cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunochemical localization of glutathione S-transferases in rat lung.

Glutathione (GSH) S-transferases are a family of enzymes involved in the detoxication of foreign compounds or xenobiotics. Since lung is constantly exposed to environmental pollutants and oxidative stress, the six forms of GSH S-transferases reported to be present in rat lung may play an important role in the detoxication processes. Present studies using immunocytochemical techniques indicate that significant amounts of GSH S-transferases are associated with bronchioles and alveoli. It is suggested that these GSH S-transferases may be present in bronchiolar Clara cells, alveolar endothelia and Type II cells. All the five subunits Ya, Ya′, Yb, Yb′, and Yc which in their binary combinations give rise to the different forms of GSH S-transferases are present in bronchiolar and alveolar tissue.
A Minimum Variance Sampling Technique for Simulation Models

IN A NORMAL SIMULATION RUN, THE STATES OF THE MODEL ARE SAMPLED IN PROPORTION TO THEIR NATURAL FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE. FOR A GIVEN SAMPLING EFFORT, THIS DOES NOT IN GENERAL ESTIMATE A GIVEN STATISTIC OF THE MODEL WITH MAXIMUM PRECISION. A SAMPLING THEORY OF MARKOV CHAINS IS DEVELOPED WHICH ALLOWS SOME STATISTICS OF THE MARKOV STATE FREQUENCIES TO BE ESTIMATED WITH MINIMUM VARIANCE FOR A GIVEN SAMPLING EFFORT. A TECHNIQUE IS PRESENTED TO ALLOW THE SAMPLING FREQUENCY OF THE STATES OF THE SIMULATION TO BE INDEPENDENT OF THEIR NATURAL FREQUENCY. BY REPRESENTING A SIMULATION MODEL AS A MARKOV CHAIN, THE THEORY IS APPLIED TO ESTIMATE SOME STATISTICS OF THE SIMULATION MODEL WITH MINIMUM VARIANCE; FOR INSTANCE, THE FREQUENCY OF OVERLOAD OF A TELEPROCESSING COMPUTER SYSTEM. A NUMERICAL CASE IS PRESENTED IN WHICH THE SAMPLING EFFORT IS REDUCED BY A FACTOR OF SIXTY COMPARED TO A NORMAL SIMULATION RUN. /AUTHOR/
Differences in the behavioral effects of single-stage and serial lesions of the hippocampus.

Abstract This study compared the behavior of rats with serial destruction of the hippocampus in different topographical configurations and temporal sequences, to that of appropriate one-stage control groups. Animals that had partial bilateral damage at each operation were superior to one-stage controls in passive avoidance and reversal learning. Animals that had unilateral lesions at the first stage of surgery, followed by destruction in the contralateral hippocampus at the second stage, differed from controls in passive avoidance behavior only. In alternation tests, performance of serial and one-stage groups was statistically indistinguishable. One-stage operated animals allowed different lengths of postoperative convalescence prior to testing differed only in the spontaneous alternation tests. Implications of these results for hypotheses about serial recovery mechanisms and concepts of brain function are discussed.
interaction of salt, potassium sorbate and temperature ON THE OUTGROWTH OF Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679 SPORES IN A PRE‐REDUCED MEDIUM

The effect of potassium sorbate alone and in combination with sodium chloride on the growth of Clostridium sporogenes PA 3619 spores was studied. Two experiments were conducted in pre-reduced trypticase soy broth (pH 6.0), one at 37°C, another at 24°C. Outgrowth of the spores was monitored in a Spectronic 20 at 600 nm. At 37°C the addition of 3 or 5% NaCl potentiated the anticlostridial effectiveness of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% sorbate. The addition of 1, 3, or 5% NaCl enhanced the functionality of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% sorbate against the outgrowth of PA 3679 spores at 24°C.
Invasion of Human Vascular Endothelial Cells by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans via the Receptor for Platelet-Activating Factor

Strains of the periodontal pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans are variable with respect to display of phosphorylcholine (PC)-bearing antigens. We have examined strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans with and without PC to assess their ability to invade endothelial cells via the receptor for platelet-activating factor (PAF). Results of antibiotic protection assays indicate that PC-bearing A. actinomycetemcomitans invade human vascular endothelial cells by a mechanism inhibitable by CV3988, a PAF receptor antagonist, and by PAF itself. The invasive phenotype was verified by transmission electron microscopy. A PC-deficient strain of this organism was not invasive. This property, in addition to the established ability of A. actinomycetemcomitans to invade epithelial cells, may provide this organism with access to the systemic circulation. The ability of PC-bearing oral bacteria to access the circulation may also explain the elevated levels of anti-PC antibody in serum found in patients with periodontitis.
Scheduling with global information in distributed systems

