cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Criteria for robust stability in a class of lateral inhibition networks coupled through resistive grids

In the analog VLSI implementation of neural systems, it is sometimes convenient to build lateral inhibition networks by using a locally connected on-chip resistive grid to interconnect active elements. A serious problem of unwanted spontaneous oscillation often arises with these circuits and renders them unusable in practice. This paper reports on criteria that guarantee these and certain other systems will be stable, even though the values of designed elements in the resistive grid may be imprecise and the location and values of parasitic elements may be unknown. The method is based on a rigorous, somewhat novel mathematical analysis using Tellegen's theorem (Penfield et al. 1970) from electrical circuits and the idea of a Popov multiplier (Vidyasagar 1978; Desoer and Vidya sagar 1975) from control theory. The criteria are local in that no overall analysis of the interconnected system is required for their use, empirical in that they involve only measurable frequency response data on the individual cells...
TIROS III meteorological satellite radiation observations of a tropical hurricane

On July 12, 1961, the TIROS III meteorological satellite (1961 rho 1) was launched carrying two television cameras and a family of radiation sensors in the visible and infrared portions of the spectrum. During the period July 18–24, the first hurricane of the 1961 Atlantic season, Hurricane Anna, was observed clearly by a five-channel medium resolution radiometer on the satellite as well as by the television cameras. Data gathered by the radiometer during this period are presented in the form of maps, together with supporting television pictures. The possibility to infer stratospheric water vapor content above the hurricane by comparing measurements from the 5.9-6.7 micron water vapor and the 7.5–13.5 micron window channels is investigated. We have concluded that only very limited inferences can be made because of our insufficient knowledge of the transfer of radiation at low pressures and in the cloud-atmosphere interface and because of insufficient accuracy of the sensors flown in TIROS III. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00184.x
Barriers to hepatitis C treatment

Despite the availability of highly effective therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, few patients receive treatment. Barriers arising at multiple levels, from diagnosis to specialist referral, may impede the delivery of hepatitis C care. At the patient level, lack of awareness, fear of side effects, poor adherence and comorbid conditions may prevent treatment. For providers, limited knowledge, lack of availability and communication difficulties may be problematic. At the government and payer level, a lack of promotion, surveillance and funding may interfere. Each of these barriers needs to be addressed if wider implementation of antiviral therapy is to be achieved.
Oogenetic origin of messenger RNA for embryonic synthesis of microtubule proteins.

Microtubule protein in RNA is present in considerable quantities in the unfertilized egg. After fertilization, the synthesis of microtubule proteins begins and proceeds at an increasing rate during cleavage.
Metabolic Labeling of Caenorhabditis elegans Primary Embryonic Cells with Azido-Sugars as a Tool for Glycoprotein Discovery

Glycobiology research with Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has benefitted from the numerous genetic and cell biology tools available in this system. However, the lack of a cell line and the relative inaccessibility of C. elegans somatic cells in vivo have limited the biochemical approaches available in this model. Here we report that C. elegans primary embryonic cells in culture incorporate azido-sugar analogs of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), and that the labeled glycoproteins can be analyzed by mass spectrometry. By using this metabolic labeling approach, we have identified a set of novel C. elegans glycoprotein candidates, which include several mitochondrially-annotated proteins. This observation was unexpected given that mitochondrial glycoproteins have only rarely been reported, and it suggests that glycosylation of mitochondrially-annotated proteins might occur more frequently than previously thought. Using independent experimental strategies, we validated a subset of our glycoprotein candidates. These include a mitochondrial, atypical glycoprotein (ATP synthase α-subunit), a predicted glycoprotein (aspartyl protease, ASP-4), and a protein family with established glycosylation in other species (actin). Additionally, we observed a glycosylated isoform of ATP synthase α-subunit in bovine heart tissue and a primate cell line (COS-7). Overall, our finding that C. elegans primary embryonic cells are amenable to metabolic labeling demonstrates that biochemical studies in C. elegans are feasible, which opens the door to labeling C. elegans cells with other radioactive or azido-substrates and should enable the identification of additional post-translationally modified targets and analysis of the genes required for their modification using C. elegans mutant libraries.
On the transfer of fitness from the cell to the multicellularorganism

The fitness of any evolutionary unit can be understood in terms of its two basic components: fecundity (reproduction) and viability (survival). Trade-offs between these fitness components drive the evolution of life-history traits in extant multicellular organisms. We argue that these trade-offs gain special significance during the transition from unicellular to multicellular life. In particular, the evolution of germ–soma specialization and the emergence of individuality at the cell group (or organism) level are also consequences of trade-offs between the two basic fitness components, or so we argue using a multilevel selection approach. During the origin of multicellularity, we study how the group trade-offs between viability and fecundity are initially determined by the cell level trade-offs, but as the transition proceeds, the fitness trade-offs at the group level depart from those at the cell level. We predict that these trade-offs begin with concave curvature in single-celled organisms but become increasingly convex as group size increases in multicellular organisms. We argue that the increasingly convex curvature of the trade-off function is driven by the cost of reproduction which increases as group size increases. We consider aspects of the biology of the volvocine green algae – which contain both unicellular and multicellular members – to illustrate the principles and conclusions discussed.
War Without Pain, and Other Models

