cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zur Verteilung der DPN- und TPN-Diaphorase in der Meerschweinchenschnecke

Unsere Untersuchungen dienten dem Zweck, die Lokalisation der DPN- und TPN-Diaphorase in den verschiedenen Geweben der Meerschweinchenschnecke mit histochemischen Methoden zu bestimmen. Die gefundenen Verteilungsmuster wurden mit denen der Succinodehydrogenase und der Cytochromoxydase verglichen und die moglichen Ursachen der Differenzen diskutiert. Abschliesend wurden die Untersuchungserrgebnisse uber die Aktivitat der Atmungskettenfermente den Ergebnissen von Untersuchungen uber den Eiweisstoffwechsel in der Schnecke gegenubergestellt und unter funktionellen Gesichtspunkten besprochen.
The continuing relevance of old debates

How carefully my paper was read is in question. Some of the claims made both mystify and dismay. There is also a general bemusement as to why I wanted to reopen this debate but some of the response...
Evaluation of the Utility of Radiography in Acute Bronchiolitis

Objective To determine the proportion of radiographs inconsistent with bronchiolitis in children with typical presentation of bronchiolitis and to analyze ralation of radiography and clinical manifestations.Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study in my hospital of 291 infants aged 2 to 23 months with radiographs according to clinical diagnosis of the infants with bronchiolitis,and comparison their radiographs characteristic and clinical manifestations.The radiographs are divided into three groups,airway disease only(simple bronchiolitis),airway and airspace disease(complex bronchiolitis),and inconsistent diagnoses(eg,lobar consolidation).Results The rate of inconsistent radiographs was 2 of 291 cases(0.69%;95% CI 0-1.8).A total of 270 children(92.8%) had simple radiographs,and 19 radiographs(7%) were complex.Of 163 infants with oxygen saturation92%,157(96.3%) had a simple radiograph;128 infants with oxygen saturation92%,112(87.5%.) had a simple radiograph.Conclusions Infants with typical bronchiolitis do not need imaging because it is almost always consistent with bronchiolitis.Risk of airspace disease appears particularly low in children with saturation higher than 92% and mild to moderate distress.
Correlation between electrocardiographic changes, serum digoxin, and total body digoxin content

Serial electrocardiograms and serum digoxin levels were obtained in four healthy volunteers receiving daily doses of digoxin, 0.25 mg for the first two weeks and 0.5 mg for two more weeks. We found a linear relationship between serum digoxin levels and the "PTQ index" (a function of the PR-interval, corrected QT-time, and T-wave depression). In 3 of the 4 subjects the correlation was statistically significant. The degree of linear correlation was improved when PTQ was correlated with the computer-calculated total body burden of digoxin.
Broadband microwave reflection spectroscopy using transient radiation from optoelectronically pulsed antennas

The recent development of transient spectroscopy based on optoelectronically pulsed antennas has provided a new microwave measurement technique with broad frequency coverage. This technique has proved particularly useful in determining the frequency-dependent dielectric properties of low-loss materials in transmission experiments. For the characterization of conducting and semiconducting samples, where the presence of free carriers leads to strong absorption of the microwave radiation, a reflection configuration is preferred. Here we demonstrate transient spectroscopy experiments in reflection with broadband mierowave measurements on dielectrics and on semiconductors with a wide range of resistivities.
Lipid-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins are a group of organic molecules that, in minute quantities, are essential for normal growth and several body processes [1]. They often act as coenzymes or precursors of coenzymes in the regulation of metabolic processes but do not directly provide energy or serve as building blocks of polymers. Mostly, they are not produced in the body and so must be obtained through the diet (the exception is vitamin D). Vitamins are classified as being either water-soluble or lipid-soluble. In humans, there are four lipid-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and nine water-soluble (eight B vitamins and vitamin C) vitamins. Here, we are interested in the lipid-soluble vitamins due to their favorable partitioning into membranes [2].
Fundamentally Addressing Bromine Storage through Reversible Solid-State Confinement in Porous Carbon Electrodes: Design of a High-Performance Dual-Redox Electrochemical Capacitor

Research in electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and rechargeable batteries is converging to target systems that have battery-level energy density and capacitor-level cycling stability and power density. This research direction has been facilitated by the use of redox-active electrolytes that add faradaic charge storage to increase energy density of the EDLCs. Aqueous redox-enhanced electrochemical capacitors (redox ECs) have, however, performed poorly due to cross-diffusion of soluble redox couples, reduced cycle life, and low operating voltages. In this manuscript, we propose that these challenges can be simultaneously met by mechanistically designing a liquid-to-solid phase transition of oxidized catholyte (or reduced anolyte) with confinement in the pores of electrodes. Here we demonstrate the realization of this approach with the use of bromide catholyte and tetrabutylammonium cation that induces reversible solid-state complexation of Br2/Br3–. This mechanism solves the inherent cross-diffusion i...
When Faith and Music Intersect: the Spiritual Evolution of a Musical Genius

