cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inducible expression of dominant negative DNA polymerase gamma(POLGdn) in human cells: characterizations and applications

105 Mitochondria, the power houses of the cell, are at the cross-road of many cellular pathways. They play central roles in energy metabolism, maintenance of ion homeostasis and redox balance, and regulation of apoptosis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are involved in a variety of pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and aging. Here we report the inducible expression of a dominant negative form of the mitochondrial replication enzyme, DNA polymerase (pol γ), in cell culture and the biological consequence. T-ReX293 cells were transfected with a plasmid contains a D1153A substitution in the pol γ gene that encodes a dominant negative form of the enzyme (POLGdn). Severe mitochondrial dysfunction was observed upon the induction of the transgene expression. A decrease in mtDNA content was detected by PCR analysis, and suppressed mtDNA replication activity was revealed by an in vitro replication assay. The mitochondrial encoded protein cytochrome c oxidase II (COII) was substantially reduced at day 6 of the transgene expression, and became undetectable within two weeks. By day 13 of the transgene induction, the cells showed ρ° phenol type, characterized by a lack of electron transport chain activity and deficiency in respiration, auxotrophic for pyruvate and uridine, and a decrease in superoxide radical generation. The cells became dependent on glycolysis and exhibited increased glucose uptake and enhanced lactate production. Mitochondrial mass was increased in cells expressing POLGdn. Interestingly, a concurrent reduction of nucleus-encoded protein APE, cyclophilin D and an elevation of HKII protein were also observed. The data indicate that expression of POLGdn not only caused mitochondrial dysfunction but also affected the nucleus encoded gene expression, leading to profound change in cellular functions. This inducible POLGdn expression system provides a unique experimental model to investigate the roles of mitochondrial dysfunction in causing changes in nuclear gene expression and cellular behaviors, and alterations in apoptosis and cellular response to anticancer drugs.
Dynamic response of single crystalline copper subjected to quasi-isentropic laser and gas-gun driven loading

Single crystalline copper was subjected to quasi-isentropic compression via gas-gun and laser loading at pressures between 18GPa and 59GPa. The deformation substructure was analyzed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Twins and laths were evident at the highest pressures, and stacking faults and dislocation cells in the intermediate and lowest pressures, respectively. The Preston-Tonks-Wallace (PTW) constitutive description was used to model the slip-twinning process in both cases.
LGM climate forcing and ocean dynamical feedback and their implications for estimating climate sensitivity

Abstract. Equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) has been directly estimated using reconstructions of past climates that are different than today’s. A challenge to this approach is that temperature proxies integrate over the timescales of the fast feedback processes (e.g. changes in water vapor, snow, and clouds) that are captured in ECS as well as the slower feedback processes (e.g. changes in ice sheets and ocean circulation) that are not. A way around this issue is to treat the slow feedbacks as climate forcings and independently account for their impact on global temperature. Here we conduct a suite of Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) simulations using the Community Earth System Model version 1.2 (CESM1.2) to quantify the forcing and efficacy of land ice sheets (LIS) and greenhouse gases (GHG) in order to estimate ECS. Our forcing and efficacy quantification adopts the effective radiative forcing (ERF) and adjustment framework and provides a complete accounting for the radiative, topographic, and dynamical impacts of LIS on surface temperatures. ERF and efficacy of LGM LIS are −3.2 W m−2 and 1.1, respectively. The larger-than-unity efficacy is caused by the relatively larger temperature changes over land and the Northern Hemisphere subtropical oceans than those in response to a doubling of atmospheric CO2. The subtropical SST response is linked to LIS-induced wind changes and feedbacks in ocean-atmosphere coupling and clouds. ERF and efficacy of LGM GHG are −2.8 W m−2 and 0.9, respectively. The lower efficacy is primarily attributed to a smaller cloud feedback at colder temperatures. Our simulations further demonstrate that the direct ECS calculation using the forcing, efficacy, and temperature response in CESM1.2 overestimates the true value in the model by 25 % due to the neglect of slow ocean dynamical feedback. This is supported by the greater cooling (6.8 °C) in a fully coupled LGM simulation than that (5.3 °C) in a slab ocean model simulation with ocean dynamics disabled. The majority (67 %) of the ocean dynamical feedback is attributed to dynamical changes in the Southern Ocean, where interactions between ocean stratification, heat transport, and sea-ice cover are found to amplify the LGM cooling. Our study demonstrates the value of climate models in the quantification of climate forcings and the ocean dynamical feedback, which is necessary for an accurate direct ECS estimation.
Six years of development in promoting identity formation of STEM education as a distinct field

With the completion of six publication cycle years (August 2014 to July 2020), the International Journal of STEM Education has achieved important milestones in promoting the identity of STEM education as a distinct field. In this editorial, I specifically share the journal’s achievements since August 2019 and its emerging trends in leading research publications in STEM education, which reflect not only the journal’s growth with on-going strong support from researchers and readers internationally, but also the gradual formation of a broad field identity of STEM education.
Unique Characteristics of Bias Crimes Committed by Males or Females in the United States

