cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of experimental sleep restriction on affective functioning in social and nonsocial contexts among adolescents

Author(s): McMakin, Dana L; Dahl, Ronald E; Buysse, Daniel J; Cousins, Jennifer C; Forbes, Erika E; Silk, Jennifer S; Siegle, Greg J; Franzen, Peter L | Abstract: BackgroundShort sleep duration is highly prevalent in adolescence, and it prospectively predicts problems with emotional adjustment and psychiatric health. To move beyond epidemiological associations and inform models of developmental psychopathology, we experimentally restricted sleep to observe impacts on affective functioning. Based on the importance of social contexts to adolescent emotional experiences, we also examined the impact of restricted sleep on socioaffective functioning in an ecologically valid peer interaction task.MethodsIn Study 1, adolescents (ages 11.5-15.0, nn=n48) were randomly assigned to two nights of polysomnography-monitored sleep restriction (4nhr in bed) or extension (10nhr in bed). One week later, they completed the other sleep manipulation. Affective functioning was assessed by self-report and pupil response to standardized affective sounds. Study 2 used a similar protocol and invited adolescents (ages 12-15.0, nn=n16) to the sleep laboratory along with 2-4 friends to observe affective behavior in a social context primed for peer conflict. Mixed effects models were used to evaluate the effect of sleep condition on affective outcomes.ResultsStudy 1 demonstrated increased negative affect following sleep restriction, relative to extension, on self-report (pn=n.02) and pupil measures (pn=n.01). Study 2 replicated these effects (both pn=n.04) and demonstrated greater negative affective behavior in a peer social context (pn=n.01). Exploratory analyses for positive affect showed reductions as assessed by self-report (pn=n.005), but not pupil (pn=n.81), in Study 1; and no significant effects in Study 2 (self-report, pn=n.14; pupil, pn=n.29; positive affective behavior, pn=n.43).ConclusionsExperimental sleep restriction in adolescence impacts negative affective functioning as evidenced by self-report and pupil reactivity, as well as observed behavior in a social context primed for peer conflict. Implications for the impact of short sleep on developmental trajectories of emotional adjustment and psychiatric health, and opportunities for early intervention, are briefly discussed.
Regulation of Cell Behavior by Extracellular Proteins

Abstract The extracellular milieu is a critical determinant of cell behavior in all tissues. Many factors comprise the environment and each factor contributes to cell behavior. For example, cell:cell contact, cell:extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction, and ECM composition influence cell activity. Environmental components act together to regulate cell surface protein activity, intracellular signal transduction, and subsequent gene expression, which leads to proliferation, migration, differentiation, and ultimately the formation of complex tissues. Matricellular proteins secreted, modular proteins that are associated with the ECM, are known to influence cell adhesion, cell:ECM binding, and ECM structure and function. This chapter will focus on matricellular proteins as modulators of extracellular signals. A unifying theme of matricellular proteins is to provide a link between the ECM and cell surface receptors, and/or cytokines and proteases localized in the extracellular environment, the activity of which might be affected by this interaction. Thrombospondins-1 and -2, tenascin-C, osteopontin, and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine are representatives of this class of proteins. A growing body of evidence points to these proteins as important mediators of cell signaling pathways and ECM assembly and turnover. Consequently, strategies designed to recapitulate tissue environments should consider the influence of matricellular proteins.
Self-Regulation Interventions with a Focus on Learning Strategies

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses self-regulation in relation to the acquisition, use, and control of students' learning strategies. Learning strategies include any thoughts, behaviors, beliefs, or emotions that facilitate the acquisition, understanding, or later transfer of new knowledge and skills. A model is described as strategic learning that demonstrates the relationships among students' learning strategy knowledge, learning strategy skills, and self-regulation, as well as other variables that significantly impact learning and achievement. The chapter leads to an evolving focus on information processing research and models that emphasize that cognition is something that could be controlled through cognitive and metacognitive processes. One of the practical applications of these new information processing theories is in the area of memory strategies that could be used in educational settings. Research on mnemonics and advances in the understanding of associative networks pave the way for researchers to investigate different types of training that could be used to improve students' paired-associate learning. The model of what it means to be a learner is shifting from viewing the learner as a passive receptacle for knowledge to the leaner as an active, self-determined individual who processes information in complex ways.
Chemical and Isotopic Tracer Evaluation of Water Mixing and Evaporation in a Dammed Texas River During Drought

