cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nucleotide composition of ribonucleic acid by spectral analysis and thin-layer chromatography.

Abstract Improved spectrophotometric and thin-layer chromatographic methods for the rapid determination of RNA nucleotide composition are described. These methods are suitable for quantitative analysis of as little as 120 μg of unlabeled RNA or smaller amounts of isotopically labeled RNA. Both procedures employ a cation-exchange resin, Dowex 50, for the separation of alkaline hydrolyzed RNA into two nucleotide pairs of 3′(2′)-ribonucleoside monophosphates: UMP-GMP and AMP-CMP. This separation is achieved within 30–45 min. With the spectrophotometric method, the nucleotides in each pair are accurately determined by utilising the differences in absorbance of the nucleotide pairs at selected wavelengths. With the alternate thin-layer chromatographic method, complete separation of 32 P-labeled nucleotides in each mixture is obtained on microcrystalline cellulose layers in 2.5 hr and the single nucleotides are accurately determined by radioactivity measurements. The nucleotide compositions of yeast RNA and 32 P-labeled chick embryo fibroblast cell RNA were determined with a high degree of accuracy and were found to agree with previously reported values.
Heterozygous effects on viability of Drosophila supergenes that are lethal when homozygous.

Eight fourth chromosomes which were homozygous lethal and 170 which were homozygous nonlethal were extracted from the same Drosophila melanogaster cage. The lethals were complementary, i.e., they were viable in all 28 nonreflexive pairwise combinations. Three different lethals produced sterile homozygotes; these are called leaky lethals. Different lethal heterozygotes' viabilities were compared by means of paired-t tests. The difference in mean relative viabilities between a pair of genotypes containing different lethals but exactly the same nonlethal was treated as one observation. The mean difference for any pair of lethals was based on only part of the full array of nonlethals. Of 17 possible paired comparisons, nine were statistically significant. In eight out of ten possible pairs and in six out of seven significant pairs, the heterozygous viability of leaky lethals was less than that of absolute (nonleaky) lethals. There was no association between stage of homozygous lethal action and heterozygous viability effect. In general, different lethals had different heterozygous effects on viability. The results are summarized in Table 5.
A study of lymphoma of large granular lymphocytes with modern modalities: Report of two cases and review of the literature

Two cases of lymphoma of large granular lymphocytes are reported. The first case expressed natural killer (NK) cell, some T-cell (CD 2, CD 5, CD 8), and HLA-DR antigens, but was negative for other T-cell (CD 3, CD 4, CD 7), T-cell receptor (TCR), B-cell, and myeloid antigens. Germline configuration was demonstrated for TCR, and immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes. The second case expressed NK cell, some T-cell (CD 3, CD 7, CD 8), and TCR antigens, but was negative for other T-cell (CD 4, CD 5), B-cell, myeloid, and HLA-DR antigens. Rearrangement of TCR alpha and beta chains were detected. Thus, the findings of case 1 were consistent with true NK cell lineage and case 2 with NK-like T-cell lineage. Our report underscores the heterogeneity of this newly recognized lymphoma, which nevertheless carries a consistently poor prognosis and is probably more prevalent in the Asian population. This study also provides information concerning immunophenotypes of cellular infiltrates in internal organs and cytogenetic abnormalities in this lymphoma; neither has been reported frequently in the literature. The importance of detecting cytoplasmic granules in tissue imprints or electron micrographs for differentiating other T-cell lymphomas is emphasized, and the classification of large granular lymphoproliferative disorders is discussed.
Pressureless Sintering of Boron Carbide

B4C powder compacts were sintered using a graphite dilatometer in flowing He under constant heating rates. Densification started at 1800°C. The rate of densification increased rapidly in the range 1870°–2010°C, which was attributed to direct B4C–B4C contact between particles permitted via volatilization of B2O3 particle coatings. Limited particle coarsening, attributed to the presence or evolution of the oxide coatings, occurred in the range 1870°–1950°C. In the temperature range 2010°–2140°C, densification continued at a slower rate while particles simultaneously coarsened by evaporation–condensation of B4C. Above 2140°C, rapid densification ensued, which was interpreted to be the result of the formation of a eutectic grain boundary liquid, or activated sintering facilitated by nonstoichiometric volatilization of B4C, leaving carbon behind. Rapid heating through temperature ranges in which coarsening occurred fostered increased densities. Carbon doping (3 wt%) in the form of phenolic resin resulted in more dense sintered compacts. Carbon reacted with B2O3 to form B4C and CO gas, thereby extracting the B2O3 coatings, permitting sintering to start at ∼1350°C.
Lymphocyte populations and adhesion molecule expression in bovine tonsils.

