cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Macrocyclic anion receptors based on directed hydrogen bonding interactions

Natural anion receptors use charge-neutral dipoles to bind small anions with high affinities and selectivities. A convergent and rigid display of hydrogen bond donors such as amide, thiourea and urea functional groups in macrocyclic scaffolds would be one of the most efficient ways to create synthetic anion receptors that mimic natural ones. In this article, we present examples of natural anion receptors and discuss the synthesis of neutral macrocyclic receptors and their anion binding properties.
BITS based imaging process

Many universities use Symantec Ghost to image PCs in their campus computer labs. However, issues related to network traffic, multicasting, and file size create numerous difficulties when transferring image files.Tim Leamy at University of California, Davis (UC Davis) created a system using Microsoft's Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS) to transfer Ghost images to PC. Allan Chen and Rob Smith have adapted the system to work at Stanford.The system uses BITS to transfer Symantec Ghost .gho and .ghs files to a FreeDOS partition on the client PC. The machine then rebuilds itself at the next reboot locally, making for extremely fast imaging times.BITS, which utilizes standard HTTP protocols, runs in the background using available network bandwidth. This leaves the workstation available for use by students. Because the file transfer is via HTTP, it works over all types of networking and is very robust. The image files themselves are stored on a standard web server. Actual downtime of the client is generally less than 10 minutes.Stanford University has adapted the UC Davis solution in a number of ways. The majority of the work has been in dealing with larger (14GB) image sizes and integrating the scripts and utilities into the Stanford environment. Scripting functionality has remained the same, though many of the actual scripts have been modified.This presentation will examine the original impetus and implementation at UC Davis, and Stanford's experiences in modifying that process to fit our needs.
Steric Size in Conformational Analysis. Steric Compression Analyzed by Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy

The relative steric size of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, and benzyl groups has been determined from a sensitive tetrapyrrole model and exciton coupling circular dichroism (CD) measurements. Unlike the classical cyclohexane model, from which the relative steric demand of functional groups has been assessed quantitatively (A-values) and is based on the preference for equatorial vs axial orientations, the bilirubin model assesses substituent size from head-to-head steric compression. Thus, exciton CD amplitudes of a set of sensitive anti-chiral α(R/S)-substituted-β‘(S)-methylmesobilirubins-XIIIα (1−6) suggests an apparent relative steric size: tert-butyl ∼ isopropyl > phenyl ∼ ethyl > benzyl > methyl. The order is somewhat different from that obtained by measuring equatorial vs axial configuration preferences on substituted cyclohexanes by NMR spectroscopy: tert-butyl ≫ phenyl > isopropyl > ethyl ∼ benzyl ∼ methyl.
Reactions to collective stress: Correlates of active citizen participation at love canal

Abstract Events at Love Canal, beginning in the spring of 1978, are described as an environmental crisis leading to acute collective stress. As the crisis unfolded, Love Canal residents’ perceptions of the situation, and the actions they took, were monitored through interviews with a sample of 58 families in fall, 1978. Of these, 39 were reinterviewed in spring, 1979. Among interviewed families, 24 (41%) had at least one “activist” member, someone who became personally involved in a community organization formed to help resolve the crisis. This study compares the social characteristics of “activist families” with “non‐activist families,” their Love Canal‐related problems, sources of help, and general views of the impacts on their personal lives, and on interpersonal relations. Activists relied on government and crisis‐related organizations for help, while non‐activists had more family support. Neither group utilized the mental health services provided by the community's “crisis center.” Activists felt bet...
Pineal, retinal and harderian gland melatonin in a diurnal species, the richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii)

Abstract Melatonin levels were estimated over a 24 h period in the pineal glands, retinas and Harderian glands of a diurnal rodent, the Richardson's ground squirrel ( Spermophilus richardsonii ). Animals were kept in light:dark cycles of 14:10 (lights on at 06.00 h) and killed at the following time points: 20.00, 24.00, 02.00, 04.00 and 08.00 h. Pineal levels of melatonin were low (
Organic Process Technology Valuation:: Cyclohexanone Oxime Syntheses

Three contemporary processes for cyclohexanone oxime synthesis are evaluated in a case study. The case study introduces organic chemistry students to basic cost accounting to determine the most economical technology. Technical and financial aspects of these processes are evaluated with problem-based exercises that may be completed by students either individually or more effectively in groups.
Assessment of antibody responses against gp41 in HIV-1-infected patients using soluble gp41 fusion proteins and peptides derived from M group consensus envelope

