cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microelectromechanical Phase Detectors for Phase-Locked Loop Applications

This paper demonstrates for the first time an architecture for realising a phase-locked loop (PLL) utilising coupled electrostatic MEMS comb resonators as a key building block. A tunable electrically-coupled device operating at 310 KHz is presented with applications as a phase and frequency reference for PLLs. A mechanically-coupled 310 KHz resonator that exploits Huygens Synchronization with applications as a phase and frequency reference for PLLs is also presented. Both are produced using the ubiquitous PolyMUMPS process. The designs are supported by mathematical and simulation results. Avenues for integrating each element into a monolithic device achieving PLL functionality are proposed.
Modeling dynamic performance of urban infiltration trench systems: Methodology and a case study in Philadelphia

Abstract Infiltration trenches are popular green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) systems in dense urban areas primarily due to their small footprints that cope with the limited available space and subsurface utility conditions. To investigate the dynamic, seasonal performance of urban infiltration trench systems, more than three years of continuous rainfall and water level data from an infiltration trench in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, were analyzed. The recession rates in the infiltration trench showed a seasonality (higher recession rates in warmer months and lower recession rates in colder months) and a head-dependency (higher recession rates in higher water levels). To incorporate this dynamic performance into a simple modeling approach that can be used in practical applications, both event-based and continuous simulation models were developed using storage units in SWMM, and calibrated/validated against observed data. The most important conclusions for dynamic modeling of infiltration trench systems were the introduction of monthly adjustment factors for saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and a head-dependent component for infiltration to the surrounding in-situ soil in the model, both of which were determined by calibration. Benefits of the presented dynamic modeling approach were demonstrated by comparing the dynamic and static modeling results, indicating the capability of the dynamic approach to promote sustainable and resilient design of infiltration trench systems.
Increased Proviral DNA in Circulating Cells Correlates with Plasma Viral Rebound in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques after Antiretroviral Therapy Interruption.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir is responsible for persistent viral infection, and a small number of mosaic latent cellular reservoirs promote viral rebound upon antiretroviral therapy interruption, which is the major obstacle to a cure. However, markers that determine effective therapy and viral rebound posttreatment interruption remain unclear. In this study, we comprehensively and longitudinally tracked dynamic decay of cell-associated viral RNA/DNA in systemic and lymphoid tissues in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques on prolonged combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) and evaluated predictors of viral rebound after treatment cessation. The results showed that suppressive ART substantially reduced plasma SIV RNA, cell-associated unspliced, and multiply spliced SIV RNA to undetectable levels, yet viral DNA remained detectable in systemic tissues and lymphoid compartments throughout cART. Intriguingly, a rapid increase of integrated proviral DNA in peripheral mononuclear cells was detected once treatment was withdrawn, accompanied by the emergence of detectable plasma viral load. Notably, the increase of peripheral proviral DNA after treatment interruption correlated with the emergence and degree of viral rebound. These findings suggest that measuring total viral DNA in SIV infection may be a relatively simple surrogate marker of reservoir size and may predict viral rebound after treatment interruption and inform treatment strategies. IMPORTANCE Viral reservoirs are involved in persistent HIV infection, and a small number of mosaic latent cellular reservoirs promote viral rebound upon analytical treatment interruption, which is the major obstacle to a cure. However, early indicators that can predict resurgence of viremia after treatment interruption may aid treatment decisions in people living with HIV. Utilizing the rhesus macaque model, we demonstrated that increased proviral DNA in peripheral cells after treatment interruption, rather than levels of proviral DNA, was a useful marker to predict the emergence and degree of viral rebound after treatment interruption, providing a rapid approach for monitoring HIV rebound and informing decisions.
Optimizations to prevent cache penalties for the Intel® Itanium® 2 Processor

This paper describes scheduling optimizations in the Intel® Itanium® compiler to prevent cache penalties due to various micro-architectural effects on the Itanium 2 processor. This paper does not try to improve cache hit rates but to avoid penalties, which probably all processors have in one form or another, even in the case of cache hits. These optimizations make use of sophisticated methods for disambiguation of memory references, and this paper examines the performance improvement obtained by integrating these methods into the cache optimizations.
Leveraging Sparse Linear Layers for Debuggable Deep Networks

We show how fitting sparse linear models over learned deep feature representations can lead to more debuggable neural networks. These networks remain highly accurate while also being more amenable to human interpretation, as we demonstrate quantiatively via numerical and human experiments. We further illustrate how the resulting sparse explanations can help to identify spurious correlations, explain misclassifications, and diagnose model biases in vision and language tasks. The code for our toolkit can be found at this https URL.
The Development of Cascade Profiles for High Subsonic Potential Flows