Abstract Bovine tonsils are mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) located at the entry of the pharynx where both inhaled and ingested antigens can induce an immune response. This study was conducted to determine the lymphocyte populations and adhesion molecule expression in the palatine tonsil (PT) and pharyngeal tonsil (PhT) of adult cattle and compare them with typical MALT (discrete Peyer’s patches, PP) and a peripheral lymph node (parotid lymph node, PLN). The distribution of various lymphocyte subsets was determined in situ by immunofluorescence, and their proportions were determined by multicolor flow cytometry. The tonsils were similar to PP in the proportions of B- and T-cells (25–32% T-cells, 39–45% B-cells), and T cell subpopulations (CD4, CD8, and γδ ). The PP contained the highest proportion of memory T-helper cells with β7 integrin (30.3% ± 5.4), the tonsils intermediate (PT: 19.8% ± 4.4 and PhT: 19.7% ± 4.9), and the PLN had the lowest proportion (15.4% ± 3.1). The opposite relationship was observed with CD62-L on naive T- helper cells as PP had the lowest proportion (14.2% ± 6.4), the tonsils intermediate (PT: 17.4% ± 2.5 and PhT: 24.3% ± 7.3), and the PLN the highest proportion (45.3% ± 6.5). MAdCAM-1 was highly expressed in the high endothelial venules (HEV) of PP, with variable and weak expression in the tonsils and PLN. PNAd, on the other hand, was highly expressed in HEV of tonsils and PLN, and weakly expressed in the PP. These results indicate that the bovine tonsils share characteristics with both PP and PLN. The α 4β7/MadCAM-1and CD62L/PNAd interaction may be involved in lymphocyte migration to the tonsils, but it is likely that other adhesion molecules participate as well. Similarities between the human and bovine tonsils suggest that cattle may provide a good model to study the role of the tonsil in the respiratory immune response.
Identification of complex metabolic states in critically injured patients using bioinformatic cluster analysis

Advances in technology have made extensive monitoring of patient physiology the standard of care in intensive care units (ICUs). While many systems exist to compile these data, there has been no systematic multivariate analysis and categorization across patient physiological data. The sheer volume and complexity of these data make pattern recognition or identification of patient state difficult. Hierarchical cluster analysis allows visualization of high dimensional data and enables pattern recognition and identification of physiologic patient states. We hypothesized that processing of multivariate data using hierarchical clustering techniques would allow identification of otherwise hidden patient physiologic patterns that would be predictive of outcome. Multivariate physiologic and ventilator data were collected continuously using a multimodal bioinformatics system in the surgical ICU at San Francisco General Hospital. These data were incorporated with non-continuous data and stored on a server in the ICU. A hierarchical clustering algorithm grouped each minute of data into 1 of 10 clusters. Clusters were correlated with outcome measures including incidence of infection, multiple organ failure (MOF), and mortality. We identified 10 clusters, which we defined as distinct patient states. While patients transitioned between states, they spent significant amounts of time in each. Clusters were enriched for our outcome measures: 2 of the 10 states were enriched for infection, 6 of 10 were enriched for MOF, and 3 of 10 were enriched for death. Further analysis of correlations between pairs of variables within each cluster reveals significant differences in physiology between clusters. Here we show for the first time the feasibility of clustering physiological measurements to identify clinically relevant patient states after trauma. These results demonstrate that hierarchical clustering techniques can be useful for visualizing complex multivariate data and may provide new insights for the care of critically injured patients.
Differential effects of token reinforcement on instruction-following behavior in retarded students instructed as a group.

This study was addressed to the problem of applying behavior modification techniques on a group basis to a class of retarded students with “attentional deficits”. Seven boys, age 8 to 15 yr, characterized as showing severe “attentional” problems or disruptive behavior in their respective classrooms, participated daily for 30-min sessions in a special class over a 1.5-month period. In each session, verbal instructions were given to the class as a whole. In control sessions, each appropriate instruction-following response by a child produced praise for that child. In experimental sessions, appropriate responses also produced tokens exchangeable for tangible reinforcers after the session. Token reinforcement differentially maintained instruction-following behavior in four children while one responded appropriately to most instructions and a second improved continuously during the study. While the data suggest that the present approach can be successfully applied to the alteration of instruction-following behavior in retarded children, its major contribution may be that of providing objective quantitative information about such behavior.
A trap for the removal of nitrogen oxides from carbon-11 carbon dioxide

Abstract A trap is described that removes the nitrogen oxides from [ 11 C]carbon dioxide. This improves the yields of the subsequent reactions of the carbon dioxide and permits the use of much smaller amounts of reagents, which should improve the specific activities of the final products.
Diffusion and reaction among traps: some theoretical and simulation results

