cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Storage of hydrogen in single-walled carbon nanotubes

Pores of molecular dimensions can adsorb large quantities of gases owing to the enhanced density of the adsorbed material inside the pores1, a consequence of the attractive potential of the pore walls. Pederson and Broughton have suggested2 that carbon nanotubes, which have diameters of typically a few nanometres, should be able to draw up liquids by capillarity, and this effect has been seen for low-surface-tension liquids in large-diameter, multi-walled nanotubes3. Here we show that a gas can condense to high density inside narrow, single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs). Temperature-programmed desorption spectrosocopy shows that hydrogen will condense inside SWNTs under conditions that do not induce adsorption within a standard mesoporous activated carbon. The very high hydrogen uptake in these materials suggests that they might be effective as a hydrogen-storage material for fuel-cell electric vehicles.
Variation in life-history patterns between intertidal and subtidal populations of the meiobenthic copepod Microarthridion littorale

Life history patterns of the meiobenthic harpacticoid copepod Microarthridion littorale (Poppe) differed between intertidal and subtidal sites in a South Carolina, USA estuarine salt-marsh system. Throughout the summer and fall, densities of M. littorale were significantly greater intertidally than subtidally; however, for the remainder of the year the population sizes were not statistically different. Maximum densities occurred intertidally in July and subtidally in October. The number of eggs · gravid female-1 was significantly greater subtidally than intertidally at all times. The mean length of all adults increased from summer to spring and was similar between areas. Birth rates and death rates paralleled one another in each area and with the exception of August, birth rates were higher subtidally than intertidally. Juvenile mortality appeared highest subtidally, the mortality apparently occurring in the early naupliar stages. The variation in life history patterns across the tidal gradient was likely the result of differences in food quality and quantity, increased exposure to potential epibenthic predators subtidally, and to differential competitive pressure in the 2 areas.
Apoptosis and melanogenesis in human melanoma cells induced by anthrax lethal factor inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase

Lethal factor, the principal virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis, inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling by proteolytically cleaving MAPK kinases. Edema factor, another component of anthrax toxin, is an adenylate cyclase, which increases intracellular cAMP. Inhibition of MAPK signaling with either anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx) or small molecule MAPK kinase inhibitors triggers apoptosis in human melanoma cells. Normal melanocytes do not undergo apoptosis in response to MAPK inhibition but arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Importantly, in vivo treatment of human melanoma xenograft tumors in athymic nude mice with LeTx results in significant or complete tumor regression without apparent side effects, suggesting that inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway may be a useful strategy for treating melanoma. Additionally, interrupting MAPK signaling with LeTx and elevating cAMP with anthrax edema toxin in both melanoma cells and melanocytes lead to dramatic melanin production, perhaps explaining the formation of blackened eschars in cutaneous anthrax.
Innovation and Communication: Signalling with Partial Disclosure

This paper introduces a model of "feedback effect equilibrium" i.e. equilibria in which an asymmetrically informed agent is motivated to communicate its privately known attribute but can do so only through channels or signals which convey directly useful information to competing agents. This revelation to the competition serves to reduce the value of the private information held by the first agent. Models of this kind are of obvious relevance to realistic theories of product or financial market disclosure policies of firms, patenting, and a host of related behavioural and regulatory issues. This model is developed in the context of a set of firms engaged in research and development rivalry, in which the value of privately held and disclosed information arises from its implications for the likelihood and timing of productive innovation.
Synthesis and Characterization of Formyl and Hydroxymethyl Complexes Derived from Isomeric Cations: cis-Ru(N−N)(η2-tpy)(CO)22+2PF6- (N−N = 2,2‘-Bipyridine, 4,4‘-Dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine; tpy = 2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-Terpyridine)

High-yield syntheses of the novel cations cis-Ru(N−N)(η2-tpy)(CO)22+2PF6- (2a,b: N−N = 2,2‘-bipyridine, tpy = 2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-terpyridine; 5a,b: N−N = 4,4‘-dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine) have been develo...
Weidenreich, Coon, and multiregional evolution

Many theories of human evolution emphasie that there was significant geographic variation. They may have little else in common, though, and the idea that Coon provided the evolutionary basis for Weidenreich’s polycentrism, while multiregionalism cleansed Coon’s writings of racism has been misleading. Coon and Weidenreich were as different as polygenism and monogenism, and in the basis of their differences lies the genesis of multiregionalism.
Avoid painting walls with a hammer: a methodology for leveraging COTS/GOTS games for military training

