cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural and Nonstructural Proteins of an Arbovirus

Purified Semliki Forest virus (SFV) contains three structural proteins while its core (nucleocapsid) contains two of these proteins. To identify all of the proteins synthesized under virus direction, cells were infected with SFV in the presence of actinomycin D and guanidine. Cell protein synthesis was markedly and irreversibly inhibited under these conditions; virus growth was reversibly inhibited by guanidine and began when the cells were washed to remove the guanidine. When cells were treated with guanidine for 4 hr after virus infection and then were washed, five major proteins were produced early in infection. Three of these proteins corresponded to virus structural proteins. None of these five proteins was a major protein of uninfected cells or of virus-infected cells which had been incubated with partially purified interferon before infection. Late in infection, three major proteins, the virus structural proteins, were produced.
Children of substance abusing women on federal welfare : Implications for child well-being and TANF policy

SUMMARY The present study sought to characterize well-being indicators for a sample of children of substance dependent TANF women. Participants were 372 mothers meeting DSM-IV criteria for substance dependence and 156 non-substance abusing women from two urban counties in New Jersey. Children of substance dependent TANF mothers experienced significant vulnerabilities, as demonstrated by higher levels of contextual risk factors and negative behavioral and emotional and school outcomes. Overall, these rates were about double those found in children of non-substance abusing mothers. Results highlight the need for multi-systemic services to address the problems experienced by substance abusing TANF women and their children.
Clinical correlates of endometrial carcinoma.

Abstract Seventy-five patients with endometrial carcinoma were compared to an equal number of patients with invasive cervical cancer and carcinoma in situ of the cervix. The incidence of nulliparity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension was significantly increased in the patients with endometrial cancer. Thyroid disease was equally uncommon in all 3 groups.
Influence of the Working Strategy on A-Team Performance

An A-Team is a system of autonomous agents and the common memory. Each agent possesses some problem-solving skills and the memory contains a population of problem solutions. Cyclically solutions are being sent from the common memory to agents and from agents back to the common memory. Agents cooperate through selecting and modifying these solutions according to the user-defined strategy referred to as the working strategy. The modifications can be constructive or destructive. An attempt to improve a solution can be successful or unsuccessful. Agents can work asynchronously (each at its own speed) and in parallel. The A-Team working strategy includes a set of rules for agent communication, selection of solution to be improved and management of the population of solutions which are kept in the common memory. In this paper influence of different strategies on A-Team performance is investigated. To implement various strategies the A-Team platform called JABAT has been used. Different working strategies with respect to selecting solutions to be improved by the A-Team members and replacing the solutions stored in the common memory by the improved ones are studied. To evaluate typical working strategies the computational experiment has been carried out using several benchmark data sets. The experiment shows that designing effective working strategy can considerably improve the performance of the A-Team system.
DNA, Chromosomes, and Cell Division

The molecule deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the raw material of inheritance and ultimately influences all aspects of the structure and functioning of the human body. A single molecule of DNA, along with associated proteins, comprises a chromosome. Chromosomes are located in the nuclei of all human cells (with the exception of mature red blood cells), and each human cell contains 23 different pairs of chromosomes.
Participation of Investment Banks and Non-Bank Financial Institutions in Syndicated Loans

This paper studies the structure of syndicated loans and analyzes the participation of investment banks in syndicated loans. We find that investment banks are more likely to lead syndicated loans to riskier borrowers. They also tend to participate more in the riskier facilities of a multi-facility loan. Though non-bank financial institutions like finance companies, insurance companies, investment companies, CLOs, CDOs, mutual funds, and prime funds rarely lead a syndicated loan, they participate in the riskier facilities of a multi-facility syndicated loan. Maskara (2006) argues that multi-facility syndicated loans derive economic value from the participation of lender groups with varying levels of risk aversion. We provide empirical support for their theoretical assumptions.
AESA diagnostics in operational environments (antenna array)

The author discusses some possible solutions to ASEA (active electronically scanned array) diagnostics in the operational environment using built-in testing (BIT), which can play a key role in reducing life-cycle cost if accurately implemented. He notes that it is highly desirable to detect and correct in the operational environment all degradation that impairs mission performance. This degradation must be detected with low false alarm rate and the appropriate action initiated consistent with low life-cycle cost. Mutual coupling is considered as a BIT signal injection method and is shown to have potential. However, the limits of the diagnostic capability using this method clearly depend on its stability and on the level of multipath for a specific application. BIT using mutual coupling may need to be supplemented on the ground by an externally mounted passive antenna that interfaces with onboard avionics. >
Top-down delayering to expose large inspection area on die side-edge with Platinum (Pt) deposition technique

