cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The metabolism of amino-acids by Paramecium caudatum†

The object of the present study is to determine by quantitative means the rate at which a given number of paramecia can utilize the various amino-acids and to study factors influencing this rate. The method consisted in testing the rate of utilization of isolated and mixtures of amino-acids by a known number of Paramecium caudatum. The amino-acids were used in 0.1 per cent solution and were tested, by the Henriques-Sorensen formol titration method for amino-acids, at the beginning and after the paramecia had lived in these amino-acids for twelve hours. The difference between these two tests, figured in percentage, is considered as the amount utilized by the paramecia. The part played by bacteria was found to be negligible when isolated amino-acids were studied. The influence of temperature on the rate of utilization of the amino-acids has been studied, and the results show a direct relationship between the two. The rate of utilization was decreased by anaesthetics and nitroglycerin. A careful study has been made of a number of isolated amino-acids and the rate of utilization of each discussed in relationship to the others studied. An explanation of why one amino-acid was used more than another amino-acid was sought for, but not found. A detailed discussion of the above points has been presented in the body of the paper.
Study of capillary transit time distribution in coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy

A recently proposed analytical hemodynamic model1 [S. Fantini, NeuroImage85, 202–221 (2014)] is able to predict the changes of oxy, deoxy, and total hemoglobin concentrations (model outputs) given arbitrary changes in blood flow, blood volume, and rate of oxygen consumption (model inputs). One assumption of this model is that the capillary compartment is characterized by a single blood transit time. In this work, we have extended the original model by considering a distribution of capillary transit times and we have compared the outputs of both models (original and extended) for the case of sinusoidal input signals at different frequencies, which realizes the new technique of coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy (CHS). For the calculations with the original model, we have used the mean value of the distribution of capillary transit times considered in the extended model. We have found that, for distributions of capillary transit times having mean values around 1 s and a standard deviation less than about 45% of the mean value, the original and extended models yield the same CHS spectra (i.e., model outputs versus frequency of oscillation) within typical experimental errors. For wider capillary transit time distributions, the two models yield different CHS spectra. By assuming that Poiseuille's law is valid in the capillary compartment, we have related the distribution of capillary transit times to the distributions of capillary lengths and capillary speed of blood flow to calculate the average capillary and venous saturations. We have found that, for standard deviations of the capillary transit time distribution that are less than about 80% of the mean value, the average capillary saturation is always larger than the venous saturation. By contrast, the average capillary saturation may be less than the venous saturation for wider distributions of the capillary transit times.
Constituents of Nelumbo nucifera leaves and their antimalarial and antifungal activity.

Abstract From the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera (an aquatic plant), one new compound, 24(R)-ethylcholest-6-ene-5α-ol-3-O-β- d -glucopyranoside (1), along with 11 known metabolites (2–12), were isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods including 1D- and 2D NMR. Antifungal activity for (R)-roemerine (3) (IC50/MIC = 4.5/10 μg/mL against Candida albicans) and antimalarial activity for (R)-roemerine (3) and N-methylasimilobine (5) (IC50 = 0.2 and 4.8 μg/mL for the D6 clone, respectively, and 0.4 and 4.8 μg/mL for the W2 clone, respectively) was observed. None of the compounds were cytotoxic to Vero cells up to a concentration of 23.8 μg/mL. NMR data for 10-eicosanol (7) and 7,11,15-trimethyl-2-hexadecanone (10) are presented for the first time. An analysis of the structure–activity relationship shows that the substituents in position C-1 and C-2 of aporphine alkaloids are crucial for the antimalarial activity.
Metastability and instability in the Lennard-Jones fluid investigated by transition-matrix Monte Carlo

Grand canonical transition-matrix Monte Carlo is used to investigate kinetic and thermodynamic stability limits of the liquid and vapor in the Lennard-Jones fluid. Kinetic spinodals are associated with a vanishing of the free-energy barrier between metastable and stable states, and thermodynamic spinodals are related to diverging thermodynamic response functions. We show that the kinetically and thermodynamically defined spinodals are conceptually equivalent viewpoints in the case of the liquid−vapor transition. In agreement with the work of others, we find that the properties of the supersaturated vapor at its limit of stability approach their saturation values with increasing system size. We also find an analogous trend in the case of the superheated liquid. Finally, the computational algorithm and manipulation of data outlined in this work provide an intuitive and efficient method for determining thermophysical properties of stable and metastable fluids via molecular simulation.
Advances in Analysis of Low Signal-to-Noise Images Link Dynamin and AP2 to the Functions of an Endocytic Checkpoint

Numerous endocytic accessory proteins (EAPs) mediate assembly and maturation of clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) into cargo-containing vesicles. Analysis of EAP function through bulk measurement of cargo uptake has been hampered due to potential redundancy among EAPs and, as we show here, the plasticity and resilience of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Instead, EAP function is best studied by uncovering the correlation between variations in EAP association to individual CCPs and the resulting variations in maturation. However, most EAPs bind to CCPs in low numbers, making the measurement of EAP association via fused fluorescent reporters highly susceptible to detection errors. Here, we present a framework for unbiased measurement of EAP recruitment to CCPs and their direct effects on CCP dynamics. We identify dynamin and the EAP-binding α-adaptin appendage domain of the AP2 adaptor as switches in a regulated, multistep maturation process and provide direct evidence for a molecular checkpoint in CME.
An ultrastructural double-label immunohistochemical study of the enkephalinergic input to dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra in pigeons.

