cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The thermal behavior of albite as observed by DTA

There is a range in the melting point of albite (Na2O–Al2O3–6SiO2) at 1 atm reported in the literature. An experimental evaluation of the melting point of albite was conducted using differential thermal analysis (DTA). A melting point of 1134 ◦ C was determined by this method that is higher than the reported values. In the DTA method, continuous heating in a flowing gas atmosphere removes any volatiles formed by heating. It is suggested that the evaporation of soda (Na 2O) during heating can lead to a raising of the melting point of albite. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Treatment Effectiveness of Outpatient Substance Misuse Treatment Organizations between Court-Mandated and Voluntary Clients

Do outpatient substance misuse treatment organizations have different outcomes for court-mandated and voluntary clients depending on the mix of those clients? Do client characteristics, organizational factors, and treatment practices predict organizational treatment outcome rates? A nationally representative sample of 330 nonmethadone outpatient substance misuse treatment organizations was surveyed in 1990. Sixtyfour of the organizations had 75% or more court-mandated clients; 122 of the organizations had 25% or less court-mandated clients. Organizations with 75% or greater court-mandated clients had a greater rate of clients failing to comply with their treatment plan than orga
Letter to the Editor-Nonoptimality of Planned Replacement in Intervals of Decreasing Failure Rate

The planned replacement problem assumes a known failure distribution Ft and that replacement occurs at the earlier of a planned replacement interval at cost c1 and the time of failure at cost c2. We show that it cannot be optimal to select a planned replacement interval at a point for which the failure rate ft/[1-Ft] is decreasing.
Software architecture for unified management of event notification and stream I/O and its use for recording and analysis of user events

Event notification and stream input/output have always been regarded as two separate paradigms. There are, however, applications-especially in the realm of user interfaces and experiments-that could benefit from being able to receive or deliver data in either form. We present a unified approach to data transfer that facilitates conversion between the two concepts, as well as a flexible technique for implementing arbitrary event notification in an object-oriented way. A unified input/output library that simplifies error handling and ensures correct opening and closing of streams rounds up the proposed extensions to an operating system.
Generic unification via two-level types and parameterized modules

As a functional pearl, we describe an efficient, modularized implementation of unification using the state of mutable reference cells to encode substitutions. We abstract our algorithms along two dimensions, first abstracting away from the structure of the terms to be unified, and second over the monad in which the mutable state is encapsulated. We choose this example to illustrate two important techniques that we believe many functional programmers would find useful. The first of these is the definition of recursive data types using two levels: a structure defining level, and a recursive knot-tying level. The second is the use of rank-2 polymorphism inside Haskell's record types to implement a form of type parameterized modules.
Gravity-Referenced Attitude Display for Mobile Robots: Making Sense of What We See

Attitude control refers to controlling the pitch and roll of a mobile robot. As environments become more complex and cues to a robot's pose become sparser, it becomes easy for a teleoperator using an egocentric (camera) display to lose situational awareness. Reported difficulties with teleoperated robots frequently involve rollovers and sometimes even failure to realize that a robot has rolled over. Attitude information has conventionally been displayed separately from the camera view using an artificial horizon graphic or individual indicators for pitch and roll. Information from separate attitude displays may be difficult to integrate with an ongoing navigation task and may lead to errors. In this paper, we report an experiment in which a simulated robot is maneuvered over rough exterior and interior terrains to compare a gravity-referenced view with a separated attitude indication. Results show shorter task times and better path choices for users of the gravity-referenced view but no reduction in rollovers
Optimizing wavelet transform based on supervised learning for detection of microcalcifications in digital mammograms

A novel technique for optimizing the wavelet transform to enhance and detect microcalcifications in mammograms was developed based on the supervised learning method. In the learning process, a cost function is formulated to represent the difference between a desired output and the reconstructed image obtained from weighted wavelet coefficients for a given mammogram. This cost function is then minimized by modifying the weights for wavelet coefficients via a conjugate gradient algorithm. The Least Asymmetric Daubechies' wavelets were optimized with 44 regions-of-interest as the training set using a jackknife method. The performance of the optimized wavelets achieved a sensitivity of 90% with specificity of 80%, which outperforms the authors' current scheme based on a conventional wavelet transform.
An Estimation Theoretic Framework for Structured Illumination Microscopy

We propose an estimation theoretic framework for Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM). Simulation results suggest that SIM can be made less susceptible to noise and illumination modulation error.
Aromatic Iminosulfuranes, A Novel Class of Transdermal Penetration Enhancers