Despite increased research on women’s criminal offending patterns, research on women’s involvement in bias crimes is almost nonexistent. This study examines bias crime incidences that are considered crimes against persons (e.g., assault, murder, robbery, sexual assault) collected in the National Incidence-based Reporting System from 2009–2012 to determine what features characterize crimes committed by men or women. Results indicate that female bias crime suspects choose different victims than male suspects; female suspects are more likely than men to target friends and family members, more likely to target other women, and more frequently commit crimes based on race/ethnicity/national origin than religion or sexual orientation-based bias crimes, and were less likely to use a firearm. Men and women were similar in their suspect characteristics (such as using alcohol/drugs before the crime) and the overall incident characteristics (such as causing injury). These results suggest that we need to more critically examine current models of bias crime commission, and to include bias crimes as another avenue to help uncover differences in male and female offending.
Time Is Brain: Prehospital Emergency Medical Services Response Times for Suspected Stroke and Effects of Prehospital Interventions

Abstract Objectives To compare prehospital time for patients with suspected stroke in Florida with the American Stroke Association (ASA) time benchmarks, and to investigate the effects of dispatch notification and stroke assessment scales on prehospital time. Patients and Methods A retrospective analysis was performed using data from Florida’s Emergency Medical Services Tracking and Reporting System database. All patients with suspected stroke transported to a treatment center from January 1, 2018, through December 31, 2018, were analyzed. Time intervals from 911 call to hospital arrival were evaluated and compared with ASA benchmarks. Results In 2018, 11,577 patients with suspected stroke were transported to a hospital (mean age, 71.5±15.7 years; 51.5% women). The median alarm-to-hospital time was 33.98 minutes (27.8 to 41.4), with a total emergency medical services (EMS) time of 32.30 minutes (26.5 to 39.478). The on-scene time was the largest time interval with a median of 13.28 minutes (10.0 to 17.4). Emergency medical services encounters met the ASA benchmarks for time in 58% to 62% of the EMS encounters in Florida (recommended 90%; P Conclusion This study reveals a substantial opportunity for improvement in stroke care in Florida. Two prehospital EMS stroke interventions seem to reduce prehospital time for patients with suspected stroke. Adoption of these interventions might improve the stroke systems of care.
Social Consequences and Contexts of Adverse Childhood Experiences

Abstract Adverse childhood experiences' (ACEs) negative consequences on health, education, and life opportunities are often explained through the neurodevelopmental changes in a person's stress reactivity and coping, which contribute to the adoption of health-damaging and antisocial behaviors. However, such focus on the biological dimension eclipses the equally important social dimension of adversity, in particular, how adversities at home can influence association with peers who exhibit and can exacerbate negative behaviors like early and binge drinking, illegal drug use, and gang involvement. More than the consequences for peer formation, this study also investigates the contexts in which ACEs are most predictive. Using a longitudinal study of US youths who were adolescents in 2007 and young adults in 2017, I find that experiencing adversity predicted involvement in peers exhibiting negative behaviors. However, the consequences of ACEs are not similar for everyone and for every outcome: (1) In disadvantaged families where ACEs were most likely, experiencing adversity influenced having peers in gangs but not the other outcomes. (2) In the most advantaged families where ACEs were least likely, having an ACE only predicted adult peers' regular drug use. (3) In families who were in the middle, experiencing adversity predicted early and binge drinking among peers. Taken together, they suggest that complex social processes and environments operate in the negative effects of ACEs, and the present research suggests a method to investigate how ACEs' impact may differ according to one's social context.
A Subjective Culture Approach to Cancer Prevention: Rural Black and White Adults’ Perceptions of Using Virtual Health Assistants to Promote Colorectal Cancer Screening

In the US, Black adults are less likely than White adults to be screened for colorectal cancer (CRC). This study uses a subjective culture approach to describe and compare perceptions of a CRC scre...
A Tunable Implementation of Quality-of-Service Classes for HPC Networks

High-performance computer (HPC) networks are often shared by communication traffic from multiple applications with varying communication characteristics and resource requirements. These applications contend for shared network buffers and channels, potentially resulting in significant performance variations and slowdown of critical communication operations such as low-latency MPI collectives. In order to ensure predictable communication performance, network resources must be allocated relative to the communication requirements of applications.
Cyberbullying Detection Through Sentiment Analysis