Over the course of Prince’s legendary career, there were some clear points of transition—points where his faith and musical genius intersected. Prince’s music often reflected his spiritual journey, and despite his conversion to the Jehovah’s Witnesses in the late 90s and early 2000s, he could never entirely shake the sexuality and sensuality he was known and loved for in the mainstream. In a way that worked, Prince found ways to merge his spiritual seeking with his sexual expressions in the music. This essay argues that while some in society, particularly legalists across many faiths, may attempt to categorize Prince’s wrestlings as a contradiction, in truth, this duality of his represents the way many artists—Black artists, in particular—reconcile the nuances of their creative work with any faith traditions or spiritual beliefs they may have. In the end, these beautiful complexities were a critical part of Prince’s spiritual and artistic evolution.
Immunization Recommendations and Guidelines: From Development to CDC Recommendations

A vaccine’s journey from the bench to the guideline is a long and often unsuccessful process typically requiring an estimated half of a billion of dollars and over a decade of research and development. This chapter will review the process from the conception and early research and development, the clinical trials and manufacturing process, the licensing and approval process, and culminating with review and possible recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). The ACIP structure and process are shared including insight into GRADE process and how the committee develops a recommendation. A brief review of the post-licensure and recommendation monitoring including the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System is also included. Throughout the chapter are featured highlights illustrating the process and its challenges using familiar vaccines like Zika virus vaccine, influenza vaccine, meningitis b vaccine, and 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine.
Measuring the Performance of Global Fund and PEPFAR Monies on the Expansion of Art Coverage

Rationale: New global funding mechanisms for HIV/AIDS have arisen in the wake of a concerted global effort to mobilize support for the fight against HIV/AIDS - namely, the Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) in 2001 and the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) in 2003. In 2003, WHO initiated "3 by 5", a campaign to place 3 million individuals, or roughly 50% of those in need, on ART by December 2005. Although the targets set by 3 by 5 have not been achieved, the demonstrated efficacy of ART in rich countries and in resource-poor setting provides a strong rationale for continued emphasis on expanding coverage. External funding to support the rapid scale-up of ART has signifcantly increased. However, questions remain regarding the actual increase in treatment coverage of the population in need that has been achieved, and the possible overestimation of the numbe of people receiving treatment, claimed by different programs. Objective: In this analysis, we will analyze the impact of spending on HIV/AIDS on targets set by global health organizations. Specifically, we will assess the relative contributions and overall impact of Global Fund and PEPFAR spending on observed trends in ART coverage. Methods: To quantify the impact of Global Fund and PEPFAR spending on scaling up ART coverage, we use ART coverage - the ratio of treatment utilization to estimated need for ART - as the outcome variable in analysis. We obtain these variables separately from UNAIDS country-specific epidemiological fact sheets and from online databases available from the WHO. The consistency of estimates across sources is investigated. Disbursement information for HIV/AIDS was obtained from the Global Fund and PEPFAR websites. Additional covariates - GDP per capita and indicators of government effectiveness - were included in the model to investigate the influence of other country-level determinants. Results: Our preliminary findings suggest that countries receiving concurrent assistance from the Global Fund and PEPFAR are experiencing increases in rates of ART coverage. Conclusion: We find that Global Fund and PEPFAR spending are having a positive impact on the expansion of ART coverage. These results must be interpreted with caution due to data quality issues such as cross-country discrepancies in how coverage data was collected and reported. Because the organizations function differently in ways that might influence spending outcomes, future work to disentangle the relative contributions of Global Fund and PEPFAR to these outcomes is especially important.
Fast and slide-free imaging

Optical imaging of fluorescently labelled tissue illuminated by ultraviolet light does not require microscope slides and makes for a rapid alternative to conventional histology.
Barriers to and Facilitators of Implementing Enhanced Recovery Pathways Using an Implementation Framework: A Systematic Review.