Diffusion and reaction in heterogeneous media arise in a host of phenomena in the physical and biological sciences. The determination of the mean survival timeτ (i.e., inverse trapping rate) and relaxation timesTn, n=1,2,3,... (i.e., inverse eigenvalues), associated with diffusion among partially absorbing, static traps with surface rate constantk are problems of long-standing interest. The limitsk=∞ andk=0 correspond to the diffusion-controlled case (i.e., perfect absorbers) and reaction-controlled case (i.e., perfect reflectors), respectively. This paper reviews progress we have made on several basic aspects of this problem: (i) the formulation of rigorous bonding techniques and computational methodologies that enable one to estimate the mean survival time τ and principal relaxation timeT1 (ii) the quantitative characterization of the microstructure of nontrivial continuum (i.e., off-lattice) models of heterogeneous media; and (iii) evaluation of τ and T1 for the same models. We also describe a rigorous link between the mean survival time t and a different effective parameter of the system, namely the fluid permeability tensork associated with Stokes flow through the same porous medium.
Theoretical prediction of MoN as a high Tc superconductor

Abstract A re-examination of several recent band structure calculations for transition metal compounds has suggested that Mo-based B1 structure compounds should be good superconductors. Using augmented-plane-wave band calculations and the Gaspari-Gyorffy approach for the electron-phonon interaction, we predict that MoC and MoN should have significantly higher Tc than their Nb-based counterparts NbC (Tc=11K) and NbN (Tc=17K).
Kinetic methods for quantifying magic

Two methods are described for obtaining activation energies for evaporation from isolated clusters. They involve measurements of (1) kinetic energy distributions during evaporation and (2) metastable decay probabilities. The two methods supplement each other and can be applied to data garnered in the same apparatus. The methods are illustrated with applications to data in the literature on copper and carbon clusters. An even/odd alternation in evaporation energies from the copper clusters is consistent with a similar alternation in electron affinities, but not with elementary theory. Thermodynamic properties of carbon clusters are also deduced and discussed.
The projections of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the squirrel monkey: Studies of the interlaminar zones and the S layers

Anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques were used to reveal that axons arising from neurons within the interlaminar zones and the S layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the squirrel monkey terminate within the supragranular layers of area 17. Specifically, our data indicate that the axons of the neurons housed within the S layers end in a patchlike fashion in cortical layers IIIa and IIIb, while neurons in the interlaminar zones project primarily to layer I. Both pathways may convey W-cell information from the retina and the superior colliculus to the striate cortex.
Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Control of Cholesterol Homeostasis by Liver X Receptors

The liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors that play central roles in the transcriptional control of lipid metabolism. LXRs are activated in response to elevated cellular cholesterol levels, allowing them to function as "cholesterol sensors." Once activated, LXRs induce the expression of an array of genes involved in cholesterol absorption, efflux, transport, and excretion. They also inhibit cholesterol uptake by inducing the expression of Idol, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that catalyzes the ubiquitination and degradation of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor. Synthetic LXR agonists promote cholesterol efflux in vivo and inhibit the development of atherosclerosis in animal models. Conversely, loss of LXR expression in mice leads to pathologic lipid accumulation and accelerated atherosclerosis. The ability of LXRs to coordinate cellular and systemic sterol homeostasis makes them potentially attractive targets for intervention in human metabolic disease.
An educational intervention on organ and tissue donation for first-year medical students.

Context—Medical students and medical professionals have knowledge deficits related to organ and tissue transplantation.Objective—To implement and evaluate a medical education intervention on organ and tissue donation designed for first-year medical students.Study Design—Independent sample pretest and posttest design.Setting and Participants—First-year medical students attending University at Buffalo School of Medicine during fall 2005 and fall 2006 terms.Intervention—A 1-hour lecture on the background of organ donation, donor eligibility (eg, living vs deceased donation), policies and roles during transplantation (eg, role of physician and organ procurement organization), and the organ-matching process. After the lecture, students participated in a small-group interaction that used standardized patients who role-played 1 of 2 scenarios designed to test students' knowledge and communication about organ and tissue donation.Outcome Measures—Knowledge, self-efficacy, family discussion, and enrollment into sta...
Genetics-squared: combining host and pathogen genetics in the analysis of innate immunity and bacterial virulence

The interaction of bacterial pathogens with their hosts' innate immune systems can be extremely complex and is often difficult to disentangle experimentally. Using mouse models of bacterial infections, several laboratories have successfully applied genetic approaches to identify novel host genes required for innate immune defense. In addition, a variety of creative bacterial genetic schemes have been developed to identify key bacterial genes involved in triggering or evading host immunity. In cases where both the host and pathogen are amenable to genetic manipulation, a combination of host and pathogen genetic approaches can be used. Focusing on bacterial infections of mice, this review summarizes the benefits and limitations of applying genetic analysis to the study of host-pathogen interactions. In particular, we consider how prokaryotic and eukaryotic genetic strategies can be combined, or "squared," to yield new insights in host-pathogen biology.
How researchers can help K–12 teachers bring materials science into the classroom

