cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guidelines and pitfalls for the rehabilitation following hip arthroscopy

Rehabilitation guidelines following hip arthroscopy have been presented in the literature with common themes consisting of initial protection, restoration of lumbo-pelvic stability, neuromuscular re-education, and return to sport training. The purpose of this review is to present hip arthroscopy guidelines in 4 phases and to address common pitfalls that may delay the rehabilitative process. The goal of phase 1 should be to protect healing tissues through activity modifications. Phase 2 intends to return the patient to pain-free community ambulation without compensation or irritation. A review of hip muscular actions during gait is presented to guide exercise progressions during this phase. Phase 3 should reestablish neuromuscular control through strength and endurance training to provide the foundation for return to functional activities or sports training progressions. The last phase of rehabilitation is dedicated to reestablishing power, speed, agility, and skill for advanced sports and advanced functions.
Recent puzzles in the production of heavy quarkonia

Recently, several surprising experimental observations in the production of heavy quarkonium have been reported. In ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation at $\sqrt{s}=10.6$ GeV, the Belle Collaboration finds that $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ mesons are predominantly produced in association with an extra $\overline{c}c$ pair, with $\ensuremath{\sigma}{(e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}\overline{c}c)/\ensuremath{\sigma}{(e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{X)=0.59}_{\ensuremath{-}0.13}^{+0.15}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12,$ and the BaBar Collaboration reports that the produced $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$'s have mostly longitudinal polarization. In $\overline{p}p$ collisions at the Fermilab Tevatron, the CDF Collaboration reported an excess of $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ and ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ mesons at high ${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ over the perturbative QCD predictions; the nonperturbative approach of nonrelativistic QCD can accommodate the magnitude of the production cross section but not the observed experimental polarization of quarkonia. In this note we propose possible solutions to these puzzles and devise further experimental tests.
The Statistics of Causal Inference: A View from Political Methodology

Many areas of political science focus on causal questions. Evidence from statistical analyses is often used to make the case for causal relationships. While statistical analyses can help establish causal relationships, it can also provide strong evidence of causality where none exists. In this essay, I provide an overview of the statistics of causal inference. Instead of focusing on specific statistical methods, such as matching, I focus more on the assumptions needed to give statistical estimates a causal interpretation. Such assumptions are often referred to as identification assumptions, and these assumptions are critical to any statistical analysis about causal effects. I outline a wide range of identification assumptions and highlight the design-based approach to causal inference. I conclude with an overview of statistical methods that are frequently used for causal inference.
Frontiers proposal. National Institute on Aging "bench to bedside: estrogen as a case study".

On 28–29 September 2004, the National Institute on Aging (NIA) convened scientists for a workshop on the aging female brain focused on translating into clinical practice discoveries concerning estrogens and progestogens. Workshop objectives were to examine effects of estrogen and progestogen on brain and cognitive function in relation to aging, to examine consistencies and apparent discrepancies between Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study findings and other research on cognitive function, to determine whether additional hormone interventions could be developed in this area, and to offer advice on design of clinical trials for other interventions that might ameliorate cognitive aging. Following the workshop, participants joined by other interested scientists organized into regional work groups to continue the dialogue begun in Bethesda and to propose recommendations for NIA. The resulting recommendations, referred to as the “Frontiers Proposal for Estrogen and Cognitive Aging”, acknowledge the persistence of critical gaps in our understanding of how decline in ovarian steroid secretion during reproductive aging and use of ovarian steroid hormone therapy affect normal brain function and risk for late-life neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. There is a pressing need for preclinical, human, and integrated studies on the relationship between the menopausal transition and midlife exposures to estrogens, progestogens and related compounds, and risks for age-associated cognitive disorders. Research is also needed on better predictors of adverse cognitive outcomes, valid biomarkers for risks associated with hormone therapy use, enhanced tools for monitoring brain function and disease progression, and novel forms of therapy for improving long-term cognitive outcomes.
Contextual predictability and the prosodic realisation of focus: a cross-linguistic comparison

This study explored the effect of contextual predictability on the prosodic realisation of focussed expressions in American English and Paraguayan Guarani. Pairs of native speakers played an interactive game to elicit utterances that varied in the location of focus in the NP and whether this location was predictable from visual context. The English results confirmed that focussed expressions had more rising pitch accents, longer durations, and higher f0 than non-focussed expressions. Differences between focussed and non-focussed expressions were enhanced when the location of focus was not predictable from context. The Guarani results confirmed that focussed expressions had distinctive pitch accent and duration patterns relative to non-focussed expressions. Overall prosodic prominence was enhanced when the location of focus was not predictable from context. These results, which are discussed within information-based theories of language production, suggest contextual predictability affects the prosodic rea...
Multilingual Subjectivity: Are More Languages Better?