In recent years with the widespread of social media platforms across the globe especially among young people, cyberbullying and aggression have become a serious and annoying problem that communities must deal with. Such platforms provide various ways for bullies to attack and threaten others in their communities. Various techniques and methodologies have been used or proposed to combat cyberbullying through early detection and alerts to discover and/or protect victims from such attacks. Machine learning (ML) techniques have been widely used to detect some language patterns that are exploited by bullies to attack their victims. Also. Sentiment Analysis (SA) of social media content has become one of the growing areas of research in machine learning. SA provides the ability to detect cyberbullying in real-time. SA provides the ability to detect cyberbullying in real-time. This paper proposes a SA model for identifying cyberbullying texts in Twitter social media. Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Naive Bayes (NB) are used in this model as supervised machine learning classification tools. The results of the experiments conducted on this model showed encouraging outcomes when a higher n-grams language model is applied on such texts in comparison with similar previous research. Also, the results showed that SVM classifiers have better performance measures than NB classifiers on such tweets.
Abstract SY24-01: Spatiotemporal definitions of immune archetypes across cancer types

Cancers display significant heterogeneity with respect to tissue of origin, driver mutations and other features of the surrounding tissue. It is likely that persistent tumors differentially engage inherent patterns-here "Archetypes"-of the immune system, to both benefit from the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and to disengage tumor-targeting. To discover dominant immune system archetypes across diverse cancer types, we processed in an unbiased way 364 individual tumors across 12 cancer indications using standardized protocols. Computational clustering of flow cytometry and transcriptomic data obtained on cell sub compartments uncovered archetypes that exist across indications and are durable to increased granularity in higher dimensions. Immune composition-based archetypes differentiate tumors based upon the distribution of large unrelated collections of immune and tumor gene-expression patterns. Archetypes discovered this way also tie closely to well-established classifications of tumor biology. The resultant Immunoprofiler Initiative (IPI) resource provides a template for understanding cancer immunity as a collection of dominant patterns of immune infiltration and provides a rational path forward to study cancer immunity and learn how to modulate these patterns to improve therapy. Citation Format: Matthew F. Krummel. Spatiotemporal definitions of immune archetypes across cancer types [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr SY24-01.
Experimental workflow to estimate model parameters for evaluating long term viscoelastic response of CO2 storage caprocks

Abstract Understanding the time-dependent behavior of reservoir and sealing formations for geologic carbon storage is critical to assessing geomechanical risks since time-dependent deformation strongly influences the mechanical response of some rock types. Many studies have evaluated the risk of CO2 leakage and induced seismicity by assuming poroelastic rheology in sealing formations. Few have considered viscoelastic or other time-dependent responses, and much of the literature on the long-term mechanical behavior of rocks examines only a 1D uniaxial response. This is primarily because, to date, the general form of a reasonable 3D time-dependent model for rocks remains unclear. In this paper, we propose an approach to address this by using a new workflow to estimate constitutive modeling parameters for the evaluation of a 3D viscoelastic model. The proposed approach uses a 1D power-law response to extrapolate several-hour-long experimental data to the decades-long time frames of interest in geologic carbon storage. Experimental data were obtained by conducting multi-level loading/unloading triaxial relaxation tests with four different rock types. The experimental results showed that the maximum load relaxation observed is approximately 49%, with some rock types considered showing as little as 1.4%. Using the proposed workflow, two linear 3D viscoelastic models, i.e., generalized Maxwell (GM) model and fractional Kelvin-Voigt (FKV) model, were evaluated and their model parameters were chosen with the extrapolated 30-year data such that a maximum deviation from the assumed power-law response for these two 3D models was 2 MPa in axial stress and 7 MPa in radial stress . We provided reasonable ranges for the model parameters to be later used for 3D modeling of rock time-dependent responses. Our results also showed that when GM is selected to analyze the rocks considered here, the relaxation time has a general range of 1–10 10 s. This time scale captures the time-dependent behavior as long as centuries, which is much longer than a 10–30 years-long time frame envisioned for CO2 injection projects.
Food insecurity is associated with higher food responsiveness in low-income children: The moderating role of parent stress and family functioning.

Background Food insecurity (FI) may increase the odds for childhood obesity, yet little is known about the mechanism explaining this relationship. Parents experience greater psychosocial stress in the context of FI. In these environments, children from FI households may exhibit different appetitive behaviours. Objectives To examine associations between FI and appetitive behaviours in children (3-5 years) and to explore whether social, emotional and structural properties of the home environment moderate this relationship. Methods In a low-income sample of 504 parent-child dyads, parents completed the household food security module and the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire. A subsample (n = 361) self-reported perceived stress, depressive symptoms, household chaos and family functioning. Children were categorized as food secure, household FI and child FI. Results Food responsiveness (LSmeans ± SE; child FI: 2.56 ± 0.13; food secure: 2.31 ± 0.10, p 0.05). Conclusions Child FI may contribute to obesity risk through differences in appetitive behaviours. For low-income families, stress management and improving family dynamics may be important factors for interventions designed to improve children's appetitive behaviours.
Del bosque al jardín: elogio a una ecología temporal y técnica