Importance Enhanced recovery pathways (ERPs) have the potential to reduce length of hospital stay, costs, and complications following surgery but can be challenging to implement. Objective To examine the body of literature on ERPs to assess how authors describe barriers and facilitators of ERP implementation and identify, in aggregate, the best practices that should be considered utilizing the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to extract these elements and summarize common barriers and facilitators according to its 5 major domains: (1) intervention characteristics, (2) inner setting, (3) outer setting, (4) characteristics of the individuals, and (5) the process of implementation. Evidence Review A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement. An ERP was defined as a bundle of multiple perioperative interventions that involve a multidisciplinary team, had a label different than traditional care, and had a formal way of measuring outcomes. Six databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature Complete, Web of Science, PsychINFO, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) of articles published from 1990 to November 30, 2016, were searched. Articles that were included had to address barriers and facilitators of ERP implementation and provide sufficient detail that the CFIR domain could be identified. Data were abstracted by 2 independent researchers using a standardized extraction form. Findings The initial search strategy returned 4563 results; 3883 studies were eliminated by screening titles and abstracts, leaving 680 articles for full-text screening. Of these, 53 studies were included in the review. The key facilitating factors were (1) adapting the program to fit local contexts, (2) achieving and demonstrating early “wins,” (3) gaining buy-in from both frontline clinicians and hospital leadership, (4) having a strong ERP team that met regularly, and (5) leveraging supporters and full-time ERP staff. The major barriers identified were (1) meeting with resistance to change from frontline clinicians, (2) not having enough resources for implementation, and (3) external factors, such as patient complexity or rural hospital location. Conclusions and Relevance Most ERP literature focuses on the efficacy, safety, or cost-effectiveness of these protocols. To promote the spread of ERP programs, more high-quality studies on the implementation process are needed.
Representing Normative Arguments in Genetic Counseling

Our research is on developing artificial intelligence-based approaches to help lay audiences to understand medical and other scientific arguments. Currently, we are developing a natural language generation system that will synthesize patient-tailored genetic counseling documents. In this position paper, we focus on two forms of internal representation to be used by the system: a qualitative causal probabilistic model for domain reasoning, and the representation of normative arguments, based upon the Toulmin model, in document planning.
Incidence of intraoperative hearing loss during middle cranial fossa approach for repair of superior semicircular canal dehiscence.

Abstract Introduction Superior semicircular canal dehiscence is a rare inner ear disorder characterized by an abnormal third opening between the superior semicircular canal and middle fossa. Symptoms include amplification of internal sounds, aural fullness, tinnitus, hearing loss, autophony, sound-induced vertigo (Tullio phenomenon), pressure-induced vertigo (Hennebert sign), disequilibrium, nystagmus, oscillopsia, and headache. While no cure exists for SSCD, surgical treatment has proven to effectively minimize these symptoms. This study reviewed brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) that were monitored intraoperatively to better understand hearing loss risks associated with surgical treatment for SSCD. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted at the University of California, Los Angeles on adult patients with a confirmed diagnosis of SSCD who had undergone a middle cranial fossa repair from March 2011 to October 2017. A total of 142 cases of SSCD in 118 patients were repaired. Results The majority of patients’ BAEPs remained stable and had no intraoperative hearing changes (n = 135; 95.1%). Seven patients experienced intraoperative changes as determined by a prolongation and reduction of Wave V latency (4.9%). Of these seven cases, five experienced a return to baseline prior to the end of surgery, and had no post-operative changes in hearing (71.4%). Overall, only two of the 142 surgeries (1.4%) resulted in failure to normalize and, as such, these patients experienced permanent changes in hearing. Conclusion The results of this retrospective review demonstrate a low risk for hearing loss due to SSCD surgery via the middle fossa craniotomy approach.
Ordinal Models of Bargaining

In this section we will investigate the possibility of developing a theory of bargaining which depends only on the ordinal information contained in the players’ utility functions.1 By ordinal information, we mean information about each player’s preference ordering over riskless alternatives. If A is a set of riskless alternatives over which player i has a preference ordering, then any realvalued function ui on A such that ui (a) > ui (b) if and only if player i prefers a to b is an ordinal utility function for player i. Thus if ui is a utility function representing player i’s preferences on A, then vi is also such a utility function if and only if vi = mi (ui)2 where mi is a monotone increasing (i.e., order preserving) function from the set of real numbers to itself. That is, for any real numbers x and y, mi (x) > mi (y) if and only if x > y. We will confine our attention to continuous (invertible) order preserving transformations, and for any x in Rn denote (m1 (x1), ...,mn (xn)) by m(x).
Structure management for scalable overlay service construction