A method for developing cascade profiles for high subsonic potential flows to satisfy prescribed inlet and exit flow conditions and approximately prescribed cascade solidity is given. The method is based on the assumption that the compressibility of a gas can be represented by a linear pressure-volume relation (the Karman-Tsien approximation). I t is shown that with the proper selection of this pressure-volume relation, the error in specific volume in the linearized gas as compared to an isentropic gas at the same velocity is less than 2 per cent of the isentropic stagnation specific volume for Mach Numbers between approximately 0.4 to 0.9. An example shows that this Mach Number range covers almost the entire length of the cascade profile for an inlet Mach Number of 0.7 and a deflection of 22°. The deviation of the fluid angle from the blade angle at exit and the influence of inlet Mach Numbers on deviation are found to be in substantial agreement with previous experimental results.
Generating Channel Ids in Virtual World Operating Systems (Extended Abstract)

Two of the most popular software platforms for creating virtual worlds-Second Life and Metaplace-both use a message-passing architecture. Objects communicate by sending messages on channels. The channel’s name or identifier acts as a capability: a program that knows the channel’s identifier can send and receive from the channel.
Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses by myocardial perfusion imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilatation. I. Physiologic basis and experimental validation.

Abstract This study was undertaken to establish the basic hemodynamic conditions necessary to cause abnormalities in external myocardial perfusion images of thallium-201 and technetium-99M-labeled particles as a result of defined coronary stenoses ranging from mild to severe narrowing. Twenty dogs underwent long-term instrumentation with a flow transducer and adjustable constrictor on the left circumflex coronary artery. Catheters were implanted in the aortic root and distal left circumflex coronary artery to measure pressure loss across the stenosis and in the pulmonary artery and left atrium for the injection of drugs or radionuclides, or both. All data were obtained in intact unsedated trained animals. The results from 145 images obtained at rest, during exercise or after coronary vasodilators in dogs with mild to severe coronary stenoses demonstrate the following: (1) The ratio of maximal flow in a normal to stenotic coronary artery must be at least 2:1 before defects appear in the myocardial perfusion image of thallium-201. (2) A diagnostic technique that utilizes a maximal stimulus for increasing coronary flow and an imaging agent that is distributed to the myocardium in linear proportion to coronary flow at flow rates up to 4 or 5 times resting levels will be the most sensitive method for detecting mild coronary stenoses; a diagnostic technique utilizing a submaximal stimulus for coronary flow or an imaging agent whose distribution is not proportional to flow at high flow rates will be least sensitive. (3) Myocardial perfusion imaging during coronary vasodilatation induced with intravenously administered dipyridamole is a better method for identifying moderate coronary stenoses than perfusion imaging during exercise stress in experimental animals. (4) The effect of intravenously administered dipyridamole on the coronary circulation can be closely regulated by adjusting the dose rate of infusion and can be instantaneously reversed with intravenous administration of aminophylline, a dipyridamole antagonist; dipyridamole infusion does not increase myocardial oxygen demands as much as exercise and does not Invoke myocardial ischemia as a diagnostic end point. This stimulus may therefore be more readily controlled than exercise stress and is not subject to the effects on treadmill testing of motivation, chronic lung disease, peripheral vascular disease or musculoskeletal impairment.
Agents of influence in social networks

In recent years, social networking sites and social media have become a very important part of peoples' lives, driving everything from family relationships to revolutions. In this work, we study the different patterns of interaction behavior seen in an online social network. We investigate the difference in the relative time people allocate to their friends versus that which their friends allocate to them, and propose a measure for this difference in time allocation. The distribution of this measure is used to identify classes of social agents through agglomerative hierarchical clustering. These classes are then characterized in terms of two important structural attributes: Degree distributions and clustering coefficients.We demonstrate our approach on two large social networks obtained from Facebook. For each network we have the list of all social interactions that took place over six months. The total number of users in the two networks is 939,453 and 841,456, with 1.4 million and 8.4 million interactions, respectively. Our results show that, based the interaction behavior, there are four main classes of agents in both networks, and that they are consistent across the two networks. Furthermore, each class is characterized by a specific profile of degree distributions and clustering coefficients, which are also consistent across both networks.We speculate that agents corresponding to the four classes play different roles in the social network. To test this, we developed an opinion propagation model where opinions are represented as m-bit strings communicated from agent to agents. An agent receiving an opinion then selectively modifies its own opinions depending on the social and informational value it places upon communications from the sending agent, its overall agreement with the sending agent, and its own propensties. Opinions are injected into the system by agents of specific classes and their spread is tracked by propagating tags. The resulting data is used to analyze the influence of agents from each class in the viral spread of ideas under various conditions. The analysis also shows what behavioral factors at the agent level have the most significant impact on the spreading of ideas.
The impact of satellite altitude on the performance of LEOS based communication systems

