cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political Science: Seeing Like a Subversive Social Scientist

Much of the work of political science revolves around institutions—the structures through which politics happens. Leaders enter the frame, of course, but often as institutions in human form: presidents, premiers, populists, and mobilizers who serve to channel and direct who does what and what they do, much like an agency or law. We might trace this pseudo-structural, largely mechanical reading of human agency to political scientists of an earlier era: the behavioralists of the 1950s and 1960s. James C. Scott began his career as just such a scholar. For his dissertation-turned-book, Political Ideology in Malaysia: Reality and the Beliefs of an Elite, Scott surveyed a gaggle of Malaysian bureaucrats to examine, effectively, the extent to which their values and assumptions supported or subverted the new democracy they served. Although itself fairly prosaic, that work foreshadows the political grime and games that soon pulled Scott in more promising directions theoretically, whether scrutinizing Southeast Asia or global patterns: disentangling structure from norms, finding agency around the margins of class and state, and rethinking how power looks and functions.
Changing the locks on intestinal signaling.

Summary Endogenous peptides and structurally similar bacterial heat-stable enterotoxins (ST) bind guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C), resulting in fluid homeostasis or diarrhea, respectively. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Carey et al., show how bats have evolutionarily maintained homeostatic signaling while avoiding pathogenic effects of ST.
Analysis of Roof Truss using Timoshenko Beam Model

The exact solution for the roof truss analysis using the Timoshenko beam model is presented in this paper. The axial stiffness of the top and bottom cords is simplified to be equivalent to flexural stiffness of beam. Similarly, the axial stiffness of the webs and diagonals is equivalent to shear stiffness of beam. This analysis is broken into two parts: the member stress and the maximum deflection analysis. The results are then compared to those of the finite element models. The studies of equivalent shear deflection in the roof truss are also included in this paper.
Oxidative product formation analysis by flow cytometry.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the oxidative product formation analysis by flow cytometry. The advantages of the flow-based methods are that a significantly reduced cell number is required, the procedure is relatively easy, and, if a flow cytometer is already available, the procedure is inexpensive to perform. A significant feature of the flow-based methods not available using any other technique is the capability to determine heterogeneity of response. Subpopulations defined by either light scatter or fluorescence intensity can be identified and quantified. Thus unresponsive or poorly responsive cell populations are easily discerned. A calibration curve can be generated based upon spectrophotometric data and flow cytometric measurements. This allows for conversion of flow cytometry fluorescence channels into quantitative estimations of H­ 2 O 2 , if necessary.
Dynamic global vegetation modelling for prediction of plant functional types and biogenic trace gas fluxes

Summary 1. A Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM) has been developed as a new feature of the NASA-CASA (Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach) ecosystem production and trace gas model. This DGVM includes seasonal phenology algorithms calibrated using historical interannual data sets derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution (AVHRR) satellite ‘greenness’ index. 2. The coupled CASA-DGVM design is based conceptually on two main elements of Tilman's resource-ratio hypothesis of vegetation change, namely: 1) plant competition for resources (water and light) over relatively short time periods of months and seasons; and 2) the long-term pattern in the supply of growth-limiting resources such as water and nutrients, i.e. the resource-supply trajectory. This simulation model generates global gridded estimates of primary production, above and below ground biomass, leaf area index (LAI), and trace gas fluxes from soil. 3. Eight distributed test locations for the DGVM were evaluated initially to represent a variety of climate conditions ranging from Arctic (64°N Alaska) to tropical and subtropical (24°S southern Africa) latitude zones. At all test locations, the predicted plant functional type (PFT) matched closely with the actual reported PFT. 4. In the process of running the model to steady state PFTs, most forest locations showed a rapid progression of transient states, from bare ground to grassland, to grasses with shrub cover, and finally to the forest PFT. From this first global application, the DGVM correctly predicts the presence of forest classes in approximately 75–95% of all cases worldwide, and grasslands in approximately 58% of all cases. 5. The effects of two hypothetical climate change scenarios were evaluated. Scenario I was set by warming air surface temperatures linearly to 4 °C above average over a 25-year simulation period. Scenario II was set by decreasing annual rainfall amounts linearly to 50% below average over a 25-year simulation period. 6. The warming scenario I resulted in PFT at high-latitude forest and boreal forest sites changing to mixed coniferous forest, accompanied by increase in canopy LAI. The drought scenario II resulted in PFT at the boreal forest and savanna sites changing to grasslands. At locations where PFT did not change with climate, however, soil water and canopy LAI were predicted to decline progressively under the warming scenario, beginning from steady-state temperate and tropical zone PFTs. They also declined under the drought scenario beginning from practically any steady state PFT.
Telesurgery: Remote Monitoring and Assistance During Laparoscopy

