cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A trimethylsilyl group migration in the chemistry of η5-C5H5Fe(CO)2SiMe3

Abstract Reaction of η5-C5H5Fe(CO)2SiMe3 with either n-BuLi or lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) results in a migration of the trimethylsilyl group from iron to the complexed Cp ligand. The resulting η5-C5H4SiMe3Fe(CO)2 anion is readily alkylated to give σ-bonded derivatives. The unique reactivity of the trimethylsilyl systems is underscored by comparison with the behavior of η5-C5H5Fe(CO)2Me under identical conditions. Some chemical transformations of η5-C5H4SiMe3Fe(CO)2R derivatives involving migratory insertion and β-hydride abstraction are also reported.
Effect of Restored Freshwater Inflow on Macrofauna and Meiofauna in Upper Rincon Bayou, Texas, USA

Construction of two dams in 1958 and 1982 reduced freshwater inflow events to Rincon Bayou, part of the Nueces Delta near Corpus Christi, Texas, USA. Inflow reduction led to a reverse estuary, where low-salinity water flooded the delta on incoming tides and higher salinities were found near the Nueces River. Hypersaline conditions caused by high evaporation rates and low water levels were common during summer in the upper reaches. In October 1995, an overflow diversion channel was created by lowering the bank of the Nueces River to restore inflow events into Rincon Bayou, which is the main stem creek that runs through the center of the Delta. Hypersaline conditions occurred four times from mid-1994 to mid-1997 and only once after mid-1997. Lower, rather than higher, salinity conditions were found after August 1997 in the upper reaches. Benthic faunal recovery was monitored by changes in macrofauna and meiofauna communities. Macrofauna responded to inflow events with increased abundances, biomass, and diversity but decreased during hypersaline conditions. Meiofauna abundance also increased with increasing inflow. Benthic characteristics were different in Rincon Bayou than in a reference site, upstream from introduced inflow. As inflow events have increased due to the diversion, the opportunities for positive responses to increased flow have increased. Although the oveflow channel was filled in at the end of the demonstration project in fall 2000, the City of Corpus Christi reopened the channel in fall 2001 because the ecological benefits were credited toward the state-mandated minimum flow requirement for the Nueces Estuary.
On the Value of the Electric Quadrupole Moment of the Deuteron

The gradient of the electric field at the nucleus in the hydrogen molecule is calculated from a new electronic wave function which gives a simple but accurate formula for the electron density. The wave function is found by a generalization of the procedure first used by S. C. Wang. The calculated field gradient, together with the molecular beam measurements of Kellogg, Rabi, Ramsey and Zacharias, determines the value of the electric quadrupole moment of the deuteron. As stated by the latter authors, the quadrupole moment is 2.73 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}27}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The writer estimates the limits of error of this value to be \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 percent.
ADDENDUM TO THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF NATURAL SELECTION IN EWENS' SENSE (CASE OF MANY LOCI) BY CASTILLOUX AND LESSARD

Abstract The consequences of the corrected version of a formula involved in a new interpretation of the Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection are discussed in the context of optimality principles in genetic evolution.
Dworkin's moral hermeneutics and sociological theory

Abstract As a leading contemporary legal theorist, Ronald Dworkin has been consequential and provocative with respect to the development of jurisprudence. This study selectively applies the general principles of Dworkin's work first to Max Weber's argument for the use of ideal types in the theory construction of social inquiry and then to Talcott Parsons's critique of utilitarianism as a viable theory of social action. The aim is to invigorate, from the vantage point of an interdisciplinary perspective, our understanding of the moral origins of sociological theory.
Kinematic analysis of the equestrian — Walk, posting trot and sitting trot

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if significant differences existed between skill levels of riders at selected gaits. A high-speed video system analyzed the relative angles of the shoulder, hip and knee and the absolute angles of the upper arm, trunk, thigh and lower leg of 63 subjects at three levels of expertise; beginning, intermediate and advanced. Subjects performed at three gaits; walk, posting trot and sitting trot. Significant differences were found between the levels of riders for all angles, except the knee ( p p
Collagenase induction promotes mouse tumorigenesis by two independent pathways.

Although progress has been made in the understanding of the role of metalloproteinases in tumor progression during metastasis, little is known about their contributions, if any, to tumor formation. Accumulating evidence identified an increased presence of several matrix metalloproteinases in human cancers, but the precise role for interstitial collagenase in tumor formation or progression has not been well defined. Transient induction of collagenase was observed in wild-type mouse skin after treatment with the tumor-promoting agents 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and chrysarobin, which promote tumorigenesis through protein kinase C–dependent and –independent pathways, respectively. Transgenic mice that constitutively express interstitial collagenase within the epidermis of the skin have an increased susceptibility to tumorigenesis and produced tumors at lower doses of TPA as compared with wild-type mice. Similarly, the transgenic mice showed increased tumorigenesis when promoted with chrysarobin. These results demonstrate that collagenase overexpression can contribute to tumorigenesis via protein kinase C–dependent and –independent pathways. Significantly, compared with wild-type mice, the transgenic mice demonstrated an elevated expression of c-fos in the skin at baseline, before tumor promotion, suggesting a molecular mechanism for the increased tumor susceptibility in collagenase transgenic mice. These findings further support the importance of MMP deregulation in tumorigenesis and suggest that the role of MMP family members is not limited to metastasis but may also contribute to initial tumor development. Mol. Carcinog. 29:8–16, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Frequency and age effects of secondary health conditions in individuals with spinal cord injury: a scoping review