The interaction between drought and river regulation is monitored to better understand river flow mixing, evaporation and surface-groundwater exchange in changing regional climates and in increasingly regulated waterways. This study compared Brazos River stable isotope (δ18O and δD) and electrical conductivity values with reservoir, creek and aquifer samples in the Brazos watershed, the largest watershed in Texas. The combination of tributaries, rainfall and the Brazos River Alluvium Aquifer, on the one hand, and the Lake Whitney reservoir, on the other hand, represent endmembers of dilute run-off water and evaporated saline water, respectively. A simple isotope mixing model that uses monthly river discharge, Lake Whitney discharge, historical monthly precipitation δ18O and pan evaporation accurately reconstructs river δ18O (±0.5‰ on average). Data and isotope balance modelling support continued evaporation of 18O-enriched Lake Whitney water as it flows downstream, although the most evaporation took place in Lake Whitney. The difference between river and precipitation δ18O, or Δ18ORIV-PPT, here a measurement of degree of evaporation, ranged from −0.1‰ for a small creek, to 1.7‰ for the Brazos River, to at least 2.7‰ in Lake Whitney. This study indicates that drought in regulated rivers may enhance reservoir discharge dominance in river flows during peak drought conditions when combined run-off and baseflow dominance would be expected in a similar undammed river. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficiency analysis of semi-open sorption heat pump systems

Sorption systems traditionally fall into two categories: closed (for chilling and heat pumping) and open (for dehumidification). Recent work has explored the possibility of semi-open systems, which can perform heat pumping or chilling while utilizing ambient humidity as the working fluid of the cycle, and are capable of being driven by solar, waste, or combustion heat sources. The efficiencies of closed and open systems are well characterized and can be accurately determined from four temperatures (one for each of the main components—desorber, absorber, condenser and evaporator). In this work, the performance potential of semi-open systems is explored by adapting expressions for the efficiency of closed and open systems to the novel semi-open systems. A key new parameter is introduced, which involves both the ambient dry bulb and ambient dew point temperature, since both are critical to semi-open absorber operation. The dew point temperature is necessary to capture the absorption performance, while the dry bulb temperature is needed to calculate sensible heat transfer with surrounding air.
ToA Ranging and Layer Thickness Computation in Nonhomogeneous Media

This paper introduces a novel and effective ranging approach in nonhomogeneous (NH) media consisting of frequency dispersive submedia via time-of-arrival (ToA). Here, the NH environment consists of sublayers with a specific thickness that is estimated throughout the ranging process. First, a novel technique for ToA estimation in the presence of frequency dispersive submedia via orthogonal frequency division multiple access subcarriers is proposed. In the proposed technique, preallocated orthogonal subcarriers are utilized to construct a ranging waveform that enables high-performance ToA estimation in dispersive NH media in the frequency domain. The proposed ToA technique is exploited for multiple ToA measurements at different carrier frequencies, which leads to a system of linear equations that can be solved to compute the thickness of the available submedia and calculate the range. Simulation results for underwater-airborne media and underground channel confirm that the proposed technique offers high-resolution ranging at different signal to noise ratio regimes in the NH media.
Aborting a Message Flowing through Social Communities

Consider the scenario where information is introduced into a network, advising recipients to take an action. If at a later time, the information is found to be inaccurate and the action is unnecessary, it becomes necessary to stop the information from spreading and to prevent actors from taking the action. We investigate the concept of introducing counter messages into a network to interfere with an ongoing diffusion and stop the action that was prescribed by the previous messages. These counter messages are diffused and may spread through the network based on the recipient's evaluation of the information. We present a framework for modeling the spread of actionable information and information retraction. Using the framework, we perform experiments to investigate strategies for broadcasting the counter message, in particular, how to identify individuals that should receive the counter message directly from the information source. There is a trade off between a fast effective spread of actionable information and the ability to retract the information. Findings also suggest that alternate strategies will have to be explored that incorporate group structures and the distribution of trust in designing a useful abort mechanism.
A Phase I Study of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With Nab-Paclitaxel, Doxorubicin, and Cyclophosphamide in Patients With Stage II to III Breast Cancer.

Abstract: Background The aims of this study were to assess the safety and tolerability of nanoparticle albumin bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel), doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide as combination therapy for breast cancer patients in the neoadjuvant setting and to assess the overall clinical response and pathologic complete response. Patients and Methods Twenty six women with newly diagnosed Stage II to III histologically or cytologically proven adenocarcinoma of the breast with negative human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 status were enrolled. Patients were treated with nab-paclitaxel 100 mg/m 2 , doxorubicin 50 mg/m 2 , and cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m 2 on day 1 and nab-paclitaxel 100 mg/m 2 on day 8 in a 21 day cycle for six cycles total. Results The majority of adverse events attributed to treatment were decreased white blood cell count, neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia with a median duration of eight days. Fifteen of 23 (65.2%) (95% CI, 45.7%-84.6%) had a complete clinical response (cCR) and 8 of 23 (34.7%) (95% CI, 15.2%-54.1%) had a partial clinical response for an overall clinical response rate of 100%. Thirteen of 23 patients (56.5%) (95% CI, 36.2%-76.7%) had a pathologic complete response (pCR). All ten triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients (100%) achieved a pCR. Conclusion The regimen of nab-paclitaxel, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy was well tolerated and resulted in both high clinical and pathologic responses, particularly in triple negative breast cancer.
Transition metal impurity-dislocation interactions in NiAl: Dislocation friction and dislocation locking