Laparoscopic surgery is the most commonly practiced and accepted form of minimally invasive surgery. Laparoscopic surgery in urology has, in many instances, become the standard of care. However, laparoscopy is associated with a steep learning curve because of its complexity and difficulty. This learning curve causes long operative times and potentially increases operative complications. Interestingly, to date there are no formal credentialing guidelines. Telesurgery has become feasible with the advent of recent Internet and robotic technology. This new technology has applicability within urology, as it enables an expert laparoscopic surgeon to mentor an inexperienced surgeon from a remote location. In this article, we review the background to current telesurgical research and describe experiences, with emphasis on the current status of this technology within urology. Telesurgery is feasible and may play a major role within urology. Although the utility of this technology is apparent, especially within minimally invasive approaches, barriers such as technical limitations and legal implications may hinder its progress and eventual acceptance. Urologists standing at the beginning of the twenty-first century should be cognizant of the eventual implementation of this technology.
Queuing and Scheduling

This chapter contains sections titled: Queuing and Scheduling Concepts Packets and Cellification Different Types of Queuing Disciplines FIFO – First in, First out Fair Queuing Priority Queuing Weighted Fair Queuing Weighted Round Robin Deficit Weighted Round Robin Priority‐Based Deficit Weighted Round Robin Conclusions about the Best Queuing Discipline Further Reading
MOMENT-LINEAR STOCHASTIC SYSTEMS

We introduce a class of quasi-linear models for stochastic dynamics, called moment-linear stochastic systems (MLSS). We formulate MLSS and analyze their dynamics, as well as discussing common stochastic models that can be represented as MLSS. Further studies, including development of optimal estimators and controllers, are summarized. We discuss the reformulation of a common stochastic hybrid system—the Markovian jump- linear system (MJLS)—as an MLSS, and show that the MLSS formulation can be used to develop some new analyses for MJLS. Finally, we briefly discuss the use of MLSS in modeling certain stochastic network dynamics. Our studies suggest that MLSS hold promise in providing a framework for modeling interesting stochastic dynamics in a tractable manner.
Unusual spin correlations in a nanomagnet

We show how atomic-scale exchange phenomena can be controlled and exploited in nanoscale itinerant magnets to substantially improve magnetic properties. Cluster-deposition experiments, first-principle simulations, and analytical calculations are used to demonstrate the effect in Co2Si nanoclusters, which have average sizes varying from about 0.6 to 29.5 nm. The cluster-deposited nanoparticles exhibit average magnetic moments of up to 0.70 μB/Co at 10 K and 0.49 μB/Co at 300 K with appreciable magnetocrystalline anisotropies, in sharp contrast to the nearly vanishing bulk magnetization. The underlying spin correlations and associated cluster-size dependence of the magnetization are explained by a surface induced ferromagnetic spin polarization with a decay length of the order of 1 nm, much larger than the nearest-neighbor interatomic distance in the alloy.
Writers as key members of product development teams

All too often, technical writers have been relegated to the back end of the development process, providing documentation for products whose design and implementation are essentially complete. This paper describes a model that ensures writer involvement throughout the life cycle of a project. Although official policy at SunSoft supposedly mandates writer participation in all stages of product development, only engineering appreciation for the value writers add to the early stages guarantees success of the model. Therefore, this paper focuses on a very successful project and draws conclusions about the general applicability of the model. >
Co-located Nonprofit Centers

Nonprofit centers are organized to house individual nonprofits “under one roof” to enhance their efficiency and effectiveness and to offer shared services to diminish administrative load. This post-occupancy tenant satisfaction survey of three such US centers represents the first empirical analysis of such organizations. We find that nonprofit tenants (N = 118) initially co-located due to the leasing price and the new physical environment (free parking and safety). Nearly all nonprofit tenants wished to remain at their nonprofit centers, largely for the same reasons that brought them there. The article then discusses strategies to achieve the high response rates attained in this study. It concludes with some implications for nonprofit centers, communities, and nonprofit staff—now and in the future, including lower occupancy costs and enhanced quality of nonprofits’ workspace.
The Stimulation of Albumin Synthesis by Methadone

Elevated levels of serum albumin have been noted in patients on chronic methadone maintenance and in heroin addicts. This observation was investigated in rabbits maintained on daily methadone 4 mg per kg of body weight after a period of 3 months on increasing dosage to assure drug tolerance. Albumin distribution and metabolism were measured with tested lots of 125I rabbit albumin. Studies were made before and again after the attainment of the methadone maintenance state. Albumin distribution was altered markedly with a shift of intravascular albumin to extravascular sites. Associated with this change, the serum albumin level rose by an average of 0.5 g per 100 ml. Albumin degradation increased by 32% from 248 to 327 mg per kg per day. The total exchangeable albumin pool increased 35%, or 3.6 g. Since the exchangeable albumin pool increased in the face of an increment in albumin degradation, albumin synthesis must have increased even further to account for this change. Although the specific factors responsible for these alterations in albumin metabolism and distribution are not known at present, to date, this hyperalbuminemic hypercatabolic state is not produceable in any other clinical or experimental situation.
Mirror symmetry and Langlands duality in the non-Abelian Hodge theory of a curve

