cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of Selectivity through a New Hydrogen-Transfer Mechanism in Photocatalytic Reduction Reactions: Electronically Relaxed Neutral H and the Role of Electron–Phonon Coupling

Controlling the fate of hydrogen in photocatalytic synthesis reactions has been an ongoing challenge in CO2 reduction by H2O and nitrogen fixation efforts. Our studies have identified catalysts (SiC) that exhibit dramatically improved selectivity toward hydrogenation and a photocatalytically active ground-state neutral H that is transferred via vibrational excitation through electronic–vibrational coupling with excited states. This new species and mechanism have been directly connected to the fate of H by comparing GaN and SiC and purposefully manipulated over a single catalyst (SiC) to illustrate generality. Studies included surface reaction modeling using density functional theory (DFT), experimental performance, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and deuterium kinetic isotope effect. The discovery of this mechanism may have considerable impact on the direction of photocatalytic synthesis, the understanding of the coupling of thermal and photoelectrochemical reaction steps, and electronic–vibrational spectrum couplin...
Human blinking ‘eye-on-a-chip’

This paper describes a human blinking eye-on-a-chip microdevice that reconstitutes the ocular surface in the human eye. To recapitulate the structural complexity of the ocular surface, we micro-patterned human cells derived from the cornea and conjunctiva on dome-shaped three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds in in vivo-like spatial arrangements. Moreover, this system was integrated with electromechanically actuated biomimetic eyelids created by 3D printing to simulate spontaneous eye blinking. Our eye-on-a-chip approach holds great potential to address critical limitations of existing eye models and may serve as an innovative platform to emulate human-relevant ocular physiology and pathology for biomedical, pharmaceutical, and environmental applications.
Abstract P237: Poor Sleep Quality After Delivery: A Contributor to Increased Cardiovascular Disease Risk for Women With Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia?

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) including preeclampsia and gestational hypertension are pregnancy complications which have been shown to increase women’s risk for development ...
Contracts as Systems

A contract is much more complex than its individual terms would suggest. Yet contract scholars have traditionally taken a reductionist approach to the study of contracts. According to “contractual reductionism,” a contract can be understood through each of its constituent terms. Recent scholarship, however, has begun to challenge contractual reductionism’s term-by-term view of contracts. Building on this work, this Article provides the first application of complex systems theory to contracts, arguing that a contract is a complex system that is greater than the sum of its terms. A complex system is composed of many components that interact in a nontrivial manner. Complex systems theory is an interdisciplinary field of study that has been used to analyze a broad range of complex systems including living organisms, cities, economies, technology systems, and ecosystems. One of the key findings of complex systems theory is that complex systems exhibit a surprising degree of similarity and common behavior across diverse contexts – a finding that holds when extended to contracts. To provide a framework for understanding and analyzing a contract as a complex system, the Article models a contract using concepts drawn from complex systems theory. The Article then uses this model to demonstrate that contract systems exhibit many key properties observed in other complex systems. The Article ends by discussing how a complex systems approach to contracts informs contract design, interpretation, and analysis. The Article makes three primary contributions. First, the Article extends the scholarship challenging contractual reductionism through the first application of complex systems theory to contracts. Second, the Article models a contract as a complex system and identifies key properties of contract systems. Third, the Article shows how complex systems theory can be used to improve the design, interpretation, and analysis of contracts. The Article’s findings have significant implications for lawyers, judges, and legal technology companies.
The Transfer Tax Tale of Disenfranchised U.S. Citizens

This article is a primer on estate tax planning for persons who acquired U.S. citizenship by birth in Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, or the Northern Mariana Islands. It offers important planning alternatives for those individuals who are adversely impacted by recent legislative changes as well as a formula that can be used to compute the optimal mix of wealth to be kept in the United States vs. abroad. Over the past few decades a combination of technical amendments to the Internal Revenue Code has effectively disenfranchised those persons who acquired U.S. citizenship by birth in certain U.S. possessions, discouraging them from investing in the United States and incentivizing them to keep wealth offshore. The transfer tax regime, as it currently stands, is more advantageous to such persons if they hold assets outside the United States, while it taxes more heavily those who hold assets within the United States. This article focuses on this disenfranchising effect, where disenfranchising is intended as the point where persons who acquired U.S. citizenship by birth in certain U.S. possessions begin faring worse than any other U.S. citizen in the same situation, as if they were taxed as second-class citizens. While most of the discussion refers to the estate tax and to Puerto Rico, the content is just as applicable to the gift tax and to persons who acquired U.S. citizenship by birth in Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, or the Northern Mariana Islands.
Reverse Holder, Minkowski, And Hanner Inequalities For Matrices