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 is targeted by broadly-reactive neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10, making it an attractive target for vaccine development. To better assess immunogenic properties of gp41, we generated five soluble glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins encompassing C-terminal 30, 64, 100, 142, or 172 (full-length) amino acids of gp41 ectodomain from M group consensus envelope sequence. Antibody responses in HIV-1-infected patients were evaluated using these proteins and overlapping peptides. We found (i) antibody responses against different regions of gp41 varied tremendously among individual patients, (ii) patients with stronger antibody responses against membrane-proximal external region exhibit broader and more potent neutralizing activity, and (iii) several patients mounted antibodies against epitopes that are near, or overlap with, those targeted by 2F5 or 4E10. These soluble gp41 fusion proteins could be an important source of antigens for future vaccine development efforts.
2001 American Urological Association Gallup Survey: Changes In Physician Practice Patterns, Satisfaction With Urology, And Treatment Of Prostate Cancer And Erectile Dysfunction

Purpose: The Health Policy Survey and Research Committee of the American Urological Association and the Gallup organization have performed 9 surveys of American urologists since 1992 for the purpose of assessing demographics and practice patterns. The results of the 2001 survey are presented.Materials and Methods: A random sample of 507 urologists was interviewed in February and March 2001. Major content areas were physician practice patterns, cryosurgery/brachytherapy, prostate specific antigen, erectile dysfunction, Medicare and the Internet.Results: Membership in the American Urological Association continues to increase among American urologists. The number of patients seen weekly in the office also continues to increase. While age at retirement has not changed significantly, most urologists are satisfied with the specialty and increasing numbers are using the Internet.Conclusions: Minimally invasive procedures such as brachytherapy for prostate cancer continue to proliferate and there is evidence that...
Auditors' perception of management: Determinants and consequences☆

Abstract An experiment was conducted to examine the determinants and consequences of auditors' perceptions of management. Based on the theory of correspondent inference (Jones & Davis, 1965), the following hypotheses were formulated: (1) auditors are most likely to make a dispositional inference about management when a transaction deviates from expectations and is made under conditions of high choice; (2) auditors are more likely to make a dispositional inference about the management of a new client than that of a continuing client; and (3) dispositional inferences about management will affect auditors' subsequent judgments. The results support the first hypothesis. Contrary to the second hypothesis, subjects' dispositional inferences about management did not differ significantly between the continuing client and the new client conditions. Finally, the materiality threshold of auditors was found to be significantly associated with their inferences about management.
MUON SPIN RELAXATION STUDIES ON HIGH-TC, ORGANIC, HEAVY-FERMION, AND CHEVREL PHASE SUPERCONDUCTORS

Abstract We report recent progress of positive muon spin relaxation (μSR) studies on high-Tc oxide, organic, heavy-fermion, and Chevrel phase superconductors. μSR measurements of the magnetic field penetration depth λ in more than 30 different hole-doped cuprate compounds have demonstrated strong correlations between Tc and 1/λ2∝ns/m∗ (carrier density / effective mass). These correlations can be extended to the organic (BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2 and possibly to Chevrel phase systems. In particular, we found that there are only ∼5–10 superconding pairs in a coherence area ξ2 on the two-dimensional conducting planes in both the cuprate and organic systems. The penetration depths in UBe13 and UPt3 are found to be so long that the μSR measurements can only provide a lower limit on λ ⩾ 10 000 A. The muon Knight shift is essentially independent of temperature below Tc in these heavy fermion systems, indicating a constant spin susceptibility and odd-parity (most likely p-wave) pairing.
Search for atomic after-effects of the β-decay of 160Tb in insulating and semiconducting compounds

Abstract The hyperfine fields at 160 Dy nuclei immediately following the β − decay of 160 Tb have been examined at room temperature in anhydrous terbium fluoride and in Eu 1 − x Tb x S for several values of x . Integral-rotation perturbed angular correlation (PAC) measurements on cascades proceeding through the 2.9 nsec first excited state show that the paramagnetic correction factor β is close to the free-ion value for the daughter Dy 3+ ion, and is independent of the number of available lattice electrons over the entire range of conductivity from semimetal to ionic insulator. Calculations based on a simple model show that the source of the electrons needed for atomic-shell recovery may be trace impurities at a level available even in the purest of insulating materials. At room temperature in zero applied magnetic field, the character of the fluctuating hyperfine field at the 160 Dy nucleus is found via time-differential and time-integral PAC measurements to be principally magnetic in character, arising from the rapid relaxation of the 4f shell.
An assessment of preoperative coagulation screening for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