In this chapter we introduce iminosulfuranes, a new class of effective chemical penetration enhancers. This group of compounds can be easily synthesized from activated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and has been found to be chemically stable. Cytotoxicity studies using these iminosulfuranes on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts confirmed their safety at concentrations below 0.2 M. Penetration enhancement effects of several iminosulfuranes on hydrocortisone and caffeine were studied using hairless mouse skin and human skin in vitro. N-(4-bromobenzoyl)-S,S-dimethyliminosulfurane was reported as the most potent enhancer among all the tested iminosulfuranes for transdermal delivery of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. Mechanistic studies suggested that enhancement activity of iminosulfuranes was correlated to their partitioning and residence time in the lipid bilayer system. In addition, N-(4-bromobenzoyl)-S,S-dimethyliminosulfurane was rapidly converted to its active metabolite, 4-bromobenzamide, in skin tissues and this biotransformation could further increase hydrocortisone permeation through the skin. Moreover, the elimination of 4-bromobenzamide was inhibited by iodine and alkylating agents.
A note on Prufer *-multiplication II

We bring some corrections to Corollary 1 of [3]. In [3], we attempted to show that for an arbitrary star operation ⋆ on a domain R , the domain R is a Pr¨ufer ⋆ -multiplication domain if and only if ( a ) \ ( b ) is ⋆ f -invertible for all a, b 2 R \ { 0 } . We show in this paper that the characterization does not hold in general and we restate [3, Corollary 1] with justification and proof as follows: if a domain R is a Pr¨ufer ⋆ -multiplication domain, then ( a ) \ ( b ) is ⋆ f -invertible for all a, b 2 R \ { 0 } . The converse holds only if ⋆ f = t .
Matrix factorization for design of Q-filter in iterative learning control

Iterative learning control (ILC) has been extensively used in systems that repeatedly follow the same desired trajectory. The key idea is to incorporate the tracking errors from previous iterations to generate a better feedforward signal for the next iteration. A drawback of ILC is that all disturbances are assumed to be repetitive, while in practice non-repetitive disturbances may also affect the system behaviors. To address this problem, many efforts have been made on designing Q-filters to filter out the non-repetitive effects from the error signal. This paper presents a nonparametric Q-filter design procedure which does not require any explicit specification of the properties of non-repetitive disturbances. Namely, we perform matrix factorization on a set of error signals in the time-frequency domain to construct a non-repetitive error dictionary. The learned dictionary is then used to encode the error signal in each ILC iteration. This in turn results in a low-rank matrix and a sparse matrix that, respectively, describe the undesired non-repetitive effects and the desired repetitive effects. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated on a laboratory testbed wafer scanner.
Yield of Urinalysis Screening in Pediatric Cancer Survivors

Background The Children's Oncology Group (COG) publishes consensus guidelines with screening recommendations for early identification of treatment-related morbidities among childhood cancer survivors. We sought to estimate the yield of recommended yearly urinalysis screening for genitourinary complications as per Version 3.0 of the COG Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines and identify possible risk factors for abnormal screening in a survivor population. Procedure A database of pediatric cancer survivors evaluated between January 2008 and March 2012 at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta was queried for survivors at risk for genitourinary late effects. The frequency of abnormal urinalyses (protein ≥1+ and/or presence of glucose and/or ≥5 red blood cells per high power field) was estimated. Risk factors associated with abnormal screening were identified. Results Chart review identified 773 survivors (57% male; 67% Caucasian; 60% leukemia/lymphoma survivors; mean age at diagnosis, 5.7 years [range: birth to 17.7 years]; time from diagnosis to initial screening, 7.6 years [range: 2.3 to 21.5 years]) who underwent urinalysis. Abnormal results were found in 78 (5.3%) of 1,484 total urinalyses. Multivariable analysis revealed higher dose ifosfamide (odds ratio [OR] = 6.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9–16.0) and total body irradiation (TBI, OR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.0–8.4) as significant risk factors for abnormal initial urinalysis screening. Conclusions Pediatric cancer survivors exposed to higher dose ifosfamide or TBI may be at higher risk of abnormal findings on urinalysis screening. Targeted screening of these higher risk patients should be considered.
City and country——An analysis on the structure of A Wagner Matinée by Willa Cather

A Wagner Matinee,one of the earlier works of Willa Cather,reflects the conflicts between ideal and reality.The article makes an analysis on the structure of the story by applying the close reading approach,which shows that the author connects the country and the city,the reality and the ideal by describing the present and recalling the past to make the story an organic whole.
Surveillance of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) in Liupanshui City from 2008 to 2012

