cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADOPTION OF YAM MINISETT TECHNOLOGY IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

Yam minisett technology provides seed yams repidly. It is designed to alleviate the problem of seed yams scarcity, which has been identified as a major constraint to increased yam production. This study examined the adoption of the technology by farmers in Delta State, Nigeria. A random sampling technique was employed in the selection of respondents. A sample size of 240 yam farmers participated in the sutdy. Data were collected through the use of structured interview schedule. Both descriptivew and inferential statistics were used in analyzing data generated by the study. Results of the sutdy reveal that respondents had moderate awareness of yam minisett technology with an overall awareness percentage of 46%. The study also found an overall mean adoption score of 2.24, which indicates a general low adoption of the technology with an overall awareness percentage of 46%. The study also found an overall mean adoption score of 2.24, which indicates a general low adoption of the technology by the farmers. Application of minisett dust with adoption score of 2.05 was the least adopted yam minisett technology item, while cutting into minisett was the most adopted with adoption score of 2.79. The study found a significant relationship between some farmers’ socioeconomic characteristic and adoption of yam minisett technology. Reommendations of the study include that more awareness on the technology should be created among the farmers by the relevant agency through the use of extensions campoaigns, demonstrations and small plot adoption trials (SPAT). Also, farm credit should be granted to yeam farmers through the State Government's Mirco Credit Scheme (SGMCS) to enhance their adoption of the technology.
Teaching the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: A 5E Lesson Plan

In an earlier paper (Smith & Baldwin, 2015), we explained the basic concepts of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWeq) principle needed for meaningful understanding and for good teaching, emphasizing distinctions that are sometimes ignored at the cost of coherent understanding, and identifying nine shortcomings of most available Hardy-Weinberg activities and problem sets. In the present paper, we provide a 5E lesson plan based on that analysis and designed to avoid the shortcomings identified, including providing original data and focusing on understanding and topics that are interesting and meaningful to young people.
Qualitative Comparison of Barriers to Antiretroviral Medication Adherence Among Perinatally and Behaviorally HIV-Infected Youth

Medication adherence among youth living with HIV (28%-69%) is often insufficient for viral suppression. The psychosocial context of adherence barriers is complex. We sought to qualitatively understand adherence barriers among behaviorally infected and perinatally infected youth and develop an intervention specific to their needs. We conducted in-depth interviews with 30 youth living with HIV (aged 14-24 years) and analyzed transcripts using the constant comparative method. Barriers were influenced by clinical and psychosocial factors. Perinatally infected youth barriers included reactance, complicated regimens, HIV fatigue, and difficulty transitioning to autonomous care. Behaviorally infected youth barriers included HIV-related shame and difficulty initiating medication. Both groups reported low risk perception, medication as a reminder of HIV, and nondisclosure, but described different contexts to these common barriers. Common and unique barriers emerged for behaviorally infected and perinatally infected youth reflecting varying HIV experiences and psychosocial contexts. We developed a customizable intervention addressing identified barriers and their psychosocial antecedents.
Examining Undergraduates' Library Priorities Through Q Methodology

Abstract This research study examined how undergraduates at the University of Mississippi prioritized current and prospective library services and spaces. Q methodology was used to identify and classify students' viewpoints through the statistical analysis of card sorting arrangements. Q method is unique in that it embraces both the subjectivity of an individual's perspective while also mathematically aligning that perspective with other similarly minded participants. Forty students were asked to rank-order a sixty-item card deck on a structured grid. These arrangements were then compared across participants to identify group patterns. Quantitative factor analysis revealed that students' perspectives clustered around four distinct points of views: the Environmentalists, the Space Advocates, the Ideological Traditionalists, and the Weekenders. Dimensions and characteristics of each factor are presented along with card rankings and excerpts from exemplar factor student interviews. High priority items where all factors converged—textbook checkout, a tutoring center, printing, and research assistance—are also discussed. Q methodology is proffered as an alternative to traditional library surveys in determining characteristics within one's user population. Recommendations for implementation of Q methodology results at our institution are considered as well as follow-up research initiatives.
Regional diffuse fibrosis and strain characteristics differ between children with hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy

Background Diffuse fibrosis and strain are abnormal in adult cardiomyopathy patients and in children exposed to anthracyclines, but have not been well studied in pediatric hypertrophic (HCM) and dilated (DCM) cardiomyopathy. We hypothesized that HCM and DCM patients have different diffuse fibrosis and strain characteristics. Methods
Differential stimulus control of drug‐seeking: multimodal reinstatement