Education research strongly indicates that students make decisions in their mid- to late adolescence that impact the general direction of their careers, including choices about pursuing studies in science and mathematics. Educators can play an important role in these student career choices. By creating and implementing teacher professional development programs that increase teachers’ awareness/understanding of materials science and providing materials science-based classroom materials, researchers can take concrete actions toward improving the number and quality of students entering materials science and engineering departments as undergraduate students. No matter where you live or work throughout the world, there is a school nearby and abundant opportunities for researchers to make a difference in K–12 science education.
Genetic Engineering for Modern Agriculture: Challenges and Perspectives

Abiotic stress conditions such as drought, heat, or salinity cause extensive losses to agricultural production worldwide. Progress in generating transgenic crops with enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses has nevertheless been slow. The complex field environment with its heterogenic conditions, abiotic stress combinations, and global climatic changes are but a few of the challenges facing modern agriculture. A combination of approaches will likely be needed to significantly improve the abiotic stress tolerance of crops in the field. These will include mechanistic understanding and subsequent utilization of stress response and stress acclimation networks, with careful attention to field growth conditions, extensive testing in the laboratory, greenhouse, and the field; the use of innovative approaches that take into consideration the genetic background and physiology of different crops; the use of enzymes and proteins from other organisms; and the integration of QTL mapping and other genetic and breeding tools.
Wisconsin healthcare ethics committees.

Over the past two decades ethics committees have proliferated in healthcare institutions across the country. Catalysts for this growth include the endorsement of ethics committees by the New Jersey Supreme Court in the Quinlan case, by the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical Research (“President's Commission”) in its report entitled Deciding to Forgo Life Sustaining Medical Treatment, by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in its 1985 “Baby Doe” regulations, by numerous other courts in treatment decisionmaking opinions issued after Quinlan, and more recently by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO).
Native American Traditional and Alternative Medicine

Native American traditional medicine is alive and vibrant in many North American societies, although not all. These traditions coexist with other forms of healing, and the particular patterns of existence, interaction, and meaning vary among groups. The literature examining these issues is likewise diverse. This article explores, through a selective review of the recent literature, how social and behavioral scientists, among others, are focusing their investigations of traditional and alternative medicine in Native American communities of the United States and Canada today. Issues include how native practices have persisted and changed, how they are being used (e.g., in framing cultural identity), and how they interact with other systems, especially biomedicine and faith healing.
Increased serum transferrin saturation is associated with lower serum transferrin receptor concentration

Background: Serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) concentrations are increased in iron deficiency. We wished to examine whether they are decreased in the presence of potential iron-loading conditions, as reflected by increased transferrin saturation (TS) on a single occasion. Methods: We compared sTfR concentrations between 570 controls with normal iron status and 189 cases with increased serum TS on a single occasion; these latter individuals may be potential cases of iron overload. Cases and controls were selected from adults who had been examined in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994) and for whom excess sera were available to perform sTfR measurements after the survey’s completion. Increased TS was defined as >60% for men and >55% for women; normal iron status was defined as having no evidence of iron deficiency, iron overload, or inflammation indicated by serum ferritin, TS, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and C-reactive protein. Results: Mean sTfR and mean log sTfR:ferritin were ∼10% and 24% lower, respectively, in cases than in controls (P Conclusion: Our results support previous studies that suggested that sTfR may be useful for assessing high iron status in populations.
Shortcut in the decomposition algorithm for shortest paths in a network

The problem considered is that of finding the shortest path between the two nodes of every pair in a large n-node network. A decomposition algorithm is proposed for use whent he number of arcs is less than n(n - 1). The network is first decomposed into several overlapping subnetworks. Next, with each subnetwork treated separately, conditional shortest paths are obtained using triple operations. Finally, these conditional shortest paths arues ed to obtain the shortest paths between paired nodes in the original network by matrix mini-summation. This decomposition algorithm requires less computer storage and fewer arithmetic operations than other known algorithms.
Vortex shedding from a blunt trailing edge with equal and unequal external mean velocities

A flow visualization study showed that strong Karman vortices are developed behind the blunt trailing edge of a plate when the free stream velocities over both surfaces are equal. These vortices tend to disappear when the surface velocities are unequal. This observation provided an explanation for the occurrence and disappearance of the lip noise often present in coaxial jets. Vortex formation and lip noise occurred at a Strouhal number of about 0.2 based on the lip thickness and the average of the external steady-state velocities. Results from theoretical calculations of the vortex formation, based on an inviscid, incompressible analysis of the motion of point vortices, were in good agreement with the experimental observations.
Epidemiologic observations of operating room infections resulting from variations in ventilation and temperature

