cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research Spotlight: Rain modifies ocean‐atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange

[1] Exchanges of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the atmosphere and the oceans play an important role in the global carbon cycle and in determining how much CO2 is stored in the atmosphere and how much is stored in the ocean. A new study shows that rain can be an important, though often overlooked, factor in this exchange. Rain can contribute to the air-sea carbon exchange in several ways. Rain dilutes the CO2 in the surface layer of the ocean, increases the speed at which gas is transferred between the atmosphere and ocean, and deposits carbon from the atmosphere into the ocean. To determine the effects of rain on the air-sea carbon flux in the western equatorial Pacific, Turk et al. analyzed rain measurements from a buoy at 0°, 156°E during 2002 as well as a dilution model based on observational ocean studies and output from an ocean carbon cycle model. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2010GL045520, 2010)
Neural-network-based observer for turbine engine parameter estimation:

Accurate estimation of unmeasurable engine parameters such as thrust and turbine inlet temperatures constitutes a significant challenge for the aircraft community. A solution to this problem is to estimate these parameters from the measured outputs using an observer. Currently existing technologies rely on Kalman and extended Kalman filters to achieve this estimation. This paper presents a neural-network-based observer that augments the linear Kalman filter with a neural network to compensate for any non-linearity that is not handled by the linear filter. The implemented neural network is a radial basis function network that is trained offline using a growing and pruning algorithm. The neural-network-based observer is trained and simulated to estimate the high-pressure turbine inlet temperature, thrust, and stall margins at different levels of engine degradation for a two-spool turbofan engine. Simulation results show the ability of the observer to accurately estimate the performance parameters. The advantage of this observer is that it does not need explicit estimation of health parameters to accurately estimate the performance parameters.
A NEW PROCEDURE FOR THE MASS EXTRACTION AND COLLECTION OF POTATO GLYCOALKALOIDS

A methodology for the collection of large volumes of potato glycoalkaloids from potato blossoms has been developed for use in preparative work. This new modification shortens and simplifies the laborious proceduresutilized heretofore and should prove a valuable aid for those requiring multiple gram quantities of pure glycoalkaloids for use in further research.
Ribonuclease T1 catalyzed degradation of transfer RNA: an unusual alteration induced by urea.

Abstract Studies on the pH-dependent activity of ribonuclease T1 degradation of tRNA showed, in addition to the expected optimum at pH 7.5, a second pH optimum at pH 4.5. The addition of 7 M urea to the assay system dramatically increased ribonuclease T1 activity at all pH levels tested between 3 and 8; in the presence of 7 M urea, ribonuclease T1 activity at pH 4.5 was double that present at pH 7.5. All preparations of ribonuclease T1 tested showed identical behavior. End-group analysis demonstrated that these alterations in activity were not due to a change in the endonucleolytic specificity of the enzyme.
Using the university archives to demonstrate real research

This essay describes an assignment that I used in an undergraduate Victorian studies course and encourages other instructors to modify it to meet their needs and the needs of their students. Working with the staff of the Archives and Special Collections Department of the institution where I teach, I developed an assignment that would allow students to work in the library to perform genuine primary research on Victorian topics. The result was a written report (500–1,250 words) and an oral presentation to the class. Working with handwritten records, nineteenth‐century books and newspapers, students gained a deeper appreciation for the research process. In addition to examining a particular assignment, the essay also explores the larger problem of teaching undergraduate students about research.
“Meditating tacitus”: Gibbon's adaptation to an eighteenth century audience”

In his Decline and Fall, Gibbon adapts Tacitus to show an eighteenth century audience how the fate of the Roman Empire need not be shared by the new empires of Europe.
Modulation of Taste Aversions by a Pentobarbital Drug State: An Assessment of Its Transfer Properties☆

Abstract In a drug-discrimination procedure using conditioned taste aversions, a pentobarbital injection signaled a taste–toxin pairing while the vehicle injection signaled the same taste in the absence of the toxin. In transfer tests, drug states transferred control over consumption to other targets. If the training target was a fluid (saccharin), then transfer occurred to other fluids (both novel and familiar) but not to solid food. If the training target was food, then some transfer occurred to novel targets (both fluids and solid food) but not to familiar targets. Control rats revealed that the differential consumption seen during acquisition and during transfer tests was not due to the summation of two simple associations (i.e., drug–toxin and flavor–toxin) but rather reflected conditional control over consumption by the drug state.
The anal fin complex in a weakly discharging electric fish, Gnathonemus petersii(Mormyridae)

An examination of the permanent bony structures of the anal fin complex in the mormyrid fish, Gnathonemus petersii, revealed two new structural sexual dimorphisms: longer proximal pterygiophores and wider anal fin rays in males than in females. Both structures are thought to facilitate the male’s courtship-associated anal fin reflex. Adult male mormyrid fishes are characterized by a dorsally directed indentation of the posterior body wall (anal fin indentation). The expression of this indentation in males, presumably driven by anal fin musculature, was correlated with the fish’s gonadal state: large indentations were associated with high gonado-somatic indices and small indentations with low indices.
Variation in the density and species composition of fishes associated with three petroleum platforms using dual beam hydroacoustics

