about their own teaching practices, and that they work as members of active learning communities (e.g., Darling-Hammond, 1995; INTASC, 1992; Lieberman, 1990; Little, 1993; Lord, 1994; Meier, 1995; NBPTS, n.d.; National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future, 1996; Richardson, 1990; Tyack & Cuban, 1995). Consistent with this reform effort is the movement toward performancebased licensing and certification of teachers and the preparation of accomplished teachers to serve as judges for these assessments (INTASC, 1995; NBPTS, 1994). These are important steps toward bringing assessment practices in line with the goals of reform. As important as these steps are, there exists a substantial disjunction between the assessment practices teachers typically engage in as judges or readers in large-scale assessment and the goals of the current reform movement. While psychometric theory has advanced to accommodate the evaluation of complex performances (e.g., Cronbach, Linn, Brennan & Haertel, 1995; Wiley & Haertel, 1994; Mislevy, 1994), conventional procedures for evaluating these performance assessments typically have individual readers working independently, scoring one exercise at a time, blind to the candidate’s performance on other exercises. To reach a decision about certification, these independent scores are algorithmically combined and compared to a cut score predetermined by a
A stochastic one-dimensional image model based on occluding object images

This paper provides new insights into the formation of one-dimensional (line-scan) image autocorrelation functions. We model a line scan as a composition of individual object-images that have random positions, widths and intensities and that occlude one another. We derive the autocorrelation function of this model as a function of object-image width and intensity distributions. We show that any assumption regarding the form of the autocorrelation function places a constraint on object-image width and intensity distributions and we derive the object-image width distribution associated with the widely used symmetric-exponential autocovariance model. >
Tocqueville on the Modern Moral Situation: Democracy and the Decline of Devotion

Most scholarship on the moral dimensions of Tocqueville's analysis of democracy focuses on the doctrine of enlightened self-interest. Surprisingly little has been written about his account of the underlying moral shift that makes this doctrine necessary. Drawing principally on Volume II of DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA, but also on Tocqueville's letters and notes, I unearth his fascinating and compelling account of why modern democratic man loses his admiration for devotion and embraces self-interest. That account begins from individualism, but also includes democratic man's intellectual and aesthetic tastes, his low estimation of his moral capacities, and weakening religious belief. After examining what Tocqueville saw as the causes of the new moral outlook, I consider what he saw as its most profound implications. Departing from recent trends in Tocqueville scholarship, I argue that is in Tocqueville's account of the modern democratic condition as such that he has the most to offer us today.
A unique lysophospholipid acyltransferase (LPAT) antagonist, CI-976, affects secretory and endocytic membrane trafficking pathways

Previous studies have shown that inhibition of a Golgi-complex-associated lysophospholipid acyltransferase (LPAT) activity by the drug CI-976 stimulates Golgi tubule formation and subsequent redistribution of resident Golgi proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we show that CI-976 stimulates tubule formation from all subcompartments of the Golgi complex, and often these tubules formed independently, i.e. individual tubules usually did not contain markers from different subcompartments. Whereas the cis, medial and trans Golgi membranes redistributed to the ER, the trans Golgi network (TGN) collapsed back to a compact juxtanuclear position similar to that seen with brefeldin A (BFA) treatment. Also similar to BFA, CI-976 induced the formation of endosome tubules, but unlike BFA, these tubules did not fuse with TGN tubules. Finally, CI-976 produced an apparently irreversible block in the endocytic recycling pathway of transferrin (Tf) and Tf receptors (TfRs) but had no direct effect on Tf uptake from the cell surface. Tf and TfRs accumulated in centrally located, Rab11-positive vesicles indicating that CI-976 inhibits export of cargo from the central endocytic recycling compartment. These results, together with previous studies, demonstrate that CI-976 inhibits multiple membrane trafficking steps, including ones found in the endocytic and secretory pathways, and imply a wider role for lysophospholipid acyltransferases in membrane trafficking.
Prognostic assessment of patients with COPD.

Milo Puhan and colleagues (Aug 29, p 704) describe the ADO index (age, dyspnoea, and airfl ow obstruction) as an alternative to the BODE index (body-mass index, airfl ow obstruction, dyspnoea, and exercise capacity) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ADO was developed to predict the risk of death by means of statistical and not clinical reasoning. Puhan and colleagues wrongly state that the BODE index was also developed for that purpose. We developed BODE to better categorise (stage) disease and to predict outcome, and used all-cause and specifi c-cause mortality to test that hypothesis. The ADO index is driven not by the domains of COPD but by age, which is the most important determinant of survival independent of disease diagnosis. Age has limited value in the stratifi cation of a specifi c disease process. To illustrate this, we calculated ADO and BODE in two patients with COPD (in agreement with the statement that an index should be useful for individual patients). The results are shown in the table. According to the ADO index, the older patient has a higher risk of death than the younger one. But this has little to do with COPD and all to do with life itself. The addition of the 6-min walk distance and body-mass index (both predictors of outcome) provide a dimension that the ADO does not have. Patient 1 was referred for transplant whereas patient 2 is on bronchodilators. We are surprised by the statement that changes in indices such as BODE cannot be used as surrogate markers of outcome, when the results of at least three studies support this potential application. We do agree that ADO or any age-derived index should not be used for that purpose because age cannot be improved. We would like to express our conviction that statistics are there to help clinicians and not the other way around. From the evidence, ADO and BODE do predict mortality but BODE is better than ADO for categorising COPD severity.
Managing entrepreneurs within organizations

It is suggested that entrepreneurs have characteristics and preferences which distinguish them from the typical corporate employee. Sometimes these individuals leave organizations to start new companies, and sometimes economic conditions force them to hold corporate positions. If these people are appropriately placed and effectively managed, they can be very valuable to the organization. However, if placed in positions which do not allow expression of their unique characteristics, they are likely to become demotivated and unproductive. It is argued that entrepreneurs within organizations may be motivated by different factors, with emphasis and outcomes probably different from those of the typical employee. It is concluded that to motivate individuals effectively to accomplish corporate goals, the corporate reward system should be flexible enough to meet individual needs. >