Frequency and age effects of secondary health conditions in individuals with spinal cord injury: a scoping review
The failure of obsidian hydration dating: Sources, implications, and new directions

Obsidian hydration dating (OHD) originally promised to be a rapid, inexpensive, simple and reliable method for dating obsidian artefacts. The perceived elegance of OHD resulted in rapid acceptance and widespread application despite questions concerning its theoretical rigor. With increased usage it has become evident that, while economical, simple and fast, OHD is unreliable. Here results of a secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) study of obsidian and synthetic glass artefacts are presented that explain why OHD has not lived up to expectations. The results suggest that the standard OHD equations are inappropriate and that traditional optical measurements are inherently flawed. Although significant refinement will be needed, the results suggest that both chronological and palaeoclimatic data might be obtained from glass hydration rims through an improved analytical methodology and more rigorous treatment of the data.
Comparison of Gaussian and Poisson noise models in a hybrid reference spectrum and principal component analysis algorithm for Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectra are most commonly analyzed using the ordinary least squares (LS) method. However, LS is sensitive to variability in the spectra of the analyte and background materials. We previously addressed this problem by successfully proposing a novel hybrid least squares and principal components (HLP) algorithm. HLP extended LS by allowing the reference spectra to vary in accordance with the principal components observed in calibration sets. Previously, HLP assumed zero-mean Gaussian measurement noise. In this work, we show that the noise in fact follows a Poisson distribution, and update the mathematical framework of our algorithm accordingly. Since the name ’least squares’ referred to the Gaussian noise model, we also generalize the name of our algorithm to the Hybrid reference Spectrum and Principal component analysis (HSP) algorithm. The performance of the Gaussian and Poisson noise models is compared using both simulated and measured spectra. The simulated spectra were computed by adding various concentrations of Raman-enhanced gold-silica nanoparticles to three different backgrounds (paraffin, glass and quartz). The measured spectra were acquired from a serial dilution of gold-silica nanoparticles placed on an excised pig colon. For the simulated spectra, the Poisson model consistently outperformed the Gaussian model, on average reducing the mean absolute concentration error as well as its standard deviation by ~15-20%. For the measured data, the Gaussian and Poisson noise models yielded similar concentration estimates. Both HSP algorithms also outperformed the LS algorithm, indicating that the incorporation of the principal components yields a larger improvement in accuracy than the optimization of the noise model. Further comparison between the two HSP algorithms (with Gaussian and Poisson noise models) was precluded by a lack of precise ground truth knowledge of the nanoparticle concentrations on the colon tissue. However, the simulation results already demonstrated that the optimization of noise models can improve the detection accuracy of Raman spectroscopy, and that it may therefore be an important consideration in future high-sensitivity Raman imaging studies.
Designing clinical trials for brain tumors: The next generation

Recent clinical trials have demonstrated improvements in survival in patients with malignant gliomas. Laboratory investigations have uncovered genetic alterations that promote gliomagenesis and defined several critical signaling pathways that affect tumor viability, invasiveness, angiogenesis, and resistance to apoptosis. These advances have stimulated interest in new targeted therapies and clinical trial designs to streamline the determination of efficacy. One such advance is the use of a “progression-free” endpoint, which eliminates the need to demonstrate tumor reduction when there is concurrent treatment-associated tissue necrosis and reflects the cytostatic, not cytotoxic, potential of many new agents. An additional advance is the concept of optimal biologic dose rather than maximum tolerated dose. This concept is being evaluated in laboratory correlative studies through analysis of post-treatment tumor samples. Also, clinical trials are expected to become more efficient through design strategies that permit testing (often simultaneously) of several regimens and facilitate definitive comparisons of the most promising treatment arms. Such designs also require smaller accrual numbers for each study. Finally, investigators have increased interest in determining the impact of treatment on other measures, such as symptom burden, functional status, and quality of life as survival has improved.
Antagonism of Soman-Induced Convulsions by Midazolam, Diazepam and Scopolamine

