cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical pumping of the XeF(C→A) and iodine 1.315-μm lasers by a compact surface discharge system

Details are provided regarding the design, construction, and performance of a compact ('0.6-m 2 footprint), single-channel surface discharge system and its application to optically pumping the XeF(C !A) and iodine atomic lasers in the blue-green ('480 nm) and near infrared (1.315 mm), respectively. The system has a gain (active) length of '50 cm, and triggering the discharge requires no high-voltage or high-current switches. Measurements of the velocity of the photodisso- ciation bleaching wave and the small-signal gain of the XeF(C!A) sys- tem are described. At 488 nm, the gain coefficientg was found to be '0.3% cm 21 , a value comparable to those reported previously for sys- tems dissipating considerably higher power per unit length. Single-pulse energies .50 mJ from the XeF(C!A) laser ('485 nm) and .0.7 J on the 5p 2 P1/2!5p 2 P3/2 transition of atomic iodine at 1.315 mm have been obtained with nonoptimized resonator output couplings (5% and 10%, respectively). The rate of erosion of the dielectric surface has been mea- sured to be '0.1 to 0.3 mm/shot for a glass ceramic dielectric, and the performance of two electrical configurations for the ballasting pins (feedthrough and V) is compared. © 2003 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumenta-
System characterization of a Retail Business System

The complexities of Retail Business Systems today require a thorough understanding of how functional requirements impact desired system performance. It is no longer feasible to discretely test and evaluate individual system components without considering their inter-relationship. The techniques described in this presentation will define the method of system characterization of products prior to customer delivery. Three techniques are utilized to characterize system performance - simulation, stimulation, and performance measurement. Simulation involves writing a mathematical model which is enhanced from a product feasibility model to a system configuration tool as a result of stimulation and measurement activities. Stimulation consists of using emulators to load the system component under test as if the actual system is inter-connected. The emulators are programmed to produce a processing volume which can exceed the peak benchmark of the potential user. Performance measurement is accomplished during the stimulation activity using hardware/ software probes to monitor specific system parameters. These monitors provide vital information to determine total system capacity and the expected system performance for a given configuration. The information derived from system characterization is invaluable in providing the customer with a realistic expectation of system capability to perform its present functions and in projecting future growth potential.
Reverse Transcription of 16S rRNA To Monitor Ribosome-Synthesizing Bacterial Populations in the Environment

ABSTRACT Identification and quantification of phylogenetically defined bacterial populations in the environment are often performed using molecular tools targeting 16S rRNA. Fluorescence in situ hybridization has been used to monitor the expression and processing of rRNA by targeting the 3′ tail of precursor 16S rRNA. To expand this approach, we employed reverse transcription of total RNA using primer S-D-Bact-0338-a-A-18. Length heterogeneity detected by slab gel analysis, denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) was used to differentiate the 5′ tail of the precursor from mature 16S rRNA, and the relative abundance of the precursor compared to the abundance of mature 16S rRNA was shown to be a sensitive indicator of the physiologic state of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC 23055T. Our results demonstrate that this is a sensitive and reliable method with a detection limit of 10 ng of single-stranded DNA. The assay was also used to differentiate among precursor 16S rRNA levels with mixed pure cultures, as well as to examine the response of a mixed activated sludge culture exposed to fresh growth medium and the antibiotic chloramphenicol. The results of this study demonstrate that this assay is a novel reverse transcription assay that simultaneously measures the mature and precursor 16S rRNA pools for mixed bacterial populations in an engineered environment. Furthermore, collection of the reverse transcription products derived from activated sludge samples by the DHPLC approach enabled identification of the active bacterial genera. Comparison of 16S and precursor 16S rRNA clone library results indicated that the precursor 16S rRNA library is a more sensitive indicator for active bacteria in engineered environmental samples.
What physicians need to know about dreams and dreaming.

Purpose of reviewAn overview of the current status of dream science is given, designed to provide a basic background of this field for the sleep-interested physician.Recent findingsNo cognitive state has been more extensively studied and is yet more misunderstood than dreaming. Much older work is me
Social Cost of Alternative Dairy Price Support Levels

Government cost is important in fixing milk price supports; however, net social cost should also be a criteria. This paper develops a method of measuring the latter. The technique is applied to alternative support levels under conditions of exporting or destroying government purchases and under a condition of domestic redistribution.
Aerosol size and relative humidity

