cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eye Movement Recordings To Study Determinants Of Image Quality In New Display Technology

Abstract The paper describes and illustrates a paradigm for in-depth study of perceived quality of visually displayed images. The development of new, all-digital display technology offers unique possibilities for fine tuning the match between display devices and the human perceptual system to achieve superior image quality. Engineering efforts need to be prioritized, however, according to which image characteristics are the most important for the perception of quality. Detailed studies have frequently run into problems because subjective data have not been very reliable. The present approach uses eye-movement data recorded while subjects view and compare images on different displays. These recordings provide quantitative data, indicating which parts of the test images received how much of a viewer’s attention. In addition, these recordings are played back to provide cues for subsequent retrospective verbalizations, providing more data about a subject’s thought processes when judging perceived image quality.
Mechanical testing machine stiffness: Part I—Theory and calculations

Abstract The importance of elastic interaction between specimen and testing machine in many mechanical property tests is discussed, and drawbacks to the usual methods of calculating machine stiffness are considered. Two expressions are proposed for calculating the effective testing machine stiffness, which is actually a composite stiffness including machine, grips or platens, load cell, insulation and lubricant. This stiffness is calculated from data acquired during compression tests in the LASL Cam Plastometer. The derived expressions can be adapted to calculate stiffness of many types of programmed testing machines; and they are so adapted to apply to both tensile and compressive testing in constant crosshead speed machines. Stiffnesses were calculated for over 200 tests in the LASL Cam Plastometer, and for a few tests in compression and a few in tension in constant crosshead speed machines. From the results of these calculations it was concluded that machine stiffness is a variable quantity which generally tends to increase as the applied load increases. Finally, because under sensibly identical experimental conditions there are large differences in calculated stiffnesses, it was concluded that it is necessary to perform such calculations for each mechanical test. Only by so doing can the specimen-machine interaction be properly taken into account when calculating stress-strain curves from load-time or load-displacement data.
The design of a fast and flexible internet subscription system using content graphs

This dissertation describes the design and evaluation of the Fast, Flexible Forwarding system (F3), a distributed system for disseminating information to networked subscribers. It examines existing subscription approaches, proposes F3 as an alternative to these approaches, and presents results from comparisons of F3 and other subscription approaches. Four studies compared performance of F3 and competing subscription systems. In the four studies, subscription systems handled such tasks as disseminating baseball scores, distributing traffic alerts, and disseminating generic subscriptions formatted as attribute-value pairs. The four studies examined system performance in both simulated network environments and on a working router. Performance characteristics examined in the studies included size of forwarding tables and processing speeds at routers. Results from these experiments showed that F3 does not overproduce messages, as do unicast systems. F3 also outperformed single-identifier multicast systems in such areas as message production, table size, and subscription overhead. The most significant finding of the studies, however, was that F3 processing speed surpassed the speed of a state-of-the-art content-based system by orders of magnitude in scenarios with large numbers of subscribers. Overall, these results suggest that F3 is a promising development in the area of Internet subscription systems. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.) (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Case-Based Reasoning in the Health Sciences: Why It Matters for the Health Sciences and for CBR

Biomedical domains have been an application domain of choice for artificial intelligence (AI) since its pioneering years in expert systems. Some simple explanations to this phenomenon are the intellectual complexity presented by this domain, as well as the dominant industry market share of healthcare. Following in AI's tracks, case-based reasoning (CBR) has been abundantly applied to the health sciences domain and has produced an excellent as well as varied set of publications, which has fostered CBR research innovation to answer some of the research issues associated with this intricate domain. Some notable examples are synergies with other AI methodologies, and in particular with ontologies [8] and with data mining, the study of the temporal dimension in CBR, the processing of multimedia cases, and novel tasks for CBR such as parameter setting. However CBR has a major endeavor to take on in the health sciences: how to position itself with regard to statistics for studying data? Some claim that CBR proposes an alternative viewpoint on the concept of evidence in biomedicine; others that CBR and statistics complement one another in this domain. In any case, an interesting question to study is whether CBR could become one day as fundamental to the health sciences as statistics is today? This question in particular broadens the health sciences challenge to a universal scope.
Evolution, Creationism, and Fairness: Equal Time in the Biology Classroom?

Controversy continues to rage about the place of creationism in science classrooms. It has been fashionable, in some circles, to argue that creationism should be included on an “equal time” basis with evolution. The form of creationism that should be taught, however, is disputed. Some religious fundamentalists want a literal reading of Genesis (and the “creation science” that grows out of Genesis) to be given equal time, while others prefer that schools give time to “intelligent design.” Still others simply want criticisms of evolutionary theory to be given equal time in the classroom.
Market Democracy: Economic Freedom and Social Justice

Can the classical liberal program of economic freedom and limited government be morally justified? I believe that it can be. In this paper I outline an interpretation of classical liberalism that I call market democracy. Market democracy affirms economic freedom as a requirement of social justice.
Stress-induced gastroduodenal lesions and total parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: frequency, complications, and the value of prophylactic treatment. A prospective, randomized study.