While subjectivity related research in other languages has increased, most of the work focuses on single languages. This paper explores the integration of features originating from multiple languages into a machine learning approach to subjectivity analysis, and aims to show that this enriched feature set provides for more effective modeling for the source as well as the target languages. We show not only that we are able to achieve over 75% macro accuracy in all of the six languages we experiment with, but also that by using features drawn from multiple languages we can construct high-precision meta-classifiers with a precision of over 83%.
Regulation of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition through SUMOylation of Transcription Factors

Carcinoma cells can transition from an epithelial-to-mesenchymal differentiation state through a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The process of EMT is characterized by alterations in the pattern of gene expression and is associated with a loss of cell polarity, an increase in invasiveness, and an increase in cells expressing cancer stem cell (CSC) markers. The reverse process of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) can also occur, though the transitions characterizing EMT and MET can be incomplete. A growing number of transcription factors have been identified that influence the EMT/MET processes. Interestingly, SUMOylation regulates the functional activity of many of the transcription factors governing transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states. In some cases, the transcription factor is a small ubiquitin-like modifier conjugated directly, thus altering its transcriptional activity or cell trafficking. In other cases, SUMOylation alters transcriptional mechanisms through secondary effects. This review explores the role of SUMOylation in controlling transcriptional mechanisms that regulate EMT/MET in cancer. Developing new drugs that specifically target SUMOylation offers a novel therapeutic approach to block tumor growth and metastasis.
Soil Minerals in the Al2O3-SiO2-H2O System and a Theory of Their Formation*

An attempt has been made to assemble the best thermodynamic information currently available for soil minerals in the Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system at 25°C and 1 atm. Montmorillonite is included by considering its aluminum silicate phase. Diagrams are presented so that the stability of the minerals can be visualized in relation to the ionic environment. Although the Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system is a very simple one compared to soils and sediments, the stability diagrams depict a mineral stability sequence and mineral pair associations that are in good agreement with natural relations. According to the stability diagram, mineral pairs that can form in intimate association are gibbsite-kaolinite, kaolinite-montmorillonite, and montmorillonite-amorphous silica. Forbidden pairs are amorphous silica-kaolinite, amorphous silica-gibbsite, and montmorillonite-gibbsite. The formation of intimate mixtures of three or more of these minerals is also forbidden. The stability diagrams predict ion activity relationships that are in reasonable agreement with those obtained from soils and sediments. Amorphous silica probably limits high silica levels, with montmorillonite also forming at high silica levels. Kaolinite forms at intermediate and gibbsite at low silica levels. These minerals in turn probably control the activity of aluminum ions at a level appropriate to the pH. The formation of gibbsite, kaolinite, montmorillonite and amorphous silica appears to be controlled by a combination of kinetics and equilibria. That is, the kinetic dissolution of unstable silicates appears to control the H4SiO4 level. The new mineral(s) most stable at that H4SiO4 level appear to precipitate in response to solution equilibria.
Mitral Annulus Calcification

Mitral annulus calcification (MAC) is a chronic, degenerative process in the fibrous base of the mitral valve. Although MAC was initially thought to be an age-related degenerative process, there is accumulating evidence that other mechanisms, such as atherosclerosis and abnormal calcium-phosphorus metabolism, also contribute to the development of MAC. Despite its frequency, the clinical relevance of MAC is grossly underappreciated. Indeed, MAC is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, mitral valve disease, arrhythmias, and mortality. MAC also influences the outcomes of cardiac surgery and interventions, and its clinical relevance may well increase substantially in the forthcoming era of transcatheter mitral valve replacement. In this paper, we review the available published data to provide a consistent, clinically relevant description of MAC on the basis of contemporary imaging. We describe the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to the formation of MAC and the clinical implications of this disease entity.
Spontaneous extracranial hemorrhagic phenomena in primary headache disorders: A systematic review of published cases

Background Head pain is a cardinal feature of primary headache disorders (PHDs) and is often accompanied by autonomic and vasomotor symptoms and/or signs. Spontaneous extracranial hemorrhagic phenomena (SEHP), including epistaxis, ecchymosis, and hematohidrosis (a disorder of bleeding through sweat glands), are poorly characterized features of PHDs. Aim To critically appraise the association between SEHP and PHDs by systematically reviewing and pooling all reports of SEHP associated with headaches. Methods Advanced searches using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate databases were carried out for clinical studies by combining the terms "headache AND ecchymosis", "headache AND epistaxis", and "headache AND hematohidrosis" spanning all medical literature prior to October 10, 2015. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines were applied. Results A total of 105 cases of SEHP associated with PHDs (83% migraine and 17% trigeminal autonomic cephalgias) were identified (median age 27 years, male to female ratio 1:2.3); 63% had epistaxis, 33% ecchymosis, and 4% hematohidrosis. Eighty-three percent of studies applied the International Classification of Headache Disorders diagnostic criteria. Eighty percent of the reported headaches were episodic and 20% were chronic. Twenty-four percent of studies reported recurrent episodes of SEHP. Conclusions Our results suggest that SEHP may be rare features of PHDs. Future studies would benefit from the systematic characterization of these phenomena.
Endometrial biopsy: another look.