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of hand foot and mouth disease(HFMD) in Liupanshui city from 2008 to 2012 and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of the disease.Methods The descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the incidence data of HFMD in Liupanshui obtained from the National Disease Reporting Information System during 2008-2012.Results A total of 9 316 HFMD cases and 2 death cases were reported with the average annual morbidity of 63.37/lakh.The fatality rate was 0.11%.Most cases appeared between April and July.92.71% of all the cases was the children aged 5 years old.The incidence of the children aged 1 years was the most highest in the peoples.The incidence of HFMD was reducing along with ages.The incidence of males was higher than females.A total 853 samples were detected from 2010 to 2012.The positive rate of enterovirus was 61.90%,EV71 was 34.23%,CA16 was 16.65%,other enterovirus was 9.38% and the co-infection rate of EV71 and Cox A16 was 1.64%.Conclusion The time,geographic,gender and age distributions of HFMD cases are different in Liupanshui city during 2008-2012.The predominant strains are EV71 and CA16.Comprehensive measures have to be taken for HFMD prevention and control in infants and young children.
Suitability of Several Statistical Models to Simulate Observed Distribution of Sample Test Results in Inspections of Aflatoxin-Contaminated Peanut Lots

The acceptability of 10 theoretical distributions to simulate observed distribution of sample aflatoxin test results was evaluated by using 2 parameter estimation methods and 3 goodness of fit (GOF) tests. All theoretical distributions were compared with 120 observed distributions of aflatoxin test results of farmers'stock peanuts. For a given parameter estimation method and GOF test, the negative binomial distribution had the highest percentage of statistically acceptable fits. The log normal and Poisson-gamma (gamma shape parameter = 0.5) distributions had slightly fewer but an almost equal percentage of acceptable fits. For the 3 most acceptable statistical models, the negative binomial had the greatest percentage of best or closest fits. Both the parameter estimation method and the GOF test had an influence on which theoretical distribution had the largest number of acceptable fits. All theoretical distributions, except the negative binomial distribution, had more acceptable fits when model parameters were determined by the maximum likelihood method. The negative binomial had slightly more acceptable fits when model parameters were estimated by the method of moments. The results also demonstrated the importance of using the same GOF test for comparing the acceptability of several theoretical distributions.
Degenerate Parametric Amplification Process; A Path-Integral Approach

In an earlier paper we developed a formalism for applying path integrals to certain problems in nonlinear optics [1]. We presented a path-integral representation for the coherent-state propagator and discussed the properties of the propagator. The path-integral representation of the propagator allows one to see more clearly than the standard operator approach the connection between the classical and quantum dynamics of the system.
The Role of Stem Cell Therapeutics in Wound Healing: Current Understanding and Future Directions.

Background:Chronic wounds present unique challenges for healthcare providers as they place patients at increased risk for various morbidities and mortality. Advances in wound care technology have expanded the treatment options available for wound management, but few products fully address the underl
Control of Modular Multilevel Converter With Parallel Connectivity—Application to Battery Systems

This paper presents a multiobjective real-time controller for a modular multilevel converter capable of parallel module connectivity, the so-called modular multilevel series parallel converter (MMSPC). The MMSPC topology allows the batteries to be dynamically rewired in various series–parallel configurations, generating a wide range of output voltage levels. The novel control method parallelizes the modules to balance their voltages without the need for individual module voltage monitoring. Additionally, the controller optimizes across the large number of feasible system configurations to minimize switching and conduction losses. Finally, the controller efficiently encodes the system configuration with module interconnection states rather than the module switch states, which substantially simplifies control. Furthermore, this work experimentally validates the MMSPC topology and concept. In the prototype, the parallel mode reduced the system losses at 5 kW output power by 18% and 24% for load power factors of 1.0 and 0.8, respectively. Sensorless balancing via parallelization maintained well-matched module voltages (standard deviation = 0.045 V) over a 5-h battery discharge with highly variable load current. The reduced conduction losses and simple balancing capability of the MMSPC can enable new applications at medium and low voltages that benefit from its high-quality output, elimination of filtering magnetics, fast response, and modularity.
Experiments and Modeling of Fatigue Damage in Extruded Mg AZ61 Alloy

In this study, structure-property relations with respect to fatigue of an extruded AZ61 magnesium alloy were experimentally quantified. Strain-life experiments were conducted in the extruded and transverse orientations under low and high cycle conditions. The cyclic behavior of this alloy displayed varying degrees of cyclic hardening depending on the strain amplitude and the specimen orientation. The fracture surfaces of the fatigued specimens were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope in order to quantify structure-property relations with respect to number of cycles to failure. Intermetallic particles were found to be the source of fatigue initiation on a majority of fracture surfaces. Finally, a multistage fatigue model based on the relative microstructural sensitive features quantified in this study was employed to capture the anisotropic fatigue damage of the AZ61 magnesium alloy.
Regulation of mRNA following brain ischemia and reperfusion

