cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical stimulation and imaging of functional brain circuitry in a segmented laminar flow chamber

Microfluidic technology is emerging as a useful tool for the study of brain slices, offering precise delivery of chemical factors along with robust oxygen and nutrient transport. However, continued reliance upon electrode-based physiological recording poses inherent limitations in terms of physical access, as well as the number of sites that can be sampled simultaneously. In the present study, we combine a microfluidic laminar flow chamber with fast voltage-sensitive dye imaging and laser photostimulation via caged glutamate to map neural network activity across large cortical regions in living brain slices. We find that the closed microfluidic chamber results in greatly improved signal-to-noise performance for optical measurements of neural signaling. These optical tools are also leveraged to characterize laminar flow interfaces within the device, demonstrating a functional boundary width of less than 100 μm. Finally, we utilize this integrated platform to investigate the mechanism of signal propagation for spontaneous neural activity in the developing mouse hippocampus. Through the use of localized Ca2+ depletion, we provide evidence for Ca2+-dependent synaptic transmission.
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smouldering multiple myeloma: emphasis on risk factors for progression.

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is characterized by a serum monoclonal protein 50 years and in 5% >70 years of age. The risk of progression to multiple myeloma (MM) or a related disorder is 1% per year. Patients with risk factors consisting of an abnormal serum free light chain ratio, non-immunoglobulin G (IgG) MGUS, and an elevated serum M protein >/=15 g/l had a risk of progression at 20 years of 58%, compared with 37% with two risk factors present, 21% with one risk factor present, and 5% when none of the risk factors were present. Smouldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma is characterized by having a serum IgG or IgA monoclonal protein of 30 g/l or higher and/or 10% or more plasma cells in the bone marrow but no evidence of end-organ damage. The cumulative probability of progression to active MM or amyloidosis was 51% at 5 years, 66% at 10 years and 73% at 15 years; the median time to progression was 4.8 years.
Niklas Luhmann: His contribution to the sociology of religion

This article examines the version of religion outlined by Niklas Luhmann. In line with the tradition represented by Durkheim, Luhmann argues that religion embodies social reality. Nonetheless, according to Luhmann, society is not an abstract system, but a reality based on a commonly held stock of knowledge. Thus religious activity is the process whereby a common referent for interaction is established, and not something that originates from an abstract system. Religion, in this sense, is social and grounded. In order to illustrate clearly this shift in understanding religion, Luhmann's and Parsons' work are compared.
The Amana colonies' change from communalism to capitalism in 1932

Abstract Nineteenth-century Europe produced numerous religious communal societies, some of which emigrated to the United States. One, the Amana Colonies, survived in its communal form until 1932, at which time it switched to a free enterprise system. Financial information relating to the society's 59 businesses is used to analyze its conversion. The study finds that the society's bookkeeping methods severely handicapped the ability of the leadership to make economically rational decisions. In a time of major macroeconomic stress (the Farm Depression and the Great Depression), the tide of financial losses exhausted the society's resources. The economic activities of the Amanites are compared with those of two viable contemporary groups: the Hutterites and the Israeli kibbutzim.
Robust adaptive control with reduced knowledge of unmodeled dynamics

The author presents a robust model reference adaptive control (RMRAC) scheme for plants with unmodeled dynamics of unknown stability margin. To generate the normalizing signal used in the adaptive law for updating the controller parameters the RMRAC scheme uses a modified algorithm which does not need the knowledge of the stability margin of the unmodeled dynamics. The modified RMRAC scheme guarantees that the closed-loop plant is globally stable in the presence of unmodeled dynamics whose stability margin may be unknown, and the tracking error is bounded by the order of the unmodeled dynamics in the mean and reduces to zero asymptotically with time when the modeling error is absent. >
A theoretical prediction of the ions distribution in an amphoteric polymer gel

Abstract In order to obtain the optimum design for the realization of a high performance gel actuator, the ion distribution profiles in the gel are obtained theoretically by solving the Poisson–Bolzmann equation. Regardless of the types of ions (mobile cation, immobile cation, mobile anion and immobile anion), ion concentration is found to change abruptly at the electrode–gel interface. Based on this result, we found that gel could be deformed only in this interface region. Then we concluded that: (i) the use of an amphoteric gel rather than a cationic or an anionic gel; (ii) applying high voltage to gel; and (iii) the import of the electrode–gel interface as many as possible are promising strategies for the design of practical use gel actuator.
Chronic Uveitis in Guinea Pigs Infected with Varicella-Zoster Virus Expressing Escherichia coli β-Galactosidase