The paper surveys the mirror symmetry conjectures of Hausel-Thaddeus and Hausel-Rodriguez-Villegas concerning the equality of certain Hodge numbers of SL(n, ℂ) vs. PGL(n, ℂ) flat connections and character varieties for curves, respectively. Several new results and conjectures and their relations to works of Hitchin, Gothen, Garsia-Haiman and Earl-Kirwan are explained. These use the representation theory of finite groups of Lie-type via the arithmetic of character varieties and lead to an unexpected conjecture for a Hard Lefschetz theorem for their cohomology.
Scavenger Receptor Function of Mouse Fcγ Receptor III Contributes to Progression of Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E Hyperlipidemic Mice

Recent studies showed loss of CD36 or scavenger receptor-AI/II (SR-A) does not ameliorate atherosclerosis in a hyperlipidemic mouse model, suggesting receptors other than CD36 and SR-A may also contribute to atherosclerosis. In this report, we show that apolipoprotein E (apoE)-CD16 double knockout (DKO; apoE-CD16 DKO) mice have reduced atherosclerotic lesions compared with apoE knockout mice. In vivo and in vitro foam cell analyses showed apoE-CD16 DKO macrophages accumulated less neutral lipids. Reduced foam cell formation in apoE-CD16 DKO mice is not due to change in expression of CD36, SR-A, and LOX-1. This led to a hypothesis that CD16 may have scavenger receptor activity. We presented evidence that a soluble form of recombinant mouse CD16 (sCD16) bound to malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (MDALDL), and this binding is blocked by molar excess of MDA- modified BSA and anti-MDA mAbs, suggesting CD16 specifically recognizes MDA epitopes. Interestingly, sCD16 inhibited MDALDL binding to macrophage cell line, as well as soluble forms of recombinant mouse CD36, SR-A, and LOX-1, indicating CD16 can cross-block MDALDL binding to other scavenger receptors. Anti-CD16 mAb inhibited immune complex binding to sCD16, whereas it partially inhibited MDALDL binding to sCD16, suggesting MDALDL binding site may be in close proximity to the immune complex binding site in CD16. Loss of CD16 expression resulted in reduced levels of MDALDL-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression. Finally, CD16-deficient macrophages showed reduced MDALDL-induced Syk phosphorylation. Collectively, our findings suggest scavenger receptor activity of CD16 may, in part, contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis.
Room temperature ferromagnetism of Ge/MnAs digital alloys

The magnetic properties of Ge/MnAs digital alloys on GaAs (001) substrates, grown by molecular beam epitaxy, were investigated using a Quantum Design SQUID magnetometer. The Ge (1 nm)/MnAs (0.15 nm) digital alloy showed ferromagnetism up to 334 K with a coercive field of 576 Oe at room temperature, as determined from temperature-dependent magnetization and hysteresis loop measurements. The ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of a Ge7/(Mn0.5As0.5)1 superlattice, investigated using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method yielded a ferromagnetic ground state with a high spin magnetic moment of Mn (3.45 μB) which induces only very small magnetic moments on its neighboring As or Ge atoms.
Computer Science and Engineering Education Introduction and Overview

A question often asked of those closely associated with the affairs of the Computer Society is, "What can the society do for me?" Occasionally I have asked the same question. In these introductory comments, I would like to present one way in which our society, using part of the dues we each pay each year along with a great amount of volunteer effort, has been addressing the current and future needs of society members. The effort has to do with education in computer science and engineering; the results are partly evidenced by the ten solicited articles of this special supplement, which present the results of the Computer Society's Model Curriculum Subcommittee Report, A Curriculum in Computer Science and Engineering (EHOI 19-8).
AN EMPIRICAL COMPARISON OF TWO MODELS FOR PREDICTING PREFERENCES FOR STANDARD EMPLOYMENT OFFERS

There are two major types of job-choice models in the current literature. One may be called an ideal job model, and the other is primarily a linear utility model. This study attempts to compare the predictive capacity of the two types of models. The ideal job model implemented in the study performs better than a linear utility model in predicting preferences among a set of standard job offers.
Effect of cyclosporin A, silica quartz dust, and protease inhibitors on virus-induced demyelination

Treatment with cyclosporin A, from the time of virus infection, suppressed inflammation and demyelination in the spinal cord of SJL/J or ASW(H-2s) mice persistently infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. Demyelination was not decreased if treatment was given after inflammation was established. The decrease was independent of serum titers of immunoglobulin G to purified viral antigen but did correlate with decreased proliferation of T lymphocytes to virus and myelin antigens. Silica quartz dust, a direct toxin of macrophages, suppressed demyelination and inflammation if begun at time of virus infection. No therapeutic effect was seen with inhibitors of plasminogen activators or other neutral proteases found primarily in macrophages.
Walt Whitman, Edward Carpenter, Gavin Arthur, and The Circle of Sex

Discusses Gavin Arthur's claim that Edward Carpenter told him about having sex with Whitman, and examines Carpenter's views on Whitman's sexuality; concludes that Arthur's memoir is "a truthful record of his conversations with Edward Carpenter."
Design and assessment of high performance fault-tolerant digital systems

This paper outlines a candidate design and assessment methodology that is targeted for the early to mid-level phases of the design cycle. This method allows alternate architectural configurations to be effectively assessed to evaluate the effects of design changes and to reduce the number of inherent design errors.
Clifford index of ACM curves in P3