Abstract Another look is taken at 20,677 endometrial biopsies; this technique is presented as a practical and economical means of achieving early detection and diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma. A total of 187 were detected; 32 (17 per cent) were asymptomatic. Routine Papanicolaou smear was helpful in only 26 per cent of instances. Eleven carcinomas (5.9 per cent) could not be diagnosed by endometrial biopsy because of stenosis of the cervix or obstructing tumors. Reference is made to 225 associated Gravlee washes. A detailed report will follow. The author emphasizes that any technique is of value only when positive or atypical and if it alerts the physician that further tests should be done.
The morbidity of hemochromatosis among clinically unselected homozygotes: preliminary report.

Hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disorder that often results in accumulation of excessive amounts of storage iron in parenchymal organs. 1-14 The end-stage of the disease in individuals who are homozygous for the HLA-linked hemochromatosis allele is characterized by massive iron overload associated with organ damage. The frequency of homozygosity for hemochromatosis in some populations, including the U.S. Caucasian population, is estimated to be about 5 per 1000. 15 Massive iron overload, however, with multiple organ failure occurs less frequently. 15-21 The disparity between the frequency of the homozygous genotype and the observed frequency of massive iron over-load is due in part to physiologic iron loss in women, and may be due to variable penetrance of the clinical phenotype in homozygotes of both sexes. 15,20
Detection of an abnormal lipoprotein in a large colony of pedigreed baboons using high-performance gel exclusion chromatography.

Abstract High-performance gel exclusion chromatography was used to detect an abnormal lipoprotein in a large colony of baboons. Serum obtained from fasting baboons was adjusted to density 1.21 g/ml and ultracentrifuged to obtain lipoproteins. A small fraction (equivalent to 50 μl serum) was separated using a gel filtration column (TSK 4000 SW) or a combination of TSK 4000 PW and TSK 3000 PW columns. The unusual lipoprotein was detected either as a distinct peak between low- and high-density lipoproteins or as a distinct shoulder to the high-density lipoprotein peak. In some baboons the unusual lipoprotein was present on both chow and atherogenic diet, but in most cases it was induced by feeding an atherogenic diet.
Assessing U.S. Food Wastage and Opportunities for Reduction

Abstract Reducing food wastage is one of the key strategies to combat hunger and sustainably feed the world. We present a comprehensive analysis of available data, despite uncertainties due to data limitation, indicating that the U.S. loses at least 150 million metric tonnes (MMT) of food between farm and fork annually, of which about 70 MMT is edible food loss. Currently,
Alloxan-induced azotemia in the rat.

SummaryIn rats of the Long-Evans strain there is no difference between the diabetogenic and nephrotoxic dose of alloxan as judged by hyperglycemia and azotemia. Even when diabetes persists there is nearly complete functional recovery of the kidney.
PCSM-09PSYCHOSOCIAL AND SYMPTOMATIC SCREENING AMONG PATIENTS WITH CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMORS

BACKGROUND: Identifying psychosocial and symptomatic issues among patients with central nervous system tumors is essential to their care. In this study, a brief questionnaire is used to improve our overall knowledge of general distress experienced by these patients, while specifically evaluating the frequency of psychosocial and symptomatic issues that they may encounter upon onset of diagnosis. METHODS: The questionnaire was completed by 366 patients at every visit at the UCLA neuro-oncology clinic. Among these, 104 patients completed the questionnaire more than once. Patients completed a depression screening using the PHQ-2 and a screen for suicidal ideation derived from the PHQ-9. The remainder of the questionnaire consisted of a list of psychosocial and symptomatic features in which patients were instructed to select if applicable. RESULTS: For the depression screening, 61% denied having little interest or pleasure in doing things over the past 2 weeks, while only 7% reported that they experienced this feeling nearly every day. When they were asked if they have been feeling down, depressed, or hopeless over the past 2 weeks, 61% denied these feelings, while 5% stated that they felt this way nearly every day. Of these, 4% of patients report of having suicidal thoughts. The most common psychosocial concerns were feelings of anxiety (33%), how their family is coping (29%), and their quality of life (25%). Among these patients, most reported that they needed assistance with finances (10%), transportation (8%), disability benefits (7%), and care at home (7%). When asked about symptoms, patients reported of significant cognitive changes (32%), fatigue (42%), and numbness/weakness/falls/imbalance (29%). CONCLUSION: The questionnaire emphasized the needs of the patients in the neuro-oncology clinic. This has served as a vital tool to reveal where intervention is indicated among these patients.
Sedimentation and Other Properties of the Reconstituted Liver Microsomal Mixed-Function Oxidase System Containing Cytochrome P-450, Reduced Triphosphopyridine Nucleotide—Cytochrome P-450 Reductase, and Phosphatidylcholine

