cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Confirmation in the Cognitive Sciences: The Problematic Case of Bayesian Models

Bayesian models of human learning are becoming increasingly popular in cognitive science. We argue that their purported confirmation largely relies on a methodology that depends on premises that are inconsistent with the claim that people are Bayesian about learning and inference. Bayesian models in cognitive science derive their appeal from their normative claim that the modeled inference is in some sense rational. Standard accounts of the rationality of Bayesian inference imply predictions that an agent selects the option that maximizes the posterior expected utility. Experimental confirmation of the models, however, has been claimed because of groups of agents that "probability match" the posterior. Probability matching only constitutes support for the Bayesian claim if additional unobvious and untested (but testable) assumptions are invoked. The alternative strategy of weakening the underlying notion of rationality no longer distinguishes the Bayesian model uniquely. A new account of rationality--either for inference or for decision-making--is required to successfully confirm Bayesian models in cognitive science.
Control of Breathing and Neonatal Apnea

Great strides have been made in our understanding of developmental respiratory neurobiology. A clear picture is, therefore, emerging of the physiological mechanisms that underlie apnea of prematurity. The ventral surface of the medulla and adjacent areas play a key integrative function for central CO2 chemosensitivity and modulation of afferent inputs from peripheral chemoreceptors and laryngeal afferents. Maturational change in medullary neurotransmitter function appears to contribute to the physiological events that characterize apnea of prematurity. Despite this greater scientific insight, therapeutic strategies for neonatal apnea have changed little in 30 years. Xanthine therapy and continuous positive airway pressure remain the mainstay of therapy while other therapeutic approaches have been inadequately studied. Our understanding of a possible relationship between the triad of apnea, bradycardia and desaturation, and impaired neurodevelopmental outcome is also limited. These are all issues that need our attention if optimal therapy and outcome are to be provided for preterm infants with immature respiratory control.
Climate Change and International Trade

Climate Change and International Trade presents a detailed and expansive account of climate change issues and how they pertain to the current international trade apparatus. The book touches on the legal, ethical, and political aspects of addressing climate change — as summarized by greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration in the atmosphere — in the current international trade environment. It fits within broad discussions of climate change and possible international policy responses; and while its over-arching line of discussion is international trade law, it takes a “holistic” view of climate change, examining how to “make the best use of the international trading system experience to aim at a global climate change agreement” [p. 1].
Nearly insensitive bounds on SMART scheduling

We define the class of SMART scheduling policies. These are policies that bias towards jobs with small remaining service times, jobs with small original sizes, or both, with the motivation of minimizing mean response time and/or mean slowdown. Examples of SMART policies include PSJF, SRPT, and hybrid policies such as RS (which biases according to the product of the remaining size and the original size of a job).For many policies in the SMART class, the mean response time and mean slowdown are not known or have complex representations involving multiple nested integrals, making evaluation difficult. In this work, we prove three main results. First, for all policies in the SMART class, we prove simple upper and lower bounds on mean response time. Second, we show that all policies in the SMART class, surprisingly, have very similar mean response times. Third, we show that the response times of SMART policies are largely insensitive to the variability of the job size distribution. In particular, we focus on the SRPT and PSJF policies and prove insensitive bounds in these cases.
Memory Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis is Due to a Core Deficit in Initial Learning

Persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) suffer memory impairment, but research on the nature of MS-related memory problems is mixed. Some have argued for a core deficit in retrieval, while others have identified deficient initial learning as the core deficit. We used a selective reminding paradigm to determine whether deficient initial learning or delayed retrieval represents the primary memory deficit in 44 persons with MS. Brain atrophy was measured from high-resolution MRIs. Regression analyses examined the impact of brain atrophy on (a) initial learning and delayed retrieval separately, and then (b) delayed retrieval controlling for initial learning. Brain atrophy was negatively associated with both initial learning and delayed retrieval (ps 0.05). In addition, brain atrophy was associated with inefficient learning across initial acquisition trials, and brain atrophy was unrelated to delayed recall among MS subjects who successfully acquired the word list (although such learning frequently required many exposures). Taken together, memory deficits in MS are a result of deficits in initial learning; moreover, initial learning mediates the relationship between brain atrophy and subsequent retrieval, thereby supporting the core learning-deficit hypothesis of memory impairment in MS.
Ability Grouping in Catholic and Public Schools.

