cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When the Creampuff Beat the Boxer: Working Memory, Cost, and Function in Reading Metaphoric Reference

Following Almor's (1999) cost-function analysis of referential processing, we hypothesized that reading times of metaphoric anaphors are affected by readers' working memory ability and reflect a balance between discourse function and processing cost. The results from 2 self-paced reading experiments supported this hypothesis. Low-span participants always read sentences with metaphoric anaphors slower than sentences with literal anaphors. In contrast, high-span participants did not take longer to read sentences with metaphoric anaphors than those with literal anaphors when the preceding context activated enough information to facilitate reference resolution. However, when the context activated so much information that the metaphor's function was obviated, high-span readers suffered and again read sentences with metaphoric anaphors more slowly than sentences with literal anaphors. These results show that, as with other types of anaphors, processing metaphoric anaphors is affected by working memory performan...
Eigenvalue Estimates and Trace Formulas for the Matrix Hill's Equation

Abstract Estimates for Floquet multipliers and periodic eigenvalues are developed for the matrix Hill's equation. Basic estimates and a description of the periodic eigenvalues as roots of an entire function are adequate for establishing trace formulas with a residue computation. Refined estimates and power sum formulas are available for restricted pairs of Hill's operators.
Enhancement of renal and hepatic glutathione metabolism by dimethylthiourea

Dimethylthiourea (DMTU), a free radical scavenger, was administered to rats to study its effect on renal and hepatic glutathione metabolism, since it is a potential sulfhydryl donor. Six hours following DMTU, renal GSH content was significantly (P < 0.05) increased (10%), and was increased further after 24 h (28%) (P < 0.001). Hepatic GSH content was also significantly (P < 0.001) elevated at 6 and 24 h (5 and 33%, respectively). Seven days of daily DMTU therapy significantly (P < 0.001) increased renal and hepatic GSH content by 36 and 54%, respectively, which was associated with a significant (P < 0.001) increase in the renal activities of glutathione peroxidase (GP) by 38%, glutathione transferase (GT) by 92%, and glutathione reductase (GR) by 19% (P < 0.05). Significantly increased activities of hepatic GP by 84% (P < 0.01) and GT by 101% (P < 0.001) also occurred in DMTU-treated rats after 7 days of continuous therapy. From these data, we conclude that DMTU stimulates renal and hepatic GSH metabolism, which may be important in mediating DMTU's protective effect against free radical-induced tissue injury.
Estradiol-17 beta and progesterone regulate secretion of uteroglobin through different pathways

Uteroglobin, the primary secretory protein of rabbit uterine epithelium, was localized by the direct immunoperoxidase method in uteri of control ovariectomized rabbits and of ovariectomized rabbits injected with progesterone or estradiol-17 beta. In control rabbits, staining for uteroglobin was almost entirely abolished six weeks after bilateral ovariectomy. Two days following progesterone injection of ovariectomized rabbits, intense staining for uteroglobin could be detected within the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, and compact secretory vesicles of most endometrial epithelial cells. Estradiol-17 beta injection resulted in a different intracellular pattern of uteroglobin distribution. Two days following treatment with that steroid hormone, intense staining for uteroglobin was localized within large apical mucous droplets and moderate staining was present in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes of these cells. The increased mucin content of the endometrial epithelium following treatment with estradiol-17 beta was confirmed by a periodic acid-Schiff histochemical reaction in the presence of diastase. Quantitation by radioimmunoassay of uteroglobin production in vitro by uterine fragment confirmed that progesterone had a greater effect on enhancing uteroglobin production than estradiol-17 beta and that both steroid hormones did not have any effect after 30 min of incubation in vitro. We suggest that progesterone not only regulates uteroglobin production at the transcriptional level, but that it also regulates the mode of uteroglobin secretion by the induction of a different pathway, compared with the one used when estradiol-17 beta is administered alone.
Effect of metabolic inhibitors and ouabain on amphetamine- and potassium-induced release of biogenic amines from isolated brain tissue.

