cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal Dynamic Modeling and Nonlinear Control of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack

The purpose of this paper is to present a nonlinear control method for accurately maintaining coolant temperature within a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack by controlling coolant flow rate. Due to the current sensitive nature of the membrane and a strict relative humidity requirement it is critical to precisely control the internal temperature of the fuel cell. First, an optimization-based parameter identification is applied to determine unknown coefficients to the nonlinear thermal model of the fuel cell stack. The stack is modeled according to a lumped parameter continuous-flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) form. The paper then presents a nonlinear disturbance rejection control technique to accomplish the necessary temperature control. Experimental data from a 17-cell fuel cell stack is used for both the modeling and the control portions of this work.
Palmerolide A, a Cytotoxic Macrolide from the Antarctic Tunicate Synoicum adareanum

Palmerolide A, a 20-membered macrocyclic polyketide bearing carbamate and vinyl amide functionality, was isolated from the tunicate Synoicum adareanum collected from the vicinity of Palmer Station on the Antarctic Peninsula. Palmerolide A displays potent and selective cytotoxicity toward melanoma (UACC-66 LC50 = 0.018 muM) and appears to operate via inhibition (IC50 = 2 nM) of V-ATPase.
Problems and opportunities in the topical treatment of infectious diseases of the respiratory tract

Abstract Pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Topical antibiotics offer many potential advantages in the prevention and treatment of pneumonia in these patients. These include a high delivery of drug to the site of infection, and the potential for little systemic absorption with less toxicity than parenteral therapy. Previous clinical studies have produced mixed results, however. Emergence of resistant organisms and failure of the aerosol to penetrate into areas of diseased lung have been blamed for the failure of many previous studies to achieve positive results. In all of these studies, however, little attention has been paid to the delivery system, the dosage administered, the regional distribution in the lung, and the pharmacokinetics of the aerosol. Aerosolized pentamidine, however, has been studied with respect to the above factors, and has been shown to be clearly efficacious in the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. It should serve as a model for the testing of topical antibiotic therapy in other conditions.
The ``Black Band'' Method of Commutation Observation

Good commutation is essential for the reliable performance of d-c machines with low maintenance costs. As an aid to the commutation adjustment of machines in the factory, or in the field, a systematic test procedure has been found useful on large machines to indicate certain features of the machine's adjustment, notably the commutating field strength and brush position. This information is obtained directly from curves known as ``black bands'' or ``buck and boost curves'' plotted from test observations. The significance and interpretation of these curves in terms of machine adjustments, differential between commutation-reactance voltage and voltage induced by interpole flux are presented and results of observations on machines for special service (variable-speed motors and variable-voltage generators) are also given in this paper. Included are typically shaped ``black bands,'' obtained in practice. The black-band method has proved to be an extremely powerful and useful tool in commutation adjustment and it is hoped that this discussion of it will lead to an increasing use of the method with a corresponding furtherance of knowledge about it, thus enlarging its scope of usefulness.
Parallel unmixing of hyperspectral data using complexity pursuit

Accurate and fast data unmixing is key to most applications employing hyperspectral data. Among the large number unmixing approaches, Blind Source Separation (BSS) has been employed successfully through a variety of techniques, yet most of these approaches continue to be computationally expensive due to their iterative nature. In this context, it is imperative to seek efficient approaches that leverage the accuracy of the algorithms and the availability of off-the-shelf computationally performant systems such as multi-cpu and multi core. In this paper we tackle the spatial complexity based unmixing, a new technique shown to outperform many BSS solutions. We develop a new parallel algorithm that, without decreasing the accuracy ensures significant computational speedup when compared to the original technique. We provide a theoretical analysis on its equivalency with the algorithm. Furthermore we show through both complexity analysis and experimental results that the algorithm provides a speedup in execution linear to the number of computing cores used.
P2Y receptors modulate ion channel function through interactions involving the C-terminal domain.

Nucleotide stimulation of Gq-coupled P2Y receptors expressed in Xenopuslaevis oocytes produces the activation of an endogenous voltage-gated ion channel, previously identified as the transient inward (Tin) channel. Expression of human P2Y1, human P2Y2, rat P2Y6, human P2Y11, or skate P2Y receptors in oocytes resulted in modulation of the voltage dependence and inactivation gating of the channel. Expression of the human P2Y4 receptor, rat M1-muscarinic receptor, and human B1-bradykinin receptor did not alter the properties of the Tin channel. Replacement of the C-terminal domain of the human B1-bradykinin receptor with the C-terminal domains of either the human P2Y1 or human P2Y2receptor resulted in voltage dependence and inactivation-gating properties, respectively, of the Tin channel that were similar to those elicited by the respective native P2Y receptor. Systematic truncation of the C-terminal region of the human P2Y1 receptor identified a short region responsible for modulation of the Tin channel. This region contains a conserved sequence motif found in all P2Y receptors that modulates the voltage dependence of the Tin channel. Synthetic 20-mer peptides from the C-terminal domains of human P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors produced a shift in the voltage dependence and slowed inactivation gating, respectively, after injection into oocytes expressing human B1-bradykinin or truncated human P2Y1 receptors. These results indicate that certain P2Y receptors are capable of modulating the voltage sensitivity and inactivation gating of an endogenous oocyte ion channel through interactions involving the C-terminal region of the receptor. Such modulation of ion channel function could also exist in native mammalian cells that express P2Y receptors.
Effects of Cognitive Speed of Processing Training Among Older Adults With Heart Failure