Researchers have found that students who attend Catholic high schools tend to outperform public high school students on standardized tests of achievement. Although many aspects of this finding have been examined in subsequent research, little attention has been paid to the issue of how ability grouping affects achievement across school sectors. A nearly universal practice in middle and secondary schools, ability grouping works to channel learning opportunities to students. The authors trace the history of ability grouping and review the findings regarding ability group effects, the assignment process, and mobility across groups in each school sector. Their analyses suggest that the way ability grouping is implemented in Catholic schools contributes to the Catholic school advantage in achievement.
Iteroparity in Columbia River summer-run steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss): implications for conservation

We used ultrasound imaging and passive integrated transponder (PIT)-tagging programs to assess maturation status and iteroparity patterns in summer-run steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout, Oncorhyn...
Integrating Management Techniques to Restore Sites Invaded by Mile‐a‐Minute Weed, Persicaria perfoliata

Efforts to suppress an invasive weed are often undertaken with the goal of facilitating the recovery of a diverse native plant community. In some cases, however, reduction in the abundance of the target weed results in an increase in other exotic weeds. Mile-a-minute weed (Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross (Polygonaceae)) is an annual vine from Asia that has invaded the eastern United States, where it can form dense monocultures. The host-specific Asian weevil Rhinoncomimus latipes Korotyaev (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was first released in the United States in 2004 as part of a classical biological control program. At three sites invaded by mile-a-minute weed, biological control was integrated with pre-emergent herbicide use and two densities of native plantings. After 2 years, native plant cover differed significantly and was greater than 80% in the plots with plantings and pre-emergent herbicide but less than 30% in the planting treatments without herbicide. Where mile-a-minute cover decreased at the two sites with the greatest pressure from exotic plants, plots were dominated by another exotic weed, Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus, Japanese stiltgrass. The combination of biocontrol, pre-emergent herbicide, and revegetation with native plants suppressed mile-a-minute weed, prevented invasion by Japanese stiltgrass, and increased the abundance of native plants. The selection of the management strategies used to control mile-a-minute weed determined the extent of recovery of the native plant community.
Coordinated control of sensitivity by two splice variants of Gαo in retinal ON bipolar cells

The high sensitivity of scotopic vision depends on the efficient retinal processing of single photon responses generated by individual rod photoreceptors. At the first synapse in the mammalian retina, rod outputs are pooled by a rod “ON” bipolar cell, which uses a G-protein signaling cascade to enhance the fidelity of the single photon response under conditions where few rods absorb light. Here we show in mouse rod bipolar cells that both splice variants of the Go α subunit, Gαo1 and Gαo2, mediate light responses under the control of mGluR6 receptors, and their coordinated action is critical for maximizing sensitivity. We found that the light response of rod bipolar cells was primarily mediated by Gαo1, but the loss of Gαo2 caused a reduction in the light sensitivity. This reduced sensitivity was not attributable to the reduction in the total number of Go α subunits, or the altered balance of expression levels between the two splice variants. These results indicate that Gαo1 and Gαo2 both mediate a depolarizing light response in rod bipolar cells without occluding each other’s actions, suggesting they might act independently on a common effector. Thus, Gαo2 plays a role in improving the sensitivity of rod bipolar cells through its action with Gαo1. The coordinated action of two splice variants of a single Gα may represent a novel mechanism for the fine control of G-protein activity.
Romantics and Renegades: Political Defection and the Radical Left

It is frequently asserted that Old and New Leftists are quintessentially similar. To explore this viewpoint, political defection experiences among eight American ex-Communists of the Old Left as reported in their autobiographical writing are examined. Such experiences are briefly placed in the context of the contemporary New Left movement in order to assess the likelihood of their recurrence among New Left spokesmen. The concept of interchangeability, which postulates the unidimensionality of the political radical, is utilized for this purpose. The validity of that concept is questioned, in the context of inquiry, on the ground that the ideological structure as well as potentialities for alienation among radicals of the Old and New Left are incommensurate.
Genetic Reconstruction of Dopamine D1 Receptor Signaling in the Nucleus Accumbens Facilitates Natural and Drug Reward Responses

The dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) facilitates reward acquisition and its alteration leads to profound learning deficits. However, its minimal functional circuit requirement is unknown. Using conditional reconstruction of functional D1R signaling in D1R knock-out mice, we define distinct requirements of D1R in subregions of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) for specific dimensions of reward. We demonstrate that D1R expression in the core region of the NAc (NAcCore), but not the shell (NAcShell), enhances selectively a unique form of pavlovian conditioned approach and mediates D1R-dependent cocaine sensitization. However, D1R expression in either the NAcCore or the NAcShell improves instrumental responding for reward. In contrast, neither NAcCore nor NAcShell D1R is sufficient to promote motivation to work for reward in a progressive ratio task or for motor learning. These results highlight dissociated circuit requirements of D1R for dopamine-dependent behaviors.
How capacity markets address resource adequacy

Will the “missing money” in a competitive energy market be sufficiently addressed in the capacity market to garner adequate resources to keep the lights on? Can the capacity market provide economic signals to attract new investment in generation? A summary of how the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) addresses these issues is discussed in this paper, along with a summary of the effort currently underway to design a forward capacity market.
PACMAN: Driving Nonuniform Clock Grid Loads for low-skew robust clock network

