cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Results from Algebraic Number Theory

In this chapter we assume that the reader is acquainted with the ordinary ideal theory in number fields. Cf. for instance [B7]. The first two sections should be read as technical background for Chapter 10, §2. On the other hand, although we strive for some completeness, once the reader sees the first results that the proper o-lattices form a multiplicative group, he can wait to read the other results until he needs them, as they are slightly technical. They are all classical, known to Dedekind, except possibly for the fact that a proper o-lattice is locally principal, which seems to have been first pointed out by Ihara [26]. The localization technique will be used heavily for the idelic formulation of the complex multiplication, as in Shimura [B12].
A simple analysis of the LRU buffer policy and its relationship to buffer warm-up transient

A simple analysis for the transient buffer hit probability for a system starting with an empty buffer is presented. The independent reference model (IRM) is used for buffer accesses. It is shown that the expected buffer hit probability when the buffer becomes full is virtually identical to the steady state buffer hit probability when the replacement policy is least recently used (LRU). The method is generalized to estimate the transient behavior of the LRU policy starting with a non-empty buffer. It is shown that this method can be used to estimate the effect of a load surge on the buffer hit probability. It is also shown that after a short load surge, it can take much longer than the surge duration for the buffer hit probability to return to its steady state value. >
Phosphorus and the growth of euglena gracilis.

SYNOPSIS. Growth of streptomycin-bleached Euglena gracilis depends in part on the availability of phosphorus. Maximum cell density on a defined medium is reached at a phosphorus (supplied as inorganic phosphate) concentration of 4–5 μ/ml. At lower concentrations, the cells apparently deplete the medium of phosphorus. Inorganic phosphorus at > 1 mg/ml inhibits growth in terms of cell density per ml and generation time. Phosphorus-limited cells survive for at least 6–7 days and are able to undergo mitosis following a lag period when returned to phosphorus-containing medium. The majority of inorganic 32P incorporated by these Euglena ends up in the hot trichloroacetic acid soluble fraction and in the ethanol-ether soluble fraction.
Identification and Characterization of Cefazolin-Induced Liver Injury

Background & Aims Cephalosporin antibiotics are popular because they have a broad spectrum of activity and are generally well tolerated; however, cephalosporin-induced liver injury is considered rare. We describe a new syndrome associated with a single intravenous dose of cefazolin and the clinical features of cephalosporin-induced liver injury. Methods The Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) Network collected detailed clinical data on 1212 patients with DILI between 2004 and 2012. We analyzed data from 41 patients in whom cephalosporins were implicated as primary agents of liver disease; 33 formally were adjudicated as having cephalosporin-induced DILI. Results Nineteen patients developed clinically apparent DILI after a single intravenous dose of cefazolin. All patients developed self-limited liver injury 3 to 23 days after receiving cefazolin during surgery—often during a minor outpatient procedure. The latency period was 20 days. Clinical features included itching, jaundice, nausea, fever, and rash. Laboratory abnormalities included a mixed or cholestatic pattern of serum enzyme increases. We identified 14 more patients with DILI attributed to other cephalosporins (5 first-generation, 2 second-generation, 6 third-generation, and 1 fourth-generation agent). Although latency and injury patterns were similar for cefazolin and other cephalosporins, the other cephalosporins were associated with more severe courses of injury, including 2 deaths from liver failure. Conclusions DILI can develop after a single dose of cefazolin. It is characterized by a latency period of 1 to 3 weeks after exposure, a cholestatic biochemical pattern, and a self-limited moderate to severe clinical course. Other cephalosporins can cause a similar but more severe injury.
PLASMA LEVELS OF INFLAMMATORY MARKERS NEOPTERIN, SIALIC ACID AND C-REACTIVE PROTEIN IN PREGNANCY AND PREECLAMPSIA

BACKGROUND To determine whether the cellular inflammatory marker of activated macrophages and monocytes, neopterin (NEO), and the acute-phase inflammatory markers sialic acid (SA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are elevated in pregnancy and further elevated in the pregnancy syndrome preeclampsia. METHODS Maternal plasma concentrations of NEO, SA, and CRP were measured by high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or high-performance liquid chromatography in 20 nonpregnant women, 40 women with uncomplicated pregnancies, 50 women with transient hypertension of pregnancy alone, 49 women with small for gestational age (SGA) infants without preeclampsia, and 47 women with preeclampsia. RESULTS The mean concentration of plasma NEO, SA, and CRP were all significantly elevated in all groups of pregnant women compared to nonpregnant women (P < 0.001 for all). In addition, maternal plasma NEO concentrations were further elevated in women with preeclampsia compared to the other groups of pregnant women (P < 0.01). As expected, the acute-phase inflammatory markers CRP and SA correlated positively with each other. However, CRP was also correlated with the activated macrophage and monocyte marker NEO in women with transient hypertension of pregnancy and with preeclampsia (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The inflammatory markers NEO, SA, and CRP are all elevated during pregnancy. However, only NEO, a marker of macrophage and monocyte activation, was further elevated in women with preeclampsia. These data suggest that there is a striking increase in inflammation during pregnancy, and cellular immune activation is further elevated during preeciampsia.
Thomistic Natural Law as Darwinian Natural Right