Abstract The shrinking in feature sizes of semiconductor devices from integrated circuit (IC) 1 and function complexity has led to greater PFA 2 delayering challenges. The challenges stem from incorporation of top thick hard Silicon Dioxide (SiO 2 ) material that is formed from Tetra Ethyl Ortho Silicate (TEOS) 3 as Inter-Metal Dielectric (IMD) 4 and very thin ultra low-k dielectric material. For a device in copper (Cu) metal line technology, it is almost impossible to expose the entire layer at the same surface flatness by using a conventional top down polishing method, especially at the interface on TEOS and ultra low-k layer where die's side-edge is always thinner than die center (edging effect). Hence, for cases that required PFA delayering on the die side-edge especially for those packaged device or skeleton die, it is extremely challenging for PFA skillset. This paper outlines a proposed technique; perform Platinum (Pt) deposition on the selective area to slow down the side-edging effect. This proposed technique is easy and less skillset dependent to deprocess sample for defect identification analysis.
Safety of Intraventricular Sodium Nitroprusside and Thiosulfate for the Treatment of Cerebral Vasospasm in the Intensive Care Unit Setting

To the Editor: I read with interest the report by Thomas and McGinnis on safety of intraventricular sodium nitroprusside for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm.1 As Director of Cerebrovascular Surgery and Surgical Director of the Neurosurgical Intensive Care Service at Thomas Jefferson University, I had firsthand interaction with and care of every patient listed in this study. Virtually all of these patients were treated with prophylactic volume expansion and HHH (hypertensive, hypervolemic, hemodilutional) therapy, and, as reported in Table 1 of the article, several were treated with angioplasty. The conclusion that the beneficial effects were from sodium nitroprusside and thiosulfate is entirely misleading. That conclusion cannot be drawn. Many of these patients had intractable intracranial pressure, necessitating interruption of the therapy, and in patients who were awake, therapy often had to be interrupted due to intractable nausea and vomiting, even when they were premedicated with doses of Zofran, administered even in the chemotherapeutic range. Patient 4 (seen in Figure 3A of the article), who was directly under my care, is listed as a satisfactory result. Although he walks and smiles, he is in fact neurologically and cognitively devastated and cannot even remember where the bathroom is in his own house. Although …
Cellular basis of anti-SB response☆

Cloning of cells allosensitized in vitro against SB1, SB2, and SB3 antigens was performed by micromanipulation. One hundred and twenty-six clones were tested for both proliferative and cytolytic responses; 14 proliferative, noncytotoxic clones and one clone which demonstrated both proliferative and cytotoxic reactivity specific for SB antigens were obtained. The proliferative noncytotoxic clones tested and the clone with both cytotoxic and proliferative activity were all able to produce IL-2-like activity upon specific antigen stimulation in vitro and were positive for OKT3, OKT4 but negative for OKT8. The proliferative clones fit the characteristics of helper T cell (Th) clones while the clone with both cytotoxic and proliferative reactivities is analogous to the class of antigen-driven, helper cell-independent cytotoxic (HITc) clones. No cytolytic nonproliferative SB specific clones were detected. The prevalent induction of Th clones strongly suggests that the biological function of SB antigens is similar to other class II antigens of HLA. The existence of an SB specific HITc clone demonstrates that a determinant on an SB molecule can induce both proliferative and cytolytic responses.
A characterization of finitely distributed additive functions

Abstract A complete characterization of finitely distributed additive functions was made by Erdos in 1946. His method was elementary, although quite intricate. In the present paper, the author employs a new method, based on measuretheoretic considerations, which not only establishes Erdos' result but also can be employed to deal with other problems concerning additive functions.
A Surface Flux Parameterization Based on the Vertically Averaged Turbulence Kinetic Energy

Abstract A new bulk transfer formulation for the surface turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat, and moisture has been developed by using the square root of the vertically averaged turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the atmospheric boundary layer as a velocity scale, in place of the mean wind speed. The new parameterization utilizes the surface radiative (skin) temperature instead of the temperature at a “roughness height.” Field observations and large-eddy simulation (LES) results were used to develop the parameterization. It has been tested using an independent dataset from the First ISLSCP (International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project) Field Experiment (FIFE). The predicted surface momentum flux compares very well with the observations, despite the fact that the data used for developing the new parameterization have a very different roughness length from the independent FIFE data. This shows that the parameterization can represent a wide range of surface roughness boundary conditions. The predic...
Four primary malignant neoplasms in a single patient

A 60-year-old Caucasian male, with a previous history of a 10-year occupational exposure to ionizing radiation, chemical carcinogens, and a long history of tobacco and alcohol abuse, developed synchronous squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth and adenocarcinoma of the lung. Four years later, squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx followed by squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue were diagnosed. In this case report, we suggest that increased exposure to multiple carcinogenic factors may result in an increased incidence of both synchronous and metachronous primary malignant neoplasms.
Managing Market Risk for an Emerging Market Debt Portfolio