There is growing appreciation that mRNA regulation plays important roles in disease and injury. mRNA regulation and ribonomics occur in brain ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) following stroke and cardiac arrest and resuscitation. It was recognized over 40 years ago that translation arrest (TA) accompanies brain I/R and is now recognized as part of the intrinsic stress responses triggered in neurons. However, neuron death correlates to a prolonged TA in cells fated to undergo delayed neuronal death (DND). Dysfunction of mRNA regulatory processes in cells fated to DND prevents them from translating stress-induced mRNAs such as heat shock proteins. The morphological and biochemical studies of mRNA regulation in postischemic neurons are discussed in the context of the large variety of molecular damage induced by ischemic injury. Open issues and areas of future investigation are highlighted. A sober look at the molecular complexity of ischemia-induced neuronal injury suggests that a network framework will assist in making sense of this complexity. The ribonomic network sits between the gene network and the various protein and metabolic networks. Thus, targeting the ribonomic network may prove more effective at neuroprotection than targeting specific molecular pathways, for which all efforts have failed to the present time to stop DND in stroke and after cardiac arrest. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1415. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1415 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Virtual Pleasure Island

Taking a step back, Chap. 4 explores some of the structural, legal, and social concerns central to online hate activity. Klein opens with a recent “Terms of Service” dispute arising from Facebook about whether the world’s most popular social network should ban Holocaust denial groups that now populate its community. The story brings together key factors of online hate, primarily the challenges of having an absolute free speech environment, as well as the critical youth factor where no required controls exist to shield younger audiences from dangerous spaces. Additionally, Klein explores those structural features unique to the Internet that have benefited hate communities, such as the anonymity factor of the web, its decentralized structure, the Internet Service Provider system, and border-free global standards.
Response of postmenopausal endometrium to hormonal therapy

SEM has revealed that remarkable surface changes occur in the uterine epithelium during the estrogenic and progestational phases of the normal menstrual cycle (Ludwig and Metzger, 1976). The purpose of the present SEM study is to show that the uterine epithelium of postmenopausal patients likewise undergoes dramatic surface changes upon treatment with an estrogen and a progestin for control of climacteric disturbances.
Ammonia oxidizer populations vary with nitrogen cycling across a tropical montane mean annual temperature gradient.

Functional gene approaches have been used to better understand the roles of microbes in driving forest soil nitrogen (N) cycling rates and bioavailability. Ammonia oxidation is a rate limiting step in nitrification, and is a key area for understanding environmental constraints on N availability in forests. We studied how increasing temperature affects the role of ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) in soil N cycling and availability by using a highly constrained natural mean annual temperature (MAT) elevation gradient in a tropical montane wet forest. We found that net nitrate (NO3- ) bioavailability is positively related to MAT (r2 = 0.79, P = 0.0033), and AOA DNA abundance is positively related to both NO3- availability (r2 = 0.34, P = 0.0071) and MAT (r2 = 0.34, P < 0.001). In contrast, AOB DNA was only detected in some soils across the gradient. We identified three distinct phylotypes within the AOA which differed from one another in abundance and relative gene expression. In addition, one AOA phylotype increased in abundance with MAT, while others did not. We conclude that MAT is the primary driver of ecosystem N availability across this gradient, and AOA population size and structure appear to mediate the relationship between the nitrification and N bioavailability. These findings hold important implications for nutrient limitation in forests and feedbacks to primary production under changing climate.
Six-minute walk distance predicts 30-day readmission after acute heart failure hospitalization

Abstract Objectives To determine the relationship between 6-min walk test distance (6MWD) and 30-day readmission in hospitalized heart failure (HF) patients. Background 6MWD is known to predict hospitalizations in outpatients with HF, but its ability to predict recidivism in hospitalized HF patients is relatively unknown. Methods Seventy-one hospitalized HF patients with NYHA Class II/III (mean age 52.6 ± 12.3 years, 42.3% female, 73.2% African American) performed 6MWD prior to discharge. Logistic regression was used to determine relationships between 6MWD and 30-day readmission. Results 30-day readmission occurred in 14 (19.7%) patients. Average 6MWD was 756.4 ± 403.2 feet. Higher 6MWD significantly decreased risk of 30-day readmission, even after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics (OR = .84, 95% CI [.71, .99]). For each additional 100 feet walked, odds of a 30-day readmission decreased by 16%. Conclusions 6MWD predicted 30-day readmission in this study, warranting further investigation to understand how the 6MWD may predict readmissions and guide treatment in hospitalized HF patients.
Site-Specific Chromosomal Integration Mediated by ϕC31 Integrase

phiC31 integrase is a site-specific recombinase from a bacteriophage that has become a useful tool in mammalian cells. The enzyme normally performs precise, unidirectional recombination between two attachment or att sites called attB and attP. We have shown that an attP site preintegrated into a mammalian chromosome can serve as a target for integration of an introduced plasmid carrying an attB site. Recombination leads to precise integration of the plasmid into the chromosome at the attP site. This reaction is useful for placing introduced genes into the same chromosomal environment, in order to minimize position effects associated with random integration. Because phiC31 integrase can also mediate integration at endogenous sequences that resemble attP, called pseudo attP sites, a selection system is used that yields integration only at the desired preintegrated attP site. This chapter provides a protocol that features a simple antibiotic selection to isolate cell lines in which the introduced plasmid has integrated at the desired attP site. A polymerase chain reaction assay is also presented to verify correct chromosomal placement of the introduced plasmid. This integration system based on phiC31 integrase supplies a simple method to obtain repeated integration at the same chromosomal site in mammalian cells.
Medication use, sleep, and caregiver smoking status among urban children with asthma.