Objective: Cognitive deficits pose serious problems for older adults with heart failure (HF). Cognitive speed of processing training improves cognition among older adults but has not been examined ...
A cognitive approach to classifying perceived behaviors

This paper describes our work on integrating distributed, concurrent control in a cognitive architecture, and using it to classify perceived behaviors. We are implementing the Robot Schemas (RS) language in Soar. RS is a CSP-type programming language for robotics that controls a hierarchy of concurrently executing schemas. The behavior of every RS schema is defined using port automata. This provides precision to the semantics and also a constructive means of reasoning about the behavior and meaning of schemas. Our implementation uses Soar operators to build, instantiate and connect port automata as needed. Our approach is to use comprehension through generation (similar to NLSoar) to search for ways to construct port automata that model perceived behaviors. The generality of RS permits us to model dynamic, concurrent behaviors. A virtual world (Ogre) is used to test the accuracy of these automata. Soar's chunking mechanism is used to generalize and save these automata. In this way, the robot learns to recognize new behaviors.
Double-label autoradiography for comparison of complex protein mixtures after gel electrophoresis

Abstract Comparison of complex protein mixtures by high-resolution, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is simplified by coelectrophoresis of 3H-labeled and 14C-labeled preparations, followed by two-step autoradiography. Both qualitative and quantitative comparisons are possible. Applications to genetics, molecular evolution, and metabolism are described.
On coverings of plane convex sets by translates of strips

In the euclidean planeE 2 letS 1,S 2, ... be a sequence of strips of widthsw 1,w 2, .... It is shown thatE 2 can be covered by translates of the stripsS i if Σw 1 3/2 = ∞. Further results concern conditions in order that a compact convex domain inE 2 can be covered by translates ofS 1,S 2, ....
Effects of Commercial Food Grade Enzymes on Free Fatty Acid Profiles in Granular Cheddar Cheese

Commercial food grade enzymes (Neutrase, calf lipase and NaturAge) were incorporated into cheese at various concentrations and ripened at 7° and 13°C. Gas chromatographic analysis indicated that free fatty acid (FFA) production increased significantly (p<0.05) with lipase and high level NaturAge. Neutrase had little effect on FFA production but showed synergistic effects with lipase. The short-chain FFA profiles were similar among control, Neutrase- and NaturAge-treated cheeses. Significant correlations (p<0.05) between C8 and C14, C16 or C18:1 and total free fatty acids were observed in all tested samples. Total concentrations of C4 and C6 may be a good indicator of flavor development during cheese ripening. Cheese with a medium level of NaturAge, ripened at 13°C for 4 wk, showed profiles of FFA similar to those of the control cheese ripened at 7°C for 12 wk.
Corrosion performance of ferrous and refractory metals in molten salts under reducing conditions

A lithium reduction technique to condition spent fuel for disposal has been developed at the Argonne National Laboratory. There is a need to ensure adequate vessel longevity through corrosion testing and, if necessary, materials development. Several ferrous alloys and tantalum specimens were submitted to a corrosion test at 725 °C for thirty days in an argon atmosphere, using a lithium-chloride salt saturated with lithium metal and containing small amounts of lithium oxide and lithium nitride. The samples did not show dimensional or weight change, nor could corrosion attack be detected metallographically. The lithium-saturated salt system did not show any behavior similar to that of liquid lithium corrosion. From testing in other gas compositions, it appears that the presence of oxygen in the system is necessary to produce severe corrosion.
Some Practical Considerations When Evaluating the Exceptional Adolescent Singing Voice

This article examines possible causes or intensifications of vocal fatigue in adolescent singers. Factors considered include the adequacy of the singing technique, the strenuousness of the musical ...
Personality variables as assessed by the MMPI and their relationship to mother-infant interactional behaviors at age three months.

The present study examined whether maternal personality variables, as assessed on the MMPI, relate to early infant and maternal variables. The subjects were 14 low-risk, preterm and 24 full-term 3-mo.-old infants and their mothers. A female experimenter visited each infant at home where the mother and the experimenter each took turns and talked to the baby for 3 min. Subsequently, each infant was given a differential vocal response score by taking the amount of time spent in nondistress vocalizing in response to the stranger from the time spent in similar vocalizing in response to the mother. Following the 3-min. interactions, the mother and infant were observed for 30 min. and several mother-infant behaviors were recorded. Finally, the mothers were administered the MMPI. Analysis showed that high scores on Scales 3, 6, and Ego Control were related to less favorable mother-infant interactions and high scores on the Femininity and Ego Control Scales were related to infants' low differential vocal response ...
Postnatal development of 3H-GABA-accumulating cells in rabbit retina.