Low earth orbit satellite (LEOS) systems promise to provide global communication, including voice and data services from Iridium and high capacity broadband services from Teledesic. In design of LEOS systems, the choice of satellite altitude is an important consideration, which has a significant impact on system performance. Among the factors affected by satellite altitude choice are system capacity, user-to-user delay, power system design and communication services that can be offered. This paper analyzes the effects of satellite altitude on quality of service, frequency reusability and power system sizing. It is found that a choice of low altitude has a positive impact on system capacity and power system requirements. As a consequence, satellite mass and launch cost can be reduced for satellites in lower orbits due to the lower power requirements. In terms of user-to-user delay, the results are in favor of medium altitudes, while very high altitudes are not a good choice relative to these measures.
Friend or foe: A brief examination of the ethics of corporate sponsored research at universities

In his paper entitled “Ethics and the Funding of Research and Development at Universities”1 Spier examines some of the potential problems of the relationship between 1) corporate sponsors of research and 2) the universities (and faculty) that receive that funding. Citing “He who pays the piper, calls the tune,” Spier suggests that a better way of funding research would be to “set up a dedicated publicly sponsored research establishment” with the stated goal of achieving particular technical or engineering objectives. (Spier cited the successful Animal Virus Research of the UK as an example). Spier states that researchers at these establishments are “not subjected to the triple requirement to teach, research and administer as are university members, so they do not have to face the same ethical challenges of the academics.” This paper will examine the stated dangers of public/corporate research partnerships and whether the proposed alternative shares equally troubling ethical issues.
Poor sleep is associated with higher plasma proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 and procoagulant marker fibrin D-dimer in older caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether objective measures of sleep correlate with plasma levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 and the procoagulant marker fibrin D-dimer in caregivers of patients with dementia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Subjects' homes. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-four community-dwelling spousal caregivers (69% women, mean age+/-standard deviation 72+/-9) and 36 sex-matched noncaregiving controls. MEASUREMENTS: All participants underwent in-home full-night polysomnography. Demographic and lifestyle factors, depression, diseases, and medication that could affect inflammation, coagulation, and sleep were controlled for in analyses regressing sleep variables and caregiver status and their interaction on plasma levels of IL-6 and D-dimer. RESULTS: Caregivers had higher levels of D-dimer (781+/-591 vs 463+/-214 ng/mL, P=.001) and IL-6 (1.42+/-1.52 vs 0.99+/-0.86 pg/mL, P<.06) and lower levels of total sleep time (369+/-70 vs 393+/-51 minutes, P=.049) and sleep efficiency (77+/-11 vs 82+/-9%, P=.04) than controls. After controlling for age and body mass index, longer wake time after sleep onset (change in coefficient of determination (DeltaR2)=0.039, P=.04) and the interaction between caregiver status and higher apnea-hypopnea index (DeltaR2=0.054, P=.01) were predictors of IL-6. Controlling for age, caregiver status independently predicted D-dimer levels (DeltaR2=0.047, P=.01). Controlling for age and caregiver status, lower sleep efficiency (DeltaR2=0.032, P=.03) and the interaction between caregiver status and more Stage 2 sleep (DeltaR2=0.037, P=.02) independently predicted plasma D-dimer levels. CONCLUSION: Poor sleep was associated with higher plasma IL-6 and D-dimer levels. These effects were most pronounced in caregivers of subjects with Alzheimer's disease. The findings suggest a mechanism that may explain how disturbed sleep might be associated downstream with cardiovascular risk, particularly in older people under chronic stress.
Cofactor requirements of BamHI mutant endonuclease E77K and its suppressor mutants.

Abstract A mutant BamHI endonuclease, E77K, belongs to a class of catalytic mutants that bind DNA efficiently but cleave DNA at a rate more than 10(3)-fold lower than that of the wild-type enzyme (S. Y. Xu and I. Schildkraut, J. Biol. Chem. 266:4425-4429, 1991). The preferred cofactor for the wild-type BamHI is Mg2+. BamHI is 10-fold less active with Mn2+ as the cofactor. In contrast, the E77K variant displays an increased activity when Mn2+ is substituted for Mg2+ in the reaction buffer. Mutations that partially suppress the E77K mutation were isolated by using an Escherichia coli indicator strain containing the dinD::lacZ fusion. These pseudorevertant endonucleases induce E. coli SOS response (as evidenced by blue colony formation) and thus presumably nick or cleave chromosomal DNA in vivo. Consistent with the in vivo result, the pseudorevertant endonucleases in the crude cell extract display site-specific partial DNA cleavage activity. DNA sequencing revealed two unique suppressing mutations that were located within two amino acid residues of the original mutation. Both pseudorevertant proteins were purified and shown to increase specific activity at least 50-fold. Like the wild-type enzyme, both pseudorevertant endonucleases prefer Mg2+ as the cofactor. Thus, the second-site mutation not only restores partial cleavage activity but also suppresses the metal preference as well. These results suggest that the Glu-77 residue may play a role in metal ion binding or in enzyme activation (allosteric transition) following sequence-specific recognition.
Building a relevant digital government curriculum