In animal models of substance-use disorder, individuals that repeatedly self-administer drugs of abuse have long-lasting neuronal adaptations that do not occur ostensibly in control animals only exposed to natural reinforcers (e.g. food). Because any treatment for substance-use disorder will be given to individuals with drug-taking histories, adequate dissociation of the specific neurobehavioral mechanisms underlying drug reinforcement, natural reinforcement and their associated cue effects requires an experimental model that exposes individuals to both reinforcer conditions, along with their associated stimuli. Furthermore, contingent stimuli that reinforce drug seeking through second-order relationships may produce reinstatement of drug seeking through different neurobehavioral means than non-contingent exposure to stimuli that signal the availability of a drug reinforcer, effectively producing different modes of stimulus-induced reinstatement. Toward experimental isolation of the relationships mentioned, herein, we used a within-session multiple schedule of reinforcement containing both discriminative (SD ) and conditioned (CS) stimuli to study stimulus control of drug-taking and food-taking behavior, along with how these functionally distinct cues may differentially reinstate drug-seeking and food-seeking behavior within a single animal. We demonstrate specific stimulus control over drug and food taking; furthermore, we demonstrate that the same stimulus (i.e. cue light) operating as an SD or CS produced differential reinstatement of drug-taking and food-taking behavior. The results suggest that contingent CSs and non-contingent SD s produce reinstatement through different neurobehavioral processes and, within-session multiple schedules, can be used to study different modes of specific stimulus control over drug and food seeking in a single animal with both drug-taking and food-taking history.
Sexual Attitudes of Classes of College Students Who Use Pornography.

Abstract Pornography is widely accepted and used as an appropriate sexual practice. Previous literature has suggested that pornography users may be best viewed through a heterogenetic lens that indicates specific classes of pornography users. Furthering this previous research, a latent profile analysis was conducted using a sample of 635 college students (mean age men 20.22 (standard deviation [SD] = 3.10); women 19.16 [SD = 2.12]) over two time points to not only identify unique classifications of pornography users, but also examine specific sexual attitudes 3 months later of each classification. When deriving types, the Pornography Consumption Inventory, frequency of pornography use, gradation of pornography acceptance, the Brief Sexual Attitudes Scale, and religiosity were used. For men, two classes of users were statistically derived based on the above variables: permissive porn explorers (n = 102) and sexual communion and dabbling porn users (n = 55). For women, two classes emerged: nonpermissive por...
Cell Polarity and Asymmetric Cell Division by the Wnt Morphogen

Abstract All multicellular organisms require molecular mechanisms that create cellular diversity during both embryonic development as well as adult tissue homeostasis. One critical and conserved method of achieving this diversity is binary cell fate specification via asymmetric cell division (ACD). Asymmetric division of polarized mother cells results in the unequal inheritance of cell fate determinants that in turn generate two different cell types that can now give rise to developmentally distinct tissues. ACD can also be used to maintain populations of cells in adult tissues, as stem cells can divide asymmetrically to produce a new stem cell daughter as well as a daughter cell that terminally differentiates to maintain tissue integrity. Here, we review different modes of ACD, focusing on a pathway driven by the Wnt morphogen, termed the Wnt/β-catenin asymmetry (WβA) pathway, as a well-understood example of cell polarization by a morphogen gradient. The WβA pathway polarizes many cell divisions through the development nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, resulting in the formation of two daughters with distinct transcriptional profiles due to asymmetric regulation of the β-catenins, SYS-1 and WRM-1, and the T-cell factor transcription factor, POP-1. We discuss the signal transduction adaptations present in WβA as compared to the “canonical” Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway that has powered WβA specialization for ACD regulation. Since Wnt/β-catenin signaling is implicated in developmental defects and various cancers, we discuss how the lessons learned from WβA can be harnessed to better understand the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Understanding Student Perspectives on Self-Efficacy, Scholarship & Library Research in Graduate Social Work Distance Learning: A Pilot Study

Graduate distance learning programs are charged to find creative ways to foster student engagement and learning. Faculty and Library Sciences professionals are increasingly collaborating to...
Onset, development, and prevention of drinking and driving among adolescents

An etiological study was designed to investigate the onset and development of drinking and driving among adolescents who recently received their driver’s license. A theoretical framework, derived from Problem Behavior Theory, was applied in order to identify environmental, personality and behavioral factors associated with drinking and driving. Among students who reported that they had driven a motor vehicle in the past three months (N=1416), 33 percent of the males and 22 percent of the females (who averaged 16.7 years) reported “drinking at least two drinks on a single occasion prior to driving” at least once in the previous three months. Personality factors (including perceived ability to drive after drinking, tolerance of drinking and driving, and lack of self-confidence in avoiding drinking and driving situations), perceived environmental factors (perceived car availability and friends modelling of drinking and driving) and behavioral factors (riding with a drinking driver and marijuana use) accounted for a large proportion (49%) of the variance in reported drinking and driving. It is recommended that school-based, peer-led educational programs be designed which target young adolescents prior to the age at which legal driver license is obtained. The programs should be broad-based and consider drinking and driving within the larger context of drinking and driving related behaviors and traffic safety in general.
U.S. and Canadian Orthodontic Faculty Professional Satisfaction: A Survey Study

