cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Right from the Start: Critical Classroom Practices for Building Teacher–Student Trust in the First 10 Weeks of Ninth Grade

Teacher–student trust is associated with the social and emotional development of students, their school connectedness and engagement, and their academic achievement. However, few studies have examined how trust develops between teachers and students in ninth grade, a critical year in high school for students to start off on-track. Even less research has examined how teacher–student trust develops from the perspective of students to help identify specific teacher classroom practices that are effective at doing so, particularly at the start of the school year when students’ relationships and connections to high school are just beginning to take shape. Drawing on data from a longitudinal, qualitative study of ninth-grade teacher–student relationships in one neighborhood public high school in Chicago, this study highlights three critical classroom practices that appear particularly effective for helping to build trusting teacher–student relationships during the first 10 weeks of high school. Highlighting the perspectives and insights of ninth grade students, this analysis finds that (1) the priority that teachers place on specific classroom practices, and (2) the timing of when these practices are used by teachers, are both critical in establishing teacher–student trust—an essential ingredient in helping ninth grade students gain important social and school connections during their transition to high school. By highlighting the voices of ninth grade youth, this study provides valuable insights for educators aiming to use specific classroom-based practices that are essential for helping ninth grade students make valuable school connections and get on-track right from the start of the year.
Network Flow Algorithms

Network flow theory has been used across a number of disciplines, including theoretical computer science, operations research, and discrete math, to model not only problems in the transportation of goods and information, but also a wide range of applications from image segmentation problems in computer vision to deciding when a baseball team has been eliminated from contention. This graduate text and reference presents a succinct, unified view of a wide variety of efficient combinatorial algorithms for network flow problems, including many results not found in other books. It covers maximum flows, minimum-cost flows, generalized flows, multicommodity flows, and global minimum cuts and also presents recent work on computing electrical flows along with recent applications of these flows to classical problems in network flow theory.
The Crime of Radical Industrial Unionism

A great deal of scholarship documents the history of antiradical repression in the United States. But this literature remains incomplete, particularly regarding the role of state laws and state authorities in undermining campaigns for radical industrial unionism in the first half of the Twentieth Century. This essay addresses this issue, describing how state-level sedition laws were used against the Industrial Workers of the World and communist unions, while also highlighting how progressive politicians and jurists joined with the capitalist sponsors of these laws and their conservative allies in government in promoting these efforts. While it avoids suggesting that such prosecutions were the only, or even primary, reasons for the demise of radical industrial unionism, this essay argues that the history of these laws must feature prominently in any attempt to understand this movement’s tragic fate and to comprehend the role of the state in labor history.
Nursing Turbulence in Critical Care: Relationships With Nursing Workload and Patient Safety.

BACKGROUND Increased nursing workload can be associated with decreased patient safety and quality of care. The associations between nursing workload, quality of care, and patient safety are not well understood. OBJECTIVES The concept of workload and its associated measures do not capture all nursing work activities, and tools used to assess healthy work environments do not identify these activities. The variable turbulence was created to capture nursing activities not represented by workload. The purpose of this research was to specify a definition and preliminary measure for turbulence. METHODS A 2-phase exploratory sequential mixed-methods design was used to translate the proposed construct of turbulence into an operational definition and begin preliminary testing of a turbulence scale. RESULTS A member survey of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses resulted in the identification of 12 turbulence types. Turbulence was defined, and reliability of the turbulence scale was acceptable (α = .75). Turbulence was most strongly correlated with patient safety risk (r = 0.41, n = 293, P < .001). Workload had the weakest association with patient safety risk (r = 0.16, n = 294, P = .005). CONCLUSIONS Acknowledging the concepts of turbulence and workload separately best describes the full range of nursing demands. Improved measurement of nursing work is important to advance the science. A clearer understanding of nurses' work will enhance our ability to target resources and improve patients' outcomes.
Advantages of elastic intramedullary nail in the treatment of closed fracture of the limbs of preschool children