We examine a number of known inequalities for $L^p$ functions with reverse representations for $s<1$ with complex matrices under the $p$-norms $||X||_p=\text{Tr}[(X^\ast X)^{p/2}]^{1/p}$, and similarly defined quasinorm quantities $||X||_s=\text{Tr}[(X^\ast X)^{s/2}]^{1/s}$. Analogous to the reverse Holder and reverse Minkowski for $L^p$ functions, it has recently been shown that for $A,B\in M_{n\times n}(C)$ such that $|B|$ is invertible, $||AB||_1\geq ||A||_{s}||B||_{s/(s-1)}$ and for $A,B$ positive semidefinite that $||A+B||_s\geq ||A||_s+||B||_s$. We comment on variational representations of these inequalities. A third very important inequality is Hanner's inequality $||f+g||_p^p+||f-g||_p^p\geq(||f||_p+||g||_p)^p+|||f||_p-||g||_p|^p$ in the $1\leq p\leq 2$ range, with the inequality reversing for $p\geq 2$. The analogue inequality has been proven to hold matrices in certain special cases. No reverse Hanner has established for functions or matrices considering ranges with $s<1$. We also develop a reverse Hanner inequality for functions, and show that it holds for matrices under special conditions; it is sufficient but not necessary for $C+D, C-D\geq 0$. We also extend certain related singular value rearrangement inequalities that were previously known in the $1\leq p\leq3$ range to the $s<1$ range. Finally, we use the same techniques to characterize the previously unstudied equality case in Hanner's Inequality for matrices $C+D,C-D\geq 0$: we show that there is equality when $p\neq 1,2$ if and only if $|D|=kC$, which is directly analogous to the $L^p$ equality condition.
Juul use among emerging adults transitioning from high school to college.

Objective: Assess the prevalence, perceptions, sociodemographic/personal factors that influence Juul use among incoming freshmen.Participants: Incoming undergraduate students (N = 1,706) attending ...
Characterization of Cardiothoracic Surgeons Actively Leading Basic Science Research

ABSTRACT Background There is increasing concern regarding the attrition of surgeon-scientists in cardiothoracic (CT) surgery. However, the characteristics of CT surgeons who are actively leading basic science research (BSR) have not been examined. We hypothesized that early exposure to BSR during training and active grant funding are important factors that facilitate the pursuit of BSR among practicing CT surgeons. Materials and methods We created a database of 992 CT surgeons listed as faculty at accredited United States CT surgery teaching hospitals in 2018. Data regarding each surgeon's training/professional history, publication record, and National Institutes of Health funding were acquired from publicly available online sources. Surgeons who published at least one first- or last-author paper in 2017-2018 were considered to be active, lead researchers. Results Of the 992 CT surgeons, 73 (7.4%) were actively leading BSR, and 599 (60.4%) were actively leading only non-BSR. Only 2 women were actively leading BSR. Surgeons actively leading BSR were more likely to have earned a PhD degree (20.5% versus 9.7%, P = 0.0049), and more likely to have published a first-author BSR paper during training (76.7% versus 40.9%, P Conclusions A small minority of CT surgeons at academic training hospitals are actively leading BSR. In order to facilitate the development of surgeon-scientists, additional support must be given to trainees and junior faculty, especially women, to enable early engagement in BSR.
Not whole without us: Including people with disabilities in our understanding of the church, the gospel, and the world:

The Lausanne Movement famously organizes Evangelicals around the need for “the whole Church to take the whole gospel to the whole world.” Years of reflection on what this means has led the movement...
Characterization of Source-Filter Interactions in Vocal Vibrato Using a Neck-Surface Vibration Sensor: A Pilot Study

Abstract Purpose Vocal vibrato is a singing technique that involves periodic modulation of fundamental frequency (fo) and intensity. The physiological sources of modulation within the speech mechanism and the interactions between the laryngeal source and vocal tract filter in vibrato are not fully understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if differences in the rate and extent of fo and intensity modulation could be captured using simultaneously recorded signals from a neck-surface vibration sensor and a microphone, which represent features of the source before and after supraglottal vocal tract filtering. Method Nine classically-trained singers produced sustained vowels with vibrato while simultaneous signals were recorded using a vibration sensor and a microphone. Acoustical analyses were performed to measure the rate and extent of fo and intensity modulation for each trial. Paired-samples sign tests were used to analyze differences between the rate and extent of fo and intensity modulation in the vibration sensor and microphone signals. Results The rate and extent of fo modulation and the extent of intensity modulation were equivalent in the vibration sensor and microphone signals, but the rate of intensity modulation was significantly higher in the microphone signal than in the vibration sensor signal. Larger differences in the rate of intensity modulation were seen with vowels that typically have smaller differences between the first and second formant frequencies. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the rate of intensity modulation at the source prior to supraglottal vocal tract filtering, as measured in neck-surface vibration sensor signals, was lower than the rate of intensity modulation after supraglottal vocal tract filtering, as measured in microphone signals. The difference in rate varied based on the vowel. These findings provide further support of the resonance-harmonics interaction in vocal vibrato. Further investigation is warranted to determine if differences in the physiological source(s) of vibrato account for inconsistent relationships between the extent of intensity modulation in neck-surface vibration sensor and microphone signals.
Abstract P1-17-04: Association of BRCA1 mutations with impaired ovarian reserve: A plausible connection between infertility and breast/ovarian cancer risks