Electron microscopic immunohistochemical double-label studies were carried out in pigeons to characterize the ultrastructural organization and postsynaptic targets of enkephalinergic (ENK+) striatonigral projection. ENK+ terminals in the substantia nigra were labeled with antileucineenkephalin antiserum by using peroxidase-antiperoxidase methods, and dopaminergic neurons were labeled with anti-tyrosine hydroxylase antiserum by using silver-intensified immunogold methods. ENK+ terminals on dopaminergic neurons were equal in abundance to ENK+ terminals on nondopaminergic neurons, although the former were typically somewhat smaller than the latter (mean size: 0.50 vs. 0.75 pm, respectively). ENK+ terminals were evenly distributed on the cell bodies and dendrites of dopaminergic neurons, and they were evenly distributed on dendrites but rare on perikarya of nondopaminergic neurons. Transection of the basal telencephalic output revealed that 75% of the nigral ENK+ terminals were of basal telencephalic origin. These telencephalic ENK+ terminals included over 80% of those smaller than 0.80 pm on dopaminergic neurons and smaller than 1.0 pm on nondopaminergic neurons, and none greater than this in size. Both telencephalic and the nontelencephalic ENK+ nigral terminals made predominantly symmetric synapses on nigral neurons. Although the basal telencephalic ENK+ terminals uniformly targeted dendrites and perikarya, nontelencephalic ENK+ terminals seemed to avoid perikarya. The results indicate that ENK+ striatonigral neurons in birds may directly influence both dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Based on similar data for substance Pcontaining striatonigral terminals, the roles of enkephalin and substance P in influencing nigral dopaminergic neurons may differ slightly, as they appear to target preferentially different portions of dopaminergic neurons. The overall results in pigeons are similar to those for ENK+ terminals in the ventral tegmental area in rats, suggesting that the synaptic organization of the ENK+ input to the tegmental dopaminergic cell fields is similar in mammals and birds. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of the posterior cruciate ligament on posterior stability of the knee in high flexion.

Abstract Most biomechanical studies of the knee have focused on knee flexion angles between 0° and 120°. The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) has been shown to constrain posterior laxity of the knee in this range of flexion. However, little is known about PCL function in higher flexion angles (greater than 120°). This in vitro study examined knee kinematics before and after cutting the PCL at high flexion under a posterior tibial load and various muscle loads. The results demonstrated that although the PCL plays an important role in constraining posterior tibial translation at low flexion angles, the PCL had little effect in constraining tibial translation at 150° of flexion under the applied loads.
Phonemic Awareness and Beginning Reading and Writing

Abstract Vernon and Ferreiro (1999) took Spanish-speaking kindergartners' levels of writing as an independent variable and their performance on oral-segmentation tasks as the dependent variable. They found a highly significant multiple correlation R and concluded that: 1) children's ability to deal with oral-segmentation tasks seems to depend on their knowledge of the writing system and 2) the ability to segment words into phonemes is not a cause or prerequisite for learning to read and write. To find out if a similar relationship can be found among English-speaking kindergartners, we gave 68 kindergartners a writing task and two oral-segmentation tasks similar to those used by Vernon and Ferreiro. In the writing task, we asked each child to write four pairs of words—“ham” and “hamster,” “butter” and “butterfly,” “key” and “monkey,” and “gum” and “bubblegum.” We, too, found a close relationship between children's levels of writing and their levels of oral segmentation, and concluded that their knowledge o...
Primary Sézary Syndrome Commonly Shows Low-Grade Cytologic Atypia and an Absence of Epidermotropism

The dermatopathologic findings in cases of Sezary syndrome (SS) that arise in patients without a previous diagnosis of mycosis fungoides have not been well characterized. We evaluated the histologic findings in skin biopsy specimens from 31 patients with such primary SS and correlated them with clinical and hematologic parameters at the time of biopsy. The most characteristic histologic finding was the presence of a dermal perivascular lymphoid infiltrate, usually with mild to moderate cytologic atypia and variable numbers of eosinophils; epidermotropism was absent or minimal in 19 cases (61%). Reactive epidermal changes such as spongiosis, parakeratosis, and acanthosis also were present frequently (27 [87%], 17 [55%], 19 [61%] cases, respectively). The number of eosinophils present in skin biopsy specimens correlated with the level of peripheral blood lymphocytosis. In erythrodermic patients or patients with persistent xerosis and pruritus, it is important to carefully evaluate the degree of lymphocyte atypia in the dermal perivascular infiltrate and correlate with blood flow cytometric findings to diagnose primary SS. Many cases will lack the epidermotropism usually seen in mycosis fungoides.
EFFECT OF SALT AND TEXTURED SOY LEVEL ON SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF PATTIES