Investors in the emerging debt market are exposed to a number of different types of risk, most importantly market risk. This article introduces a risk metric called beta spread duration (BSD), which is designed to measure aggregate market risk. BSD builds on two well–known metrics, beta and spread duration, and applies them to the emerging debt market. The authors demonstrate that BSD is a statistically significant measure of overall market risk and identify its limitations. They show that while market risk explains the majority of spread changes, individual country risk still matters. Indeed, they show that large changes in country risk can dominate overall market risk over shorter time frames while also exhibiting statistical significance over longer periods.
Comparative Epidemiology of Revision Arthroplasty: Failed THA Poses Greater Clinical and Economic Burdens Than Failed TKA.

Background Revision THA and TKA are growing and important clinical and economic challenges. Healthcare systems tend to combine revision joint replacement procedures into a single service line, and differences between revision THA and revision TKA remain incompletely characterized. These differences carry implications for guiding care and resource allocation. We therefore evaluated epidemiologic trends associated with revision THAs and TKAs.
Hemin-enhanced resistance of human leukemia cells to oxidative killing: antisense determination of ferritin involvement.

Abstract Human HL-60 cells exhibited a strong hyperresistance to the lethal effects of photodynamic activity (singlet oxygen) or glucose oxidase activity (hydrogen peroxide) 16–20 h after being exposed to hemin (ferriprotoporphyrin IX). Hyperresistance was accompanied by the overproduction of immunodetectable ferritin, predominantly the heavy (H) subunit, which exhibits ferroxidase activity. Cells that had been enriched in apoferritin via pinocytotic uptake showed similar hyperresistance to both types of oxidative challenge. On the other hand, preincubating cells with hemin in the presence of a phosphorothioate-linked antisense oligodeoxynucleotide against H-ferritin mRNA resulted in a strong diminution in both hyperresistance and H-ferritin induction. No effects were seen when a scrambled order oligodeoxynucleotide of the same base composition was used, confirming that the antisense oligomer had specifically inhibited H-ferritin translation. These results indicate that induced ferritin played a crucial role in the observed cytological responses. Enhanced oxidant resistance is attributed to the ability of this ferritin to rapidly sequester and incapacitate redox-active iron.
Monotone normality and compactness

Abstract A locally compact monotonically normal space having no compactification which is monotonically normal is given as well as a consistent example of a compact K 1 -space which is not K 0 .
High Speed Low Cost Fibre Optic Design For Digital And Analog Applications

The issues covered by this presentation are related to analog and digital fibre optic link design using Hewlett-Packard's new generation of high speed 820nm components. The emphasis is placed on electronic circuit design. Firstly different LED drivers will be discussed, and then the presentation will focus more on receiver-related items.
The Monte Carlo method in science and engineering

Since 1953, researchers have applied the Monte Carlo method to a wide range of areas. Specialized algorithms have also been developed to extend the method's applicability and efficiency. The author describes some of the algorithms that have been developed to perform Monte Carlo simulations in science and engineering
Palpable presentation of breast cancer persists in the era of screening mammography.

Background The aim was to describe cancer detection method and frequency of screening mammography in women undergoing breast cancer surgery in 2000. Study Design Patients undergoing breast cancer surgery were identified through an institutional database. Charts were reviewed to determine presentation at time of diagnosis. Presentation was coded "palpable" if the woman presented with a breast complaint or if a new mass was detected on examination versus "screening" if detected on screening mammogram. Results Five hundred ninety-two breast cancers were identified: 57% presenting by screening and 43% palpable. Cancer was more likely to present as palpable in patients with no previous screening mammography compared with those with previous mammography (67% versus 39%; p=0.0002). Patients with palpable presentation were younger than those with screen-detected cancer (mean age 57 versus 62 years; p Conclusions Despite the frequent use of screening mammography, 43% of breast cancers presented as a palpable mass or otherwise symptomatic presentation.
INTERACTION OF CYSTINE AND CASEIN HYDROLYSATE DURING THE AUTOCLAVING OF A MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY MEDIUM.

