cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The adaptive significance of clonal reproduction in angiosperms: an aquatic perspective

Abstract Traditionally, clonal reproduction has been viewed as an alternative to sexual reproduction and adaptive explanations have sought to compare both modes of ‘reproduction’. General theoretical discussions have included a very narrow range of the variation in forms of clonal reproduction and have tended to exclude many of the more common forms amongst aquatic angiosperms. More recent attempts to explain the adaptive significance of cloning in plants have focused on the dichotomy of compact versus diffusely spreading types and are still too narrow to provide a broad understanding. In this paper the case for the existence of six major categories of selective forces operating on clonal propagules is presented: numerical increase, dispersal, resource acquisition, storage, protection, and anchorage. It is shown that different methods of clonal reproduction differ in terms of these six characteristics. Further, there exists a partial correlation between the syndrome of functional attributes and the habitat relations for a given method of clonal reproduction. In order to develop a more preproductive relationship between plant form and habitat affinities it will be necessary to consider the entire growth form and life history. In doing this it will be necessary to recognize the numerous functions performed during clonal reproduction.
Development and initial characterization of a mitomycin C-resistant colon cancer cell line variant.

Resistance may limit the clinical usefulness of a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs, including imitomycin C (MMC). In order to study resistance to MMC, a variant of the HT-29 human colon cell line was isolated by exposure to repeated doses of MMC. The 95% inhibitory concentration of MMC for this isolate (HT-29R13) was found to be approximately twice that for the parent line. The level of resistance did not increase with additional drug exposure, and resistance was stable for at least 6 months in the absence of drug exposure. HT-29R13 cells exhibit cross-resistance to melphalan and 5-FU but not to doxorubicin, cis-platinum, or etoposide. HT-29R13 cells are characterized by slightly decreased plating efficiency and slightly increased total protein compared with the parent line. This model of stable, low-level MMC resistance with an unusual cross-resistance pattern may prove useful for the study and characterization of MMC resistance mechanisms.
Traffic engineering with elastic traffic

In the network layer, an internet service provider controls the traffic across an autonomous system by load balancing via traffic engineering and by varying the offered traffic of the users via feedback signals. In the transport layer, users send traffic into the network using the TCP protocol, which adjusts offered traffic according to the received feedback. We investigate how feedback and current traffic engineering practice interact with congestion control under the network utility maximization framework. We show that the current interaction is stable, increases network utility, but does not necessarily improve the traffic engineering objective. The mismatch in outcome and incentives prompt us for a more holistic view using game theory. With suitable modification of the feedback, we show that the interaction converges to a socially optimal solution for users running either primal or dual algorithms. We further show that the results hold even when traffic engineering is performed at any irregular intervals. More generally, we show via heterogeneous feedback the same optimality result for a mix of users running primal and dual algorithms.
Effect of Polymer and Ceramic Crevice Formers on the Crevice Corrosion of Ni-Cr-Mo Alloy 22

Abstract One important factor affecting crevice corrosion of passive metals is the crevice geometry, e.g., the gap of the crevice. The crevice geometry can be affected by the properties of the materials used as the crevice formers, i.e., a polymeric crevice former can conform to the surface roughness of a metal specimen, which helps the creation of a tighter crevice gap. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of crevice former materials on the evolution of crevice corrosion damage of Alloy 22 (UNS N06022). The factors that may limit the initiation and slow or stop the propagation of crevice corrosion are addressed. Crevice formers made from ceramic, polymers, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tape-covered ceramic are compared in controlled crevice corrosion tests, which are performed under highly aggressive, accelerated conditions. Results show that crevice corrosion of Alloy 22 is affected by the crevice former materials and by the surface finishes of the crevice former and specimen. ...
Effects of thermal stress on plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone, progesterone, prolactin and testosterone in the cycling ewe.

Abstract Naturally cycling white faced ewes were utilized to study the effects of continuously elevated environmental temperature and/or humidity on plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), progesterone (P4) and testosterone (TE) during the estrous cycle. Fourteen ewes were randomly allocated on the day of estrus (day 0) to either thermoneutral conditions (21.1°C, 65% relative humidity) or elevated ambient temperature/humidity conditions (36.1°C, 71% relative humidity) producing an average 1.4°C hyperthermia. Animals remained in their respective environments and blood samples were collected daily until the next estrus or day 20, whichever occurred first. Starting at noon on day 14, blood was sampled every 2 hours. Concentrations of LH, PRL, P4 and TE were quantified using validated radioimmunoassays. Hyperthermic ewes exhibited 1) a significant decrease (P
Postmortem stability of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in mouse brain under conditions simulating handling of human autopsy material.