Objective To study the clinical effect of elastic intramedullary nail in the treatment of preschool children limb fractures. Methods Ninety-two 92 cases closed fracture of extremities of preschool children in Children ′s Hospital of Shenyang from July 2014 to February 2016 were selected, and randomly divided into control group and observation group, 46 cases in each group.The control group were treated with open reduction and plate fixation treatment, observation group were treated with elastic intramedullary nail treatment.The surgical effect and prognosis index and the incidence of postoperative complications of two groups were compared. Results The operation time, the amount of bleeding, hospitalization time, fracture healing time and loading time of the observation group were significantly lower than the control group((63.57±3.12) min vs.(94.72±6.49) min, (52.43±11.35) ml vs.(134.26±23.50) ml, (6.10±1.44) d vs.(15.83±2.61) d, (8.34±1.13) weeks vs.(12.05±1.62) weeks, (10.85±2.71) weeks vs.(16.94±3.25) weeks, t=29.34, 21.29, 22.14, 12.74, 9.76, P<0.01). The incidence of complications in the observation group was 6.52%(3/46), significantly lower than the control group(19.54%(9/46), χ2=5.06, P=0.02). Conclusion The elastic intramedullary nail for treatment of fractures of extremities shaft closed preschool children can guarantee good clinical effect, and has little trauma high quality, healing of fracture, less postoperative complications and easy care, is a kind of efficient treatment technology, can be widely developed in clinic. Key words: Elastic intramedullary nail; Preschool children; Closed fracture of limbs
Effect of Elbow Flexion Angle on Cortical Voluntary Activation of the Non-Impaired Biceps: A 3 Days Repeated Sessions Study.

Measurement of cortical voluntary activation (VA) with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is limited by technical challenges. One challenge is the difficulty in preferential stimulation of cortical neurons projecting to the target muscle and minimal stimulation of cortical neurons projecting to antagonists. Thus, the motor evoked potential (MEP) response to TMS in the target muscle compared to its primary antagonist may be an important parameter in the assessment of cortical VA. Modulating isometric elbow angle alters the magnitude of MEPs at rest. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of isometric elbow flexion-extension angle on: 1) the ratio of biceps MEP relative to the triceps MEP amplitude across a range of voluntary efforts, and 2) cortical VA. Ten non-impaired participants completed three sessions wherein VA was determined using TMS at 45?, 90? and 120? of isometric elbow flexion, and peripheral electrical stimulation at 90? of elbow flexion. The biceps/triceps MEP ratio was greater in the more flexed elbow angle (120? flexion) compared to 90? during contractions of 50% and 75% of maximum voluntary contraction. Cortical VA assessed in the more extended elbow angle (45? flexion) was lower relative to 90? elbow flexion; this effect was dependent on the biceps/triceps MEP ratio. Cortical VA was sensitive to small changes in the linearity of the voluntary torque and superimposed twitch relationship, regardless of the elbow angle. Peripheral and cortical VA measures at 90? of elbow flexion were repeatable across three days. In conclusion, although the biceps/triceps MEP ratio was increased at a more flexed elbow angle relative to 90?, there was not a corresponding difference in cortical VA. Thus, increasing the MEP ratio via elbow angle did not affect estimation of cortical VA.
Exploring parents' provision of factors related to the establishment of physical activity between normal weight and overweight infants.

Purpose Infancy is a critical time for the prevention of obesity and establishment of healthy behaviors such as physical activity that help to control weight. A limited amount of research has examined if factors related to infant physical activity vary by infant weight status. Therefore, the purpose of this mixed methods triangulation study was to examine differences in motor development, the home environment, and infant-parent play behaviors as well as to explore how parents promote active play opportunities with normal weight infants (NWIs) and overweight infants (OWIs). Design and methods We used a mixed methods triangulated approach to combine quantitative and qualitative data strands to examine variables associated with active play in normal weight (n = 16) and overweight (n = 11) infants. Data were analyzed using a two-tailed Mann-Whitney U nonparametric test and a summative content analysis approach. Results Although there were no differences in infants' motor development and parent play behaviors based on infant weight, several other differences were found. OWIs had less access to materials that stimulate locomotor movement. Further, parents of OWIs more often reported utilizing cognitive play strategies in comparison to parents of NWIs who more often reported using physical play strategies. Parents felt they were the greatest influence on their child's activity regardless of infant size. Importantly, all parents desired more specific guidelines on how to encourage active play and preferred this information was delivered by their healthcare provider. Practice implications To meet parents' desires and potentially improve infants' developmental outcomes through the establishment of healthy physical activity behaviors, pediatric nurses could provide more specific guidance on providing active opportunities for infants.
How Not to Lie About Affirmative Action

As challenges to race-conscious admissions policies are, once again, advancing through the federal courts, research proclaiming to identify the wideranging effects of affirmative action across a variety of educational settings is influencing this litigation through amici and expert testimony. It is crucial, then, that empirical research used to support claims by parties on either side of the affirmative action debate adhere to the fundamental precepts of causal inference. Yet the literature on causal inference is both vast and dense, and as a result, many judges, lawyers, legislators, and laypersons interested in understanding both the intended and unintended consequences of affirmative action are ill-equipped to understand the debate—especially when quantitative social scientists on both sides of the issue appear to draw conflicting (though not necessarily equally credible) inferences from the same data. The purpose of this Article is to lay bare the core requirements of credible causal inference to the uninitiated, highlighting how inattention to (and sometimes outright disregard for) these rules has muddied the debate over the effect of affirmative action in law schools and in college admissions more generally. The Article empirically examines the six primary deficiencies impacting extant research on affirmative action in law schools: (1) posttreatment bias, (2) nonresponse bias, (3) omitted variable bias, (4) interpolation bias, (5) extrapolation bias, and (6) measurement error bias. I conclude the Article by describing what a scientifically defensible examination of the effect of affirmative action in legal education with currently available data would entail. While no approach to causal inference is infallible, the careful analyst can attempt to ameliorate the impact of these biases.
Correction for MacLea and Trachtenberg, "Complete Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus epidermidis AMT Chromosome and Plasmids, Generated by Long-Read Sequencing".