The objective of this study was to assess the frequency, complications, and value of prophylactic treatment of stress-induced gastroduodenal lesions in critically ill patients requiring total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and prolonged mechanical ventilation. Multidisciplinary intensive care unit (ICU) patients were prospectively randomized to treatment with TPN alone, TPN with sucralfate, or TPN with ranitidine. Ninety-seven patients were evaluated. Prospectively randomized patients with expected mechanical ventilation for a minimum of 6 days who were metabolically stressed, hemodynamically stable, had normal hepatic and renal function, and required TPN were included. Exclusion criteria were history of gastroduodenal ulcer in the past 12 months before admission, previous operations of the upper gastrointestinal tract, diagnosis of active gastrointestinal hemorrhage, renal or hepatic failure, and administration of antacids, H2-receptor blocking agents, and sucralfate 48 hours before entering the study. Patie...
g-DICE: graph mining-based document information content exploitation

In this paper, we present document information content (i.e. text fields) extraction technique via graph mining. Real-world users first provide a set of key text fields from the document image which they think are important. These fields are used to initialise a graph where nodes are labelled with the field names in addition to other features such as size, type and number of words, and edges are attributed with relative positioning between them. Such an attributed relational graph is then used to mine similar graphs from document images which are used to update the initial graph iteratively each time we extract them, to produce a graph model. Graph models, therefore, are employed in the absence of users. We have validated the proposed technique and evaluated its scientific impact on real-world industrial problem with the performance of 86.64 % precision and 90.80 % recall by considering all zones, viz. header, body and footer. More specifically, the proposed technique is well suited for table processing (i.e. extracting repeated patterns from the table) and it outperforms the state-of-the-art method by approximately more than 3 %.
Dietary zinc intake in man

The daily dietary zinc intake, as well as the amounts of zinc contained in individual meals, was determined in constant metabolic diets and in hospital diets. The total zinc content in nine hospital diets was found to vary by more than a factor of 2, ranging from 7.0 to 16.3 mg zinc/day and averaging 11.3 mg zinc. The variability of the zinc content of these diets was due to differences in their composition, depending on the protein and carbohydrate content of the meals. A total of 138 constant metabolic diets was analyzed for zinc over a 4-year period. The zinc content of these diets varied little, ranging from 11.6 to 12.7 mg/day in each of the 4 years and averaging 12.2 mg. The analysis of diets of low and high protein content, as well as the analysis of single food items, indicated that the foods and diets high in protein were also high in zinc, whereas those foods and diets containing mostly carbohydrate, were found to be much lower in zinc and nitrogen content. (auth)
Evaluation of new systemic insecticides for elm insect pest control.

Abstract Use of systemic insecticides that can be injected either into the root system or trunk of woody plants provides several potential advantages, notably in control of drift during application. Recently, new classes of insecticides with systemic activity have been developed, which may supplant the organophosphate and carbamate systemic insecticides that have previously been available. To evaluate their potential to control insects affecting shade trees, studies were conducted using imidacloprid and abamectin on elm. Soil injections of imidacloprid appeared particularly effective, controlling all three of the target pest species in this study (elm leaf beetle, European elm scale, elm leaf aphid). Both imidacloprid and abamectin also were effective against at least some elm insects when injected into trunks. Persistence of irnidacloprid was unusually long, providing second season control of all elm insect pests, although root uptake following soil injections was slow.
Joint loading, muscle co-contraction, ligament force and peak knee contact forces when walking on railroad ballast

Knee contact force (KCF), muscle co-contraction and ligament forces at the knee were determined for eight railroad workers walking on ballast. Independent variables included: surface condition [no ballast (NB), walking ballast (WB), mainline ballast (MB)], configuration (level, 7° lateral slant), and uphill/downhill limb. KCF was not affected by surface condition or surface configuration. Muscle co-contraction was higher for WB than NB, and higher in the uphill than downhill limb. First peak KCF in the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments were higher and second peak KCF in the lateral collateral ligament were higher in the lateral slant condition than the level condition. Force in the medial collateral ligament was higher for the uphill than for downhill limb. Force in the anterior cruciate and lateral collateral ligaments was higher for downhill than uphill. This suggests that railroad worker gait may include compensatory mechanisms to reduce peak KCFs and knee instability.
The tensions of transformation in three cross-institutional wikibook projects

Abstract Wikis have the potential to change learning environments from traditional knowledge transmission models to knowledge transformative ones where students generate, share, and reshape knowledge. In this three-part study, graduate students created wikibooks across institutional settings. One of these projects extended to universities in China, Taiwan, Malaysia, and the United States, whereas the other two involved two universities in the United States. The degree of scaffolding and other support varied in each project. At the end of each study, students were surveyed about their wikibook efforts. In addition, instructors across the institutions were interviewed about the obstacles they faced as well the opportunities. Based on these results, more than two dozen cross-institutional wikibook issues are organized into five key themes: (1) instructional issues; (2) collaboration issues; (3) technology issues; (4) constructivism and sense of community issues; and (5) wikibook issues. Several recommendations are offered related to the use of wikibooks in the classroom as a transformational learning tool.
THE SYMMETRY GROUP OF THE ILW EQUATION AND A NOVEL REDUCTION

Abstract The Lie symmetry group of the ILW equation is determined and the reductions of the equation are investigated.
High-resolution in-situ thermal imaging of microbial mats at El Tatio Geyser, Chile shows coupling between community color and temperature.