The postmortern stability of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) has been investigated in mice cooled after death at a rate which approximates the rate of cooling of the human brain in situ under normal mortuary conditions. Significant changes in SLI levels were observed within the first few hours after death, but concentrations measured 6–24 hr after death seem to be similar to those existing at the time of death.
Outcome After Vascularized Bone Grafting of Scaphoid Nonunions With Avascular Necrosis

Purpose Vascularized bone grafting has been proposed as a treatment for scaphoid nonunions with avascular necrosis of the proximal pole. The purpose of this investigation is to report the results of vascularized bone graft and internal fixation for established scaphoid nonunions with proximal pole avascular necrosis as measured by validated outcome instruments. Methods From 1996 to 2004, 30 consecutive patients with established scaphoid nonunion, proximal pole avascular necrosis, and no prior surgery were treated with open reduction and internal fixation in addition to a vascularized bone graft based on 1,2 intercompartmental supraretinacular artery. A total of 19 patients had nonunions of the scaphoid waist and 11 had nonunions of the proximal pole of the scaphoid. Preoperative and postoperative evaluation included measurement of clinical (grip strength and range of motion), radiographic (scapholunate angle, scaphoid height-to-length ratio, and radioscaphoid arthritis), function (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire) and satisfaction parameters. We recorded union and return to activity and analyzed data both in the aggregate and stratified by nonunion location. Results Union rate was 28 of 30 (93%) and time to union was 5.1 months (±2.4). Significant improvements were found for grip strength, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score, satisfaction score, and scaphoid height-to-length ratio (p Conclusions The results of this investigation support the use of a vascularized bone graft for the treatment of scaphoid nonunions with avascular necrosis of the proximal pole. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 Nanocrystal Ink and Its Use for Solar Cells

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) and Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) based solar cells are promising candidates for low cost solar cells due to the natural abundance and low toxicity of the constituent elements. Here, we present the first reported synthesis of colloidal CZTS nanocrystals using a simple solution-phase method. Solar cells fabricated using selenized CZTS nanocrystal inks had a power conversion efficiency of 0.74% under AM1.5G illumination.
Scattering from the EMCC dielectric slabs: simulation and phenomenology interpretation

The scattering phenomenology in the EMCC (Electromagnetic Code Consortium) dielectric slab configuration with and without metal backing is studied. The scattering data are first simulated via a two-dimensional moment method solution. The resulting frequency domain data are initially compared to measurement data provided by EMCC. They are then transformed to the time domain, where the backscattering mechanisms are resolved and interpreted. Next, the scattering data are analyzed in the joint time-frequency domain via the short-time Fourier transform. In the joint time-frequency plane, dispersive surface wave mechanisms and guided wave modes are more easily pinpointed, providing us with further insights into the scattering physics of the structures.
Molecular Homology Assessment and Phylogeny in the Lizard Family Opluridae (Squamata: Iguania)

The effect of utilizing secondary structure on multiple alignment and phylogeny reconstruction was examined for the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA and valine transfer RNA genes in the lizard family Opluridae. Computer-generated multiple alignments were performed under parsimony using gap costs of 1-10 both with and without reference to secondary structure. Alignments performed without secondary structure resulted in disruption of positional homology in some stems at all gap costs. Number of misaligned stem positions increased with gap cost. Phylogenetic analyses of multiple alignments without secondary structure recovered a well-supported morphological tree for five gap costs, and this was the single most parsimonious tree only for a gap cost of 1. Computer-generated multiple alignments using secondary structure to maintain positional homologs in stems recovered the morphological tree over all gap costs, and this was the single most parsimonious tree for 8 of 10 gap costs. The combined morphological and molecular data produced a single most parsimonious oplurid tree that was congruent with the morphological tree over all gap costs. Chalaradon madagascariensis is the sister taxon of Oplurus, which itself contains two clades: one with the arboreal Oplurus cuvieri and Oplurus cyclurus and the other with the saxicolous Oplurus grandidieri, Oplurus fierinensis, Oplurus quadrimaculatus, and Oplurus saxicola.
Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) Densification Of Oxide Superconductors

Currently, consolidation of oxide superconductor powders is done by sintering, which is not effective in the reduction of porosity. This work demonstrates the feasibility of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) to obtain fully dense bulk superconductor. Modeling of the HIP process was used to .predict HIP conditions for production of fully dense superconducting material. It is predicted that fully dense YBa 2 Cu 3 0 7 can be obtained in reasonable times at temperatures down to around 650°C. The trade-offs between temperature, time, and pressure during HIP densification are analyzed as well as the effects of powder particle size and entrapped gas pressure. The HIP modeling has been verified experimentally under three conditions: 100 MPa HIP at 900°C for 2 hours (99.3% dense-full density), 100 MPa HIP at 750°C for 2 hours (96% dense), and sintering at 950°C for 16 hours (65% dense). A superconducting Meissner signal has been obtained on the fully dense specimen after a post-HIP heat treatment.
Effect of cytotoxic monoclonal antibody depletion of T-lymphocyte subpopulations on bleomycin-induced lung damage in C57BL/6J mice.

