cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TH‐C‐M100F‐08: HDR Brachytherapy and Online Image‐Guided Adaptive IMRT for Dose Escalation in Prostate Cancer: Comparison of Brachytherapy and IMRT Boosts

Purpose: A course of one to three large fractions of HDR interstitial brachytherapy (HIB) is an attractive alternative to intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) for delivering boost dose to the prostate in combination with additional external beam irradiation for intermediate risk disease. The purpose of this work is to quantitatively compare single‐fraction HIB boost to biologically equivalent fractionated IMRT, assuming idealized image‐guideddelivery (igIMRT) and conventional delivery (cIMRT). Materials & Methods: For 9 prostate patients, both 7‐field IMRT and HIB boosts were planned. The Linear‐Quadratic model (alpha/beta = 3Gy) was used to compute biologically equivalent dose (BED) prescriptions: (a) HIB boost delivered 9Gy in a single fraction, (b) igIMRT boost delivered 20.25Gy to the CTV (prostate gland) in 9 fractions, (c) cIMRT boost delivered 20.25Gy in 9 fractions to the PTV (10mm expansion, 6mm posteriorily). The cIMRT plan was evaluated as a static plan, and with a simulated random and setup errors. The plan evaluation endpoints were: (a) for Tumor Control, the CTV Equivalent Surviving Fraction (ESD index) and (b) for Bladder and Rectum toxicity the Generalized Equivalent Uniform Dose (gEUD) and BED VH parameters. Results: HIB delivery produces outcomes comparable to or better than the idealized igIMRT delivery. On average, the ESD is 16% higher in the HIB delivery than it is in the IMRTdelivery. For the HIB, the bladder/rectal gEUD values are strongly influenced by high dose DVH tails. A saturation BED, beyond which no further injury can occur, must be assumed. The gEUD values in HIB delivery are comparable, or better, than those for the IMRTdelivery. Modeling of organ motion uncertainties yields mean outcomes similar to static plan outcomes. Conclusion: HIB offers therapeutic gains which exceed even the most optimum igIMRT.
The Future of Kirkuk

Abstract The analysis below provides an overview of the modern history of the city of Kirkuk and its surrounding area, its role in Iraqi politics, and the risk of sectarian conflict over control of the Kirkuk region breaking out. This paper also assesses the broad outlines of various strategies for mitigating sectarian conflict over Kirkuk, as suggested by a number of observers. More specifically, it is argued that Article 140 of Iraq's Constitution (which promises to hold a referendum on the status of Kirkuk no later than 31 December 2007), should be respected. Should the referendum results indicate a desire to join Kirkuk governorate to the Kurdish Autonomous Region, such inclusion should occur along with a number of federalist resource and power sharing provisions, and the city of Kirkuk itself should possibly receive a special independent administrative status.
Three-dimensional Euler solutions for long-duct nacelles

A three-dimensional Euler-equation computational technique has been developed to solve for the transonic flow past flow-through nacelles. The technique employs an approximately-factored alternating-direction implicit numerical algorithm and a radiation treatment of the outflow boundary. Studies are presented which show that the radiation treatment gives better numerical convergence than the condition of specifying the pressure at the outflow boundary. Calculations made with the technique are presented for a long-duct turbofan engine nacelle at a Mach number of 0.80 and angles of attack of 0 deg and 4 deg. Good agreement is shown between the computational results and wind-tunnel data. Problem areas are identified and recommendations are made for further numerical studies.
Optimizing the Thermomechanics of Shape-Memory Polymers for Biomedical Applications

We examine the shape-memory effect in polymer networks intended for biomedical applications. The polymers were photopolymerized from tert-butyl acrylate (tBA) with polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) acting as a crosslinker. Three-point flexural tests were used to systematically investigate the thermomechanics of shape-storage deformation and shape recovery. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymers varied over a range of 100°C and is dependent on the molecular weight and concentration of the crosslinker. The polymers show 100% strain recovery up to maximum strains of approximately 80% at low and high deformation temperatures (Td). Free strain recovery was determined to depend on the temperature during deformation; lower deformation temperatures (Td < Tg) decreased the temperature required for free strain recovery. Constrained stress recovery shows a complex evolution as a function of temperature and also depends on Td. The thermomechanical results are discussed in light of potential biomedical applications and a prototype stent that can be activated at body temperature is presented.
Random-field Ising model on a Bethe lattice

The ground state of the random-field Ising ferromagnet on a Bethe lattice is found. With decreasing random-field strength an infinite series of spin-flip transitions precedes the onset of ferromagnetism. The $T=0$ critical behavior is not mean-field-like. At finite temperatures a series of Griffiths singularities precedes the phase transition. As $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, the Griffiths singularities terminate at the spin-flip transitions. The $T\ensuremath{\ne}0$ critical behavior is argued to be mean-field-like.
Higher-order finite-difference schemes for electromagnetic radiation, scattering, and penetration .2. Applications