Beef patties containing four soy and four salt levels were evaluated by both rating and flavor profile panels. Textured soy decreased meaty aroma and flavor, and saltiness in samples containing 1.2g salt but increased cereal-like aroma and flavor as determined by the rating panel. Salt caused few changes in meaty and cereal-like aroma but generally increased meaty flavor, saltiness and desirability scores and decreased cereal flavor in several cases. Juiciness was not affected by adding salt or soy. Results of the flavor profile panel were similar to the rating panel findings. Salt masked the cereal flavor in some cases and increased it in others. Salt decreased oily mouthcoating and a bloody, salty, metallic (BSM) flavor note, altered the mouthfeel of various samples, and shortened the aftertaste duration and BSM note. Adding soy decreased oily mouthcoating, changed the mouth feel, and shortened the aftertaste duration of the samples. Generally soy decreased cooking losses.
Extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometry for noncontact temperature control of nanoliter-volume enzymatic reactions in glass microchips.

Optical fiber extrinsic Fabry−Perot interferometry (EFPI) was investigated as a noncontact temperature sensor and utilized for regulating the temperature of small-volume solutions in microchips. Interference pattern analysis determined the optical path lengths (OPL) associated with reflections from various surfaces on or in the microchip, in particular, from gold sputtered on the bottom of a microchannel. Since OPL is directly proportional to refractive index, which is dependent on solution temperature, the EFPI sensor was capable of noncontact monitoring of solution temperature simply from alterations in the measured path length. Calibration of the sensor against a thermocouple was performed while heating the microchip in a noncontact manner with an IR lamp. The combination of EFPI temperature sensor, IR-mediated heating, and air cooling allowed a fully noncontact system for small-volume temperature control in microchip structures, and its utility was illustrated by optimal digestion of DNA by a temperat...
Ion-beam synthesis of epitaxial Au nanocrystals in MgO

The formation of Au nanoclusters in MgO using ion implantation and subsequent annealing has been investigated. Approximately 1200 and 1400 Au ions/nm were implanted in MgO(100) substrates at 300 and 975 K, respectively. Subsequent annealing in air for 10 hours at 1275 K promoted the formation of Au nanostructures in MgO. The sample implanted at 300 K showed severe radiation damage. In addition, two-dimensional platelet-like structures with possible composition of Au and MgO were formed during implantation in the sample that was implanted at 300 K. In contrast, Au implantation at 975 K promoted the nucleation of Au nanostructures during implantation. Subsequent annealing of both samples show three-dimensional clusters in MgO. However, the 975 K implanted sample shows clean high quality single crystal Au clusters that have an epitaxial relationship to MgO(100).
Abraham and dilemma: Kierkegaard's teleological suspension revisited

The Genesis story of Abraham and Isaac can seem, in turn, fascinating and repellant, a story of integrity and a story of betrayal, of steadfast loyalty and of murderous cruelty. What are we to make of God's demand that Abraham sacrifice his son? Worse, how are we to respond to Abraham's willingness to honor that demand? In Fear and Trembling, Kierkegaard bears witness to the depths of conflict triggered by this enigmatic and awful trial, to the difficulty of coming to some stable overview of the issues, profound and central as they must be. Kierkegaard focuses these issues in the notorious question: Can there be a teleological suspension of the ethical? Can Abraham be defended in setting ethics and Isaac aside? Can his loyalty be seen as anything but morally abhorrent and wildly irrational?1 Kierkegaard is not alone in finding within this story a sign of Abraham's greatness, a cause for the accolade "father of faith," or, indeed, "knight of faith." But on what grounds, this praise? Given that Abraham is caught in a cruel test of commitments, it is natural to think that he is a knight of faith because he makes the right choice. He opts for God over Isaac, faith over ethics, unreason over reason. But how can that choice underwrite greatness? Wouldn't it be better to throw down the book, to frankly admit what our untutored conscience would declare anyway, that Abraham has made the wrong choice, and that Kierkegaard is sadly, greatly, deluded in his effort to glorify such outrage? If one refuses such wholesale dismissal, as I must, one may try to show that appearances aside, Abraham does not overthrow reason or ethics, at least not in a really damaging way. But this tactic can fail. In trying to make it reasonable and moral -at least not that bad for Abraham to have sided with God against Isaac, the intensity of Abraham's dilemma will be diluted. Surely it will be bad, terribly bad, no matter what Abraham does. Can turning one's back on God be an improvement on turning one's back on Isaac? To start a plausible interpretation, one must challenge an assumption that to my knowledge has gone unchallenged in the large literature on Fear and Trembling. Why assume that Abraham has made the right choice? I don't mean it would have been better to have rejected God, but why assume that in this crisis there is an objectively correct response?2 If we take Abraham's choice to have been correct, we undercut an aspect of the
Unsteady vorticity generation and evolution in a model of a solid rocket motor