Volume 5, no. 36, e00954-17, 2017, [https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.00954-17][1]. The title should read as given in this correction, and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 (and Staphylococcus epidermidis 12228) should be changed to Staphylococcus epidermidis AMT throughout. Dr. Jesper Larsen of
PRGA: An Open-Source FPGA Research and Prototyping Framework

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) are being used in a fast-growing range of scenarios, and heterogeneous CPU-FPGA systems are being tapped as a possible way to mitigate the challenges posed by the end of Moore's Law. This growth in diverse use cases has fueled the need to customize FPGA architectures for particular applications or application domains. While high-level FPGA models can help explore the FPGA architecture space, as FPGAs move to more advanced design nodes, there is an increased need for low-level FPGA research and prototyping platforms that can be brought all the way to fabrication. This paper presents Princeton Reconfigurable Gate Array (PRGA), a highly customizable, scalable, and complete open-source framework for building custom FPGAs. The framework's core functions include generating synthesizable Verilog from user-specified FPGA architectures, and providing a complete, auto-generated, open-source CAD toolchain for the custom FPGAs. Developed in Python, PRGA provides a user-friendly API and supports use both as a standalone FPGA as well as an embedded FPGA. PRGA is a great platform for FPGA architecture research, FPGA configuration memory research, FPGA CAD tool research, and heterogeneous systems research. It is also a completely open-source framework for designers who need a free and customizable FPGA IP core. An FPGA designed with PRGA is placed and routed using standard cell libraries. The design is evaluated and compared to prior works, providing comparable performance and increased configurability.
The lawful empire: Legal change and cultural diversity in late Tsarist Russia: by Stefan B. Kirmse, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2019, vii + 348 pp., US$99.00, ISBN 978-1-1084-9943-9

The Judicial Reform of 1864 was one of the most important and successful of the Great Reforms. Stefan Kirmse’s book makes an original contribution to the study of the reform in two ways. First, he ...
The worldwide significance of karyotypic variation in Rosa acicularis (Rosaceae)

Evidence is provided which shows that there is a wider variation in karyotypes of Rosa acicularis subspecies seen within their ranges in North America (Rosa acicularis Lindl. subsp. sayi (Schwein.) W.H. Lewis and the Eurasian species (Rosa acicularis Lindl. subsp. acicularis) than was originally presumed. It is proposed that the evolution and distribution of these karyotypes into two distinct subspecies occurred following the closure of the Turgai strait when the climate radically changed within both continents. Their distributions are similar in that they are not only dependent upon the latitudes where they are found but on the ecology and climate that supports their growth. Parallel ethnobotanical and medicinal uses are also evident as is their value in horticulture, where especially in North America their genes for cold hardiness are being exploited. Concerns regarding how global warming may affect these various karyotypes are also discussed.
The Ensminger Program 2009: The First School in Costa Rica and Other Activities in International Animal Agriculture

and Implications The Ensminger Program is an effort to improve and expand activities in international animal agriculture in the Department of Animal Science and the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. The program is funded by an endowment created by ME Ensminger and his wife. This program has several purposes and includes development of conferences in locations around the world, improving training and collaboration of foreign scientists and improved education and opportunities for Iowa State University undergraduates with interests in international animal agriculture. This year a very successful school was held in San Jose, Costa Rica. Planning for a school in 2010 in Spain is underway.
A New Adaptive Zoom Algorithm for Tracking Targets Using Pan-Tilt-Zoom Cameras

We present a new method to adaptively configure the focal-length of a pan-tilt-zoom camera to track a point target with improved accuracy. The target tracker is implemented by using a Rao-Blackwellized particle filter. The focal-length of the camera is configured to include a time varying percentage of the projected particles on the camera image plane. The performance of the adaptive zoom algorithm was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations and found to significantly reduce tracking errors compared to a previous method presented by the same authors
Computer aided design of Ka-band waveguide power combining architectures for interplanetary spacecraft