espanolA nivel urbano, la incorporacion de vegetacion suele entenderse desde un punto de vista ornamental en que el verde ‘compensa’ el gris de la ciudad como si fuera su opuesto. Pero la vegetacion es vida natural, y su inclusion modifica los ecosistemas urbanos y genera nuevos procesos. Este articulo plantea que el bosque urbano puede entenderse como un sistema dinamico y contingente que, mas que material ornamental, se vuelve material de pensamiento. EnglishAt the urban level, the incorporation of vegetation tends to be understood from an ornamental point of view in which the green ‘compensates’ the city’s grayness as if it were its opposite. But vegetation is natural life, and its inclusion modifies urban ecosystems and generates new processes. This article argues that the urban forest can be understood as a dynamic and contingent system that, rather than ornamental material, becomes a thought material.
Using Automated Synthesis to Understand the Role of Side Chains on Molecular Charge Transport

The development of next-generation organic electronic materials critically relies on understanding structure-function relationships in conjugated polymers. However, unlocking the full potential of organic materials requires access to their vast chemical space while efficiently managing the large synthetic workload to survey new materials. In this work, we use automated synthesis to prepare a library of conjugated oligomers with systematically varied side chain composition followed by single-molecule characterization of charge transport. Our results show that molecular junctions with long alkyl side chains exhibit a concentration-dependent bimodal conductance with an unexpectedly high conductance state that arises due to surface adsorption and backbone planarization, which is supported by a series of control experiments using asymmetric, planarized, and sterically hindered molecules. Density functional theory simulations and experiments using different anchors and alkoxy side chains highlight the role of side chain chemistry on charge transport. Overall, this work opens new avenues for using automated synthesis for the development and understanding of organic electronic materials.
Continuous transformations in R2

Throughout Part VI, we shall be concerned with bounded continuous transformations $$ T:D \to {R^2} $$ (1) where D is a bounded domain in R2. It will be convenient to use certain alternative representations for T. Note that the points of R 2 are ordered pairs (x, y) of real numbers x, y. Hence we can associate with the point (x, y) of R2 the complex number z = x + iy. In the sequel, the terms “complex number” and “point of R2” will be used interchangeably. Using complex numbers, the transformation (1) can be represented in the form $$ T:z = T\left( w \right),w \in D $$ (2) where z is the image point of w under T. Thus T is thought of now as a bounded, continuous, real or complex-valued function of the complex number w∈D. If we set w = u + iv, z = x + iy, where u, v, x, y are real numbers, then we obtain for T the representation $$ T:x = x\left( {u,v} \right),y = y\left( {u,v} \right),\left( {u,v} \right) \in D $$ (3) where the coordinate functions x(u, v), y(u, v) are bounded, continuous, real-valued functions in D.
Probing tissue microstructures using diffusion MRI (21.3)

There is mounting evidence indicating that diffusion in biological tissues exhibits a large degree of complexity depending on tissue type, cellular structures, and microenvironment. Measuring water molecular diffusion in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can thus provide a wealth of information on tissue structure and connectivity that are not accessible by other imaging modalities. Given the complexity of human brain structure and connectivity, the extent and accuracy of the information that can be exacted from diffusion MRI depend heavily on specific models. This presentation will review recent advances in a number of emerging diffusion models that relate diffusion MRI data with different aspects of brain tissue structure and connectivity. A specific model, known as the fractional order calculus model, which has been developed using an advanced mathematical tool, will be highlighted with data from the human brain to demonstration its ability to reveal tissue heterogeneity, microenvironment, ce...
Hume, David (1711–76)

David Hume was an eighteenth-century philosopher and the leading figure of the Scottish Enlightenment, that remarkable efflorescence of genius in a backward corner of Europe which had a profound influence on all European thought. Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, including Hume, Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson, Francis Hutcheson, and others, made important contributions to the disciplines of philosophy and history. They virtually invented political economy, ancestor of the modern discipline called economics. Although Hume is today studied mostly in philosophy departments, he was known to his contemporaries primarily as a historian and essayist, author of the six-volume History of England. Hume's writings were influential on the American founders, although Thomas Jefferson found what he called Hume's “toryism” so offensive that he sought to have Hume's History banned from the library at his University of Virginia. Keywords: freedom; modernity; republic(s)
House Bill No. 246, Indiana State Legislature, 1897

This paper has grown out of a number of requests for information over a number of years, by students and others, concerning some supposed action taken by the Indiana State Legislature with regard to fixing the value of pi, that is, the result of dividing the length of the circumference of a circle by the length of its diameter, at a certain value that was different from the true value. Of course the interest in and wonder at such an action lies in the presumption of a group of supposedly fairly well educated men to attempt to legislate upon something not in the realm of legislation.
Activation of hydrocortisone-induced tryptophan pyrrolase of rat liver by SKF 525-A: The possible involvement of antidiuretic hormone

