cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Report of the Joint Committee for Stroke Facilities: VI. Special Procedures and Equipment in the Diagnosis and Management of Stroke

The use of special procedures and equipment has become an integral, progressively complex, and increasingly expensive part of diagnosis and management in cerebrovascular disease. However, tests have enhanced rather than replaced the role of precise neurological examination and sound clinical judgment in caring for the stroke patient. The physician is obligated to understand the nature, limitations, complications, costs, indications, contraindications, and values of the many available diagnostic modalities and to avoid their indiscriminate use; most, and in some cases all, of this information should be known as well by hospital administrators, nurses, allied health professionals, and even the patient and his family. This Section discusses the present status of radiological and other diagnostic studies in disorders of the cerebral circulation. Rapid changes are occurring in this field with the almost daily appearance of new procedures, modifications, and applications, thus increasing the responsibility of all concerned to keep current with these new developments.
Stable finite element solutions of fully viscous compressible flows

Abstract This paper presents a stable approach to solve convection-dominated flows in the presence of compressibility effects. This approach employs the Petrov-Galerkin weighing to the FEM equations to achieve stability at the high Peclet numbers and coarse discretizations considered. The solution of the fully viscous compressible equations is presented in Cartesian and axisymmetric coordinates.
Photochemistry of Nitrosyl Metalloporphyrins: Mechanisms of the Photoinduced Release and Recombination of NO

A series of substituted nitrosylmetalloporphyrins of the type M(NO)(meso-tetra(p-X)phenylporphyrin) (M = Co, Mn; X = H, NO2, OMe) were prepared and studied by laser flash photolysis. The kinetics of the recombination reactions between the metalloporphyrins and NO in THF were examined. The recombination mechanism appears to be more complicated than the simple second-order process previously reported. Out-of-plane puckering of the porphyrin ring immediately after denitrosylation is one possible explanation. Kinetic experiments and NO transfer studies between manganese and cobalt porphyrins suggest that these compounds exist in equilibrium with NO in solution. Varying the substituents in the phenyl ring of the tetraphenylporphyrin ligand has little effect on rates of recombination with NO.
The effect of hormones on synthesis of the region linking chondroitin sulfate to protein.

Abstract 1. 1. Particulate fractions of costal cartilage from young rats are capable of catalyzing the formation of the first two monosaccharide units of the chondroitin sulfate-protein linkage region. 2. 2. Hormonal imbalance has been shown to influence the activity of the glycosyltransferases responsible for the sequential transfer of xylose and galactose from UDPxylose and UDPgalactose, respectively, in the formation of the linkage region. 3. 3. The activity of xylosyltransferase was found to be decreased in costal cartilage of diabetic, thyroidectomized and hypophysectomized rats, but not in rats injected with either testosterone or hydrocortisone. In the latter two treatment groups, galactosyltransferase activity was decreased only in the group receiving hydrocorsitone. 4. 4. The combined results of this and previous studies suggest that decreased levels of chondroitin sulfate in diabetic, thyroidectomized and hypophysectomized animals are due to interference in the synthesis of the linkage region of the proteoglycan at the xylosyltransferase level whereas hydrocortisone acts primarily at the level of the galactosyltransferase.
Stable near‐surface ocean salinity stratifications due to evaporation observed during STRASSE

Under conditions with a large solar flux and low wind speed, a stably stratified warm layer forms at the ocean surface. Evaporation can then lead to an increase in salinity in the warm layer. A large temperature gradient will decrease density enough to counter the density increase caused by the salinity increase, forming a stable positive salinity anomaly at the surface. If these positive salinity anomalies are large in terms of the change in salinity from surface to the base of the gradient, if their areal coverage is a significant fraction of the satellite footprint, and if they persist long enough to be in the satellite field of view, they could be relevant for calibration and validation of L-band microwave salinity measurements. A towed, surface-following profiler was deployed from the N/O Thalassa during the Subtropical Atlantic Surface Salinity Experiment (STRASSE). The profiler measured temperature and conductivity in the surface ocean at depths of 10, 50, and 100 cm. The measurements show that positive salinity anomalies are common at the ocean surface for wind speeds less than 4 m s−1 when the average daily insolation is >300 W m−2 and the sea-to-air latent heat flux is greater than zero. A semiempirical model predicts the observed dependence of measured anomalies on environmental conditions. However, the model results and the field data suggest that these ocean surface salinity anomalies are not large enough in terms of the salinity difference to significantly affect microwave radiometric measurements of salinity.
Globalization and higher education policy-making in France: Love it or hate it?

