cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field Theories of Condensed Matter Physics: The magnetic instability of the Fermi system

The Hubbard model was originally introduced as the simplest system which may exhibit an insulating (Mott) state. This state is the result of strong electron–electron interactions. In this chapter we consider the Hubbard model at half-filling. The main goal here is the study of the magnetic properties of its ground state. Apart from an exact solution in one dimension, no exact results are available for this problem. This leads to the use of several approximations. The most popular one, and the oldest, is the mean-field theory (MFT). In the MFT one has the bias that the ground state does have some sort of magnetic order (i.e. ferromagnetic, Neel antiferromagnetic, etc.). The problem is then usually solved by means of a variational ansatz. However, one is usually interested in more than just the ground-state energy, which, after all, is not directly measurable and depends very sensitively on the properties at short distances. Most often we wish to evaluate the long-distance, low-frequency, properties of the correlation and response functions of this theory. Moreover, in some cases, such as in one dimension, the fluctuations overwhelm the MFT predictions. In this chapter we will consider the standard MFT (i.e. Hartree–Fock), which is expected to become accurate at weak coupling. We will consider both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic states. We will also rederive these results using path integrals. As a byproduct, we will also have a theory of the fluctuations: the non-linear sigma model.
Transfer Ribonucleic Acid-induced Hydrolysis of Valyladenylate Bound to Isoleucyl Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase

When incubated with the appropriate substrates, purified Escherichia coli isoleucyl ribonucleic acid synthetase can form a complex with either isoleucyl- or valyladenylate which may be isolated by Sephadex filtration. Whereas the isoleucyladenylate complex reacts with transfer RNA (tRNA) to form isoleucyl-RNA, the valyladenylate complex breaks down in the presence of tRNA. In place of transacylation, the net reaction observed is a tRNA-induced hydrolysis of valyl-AMP. Isoleucine-specific tRNA molecules are the active components. Any alteration of the tRNA which destroys the isoleucine acceptor activity also destroys the ability of the tRNA to induce the hydrolysis of the enzyme-bound valyladenylate.
2nd World Congress of Herpetology

This study summarizes demographic data on the wood frog, Rana sylvatica, from Maryland (two populations over 7 years), Virginia (seven populations over 8 years), and Michigan (one population over 13 years). Within each geographic locality breeding adult population size was rarely stable and all populations passed through major bottlenecks. Reproductive failures (no larvae metamorphosed) were not uncommon, nor were reproductive bonanzas, where juvenile production exceeded the replacement rate by up to a factor of 6. A key-factor analysis showed that larval mortality, in all localities, accounted for the year to year fluctuations in adult population size. However, the phase of the life cycle in which regulation occurred varied among localities. Larval mortality was strongly density-dependent in Maryland, but only weakly so in Virginia, and not in Michigan. In Virginia and Michigan adult mortality was density-dependent. Fecundity was density-dependent in all three localities. Density-independent factors also influenced population size : large fluctuations in adult population size primarily occurred due to drought-induced catastrophic larval mortality and bacterial epidemics that dramatically affected larval survival in Virginia. Adult mortality, but not juvenile mortality, was also negatively related to precipitation levels in all localities.
Mobility, Mobilization, and Registration: A Generational Model

Age is among the strongest predictors of political participation, yet it is also among the least well understood. We offer a model of participation in the U.S. voter registration system - the first step in the voting process. In this model, older people are more apt to participate than younger people, but not because of their age nor because of the civic resources, social capital, or political interest that accumulate with age. A strong relationship between age and participation takes form simply as a byproduct of the rules of the registration system, namely that participation is voluntary and that it is residentially based. A new, national random sample of 1.8 million voter registration records is employed to test the model. The model provides a theoretical foundation for the relationship between age and participation, identifies the functional form of that relationship, and solves a puzzle about the nature of participatory bias.
Growth Curve and Distribution of Rous Sarcoma Virus (Bryan) in Japanese Quail

