cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Managing Sustainability to Non-business Undergraduates: An Exploration in Fluidity Teaching

This paper reviews the challenges and opportunities facing business and environmental management education while outlining pedagogies recommended for creating an environment which encourages transformational education. This approach, deemed ‘fluidity teaching’ is used to teach managing sustainability to non-business majors with the objective of promoting critical thinking and heightened problem solving skills. The course positively impacted student’s awareness of sustainable management complexities and solutions. Techniques utilized help students gain ownership of their learning process and knowledge gathering thus allowing them to make multidisciplinary linkages and offer complex suggestions across boundaries. Finally, students’ assessments indicated they felt they developed critical thinking skills which lead to rich discussions and ‘thinking for themselves’ in determining viable solutions in sustainability issues.
Role of denervation in modulating IIb MHC gene expression in response to T3 plus unloading state

Previously, we have reported that the combination of hindlimb suspension (HS) and thyroid hormone [triiodothyronine (T3)] treatment induces the de novo expression of the fast IIb myosin heavy chain...
The use of percussion in therapy: a content analysis of the literature

People have used percussion instruments to promote health throughout history. Contemporary health practitioners have documented their use of percussion instruments. However, no comprehensive review of this discourse appears to exist in a peer-reviewed journal article. This content analysis study, examining international peer-reviewed literature regarding the use of percussion in therapy, aimed to better understand (a) how many articles, over time, have discussed the use of percussion in therapy; (b) what types of articles were written; (c) what instruments were used; (d) with what populations was percussion used; (e) how percussion was used in therapy; and (f) why percussion was used in therapy. Results suggest an increased interest in the use of percussion for health over time. Investigators have studied percussion use with a broad range of populations, using a variety of research methodologies. The analysis includes categories of therapeutic application and therapeutic function in order to highlight tre...
Selective Entrenchment Against State Constitutional Change: Subject Matter Restrictions and the Threat of Differential Amendability

In Wirzburger v. Galvin, Massachusetts citizens challenged the Massachusetts Constitution's Excluded Matters provision, which is a type of subject matter restriction that prohibits popularly initiated amendment of enumerated portions of the state constitution. Because plaintiffs could not show a suspect class, discriminatory intent, or a direct impact on speech, the court applied deferential forms of First Amendment and Equal Protection Clause review, and the challenge failed. This Note argues that the current framework used to evaluate subject matter restrictions, exemplified by Wirzurger, provides insufficient protection against the serious harms such restrictions create. Subject matter restrictions create differential amendability, which makes it harder for citizens to change some aspects of a constitution than to change others. Differential amendability is a serious harm that distorts the design of well-functioning constitutional amendment procedures and threatens longstanding principles of popular sovereignty. Furthermore, this distortion creates a significant risk that barriers to amendment are being employed, intentionally or otherwise, to entrench temporary political supermajorities against future constitutional change. This Note explores these risks and the possibility of controlling them through a federal constitutional analysis that draws on history, functional considerations, and existing voting rights case law. All three factors weigh in favor of engaging in a fundamental rights inquiry into subject matter restrictions. That inquiry might invalidate most subject matter restrictions, but its most significant contribution would be the cultivation of an interinstitutional dialogue over the possibilities and dangers of substantive restrictions on constitutional change at the state level.
Avoidable nondietary risk factors for cancer.

Following a discussion of cigarette smoking discussion focuses on several avoidable nondietary risk factors for cancers of the colon breast and liver along with possible strategies for the prevention of these cancers. Cigarette smoking is the most important known preventable cause of cancer and physicians who advise their patients not to smoke or to quit smoking do them a major service. The epidemiologic evidence implicating cigarette smoking as the major cause of cancers of the lung larynx and mouth is overwhelming and the evidence for smoking as a cause of esophageal pancreatic and bladder cancer is highly convincing. At this time the principal etiologic hypotheses for colorectal cancer involve dietary factors particularly a high intake of fat and a low intake of fiber. Epidemiologic studies of these dietary hypotheses have provided inconsistent results. Although physical inactivity has not been fully explored as an etiologic factor in large bowel cancer it is possible that physical activity may be important in the prevention of this cancer. Due to the fact that a major determinant of breast cancer risk may be the cumulative number of ovulatory cycles available data suggest that regular moderate physical activity which reduces the frequency of ovulatory cycles in adolescence may be important in the primary prevention of breast cancer. It is recommended that educators and health professionals promote moderate physical activity as a routine part of the health-related activities of adolescent girls. Several studies examining the association between breast cancer and oral contraceptive (OC) use in the perimenopausal period have reported an elevated risk but the reported increase in risk has varied widely. A possible explanation for the elevated risk is that during this period of frequent anovular cycles OCs produced an "average" hormonal state that approximates the cycles of normal menstruation. Women who use OCs for long periods of time early in their menstrual lives may be at increased risk of breast cancer for the same reason. A causal relationship between OCs and benign liver tumors is well documented. Combination OCs which delivery estrogen and a progestogen have been shown to decrease the risk of endometrial cancer substantially. Ocs reduce the risk of ovarian cancer and the risk decreases with increasing duration of use. The risk of ovarian cancer also is decreased by pregnancy. Despite the considerable health risks associated with longterm estrogen replacement therapy the substantial benefits most likely justify its use in the majority of postmenopausal women.
Individual flight-calling behaviour in wood warblers