I don't know how many economists, teaching business fluctuations or the corn-hog cycle, have devoted an hour to the household thermostat; I know several. Cybernetics, I am told, drew attention to similarities between vacuum tubes and animal nerve cells, and made predictions about the human nervous system that were verified by surgery. An article on feedback related artillery fire-control and automatic oil-pipeline systems to the ecological complementarity of the lynx and the rabbit. Economists compare the closeness of election campaigns to the market forces that make two brands of cider taste much alike. Analysts of rumor, best sellers, and epidemic diseases have been led independently to the equation for the logistic curve; and the collapse of Batista has been compared to the collapse of a stock market. Individuals with conflicting internal values have been likened to a two-person committee with a complicated voting system; and recently the paradigm of the “prisoners' dilemma” has been used to characterize preemptive attack, cheating on a test ban, and Rousseau's illustration (five men cooperating in a stag hunt when one spies a hare) of the value of enforceable contract.
The use of image processing techniques in rendering maps with deterministic chaos

Chaos theory involves the study of how complicated behavior can arise in systems which are based on simple rules, and how minute changes in the input of a system can lead to large differences in the output. In this paper, bifurcation maps of the equationX t+1=λX t [1+X t ]−β are presented, and they reveal a visually striking and intricate class of patterns ranging from stable points, to a bifurcating hierarchy of stable cycles, to apparently random fluctuations.
Family education seminars and social functioning of adults with chronic aphasia.

Aphasia affects functional activities and participation in social roles years after onset. Some group and individual programs have reported success in improving social activities and perceived wellness. These programs typically last several weeks or months. A short, 2-day seminar style program designed for adults with chronic aphasia and their families is described in this report. Six-month follow-up data from participant pairs demonstrates a significant improvement in functional activity level, improved knowledge of aphasia, and improved family relationships. Nonparticipant pairs did not demonstrate any changes over the same period. These findings replicate and extend those of a previous study on the same 2-day seminar [Top. Stroke Rehabil. 2 (1995) 53.]. The results of this study demonstrate the important outcomes of even a very brief program designed to address the long-term psychosocial needs of adults living with aphasia and their families. Educational objectives: As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to: (1) describe a brief family education seminar for adults with chronic aphasia; (2) discuss outcomes in family adjustment, community reintegration, and activities of daily living associated with participation in a family education seminar; and (3) evaluate areas of programming and outcomes that should be addressed in future research.
Enteric receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine.

Abstract [ 3 H]5-hydroxytryptamine ([ 3 H]5-HT) was used as a radioligand to study enteric 5-HT receptors. Membranes were derived from preparations of longitudinal muscle with adherent myenteric plexus and of mucosa-submucosa dissected from guinea pig and rabbit small intestines. Filtration and radioautographic analyses were used. Specific [ 3 H]5-HT binding was found in both preparations. Binding was saturable and dissociable with equilibrium dissociation constants ( K d ) of 2.7 and 1.4 nM, respectively. A kinetic estimate of K d (1.5 nM) was similar to that determined by saturation analysis and the Hill coefficient approximated unity. Ring-hydroxylation of indoles was found to be a requirement for antagonism of [ 3 H]5-HT binding. On the other hand, substitutions could be made in the aliphatic side chain of tryptamines without destroying the affinity of analogues for the binding sites. The inability of antagonists to displace [ 3 H]5-HT indicated that the binding sites were not muscarinic or nicotinic receptors, α- or β-adrenoceptors, H 1 or H 2 histamine receptors, dopamine receptors or either the S 1 or S 2 types of 5-HT receptor that have been found in the brain. Frozen section drymount radioautography revealed the [ 3 H]5-HT binding sites to be located in ganglia of the myenteric plexus and at the boundary between the mucosa and submucosa. The similarity between the structure-activity requirements for affinity at the [ 3 H]5-HT binding sites and activation of neural or M receptors for 5-HT in the gut, as well as the characteristics and location of the binding sites suggests that they are enteric neural receptors for 5-HT.
Volition and Valorization in the Analysis of the ‘Careers’ of People Exhibited in Freak Shows

ABSTRACT This essay examines the problems posed by our attempts to make sense of the participation of people in public acts that debase them. In this case the context is the ‘freak show’–the commercial display for profit of people with such physical anomalies as excessive height or weight, limb deficiencies and misshapen heads. The point of departure for the analysis is twofold: an examination of consent theory based on Don Herzog's Happy Slaves and a description and critique of a recent historical work, Robert Bogdan's Freak Show.
A directional scintillation counter for neutrons