There is no small animal model that replicates chickenpox and herpes zoster, which are caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Therefore, to detect VZV in tissues of infected animals, the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene was inserted into the viral genome. Intravitreal inoculation of guinea pigs with virus-infected cells resulted in a chronic uveitis, with mononuclear cells in the vitreous cavity of the eye of nearly all animals. Staining with X-gal demonstrated the presence of VZV in the ciliary body or iris of approximately 40% of the animals and in retinal pigmented epithelial cells in 4 animals. X-gal staining showed VZV in the eye of 1 animal 140 days after inoculation. These experiments indicate that VZV expressing beta-galactosidase is useful for detecting virus in tissues and that VZV can cause a chronic uveitis in which virus can be detected in some animals for up to 4 months.
A DEFINITE CLAUSE VERSION OF CATEGORIAL GRAMMAR

We introduce a first-order version of Categorial Grammar, based on the idea of encoding syntactic types as definite clauses. Thus, we drop all explicit requirements of adjacency between combinable constituents, and we capture word-order constraints simply by allowing subformulae of complex types to share variables ranging over string positions. We are in this way able to account for constructions involving discontinuous constituents. Such constructions involving discontinuous constituents. Such constructions are difficult to handle in the more traditional version of Categorial Grammar, which is based on propositional types and on the requirement of strict string adjacency between combinable constituents.We show then how, for this formalism, parsing can be efficiently implemented as theorem proving. Our approach to encoding types as definite clauses presupposes a modification of standard Horn logic syntax to allow internal implications in definite clauses. This modification is needed to account for the types of higher-order functions and, as a consequence, standard Prolog-like Horn logic theorem proving is not powerful enough. We tackle this problem by adopting an intuitionistic treatment of implication, which has already been proposed elsewhere as an extension of Prolog for implementing hypothetical reasoning and modular logic programming.
Correlation of quantitative measures with the modified Ashworth scale in the assessment of plantar flexor spasticity in patients with traumatic brain injury.

This study of plantar flexor spasticity describes relationships among a traditional qualitative spasticity scale, three potential quantitative spasticity measures and a measure of voluntary ankle muscle function. Thirty-four volunteer adult patients with traumatic brain injuries participated. There were 28 males and 6 females; the mean age was 30.3 years. A battery of five randomly sequenced tests was performed for each subject on one ankle. Tests were: modified Ashworth scale (MAS) scoring; H-reflex testing with and without Achilles tendon vibration; H-reflex testing with and without dorsiflexor contraction; reflex threshold angle and timed toe tapping (TTT). Twenty-six subjects returned to have the second ankle tested, resulting in 60 ankles for the analyses. Spearman's coefficients for correlation of quantitative spasticity measures with MAS scores ranged from 0.39 to 0.49 with associated probabilities ≤ 0.002. Pearson coefficients for correlation of quantitative spasticity measures with TTT scores were lower but also significant (P ≤ 0.07). Multiple correlation for the set of quantitative measures yieldedR = 0.614 (P < 0.001) with MAS scores andR = 0.365 (P = 0.045) with TTT scores. These findings reveal statistically significant relationships of low to moderate strength among potential quantitative spasticity measures, a traditional qualitative spasticity scale and a simple measure of voluntary ankle muscle function. Understanding these relationships is an essential part of the ongoing search for quantitative spasticity measures.
Do Investors Differentially Value Tax Avoidance of Income Mobile Firms

We provide evidence that tax avoidance is positively associated with firm value, and that the association is greater for income mobile firms. We classify firms with the ability to tax-efficiently structure global operations as "income mobile." The tax minimization strategies available to these firms are, on average, more long-term and sustainable than those available to other firms. As such, we predict and find that tax avoidance is more positively associated with firm value for income mobile firms. These findings suggest that investors recognize and value long-term, sustainable tax avoidance. We also investigate whether this association weakens after 2006, a period characterized by increased worldwide scrutiny and enhanced financial statement disclosures of tax avoidance. We find that income mobile tax avoidance is less positively valued after 2006. This suggests that investors recognize the increased risk associated with income mobile tax planning in recent years.
Cool URIs and Dynamic Data

Linked datasets contain descriptions that change over time. Applications that leverage linked data must be aware of these change dynamics to deliver accurate services. Here, the authors highlight important challenges that are involved in dealing with change and review possible solutions.
Green tea extract decreases muscle pathology and NF-κB immunostaining in regenerating muscle fibers of mdx mice