Abstract In experiments on isolated rat cerebral cortex, it was observed that d-amphetamine released norepinephrine from cerebral cortex into the incubation medium. Amphetamine-induced release of norepinephrine was markedly potentiated in the presence of the metabolic inhibitors sodium cyanide, 2,4-dinitrophenol and iodoacetate. Release of norepinephrine by the metabolic inhibitors in the absence of amphetamine was minimal. Amphetamine-induced release of dopamine from corpus striatum was also potentiated by sodium cyanide. The EC50 for amphetamine-induced release of dopamine was 20μM with amphetamine alone and 0.58 μM in the presence of sodium cyanide. Release of norepinephrine and dopamine by elevated concentrations of potassium chloride was again potentiated by the metabolic inhibitors. Similarly, ouabain (10–25 μM) produced minimal release of norepinephrine but potentiated amphetamine- and potassium-induced release of catecholamines. The metabolic inhibitors markedly reduced the ATP content of the chopped tissue during the incubation while ouabain had no effect. The results suggest that the potentiation of amphetamine- and potassium-induced release of biogenic amines from isolated brain tissue is not simply due to depletion of tissue ATP levels but may be related to sodium or potassium transport. The Na+ , K+ -ATPase sodium pump is inhibited either: (1) when ATP levels are reduced by metabolic inhibitors, or (2) when Na+ , K+ -ATPase is inhibited by ouabain. Inhibition of the sodium pump would lead to an increase in the intraneuronal sodium concentration. A model is described in which norepinephrine and sodium are co-transported across the membrane during amphetamine-induced release of the biogenic amine. Elevation of the intraneuronal sodium concentration would provide increased levels of the co-substrate for transport and could account for the potentiation of release produced by metabolic inhibitors and ouabain.
Estimation of stimulus-response curves by bayesian least squares

Bayesian least squares techniques are adapted to estimation of stimulus-response curves, rather broadly conceived. Illustrative examples deal with estimation of person characteristic curves and item characteristic curves in the context of mental testing, and estimation of a stimulus-response curve using data from a psychophysical experiment.
The Therapeutic Community: Status and Evolution

This paper depicts the current status of the North American TC drawn from research and practical experience. The history, model, and perspective of the TC are briefly outlined and key research findings reviewed. Implications for further research and clinical issues are discussed, as are broader considerations concerning the future of TCs.
Modeling anesthetic times. Predictors and implications for short-term outcomes

Abstract Background Little is known about the predictors of anesthetic times and impact of anesthetic and operative times on patient outcomes. Methods We documented operative case length, anesthetic induction time length, and anesthetic recovery time length in 1713 consecutive patients who underwent elective vascular surgical interventions. We recorded patient and procedure-related characteristics that might influence the anesthetic time length, including a variable for possible July effect. Multivariate linear regression was used to model the length of anesthetic times. Multivariate logistic regression was used to model the impact of anesthetic and operative time lengths on a composite outcome of perioperative (30-d postoperative) death, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, stroke, and congestive heart failure. Results Statistically significant predictors of anesthetic induction time included body mass index, anesthesia type, and procedure type. Statistically significant predictors of anesthetic recovery time included operative case length, procedure type, and anesthesia type. After adjusting for the statistically significant covariates of total blood transfusion, history of coronary artery disease, and procedure type, there was a trend for increased likelihood of the composite end point as a function of operative time (odds ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.97–1.33; P = 0.09), which did not reach statistical significance. Multivariate analysis showed no association between the anesthetic time and composite end point. Conclusions Modeling individually anesthetic induction and recovery time on the basis of operative and anesthetic procedure characteristics is feasible. Anesthetic and operative times do not impact perioperative morbidity and mortality.
Optimizing targeted therapy and developing novel outcome measures for patients with advanced prostate cancer at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

Hormonal therapy and chemotherapy, though active treatments for prostate cancer, are not curative for patients with metastatic disease. Targeted therapy has the potential to control, if not eradicate, cells resistant to castration and chemotherapy. Despite several years of development, however, a biologic approach with clear clinical benefits has yet to emerge from a crowded field. This review outlines the approaches being studied at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center to optimize biologic therapy. Trials of targeted therapy are designed on the basis of a clinical states model that describes both patient clinical risks and tumor biology. Drugs that act on multiple pathways are being developed, and targets that are expressed across all phases of the disease are selected. New molecular imaging techniques permit assessments of the target before, during, and after treatment. High-throughput preclinical assays of gene expression are being developed to enhance selection of drug sequences and combinations for clinical testing.
GSK-3β phosphorylation of functionally distinct tau isoforms has differential, but mild effects

Tau protein exists as six different isoforms that differ by the inclusion or exclusion of exons 2, 3 and 10. Exon 10 encodes a microtubule binding repeat, thereby resulting in three isoforms with three microtubule binding repeats (3R) and three isoforms that have four microtubule binding repeats (4R). In normal adult brain, the relative amounts of 3R tau and 4R tau are approximately equal. These relative protein levels are preserved in Alzheimer's disease, although in other neurodegenerative tauopathies such as progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and Pick's disease, the ratio of 3R:4R is frequently altered. Because tau isoforms are not equally involved in these diseases, it is possible that they either have inherently unique characteristics owing to their primary structures or that post-translational modification, such as phosphorylation, differentially affects their properties. We have determined the effects of phosphorylation by a kinase widely believed to be involved in neurodegenerative processes, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), on the microtubule binding and inducer-initiated polymerization of these isoforms in vitro. We have found that each isoform has a unique microtubule binding and polymerization profile that is altered by GSK-3β. GSK-3β phosphorylation had differential effects on the isoforms although there were similarities between isoforms and the effects were generally mild. These results indicate that tau phosphorylation by a single kinase can have isoform specific outcomes. The mild nature of these changes, however, makes it unlikely that differential effects of GSK-3β phosphorylation on the isoforms are causative in neurodegenerative disease. Instead, the inherent differences in the isoform interactions themselves and local conditions in the diseased cells are likely the major determinant of isoform involvement in various neurodegenerative disorders.
THE DEMONSTRATION OF ONE-STEP GROWTH CURVES OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES THROUGH THE BLOCKING EFFECT OF IRRADIATED VIRUS ON FURTHER INFECTION.

