cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plato's introduction of forms

Preface Note on the text Abbreviations 1. Introduction Part I. A Socratic Theory of Definition: 2. Socrates' demand for definitions 3. Fixing the topic 4. Socrates' requirements: substitutivity 5. Socrates' requirements: paradigms 6. Socrates' requirements: explanations 7. Socrates' requirements: explaining by paradigms 8. Explaining: presence, participation the Lysis Part II. Between Definitions and Forms: 9. The Meno Part III. Platonic Forms: 10. Phaedo 64-66: enter the forms 11. Phaedo 72-78: the forms and recollection 12. The beautiful in the Symposium 13. Phaedo 95a-107b: forms and causes 14. Conclusion References Index of passages cited General index.
Theory and Practice: Measuring High-Pressure Electronic and Magnetic Properties

Measurements of the electronic and magnetic properties of Earth and planetary materials at high pressure play a crucial role in modern geoscience. There have been numerous advances in the field, primarily as a result of developments in diamond-anvil cell methods. In particular, synchrotron radiation techniques play an especially important role. The chapter begins with a short review of fundamental properties of the relevant materials, with emphasis on how these are altered under very high pressures and temperatures of the Earth's deep interior, followed by a discussion of different classes of electronic and magnetic excitations. Various techniques currently used for high-pressure studies are then described, beginning with optical spectroscopies, Moessbauer spectroscopy, elastic X-ray and neutron scattering, many new X-ray spectroscopy and inelastic scattering methods, transport techniques, and finally resonance methods. Selected examples of the techniques are given, with a common theme being the high P-T behavior of iron-containing oxides, silicates, and metals at conditions found throughout the Earth's interior. Applications to upper-mantle phases, 'simple' oxides, silicate perovskite and post-perovskite, volatiles, and iron and iron alloys are discussed, with an emphasis given to integrated studies utilizing a combination of different techniques to understand high P-T electronic and magnetic phenomena.
US Telecommunications Today

This chapter examines the current conditions in the US telecommunications sector (October 2002). We examine the impact of technological and regulatory change on market structure and business strategy. Among others, we discuss the emergence and decline of the telecom bubble, the impact on pricing of digitization and the emergence of Internet telephony. We briefly examine the impact of the 1996 Telecommunications Act on market structure and strategy in conjunction with the history of regulation and antitrust intervention in the telecommunications sector. After discussing the impact of wireless technologies, we conclude by venturing into some short term predictions. We express concern about the derailment of the implementation of the 1996 Act by the aggressive legal tactics of the entrenched monopolists (the local exchange carriers), and we point to the real danger that the intent of Congress in passing the 1996 Act to promote competition in telecommunications will not be realized. We also discuss the wave of mergers in the Telecommunications and cable industries.
“Frayed All Over:” The Causes and Consequences of Activist Burnout Among Social Justice Education Activists

Despite the growing body of scholarship on burnout among social justice activists who are working on a variety of issues, from labor rights to queer justice, little attention has been paid to burnout among those whose activism focuses on issues of educational justice. To begin to address this omission and understand what supports might help social justice education activists mitigate burnout and sustain their activism, we analyzed interview data from 14 activists focused on activist burnout and its implications on movements for educational justice.. This analysis identified 3 major symptom categories of activist burnout and we gained insights into the culture of martyrdom in social justice education movements. These symptoms and the culture of martyrdom, by negatively impacting the health and sustainability of activists, threaten the efficiency and effectiveness of educational justice movements.
Recruitment Research in the Twenty-First Century

Research on recruitment practices (recruiters, recruitment sources, administrative procedures, vacancy characteristics, and selection standards) and recruitment processes (time-related, social, information-related, and interactive processes plus applicant self-selection and person-organization fit) is reviewed, and increments to knowledge about recruitment over the past decade are summarized. Trends in recruitment practices are noted, along with their potential implications for organizations and organizational researchers. A call is made for increased cross-level recruitment research, as well as recruitment research at the organizational level of analysis. Keywords: applicant attraction; job search; person-organization fit; recruitment
Effects of melatonin in early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Background Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating disease that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There is substantial evidence to suggest that oxidative stress is significant in the development of acute brain injury following SAH. Melatonin is a strong antioxidant that has low toxicity and easily passes through the BBB. Previous studies have shown that melatonin provides neuroprotection in other models of CNS injury. Methods This experiment evaluates melatonin as a neuroprotectant against early brain injury following SAH. The endovascular perforation model of SAH was performed in male Sprague Dawley rats followed by the administration of melatonin two hours after the insult. Mortality and brain water content were assessed 24 after SAH. Findings A significant reduction in 24 h mortality was seen following treatment with 150 mg/kg of melatonin. Brain water content was evaluated in the high dose treatment group to see if a reduction in brain edema was associated with reduced mortality. High dose melatonin tended to reduce brain water content following SAH. Conclusions Large doses of melatonin significantly reduced mortality and brain water content in rats following SAH.
Randomized Controlled Trials of Acupuncture (1997–2007): An Assessment of Reporting Quality with a CONSORT- and STRICTA-Based Instrument