The effects of midazolam (MDZ), diazepam (DZ) and scopolamine (SCP) therapies on soman-induced electrocorticogram (ECoG) and biceps femoris electromyogram (EMG) activities and brain lesions were assessed in male rats. Animals received pyridostigmine (26 micrograms/kg, im) 30 min before soman (87.1 micrograms/kg, im) followed by therapy consisting of atropine (1.5 mg/kg) admixed with 2-PAM (25 mg/kg, im) 1 min later; MDZ (0.5 mg/kg), DZ (1.77 mg/kg) or SCP (0.43 mg/kg) was administered im at 1 min after the onset of convulsions (CVs). Typically, within 5 min after soman the ECoG profile changed to a full-blown, spike-and-dome epileptiform (SDE) pattern followed by CVs and increased amplitude of EMG activity. Treatment with SCP restored ECoG and EMG profiles by 30 min. At 2 hr after exposure only 1 animal demonstrated a slight abnormality in ECoG activity which was normal at 24 hr. Similarly, DZ and MDZ restored EcoG and EMG profiles by 30 min; however, in contrast to SCP, 83% of the animals demonstrated reappearance of SDE 2 hrs after soman. SCP therapy also enabled rats to move about in their cages by 30 min post treatment. In contrast, DZ- and MDZ-treated rats remained incapacitated as late as 2 hr post-exposure. Animals were euthanized at 24 hr, and the extent of soman-induced brain lesions was determined by light microscopic analysis. When present, brain lesions were minimal in SCP-treated rats. The mean brain lesion scores across all experimental conditions ranked as follows: soman control > MDZ > DZ > or = SCP = saline control. These observations suggest that SCP may be highly effective in severe soman intoxication.
A Vision of Integrity and the Mission of Performance Improvement

Summary The performance improvement professional, as well as those in Human Resource Development, Organizational Systems Development, Sociotechnical Systems Development, Total Quality Management, and Training and Education, are all uniquely positioned in their companies to facilitate the value of ethical awareness throughout the workplace. We certainly can be ethically informed and can conduct research studies on ethical issues in performance improvement. In practice, ethical standards for the practice of our craft should arise from within the membership of our profession. Ethical standards for our clients ought to arise from the organizations in which we work. We can help them. We must decide if we will pursue those challenges. Those of us who choose to work on this task should spend time grounding ourselves in the empirical research and normative ethical theory that comprise the field of business ethics. Then we ought to design and develop a more refined ethical heuristic based upon empirical and rational writings and on the work of subject matter experts and ethicists. Finally, we ought to use and model these ethical standards ourselves as we practice our craft.
Delimiting perceptual cues used for the ethnic labeling of African American and European American voices

A review of speech identification studies examining the abilities of listeners to distinguish African American and European American voices shows that Americans can recognize many African American voices with a high degree of accuracy even in the absence of stereotypical morphosyntactic and lexical features. Experiments to determine what cues listeners use to distinguish ethnicity have not yielded such consistent results, perhaps suggesting that listeners may access a wide variety of cues if necessary. An experiment involving African Americans with features of a European American vernacular demonstrated that African Americans with atypical features are difficult for listeners to identify. Analysis suggested that vowel quality and intonation could have misled respondents but did not rule out timing and voice quality as factors in identification.
Ionic and mixed conductors for energy storage and conversion systems

Abstract Experimental information is reviewed on the structures and the ionic transport properties of a number of solids which are predominantly ionic conductors possessing unusually mobile selected ionic species. The structural criteria for finding fast ionic diffusivity in such solid phases (fast ion conductors) is discussed and the current status of the theory of optimized ionic conduction in solid electrolyte materials is reviewed. Recent data on selected materials which exhibit tunnel or layer structures, within which significant charge transport occurs due to the motion of both ionic and electronic species (mixed conductors), is also discussed. Emphasis is placed here on those mixed conductors which might find application as cathode materials in secondary cells.
Warping Waldseemüller: A Phenomenological and Computational Study of the 1507 World Map

Abstract The 1507 World Map by Martin Waldseemuller shows, for the first time, a depiction of the New World as a separate landmass detached from Asia. This study compares the outline of South America on the Waldseemuller map using several related computational methods. First, the projection is analysed, modelled, and compared with the modern outline of South America, which is found to be tantalizingly similar in form and location to the 1507 representation. Second, polynomial warping algorithms of the second order are applied to the world map and spatial interpolations are carried out. The newly produced regression surfaces and curves are analysed for inflection-point behaviour, and global and local correlation coefficients are calculated to give some indication of the geometric similarity between the 1507 and modern forms. The shape and location of the South American continent on the 1507 map is chronometrically problematic, since neither Balboa nor Magellan had reached the Pacific Ocean by this time. Th...
Temperature and frequency dependence of linewidth in BaFe 12 O 19