The aims of this study were to evaluate U.S. and Canadian orthodontic faculty members' degree of job satisfaction and to assess the relationship between job satisfaction and factors such as full-time/part-time status, tenure status, age, and teaching training. This information is needed to set long-term goals for improving the recruitment and retention of full-time and part-time faculty. In August 2016, all members of the Council on Orthodontic Education Society of Educators and faculty members of the American Association of Orthodontists were invited via email to participate in a 34-question survey, which collected demographic data and asked respondents to report their degree of satisfaction on seven factors. Out of 645 individuals invited to participate, 133 completed all items on the survey (response rate 20.6%). The results showed that faculty time commitment, rank/position in the institution, and tenure status affected respondents' levels of satisfaction regarding quantity of clinical time, value placed on teaching by their institution and students, and leadership of their department chair. In the open-ended responses, increased compensation, more teaching time, and less administrative activity were the most frequent recommendations to improve satisfaction levels. About half (52%) of the respondents reported being satisfied with their financial compensation. Respondents whose institutions gave them training opportunities in teaching skills were 4.78 times more satisfied than those not given those opportunities. The results suggest that reduction of administrative workload, creation of meaningful faculty development programs, more feedback and sharing of information about requirements for promotion, and improvement of financial compensation could improve recruitment and retention of orthodontic educators.
Testing the retroelement invasion hypothesis for the emergence of the ancestral eukaryotic cell

Phylogenetic evidence suggests that the invasion and proliferation of retroelements, selfish mobile genetic elements that copy and paste themselves within a host genome, was one of the early evolutionary events in the emergence of eukaryotes. Here we test the effects of this event by determining the pressures retroelements exert on simple genomes. We transferred two retroelements, human LINE-1 and the bacterial group II intron Ll.LtrB, into bacteria, and find that both are functional and detrimental to growth. We find, surprisingly, that retroelement lethality and proliferation are enhanced by the ability to perform eukaryotic-like nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair. We show that the only stable evolutionary consequence in simple cells is maintenance of retroelements in low numbers, suggesting how retrotransposition rates and costs in early eukaryotes could have been constrained to allow proliferation. Our results suggest that the interplay between NHEJ and retroelements may have played a fundamental and previously unappreciated role in facilitating the proliferation of retroelements, elements of which became the ancestors of the spliceosome components in eukaryotes.
Trends in lobular carcinoma in situ management: endocrine therapy use in California and New Jersey

The diagnosis of lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a strong risk factor for breast cancer. Endocrine therapy (ET) for LCIS has been shown to decrease breast cancer risk substantially. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the trends of ET use for LCIS in two large geographic locations. We identified women, ages 18 through 75, with a microscopic diagnosis of LCIS in California (CA) and New Jersey (NJ) from 2004 to 2014. We evaluated trends in unadjusted ET rates during the study period and used logistic regression to evaluate the relationship between patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics, and ET use. We identified 3,129 patients in CA and 2,965 patients in NJ. The overall use of ET during the study period was 14%. For the combined sample, women in NJ were significantly less likely to utilize ET then their counterparts in CA (OR 0.77, CI 0.66–0.90, NJ vs. CA). In addition, patients in the later year period (OR 1.27, CI 1.01–1.59, 2012–2014 vs. 2004–2005) and women who received an excisional biopsy (OR 2.35, CI 1.74–3.17), were more likely to utilize ET. Uninsured women were less likely to receive ET (OR 0.61, CI 0.44–0.84, non-insured vs. insured status). We observed that an increasing proportion of women are using ET for LCIS management, but geographical differences exist. Health insurance status played an important role in the underutilization of ET. Further research is needed to assess patient outcomes given the variations in management of LCIS.
Dual Bioelectrical Assessment of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using Plasma and Mitochondrial Membrane Potentiometric Probes.

Background: Bioelectrical properties are known to impact stem cell fate, state, and function. However, assays that measure bioelectrical properties are generally limited to the plasma membrane pote...
Proton Pump Inhibitor Controversies

This chapter is an overview of the proton pump inhibitors. Mechanism of action, dosing, and success evaluation is followed by a detailed look at the potential risks of this medication. Recent studies have suggested potential links with the use of this medication and other chronic diseases. This chapter reviews these studies and the statistical methods used to draw conclusions.
Pyrocumulonimbus Events over British Columbia in 2017: TheLong-term Transport and Radiative Impacts of Smoke Aerosolsin the Stratosphere