For pt.1 see ibid., vol.44, no.1, p.134-42 (2002). Higher-order schemes for the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method - in particular, a second-order-in-time, fourth-order-in-space method, FDTD(2,4) - are applied to a number of problems. The problems include array analysis, cavity resonances, antenna coupling, and shielding effectiveness case studies. The latter includes a simplified model of a commercial airliner, with a personal electronic device operating in the vicinity of the aircraft. The FDTD computations are also compared to measured data for this case. Incorporating PEC and other types of material boundaries into higher-order FDTD is problematic; a hybrid approach using the standard FDTD method in the proximity of the boundary is proposed, and shown to perform well.
Initial validation and quality control of platelet concentrates prepared by apheresis

Platelet concentrate (PC) prepared by apheresis is a widely used product in the practice of transfusion medicine. New machines, new protocols and/or disposables for existing machines, as well as new storage containers for the PC are being introduced with great frequency. Furthermore, additional steps such as filtration are being introduced between preparation and storage. The goal of this paper is to discuss the wide range of laboratory measurements which might be used by manufacturers of apheresis centers to validate a new procedure prior to its introduction into clinical practice. In addition, the discussion should shed light on what procedures might be used as quality control assessments by an apheresis center during the ongoing utilization of a procedure which has previously been validated. Once a PC has been prepared, it must be stored for finite period of time. A new procedure may provide a PC with a large number of platelets and few contaminating leukocytes but poor potential for storage. Therefore, any new preparative procedure must specify how long the PC may be stored and what the conditions of storage are to be. The laboratory assays to be described should be applied at the end of that storage interval.
What drives mutual fund flows: profit or panic?

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the market‐timing ability of mutual fund flows and how fund investors conduct asset allocation in response to market volatility.Design/methodology/approach – The paper compares the abnormal returns of net inflow funds with those of net outflow funds, and it explores the performance gap between them based on a model that incorporates both market return timing and market volatility timing. The asset allocation pattern of fund investors and its relation to market volatility are also investigated.Findings – This study finds that funds that receive net money inflows fail to earn risk‐adjusted abnormal returns, while funds with net outflows earn statistically significant negative abnormal returns. Neither the net inflow funds nor the net outflow funds show any ability to time the market return, but there is some evidence that net inflow funds exhibit an ability to time market volatility. Because cash holdings of the net outflow funds are much lower than that of ...
Evaluating the Potential Predictive Utility of Ensemble Forecasts

Abstract A method is presented for determining when an ensemble of model forecasts has the potential to provide some useful information. An ensemble forecast of a particular scale quantity is said to have potential predictive utility when the ensemble forecast distribution is significantly different from an appropriate climatological distribution. Here, the potential predictive utility is measured using Kuiper's statistical test for comparing two discrete distributions. More traditional measures of the potential usefulness of an ensemble forecast based on ensemble mean or variance discard possibly valuable information by making implicit assumptions about the distributions being compared. Application of the potential predictive utility to long integrations of an atmospheric general circulation model in a boundary value problem (an ensemble of Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project integrations) reveals a number of features about the response of a GCM to observed sea surface temperatures. In particular, ...
The effect of a single treatment of the Protonics system on lower extremity kinematics during gait and the lateral step up exercise.

Abstract Introduction Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is often attributed to abnormal patellar tracking. The Protonics™ knee orthosis was developed to reduce femoral internal rotation by altering pelvic alignment via hamstring activation. The purpose of this research was to determine if a single treatment with the orthosis improved lower extremity alignment during gait and the lateral step up exercise. We hypothesized that anterior pelvic tilt, hip internal rotation and adduction, and external rotation of the tibia with respect to the femur would decrease after use of the brace. Methods Nineteen females (23.4 ± 3.1 year, 1.66 ± 0.05 m, 65.3 ± 20.4 kg) with chronic PFP participated. Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected for each subject at 60 Hz during pre-treatment (PRE), after a placebo condition with the orthosis set at zero resistance (PLAC), and post-treatment (POST). Treatment consisted of having the subject perform the rehabilitation exercises recommended by the Protonics™ manufacturer. A repeated measures ANOVA was performed on each dependent variable (α = 0.05). Results This investigation did not verify the changes in alignment proposed by the manufacturer as a result of acute application of the Protonics™ system. However, after the use of the brace, pelvic rotation and hip hike were decreased during the lateral step up exercise. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that a single application of the Protonics™ system did not alter anterior pelvic tilt, hip internal rotation and adduction, or tibial external rotation during the lateral step up and gait.
The determination of thiols with diphenylpicrylhydrazyl as a spectrophotometric reagent.