The publication in 1975 of Edward O. Wilson's Sociobiology provoked a great controversy, for in that work Wilson claimed that ethics was rooted in human biology. On the first page of the book, he asserted that our deepest intuitions of right and wrong are guided by the emotional control centers of the brain, which evolved via natural selection to help the human animal exploit opportunities and avoid threats in the natural environment. In 1998, the publication of Wilson's Consilience renewed the controversy, as he continued to argue for explaining ethics through the biology of the moral sentiments.
Three-dimensional effects on flag flapping dynamics

We examine three-dimensional (3D) effects on the flapping dynamics of a flag, modelled as a thin membrane, in uniform fluid inflow. We consider periodic spanwise variations of length (ignoring edge effects), so that the 3D effects are characterized by the dimensionless spanwise wavelength , where is the chord length. We perform linear stability analysis (LSA) to show increase in stability with , with the purely 2D mode being the most unstable. To confirm the LSA and to study nonlinear responses of 3D flapping, we obtain direct numerical simulations, up to Reynolds number 1000 based on , coupling solvers for the Navier–Stokes equations and that for a thin membrane structure undergoing arbitrarily large displacement. For nonlinear flapping evolution, we identify and characterize the effect of on the distinct flag motions and wake vortex structures, corresponding to spanwise standing wave (SW) and travelling wave (TW) modes, in the absence and presence of cross-flow respectively. For both SW and TW, the response is characterized by an initial instability growth phase (I), followed by a nonlinear development phase (II) consisting of multiple unstable 3D modes, and tending, in long time, towards a quasi-steady limit-cycle response (III) dominated by a single (most unstable) mode. Phase I follows closely the predictions of LSA for initial instability and growth rates, with the latter increased for TW due to suppression of restoring forces by the cross-flow. Phase II is characterized by multiple competing flapping modes with energy cascading towards the more unstable mode(s). The wake is characterized by interwoven (SW) and oblique continuous (TW) shed vortices. For phase III, the persistent single dominant mode for SW is the (most unstable) 2D flag displacement with a continuous parallel wake structure; and for TW, the fundamental oblique travelling-wave flag displacement corresponding to the given with continuous oblique shedding. The transition to phase III occurs slower for greater . For the total forces, drag decreases for both SW and TW with decreasing , while lift is negligible in phase I and II and comparable in magnitude to drag in phase III for any .
Abstract 715: Cytochrome P450 1B1 Gene Disruption Prevents Neointimal Growth in Wire-Injured Carotid Artery of Male Mice

We have previously reported that cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1), a heme-thiolate monooxygenase expressed in cardiovascular tissues, contributes to the development of hypertension and its associated pathogenesis in various experimental animal models. The current study was conducted to determine the contribution of CYP1B1 in neointimal growth following wire injury of carotid artery in 8 week-old male Cyp1b1+/+ and Cyp1b1-/- mice. The left carotid artery was injured with a metal wire and denudation of the endothelial layer was confirmed by the absence of von Willebrand factor staining cells, 1 day after the injury in both Cyp1b1+/+ and Cyp1b1-/- mice. After 14 days of injury, the mice were sacrificed, and both injured and uninjured contralateral carotid arteries were collected for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. The wire injury caused neointimal growth as indicated by increased intimal area, intima/media ratio and elastin disorganization in carotid arteries of Cyp1b1+/+ mice; these changes were minimized in the carotid arteries of Cyp1b1-/- mice. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were found to be the major cellular component of these neointima, as evident by positive staining for α-smooth muscle actin. We also found increased infiltration of inflammatory and immune cells as indicated by expression of CD68+ macrophages and CD3+ T-cells, respectively, in the wire-injured carotid arteries of Cyp1b1+/+ mice but not Cyp1b1-/- mice. Administration of 4-Hydroxy-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPOL), a superoxide dismutase mimetic, in drinking water (2 mmoles/l), attenuated the neointimal growth in wire-injured carotid arteries of Cyp1b1+/+ mice. Furthermore, in vitro studies showed significant reduction of angiotensin II-induced migration, proliferation and protein synthesis in VSMCs from Cyp1b1-/- compared to Cyp1b1+/+ mice. These data suggest that Cyp1b1-dependent oxidative stress contributes to the neointimal growth caused by wire injury of carotid arteries of male mice. Therefore, inhibitors of Cyp1b1 could be useful in the treatment of restenosis caused by vascular injury including balloon angioplasty, atherosclerosis and diabetes in males.
Growing DEV, Building Community, Making a Difference

