cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OPTIMAL SIZE OF FINGERLING TO UNDERSTOCK IN CATFISH GROW-OUT PONDS: AN APPLICATION OF A MULTI-PERIOD INTEGER PROGRAMMING MODEL

This article developed a multi-period linear programming model to identify the optimal size of fingerling to understock to maximize multi-period returns on a catfish grow-out farm. Grow-out production alternatives included understocking three different sizes (7.6 cm, 12.7 cm, and 17.8 cm) of fingerlings in multiple-batch production at 15,000 fingerlings per hectare. Fingerlings were produced either with or without thinning at different stocking densities. Results showed that the optimal size of fingerling to understock was 12.7 cm. On-farm production of fingerlings was optimal across all farm sizes but the fingerling production technique selected varied with farm size. Models of larger farm sizes indicated that it is optimal to thin fingerlings, while for smaller farm sizes, producing fingerlings without thinning was optimal. When farm size was treated as an endogenous variable in the farmer's profit-maximizing decisions, the optimal size of a catfish farm was 404 water-ha. Sensitivity analyses suggested ...
Assessment of stereotypic and self-injurious behavior as adjunctive responses.

Certain responses of both humans and nonhumans appear to be maintained indirectly by intermittent reinforcement schedules and have been referred to collectively as adjunctive behavior. Although basic research has examined adjunctive behavior extensively, relatively few studies have been conducted with humans, particularly those with developmental disabilities who often engage in frequent and varied stereotypic behavior. This study assessed possible adjunctive characteristics of self-injurious and stereotypic behaviors using a multielement design containing two types of control conditions. Four subjects who engaged in both self-injurious behavior and stereotypy participated after variables maintaining their self-injury were identified via functional analyses. Each day, subjects were exposed to three 15-min sessions in random order: (a) noncontingent presentation of food on a fixed-time schedule (e.g., FT 30 s), (b) a massed-reinforcement (food) control, and (c) a no-reinforcement control. A variety of fixed-time schedules were examined during different experimental phases. Results of this preliminary study suggested that self-injury was not induced by intermittent reinforcement schedules, whereas the stereotypic behavior of some individuals showed characteristics of adjunctive behavior. The importance of research on adjunctive behavior and suggestions for future studies are discussed.
Sequential anomaly detection in a batch with growing number of tests: Application to network intrusion detection

For high (N)-dimensional feature spaces, we consider detection of an unknown, anomalous class of samples amongst a batch of collected samples (of size T), under the null hypothesis that all samples follow the same probability law. Since the features which will best identify the anomalies are a priori unknown, several common detection strategies are: 1) evaluating atypicality of a sample (its p-value) based on the null distribution defined on the full N-dimensional feature space; 2) considering a (combinatoric) set of low order distributions, e.g. all singletons and all feature pairs, with detections made based on the smallest p-value yielded over all such low order tests. The first approach relies on accurate estimation of the joint distribution, while the second may suffer from increased false alarm rates as N and T grow. Alternatively, inspired by greedy feature selection commonly used in supervised learning, we propose a novel sequential anomaly detection procedure with a growing number of tests. Here, new tests are (greedily) included only when they are needed, i.e., when their use (on currently undetected samples) will yield greater aggregate statistical significance of (multiple testing corrected) detections than obtainable using the existing test cadre. Our approach thus aims to maximize aggregate statistical significance of all detections made up until a finite horizon. Our method is evaluated, along with supervised methods, for a network intrusion domain, detecting Zeus bot (intrusion) packet flows embedded amongst (normal)Web flows. It is shown that judicious feature representation is essential for discriminating Zeus from Web.
2. Mamma-Carcinom: Fragen und Kontroversen

Neue Entdeckungen uber Brustkrebs sind zwar vielversprechend, stellen aber auch hohe Anspruche an die Fahigkeiten der Chirurgen. Zu dem nunmehr Moglichen gehoren neue Diagnose-Methoden, zahlreiche Operationsmoglichkeiten, ein ganz neues Armament von Hormon-, Rontgen- und chemotherapeutischen Behandlungen bei Krebs im Fruh- und im vorgeschrittenen Stadium, kosmetische Rekonstruktion und behutsame Menschenfuhrung bei unheilbaren Fallen. Wahrend manche dieser Neuerungen einen echten Durchbruch darstellen, bleiben andere noch Wunschtraume. Besondere Sorgfalt ist bei der Wahl der Art von Mamma-Amputation geboten. Das Neueste ist nicht unbedingt das Beste.
A quadrature method for finite intervals

The quadrature rule for a finite interval obtained by transforming to an infinite range and applying the midpoint rule is examined. It is found that the condition required to make the quadrature exact for a constant integrand imposes severe practical limits. The method is very good for integrands with singularities near the endpoints but ineffective for oscillatory integrands.
Enzymatic mechanism of tRNA (m5U54)methyltransferase