In this paper we review the notions of gonality and Clifford index of an abstract curve. For a curve embedded in a projective space, we investigate the connection between the Clifford index of the curve and the geometrical properties of its embedding . In particular if C is a curve of degree d in P 3 , and if L is a multisecant of maximum order k, then the pencil of planes through L cuts out a g 1 d - k on C. If the gonality of C is equal to d - k we say the gonality of C can be computed by multisecants. We discuss the question whether the gonality of every smooth ACM curve in P 3 can be computed by multisecants, and we show the answer is yes in some special cases.
Next-Generation Sequencing and Its Potential Impact

The new generation of DNA sequencing devices surpass their predecessors' outputs by many orders of magnitude, a quantitative increase with qualitative implications. Sequencing at this scale enables many advances in basic and medical research, ranging from identification of new medically relevant biological mechanisms to maturation of personalized therapies. Nevertheless, as the genomics era plainly demonstrated, massive amounts of DNA sequence information by itself cannot fully illuminate the mysteries of human physiology, including the problems that challenge predictive toxicologists.
Electron affinity of indium and the fine structure of In - measured using infrared photodetachment threshold spectroscopy

Binding energies of the fine-structure levels of the indium negative ion In${}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ are measured using infrared photodetachment threshold spectroscopy. The relative cross section for neutral atom production is measured with a crossed ion-beam--laser-beam apparatus over selected photon energy ranges between 300 and 700 meV. An $s$-wave threshold is observed due to the opening of the In${}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ($5{p}^{2}$${}^{3}{P}_{0}$) to In($5p$${}^{2}{P}_{1/2}$) ground-state-to-ground-state transition, which determines the electron affinity of In to be 383.92(6) meV. The present result is in good agreement with previous theoretical calculations, but it differs substantially from the previously measured electron affinity and reduces the uncertainty by a factor of 150. $s$-wave thresholds are also observed for detachment from the excited fine-structure levels of In${}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, permitting accurate determination of the fine-structure intervals of 76.06(7) meV for $J=0--1$ and 170.6(6) meV for $J=0--2$, which are in good agreement with the previous measurements and substantially reduce the uncertainties.
Evaluation of a technique to occlude the internal carotid artery of horses.

Objective— To evaluate an occlusion technique for the internal carotid artery of horses using an intravascular, detachable, self-sealing, latex balloon distally and ligatures proximally. Study Design— Experimental study. Animals— Six healthy adult horses. Methods— In each horse, the left internal carotid artery was occluded by placement of an intravascular, detachable, self-sealing, latex balloon distally and two ligatures proximally. Radiographs were taken on days 2, 5, 10, and 30 after surgery to evaluate balloon inflation and position. Endoscopic examination of the left guttural pouch was performed 10 days after surgery to evaluate the integrity of the internal carotid artery and surrounding tissues. At 30 days, the left and right, common, internal, and external carotid arteries were examined grossly and then processed for histologic evaluation. Results— Immediate and long-term occlusion of the left internal carotid artery was achieved in all horses. The surgical procedure was technically straightforward and no intraoperative or postoperative complications were encountered. The balloons remained inflated and in their original position throughout the study. Maturing to mature, organized thrombi were present in the left internal carotid artery in all horses at 30 days. The cerebral arterial circle and common carotid artery were patent at their junctions with the internal carotid artery in all horses. Conclusions— Use of an intravascular, detachable, self-sealing, latex balloon distally and ligatures proximally is an effective technique for occluding the internal carotid artery of horses. Clinical Relevance— This technique may be useful for prevention of fatal hemorrhage in horses with lesions of the internal carotid artery.
Bicycle pedal photoisomerization of 1-phenyl-4-(4-pyridyl)-1,3-butadienes in glassy isopentane at 77 K

In glassy isopentane at 77 K, 1-phenyl-4-(4-pyridyl)-cis-1,cis-3-butadiene (cc-PPyB) and 1-phenyl-4-(4-pyridyl)-cis-1,trans-3-butadiene (ct-PPyB) can undergo simultaneous two-bond photoisomerization. Under the same conditions, 1-phenyl-4-(4-pyridyl)-trans-1,cis-3-butadiene (tc-PPyB) gives tt-PPyB, the ultimate photoproduct in all cases.
‘I Find Myself as Someone Who is in the Forest’: Urban Refugees as Agents of Social Change in Kampala, Uganda

The Mellon Foundation, the Migration and Urbanization Node of the University of the Witwatersrand, The Fulbright Commission.
The Many Faces of Glutathione in Bacteria

Glutathione is one of the most abundant thiols present in cyanobacteria and proteobacteria, and in all mitochondria or chloroplast-bearing eukaryotes. In bacteria, in addition to its key role in maintaining the proper oxidation state of protein thiols, glutathione also serves a key function in protecting the cell from the action of low pH, chlorine compounds, and oxidative and osmotic stresses. Moreover, glutathione has emerged as a posttranslational regulator of protein function under conditions of oxidative stress, by the direct modification of proteins via glutathionylation. This review summarizes the biosynthesis and function of glutathione in bacteria from physiological and biotechnological standpoints.
Incorporation of thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid by extracts from bacteria exposed to ultra-violet light.

ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT induces a lag in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic (DNA) acid in Escherichia coli 1. After a dose-dependent incubation interval, the irradiated bacteria will resume synthesis at almost the same rate as prior to exposure. Recently, various investigators2–4 have shown that blockage of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or protein synthesis prevents the recovery of DNA synthesis in bacteria irradiated with ultra-violet light. The capacity of the bacteria to synthesize DNA after exposure is regained with the initial doubling of RNA in the culture5.
Career perspective: Peter D Wagner

This perspective focuses on key career decisions, explaining the basis of those decisions. In so doing, it exemplifies the unexpected influences of serendipity and the interaction between serendipity and planned events in shaping the career of one individual.
Effects of calcium channel blockade with verapamil on the prolactin responses to TRH, L-dopa, and bromocriptine.

To determine the mechanisms by which calcium channel blockade with verapamil causes hyperprolactinemia, the authors investigated the effects of this blockade on the prolactin (PRL) responses to stimulation by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and inhibition by dopamine, using L-dopa and bromocriptine. Verapamil, given for 1 week at a dosage of 240 mg orally to eight healthy volunteers, induced a significant elevation of basal PRL levels (17.3 ± 1.8 ng/ml to 30.9 ± 4.3 ng/ml, p 0.05). Verapamil had no effect on the basal or TRH-stimulated thyroid stimulating hormone levels. In these same volunteers, PRL levels decreased from 13.2 ± 2.5 ng/ml to a nadir of 5.5 ± 1.6 ng/ml in response to L-dopa. After 1 week of verapamil 240 mg, basal PRL levels were elevated to 21.5 ± 3.1 ng/ml, then decreased to 8.2 ± 1.8 ng/ml with L-dopa. The percentage decreases in PRL in response to L-dopa (60 ± 5% versus 62 ± 3%) were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Verapamil had no effect on the basal or L-dopa-stimulated growth hormone levels. Bromocriptine 2.5 mg given to five volunteers twice daily caused PRL levels to fall from 13.3 ± 1.6 ng/ml to 5.0 ± 0.9 ng/ml. The addition of verapamil 240 mg daily did not significantly alter this suppression of PRL levels. Calcium channel blockade with verapamil resulted in sustained elevation of PRL levels without affecting the PRL response to TRH or impairing the inhibition of PRL by L-dopa or bromocriptine. Because it is likely that this sustained PRL elevation was due to a decrease in dopamine action, this effect may have resulted from a decrease in dopamine release by TIDA neurons. Alternatively, this effect could have been the result of an decrease in dopamine action on the lactotroph. However, the verapamil was not able to block the large pharmacologic amounts of dopamine generated from the L-dopa or block the large dopamine effect from the dose of bromocriptine used in this study.
Iron sources used in food fortification and their changes due to food processing.

The effect of food processing on the biological availability of iron in iron-fortified foods is critically reviewed. Studies on changes in the chemistry of the iron in processed foods are examined. Various iron sources currently used in food fortification in the U.S. are defined with emphasis on their biological availabilities under various conditions. The availability of iron in foods depends upon numerous factors, most of which are not fully understood. A factor which is often overlooked is the interaction of the iron with the food during events such as cooking or processing. Chemical changes in the iron compounds occur which may correlate with changes in the biological availability.
Response of murine epidermis to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: Interaction of the Ah and hr loci

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons produce epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis and sebaceous gland metaplasia in the skin of mice bearing the recessive mutation (hr/hr) hairless. This response is mediated through the cytosol receptor protein: the structure-activity relationship for receptor binding corresponds to that for production of the skin lesion, and these histopathological changes segregate with the genetic polymorphism at the Ah locus, the locus determining the cytosol receptor. In HRS/J mice, an inbred strain segregating for the hr locus, both hairless (hr/hr) and haired (hr/+) mice possess the high-affinity cytosol receptor and respond to TCDD with the induction of epidermal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity, a receptor-mediated biochemical response; however, only hr/hr mice develop the proliferative/metaplastic skin response. We propose a genetic model for the interaction of the Ah and hr loci, to account for the differential response to TCDD observed in the skin of HRS/J hr/hr and hr/+ mice.
AN ECONOMICAL MODEL OF THE ENGINEERED CLASSROOM

A behavior modification model was developed for a special class of 5 ‘disturbed’ children following the collapse of a “green thumb” program. Specific appropriate classroom behaviors were identified for each child. The goal of the program was to increase the frequency of these appropriate behaviors to the extent that the child could function full-time in a regular class. The organization of the class as well as the behavior modification procedures are described.
Effect of Nutrition Intervention Using a General Nutrition Course for Promoting Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among College Students