Light and electron microscopic autoradiography demonstrates that 3H-GABA is accumulated by horizontal cells in neonatal rabbit retina but not in the adult. A specific population of horizontal cells appears to be mature at birth and they avidly accumulate 3H-GABA during a 15-minute incubation period in vitro. Uptake into horizontal cells is not observed after the fifth postnatal day; 3H-GABA-accumulating horizontal cell bodies and their processes are the first identifiable components that clearly mark the future location of the outer plexiform layer at birth and as such, may be considered pioneering elements. Our observations raise the interesting possibility that the pioneering horizontal cell may provide structural and/or chemical factors necessary for the subsequent development of the outer plexiform layer of the retina. Labeling patterns of other retinal cells also show varying degrees of change during development. A population of amacrine cells accumulate 3H-GABA at birth. These cells show little change in their morphological or 3H-GABA uptake properties from birth to adulthood. Muller cells show weak accumulation of 3H-GABA at birth. Subsequent to this time, labeling of Muller cells is significantly more robust, resulting in Muller cell domination of retinal autoradiographic patterns in more mature retinas. Every cell body in the ganglion cell layer accumulates 3H-GABA at birth. The number of labeled cells declines during postnatal development, resulting in a very limited adult population. We conclude that the ability of retinal cells to accumulate 3H-GABA does not remain constant during postnatal development; rather each cell population displays a unique maturation sequence that results in a dramatic developmental shift in the number and types of GABA-accumulating cells present in the retina.
NORMAL ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMS IN SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS (SSPE)

Eleven cases of SSPE from the rural southeast were studied at Duke from 1968-73. Eight patients had a history of measles immunization and 5 of these reportedly had antecedent natural measles. The diagnosis was confirmed in every case either by the ultrastructural demonstration of virus nucleocapsids in brain tissue or the detection of anti-measles antibodies in the CSF. Six of the patients had normal EEGs when first examined, an average of 6 months after the onset of illness. This group did not differ from those with abnormal EEGs in any important detail including age, sex, measles antibody titer, severity or duration of illness or the length of survival. All of the EEGs eventually became abnormal, 4 with the classical suppression burst pattern considered diagnostic for SSPE. At the time of the normal tracing, one patient had well developed myoclonus. These findings indicate that a normal EEG is common in SSPE even when the clinical disease is moderately advanced. This re-emphasizes the diagnostic importance cf CSF measles antibodies when other studies are normal.
Ternary blend polymer solar cells with enhanced power conversion efficiency

The use of two, rather than one, donor polymers in an organic solar cell is shown to enhance charge separation, transport and recombination.
Approximation of measured data with interval B-splines

The objective of this paper is to provide an efficient and reliable method for interpolating or approximating a set of measured data with an interval B-spline curve or surface. In general, measured data possess uncertainty, arising from sensor precision and measurement registration, which can be represented as an interval. Both the interpolation and approximation techniques presented in the paper produce interval bounding geometries that strictly enclose the intervals of the original data; in the case of our interpolation method, the achieved fit is extremely tight, and in the case of our approximation technique the achieved fit depends on the number of control points one is willing to allow. Examples using measured data illustrate our method.
Bone growth in organ culture: effects of phosphate and other nutrients on bone and cartilage.

A method for studying the growth of fetal rat long bones in a chemically defined medium in organ culture is described. Cartilage ends and bone shafts were analyzed separately for growth and mineralization by measuring the collagen, calcium, and phosphate content, dry weight, and incorporation of labeled proline into hydroxyproline. Growth and mineralization of the bone shaft were slower in a chemically defined medium thanin vivo. Growth could be enhanced by supplementation of the medium with non-essential amino acids, albumin or serum. Cartilage ends showed a greater increase in weight and collagen content than the shafts, and medium supplements had less effect on their growth. Bone shaft growth and mineralization were enhanced by increasing medium phosphate concentration over a range of 1.5 to 4.5 mM whether or not the medium was supplemented with serum or albumin. At a low medium calcium concentration (0.5 mM) bone shaft growth and mineralization were impaired. At a low magnesium concentration (0.5 mM) mineralization was enhanced, but growth was impaired.
Experimental Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection of young guinea pigs.