Abstract tRNA (m 5 U54)methyltransferase (RUMT) catalyzes the methylation of uridine 54 of transfer RNA by S- adenosyl- l -methionine . In this report, we present the enzymatic mechanism of RUMT, including the stereochemical course of the methylation reaction, and discuss RUMT-tRNA recognition. As part of its enzymatic mechanism, we postulate that RUMT catalyzes the disruption of RNA-RNA contacts. We also show that many nucleotide substitutions can be made in the T-loop of tRNA without affecting RUMT binding, indicating that the recognition of the T-loop by RUMT is not stringent.
Lagrangian function and duality theory in multiobjective programming with set functions

Using the concept of vector-valued Lagrangian functions, we characterize a special class of solutions,D-solutions, of a multiobjective programming problem with set functions in which the domination structure is described by a closed convex coneD. Properties of two perturbation functions, primal map and dual map, are also studied. Results lead to a general duality theorem.
Moments of truth in technical communication

The author suggests that, in the technical communication classroom, the large number of writing and speaking assignments leads to a great many moments of truth. These experiences often tend to be negative ones for students. It is concluded that, just as business and industry use moments of truth to create good will, educators must also make them positive encounters and build on them to motivate students. >
Using the Plan View To Teach Basic Crystallography in General Chemistry

The plan view is used in crystallography and materials science to show the positions of atoms in crystal structures. However, it is not widely used in teaching general chemistry. In this contribution, we introduce the plan view, and show these views for the simple cubic, body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, hexagonal close packed, CsCl, NaCl, diamond cubic, ZnS, and CaF2 unit cells. A survey administered to college-level general chemistry students indicates that the plan view helps them to better understand crystal structures.
Equilibrium of Housing and Real Estate Brokerage Markets Under Uncertainty

The purpose of this paper is to develop a model of the real estate brokerage and housing markets with imperfect information. The paper considers general equilibrium in these markets with and without a multiple listing service. Input prices are found to affect the equilibrium housing price, brokerage commission, and split factor. The introduction of a multiple listing service is found to have several important effects. The MLS causes housing value to increase, but its effect on the commission rate is indeterminate. Contrary to the results of another paper, MLS brokers, on average, will likely undertake more search for both buyers and listings than will a non-MLS broker. The primary reasons are related to the greater efficiency of search in the MLS context.
The binding of concanavalin A to dissociated embryonic amphibian cells.

Abstract Fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated concanavalin A (F-ConA) binds to the surface of EDTA-dissociated cells from blastula and gastrula stage Rana pipiens, R. pipiens ♀ × R. catesbeiana ♂, and R. pipiens ♀ × R. esculenta ♂ embryos. This binding is abolished by α-methyl- d -mannopyranoside. Gastrula cells show a ConA-induced clustering or capping of ConA-binding sites not shown by blastula stage cells. There are no striking differences in amount or pattern of ConA binding to cells from normal and hybrid embryos, nor to cells from different regions of normal gastrula stage embryos. Soy bean agglutinin (SBA) binds weakly to normal gastrula cells.
Engineering radiation-resistant bacteria for environmental biotechnology

Seventy million cubic meters of ground and three trillion liters of groundwater have been contaminated by leaking radioactive waste generated in the United States during the Cold War. A cleanup technology is being developed based on the radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, which is being engineered to express bioremediating functions.
Study of π − p → Σ − K + from 1.12 to 1.32 BeV/ c

Total cross sections, angular distributions, and decay asymmetries have been measured for the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{K}^{+}$ at pion beam momenta of 1.12, 1.23, 1.27, and 1.32 BeV/c. Legendre-polynomial expansion coefficients for the angular distributions are presented and compared with other data. Preliminary results of a partial-wave analysis are discussed.
Braking neutrophils with PTEN

[Comment on Subramanian et al, page 4028][1]In this issue of Blood , Subramanian and colleagues provide new insight into the function of PTEN and demonstrate that deletion of this 3′ inositol phosphate phosphatase renders neutrophils hyperresponsive to low concentrations of chemoattractants.
The salt water intrusion problem and water conservation practices in southeast Georgia, USA

This paper presents the results of investigations into the attitudes to the environmental risk posed by salt water intrusion into underground aquifers in the south-eastern United States. Also investigated is whether individuals have adopted water conservation practices in light of the salt water intrusion threat. Both bivariate analysis and results from logistic regression are presented. It is shown that while a majority of respondents agree that salt water intrusion is a serious threat to the region's water supply, only a small proportion of residents practise conservation on a regular basis. It is suggested that state and local government provide incentives for residents to change their water-use technology, which might be more effective than price mechanisms.
New laparoscopic suturing device: Initial clinical experience