Summary Background & aims Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a debilitating genetic disorder characterized by severe muscle wasting and early death in afflicted boys. The primary cause of this disease is mutations in the dystrophin gene resulting in massive muscle degeneration and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine if dystrophic muscle pathology and inflammation were decreased by pre-natal and early dietary intervention with green tea extract. Methods Mdx breeder mice and pups were fed diets containing 0.25% or 0.5% green tea extract and compared to untreated mdx and C57BL/6J mice. Serum creatine kinase was assessed as a systemic indicator of muscle damage. Quantitative histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine muscle pathology, macrophage infiltration, and NF-κB localization. Results Early treatment of mdx mice with green tea extract significantly decreased serum creatine kinase by ∼85% at age 42 days (P ≤ 0.05). In these mice, the area of normal fiber morphology was increased by as much as ∼32% (P ≤ 0.05). The primary histopathological change was a ∼21% decrease in the area of regenerating fibers (P ≤ 0.05). NF-κB staining in regenerating muscle fibers was also significantly decreased in green tea extract-treated mdx mice when compared to untreated mdx mice (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Early treatment with green tea extract decreases dystrophic muscle pathology potentially by regulating NF-κB activity in regenerating muscle fibers.
Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Bumetanide and Furosemide in Long-Term Treatment of Edema Due to Congestive Heart Failure

Bumetanide and furosemide were compared for efficacy in reducing edema due to congestive heart failure in 28 patients (21 receiving bumetanide and seven receiving furosemide) in a long-term study for periods from one week to 18 months. In both groups the patients showed decreases in body weight, abdominal girth, edema, hepatomegaly, blood pressure, and heart rate. Commonly observed decreases frequently achieved statistical significance, more often with bumetanide, but the differences between treatments were rarely statistically significant. Both drugs were generally well tolerated. A breast nodule and gynecomastia were each reported once in the bumetanide group as was gynecomastia in one patient who had been on furosemide, all remotely related to test drugs. Soft stools, flatulence, mild constipation, and diminished vision each reported once in the bumetanide group were judged to be unrelated or remotely related to the drug therapy. Tendencies toward hypokalemia, hypochloremia, alkalosis, and hyperuricemia without clinical gout were deemed the result of the pharmacologic action of the diuretics. Others were attributable to the underlying disease state of these patients. Both diuretics proved to be effective in the treatment of cardiac edema and other manifestations of heart failure. Bumetanide treatment beyond six months in 11 patients indicated continued safety as well as efficacy.
The Information Environment and Universal Service

This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment.
Disease on nursery stock as affected by environmental factors and seasonal inoculum levels of Phytophthora ramorum in stream water used for irrigation.

A pear bait monitoring system was used to detect and quantify Phytophthora ramorum propagules in streams that flow through woodland areas with sudden oak death in Santa Cruz County, CA from 2001 to 2007. Stream propagules were detected most frequently or occurred in highest concentrations in winter and spring. The stream propagule concentration was characterized with statistical models using temperature and rainfall variables from 2004 to 2007. The highest concentrations of propagules occurred when stream sampling was preceded by about 2 months with low maximum daily temperatures and by 4 days with high rainfall. The occurrence of propagules in streams in the summer was mostly associated with infected leaves from the native host Umbellaria californica that prematurely abscised and fell into the water. When the stream water was used for irrigating rhododendron nursery stock from 2004 to 2007, disease occurred only three times in the two wettest springs (2005 and 2006) on plants sprinkler irrigated with stream water with relatively high concentrations of propagules. Disease incidence was described with a statistical model using the concentration of infective propagules as measured by pear baiting and consecutive hours of leaf wetness measured by electronic sensors at rhododendron height. The concentration of infective propagules was significantly reduced after water was pumped from the stream and applied through sprinklers.
Distribution and excretion of hexafluophosphate.

Summary1. Distribution and excretion of radiophosphorus labelled hexafluophosphate ion has been investigated in the rat. 2. The concentration of PF6 in whole blood and plasma reached a maximum at 15 minutes, fell precipitously, and none was found 18 hours after its injection. 3. Evidence is presented that PF6 is not hydrolyzed by the rat. 4. Injected PF6 is rapidly and quantitatively excreted in the urine.
A comparison of two conformal methods for FDTD modeling

Two conformal finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods are considered, the contour path (CPFDTD) method of Jurgens et al. (see IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol.40, p.357, 1992) and the overlapping grid (OGFDTD) method of Yee et al. (see IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol.40, p.1068, 1992). Both TE and TM scattering from a two-dimensional (2-D), perfectly conducting circular cylinder are used to test the accuracy of the methods for curved surfaces. Also, TE and TM scattering from a 2-D, perfectly-conducting rotated square cylinder are used to test the accuracy for corners and edges. It is shown that the conformal method proposed by Yee et al. provide significant improvement in accuracy over the original FDTD algorithm for most of the geometries studied. However, implementation becomes more difficult as the geometries become more complex. The conformal method proposed by Jurgens et al. provide significant improvement in accuracy as well for most of the geometries studied. However, improvement does not occur for the TM case when the square cylinder is not aligned properly with the grid. Implementation of the CPFDTD method is relatively straightforward. For the majority of the cases studied, the OGFDTD method is more accurate than the CPFDTD method.
Simulation of transmission line transients using a personal computer