Warblers regularly give flight calls during migration, but few studies have addressed flight-calling behaviour by individual birds. In this study, we investigated individual responses to flight calls. We hypothesized that birds would be more likely to give flight calls in response to conspecific flight calls than to heterospecific calls or to other sounds. We studied the flight-calling response of three species of warblers (magnolia warbler, Setophaga magnolia, blackpoll warbler, Setophaga striata, and yellow-rumped warbler, Setophaga coronata) to conspecific calls, calls of one of the other two species or calls of the spring peeper, Pseudacris crucifer, as a control. Additionally, we characterized the proportion of birds calling and the rates of calling (calls/min) for five additional warbler species. We placed each bird individually into an acoustic cone in a soundproof recording studio and recorded its vocalizations before, during and after playing sound cues in the studio. In our experiment, the three species of warblers were more likely to give flight calls in response to flight calls than to the control, and they were more likely to give flight calls to conspecific calls than heterospecific calls. The eight species of warblers that heard conspecific flight calls varied in both the likelihood of giving a response and the rate of calling, and rates of calling also varied between individuals within each species. Most birds that responded gave flight calls soon after hearing flight calls. Our results are some of the first on individual flight-calling responses and flight-calling rates.
On the Applications of Möbius Inversion in Combinatorial Analysis

(1975). On the Applications of Mobius Inversion in Combinatorial Analysis. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 82, No. 8, pp. 789-803.
Discrete-time Modified State Observer Implementation on a Two Wheeled Inverted Pendulum Robot

An observer is a dynamic system that estimates the state variables of another system using noisy measurements, either to estimate unmeasurable states, or to improve the accuracy of the state measurements. The Modified State Observer (MSO) is a technique that uses a standard observer structure modified to include a neural network to estimate system states as well as system uncertainty. It has been used in orbit uncertainty estimation and atmospheric reentry uncertainty estimation problems to correctly estimate unmodeled system dynamics. A form of the MSO has been used to control a nonlinear electrohydraulic system with parameter uncertainty using a simplified linear model. In this paper an extension of the MSO into discrete-time is developed using Lyapunov stability theory. Discrete-time systems are found in all digital hardware implementations, such as that found in a Martian rover, a quadcopter UAV, or digital flight control systems, and have the added benefit of reduced computation time compared to continuous systems. The derived adaptive update law guarantees stability of the error dynamics and boundedness of the neural network weights. To prove the validity of the discrete-time MSO (DMSO) simulation studies are performed using a two wheeled inverted pendulum (TWIP) robot, an unstable nonlinear system. Using a linear model with parameter uncertainties, the DMSO is shown to correctly estimate the state of the system as well as the system uncertainty. The DMSO is finally implemented on an actual TWIP robot to further validate the performance and demonstrate the applicability to discrete-time systems found in many aerospace applications.
Modal Analysis of Frame Structure Using Time Domain Method

Steel frame structure is studied. Four time domain identification methods based on ambient excitation are adopted to identify modal frequency and they are time series method, stochastic subspace method, random decrement technique and natural excitation technique. Identification precision is discussed. Results show that identification precisions of four methods are different. Precisions of stochastic subspace method and random decrement technique to first order frequency are high. According to identification demands, one or several methods should be adopted to practical engineering structure. Frequency change ratio from discussed methods can be applied to preliminary and coarse damage identification.
A Long-Term Study of Ecological Impacts of River Channelization on the Population of an Endangered Fish: Lessons Learned for Assessment and Restoration