Abstract Objectives New instrumentation and techniques have enabled laparoscopic surgeons to perform complicated reconstructive procedures. Few centers have attempted these procedures because of the excessive time involved with laparoscopic suturing. The Endo Stitch suture device was developed to facilitate suture placement. We clinically compared conventional intracorporeal suturing and Endo Stitch suturing for laparoscopic suture placement and knot tying. Methods Intracorporeal suturing was used to complete laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasties and bladder neck suspensions. Sutures were placed with either needle holders and graspers or the automatic suture device. A total of 85 maneuvers were assessed. Operative videotapes were reviewed to assess accuracy of suture placement, knot tying, and time to place suture and tie knots. All suturing was performed by an experienced laparoscopist. Results Accuracy of stitch placement and knot tying were equivalent. The average time for stitch placement with the Endo Stitch was 43 ± 27 seconds (n = 41). This was significantly less than the average stitch placement time for conventional suturing, which was 151 ± 24 seconds (n = 14). The Endo Stitch knot tying was completed in an average of 74 ± 50 seconds (n = 17), whereas knot tying with the conventional technique took 197 ± 70 seconds (n = 13). The needle is automatically loaded in the Endo Stitch after each suture and is immediately ready. Conclusions The Endo Stitch device reduced the amount of time needed for placement of stitches and knot tying. Reconstructive laparoscopic procedures requiring multiple suture placement may be completed in a shorter time period using this instrument.
Incremental causal network construction over event streams

This paper addresses modeling causal relationships over event streams where data are unbounded and hence incremental modeling is required. There is no existing work for incremental causal modeling over event streams. Our approach is based on Popper's three conditions which are generally accepted for inferring causality - temporal precedence of cause over effect, dependency between cause and effect, and elimination of plausible alternatives. We meet these conditions by proposing a novel incremental causal network construction algorithm. This algorithm infers causality by learning the temporal precedence relationships using our own new incremental temporal network construction algorithm and the dependency by adopting a state of the art incremental Bayesian network construction algorithm called the Incremental Hill-Climbing Monte Carlo. Moreover, we provide a mechanism to infer only strong causality, which provides a way to eliminate weak alternatives. This research benefits causal analysis over event streams by providing a novel two layered causal network without the need for prior knowledge. Experiments using synthetic and real datasets demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm.
Inpatient adolescent and latency-age children's perspectives on the curative factors in group psychotherapy

Thirty-three adolescent and 11 child psychiatric inpatients were administered a downward revision of Yalom's (1970) 60-item Q-sort, which sets forth 12 putative “curative factors” of group, to assess patient perceptions of which factors in group therapy are most curative. The impact that age, patient level of functioning, and time in treatment had on which factors were most valued was assessed. Patient perceptions of the value of group compared to other treatment modalities were also assessed. Both child and adolescent subjects highly valued the factors of Hope, Cohesiveness, and Universality. Patients' level of functioning had limited effects on adolescents' perceptions, but did effect children's perceptions of what was most valued in group. The modest effect of time in treatment was attributed to the short duration of inpatient treatment. Implications for inpatient adolescent and child group therapy and future research are explored.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) priming in the treatment of elderly patients with acute myelogenous leukemia.

Standard intensive induction therapy is tolerated poorly by elderly patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). We treated 19 elderly patients with AML, including seven with a prior myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with a combination of low dose cytarabine, hydroxyurea, and GM-CSF. The percentage of blasts in S-phase was evaluated prior to and 24 hr after starting the GM-CSF infusion. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry using propidium iodine staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated monoclonal antibody to the myeloid antigen CD 33. Seven out of nineteen (37%) achieved a complete remission (CR) and six (31%) a partial remission (PR) for an overall response rate of 68% (13/19). There were three early deaths from infectious complications or organ filure. One patient died from disseminated fungal infection after attaining a PR. The medial overall survival was 9.5 months with a range of 1 to 23+ months. The projected median survival for the patients with de novo AML is greater than 23 months. The percentage of CD 33+ cells in S-phase increased from a mean of 11.6+/-2.7 (SEM) pre GM-CSF to 19.0+/-3.7 (SEM) post GM-CSF (P < 0.001). Patients with prior MDS demonstrated a greater increment (post-pre) in S-phase activity after GM-CSF administration (P = 0.02). There was a correlation between the increase in percent of CD 33 + cells in S-phase and the degree of cytoreduction as determined by the day 14 bone marrow biopsy (r = .78). The toxicity of the regimen was limited to the hematopoietic system. Sixteen out of nineteen patients (84%) and 12/13 (92%) of the responding patients had bone marrow aplasia on day 14. No patients experienced >grade 2 gastrointestinal toxicity. There was no neurologic or cardiac toxicity. These data suggest that the combination of hydroxyurea, GM-CSF, and cytarabine is an effective remission-induction regimen in elderly patients with AML. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Deformation and Strain Storage Mechanisms during High-Temperature Compression of a Powder Metallurgy Nickel-Base Superalloy