Purpose: Mutations in either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene are associated with breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility. Lifetime risk estimates for ovarian cancer in the general population indicate that 1.4 percent (14 out of 1,000) of women will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer compared with 15 to 40 percent of women (150-400 out of 1,000) who have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. For decades, scientists have been attempting to establish a link between the risk of developing cancer and infertility. One prospective study suggested an association with BRCA1 mutations and occult primary ovarian insufficiency. This study showed a novel association between low response to ovarian stimulation and BRCA1 mutations, suggesting a link between double-strand DNA break repair dysfunction, infertility, and breast/ovarian cancer risks. If substantiated, this may place BRCA mutation positive women at higher risk for chemotherapy induced ovarian failure. We also know that reproductive factors including low parity and infertility may place women at increased risk for breast cancer. Taking into account that 1% of females suffer from primary ovarian insufficiency and that the underlying mechanism remains unknown most of the time, discovery of susceptibility gene may have implications for understanding the link between infertility and breast/ovarian cancer. We hypothesize that mutations in the BRCA1 gene will adversely affect ovarian reserve, as measured by AMH levels. Participants and Methods: Subset analysis of serum samples taken from Northwestern Ovarian Cancer Early Detection Program (NOCEDPP) of reproductive aged women who had testing for the BRCA mutation. Using an IRB approved protocol, the NOCEDPP database was searched for women 18-45 years old who had previous BRCA testing. These women must have also provided consent for their stored serum to be used for research purposes. We excluded those with a BRCA2 mutation, a previous history of cancer and/or cancer treatment, and those with a previous unilateral or bilateral oophorectomy or other ovarian surgery. Statistical analysis was done using parametric and nonparametric testing. Results: A total of 125 met the criteria for our study. 66 women were BRCA1 mutation-positive and 59 were BRCA mutation- negative. The median age for BRCA1 mutation-positive women was 33.5 years while BRCA mutation-negative patients was 37 years (p Conclusion: AMH values were significantly lower in BRCA1 mutation-positive women aged 35-39. Women with the BRCA1 mutation should be counseled regarding this potential decrease in ovarian reserve. Citation Format: Sara B Giordano, Navdha Mittal, Kristin Smith, Mary Ellen Pavone. Association of BRCA1 mutations with impaired ovarian reserve: A plausible connection between infertility and breast/ovarian cancer risks [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-17-04.
HERRAMIENTAS PARA LA CARACTERIZACIÓN TERMODINÁMICA DE SISTEMAS TERNARIOS EN DESTILACIÓN (THERMODYNAMIC CHARACTERIZATION TOOLS OF TERNARY SYSTEMS IN DISTILLATION)

En este trabajo se presentan herramientas numericasnovedosas, fundamentadas en la teoria de los metodos de continuacion porhomotopia, para la solucion de problemas del equilibrio de fases pertinentes enla caracterizacion termodinamica de las mezclas ternarias. El aporte principales la estrategia para transformar los problemas del equilibrio de fases enhomotopias termodinamicas que pueden resolverse con los metodos decontinuacion. Se ilustran algunas situaciones complejas, pero tipicas en procesosde destilacion azeotropica y extractiva, acerca de la localizacion de losazeotropos, la clasificacion de las regiones de volatilidad y la envolventeliquido-liquido-vapor.
Super-Scalable algorithms for computing on 100,000 processors

In the next five years, the number of processors in high-end systems for scientific computing is expected to rise to tens and even hundreds of thousands. For example, the IBM BlueGene/L can have up to 128,000 processors and the delivery of the .rst system is scheduled for 2005. Existing deficiencies in scalability and fault-tolerance of scientific applications need to be addressed soon. If the number of processors grows by a magnitude and efficiency drops by a magnitude, the overall effective computing performance stays the same. Furthermore, the mean time to interrupt of high-end computer systems decreases with scale and complexity. In a 100,000-processor system, failures may occur every couple of minutes and traditional checkpointing may no longer be feasible. With this paper, we summarize our recent research in super-scalable algorithms for computing on 100,000 processors. We introduce the algorithm properties of scale invariance and natural fault tolerance, and discuss how they can be applied to two different classes of algorithms. We also describe a super-scalable diskless checkpointing algorithm for problems that can't be transformed into a superscalable variant, or where other solutions are more efficient. Finally, a 100,000-processor simulator is presented as a platform for testing and experimentation.
OFDM Blind Parameter Identification in Cognitive Radios