Treatment of cancer patients with the antitumor antibiotic bleomycin (BLM) is associated with lung damage which can progress to pulmonary fibrosis. Shortly after intratracheal (it) administration of BLM to experimental animals there is an influx of inflammatory cells into the lung. These inflammatory cells, consisting primarily of polymorphonuclear cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, are believed to modulate the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. The objective of the present study was to determine the role of specific T-lymphocyte subpopulations in this disease process following a single it administration of BLM to C57BL/6J mice. Specific in vivo T-lymphocyte subpopulation depletion was accomplished by multiple intraperitoneal administrations of cytotoxic monoclonal antibodies to mice prior to and following BLM administration. Acute lung damage was assessed by measuring levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme and total protein in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 7 days after BLM treatment while chronic fibrosis was assessed by total lung hydroxyproline 28 days after BLM. Although we were able to deplete lymph nodes and BAL of specific T-lymphocyte subpopulations we were unable to detect a difference in the extent or severity of either the acute or chronic stage of BLM-induced lung damage. These results suggest that BLM lung disease progresses unabated in C57BL/6J mice despite virtually complete depletion of either L3T4+ or Lyt-2+ T-lymphocytes. Although a > 80% decrease in Thy-1.2+ T-lymphocytes was accomplished, there was a residual population of Thy-1.2+ lymphocytes resistant to the cytotoxic antibody. It is possible, therefore, that this population of cells does play a role in the development of BLM lung disease.
Do Hydroelectric Dams Mitigate Global Warming? The Case of Brazil's CuruÁ-una Dam

Hydroelectric dams in tropical forest areas emit greenhouse gases, as illustrated by the Curua-Una Dam in the Amazonian portion of Brazil. Emissions include carbon dioxide from decay of the above-water portions of trees that are left standing in the reservoir and methane from soft vegetation that decays under anaerobic conditions on the bottom of the reservoir, especially macrophytes (water weeds) and vegetation that grows in the drawdown zone and is flooded when the reservoir water level rises. Some methane is released from the reservoir surface through bubbling and diffusion, but larger amounts are released from water passing through the turbines and spillway. Methane concentration in the water increases with depth, and the turbines and spillway draw water from sufficient depth to have substantial methane content. In 1990 (13 years after filling), the Curua-Una Dam emitted 3.6 times more greenhouse gases than would have been emitted by generating the same amount of electricity from oil.
Building a Network of Support for New Teachers

Abstract In response to the high attrition rate of new teachers, more and more induction programs are being implemented across the country. Current financial constraints, coupled with no systematic way to coordinate resources across schools and state organizations, present a challenge to many small or poorly funded schools and districts. In this article, we provide background information on the context of induction and mentoring in the United States, followed by a description of a statewide induction project that seeks to create a collaborative network of support across institutions in the absence of any state-funded program. An analysis of the issues and promises involved in such collaboration is provided that offers the field an important conceptual lens for thinking about induction and mentoring processes in new ways.
HIV Risk, Health, and Social Characteristics of Sexual Minority Female Injection Drug Users in Baltimore

Female injection drug users (IDU) who report sex with women are at increased risk for HIV and social instability, but it is important to assess whether these disparities also exist according to sexual minority identity rather than behaviorally defined categories. Within a sample of current IDU in Baltimore, about 17 % of female study participants (n = 307) identified as gay/lesbian/bisexual. In controlled models, sexual minorities were three times as likely to report sex exchange behavior and four times as likely to report a recent STI. Injection risk did not differ significantly, but sexual minority women reported higher prevalence of socio-economic instability, negative health indicators, and fewer network financial, material, and health support resources. There is a need to identify and address socio-economic marginalization, social support, and health issues among female IDUs who identify as lesbian or bisexual.
Relation of depression to perceived social support: results from a randomized adolescent depression prevention trial.

Abstract Theorists posit that certain behaviors exhibited by depressed individuals (e.g., negative self-statements, dependency, reassurance seeking, inappropriate or premature disclosures, passivity, social withdrawal) reduce social support, yet there have been few experimental tests of this hypothesis. Using data from a randomized depression prevention trial (N = 253) involving adolescents (M age = 15.5, SD = 1.2), we tested whether a cognitive behavioral group intervention that significantly reduced depressive symptoms relative to bibliotherapy and educational brochure control conditions through 2-year follow-up produced improvements in perceived parental and friend social support and whether change in depressive symptoms mediated the effect on change in social support. Cognitive behavioral group participants showed significantly greater increases in perceived friend social support through 1-year follow-up relative to bibliotherapy and brochure controls, but there were no significant effects for perceived parental support. Further, change in depressive symptoms appeared to mediate the effects of the intervention on change in perceived friend support. Results provide experimental support for the theory that depressive symptoms are inversely related to perceived social support, but imply that this effect may be specific to friend vs. parental support for adolescents.
CMOS compatible high-speed electro-optical modulator