The present study describes the development of a comprehensive quality of reporting assessment tool and its application to acupuncture RCTs from 1997–2007. This Oregon CONSORT STRICTA Instrument (OCSI) is based on the revised CONSORT guidelines as modified by the STRICTA recommendations for acupuncture trials. Each of the resulting 27 OCSI items were applied to English language prospective RCTs that compared acupuncture, using manual and/or electro-stimulation, to no treatment, a sham procedure, or usual biomedical care. The 333 RCTs that met inclusion criteria were dispersed among 27 countries and 141 journals. Mean quality of reporting score for all articles was 63.0% (SD 16.5). Mean OCSI scores revealed a 30.9% improvement over the ten-year period (P<.001). Our findings suggest that to enhance quality of reporting, authors should better attend to seven specific OCSI items in three categories: practitioner training, adverse events, and aspects of randomization and blinding (n=5). The broad diversity in geographical origin, publication site and quality of reporting, viewed in light of the considerable room for improvement in mean OCSI scores, emphasizes the importance of making STRICTA as well as CONSORT more widely known to journals and to the acupuncture research community.
Investigation of Thermionic Emission in the Region of Periodic Schottky Deviation

The existence of deviation from the thermionic Schottky line has been theoretically investigated for metals. An equation based on a modified model, which contains a classical image force and exchange and correlation forces, is derived. The theoretical solution indicates that the amplitude is inversely proportional to the temperature, whereas the phase and the period are found to be independent of the temperature. The theoretical solution is compared with the experiments in terms of two parameters, the potential-barrier height and the coefficient of the exchange and correlation forces. These exchange and correlation forces characterize the form of the surface potential. The agreement in amplitude and phase between theoretical and experimental results is excellent.
Failure analysis of an HCl gas cylinder valve

The fouling failure of an anhydrous HCl gas cylinder valve was investigated after the failure led to an accidental release of HCl gas. It is surmised that water penetrated into the valve by improper purging or valving, and created a severely corrosive environment. The aluminum bronze valve body underwent general corrosion. The corrosion products, primarily nantokite (CuCl), built up within the valve and led to the fouling failure. Dezincification was observed in a leaded nickel silver component of the valve. The Monel 400 valve stem was intact. The cylinder and valve testing procedures that led to the gas release incident are also examined.
A versatile ground data display system for Spacelab experiments

A microprocessor-based data capture and display system suited to the needs of many Spacelab experimenters is described. Although developed specifically for the needs of the FAUST UV astronomy telescope, several features of the system may make it attractive to other groups who need to interact with their Spacelab data in real or near-real time. The display system captures data from the serial data stream originating in the Spacelab experiment computer input/output (ECIO) data channel, and can reformat and display several hundred variables per second in real time. The system offers a combination of CRT display and analog paper strip-chart output. A facility is also provided for simultaneously creating floppy-disk records of short segments of data according to prearranged criteria, to allow detailed examination of critical events in the operation of the experiment. The simplicity, economy, reliability, and flexibility of the display system suggest its use for monitoring a variety of low- and medium-data-rate Spacelab experiments.
Arthroscopic localization of medial collateral ligament injury

Abstract Injury to the medial collateral ligament has previously been assessed primarily using the clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging. In this article, we describe an adjunct to these diagnostic tools: an arthroscopic observation to assess the specific location of the medial collateral ligament injury. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 5 (May-June), 2001: E21
Interference competition as a mechanism of coexistence between two sympatric species of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes (Decapoda: Palaemonidae)

Abstract Various theories have been developed to explain the puzzling coexistence of species which have broad niche overlap in critical resource utilization. The coexistence of two sympatric species of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio Holthuis and P. vulgaris (Say), whose niches overlap with respect to space, food, and time, was examined in an experimental field and laboratory study. A seasonal fluctuation between sympatric and contiguous allopatric distribution of the two species of grass shrimp on natural shell, mud, and eelgrass substrata suggests that competition may be an important factor determining distribution of Palaemonetes . Field and laboratory experiments confirm that P. vulgaris can competitively displace P. pugio from the preferred shell substratum by interference competition but the tendency of grass shrimp to separate spatially in winter by bottomdepths (as in field enclosure cages) could have allowed both species to coexist on shell. Spatial separation by bottom-depth was not so evident in spring, since P. vulgaris apparently displaced P. pugio from shell to mud substratum. Occupancy of shell substratum is shown to be adaptive in that shell provides greater protection from predators than does mud. It is suggested that the spatial partitioning resulting from this interference competition promotes coexistence by reducing agonism while permitting efficient utilization of other common resources.
TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 are partially redundant effectors in brain vascular morphogenesis