Today' military faces an increasingly arduous commitment to maintain readiness for a multitude of taskings including full-scale conflicts, reconstruction and stability operations and humanitarian efforts. On a unit level, commanders often face this challenge within the constraints of limited resources --- people, time and funding. As a result, many are turning to training alternatives to help them meet their readiness goals better, smarter, faster and cheaper. The use of military simulations provides a viable solution, but often, the use of these tools are not cost effective. Because of this, military leaders are turning to the commercial gaming market for potential solutions to bridge cost and training requirements. Games, both commercial and government off the shelf, are not a panacea for training resource shortfalls, but they can be used in conjunction traditional training tools to meet readiness requirements within a resource constrained environment. The challenge now is to define how to map military tasks to a game, how to select a game that meets the training need and how to conduct an event on the unit level using games. These hurdles can be easily overcome, but a deliberate methodology must be used in order to ensure success.
Power District Heating at Brno, Czechoslovakia

The most effective way to large-scale saving in industrial fuel is the pooling of power and steam consumption. This method, if spread over a wide area, say an industrial town or district, inevitably paves the way to district heating.Ordinary district heating stations, distributing only low-pressure saturated steam or hot water from one central boiler house to consumers in the vicinity, are of but secondary importance when the aim is high overall thermal efficiency in the distribution and consumption of power and heat. Satisfactory economy can only be achieved by installing high-pressure stations and using the pressure drop down to the pipe line pressure for the generation and supply of electric power.Not every community or district is, however, entirely suitable for the establishment of a power-heating plant. The difficulties arise from the geographical position of the industrial areas compared with the location of the mainly residential districts, from the customary times of use of heat and power, and, l...
A new attempt to reconcile the statistical and phenomenological theories of rubber elasticity

The statistical and phenomenological theories of rubber elasticity are reviewed briefly. Combining recent concepts proposed by Yeoh and Gent, a new theory is proposed. The proposed constitutive model for rubber vulcanizates invokes two mechanisms; one influences behavior at small strains while the other dominates behavior at large strains. Network flaws, such as entanglements, are suspected to be responsible for the first mechanism. Finite extensibility of network chains is identified as the cause of the second. Thus, macroscopic behavior is directly linked to molecular concepts. The proposed theory allows prediction of the stress–strain behavior of a family of four rubber vulcanizates in different modes of deformation (simple extension, compression, and simple shear) from regression analysis of tensile data alone from just one member. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1919–1931, 1997
Sympathetic-adrenal medullary and cardiovascular responses to acute cold stress in adult and aged rats

In this study, adult (5 months) and aged (22 months) Fischer 344 (F-344) male rats were surgically prepared with chronic tail artery cannulae. Two days after surgery, rats were stressed by immersion in 12 degrees C water for 10 min. Blood samples (0.5 ml) were collected before and at timed intervals after cold immersion (0, 15 and 60 min) and were later assayed for content of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Consistent with earlier studies from this laboratory, there were no differences between ages in basal plasma levels of either catecholamine or in mean arterial pressure or core temperature. However, basal heart rates of aged rats were approximately 10% greater than values for adult rats. During cold immersion, aged rats had greater decrements in heart rate compared to adults but there were no age-related differences in mean arterial pressure or core temperature. Immediately following cold immersion, increments above basal values for plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine (4.2-4.6 and 11.8-14.1-fold, respectively) were similar for 5- and 22-month-old rats. However, in aged rats plasma norepinephrine was greater at 60 min post-immersion and plasma epinephrine was greater at 15 and 60 min post-immersion compared to values for adults.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Reduced body weight and adiposity with a high-protein diet improves functional status, lipid profiles, glycemic control, and quality of life in patients with heart failure: a feasibility study.

Background The effectiveness of high-protein (HP) diets in reducing body weight and adiposity and potentially improving clinical outcomes in heart failure (HF) is not known. Objective This feasibility study was conducted to evaluate the impact of 3 dietary interventions on body weight and adiposity, functional status, lipid profiles, glycemic control, and quality of life (QOL) in overweight and obese patients with HF and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Design Fourteen patients with HF with a body mass index greater than 27 kg/m2 were randomized to an HP diet, a standard protein diet, or a conventional diet. Data were obtained at baseline and 12 weeks. Results There were no significant differences in age (59 +/- 10 years), sex (78% male), New York Heart Association class (43% class II, 57% class III), and HF etiology or left ventricular ejection fraction (26 +/- 7) between the groups at baseline. Patients on the HP diet demonstrated significantly greater reductions in weight (P = .005), percent body fat (P = .036), total cholesterol (P = .016), triglyceride concentrations (P = .034), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = .041) and greater improvements in functional status (6-minute walk [P = .010] and VO2 peak [P = .003]), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = .006), and physical QOL scores (P = .022) compared with those on standard protein and conventional diets. Conclusion A 12-week HP diet resulted in moderate weight loss and reduced adiposity in a small sample of overweight and obese patients with HF that were associated with improvements in functional status, lipid profiles, glycemic control, and QOL. However, these preliminary findings must be confirmed in studies with more participants and long-term follow-up.
Primary amyloidosis presenting with hematochezia and colon ulcers