Abstract Preoperative coagulation studies are commonly employed in order to try to identify the 2–4% of all patients undergoing tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy surgery who experience hemorrhagic complications. In an atmosphere of increasing cost consciousness, evaluation of the efficacy of screening tests is warranted. The records of 994 out of 1050 patients consecutively scheduled for tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy or T&A over a 2.5-year period were retrospectively reviewed in order to determine the usefulness of partial thromboplastin (PTT) and prothrombin time (PT) screening in predicting surgical and postsurgical bleeding. For patients with no history or clinical signs indicating possible bleeding disorder, preoperative PT and PTT failed to predict bleeding as an outcome. Also no patients were identified in this series to have previously undiagnosed coagulopathies on the basis of screening PT/PTT. The purpose of any screening test is to identify disease early enough for therapeutic intervention to be effective. Although preoperative PT/PTT will occasionally identify an unsuspected von Willebrand's or other coagulopathy, the prevalence of bleeding disorders in patients with negative history and examination is low enough that PT/PTT has essentially a zero predictive value for surgical bleeding. Screening PT/PTT should therefore be reserved for patients with known or suspected coagulopathies.
The Agricultural Matrix and a Future Paradigm for Conservation

Land-use policies, especially in tropical zones, are frequently seen as facing three insoluble problems: (1) low or inefficient agricultural production, which leads to (2) clearing of natural habitat for more farmland, which leads to (3) loss of biodiversity (Ausebel 1996; Glokany 1998; Trewavas 2001). The solution to this three-part dilemma is often seen by going backward, so to speak (1) loss of biodiversity can be stemmed if (2) farmers stop clearing natural habitat, which can be done if (3) agricultural production is intensified on land already devoted to agricultural production. The seemingly inescapable conclusion is that intensifying agriculture already underway is the main solution to the problem of biodiversity loss (Green et al. 2005). We argue that this seemingly impeccable framework is wrong and that a more realistic framing suggests a view of conservation that is distinct from more traditional forms. In our view this more-realistic framing must acknowledge the conservation consequences of the agricultural matrix in a landscape framework. Here, we focus on the issue of land-use policies, especially on the ecological relationship between natural areas and the surrounding agricultural matrix. The way the problem is frequently framed, as a zero-sum game where competition for land is divided between production and conservation, is wrong, as noted by Angelsen and Kaimowitz (2001 and chapters therein). The problem with this framing is that it tacitly assumes a closed system. What normally happens in practice is that when agriculture is intensified in one corner of the world, that very intensification acts as a magnet to attract more producers to the area, which actually leads to more habitat conversion, as demonstrated by Angelson and Kaimowitz (2001). The simple three-part logical sequence is theoret-
Noble gases in eleven H-chondrites

Review of the results of measurements of noble gases in powdered aliquots of 11 H-chondrites whose trace element contents have been previously determined by Laul et al. (1973). The measurements were made on a 4.5-inch radius, Reynolds-type mass spectrometer, using conventional techniques.
A multicenter study of women's self-reported reproductive health after spinal cord injury.

Abstract Objective: Little attention has been given to women's reproductive health issues in the disabled population. This study documents the unique reproductive health conditions, complications, and behaviors in women with spinal cord injury (SCI). Subjects: A total of 472 women at least 18 years of age who were at least 1 year post-SCI. Their average age at injury was 32 years. Design: An extensive questionnaire regarding gynecologic, sexual, obstetric, and menopausal health issues was developed and piloted. The questionnaire was then administered by a trained woman health care clinician to women who agreed to participate in the study. Setting: Private outpatient clinics at 10 regional model SCI systems of care. Results: Women reported similar gynecologic problems in both preinjury and postinjury time periods. Exceptions were urinary tract infections and vaginal yeast infections. Sexually transmitted infections appear to be less common after injury, but the difference was not statistically significant. The number of hysterectomies was similar both before and after injury, but reasons differed greatly. Women with SCI were less likely to have routine mammograms. They reported similar preventive practices such as performing self-breast examinations and obtaining Papanicolaou smears. Almost 14% of women with SCI became pregnant after injury (101 pregnancies). Complications from pregnancy, labor, and delivery were reported to be more frequent in their postinjury than in their preinjury obstetric experiences. They tended to have babies of lower birth weight and with more complications at time of delivery. Of the sample, 87% reported having sexual intercourse before injury, with only 67% having intercourse after injury. Years postinjury and level of injury were predictive of intercourse; extent of injury was not. Experience of orgasms and methods of contraception varied among the two groups. There were significant complaints of dysreflexia and bladder incontinence with sexual function. Menopause after injury was reported by 14.6% of the women. Postinjury menopausal symptoms were of low frequency, but more than those reported by women who had undergone menopause before injury. Only 19% of women who had menopause after SCI were placed on hormone replacement therapy. Almost one third of the women who had menopause after injury reported new bone fractures. Conclusion: This study illustrates the unique reproductive health concerns of women with SCI. Many pregnancy, labor, and delivery experiences in these women are different. Sexual activity and function have several disability-related consequences and the effects of menopause are still unknown, but may be more problematic than for able-bodied women.
Classic and Concealed Entrainment of Typical and Atypical Atrial Flutter