Buffered coscheduling is a distributed scheduling methodology for time-sharing communicating processes in a distributed system, e.g., PC cluster. The principle mechanisms involved in this methodology are communication buffering and strobing. With communication buffering, communication generated by each processor is buffered and performed at the end of regular intervals (or time slices) to amortize communication and scheduling overhead. This regular communication structure is then leveraged by introducing a strobing mechanism which performs a total exchange of information at the end of each time slice. Thus, a distributed system can rely on this global information to more efficiently schedule communicating processes rather than rely on isolated or implicit information gathered from local events between processors. We describe how buffered coscheduling is implemented in the context of our SMART simulator. We then present performance measurements for two synthetic workloads and demonstrate the effectiveness of buffered coscheduling under different computational granularities, context-switch times and time-slice granularities.
Online Behavior-Robust Feedback Information Routing Strategy for Mass Evacuation

Disaster response to manmade and natural events involves the quick evacuation of the affected population to safer areas. Given the potential for large-scale loss of life and property, there is a need for effective emergency strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of these disasters. Most existing evacuation traffic management strategies focus on increasing network capacity along the evacuation direction such as contraflow lanes, but other information or routing strategies have not been fully explored. Optimal routing strategies can be presented to evacuees as recommended routes. Advising evacuees that take system-optimal routes help balance the distribution of evacuation flows among multiple evacuation routes. However, a critical aspect in evaluating the effectiveness of such strategies is to properly account for the possible evacuation route-choice behavior. This study analyzed the situation in which evacuees are given a set of system-optimal paths; evacuees choose their evacuation routes, following a certain route-choice behavior (rational, panic, etc.). Discussions focus on the extent to which the routing effectiveness can be properly estimated, subject to the route-choice behavior. This paper further proposes a behavior-robust feedback information routing (FIR) strategy to further improve system performance. The FIR is based on the concept of closed-loop control that reacts to the system state and updates the advised routes. The FIR that targets the system-optimal routing strategy has been shown to be effective and robust for real-time evacuation traffic management.
Autonomous recovery in componentized Internet applications

In this paper we show how to reduce downtime of J2EE applications by rapidly and automatically recovering from transient and intermittent software failures, without requiring application modifications. Our prototype combines three application-agnostic techniques: macroanalysis for fault detection and localization, microrebooting for rapid recovery, and external management of recovery actions. The individual techniques are autonomous and work across a wide range of componentized Internet applications, making them well-suited to the rapidly changing software of Internet services. The proposed framework has been integrated with JBoss, an open-source J2EE application server. Our prototype provides an execution platform that can automatically recover J2EE applications within seconds of the manifestation of a fault. Our system can provide a subset of a system's active end users with the illusion of continuous uptime, in spite of failures occurring behind the scenes, even when there is no functional redundancy in the system.
Modeling Digital Switching Circuits with Linear Algebra

Modeling Digital Switching Circuits with Linear Algebra describes an approach for modeling digital information and circuitry that is an alternative to Boolean algebra. While the Boolean algebraic model has been wildly successful and is responsible for many advances in modern information technology, the approach described in this book offers new insight and different ways of solving problems. Modeling the bit as a vector instead of a scalar value in the set {0, 1} allows digital circuits to be characterized with transfer functions in the form of a linear transformation matrix. The use of transfer functions is ubiquitous in many areas of engineering and their rich background in linear systems theory and signal processing is easily applied to digital switching circuits with this model. The common tasks of circuit simulation and justification are specific examples of the application of the linear algebraic model and are described in detail. The advantages offered by the new model as compa ed to traditional methods are emphasized throughout the book. Furthermore, the new approach is easily generalized to other types of information processing circuits such as those based upon multiple-valued or quantum logic; thus providing a unifying mathematical framework common to each of these areas. Modeling Digital Switching Circuits with Linear Algebra provides a blend of theoretical concepts and practical issues involved in implementing the method for circuit design tasks. Data structures are described and are shown to not require any more resources for representing the underlying matrices and vectors than those currently used in modern electronic design automation (EDA) tools based on the Boolean model. Algorithms are described that perform simulation, justification, and other common EDA tasks in an efficient manner that are competitive with conventional design tools. The linear algebraic model can be used to implement common EDA tasks directly upon a structural netlist thus avo ding the intermediate step of transforming a circuit description into a representation of a set of switching functions as is commonly the case when conventional Boolean techniques are used. Implementation results are provided that empirically demonstrate the practicality of the linear algebraic model.
Prophylactic antibiotics: administration and timing before operation are more important than administration after operation.

sign and data capture, the multicenter nature of the study, and the 1-year follow-up for all patients. Unfortunately, despite a good design and a large number of patients, most comparisons failed to demonstrate statistically significant differences. In univariate analysis, increases in age, National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance score [2], American Society of Anesthesiology score [3], and duration of operation were significantly associated with an increase in the rate of surgical site infection. In multivariate analysis, only duration of operation of 175th percentile was a significant risk of surgical
EFFECTS OF AUTONOMIC AROUSAL LEVEL, SEX AND FRUSTRATION ON PERFORMANCE