Clock grid is a mainstream clock network methodology for high performance microprocessor and SOC designs. Clock skew, power usage and robustness to PVT (power, voltage, temperature) are all important metrics for a high quality clock grid design. Tree-driven-grid clock network is a typical clock grid clock network. It includes a clock source, a buffered tree, leaf buffers, a mesh clock grid, local clock buffers, and latches as shown in Fig. 1. For such network, one big challenge is how to connect the leaf level buffers of the global tree to the grid with nonuniform loads under tight slew and skew constraints. The choice of tapping points that connect the leaf buffers to the clock grid are critical to the quality of the clock designs. Good tapping points can minimize the clock skew and reduce power. In this paper, we proposed a new algorithm to select the tapping points to build the global tree as regular and symmetric as possible. From our experimental results, the proposed algorithm can efficiently reduce global clock skew, rising slew, maximum overshoot, reduce power, and avoid local skew violation.
Vibrational stabilization and transient behavior analysis of nonlinear parabolic systems with Neumann boundary conditions

Conditions for the existence of stabilizing vibrations are derived for a class of distributed-parameter systems governed by parabolic partial differential equations with Neumann boundary conditions. Guidelines for the choice of the vibration parameters that ensure stabilization are given. The transient behavior of vibrationally controlled systems is also studied. Examples of vibrational stabilization of unstable systems by linear multiplicative and vector additive vibrations are given to support the theory. >
Analysis of geographic patterns of molecular, morphological, and bioclimatic variation to evaluate hypotheses of species boundaries in the South American montane genus Escallonia (Escalloniaceae)

Escallonia is a morphologically and ecologically diverse clade of shrubs and small trees widely distributed in three hotspots of plant diversity. Previous studies suggested that extant species may have radiated rapidly and/or recently resulting in complex patterns of molecular variation across this genus. This result is apparently mirrored in morphology because species also display complex and overlapping patterns of morphological variation. Taken together, these patterns call into question the identity of all species within Escallonia. To evaluate the currently proposed hypotheses of species boundaries, I used molecular, morphological, and bioclimatic a data for 35 species and assessed three species criteria: genealogical exclusivity, morphological gaps, and climatic niche differences. Interpreting these data in the context of species as segments of evolutionary lineages, I provide evidence that most species (ca. 70%) within Escallonia represent distinct species on independent evolutionary trajectories. Instead of rejecting the current hypotheses of species limit, I argue for taxonomic stability as it provides a useful framework for studies aiming to understand the mechanisms driving the origin and evolution of species in hotspots of biodiversity.
Apontic binds the translational repressor Bruno and is implicated in regulation of oskar mRNA translation

The product of the oskar gene directs posterior patterning in the Drosophila oocyte, where it must be deployed specifically at the posterior pole. Proper expression relies on the coordinated localization and translational control of the oskar mRNA. Translational repression prior to localization of the transcript is mediated, in part, by the Bruno protein, which binds to discrete sites in the 3 ′ untranslated region of the oskar mRNA. To begin to understand how Bruno acts in translational repression, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify Brunointeracting proteins. One interactor, described here, is the product of the apontic gene. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments lend biochemical support to the idea that Bruno and Apontic proteins physically interact in Drosophila. Genetic experiments using mutants defective in apontic and bruno reveal a functional interaction between these genes. Given this interaction, Apontic is likely to act together with Bruno in translational repression of oskar mRNA. Interestingly, Apontic, like Bruno, is an RNAbinding protein and specifically binds certain regions of the oskar mRNA 3′ untranslated region. SUMMARY
Evaluation of the Specificity of Two Enzyme Immunoassays for Coccidioidomycosis by Using Sera from a Region of Endemicity and a Region of Nonendemicity

Coccidioidomycosis (CM), a serious life-threatening fungal infection endemic to arid regions of the western United States and Mexico, can be challenging to diagnose in a timely manner. Commercially developed enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) (from Meridian Biosciences and Immuno-Mycologics [IMMY]) have provided faster, simpler means for serodiagnosis; however, independent evaluations have questioned EIA specificity, particularly IgM-positive/IgG-negative results. This study was conducted to evaluate EIA specificity among persons residing in Puerto Rico (n = 534), where CM is not endemic (who were not likely to have been exposed to Coccidioides spp.), compared to blood bank donors residing in Arizona (n = 1,218), where CM is endemic. Upon comparing serum reactivity between Puerto Rico and Arizona, the Meridian EIA showed a significant difference in IgG reactivity (0.37% versus 3.6%; P < 0.001) but not IgM reactivity (3.4% versus 2.4%; P = 0.31). No IgM-/IgG-reactive sera were detected among sera from Puerto Rico, compared to 7 (0.57%) sera from Arizona. Similar results were observed using the IMMY EIA, although significantly (P = 0.03) fewer IgM-reactive sera from Arizona were observed, compared to the Meridian EIA. EIA-reactive sera were also evaluated by immunodiffusion before and after 3- to 4-fold concentration of the sera. These results demonstrate that elevated IgG EIA reactivity is present in sera from healthy individuals in regions of endemicity and that IgM EIA reactivity observed in sera from individuals residing outside regions of endemicity is most likely nonspecific. Other criteria, including clinical and microbiological evaluations, should be taken into account when interpreting results from surveillance studies and other reporting measures.
Near-Infrared Strong Coupling between Metamaterials and Epsilon-near-Zero Modes in Degenerately Doped Semiconductor Nanolayers

Epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) modes provide a new path for tailoring light–matter interactions at the nanoscale. In this paper, we analyze a strongly coupled system at near-infrared frequencies comprising plasmonic metamaterial resonators and ENZ modes supported by degenerately doped semiconductor nanolayers. In strongly coupled systems that combine optical cavities and intersubband transitions, the polariton splitting (i.e., the ratio of Rabi frequency to bare cavity frequency) scales with the square root of the wavelength, thus favoring the long-wavelength regime. In contrast, we observe that the polariton splitting in ENZ/metamaterial resonator systems increases linearly with the thickness of the nanolayer supporting the ENZ modes. In this work, we employ an indium-tin-oxide nanolayer and observe a large experimental polariton splitting of approximately 30% in the near-infrared. This approach opens up many promising applications, including nonlinear optical components and tunable optical filters based on con...
Histochemical Distribution of 5-Nucleotidase in Snake Tissues: Presence of 5-Nucleotidase and Absence of Alkaline Phosphomonoesterase in Venom Glands of the Rattlesnake

1. Activity of the specific alkaline phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase, is intense in the epithelium and secretion of the rattlesnake venom gland. Non-specific alkaline phosphatase activity is lacking. 2. Thyroid epithelium, the smooth muscle of great vessels, and (inconstantly) smooth muscle of abdominal hollow viscera show greater 5-nucleotidase than nonspecific activity. 3. These findings confirm the specificity of 5-nucleotidase.
The impact factor: Measuring student professional growth in an online doctoral program

This article describes the impact of an online Ed.D. in educational technology based on data collected from students at regular intervals during the program. It documents how students who were working professionals applied learning from the program within their practice, enculturated into the educational technology community, and grew professionally. Our findings indicate that an online professional program embedded in practice can have substantial impact on students’ professional growth and professional practice.
Hydrogen and magnesium incorporation on c-plane and m-plane GaN surfaces

The effect of hydrogen on Mg incorporation for both polar and nonpolar GaN surfaces is explored using density functional total energy calculations. A thermodynamic approach is employed, with chemical potentials appropriate for realistic growth conditions. It is shown that hydrogen stabilizes new Mg-rich surface reconstructions for both the (0001) and $(10\underset{}{1}0)$ surfaces. Hydrogen greatly enhances the stability of Mg-rich reconstructions of the $m$ plane. Experimental results for $p$-type doping obtained in growth on both the $m$-plane and $c$-plane surfaces can be understood on the basis of these results. A laterally contracted row model for the $\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{N}(10\underset{}{1}0)$ surface is shown to be energetically favorable in Ga-rich conditions.
Histologic Study of the Intestine in Simple Obstruction.

ConclusionsThe material presented here leads to the conclusion that in simple obstruction only slight changes (congestion, edema) can be demonstrated and frequently no alteration of microscopic structure is to be observed. Grossly the bowel regularly appears hyperemic but no inflammatory or degenerative changes are observed on histologic study.
Adaptation of POD-based Aeroelastic ROMs for Varying Mach Number and Angle of Attack: Application to a Complete F-16 Configuration

T he proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method has been shown to produce accurate reduced-order models (ROMs) for the aeroelastic analysis of complete aircraft configurations at fixed flight conditions. However, changes in the Mach number or angle of attack often necessitate the reconstruction of the ROM in order to maintain accuracy, which destroys the sought-after computational efficiency. Straightforward approaches for ROM adaptation — such as the global POD method and the direct interpolation of the POD basis vectors — that have been attempted in the past have been shown to lead to inaccurate POD bases in the transonic flight regime. Alternatively, a new ROM adaptation scheme is proposed in this paper and evaluated for varying Mach number and angle of attack. This scheme interpolates the subspace angles between two POD subspaces, then generates a new POD basis through an orthogonal transformation based on the interpolated subspace angles. The resulting computational methodology is applied to a complete F-16 configuration in various airstreams. The predicted aeroelastic frequencies and damping ratio coefficients are compared with counterparts obtained from full-order nonlinear aeroelastic simulations and flight test data. Good correlations are observed, including in the transonic regime. The obtained computational results reveal a significant potential of the adapted ROM technology for accurate, nearl-real-time, aeroelastic predictions.
Splice plots for generalized linear models