This paper explores the model of providing a common overlay structure management layer to assist the construction of large-scale wide-area Internet services. To this end, we propose Saxons, a distributed software layer that dynamically maintains a selected set of overlay links for a group of nodes. Saxons maintains high-quality overlay structures with three performance objectives: low path latency, low hop-count distance, and high path bandwidth. Additionally, it provides partition repair support for the overlay structure. Saxons targets large self-organizing services with high scalability and stability requirements. Services can directly utilize the Saxons structure for overlay communication. Saxons can also benefit unicast or multicast overlay path selection services by pro viding them a small link selection base without hurting their performance potential. Our simulations and experiments on 55 PlanetLab sites demonstrate Saxons's structure quality and the performance of Saxons-based service construction. In particular, a simple overlay multicast service built on Saxons provides near-loss-free data delivery to 4 times more multicast receivers compared with the same multicast service running on random overlay structures. This performance is close to that of direct Internet unicast without simultaneous traffic.
Endogenous Endophthalmitis: Has the Opioid Crisis Impacted the Rates and Severity of Intravenous Drug-Related Cases?:

Purpose:Endogenous endophthalmitis is an intraocular infection associated with systemic illness and/or intravenous drug use (IVDU). Rising national rates of IVDU may have impacted rates and outcome...
A Note on Listwise Deletion versus Multiple Imputation

This letter compares the performance of multiple imputation and listwise deletion using a simulation approach. The focus is on data that are “missing not at random” (MNAR), in which case both multiple imputation and listwise deletion are known to be biased. In these simulations, multiple imputation yields results that are frequently more biased, less efficient, and with worse coverage than listwise deletion when data are MNAR. This is the case even with very strong correlations between fully observed variables and variables with missing values, such that the data are very nearly “missing at random.” These results recommend caution when comparing the results from multiple imputation and listwise deletion, when the true data generating process is unknown.
Antigens and Antibodies in Disease With Specifics About CGRP Immunology

Growth in knowledge about calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the pathophysiology of migraine brought CGRP antagonism to headache medicine. Failures in development of small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists and increasing knowledge and use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in medicine led to the breakthrough development of large molecule anti-CGRP mAbs: eptinezumab, erenumab, fremanezumab, and galcanezumab. This specifics about CGRP immunology aims to outline: (1) knowledge needed for CGRP antagonism and (2) developmental issues of specific CGRP antagonists for provider use. This clinically oriented review documents IgG structure and function; state of the art of monoclonal IgG production and ligand-antigen-antibodies in migraine therapeutics contributing to immunogenic risks and off-target toxicities. Specifics to CGRP ligand, receptor, antagonism, and molecules, small and large, complete this review. Completion will facilitate assessment of the similarities, differences, and application of the forthcoming anti-CGRP receptor and ligand antagonists for patients.
An integrated medical oncology-physiatry practice model improves overall patient functionality of prostate cancer patients by identifying, quantifying and treating the pre-existing non-cancer co-morbidities.

e22051Background: Prostate cancer bone metastases can produce pain, fractures and spinal cord compromise, severely limiting function. ADT needed to treat disease can result in bone loss, decreased ...
Secrecy Enhancement of Dual-Hop Cooperative Relay System Using Signal Space Diversity

In this paper, signal space diversity (SSD) is proposed to integrate into a dual-hop cooperative relay system to enhance its secrecy performance. A complete investigation on secrecy performance of the cooperative system with a decode- and-forward (DF) relay using SSD over Rayleigh fading channels is carried out in this paper. Due to SSD, both source and intermediate relay cooperate to transmit two different symbols to the destination, thus its mutual information and secrecy capacity is higher than the conventional dual-hop cooperative relay system. Therefore, secrecy analysis of SSD-based cooperative relay system is completely different than conventional dual-hop cooperative relay system. Moreover, secrecy outage probability of the SSD-based cooperative system is compared with the conventional dual-hop cooperative system and it is confirmed that SSD-based cooperative system outperforms the conventional cooperative system. In this paper, the closed-form expressions for the secrecy outage probability, and intercept probability of the SSD-based cooperative system are derived and validated through Monte Carlo simulations. Furthermore, the impact of imperfect channel estimation on the secrecy performance of the SSD-based cooperative relay system is investigated.
Transition Considerations for Cancer Survivors with Endocrine Sequela

Childhood cancer survivorship is increasing. Now with more than 84% diagnosed with a childhood cancer surviving past 5 years from diagnosis, the population of childhood cancer survivors is growing to at least 1 in 750 American adults. With increasing numbers of survivors, comorbidities, especially endocrine effects of cancer treatment, are becoming quite common but heterogeneous depending on the therapies received. Adolescent and young adult cancer survivors require specialized care including continued screening and treatment of endocrine deficiencies long into adulthood and special management of endocrine issues such as bone disease, infertility, and lifelong risk of obesity and metabolic disease. Follow-up care is challenging during the transition process with barriers that include lack of knowledge by both healthcare providers and survivors of potential endocrine effects of therapy, pediatric providers being uncomfortable with adult issues, lack of access to adult healthcare specialists or multidisciplinary care centers, neuropsychological effects of childhood cancer and its treatments, and inefficiencies with transition of health information to adult providers. This chapter summarizes endocrine risks and sequelae of childhood cancer and transition approaches to optimize care for adolescents and young adult survivors with endocrinopathies or at risk for endocrinopathies secondary to childhood cancer.
CHANGING NURSING HOME CULTURE: LONG-TERM CARE LEADERSHIP ACADEMY

