cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Returning to Judaism after the 1905 law on religious freedom in Tsarist Russia

Shortly after the appearance of the 17 April 1905 law on religious freedom, Mikhail Vyrobnikov (formerly known as Khaim Abramov before his conversion to Russian Orthodoxy in 1897) petitioned to return to Judaism. "Around seven or eight years ago," he wrote, "I met a Russian girl (Anastasiia Mironovna) in the town Elets (Orlov province). My brother Il'ia Iazvin forbade me to work in his shop the moment he found out about my feelings for her. My sister Ol'ga Abramovna Iazvina kicked me out of their apartment. As I was a young fellow of nineteen or twenty then, I decided to marry Anastasiia. So I converted. But things only got worse. My sister and the rest of my family suddenly abandoned me, and the girl refused to marry me. She declared, 'I can't marry you. It was too easy for you to change religions. You didn't pay any attention to the sufferings of your old mother, sister, or brothers.'" Like many baptized Jews in the Russian empire, Vyrobnikov's reason for converting was strategic.' "Since my conversion," he wrote, "I haven't practiced the faith." In fact, he did not even declare his confessional status in the petition, since his knowledge of "either religion was rather poor" (ia odnu i druguiu very ochen'plokho znaiu). In light of his guilty conscience, however, Vyrobnikov chose to return to Judaism to walk in the religious footsteps of his mother and deceased father.2
Stoichiometric Reactions of Transition Metal Carbene Complexes

Review: Ubersicht uber Struktur, Eigenschaften und Synthesen sowie nucleophile Substitutionsreaktionen, Austausch von Nicht-Carbenliganden, Reduktion des Carbenliganden, Addition und Einlagerung an den Carbenliganden und Freisetzung des Carbenliganden.
Neuroendocrine Tumors: a Heterogeneous Set of Neoplasms

The review of surgical management of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the gastrointestinal tract, authored by Huang, Poultsides, and Norton, is both comprehensive and accessible for readers of all backgrounds.
The association between subjective assessment of menstrual bleeding and measures of iron deficiency anemia in premenopausal African-American women: a cross-sectional study

Both iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia are common in the United States with a prevalence amongst women of 12 % and 4 % respectively. These numbers are even higher in African-American women (AAW) and are often a result of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB). The primary objective of this study was to determine if perceived assessment of menstrual bleeding was associated with objective and subjective measures of anemia in AAW. Quantitative cross-sectional pilot study with surveys and venipuncture. 44 premenopausal AAW (mean age 37.9 years ± 9. 4) participated in the study. Iron deficiency was present in 68.2 % of the participants and 18.2 % were anemic. Almost half of the participants reported that their menses were heavy or very heavy, and there was a relationship between perceived heaviness of menstrual flow and anemia (P = 0.021). Of the individuals who reported that their menses were heavy or very heavy, 35.0 % were anemic. AAW who reported heavy or very heavy menses had significantly lower hemoglobin (P = 0.015), hematocrit (P = 0.003), and ferritin (P = 0.012) levels, as well as more general (P = 0.006) and menses-associated symptoms of anemia (P = 0.015) than those who reported normal or light menses. This pilot study of premenopausal AAW found that a significant percentage of women who report HMB are not only iron deficient, but also anemic. AAW should be educated on the consequences of HMB and counseled to seek care with a women’s health provider when they perceive HMB. More importantly, providers should be aware that when AAW report HMB, evaluation for iron deficiency and anemia are essential.
An Adjoint Formulation for Shape Optimization in Free-Surface Potential Flow

This paper is a step towards the application of automatic shape optimization techniques to the hydrodynamic design of marine vehicles. The flow is assumed to be irrotational and free-surface conditions are linearized. Several objective functionals of relevance to free-surface flow are proposed, and adjoint formulations for the determination of their gradients are derived. The accuracy of the gradient using the adjoint formulations has been verified by comparisons with direct calculations using second-order finite differences. The method is then used to obtain an optimal solution to the inverse problem for a three-dimensional body submerged near a free surface, and to design a minimum wave resistance body.
Role of Three-Dimensional Rotational Angiography in Imaging the Pulmonary Arteries

Noninvasive imaging modalities such as echocardiography, cardiac MRI, and CT have greatly enhanced our abilities to assess the pulmonary arteries (PAs) in complex forms of congenital heart disease (CHD). These noninvasive modalities have helped reduce the need for diagnostic cardiac catheterization while simultaneously allowed for effective preprocedural planning for either transcatheter or surgical intervention of complex problems, including PA stenosis.
Oxytocin Treatment May Improve Infant Feeding and Social Skills in Prader-Willi Syndrome.