The energetics of the interaction of the {010} edge dislocation in NiAl with early 3d transition metal (TM) impurities was studied using the ab initio real-space tight-binding LMTO-recursion method with 20,000 atom clusters and up to 1,000 non-equivalent atoms in the dislocation core. The coordinates of the atoms in the core were determined within the Peierls-Nabarro (PN) model with restoring forces determined from full-potential LMTO total energy calculations. TM impurities were then placed in different substitutional positions near the dislocation core. For most positions studied, the interaction between impurities and the dislocation is found to be repulsive (dislocation friction). However, when the impurity is in the position close to the central atom of the dislocation core, the interaction becomes strongly attractive, thus causing dislocation locking. Since the size misfit between the Al atom and the substituting TM atom is very small, this locking cannot be explained by elastic (or size misfit) mechanisms; it has an electronic nature and is caused by the formation of the preferred bonding between the electronic states of the impurity atom and the localized electronic states appearing on the central atom of the dislocation core. The calculated results are then discussed in the scope of experimental data on solid solution hardening in NiAl.
SnapShot: Electrochemical Communication in Biofilms

The role of electricity in biological systems was first appreciated through electrical stimulation experiments performed by Luigi Galvani in the 18th century. These pioneering experiments demonstrated that the behavior of living tissues is governed by the flow of electrochemical species-an insight that gave rise to the modern field of electrophysiology. Since then, electrophysiology has largely remained a bastion of neuroscience. However, exciting recent developments have demonstrated that even simple bacteria residing in communities use electrochemical communication to coordinate population-level behaviors. These recent works are defining the emerging field of bacterial biofilm electrophysiology. To view this SnapShot, open or download the PDF.
Income inequality and the growth of redistributive spending in the United States (US) states: is there a link?

Prominent public policy models have hypothesised that rising income inequality will lead to more redistributive spending. Subsequent theoretical advancements and empirical research often failed to find a positive relationship between inequality and redistributive spending, however. Over the last few decades both income inequality and redistributive spending have been growing in the United States states. In this work, we consider whether temporal variation in inequality can explain variation in redistributive spending, while controlling for a number of factors that covary with redistributive spending in the states. In an analysis of data for 1976–2008, we find that higher levels of inequality are associated with greater redistributive spending, offering empirical evidence that fiscal policy at the state level responds to growing levels of income inequality. Considering the growing role of state governments in welfare provision during the past several decades, this finding is relevant for policy researchers and practitioners at all levels of government.
Stability of imipenem-cilastatin sodium in AutoDose Infusion System bags

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical stability of imipenem-cilastatin sodium 250 mg/100 mL and 500 mg/100 mL (of each drug component) admixed in 0.9% sodium chloride injection packaged in AutoDose Infusion System bags. Triplicate test samples were prepared by bringing the required amount of imipenem-cilastatin sodium injection to volume with 0.9% sodium chloride injection. A total of 100 mL of each of the test solutions was packaged in each of three ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) AutoDose bags designed for use in the AutoDose Infusion System for each storage condition. Samples were protected from light and evaluated at appropriate intervals for up to three days at 23°C and 14 days at 4°C. Physical stability was assessed using a multistep evaluation procedure that included turbidimetric and particulate measurement in addition to visual inspection. Chemical stability was assessed with stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical techniques, based on initial drug concentrations and concentrations at appropriate intervals over the study periods. The admixtures were clear throughout the study when viewed in normal fluorescent room light and with a Tyndall beam. Measured turbidity and particulate content were low initially and exhibited little change throughout the study. HPLC analysis revealed extensive decomposition in the samples, with imipenem being the less stable component. The instability of the imipenem-cilastatin sodium admixtures is consistent with previous studies. Admixtures stored under refrigeration should be used immediately upon warming to room temperature due to the rapid rate of imipenem decomposition. The AutoDose Infusion System bags were not found to affect adversely or improve the physical and chemical stability of this drug.
The Status of Density Functional Theory for Chemical Physics

Modern materials technology increasingly is dependent upon detailed manipulation of the quantum mechanical behavior of the electrons, that is to say, upon extremely subtle chemistry. This fact alone is sufficient to ensure that the stereotypical distinctions (and prejudices) which have long separated quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics are no longer tolerable. Prediction of the electronic structure of complex materials systems is so fundamental a task that the best available methodologies and theories must be used. More importantly, missing intellectual links between and among theoretical structures are a burden upon progress which cannot be afforded any longer.
Serotonin as a link between the gut-brain-microbiome axis in autism spectrum disorders