Communication systems for future NASA interplanetary spacecraft require transmitter powers ranging from several hundred watts to kilowatts. Several hybrid junctions are considered as elements within a corporate combining architecture for high power Ka-band traveling-wave tube amplifiers (TWTA). This paper presents the computer-aided designs and simulated transmission characteristics of several hybrid circuits for a low loss, high power waveguide combiner.
Exercise Attenuates Age-Associated Reductions in Muscle Strength and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Mice

Aging is associated with losses in muscle strength and cardiovascular fitness that may be offset with regular exercise. While exercise adaptations may diminish with age, robust adaptations still oc...
Neuronal activity during sleep and complete bouts of hibernation

Changes in arousal state in a euthermic mammal exert powerful influences on major neural regulatory systems. Changes in behavioral state occur at body temperature (Tb) greater than 25 degrees C during hibernation. However, no information exists regarding alterations in arousal states during deep torpor. In this study we used a combination of electroencephalographic, electromyographic, and posterior thalamic neuronal activity in ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) to evaluate arousal states during deep hibernation. No state homologous to rapid-eye-movement sleep was observed below Tb = 21 degrees C during hibernation. However, the animals did continue to cycle through states homologous to electrophysiologically defined wakefulness (AW) and non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep at all temperatures examined (Tb = 14-36 degrees C). These results extend previous observations that hibernation is not a homogeneous state. Instead, deep torpor consists primarily of a state similar to NREM sleep, interrupted periodically by short intervals of a form of AW. These periodic alterations in state should be accompanied by changes in the properties of many regulatory systems and must be accounted for in any theory of the neural control of hibernation.
Critical Reflection as Doctoral Education

This chapter considers how doctoral education, particularly in applied settings such as education, social work, counseling, and health care, could be reimagined if it was organized around the idea and process of critical reflection: of helping students to better understand how power operates in educational environments and how students’ sense of individual and collective agency can be developed.
Consecutive Optimization of Decision Trees Concerning Various Complexity Measures

In the paper algorithms are considered which allow to optimize decision trees consecutively againsts relatively different criterions. For decision tables over an arbitrary infinite restricted information system [4], these algorithms have polynomial time complexity.
Integrating 3D seismic curvature and curvature gradient attributes for fracture characterization: Methodologies and interpretational implications

ABSTRACTIn 3D seismic interpretation, curvature is a popular attribute that depicts the geometry of seismic reflectors and has been widely used to detect faults in the subsurface; however, it provides only part of the solutions to subsurface structure analysis. This study extends the curvature algorithm to a new curvature gradient algorithm and integrates both algorithms for fracture detection using a 3D seismic test data set over Teapot Dome (Wyoming). In fractured reservoirs at Teapot Dome formed by tectonic folding and faulting, curvature helps define the crestal portion of reservoirs that is associated with strong seismic amplitude and high oil productivity. In contrast, curvature gradient helps define the regional northwest-trending and the cross-regional northeast-trending lineaments that are associated with weak seismic amplitude and low oil productivity. In concert with previous reports from image logs, cores, and outcrops, an integrated seismic curvature and curvature gradient analysis suggests t...
Estimation of diffusion coefficient for solute–polymer systems

Diffusion coefficients are needed for the analysis of many mass transfer problems involving polymers. Since the diffusivity for such systems are strong functions of temperature and concentration, the analysis of these problems is greatly facilitated if predictive methods are available for the determination of the required diffusion coefficient. Because of the limitations of the theoretical approaches for estimating diffusivity, empirical correlation of solute–polymer diffusion coefficient data with physical properties of the solute were investigated. Chemical permeation measurements were made for several organic liquids through three elastomers (polychoroprene, butyl and nitrile rubber) at five different temperatures, ranging from 25 to 65°C. The collected diffusivities were correlated with liquid kinematic viscosity. Diffusivities (at different temperatures) depend mainly on the kinematic viscosity of solutes. The results also indicate a close relation between the variation of diffusivity and viscosity with temperature.
Influence of thermo-mechanical parameters on texture and tensile behavior of friction stir processed Mg alloy

The influence of strain rate and temperature during friction stir processing (FSP) on the texture and tensile behavior of a Mg alloy has been investigated. By varying key processing parameters systematically, i.e. rotation and travel rates of the tool, a series of FSP specimens were prepared with a wide range of thermo-mechanical inputs in terms of the Zener–Hollomon parameter (Z). Neutron diffraction results showed a dramatic change in texture as Z increased. The resulting tensile behavior in the stir zone also illustrates the influence of Z.
A development process for large multimedia titles