Abstract. Interactions of meteorology with wildfires in British Columbia, Canada during August 2017 led to three major pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) events that resulted in the injection of large amounts of smoke aerosols and other combustion products at the local upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). These plumes of UTLS smoke with elevated values of aerosol extinction and backscatter compared to the background state were readily tracked by multiple satellite-based instruments as they spread across the Northern Hemisphere (NH). The plumes resided in the lower stratosphere for about 8–10 months following the fire injections. To investigate the radiative impacts of these events on the Earth system, we performed a number of simulations with the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). Observations from multiple remote-sensing instruments were used to calibrate the injection parameters (location, amount, composition, and heights) and optical properties of the smoke aerosols in the model. The resulting simulations of three-dimensional smoke transport were evaluated for a year from the day of injections using daily observations from OMPS-LP (Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite Limb Profiler). The model simulated rate of ascent, hemispheric spread, and residence time of the smoke aerosols in the stratosphere are in close agreement with OMPS-LP observations. We found that both aerosol self-lofting and the large-scale atmospheric motion play important roles in lifting the smoke plumes from near the tropopause altitudes (~12 km) to about 22–23 km into the atmosphere. Further, our estimations of the radiative impacts of the pyroCb-emitted smoke aerosols showed that the smoke caused additional warming of the atmosphere by about 0.6–1 W/m2 (zonal mean) that persisted for about 2–3 months after the injections in regions north of 40° N. The surface experienced a comparable magnitude of cooling. The atmospheric warming is mainly located in the stratosphere, coincident with the location of the smoke plumes, leading to an increase in zonal mean shortwave (SW) heating rates of 0.02–0.04 K/day during September 2017.
A Stochastic Programming Approach for Locating and Dispatching Two Types of Ambulances

Emergency Medical Service systems aim to respond to emergency calls in a timely manner and provide prehospital care to patients. This paper addresses the problem of locating multiple types of emerg...
Inequities in End-of-Life Care Among Immigrant Patients Exaggerated by the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a wave of death across the U.S., but not all of these deaths have been equal. Unfortunately, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. immigrants have faced more brutal deaths than their non-immigrant counterparts. These disparities reflect long-standing disparities in the end-of-life care received among immigrant patients. Immigrants face unique barriers to ensuring they receive high quality care at the end of life, and the pandemic has highlighted these disparities. There is a critical need for public policy to address these systemic inequities and for providers to be made aware of them in order to ensure better patient care among dying immigrants.
N-donor Base Adducts of P2O5 as Diphosphorylation Reagents

Donor-stabilized adducts of the P2O5 molecule are reported. The compounds are of the general formula P2O5D2, where D = DABCO, pyridine, and DBU. The DABCO adduct was initially prepared from trimetaphosphate but could be prepared more conveniently from phosphorus pentoxide. The reactions leading to P2O5D2 (D = DABCO) also generate P3O8D3 and both adducts were structurally characterized. The pyridine adduct P2O5D2 (D = pyridine) was most easily prepared in good purity and yield and thus its diphosphorylation chemistry was developed. Its reaction with protic nucleophiles MeOH and HNEt2 yield salts of [P2O7Me2]2-, a dimethyl ester of pyrophosphate, and [P2O5(NEt2)2]2-, a phosphoramidate derivative which was structurally characterized. Diphosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate yielded a cyclic intermediate which could be opened by nucleophiles including water to provide ATP, diethylamine to provide γ-diethylamino-ATP, and uridine monophosphate to provide adenosine uridine tetraphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate was diphosphorylated to provide, following hydrolytic ring opening, adenosine tetraphosphate.
Toward a Limited-Government Theory of Extraterritorial Detention

... The United States military's detention of hundreds of men at the Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay since January 2002 has drawn intense international condemnation, focused mainly on the United States' refusal to afford the detainees minimal due process protections. ... The Insular Cases, Eisentrager, and Reid all played a role when the Court next considered whether constitutional protections extended to non-citizens outside of U.S. territory. ... In Downes, Justice White described the core constitutional protections afforded to residents of unincorporated territories as "absences" of government power, not as "fundamental rights. ... We believe that whether or not non-citizens have a constitutional "right" to be free from torture or extrajudicial detention abroad by the U.S. government, the courts may recognize that the U.S. government does not have a "right" to act in this manner. ...
Psychometric Properties of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale in Latino Children

The Child PTSD Symptom Scale (Foa, Johnson, Feeny, & Treadwell, ) is a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSD) in children and adolescents. Despite widespread use of this measure, no study to our knowledge has examined its psychometric properties in Latino children. This study examined the factor structure, internal consistency, and convergent validity of the measure utilizing a sample of 161 Latino students (M = 11.42 years, SD = 0.70) at high risk of exposure to community violence. Confirmatory factor analyses suggested that a 3-factor model consistent with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, ) provided the best fit to the data. Internal consistency of the total scale and subscales was high when completed in English or Spanish. All Child PTSD Symptom Scale scores were positively correlated with violence exposure. As additional evidence of convergent validity, scores evidenced stronger correlations with internalizing symptoms than with externalizing symptoms. Results supported the use of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale as a measure of PTSD severity in Latino children, but additional research is needed to determine appropriate clinical cutoffs for Latino youths exposed to chronic levels of violence. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed. Language: en
Blocking and suppressing effects of white tea, green tea, EGCG and caffeine in PhIP-treated rats