Young guinea pigs were experimentally infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The organisms were isolated from the lungs of infected animals for at least nine weeks thereafter. Mycoplasmacidal antibody developed five weeks after infection, while lung lesions were detected within two weeks after inoculation. The histopathology of the affected lungs was similar to that observed in infected hamsters. The guinea pig may prove to be useful for studies on the pathogenesis of disease and the cell-mediated immune response during infection with M. pneumoniae.
Pediatric intracranial ependymoma: the roles of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy

Management of pediatric intracranial ependymomas poses a major challenge, and optimal treatment remains controversial. We sought to investigate the roles of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy in a historical cohort. Thirty-nine children, age 21 or younger, with non-metastatic intracranial ependymomas were treated from 1972 to 2008. Median age was 8 years (range 0.2–19.1). Twenty-one patients (54%) underwent GTRs, and 18 (45%) underwent STRs. Twenty-six patients (67%) received upfront adjuvant RT (67%), and 14 (44%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. Twenty-four patients had disease recurrence and 12 died. Only one patient recurred after 5 years. Median PFS was 2.7 years and median OS was 20 years. Fifteen year PFS and OS were 30 and 67%. Adjuvant RT was associated with improved PFS (P = 0.045), and remained significant after adjusting for EOR (P = 0.04). Greater EOR trended towards prolonged survival, but did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.156). Of the patients that underwent GTR, the median PFS was 38 months for those treated with adjuvant RT versus 30 months for those that were not treated with RT. Of the patients that had STR, the median PFS for those treated with RT was 26.3 months versus 6.9 months for those were not treated with RT. In conclusion, for localized intracranial pediatric ependymomas, adjuvant RT is associated with improved PFS, even after adjusting for EOR. Our findings suggest the benefit of RT even in the presence of GTR. Future prospective studies with larger sample number are needed to validate our findings.
Criminality, desire, and community: A feminist Approach to Beth Henley's crimes of the heart

(1986). Criminality, desire, and community: A feminist Approach to Beth Henley's crimes of the heart. Women & Performance: a journal of feminist theory: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 35-51.
Beyond Spinal Headache: Prophylaxis and Treatment of Low-Pressure Headache Syndromes

Objective: This Evidence-Based Case Management article evaluates and grades the evidence for two anesthesiology-related interventions: prophylaxis after unintentional meningeal puncture and treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). Methods: A search was made of relevant English language clinical studies or reports pertinent to the topic of low-pressure headache, but excluding the treatment of meningeal puncture headache. Results: Thirty-seven case reports, case series, and clinical trials were included to develop the best available evidence-based recommendations for the prophylaxis of unintentional meningeal puncture and for the treatment of SIH. Conclusion: The highest quality randomized controlled trials suggest that prophylactic epidural blood patch (EBP) does not reduce the incidence of headache after unintentional meningeal puncture. The weight of existing literature supports EBP as an initial treatment of SIH, although its effectiveness does not approach that seen when EBP is used to treat meningeal puncture headache.
Asymptotic solutions for sorption of water by a heavy clay soil

Abstract Heavy clay soils are characterized by a strong power-law dependence of the soil water potential on the soil water content. Numerical solutions for water transport are difficult for such soils so that analytical solutions become crucial. Asymptotic solutions are derived for the sorption of water by an initially dry, heavy clay soil which are valid in the limit of large power-law exponent, as defined by the Campbell relation. The most general boundary condition considered is surface flux as a power-law function of time with arbitrary exponent. A new exact solution is also derived for the Richards equation which is valid for a particular time-dependence of the surface flux. It is shown that a previous asymptotic solution in another context is a special case of the solutions of this paper.
The First Term Identities for Eisenstein Series

In his celebrated paper [We], A. Weil proved the Siegel formula for classical groups, which is called the Siegel Weil formula. The Siegel Weil formula is an identity which relates the value of Siegel Eisenstein series and the average of theta series under certain convergence condition. In order to apply the Siegel Weil formula to the study of special values of automorphic L-functions and automorphic representations, S. Kudla and S. Rallis have extended the Siegel Weil formula beyond the region of convergence, by means of regularization. This extension is expected to work for all classical groups. The regularized Siegel Weil formula by Kudla and Rallis is also called the First Term Identity for Eisenstein series because it is turned out to be an identity relating the first term of the Siegel Eisenstein series and the first term of another Eisenstein series of non-Siegel type, by means of the Laurant expansion of Eisenstein series at certain point. We are interested in characterizing the first terms of Eisenstein series attached to all maximal parabolic subgroups and establishing all possible first term identities for Eisenstein series of the symplectic group. Because our method is not restrictive, it is natural to expect that the similar general first term identities should hold for other groups, at least for classical groups. We shall explain below some more details. Let F be a number field and A=AF the adele ring of F. Let Gn :=Sp(2n) be the symplectic group of rank n, and Pr =M n r N n r be the standard maximal parabolic subgroup of Gn with the Levi part M r isomorphic to GL(r)_Gn&r (m=m(ar , gn&r)). We denote by I r (s) the degenerate principal series representation of Gn(A) induced (normalized induction) from the one dimensional representation |det ar | s of Pr(A). Then, as usual, for any section fs # I r(s), one can form an Eisenstein series as follows:
The Ndc80/HEC1 complex is a contact point for kinetochore-microtubule attachment