Within IBM there are many groups that have made small-scale multimedia titles. Large titles, however, are not so common. This paper describes the process that we followed to create a large title, Experience C++. It begins with a description of why we decided to create a multimedia title about C++. It then describes the process that we followed to make the title. Finally, it describes the lessons that we learned and our plans for the future.
Flight tests of external modifications used to reduce blunt base drag

The effectiveness of a trailing disk (the trapped vortex concept) in reducing the blunt base drag of an 8-in diameter body of revolution was studied from measurements made both in flight and in full-scale wind-tunnel tests. The experiment demonstrated the significant base drag reduction capability of the trailing disk to Mach 0.93. The maximum base drag reduction obtained from a cavity tested on the flight body of revolution was not significant. The effectiveness of a splitter plate and a vented-wall cavity in reducing the base drag of a quasi-two-dimensional fuselage closure was studied from base pressure measurements made in flight. The fuselage closure was between the two engines of the F-111 airplane; therefore, the base pressures were in the presence of jet engine exhaust. For Mach numbers from 1.10 to 1.51, significant base drag reduction was provided by the vented-wall cavity configuration. The splitter plate was not considered effective in reducing base drag at any Mach number tested.
Predicting Political Influence on State Ethics Commissions: Of Course We Are Ethical—Nudge Nudge, Wink Wink

This article explores the ability of elected officials to affect the autonomy of state ethics commissions. The author examines autonomy as a function of the capacity of ethics commissions to control their finances and personnel decisions and how the presence or absence of that capacity affects whether bureaucratic structures can function independently of politics. Using data from the 2011 State Integrity Investigation, the analysis extends previous arguments concerning political actors’ desire to affect ethics commissions. Findings suggest that elected officials use their positions to control the makeup of commission leadership and financial resources, with the goal of decreasing commissions’ ability to act autonomously.
Stability of heating temperature on cytotoxicity.

Abstract Chinese hamster V79 cells were used to test the cytotoxic effect of heat which alternates between high and low temperatures during the treatment period. This type of temperature fluctuation is often encountered in clinical hyperthermia. Two sets of heating protocols were used in the experiments: Temperature alternates (a) between 42 and 43° and (b) between 42 and 44° in cycle with equal total “thermal dose,” that is heating temperature × heating time. The effectiveness of these heating protocols expressed in average percentage of cell survival depend on the initial temperature attained and the length of the time of this temperature alternation. If the period of temperature change is short such as every 5 or 10 minutes, the cytotoxicity shows very little difference whether the initial treatment temperature is low or high. However, when the period is longer than 20 minutes, the difference in cell survival between the initial temperature at 42° and at higher temperatures is substantial. Cells obtained from logarithmic or plateau phases of growth yield the same result. This difference is likely resulted from a combination of thermotolerance and step-down heating mechanisms. In addition, the effects of heating temperature fluctuation on cytotoxicity is not altered by a 500 cGy of gamma-ray radiation applied either immediately before or after the heat treatment.
Effects of dilution and co-flow on the stability of lifted non-premixed biogas-like flames

This paper describes experiments and analysis of turbulent, lifted, non-premixed flames in co-flow, and with dilution, with implications for the development and operation of biogas-fueled combustors. Fuels utilized in this study were methane and ethylene; the diluent used was nitrogen. General trends were observed in the liftoff and reattachment behavior as affected by dilution of the fuel stream. Initial liftoff velocity was observed to decrease linearly with dilution, whereas the initial lift height behavior was bimodal. Reattachment conditions were similar in overall behavior to liftoff conditions. Dilution was found to decrease the radial stabilization distance, and co-flow tended to increase the radial stabilization distance. For a given liftoff height, the stabilization velocity was found to decrease with dilution faster than laminar burning velocity with dilution and was also found to increase rapidly with dilution beyond a certain diluent concentration. Flames were also found to taper inward and become more cylindrical in shape as dilution increases. Implications for several flame stabilization theories are discussed as well as considerations for input to biogas combustor design.
The myocardial performance index in patients with aortic stenosis.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to determine the effect of chronic afterload on a Doppler-derived myocardial performance index (MPI) combining both systolic and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction. METHODS: The study included 36 patients with a diagnosis of aortic stenosis and 36 normal subjects. Doppler-derived myocardial performance index (MPI), defined as the sum of the isovolumic contraction time and isovolumic relaxation time divided by ejection time, was measured from the mitral valve inflow and left ventricular outflow velocity patterns and was then related to the aortic valve area, valve gradient, and other echocardiographic variables. RESULTS: The values of the Doppler-derived MPI in the patients with aortic stenosis were significantly higher than those in the controls (0.54 +/- 0.20 vs 0.38 +/- 0.04, respectively; P < 0.001). Transmitral deceleration time and the E/A ratio ( r = 0.47 and r = 0.35, respectively; P < 0.05) were significant univariate correlates, and mitral deceleration time was the only significant correlate of MPI. However the index did not correlate with aortic valve area, peak and mean valve gradients, left ventricular mass, or age. CONCLUSIONS: Doppler-derived MPI reflects severity of global left ventricular dysfunction in patients with aortic stenosis and may be of clinical value in this patient population.
Option Value to Waiting Created by a Control Problem