* Abbreviation: PWS — : Prader-Willi syndrome Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a common neurogenetic obesity syndrome that is complicated by hypotonia, poor feeding, and failure to thrive in early infancy, followed by hyperphagia, obesity, and profound social defects later in life.1 Autopsy studies have shown a significant reduction in the number and volume of oxytocin-producing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in individuals with PWS.2 Given the importance of oxytocin in regulating social interactions and mother-infant bonding, it has been postulated that treatment of PWS with oxytocin may improve poor feeding and social behaviors in infants. This was tested in the study presented by Tauber et al3 in this issue of Pediatrics . PWS results from lack of expression of paternally inherited genes on chromosome 15q11-q13, due to deletion of the paternally inherited region, to maternal uniparental disomy (ie, both copies inherited from the mother), or to an imprinting defect. Magel2 is one of the affected genes located on 15q11-q13, and Magel2 mutations have been found in individuals with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and some features of PWS.4 Magel2 -deficient mice … Address correspondence to Nancie J. MacIver, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, 3000 Erwin Rd, Ste 200, DUMC Box 102820, Durham, NC 27710. E-mail: nancie.maciver{at}duke.edu
Level set topology optimization of structural problems with interface cohesion

Summary This paper presents a finite element topology optimization framework for the design of two-phase structural systems considering contact and cohesion phenomena along the interface. The geometry of the material interface is described by an explicit level set method, and the structural response is predicted by the extended finite element method. In this work, the interface condition is described by a bilinear cohesive zone model on the basis of the traction-separation constitutive relation. The non-penetration condition in the presence of compressive interface forces is enforced by a stabilized Lagrange multiplier method. The mechanical model assumes a linear elastic isotropic material, infinitesimal strain theory, and a quasi-static response. The optimization problem is solved by a nonlinear programming method, and the design sensitivities are computed by the adjoint method. The performance of the presented method is evaluated by 2D and 3D numerical examples. The results obtained from topology optimization reveal distinct design characteristics for the various interface phenomena considered. In addition, 3D examples demonstrate optimal geometries that cannot be fully captured by reduced dimensionality. The optimization framework presented is limited to two-phase structural systems where the material interface is coincident in the undeformed configuration, and to structural responses that remain valid considering small strain kinematics. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the changes in teachers' pedagogical practices through the use of the Mathematics Reasoning Heuristic (MRH) approach

Our changing world needs many more mathematically literate individuals. Mathematical literacy can be defined, parallel to reading and writing literacy, as not only being able to understand the fundamental notions of mathematics, develop sophisticated mathematical models and evaluate someone else’s use of numbers and mathematical models but also being able to represent quantitative relations using algebraic reasoning and interpret and reflect on mathematical language patterns. In order to help students become mathematically literate, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) has focused attention on students’ conceptual understanding of mathematics suggesting students need to be actively involved in the learning process using their experiences and prior knowledge. Along with this view on learning, understanding of teaching has also been revised in mathematics classrooms. Teachers now need to provide students with a challenging and supportive classroom environment in which they can build new knowledge by engaging in exploration of mathematical ideas by themselves. Since the publication of Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics in 1989, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) has paid special attention on teacher change, problem solving, and, more recently, using writing in mathematics classrooms for helping students develop thorough mathematical understanding and to becoming more mathematically literate. This change in the views of learning and teaching has placed students in the center of learning occurring in the classroom by altering students’ roles and requiring them to be actively involved in talking and writing in mathematics classrooms. The NCTM mandated that students at all levels should be able to use mathematical ideas in a
Anatomic considerations for sciatic nerve block in the popliteal fossa through the lateral approach.

Background and Objectives The disadvantage of the classic posterior approach to block of the sciatic nerve at the knee level (popliteal nerve block [PNB]) is the need to position a patient in the prone position for performance of the block. In this study on cadavers, a lateral approach to the popliteal nerve in the supine position was investigated, and some anatomic considerations of relevance to popliteal nerve block were addressed. Methods In 19 cadaver right legs, the lateral approach to PNB was simulated with a needle, introduced in the groove between the biceps femoris and vastus lateralis muscles 7 cm above the knee, at either 30° or 60° relative to the horizontal plane, and 1 mL of dye solution was injected through the needle. After dissection of the popliteal fossa, the position of the solidified bolus of dye in relation to the popliteal nerve was determined. Additionally, the dye was injected into the popliteal nerve sheath, and the spread of the dye and continuity of the sheaths were determined. Results In 10 legs, the lateral approach was attempted at a 30° angle and in 9 legs at a 60° angle. The solidified injectates at 30° were closely distributed anterolaterally to the nerve, while injectates at 60° tended to be further from the nerve and scattered along its posterolateral aspect (P = .02). The dye injected into the nerve sheaths traveled 5 to 10 cm within the sheath, surrounding both main divisions of the popliteal nerve, the tibial and the common peroneal nerve. Conclusion A lateral approach to the popliteal nerve with insertion of the needle at a 30° angle relative to the horizontal plane results in predictable approximation of the needle tip to the popliteal nerve. The results also suggest the existence of a continuous neural sheath encompassing the popliteal nerve and its main branches. This may have clinical implications similar to those in perivascular neuronal block.
Design and physiology of arteries and veins | Branchial Anatomy