The cylindrical, axisymmetric Navier- Stokes equations are solved numerically to study the generation and evolution of vorticity in an injection-induced transient shear flow. An initially steady internal flowfield driven by constant sidewall injection is disturbed by positive transient sidewall injection, which simulates the unsteady mass input from propellant burning variations. The disturbance amplitude is as large as that of the steady sidewall injection to ensure that nonlinear effects influence the vorticity field evolution. Initial value solutions show that relatively intense vorticity is generated at the sidewall and eventually fills the cylinder with a rotational flow. Although the pressure response is essentially that found in acoustic stability theory, the axial and radial velocity components contain large local radial velocity gradients that cannot be predicted from acoustic theory alone.
Bird-window collisions in the summer breeding season

Birds that reside in urban settings face numerous human-related threats to survival, including mortality from bird-window collisions (BWCs). Our current understanding of this issue has largely been driven by data collected during spring and fall migration, and patterns of collision mortality during the summer breeding season remain relatively unexplored. We assessed BWCs during four breeding seasons (2009–2012) at a site in northwestern Illinois, USA, by comparing the abundance, richness, migratory class, and age of the species living around buildings to species mortally wounded by window collisions. We also systematically assessed the daily timing of BWCs throughout the breeding season. We documented BWCs in 4 of 25 (16%) species and 7 of 21 (33%) species in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The relationship between BWCs and abundance depended on age. For adults, BWCs were highest in the least abundant species, e.g., Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), and lowest in species with high abundance values, e.g., Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina). For juveniles, mortality was greatest for the most abundant species, and the American Robin (Turdus migratorius) accounted for 62% of all juvenile carcasses. Early in the breeding season, collision mortality was restricted to adults of Long-distance Migrants, whereas juveniles of all three migratory guilds (Long-distance and Short-distance Migrants and Permanent Residents) died at windows from late June through early August. Daily mortality for all species was highest between sunrise–1600 h and lowest from 1600 h–sunrise the next day. Generally, the species observed as carcasses matched birds considered a ‘high risk’ for BWCs, e.g., Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris), and those considered ‘low risk’ were not observed as carcasses, e.g., Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea). Our results suggest that the number of BWCs during the breeding season does not necessarily increase with abundance, but rather appears related to variation among species and age classes, which may have important implications on the population health of affected species. The mechanisms driving these differences are unknown, but may be related reproductive behavior, flight speed, distance movements, and dispersal patterns.
TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE EDUCATIONAL GERONTOLOGISTS

Demographic changes related to the older population will have a dramatic effect on the number of participants who engage in the process of continuing education. Consequently, individuals who help older adults learn will require needed information and innovative approaches to be effective facilitators in this process. This article examines the training and development mechanisms for future educational gerontologists by first reviewing the present state of training and development and then projecting such needs into 2020. Higher education institutions are then examined as well as alternative formal, nonformal, and informal approaches to training and developing future educational gerontologists through continuing professional education, free universities, brokerage services, learning exchange networks, information bases, and activities sponsored collaboratively by professional associations.
Resistive instabilities in current-carrying magnetized plasmas

Abstract The stability of ion electrostatic waves with propagation vector nearly normal to a static magnetic field in a collisional plasma carrying a field-aligned current is investigated in the cold plasma approximation.
The status of oocyte cryopreservation in the United States.

Objective To determine the current status of oocyte cryopreservation across the United States, and the perceived indications for its use. Design Cross-sectional survey of all IVF Centers in the United States. Setting Telephone and fax based survey of all IVF practice or laboratory directors, conducted March to June of 2009. Patient(s) None. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Prevalence of oocyte cryopreservation, acceptable indications and age groups, number of oocyte cryopreservation cycles performed and thawed, fertilization and pregnancy rates, number of live births. Result(s) Of 442 centers contacted, 282 (64%) responded in 49 states. In these centers 143 (51%) programs currently offer oocyte cryopreservation, with a geographic trend toward the western-located clinics. Of all programs, 36% offer oocyte cryopreservation only for cancer patients or as an alternative to embryo cryopreservation after IVF, whereas 64% of programs offer it electively in women of advancing maternal age. For elective indications, 87% of programs accept patients aged 35–37 years, 49% consider age 38–40 years as acceptable, whereas only 26% of programs cryopreserve oocytes beyond age 40 years. Three hundred thirty-seven live births resulting from 857 thawed cycles (39.3% pregnancy rate [PR]) were reported across all centers. Conclusion(s) Oocyte cryopreservation is offered in more than 50% of ART clinics in the United States. Most programs that perform oocyte cryopreservation for cancer indications offer it for elective delay of childbearing as well. These data suggest a growing acceptance for this technology within our field.
Endotoxin Tolerance Impairs IL-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase (IRAK) 4 and TGF-β-activated Kinase 1 Activation, K63-linked Polyubiquitination and Assembly of IRAK1, TNF Receptor-associated Factor 6, and IκB Kinase γ and Increases A20 Expression