Nursing homes that fostered open communication and teamwork were more likely to change their practices and adopt the “It’s Not OK to Fall” program. This pilot study evaluated the feasibility and acceptance of a team-building approach for developing leadership skills to three groups of coworkers: Administrators/Directors of Nursing, charge nurses, and certified nursing assistants (CNA) employed by nursing homes in Oklahoma. Each coworker group received one day of job specific leadership training, with another one half-day session where all levels engaged in team-building exercises. Participant satisfaction with course content ranged from agree-to-strongly agree. All stated that they could apply the leadership strategies at their facility. Administrators/Directors of Nursing found tools for tracking turnover/retention and strategies for improving staff communication helpful. Charge nurses and certified nursing assistants seldom viewed themselves as leaders, found coworker group communication very fragmented, and felt least knowledgeable about nursing home care best practices.
Genomic drivers in follicular lymphoma

This chapter discusses the genetic mutation landscape in follicular lymphoma (FL) and its role in tumor initiation and progression. The t(14;18)(q32;q21) translocation that places the BCL2 oncogene under control of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer is a genetic hallmark of FL. However, mutations in chromatin modifying genes (CMGs) such as KMT2D, CREBBP, and EZH2 have emerged as key genetic hits that promote lymphomagenesis. These mutations, and others that are implicated in FL, are discussed in this chapter. We provide insight into their biological function and the mechanisms by which their deregulation contributes to lymphomagenesis, and we discuss their role in disease genesis and progression.
Faculty time allocation in relation to work-family balance, job satisfaction, commitment, and turnover intentions

Abstract One common challenge for faculty is decisions regarding the allocation of time across research, teaching, and service tasks. We investigate faculty time allocation among typical faculty members using latent profile analysis. We examine associations between profile membership and gender and time spent in housework, childcare, and eldercare. We also use competing theories (job enrichment, the effort-reward imbalance model) to investigate profile associations with work-family balance, job satisfaction, affective commitment, and turnover intentions. Four profiles emerge: research focus, teaching focus, a “classic” dual research and teaching focus, and dual teaching and service focus. Women are more likely to be members of the teaching profile compared to the research profile, and the research profile is associated with the fewest housework hours. Classic profile members have the highest work-family balance and job satisfaction, whereas members of the teaching profile are the lowest on each correlate. Results suggest a balance of rewarding and enriching demands yields the most positive outcomes.
Building a multilingual ontology for education domain using monto method

Ontologies are emerging technology in building knowledge based information retrieval systems. It is used to conceptualize the information in human understandable manner. Knowledge based information retrieval are widely used in the domain like education, artificial intelligence, healthcare and so on. It is important to provide multilingual information of those domains to facilitate multilanguage users. In this paper, we propose a multilingual ontology (MOnto) methodology to develop multilingual ontology applications for education domain. New algorithms are proposed for merging and mapping multilingual ontologies.
Thermodynamic perturbation theory for associating fluids confined in a one-dimensional pore

In this paper, a new theory is developed for the self-assembly of associating molecules confined to a single spatial dimension, but allowed to explore all orientation angles. The interplay of the anisotropy of the pair potential and the low dimensional space results in orientationally ordered associated clusters. This local order enhances association due to a decrease in orientational entropy. Unlike bulk 3D fluids which are orientationally homogeneous, association in 1D necessitates the self-consistent calculation of the orientational distribution function. To test the new theory, Monte Carlo simulations are performed and the theory is found to be accurate. It is also shown that the traditional treatment in first order perturbation theory fails to accurately describe this system. The theory developed in this paper may be used as a tool to study hydrogen bonding of molecules in 1D zeolites as well as the hydrogen bonding of molecules in carbon nanotubes.
Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria: 'Emergency and Onslaught'