Stmznary.-This paper investigates the effects of initial heart rate level (Drive), sex and frustrarion on symbol-matching performance. Low (LD), moderately low (MLD), moderately high (MHD), and high (HD) heart-rare Ss worked on a modified digit-symbol problem before and after a frustrarion or no-frustration manipulation which raised heart rate on the average 20.6 and 2.96 beats/rninute respectively. The results show that MHD and HD Ss complete significantly more matches initially than LD and MLD Ss by manifesting both shorter response and inter-trial interval latencies. Furthermore, frustration induced autonomic arousal facilitates performance improvement for LD and MLD Ss and decelerates performance improvement for MHD and HD Ss. Frustrationinduced arousal exerts this effect by altering response latency only. No sex differences were observed. The present study is the third in a series aimed at investigating the relationship between drive and performance in human subjects (Burgess & Hokanson, 1964; Hokanson & Burgess, 1964). The over-all series was instituted in an attempt to examine pertinent variables in this area, while at the same time coping with a methodological difficulty associated with much of the earlier work (e.g., Lancz, 1945; Longnecker, 1962; Meyer & Noble, 1958; Moshin, 1954; Postman & Brown, 1958; Postman & Bruner, 1958; Sarason, 1961). This difficulty centered around the frequent failure of Es to verify independently that experimental manipulations, aimed at increasing drive, had their intended effect. The current study, as well as the previous two in the series, attempts to overcome chis error by using concomitant physiological measures as indicants of drive. In the first of this series of studies (Burgess & Hokanson, 1964), Ss were divided into high- and low-"drive" groups, using resting heart rate as a criterion. The findings indicated that high-drive (HD) Ss achieved elevated scores on simple incellect~ial tasks (for example, a digit-symbol test comparable to the subtest of the WAIS) relative to low-drive (LD) Ss but chat after a frustration-induced autonomic aronsal, the HD Ss manifested a decrement in performance relative to LD Ss. These findings were viewed as being consistent with Malmo's ( 1959) "inverted-U function" relating activation and performance. In a second snidy (Hokanson & Burgess, 1964) an attempt was made to replicate the findings of the first study and to investigate the task-complexity variable as to any differential effects on the performance of HD and LD Ss. The data in this second study generally replicated the findings of the first study on tasks of low complexity, however, no difference was observed in the initial performance levels of HD and LD Ss on tasks of high complexity. Thus, ic appears
Evaluation of the Stage IB Designation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System in Breast Cancer

Purpose The seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for breast cancer differentiates patients with T1 tumors and lymph node micrometastases (stage IB) from patients with T1 tumors and negative nodes (stage IA). This study was undertaken to determine the utility of the stage IB designation. Patients and Methods The following two cohorts of patients with breast cancer were identified: 3,474 patients treated at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center from 1993 to 2007 and 4,590 patients from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0010 trial. Clinicopathologic and outcomes data were recorded, and disease was staged according to the seventh edition AJCC staging system. Recurrence-free survival (RFS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS) were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Results Median follow-up times were 6.1 years and 9.0 years for the MD Anderson Cancer Center and ACOSO...
The DPY-30 domain and its flanking sequence mediate the assembly and modulation of flagellar radial spoke complexes

RIIa is known as the dimerization and docking (D/D) domain of the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase. However, numerous molecules, including radial spoke protein 2 (RSP2) in Chlamydomonas flagella, also contain an RIIa or a similar DPY-30 domain. To elucidate new roles of D/D domain-containing proteins, we investigated a panel of RSP2 mutants. An RSP2 mutant had paralyzed flagella defective in RSP2 and multiple subunits near the spokehead. New transgenic strains lacking only the DPY-30 domain in RSP2 were also paralyzed. In contrast, motility was restored in strains that lacked only RSP2's calmodulin-binding C-terminal region. These cells swam normally in dim light but could not maintain typical swimming trajectories under bright illumination. In both deletion transgenic strains, the subunits near the spokehead were restored, but their firm attachment to the spokestalk required the DPY-30 domain. We postulate that the DPY-30-helix dimer is a conserved two-prong linker, required for normal motility, organizing duplicated subunits in the radial spoke stalk and formation of a symmetrical spokehead. Further, the dispensable calmodulin-binding region appears to fine-tune the spokehead for regulation of "steering" motility in the green algae. Thus, in general, D/D domains may function to localize molecular modules for both the assembly and modulation of macromolecular complexes.
Geometrical theory of aberrations near the axis in classical off-axis reflecting telescopes

A geometrical theory of aberrations for the vicinity of the focus of arbitrary off-axis sections of conic mirrors is derived. It is shown that an off-axis conic mirror introduces linear astigmatism in the image. However, in classical two-mirror telescopes this aberration can be eliminated by tilting the secondary parent mirror axis. It is also shown that the practical geometrical-optics performance of a classical off-axis two-mirror telescope with no linear astigmatism is equivalent to the performance of an on-axis system, proving that both systems have identical third-order coma. To demonstrate the applicability of the theory developed in a practical system, a fast (i.e., f∕2), compact, obstruction-free classical off-axis Cassegrain telescope is designed.
Structure, blood supply, and lymphatic vessels of the sheep's visceral pleura

