cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remote sensing of atmospheric aerosols, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone by means of the Multifilter Rotating Shadow-band Radiometer

The Multi-Filter Rotating Shadow-band Radiometer (MFRSR) makes precise simultaneous measurements of the direct solar beam extinction, and horizontal diffuse flux, at six wavelengths (nominally 415, 500, 615, 670, 870, and 940 nm) at one minute intervals throughout the day. MFRSR data obtained at tens of sites throughout the U.S. has been available for several years. This is a potentially very important but as yet underutilized data set. We describe and validate a retrieval algorithm for processing of MFRSR data from clear and partially cloudy days. This method uses consistency between direct normal and diffuse horizontal measurements together with a special regression technique to retrieve daily time series of column mean aerosol particle size, aerosol optical depth, NO2 and ozone amounts together with the instrument's calibration constants. Our validation studies demonstrate two advantages of our approach compared to the traditional Langley calibration method: less calibration variability and less sensitivity of retrievals to calibration accuracy. This method is currently used for processing data from a growing number of MFRSRs spread throughout the U.S. determining both time and geographic variability of aerosol properties and gaseous column amounts. This method makes the relatively inexpensive and automatic MFRSR an important tool in climatological research.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Wild automorphisms of varieties with Kodaira dimension 0

An automorphism σ of a projective variety X is said to be wild if σ(Y) ≠ Y for every non-empty subvariety \({Y \subsetneq X}\) . In [1] Z. Reichstein, D. Rogalski, and J.J. Zhang conjectured that if X is an irreducible projective variety admitting a wild automorphism then X is an abelian variety, and proved this conjecture for dim(X) ≤ 2. As a step toward answering this conjecture in higher dimensions we prove a structure theorem for projective varieties of Kodaira dimension 0 admitting wild automorphisms. This essentially reduces the Kodaira dimension 0 case to a study of Calabi-Yau varieties, which we also investigate. In support of this conjecture, we show that there are no wild automorphisms of certain Calabi-Yau varieties.
PGC7 suppresses TET3 for protecting DNA methylation

Ten-eleven translocation (TET) family enzymes convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxylmethylcytosine. However, the molecular mechanism that regulates this biological process is not clear. Here, we show the evidence that PGC7 (also known as Dppa3 or Stella) interacts with TET2 and TET3 both in vitro and in vivo to suppress the enzymatic activity of TET2 and TET3. Moreover, lacking PGC7 induces the loss of DNA methylation at imprinting loci. Genome-wide analysis of PGC7 reveals a consensus DNA motif that is recognized by PGC7. The CpG islands surrounding the PGC7-binding motifs are hypermethylated. Taken together, our study demonstrates a molecular mechanism by which PGC7 protects DNA methylation from TET family enzyme-dependent oxidation.
Globalizing Christian Higher Education: Reflections from Delhi and Kampala

We are currently experiencing a global revolution in Christian higher education. As chronicled in Carpenter, Glanzer, and Lantinga's 2014 volume titled Christian Higher Education: A Global Reconnaissance, Christian universities are expanding rapidly around the globe. My institution, Cornerstone University, has been involved in this phenomenon by developing international partnerships and expanding our educational presence in Asia. Our involvement has led me to participate in two recent international educational ventures, one a faculty/staff workshop on faith integration at Uganda Christian University, and the other a one-week course in church history for pastors and Christian professionals in Delhi, India.
Use of γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) to determine the ontogeny of metabolism in the developing rat

The compound lindane (γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane) has been used to study the ontogeny of metabolism in the developing Fischer 344 rat. The distribution and metabolic fate of lindane at 2, 9, 16, and 23 d of age was investigated following subcutaneous administration of lindane at 20 mg/kg containing 0.5 μCi [U‐14C]lindane in peanut oil. Croups of 10 pups (5 male and 5 female) were sacrificed at 4‐h intervals during the 24‐h period following dosing. Adrenals, blood, brain, heart, lung, liver, and kidneys were analyzed for radioactivity. Urine samples were analyzed for radioactivity and metabolites of lindane. There was a significant age‐dependent increase in the metabolism of lindane in the rat. High levels of radioactivity in the lung and increased reductive dechlorination suggest that the lung may play a greater role in metabolism of lindane by young rats. Oxidative phase I reactions increased significantly, while anaerobic reductive dechlorination of lindane to 4‐chlorophenylmer‐capturic acid decreased sign...
Amperometric determination of nitric oxide derived from pulmonary artery endothelial cells immobilized in a microchip channel