The French Government has had a complex relationship with globalization. Globalization is both a threat and a cradle for ideas. And French policy-makers have a love–hate relationship with the global dynamics underlying the European higher education reforms started in the 1990s. At the outset, higher education reforms, such as the Bologna process, were framed as a way to build Europe and fight against international competition. Yet, the mode of governance of these reforms mirrored the recommendations of international organizations and led to the precise outcome criticized in globalization, that is, greater competition. This article explores the relationship between international, European and domestic discourses and modes of governance. It uses insights from the literature on policy transfer and questions the sustainability of such ambivalence.
Effective Professional Development to Support Inclusive Large-Scale Assessment Practices for All Children.

Despite policy mandates to include students with disabilities in educational assessment and accountability programs, current practices suggest a substantial lack of capacity for effective inclusion. Continuing professional development (CPD) is an essential component of disseminating and implementing effective inclusion practices. Recent reviews of CPD for teachers suggest traditional CPD methods are largely inef fective in changing practices. In this article, we identify features of CPD likely to lead to changes in teachers' practices and discuss how these features interact with the unique content and challenges related to inclusion to identify promising CPD practices. Evidence evaluating one CPD effort, Assessing One & All, is presented to document the effectiveness of such CPD practices and to illustrate the benefits and barriers to effective CPD for inclusion in large-scale assessments. These findings provide a foundation for discussing how research can guide CPD efforts to enhance inclusion of student...
Taxol inhibits N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP)-induced human neutrophil polarization and H2O2 production while decreasing [3H]FMLP binding

We have studied the effect of taxol on two N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP)-induced neutrophil functions and the possible mechanism by which it inhibits these functions. Taxol inhibited FMLP-induced human neutrophil polarization (a characteristic change in neutrophil shape in response to a chemotactic stimulus) and H2O2 generation. Taxol also decreased the specific binding of [3H]FMLP to human neutrophils at 4°C. The decreased binding of FMLP to its receptor may be responsible for the inhibition by taxol of FMLP-induced polarization and H2O2 generation.
Genitourinary Disorders of Old Age: Therapeutic Considerations Including Counseling for Sexual Dysfunction

Genitourinary tissues undergo physical changes with advancing age, due partly to hormonal alterations. However, the greatest influence on continuing sexual function during aging is emotional and is directly related to the psychologic history of the individual patient. The interested professional can help his patient substantially by simply taking time to listen, a process which permits identification of any psychogenic basis for the sexual dysfunction. The entire approach and method of counseling presuppose that psychogenic impotence is the most common form of the problem. This preliminary effort can do no harm. Should it fail, the patient can be referred to other consultants who use more protracted or sophisticated modalities. With the elderly, the clinician can advise patients to share interpersonal warmth and to enjoy the satisfaction of body contact at any age at which this desire and capacity persist. To the aging person, the totality of sexual meaning is more significant than performance or technique. The sympathetic counselor who renders supportive reassurance to the patient usually can expect beneficial results.
The Talent Search Model: Implications for Secondary School Reform

The Midwest Talent Search Project is an effort to identify and provide appropriate programming for gifted youngsters in the midwest. Many aspects of the project are discussed here, includ ing testing, programming, and benefits.
Bomb radiocarbon and lead–radium disequilibria in otoliths of bocaccio rockfish (Sebastes paucispinis): a determination of age and longevity for a difficult-to-age fish

Longevity estimates for the bocaccio rockfish (Sebastes paucispinis) using traditional techniques range from less than 20 years to approximately 50 years. Otoliths of bocaccio are difficult to age, and previous attempts to validate ages have been unsuccessful. Because otolith age suggests the bocaccio are reasonably long-lived, lead-radium dating was used in an attempt to independently age bocaccio otoliths. The measured 210 Pb and 226 Ra activities were among the lowest reported and resulted in poor radiometric age resolution; however, the break- and-burn technique clearly underestimated age in some cases with the longevity of the bocaccio being at least 31 years. To provide better age resolution, the bomb radiocarbon approach was applied to individual otoliths. Based on measured radiocarbon levels relative to a reference time-series, several specimens were aged at approximately 30-40 years. To evaluate these determinations, the remaining otolith of the pair was sectioned and aged blind. The result was an excellent fit to the reference time-series and a validation of the age estimates. The maximum age from growth zone counts was 37 ± 2 years, which is consistent with a reported maximum age of approximately 50 years.
Dissertations and discussions: engineering graduate student research resource use at New Mexico State University

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to determine whether the accelerated growth of web content during the years 1989-2011 had an effect on New Mexico State University engineering PhD students' use of the library's collections. The research also solicited direct input from PhD advisors regarding their expectations for and perceptions of present day PhD reference lists. If the collections were being used with less frequency, there would be reason to increase outreach to the engineering graduate student population, as well as to review current engineering collection development policies. Design/methodology/approach – Reference lists from College of Engineering PhD dissertations produced 1989-1991 (pre-web), 1999-2001 (web-emergent), and 2009-2011 (post-web) time periods were analyzed using descriptive statistics. PhD faculty advisors from the College of Engineering were interviewed about their expectations for, and perceptions of, research resources used in PhD dissertations. Findings – The number of resource...
Foreign Language Curriculums and Course Enrollments in Michigan Accredited Secondary Schools