Demand for a silicon (Si) based optical modulator is becoming more pressing as optical interconnects are starting to be considered seriously as replacement for conventional copper wires in electronic chips. Difficulties in realizing this device in Si are well known as are the stringent requirements on its performance in terms of size (~μm), power (~μW-mW), speed (>1 GHz) and operating voltage ( 5 GHz while consuming a total dynamic power of < 500 μW. Use of the field effect results in extremely thin charge layers of very high carrier concentration. We show that an appropriate placement of these layers in the modal field of strong-confinement SOI waveguides greatly enhances the charge-field interaction. This enables significant improvements in size and modulation depth and allows the device to operate at CMOS compatible power and voltage levels. Present work adds to the design space explored in the previous works and aims to advance the field-effect based micro-resonator modulator as an active photonic device to be used in future generations of opto-electronic circuits.
Ionization of boron, aluminum, gallium, and indium by electron impact

Measurements of electron impact ionization of neutral Al, Ga, and In show large cross sections compared to other elements in the same rows of the periodic table. Semiempirical and classical calculations of direct ionization cross sections are all substantially smaller. Calculations by McGuire [Phys. Rev. A 26, 125 (1982)] for aluminum that include excitations to autoionizing ${3s3p}^{2}$ doublet levels are 2.5 times higher than experiment at the peak. We report the direct ionization cross sections based on the binary-encounter-Bethe model of Kim and Rudd [Phys. Rev. A 50, 3954 (1994)], which is an ab initio theory. We add the autoionization contribution using scaled plane-wave Born cross sections as recently developed by Kim [Phys. Rev. A 64, 032713 (2001)] for excitations to the first set of autoionizing levels. Dirac-Fock wave functions are used for the atomic structure. Our results are in excellent agreement with experimental values and support substantial contributions from excitation-autoionization to the total ionization cross sections for these elements. We also compare the total ionization cross section of boron to available theories, though no experimental data are available.
Behavior of χ (2) during a laser-induced phase transition in GaAs

We explicitly determine the second-order optical susceptibility of GaAs following intense femtosecond laser-pulse excitation from second-harmonic-generation measurements. To separate the dependence of the 4.4-eV second-harmonic signal on the second-order susceptibility from its dependence on the linear dielectric constant, we use experimentally determined values for the dielectric constant of GaAs at 2.2 and 4.4 eV. The results show that the excitation of electrons and the resulting changes in the lattice affect the behavior of the second-order susceptibility. At pump fluences of 0.6 kJ/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ and higher, the material loses long-range order on a time scale ranging from 100 femtoseconds to tens of picoseconds, depending on the pump fluence. A recovery of the second-order susceptibility to its initial value at pump fluences between 0.6 and 1.0 kJ/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ shows that the loss of long-range order is reversible in this fluence regime.
Voluntary attention and the spacing effect.

Three experiments were done to test the hypothesis that the spacing effect results from a voluntary decision by the subject to pay little attention to the second presentation (P2) of an item when it occurs shortly after the first (P1)- In all three experiments, the spacing of repetitions was varied. In Experiment I, allocation of attention was manipulated by pairing P2 of some pictures with a signal that indicated high payoff for later retention. In Experiment II, attention was controlled more directly by requiring the subject, in one condition, to recite words aloud. In both experiments, the dependent variable was judged frequency. In neither experiment did the effect of the attention manipulation interact with that of the spacing of repetitions. In Experiment III, the number of eye fixations given a picture was taken to be a measure of attention. The number of fixations dropped from P1 to P2 to P3, but was unaffected by the spacing of repetitions. The experiments provide no support for a voluntary attention explanation of the spacing effect.
The Sweeter Side of Density

The concept of density represents a treasure trove of demonstrations, experiments, and discrepant events. Shortly after learning about common units of measurement, students frequently learn about density as an intensive physical property. The combination of oil and water is a common demonstration that simultaneously demonstrates density and miscibility. Regardless of how they are combined, oil and water, being immiscible, separate into distinct layers with oil on top. This classroom activity is an example of miscible liquids, which can be carefully combined to make a layered heterogeneous solution. Students determine the density of different sugar solutions and then devise a method for layering them in a graduated cylinder. Dyeing the solutions with food coloring results in a rainbow-colored heterogeneous mixture.
The Extreme Aged: Sampling, Measurement, and Statistical Models in Cross‐Sectional Estimation and Forecasting

Little effort has been directed toward studying the relationship between morbidity and mortality at exceptional ages, perhaps for no better reason than it has been difficult to do given available data resources. Two study innovations/adjustments are required to adequately represent count data with reports of health from aged sample persons. These design features are oversampling of the exceptional group and linkage to detailed administrative reports. The National Long-Term Care Survey (NLTCS) has made it possible to study health and functioning in the context of exceptional longevity.
Performance Estimate for Design of Storage-Type Domestic Electrical Water-Heaters Based on the CFD Simulation

The 3D physical model of the electrical water heater was built. The water-heater performance of two kind structures was resolved by computer fluid dynamics simulation (CFD). The heater performance is characterized by a new method rather than that the discharge efficiency, extraction efficiency and fraction of heat recoverable. The new method is based on the constant discharge water temperature and rate for end user, 5L/min and 43°C that include the hot water from EWH and cold water from outside EWH. But the water discharge rate from EWH was variable as the water temperature discharge from EWH was variable. The discharge efficiency of conventional EWH was 79.312%, and the discharge efficiency of improved EWH was 84.97%. Compared with the traditional method, it is more close to the user using reality condition.
Speaking Out in Public: Citizen Participation in Contentious School Board Meetings

A high level of citizen involvement in civic life is presumed crucial to the well-being of democracy, but the actual discourse of citizen involvement has rarely been analyzed. This article analyzes...
Transplant acceptance following anti-CD4 versus anti-CD40L therapy: evidence for differential maintenance of graft-reactive T cells.