In this paper we introduce a blind parameter identification algorithm for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. The algorithm correlation-based processes automatically estimate all parameters of OFDM signals with a blind process that works from a limited amount of data without any prior information. We also derive novel identification performances of algorithms under various conditions, assuming actual conditions in feasible systems: data offset, AWGN, frequency offset, and fading channels. The algorithm is essential for two systems: first, cognitive radios, one of the most exciting being radios that change fundamental parameters frequently to provide high throughput and high quality of services; and, second, radio monitoring systems that detect illegal signals transmitted by unlicensed devices
The Concept of Public Policy: Revisiting the Role of the Public Policy Doctrine in the Enforcement of Private Legal Arrangements

The doctrine of public policy is a channel through which public law enters private law and bars it from actualizing its normal legal consequences. Although public policy is an old doctrine in common law and other legal systems, it is not clear which aspects of public law could enter the arena of contract (private) law and make it unenforceable. The phrase public policy is used and pled in various national and international tribunals on a daily basis. Despite its importance, the literature surrounding the doctrine of public policy is extremely limited. This Article first briefly traces the genealogy and paradigm shifts of the doctrine of public policy in the history of common law. Subsequently, it scrutinizes the ramifications emanating from developments of legal theory as well as the emergence of the welfare state in transformation of the notion of public policy. It then explains the doctrine of public policy from the law and economics perspective and shows its shortcomings. In the last section, the Article argues that the concept of public policy is a not a single concept but consists of three distinct strands — public interest, public morality, public security — each with a separate pedigree and logic requiring a separate method for its analysis. The public interest category refers to instances where the public policy exception can be determined employing cost-benefit analysis by weighing the interests of private parties vis-a-vis societal interest. The second strand, public morality attempts to safeguard the communal values by allowing the judiciary not to lend its enforcement apparatus to private legal arrangements that are injurious to common morality. Lastly, public security is structured around the exceptionalist logic of modern statehood, which aims to protect states’ survival interest. This Article argues that in instances where public morality and public security are severely at stake, private law is subsumed by the mandate of public policy. However, in the majority of cases, falling under the category of public interest, courts should follow the balancing approach with the single test of avoiding negative externalities.
The Importance of Process for Understanding Gender in Confucianism

This paper explores the nature of process in the cultivation of morality and character during the time of Confucius. The research denotes particular attention to the concept of the character of a gentleman, a phrase which is referenced throughout Confucius’ Analects. The argument is made that the phrase ‘gentleman,’ does not inherently designate characteristics which are gender specific, but in actuality characteristics which are gender neutral and can be attributable to both sexes. Furthermore, it is illustrated through Confucius’ and Mencius’ writings (Mencius was a Chinese philosopher and student of Confucian philosophy, who lived during the 4th century) that the attainment of the status of gentleman was one which was meritocratic and based upon continual self-cultivation and transformation of character. This was a dualistic process involving the recognition of one’s fallible nature and the consequent need for self-examination and self-correction. According to Confucian philosophy, a significant aspect of the cultivation of one’s character was to be found through the individual’s development of interpersonal relationships. Consequently, these interactions with others were to be viewed as a vehicle for altruism and not as a means for satisfying one’s own needs. It was believed that by this dualistic process that one could, ultimately, evoke the most impact for good upon one’s surrounding world and the government of the state.
Twelve-step and mutual-help programs for addictive disorders.