On primary infection with the Bryan strain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), the growth curve of the virus in the brain of Japanese quail was similar to that observed in chicks and turkey poults. Infectious virus disappeared from the brain after inoculation. After an eclipse period during which no virus was detectable, infectious virus began to appear at 2 days and reached maximal titers in the brain samples at 7 days after inoculation. When Japanese quail were infected intracerebrally with RSV, relatively high titers of virus were recovered from brain tissue but not from liver, lung, kidney, or blood of moribund birds. Only tumors produced in the wing web of quail infected subcutaneously yielded high titers of virus. Other tissues yielded no virus, even though wing web tumors appeared as early as in chicks similarly infected. RSV could be propagated in the wing web of quail for at least 14 passages without any loss of infectivity. On the other hand, serial passage in quail brain resulted in a progressive loss of infectivity until virus was completely lost.
Subversion of Cell Cycle Regulatory Mechanisms by HIV.

To establish a productive infection, HIV-1 must counteract cellular innate immune mechanisms and redirect cellular processes toward viral replication. Recent studies have discovered that HIV-1 and other primate immunodeficiency viruses subvert cell cycle regulatory mechanisms to achieve these ends. The viral Vpr and Vpx proteins target cell cycle controls to counter innate immunity. The cell-cycle-related protein Cyclin L2 is also utilized to counter innate immunity. The viral Tat protein utilizes Cyclin T1 to activate proviral transcription, and regulation of Cyclin T1 levels in CD4 + T cells has important consequences for viral replication and latency. This review will summarize this emerging evidence that primate immunodeficiency viruses subvert cell cycle regulatory mechanisms to enhance replication.
The respiratory chain of colorless algae

Electron micrographs of KMnO4-fixed Prototheca zopfii, Polytoma uvella, and Polytomella agilis show the presence of mitochondria with typical discoidal cristae of random orientation, a result expected from their cytochrome content. The mitochondria are usually localized near the outer margin of the cell. All three organisms contain starch granules and proplastid-like structures, both bounded by two membranes. Although Prototheca has been called “a colorless Chlorella,” the existence of significant differences in their ultrastructure makes this classification unlikely. Astasia longa does not contain cytochrome oxidase, but its mitochondria show the same type of ultrastructure as the Chlorophyta, and it too has a eucaryotic cellular structure. The Cyanophyta, Leucothrix mucor, and Vitreoscilla sp. have a typical procaryotic cellular structure, a result consistent with the fact that their respiratory characteristics are like those of the Eubacteria. The cell walls of Leucothrix and Vitreoscilla resemble the cell walls of their procaryotic relatives, the photosynthetic blue-green algae.
Does Aerobic Exercise Reduce Stress Responses

Physical exercise has become increasingly popular as a leisure-time activity, in part due to its potential health benefits. In particular, physical activity has been shown to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease (Leon, Connett, Jacobs, & Rauramma, 1987; Paffenbarger, Hyde, Irving, & Steinmetz, 1984). The cardioprotective effects of exercise may be due to a reduction in cardiac risk factors, such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension (Dufaux, Assmann, & Holl-mann, 1982; Martin, Dubbert, & Cushman, 1990; Paulev, Jordal, Kristenen, & Ladefoged, 1984; Vu Tran & Weltman, 1985). In addition, exercise may reduce cardiovascular risk by attenuating cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to psychosocial Stressors. It has been shown that improved aerobic fitness is associated with altered cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal functioning. Specifically, decreased heart rate at rest and during exercise, as well as decreased plasma concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine during exercise, result from aerobic training (Blomqvist & Saltin, 1983). It is believed that these cardiovascular and hormonal changes are related to decreased sympathetic activity and increased vagal tone following aerobic training (Astrand & Rodahl, 1986). In addition to altering physiologic activity at rest and during physical work (i.e., exercise), it is hypothesized that exercise also may modulate cardiovascular responses to psychological stress.
Single‐Father Families: A Review of the Literature