[1] Microbial mats have spatially heterogeneous structured communities that manifest visually through vibrant color zonation often associated with environmental gradients. We report the first use of high-resolution thermal infrared imaging to map temperature at four hot springs within the El Tatio Geyser Field, Chile. Thermal images with millimeter resolution show drastic variability and pronounced patterning in temperature, with changes on the order of 30°C within a square decimeter. Paired temperature and visual images show that zones with specific coloration occur within distinct temperature ranges. Unlike previous studies where maximum, minimum, and optimal temperatures for microorganisms are based on isothermally-controlled laboratory cultures, thermal imaging allows for mapping thousands of temperature values in a natural setting. This allows for efficiently constraining natural temperature bounds for visually distinct mat zones. This approach expands current understanding of thermophilic microbial communities and opens doors for detailed analysis of biophysical controls on microbial ecology.
Self-expandable metallic stents for malignant gastric outlet obstruction

Duodenal self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) are designed for palliation and prompt relief of malignant gastric outlet obstruction (GOO). This mini-invasive endoscopic treatment is preferable to surgery due to its lower morbidity and mortality, shorter hospitalization, and earlier symptoms relief; furthermore endoscopic enteral stenting can be performed under conscious sedation, reducing the risk of general anesthesia in these already fragile patients. The stent placement technique is well established and should be performed in referral centers with adequate materials and equipment. Duodenal stents can be covered and uncovered. Nitinol stents have almost replaced other materials, being more flexible with a satisfactory axial and radial force. Common duodenal SEMS-related complications are recurrence of GOO symptoms due to stent clogging (tissue ingrowth/overgrowth and food impaction) and stent migration. These complications can be usually managed endoscopically. Perforation and bleeding are the most severe, but rare, complications. After stent placement, malignant GOO patients usually have improvement of the GOO symptoms with good resumption of fluids and solids. Choosing the most appropriate type of stent is arduous and should be done mainly in relation to the morphological aspects of the stricture. Endoscopic duodenal SEMS placement is indicated in symptomatic GOO patients suffering from unresectable malignancy or those inoperable due to advanced age or comorbidities. The absence of peritoneal carcinomatosis and multiple small bowel strictures is a key point for the clinical success of duodenal SEMS. Almost all symptomatic malignant GOO patients are candidates for the duodenal SEMS procedure; resolution of GOO, avoiding the need for a permanent naso-gastric or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube, significantly improves the patients’ quality of life and dignity, even if life expectancy is short. Endoscopic duodenal SEMS insertion, after an adequate training, is a reproducible, simple, safe, and cost-effective procedure.
Interfacing microchip electrophoresis to a growth tube particle collector for semicontinuous monitoring of aerosol composition.

Semicontinuous monitoring of aerosol chemical composition has continually increased in demand because of the high spatial and temporal variability of atmospheric particles and the effects these aerosols have on human health and the environment. To address this demand, we describe the preliminary development of a semicontinuous aerosol composition analyzer consisting of a growth tube particle collector coupled to a microfluidic device for chemical analysis. The growth tube enlarges particles through water condensation in a laminar flow, permitting inertial collection into the microchip sample reservoir. Analysis is done by electrophoresis with conductivity detection. To avoid hydrodynamic interference from the sampling pressure, the microchip was operated isobarically by sealing the buffer reservoirs from the atmosphere and interconnecting all the reservoirs with air ducts. The collector samples at 1 L min−1 and deposits particles into 30 μL of solution. Sample accumulates with time, and sequential injecti...
Midgut clearance and digestive enzyme levels in larvae of Attagenus megatoma following removal from food

Total protein and amino n levels in midguts of larvae of the black carpet beetle, Attagenus megatoma declined dramatically within 24 hr following removal from both the standard Purina® diet and nutrient-treated wool. However, the secretion of proteolytic enzymes and sucrase (E.C.3.2.1.26) continued even after midgut clearance. The gradual decline in midgut digestive enzymal level observed was attributed to a reduced rate of secretion and to excretion of enzyme with the voided faeces. Although Purina-fed larvae had a 5-fold higher level of sucrase activity than the wool-fed larvae, proteolytic activity was higher in the wool-fed larvae. These results are in accord with a secretagogue mechanism as well as nutrient class specificity for the control of digestive enzymes in this species.
Validity of the CRAFFT in American-Indian and Alaska-Native adolescents: screening for drug and alcohol risk.