Amyloidosis is characterized by the deposition of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains in vital organs. Although involvement of the GI tract is relatively common in all systemic types of amyloidosis, it rarely presents with GI symptoms. We describe a case of primary amyloidosis presenting with hematochezia and diagnosed by biopsies obtained from discrete colon ulcers. A 43 year-old Central American male was admitted with progressive dyspnea on exertion. He had an 18 month history of intermittent hemoptysis associated with a dry cough, night sweats and 15 pound weight loss. For two years he had increasing intermittent painless hematochezia. His physical examination was remarkable for decreased breath sounds at the right lung base with dullness to percussion and his stool was heme positive. A chest x-ray showed a large right pleural effusion and cardiomegaly. Transthoracic echocardiogram revealed biventricular hypertrophy with hyperechogenicity/speckling of the myocardium and elevated pulmonary artery pressure. Bronchoscopy showed an enlarged epiglottis, thickened vocal cords, and multiple nodular lesions throughout the bronchial tree. Brushings from the bronchial tree were non-diagnostic. A flexible sigmoidoscopy was requested for rectal biopsies. Two easily friable ulcers with erythematous edges were seen in the sigmoid and the descending colon. Biopsies of the ulcer edges revealed deposition of proteinaceous material in the submucosa and muscularis mucosa consistent with amyloidosis. This was confirmed by Congo red staining of the material which also showed "apple green birefringence" under polarized light.
Status report on the camd project

Abstract The LSU Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD) is a DOE-funded materials science and engineering laboratory which will include a normal-conducting compact electron storage ring optimized for the production of soft X-rays. The focus of CAMD is the fundamental study of processing and analysis technologies — including X-ray lithography — important to microstructure fabrication and electronic device development. Design details of the storage ring, which is being acquired commercially, are presented in this paper. In addition, the overall research mission of CAMD is described.
Assessing teamwork skills and knowledge

This paper discusses the importance of assessing teamwork professional skills, in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. There is a difficulty in assessing teamwork skills in an educational setting. The main objective of this research is to propose an assessment framework and rubric for facilitating the assessment of teamwork skills. In this paper, learning outcome areas for teamwork skills and knowledge are first definedand then assessment tools for the identified learning outcome areas are introduced. In addition, an assessment rubric is proposed based on the framework of the Model of Domain Learning (MDL) and to apply aspects of the literature found in accordance with the learning outcome areas of teamwork. The assessment rubric will be tested in different course levels in the STEM disciplines at different colleges.
Determination of Surface Oxide Compositions on Alloy 600 Using Nuclear Analytical Techniques

Abstract The surface composition of oxides formed on Alloy 600 in aqueous solutions similar to those in the primary side of pressurized water reactor (PWR) heat exchangers has been measured as a function of potential using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and proton inelastic scattering. Electropolished samples of Alloy 600 were exposed at several potentials to a solution of 0.18 M H3BO3 (2000 ppm B) with 0.21 mM LiOH (1.5 ppm Li) at 300 C for 450 h. The potentials relative to an internal hydrogen electrode ranged from 0 to 750 mV. RBS analysis showed little or no oxide formation on samples exposed at 0 mV. Above 0 mV the oxide layers formed increased with potential. The RBS also showed significant amounts of aluminum and silicon in the oxide, and the sum of the aluminum and silicon content appeared to maintain a fixed surface concentration independent of the oxide thickness. Boron and lithium concentrations were analyzed with proton inelastic scattering. No lithium above the minimum detectabl...
Kinetic modeling of H2O2-enhanced oxidation of flue gas elemental mercury

Abstract Mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants account for 40% of the anthropogenic mercury emissions in the U.S. The speciation of mercury largely determines the amount of mercury capture in control equipments. Conversion of insoluble Hg 0 into more soluble Hg 2+ facilitates its removal in scrubbers. Past studies suggest that an added supply of OH radicals possibly enhance the mercury oxidation process. This study demonstrates that the application of H 2 O 2 , as source of OH radicals, accelerates the oxidation of Hg 0 into Hg 2+ . A detailed kinetic reaction mechanism was compiled and the reaction pathways were established to analyze the effect of H 2 O 2 addition. The optimum temperature range for the oxidation was 480–490 °C. The sensitivity analysis of the reaction mechanism indicates that the supply OH radicals increase the formation of atomic Cl, which accelerates the formation of HgCl 2 enhancing the oxidation process. Also, the pathway through HOCl radical, generated by the interactions between chlorine and H 2 O 2 was prominent in the oxidation of Hg 0 . The flue gas NO was found to be inhibiting the Hg 0 oxidation, since it competed for the supplied H 2 O 2 . Studying the interactions with the other flue gas components and the surface chemistry with particles in the flue gas could be important and may improve the insight into the post combustion transformation of mercury in a comprehensive way.
Empowerment Evaluation, Objectivist Evaluation, and Evaluation Standards: Where the Future of Evaluation Should Not Go and Where It Needs to Go:

Some recent popular conceptualizations of program evaluation are inadequate philosophically, theoretically, and practically, and are potentially counterproductive. Nevertheless, evaluation innovators can help advance the theory and practice of evaluation even when they set forth confused or wrong proposals. This is especially so when their recommendations attract the attentions not only of those who are seeking easy answers and quick fixes in the difficult and sometimes lucrative business of evaluation, but also of serious students of evaluation who haven’t adequately studied and addressed the involved issues. This article attempts to illuminate and address some of the problems in one such reconceptualization of evaluation. Issue-oriented exchange and critical debate can enrich the professional discussion and are thus appropriate. I acknowledge a special obligation to Professor David Fetterman (1994), because his recent proposal that evaluators engage in empowerment evaluation caused me to revisit and think further about some of the fundamental issues in evaluation work. I also owe special debts to Michael Striven (1991a) for his clear and forthright examination of fundamental philosophical issues in evaluation since the 196Os, and to my colleagues on the Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation for having identified and articulated the common principles that should undergird any sound approach to educational evaluation (Joint Committee, 1981, 1988, 1994).’ The main purpose of this article is to articulate what I see as serious issues in empowerment evaluation, in order to help assure that this enthusiastically presented concept will not mislead evaluators, detract from sound progress in serving evaluation
Eustachian tube endoscopy in patients with chronic ear disease.

Objectives/Hypothesis A paucity of research exists on trans–eustachian tube endoscopy to evaluate the status of the eustachian tube. Fuller examination of the role of the eustachian tube in chronic ear disease is needed, particularly because the eustachian tube has been implicated in the chronicity and pathogenesis of chronic ear disease. Therefore the purpose of this study was to evaluate the eustachian tube, based on observations from trans–eustachian tube endoscopy. Study Design Twenty-two adult patients with chronic ear disease gave informed consent to participate in a prospective, trans–eustachian tube endoscopic investigation. Methods Flexible, fiberoptic, nonarticulating (outside diameter of 0.5 mm) and articulating (outside diameter of 1.0 mm) endoscopes (coherent fused bundle of 3,000 pixels) were employed. The eustachian tube endoscopy was performed under general endotracheal anesthesia as the initial part of a larger, otological surgical procedure for chronic ear disease. The endoscope was passed from the middle ear (transtympanic approach) to the nasopharynx. Results The 0.5-mm endoscope passed entirely through the eustachian tube from the tympanic orifice into the pharyngeal orifice in 16% of the cases. Stenotic blockage occurred at the infundibulum in 37%, isthmus in 42%, and fossa of Rosenmuller in 5% of cases. The eustachian tube mucosa was abnormal in 64% of cases. The risk for abnormal eustachian tube mucosa was four times greater for persons with long-standing disease (≥20 y) than for persons without long-standing disease (<20 y). The mean therapeutic efficiency of ossicular reconstruction was higher for the subgroup with normal than for the subgroup with abnormal eustachian tube mucosa. Conclusions The findings of trans–eustachian tube endoscopy provide objective evidence concerning eustachian tube status in persons with chronic ear disease and have implications for the timing of surgical intervention (ossicular reconstruction).
Extra Teeth in the Pygmy Mouse, Baiomys musculus

The maximum number of cheek teeth in the rodent families Cricetidae and Muridae is normally 12. Instances of a number exceeding 12 are rare but there are several on record (Tokoro, Zool. Mag. Tokyo, 55: 72,1943; Johnson, Jour. Mamm., 33:70, 1952). A specimen of Baiomys musculus at hand has 14 cheek teeth, four in each maxilla and the normal three in each mandible. This is the first example of a bilateral increase in molariform teeth that I have seen in thousands of specimens of cricetids that I have examined. The specimen, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology number 100239, is one of several trapped in arid …
An Annotated Bibliography of Secondary Sources on the History of Software

This bibliography is a product of the National Collection Strategy (NCS) program being undertaken by the Charles Babbage Institute. NCS is a three-year program to develop a national collecting strategy for preserving the historic records of computing, made possible through the generous support of the AT&T Foundation, IBM Corporation, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and Unisys Corporation.
Methamphetamine and MDMA (ecstasy) neurotoxicity: 'of mice and men'.