2477 We reported previously that white tea, the least processed form of tea, was an inhibitor of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5- b ]pyridine (PhIP)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the rat when administered before, during and after the carcinogen. To distinguish blocking from suppressing effects, rats were given white tea (2% wt/vol) either before and during PhIP treatment or after the carcinogen. Additional groups received green tea (2% wt/vol) or corresponding doses of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) or caffeine in the drinking water. In the blocking study, white tea was more potent than green tea at inducing hepatic cytochromes P4501A1 and 1A2, glutathione S-transferase, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, based on enzyme assays and/or immunoblotting; however, white tea and green tea were equally effective as blocking agents against PhIP-induced ACF. In the suppression study, white tea, caffeine and EGCG inhibited PhIP-induced ACF, whereas green tea had no significant effect. Interestingly, the most potent suppression was seen in rats given EGCG (**P
Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook and The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers

Johnny Saldana and his late coauthors, Matthew B. Miles and A. Michael Huberman, accomplish at least two ambitious goals in Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook and The Coding Manual for...
The Quest-V separation kernel for mixed criticality systems

Multi- and many-core processors are becoming increasingly popular in embedded systems. Many of these processors now feature hardware virtualization capabilities, such as the ARM Cortex A15, and x86 processors with Intel VT-x or AMD-V support. Hardware virtualization offers opportunities to partition physical resources, including processor cores, memory and I/O devices amongst guest virtual machines. Mixed criticality systems and services can then co-exist on the same platform in separate virtual machines. However, traditional virtual machine systems are too expensive because of the costs of trapping into hypervisors to multiplex and manage machine physical resources on behalf of separate guests. For example, hypervisors are needed to schedule separate VMs on physical processor cores. In this paper, we discuss the design of the Quest-V separation kernel, that partitions services of different criticalities in separate virtual machines, or sandboxes. Each sandbox encapsulates a subset of machine physical resources that it manages without requiring intervention of a hypervisor. Moreover, a hypervisor is not needed for normal operation, except to bootstrap the system and establish communication channels between sandboxes.
Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos

Nonlinear dynamics deals with more-or-less regular fluctuations in system variables caused by feedback intrinsic to the system (as opposed to external forces). Chaos is the most exotic form of nonlinear dynamics, in which deterministic interactions produce apparently irregular fluctuations, and small changes in the initial state of the system are magnified through time.7 Keywords: chaos; population cycles; population dynamics; nonlinear time-series analysis
Overcoming Matrix Effects in the 14 MeV Fast Neutron Activation Analysis of Metals

Fast neutron activation analysis (FNAA) has proven to be a useful technique for the estimation of non-metallic inclusions in metals, and is currently being used in industry, especially for the determination of oxygen in magnesium alloys. However, high levels of radioactivity induced in large metallic samples by irradiation in a neutron field give rise to matrix interferences which are significant at low oxygen concentrations. These interferences are due to coincidental summations that fall into the energy window used for quantitation of oxygen. This report explains technical details of newly developed experimental procedures and alterations of existing software which correct for the errors, thereby enhancing the potential for use of the method.
Metabolic switching of central carbon metabolism in response to nitrate: application to autofermentative hydrogen production in cyanobacteria.

Abstract Nitrate removal from culture media is widely used to enhance autofermentative hydrogen production in cyanobacteria during dark anaerobiosis. Here we have performed a systematic inventory of carbon and nitrogen metabolites, redox pools, and excreted product fluxes which show that addition of nitrate to cultures of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 has no influence on glycogen catabolic rate, but shifts the distribution of excreted products from predominantly lactate and H 2 to predominantly CO 2 and nitrite, while increasing the total consumption of intracellular reducing equivalents (mainly glycogen) by 3-fold. Together with LC–MS derived metabolite pool sizes these data show that glycogen catabolism is redirected from the upper-glycolytic (EMP) pathway to the oxidative pentose phosphate (OPP) pathway upon nitrate addition. This metabolic switch in carbon catabolism is shown to temporally correlate with the pyridine nucleotide redox-poise (NAD(P)H/NAD(P) + ) and demonstrates the reductant availability controls H 2 evolution in cyanobacteria.
Viewpoint: teaching professionalism: is medical morality a competency?

AbstractThe Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has declared medical professionalism to be a competence analogous to competence at medical practice. Medical educators accordingly seek to develop ways in which to teach and assess medical professionalism as they now teach and
Charge-Directed Conjugate Addition Reactions of Salts of Unsaturated β-Keto-Esters

Abstract Strong nucleophiles undergo conjugate addition reactions with enolates of Nazarov-type reagents. Yields are strongly affected by substitution patterns and the metal cation employed.
Imperial policy, provincial practices: Colonial language policy in nineteenth-century India

This article explores three interrelated themes in the history of British colonialism in nineteenth-century India by examining colonial language policy. These themes are: the tensions between imper...
Abstract P2-09-17: Allosteric inhibitors of the proteasome: A new concept for breast cancer treatment