The nature and mechanism of the pituitary-dependent potentiation by SKF 525-A of hydrocortisone induction of hepatic tryptophan pyrrolase in the rat was studied. SKF 525-A was found to produce modest increases in plasma corticosterone, a finding which supports previous evidence suggesting that the drug evoked ACTH release. ACTH administration to hydrocortisone-treated rats, however, did not potentiate the action of hydrocortisone on tryptophan pyrrolase. Growth hormone was also inactive in this regard. Epinephrine, glucagon and both exogenous and endogenous (released by nicotine) antidiuretic hormone were capable of potentiating hydrocortisone induction of tryptophan pyrrolase. Potentiation of hydrocortisone action by SKF 525-A, epinephrine or nicotine was not detectable if enzyme preparations were assayed with excess hematin added in vitro, indicating that potentiation occurs via an activation process (as opposed to enzyme induction).
Take Your Time and Give It More: Supports and Constraints to Success in Curricular School-Based Groups

ABSTRACT Curricular skill-based groups are frequently used in practice to teach new ways of thinking and behaving to children and adolescents. This article describes a process inquiry that evaluated the implementation of an empowerment group project for young adolescent girls in urban and rural schools. The findings provide insight into three areas that impacted the groups: The agency (school) context and its influences on formation and facilitation of the groups; the fit of the curricular model with the needs of the young adolescent girls across schools and cultures; and leaders' ability to observe and respond effectively to the process of the group within the sessions.
Iris matching algorithm on many-core platforms

Biometrics matching has been widely adopted as a secure way for identification and verification purpose. However, the computation demand associated with running this algorithm on a big data set poses great challenge on the underlying hardware platform. Even though modern processors are equipped with more cores and memory capacity, the software algorithm still requires careful design in order to utilize the hardware resource effectively. This research addresses this issue by investigating the biometric application on many-core platforms. Biometrics algorithm, specifically Daugman's iris matching algorithm, is used to benchmark and compare the performance of several many-core platforms. The results show the ability of the iris matching application to efficiently scale and fully exploit the capabilities offered by many-core platforms and provide insights in how to migrate the biometrics computation onto high-performance many-core architectures.
Mental Status Examination

The Mental Status Examination represents the most important step in the clinical evaluation of individuals suffering from or suspected of having mental disorders. The evaluation is based on observations of a patient’s overt and verbal behavior as well as on his or her subjective experiences. Patients’ presenting problems dictate both the types of questions asked and the depth of inquiry necessary for a coherent and complete assessment of the mental status. In general, the more deviant and severely disturbed the patient, the more probing the mental status examination should be.
Three-dimensional head pose estimation in-the-wild

Estimating 3-dimensional head pose from a single 2D image is a challenging task with extensive applications. Existing approaches lack the capability to deal with multiple pose-related and — unrelated factors in a uniform way. Most of them can provide only 1-dimensional yaw estimation and suffer from limited representation ability for out-of-sample testing inputs. These drawbacks limit their performance especially on faces in-the-wild. To address this problem, we propose a new head pose estimation approach, which models the pose variation as a 3-sphere manifold embedded in the high-dimensional feature space. It can uniformly factorize multiple factors in an instance parametric subspace, where novel inputs can be synthesized under a generative framework. Moreover, our approach can effectively avoid the manifold degradation issue by learning the embedding in a novel direction. The pose estimation results on multiple databases demonstrate the superior performance of our approach compared with the state-of-the-arts.
Management of Postoperative Complications: General Approach

The goal of postoperative management is to promote early mobility and avoid postoperative complications, recognizing the potentially devastating impact of complications on elderly patients with hip fracture. The recommended approach involves early mobilization; freedom from tethers (indwelling urinary catheters and other devices); effective pain control; treating malnutrition; preventing pressure ulcers; reducing risk for pulmonary, urinary, and wound infections; and managing cognition. This carefully structured and patient-centered management provides older, vulnerable patients their best chance of returning to their previous level of functioning as quickly and safety as possible.
The History of the Mobot Museum Robot Series: An Evolutionary Study

This paper describes a long-terra project to install socially interactive, autonomous mobile robots in public spaces. We have deployed four robots over the last three years, accumulating a total operational time of about six years. We introduce the robots, then focus on the lessons learned from one deployment to the next. The evolution of the robothuman interface is of particular interest, although other aspects of the robots’ operations are briefly described.
Photoreceptor intersegmental transport and retinal degeneration: a conserved pathway common to motile and sensory cilia.