Objective: Native-American adolescents are reported to be at high risk for drug and alcohol use and related negative consequences. A brief screening instrument that is culturally and developmentally appropriate can aid clinicians who work with Native youth in determining whether more extensive assessment of substance use is necessary. The CRAFFT has been shown to be a valid and reliable screen among general adolescent outpatient clinic samples. Method: Data were collected as part of the Journeys of the Circle project, a collaborative effort between the Seattle Indian Health Board (SIHB) and the University of Washington's Addictive Behaviors Research Center. Psychometric properties of the CRAFFT were examined in 70 American-Indian and Alaska-Native youths ages 13 to 19 recruited from public schools and SIHBs outpatient clinics. Results: The CRAFFT demonstrated good internal consistency (alpha = 0.81). A score of 2 or higher on the CRAFFT was found to be optimal for capturing youths with high alcohol-relate...
Epitaxial Silicon Microshell Vacuum-Encapsulated CMOS-Compatible 200 MHz Bulk-Mode Resonator

This paper shows the first successful combination of dielectrically-transduced 200 MHz resonators with the epi-silicon encapsulation process, and demonstrates a set of important capabilities needed for the construction of CMOS-compatible RF MEMS components. The result shows the resonant frequency of 207 MHz and a quality factor of 6,400. The high f.Q (1.2×1012 Hz) makes this encapsulated resonator an excellent candidate for applications in local oscillators and RF spectrum analyzers.
The transfer of land resources information into the public sector - the Texas experience.

Mapping of land resources and environmental geology was initiated in Texas toward better communication of geology to the public policy sector. Relevant mapping parameters have included terrain, substrate, active processes, economic resources, and hydrology as well as physical, chemical, and biologic properties.
Does a duck have antlers? Some pragmatics of “transparent questions”

This study tested experimentally certain pragmatic consequences of questions like “Is the Pope Catholic” and “Is the Pope Presbyterian.” Results indicate that such questions are interpreted transparently, so that the answer to the original question asked is taken to be the same as the obvious answer to the existentially unrelated question. Variations in the syntactic/semantic form of such questions and in the situation producing them also had consequences, specifically for judgments of the interpersonal attitude and interpersonal competence of the individual using such questions as responses.
Tachycardia exacerbates abnormal left ventricular-arterial coupling in heart failure.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of heart rate on left ventricular (LV)–arterial coupling and LV mechanical efficiency before and after heart failure (CHF). The production of LV stroke work (SW) and mechanical efficiency depends on the coupling of the LV and arterial system. The response of LV–arterial coupling to tachycardia may be altered in heart failure. We compared the response of LV–arterial coupling to increased heart rate (HR) in six conscious, instrumented dogs before and after pacing-induced CHF. Coupling was quantified as E ES/E A, where E ES is the slope of end-systolic pressure (P)–volume (V) relation, and E A is arterial elastance. Mechanical efficiency was determined as the ratio of SW to a total P–V area (PVA). Before CHF, E ES and E A increased similarly with increased heart rate to 180 min−1. Thus, E ES/E A remained unaltered (0.96 ± 0.08 vs 0.94 ± 0.35), and SW/PVA was unchanged (0.62 ± 0.03 vs 0.59 ± 0.06). Compared with the results prior to CHF and after CHF the resting E ES was decreased, thus both E ES/E A (0.58 ± 0.09) and SW/PVA (0.48 ± 0.06) were less (P ≪ 0.05) than baseline. After CHF, an increase in HR to 180 min−1 increased E A but not E ES, thus E ES/E A fell to 0.44 ± 0.06 (P ≪ 0.05) and SW/PVA fell to 0.41 ± 0.05 (P ≪ 0.05). Under normal conditions, LV–arterial coupling remains optimal during increases in HR. After CHF, tachycardia exacerbates the suboptimal baseline LV–arterial coupling, reducing the efficiency of producing SW.
Parallel acquisition of fluorescence decay using array detectors

Frequency domain fluorometry provides an alternative method for the recording of fluorescence decay kinetics (1), The major advantages of this method are the time resolution and the fast measurement of lifetime values. There are several systems, where a change in lifetime occurs across the emission band. These systems include heterogeneous ground state systems, where species emit at different wavelengths; excited state reactions, with products emitting at different parts of the spectrum; and dipolar relaxation processes, where the emission spectra change with time. To characterize the decay of the systems, it is necessary to collect the emission decay at several wavelengths. Generally, this process is obtained by successive measurements using a monochromator or a series of bandpass filters. For steady-state spectra, optical multichannel analyzers (OMA) are available, which can collect the entire emission spectra at once. By gating the image intensifier, used with some of these analyzers, it is possible to obtain time windows of the order of a few nanoseconds (2), This time resolution is inadequate for most of the fluorescence substances. We have developed a new method based of frequency domain fluorometry which extends the time resolution of an OMA to the picosecond region. The entire emission decay is collected in a few seconds and the lifetime information across the entire emission band is analyzed. The same method can be applied to other array detectors such as TV and CCD cameras used in fluorescence microscopy (3).
The Generalization of Visuomotor Learning to Untrained Movements and Movement Sequences Based on Movement Vector and Goal Location Remapping

