cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophoretic Analysis of Magnolia macrophylla Michaux in Gaston County, North Carolina

Abstract Populations of Magnolia macrophylla Michx. in Gaston County, North Carolina, and one in neighboring York County, South Carolina, were examined using allozyme analysis. All populations studied had the same monomorphic genotype. Several factors could account for this lack of variation. Migration from population centers along the Gulf Coast by sequential founder events could have resulted in populations at the northeastern limit of its range being genetically depauperate. Sexual reproduction in these populations is rare because most trees do not appear to live long enough to reach maturity. Recruitment of new individuals seems to be by vegetative reproduction of ramets from roots of immature trees. Any pollen exchange that does occur is between trees that represent another part of a single clone.
Low-residue versus clear liquid diet before colonoscopy: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials

Background and aims Colonoscopy is extremely important for the identification and removal of precancerous polyps. Bowel preparation before colonoscopy is essential for adequate visualization. Traditionally, patients have been instructed to consume only clear liquids the day before a colonoscopy. However, recent studies have suggested using a low-residue diet, with varying results. We evaluated the outcomes of patients undergoing colonoscopy who consumed a clear liquid diet (CLD) versus low-residue diet (LRD) on the day before colonoscopy by a meta-analysis. Methods Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane databases, and CINAHL were searched (February 2015). Studies involving adult patients undergoing colonoscopy examination and comparing LRD with CLD on the day before colonoscopy were included. The analysis was conducted by using the Mantel-Haenszel or DerSimonian and Laird models with the odds ratio (OR) to assess adequate bowel preparations, tolerability, willingness to repeat diet and preparation, and adverse effects. Results Nine studies (1686 patients) were included. Patients consuming an LRD compared with a CLD demonstrated significantly higher odds of tolerability (OR 1.92; 95% CI, 1.36-2.70; P Conclusion An LRD before colonoscopy resulted in improved tolerability by patients and willingness to repeat preparation with no differences in preparation quality and adverse effects.
The evolution of prior-BCC grain boundary cracking during in-situ creep deformation of a Ti-15Al-33Nb(at%) alloy

In-situ tensile-creep experiments were performed on a Ti-15Al-33Nb(at%) alloy using a specialized tensile stage placed within the vacuum chamber of a Camscan 44 FE scanning electron microscope (SEM). The creep damage evolution on the sample surface was chronicled through backscattered electron (BSE) imaging as a function of stress, time, and creep displacement at 650°C. The experiments revealed that the prior-BCC grain boundaries were the locus of damage accumulation during creep and significant grain boundary cracking was observed. The grain boundary cracking was verified to occur within the bulk of the material through post-mortem analysis.
Nothing Is Quite So Practical as a Good Theory

A central mission of scholars and educators in professional schools of management, health, education, and social work is to conduct research that contributes knowledge to a scientific discipline, on the one hand, and to apply that knowledge to the practice of management as a profession, on the other (Simon, 1967). To do this well, we need to design our research so that it provides an intimate understanding of the practical problems facing the profession. Equally important, we need to appreciate and strengthen our skills in developing good theory so that research conducted about these problems will advance the knowledge that is relevant to both the discipline and the profession. Lewin's (1945) statement that "nothing is so practical as a good theory" captures a theme that is as important today as it was in Lewin's time. Good theory is practical precisely because it advances knowledge in a scientific discipline, guides research toward crucial questions, and enlightens the profession of management. This spec...
The Problem of Evasive Testimony: The Expert “Waffle”

Confronted with a difficult, unexpected, or confrontational question, an expert witness may answer by attempting to overwhelm the questioner with words, sometimes highly evasive ones, that avoid, rather than actually address, the question asked. Such a discursive response is sometimes called a “waffle,” as in “The expert's answer was a waffle.” This review notes some examples of this phenomenon and attempts to categorize them in a meaningful way. An ancillary goal of this discussion may be to aid experts in focusing their answers.
Chemical Control of the Ground Pearl, Eumargarodes laingi1

Controlling ground pearls, Eumargarodes laingi Jak. (Margarodidae: Homoptera), by using a nematocide and phosphate insecticides was studied in North Carolina during 1956-57. The nematocide, VC-13® ( O -2,4-dichlorophenyl O,O -diethyl phosphorothioate), gave some indications of control. Malathion plots showed the greatest reduction in posttreatment populations. Demeton was second in effectiveness. Dylox® (dimethyl 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethylphosphonate) gave no indication of control and posttreatment populations approximated those in the untreated check. A greenhouse experiment using the same phosphate chemicals and known pretreatment populations corroborated the field data.
Measurement of cortical binding capacity in human plasma.

SummarySimultaneous dialysis of 2 diluted plasma samples in the same system at 37°C is an acceptable method for measurement of the relative amounts of corticosteroid binding protein present. Dissociation of the steroid-protein complex in undiluted samples is slow even at 37°. The kinetics of binding do not permit attainment of equilibrium at 4°, even when the plasma is diluted. The differences noted by previous investigators in comparison of pregnant and non-pregnant samples are explainable by this incomplete equilibrium.
Processable Oligomeric and Polymeric Precursors to Silicates Prepared Directly from SiO2, Ethylene Glycol and Base.