After allantoic injection of chick embryos with a known amount of influenza virus, the process of adsorption of the agent onto host cells and infection of them can be interrupted at a given time by the administration of large quantities of heterologous virus inactivated by irradiation. A sudden great increase in the amount of free virus in the allantoic fluid occurring after 6 hours in the case of the PR8 strain, and 9 hours in that of the Lee strain, indicates that the untreated virus associated with the host cells has multiplied. The length of the period preliminary to this increase remains the same even though the concentration of the original inoculum is varied over a wide range. Since administration of the irradiated virus leaves no susceptible host cells, because of the interference phenomenon, and further adsorption of active virus is minimized or entirely prevented, practically the entire new increment of virus can be found in the allantoic fluid and assayed; for every ID50 adsorbed about 50 ID50 are released. Homologous irradiated virus, on the other hand, when injected after infection of the allantoic sac, reduces the yield of virus to a more or less considerable extent. Some inhibitory effect can still be observed when the homologous irradiated virus is given several hours after infection. This effect is linked to the virus particle and destroyed by prolonged irradiation.
Niche Modeling: Model Evaluation

Ecological niche modeling has become a very popular tool in ecological and biogeographic studies across broad extents. The tool is used in hundreds of publications each year now, but some fundamental aspects of the approach have seen a fair amount of carelessness. Among these aspects is that of model evaluation or validation. This unit provides a simple introduction to the basic concepts that are important in model validation, using some very simple examples. The focus is on two solutions to the challenge of model evaluation: a simple cumulative binomial approach that can be used with binary model outputs, and partial ROC analysis, which can be used with continuous model outputs.
Extracting and visualizing semantic structures in retrieval results for browsing

The paper introduces an approach that organizes retrieval results semantically and displays them spatially for browsing. Latent Semantic Analysis as well as cluster techniques are applied for semantic data analysis. A modified Boltzman algorithm is used to layout documents in a two-dimensional space for interactive exploration. The approach was implemented to visualize retrieval results from two different databases: the Science Citation Index Expanded and theDido Image Bank.
Large-scale collaborative analysis and extraction of web data

Archived web data is a great resource for scientific research, but poses serious challenges in data processing and management. We demonstrate the Web Lab Collaboration Server, a platform and service for large-scale collaborative web data analysis in a distributed computing environment, and show how it seamlessly supports non-technical users during search, data extraction and analysis.
Spindle assembly checkpoint gene mdf-1 regulates germ cell proliferation in response to nutrition signals in C. elegans

When newly hatched Caenorhabditis elegans larvae are starved, their primordial germ cells (PGCs) arrest in the post-S phase. This starvation-induced PGC arrest is mediated by the DAF-18/PTEN–AKT-1/PKB nutrient-sensing pathway. Here, we report that the conserved spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) component MDF-1/MAD1 is required for the PGC arrest. We identified 2 Akt kinase phosphorylation sites on MDF-1. Expression of a non-phosphorylatable mutant MDF-1 partially suppressed the defect in the starvation-induced PGC arrest in L1 larvae lacking DAF-18, suggesting that MDF-1 regulates germ cell proliferation as a downstream target of AKT-1, thereby demonstrating a functional link between cell-cycle regulation by the SAC components and nutrient sensing by DAF-18–AKT-1 during post-embryonic development. The phosphorylation status of MDF-1 affects its binding to another SAC component, MDF-2/MAD2. The loss of MDF-2 or another SAC component also caused inappropriate germ cell proliferation, but the defect was less severe than that caused by mdf-1 hemizygosity, suggesting that MDF-1 causes the PGC arrest by two mechanisms, one involving MDF-2 and another that is independent of other SAC components.
Design and simulation of high accuracy power supplies for injector synchrotron dipole magnets

The ring magnet of the injector synchrotron consists of 68 dipole magnets. Only one regulator circuit is used to control the firing pulses of the two sets of identical 12 phase power supplies that energize the magnets. PSPICE software was used to design and simulate the power supply performance under ramping and investigate the effect of current changes on the utility voltage and input power factor. A current ripple of +or-2*10/sup -4/ and a tracking error of +or-5*10/sup -4/ were needed. >
A technique for the calculation of optimal control laws for second order nonlinear differential systems with boundary values

The problem of obtaining an optimal control law for a class of nonlinear second order differential control systems with boundary values and a nonlinear cost functional is considered. A combined technique using the calculus of variations and a finite element method for solving the problem is discussed. This technique generates a unique global optimal solution for certain classes of systems and cost functionals. A numerical method for obtaining the solution is investigated. The techniques developed are demonstrated through several examples. >
Administrators' Descriptions of Their Leadership Roles in a Precollege Program.