The fish gill is arguably the most physiologically diversified and anatomically complex vertebrate organ. Bony fish have eight gill arches, four on each side of the mouth cavity. Each arch bears numerous paired filaments and many thin respiratory lamellae, thereby greatly increasing the respiratory surface area. A variety of cells including osmoregulatory ionocytes (chloride cells), protective mucous cells, and oxygen-sensitive chemoreceptor cells are also distributed throughout the gill and serve a variety of homeostatic functions. As many as three distinct vascular pathways perfuse the gill tissue and support these activities.
IRA Withdrawals, 2011

This paper examines the percentage of traditional or Roth IRAs in the EBRI IRA Database that had a withdrawal in 2011. In this study, only withdrawals from the accounts identified as traditional or Roth IRAs in the database are examined, a total of 15.3 million accounts with $1.11 trillion in assets. In addition, the amount and the proportion of the account this withdrawal represents is investigated by IRA type and account balance, as well as by the gender and age of the account owner. Furthermore, the fraction of traditional IRAs receiving a rollover and having a withdrawal is studied. Just over 16 percent of traditional and Roth IRA accounts had a withdrawal in 2011, including 20.5 percent of traditional accounts. This percentage was largely driven by activity among traditional IRAs owned by individuals ages 70-1/2 or older where the individuals were required to make withdrawals from their tax-qualified accounts. Looking at accounts that have both a withdrawal and a rollover, there appeared to be some movement of dollars consistent with a desire to take advantage of differing tax rules between IRAs and employment-based retirement plans; nearly a third (29.5 percent) of those having both a rollover and a withdrawal took a withdrawal at least equal to that of the rollover. While the median withdrawal rates suggest that many individuals are highly likely to maintain the IRA as a source of income throughout retirement, further study is needed to see if these individuals are keeping their withdrawal rates at these levels as they get older. Additionally, once 2012 data is processed for the EBRI IRA Database, the withdrawal behavior over time (longitudinally) for a three-year period will be examined. Furthermore, the integration of IRA data with data from employment-based defined contribution retirement accounts that is currently underway will allow for a better picture of what individuals who own all these accounts do as they age through retirement. The PDF for the above title, published in the February 2014 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another February 2014 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “Employer and Worker Contributions to Health Reimbursement Arrangements and Health Savings Accounts, 2006-2013.”
On building a referee's avatar

This paper discusses work in progress aimed at creating a "referee's avatar" that can provide assistance in the evaluation of the content and originality of scientific and technical natural language texts. The first step towards this goal is the systematic classification of text faults.
Fractal and Multifractal Characteristics of Pore Throats in the Bakken Shale

To evaluate pore structures of the Bakken Shale, which is one of the most important factors that affect petrophysical properties, high-pressure mercury intrusion was employed in this study. Pore structures such as pore-throat size, pore-throat ratio, and fractal attributes are investigated in this major shale play. Pore-throat size from 3.6 to 200 um is widely distributed in these shale samples. Accordingly, pore-throat size distributions demonstrate the multimodal behavior within the samples. The whole pore-throat network can be divided into four clusters: one set of large pores, two transitional/intermediate pore groups, and one set of smaller pores. The fractal analysis revealed that fractal dimensions decrease as the pore-throat size decreases. The multifractal analysis demonstrated that as the maturity of the shale samples increases, pore-throat size distributions would become more uniform and pore structures tend to become more homogeneous. The results are compared to our previous results obtained from nitrogen gas adsorption for further verifications of fractal behavior. Finally, although fractal analysis of mercury intrusion and nitrogen gas adsorption were comparable, the results of multifractal analysis from these two methods were not identical.
Neck organ ofArtemia salina nauplii

The ability of brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia salina L.) to exist in a wide range of salinities results from an active excretion of sodium ions from the body into the external environment. Localization of NaCl in the neck organ suggests that this is the site of salt secretion. Ultrastructural studies support this view, the structure of the neck organ being characteristic of salt glands in the adult brine shrimp and other organisms.
Occupational therapy practitioners' ratings of job satisfaction factors through a lens of social capital.