Abstract The 4000 petroleum platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico have significantly impacted the marine community in the region and constitute the largest artificial reef system in the world. They vary in depth from a few meters to over 400 m and range geographically throughout the northern Gulf of Mexico. Despite the number and ubiquitous placement of these structures, little information existed on associated fisheries resources due to difficulties in sampling petroleum platforms with traditional fisheries methods. Hydroacoustics enabled researchers to accurately assess the fisheries resources associated with these structures. From 1994 to 1996 dual-beam hydroacoustics were employed on quarterly research trips to measure the density and in situ target strengths of fishes associated with petroleum platforms in 20, 60 and 219 m of water. Species identification was provided by visual point counts using a remotely operated underwater vehicle. Density varied significantly with platform, distance from the platform, depth, platform side and time of the year. Platforms on the continental shelf had a near field area of influence of approximately 18 m, while near field area of influence for the site on the continental slope was 10 m but the relationship was not as well defined as other sites. Average estimated abundance and 95% confidence intervals over the study period were 26 347 (±3636) at the 60 m site, 13 444 (±4578) at the 20 m site and 11 224 (±2618) at the 219 m site. Fishes were distributed throughout the water column at the sites on the continental shelf while at the 219 m site over 88% of the fishes were found in the upper 60 m. Visual point count surveys detected 10 species, 18 species and 14 species at the 20, 60 and 219 m sites, respectively. Despite the large number of fishes found at each site, 6–7 species constituted over 95% of all the fishes observed at each site and species composition was dominated by a single species at each site. The dominant species changed with site, and the most common species observed at each site included: Atlantic spadefish (Chaetodipterus faber) at the 20 m site, blue runner (Caranx crysos) at the 60 m site, and creole fish (Paranthias furcifer) at the 219 m site.
The use of therapeutic hypothermia in the management of amniotic fluid embolism.

Background:Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare peripartum obstetric emergency where patients seldom survive neurologically intact. The exact pathophysiology is not completely understood and treatment remains mainly supportive.Case:A 34-year-old African American woman gravida 1, para 0-0-0-0 at 38 weeks and four days induced for chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia experienced an AFE during labour. Supportive treatment included early use of therapeutic hypothermia resulting in a normal neurological outcome.Conclusion:This case demonstrates the timely use of therapeutic hypothermia in a patient surviving an AFE and suffering no neurological sequelae. Therapeutic hypothermia should be considered in the supportive treatment of AFE.
Cell cycle and checkpoint regulation of histone H3 K56 acetylation by Hst3 and Hst4

Histone modifications, including H3 K56 acetylation, have been implicated in DNA damage tolerance. Here, we present evidence that Hst3 and Hst4, two paralogues of the histone deacetylase Sir2, target the cell cycle-regulated acetylation of H3 on K56 and are downregulated during DNA damage in a checkpoint-dependent manner. We show that Hst3 and Hst4 are themselves cell cycle regulated and that their misexpression affects H3 K56-Ac. Moreover, a histone H3 K56R mutation is epistatic to all phenotypes caused by HST3/4 deletion or HST3 overexpression, suggesting that H3K56-Ac is the major target of these histone deacetylases. On examining 18 members of the "Clb2 cluster" of cell cycle-regulated proteins to which Hst3 belongs, we find that two others, Ynl058c and Alk1, are significantly downregulated on DNA damage. Taken together, our data show that Hst3/Hst4 are negative regulators of H3 K56-Ac and that HST3 downregulation by a checkpoint-mediated transcriptional repression system is essential for surviving DNA damage.
Electrophoretic study of heating in situ on proteins and enzymes in germinated Arachis hypogaea cotyledons: Comparison with dormant seed

Abstract -Cotyledons from 5-day germinated seed of Arachis hypogaea were heated in a moisturized chamber at temperatures from 25 to 121°. Proteins were extracted in phosphate buffer and analyzed with horizontal starch gel electrophoresis to determine the effect of heat on migration patterns of soluble proteins, malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase, peroxidases and nonspecific esterases. The intensity of staining of soluble proteins from 5-day cotyledons began decreasing at 80–90°; very little staining occurred at 100° with the exception of a distinct band at R f 1·0. Glutamate dehydrogenase and benzidine peroxidase retained some activity at 80° but other enzymes were inactivated at temperatures near 65°. Differential heat sensitivities of isoenzymes were obvious. Heat did not alter the R f values of the bands of soluble proteins or enzymes but influenced the intensity of staining. Two-year storage at 4° of viable seed and 33-month storage at -10° of frozen extracts from dormant seed had no influence upon migration patterns of soluble proteins and enzymes assayed.
Cross coupling of alkyl cobaloximes with maleic anhydrides. Basic studies and applications to the synthesis of chaetomellic acid A anhydride and C-glycosyl maleic anhydrides

Abstract: Photochemical cross coupling of alkyl cobaloximes with maleic anhydrides and PhSSPh led to addition of an alkyl moiety and an SPh moiety across the alkene. Oxidation of the sulfide to a sulfoxide followed by elimination of phenyl sulfenic acid provided substituted maleic anhydrides. Alkyl cobaloximes could also be coupled with maleic anhydrides in the absence of PhSSPh to provide substituted maleic anhydrides directly. These methods are applied to a short and efficient synthesis of the anhydride of the Ras farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor chaetomellic acid A and in preparations of C-glycosyl maleic anhydrides, in which the carbohydrate anomeric carbon is directly attached to a maleic anhydride alkene carbon, in modest yields (19−46%).
Cytoplasmically determined human cell mutants defective in mitochondrial ribosome assembly.