Summary Methamphetamine (METH) and 3,4-meythylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecstasy’) are currently major drugs of abuse. One of the major concerns of amphetamines abuse is their potential neurotoxic effect on dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons. Although data from human studies are somewhat limited, compelling evidence suggests that these drugs cause neurotoxicity in rodents and primates. Recent studies in transgenic and knockout mice identified the role of dopamine transporters, nitric oxide, apoptotic proteins, and inflammatory cytokines in amphetamines neurotoxicity. Further research into the mechanisms underlying the dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotoxicity and the behavioral corollaries of these neuronal insults could facilitate our understanding of the consequences of human abuse of METH and MDMA on cognition, drug-seeking behavior, extinction and relapse. IUBMB Life, 56: 249–255, 2004
Development of a vaccinia virus based reservoir-targeted vaccine against Yersinia pestis

Yersinia pestis, the causative organism of plague, is a zoonotic organism with a worldwide distribution. Although the last plague epidemic occurred in early 1900s, human cases continue to occur due to contact with infected wild animals. In this study, we have developed a reservoir-targeted vaccine against Y. pestis, to interrupt transmission of disease in wild animals as a potential strategy for decreasing human disease. A vaccinia virus delivery system was used to express the F1 capsular protein and the LcrV type III secretion component of Y. pestis as a fusion protein. Here we show that a single dose of this vaccine administered orally, generates a dose-dependent antibody response in mice. Antibody titers peak by 3 weeks after administration and remain elevated for a minimum of 45 weeks. Vaccination provided up to 100% protection against challenge with Y. pestis administered by intranasal challenge at 10 times the lethal dose with protection lasting a minimum of 45 weeks. An orally available, vaccinia virus expressed vaccine against Y. pestis may be a suitable vaccine for a reservoir targeted strategy for the prevention of enzootic plague.
Market-aware agents for a multiagent world

A computational market is any collection of software agents interacting through a price system. Markets can provide effective allocation of resources for a variety of distributed environments, and economic analysis is a powerful design tool for interaction mechanisms. The spread of computational markets puts a premium on market-aware agents, and presents a case for market awareness on the part of agent developers and AI researchers as well.
Optimizing multicore performance with message driven execution: A case study

With the growing amount of parallelism available on today's multicore processors, achieving good performance at scale is challenging. We approach this issue through an alternative to traditional thread-based paradigms for writing shared memory programs, namely message driven multicore programming. We study a number of optimizations that improve the efficiency of message driven programs on multicore architectures. In particular, we focus on the following runtime system-enabled optimizations: (i) grainsize control to effect a good concurrency-overhead tradeoff, (ii) dynamic balancing of processor load, (iii) low-overhead, asynchronous communication for lock-free and message-driven execution and (iv) communication-reduction through a novel chunked shared array abstraction. The practical impact of these optimizations is quantified through a parallel kd-tree construction program written in the message-driven paradigm. A comparison of the optimized code with a state-of-the-art parallel kd-tree construction program is also presented.
Radioimmunoassay of posterior pituitary peptides: A review

Abstract The available data regarding the radioimmunoassay of vasopressin, oxytocin, and neurophysin have been reviewed. Because of the very recent development of most of these assays, much of the data are available only in the form of abstracts. While it is therefore difficult to compare methodology, some conclusions do seem warranted. The assays for both vasopressin and oxytocin are likely to continue to involve some extraction step. The vasopressin assays are relatively consistent from laboratory to laboratory and in general have conformed with classic concepts of vasopressin secretion and with the previously published bioassy data. Oxytocin has been little studied by radioimmunoassay, and while the animal data have been in line with previous concepts of oxytocin secretion and bioassay data, the discrepant results in the assay of oxytocin in the human are as yet unexplained. The assay of neurophysin appears to be considerably easier to accomplish than that of either of the peptide hormones. However, the early promise in animals that neurophysin would be a reliable indicator of vasopressin and oxytocin release, and further that there might be a specific neurophysin for each of these hormones, has not been realized in the assays so far reported in man. Whether subsequent improvement of the human neurophysin assay and development of specific assays for the various human neurophysins will demonstrate a specific relationship between neurophysin and oxytocin and vasopressin, remains to be seen. Enough is already known, however, to suggest that a complete assessment of posterior pituitary function must henceforth include radioimmunoassays for one or more neurophysins in addition to those for vasopressin and oxytocin.
Redispersion of actomyosin superprecipitates with the aid of the adenosine triphosphate-creatine transphosphorylase system.

