cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Instability of Anisotropic Cylinders in a Pressurized Limited-Energy Underwater Environment

A fundamental experimental study was conducted to understand the physical phenomena resulting from the dynamic instability of carbon/epoxy composite tubes in an underwater pressurized tubular confining environment. The confining nature of the environment limits the potential energy available to drive instability, resulting in a decrease in hydrostatic pressure with the onset of instability and allowing the carbon/epoxy composite tubes to recover. Unsupported tube length and tube diameter were varied in order to determine the effect of tube geometry on the failure mechanisms of the tube and pressure waves emitted throughout the confining chamber during the instability event. High-speed photography coupled with Digital Image Correlation techniques were employed alongside the acquisition of pressure-history data from each experiment to relate specimen displacement behavior to resulting pressure pulses. Tubes of 55 mm diameter experienced partial implosion, in which the walls of the specimen oscillated radially with no wall contact. This resulted in pressure oscillations of the same frequency throughout the confining chamber, with oscillations increasing in amplitude with distance from the axial center. Amplitude of pressure and radial structural oscillations were found to be dependent on pressure just prior to instability. Tubes of 35 mm diameter experienced full implosion, which resulted in water-hammer pressure spikes at the ends of the confining chamber due to the formation and subsequent collapse of large cavitation bubbles. Longer tubes were observed to undergo significantly more damage during full implosion, reducing their ability to recover radially and thus effectively reducing the strength of hammer pulses.
Mechanisms of HNO Reactions with Ferric Heme Proteins

Many HNO scavenging pathways exist to regulate its in vivo and in vitro biological and pharmacological activities, including the involvement of numerous ferric heme proteins. Such reactions also build an important basis for HNO probe development. However, mechanisms of HNO reactions with ferric heme proteins are largely unknown. A computational investigation was performed to provide the first detailed pathways, using metmyoglobin and catalase as representative ferric heme proteins with neutral and negatively charged axial ligands. Results well reproduced experimental barriers with an average error of 0.11 kcal/mol. The rate-limiting step was found to be the dissociation of the resting ligand or HNO coordination where there is no resting ligand. Unlike the non-heme case, the reductive nitrosylation step for both heme proteins was found to be barrierless proton-coupled electron transfer, providing the major thermodynamic driving force for the overall reaction. Origin of experimental reactivity difference between metmyoglobin and catalase was revealed. Results will facilitate studies of other heme-based HNO scavenging systems and probe development.
Variation in anti-predator behaviors of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in a multi-predator system

Anti-predator responses to perceived predation risk can influence population demography. Understanding the relative effect of predator exposure and intraspecific interactions across a variety of an...
Understanding the Mechanism of [4Fe-4S] Cluster Assembly on Eukaryotic Mitochondrial and Cytosolic Aconitase

Iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters are common prosthetic groups that are found within a variety of proteins responsible for functions that include electron transfer, regulation of gene expression, and sub...
Perceived Impact and Experience of Long-Term Yoga Involvement for People With Chronic Pain

Date Presented 04/05/19 This study investigated the perceived impact and experience of long-term involvement in a community-based group yoga class for people with chronic pain. Results indicate that long-term involvement in community-based group yoga may improve and sustain occupational health and well-being. Therefore, OTs may consider yoga as a tool to promote occupational health in people with chronic pain. Primary Author and Speaker: Caroline Rose Contributing Authors: Arlene Schmid, Alexandra Andrews, Karen Atler, Jennifer Portz
China's Housing Market: Is a Bubble About to Burst?

China has weathered the global financial turmoil in much better shape than most other countries, including the United States. However, there been concerns that banks loosened their lending standards too much as a result of a huge stimulus, among other factors. This led to excessive lending to individual home purchasers and rapidly rising housing prices that, in turn, may eventually lead to an increase in nonperforming loans at financial institutions should those prices collapse. The result, if corrective actions prove insufficient, could be a banking crisis that might require a government bailout. The crucial issue, therefore, is whether there is a housing bubble in major cities throughout the country that is about to burst. China has certainly experienced extraordinary growth in the housing market during the past decade, which has been accompanied by substantial increases in residential property prices. This report examines whether the decade of rapid growth in home prices in fact represents a housing bubble, and if so whether the authorities are able to achieve a "soft landing" in the housing market.
Benchmark probabilistic solar forecasts: Characteristics and recommendations