The planning of goal-directed movements is highly adaptable; however, the basic mechanisms underlying this adaptability are not well understood. Even the features of movement that drive adaptation are hotly debated, with some studies suggesting remapping of goal locations and others suggesting remapping of the movement vectors leading to goal locations. However, several previous motor learning studies and the multiplicity of the neural coding underlying visually guided reaching movements stand in contrast to this either/or debate on the modes of motor planning and adaptation. Here we hypothesize that, during visuomotor learning, the target location and movement vector of trained movements are separately remapped, and we propose a novel computational model for how motor plans based on these remappings are combined during the control of visually guided reaching in humans. To test this hypothesis, we designed a set of experimental manipulations that effectively dissociated the effects of remapping goal location and movement vector by examining the transfer of visuomotor adaptation to untrained movements and movement sequences throughout the workspace. The results reveal that (1) motor adaptation differentially remaps goal locations and movement vectors, and (2) separate motor plans based on these features are effectively averaged during motor execution. We then show that, without any free parameters, the computational model we developed for combining movement-vector-based and goal-location-based planning predicts nearly 90% of the variance in novel movement sequences, even when multiple attributes are simultaneously adapted, demonstrating for the first time the ability to predict how motor adaptation affects movement sequence planning.
Visibility trends—II. Mideastern United States 1948—1978

Abstract Trends in visibility in the mideastern United Slates are identified. Yearly and seasonal patterns are extracted from National Weather Service data using cumulative percentile and ridit analyses. The 1948–1978 time period is considered. No persistent pattern in the overall yearly visibility trends applies to the entire region. However, a deterioration of visibility in the 1960s during the summer quarter occurred regionally; it is most pronounced at median sized urban locations which experienced high growth. Those locations also experienced spring quarter declines in visibility. Further deterioration has not occurred in the 1970s. Metropolitan centers and more rural sites have shown improvement in fall and winter visibilities in the 1970s. Similarities between trends in visibility and trends in ambient sulfate concentrations and SO2 emissions are discussed. Possible meteorological influences are noted.
The Physiologic Approach to Hyperuricemia

HYPERURICEMIA is an easily detected and common chemical abnormality. Since the clinical importance of this abnormality has not been well defined, hyperuricemia presents a confusing problem for the ...
Control of cAMP-regulated enhancers by the viral transactivator Tax through CREB and the co-activator CBP

The Tax protein of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1 activates expression of the HTLV-1 long terminal repeat through a DNA element that resembles the cellular cyclic AMP-regulated enhancer (CRE). Tax contains a transcriptional activation domain, but its ability to activate gene expression depends on interactions with cellular CRE-binding proteins such as CREB. Whether Tax can activate the expression of cellular CRE-containing genes has been controversial. Here we show that Tax can activate both the HTLV-1 and consensus cellular CREs, and propose that this activation may occur through mechanisms that are differentially dependent on CREB phosphorylation. Tax not only increases the binding of CREB to the viral CRE but also recruits the transcriptional co-activator CBP in a manner independent of CREB phosphorylation. In contrast, association of Tax with the cellular CRE occurs through CBP which, in turn, is recruited only in the presence of phosphorylated CREB.
Review of Hynhamia Razowski (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and critique of its phylogenetic position

The Neotropical genus Hynhamia Razowski, 1987 is redescribed. Six species are recognized: H. hemileuca (Meyrick, 1932), type species; H. sciodryas (Meyrick, 1926), comb. n.; H. brunana sp. n.; H. cornutia sp. n.; H. sp. A; and H. sp. B; the latter two are known only from single females and therefore are not formally named. The genitalia are described and illustrated for each species. Initially assigned to Chlidanotini (Chlidanotinae), Hynhamia is transferred to Euliini on the basis of the possession of a foreleg hairpencil and moderately long antennal setulae (= cilia) in the male, and the presumably plesiomorphic female genitalia. Members of Hynhamia lack all convincing synapomorphies for inclusion in the Chlidanotini, i.e., hami, large saccus-vinculum complex, and laterally compressed antennae in the male; and the characteristic 'asteroid' signum and associated accessory bursa in the female.
Transient Motion of a Gas Bubble in a Thermal Gradient in Low Gravity

Abstract The transient motion of a gas bubble induced by thermocapillary action in a low gravity environment is numerically investigated at low to moderate Marangoni numbers for the special case of high Prandtl number fluids. It was found that for Marangoni numbers greater than unity, the distance traveled by the bubble is a better scale to predict the approach to steady-state velocities than is the scaling factor R 2 /α.
Carbohydrate dependent targeting of cancer cells by bleomycin-microbubble conjugates.