Classic and concealed entrainment was demonstrated in a patient with spontaneous typical atrial flutter and pacing induced atypical atrial flutter. The form of enirainment manifested depended on the site of pacing and the direction of tachycardia as determined by endocardial mapping.
A review of gas diffusion layer in PEM fuel cells: Materials and designs

Abstract The gas diffusion layer (GDL) plays a key role on reactant gas diffusion and water management in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. This paper reviews recent developments of single- and dual-layer GDLs for PEM fuel cells and various materials and approaches used for development of novel GDL. A variety of carbon- and metal-based macroporous substrates are presented. Hydrophobic treatments using different fluorinated polymers are addressed. Engineering parameters which control the performance of microporous layer such as carbon treatment, wettability, thickness, and microstructure are also reviewed. In addition, future prospects for development of new GDL development are discussed.
Cross-cultural analysis of HPT: An empirical investigation of HPT competencies in the workplace in the United States and South Asia

Recent research in the areas of human performance technology (HPT), organizational development, and cross-cultural training has suggested the need for developing managerial competencies that are effective in diverse cultural settings. Some competencies such as technical proficiency, knowledge of company systems, adaptability, and the ability to cope have been examined for their suitability in various cultures. However, there have been few efforts to examine the suitability and validity of HPT competencies in cross-cultural settings. This exploratory study investigates the application of HPT competencies across two regions of the world. On the basis of a survey of more than 100 industry professionals, we obtained data indicating the frequency of application of a set of core HPT competencies in the United States and South Asian regions. Findings revealed significant differences between how practitioners in these two regions apply performance analysis, cause analysis, and intervention design and development competencies. Results suggest that cultural differences might be affecting how practitioners in these regions are applying HPT. Possible areas for future studies are discussed.
Senior Centers and Minority Elders: A Critical Review

This paper examines the literature on senior center participation and factors related to participation for minority elders. The extent of involvement of minority elders in senior centers is unclear due to lack of data for certain groups and methodological problems in some studies. Traditional and emerging factors that might affect minority elderly's senior center participation are identified and discussed. Suggestions are provided for expanding the knowledge base in this area.
Garnet scintillator-based devices for gamma-ray spectroscopy

We are developing scintillator based gamma-ray spectrometers for homeland security and safeguards applications. Improving the energy resolution of such scintillator detectors enables the development of more accurate and effective instruments. We have characterized the response of several Ce doped garnet scintillators using radioactive sources. These garnet scintillators have multiple decay components. We have acquired pulse height spectra using conventional analog electronics as well as digital electronics with additional postprocessing. By making use of the long decay components, energy resolution can be improved. We are working to implement the inclusion of the long decay times into real-time processing algorithms.
Ontogeny of Tetrodotoxin Levels in Blue-ringed Octopuses: Maternal Investment and Apparent Independent Production in Offspring of Hapalochlaena lunulata

Many organisms provision offspring with antipredator chemicals. Adult blue-ringed octopuses (Hapalochlaena spp.) harbor tetrodotoxin (TTX), which may be produced by symbiotic bacteria. Regardless of the ultimate source, we find that females invest TTX into offspring and offspring TTX levels are significantly correlated with female TTX levels. Because diversion of TTX to offspring begins during the earliest stages of egg formation, when females are still actively foraging and looking for mates, females may face an evolutionary tradeoff between provisioning larger stores of TTX in eggs and retaining that TTX for their own defense and offense (venom). Given that total TTX levels appear to increase during development and that female TTX levels correlate with those of offspring, investment may be an active adaptive process. Even after eggs have been laid, TTX levels continue to increase, suggesting that offspring or their symbionts begin producing TTX independently. The maternal investment of TTX in offspring of Hapalochlaena spp. represents a rare examination of chemical defenses, excepting ink, in cephalopods.
Influence of an Inhibitor of 17α-Hydroxylation on the Biosynthesis of Testosterone by Testicular Tissue

The compound 3-(6-chloro- 3-methyl,2-indenyl)-pyridine (SU-8000) inhibits the biosynthesis of testosterone by rabbit and dog testis in vitro. In the rabbit the inhibition observed could be accounted for by a specific effect upon 17α-hydroxylation, while in the dog SU-8000 appears to act at more than one point in the biosynthetic pathway to testosterone.
Parallelization of Geant4 Using TOP-C and Marshalgen