The authors present a technique for investigating traveling-wave phenomena on transmission lines using a personal computer. The transmission line is divided into n segments, each consisting of a series resistance and inductance and a shunt conductance and capacitance. A state model is formulated using the capacitor voltage and inductor currents as the state variables. Trapezoidal integration is used to convert the state equations to a set of linear difference equations which are very sparse. The state variables are updated by solving this set of equations. The technique has been verified using the Electromagnetic Transients Program. Execution times for several test cases indicate that it is suitable for use on personal computers. >
Taxonomic and biological observations on the tiger flatworm, Maritigrella crozieri (Hyman, 1939), new combination (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Euryleptidae) from Florida waters

The tiger flatworm, Maritigrella crozieri (Hyman, 1939) (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Cotylea) new combination, is redescribed from eastern Florida and the Florida Keys. This marine flatworm is one of the most common polyclads within warm temperate to tropical west Atlantic, yet it has been misidentified consistently as a pseudocerotid. Animals were kept alive in the laboratory for 3 weeks for biological observations. Findings indicated that these euryleptids employ hypodermic insemination, with multiple copulations occurring over several days. Sperm was transferred in sperm bundles bilaterally with little apparent damage to the epidermis of the copulating worms. Copulation sessions were variable and lasted an average of 15.4 min. In situ and laboratory observations indicated that M. crozieri fed exclusively on the mangrove ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata Herdman, 1880, an individual consuming one prey zooid in an average of 17 min and an average of 19 zooids over 24h.
Molecular Sensors and Mediators of Skin Cancer Preventative Phytochemicals

Skin cancer, a leading cause of cancer deaths in the US population, lacks treatment options when the disease relapses at local or distant sites.
Long-term renal functional outcomes of minimally invasive partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma

Abstract Objective Preservation of renal function is the major benefit of partial over radical nephrectomy. We evaluated patients undergoing minimally invasive partial nephrectomy (MIPN) to better understand factors predicting long-term renal function. Methods We identified 358 patients who underwent MIPN for confirmed renal cell carcinoma between 1998 and 2011 with a serum creatinine level at least 1 year postoperatively. Exposure variables included demographic, clinical, and perioperative information. The primary outcome was clinically significant progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) class, defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decreasing from >60 to Results Median follow-up was 39 months. Only 7 patients had a solitary kidney. A total of 47 patients (13%) had CKD class progression. The estimates for remaining free of CKD class progression at 5, 7, and 10 years were 86.98%, 75.45%, and 53.54%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, lower preoperative eGFR (odds ratio [OR] = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.96–0.98), larger tumor size (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.01–1.48), and longer ischemia time (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.05) were associated with CKD class progression. Conclusions Clinically significant progression of CKD occurs in a minority of patients 5 years after MIPN, but in almost one-half, it occurs 10 years after surgery. Lower preoperative eGFR and larger tumor size are associated with greater incidence of CKD progression. Longer ischemia time, even when most patients had 2 kidneys and when controlling for other factors, nonetheless increased the risk of CKD progression, although this may be a marker of other unmeasured variables.
Tardis 2.0: An Optimized Time Traveling Coherence Protocol.

The scalability of cache coherence protocols is a significant challenge in multicore and other distributed shared memory systems. Traditional snoopy and directory-based coherence protocols are difficult to scale up to many-core systems because of the overhead of broadcasting and storing sharers for each cacheline. Tardis, a recently proposed coherence protocol, shows potential in solving the scalability problem, since it only requires O(logN) storage per cacheline for an N-core system and needs no broadcasting support. The original Tardis protocol, however, only supports the sequential consistency memory model. This limits its applicability in real systems since most processors today implement relaxed consistency models like Total Store Order (TSO). Tardis also incurs large network traffic overhead on some benchmarks due to an excessive number of renew messages. Furthermore, the original Tardis protocol has suboptimal performance when the program uses spinning to communicate between threads. In this paper, we address these downsides of Tardis protocol and make it significantly more practical. Specifically, we discuss the architectural, memory system and protocol changes required in order to implement TSO consistency model on Tardis, and prove that the modified protocol satisfies TSO. We also propose optimizations for better leasing policies and to handle program spinning. Evaluated on 20 benchmarks, optimized Tardis at 64 (256) cores can achieve average performance improvement of 15.8% (8.4%) compared to the baseline Tardis and 1% (3.4%) compared to the baseline directory protocol. Our optimizations also reduce the average network traffic by 4.3% (6.1%) compared to the baseline directory protocol. On this set of benchmarks, optimized Tardis improves on a fullmap directory protocol in the metrics of energy, performance and storage, while being simpler to implement.
On the Meaning of Grit…and Hope…and Fate Control…and Alienation…and Locus of Control…and…Self-Efficacy…and…Effort Optimism…and….