A simple method for immobilizing a confluent layer of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (bPAECs) in microchip-based channels is described. The microchips are prepared from poly(dimethylsiloxane) and have channel dimensions that approximate resistance vessels in vivo. The reversibly sealed channels were coated with fibronectin (100 µg ml−1) by aspiration. The bPAECs, which were introduced in the same manner, became attached to the fibronectin coating in about 2 h. The microchip could then be resealed over a micromolded carbon ink electrode (24 µm width × 6 µm height). Coating the carbon microelectrode with a 0.05% Nafion solution selectively blocked nitrite (10 µM) from being transported to the electrode surface while nitric oxide (NO, 10 µM) was amperometrically measured. Upon stimulation with adenosine triphosphate (ATP, 100 µM) the immobilized bPAECs produced and released micromolar amounts of NO. This NO production was effectively inhibited when the immobilized cells were incubated with L-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a competitive inhibitor for nitric oxide synthase. Moreover, once the immobilized bPAECs were no longer able to produce NO, incubation with L-arginine allowed for further ATP-stimulated NO production.
Quantitative photometric analysis of high nitrate containing solids as applied to phenoldisulfonic acid method

Abstract A very rapid and simple quantitative method of analysis of high nitrate solids is possible by the adaptation of the phenoldisulfomc acid method. Use of either spectrophotometcrs or filter photometers permits wide application of the method. The nitrate concentration in a sample may be determined with an accuracy of ± 1 percent when the Klett-Summcrson photoelectric colorimeter is used to measure the optical density of the yellow complex. Mathematical rather than graphical interpolation by means of the equation described herem for use with filter photometers eliminates the inaccuracy and undesirable characteristics of those curves which deviate from beer's Law. Due to its rapidity, routine control analysis of high nitrate content solids by this method is feasible.
Global Analysis of Seismic Refraction Measurements

Seismic refraction measurements, computing statistics for depth to Moho, crustal thickness and upper mantle velocity for geographical and geological provinces
Theory-based considerations influence the interpretation of generic sentences

Under what circumstances do people agree that a kind-referring generic sentence (e.g., ‘Swans are beautiful’) is true? We hypothesised that theory-based considerations are sufficient, independently of prevalence/frequency information, to lead to acceptance of a generic statement. To provide evidence for this general point, we focused on demonstrating the impact of a specific theory-based, essentialist expectation – that the physical features characteristic of a biological kind emerge as a natural product of development – on participants’ reasoning about generics. Across three studies, adult participants (N=99) confirmed our hypothesis, preferring to map generic sentences (e.g., ‘Dontrets have long tails’) onto novel categories for which the key feature (e.g., long tails) was absent in all the young but present in all the adults rather than onto novel categories for which the key feature was at least as prevalent but present in some of the young and in some of the adults. Control conditions using ‘some’- a...
The temple of reading: architectonic metaphor in Rabelais

This essay examines Rabelais's uses of architectural metaphor and imagery to guide his readers towards sound interpretation, while fending off those readers unwilling or unable to read in a properly charitable spirit. Rabelais simultaneously imitates and parodies classical, biblical, and patristic metaphors of aedificatio, and in so doing seeks to build a community of interpreters that will find the true senses of his text. The comic or parodic aspects of the text are, for Rabelais, inseparable from the hermeneutic act, and are essential both to accurate reading and to a recognition of the limits of any possible interpretation. (pp. 257–274)
TRANSPORT CONSIDERATIONS OF POTENTIAL MIGRANTS FROM FOOD PACKAGING MATERIALS

Migration from polymeric packaging materials to containd foods is essentially a desorption process involving low molecular weight species in a polymeric matrix. Such desorption can affect both intrinsic quality and safety of ingested packaged food. A legalistic problem also exists because of present regulations of “zero tolerance” where a possible migrant is a potential carcinogen. The precise elucidation of desorption, at extremely low levels of initial migrant concentration, has thus become a major issue. However, desorption at such levels has not been adequately studied. Sorption/desorption studies conducted with food simulating solvents and foods in classical phase distribution systems shows marked concentration dependence for certain poly (vinyl chloride) resins. The thermodynamic relations between selected monomer/polymer systems have been further studied by inverse phase gas chromatography for both poly (vinyl chloride) and poly (acrylonitrile) and some of its copolymers. Results from these studies suggest that entropic relations are dominant at such low levels for transport.
Using Kinesthetic and Tactile Cues to Maintain Exercise Intensity

Haptic cues may be able to assist an individual who is engaged in a manual control task, freeing visual and auditory attention for other mental tasks. We describe an experiment in which subjects attempted to step at a consistent pace on a stair climber exercise machine which was modified for haptic cuing through the legs. Subjects' visual attention was engaged by a video game. Five different haptic cues for consistent pacing were investigated, two of them more kinesthetic in nature and three that were more tactile. Results showed that haptic cues could indeed improve the manual control task performance without diminishing the visual attention task performance. The tactile cues generally outperformed the kinesthetic ones.
Path smoothing via discrete optimization