We investigated the morphology of the visceral pleura of 36 sheep, using macroscopic, histologic, and ultrastructural approaches to quantify regional pleural thickness, blood supply, and lymphatic drainage, including the pulmonary ligament and hilar lymphatic distributions. Pleural thickness increased caudally and dorsally, such that the costal pleura of the caudal lobes had a mean minimum pleural thickness of 83 microns. The blood supply to the entire visceral pleura came exclusively from the bronchial arteries. Lymph vessels formed an extensive plexus throughout the serous membrane of all lobes. Trunk lymphatics (greater than 100 microns diameter) had a density of about 2/cm of pleural length on all lobar surfaces except for the cranial and middle lobes, where their density on the costal surfaces was less than 1/cm. Pleural trunk lymphatics coursed to the pulmonary ligaments and to the hilum on their way to regional lymph nodes. At the hilum they anastomose with intrapulmonary lymphatic trunks. The principal lymph nodes to receive pulmonary lymph were the caudal mediastinal node and tracheobronchial nodes. The visceral pleura of sheep is thick, showing considerable regional diversity in morphology.
Assisting decision making in the event-driven enterprise using wavelets

This paper discusses issues related to data-driven decision support systems in event-driven enterprises and proposes Discrete Wavelet Transformation (DWT) as a method to improve these systems. DWT is proposed as a method of data reduction that reduces the effects of excessive data, enabling better visualization and scalability, while preserving patterns, trends, and surprises in the data. A procedural model for using a data-driven decision support system that integrates DWT is presented. Finally, the procedural model is evaluated in experiments based on real event-driven data from a large telecommunications company.
The Integrated Approach: A Solution to Patent Subject Matter Eligibility Standards in the Software Context

idea, Judge Lourie identified the abstract idea (Step 2(a)) as "generating tasks [based on] rules... to be completed upon the occurrence of an
Synthesis of Fullerols as Polyhydroxylated Fullerene Derivatives

we outline three methods for the preparation of fullerols as polyhydroxylated fullerene derivatives through the reaction of fullerenes with electrophilic reagents. The synthetic methodology includes a sequence of reactions using an aqueous acid chemistry, the epoxidation reaction, or the interesting nitronium chemistry as an key approach for the conversion of fullerenes to fullerols. The structure of fullerols was characterized and proposed to consist of at least 13 hydroxy functional moieties incorporating both hydroxy and hemi-ketal as parts of the structural components.
Zero kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopy of pyrene.

We report zero kinetic energy photoelectron (ZEKE) spectroscopy of pyrene via resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization. Our analysis centers on the symmetry of the first electronically excited st...
Analysis of Outcome Domains in Adult Cochlear Implantation A Systematic Review

ObjectivesTo determine the breadth of outcome domains used in the reporting of adult cochlear implant surgery for the purpose of registry and quality measure development.Data SourcesSystematic revi...
Netter's Concise Neurology

Karl E. Misulis and Thomas C. HeadIllustrations by Frank NetterContributing Illustrations by John A. Craig & Carlos A.G. MachadoSaunders: Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA, 2007565 pp., $48.95 paperbackIS...
Reaction of trimethylaluminum with calixarenes. I. Synthesis and structure of [Calix[8]arene methyl ether] [AlMe3]6·2 toluene and of [p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene methyl ether] [AlMe3]6·4 benzene

Reaction of the methyl ether of calix[8]arene with AlMe3 yields [calix[8]arene methyl ether] [AlMe3]6·2 toluene,1, while that ofp-tert-butylcalix[8]arene gives [p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene methyl ether] [AlMe3]6·4 benzene,2. Both compounds1 and2 fail to react with alkali metal salts, MX. In1, the absence of a butylpara-substituent affords greater flexibility than is the case for thetert-butyl compound2. Thus, all six of the AlMe3 groups are located on the outside of the macrocyclic ring (in projection) in1, but two AlMe3 units are found on the inside in2. Colorless, air-sensitive crystals of1 belong to the triclinic space group\(P\bar 1\) witha=13.690(8),b=14.317(4),c=14.738(6) A, α=76.11(3), β=62.36(4), γ=82.41(4)o, andDc=1.06 g cm−3 forZ=1. Refinement led toR=0.101 for 1154 observed reflections.2 crystallizes in\(P\bar 1\) with α=12.400(6),b=16.229(8),c=19.251(5) A, α=96.17(3), β=107.25(3), γ=101.54(3)o, andDc=1.01 g cm−3 forZ=1. Refinement of2 gaveR=0.128 for 4351 observed reflections. The macrocyclic array in both1 and2 lies about a crystallographic center of inversion.
A complication of circumaortic renal vein obstruction in an obese patient.

