cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with long-term athletic outcome in Thoroughbred neonates admitted to an intensive care unit

Background Limited information exists on the long-term outcome of foals that survive following hospitalisation for disease as a neonate. Significant financial investment is required to raise foals to racing age, therefore improved understanding of factors that affect long-term outcome and future athletic performance is important. Objectives To analyse racing performance in Thoroughbred foals hospitalised as neonates, compared with their maternal siblings and to determine factors associated with failure to race and racing performance. Study design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Medical records of Thoroughbred foals admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit between 1982 and 2008 were reviewed. Surviving foals of registered mares were included. Data including the foal's primary and concurrent diseases were extracted from the medical record. Racing records for foals and maternal siblings were evaluated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify disorders associated with failure to race and decreased racing performance. Results Two-hundred and sixty-nine of 454 previously hospitalised foals (59%) raced. Sixty-eight percent (269/394) of registered foals raced, compared with 79% (697/880) of registered siblings. Foals with prematurity/dysmaturity (P = 0.002) and those with orthopaedic disease (P = 0.007) were significantly less likely to race than their siblings. Premature/dysmature foals also had significantly fewer starts and wins and lower earnings than siblings. Foals with orthopaedic disorders had a lower percentage of wins, relative to their siblings. There was no significant association between racing performance and other disease categories. Main limitations Small sample size in some disease categories and retrospective nature of study. Conclusions Foals hospitalised due to prematurity/dysmaturity or orthopaedic disorders were less likely to race than their maternal siblings and those that did race had decreased performance.
The Concept of Rationality for a City

The central aim of this paper is to argue that there is a meaningful sense in which a concept of rationality can apply to a city. The idea will be that a city is rational to the extent that the collective practices of its people enable diverse inhabitants to simultaneously live the kinds of life they are each trying to live. This has significant implications for the varieties of social practices (including social customs, physical infrastructure, and laws) that constitute being more or less rational. Some of these implications may be welcome to a theorist that wants to identify collective rationality with a notion of justice, while others are unwelcome. There are some significant challenges to this use of the concept of rationality, but I claim that these challenges at the city level have parallels at the individual level, and may thus help deepen our understanding of rationality at all levels.
Publisher Correction: Rabies-based vaccine induces potent immune responses against Nipah virus

In the original published version of this Article, the figure legends were attached to the wrong figures. The legend for Fig. 2 was moved to Fig. 4, the legend for Fig. 3 was moved to Fig. 2, and the legend for Fig. 4 was moved to Fig. 3. The PDF and HTML versions of the Article have been corrected.
Phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for HPV-associated squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx followed by reduced-dose radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy for responders or standard dose chemoradiotherapy for nonresponders.

TPS5601 Background: Recent studies have established an improved outcome for HPV associated oropharyngeal squamous cell cancers with 3 year OS rates approaching 90%. Given that current aggressive tr...
Topological Constraint Theory and Rigidity of Glasses

Topological constraint theory has become an increasingly popular tool to predict the compositional dependence of glass properties or pinpoint promising compositions with tailored functionalities. This approach reduces complex disordered networks into simpler mechanical trusses. Thereby, topological constraint theory captures the important atomic topology that controls macroscopic properties while filtering out less relevant second-order structural details. As such, topological constraint theory can be used to decode the genome of glass, that is, to identify and decipher how the basic structural building blocks of glasses control their engineering properties---in the same way as the human genome offers information that serves as a blueprint for an individual's growth and development. Thanks to its elegance and simplicity, topological constraint theory has enabled the development of various physics-based models that can analytically predict various properties of glass. In this Chapter, I introduce some general background in glass science, concepts of atomic rigidity, and topological constraint theory. The topological constraints enumeration scheme is presented for various archetypical glasses and is used to understand the origin of their glass-forming ability. Finally, various topological models enabling the prediction of glass properties are reviewed, with a focus on hardness, fracture toughness, viscosity, fragility, glass transition temperature, and dissolution kinetics.
Sonographic evaluation of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve in meralgia paresthetica.