Abstract A theoretical and experimental investigation was made of the gain and loss of water with humidity change for particles of NaCl, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , CaCl 2 ·6H 2 O, AgI, PbI 2 , and KCl having radii between 0.01 and 0.1 micron. Predictions were made using a combination of adsorption theory, the Kelvin equation, Ostwald's theory, and other thermodynamic considerations. Where actual data were nonexistent, empirical relations were employed to arrive at reasonable approximations. The indicated behavior of hygroscopic particles exposed to increasing humidity is to adsorb moisture amounting to a few molecular layers at low relative humidities; to dissolve as humidity increases, becoming saturated droplets and at the same time undergoing an abrupt size increase; and thereafter, as humidity increases still further, to grow larger and more dilute. The indicated behavior for decreasing humidity is for the droplet size to decrease as humidity decreases and, at a humidity considerably lower than that at which the particle initially dissolved, to recrystallize, undergoing an abrupt size decrease. For nonhygroscopic compounds, no abrupt solution or recrystallization irregularities are predicted. The predictions are in satisfactory agreement with experimental findings.
Properties of human affect induced by static color slides (IAPS): dimensional, categorical and electromyographic analysis

Abstract Human effect elicited by static color slides was evaluated quantitatively using dimensional ( N = 60 subjects) and differential or categorical ( N = 57) self report, and facial electromyography ( N = 20). Mean dimensional self reports of affective responses were highly replicable across cohorts. Mean categorical response profiles over seven affective categories were monomodal for some slides, but multimodal for most, and nearly identical within the same cohort forslides of similar content. Mean categorical response profiles for individual slides were also similar across different cohorts and for different experimental conditions. Valence calculated from weighted categorical self report scores was highly correlated with the self reported valence ( r = +0.98), demonstrating a simple, linear relationship between dimensional and categorical (differential) measures of affect. Categorical response strength was synergically patterned, i.e. invariably correlated positively for affect of the same dimensional valence and generally correlated negatively for affect of opposite valence. Facial electromyograms associated with affective responses to slides were correlated with valence, but smaller in magnitude than those associated with the weakest possible voluntary facial movements involving the same muscles. This study, therefore, demonstrates that self reported affective responses to color IAPS slides are replicable within and between cohorts, complex but synergically patterned, and relatively weak.
Edgeworth Expansion for Linear Regression Processes with Long-Memory Errors

This article provides an Edgeworth expansion for the distribution of the log-likelihood derivative LLD of the parameter of a time series generated by a linear regression model with Gaussian, stationary, and long-memory errors. Under some sets of conditions on the regression coefficients, the spectral density function, and the parameter values, an Edgeworth expansion of the density as well as the distribution function of a vector of centered and normalized derivatives of the plug-in log-likelihood PLL function of arbitrarily large order is established. This is done by extending the results of Lieberman et al. (2003), who provided an Edgeworth expansion for the Gaussian stationary long-memory case, to our present model, which is a linear regression process with stationary Gaussian long-memory errors.
A type XI collagen mutation leads to increased degradation of type II collagen in articular cartilage.

Abstract Objective: To determine in articular cartilage whether degraded type II collagen is more abundant in Col11a1 mutant cho /+ than in age-matched +/+ mice and whether collagen degradation occurs in a generalized or localized fashion. Design: Knee joints from cho /+ and +/+ mice at 6, 9, 12 and 15 months of age were dissected, fixed, cryosectioned, and stained with antibody COL2-3/4m against denatured type II collagen using a FITC-conjugated secondary antibody. Sections were viewed and photographed under a fluorescence microscope and areas of staining were quantified. Results: Before 12 months of age, little degraded collagen staining was detectable in +/+ or cho/+ mice. By 15 months, however, cho/+ mice showed significantly more degraded type II collagen than age-matched controls. Degraded collagen staining was localized at the articular surface, not distributed generally throughout the articular cartilage. Conclusions: The results suggest a model in which cumulative biomechanical stresses trigger increased collagen synthesis and degradation in both +/+ and cho/+ mice at around 12 months of age. Cho/+ mice, however, are less able to synthesize and assemble normal replacement collagen fibrils because of the Col11a1 mutation. Degradation is further activated, resulting in the accumulation of degraded type II collagen in the articular cartilage extracellular matrix. Similar mutations that do not overtly affect skeletal development may likewise predispose humans to increased collagen degradation and resultant osteoarthritis.
NF-κB inhibition in human hepatocellular carcinoma and its potential as adjunct to sorafenib based therapy

Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has been shown to play an important role in the development and progression of cancer. In this study, we systematically examined NF-kappaBp65 signaling pathway in both human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue and HCC cell lines. NF-kappaBp65 signaling pathway is aberrantly expressed and activated in both human HCC tissue and HCC Hep3B cells. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activity significantly reduced proliferation and invasion of Hep3B cells as well as down-regulated the expression of invasion-related molecules including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, membrane type-1 MMP (MT1-MMP), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Hep3B cells exhibited a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis after receiving sorafenib treatment. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activity strongly sensitized Hep3B cells to sorafenib-induced cell death. Mechanistically, combined treatment of sorafenib and NF-kappaB inhibition enhanced inhibition of MAPK signaling and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 expression. These observations indicate that inhibition of NF-kappaB may be a potential antineoplastic therapy for HCC, especially the combination of NF-kappaB inhibition and sorafenib provides a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced-stage HCC.
Progress, but not a full solution to the logical problem of language acquisition