After a long period of emphasis on academic skills, researchers have recently shown growing interest in the importance of noncognitive skills as drivers of life outcomes for poor children. “Grit” and “hope” are among the more popular focal points in this research. This article argues terms like these are most useful when they are thought of as a part of a cluster of concepts related to the idea of alienation, in the sense of powerlessness. Framing the “new” concepts that way helps connect our thinking to a wider range of empirical work and helps identify important unresolved issues for future research. We also argue the most profitable approaches will be those which help us understand how individual characteristics interact with structural context, avoiding an exclusive emphasis on either individual characteristics or structural contexts.
Dual-regularized multi-view outlier detection

Multi-view outlier detection is a challenging problem due to the inconsistent behaviors and complicated distributions of samples across different views. The existing approaches are designed to identify the outlier exhibiting inconsistent characteristics across different views. However, due to the inevitable system errors caused by data-captured sensors or others, there always exists another type of outlier, which consistently behaves abnormally in individual view. Unfortunately, this kind of outlier is neglected by all the existing multi-view outlier detection methods, consequently their outlier detection performances are dramatically harmed. In this paper, we propose a novel Dual-regularized Multi-view Outlier Detection method (DMOD) to detect both kinds of anomalies simultaneously. By representing the multi-view data with latent coefficients and sample-specific errors, we characterize each kind of outlier explicitly. Moreover, an outlier measurement criterion is well-designed to quantify the inconsistency. To solve the proposed non-smooth model, a novel optimization algorithm is proposed in an iterative manner. We evaluate our method on five datasets with different outlier settings. The consistent superior results to other state-of-the-art methods demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Simulating longer vectors of correlated binary random variables via multinomial sampling

The ability to simulate correlated binary data is important for sample size calculation and comparison of methods for analyzing clustered and longitudinal data with dichotomous outcomes. One available approach for simulating vectors of length n of dichotomous random variables is to sample them from multinomial distribution of all possible length n permutations of zeros and ones. However, the multinomial sampling method has only been implemented in a general form (without making the initial restrictive assumptions) for vectors of length 2 and 3 because constructing multinomial distribution is very challenging for longer vectors. This difficulty can be overcome by presenting an algorithm for simulating correlated binary data via multinomial sampling that can be easily used for directly computing the multinomial distribution for any value of n. To demonstrate the approach, vectors of length 4 and 8 are simulated for assessing the power during the planning phase of a study and for evaluating the choice of working correlation structure in an analysis with generalized estimating equations.
Heat Induced Structural Rearrangement and Crystallite Formation in Thin Films of Room Temperature Plasma-Polymerized Titanium (IV) Isopropoxide

Analysis of plasma polymerized TiOxCyNzfilms annealed in the temperature range of 300-700oC, revealed different mechanisms responsible for film densification below 300oC and the formation of TiO2crystalline phases at temperatures over 500oC.
Fundamentals of musculoskeletal biomechanics

Biomechanics is the field of study which applies fundamental principles of mechanics to biological problems. Mass, time, and length are the basic variables of the biomechanics, and they are scalar quantities which can be described by a magnitude. Force and moment are vector quantities that take direction (or line) of action into account in addition to the magnitude. Time rate of change of position is velocity, and time rate of change of velocity is acceleration. Force and moment (torque) are the two important concepts at the basis of biomechanics which give forth to linear and rotational motion, respectively. The magnitude of the forces is equal to mass times acceleration. The magnitude of the moment is equal to the force times its moment arm.
Interference of Optical Beams with Topological Charge

Interference of optical beams carrying equal but opposite integer topological charge is studied using a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
Identifying the Temporal Patterning Confusions in Audio Displays: Developing Guidelines for Complex Audio Displays