The effect of phosphatidylcholine, an essential component of the reconstituted liver microsomal enzyme system which hydroxylates drugs, on the sedimentation and other properties of cholate-solubilized cytochrome P-450 was studied. Upon centrifugation of the cytochrome P-450 fraction for 1 hr at 105,000 x g at 5°, 85-90% of the cytochrome P-450 remained in the supernatant fraction. The apparent sedimentation coefficient of the cytochrome P-450 was 13 S, whether this fraction was centrifuged alone or in the presence of the reductase fraction and phosphatidylcholine. When the concentration of bound cholate was reduced by dialysis to approximately 1 µg/mg of protein, corresponding to about 1 mole/mole of cytochrome P-450, almost full catalytic activity was retained and an apparent sedimentation coefficient of 18 S was observed. This value was not altered by the addition of the reductase fraction and the lipid. The molecular weight of the dialyzed cytochrome P-450 was judged to be about 350,000 by sedimentation velocity measurements in the ultracentrifuge, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and gel exclusion chromatography, but this figure must be considered provisional in view of the heterogeneity of the preparation. The effect of sedimentation on the distribution of enzyme activity was also determined. After centrifugation of the complete reaction mixture containing the cytochrome P-450 fraction, the reductase fraction, phosphatidylcholine, TPNH, and benzphetamine for 1 hr at 105,000 x g , over 90% of the original hydroxylation activity remained in the supernatant layer. The resuspended pellet was inactive when supplemented with TPNH and substrate. When the reconstituted enzyme system was subjected to gel exclusion chromatography, the cytochrome P-450 and TPNH—cytochrome P-450 reductase were well separated from each other and from the phospholipid, thereby indicating that these components behave as separate entities rather than as a tightly associated complex. The solubilized cytochrome P-450 fraction was examined in the electron microscope and found to have the appearance of individual protein molecules rather than of highly complex structures. Similarly, a mixture of the cytochrome P-450 fraction, the reductase fraction, and phospholipid was devoid of structures which could be attributed to aggregation. These findings indicate that, although a dissociable complex containing cytochrome P-450, reductase, and phosphatidylcholine may function in catalysis, the phospholipid exerts its effect on drug hydroxylation without causing the formation of aggregates or membrane-like structures.
All optical contention detection and resolution for asynchronous variable length optical packets switching

We proposed a novel 2×2 all optical packet switching router architecture supporting asynchronous, labelled and variablelength packet. A proof of concept through Matlab Simulink simulation is validated. Then we discussed the three possible scenarios to demonstrate the contention resolution technique based on deflection routing. We have showing that the contending packet is detected and forwarded according FIFO (First In First Out) strategy to another output.
Functional Genomic Insights into Regulatory Mechanisms of High-Altitude Adaptation

Recent studies of indigenous human populations at high altitude have provided proof-of-principle that genome scans of DNA polymorphism can be used to identify candidate loci for hypoxia adaptation. When integrated with experimental analyses of physiological phenotypes, genome-wide surveys of DNA polymorphism and tissue-specific transcriptional profiles can provide insights into actual mechanisms of adaptation. It has been suggested that adaptive phenotypic evolution is largely mediated by cis-regulatory changes in genes that are located at integrative control points in regulatory networks. This hypothesis can be tested by conducting transcriptomic analyses of hypoxic signaling pathways in conjunction with experimental measures of vascular oxygen supply and metabolic pathway flux. Such studies may reveal whether the architecture of gene regulatory networks can be used to predict which loci (and which types of loci) are likely to be "hot spots" for adaptive physiological evolution. Functional genomic studies of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) demonstrate how the integrated analysis of variation in tissue-specific transcriptomes, whole-animal physiological performance, and various subordinate traits can yield insights into the mechanistic underpinnings of high-altitude adaptation.
The San Diego Chicano Movement and the Origins of Border Art

This article analyzes how the complex and often contradictory immigration politics of the 1970s Chicano movement led to the development of Border Art in the San Diego region. Chicano leader Herman ...
mTORC2 regulates multiple aspects of NKT-cell development and function

Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity by rapidly secreting cytokines and lysing targets following TCR recognition of lipid antigens. Based on their ability to secrete IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17A, iNKT-cells are classified as NKT-1, NKT-2, and NKT-17 subsets, respectively. The molecular pathways regulating iNKT-cell fate are not fully defined. Recent studies implicate Rictor, a required component of mTORC2, in the development of select iNKT-cell subsets, however these reports are conflicting. To resolve these questions, we used Rictorfl/fl CD4cre+ mice and found that Rictor is required for NKT-17 cell development and normal iNKT-cell cytolytic function. Conversely, Rictor is not absolutely required for IL-4 and IFN-γ production as peripheral iNKT-cells make copious amounts of these cytokines. Overall iNKT-cell numbers are dramatically reduced in the absence of Rictor. We provide data indicating Rictor regulates cell survival as well as proliferation of developing and mature iNKT-cells. Thus, mTORC2 regulates multiple aspects of iNKT-cell development and function.
An IoT self organizing network for 5G dense network interference alignment

To achieve 1000X improvements in capacity 5G communication networks integrate a heterogenous combination of advanced systems to increase data rate. A significant component of the improvement addressed in this paper network densification incorporates closely spaced radio access antennas to achieve high information rates. However 5G multi-user networks must cope with unprecedented levels of interference and are also susceptible to jamming. To realize high 5G channel capacity targets of 1 Gbps interference management systems are a necessity. We present a self organizing Internet of Things (IoT) network infrastructure for protecting the future 5G communication system network from self-induced co-channel interference. We introduce protocols for an IoT based interference-alignment approach. Our main contributions are the introduction of an IoT architecture capable of 5G interference alignment and a spatial dimensioning algorithm that accounts for estimation error in the 5G channel state associated with interference cancellation.
Complications Associated With Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease or Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy (From the NCDR® Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Registry).

Patients with childhood heart disease are living longer and entering adulthood, and may undergo implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation to reduce the risk of sudden death. We evaluated the characteristics of adult patients with congenital heart disease or left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) in the National Cardiovascular Disease Registry ICD Registry and determined ICD-related in-hospital complications. Patients with LVNC or transposition of the great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot, Ebstein's anomaly, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, or common ventricle were identified in the registry. In-hospital complications were compared among different diagnoses using the chi-square test for categorical variables and the F-test in analyses of variance for continuous variables. A total of 3,077 patients were identified. The mean age was 48.0 ± 16.0 years, and 39.9% were female. Single-chamber ICDs were implanted in 25.2%, dual chamber in 41.9%, and cardiac resynchronization in 30.8%. Intraprocedural or postprocedural complications occurred in 70 patients (2.3%); there were 6 in-hospital deaths (0.2%). The most frequent complications were acute lead dislodgments, pneumothorax, and hematomas. Patients with Ebstein's anomaly had the greatest complication rate (8.3%, p = 0.03). The complication rate was 1.55% in single-chamber devices, 1.86% in dual chamber, and 3.5% in cardiac resynchronization (p < 0.001). For initial implants, the complication rate was 2.55%, 1.62% in generator replacements, and 8.77% in lead revisions (p = 0.001). In conclusion, in this large contemporary adult cohort of congenital heart disease and LVNC patients who underwent ICD implant procedures, periprocedural complication rates were low. Lead-related risks predominated.
The effects of China's grassland contract policy on Mongolian herders' attitudes towards grassland management in northeastern Inner Mongolia

China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is experiencing high levels of grassland degradation partially as a result of government policies to sedentarize nomadic pastoralists and privatize collective grasslands. Previous research suggests that these policies have reduced Mongolian pastoralists' ability to effectively manage grasslands and cope with negative climatic events. Herders in New Barag Right Banner (n = 50) representing both sedentary and mobile livestock management strategies were asked to respond to a scaled survey regarding their attitudes towards the effectiveness of their current grassland management strategies and their perceptions regarding the future of pastoralism in Inner Mongolia. Inter-rater reliability and MannWhitney U Tests were utilized to compare the attitudes towards grassland management and the future viability of livestock production and to test whether or not sedentary and mobile herders share the same attitudes towards these facets of their pastoral way of life. There is both high intra and inter-group agreement on the survey variables across settlement categories, indicating that sedentary and mobile herders share the same attitudinal orientations regardless of their settlement patterns. The implications of these results for future grassland policy and sustainable livestock production are also discussed. Keywords: pastoralism, China, Inner Mongolia, grassland policy, privatization, marketization
Molecular Pathways of Smooth Muscle Disease

Phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle is a hallmark of many disease processes. External environmental stimuli can cause SMCs to lose their contractile properties and become migratory, proliferative, secretory, and sometimes proinflammatory. The molecular mechanisms that underlie each of these functions are comprised of distinct, integrated signaling pathways that coordinate the response of the cell to its environment. Receptor tyrosine kinases and G-protein-coupled receptors activate a series of kinases and phosphatases, as well as NADPH oxidases, that converge on the cytoskeleton and cell cycle to promote migration and proliferation. Proinflammatory cytokines signal through transcription factors such as NF-κB to induce expression of inflammatory genes and adhesion molecules, exacerbating inflammation. Understanding these pathways is key to developing specific therapeutic strategies to interfere only with those functions of smooth muscle that contribute to disease development.
CEO Overconfidence and Bank Failure