In 2010 the first edition of ACM DEV was held at Royal Holloway, University of London. The conference was co-located with the ICTD conference, but the idea was to facilitate a more technical conversation between researchers about the state of the art in exploring how ICTs can be used for social and economic development. Since then, we've enjoyed six ACM DEV meetings around the world, published almost 200 papers, and seen students attend their first conference and later return as PIs. Coincidentally, 2010 was also the same year I took over management of the amazing TEM group at Microsoft Research India and began working full time in ICT4D. One could say that DEV and I have grown up together in the field; I've been to every DEV and have even had the responsibility of organizing it. It's possible we've even matured a little! Lately I've been thinking a lot about what makes research in this area special: Why do people want to work in this space and what can we hope to accomplish together? Since our journeys in this area have been so close, I thought I might be in an interesting position to step back and ask a few questions for DEV as a group: Who is "DEV" and how do we grow our community to thrive in the years ahead? Who do we want to be? What do we want from our conference and community? Sure, it's a place for publishing work, but what else could or should it be? What is our mission? I believe that ICT4D research offers us the opportunity to apply our expertise in technical research to solve very real problems being faced by people who are frequently marginalized or vulnerable and usually ignored by tech. To the extent that the DEV community buys into this notion, how do we progress from publishing ideas to on-the-ground impact? ACM DEV is six years old and it's still evolving and changing. This is a perfect time to pause and consider what we want it to be both for the future of our community and for the benefit of the people we are working with and for.
Drinking water and cancer in Louisiana: a retrospective mortality study.

Thirteen Louisiana parishes (counties) using the Mississippi river as a source of potable water have the highest mortality rates (1950-1969) in the drinking water source, a comparison of cancer deaths and noncancer deaths from 1960-1975 in selected southern Louisiana parishes was conducted. Parishes were grouped for similarities in industrialization and approximately equal exposure of the population to surface water and ground water. Cancers were studied in groups by hypothesized risk: high for bladder, colon, kidney, liver, lymphoma, rectum, and stomach; low for Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukemia, lung, malignant melanoma, multiple myeloma, and prostate; and questionable for breast, brain, esophagus, and pancreas. Noncancer deaths were randomly selected and matched 1:1 to cancer deaths on age, race, sex, and year and parish group of death. Water source at death was based on residence at death, surface or ground water, and chlorinated or nonchlorinated water. The risk associated with using surface water least likely due solely to change occurred for cancer of the rectum. Other risks which were lower but still greater than 1.0 occurred for cancer of the kidney and breast. No risk was observed for other cancers of the gastrointestinal or urinary tract. Risk for multiple myeloma was associated with use of ground water.
Abstract 331: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition confers resistance to complement-dependent cytotoxicity in lung cancer cells

Recent studies have implicated Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in conferring several clinically relevant properties to cancer cells, in addition to initiating tumor metastasis. These include stem-cell like properties, resistance to targeted therapies and ability to evade immune surveillance. Pathway analysis of gene expression changes in TGF-β induced EMT identified the complement cascade as one of the significantly enriched pathway. Further analysis of the genes in the complement pathway revealed EMT-induced expression of complement inhibitors and decrease in expression of proteins essential for complement activity, suggesting resistance to complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) during EMT. We found lung cancer cells that undergo EMT showed marked decrease in C3 deposition and concomitant resistance to apoptosis by CDC as measured by 7-Aminoactinomycin D staining. Flow cytometric and RT-PCR analysis showed a significant increase in the CD59 expression on the surface of cells undergoing EMT, which is a potent inhibitor of formation of membrane attack complex that mediates complement dependent cell lysis. Furthermore, CD59 inhibition by siRNA mediated knock-down overcame the EMT-induced resistance to anti-EGFR antibody (Cetuximab) mediated CDC. The increase in CD59 was abrogated on disruption of TGF-β signaling as revealed by TGF- β Receptor kinase inhibitor and is dependent on Smad3 signaling. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed increased occupancy of Smad3 on CD59 promoter, suggesting a direct regulation by Smad3. These results demonstrate that TGF-β-induced EMT confers another novel immune evasive mechanism to tumor cells that facilitates tumor progression and CD59 as a potential therapeutic target for enhancing the efficacy of anti-EGFR Antibody therapies and against tumor metastasis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 331. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-331
Signal Transduction in Early Heart Development (II): Ventricular Chamber Specification, Trabeculation, and Heart Valve Formation