The mitochondrial macromolecular synthesis and assembly processes of three mutants of the human cell line VA2-B, which are deficient to varying degrees in mitochondrial protein synthesis and resistant to chloramphenicol (CAP), have been analyzed. The mutant VA2/CAP23 was selected directly for resistance in vivo to CAP, while the mutants VA2/mtPS- 1 and 4 were selected as respiration deficient, and subsequently found to be resistant to CAP. The phenotypes of the three mutants are inherited cytoplasmically and thus the mutations are probably localized in mitochonrial DNA (mtDNA). The gross mtDNA sequence organization of the three mutants, as analyzed by digestion with several restriction enzymes, was found to be indistinguishable from that of VA2-B cells, and their relative mtDNA content comparable to or greater than that of the parental cell line. No difference was observed in the electrophoretic mobilities of mitochondrial rRNAs or mRNAs of the mutants analyzed on denaturing methylmercuric hydroxide-agarose gels as compared to the mobilities of the RNA species of the VA2-B cells. Similarly, no significant change, or only a moderate decrease in the rate of synthesis of mitochondrial 12s or 16s rRNAs was found in the mutants. By contrast, the incorporation of3H-uridine into mitochondrial ribosomal subunits was significantly reduced in the three mutants, and in each of them, this decrease paralleled the decrease in the level of mitochondrial protein synthesis. The complex phenotypes of the mutants analyzed here could be accounted for by assuming that, as previously reported for other CAP-resistant mouse and human cell variants, the 16s rRNA gene is the site of the mutation. Such a mutation would produce a CAP-resistant phenotype and at the same time affect the assembly of the large ribosomal subunit, with a resulting reduction in mitochondrial protein synthesis and a pleiotropic respiratory deficiency. However, other possible sites for the primary defect in the mutants analyzed here cannot be excluded.
Easy directions of magnetization in ternary R 2 (Co, Fe) 17 phases

The magnetocrystalline symmetry and the Curie temperature of six families of quasi-binary rare earth-cobalt-iron intermetallic phases were studied. Investigated were the phases R 2 (Co 1-x Fe x ) 17 of the light rare-earth elements R = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Y and also of Ce-rich mischmetal (MM). In the Sm system, the terminal compound Sm 2 Co 17 has an easy c axis and the easy-axis symmetry persists up to x \approx 0.5 . The Nd alloys have an easy basal plane for all values of x. In the other systems, small iron substitutions change the easy-plane behavior of the R 2 Co 17 to an easy-axis anisotropy. The easy-axis ranges are x \approx 0.05 to 0.45 for Ce, x \approx 0.2 to 0.6 for Pr, x \approx 0.1 to 0.5 for Y, and x \approx 0.1 to 0.45 for MM. The Curie temperatures are high, between 600°C and 940°C, in these ranges. It is concluded that some of the alloys investigated are promising candidate materials for use in improved "rare earth-cobalt" magnets.
Mechanism of Phenolic Polymer Dissolution: Importance of Acid−Base Equilibria

The dissolution phenomena that are the basis of microlithography are largely dependent on the acid−base equilibrium of phenolic polymers in aqueous base. Fundamental equations are derived to relate the probabilistic quantities of the critical-ionization model to experimentally measurable acid−base properties in such polymer systems: solution pH, polymer pKa, degree of polymerization, and average degree of ionization. Model predictions for the dependence of the dissolution rate on these properties support previous experimental observations. A method for estimating the pKa of phenolic polymers as a function of the average degree of ionization is developed, and the results of this approach for novolac and poly(hydroxystyrene) agree with the observed differences in the dissolution rates of these two species. These results also corroborate the hydrogen-bonding dissolution inhibition model previously reported. The change in dissolution rate accompanying the substitution of deuterium for hydrogen in the phenol ...
POLLEN TUBE DISTRIBUTIONS IN NICOTIANA GLAUCA: EVIDENCE FOR DENSITY DEPENDENT GROWTH'

I hand sectioned styles of Nicotiana glauca at intervals along their length and counted the number of pollen tubes in each section using fluorescence microscopy. Evidence of density dependent growth was found for three stages of pollen growth. Pollen germination on the stigma increased with increasing pollen population size. Pollen tube penetration in the stigma was unaffected by increasing density from low to moderate levels but was reduced at high densities. Pollen tube penetration in the style was enhanced by increasing density. This enhanced growth in the style was apparently confounded by interference among pollen tubes growing at high densities. In particular, the area of tissue able to support pollen tube growth decreases from the stigma into the lower style, which could cause overcrowding of pollen tubes growing at high densities. Enhanced pollen tube penetration with increasing density combined with interference among pollen tubes growing at high densities resulted in greater mean pollen tube lengths for populations with moderate densities. The shift from density independent growth in the stigma to positively density dependent growth in the style may represent a shift from 'autotrophic to heterotrophic growth stages of pollen.
Late onset of invasive aspergillus infection in bone marrow transplant patients at a university hospital.