In order to determine the important magnetic loss mechanisms in the hexagonal ferrite BaFe 12 O 19 , the ferromagnetic resonance linewidth has been measured as a function of temperature and frequency. Measurements were performed over the temperature range of 60° to 300°K and frequency range 52 to 64 GHz, both for pure and for Mn-substituted barium ferrite. Our results indicate that the bulk of the linewidth in high-quality, pure barium ferrite crystals can be attributed to an intrinsic Kasuya-LeCraw scattering process. The same measurements on manganese-substituted barium ferrite (BaFe 11.8 Mn 0.2 O 19 ) revealed a somewhat more complicated temperature dependence for the linewidth. The magnetic loss for the Mn-substituted sample is explained as the sum of two separate contributions: a Kasuya-LeCraw scattering loss, and a temperature peak process due to crystal impurities.
Reactive lyotropic polyimide oligomers

Amine-terminated and maleimide-terminated oligomers of molecular weight 1200–1800 based on 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl and 3,3′,4,4′-biphenylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride were synthesized and characterized for lyotropic liquid crystalline behavior. Several different synthetic procedures were evaluated and a one-step procedure in m-cresol was found to be the most effective for producing fully imidized materials. Lyotropic behavior was observed only for the as-prepared solutions in m-cresol and in dilutions of this solution. Oligomer thermal stability was excellent, onsets of decomposition were in excess of 550°C. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of salinity changes on growth of Ruppia maritima L.

Abstract The ability of Ruppia maritima L. to tolerate moderate salinity changes was determined in a greenhouse study. While R. maritima has been shown to survive in salinities from 0 to 70 ppt, it has been suggested that changes in salinity alone may be detrimental. We tested the hypothesis that along the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico, R. maritima may be limited not by salinity averages, but by salinity changes which occur. In a 9-week experiment, in summer 2001, relative growth rate of R. maritima was compared between salinity treatments which included constant salinity (10 g l −1 ), one salinity change (±10 g l −1 ), and two salinity changes (±10 g l −1 ). Relative growth rate was highest under constant salinity, and significantly lower than the control (constant salinity) when salinity was reduced by 10 g l −1 over 48 h at week 3, and increased by 10 g l −1 at week 6 suggesting that short-term freshening events may negatively impact R. maritima growth. Relative growth rate was also significantly lower when salinity was raised twice, once at week 3, and again at week 6 to reach 30 g l −1 . Pulsed salinity changes may limit R. maritima growth and distribution in this region.
Search for the fade out of a collective enhancement of the nuclear level density

The fade out of a collective enhancement of the nuclear level density is predicted (by an SU3 shell model) to give rise to a clear signature in the evolution of the spectral shape of evaporated charged particles with excitation energy. We have searched for this signature in the spectra of {alpha} particles emitted from {sup 178}Hf compound nuclei, with excitation energies between 54 and 124 MeV, formed in {sup 18}O+{sup 160}Gd fusion reactions. The Gammasphere spectrometer provided us with the ability to construct channel-specific {alpha}-particle spectra that could be compared to statistical-model calculations on a channel-by-channel basis. The expected clear signature of a rapid fade out of a collective enhancement was not found. The data are best reproduced by calculations that do not explicitly consider a collective enhancement and its fade out.
Can the genetics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes shed light on the genetics of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults

The pathophysiology of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is considered less understood than its much better characterized counterparts of type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D and T2D), where its clinical presentation exhibits some features of each of these two main diseases, earning it a reputation as being “type 1.5 diabetes”. The etiology of LADA remains unknown, but a genetic component has been implicated from recent reports of T1D and T2D genes playing a role in its pathogenesis. One way to shed much needed light on the classification of LADA is to determine the discrete genetic factors conferring risk to the pathogenesis of this specific phenotype and to determine to what extent LADA shares genetic similarities with T1D and T2D. For instance, no conclusive support for a role of the T1D-associated INS gene has been reported in T2D; conversely, but similarly, no evidence has been found for the role of the T2D-associated genes IDE/HHEX, SLC30A8, CDKAL1, CDKN2A/B, IGF2BP2, FTO, and TCF7L2 in T1D. Ho...
Hormone response element binding proteins: Novel regulators of vitamin D and estrogen signaling

Insights from vitamin D-resistant New World primates and their human homologues as models of natural and pathological insensitivity to sterol/steroid action have uncovered a family of novel intracellular vitamin D and estrogen regulatory proteins involved in hormone action. The proteins, known as "vitamin D or estrogen response element-binding proteins", behave as potent cis-acting, transdominant regulators to inhibit steroid receptor binding to DNA response elements and is responsible for vitamin D and estrogen resistances. This set of interactors belongs to the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) family of previously known pre-mRNA-interacting proteins. This review provides new insights into the mechanism by which these novel regulators of signaling and metabolism can act to regulate responses to vitamin D and estrogen. In addition the review also describes other molecules that are known to influence nuclear receptor signaling through interaction with hormone response elements.
Bilateral Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy: A Tale of Caution

. Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy continues to be an important challenge facing emergency physicians. The authors present a case of bilateral tubal ectopic pregnency and discuss its clinical features and diagnositc difficulties. A review of the English-language literature on the subject is discussed. Suggestions are made on ways to increase diagnostic accuracy, reduce complications, and preserve future fertility in this group of patients.
Electrophysiologic evaluation of encainide with use of monophasic action potential recording.