Abstract Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), a stable, intensely purple free radical, is used as a reagent in the quantitative determination of various aromatic and aliphatic thiols by indirect spectrophotometric analysis. Plots of degree of reaction vs . time show that thiophenol and its derivatives react more quickly than aliphatic thiols with DPPH. Calibration plots are linear over the concentration range 0.05–3.00 × 10 −5 M thiol. The average relative error is in the range 1–2% and the absolute standard deviations range up to 0.50 × 10 −6 M .
Random anisotropy models in the Ising limit

We have performed Monte Carlo simulations on the random anisotropy axis model of Harris, Plischke, and Zuckermann (introduced to describe amorphous magnetic films such as Dy-Cu or Dy-Al) in the Ising-like limit of infinite anisotropy energy. The ground state of this model (studied in samples of up to 20 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 20 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 20 spins) exhibits significant short-range ferromagnetic order but no long-range magnetic order in three dimensions, supporting arguments of Pelcovits, Pytte, and Rudnick. The specific heat shows a narrow maximum but no obvious critical behavior. Relaxation studies provide evidence for a distinct stable low-temperature phase, but cannot determine whether a sharp phase transition occurs. The spin susceptibility at higher temperatures and magnetization as a function of field at low temperatures have been calculated. Although the absence of critical behavior in the specific heat of this model in zero field is reminiscent of some Ising spin-glasses, the magnetic behavior is indistinguishable from that of a ferromagnet with moderate coercivity.
Oxygen Radical Absorbing Capacity of Anthocyanins

Anthocyanins are natural colorants belonging to the flavonoid family. They are widely distributed among flowers, fruits, and vegetables. Using the automated oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay developed in our laboratory, we determined the antioxidant capacity of 14 anthocyanins including the aglycons delphinidin, cyanindin, pelargonidin, malvidin, peonidin, and their derivatives with different sugar linkages. Among these anthocyanins, kuromanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside) had the highest ORAC activity, which was 3.5 times stronger than Trolox (vitamin E analogue), while pelargonin had the lowest antioxidant activity but was still as potent as Trolox. Different patterns of hydroxylation and glycosylation in anthocyanins appear to modulate their antioxidant properties. Therefore, in addition to their colorful characteristics, anthocyanins possess potent antioxidant properties.
Low-Distortion Sine Wave Generation Using a Novel Harmonic Cancellation Technique

A novel technique is proposed to generate robust, low distortion sine waves. In this method, outputs of a phase shift oscillator (PSO) are weighted and summed to obtain multiple outputs with very low distortion and precise phase relationship. The method allows a programmable number of harmonic distortion components to be cancelled over a wide frequency range. This work derives the condition for the weights on the outputs of the PSO to be a real quantity, and demonstrates how this can be used to generate low distortion sine waves. With the proposed method, in an N-stage PSO, harmonics up to N-2th can be canceled. Simulation results using commercial operational amplifier spice models are presented to demonstrate low distortion sine wave generation over 2 kHz-180 kHz frequency range. The method has been experimentally verified using extremely low-cost, discrete components to produce 100 dB total harmonic distortion (THD) sine wave.
Dead-time-corrected photocounting distributions for laser radiation*

Exact forward photocounting distributions for a source of optical radiation with arbitrary statistics are obtained in the presence of photodetector dead time. In particular, we examine the counting and pulse-interval distributions that arise from amplitude-stabilized radiation, from chaotic radiation, and from a Van der Pol laser with arbitrary excitation. The exact dead-time-corrected Poisson distribution is graphically compared with a previous approximate result and with the uncorrected Poisson. Plots of the Bose–Einstein distribution clearly indicate the dramatic anti-bunching effects of the dead time in overcoming the inherent bunching of this distribution. A simplified approximate solution is also found. for the Van der Pol laser above threshold; this result is similar to light from an amplitude-stabilized source incident on a photodetector with a gaussian-distributed dead time. Information about photodetector dead-time variation can therefore be obtained either by using an amplitude-stabilized source or by properly choosing system parameters such that irradiance fluctuations are averaged out.
A catalog of Boolean concepts

Boolean concepts are concepts whose membership is determined by a Boolean function, such as that expressed by a formula of propositional logic. Certain Boolean concepts have been much studied in the psychological literature, in particular with regard to their ease of learning. But research attention has been somewhat uneven, with a great deal of attention paid to certain concepts and little to others, in part because of the unavailability of a comprehensive catalog. This paper gives a complete classification of Boolean concepts up to congruence (isomorphism of logical form). Tables give complete details of all concepts determined by up to four Boolean variables. For each concept type, the tables give a canonic logical expression, an approximately minimal logical expression, the Boolean complexity (length of the minimal expression), the number of distinct Boolean concepts of that type, and a pictorial depiction of the concept as a set of vertices in Boolean D-space. Some psychological properties of Boolean concepts are also discussed.
Vibrational energy dynamics of normal and deuterated liquid benzene.