Abstract We illustrate and compare commonly used benchmark, or reference, methods for probabilistic solar forecasting that researchers use to measure the performance of their proposed techniques. A thorough review of the literature indicates wide variation in the benchmarks implemented in probabilistic solar forecast studies. To promote consistent and sensible methodological comparisons, we implement and compare ten variants from six common benchmark classes at two temporal scales: intra-hourly forecasts and hourly resolution forecasts. Using open-source Surface Radiation Budget Network (SURFRAD) data from 2018, these benchmark methods are compared using proper probabilistic metrics and common diagnostic tools. Practical implementation issues, such as the impact of missing data and applicability for operational forecasting, are also discussed. We make recommendations for practitioners on the appropriate selection of benchmark methods to properly showcase state-of-the-art improvements in forecast reliability and sharpness. All code and open-source data are available on Github for reproducibility and for other researchers to apply the same benchmark methods to their own data.
DeepRan: Attention-based BiLSTM and CRF for Ransomware Early Detection and Classification

Ransomware is a self-propagating malware encrypting file systems of the compromised computers to extort victims for financial gains. Hundreds of schools, hospitals, and local government municipalities have been disrupted by ransomware that already caused 12.1 days of system downtime on average (Siegel 2019). This study aims at developing a deep learning-based detector DeepRan for ransomware early detection and classification to prevent network-wide data encryption. DeepRan applies an attention-based bi-directional Long Short Term Memory (BiLSTM) with a fully connected (FC) layer to model normalcy of hosts in an operational enterprise system and detects abnormal activity from a large volume of ambient host logging data collected from bare metal servers. DeepRan also classifies abnormal activity as one of the candidate ransomware attacks by extending attention-based BiLSTM with a Conditional Random Fields (CRF) model. The Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) method is applied to extract semantic information from high dimensional host logging data. An incremental learning technique is used to extend the model’s existing knowledge to prevent DeepRan quality degradation over time. We develop a testbed of bare metal servers and collect normal host logs of two users for 63 days (IRB-approved). 17 ransomware attacks are executed on the victim hosts, and the infected host logging data is used for validating DeepRan. Experimental results present that DeepRan produces 99.87% detection accuracy (F1-score of 99.02%) for ransomware early detection. The detector also achieves 96.5% accuracy to classify abnormal events as one of 17 candidate ransomware families. The application of incremental learning is validated as an efficient technique to enhance model quality over time.
Vision for Cross-Center MSBE Collaboration on the Gateway Program

Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) can be a challenge when there is only one modeler and one model involved. For the Gateway Program, due to its unique acquisition approach, the modeling efforts involve multiple NASA centers with each developing their own models. Every additional model to be integrated compounds the difficulties, necessitating stronger ontologies and explicitly defined interfaces between models. To help facilitate this integration, a vision of collaboration between centers is in its beginning stages. This vision includes looking at models as systems themselves and developing their own use cases, requirements and interfaces between each of them. The goal of this paper is to share the Gateway Program's cross-center vision for model collaboration, the lessons learned in developing and implementing that vision for the various system engineering products needed to satisfy life cycle review criteria and how treating models as systems helped in these efforts.
Campaign resources and pre-electoral coalitions:

Why do parties form pre-electoral coalitions (PECs) in executive elections? The party of the executive candidate may welcome coalition partners because of the votes that they can deliver. However, ...
Utilizing Schlieren Imaging to Visualize Heat Transfer Studies

Convective heat transfer beyond explicit solutions to the Navier Stokes equations is often an empirical science. Schlieren imaging is one of the only fluid imaging systems that can directly visualize the density gradients of a fluid using collimated light and refractive properties. The ability to visualize fluid densities is useful in both research and educational fields. A Schlieren imaging device has been constructed by undergraduate students at the University of Portland. The device is used for professorial heat transfer and fluid dynamics research and to help undergraduates visualize and understand natural convection. This paper documents the design decisions, design process, and the final specifications of the Schlieren system. A simple 2-D heated cylindrical model is considered and evaluated using Schlieren imaging, OpenFOAM C.F.D. simulation, and convection analysis using a Nusselt correlation. Results are presented for the three analysis techniques and show excellent verifications between the CFD simulation, Nusselt correlation, and Schlieren imaging system.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Cell Dissociation from the Tongue Epithelium and Mesenchyme/Connective Tissue of Embryonic-Day 12.5 and 8-Week-Old Mice

Cell dissociation has been an essential procedure for studies at the individual-cell level and/or at a cell-population level (e.g., single cell RNA sequencing and primary cell culture). Yielding viable, healthy cells in large quantities is critical, and the optimal conditions to do so are tissue dependent. Cell populations in the tongue epithelium and underlying mesenchyme/connective tissue are heterogeneous and tissue structures vary in different regions and at different developmental stages. We have tested protocols for isolating cells from the mouse tongue epithelium and mesenchyme/connective tissue in the early developmental [embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5)] and young adult (8-week) stages. A clean separation between the epithelium and underlying mesenchyme/connective tissue was easy to accomplish. However, to further process and isolate cells, yielding viable healthy cells in large quantities, and careful selection of enzymatic digestion buffer, incubation time, and centrifugation speed and time are critical. Incubation of separated epithelium or underlying mesenchyme/connective tissue in 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA for 30 min at 37 °C, followed by centrifugation at 200 x g for 8 min resulted in a high yield of cells at a high viability rate (>90%) regardless of the mouse stages and tongue regions. Moreover, we found that both dissociated epithelial and mesenchymal/connective tissue cells from embryonic and adult tongues could survive in the cell culture-based medium for at least 3 h without a significant decrease of cell viability. The protocols will be useful for studies that require the preparation of isolated cells from mouse tongues at early developmental (E12.5) and young adult (8-week) stages requiring cell dissociation from different tissue compartments.
Squeaky wheels: Missing data, disability, and power in the smart city:

Data about the accessibility of United States municipalities is infrastructure in the smart city. What is counted and how, reflects the sociotechnical imaginary (norms and values) of a time or plac...
A Curve Swarm Algorithm for Global Search of State Transition Paths

Atomistic scale simulation can predict state transition processes such as adsorption, diffusion, and reaction. The challenge of the accurate prediction is to obtain a global view of many local minima and saddle points on the potential energy surface (PES) of a material system. The transition conditions are determined by the saddle points on the PES with the minimum energy barrier between local minima. In this paper, a new algorithm is developed to exhaustively search local minima and saddle points within a region of PES in order to provide a global view of the energy landscape. Unlike the existing saddle point search methods, the algorithm represents a transition path by a parametric Bezier curve with control points. It uses multiple groups of such curves, each of which represents a multistage transition path. During the searching process, each group of curves communicates with others to maintain cohesion and avoid collision based on a collective potential model. The algorithm is integrated with density functional theory calculation and demonstrated by diffusion of hydrogen atoms in the FeTiH system.
Exploring the influence of ionospheric O+ outflow on magnetospheric dynamics: The effect of outflow intensity

[1] The ionospheric O+ outflow varies dramatically during geomagnetic activities, but the influence of its initial characteristics on the magnetospheric dynamics has not been well established. To expand a previous study on the impact of ionospheric heavy ions outflow originating from different source regions on the magnetotail dynamics and dayside reconnection rate, this study conducts two idealized numerical experiments with different O+ outflow densities to examine the consequent change in the magnetosphere system, especially on the solar wind-magnetosphere coupling efficiency. Results indicate that a larger O+ outflow is capable of triggering the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) on the magnetopause flanks. The subsequent surface waves enhance the solar wind-magnetosphere coupling efficiency by transmitting more solar wind energy into the magnetosphere-ionosphere system, increasing the cross polar cap potential index. This index is initially reduced after the ionospheric mass loading owing to the direct depression in the dayside reconnection rate as commonly reported from earlier literature. The above KHI is generated under steady state solar wind conditions, suggesting that besides the commonly recognized cause, the elevated solar wind speed, ionospheric heavy ions outflow is another potential factor in disturbing the boundary by enhancing the mass density near the magnetopause and thus lowering the threshold for generating KHI. During storms, the increased ionospheric mass source causes an increased probability of KHI, which allows more solar wind plasma into the magnetosphere. This implies there is a possibility of even further nonlinear coupling between the magnetosphere and solar wind.
A Methodology for Evaluation and Optimization of Three-Way Catalyst Based, Low NO x Emission Control Systems

This paper presents a comprehensive and expanded system analysis methodology for evaluation and optimization of three-way catalyst based, low NOx emission control systems. Its relationship to previous work in engine control optimization is reviewed. The expanded methodology is evolved from a synthesis of procedures, models, and empirical data. The methodology can be utilized to study the sensitivity of fuel economy and emission control capability to air-fuel control, catalyst activity, cold-start emissions, and hardware configuration. Examples are presented in the paper to illustrate quantitatively the fuel economy/emissions tradeoffs of 5.0L and 2.3L engine systems as well as effects of transient air-fuel control, cold-start emissions, and catalyst configuration on fuel economy.
Airfoil Theory for Non-Uniform Motion

The basic conceptions of the circulation theory of airfoils are reviewed briefly, and the mechanism by which a “wake” of vorticity is produced by an airfoil in non-uniform motion is pointed out. It is shown how the lift and moment acting upon an airfoil in the two-dimensional case may be calculated directly from simple physical considerations of momentum and moment of momentum. After a calculation of the induction effects of a wake vortex, formulae for the lift and moment are obtained which are applicable to all cases of motion of a two-dimensional thin airfoil in which the wake produced is approximately flat; i.e., in which the movement of the airfoil normal to its mean path is small. The general results are applied first to the case of an oscillating airfoil and then to the problem of a plane airfoil entering a “sharp-edged” gust. In the latter case the rate of increase of the lift after the entrance of the airfoil into the gust boundary is determined, and it is shown that during the entire process the lift acts at the quarter-chord point of the airfoil. The intention of the authors has been to make the airfoil theory of non-uniform motion more accessible to engineers by showing the physical significance of the various steps of the mathematical deductions, and to present the results of the theory in a form suitable for immediate application to certain flutter and gust problems.
Corporate governance and hedge fund activism