The number of children residing in single-father families in the United States quadrupled as a proportion of children's living arrangements during the past few decades of the 20th century. Research on single fathers also increased and changed in nature. This article is a review of the research on single fathers and their families from the 1970s until recently, focusing on modifications in methodology and theoretical underpinnings. In general, research on single-father families evolved from qualitative studies focused on the well-being of single fathers to quantitative studies focusing on child outcomes and within-group variation among single fathers. Research also moved from descriptive studies to those testing gender and microstructural theories. This article also summarizes the main findings on single fathers and concludes with directions for future research.
Chained declustering: a new availability strategy for multiprocessor database machines

A new strategy for increasing the availability of data in multiprocessor, shared-nothing database machines is presented. This technique, termed chained declustering, is demonstrated to provide superior performance in the event of failures while maintaining a very high degree of data availability. Furthermore, unlike most earlier replication strategies, the implementation of chained declustering requires no special hardware and only minimal modifications to existing software. >
Studying and Switching Electron Transfer: From the Ensemble to the Single Molecule

We report here on the systematic investigation of photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer (IET) in a series of donor−bridge−acceptor molecules as a means of understanding electron transport through the bridge. Perylenebisimide chromophores connected by various oligophenylene bridges are studied because their electron-transfer behavior can readily be monitored by following changes in the fluorescence intensity. We find dramatic switching of the IET behavior as the solvent polarity (dielectric constant) is increased. By combining steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy in a variety of solvents at multiple temperatures with standard theories of electron transfer, we determine parameters governing the IET behavior of these dimers, such as the electronic coupling through the bridges. We also deploy available ab initio quantum chemical methods to calculate the through-space component of the electronic coupling matrix element. Single-molecule investigations of the electron-transfer behavio...
College Students’ Perceptions of Intelligent Design

While numerous studies address college students’ (typically biology majors) perceptions of evolution, research on how students from a range of majors view intelligent design (ID) has not been conducted. In this study, a survey was administered to 692 students, only 2.2% of whom were biology majors, at a medium-sized Midwestern university. The data from this survey were analyzed to answer the following two research questions: (1) To what extent do college students believe ID is an alternative to, or a better explanation than, evolution? and (2) To what extent do college students believe ID represents a form of creationism? In addition to discussing the results of our analyses, we also provide possible implications of our findings for researchers and educators.
Resonant valence-band satellites and polar fluctuations in nickel and its compounds

The photon energy dependences of the valence-band photoemission spectra of the Mott insulator NiO, the Pauli paramagnetic metal NiTe, the diamagnetic metal NiSb, and the semiconductor ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O have been measured in the vicinity of the transition-metal $3p$ threshold. Resonant satellites similar to those of Ni and Cu metal were found in all of these compounds. The resonance behaviors of the satellites and the main $3d$ emissions are also similar to those of the metals. From these data it is concluded that (1) the satellites and the resonance behaviors are in the first approximation of an atomic origin, (2) the Fano line shapes in the constant initial-state spectra of Ni and its compounds arise from the super-Coster-Kronig interaction between a discrete state $3{p}^{5}3{d}^{n+1}$ and continuum states $3{p}^{6}3{d}^{n\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\epsilon}l$ following the $3p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3d$ photoabsorption, (3) initial-state configuration mixing contributes significantly to the Ni "6-eV" satellite, and (4) the Ni metal main $3d$ band resonates strongly due to a $3{d}^{8}4s$ final state. Different interpretations of the Ni "6-eV" satellite are critically assessed in the light of these findings, and it is argued that these conclusions imply an appreciable amount of polar fluctuation to the $3{d}^{8}4{s}^{2}$ configuration in the Ni metal many-body ground state. The importance of Hund's-rule coupling for the ferromagnetism of Ni is also discussed in view of different interpretations of the Ni satellite.
On the Series-to-Parallel Transformation of Linear Sequential Circuits