Ultrafast Raman spectroscopy with infrared (IR) excitation is used to study vibrational energy dynamics of ambient temperature liquids benzene and benzene-d6. After IR pumping of a CH-stretch or CD...
GaAs n+-p−-n+ ballistic structure

Potential distribution and I/V characteristics of short n+-p−-n+ devices are calculated assuming ballistic electron transport (no collisions). The results of the calculation are in good agreement with experimental results for submicrometre GaAs n+-p−-n+ structures.
An introduction to hyperseeing and hypersculptures

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce the cybernetics audience to the fundamental interdisciplinary concept of hyperseeing and its application to hypersculptures.Design/methodology/approach – Briefly, hyperseeing is seeing from multiple viewpoints in a very general sense. In particular, the author first discusses hyperseeing a sculpture. A sculpture is defined as an object in a fixed position relative to a horizontal plane (base, ground). Two sculptures are congruent if they consist of the same object. A hypersculpture is a set of congruent sculptures. A hypersculpture is a more complete presentation of the sculptural possibilities of an object.Findings – A specific example is given of hyperseeing a knot sculpture made of copper tubing.Originality/value – The paper demonstrates how the study of hypersculptures facilitates gaining a deeper understanding and appreciation of sculpture.
Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in the Endolymphatic Sac During Inner Ear Inflammation

The inner ear is capable of rapidly mounting an immune response that can ultimately lead to cochlear degeneration and permanent hearing loss. The role of the endolymphatic sac in this immune process is not clear. In order to investigate the cytokine expression of cells within the endolymphatic sac, a secondary inner ear immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was created in mice. The animals were sacrificed 3–48 h and 7 days following initiation of the immune response. The cochleas and endolymphatic sacs were assayed by immunocytochemistry for IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6. Three hours after KLH challenge of the scala tympani, the perisaccular tissue of the endolymphatic sac contained more inflammatory cells than the scala tympani or endolymphatic sac lumen. Only a few of these cells, however, expressed the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα between 3 and 12 h after KLH injection. On the other hand, TNFα, which plays an important role in the cochlear secondary immune response, was expressed in cells in the endolymphatic sac lumen. The maximum percentage of cells expressing TNFα was seen later than in the scala tympani. Animals treated with systemic injection of the TNF blocker, etanercept, showed a reduction in the number of cells in the endolymphatic sac lumen. It is concluded that the cells in the endolymphatic sac lumen contribute to the amplification of the adaptive immune response by expressing TNFα, while the infiltration of cells into the perisaccular connective tissue is part of the nonspecific, innate, cochlear immune response.
Information: Does it Have To Be True?

Luciano Floridi (2003) offers a theory of information as a “strongly semantic” notion, according to which information encapsulates truth, thereby making truth a necessary condition for a sentence to qualify as “information”. While Floridi provides an impressive development of this position, the aspects of his approach of greatest philosophical significance are its foundations rather than its formalization. He rejects the conception of information as meaningful data, which entails at least three theses – that information can be false; that tautologies are information; and, that “It is true that …” is non-redundant – appear to be defensible. This inquiry offers various logical, epistemic, and ordinary-language grounds to demonstrate that an account of his kind is too narrow to be true and that its adoption would hopelessly obscure crucial differences between information, misinformation, and disinformation.
Behavioural response of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora to oxamyl

Summary Infective juveniles of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae show a low level of locomotory activity that is presumed to limit their usefulness as biological insecticides. A 30 μg ml-1 solution of the carbamate pesticide oxamyl reduced the proportion of nonmobile nematodes by nearly two thirds to 35%, while stimulating a 7.5-fold increase in sinusoidal movement. This increase in activity did not result in a corresponding increase in host-finding. Oxamyl treatment did not enhance infective juvenile pathogenicity to Galleria mellonella larvae. At higher concentrations, oxamyl caused aberrant nematode movement and partial paralysis. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles maintain a high level of locomotory activity. Treatment with 30 μg ml-1 oxamyl increased the proportion of sinusoidal over nonsinusoidal movements, but infective juvenile host-finding and pathogenicity were significantly reduced. Higher rates impaired movement and induced complete paralysis. We conclude that oxamyl is incompatible with S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora. The concept of chemically activating infective juveniles to increased locomotory activity and thereby achieving enhanced efficacy is inconsistent with our results.
Coronaviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology

Coronaviruses are a group of single-stranded RNA viruses that mainly cause enteric and respiratory diseases in infected hosts. Before 2002, coronaviruses were known as important veterinary pathogens, as well as a cause of the common cold in humans. In 2002–2003, with the advent of the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), this picture changed. SARS was quickly shown to be caused by a novel coronavirus, and the ensuing explosion of research on coronaviruses is reflected in this new book. This multi-authored book contains 16 chapters and is organized into 2 sections. The first section of 7 chapters covers most aspects of coronavirus replication, from virus binding and entry into the cell to genome packaging. When appropriate, these chapters also draw on recent work with the closely related arteriviruses. Each chapter generally offers excellent and balanced reviews of the coronavirus literature through 2006, with a few references from 2007. The second section of 9 chapters discusses various aspects of the host-pathogen interface of several coronaviruses; the major focus is the SARS coronavirus, although the human coronavirus NL63 and murine, feline, and avian coronaviruses are also covered. This book provides a one-stop entry into current thinking in the field. For those unfamiliar with coronaviruses, the first section offers a current view of how these viruses replicate. Two areas that are not as well represented in this section are effects of coronavirus infection on cellular processes, such as the cell cycle, apoptosis, and other signaling pathways, and protein trafficking, virus assembly, and release. Separate chapters on these areas would have strengthened the book. In some ways, the second section of the book is not as satisfying. The 3 chapters on SARS coronavirus and the chapter on human coronavirus vaccine development have introductory sections that are somewhat repetitive. Including chapters on transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine respiratory coronavirus would also have been beneficial. That said, the chapters on SARS and the avian, murine, and feline coronaviruses are excellent. I heartily recommend that this book be placed in the library of every laboratory that is working on this fascinating group of viruses. It will be particularly valuable to newcomers to the field by providing a single entry point to recent thinking about these agents.
An Examination of the Effect of Hypothesis Framing on Auditors’Information Choices in an Analytical Procedure Task

Libby (1985) contends that auditors’search for and evaluation of audit evidence, particularly during analytical procedures, is influenced by an explicitly or implicitly formulated hypothesis. Often a hypothesis may be‘framed’in alternative ways. For example, an auditor may frame analytical procedure results in terms of a‘misstatement’or a‘non-misstatement’frame. The concern arises that alternatively framed, but otherwise identical, audit issues may be treated differently. This concern has led Kinney and Haynes (1990) to propose modifying auditing standards to direct auditors to adopt a‘misstatement’frame. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether alternative analytical procedure frames affect auditors’information choices in an analytical procedure task. An experiment was conducted in which auditors listed which information cues were relevant to explain an unusual financial statement fluctuation. Half of the information cues made a misstatement explanation more plausible whereas half of the information cues made a non-misstatement explanation more plausible. The results indicate that hypothesis frame significantly affected auditors’information choices. Specifically, auditors in the misstatement (non-misstatement) frame select more misstatement (non-misstatement) cues as relevant. The hypothesis frame, however, did not significantly affect probability assessments.
Computational geometry column 52

Two art-gallery-like problems concerning transmitters in polygons are described, and several open problems posed.
The effect of insulin on the metabolism of lipids and on urea formation by the perfused rat liver.

Abstract Livers obtained from fed or fasted rats were perfused with blood from fasted rats with and without the addition of insulin and/or a hyperlipemic serum (HLS). Addition of the hormone alone, or with HLS, to the perfusate in perfusions of “fasted” or “fed” livers reduced the levels of blood sugar and NEFA and did not significantly change the concentrations of ketone bodies, urea, cholesterol esters and free cholesterol. Insulin reduced the level of triglycerides in the perfusate of “fed” livers and increased triglycerides when HLS was added to the perfusate of “fasted” livers. The normal decline in liver glycogen content during the perfusion, which was not affected by addition of insulin, was prevented by addition of HLS. Insulin and/or HLS increased the triglycerides content of the liver. The hormone had no effect on liver cholesterol.
Reproduction and spawning in walleye (Stizostedion vitreum)

The walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) is a North American mesothermal freshwater teleost that spawns once each year in early spring. Walleye spawn randomly over suitable substrates and do not provide any parental protection for eggs or juveniles. The majority of gonadal recrudescence in adult male walleye occurs in the autumn, and walleye testes contain large numbers of viable spermatozoa from late autumn through the spawning season. Adult female walleye exhibit group synchronous ovarian development, and similar to males, the majority of gonadal development occurs in the autumn. Evidence suggests that 17α,20β-dihydroxyprogesterone is the maturational steroid in this species. Simple environmental manipulations coupled with injections of human chorionic gonadotropin can be used to advance spawning in walleye by up to 12 weeks. To spawn and propagate walleye, hatcheries in North America use a wide range of methods that have been developed to meet the needs and conditions present at specific facilities.
Control of the optical surface of a thin, deformable primary mirror with application to an orbiting astronomical observatory

A significant technological problem associated with the orbital operation of large astronomical telescopes is the fabrication and maintenance of the primary mirror surface to the tolerance required for diffraction-limited performance. An interesting approach to the solution of this problem involves continuously measuring and automatically correcting the optical surface of a thin deformable mirror. In this paper the discrete control of linear distributed systems is considered. In particular the design of a practical controller for a plant representative of a telescope primary mirror for an orbiting astronomical observatory is presented. Modal techniques are employed to represent the distortion of the mirror surface. This distortion is countered by actuators working against a backing structure to apply a corrective force distribution to the controlled surface. Each actuator acts upon the mirror through a pad intentionally introduced to restrict the excitation of high-order modes. Control is then exerted over a finite number, equal to the number of actuators, of the most significant modes. The formulation of a quadratic performance index which incorporates a measure of image quality permits determination of the trade-off between the number of actuators and optical purity. A criterion for defining actuator placement and pad size is presented which minimizes the tendency of the controller to excite the unmonitored modes.
Chemotaxis of metastatic tumor cells