A fundamental problem in timing-driven physical synthesis is the reduction of critical paths in a design. In this work, we propose a powerful new technique that moves (and can also resize) multiple cells simultaneously to smooth critical paths, thereby reducing delay and improving worst negative slack or a figure-of-merit. Our approach offers several key advantages over previous formulations, including the accurate modeling of objectives and constraints in the true timing model, and a guarantee of legality for all cell locations.
Transient Chip-Package Cosimulation of Multiscale Structures Using the Laguerre-FDTD Scheme

Transient simulation using Laguerre polynomials is unconditionally stable and is ideally suited for modeling structures containing both small and large feature sizes. The focus of this paper is on the automation of this technique and its application to chip-package cosimulation. Laguerre finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) requires using the right number of basis coefficients to generate accurate time-domain waveforms. A method for generating the optimal number of basis functions is presented in this paper. Equivalent circuit models of the FDTD grid have been developed. In addition, a method for simulation over a long time period is also presented that enables the extraction of the frequency response both at low and high frequencies. A node numbering scheme in the circuit model of the FDTD grid that is suitable for implementation has been discussed. Results from a chip-package example that shows the scalability of this technique to solve multiscale problems have been presented.
Potential Impacts of Docks on Littoral Habitats in Minnesota Lakes

To understand the potential impacts of docks on lake shoreline habitat, an inventory of docks across north-central Minnesota was undertaken and full build-out projections were simulated. Lakes were selected randomly from three lake development classifications (lake class), which define statewide minimum development standards for Minnesota. The three lake classes, in order of increasing restrictions for development, are general development, recreational development, and natural environment. Docks were pervasive along shores for many lakes. Over 14% of the shoreline and 3% of the littoral zone were estimated to be impacted by docks. Build-out scenarios estimated that up to half of the shoreline and 14% of the littoral zone could be impacted with future development. Shoreline development policies may need to be revised to address impacts to fish habitat and recreational surface water use. Con el proposito de comprender los impactos potenciales que tienen los muelles sobre los habitats que se encuentran en la...
Life Cycle Changes and Criminal Propensity

The relationship between age and self-reported propensity toward criminal behavior is investigated among a large survey sample, and an attempt is made to explain the observed variations. Results indicate a clear negative relationship between age and criminal propensity which is in part attributed to generational differences and partly to life cycle changes. Efforts to account for the association show this relationship to be exceptionally stable and resistant to explanation. Nevertheless analysis suggests complex interactions among several variables as the appropriate explanation. Language: en
Web-based performance visualization of distributed discrete event simulation

This paper reports on an effort to adapt an existing distributed simulation visualization system to become Web accessible. The system was originally developed for performance visualization and experimentation with parameters affecting PDES systems using the time Warp protocols. This paper presents a model for converting legacy PDES systems to be Web accessible, and discusses the initial results from the conversion effort on this specific application. After finishing this work, we will be able to collect a wealth of data through the Web for future data mining, and to create an intelligent agent for performance tuning of time Warp applications.
An Assessment of Sport Event Tourists' Motivation with a Framework: A Case Study at a Southeast Conference Football Game

An Assessment of Sport Event Tourists’ Motivation with a Framework: A Case Study at a Southeast Conference Football Game The decision to travel and attend sport events is usually an important process for the travelers that involves many key factors such as motivation, time allowance, interests, destination image, past experience, personal factors, and economic condition. While a significant number of studies have been conducted on sport event attendees’ and tourists’ behavior, especially their motivation, there is little research to date that examines and understands why tourists attend college football events in a structured framework. The objective of this study is to find these reasons and construct an instrument for measuring sport tourists’ motivation that can be useful in organizing sport events and developing marketing plans. Three important factors were found: Economical Sport Event Tourism, Football Game Itself, and Being a Good Resident. The results of this study will be very useful for Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) and college sport event organizers to understand sport event tourists.
Optical Redox Ratio Differentiates Breast Cancer Cell Lines Based on Estrogen Receptor Status

Autofluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful imaging technique that exploits endogenous fluorophores. The endogenous fluorophores NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are two of the principal electron donors and acceptors in cellular metabolism, respectively. The optical oxidation-reduction (redox) ratio is a measure of cellular metabolism and can be determined by the ratio of NADH/FAD. We hypothesized that there would be a significant difference in the optical redox ratio of normal mammary epithelial cells compared with breast tumor cell lines and that estrogen receptor (ER)–positive cells would have a higher redox ratio than ER-negative cells. To test our hypothesis, the optical redox ratio was determined by collecting the fluorescence emission for NADH and FAD via confocal microscopy. We observed a statistically significant increase in the optical redox ratio of cancer compared with normal cell lines (P < 0.05). Additionally, we observed a statistically significant increase in the optical redox ratio of ER(+) breast cancer cell lines. The level of ESR1 expression, determined by real-time PCR, directly correlated with the optical redox ratio (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.8122, P = 0.0024). Furthermore, treatment with tamoxifen and ICI 182,870 statistically decreased the optical redox ratio of only ER(+) breast cancer cell lines. The results of this study raise the important possibility that fluorescence spectroscopy can be used to identify subtypes of breast cancer based on receptor status, monitor response to therapy, or potentially predict response to therapy. This source of optical contrast could be a potentially useful tool for drug screening in preclinical models. Cancer Res; 70(11); 4759–66. ©2010 AACR.
Recreation changes the use of a wild landscape by corvids