Despite new antifungal treatment strategies, invasive aspergillosis (IA) remains a principal cause of infectious mortality after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We reviewed the medical records of 93 allogeneic and 149 autologous transplant recipients during a 20 month period, with attention to cases of proven or probable IA. No autologous transplant recipient developed IA, whereas IA was seen in 15.1% of allogeneic recipients (including two of five patients with a prior history of IA despite prophylaxis), for an overall incidence of 5.8%. The median time to occurrence was 92 days post transplant, with no de novo cases developing prior to engraftment. Survival 100 days from diagnosis was 29%. Risk factors for the development of IA included ⩾21 days of corticosteroid therapy of ⩾1 mg/kg/day and post-transplant cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. These two risk factors were statistically linked. Our data illustrate a shift toward a later occurrence of post-transplant IA, suggesting a need for close, prolonged surveillance in the outpatient environment. The contributory role of protracted corticosteroid use is also highlighted. These data have important implications in an era of alternate donor transplants and more intense immunosuppression. Established strategies implementing newer, less toxic antifungal agents as prophylaxis in high-risk patients are needed. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2002) 29, 15–19. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1703332
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: Impact of increasing ionic strength during synthesis, reflux, and hydrothermal aging

Abstract This work investigates the role of ionic strength during synthesis, reflux, and hydrothermal aging of sol–gel synthesized titanium dioxide. Research presented here uses X-ray diffraction data and Rietveld refinements to quantify anatase, brookite, and rutile phases as functions of synthetic and aging variables. In addition, the Scherrer equation is used to obtain average crystallite sizes for each phase quantified. Results presented in this work demonstrate that the most control over the sol–gel products can be obtained by modifying the pH during hydrolysis. In addition, while varying the ionic strength during reflux and hydrothermal aging can result in enhanced control over the crystalline phase and crystallite size, the most control can be achieved by varying the ionic strength during synthesis. Finally, sol–gel synthesis at low pH (−0.6) and high-chloride concentration (3 M NaCl) produced a heterogeneous sample composed of nanocrystalline anatase (3.8 nm) and rutile (2.9 nm).
The propensity for gene amplification: A comparison of protocols, cell lines, and selection agents

Abstract We have studied cell lines of rodent and human origin for their propensity to become resistant to antifolates (methotrexate, trimetrexate), phosphonacetyl- L -aspartate (PALA), and colcemid, resistances associated with amplification of the DHFR, CAD, and MDR1 genes, respectively. We have employed two different methods: (1) a shallow step-wise selection protocol, where time to attain specified resistance is the quantitative measure, (2) the frequency of resistant colonies at specified drug concentrations. Although there are advantages and disadvantages to both methods, the two methods gave the same relative ranking of cell lines. Striking differences in the propensity for gene amplification (resistance) were found: human cell lines were less prone to amplify genes than Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. This ranking was similar with all of the agents employed. Additionally, we observed that whereas PALA resistance in CHO cells in associated with amplification of the CAD gene, PALA resistance in the two human cell lines studied (HeLaS3 and VA13) was not associated with amplification and/or overexpression of the CAD gene, and thus this resistance to PALA occurs by an unknown mechanism.
Multiple glass transitions and local composition effects on polymer solvent mixtures

Recent differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results on polystyrene–solvent mixtures show two distinct glass transitions whose positions and widths vary with composition. Parallel work on the dynamic response in polymer blends has focused on how segmental mobilities are controlled by local composition variations within a “cooperative volume” containing the segment. Such variations arise from both chain connectivity and composition fluctuations. We account for both using a lattice model for polymer–solvent mixtures that yields the composition distribution around polymer and solvent segments. Insights from our lattice model lead us to simplified calculations of the mean and variance of local composition, both in good agreement with lattice results. Applying our model to compute DSC traces leads to an estimate of the cooperative volume, since a larger cooperative volume both reduces the biasing effect of connectivity, and narrows the composition distribution. Comparing our results to data, we are able to account for the composition-dependent broadening with a cooperative length scale of about 2.5 nm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3528–3545, 2006
Influence of Dynamical Conditions on the Reduction of UVI at the Magnetite−Solution Interface