Proteasome is an essential protease of the proteasome-ubiquitin pathway, responsible for maintaining intracellular proteostasis. It is a multifunctional, multisubunit enzyme built from interchangeable modules and intricately regulated on the molecular and cellular levels. Proteasome inhibitors display proapoptotic properties, preferentially aimed at cancerous cells. Consequently, targeted therapy with bortezomib, the competitive inhibitor of the proteasome, has been very successful with refractory/relapsed multiple myeloma and with lymphomas. Unfortunately, breast cancers performed disappointingly in clinical trials with bortezomib. We propose that a new generation of small-molecule proteasome inhibitors distinct from bortezomib may prove successful with breast cancers. In contrast to bortezomib which directly blocks proteasome active sites, the new inhibitors are allosteric ligands binding to noncatalytic sites and disrupting the enzyme9s function by targeting long-distance transfer of structural signals within the enzyme9s molecule. The advantages of allosteric ligands, now rapidly gaining popularity in targeted drug design, include versatility of molecular actions, defying drug resistance mechanisms, and usually high specificity with low toxicity. For example, one of the small-molecule allosteric ligands we created compromises interactions between the catalytic core proteasome and its regulatory sub-assembly 19S (“cap”, regulatory particle) responsible for recognizing and processing the majority of intracellular protein substrates tagged for degradation by polyubiquitin. We found that treatment with nanomolar concentration of the compound induced cell death in Mcf7 human breast cancer cultured cells. Interestingly, this cell line is known for its resistance to bortezomib treatment. Even more, treatment with the allosteric ligand together with bortezomib produced a synergistic effect and sensitized the Mcf7 cells to the actions of competitive inhibitor. Remarkable, the cytotoxic effects of allosteric ligand or its combination with bortezomib were not observed with the noncancerous human breast cell line, Mcf10A. Summarizing, allosteric regulation of the proteasome by small-molecule ligands, alone or in combination with established drugs competitively inhibiting proteasome, seem to be a promising strategy to utilize proteasome as a drug target in breast cancers. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-09-17.
Intentional delivery versus expectant management with preterm ruptured membranes at 30–34 weeks' gestation

Objective To determine maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by preterm rupture of membranes (PROM) at 30–34 weeks' gestation. Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted to study the benefits of expectant management in women hospitalized for PROM at 30–34 weeks' gestation. During this investigation, no tocolytics, corticosteroids, or prophylactic antibiotics were used. Results Sixty-eight women with PROM were managed expectantly and 61 were delivered intentionally. The mean gestational age at study entry was 31.7 weeks in both the expectant management and intentional delivery groups (P > .05). The mean gestational ages at delivery were similar (32.0 and 31.7 weeks, respectively). Other indices of pregnancy outcome (ie, birth weight, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome, and perinatal death) were not significantly improved by expectant management. However, there was a significant increase in the incidence of chorioamnionitis and antepartum hospitalization in the women managed expectantly. Conclusion There were no clinically significant neonatal advantages to expectant management of ruptured membranes at 30–34 weeks. Antepartum hospitalization was decreased by 2.5 days in those women randomized to intentional delivery.
Process design space for optimal surface integrity in finish hard milling of tool steel

Hard milling has the potential to replace finish grinding in manufacturing dies and molds. A significant impediment for wide-spread application of hard milling is the lack of understanding and control on the surface integrity of machined surface and subsurface. In this study, a Taguchi design-of-experiment based dry finish milling of AISI H13 tool steel (50 ± 1 HRc) with (Ti, Al) N/TiN coated cutting tools was conducted to investigate the process-induced surface integrity. The mechanism of surface integrity in hard milling was investigated to understand the effects of mechanical/thermal loads on surface microstructure and properties. The microstructure, microhardness and residual stresses were characterized. Phase transformation was not observed under the process parameters, while the increased microhardness and high compressive residual stresses obtained are beneficial for improving fatigue properties and wear resistance of the machined components. Finally, the process design space for the desired surface properties has been established via the microhardness and residual stress maps.
Long-Term Effects of a Physical Education Curriculum and Staff Development Program: SPARK

Abstract This 4-year study, conducted in seven elementary schools assigned to three conditions—Physical Education Specialists (PES), Trained Classroom Teachers (TT), and Controls (CO)—had two parts. The first investigated effects of a health-related physical education program on quantity and quality of lessons. Specialists produced the best outcomes, and TT were significantly better than nontrained peers. Part Two assessed maintenance effects approximately 1.5 years after intervention termination. Withdrawal of specialists significantly reduced the quantity and quality of physical education. TT maintained PES frequency but with a loss in lesson quality and a decline in student activity to 88% of intervention levels. Results support employing specialists and demonstrate the need for extensive professional development for classroom teachers responsible for physical education.
Real-world medication persistence with single versus multiple tablet regimens for HIV-1 treatment