A number of factors have been identified which are chemotactic for tumor cells. Recent studies have shown that, in addition to inducing directional motility in the Boyden chamber assay, these factors also induce a number of other responses. Included among these responses are cell swelling and foreign surface adhesiveness. The adherence response has been studied in detail using the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells and several other cell types. In the Walker cells, treatment with the C5a-derived tumor cell chemotactic peptide, the synthetic tripeptide, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or with 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol ester induces a rapid, transient adherence response. The response is completely inhibited by several agents known to block the activity of phospholipase A2 or the metabolism of arachidonic acid through the lipoxygenase pathway but is not inhibited by inhibition of the cyclooxygenase pathway. This suggests that lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid may actually mediate the adherence response. It has been shown that chemotactic factor treatment of animals that are bearing circulating tumor cells induces a localization of these cells at the site of chemotactic factor injection. On the basis of these observations it has been hypothesized that tumor cells respond to chemotactic factors in much the same way that leukocytes do and that tumor cell localization at metastatic sites in vivo may be influenced by chemotactic factors in much the same way that leukocyte localization at inflammatory sites is.
Remodeling Catholic Ruins in William Wordsworth's Poetry

William Wordsworth's poetry reveals his interest in the social model of the Catholic monastery, his sense of this model's vulnerability during political crises, and its potential in addressing the social and environmental concerns of the nineteenth century. While Wordsworth laments the devastation of religious communities during the French Revolution, he targets industrial capitalism as the modern-day threat to a communal ideal of environmental and spiritual harmony. Underexplored works such as “Tuft of Primroses” and “St. Bees” legitimize a celibate religious vocation and female leadership within this context, views he shared with the founders of the Oxford Movement who sought his involvement in a shared agenda of religious reform on the local level. Catholic ruins in Great Britain, in Wordsworth's estimation, can be remodeled along Protestant lines congruent with the original founders' institutional mission to address the needs of the local community. Thus, the transformation of “St. Bees” from a mediev...
A Performance Evaluation of an Alpha EV7 Processing Node

In this paper we detail the performance of a new Alpha-Server node containing 16 Alpha EV7 CPUs. The EV7 processor is based on the EV68 processor core that is used in terascale systems at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center. The EV68 processor core is supplemented with six-way router circuitry that forms connections from the processor internals to four neighboring CPUs in a two-dimensional torus, to a I/O controller and to local memory. The performance evaluation presented in this paper considers memory hierarchy, intra-node MPI communication, and also the performance of a number of complete applications. The measurements are compared with those taken on existing AlphaServer machines. It is clear from our analysis that the superior application performance of the EV7 relative to a similarspeed EV68 is attributable to its excellent main memory bandwidth - over 4 GB/s.
On the modeling of piezoelectric wafer active sensor impedance analysis for structural health monitoring

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is important for reducing maintenance costs while increasing safety and reliability. Piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) used in SHM applications are able to detect structural damage using Lamb waves. PWAS are small, lightweight, unobtrusive, and inexpensive. PWAS achieve direct transduction between electric and elastic wave energies. PWAS are essential elements in the Lamb-wave SHM with pitch-catch, pulse-echo, phased array system and electromechanical impedance methods. This paper starts with the state of the art on the impedance method for PWAS applications. Then, finite element impedance model for free and bonded PWAS with different sizes and shapes will be given. Experiments showed that the real part and imaginary part of PWAS had different usage. Applications of impedance-based structural health monitoring indicate impedance method as a good candidate for damage detection and sensor durability verification for SHM smart sensor.
Factors required in vitro for excision of the Bacteroides conjugative transposon, CTnDOT.

Abstract Four genes have been found to be essential for excision of the Bacteroides conjugative transposon CTnDOT in vivo: intDOT, orf2c, orf2d, and exc. The intDOT gene encodes an integrase that is essential for integration and excision. The function of the other genes is still uncertain. Previously, we developed an in vitro system for the integration reaction. We have now developed an in vitro system for excision. In this system, the left and right junctions of CTnDOT, attL, and attR, are provided on separate plasmids. The excision reaction produced a cointegrate which contained the attDOT (the joined ends of CTnDOT) and attB (the chromosomal target site). Cointegrate formation was observed after electroporation of Escherichia coli with the assay mixture and was also detected directly in the assay mixture by Southern hybridization. The highest reaction frequencies (10−3) were obtained with a mixture that contained purified IntDOT and a cell extract from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 4001, which contained the excision region of CTnDOT carried on a plasmid. An unexpected finding was that the addition of purified Exc, which is essential for excision in vivo, was not required for excision in vitro, nor did it increase the frequency of cointegrate formation.
Sinonasal Evaluation Preceding Hematopoietic Transplantation

