cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Security Analysis of Electric Power Systems: Passivity-Based Approach and Positive Invariance Approach

Security is a critical issue in modern power system operation. With the aid of analytic tools for large-scale and hybrid systems, this paper proposes two new safety verication methods for power systems. The rst method is based on barrier certicates and passivity. This method provides a general safety verication framework for power systems with the port-Hamiltonian structure. The energy shaping technique is also exploited to attain safety conditions for controlled port-Hamiltonian systems. The second method, based on positive invariance, yields exact safety verication for power systems based on linearized models, particularly linear Hamiltonian systems. Decidability of exact safety verication is established via algebraic and positive invariance approaches; other analytic and numerical issues are addressed from the positive invariance perspective.
Energy Harvesting From Smart Materials

In this paper, we study fully coupled electromagnetic-elastic behaviors present in the structures of smart beams using variational asymptotic beam sections and geometrically exact fully intrinsic beam equations. We present results for energy harvesting from smart beams under various oscillatory loads in both the axial and transverse directions and calculate the corresponding deformations. The magnitude of these loads are varied to show the generalized trends produced by piezoelectric materials. Smart materials change mechanical energy to electrical energy; therefore, changing the structural dynamic behavior of the structure and its stiffness matrix. A smart structure can be designed to undergo larger loads without changing the surface area of the cross-section.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Discussion on the Budget and Allocation of Academic Library Fund

With the dramatic increase in electronic information resources,information services networks have increasingly diverse information needs of such trends as evidence,and University Library Resources in the structure of a great change.General decline in funding and the press textbook book prices rising year after year,leading to University Library resources,the process of building a lot of problems.Based on the status quo,the paper focused on the micro level and macro-level literature resources on how to optimize the library construction fund use efficiency.
Synthesis and Stabilization of Blue-Black TiO2 Nanotube Arrays for Electrochemical Oxidant Generation and Wastewater Treatment

Efficient, inexpensive, and stable electrode materials are key components of commercially viable electrochemical wastewater treatment system. In this study, blue-black TiO2 nanotube array (BNTA) electrodes are prepared by electrochemical self-doping. The 1-D structure, donor state density, and Fermi energy level position are critical for maintaining the semimetallic functionality of the BNTA. The structural strength of the BNTA is enhanced by surface crack minimization, reinforcement of the BNTA-Ti metal interface, and stabilized by a protective overcoating with nanoparticulate TiO2 (Ti/EBNTA). Ti/EBNTA electrodes are employed as both anodes and cathodes with polarity switching at a set frequency. Oxidants are generated at the anode, while the doping levels are regenerated along with byproduct reduction at the cathode. The estimated maximum electrode lifetime is 16 895 h. Ti/EBNTA has comparable hydroxyl radical production activity (6.6 × 10–14 M) with boron-doped diamond (BDD, 7.4 × 10–14 M) electrodes. ...
Greater shine for porous silicon

Silicon dominates the microelectronics industry because it is widely available, relatively cheap and, obviously, a near ideal semiconductor (pp29–51). However, it has been less successful in optoelectronics – the marriage of optics and electronics that is becoming increasingly important in applications such as fibreoptic communications, displays and data storage – because of its poor optical properties. It is, for example, very difficult to get silicon to emit light. However, a group led by Leigh Canham at the Defence Research Agency (DRA) in Malvern, UK, has now built a "porous" silicon device that converts electrical power into optical power with an efficiency of greater than 0.1% (A Loni et al. 1995 Elec Lett.) 31 1288). This is a tenfold improvement on existing electroluminescent devices and brings the prospect of commercial silicon light emitters much closer to reality.
Ultrafast extreme-ultraviolet ARPES studies of electronic dynamics in two-dimensional materials

The intriguing electronic properties of two-dimensional materials motivates experiments to resolve their rapid, microscopic interactions and dynamics across momentum space. Essential insight into the electronic momentum-space dynamics can be obtained directly via time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (trARPES). We discuss the development of a high-repetition rate trARPES setup that employs a bright source of narrowband, extreme-UV harmonics around 22.3 eV, and its application to sensitive studies of materials dynamics. In the bulk transition-metal dichalcogenide MoSe2 momentum-space quasiparticle scattering is observed after resonant excitation at the K-point exciton line, resulting in the time-delayed buildup of electrons at the Σ-point conduction band minimum. We will discuss this and other aspects of the non-equilibrium electronic response accessible with the extreme-UV trARPES probe.
Febrile Seizure Risk after Vaccination in Children One to Five Months of Age.