Over the past two decades, hedge fund activism has emerged as a new mechanism of corporate governance that brings about operational, financial and governance reforms to a corporation. Many prominent business executives and legal scholars are convinced that the entire American economy will suffer unless hedge fund activism with its perceived short-termism agenda is significantly restricted. Shareholder activists and their proponents claim they function as a disciplinary mechanism to monitor management and are instrumental in mitigating the agency conflict between managers and shareholders. I find statistically meaningful empirical evidence to reject the anecdotal conventional wisdom that hedge fund activism is detrimental to the long term interests of companies and their long term shareholders. Moreover, my findings suggest that hedge funds generate substantial long term value for target firms and its long term shareholders when they function as a shareholder advocate to monitor management through active board engagement to reduce agency cost.
Urban Concentration: The Role of Increasing Returns and Transport Costs

Very large urban centers are a conspicuous feature of many developing economies, yet the subject of the size distribution of cities (as opposed to such issues as rural-urban migration) has been neglected by development economists. This article argues that some important insights into urban concentration, especially the tendency of some developing countries to have very large primate cities, can be derived from recent approaches to economic geography. Three approaches are compared: the well-established neoclassical urban systems theory, which emphasizes the tradeoff between agglomeration economies and diseconomies of city size; the new economic geography, which attempts to derive agglomeration effects from the interactions among market size, transportation costs, and increasing returns at the firm level; and a nihilistic view that cities emerge out of a random process in which there are roughly constant returns to city size. The article suggests that Washington consensus policies of reduced government inte...
Imaging the shallow crust with local and regional earthquake tomography

[1] While active-source imaging (seismic reflection, refraction) is typically used to image the shallow crust, these techniques tend to suffer from energy penetration problems in complex tectonic regimes, resulting in poor imaging. Further, active sources (such as air guns or vibroseis) tend to be band limited, resulting in poor signal-to-noise ratio at low frequencies (1–10 Hz). Recent studies suggest that earthquake data may be able to solve these imaging problems. However, conventional earthquake tomography typically aims to image the upper mantle and lithosphere, where typical station spacing (tens of km) and array aperture (hundreds of km) have resulted in the maximum resolution. In this study, we take advantage of the small-scale and 250 m station spacing of the LaBarge Passive Seismic Experiment to determine whether local and regional earthquake tomographies can be used to constrain structure in the top 5 km of the crust. We also study how the inclusion of finite-frequency effects impacts the final images. Our results indicate that local and regional events provide substantial improvements over teleseismic events alone, with approximately 500 m resolution both vertically and laterally in the upper most 5 km. We also find that inclusion of finite-frequency data between 1 and 10 Hz plays a key role in maintaining resolution in the shallowest portion of the model.
A systematic review of validated methods for identifying suicide or suicidal ideation using administrative or claims data

PURPOSE: As part of the Mini-Sentinel pilot program, under contract with the Food and Drug Administration, an effort has been made to evaluate the validity of algorithms useful for identifying health outcomes of interest, including suicide and suicide attempt. METHOD: Literature was reviewed to evaluate how well medical episodes associated with these events could be identified in administrative or claims data sets from the USA or Canada. RESULTS: Six studies were found to include sufficient detail to assess performance characteristics of an algorithm on the basis of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, E-codes (950-959) for intentional self-injury. Medical records and death registry information were used to validate classification. Sensitivity ranged from 13.8% to 65%, and positive predictive value range from 4.0% to 100%. Study comparisons are difficult to interpret, however, as the studies differed substantially in many important elements, including design, sample, setting, and methods. Although algorithm performance varied widely, two studies located in prepaid medical plans reported that comparisons of database codes to medical charts could achieve good agreement. CONCLUSIONS: Insufficient data exist to support specific recommendations regarding a preferred algorithm, and caution should be exercised in interpreting clinical and pharmacological epidemiological surveillance and research that rely on these codes as measures of suicide-related outcomes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Dance and non‐dance: patterned movement in Iran and Islam

MUCH SCHOLARLY INK HAS BEEN SPILLED OVER THE QUESTION OF WHAT constitutes dance in different societies. Several attempts have been made to create a universal category for dance that would enable dance scholars to transcend this fundamental question and get down to the business of conducting research, secure in the knowledge that all of their colleagues understand the basic definitions of "dance." None of the current definitions takes into account dance and dance events in societies such as those of the Islamic areas of the Middle East, Central Asia, and North Africa where the term for dance (usually the Arabic word raqs) can possibly bear powerfully negative or, at least, ambiguous connotations. While dance, and a word to denote that activity, exists and we can perhaps come to an agreement over what constitutes dance, an even more crucial issue is what dance is not in an Islamic environment. This question is important because many activities in which the participants perform patterned movements are devotional or spiritual in their own view, while some observers from outside-and sometimes inside-the society unquestioningly term this type of activity dance because it is patterned, rhythmical movement. This paper will address this issue and argue for the viewpoint that dance scholars need to consider native categories to identify what constitutes dance and what constitutes other kinds of patterned movement in Islamic societies. Dance ethnology is a relatively new discipline. It was stated as recently as 1969:
The effects of distance between interactants and subject anxiety on conjugate lateral eye movements.