We study a principal-agent model in which there is an option to defer a capital project approval decision. A control (incentive) problem makes the option to wait valuable when it would not have been valuable otherwise. Deferring the project approval decision has both a cost and a benefit. The cost of waiting is that the agent’s uncertainty regarding future project cost realizations cannot be exploited. However, by delaying the first project’s approval decision, the principal can condition its approval on the agent’s cost report of the second project. Such conditioning can be valuable in the provision of incentives because of a diversification effect.
Synergistic and Antagonistic Interactions of Phenolic Compounds Found in Navel Oranges

Phenolic compounds are known to have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These properties may be useful in the preservation of foods or beverages. The interactive antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds within foods has not been well explored. Interactions of individual phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, luteolin, myricetin, naringenin, p-coumaric acid, and quercetin) at the concentrations found in navel oranges (Citrus sinensis) were analyzed for their antioxidant capacity to observe potential antagonistic, additive, or synergistic interactions. Mixtures of 2, 3, and 4 phenolic compounds were prepared. The Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay was used to quantify the antioxidant capacities of these combinations. Three different combinations of 2 compounds and 5 combinations of 3 compounds were found to be synergistic. One antagonistic combination of 2 was also found. No additional synergism occurred with the addition of a 4th compound. A model was developed to explain our results. Reduction potentials, relative concentration, and the presence or absence of catechol (o-dihydroxy benzene) groups were factors in the model. Practical Application: Understanding how combinations of fruit antioxidants work together will support their future use in preservation of foods and/or beverages.
Episiotomy increases perineal laceration length in primiparous women

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical factors that contribute to posterior perineal laceration length. Study Design: A prospective observational study was performed in 80 consenting, mostly primiparous women with term pregnancies. Posterior perineal lacerations were measured immediately after delivery. Numerous maternal, fetal, and operator variables were evaluated against laceration length and degree of tear. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to evaluate laceration length and parametric clinical variables. Nonparametric clinical variables were evaluated against laceration length by the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: A multivariate stepwise linear regression equation revealed that episiotomy adds nearly 3 cm to perineal lacerations. Tear length was highly associated with the degree of tear ( R = 0.86, R 2 = 0.73) and the risk of recognized anal sphincter disruption. None of 35 patients without an episiotomy had a recognized anal sphincter disruption, but 6 of 27 patients with an episiotomy did ( P R = 0.30, P =.04). Conclusion: Episiotomy is the overriding determinant of perineal laceration length and recognized anal sphincter disruption. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:444-50.)
Evaluation Of Lens Systems

The optical requirements of advanced systems have encouraged lens suppliers to devise new methods of evaluating optical parameters that will insure heretofore unattained system performance. Progress has been made in this direction by combining interferometric and data processing techniques to determine rapidly a satisfactory figure of merit for high performance lenses. There are two major advances that have made possible a new approach to the design and evaluation of optical systems. They are the high speed computer and the laser.© (1967) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Relationships among cortical ischemia, infarction, and hemorrhage in eclampsia.

Abstract Cerebral infarction and hemorrhage are well-known cerebrovascular complications of eclampsia. A 30-year-old woman with eclampsia developed bilateral posterior parietal and occipital hemorrhages 4 hours after computed tomography demonstrated lucencies indicative of ischemia or infarction within the same regions. The association between infarction and hemorrhage has not been previously documented by computed tomography in eclampsia. Review of the pathophysiological mechanisms and associated risk factors has prompted a more aggressive prophylactic therapeutic approach.
Confocal microscopy and image processing in the study of plant nuclear structure

SUMMARY We describe measurements of the point spread function (PSF) for a confocal microscope and compare them with the PSF for a conventional (wide-field) fluorescence microscope. In situ hybridization with probes to telomere and ribosomal rDNA sequences, combined with three-dimensional (3-D) microscopy, has been used to study interphase nuclei in root tissue of Pisum sativum and Vicia faba. Nearly all the telomeres in both species are located at the nuclear envelope, and are highly clustered in the Vicia tissues, suggesting specific binding interactions. rDNA labelling in P. sativum shows four brightly staining knobs, corresponding to condensed regions of the rDNA genes from the two pairs of nucleolar organizer genes in this species, arranged approximately tetrahedrally around each nucleolus. Deconvolution using the measured PSFs can be used to improve these images, revealing a fibrous substructure in the perinucleolar knobs, and a large amount of interconnecting internal structure, which we suggest represents rDNA both in the fibrillar centres and also more diffuse, widely dispersed rDNA. Finally we show that accurate conventional data coupled with deconvolution can produce 3-D reconstructions comparable to those obtainable with confocal microscopy, but that the clearest images are obtained by applying deconvolution to the confocal data.
A review of internet marketing research over the past 20 years and future research direction