This study examines Boko Haram insurgency in the North-East of Nigeria, with a perspective focus on how the sect emerges and the unprecedented onslaughts the group has unleashed on the population and the government of Nigeria. It also discusses the strategies and dynamics including the methodology their war farers adopted to carry out attacks on the public. The study uses theories to debate the sect’s emergence and politics most especially as it bothers on Nigeria’s configurations. It proffers solutions to addressing the menace against collapse of national security and the corporate existence of Nigeria as one nation in unity in diversity. The significance of the study is primarily to explain the emergence of terrorism in Nigeria brought by the Boko Haram sect. This necessitated the descriptive historical analysis made for this justification. This study examines Boko Haram insurgency in the North-East of Nigeria, with a perspective focus on how the sect emerges and the unprecedented onslaughts the group has unleashed on the population and the government of Nigeria. It also discusses the strategies and dynamics including the methodology their war farers adopted to carry out attacks on the public. The study uses theories to debate the sect’s emergence and politics most especially as it bothers on Nigeria’s configurations. It proffers solutions to addressing the menace against collapse of national security and the corporate existence of Nigeria as one nation in unity in diversity. The significance of the study is primarily to explain the emergence of terrorism in Nigeria brought by the Boko Haram sect. This necessitated the descriptive historical analysis made for this justification.
Restyling propaganda: popularized party press and the making of soft propaganda in China

Propaganda has been increasingly digitized, popularized, and aestheticized globally. This article focuses on the restyling of propaganda in China, particularly the role of Chinese state-run media i...
Revealing T follicular helper cells with BCL6.

Shane Crotty discusses three independent studies published in 2009 that characterized T follicular helper cells as a distinct subset of CD4+ T cells on the basis of selective expression of BCL6.
Spontaneous Behavior: Inferences from Neuroscience

Publisher Summary The issue of the nature of spontaneity is addressed in the chapter along with the matter of neural sources of spontaneity. It is established in the chapter that for lesions of a number of telencephalic structures or following drug administration, decrements in learned performance are usually only obvious when established experimental rules are changed such that responses that were previously correct are now scored as errors. Of the telencephalic structures most intensively investigated, probably none exceed the attention given to the hippocampal formation, the septal nuclei, and the frontal cortex. Animals (pigeons) that lack well-developed frontal, septal and hippocampal formations are quite susceptible to reward-induced stereotypes. Septal lesions affect spontaneous alternation in a way quite different from that of hippocampal lesions
Altered Synchronizations among Neural Networks in Geriatric Depression

Although major depression has been considered as a manifestation of discoordinated activity between affective and cognitive neural networks, only a few studies have examined the relationships among neural networks directly. Because of the known disconnection theory, geriatric depression could be a useful model in studying the interactions among different networks. In the present study, using independent component analysis to identify intrinsically connected neural networks, we investigated the alterations in synchronizations among neural networks in geriatric depression to better understand the underlying neural mechanisms. Resting-state fMRI data was collected from thirty-two patients with geriatric depression and thirty-two age-matched never-depressed controls. We compared the resting-state activities between the two groups in the default-mode, central executive, attention, salience, and affective networks as well as correlations among these networks. The depression group showed stronger activity than the controls in an affective network, specifically within the orbitofrontal region. However, unlike the never-depressed controls, geriatric depression group lacked synchronized/antisynchronized activity between the affective network and the other networks. Those depressed patients with lower executive function has greater synchronization between the salience network with the executive and affective networks. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the between-network analyses in examining neural models for geriatric depression.
Fabrication of a nursing manikin overlay for simulation of chest drainage management

Medical manikins are a type of patient simulator used to train medical staff. The benefits of using a medical manikin simulator include the suspension of disbelief, simultaneous team and individual learning, allowable failure, personalized scenarios, frequent repetition and a focus on the needs of the learner rather than the patient. Unfortunately, one of the limitations of medical manikins is that they cannot simulate every problem that medical staff comes across. The SimMan (Laerdal) manikins do not have the ability to simulate when excess air or fluid is in the pleural space of the lung or thorax, the drainage of which must be managed by nurses. These three symptoms are called a pneumothorax, pleural effusion and excess thoracic blood, respectively. The purpose of this research was to create an overlay for the SimMan manikin to simulate a pneumothorax, pleural effusion or excess of thoracic blood for nurses to learn and practice responsibilities during chest drainage. The process began by obtaining a scan of a manikin from the Milwaukee School of Engineering nursing department. Simultaneously developed, a pneumothorax, pleural effusion and excess thoracic blood simulator became the basis for the layout of the overlay. Beginning with the computer scan, a mold of the overlay was shaped using computer automated design programs. This mold was customized to accommodate all necessary components and ports of the simulator. The mold was printed using a stereolithography (SLA) machine and created by layering silicone to make the housing for the simulator. The overlay resulting from this research is currently being used to train nursing students at the Milwaukee School of Engineering.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Thermal Barrier Coatings by Mid-Infrared Reflectance Imaging