Objective. To determine the efficacy of sinonasal evaluation preceding hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) and to correlate pretransplant findings with subsequent risk of post-HCT complications based on radiographic, endoscopic, and microbiologic findings.Study Design. Case series with chart review.Setting. Academic tertiary care center.Subjects and Methods. Seventy-one patients underwent pre-HCT sinonasal evaluation. Pre-HCT imaging and endoscopic exams were evaluated via standardized scales. Middle meatus culture results were also recorded. Pre-HCT intervention was noted, as was any post-HCT evaluation and intervention.Results. Seventy-one patients underwent pre-HCT evaluation. Sixty-five percent of patients were asymptomatic at the time of evaluation. On computed tomography (CT) imaging, the average Lund-Mackay score was 2.2 ± 3.7. Mean endoscopic grading score was 0.6 ± 1.6. The majority of cultures grew commensal organisms only. Four of 71 patients (6%) had evidence of chronic rhinosinusitis pre-HCT;...
New seismological tables

The title of the present paper on which the writer was asked to speak fit this meeting of the American Geophysical Union has undoubtedly aroused in the minds of many the question of the necessity or advisability of new tables for earthquake waves. Why not standardize our results by adopting officially one of the sets of tables now in use instead of adding to the confusion by issuing new ones?
Assessing the Impact of Science Funding

Science supporters were rightly excited by the passage of the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA, i.e., the stimulus package). Headlines in Science ( 1 ) and Nature ( 2 ) rejoiced at the new value placed on science as a basis for economic growth and associated job creation. Indeed, federal investment was at least partly based on a belief that the result would be more competitive firms and more, and better, jobs—and soon! ( 3 ). That belief was bolstered by advocacy groups: For example, a report by the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF) estimated that an additional $20 billion investment in research in the stimulus package would create ∼402,000 American jobs for 1 year.
The Ideal Physical Therapist as Perceived by the Elderly Patient

A 28-item Q sort was constructed and used to determine 1) the characteristics considered most descriptive of the ideal physical therapist by the elderly patient, 2) those considered most descriptive of the ideal physical therapist by the therapist, and 3) the relationship between the two ideals. Each of the 28 statements selected was descriptive of the therapist in one of four roles as a therapist, teacher, worker, or person. The results suggest a moderate degree of similarity between the ideal physical therapist as viewed by the elderly and by the practitioner. Both patients and therapists selected the role of the therapist as a therapist as most descriptive and the role as a worker as least descriptive. Although the elderly ranked teaching qualities higher than personal characteristics, therapists reversed this order. Limitations in interpreting these differences are discussed.
Hydrogen-evolution characteristics of Ni–Mo-coated, radial junction, n+p-silicon microwire array photocathodes

The photocathodic H2-evolution performance of Ni–Mo-coated radial n+p junction Si microwire (Si MW) arrays has been evaluated on the basis of thermodynamic energy-conversion efficiency as well as solar cell figures of merit. The Ni–Mo-coated n+p-Si MW electrodes yielded open-circuit photovoltages (Voc) of 0.46 V, short-circuit photocurrent densities (Jsc) of 9.1 mA cm−2, and thermodynamically based energy-conversion efficiencies (η) of 1.9% under simulated 1 Sun illumination. Under nominally the same conditions, the efficiency of the Ni–Mo-coated system was comparable to that of Pt-coated n+p-Si MW array photocathodes (Voc = 0.44 V, Jsc = 13.2 mA cm−2, η = 2.7%). This demonstrates that, at 1 Sun light intensity on high surface area microwire arrays, earth-abundant electrocatalysts can provide performance comparable to noble-metal catalysts for photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution. The formation of an emitter layer on the microwires yielded significant improvements in the open-circuit voltage of the microwire-array-based photocathodes relative to Si MW arrays that did not have a buried n+p junction. Analysis of the spectral response and light-intensity dependence of these devices allowed for optimization of the catalyst loading and photocurrent density. The microwire arrays were also removed from the substrate to create flexible, hydrogen-evolving membranes that have potential for use in a solar water-splitting device.
Location of pulmonary metastasis in pediatric osteosarcoma is predictive of outcome