Purpose – The 20‐year review of marketing and selected business journals examines the internet marketing literature to determine how the literature has evolved in terms of quantity, content, and publication outlets. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the internet marketing literature. It offers a big picture view of the current state of the internet marketing literature and gives readers a sense of the quantity of internet marketing articles published, the scope of this research, and how this research has evolved in terms of content.Design/methodology/approach – Consistent with Schibrowsky et al., a content analysis was performed on 1,957 internet‐related marketing articles identified by searching the business source premier database. The paper reviews the internet marketing literature that has been published in the time period 2005‐2012 in marketing journals.Findings – The study revealed that 68.5 percent of the internet marketing research had been published in the last eight years. T...
Measurement of water movement in the rabbit eye in vivo using H217O

Topically applied (eyedrop) H217O (10% enrichment) was used in magnetic resonance studies to quantify intraocular water dispersion in vivo. The rate of H217O removed from the aqueous chamber is in the order of 0.1 ml/min/ml of tissue. Similar results are obtained with either proton imaging or 17O spectroscopy. Parallel experiments of direct injection of H217O into the aqueous chamber supported the topical data. Proton MR imaging of H217O dissipation from the aqueous chamber with clinical imagers, coupled with eyedrop application. suggerts clinical possibilites. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
Inability of EDTA to prevent damage mediated by cytolytic T-lymphocytes☆

Abstract Specific killing of target cells by sensitized cytolytic thymus-derived lymphocytes (CTL) has previously been shown to depend on divalent cations, and it has sometimes been assumed that at least one step in the CTL-target cell interaction is totally blocked in the presence of EDTA. It is shown here that substantial levels of specific, CTL-mediated lysis can occur in media containing EDTA provided the effector and target cells are centrifuged together, preferably for prolonged times (about 0.5 hr) at 37 °C. The results also show that when excess EDTA is added to ongoing cultures, damage to target cells continues, at a reduced rate, for considerably more than 10 min. Our previous work suggests that the ability of CTL to administer damage to target cells, once contact has been established, is greatly inhibited by the reduction of free extracellular calcium ions to subnanomolar concentrations with EDTA. However, present results show that this ability, while decreased, is not abolished. Moreover, the present results suggest that in the absence of centrifugation it is the establishment of adequate cell-to-cell contact that becomes rate limiting in EDTA-containing media.
Managing Non‐Native Plant Populations Through Intensive Community Restoration in Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U.S.A.

Abstract Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U.S.A. was historically cleared largely for pastoral purposes; it is now comprised of recently abandoned pastures dominated by non-native pasture species. To investigate the potential for reducing non-native species relative to native species, park managers initiated an experiment in 1995 that included mowing, herbicide application, planting of seed, and burning of replicate 20 × 50–m plots at each of two sites within Cades Cove. Between 1995 and 2001 we evaluated the response of the plant community (i.e., species-specific cover and frequency, biomass, diversity) to this suite of treatments and compared it with unmanipulated control plots at each site. Four years after treatment initiation abundance measures of Plantago lanceolata, Setaria geniculata, and Trifolium spp. averaged one-third lower in treated than control plots. Frequency of Festuca pratensis was lower in treated than in control plots for 2 years, but after 4 years its frequency, cover, and biomass did not differ between treated and control plots. By 2000 the cover of Sorghastrum nutans in treated plots increased to 23–47%, depending on the site. Total biomass and diversity increased in treated plots. The dominance of Lespedeza cuneata at one site apparently reduced planting success, biomass production, and diversity and evenness. Post-treatment lags in response for several species, coupled with interannual variation in response to environmental conditions, suggest that evaluations of treatment success would differ greatly depending on when the evaluation was conducted.
Particle drift near an oscillating bubble

The drift of fluid particles induced by a bubble oscillating with motions typical of a single sonoluminescent bubble is considered. In the first calculation the bubble is assumed to remain spherical and to oscillate both radially, with large amplitude motion, and laterally, with a smaller amplitude. The paths of marked particles are traced by numerical integration of the velocity field. It is found that the resulting drift motion at large distances from the oscillating sphere is similar to a steady dipole flow. The strength of the dipole, however, is typically seven orders of magnitude less than the streaming motion observed in the laboratory by Lepoint–Mullie et al . A second calculation supposes that the bubble does not remain spherical but collapses asymmetrically, with one side falling inwards towards the other at a greater speed. The resulting impulse again induces a dipole motion in the far field, whose strength may be estimated on certain assumptions. It is found to be quite comparable to that observed.
Effects of 4-amino-N10-methyl-pteroylglutamic acid on the extracellular fluids of rats.