Abstract Background The risk of febrile seizure is temporarily increased for a few days after the administration of certain vaccines in children aged six to 23 months. Our objective was to determine the febrile seizure risk following vaccination in children aged one to five months, when six different vaccines are typically administered. Methods We identified emergency department visits and inpatient admissions with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, febrile seizure codes among children enrolled in nine Vaccine Safety Datalink participating health care organizations from 2006 through 2011. Febrile seizures were confirmed by medical record abstraction. We used the self-controlled risk-interval method to compare the incidence of febrile seizure during postvaccination days 0 to 1 (risk interval) versus days 14 to 20 (control interval). Results We identified 15 febrile seizure cases that occurred after 585,342 vaccination visits. The case patients were aged three to five months. The patients had received a median of four (range two to six) vaccines simultaneously. The incidence rate ratio of febrile seizure after vaccination was 23 (95% confidence interval 5.13 to 100.8), and the attributable risk was 3.92 (95% confidence interval 1.68 to 6.17) febrile seizure cases per 100,000 persons vaccinated. Conclusions Vaccination in children aged three to five months was associated with a large relative risk of febrile seizure on the day of and the day after vaccination, but the risk was small in absolute terms. Postvaccination febrile seizure should not be a concern for the vast majority of children receiving vaccines, but clinicians might take this risk into consideration when evaluating and treating children susceptible to seizures precipitated by fever.
Double invasive fungal infection due to dematiaceous moulds in a renal transplant patient

Alternaria and Verruconis are two dematiaceous moulds that occasionally cause disease in immunocompromised hosts. We present the case of a 58-year-old man with history of deceased donor renal transplantation 14 months prior, who presented with fevers and cough. He was found to have right upper lobe pneumonia and a non-healing eschar of his right knee. Dematiaceous fungi grew from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and was sent to reference lab for identification. Meanwhile, the eschar on his right knee was biopsied and grew Alternaria spp. Pathology was consistent with invasive mould infection and he was treated as having disseminated Alternaria infection with voriconazole and amphotericin B lipid complex. Later on, the dematiaceous mould from a BAL specimen was identified as Verruconis gallopava. The patient was discharged on voriconazole awaiting minimal inhibitory concentrations for V. gallopava but was readmitted 2 days later with high fevers and died from acute respiratory failure.
Virtual assessment of stereoscopic viewing of digital breast tomosynthesis projection images

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) acquires a series of projection images from different angles as an x-ray source rotates around the breast. Such imaging geometry lends DBT naturally to stereoscopic viewing as two projection images with a reasonable separation angle can easily form a stereo pair. This simulation study assessed the efficacy of stereo viewing of DBT projection images. Three-dimensional computational breast phantoms with realistically shaped synthetic lesions were scanned by three simulated DBT systems. The projection images were combined into a sequence of stereo pairs and presented to a stereomatching-based model observer for deciding lesion presence. Signal-to-noise ratio was estimated, and the detection performance with stack viewing of reconstructed slices was the benchmark. We have shown that: (1) stereo viewing of projection images may underperform stack viewing of reconstructed slices for current DBT geometries; (2) DBT geometries may impact the efficacy of the two viewing modes differently: narrow-arc and wide-arc geometries may be better for stereo viewing and stack viewing, respectively; (3) the efficacy of stereo viewing may be more robust than stack viewing to reductions in dose. While in principle stereo viewing is potentially effective for visualizing DBT data, effective stereo viewing may require specifically optimized DBT image acquisition.
Fever Burden and Health-Related Quality of Life After Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Fever is associated with worse functional outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH); however, there are few prospective data to quantify the relationship with health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We tested the hypothesis that increased burden of fever is independently associated with decreased HRQoL at follow-up. In this prospective observational cohort study of 106 ICH patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital between 2011 and 2015, we recorded the highest core temperature each calendar day for 14 days after ICH onset. Fever burden was defined as the number of days with a fever ≥ 100.4 °F (38 °C). HRQoL outcomes were measured with Neuro-QoL domains of Cognitive Function and Mobility at 28 days, 3 months, and 1 year. Results were analyzed using mixed effects regression analysis. Each additional day with a fever was independently associated with lower Mobility HRQoL (T-score − 0.9, [− 1.6 to − 0.2]; p = 0.01) and Cognitive Function HRQoL (T-score − 1.3 [− 2.0 to − 0.6]; p = 0.001) after correction for National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on admission, age, and time to follow-up. Each additional day with a fever was predictive of worse HRQoL domains of Cognitive Function and Mobility after ICH up to 1 year. These data extend previous evidence on the negative association of fever and functional outcomes to the domains of Cognitive Function and Mobility HRQoL. HRQoL outcomes may be a sensitive and powerful way to measure the efficacy of fever control in future research.
Critical Literacy in Elementary Social Studies: Juxtaposing Historical Master and Counter Narratives in Picture Books

In this article the authors demonstrate how pairing master and counter narrative picture books, along with critical literacy practices, can be used to enhance the social studies curriculum outlined...
Diet and prostate cancer risk: the embarrassment of riches