Over a period of years the ventilation system of a community hospital progressively deteriorated until it no longer met regulatory guidelines. The hospital, a publicly funded military facility, requested funding to repair the ventilation system, but funds were not forthcoming because of budget austerity. When an increase in infections was documented, high-risk operations were curtailed and funding was expedited. With the new improved ventilation system the operating rooms once again met regulatory guidelines and infections returned to baseline rates. Throughout the period infections remained below recognized national levels.
Effect of Lighting Program and Broiler Line on the Incidence of Tibial Dyschondroplasia at Four and Seven Weeks of Age

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of continuous (CT) light (23 h of light and 1 h of darkness) or intermittent (IT) light (1 h light and 3 h of darkness) on the performance and incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) of broilers. In Experiment 1, 1,008 broilers of both sexes were used from three lines of broilers exhibiting a high (H) or low (L) incidence of TD and an unselected control (C) line. In Experiment 2, 1,200 male broilers were used. Incidence of TD was not affected by lighting program in Experiment 1 or 2. However, there was a line by lighting program interaction. Incidence of TD at 4 and 7 wk was significantly lower in the IT than in the CT lighting program in the C line whereas incidence of TD was not affected by light in the H and L lines. The incidence of TD was significantly greater for the H than for the L lines. There were no significant differences in body weight due to lighting program or between the H and the L lines. In Experiment 1, broilers with TD were significantly heavier at 4 wk and significantly lighter at 7 wk than broilers without TD. In Experiment 2, broilers with TD were heavier at 4 wk but did not differ in body weight at 7 wk when compared with normal broilers.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mpt5p Interacts with Sst2p and Plays Roles in Pheromone Sensitivity and Recovery from Pheromone Arrest

SST2 plays an important role in the sensitivity of yeast cells to pheromone and in recovery from pheromone-induced G1 arrest. Recently, a family of Sst2p homologs that act as GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) for G alpha subunits has been identified. We have identified an interaction between Sst2p and the previously identified Mpt5p by using the two-hybrid system. Loss of Mpt5p function resulted in a temperature-sensitive growth phenotype, an increase in pheromone sensitivity, and a defect in recovery from pheromone-induced G1 arrest, although the effects on pheromone response and recovery were mild in comparison to those of sst2 mutants. Overexpression of either Sst2p or Mpt5p promoted recovery from G1 arrest. Promotion of recovery by overexpression of Mpt5p required Sst2p, but the effect of overexpression of Sst2p was only partially dependent on Mpt5p. Mpt5p was also found to interact with the mitogen-activated protein kinase homologs Fus3p and Kss1p, and an mpt5 mutation was able to suppress the pheromone arrest and mating defects of a fus3 mutant. Because either mpt5 or cln3 mutations suppressed the fus3 phenotypes, interactions of Mpt5p with the G1 cyclins and Cdc28p were tested. An interaction between Mpt5p and Cdc28p was detected. We discuss these results with respect to a model in which Sst2p plays a role in pheromone sensitivity and recovery that acts through Mpt5p in addition to a role as a G alpha GAP suggested by the analysis of the Sst2p homologs.
Volumetric transformation of brain anatomy

Presents diffeomorphic transformations of three-dimensional (3-D) anatomical image data of the macaque occipital lobe and whole brain cryosection imagery and of deep brain structures in human brains as imaged via magnetic resonance imagery. These transformations are generated in a hierarchical manner, accommodating both global and local anatomical detail. The initial low-dimensional registration is accomplished by constraining the transformation to be in a low-dimensional basis. The basis is defined by the Green's function of the elasticity operator placed at predefined locations in the anatomy and the eigenfunctions of the elasticity operator. The high-dimensional large deformations are vector fields generated via the mismatch between the template and target-image volumes constrained to be the solution of a Navier-Stokes fluid model. As part of this procedure, the Jacobian of the transformation is tracked, insuring the generation of diffeomorphisms. It is shown that transformations constrained by quadratic regularization methods such as the Laplacian, biharmonic, and linear elasticity models, do not ensure that the transformation maintains topology and, therefore, must only be used for coarse global registration.
Attention demanding tasks during treadmill walking reduce step width variability in young adults

