cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure and electrical conductivity of the “one-dimensional solid electrolyteN, N-dimethylmorpholinium pentaiodotetraargentate

Abstract The new solid electrolyte N, N -dimethylmorpholinium pentaiodotetraargentate, [(CH 3 )N(CH 2 ) 2 -(CH 2 ) 2 O]Ag 4 I 5 (DMMAg 4 I 5 ), has a crystal structure which allows the Ag + ions to move effectively in only one dimension. The channels for this motion result from the sharing of opposite faces of icosahedra, having iodides at their centers, forming infinite chains of icosahedra along thea axis. The joining of the icosahedra forms three more face-sharing tetrahedra at each junction, or a total of 23 tetrahedra per eight Ag + ions, which are distributed non-uniformly over the tetrahedral sites. The limited number of pathways for the Ag + ion diffusion leads to a low average conductivity, 1 × 10 −4 Ω −1 cm −1 and a high activation enthalpy, 0.35 eV. Crystals of DMMAg 4 I 5 belong to space groupP2 1 2 1 2 1 (D 4 2 ) witha = 13.167(4), b = 23.437(3), c = 12.758(3)A˚; the unit cell contains eight formula units. The structure of dimethylmorpholinium iodide (DMMI) confirms the chair model for the DMM + ion. Crystals of DMMI belong to space groupP2 1 m(C 2 2h ), witha = 8.861(4), b = 8.020(2), c = 6.685(2)A˚, β = 101.07(3)°; each unit cell contains two formula units.
Streptococcal pharyngitis in the emergency department: analysis of therapeutic strategies.

Abstract Potential streptococcal pharyngitis represents a common presenting complaint of patients in emergency departments. Studies have shown that therapy within thefirst 48 hours of presentation hastens the resolution of the infection. A prior analysis of the cost of treatment for potential streptococcal pharyngitis in an outpatient practice suggested that when the likelihood of a positive throat culture is high, therapy is more cost effective without a throat culture. The current analysis evaluates the effects of emergency department charges, incomplete follow-up, and several common screening tests (Gram stain, clinical scoring) upon the cost of treatment and the risk for rheumatic fever. The results of the current analysis support 1) the use of common screening tests to permit immediate oral or parenteral penicillin treatment of selected patients without a throat culture and 2) the use of a throat culture to detect false-negative screen results.
Vascular endothelial growth factor in children with congenital heart disease.

Abstract Background Children with cyanotic congenital heart disease may experience the development of abnormal vessels that become a source of significant morbidity. Abnormal vessel proliferation in these children may take several forms, including systemic-to-pulmonary collateral arteries, systemic-to-pulmonary venous collaterals, systemic venous collateral channels after bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis, and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. However, no entity responsible for these abnormalities has been identified yet. This study determined whether children with cyanotic congenital heart disease have elevated serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and whether elevated VEGF correlated with these abnormal vessels. Methods Mean systemic room air oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ), blood cell counts (RBC), and serum VEGF levels were measured preoperatively. Samples were obtained from 61 children with acyanotic heart disease (group N) and 102 children with cyanotic heart disease (group C) before cardiac surgery. Postoperative catheterization was performed 1-month after the operation to evaluate the abnormal vessels in group C. Results The VEGF level was significantly elevated in group C (355.0 ± 287.1 pg/mL) compared with group N (203.0 ± 221.6 pg/mL; p 2 or RBC. Abnormal vessels were diagnosed in 19.6% (20/102) patients in group C. There was no difference in VEGF levels between the patients with abnormal vessels (336.8 ± 182.5 pg/mL) and the patients without abnormal vessels (359.1 ± 306.8 pg/mL). Conclusions Children with cyanotic heart disease have elevated systemic levels of VEGF, especially in those patients with a single ventricle associated with asplenia syndrome. There was no significant relationship in VEGF levels between the patients with abnormal vessels and without these vessels.
T cells armed with anti-CD3 × anti-CD20 bispecific antibody enhance killing of CD20+ malignant B cells and bypass complement-mediated rituximab resistance in vitro

Objective Resistance to rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to CD20, is a major limitation for the successful treatment of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and other CD20 + B-cell malignancies. To circumvent rituximab resistance in these patient populations, we have constructed a bispecific antibody (BiAb), anti-CD3 × anti-CD20 (CD20Bi), that combines rituximab targeting with non–major histocompatibility complex (non-MHC)-restricted cytotoxicity mediated by activated T cells (ATC). Materials and Methods Activated T cells were obtained from anti-CD3 activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of normal donors or the leukapheresis products of patients by culturing in the presence of interleukin-2 for 6–14 days. After ATC expansion, the cells were armed with CD20Bi. Killing activity was evaluated by 51 Cr-release assay. Results Arming ATC with as little as 5 ng CD20Bi/10 6 cells significantly increased cytotoxicity above unarmed ATC. CD20Bi-armed ATC (50 ng/10 6 cells) efficiently lysed CD20 + cell lines at E:T of 6.25-50, but not the nonhematologic, CD20 − SK-BR-3 cell line. High levels of cytotoxicity mediated by CD20Bi-armed ATC ( p p + hematologic malignancies. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that CD20Bi-armed ATC enhance cytotoxicity against CD20 + B-cell lines and circumvent complement-mediated rituximab resistance, providing a strong rationale for this immune-based strategy for the treatment of rituximab-refractory CD20 + B-cell malignancies.
Fundamental theorems of calculus for Hausdorff measures on the real line