Identify sonographic features of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) in meralgia paresthetica (MP) and report therapeutic outcomes in sonographically confirmed cases. Retrospective review of 50 patients with clinically suspected MP and 20 controls. Ultrasounds were reviewed for characteristics of the LFCN and compared between groups. When available, MRIs were reviewed. In cases of sonographically pathologic LFCN, subsequent therapeutic interventions were recorded. Thirty-five of the suspected MP cases (70%) had ultrasound findings suggestive of MP, 10 (20%) were negative, and in 5 (10%) the LFCN was not seen. Sonographic findings in positive cases included nerve enlargement in all cases (mean cross-sectional area 9 mm2 (standard deviation (SD) ± 5.59) versus 4 mm2 (SD ± 2.31) and 3 mm2 (SD ± 2.31) in negative cases and normal controls, respectively; p < 0.01), nerve hypoechogenicity (30 of 35 cases, 86%), and focal lesion (7 of 35 cases, 20%). Sixteen ultrasounds positive for MP had MRIs with only 4 (25%) reporting a concordant LFCN abnormality (enlargement or T2 hyperintensity). Twenty-five of the 35 (71%) patients with positive sonographic findings for MP had a US-guided LFCN block (local anesthetic ± corticosteroid), with 24 of 25 (96%) patients reporting immediate symptomatic improvement. Eighteen of 35 (51%) underwent LFCN neurectomy or neurolysis, all of whom experienced symptomatic improvement. Ultrasound is a useful modality for LFCN assessment in clinically suspected MP and is more sensitive for abnormalities than MRI. Nearly all patients who received perineural analgesia and/or neurectomy or neurolysis had symptomatic improvement.
Chinese heritage sites and their audiences: the power of the past: by Rouran Zhang, Abingdon, Routledge, 2020, 268 pp., US$160.00 (hardback), ISBN 9781138624931, US$44.05 (ebook), ISBN 9780429460333

As part of the Routledge series Research on Museums and Heritage in Asia, Chinese Heritage Sites and their Audiences provides a Chinese perspective on tourists’ relationship to heritage sites. This...
Analysis of Wage Distribution and Wage Per Unit

The focus of this study is on a derived variable of wage per unit (wage per hour) using the Sri Lanka Labor Force Survey 2013. In that this paper aims to do several things. First it will analyze the distribution and properties of wage per unit through statistical tools such as the histogram and K- density. It will then analyze the relationship (if any) between the response variable wage per unit and the categorical explanatory variables gender, education, occupation, industry, district, employment type and sector. Finally, this paper will draw some statistical inferences about wage per unit by analyzing the mean wage per unit belonging to different groups such as gender and occupation through the use of inferential hypothesis testing statistical tools such as the F-test by employing the one- way analysis of variance and the T-test. It will be, for example seen, whether there is a difference in mean earnings within groups like gender, occupation and employment sector.
Multiclass Learning-Aided Temporal Decomposition and Distributed Optimization for Power Systems

Temporal decomposition is a potential approach to relieve the computation cost of power system multi-interval scheduling problems, such as economic dispatch. In this form of decomposition, the considered scheduling horizon is partitioned into several subhorizons. A subproblem is formulated for each subhorizon, and a distributed optimization algorithm strategy is used to coordinate subproblems. The main existing challenge is decomposing the scheduling horizon to gain the most time saving from distributed computing. This paper serves as an extension to our previous work and presents a machine learning-aided temporal decomposition strategy to partition a scheduling horizon optimally. We have found that the load profile, known before solving economic dispatch, significantly affects the best number of subhorizons. We have used load profiles as inputs to a learner whose goal is to assign a temporal decomposition class to each load profile. Possible decomposition classes are divisors of the considered scheduling horizon. Thus, the proposed learning procedure is a multiclass classification. We have selected Extreme Gradient Boosting that is a tree-based classification learner. Simulation results using real-world load profiles show the promising performance of the proposed algorithm.
An Ecological Momentary Assessment Examination of the Transdiagnostic Model of Food and Alcohol Disturbance

Food and alcohol disturbance (FAD) proposes that individuals restrain or restrict food intake before, during, or after drinking in order to minimize weight gain and/or increase intoxication. Yet, research has yet to examine the potential functional associations between these behaviors within the FAD model. To examine the underlying tenets of FAD, this paper reports on two ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies, which measuresd momentary restriction and alcohol use in women with binge eating. Study 1 included 30 women with at least one binge-eating episode at baseline whom completed 14 days of EMA recordings, and Study 2 included forty women with binge-eating symptoms whom completed ten days of EMA recordings. Study 1 analyses showed concurrent associations between meal skipping and avoiding eating to control weight with binge drinking. Study 2 analyses showed an association between fasting and total alcoholic drinks that was moderated by individual differences in overvaluation in shape and weight. That is, when women with higher overvaluation reported fasting since the last EMA signal, they consumed more alcoholic drinks; there was no association among women with lower overvaluation. These studies support the underlying conceptual model of FAD among women with binge eating.
Simulations of Infectious Disease Propagation II: Herd Immunity Examined