While there is a body of knowledge regarding job satisfaction in occupational therapy, less is known about job satisfaction in occupational therapy through a lens of social capital. The purpose of ...
Optimization of dilution ventilation layout design in confined environments using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Abstract Dilution ventilation systems have been widely used to control the airborne toxic and explosive material in confined spaces. Layout design of dilution ventilation is critical to industrial hygiene control and ventilation efficiency. A properly designed dilution ventilation system can significantly improve the safety of confined workshops and maintain a comfortable work condition. In this work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been used to analyze the performance of dilution ventilation system in the confined workshop environment. Seven different ventilation layouts are proposed to evaluate ventilation performance of different installation layouts. Carbon monoxide (CO), which has the similar density as air, is selected as the sample contaminant to conduct steady-state CFD simulations. The simulation results of different layouts are examined and compared to get the optimal layout design for the best contaminant control. Results have shown that the layout with two opposite inlets has the highest ventilation efficiency among seven proposed layouts. This work can serve as a reference to increase dilution ventilation efficiency and minimize the energy cost in general confined areas.
Dynamic slicing for Android

Dynamic program slicing is useful for a variety of tasks, from testing to debugging to security. Prior slicing approaches have targeted traditional desktop/server platforms, rather than mobile platforms such as Android. Slicing mobile, event-based systems is challenging due to their asynchronous callback construction and the IPC (interprocess communication)- heavy, sensor-driven, timing-sensitive nature of the platform. To address these problems, we introduce AndroidSlicer1, the first slicing approach for Android. AndroidSlicer combines a novel asynchronous slicing approach for modeling data and control dependences in the presence of callbacks with lightweight and precise instrumentation; this allows slicing for apps running on actual phones, and without requiring the app's source code. Our slicer is capable of handling a wide array of inputs that Android supports without adding any noticeable overhead. Experiments on 60 apps from Google Play show that AndroidSlicer is effective (reducing the number of instructions to be examined to 0.3% of executed instructions) and efficient (app instrumentation and post-processing combined takes 31 seconds); all while imposing a runtime overhead of just 4%. We present three applications of AndroidSlicer that are particularly relevant in the mobile domain: (1) finding and tracking input parts responsible for an error/crash, (2) fault localization, i.e., finding the instructions responsible for an error/crash, and (3) reducing the regression test suite. Experiments with these applications on an additional set of 18 popular apps indicate that AndroidSlicer is effective for Android testing and debugging.
LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION OF FILTERED DISPERSION-MANAGED SOLITONS AT 40 GB/S BIT RATE

A 40 Gb/s long distance, single channel, dispersion-managed soliton system was designed and realized experimentally in a recirculating fiber loop. Transmission of 40 Gb/s data over 6400 km at the bit error rate of < 10−9 was achieved.
The Value Balance

Companies, whether providing products or services, operate in an ecosystem that has multiple stakeholders—customers, investors, employees, their organization, and external partners, including suppliers and environmental advocates. For sustained success, all stakeholders, not just customers and shareholders (investors), must feel they receive fair value. We call this the Value Balance. When one or more of the stakeholders is not satisfied with the value they receive, the ecosystem of the product or service will break down. The importance of this dynamic balance is evident not only in product or service ecosystems today, but throughout modern industrial history, starting with the Industrial Revolution. The value balance has always been necessary for sustained and responsible technological innovation.
Processing Aids in Food and Beverage Manufacturing: Potential Source of Elemental and Trace Metal Contaminants

There are currently increased efforts to determine potential sources of trace metal contaminants in the food supply. While there are likely many sources of these elements, processing of foods has gained attention as one such route. Research is reviewed on how processing aids used for food production, including beverage filtration and fining, have been targeted as potential sources of trace metals. Potential remediation methods to reduce elemental transfer occurring during processing is discussed. While food processing aids are often a critical part of food manufacturing, they can be a potential source of trace metal contaminants, including heavy metals.
Do Gun Policies Really Protect Women? A Cross-national Test of the Relationship between Gun Regulations and Female Homicide Victimization

Globally, firearms are the most frequent means of committing homicide with young males most likely to be victimized with guns. However, within the context of intimate partner violence and family violence, females’ risk of lethal gun violence rises significantly, supporting the need to pay more attention to firearms to reduce lethal VAW. One way to protect women from firearm violence within the private sphere is to regulate access to guns based on the risk of family violence. This study examines the extent to which gun availability and gun regulations affect lethal violence against women in a relatively large sample of countries, controlling for established structural predictors of macro-level homicide rates. We find that the civilian gun ownership rate is positively related to lethal VAW. However, background checks do not have a direct effect on female homicide rates, although domestic violence background checks are significant under certain conditions.
D’Aguilon, François (Franciscus Aguilonius) 1567–1617

D’Aguilon was born on January 15, 1567, in Brussels, Belgium, during the time of the revolution of the Flemish people against the Spanish occupation. His father, Pedro d’Aguillon, was from an aristocratic family in Salamanca, Spain, and his mother, Anna Pels, was a Flemish woman from Brussels. Pedro was secretary to Phillip II of Spain during his stay in Antwerp. Francois’ secondary education was in the Jesuit College of Clermont in Paris, France. From there, he moved to the University of Douai, today in France. When 19, he joined the Jesuit Order in Douai and continued his studies in philosophy and mathematics.
Amendment Properties Affect Crop Performance, Leaf Tissue Nitrogen, and Soil Nitrogen Availability Following Soil Treatment by Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation

Efficacy of anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) for soilborne plant pathogen suppression is strongly influenced by soil environment and organic amendment attributes. At the same time, these factors influence soil nutrient availability, crop nutrition, and crop performance, but published information on ASD amendment property effects, including carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio and C substrate bioavailability, on crop performance and soil nutrient availability is limited. We evaluated ASD amendment effects on soil N availability, crop N status, and solanaceous crop performance in a series of trials: (1) greenhouse/growth chamber study of amendments (primarily molasses/soybean hulls and wheat bran) formulated at 10:1, 20:1, 30:1 and 40:1 C:N ratios (4 mg C g-1 soil), (2) field study with molasses/soybean hull-based amendments at equivalent C:N ratios/C rates (3) on-farm study with molasses/soybean hull-based amendments (4 mg C g-1 soil) compared to grower-standard control, and (4) field study of labile to recalcitrant amendment substrates at 30:1 C:N ratio (~3.4 mg C g-1 soil). ASD amendment C:N ratio strongly influenced soil inorganic N and the lowest (10:1) ratio was associated with highest soil inorganic N at ASD treatment termination in both trials 1 and 2, which often persisted into the cropping phase. Accordingly, the lowest amendment C:N ratio was also associated with the highest biomass (trail 1), leaf tissue N (trial 2), and crop yield (trials 1, 2) among treatments, even with application of recommended fertigation rates to all treatments in the field study. In trial 3, ASD treatment induced higher soil inorganic N and crop yield than the control, but no differences were observed in plant tissue N. In trial 4, more decomposable ASD substrates reduced soil inorganic N at ASD treatment termination, with the highest soil inorganic N associated with the most recalcitrant amendment, but there was no effect on crop yield. ASD amendment C:N ratio, and to a lesser extent, amendment decomposability, exert a strong influence soil inorganic N and crop performance. Optimization of ASD treatments for disease management will require simultaneous optimization of crop nutrition practices to facilitate more holistic, less confounded assessment of crop performance and to facilitate recommendations for grower adoption.
New Signal Processing Scheme for the Analysis of Electromagnetic Images

Electromagnetic methods of nondestructive testing find widespread application in industry. A vast majority of the defect characterization schemes using electromagnetic methods involve estimation of the size and/or shape of the defect on the basis of a one dimensional signal obtained by scanning the surface of the test specimen using a suitable transducer [1–3]. Recent years have witnessed increasing interest in the development of imaging techniques for characterizing defects. As an example, eddy current imaging methods involve a raster scan of the surface of the test specimen to obtain a two dimensional image whose elements represent the real or imaginary components or alternatively the magnitude or phase of the impedance of the eddy current probe [4,5]. In the case of magnetostatic imaging methods, the specimen under test is scanned by a flux sensitive transducer such as a Hall probe. The image is obtained, typically, by treating the value of either the normal or tangential component of the flux density at each sample point as a gray level [6]. Inverse techniques proposed to date rely largely on phenomenological models for analyzing the images to obtain estimates of the size and shape of the defect [7–10]. Unfortunately, these techniques call for considerable computing resources.
Approaches to Management of Fecal Incontinence

Fecal incontinence after pelvic surgery for colorectal, urological, and gynecological cancers occurs in a variable number of patients. This is a disabling condition with a profoundly negative effect on a patient’s quality of life. The precise etiology of fecal incontinence after pelvic surgery is currently incompletely understood but thought to be multifactorial in nature. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the disease and the variable symptoms present, no standardized treatment modality exists. There are limited prospective, randomized controlled trials looking at treatment options to guide caregivers. Additionally, traditional belief dictates that fecal incontinence after pelvic surgery is transient and self-limiting in nature, but this theory should be abandoned as studies support this can be a permanent problem. Based on the number of patients undergoing advanced surgical resections and pelvic reconstruction, a better understanding of the mechanism of this disorder, possible ways to avoid it and targeted treatments are needed. This chapter focuses on the potential etiologies of disturbed fecal continence after pelvic cancer surgery as well as current and possible future treatment modalities.
Abstract 18822: Endoglin Selectively Modulates TRPC Expression in Response to Left or Right Ventricular Pressure Overload