Abstract Gene deletion experiments have shown that the three TGFβ isoforms regulate distinct developmental processes. Recent work by our group and others showed that the integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 activate latent forms of TGFβ1 and TGFβ3. This raises the possibility that TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 act redundantly in developmental processes where both isoforms are expressed and activation is by integrins. To investigate this issue, we generated mice with defective integrin-mediated TGFβ1 activation (Tgfb1RGE/RGE) that were also homozygous for a null mutation in the TGFβ3 gene. Tgfb1RGE/RGE; Tgfb3−/− mice have severely perturbed development of the brain vasculature that is highly similar to that in mice lacking αvβ8. Some Tgfb1RGE/RGE; Tgfb3+/− and Tgfb1RGE/RGE; Tgfb3+/+ mice have milder, background-dependent versions of the phenotype. In addition, we found that Tgfb3 gene status influences embryonic lethality due to TGFβ1 deficiency after limited backcrossing to the BALB/c background. Conversely, Tgfb1 gene status modifies the extent of palate fusion in Tgfb3−/− mice after limited backcrossing to the ICR background. Our results are consistent with a functional connection between TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 during development based on a shared mechanism of activation.
Build Time and Cost Models for Additive Manufacturing Process Selection

Due to the varieties of available Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies, it is challenging to select appropriate processes to cost effectively build a part, especially when a user does not have in-depth knowledge about AM. In this paper, we introduce approximate models of build time and cost for AM processes that can be used for early stage process selection. Therefore, a user can identify and compare candidate manufacturing processes based on build time and cost estimates that are computed from approximate geometric information about the part, specifically the part’s bounding box and its estimated volume. The build time model is based on a generalized parameterization of AM processes that applies to laser-based scanning (Stereolithography, powder bed fusion), filament extrusion (fused-deposition modeling), ink-jet printing, and mask-projection processes. Build time estimates were tested by comparing them to the measured build time of parts in fabricated using Stereolithography, ink-jet printing, and fused deposition modeling processes.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Observation of an unusual case of triple-line instability

Bi vapors penetrate along the triple lines in electrodeposited Ni specimens to form open channels at 800 and 900 °C. This triple-line instability can be interpreted as a case of triple-line wetting by a gas phase. Further controlled experiments using high-purity Ni specimens suggest that the presence of S impurities is essential. This unusual wetting phenomenon is related to the formation of a bilayer complexion in Ni–Bi and its occurrence can significantly affect microstructural stability and corrosion resistance.
Non-native Production of Thai: Acoustic Measurements and Accentedness Ratings

This paper reports a study of the production of Thai vowels, consonants, and tones by native English speakers using two forms of evaluation: acoustic measurements and auditory evaluation by native Thai-speaking listeners. The investigation focused on (a) the acoustic parameters along which the two groups of speakers differ, and (b) which of these acoustic parameters influenced native listeners' judgments of perceived degree of accentedness. Three native Thai speakers and 6 native English speakers were tape recorded in an oral reading task. Speech analysis showed that the two groups of speakers differed more along the spectral dimension (namely formant frequencies and fundamental frequency) than the temporal dimension (namely voice-onset time and vowel duration). When the productions of both the native speakers and the non-native speakers were rated for accentedness, the rating data showed that non-native production can be readily distinguished from native production. Only some non-native tokens were judged as 'native-like'. Moreover, the rating scores for the non-native speakers were lower in level tones than contour tones, suggesting different degrees of difficulty for each tone. When the acoustic data were regressed on the rating data, significant predictors were spectral in nature and were found mostly for level tones. Moreover, no correlation between years of experience with Thai and the rating scores was found. Results are discussed in terms of a 'holistic' versus an 'analytic' approach in tone processing by adults, inherent acoustic characteristics of individual tones as well as quantity and quality of the native input. Furthermore, the fact that some non-native tokens were judged as 'native-like' seems to challenge the claim that segmental as well as suprasegmental errors arise from the loss of ability to learn non-native sounds.
Phenotypic consequences of deletion of the gamma 3, alpha 5, or beta 3 subunit of the type A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor in mice