Projects to assess environmental impact or restoration success in rivers focus on project-specific questions but can also provide valuable insights for future projects. Both restoration actions and impact assessments can become “adaptive” by using the knowledge gained from long-term monitoring and analysis to revise the actions, monitoring, conceptual model, or interpretation of findings so that subsequent actions or assessments are better informed. Assessments of impact or restoration success are especially challenging when the indicators of interest are imperiled species and/or the impacts being addressed are complex. From 1997 to 2015, we worked closely with two federal agencies to monitor habitat availability for and population density of Roanoke logperch (Percina rex), an endangered fish, in a 24-km-long segment of the upper Roanoke River, VA. We primarily used a Before-After-Control-Impact analytical framework to assess potential impacts of a river channelization project on the P. rex population. In this paper, we summarize how our extensive monitoring facilitated the evolution of our (a) conceptual understanding of the ecosystem and fish population dynamics; (b) choices of ecological indicators and analytical tools; and (c) conclusions regarding the magnitude, mechanisms, and significance of observed impacts. Our experience with this case study taught us important lessons about how to adaptively develop and conduct a monitoring program, which we believe are broadly applicable to assessments of environmental impact and restoration success in other rivers. In particular, we learned that (a) pre-treatment planning can enhance monitoring effectiveness, help avoid unforeseen pitfalls, and lead to more robust conclusions; (b) developing adaptable conceptual and analytical models early was crucial to organizing our knowledge, guiding our study design, and analyzing our data; (c) catchment-wide processes that we did not monitor, or initially consider, had profound implications for interpreting our findings; and (d) using multiple analytical frameworks, with varying assumptions, led to clearer interpretation of findings than the use of a single framework alone. Broader integration of these guiding principles into monitoring studies, though potentially challenging, could lead to more scientifically defensible assessments of project effects.
Dilemmas of Local Politics

Political life in communist states rarely has been assessed from the viewpoint of provinces, counties, towns and villages which are far removed both geographically and psychologically from the more recognizable foci of Western journalism such as the Kremlin or Tienanmen Square. This chapter arises from a conviction that the successes or failures of communist governments at local levels, where contact with the citizenry is most frequent and most salient, will be a key determinant of the long-term prognosis for such systems.
Creating genuine smiles for digital and robotic characters: An empirical study

Facial expressions are important cues of people's emotions, attitudes, and intentions. Smiling is one of the most common facial expressions and is often associated with a welcoming, positive attitude. In social interactions, people sometimes fake their smiles for this effect, and phony fake smiles can often be detected by others. In this work, we explore creating smiles for digital and robotic s characters that seem genuine. In our study, we used male and female digital characters and a Zeno boy robot that is a humanoid robot with facial muscles. We systematically varied the overall length and the apex length of the smiles and examined people's perceptions of them. Our results indicate that smiles with longer apex lengths appear more genuine and less fake to people for both digital characters and social robots, and 5s seems to be the optimal length of a genuine smile.
The Prolonged Neonatal Admission: Implications for our National Children's Hospital.

A significant number of neonates are admitted to tertiary paediatric units for prolonged stays annually, despite limited availability of neonatal beds. As the three Dublin paediatric hospitals merge, this pressure will be transferred to our new National Children's Hospital. We analysed epidemiological trends in prolonged neonatal admissions to the 14-bed neonatal unit in The Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin. This was with a view to extrapolating this data toward the development of a neonatal unit in the National Children's Hospital that could accommodate for this complex, important, and resource-heavy patient population. Four hundred and thirty-six babies between 0 and 28 days of life were admitted to our neonatal unit for prolonged stays (three cohorts: >1 month and 3months and 6months), between 2000-2014. Mean number of prolonged admissions >1 month was 29.1 per year (range 18-43). Median length of stay (LOS) was 42 days (range 29-727). 363 babies were admitted for >1month but 3months but 6months with a median LOS 331 (range 196-727). There has been a statistically significant upward trend in the number of prolonged admissions over last fifteen years (Spearman's rho p=0.01, correlation coefficient 0.848). There has been no significant increase in the median length of stay over time. It can be extrapolated, that in the new children's hospital must be capable of dealing with at least 80 neonatal long-stay patients annually.
Chemical Modification of Viruses

Viruses were first subjected to chemical modification at a time when this was an approach generally used to characterize biologically active substances and when the nature and the complexity of viruses were not yet understood. After it had been established that viruses were composed of proteins, nucleic acids, and often also lipids, and that they had definite and different architectures and topographies, it became evident that the results of many modification reactions would be difficult to interpret, and such techniques were used less frequently with entire viruses. However, with focus on the results of modification of a specific virus component within the particle, such as the protein or the nucleic acid of the simple viruses, and disregarding “side reactions” of the other component(s), such reactions continued to be of some usefulness. This chapter will summarize the methods, purposes, and conclusions arrived at by chemical (and a few enzymatic) modification reactions of viruses. Photochemical modifications will be dealt with in the following two chapters. We will not discuss the much larger topic of reactions of the separated components or that of agents that bind by other than covalent linkage.
Challenges to the Choice Discourse: Women’s Views of Their Family and Academic-Science Career Options and Constraints