High-temperature compression testing combined with high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis has been used to study microstructural-scale straining processes that occur during high-temperature deformation of a powder-consolidated nickel-base superalloy, Rene 88DT (GE Aviation, Evendale, OH). Orientation imaging has been employed to study grain-level straining and strain storage at temperatures between 1323 K (1050 °C) and 1241 K (968 °C) for strain rates between 0.1/s and 0.00032/s at nominal strain levels between 0.1 and 0.7. Two distinct deformation mechanisms were observed. At strain rates below 0.01/s, superplastic deformation dominates, while power-law creep occurs during high rate compression. Stored strain and evolution of the grain structure during deformation are dependent on strain rate during compression. At low strain rates in the superplastic regime, low levels of stored strain and some grain growth are observed. At high strain rates, dynamic recrystallization occurs along with higher levels of stored strain within selected grains, particularly those at the high end of the grain size distribution. A constitutive model for superplastic deformation was employed to predict the temperature and strain rate dependence of the transition from superplastic to power law deformation. The transition in rate sensitivity was consistent with the transition in stored strain measured by EBSD. Superplasticity-enhanced grain growth is observed and the implications for the transition in deformation mechanisms are discussed.
MEDLINE via MD Consult.

(1999). MEDLINE via MD Consult. Medical Reference Services Quarterly: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 49-57.
A comparison of laparoscopic and open Nissen fundoplication and gastrostomy placement in the neonatal intensive care unit population.

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to compare outcomes after laparoscopic and open techniques for Nissen fundoplication and gastrostomy placement in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) population. Methods The medical records for NICU inpatients who underwent laparoscopic and open Nissen fundoplication and gastrostomy placement from August 2002 to August 2008 were reviewed after Institutional Review Board approval. Each technique was compared with regard to operative time, estimated blood loss, postoperative 24-hour narcotic requirements, time to goal feeds, and complication rates. Analysis of variance was used to determine statistical significance. Data are quoted as mean ± SEM. Results Fifty-seven NICU patients underwent fundoplication and gastrostomy placement (25 laparoscopic and 32 open). The time to goal feeds was significantly shorter for the laparoscopic group (4.3 ± 0.4 vs 6.1 ± 0.6 days, P = .04). The 24-hour postoperative narcotic requirement was significantly lower in the laparoscopic group (0.24 ± 0.05 vs 0.55 ± 0.08 mg/kg, P = .007). Operation times (111 ± 5 [open] vs 113 ± 5 minutes, P = .76) and estimated blood loss (13 ± 2 [open] vs 11 ± 1 mL, P = .33) were comparable for both groups. Conclusion Laparoscopic and open techniques for Nissen fundoplication with gastrostomy placement are safe and appropriate treatment methods with equivalent operating times for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in the NICU population.
Is the local monopole flux enhanced

Abstract Dimopoulos et al. have suggested that a cloud of monopoles orbiting the sun may significantly enhance the local monopole flux relative to the average flux in the galaxy. We have studied this scenario in detail and find that if magnetic fields of strength O(100m16 kG) exist inside the sun, then monopoles passing through the sun can be captured into orbit, leading to a local enhancement of at most O(50m162) (monopole mass=m16 1016 GeV). Monopoles of mass 1016 GeV can also be captured into orbit by passing through Jupiter; this leads to a local enhancement of O(1.1–3).
High-dose cytosine arabinoside and idarubicin treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia in myeloid blast crisis.

Chronic myeloid leukemia in myeloid blast crisis (CML-MBC) is highly resistant to standard induction chemotherapy regimens. Anecdotal results from previous clinical trials support the concept of dose escalation in patients with CML-MBC. Eight patients with CML-MBC were treated with cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) 1.5–3.0 g/m2 intravenously over 1 hr every 12 hr for 12 doses and idarubicin 12 mg/m2 intravenously daily for 3 days. Sixteen previous reports describing the use of Ara-C-based chemotherapy regimens in patients with CML-MBC were also reviewed. Our patients' median age was 62 years (range, 42–69 years). One patient achieved complete hematologic remission (95% confidence interval, 0.3%, 53%). The median survival for our patients was 7.3 months. These results were not different from previous published reports using Ara-C-based chemotherapy regimens to treat CML-MBC. In summary, the combination of high-dose Ara-C and idarubicin did not improve the overall prognosis of patients with CML-MBC. Innovative approaches need to be explored for this patient population. Am. J. Hematol. 67:119–124, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of transfer function of a physiological system given magnitude or phase response

Given the magnitude M(ω) and/or phase response θ(ω) of a physiological system, the two-port transfer voltage ratio F(s) is derived. The methods are applied to two numerical examples.
Mating type and spore killing characterization of Fusarium verticillioides strains