ABSTRACT As urban areas have grown in population, use of nearby natural areas for outdoor recreation has also increased, potentially influencing bird distribution in landscapes managed for conservation. Members of the family Corvidae (crows, ravens, jays, and magpies) have strong interactions with humans and may be directly affected by recreation in wild landscapes. In Mount Rainier National Park, we evaluated the effects of vegetation, visitor use, and the availability of human-subsidized food on the use of landscape features by 4 corvid species: Steller's Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri), Gray Jay (Perisoreus canadensis), Common Raven (Corvus corax), and Clark's Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). We conducted >1,400 point counts across areas that varied in habitat and in the degree of human recreational impact. We calculated predicted occupancy values while allowing for variation in detection probability. In addition to species-specific suites of vegetation and landscape variables, we found that patterns of hu...
Nappe Formation in Part of the Southern Appalachian Piedmont

Structural studies of rocks along the Carolina slate belt – Charlotte belt boundary reveal two generations of folding, the earlier of which is represented by a large-scale antiformal nappe. As shown by field relations and quantitative analysis of the fold geometry, this early folding began prior to metamorphism, the mechanism being largely buckling. With the onset of metamorphism and cleavage-forming process, new folds were formed and the pre-existing buckle folds were modified by compressive strain. During this time, a metamorphic gradient developed along the boundary of the two belts; as the rocks became more ductile, the large antiformal nappe was emplaced in the Charlotte belt, with its root located close to the boundary between the belts. Sillimanite-grade metamorphism in the Charlotte belt outlasted the early deformation, and some upwelling of material in this hot zone may have gently arched the nappe. Late, post-metamorphism deformation produced two sets of folds with different orientation, which appear to have a conjugate relationship, and which probably formed contemporaneously. The relation between the Charlotte and Carolina slate belts may be analogous to the infrastructure/superstructure relation commonly found in other intensely deformed mountain belts of the world.
Intracellular sensing and transport of amino acids and the downstream effects on mtorc1 activation: implications for muscle protein synthesis

It is widely established that the rate of muscle protein synthesis is elevated with amino acid availability. However, when there is a lack in amino acid availability homeostatic processes are implemented in order to prioritize the energy demands necessitating amino acid scarcity. To this respect, it is understood that amino acid availability is a rate-limiting factor underlying the mediation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS). The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a master regulatory complex that plays a significant role in meticulously coordinating the myriad of signaling cascades in order to up-regulate MPS activity through increased protein translation initiation. The presence of adequate amino acids such as leucine is evidenced to be necessary for the activation of mTORC1. Moreover, amino acids have been known as subsequent mediators that trigger mTORC1 activation independent of the traditional upstream signaling cascades associated with growth factors. It has recently been observed that the activation of mTORC1 is implemented at the surface of the lysosome membrane. As a result, considerable advances have occurred which demonstrate various protein components which relay on amino acids to relay signals to mTORC1. This review will focalize upon describing the present understanding of the multiple signaling components that mediate signals in conditions of adequate amino acid levels to mTORC1. Furthermore, this review will also present recent advancements behind amino acid sensing mechanisms through the discussion of upstream components of mTORC1, amino acid transporters, as well as proposed underlying mechanisms of intracellular signaling relative to amino acid sensing.
Neutron Optics with Multilayer Monochromators

A multilayer monochromator is made by depositing thin films of two materials in an alternating sequence on a glass substrate. This makes a multilayer periodic in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the films, with a d-spacing equal to the thickness of one bilayer. Neutrons of wavelength λ incident on a multilayer will be reflected at an angle θ given by the Bragg relation nλ = 2d sinθ, where n is the order of reflection. The use of thin-film multilayers for monochromating neutrons was first suggested by Schoenborn et al. (10). Diffraction properties of such multilayers were studied by Saxena and Schoenborn (8,9), Ebisawa et al. (1), Gukasov et al. (2), and Saxena and Majkrzak (7). Lynn et al. (3) and Majkrzak et al. (4) showed that multilayers made of suitable materials can also be used as very efficient polarizers of neutrons. Mezei (6), Ebisawa et al. (1), and Scharpf (11) developed supermirrors by introducing a continuous variation in d-spacings of multilayers.
ATP-directed capture of bioactive herbal-based medicine on human tRNA synthetase