Bimetallic glycolato silicates of the form M2 Si2(OCH2CH2O)5 where M is an alkali metal, can be synthesized directly from SiO2, ethylene glycol and MOH. Further reaction with HO(CH2CH2O)4H, PEG4, transforms these compounds into rheologically useful polymers. These polymers offer considerable potential for processing novel silicate glass shapes, e.g. thin films, fibers and membranes, from relatively inexpensive precursors materials. In this paper, we describe pyrolysis studies on the model compound Li2 Si2(OCH2CH2O)5 as a prelude to determing the utility of the polymeric precursors. These studies delineate the effects of temperature on the decomposition processes whereby the glycolato silicate transforms into almost phase pure, crystalline Li2O-2SiO2. This work is contrasted with previous pyrolysis studies on K2 Si2(OCH2CH2O)5.
Enzymatic digestion of rabbit globulin.

SummaryRabbit gamma globulin antibody fractions, prepared by ammonium sulfate fractionation of pooled sera of rabbits immunized with formalin-killed Salmonella typhosa, were digested with pepsin. Extent of digestion was estimated by tyrosine present in dialyzable digest fragments. Digest fractions, which precipitated between 40%-60% ammonium sulfate saturation, had agglutinin titers equal to, or perhaps greater than, titers of undigested globulin. The major component of the 40%-60% fraction also migrated more slowly in the ultracentrifuge. This suggests that it has been possible to digest rabbit antibody globulin so that smaller molecules are obtained in a digest fraction which still maintains its agglutinin antibody activity.
Target Acquisition/Tracking for the Space-Based Chromotomographic Hyperspectral Imaging Experiment

This paper examines the slewing and attitude determination requirements for the Chromotomographic Experiment (CTEX), a chromotomographic-based hyperspectral imager, to be mounted on-board the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) Kibo External Facility (EF). The in-track slewing requirement is driven by the facts that CTEx has a very small field of view and is required to collect 10 seconds of data for any given collection window. The need to slew in the cross-track direction is a product of the small FOV and target/calibration site access. CTEx incorporates a two-axis slow-steering dwell mirror with a range of +/- 8 and an accuracy of 10 arcseconds in each axis to slew the FOV. The inherent inaccuracy in the knowledge of the International Space Station’s (ISS) attitude (+/- 3 ) poses significant complications in accurately pointing CTEx even with more accurate (0.3 ) attitude information provided by the JEM. The desire is for CTEx to incorporate a star tracker with 1 arcsecond accuracy to determine attitude without reliance on outside sources.
Optical, mechanical, and radiation performance of metal-coated fibers at high temperature

For specialized applications, conventional optical fibers provide insufficient protection against high temperature, high stress conditions, and nuclear radiation. These conditions exist in optical sensor applications in nuclear reactors, fire-resistant cable deployment, and geothermal exploration.
Sociology as a Science

the spirit and methods of modern science, but at the same time they illustrate a philosophical approach to the problems in their fields. However, it is invidious to mention names, for many others might be cited whose work illustrates equally well the open-minded, but critical scientific approach, which overlaps with philosophical procedure. This protest against too narrow a view of scientific method in the social sciences would not be needed if there were not in certain circles a disposition to erect this view into an orthodoxy. Now, orthodoxies in the history of thought, whether in the field of religion, politics, or philosophy, have invariably proved in the long run to be impediments to progress. There is no reason to think that the result will be different in the social sciences. If we wish the social sciences to develop normally, if we do not wish them to become sterile and die, we must keep orthodoxies in their methodology from getting a hold. Rather our attitude must be the pragmatic one of welcoming any method which will yield truth that will work. Scientific methodology is not a closed science. It is a growing one, and it needs to preserve the experimental attitude must as much as any other science. Moreover, if the social sciences are to progress, we need to keep the mind of youthful students not only open but adventurous; not bound by physicalscience traditions, but eager to discover new knowledge by any methods which trained human intelligence can follow.
The malling of the movies: Film exhibition reforms, multiplexes, and film consumption in the new millennium in urban China

ABSTRACTThe aim of this article is to examine China's multiplex boom in the new millennium. As a result of film exhibition deregulation policy, the hot investment trend caused a ‘cinema building frenzy’, which significantly changed the face of the movie exhibition sector in the Chinese film industry. The dramatic growth in the multiplex is congruent with commercial real estate developments, urbanization and consumerism in China. This article considers the multiplex as a cinematic heterotopia and the state's support for the multiplex development as a case study of China's strategies of ‘controlled commodification’. I argue that through the modernization and commodification of cinema-going space, the state recreated the social relations between the government and the film industry, as well as between cultural regulation, people's public life and human behavior.
Molecular Mechanism of β-Catenin Signaling Pathway Inactivation in ETV1-Positive Prostate Cancers.