Abstract The electrophysiologic effects of encainide in the intact dog heart were evaluated with the use of monophasic action potential and His bundle recordings. Eight mongrel dogs were given 2.7 mg/kg body weight of encainide in two intravenous infusions. Plasma concentration, blood pressure, surface electrocardiogram, atrial and His bundle electrograms, right atrial and ventricular monophasic action potentials and the right atrial and ventricular effective and functional refractory periods were recorded before and 15 to 45 minutes after each infusion. Basic cycle length and A-H, H-V, QRS and Q-T C intervals were significantly prolonged after administration of the drug. The refractory periods and the monophasic action potential durations were significantly increased in both the atrium and the ventricle although the increases were more pronounced in the atrium. It is concluded that encainide is a class I antiarrhythmic agent with properties very similar to those of quinidine.
Methyl acrylate/1-octene copolymers: Lewis acid-mediated polymerization

Copolymerization of methyl acrylate (MA) with 1-octene (1-Oct) was conducted in the presence of free radical initiator, 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) using heterogeneous Lewis acid, acidic alumina. The polymers obtained were transparent and highly viscous liquids. The copolymer composition calculated from 1H NMR showed alkene incorporation in the range of 10–61%. The monomodal nature of chromatographic curves corresponding to the molecular weight distribution in gel permeation chromatography (GPC) further confirmed that the polymers obtained are true copolymers. The number–average molecular weights (Mn) of the copolymers were in the range of 1.1 × 104–1.6 × 104 with polydispersity index of 1.75–2.29. The effects of varying the acidic alumina amount, time of polymerization, and monomer infeed on the incorporation of 1-Oct in the polymer chain were studied. Increased 1-Oct infeed led to its higher inclusion in the copolymer chain as elucidated by NMR. DEPT-135 NMR spectral analysis was used to explicate the nature of arrangement of monomer sequences in the copolymer chain. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Psychometric artificial intelligence

Rather long ago, Newell (1973) wrote a prophetic paper that can serve as a rallying cry for this special issue of JETAI: ‘You Can't Play 20 Questions with Nature and Win’. This paper helped catalys...
Learning faster than promised by the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension

Abstract We investigate the sample size needed to infer a separating line between two convex planar regions using Valiant's model of the complexity of learning from random examples [4]. A theorem proved in [1] using the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension gives an O((1/e)ln(1/e)) upper bound on the sample size sufficient to infer a separating line with error less than e between two convex planar regions. This theorem requires that with high probability any separating line consistent with such a sample have small error. The present paper gives a lower bound showing that under this requirement the sample size cannot be improved. It is further shown that if this requirement is weakened to require only that a particular line which is tangent to the convex hulls of the sample points in the two regions have small error then the ln(1/e) term can be eliminated from the upper bound.
On the interpretation of natural language instructions

In this paper, we discuss the approach we take to the interpretation of instructions. Instructions describe actions related to each other and to other goals the agent may have; our claim is that the agent must actively compute the actions that s/he has to perform, not simply "extract" their descriptions from the input.We will start by discussing some inferences that are necessary to understand instructions, and we will draw some conclusions about action representation formalisms and inference processes. We will discuss our approach, which includes an action representation formalism based on Conceptual Structures [Jac90], and the construction of the structure of the agent's intentions. We will conclude with an example that shows why such representations help us in analyzing instructions.
National Values, Institutions and Health Policies: What do they Imply for Medicare Reform?

Abstract This contribution explores the relation between national values and national health policy. The article emphasizes the difficulty in describing “national values” in nations with heterogeneous populations. Values, we characterize as general, and as conflicting with one another. And the article briefly describes the factors besides ideas (including values) that shape national policy: interests and social institutions. The article demonstrates substantial differences in the OECD countries' institutional arrangements – differences in the extent of health insurance coverage, in how organized interest groups bargain about the rules of health financing policy, and which policy instruments are adopted, maintained, or changed over time. At the same time the article provides evidence of widespread public support among the populations of industrialized democracies for the principle of universal access for health care, with the sharing of costs according to ability to pay. This evidence supports the argument...
Decay of a Magnetohydrodynamic Shock Wave Produced by a Piston

The interaction of a uniform shock wave and a centered rarefaction wave in the one-dimensional, unsteady flow of an ideal, inviscid, perfectly conducting, monatomic, compressible fluid subjected to a transverse magnetic field is discussed. A uniform shock wave is generated by pushing a piston with constant velocity into a tube filled with gas at rest. The piston is stopped abruptly thus generating a centered rarefaction wave, which propagates with true sonic speed and ultimately overtakes the shock and diminishes its strength. Under the assumption that the shock wave is weak or at most of moderate strength, the width of the interaction zone and the subsequent motion of the shock wave may be determined by an extension of the Friedrichs' theory for conventional gas dynamic flow. Finally, for a monatomic fluid, generalized Riemann invariants and the flow parameters in a centered simple wave may be determined explicitly.
Multiple behavioral risk factors among adolescent survivors of childhood cancer in the survivor health and resilience education (SHARE) program