Abstract Ehrlichman and Weinberger (1978, Psychological Bulletin 85 , 1080–1101) have suggested that the distance between participants during face-to-face interviewing may be a significant determinant of directional patterns of conjugate lateral eye movements (CLEMS). As predicted, at the longer, social distance CLEMS were dependent on the verbal or spatial nature of questions; when interactants were at a closer, personal distance CLEMS became more consistent in direction, regardless of problem type. Distance manipulation also differentially altered CLEM patterns for the two sexes.
Designing for advanced materials by the ΔTt-mechanism

Smart functions in biological systems are discussed from the perspective of the temperature at which inverse transitions of hydrophobic folding and assembly occur in response to increases in the temperature. The design of advanced materials is demonstrated in terms of the capacity to control the temperature, Tt, at which the inverse temperature transitions occur by controlling polymer hydrophobicity and by utilizing an associated hydrophobic-induced pKa shift. A smart material is recognized as one in which the material is responsive to the particular variable of interest, to the particular change in the variable that is required, and under the required conditions of temperature, pH, pressure, etc. By the proper design of the polymer, it is demonstrated that two distinguishable smart functions can be coupled such that an energy input that alters one function causes a change in the second function as an output. To become coupled the two distinguishable functions need to be part of the same hydrophobic folding domain. By way of example, a protein-based polymer was designed to carry out the conversion of electrochemical energy to chemical energy, i.e., electro-chemical transduction, under specified conditions of temperature and pH. This design approach utilizes the (Delta) Tt-mechanism of free energy transduction.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
UV shadowing--a new and convenient method for the location of ultraviolet-absorbing species in polyacrylamide gels.

Abstract UV shadowing has the potential of being a convenient and sensitive method for the location and isolation of individual bands of uv-absorbing material from polyacrylamide gels. The technique's simplicity and its ability to examine many gels simultaneously should prove to be quite valuable. Photography of the shadows produced is possible using ultraviolet radiation from a single, small source in a completely darkened room, and from a position as near to the vertical camera lens as is possible.
Rape and Revenge in Titus Andronicus

Les elements sexuels, symboliques et sadiques dans Titus Andronicus de Shakespeare. Examen des images et metaphores sexuelles qui soutiennent l'interaction du viol et de la vengeance. Caracteres genital et oral de la vengeance. La loi du talion dans la logique de l'inconscient.
Comparison of gingival and peripheral blood T cells among patients with periodontitis suggests skewing of the gingival T cell antigen receptor Vβ repertoire

The present study investigated the expression of different variable regions of T cell receptor beta-chain (V beta) among functional subsets of T cells, i.e. CD45RO+ (activated/memory), CD4+ and CD8+ in gingiva and peripheral blood of patients with periodontitis. Gingival tissue specimens (n = 25) and peripheral blood were procured from 18 patients with periodontitis during periodontal surgery or extraction. Single-cell suspensions of gingival tissues were made by enzymatic digestion. These cells were immunofluorescently labeled with a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for 18 TCR V beta regions, in concert with markers for various T cell subsets. The cells were then analyzed with 3-color multivariate flow cytometry. Results demonstrated that a significantly higher proportion of T cells in gingiva expressed V beta 5.2 (0.0005), V beta 6 (0.0007) and V beta 9 (0.003) regions compared to those in peripheral blood. Comparison of CD45RO+ (activated/memory) and CD45RO- (naive) subsets of gingival T cells revealed differences in the expression of TCR V beta regions. V beta 5.2 expression was significantly higher among CD45RO+ gingival T cells (p = 0.004), whereas V beta 14 expression was elevated among the CD45RO- subset relative to peripheral blood (p = 0.008). Analysis of TCR V beta region expression among CD4+ and CD8+ subsets did not reveal any statistically significant differences between gingiva and peripheral blood, although some V beta regions approached significance. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the T cell repertoire in the gingival compartment differs significantly from that in the peripheral blood. Furthermore, since the skewing of TCR V beta was observed among naive, as well as activated/memory T cells, it is likely that both developmental and environmental factors are influential in shaping the gingival TCR repertoire in patients with periodontitis. Elucidation of the cause of the skewed expression of T cell receptors in gingiva can provide insights into the specificity of T cells in periodontitis.
Architectural mechanisms for dynamic changes of behavior selection strategies in behavior-based systems