This study examines the impacts of overconfidence on bank performance during the 2008 financial crisis. I find three significant results related to overconfidence: (1) The number of bank chief executive officers (CEO) who were overconfident grew significantly in the run-up to the crisis (increased 55% between 2000 and 2006); (2) measures of overconfidence (especially vested in-the-money options) were the highest in 2006 – a year preceding the crisis, and (3) overly-optimistic tendencies cut across diverse sectors in the financial industry prior to the crisis. The implication is that a bank with an overconfident CEO was more likely to fail or receive a financial bailout Trouble Asset Relief Program (TARP) fund. Overall, the results demonstrate that the value-destroying investment decisions of an overconfident CEO can extend beyond the firm, and contribute to a global credit crisis.
Topographic Patterns of Hippocampal Theta Rhythm in Freely Moving Rat and Rabbit

In 1954 Green and Arduini (13) reported the presence of approximately sinusoidal, high-amplitude, slow waves of 3–7 cps in the hippocampus of both curarized and freely moving rabbits. In the curarized rabbit, the slow waves appeared in response to natural sensory stimulation of electrical stimulation of certain subcortical structures. The waves appeared in the freely moving animal when it was alert and interested in its surroundings. The hippocampal slow waves were termed theta rhythm in keeping with the designation that had previously been established for human EEG components in the 4–7 cps frequency range, and the theta rhythm was characterized as an arousal reaction of the hippocampus.
Heat Transfer to Boiling Liquid Nitrogen and Hydrogen Flowing Axially Through Narrow Annular Passages

The purpose of the investigations described here was to obtain information concerning the maximum heat dissipation of boiling nitrogen and hydrogen flowing through narrow channels. The sponsoring agency had two uses for this information: 1) To provide a check for the theory of Sydoriak and Roberts.1 In a paper by them, a theoretical approach to the problem of heat transfer in a frictionless flow evaporator was presented. The resulting equation related Q (the power input to the boiling liquid) to various properties in the following manner: $$ \lambda _{t - }^Y = {\alpha ^Y}(t - )Z_{t - }^Y$$ (1) where A = cross-sectional area of passage λ = latent heat of boiling liquid ρL = density of liquid αG = density of vapor boil-off g = gravitational acceleration f = mass fraction vapor leaving evaporator Z = pressure drop across evaporator Experimental data taken by Sydoriak and Roberts agreed with this equation within 30 per cent for hydrogen and 5 per cent for nitrogen. 2) To provide a check on the LASL experimental data. The studies by Sydoriak and Roberts were not extensive; it was felt that a thorough investigation might provide more reliable predictions of maximum heat dissipation by boiling cryogenic liquids.
Technology Management in Media and Information Firms

The author discusses how RD selection of RD integration of technology with firm strategy; the location of RD the organizational structure of RD budgeting; implementing RD standards strategy; and collaboration with open community-based R&D. The second part of the chapter covers the six stages of media-tech convergence and introduces the various elements that jointly form the media-tech sector. The first convergence was that of calculating devices, components, and control code, resulting in computers. The second convergence is that of computers with communications hardware, and includes telecommunications, cellular telephony, and the Internet. The third convergence joins the elements of consumer electronics, the fourth those of content, and the fifth leads to the emerging online-based media cloud. Anticipated is the next convergence, that of bio-electronics and human cognition. Throughout the chapter, the Japanese firm Sony is discussed with its struggles to integrate across multiple hardware and content segments.
Cardiac massage for trauma patients in the battlefield: An assessment for survivors.

Abstract Introduction Survival from traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest (TCA) has been reported at a rate as low as 0–2.6% in the civilian pre-hospital setting, and many consider resuscitation of this group to be futile. The aim of this investigation was to describe patients who received cardiac massage during TCA in a battlefield setting; we also aimed to identify predictors of survival. Methods We conducted a review of the Department of Defense Trauma Registry to identify patients who received cardiac massage in the battlefield between 2007 and 2014. Patients were also grouped according to location of cardiac arrest: pre-hospital (PH) and in-hospital (IH). The groups were compared and evaluated by injury, transport time, type of resuscitation, and pre-hospital procedures. Outcome variables included survival to discharge and 30-day survival. Categorical variables were analysed using chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests. Wilcoxon tests were performed for continuous variables. Regression modelling was used to assess for predictors of survival. Results 75 of all 582 patients (13%, 95% CI 10–16) survived to 30 days, and all survivors were transported out of the battlefield; 23 PH (7.8%, 95% CI 5.2–12) and 52 IH (17%, 95% CI 13–22) patients survived to 30 days (p Conclusions We report a 13% survival to 30 days among all patients receiving cardiac massage in a battlefield setting. Closed-chest cardiac massage predicted survival among IH TCA victims who also received intravenous medications in this review of combat-related TCA.
Relationships Between Instructional Alignment, Time, Instructional Quality, Teacher Quality, and Student Mathematics Achievement