The results of simulations of the propagation of an infectious disease are presented. In managing and controlling the spread of an infectious disease, such as Covid-19, the concept of “Herd Immunity” (HI) is often invoked when the disease’s propagation will dwindle to acceptable level. We have extended a previous work with explicit attention on the usefulness of this concept. The objectives of this research was to track the propagation of an infectious disease as a function of population density and time and to evaluate HI. The population was divided into two groups. One group was protected from the infection. The second group was unprotected. The results are given as a percentage of the unprotected population that is infected as a function of time. We used computer simulation on a person level to follow the progress of the disease’s infection across the population. In the beginning, the people are uniformly distributed in a square. Movement of the people was simulated by each person performing a random walk. Infection rates are given for the unprotected portion of the population as a function of time. The disease was transferred from an infected person to an uninfected person if the two people were closer together than a given distance. These simulations show the unprotected portion of the population was at total risk if proper measures are not taken early. For 400 unprotected people the infection rate was 100% after approximately 100,000 iterations. We give the results from one dual simulation in which protection was afforded for a significant part of the population and carried out until all of the unprotected were infected. In the second part the protection was lifted to see how fast the total population was infected. For the case of 50% protected it took 400,000 iterations to infect the unprotected people. After the restrictions were lifted it took 150,000 to infect the other half. The simulations here are people based which has the advantage of seeing individual personal involvement. Results of infection rates were calculated for 1,000, 2,500, 5,000, and 10,000 people. The propagation of the disease can be fast and depends on population density. Protection is vital to containing the disease. Restrictions must be lifted carefully and slowly or the total population is at risk. According to the results obtained here the concept of HI is not a viable concept in controlling or managing the spread of the disease. We also present some data on how many people one person infected during the simulation.
Student Adoption & Development of Digital Learning Media: Action Research and Recommended Practices.

During the fall semesters of 2009 and 2010, faculty members teaching a junior-level IT and networking concepts course and a senior-level information security course, produced video-captured lectures, recorded fine-grained conceptual tutorials and podcasts, developed software simulations, and provided media for ad-hoc learning assistance. Students produced video for several class assignments. They also had the option of replacing a typical written semester report with a video project. Student satisfaction with the various forms of digital learning media, perceptions of learning, and intention to adopt for future courses were measured in a series of surveys and compared to self-reported learning styles. Of particular interest was how students would perform and respond to the higher order learning activity of creating digital output. Outcomes were generally positive, and in some cases, students reported that access to digital media positively changed the way they prepared for class and studied for exams. While students reported that developing digital media was preferable to traditional projects and felt they learned more about their topics during the process of developing a video or simulation, they noted the time commitment was high. They are not yet ready to see digital media used exclusively for content delivery and expressed a preference for a mix of media and traditional classroom lectures. The paper concludes with suggestions for introducing digital learning media into an IT curriculum.
The phthienoic acids from tubercle bacillus

Abstract Oxidative degradation of C27-phthienoic acid has established beyond any reasonable doubt the structure, 2,4,6,-trimethyl-2-tetracosenoic acid, in agreement with the previous structural assignment by other investigators. One degradative method consisted of allylic bromination of the α,β-unsaturated acid, dehydrohalogenation, ozonolysis, and oxidation with cold permanganate. A new method of degradation of hydrocarbon chains, depending on oxidation with chromyl acetate, was applied as an independent determination of structure and examination for homogeneity. TheC25-phthienoic acid has also been isolated, characterized, and assigned the structure, 2,4,6,-trimethyl-2-docosenic acid. Gas chromatographic analysis of previously isolated fraction of acids from the tubercle bacillus indicates the occurrence of the series of phthienoic acids ranging from C22 to C28. There are probably present two other C27-α,δ-unsaturated acids, in addition to C27-phthienoic acid.
Triple Bottom Line

The triple bottom line (3BL) is, narrowly defined, an approach to measuring the success of an organization's activities that considers the organization's social and environmental performance in addition to the traditional financial performance. The term was originally introduced in the mid-1990s alongside other existing frameworks, guidelines, and approaches to social and environmental accounting and reporting. Despite the increased popularity and adoption of the 3BL concept among business organizations, 3BL has come under scrutiny for a lack of specificity regarding the measurement of the social and environmental performance components. The difficulty of finding a unified measure for the two additional bottom lines has been considered a fundamental threat to the bottom line idea, which assumes, at least based on a narrow interpretation of the term, a final result or statement expressed in some unit of measurement. Despite the criticism, or maybe because of it, the debate in the literature is increasingly coalescing around a view of 3BL as a paradigm of sustainable business practice rather than a very specific approach to performance measurement or accounting. Keywords: social accounting; sustainability; impact assessment; social reporting; social performance; environmental performance; environmental accounting; stakeholder management
Oblique fault systems crossing the Seattle Basin: Geophysical evidence for additional shallow fault systems in the central Puget Lowland