Geant4 is a very large, highly accurate toolkit for Monte Carlo simulation of particle-matter interaction. It has been applied to high-energy physics, cosmic ray modeling, radiation shields, radiation therapy, mine detection, and other areas. Geant4 is being used to help design some high energy physics experiments (notably CMS and Atlas) to be run on the future large hadron collider: the largest particle collider in the world. The parallelization, ParGeant4, represents a challenge due to the unique characteristics of Geant4: (i) complex object-oriented design; (ii) intrinsic use of templates and abstract classes to be instantiated later by the end user; (iii) large program with many developers; and (iv) frequent releases. The key issue for parallelization is not just how to parallelize "correctly" but also how to parallelize "with minimum effort". In addition, the parallelization should make as few assumptions about the source code as possible, due to the frequent release schedule of Geant4. We use TOP-C (Task Oriented Parallel C/C++) for parallelization and Marshalgen for marshaling/ serialization. In some examples on a cluster of 100 nodes yielded a speedup of up to 94.4. The codes portability, scalability and performance are also discussed.
Piezoelectric Composite Materials for Ultrasonic Transducer Applications. Part I: Resonant Modes of Vibration of PZT Rod-Polymer Composites

Abstmcr-The objective of the present work was to gain a deeper mensions of the transducer are much smaller than the understanding of the behavior of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) polymer composites for applications such as ultrasonic medical diagnosis in the megahertz frequency range. These composites were originally developed for low-frequency hydrophone applications. The PZT rod-polymer composites have been prepared with five to 30 volume percent PZT using 0.28 mm and 0.45 mm rods. In a disc of PZT rod-polymer composite material, there are three principal types of resonance: the planar mode, the thickness mode, and various lateral modes caused by the regular periodicity of the PZT rod in the composite. These resonance modes have been studied with the following techniques: 1) electrical impedance measurement as a function of frequency and 2) laser probe dilatometry of the dynamic displacement as a function of frequency and position in the composite lattice. The observed resonance behavior is found to be a result of lateral interactions in the composite through the epoxy medium. The effect of temperature on the electromechanical properties of the composite has also been investigated. Implications of these results for optimizing the design of ultrasonic transducers are discussed.
Premorbid traumatic stressors are highly prevalent in chronic TMD.

Original Article De Leeuw R, Bertoli E, Schmidt JE, Carlson CR. Prevalence of traumatic stressors in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005;63(1):42-50. Level of Evidence 2b Purpose/Question Identify prevalence and types of traumatic stressors in TMD sample, and characterize the related psychosocial status. Source of Funding None stated Type of Study/Design Cohort study?
Effects of Caspase Inhibitor on Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice

Objective— The presence of apoptotic markers is a prominent histological feature of abdominal aortic aneurysm. To understand the role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of this common vascular disease, we tested the effect of the pan-caspase inhibitor quinoline-Val-Asp-difluorophenoxymethylketone (Q-Vd-OPh) on aneurysm formation using a mouse angiotensin II (Ang II) model. Methods and Results— Ang II in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice significantly induced medial cell apoptosis 3 days after infusion at the aortic region, eventually becoming aneurismal. A daily administration of 20 mg/kg per day Q-Vd-OPh starting 6 hours before Ang II infusion reduced aneurysm incidence from 83.3% to 16.7% and maximal aortic diameter from 2.43±0.29 mm to 1.58±0.18 mm. The caspase inhibitor treated mice showed profoundly diminished levels of medial apoptosis and inflammation. In contrast, administration of Q-Vd-OPh starting 7 days after Ang II infusion had no significant impact on aneurysm development. In vitro, media conditioned by Ang II-treated smooth muscle cells (SMCs) stimulated macrophage chemotaxis in a caspase-dependent manner. Inhibition of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the conditioned media via a neutralizing antibody completely blocked the ability of conditioned media to attract macrophages. Conclusion— These results indicate that medial SMC apoptosis may contribute to vascular inflammation and thus aneurysm formation, in part through production of MCP-1.
Sweet's syndrome – a comprehensive review of an acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis

Sweet's syndrome (the eponym for acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) is characterized by a constellation of clinical symptoms, physical features, and pathologic findings which include fever, neutrophilia, tender erythematous skin lesions (papules, nodules, and plaques), and a diffuse infiltrate consisting predominantly of mature neutrophils that are typically located in the upper dermis. Several hundreds cases of Sweet's syndrome have been published. Sweet's syndrome presents in three clinical settings: classical (or idiopathic), malignancy-associated, and drug-induced. Classical Sweet's syndrome (CSS) usually presents in women between the age of 30 to 50 years, it is often preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection and may be associated with inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy. Approximately one-third of patients with CSS experience recurrence of the dermatosis. The malignancy-associated Sweet's syndrome (MASS) can occur as a paraneoplastic syndrome in patients with an established cancer or individuals whose Sweet's syndrome-related hematologic dyscrasia or solid tumor was previously undiscovered; MASS is most commonly related to acute myelogenous leukemia. The dermatosis can precede, follow, or appear concurrent with the diagnosis of the patient's cancer. Hence, MASS can be the cutaneous harbinger of either an undiagnosed visceral malignancy in a previously cancer-free individual or an unsuspected cancer recurrence in an oncology patient. Drug-induced Sweet's syndrome (DISS) most commonly occurs in patients who have been treated with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, however, other medications may also be associated with DISS. The pathogenesis of Sweet's syndrome may be multifactorial and still remains to be definitively established. Clinical and laboratory evidence suggests that cytokines have an etiologic role. Systemic corticosteroids are the therapeutic gold standard for Sweet's syndrome. After initiation of treatment with systemic corticosteroids, there is a prompt response consisting of dramatic improvement of both the dermatosis-related symptoms and skin lesions. Topical application of high potency corticosteroids or intralesional corticosteroids may be efficacious for treating localized lesions. Other first-line oral systemic agents are potassium iodide and colchicine. Second-line oral systemic agents include indomethacin, clofazimine, cyclosporine, and dapsone. The symptoms and lesions of Sweet's syndrome may resolved spontaneously, without any therapeutic intervention; however, recurrence may follow either spontaneous remission or therapy-induced clinical resolution.
‘You are what you eat’: historical changes in ideas about food and identity†

There is deep historicity to the adage ‘You are what you eat’. For a very long time, the relations between aliment and identity − personal and national − were understood in terms of Galenical dietetics and modes of analogical reasoning from the qualities of food to the qualities of people. ‘Hot’ foods, for example, made for a ‘hot’ temperament, and the stolidity of the ox might be transferred to people who ate its flesh. This article tracks the historical career and cultural significance of these relations, and, with the decline of both traditional dietetics and of analogical reasoning by the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it describes the different cultural vocabulary used in modernity to talk about food and identity.
Atelectasis – an unusual and late complication of lung transplant

We report a previously unrecognized late complication of allograft lung transplantation - persistent recurrent atelectasis of the transplanted lung. The patient developed sudden, severe respiratory distress about 2 yr after a right lung transplant, because of acute atelectasis of her transplanted lung. Multiple transbronchial biopsies at the time revealed minimal inflammation and no evidence of rejection. She was treated with surfactant replacement therapy, and her collapsed lung fully expanded following surfactant installation. To eliminate the possibility of acquired deficiency of surfactant lipids or proteins, ultrastructural examination and immunostains for surfactant proteins were performed in a transbronchial lung biopsy. No deficiency of surfactant lipids or proteins was found. On ultrastructural examination of the lung biopsy, the number of Type II cells per alveolus and the number of lamellar bodies per square micron of Type II cell cross-sectional area was increased compared with an age-matched control. We conclude that synthesis of surfactant lipids and proteins was unimpaired and because of the patient's response to surfactant replacement therapy, that the increase in number of lamellar bodies could reflect a compensatory mechanism for a surfactant functional defect. The patient later developed breast carcinoma to which she succumbed. We raise the possibility that the functional surfactant defect is a hitherto unrecognized non-metastatic manifestation of malignancy.
An Exploratory Look at the Relationships Among Math Skills, Motivational Factors and Activity Choice

This study of a preschool classroom of 4 year old children examines underlying skills of number sense such as counting and spatial skills and Spontaneous Focusing on Numerosity. It also investigates children’s patterns of engaging in spontaneous mathematical activities in free-play activity centers in relation to behaviors associated with classroom achievement such as attention/persistence, self-regulation, perceived math ability, and motivation. A mixed method design with structured empirical measures and naturalistic observations was used. Several data sources were analyzed, including videotaped interviews, systematic observational data, and teacher ratings. Findings indicate that children who spontaneously focus on numerosity are advanced in their counting skills. Teacher rating of motivation and interest is also correlated with counting skills and spatial skills. Teacher rating of persistence is correlated with counting skills and child self-reports of persistence in math correlated with spatial skills. Variability existed in free play activity time, with social or dramatic play the only activity observed for all children. The major math activities chosen were those involving block construction and some computer games. It was noted that students less skilled in math tended to choose less cognitively challenging activities involving small motor tasks rather than more cognitively challenging activities. Using a Vygotskian socio-cultural lens, several suggestions are made about how verbal interactions with teachers and other adults may contribute to children’s cognitive competence in math.
CALCULATING EEO STATISTICS IN THE TEMPORARY HELP INDUSTRY

The temporary workforce has experienced tremendous growth in the past decade. Given the number of individuals employed by temporary help firms, it is surprising that so little attention has been given to EEO issues in this industry. The calculation of flow statistics in the temporary help industry presents some unique concerns because of the multiple status states (e.g., active, placed) an individual might hold. Difficulties in calculating compliance figures are illustrated with data from one temporary services firm. Record keeping recommendations are detailed.
Fiber-optical acoustic sensor based on a photonic-crystal diaphragm

This paper reports on a highly sensitive fiber-optical acoustic sensor. The miniature acoustic sensor consists of a Fabry-Perot interferometer made of a photonic-crystal reflector embedded on a compliant silicon diaphragm placed at the tip of a single-mode fiber. A high-reflectivity multilayer dielectric mirror is deposited on the tip of the single-mode fiber. When combined with the high reflection from the photonic-crystal mirror, this second mirror forms a Fabry-Perot with a relatively high finesse (~15), giving rise to a high pressure sensitivity over the 10–50 kHz range. A minimum detectable pressure of 30 µPa/Hz 1/2 at 15 kHz is reported.
Results of transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. Cleveland Clinic experience.