In these experiments, the procedures of the Association of Vitamin Chemists (3) have been followed with certain exceptions. Potassium acetate was substituted for sodium acetate, and the concentration was increased to 1.5%. Glucose was supplied at a concentration of 1.2%. The pH of the basal medium was reduced to 6.4 after extensive preliminary experimentation had shown this to be an optimum value for media destined to be autoclaved. The test cultures were incubated at 34? C for 66-72 hours. Acid production was determined by titration with 0.1 ? NaOH at the glass electrode. Sterilization of all solutions by autoclaving was accomplished by heating at 15 lbs. (steam) for 15 minutes. In some cases solutions were sterilized by filtration through Pyrex sintered glass funnels. Each experimental treatment involved two complete sets of niacin dilutions covering the usual range, 0-0.40 microgram of niacin per tube, in increments of 0.05 microgram. The titration values for such duplicated sets were compared in detail with those from a series of standard curves relating niacin dosage to acid production under standardized conditions. For the purpose of the present communication, an index of behavior was 550
Lifelong or School-long Learning: A Daily Choice

(2005). Lifelong or School-long Learning: A Daily Choice. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 78, No. 6, pp. 261-264.
On the Recursive Sequence yn + 1 = (p + yn − 1)/(qyn + yn − 1)

Abstract We investigate the periodic character and the global stability of solutions of the equation y n + 1 = ( p + y n + 1 )/( qy n + y n − 1 ) with positive parameters and positive initial conditions.
Existence theorems for general control problems of Bolza and Lagrange

Abstract The existence of solutions is established for a very general class of problems in the calculus of variations and optimal control involving ordinary differential equations or contingent equations. The theorems, while relatively simple to state, cover, besides the more classical cases, problems with considerably weaker assumptions of continuity or boundedness. For example, the cost functional may only be lower semicontinuous in the control and may approach + ∞ as one nears certain boundary points of the control region; both endpoints in the problem may be “free”. Earlier results of Cesari, Olech and the author are thereby extended. The development is based on the theory of convex integral functionals and their conjugates. The first step is to show that, for purposes of existence theory, the problem can be reduced to a simpler model where control variables are not present as such. This model, resembling a classical problem of Bolza in the calculus of variations, but where the functions are extended-real-valued, is then investigated using, above all, the conjugacy correspondence between generalized Lagrangians and Hamiltonians.
The ethics of discharge planning for older adults: An ethnographic analysis

This paper uses ethnographic data to examine ethical dilemmas in discharging elderly persons from the hospital. The focus is on two elements significantly influencing that process, the patient's decisional capacity and the involvement of family members in decision-making. Within the field of bioethics these issues have been discussed in terms of factors compromising the autonomy of the patient and the interdependency of family members. An ethnographic analysis demonstrates how several assumptions in bioethical approaches to these issues are problematic. First, bioethical discussions generally neglect social and structural factors that condition discharge decision-making. The rationality and mental capability of the individuals making decisions are presumed to exist independently of those persons' social contexts; they are also assumed to be concrete properties amenable to objective assessment. Bioethical models further assume that 'the family' is an identifiable ontological unit that exists independently of the setting in which decisions are made and that interdependency is a concrete attribute of familial relations. In contrast, this study shows how discharge planning is an event produced by the interplay among diverse interests. The structure of the discharge planner's role and processes of collective decision-making shape how medical staff perceive and define patients' decisional capacity and the involvement of families. This points to unintentional and unrecognized ways in which the patient's choices and control over decisions can be restricted. The analysis supports attempts to develop bioethical models based on socially grounded principles recognizing the importance of both autonomy and interdependence in long term care decisions.
Influence of herbicides and growth regulators on the growth and essential oil content of sage

Abstract Foliar application of a wide range of herbicides provided suggestive evidence for a direct correlation between growth and essential oil production in sage ( Salvia officinalis ) grown under controlled environmental conditions. Conversely, foliar application of the growth regulators AMO-1618 and DCPA indicated that moderate stunting of growth was associated with an increase in essential oil yield. Quantitative changes in the principle monoterpenes of sage oil, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, 3-isothujone and camphor, were also observed in response to the various treatments. However, attempts to correlate the changes in oil composition with alteration in growth or oil yield also failed to establish any definitive relationships. Since the four monoterpene components examined arise by independent routes from a common precursor, the changes in oil composition observed indicate that the applied bioregulators exert a direct effect on terpene metabolism by a means independent of growth or development.
Influence of wall proximity on the lift and drag of a particle in an oscillatory flow

We report on the lift and drag forces on a stationary sphere subjected to a wall-bounded oscillatory flow. We show how these forces depend on two parameters, namely, the distance between the particle and the bounding wall, and on the frequency of the oscillatory flow. The forces were obtained from numerical solutions of the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. For the range of parameters considered, a spectral analysis found that the forces depended on a small number of degrees of freedom. The drag force manifested little change in character as the parameters varied. On the other hand, the lift force varied significantly
A finitely presented HNN-extension example: Non-finitely generated groups, and an application of small cancellation theory