In a recent paper,1 Hsiao and Sih proposed a method for transforming binary linear feedback shift registers (initially cleared) into a binary linear circuit with f input terminals and f output terminals which operates f times faster. In this manner, the availability of f channels, rather than one, can be exploited to process (and, in particular, encode and decode) data at a rate proportional to f. In this paper, a method of transformation is formulated which is applicable to arbitrary linear sequential circuits defined over an arbitrary modular field and subject to an arbitrary initial state.
Near-isometric flattening of brain surfaces

Flattened representations of brain surfaces are often used to visualize and analyze spatial patterns of structural organization and functional activity. Here, we present a set of rigorous criteria and accompanying test cases with which to evaluate flattening algorithms that attempt to preserve shortest-path distances on the original surface. We also introduce a novel flattening algorithm that is the first to satisfy all of these criteria and demonstrate its ability to produce accurate flat maps of human and macaque visual cortex. Using this algorithm, we have recently obtained results showing a remarkable, unexpected degree of consistency in the shape and topographic structure of visual cortical areas within humans and macaques, as well as between these two species.
Synthesis and crystallographic analysis of 5-Se-thymidine DNAs

We investigated the possibility of the interaction of 5-CH3 of thymidine and its 5′-phosphate backbone (C−H···O−−PO3 interaction) in DNA via the insertion of the atomic probe (a selenium atom) into the exo-5-position of thymidine (5-Se-T). 5-Se-T was synthesized for the first time, via Mn(OAc)3 assisted electrophilic addition of CH3SeSeCH3 to 3′,5′-di-O-benzoyl-2′-deoxyuridine. The 5-Se-T phosphoramidite was subsequently synthesized and incorporated into DNA in over 99% coupling yield. Biophysical and structural investigations of the 5-Se-T DNAs revealed that the Se-modified and nonmodified DNAs are virtually identical. In addition, the crystallographic analysis of a 5-Se-T DNA strongly suggests a hydrogen-bond formation between the 5-CH3 and 5′-phosphate groups (CH3···PO4− interaction).
Effect of Rib Profiles on Turbulent Channel Flow Heat Transfer

Introduction R EPEATED ribs have been used as the promoters of turbulence to enhance the heat transfer to the  ow of coolants in channels. Several publications have addressed the comprehensive review of turbine blade cooling and the analysis of heat transfer and friction characteristics of  ow in channels with two opposite rib-roughened walls. The effects of  ow Reynolds number and rib geometry (rib height e, rib spacing P, rib angle of attack a, and rib orientation) on heat transfer and pressure drop in the fully developed region of square, rectangular, and triangular channels have been investigated. 4 Semiempirical correlations over a wide range of rib geometry for the friction and heat transfer design calculations are derived from the law-of-the-wall similarity for  ow over rough surfaces. A detailed analysis of the application of the similarity laws in the case of rectangular channels is presented by Han. Also, studies of the effect of a number of channel-ribbed walls on heat and friction characteristics have been reported. Experiments with some nonrectangular rib shapes have been reported. The previously mentioned studies were limited in the number of rib shapes and were for different conditions (rib height to channel hydraulic diameter ratio e/Dh, and Reynolds number Re). This study focuses on the effect of different rib pro les on turbulent channel  ow heat transfer and friction characteristics.
Context-Aware Virtual Agents in Open Environments

This paper presents a model for the interaction between context-aware virtual agents and the environment in which they are situated. This model applies to multiagent based simulation systems dealing with human-like virtual agents in decentralized, continuous, and dynamic environments. The model supports an extensible agent perception module, allowing agents to perceive their environment through multiple senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). The environment reacts to agent influences as well as user-invoked stimuli by combining these influences to determine the next state of the environment. This paper introduces a formalization and an implementation of the model and discusses multiple scenarios involving context-aware virtual agents situated in dynamic environments.
Palatally impacted canines: the case for preorthodontic uncovering and autonomous eruption.