Abstract The enzyme system adenosine triphosphate-creatine transphosphorylase, known to produce relaxation of glycerinated muscle fibers, was shown to inhibit or reverse the adenosine triphosphate-induced superprecipitation of actomyosin. Mg++ ions play a very important part in the reversal or inhibition of the superprecipitating reaction in the presence of the transphosphorylase system, and Ca++ ions have seemingly no influence on the reaction. It is assumed that the protein-bound nucleotides determine whether the actomyosin gel is in the precipitated or dispersed form.
Overview of epidemiology, genetics, birth defects, and chromosome abnormalities associated with CDH

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common and well-studied birth defect. The etiology of most cases remains unknown but increasing evidence points to genetic causation. The data supporting genetic etiologies which are detailed below include the association of CDH with recurring chromosome abnormalities, the existence of CDH-multiplex families, and the co-occurrence of CDH with additional congenital malformations.
Opportunities to engage with proof: the nature of proof tasks in two geometry textbooks and its influence on enacted lessons

This paper compares task features and cognitive demand of proof tasks in two US high school geometry textbooks and considers how such differences influence geometry teachers’ facilitation of proof and students’ engagement with proof tasks during enacted lessons. Data were collected via interviews, task cover sheet-before implementation, task reflection sheet-after implementation, samples of students’ work, and classroom observations. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize task features and cognitive demands of proof within textbooks, and a grounded theory approach was used to analyze the enacted lessons. The results revealed variation in the nature of proof tasks within textbooks. Additionally, even though geometry textbooks may have higher-level demand proof tasks, there is no guarantee that such tasks would be assigned, or that the levels of cognitive demand of tasks will be maintained from the written to the enacted curriculum. Factors that can influence how teachers’ use textbooks include: beliefs, students’ disposition, and assessment. Thus, teachers’ actions can limit the extent students engage with proof. This study has implications for unpacking the complexities of students’ engagement with proof.
A comparison of six impression syringes

Abstract Five manually operated, and one air-activated, syringes were evaluated and compared. When used with polyether or polysulfide, some disposable syringes were found to require in excess of 100 pounds of force to operate. The metal reusable syringe required only 13 and 21 pounds, respectively, with the same materials; the air-activated syringe required none. There was no significant difference among the syringes with regard to bubble entrapment during impression making. There was a significant difference found in this regard among the five experienced dentists. The air-activated syringe was most easily controlled, as evidenced by the significantly smaller number of tracing errors made with it.
Chiral parameters in a Coulomb-gauge model of chiral-symmetry breaking

Chiral-symmetry breaking and confinement are studied in a Coulomb-gauge model of QCD. The gap equation for the generated quark self-mass is solved using the approximation of a constant interquark potential at low energies. By fitting to the experimental value of f/sub ..pi../, good agreement is found for the constituent mass m/sup */ and the quark condensate . Finite-temperature corrections are included, and it is shown that in this approximation chiral-symmetry breaking persists to all temperatures in the absence of deconfinement.
Terrain Influences on Synoptic Storm Structure and Mesoscale Precipitation Distribution during IPEX IOP3

Abstract The influence of topography on the evolution of a winter storm over the western United States and distribution of precipitation over northern Utah are examined using data collected during the third intensive observing period (IOP3) of the Intermountain Precipitation Experiment (IPEX). The analysis is based on high-density surface observations collected by the MesoWest cooperative networks, special radiosonde observations, wind profiler observations, Next-Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) data, and conventional data. A complex storm evolution was observed, beginning with frontal distortion and low-level frontolysis as a surface occluded front approached the Sierra Nevada. As the low-level occluded front weakened, the associated upper-level trough moved over the Sierra Nevada and overtook a lee trough. The upper-level trough, which was forward sloping and featured more dramatic moisture than temperature gradients, then moved across Nevada with a weak surface reflection as a pressure trough. Over no...
Checklists: Prevent white-collar computer crime

White-collar crime (WCC) has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. Unfortunately, the growth of WCC has been facilitated by information technology (IT) advances that have made it easier to commit WCC by using the computer. The authors of this article present a checklist of measures for management to help prevent and detect IT-related WCC. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The use of hydroxynaphthol blue in the ultramicro-determination of alkaline earth and lanthanide elements: an improved method

Abstract An improved spectrophotometric method for the ultramicrodetermination of alkaline earth and lanthanide elements is reported. Uranyl ion may also be determined. Hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) dissolved in ammonia buffer (8.5 M in NH 4 OH and 1.25 M in NH 4 Cl), enables lanthanide elements to be detected at levels of 2.3 × 10 -7 M-6.5 × 10 -7 M, depending on the particular element. For the Group IIa elements, the lower limits of detection are 3.0 × 10 -7 M for Be 2+ , 4.9 × 10 -7 M for Mg 2+ and 2.0 × 10 -6 M for Ca 2+ . The sensitivity for Sr 2+ and Ba 2+ is less, with limits of 8.9 × 10 -6 M and 1.8 × 10 -5 M, respectively. Uranyl ion can be determined down to 3.3 × 10 -7 M. In all cases, a 1:1 metal—dye complex is formed; formation constants were calculated for all metals involved.
The BSRI M, F, and androgyny scores are bipolar.