AbstractAngiographically diagnosed obstruction of a left circumaortic renal vein in an obese man was the presumed cause of hematuria and proteinuria. The anatomy and potential complications of this anomaly are reviewed and discussed.
Graph-based clustering with constraints

A common way to add background knowledge to the clustering algorithms is by adding constraints. Though there had been some algorithms that incorporate constraints into the clustering process, not much focus was given to the topic of graph-based clustering with constraints. In this paper, we propose a constrained graph-based clustering method and argue that adding constraints in distance function before graph partitioning will lead to better results. We also specify a novel approach for adding constraints by introducing the distance limit criteria. We will also examine how our new distance limit approach performs in comparison to earlier approaches of using fixed distance measure for constraints. The proposed approach and its variants are evaluated on UCI datasets and compared with the other constrained-clustering algorithms which embed constraints in a similar fashion.
The Discriminative-Stimulus Effects of Mephedrone in Comparison with Other Drugs of Abuse

Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) is one of the major constituents of the recreational drug, “bath salts”. It is a synthetic cathinone and potent psychostimulant that has been reported to cause auditory and visual hallucinations. The purpose of this study was to compare the discriminative stimulus effects of mephedrone alone with those of other prototypical drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), phencyclidine (PCP), and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI). Rats were trained to discriminate an intraperitoneal injection of mephedrone from saline under a fixed-ratio 20 schedule of food presentation. The final training dose of mephedrone was 3.2 mg/kg and it was reliably discriminated from saline by all subjects. Following training, substitution tests indicated that cocaine (0.56-32 mg/kg) fully substituted for mephedrone (0.32-10 mg/kg) by producing over 80% mephedrone-lever responding, whereas THC (0.56-10 mg/kg), PCP (1-5.6 mg/kg) and DOI(0.1-1 mg/kg) produced a maximum of ...
The HKV method of solving of replicator equations and models of biological populations and communities

Replicator equations (RE) are among the basic tools in mathematical theory of selection and evolution. The method of Hidden keystone variables (HKV) for reducing a wide class of RE of high or even infinite dimensionality to low-dimensional escort systems of ODEs, which can be explored analytically in many cases was developed. The method has potential for different applications to models of biological populations and communities
Does Incidental Appendectomy Increase the Risk of Complications after Abdominal Procedures

Incidental appendectomy (IA) could potentially increase the risk of morbidity after abdominal procedures; however, such effect is not clearly established. The aim of our study is to test the associ...
Do food trucks and pedestrians conflict on urban streets

AbstractIn the late 2000s, food trucks became common in US cities and municipalities debated controversial food truck regulations. When they justify the regulations, municipalities raise safety, health and general welfare concerns, including potential pedestrian congestion. This paper uses the insights from pedestrian behaviour research to determine whether food trucks interfered with pedestrian flow. Based on direct observation of food truck customers and customer-pedestrian interactions in and near the Chicago Loop, the findings show that food trucks served customers most often without interrupting pedestrian flow. In part, this was due to the street furniture zone, including trash cans, bike racks and utility poles that created waiting space along the kerb. During periods of crowding, pedestrians adeptly manoeuvred through lines of food trucks. Food truck customers were also responsive to pedestrian flow and the lines moved in ways that reduced impact.
Leaky Gate Model: Intensity-Dependent Coding of Pain and Itch in the Spinal Cord

Coding of itch versus pain has been heatedly debated for decades. However, the current coding theories (labeled line, intensity, and selectivity theory) cannot accommodate all experimental observations. Here we identified a subset of spinal interneurons, labeled by gastrin-releasing peptide (Grp), that receive direct synaptic input from both pain and itch primary sensory neurons. When activated, these Grp+ neurons generated rarely seen, simultaneous robust pain and itch responses that were intensity dependent. Accordingly, we propose a "leaky gate" model in which Grp+ neurons transmit both itch and weak pain signals; however, upon strong painful stimuli, the recruitment of endogenous opioids works to close this gate, reducing overwhelming pain generated by parallel pathways. Consistent with our model, loss of these Grp+ neurons increased pain responses while itch was decreased. Our new model serves as an example of non-monotonic coding in the spinal cord and better explains observations in human psychophysical studies.
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Investigation of Iodine Capture by Silver-Exchanged Mordenite

Capture of radioactive iodine is a significant consideration during reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and disposal of legacy wastes. While silver-exchanged mordenite (AgZ) is widely regarded as a benchmark material for assessing iodine adsorption performance, previous research efforts have largely focused on bulk material properties rather than the underpinning molecular interactions that achieve effective iodine capture. As a result, the fundamental understanding necessary to identify and mitigate deactivation pathways for the recycle of AgZ is not available. We applied X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) spectroscopy to investigate AgZ following activation, adsorption of iodine, regeneration, and recycle, observing no appreciable degradation in performance due to the highly controlled conditions under which the AgZ was maintained. Fits of the extended XAFS (EXAFS) data reveal complete formation of Ag0 nanoparticles upon treatment with H2, and confirm the formation of α-AgI within the mordenite chann...
The Varieties of Character and Some Implications for Character Education

The moral and civic dimensions of personal character have been widely recognized and explored. Recent work by philosophers, psychologists, and education theorists has drawn attention to two additional dimensions of character: intellectual character and "performance" character. This article sketches a "four-dimensional" conceptual model of personal character and some of the character strengths or "virtues" proper to each dimension. In addition to exploring how the dimensions of character are related to each other, the article also examines the implications of this account for character education undertaken in a youth or adolescent context. It is argued that "intellectual character education," which emphasizes the development of intellectual virtues like curiosity, open-mindedness, and intellectual courage, is an underexplored but especially promising approach in this context. The relationship between intellectual character education and traditional character education, which emphasizes the development of moral and civic virtues like kindness, generosity, and tolerance, is also explored.
Sharing and helping: predictors of adolescents' willingness to share diabetes personal health information with peers.