Introduction : Adherence to antiretroviral (ARV) treatment for HIV-1 is crucial to achieving optimal clinical outcomes. Simplification of regimens with once-daily single-tablet regimens (STRs) can improve adherence compared to multi-tablet regimens (MTRs). This study compared real-world persistence (a proxy for treatment effectiveness and adherence) between HIV-1 infected patients receiving STRs versus MTRs. Materials and Methods : Adult HIV-1 infected patients starting their first observed ARV regimen (with at least six prior months of no ARV treatment) were identified in the MarketScan claims database (10/2008–03/2014). Persistence was measured as the time from the index regimen start date to the end of the first 90-day gap between fills for any ARV in the index regimen, or to the start date of an ARV not in the index regimen. Persistence was described using Kaplan–Meier curves and compared using log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, gender, insurance type, region, employment status, Charlson Comorbidity Index, other comorbidities, hospitalizations, emergency room visits and office visits. STRs were further stratified by regimen. Results : A total of 3257 patients (37%) initiated MTRs, and 5484 (63%) initiated STRs, including 4409 on efavirenz (EFV)/tenofovir (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC), 484 on rilpivirine (RPV)/TDF/FTC, and 591 on elvitegravir (EVG)/cobicistat (COBI)/TDF/FTC. Median persistence was 45.0 months for STRs versus 15.2 months for MTRs ( P <0.001; Figure 1). Median persistence was not reached for RPV/TDF/FTC or EVG/COBI/TDF/FTC; 31 months after RPV/TDF/FTC approval for the treatment of HIV-1 infection, more than 65% of patients who started on it remained persistent, and 19 months after EVG/COBI/TDF/FTC approval, more than 72% of patients who started on it remained persistent. Compared with MTRs, STRs had an approximately 50% lower hazard of discontinuation (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]=0.54, 95% CI 0.50–0.58). EVG/COBI/TDF/FTC and RPV/TDF/FTC had significantly longer unadjusted and adjusted persistence compared with EFV/TDF/FTC (Figure 2, Table 1). Conclusions : Among HIV-1 infected patients, the use of STRs was associated with longer regimen persistence compared with MTRs. Among STRs, EVG/COBI/TDF/FTC and RPV/TDF/FTC were associated with significantly longer persistence than EFV/TDF/FTC. (Published: 2 November 2014) Citation : Abstracts of the HIV Drug Therapy Glasgow Congress 2014 Sweet D et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2014, 17(Suppl 3) :19537 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/19537 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.4.19537
An Exploratory Investigation of the Dimensions of Beliefs Toward Advertising in General

This study extends the work in the area of beliefs toward advertising by examining the dimensionality of the construct in four developing countries. Results indicated consistency with Bauer and Greyser's (1968) findings of economic and social dimensions; however, a third dimension relating to the impact of advertising on product cost also was found. Furthermore, the results indicated that more negative feelings existed in those countries with more sophisticated advertising. Reasons for these findings are examined, implications for international firms are discussed and directions for future research are suggested.
Sulfur Dioxide Adsorption and Desorption on Various Filter Media

Atmospheric sampling for gaseous pollutants in many cases requires removal of suspended particulates preceding the gas sampler. A series of experiments was performed to determine the extent to which sulfur dioxide was adsorbed on the various material of filter holders and filters. Atmospheric concentrations of sulfur dioxide (0.05 and 0.10 ppm) were passed through plastic, aluminum, stainless steel, and Teflon filter holders with and without membrane and glass fiber filters in place. Plastic holders with membrane filters adsorbed very little sulfur dioxide with Teflon, stainless steel, and aluminum removing increasing amounts, in that order. Glass fiber filters cannot be recommended. Adsorption of sulfur dioxide was markedly increased in all cases when the relative humidity was increased from 10 to 50 percent; results show adsorption on the filter holder is more affected by increasing humidity than adsorption on the filter, except for the glass fiber filter. All materials studied would be satisfactory for...
Formation of an amino reduction product of metronidazole in bacterial cultures: Lack of bactericidal activity

Abstract To investigate whether the amino reduction product of metronidazole has antibacterial activity, 5-amino-1-β-hydroxyethyl-2-methylimidazole (AMN) was synthesized and tested against Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli strain SR58, both of which are known to be sensitive to metronidazole. Neither of these strains was found to be sensitive either to AMN or to the equivalent amine derived from dimetridazole, 5-amino-1,2-dimethylimidazole. Both of these amines are relatively stable in the presence of bacteria, making it possible to examine the bacterial reduction of radiolabeled metronidazole in the presence of AMN. This experiment indicated that at least 17% of the metronidazole that disappeared under the reducing conditions of the bacterial medium was converted to AMN. We conclude, therefore, that AMN forms during the activation of metronidazole by bacterial reduction but is not a bactericidal form of metronidazole.
Shifting the open enrollment period for ACA Marketplaces could increase enrollment and improve plan choices.