The crystal structure of prolyl tRNA synthetase simultaneously bound to its substrate ATP and its inhibitor halofuginone, a derivative of a compound used to treat malaria, indicates that (through interactions with ATP) halofuginone occupies both the amino acid and tRNA binding sites on the synthetase, revealing a new model for developing synthetase inhibitors. The halogenated derivative of an active ingredient in Chinese traditional medicine used as an antimalarial treatment, halofuginone (HF), is currently in clinical trials. HF is known to inhibit prolyl-tRNA synthetase (ProRS), resulting in an accumulation of uncharged tRNAs. Paul Schimmel and colleagues have solved the crystal structure of ProRS bound to ATP and HF. They find that ATP helps to lock the drug on ProRS so that it occupies two substrate binding sites — one for proline and the other for the 3′ end of the tRNA. The authors suggest that this information might be used to develop other synthetase inhibitors that would occupy both sites in a modular fashion. Febrifugine is the active component of the Chinese herb Chang Shan (Dichroa febrifuga Lour.)1,2, which has been used for treating malaria-induced fever for about 2,000 years. Halofuginone (HF), the halogenated derivative of febrifugine, has been tested in clinical trials for potential therapeutic applications in cancer and fibrotic disease3,4,5,6. Recently, HF was reported to inhibit TH17 cell differentiation by activating the amino acid response pathway7, through inhibiting human prolyl-transfer RNA synthetase (ProRS) to cause intracellular accumulation of uncharged tRNA8,9. Curiously, inhibition requires the presence of unhydrolysed ATP. Here we report an unusual 2.0 A structure showing that ATP directly locks onto and orients two parts of HF onto human ProRS, so that one part of HF mimics bound proline and the other mimics the 3′ end of bound tRNA. Thus, HF is a new type of ATP-dependent inhibitor that simultaneously occupies two different substrate binding sites on ProRS. Moreover, our structure indicates a possible similar mechanism of action for febrifugine in malaria treatment. Finally, the elucidation here of a two-site modular targeting activity of HF raises the possibility that substrate-directed capture of similar inhibitors might be a general mechanism that could be applied to other synthetases.
Dynamic Energy-based Encoding and Filtering in Sensor Networks

In critical sensor deployments it is important to ensure the authenticity and integrity of sensed data. Further, one must ensure that false data injected into the network by malicious nodes is not perceived as accurate data. In this paper we present the Dynamic Energy-based Encoding and Filtering (DEEF) framework to detect the injection of false data into a sensor network. DEEF requires that each sensed event report be encoded using a simple encoding scheme based on a keyed hash. The key to the hashing function dynamically changes as a function of the transient energy of the sensor, thus requiring no need for re-keying. Depending on the cost of transmission vs. computational cost of encoding, it may be important to remove data as quickly as possible. Accordingly, DEEF can provide authentication at the edge of the network or authentication inside of the sensor network. Depending on the optimal configuration, as the report is forwarded, each node along the way verifies the correctness of the encoding probabilistically and drops those that are invalid. We have evaluated DEEF's feasibility and performance through analysis. Our results show that DEEF, without incurring transmission overhead (increasing packet size), is able to eliminate 90% - 99% of false data injected from an outsider within 9 hops before it reaches the sink.
Involvement of Growth Factors in the Process of Post-Vasectomy Micro-Recanalization

Purpose: We investigated the role of growth factors in the process of post-vasectomy micro-recanalization using real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and histopathological analyses of the vasectomy sites and controls at different time points in a rat model.Materials and Methods: Unilateral vasectomies were performed in 18 rats with sham surgery on the contralateral side. Vasectomy sites and vas segments of similar length from the sham operated sides were taken for analysis at 2, 8 and 12 weeks. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to test the expression of mRNA of 7 common growth factors and select growth factor receptors. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed for growth factors with strong positive polymerase chain reaction findings. Histopathological examination was performed by a staff pathologist (BRD) to detect micro-recanalization, defined as tubules visible on hematoxylin and eosin staining with an epithelial lining of cuboidal or columnar cells.Re...
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION BY PROTEIN KINASE C IN MAMMALIAN CELLS

1. The past two decades have witnessed great advances in our understanding of the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in signal transduction. The Ca(2+)-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase discovered by Nishizuka's group in 1977 is now a family of at least 11 isoforms. Protein kinase C isoforms exist in different proportions in a host of mammalian cells and each isoform has a characteristic subcellular distribution in each cell type. 2. Stimulation of a specific PKC isoform often causes redistribution of the isoform from one subcellular compartment to another compartments where it complexes with and phosphorylates a specific protein substrate. 3. The interaction of a specific PKC isoform with its protein substrate may directly activate a specific function of the cell or may trigger a cascade of protein kinases that ultimately stimulates a specific response in differentiated cells or regulates growth and proliferation in undifferentiated cells.
Session IV: Animal Exposure Technology for the Detection of Genotoxic Agents