ABSTRACTObjective: Children living in urban settings from low-income, minority families are at a high risk for experiencing asthma morbidity. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS, i.e., secondhand) exposure, typically from caregiver smoking, has been associated with increased quick-relief medication use and child nocturnal awakenings due to increased asthma symptoms as well as worse sleep quality in children with asthma. This study investigated the moderating role of caregiver smoking status on the association between quick-relief medication use and child's sleep quality in urban children with persistent asthma. Methods: Fifty-four urban children with persistent asthma and their primary caregivers completed a baseline research session. Caregivers then completed ecological momentary assessment surveys via smartphones twice daily for two weeks in which smoking behaviors, child quick-relief medication use, and child's sleep quality were assessed. Results: Twenty caregivers (37%) reported smoking at least one day...
Two-Dimensional Kinetics of Rigid Bodies: Impulse-Momentum

Mars has always been a cause of fascination to scientists and a source of inspiration to poets. The remarkable and vivid pictures sent back to Earth by Vikings 1 and 2 spacecraft revealed that Mars was once a living planet with water flowing freely and possibly a civilization that no longer exists. Despite the preliminary nature of these conclusions, Mars has become a case study of how to prevent this from happening to Earth.
Neighborhoods and Adolescence

This article reviews literature on the role of neighborhood influences on adolescent development. It provides definitions and conceptual models and reviews studies examining associations among neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and adolescents' achievement and schooling, behavioral and emotional outcomes, and sexual activity and child bearing. It also summarizes evidence on potential pathways through which neighborhood SES influences adolescent development while briefly addressing methodological issues in neighborhood research. Finally, it highlights future directions for research and policy implications.
The Middle Thought of Royce

Royce was pleased with the initial favorable response to the publication of The Religious Aspect of Philosophy.2 He spent the next several years, besides filling his teaching duties at Harvard, in publishing an historical study of California,3 and a novel.4 Worn out by overwork, he spent most of the year 1888 convalescing in travel.5 It was not until 1892 that Royce again expressed himself on the subject of the Absolute. In this connection he developed in The Spirit of Modern Philosophy an important distinction between the World of Description and the World of Appreciation.6
SVD-Based Ghost Circuitry Detection

Ghost circuitry (GC) insertion is the malicious addition of hardware in the specification and/or implementation of an IC by an attacker intending to change circuit functionality. There are numerous GC insertion sources, including untrusted foundries, synthesis tools and libraries, testing and verification tools, and configuration scripts. Moreover, GC attacks can greatly compromise the security and privacy of hardware users, either directly or through interaction with pertinent systems, application software, or with data. GC detection is a particularly difficult task in modern and pending deep submicron technologies due to intrinsic manufacturing variability. Here, we provide algebraic and statistical approaches for the detection of ghost circuitry. A singular value decomposition (SVD)-based technique for gate characteristic recovery is applied to solve a system of equations created using fast and non-destructive measurements of leakage power and/or delay. This is then combined with statistical constraint manipulation techniques to detect embedded ghost circuitry. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated on the ISCAS 85 benchmarks.
Spectral Analysis and Fourier Series

As discussed in Chap. 1 in the case of vibrating strings and organ pipes, there are generally many different modes in which a resonant system may vibrate. (See Fig. 1.6 and related discussion.) Generally, more than one of these modes are excited simultaneously in the sounding of a musical instrument. Indeed, their presence or absence is what determines the beauty of a particular tone as well as the difference in sound from one instrument to another. Which modes are excited is not only determined by the characteristics of the resonant system but also by the way in which it is excited. For example, the slipping of the violin string on the bow, or the vibration of the reed in an oboe or a bassoon excites a particular set of modes in those instruments.
Why Do People With Schizophrenia Exercise? A Mixed Methods Analysis Among Community Dwelling Regular Exercisers