Endotoxin tolerance reprograms Toll-like receptor 4 responses by impairing LPS-elicited production of pro-inflammatory cytokines without inhibiting expression of anti-inflammatory or anti-microbial mediators. In septic patients, Toll-like receptor tolerance is thought to underlie decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in response to LPS and increased incidence of microbial infections. The impact of endotoxin tolerance on recruitment, post-translational modifications and signalosome assembly of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) 4, IRAK1, TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6, TGF-β-activated kinase (TAK) 1, and IκB kinase (IKK) γ is largely unknown. We report that endotoxin tolerization of THP1 cells and human monocytes impairs LPS-mediated receptor recruitment and activation of IRAK4, ablates K63-linked polyubiquitination of IRAK1 and TRAF6, compromises assembly of IRAK1-TRAF6 and IRAK1-IKKγ platforms, and inhibits TAK1 activation. Deficiencies in these signaling events in LPS-tolerant cells coincided with increased expression of A20, an essential deubiquitination enzyme, and sustained A20-IRAK1 associations. Overexpression of A20 inhibited LPS-induced activation of NF-κB and ablated NF-κB reporter activation driven by ectopic expression of MyD88, IRAK1, IRAK2, TRAF6, and TAK1/TAB1, while not affecting the responses induced by IKKβ and p65. A20 shRNA knockdown abolished LPS tolerization of THP1 cells, mechanistically linking A20 and endotoxin tolerance. Thus, deficient LPS-induced activation of IRAK4 and TAK1, K63-linked polyubiquitination of IRAK1 and TRAF6, and disrupted IRAK1-TRAF6 and IRAK1-IKKγ assembly associated with increased A20 expression and A20-IRAK1 interactions are new determinants of endotoxin tolerance.
Structure of the icosahedral Ti-Zr-Ni quasicrystal

The atomic structure of the icosahedral Ti-Zr-Ni quasicrystal is determined by invoking similarities to periodic crystalline phases, diffraction data, and the results from ab initio calculations. The structure is modeled by decorations of the canonical-cell tiling geometry. The initial decoration model is based on the structure of the Frank-Kasper phase W-TiZrNi, the 1/1-approximant structure of the quasicrystal. The decoration model is optimized using a method of structural analysis combining a least-squares refinement of diffraction data with results from ab initio calculations. The resulting structural model of icosahedral Ti-Zr-Ni is interpreted as a simple decoration rule and structural details are discussed.
Rapid prototyping of novel piezoelectric composites

Piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composites have been conceptualized, prototyped, fabricated by rapid prototyping in order to surpass those fabricated with traditional processing methods in novelty as well as performance. Rapid prototyping offers unmatched design and fabrication flexibility in achieving structural complexity and hierarchy in developing piezoelectric composites. A detailed account of all salient aspects of Fused Deposition of Ceramics (FDC) and Fused Deposition of Multi-Materials (FDMM), two major technologies pioneered at Rutgers University, are discussed. Structure-processing-property relations are elaborated on using connectivity as the unifying central concept. Examples of novel piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composites fabricated using FDC and FDMM are given, and pertinent electromechanical properties are discussed. Pending challenges in this line of research are also elaborated on.
Effects of Calcium, Phosphate, and Bulk Culture Media on Milk Coagulation Properties

Abstract Monitoring enzymic milk coagulation by turbidity changes of undiluted milk is complementary to measurements of changes of curd firmness. Turbidity measurements are sensitive to initial stages of micelle aggregation and demonstrate that aggregation begins well before any visual observation of coagulation. A point is reached during aggregation in which a three dimensionally crosslinked network of casein micelles is formed, and following this, coagulation can be observed visually or rheologically. Coagulation time initially decreased upon calcium addition and reached a minimum at .05 M calcium. At high calcium (.4 M ), coagulation time was severely retarded. Curd firming rate increased and reached a maximum at .01 M calcium. At higher calcium curd firmness was reduced. Turbidity after coagulation decreased on calcium addition suggesting that calcium affects extensiveness of the gel network. Addition of phosphate 30min prior to enzyme addition also reduced coagulation time with minimum at .01 M phosphate. When bulk culture media were added, pH of the media had a greater effect on coagulation time than did added phosphates.
Vibrational entropy near glass transition in a chalcogenide glass and supercooled liquid