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of implementing nutrition intervention using a general nutrition class to promote consumption of fruits and vegetables in college students. Design 3-day food records were collected, verified, and analyzed before and after the intervention. Setting A midwestern university. Participants 80 college students, ages 18 to 24, participated in the study. Intervention The intervention focused on nutrition knowledge related to prevention of chronic diseases, healthful dietary choices increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, dietary feedback, and interactive hands-on activities. Main Outcome Measures Consumption of: total vegetable, fresh vegetable, starchy vegetable, french fries, vegetable juice, total fruit, fresh fruit, canned fruit, and fruit juice. Analysis Dependent t test was used to analyze the differences in pre- and posttest. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences in dietary changes between groups. Results Participants significantly increased consumption of not only total fruits and vegetables ( P P P P Conclusions and Implications Class-based nutrition intervention focusing on prevention of chronic diseases is a cost-effective approach to increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among college students.
Deregulating Federalism?: The Politics of Mandate Reform in the 104th Congress

This article examines the politics and substance of mandate reform in the 104th Congress. It briefly describes the evolution of the mandate issue, examines the process by which the issue was placed on the national agenda, and traces the formulation of a legislative response. It analyzes in detail the politics of enacting mandate-reform legislation, paying particular attention to patterns of support and opposition and to changes in these patterns over time. It concludes by examining the prospects for successful implementation of the legislation and its likely consequences for the intergovernmental system.
Coronary microvascular response to exogenously administered and endogenously released acetylcholine.

Abstract The objectives of the present study were first, to determine the coronary microvascular response to vagal stimulation and to compare it to exogenously administered acetylcholine, and second, to determine the microvascular response to larger doses of acetylcholine which preferentially increase subendocardial blood flow. In anesthetized cats and dogs, the left ventricular epicardial vasculature was visualized in mid-diastole with stroboscopic epi-illumination. Mycardial perfusion was measured with the radioactive microsphere technique. In cats microvascular diameters were measured at control and following bilateral vagal nerve stimulation (5–30 Hz) or left atrial infusion of acetylcholine (0.4–1.0 μg/kg/min). Aortic pressure and heart rate ( A-V —sequential pacing) were maintained constant. Vagal stimulation ( n = 13) increased myocardial perfusion by 25 ± 9% (control: 161 ± 17 ml/min · 100 g). Acetylcholine ( n = 13) produced a similar increase in myocardial flow (control: 185 ± 16 ml/min · 100 g, 30 ± 9%). Both vagal stimulation and acetylcholine dilated all size arteries and arterioles (51–410 μm; 5 ± 1% and 11 ± 2%, respectively). In dogs intracoronary administration of acetylcholine (10 μg/min) that increased myocardial flow twofold (control: 129 ± 7 ml/min · 100 g; 10 μg/min: 263 ± 26 ml/min · 100 g) and increased the endo/epi flow ratio also dilated all vessel sizes. In conclusion, vagal stimulation and exogenously administered acetylcholine produce similar effects on the coronary microcirculation and dilate all size classes of arteries and arterioles in a similar manner. Intracoronary infusion of acetylcholine which preferentially increases subendocardial blood flow also dilates all size classes of microvessels. Thus, the ability of acetylcholine to preferentially increase subendocardial blood flow cannot be explained by a selective dilation of a particular size class of arterioles. These data suggest that neurally released acetylcholine can diffuse to the endothelial layer to release vasodilator substances in vivo .
Utilizing High-Frequency Acoustic Backscatter to Estimate Bottom Sand Ripple Parameters

In some applications of underwater acoustics, it is important to know the ripple structure on shallow-water sediments. For example, the prediction of buried target detection via sound scattering by ripples depends critically on the ripple height and spatial wavelength. Another example is the study of sediment transport, where knowing the ripple structure and its evolution over time helps to understand the forcing on the bottom and the response of sediments. Here, backscatter data from a 300-kHz system are used to show that ripple wavelength and height can be estimated from backscatter images via a simple inversion formula. The inversion results are consistent with in situ measurements of the ripple field using an independent measurement system. Motivated by the backscatter data, we have developed a time-domain numerical model to simulate scattering of high-frequency sound by a ripple field. This model treats small-scale scatterers as Lambertian scatterers distributed randomly on the large-scale ripple field. Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the conditions under which remote sensing of bottom ripple heights, wavelength, and its power spectrum is possible.
Design and synthesis of multi-haem proteins

A water-soluble, 62-residue, di-alpha-helical peptide has been synthesized which accommodates two bis-histidyl haem groups. The peptide assembles into a four-helix dimer with 2-fold symmetry and four parallel haems that closely resemble native haems in their spectral and electrochemical properties, including haem-haem redox interaction. This protein is an essential intermediate in the synthesis of molecular 'maquettes', a novel class of simplified versions of the metalloproteins involved in redox catalysis and in energy conversion in respiratory and photosynthetic electron transfer.
Magnetic slowing down of spin relaxation due to binary collisions of alkali-metal atoms with buffer-gas atoms.