[1] Upper plate seismicity in the Puget Lowland is more broadly distributed than mapped fault systems and presents a conundrum for understanding the active tectonics of the region. Although many previous studies have mapped faulting in the Puget Lowland from subsurface geophysical data, many of these efforts have focused specifically on mapping the structure of the Seattle Fault Zone and the South Whidbey Island Fault. The thick glacial sediments and extensive water bodies may conceal additional active faults away from these major structures. We map fault networks in Quaternary sediments broadly throughout the central Puget Lowland using existing marine multichannel seismic reflection data sets with widely distributed profiles to extend the results of previous work. We identify a NE-SW zone of recent high-angle faulting and shallow sediment deformation crossing the Seattle Uplift and the Seattle Basin that segments the Seattle Fault Zone and is distinct from previously mapped fault systems. Faults in this zone cut or deform sediments at the seafloor, and the zone trends across the central Puget Lowland at an oblique angle to major regional structures. Two additional zones of faulting trend NW-SE and cut through the Seattle Basin and the Kingston Arch, respectively. Aeromagnetic lineations extend the NE-SW trend of deformation across the Seattle Uplift and connect deformation of shallow sediment in the Puget Sound with deformation of shallow sediment in the Hood Canal. These oblique fault structures may partially control the wide distribution of seismicity within the central Puget Lowland and should be considered in seismic hazard assessments.
Brownian Motion and Queueing Applications

The objective of this article is to present an elementary introduction to the applications of Brownian motion in queueing theory. We start with an overview of some of the basics of Brownian motion, followed by Donsker's theorem and the Skorohod problem. We then discuss the fluid and diffusion scaling of queueing processes, taking the single-server GI/GI/1 queue as an example. We illustrate why the limiting regime under the diffusion scaling is a reflected Brownian motion, and how it leads to a diffusion approximation of the original queue model. Keywords: Brownian motion; skorohod problem; donsker's theorem; gi/gi/1 queue; diffusion approximation
Argument Quality and Cultural Difference

Central to argumentation theory is a concern with normativity. Argumentation theorists are concerned, among other things, with explaining why some arguments are good (or at least better than others) in the sense that a given argument provides reasons for embracing its conclusion which are such that a fair- minded appraisal of the argument yields the judgment that the conclusion ought to be accepted -- is worthy of acceptance -- by all who so appraise it. This conception of argument quality presupposes that the goodness of arguments is characterizable in terms of features of ‘the argument itself.’ It makes no reference either to the attributes of the persons appraising the argument and judging its normative force, or to the context in which that appraisal is carried out. But recent work by a wide range of philosophers, argumentation theorists, and social theorists rejects such an abstract, impersonal notion of argument goodness. Instead, these theorists insist upon taking seriously, in the evaluation of arguments, the features of the evaluators themselves. In particular, such theorists emphasize the importance of cultural difference in argument appraisal. Often locating themselves under the banner of multiculturalism, they argue that the quality of an argument depends upon culturally-specific beliefs, values, and presuppositions; that an argument may be of high quality in one cultural context but of low quality in another. Consequently, they contend, no abstract, impersonal characterization of argument quality can succeed. In this paper I consider this multiculturalist approach to argument quality. I argue that while there is much merit in the general multiculturalist perspective, the multiculturalist argument against impersonal conceptions of argument quality fails. It fails for several reasons detailed below; most fundamentally, it fails because it itself presupposes just the kind of impersonal account of argument quality it seeks to reject. I call this presupposition that of transcultural normative reach. I identify this presupposition in the multiculturalist argument, and show how it undercuts the multiculturalist challenge to abstract, impersonal, transcultural conceptions of argument quality. I conclude with an evaluation of the strengths, and weaknesses, of the multiculturalist challenge to such conceptions of argument quality.
Breast Cancer Characteristics Associated With Digital Versus Film-Screen Mammography for Screen-Detected and Interval Cancers.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pathologic findings of screen-detected and interval cancers differ for digital versus film mammography. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium data from 2003–2011 on 3,021,515 screening mammograms (40.3% digital, 59.7% film) of women 40–89 years old were reviewed. Cancers were considered screen detected if diagnosed within 12 months of an examination with positive findings and interval if diagnosed within 12 months of an examination with negative findings. Tumor characteristics for screen-detected and interval cancers were compared for digital versus film mammography by use of logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratio and 95% CI with adjustment for age, race and ethnicity, hormone therapy use, screening interval, examination year, and registry. Generalized estimating equations were used to account for correlation within facilities. RESULTS. Among 15,729 breast cancers, 85.3% were screen detected and 14.7% were ...
Helping Students Gain A Better Understanding of Writing

The primary purpose of this study is to develop a curriculum for first-year writing that can be taught at the two-year college to help students transfer writing skills to courses taken afterwards. The second chapter aims to define what transfer is and identify a few different approaches to teach for transfer, which led to the discovery of the Writing about Writing pedagogy as developed by Douglas Downs and Elizabeth Wardle. This research was influenced heavily by Anne Beaufort’s College Writing and Beyond as well. Following this, the third chapter examines the nature of the two-year college that makes it uniquely difficult to teach for longer term transfer of writing skills. Finally, chapter four features a review of the Writing about Writing pedagogy and textbook, which leads to development of a course sequence for use at a two-year college. This study supports the implementation of an introduction to writing studies course sequence at the two-year college level to aid in the transfer of writing skills.
Methodologic issues in measuring physical activity and physical fitness when evaluating the role of dietary supplements for physically active people