Autism-spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and repetitive patterns of behavior. ASD is, however, often associated with medical comorbidities and gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is among the most common. Studies have demonstrated a correlation between GI dysfunction and the degree of social impairment in ASD. The etiology of GI abnormalities in ASD is unclear, though the association between GI dysfunction and ASD-associated behaviors suggest that overlapping developmental defects in the brain and the intestine and/or a defect in communication between the enteric and central nervous systems (ENS and CNS, respectively), known as the gut-brain axis, could be responsible for the observed phenotypes. Brain-gut abnormalities have been increasingly implicated in several disease processes, including ASD. As a critical modulator of ENS and CNS development and function, serotonin may be a nexus for the gut-brain axis in ASD. This paper reviews the role of serotonin in ASD from the perspective of the ENS. A murine model that has been demonstrated to possess brain, behavioral and GI abnormalities mimicking those seen in ASD harbors the most common serotonin transporter (SERT) based mutation (SERT Ala56) found in children with ASD. Discussion of the gut-brain manifestations in the SERT Ala56 mice, and their correction with developmental administration of a 5-HT4 agonist, are also addressed in conjunction with other future directions for diagnosis and treatment.
Complexes of Sheaves and their Hypercohomology

The word sheaf is a translation of the French word faisceau. Sheaves were first introduced in the 1940s by H. Cartan [Ca] in complex analysis (following works by K. Oka [Ok] and H. Cartan himself), and by J. Leray in topology [Le]. Since then sheaves have become important in many other branches of mathematics. Whenever one wants to investigate global properties of geometric objects like functions, bundles, and so on, sheaves come into play. There are many excellent introductions to the theory of sheaves [Go] [Iv] [B-T]; we will develop here only those aspects which will be useful throughout the book. We will begin with the notion of presheaf.
Metabolism of Psychosine in SV40-Transformed Schwann Cell Lines

The sphingolipidoses constitute a group of neurodegenerative diseases in which there is a deficiency in a specific lysosomal hydrolase for sphingolipids, and therefore patients with these disorders accumulate certain related lipids in various tissues; although the accumulation of sphingolipid per se apparently is not cytotoxic to the nervous system. For example, Suzuki et al. (1) showed that while galactosylceramide induced nonspecific inclusions in macrophages, it was not toxic to the central nervous system. On the other hand, Taketomi and Nishimura (2) showed that a lysosphingolipid, psychosine (galactosylsphingosine), was highly cytotoxic. These findings suggest that psychosine, which accumulates in the central nervous system of patients with Krabbe’s disease, is responsible for the severe demyelination that is characteristic of such patients (3,4). The accumulation of psychosine is also observed in the nervous systems of twitcher mice, an authentic animal model of Krabbe1s disease (5,6). Patients with Krabbe’s disease and twitcher mice share a common defect in the lysosomal galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase (4,5). How the lack of this enzyme results in the accumulation of psychosine is not known. In this report, we investigate the synthesis of psychosine and its cytotoxicity in SV40-transformed Schwann cell lines from normal and twitcher mice.
Analysis of Multi-Channel Subdural EEG by Recurrent Neural Networks

It was shown that recurrent neural networks with relatively simple architectures are capable of detecting seizure-like activity in multi-channel EEG records. Furthermore, the results obtained from the three different architectures studied were fairly consistent in locating the generators of seizure-like activity based on the patient’s subdural EEG montage. If these results are verified by other studies, then these neural networks may serve as effective functional engines in more sophisticated seizure detection utilities. Additional work to increase the detection ability of these networks needs to be undertaken, especially with regard to the separation of the EEG data recorded at each electrode. Also, a means by which a utility using these neural networks can be made more adaptive to a variety of seizures from a wide patient population needs to be examined.
Periacetabular osteotomy to treat residual dysplasia in adolescents and young adults: indications, complications, results.

Abstract Purpose Discuss current indications, techniques, complications and results of periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) to treat the adolescent and young adult with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia o...
Reply to Vallée: Different questions for different data.

Vallee (1) argues that “daily changes in neighborhood social composition” should be taken into account when analyzing social isolation. We agree that changes in neighborhoods’ compositions are important and have been largely omitted from research on neighborhood effects and activity spaces. We take this opportunity to clarify an issue and offer a commentary. We clarify that our study (2) does not solely investigate the daytime contact of residents from different types of neighborhoods. Rather, although our paper estimates individuals’ home locations using weekday nighttime data, it analyzes travel patterns based on all their visits (regardless of the time of day or night). We also … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: q.wang{at}northeastern.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
School Health as a Strategy to Improve Both Public Health and Education.