MacWhinney argues that the logical problem of language acquisition is no longer. It was a problem back in the 1970s when the guiding premises of the field were that language structure is highly abstract, that the child's input is a poor source of information about grammar, and that the child's learning mechanisms are inadequate to bridge the gap between the input the child receives and the grammar the child acquires. Now, however, we have new linguistic theories which show that language structure is not abstract but arises from cognition, and we have evidence that input is a rich source of information, and we have reason to believe that the child has a powerful array of learning procedures at his or her disposal. The gap between input and acquisition thought to exist in the 1970s has been closed, and thus, MacWhinney argues, there is no need to attribute innate linguistic knowledge to the child.
Building Hierarchical Models of Avian Distributions for the State of Georgia

To predict the distributions of breeding birds in the state of Georgia, USA, we built hierarchical models consisting of 4 levels of nested mapping units of decreasing area: 90,000 ha, 3,600 ha, 144 ha, and 5.76 ha. We used the Partners in Flight database of point counts to generate presence and absence data at locations across the state of Georgia for 9 avian species: Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), brown-headed nuthatch (Sitta pusilla), Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea), northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), prairie warbler (Dendroica discolor), yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), white-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus), and wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). At each location, we estimated hierarchical-level-specific habitat measurements using the Georgia GAP Analysis18 class land cover and other Geographic Information System sources. We created candidate, species-specific occupancy models based on previously reported relationships, and fit these using Markov chain Monte Carlo procedures implemented in OpenBugs. We then created a confidence model set for each species based on Akaike's Information Criterion. We found hierarchical habitat relationships for all species. Three-fold cross-validation estimates of model accuracy indicated an average overall correct classification rate of 60.5%. Comparisons with existing Georgia GAP Analysis models indicated that our models were more accurate overall. Our results provide guidance to wildlife scientists and managers seeking predict avian occurrence as a function of local and landscape-level habitat attributes.
Diagnosis and management of deep neck infections in children: the experience of an Italian paediatric centre

Abstract Deep neck infection (DNI) is a severe occurrence in children. We've examined the presenting signs and symptoms, the value of single diagnostic procedures, the rate of complications and the impact of the therapeutic options on the final outcome, in children with a DNI. We retrospectively evaluated patients, aged 0–18 years, who were admitted for a DNI, from January 2006 through December 2012, at Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy. We subdivided them on the basis of type of treatment: pharmacological treatment alone or antimicrobial treatment plus surgery. An univariate analysis has been performed to examine the differences between the two groups. Sixty patients (32 males, 28 females) with diagnosis of DNI were enrolled; 33 children only received medical treatment (group 1), whereas 27 patients underwent also surgical interventions (group 2). The mean abscess size was significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 ( p = 0.01). The predominant organisms were Streptococcus sp. (11 cases, 52.4%, mostly Streptococcus pyogenes ). The most frequent antibiotic regimen was a β lactam alone (either III generation cephalosporin or amoxicillin/clavulanate). The duration of intravenous antibiotic varied between the two groups, without statistical significance ( p = 0.052); whereas the oral antibiotic administration was significantly shorter in group 1 than in group 2 ( p = 0.0003). Three patients (5%) developed complications. This research confirms that the medical approach, with high doses of intravenous antibiotics for a minimum of 5 days, could be a tolerable and safe option for the treatment of patients with stable condition and/or small DNIs.
Air Force Application of Advanced Magnetic Materials

A national initiative is underway to develop and test a more electric aircraft (MEA) and is being led by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. The MEA concept is based on utilizing electric power to drive aircraft subsystems which are currently driven by a combination of hydraulic, pneumatic, electric and mechanical power transfer systems. A major objective of this effort is to increase military aircraft reliability, maintainability and supportability and to drastically reduce the need for ground support equipment. These improvements will be realized through the further advancement of key MEA technologies, including magnetic bearings, aircraft integrated power units (IPU), and starter/generators (IS/G) internal to an aircraft main propulsion engine. These advanced developments, as well as weapon and space power applications, are the driving force for the new emphasis on high temperature and high strength magnetic materials for power applications. In determining the best magnetic material for an application it is typically necessary to conduct an engineering trade-off analysis which takes into consideration mechanical behavior, electrical loss, and magnetic properties under the conditions of actual usage. New materials solutions are required to meet these challenges, as designers often find the magnetic material performance to be the technological limitation.
The Effect of Tourism Services on Travelers' Quality of Life

The objective of this study was to develop a model explaining the effect of tourism services on the quality of life (QOL) of travelers. The model posits that overall life satisfaction is determined by satisfaction within the major life domains, including leisure life. Satisfaction experienced with life events within the leisure domain “spills over” upward vertically to the most superordinate domain (life in general), thus influencing life satisfaction. Satisfaction with aspects of services plays a significant role in determining overall satisfaction with travel/tourism services, which in turn plays an important role in satisfaction in the leisure domain. Furthermore, the model posits that these relationships are moderated by length of stay. A survey of travelers confirmed this model.
Improved polarization measurements using a modified three antenna technique

An improved three-antenna measurement of polarization that greatly reduces the uncertainty due to phase measurement errors is described. This technique is used to calibrate polarization standards and probes used in near-field antenna measurements. >
Intrathoracic Petechial Hemorrhages: A Clue to the Mechanism of Death in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?