Abstract The fundamental theorems of calculus are extended to the treatment of Hausdorff measures on the real line. This includes the study of local properties of the graph of a function which is an indefinite integral with respect to Hausdorff measure as well as description of the change in the Hausdorff or Lebesgue measure of a set under a differentiable or nondifferentiable deformation.
Correlations between eigenvalues of large random matrices with independent entries.

We derive the connected correlation functions for eigenvalues of large Hermitian random matrices with independently distributed elements using both a diagrammatic and a renormalization-group (RG) inspired approach. With the diagrammatic method we obtain a general form for the one-, two-, and three-point connected Green functions for this class of ensembles when matrix elements are identically distributed, and then discuss the derivation of higher-order functions by the same approach. Using the RG approach we rederive the one- and two-point Green functions and show they are unchanged by choosing certain ensembles with nonidentically distributed elements. Throughout, we compare the Green functions we obtain to those from the class of ensembles with unitary invariant distributions and discuss universality in both ensemble classes. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A Case Study of the Working Poor Single Mother Experience: An Analysis of the Structure versus Agency Discourse

Working poor single mothers must often make difficult choices as they negotiate structural forces such as the employment and legal arenas and social service agencies and address domestic duties to sustain their families. The structure versus agency discourse is used here as a theoretical backdrop to chronicle the experiences of one such family. Results from a case study analysis of a White, working poor, single mother of three identify specific structural constraints and corresponding decisions as well as ways in which strategically positioned social services and community organizations may assist such families in experiencing upward mobility.
A continuous model of optimal-cost routes in a circular city

This paper deals with the determination of optimal-cost routes in a circular city where the routes are not confined to a discrete network, but may vary continuously. The Euler-Lagrange equation is derived for the general radially-symmetric case for position-dependent cost. This equation is solved by quadratures. In a special case, the integral representation is evaluated explicitly. A model of a circular city is then assumed, consisting of a circular central business district surrounded by a transition zone. A detailed analysis is then carried out which permits the determination of optimal-cost routes. The results may be employed to improve decision-making in regard to whether to build bypasses around, or direct routes through, a city.
Variable phenotypes in a family kindred with adrenoleukodystrophy

Adrenoleukodystrophy, an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by progressive demyelination of the central nervous system and adrenal insufficiency, usually manifests at 4-8 years of age. We report a 20-month-old male who presented with the sudden onset of status epilepticus and cortical blindness; initially, he had complete resolution of these findings, but experienced a relapse 3 months later. The initial computed tomographic scans depicted cerebral edema and possible "watershed infarcts:" however, over the next 2 weeks before discharge from the hospital, the cortical blindness and ataxia both resolved. During the next 2 months, he exhibited no symptoms: he had no seizures and his neurologic examinations were normal. Three months after the initial hospitalization, he developed what the mother believed was "a weakness on his right side." Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed severe white matter disease. Adrenoleukodystrophy was clinically suspected and an assay of plasma levels confirmed an elevation of C26 long-chain saturated fatty acid levels. After the patient's diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy was confirmed, long-chain fatty acid levels were obtained on his 5-year-old brother and his mother. This child had the earliest known onset of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
THE POLITICS AND PRACTICE OF COMMUNITY POLICING IN BOSTON

Community policing has been critiqued as a triumph of style over substance—that is, as a rhetorical strategy engaged by beleaguered urban police forces to recoup public support in the wake of a crisis of legitimacy brought about by well publicized cases of abuse, corruption, and apparent incompetence. This paper extends that critique. In it, I argue that there are concrete practices attached to the verbal rhetoric of community policing, but that even those practices are first and foremost rhetorical. By rhetorical, I mean that the practice of community policing is primarily concerned with producing certain appearances that, police hope will win back the political support of selected communities among other things. This paper critiques the rhetoric of Boston's highly regarded Neighborhood Policing Program, including the verbal bombast surrounding its introduction, plans developed to attract federal funding, and the actual practice of community policing by Boston police officers. I conclude that community p...
P-chlorophenylalanine does not inhibit production of recombinant human phenylalanine hydroxylase in NIH3T3 cells or E. coli.