Individuals with schizophrenia have reduced rates of physical activity, yet substantial proportions do engage in independent and regular exercise. Previous studies have shown improvement in symptoms and cognitive function in response to supervised exercise programs in people with schizophrenia. There is little data on motivations of individuals who exercise independently, or their chosen type, duration, or setting of exercise. This study explores motivational parameters and subjective experiences associated with sustained, independent exercise in outpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Participants completed a semi-structured interview and then were given a prospective survey containing visual analog scales of symptom severity and the Subjective Exercise Experiences Scales to complete immediately before and after three sessions of exercise. Results from the semi-structured interview were analyzed by modified content analysis. The most important reason for exercise was self-image, followed closely by psychological and physical health. Among psychological effects, participants reported exercise was most helpful for mood and cognitive symptoms. The prospective ratings demonstrated 10-15% average improvements in global well-being, energy, and negative, cognitive and mood symptoms, with almost no change in psychosis, after individual exercise sessions. This suggests that non-psychotic parameters are more susceptible to inter-session decay of exercise effects, which may reinforce continued exercise participation.
TP-GraphMiner: A Clustering Framework for Task-Based Information Networks

Clustering similar entities in relational tables is an open challenge to the research community due to the representation of transactional data as tables where the relationships between two or more entities are difficult to represent. This paper uses a graph-based modeling approach called Transaction Pattern Graph Miner (TP-GraphMiner) to identify clusters based on the similarities of the attributes in the transactions. It explores a socio-centric analysis that aims at educational decision-making processes such as identifying the relative engagement of female and male students in the coursework, the similarities of their interaction patterns, similar clusters of entities base on the attributes in the transactions, and the outliers - the entities with divergent interests. The empirical results of this initial investigation have revealed the following: while the rate of enrollment of female students in STEM courses is much lower than that of male students, the clustering results reveals greater active participation of the female students in computer programming courses and their prominent engagement in knowledge sharing and answering their peers’ questions.
Legal Regulation of Budget Decentralization in Ukraine

The article describes the legal regulation of fiscal decentralization in Ukraine. It was stated that fiscal decentralization is part of the complex, multi-level, system concept of “financial resources”, including a set of elements endowed with institutional characteristics. Being the material basis for the functioning of the state, most of the financial resources created by the distribution of national income are mobilized in state centralized funds of funds and other funds of financial resources that are objectively necessary conditions for the implementation of the process of expanded reproduction at all its stages and in all forms. The necessity of the study of fiscal decentralization, as a technology that conditions and reflects the general political and legal course of government, is substantiated. The content of decentralization, in its broad sense, which involves the transfer of more significant powers to local authorities, with the aim of making independent decisions on the formation of income, expenditure and regulatory and legal regulation is disclosed. It was concluded that the processes started in 2014 on financial decentralization, testify to the strengthening of the financial basis of local governments, increasing not only the revenue part of local budgets, but also the expenditure side. It was stated that, given the global tendency of political institutions to democratization, almost all domestic systems in different countries are seeking to strengthen the decentralization processes in certain areas of politics, the organization of public authority and government, and the livelihoods of local communities. Objectivity and compulsory decentralization processes in the implementation of the financial and security function of public authority have been clarified. It emphasized the desire of all modern highly developed countries to decentralize the maximum possible range of social facilities, including the decentralization of budgetary funds and powers. The same desire has recently been observed in developing countries and countries with economies in transition, which implement fiscal decentralization policies in order to change the ratio of the degree of influence of central and local public authorities on the macroeconomic situation. Provided specific proposals to the legislation to improve the management of financial resources and the predictability of local budget expenditures.
A History Teacher in South Korea: Teaching Elections as an Outsider

AbstractTeaching controversial issues can be challenging for any teacher, but especially so when the teacher is a cultural outsider. In this article, we provide a snapshot of one social studies edu...
Understanding financial toxicity in head and neck cancer survivors

Abstract Objectives (1) Describe financial toxicity (FT) in head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors and assess its association with personal/health characteristics and health-related quality of life (HRQOL); (2) examine financial coping mechanisms (savings/loans); (3) assess relationship between COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) and Financial Distress Questionnaire (FDQ). Patients and methods Cross-sectional survey from January – April 2018 of insured patients at a tertiary multidisciplinary HNC survivorship clinic who completed primary treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, or larynx/hypopharynx. Results Of 104 survivors, 30 (40.5%) demonstrated high FT. Patients with worse FT were more likely (1) not married (COST, 25.33 ± 1.87 vs. 30.61 ± 1.34, p = 0.008); (2) of lower education levels (COST, 26.12 ± 1.47 vs. 34.14 ± 1.47, p Conclusions We found differences in FT by primary site, with worst FT in larynx/hypopharynx patients. This finding illuminates potential site-specific factors, e.g. workplace discrimination or inability to return to work, that may contribute to increased risk. FDQ correlates strongly with COST, encouraging further exploration as a clinically-meaningful screening tool.
The changing virtual water trade network of the European electric grid