In organizing this conference we felt that the first day should be devoted to defining systems and technologies that are available for the measurement of genotoxic effects of airborne agents. This session covers in vivo exposure of animals considering both whole body and nose exposure techniques; techniques for the generation and monitoring of vapors; and finally the question of assessing particulates for mutagenicity. It is presumed that most of the audience have a good background in genetics, but may not necessarily be aware of the technologies associated with the generation and monitoring of aerosols and exposure of animals. The first paper will describe standard inhalation chambers and how they are operated, the build-up and removal of pollutants in chambers, and the function, applicability, advantages and disadvantages of nose exposure systems. The second paper will discuss the methods whereby gas and mixtures of gases are generated and standardized. It will also describe a number of techniques that can be used to monitor the concentration of the test atmospheres. The third paper of this series will address particles. Mutagenic particles usually exist as complex and heterogeneous mixtures of both organic and inorganic compounds.
Optimal Trading Strategies of a Fund Manager With Transaction Costs: An Exact Solution

This paper considers an intertemporal portfolio choice model with two assets, one risky and one riskless. Transactions costs are incurred when an agent either purchases or sells shares of risky assets. The agent is assumed to maximize the limiting long run expected growth rate of his or her wealth. It is shown that the agent's optimal trading strategy is a barrier policy with two constant control limits: a policy that keeps the ratio between wealth invested in the risky asset and wealth invested in the riskless asset within a constant interval. The optimal control limits can be determined from a single algebraic equation. Numerical procedures for estimating these controls limits are presented.
Preliminary report on the influence of lecithin and cholesterin upon the growth of tumors

Sixty-one white rats, obtained from local sources and hereafter designated “Local” were inoculated in the axillary region with portions of a Flexner-Jobling carcinoma which was obtained from the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research through the kindness of Dr. Peyton Rous. The number of successful inoculations, determined after 19 days, was 42, or 69 per cent.Sixty-four rats obtained from dealers in Chicago and hereafter designated “Chicago” were similarly inoculated with portions of a Flexner-Jobling carcinoma which had been obtained from the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research early in the year and propagated through four generations of rats in this laboratory. The number of successful inoculations, determined after 18 days, was 55, or 86 per cent.Both sets of tumors grew rapidly, attaining average diameters of 15.0 and 11.9 millimeters after 19 and 18 days respectively.Beginning upon the 19th day in the case of the “Local” and upon the 18th day in the case of the “Chicago” animals, each of ...
Diamond Sensors and Vacuummicroelectronics

This paper will cover two diverse electronic applications for which diamond devices have shown great promise. The first application is diamond radiation sensors for high radiation environments, where the competition is mainly silicon devices. These environments arise in high energy physics experiments, and tests show diamond to be superior to silicon in many ways. The second application is vacuum microelectronics, which generally refers to field emission, where the main competitor is metal and semiconductor microtip arrays. Certain diamond and diamond-like carbon materials emit electrons readily, but the physical mechanisms for this are not well understood. Negative electron affinity and other possible explanations are discussed in this paper.
Function Signal Generator Sesignd Based on EDA Simulation Technology

According to the basic theory of signal generator,a signal generator is designd by using the EDA design tools VHDL hardware description language.The top-down hierarchical,modular design methods are adopted.This design method has characteristic of simple peripheral circuit,easy procedure modification and debugs,etc,and the exactitude of this design is proved by means of computer simulation and experiment.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of the welding joint filled with microalloying 5183 aluminum welding wires

In this study, 7A52 aluminum alloy sheets of 4 mm in thickness were welded by tungsten inert gas welding using microalloying welding wires containing traces of Zr and Er. The influence of rare earth elements Zr and Er on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joints was analyzed by optical microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, hardness testing, and tensile mechanical properties testing. Systematic analyses indicate that the addition of trace amounts of Er and Zr leads to the formation of fine Al3Er, Al3Zr, and Al3(Zr,Er) phases that favor significant grain refinement in the weld zone. Besides, the tensile strength and hardness of the welded joints were obviously improved with the addition of Er and Zr, as evidenced by the increase in tensile strength and elongation by 40 MPa and 1.4%, respectively, and by the welding coefficient of 73%.
Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum: Sixteen-year experience

Infants with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum (PA-IVS) usually require urgent surgical intervention. Thirty patients with this anomaly, seen at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center between 1962 and 1978, had palliative operations, 26 within the first 3 days of life. Six underwent a closed pulmonary valvotomy alone, with no survivors; six had only a systemic–pulmonary artery shunt, with three early survivors. Because of this experience, 17 had a combined procedure of valvotomy and shunt, with 14 early survivors. One patient recently underwent a definitive right ventricular outflow patch procedure with cardiopulmonary bypass. Eight patients subsequently have had corrective open-heart procedures, with five patients surviving from 2 to 10 years. A unicusp aortic homograft was used for repair in five and a Hancock valved conduit in three. Four patients are presently awaiting operation. We conclude that the initial surgical management of these critically ill infants must not only increase pulmonary blood flow but in addition provide an opportunity for right ventricular growth. Thus we continue to advocate the combined procedure of a valvotomy plus a shunt to provide adequate palliation. Repeat catheterization should be performed within a year to confirm the adequacy of the valvotomy, since this is essential to maximal right ventricular enlargement and to allow for definitive correction at a later date.
Supracondylar fractures of the humerus. Treatment and complications.