In the United States of America, prostate cancer is the second most common age-related cancer among men. African-American men have the highest incidence of, and mortality rate from this disease in the United States. According to the American Cancer Society, 29% of all cancer cases and 9% of all cancer deaths are a result of prostate cancer. Individuals who are at highest risk include African-American men, men over 60 years of age, and those with a family history of the disease. African-Americans also have twice the risk of developing prostate cancer as compared to Caucasians. Erythroblastosis virus E26 transformation-specific (ETS) factors play an important role in human cancers. ETS Variant 1 (ETV1), an ETS factor, is notable for its association in prostate cancers, where truncated ETV1 (dETV1) or its full length counterpart is overexpressed in approximately 10% of the prostate cancer patients. Prostate cancer tumorigenesis may be initiated by deregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Mutations that stabilize β-catenin were shown to contribute to the loss of cell-growth control in tumorigenesis. We hypothesized that ETV1’s interaction with components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may alter β-catenin’s interaction with downstream tumor-suppressor genes, which are critical in regulating apoptosis and cell-growth properties of prostate cells. Our results demonstrate for the first time that ETV1 alters β-catenin activity by activating kinases that regulate Wnt/β-catenin activity through post-translational modification in prostate cancer cells. We further demonstrate that therapeutic agents such as PD98059, that reverse effect of ETV1 on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, can be used to target ETV1-positive prostate cancer cells. These therapeutic agents could have a profound impact on prevention and treatment of prostate cancer which may help to reduce health disparity seen in minority patients. Understanding the role of ETV1 in Wnt/β-catenin pathway will also allow us to develop better diagnostic tools, which can be used as a biomarker for ETV1-positive prostate cancers.
Combinatorics, Matrices, Determinants

This chapter is a potpourri of topics for which sets and tuples are the unifying factors. By this point, students should view sets and tuples as objects to which certain operations can be applied. The chapter helps to strengthen these notions, in addition to introducing them to some important applications.
Market Efficiency with Micro and Macro Information

We propose a tractable, multi-security model in which investors choose to acquire information about macro or micro fundamentals or remain uninformed. The model is solvable in closed form and yields a rich set of empirical predictions. Primary among these is an endogenous bias toward micro efficiency. A positive fraction of agents will always choose to be micro informed, but in some cases no agent will choose to be macro informed. Furthermore, for most reasonable choices of parameter values, prices will be more informative about micro than macro fundamentals. A key driver of our results is that only micro informed investors take the other side of idiosyncratic noise trading in individual stocks. We explore the model’s implications for systematic and idiosyncratic return volatility and trading volume, for excess covariance and volatility, and for the cyclicality of investor information choices.
Discussion: Analysis of Themes Across Chapter Studies

This chapter analyzes themes, developed through the cross-case analysis method, across the previous studies in the chapters of this book. Three themes across the studies, reading, writing, and speaking, are found as common strategies in the implementation of critical literacy across all educational levels: elementary, middle, and high schools, and universities. Another common theme across all studies is conflict during critical literacy implementation. However, the nature of this conflict is different across all studies.
The Aggressive Molecular Signature of Peripheral Blood Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Cells From Patients with Bulky Lymphadenopathy Closely Resembles That of CLL Cells From Lymph Nodes

Abstract 3868 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a heterogeneous B-cell malignancy which is characterized by accumulation of CLL cells in the peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM) and lymph nodes (LN). We have previously reported the gene expression profiles (GEPs) of CLL cells from these tissue sites (Blood, ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts, 2008; 112: Abstract 546) and shown that genes associated with various biologically-relevant signaling pathways (BCR, BAFF/APRIL, NFB, PI3K/AKT) were overexpressed in LN-CLL cells compared to PB-CLL and BM-CLL cells. To elucidate the association of the differentially- expressed gene signatures among PB, BM and LN-CLL with disease progression, gene expression was further studied based on clinical parameters obtained at the time of diagnosis such as chromosomal abnormalities (del 11q, del 17p and trisomy 12, and del 13q and normal karyotype as poor and good prognosis markers respectively), bulky lymphadenopathy (BLA) as a poor prognosis indicator and time to treatment 1300) of overexpressed genes. Most of these genes were associated with BCR signaling (CD79b1, CD79b2, CD72, SYK, BTK, BLNK, VAV1), the MAPK pathway (ELK4, MAP4K1, MAP3K10, MAP3K3), hedgehog signaling (GLI, SUFU, PTCH), chemokines (CCL21, CXCL13), and the NFκB pathway (TANK, TNFSF8, TNFSF7), indicating that PB-CLL cells from patients with BLA are highly activated compared to PB-CLL cells from those without BLA. Since this expression profile closely resembles that of LN-CLL, we infer that PB-CLL cells with high levels of signaling molecules had migrated out of LN in patients with BLA. We measured expression of one of the key players of BCR signaling, phosphorylated SYK (p-SYK), to validate that this pathway is active in the PB-CLL from BLA patients. Expression of p-SYK was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the PB-CLL from patients with BLA (n=4) compared to those without BLA (n=5) using flow cytometry indicating that BCR signaling molecule is functionally active in PB-CLL with BLA. Overall, our results provide a comprehensive overview of the gene signature associated with aggressive CLL. (This work was supported by the CLL Foundation, Houston, TX). Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The New Protectionism with Nontariff Instruments