This paper gives an example of a finitely generated group G and a monomorphism α : G→G such that ⋂n αn(G) is not finitely generated. Such examples are potential counterexamples to a variety of conjectures in the study of the cohomology and end-theory of groups. The techniques of small cancellation theory are combined with a simple characterization of non-finitely generated groups to give a method for producing more examples of this general type.
Near-millimeter wave polarizing duplexer/isolator

Polarizing beam splitters made of closely spaced parallel tungsten wires have been configured in such a way as to convert linearly polarized radiation from a source into circularly polarized radiation tunably over a broad frequency range. When combined with a third filter polarizer this combination provided 20 dB of isolation of the source from back reflections while having less than 0.5 dB of insertion losses at 245 GHz.
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa: Brains, Bones and Breeding

Recent research has modified both the conceptualization and treatment of eating disorders. New diagnostic criteria reducing the “not otherwise specified” category should facilitate the early recognition and treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Technology-based studies identify AN and BN as “brain circuit” disorders; epidemiologic studies reveal that the narrow racial, ethnic and income profile of individuals no longer holds true for AN. The major organs affected long term—the brain and skeletal system—both respond to improved nutrition, with maintenance of body weight the best predictor of recovery. Twin studies have revealed gene x environment interactions, including both the external (social) and internal (pubertal) environments of boys and of girls. Family-based treatment has the best evidence base for effectiveness for younger patients. Medication plays a limited role in AN, but a major role in BN. Across diagnoses, the most important medicine is food.
The expression of major histocompatibility complex and leukocyte antigens by cells in the rat cornea

The well-characterized immunogenetic constitution of the rat has made it a valuable resource for the study of corneal transplantation. However, little is known about the expression of histocompatibility antigens in the rat cornea or about the populations of passenger leukocytes rat corneal grafts may contain. Thus the relevance of rat corneal transplantation to the human situation is unclear. We examined the expression of antigens of the histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the rat (RT1) and of antigens identifying rat leukocyte populations in corneas of selected rat strains using a sensitive immunoperoxidase technique. Class I MHC antigens were found in fairly uniform association with most cells of the rat corneal epithelium, endothelium, and stroma. In contrast, class II MHC antigens were not associated with most corneal parenchymal cells, but were clearly present on multiple isolated dendritic cells throughout the corneal stroma, especially near the limbus, and on very rare isolated cells in the limbal epithelium; these antigens were not detectable on the corneal endothelium. Cells expressing an antigen common to all rat leukocytes were present in a distribution similar to that of class II MHC antigen-bearing cells. There was no consistent expression of antigens associated with T lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, or NK cells. It thus appears that the expression of MHC and leukocyte antigens by cells in the rat cornea is similar to that reported in the human, indicating that the rat may indeed provide a good model of human corneal transplantation.
Iridium Concentrations and Abundances of Meteoritic Ejecta from the Eltanin Impact in Sediment Cores from Polarstern Expedition ANT XII/4

The abundances of meteoritic ejecta from the Eltanin asteroid impact have been examined in several sediment cores recovered by the FS Polarstern during expedition ANT XII/4 using elemental concentrations of iridium and weights of coarse ejecta debris. Three cores with well-preserved impact deposits, PS204-1, PS2708-1, and PS2709-1, each contain Ir and ejecta fluences similar to those found in USNS Eltanin core E13-4. Small Ir anomalies and traces of ejecta were found in cores PS2706-1 and PS2710-1, but since these cores lack well-defined deposits, these are considered to be reworked and not representative of the fallout. No evidence of ejecta was found in cores PS2802-1 and PS2705-1. These results confirm earlier speculation that the Eltanin impact resulted in deposits of ejecta with up to 1 gram/sq centimeter of depris over a wide area of the ocean floor. However, there are sill large uncertainties over the actual regional or global extent of this unique sediment deposit.
Correlations among characteristics of sweet potato roots, and intraspecific grouping

The variation for postharvest, kitchen and table characteristics of sweet potato was studied in a collection of 310 seedlings by correlation techniques and cluster analysis. Desired states were defined for 21 characteristics, and frequency of desired state was determined. Sweet potatoes were classified into 7 groups that are identified from 6 discriminant functions, and a key to the groups was developed. Correlations among quality characteristics were frequent, but moderate in value, thus independent selection for desired characteristics is feasible.
Isolation and characterization of a noninfectious virion-like particle released from cells infected with human strains of cytomegalovirus.