The purpose of this work is to describe how leaders of the Upward Bound (UB) program at a university in the western United States described their leadership roles in the program. It is a qualitative study based on data drawn from interviews, observations, written material, and field observations conducted over two years. Participants described their leadership roles as helper, guide, and protector. These roles highlighted the nurturing part they felt they played in their students’ and program’s success. Participants varied widely in their understanding of leadership and their roles. Most relied on ad hoc or common sense conceptions to guide them in describing their roles. This work suggests that UB leaders and others who often come from non-leadership backgrounds may benefit from formal and informal leadership training.
Herniated disc with radiculopathy following cervical manipulation: nonsurgical management.

Abstract Background context Spinal manipulation applied to the cervical spine is a relatively safe and effective treatment for neck pain and headache. However, complications of this form of treatment have been reported and these can at times be disabling and on rare occasions can be devastating. A postmanipulation complication being treated with a different form of manipulation has not previously been reported. Purpose To report a case of a patient who was treated with manipulation and who developed neck, scapular, and arm pain and arm numbness after the sixth visit, which was later attributed to three herniated discs. The patient was subsequently treated with a nonsurgical approach that included, but was not limited to, a different form of manipulation with apparent resolution of the problem. Study design/setting The patient was a 38-year-old banker who began seeing a chiropractic physician for treatment that included cervical manipulation. On the sixth visit, he developed pain immediately after treatment which became severe and was accompanied by numbness in his arm. He saw a neurosurgeon who recommended surgery, but was subsequently seen by a different chiropractic physician and was treated nonsurgically. Methods The patient was found to have clinical signs of radiculopathy, including motor loss. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed disc herniations at C3–C4, C4–C5, and C5–C6. Results The patient was treated by the author with an alternate approach that included non–high-velocity, low-amplitude manipulation and exercise with resolution of the problem. Conclusion This paper reports a case of a patient with radiculopathy secondary to multilevel disc herniations that appeared to be precipitated by cervical manipulation and who was treated nonsurgically with resolution of the problem. It is doubtful that the manipulation actually caused the disc herniations, but it is possible that it caused preexisting asymptomatic disc herniations to become symptomatic. Consideration should be given to nonsurgical referral of patients who have postmanipulative complications but do not need immediate surgery.
Influence of Lipids with and without Other Cottonseed Reserve Materials on Aflatoxin B1 Production by Aspergillus flavus

Cottonseed storage lipids (primarily triglycerides), in either crude or refined form, were found to support growth and aflatoxin B(1) production by Aspergillus flavus. When lipids were removed from ground whole cottonseed by petroleum ether extraction, aflatoxin production dropped by more than 800-fold. Reconstitution of the lipid-extracted ground whole seed with a crude preparation of cottonseed lipids restored aflatoxin production to the previous levels. Fungal utilization of the three major cottonseed reserve materials, raffinose, triglycerides (refined cottonseed oil), and cottonseed storage protein, was monitored in vitro over a 7 day fermentation period. The fermentation medium contained the reserve compounds in proportions approximating those found in mature cottonseed. A. flavus rapidly converted raffinose to fructose and melibiose, presumably by action of invertase, and then hydrolyzed the melibiose. These simple sugars apparently supported initial growth and aflatoxin B(1) production. Raffinose and the resulting melibiose were nearly exhausted by day 2. Fungal hydrolysis of triglycerides began as exhaustion of carbohydrate approached. After day 2, rapid catabolism of the released fatty acids began and coincided with glucose regeneration through gluconeogenesis, which peaked on day 6. The fungus did not preferentially utilize specific fatty acids. A. flavus also produced a number of storage metabolites, including arabitol, erythritol, mannitol, and trehalose. Mannitol was produced in much higher concentrations than the other storage metabolites. Selective use of simple carbohydrates by A. flavus to drive aflatoxin production may suggest strategies for reducing vulnerability of cottonseed to aflatoxin contamination.
A WNT/p21 Circuit Directed by the C-Clamp, a Sequence-Specific DNA Binding Domain in TCFs