Kinetochores are multicomponent assemblies that connect chromosomal centromeres to mitotic-spindle microtubules. The Ndc80 complex is an essential core element of kinetochores, conserved from yeast to humans. It is a rod-like assembly of four proteins- Ndc80p (HEC1 in humans), Nuf2p, Spc24p and Spc25p. We describe here the crystal structure of the most conserved region of HEC1, which lies at one end of the rod and near the N terminus of the polypeptide chain. It folds into a calponin-homology domain, resembling the microtubule-binding domain of the plus-end-associated protein EB1. We show that an Ndc80p-Nuf2p heterodimer binds microtubules in vitro. The less conserved, N-terminal segment of Ndc80p contributes to the interaction and may be a crucial regulatory element. We propose that the Ndc80 complex forms a direct link between kinetochore core components and spindle microtubules.
Deep-UV excimer laser measurements at NIST

The National Institute of Standards and Technology has designed and built two electrically calibrated laser calorimeters as primary standards for absolute energy measurements at the wavelength of 248 nm. Under the sponsorship of SEMATECH, NIST developed the calorimeters to improve measurement of dose energy in excimer laser based microlithography. The calorimeter system can be used to calibrate transfer standards which in turn can be used to calibrate detectors employed for energy measurements of semiconductor wafer exposure. The excimer calorimeter uses a glass filter which functions as a volume absorber that allows collection of nanosecond pulses of laser radiation without suffering damage. The measurement range of the calorimeters is 0.3-25 J, but can be extended to 1 mJ with beamsplitters. Electrical calibration of the calorimeters shows a standard deviation in the calibration factor of less than 0.5% for entire energy range. The total uncertainty of typical power and energy meter calibrations is approximately 2%.
Anthropometrics, bone mineral density, and dietary intake in a group of young adult females

Associations between anthropometric, body composition, and dietary intake and measures of bone mineral density (BMD) in young-adult females were explored. Positive associations were found between body weight and TB (p < .05), lumbar spine (LS) (L2-L4, p < .01), and total proximal femur (TPF) BMD (p < .0001); body mass index and LS (p < .05), TPF (p < .0001), and total forearm BMD (p < .01); FFST mass and TB (p < .001), LS (p < .01), and TPF BMD (p <.0001), and fat mass and LS (p < .05) and TPF BMD (p < .01). LS BMD had negative associations with protein, magnesium, and iron intake (all p < .05). Average vitamin D intake had a positive association with ultradistal forearm BMD (p < .01). Findings support the positive influence of body weight and soft-tissue mass on BMD in young adult females.
A New 69-Kv Oil-Blast Circuit Breaker

All recent circuit breaker developments in the higher voltage transmission field have included such features as faster fault clearing, faster reclosing after faults, reduced oil requirements, and reduced maintenance. This paper describes the development of an improved line of oil-blast circuit breakers incorporating these features at 69 kv. The new circuit breakers as compared with superseded designs are smaller, require less oil, have improved oil-blast interrupters, use sealed bushings without gaskets, have a simplified top frame and linkage design, and use air operators. Complete laboratory tests have been made to check the electrical and mechanical characterstics of these new circuit breakers. These tests then were supplemented by actual field tests at 66-kv interrupting staged short circuits over a wide range of currents as well as switching the capacitance current of long unloaded 66-kv lines.
Analysis of Gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys by cell staining with a tetrameric major histocompatibility complex class I-peptide complex.

A tetrameric recombinant major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I–peptide complex was used as a staining reagent in flow cytometric analyses to quantitate and define the phenotype of Gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the peripheral blood of simian immunodeficiency virus macaque (SIVmac)-infected rhesus monkeys. The heavy chain of the rhesus monkey MHC class I molecule Mamu-A*01 and β2-microglobulin were refolded in the presence of an SIVmac Gag synthetic peptide (p11C, C–M) representing the optimal nine–amino acid peptide of Mamu-A*01–restricted predominant CTL epitope to create a tetrameric Mamu-A*01/p11C, C–M complex. Tetrameric Mamu-A*01/p11C, C–M complex bound to T cells of SIVmac-infected, Mamu-A*01+, but not uninfected, Mamu-A*01+, or infected, Mamu-A*01− rhesus monkeys. Specific staining of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from SIVmac-infected, Mamu-A*01+ rhesus monkeys was only found in the cluster of differentiation (CD)8α/β+ T lymphocyte subset and the percentage of CD8α/β+ T cells in the peripheral blood of four SIVmac-infected, Mamu-A*01+ rhesus monkeys staining with this complex ranged from 0.7 to 10.3%. Importantly, functional SIVmac Gag p11C-specific CTL activity was seen in sorted and expanded tetrameric Mamu-A*01/p11C, C–M complex–binding, but not nonbinding, CD8α/β+ T cells. Furthermore, the percentage of CD8α/β+ T cells binding this tetrameric Mamu-A*01/p11C, C–M complex correlated well with p11C-specific cytotoxic activity as measured in both bulk and limiting dilution effector frequency assays. Finally, phenotypic characterization of the cells binding this tetrameric complex indicated that this lymphocyte population is heterogeneous. These studies indicate the power of this approach for examining virus-specific CTLs in in vivo settings.
Evolution of a Higher Intracellular Oxidizing Environment in Caenorhabditis elegans under Relaxed Selection