Author's summary.— A report covering a fractional area, intended as an exemplary fragment of the mosaic which a national map of foreign language study must resemble instead of presenting a composite generalization. Its purpose is not to identify a trend, but to divide the trend into its elements in order to influence it by indicating the probable direction in which efficiency lies. If the foreign language curriculum is in need of change, this need is to be determined neither by trends figured on the basis of the per cent of the sum total of school populations to which the sum total of enrollments in foreign language courses is equivalent, nor by trends figured on the basis of the curriculum found in the numerical majority of schools. This need is rather to be determined, with certain exceptions, solely by school size.)
Implicit theories and the evaluation of group process and performance

Abstract Previous research has shown that people hold implicit theories or beliefs about relationships between aspects of group process and task accomplishment. These implicit theories, in the presence of evaluative information, affect reports about groups. However, many issues about the impact of implicit theories are unresolved, including whether implicit theories combine differently with positive and negative information and the role of memory in the impact of implicit theories. Two experiments reported here found that (1) implicit theories and negative but not positive information affected people's reports and (2) the operation of implicit theories was unrelated to retrieval processes in memory for facts about an observed group. Implications of the findings for methods of research on groups and for organizational practices involving groups are discussed.
Boundary-layer separation at a free streamline Part 2. Numerical results

An asymptotic solution of the boundary-layer equations, valid just upstream of a free streamline attached to the sharp trailing edge of a body, is compared with a numerical solution for the boundary-layer flow on a finite flat plate set perpendicular to a uniform stream. An arbitrary multiplicative constant in the asymptotic expansion, arising from an eigenfunction, is evaluated by requiring the skin friction to agree with a numerical value close to the free streamline. Using this value, the velocity profiles, computed from the asymptotic expansion, are in excellent agreement with the numerical solution.
Assay for Adhesion and Agar Invasion in S. cerevisiae

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, biofilms can reduce industrial productivity, destroy structures, and threaten human life. 1-3 On the other hand, harnessing the power of biofilms can help clean the environment and generate sustainable energy. 4-8 The ability of S. cerevisiae to colonize surfaces and participate in complex biofilms was mostly ignored until the rediscovery of the differentiation programs triggered by various signaling pathways and environmental cues in this organism. 9, 10 The continuing interest in using S. cerevisiae as a model organism to understand the interaction and convergence of signaling pathways, such as the Ras-PKA, Kss1 MAPK, and Hog1 osmolarity pathways, quickly placed S. cerevisiae in the junction of biofilm biology and signal transduction research. 11-20 To this end, differentiation of yeast cells into long, adhesive, pseudohyphal filaments became a convenient readout for the activation of signal transduction pathways upon various environmental changes. However, filamentation is a complex collection of phenotypes, which makes assaying for it as if it were a simple phenotype misleading. In the past decade, several assays were successfully adopted from bacterial biofilm studies to yeast research, such as MAT formation assays to measure colony spread on soft agar and crystal violet staining to quantitatively measure cell-surface adherence. 12, 21 However, there has been some confusion in assays developed to qualitatively assess the adhesive and invasive phenotypes of yeast in agar. Here, we present a simple and reliable method for assessing the adhesive and invasive quality of yeast strains with easy-to-understand steps to isolate the adhesion assessment from invasion assessment. Our method, adopted from previous studies, 10, 16 involves growing cells in liquid media and plating on differential nutrient conditions for growth of large spots, which we then wash with water to assess adhesion and rub cells completely off the agar surface to assess invasion into the agar. We eliminate the need for streaking cells onto agar, which affects the invasion of cells into the agar. In general, we observed that haploid strains that invade agar are always adhesive, yet not all adhesive strains can invade agar medium. Our approach can be used in conjunction with other assays to carefully dissect the differentiation steps and requirements of yeast signal transduction, differentiation, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation.
Measures of Assimilation in the Marriage Market: Mexican Americans 1970–1990

In 1965 the United States rewrote its immigration laws, and immigration increased sharply as a result. The immigrants and the children of immigrants from the post-1965 period are slowly becoming more influential in U.S. life; the largest of these groups are the Mexican immigrants and the Mexican Americans. The rapid growth of Hispanic and Asian populations in the United States has led to a renewed interest in the question of assimilation; that is, will the new groups assimilate, and if so how long will it take? Will they become part of White America? Will some groups assimilate into the Black-dominated urban underclass (a process Portes called segmented assimilation)? Will some groups remain permanently separate and socially isolated? In this article, I examine the behavior of Mexican Americans and Mexican immigrants in the U.S. marriage market, using census data from 1970, 1980, and 1990. The findings are that Mexican Americans are assimilating with non-Hispanic Whites over time, and the evidence tends to reject the segmented assimilation hypothesis. The interplay between intermarriage and endogamy is studied with log linear models; some variations by geography and U.S. nativity are noted.
Finding and Mapping New Genes Faster than Ever: Revisited