Because schools materially influence both health and education, they substantially determine the future well-being and economic productivity of populations. Recent research suggests that healthier ...
Platelet-like particles dynamically stiffen fibrin matrices and improve wound healing outcomes

Native platelets perform several critical functions within the context of wound healing, including participating in initial hemostasis and interacting with fibrin at the wound site to induce clot retraction. Platelet depletion or dysfunction due to trauma or disease can inhibit robust wound healing responses. There has been a focus recently on developing synthetic, non-immunogenic platelet mimetic technologies for the purpose of augmenting hemostatic responses in cases of deficient native platelet functionality. Here we describe the application of synthetic platelet-like particles (PLPs), capable of recapitulating the deformable platelet body and fibrin specificity found in native platelets, to enhance healing outcomes. We first demonstrate PLPs mimic activated platelet morphology and induce fibrin clot retraction. During clot retraction, native platelets generate forces within a fibrin network to stiffen the fibrin matrix; therefore, we hypothesized that our PLPs will likewise be able to stiffen provisional fibrin matrices. Due to previous studies indicating that increased matrix stiffness is linked to increased cellular migration, we further hypothesize that PLP-mediated fibrin stiffening will enhance cell migration and improve healing outcomes within in vitro and in vivo models of wound healing. PLPs were found to enhance fibroblast migration in in vitro models of early wound healing and enhance healing outcomes in an in vivo murine model of wound healing. These studies demonstrate the utility of PLPs for enhancing wound repair and also provide insight into the role of native platelet-mediated clot retraction in wound healing.
Histologic Appearance of Iatrogenic Obstructive Hydrocephalus in the Fetal Lamb Model.

INTRODUCTION Documentation of histologic findings associated with congenital hydrocephalus in the fetal lamb model is a critical step in evaluating the efficacy of ventriculoamniotic shunting in the human fetus. METHODS Four fetal sheep had hydrocephalus induced at approximately 95 days' gestation. Two co-twins remained as controls. The ewes were euthanized at term. The lamb brains were fixed in formalin, paraffin-embedded, stained, and analyzed for markers of neuropathology. Astrocytosis, microgliosis, and axonal loss were assessed with immunocytochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adapter, and neurofilament/amyloid precursor protein, respectively. Cortical gray matter extracellular matrix was assessed with staining for the lectin Wisteria Floribunda agglutinin. RESULTS Hydrocephalic lamb brains demonstrated deep white matter damage with loss of projecting axonal tracts in regions physically distorted by hydrocephalus, similar to that seen in hydrocephalic humans. There was no evidence of abnormal neocortical neuronal migration; however, there was evidence for delayed maturation of the neocortical gray matter, possibly from increased intracerebral pressure and subsequent ischemia. Control lamb brains demonstrated none of the above findings. CONCLUSION This histological approach can be used to further define the mechanism of brain damage associated with hydrocephalus and interpret the efficacy of ventriculoamniotic shunting on fetal lamb brain neuroanatomy.
Sleep Disorders in Older Patients

Nearly half of older adults complain of difficulty sleeping [1]. Although most of such complaints can be attributed to the changes in the sleep architecture as we grow old, primary sleep disorders are more prevalent in elderly [2]. Poor sleep due to these disorders results in increased risk of significant morbidity and mortality. As we age, sleep efficiency decreases as time spent in bed increases. Underlying sleep disorders are aggravated due to a decrease in the ability to get needed sleep. However, the decreased ability is less a function of age and more a function of other factors that accompany aging, such as medical and psychiatric illness, increased medication use, advances in the endogenous circadian clock and a higher prevalence of specific sleep disorders.
Osteoporosis risk – think twice about bone density in Ethiopians African Americans

Objective: The risk of an osteoporotic fracture is well described and readily available in developed nations where 1 in 3 women and 1 in 5 men will experience an osteoporotic fracture. The risk of an osteoporotic fracture in developing nations is less known. Considerations of skeletal and non-skeletal factors may not fully describe risk of osteoporotic fractures. The purpose of this manuscript is to highlight the risk found in Ethiopians and Ethiopian immigrants. Discussion: In the United States, bone mass density is greatest in black women and least in Asians. Osteoporosis incidence from greatest to least in Unites States is as follows: Native Americans, Asians, Hispanics, Caucasians, and blacks. Data is not available in many developing nations. For example, for Ethiopians data is not available on fracture risk. Thus, Ethiopians and Ethiopian immigrants when seeking medical attention may be considered black. Yet, Ethiopians may have a high prevalence of osteoporosis. Conclusion: Risk factors for osteoporosis must be considered when examining and treating patients. Screening for less known risk factors such as low calcium intake, prolonged lactation, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption must be considered for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
Description of a new, unusual species of Diestostemma Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) from Ecuador.