(1) Intrathoracic petechiae are characteristic of most SIDS cases, and tend to be more numerous in these cases than in deaths from other causes, including mechanical asphyxia. (2) Their localization suggests that intrathoracic negative pressure plays a role in their genesis. (3) Several human and animal studies suggest that petechiae arising from the pulmonary circulation may differ from those originating from systemic vessels in the thorax. (4) Experimental studies suggest that vigorous respiratory efforts are responsible for their formation. This would seem to exclude respiratory paralysis as a mechanism for most SIDS deaths. (5) These petechiae are not consistent with cardiac arrest or failure as the primary agonal event in SIDS. (6) The fact that petechiae are more prominent in SIDS than in other deaths adds to the evidence that SIDS is not a "wastebasket" diagnosis, despite the imperfection of existing diagnostic criteria. (7) These petechiae do not prove that the final mechanism of most SIDS deaths is upper airway obstruction. However, they do provide substantial support for that thesis.
The V antigen of Yersinia pestis regulates Yop vectorial targeting as well as Yop secretion through effects on YopB and LcrG

Yersinia pestis expresses a set of secreted proteins called Yops and the bifunctional LcrV, which has both regulatory and antihost functions. Yops and LcrV expression and the activity of the type III mechanism for their secretion are coordinately regulated by environmental signals such as Ca2+ concentration and eukaryotic cell contact. In vitro, Yops and LcrV are secreted into the culture medium in the absence of Ca2+ as part of the low-Ca2+ response (LCR). The LCR is induced in a tissue culture model by contact with eukaryotic cells that results in Yop translocation into cells and subsequent cytotoxicity. The secretion mechanism is believed to indirectly regulate expression of lcrV and yop operons by controlling the intracellular concentration of a secreted negative regulator. LcrG, a secretion-regulatory protein, is thought to block secretion of Yops and LcrV, possibly at the inner face of the inner membrane. A recent model proposes that when the LCR is induced, the increased expression of LcrV yields an excess of LcrV relative to LcrG, and this is sufficient for LcrV to bind LcrG and unblock secretion. To test this LcrG titration model, LcrG and LcrV were expressed alone or together in a newly constructed lcrG deletion strain, a ΔlcrG2 mutant, of Y. pestis that produces low levels of LcrV and constitutively expresses and secretes Yops. Overexpression of LcrG in this mutant background was able to block secretion and depress expression of Yops in the presence of Ca2+ and to dramatically decrease Yop expression and secretion in growth medium lacking Ca2+. Overexpression of both LcrG and LcrV in the ΔlcrG2 strain restored wild-type levels of Yop expression and Ca2+ control of Yop secretion. Surprisingly, when HeLa cells were infected with the ΔlcrG2 strain, no cytotoxicity was apparent and translocation of Yops was abolished. This correlated with an altered distribution of YopB as measured by accessibility to trypsin. These effects were not due to the absence of LcrG, because they were alleviated by restoration of LcrV expression and secretion alone. LcrV itself was found to enter HeLa cells in a nonpolarized manner. These studies supported the LcrG titration model of LcrV’s regulatory effect at the level of Yop secretion and revealed a further role of LcrV in the deployment of YopB, which in turn is essential for the vectorial translocation of Yops into eukaryotic cells.
Taxonomic revision of Hawaiian Bembidion Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini) with a discussion of their reductive and derivative evolutionary specializations

ABSTRACT The Bembidion fauna (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini) of the Hawaiian Islands is taxonomically revised, entailing the recognition of 23 native, precinctive species, and one adventively introduced Old World species, Bembidion niloticum Dejean. Two species previously placed in Gnatholymnaeum Sharp—G. blackburni Sharp, 1903, and G. spurcum (Blackburn, 1881)—are formally placed as member taxa within Bembidion Latreille, with Gnatholymnaeum recognized at subgenus rank. This taxonomic placement establishes Bembidion blackburni Csiki, 1928, as a junior secondary homonym, and Bembidion ateradustum, new name, is proposed as a replacement. Twenty-one species are recognized as member taxa of Bembidion subgenus Nesocidium Sharp, five of which are newly described: Bembidion waialeale, new species, from Kauai; Bembidion paratomarium, new species, and Bembidion gagneorum, new species, from Oahu; Bembidion kamakou, new species, from Molokai; and Bembidion haleakalae, new species, from East Maui. Bembidion molo...
A Plant-Type (β-Class) Carbonic Anhydrase in the Thermophilic Methanoarchaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum

Carbonic anhydrase, a zinc enzyme catalyzing the interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate, is nearly ubiquitous in the tissues of highly evolved eukaryotes. Here we report on the first known plant-type (beta-class) carbonic anhydrase in the archaea. The Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum DeltaH cab gene was hyperexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the heterologously produced protein was purified 13-fold to apparent homogeneity. The enzyme, designated Cab, is thermostable at temperatures up to 75 degrees C. No esterase activity was detected with p-phenylacetate as the substrate. The enzyme is an apparent tetramer containing approximately one zinc per subunit, as determined by plasma emission spectroscopy. Cab has a CO(2) hydration activity with a k(cat) of 1.7 x 10(4) s(-1) and K(m) for CO(2) of 2.9 mM at pH 8.5 and 25 degrees C. Western blot analysis indicates that Cab (beta class) is expressed in M. thermoautotrophicum; moreover, a protein cross-reacting to antiserum raised against the gamma carbonic anhydrase from Methanosarcina thermophila was detected. These results show that beta-class carbonic anhydrases extend not only into the Archaea domain but also into the thermophilic prokaryotes.
Further results on a class of nonlinear protocols in networked systems

In this paper, we investigate the behaviour of networked systems under two different nonlinear protocols: 1) Pitchfork bifurcation nonlinearity in absolute flow 2) Hopf bifurcation nonlinearity in disagreement flow. The former one is an extension of the results proposed in [13] for the case when individual agents are free to choose a parameter that defines their own dynamics. Based on the eigenvalues of the linearized system, we characterize the set of equilibria that can be achieved under the above protocols. Furthermore, we provide sufficient conditions to achieve consensus for both protocols. Finally, we show that varying the values of the parameter leads to bifurcation for the entire network. For each protocol, we analyze system with two and three agents, and present a characterization of the steady-state behaviour of the entire system.
Deformation Induced Phase Seperation of Ni45Co5 Mn36.7In13.3 Alloy at High Temperature

NiMnCoIn alloys are new-type magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) in which a reversible magnetic-field-induced phase transformation was observed. They are ideal candidates of materials used in actuators and sensors. The polycrystalline NiMnCoIn alloys are generally brittle so that they can not be easily deformed into the shape applicable to actuators and sensors until now. In the present paper, the influence of hot deformation on the microstructure of Ni45Co5 Mn36.7In13.3 alloy was studied. The experimental results showed that second phase was observed after deformation at high temperature between 800~900 °C and at strain rate lower than 4×10-3s-1. The content of Co of second phase was higher than the matrix alloy, while the content of In was lower than the matrix alloy. It was determined by TEM measurements as γ phase with fcc structure which was popular in NiFeGa and NiMnGaCo alloys. It is possible to improve the ductility of Ni45Co5Mn36.7In13.3 alloy by control of amount and distribution of γ phase by hot deformation.
Examining the educative aims and practices of decision-makers in sport for development and peace organizations

Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) policy-makers and practitioners continue to offer ambitious claims regarding the potential role of sport-based programs for promoting social change. Yet, it is important to put sport under a critical lens in order to develop a more balanced and realistic understanding of the role of sport in society. Whether SDP programs result in positive or negative outcomes depends on the structures and processes of the implementing organizations. Hence, SDP researchers are paying more attention to the organizational approaches of these agencies. Scholars also argue the outcomes of SDP programs depend on the relationship of these organizations with broader community education and health promotion efforts. Despite the claims of many SDP programs, little remains known about the educational goals of these programs and their relationship with broader educational efforts. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to critically examine the role of education among a randomly selected sampl...
Materials Characterization on Optically Pumped InGaN/GaN Lasers by Farfield Measurements and Fourier Analysis of the Emission Spectrum

We report materials characterization on optically pumped InGaN/GaN lasers by farfield and spectral measurements. Through a comparison between measured and calculated farfield data for an In0.15Ga0.85N/In0.05Ga0.95n multi quantum well laser structure with AlGaN cladding layers, we could extract important information about the optical confinement in the transverse direction. The analysis of Fourier-transformed emission spectra of our devices allowed us to make qualitative statements about the material quality in terms of surface pits and cracks. We believe that optical pumping with these supplementary techniques is an important and powerful tool which helps to overcome critical material quality requirements in gallium-nitride.
Power optimization methodology for the IBM POWER7 microprocessor