This article recounts some of the early days of the Human Genome Project, covering the important and sometimes controversial role that complementary DNA-based approaches played in the discovery and mapping of the majority of human genes. It also describes my involvement in this effort and my lab's development of methods for rapid sequence identification and mapping of human genes.
Cover-layer effects on contamination in near-field optical data storage

Contamination at the head-disk interface (HDI) was observed for first-surface near-field recording (NFR) under accumulation over a long writing time with a high writing power. The contamination was caused by laboratory dust coupled with the heat from the focus of the writing laser at the HDI. One suggested solution to the problem is that a cover layer should be laminated for cover-layer-incident NFR. A uniform and edge-bead-free UV-curable cover layer was laminated by using an outer-ring technique. Diamondlike carbon films were optimized and coated on the cover layer, and then a lubricant film was applied to reduce the tribological problems at the HDI.
Community sector and gender differences in the perception of community-based prevention

Community-based collaborative prevention often relies on the cooperation of individuals from different community sectors. The attitudes of those associates regarding certain domains of collaborative prevention may influence the degree to which this collaboration is successful. The current study is an analysis of the attitudes of 196 designated leaders (key leaders) in 21 communities of the Pennsylvania Communities That Care (CTC) Project. Questions examined include whether key leaders differ by community sector and/or gender in their perceptions of prevention-related issues. ANOVAs were carried out to determine whether there were such group differences, and results demonstrate that collaborators do in fact vary by both community sector and gender with respect to their attitudes toward domains related to prevention. One implication is that differences in these attitudes should be recognized when establishing and constructing collaborative boards. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ruthenium and gold-doped M1 phase MoVNbTeO catalysts for propane ammoxidation to acrylonitrile

Abstract Ammoxidation of propane to acrylonitrile was investigated over the M1 phase MoVNbTeO catalysts doped with 5 wt.% Ru and Au, respectively. The MoVNbTeO mixed metal oxide catalyst was synthesized by a hydrothermal method, whereas ruthenium and gold were introduced by incipient wetness impregnation. The structures of the MoVNbTeO mixed metal oxide and ruthenium- and gold-doped catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD patterns of the original MoVNbTeO catalyst confirmed the formation of the orthorhombic M1 phase, while the XRD patterns of ruthenium- and gold-doped catalysts demonstrated that the presence of ruthenium and gold significantly affected the crystal structure of the MoVNbTeO M1 phase. The catalytic activity was studied in a tubular fixed-bed micro-reactor at atmospheric pressure and 360–445 °C. Ru- and Au-doped MoVNbTeO M1 catalysts showed lower ammoxidation activity than the original MoVNbTeO M1 catalyst. However, both doped catalysts were much more active in the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane at relatively low temperature (
Assessment of airway reactivity in guinea pigs: comparison of methods employing whole body plethysmography.

Airway reactivity of guinea pigs was assessed while animals were in whole body plethysmographs by measurement of responses to histamine aerosol. Histamine was delivered using 2 protocols: one employed exposure to a single concentration, the other utilized 1.5-fold stepped concentrations. Both protocols were tested while animals inhaled ambient air, and again when the air contained 10% CO2. Exposures to single concentrations of histamine in air produced increases in both respiratory frequency (f) and plethysmograph pressure (ΔP). The latter increase was shown to coincide with a decrease in tidal volume and with the onset of airway constriction. The time to reach a doubling in ΔP represented a quantitative measure of airway reactivity. Exposures using the single concentration method in conjunction with 10% CO2 also demonstrated a dose-dependent time to reach the endpoint, in this case a 33% decrease in ΔP from the maximum CO2-induced increase. The end-points for the stepped concentration protocols were the concentration required to double ΔP (PC2·ΔP) or, in the presence of 10% CO2, the concentration that induced a 33% decline from the maximum ΔP (PC38 (CO2)). Mean values for PC2·ΔP and PC33 (CO2) were 2.1 mg/m3 and 0.58 mg/m3, respectively. These endpoints were comparable based on the dose received as calculated from the minute volume of animals when breathing the above atmospheres. The intersubject variability, assessed using both stepped concentration protocols, was comparable to that reported for PC20 FEV1 in human studies. Both stepped concentration protocols, conducted in air, or the 10% CO2 atmospheres, proved suitable for determination of airway reactivity of the unrestrained, unanesthetized guinea pigs. However, by not requiring use of CO2, the histamine in air approach is easier to perform, requires less time, and provides a clear endpoint representing early airway constriction.
Recent Advances in InAs/GaSb Superlattices for Very Long Wavelength Infrared Detection