Abstract Three genes (Gabrg3, Gabra5, and Gabrb3) encoding the gamma 3, alpha 5, and beta 3 subunits of the type A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor, respectively, are known to map near the pink-eyed dilution (p) locus in mouse chromosome 7. This region shares homology with a segment of human chromosome 15 that is implicated in Angelman syndrome, an inherited neurobehavioral disorder. By mapping Gabrg3 on a panel of p-locus deletions, we have determined that the order of genes within this cluster is centromere-p(D15S12h)-Gabrg3-Gabra5-Gabrb3-telom ere. Like Gabrb3, neither the Gabra5 nor Gabrg3 gene is functionally imprinted in adult mouse brain. Mice deleted for all three subunits die at birth with a cleft palate, although there are rare survivors (approximately 5%) that do not have a cleft palate but do exhibit a neurological abnormality characterized by tremor, jerky gait, and runtiness. We have previously suggested that deficiency of the beta 3 subunit may be responsible for the clefting defect. Most notably, however, in this report we describe mice carrying two overlapping, complementing p deletions that fail to express the gamma 3 transcript, as well as mice from another line that express neither the gamma 3 nor alpha 5 transcripts. Surprisingly, mice from both of these lines are phenotypically normal and do not exhibit any of the neurological symptoms characteristic of the rare survivors that are deleted for all three (gamma 3, alpha 5, and beta 3) subunits. These mice therefore provide a whole-organism type A gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor background that is devoid of any receptor subtypes that normally contain the gamma 3 and/or alpha 5 subunits. The absence of an overt neurological phenotype in mice lacking the gamma 3 and/or alpha 5 subunits also suggests that mutations in these genes are unlikely to provide useful animal models for Angelman syndrome in humans.
Blinding in randomised trials: hiding who got what.

Blinding embodies a rich history spanning over two centuries. Most researchers worldwide understand blinding terminology, but confusion lurks beyond a general comprehension. Terms such as single blind, double blind, and triple blind mean different things to different people. Moreover, many medical researchers confuse blinding with allocation concealment. Such confusion indicates misunderstandings of both. The term blinding refers to keeping trial participants, investigators (usually health-care providers), or assessors (those collecting outcome data) unaware of the assigned intervention, so that they will not be influenced by that knowledge. Blinding usually reduces differential assessment of outcomes (information bias), but can also improve compliance and retention of trial participants while reducing biased supplemental care or treatment (sometimes called co-intervention). Many investigators and readers naively consider a randomised trial as high quality simply because it is double blind, as if double-blinding is the sine qua non of a randomised controlled trial. Although double blinding (blinding investigators, participants, and outcome assessors) indicates a strong design, trials that are not double blinded should not automatically be deemed inferior. Rather than solely relying on terminology like double blinding, researchers should explicitly state who was blinded, and how. We recommend placing greater credence in results when investigators at least blind outcome assessments, except with objective outcomes, such as death, which leave little room for bias. If investigators properly report their blinding efforts, readers can judge them. Unfortunately, many articles do not contain proper reporting. If an article claims blinding without any accompanying clarification, readers should remain sceptical about its effect on bias reduction.
The saturation algorithm for symbolic state-space exploration

We present various algorithms for generating the state space of an asynchronous system based on the use of multiway decision diagrams to encode sets and Kronecker operators on boolean matrices to encode the next-state function. The Kronecker encoding allows us to recognize and exploit the “locality of effect” that events might have on state variables. In turn, locality information suggests better iteration strategies aimed at minimizing peak memory consumption. In particular, we focus on the saturation strategy, which is completely different from traditional breadth-first symbolic approaches, and extend its applicability to models where the possible values of the state variables are not known a priori. The resulting algorithm merges “on-the-fly” explicit state-space generation of each submodel with symbolic state-space generation of the overall model.Each algorithm we present is implemented in our tool SmArT. This allows us to run fair and detailed comparisons between them on a suite of representative models. Saturation, in particular, is shown to be many orders of magnitude more efficient in terms of memory and time with respect to traditional methods.
Modeling the benefits of power plant emission controls in Massachusetts.

Abstract Older fossil-fueled power plants provide a significant portion of emissions of criteria air pollutants in the United States, in part because these facilities are not required to meet the same emission standards as new sources under the Clean Air Act. Pending regulations for older power plants need information about any potential public health benefits of emission reductions, which can be estimated by combining emissions information, dispersion modeling, and epidemiologic evidence. In this article, we develop an analytical modeling framework that can evaluate health benefits of emission controls, and we apply our model to two power plants in Massachusetts. Using the CALPUFF atmospheric dispersion model, we estimate that use of Best Available Control Technology (BACT) for NOx and SO2 would lead to maximum annual average secondary particulate matter (PM) concentration reductions of 0.2 μg/m3. When we combine concentration reductions with current health evidence, our central estimate is that the seco...
Locomotory and stridulatory circadian rhythms in the cricket, Teleogryllus commodus