Diestostemma bicristatasp. nov., is described from Napo Province, Ecuador. It is unusual for the genus in lacking a visible white powdery covering, having raised, weakly reticulate veins on the forewing, a short metathoracic femur (half length of the metathoracic tibia), and is the only species with a double-crested pronotum.
Megakaryocyte migration defects due to nonmuscle myosin IIA mutations underlie thrombocytopenia in MYH9-related disease

Megakaryocytes (MKs), the precursor cells for platelets, migrate from the endosteal niche of the bone marrow (BM) toward the vasculature, extending proplatelets into sinusoids, where circulating blood progressively fragments them into platelets. Nonmuscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) heavy chain gene (MYH9) mutations cause macrothrombocytopenia characterized by fewer platelets with larger sizes leading to clotting disorders termed myosin-9-related disorders (MYH9-RDs). MYH9-RD patient MKs have proplatelets with thicker and fewer branches that produce fewer and larger proplatelets, which is phenocopied in mouse Myh9-RD models. Defective proplatelet formation is considered to be the principal mechanism underlying the macrothrombocytopenia phenotype. However, MYH9-RD patient MKs may have other defects, as NMII interactions with actin filaments regulate physiological processes such as chemotaxis, cell migration, and adhesion. How MYH9-RD mutations affect MK migration and adhesion in BM or NMIIA activity and assembly prior to proplatelet production remain unanswered. NMIIA is the only NMII isoform expressed in mature MKs, permitting exploration of these questions without complicating effects of other NMII isoforms. Using mouse models of MYH9-RD (NMIIAR702C+/-GFP+/-, NMIIAD1424N+/-, and NMIIAE1841K+/-) and in vitro assays, we investigated MK distribution in BM, chemotaxis toward stromal-derived factor 1, NMIIA activity, and bipolar filament assembly. Results indicate that different MYH9-RD mutations suppressed MK migration in the BM without compromising bipolar filament formation but led to divergent adhesion phenotypes and NMIIA contractile activities depending on the mutation. We conclude that MYH9-RD mutations impair MK chemotaxis by multiple mechanisms to disrupt migration toward the vasculature, impairing proplatelet release and causing macrothrombocytopenia.
The neural correlates of mindfulness-induced depression reduction in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study

Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience high rates of depression and anxiety, and some evidence suggests mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is effective in reducing these symptoms. However, the neural mechanisms of symptom alleviation, and benefit of MBSR beyond education/support groups are unknown. Maladaptive forms of self-reflection are linked to ASD, depression, and anxiety. In this pilot study, we hypothesized (a) MBSR would reduce depression and anxiety in adults with ASD and (b) a mechanism of symptom alleviation would be increased blood oxygen level-dependent signal in neural self-reflection hubs. Twenty-eight adults were randomly assigned to an 8-week MBSR group (n = 15) or a support group (n = 13) that met for the same amount of time with relaxation education materials. Based on previous self-reflection literature in ASD, regions of interest (ROIs) were middle cingulate cortex (MCC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Only the MBSR group demonstrated significant reductions in depression, and neither group significantly changed in anxiety. Only the MBSR group increased activity of right MCC during self-reflection, and the increase correlated with depression alleviation. There were no changes in vmPFC for the MBSR group or either ROI for the support/education group. Seed-to-voxel connectivity analysis revealed that only the MBSR group increased functional connectivity between right MCC and pre/postcentral gyrus, suggesting MBSR may increase primary sensorimotor input to higher order cognitive brain regions. Taken together, MBSR may be effective for reducing depression in adults with ASD, and the neural mechanism may be increasing frontal circuit involvement during self-directed thought.
Tumor induction in Drosophila imaginal epithelia triggers modulation of fat body lipid droplets.

Abstract Our understanding of cancer-specific metabolic changes is currently unclear. In recent years, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster with its powerful genetic tools has become an attractive model for studying both tumor autonomous and the systemic processes resulting from the tumor growth. Here we investigated the effect of tumorigenesis on the modulation of lipid droplets (LDs) in the larval fat bodies (mammalian equivalent of adipose tissue). We have overexpressed Notch signaling alone or in combination with the developmental regulator Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (Mef2) using wing-specific and eye-specific drivers, quantified the size of LDs in the fat body of the different tumor bearing larvae, and estimated the expression of genes associated with lipolysis and lipogenesis. We have found that hyperplastic and neoplastic tumor induced by overexpression of Notch and co-expression of Notch and Mef2 respectively triggers impaired lipid metabolism marked by increased size of fat body LDs. The impaired lipid metabolism in tumor carrying larvae is linked to the altered expression of genes that participate in lipolysis and lipogenesis. These findings reveal modulation of LDs as one of the host’s specific response upon tumor initiation. This information could potentially uncover mechanisms for designing innovative approaches to modulate cancer growth.
Laser Rejuvenation of Nonfacial Skin: A Review and a Personal Approach.