Not long ago, anyone applying for funds to identify risk factors for prostate cancer could elicit support for their proposal by arguing that relatively little effort had been spent thus far. While we still can claim that few, if any, risk factors can be called 'established', we've lost the element of sympathy for the assertion that prostate cancer etiology is still a neglected research area. Witness this issue of the journal and the last, which contain six papers dealing with the epidemiology of prostate cancer. We appear to be undergoing a transition in this field from a lack of interesting causal hypotheses to an almost embarrassing set of riches. The case for the existence of important dietary risk factors in prostate cancer, including those that might modify risk even at late stages of tumor development, is remarkably strong. The international variation in prostate cancer mortality exceeds even that of breast cancer, and appears to stem from differences in the rate of progression from the very small, latent lesions observed at autopsy.' Less well-appreciated, though, is the observation that migrants to Western countries from Asia can adopt the risk level of the host country within one generation, perhaps even within several years of migration.2 Even before the recent burst of information, we knew that something about a pattern of eating characterized by high animal fat intake was strongly associated with prostate cancer risk. Indeed, the international association between incidence rates and per capita fat disappearance might even be stronger for prostate than for breast cancer.3 As with breast cancer, the key overall question is whether the problem lies with fat itself, or with any of the large set of dietary factors that covary with fat intake. The paper by Lee et al. the broadest in this group is distinguished as the first case-control study on prostate cancer to be conducted in China, a country characterized until very recently by extremely low prostate cancer incidence and low fat intake. The results generally confirm the association between high fat diet patterns and prostate cancer risk observed in most, but not all, Western study populations. This vanguard study also contains hints as to the difficulties of conducting conventional epidemiological research in new environments. Sixty-eight percent of the cases with known staging were extraprostatic at diagnosis an unusually high percentage by Western standards. Cases were nearly four-times more likely than controls to report a prev ous diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostatitis which raises the question as to whether cases had increased access to diagnostic services, a feature that could be associated with Westernized diet. Finally, the total calorie and fat intake levels were remarkably high, even assuming an extraordinary level of physical activity. The challenges involved in transferring food frequency methods for measuring past food group and nutrient intake to a completely new culture while avoiding recall bias should not be underestimated.
Detection of Signals in the Presence of Strong, Signal-Like Interference and Impulse Noise

We assume that the noise which interferes with signal detection can be considered to be a mixture of non-stationary, high-amplitude, non-Gaussian components plus a low amplitude Gaussian stationary component. Such a model appears to be widely applicable. The methodology that we propose for signal detection is to identify, categorize, model, and remove the non-Gaussian components in a piece-wise fashion based on their ease of separability from the background Gaussian noise and weak signals. This approach to modeling and processing complicated and non-stationary data is similar to that of experimental physicists going back at least to the time of Newton and perhaps most clearly articulated by Eugene Wigner in his Nobel Prize lecture [1]. Liu and Nolte [2] and Claus, Kadota, and Romain [3] have shown that when the noise is Gaussian and consists of a sum of a strong highly coherent component and a weak component of independent noise samples, then estimation and subtraction of the coherent noise component is nearly optimal. The application of special data smoothers and data cleaners by Martin and Thomson [4] for obtaining robust spectral estimates when the data is contaminated by outliers has provided another motivation for our use of adaptive differential quantization for robust detection.
Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus in the Biosynthesis of Plasma Glycoproteins

Glycoproteins are complex macromolecules composed of a polypeptide backbone to which one or more carbohydrate units are attached. Based on the linkage between the peptide and sugar, one can classify several types of glycoproteins (Spiro, 1970). The linkage between N-acetylglucosamine and asparagine through an N-glycosydic bond is found in most of the plasma glycoproteins. The O-glycosidic linkage between N-acetylgalactosamine and serine or threonine is present in the various mucins of tissue secretions, in some blood-group substances, and cell-surface glycoproteins. The linkage between xylose and serine or threonine occurs in the proteoglycans of connective tissues, such as the protein complexes of chondroitin sulfates, hyaluronic acid, and heparin (Roden, 1970). The O-glycosydic linkage between galactose and serine or threonine is found in collagen.
Tissue actions of bipolar scissors compared with monopolar devices.