Current guidelines and recommendations for auditory displays suggest that human auditory discrimination performance is limited and that auditory displays should be used only for alarm and alerting signals. Auditory warnings are likely to be confused even when their spectra are very different. Reducing confusion between warnings should increase the number of auditory signals which can be presented. The present research investigated the ability of human listeners to discriminate sounds varying in temporal patterning in several sound categories.Although overall accuracy was 92 percent across the 45 dissimilar sound sequences, 7 sequences were found to be easily confused and accounted for 64 percent of the total errors made by listeners, regardless of sound category. According to subject reports, multiple simultaneously presented temporally patterned sounds within each sound category were not perceived as multiple sources but rather were fused into a single complex temporal pattern. Implications for developin...
Functional imaging by optical tomography

Maintenance of appropriate interactions between tissue and its blood supply is critical to health and continuation of normal body function. Time-series optical imaging is a highly effective method for exploring and monitoring these interactions. For this purpose, we have developed a complete temporo-spectral optical imaging system, comprising instrumentation and software.
Learning by Hart: Gender, Image, and Ideology in Vittorio De Sica's Maddalena zero in condotta

Vittorio De Sica's early comedy Maddalena zero in condotta (1940) celebrates a female student's free-spiritedness and appears to reward her rebelliousness. This essay argues, however, that De Sica's film reconsolidates the very gender norms that it appears to relax. Maddalena does this by prompting spectators to identify with a schoolgirl whose heart's desire is for a maturita that rules out real mobility, and whose disobedience thus in fact constitutes deferred obedience. Though not as subversive as it has seemed, De Sica's film remains valuable as a record of continuities between fascist rule and the post-war regime of ‘repressive tolerance’. Such tolerance, which still figures in contemporary theories of ideology, makes it difficult to distinguish capture from liberation, obligation from breathing free. Maddalena lets us see the school as a key testing ground for this kind of tolerance, at once ideological and ‘counter-ideological’.
The Vulnerability of Urban Elementary School Arts Programs: A Case Study:

With the intent of improving understanding of cuts to elementary arts programs, the purpose of this research was to investigate how one urban school district (Lansing School District in Lansing, Mi...
Insurance status as a predictor of mortality in patients undergoing head and neck cancer surgery

Objective Explore relationship between insurance status and survival, determine outcomes that vary based on insurance status, and identify potential areas of intervention. Study Design Retrospective cohort analysis of patients who underwent resection of an upper aerodigestive tract malignancy at a single tertiary care hospital during a 5-year period. Methods Patients were categorized into four groups by insurance status: Medicaid or uninsured, Medicare and under 65 years of age, Medicare and 65 years or older, and private insurance. Data were collected from the medical record and analyzed with respect to survival and other outcomes. Results The final cohort consisted of 860 patients. Survival analysis demonstrated a hazard ratio of 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–3.0) for the Medicaid/uninsured group when compared to the private insurance group. When adjusted for other variables, mortality was still different across insurance groups (P = 0.002). The following also were different across insurance groups: tumor stage (P < 0.001), American Society of Anesthesiologists score (P < 0.001), length of stay (P < 0.001), and complications (P = 0.021). The Medicaid/uninsured group was most likely to have a complication (odds ratio [OR] = 2.10, 95% CI 1.24–3.56, P = 0.006). Conclusion Medicaid/uninsured patients present with more advanced tumors and have poorer survival than privately insured patients. Insurance status is predictive of tumor stage, comorbidity burden, length of stay, and complications. Specifically, the Medicaid/uninsured group had high rates of tobacco use and alcohol abuse, advanced stage tumors, and postoperative complications. Because alcohol abuse and advanced stage also were predictors of poor survival, they may contribute to the survival disparity for socially disadvantaged patients. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2017
The Early History of Cell Physiology

It was not until the early nineteenth century that physiology was thought of as the knowledge of the physics and chemistry of living functions. Aristotle (384–322 B.C.) used the term physiology in a broad sense to mean “knowledge about nature” (Rothschuh, 1973). Thales of Miletos (ca. 640–548 B.C.) tried to explain all natural phenomena in terms of variations of one single principle: water. Empedocles of Agrigentum (ca. 495–435 B.C.) believed that the world was formed from four basic elements—fire, water, air, and earth—operated upon by two opposing forces: love that unites them and hate that separates them. Both he and Hippocrates (ca. 460–377 B.C.), who founded Western medicine, considered the human body to be a microcosmos embodying the same four elements as the macrocosmic world. These, and the four opposing qualities of warmth or coldness, dryness or moisture, combine to form four humors: blood, which is warm and moist; phlegm, cold and moist; black bile, cold and dry; and yellow bile, warm and dry.
First Report of Native Astata unicolor (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) Predation on the Nymphs and Adults of the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Summary Native insect predators and parasitoids can help regulate invasive insect pest species. The brown marmorated stink bug, Halymorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an introduced pest of fruits and vegetables in the eastern USA that originated in Asia. Surveys for native biological control agents of this pest detected the crabronid predatory wasp Astata unicolor (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) and the generalist predatory bug Arilus cristatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) using the nymphs and adults of this introduced pest as prey. Temporal distribution of the wasp was determined from water pan traps and net collections over 5 years in floral provisioning strips that were established for pollinator conservation programs in tree fruit farms. Blue vane traps used for bee monitoring did not capture A. unicolor in pollinator plantings. Astata unicolor was not found in 6 commercial apple orchards that were monitored concurrently using either pan or blue vane traps over a 4 yr period.
New Biologics for Asthma