ABSTRACTWomen are underrepresented as tenure-stream faculty in U.S. academia, particularly in science fields, despite the growth of women among doctorate holders. The decision to pursue an academic career matures during the graduate-school years. What are female science graduate students’ views of an academic career, and what values and priorities influence their career intentions and choices? Twenty-five women in a U.S. science graduate program were interviewed about these matters. A dominant theme in these interviews was that an academic career would best fulfill their science interests and aspirations. However, an academic career was viewed as requiring, of them as women, giving up family life—mainly due to the belief that household and family work are women’s responsibilities as well as the expectation that science requires relentless focus. Frustration about the lack of options, for women, to pursue their dream of being a scientist while having a family was another recurrent theme. These findings, to...
Feminism, Assemblage, and Performance: Kara Walker in Neoliberal Times

Elin Diamond argues that neoliberalism challenges feminist performance theory to locate agency across multiple bodies in unpredictable configurations. Linking affect theory, assemblage, and distributive agency with urban ‘revanchism’ in New York City, Diamond discusses mixed-media artist Kara Walker’s cut-paper silhouettes of the 1990s and, in 2014, her colossal 40-foot tall ‘new-world sphinx’, a sugar-and-styrofoam installation entitled ‘A Subtlety, or the Marvelous Sugar Baby…’, with its molasses-built child ‘attendants’, at the site of Brooklyn’s abandoned Domino sugar refinery. In the summer heat, Walker’s molasses attendants melted, exuding acrid smells, provoking awareness of long-forgotten slave histories behind the global sugar trade and of newer histories of neoliberalism in New York, including lost jobs, gentrification (the refinery would soon become condos and office towers), poverty, and racial inequality.
School readiness in the context of inner city Head Start centres

This article is based on a study that examines the Head Start goal of school readiness in the context of inner city communities that reflect the socio-cultural-economic environment of a more neolib...
Conversion Disorder Diagnosis and Medically Unexplained Symptoms.

Physicians often infer psychogenic causation when confronted with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). The inference to the best explanation is unjustifiable because it fails to meet the specific ...
On the use of Markov Decision Processes in cognitive radar: An application to target tracking

In this paper we examine the radar-communications coexistence problem by modeling the radar environment as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), and then applying reinforcement learning to solve the optimization problem. The radar environment consists of a single moving target and a communications system that has to coexist with the radar. The communications system has several different modes: constant, intermittent, and triangular frequency sweep. We demonstrate how the MDP framework and reinforcement learning can be used to help the radar predict which bands the interferer will use and utilize bands that minimize interference, which in turn helps the radar optimize between range resolution and SINR.
The Role of Mortalin in Iron Homeostasis

The role of chaperones in prokaryotic and eukaryotic iron-sulfur cluster assembly pathways is discussed in the context of the complex sequence of events that are involved in [2Fe–2S] cluster biogenesis. Building from a background description of the functions of the component proteins and the various stages of cluster assembly and transfer to target proteins, similarities and differences in chaperone functions are presented with a particular focus on the unique characteristics of mortalin, relative to other chaperones.
Development of Crops to Produce Industrially Useful Natural Rubber

Natural rubber, cis-1,4-polyisoprene, is an essential industrial commodity that most developed countries have to import. Hevea brasiliensis (Hevea), grown in tropical and subtropical areas, is the primary source of natural rubber. The high quality and quantity of the rubber cause us to focus on understanding rubber production in Hevea and two temperate plant species, guayule (Parthenium argentatum) and Russian dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz). We review the cell biology, physiology, and biochemistry of rubber production in these three species. Rubber is synthesized on subcellular vesicles called rubber particles. Purified rubber particles alone contain all necessary factors for rubber production. We have used genomic approaches to identify expressed genes associated with rubber-producing tissues and proteomics to identify proteins associated with rubber particles. The protein and EST identifications guided our analysis of key proteins in rubber production, including cis-prenyltransferase, rubber elongation factor, small rubber particle protein, allene oxide synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, and allylic diphosphate synthases. We discuss biotechnological approaches to improve rubber production.
Random Reports: Human Split-Brain Syndromes

In early 1961 I had become aware, through reading Dejerine, (as discussed in the introduction to the preceding paper) of the occurrence of callosal syndromes in man. Within a few weeks I had seen my first case of alexia without agraphia. Shortly afterwards Edith Kaplan called another remarkable case to my attention. She had been examining a patient who had undergone a left frontal lobectomy for a glioblastoma and who had developed a striking grasp reflex in the right hand only, but not in the left. She decided that this would be an excellent case to test the assertions in an old paper of Bouman and Grunbaum that the grasp reflex caused typical defects in the mechanical characteristics of writing. She expected the patient’s own uninvolved left hand to act as a control for the right hand which had the grasp reflex. To her astonishment she found that the patient wrote normally with the right hand and aphasically with the left hand. She told me about the case and since it struck me that this must be a callosal syndrome we began our joint investigation.
The Use and Misuse of Species-Area Relationships in Predicting Climate-Driven Extinction