We explored the relationship between relaxed selection, oxidative stress, and spontaneous mutation in a set of mutation-accumulation (MA) lines of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and in their common ancestor. We measured steady-state levels of free radicals and oxidatively damaged guanosine nucleosides in the somatic tissues of five MA lines for which nuclear genome base substitution and GC-TA transversion frequencies are known. The two markers of oxidative stress are highly correlated and are elevated in the MA lines relative to the ancestor; point estimates of the per-generation rate of mutational decay (ΔM) of these measures of oxidative stress are similar to those reported for fitness-related traits. Conversely, there is no significant relationship between either marker of oxidative stress and the per-generation frequencies of base substitution or GC-TA transversion. Although these results provide no direct evidence for a causative relationship between oxidative damage and base substitution mutations, to the extent that oxidative damage may be weakly mutagenic in the germline, the case for condition-dependent mutation is advanced.
On Finding Globally Optimal Paths through Weighted Colored Graphs

In this paper, we present a method for finding a globally optimal path through a colored graph. Optimal here means that, for a given path, the induced path coloring corresponds to an equivalent class. A total ordering is placed over these equivalent classes, and the edge weights are simply tie breakers within the classes. Optimality is achieved by mapping the class, or color, of each edge in combination with its weight to a real number. As a result, optimal paths can be computed using just the new weight function and standard edge relaxation methods (e.g. Dijkstra's Algorithm). The motivation for this research is the task of planning paths for mobile autonomous robots through outdoor environments with unknown and varied terrain.
Climate Quality Broadband and Narrowband Solar Reflected Radiance Calibration Between Sensors in Orbit

As the potential impacts of global climate change become more clear [1], the need to determine the accuracy of climate prediction over decade-to-century time scales has become an urgent and critical challenge. The most critical tests of climate model predictions will occur using observations of decadal changes in climate forcing, response, and feedback variables. Many of these key climate variables are observed by remotely sensing the global distribution of reflected solar spectral and broadband radiance. These "reflected solar" variables include aerosols, clouds, radiative fluxes, snow, ice, vegetation, ocean color, and land cover. Achieving sufficient satellite instrument accuracy, stability, and overlap to rigorously observe decadal change signals has proven very difficult in most cases and has not yet been achieved in others . One of the earliest efforts to make climate quality observations was for Earth Radiation Budget: Nimbus 6/7 in the late 1970s, ERBE in the 1980s/90s, and CERES in 2000s are examples of the most complete global records. The recent CERES data products have carried out the most extensive intercomparisons because if the need to merge data from up to 11 instruments (CERES, MODIS, geostationary imagers) on 7 spacecraft (Terra, Aqua, and 5 geostationary) for any given month. In order to achieve climate calibration for cloud feedbacks, the radiative effect of clear-sky, all-sky, and cloud radiative effect must all be made with very high stability and accuracy.
Radar Structure of Earthquake-Induced, Coastal Landslides in Anchorage, Alaska

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used to investigate the internal structure of two large landslides in Anchorage, Alaska that resulted from the great 1964 earthquake. The Government Hill and Turnagain Heights landslides occurred in similar stratigraphic and geographic settings, yet the style of ground deformation is different at each site. GPR data are compared with previous investigations and are shown, under certain conditions, to have utility in the identification of ancient landslides. Reflection surveys accurately reproduced the subsurface geometry of horst and graben structures and imaged finer scale features such as ground cracks and fissures. Where more complete disintegration of the bluff occurred, GPR reflections from within the slide mass are generally chaotic and include no recognizable evidence of the original stratigraphy. Common midpoint surveys estimated GPR velocity in the sediment and allowed the conversion of travel times to depths.
Using a hyper-ellipsoid clustering Kohonen for autonomous mobile robot map building, place recognition and motion planning

We show how a self-organizing Kohonen neural network using hyperellipsoid clustering (HEC) can build maps from actual sonar data. With the HEC algorithm we can use the Mahalanobis distance to learn elongated shapes (typical of sonar data) and obtain a stochastic measurement of data-node association. Hence, the HEC Kohonen can be used to build topographical maps and to recognize its own topographical cues for self-localization. The number of nodes can also be regulated in a self-organizing manner by measuring how well a node models the statistical properties of its associated data. This measurement determines whether a node should be divided (mitosis) or pruned completely. Because fewer nodes are needed for an HEC Kohonen than for a Kohonen that uses only Euclidean distance, the data size is smaller for the HEC Kohonen. Relative to grid-based approaches, the savings in data size is even more profound. By incorporating principal component analysis (PCA), the HEC Kohonen can handle problems with several dimensions (3D, time-series, etc.). The HEC Kohonen is also multifunctional in that it accommodates compact geometric motion planning and self-referencing algorithms. It can also be generalized to solve other pattern recognition problems.
Improved performance of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes with Au-plated heat spreading layer