Faculty around the world are working to develop curricular materials for training a new generation of public managers in the field of eGovernment or digital government. Panelists will share their experiences and challenges in developing and using digital government curricular materials in the undergraduate and graduate classrooms
How Congress Goes Public During Times of War: Examining the Influence of Divided Government on Congressional Behavior

Mayhew’s publication of Divided We Govern set off a spirited debate among Congress scholars about the influence of divided government on the legislative process and on relations between Congress and the president. In considering nonlegislative functions of Congress, what influence does divided government have on the public strategies that members of Congress use to influence the president’s foreign policy during times of war? Through content analysis of the New York Times, for selected periods of unified and divided government during the Vietnam and Iraq wars, this paper examines who in Congress went public to try to influence the course and content of the president’s war policies. The paper finds evidence that unified and divided government have different effects on majority and minority party behavior. The paper also finds, contrary to expectations, that the form of party government has no impact on the amount of press coverage devoted to criticism of the president’s war policies by his own party in Congress. Finally, the paper finds that whereas the form of party government seems to have had an impact on the public strategies employed by members of Congress during the Vietnam war, no such impact is evident during the Iraq war.
Potential for Speciation in Mammals Following Vast, Late Miocene Volcanic Interruptions in the Pacific Northwest

The impact of large-scale volcanic eruptions on landscapes can affect many processes ranging from interrupting or redirecting regional soil forming processes and hydrological systems to generating temporary changes in global climate. Though more studies exist every year, less is known of the direct impact of large-scale volcanic eruptions on ecosystems and extinction, while even less is known of their impact on speciation. In deposits throughout the Pacific Northwest a special combination and association of volcanic magnitude with palaeoecological yield frequently presents unique prospects for inquiry. In this study, particular attention is given to large, late Miocene ash-flow tuffs of central and eastern Oregon, the Rattlesnake Tuff among them. Additionally, a scenario is tested whereby populations become isolated from one another across the expanse of ash-flow tuff and enclosed by nearby physical barriers. Exploration into this scenario and the effects of ecological recovery on speciation in mammals are made through a cellular automaton created here and speciation modeling by H.A. Orr. The cellular automaton is validated by a small data set from New Zealand with results of all models compared to studies in ecology, the fossil record, genetics, and island evolution. Results suggest ecosystem recovery is much faster than mammalian species origination rates. Though evolution in mammals is known to occur over relatively short intervals of time (10 10 yrs), based on model comparisons, primary productivity generally returns to its carrying capacity two orders of magnitude (10 10 vs. ≥ 10 yrs) faster than mammalian speciation.
Exophony and literary translation: What it means for the translator when a writer adopts a new language

When writers of literary prose adopt a new language — a phenomenon known as exophony — this often leads them to mould the new language until it becomes suitable for their purposes, in a manner analogous to the strategies of appropriation observed in post-colonial literatures (Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin 1989). This process often results in a defamiliarisation of the new language through stylistic innovation, which, in turn, has implications for the translation of these texts. This article, influenced by Berman’s ‘analytique negative’ (1985), proposes a series of guidelines for the translation of exophonic texts and illustrates these with examples taken from German exophonic prose texts by Franco Biondi, Emine Sevgi Ozdamar and Yoko Tawada.
Ritual Efflorescences in a Sri Lankan Muslim community: The interplay of local, national and pan‐Islamic identities

This article examines the interplay of local, national, and international historical and contemporary processes as manifested in a Sri Lankan Muslim village festival. The author shows that the festival is a product of the historical isolation of the village and its attempt to establish a distinct Muslim social identity. In contemporary Sri Lanka a separate Muslim identity is no longer in doubt and the festival has become a focal event for competing and, potentially, mutually exclusive social identities as exemplified by Sufism, Sri Lankan nationalism, and pan‐Islamic fundamentalism.
Is screening for primitive neuroectodermal tumors in patients with unilateral retinoblastoma necessary

Abstract Retinoblastoma is the most common childhood intraocular tumor, occurring in 1 of 18,000 live births. Retinoblastoma may occur as a germinal mutation or a somatic mutation. Forty percent of retinoblastoma cases are caused by a germline mutation and include those patients with a positive family history of the disease. Children with hereditary forms usually have multifocal, bilateral retinoblastoma, whereas children with the somatic form have unilateral, unifocal disease. However, up to 15% of cases of sporadic unilateral retinoblastoma may be hereditary. It is important to recognize that this subgroup of unilateral patients remains at risk for the development of second tumors as well as second primary tumors of the intracranial midline, or “trilateral retinoblastoma.” We report a case of a 2-month-old child with unilateral retinoblastoma in whom pinealoblastoma subsequently developed. J AAPOS 2000;4:54-6.
Functionalization of fibers using azlactone-containing polymers: layer-by-layer fabrication of reactive thin films on the surfaces of hair and cellulose-based materials.