Thomas et al. (2004) pioneered the estimate of extinction risk due to climate change by coupling species range-loss simulations from species distribution models with species-loss estimates from the species-area relationships (SARs). Unfortunately, numerous conceptual and practical problems permeate this seemingly solid and straightforward approach. Chapter 4 explored developments in climate envelope modeling. Here we focus on the challenges associated with applying a SAR approach to climate-driven extinction estimates and propose a novel application of recent Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) theory in ecology that may help to address some of them.
Definitions, brief history, importance

Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory syndrome which sometimes follows beta-hemolytic, group A, streptococcal infections of the throat, and characteristically tends to recur. Its name emphasizes the joints, but it is the heart which makes it important.
Persistent Differences in Walking across the Socioeconomic Spectrum: Variations by Trip Purpose:

The relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and walking remains underexamined, and prior research identifies multiple models of walking behavior. This research examines the distribution of ...
Mother-child communication about relative proximity to a landmark: What role does prototypicality play?

Abstract This investigation examined how prototypicality affects mother–child communication about relative proximity. In the first two experiments, mothers of 2.5-, 3.0-, and 3.5-year-old children verbally disambiguated a target hiding container from an identical non-target hiding container when the two containers were placed at a smaller (more prototypical) or larger (less prototypical) distance from a landmark. Children then searched for the hidden object. When the absolute distance was smaller, mothers used more consistent frames of reference in their directions and even 2.5-year-olds largely followed those directions successfully. When the absolute distance was larger, mothers used multiple reference frames in their directions (a “kitchen sink” strategy) and children had more difficulty in following directions (especially 2.5-year-olds). A third experiment in which we controlled mothers’ directions confirmed that the increased absolute distance, and not the mothers’ direction-giving strategies, led to 2.5-year-olds’ impaired search performance. These results indicate that young children’s understanding of relative proximity develops from more prototypical cases (smaller distances) to less prototypical cases (larger distances) and that mothers’ attempts to compensate for young children’s difficulty with less prototypical cases did not improve their search performance.
Transmission Technologies Beyond 400-Gbps/Carrier Employing High-Order Modulation Formats

This paper reviews the recent transmission technologies with a net rate beyond 400-Gbps/carrier employing high-order modulation formats. Advanced estimation and compensation technologies for device linear and nonlinear responses are discussed.
Optimizing vascular-access device decision-making in the era of midline catheters

This narrative review addresses vascular access device choice from peripheral intravenous catheters through central venous catheters, including the evolving use of midline catheters. The review incorporates best practices, published algorithms, and complications extending beyond CLABSI and phlebitis to assist clinicians in navigating complex vascular access decisions.
Plant-Vector-Pathogen Interactions in the Context of Drought Stress

Plants regularly encounter stress, and their responses to abiotic and biotic stressors have been a focus of research for decades. Stress caused by drought is one of the most often studied abiotic stresses owing to the increase in the incidence of drought driven by climate change. Severe drought has been shown to elicit a whole-plant response guided by key phytohormones, which not only respond to water stress but also play a critical role in the response of plants to biotic stress imposed by herbivores and pathogens. This is especially relevant for insect-transmitted pathogen systems, where plants, herbivores, and pathogens are linked in a web of direct and indirect interactions. Few studies have thus far explored the complex nature of drought-mediated tripartite interactions, however, and our ability to generalize and predict how plants respond to herbivore-transmitted pathogens while simultaneously countering the consequences of drought remains limited. The goal of this mini-review is to assess the current state of the field regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to the combined effects of drought and simultaneous herbivory and pathogen transmission and their ecological consequences. We discuss plant responses to drought, herbivory, and pathogens as distinct and concurrent stresses, and highlight the implications of the tripartite interactions on insect vector and pathogen suppression in agroecosystems. This review provides a framework for future research linking generalized molecular responses in drought-stressed plants to tripartite species interactions and the ecology of insect-transmitted pathogens in the context of modern agriculture and water deficit driven by climate change.
Aerosol delivery through an endotracheal tube in a model of a spontaneously breathing child