Biotinylated bleomycin A5 was attached to streptavidin-derivatized microbubbles, and a solution containing the conjugate was passed over a monolayer of cultured MCF-7 cells. The bleomycin-derivatized microbubbles adhered to the MCF-7 cells, and the association could be monitored by the use of a microscope. Three other cancer cell lines gave similar results. The bleomycin−microbubble conjugate did not bind to a normal breast cell line (MCF-10A) or to the matched noncancer cell lines corresponding to the other cancer cell lines targeted by bleomycin. No binding to any tested cell line was observed when the microbubbles lacked conjugated bleomycin A5 or when the microbubble contained a bleomycin A5 analogue lacking the carbohydrate moiety.
Hypothermia and Insulin Secretion

The effect of decreased body temperature on insulin secretion was studied using the isolated perfused rat pancreas. It was found that hypothermia directly inhibits insulin release and that there exists a direct relationship between tissue temperature and total quantity of insulin released (in response to either glucose or tolbutamide stimulation). The temperature coefficient of insulin secretion was found to be extremely high. Partial inhibition of insulin release also occurred in pancreata 30 min after they had been subjected to extreme cold (26 C) and then were brought up to body temperature (38 C). This indicates that hypothermic inhibition is not readily reversible; but instead the tissue requires a period of time greater than 30 min in which to regain its normal secretory process. Lastly, hypothermic inhibition also occurred in the presence of an alpha adrenergic blocking, agent, phentolamine, therefore excluding catecholamine inhibition as a sole explanation for the mechanism of this phenomenon. (En...
Chiral condensate with Wilson fermions

We show that for Wilson fermions on the lattice the continuum contribution to 〈ψψ〉 can be unambiguously separated form the perturbative tail which arises because of the explicit chiral symmetry breaking. This phenomenon is shown to happen in the Gross-Neveu model to order 1N, and we give general arguments for the occurrence of the same situation in four-dimensional gauge theories.
Gecko: A continuous 2d world for ecological modeling

An individual-based simulation system, named Gecko, is presented for modeling multiple species at multiple trophic levels, on a spatially explicit, continuous two-dimensional landscape. Biologically motivated rules are specified at an individual level, and resulting behaviors are observed at an ecosystem level. Individuals are represented by circles with free range on a resource-producing plane. These circles grow allometrically with biomass of fixed resources. Resource acquisition behaviors include competition by area overlap for producers, and movement based on perception and intent. Individual-level energetics are explicitly modeled with inefficient assimilation, resource transformation, and allometrically specified metabolic costs. Individual growth and reproduction requires a history of successful resource acquisition. Terrestrial producer, herbivore, and carnivore species classes are included, extensible to further classes. A grassland food chain model of "plants," "grasshoppers," and "spiders" is used to demonstrate ecosystem-level results of given individual-level behaviors. Ecosystem-level behaviors include a trophic cascade of indirect carnivore-producer interaction effects; stable persistence of all populations; a near-realistic biomass pyramid; and spatial competition and coexistence of multiple producer species. Initial Gecko results show promise for application in both theoretical and natural ecosystem modeling.
On Morphological Analysis for Learner Language, Focusing on Russian

We describe a framework for performing morphological analysis to account for learner language, focusing on Russian as an example of an inflecting language. Because a set of linguistic analyses is needed to provide feedback on potentially noisy data, there is a large amount of ambiguity for even well-formed words. Using a segmented POS lexicon as a test case, we show how to analyze subparts of words, in order to analyze variations. After describing and implementing this framework for Russian, we focus on removing undesirable analyses to keep the task feasible. This is essentially an investigation of how much overgeneration of analyses is a problem and under what assumptions it can be reduced.
A finite element immersed boundary method for fluid flow around moving objects

This paper presents the extension of a recently proposed immersed boundary method to the solution of the flow around moving objects. Solving the flow around objects with complex shapes may involve extensive meshing work that has to be repeated each time a change in the geometry is needed. Mesh generation and solution interpolation between successive grids may be costly and introduce errors if the geometry changes significantly during the course of the computation. These drawbacks are avoided when the solution algorithm can tackle grids that do not fit the shape of immersed objects. This work presents an extension of our recently developed finite element Immersed Boundary (IB) method to transient applications involving the movement of immersed fluid/solid interfaces. As for the fixed solid boundary case, the method produces solutions of the flow satisfying accurately boundary conditions imposed on the surface of immersed bodies. The proposed algorithm enriches the finite element discretization of interface elements with additional degrees of freedom, the latter being eliminated at element level. The boundary of immersed objects is defined using a time dependent level-set function. Solutions are shown for various flow problems and the accuracy of the present approach is measured with respect to solutions on body-conforming meshes.
Crystal-structure calculations with distorted ions.