We report the first studies of magnetic decoupling of the spin relaxation of alkali-metal atoms due to binary collisions with buffer gases. When binary collisions are the dominant relaxation mechanism, the relaxation and its magnetic decoupling are well described by the S-damping rate Gamma(SD) due to the spin-rotation interaction gammaN.S, the spin exchange rate Gamma(EX) for collisions between alkali atoms, and a new "Carver rate" Gamma(C), due to the pressure-shift interaction deltaAI.S, which can substantially broaden the magnetic decoupling curve while having no influence on the zero-field rates.
Sûreté des réacteurs à gaz à très haute température

Le reacteur a gaz a tres haute temperature a ete selectionne comme reacteur de quatrieme generation. Il se caracterise par une tres haute temperature du gaz qui peut etre utilisee pour produire de l'hydrogene en complement eventuel d'une production d'electricite. Il constitue une evolution du concept de reacteur modulaire refroidi au gaz. Comme pour ce dernier, l'approche de surete envisagee s'appuie sur une demonstration convaincante de l'exclusion de l'endommagement severe du coeur. De facon preliminaire, on examine dans cet article les consequences de l'evolution vers le concept de reacteur a tres haute temperature.
The corruption of political elites in Iraq – an economic analysis

This article examines the corruption of political elites in Iraq in the wake of the 2003 American occupation – a phenomenon that has had disastrous consequences for the country as well as astronomical fiscal costs. The corruption that has now become endemic has served not only to undermine reform and reconstruction efforts – while simultaneously accomplishing the embezzlement of billions of dollars – but also has left the Iraqi people exposed to a wide array of harms from contaminated wheat imports to an infrastructure in complete disarray to foreign machinations, including those of international food conglomerates. Through the acquiescence of corrupt Iraqi elites, the country has been laid open to external interests and foreign initiatives as well as those of the World Trade Organization (WTO) through means such as the 100 ‘orders’ signed by US ‘Ambassador’ Paul Bremer III under the auspices of the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA). Graft and kickback schemes of every stripe are rife throughout the c...
An Application of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) with Children with Autism and a Visually Impaired Therapist

The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) (Bondy and Frost, Focus on Autistic Behavior 9:1–19, 1994) is a visually-based alternative and augmentative communication system that is considered appropriate for many special populations. However, a variety of challenged populations, such as people with visual impairments, would initially be considered unable to communicate with PECS users. In the present study, a multiple baseline reversal design across children was used to explore the viability of a Braille-modified PECS system for use between a visually impaired therapist and three children with autism. The PECS cards were slightly modified with the addition of Braille labels so that the visually impaired therapist would be able to understand and respond to the requests of the children with autism. Results indicated that the addition of Braille labels allowed children with autism and the visually impaired therapist to communicate with each other using PECS. In addition, children had ancillary decreases in problem behaviors during work sessions with the Braille-modified PECS. This study demonstrated the versatility of PECS and its potential for use with non-sighted populations, increasing opportunities of visually impaired persons in the job market.
Multiple Electron Transitions and Primed Spectral Terms

Excitation of the lines of Mg+in low-voltage, low-current discharge. The stronger lines of Mg+ appear at potentials equal to the ionization potential of Mg plus the excitation voltages predicted from their classifications. This proves that a single impacting electron can ionize an atom and raise a valence electron of the ion to a higher orbit.Excitation of the pp′ lines of Mg and Cd in low-voltage, low-current discharge. Using a quartz spectrograph to analyze light from the force-free space between grid and plate, it was found that the Mg pp′ group (2776 to 2783 A) appears at current densities less than 0.2 milliampere per square centimeter. Since these lines are produced by electron transitions from an initial state in which there are two electrons in virtual orbits, this observation shows that the two electrons are moved to these orbits as a result of a single collision; lines which could be produced only by successive impact are entirely absent at much larger current densities. The pp′ group of Cd (2239 to 2329 A) appears at its quantum voltage, but is too faint to be detected at current densities which exclude the possibility of successive excitation.Several lines of Cd, In, and Tl are classified by the use of primed terms.Extension of the subordinate series of Cd: spectra of Cd below the ionization potential. The low-voltage arc in Cd yielded a number of new lines of the singlet and triplet subordinate series. In exposures taken below the ionization potential the lines of Cd are excited exactly at the voltage intervals predictable from the classification of the spectrum.
Decreased annexin I expression in prostatic adenocarcinoma and in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.

Aims : To analyse annexin I expression in prostatic carcinoma. Annexin I belongs to a family of structurally related calcium and phospholipid-binding proteins implicated in signal transduction, DNA replication, cell proliferation and apoptosis. The decreased expression of annexin I, II and VII proteins has been reported in different types of cancer. Methods and results : Using immunohistochemistry, we analysed annexin I expression in 77 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma (Gleason score 6, N = 40; Gleason scores 7–8, N = 27; and Gleason scores 9–10, N = 10) and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN, N = 50). Immunoreactivity of annexin I in tumour cells was evaluated as negative ( 25% of cells). In contrast to positive staining in adjacent benign prostatic epithelium, annexin I expression was decreased (focally positive) in 76% of cases of high-grade PIN (P < 0.0001) and was decreased or absent in 81% of prostatic adenocarcinomas (P < 0.0001). Annexin I expression in all higher grade tumours (Gleason scores 7–10) was only focally positive or absent. Conclusions : Expression of annexin I inversely correlates with the increasing histological grade of prostatic adenocarcinoma. By showing a progressive loss of annexin I expression in high-grade PIN, intermediate-grade and high-grade cancer, our findings suggest that the loss of annexin I expression occurs early in prostatic tumorigenesis and becomes more prominent throughout tumour progression. The loss of expression of annexin I may serve as a useful marker of prostate cancer development and progression.
Recent developments in monolithic phase-locked semiconductor laser arrays