Physical activity and physical fitness are complex entities comprising numerous diverse components that present a challenge in terms of accurate, reliable measurement. Physical activity can be classified by its mechanical (static or dynamic) or metabolic (aerobic or anaerobic) characteristics and its intensity (absolute or relative to the person's capacity). Habitual physical activity can be assessed by using a variety of questionnaires, diaries, or logs and by monitoring body movement or physiologic responses. Selection of a measurement method depends on the purpose of the evaluation, the nature of the study population, and the resources available. The various components of physical fitness can be assessed accurately in the laboratory and, in many cases, in the field by using a composite of performance tests. Most coaches and high-level athletes would accept as very beneficial a dietary supplement that would increase performance in a competitive event by even 3%; for example, lowering a runner's time of 3 min. 43 s in the 1500 m by 6.7 s. To establish that such small changes are caused by the dietary supplement requires carefully conducted research that involves randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies designed to maximize statistical power. Statistical power can be increased by enlarging sample size, selecting tests with high reliability, selecting a potent but safe supplement, and maximizing adherence. Failure to design studies with adequate statistical power will produce results that are unreliable and will increase the likelihood that a true effect will be missed.
Perspectives on the impact of fading on protocols for wireless networks

In this survey paper, we examine issues that arise at progressively higher layers of protocol stacks as a consequence of fading at the physical layer. One recurring theme that is uncovered is the sensitivity of the performance at essentially every level to the higher order statistics of the error process. This leads us to emphasize the need to understand, track and manage the higher order statistics of the error process that is passed up by the physical layer. This representative survey is by no means comprehensive.
Multimedia Emergency Bedside Ultrasound Quality Assurance Feedback

Clear feedback is important for teaching the technical and interpretive skills of emergency bedside ultrasound. Using screen capture software (Snapz Pro X, Ambrosia Software Inc.), we create multimedia feedback videos for our users still in the training phase. These self-contained videos with voice-over instruction are made using either the still images or digital video that users submit for quality assurance. The videos are simple to make and allow for clear, focused feedback and personalized instruction with each study. Users see their images and visual feedback, and hear real-time audio instruction. This allows us to easily reinforce positive technique and interpretation, provide constructive comments, and review areas for improvement. The feedback videos are posted on a server, and links are emailed to users when new studies are reviewed. Users can review studies at their convenience with a minimal time commitment. Since switching from written to multimedia feedback, we have seen a marked improvement in our users’ ultrasound skills and enthusiasm toward ultrasound. The following are examples of reviewed studies: http://www.emedsonar.com/qa/video_review/ziggy_fast_091408.mov. http://www.emedsonar.com/qa/video_review/110308/ziggy_jd_gb_nm_092408.mov. http://www.emedsonar.com/qa/video_review/110308/wiepert_thundiyil_ao_cp_092508.mov.
Esterase activity, exclusion of propidium iodide, and proliferation in tumor cells exposed to anticancer agents: phenomena relevant to chemosensitivity determinations.

AbstractCellular esterase activity and the ability to exclude propidium iodide were examined after exposing tumor cells to anticancer agents. In general, esterase activity and the ability to exclude propidium iodide continued when cells proliferated and disappeared when proliferation was inhibited. However, with a number of preparations, drug exposure inhibited proliferation while esterase activity and propidium iodide exclusion persisted. These indications of persisting cell function or viability after drug exposure may be relevant to a potential for tumor cell recovery. When the viability of established cell lines progressively declined on days 4 and 7 following drug exposure, recovery did not occur. When proliferative recoveries occurred, viabilities remained elevated. Estimates of in vitro sensitivity by proliferation-related criteria were contrasted by persistent high viability estimates in 22% of the determinations performed with primary tumor cell preparations. The potential for recovery may explai...
EXISTENCE AND STABILITY OF SOLUTIONS OF A DELAY-DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEM

Introduct ion Differential systems involving rather arbitrary retarded arguments have received much attention in the Russian literature, particularly during the past t 0 years or so. This is apparently due, in part, to the importance of such systems in automatic control theory. The present paper gives the basic existence theorems and an introduction to the Lyapunov method for a generalized dif.ference-differential system slightly more general than those usually considered in the Russian literature. One of the more obvious generalizations of a difference-differential equation is
An Integrin‐Mobilferrin Iron Transport Pathway in Intestine and Hematopoietic Cells

A pathway of iron transport not involving transferrin or transferrin receptors has been described as functioning in iron uptake into intestinal cells and in a hematopoietic cell line. Evidence was presented to show that it is mediated by a transmembrane protein (integrin) and a cytosolic protein (mobilferrin).
Central corneal thickness, tonometry, and glaucoma risk--a guide for the perplexed