Abstract Raman spectroscopic measurements have been performed on Ge20Se80 glass and supercooled liquid at temperatures ranging between 298 and 500 K. Temperature dependent softening of vibrational mode frequencies has been used in conjunction with the available vibrational density of states data at ambient temperature to estimate the relative contributions of vibrational and configurational entropies across glass transition. Nearly 20% of the additional entropy above glass transition is estimated to be vibrational. Thermal expansion effect on vibrational mode softening is found to be insufficient to account for the anharmonic component of vibrational entropy implying possible coupling between the vibrational and configurational entropies at temperatures above Tg. These results may have important consequences in shaping our understanding of various aspects of glass transition.
Managing DEIMOS removable elements and instrument configuration

This paper describes tools and methods used to manage DEIMOS removable elements (filters, gratings, and slitmasks). The iterative process of adapting and refining our basic strategy to the working conditions and requirements of Keck Observatory staff is not yet complete; hence this paper should be read as a Work In Progress report.
MobiVis: A Visualization System for Exploring Mobile Data

The widespread use of mobile devices brings opportunities to capture large-scale, continuous information about human behavior. Mobile data has tremendous value, leading to business opportunities, market strategies, security concerns, etc. Visual analytics systems that support interactive exploration and discovery are needed to extracting insight from the data. However, visual analysis of complex social-spatial-temporal mobile data presents several challenges. We have created MobiVis, a visual analytics tool, which incorporates the idea of presenting social and spatial information in one heterogeneous network. The system supports temporal and semantic filtering through an interactive time chart and ontology graph, respectively, such that data subsets of interest can be isolated for close-up investigation. "Behavior rings," a compact radial representation of individual and group behaviors, is introduced to allow easy comparison of behavior patterns. We demonstrate the capability of MobiVis with the results obtained from analyzing the MIT Reality Mining dataset.
Photon-phonon synergy: photoacoustic tomography and beyond (Presentation Video)

Photoacoustic tomography is expected to impact biology and medicine broadly by providing multiscale in vivo functional and molecular imaging of structures ranging from subcellular organelles to organs, enabling a noninvasive look at subcutaneous tissue at a deep level. Lihong Wang holds the Gene K. Beare Distinguished Professorship of Biomedical Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis, and is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Biomedical Optics. Wang was awarded the 2015 Britton Chance Biomedical Optics Award for his pioneering technical contributions and visionary leadership in the development and application of photoacoustic tomography, photoacoustic microscopy, and photon transport modeling.
Dynamical formulation of Gaussian white noise

We study the connection between Hamiltonian dynamics and irreversible, stochastic equations, such as the Langevin equation. We consider a simple model of a harmonic oscillator (Brownian particle) coupled to a field (heat bath). We introduce an invertible transformation operator Λ that brings us to a new representation where dynamics is decomposed into independent Markovian components, including Brownian motion. The effects of Gaussian white noise are obtained by the non-distributive property of Λ with respect to products of dynamical variables. In this way we obtain an exact formulation of white noise effects. Our method leads to a direct link between dynamics of Poincare nonintegrable systems, probability and stochasticity.
The algorithm designer versus nature: a game-theoretic approach to information-based complexity

Abstract A new setting for analyzing problems in information-based complexity is formulated and discussed. By using concepts from two-person zero-sum game theory, a randomized setting results from defining the nth minimal radius as an infimum over “mixed” strategies of information operators and algorithms. After presenting an example, some general results are developed on the randomized radius and its relationship to average and worst case radii.
Rheology of polymers containing carbon black

In order to elucidate the flow behavior of electrophotographic toner systems, shear stress was measured as a function of shear rate in a cone and plate rheometer for polymer melts containing carbon blacks of surface area 24 and 625 m2/g at several concentrations and temperatures. Polymers included high and low molecular weight polystyrene and poly(butyl methacrylate). The addition of carbon black to the polymers caused a large increase in viscosity, especially at low shear rates and shear stresses. As the concentration of carbon black was increased, the viscosity at low shear rates became unbounded below a value of the shear stress designated the yield stress. The absolute magnitude of the yield stress depended primarily on the concentration and surface area of the carbon black and was independent of the polymer and temperature. Apparently, carbon black forms an independent network within the polymer at low shear rates which precludes flow. In some cases, the viscosity of polymers filled with carbon black was lower than that of the pure polymer. This effect was favored for polystyrene compared to poly(butyl methacrylate) and was facilitated by increasing the molecular weight of polystyrene, reducing the surface area and concentration of carbon black, and by increasing the temperature and shear rate.
Generalized Bending of Shear-Deformable Plate with Elastic Inclusion