During the 1950s and 1960s the volume of international trade and the economies of most nations in the world, particularly the industrial countries, grew at an unprecedented rate. The merchandise trade of industrial countries grew at an average rate of about 8 per cent a year and this fuelled a growth in real GDP of over 4 per cent a year. This period can truly be regarded as a golden age of growth and stability.
Comparison in Partition Efficiency of Protein Separation between Four Different Tubing Modifications in Spiral High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography

High-speed countercurrent chromatography with a spiral tube assembly can retain a satisfactory amount of stationary phase of polymer phase systems used for protein separation. In order to improve the partition efficiency a simple tool to modify the tubing shapes was fabricated, and the following four different tubing modifications were made: intermittently pressed at 10 mm width, flat, flat-wave, and flat-twist. Partition efficiencies of the separation column made from these modified tubing were examined in protein separation with an aqueous-aqueous polymer phase system at flow rates of 1-2 ml/min under 800 rpm. The results indicated that the column with all modified tubing improved the partition efficiency at a flow rate of 1 ml/min, but at a higher flow rate of 2 ml/min the columns made of flattened tubing showed lowered partition efficiency apparently due to the loss of the retained stationary phase. Among all the modified columns, the column with intermittently pressed tubing gave the best peak resolution. It may be concluded that the intermittently pressed and flat-twist improve the partition efficiency in a semi-preparative separation while other modified tubing of flat and flat-wave configurations may be used for analytical separations with a low flow rate.
Adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease vaccine confers early and full protection against FMDV O1 Manisa in swine

A human adenovirus (Ad5) vectored foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) O1-Manisa subunit vaccine (Ad5-O1Man) was engineered to deliver FMDV O1-Manisa capsid and capsid-processing proteins. Swine inoculated with Ad5-O1Man developed an FMDV-specific humoral response as compared to animals inoculated with an empty Ad5-vector. Vaccinated animals were completely protected against homologous challenge at 7 or 21 days post-vaccination. Potency studies exhibited a PD50 of about 107 pfu/animal while a dose of 4×107pfu/animal fully protected swine against FMDV intradermal challenge. In-vitro cross-neutralization analysis distinctly predicted that swine vaccinated with Ad5-O1Man would be protected against challenge with homologous FMDV O1Man Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA) topotype and also against recent outbreak strains of Mya-98 South East Asia (SEA) lineage including O1-UK-2001 and O1-South Korea-2010. These results indicate that recombinant Ad5-O1Man is an effective, safe and cross-reacting vaccine that could potentially be used preventively and in outbreak situations, to control FMDV O Mya-98 lineage in swine.
Network Role Mining and Analysis: An Overview

This chapter introduces the notion of a generic ‘role’ in a complex system or a ‘social role’ in the context of social network analysis. It defines the concept of a role, and its relationship to the ‘position’ of a node within the structure of a system. A map of five broad ‘types’ of role mining methods is presented and explained. The underpinning ideas of each type of role mining method is introduced, with more details and specific algorithms to be discussed in forthcoming chapters. Finally, the relationship of role mining with graph partitioning and community detection is discussed.
Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer and dementia risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to treat prostate cancer may be associated with an increased risk of dementia, but existing studies have shown conflicting results. Here we synthesize the literature on the association of ADT for the treatment of prostate cancer with dementia risk. We conducted a systematic review of articles reporting the outcome of dementia among individuals with prostate cancer in those exposed to ADT versus a lesser-exposed comparison group (for example, ADT versus no-ADT; continuous versus intermittent ADT) using PubMed (1966–present), Web of Science (1945–present), Embase (1966–present) and PsycINFO (1806–present). The search was undertaken on 4 December 2016 by two authors. We meta-analyzed studies reporting an effect estimate and controlling for confounding. Random- or fixed-effects meta-analytic models were used in the presence or absence of heterogeneity per the I2 statistic, respectively. Small study effects were evaluated using Egger and Begg’s tests. Nine studies were included in the systematic review. Seven studies reported an adjusted effect estimate for dementia risk. A random-effects meta-analysis of studies reporting any dementia outcome, which included 50 541 individuals, showed an increased risk of dementia among ADT users (hazard ratio (HR), 1.47; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08–2.00; P=0.02). We separately meta-analyzed studies reporting all-cause dementia (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.05–2.02; P<0.001) and Alzheimer’s disease (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.99–1.57; P=0.06). There was no evidence of bias from small study effects (Egger, P=0.19; Begg, P=1.00). The currently available combined evidence suggests that ADT in the treatment of prostate cancer may be associated with an increased dementia risk. The potential for neurocognitive deficits secondary to ADT should be discussed with patients and evaluated prospectively.
Abstract 227: The Effect of PHLPP2 Removal on Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy

Crucial cellular decisions that lead to cell growth, metabolism, proliferation, and survival are all dependent on the precise control of the phosphorylation state of proteins. The serine/threonine phosphatase, PHLPP (PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase) has been shown to directly dephosphorylate several members of the AGC family of kinases. Knockdown of PHLPP1 by siRNA in neonatal cardiomyocytes potentiates Akt activity and phosphorylation specifically at Ser473 basally and following agonist stimulation while, the removal of PHLPP2 in cardiomyocytes does not affect Akt phosphorylation as previously reported in other cells. We hypothesize that PHLPP2 may target other AGC kinases in cardiomyocytes to regulate cardiac hypertrophy. Preliminary data suggests that removal of PHLPP2 activates fetal gene re-expression at baseline and potentiates phenylephrine (PE) induced gene expression 2 fold over siControl. Recently, G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5), which is an AGC kinase, has been shown to regulate cardiac hypertrophy through HDAC5 phosphorylation and de-repression of gene transcription. We wanted to determine whether PHLPP2 regulates GRK5 phosphorylation and localization in cardiomyocytes. GRK5 translocates to the nucleus following hypertrophic stimulation and we found that removal of PHLPP2 increased GRK5 translocation to the nucleus at baseline and with PE treatment compared to siControl cells. Also, removal of PHLPP2 increased nuclear export of HDAC5 at baseline and following PE treatment. Conversely, overexpression of PHLPP2 blocked nuclear translocation of GRK5 following PE treatment. Ongoing studies will determine whether PHLPP acts as a scaffold or if its phosphatase activity is necessary for inhibition of GRK5 translocation by directly measuring the phosphorylation of GRK5 in the presence and absence of PHLPP2 following hypertrophic stimulation. Our preliminary data is the first to uncover GRK5 as a novel PHLPP2 target in cardiomyocytes. Since little is known about the non-canonical regulation of GRK5, understanding whether phosphorylation and localization is regulated within the cardiomyocyte by PHLPP has potential for new therapeutic targets in the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and failure.
Relationships among active listening, self-awareness, empathy, and patient-centered care in associate and baccalaureate degree nursing students

Abstract Objective The purpose of this research was to examine the relationships among active listening, self-awareness, empathy, and patient-centered care in nursing students. Background Empathy and patient-centered care have been associated with better patient outcomes. Active listening and self-awareness are suggested to be associated with empathy, and, in turn, patient-centered care. However, the relationships among active listening, self-awareness, empathy, and patient-centered care have not been investigated. Method Data on active listening, self-awareness, empathy, and patient-centered care were collected from 53 nursing students, and were analyzed using multiple regression. Results Active listening ( p p p = .003). Empathy was a partial mediator of the relationship between active listening and PCC and a full mediator of the relationship between self-awareness and patient-centered care. Conclusion Improvement in active listening and self-awareness may lead to improvement in empathy, and, in turn, improvement in patient-centered care.
Medication development in opioid addiction: Meaningful clinical end points.

The FDA’s “abstinence” outcome measure for approval of new medications to treat opioid-use disorders has been difficult to achieve; developing and validating alternative meaningful outcomes could facilitate drug development.
Influence of Structure and Microstructure on Deformation Localization and Crack Growth in NiTi Shape Memory Alloys

Porous NiTi shape memory alloys have applications in the biomedical and aerospace fields. Recent developments in metal additive manufacturing have made fabrication of near-net-shape porous products with complicated geometries feasible. There have also been developments in tailoring site-specific microstructures in metals using additive manufacturing. Inspired by these developments, we explore two related mechanistic phenomena in a simplified representation of porous shape memory alloys. First, we computationally elucidate the connection between pore geometry, stress concentration around pores, grain orientation, and strain-band formation during tensile loading of NiTi. Using this, we present a method to engineer local crystal orientations to mitigate the stress concentrations around the pores. Second, we experimentally document the growth of cracks around pores in a cyclically loaded superelastic NiTi specimen. In the areas of stress concentration around holes, cracks are seen to grow in large grains with [1 1 0] oriented along the tensile axis. This combined work shows the potential of local microstructural engineering in reducing stress concentration and increasing resistance to propagation of cracks in porous SMAs, potentially increasing the fatigue life of porous SMA components.
Carrier concentration and transport in Be-doped InAsSb for infrared sensing applications

Abstract Accurate p-type doping of the active region in III-V infrared detectors is essential for optimizing the detector design and overall performance. While most III-V detector absorbers are n-type (e.g., nBn), the minority carrier devices with p-type absorbers would be expected to have relatively higher quantum efficiencies due to the higher mobility of minority carrier electrons. However, there are added challenges to determining the hole carrier concentration in narrow bandgap InAsSb due to the potential for electron accumulation at the surface of the material and at its interface with the layer grown directly below it. Electron accumulation layers form high conductance electron channels that can dominate both resistivity and Hall-effect transport measurements. Therefore, to correctly determine the bulk hole concentration and mobility, temperature- and magnetic-field-dependent transport measurements in conjunction with Multi-Carrier Fit analysis were utilized on a series of p-doped InAs0.91Sb0.09 samples on GaSb substrates. The resulting hole concentrations and mobilities at 77 K (300 K) are 1.6 × 1018 cm−3 (2.3 × 1018 cm−3) and 125 cm2 V−1 s−1 (60 cm2 V−1 s−1), respectively, compared with the intended Be-doping of ∼2 × 1018 cm−3. A surface treatment experiment is conducted to associate one of the electron conducting populations to the surface. Variable temperature (15–390 K) measurements confirmed the different carrier species present in the sample and enabled the extraction of the bulk heavy hole, interface carriers and surface electron transport properties. For the bulk carrier, a thermal activation of intrinsic carriers is identified at high temperatures with a bandgap of EG ∼ 258 meV and the low temperature data suggests an activation energy of EA ∼ 22 meV for the Be dopant atoms. Finally, temperature analysis confirms a surface carrier electron with resulting mobilities and sheet concentrations at 30 K (300 K) of 4500 cm2 V−1 s−1 (4300 ± 100 cm2 V−1 s−1) and 5.6 × 1010 cm−2 (6 × 1010 ± 2 × 1010 cm−2), respectively.
The Human Dimensions of Environmental Degradation and Ecosystem Services: Understanding and Solving the Commons Dilemma