Background Health-compromising behaviors among survivors of childhood cancer may increase their risks of cancer recurrence and the onset of chronic disease in adulthood. Regardless of whether such behaviors occur singly or in combination with one another, multiple behavioral risk factors must be identified and addressed early to promote better health outcomes within this special population. Adolescent survivors may be especially vulnerable, as reported rates of smoking and other risky behaviors are at or near levels of their healthy peers. The psychological literature suggests stress may play a role in risk behavior initiation and maintenance, including multiple behavioral risks, and that adolescent survivors are stress-prone. This report focuses on the prevalence and co-occurrence of three behavioral risk factors (cigarette use, insufficient physical activity, and non-adherence to sun protection recommendations) and describes stress-health behavior relationships in this special population. Procedure All patients in this study (n = 75) were adolescent survivors of childhood cancer and completed a baseline assessment of their health behaviors and stress as part of a randomized controlled trial of health promotion. Results Twenty-eight percent of the patients reported one of three risk factors, 12% reported two of three risk factors, and 7% reported all three risk factors. Non-adherence to sun protection was the single most common risk factor; physical inactivity and non-adherent sun protection were the most common co-occurring risk factors. Greater age and stress were significantly associated with the presence of more behavioral risk factors. Conclusions The evidence suggests interventions to reduce multiple health-compromising behaviors in these patients are warranted, and that efforts to address these patients' personal and family stress levels are important as well. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2006;47:825–830. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
John Dewey, Gothic and Modern

ABSTRACT It is argued here that understanding John Dewey's thought as that of a prodigal liberal or a fellow traveller does not capture the complexity of his work. It is also important to recognise the portion of his work that is historie morale. In the very best sense it is epic, encapsulating the hopes and dreams of a history of the American people in the early 1900s. It is a work that simultaneously pursues modernity and the past – for the sake of coping with the present. It also calls attention to an unnoticed element in his work ‘inexperience’.
Solution to the time-dependent photon transport equation

Researchers in biomedical optics use either the photon diffusion model or the Monte Carlo simulation to approach the `forward problem' of image reconstruction of the optical diffusion tomography for turbid media. Solving the photon transport equation is an alternate method to solve the `forward problem,' and might be more accurate because light propagation in turbid media is supposed to be better depicted by the photon transport equation than the other two methods. A solution to the time-dependent integro-differential equation has been found, using a hybrid (finite-difference and analytic) method. When the spatial and directional distributions of the initial light beam are given, analytical solutions to the photon transport equation are obtained for following discrete instances. This new approach has potential application to the time-resolved optical diffusion tomography as a more accurate solution to the `forward problem.'© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The importance of sampling scale in ecology: kilometer-wide variation in coral reef communities

Observations along the north coast of Jamaica in 1994 suggested that areas of relatively high coral cover and high coral diversity occurred adjacent to reefs that have been in decline since 1980. This study was carried out to quantify these observations, to determine whether similar variation occurs elsewhere in the Caribbean, and to draw attention to the significance of kilometer-wide variation in coral reef community ecology. The fore reef (10 m depth) of Discovery Bay, Jamaica, had 60% macroalgae cover and appeared typical of a highly degraded Caribbean reef. However, neighboring reefs (<9 km away) in the same reef zone and a t the same deplh had up to 19 species of scleractinians, significantly higher coral cover (5 to 23 %) and lower macroalgae cover (10 to 39%). Three reefs along the south coast of St. John, US Virgin Islands (10 m depth), which are protected within a National Park, displayed comparable kilometer-wide variation in coral cover (3 to 33%) and macroalgae cover (22 to 33%). The abundance of juvenile corals also displayed similar levels of kilometer-wide variation withln both Islands. These results demonstrate that several measures of coral reef community structure are h~gh ly variable over a spatial scale of kilometers; further study of these patterns may prove valuable In discerning the causes and consequences of coral demise. The existence of such large-scale varlat~on emphasizes the importance of careful choice of sampling scale in the design and interpretation of monitoring programs in community ecology.
An Enlarging Neck Mass