The results of the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS) brought to the forefront the role of central corneal thickness (CCT) as a confounder of applanation tonometry, and established CCT as an independent predictive factor for the development of glaucoma. Ophthalmologists often wonder how to use CCT in daily practice. This article reviews the current CCT literature and provides some basic guidance to clinicians wishing to integrate CCT into their care of glaucoma patients.
Reaction analysis of potassium promotion of Ru-catalyzed CO hydrogenation using steady-state isotopic transients

Abstract The effects of alkali on catalyst activity and deactivation during CO hydrogenation have been studied in the past mostly based on an available surface-metal atoms approach. However, such an approach cannot easily distinguish to what extent the modifier brings about changes in surface concentrations of reaction intermediates or affects site activity during steady-state reaction. Steady-state isotopic transient analysis (SSITKA) with carbon tracing was used to decouple the effects of potassium on the methane-producing sites during steady-state CO hydrogenation over Ru/SiO 2 catalysts having modifier loadings of up to (K/Ru) atom = 0.2. The SSITKA results indicate that, during steady-state CO hydrogenation, carbidic carbon evolved into methane via a high-reactivity (C 1α ) and a low-reactivity (C 1β ) trajectory. With increasing amounts of K + the average “true” intrinsic turnover frequency ( k ) of both of these carbidic pools decreased, as did their steady-state surface abundance. Relative to C 1β , the C 1α pool was affected to a slightly greater extent, both in terms of its reactivity and abundance. It is likely that potassium was able to strengthen the carbon-metal interaction which made hydrogenation of the carbon adlayer more difficult, resulting in smaller methane-destined pools of active surface carbon. With time-on-stream, deactivation by deposition of inactive carbon did not significantly affect the product distribution or the methane rate constant at the prevailing K + doping levels; instead, deactivation was due to a loss in the steady-state abundance of carbon-containing surface intermediates exiting as methane. Implications of the role of potassium during steady-state CO hydrogenation in influencing the active metal surface, the carbidic adlayer, and the latter's transformation into unreactive carbon are addressed.
Retrograde Inhibition of Presynaptic Calcium Influx by Endogenous Cannabinoids at Excitatory Synapses onto Purkinje Cells

Brief depolarization of cerebellar Purkinje cells was found to inhibit parallel fiber and climbing fiber EPSCs for tens of seconds. This depolarization-induced suppression of excitation (DSE) is accompanied by altered paired-pulse plasticity, suggesting a presynaptic locus. Fluorometric imaging revealed that postsynaptic depolarization also reduces presynaptic calcium influx. The inhibition of both presynaptic calcium influx and EPSCs is eliminated by buffering postsynaptic calcium with BAPTA. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 prevents DSE, and the agonist WIN 55,212-2 occludes DSE. These findings suggest that Purkinje cells release endogenous cannabinoids in response to elevated calcium, thereby inhibiting presynaptic calcium entry and suppressing transmitter release. DSE may provide a way for cells to use their firing rate to dynamically regulate synaptic inputs. Together with previous studies, these findings suggest a widespread role for endogenous cannabinoids in retrograde synaptic inhibition.
Turning tendency of moths exposed to ultrasound while in stationary flight

Abstract A differential anemometer makes it possible to follow changes in the direction of the serial wake created by a moth in stationary flight. The sign (right or left) of this direction indicates that certain noctuid species attempt to turn away from a horizontal source of ultrasonic pulses over a wide range of sound intensities. The minimum reaction time for these turning attempts is 45–50 msec. Turning attempts are sustained in response to 10 c/s pulse trains, but are only transient or entirely absent when the stimuli are single brief pulses or continuous tones. The chief action producing turning is partial folding of the wings on the side of the moth opposite to the sound source. The effects of unilateral tympanotomy, sex, species, and other factors are examined in relation to turning-away behaviour and other responses shown by free-flying moths in response to bats and artificial sound sources.
0.5-um deep-UV photolithography manufacturing

This paper presents the current status of DUV photolithography manufacturing for 0.5- and sub-0.5-micrometer CMOS devices. For the manufacturing toolset and process described, the throughput and exposure performance progressed from an early development stage of less than 100 wafers per toolset per day, to greater than 300 wafers per toolset per day. This improvement was achieved in less than nine months. The DUV cost of ownership, in comparison to existing 0.5-micrometer i-line technologies, drove high DUV throughput requirements at minimized chemical usage. The increased output of this complex cluster/process was achieved by concentrating on the key detractors: tool reliability, coating defects, overlay and critical dimension rework, and manufacturing efficiency. These four detractors, and the corrective actions, are described in this paper. Work continues to progress in tool reliability, process stability, implementation of automated systems, and manufacturing procedures. In addition, this manufacturable DUV technology is being extended to 0.35- micrometer applications with both the current tool set and higher numerical aperture (NA) step-and-scan exposure tools.
Ambulatory ECG Recording in Mice