Three types of virus particles have been recovered from the culture medium of human foreskin fibroblasts infected with human strains of cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Two of these, virions and dense bodies, are routinely observed and have been described by others. The third, produced in lesser amounts, has not been previously characterized. This particle, separable from virions by rate-velocity sedimentation, is morphologically distinguished from them only by core structure. Radiolabeling and biological assays have established that these particles, like dense bodies, lack DNA and are not infectious. Based on these properties, we have designated this virion-like structure as a noninfectious enveloped particle (NIEP). Comparisons of the protein constituents of these three particles has shown that dense bodies have the simplest composition. Approximately 95% of their protein mass is represented by a 69,000 Da (69K) matrix-like protein. While dense bodies appear to have a normal complement of virion glycoproteins, they completely lack other predominant virion species. The protein compositions of virions and NIEPs are more complex than that of dense bodies, and are distinguished from one another by the presence in NIEPs of a 35,000 Da (35K) protein absent from the two other particles. Biosynthetic radiolabeling and cell fractionation experiments have demonstrated that this 35K protein is produced only in infected cells, is phosphorylated and partitions with the nuclear fraction. These and other results suggest that this protein is the HCMV counterpart of the previously described B-capsid proteins VP22a of herpes simplex and 37K of CMV (strain Colburn). NIEPs are produced by all HCMV strains examined and have not been observed in preparations of herpes simplex virus- or Old World monkey CMV-infected cells. Although this particle is generally present in much lower amounts than virions, strain AD169 overproduces NIEPs by approximately 10-fold. We have also found that the additional NIEP protein of AD169 has an apparently larger size (i.e., 36K) than the corresponding protein of other strains. The correlation between AD169 NIEP overproduction and its altered protein suggests that the two may be causally related.
High Speed Cinemicrography of the Direct Photophobic Response of Euglena and the Mechanism of Negative Phototaxis

SYNOPSIS. The shock reaction of Euglena gracilis strain Z to a sudden increase in light intensity (the “direct photophobic response”) was examined by high speed cinemicrography. The response is expressed as a turning reaction toward the dorsal side of the cell, after a transduction time of 0.1–0.5 sec after the onset of stimulation. Transduction times, turning rates, and flagellar beat frequencies were measured by analyzing the filmed sequences. The experimental data are consistent with a mechanism of directional homeostasis in negative phototaxis that is based upon shading of the photoreceptor by the cell's posterior end.
Luck and happenstance: how older adults enroll in a program of all-inclusive care for the elderly.

Purpose of the study This qualitative study explores how older adults enroll in a Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE). Primary practice setting PACE is a community-based long-term care program for nursing home eligible older adults. Methodology and sample The study includes interviews with older adults (n = 5), families (n = 4), and staff (n = 10). This study identified common circumstances that led to the recognition of a need for help. Results These circumstances included the following: an acute event or crisis, older adult's or caregiver's drive to avoid entry into the nursing home, and the caregivers' recognition that they need relief from their care demands. Once this need was identified, families typically found out about PACE because of happenstance; they happened to talk to someone who knew about the program. Implications for case management practice If PACE is going to be a sustainable alternative to nursing home care efforts, it needs to focus on moving the enrollment process beyond happenstance. Professional case managers are positioned to help older adults and families plan for long-term care by understanding the availability of local community services, developing contacts with local community and long-term care services, and considering what information older adults and their families need, especially during acute care discharges, primary care encounters, and queries for nursing home services.
Justus D. Doenecke, Nothing Less Than War: A New History of America's Entry into World War I

Be glad that you were not President Woodrow Wilson. This book is about the no-win position in which Wilson found himself after World War I broke out in Europe in 1914 and it is not a pretty picture...
Pneumomediastinum After Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Placement

The incidence of esophageal perforation or confounding mechanisms of pneumomediastinum specifically introduced by the addition of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube insertion to esophagogastroduodenoscopy have not been described, and pneumomediastinum in the absence of esophageal perforation after PEG has not been reported. Typically, pneumomediastinum is an ominous finding, although benign causes exist. We present two cases of post-PEG pneumomediastinum not correlated with esophageal perforation on follow-up imaging. When pneumomediastinum is detected after PEG, appropriate studies should be undertaken to confirm its cause and to determine treatment plans. Further investigation may be warranted to ascertain the true incidence, causes, and clinical significance of post-PEG pneumomediastinum.
Doxycycline delivery from PLGA microspheres prepared by a modified solvent removal method

We report on the development of a modified solvent removal method for the encapsulation of hydrophilic drugs within poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Using a water/oil/oil double emulsion, hydrophilic doxycycline was encapsulated within PLGA spheres with particle diameters ranging from approximately 600 nm to 19 µm. Encapsulation efficiencies of up to 74% were achieved for theoretical loadings from 1% to 10% (w/w), with biphasic release over 85 days with nearly complete release at the end of this time course. About 1% salt was added to the formulations to examine its effects on doxycycline release; salt modulated release only by increasing the magnitude of initial release without altering kinetics. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated no characteristic differences between doxycycline-loaded and control spheres. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction suggest that there may be a molecular dispersion of the doxycycline within the spheres and the doxycycline may be in an amor...
Physical activity and all cause mortality in women: a review of the evidence