Abstract Male crickets of the species Teleogryllus commodus express circadian rhythms in both their stridulatory and locomotory behaviours. Both forms of activity show the same free-running period (τ) in either DD (23·4 hr) or LL (25·1 hr). Although some overlap is seen between periods of locomotion and stridulation, the majority of each activity is found in different phases of the circadian cycle: locomotion occurs mainly in the subjective day and stridulation in the subjective night. Entraining LD cycles with photoperiods of 12 hr produce exogenous effects that can obscure endogenous components of the rhythms. Red light (λ>600 nm) causes the period to lengthen and RD cycles can entrain both rhythms. Single white light pulses of 2 or 6 hr did not produce significant phase shifts, but did cause τ to shorten when given in the subjective night. The significance of these observations is discussed. Given the results obtained to date, it is not likely that each rhythm is under the control of a separate circadian pacemaker.
Variation in Preen Oil Composition Pertaining to Season, Sex, and Genotype in the Polymorphic White-Throated Sparrow

Evidence for the the ability of birds to detect olfactory signals is now well documented, yet it remains unclear whether birds secrete chemicals that can be used as social cues. A potential source of chemical cues in birds is the secretion from the uropygial gland, or preen gland, which is thought to waterproof, maintain, and protect feathers from ectoparasites. However, it is possible that preen oil also may be used for individual recognition, mate choice, and signalling social/sexual status. If preen oil secretions can be used as socio-olfactory signals, we should be able to identify the volatile components that could make the secretions more detectable, determine the seasonality of these secretions, and determine whether olfactory signals differ among relevant social groups. We examined the seasonal differences in volatile compounds of the preen oil of captive white-throated sparrows, Zonotrichia albicollis. This species is polymorphic and has genetically determined morphs that occur in both sexes. Mating is almost exclusively disassortative with respect to morph, suggesting strong mate choice. By sampling the preen oil from captive birds in breeding and non-breeding conditions, we identified candidate chemical signals that varied according to season, sex, morph, and species. Linear alcohols with a 10–18 carbon chains, as well as methyl ketones and carboxylic acids, were the most abundant volatile compounds. Both the variety and abundances of some of these compounds were different between the sexes and morphs, with one morph secreting more volatile compounds in the non-breeding season than the other. In addition, 12 compounds were seasonally elevated in amount, and were secreted in high amounts in males. Finally, we found that preen oil signatures tended to be species-specific, with white-throated sparrows differing from the closely related Junco in the abundances and/or prevalence of at least three compounds. Our data suggest roles for preen oil secretions and avian olfaction in both non-social as well as social interactions.
Incidental findings detection using low tube potential for CT pulmonary angiography.

While lowering the radiation dose using a reduced tube potential (kVp) strategy for CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) maintains accuracy for pulmonary embolism detection, there is no data regarding the effect of increased noise from lower kVp on both the accuracy of lung and mediastinum lesion detection in the same patient cohort. This study compares the accuracy and diagnostic confidence of lung nodules and enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes detection between low and standard kVp CTPA. The study cohort included 272 CTPA studies acquired at low kVp and 274 studies at standard kVp. Each patient had a routine chest CT acquired within 60 days of the CTPA that served as a reference standard for lung and mediastinum lesions. In additional to the evaluation of image quality, two radiologists independently interpreted lung nodules and mediastinal lymph nodes on CTPA and recorded confidence level for each interpretation. Multivariate models assessed effect of kVp settings on diagnostic accuracy and confidence level in interpretation. Low kVp CTPAs had higher image noise. A significant decrease in the confidence levels for evaluation of mediastinal lymph nodes was observed at low kVp by one of two readers, although there was no significant correlation between accuracy of interpretation and kVp settings for lung and mediastinum lesion detection (adjusted odds ratios = 0.67-1.22, p values (0.2). While increased image noise may decrease the diagnostic confidence of the radiologist, the detection of lung nodules and enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes was not compromised. Referring clinicians can expect that lower radiation dose CTPA answers ques- tions related to lungs and mediastinum.
Prediction of the operative slip system in CsCl type compounds using anisotropic elasticity theory

Abstract Slip systems of five compounds having the CsCl structure (CsBr, NiAl, CuZn, AuZn and AuCd) are predicted using anisotropic elasticity theory. Comparison of prediction with experimental observations demonstrates that considerations other than minimum energy of formation and ease of movement of the dislocations of a slip system are of importance in some compounds. Ordering energy and the separation width of 〈111〉 superpartials may play a dominant role in some systems, notably, as is shown by the calculations, for AuCd and AuZn. An analytical expression for determining the {110} antiphase-boundary energy in ionically bonded CsCl type compounds is developed which permits calculation of the energy from knowledge of the repulsive exponent and the lattice constant, or equivalently from the bonding energy.
Plume dispersed hydrothermal particles: A time-series record of settling flux from the Endeavour Ridge using moored sensors