Inductive therapy with anti-CD4 or anti-CD40L monoclonal antibodies (mAb) leads to long-term allograft acceptance but the immune parameters responsible for graft maintenance are not well understood. This study employed an adoptive transfer system in which cells from mice bearing long-term cardiac allografts following inductive anti-CD4 or anti-CD40L therapy were transferred into severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) allograft recipients. SCID recipients of cells from anti-CD4-treated mice (anti-CD4 cells) did not reject allografts while those receiving cells from anti-CD40L-treated mice (anti-CD40L cells) did reject allografts. Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labeling of transferred cells revealed that this difference was not associated with differential proliferative capacities of these cells in SCID recipients. Like cells from naive mice, anti-CD40L cells mounted a Th1 response following transfer while anti-CD4 cells mounted a dominant Th2 response. Early (day 10) T-cell priming was detectable in both groups of primary allograft recipients but persisted to day 30 only in recipients treated with anti-CD4 mAb. Thus, anti-CD40L therapy appears to result in graft-reactive T cells with a naive phenotype while anti-CD4 therapy allows progression to an altered state of differentiation. Additional data herein support the notion that anti-CD40L mAb targets activated, but not memory, cells for removal or functional silencing.
Vehicle inertial parameter identification using Extended and unscented Kalman Filters

Contemporary safety systems, such as obstacle avoidance and lane-keeping assistance, require good approximations of vehicle inertial properties, such as sprung mass and yaw moment of inertia, which can vary significantly based on the number of passengers, seating arrangement, and luggage. This paper demonstrates the implementation of two model-based parameter estimation algorithms, the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), which are capable of working with a four degree of freedom, nonlinear vehicle model. While the EKF requires analytical linearization of the vehicle model at each step, the UKF approximates the parameter distribution with discrete sigma points and propagates them through the original nonlinear system. Simulation of a double lane change in CarSim illustrates the superior performance of the UKF for vehicle inertial parameter identification.
Specific and Sensitive Assay Method for Vasopressin and Oxytocin using Glass-Paper Chromatography

ALTHOUGH publications concerning measurement of vasopressin and oxytocin in blood and urine are legion, the lack of specificity of technique for concentration and bioassay of the trace amounts presumed to be present in biological fluids has led to wide variation in results and frank scepticism concerning their physiological significance1. Since bioassay techniques, although extremely sensitive, are inherently subject to wide error, a reliable quantitative method applicable to biological fluids demands a specific and sensitive technique for isolation and concentration of these polypeptides from blood or urine prior to bioassay.
Television News and Political Partisanship in Latin America

This article explores the linkages between television news and the decline of partisanship in Latin America, using survey data for eight countries. After discussing the erosion of traditional Latin American parties during the 1990s, I show that the literature has assumed different types of causal links between television and party dealignment (treatment vs. strategic effects, and cohort vs. short-term effects). Based on comparative research on industrial and new democracies, I present two contrasting hypotheses (television news inhibits partisanship; exposure to television creates political awareness) and test the impact of short-term treatment effects using a multinomial logit model. The results suggest that television news encourages party identification in the short run (through treatment effects), although the development of television may weaken Latin American parties in the long run (through strategic effects).
Infective endocarditis and echocardiography

15. Behar VS, Whalen RE, McIntosh HD: The ballooning mitral valve in patients with “precordial honk” and “whoop.” Am J Cardiol 20:789. 1967. Leon DE, Leonard JJ, Kroelz FW, Page WL, Shaver JA. Lancaster JF: Late systolic murmurs, clicks and whoops arising from the mitral valve. AM HEART J 72:325, 1966. Felner JM, Harwood S, Mond H, Planth W, Brinsfield D, Schlant RC: Systolic honks in young children. Am J Cardiol 40:206, 1977. Rizzon P, Biasco G, Maselli CP: The precordial honk. Br Heart J 33:707, 1971. Keenan TJ, Schwartz MJ: Tricuspid whoop. Am J Cardiol 31:642, 1973. Upshaw CB: Precordial honk due to tricuspid regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 35:85, 1975. Venkatarman K, Seigel R, Kim SJ, Allen JW: Musical murmurs: And echo phonocardiographic study. Am ,J Cardiol 41:952, 1978. Sheikh MU, Ali N: Systolic honk in heart failure: Its origin and mechanism of production. Clin Cardiol 2~52, 1979. Tei C, Shah PM, Tanake H: Phonocardiographic-echocardiographic documentation of systolic honk in tricuspid prolapse. AM HEART J 103:294, 1982. Bellet S, Gouley B, Nichols CF, McMillan TM: Loud musical diastolic murmurs of aortic insufficiency, AM HEART ,J l&483, 1939. Nichols CF: A study of syphilis of the aorta and aortic valve area. Ann Intern Med 14:960, 1940. Gelfand D, Bellet S: The musical murmurs of aortic insufficiency, clinical manifestations; based on a study of 18 cases. Am J Med Sci 221:644, 1951. 16.
Single-plant sourcing decisions with a multidimensional knapsack model