The formation of a four-chambered heart with ventricular chambers aligned in a left-right orientation begins with the rightward looping of the linear heart tube in accordance with the left-right embryonic axis. The functional specification of the ventricular chambers in the looped heart occurs with the formation of a trabeculated myocardium along the outer curvature of the realigned heart tube. Two major signal transduction pathways are involved in this process, the retinoic acid and neuregulin signaling pathways, with the retinoic acid pathway also participating in rightward heart tube looping. With the establishment of the atrial and ventricular chambers, maintenance of a unidirectional flow of blood between the two chambers must be ensured. To achieve this, heart valves develop at the atrioventricular juncture. This process begins with formation of endocardial cushions, the primordia of heart valves, and ends with formation of heart valve leaflets. Underlying this process is a complex network of signal transduction pathways that mediate communication between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers to form the endocardial cushions and nascent heart valve. Some of the signaling molecules involved are vascular endothelial growth factor, Wnts, bone morphogenetic proteins, epidermal growth factor, hyaluronic acid, neurofibromin, and calcium.
Effects of acute inflammation on plasma retinol, retinol-binding protein, and its mRNA in the liver and kidneys of vitamin A-sufficient rats.

The acute inflammatory response to tissue injury and infection is associated with low concentrations of plasma retinol and its specific transport proteins, retinol-binding protein (RBP) and transthyretin (TTR). To examine the kinetics and mechanism of hyporetinemia, we have induced acute inflammation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, from Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in rats with adequate stores of vitamin A. Twenty-four h after treatment with LPS (50 micrograms i.p. per 100 g body weight) or saline and food withdrawal, plasma retinol equalled 0.72 +/- 0.06 mumol/L (mean +/- SEM) in five LPS-treated rats versus 1.35 +/- 0.1 mumol/L in five saline-treated rats (P < 0.01). Plasma, liver, and kidney RBP and TTR concentrations were also significantly reduced, but liver and kidney retinol concentrations did not differ between treatment groups. The relative abundance of RBP mRNA in liver (LPS treatment compared to saline treatment) was reduced as early as 12 h (0.44 +/- 0.15, n = 4 pairs, P < 0.02), and continued to be reduced at 24 h (0.57 +/- 0.12, n = 5 pairs, P < 0.02). In the kidney this ratio did not change significantly due to LPS treatment. The relative abundance of cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) mRNA in liver and kidney also was not affected by LPS treatment. We infer from these data that inflammation-induced hyporetinemia results from a reduction in the hepatic synthesis of RBP and secretion of the retinol-RBP complex. Moreover, the results imply that plasma retinol concentration is a poor indicator of vitamin A status during inflammation.
Access is not enough: the impact of emotional costs and self-efficacy on the changes in African-American students’ ICT use patterns

ABSTRACTPrevious research has examined the impact of computing interventions to reduce digital inequity. However, few studies focus on factors such as inequalities to material access, Internet use patterns, and affective or emotional anxiety. This paper investigates the potential role of emotional costs and computer self-efficacy in the connection between computer use at home and students’ computer use patterns. Data for this research come from pretest and posttest surveys administered to fourth- and fifth-grade African-American students. The results reveal that students’ home computer use is a significant predictor of the change in their information and entertainment usage over the course of the intervention. Students’ emotional costs partially mediate the relationship between home computer use and information-oriented usage over the intervention period. The findings suggest that providing students access to digital devices is not enough to close the digital divide.
Visual resources: proposals for an ideal network

Aby Warburg used a system of screens, wooden frames covered with fabric, upon which he displayed photographs. He could compare images, manipulate them in different arrangements, and order them in support of a visual argument. The computer and the video screen allow present day art historians to contemplate the creation of a much larger and more sophisticated version of Warburg’s screens in an ideal network of images and data. Images of works of art will be identified by basic information and accompanied with all the relevant information of a full catalogue entry. Correctly formulated this information can be retrieved in various ways to allow for making numerous connections between works of art and revealing a variety of relationships between them. Each work can thus be studied within a visual and historical context or compared with works of art sharing similar characteristics from widely different cultures and periods. The number of works of art existing in the world is very large, and the information which may be recorded about them is immense. Forming the ideal network is a considerable undertaking and one that will take the help and co-operation of the whole art historical community.
Relationship Between Continuity of Ambulatory Care and Risk of Emergency Department Episodes Among Older Adults.