Abstract A description of several models of a directional neutron counter constructed of plastic filaments is given. Ratios as high as 1000:1 have been obtained for the counting rate with filamental axis parallel to the neutron direction to the counting rate with filamental axis perpendicular to the neutron direction.
Algorithm 727: Quantile estimation using overlapping batch statistics

An efficient algorithm for estimating the qth quantile of a set of n data points is introduced. The standard error of the quantile estimate is estimated using overlapping batch statistics. A driver program is included.
Electrothermal Atomization with Atomic Absorption at Reduced Pressures for Studies of Analyte Distribution in Solids

The spatial distribution of Pb in a NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) C1253a copper alloy is determined by using an electrothermal atomizer atomic absorption spectrometry (ETA-AAS) system operated at reduced pressure. Three Pb absorbance peaks have been consistently observed at 0.1 Torr. It is proposed that the first peak belongs to the release process of Pb from the surface, the second peak may originate from grains until the Cu-Pb binary phase transformation to a homogeneous solution occurs, and the third peak arises from Pb in the bulk of the sample. The areas of the first two peaks may be used to determine the "near surface" and grain concentrations of analyte. However, the expulsion of analyte because of the coincident bulk vaporization of copper matrix produces a severely depressed analytical signal for the third peak. The data presented for the pressure-regulated ETA-AAS system suggest the feasibility of isolating and quantitatively measuring metals within the bulk and on or near the surface of solid samples when the metal of interest is of lower volatility than the host matrix.
Mathematical problem solving in small groups: Exploring the interplay of students' metacognitive behaviors, perceptions, and ability levels

Abstract This exploratory study extends our earlier work that identified the importance of metacognitive behaviors in mathematical problem solving in a small-group setting. In that study 27 seventh-grade students of varying ability were observed working in six small groups. The current investigation examines the perceptions of those students about themselves as problem solvers and about working in a small group. Data were obtained through videotapes of the students working in small groups and audiotapes of stimulated-recall interviews of the individual students. The results provided insight regarding the ways that beliefs, emotions and attitudes of students of varying ability influenced their own and their peers' metacognitive behaviors within their respective groups. The findings suggest a number of implications for teachers regarding the modality, level and frequency of assessment of group problem solving.
Gas Chromatographic Studies of the Relative Retention of the Sulfur Isotopes in Carbonyl Sulfide, Carbon Disulfide, and Sulfur Dioxide

Abstract A precision gas chromatograph, coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer and an on-line computer, was used to study the fractionation on Porasil A of the 32S/34S isotopic pair in a variety of sulfur-containing molecules. Carbonyl sulfide yielded an average a value of 1.00074 ± 0.00017 (standard deviation) for the temperature range 25 to 75°C. The carbon disulfide value was 1.00069 ± 0.00023 for the range 53 to 103°C, and that for sulfur dioxide was 1.00090 ± 0.00018 for the range 62 to 112°C. Differential thermodynamic data have been reported. A Porapak Q column showed no fractionation of this isotopic pair in these three molecules.
Effect of dopamine2 blockade on renal function under varied sodium intake

This study explored the role of the dopamine-2 receptor (DA2) in the control of renal blood flow (RBF) and the influence of variations in sodium intake. These relationships have not been previously defined in man. Seven normotensive male subjects underwent a low dose dopamine (DA) infusion (1 microgram/kg.min) for 3 h, known to activate both DA1 and DA2 receptors. The effect of DA2 receptor on renal hemodynamics was studied using a relatively specific DA2 blocker [domperidone (DOM); 60 mg, orally] alone and with a DA infusion. Systemic and renal hemodynamics parameters were measured noninvasively. Urinary prostacyclin was measured in 3-h urine specimens, obtained during the DA infusion. The DA infusion increased RBF and prostacyclin during both normal and high salt diets, but this effect was attenuated on a low salt diet. DOM alone significantly reduced basal RBF during normal (1304 +/- 48 vs. 1175 +/- 45 mL/min.1.73 m2; P < 0.01) and low salt diets (1402 +/- 80 vs. 1220 +/- 101 mL/min.1.73 m2; P < 0.02),...
Hypertensive risk factors in kidney disease in African Americans