New infrared (IR) detector materials with high sensitivity, multi-spectral capability, improved uniformity and lower manufacturing costs are required for numerous long and very long wavelength infrared imaging applications. One materials system has shown great theoretical and, more recently, experimental promise for these applications: InAs/InxGa1-xSb type-II superlattices. In the past few years, excellent results have been obtained on photoconductive and photodiode samples designed for infrared detection beyond 15 microns. The infrared properties of various compositions and designs of these type-II superlattices have been studied. The infrared photoresponse spectra are combined with quantum mechanical modeling of predicted absorption spectra to provide insight into the underlying physics behind the quantum sensing in these materials. Results for superlattice photodiodes with cut-off wavelengths as long as 25 microns will be presented.
An Experimental Methodology for the Determination of the Viscoelastic Properties of the Vocal Fold at Human Phonation Frequencies

The vocal folds are subjected to some of the largest magnitudes and frequencies of deformation of any tissue in the human body during normal voice production. Vocal fold scarring creates a functional deficit in this highly specific tissue that compromises the integrity of an individual’s voice. Scarring is the leading cause of dysphonia which often leads to a decreased quality of life, especially to those whose voice is an integral part of their profession.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Low-grade B-Cell lymphomas with plasmacytic differentiation lack PAX5 gene rearrangements.

The chromosomal translocation t(9;14)(p13;q32) has been reported in association with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL). Although this translocation involving the paired homeobox-5 (PAX5) gene at chromosome band 9p13 and the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene at 14q32 has been described in ∼50% of LPL cases, the actual number of cases studied is quite small. Many of the initial cases associated with t(9;14)(p13;q32) were actually low-grade B-cell lymphomas with plasmacytic differentiation other than LPL. Thus, we analyzed a series of low-grade B-cell lymphomas for PAX5 gene rearrangements. We searched records from the Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center for low-grade B-cell lymphomas, with an emphasis on plasmacytic differentiation, that had available paraffin blocks or frozen tissue. We identified 37 cases, including 13 LPL, 18 marginal zone lymphomas (nodal, extranodal, splenic, and α-heavy chain disease), and 6 small lymphocytic lymphomas. A novel dual-color break-apart bacterial artificial chromosome probe was designed to flank the PAX5 gene, spanning previously described PAX5 breakpoints, and samples were analyzed by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. All cases failed to demonstrate a PAX5 translocation, indicating that t(9;14)(p13;q32) and other PAX5 translocations are uncommon events in low-grade B-cell lymphomas with plasmacytic differentiation. This study also confirms recent reports that found an absence of PAX5 rearrangements in LPL, suggesting the reassessment of PAX5 rearrangements in LPL.
Coronary angioplasty for medically refractory unstable angina in patients with prior coronary bypass surgery

Percutaneous transluminal coronary sngioplasty (PTCA) has been applied with good results to selected patients with unstable angina and to selected patients who have had prior bypass surgery. The population with prior bypass and unstable angina has not been specifically evaluated. This report reviews the results of angioplasty of 45 vessels in 34 patients with medically refractory unstable angina and at least one prior bypass heart surgery. Of these 34 patients, 32 had rest angina; 14 had resting electrocardiographic changes, all 34 were on aspirin 325 mg QD, 31 were on a calcium blocker. 22 were on a beta blocker, 9 were on intravenous nitroglycerin, and 5 required intraaortic balloon counterpulsation for temporary stabilization. Angioplasty of a vein graft was attempted in 17 patients; the left internal mammary was attempted in 4 patients; 24 native coronary arteries in 15 patients were attempted; 3 of the native arteries were protected left main arteries. Of the LIMA angioplasties, 3 were successful; in the 1 unsuccessful case, the occluded anterior descending artery was opened. Of the 17 vein grafts, 16 were successful: 1 had an acute occlusive syndrome and went to surgery with a balloon pump and bail out catheter; his recovery was uneventful. Of the 24 native artery angioplasties, 22 were successful: one patient was technically unsuccessful in the only vessel attempted; he went to semiemergent surgery and recovered uneventfully. In the other, a right coronary lesion was successfully dilated, but an occluded anterior descending artery was not opened. There were no deaths or in-hospital myocardial infarctions. Of the 32/34 patients with technically successful angioplasty, all 32 had relief of rest angina, and 27 had pre-discharge exercise testing: 19 were completely asymptomatic and 8 had angina only at maximal exertion. In follow-up ranging from 6 months to 36 months, 4 patients with vein graft angioplasty, 2 patients with native artery angioplasty, and one of the operated patients, had complications. Two patients with recurrence at 2 months and 14 months, respectively, have undergone successful repeat angioplasty; two patients have had reoperation; 2 patients have had remote myocardial infarctions. Thus far, none of the LIMA have recurred clinically. There have been 2 late deaths in one angioplastied and one operated (the technical failure) patients: one from pulmonary emboli and one from heart failure, both at 6 months after index hospitalization. These data suggest that emergent or semiemergent angioplasty can be performed safely and with good clinical results in patients with unstable angina and prior heart surgery.
Circular Dichroism and Conformation of Bilirubin Bis N, N, N-Trimethyl α-Phenethylammonium Salts