The lymphoid enhancer factor 1/T cell factor (LEF/TCF) family of transcription factors are downstream effectors of the WNT signaling pathway, which drives colon tumorigenesis. LEF/TCFs have a DNA sequence-specific high-mobility group (HMG) box that binds Wnt response elements (WREs). The "E tail" isoforms of TCFs are alternatively spliced to include a second DNA binding domain called the C-clamp. We show that induction of a dominant negative C-clamp version of TCF1 (dnTCF1E) induces p21 expression and a stall in the growth of DLD1 colon cancer cells. Induction of a C-clamp mutant did not efficiently induce p21, nor did it stall cell growth. Microarray analysis revealed that induction of p21 by wild-type dnTCF1E (dnTCF1E(WT)) correlated with a decrease in expression of multiple p21 suppressors that act at multiple levels from transcription (SP5, YAP1, and RUNX1), RNA stability (MSI2), and protein stability (CUL4A). We show that the C-clamp is a sequence-specific DNA binding domain that can make contacts with 5'-RCCG-3' elements upstream or downstream of WREs. The C-clamp-RCCG interaction was critical for TCF1E-mediated transcriptional control of p21-connected target gene promoters. Our results indicate that a rapid-response WNT/p21 circuit is driven by C-clamp target gene selection.
Federal Program Expenditures for Working-Age People With Disabilities:

The authors estimated that the federal government spent $226 billion in 2002 on working-age people with disabilities, including both cash and in-kind benefits. These expenditures accounted for about 2.2% of the nation's gross domestic product and 11.3% of all federal outlays. States contributed an additional $50 billion under federal—state programs. The bulk of these expenditures provided income support and health care to working-age people with disabilities who were not employed or who had very low earnings. They provide a detailed accounting of the expenditures and question whether the distribution of expenditures is properly aligned with the evolving disability paradigm.
Single-Chain Fv-Based Anti-HIV Proteins: Potential and Limitations

The existence of very potent, broadly neutralizing antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) offers the potential for prophylaxis against HIV-1 infection by passive immunization or gene therapy. Both routes permit the delivery of modified forms of IgGs. Smaller reagents are favored when considering ease of tissue penetration and the limited capacities of gene therapy vectors. Immunoadhesin (single-chain fragment variable [scFv]-Fc) forms of IgGs are one class of relatively small reagent that has been explored for delivery by adeno-associated virus. Here we investigated the neutralization potencies of immunoadhesins compared to those of their parent IgGs. For the antibodies VRC01, PG9, and PG16, the immunoadhesins showed modestly reduced potencies, likely reflecting reduced affinities compared to those of the parent IgG, and the VRC01 immunoadhesin formed dimers and multimers with reduced neutralization potencies. Although scFv forms of neutralizing antibodies may exhibit affinity reductions, they provide a means of building reagents with multiple activities. Attachment of the VRC01 scFv to PG16 IgG yielded a bispecific reagent whose neutralization activity combined activities from both parent antibodies. Although the neutralization activity due to each component was partially reduced, the combined reagent is attractive since fewer strains escaped neutralization.
Assessing Online Asynchronous Discussion in Online Courses: An Empirical Study

Online asynchronous discussion is argued to have many benefits for student learning. However, whether student participation in the asynchronous discussion should be assessed is controversial. Furthermore, how to assess their participation has been a huge challenge faced by many online instructors. While there is a growing body of literature addressing these issues, there is still a lack of empirical studies in this regard. This paper reported the results of a recent empirical study conducted at a large, public, Midwestern university. Fifty online courses offered by five different Masters' programs were examined and twenty instructors were interviewed. Major research questions included: How was the online discussion organized in the courses examined? How did the instructors grade the discussion? Why did they make certain decisions on these issues, such as what their rationales, considerations, and concerns were?
Automatic schema acquisition in a natural language environment

This paper outlines an approach to schema acquisition. The approach, called explanatory schema acquisition is applicable in problems solving situations and is heavily knowledge-based. Basically, learning is viewed as a fundamental part of the understanding process. Understanding a situation for which there is no existing schema involves generalizing the new event into a nascent schema. The new schema is then available to aid in future processing and can be further refined via that processing. This approach to learning is unique in several respects: it is not inductive and so is capable of one trial learning, it does not depend on failures to drive the learning process, and it is incremental and learns comparitively slowly. The learning procedure is outlined briefly with an example, a taxonomy of situations involving explanatory schema acquisition is given, and there is a brief discussion on the scope of the learning mechanism.
CX: A scalable, robust network for parallel computing

CX, a network-based {c}omputational e{x}change, is presented. The system's design integrates variations of ideas from other researchers, such as work stealing, non-blocking tasks, eager scheduling, and space-based coordination. The object-oriented API is simple, compact, and cleanly separates application logic from the logic that supports interprocess communication and fault tolerance. Computations, of course, run to completion in the presence of computational hosts that join and leave the ongoing computation. Such hosts, or producers, use task caching and prefetching to overlap computation with interprocessor communication. To break a potential task server bottleneck, a network of task servers is presented. Even though task servers are envisioned as reliable, the self-organizing, scalable network of $n$ servers, described as a {\it sibling-connected height-balanced fat tree}, tolerates a sequence of $n-1$ server failures. Tasks are distributed throughout the server network via a simple "diffusion" process. CX is intended as a test bed for research on automated silent auctions, reputation services, authentication services, and bonding services. CX also provides a test bed for algorithm research into network-based parallel computation.
Developing a New Material for MEMS: Amorphous Diamond