Objectives To establish whether bipolar scissors offer equivalent cutting performance compared with monopolar scissors and to compare extent of thermal coagulation injury using two electrosurgical generators. Design Eighteen female rabbits' uterine horns were cut using controlled velocity at several different wattages with either bipolar or monopolar scissors. The specimens were examined microscopically and zones of thermal necrosis were measured using a stage micrometer against a 1 mm standard. Results Bipolar scissors cut equally well compared with monopolar scissors and showed significantly less thermal injury. When coupled to a constant voltage generator both the bipolar and monopolar scissors performed better. Conclusion Bipolar scissors offer the surgeon significant safety advantages and equivalent or better performance compared with monopolar scissors when used for laparoscopic surgery.
Information Retrieval Strategies File-Search Environment

The investigation represents an exploration of search strategies in an information-retrieval task. The task environment consisted of five search procedures: scrolling, paging, string search, absolute line movement, and relative line movement. Independent variables included user, task, and editor characteristics. The user variable was previous interactive computing experience (novice or expert). The task variables were file type (data or text), file length (short or long), and target type (embedded, nonembedded, or repeated). The editor variable was window size (1, 7, 13, or 19 lines). The results of the 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 4 mixed-factor experiment indicated that subject experience, file length, target type, and window size, as well as an interaction between subject experience and file length, were the salient factors of file search. Large differences in novice and expert search strategies were also discovered. Most importantly, the investigation revealed the need for adaptive interfaces that can alter in res...
Genetic control of metastasis

The major cause of cancer mortality is metastatic dissemination of primary tumors. Our ability to develop effective antimetastatic therapeutics depends on knowledge of the underlying molecular processes. Even more pressing is the necessity to identify patients at risk of metastatic disease. It is estimated that by the time of diagnosis, approximately 30% of patients with breast or prostate cancer are already the victims of metastatic disease [1, 2]. Reliable identification of these patients would permit the administration of systemic therapies at the earliest possible time, and would avoid subjecting patients with localized disease to harmful and expensive procedures.
U.S. ‘Minilateralism’ in Asia and China’s Responses: A New Security Dilemma?

A key feature of Asia’s evolving strategic landscape is U.S. efforts to promote policy coordination and interoperability among its allies and partners, through dialogues, exercises, intelligence-sh...
Review of The Intellectual Properties of Learning: A Prehistory from Saint Jerome to John Locke by John Willinsky

A review of John Willinsky’s recent book, The Intellectual Properties of Learning: A Prehistory from Saint Jerome to John Locke (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017).
Glancing at the Surface of Surprise

Glancing has a special affinity with surfaces, which draw its spontaneous attention with a special allure and force. What it picks up on surfaces – primarily visual ones but auditory and tactile as well (glancing occurs in aural as well as haptic modalities) – is often something it did not expect. When that happens, a unique kind of surprise is precipitated: however demure and gentle it may be, it may also illuminate existing puzzles as well as offer guideposts for further exploration. In this essay I investigate the triadic conjunctio between glance, surface, and surprise that deserves more phenomenological consideration than it has so far received. The direction of thought opened here is pursued in more detail in my book The World at a Glance (2007).
Debt of the Elderly and Near Elderly, 1992-2001

The most widely used statistics for predicting retirement income security are those concerned with retirees' accumulated financial assets, particularly within tax-qualified retirement plans (e.g., 401(k) plans and individual retirement accounts (IRAs)), and coverage by supplemental health insurance to Medicare provided through a former employer. However, any debt that an elderly family has going into retirement will offset its asset accumulations, resulting in a lower level of retirement income security. This paper examines the level of debt held by American families with an elderly or near elderly (age 55 or older) family head.
Multi‐Scale Loading and Damage Mechanisms of Plantaris and Rat Tail Tendons

Tendinopathy, degeneration of the tendon that leads to pain and dysfunction, is common in both sports and occupational settings, but multi-scale mechanisms for tendinopathy are still unknown. We recently showed that micro-scale sliding (shear) is responsible for both load transfer and damage mechanisms in the rat tail tendon; however, the rat tail tendon is a specialized non-load-bearing tendon, and thus the load transfer and damage mechanisms are still unknown for load-bearing tendons. The objective of this study was to investigate the load transfer and damage mechanisms of load-bearing tendons using the rat plantaris tendon. We demonstrated that micro-scale sliding is a key component for both mechanisms in the plantaris tendon, similar to the tail tendon. Namely, the micro-scale sliding was correlated with applied strain, demonstrating that load was transferred via micro-scale sliding in the plantaris and tail tendons. In addition, while the micro-scale strain fully recovered, the micro-scale sliding was non-recoverable and strain-dependent, and correlated with tissue-scale mechanical parameters. When the applied strain was normalized, the % magnitudes of non-recoverable sliding was similar between the plantaris and tail tendons. Statement of clinical significance: Understanding the mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis and progression of tendinopathy can improve prevention and rehabilitation strategies and guide therapies and the design of engineered constructs. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1827-1837, 2019.
Introducing the Open Science Chain: Protecting Integrity and Provenance of Research Data

Data sharing is an integral component of research and academic publications, allowing for independent verification of results. Researchers have the ability to extend and build upon prior research when they are able to efficiently access, validate, and verify the data referenced in publications. Despite the well known benefits of making research data more open, data withholding rates have remained constant. Some disincentives to sharing research data include lack of credit, and fear of misrepresentation of data in the absence of context and provenance. While there are several research data sharing repositories that focus on making research data available, there are no cyberinfrastructure platforms that enable researchers to efficiently validate the authenticity of datasets, track the provenance, view the lineage of the data and verify ownership information. In this paper, we introduce and provide an overview of the NSF funded Open Science Chain, a cyberinfrastructure platform built using blockchain technologies that securely stores metadata and verification information about research data and tracks changes to that data in an auditable manner in order to address issues related to reproducibility and accountability in scientific research.
Solid-state fermentation with Pleurotus ostreatus improves the nutritive value of corn stover-kudzu biomass.