Abstract P-chlorophenylalanine is an irreversible inhibitor of rat phenylalanine hydroxylase in vivo and in rat hepatoma cells and is frequently administered to rodents to create an animal model for phenylketonuria. We investigated the effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on production of human phenylalanine hydroxylase in human hepatoma cells and cells transformed with the recombinant human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. P-chlorophenylalanine inhibited production of the human enzyme in human hepatoma cells and transformed mouse hepatoma cells but had no effect on the production of the enzyme in transformed NIH3T3 cells or in E. coli. Thus, phenylalanine hydroxylase inhibition does not result from a simple interaction between the drug and enzyme.
A 25 Gb/s burst-mode receiver for low latency photonic switch networks

A DC-coupled burst-mode receiver performs optical power calibration in 12.5ns, achieves phase lock in 18.5ns and tracks input data using a CDR. The sensitivity of the 4.4pJ/bit receiver is −10.9dBm (BER < 10−12) at 25Gb/s.
Influence of reinforcement schedule on ethanol consumption patterns in non-food restricted male C57BL/6J mice

Ethanol reinforcement should ideally be evaluated in animals that are not food deprived to ensure that the motivation behind its consumption is pharmacological, and not caloric, in nature. The objective of this work was to assess the influence of reinforcement schedule on ethanol intake in nondeprived mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were trained to respond on an ethanol-reinforced lever on a fixed ratio 4 reinforcement schedule for 10% ethanol (10E). The appetitive and consummatory phases were then procedurally separated by changing the response requirement (RR), so that mice were permitted 30-min continuous 10E access after completion of either four (RR4) or eight (RR8) responses. Phase separation yielded a heightened appetitive drive to acquire 10E access (as indexed by a significant decrease in the latency to first active lever and a trend toward a decrease in the latency to first sipper contact) and an augmented level of drinking (twofold elevation in the ethanol dose consumed). Robust extinction responding on the ethanol-appropriate lever indicated that ethanol was effective as a behavioral reinforcer. These results suggest that the separation of appetitive and consummatory phases of ethanol self-administration may prove useful in future evaluations of the pharmacological and genetic bases of ethanol reinforcement in mice.
Purification and partial characterization of alcohol dehydrogenase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and the cytoplasmic form of malate dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract A purification scheme for the cytoplasmic form of malate dehydrogenase (s-MDH) of Drosophila melanogaster is presented which is superior to any previously reported method. In addition, this scheme can also be used to obtain alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and FDP aldolase. Gel filtration experiments reveal an oligomeric molecular weight of 69,000 for s-MDH, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate indicates subunit molcular weights of 32,100 for s-MDH, 24,600 for ADH and 34,000 for FDP aldolase. The amino acid composition of Drosophila melanogaster s-MDH and FDP aldolase are reported.
Hemodynamics of cardiac tamponade: early recognition from jugular venous flow velocity.

Abstract An experimental study was undertaken to determine the effect of cardiac tamponade on peak jugular venous flow velocity (JVFV). Tamponade was produced in seven dogs by incremental infusion of saline into the pericardial cavity while right atrial pressure, right ventricular pressure, pericardial pressure, aortic pressure, electrocardiogram cardiac output, respiration and directional jugular venous flow velocity was monitored. The development of tamponade was associated with an increase in venous and pericardial pressure. Aortic pressure and cardiac output declined progressively. The control JVFV averaged 14 cm/sec and declined markedly during tamponade before other hemodynamic parameters had changed significantly. A 10% decline in mean aortic pressure was associated with a decrease in JVFV to 53% of control. Jugular venous flow velocity had decreased markedly before pericardial pressure or venous pressure had risen into a range suggestive of tamponade. This study documents the marked reduction in JVFV early in the course of cardiac tamponade which can be easily monitored with a directional Doppler velocity detector.
Genomic designation: how genetics can delineate new, phenotypically diffuse medical categories.

This paper reports and discusses ‘genomic designation’ as a way of classifying people. In genomic designation the object of biomedical analysis — and the concomitant medical category that is subject to scientific, clinical, and social action — is delineated on a genomic basis, while the phenotype is decentralized and tabulated post factum. Unlike prominent sociological concepts such as biosociality or geneticization, where genetic proclivities for or explanations of phenotypic categories affect social processes, genomic designation treats characteristics of the genome as the essential referent of new categories of illness. I outline the relevant sociological literature and the shift to what Nikolas Rose has called the ‘molecular gaze’ before explicating the concept of genomic designation and its half-century history. I use 22q13 Deletion/Phelan—McDermid syndrome as an example of genomic designation: investigations into the deletion of genetic material at site q13 on the 22nd chromosome preceded and made p...
ASPECTS OF DECISION MAKING THEORY AND REGIONAL SCIENCE