We report an approach to the functionalization of fibers and fiber-based materials that is based on the deposition of reactive azlactone-functionalized polymers and the “reactive” layer-by-layer assembly of azlactone-containing thin films. We demonstrate (i) that the azlactone-functionalized polymer poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone) (PVDMA) can be used to modify the surfaces of a model protein-based fiber (horsehair) and cellulose-based materials (e.g., cotton and paper), and (ii) that fibers functionalized in this manner can be used to support the fabrication of covalently cross-linked and reactive polymer multilayers assembled using PVDMA and poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI). The growth, chemical reactivity, and uniformity of films deposited on these substrates were characterized using fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition to the direct functionalization of fibers, we demonstrate that the residual azlactone functionality in PVDMA-treated or film-coa...
TESTVIEW: a spreadsheet program for evaluation and interpretation of diagnostic tests

Abstract We developed a spreadsheet program based on Quattro-Pro version 2.0 to assist researchers, teachers, and practitioners to answer questions related to the development and application of diagnostic tests in epidemiologic studies and clinical veterinary medicine. Many results are presented graphically to facilitate interpretation. The five modules in the program are: test sensitivity and specificity; test agreement; comparison of test characteristics; relationships between test characteristics and disease prevalence; estimation of true prevalence based on test results. Examples from the veterinary literature are used to demonstrate output from the program.
MMR: Mask Based Multi-Resolution Images and Videos

Multi-resolution quad-tree based image representations are useful for image and video encoding at varying bit rates. Existing algorithms use a difference measure of color values to trim branches of the quad-tree, which results in the various spatial regions of the image being represented at different resolutions. However, color difference-based quad-tree branch pruning often leads to sub-optimal multi-resolution images, where interesting features of the image are represented at low resolution, and/or uninteresting image regions are represented at high resolution. In this paper, we present a mask-based method for pruning a quad-tree representation of a multi-resolution image. The masks highlight various features of the image which require the best resolution, allowing tightly controlled pruning of the quad-tree branches. We suggest three main groups of masks, which are suitable for most types of applications requiring multi-resolution images and videos.
Methods for Analyzing the Spatial Distribution of Chiasmata During Meiosis Based on Recombination Data

Summary. Using genetic recombination data to make inferences about chiasmata on the tetrad during meiosis is a classic problem dating back to Weinstein's paper in 1936 (Genetics21, 155–199). In the last few years, Weinstein's methods have been revived and applied to new problems, but a number of important statistical issues remain unresolved. Recently, we developed improved statistical methods for studying the frequency distribution of the number of chiasmata (Yu and Feingold, 2001, Biometrics57, 427–434). In the current article, we develop methods for the complementary issue of studying the spatial distribution of chiasmata. Somewhat different statistical approaches are needed for the spatial problem than for the frequency problem because different scientific questions are of interest. We explore the properties of the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) for chiasma spatial distributions and propose improvements to the estimation procedures. We develop a class of statistical tests for comparing chiasma patterns in tetrads that have undergone normal meiosis and tetrads that have had a nondisjunction event. Finally, we propose an EM algorithm to find the MLE when the observed data is ambiguous, as is often the case in human datasets. We apply our improved methods to reanalyze a dataset from the literature studying the association between crossover location and meiotic nondisjunction of chromosome 21.
Transitions and distribution functions for chaotic systems

We study chaotic systems generated by deterministic or probablistic mappings. We introduce the density function which is an eigenfunction of a probability-preserving kernel $K$. We are able to show that all eigenvalues of $K$ have magnitude less than or equal to 1 and that the only magnitude-one eigenvalues are the $N\mathrm{th}$ roots of unity. We have also calculated the corresponding eigenfunctions associated with these magnitude-one eigenvalues: These eigenfunctions can be expanded in terms of $N$ positive functions having disjoint support. We then concentrate on a one-dimensional system, and study the behavior and mechanism for various chaotic transitions. We find that the mechanism associated with the 2 to 1 (or more generally, $2N$ to $N$) transition is different from those associated with other chaotic transitions. We then determine the conditions for these transitions, and express them in a universal form. We confirm the Huberman-Rudnick scaling in the large ${2}^{n}$ to ${2}^{n\ensuremath{-}1}$ chaotic-transition region, and determine the prefactor at these transitions. In addition, we establish a simple relation between the Lyapunov exponent and the folding of the distribution functions. We have also studied the chaotic regions of this system numerically.
Andragogy and Distance Education: Together in the New Millennium