This important statement was made after an extensive review of outcomes research on addiction treatment. It reflects the conclusions of recent scientific reviews that alcohol and other drug addictions are chronic, relapsing diseases of the brain. 42 , 52 The Minnesota Model, which throughout the 1980s featured 28 days of intensive inpatient and residential treatment, has more recently evolved to a longer continuum of care and greater reliance on outpatient treatment. 8 Brief detoxification establishes abstinence, and patients move to successively less intensive levels of care from inpatient, to partial, to intensive outpatient, to less frequent outpatient visits. The model of chronic illness, which O'Brien and McLellan 55 used in comparing addictive disorders to diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma, and hypertension, prepares physicians for longer periods of care and a broader range of services, emphasizing relapse prevention and rapid-relapse response. 43 Twelve-step and mutual-help programs are major allies for psychiatrists who are treating patients with addictive disorders. * The older view of addiction defined the central clinical problem as physical dependence. Therefore, the primary focus of treatment was to detoxify addicted patients. The newer view of addiction, based on a growing understanding of brain biology, defines the central problem of addiction as reward, not withdrawal, and focuses treatment on lifetime abstinence. 15 This paradigm shift in the understanding of addiction puts 12-step programs into clearer focus. They are not treatment, and they do not compete with any form of addiction treatment. Rather, 12-step programs are spiritually based fellowships supporting not only the achievement and maintenance of abstinence from alcohol and other drug use but also lifelong character development. Regardless of the short-term addiction treatment used, addicted patients, sooner or later, have to confront the real threat of relapse without professional treatment. To prevent relapse to addiction, every physician must be familiar with 12-step programs and able to help addicted patients find and use these unique programs to promote recovery.
The question of PANDAS in adults

Abstract Background: Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) are a well-defined cause of obsessive–compulsive disorder in children. However, they have not been described or fully investigated in adults newly diagnosed with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Methods: We describe an adult with onset of obsessive–compulsive disorder at 25 years of age after a severe antibiotic-responsive pharyngitis. He was evaluated with multiple psychiatric rating scales for obsessive–compulsive disorder and Tourette’s syndrome, as well as with serologic assays and radiologic studies. Results: In all respects except age our patient fulfilled established criteria for PANDAS. Assays for antibodies to group A β-hematolytic streptococci, serum D8,17 lymphocytes, antistriatal (neuronal) antibodies, and anticytoskeletal antibodies all supported the hypothesis that a poststreptococcal process was active. Magnetic resonance imaging was abnormal and is described. Conclusions: The findings suggest that this patient’s illness is similar to PANDAS in presentation and that poststreptococcal disease may result in adult-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder.
Influence of ionic charge placement on performance of poly(ethylene glycol)-based sulfonated polyurethanes

Abstract Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based sulfonated polyurethanes bearing either sulfonated soft segments (SSSPU) or sulfonated hard segments (SHSPU) were synthesized using sulfonated monomers. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that sulfonate anions either in the soft segments or hard segments both increased the glass transition temperatures ( T g ’s) of the soft segments and suppressed their crystallization. Moreover, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and tensile analysis demonstrated that SSSPU possessed a higher modulus and tensile strength relative to SHSPU. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that hydrogen bonding interactions in SHSPU were suppressed compared to SSSPU and noncharged PU. This observation suggested a high level of phase-mixing for SHSPU. In addition, atomic force microscopy (AFM) phase images revealed that both SSSPU and noncharged PU formed well-defined microphase-separated morphologies, where the hard segments phase-separated into needle-like hard domains at the nanoscale. However, SHSPU showed a phase-mixed morphology, which was attributed to increased compatibility of polar PEG soft segments with sulfonated ionic hard segments and disruption of hydrogen bonds in the hard segment. The phase-mixed morphology of SHSPU was further demonstrated using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), which showed a featureless X-ray scattering profile. In contrast, SAXS profiles of SSSPU and noncharged PU demonstrated microphase-separated morphologies. Moreover, SSSPU also displayed a broad ionomer peak ranging in q = 1–2 nm −1 , which resulted from the sodium sulfonate ion pair association in the polar PEG soft phase. Morphologies of sulfonated polyurethanes correlated well with thermal and mechanical properties.
Asymptotics for multivariate trimming

Abstract One version of multivariate trimming is the operation that intersects all halfspaces with probability content 1− α or greater. The result is a α-trimmed convex set, and this set is stochastic when the empirical distribution of a sample determines the probability content of the halfspaces. In this paper, conditions are found for the weak convergence of the boundary of this set to a Gaussian process. It is also shown that an n 1 3 normalization produces a limit distribution for the direction normal to the boundary of the set. Intuitive geometric arguments and empirical process methods are employed to establish both limit results.
The public stigma of mental illness means a difference between you and me

Social desirability can influence reports of stigma change in that subscribing to stigmatizing attitudes might pose a threat to personal beliefs of open-mindedness, while endorsing difference might not be as troubling. A measure is needed that assesses stigma change but is less susceptible to desirability effects. This study examined the psychometrics of various assessments of perceived difference from a person with mental illness. A total of 460 participants were recruited online using Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Four measures of difference, the Likert Scale of Difference, Semantic Differential: Similar-Different Scale, Semantic Differential: Mental Illness versus Other Illness scale, and Cause of Perceived Difference Scale were compared to measures of stereotypes, affirming attitudes, and care seeking. A vignette describing a person with mental illness anchored the Difference Scale and a measure of stereotype. Results showed that measures of difference yielded significantly higher endorsements than measures of stereotypes; the Semantic Differential Scale: Similar-Different was endorsed at a higher rate than other difference scales. Difference scores were positively related to stereotypes and inversely related to affirming attitudes. Difference was also found to influence empowerment separate from, and in addition to stereotype. These results suggest a new domain as an efficient and sensitive measure of stigma change.
Hemoglobinopathy case finding by pulse oximetry