IN T H I S PAPER we wish to exp lore the potential of certain new concepts and approaches per ta ining to decision-making and related areas which have been developing in recent years. We wish to car ry on this inquiry because we feel tha t t radit ional economic, sociological, political, psychological, and regional theories are highly inadequate for project ing behavior wi th respect to cer ta in key problems of basic interest to regional scientists and planners. The purpose of this paper is not, however, to present technical mater ia ls tha t have been developed elsewhere. 1 Our objective is to present a concrete i l lustrat ion of how these new ideas and approaches in decision making can be used for the projection of behavior. The i l lustration will concern a basic locat ion-investment decision. Let there be the following: (1) a hypothet ical nation X, consisting of several regions, some of which are considerably underdeveloped; (2) a major industrial ist who has at his disposal a large sum of capital for inves tment purposes; (3) concern on the par t of one or more national planning units with national economic growth; (4) concern of a regional planning unit in an underdeveloped region with a t t rac t ing new industry and employment to the region, thereby to decreases unemployment and raise regional per capi ta income; and (5) concern on the par t of an urban planning unit wi th project ing and guiding the future land use pa t te rn and t ranspor ta t ion s t r u c t u r e of a capital city. To present the problem on a manageable scale, we construct Table 1. There it is assumed tha t the industrial ist can only see f o u r possible courses of action in t e rms of using and invest ing the capital a t his disposal: ~
Proteomic Identification of saeRS-Dependent Targets Critical for Protective Humoral Immunity against Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection

Recurrent Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are common despite detectable antibody responses, leading to the belief that the immune response elicited by these infections is not protective. We recently reported that S. aureus USA300 SSTI elicits antibodies that protect against recurrent SSTI in BALB/c but not C57BL/6 mice, and in this study, we aimed to uncover the specificity of the protective antibodies. Using a proteomic approach, we found that S. aureus SSTI elicited broad polyclonal antibody responses in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice and identified 10 S. aureus antigens against which antibody levels were significantly higher in immune BALB/c serum. Four of the 10 antigens identified are regulated by the saeRS operon, suggesting a dominant role for saeRS in protection. Indeed, infection with USA300Δsae failed to protect against secondary SSTI with USA300, despite eliciting a strong polyclonal antibody response against antigens whose expression is not regulated by saeRS. Moreover, the antibody repertoire after infection with USA300Δsae lacked antibodies specific for 10 saeRS-regulated antigens, suggesting that all or a subset of these antigens are necessary to elicit protective immunity. Infection with USA300Δhla elicited modest protection against secondary SSTI, and complementation of USA300Δsae with hla restored protection but incompletely. Together, these findings support a role for both Hla and other saeRS-regulated antigens in eliciting protection and suggest that host differences in immune responses to saeRS-regulated antigens may determine whether S. aureus infection elicits protective or nonprotective immunity against recurrent infection.
Social but not genetic monogamy is associated with greater breeding success in prairie voles

Much attention has focused on distinguishing between social and genetic monogamy in avian taxa. However, surprisingly few studies have directly investigated this distinction among mammals. We investigated the genetic mating system of the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster, a popular model for mammalian monogamy and human attachment. We used space use patterns to define paired and single animals and assessed paternity using microsatellite loci. Prairie voles in this study engaged in significantly more extrapair fertilizations than predicted under genetic monogamy but fewer than predicted under random mating, demonstrating social but not genetic monogamy. Furthermore, we found that paired individuals were more likely to produce offspring than were unpaired individuals of either sex. This finding was true for both sexes and was attributable to differences in fertilization rates rather than litter sizes. Among mated individuals, however, faithful animals were no more successful than those that mated outside a pair. Taken together, our data demonstrate that paired prairie voles have greater breeding success than single voles, but such success is not contingent on mating exclusively with a social partner. If this species is to serve as a model for human love, our findings emphasize the need to distinguish between mammalian social attachment and sexual fidelity.
Electric field strength effects on time-dependent passivation of metal surfaces

This paper presents further results and extensions of our previous point defect model for time-dependent growth of passive oxide films on metal surfaces. Specifically, by accounting for vacancies as material species rather than just holes in the oxide lattice, the model incorporates more plausible expressions for interfacial reactions and associated kinetic rate expressions. We use the model to explore the general effects of varying metal valence and electrolyte pH on passive film growth. Furthermore, we examine key assumptions concerning the thickness dependence of the electric field within the film. When the electric field inside the film remains constant and the rate constant for oxygen vacancy production varies with applied potential, the model predicts trends in thickness versus potential in reasonable agreement with experimental data for a variety of metal/metal oxide systems. This represents a considerable improvement upon the previous ‘high-field’ form of the model which assumed rate constants independent of potential and electric field in the film varying with thickness. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Discrete-Time Analysis of an All-Digital and Multirate Symbol Timing Recovery Scheme for Sampling Receivers

An all-digital symbol timing recovery technique that uses a 1-bit ADC, delay-XOR unit and a digital prefilter before the all-digital loop is analyzed. This approach provides a low-power, all-digital implementation in CMOS integrated circuit and exhibits very low jitter. The prefilter is arranged to eliminate frequency offsets on the input signal. The system is robust against fast and large Doppler shift and is therefore well suited for receivers in satellite applications. A symbol timing circuit based on this technique has been implemented for a wide range of bit rates (0.1-100 Kbps). It is synchronized within 3 or 4 bits in the presence of high carrier frequency offsets. A detailed performance study is carried out by both analytical simulation and hardware implementation to provide guidelines when the proposed scheme is applied to other transmission systems.
Computer Model Challenges Breast Cancer Treatment Strategy