African Americans with hypertension more commonly develop renal insufficiency compared to Caucasians. The African American Study of Kidney Disease (AASK) included a renal biopsy pilot study that demonstrated that the clinical diagnosis of so-called hypertensive nephrosclerosis in these African American patients indeed was accurate. This biopsy study demonstrated extensive global glomerulosclerosis, far exceeding that expected for patients' age. We further compared our clinically indicated renal biopsies to determine if any phenotypic differences were present in hypertensive nephrosclerosis in African Americans versus Caucasians. These studies point to an excess of the solidified type of global glomerulosclerosis (GS) (also called "decompensated benign nephrosclerosis") in African Americans compared to more obsolescent type GS in Caucasians. We speculate that these phenotypic differences might reflect differing mechanisms of tissue injury in hypertensive African Americans versus Caucasians, and discuss possible contributors to this injury.
An Analysis of Processes, Risks, and Best Practices for Use in Developing Systems Engineering Process Simulators

Abstract Systems engineering simulation models provide a valuable means to understand and learn important concepts related to systems engineering. Simulators can be used for education and as decision support systems in order to evaluate the dynamic consequences of various courses of action. This paper examines existing research mined from literature related to systems and software engineering processes, risks, and best practices. It seeks to guide the definition of priorities for systems engineering process simulator development. The paper identifies an initial set of research opportunities for the development of systems engineering process simulators.
Duraprep and the risk of fire during tracheostomy

Background. DuraPrep is a widely used, alcohol-based surgical prep solution. The risk of surgical fire associated with incomplete drying of this agent in the context of electrosurgical procedures has been described previously. To date, there have been no reports of fire during tracheostomy associated with a flammable prep agent before entering the airway. We describe an operating room fire occurring during awake tracheostomy associated with the use of DuraPrep. Methods. A 62-year-old man with copious body hair underwent tracheostomy in the operating room. The neck was prepared with DuraPrep surgical solution, and after at least 3 minutes, the operative field was draped. Activation of electrocautery ignited a fire, and the patient was burned on his neck and shoulders. Results. The fire was extinguished, and the patient recovered from both the tracheostomy and the burns. Conclusion. This case illustrates that DuraPrep should be avoided in the hirsute patient, because body hair interferes with drying of this solution and increases the risk of fire. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2006
Nonmusic Majors' Cognitive and Affective Responses to Performance and Programmatic Music Videos

This study was designed to compare the effects of different kinds of visual presentations and music alone on university nonmusic students' affective and cognitive responses to music. Four groups of...
Aus den frühen Tagen der Makromolekularen Chemie

Most branches of science pass through a “pioneering period” where different concepts and approaches create, for a while, a turbulent atmosphere until, on the basis of new experimental evidence, clear and durable principles emerge, which lead to a broad and continuous growth of basic understanding and practical application. The author of this article recalls how, temporarily, conflicting ideas created confusion in the chemistry and technology of giant molecules before these disciplines developed into what they are now: indispensable contributors to the comfort, safety and expansion of our society from medicine to astronautics.
Health Spending Slowdown Is Mostly Due To Economic Factors, Not Structural Change In The Health Care Sector

The source of the recent slowdown in health spending growth remains unclear. We used new and unique data on privately insured people to estimate the effect of the economic slowdown that began in December 2007 on the rate of growth in health spending. By exploiting regional variations in the severity of the slowdown, we determined that the economic slowdown explained approximately 70 percent of the slowdown in health spending growth for the people in our sample. This suggests that the recent decline is not primarily the result of structural changes in the health sector or of components of the Affordable Care Act, and that—absent other changes in the health care system—an economic recovery will result in increased health spending.
Field dependent chain formation by ferromagnetic colloids

Field dependent chain formation in ferromagnetic colloids is discussed. It is shown that chains form if the density of ferromagnetic particles is sufficiently low and if the dipole-dipole coupling is sufficiently strong. In small magnetic fields the chains may only be metastable ; they are stable in high fields. General formulae for calculating the mean chain length as a function of density, dipole-dipole coupling constant and dipole-field coupling constant are given and compared with available experimental data.
Performance Analysis of T20-World Cup Cricket 2012

Performance analysis of cricket players is always an intricate task due to the correlated nature of the variables used to quantify contributions to the team. Lack of transparency of current methods, probably due to commercial confidentiality, creates a necessity for new and lucent evaluative methods. Here, we present a simple, yet straightforward, method for analyzing the performance of T20-World Cup Cricket 2012 players that can be easily adapted to other team sports. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljastats.v14i1.5873
Learning foraging tasks by bees: a comparison between social and solitary species

Abstract Social behaviour requires recognition of and communication among colony members. These types of interactions may select for increased learning and memory capabilities in highly social species. The advanced learning capabilities associated with social life may also promote an increased capacity for learning other specific tasks, such as foraging. Therefore, social bees may show a higher capacity for learning and remembering floral characteristics relative to this same capacity in solitary bees. To test this prediction, the performance of a social species of bumblebee, Bombus bimaculatus (Apidae), and a solitary species of carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica (Anthophoridae) was compared in three experiments in which bees had to learn to discriminate between rewarding and non-rewarding flowers that differed in colour. In all three experiments bumblebees showed higher learning rates compared with carpenter bees. However, both species showed similar levels of overnight memory retention. The results suggest that social bees have better learning capabilities compared with solitary bees.
Frontal Lobe Mechanisms that Resolve Proactive Interference