Demonstrates that the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) masculinity (M), femininity (F), and Androgyny scores reflect a bipolar dimension rather than two independent dimensions and their unique derivative. The mean endorsement of the BSRI M and F items was calculated for 50 males and 50 females separately and as a combined group. The BSRI M and F items then were scored in a bipolar fashion. A total Bipolar Androgyny score was calculated for each S by summing the S's Bipolar Androgyny scores on the M and F items. The data indicated that (1) Bem's M scores and the derived Bipolar Androgyny scores based on Bem's M items were highly correlated (congruent to .90); (2) Bem's F scores and the Bipolar Androgyny scores based on Bem's F items were highly correlated (congruent to .90); and (3) Bem's Androgyny scores and the total Bipolar Androgyny scores were highly correlated (congruent to .90). These results indicate that the BSRI Androgyny score reflects a bipolar dimension.
Extended tradeoff parameters for composite correlation filters

Composite correlation filters have been demonstrated in many automatic target recognition (ATR) applications because of their ability for class recognition and distortion-tolerance with shift invariance. Both the optimal tradeoff synthetic discriminant function (OTSDF) filters and optimal tradeoff distance classifier correlation filter (OTDCCF) approaches use parameters to combine multiple characteristics. Usually a set of filters is grouped into a bank for recognizing multiple targets across multiple geometric distortions. We extend these approaches to use independent tradeoff parameters in the filter synthesis for each class and grouping bin to improve classification. A method for determining the extended parameters is presented. Test results using the public SAR imagery MSTAR database are shown.
Cryptographic key exchange based on locationing information

This paper addresses the cryptographic key exchange problem in a wireless network. An infrastructure-based wireless network such as a Wireless LAN is considered. An indoor wireless locationing system, based on a collection of beacon nodes, is assumed to be present. The proposed technique makes use of ranging information between nodes to establish a shared secret key between security principals. The key exchange technique is based on the notion of symmetric ranging combined with Merkle's puzzles. This technique is independent of any underlying encryption algorithm. The system's security properties, in terms of the time to obtain the secret key and the time for an adversary to break the key, are analyzed using empirical implementations. The results show that the secret key can be established in five seconds between the principals, while it requires the adversary two orders of magnitude more time in some cases to substantially more than an hour (when the implementation times out) in most cases.
Factors in Route Selection

Ratings by 239 men and women on a Route Selection Rating Scale were factor analyzed. Four orthogonal factors involved in selecting automobile routes were obtained: Safety, Interest, Purpose, and Hindrances. Scores on the scales were the means of the ratings of items having −.27 or higher loadings on each factor. A profile analysis showed that the means for men and women were not different over the collapsed scales; however, post hoc tests showed that both men and women rated Purpose and Hindrances as more important than Safety and Interest in selecting a route. And women rated Safety higher than did men.
On operations of spatial ordering and location code

Spatial ordering is the numeral sequence of points in the n-dimensional integer space I^n. Many computational applications are based on spatial ordering. Analysis on spatial ordering can be conducted in three areas: algebraic structures, algebraic operations, and performance metrics. This paper mainly focuses on operations. Although the addition and multiplication may involve the finite group concept, the rotation and mirroring can be described by a Boolean algebraic approach called the Boolean formulation method. An alternative method, the polynomial mapping method, is also discussed.
Sheep & goats together: Interracial relationships from black men’s perspectives

This essay explores the tinderbox that is sexual relationships between black men and white women in North America through black men’s literary depictions of these relationships. It elucidates how black men’s perspectives on interracial relationships are portrayed and considers the implications of these stories.
Numerical simulations of high-speed chemically reacting flow

The essentially nonoscillatory (ENO) shock-capturing scheme for the solution of hyperbolic equations is extended to solve a system of coupled conservation equations governing two-dimensional, time-dependent, compressible chemically reacing flow with full chemistry. The thermodynamic properties of the mixture are modeled accurately, and stiff kinetic terms are separated from the fluid motion by a fractional step algorithm. The methodology is used to study the concept of shock-induced mixing and combustion, a process by which the interaction of a shock wave with a jet of low-density hydrogen fuel enhances mixing through streamwise vorticity generation. Test cases with and without chemical reaction are explored here. Our results indicate that, in the temperature range examined, vorticity generation as well as the distribution of atomic species do not change significantly with the introduction of a chemical reaction and subsequent heat release. The actual diffusion of hydrogen is also relatively unaffected by the reaction process. This suggests that the fluid mechanics of this problem may be successfully decoupled from the combustion processes, and that computation of the mixing problem (without combustion chemistry) can elucidate much of the important physical features of the flow.
Time-resolved contrast-enhanced carotid imaging using undersampled projection reconstruction acquisition.