Objective Sharing personal information about type 1 diabetes (T1D) can help adolescents obtain social support, enhance social learning, and improve self-care. Diabetes technologies, online communities, and health interventions increasingly feature data-sharing components. This study examines factors underlying adolescents' willingness to share personal T1D information with peers. Materials and Methods Participants were 134 adolescents (12-17 years of age; 56% female) who completed an online survey regarding experiences helping others with T1D, perceived social resources, beliefs about the value of sharing information and helping others, and willingness to share T1D information. Hemoglobin A1c values were obtained from medical records. Results Adolescents were more willing to share how they accomplished T1D tasks than how often they completed them, and least willing to share glucose control status. In multivariate analyses, sharing/helping beliefs (β = 0.26, P < .01) and glucose control (HbA1c value; β = -0.26, P < .01) were related to greater willingness to share personal health information. Glucose control moderated relationships such that adolescents with worse A1c values had stronger relationships between sharing/helping beliefs and willingness to share (β = 0.18, P < .05) but weaker relationships between helping experience and willingness to share (β = -0.22, P = .07). Discussion Many adolescents with T1D are willing to share personal health information, particularly if they have better diabetes health status and a stronger belief in the benefits of sharing. Conclusion Social learning and social media components may improve intervention participation, engagement, and outcomes by boosting adolescents' beliefs about the benefits of sharing information and helping others.
Is there a correlation between tumor proliferative and glycolytic phenotype in high grade soft tissue sarcoma

1278 Objectives The aim of this study was to compare tumor proliferation - as estimated by FLT (18F-3`-deoxy-3`-fluorothymidine) - with the corresponding tumor glycolytic phenotype - measured by FDG (18F-2’-deoxy-2’-glucose) - in recently diagnosed high grade soft tissue sarcoma (STS) patients using positron emission tomography / computer tomography (PET/CT). Methods From October 2008 to April 2009, 12 patients (5 men, 7 women; mean age, 62 years [range, 30-94]) with biopsy proven STS underwent 18F-FLT-PET/CT and 18F-FDG-PET/CT imaging before the initiation of neoadjuvant therapy. The patient population included MPNST (n=3), Leiomyosarcoma (n=2), GIST (n=2), NOS (n=2), Liposarcoma (n=1), Angiosarcoma (n=1), and Fibromyxoidsarcoma (n=1). The tumor size and the peak standardized uptake value for FLT (FLT-SUVpeak) and FDG (FDG-SUVpeak) was measured. Linear regression analysis was used to correlate the tumor FDG and FLT uptake. Results Mean tumor size averaged 9.1±4.2 cm (range, 5.1-18.0 cm). FDG-SUVpeak averaged 7.2±4.3 g/ml (median, 6.1 g/ml; range, 2.8-16.9 g/ml), which was not significantly different compared to the FLT-SUVpeak (mean, 7.0±4.0 g/ml; median, 6.9 g/ml; range, 2.1-16.1 g/ml) (p=0.95). Linear regression analysis indicated no significant correlation between FDG-SUVpeak and FLT-SUVpeak (Pearson Correlation Coefficient, 0.50; p=0.10). FDG uptake was increased in 7 and decreased in 5 patients compared to the FLT uptake. Conclusions These data suggest that FDG- and FLT-PET imaging are equally well suited to detect and characterize soft tissue sarcomas. However, tumor proliferation as estimated by FLT PET did not correlate with the tumor glycolytic phenotype measured by FDG-PET. The reasons for this finding await further clarification
Nonhost neighborhood increases biocontrol weevil damage to the nontarget, federally threatened Pitcher's thistle (Cirsium pitcheri)

Abstract Studies that monitor the intensity of biocontrol insect damage on target and nontarget hosts in the field often consider the effects of neighboring vegetation that serve as acceptable alternative hosts. Whether nonhost neighboring plants can also influence damage to hosts has received less attention. The nonnative, seed-eating weevil Larinus planus has been distributed as a biocontrol agent for weedy thistles in the U.S., but also attacks native thistles including the federally threatened Cirsium pitcheri. To test the hypothesis that nonhost Ammophila breviligulata grass neighbors increase susceptibility of C. pitcheri to L. planus damage, we clipped the neighboring vegetation within a 1 m radius around focal C. pitcheri, and assessed weevil infestation in flower heads of plants with clipped or unclipped neighbors. We also examined elevational effects by surveying weevil presence along an environmental gradient and comparing infestation rates between primary and secondary dune habitats with intact neighboring vegetation. Larinus planus infestation was more prevalent at low than at high dune elevations. At low elevations, clipping neighboring vegetation surrounding C. pitcheri significantly decreased the proportion of flower heads infested by weevils. Grasses may aid L. planus dispersal to C. pitcheri hosts and/or provide a refuge from environmental stress or natural enemies. Our results highlight two factors that predict L. planus attack, as well as areas of the dune on which to focus Cirsium pitcheri management or weevil control efforts. More broadly, our results suggest that nonhost neighboring vegetation may be an important factor determining the intensity of damage by invasive and biocontrol insects.
Diazepam reverses increased anxiety-like behavior, social behavior deficit, and dopamine dysregulation following withdrawal from acute amphetamine.