Abstract Analysis of the bisignate circular dichroism spectra of bilirubin-IXα bis-propionate salts of (S)-(-)-N, N, N-trimethyl α-phenethylammonium hydroxide reveals a preference in CHC13, (CH3)2 CO and CH3 CN solvents for folded conformations in which the propionate groups are intramolecularly H-bonded to the opposing pyrromethenone units.
Wing pattern evolution and the origins of mimicry among North American admiral butterflies (Nymphalidae: Limenitis).

The evolution of wing pattern diversity in butterflies has emerged as a model system for understanding the origins and maintenance of adaptive phenotypic novelty. Admiral butterflies (genus Limenitis) are an attractive system for studying wing pattern diversity because mimicry is common among the North American species and hybrid zones occur wherever mimetic and non-mimetic wing pattern races meet. However, the utility of this system has been limited because the evolutionary relationships among these butterflies remain unclear. Here I present a robust species-level phylogeny of Limenitis based on 1911 bp of two mitochondrial genes (COI and COII) and 904 bp of EF1-α for all five of the Nearctic species/wing pattern races, the majority of the Palearctic species, and three outgroup genera; Athyma, Moduza (Limenitidini), and Neptis (Limenitidinae: Neptini). Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analyses indicate that the North American species are a well-supported, monophyletic lineage that is most closely related to the widespread, Palearctic, Poplar admiral (L. populi). Within North America, the Viceroy (L. archippus) is the basal lineage while the relationships among the remaining species are not well resolved. A combined maximum-likelihood analysis, however, indicates that the two western North America species (L. lorquini and L. weidemeyerii) are sister taxa and closely related to the wing pattern subspecies of the polytypic Limenitis arthemis species complex. These results are consistent with (1) an ancestral host-shift to Salicaceae by the common ancestor of the Poplar admiral and the Nearctic admiral lineage, (2) a single colonization of the Nearctic, and (3) a subsequent radiation of the North American forms leading to at least three independent origins of mimicry.
Genome-Wide Profiling of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization

Objectives: Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was used to develop a genome-wide molecular profile of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Copy number alterations (CNAs) were identified by chromosomal region, mapped to specific genes, and compared with several previously documented CNAs associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The status of 512 commonly altered cancer genes was assessed and evaluated as potential correlates of tumor behavior. Methods: Tumor tissue DNA was isolated for aCGH from 21 prospectively collected fresh–frozen OSCC specimens. aCGH was performed at 0.9-Mb resolution to identify distinct regions of genomic alteration and their associated genes. Cancer genes commonly altered were then correlated with clinicopathologic tumor data. Results: Genomic regions most frequently amplified (>35%) were located on 3q, 5p, 8q, 9q, and 20q, although regions most frequently deleted (>40%) involved chromosomes 3p, 8p, 13q, and 18q. Minimal regions of CNA identified, by aCGH narrowed larger, previously documented CNAs associated with HNSCC to significantly smaller regions, yielding shorter lists of candidate genes. Cancer-related genes altered in greater than 25% OSCC samples were identified (22 amplified, 17 deleted). Several genes associated with the Fanconi anemia DNA-damage response pathway were frequently altered, including BRCA1, BRCA2, FANCD2, and FANCG. Other cancer-related genes linked to hereditary cancer syndromes include VHL, MLH1, XPC, and RB1. Conclusions: Genome-wide aCGH can be used to detect and map CNAs in OSCC tissue specimens with high resolution. These data implicate several candidate genes and gene pathways in the tumorigenesis of sporadic OSCC.
Deletion Analysis of the Flagellar Switch Protein FliG of Salmonella

The flagellar motor/switch complex, consisting of the three proteins FliG, FliM, and FliN, plays a central role in bacterial motility and chemotaxis. We have analyzed FliG, using 10-amino-acid deletions throughout the protein and testing the deletion clones for their motility and dominance properties and for interaction of the deletion proteins with the MS ring protein FliF. Only the N-terminal 46 amino acids of FliG (segments 1 to 4) were important for binding to FliF; consistent with this, an N-terminal fragment consisting of residues 1 to 108 bound FliF strongly, whereas a C-terminal fragment consisting of residues 109 to 331 did not bind FliF at all. Deletions in the region from residues 37 to 96 (segments 4 to 9), 297 to 306 (segment 30), and 317 to 326 (segment 32) permitted swarming, though not at wild-type levels; all other deletions caused paralyzed or, more commonly, nonflagellate phenotype. Except for those near the N terminus, deletions had a dominant negative effect on wild-type cells.
Power capability of salient pole permanent magnet synchronous motors in variable speed drive applications