The variability of step time and step width is associated with falls by older adults. Further, step time is significantly influenced when performing attention demanding tasks while walking. Without exception, step time variability has been reported to increase in normal and pathologically aging older adults. Because of the role of step width in managing frontal plane dynamic stability, documenting the influence of attention-demanding tasks on step width variability may provide insight to events that can disturb dynamic stability during locomotion and increase fall risk. Preliminary evidence suggests performance of an attention demanding task significantly decreases step width variability of young adults walking on a treadmill. The purpose of the present study was to confirm or refute this finding by characterizing the extent and direction of the effects of a widely used attention demanding task (Stroop test) on the step width variability of young adults walking on a motorized treadmill. Fifteen healthy young adults walked on a motorized treadmill at a self-selected velocity for 10 minutes under two conditions; without performing an attention demanding task and while performing the Stroop test. Step width of continuous and consecutive steps during the collection was derived from the data recorded using a motion capture system. Step width variability was computed as the standard deviation of all recorded steps. Step width decreased four percent during performance of the Stroop test but the effect was not significant (p = 0.10). In contrast, the 16 percent decrease in step width variability during the Stroop test condition was significant (p = 0.029). The results support those of our previous work in which a different attention demanding task also decreased step width variability of young subjects while walking on a treadmill. The decreased step width variability observed while performing an attention demanding task during treadmill walking may reflect a voluntary gait adaptation toward a more conservative gait pattern emphasizing frontal plane control of the trunk. Extension of the experimental paradigm to older adults and mechanistic approaches to link step width variability to dynamic stability, and falls, in a cause-effect manner are necessary.
Two-stream and gravitational instabilities in a grain plasma

If the massive component of a two-component plasma consists of weakly charged solid grains, electrostatic and gravitational instabilities can operate on similar spatial and temporal scales. In particular, when the grain charge-to-mass ratio is on the order of the square root of the gravitational constant, the electrostatic two-stream (or Buneman) instability can seed the Jeans gravitational instability, selecting a scale for the resulting condensation. Using particle-in-cell simulations, the behavior of each of these instabilities acting alone in the appropriate limits is verified, and it is shown that when both act in concert a grand equipartition among all available stores of energy is achieved. >
Positive sentinel lymph node biopsy in a solid organ transplant recipient with a primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal tip.

The consideration of a sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with clinically node-negative high-risk primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) remains challenging. A paucity of evidence to guide clinicians results in varied management practices.1 Recently, the Brigham and Women's Hospital Tumor (BWH-T) staging for cSCC was proposed and seems to more precisely identify possible candidates for sentinel lymph node biopsy.2, 3, 4 We present a patient with a history of a double lung and renal transplantation with an aggressive cSCC who had a positive SNLB. We discuss considerations of a SLNB as it relates to solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) with cSCC.
A Context Integration Framework for Rapid Multiple Organ Parsing

We propose a context integration framework for rapid and accurate segmentation of a cohort of organs. First, it integrates local and global image context through a product rule to simultaneously detect multiple landmarks on the target organs. The global posterior integrates evidence overall volume patches, while the local image context is modeled with a local discriminative classifier. Through nonparametric modeling of the global posterior based on approximate nearest neighbors, it exploits sparsity in the global context for efficient detection. The approximate nearest neighbors are found by constructing a forest of random binary space partition trees and using the Region Clustering criteria that encourage contiguity and locality. The complete surface of the target organs is then inferred by robust alignment of a shape model to the resulting landmarks and finally deformed using discriminative boundary detectors. Further, the framework is theoretically extended to incorporate object context for exploiting contextual information at object level. Using our approach, we demonstrate efficient detection and accurate segmentation of liver, kidneys, heart, and lungs in challenging low-resolution magnetic resonance data in less than 1 s, and of prostate, bladder, rectum, and femoral heads in computed tomography scans, in roughly 1-33 s and in both cases with accuracy fairly close to inter-user variability.
Characterization of Defects Produced in TEOS Thin Films due to Chemical-Mechanical Polishing (CMP)

Time zero breakdown electrical measurements, SIMS, Bias Temperature Stress (BTS), and Triangular Voltage Sweep (TVS) techniques performed on MOS capacitors have been used to characterize two types of defects produced in TEOS thin films subjected to CMP process planarization. Microcracking of the insulator, resulting in degradation in breakdown characteristics, and uptake of K+ ions (from the polishing slurry) are found to occur. These defects are thought to be caused by the chemical and mechanical stress to which the oxide surface is subjected during the CMP process. The effects of polish pad type, non K+ ion containing slurry and post-CMP wet etch steps were all found to influence the extent of damage observed in polished films.
Photoperiod Effects in a Southern Illinois Population of the Euschistus tristigmus Complex (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