Background: Spontaneously breathing pediatric patients who are intubated often receive inhaled medications while disconnected from the ventilator circuit. Several medication delivery devices are available. Increased knowledge of drug delivery under this circumstance would allow for optimization of inhaled therapies in that population. Methods: A breathing simulator (VT 200 ml, iT 0.8s, and RR 20/min) was connected to a collection filter, followed by a 5 mm ID cuffed endotracheal tube. Albuterol was delivered via jet nebulizer/t-piece/50 ml tubing extension (6 L/min, 2500 µg/3ml) for 15 minutes. The pMDI (90 µg/puff)/valved holding chamber, and the soft mist inhaler (Combivent Respimat, 100 µg/puff)/adapter, were actuated at the beginning of the inhalation 4 times per test with 4 breaths following each actuation. The pMDI and nebulizer were also tested using the assisted technique (breath support with resuscitation bag). The nebulizer was configured with the unit connected to the endotracheal tube (proximal) or with the extension tubing interposed between them (distal). Tests were done in quadruplicate, and albuterol measured by spectrophotometry (276 nm). Results: (filter dose X±SD in µg) Conclusion: Using standard pediatric dosage, the nebulizer delivered 5 to 7-fold more albuterol than the pMDI or the soft mist inhaler. Placing the nebulizer distal to the endotracheal tube reduced delivery by 56% but was still superior to other devices. The use of the assisted technique did not improve drug delivery.
Use of "Big Data" to Evaluate Responses to Changes in Regulatory Guidelines: Trends in Genotoxicity Testing Packages for New Pharmaceutical Products.

In 2006, a concept paper (ICH S2(R1)) describing the need for revision of the ICH guidelines on genotoxicity testing for new “small molecule” pharmaceuticals (then ICH S2A and ICH S2B) was finalised. As a result, testing strategy has changed, and flexibility has been introduced in the form of two “equally suitable” options for completing the battery of genotoxicity studies required to support clinical development and marketing of new products. The TIBCO Spotfire® platform was used to create a specific view of available in-house data on genotoxicity studies conducted to support pharmaceutical product development over a period of approximately 12 years. The available in-house dataset comprised all reportable non-clinical data from Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) compliant and non-GLP/screening studies on regulated products (including pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, agrochemicals, and medical devices) across multiple testing sites, in different geographical locations. The analysis showed clear trends in the numbers and types of genotoxicity studies conducted on small molecule pharmaceutical products during development, which correlated with the changes in the available regulatory guidance over time. More interestingly, where two “equally suitable” options for genotoxicity testing are described in the international guidance, there is a clear preference for ICH S2(R1) Option 1 (70–80% of testing) compared to Option 2 (20–30%). Use of ‘Big Data’ identified trends in the newer approach to genotoxicity testing by industry in the light of the updated regulatory guidance.
Fear the reaper: reversible cerebrovascular vasoconstriction syndrome after hot pepper ingestion.

Abstract The Carolina Reaper pepper is one of the spiciest edible peppers in the world. While localized symptoms such as mouth burning, mouth numbness, and even vomiting are the main risks of eating these peppers, recent case reports have revealed more serious complications of these potent foods. A 15-year-old healthy male ingested a Carolina Reaper pepper on a dare. Two days later, he developed an acute headache during football practice and was subsequently diagnosed with an acute cerebellar infarct and reversible cerebrovascular vasoconstriction syndrome. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome should be considered in patients who present with severe headache after ingestion of ultraspicy peppers, and early treatment of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome should be initiated in patients with severe headache after pepper ingestion.
The Baby Bridge program: A sustainable program that can improve therapy service delivery for preterm infants following NICU discharge.

Objective The aim of this project was to determine revenues and costs over time to assess the sustainability of the Baby Bridge program. Methods The Baby Bridge program was developed to promote timely, consistent and high quality early therapy services for high-risk infants following neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge. Key features of the Baby Bridge program were defined as: 1) having the therapist establish rapport with the family while in the NICU, 2) scheduling the first home visit within one week of discharge and continuing weekly visits until other services commence, 3) conducting comprehensive assessments to inform targeted interventions by a skilled, single provider, and 4) using a comprehensive therapeutic approach while collaborating with the NICU medical team and community therapy providers. The Baby Bridge program was implemented with infants hospitalized in an urban Level IV NICU from January 2016 to January 2018. The number of infants enrolled increased gradually over the first several months to reach the case-load capacity associated with one full-time therapist by mid-2017. Costs of the therapists delivering Baby Bridge services, travel, and equipment were tracked and compared with claim records of participants. The operational cost of Baby Bridge programming at capacity was estimated based on the completed and anticipated claims and reimbursement of therapy services as a means to inform possible scale-ups of the program. Results In 2016, the first year of programming, the Baby Bridge program experienced a loss of $26,460, with revenue to the program totaling $11,138 and expenses totaling $37,598. In 2017, the Baby Bridge program experienced a net positive income of $2,969, with revenues to the program totaling $53,989 and expenses totaling $51,020. By Spring 2017, 16 months after initiating Baby Bridge programming, program revenue began to exceed cost. It is projected that cumulative revenue would have exceeded cumulative costs by January 2019, 3 years following implementation. Net annual program income, once scaled up to capacity, would be approximately $16,308. Discussion There were initial losses during phase-in of Baby Bridge programming associated with operating far below capacity, yet the program achieved sustainability within 16 months of implementation. These costs related to implementation do not consider the potential cost reduction due to mitigated health burden for the community and families, particularly due to earlier receipt of therapy services, which is an important area for further inquiry.
A high throughput semantic concept frequency based approach for patient identification: a case study using type 2 diabetes mellitus clinical notes.