Abstract Background The 3-year survival after pulmonary metastasectomy for osteosarcoma (OS) is approximately 30%. Resection of metastatic disease can prolong life in pediatric patients with OS. Our objective is to assess the outcome of pediatric patients with pulmonary metastases located centrally as compared with peripheral lesions. Methods A retrospective review of patients 0 to 21 years old with a diagnosis of OS with pulmonary metastases on computed tomographic scan between 1985 and 2000 was completed. Demographics, metastasis location, survival, morbidity, and mortality were evaluated. Results Of 115 patients who had pulmonary metastasis secondary to OS, there were 96 wedge resections and 13 lobectomy/pneumonectomies in 84 patients. The morbidity of wedge resection was 9% and lobectomy/pneumonectomy was 8%. There were no deaths from surgery. The median survival for patients undergoing lobectomy compared with wedge resection was 0.61 and 1.14 years, respectively, but did not reach statistical significance. The median overall survival for the entire cohort was 0.75 years. The median overall survival after initial detection of metastatic disease was 1.06 years among the patients with peripheral disease, compared with 0.38 years in patients with central disease ( P = .008). Conclusion Patients with central pulmonary metastases in OS have a very poor prognosis, even after operative treatment, compared with those with peripheral disease. Patients with central lesions may benefit from other nonsurgical treatment options.
Time-optimal terminal control using neural networks

Multilayer neural networks, trained by the backpropagation through time algorithm (BPTT), are used successfully as state-feedback controllers for nonlinear terminal control problems. Current BPTT techniques do not deal systematically with open final-time situations such as minimum-time problems. An extension of BPTT to open final-time problems called time-optimal backpropagation-through-time (TOBPTT) is presented. The derivation uses Lagrange multiplier methods for constrained optimization. The algorithm is tested on a Zermelo problem, and the resulting trajectories compare favorably with classical optimal control results. >
Simulation of a coupled signal and power delivery system in an electronics package

As system operating frequencies and signal edge rates continue to increase, signal corruption in the form of crosstalk and noise in power delivery systems are becoming more and more limiting factors in the performance of electronic packaging. A variety of schemes have been devised to model package power delivery systems and signal trace coupling. In this paper, we present a novel approach to model such systems in a combined manner. The IO power delivery system is modeled in detail by discretizing all planes and vias and considering appropriate bypass capacitors on the chip and on the package. A simple two-port circuit model is then created that accurately reproduces the frequency and time domain responses of the detailed power delivery system model. Coupled signal lines are modeled using a culprit-victim methodology that accounts for many line coupling in a simplified four-port circuit for single-ended signals or an eight-port circuit for differential pairs. These two models are then combined to create a relatively simple SPICE model that simultaneously captures the effects of signal line behavior (e.g., crosstalk, reflections) with IO power delivery system behavior (e.g., rail collapse). This combined model provides a convenient vehicle to investigate the impact of a variety of packaging design variables on system IO performance. The development and use of such a combined model is demonstrated.
Walking the Talk Implementing the Prevention Guidelines and Transforming the Profession of Psychology

The Major Contribution aimed at strengthening a prevention focus in psychology, so as to more effectively and equitably promote the well-being of all members of psychology communities. The 3 reactions (L. A. Bond & A. Carmola Hauf, 2007 [this issue]; L. Reese, 2007 [this issue]; E. Rivera-Mosquera, E. T. Dowd, & M. Mitchell-Blanks 2007 [this issue]) give strong support for the best practice prevention guidelines, while providing new insights for their implementation in the field of psychology. In this rejoinder, the authors make an effort to build upon their colleagues' ideas, by addressing the topics of community-based collaboration, prevention across the life span, and implementation of the best practice guidelines. The authors urge further interdisciplinary collaboration by members of the American Psychological Association, and others interested in prevention, and invite genuine action to expand prevention efforts.
Association between lower-extremity function and arterial compliance in older adults.

The purpose was to identify the association between lower-extremity function and arterial compliance in older men and women. Participants included 46 healthy men (n = 18) and women (n = 28) 60 years of age or older. Lower-extremity functional performance was assessed by the summary performance score (SPS) that includes tests of 5 timed repeated chair rises, standing balance, and 4-meter walking velocity. Arterial compliance and arterial pressure were analyzed through pulsewave analysis. Small arterial compliance (3.74 ± 2.14; mean ± SD) was related (r = 0.34, P = .028) to SPS (11.09 ± 1.19) after adjusting for body surface area, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Systolic blood pressure (138 ± 14) also was related to SPS (r = −0.314, P = .040). These results suggest diminished lower-extremity function is associated with decreased small arterial compliance and elevated arterial pressure in older men and women.
Automated proteome-wide determination of subcellular location using high throughput microscopy

A major source of information for identifying subcellular location on a proteome-wide basis will be imaging of tagged proteins in living cells using fluorescence microscopy. We have previously developed automated systems to interpret images from such experiments and demonstrated that they can perform as well or better than visual inspection. Recent work demonstrates that these methods can be applied to large collections of images from sources as diverse as yeast expressing GFP-tagged proteins and human tissues imaged by immunocytochemistry. A distinct but related task is learning what location patterns exist. We have demonstrated clustering of mouse proteins into subcellular location families that share a statistically indistinguishable pattern. To communicate each pattern, we have developed approaches to learning generative models of subcellular patterns. Integration of high-throughput microscopy and automated model building with cell modeling systems will permit accurate, well-structured information on subcellular location to be incorporated into systems biology efforts.