Pulse oximetry is a widely used, noninvasive instrument for monitoring oxygen saturation. Its use, however, is limited in the setting of dyshemoglobinemias. We report a case of hemoglobin Rothschild in an Asian patient diagnosed as a result of routine pulse oximetry. This case reiterates the limitations of pulse oximetry in patients with dyshemoglobinemias, while introducing its use as a case-finding tool for such conditions.
A comparison of traditional and engaging lecture methods in a large, professional-level course

In engaging lectures, also referred to as broken or interactive lectures, students are given short periods of lecture followed by “breaks” that can consist of 1-min papers, problem sets, brainstorm...
Automated detection and location of Cascadia tremor

[1] A new autonomous seismic location and detection methodology enables real-time opportunities for high-resolution spatio-temporal monitoring of non-volcanic tremor. Combining a unique cross-correlation technique with epicenter clustering analysis in northern Cascadia automatically yields thousands of tremor epicenters from the May 2008 Episodic Tremor and Slip (ETS) event while routinely detecting and locating inconspicuous inter-ETS tremor bursts. Although ETS events in this area produce about two weeks of continuous tremor, we find a nearly equal amount of tremor during the last 15-month inter-ETS period. The resulting ETS and inter-ETS epicenters occur in the slow slip region where the plate interface is 30–45 km deep and have a sharp, well-resolved updip boundary about 75 km east of the downdip edge of the seismogenic megathrust zone. This ability to track tremor with high spatio-temporal resolution facilitates automatic tremor monitoring and the mapping of the transition zone and regions of locked zone stress accumulation.
Quantitative effects of NGF on the growth of embryonic frog axons.

Abstract Sparse, dissociated cultures of embryonic Xenopus CNS neurons were grown with and without NGF. Under both conditions the same number of neurons survived and extended neurites, and under both conditions the neurites moved at approximately the same overall rates and with the same degree of straightness. On the other hand, neurons in the GNF-supplemented cultures had more neurites and these neurites branched 64% more often. Detailed measurements showed that the axons elongated 44% faster in NGF and that this increase could be ascribed to a selective increase in the stepping rate of axonal elongation. These observations raise the possibility that NGF may selectively modulate the rate of movement of the core cytoskeleton of the axon.
How important are affiliation and cooperation? A reply to Sussman et al.

Department of Ecologyand Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook,NY 11794-5245In a recent ‘‘News and Views’’ article published in theAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology, Sussmanet al. (2005) presented a ‘‘call for a new approach to thestudy of primate sociality’’ (p. 86). In their opinion, com-petition and aggression have received too much attentionin previous and current models on the evolution of grouplife and social behavior (e.g., Trivers, 1972; Wilson, 1975;Emlen and Oring, 1977; Wrangham, 1980; van Schaik,1989; Isbell, 1991; Sterck et al., 1997), whereas the roleof cooperation and afﬁliation has been under-examined.In contrast to a focus on ecological risks and competitionfor limiting resources as a major cause and cost of social-ity (e.g., Alexander, 1974; Wrangham, 1980; van Schaik,1983; Terborgh and Janson, 1986; Janson, 1992), Suss-man et al. (2005) suggest that afﬁliation and cooperationare at the core of group living. To support their ideas,they contrast the amount of afﬁliation and the rates ofagonism across various diurnal primate species. Findingthat diurnal primates spent most of their social timein afﬁliation and not in agonism, they conclude thatsociality might be driven by mutual beneﬁts receivedfrom ‘‘...the collective environments of living in stablegroups’’ (Sussman et al., 2005; p. 84).Although we certainly agree with the idea that afﬁliationand cooperation require more attention in their own right,we believe that the methods used by the authors and theirconclusions are unjustiﬁed. In the following, we will specifyour major concerns and outline some possible solutions.
Measurement of Force and Displacement for the Tribological Analysis of MEMS

The tribological interfaces in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) pose a significant hurdle in the advancement of MEMS. In order to gain a better understanding of these tribological interfaces, meaningful friction and wear measurements of MEMS devices must be made at loads and speeds relevant to MEMS operation. Devices containing isolated tribological contacts from which quantitative friction forces can be extracted have been developed. Since independent in-plane measurement of forces are not available for structures that are on the order of microns thick, the normal and tangential forces between structures are typically estimated based on the calculation of the force output of electrostatic actuators, and the force required to bend compliant suspensions. We will discuss the uncertainties associated with the measurement of applied and friction forces in MEMS tribometers, and metrology needs for improved tribological analysis of dynamic microsystems. We will also present a method of independent force calibration in these devices, and compare measured output characteristics with those predicted from mechanics and electrostatics.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The Fracture Energy of Pultruded Rod