An approach to the management of supracondylar fractures of the humerus is presented as well as methods of recognition, prevention, and treatment of the three common complications.
A tentative screening procedure for selecting bright and slow children in kindergarten.

In an effort to develop a more efficacious screening device for selecting bright and slow kindergarten children, four hypotheses were tested: (a) that teachers are subject to a CA bias, selecting o...
Understanding the role of sleep quality and sleep duration in commercial driving safety

Abstract Introduction Long-haul truck drivers in the United States suffer disproportionately high injury rates. Sleep is a critical factor in these outcomes, contributing to fatigue and degrading multiple aspects of safety-relevant performance. Both sleep duration and sleep quality are often compromised among truck drivers; however, much of the efforts to combat fatigue focus on sleep duration rather than sleep quality. Thus, the current study has two objectives: (1) to determine the degree to which sleep impacts safety-relevant performance among long-haul truck drivers; and (2) to evaluate workday and non-workday sleep quality and duration as predictors of drivers’ safety-relevant performance. Materials and methods A non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional design was employed to collect survey and biometric data from 260 long-haul truck drivers. The Trucker Sleep Disorders Survey was developed to assess sleep duration and quality, the impact of sleep on job performance and accident risk, and other relevant work organization characteristics. Descriptive statistics assessed work organization variables, sleep duration and quality, and frequency of engaging in safety-relevant performance while sleepy. Linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate relationships between sleep duration, sleep quality, and work organization variables with safety composite variables. Results Drivers reported long work hours, with over 70% of drivers working more than 11 h daily. Drivers also reported a large number of miles driven per week, with an average of 2,812.61 miles per week, and frequent violations of hours-of-service rules, with 43.8% of drivers “sometimes to always” violating the “14-h rule.” Sleep duration was longer, and sleep quality was better, on non-workdays compared on workdays. Drivers frequently operated motor vehicles while sleepy, and sleepiness impacted several aspects of safety-relevant performance. Sleep quality was better associated with driving while sleepy and with job performance and concentration than sleep duration. Sleep duration was better associated with accidents and accident risk than sleep quality. Discussion Sleep quality appears to be better associated with safety-relevant performance among long-haul truck drivers than sleep duration. Comprehensive and multilevel efforts are needed to meaningfully address sleep quality among drivers.
Zika Virus Infects Neural Progenitors in the Adult Mouse Brain and Alters Proliferation

Zika virus (ZIKV)-related neuropathology is an important global health concern. Several studies have shown that ZIKV can infect neural stem cells in the developing brain, but infection in the adult brain has not been examined. Two areas in the adult mouse brain contain neural stem cells: the subventricular zone of the anterior forebrain and the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. Here, using 6-week-old mice triply deficient in interferon regulatory factor (IRF) as a model, we show that blood-borne ZIKV administration can lead to pronounced evidence of ZIKV infection in these adult neural stem cells, leading to cell death and reduced proliferation. Our data therefore suggest that adult as well as fetal neural stem cells are vulnerable to ZIKV neuropathology. Thus, although ZIKV is considered a transient infection in adult humans without marked long-term effects, there may in fact be consequences of exposure in the adult brain.
Dispersion of Terahertz Surface Plasmon Polaritons on Metal Wire Waveguides

Dispersive behavior of terahertz surface waves on metal wires is experimentally and theoretically studied. This behavior is different from that of surface plasmon polaritons on planar metal surfaces or on metal nanorods at optical frequencies.
Complex interactions between the subject factors of biological sex and prior histories of binge-drinking and unpredictable stress influence behavioral sensitivity to alcohol and alcohol intake

Alcohol use disorders, affective disorders and their comorbidity are sexually dimorphic in humans. However, it is difficult to disentangle the interactions between subject factors influencing alcohol sensitivity in studies of humans. Herein, we combined murine models of unpredictable, chronic, mild stress (UCMS) and voluntary binge-drinking to examine for sex differences in the interactions between prior histories of excessive ethanol-drinking and stress upon ethanol-induced changes in motor behavior and subsequent drinking. In Experiment 1, female mice were insensitive to the UCMS-induced increase in ethanol-induced locomotion and ethanol intake under continuous alcohol-access. Experiment 2 revealed interactions between ethanol dose and sex (females>males), binge-drinking history (water>ethanol), and UCMS history (UCMS>controls), with no additive effect of a sequential prior history of both binge drinking and UCMS observed. We also observed an interaction between UCMS history and sex for righting recovery. UCMS history potentiated subsequent binge-drinking in water controls of both sexes and in male binge-drinking mice. Conversely, a prior binge-drinking history increased subsequent ethanol intake in females only, irrespective of prior UCMS history. In Experiment 3, a concurrent history of binge-drinking and UCMS did not alter ethanol intake, nor did it influence the ethanol dose-locomotor response function, but it did augment alcohol-induced sedation and reduced subsequent alcohol intake over that produced by binge-drinking alone. Thus, the subject factors of biological sex, prior stressor history and prior binge-drinking history interact in complex ways in mice to impact sensitivity to alcohol's motor-stimulating, -incoordinating and intoxicating effects, as well as to influence subsequent heavy drinking.
On the Molecular Bases of the Specificity of Interaction of Transcriptional Proteins with Genome DNA