Behavior selection is typically a "built-in" feature of behavior-based architectures and hence, not amenable to change. There are, however, circumstances where changing behavior selection strategies is useful and can lead to better performance. In this paper, we demonstrate that such dynamic changes of behavior selection mechanisms are beneficial in several circumstances. We first categorize existing behavior selection mechanisms along three dimensions and then discuss seven possible circumstances where dynamically switching among them can be beneficial. Using the agent architecture framework activation, priority, observer, and component (APOC), we show how instances of all (nonempty) categories can be captured and how additional architectural mechanisms can be added to allow for dynamic switching among them. In particular, we propose a generic architecture for dynamic behavior selection, which can integrate existing behavior selection mechanisms in a unified way. Based on this generic architecture, we then verify that dynamic behavior selection is beneficial in the seven cases by defining architectures for simulated and robotic agents and performing experiments with them. The quantitative and qualitative analyzes of the results obtained from extensive simulation studies and experimental runs with robots verify the utility of the proposed mechanisms.
The insect homologue of the amyloid precursor protein interacts with the heterotrimeric G protein Goα in an identified population of migratory neurons

Abstract The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is the source of Aβ fragments implicated in the formation of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP-related proteins are also expressed at high levels in the embryonic nervous system and may serve a variety of developmental functions, including the regulation of neuronal migration. To investigate this issue, we have cloned an orthologue of APP (msAPPL) from the moth, Manduca sexta , a preparation that permits in vivo manipulations of an identified set of migratory neurons (EP cells) within the developing enteric nervous system. Previously, we found that EP cell migration is regulated by the heterotrimeric G protein Goα: when activated by unknown receptors, Goα induces the onset of Ca 2+ spiking in these neurons, which in turn down-regulates neuronal motility. We have now shown that msAPPL is first expressed by the EP cells shortly before the onset of migration and that this protein undergoes a sequence of trafficking, processing, and glycosylation events that correspond to discrete phases of neuronal migration and differentiation. We also show that msAPPL interacts with Goα in the EP cells, suggesting that msAPPL may serve as a novel G-protein-coupled receptor capable of modulating specific aspects of migration via Goα-dependent signal transduction.
Optical switching and routing for the data center

Data intensive applications are driving up bandwidth requirements and creating new challenges in data centers. To achieve acceptance of optical switching and routing as a viable solution, technical challenges must be overcome and end-to-end solutions demonstrated.
Fault diagnosis in chemical processes using Fisher discriminant analysis, discriminant partial least squares, and principal component analysis

Abstract Principal component analysis (PCA) is the most commonly used dimensionality reduction technique for detecting and diagnosing faults in chemical processes. Although PCA contains certain optimality properties in terms of fault detection, and has been widely applied for fault diagnosis, it is not best suited for fault diagnosis. Discriminant partial least squares (DPLS) has been shown to improve fault diagnosis for small-scale classification problems as compared with PCA. Fisher's discriminant analysis (FDA) has advantages from a theoretical point of view. In this paper, we develop an information criterion that automatically determines the order of the dimensionality reduction for FDA and DPLS, and show that FDA and DPLS are more proficient than PCA for diagnosing faults, both theoretically and by applying these techniques to simulated data collected from the Tennessee Eastman chemical plant simulator.
Concomitant regulation of Mu1 transposition and Mutator activity in maize

The mutagenic activity of the maize transposable element system Mutator can be lost by outcrossing to standard, non-Mutator lines or by repetitive intercrossing of genetically diverse Mutator lines. Lines losing Mutator mutagenic activity in either manner retain high copy numbers (10–15 per diploid genome) of the Mutator-associated Mu transposable elements. Frequent transposition of Mu1-related elements is observed only in active Mutator lines, however. The loss of Mutator activity on intercrossing is correlated with an increase in the copy number of Mu1-like elements to 40–50 per diploid genome, implying a self-encoded or self-activated negative regulator of Mu1 transposition. The outcross loss of Mutator activity is only weakly correlated with a low Mu element copy number and may be due to the loss of a positive regulatory factor encoded by a subset of Mu1-like elements. Transposition of Mu elements in active Mutator lines generates multiple new genomic positions for about half the elements each plant generation. The appearance of Mu1-like elements in these new positions is not accompanied by equally high germinal reversion frequencies, suggesting that Mu1 may commonly transpose via a DNA replicative process.
Cuban Politics: The Revolutionary Experiment

Introduction: Objectivity and Paradigms Genesis of the Castro Regime Communism Fidel-Style: Leader and Society 1959-1970 Institutions and Policy 1970-1986 Socialism on a Sugar Island The Foreign Policy of Cuba The Rectified Revolution: Continuing Political Tension Conlusions: The Costs of Revolution
Measuring supernova neutrino temperatures using lead perchlorate

Neutrino interactions with lead produce neutrons in numbers that depend on neutrino energy and type. A detector based on lead perchlorate, for example, would be able to measure the energy deposited by electrons and gammas in coincidence with the number of neutrons produced. Sorting the electron energy spectra by the number of coincident neutrons permits the identification of the neutrino type that induced the reaction. This separation allows an analysis which can determine the temperatures of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ and ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}$ from a supernova in one experiment. The neutrino reaction signatures of lead perchlorate, and the fundamentals of using this material as a neutrino detector, are described.
Do gasoline prices exhibit asymmetry? Not usually!