Human drivers of environmental degradation occur as a result of predictable errors and biases in decision making at the individual social, and institutional levels. A better understanding of these human drivers can help policy makers and managers pinpoint the causal forces of environmental degradation as well as implement more effective policies, plans, and management practices that limit degradation and conserve ecosystem services. This chapter briefly outlines select theories and concepts from social science at the individual, social, and institutional level and highlights how multidisciplinary social science perspectives can contribute to the creation of sustainable solutions to environmental problems.
8 – Funding Strategies and Agencies: Academic-Industrial Relationships; Intellectual Property

The extraordinary growth of research funding over the past four decades has been a marvel to behold. Support from inventions and patents of faculty is rapidly growing as a major source of support for most research universities. The operating hypothesis is that this intellectual property is the property of the inventor, not the university. If one thinks about it, the university has often had a minor role other than establishing a milieu and enabling the investigator to work within their property, something that the indirect costs of most grants cover amply and then perhaps more (yachts, large parties, the President's home, etc.). There is no need to be bashful about this. The investigator is best protected by having an attorney negotiating with the university so that there is no personal rancor in any of these negotiations. The potential income from a patent may permanently change the inventor's life for the better. Such opportunities are rare. Young investigators may not be prepared for the thinking that accompanies such negotiations. Thus, it is best that negotiations be carried out by a third party on the investigator's behalf.
Was bleibt? Wolfgang Hilbig’s Provisorium, or the Disappearance of the Author in a Blind Spot

Dieser Aufsatz geht von der Beobachtung aus, dass Teile der deutsch-judischen Literatur auch nach 1989 von den Spuren der traumatischen Nachwirkungen des Nationalsozialismus gepragt bleiben. Hilbigs Roman Das Provisorium wird als Beispiel einer Krise mannlicher Autorschaft nach der Shoa gelesen. Provisorium thematisiert die Begegnung mit den Bildern des Massenmords und den Nexus von Scopophilie, Maskulinitat und Trauma. Der Aufsatz arbeitet mit einer Theorie des historischen Traumas (Eric Santner), das dessen Ursprung in einem Verstos gegen das Gesetz sieht. Dieser Verstos fuhrt zu einer Aufspaltung der traumatischen Nachwirkungen in eine symbolische und eine »spektrale« Geschichte, oder Geschichten. Phantasien uber Maskulinitat als Zeichen der Ubertretung, als vom Verbrechen der Vater »befleckt«, ist eine dieser spektralen Geschichten. Dieser Geschichte folgt der Aufsatz von Uwe Johnsons Jahrestagen uber Martin Walsers Friedenspreisrede zu Hilbigs Provisorium.
Patterns of metastatic disease progression after treatment with first-line enzalutamide or abiraterone in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).

e16539Background: Abiraterone (A) and enzalutamide (E) are life-prolonging treatments for metastatic CRPC, yet their potent activity against the androgen receptor (AR) axis often yields tumors that...
Adaptive Stress Testing of Safety-Critical Systems

Stress testing in simulation plays a critical role in the validation of safety-critical systems, including aircraft, cars, medical devices, and spacecraft. The analysis of failure events is important in understanding the causes and conditions of failure, informing improvements to the system, and the estimation and categorization of risk. However, stress testing of safety-critical systems can be very challenging. Finding failure events can be difficult due to the size and complexity of the system, interactions with an environment over many time steps, and rarity of failure events. While Monte Carlo sampling is frequently used in practice, it can be very inefficient when the algorithm is undirected. We present adaptive stress testing (AST), an accelerated stress testing method for finding the most likely path to a failure event. Adaptive stress testing formulates stress testing as a sequential decision process and then uses reinforcement learning to optimize it. By using learning during search, the algorithm can automatically discover important parts of the state space and adaptively focus the search. We apply adaptive stress testing to stress test a prototype of next-generation aircraft collision avoidance system in simulated encounters, where we find and analyze the most likely paths to near mid-air collision.
Interactions and management for the future of marine aquaculture and capture fisheries