The effects of 24L:OD and 12L:12D photoperiods on shoulder shape and number of midventral abdominal spots in adults of Euschistus tristigmus (Say) were studied under laboratory conditions. Shoulder shape proved more variable within a photoperiod than number of midventral abdominal spots. However, comparisons between photoperiods showed a distinct dimorphism in both characters. Adults from immatures reared in the 24L:OD photoperiod possessed spinose shoulders and usually 0-2 spots; those from immatures reared in the 12L:12D photoperiod possessed subtriangular shoulders and usually 3-4 spots. Shoulder shape and spots also proved to be dimorphic in adults collected in Carbondale, Jackson Co., Illinois. Those collected in summer were identified as E. t. pyrrhocerus (Herrich-Schaeffer), those in spring/fall as E. t. tristigmus . Comparisons of laboratory and field-collected adults showed that the pyrrhocerus phenotype had been produced in the 24L:OD photoperiod, the tristigmus phenotype in the 12L:12D photoperiod.
Saturation of the Hydration Dependence of the Terahertz Dielectric Response of Ferri Cytochrome C

THz dielectric response of ferri-cytochrome c films increases with increasing hydration with a turn over in the increase at 25% water by weight. Our calculated normal mode density shows a similar increase with increasing hydration.
A SPATIAL BEAM ELEMENT AND ITS APPLICATION TO BUCKLING ANALYSIS FOR FRAMED STRUCTURES

A spatial two-node nonlinear Euler-Bernoulli beam element is derived. The displacement fields of the spatial three-node beam element are constructed using the interpolation theory of the conventional finite element method. The quadratic Lagrange interpolation polynomial is used for the torsional and axial displacement fields and the quintic Hermite interpolation polynomial for the transverse displacement fields. Then the linear and geometric stiffness matrices of the three-node beam element are derived from the displacement fields. A three-dimensional two-node beam element is developed by eliminating the degrees of freedom of the interior node of the three-node element using the static condensation method. The results of several structural buckling examples show that only one of the new beam element has the same accuracy with that of 3―4 conventional two-node beam elements and the critical force with high accuracy can be obtained even each beam is discretized into one element.
The temperature dependence of recovery of metabolic function following hypothermic potassium cardioplegic arrest.

A study was performed to define the influence of reperfusate temperature on the recovery of high-energy phosphate compounds following hypothermic ischemic cardioplegic arrest. Two groups, each consisting of six pigs, were subjected to I hour of hypothermic potassium cardioplegic arrest (myocardial temperature 10° to 15° C). In one group, the arrest period was followed by a 30 minute period of normothermic reperfusion (37° C) followed by a second hour of hypothermic cardioplegic arrest and a second 30 minute normothermic reperfusion period. The second group of pigs was reperfused after the first hour of arrest for 30 minutes with cold blood (10° to 14° C) followed by an additional hour of hypothermic cardioplegic arrest and a second 30 minute hypothermic reperfusion period. Myocardial biopsy specimens for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP) were obtained at the beginning of perfusion (control studies), at the end of each hour of the arrest interval, and at the end of each 30 minutes of reperfusion. The ATP and CP levels were significantly higher after normothermic reperfusion than after hypothermic reperfusion. After normothermic reperfusion the CP level exceeded control; following hypothermic reperfusion CP remained less than 70% of the control level. On the basis of these results, it is proposed that hypothermic reperfusion does not permit the same level of high-energy phosphorylation that is provided with normothermic reperfusion and may therefore adversely affect hemodynamic recovery of the heart after cardioplegic arrest.
Nerve Endings in the Hip Joint of the Cat: Their Morphology, Distribution, and Density

The type, distribution, and density of encapsulated nerve endings in the hip of the cat were studied by means of the cholinesterase whole-mount staining technique. The capsules of the hip joints of ten cats revealed three basic types of encapsulated nerve endings: simple, elongated, and complex. The numbers and distribution of these types of nerve endings were tabulated for each of the quadrants of each joint: posterior, inferior, anterior, and superior. The highest density of encapsulated nerve endings was found in the inferior quadrant, the lowest in the superior quadrant. The ligamentum teres contained nerve endings in all but six of the specimens studied.
Three Invitations to Law & Commentary

If Law & Commentary survives, it will be due to some combination of its approaches to: (a) peer review and article selection; and (b) commentary on the works it publishes. We begin with an unusual approach to peer review: Each article we publish will be accompanied by at least two signed review essays by senior, leading scholars in relevant fields. Imagine a symposium issue in which a panel of top scholars selects (in collaboration with an editor) one of the best not-yet-published works in the panelists’ area of expertise, and then they write substantial comments to be published side-by-side with that work. The contributions made by those leading scholars are at the core of this project: (1) they lend their knowledge of the relevant field and their connections within it to the identification and solicitation of excellent new work; (2) they lend their good names – their reputations – to the selection and publication of that work by publicly endorsing it; and (3) they add to the substantive quality of the work by providing their own explanations and extensions of it in signed companion essays. There are two interrelated concerns motivating this version of peer review. First, there is the difficulty junior scholars – and also senior scholars working in areas outside their established specialties – sometimes have placing first-class articles in appropriate journals and generally drawing attention to their best work. Second, there is the difficulty consumers of legal scholarship can have identifying which articles – out of the thousands published every year – most merit their attention. Articles placed in a few leading law journals will enjoy wide notice. But there are not many slots in those journals, and few of those few go to the work of relatively junior or unknown scholars. So, for the underappreciated scholar and the people who ought to be reading that scholar’s best work, an additional, accessible, credible signal of quality might well be a big help. Law & Commentary is, one might say, the journal of error-correction in article selection – a home for articles that should be appearing in top journals but for some reason unrelated to the quality of the work are not. This approach is based on two kinds of optimism about the intellectual and collegial capacities of legal scholars. Optimism that there are more good articles out there than the average reader currently gets to see, and optimism that there are prominent senior legal scholars who can and will invest in bringing that scholarship the attention it merits.
Disorders of Calcium Metabolism