Purpose To investigate the utility of nonuniform angular spacing of projections in a three-dimensional (3D) hybrid undersampled projection reconstruction (PR) acquisition for contrast-enhanced (CE) time-resolved carotid imaging. Materials and Methods Carotid CE magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) was performed on seven healthy volunteers using a time-resolved hybrid sequence that combined undersampled PR acquisition in-plane and Cartesian slice encoding through-plane. The undersampling streak artifact comes mainly from the superior–inferior (S/I) direction in carotid imaging and is suppressed by nonuniform distribution of the projections. Phantom and volunteer studies were performed to demonstrate its efficacy. Results The undersampling streak artifact was significantly suppressed through a nonuniform distribution of the projection angles with more projections aligned along the S/I direction. The hybrid PR sequence combined with nonuniform distribution of the projection angles provided time-resolved images of the carotid arteries with high temporal resolution (two seconds per frame) and high spatial resolution (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.5 mm3) simultaneously. Conclusion High-resolution dynamic imaging of the carotid arteries is feasible with the use of a hybrid undersampled PR acquisition. Undersampling streak artifact can be suppressed significantly through nonuniform distribution of the projections. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clinical outcomes of compromised side branch (stent jail) after coronary stenting with the NIR stent.

Acute side-branch (SB) compromise or occlusion stent jail after native coronary stenting is a matter of concern. Attempts at maintaining SB patency can be a technical challenge. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical impact of SB compromise or occlusion in patients undergoing stenting of parent vessel lesions. We evaluated in-hospital and long-term clinical outcomes (death, Q-wave myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization rates at 6 months) in 318 consecutive patients undergoing NIR stent implantation across an SB. Based on independent angiographic analysis, 218 (68.6%) patients had no poststent SB compromise, 85 (26.7%) patients had narrowed SB (> 70% narrowing, without total occlusion), and 15 (4.7%) patients had an occluded SB after stent implantation. The baseline patient and lesion characteristics were similar between the groups. Procedural success was 100%. Patients with SB occlusion had a higher stents/lesion ratio (P < 0.006). Side-branch occlusion was associated with higher in-hospital ischemic complications (Q-wave myocardial infarction, 7%; non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, 20%; P < 0.05) compared to patients with SB compromise or normal SB. At 6-month follow-up, there was a trend for more myocardial infarctions in the group with SB occlusion during the index procedure (Q-wave myocardial infarction, 7% vs. 1% in the narrowed and 0% in normal SB; P = 0.09). However, late target lesion revascularization and mortality were similar in the three groups (P = 0.91). SB occlusion after parent vessel stenting is associated with more frequent in-hospital Q-wave and non-Q-wave myocardial infarctions. However, with the NIR stent, side-branch compromise or occlusion does not influence late (6 month) major adverse events, including death, myocardial infarction, or need for repeat revascularization.
Tics in Tourette Syndrome: New Treatment Options:

Tourette Syndrome is a familial neurobehavioral disorder characterized by fluctuating involuntary motor and/or vocal tics. The most commonly used medications to treat Tourette's syndrome are haloperidol, pimozide, fluphenazine, and clonidine, all of which may have considerable side effects. We enrolled 450 patients with tics/Tourette's syndrome to be treated with baclofen/botolinum toxin type A for their symptoms. Global severity of tic symptoms was rated by the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale and a quantified videotaped micro-structured analysis of tics. We found that baclofen/botolinum toxin type A are very effective, safe, and reliable in the treatment of tics/Tourette's syndrome. It is worthwhile considering this treatment approach in patients with tics/Tourette's syndrome in order to reduce or avoid the side effects of other medications. Further studies, however, are required.
Nonlinear Rotary Wave Ion Plasma

Abstract The nonlinearly coupled Vlasov-Maxwell ion-plasma field equations are solved exactly for a transversely uniform subgroup of rotational modes induced by a uniform axial magnetic field. The ion orbits in momentum space are bipolar doubly periodic eigenfunctions of ion proper time, obtained in closed form as the difference between two doubly quasi-periodic Weierstrass zeta functions. The ion orbits in position space are helical-spiral doubly quasi-periodic functions of ion proper time, expressible simply in terms of doubly quasi-periodic Weierstrass sigma functions. The complete ion distributions are flexible functions of six constants of the ion motion: wave-frame ion energy, transverse gyro center, an inner Hamiltonian correlating wave-frame ion momentum with wave-frame axial position, and both first and second axial integration constants. A rotary electromagnetic plane wave propagates along the axial magnetic field with complex cisoidal dependence upon wave-frame axial position. The eigenvalue determination intricately interrelates the wave propagation vector, the wave amplitude, the axial magnetic field, the double periods, and the bipole separation.
Pentylenetetrazol-induced enhancement of reticular formation auditory evoked potentials and acoustic startle responses in the cat

Abstract Pentylenetetrazol enhanced the acoustic startle responses concomitant with enhancement of auditory evoked potentials in the reticular formation. The enhancement resulted in part from reversal of habituation-induced reductions in startle amplitude. These data support the idea that initiation of generalized seizures by sensory stimuli in animals treated with pentylenetetrazol may involve reversal of habituation and enhancement of startle mechanisms.