Amorphous diamond is a new material for surface-micromachined microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) that offers promise for reducing wear and stiction of MEMS components. The material is an amorphous mixture of 4-fold and 3-fold coordinated carbon with mechanical properties close to that of crystalline diamond. A unique form of structural relaxation permits the residual stress in the material to be reduced from an as-deposited value of 8 GPa compressive down to zero stress or even to slightly tensile values. Irreversible plastic deformation, achieved by heat treating elastically strained structures, is also possible in this material. Several types of amorphous diamond MEMS devices have been fabricated, including electrostatically-actuated comb drives, micro-tensile test structures, and cantilever beams. Measurements using these structures indicate the material has an elastic modulus close to 800 GPa, fracture toughness of 8 MPa·m 1/2 , an advancing H2O contact angle of 84° to 94°, and a surface roughness of 0.1 to 0.9 nm R.M.S. on Si and SiO2, respectively.
Public Vs Private Managers: A New Perspective

Does management in the public sector differ from that in the private sector? Most of the research evidence relating to this question suggests no significant difference between the two sectors. Nonetheless, the studies in this area have an important limitation , i.e., they have focused almost exclusively on the perspectives and activities of "senior" and "upper-level" managers while largely ignoring those on the front line - the "first-line supervisors". Are there, for instance, d ifferences between public and private managers at the first-line supervisory level? The results of this study support a negative response to this question, but with one important exception. Specifically, “training employees” was found to be a relatively more important activity for public sector supervisors, as compared to their private sector counterparts. This is a surprising finding, in that the private sector is known to have a higher rate of employee turnover and, therefore, an assumed greater need for training new hires. T here is no obvious explanation for this result and, to our knowledge, there is nothing in the research literature that helps to explain it. It therefore represents an important new area of research that needs further exploration.
The chemical inhibition of the repair of single-strand breaks in DNA: post-irradiation sensitization to x-rays.

SummaryA class of radiosensitizers is discussed which irreversibly inhibits the repair of x-ray-induced single-strand breaks in DNA. Such agents are active when added after irradiation and potentiate x-ray-induced killing in rec+ strains of E. coli K-12, but have little effect on the viability of x-irradiated recA strains which are deficient in their ability to repair x-ray-induced single-strand breaks. Chromatographically-impure samples of hydroxyurea (but not pure samples) have the properties associated with this class of post-irradiation sensitizers.
If I Give You My Child, Aren't We Family?

ABSTRACT While poverty is suspected to be the major reason for birth families relinquishing their children for international adoptions, little is known of the impact of the interplay among the economic, familial, and cultural aspects of a particular sending country which culminates in the adoption decision. In this study, the authors studied 73 birthmothers in the Republic of Marshall Islands, a small Western Pacific island nation with a total population of 68,000, to explore the influences that led to their adoption decision. Their findings reflect an environment of extreme poverty, the breakdown of traditional family support systems, and the exploitation of the cultural understanding of adoptions.
Temperature measurements during high flux ion beam irradiations.

A systematic study of the ion beam heating effect was performed in a temperature range of −170 to 900 °C using a 10 MeV Au3+ ion beam and a Yttria stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) sample at a flux of 5.5 × 1012 cm−2 s−1. Different geometric configurations of beam, sample, thermocouple positioning, and sample holder were compared to understand the heat/charge transport mechanisms responsible for the observed temperature increase. The beam heating exhibited a strong dependence on the background (initial) sample temperature with the largest temperature increases occurring at cryogenic temperatures and decreasing with increasing temperature. Comparison with numerical calculations suggests that the observed heating effect is, in reality, a predominantly electronic effect and the true temperature rise is small. A simple model was developed to explain this electronic effect in terms of an electrostatic potential that forms during ion irradiation. Such an artificial beam heating effect is potentially problematic in ther...
Effectiveness of twenty-two promising insecticides for control of the lone star tick.

The residual toxicities of 22 chemicals to nymphs of Amblyomma americanum (L.) were compared with that of DDT. Sixteen were more effective than DDT and phoxim and National Research Development Corporation NRDC-104 ((5-benzyl-3-furyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl.3.(2-methylpropenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate) (approximately 70% trans, 30% cis isomers), were 12.5 and 10.5 times more effective, respectively.
The effect of ingestion of alcohol on human respiratory exchange (oxygen consumption and R. Q.) during rest and muscular work