Thirty-six patients with Cushing’s disease underwent transsphenoidal surgery at the Cleveland Clinic between January 1976 and August 1986. Adenomas were identified, removed, and verified pathologically in 28 patients (78%); in all cases, hypercortisolism was corrected. Overall, 31 of the 36 patients (8 6 %) were cured initially (biochemically and clinically). No operative mortality or permanent neurological sequelae were sustained. Follow-up ranged from four to 120 months. There have been three recurrences after an initial apparent cure.
Nondaily Smoking Cessation Motivation for Young Adults: Scale Development and Validation

Introduction: Nondaily smoking is a growing public health concern, particularly among young adults. Given the lack of existing measures for assessing factors associated with this smoking pattern, the present study aims to develop a measure of motivation to quit among young adult nondaily smokers. Specifically, we developed a scale assessing motivation for nondaily smoking cessation, and examined its reliability, factor structure, and concurrent validity.Methods: We administered an online survey to 2,000 students at six colleges in the Southeastern US, and 718 (35.9%) returned a completed survey. The current analyses focused on the 95 participants who reported nondaily smoking (i.e., smoking between 1 and 29 days of the past 30 days). In addition to the items created for scale development, measures included sociodemographics, other measures of motivation and confidence/self-efficacy, past smoking/quitting history, readiness to quit, and perceived harm.Results: The 13-item Nondaily Smoking Cessation Motivation Questionnaire (NSCM) had an average score of 56.95 (SD = 24.33) and high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.94). Factor analysis using principal components extraction with varimax rotation extracted three factors accounting for 76.8% of the variance: Controlled motivation, Autonomous motivation, and Amotivation. Concurrent and discriminant validity were documented.Conclusions: This study provided information about the development and validation of the Nondaily Smoking Cessation Motivation Questionnaire for young adult nondaily smokers. Given the lack of validated measures to assess factors associated with nondaily smoking, this assessment may be critical in informing our intervention strategies and potentially for predicting cessation among nondaily smokers in the young adult population.
Measurement characteristics of activity-related psychosocial measures in 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls in the Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Study (GEMS).

Abstract Background. This paper presents reliability and validity analyses of physical activity-related psychosocial questionnaires completed by 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls at baseline and follow-up assessments of pilot intervention studies in the Girls health Enrichment Multi-site Study (GEMS). Methods. Two hundred ten girls participated in the GEMS 12-week pilot studies and had their height and weight measured, wore an accelerometer for 3 days and completed a measure of their usual physical activity (PA) at baseline and after the 12-week intervention. Subgroups of girls also completed physical activity-related psychosocial measures at these two time points including: (a) self-concept; (b) self-efficacy; (c) outcome expectancies; and d) preferences. Principal components analysis was conducted on the psychosocial measures obtained at baseline. Cronbach's alpha and test–retest reliability were computed. Convergent validity was assessed by correlating the baseline psychosocial measures with baseline physical activity measures and body mass index (BMI). Results. The following sub-scales were derived: Activity Preference, Positive Expectancies and Negative Expectancies for physical activity. Physical Performance Self-Concept and Self-Efficacy for physical activity were kept as single dimensional scales. Sub-scales, derived from principal components analyses, were Activity Preference, Positive Expectancies, and Negative Expectancies for physical activity. Internal consistency estimates for the various scales were substantial to excellent (0.67–0.85), while test–retest reliability estimates were fair to moderate (0.22–0.56). Correlations between the PA psychosocial sub-scales and measured levels of activity measures showed evidence of convergent validity for the Activity Preference sub-scale, although social desirability may have influenced the significant associations observed. Conclusions. The Activity Preference was a fairly reliable and valid measure. Further studies are needed to examine the utility of activity-related psychosocial measures in interventions to increase physical activity among preadolescent African-American girls.
Average dependence and random oracles

A reconstruction of the foundations of complexity theory relative to random oracles is begun. The goals are to identify the simple, core mathematical principles behind randomness; to use these principles to push hard on the current boundaries of randomness; and to eventually apply these principles in unrelativized complexity. The focus in this work is on quantifying the degree of separation between NP/sup R/ and coNP/sup R/ relative to a random oracle R. A technique called average dependence is introduced and used to investigate what is the best lower bound on the size of nondeterministic circuits that accept coNP/sup R/ sets and how close a coNP/sup R/ set can come to 'approximating' an arbitrary NP/sup R/ set. The results show that the average dependence technique is a powerful method for addressing certain random oracle questions but that there is still much room for improvement. Some open questions are briefly discussed. >
Bird rookeries have different effects on different feeding guilds of herbivores and alter the feeding behavior of a common caterpillar.