Previous studies have found evidence of asymmetric price adjustment in U.S. retail gasoline prices in that gasoline prices rise more rapidly in response to a cost increase than fall in response to a cost decrease. By estimating a threshold cointegration model that allows for multiple regimes, I am able to test how sensitive this result is to outlying observations. In contrast to previous studies, I find little evidence of asymmetry for the vast majority of observations and that the asymmetry is being driven by a small number of outlying observations.
Process in Enterprise Systems Engineering

This paper addresses the importance of process in enterprise systems engineering. It relates process to the balance between complexity and order in a complex adaptive system, and it extends the rationale for process from efficiency to both efficiency and effectiveness in enterprise adaptation. It develops several enterprise principles based on the works of Ashby, Ackoff, Axelrod and Cohen, Barabasi, Gharajedaghi, and others. It makes no attempt to be mathematical or rigorous, but rather postulates several heuristics. It discusses the deep structure of engineering process.
Central opioid receptor subtype mediation of isoproterenol-induced drinking in rats.

Opioid receptor subtype antagonists differentially alter different types of water intake such that mu2 receptors modulate deprivation-induced water intake, kappa receptors modulate hypertonic saline-induced water intake, and mu2, delta1 and kappa receptors modulate water intake following Angiotensin II (ANG II). Water intake stimulated by peripheral administration of the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol is attenuated by naloxone and is thought to be mediated by release of renin and production of ANG II. The present study examined whether systemic and i.c.v. administration of general opioid antagonists and central administration of specific opioid receptor subtype antagonists would selectively alter water intake following isoproterenol in rats. Both systemic (1 mg/kg s.c.) and central (1-20 micrograms) naltrexone reduced water intake induced by isoproterenol (25 micrograms/kg s.c.) over a 2-h period. The mu receptor antagonist, beta-funaltrexamine (B-FNA: 1-20 micrograms), but not the mu1 antagonist, naloxonazine (50 micrograms), dose-dependently reduced isoproterenol drinking. Both the kappa antagonist, nor-binaltorphamine (Nor-BNI, 5-20 micrograms) and the delta1 antagonist, [D-Ala2, Leu5, Cys6]-enkephalin (DALCE, 1-40 micrograms) also dose-dependently reduced isoproterenol drinking. These data implicate mu2, kappa and delta1 sites in the opioid modulation of isoproterenol drinking.
Evidence for universal quantum reflection of hydrogen from liquid 4He.

Measurements of the sticking probability s(T) for H on bulk liquid 4 He reveal the onset of the universal T dependence expected at very low atom temperatures. Studies of s(T) as a function of film thickness clearly demonstrate the influence of the van der Waals-Casimir force due to the substrate, in agreement with recent theories
Force flux and the peridynamic stress tensor

The peridynamic model is a framework for continuum mechanics based on the idea that pairs of particles exert forces on each other across a finite distance. The equation of motion in the peridynamic model is an integro-differential equation. In this paper, a notion of a peridynamic stress tensor derived from nonlocal interactions is defined. At any point in the body, this stress tensor is obtained from the forces within peridynamic bonds that geometrically go through the point. The peridynamic equation of motion can be expressed in terms of this stress tensor, and the result is formally identical to the Cauchy equation of motion in the classical model, even though the classical model is a local theory. We also establish that this stress tensor field is unique in a certain function space compatible with finite element approximations.
Radiologists' ability to discriminate computer-detected true and false positives from an automated scheme for the detection of clustered microcalcifications on digital mammograms

There is evidence that computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) can be used to improve radiologists' performance. However, one of the potential drawbacks of CAD is that a computer-detected false positive may induce a false positive by a radiologist. To examine this issue, we performed two experiments to compare radiologists' false positives with those of the computer and to determine radiologists' ability to discriminate between the computer's true- and false-positive detections. In the first experiment, radiologists were shown 50 mammograms and on each film were asked to indicate 3 regions that could contain clustered microcalcifications, and using a 100-point scale, to give their level of confidence that microcalcifications were present in the region. In the second experiment, the radiologists were shown regions-of-interest, printed on film, containing either a computer-detected true cluster or a computer- detected false positive. The radiologists gave their confidence that there were actual clustered microcalcifications present. There was less than 1% overlap between false positives by the computer and radiologists. Furthermore, based on ROC analysis, radiologists were able to discriminate between computer true and false positives.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The End of Amateurism in American Track and Field