Coherent combination of the power of several semiconductor lasers fabricated on the same substrate has been the subject of an intense research effort in recent years, the main motivation being to obtain higher power levels than those available from a single laser in a stable radiation pattern. Best results reported so far include 2.6 watts CW emitted power and less than 1 deg far-field angle (in the array plane) in arrays where all the lasers are electrically connected in parallel. A different type of coherent array, where each element has a separate contact, has been recently demonstrated. While requiring the more complex two-level metallization technology, applying a separate contact to each laser provides an additional degree of freedom in the design and the operation of monolithic arrays. The separate contacts can be employed to tailor the near-field and far-field distributions and to compensate for device-to-device nonuniformities. Furthermore, the control of the currents of the array elements allows the performance of a variety of other functions, such as beam scanning, spectral mode control, wavelength tuning and control of the mutual coherence between array elements.
Ignition threshold for impact-generated fires

[1] Widespread fires can be generated after large impact events by atmospheric heating caused by the reaccretion of high-energy, vapor-rich plume material. We examine the threshold irradiance levels necessary for spontaneous and pilot ignition of various types of vegetation and define three specific cases for investigation: (1) 51 kW/m2 for a period of at least 2 min to spontaneously ignite wood; (2) 20 kW/m2 for a period of at least 20 min to ignite wood in the presence of an ignition source; and (3) 28 kW/m2 for a period of at least 1 min to ignite foliage, rotten wood, and forest litter. The threshold ejected plume mass for continent-wide spontaneous ignition of wood is ∼2 to 6 × 1015 kg, independent of impact location but dependent on the details of the ejecta speed distribution. The threshold ejected plume mass for global spontaneous ignition of wood is in the range ∼1 to 2 × 1016 kg. The threshold plume masses for continent-wide and global fires are very nearly the same for piloted ignition of wood, while the threshold plume masses for continent-wide and global ignition of leaves and forest litter are significantly lower, by a factor of ∼2 to 3. Impact craters of at least 85 km diameter are needed to produce continental-scale fires, and craters of ∼135 km diameter are needed for global-scale fires.
TWO VIEWS OF DIFFUSION

ABSTRACT The Hagerstrandian view of diffusion, now prevalent, is too narrow: narrow in its reliance on “information,'’a weak and elusive variable, and narrow in its space-time scope. A broader view is exemplified by the work of cultural geographers like Kniffen. There is a need for a dialectical exchange between the two kinds of theoreticians. Eventually, this should lead to a more useful theory.
A young man from Peru with fever and abdominal pain.

Diagnosis: Fascioliasis. Before the patient underwent cholecystectomy and endoscopic sphincterotomy, CT of the abdomen revealed calcifications within the gallbladder wall, multiple calcifications within a mildly enlarged common bile duct, and a large, irregular, crescent-shaped, calcified density in the proximal portion of the duodenum (figure 1). After the patient underwent cholecystectomy and endoscopic sphincterotomy, his symptoms resolved, and his liver enzyme levels returned to reference ranges. Histopathologic findings included acute and chronic cholecystitis with a focal granuloma that contained eosinophils and a calcified ovum of Fasciola species (figure 2). The worm that had exited the common bile duct was identified as Fasciola
Developmental regulation of ribosomal protein L16 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana

Lateral roots can be synchronously induced in Arabidopsis by a brief auxin treatment. An early event in the development of a lateral root primordium is the accumulation of mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins. In situ hybridizations show that mRNA encoding one ribosomal protein, L16, accumulates in all rapidly proliferating tissues including the shoot and root apical meristems and lateral root primordia. To understand further the mechanisms by which ribosomal proteins are coordinately synthesized, two genes encoding the ribosomal protein L16 were isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana. Promoter sequences from each RPL16A and RPL16B were fused to the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene GUS. The promoter of RPL16B(from -848 to -19) conferred X-Gluc staining in proliferating tissues including the shoot and root apical meristems. When GUS was expressed from the RPL16A promoter (from -875 to -22), X-Gluc staining was observed in cells in the root stele and in anthers. When seedlings transformed with either promoter construct were treated with auxin to induce lateral roots, X-Gluc staining accumulated in the lateral root primordia by 16 h after induction. Transcription of the RPL16B promoter appears to be correlated with cell division, while transcription of the RPL16A promoter is very cell specific. Expression of two genes encoding L16 during the early phase of lateral root initiation and in developing pollen may serve to increase levels of ribosomal proteins during the rapid growth of these tissues.
Ulam's searching game with a fixed number of lies

Abstract Paul tries to find an unknown x from l to n by asking q Yes-No questions. In response Carole may lie up to k times. For k fixed and n , q sufficiently large, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for Paul to win.