Introduction: Endoglin is an accessory receptor for the cytokine transforming growth factor beta. Reduced endoglin activity limits cardiac fibrosis due to left ventricular (LV) pressure overload. Recently, we reported that reducing endoglin activity also limits upregulation of the profibrogenic transient receptor potential canonical channel 6 (TRPC6) in the right ventricle (RV) during pressure overload. Few studies have compared TRPC channel expression in the RV versus LV. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that endoglin regulates TRPC upregulation in response to RV and LV pressure overload. Methods: To explore a functional role for endoglin as a regulator of TRPC expression in response to RV or LV pressure overload, endoglin haploinsufficient (Eng+/-) and wild-type (Eng+/+) mice were exposed to thoracic aortic (TAC) or pulmonary arterial (PAC) constriction for 10 weeks. Biventricular tissue was then analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: After TAC, LV levels of TPRC1 and 6 were increased in both Eng +/+ and Eng +/- mice compared to sham controls. LV levels of TRPC4 were increased in Eng +/+, not Eng +/- mice after TAC. After PAC, RV levels of TRPC1, 3, 4, and 6 were increased in Eng +/+ compared to sham controls. In contrast, chronic RV pressure overload did not increase RV levels of TRPC1, 3, 4, and 6 in Eng +/- mice compared to sham controls. Conclusions: Pressure overload induces distinct profiles of TRPC expression in the RV and LV and these effects in the RV require full endoglin activity. Taken together, these data support that endoglin may be an important and novel target of therapy to modulate RV responses to injury.
Differences in phenotypic traits and migratory strategies between eastern North American monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (L.)

The eastern North American population of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus plexippus) has different migratory routes. The majority fly to overwintering colonies in Mexico and others take an eastern route through Florida and Cuba. Monarchs migrating through Florida–Cuba do not overwinter and are mostly found nectaring and flying close to vegetation. This present study explores whether Florida–Cuba versus Mexican migrants differ in (1) phenotypic traits important for migration (e.g. wing size and condition, lipid and lean mass content, and reproductive status) and (2) migratory strategies. The monarch natal grounds (e.g. migrants versus residents) were determined through thin-layer chromatography cardenolide fingerprint and stable isotopes (hydrogen δ2H and carbon δ13C). In addition, wing size and condition, lipid and lean mass, and reproductive status were determined. The results suggest that Mexican migrants are better suited for longer sustained flights and successful overwinter periods as a result of larger wings in better condition, reproductive diapause, and significant fat content. By contrast, Florida–Cuba migrants are more suited for shorter flights and opportunistic migratory strategies, given that their wings were in poor condition, as well as the active reproductive status of > 50% of these butterflies and their significantly low fat content. Eastern monarch migration is more complex and diverse than previously assumed. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, ••, ••–••.
On including nonlinearity in multivariate analysis of imaging SIMS data

We present progress toward the use of nonlinear models in multivariate analysis of imaging mass spectrometry data. Specifically, we consider the ion intensity at each mass and position as a nonlinear function of the concentrations of all species present. By expanding this function in a Taylor series, we both recover the precise meaning of the mass spectrum in standard bilinear analyses and introduce new ‘correlation spectra’ that describe matrix effects. Some fundamental results concerning the behavior of the resulting model (to second order) are presented. A numerical demonstration consisting of the analysis of synthetic data sets with known nonlinearity is also performed, which shows that the application of these ideas is computationally tractable under reasonable conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Angiotensin-(1-7) Reverses Angiogenic Dysfunction In Corpus Cavernosum By Acting On The Microvasculature And Bone Marrow-Derived Cells In Diabetes

Abstract Introduction Angiotensin (Ang)‐(1‐7) is a recently identified vasoprotective heptapeptide, and it appears to activate the reparative functions of bone marrow–derived stem/progenitor cells (BMPCs). Aim This study evaluated the effect of Ang‐(1‐7) in the angiogenic function of cavernosum in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and delineated the role of BMPCs in this protective function. Methods T1D was induced by streptozotocin in mice, and mice with 20–24 weeks of diabetes were used for the study. Ang‐(1‐7) was administered subcutaneously by using osmotic pumps. Cavernosa, and BMPCs from peripheral blood and bone marrow were evaluated in different assay systems. Main Outcome Measures Angiogenic function was determined by endothelial tube formation in matrigel assay. Circulating BMPCs were enumerated by flow cytometry and proliferation was determined by BrdU incorporation. Cell‐free supernatant of BMPCs were collected and tested for paracrine angiogenic effect. Expression of angiogenic factors in BMPCs and cavernosa were determined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Results Ang‐(1‐7) (100 nM) stimulated angiogenesis in mouse cavernosum that was partially inhibited by Mas1 receptor antagonist, A779 (10 μM) ( P P P P Conclusions Ang‐(1‐7) stimulates angiogenic function of cavernosum in diabetes via its stimulating effects on both cavernosal microvasculature and BMPCs. Singh N, Vasam G, Pawar R, and Jarajapu YPR. Angiotensin‐(1‐7) reverses angiogenic dysfunction in corpus cavernosum by acting on the microvasculature and bone marrow–derived cells in diabetes. J Sex Med 2014;11:2153‐2163.
Surface Evaluation of Polishing Techniques for New Resilient CAD/CAM Restorative Materials