Abstract In the generation of electricity, water is consumed through cooling of thermoelectric power plants and evaporation behind hydroelectric dams before flowing throughout the physical electric grid as an embedded resource. In the European electric grid, there are significant amounts of electricity resources traded between countries to balance power demands, creating a virtual water trade network. To understand the scale and burden shift of this virtual water trade, we create a resource accounting model that couples embedded water resources with international electricity trade throughout Europe at a sub-annual time-scale. Using data from the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity, we identify an increase of virtual water trade from 43 million m3 to 49 million m3 between 2010 and 2017, with significant seasonal variation. We further contextualize these temporal variations of virtual water trade through an analysis of changing electricity policies in three countries (Italy, Great Britain, and Germany) and their subsequent effects on virtual water trade. In developing this virtual water network, we identify significant data gaps that lead to uncertainty and create challenges for decision-making, suggesting the need for a comprehensive data collection plan on the impact of energy on water resources across Europe.
BACKWARD POPULATION PROJECTION BY A GENERALIZED INVERSE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a generalized inverse for backward population projection. The Leslie population projection matrix is used to project forward in time the age distribution or the age–sex distribution of a population. As it is a singular matrix, it does not have an inverse, and so it is not clear that there is a corresponding procedure for backward projection. In terms of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Leslie matrix, certain generalized inverses are constructed that can sometimes be used advantageously for backward projection. The projection is the technique by which demographers work out future populations, assuming fixed or changing age-specific rates of birth, death, and migration. A principal way in which present conditions can be interpreted is to see what would happen if they were continued into the future. A simple form of projection starts with the age–sex distribution of a population and the application to it of a fixed set of age–sex-specific rates of death and of births by the age of the mother. The trajectory as the population moves hypothetically through time is worked out for each age and sex group.
Institutional reductions in opioid prescribing do not change patient satisfaction on Press Ganey surveys after total shoulder arthroplasty.

ABSTRACT Background With an ongoing opioid epidemic in the United States, it is important to examine if decreased opioid prescribing can affect patient experience, namely satisfaction with pain control. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate what effect, if any, decreased opioid prescribing after total shoulder arthroplasty had on Press-Ganey satisfaction surveys. Methods A retrospective review was conducted on patients who underwent primary anatomic or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty between October 2014 and October 2019. Patients with complete Press-Ganey survey information, no history of trauma, fracture, connective tissue disease, or prior shoulder arthroplasty surgery were included in the analysis. Patients were segregated into two groups, pre-protocol and post-protocol, based on the date of surgery relative to implementation of an institutional opioid reduction protocol, which occurred in October 2018. Prescriptions were converted to milligram morphine equivalents (MME) for direct comparison between different opioid medications. Results 201 patients met inclusion criteria, and there were 110 reverse total shoulder arthroplasties and 91 anatomic total shoulder arthroplasties. Average opioids prescribed on discharge for the pre-protocol group was 426.3 ± 295 MME (equivalent to 56.8 tablets of oxycodone 5mg), while after initiation of the protocol it was 193.8 ± 199 MME (equivalent to 25.8 tablets of oxycodone 5mg); P Conclusion A reduction in opioids prescribed after a total shoulder replacement is not associated with any negative effects on patient satisfaction, as measured by the Press-Ganey survey. LOE Level III; Retrospective Cohort Comparison; Treatment Study
Guilt by association: mock jurors’ perceptions of defendants and victims with criminal family members

The current research addresses the effects that the presence of criminal family members has on trial outcomes for defendants and victims. We expected defendants and victims with criminal family mem...
Michigan Local Leaders Expect Increased Challenges for the 2020 Election, but Are Confident about Administering Accurate Elections

This report presents the opinions of Michigan’s township and city officials on issues related to election administration in their jurisdictions, including expected challenges and confidence in election security. Data from a parallel survey of Michigan County Clerks is included as well. These findings are based on statewide surveys of local government leaders in the Spring 2020 wave of the Michigan Public Policy Survey (MPPS), conducted between March 30 and June 1, 2020—prior to the August 2020 primary. It also contains comparisons to opinions expressed in the Spring 2017 MPPS wave.
Neighborhood characteristics and ideal cardiovascular health among Black adults: results from the Morehouse-Emory Cardiovascular (MECA) Center for Health Equity.