Meeting the power budget of the 8 four-way simultaneous multithreading core IBM POWER7® microprocessor without compromising the aggressive performance targets presented a considerable challenge to the design team. Major innovations in the power modeling and power reduction methodologies have been introduced at all levels of the design, including microarchitecture, logic, circuits, postlayout tuning, and technology optimizations. In order to use effectively design resources available for power reduction, the team needed to understand precisely where the power was spent and the sensitivity to design parameters. A new power modeling methodology was deployed that allowed the team to evaluate the impact of design changes and various power reduction actions before sending them to the designers.
Tracking Bandwidth Manipulations and Processing Resource Cost

Additive factors methodology was applied to dual task data to discover the pool of resources demanded when tracking bandwidth is increased. Ten subjects tracked signals of both low and high bandwidth and performed a cognitive loading task that was constructed to demand either central processing or response execution resources. The hypothesis that bandwidth increases demand response execution resources was not supported. Experimental methodology and control are discussed as possible reasons for the failure.
Temporally and Spatially Resolved Oxidation of Si(111)-(7 × 7) Using Kinetic Energy Controlled Supersonic Beams in Combination with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

The site-specific locations of molecular oxygen reactivity on Si(111)-(7 × 7) surfaces were examined using kinetic energy selected supersonic molecular beams in conjunction with in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. We herein present a detailed visualization of the surface as it reacts in real-time and real-space when exposed to molecular oxygen with translational energy Ei = 0.37 eV. Atomically resolved images reveal two channels for oxidation leading to the formation of dark and bright reaction sites. The darks sites dominate the reaction throughout the range of exposures sampled and exhibit almost no preference for occurrence at the corner or inner adatom sites of the reconstructed (7 × 7) unit cell. The bright sites show a small preference for corner vs inner site reactivity on the reconstructed (7 × 7) unit cell. The bright site corner preference seen here at elevated kinetic energies and with selected incident kinematics is smaller than that typically observed for more conventional thermal (backgro...
Experience with simultaneous myocardial revascularization and carotid endarterectomy.

Fifty-four patients had coexisting stenosis of the carotid artery (70% or greater) and coronary artery disease. Simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and myocardial revascularization were done in all cases. One permanent postoperative neurologic deficit occurred (1.9%). There were no deaths. Our experience with simultaneous correction of combined carotid and coronary disease leads us to conclude that simultaneous myocardial revascularization and carotid endarterectomy have low mortality and neurologic morbidity rates. The policy at Loyola University Medical Center at this time is to routinely perform simultaneous endarterectomy and myocardial revascularization in all patients with significant coexisting carotid and coronary disease.
The effect of entry mode and geographic diversification on corporate social responsibility

This study examines the effect of MNEs' choice of entry mode in foreign markets and geographic diversification on CSR, based upon the moderating effect of slack resources. Results suggest that firms with more wholly-owned subsidiaries compared to their total number of subsidiaries are generally more socially responsible than other firms. Geographic diversification was positively related to CSR. Slack resources significantly moderated the effect of geographic diversification on CSR when they were low, but the moderating effect was not significant when slack resources were moderate or high. The relationship between CSR and financial performance was found to be significant and positive when innovation and advertising were taken into account.
Embodying Ecological Citizenship: Rethinking the Politics of Grassroots Globalization in the United States

The problem, unstated till now, is how to live in a damaged body in a world where pain is meant to be gagged uncured, un-grieved over. The problem is to connect, without hysteria, the pain of any one's body with the pain of the body's world For it is the body's world they are trying to destroy forever The best world is the body's world filled with creatures, filled with dread misshapen so, yet the best we have our raft among the abstract worlds and how I longed to live on this earth walking her boundaries, never counting the cost. Adrienne Rich, "Your Native Land, Your Life"
Supplemental Versus Essential Use of Computing Devices in the Classroom: An Analysis

Increases in student achievement can be observed in classrooms where computers are used as essential tools in the curriculum. In contrast, when computers are used as supplemental to the curriculum—even in classrooms that are 1:1 (one laptop per student)—no increase in student achievement is observed. These claims are based on the analyses of a number of empirical studies of classroom computer use. We draw on the work of Project RED, a nationwide survey of classroom computer use, to identify the characteristics that distinguish between essential and supplemental use. This distinction is not an empty one; it could and should guide the next wave of 1:1 classrooms as mobile computing devices experience increased adoption. Indeed, the reality of every student having a computing device in the palm of his or her hand is within reach in the near term. However, if those computing devices are used as supplements to the curriculum then a great opportunity will be lost. In contrast, with a change in pedagogy and curriculum, K-12 education is poised to experience a dramatic increase in student achievement.
Multicarrier orthogonal-CDMA for fixed wireless access applications