Abstract Settling particles collected with moored sediment traps near an area of active hydrothermal venting in the northeast Pacific Ocean provide information about the deep-sea distribution of hydrothermal material. Results of an 8-day, near-field, single-trap experiment and a 340-day, multi-instrument, 5-trap deployment two kilometers from the Endeavour Ridge vent field show variability in the quantity and composition of the plume-to-sediment particle flux over time, with depth, and with distance from the vent field. Hydrothermal elemental fluxes vary by a factor of two among the four sampling intervals of the longer experiment; a factor of three variation in Fe/S among these periods reflects temporal changes in phase composition. Changes in flux with depth—for example, a 200-fold increase in Cu and Zn between above- and below-plume traps are evidence of hydrothermal input. Comparison of fluxes determined in the near- and far-field experiments reveals the spatial influence of vent effluent. Near-field particle flux exceeds that measured two kilometers away by a factor of 10 to 20 and is relatively enriched in Fe, Cu, and organic carbon, but depleted in Mn. Calculations of the residence time of the plume with respect to settling indicate that more than 90 percent of the particulate material is transported farther than two kilometers from the vent field. Interpretation of elemental, mineralogical, and grain-size analyses suggest that chemical precipitation kinetics, other physical and biological particle-forming processes, changes in vent output, and lateral transport of hydrothermal material by abyssal currents are tenable explanations for our observations. Our findings suggest that these rate-interdependent processes be included in realistic models of hydrothermal particle flux.
Curvature relations in three-dimensional symmetric axes

Abstract Aspects of symmectric axis geometry in three dimensions are discussed. A notion of radius curvature is defined and a relationship between symmetric axis curvature, radius curvature, and boundary curvature is derived.
The Ontogeny of Vocal Communication in the Pika

Vocalizations and behavioral data were obtained from a captive population of young pikas during social interactions with littermates and the mother. Pikas are capable of producing a graded series of three calls at birth which are associated with conditions of hunger, cold, injury, and other forms of physical discomfort. These vocalizations disappear around the time that weaning occurs and pikas become independent. The infant wail and twitter (which appear after the first week) undergo some structural modification as the young mature and become two vocalizations of the adult repertoire. Other vocalizations, the short call, long call, and panic call, which appear from the second through the fifth week, are structurally identical to future adult calls, although in some instances they are used in different situations. While there is an increase in the number of calls in the vocal repertoire as pikas mature, the most distinct ontogenetic shift in pika vocal communication concerns function.
Resolving Power and Decision Theory

The fundamental resolving power of optical systems is defined by use of decision theory. For binary decisions in the presence of Gaussian noise, the probability of a correct decision is determined by the quadratic content of the difference image and the noise variance per unit of area. In the spatial frequency domain the probability of correct decision involves the integral of the power spectrum of the difference image and the noise variance per unit of area. The merit of a particular optical system for the performance of a specific binary decision task may be evaluated by use of a formula involving its modulation transfer function. The resolution of two monochromatic, incoherent point sources under conditions of high background radiation is discussed, as an illustrative example. The resolution of two point sources is limited only by the precision with which the flux density at all points in the image plane can be determined. The manner in which this increased precision can be obtained by increasing the period of observation is discussed, for the case of a photon-counting detector.
Probing the electronic structure and chemical bonding of gold oxides and sulfides in AuOn(-) and AuSn(-) (n = 1, 2).

The Au-O and Au-S interactions are essential in nanogold catalysis and nanotechnology, for which mono-gold oxide and sulfide clusters serve as the simplest molecular models. We report a combined photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio study on AuO- and AuO2- and their valent isoelectronic AuS- and AuS2- species to probe their electronic structure and to elucidate the Au-O and Au-S chemical bonding. Vibrationally-resolved spectra were obtained at different photon energies, providing a wealth of electronic structure information for each species. Similar spectra were observed for AuO- and AuS- and for the linear OAuO- and SAuS- species. A bent isomer was also observed as Au(S2)- in the AuS2- spectra, whereas a similar Au(O2)- complex was not observed in the case of AuO2-. High-level ab initio calculations were conducted to aid spectral assignments and provide insight into the chemical bonding in the AuX- and AuX2- molecules. Excellent agreement is achieved between the calculated electronic excitations and the observed spectra. Configuration interactions and spin-orbit couplings were shown to be important and were necessary to achieve good agreement between theory and experiment. Strong covalent bonding was found in both the AuX- and the XAuX- species with multiple bonding characters. While Au(S2)- was found to bemore » a low-lying isomer with a significant binding energy, Au(O2)- was shown to be unbound consistent with the experimental observation. The latter is understood in the context of the size-dependent reactivity of Aun- clusters with O2.« less
Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries: 1. effects on growth and yields.