Two articles now published in the Journal indicate that dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the alpha subunit of the interleukin-4 receptor that inhibits interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 signaling, has a salutary treatment effect in severe asthma. In the first trial,1 patients with oral glucocorticoid–dependent severe asthma were able to reduce their oral glucocorticoid dose without losing control of their asthma when dupilumab was added to their regimens as compared with placebo. Even though the glucocorticoid dose was reduced, there were, on average, fewer exacerbations in the active-treatment group than in the placebo group, and lung function, as measured by the . . .
Safety of dose-reduced pemetrexed in patients with renal insufficiency.

PurposePemetrexed has been shown to be effective in the treatment of advanced and metastatic nonsquamous nonsmall cell lung cancer. In this population, renal insufficiency is common; however, pemet...
Organic Problem Reactions Under Pressure

No technique or new approach worth its salt survives for long in the public’s interest if all that it can do is to show that it could have solved old problems had it been on the scene on time. High pressure chemistry is no exception to this harsh rule; to pay its way it must be applicable to current problems. In my first lecture I attempted to show that volume changes can be very nicely correlated with structural changes when the latter have already been well defined; now it is time to see whether this correlation is strong enough to be capable of extrapolation into less well reconnoitered territory. As in my first lecture, detailed references to the original work to be discussed now may be found in the review literature quoted there.
Financial Considerations Related to Materials/Logistics Management

Financial management is the study and practice of monetary decision making within a company. Financial managers are members of a management team responsible for finding funds, managing them, and determining their best use.1 There are many stages during the growth or the contraction of a company where financial decisions determine its success or failure. For example, expansion funds can be obtained from many sources, such as the sale of stocks or bonds, bank loans, and capital equipment leasing. Input into each financial decision comes from members of the management team, which includes groups such as materials/logistics management, engineering, and marketing. However, the financial officer selects the best alternative, evaluating the present and future impact of the decision, and makes a recommendation to the chief executive officer (CEO). The CEO makes the final decision.
Models of sustained attention

Attention is not constant, but fluctuates from moment-to-moment. Multiple neurocognitive factors contribute to these fluctuations, acting to help us get 'in the zone' as well as pulling us away from this optimal and fleeting state. Models of arousal, mind wandering, cognitive resource allocation, and effort have consequences for this fundamental process. Integrating these models with an understanding of how attentional fluctuations impact information processing-from stimulus to motor representations-will help to reveal the causes and consequences of these fluctuations. This integrated perspective has implications for a range of clinical populations and cognitive processes that rely on attention.
Follow-up to Hartmann & Prichard: Should universities invest in promoting healthy sleep? A question of academic and economic significance.

Abstract Objective We use regression results from Hartmann & Prichard (2018) in conjunction with other publicly available data to estimate the economic benefits from early identification and treatment of sleep problems on raising the likelihood of students' college graduation and future earnings. Results The benefits of improved graduation rates and future earnings exceed the cost of being screened, educated, and treated for sleep problems. Conclusions Based on the demand for information about healthy sleep by students and the established link between sleep problems and academic success, universities should consider instituting sleep health programs to identify and support students with sleep disturbances early in their academic careers.
Electric current effects in spark plasma sintering: From the evidence of physical phenomenon to constitutive equation formulation

Abstract The impact of the electric current on sintering is revealed by introducing the three heating modes during spark plasma sintering enabling the different electric current density flowing into the electrically conductive powders under the same temperature. The experimental evidence of the electric current effect on sintering is demonstrated by the determination of the constitutive parameters obtained from the three heating modes. The enhancement of the dislocation motion and the reduction of the flow stress under the electric current passage are experimentally proven by the ex-situ mechanical strength tests and using the X-ray diffraction results analyzed by the modified Williamson-Hall equation.
Investigation of longwall headgate stress distribution with an emphasis on pillar behavior