ABSTRACTWe develop splice plots as a diagnostic tool for parametric generalized linear models. Splice plots use the independence of the outcome and explanatory measures given the regression function. Plotting differences between the estimated parametric regression function and non-parametric estimates of the regression function computed in small neighborhoods of the fitted values from the parametric model can be used to assess model fit.
Phase-Variable Heptose I Glycan Extensions Modulate Efficacy of 2C7 Vaccine Antibody Directed against Neisseria gonorrhoeae Lipooligosaccharide

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of the sexually transmitted infection, gonorrhea, has developed resistance to most conventional antibiotics. Safe and effective vaccines against gonorrhea are needed urgently. A candidate vaccine that targets a lipooligosaccharide (LOS) epitope recognized mAb 2C7 attenuates gonococcal burden in the mouse vaginal colonization model. Glycan extensions from the LOS core heptoses (HepI and HepII) are controlled by phase-variable LOS glycosyltransferase (lgt) genes; we sought to define how HepI glycan extensions affect mAb 2C7 function. Isogenic gonococcal mutants in which the lgt required for mAb 2C7 reactivity (lgtG) was genetically locked on and the lgt loci required for HepI variation (lgtA, lgtC, and lgtD) were genetically locked on or off in different combinations were created. We observed 100% complement-dependent killing by mAb 2C7 of a mutant that expressed lactose (Gal-Glc) from HepI, whereas a mutant that expressed Gal-Gal-Glc-HepI fully resisted killing (>100% survival). Mutants that elaborated 4- (Gal-GlcNAc-Gal-Glc-HepI) and 5-glycan (GalNAc-Gal-GlcNAc-Gal-Glc-HepI) structures displayed intermediate phenotypes ( 95% killing with 4 μg/ml mAb 2C7). The contrasting phenotypes of the lactose-HepI and the Gal-Gal-Glc-HepI LOS structures were recapitulated with phase variants of a recently isolated clinical strain. Despite lack of killing of the Gal-Gal-Glc-HepI mutants, mAb 2C7 deposited sufficient C3 on these bacteria for opsonophagocytic killing by human neutrophils. In conclusion, mAb 2C7 showed functional activity against all gonococcal HepI LOS structures defined by various lgtA/C/D on/off combinations, thereby providing further impetus for use of the 2C7 epitope in a gonococcal vaccine.
A novel dynamic voltage restorer with flywheel energy storage system

To overcoming the drawback of traditional dynamic voltage restorer(DVR) without energy storage devices,a DVR with flywheel energy storage system(FESS) was proposed.The topology of the system was introduced and the control strategies in different operating modes were analyzed.During charging mode,a pulse width modulation(PWM) rectifying technique was used to achieve unity power factor.During dynamic voltage restoration,the half bridge regenerative braking control strategy was adopted for flywheel to keep DC link voltage stable.And two-loop controller was employed for inverter thus enhancing the robustness of the system for load disturbances and the parameter changes.Experimental results show the validity of the topology and control strategies.
Knowledge and behavior about rabies prevention among children in Zhao-qing municipality

Objective To examine the risk behavior,post-exposure disposal,knowledge,attitude and knowledge sources related with rabies among children in Zhaoqing city and to provide basis for health education and intervention programs.Methods Stratified random sampling at city,county,township,and village-level was used to recruit 1 251 children from 6 primary schools in May 2008.Face-to-face interviews were used to collect information.Data were entered using Epidata and analyzed with SPSS.Results The history of exposure was different among the children in different districts(P0.01).The proportion of exposure was highest among children in villages(11.25%).The risk behaviors were more common and the time of playing with dogs and cats were longer among the childen in villages and townships compared to the children in the county or in the city.After bitten or scratched by dog or cat,many children went to visit a doctor or inform their caregivers.The children in the city had more knowledge about rabies than children in county or village(P0.01).The most common sources for knowledge on rabies was teachers,television and the family.Conclusion The exposures of dog bite or cat scratch were more common among children in countryside than those in urban areas.The knowledge on rabies were lower among children in countryside than those in urban areas.The health education programs should be targeted in countryside and the contents should focus on risk behaviors,the definition of exposure,and post-exposure disposal.
WHY SHOULD RHEUMATOLOGISTS COLLECT PATIENT SELF-REPORT QUESTIONNAIRES IN ROUTINE RHEUMATOLOGIC CARE?

In this article, a rationale for routine use of self-report questionnaires in rheumatology clinical care is presented. Studies performed according to structured clinical research methodologies, including population-based studies, inception cohort studies, randomized controlled clinical trials, and meta-analyses of these trials, have significant limitations in describing accurately the long-term natural history and results of treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; the most accurate data have been derived from clinical observations of consecutive, nonselected patients in routine clinical settings. Self-report questionnaires provide accurate and representative data concerning clinical status and traditional laboratory and variables in large numbers of patients can be developed using microcomputer hardware and software available only over the last decade. Further collection of self-report data in rheumatology clinical care should result in more informative descriptions of the long-term natural history and results of therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.
Reversal of End Stage Renal Failure with Surgical Revascularization in Patients with Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Occlusion