The heterogeneous reduction of U(VI) to U(IV) by ferrous iron is believed to be a key process influencing the fate and transport of U in the environment. The reactivity of both sorbed and structural Fe(II) has been studied for numerous substrates, including magnetite. Published results from U(VI)-magnetite experiments have been variable, ranging from no reduction to clear evidence for the formation of U(IV). In this contribution, we used XAS and high resolution (+/-cryogenic) XPS to study the interaction of U(VI) with nanoparticulate magnetite. The results indicated that U(VI) was partially reduced to U(V) with no evidence of U(IV). However, thermodynamic calculations indicated that U phases with average oxidation states below (V) should have been stable, indicating that the system was not in redox equilibrium. A reaction pathway that involves incorporation and stabilization of U(V) and U(VI) into secondary phases is invoked to explain the observations. The results suggest an important and previously unappreciated role of U(V) in the fate and transport of uranium in the environment.
Application of fiber metals to the meteoroid protection problem

SERIES of meteoroid simulation impact experiments was conducted to determine the feasibility of using fiber metals as meteoroid shield materials. Fiber metals have many other properties that make them attractive for spacecraft applications such as strength, rigidity, and ability to withstand high temperatures and light weight. They are also similar in some respects to plastic foams that have been found to be quite effective in stopping simulated meteoroid particles. Fiber metallurgy is centered around a basic process in which metal fibers are felted as in paper making and the felted fibers are sintered as in powder metallurgy. That is, randomly interlocked, felted fibers are heated to form a metallic weld bond at each point of contact between them. The sintered bodies may be further compacted, rolled, machined, welded, brazed, or treated in a variety of ways to fabricate finished, useful components having porosities of 5 to 97%. Some of the materials that have thus been treated are lead, aluminum, copper, iron, stainless steel, nickel, and cobalt-base alloys, titanium, and molybdenum. It appears that no metal or alloy is impossible to treat fiber-metallurgically, although those that form stable surface oxide films (e.g., aluminum) are more difficult to sinter. A schematic illustration of how one might utilize fiber metal panels is shown in Fig. 1. Because fiber metal structural panels had already been made and studied and because such panels had been shown to be efficient absorbers of some types of energy, it was decided to evaluate the ability of the material to absorb the energy of impacting meteoroids. Assuming that fiber metal is found to be competitive with plastic fills to absorb meteoroid impact on a strength-to-weight basis, then the following additional advantages of fiber metal are also accrued: 1) higher service temperature than plastics; 2) use as load-bearing structures; 3) higher thermal conductivities, compared to plastics, make them more efficient thermal sinks; 4) greater resistance to space radiation damage; and 5) lower susceptibility to degradation by evaporation. Since fiber metal materials possess strength characteristics roughly proportional to their density, the possibility exists for using them in thin sheets for spaced bumpers. In this application, they may be effective in breaking up the impacting particle and absorbing the residual particles on sub
Therapeutic cerclage may be more efficacious in women who develop cervical insufficiency after a term delivery

Objective Our objective was to determine whether obstetric history affects the efficacy of therapeutic cerclage. Study Design Data were gathered prospectively on patients receiving therapeutic cerclage, defined as midtrimester presentation with a cervical length less than 2.5 cm and prior preterm delivery or cervical dilatation with visible membranes on sterile speculum exam. Delivery outcomes based on cerclage type were compared between women with (n = 31) vs without prior term birth (n = 33). Results Patients with a history of a term birth were older than those without such history ( P = .05) but otherwise similar with regard to ethnicity, body mass index, prior preterm birth, genitourinary infection, prior cervical surgery, gestational age at cerclage placement, and cerclage indication. Women with a therapeutic cerclage and a history of a prior term delivery were significantly more likely to deliver after 35 weeks (90% vs 48%, P P Conclusion Patients who develop cervical insufficiency after a term delivery may have better perinatal outcomes following therapeutic cerclage than those without a history of term delivery.
Handling gift books in libraries: a view from the US

Purpose – To define the elements of a gift books policy.Design/methodology/approach – Research based on a review of library gift policies.Findings – Provides libraries with general guidelines as to what should be included in a gift book policy.Originality/value – Provides assistance to libraries to find a way to explain to prospective donors how the library handles donations and gifts.
Diagnosis and treatment of primary immunodeficiency disease in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms

An estimated 250,000 individuals in the Unites States have been diagnosed with a primary immunodeficiency disease (PIDD). Early diagnosis and treatment of PIDD are critical to minimizing morbidity and improving quality of life. Patients with certain subtypes of PIDD may present with gastrointestinal complaints such as chronic or acute diarrhea, malabsorption, gastrointestinal pain, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Therefore, gastroenterologists are well positioned to help identify patients with PIDD. The hallmarks of PIDD include recurrent or persistent infections, infections due to microorganisms that rarely cause significant disease in immunocompetent people, unusually severe or life-threatening infections, and either low or persistently high white blood cell counts. An assessment for PIDD involves detailed patient and family histories, a physical examination, and diagnostic screening tests. Immunoglobulin replacement therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for most subtypes of PIDD.
THE GREAT-CIRCLE CAMERA: A NEW DRIFT-SCANNING INSTRUMENT