4 Impacted teeth are often encountered during the diagnosis and treatment of malocclusions in adolescent orthodontic patients. After the third molars, the most commonly impacted tooth is the maxillary canine with an incidence of 1% to 3%, which varies depending on the ethnicity of the sample population. Although the canine crown can be impacted either labially or palatally, it is more frequently positioned in the palate. Although most palatally displaced canines can be positioned orthodontically in the alveolus, several problems might accompany the management of these ectopically positioned teeth. First, the overall length of orthodontic treatment is increased when the patient has a palatal impaction. Second, there are often problems of alveolar bone loss around the adjacent lateral incisor andpremolar aswell as the canine.Third, root resorption of the adjacent lateral incisor is a common aftermath of treating a palatally impacted canine. Finally, gingival recession on the labial or palatal surfaces can accompany the treatment of these teeth. All of these potential problems can result in an increased risk of litigation between the orthodontist and an unhappy patient. In the United States, lawsuits for mismanagement of palatally impacted canines rank second in frequency, just behind periodontal problems developing during the orthodontic treatment of adults. Why do these problems exist? Is it because of the orthodontic mechanics? Is it because of the surgical technique of uncovering these teeth? Or is it a combination of factors?
Conflict, Cooperation and Competition in Anarchy

Caplan and Stringham (2002) attempt to rebut the "paradox of cooperation" (Cowen and Sutter 1999) as it applies to libertarian anarchy. The paradox in the context of anarchy implies that if private defense agencies can cooperate to avoid conflict they can also collude to reestablish coercion. Caplan and Stringham argue that arbitration is self-enforcing while collusion requires solution of a prisoner's dilemma. We agree that collusion requires more cooperative efficacy than arbitration, but maintain that arbitration requires considerably more organization than a simple coordination game. If a network of protection agencies can organize sufficiently to arbitrate disputes, they can also create a barrier to entry by refusing to arbitrate with entrants.
First tests of a dipole lens for a scanning electron microscope

We have previously shown that a dipole lens has superior properties that are particularly suited for use in a low voltage scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Tsai & Crewe, 1996). The aberrations are lower than for any other type of lens and lead to a prediction of high resolution. We describe the construction details of a microscope based on this principle and present some early results.
Simple Preparation and Application of TEMPO‐Coated Fe3O4 Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles for Selective Oxidation of Alcohols

The organic oxidant TEMPO (2,2,4,4-tetramethylpiperdine-1-oxyl) was immobilized on iron oxide (Fe(3)O(4)) superparamagnetic nanoparticles by employing strong metal-oxide chelating phosphonates and azide/alkyne "click" chemistry. This simple preparation yields recyclable TEMPO-coated nanoparticles with good TEMPO loadings. They have excellent magnetic response and efficiently catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes, ketones, and lactones under either aerobic acidic Mn(II)/Cu(II) oxidizing Minisci conditions, or basic NaOCl Anelli conditions. The nanoparticles could be recycled more than 20 times under the Minisci conditions and up to eight times under the Anelli conditions with good to excellent substrate conversions and product selectivities. Immobilization of the catalyst through a phosphonate linkage allows the particles to withstand acidic oxidizing environments with minimal catalyst leaching. Clicking TEMPO to the phosphonate prior to phosphonate immobilization, rather than after, ensures the clicked catalyst is the only species on the particle surface. This facilitates quantification of the catalyst loading. The stability of the phosphonate linker and simplicity of this catalyst immobilization method make this an attractive approach for tethering catalysts to oxide supports, creating magnetically separable catalysts that can be used under neutral or acidic conditions.
Electrical conductivity in sputter-deposited chromium oxide coatings