A constant-parameter equivalent circuit model that neglects motor losses is used to determine the effects of direct and quadrature reactances and open-circuit voltage on the power capability of salient-pole permanent-magnet motors in variable-speed drive applications. It is shown that peak power capability over a range of speeds can be obtained by proper control of the magnitude and phase of the armature current. Due to the voltage constraint imposed at the motor terminals, the power capability will fall to zero for most motor designs at a given high speed. A simple relationship between the motor open-circuit voltage and the direct axis reactance is derived to obtain motor designs that, even with this voltage constraint in place, extend their theoretical power capability, neglecting losses, to infinite speed. All results are presented in normalized curves using a per-unit system. >
A knowledge visualization tool for teaching and learning computer engineering knowledge, concepts, and skills

Current educational environments rely primarily on a text-based syllabus approach to describing course content as well as whole curricula. This traditional approach is too limiting. It fails to delineate the relationship of concepts and skills covered in a given course to those covered by other courses. It also fails to show the knowledge base that a learner will have acquired at the end of his/her course of study, as such base relates to lifelong learning. New demands placed on leaching and learning environments call for a more engaging experience for learners. The approach we have adopted is based on using a visualization tool that can engage both learners and instructors in an active learning approach to construct a map for the knowledge, concepts, and skills that a learner possesses and those that he/she acquires during each course of the computer engineering curriculum. We present our design for such a tool that is currently under development.
Inter-temporal Pricing and Consumer Stockpiling

We study a dynamic pricing problem for a class of products with stable consumption patterns (e.g., household items, staple foods). Consumers may stock up the product at current prices for future consumption, but they incur inventory holding costs. We model this situation as a dynamic game over an infinite time horizon: in each period, the seller sets a price, and each consumer chooses how many units to buy. We develop a solution methodology based on rational expectations. By endowing each player with beliefs, we decouple the dynamic game into individual dynamic programs for each player. We solve for the rational expectations equilibrium, where all players make optimal dynamic decisions given correct beliefs about others' behavior. In equilibrium, the seller may either charge a constant fixed price or offer periodic price promotions at predictable time intervals. We show that promotions are useful when frequent shoppers are willing to pay more than occasional shoppers for the product. We also develop several model extensions to study the impact of consumer stockpiling on the seller's inventory, production, and rationing strategies.
Detection time to a point source of light appearing on a star field background with and without a glare source present

Detection time to light point source noting response to dark, star field and glare source backgrounds
Depression symptom severity and error-related brain activity

The present study examined the relationship between depression and neural correlates of response monitoring using event-related potentials (ERPs). The error-related negativity (ERN) and correct response negativity (CRN) are ERPs that present as a negative deflection approximately 50 ms following an erroneous and correct response, respectively; the error positivity (Pe) is a positive deflection approximately 200 ms following an erroneous response. Some studies have reported an increased ERN in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD), but others have failed to find such differences. Results on the Pe in MDD have also been mixed. In the current study, unmedicated individuals with MDD (N=22) and healthy controls (N=22) performed an arrow version of the flanker task. Although these groups did not differ on the ERN or CRN overall, depression severity related to the CRN and the differentiation between the ERN and CRN (DeltaERN) in the MDD group: more severe depression was associated with an increased CRN and a reduced DeltaERN. Additionally, the difference between the Pe on error and correct trials (DeltaPe) was reduced among individuals with MDD compared to healthy controls. These data suggest that individuals with severe depression have a reduced differentiation between error and correct trials on ERPs that index error monitoring and awareness.
Engineered microsphere contrast agents for optical coherence tomography.

Contrast agents are utilized in virtually every imaging modality to enhance diagnostic capabilities. We introduce a novel class of optical contrast agent, namely, encapsulating microspheres, that are based not on f luorescence but on scattering nanoparticles within the shell or core. The agents are suitable for ref lectionor scattering-based techniques such as optical coherence tomography, light microscopy, and ref lectance confocal microscopy. We characterize the optical properties of gold-, melanin-, and carbon-shelled contrast agents and demonstrate enhancement of optical coherence tomography imaging after intravenous injection of such an agent into a mouse. © 2003 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 170.4500, 160.4760, 170.4580. When one is imaging biological tissues, it is often desirable to enhance the signals measured from specific structures. Contrast agents that produce specific image signatures have been utilized in virtually every imaging modality, including ultrasound, 1 computed tomography, 2 magnetic resonance imaging, 3 and optical microscopy. 4 Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging imaging technology that has found application in a wide range of biological and medical applications. 5 In this Letter we characterize and demonstrate a new class of optical contrast agent suitable for ref lection- or scattering-based optical imaging techniques, namely, OCT but that also includes light and ref lectance confocal microscopy. These agents are biocompatible, 6 are suitable for in vivo use, and produce enhanced backscatter that is detectable in highly scattering tissue. These agents may be tailored to adhere to specific molecules, cells, or tissue types, and thus provide additional selectivity that can enhance the utility of OCT as an emerging diagnostic technique. OCT is capable of cellular-resolution imaging and may ultimately have a role in the early diagnosis
Myth busters: microprocessor clocking is from Mars, ASICs clocking is from Venus