The next open enrollment period for plans offered in the Affordable Care Act’s (ACA’s) insurance Marketplaces is set to occur between November 15, 2014, and February 15, 2015—just when many lower-income people are financially stressed by demands of the holiday season. Recent research by experimental psychologists and behavioral economists strongly suggests that when people’s decision-making capacity (bandwidth) is stretched thin, either they cannot make decisions or they make poor choices. Using data from nearly a decade of US-based Internet search queries to measure population behavior, we found considerable seasonality in measures of financial stress and in when people seek out information on health insurance plans. A more opportune time for scheduling open enrollment for the ACA Marketplaces may be between February 15 and April 15—weeks when low-income people typically receive income tax refunds and Earned Income Tax Credit payments. Such lump-sum payments could be applied to pay individuals’ share of ...
Chondrocytic differentiation of human adipose-derived adult stem cells in elastin-like polypeptide

Abstract Human adipose derived adult stem (hADAS) cells have the ability to differentiate into a chondrogenic phenotype in three-dimensional culture and media containing dexamethasone and TGF-β. The current study examined the potential of a genetically engineered elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) to promote the chondrocytic differentiation of hADAS cells without exogenous chondrogenic supplements. hADAS cells were cultured in ELP hydrogels in either chondrogenic or standard medium at 5% O2 for up to 2 weeks. By day 14, constructs cultured in either medium exhibited significant increases in sulfated glycosaminoglycan (up to 100%) and collagen contents (up to 420%). Immunolabeling confirmed that the matrix formed consisted mainly of type II and not type I collagen. The composition of the constructs cultured in either medium did not differ significantly. To assess the effect of oxygen tension on the differentiation of the above constructs, samples were cultured in standard medium at either 5% or 20% O2 for 7 days and their gene expression profile was evaluated using real time RT-PCR. In both cases, the hADAS–ELP constructs upregulated SOX9 and type II collagen gene expression, while type I collagen was downregulated. However, constructs cultured in 20% O2 highly upregulated type X collagen, which was not detected in the 5% O2 cultures. The study suggests that ELP can promote chondrogenesis for hADAS cells in the absence of exogenous TGF-β1 and dexamethasone, especially under low oxygen tension conditions.
Epinephrine for cardiac arrest.

Purpose of reviewEpinephrine is the primary drug administered during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to reverse cardiac arrest. Epinephrine increases arterial blood pressure and coronary perfusion during CPR via alpha-1-adrenoceptor agonist effects. However, the dose, timing and indications for
Fall migratory flight initiation of the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Homoptera : Cicadellidae) : observations in the lower atmosphere using remote piloted vehicles

Abstract The development and use of a remote piloted vehicle (RPV) to sample the lower atmosphere for potato leafhopper has shown a correlation between declining barometric pressure associated with the approach of a weather front and the presence of diapausing leafhoppers 30 m above an alfalfa field initiating their fall migration to the southern states. Population decline of leafhoppers in the source field was also correlated with the passage of weather fronts. The RPV utilized in this research had a 2.4 m wingspan and was outfitted with a fine mesh 41 cm 2 insect net. This RPV sampled 167 m 3 /min with flight durations of 30 min
B cell lymphomas of C57L/J mice; the role of natural killer cells and T helper cells in lymphoma development and growth

Abstract The Hodgkin’s-like Type B neoplasms which arise spontaneously in aging C57L mice (25% incidence at 21 months of age) were first reported over 40 years ago, but since then relatively little has been published about these lymphomas. Based on previous studies in SJL mice, we investigated the phenotypic and functional properties of C57L-derived lymphomas in relation to Mtv29-encoded vSAg expression by the tumor cells, and their ability to stimulate TCR Vβ-restricted T cells. The cell surface phenotype of the C57L lymphomas indicates a B cell origin (sIg + , MHC II + ). These B lymphoma cells also express co-stimulatory molecules [B7-1 (CD80) and HSA (CD24)], and stimulate marked proliferation of syngeneic CD4 + T cells. C57L B lymphoma cells exhibit Mtv-encoded mRNA by northern analysis, and also stimulate IL-2 production from Vβ16 + T cell hybrids, suggesting a role for Mtv 29 in this syngeneic T cell response. After transfer to syngeneic recipients, primary C57L lymphomas grow slowly, if at all. However, tumor growth is greatly accelerated by pretreatment of C57L recipients with anti-asialo GM1 antibody (but not anti-CD8 mAb), suggesting that NK cells play a major role in inhibiting lymphoma growth. If, in addition to anti-asialo GM1, the mice are also pretreated with anti-CD4 mAb, tumor growth is markedly inhibited, indicating that the lymphoma-responsive syngeneic CD4 + T cells promote tumor growth. Therefore, although the vSAg-induced response stimulated by vSAg29 expressing lymphoma cells in syngeneic TCR Vβ-restricted CD4 + T cells is an important etiologic factor in this type of B cell neoplasm both in C57L and in SJL mice, the final outcome of the spontaneous neoplastic process appears strongly influenced by endogenous NK activity in aging mice.