Comparisons are drawn of metabolism measurements made on a man under basal conditions, after ingestion of 30 and 50 cc., respectively, of absolute alcohol in a 250-cc. water solution, and after control doses of water and saccharin. With theBenedict helmet and opencircuit system observations were made with the subject at rest, during work (bicycle ergometer), and during recovery following work. Each experiment lasted 3 hours and comprised consecutive periods, usually of 15 minutes' duration. The work was performed immediately after or 1 hour after ingestion of the dose and lasted for 1 hour at the rate of 275 kg./m., 1/2 hour at 550 kg./m., 2 hours at 275 kg./m., or 2 hours at 415 kg./m. per minute.
School Reform in New York and Chicago: Revisiting the Ecology of Local Games

School reform efforts in New York City in 1967 and in Chicago in 1989 provide a laboratory for the comparative study of regime politics in education. Using Long's local game theory, this analysis reveals significant differences in the two city cultures. Differences in the outcomes of the reform efforts can be explained as a product of the ability of city stakeholders to coalesce and advance their interests at the state level.
Stoichiometry for α-bungarotoxin block of α7 acetylcholine receptors

α-Bungarotoxin (α-Btx) binds to the five agonist binding sites on the homopentameric α7-acetylcholine receptor, yet the number of bound α-Btx molecules required to prevent agonist-induced channel opening remains unknown. To determine the stoichiometry for α-Btx blockade, we generate receptors comprised of wild-type and α-Btx-resistant subunits, tag one of the subunit types with conductance mutations to report subunit stoichiometry, and following incubation with α-Btx, monitor opening of individual receptor channels with defined subunit stoichiometry. We find that a single α-Btx-sensitive subunit confers nearly maximal suppression of channel opening, despite four binding sites remaining unoccupied by α-Btx and accessible to the agonist. Given structural evidence that α-Btx locks the agonist binding site in an inactive conformation, we conclude that the dominant mechanism of antagonism is non-competitive, originating from conformational arrest of the binding sites, and that the five α7 subunits are interdependent and maintain conformational symmetry in the open channel state.
Hermes III endpoint energy calculation from photonuclear activation of 197Au and 58Ni foils

A new process has been developed to characterize the endpoint energy of HERMES III on a shot-to-shot basis using standard dosimetry tools from the Sandia Radiation Measurements Laboratory. Photonuclear activation readings from nickel and gold foils are used in conjunction with calcium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters to derive estimated electron endpoint energies for a series of HERMES shots. The results are reasonably consistent with the expected endpoint voltages on those shots.
Chronic Hypoxia uncouples Ca2+ and eNOS in bradykinin-induced relaxation of Ovine pulmonary arteries

Bradykinin-induced activation of the pulmonary endothelium triggers a rise in intracellular Ca2+, which activates a nitric oxide (NO)-dependent signaling pathway. This pathway leads to vasodilation...
A Policy for Radiotherapy in Patients with Implanted Pacemakers

Abstract As the prevalence of implanted pacemakers increases, the likelihood that cancer requiring radiotherapy will develop in pacemaker-bearing patients increases proportionately. A management policy for pacemaker-dependent patients who require radiotherapy helps assure that they will be safely and efficiently treated with external beam radiation. Guidelines for external beam treatment have been set forth in the ASTRO Newsletter. These guidelines are the basis of the specific policy that was developed and implemented. This policy (1) requires a cardiology consultation and discussion with the manufacturer before treatment, (2) prohibits the use of a betatron, (3) suggests that attempts be made to limit the dose received by the pacemaker to 2-Gy, (4) requires that pacemaker dose be calculated, measured, and recorded in the patient chart, (5) requires cardiac monitoring in accordance with the degree of patient pacemaker dependence, and (6) requires a follow-up cardiology consultation after the patient’s final treatment. Adherence to this policy is assured by use of a worksheet that is included in each pacemaker patient’s chart.
Book Review: The Death Knell of the Utilitarianism: A Review and Theoretical Implications of To Profit or Not to Profit

This paper uses the edited volume To Profit or Not to Profit; The Commercial Transformation of the Nonprofit Sector as an opportunity to review the theories of the nonprofit sector based on the utility maximization behavioral model linked to neoclassical economics. The existence of a large nonprofit sector and its increasing commercialism undermines the logical sufficiency of these theories to explain organizational behavior. The book in question is an effort to solve that problem and reconcile the utility maximization model with seemingly contradicting evidence. In the end, however, these efforts are not very successful and lead to the partial acceptance of an alternative model, grounded in the neo-institutional theory of organizations.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEORY OF THE KINETICS OF FIRST ORDER PHASE TRANSITIONS

Abstract A review is given of certain theoretical developments in the kinetics of phase separating systems. The concept of a “coarse-grained” spinodal curve, interface and renormalization group theories for dynamical scaling, and recent extensions of the Lifshitz-Slyozov diffusion-controlled coarsening process are discussed.
Probability Spaces with an Infinite Number of Sample Points