Memory of a past experience can interfere with processing during a subsequent experience, a phenomenon termed proactive interference (PI). Neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence implicate the left mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (mid-VLPFC) in PI resolution during short-term item recognition, though the precise mechanisms await specification. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment sought to further constrain theorizing regarding PI resolution. On each trial, subjects maintained a target set of words, and then decided if a subsequent probe was contained in the target set (positive) or not (negative). Importantly, for half of the negative and half of the positive trials, the probe had been contained in the previous target set (recent). Relative to non-recent trials, negative-recent trials produced an increase in response times and error rates, behavioral markers of PI. In fMRI measures, negative recency was associated with increased activation in the left mid-VLPFC, as well as in the bilateral fronto-polar cortex, providing evidence for multiple components in PI resolution. Furthermore, recency effects were evident during both negative and positive trials, with the magnitude of the recency effect in the mid-VLPFC being greater on negative trials. Collectively, these results serve to specify and constrain proposed models of PI resolution.
Informing Counselor Training and Competent Counseling Services through Transgender Narratives and the Transgender Community

This article is intended to assist mental health counselors, counselor educators, and counseling students who are already familiar with basic terms and concepts in transgender care. First, the authors briefly present an integrative approach for affirmative counseling with transgender clients that emphasizes empowerment, recognition of multicultural and sociopolitical contexts, social justice, and the use of client narratives in counseling. Second, the authors highlight resources within the transgender community and give examples of how counselors can access the transgender community for themselves and their transgender clients. Last, the authors provide a case vignette followed by a case analysis in an effort to challenge readers to consider the experiences of transgender individuals, and to demonstrate the application of the integrative approach and incorporation of transgender community resources.
A Static Study of Java Exceptions Using JESP

JESP is a tool for statically examining the usage of user thrown exceptions in Java source code. Reported here are the first findings over a dataset of 31 publicly available Java codes, including the JavaSpecs. Of greatest interest to compiler writers are the findings that most Java exceptions are thrown across method boundaries, trys and catches occur in equal numbers, finallys are rare, and programs fall into one of two categories, those dominated by throw statements and those dominated by catch statements.
Malignancies in Women with HIV Infection

Women with HIV infection have an increased risk of developing certain malignancies. These malignancies are commonly human papillomavirus (HPV)-related, reflecting the high rate of coinfection with HPV in women with underlying HIV infection. These women also have a high incidence of premalignant HPV-related changes, such as high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions as diagnosed on Pap smears and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia on cervical biopsy. Screening recommendations for HIV-infected women reflect the need for vigilance in detecting and treating these lesions early. In addition, recent interest has focused on the use of cervical cancer screening, employing HPV-testing techniques, and on HPV vaccination in younger women to prevent initial infection and the subsequent development of cervical and other HPV-related cancers. The incidence of other types of malignancies, such as Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, is also increased in HIV-infected individuals. When these lymphomas occur, they tend to...
Sleep and Its Disorders: What You Should Know

Type of Book: A single-authored softcover handbook on sleep disorders. Scope of Book: This book offers a practical overview of normal sleep, sleep assessment, sleep disorders, and treatment options.
Content Overlap and Replacement Cost Analyses: Tools to Evaluate Abstracting/Indexing (A&I) and Full-Text Databases in Science and Engineering

Shrinking serials acquisition budgets and increasing subscription costs for access to bibliographic and full-text databases are forcing academic librarians to reevaluate the content needs of their faculty and students. This article showcases two methods to attain a firmer grasp of the content and value of databases: comparison of journal title overlap among various abstracting/indexing databases using the JISC Academic Database Assessment Tool (ADAT), and cost analysis of unbundling a full-text journal package.
Modeling and estimation of spatial random trees with application to image classification

A new class of multiscale multidimensional stochastic processes called spatial random trees is introduced. The model is based on multiscale stochastic trees with stochastic structure as well as stochastic states. Procedures are developed for exact likelihood calculation, MAP estimation of the process, and estimation of the parameters of the process. The new framework is illustrated through a simple binary image classification problem.
A Rapid Silver-on-the-Slide Method for Nervous Tissue