Background Neighborhood environment is increasingly recognized as an important determinant of CVH among Black adults. Most research to date has focused on negative aspects of the neighborhood environment, with little attention being paid to the specific positive features, in particular the social environment, that promote cardiovascular resilience among Black adults. Objective We examined whether better neighborhood physical and social characteristics are associated with ideal CVH among Black adults, as measured by Life's Simple 7 (LS7) scores. Methods We recruited 392 Black adults (age 53 ± 10, 39% male) without known CV disease living in Atlanta, GA. Seven neighborhood domains were assessed via questionnaire: aesthetic quality, walking environment, safety, food access, social cohesion, activity with neighbors, and violence. CVH was determined by LS7 scores calculated from measured blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), and self-reported exercise, diet, and smoking, and categorized into poor (0-8), intermediate (9-10), and ideal (11-14). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between neighborhood characteristics and the odds of intermediate/ideal CVH categories compared to poor CVH after adjustment for age, gender, household income, education, marital status, and employment status. Results Better scores in the neighborhood domains of social cohesion and activity with neighbors were significantly associated with higher adjusted odds of ideal LS7 scores (OR 2.02, 95% CI [1.36 - 3.01] and 1.71 [1.20 - 2.45] per 1 standard deviation [SD] increase in respective scores). These associations were stronger for both social cohesion (OR 2.61, 95% CI [1.48 - 4.61] versus 1.40 [0.82 - 2.40]) and activity with neighbors (OR 1.82, 95% CI [1.15 - 2.86] versus 1.53 [0.84 - 2.78]) in Black women compared to men. Specifically, better scores in social cohesion were associated with higher odds of ideal CVH in exercise (OR 1.73 [1.16 - 2.59]), diet (OR 1.90 [1.11 - 3.26]), and BMI (OR 1.52 [1.09 - 2.09]); better scores in activity with neighbors were also similarly associated with higher odds of ideal CVH in exercise (OR 1.48 [1.00 - 2.19]), diet (OR 2.15 [1.23 - 3.77]), and BMI (OR 1.45 [1.07 - 1.98]; per 1 SD in respective scores). Conclusion More desirable neighborhood characteristics, particularly social cohesion and activity with neighbors, were associated with better CVH among Black adults.
Intraoperative middle cerebral artery injury salvaged by intracranial stent placement during surgical resection of necrotizing neurosarcoidosis

Abstract Background Intraoperative middle cerebral artery injury during cranial neurosurgery is a harrowing complication; the overall outcome depends on the nature of the injury and the steps taken to handle it. If direct repair is unsuccessful, traditionally either the expected stroke must be accepted or a bypass must be performed to prevent it, which is often challenging or not feasible if not planned prior to the procedure. Case presentation A 57 year-old woman with necrotizing neurosarcoidosis presented with headaches and left hemiparesis and was found to have a large right frontotemporal intra-axial mass, progressive in spite of steroids. During surgical resection, the inferior M2 middle cerebral artery (MCA) division was injured. In spite of microsurgical repair of the vessel, the patient emerged from anesthesia with complete left hemiplegia. Emergent cerebral angiography confirmed complete occlusion of the inferior M2 MCA division. Mechanical thrombectomy with a stent-retriever was performed twice, each time resulting in transient recanalization of the vessel followed by re-occlusion. An LVIS Jr. stent was then deployed across the injured segment, intravenous eptifibatide drip initiated, and dual antiplatelet therapy commenced. The patient improved immediately on the table, moving her left side against gravity. Angiography six months later showed continued patency of the injured vessel. At 1-year postoperatively, the patient was back to work with minimal deficits and good control of her sarcoidosis on immunotherapy. Conclusion This report highlights a rare case of necrotizing neurosarcoidosis, treated surgically, with intraoperative MCA injury salvaged by microsurgical and subsequent endovascular repair with an intracranial stent. Key aspects of complication management are highlighted.
Associations Between Transgender Identity, Sleep, Mental Health and Suicidality Among a North American Cohort of College Students

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the associations between transgender identity, sleep, and mental health among a North American cohort of cisgender and transgender college students. Participants and methods This cross-sectional study surveyed 221,549 North American college students from the 2016-2017 American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II. Bivariate and multivariable analysis examined associations among transgender identity and outcomes of insomnia symptoms, daytime sleepiness, sleep disorder diagnoses and treatments. Mental health outcomes included mood symptoms, suicidal behaviors, anxiety and depression diagnoses and treatments. Results Transgender identity was reported by 1.6% (n=3471) of United States (US) and 1.7% (n=717) Canadian students, respectively. Mean age was 22.5 ±6. Transgender college students have an increased prevalence of daytime sleepiness, insomnia symptoms, diagnoses and/or treatment of insomnia and other sleep disorders as compared to cisgender college students. Mental Health symptoms are more prevalent with a 2-fold increase in depression and anxiety and nearly a 4-fold increase in suicide attempts among transgender students. A higher burden of mood symptoms exists among transgender college students in the US in comparison to Canadian students. Conclusion Transgender college students have an alarmingly high rate of mood, sleep disturbances and sleep diagnoses, and suicidality. Colleges and universities must provide sufficient resources to address the sleep and mental health needs of transgender students. Institutions must adopt gender affirming policies that promote an inclusive environment. Increased allocation of resources and adoption of policies that enhance the physical and mental health of transgender students could improve sleep, mood, and potentially lower the suicide risk among a population that often experiences health inequities.
Between aggrieved whiteness and class precarity: a feminist politics of interpretation

A key challenge faced by antiracist, feminist scholars engaging white working-class subjects is how to conceptualize and name class-related vulnerabilities while remaining critical of broader narra...