In this paper, we suggest applying multicarrier spread spectrum (MC-SS) techniques to fixed wireless access applications. Due to the fixed nature of subscribers in these applications, cross-polarization discrimination and directional subscriber antennas can be used to reduce interference in a multicellular system. Power control schemes are applied on both uplink and downlink. The suggested system has a high capacity and uses a simple multiaccess layer. It is robust against multipath effects and can provide service coverage not only to line-of-sight (LOS) but also to nearly LOS subscribers. Only a single carrier frequency is used in the entire network.
Wide-field optical mapping of neural activity and brain haemodynamics: considerations and novel approaches

Although modern techniques such as two-photon microscopy can now provide cellular-level three-dimensional imaging of the intact living brain, the speed and fields of view of these techniques remain limited. Conversely, two-dimensional wide-field optical mapping (WFOM), a simpler technique that uses a camera to observe large areas of the exposed cortex under visible light, can detect changes in both neural activity and haemodynamics at very high speeds. Although WFOM may not provide single-neuron or capillary-level resolution, it is an attractive and accessible approach to imaging large areas of the brain in awake, behaving mammals at speeds fast enough to observe widespread neural firing events, as well as their dynamic coupling to haemodynamics. Although such wide-field optical imaging techniques have a long history, the advent of genetically encoded fluorophores that can report neural activity with high sensitivity, as well as modern technologies such as light emitting diodes and sensitive and high-speed digital cameras have driven renewed interest in WFOM. To facilitate the wider adoption and standardization of WFOM approaches for neuroscience and neurovascular coupling research, we provide here an overview of the basic principles of WFOM, considerations for implementation of wide-field fluorescence imaging of neural activity, spectroscopic analysis and interpretation of results.This article is part of the themed issue 'Interpreting BOLD: a dialogue between cognitive and cellular neuroscience'.
An Empirical Approach for Estimating Stress-Coupling Lengths for Marine-Terminating Glaciers

Variability in the dynamic behavior of marine-terminating glaciers is poorly understood, despite an increase in the abundance and resolution of observations. When paired with ice thicknesses, surface velocities can be used to quantify the dynamic redistribution of stresses in response to environmental perturbations through computation of the glacier force balance. However, because the force balance is not purely local, force balance calculations must be performed at the spatial scale over which stresses are transferred within glacier ice, or the stress-coupling length (SCL). Here we present a new empirical method to estimate the SCL for marine-terminating glaciers using high-resolution observations. We use the empirically-determined periodicity in resistive stress oscillations as a proxy for the SCL. Application of our empirical method to two well-studied tidewater glaciers (Helheim Glacier, SE Greenland, and Columbia Glacier, Alaska, USA) demonstrates that SCL estimates obtained using this approach are consistent with theory (i.e., can be parameterized as a function of the ice thickness) and with prior, independent SCL estimates. In order to accurately resolve stress variations, we suggest that similar empirical stress-coupling parameterizations be employed in future analyses of glacier dynamics.
Three-dimensional trajectories and network analyses of group behaviour within chimney swift flocks during approaches to the roost.

Chimney swifts (Chaetura pelagica) are highly manoeuvrable birds notable for roosting overnight in chimneys, in groups of hundreds or thousands of birds, before and during their autumn migration. A...
On Being Social: How Social Identity Impacts Social Commerce for the Millennial Shopper

Millennials are a technologically sophisticated generation, who have the purchasing power to change the face of retailing. A significant proportion of their shopping is done online and they utilize their social networks while engaging in the shopping process- a current area of interest termed “social commerce”. No single group is better positioned to take advantage of social commerce, and yet, it’s possible that Millennials are participating in social networks and online shopping in order to better define their social identities. This study summarizes data from three years of longitudinal research into the use of social media by Millennials on three platforms: Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest. The results show that Millennials prefer to utilize the identity shaping aspects of social media and commerce. We recommend that platforms allow more identity formation in order to increase the likelihood that Millennials not only use the platform, but also make purchases through them.
Terra incognita: terrestrial LiDAR documentation of Mound A at Kolomoki (9ER1)

The manifest representation of space and place is essential to good archaeology. Our ability to document and relate these concepts, projected into the past and reflected in the present, has increas...
Equality: Philosophical Aspects

The ideal of equality requires that everyone shall have the same. Different interpretations of the ideal disagree as to (a) who should be included in ‘everyone’ and (b) in what ways it is important that people have the same. Rendering people more nearly equal in one way can conflict with making them more nearly equal in other ways, so different interpretations are rivals. This article canvasses equality as freedom from domination, equality of democratic citizenship, equality of opportunity, and equality of condition. Philosophers have construed equality of condition variously, as equality of resources, welfare, or capabilities.
The Relationship Between Oseltamivir and Suicide in Pediatric Patients