The generalized bending of a large plate with a circular elastic inclusion is discussed here. The solution for a hole or a rigid inclusion, which is the limiting case of an elastic inclusion, has been discussed frequently, but there is little work on an inclusion with arbitrary rigidity. Early investigators solved the problem of a large thin plate with a circular elastic inclusion, subjected to uniaxial bending, balanced biaxial bending, pure twisting, and transverse shear. This work was recently generalized to arbitrary bending loading, and explicit formulas were presented for dimensionless maximum circumferential bending moments in the plate and in the inclusion. This paper solves the analogous problem with Reissner's shear-deformable plate theory. Arbitrary bending loading is considered. A general solution is derived for the governing differential equations. Explicit formulas are developed for the maximum circumferential and radial moments in the plate and the inclusion. The results for four typical lo...
EFFECTS OF TYPE AND RELEVANCE OF PRIMES AND DELAY BETWEEN PRIMING AND RATINGS ON ATTRACTIVENESS

Summary.-This study was an attempt to generalize a previous €inding on prime effects on perceived attractiveness. After the 80 college men were shown a List of 10 primes and then asked to read a passage about a fictitious female named Victoria, hey rated her attractiveness on 5 scales. Primes were either positive or negative. Half of the primes were relevant to attractiveness and half were not. Some subjects rated Victoria right after being primed while others waited 5 min. between priming and rating. A 2 (prime type) x 2 (relevance of x 2 (rime) factorial analysis of variance gave a significant interaction between prime type and relevance. Subjects exposed to negative relevant primes rated Victoria more attractive than subjects exposed to negative irrelevant primes. An inhibitory effect of the primes, given the long length of their exposure, seemed to be the basis for these findings. Social judgments and formations of impression are largely thought of as subjective measures. This is a misconception in that they can be influenced and manipulated by researchers employing the use of priming. Social judgment has been affected by the use of mood manipulation (Erber, 1991). Many studies in which subjects were exposed either consciously or subhlinally to certain trait words as primes showed that the subjects made social judgments which were influenced by the primes. In one such study subjects were exposed subhinally to either positive or negative trait words. The relevance of the trait words was also varied; some were related to the characterization of Donald (a fictitious character that subjects read about after the priming and then had to rate how undesirable or desirable he was), and some were not related. Subjects exposed to positive relevant primes rated Donald as more desirable than subjects who were exposed to negative relevant primes. There was no significant difference between scores for those who were exposed to irrelevant primes (mggins, Rholes, &Jones, 1977). Erdley and D'Agostino (1988) conducted a similar study in which subjects were with either positive "honest" or negative "mean" traits. Relevance of the primes was manipulated as in the H~ggins, et al. (1977) study. Subjects then read an ambiguous passage about how "honest" or "mean" a female was. Subjects then rated the female on trait dunensions, some of which were related to honesty and others related to meanness. Results mirrored the H~ggins, et al. (1977) finding in that sub
SHARPENING THE PREDICTIONS OF BIG-BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

We have reexamined the nuclear inputs to big-bang nucleosynthesis using Monte Carlo realization of the cross-section data to directly estimate theoretical uncertainties for the yields of D , {sup 3}He , and {sup 7}Li . Our results indicate that previous estimates of the uncertainties were too large by a factor of 2. Using the Burles{endash}Tytler deuterium measurement, we infer a baryon density {Omega}{sub B}h{sup 2}=0.019{plus_minus}0.0024 , predict a primeval {sup 4}He mass fraction Y{sub P}=0.246{plus_minus}0.0014 , and obtain a limit to the equivalent number of neutrino species N{sub {nu}}{lt}3.20 (all at 95{percent} C.L.). We also identify key reactions and the energies, where improved data would allow further progress. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Functional languages: a performance study

Abstract This article describes a study evaluating the run time behavior of two functional languages, combinator-based SASL and environment-based Franz LISP, for a set of algorithms. The idea was to measure the effectiveness of the instruction set of a conventional processor and Turner's combinators as the instruction set for a processor that runs functional languages. The study shows that, statistically, the combinator-based implementation of SASL is better than the environment-based implementation of Franz LISP in space and time for at least small to medium-size input data sets.
Organic Thin Film Transistors Based on Cyclohexyl-Substituted Organic Semiconductors

Various cyclohexyl end-capped oligomeric semiconductors based on oligothiophene, oligothiophene-fluorene, and perylene diimide have been synthesized using Stille and Suzuki coupling. These materials exhibit increased solubility over their unsubstituted and hexyl-substituted counterparts and have been successfully employed as the active component in organic field-effect transistors. The morphology of vacuum-deposited films made with these oligomers has been investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Field effect mobility as high as 0.17 cm2/V·s was observed in fluorene-thiophene oligomers deposited at elevated substrate temperatures. With the series of materials, a correlation between the size of the endgroup with respect to the size of the inner semiconducting core of the molecule is found to be an important factor in orienting the molecules with their long axis perpendicular to the substrate surface in the thin film phase, and di...
Something to Help Themselves Tenant Organizing in San Francisco's Public Housing, 1965–1975