Fusarium verticillioides is a heterothallic ascomycete causing maize ear rot, and produces fumonisin mycotoxins harmful to livestock and human health. A meiotic drive phenomenon called spore killing has been reported in several filamentous fungi including F. verticillioides. F. verticillioides reference genome strain M-3125 (FGSC 7600) is spore killer sensitive (SK S ), and genetic crosses of M-3125 with a strain carrying SK K (the killer element) result in only four viable ascospores per ascus instead of the normal eight ascospores. We sought to identify a strain of F. verticillioides that is SK S and MAT1-2 for use in genetic analysis with M-3125. To accomplish this, we screened 50 F. verticillioides strains from the Fusarium Research Center at The Pennsylvania State University, USA for spore killing. To characterize the mating types of these strains, portions of the MAT locus idiomorphs were amplified using polymerase chain reaction, and genetic crosses were performed. The PCR amplification results show that 18 of the 50 strains are MAT1-2 and 32 are MAT1-1. Genetic crosses between M-3125 and 11 of the 18 MAT1-2 strains produced normal perithecia. Crosses between two (M-8024 and M-7815) of the 11 strains and M-3125 produced perithecia with eight ascospores per ascus, and nine others had only four ascospores per ascus, suggesting that M-8024 and M-7815 are SK S and the other nine are SK K . This study expands our knowledge of mating type and spore killing in F. verticillioides and identifies two SK S , MAT1-2 strains for use in genetic crosses with genome reference strain M-3125.
Global precipitation measurement (GPM) microwave imager (GMI) instrument

The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) instrument is a multi-channel, conicalscanning, microwave radiometer serving an essential role in the near-global-coverage and frequent-revisit-time requirements of GPM. As a part of its contribution to GPM, NASA will provide a GMI instrument and a spacecraft for the Core observatory and is considering the acquisition of a second GMI instrument for placement aboard a constellation spacecraft with a payload and orbit to be defined. In March 2005, NASA chose Ball Aerospace & Technology Corporation to provide the GMI instrument(s). This paper describes the GMI instrument, the technical performance requirements, its role within the combined passive and active microwave measurements on the Core observatory, and the timeline for GMI development and acquisition.
First-principles investigation of 180° domain walls in BaTi O 3

We present a first-principles study of 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} ferroelectric domain walls in tetragonal barium titanate. The theory is based on an effective Hamiltonian that has previously been determined from first-principles ultrasoft-pseudopotential calculations. Statistical properties are investigated using Monte Carlo simulations. We compute the domain-wall energy, free energy, and thickness, analyze the behavior of the ferroelectric order parameter in the interior of the domain wall, and study its spatial fluctuations. An abrupt reversal of the polarization is found, unlike the gradual rotation typical of the ferromagnetic case.
Serum Cryptococcal Antigen in Patients with AIDS

Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common life-threatening fungal pathogen in patients with AIDS. Most AIDS patients with C. neoformans infection present with meningitis, but infection of almost every organ has been described [1]. The latex agglutination (LA) test for serum cryptococcal antigen is widely used for detecting cryptococcal polysaccharide in patients with AIDS, as an initial screening test for patients with fever of unclear etiology or neurological symptoms and for asymptomatic patients. The diagnosis of cryptococcosis is often inferred from the detection of cryptococcal polysaccharide in sterile body fluids. Because the incidence of cryptococcal meningitis varies widely with geographic location, different conclusions have been drawn regarding the value of screening [2, 3]. Nonetheless, screening has become common practice in the care of patients with AIDS in many locations. The identification of occasional patients with antigenemia whose cultures are not positive has raised many questions regarding the significance and appropriate management of isolated cryptococcal antigenemia. What is serum antigen testing? What is the meaning of a positive test? Antibody-coated latex particle agglutination detects capsular polysaccharide in body fluids. Immunologic detection of cryptococcal capsular antigen is a sensitive and specific procedure. False-positive results are few with use of commercially available LA tests. Tanner et al., using 90 serum specimens from patients with concurrent culture results, compared four LA tests and found that the sensitivity ranged from 83% to 97% and the specificity from 93% to 100%; falsepositivity rates ranged from zero to 5%. All but one of the false-positives was associated with titers of < 1:8 [4]. False-positive LA reactions have resulted from infection with Trichosporon beigelii [5] and with the DF-2 bacillus [6], presumably because these pathogens produce antigens that are cross-reactive with C. neoformans polysaccharide. These conditions are unlikely to be confused clinically with cryptococcal
Exploring Ethnic Variation in the Relationship Between Stress, Social Networks, and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Black Americans

The relationship between different types of stressors and depressive symptoms among older Black populations is poorly understood. Even less is known about the social networks that might buffer diff...
How Can there be Personal Agency without an Ontology of the Individual

In her assessment of Ansoff (1993), Kenwood (1996) argues that there is room for personal volition and agency in social constructionism. This assertion is examined in light of the social constructionist doctrine of ontological mutism enunciated by Gergen, according to which any ontological commitment is refused and `whatever is, simply is'. An ontology of the individual-as-agent is considered, and the consequences of ontological mutism are explored. It is argued that a clear commitment to the grounding assumptions of some settled ontology is a prerequisite for coherent considerations of agency or even volition, because without such a commitment it is impossible to decide what exists and if it moves.
Impact on a head-neck structure