Andragogy, as promulgated by the late Malcolm Knowles, is a set of assumptions designed to facilitate adult learning and program planning. Distance education is a process of delivering education used extensively by adult learners. Burge (1988) proposed that the implications of andragogy to distance education be examined. This article continues in that direction. Following a brief overview of andragogical development, the author presents andragogy as a framework for discussing distance education programs designed for the adult learner. Andragogically compatible processes, such as the “general to specific” approach for developing learning contracts and individualizing course projects, and the “group charter” concept for learner participation in asynchronous discussion forums, are presented and discussed as examples of applying andragogy to climate setting and learner involvement in distance education settings.
The Newton-Raphson Load Flow Applied to AC/DC Systems with Commutation Impedance

Existing conditions in industrial ac-dc power systems may result in significant commutation resistances. If the resistance to reactance ratio of the commutation impedance is high, significant errors can result in load-flow studies which neglect the resistive portion. A method is presented for inclusion of a resistance-inductance fed bridge rectifier in a Newton-Raphson (N-R) load flow program. Polar form of the power flow equations is assumed. An example problem is provided for comparison.
Application of the boundary-integral equation method to three dimensional stress analysis☆☆☆

The boundary-integral equation method is based on a mathematical formulation which reduces the dimensionality of a problem by relating surface tractions to surface displacements. Discretization of the surface allows a direct and standard algebraic solution for the unknown surface data. The stresses at any point are then found by direct quadrature from the entirety of surface data. Because of the reduction of the dimension of the problem, the size of the algebraic problem is considerably smaller than for finite element models. Also, since only the surface is discretized the analyst is able to achieve considerably greater resolution of interior stresses than by finite element models. The paper reports on two direct comparisons of the boundary-integral equation and finite element methods: two dimensional crack problems and a bulky three dimensional problem representative of mine structures. Discussion of the results will include accuracy, storage requirements and computer time comparisons. The paper also discusses the utility of the boundary-integral method to model three dimensional elastic bodies with through and part-through cracks.
Stark's Question on Special Values of $L$\textendash Functions

In 1980, Stark posed a far reaching question regarding the second derivatives at $s=0$ of $L$--functions of order of vanishing two associated to abelian extensions of number fields (global fields of characteristic $0$) (see \cite{St2}). Over the years, various mathematicians, most notably Grant \cite{Gra}, Sands \cite{Sa}, and Tangedal \cite{Tan} have provided evidence in favor of an affirmative answer to Stark's question. In \cite{P2}, we extrapolated Stark's question to the appropriate class of $L$--functions associated to abelian extensions of function fields (global fields of characteristic $p>0$) and showed that, in general, it has a negative answer in that context. Unfortunately, the methods developed in \cite{P2} are specific to the geometric, characteristic $p>0 $ situation and cannot be carried over to the characteristic $0$ case. In the present paper, we develop new methods which permit us to prove that, in general, (even a weak form of) Stark's question has a negative answer in its original, characteristic $0$ formulation as well.
Discontinuation of Antibiotics in Neonates: When Does the Blood Culture(CX) Become Positive?

Discontinuation of Antibiotics in Neonates: When Does the Blood Culture(CX) Become Positive?
Tourism involvement-conformance theory: a grounded theory concerning the latent consequences of sustainable tourism policy shifts

This study uses a grounded theory method to investigate the proposed tourism policy directions of three Pacific Island countries and to develop a set of theoretical insights referred to as tourism involvement-conformance theory (TICT). TICT underscores the potential latent consequences that can occur as tourism develops due to policy shifts which emphasize sustainability. More specifically, TICT suggests a number of conceptual linkages regarding how policy makers and development strategists envisage the internal and external forces of control as tourism develops, how these perceptions influence the specific positioning or policy mechanisms, and how these processes when they are couched in a sustainability framework can instrumentalize local people/culture. For those interested in the challenges associated with sustainable tourism policy and planning, the findings represent a step towards a more nuanced understanding of the potential consequences of development decisions and policy rhetoric. They also offe...
Improving science education worldwide.

Steven Oppenheimer, Editor of Acta histochemica, was awarded student interested in trying her or his hand at research. I believe if a 2009 U.S. Presidential Award based on the work presented in his Essay on Improving Science Education Worldwide after selection by the National Science Foundation and the White House. The presentation of the award by President Obama was made in the Blue Room of the White House on 6 January 2010 and we are proud to be able to publish his essay, which should provide encouragement and inspiration for research scientists in improving science education, in particular with less privileged youth.
Effect of handling on maternal behavior following return of pups to the nest

Handling rat pups during the 1st week after birth altered adult behavior in the open-field, whereas simply spearating the pups from their mothers during the same period produced differences in body weight at weaning. Observations of mother-infant interaction following pup treatment yielded different patterns of maternal behavior. Moreover, pups receiving early treatment were more active as adults in a novel environment and had a greater body weight at weaning. The quality of maternal care and the immediate effects of infantile stimulation on the mother-infant relation should be considered in specifying a mediating mechanism for the effects of early experience.
Particle identification in TEC/TRD Prototypes for the PHENIX detector at RHIC