Purpose The purpose of this study was to measure the surface roughness of milled chairside computer-assisted design/computer assisted machining (CAD/CAM) restorations using several contouring/polishing systems as to their effectiveness for creating a clinically acceptable surface. Materials and Methods One hundred onlays were milled from monolithic CAD/CAM blocks with an MCXL milling chamber (Sirona Dental) as follows: 30 resin nano-ceramic (Lava Ultimate, 3M ESPE), 30 hybrid ceramic (Enamic, Vita) and 40 leucite-reinforced ceramic (EmpressCAD, Ivoclar). A single group of EmpressCAD onlays was glazed-fired in a porcelain oven (Programat CS2, Ivoclar). Finishing and polishing systems consisted of either an abrasive-polish technique or a brush-polish technique. Roughness values were measured using a three-dimensional measuring laser microscope (OLS4000 LEXT by Olympus). Results There was a significant difference in the baseline surface roughness of the CAD/CAM materials (p ≤ 0.05), with the resin nano-ceramic (Lava Ultimate) being smoother than the hybrid ceramic (Enamic), and both being smoother than the leucite-reinforced ceramic (EmpressCAD). All polishing techniques resulted in a smoother surface compared with the baseline surface for the leucite-reinforced ceramic (p ≤ 0.05), with both techniques resulting in a significantly smoother surface than glazing in a porcelain oven (p ≤ 0.05). Both polishing techniques resulted in a smoother surface compared with the baseline surface for both the nano-ceramic and hybrid ceramic materials (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions It is possible to create an equally smooth surface for chairside CAD/CAM resilient materials compared with milled ceramics using several finishing and polishing techniques. In general, the polished ceramic surfaces were smoother than the glazed ceramic surfaces. Clinical Significance The results of the study indicate that it is possible to create an equally smooth surface for chairside CAD/CAM resilient materials compared with milled ceramics using several finishing and polishing techniques. In addition, both polishing techniques resulted in smoother ceramic surfaces when compared to glazed ceramic surfaces. The polished surface of the ceramic material was smoother than the glazed ceramic surface.
Innovative method for evaluating drilled shaft foundations for St. Croix River Bridge

To develop design parameters for axially loaded drilled shafts for the St. Croix River Bridge, a major river crossing at Oak Park Heights, Minnesota, load tests were conducted on half-scale sockets in the primary formation, the Franconia Sandstone, at a site on the west bank of the river. The test results were analyzed by using a procedure that considered dilatancy at the shaft-sandstone interface using the known normal, lateral stiffness of the rock, and several candidate interface roughness patterns. The normal stiffness was measured by splitting a short socket vertically with an Osterberg load cell, within the Franconia formation. The interface roughness patterns were varied until the load-deformation behavior of the axial socket test was matched. The production shafts will have larger diameters and will penetrate the formation to a shallower depth than the axial test socket. The lateral stiffness therefore was scaled to account for these effects, and the analytical method was used to determine values ...
Arbitrage and asset prices

Abstract We generalize the concept of utility arbitrage introduced in Page (Working Paper 401, Graduate School of Business, Indiana University, 1989) and provide a characterization. We also show that in an asset exchange economy with short selling and heterogeneous investors, an absence of unbounded utility arbitrages is necessary and sufficient for the existence of a general equilibrium. This result generalizes similar results by Hammond ( Journal of Economic Theory , 1983, 31, 170–175) and Page (Working Paper 81/82-2-51, Department of Finance, University of Texas, 1982). Utility arbitrage occurs when investors can purchase utility-increasing portfolios for non-positive costs. In contrast, the standard condition of no arbitrage in finance dictates that there are no opportunities to purchase wealth-increasing portfolios for non-positive costs. In general, the absence of wealth-increasing arbitrage is not equivalent to the absence of unity-increasing arbitrage. To underscore the importance of this fact, we construct an example of a competitive asset exchange economy with complete markets and risk-averse investors in which there is an absence of wealth-increasing arbitrages, but there does not exist a competitive general equilibrium.
Monitoring urban population and energy utilization patterns from satellite Data

Abstract Urban population trends in China and energy utilization patterns in the United States have been assessed from LANDSAT and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) images. Regression models developed from population ( P ) data and urban area ( A ) measurements on LANDSAT images are of the form P = α A b and provide insights into the success of Chinese urban planning policies for cities with populations of 500,000 to 2,000,000 people. Studies of the relationships between population, urban area, and electric-energy utilization patterns have been conducted from DMSP images of the United States. Microdensitometer profiles of illuminated cities recorded on nighttime (visual band) images are used in combination with the map boundaries of the built-up areas to create unique three-dimensional representations of the urban centers. The volumes of these three-dimensional figures may be computed and plotted with respect to population and/or energy utilization data to model regional patterns of use. Improvements in the quality of sensor data should increase the potential for monitoring urban energy demands and populations.
Genomics and synteny.