Abstract An analytical and experimental study was executed involving non-destructive, axisymmetric impact on a fluid-filled shell constrained by a viscoelastic, artificial neck—a system intended to simulate a human head-neck structure. The shel material was considered to be homogeneous, isotropic and elastic, while the fluid was regarded as inviscid and compressible with its motion irrotational. The artificial neck was represented analytically by a linear viscoelastic cantilever beam that was rigidly connected to the shell. The physical model consisted of a water-filled uniform spherical thin-walled shell composed of lucite attached to an artificial neck developed by the Biomedical Laboratories of the General Motors Corporation. The system was loaded by the impact of a spherical aluminum shell with an o.d. of 7·4 in. that formed part of a simple pendulum. The impact force in both the analytical and experimental studies consisted of a half-sine pulse with a duration of 2·5 msec. The analytical solution first required the determination of the interaction forces and moments at the head-neck junction, which were ascertained from continuity conditions and an assumed rigid shell. These quantities, in turn, were applied simultaneously with the impact force to the deformable fluid-filled shell. yielding a boundary value problem that was solved on a digital computer. The resultant predictions of circumferential shell strain, fluid pressure, and displacement of the junction were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Implications of the results for head injury are discussed.
Y-V Plastic Reconstruction in Bladder Neck Contracture in Adults

Y-V plastic reconstruction of the bladder neck was performed in eight patients with bladder neck contracture secondary to prostauc surgery and in one case with congenital contracture of the bladder neck. The technique is described. Excellent results were obtained in eight of the nine cases. The Y-V plastic operation is recommended when a second transurethral prostatic resection or repeated transurethral attempts to dilate the vesical neck fail to eliminate a contracture of this region secondary to prostatic surgery.
Toward Inherently Secure and Resilient Societies

Recent years have seen a number of challenges to social stability and order, ranging from terrorist attacks and natural disasters to epidemics such as AIDS and SARS. Such challenges have generated specific policy responses, such as enhanced security at transportation hubs and planned deployment of a global tsunami detection network. However, the range of challenges and the practical impossibility of adequately addressing each in turn argue for adoption of a more comprehensive systems perspective. This should be based on the principle of enhancing social and economic resiliency as well as meeting security and emergency response needs and, to the extent possible, developing and implementing dual-use technologies that offer societal benefits even if anticipated disasters never occur.
Interaction of inhibitory and excitatory junctional potentials in the control of a myogenic myocardium: the ventricle of Busycon canaliculatum.

Les auteurs ont etudie, par microelectrode interne, l'interaction entre les potentiels postsynaptique inhibitoire et excitatif dans un myocarde myogenique. Ils ont observe la sommation de ces potentiels et leur action facilitant l'inhibition par hyperpolarization et l'excitation par depolarisation.
“life's first need is for us to be realistic” and other reasons for examining the sociocultural construction of race in the science performance of African American students

The body of research aimed at explaining the science teaching and learning of African Americans has identified myriad factors that correlate with African American's science career choices and science performance generally. It has not, however, offered any satisfactory explanations as to why those factors are disproportionately racially determined. This article argues that the sociocultural construction of race, which has roots in antebellum Western society, has endured to the present day; and that there is sufficient historical tradition and empirical evidence to warrant a research agenda that accounts for the sociocultural construction of race in explaining African American science education. The article concludes by suggesting a set of research questions and theoretical perspectives that considers the sociocultural construction of race to guide future research. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50:82–103, 2013
Calculations of energies for self-diffusion in n-alkanes

Abstract Calculations for diffusion in orthorhombic, monoclinic and triclinic subcells are reported. They show that self-diffusion can occur and support a vacancy mechanism. Vacancy energies are much larger than the barriers to molecular motion. Diffusion parallel to the basal plane can be by a rigid rod mechanism while perpendicular requires a conformational jog to traverse the crystal boundary. The diffusion coefficients are in order of magnitude agreement with the limited experimental data available. For a given subcell, diffusion parallel to the basal plane is about an order of magnitude greater than perpendicular. Diffusion coefficients for the triclinic subcell are larger than those in the other two. The computed coefficients are especially sensitive to some of the parameters used.
Disparities in bladder cancer

Among men, bladder cancer is the fourth most common malignancy and ninth leading cause of death from cancer in the United States. In contrast, it is the 11th most common malignancy and 12th leading cause of death from cancer among women. The successful management of bladder cancer largely depends on its timely diagnosis and treatment. Unfortunately, barriers disproportionately delay detection and treatment for individuals with social, economic, and community disadvantages. This imbalance creates health disparities (i.e., differences in health outcomes that are closely linked to these disadvantages), which negatively affect vulnerable populations, such as racial and ethnic minority groups, those from lower socioeconomic classes, and the uninsured. To obtain a better understanding of this issue, we review the current state of bladder cancer disparities research.
Solutions for a Hydrodynamic Model of Semiconductors

We study a three-dimensional isothermal hydrodynamic model of semiconductors and prove the existence of local solutions to the initial boundary value problem corresponding to an insulated boundary.
Analytical and semiclassical aspects of matter-enhanced neutrino oscillations