The breast cancer treatment failure rate remains unacceptably high. The current breast cancer treatment paradigm, based primarily on Gompertzian kinetics and animal models, advocates short-course, intensive chemotherapy subsequent to tumor debulking, citing drug resistance and host toxicity as the primary reasons for treatment failure. To better understand treatment failure, we have studied breast cancer from the perspective of computer modeling. Our results demonstrate breast cancers grow in an irregular fashion; this differs from the Gompertzian mode of animal models and thus challenges the validity of the current paradigm. Clinical and laboratory data support the concept of irregular growth rather than the common claim that human tumors grow in a Gompertzian fashion. Treatment failure mechanisms for breast cancer appear to differ from those for animal models, and thus treatments optimize on animal models may not be optimal for breast cancer. A failure mechanism consistent with our results involves temporarily dormant tumor cells in anatomical or pharmacological sanctuary, which eventually result in aggressive metastatic disease.
Reliability of fat-free mass estimates derived from total-body electrical conductivity measurements as influenced by changes in extracellular fluid volume.

Our study addresses the concern that the relationship between total-body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) measurements and the fat-free mass (FFM) or total-body wa- ter (TBW) of an individual is altered if significant fluid and electrolyte changes occur. Body composition and TOBEC measurements were obtained from 1 1 healthy miniature piglets be- fore and after an intraperitoneal injection ofphysiological saline. The procedure expanded the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume by 1 1.8-34. 1%, which represented an average increase in TBW of 7.9%. The linear regressions that related the preinjection and postinjection estimates of TBW or FFM to the corresponding transformed TOBEC signals were the same. Thus, the prediction equations derived for the untreated piglets accurately predicted both TBW and FFM in the piglets whose volume was expanded. These data suggest that prediction equations derived from healthy subjects should be equally valid for subjects with altered fluid status. Am J C/in Nutr l989;49:29-32.
A replication strategy for distributed real-time object-oriented databases

This paper describes a replication algorithm for distributed real-time object-oriented databases in a static environment. All data requirements are specified a priori, and the algorithm creates replication transactions that copy remote data to a local site in order to guarantee that even, data request reads temporally valid data. The algorithm conditions are proven to be necessary and sufficient for providing this guarantee. Test results indicate that under most conditions, this replication strategy is better than total replication, which is a typical strategy used in distributed databases.
Falcon-toward interactive parallel programs: the on-line steering of a molecular dynamics application

The paper focuses on the opportunities and costs of online steering as applied to a substantial parallel application. We demonstrate potential performance improvements through the use of the Falcon system, an experimental system for the online monitoring and steering of parallel programs. The visual presentation of program output along with animated displays of program performance information via Falcon's monitoring system enables the online capture, analysis, and display of program information required for program steering. Falcon also provides the mechanisms for the manipulations of program state that accomplish this online steering. >
Engineering design and analysis of the Alcator C-MOD two-strap ICRF antenna

ICRF (ion cyclotron range of frequencies) fast wave heating with up to 8 MW of RF power at 80 MHz is planned on the Alcator C-MOD tokamak (R=0.665 m, a=0.21 m, k >
Relationship between canonical forms of linear differential observation systems and canonical forms of their discrete approximations

We establish a relationship between the canonical form of a linear differential system and the canonical form of its discrete approximation based on the replacement of the derivative by Euler’s finite difference. We prove that if there exist limits of certain sequences of discrete functions constructed with the use of coefficients of the canonical form of the discrete system, then these limits define the canonical form of the differential system.
Learning by MDL

Machine learning has been formalized as the problem of estimating a conditional distribution as the ‘concept’ to be learned. The learning algorithm is based upon the MDL (Minimum Description Length) principle. The asymptotically optimal learning rate is determined for a typical example.
Development of hormonal regulation of ion transport in embryonic chick red cells.