Psychostimulants such as amphetamine (AMPH) increase dopamine (DA) release from ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons, which is associated with their acute reinforcing actions. This positive state is followed by a negative affective state during the withdrawal period each time the drug is taken (i.e., opponent process theory). AMPH withdrawal is accompanied by symptoms of anxiety and depression, which are associated with DA system dysfunction in humans and animal models. Most studies have focused on the negative affective state after withdrawal from chronic drug administration; yet, this negative state appears even after a drug is taken for the first time in both humans and rodents. In rats, withdrawal from a single dose of AMPH (2 mg/kg) increases forced swim test immobility and decreases the number of spontaneously active VTA DA neurons up to 48 h post-withdrawal. In the current study, acute AMPH withdrawal was found to increase anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze (EPM), reduce social cage time in the three-chambered social approach test (SAT), and attenuate VTA population activity. The effects of diazepam, a drug commonly used to treat anxiety disorders, were tested on anxiety-like and social behavior as well as VTA DA neuron activity following acute AMPH withdrawal. A single (5 mg/kg) dose of diazepam circumvented the neurobehavioral effects induced by acute AMPH withdrawal, as demonstrated by increased open arm time and social cage time as well as normalized VTA DA activity comparable to controls, suggesting that these neurobehavioral effects of acute AMPH withdrawal reflect an anxiety-like state.
Influenza Neuraminidase as a Vaccine Antigen

Neuraminidase (NA) is the second most abundant influenza surface glycoprotein and contributes to virus replication in several ways, most notably by removing sialic acids from the host and viral glycoproteins, releasing newly formed virus particles from infected cells. Antibodies that block this enzyme activity restrict virus replication in vitro. This chapter describes foundational epidemiologic and human influenza challenge studies that provide evidence of an association between NA inhibiting antibodies and resistance to disease. Mouse challenge studies show that while NA immunity is infection-permissive, NA-specific antibodies attenuate infection and prevent severe disease. NA immunity is most effective against homologous viruses but there is substantial protection against viruses with a heterologous NA (different lineage within a NA subtype). Monoclonal antibodies specific for conserved antigenic domains of subtype N1 protect against seasonal and pandemic H1N1 as well as H5N1 virus challenge. Clinical studies demonstrate that licensed seasonal vaccines contain immunogenic amounts of NA, but the contribution of this immunity to vaccine efficacy is currently not known. New types of influenza vaccines could be designed to elicit NA immunity. Because NA induces heterologous immunity, it could be an important constituent of universal influenza vaccines that aim to protect against unexpected emerging viruses.
Control by Tray Temperature of Extractive Distillation

Separation by simple distillation of formic acid (HFo) from acetic acid (HAc) in the presence of water is very difficult because of the azeotropic boiling mixture formed. As a result the separation in this application is done by extractive distillation using heptanoic acid as the high boiling extracting agent or solvent (U.S. Patent No. 4, 692, 219).
Procedures of and Predictions about OSHA

The Administrative Procedures Act of 1946 is a codification of procedural fairness requirements governing all Federal administrative agencies. It applies to proceedings which produce rules, orders, and licenses. Its purpose is to give people affected by decisions an opportunity to make their views known so that their interests will not be overlooked or arbitrarily dismissed.
Inequality Before Law: The Story of Chinese Peasants

Though peasants constitute at least sixty percent of Chinese population, they are a vulnerable group in China’s political and social system. This paper examines some major aspects of the discrimination against Chinese peasant under Chinese law. The focus is mainly on the situation since China’s reform in late 1970s. The paper first represents a brief introduction to hukou system, which is the basis on which people are demarcated as either a peasant or an urban citizen. Part II of the paper mainly concerns with political and civil rights, including the right to vote and the right to form organizations. Part III focuses on social and economic rights. It reveals that Chinese peasants were subject to two-fold deprivation: on the one hand, the state “take (property) away from peasants” through taxes and fees; on the other hand, peasants are prevented from equally enjoying those basic rights such as employment, education and health care. Finally, the paper concludes that the unfortunate situation of Chinese peasants is closely related to the under-development of rule of law in China. Their situation will be improved as China gradually moving toward rule of law.
RESIDUAL NOISE AFTER INTERFERENCE CANCELLATION ON FADING MULTIPATH CHANNELS

A popular information theoretic technique for multiaccess communication on a white Gaussian noise channel is to decode the users one by one. After each user is decoded, its encoded waveform is subtracted from the received signal, thus cancelling the interference from that user for the task of decoding subsequent users. This technique is not directly applicable to the fading multipath channels common to wireless communication. The problem is that what should be subtracted from the received signal is the response of the fading channel to the user’s encoded waveform. Since the channel is unknown, the best that can be done is to subtract the convolution of the encoded waveform with an estimate of the channel. This leaves a residual noise term which is the convolution of the encoded waveform with the difference between the true channel and the estimated channel. The point of this paper is to show that this residual noise term is negligibly small for typical wireless situations.
Phonological neighborhood effect in spontaneous speech in adults who stutter.