A progressive silver staining method is described, which permits microscopic examination of the sections during the staining process. After formaldehyde fixation, dehydration and embedding in paraffin or celloidin, fine fibers and synaptic endings may be demonstrated. After formaldehyde fixation and mordanting in 3% K2Cr2O7, myelinated fibers and mitochondria are specifically stained.The unique feature of this method is, that the silver solution (0.5% protargol) is mixed with the reducing solution: 1.6% Rochelle salts, containing traces of Ag NO3, MgSO4, and K2S (U.S.P.). The sections are placed directly into this mixture, which is then warmed to 45-55° C. Sections are removed when progressive staining is completed, washed in water, dehydrated and mounted.In the fiber stain, nerve fibers and synaptic endings are dark brown or black, and nuclear chromatin is deep brown, against a pale yellow background. When the myelin sheath procedure is followed, the fiber bundles are deep brown, and the intensity of the...
Gentamicin treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy due to nonsense mutations

Aminoglycosides have previously been shown to suppress nonsense mutations, allowing translation of full-length proteins in vitro and in animal models. In the mdx mouse, where muscular dystrophy is due to a nonsense mutation in the dystrophin gene, gentamicin suppressed truncation of the protein and ameliorated the phenotype. A subset of patients with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy similarly possess a nonsense mutation, causing premature termination of dystrophin translation. Four such patients, with various stop codon sequences, were treated once daily with intravenous gentamicin at 7.5 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks. No ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity was detected. Full-length dystrophin was not detected in pre- and post-treatment muscle biopsies.
Design and Testing of a Classification System which Recognizes Coronary Stenosis by Site and Relative Severity, Using Myocardial Tl-201 Scintigrams

The main theme of this paper is an implementation of fuzzy clustering in order to determine whether perfusion patterns exist which are diagnostically specific for the location of stenosis in a particular major coronary artery. During the past decade, Tl-201 myocardial scintigraphy has proven its value for the detection of ischemic heart disease, and, more recently, for establishing prognosis [1]. Other clinically important data, however, such as the site of greatest coronary artery obstruction and its relative severity compared to stenoses in other arteries, has not been as readily derived from planar Tl-201 scintigrams.
Mosaic analysis of the dominant mutant, Gnarley1-R, reveals distinct lateral and transverse signaling pathways during maize leaf development

Maize leaves are organized into two major domains along the proximal-distal axis: a broad flat blade at the distal end of the leaf, and a narrow, thickened sheath that encircles the stem. Between the blade and sheath are two wedge-shaped tissues called auricles, and the ligule, an epidermally derived fringe. Members of the Knotted1 (Kn1) family of mutations change the shape and position of both ligule and auricle, thus disturbing the overall pattern of the leaf. Here we present the results of a mosaic analysis of Gnarley1-R (Gn1-R), which like members of the Kn1 family, affects the ligule and auricle. Gn1-R is distinct, however, in altering the dimensions of cells that make up sheath tissue. To gain insight into the Gn1-R phenotype, we performed a mosaic analysis using X-ray induced chromosome breakage to generate wild-type (gn1+/−) sectors in otherwise Gn1-R leaves. These sectors allowed us to determine whether Gn1-R acts non-autonomously to influence adjacent cells. Most aspects of the Gn1-R phenotype, such as ligule position, inhibition of auricle development, and sheath thickness showed autonomy in the lateral dimension (leaf width). In contrast, all aspects of the Gn1-R phenotype were non-autonomous in the transverse dimension (leaf thickness), suggesting that signaling occurs between cell layers in the leaf. These results support a model for distinct signaling pathways along lateral versus transverse axes of a developing leaf.
Simulating the carbon footprint of galactic haloes

We compare simulations, including the Illustris simulations, to observations of CIV and CII absorption at z=2-4. These are the CIV column density distribution function in the column density range $10^{12} - 10^{15}$ cm$^{-2}$, the CIV equivalent width distribution at 0.1 - 2 \AA, and the covering fractions and equivalent widths of CIV 1548 and CII 1337 around DLAs. In the context of the feedback models we investigate, all CIV observations favour the use of more energetic wind models, which are better able to enrich the gas surrounding halos. We propose two ways to achieve this; an increased wind velocity and an increase in wind thermal energy. However, even our most energetic wind models do not produce enough absorbers with CIV equivalent width > 0.6 \AA, which in our simulations are associated with the most massive haloes. All simulations are in reasonable agreement with the CII covering fraction and equivalent widths around Damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorbers, although there is a moderate deficit in one bin 10 - 100 kpc from the DLA. Finally, we show that the CIV in our simulations is predominantly photoionized.
Ascorbate-induced changes in gangliosides of calf aortic smooth muscle cells in culture: Possible influence of extracellular matrix

The ganglioside composition of calf aortic smooth muscle cells, cultured in the presence and absence of ascorbate, was analyzed. Previous work has shown that ascorbate supplementation leads to the formation of an extracellular matrix consisting primarily of collagen and that this matrix influences the biosynthetic capabilities of the cell. Cell cultures were supplemented with ascorbate for 3 wk and labeled with [14C]glucosamine for 3 d before harvesting. Ascorbate supplementation resulted in increased ganglioside sialic acid levels and a change in chromatographic profile involving both absolute and relative increases in GD1a. The latter, along with polysialo species, showed increased incorporation of [14C]glucosamine. These findings are interpreted in relation to the proposed role of gangliosides as mediators in the interaction of various cells with extracellular matrix.
Fuel for the road--sugar transport and pollen tube growth.