Abstract This paper addresses sourcing decisions and how those decisions can affect the management of a company’s assets. The study begins with a single-plant insourcing problem in which the facility chooses, from a list of parts, which parts to bring in-house. This model is extended to include an outsourcing element where, in addition to the decision of which parts to insource, parts currently in-house are considered for outsourcing. The selection is based on maximizing the value of the selected parts while remaining within the plant’s capacity. This is defined as the sourcing problem and modeled as a multidimensional knapsack problem (MKP). Characteristics of the sourcing problem are identified and compared to standard MKP test problems, then utilized to provide guidelines for generating industry-motivated data sets. Experiences with modeling and solving the sourcing problem for a sheet metal fabrication facility are reported.
Overlapped Operation with Microprogramming

This paper presents a system for parallel operation of functional units in a processor that is under microprogram control. Specifically, for a multiple functional unit computer this new technique allows concurrent operation of the functional units without requiring hardwired instructions. A new interlock system for ordering execution of instructions is also presented. Two applications are shown: one to a three functional unit serial processor and one to an array processor. The mechanism allows holding instructions until the data on which they are to operate are ready and is a microcode version of that used on the IBM 360/91 or on the CDC 6600. This concurrency can be under either hardware, firmware, or software control.
Pseudopotential density functional treatment of atoms and molecules in cartesian coordinate grid

Abstract This is a follow-up of our recently proposed work on pseudopotential calculation [A.K. Roy, Int. J. Quant. Chem. 108 (2008) 837] of atoms and molecules within DFT framework, using cartesian coordinate grid. Detailed results are presented to demonstrate the usefulness, applicability of the same for a larger set of species (5 atoms; 53 molecules) and exchange-correlation functionals (local, nonlocal). A thorough comparison on total, component, ionization, atomization energies, eigenvalues, potential energy curves with available literature data shows excellent agreement. Additionally, HOMO energies for a series of molecules show significant improvements by using the Leeuwen–Baerends exchange potential, compared to other functionals considered. Comparison with experiments has been made, wherever possible.
1279 A COMPARISON OF FLUSH AORTOGRAPHY, ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, AND PULSED DOPPLER IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PDA

Morbidity and mortality in PDA is influenced by accuracy of diagnosis, early versus delayed treatment, and the complications of treatment and diagnostic methods. 68 premature infants less than 1200 gms with severe RDS were evaluated for PDA by clinical exam, flush aortography, echocardiography, and pulsed doppler. PDA was diagnosed in 42 infants(62%)surviving greater than 24 hours. 13 infants(19%)showed no evidence of PDA. A comparison of the accuracy of diagnostic methods in detecting ductal shunting revealed the following: The data show all three diagnostic tools to be highly accurate with a low degree of false negative results. Flush aortography was the most sensitive. Of the 5 patients with negative flush aortography, 3 had surgical confirmation of PDA, I showed a positive echo and doppler, and I was confirmed by clinical exam alone.
Can Fuzzy Logic Make Technical Analysis 20/20?

One of the most challenging areas in technical analysis is the automatic detection of technical patterns that would be similarly detected by the eyes of experts. In this study, cognitive uncertainty was incorporated in technical analysis by using a fuzzy logic–based approach. The results show that the algorithm can detect subtle differences in a clearly defined pattern. Significant postpattern abnormal returns were found that varied directly with the fuzziness of a pattern. This approach can be valuable for investors as a way to incorporate human cognition into historical trading statistics so as to form future winning strategies.
Singlet oxygen in natural waters

MANY studies have shown that singlet molecular oxygen can oxidise a variety of organic substances1–7. These studies have included biologically important compounds present in the aquatic environment such as amino acids4,7 and pollutants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons5 and pesticides6. No data, however, have been obtained to demonstrate that reactions involving singlet oxygen (often called oxygenations) are sufficiently rapid to be significant in natural waters. The most likely mechanism for oxygenation in the environment was originally proposed by Kautsky8 by which light energy absorbed by a sensitiser is transferred to ground-state oxygen to form singlet oxygen, which in turn reacts with the organic substance, or ‘acceptor’ (A), to form a peroxide. Here we present evidence that rapid photochemical generation of singlet oxygen occurs in inland and coastal water bodies of the south-eastern United States.
Differential susceptibility to gentamicin ototoxicity between albino and pigmented guinea pigs