Calcium plays critical roles in both the structure and function of the human body. As a result, the extracellular calcium level is meticulous regulated by a complex system of hormones, receptors and organ systems. Increases or decreases in the extracellular calcium concentration lead to multi-organ dysfunction and are associated with a large number of disease states. In this chapter, we review the individual components that contribute to the normal regulation of circulating calcium levels as well as the integrated control of calcium homeostasis. In addition, we discuss the most prevalent causes of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia as well as the principles of management of common inherited and acquired disorders of calcium metabolism.
Vegetation index determination method based on color room processing for weed control applications in organic farming

The first step in most image processing mechanisms after recording the sensor data is, to separate the wanted objects from their surroundings. This is especially important for this project, where the examined objects are root plants on an organic farm. The big problem here is the changeable environmental conditions such as dust, rain, fog and light changes. Hence each measurement brings different results. The state-of-the-art vegetation index determination method is to extract the plant by using a bi-spectral camera and to cut the plant out of the infrared image. To avoid the use of an expensive bi-spectral camera, two alternative vegetation index determination methods using a standard RGB-color camera will be presented in this paper. These methods can extract the plants from the background based on color room processing.
Fish Intake in the United States

This chapter describes seafood (finfish + shellfish; used interchangeably with “fish”) intake in the United States. The United States is the 2nd largest importer of seafood in the world and ranks 3rd in consumption after China and Japan, respectively. However, fish intake is still inadequate to meet US federal guidance, and intake differs across regions and by sociodemographic characteristics. This chapter discusses intake at several levels of the food supply; imports, production, retail, individual intake, recreational, and subsistence. Barriers to fish consumption are also reviewed. To bring the US population closer to meeting dietary recommendations, public health efforts should focus on encouraging people who do not consume fish to do so, and ensuring that people who do eat fish eat recommended amounts. Adequate production and delivery infrastructure must be in place to ensure the availability of fresh, affordable seafood to support increased demand if recommendations are to be met.
Repetitive Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Produces Cortical Abnormalities Detectable by Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Imaging, Histopathology, and Behavior.

Abstract Noninvasive detection of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is important for evaluating acute through chronic effects of head injuries, particularly after repetitive impacts. To better detect abnormalities from mTBI, we performed longitudinal studies (baseline, 3, 6, and 42 days) using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in adult mice after repetitive mTBI (r-mTBI; daily × 5) or sham procedure. This r-mTBI produced righting reflex delay and was first characterized in the corpus callosum to demonstrate low levels of axon damage, astrogliosis, and microglial activation, without microhemorrhages. High-resolution DTI-DKI was then combined with post-imaging pathological validation along with behavioral assessments targeted for the impact regions. In the corpus callosum, only DTI fractional anisotropy at 42 days showed significant change post-injury. Conversely, cortical regions under the impact site (M1–M2, anterior cingulate) had reduced axial diffus...
Treatment outcome of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis

Cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB), defined as resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampin, increased sharply in the early 1990s [1–3]. The rise in MDRTB was associated with previous treatment for tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and in some inner city communities, recently transmitted disease [1,4,5]. Case fatality rates in early outbreak investigations often exceeded 80%, with a median survival of between 4 and 16 weeks [6–11]. Subsequent data documented a substantial decline in the number of new MDRTB cases and improvement in clinical outcomes, even among severely immunocompromised patients [12– 15]. Drug resistant tuberculosis, however, is not a new phenomenon. In fact, almost immediately after the introduction of streptomycin in 1944, streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis was described [16,17]. Patients who initially had responded to treatment later relapsed as a result of streptomycin-resistant strains. The development of effective therapy followed by drug resistance and clinical failure is a recurrent theme in the history of tuberculosis. This chapter will focus specifically on studies that have provided data on the expected outcome of patients with MDRTB. The treatment of MDRTB in both the industrial and developing world, the pharmacology of second-line antituberculosis chemotherapy and new chemotherapeutic agents and strategies are discussed elsewhere in this volume [18–21].