Awomaninher70spresentedwithanenlargingrightneckmassover the previous 6months. Prior neck ultrasonography and a computed tomography(CT)scanshowedaheterogeneousechogenic right thyroidmass with tracheal displacement and a noncalcified pulmonary noduleonthe left side.Aradioactive iodinescanrevealeda largecold nodule. A positron emission tomographic (PET) scan showed increased fludeoxyglucose F 18 avidity of both the right thyroid mass and the lung nodules. Results from the initial fine-needle aspiration (FNA) from the outside institutionwere nondiagnostic. Laboratory assessment showed a calcium level of 10.8mg/dL, a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level lower than 0.01 mIU/L, and a calcitonin level lower than 5 pg/mL. A repeated CT scan revealed an 8.8-cm thyroid mass on the right side infiltrating the tracheoesophageal groove and invading the internal and anterior jugularveins, alongwithasuspicious level II/III lymphnodesandmultiple lung nodules (Figure, A). Repeated FNA revealed amalignant neoplasmcomposedofepithelioid cells, low-to-intermediategrade of probable thyroid origin, and positive results from a immunohistochemical test for thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) (Figure, B). (To convert calcium to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.25; to covert calcitonin to picomoles per liter, multiply by 0.292.) Open biopsy showed the anterior jugular vein entirely replaced by necrotic tumor. Microscopically, the specimen was invasive, with insular and solid growth pattern, frequent mitoses, and abundant necrosis (Figure, C and D). Immunoperoxidase studies werepositive for thyroglobulin andTTF-1,with anelevatedKi-67 index (30%); cells were negative for p53, calcitonin, and chromogranin. Computed tomography–guidedFNAof the lungnodules revealed tumor cells cytologically similar to those from the thyroid biopsyandpositive forTTF-1.Despite local resection, radiation, and chemotherapy, thepatientdevelopedweaknessandataxia secondary to brain metastasis found on magnetic resonance imaging 4 months later. What is your diagnosis? A
When Is a Defibrillator Not a Defibrillator? When It’s Like a Clock Radio … . The Challenge of Usability and Patient Safety in the Real World

Fairbanks et al describe how usability testing can be used to uncover medical device design flaws that compromise the safe and efficient delivery of care. Their experience is consistent with other published reports, which tested readily available technologies and found dramatic human-automation interactions problems that could be linked to poor device design. These findings are likely the tip of a proverbial iceberg of medical technology and devices, that, by design, have limited usability. And yet health care delivery organizations continue to purchase devices and information technologies that lack usability. This brings up many questions. Why do hospitals and health care providers continue to purchase devices and technology with poor usability? Why don’t manufacturers address these shortcomings? And how, if at all, are regulatory agencies involved in this problem? After all, the US Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Defense, Department of Transportation, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Department of Energy, and the National Aviation and Space Administration use usability and human-factors engineering design. The full answers to these questions are the subject of textbooks, PhD theses, and international meetings. We examine 3 of the major issues that we believe in part address those questions: lack of understanding usability science, lack of good usability testing practices, and lack of market demand for usability.
Teaching about Sweatshops and Globalization

This article reports on my experience teaching Sweatshops and the Global Economy. It describes exercises in political economy for engaging students in the study of sweatshops. Also taken up are my efforts to involve students in the debate among economists about sweatshops and the antisweatshop movement, an analysis of the place of sweatshops in the process of globalization, and efforts to end sweatshop abuse.
Introduccion de los metodos Estadisticos en la industria

El Dr. Dudding es un pionero, en este pais, de las aplicaciones estadisticas a la investigacion y control de los procesos industriales. En este articulo nos describe como, el y sus colegas de la G. E.-C., desarrollaron esta aplicacion hasta culminar en el empleo de la tecnica del grafico de control. El articulo tambien menciona problemas practicos presentados en la introduccion de estas tecnicas en las fabricas y describe las ventajas que resultan de su empleo.
TU‐FF‐A3‐03: Individual and Group Setup Margins with KV Imaging for Daily Patient Positioning

Purpose: Optimum treatment efficacy requires that setup uncertainties be determined for each institution and treatment site. Patient and site specific setup margins were derived and compared for laser alignment vs kV image‐based localization. Method and Materials: Setup uncertainties and margins were established for fifty‐five patients (head and neck: 7, abdomen: 12, pelvis: 20 and lung: 6) treated with external beam radiotherapy using the Varian OBI kV imager for daily target localization. At each treatment fraction two pairs of orthogonal kV images were acquired to assess 1) required shifts and 2) verify the patient position before treatment.Results: The group margins were calculated according to the Van Herk formalism with the intent to give 99% of the prescribed dose to 99% of the patient population. With laser alignment an average margin of 10.6 mm in each direction is required for all treatment sites whereas kV imaging alignment reduces this average margin to 2.6 mm. Optimal patient‐specific margins were calculated retrospectively and range from 3.2–12.7 mm, 2.8–8.8 mm, 4.8–8.7 and 3.6–8.4 mm for laser alignment and 1.2–2.8 mm, 1.2–3.2mm, 1.2–2.9 mm and 1.8–3.5 mm with kV imaging for pelvis, head and neck, abdomen and lung patients respectively. Conclusion: The amplitude of the 99%–99% margin (2.6 mm) is small enough to be incorporated into routine clinical practice for this institution. The benefits of daily kV imaging can thus be described in terms of increased target coverage for a larger fraction of patients. For patients set up with kV imaging the range of the individual setup margins is small enough that the group setup margin can be considered adequate for each individual patient. This alleviates the need to derive patient‐specific setup margins during treatment when organ motion is limited. Conflict of Interest: This research was funded in part by Varian Medical Systems.
Disabled readers: their intellectual and perceptual capacities at differing ages.