We have found that cation transport in red cells from chick embryos is stimulated by the hormone epinephrine and that this response develops as the embryonic definitive cells mature. Sodium efflux and potassium influx are significantly stimulated (50%) by epinephrine in red cells from embryos incubated ten days or longer, whereas cation fluxes in erythroid cells from 8- or 9-day embryos are stimulated little or not at all. The effect of epinephrine may be mediated by cyclic AMP as adenylate cyclase activity in membranes isolated from embryonic red cells is only slightly stimulated at nine days, but the response increases as the cells mature to a maximum of about 180%. Also the stimulation of cation transport by epinephrine is blocked by propranolol, but not by phentolamine. Although the younger cells respond poorly to epinephrine, cyclic AMP significantly stimulates transport. The enhancement of cation fluxes by epinephrine or cyclic AMP occurs even in the presence of ouabain. Since both K influx and Na efflux are enhanced by these agents, their action is most likely on some form of the “Na-K” pump which is not ouabain sensitive resulting in a significant increase in the maximum velocity of the pump. We suggest the hypothesis that there are two classes of “Na-K” pump in these embryonic cells. One pump is similar to that found in many erythrocytes including mammalian cells in that it selectively pumps potassium in and sodium out, is ouabain-sensitive, and is primarily involved in maintaining intracellular cation concentrations. The second pump is enhanced by epinephrine via cyclic AMP, is not inhibited by ouabain, and may have lower ion selectivity. This hormone sensitive pump activity is lost as the cells mature, a process which is completed when the animal is fully grown and no longer has significant numbers of embryonic cells in its circulation.
Effects of Corridors on Genetics of a Butterfly in a Landscape Experiment

Abstract To investigate the possible role of landscape connectivity on the genetic structure of isolated populations, we examined the effects of habitat corridors on the population genetics of a vagile butterfly species, Junonia coenia, within a large-scale, experimental system. Using allozyme electrophoresis, a total of nine loci were identified and scored, six of which exhibited polymorphism. Our data demonstrated consistently higher levels of expected (He) and observed (Ho) heterozygosity in butterflies sampled from patches connected by corridors compared to unconnected patches. A t-test comparing He and H0 in connected versus unconnected patches found a marginally significant difference in one locus, the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI). Connected patches exhibited overall lower F ST values compared to unconnected patches, indicating potentially increased levels of gene flow due to corridors. Our results support previous investigations on dispersal and population size for J. coenia, an...
A multiscale analysis of drought and pluvial mechanisms for the Southeastern United States

The Southeast (SE) U.S. has experienced several severe droughts over the past 30 years, with the most recent drought during 2006–2008 causing agricultural impacts of $1 billion. However, the mechanisms that lead to droughts over the region and their persistence have been poorly understood due to the region's humid coastal environment and its complex climate. In this study, we carry out a multiscale analysis of drought mechanisms for the SE U.S. over 1979–2008 using the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) to identify conditions associated with drought and contrast with those associated with pluvials. These conditions include land surface drought propagation, land-atmosphere feedbacks, regional moisture sources, persistent atmospheric patterns, and larger-scale oceanic conditions. Typical conditions for SE U.S. droughts (pluvials) are identified as follows: (1) weaker (stronger) southerly meridional fluxes and weaker (stronger) westerly zonal fluxes, (2) strong moisture flux divergence (convergence) by transient eddies, and (3) strong (weak) coupling between the land surface and atmosphere. The NARR demonstrates that historic SE droughts are mainly derived from a combination of a strong North Atlantic subtropical high (NASH) and Icelandic Low (IL) during summer and winter, respectively, which peak 1 month earlier than the onset of the drought. The land surface plays a moderate role in drought occurrence over the SE via recycling of precipitation, and the oceans show an asymmetric influence on droughts and pluvials depending on the season. This study suggests that the NASH and IL can be used as a predictor for SE droughts at 1 month lead despite the overall that it represents an atmospheric forcing.
Approaches to Data Analysis of Multiple-Choice Questions.

This paper introduces five commonly used approaches to analyzing multiple-choice test data. They are classical test theory, factor analysis, cluster analysis, item response theory, and model analysis. Brief descriptions of the goals and algorithms of these approaches are provided, together with examples illustrating their applications in physics education research. We minimize mathematics, instead placing emphasis on data interpretation using these approaches.
Discovery learning, representation, and explanation within a computer-based simulation: finding the right mix

Abstract The purpose of this research was to explore how adult users interact and learn during an interactive computer-based simulation supplemented with brief multimedia explanations of the content. A total of 52 college students interacted with a computer-based simulation of Newton’s laws of motion in which they had control over the motion of a simple screen object—an animated ball. Two simulation conditions were studied, each differing in how the feedback of the ball’s speed, direction, and position was represented: graphical feedback consisted of animated graphics and textual feedback consisted of numeric displays. In addition, half of the participants were given simulations supplemented with brief multimedia explanations of the content modeled by the simulation in order to investigate how to promote referential processing, a key component of dual coding theory. Results showed significant differences for both the use of the explanations and simulations containing graphical feedback in helping participants gain both implicit and explicit understanding of the science principles.
Modulation and Coding for Noncoherent Communications