Aquaculture surpassed wild fisheries as the largest supplier of fish for human consumption in 2014 and is expected to supply the majority of seafood for future increases in demand. Marine and coastal aquaculture, collectively referred to as mariculture, currently represents just 36% of aquaculture production but is poised to expand in the decades ahead. One of the most commonly cited concerns regarding this likely expansion is ecological and socioeconomic interactions with wild‐capture fisheries. While attention has largely been drawn to high‐profile negative externalities from fed finfish and crustacean mariculture, not all marine‐based practices are equivalent. Empirical evidence for the different interactions between mariculture and wild fisheries is often sparse. While negative consequences can arise, positive synergies can also occur. By considering mariculture development in the context of fisheries interactions, we suggest that it is possible to minimize conflicts and maximize positive connections between the two sectors. We provide the first comprehensive synthesis of the interactions between mariculture and wild fisheries, characterizing the types of interactions, evaluating available empirical evidence and identifying where management (sector‐specific and cooperative) can play an important role. We highlight potential effects of mariculture on the efficiency, sustainability, and equity of seafood production and identify remaining knowledge gaps.
Sleeve Gastrectomy Compared with Gastric Bypass for Morbidly Obese Patients with End Stage Renal Disease: a Decision Analysis.

The use of bariatric surgery has increased for morbidly obese patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) for whom listing on the waitlist is often restricted until a certain BMI threshold is achieved. Effective weight loss for this population improves access to life-saving renal transplantation. However, it is unclear whether sleeve gastrectomy (SG) vs Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a more effective therapy for these patients. A decision analytic Markov state transition model was created to simulate the life of morbidly obese patients with ESRD who were deemed ineligible to be waitlisted for renal transplantation unless they achieved a BMI less than 35 kg/m2. Life expectancy following weight management (MWM), RYGB, and SG were estimated. Base case patients were defined as having a pre-intervention BMI of 45 kg/m2. Sensitivity analysis of initial BMI was performed. Markov parameters were extracted from literature review. RYGB improved survival compared with SG and MWM. RYGB patients had higher rates of transplantation, leading to improved mean long-term survival. Base case patients who underwent RYGB gained 1.3 additional years of life compared with patient’s who underwent SG and 2.6 additional years of life compared with MWM. RYGB improves access to renal transplantation and thereby increases long-term survival compared with SG and MWM. The use of SG may be incongruent with the goal of improving access to renal transplantation for morbidly obese patients.
6-Dialkylaminobenzimidazole Nonlinear Optical Dyes

Abstract A new 6-dialkylaminobenzimidazole nonlinear optical dye was synthesized in eight linear steps with an overall yield of 16%.
Efficacy and Safety of Varenicline for Adolescent Smoking Cessation: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide, and most tobacco users begin smoking in adolescence. Although advances have yielded efficacious pharmacotherapies to complement smoking cessation counseling in adults, far less progress has been made in addressing tobacco use in adolescence. Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of varenicline tartrate for smoking cessation in adolescents and young adults. Design, Setting, and Participants This 2-group randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind intention-to-treat clinical trial enrolled a volunteer sample of treatment-seeking adolescent and young adult cigarette smokers (n = 157) aged 14 to 21 years at an outpatient clinical site in Charleston, South Carolina, from August 15, 2012, to October 20, 2017. Follow-up was completed on January 25, 2018. Data were analyzed from March 19, 2018, to August 11, 2018, with further revisions completed April 10, 2019. Interventions Participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to a 12-week course of varenicline (n = 77) or placebo (n = 80). All participants received weekly smoking cessation counseling. Main Outcomes and Measures The preselected primary efficacy outcome was urine cotinine level–confirmed 7-day abstinence at the end of treatment. Secondary efficacy outcomes included weekly abstinence throughout active treatment, abstinence at posttreatment follow-up visits, and time to first 7-day abstinence. The primary safety outcome was the frequency of treatment-emergent adverse events. Results A total of 157 participants were enrolled (94 male [59.9%]; mean [SD] age, 19.1 [1.5] years). The varenicline and placebo groups did not differ in the primary outcome of cotinine-confirmed self-reported 7-day abstinence at the end of treatment (varenicline group, 4 of 45 [8.9%]; placebo group, 4 of 45 [8.9%]; risk ratio [RR], 0.97; 95% CI, 0.29-2.99;P = .96). However, among secondary outcomes, the varenicline group achieved self-reported earlier abstinence of at least 7 days (hazard ratio, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.12-3.27) and demonstrated higher rates of self-reported weekly abstinence during the full course of treatment (RR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.09-2.99;P = .02) and at posttreatment follow-up (RR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.01-3.28;P = .02). Study medication was generally well tolerated, and treatment-emergent adverse events did not differ between groups (any adverse events, 55 [71.4%] in the varenicline group vs 60 [75.0%] in the placebo group; RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.79-1.15;P = .61). Conclusions and Relevance When added to weekly cessation counseling for adolescent cigarette smokers, varenicline, compared with placebo, was well tolerated but did not improve end-of-treatment abstinence. However, varenicline may hasten abstinence and yield improvements in posttreatment abstinence outcomes. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:NCT01509547
Reduction‐Oxidation Potential and Dissolved Organic Matter Composition in Northern Peat Soil: Interactive Controls of Water Table Position and Plant Functional Groups