Current research on high throughput identification of patients with a specific phenotype is in its infancy. There is an urgent need to develop a general automatic approach for patient identification. Objective: We took advantage of Mayo Clinic electronic clinical notes and proposed a novel method of combining NLP, machine learning, and ontology for automatic patient identification. We also investigated the benefits of involving existing SNOMED semantic knowledge in a patient identification task. Methods: the SVM algorithm was applied on SNOMED concept units extracted from T2DM case/control clinical notes. Precision, recall, and F-score were calculated to evaluate the performance. Results: This approach achieved an F-score of above 0.950 for both groups when using all identified concept units as features. Concept units from semantic type—Disease or Syndrome contain the most important information for patient identification. Our results also implied that the coarse level concepts contain enough information to classify T2DM cases/controls.
Upper Extremity Variations

The median nerve originates from the lateral (C5–7) and medial cords (C8, T1) of the brachial plexus. The median nerve enters the arm lateral to the brachial artery, crosses anterior to the artery near the insertion of the coracobrachialis, and descends medial to the artery until reaching the cubital fossa. In the fossa, the nerve situates in between the bicipital aponeurosis and brachialis. The median nerve enters the forearm between the two heads of the pronator teres, crosses lateral to the ulnar artery, and passes posterior to a tendinous bridge between the humeroulnar and radial heads of the flexor digitorum superficialis before descending the forearm along the flexor digitorum superficialis and anterior to the flexor digitorum profundus. It emerges from behind the lateral edge of the flexor digitorum superficialis 5 cm proximal to the flexor retinaculum, and lies superficially between the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor carpi radialis tendons. The median nerve enters the hand deep to the flexor retinaculum and innervates the thenar muscles and the two radial lumbricals via its motor branches, and innervates the palmar aspect of the first, second, and third fingers and the radial half of the fourth finger via its sensory cutaneous branches.
Macroscopic structural styles in the southeastern Anadarko Basin, southern Oklahoma

Abstract The Anadarko Basin in south-central Oklahoma contains a number of oil and gas fields located on anticlinal structures formed during the Pennsylvanian Orogeny. We use new 2-D and 3D seismic and well data to interpret the structural geometry and kinematic evolution of the Carter-Knox, Cruce, Chickasha, and Cement structures. These structures consist of tight faulted-detachment folds within the Pennsylvanian units related to slip along a detachment at the base of the Springer Shale, cored by deeper low amplitude fault-related folds within the pre-Pennsylvanian thick carbonate units which are detached at the base of the Arbuckle Group. Slip on these detachments was derived from the Wichita Uplift, which was a Precambrian-Cambrian failed rift that became inverted during the Pennsylvanian Orogeny. The trend and location of these structures was probably controlled by discontinuities related to pre-existing rift-related basement normal faults. Variations in the structural styles among the major structures are related primarily to the shortening and the influence of late-stage normal/strike-slip faulting. Changes in shortening are manifested in the increasing tightness and relief of the anticlines from the Chickasha-Cement to the Carter-Knox and Cruce structures. Some of the E-W structures were cut by Virgilian age strike-slip and associated normal faults which formed as the maximum compressive stress rotated from NE-SW to ENE-WSW during the Late Pennsylvanian. In summary, the geometry, trend, and evolution of the structures were influenced by the mechanical stratigraphy, pre-existing basement structures, and a rotation in stresses during the final stage of their formation.
Momentum-inspired Low-Rank Coordinate Descent for Diagonally Constrained SDPs.