During early development of rod and cone photoreceptors, the outer segment (OS) assembles on the apical cell surface by an elaborate process of membrane and protein transport followed by membrane reorganization to form the highly organized stack of membrane disks found in the OS of mature cells. The process of membrane and protein transport continues in mature photoreceptors as the molecular components of the OS turnover at a prodigious rate for the life of the cell (Young, 1967). Intersegmental transport between the inner segment (IS) and the OS is a major logistical problem as all OS macromolecules are synthesized in the IS and must be transported to the OS. Elucidating the molecular pathways involved in intersegmental transport will ultimately require a refined understanding of the photoreceptor connecting cilium as this structure is the only stable connecting link between the IS and the OS and is the likely transport corridor (reviewed in Besharse and Horst, 1990). In addition, understanding the details of these pathways is likely to provide an improved understanding of photoreceptor degeneration diseases that involve trafficking between the two segments.
The School Superintendent: Theory, Practice and Cases

Preface Part I: School District Superintendents Chapter 1: Defining Practice Levels of Public Education Governance School District Superintendents Requirements for Being a Superintendent Quality of Life Considerations For Further Reflection Case Study Chapter 2: Role Characterizations Superintendent as Teacher-Scholar Superintendent as Manager Superintendent as Democratic Leader Superintendent as Applied Social Scientist Superintendent as Communicator For Further Reflection Case Study Chapter 3: Conditions of Practice Changing Social Conditions Workplace Conditions For Further Reflection Case Study Part II: School Districts: Governance And Organization Chapter 4: School Districts as Organizations Nature of School Districts Organizational Dimensions Organizational Paradigms Directed Autonomy and District Organization For Further Reflection Case Study Chapter 5: School Boards Legal Status and Authority Ideal and Real Roles Composition of School Boards Criticisms and Recommended Reforms For Further Reflection Case Study Chapter 6: Superintendent and School Board Relationships Importance of Positive Relationships Building Positive Relationships Managing Conflict with Board Members For Further Reflection Case Study Chapter 7: School District Policy Essence of Policy Policy Statements Policy Formulation Policy Administration For Further Reflection Case Study Part III: Superintendent Leadership And Management Responsibilities Chapter 8: Providing Leadership at the District Level Emerging Need for Leadership Understanding Leadership Instructional Leadership Leadership Functions Normative Leadership Standards For Further Reflection Case Study Chapter 9: Material Resources Management Fiscal Management Facility Management Pupil Transportation Food Services For Further Reflection Case Study Chapter 10: Human Resources Management Managing Personnel Managing Relationships with Employee Unions Managing Special Education Programs Managing Pupil Personnel Services Managing the Legal Dimensions of School Districts For Further Reflection Case Study Chapter 11: Community Leadership District and Community Relations District Partnerships Personal Community Involvement For Further Reflection Case Study Part IV: Contemporary And Personal Perspectives Chapter 12: Contemporary Challenges - Theodore J. Kowalski and Lars Bjork Social Challenges Institutional Challenges Professional Challenges For Further Reflection Case Study Chapter 13: Personal Practice Management Superintendent Work Lives Coping Strategies For Further Reflection Case Study Chapter 14: Becoming a Superintendent Superintendent Selection Process Career Planning Application Process Negotiating an Employment Contract For Further Reflection Case Study Author Index Subject Index
Development and Applications of Laboratory-Scale Free-Electron Lasers

The Stanford x-ray laboratory is developing a number of laboratory-scale free-electron lasers to support scientific and medical research in the far-IR, IR, visible, and UV regions.
If I Had a Million Queries

As document collections grow larger, the information needs and relevance judgments in a test collection must be well-chosen within a limited budget to give the most reliable and robust evaluation results. In this work we analyze a sample of queries categorized by length and corpus-appropriateness to determine the right proportion needed to distinguish between systems. We also analyze the appropriate division of labor between developing topics and making relevance judgments, and show that only a small, biased sample of queries with sparse judgments is needed to produce the same results as a much larger sample of queries.
The American faculty in an age of globalization: predictors of internationalization of research content and professional networks

While there has been considerable policy discussion about the need to internationalize American higher education, our understanding of the internationalization in American faculty’s research remains limited. This study intends to investigate the extent of internationalization in American faculty’s scholarly work and what individual and institutional levers shape faculty decisions to engage internationally. The results of a 2007–2008 comparative international survey provide insights into these important issues and suggest implications for enhancing the international engagement of US faculty.
Age, Growth, and Movement of Mountain Whitefish, Prosopium williamsoni (Girard), in the North Fork Clearwater River, Idaho

Abstract The growth and age structure of mountain whitefish, Prosopium willlamsoni, was compared from three sample locations in the North Fork Clearwater River, and a tagging study initiated to assess movement and migratory behavior. No difference was detected in growth or age structure of whitefish in two streams of the upper drainage, and juveniles representing age groups I and II were generally absent from upper river populations. Age groups I and II whitefish from the lower North Fork Clearwater had significantly greater growth than similar fish from the upper river. The sample from the lower river contained whitefish as old as age IV, whereas fish to age XIV were found in the upper reaches. Young-of-the-year whitefish which spent their first growing season in the upper river moved downstream in September, and apparently remained in the lower river until reaching sexual maturity. Mature whitefish moved upstream (82 km) in late spring and early summer, remained in the upper reaches until spawning in No...
Simon McBurney’s Ambitious Pursuit of the Pure Maths Play