Summary.-To investigate the multiple relationships between selected measures of intelligence and perception and reading achievement a group of young, poor readers (Mca = 8.4 yr.) and a group of older, poor readers (MCA = 11.2 yr.) were given the Gates-MacGinitie Achievement Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Slosson Intelligence Test, Spatial Orientation Memory Test, and Auditory Discrimination Test. The combination of the four predictor variables accounted for a significant amount of the variance in reading vocabulary and comprehension for younger and older poor readers. Greater variance was accounted for in the reading achievement of younger students than of older students. Perceptual abilities related more strongly for younger students, while intelligence related more strongly for older students. Questions are raised about the validity of using expectancy formulae with younger disabled readers and the "learning disabilities" approach with older disabled readers. The relationship between the ability to read and intellectual capacity has been of interest to psychologists and educators for-most of this century. Considering the large number of studies exploring the relationship and how those studies differ in definition and assessment of reading ability, definition and assessment' of intelligence, student populations, sampling techniques, methods of analysis and design, the relevant findings have been remarkably consistent: (1) correlations between reading and intelligence tend to be moderate to strong, generally ranging from .4 to .9; (2) the relationship tends to be stronger for older students than younger ones (Gates & MacGinitie, 1965); (3) the relationship tends to be stronger for groups "typical" in intelligence and reading ability than for those of restricted low intelligence and reading ability (Dunn & Hottel, 1961; Lilly & Kelleher, 1973). It may be reasonable to infer that the relationship between intelligence and reading ability for younger disabled readers is not a strong one. Auditory and visual perceptual ability, including acuity, discrimination, and memory, are other areas which have often been examined in relation to reading achievement. However, the studies of the relationship between perceptual ability and reading ability have not yielded results as consistent as those of the relationship between intelligence and reading. The research pursued by Hammill and his colleagues (Hammill, 1972; Hammill & Wiederholt, 1973; Hammill & Larsen, 1974), by Robinson ( 1972 ) , and by Morrison, Giordani, and Nagy (1977) shows little association between perceptual abilities and reading achievement. From this one may infer there is little difference
Fatigue Crack Initiation in Pressure Vessel Steels Using a Distance Parameter

The propagation behavior of short cracks cannot be studied by linear elastic methods because of large plastic region near the crack tip, as well as a breakdown in correlation of the stress intensity factor with the fatigue crack growth rates. The proposed fatigue design approach incorporates a distance parameter in conjunction with linear elastic fracture mechanics and effectively integrates long and short crack growth test data. This distance parameter is a material constant that allows for the effects of (a) large-scale plasticity, (b) crack closure and (c) fatigue crack threshold. Furthermore, this parameter can be used to successfully predict fatigue crack growth behavior of short cracks. The practical application of this method to study fatigue crack initiation in pressure vessels rests on the concept that initiation occurs only when the material ahead of the crack tip is damaged enough by cyclic straining.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Populism and competitive authoritarianism in the Andes

Although military rule disappeared in Latin America after 1990, other forms of authoritarianism persisted. Competitive authoritarianism, in which democratic institutions exist but incumbent abuse skews the playing field against opponents, emerged in Peru, Venezuela, Bolivia, and Ecuador during the post-Cold War period. This article seeks to explain the emergence of competitive authoritarianism in the Andes. It argues that populism – the election of a personalistic outsider who mobilizes voters with an anti-establishment appeal – is a major catalyst for the emergence of competitive authoritarianism. Lacking experience with representative democratic institutions, possessing an electoral mandate to destroy the existing elite, and facing institutions of horizontal accountability controlled by that elite, populists have an incentive to launch plebiscitary attacks on institutions of horizontal accountability. Where they succeed, weak democracies almost invariably slide into competitive authoritarianism. The arg...
The influence of pre- and postnatal undernutrition on the developing brain stem reticular core: a quantitative Golgi study.

Abstract Neurons of the brain stem reticular core were examined in rats which had been exposed to prenatal or postnatal undernutrition. Prenatal undernutrition was induced by restricting maternal diet to 2 3 of ad libitum prior to and during the gestation period. Postnatal restriction to 20 days of age was induced by increasing the litter to 14 and removing the dam for 8 h each day. Both imposed experimental conditions tended to delay the course of reticular neuron development as indicated by altered number of dendritic protospines and varicosities. However, the effects of prenatal undernutrition were more severe. At birth, the amount of DNA in the brain stem was reduced (−24%) while average dendritic extent and branching were greatly increased. Early undernutrition appears to have a profound effect on the quality of the neuropil, both neuronal and glial, while postnatal exposure does not influence the structure of the dendritic arbor.