Vermicomposts processed commercially from food wastes and paper wastes were applied, to 4.5 m 2 field plots, under high plastic hoop tunnels, at rates of 5 or 10 t ha � 1 to evaluate their effects on the growth and yields of strawberries (Fragaria ananasa) var. Chandler’. The vermicomposts were incorporated into the top 10 cm of soil and supplemented, based on chemical analyses, with amounts of inorganic NPK fertilizers calculated to equalize the initial fertilizer rates of 85–155–125 kg ha � 1 NPK applied to the inorganic fertilizer plots. All treatments were replicated four times, in a completely randomized design, at two field sites on Doles silt loam or Hoytville silty clay loam at Piketon and Fremont, Ohio, respectively. Vermicompost applications increased strawberry growth and yields significantly; including increases of up to 37% in leaf areas, 37% in plant shoot biomass, 40% in numbers of flowers, 36% in numbers of plant runners and 35% in marketable fruit weights. These responses seemed not to be dose-dependent, since strawberries at one site grew fastest and yielded most in response to the 10 t ha � 1 vermicompost application rate, whereas they responded positively and similarly to both the 5 and 10 t ha � 1 rates of applications at the other site. These responses could not have been mediated by availability of macronutrients, since all plots were supplemented with inorganic fertilizers, to equalize macronutrient inputs for all treatments, but based on other research in our laboratory could have been due to production of plant growth regulators by microorganisms during vermicomposting. � 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Older adults' perceptions of usefulness of personal health records

Electronic personal health records (PHRs) have the potential to both make health information more accessible to patients and function as a decision-support system for patients managing chronic conditions. Age-related changes in cognition may make traditional strategies of integrating and understanding existing (i.e., paper-based) health information more difficult for older adults. The centralized and integrated nature of health information, as well as the long-term tracking capabilities present in many PHRs, may be especially beneficial for older patients' management of health. However, older adults tend to be late adopters of technology and may be hesitant to adopt a PHR if the benefits are not made clear (perceived usefulness). Toward the design of a useful PHR, a needs analysis was conducted to determine how people currently manage their health information, what they perceive as useful, and to identify any unmet needs. This paper describes two qualitative studies examining the health information needs of both younger and older adults. The first study used a 2-week diary methodology to examine everyday health questions or concerns, while the second study examined maintenance of health information and perceptions of PHRs through the use of a three-part interview. User's perceptions of the usefulness of PHRs are provided as recommendations for the design of e-health technology, especially those targeted for older adult healthcare consumers. The results suggest that both older and younger adults would deem a PHR useful if it provides memory support in the form of reminders, provides tools to aid in comprehension of one's health concerns, is interactive and provides automatic functions, and is highly accessible to authorized users, yet one's information is kept secure and private.
An analysis of the information usage patterns of academics and practitioners in the computer field: A citation analysis of a national conference proceedings

Abstract The citation practices of academics and practioners who have published papers in the proceedings of a national computer conference are analyzed in order to measure how the two groups differ in their use of published information. The comparison is based upon types of documents cited, age of cited literature and core journals cited. The study found that both groups cited the same group of core journals and cited documents of approximately the same age. Both groups cited journals most frequently and when document types are ordered according to citation frequency, the rankings are identical. However, the actual citation frequencies by type of document are not the same and these differences are attributed to unequal levels of awareness and access to specific categories of documents.
Cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in rats: effect of bupropion, persistence over repeated tests, and its dependence on training dose.

The motivational effects of nicotine-associated cues have been demonstrated in animal studies. However, it is unknown whether the effectiveness of nicotine cues in reinstating nicotine-seeking varies with the extent of prior nicotine self-administration. In addition, the issue of whether bupropion (an FDA-approved smoking cessation medication) interferes with the conditioned incentive of nicotine cues remains to be addressed. This study determined the relationship of cue-reinstated nicotine-seeking and the levels of prior self-administration and examined the effect of bupropion on cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking in comparison with that on self-administration. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were trained in daily 1-h sessions to intravenously self-administer nicotine at different doses (0, 0.015, 0.03, 0.06 mg/kg/infusion) and to associate an auditory/visual cue with each nicotine delivery. After extinction, three reinstatement tests at 15 day intervals were conducted with re-presentation of the cue without nicotine delivery. In separate groups of rats trained with 0.03 mg/kg/infusion nicotine, bupropion (0, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to different groups before the reinstatement and in a within-subject design before the self-administration tests. Cue-induced reinstatement of active lever responses was observed at all nicotine doses in the first reinstatement test, but at only the two highest doses during the second and third tests. The magnitude of reinstatement was positively correlated with level of prior responding for nicotine. Bupropion pretreatment decreased nicotine self-administration but enhanced cue-reinstated nicotine-seeking. These results demonstrate the positive correlation of cue-reinstated nicotine-seeking with prior responding for nicotine self-administration and the persistence of the cue effect after taking higher doses of nicotine. The results of pharmacological tests suggest that although it is able to help achieve smoking cessation, bupropion may have little clinical benefit for the prevention of relapse associated with exposure to environmental smoking cues.
GABAA,slow: causes and consequences