Abstract Purpose The study examined the relationship between word-form similarity network (phonological neighborhood) and stuttering occurrence in spontaneous speech in adults. The study asked whether neighborhood characteristics, including the number of neighbors (neighborhood density) and the average word frequency among neighbors (neighborhood frequency), differentiate stuttered from fluent words within spontaneous speech samples, and more specifically, whether neighborhood characteristics facilitate speech fluency in adults who stutter. Method Spontaneous speech samples were collected from 14 adults who stutter, including 7 with mild stuttering and 7 with severe stuttering. Each stuttered word was matched with a fluently produced word within the sample, controlling for multiple lexical factors. Neighborhood density and neighborhood frequency were compared between the stuttered and matched fluent words. Results Adults stuttered on words with lower neighborhood density, compared to fluently produced words, with similar patterns in the two severity subgroups. There appeared to be a marginal difference between single-syllable whole-word repetition and the other stuttering typologies. Conclusion Neighborhood density facilitates fluent word production in spontaneous speech in adults who stutter, regardless of stuttering severity. This finding adds to the evidence supporting that phonological encoding plays a role in stuttering in naturalistic, spontaneous speech in adults.
Electroencephalogram dynamics during general anesthesia predict the later incidence and duration of burst-suppression during cardiopulmonary bypass.

Abstract Objective Electroencephalogram burst-suppression during general anesthesia is associated with post-operative delirium (POD). Whether burst-suppression causes POD or merely reflects susceptibility to POD is unclear. We hypothesized decreased intraoperative alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (13–33 Hz) power prior to the occurrence of burst-suppression in susceptible patients. Methods We analyzed intraoperative electroencephalogram data of cardiac surgical patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). We detected the incidence and duration of CPB burst-suppression with an automated burst-suppression detection algorithm. We analyzed EEG data with multitaper spectral estimation methods. We assessed associations between patient characteristics and burst-suppression using Binomial and Zero-inflated Poisson Regression Models. Results We found significantly decreased alpha and beta power (7.8–22.95 Hz) in the CPB burst-suppression cohort. The odds ratio for the association between point estimates for alpha and beta power (7.8–22.95 Hz) and the incidence of burst-suppression was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.79–0.98). The incidence rate ratio for the association between point estimates for power between the alpha and beta range and the duration of burst-suppression was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.84–0.93). Conclusion Decreased intra-operative power within the alpha and beta range was associated with susceptibility to burst-suppression during CPB. Significance This dynamic may be used to develop principled neurophysiological-based approaches to aid the preemptive identification and targeted care of POD vulnerable patients.
Evidence Versus Practice: Operative Treatment Preferences in Hallux Valgus:

Background:There is substantial variability in the operative treatment of hallux valgus despite the existence of high quality evidence to guide treatment decisions. The purpose of this study was to...
Energy Management in Future Vehicle Concepts

At the Ford Research Center Aachen (FFA), advanced energy management control strategies are being developed that fully exploit the benefits of new powertrain and electrical system functions.
Staphylococcus aureus lipoic acid synthesis limits macrophage reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production to promote survival during infection

ABSTRACT Macrophages are critical mediators of innate immunity and must be overcome for bacterial pathogens to cause disease. The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus produces virulence factors that impede macrophages and other immune cells. We previously determined that production of the metabolic cofactor lipoic acid by the lipoic acid synthetase, LipA, blunts macrophage activation. A ΔlipA mutant was attenuated during infection and was more readily cleared from the host. We hypothesized that bacterial lipoic acid synthesis perturbs macrophage antimicrobial functions and therefore hinders the clearance of S. aureus. Here, we found that enhanced innate immune cell activation after infection with a ΔlipA mutant was central to attenuation in vivo, whereas a growth defect imparted by the lipA mutation made a negligible contribution to overall clearance. Macrophages recruited to the site of infection with the ΔlipA mutant produced larger amounts of bactericidal reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) than those recruited to the site of infection with the wild-type strain or the mutant strain complemented with lipA. ROS derived from the NADPH phagocyte oxidase complex and RNS derived from the inducible nitric oxide synthetase, but not mitochondrial ROS, were critical for the restriction of bacterial growth under these conditions. Despite enhanced antimicrobial immunity upon primary infection with the ΔlipA mutant, we found that the host failed to mount an improved recall response to secondary infection. Our data suggest that lipoic acid synthesis in S. aureus promotes bacterial persistence during infection through limitation of ROS and RNS generation by macrophages. Broadly, this work furthers our understanding of the intersections between bacterial metabolism and immune responses to infection.
Optical coherence tomography guided cystoscopy in diagnosis and management of clinical bladder tumors

15518 Background: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel tool that permits high-resolution cross-sectional imaging of bladder urothelium during cystoscopy. OCT delineates morphological featu...