Study objective We determine whether visit patterns indicative of higher continuity are related to a lower risk of presenting at the emergency department (ED) among older adults. Methods This study was a survival analysis between 2011 and 2013 of a 20% random sample of fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 years or older. Ambulatory visit patterns were measured starting in 2011 for up to 24 months using 2 continuity metrics measured on a 0 to 1 scale—Continuity of Care (COC) score and the Usual Provider Continuity (UPC) score. The composite outcome of an ED episode was defined as occurrence of an ED visit with discharge home, an observation stay, or hospital admission. Time-dependent Cox proportional hazards regression models controlled for patient demographic characteristics, comorbidities, previous use, and regional factors, with censoring for death or occurrence of the composite outcome. In a secondary analysis, continuity was measured in the 12 months preceding an ED episode to test whether it was associated with type of ED episode. Results The relative rate of ED episodes decreased approximately 1% for every 0.1-point increase in the COC score (adjusted hazard ratio 0.99; 95% confidence interval 0.99 to 0.99; P P Conclusion Ambulatory visit patterns exhibiting more continuity were associated with a lower rate of ED utilization for older adults with fee-for-service Medicare coverage. The association of higher continuity with lower risk of ED use but differences in outcome when an ED visit does occur may reflect more appropriate referral to the ED when outpatient management is no longer adequate.
Disentangling overlapping influences of neighborhoods and schools on adolescent body mass index

Objective To compare the simultaneous influence of schools and neighborhoods on adolescent body mass index (BMI). Methods Analyzing data from a nationally representative sample of adolescents in grades 7 to 12 (n = 18,200), cross-classified multilevel modeling was used to examine the fixed and random effects of individuals, schools, and neighborhoods on adolescent BMI. Additionally, the ability of school and neighborhood demographics to explain racial/ethnic disparities in BMI was assessed. Results There were 18,200 students nested in 128 schools and 2,259 neighborhoods, with 2,757 unique combinations of schools and neighborhoods. In girls, schools (vojk = 0.18, CI: 0.06–0.33) contributed twice that of neighborhoods (uojk = 0.08, CI: 0.01–0.20) to the variance in BMI, while in males, schools (uojk = 0.15, CI: 0.05–0.30) and neighborhoods (vojk = 0.16, CI: 0.05–0.31) had similar contributions. The interaction of the neighborhood and school random effects contributed significantly to the variance of male and female BMI. Characteristics of neighborhoods and schools explained a large portion of the racial/ethnic disparity in female BMI. Conclusions In an analysis of a nationally representative sample including multiple racial and ethnic groups, the BMI variance of adolescent females was associated with schools more than neighborhoods. In males, there was no difference in school or neighborhood association with BMI.
The Delayed Effect on Adult Fertility of Immature Crowding: Population Dynamics

It is well known that in many species of insects and other organisms that the environmental conditions of immatures — larvae, nymphs — have permanent effects which persist into the adult stage of the life history (Anderson and Cummins 1979, Azam and Anderson 1969, Bates 1949, Brown and Chippendale 1973, Caligari 1980, Citus 1935, Dunlap-Pianka et al. 1979, Englemann 1970, Harshman 1983, Howard 1978, Istock 1966, Lloyd and White 1976, Marks 1982, Marlatt 1907, Otto 1974, Pritchard 1978, Ryan 1941, Southwood 1966, Steinwascher 1978, Sweeney and Vannote 1978, Uhlenhuth 1919, Vannote 1978, Ward and Cummins 1979, Wilbur 1977, Wilbur and Collins 1973). Relevant to population dynamics, the adult fertility component of growth can be affected by limiting resources of immatures. For example, it is abundantly documented in the Drosophila literature that the degree of larval crowding not only affects larval survival, but also affects the size and fertility of the resulting adult females (see below, for citations). Crowded larvae result in females with fewer ovarioles (Nothel, pers. comm.).
$$L^{2}$$-norm transformation for improving k-means clustering

In the age of increasingly pervasive sensing applications, measurement of unknown pattern phenomena resulting in novel data presents a challenge to selection of appropriate modeling tools. Because there is no rich history of domain knowledge, one can easily make early commitments to poor modeling choices. Data transformation, a solution in effort to modify the data’s geometry, can make important regularities more clear. The wrong transformation can damage the very pattern information one seeks to identify. In contrast to data transformation, we contribute an alternative method, range transformation focusing on altering the measurement tool. As a function, a model maps data inputs to a range. Focusing on transformations of the model’s range, we can find a generally applicable way to alter the model’s properties to best suit the data. Every modification to a function class, something we call editing the function, results in a change to the original function’s range. This work contributes a method for modifying a broad class of models to suit novel data through range transformation. We investigate range transformation for a class of information theoretic transformations and evaluate impact on classification and clustering. We also develop an optimization-based framework employing range transformation based on desired geometric properties and use it to improve a widely used model, k-means clustering.
Needs assessment for developing a multidisciplinary model for trafficking prevention and rehabilitation of survivors

Trafficking in persons is a complex issue demanding a coordinated and multidimensional response in order to achieve effective and faster results. Due to the complexity of this phenomenon, it is often challenging for organizations serving this population to identify the constantly emerging needs in a routine fashion. The aim of this study is to provide comprehensive guidance to service providers on existing needs in this field and assessing the gaps in response to trafficking in persons in United States. The results of this study reveal a number of components that have to be crucially addressed for creating a need based effective multi-disciplinary and multi-agency system of service provision for victims of human trafficking.
The Behavioral Treatment of Suspected Conversion Disorder in Children: Providing an Exit Strategy