In order to understand the transcriptional control of genome function, we must develop a detailed knowledge of the molecular interactions whereby transcriptional proteins recognize and interact with their specific target base pair sequences among the millions of sequences present in the superficially monotonic double-helical DNA of the genome. Most of the interactions that control cellular function and development in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes involve an orderly and progressive succession of DNA—protein interactions. The fraction of these interactions that control transcription are programmed to produce the required messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, in proper amounts and with appropriate stabilities, in response to triggering signals about which we still know almost nothing (except in a few special cases).
Compact dual-band dual-polarized antenna enabled by a CSRR loaded metasurface

In this paper, the design of a compact dual-band dual-polarized antenna with unidirectional radiation patterns is introduced. The metasurface, loaded with complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) not only converts the linearly polarized (LP) signal radiated by the monopole antenna to a circularly polarized (CP) signal in the broadside direction, but also provides dual-band dual-polarized functionality. Based on full-wave simulations, it is found that the proposed antenna can achieve RHCP and LHCP within the first and the second operational band respectively with moderate gain performance around 6 dBi and high front-to-back ratio (FBR).
Treatment impacts on temporal microbial community dynamics during phytostabilization of acid-generating mine tailings in semiarid regions

Direct revegetation, or phytostabilization, is a containment strategy for contaminant metals associated with mine tailings in semiarid regions. The weathering of sulfide ore-derived tailings frequently drives acidification that inhibits plant establishment resulting in materials prone to wind and water dispersal. The specific objective of this study was to associate pyritic mine waste acidification, characterized through pore-water chemistry analysis, with dynamic changes in microbial community diversity and phylogenetic composition, and to evaluate the influence of different treatment strategies on the control of acidification dynamics. Samples were collected from a highly instrumented one-year mesocosm study that included the following treatments: 1) unamended tailings control; 2) tailings amended with 15% compost; and 3) the 15% compost-amended tailings planted with Atriplex lentiformis. Tailings samples were collected at 0, 3, 6 and 12months and pore water chemistry was monitored as an indicator of acidification and weathering processes. Results confirmed that the acidification process for pyritic mine tailings is associated with a temporal progression of bacterial and archaeal phylotypes from pH sensitive Thiobacillus and Thiomonas to communities dominated by Leptospirillum and Ferroplasma. Pore-water chemistry indicated that weathering rates were highest when Leptospirillum was most abundant. The planted treatment was most successful in disrupting the successional evolution of the Fe/S-oxidizing community. Plant establishment stimulated growth of plant-growth-promoting heterotrophic phylotypes and controlled the proliferation of lithoautotrophic Fe/S-oxidizers. The results suggest the potential for eco-engineering a microbial inoculum to stimulate plant establishment and inhibit proliferation of the most efficient Fe/S-oxidizing phylotypes.
The Use of Fluid Mixers in the Citrus Industry

Mixing is involved in all aspects of citrus processing. This discussion is concerned primarily with the use of a rotating mixing impeller which imparts a velocity to the fluid in the mixing vessel.Paper published with permission.Compilation Copyright © 2018 ASME
Ambient and building condition effects modeling of air-cooled natural circulation systems

Abstract Throughout the testing program at Natural convection Shutdown heat removal Test Facility (NSTF), strong influences of ambient conditions were observed in the experimental data when baseline tests were repeated under identical test procedures. Significant analysis efforts were conducted to gain understanding of these influences, and quantify the system response of the test facility. An empirical model was developed based on theoretical considerations and using experimental data to correlate zero-power system flow rates with ambient meteorological conditions, including wind and temperatures. Coefficients in the model were determined based on best fitting of the experimental data set. The predictive capability of the empirical model was demonstrated by applying it to new sets of experimental data. After implementing the empirical model in both system-level thermal fluids and computational fluid dynamics modeling of the facility, simulations from both approaches resulted in accurate predictions in system natural circulation flow rates.
Reliabilities of Intraindividual Variability Indicators with Autocorrelated Longitudinal Data: Implications for Longitudinal Study Designs.

Intraindividual variability can be measured by the intraindividual standard deviation (), intraindividual variance (), estimated hth-order autocorrelation coefficient (), and mean square successive...