Joseph M. Turrini, The End of Amateurism in American Track and Field (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2010). Pp. 288. £18.99 (pb). ISBN 978-0-252-07707-4 For many decades, amateur prin...
Phonetic coding in dyslexics and normal readers

Young normal readers and older severely deficient readers showed markedly and similarly poorer recall for rhyming vs. nonrhyming letter strings. This result is contrary to recent proposals attributing a phonetic code deficiency to deficient readers.
The Pulmonary Circulation Following Pneumothorax and Vagotomy in Dogs

Induction of pneumothorax in anesthetized dogs with a volume of air equal to the functional residual capacity does not lead to any immediate change in pulmonary artery or vein pressures or the pressure gradient. Cardiac output drops and pulmonary vascular resistance is elevated. This change in pulmonary resistance is essentially unaffected by vagotomy and is likely a mechanical effect of decreasing lung volume. Vagotomy alone leads to a decrease in cardiac output and an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, possibly also because of mechanical effects.
Clottable and nonclottable components in products derived from single animal bovine plasmas.

Abstract The distribution of clottable and nonclottable absorbance between product and discard was determined for each step of a standard four-step procedure. Analyses of step 1 and step 2 products reveal the presence of components which differ in solubility in ethanol or (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . Solubility differences among comparable products apparently are the result of variable distributions of native components and their early degradation products. At step 1 the product is precipitated at 4% ethanol and −1.4 °C. Clottability is 0.75 ± 0.05. Studies of the dependence of precipitate yield on clottable absorbance concentration for individual plasmas reveal a precise relation. As the plasma clottable absorbance concentration increases, the fraction due to precipitating components is constant. However, the sum of the solubilities of precipitating components and the concentration due to completely soluble components both increase linearly. At step 2 the product is precipitated at ~ 4.9 AU/ml, pH 6.4, 0.12 g/ml (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , and 22 °C. Elimination of nonclottable absorbance precipitated and occluded at step 1 increases clottability to 0.967 ± 0.009. At step 3 the product is recovered after discarding components which precipitate over 16 h, ~33 AU/ml, pH 6.4, Γ/2 0.3, and 0 °C. Product clottability is not increased but fibrin, present at ~3%, and nonclottable components are distributed at this step so that they precipitate preferentially at step 4 where the product is recovered after discarding precipitate which forms over 2 h at 5 AU/ml, pH 6.6, Γ/2 0.12, and 0 °C. Step 4 products have a clottability of 0.980 ± 0.004 and fibrin contents of 0.4 to 0.8%.
A novel high aspect ratio microfluidic design to provide a stable and uniform microenvironment for cell growth in a high throughput mammalian cell culture array

We present a high aspect ratio microfluidic device for culturing cells inside an array of microchambers with continuous perfusion of medium. The device was designed to provide a potential tool for cost-effective and automated cell culture. The single unit of the array consists of a circular microfluidic chamber 40 µm in height surrounded by multiple narrow perfusion channels 2 µm in height. The high aspect ratio (∼20) between the microchamber and the perfusion channels offers advantages such as localization of the cells inside the microchamber as well as creating a uniform microenvironment for cell growth. Finite element methods were used to simulate flow profile and mass transfer of the device. Human carcinoma (HeLa) cells were cultured inside the device with continuous perfusion of medium at 37 °C and was grown to confluency. The microfluidic cell culture array could potentially offer an affordable platform for a wide range of applications in high throughput cell-based screening, bioinformatics, synthetic biology, quantitative cell biology, and systems biology.
Exploring precrash maneuvers using classification trees and random forests

Taking evasive actions vis-a-vis critical traffic situations impending to motor vehicle crashes endows drivers an opportunity to avoid the crash occurrence or at least diminish its severity. This study explores the drivers, vehicles, and environments’ characteristics associated with crash avoidance maneuvers (i.e., evasive actions or no evasive actions). Rear-end collisions, head-on collisions, and angle collisions are analyzed separately using decision trees and the significance of the variables on the binary response variable (evasive actions or no evasive actions) is determined. Moreover, the random forests method is employed to rank the importance of the drivers/vehicles/environments characteristics on crash avoidance maneuvers. According to the exploratory analyses’ results, drivers’ visibility obstruction, drivers’ physical impairment, drivers’ distraction are associated with crash avoidance maneuvers in all three types of accidents. Moreover, speed limit is associated with rear-end collisions’ avoidance maneuvers and vehicle type is correlated with head-on collisions and angle collisions’ avoidance maneuvers. It is recommended that future research investigates further the explored trends (e.g., physically impaired drivers, visibility obstruction) using driving simulators which may help in legislative initiatives and in-vehicle technology recommendations.