We discuss the design, construction, and use of a new class of scanning camera that eliminates a critical limitation of standard CCD drift-scan observations. A standard scan, which involves no correction for the differential drift rates and curved stellar paths across the field-of-view, suffers from severe image degradation even when one observes at moderate declinations. Not only does this effect limit the area of the sky over which drift scanning is viable, but as detector sizes increase, CCD mosaics become standard, and dome/telescope seeing improves, the area of sky for which scanning is acceptable (image degradation <~ seeing) will be further reduced unless some action is taken. By modifying the scan path (the path on the sky traced by signal accumulated along a single CCD column) to lie along a great circle on the sky rather than along a path of constant declination, image degradation is minimized. In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation of a stage that rotates and translates the CCD during a drift-scan exposure so that the scan path is along a great circle on the sky. Data obtained during the commissioning run of the great Circle Camera at the Las Campanas 1-m telescope are presented.
The future of CMOS scaling - parasitics engineering and device footprint scaling

We explore options for device scaling beyond the conventional scaling path. We examine the role of the parasitic capacitance for determining the performance of future one-dimensional FETs. We also explore a possible device scaling path that focuses on aggressive scaling of the contacted gate pitch, which provides performance improvements at both the device and circuit level.
Developmental expression of LC3α and β: Absence of fibronectin or autophagy phenotype in LC3β knockout mice

Murine light chain 3 (LC3) exists as two isoforms, LC3 and : LC3 is an RNA-binding protein that enhances fibronectin (FN) mRNA translation, and is also a marker of autophagy. We report embryonic expression patterns for LC3 and LC3, with some overlap but notable differences in the brain, and in tissues of non-neuronal origin. LC3 knockout (/) mice develop normally without a compensatory increase in LC3. LC3/ embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibit reduced FN synthesis but maintain wild type (WT) levels of FN protein. No significant changes in proteins associated with FN turnover, i.e., caveolin-1, LRP-1, or matrix metalloproteinases were identified. Autophagosomes form in amino acid–starved LC3/MEFs, and Caesarean-delivered pups survive as long as WT pups without an increase in LC3-related proteins linked to autophagy. These results suggest novel compensatory mechanisms for loss of LC3, ensuring proper FN accumulation and autophagy during fetal and neonatal life. Developmental Dynamics 237:187–195, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transgenic mice with enhanced neuronal major histocompatibility complex class I expression recover locomotor function better after spinal cord injury

Mice that are deficient in classical major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) have abnormalities in synaptic plasticity and neurodevelopment and have more extensive loss of synapses and reduced axon regeneration after sciatic nerve transection, suggesting that MHCI participates in maintaining synapses and axon regeneration. Little is known about the biological consequences of up-regulating MHCI's expression on neurons. To understand MHCI's neurobiological activity better, and in particular its role in neurorepair after injury, we have studied neurorepair in a transgenic mouse model in which classical MHCI expression is up-regulated only on neurons. Using a well-established spinal cord injury (SCI) model, we observed that transgenic mice with elevated neuronal MHCI expression had significantly better recovery of locomotor abilities after SCI than wild-type mice. Although previous studies have implicated inflammation as both deleterious and beneficial for recovery after SCI, our results point directly to enhanced neuronal MHCI expression as a beneficial factor for promoting recovery of locomotor function after SCI.
The projections of the medial geniculate complex within the sylvian fissure of the rhesus monkey.

Abstract The projection pattern of the medial geniculate complex (GM) of the rhesus monkey is studied using silver impregnation technique. The results are summarized as follows: (1) Only anterior part of the parvocellular subdivision of the medial geniculate (GMpcA) projects to the auditory koniocortex (primary auditory area — A I. The anterior GMpcA projects posteriorly in konicortex while the posterior GMpcA projects more anteriorly. The medial portion of GMpcA has connection to medial koniocortex while lateral GMpcA projects more laterally. (2) The posterior portion of the parvocellular medial geniculate (GMpcP) sends projections mainly to the rostal parakoniocortex — ‘auditory association area’. (3) The projections to the second auditory area (A II) originate either from medial GMpcA or from GMmc (magnocellular portion of the medial geniculate nucleus). (4) No specific projections from the suprageniculate subdivision (SG) of the medial geniculate complex to either A I and A II or to the remainder of the temporal operculum were found. The possibility of such projections to the insula and the parietal operculum cannot be excluded from the present investigation. (5) GMmc may send projection to the retroinsular parietotemporal cortex (ReIpt), which on anatomical ground can be homologized to the vestibular area of cat. (6) Geniculocortical afferents terminate mainly in and around cortical lamina IV. These terminations reach the greatest density in koniocortex.
The swaying mouse as a model of osteogenesis imperfecta caused by WNT1 mutations