ABSTRACTWe describe the treatment of a preadolescent who presented with nonepileptic seizures. He had received a diagnosis of conversion disorder from the referring provider. We implemented a treat...
Geant4 simulations of the absorption of photons in CsI and NaI produced by electrons with energies up to 4 MeV and their application to precision measurements of the β-energy spectrum with a calorimetric technique

Abstract The yield of photons produced by electrons slowing down in CsI and NaI was studied with four electromagnetic physics constructors included in the Geant4 toolkit. The subsequent absorption of photons in detector geometries used for measurements of the β spectrum shape was also studied with a focus on the determination of the absorption fraction. For electrons with energies in the range 0.5–4 MeV, the relative photon yields determined with the four Geant4 constructors differ at the level of 1 0 − 2 in amplitude and the relative absorption fractions differ at the level of 1 0 − 4 in amplitude. The differences among constructors enabled the estimation of the sensitivity to Geant4 simulations for the measurement of the β energy spectrum shape in 6 He decay using a calorimetric technique with ions implanted in the active volume of detectors. The size of the effect associated with photons escaping the detectors was quantified in terms of a slope which, on average, is respectively − 5 . 4 %/MeV and − 4 . 8 %/MeV for the CsI and NaI geometries. The corresponding relative uncertainties as determined from the spread of results obtained with the four Geant4 constructors are 0.0067 and 0.0058.
Improving pancreas graft utilization through importation

Background We analyze our outcomes utilizing imported allografts as a strategy to shorten wait list time for pancreas transplantation. Methods This is an observational retrospective cohort of 26 recipients who received either a locally procured (n = 16) or an imported pancreas graft (n = 10) at our center between January 2014 and May 2017. Wait list times of this cohort were compared to UNOS Region 9 (New York State and Western Vermont). Hospital financial data were also reviewed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of this strategy. Results Imported pancreas grafts had significantly increased cold ischemia times (CIT) and peak lipase (PL) levels compared to locally procured grafts (CIT 827 vs 497 minutes; P = .001, PL 563 vs 157 u/L; P = .023, respectively). There were no differences in graft or patient survival. The median wait time was significantly lower for simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplants at our center (518 days, n = 21) compared to Region 9 (1001 days, n = 65) P = .038. Despite financial concerns, the cost of transport for imported grafts was offset by lower standard acquisition costs. Conclusions Imported pancreas grafts may be a cost-effective strategy to increase organ utilization and shorten wait times in regions with longer waiting times.
Impact of Blood Donor Sex on Transfusion-Related Outcomes in Preterm Infants

Objective Explore the role of red blood cell donor sex on preterm infant neonatal outcomes. Study design In a retrospective, exploratory, cohort study, the hospital blood bank database was queried for units of blood released to neonatal intensive care unit patients in 2009-2010. The state blood center provided donor sex, and a department database provided neonatal characteristics and morbidities. Comparisons were made for 2 groups: those who ever received female blood and those who did not. Results Among 462 infants 1 blood transfusion. In univariate analyses, compared with infants who received only male blood, infants who received female donor blood had higher rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (38% vs 22%; P = .03), spontaneous intestinal perforation/necrotizing enterocolitis (17% vs 6%; P = .04), and death or any morbidity (60% vs 38%; P Conclusions Preliminary findings suggest that female donor blood was associated with preterm vulnerability to neonatal morbidities.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Essentials for the Practitioner

The incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) has increased dramatically during the past 15 years, likely due to an increase in antepartum maternal opiate use. Optimal care of these patients is still controversial because of the available published literature lacking sufficient sample size, placebo control, and comparative pharmacologic trials. Primary treatment for NAS consists of opioid replacement therapy with either morphine or methadone. Paregoric and tincture of opium have been abandoned because of relative safety concerns. Buprenorphine is emerging as a treatment option with promising initial experience. Adjunctive agents should be considered for infants failing treatment with opioid monotherapy. Traditionally, phenobarbital has been used as adjunctive therapy; however, results of clonidine as adjunctive therapy for NAS appear to be beneficial. Future directions for research in NAS should include validating a simplified scoring tool, conducting comparative studies, exploring home management o...
The Concept of Reactive Electrophilic Metabolites in Chemical Carcinogenesis: Recent Results with Aromatic Amines, Safrole, and Aflatoxin B1