Globally important carbon (C) stores in northern peatlands are vulnerable to oxidation in a changing climate. A growing body of literature draws attention to the importance of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in governing anaerobic metabolism in organic soil, but exactly how the reduction‐oxidation (redox) activities of DOM, and particularly the phenolic fraction, are likely to change in an altered climate remain unclear. We used large mesocosms in the PEATcosm experiment to assess changes in peatland DOM and redox potential in response to experimental manipulations of water table (WT) position and plant functional groups (PFGs). WT position and PFGs interacted in their effects on redox potential and quantity and quality of DOM. Phenolics were generally of higher molecular weight and more oxidized with sedges in lowered WTs. Altered DOM character included changes in dissolved nitrogen (N), with higher N: [phenolics] with higher E4:E6 (absorbance ratio λ = 465:665) DOM in the lowered WT and sedge PFG treatments. Conversely, biomolecular assignments to amino‐sugars were largely absent from low‐WT treatments. Low WT resulted in the creation of unique N compounds, which were more condensed (lower H:C), that changed with depth and PFG. The accumulation of oxidized compounds with low WT and in sedge rhizospheres could be very important pools of electron acceptors beneath the WT, and their mechanisms of formation are discussed. This work suggests the effects of changes in vegetation communities can be as great as WT position in directly and interactively mediating peat redox environment and the redox‐activity of DOM.
Survival Without Major Morbidity Among Very Low Birth Weight Infants in California

OBJECTIVES: To examine trends in survival without major morbidity and its individual components among very low birth weight infants across California and assess remaining gaps that may be opportune targets for improvement efforts. METHODS: The study population included infants born between 2008 and 2017 with birth weights of 401 to 1500 g or a gestational age of 22 to 29 weeks. Risk-adjusted trends of survival without major morbidity and its individual components were analyzed. Survival without major morbidity was defined as the absence of death during birth hospitalization, chronic lung disease, severe peri-intraventricular hemorrhage, nosocomial infection, necrotizing enterocolitis, severe retinopathy of prematurity or related surgery, and cystic periventricular leukomalacia. Variations in adjusted rates and/or interquartile ranges were examined. To assess opportunities for additional improvement, all hospitals were reassigned to perform as if in the top quartile, and recalculation of predicted numbers were used to estimate potential benefit. RESULTS: In this cohort of 49 333 infants across 142 hospitals, survival without major morbidity consistently increased from 62.2% to 66.9% from 2008 to 2017. Network variation decreased, with interquartile ranges decreasing from 21.1% to 19.2%. The largest improvements were seen for necrotizing enterocolitis and nosocomial infection. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia rates did not change significantly. Over the final 3 years, if all hospitals performed as well as the top quartile, an additional 621 infants per year would have survived without major morbidity, accounting for an additional 6.6% annual improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Although trends are promising, bronchopulmonary dysplasia remains a common and persistent major morbidity, remaining a target for continued quality-improvement efforts.
A new transcendental number from the digits of NN

We first give a summary of the history of transcendental numbers, and then we use a nice technique by G. Dresden to find a new transcendental number. In particular, while previous work looked at the last non-zero digit of nn, we consider the digit immediately before its last non-zero digit and show that the infinite decimal built from these digits is transcendental.
SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex alterations in meningioma.

While SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex alterations occur in approximately 20% of cancer, the frequency and potential impact on clinical outcomes in meningiomas remains to be comprehensively elucidated. A large series of 255 meningiomas from a single institution that was enriched for high grade and recurrent lesions was identified. We performed next-generation targeted sequencing of known meningioma driver genes, including NF2, AKT1, PIK3CA, PIK3R1, and SMO and SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex genes, including ARID1A, SMARCA4, and SMARCB1 in all samples. Clinical correlates focused on clinical presentation and patient outcomes are presented. The series included 63 grade I meningiomas and 192 high-grade meningiomas, including 173 WHO grade II and 19 WHO grade III. Samples from recurrent surgeries comprised 37.3% of the series. A total of 41.6% meningiomas were from the skull base. NF2, AKT1, PIK3CA, PIK3R1, and SMO were mutated in 40.8, 7.1, 3.5, 3.9, and 2.4% of samples, respectively. ARID1A, SMARCA4, and SMARCB1 mutations were observed in 17.3, 3.5, and 5.1% of samples, respectively. A total of 68.2% of ARID1A-mutant meningiomas harbored a p.Gln1327del in-frame deletion. ARID1A mutations were seen in 19.1% of Grade I, 16.8% of Grade II, and 15.8% of Grade III meningiomas (P = 0.9, Fisher’s exact). Median overall survival was 16.3 years (95% CI 10.9, 16.8). With multivariable analysis, the presence of an ARID1A mutation was significantly associated with a 7.421-fold increased hazard of death (P = 0.04). ARID1A mutations occur with similar frequency between low and high-grade meningiomas, but ARID1A mutations are independently prognostic of worse prognosis beyond clinical and histopathologic features.