Pollen tubes require the activity of carbohydrate uptake transporters to sustain their high growth rate. The work of Rottmann and colleagues in this issue (pages 2387–2399) provides evidence that expression of a hexose transporter in pollen tubes may be regulated via the hexokinase signaling pathway. Pollen, the male gametophyte (haploid generation) of flowering plants, is responsible for delivering sperm cells to the egg sac, a process essential for sexual reproduction. Interaction between pollen and stigma (pollination) initiates secretion in the stigma and pollen germination. The pollen tube emerges and grows through the style to the ovaries where it delivers the sperm cells to the ovule to accomplish fertilization (Box 1) (Edlund et al., 2004). In Arabidopsis, the male gametophyte consists of three cells – one vegetative cell that encloses two sperm cells. Despite this seemingly simple system, about half of all Arabidopsis genes are expressed in pollen (Bock et al., 2006). There has been much recent progress in the field of pollen biology, especially in the area of pollen tube guidance and reception by the female gametophyte (reviewed by Kanaoka and Higashiyama, 2015). Pollen tubes have been studied intensively as a model system for tip growth, a process vital in diverse cell types from fungal hyphae to cancer cells (Sanati and Geitmann, 2013). Basic research on pollen biology also has many direct practical applications. The vast majority of the world’s harvest depends upon successful plant reproduction. In many crop plants the male gametophyte is sensitive to environmental stress, such as heat and drought, which can lead to serious crop losses (Zinn et al., 2010). Understanding pollen function is therefore also of important practical interest.
Some thoughts on the development of a lay religious consciousness in pre-Civil-War England

One of the most significant aspects of the religious literature written in England in the critical half-century before the Long Parliament was the considerable contribution made by lay writers. Whatever belief one chooses, Anglicanism, Puritanism, mysticism, skepticism, rationalism, deism, a lay representative can be found who espoused it. Whatever type of writing one selects, devotional books, spiritual biographies, polemics, ecclesiastical histories, legal studies, a search of the Short Title Catalogue would readily bring to light a layman who produced such works. From the pietist John Norden to the firebrand William Prynne, to the contemplative moderate Lucius Cary, Viscount Falkland, the age abounds with a rich variety of lay religious opinion.
Edward Taylor's Spiritual Huswifery

Make me, O Lord, thy Spinning Wheele compleate. Thy Holy Worde my Distaff make for mee. Make mine Affections thy Swift Flyers neate And make my Soule thy holy Spoole to bee. My Conversation make to be thy Reele And reele the yarn thereon Spun of thy Wheele. Make me thy Loome then, knit therein this Twine: And make thy Holy Spirit, Lord, winde quills: Then weave the Web thyselfe. The yarn is fine. Thine Ordinances make my Fulling Mills. Then dy the Same in Heavenly Colours Choice, All pinkt with Varnisht Flowers of Paradise. Then cloath therewith mine Understanding, Will, Affections, Judgment, Conscience, Memory My Words, and Actions, that their shine may fill My wayes with glory and thee glorify. Then mine appareil shall display before yee That I am Cloathd in Holy robes for glory.
Cerebral oximetry monitoring in pediatric seizure patients in the emergency department

During ictal/post-ictal events, altered cerebral physiology occurs: increased neuronal activity causes significant increase in cerebral metabolism with changes in ipsilateral cerebral blood flow. Standard PED seizure monitoring is by O2SAT and ETCO2 which yield no direct data about regional cerebral oxygenation/physiology (rSO2). Significant abnormal hemispheric cerebral physiology resulting in neurological injury can occur without knowing because the current monitoring system could not detect the abnormal hemispheric abnormality. Cerebral oximetry can provide a rapid, non-invasive detection of each hemisphere's cerebral physiologic changes during ictal/post-ictal phases. The aim was to study left and right rSO2 values in patients in the pre and post seizure periods and in nonseizing controls.
Body Surrogates: Mannequins, Life-Size Dolls, and Avatars

One of the tropes of these early years of the twenty-first century is that of the avatar, a virtual representation of a human being used for entertainment, educational, technical, or scientific purposes. The avatar is a product of digital culture, but its origins are coeval with those of the human being and its evolution is affected by material conditions and the level of technology currently achieved by a given society. The origin of the word “avatar” has a spiritual connotation: It was associated with Hinduism and used to describe a deity who took a terrestrial form. More generally, however, whether in terms of religion or computing, we could define the avatar as a surrogate, a body—real or virtual—that replaces another.
The Research on Displacement Ways and Microscopic Displacement Effects of Ultralow Interfacial Tension System