Building on early observations about natural plant variation in time and space, early geneticists, including Darwin, Mendel, and Vavilov, posed fundamental questions about the origin, structure, and evolution of genetic diversity. They postulated that an underlying reservoir of innate and heritable
Experimental verification of turbulent skin friction reduction with compliant walls

Preliminary compliant wall skin friction test results obtained in a low-turbulence pressure tunnel are reported. Compliant surface skins consisted of 0.0025 cm thick mylar, stretched under tension and area-bonded or longitudinally strip-bonded with silicone rubber adhesive to polyurethane foam. Mean velocity and fluctuating survey data were obtained with a single slanted hot wire. Mean velocity profiles for the area-bonded mylar surface skins indicated up to a 20% reduction in boundary-layer thickness (and lower momentum thickness) over rigid surfaces. This reduction in boundary-layer thickness indicates that a drag reduction occurred. In addition, a 16% reduction in wall shear was evident for the mylar/compressor foam compliant surface.
Apoptosis and gene expression: Perspectives on alcohol-induced brain damage

Apoptosis, genetically preprogrammed death of scattered cells, leaves few histological traces and is compatible with autopsy findings in brains of alcoholics. This type of cell death could be triggered by chronic exposure to alcohol. Interactions between alcohol and the activating and inhibiting molecular events of the apoptotic cascade could occur at several different levels. Sites of alcohol action could range from the transcription of the apoptosis genes to translation and posttranslational modifications of their protein products. The recent developments of in situ hybridization technology make it possible to determine the levels of the neurotoxic actions of ethanol and to detect early stages of toxicity where increased mRNA activity may compensate for losses of receptors, enzymes, peptide transmitters, or structural proteins. The potential for treatment with antisense nucleotides is discussed.
Steady axisymmetric vortex flows with swirl and shear

A general procedure is presented for computing axisymmetric swirling vortices which are steady with respect to an inviscid flow that is either uniform at infinity or includes shear. We consider cases both with and without a spherical obstacle. Choices of numerical parameters are given which yield vortex rings with swirl, attached vortices with swirl analogous to spherical vortices found by Moffatt, tubes of vorticity extending to infinity and Beltrami flows. When there is a spherical obstacle we have found multiple solutions for each set of parameters. Flows are found by numerically solving the Bragg–Hawthorne equation using a non-Newton-based iterative procedure which is robust in its dependence on an initial guess. Steady axisymmetric vortices with swirl as solutions of the Euler equations are of interest for several reasons. Unlike axisymmetric flows without swirl the vortex stretching terms do not vanish and the helical-like streamlines inside the vortex are, in general, ergodic with associated mixing properties. Nevertheless these threedimensional flows can be obtained as solutions to elliptic boundary value problems in two variables. We obtain families of inviscid flows in which an axisymmetric vortex with swirl is embedded in an external flow. The external flow may be irrotational flow which is uniform at infinity or it may include shear. We will consider both flows past a sphere and flows in which the vortex is the only disturbance to the flow at infinity. The solutions obtained can be related to explicit solutions of classical interest such as Hill’s vortex and its generalization to flows with swirl found by Moffatt (1969) and Hicks (1899). A number of studies have indicated that under appropriate conditions inviscid
Using Greetings to Teach Cultural Understanding

Sociolinguistic journals and books are inundated with issues regarding greetings and forms of address. In these works, the major concern has been to analyze the word or words used to refer to someone greeted. Others have also looked at issues of familiarity, reciprocity, politeness, gestures, and respect in regard to greetings. However, despite this sizable literature, little or nothing has been done with respect to cultural information provided in the language of greetings. This paper looks at the role Yoruba greetings play in understanding the culture of the speakers. It also illustrates that Yoruba greetings do more than establish an atmosphere of sociability; they also communicate cultural information and serve as value reinforcement for participants and observers. Therefore, teaching greetings in Yoruba goes beyond teaching the meanings of the greetings. It also involves teaching Yoruba learners the link between words and cultural content. Various examples of greetings and accounts of personal experience could be useful in methods courses to illustrate the interaction of words and actions in a cultural frame.
Finding and providing context online

Knowing the context and relationships involved makes the difference between seeing and understanding. In a print environment the reference collection of the library provides a carefully constructed environment of auxiliary resources well-designed for exploring context. In the digital environment the need for an easily-used, well-stocked, well-organized reference collection has been neglected. We report on a project to demonstrate techniques to enable anyone to easily use reliable sources to find the background for topics, places, events, institutions, and persons encountered in online reading of biographical texts and journals on Irish culture and history.