When Simon McBurney set out to create a play about the fabled relationship between Cambridge mathematician G. H. Hardy and the self-taught Indian genius Srinivasa Ramanujan, he was immediately confronted by the question of how to engage the mathematics authentically. Undaunted by his own uneasiness with the subject, McBurney incorporated a host of experts into the rehearsal process, calling on mathematical educators, expositors, and Fields medalists to come work with the company. While on the surface maths and drama make an incongruous pair, the result was a vibrant collaboration. The final product — the award-winning play A Disappearing Number — shines an interesting light on the surprising similarity between the creative process in mathematics and the creative process in theatre, especially as manifested by the company at Complicite.
Warfare and Economy in Renaissance Italy, 1350–1450

The well-known cycle of plague and famine in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Italy coincided with continuous and expensive warfare. These wars, largely ignored by scholars, had important economic consequences for the peninsula, reallocating resources on both the state and individual level. The spending habits of soldiers suggest, albeit tentatively at this stage, a “Renaissance” penchant for conspicuous consumption and display.
The Therapeutic Orientation to Clinical Trials

Traditionally, clinical trials have been understood as continuous with clinical medicine.1 In providing medical care for patients, the physician makes observations, investigates, tests hypotheses, ...
“Why Don’t You Just Tell Me How You Feel?”: A Case Study of a Young Mother in an Attachment-Based Group Intervention

This paper describes an attachment-based parenting intervention, the Circle of Security, and presents a case study of one participant’s experience as a member of it. The Circle of Security is a group intervention for parents of young children ages 1–5 that teaches parents to recognize and respond to their children’s alternating needs for attachment and exploration. The intervention content in group sessions relies to a great extent on discussions of videotaped vignettes of each parent–child dyad. Ultimately, the intervention focuses on strengthening parents’ capacities for empathic responsiveness to their children’s needs for them. In the second part of the paper, the case study illustrates one mother’s experience in a Circle of Security group designed for parents involved with the child welfare system as a result of substantiated maltreatment. Observations of this parent indicate that her capacity for empathic understanding was greatly strengthened, which appears to be related to important behavior change.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the elderly

Background: Advanced age with its concomitant comorbid conditions may be associated with increased postoperative laparoscsopic cholecystectomy (LC) complications and more frequent conversion to open cholecystectomy (OC). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of LC in patients age 65 and older. Methods: Ninety consecutive patients were studied age 65 and older, of whom 39 (43%) were males and 51 (57%) were females, mean age 74 years (range 65–98), with 20 patients (22%) ≥ 80. Indications for surgery included biliary colic 55 (61%), acute cholecystitis 22 (24%), pancreatitis 10 (11%), and cholangitis 3 (4%). Seventeen patients (19%) had preoperative ERCP, 12 of which were normal; five had sphincterotomy with stone extraction. Comorbid conditions included hypertension (44%), CAD (17%), cardiac arrhythmias (18), CHF (9%), and COPD (7%). Results: Operative time—mean 1 h 51 min ± SD 43 min. Conversion to OC—three patients (3%). Length of stay—mean 5 days (range 1–26). Mortality—two patients (2%) >80 years old, one patient with septicemia and multiorgan failure whose comorbid diseases included CAD, C.F., COPPED, and elevated BP, one patient with MI postsurgery, morbid diseases included DM and CAD. Complications—five patients (5%): bile leak from cystic duct stump (one), postsurgery MI (two), incarcerated incisional hernia (one), septicemia (one). Conclusion: Morbidity rates for LC in the elderly population are not different from that reported for patients less than 65 years of age. (5% vs 6%, Fried et al., Surg Clin North Am 1994;74 [2]: 375–387). Our 2% mortality rate is statistically different from previously reported in a series of patients of all ages (0.6%, Fried et al.). The 3% rate of conversion to OC in this older population is not significantly different from the patients in Fried et al. series (4%).
Simplified subgrade model for three-dimensional soil-foundation interaction analysis

A simple mechanical model is presented for the three-dimensional dynamic soil-structure interaction analysis of surface foundations. The model is made of one-dimensional vertical beams with distributed mass and horizontal springs which interconnect the two adjacent beams. Its parameters are rather uniquely related with the soil properties alone and thus are minimally dependent on the loading condition and the foundation conditions like geometry, flexibility and size. Formulations are provided to determine the model parameters from the soil properties. Solving the governing equations of this model, expressions for the subgrade behavior in response to the applied load and soil-foundation interaction are developed in analytical forms for various cases. The dynamic and static response of three-dimensional surface foundations are computed by these expressions. It is verified that the model is well capable of reproducing the three-dimensional soil-structure interaction behavior.
Two fluid approximations for multi-server queues with abandonments