Thus far, we have concerned ourselves with probability spaces that contain a finite or at most a denumerable number of sample points. However, the natural probability spaces in many contexts will contain a nondenumerable number of sample points. The simplest situation of this sort arises when the result of an experimental measurement may be any real number, for the set of real numbers is nondenumerable (see [1]). Much of this chapter will be concerned with the introduction of concepts and tools relevant in such a general context. This presentation is motivated to a great extent by the discussion in the denumerable case. Sigma-fields and probability set functions will be introduced as they were in that simpler domain. Generally our object will be the understanding of these concepts and tools rather than a concern with subtleties and proofs. A detailed derivation of the results we present and discuss can be found in many books on measure theory (see [29], [53]). Typically measure theory is used as a basic tool in setting up the foundations of probability theory.
Teachers as digital citizens: The influence of individual backgrounds, internet use and psychological characteristics on teachers’ levels of digital citizenship

Abstract The purpose of this study is to identify factors that influence teachers' levels of digital citizenship, defined in terms of individuals' thinking, skills, and behaviors with regard to Internet use. Variables included: (1) teachers' individual backgrounds (age, gender, years of work experience, years of teaching experience, subject, and teaching level); (2) Internet use (where to obtain information, the main purpose of using the Internet, and use of SNSs for teaching); and (3) psychological characteristics (Internet self-efficacy and Internet anxiety). The study unfolded in four phases. First, an in-depth literature view identified a need to study classroom teachers' perception of themselves as digital citizens in relation to use of the Internet. Next, 348 in-service classroom teachers were recruited from high need, hard to staff U.S. school district and completed a validated survey. Then, descriptive, correlation, and multiple regression analyses revealed three findings: (1) teachers demonstrated relatively lower levels of two Digital Citizenship sub-factors, Internet Political Activism and Critical Perspective; (2) there was a strong relation between Internet self-efficacy and Digital Citizenship; and (3) three variables (years of work experience, use of SNSs for teaching, and Internet self-efficacy) significantly influenced teachers’ perceptions of digital citizenship. Last, this study offers recommendations to equip educators with knowledge, skills, and behaviors as digital citizens in the current digital and global age.
Simulation Assessment of Direct Push Injection Logging for High-Resolution Aquifer Characterization.

Direct push injection logging (DPIL) has become one of the most widely used approaches for obtaining vertical profiles of hydraulic conductivity (K) in environmental site investigations. Despite its widespread use, however, there has been no rigorous analysis of the underlying physical processes that take place during DPIL or how the approach would perform under different hydrogeological and operating conditions. We address these issues through a series of numerical simulations. Results show that the ratio of DPIL injection rate over pressure can be used for direct determination of K when K is >10-6 m/s. When K is 10-3 /m, the ratio becomes increasingly sensitive to Ss; in that case, additional information on Ss is needed for reliable K estimation. For unconsolidated formations of moderate K or higher, the ratio of injection rate over pressure should provide a reasonable K estimate when Ss is <10-3 /m. Although water injection at previous depths during continuous DPIL has only a small impact on the pressure response measured at the current injection depth, probe advancement can have a significant impact when K and Ss are small. Consequently, in fine-grained materials, the advancement-generated pore water pressure increase can comprise a large portion of the measured pressure response. To diminish the impact of probe advancement in such materials, advancement speed should be kept as low as possible (e.g., 0.5 cm/s).
Investigations on the influence of ethanol and water injection techniques on engine's behavior of a hydrogen - biofuel based dual fuel engine

Abstract This work explores the influence of hydrogen and ethanol on improving engine's behavior of Maduca longifolia oil (MO) based dual fuel diesel engine. A mono cylinder diesel engine was tested in dual fuel mode of operation at the rated power output of 3.7 kW under variable hydrogen energy shares from 0 to the maximum allowable limit (until severe knocking i.e. upto 20%). The knock limit was further extended by injecting water and ethanol at the intake manifold and the engine's performance, emission and combustion characteristics were analyzed. In addition ethanol was also injected and introduced along with the intake air for comparison with hydrogen dual fuel mode. Dual fuel operation increased the BTE from 25.2% with neat MO to a maximum of 28.5% and 30% respectively with hydrogen and ethanol for the energy share of 15% and 38% where as the BTE was 30.8% with ND. The smoke opacity was reduced from 78% with neat MO to 58% for the hydrogen energy share of 15% which is the MEP (maximum efficiency point) whereas the smoke emission was noted as 51% with ND operation. However, hydrogen induction increased the NO (nitric oxide) emission. Injection of water and ethanol at the inlet was observed to extend the knocking limit with improved BTE. The BTE reached a maximum of 30.1% with 5% water and 30.8% with 10% ethanol injection. The MEPs were arrived as 31% and 30% hydrogen energy shares respectively with 5% water and 10% ethanol injection. It was concluded that hydrogen induction can be very effective in improving the diesel engine's performance when using MO as base fuel when operating on dual fuel mode. The performance could be improved by extending the knock limit by injecting ethanol and water along with hydrogen.