The application of mid-infrared reflectance (MIR) imaging to monitor damage in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) has been extended from a previously demonstrated area-averaged spectroscopic analysis tool to become a practical imaging tool that provides the spatial resolution needed to quickly identify localized regions of TBC damage by visual inspection, Illumination optics and image collection procedures were developed to produce illumination-normalized flatfield reflectance images after subtraction of the background thermal emission. MIR reflectance images were collected with a bandpass filter centered at a wavelength of 4 microns, which provided the optimum balance between good sensitivity to buried cracks and coating erosion, but with a desirable sensitivity to TBC sintering and absorption from ambient gases. Examples are presented of the application of MIR reflectance imaging to monitor damage progression in plasma-sprayed 8wt% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) TBCs subjected to either furnace cycling or alumina particle jet erosion. These results show that MIR reflectance imaging can reliably track the progression of buried delamination cracks produced by thermal cycling and can also be used to determine when any local section of the TBC has eroded beyond an acceptable limit. Modeling of the effects of buried cracks and erosion on reflectance will be presented to show the dependence of damage sensitivity to TBC thickness.
Mobile Operating Systems and Applications

Mobile computing technologies are having an enormous impact on both companies and individuals. Companies have to face many issues related to mobile computing. Mobile computing, defined as a generalization of all mobile computing devices including personal digital assistants (PDAs, e.g., Palm Pilots, Pocket PCs), smart phones, and other wireless communication devices, will change dramatically in the next 2 to 5 years. Several factors remain to be determined, including which devices will best fulfill business objectives, which operating systems will these devices run, what other devices will they support, and what costs and security issues will be involved in their use. This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the three top platforms that are currently running the majority of mobile devices: (a) the Palm, (b) Microsoft Windows CE, and (c) Symbian operating systems. The chapter analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of each platform and review market share and future growth, concluding with a discussion of mobile applications. Keywords: Microsoft Windows CE operating system; mobile computing; mobile information device profile (MIDP); Palm operating system; personal digital assistants (PDAs); symbian operating system
Teratogenic effects of cholinergic insecticides in chick embryos—II: Effects on the NAD content of early embryos

Abstract Chick embryos at 72 hr of incubation were exposed in ovo (0.2 or 1.0 mg per egg) to the organophosphate insecticide diazinon (DZN) or dicrotophos (DCP) and examined at days 5, 7 and 10 for visible defects and changes in the protein and NAD content of the whole organism, their wings and legs. Skeletal changes of the spinal column and legs were scarcely detectable on day 5 but were readily apparent by day 10. the NAD contents of the embryos and their limbs were normal up to day 5, slightiy reduced by day 7, and greatly reduced by day 10, while the wet weights and protein contents were virtually normal over this time span. Nicotinamide (8 μmoles egg on day 3) increased the NAD content of the embryos by 20–30 per cent. If administered along with DZN or DCP, it produced an even greater increase by day 10 and minimized the insecticide-induced leg deformities. A reactivator of organophosphate-inhibited acetylcholine esterase, 2-pyridinealdoxime methochloride (2-PAM), did not affect the NAD content of control embryos during these early times. If given with the insecticide, however, it prevented the expected decrease in NAD level. Some of the effects of the cholinergic insecticides and their reversing agents on the NAD content of young chick embryos are considered in terms of their possible mechanisms of action and teratogenic implications.
Individual Interactions, Group Conflicts, and the Evolution of Preferences

This paper provides a unified framework for studying the effects of economic (and other) institutions on the evolution of preferences, taking account of conformist cultural transmission, social segregation, and the simultaneous operation of selection processes at the individual and group level. Price's equation (1970) for the decomposition of selection processes into within- and between group-effects is used to take account of inter group conflicts, group extinctions, and the emergence of new groups. The resulting multi-level selection process is illustrated by emergence and consolidation of the modern national state (along with the cultural traits supporting it) through a process of inter group warfare in the four centuries after 1500. In the penultimate section I use the model to study the effects of social institutions (and by implication economic policies) on the evolution of preferences. Some implications for constitutional and policy analysis are addressed in the conclusion.
Mechanisms of Solar (and Stellar) Mass Loss