Opportunity to learn (measured by time spent on teaching mathematics and mathematics content coverage) potentially acts as a mediator of instructional quality and teacher characteristics. Previous research used a multilevel structural equation model (SEM) to explore the relationship of teacher instructional quality (identified using a latent variable) to student mean outcomes at grade four. Here, this model is extended by incorporating two instructional quality variables related to opportunity to learn: teacher alignment with national curriculum expectations, and time spent on mathematics. This model was applied to grade four and grade eight data from the 2011 cycle of IEA’s Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). Replicating the analysis at grade eight determined whether the mathematics performance of lower secondary students showed similar relationships with instructional quality as those observed for grade four students. Teacher instructional alignment and time on mathematics was found to have a weak mediating effect on student outcomes.
Feasibility of Hepatitis B Vaccination by Microneedle Patch: Cellular and Humoral Immunity Studies in Rhesus Macaques.

Background This study evaluated dissolvable microneedle patch (dMNP) delivery of hepatitis B vaccine in rhesus macaques and provides evidence that dMNP delivery elicits seroprotective anti-HBs levels comparable with human seroprotection, potentially useful for hepatitis B birth dose vaccination in resource-constrained regions. Methods Sixteen macaques were each vaccinated twice; they were treated in 4 groups, with dMNP delivery of AFV at 24 ± 8 µg (n = 4) or 48 ± 14 µg (n = 4), intramuscular injection of AFV (10 µg; n = 4), or intramuscular injection of AAV (10 µg; n = 4). Levels of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (anti-HBs) and HBsAg-specific T-cell responses were analyzed. Results Six of 8 animals with dMNP delivery of AFV had anti-HBs levels ≥10 mIU/mL after the first vaccine dose. After dMNP delivery of AFV, interferon γ, interleukin 2, and interleukin 4 production by HBsAg-specific T cells was detected. A statistically significant positive correlation was detected between anti-HBs levels and cells producing HBsAg-specific interferon γ and interleukin 2 (T-helper 1-type cytokine) and interleukin 4 (T-helper 2-type cytokine) in all anti-HBs-positive animals. Conclusions dMNP delivery of AFV can elicit seroprotective anti-HBs levels in rhesus macaques that are correlated with human seroprotection, and it could be particularly promising for birth dose delivery of hepatitis B vaccine in resource-constrained regions.
Use of environmental DNA (eDNA) in streams to detect feral swine (Sus scrofa)

Invasive feral swine can damage ecosystems, disrupt plant and animal populations, and transmit diseases. Monitoring of feral swine populations requires expensive and labor-intensive techniques such as aerial surveys, field surveys for sign, trail cameras, and verifying landowner reports. Environmental DNA (eDNA) provides an alternative method for locating feral swine. To aid in detection of this harmful invasive species, a novel assay was developed incorporating molecular methods. From August 2017 to April 2018, water samples and stream data were collected along 400 m transects in two different stream types where swine DNA was artificially introduced to investigate potential factors affecting detection. A generalized linear model (family binomial) was used to characterize environmental conditions affecting swine DNA detection; detection was the dependent variable and stream measurements included stream type, distance downstream, water temperature, velocity, turbidity, discharge, and pH as independent variables. Parameters from the generalized linear model were deemed significant if 95% confidence intervals did not overlap 0. Detection probability for swine DNA negatively related to water temperature (β = - 0.21, 95% CI [-0.35 to -0.09]), with the highest detection probability (0.80) at 0 °C and lowest detection probability (0.05) at 17.9 °C water temperature. Results indicate that sampling for swine eDNA in free-flowing stream systems should occur at lower water temperatures to maximize detection probability. This study provides a foundation for further development of field and sampling techniques for utilizing eDNA as a viable alternative to monitoring a terrestrial invasive species in northern regions of the United States.
Measurement-based Power System Dynamic Model Reduction Using ARX Equivalents

The increasing complexity of power system has made it difficult to simulate large-scale power system in detail. Therefore, to improve computational efficiency, model reduction techniques has been applied to reduce the external area and focus on the dynamics of the internal area. This paper proposes a measurement-based model reduction method which reduces the external system by replacing external system with ARX equivalents. The modeled transfer function parameters are obtained using system identification approach. Case studies on the NPCC system and EI system are carried out. Results show that the proposed reduction method can effectively retain the dynamic behavior of the study area while mitigating computation burden.
Gradual Channel Pruning While Training Using Feature Relevance Scores for Convolutional Neural Networks