Telemetric ECG recording in mice is essential to understanding the mechanisms behind arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac death. Although the surface ECG is utilized for short-term measurements of waveform intervals, it is not practical for long-term studies of heart rate variability or the capture of rare episodes of arrhythmias. Implantable ECG telemeters offer the advantages of simple surgical implantation, long-term recording of electrograms in ambulatory mice, and scalability with simultaneous recordings of multiple animals. Here, we present a step-by-step guide to the implantation of telemeters for ambulatory ECG recording in mice. Careful adherence to aseptic technique is required for favorable survival results with the possibility of implantation and recording from weeks to months. Thus, implantable ECG telemetry is a valuable tool for detection of critical information on cardiac electrophysiology in ambulatory animal models such as the mouse.
The Electrical Resistance of Metals.

Electrical Resistance of Eighteen Elements.---The paper contains a brief summary of an extensive series of measurements which are to be published in detail elsewhere made to determine the effect of pressures up to 12000 kg. per sq. cm. and of temperatures from 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 275\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} $C$. on the resistance of lithium, sodium, potassium, gallium, bismuth, mercury, calcium, strontium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, arsenic, tungsten, lanthannum, neodymium, carbon (amorphous and graphitic), silicon, and black phosphorus. The data for tungsten and magnesium are improvements on data previously published; the data for the other substances are new. The first six of these elements were studied in both the liquid and the solid states. The pressure coefficients of solid calcium, solid strontium, and both solid and liquid lithium are positive; the coefficient of bismuth is positive in the solid state, but negative in the liquid.Modified Electron Theory of Metallic Conduction.---A previous theoretical discussion of measurements of the effect of pressure on resistance suggested most strongly that in metallic conduction the electrons pass through the substance of the atoms, and that the mechanism by which resistance is produced is intimately connected with the amplitude of atomic vibration. This view is here given quantitative form. The classical expression for conductivity, $\ensuremath{\sigma}=(\frac{{e}^{2}}{2m})(\frac{\mathrm{nl}}{v})$, is retained; the number of free electrons is supposed to remain constant, their velocity is taken to be that of a gas particle of the same mass and temperature, and their mean free path is supposed to be many times the distance between atomic centers. The variations of path are then computed in terms of the variations of amplitude, and thus the variations of resistance are obtained and checked with experimental results. It is shown that the theory in this form explains Ohm's law, gives the correct temperature coefficient and the most important part of the pressure coefficient, avoids the difficulty of the classical theory with reference to specific heats, indicates a vanishing resistance at low temperatures, leaving open the possibility of super-conductivity, and retains the classical expression for the Wiedemann-Franz ratio. Besides these quantitative checks, the theory is shown to be entirely consistent qualitatively with all the new data; in fact, many of these new results, particularly the effect of pressure and temperature on the relative resistance of solid and liquid, seem to demand uniquely this conception of metallic conduction.
Synthetic studies on paraherquamide: synthesis of the 2H-1,5. Benzodioxepin ring system

Abstract Various 2H-2,2-dimethyl-1,5-benzodioxepins have been synthesized en route to the oxindole moiety of paraherquamide (1). The key step is the 7-membered ring formation from prenylated catechols using either PhSeCl, N-PSP or m-CPBA/SnCl4.
Effect of Early Postnatal Steroid Treatment on Ovarian Function in Prepuberal Rats.

SummarySubcutaneous injection of 10. 100 or 1000 μg of testosterone prop. in a single dose into female rats on the fifth day of life prevented luteinization of the ovaries after 10 days of parabiosis with castrated male rats. Injection of 10 or 100 μg of testosterone propionate on days 5, 7 or 9 of life also prevented luteinization of the ovaries, but animals injected with the same amount of hormone on day 13 had luteinized ovaries. Animals injected with 1 mg of testosterone propionate on day 13 formed no corpora lutea when put in parabiosis at 26 days of age. Animals joined at 36 days of age, however, did form corpora lutea. Animals treated with hormones in the early postpartum period and injected with PMS at 30 days of age did not ovulate. Animals treated with 10 μg of testosterone propionate on day 5 and injected with 16 I.U. of PMS on day 30 did not have corpora lutea at 34 days of age or at 58 days of age.
Negative regulation of the protection of eIF2α phosphorylation activity by a unique acidic domain present at the N-terminus of p67