Aggregations of nesting birds are common in many landscapes and have a broad impact on their surrounding habitat through the nutrient input and disturbance of their guano depositions. Ecological theory makes specific predictions about how disturbances or nutrient pulses will affect the interactions between different trophic levels of organisms. This study dissects the effects of a multi-species bird rookery on plant-herbivore interactions on coast live oak trees (Quercus agrifolia). I found that different feeding guilds of herbivores were affected in opposing directions by the rookery. I observed less chewing damage within the rookery than outside, but more damage from piercing/sucking and galling herbivores within the rookery than outside. To understand why chewing guild herbivores are negatively affected by the environmental impacts of the rookery, I explored the behavioral response of a specialist caterpillar (Phryganidia californica) to various rookery conditions. Bird guano had a direct negative impact on P. californica foraging. P. californica movement was impaired by guano addition to twigs, and caterpillars preferred to eat leaves without guano on them. The rookery also had an indirect negative effect on P. californica foraging, as P. californica preferred clean leaves from forest areas outside of the rookery over clean leaves from within the rookery. This study suggests that while it may be possible to make accurate predictions about the effect of large events (such as rookery formation) on different trophic levels, understanding the response of individual species within that trophic level requires an understanding of aspects of their natural history—such as feeding mode and behavior.
Dexamethasone receptor levels in palatal and lung fibroblasts of adult A/J and C57BL/6J mice: relationship to glucocorticoid-induced cleft palate.

Abstract Glucocorticoid-induced cleft palate (CP) has been used as an animal model for hormonal teratogenesis. In mice, the susceptibility to glucocorticoid-induced CP varies with the strain, A/J being very sensitive and C57/BL6J relatively resistant. Studies in adult and embryonic murine tissues have attempted to correlate the number of glucocorticoid receptors and CP susceptibility, with conflicting results. The relative quantities of dexamethasone receptors were now studied in established palatal and lung fibroblast cell cultures obtained from adult C57 and A/J mice. A rapidly saturable, stable binding system was demonstrated. Scatchard plots were linear indicating a single class of high affinity receptors. The glucocorticoid receptor number ranged from 6.2 × 10−16 mole/μg prot to 8.6 × 10−16 mole/μg prot, while the KD varied from 1.0 × 1.0−8M to 2.8 × 10−8M. The differences in receptor characteristics between murine strains were not significant (p > 0.05). The absence of a difference in receptor numbe...
A Model-Based Warping Method for 4D Event Characterization

We propose a warping method, with relative velocity changes in depth as optimization parameters, to detect and resolve 4D reservoir events in thin layers. We assume the baseline vertical P-wave velocity profile is known. In order to enhance resolution, sparsity of the velocity changes is incorporated as a priori knowledge. We demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the inversion when velocity changes in an overburden layer or noise are introduced. Advantages of the method include low computational cost, and insensitivity to 4D variations in the overburden.
Towards DO-178C compatible tool design

In software development, testing often takes more than half the total development time (Pan 1999). Test case design and execution of test procedures consume most of the testing time. Thus, automatically generating test cases and automatically detecting errors in test procedures prior to execution is highly advantageous. This thesis proposes a new approach to further automate test case design and the test procedure development process. Several open-source products exist to automate test case design, but they have limitations including test cases that do not trace back to models; test cases that are not reusable for libraries; and limiting test cases to generation on their own test environment. This limits their support for the important, new avionics standard, DO-178C (RTCA 2012). The first contribution of the thesis is a technique for test code generation that, compared to existing products, is faster, provides improved traceability to models, and supports reusable test procedures that can be generated on any testing environment. To address the current limitations, the new approach utilizes the Simulink Design Verifier and an open-source constraint solver to generate test cases. The technique allows each test case to be traced back to an expression and to the original model. Detecting errors in manually written test procedures before testing starts is also critical to efficient verification. It can save hours or even days if errors are detected in the early test procedure design stage. However, analysis done here of a set of open source code analysis tools shows that they cannot detect type and attribute errors effectively. The second contribution of the thesis is to develop a static code analyzer for Python code that detects bugs that could cause automated test procedures to crash. The analyzer converts a Python code to an abstract syntax tree and detects all type and attribute errors by