A batch culture technique was used to evaluate dry matter (DM) digestibility of corn stover (Zea mays L.) and kudzu, Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. after solid-state fermentation (SSF) with a white-rot fungus, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm. Five dietary treatments consisting of mixtures of corn stover (C) and kudzu (K) in varying ratios, (1) 100C:0K, (2) 75C:25K, (3) 50C:50K, (4) 25C:75K, and (5) 0C:100K, were inoculated with P. ostreatus (MBFBL 400) and subjected to SSF for 0, 35, and 77 days. The study was arranged as a 5 × 3 factorial design with 3 replicates. Grass hay was included in the study as a control. Interactions (P 0.05) between treatments 3, 5, and control. Numerically, the ranking of their IVDMD values from the highest to the lowest is 4 > 2 > 5 > control >3 > 1. The results show that the treated corn stover and kudzu mixes were comparable with the control, which is good quality hay. This is the first report that demonstrates the potential use of a combined mixture of corn stover and kudzu in ruminant animal feed development.
TMEM135 is an LXR-Inducible Regulator of Peroxisomal Metabolism

Abstract The liver x receptors (LXRs) are key regulators of systemic lipid metabolism. We determined whether transmembrane protein 135 (TMEM135) is an LXR target gene and its physiologic function. An LXR agonist increased TMEM135 mRNA and protein in human hepatocyte and macrophage cell lines, which was prevented by LXR knockdown. The human TMEM135 promoter contains an LXR response element that bound the LXRs via EMSA and ChIP, and mediated LXR-induced transcription in reporter assays. Knockdown of TMEM135 in HepG2 cells caused triglyceride accumulation despite reduced lipogenic gene expression, indicating a potential role in β-oxidation. To determine physiologic importance, TMEM135 was knocked-down via siRNA in livers of fed and fasted C57BL/6 mice. Fasting increased hepatic fatty acid and NADH concentrations in control mice, consistent with increased fatty acid uptake and β-oxidation. However, in fasted TMEM135 knockdown mice, there was a further significant increase in hepatic fatty acid concentrations and a significant decrease in NADH, indicating an impairment in β-oxidation by peroxisomes and/or mitochondria. Conversely, hepatic ketones tended to increase in fasted TMEM135 knockdown compared to control mice, and because ketogenesis is exclusively dependent on mitochondrial β-oxidation, this indicates peroxisomal β-oxidation was impaired in knockdown mice. Localization studies demonstrated that TMEM135 co-localized with peroxisomes but not mitochondria. Mechanistically, proteomic and Western blot analyses indicated that TMEM135 regulates concentrations of matrix enzymes within peroxisomes. In conclusion, TMEM135 is a novel LXR target gene in humans that mediates peroxisomal metabolism, and thus TMEM135 may be a therapeutic target for metabolic disorders associated with peroxisome dysfunction.
Extending & Facilitating Informal Care Networks for People with Epilepsy & Caregivers

About 53 million adults in the U.S. have provided care to an adult or child who needs assistance, and the number of informal caregivers is increasing. To reduce their physical and psychological burdens from long-term care, it is necessary to get support from other people. Focusing on people with epilepsy (PWEs) and their primary informal caregivers (PWECs), my doctoral research aims (1) to understand the needs and challenges in seeking and managing information and support; (2) to explore and design technologies that could increase epilepsy awareness and knowledge so that the potential caregivers can provide proper help; and ultimately, (3) to find a way to extend and facilitate informal care networks so that PWEs and PWECs could reduce the burdens and improve their well-being and health. Focusing on epilepsy awareness and attitudes among stakeholders in elementary schools, I propose studies that will utilize interview, survey, and participatory design methods. My dissertation work will shed a new light on informal care networks that involve secondary caregivers and bystanders as temporary caregivers.
Natural language inference for curation of structured clinical registries from unstructured text.