Abstract The known chemical affinity of melanin pigment for aminoglycoside antibiotics has led to the suggestion that higher concentrations of these drugs will bind to the pigmented inner ear and produce greater ototoxicity compared to the nonpigmented albino cochlea. Although this has provided a compelling hypothesis, results from the few investigations to address this question have been equivocal. In the present study, cochlear microphonic (CM) thresholds were recorded from albino and pigmented guinea pigs both before and two weeks after exposure for 14 consecutive days to 100 mg/Kg gentamicin. Cochleae were dissected and half-turn segments prepared for surface examination of the organ of Corti. After gentamicin exposure, threshold shifts averaged a statistically reliable 33 dB in albinos and 19 dB for the pigmented animals. Anatomical studies revealed a significant 44% mean outer hair cell loss in albinos compared to a 21% loss in the pigmented inner ears. The results showed that albinos display greater ototoxicity from gentamicin than do pigmented quinea pigs. Aminoglycosides are known to exert toxicity through interaction with polyphosphoinositides found in high concentrations in the inner ear. Cochleae in both albino and pigmented animals appear to possess significant phospholipid concentrations and bind toxic levels of these drugs independent of inner ear pigment content. However, evidence showing that melanin can inhibit aminoglycoside activity in vitro suggests that, once these drugs bind to pigmented tissue, they may undergo inactivation in a manner unavailable to the nonpigmented albino cochlea. The present results are consistent with the possibility that cochlear melanin may inhibit gentamicin activity in vivo and decrease the severity of aminoglycoside ototoxicity in the pigmented inner ear.
A Retrospective Cohort Study of Lung Cancer and Diesel Exhaust Exposure in Railroad Workers

The risk of lung cancer as a result of exposure to diesel exhaust from railroad locomotives was assessed in a cohort of 55,407 white male railroad workers 40 to 64 yr of age in 1959 who had started railroad service 10 to 20 years earlier. The cohort was traced until the end of 1980, and death certificates were obtained for 88% of 19,396 deaths; 1,694 lung cancer cases were identified. Yearly railroad job from 1959 to death or retirement was available from the Railroad Retirement Board, and served as an index of diesel exhaust exposure. Directly standardized rates and a proportional hazards model were used to calculate the relative risk of lung cancer based on work in a job with diesel exhaust exposure beginning in 1959. A relative risk of 1.45 (95% CI = 1.11, 1.89) for lung cancer was obtained in the group of workers 40 to 44 yr of age in 1959, the group with the longest possible duration of diesel exposure. The cohort was selected to minimize the effect of past railroad asbestos exposure, and analysis with workers with possible asbestos exposure excluded resulted in a similarly elevated risk. Workers with 20 yr or more elapsed since 1959, the effective start of diesel exposure for the cohort, had the highest relative risk. These results taken in conjunction with other reported results support the hypothesis that occupational exposure to diesel exhaust results in a small but significantly elevated risk for lung cancer.
Cross-reactivity of sperm and T lymphocyte antigens.

Evidence is presented for cross-reactivity between antigens on human sperm and T lymphocytes. In 25 infertile couples in which both the males and females had significant antisperm immunity, antibody (Ab) titers to thymocytes (mean +/- S.E.M. 159 +/- 4 and 72 +/- 14, respectively, in males and females), T cell lines CCRF-CEM (69 +/- 5 and 48 +/- 8) and HSB-2 (56 +/- 15) and 41 +/- 8), suppressor-enriched (TG) cells (26 +/- 6 and 66 +/- 28) and helper-enriched (TG-) cells (26 +/- 4 and 46 +/- 14) were significantly elevated, as compared with Ab titers in 45 normal males and 45 normal females without antisperm immunity. Antibody titers to adult B cells, B cell line RAJI, and granulocytes were similar in the two groups. Antisperm Ab titers in sera, sperm extracts, and seminal plasma of the infertile subjects were significantly reduced after absorption with sperm, thymocytes, or T cell line CCRF-CEM but not with the B cell line RAJI. Antithymocyte Ab titers in the sera were significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) after absorption with thymocytes, CCRF-CEM, or sperm, but not RAJI. Lymphocytes from the infertile patients, when stimulated with pokeweed mitogen in vitro, produced antisperm and anti-T-lymphocyte antibodies at significantly higher titers than normal controls.
DNA cytosine methylation and heat-induced deamination

The heat-induced conversion of 5-methylcytosine (m5C) residues to thymine residues and of cytosine to uracil residues in single-stranded DNA was studied. The calculated rates for deamination at 37°C and pH 7.4 were ∼9.5×10−10 and 2.1×10−10 sec−1, respectively. N4-Methyldeoxycytidine, which is in the DNA of certain thermophilic bacteria, was more heat-resistant than was deoxycytidine and much more than was 5-methyldeoxycytidine. Thermophilic bacteria which contain N4-methylcytosine rather than m5C in their genomes may thereby largely avoid heat-induced mutation due to deamination, which is incurred by the many organisms that contain m5C in their DNA.
Sediment consolidation and archaeological site formation