A computer assisted literature search was performed (Medline, 1966–2000) to examine the association of physical activity with all cause mortality in women. It was concluded that, by adhering to current guidelines for physical activity and expending about 4200 kJ of energy a week, women can postpone mortality. The magnitude of benefit experienced by women is similar to that seen in men.
Linear permittivity tapering in a Cerenkov microwave source with a pre-bunched beam

Cerenkov microwave sources use a dielectric-lined waveguide to reduce the velocity of the electromagnetic wave and provide efficient energy transfer between the wave and the driving electron beam. Tapering the permittivity of the dielectric to maintain synchronism between the beam and the wave as the beam loses energy can increase the efficiency of these devices. Here, we consider such a structure driven by an electron beam with a harmonic density perturbation. Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations and a macro-particle model based on the slowly varying envelope approximation are first used to examine an un-tapered baseline case. PIC simulations of the source with linear tapers over the entire amplifier length as well as over only a section of the amplifier where the beam executes synchrotron oscillations are examined. The efficiency for the baseline un-tapered source is 18%, while efficiencies up to approximately 48% are found using a taper in dielectric permittivity. Results of the best performing cases are presented. Detailed examination of longitudinal phase space, particle energy distributions, evolution of longitudinal wavenumber, and phase dynamics are presented from the PIC simulations.
Calcium-activated factors in pancreatic islets that inhibit actin polymerization.

Abstract Pancreatic islet cytosol in combination with 50 μ m or lower Ca2+ markedly inhibits action polymerization when added to actin under conditions in which actin usually polymerizes. Inhibition by either cytosol or Ca2+ alone is minimal and heated cytosol is ineffective in inhibiting actin polymerization. Two inhibitory factors with relative molecular weights of about 200,000 and less than 40,000 can be separated by gel permeation chromatography. The larger factor can inhibit actin polymerization almost 100% in the presence of Ca2+. Pancreatic beta cells contain a well-described microfilamentous cell web beneath the plasma membrane hypothesized to be a barrier to insulin granule movement. An hypothesis on the function of the factors is that when beta cell calcium increases, as it does in response to stimuli for insulin secretion, calcium interacts with the factors to locally disrupt a microfilamentous barrier to insulin granule extrusion.
Subspecialists and internal medicine: a perspective.

There is a growing schism between general internal medicine and the medical subspecialties. The latter are functioning increasingly as categorical disease centers, such as cardiac or cancer centers...
Folding of passive layers and forms of minor structures near terminations of blind thrust faults—application to the central Appalachian blind thrust

Abstract The existence of detachment surfaces or decollement zones beneath folded rocks of the Valley and Ridge and Plateau provinces of the Appalachians has been recognized as an important condition of folding. Large folds at the border between the two provinces resulted primarily from repetition of strata by thrusting of blocks over ramp faults that connect detachement surfaces at different horizons. Some investigators have suggested that folds in the Plateau province of Pennsylvania were produced by splay faults arising from detachment surfaces, but field observations and theoretical analyses by Sherwin and by Wiltschko & Chapple suggest that the folds are a result of buckling of multilayered rocks above a decollement. An exception may be the Burning Springs anticline in West Virginia, which appears to have formed at the termination of a detachment surface. Investigation of the translation of an homogenous, viscous material above a flat detachment surface that terminates laterally indicates that the termination produces a broad, low-amplitude anticline in passive layering as a result of thickening induced by a gradient of shear stresses in the vertical direction. This thickening above the termination of a detachment is a mechanism of folding. If the viscous fluid contained mechanical layering, the fold would become amplified by buckling. Computations of stresses in the material indicate that minor faults should be generated first near the termination of the flat detachment surface. The Burning Springs anticline probably was initiated by termination of a detachment surface and subsequently amplified by buckling.
Official Frames in Social Movement Theory: The FBI, HUAC, and the Communist Threat in Hollywood

Social movement researchers acknowledge that frames promoted by state managers compete in intense framing contests with collective action frames promoted by social movement entrepeneurs. But they h...
Strategic planning: Big wins and small wins

Strategic planning is often associated with radical organizational shifts. Sometimes, these are in response to rapid changes in the environment. Frequently, however, they are a result of changes in management values and style. There may, however, be circumstances when going for a series of small wins is a more appropriate strategy than going for one big win.
Naltrexone reverses ethanol-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in awake, freely moving rats.