Etched-pillar vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes exhibit submilliamp threshold currents and high output powers. An Au-plated heat spreading layer reduces the thermal resistance by a factor of 2 and increases the maximum output power by approximately 60%.
16PF Research into Addiction: Meta-Analysis and Extension

Meta-analysis of 3z4 studies on Cattell's 16PF test reveals ragged egos (C-), guilt (O), distrust (L), frustration (Q4), alienation (G-), vague identity (Q3-), alarm (H-), resentment (Q1), quasi-autism (M), scattered intellect (B-), grandiosity (E), autonomy (Q2), infantilism (I), avoidance (A-), and deviousness (N). The aberrant scores on E, G, I, Q1, and Q2 discriminate addicts from suicidals and the chronically ill or unemployed. We found nine types of addicts in our developmental study of 83 members of Alcoholics Anonymous. On the more stable second-order 16PF factors, 43% were highest on Autonomous, 37% on Desperate, 16% on Tough Poise, and 4% on Extravert. Profiles differed more by sexual preference than by gender. Recidivism was highest among homosexual men (38%) and the desperate (25%). Only the Fourth and Fifth Steps of the AA program seem crucial to recovery. Treatment programs based on these and tailored to sexual preference and the second-order personality types seem highly advisable.
Detecting Changes in Hyperspectral Imagery Using a Model-Based Approach

Within the hyperspectral community, change detection is a continued area of interest. Interesting changes in imagery typically correspond to changes in material reflectance associated with pixels in the scene. Using a physical model describing the sensor-reaching radiance, change detection can be formulated as a statistical hypothesis test. Complicating the problem of change detection is the presence of shadow, illumination, and atmospheric differences, as well as misregistration and parallax error, which often produce the appearance of change. The proposed physical model incorporates terms to account for both direct and diffuse shadow fractions to help mitigate false alarms associated with shadow differences between scenes. The resulting generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) provides an indicator of change at each pixel. The maximum likelihood estimates of the physical model parameters used for the GLRT are obtained from the entire joint data set to take advantage of coupled information existing between pixel measurements. Simulation results using synthetic and real imagery demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Metabolic Syndrome Screening and Assertive Community Treatment: A Quality Improvement Study

Metabolic syndrome defines a collection of cardiometabolic illnesses that predict risk for poor physical health and early death and is highly prevalent among those with serious mental illness. Despite recommendations for routine monitoring, those with serious mental illness frequently do not receive physical health screenings. We conducted a quality improvement (QI) project to increase rates of metabolic syndrome screening in three New York City Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) teams. The project, conducted from December 2010 to May 2011, involved educational sessions for staff and consumers and a systematic screening protocol. We collected complete metabolic syndrome screening measurements for 71% of participating ACT consumers. We found metabolic risk to be nearly universal among participants, with over half diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. We also found high rates of previously undiagnosed hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. We describe the resources and obstacles we encountered in our QI pr...
Mobility, liminality, and embodiment in urban Egypt

In this article, I analyze urban mobilities by looking closely at the lives of a brother and sister from a low-income neighborhood in Cairo, Egypt, and examining their individual mobilities in the context of Victor Turner's work on liminality and Pierre Bourdieu's writing on habitus and bodily hexis. I approach daily mobilities as embodied liminal encounters that are open to multiple possibilities. I show that the liminality of mobility may be the grounds for the reflection and reproduction of social hierarchies but may also create opportunities for questioning and reconfiguring inequalities, particularly in regard to class and gender.
State-Level Variability of Educational Outcomes of Students with Emotional Disturbance.

This study examined the educational environment placement and educational outcomes of students identified as having an emotional disturbance (ED). The sample was drawn from special education enrollment data for students aged 6–21 years in the 50 states and Washington, DC in 2010. Additional economic and demographic state-level variables were examined to determine associations with the previously noted variables. The results of this study show substantial state-level variability in the educational outcomes of students with ED, with the rate of students with ED graduating with a regular diploma four times as high in some states as it is in others. Additionally, regression analysis indicated that state-level ED identification rates were significantly predictive of students with ED graduating with a regular diploma. Implications of the substantial variability and of further research are discussed.
Stomatobaculum longum gen. nov., sp. nov., an obligately anaerobic bacterium from the human oral cavity.