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable disorder of connective tissue characterized by bone fragility and low bone mass. Recently, our group and others reported that WNT1 recessive mutations cause OI, whereas WNT1 heterozygous mutations cause early onset osteoporosis. These findings support the hypothesis that WNT1 is an important WNT ligand regulating bone formation and bone homeostasis. While these studies provided strong human genetic and in vitro functional data, an in vivo animal model to study the mechanism of WNT1 function in bone is lacking. Here, we show that Swaying (Wnt1(sw/sw)) mice previously reported to carry a spontaneous mutation in Wnt1 share major features of OI including propensity to fractures and severe osteopenia. In addition, biomechanical and biochemical analyses showed that Wnt1(sw/sw) mice exhibit reduced bone strength with altered levels of mineral and collagen in the bone matrix that is also distinct from the type I collagen-related form of OI. Further histomorphometric analyses and gene expression studies demonstrate that the bone phenotype is associated with defects in osteoblast activity and function. Our study thus provides in vivo evidence that WNT1 mutations contribute to bone fragility in OI patients and demonstrates that the Wnt1(sw/sw) mouse is a murine model of OI caused by WNT1 mutations.
Is the single transition-state model appropriate for the fundamental reactions of organic chemistry?

In recent years, we have reported that a number of organic reactions generally be- lieved to follow simple second-order kinetics actually follow a more complex mechanism. This mechanism, the reversible consecutive second-order mechanism, involves the reversible formation of a kinetically significant reactant complex intermediate followed by irreversible product formation. The mechanism is illustrated for the general reaction between reactant and excess reagent under pseudo-first-order conditions in eq. i where k f ' is the pseudo-first- order rate constant equal to k f (Excess Reagent). Reactant + Excess reagent = Reactant complex + Products (i) The mechanisms are determined for the various systems, and the kinetics of the complex mechanisms are resolved by our "non-steady-state kinetic data analysis". The basis for the non-steady-state kinetic method will be presented along with examples. The problems en- countered in attempting to identify intermediates formed in low concentration will be dis- cussed.
A GUIDE TO WAVELETS FOR ECONOMISTS

Abstract Wavelet analysis, although used extensively in disciplines such as signal processing, engineering, medical sciences, physics and astronomy, has not fully entered the economics discipline yet. In this survey article, wavelet analysis is introduced in an intuitive manner, and the existing economics and finance literature that utilizes wavelets is surveyed and explored. Extensive examples of exploratory wavelet analysis are given, most using Canadian, US and Finnish industrial production data. Finally, potential and possible future applications for wavelet analysis in economics are discussed.
Functional contributions of HCN channels in the primary auditory neurons of the mouse inner ear

The hyperpolarization-activated current, Ih, is carried by members of the Hcn channel family and contributes to resting potential and firing properties in excitable cells of various systems, including the auditory system. Ih has been identified in spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs); however, its molecular correlates and their functional contributions have not been well characterized. To investigate the molecular composition of the channels that carry Ih in SGNs, we examined Hcn mRNA harvested from spiral ganglia of neonatal and adult mice using quantitative RT-PCR. The data indicate expression of Hcn1, Hcn2, and Hcn4 subunits in SGNs, with Hcn1 being the most highly expressed at both stages. To investigate the functional contributions of HCN subunits, we used the whole-cell, tight-seal technique to record from wild-type SGNs and those deficient in Hcn1, Hcn2, or both. We found that HCN1 is the most prominent subunit contributing to Ih in SGNs. Deletion of Hcn1 resulted in reduced conductance (Gh), slower activation kinetics (τfast), and hyperpolarized half-activation (V1/2) potentials. We demonstrate that Ih contributes to SGN function with depolarized resting potentials, depolarized sag and rebound potentials, accelerated rebound spikes after hyperpolarization, and minimized jitter in spike latency for small depolarizing stimuli. Auditory brainstem responses of Hcn1-deficient mice showed longer latencies, suggesting that HCN1-mediated Ih is critical for synchronized spike timing in SGNs. Together, our data indicate that Ih contributes to SGN membrane properties and plays a role in temporal aspects of signal transmission between the cochlea and the brain, which are critical for normal auditory function.
APP-BP1 mediates APP-induced apoptosis and DNA synthesis and is increased in Alzheimer's disease brain

APP-BP1, first identified as an amyloid precursor protein (APP) binding protein, is the regulatory subunit of the activating enzyme for the small ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8. We have shown that APP-BP1 drives the S- to M-phase transition in dividing cells, and causes apoptosis in neurons (Chen, Y., D.L. McPhie, J. Hirschberg, and R.L. Neve. 2000. J. Biol. Chem. 275:8929–8935). We now demonstrate that APP-BP1 binds to the COOH-terminal 31 amino acids of APP (C31) and colocalizes with APP in a lipid-enriched fraction called lipid rafts. We show that coexpression of a peptide representing the domain of APP-BP1 that binds to APP, abolishes the ability of overexpressed APP or the V642I mutant of APP to cause neuronal apoptosis and DNA synthesis. A dominant negative mutant of the NEDD8 conjugating enzyme hUbc12, which participates in the ubiquitin-like pathway initiated by APP-BP1, blocks neuronal apoptosis caused by APP, APP(V642I), C31, or overexpression of APP-BP1. Neurons overexpressing APP or APP(V642I) show increased APP-BP1 protein levels in lipid rafts. A similar increase in APP-BP1 in lipid rafts is observed in the Alzheimer's disease brain hippocampus, but not in less-affected areas of Alzheimer's disease brain. This translocation of APP-BP1 to lipid rafts is accompanied by a change in the subcellular localization of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8, which is activated by APP-BP1.
Computer-aided assessment of vascular reactivity in subjects with essential hypertension