Abstract The tracking system in the PHENIX detector at RHIC has been designed to track charged particles in a high track density environment ( d N c d y = 1500 ). This corresponds to ∼500 charged particles, primarily pions, in the fiducial volume of the detector, with a spectrum peaked at ∼250 MeV/c. The TEC/TRD subsystem will track all charged particles and contribute to the particle identification between 200 MeV/c and 2.5 MeV/c by performing fine sampling energy loss ( d E d x ) measurements. Prototype chambers were tested in a secondary beam of negatively charged particles at the AGS. An electron-pion separation at levels up to a factor of 200 by d E d x was measured. This separation factor was measured as a function of the particle momentum and angle, and the gain and gas mixture used in the chamber.
Uppers to zero in intersections of prime ideals

Let R be a Noetherian integral domain. The structure of the partially-ordered set of prime ideals of R[z], the polynomial ring in one indeterminate over R, is not fully understood. I demonstrate that if p1,…,pn are prime ideals in R[x] with ht(pi) > 2 and either n = 1 or R is not a Henselian local domain of dimension 2 each of which contains a monic polynomial, then their intersection contains [R] many prime ideals meeting R at (0), each containing a monic polynomial.
Effects of Information Layout on Reading Speed: Differences between Paper and Monitor Presentation

This paper presents the results of an experiment measuring the difference of reading speed and preference when reading on paper or screen. Extending previous experiments on the topic of reading speed measurements, which usually concentrate in specific age groups, in this experiment, forty two participants from across the adult life span took part in reading on computer screen or on paper. Results are in agreement with previous studies, which showed that reading from paper is significantly faster (around 10-30%) than reading from screen. No significant differences in terms of reading speed and preference among the three information layouts (one-column, two-column and three-column formats) used in this experiment were found.
Chronic Ethanol-induced Myocardial Protection Requires Activation of Mitochondrial KATPChannels

Abstract Moderate alcohol consumption protects against coronary heart disease by unclear mechanisms. We tested whether chronic ethanol preconditioning requires activation of mitochondrial KATPchannels. Rats were fed 18% (v/v) ethanol in drinking water for 10 months. Blood alcohol levels at sacrifice were 3 mmol/l (0.015 gram percent). Isolated crystalloid-perfused hearts were subjected to global ischemia and reperfusion on a modified Langendorff apparatus. Prior alcohol exposure doubled the recovery of LVDP during reperfusion (45±5%v 20±3% of baseline for controls, n=6, P
Digital power: exploring the effects of social media on children’s spirituality

Digital culture is a prominent factor in the formation of children’s identity and relational experiences, with high percentages of children in many countries participating in gaming and social networking activities. Yet little scholarly work has addressed the ways in which various patterns of engagement in digital culture call into question current assumptions about childhood identity formation and relationality and the repercussions of formational and relational shifts on children’s spirituality. This essay explores ways in which digital culture functions as a spiritually enriching force in children’s lives, paying particular attention to the potential value of social networking for children’s spiritual well-being and the ways in which the internet’s positive aspects may mask other, more corrosive, elements.
Seven fingers allow force-torque closure grasps on any convex polyhedron

We prove that a robot hand whose fingers make frictionless contact with a convex polyhedral object will be able to find a grasp where the hand can exert any desired force-torque on the object provided the hand has seven fingers. We present an algorithm for grasping any convex polyhedron and we prove rigorously that it works for any convex polyhedron. The algorithm requiresO(n 3/2√logn) steps (in the worst case) wheren is the number of vertices.
Individualization of immunosuppressive therapy. III. Sirolimus associated with a reduced incidence of malignancy.

Abstract Objective We examined the occurrence of neoplasms among 1008 renal transplant recipients treated with a sirolimus-cyclosporine (CsA) ± prednisone (Pred) regimen. Methods A comprehensive database of demographic, laboratory, clinical, and histopathologic features of these patients all followed in our transplant center was analyzed using Student t test and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous and chi-square test for categorical variables. Comparisons were performed with information in the Israel Penn International Transplant Tumor Registry (IPITTR). Results During the mean patient follow-up of 62.3 ± 26.1 months (range 27.1 to 131), 36 tumors occurred in 35 patients (3.6%) at 32.5 ± 29.8 months. The most common neoplasms were skin tumors (2.4%), a value that was significantly lower than the 6% rate observed with CsA-azathioprine-Pred treatment. Also, the 0.4% incidence of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders and 0.2% incidence of renal cell carcinomas were less than half of those previously reported with a combination of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. The distribution of tumor types was similar to that reported to the IPITTR. The mean trough drug concentrations in affected recipients at the time of diagnosis were within the putative target ranges. Conclusion Renal transplant recipients treated with the sirolimus-CsA ± Pred combination showed a low incidence of tumors of similar types as those encountered with other regimens.
Development of the Work Locus of Control Scale