In order to explore the displacement ways and microscopic displacement effects of the ultra-low interfacial tension system,the use of transparent glass-etched micro-pore model simulation carried out two kinds of models,four kinds of displacement ways,a total of six microscopic displacement programs in the lab with BS13 betaine-type surfactants and their compound binary systems with polymer,and discussed the different displacement methods and their micro-displacement effects by using image analysis technology. The results show that:in the homogeneous and non-homogeneous models,BS13 betaine ultra-low interfacial tension activated water was easy to rush in the seepage channels formed by waterflooding,so that the displacement effects became bad,so simply using ultra-low interfacial tension activated-water slug to drive oil can not have good effects on enhanced oil recovery; while the binary composite system of ultra-low interfacial tension can effectively prevent interfacial tension activated water from rushing along the seepage channels formed by waterflooding,with good results for driving; For higher recovery,not only to minimize interfacial tension between displacement system and the crude oil,but also to appropriately increase the viscosity of oil displacement system.
Study on method for determination of n-butyl methacrylate in air in a workplace by gas chromatography

Objective:A gas chromatographic method for the determination of n-butyl methacrylate in occupational atmospheres was developed.Methods:Air samples were collected in impregnated charcoal tube and n-butyl methacrylate was eluted with 1 ml carbon disulfide and determined by gas chromatography with FID detection directly.Results:The new method showed good linearity in the range of 2 μg/ml～500 μg/ml(r=0.9999).The detection limit was 0.4 μg/ml(S/N≥3)and with a limit of quantification of 0.1 mg/m3 per 3.0 L of air.The efficiency of sampling from impregnated charcoal tube was up to 99.89% and breakthrough volume was above 18.8 mg.The recoveries were 94.30%～97.58%,and n-butyl methacrylate in impregnated charcoal tube could be kept for at least 15 days without significant loss.Conclusion:The method could be used to determine n-butyl methacrylate in occupational atmospheres.
Martial Law: The Development of a Theory of Emergency Powers, 1776-1861

The American theory of martial law evolved gradually under a dense cloud of confusion and ambiguity. Until the troublesome years from 1830 to 1860, most jurists and commentators tended to equate martial with military law and to hold that it applied exclusively to members of the armed forces. But after 1830, when Americans began to feel the pressures of governing a continental empire in combination with domestic unrest and found themselves in situations requiring a resort to military power as the only means of preserving the social and constitutional order, the concept of martial law took on new meaning. This article focuses upon this development of a new theory of emergency powers in the United States during the first three-quarters of a century under the Constitution.
A Simple Method for Observing and Measuring Heart Rates in Live Adult Monarchs (Danaus plexippus) and Other Large Butterflies

ABSTRACT. Heart rates of insects reflect the current level of activity and stress individuals are experiencing, and therefore this information can be useful from a research perspective. In Lepidoptera, as with most insects, the ‘heart’ consists of a transverse longitudinal tube that runs along the abdomen, just under the abdominal tergites, which pumps or contracts rhythmically to distribute hemolymph. Here, we describe a simple method we developed to observe heart contractions in adult monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus. The procedure involves stabilizing the live specimen in a pre-prepared plastic bag, while positioning the abdomen in such a way so that the beating heart can be seen (with magnification) through the intersegmental membranes. With this procedure, no harm comes to the specimen, making the technique useful in both lab and field studies. The technique also requires little equipment, except for a dissecting microscope (or other magnifier). Moreover, the procedure should be useful for monit...
IP As You Know It Is Dead: The IP Implications of Cheap 3D Rapid Prototyping and the Radical Democratization of Manufacturing

This draft paper/working paper was written in 2008-2009 as a student Note for the Boston University School of Law Journal of Science and Technology law. For a variety of reasons, it was never finalized into publishable form.The paper is an examination of the state of the art of 3D Printing/fabricator technology, and an examination of some of the potential implications of that technology with respect to intellectual property law, specifically copyright.After introducing and describing the technology, the paper analyzes the IP law implications and putative violations of 3D printing by analyzing how a copyright lawsuit against a manufacturer of 3D printers might unfold.It concludes with a call to arms to the legal profession to try to get ahead of this particular curve, instead of playing decades of catch-up as was and is still the case with networked digital technologies and "informational" or 2D cultural objects, such as texts, videos and music.Although forward-looking at the time, the rapid advances in 3D printing technology in the intervening years have rendered much of what the paper has to say quite dated, though the warning about the law playing catch-up is still apropos.
Management of Primary Eyelid Cancers

A number of different cancers can affect the eyelid. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common; squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and sebaceous cell carcinoma are less common. Management of these tumors is most commonly surgical, although chemotherapy and radiation therapy play a role in some cases. Complex tumors require a multidisciplinary approach and long-term follow-up.