Chemical carcinogens appear to be the first class of foreign compounds demonstrated to be converted in vivo to reactive metabolites which bind covalently with tissue macromolecules (1,2), and a large literature now exists on this subject and its relevance to carcinogenesis by these agents (3–5). Considering the great structural heterogeneity of chemical carcinogens (5–8) and of drugs in general, it is not surprising that at high dosage levels a few drugs are known to be similarly activated in vivo to reactive metabolites which can exert acute toxic reactions through covalent binding with tissue components, especially proteins (9,10). Thus, although most drugs and their metabolites probably interact only noncovalently and thus reversibly with cellular molecules in their pharmacological actions, closer inspection of the metabolism of various drugs will doubtless reveal various degrees of covalent interactions in vivo. Such interactions may pose carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, allergenic, necrogenic, and possibly other hazards that must be weighed against the benefits provided by each drug in this category.
Structural Violence, Historical Trauma, and Public Health: The Environmental Justice Critique of Contemporary Risk Science and Practice

Opening with a brief history of the deep roots and expansive branches of environmental justice struggles, this chapter challenges community health-care practitioners to familiarize themselves and join in the participatory action research discourse championed by advocates of environmental justice. Of particular concern in this paper is the outline of a critique of contemporary risk science and the explication of an argument for the incorporation of scientific studies of structural violence and historical trauma as aspects of cumulative risk that are overlooked in contemporary frameworks and practices that privilege remote social science and a reduction of evidence to a cost/benefit analytical matrix. The author argues that this is both scientifically problematic and antidemocratic in its effects. The chapter analyzes how these epistemological and methodological concepts – combined with a revaluing of local place-based knowledge and promotion of institutions of collective action – are being addressed in ongoing theory and practice within the environmental justice and community environmental health movements.
Manifolds with Suitable Finite Symmetry

In Chapter 4 we discussed two obstructions to the existence of Kahler-Einstein metrics on compact Kahler manifolds with positive anticanonical line bundle. These two obstructions are related to the presence of nonzero holomorphic vector fields. There is a conjecture that any compact Kahler manifold of positive anticanonical line bundle without any nonzero holomorphic vector field admits a Kahler-Einstein metric. The conjecture is still open. The only known examples of Kahler-Einstein metrics of Kahler manifolds of positive anticanonical line bundle are those of Hermitian symmetric manifolds or homogeneous manifolds or certain noncompact manifolds [C5]. So far there is no known way of proving the existence of Kahler-Einstein metrics of compact Kahler manifolds of positive anticanonical line bundle by using the continuity method with reasonable additional assumptions such as the nonexistence of nonzero holomorphic vector fields. In this Chapter we discuss a method [Siul,Siu2] to prove the existence of Kahler-Einstein metrics for compact Kahler manifolds of positive anticanonical line bundle under the additional assumption of the existence of a suitable finite or compact group of symmetry. The method is not very satisfactory, because its applicability is exceedingly limited.
A quasioptimal finite element method for elliptic interface problems

In [1] Babuska proposed perturbed variational methods for elliptic problems, with discontinuous coefficients. However, these methods are not quasioptimal, i.e. the approximate solutions generated by such methods do not reproduce the properties of “best approximation” possessed by the subspace of admissable approximants. In this paper we consider certain extrapolates obtained by use of a particular method of [1] and obtain “optimal” asymptotic error estimates. Our approach is similar to that of [7] where we proposed extrapolation methods for elliptic problems with smooth coefficients.
The Effect of the Affordable Care Act's Dependent Coverage Provisionon Health Insurance Gaps for Young Adults With SpecialHealthcare Needs

Abstract Purpose This study examined the impact of the 2010 Affordable Care Act's dependent coverage provision on gaps in insurance coverage for young adults with special healthcare needs (YASHCN). Methods We used the 2008 Survey on Income and Program Participation, a longitudinal survey covering 2008–2013. Our sample was comprised of 3,316 YASHCN ages 19–29. We used a difference-in-differenceregression approach to assess the effect of the dependent coverage provision on the probability that a YASHCN experienced a gap in insurance coverage. We compared outcomes for a treatment group, YASHCN ages 19–25, and a control group, YASHCN ages 27–29, before and after the 2010 policy change. The longitudinal data allow us to estimate regressions that control for individual and time fixed effects. Results After controlling for fixed effects and other confounding variables, we found that extending coverage until age 26 for YASHCN was associated with reduced insurance gaps. Specifically, our estimates suggest that the Affordable Care Act dependent coverage provision was associated with reduced insurance gaps among YASHCN by 2.4 percentage points. Conclusions The Affordable Care Act dependent coverage provision helped mitigate the number ofinsurance gaps experienced by YASHCN. This is of particular importance to YASHCN, as they are a vulnerablepopulation and their continuity of insurance coverage is a critical part of their transition into adulthood.
Reconstruction of Acetabular Deficiency