The pronounced anisotropy of pultruded material permits the propagation of a diametral crack along its length by torsion. It is shown that the torque required to propagate this crack is independent of the crack length. Accordingly, the fracture energy of pultruded material is easily approximated by a simple torsion testing system and can provide a measure of the glass-resin interaction and bonding.
DISPERSION-MANAGED SOLITONS IN MULTIPLE CHANNELS

The dynamics of optical solitons, with dispersion management, propagating through a dense wavelength-division-multiplexed system with damping and amplification is studied. The adiabatic parameter dynamics of the solitons in the presence of perturbation terms have been obtained by virtue of the variational principle. In particular, the Gaussian and super-Gaussian pulses have been considered.
An improved non-modular polynomial GCD algorithm

An improved non-modular algorithm for the calculation of the greatest common divisor of two multivariate polynomials is presented.
Using Household Survey Data to Measure Educational Performance: The Case of Ghana.

This paper shows how household data collected for the Ghana Living Standards Survey can be used to calculate national trends in educational performance (enrolment, completion rates and literacy). The resulting enrolment figures are shown to be more reliable than the rather different picture given by offcial statistics. In addition, a short English test conducted alongside the household survey in 1988 and repeated in 2003 gives a direct measure of changes in literacy.
Development and characterization of antimicrobial poly(l-lactic acid) containing trans-2-hexenal trapped in cyclodextrins

Abstract Trans-2-hexenal, a naturally occurring plant volatile with antimicrobial capacity, was encapsulated into β-cyclodextrins (β-CDs), enzymatically modified starch, and shown effective to control main microorganisms causing food spoilage (Alternaria solani, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, Penicillium sp). Loaded β-CDs were incorporated into a poly( l -lactic acid) (PLA) matrix by extrusion and casting, and yielded antimicrobial polymers made from natural resources. A masterbatch was used prior to sheet casting to improve the dispersion of the antimicrobial agent in the PLA matrix. However, this increased the number of extrusion processes for the material. The concentration of the antimicrobial compound in the polymers and its antimicrobial capacity against one food spoilage microorganism (A. solani) were measured during the different processing operations. Although the concentration of trans-2-hexenal was reduced by processing by about 70 and 99% compared to the loaded β-CDs, for the masterbatch and sheet, respectively, the polymers were still effective in reducing microbial growth. The changes of the polymer properties due to the addition of the antimicrobial agent were investigated, too. It was found that the mechanical and barrier properties of the PLA were changed (decreased by about half the tensile strength and elongation at break and nine-fold increased permeability) while the physical properties remained the same. Based on these results, the developed polymer may be a viable antimicrobial material for applications in food packaging.
Service Learning: Applications and Research in Business

Researchers have described service learning as an ideal way to integrate experiential education into coursework while meeting community needs and imbuing students with civic responsibility. They have advocated service learning in business as a method to implement course concepts and increase student understanding of the external environment. In this article, the author briefly summarizes institutional and program characteristics that are associated with successful service-learning programs. She reviews research publications related to service-learning implementations in business. The author found that the fields of information systems, management, and marketing have more service-learning applications tied to course-earning objectives than have the fields of accounting and finance. Further, she suggests that service learning may fit best in business courses where skilled interaction with users is a key learning goal.
Application of the method of parametric differentiation to radiativegasdynamics.

The method of parametric differentiation for nonlinear problems is interpreted as a device for introducing a real parameter characteristic into the mathematical description along which one can then integrate the parametrically differentiated equations. The applicability of the method to radiative gasdynamics is illustrated first by the solution of a test problem- — the one-dimensional, hypersonic, radiating shock layer. The technique's utility is further demonstrated in a solution of an inviscid, radiating gas flow in the stagnation region of a blunt body. Use of the shock-layer optical depth as the descriptive parameter permits application of the technique. In both problems, numerical results are obtained over a wide range of conditions which indicate the integrity and utility of the approach. Comparison of the differential approximation with the exact integral formulation for the radiative transfer is given for the blunt body problem in order to ascertain the validity of the former.
Stabilization of cat paw trajectory during locomotion

We investigated which of cat limb kinematic variables during swing of regular walking and accurate stepping along a horizontal ladder are stabilized by coordinated changes of limb segment angles. T...
Making disability public in deliberative democracy