Until recently, the theory of noncoherent communications was premised on the use of orthogonal multi-pulse modulation such as frequency shift keying. The main drawback of this modulation scheme has been its poor spectral efficiency (rate/bandwidth). This paper considers instead the more general non-orthogonal multi-pulse modulation (NMM) technique. Optimal and suboptimal noncoherent detection strategies for NMM are reviewed and their asymptotic (high SNR) performances are characterized for the additive Gaussian as well as the Rayleigh fading channels. The resulting non-Euclidean distance measures are then used to design NMM signal sets that yield significantly higher bandwidth efficiencies than their orthogonal counterparts. NMM in conjunction with convolutional coding is also studied as a way to improve energy efficiency. Several optimal convolutional codes are examined together with our signal designs. An introduction to equalization on the noncoherent channel is also presented and illustrated by example. This paper thus contains several new results and attempts at the same time to give a tutorial exposition of the subject of noncoherent communications.
Innate lymphoid cells protect host against intestinal pathogen through Id2 dependent IL-22 production and regulation of microbiota. (MUC4P.855)

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) represent a novel family of immune cells that can regulate immunity, inflammation, and tissue repair in multiple barrier surfaces. While Id2 is known to be required for the development of ILCs progenitor, Id2 remains highly expressed in differentiated ILCs with unknown function. Using newly generated conditional KO mice, we demonstrated a novel role for Id2 in RORγt+ ILC3s not only in controlling the further development and maintenance of ILC3s but also regulating IL-22 production by ILC3s through IL-23R - STAT3 pathway. Id2 deficiency in ILC3s increased morbidity and mortality after Citrobacter rodentium infection. Interestingly, the mice with Id2 deficiency in ILC3s exhibited much higher fecal C. rodentium CFU even within 24 hours post inoculation, suggesting that preexisting Id2-dependent gut microenvironment mediated the early colonization resistance against C. rodentium. Furthermore, the wild type germ free mice colonized with the microbiota from the conditional Id2 deficient mice by gavage of cecal material also had higher fecal C. rodentium CFU, compared with the germ free mice that received microbiota derived from wild type mice. Cohousing partially rescued conditional Id2 deficient mice from lethal infection. Together, our data suggest that continued Id2 expression is required for the development and function of ILC3s, and ILC3s protect host against intestinal pathogen through Id2 dependent regulation of microbiota.
Theoretical and experimental modeling of longitudinal characteristics of TEM cells

Longitudinal characteristics of transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cells include longitudinal variations of electric field and impedance. These characteristics have only been observed in an in-depth experimental investigation reported by Crawford et al. (1974,1977). A theoretical approach to model these characteristics is presented. Their relations with voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), loss, terminal load impedance, characteristic impedance, and cell dimensions are reflected in expressions derived. Numerical results agree well with reported experimental data at some frequencies at which full information about the longitudinal variations was obtained with electric field probes. Concepts concerning longitudinal nonuniformity of both field and impedance are proposed and are useful in the evaluation of the longitudinal characteristics of TEM cells in use. >
Patterns of seed bank and vegetation diversity along a tidal freshwater river

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Species richness and diversity may increase with spatial scale related to increased area and heterogeneity of habitat. Yet, in bidirectional hydrologically connected tidal ecosystems, secondary dispersal via hydrochory has the potential to homogenize seed banks, and both life history characteristics and tolerances to environmental conditions influence the composition of plant communities. How species richness, diversity, and composition of seed banks and vegetation change along environmental gradients and at different spatial scales is not well understood. METHODS We explored the relationships of seed bank and vegetation diversity across 135 plots along a tidal freshwater river in the Delaware Estuary, USA. Species richness and diversity were partitioned across three hierarchical spatial scales: individual plots, transects perpendicular to the tidal channel, and river kilometers. Community structure was also examined as it related to distance from the tidal channel and location along the tidal river. KEY RESULTS Species richness was 89 in the seed bank and 54 in the vegetation. Species-area relationships revealed that species richness reached a near maximum asymptote inland (20 m from channel) for the seed bank and at the edge (0 m) for the vegetation. Rare occurrences of species in the seed bank and vegetation were greatest 5 m from the channel edge. As spatial scale increased, seed bank richness increased, associated with the progressive accumulation of species. Seed bank diversity, however, was maximized within small plot areas and along the river. Diversity of the vegetation was maximized locally due to the abundance of a few common species. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that suites of common species contributed to high localized vegetation diversity, yet large spatial scales maximized the number and diversity of species in the seed bank and vegetation through rare encounters, as well as the complexity of the landscape.
Life/Death — Cosmos/Eschatology

Nikolai Berdiaev’s philosophy has been widely studied in the West, and he is one of the best known, if not the best, of modern Russian philosophers. In studying Berdiaev, researchers have followed two models. Some place Berdiaev in the intellectual milieu of his contemporaries. Here, he is placed with other European intellectuals, mostly existentialists, e.g., Heidegger, Jaspers, and Sartre. The other way to study Berdiaev’s intellectual background has been to turn to those intellectuals who preceded him. Here, scholars have paid attention to those philosophers who contributed to his intellectual development, pointing to Western as well as Russian intellectual tradition. Generally, they see the works of such well known intellectuals as St. Augustine, Pascal, and Kierkegaard as influencing his writings.1 The works of Jacob Boehme (1575-1624), with whom Berdiaev was fascinated in the years before the Bolshevik Revolution, is also viewed as a major influence.2
Carbon-fuelled future