The enormous inference cost of deep neural networks can be mitigated by network compression. Pruning connections is one of the predominant approaches used for network compression. However, existing pruning techniques suffer from one or more of the following limitations: 1) They increase the time and energy consumed by the compute-heavy training stage due to the addition of the pruning and fine-tuning steps, 2) They prune layer-wise based on local information about a particular layer’s statistics, ignoring the effect of error propagation through the network, 3) They lack an efficient means to determine the global importance of channels, 4) Due to the use of unstructured pruning, they may not lead to any energy advantage when implemented on mainstream platforms (GPUs and TPUs), requiring specialized hardware to reap the benefits. To address the above issues, we present a simple-yet-effective methodology for gradual channel pruning while training using a data-driven metric referred to as feature relevance score . The proposed technique eliminates the need for additional retraining by pruning the least important channels in a structured manner at fixed intervals during the regular training phase. Pruning is guided by feature relevance scores, which help in efficiently evaluating the contribution of each channel towards the discriminative power of the network. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology on architectures such as VGG and ResNet using datasets such as CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and ImageNet, and successfully achieve significant model compression while trading off less than 1% accuracy
Chapter 51 – Production of Transgenic Mice by Pronuclear Microinjection

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a procedure for production of transgenic mice by pronuclear microinjection. When one micromanipulation device is chosen over another, the choice may dictate the use of supplies that are especially compatible with the equipment available. Microneedles are pulled from appropriate microcapillary tubing and used directly without further processing. The instrument collar for the holding pipette should be connected via tubing to a microinjection device. The instrument collar for the microneedle may be connected to a 10-cc syringe. Insert the microneedle into the pronucleus and allow the flow of DNA to cause swelling of the pronucleus. Microinjection should not be considered successful unless this swelling is seen. After microinjection, immediately remove the microneedle from the zygote. Release the zygote by applying positive pressure on the holding pipette. Allow the microinjected zygote to drift down to the floor of the dish and then move the stage so as to repeat the process on the next embryo. When all embryos are microinjected, remove them to a dish of M16 for about 1 h of culture.
COVID-19’s Fierce Subversion of Our Supposed Separateness: Cultivating Life With and For All Others

The COVID-19 pandemic is not only a biological crisis but a psychological, sociocultural, economic, and spiritual one. Our most grave threat is not the coronavirus itself, but what we do in respons...
Special Series Introduction: Confronting the Challenge of Clinical Decision Making in Evidence-Based Practice

Abstract This special series addresses the often ignored problem that many clients seen by practicing clinicians do not benefit from empirically-based practices as neatly as research may suggest. The authors in this series have considered the process of decision making in evidence-based practice, looking from differing viewpoints, and considering treatment setting and ethical issues. They present suggestions for clinicians to adapt treatment to the needs of clients while adhering to the robust research on psychotherapy processes and cognitive behavioral therapy.
Neutrino mass and oscillations

The neutrino remains as exotic and challenging today as it was seventy years ago when first proposed by Pauli. What is known for certain about neutrinos is minimal indeed. They have spin 12, charge 0, negative helicity, and exist in 3 flavors, electron, mu, and tau. Strictly speaking, only 2 flavors are certain: direct observation of the tau neutrino has not yet been achieved, but an experiment, DONUT, at Fermilab is in progress with this objective [1]. Limits on the masses from direct, kinematic experiments (ones that do not require assumptions about the non-conservation of lepton family numbers) have been steadily lowered by experiments of ever-increasing sophistication over the years, with the results given in Table 1. As will be discussed below, there are stronger limits on the mass of νe from tritium beta decay [2, 3], but the data show curious distortions near the endpoint that are not at present understood.
Improved model exploration for the relationship between moral foundations and moral judgment development using Bayesian Model Averaging

Although some previous studies have investigated the relationship between moral foundations and moral judgment development, the methods used have not been able to fully explore the relationship. In...
Comfort over Change: a Case Study of Diversity and Inclusivity Efforts in U.S. Higher Education

Efforts to diversify and make historically white organizations more inclusive are as varied as they are numerous. Yet, for all their ubiquity in U.S. higher education, few studies have examined them in real time. This case study thus features a two-day meeting where stakeholders were invited to consider how to make science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields not only more diverse but also inclusive. Drawing on observational, documentary, and interview data, we offer three findings. First, we share how facilitators were ill-prepared to define diversity for their project. Second, we share that facilitators and most white participants hesitated and sometimes directly avoided conversations about historical and contemporary exclusion in STEM, especially regarding racism. Third, we show that, while facilitators and most white participants avoided specific conversations about the exclusionary nature of STEM spaces, racially minoritized participants repeatedly requested more concrete conversations. We conclude the paper with several implications for future research and practice for administrators, professors, DEI practitioners, and funders.