Abstract Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2)-associated glycoprotein, p67, has protection of eIF2α phosphorylation (POEP) activity, and this activity requires lysine-rich domains I and II of p67. Another unique acidic residue-rich domain is also present at the N-terminus of p67. In this study we analyzed the role of this acidic residue-rich domain in POEP activity. Our data revealed that constitutive expression of a mutant form of p67 (D6/2) in mammalian cells resulted in increased POEP activity, and this activity was partially inhibited when second-site alanine substitutions at the conserved amino acids D251, D262, E364, and E459 were introduced in the D6/2 mutant. In contrast, a similar mutation at the conserved H331 position did not show any effect on POEP activity. Individual alanine substitutions at the above conserved amino acids in wild-type p67 did not show any significant effect on POEP activity except the E459 position where alanine substitution caused ∼50% increase in POEP activity as compared to the wild type. Although, the levels of endogenous p67 and p67-deglycosylase did not correlate with the POEP activity, we found that the D6/2 mutant of p67 was glycosylated at a higher level in mammalian cells as compared to wild-type p67. The increased POEP activity of the D6/2 mutant also correlated with the higher rate of overall protein synthesis in mammalian cells constitutively expressing this mutant form of p67. Taken together, these data suggest that the acidic residue-rich domain present at the N-terminus of p67 may have a negative role in POEP activity.
Endoscopic Resection of a Giant Intradural Retroclival Ecchordosis Physaliphora: Surgical Technique and Literature Review

Objective To report the first complete resection of a giant ecchordosis physaliphora using an endoscopic transclival approach and to provide a current review of the literature. Methods This rare benign lesion, originating from embryonic notochordal remnants, was located in the prepontine cistern of a 63-year-old man presenting with progressive tremor and imbalance. Preoperative imaging demonstrated a 2.1-cm intradural lesion abutting the pons and basilar artery and extending through the dura mater. Results A gross total resection was successfully achieved endoscopically without neurovascular compromise or additional complications. Postoperative histopathologic examination was consistent with a diagnosis of giant ecchordosis physaliphora. Conclusions An endoscopic endonasal transclival approach provided a direct, minimally invasive route for safe and complete resection of this rare prepontine tumor, as it has for similarly located skull base chordomas. Our experience highlights the utility of endoscopy in visualization of both pathologic entities and nearby critical neurovascular structures in the management of ecchordosis physaliphora and other cranial base neoplasms.
Sovereignty, indigeneity, identities: perspectives from Hawai'i

Indigeneity and nation, sovereignty and self-determination, ethnicity and race are abstract concepts that gain significance in the political field, where they take shape through the positions that parties, groups, or individual entrepreneurs promote. Political actors pin their hopes on their ability to affect the political discourses about Hawaiian indigeneity and nationalism, self-determination and sovereignty, and to shape the way Hawaiians (native and local) think about themselves and the way Hawai‘i should be governed. Cultural anthropologists, because they study ordinary people, families, kinship networks, and communities, are interested in the further-reaching and more complicated questions of the extent and manner in which concepts like indigeneity or sovereignty, and self-determination retain any meaning in the social field of Native Hawaiians. Does a concept like indigeneity reflect and unify the ways (native) Hawaiians identify themselves and understand themselves as being Hawaiian?
Disclosure and Service Use on a College Campus After an Unwanted Sexual Experience

In order to continue to facilitate the disclosure of sexual assault to professional support services, the current study examined the extent to which survivors report using campus services and whether friends who had disclosed to participants used the services. We also compared knowledge of a campus sexual assault center and likelihood of using the center among college men and women. Surveys were completed by 1,230 students, including victims of unwanted contact (n = 127), victims of unwanted intercourse (n = 26), and friends of victims (n = 253). Students who reported being victims of unwanted sexual experiences were reluctant to use services, expressing concerns that they would not be believed and that they would be blamed for what had happened to them. College men were significantly less likely to know where the sexual assault center was located, to report that they would use the center, and to report that unwanted sexual experiences were a problem on campus. Results indicate that much needs to be done to educate the campus community about the value of using professional support services after a sexual assault.
Fitness Guidelines for Rock Climbing Students

Abstract Rock climbing is a vigorous activity that requires a unique combination of strength and power balanced with endurance and flexibility. In the mind of a dedicated rock climber, developing and maintaining an adequate level of fitness is as important as the technical aspects of the sport.
Choice of the Injector System for the 200-BeV Accelerator

Many different types of injection systems are possible for the 200-BeV accelerator. A single-stage, single ring, 8-BeV "fast booster" is the best choice.
Quantized Particle Swarm Optimization: An Improved Algorithm Based on Group Effect and Its Convergence Analysis

In this article a new simple-structure variation of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed. Since the standard PSO has a very good performance, the new variation retains many properties of standard PSO such as stochasticity and some other properties similar to those in Evolutionary Algorithms. However, unlike the standard PSO algorithm, in the new algorithm the particles can not only communicate with each other via the objective function but, via a new variable named “quantizer”, and hence, the new algorithm is labeled as the Quantized Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. In addition, extensive simulations are given to show the advantages of the new algorithm over the standard PSO. Finally, the convergence analysis for deterministic version of the new algorithm is also presented.Copyright © 2011 by ASME