Whether due to changes in policy or consumption of available fossil fuels, alternative sources of energy will be required, especially given the rising global energy demand. However, one of the main factors limiting the widespread utilization of renewable energy, such as wind, solar, wave or geothermal, is our ability to store energy. Storage of energy from carbon-neutral sources, such as electricity from solar or wind, can be accomplished through many routes. One approach is to store energy in the form of chemical bonds, as fuels. The conversion of low-energy compounds, such as water and carbon dioxide, to higher energy molecules, such as hydrogen or carbon-based fuels, enables the storage of carbon-neutral energy on a very large scale. The author¹s work in this area is supported by the US Department of Energy Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle for the US Department of Energy.
Treatment of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries and Superior Labral Tears by Major League Baseball Team Physicians.

Purpose To determine practice patterns of Major League Baseball (MLB) team orthopaedic surgeons in addressing the controversial topics of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tears, type II SLAP tears, and partial-thickness rotator cuff tear. Methods Seventy-four MLB team orthopaedic surgeons were surveyed via an online survey system. A 14-question survey was used to assess surgeon experience, technique, and graft choice for UCL reconstruction (UCLR), treatment of type II SLAP tears, and other common pathologic conditions. Results Thirty team orthopaedic surgeons (41%) responded (mean experience as team physicians: 9.37 ± 6.33 years). Seventeen (56.7%) surgeons use the docking technique for UCLR whereas 20% use the modified Jobe technique. Nineteen (63.3%) use palmaris longus autograft in UCLR. Overall, 28 (93.3%) do not routinely perform elbow arthroscopy or perform an obligatory transposition of the ulnar nerve in patients without preoperative ulnar nerve symptoms. Twenty-eight (93.3%) would repair a type II SLAP tear, whereas only 1 (3.3%) would debride the tear. No surgeon would perform a concomitant biceps tenodesis, either open or arthroscopic. Conclusions Most MLB team orthopaedic surgeons perform a UCLR using the docking technique with a palmaris longus autograft without concomitant elbow arthroscopy or obligatory transposition of the ulnar nerve. The overwhelming majority of these surgeons would also treat an operative type II SLAP tear with a SLAP repair. Clinical Relevance The number of UCLRs and SLAP repairs performed on MLB pitchers has significantly increased over the past 10 years. To properly treat these conditions in elite, college, and recreational athletes, it is important to understand how the surgeons who take care of the most elite-level athletes treat them, and how they are able to reproducibly attain excellent outcomes. This study shows how these common shoulder and elbow injuries are treated by those surgeons who care for the most elite overhead-throwing athletes in the world.
Molecular Mechanism of Etching-Induced Faceting on Si(100): Micromasking Is Not a Prerequisite for Pyramidal Texturing

Chemical control of crystalline surfaces during etching or growth finds application in a wide variety of areas, including the low-cost texturing of silicon solar cells to reduce reflectivity losses. Nevertheless, the kinetic processes that govern these morphological transformations are poorly understood. Here, we study the spontaneous nanoscale faceting of Si(100) surfaces during reaction with deoxygenated H2O using a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and kinetic Monte Carlo simulation. We show that this reaction is inherently unstable to kinetic faceting and that the flat-to-faceted transition is driven by the reactivity of a single chemical site present in a concentration of less than 0.4% of a monolayer. In contrast to previously postulated mechanisms, pyramidal faceting does not require “micromasks”: chemical heterogeneities, such as impurities, insoluble etch products, or H2 (g), that collect on the surface during etching and act as transient nanoscale etch masks. I...
Fecundity of the Saddled Prominent, Heterocampa guttivitta

The fecundity of Heterocampa guttivitta (Walker) was determined for insects reared on sugar maple, beech, and yellow birch. Females reared on yellow birch laid more and significantly heavier eggs than other individuals. Mean fecundity in 2 stressed populations varied from 192 to 283 eggs. Yellow birch may be a significant factor in the rapid buildup of populations of this defoliator. The linear depth of the 5th abdominal segment of female pupae was a satisfactory parameter for estimating fecundity.
The Constitutional Idiom: Radical Reasoning, Rhetoric and Action in Early Nineteenth-Century England

Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered, given and transmitted from the past. The tradition of all the dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the brain of the living. And just when they seem engaged in revolutionising themselves and things, in creating something that has never yet existed, precisely in such periods of revolutionary crisis they anxiously conjure up the spirits ofthe past to their service and borrow from them names, battle cries and costumes in order to present the new scene of world history in this time-honoured disguise and this borrowed language...In like manner a beginner who has learnt a new language always translates it back into his mother tongue, but he has assimilated the spirit ofthe new language and can freely express himself in it only when he finds his way in it without recalling the old and forgets his native tongue in the use ofthe