Objective Clinical registries-structured databases of demographic, diagnosis, and treatment information-play vital roles in retrospective studies, operational planning, and assessment of patient eligibility for research, including clinical trials. Registry curation, a manual and time-intensive process, is always costly and often impossible for rare or underfunded diseases. Our goal was to evaluate the feasibility of natural language inference (NLI) as a scalable solution for registry curation. Materials and methods We applied five state-of-the-art, pretrained, deep learning-based NLI models to clinical, laboratory, and pathology notes to infer information about 43 different breast oncology registry fields. Model inferences were evaluated against a manually curated, 7439 patient breast oncology research database. Results NLI models showed considerable variation in performance, both within and across fields. One model, ALBERT, outperformed the others (BART, RoBERTa, XLNet, and ELECTRA) on 22 out of 43 fields. A detailed error analysis revealed that incorrect inferences primarily arose through models' tendency to misinterpret historical findings, as well as confusion based on abbreviations and subtle term variants common in clinical text. Discussion and conclusion Traditional natural language processing methods require specially annotated training sets or the construction of a separate model for each registry field. In contrast, a single pretrained NLI model can curate dozens of different fields simultaneously. Surprisingly, NLI methods remain unexplored in the clinical domain outside the realm of shared tasks and benchmarks. Modern NLI models could increase the efficiency of registry curation, even when applied "out of the box" with no additional training.
Supplemental S1 fixation for type C pelvic ring injuries: biomechanical study of a long iliosacral versus a transsacral screw.

A single iliosacral screw placed into the S1 vertebral body has been shown to be clinically unreliable for certain type C pelvic ring injuries. Insertion of a second supplemental iliosacral screw into the S1 or S2 vertebral body has been widely used. However, clinical fixation failures have been reported using this technique, and a supplemental long iliosacral or transsacral screw has been used. The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical effect of a supplemental S1 long iliosacral screw versus a transsacral screw in an unstable type C vertically oriented sacral fracture model. A type C pelvic ring injury was created in ten osteopenic/osteoporotic cadaver pelves by performing vertical osteotomies through zone 2 of the sacrum and the ipsilateral pubic rami. The sacrum was reduced maintaining a 2-mm fracture gap to simulate a closed-reduction model. All specimens were fixed using one 7.0-mm iliosacral screw into the S1 body. A supplemental long iliosacral screw was placed into the S1 body in five specimens. A supplemental transsacral S1 screw was placed in the other five. Each pelvis underwent 100,000 cycles at 250 N, followed by loading to failure. Vertical displacements at 25,000, 50,000, 75,000, and 100,000 cycles and failure force were recorded. Vertical displacement increased significantly (p < 0.05) within each group with each increase in the number of cycles. However, there was no statistically significant difference between groups in displacement or load to failure. Although intuitively a transsacral screw may seem to be better than a long iliosacral screw in conveying additional stability to an unstable sacral fracture fixation construct, we were not able to identify any biomechanical advantage of one method over the other. Does not apply—biomechanical study.
11|[beta]|-HYDROXYLASE AND HYPERTENSION

In humans, the CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 genes on chromosome 8q22 encode steroid 11β-hydroxylase isozymes that are 93% identical in amino acid sequence. CYP11B1 is expressed at high levels in the adrenal cortex, is up-regulated by ACTH and encodes an enzyme with 11β-hydroxylase activity. CYP11B2 is expressed at low levels in the normal adrenal cortex but at higher levels in aldosterone secreting tumors, is up-regulated by angiotensin II and encodes an enzyme with 11β- and 18-hydroxylase as well 18-oxidase activities. Thus, CYP11B1 is required for cortisol synthesis whereas CYPUB2 is required for aldosterone synthesis. Steroid 11β-hydroxylase deficiency (failure to convert 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol) causes a hypertensive form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. This autosomal recessive form of genetic hypertension presumably results from accumulation of deoxycorticosterone and related metabolites with mineralocorticoid activity. We have now characterized a total of nine mutations in CYP11B1 causing this disorder. Eight are point (three nonsense and five missense) mutations and one is a single base pair deletion causing a frameshift (other investigators have reported one additional frameshift mutation). We have used an in vitro transfection assay to show that all five missense mutations causing 11β-hydroxylase deficiency abolish enzymatic activity. In principle, deletions of CYP11B1 could be generated by unequal crossing over between CYP11B1 and the adjacent CYP11B2 gene but no such deletions were found among the deficiency alleles in this study. Seven of the ten known mutations are clustered in exons 6 to 8, a non-random distribution within the gene (P<0.04). This may reflect the location of functionally important amino acid residues within the enzyme or an increased tendency to develop mutations within this region of the gene. Glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism is an autosomal dominant form of hypertension in which aldosterone synthesis is ACTH regulated and there are high levels of 18-hydroxy- and 18-oxocortisol, the latter a 17α-hydroxylated analog of aldosterone. In all 16 families examined thus far by us and by others, an unequal crossover has occurred generating a chromosome with a third CYP11B gene. This third gene is a chimera with a 5′ end (including regulatory sequences) corresponding to CYP11B1 and a 3′ end corresponding to CYP11B2. The breakpoint of the crossover is always somewhere between introns 2 and 4. In vitro expression of the corresponding chimeric cDNAs demonstrate that the chimeric enzyme retains the ability to synthesize aldosterone only if the last five or more (out of nine) exons correspond to CYP11B2. Thus, glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism is caused by abnormal expression and regulation of an enzyme with the ability to synthesize aldosterone from deoxycorticosterone. The observed distribution of breakpoints apparently reflects functional constraints on enzymatic activity. It is not yet known if abnormal regulation of CYP11B2 is responsible for any cases of essential hypertension.
Open states in native polynucleotides. II. Hydrogen-exchange study of cytosine-containing double helices.