Matter-enhanced neutrino oscillations for the case of two neutrino flavors are studied and three different approximation methods for calculating the unaveraged oscillation probability are presented. Two of these methods provide simple analytical expressions, valid for small or large vacuum mixing angles, which are very simple to evaluate numerically. The third method provides an expression uniformly valid over the entire range of mixing angles. In their respective regions of validity, the approximate calculations using these methods are found to be in very good agreement with the exact calculations.
Phase Transition in a Wigner Lattice

Detailed calculations of the frequency spectrum of lattice vibrations for the body-centered-cubic and face-centered-cubic Wigner lattices in the harmonic approximation show that a phase transition from the body-centered-cubic to either the face-centered-cubic lattice or to some other lattice almost certainly occurs with increasing temperature at sufficiently low densities, but a transition from the body-centered-cubic to the face-centered-cubic lattice does not occur at zero temperature with increasing density in the region where the harmonic approximation is valid. The parameterless frequency spectra for the two lattices, which have been calculated to relatively high accuracy, and their moments are tabulated.
Dissociation of annulate lamellae in P3J, a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line

The induced dissociation of stacks of annulate lamellae in multinuclear cells of P3J, a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line, is described. The multinuclear cells form as a portion (15–25%) of the population when growth of P3J is prevented by high concentrations (100–200 μg/ml) of α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis. All cells in the population form stacks of annulate lamellae when incubated in DFMo and when the action of DFMO is reversed by the addition of putrescine, the annulate lamellae disappear. However, unlike the typical (uninucleate) cells in the population, the multinucleate ones do not divide following the addition of putrescine. During dissociation, the annulate lamellae fragment into small segments of cisternae and vesicles of various sizes. Although some of the electron-dense pore material is dispersed in the cytoplasm, much is retained with the vesicular elements that form.
Maternal Prepregnancy Weight and Congenital Heart Defects in the Offspring.

To determine the relation between having an infant with a major heart defect and a mother's prepregnancy weight, we compared 1,049 Atlanta-area women who gave birth to liveborn or stillborn infants, each with a major heart defect, with 3,029 Atlanta-area women who gave birth to infants without birth defects. The infants of control women were randomly selected from birth certificates and were frequency-matched to the case group by race, birth hospital, and birth period from 1968 through 1980. After excluding diabetic mothers and adjusting for potential confounders, compared with average-weight women (body mass index 19.9--22.7), we found that underweight women (body mass index 26) (OR = 1.36; 95% CI = 0.95--1.93). Using average-weight women who did not take periconceptional multivitamins as the reference group, periconceptional multivitamin use was associated with a reduced OR for isolated heart defects among average-weight women (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.36--0.99) and underweight women but not among overweight or obese women (OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 0.69--3.84).
Dissociating the Roles of Dorsal and Ventral CA1 for the Temporal Processing of Spatial Locations, Visual Objects, and Odors

The differential contributions of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus for learning and memory have long been of interest. The present experiments were designed to evaluate the contributions of dorsal CA1 and ventral CA1 for temporal processing. Animals were run on three temporal ordering paradigms: one with visual objects, one with olfactory stimuli, and one with spatial locations. Animals with lesions to dorsal CA1 showed deficits for the temporal ordering of visual objects relative to control animals, and deficits for the temporal ordering of spatial locations relative to control and ventral CA1 lesioned animals. Animals with lesions to ventral CA1 showed deficits for the temporal ordering of olfactory information relative to control and dorsal CA1 lesioned animals, and a mild deficit for the temporal ordering of visual objects relative to control animals, but not as severe as those shown by the dorsal CA1 lesioned animals. These data suggest that dorsal CA1 and ventral CA1 contribute to temporal ordering processes, and that dorsal CA1 and ventral CA1 are dissociable for temporal ordering based upon the nature of the information that is processed.
Understanding jet shapes with π 0 – h ± correlations

Angular correlations involving energetic particles associated with partonic jet fragmentation provide an important opportunity to study the hot nuclear matter produced in A+A collisions, particularly when compared against a p+p reference. Recent results from di-hadron correlations suggest that jet observables from A+A and p+p differ considerably at low p T but approach comparable values as p T increases above 7 GeV/c, providing clues on the nature of partonic energy loss and the medium response. The most recent π 0-triggered jet correlation results from the PHENIX experiment are presented, as well as a quantitative study of the jet-peak widths and shapes.
Selection of modified oligonucleotides with increased target affinity via MALDI-monitored nuclease survival assays.

Reported here is how modified oligonucleotides with increased affinity for DNA or RNA target strands can be selected from small combinatorial libraries via spectrometrically monitored selection exp...
Accumulation of two alkylating agents, nitrogen mustard and busulfan, by murine leukemia cells in vitro.