Background Laser skin rejuvenation historically has emphasized facial photodamage. In this review, we examine energy-based rejuvenation for nonfacial skin. Objective The purpose of this review is to summarize past and current energy-based rejuvenation off the face. Results Many energy-based interventions can address pigment, tone, and texture irregularities of nonfacial skin. Conclusion With conservative settings, current devices can be applied safely for nonfacial skin rejuvenation.
Development, Validity, and Reliability of a Novel Walking Speed Measurement Device: the GaitBox

Abstract Background Gait speed is an important measure of health status for older adults and individuals with neurological conditions. Literature reports that measurements made by people are not as accurate as automatic timers. Research question Is the GaitBox (GB), a device to measure walking speed (WS) automatically and accurately, a valid approach to walking speed measurement in a clinical setting? Methods Two prospective validation studies were completed comparing the GB to human timers (HT) and the Sprint Timing System (STS). Subjects were recruited from convenience samples of healthy older adults (S1, N = 35, 72.4 + 7.4 years of age) and individuals with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), or unknown / no diagnosis (S2, N = 44, 35.3 + 13.5 years of age). Subjects completed 4 timed walks. The GB, HT, and STS simultaneously measured WS across a 4 m or 10 m course. Protocol followed an adapted version of the NIH Walk Test. Subjects were instructed to walk at a normal pace. Validity and reliability were determined using Pearson correlations, absolute mean differences, Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC’s) and Bland-Altman plots. Results WS measured in both studies demonstrated strong correlations between GB and STS (r = 0.98-0.99, p Significance Considering the increased use of WS as a clinically relevant measure of mobility, functional decline, and recovery, accurate measurement of WS are important. These studies show the GB is a valid and reliable measurement tool within various populations completing the 4 m and 10 m walk tests at a usual speed. Additional populations and walking distances should be evaluated further. Due to its accuracy, the GaitBox is a valid alternative to HT in the clinic setting.
Innovative COVID-19 Programs to Rapidly Serve New Mexico : Project ECHO

Project ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) at the University of New Mexico is a telementoring program that uses videoconferencing technology to connect health care providers in underserved communities with subject matter experts. In March 2020, Project ECHO created 10 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) telementoring programs to meet the public health needs of clinicians and teachers living in underserved rural and urban regions of New Mexico. The newly created COVID-19 programs include 7 weekly sessions (Community Health Worker [in English and Spanish], Critical Care, Education, First-Responder Resiliency, Infectious Disease Office Hours, and Multi-specialty) and 3 one-day special sessions. We calculated the total number of attendees, along with the range and standard deviation, per session by program. Certain programs (Critical Care, Infectious Disease Office Hours, Multi-specialty) recorded the profession of attendees when available. The Project ECHO research team collected COVID-19 infection data by county from March 11 through May 31, 2020. During that same period, 9765 health care and general education professionals participated in the COVID-19 programs, and participants from 31 of 35 (89%) counties in New Mexico attended the sessions. Our initial evaluation of these programs demonstrates that an interprofessional clinician group and teachers used the Project ECHO network to build a community of practice and social network while meeting their educational and professional needs. Because of Project ECHO's large reach, the results of the New Mexico COVID-19 response suggest that the rapid use of ECHO telementoring could be used for other urgent national public health problems.
Use of Invasive Green Crab Carcinus maenas for Production of a Fermented Condiment

To control the population of an invasive species of green crab, we investigated the feasibility of producing a fermented crab condiment. Commercial fermented fish condiments were tested to assess variability in the marketplace and to identify targets for lab-fermented sauces. Finely chopped crab was combined with 100 mg g-1, 200 mg g-1, or 300 mg g-1 NaCl, and spontaneously fermented for up to 120 days. Chromatographic analysis revealed that histamine content was not a safety concern as all treatments were below the current U.S. legal threshold (50 mg 100 mL-1). The majority of microbial and physicochemical properties measured within salt level (proteolytic bacterial population, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), amine nitrogen, water activity, moisture, and biogenic amines) were statistically unchanged between days 60 and 120 of fermentation, suggesting that most of the biochemical changes happened early in the fermentation. While the production of a fermented condiment was successful and could represent an opportunity for the valorization of this invasive species, additional work is needed to accelerate the process and further understand the dynamics of the early fermentation stages.
Causal Inference under Temporal and Spatial Interference.