In San Francisco, a groundswell of tenant activism contributed to the social movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Born in ideas of democracy and justice, in struggles against inequality and poverty, tenants used the resources of the San Francisco Housing Authority, the local agency in charge of public housing, to build a movement around more and better public housing, useful jobs, civil rights, and child and health care. Public housing tenants and their allies even demanded control of public housing funds and policy making and a more humane urban redevelopment program. Female tenants took the lead in marshalling private and public resources in these organizing campaigns. Tenant militancy peaked at the moment when local and national efforts by tenants met the cuts of the Nixon administration, thus posing considerable financial and legislative constraints on tenant goals of expanding the rights of citizens.
A Statistical Model and Estimation of Disease Rates as Functions of Age and Time

Estimating incidence, remission, and mortality rates as functions of age and time is an important public health problem. We model disease rates as smooth with respect to both age and time. This is combined with an ordinary differential equation for the healthy and infected population, where date of birth (cohort) is fixed and age is the independent variable. The result is a multivariate Gauss--Markov random field model for the healthy population, infected population, and the disease rates. The corresponding inverse covariance matrix (precision matrix) is sparse. We model some standard public health measurements in terms of this random field. An offset parameter controls the level at which the residual transitions between being lognormal and normal. This enables the combination of measurement values that are zero with measurements that are lognormal for large values. The freely available nonlinear programming solver Ipopt, which takes advantage of the sparsity, is used to obtain the maximum a posteriori es...
Treatment of Marital Disharmony Where One Spouse Has A Primary Affective Disorder (Manic Depressive Illness): I. General Overview—100 Couples*

This paper gives a general overview of the treatment of marital disharmony where one spouse has a primary affective disorder. This is the first of a series of clinical-statistical studies on the subject. Neither purely clinical conclusions without the insights of statistics nor vice versa are sufficient methodologically. By treatment we mean a variety of interventions ranging from psychotherapies to somatotherapies (pharmaceuticals and/or electroconvulsive therapy [ECT]). By marital disharmony we mean where the nature of the marital relationship is such that it leads to sufficient pain in either or both spouses to warrent treatment.
Human papillomavirus vaccine acceptability among young adult men.

Background:For human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination to have maximum benefit to public health, both men and women should be vaccinated. Although efficacy trials in men are still ongoing, the HPV vaccine will likely be licensed for men in the near future. Little is known about men's interest in HPV
Surface Acoustic Waves: A Solution To Frequency Sorting Receivers

SAW technology is impacting the development of frequency sorting receivers for use in the modern electronic warfare (EW) environment. SAW delay lines and filters can address the typical problems of complexity, cost, size and weight of these receivers while maintaining a high performance level in signal processing. In this paper the application of SAW filters to frequency sorting receivers is discussed and two systems currently under development are described. Each receiver uses contiguous SAW filter banks as the basis for its frequency sorting functions. The two receivers have the common purpose of detecting and analyzing short pulses. They differ in their dynamic range and resolution capabilities. The use of SAW components in these receivers has achieved a high performance level and significantly reduced volume and weight. SAW components give promise of a low-cost, rugged and reliable receiver when manufactured in quantity.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nucleophilic substitutions on the pyridine ring with enolate anions

The enolate anions of 5-alkylbarbituric acids and isopropylidene alkylmalonates are demonstrated to readily displace chloro, pyridinio, and acetoxy substituents from the 4-position of simple pyridine derivatives under conditions in which the ring nitrogen carries a positive charge.
Blocking and array contraction across arbitrarily nested loops using affine partitioning

Applicable to arbitrary sequences and nests of loops, affine partitioning is a program transformation framework that unifies many previously proposed loop transformations, including unimodular transforms, fusion, fission, reindexing, scaling and statement reordering. Algorithms based on affine partitioning have been shown to be effective for parallelization and communication minimization. This paper presents algorithms that improve data locality using affine partitioning.Blocking and array contraction are two important optimizations that have been shown to be useful for data locality. Blocking creates a set of inner loops so that data brought into the faster levels of the memory hierarchy can be reused. Array contraction reduces an array to a scalar variable and thereby reduces the number of memory operations executed and the memory footprint. Loop transforms are often necessary to make blocking and array contraction possible. By bringing the full generality of affine partitioning to bear on the problem, our locality algorithm can find more contractable arrays than previously possible. This paper also generalizes the concept of blocking and shows that affine partitioning allows the benefits of blocking be realized in arbitrarily nested loops. Experimental results on a number of benchmarks and a complete multigrid application in aeronautics indicates that affine partitioning is effective in practice.