The fundamental theory for mass loss from late-type stars such as our Sun was developed by Gene Parker in the 1950’s (Parker 1958), and has been largely understood since then; refinements since then have largely focused on physically more realistic fluid equations (which take into account, for example, the effects of multi-component fluids and corrections to energy transport by classical thermal conduction) and additional mechanisms for driving the wind (e.g., heating and momentum deposition by magnetohydrodynamic waves). Nevertheless, if one were to ask most professional solar wind theorists what the generally accepted model for the solar wind is, the answer is most likely a shrug of the shoulders: It has not been possible to develop a detailed theory for solar wind mass loss which takes into fill account all of the observed complexities of this outflow; and the status of wind research for other late-type stars (meaning late-type giants and supergiants) is not in recognizably better shape. In tis paper, I will sttempt to focus on this embarassment, and will try to explain why it is that this problem has turned out to be so remarkably difficult. Along the way, I will provide a brief overview of the basic theory, and of the observational perspectives of few years ago as contrasted with what is now known from the most recent data provided by the Ulysses spacecraft. Based on these discussions, I will then focus on a highly selective overview of what is to be explained, and the current status of theory in these regards.
A THERMAL STORAGE ANALYSIS ON PACKED BED OF ALUMINA SPHERES

A heat storage is one of the most important problem in solar energy systems. This paper dealt with heat transfer problems in a heat storage unit of packed pebble bed type and results of calculation were compared to those of experiments performed with a small scale alumina spheres heat storaging system.
The Elementary Theory of Well-Odering—A Metamathematical Study—

Publisher Summary The elementary theory of well-ordering is that part of the general theory of well-ordering that can be formalized in an appropriate language ℒ of predicate logic. To characterize this theory more precisely, the chapter introduces the notion of a well-ordered structure, that is, a structure formed by an arbitrary nonempty set of elements and an arbitrary binary relation which well-orders this set. This chapter establishes some of the principal syntactical and semantical (model-theoretic) properties of the elementary theory of well-ordering. The chapter presents the method of elimination of quantifiers, whenever it is applicable to a theory, provides direct and clear insight into both the syntactical structure and the semantical content of that theory.
Direct waveform synthesis for software radios

This work presents results that show how direct digital synthesis (DDS) techniques can be extended to produce frequency modulated (FM) waveforms as well as many types of digitally modulated waveforms, such as PSK or QAM. We show how digitally modulated waveforms can be efficiently synthesized from tables of pre-computed samples. This work also reports on the implementation of these algorithms in a software radio system.
Toxic environmental exposures and kidney health in children

High-level exposures to a number of agents are known to have direct nephrotoxic effects in children. A growing body of literature supports the hypothesis that chronic, relatively low-level exposure to various nephrotoxicants may also increase the risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) or accelerate its progression. In this review we highlight several environmental nephrotoxicants and their association with CKD in children and adolescents. We also discuss unique epidemiological challenges in the use of kidney biomarkers in environmental nephrotoxicology.
Roentgenographic barium patterns and gastric secretion

The roentgenographic barium patterns in 30 patients with normal and abnormal gastric secretions are presented. The changes of barium patterns in the gastric fundus correlates well with the level of gastric secretion and the roentgenographic signs are useful in the radio-logic diagnosis of gastric problems.
Purification and comparison of several catalytic parameters of the γ-glutamyltranspeptidase of rat mammary adenocarcinoma (13762) and of normal rat mammary gland

Abstract A method for the purification of a membrane-bound glycoprotein, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase ((γ-glutamyl)-peptide:amino-acid γ-glutamyltransferase, EC 2.3.2.2), from a transplantable rat mammary tumor (13762 MT) is described. The properties of the tumor enzyme were compared with those of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase similarly isolated from mammary tissue of non-pregnant multiparous rats. Evidence has been presented elsewhere that the mammary and tumor enzymes exist as groups of species differing in isoelectric point and that the tumor enzyme contains more of those species with lower isoelectric points. In this study the normal and tumor enzyme preparations are found to be identical or very similar in regards to the effect of papain on molecular size, the ratios of the enzymatic activities as measured with various amino acids, the K m for · γ- glutamyl -p- nitroanilide , and the K rmi for inhibition by glutathione. Neuraminidase treatment had no effect on these catalytic properties. The properties observed were generally similar to those previously reported for highly purified rat kidney preparations.
Time splitting for the Lioville equation in a random medium

We consider the Liouville equations with highly heterogeneous Hamiltonians and their numerical solution by a time splitting algorithm. Such equations model the density of particles evolving according to the corresponding Hamiltonian dynamics as well as the propagation of high frequency waves with a wavelength much smaller than the correlation length of the random Hamiltonian. Our main results are on the relation between the time step used in the time splitting algorithm and the correlation length of the Hamiltonian. In order to fully resolve the Liouville equation, the time step must be chosen much smaller than the correlation length. However, we show that the time step can be chosen of the same order as the correlation length of the Hamiltonian when one is only interested in suitable statistical properties of the solution to the Liouville equation. We also present a more involved time splitting algorithm that allows us to take a time step independent of the correlation length.