Many social events and policies generate spillover effects in both time and space. Their occurrence influences not only the outcomes of interest in the future, but also these outcomes in nearby areas. In this paper, we propose a design-based approach to estimate the direct and indirect/spillover treatment effects of any event or policy under the assumption of sequential ignorability, when both temporal and spatial interference are allowed to present. The proposed estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically Normal if the degree of interference dependence does not grow too fast relative to the sample size. The conventional difference-in-differences (DID) or two-way fixed effects model, nevertheless, leads to biased estimates in this scenario. We apply the method to examine the impact of Hong Kong's Umbrella Movement on the result of the ensuing election and how an institutional reform affects real estate assessment in New York State.
Conducting Universal Complete Mental Health Screening via Student Self-Report

Universal screening is increasingly becoming part of prevention and early intervention best practice in schools. Although the number of schools engaging in universal screening has increased over the past decade, emotional and behavioral problems are often their primary focus. Problem-focused screening, however, does not address positive contributions to mental health and is useful for only a small percentage of students. Conversely, the information obtained when assessing for strengths is relevant for all students. The inclusion of a strength-based approach in school-based universal mental health screening serves to broaden educators’ understanding of mental health and can inform reactive and proactive interventions that address problems and enhance strengths. This article discusses the knowledge and skills needed to implement universal complete mental health screening, that is, screening that assesses for students’ strengths and problems. A detailed description of complete mental health screening is provided, followed by a step-by-step implementation guide with specific considerations for practitioners who wish to engage in complete mental health screening as part of comprehensive efforts to promote the well-being of all students. Finally, the process of complete mental health screening is illustrated with a case example.
Chapter 2 HPLC of Transfer RNAS Using Ionic-Hydrophobic Mixed-Mode Chromatography and Hydrophobic-Interaction Chromatography

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of transfer RNAs (tRNAs), using mixed-mode or ionic-hydrophobic chromatography. Mixed-mode chromatography is performed using a stationary phase consisting of a C 18 -bound silica matrix (ODS-Hypersil) that was noncovalently coated with the ion-pairing reagent methyltrioctylammonium chloride. This material provides sites for hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions and results in high resolution of tRNAs. When evaluated with a variety of tRNAs (baker's yeast) differing in hydrophobic and ionic properties, the matrix appears to favor a separation mechanism based predominately upon hydrophobic interactions. The retention mechanism is markedly different from either hydrophobic interaction or reversed-phase chromatography. The described support is successfully employed to isolate specific tRNAs in the microgram and milligram range. It was also capable of resolving isoaccepting tRNA species. Hydrophobic-interaction chromatography (HIC) is effective for resolution of tRNAs on weakly hydrophobic stationary phases that are prepared by either reacting free silanol groups on the surface of silicagel with C 1 -C 4 alkyltri-chlorosilanes or by acylating part of the primary amino groups of an aminopropyl bonded-phase silica support (APS-Hypersil) with aliphatic organic acids of C 2 -C 8 chain lengths.
Tyrosine phosphate in a- and b-type flagellins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract Both a- and b-type purified flagellins from a number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains grown in radiolabeled phosphate were shown to be phosphorylated. Analysis of partial acid-hydrolyzed flagellar filaments revealed that 32Pi was in phosphotyrosine. Three 32P-phosphopeptides apparently are common to a- and b-type flagellins, but a fourth peptide was found only in b-type hydrolysates. P. aeruginosa PAK flagellin, containing only two tyrosines, both in the variable region, was readily labeled and gave the same peptide pattern as flagellins containing additional tyrosines. Data showing that a- and b-type flagellins gave positive immunoblots with antiphosphotyrosine monoclonal antibody and that release of P(i) by alkaline phosphatase occurred indicated that unmodified tyrosine phosphate exists in flagellin.
Batson, O.J., and Snyder - Lessons from an Intersecting Trilogy

This Article will explore the case of Snyder v. Louisiana as an example of the low threshold established by some jurisdictions that apply the Batson test. By allowing for pretext and flimsy explanations from prosecutors, many courts have inoculated prosecutors from the rigorous potential of the Batson decision. Part I briefly reviews the landmark decision of Batson v. Kentucky to reveal the unrealized potential of this legal opinion. Part II explores Snyder and analyzes both the prosecutors' use of peremptory challenges to achieve an all-white jury as well as the repeated remarks of one prosecutor who invoked the racially polarizing O.J. Simpson case. Part III uses sociological theories of raced-based perception to examine the racial divisions prompted by the O.J. Simpson case. This subsection draws the connection between the likely manner in which an all-white jury would view the O.J. verdict and its relevance to establishing both discriminatory intent on the part of the prosecutors and the absence of neutral explanations for prosecutorial removal of all of the black jurors from Mr. Snyder's jury. In the conclusion, I suggest that the Supreme Court decision is under-theorized because it fails to address the larger issues of race and ethics so clearly at play in the case. I urge, instead, the adoption of a more critical and reality-based framework for the scrutiny of Batson challenges, or alternatively, the abolition of peremptory challenges with respect to capital murder cases.