A total of 9 patients with end stage renal failure caused by atherosclerotic renal artery occlusion underwent surgical revascularization with subsequent recovery of renal function. The duration of dialysis preoperatively ranged from 1 week to 13 months. In all cases renal viability was being maintained by collateral vascular supply. Postoperatively, renal function improved immediately and no patient required subsequent dialysis. Excellent over-all rehabilitation was achieved in all patients. Six patients currently are alive at a mean interval of 4.0 years postoperatively and with satisfactory renal function (mean serum creatinine 2.7 mg. per dl.). Three patients died at a mean interval of 6.8 years postoperatively and they all maintained satisfactory renal function (mean serum creatinine 3.0 mg. per dl.) until death. In some patients with end stage renal failure caused by atherosclerotic arterial occlusion surgical renal revascularization can yield extended survival with freedom from chronic dialysis.
ULNAR RAY DEFICIENCY

Longitudinal deficiencies of the ulna are very rare deformities. Despite the cosmetic appearance, patients usually have very functional extremities. The limb function has been adversely related to ipsilateral hand deformities and radiohumeral synostosis. Surgical treatment should be aimed at correcting such deformities. It is prudent to wait and observe patients before definitive wrist or forearm treatment is recommended.
Post-traumatic lesions of the brachial plexus: treatment by transclavicular exploration and neurolysis or autograft reconstruction.

Between 1963 and 1970 twenty patients underwent exploration of the brachial plexus for post-traumatic neural deficits. Nineteen had paralysis and of these nineteen three had clinically significant pain as well. The remaining patient, previously treated by amputation, had exploratory surgery because of pain. Operation resulted in significant improvement in thirteen of the seventeen who had neurolysis and in both of the patients who had autografting. Pain referred to the peripheral distribution of the plexus was not relieved by silicone capping of the ends of the severed nerves emanating from the plexus in one patient or by neurolysis in two others. Subsequent rhizotomy was helpful in two of these three patients.
GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE SOUTHERN COAST OF ALASKA

The shoreline of southern Alaska is a narrow coastal plain dominated by large glaciers, periodic earthquake activity, and strong extratropical cyclones. Studies on the coastal geomorphology and sediments carried out in 1969-71 and in the summer of 1975 were directed at defining geological hazards with respect to developing shore facilities for OCS oil exploration activities. Most of the shoreline was found to undergo rapid changes and experience a variety of serious environmental hazards. The safest potential port areas are located inside Icy Bay and Yakutat Bay. The coastal areas in the vicinity of the Malaspina Glacier and the Copper River delta are examples of the two principal shoreline types (glacial outwash plain and deltaic). The coastal area surrounding the Malaspina Glacier, the largest piedmont glacier in the world, was classified into 5 categories on the basis of its geomorphology, sediments, and local glacial history: 1. Regional retreating coast: This area, which is located at the mouth of Icy Bay, is eroding rapidly (approximately 1.5 km since 1900) as a result of retreat of a glacier (up the bay) a distance of over 40 km since 1900. Consequently, it should not be developed. 2. Prograding spits: Sandy spits that have built into either side of Icy Bay since the retreat of the glacier are also unstable because of the general recession of the shoreline as a result of erosion at the mouth of the bay. 3. Abandoned glacial coasts: These areas, located on the inner eastern shores of Icy Bay and Yakutat Bay, are coastlines of relatively low wave energy composed of. abandoned glacial tills, kame terraces, and outwash sediments. These are the most stable and least hazardous areas on the southern Alaska coast. 4. Actively eroding glacial margins: This area, located at Sitkagi Bluffs on the southernmost terminus of the Malaspina Glacier, is an eroding scarp of glacial till jutting into the Gulf of Alaska. 5. Glacial outwash coasts: These shorelines are highly variable and are usually dominated by prograding spits composed of sand and gravel.
Welshness and Choral Singing: Cognitive and Sociohistorical Aspects of Cultural Identity in North Wales

Connections between Welsh cultural identity (“Welshness”) and choral singing derive from the 19th century, when music and literary competitions (eisteddfodau) were standardized, hymn singing sessions (cymanfoedd canu) were established and community choirs became popular throughout Wales. This paper aims to describe present-day Welshness and choir associations using insights from cognitive science (Rosch 1975; Lakoff 1987; Koch 2004; Evans 2007). Age and gender differences in Welsh identities are discussed and interpreted. Drawing from a variety of disciplines, this paper looks at music, meaningfulness, and cultural identity, and offers theoretical and methodological implications for future research.
Implementation in Iteratively Undominated Strategies

This chapter surveys some joint work of Hitoshi Matsushima and the author on the topic of the title. It is in no way intended as an overview of the large literature on implementation theory.2 Indeed, discussion of related work is primarily meant to provide a context for our own contribution.
Transcatheter Closure of Paravalvular Regurgitation: Case-Based Learning