We present a novel, practical, and provable approach for solving diagonally constrained semi-definite programming (SDP) problems at scale using accelerated non-convex programming. Our algorithm non-trivially combines acceleration motions from convex optimization with coordinate power iteration and matrix factorization techniques. The algorithm is extremely simple to implement, and adds only a single extra hyperparameter -- momentum. We prove that our method admits local linear convergence in the neighborhood of the optimum and always converges to a first-order critical point. Experimentally, we showcase the merits of our method on three major application domains: MaxCut, MaxSAT, and MIMO signal detection. In all cases, our methodology provides significant speedups over non-convex and convex SDP solvers -- 5X faster than state-of-the-art non-convex solvers, and 9 to 10^3 X faster than convex SDP solvers -- with comparable or improved solution quality.
Floral Resources Enhance Fecundity, but Not Flight Activity, in a Specialized Aphid Predator, Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Adult aphid predators disperse across the landscape seasonally in search of prey aggregations that are patchily distributed and temporally variable. However, flight is energetically costly and consumes resources that could be invested in reproduction. Hippodamia convergens is an important aphid predator in North American cereal crops and other agricultural systems. Consumption of floral resources can enhance adult survival during periods of low prey availability and may improve reproductive success. We tested how an omnivorous adult diet containing floral resources (diluted honey and pulverized bee pollen) interacts with body size to influence reproduction and flight behavior compared to a prey-only diet. Two sizes of beetles were produced by controling larval access to food – 3h daily access produced small beetles; ad libitum access produced large beetles with faster development. Reproductive performance was tracked for 18 days, and female flight activity was assayed via 3h bouts of tethered flight. Diet composition and body size interacted to influence preoviposition period, with large females in prey-only treatments delaying oviposition the longest. The omnivorous adult diet improved 18 d fecundity relative to a prey-only diet, but egg fertility was unaffected. Adult size affected oviposition pattern, with small beetles laying smaller, but more numerous, clutches. Females flew up to 7 km in 6h, but neither body size nor adult diet influenced flight distance, suggesting that all diet treatments generated energy reserves sufficient to power flights of short duration. However, pre-reproductive females flew > 60% further than they did post-reproduction, likely due to the energetic costs of oviposition. Thus, access to pollen and nectar increased reproductive success and altered oviposition patterns in H. convergens, indicating the importance of floral resources in the agricultural landscape to conservation of this predator and its biological control services.
Fear of Falling: Significant Barrier in Fall Prevention Approaches

Fear of falling is a critical component in fall prevention approaches; however, it is often overlooked in the majority of fall prevention exercises. Alternative fall prevention approaches that take...
Interleukin 17A induces renal SGK1 expression in hypertension (1074.3)

We have previously shown that the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 17A (IL17A), is upregulated by angiotensin II and plays a critical role in angiotensin II induced hypertension and vascular ...
Abstract A32: A role for elevated leptin, independent of obesity, in the progression of melanoma

Background: With the growing epidemic of obesity in developed nations, considerable interest has been generated in the metabolic hormone leptin. Upon caloric intake, leptin is secreted by adipocytes and detected as a satiety signal in the hypothalamus. Obese individuals tend to have higher levels, likely due to hormone resistance. Less well-known is leptin9s role as a pro-inflammatory adipokine. Leptin bears structural homology to type I cytokines. A wide range of pro-inflammatory functions for leptin has been published, generating interest in leptin9s role in obesity-related cancers. Leptin receptors have been described in cancer of the breast, prostate, colon, and endometrium, and leptin has been implicated as a growth and invasion factor for these malignancies. We have reported that both leptin and its receptor are expressed by melanoma tumors and cell lines. Melanoma cells respond to leptin by activating the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway and by proliferating. These data implicate leptin in melanoma growth and progression, and raise the possibility of an autocrine loop. Objective: In the current study we further test the hypothesis that leptin is a growth factor for melanoma by correlating leptin levels with positive and negative sentinel lymph nodes (SN). Patients and Methods: Eligible patients were high-risk primary cutaneous melanoma, within eight weeks of resection, and a SN biopsy scheduled. Clinical information included gender, age, height, weight, Clark level, Breslow thickness, mitotic index, and ulceration. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. To account for the role of obesity, an adjusted leptin was calculated for each patient by dividing the fasting (raw) leptin value with the BMI. A fasting blood sample for leptin was drawn preoperatively on the morning of surgery. Leptin levels were measured in duplicate using Quantikine Human Leptin ELISA Kit (RD Sep 20-23, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(14 Suppl):Abstract nr A32.
Conventionalizing the Postmodern

_Postmodernism in the Cinema_ Edited by Cristina Degli-Esposti London: Berghahn, 1998 ISBN 1-57181-106-0 264 pp.
A chaperone with a hydrophilic surface

The folding of native tubulin involves at least seven different chaperone proteins: prefoldin, the cytosolic chaperonin CCT and five tubulin-specific chaperone proteins named cofactors A–E. The structure of the yeast homolog of cofactor A, Rbl2p, shows it to be a dimer with largely hydrophilic surfaces, reflecting the fact that it interacts with quasi-native, not unfolded, β-tubulin.