Abstract This study uses an extensive suite of borehole pressure cell (BPC) data from a US longwall mine to better characterize the global stress redistribution process during mining. A new methodology employing the Bieniawksi’s strength gradient equation was used for converting the BPC measurements into rock pressure. It was observed that the Bieniawksi gradient equation underestimates coal strength for points located deeper into the pillar. Comparisons with previous empirical and analytical equations are also presented for different stages of longwall loading. Very low front abutment load in comparison to the side abutment load was observed, along with a low abutment angle for this mine. This abutment angle value was verified from stress measurements made within the solid coal face ahead of the advancing panel. Some other atypical trends were noted during data analyses, such as a monotonic drop in stress from the panel edge within the coal face; these trends were explained using an elastic FLAC3D model. Finally, the load distribution in a pillar is presented in three-dimensions using interpolated bar graphs for different locations of the longwall face.
Do young rhesus macaques know what others see?: A comparative developmental perspective

Humans undergo robust ontogenetic shifts in the theory of mind capabilities. Are these developmental changes unique to human development or are they shared with other closely related non-human species? To explore this issue, we tested the development of the theory of mind capacities in a population of 236 infant and juvenile rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Using a looking-time method, we examined what developing monkeys know about others' perceptions. Specifically, we tested whether younger monkeys predict that a person will reach for an object where she last saw it. Overall, we found a significant interaction between a monkey's age and performance on this task (p = .014). Juvenile monkeys (between two and 5 years of age) show a nonsignificant trend towards human infant-like patterns of performance, looking longer during the unexpected condition as compared to the expected condition, though this difference is nonsignificant (p = .09). However, contrary to findings in human infants, infant rhesus macaques show a different trend. Infant monkeys on average look slightly longer on average during the expected condition than the unexpected condition, though this pattern was not significant (p = .06). Our developmental results in monkeys provide some hints about the development of the theory of mind capacities in non-humans. First, young rhesus macaques appear to show some interest in the perception of other agents. Second, young rhesus seems able to make predictions based on the visual perspective of another agent, though the developmental pattern of this ability is not as clear nor as robust as in humans. As such, though an understanding of others' perceptions is early-emerging in human infants, it may require more experience interacting with other social agents in our non-human relatives.
Effect of magnetic field on a loosely packed, tightly packed and an over-tightly packed metal powder bed

The effect of alternating magnetic field on the pressure drop inside a fixed bed with different types of packing is experimentally investigated. The bed was packed with three different masses of ir...
Billiard Trajectories in Regular Polygons and Geodesics on Regular Polyhedra

This article is devoted to the geometry of billiard trajectories in a regular polygon and geodesics on the surface of a regular polyhedron. Main results are formulated as conjectures based on ample computer experimentation.
Express yourself: Facial expression of happiness, anger, fear, and sadness in funding pitches

Abstract We build upon theory from evolutionary psychology and emotional expression, including basic emotion theory and the dual threshold model of anger in organizations, to extend knowledge about the influence of facial expressions of emotion in entrepreneurial fundraising. First, we conduct a qualitative analysis to understand the objects of entrepreneurs' facial expressions of four basic emotions in their pitches: happiness, anger, fear, and sadness. This provides a base for our theorizing that the frequency of entrepreneurs' facial expression of each of these emotions exhibits an inverted U-shaped relationship with funding. We also argue that the frequency of changes in entrepreneurs' facial expressions is positively related to funding. We test our predictions with a sample of 489 funding pitches using computer-aided facial expression analysis. Results support inverted U-shaped relationships of the frequency of facial expression of happiness, anger, and fear with funding, but show a negative relationship of sadness with funding. Results further support that the frequency of change in entrepreneurs' facial expressions promotes funding.
Pro-Environmental Sustainability and Political Affiliation: An Examination of USA College Sport Sustainability Efforts.

Political ideology is one of the most powerful predictors of perceptions about environmental sustainability and related behaviors. The purpose of this study was to investigate how sport fans’ sustainability-specific values, perceptions, and norms related to awareness, engagement, and influence of USA collegiate sport sustainability efforts based on political affiliation, accounting for age and gender. Data were collected using an online survey distributed to season ticket holders after the 2019 college football season that featured three sponsored sustainability initiatives at each home game. Multivariate analysis of variance and chi-square difference tests found that self-identified Democrats reported significantly higher pro-environmental values and norms, but sustainability program engagement, sponsored initiatives awareness, and influence of initiatives on behavior were politically neutral. Path analysis found that ascription of responsibility was a significant predictor of sustainability-related engagement and behaviors for both Independents and Republicans. The results and discussion sections highlight how academics and practitioners can account for political affiliation when creating campaign messaging for environmental initiatives.