Abstract Since protons that are buried and hydrogen-bonded within nucleic acid double helices exchange readily with solvent protons, it is evident that the native double helix must participate in some kind of reversible opening process. In hydrogen-exchange studies of a number of adenine-containing double helices, the chemical exchange pathways were worked out, and equilibrium and kinetic parameters of the dominant opening reactions were derived. These lead to a picture of the open state that may have implications for DNA recognition processes.
Multifactor Adaptation for Mandarin Broadcast News and Conversation Speech Recognition

Abstract Weexploretheintegration of multiplefactorssuch asgenre andspeaker gender for acoustic model adaptation tasks to improveMandarin ASR system performance on broadcast news andbroadcast conversation audio. We investigate the use of mul-tifactor clustering of acoustic model training data and the ap-plication of MPE-MAP and fMPE-MAP acoustic model adap-tations. We found that by effectively combining these adapta-tion approaches, we achieve 6% relative reduction in recogni-tion error rate compared to a Mandarin recognition system thatdoes not use genre-speciﬁc acoustic models, and 5% relativeimprovement if the genre-adaptive system is combined withan-other, genre-independent state-of-the-art system. Index Terms : large vocabulary automatic speech recognition,broadcast news, broadcast conversation, genre classiﬁcation,MAP adaptation, MPE-MAP, fMPE-MAP 1. Introduction Building a large vocabulary automatic speech recognition(ASR) system for a new domain is a difﬁcult task. One majorreasonisthatcollectionofthetrainingdataforacousticandlan-guagemodeldevelopment isexpensive andverylaborintensive.Acoustic model (AM) and language model (LM) adaptation at-tempttoadjustparametersofawell-trainedexistingmodelfromone domain to a new domain, by exploring statistics obtainedfrom a small in-domain seed corpus. There has been muchwork on AM adaptation approaches for improving ASR perfor-mance. In this paper, we investigate AM adaptation for a Man-darin large vocabulary ASR system for transcribing broadcastnews (BN) and broadcast conversation (BC) audio under theDefense Advanced ResearchProjects Agency (DARPA)GlobalAutonomous Language Exploitation (GALE) program.
PPAR-γ action: it's all in your head.

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) target peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and are widely prescribed to treat type 2 diabetes but are associated with substantial weight gain. This side effect of TZDs is now shown to be mediated via brain PPAR-γ. These findings suggest an important role for brain PPAR-γ in obesity and have major implications for the clinical use of TZDs (pages 618–622 and 623–626).
The polyoma virus, section a.

Publisher Summary This chapter gives an overview of polyoma virus. It discusses host response to SE polyoma virus and to tumors and the antigenic properties of SE polyoma virus. Although it has been demonstrated that SE polyoma virus produces tumors in rodents under laboratory conditions, it is known that the parotid gland tumors and others of the spectrum produced in mice rarely are found under natural conditions, even though it has been found that many mouse colonies have the virus as a latent infection. The antigenic response provoked in the host by polyoma virus may account for the absence of spontaneous tumors in infected colonies. It was found that maternal antibodies passed to the nursing off spring in milk inhibit tumor induction. The mechanism by which an oncogenic virus produces tumors is purely speculative at this time, but this is also true of physical and chemical carcinogens. With SE polyoma virus the chapter mentions the progression of events that appear to occur in the development of the mouse tumors.
GABAergic inhibition in nucleus magnocellularis: implications for phase locking in the avian auditory brainstem.

In the avian auditory brainstem, nucleus magnocellularis (NM) functions to relay phase-locked signals to nucleus laminaris for binaural coincidence detection. Although many studies have revealed that NM neurons exhibit intrinsic physiological and anatomical specializations for this purpose, the role of inhibition has not been fully explored. The present study characterizes the organization of GABAergic feedback to NM. Anterograde and retrograde labeling methods showed that NM receives a prominent projection from the ipsilateral superior olivary nucleus (SON). The functional features of this projection were explored in a brain slice preparation. Stimulating fibers from the SON evoked long-lasting, depolarizing responses in NM neurons that were blockable by bicuculline, a GABAAreceptor antagonist. The slow time course of these responses allowed them to undergo temporal summation during repetitive stimulation. The summed GABAergic response was capable of blocking spikes generated in NM neurons by suprathreshold current injection. This inhibitory effect was attributable to a large reduction in input resistance caused by a combination of the opening of a GABAergic Cl−conductance and the recruitment of a low-voltage activated K+ conductance. This large reduction of input resistance increased the amount of current necessary to drive NM neurons to threshold. The results lead us to propose that GABAergic inhibition enhances phase-locking fidelity of NM neurons, which is essential to binaural coincidence detection in nucleus laminaris.
The effect of timeout prediction and selection on wide area collective operations