The development of the Work Locus of Control Scale (WLCS), a 16-item measure of generalized control beliefs in work settings, is described. Included is a discussion of item selection, norms, reliability and initial validation. Criterion-related validity is provided by correlations with other theoretically meaningful variables from six samples. The WLCS was found to correlate significantly with job satisfaction, intention of quitting, perceived influence at work, role stress and perceptions of supervisory style.
Decompression of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis and Stabilization with Knodt Rods in the Elderly Patient

We present a series of 25 elderly patients who exhibited signs and symptoms of neurogenic claudication and who were found to have one or two levels of spinal stenosis. At the time of decompressive surgery, excessive movement was found at the stenotic levels, so a simple stabilization procedure was performed using Knodt rods and a facet fusion. The expectation was that spine fixation would decrease the amount of postoperative back pain, which can be a result of continued abnormal mobility. All of the patients have been followed for 2 or more years. This elderly group of individuals tolerated surgery well, and long-term results were good.
Photoemission from metal dots on GaAs(110): Surface photovoltages and conductivity

Les resultats de photoemission demontrent un effet photovoltaique hors equilibre dependant de la temperature, meme quand les points sont metalliques. Le mouvement du niveau de Fermi dans la bande interdite associe a la metallisation est liee a la conductivite de surface plutot qu'aux variations dans les interactions metal-semiconducteur
In vivo distribution of immune protein scolexin in bacteria-injected Manduca sexta larvae.

Abstract The Manduca sexta larva-specific immune protein, scolexin, was isolated and 14 CH 3 -labelled by reductive alkylation. The influence of the bacterium Streptococcus faecalis on the hemocoelic distribution of the labelled scolexin was then analyzed. During bacterial challenge, most of the scolexin signal was detected in association with the hemocyte aggregations and nodules which formed; in this respect the protein sometimes appeared to be associated with hemocytes which had phagocytized bacteria, while at other times it was most concentrated in the nodule-associated, and free, coagulum. Areas of high scolexin activity were sometimes detected at various sites on the surface of the fat body. The scolexin did not appear to bind directly to bacterial cells. Up to 24 hr following the injection of S. faecalis , the larvae were still carrying out the formation of nodules; unlike the nodules of the 3 and 6 hr intervals, the nodules observed at 21–24 hr were covered with an apparently humorally derived, coagular capsule.
Syntactic criteria in prearticulatory editing: Evidence from laboratory-induced slips of the tongue

Earlier studies of laboratory-induced verbal slips have provided a partial model of “prearticulatory editing” in speech production—a cognitive process by which impending phoneme strings are evaluated for their linguistic and extralinguistic integrity prior to articulation. These studies have provided evidence of editing based upon phonotactic, lexical, and semantic criteria. The present study demonstrates the existence of syntactic editing criteria via laboratory-induced spoonerisms. Experiment I demonstrates that syntactically legitimate spoonerism errors (e.g., “mice saw”) are more frequent than syntactically anomalous spoonerism errors (e.g., “mice sees”), suggesting that prearticulatory phonological processing decisions are modified on the basis of syntactic criteria. Experiment II demonstrates that the criteria for syntactically legnitimate spoonerisms can be influenced by aspects of the syntactic context. Implications are discussed.
Effects of Δ9-THC and a water soluble ester of Δ9-THC on schedule-controlled behavior

Abstract Δ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) and one of its water soluble esters (SP-111) decreased the rates of responding by pigeons working under a variable interval 3-min schedule of food presentation, or a multiple fixed-ratio 30, fixed-interval 5-min schedule of food presentation. Δ 9 -THC was 3–6 times more potent than SP-111 and had a faster onsetof effects on behavior.
Lessons for prevention and intervention in adolescent pregnancy: a five-year comparison of outcomes of two programs for school-aged pregnant adolescents

Adolescent fertility control has been linked with educational completion and long-term economic success. This study evaluated the effect of short-term prenatal intervention on selected maternal and child indexes with first-time pregnant adolescents. Birth patterns were examined over a 5-year period for three groups (N = 216) of adolescents who received varying amounts of prenatal intervention for the index birth. No significant differences between groups were found on number of subsequent births within 5 years, mean time between births, graduation from high school, gestational age, or mean birth weight of infants. Age at first birth was a predictor of the number of subsequent births and subsequent graduation from high school. Grade in school at first pregnancy and total number of births in 5-years were related to high school graduation. Findings support the need for continued intensive community-based collaborative intervention for adolescent mothers during the 5 years after the index birth, the peak childbearing years for these women.