Management of the acetabular deficiency in revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) or dysplastic hips (DDH) is a technical demanding procedure. Preoperatively, the acetabular deficiency must be assessed and classified into contained or uncontained defects. A contained defect may be reconstructed with morselized allografts and a noncemented acetabular component. Uncontained loss of bone stock involving ≤50% of the acetabulum can be reconstructed with structural or morselized allografts and noncemented acetabular component. In case of uncontained defect involving >50% of the acetabulum, with or without associated pelvic discontinuity, structural allografts in conjunction with a reconstruction cage may be required. In some occasions, the acetabular deficiency is so severe, and the host acetabular bed is poorly vascularized; autogenous iliac bone grafts may be required in the host-allograft junction to facilitate healing of the allografts. The general principles of this type of reconstruction include to restore the center of rotation of the hip joint, achieve stable fixation of the component, and restore the bone deficiency and adequate healing of the grafts to the host bone.
A Cross-sectional Study of the Association between Homelessness and Facial Fractures

Background Little is known about the risk factors for facial fractures among homeless patients. We investigated the association between homelessness, mechanism of injury, and type of facial fracture in patients treated at an urban trauma center. Methods Data for 2,221 adults with facial fractures were obtained retrospectively from a standardized registry of trauma patients at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital from 2011 to 2016. Associations between homelessness and mechanism of injury, facial fracture type, and surgical repair type were evaluated with multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results Among 2,221 patients with facial fractures, 12% were homeless and, compared with housed patients, more likely to be male, black, and test positive for drug and alcohol use (all P < 0.0001). They had lower injury severity scores but longer hospital stays and were more likely to be discharged to the community than to a rehabilitation facility (all P < 0.0001). After adjusting for confounding variables, homeless patients with facial fractures were nearly 3-fold more likely to have been assaulted than housed patients (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.9-4.1, P < 0.0001) and twice as likely to have mandible fractures (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.3-3.0, P = 0.0030) and to have surgery for these fractures (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.2-3.7, P = 0.0110). Conclusions Our novel results demonstrate that homeless patients with facial fractures are at much higher risk than the general population for being assaulted, suffering mandible fractures, and requiring surgery for these fractures. Further investigations could guide identification, treatment, and prevention efforts.
TuC1.2 - Quantum Dot Tunable Photonic Oscillators (Invited)

We will review a series of experimental and theoretical findings spanning ten years of research on tunable photonic oscillators using optically-injected quantum-dot lasers as the slave (or follower) element. The particularly unique featueres of the quantum dot system will be discussed.
Embryogenic cell suspensions for high-capacity genetic transformation and regeneration of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.).

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a North American prairie grassland species, is a potential lignocellulosic biofuel feedstock owing to its wide adaptability and biomass production. Production and genetic manipulation of switchgrass should be useful to improve its biomass composition and production for bioenergy applications. The goal of this project was to develop a high-throughput stable switchgrass transformation method using Agrobacterium tumefaciens with subsequent plant regeneration. Regenerable embryogenic cell suspension cultures were established from friable type II callus-derived inflorescences using two genotypes selected from the synthetic switchgrass variety ‘Performer’ tissue culture lines 32 and 605. The cell suspension cultures were composed of a heterogeneous fine mixture culture of single cells and aggregates. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 was optimum to transfer into cells the pANIC-10A vector with a hygromycin-selectable marker gene and a pporRFP orange fluorescent protein marker gene at an 85% transformation efficiency. Liquid cultures gave rise to embryogenic callus and then shoots, of which up to 94% formed roots. The resulting transgenic plants were phenotypically indistinguishable from the non-transgenic parent lines. The new cell suspension-based protocol enables high-throughput Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regeneration of switchgrass in which plants are recovered within 6–7 months from culture establishment.
Structural Degradation of High Voltage Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Cathodes in Solid-State Batteries and Implications for Next Generation Energy Storage

In this study, we report the stability of the layered high voltage cathode NMC622 with respect to a standard liquid electrolyte and in an all solid-state configuration. NMC622 cathodes with a (104)...
Propagation of Sound in He 3

Propagation of sound in He/sup 3/ at 1.4 to 513 psi was studied. At low pressures, the sound attenuation coefficient was obtained and interpreted in terms of viscosity, the results being in agreement with experiments on other transport properties in He/sup 3/. At pressures somewhat above the minimum, P/ sub min/, in the melting curve, sharp breaks both in the velocity of sound propagation and in the temperature dependence of the attenuation coefficient were found. (L.N.N.)
Chapter 7 – Production Externalities

Chapter 7 analyzes production externalities with pollution serving as the main example to illustrate the theory. After developing the general model, the chapter turns to a number of specific issues, including a comparison of taxes and subsidies to reduce pollution, the advisibility of compensating the victims of pollution, Coase bargaining to solve pollution problems, and the possibility of nonconvexities with production externalities.
Translating policy to practice: theory-based formative research to improve messaging and over-the-counter access to emergency contraception in Florence, Italy.

Italy’s 2015 emergency contraception (EC) policy made EC available without prescription for individuals aged 18 years and older; however, women living in Italy continue to face barriers to accessin...