SummaryAdministration of 4-amino-N-10 methyl-pteroylglutamic acid to rats caused reduction of food consumption, extracellular fluid volume, plasma volume and plasma concentrations of prcttei'n, calcium, and phosphorus. Plasma creatinine concentration was elevated. Starvation alone did not duplicate the effects of this compound. Increased urinary excretion of nitrogen and water did not occur. The loss of body water and plasma protein appears)to be the consequence of a previously described intestinal lesion produced by anti-folic acid agents. The relation between these biochemical changes and the meclhanism of lethal action remains obscure.
Varying Lifecycle Lengths Within a Portfolio for Product Take-Back

Product take back and reuse is sometimes at odds with the rapidly evolving desires of some customers. For other customers, the environmental benefits of reuse more than compensate for minor drawbacks. “Selling a service” (rather than a product) through leasing enables the manufacturer to control the timing and quality of product take-back, but current methods assume a fixed leasing period. What is needed is a method for fine-tuning the time span of the customer’s life cycle in order to provide each market segment the combination of features it most desires. This paper presents a new method for performing long range product planning so that the manufacturer can determine optimal take-back times, end-of-life design decisions, and number of lifecycles. The method first determines a Pareto optimal frontier over price, environmental impact and reliability using a genetic algorithm. Then, a multiattribute utility function is employed to maximize utility across different segments of the market, and also across different lifecycles within each segment. The proposed methodology is illustrated through an example involving personal computers.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Rational Design of a Fluorescent Hydrogen Peroxide Probe Based on the Umbelliferone Fluorophore.

In this study, we report a novel water-soluble umbelliferone-based fluorescent probe for hydrogen peroxide. This probe shows very large increases (up to 100-fold) in fluorescent intensity upon reaction with hydrogen peroxide, and good selectivity over other reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Cell and microsome mediated binding of 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to DNA studied by fluorescence spectroscopy

Fluorescence spectra of DNA isolated from hamster embryo cells incubated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, or DNA modified in a microsomal system by reaction with this carcinogen or its 7-hydroxymethyl derivative, were compared to various model compounds. The spectra indicate that the DMBA derivative bound to DNA, in all 3 cases, has a 9,10-dimethylanthracene-like chromophore. They also provide the first evidence of the similarity in structure of the DNA-bound products between 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and its 7-hydroxymethyl derivative. Our results are consistent with an activation mechanism that involves saturation of the 1,2,3,4-ring positions.
NEAT-o-games: ubiquitous activity-based gaming

The role of Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenes is (NEAT) has become a key component of obesity research, prevention, and treatment. This paper describes research that aims to suppress the obesity epidemic by infusing NEAT in the sedentary lifestyle of an average person. The method combines unobtrusive physiologic sensing and novel Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) technologies. It supports a strong motivational framework based on ubiquitous computer gaming, appealing enough to likely change the behavior of "couch potatoes" on their own volition. This novel generation of computer games (NEAT-o-games) is fueled by activity data recorded by small wearable sensors. Data from the sensors are logged wirelessly to a Personal Digital Assistant/Cell Phone (PDA), which acts as the central computing unit of the system. Algorithmic software processes these data and computes the energy expenditure of the user in real-time. The paper presents a prototype implementation of NEAT-o-games and initial evaluation results.
Conformational and packing analysis of the alternating copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene

Abstract Potential energy calculations have been made for the conformation and packing of chains of the alternating copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene. Although the copolymer composition is similar to that of poly(vinylidene fluoride), the conformation and packing of the copolymer are quite different. The calculations indicate that for an isolated chain, a 3, helical conformation is lower in energy than the all-trans planar zigzag. Examination of the potential energy maps indicated that half of the available bond rotations are required to be nearly trans, making the copolymer chains considerably less flexible than poly(vinylidene fluoride) chains. Calculations of the energies for packing the copolymer chains into a crystalline array indicate three possible packing modes. Packing similar to polyethylene packing, poly(vinylidene fluoride) phase I packing, and a third structure proposed by Wilson and Starkweather have been found to have very similar energies. These three packing modes also seem to...
Regulating DNA Supercoiling: Sperm Points the Way

In this issue, Meyer-Ficca et al. demonstrate that PARP1 and PARG regulate TOP2B mediated DNA double-strand breaks during spermiogenesis.