This paper compares and contrasts two common clock distribution styles: clock grids, the preferred microprocessor distribution style, and clock trees, the preferred ASICs distribution style. After a high level description of the routing methodologies for clock grids and clock trees, a case study is presented to compare the performance and cost trade-off of grids and trees. Our results show that clock grids consume more power and wiring resources but only to achieve aggressive clock targets. In this example a clock tree style uses 28% less wiring than a full clock grid style but suffers 12 ps more skew. However, compared to a sparse grid style, a clock tree solution uses only 4% less wiring and suffers 9.6 ps higher skew. The key message is that the cost in extra wiring and power consumption across different clock distribution styles is mainly driven by performance targets as opposed to being fundamentally dictated by the grid vs. tree decision.
Oligomerization of an avian thymic parvalbumin Chemical evidence for a Ca2+-specific conformation

CPV3, the third parvalbumin isoform to be identified in the chicken, is produced exclusively in the thymus gland. Although parvalbumins are typically cysteine-deficient, CPV3 contains two cysteine residues, at positions 18 and 72. The reported three-dimensional parvalbumin structures suggest that the side chain of cysteine-72 should be solvent-accessible. Accordingly, we find that CPV3 readily forms disulfide-linked oligomers in the absence of reducing agents. The reaction, employing either O2 or ferricyanide ion as the oxidant, is apparently restricted to the Ca2+-bound form of the protein. The differing reactivity of the Ca2+, Mg2+, and apo-forms has significant structural implications.
Immunizations and infectious diseases in pediatric liver transplantation

Liver transplantation (LTx) is an established and effective treatment for children with end-stage and metabolic liver disease. Improved surgical techniques and immunosuppressive regimens have led to enhanced short-term and long-term survival rates, which now approach or exceed 90%. Consequently, more children are being referred for LTx, and an increasing numbers of pediatric centers routinely perform this procedure. Infectious complications are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children undergoing LTx. However, improvements in immune suppression management along with the availability of new antimicrobial agents and diagnostic tools have resulted in improved treatment and preventative regimens, thus reducing the impact of infectious complications on these children. This review provides an overview of the infectious complications and prevention strategies for children undergoing LTx.
"Prevention" and the goals of genetic medicine.

ABSTRACT Authors participating in the renewed discussion of germ-line gene therapy have begun conflating two senses of the term “prevention,” which I distinguish as “phenotypic prevention” and “genotypic prevention.” Phenotypic prevention describes medical efforts to forestall the clinical manifestation of a genetic disease in an at-risk patient, like newborn screening and dietary prophylaxis for phenylketonuria. Genotypic prevention, by contrast, describes efforts to avoid the transmission of particular genotypes to the next generation, like selective termination following intrauterine diagnosis. Genotypic prevention is either performed on behalf of a prospective parent (or two) as a reproductive risk reduction strategy, or as a public health intervention to reduce the incidence of a disease in the larger population. Conflating phenotypic and genotypic prevention in discussions of germ-line gene therapy is dangerous, because it blurs the line (well-established in clinical genetics) between medical interv...
Ligand-insensitive state of cardiac ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Basis for channel opening.

The mechanism by which ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels open in the presence of inhibitory concentrations of ATP remains unknown. Herein, using a four-state kinetic model, we found that the nucleotide diphosphate UDP directed cardiac KATP channels to operate within intraburst transitions. These transitions are not targeted by ATP, nor the structurally unrelated sulfonylurea glyburide, which inhibit channel opening by acting on interburst transitions. Therefore, the channel remained insensitive to ATP and glyburide in the presence of UDP. “Rundown” of channel activity decreased the efficacy with which UDP could direct and maintain the channel to operate within intraburst transitions. Under this condition, the channel was sensitive to inhibition by ATP and glyburide despite the presence of UDP. This behavior of the KATP channel could be accounted for by an allosteric model of ligand-channel interaction. Thus, the response of cardiac KATP channels towards inhibitory ligands is determined by the relative lifetime the channel spends in a ligand-sensitive versus -insensitive state. Interconversion between these two conformational states represents a novel basis for KATP channel opening in the presence of inhibitory concentrations of ATP in a cardiac cell.