Consolidation is the reduction in sediment volume that occurs in response to natural overburden loading. As void space is reduced, solid particles within the consolidating sediment undergo rearrangement, including downward displacement and reduction in inclination angle. Buried artifacts are also subject to this rearrangement. An experiment was designed to simulate consolidation of artifact-bearing sediments and document the extent of artifact rearrangement caused by varying degrees of consolidation. Results indicate that artifacts will generally follow the downward movement of the sediment regardless of individual artifact attributes, and that significant reductions in artifact inclination angle can occur. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maneuvering Target Tracking with Hypothesis Testing

A new approach is proposed for maneuvering target tracking.Target motion is described by nonlinear models in a sphericalcoordinate system. States of these models are estimated byquantization, multiple hypothesis testing, and a suboptimumdecoding algorithm of information theory. This approach does notrequire linearization of nonlinear models. Hence it is superior toclassical estimation techniques, such as the extended Kalman filter.Simulation results, some of which are presented here, haveshown the superiority of the proposed approach over target trackingwith the extended Kalman filter.
The Effects of Investments in theSocial Capital of Youth on Political and Civic Behavior in Young Adulthood: A Longitudinal Analysis

This paper uses the National Education Longitudinal Study to examine whether early investments in the social capital of young people produce greater political involvement and civic virtue in young adulthood. Parental involvement in a young person's life, youth religious involvement, and voluntary association participation were some of the forms of social capital hypothesized to influence adult political behavior. Structural equations modeling was used to trace the effects of the presence of social capital as early as the 8th grade year in shaping young adult political and civic behavior. The analysis shows that early extensive connections to others, close familial relationships, religious participation, and participation in extracurricular activities in one's youth are significant predictors of greater political and civic involvement in young adulthood.
SCaLeM: A Framework for Characterizing and Analyzing Execution Models

As scalable parallel systems evolve towards more complex nodes with many-core architectures and larger trans-petascale & upcoming exascale deployments, there is a need to understand, characterize and quantify the underlying execution models being used on such systems. Execution models are a conceptual layer between applications & algorithms and the underlying parallel hardware and systems software on which those applications run.This paper presents the SCaLeM (Synchronization, Concurrency, Locality, Memory) framework for characterizing and execution models. SCaLeM consists of three basic elements: attributes, compositions and mapping of these compositions to abstract parallel systems. The fundamental Synchronization, Concurrency, Locality and Memory attributes are used to characterize each execution model, while the combinations of those attributes in the form of compositions are used to describe the primitive operations of the execution model. The mapping of the execution model's primitive operations described by compositions, to an underlying abstract parallel system can be evaluated quantitatively to determine its effectiveness. Finally, SCaLeM also enables the representation and analysis of applications in terms of execution models, for the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of such mapping.
Effects of hot and cold temperatures on the survival of oospores produced by United States strains of Phytophthora infestans

Oospores produced from matings between US strains ofPhytophthora infestans were subjected to hot or cold temperatures and then evaluated for viability, based on percent germinationin vitro. Of 35 crosses, 3 produced oospores with sufficient germination for replicated assessments of temperature effects. Germination rates were as high as 26%, but the maximum germination percentage varied among crosses. Two additional crosses, one involving isolates from Mexico also had sufficient germination for assessment of temperature effects. Oospores did not germinate after 2 hr treatments at or above 46C, or after 12 hr treatments at 40C. Temperature treatment at -80C suppressed germination. Temperature had a similar effect on oospore germination from all crosses.
Long-lasting plasma membrane permeabilization in mammalian cells by nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF)

The barrier function of plasma membrane in nsPEF-exposed mammalian cells was examined using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. A specialized setup for nsPEF exposure of individual cells in culture was developed and characterized for artifact-free compatibility with the patch-clamp method. For the first time, our study provides experimental evidence that even a single 60-ns pulse at 12 kV/cm can cause a profound and long-lasting (minutes) reduction of the cell membrane resistance (R(m)), accompanied by the loss of the membrane potential. R(m) measured in GH3, PC-12, and Jurkat cells (but not in HeLa cells) in 80-120 s after nsPEF exposure was decreased about threefold, and its gradual recovery could take 15 min. Multiple pulses enhanced permeabilization, for example, R(m) in GH3 cells fell about 10-fold after a train of five pulses. Within studied limits, permeabilization did not depend on the presence of Ca(2+), Mg(2+), K(+), Cs(+), Cd(2+), EGTA, tetraethylammonium, or 4-aminopyridine in the pipette or bath solutions. Our results supported theoretical model predictions of plasma membrane poration by nsPEF. However, the extended decrease in R(m), assumed to be related to the life span of the pores, and different nsPEF sensitivity of individual cell lines have yet to be explained. The phenomenon of long-lived membrane permeabilization provides new insights on the nature of nsPEF-opened conductance pores and on molecular mechanisms that underlie nsPEF bioeffects.