Failure identification is a fundamental operation concerning exceptional conditions that network programs must be able to perform. In this paper, we explore the use of timeouts to perform failure identification at the application level. We evaluate the use of static timeouts and of dynamic timeouts based on forecasts using the Network Weather Service. For this evaluation, we perform experiments on a wide-area collection of 31 machines distributed in eight institutions. Though the conclusions are limited to the collection of machines used, we observe that a single static timeout is not reasonable, even for a collection of similar machines over time. Dynamic timeouts perform roughly as well as the best static timeouts and, more importantly, they provide a single methodology for timeout determination that should be effective for wide-area applications.
Wide-field Raman imaging for bone detection in tissue.

Inappropriate bone growth in soft tissue can occur after trauma to a limb and can cause a disruption to the healing process. This is known as Heterotopic Ossification (HO) in which regions in the tissue start to mineralize and form microscopic bone-like structures. These structures continue to calcify and develop into large, non-functional bony masses that cause pain, limit limb movement, and expose the tissue to reoccurring infections; in the case of open wounds this can lead to amputation as a result of a failed wound. Both Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and X-ray imaging have poor sensitivity and specificity for the detection of HO, thus delaying therapy and leading to poor patient outcomes. We present a low-power, fast (1 frame per second) optical Raman imaging system with a large field of view (1 cm2) that can differentiate bone tissue from soft tissue without spectroscopy, this in contrast to conventional Raman microscopy systems. This capability may allow for the development of instrumentation which permits bedside diagnosis of HO.
Study on the structure of electric power communication network of strong and Smart Grid in China

The paper analyses and studies the communication requirements of China Smart Grid including the power generation, transmission, substations, power distribution, electricity, scheduling and other major links. Then the shortage of the electric power communication network in China is investigated. The paper also proposes the structure of the future optical fiber backbone communication network, the power distribution communication network and the access network of the user side for China Smart Grid. Finally, the use of advanced communication technology toward future state grid is introduced.
Comparison of the WISC-R and the Leiter International Performance Scale with Average and Above-Average Students.

Compared the WISC-R and the Lieter by administering both tests to 20 third- and 20 fifth-grade students who ranged in age from 8.1 to 11.0 years. Previous research has indicated significantly lower Leiter scores than WISC-R Full-Scale scores for a sample of educationally handicapped students. The present study was concerned with comparison of the two measures with average and above-average students. Pearson productmoment correlation coefficients and t-tests for pairs were used to analyze the data. Correlations were found comparing the Full-Scole score of the WISC-R and the Leiter for three groups: Group I consisted of all Ss, group 2 consisted of 27 Ss whose Full-Scale score was between 85 and 115, and group 3 consisted of 11 Ss whose Full-Scale score was 116 and above. WISC-R and Leiter scores from all three groups correlated positively from 0.35 to 0.61. However, a significant difference between the WISC-R and Leiter was found with Ss whose Full-Scale score was 116 and above.
Advances in vacuum electronics at DARPA

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency funds leading-edge research that continually expands the capabilities of the military. Over the past several years, a number of US DoD research programs have focused on the electron beam generation and transport technologies that enable vacuum electronic devices capable of operating across the electromagnetic spectrum from G-band to x-rays. This paper will describe the program goals, discuss the electron sources, highlight selected breakthroughs, and preview potential new areas.
Effects of 0.25 PPM Nitrogen Dioxide on the Developing Mouse Lung. Part 1: Quantitation of Type 2 Cells and Measurements of Alveolar Walls

AbstractWeanling Swiss-Webster male mice were exposed intermittently to 0.25 ppm NO2. Lactate dehydrogenase stained frozen sections of gelatin-inflated lungs were used for image analysis measurements of Type 2 cells and alveolar walls at 3 test periods, immediately after 6 wk of exposure, 10 wk postexposure, and 32 wk postexposure, for a total of 196 control and 196 exposed animals. NO2 exposure resulted in a trend toward Type 2 cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy at all 3 test periods, but significant increases in number and size (mean area) of Type 2 cells did not occur until the 32-wk postexposure test (p = .002 and p <.04, respectively). Alveolar wall area, perimeters, and linear intercepts were also consistently greater for the exposed animals at all three test periods, with perimeters and intercepts at borderline levels of significance at the first test period (p = .09 and p = .08, respectively). An increase in the ratio of Type 2 cell number to alveolar wall area (excluding Type 2 cells within the wal...