Current class IIa indications for percutaneous interventions for closure of paravalvular leaks includes patients with prosthetic heart valves and intractable hemolysis or NYHA class III/IV HF who are at high risk for surgery and have anatomic features suitable for catheter-based therapy when performed in centers with expertise in the procedure. Recent reports show high procedural success, defined typically as ≤1+ residual regurgitation. Improvement in heart failure symptoms is usually limited to patients with no or mild residual regurgitation following closure. Patients with hemolytic anemia however, often fail to improve despite successful closure with persistent or worsening hemolysis reported in up to 33 % of patients and new-onset hemolysis in 10 %. Transesophageal imaging is key to pre-procedural planning and involves a determination of: (a) the number and location of defects; (b) the shape and exact size of each defect; (c) the distance and orientation of the defect to the sewing ring or prosthesis. Intra-procedural imaging is essential for guidance of wire/catheter placement and an assessment of complications such as cardiac perforation, prosthetic valve dysfunction or device embolization.
15. Aortic IOM for thoraco-abdominal aneurysm surgery

In this presentation, I will give an overview of why and how intraoperative neurophysiologic techniques help reducing post-operative neurologic deficit in Aortic surgery. I will start by briefly presenting the vascular anatomy of the spinal cord as well as of the main types of Aortic aneurysms, surgical repair procedures (i.e., open TAA repair with distal aortic perfusion and endovascular repair/TEVAR) and their associated neurological risks. I will continue with integrating the intraoperative neurophysiologic techniques within the main methods used for intraoperative neuroprotection that allow reaching the balance between metabolic demand of the spinal cord and its oxygen supply. Next, I will present the main neurophysiologic tests used during these procedures, including their role, and methodology. I will then give examples of how specific characteristics of neurophysiologic changes help with differential diagnosis of intraoperative spinal cord ischemia and its management. I will conclude with thoughts about delayed paraplegia and how intraoperative neurophysiology can help in predicting and preventing its occurrence, by informing the postoperative hemodynamic management in the ICU.
How does psychoanalytic supervision work? A brief communication

ABSTRACTIn this brief communication, we offer one perspective – the contextual psychoanalytic supervision model (CPSM) – on how psychoanalytic supervision works. The CPSM, a supervisory extrapolation of Wampold’s contextual psychotherapy relationship model, accentuates four psychoanalytic supervisor–supervisee relationship variables as crucial and change inducing: the learning alliance bond, supervisor–supervisee real relationship, creating supervision expectations/providing an expectation-consistent form of supervision, and the supervisee’s engagement in facilitative educational actions. The CPSM is presented in hopes of stimulating further discussion about what makes psychoanalytic supervision work.
Theoretical prediction of coordination environments and stability constants of lanthanum lactate complexes in solution.

Using Density Functional Theory calculations in combination with explicit solvent and a continuum solvent model, this work sets out to understand the coordination environment and relevant thermodynamics of La(III)-lactate complexes. Calculations focus on the coordination modes for the complexes and changes in Gibbs free energy for complexation in solution. These results confirm that the α-hydroxyl group should be protonated, or at least hydrogen bonded to a water molecule, upon successive addition of the lactate ligand to the La(III) center using Bader's Atoms-in Molecules (AIM) approach. In addition, we present a straightforward method for predicting stability constants at the semi-quantitative level for La(III)-lactate complexes in solution. The proposed method could be particularly useful for prediction of lanthanide complex formation in various biochemical, environmental, and nuclear separations processes.
Varicella-Zoster Viral Disease

Varicella-zoster virus is a member of herpesviridae. Herpesviruses are widely distributed in the animal kingdom. Symptoms of infections by these viruses were noted by the ancient Greeks, hence the name herpes for this family of …
Risk-Reducing Interventions for Justice-Involved Individuals: A Critical Review

This chapter reviews and critically analyzes the evidence for interventions for justice-involved individuals. The focus in particular is on interventions that reduce the risk of subsequent criminal offending. However, given the high prevalence of behavioral health disorders in this population, we also address the debate about whether such interventions should include a behavioral health component—and emphasize the value of interventions that have the potential to both improve behavioral health and reduce criminal offending risk.
New building blocks for navigation.

Many spatial correlates have been identified that form the neural basis for navigation. Two studies have now uncovered a new cell type: bidirectional cells, which fire when the head is pointing in one of two opposing directions.
FICUS — A Federated Service-Oriented File Transfer Framework

The engineering data of a large enterprise is typically distributed over a wide area and archived in a variety of file systems and databases. Access to such information is crucial to team members and relevant processing services (applications, tools and utilities) in a concurrent engineering setting. However, this is not easy because there is no simple way to efficiently access the information without being knowledgeable about various file systems, file servers, and networks, especially when complex domain related data files get bigger. In a concurrent engineering environment, there is every need to be aware of the transparent and dynamic data perspectives of the other members of the team.
Thermal transport in high electron mobility transistors: A Boltzmann transport equation study