A computer-based system for acquiring and analyzing physiological signals (ECG, heart rate, systemic arterial pressure, and forearm volume) was developed. This system is used to assess the effect of dietary sodium and calcium manipulations on forearm blood flow and vascular resistance (derived from arterial pressure and forearm volume changes during brief venous occlusion) during response to autonomic stimuli (cold pressor, handgrip, mental stress, reactive hyperemia) and adrenegic agonists (isoproterenol and phenylephrine). Results from seven baseline studies prior to dietary change indicate that data acquisition is rapid and precise. >
DIMENSIONS OF DESIRE Bridging Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in a Study of Female Adolescent Sexuality

This study provides an example of how feminist psychology can bridge qualitative and quantitative methods while keeping lived experience at the center of an inquiry. The goal of the study was to begin to understand adolescent girls' experiences of sexual desire. We describe three separate and synergistically related analyses of interviews with 30 adolescent girls. We begin with a qualitative analysis of their voiced experiences of sexual desire; follow with a quantitative analysis of the differences in how urban and suburban girls describe these experiences, assessing the role of reported sexual violation; and conclude with a second qualitative analysis exploring the interaction between social location and reported sexual violation. These three analyses enabled us to understand qualitatively and to quantify interrelated dimensions of desire as described by adolescent girls.
Brain and behavioral asymmetries for spatial preference in rats

Summary Rats were handled daily for 3 min between birth and weaning, or were non-handled controls. When adult, 4 males from each litter received a right neocortical ablation, a left ablation, a sham operation, or no surgery. A month later all animals were tested in the open field for 4 days, and their initial direction of movement from the starting square (whether right or left) was recorded. Non-handled rats with intact brains (sham-operated and no-surgery groups pooled) had a mean directionality score near zero, thus indicating no right-left spatial preference. However, non-handled animals without a left hemisphere were significantly more biased in going to the ipsilateral side than were their siblings with right-brain ablations. Thus, in non-handled animals behavioral symmetry in making spatial choices is due to balanced brain asymmetry, in which the right hemisphere biases the animal to move leftward while the left hemisphere acts to inhibit this response. In contrast, intact handled rats had a significant preference to go to the left, thus suggesting that in handled animals the right hemisphere controls spatial preference.
A new technique for forming a shallow link base in a double polysilicon bipolar transistor

A new technique is presented for forming a shallow link base in a double polysilicon bipolar transistor. This method is easily integrated into an advanced BiCMOS process, making use of a disposable polysilicon spacer technology for MOSFET LDD formation. This new scheme allows independent optimization of active and link base regions while providing improvements in base-emitter breakdown and resistance to bipolar hot carrier degradation. >
Energetics of the native and non‐native states of the glycophorin transmembrane helix dimer

Using an implicit membrane model (IMM1), we examine whether the structure of the transmembrane domain of Glycophorin A (GpA) could be predicted based on energetic considerations alone. The energetics of native GpA shows that van der Waals interactions make the largest contribution to stability. Although specific electrostatic interactions are stabilizing, the overall electrostatic contribution is close to zero. The GXXXG motif contributes signifi- cantly to stability, but residues outside this motif contribute almost twice as much. To generate non- native states a global conformational search was done on two segments of GpA: an 18-residue peptide (GpA74- 91) that is embedded in the membrane and a 29- residue peptide (GpA70 -98) that has additional polar residues flanking the transmembrane region. Simu- lated annealing was done on a large number of confor- mations generated from parallel, antiparallel, left- and right-handed starting structures by rotating each helix at 20° intervals around its helical axis. Several crossing points along the helix dimer were consid- ered. For 18-residue parallel topology, an ensemble of native-like structures was found at the lowest effec- tive energy region; the effective energy is lowest for a right-handed structure with an RMSD of 1.0 A from the solid-state NMR structure with correct orienta- tion of the helices. For the 29-residue peptide, the effective energies of several left-handed structures were lower than that of the native, right-handed structure. This could be due to deficiencies in model- ing the interactions between charged sidechains and/or omission of the sidechain entropy contribution to the free energy. For 18-residue antiparallel topol- ogy, both IMM1 and a Generalized Born model give effective energies that are lower than that of the native structure. In contrast, the Poisson-Boltzmann solvation model gives lower effective energy for the parallel topology, largely because the electrostatic solvation energy is more favorable for the parallel structure. IMM1 seems to underestimate the solvation free energy advantage when the CO and NH dipoles just outside the membrane are parallel. This high- lights the importance of electrostatic interactions even when these are not obvious by looking at the structures. Proteins 2006;62:996 -1009.