Deliberative democracy harbors a recurrent tension between full inclusion and intelligible speech. People with profound cognitive disabilities often signify this tension. While liberal deliberative theorists sacrifice inclusion for intelligibility, this exclusion is unnecessary. Instead, by analyzing deliberative locations that already include people with disabilities, I offer two ways to revise deliberative norms. First, the physical presence of disabled bodies expands the value of publicity in deliberative democracy, demonstrating that the publicity of bodies provokes new conversations similar to rational speech acts. Second, the inclusion of people with profound disabilities necessitates a form of collaborative speech in which individuals make claims collaboratively. Habermas offers an ideal site to pursue this analysis because he recognizes the theoretical tension between inclusion and intelligibility and because his personal testimony reveals important insight into the lived experience of disability.
Using first-principles calculations to accelerate materials discovery for hydrogen purification membranes by modeling amorphous metals

Efficient purification of hydrogen from high temperature mixed gas streams can potentially play a critical role in the large-scale production of hydrogen from gasification of coal or biomass. Dense metal membranes have many favorable properties for this kind of purification, but existing membranes based on crystalline metal alloys have a number of limitations. The use of amorphous metal films as membranes has potential to overcome at least some of the disadvantages of crystalline metal membranes. We present new modeling methods that make it possible for the first time to quantitatively predict the performance of amorphous metal films as hydrogen purification membranes. These methods are introduced by examining amorphous Fe3B, a material where comparisons can be made to a crystalline material with the same composition. A membrane made from the amorphous material is predicted to have a hydrogen permeability 1.5–2 orders of magnitude higher than a crystalline membrane. The methods we introduce here will be useful in accelerating the development of amorphous membranes for practical applications.
Sudden apnea following attempted central line placement.

CHEST I 100 I 2 I AUGUST. 1991 505 (Chest 1991; 100:505-06) A 75-year-old man presented with the acute onset of lumbosacral pain that radiated circumferentially to his abdomen. There was no history of trauma, fevers, chills, or renal calculi. His medical history was significant for an abdominal aortic aneurysm measuring 4 X 6 cm since 1986, a right upper lobectomy in 1980 for localized squamous cell carcinoma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Blood pressures were equal in each arm. The abdomen was soft, difftmsely tender, with a 10-cm pulsatile mass to the left of midline. There was no rebound tenderness or abnormal bowel so)und. Stool was hemoccult negative. Distal pulses were decreased symmetrically. Findings from the remainder of the physical examination were tmnremarkable. Results oflaboratory studies were all within normal limits. A chest roentgenogram revealed right upper lobe scarring and surgical clips, consistent with a previous upper lobectomy, as well as changes consistent with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A lumbosacral spine series revealed normal bone structures and a 10-cm abdominal aortic aneurysm outlined by luminal calcifications. In preparation for an abdominal computed tonnographic (CT) scan, followed by surgical repair, attempts were made to eStal)lish central venous access via the right internal jugular approach. After placing the patient in the Trendelenburg position, the vein was easily cannulated; however, resistance was met while trying to advance the guidewire. The patient l)ecamne apneic amid developed electro)mnechanical (lisso)ciatio)ml followed i y asystole. He was imitul)ated, and cardio)pulmno)nary rescusitation vas l)egun. An 18-gauge needle was placed imito the seco)nd intercostal space in the event these cardiac disturbances were secondary to a tension 1)Iietln )tho)rax, and an emergency chest ro)entgenogram was obtained (Fig 1).
Laser measurements of solid-particle rebound parameters impacting on2024 aluminum and 6A1-4V titanium alloys

Description d'une methode experimentale utilisee pour l'obtention des coefficients de restitution de particules. L'analyse des resultats des mesures du phenomene de collision obtenus grâce a un velocimetre laser a effet Doppler, donne les coefficients de restitution en fonction de l'angle d'incidence. L'erosion des metaux ayant subi des collisions avec des petites particules de poussiere peut etre calculee si on connait les coefficients de restitution
Control of the temporal profile of the local electromagnetic field near metallic nanostructures

We study control of the temporal profile of the local electric field in the vicinity of a small doped semiconductor or metal nanostructure. Unlike in the case of control in a gas or liquid phase, the collective response of electrons in the nanostructure may significantly enhance different frequency components of the external field. This enhancement strongly depends on the geometry of the nanostructure and can substantially modify the temporal profile of the local field. The changes in the amplitude and phase of the local field are studied using linear response theory within the random phase approximation. The inverse problem of finding the external electromagnetic field to generate an arbitrary target temporal profile of the local field, including the time-dependent polarization of the field, is considered and solved. We systematically study the pulse enhancement and shape distortion effects for a set of control pulses of various shapes.