A strictly anaerobic Gram-stain-variable but positive by structure, non-spore-forming bacterium designated Lachnospiraceae bacterium ACC2 strain DSM 24645T was isolated from human subgingival dental plaque. Bacterial cells were 4–40 µm long non-motile rods, often swollen and forming curved filaments up to 200 µm. Cells contained intracellular, poorly crystalline, nanometre-sized iron- and sulfur-rich particles. The micro-organism was able to grow on yeast extract, trypticase peptone, milk, some sugars and organic acids. The major metabolic end-products of glucose fermentation were butyrate, lactate, isovalerate and acetate. The growth temperature and pH ranges were 30–42 °C and 4.9–7.5, respectively. Major fatty acids were C14 : 0, C14 : 0 DMA (dimethyl aldehyde), C16 : 0, C16 : 1ω7c DMA. The whole-cell hydrolysate contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, indicating peptidoglycan type A1γ. The DNA G+C content was calculated to be 55.05 mol% from the whole-genome sequence and 55.3 mol% as determined by HPLC. There were no predicted genes responsible for biosynthesis of respiratory lipoquinones, mycolic acids and lipopolysaccharides. Genes associated with synthesis of teichoic and lipoteichoic acids, diaminopimelic acid, polar lipids and polyamines were present. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny, strain DSM 24645T formed, together with several uncultured oral clones, a separate branch within the family Lachnospiraceae , with the highest sequence similarity to the type strain of Moryella indoligenes at 94.2 %. Based on distinct phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, we suggest that strain DSM 24645T represents a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Stomatobaculum longum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Stomatobaculum longum is DSM 24645T ( = HM-480T; deposited in BEI Resources, an NIH collection managed by the ATCC).
International Law from a Machiavellian Perspective

Machiavelli leaves one with both an optimistic and a pessimistic prognostication for the post-Cold War world. On the one hand, the end of that conflict has opened the way for the spread of liberal, constitutional regimes, which he would say are inclined to be more and more meticulous in honoring their commitments. On the other, the temptation to use force to create new facts and thereby force international law into new paths will remain as long as politics is practiced. The contemporary relevance of Machiavelli may be seen in that he urged both realities upon us. I focus on a single incident that postdated the end of the Cold War—the show of force by the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the Taiwan Strait in March 1996.
Community Participation in Frontier Education Planning.

The merits of community participation as a means of facilitating worthwhile planning and Policy formulation in education have been widely canvassed in both the developing and developed world. In this paper, the author, from the University of the South Pacific, reports on research undertaken as part of her doctoral studies in the frontier province of North West Pakistan. She suggests that, whatever the general merits of community participation as an idea, in practice it can serve as a tool in the hands of influential policy makers, designed to gain the support of local people for projects which may not be in their interests. It might be possible to think of similar examples from the United Kingdom.
Novel transversely tapered hybrid electro-optic polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators

A proposed hybrid modulator structure reduces both the optical loss and half wave voltage (Vpi). A sol-gel waveguide core transversely sandwiched between electro-optic (EO) polymer cores without Y-branches to enable an adiabatic transition with higher mode confinement.
Determination of the Intraruminal Distribution of Soluble Nitrogen

Summary An analytical fractionation procedure has been developed which facilitates relatively detailed nitrogen balance studies of the rumen fermentation. The procedure was evaluated in an in vivo experiment using three animals and three treatments. Regardless of dietary treatment, most of the nitrogen (65–78%) was observed to be found in feed residues and microbial cells. Only very small amounts of nitrogen (less than 2%) were encountered in the form of dissolved protein. Acceptable recoveries were obtained.
Transport of Oxidized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes through Silica Based Porous Media: Influences of Aquatic Chemistry, Surface Chemistry, and Natural Organic Matter

This paper provides results from studies of the transport of oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (O-MWCNTs) of varying surface oxygen concentrations under a range of aquatic conditions and through uniform silica glass bead media. In the presence of Na(+), the required ionic strength (IS) for maximum particle attachment efficiency (i.e., the critical deposition concentration, or CDC) increased as the surface oxygen concentration of the O-MWCNTs or pH increased, following qualitative tenets of theories based on electrostatic interactions. In the presence of Ca(2+), CDC values were lower than those with Na(+) present, but were no longer sensitive to surface oxygen content, suggesting that Ca(2+) impacts the interactions between O-MWCNTs and glass beads by mechanisms other than electrostatic alone. The presence of Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) decreased the attachment efficiency of O-MWCNTs in the presence of either Na(+) or Ca(2+), but with more pronounced effects when Na(+) was present. Nevertheless, low concentrations of SRNOM (<4 mg/L of dissolved organic carbon) were sufficient to mobilize all O-MWCNTs studied at CaCl2 concentrations as high as 10 mM. Overall, this study reveals that NOM content, pH, and cation type show more importance than surface chemistry in affecting O-MWCNTs deposition during transport through silica-based porous media.
The effect of secondary scattering on the induced current in a long wire over an imperfect ground from an incident EMP

The effect of secondary scattering that is produced by the induced current in an infinitely long, finitely conducting wire over a plane, finitely conducting earth from an incident electromagnetic pulse is investigated. This is accomplished by finding the field of a Hertzian dipole over the earth and identifying the part that is due to secondary scattering. Frequency-domain results for the overall induced current require that certain infinite integrals be numerically evaluated. Fourier inversion to the time domain in turn requires the numerical evaluation of another infinite integral. When the results are compared to those obtained when secondary scattering is ignored, it is found that secondary scattering slightly increases the current for the case of broadside incidence and reduces it for the case of grazing incidence by as much as two orders of magnitude. Peak currents are much smaller than previously thought. These general results hold for all of the earth parameters that were used in the study. >