We present the polarization-included electron-gas (PEG) model for crystal structures, which is similar to the modified-electron-gas (MEG) model for crystal structures, but in which the anions can distort from spherical symmetry. This nonspherical distortion is important when the anions occupy low-symmetry positions. For ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ quartz, ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ cristobalite, ${\mathrm{BeF}}_{2}$ quartz, and the zeolite sodalite, which have open crystal structures, the structures and energies calculated with the PEG model are in much better agreement with experiment than those calculated with the MEG model. The improved structural results are due mainly to smaller and more accurate cation-anion-cation bond angles. For ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ stishovite, ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ rutile, and ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}$${\mathrm{SiO}}_{4}$ spinel, which have more closely packed crystal structures, the structures are modeled well with both the PEG and MEG models, but the energies are more accurately calculated with the PEG model. The improved results for the energies are due to the stronger bonds formed when charge density moves into the bonding regions. Electron-distribution plots are in good agreement with those from accurate band-structure calculations for the cristobalite and stishovite phases of silica. The electron-distribution plots show that the nonspherical distortions increase from ${\mathrm{BeF}}_{2}$ to ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ to ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$, demonstrating that the extent of covalent bonding increases from ${\mathrm{BeF}}_{2}$ to ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ to ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$, in agreement with electronegativity differences. We find that covalent effects are not as important in ${\mathrm{MgSiO}}_{3}$ perovskite as they are in the silica polymorphs quartz, cristobalite and stishovite, and ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}$${\mathrm{SiO}}_{4}$ spinel.
Research Report: Death of a salesman: Webpage-based manipulations of mortality salience

Most people are accustomed to ignoring the advertisements that they encounter while surfing the Internet, despite the profound effects such advertisements can have on behavior. We showed that webpage advertisements can remind people of their mortality (Study 1) and lead them to invest in culturally valued behavior (Studies 2-4). Specifically, individuals in the ''mortality salience'' condition reported greater worldview defense (Study 2) and spent more money on luxury items (Studies 3 and 4) than those in the control condition, consistent with proposals set forth by terror management theory. In Study 4, death-related thoughts mediated the relationship between mortality salience and willingness to spend money on luxury items. Findings are discussed in the context of online consumer behavior.
Trials that matter: varenicline: a designer drug to help smokers quit.

The development of varenicline reflects new understanding of how nicotine acts to increase craving for cigarettes. Two studies recently published in the Journal of the American Medical Association ...
Synthesis of tungsten oxide on copper surfaces by electroless deposition

Tungsten oxide films were successfully synthesized by electroless deposition on copper substrates from tungsten-peroxo electrolytes. The reducing electrons were provided by the copper substrate during oxidation to CuO. Mesoporous tungsten oxide was also fabricated by this method using SDS as a templating agent. This method can be used to fabricate molybdenum oxide, niobium oxide, zirconium oxide, and titanium oxide from metal-peroxo electrolytes.
ATMOSPHERIC NOISE MEASUREMENTS AT MAUNA KEA OBSERVATORY AND LOS ALAMOS.

A MICROWAVE radiometer was operated at Los Alamos, New Mexico, at an altitude of 7,300 feet, during the period August 1968 to July 1969 and the same radiometer was operated from November 1969 to August 1970 at Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii at an altitude of 13,800 feet. We present here measurements of atmospheric noise made with the radiometer.
On advantages of SO(8)

Abstract Canonical representations of a Weyl group W ( R ) in zero-weight spaces of a simple Lie algebra G are extended onto the whole group of automorphisms A(R). It is shown how the constructed A ( R ) action describes particle-antiparticle conjugation. Some consequences of a fact that for G = so(8) the symmetry group of the Dynkin diagram, A ( R )/ W ( R ), is isomorphic to S 3 are analyzed from a point of view of possible physical applications.
A Comparison of Scalar PDF Turbulent Combustion Models

Thermo-chemical scalar probability density functions (pdfs) measured in nonpremixed hydrogen and methane turbulent jet flames are compared a priori with an advanced conventional assumed shape pdf model, as well as a recently proposed constructed pdf model. The constructed pdf, by incorporating the underlying physics of advection by all unsteady eddies, molecular diffusion and chemical reaction, displays consistent and substantial a priori improvement over the conventional assumed shape pdf. In addition, the constructed pdf model may be parameterized by considerably fewer lower moments, and in particular, first moments, promising affordable and accurate implementation in a moment-equation solver.
Static Screening by a Bounded Electron Gas

The screening of a static charge distribution inside and near the surface of a bounded quantum-degenerate electron gas is calculated in the self-consistent Hartree approximation. Special attention is paid to the Friedel-type oscillations of the screening charge density. Going inside the gas from an impurity near the surface, the oscillations are found to be larger than the corresponding oscillations in a homogeneous electron gas. The enhancement is caused by contributions to the oscillations due to electrons forward scattered by the screened potential.
Evolution of multiple genome mutations during long-term persistent infection by vesicular stomatitis virus