PURPOSE Studies examining the association between use of oseltamivir and neuropsychiatric events (including suicide) among children have had mixed findings and have been limited by small sample size, reliance on older data, and potential confounding. We undertook an analysis that addresses these limitations. METHODS Using a national administrative claims database and a case-crossover design that minimized confounding, we analyzed data from 5 contemporary influenza seasons (2009–2013) for individuals aged 1 to 18 years and ascertained oseltamivir exposure from pharmacy dispensing. RESULTS We identified 21,407 suicide-related events during this study period, 251 of which were in oseltamivir-exposed children. In case-crossover analysis, we did not find any significant association with suicide either for oseltamivir exposure (odds ratio = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.39–1.00; P = .05) or for influenza diagnosis alone (odds ratio = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.34–1.08; P = .10). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that oseltamivir does not increase risk of suicide in the pediatric population.
Development of an Experimental Lunar Volatiles Extraction System

The Helium Extraction & Acquisition Testbed (HEAT) is an experimental lunar volatiles extraction system designed to test recuperative heat pipe heat exchanger (HPHX) technology that could be used to release volatiles from lunar regolith.Â HEAT has passive and active granular flow components that allow for the controlled flow of regolith through a variety of HPHX configurations.Â HEAT has instrumentation to measure regolith and heat pipe temperature at key positions in the device to ascertain the HPHX recuperative efficiency of the device.Â Volatile gas release is also measured with the use of a residual gas analyzer.Â The primary volatile of interest for this investigation is helium-3 ( 3 He).Â As a surrogate for 3 He containing regolith, 4 He containing JSC-1A regolith simulant is used.Â A summary of the design of the HEAT device and an overview of the modeling approach for an HPHX will be discussed in this paper.
The Potential of Comparative Biology to Reveal Mechanisms of Aging in Rotifers

Abstract Despite decades of research, the genetic causes of aging remain elusive. The natural phenotypic and genetic diversity in the Brachionus plicatilis species complex of rotifers can address this challenge. Rotifers are small aquatic invertebrates that have been used in aging studies for nearly 100 years but have only recently emerged as a modern model system. Ease of culturing, small size, and short generation time offer experimental advantages. Caloric restriction (CR), reduced temperature, hypoxia, c-Jun N-terminal kinase or target of rapamycin inhibition, and glycerol supplementation increase life span and in some cases health span, suggesting the physiological and genetic basis of these interventions are conserved between rotifers, established models, and humans. The life cycle of Brachionus produces three types of genetically identical females that have different life span, health span, and fecundity responses to CR interventions, allowing investigation of epigenetic and other maternal effects. There is also variation among closely related members of the B. plicatilis species complex in their response to these interventions, ranging from increases to decreases in life span, health span, and fecundity. Some strains display the classic trade-off between life span and fecundity while others show an increase in both, with implications for the role of the disposable soma theory of aging in different environments. Comparing the response of these natural variants can be a powerful tool to identify genetic pathways modulating health span.
Optical Detection of ATP Release from Stimulated Endocrine Cells

In many types of secretory cells the secretory granules and vesicles contain adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP) in addition to the specific transmitters or hormones. Examples include chromaffin cells (Winkler and Westhead, 1980), pancreatic B cells (Sussman and Leitner, 1977), nerve cells (Dowdall et al., 1974; Wagner et al., 1978; Pollard and Pappas, 1979), platelets (Code, 1952; Born, 1958; Weil-Malherbe and Bone, 1958), and mast cells (Uvnas, 1971). It should therefore be possible, at least in principle, to obtain quantitative, real-time measurements of the kinetics of secretion of vesicle contents by monitoring the ATP release (Leitner et al., 1975; Ito et al., 1980; Livett and Boksa, 1984) using the luciferase-catalyzed luminescent oxidation of luciferin.
Why do Foraging Stream Salmonids Move During Summer

We hypothesize that foraging stream salmonids move during summer because (1) they monitor habitat conditions at a reach scale (100s of m), and (2) dominant fish move when conditions in their present foraging location become sub-optimal relative to conditions at other locations in the reach. To test these ideas, we quantified temporal variation in foraging habitat quality between late spring and early fall in a reach of a small Rocky Mountain brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis, stream, predicted optimal-foraging fish distributions within the reach, and experimentally manipulated access to foraging sites and measured fish responses. Our results show that high-quality foraging sites were located at certain places in the reach during one period, but at different places during others, consistent with the hypothesis that fish movement is required if dominant fish are to occupy high-quality foraging sites throughout summer. The optimal foraging model was able to predict foraging locations within study pools, but not the exact location of individual fish within the pools or the reach. However, empirical evidence suggests that fish were distributed in order to maximize energy intake at the reach scale. Finally, dominant fish excluded from their preferred foraging location either left the pools (three of six cases), or began to occupy focal points of the next largest fish which, in turn, exited the pool (two of six cases). If habitat selection was occurring only within habitat units, then large fish, when excluded from their preferred locations, would select the next best locations within the pool. Taken together, these results suggest that charr use summertime movements to both monitor habitat conditions at a large spatial scale, and to gain access to optimal foraging locations even as conditions change temporally.