AlGaN/GaN based high electron mobility transistors (AG-HEMTs) are strong candidates for the future high power and high frequency applications. But the formation of hot-spots and high temperature in these localized regions can limit their applications due to performance degradation and break-down. Understanding the underlying thermal transport processes will be an important step towards solving heat dissipation challenges in these devices. The objectives of the current study is to develop a multi-scale thermal transport model based on Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) to predict the hot-spot temperature accurately for a given bias voltage. At present, there are no reliable models to predict the energy (temperature) distribution near the hot spot in these devices. We developed coupled electro-thermal model to extract key information about hot-spot location and dissipated power. This information is further utilized to investigate the thermal performance of the device using BTE based model which can provide detailed view of the non-equilibrium nature of the phonon transport in the hot-spot. The interface between GaN and silicon substrate is treated with diffusive mismatch model (DMM). We calculated the spatial temperature distribution in a GaN device on silicon substrate and estimated the maximum temperature of hot spots. We also compared BTE and Fourier models for estimating the temperature distribution and found that Fourier model would significantly under predict the hot spot temperature. The multi-scale model can be used to investigate thermal transport in multi-finger devices and to explore the effect of cross-talk between different fingers.
Evolution of diastolic function algorithms: Implications for clinical practice

Objective We undertook this study of echocardiographic classification of diastolic function by three different algorithms to determine: (1) how frequently each algorithm classified patients and (2) how well the results agreed with one another. Background Several algorithms exist to grade diastolic function (DF), the Mayo Clinic scheme of Redfield et al (Mayo 2003) and the 2 ASE guideline documents of 2009 and 2016 (ASE 2009 and ASE 2016). Methods A total of 200 consecutive echocardiograms were retrospectively analyzed; mean age of patients 60.3 ± 3.5 years, 45% male. Echocardiograms were performed using Intersocietal Accreditation Commission guidelines. Diastolic function was assessed by Mayo 2003 and ASE 2009 and 2016. Coexisting conditions affecting DF analysis, such as mitral annular calcification (MAC), were tabulated. Data were compared using a paired t-test. Concordance between algorithms was assessed using the Kappa statistic. Results A total of 117 of 200 studies (58.5%) were excluded for the presence of coexisting conditions (51.5%), poor image quality (2.5%), or incomplete data (4.5%). Thirty-three of the remaining 83 studies (40%) received the same grade of DF based on assessments made using the Mayo 2003 and ASE 2016 algorithms; the Kappa statistic was 0.20. 36 of the 83 studies (43%) received the same grade of DF based on assessments made using the ASE 2009 and ASE 2016 algorithms; the Kappa statistic was 0.25. Conclusion Assessment of diastolic function via echocardiography cannot be reliably accomplished in approximately 50% of patients using current guidelines. Further, when studies are suitable for assessment, widely used guidelines yield discordant results.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: the science behind the hands

Sudden cardiac arrest is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite significant advances in resuscitation science since the initial use of external chest compressions in humans nearly 60 years ago, there continues to be wide variability in rates of successful resuscitation across communities. The American Heart Association (AHA) and European Resuscitation Council emphasise the importance of high-quality chest compressions as the foundation of resuscitation care. We review the physiological basis for the association between chest compression quality and clinical outcomes and the scientific basis for the AHA's key metrics for high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Finally, we highlight that implementation of strategies that promote effective chest compressions can improve outcomes in all patients with cardiac arrest.
Kv4.2 autism and epilepsy mutation enhances inactivation of closed channels but impairs access to inactivated state after opening

A de novo mutation in the KCND2 gene, which encodes the Kv4.2 K+ channel, was identified in twin boys with intractable, infant-onset epilepsy and autism. Kv4.2 channels undergo closed-state inactivation (CSI), a mechanism by which channels inactivate without opening during subthreshold depolarizations. CSI dynamically modulates neuronal excitability and action potential back propagation in response to excitatory synaptic input, controlling Ca2+ influx into dendrites and regulating spike timing-dependent plasticity. Here, we show that the V404M mutation specifically affects the mechanism of CSI, enhancing the inactivation of channels that have not opened while dramatically impairing the inactivation of channels that have opened. The mutation gives rise to these opposing effects by increasing the stability of the inactivated state and in parallel, profoundly slowing the closure of open channels, which according to our data, is required for CSI. The larger volume of methionine compared with valine is a major factor underlying altered inactivation gating. Our results suggest that V404M increases the strength of the physical interaction between the pore gate and the voltage sensor regardless of whether the gate is open or closed. Furthermore, in contrast to previous proposals, our data strongly suggest that physical coupling between the voltage sensor and the pore gate is maintained in the inactivated state. The state-dependent effects of V404M on CSI are expected to disturb the regulation of neuronal excitability and the induction of spike timing-dependent plasticity. Our results strongly support a role for altered CSI gating in the etiology of epilepsy and autism in the affected twins.