Abstract The accumulation of two alkylating agents by murine leukemia cells in vitro was studied. Nitrogen mustard (HN 2 ) and busulfan rapidly penetrated cells; cell-medium drug distribution ratios of one were established within 3 min at 0° over a wide range of external drug levels. Accumulation of busulfan was not much affected by raising the incubation temperature. NH 2 binding was, however, a remarkably temperature-sensitive process. At10 −5 M levels, busulfan and HN 2 partly inhibited cellular incorporation of precursors into nucleic acids in vitro . When cell types differing widely in sensitivity to these alkylating agents were tested, no differences in capacity for drug accumulation or in subsequent inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis could be found.
The Impact of High-Frequency/ Low-Energy Seismic Waves on Unreinforced Masonry

Abstract Traditionally, the high-frequency components of earthquake loading are disregarded as a source of structural damage because their energy content is small and their frequency is too high to resonate with the natural frequencies of structures. We argue that higher-frequency waves traveling through stiff masonry structures can trigger two types of failure mechanisms that have not yet been taken into account. First, the high frequencies can cause small vertical interstone vibrations that result in irreversible relative displacements of the stones, which may ultimately lead to collapse. The energy needed to cause this deformation and failure comes largely from gravitational forces. Second, the partial fluidification and densification of the loose, granular inner core of some unreinforced masonry walls results in an increase of outward thrust. Preliminary results of a series of static and dynamic tests, as well as numerical models, demonstrate the potentially destructive effects of high-frequency/low-e...
A comprehensive X-ray study of the Small Magellanic Cloud

A comprehensive analysis of the Einstein data base on the SMC is presented. Twenty-four soures are classified as objects in the SMC, and 13 as Galactic stars, AGN, and clusters of galaxies. The detected discrete emitters account for less than half of the excess emission associated with the SMC. The extensive diffuse emission has an X-ray spectrum substantially softer than that of the discrete sources, which is consistent with the presence of X-ray-emitting coronal gas associated with the SMC. A detailed study of the discrete sources is presented. An X-ray source is found to vary in its X-ray luminosity by a factor larger than 10 over a period of about 1 yr and has a relatively hard X-ray spectrum which apparently changes with the X-ray luminosity. It is suggested that this source, associated with a B1-type star, is a new high-mass X-ray binary in the Small Cloud.
Auditory and phonetic coding of the cues for speech: Discrimination of the [r-l] distinction by young infants

Infants, 2 and 3 months of age, were found to discriminte stimuli along the acoustic continuum underlying the phonetic contrast [r] vs. [l] in a nearly categorical manner. For an approximately equal acoustic difference, discrimination, as measured by recovery from satiation or familiarization, was reliably better when the two stimuli were exemplars of different phonetic categories than when they were acoustic variations of the same phonetic category. Discrimination of the same acoustic information presented in a nonspeech mode was found to be continuous, that is, determined by acoustic rather than phonetic characteristics of the stimuli. The findings were discussed with reference to the nature of the mechanisms that may determine the processing of complex acoustic signals in young infants and with reference to the role of linguistic experience on the development of speech perception at the phonetic level.
The status of memory following experimentally induced amnesias: Gone, but not forgotten

Although the concept that information processing continues following the termination of a learning trial has long been represented in human research (e.g., "rehearsal"), it has only recently gained ac­ knowledgement in studies of animal memory. An in­ fluential paper by McGaugh (1966) provided an im­ portant impetus in this direction by reviewing evi­ dence that various posttrial manipulations could modulate retention. Thus, electroconvulsive shock (BCS) after training impaired memory, whereas strychnine administration enhanced it. Although McGaugh's (1966) specific interpretation was linked to a consolidation model of memory, the more gen­ eral impact of his analysis may have been in calling attention to phenomena implying that the processing of information continues after the events constituting the nominallearning episode have ended. The notion of postacquisition processing has come to furnish a frame of reference for a variety of studies of animal memory (e.g., directed forgetting­ Maki & Hegvik, 1980, and Stonebraker & Rilling, 1981; memory counterconditioning-Richardson, Riccio, Jamis, Skozcen, & Cabosky, 1982; priming­ Wagner, 1978; posttrial surprise-Wagner, Rudy, & Whitlow, 1973), but our presentation here will con­ centrate on a phenomenon that has been particularly weIl established, namely, experimentally induced retrograde amnesia (RA). In this paper we consider some of the data that demonstrate that postacquisi­ tion traumatic insult can produce profound memory losses. But we will also suggest that these retrograde amnesias are not attributable to disruption or failure of the storage process. Rather, the memory loss ap­ pears to be linked to the lack of appropriate cues for retrieva1. It is in this respect, then, that memory can
Application object model for engineering information systems

Abstract An object model for application development is introduced in the context of Engineering Information Systems (EIS) 1 . The model shares features with several popular models and offers some less common ideas, such as operation-dependent state closure. The model is also unique in its position within the environment: it acts as a portability view independent of the underlying storage servers. The view-mapping is made most efficient however, if the object model of the underlying servers matches the structure of the EIS Application Object Model (AOM).