GABA A receptors in the CNS mediate both fast synaptic and tonic inhibition. Over the past decade a phasic current with features intermediate between fast synaptic and tonic inhibition, termed GABA A,slow , has received increasing attention. This has coincided with an ever-growing appreciation for GABAergic cell type diversity. Compared with classical fast synaptic inhibition, GABA A,slow is slower by an order of magnitude. In this review, we summarize recent studies that have enhanced our understanding of GABA A,slow . These include the discovery of specialized interneuron types from which this current originates, the factors that could underlie its characteristically slow kinetics, its contribution to specific aspects of integrative function and network oscillations, and its potential usefulness as a novel drug target for modulating inhibitory synaptic transmission in the CNS.
Kinetic analysis of the thermal degradation of polystyrene–montmorillonite nanocomposite

Nanocomposites exhibit a combination of unique properties, such as increased heat distortion temperature, reduced permeability, reduced flammability and improved mechanical properties. In this work, a polystyrene (PS) clay nanocomposite was prepared via bulk polymerization using a novel organically modified montmorillonite (MMT). The organic-modifier is the N,N-dimethyl-n-hexadecyl-(4-vinylbenzyl) ammonium chloride (VB16). The thermal stability of PS–VB16 compared to pure PS is examined in pyrolytic and thermo-oxidative conditions. It is then studied using a kinetic analysis. It is shown that the stability of PS is significantly increased in the presence of clay. The thermal behavior of PS and PS nanocomposite is modeled and simulated. A very good agreement between experimental and simulated curves both in dynamic and isothermal conditions is observed. Using kinetic analysis associated to the reaction to fire of PS nanocomposite simulated in a cone calorimeter, the peak of heat release rate is half that of virgin PS, it is suggested that the clay acts as a char promoter slowing down the degradation and providing a protective barrier to the nanocomposite. The combination of these two effects is an important factor lowering the HRR.
The Putative Catalytic Bases Have, at Most, an Accessory Role in the Mechanism of Arginine Kinase

Arginine kinase is a member of the phosphagen kinase family that includes creatine kinase and likely shares a common reaction mechanism in catalyzing the buffering of cellular ATP energy levels. Abstraction of a proton from the substrate guanidinium by a catalytic base has long been thought to be an early mechanistic step. The structure of arginine kinase as a transition state analog complex (Zhou, G., Somasundaram, T., Blanc, E., Parthasarathy, G., Ellington, W. R., and Chapman, M. S. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 8449–8454) showed that Glu-225 and Glu-314 were the only potential catalytic residues contacting the phosphorylated nitrogen. In the present study, these residues were changed to Asp, Gln, and Val or Ala in several single and multisite mutant enzymes. These mutations had little impact on the substrate binding constants. The effect upon activity varied with reductions in k cat between 3000-fold and less than 2-fold. The retention of significant activity in some mutants contrasts with published studies of homologues and suggests that acid-base catalysis by these residues may enhance the rate but is not absolutely essential. Crystal structures of mutant enzymes E314D at 1.9 A and E225Q at 2.8 A resolution showed that the precise alignment of substrates is subtly distorted. Thus, pre-ordering of substrates might be just as important as acid-base chemistry, electrostatics, or other potential effects in the modest impact of these residues upon catalysis.
When excluding one matroid prevents infinite antichains

Geelen, Gerards, and Whittle have announced that there are no infinite sets of binary matroids none of which is isomorphic to a minor of another. In this paper, we use this result to determine precisely when a minor-closed class of matroids with a single excluded minor does not contain such an infinite antichain.
Does Lexical Marking Affect Eyewitness Recall

Abstract Four experiments examined the effect of lexical marking on eyewitness recall. In Experiments 1 and 2, subjects viewed a videotaped reenactment of a purse snatching; in Experiment 3, they imagined the occurrence of one; and in Experiment 4, they viewed a videotaped reenactment of a liquor-store armed robbery. In each experiment, subjects responded to questions containing marked, unmarked, or neutral adjectives concerning the assailant's age and height as well as other aspects of the event. In the first three experiments, analyses of variance on the subjects' responses and homogeneity of variance tests both failed to show effects attributable to lexical marking. In Experiment 4 the marked question produced significantly lower estimates of the robber's age as compared to the unmarked and neutral questions. It was argued that previous studies that showed a lexical marking effect were contaminated by demand characteristics.