Insight is provided into a previously developed M/M/s/r+M(n) approximation for the M/GI/s/r+GI queueing model by establishing fluid and diffusion limits for the approximating model. Fluid approximations for the two models are compared in the many-server efficiency-driven (overloaded) regime. The two fluid approximations do not coincide, but they are close.
Leverage, residual, and interaction diagnostics for subsets of cases in least squares regression

Abstract Leverage and residual values are useful general diagnostics in least squares regression because all single-case influence measures are functions of these two basic components. Recent work in the area of robust diagnostics has suggested that ordinary leverage and residual values can be ineffective in the presence of “masking” and other multiple case effects, but Kempthorne and Mendel (1990) and others have pointed out that satisfactory definitions of “leverage” and “residual” for subsets of cases might overcome these problems. In this article, we propose a set of three simple, yet general and comprehensive, subset diagnostics (referred to as leverage, residual, and interaction) that have the desirable characteristics of single-case leverage and residual diagnostics. Most importantly, the proposed measures are the basis of several existing subset influence measures, including Cook's distance. We illustrate how these basic diagnostics usefully complement existing multiple outlier detection procedures and subset influence measures in understanding the influence structure within a regression data set.
Decision Theory and Engineering Management

The term ``engineering management'' is intended to be roughly descriptive of the management of technical matters, merely as contrasted with such other areas of management as financial, sales, personnel, etc. Decision-theory, which seems not to be a theory after all, is presented in broad survey as a collection of analytical tools and methods, and an effort is made to see if these have any particularly happy applications to engineering management problems.
Kinetics and polarity effects in the synthesis of the ionic liquid, 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bromide, using compressed CO2

Abstract Compressed carbon dioxide, as a solvent medium, offers unique benefits for the synthesis of ionic liquids (ILs) especially for the ability to combine reaction and separation. The second-order reaction rate constants were determined for the synthesis of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([HMIm][Br]) at 313.15 K and 333.15 K and 30–150 bar from the reactants, 1-methylimidazole and 1-bromohexane. Two different scenarios were encountered based upon the pressure: a one-phase supercritical mixture of the reactants becoming a vapor-liquid IL/CO2 system at complete conversion; or a two-phase CO2-expanded liquid (CXL) that yielded a three-phase vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium (VLLE) at intermediate conversions. Despite multiphase phenomena, the vast majority of the reaction occurs in the reactant-rich liquid phase. The kinetic rate constants were comparable with traditional organic solvents. The reaction rates were higher in the CXL mode than in the initially supercritical mixtures. The changes in the kinetic rate constant with pressure (CO2 composition) could be explained and quantified using Kamlet–Taft (KT) polarity parameters that were measured in the mixtures using solvatochromic probes.
Spontaneous compactification of generalised Kaluza-Klein theories on twisted tori

We explore the possibility of compactification of Kaluza-Klein models containing elementary gauge fields into tori with the internal components of the gauge fields satisfying twisted boundary conditions. We illustrate the idea in a toy model.
Increasing the Heavy Atom Effect of Xenon by Adsorption to Zeolites: Photolysis of 2,3-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene

The distribution of products in the photolysis of 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene (DBO) is determined by the electronic spin state of the cyclohexane-1,4-diyl intermediate. Triplet cyclohexane-1,4-diyl yields 1,5-hexadiene (HD) while singlet cyclohexane-1,4-diyl produces bicyclo[2.2.0]hexane (BCH) as the stable product. Intersystem crossing (ISC) between the two diyls is enhanced by an external heavy atom effect. Direct photolysis (366 nm) of DBO in NaY zeolite containing adsorbed xenon yields a product ratio of 75:25 in favor of the triplet product, HD. This is a 24% increase in triplet product from direct photolysis in n-octane. The dramatic enhancement of ISC may be caused by polarization of the Xe atom in the faujasite cage, thereby allowing it to reach its full potential as a heavy atom perturbant. The 3:1 product ratio derives from complete equilibration of the three triplet electron spin states and the singlet spin state either in the short-lived diazenyl diradical or on a high-energy surface of t...
The Persistence of Patriarchy in Franz Kafka's “Judgment”

Though commentators such as Gerhard Neumann have read Kafka's “Judgment” as a critique of patriarchal authority and the tyranny of familial relations, the story's powerful effect originates from the affirmation of patriarchal authority which motivates its plot. The story situates the protagonist in a conflict between the demands of a patriarchal family and a universalist culture outside the family based on friendship. The victory of the father and the resulting death of the son function as part of an attempt to recover traditional structures of authority which have been eroded by a modern notion of culture based on individual freedom and ‘elective’ affinities rather than binding ones. The death of the son is not an example of senseless repression but of a self-sacrifice of modern and individualist desires in favor of the patriarchal authority of the father.