The effect of the opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone, on ethanol-induced changes in extracellular dopamine and serotonin in the nucleus accumbens was investigated using in vivo microdialysis in awake, freely moving rats. Locally applied ethanol (5% infused transprobe) resulted in substantial increases in dopamine in dialysate. Administration of naltrexone (cumulative dosing with 0.25-1.0 mg/kg i.p.) during ethanol administration dose-dependently reversed ethanol-induced increases in extracellular dopamine and its metabolite homovanillic acid but not serotonin. These data demonstrate an essential role for the endogenous opioid system in stimulation of dopamine release by ethanol in a brain area associated with reward and support the opioid system as a prime target for pharmacological modulation of the rewarding effects and consumption of ethanol.
Engaging Students through Mapping Local History

Abstract This article argues that the integration of local history and geography through collaborative digital mapping can lead to greater interest in civic participation by early adolescent learners. In the study, twenty-nine middle school students were asked to research, represent, and discuss local urban sites of historical significance on an interactive Web platform. As students learned more about local community events, people, and historical forces, they became increasingly engaged with the material and enthusiastic about making connections to larger issues and processes. In the final session, students expressed interest in participating in their own communities through joining nonprofit organizations and educating others about community history and daily life.
Epithelial Architectural Destruction is Necessary for Bone Marrow Derived Cell Contribution to Regenerating Prostate Epithelium

Purpose: Using various nonphysiological tissue injury/repair models numerous studies have demonstrated the capacity of bone marrow derived cells to contribute to the repopulation of epithelial tissues following damage. To investigate whether this phenomenon might also occur during periods of physiological tissue degeneration/regeneration we compared the ability of bone marrow derived cells to rejuvenate the prostate gland in mice that were castrated and then later treated with dihydrotestosterone vs mice with prostate epithelium that had been damaged by lytic virus infection.Materials and Methods: Using allogenic bone marrow grafts from female donor transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein transplanted into lethally irradiated males we were able to assess the contributions of bone marrow derived cells to recovery of the prostatic epithelium in 2 distinct systems, including 1) surgical castration followed 1 week later by dihydrotestosterone replacement and 2) intraprostatic viral injection. Eig...
Phase locking of Josephson-junction series arrays

We report the results of a stability analysis of coherent oscillations in series arrays of Josephson junctions shunted by a common load. The analysis has found the parameter values for which the coherent, in-phase solution is stable and gives a quantitative measure of the stability. We find that arbitrarily large, dc-biased, arrays of Josephson junctions will phase lock most strongly when the capacitance parameter ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{c}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}1 and the bias current is about the same as the critical current of the individual junctions. We use bifurcation theory to discuss the role that symmetry plays in determining the form and the stability of these oscillations. Simulations with up to 100 junctions confirm the results of the stability analysis. Arrays of nearly identical junctions are also discussed.
Classifying Frieze Patterns Without Using Groups

(2002). Classifying Frieze Patterns Without Using Groups. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 93-98.
A mathematical framework to optimize ATR systems with non-declarations and sensor fusion

Combat identification is one example where incorrect automatic target recognition (ATR) output labels may have substantial decision costs. For example, the incorrect labeling of hostile targets vs. friendly non-targets may have high costs; yet, these costs are difficult to quantify. One way to increase decision confidence is through fusion of data from multiple sources or from multiple looks through time. Numerous methods have been published to determine a Bayes' optimal fusion decision if decision costs are well known. This research presents a novel mathematical programming ATR evaluation framework. A new objective function inclusive of time is introduced to optimize and compare ATR systems. Constraints are developed to enforce both decision maker preferences and traditional engineering measures of performance. This research merges rejection and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis by incorporating rejection and ROC thresholds as decision variables. The rejection thresholds specify non-declaration regions, while the ROC thresholds explore viable true positive and false positive tradeoffs for output target labels. This methodology yields an optimal ATR system subject to decision maker constraints without using explicit costs for each type of output decision. A sample application is included for the fusion of two channels of collected polarized radar data for 10 different ground targets. A Boolean logic and probabilistic neural network fusion method are optimized and compared. Sensitivity analysis of significant performance parameters then reveals preferred regions for each of the fusion algorithms.
A novel method to eliminate the measurement artifacts of external quantum efficiency of multi-junction solar cells caused by the shunt effect

A pulsed voltage bias method is proposed to eliminate the measurement artifacts of external quantum efficiency (EQE) of multi-junction solar cells. Under the DC voltage and light biases in the EQE measurements, the output current and voltage drops on the subcells under the chopped monochromatic light are affected by the low shunt resistances of the Ge subcells, which cause the EQE measurement artifacts for InGaP/InGaAs/Ge triple junction solar cells. A pulsed voltage bias superimposed on the DC voltage and light biases is used to properly control the output current and subcell voltages to eliminate the measurement artifacts. SPICE simulation confirms that the proposed method completely removes the measurement artifacts.