Persistent infection of BHK21 cells was established with cloned vesicular somatitis virus plus purified Dl particles and maintained in vitro for over 5 years. After 1 year of persistence, the infectious virus RNA genome had evolved several oligonucleotide map changes, and numerous changes had accumulated by 3.5 years. Additional evolution occurred by the fourth year and continued until the fifth year. In contrast, repeated passage of virus in acute infections of several cell types in vitro or in vivo did not lead to detectable oligonucleotide map changes. The short Dl particle originally used to co-infect with infectious virus in establishing persistent infection has been displaced by an ever present and constantly changing population of other Dl particles of differing sizes and radically differing oligonucleotide maps. We conclude that the genomes of both infectious VSV and its Dl particles undergo continuous evolutionary change during years of persistence. In the infectious virus, these changes involve hundreds of mutations which are usually expressed as poorly replicating, temperature-sensitive, small plaque mutants. These are stable mutants which do not revert to wild-type when passaged repeatedly in acute infections at 37 or 33 degrees C. It appears that the sequestered intracellular environment of persistently infected cells favors rapid and continuous virus evolution.
The effect of chlorambucil upon lysozyme activity.

Chicken egg white lysozyme is progressively inhibited by diazoacetyl-DL-norleucine methyl ester (DANME) and by chlorambucil at concentrations of 3.4 x 10 -3 M and 5 x 10 -3 M respectively over a three-hour time period. DANME inhibits lysozyme activity to the extent of 87%, and chlorambucil inhibits the enzyme to the extent of 93%. N,N',N-triacetylchitotriose [(NAG) 3 ]. which binds to subsites A, B and C of the enzyme protects lysozyme from DANME inhibition to the extent of 40% of the total activity when added to the enzyme at a concentration of 3.6 x 10 -3 M prior to the addition of DANME. (NAG) 3 protects the enzyme from inhibition by chlorambucil to the extent of 14% of the total activity when added to the enzyme at a concentration of 5.6 x 10 -3 M prior to the addition of chlorambucil. Since DANME reacts exclusively with carboxyl groups, and since aspartic acid 101 is required for binding the carbohydrate substrate at site A, it is suggested that (NAG) 3 may bind reversibly to the active site of the enzyme, thereby protecting aspartic acid 101 from esterification by DANME and subsequent inactivation. Chlorambucil, which may react with carboxyl, amino, imidazole and thiol groups, more likely acts upon a larger number of susceptible sites, thereby causing irreversible alkylation and conformation changes. As a bifunctional alkylating agent, it may also cross-link with two available nucleophiles. The K m for lysozyme with M. lysodeikticus as a substrate in wholly aqueous medium was determined to be 0.05 mg/mL. The inhibitor exhibits a partially uncompetitive inhibition upon pre-incubation with the enzyme, and a mixed inhibition between competititve and noncompetitive when pre-incubated with the substrate.
Future Directions in Latin American Gender History

I want to take this opportunity to thank Eric Van Young for inviting me to give this speech today. It is a great honor and a pleasure to have the opportunity to share with you some of my thoughts concerning the development of gender studies in Latin American history as well as the issues that need to be addressed in future years. When I first became interested in gender history in the 1970s, it seemed unlikely that journals such as Luso-Brazilian Studies would ever dedicate an entire issue to women's studies. Yet this year there is such an issue. It helps us appreciate how accepted gender studies have become for Latin American historians.
All teas are not created equal The Chinese green tea and cardiovascular health

Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, next only to water. It can be categorized into three types, depending on the level of fermentation, i.e., green (unfermented), oolong (partially fermented) and black (fermented) tea. In general, green tea has been found to be superior to black tea in terms of antioxidant activity owing to the higher content of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. The processes used in the manufacture of black tea are known to decrease levels of the monometric catechins to a much greater extent than the less severe conditions applied to other teas. The cardioprotective effect of flavonoids from green tea can be attributed to not only antioxidant, antithrombogenic and anti-inflammatory properties but also improvement of coronary flow velocity reserve. In this article, I will discuss the effects of green tea on atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity, and, finally, its comparison with black tea.
High pressure-high temperature synthesis and elasticity of the cubic nitride spinel γ-Si3N4

The compressional behaviour of a new dense form of silicon nitride with the cubic spinel structure is studied by energy dispersive x-ray diffraction, following in situ synthesis from the low pressure form by laser heating in the diamond anvil cell, combined with theoretical density functional calculations (LDA and GGA). The unit cell dimension and the ambient temperature bulk modulus and its pressure derivative are determined to be V0 = 8.29(±0.03) A 3 /atom, K0 = 308(±5) GPa and K � 0 = 4±(0.2), in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations within the LDA and GGA. The calculated shear modulus is two to three times those of corresponding oxide spinels, and there is a substantial Cauchy violation, indicating a material with strong covalent bonding that is likely to be extremely hard.