Abstract The electrical conductivity and thermal stability of sputtered chromium oxide films were investigated in order to assess their potential as protective coatings for high temperature battery electrode materials. Sheet conductivities as high as 10–15 Ω -1 cm -1 were achieved in air at a temperature of 350 °C. Film property changes resulting in reduced electrical conductivity (several orders of magnitude) occurred when the films were heated in vacuum. Electrical conductivity and electron beam methods were used to study the nature of the film instability. It is proposed that the instability is related to both structural and compositional (oxygen) changes in the sputter-deposited films.
Identification of defects in the neuraminidase gene of four temperature-sensitive mutants of A/WSN/33 influenza virus

Four influenza (A/WSN/33) mutants, temperature sensitive (ts) for neuraminidase (NA) (Sugiura et al., 1972, 1975) were analyzed. All four ts mutants were found to be defective at the nonpermissive temperature (39.5 degrees) both in enzymatic activity and in transport to the cell surface. Upon shift down to the permissive temperature (33 degrees), enzymatic activity and transport to the cell surface were both restored suggesting that the mutational defect is reversible. Comparative sequence analysis of the NA gene from ts mutants, their revertants and wild type WSN viruses revealed that in each case single point mutations causing amino acid substitutions were associated with the ts defect. The positions of each point mutation when mapped in the three-dimensional structure of NA varied. However, all four amino acid substitutions were located in beta-sheet strands of the head region. Several other amino acid changes not essential for the ts phenotype were found in each mutant NA. The nonessential changes were localized either in the stalk region or in the loop structures of the head, but none in the beta-sheet strands. Because both enzymatic activity and transport of NA were affected in all four mutants, we propose that the mutational phenotype is caused by a change in overall conformation rather than a localized change in the sialic acid binding site.
103 Autologous Thrombin: Continuing Studies

Background: As many as 500,000 patients are exposed to bovine thrombin (BT) annually. This is increasing with the use of autologous platelet gel (PG) in surgery and in the treatment of chronic wounds (diabetic ulcers). The development of anti-phospholipid antibodies after exposure to bovine thrombin is of concern. We compared the kinetics of growth factor release by autologous thrombin (AT) to BT. Methods: Whole blood is incubated with 95% ethanol and then centrifuged in the SmartPReP™2 system (Harvest Technologies, Plymouth, MA) simultaneously with the preparation of a platelet concentrate (PC). The supernatant containing thrombin activity is collected. Clotting studies were done. The kinetics of growth factor release was determined by collecting the supernatant from the PG at 2 hours and daily thereafter for 7 days. The PC’s were prepared in two concentrations by adjusting the volumes to 10 mL and 7 mL. The activation of the PC was done at a 10:1 ratio (PC:BT) at 7 mL and 10 mL and 3:1 and 5:1 (PC:AT) at 7 mL. Results: Following a 45 minute incubation period the mean clotting time of PC by AT at a 3:1 ratio was 14.3 sec and at a 5:1 ratio was 22 sec (n = 13). Thrombin activity remained stable for 6 hours. Baseline PDGF-AB levels with AT was 50 ng/mL with a maximum of 106 ng/mL. BT using a 10 mL PC had a baseline level of 100 ng/mL with no increase over time. TGF-B1 studies demonstrated an immediate release of 98 ng/mL with a maximum level of 168 ng/mL for AT compared to BT with an initial level of 107 ng/mL and a maximum of 152 ng/ml. Conclusions: AT produces a sustained release of growth factors during a seven-day period that is similar to BT at a 10:1 ratio. AT can be prepared simultaneously with the preparation of a PC.
DRIVE Net: E-Science Transportation Platform for Data Sharing, Visualization, Modeling, and Analysis

In past decades, transportation research has been driven by mathematical equations and has relied on scarce data. With increasing amounts of data being collected from intelligent transportation system sensors, data-driven or data-based research is expected to expand soon. Most online systems are designed to handle one type of data, such as from freeway or arterial sensors. Even if transportation data are ubiquitous, data usability is difficult to improve. A framework is proposed for a regionwide web-based transportation decision system that adopts digital roadway maps as the base and provides data layers for integrating multiple data sources (e.g., traffic sensor, incident, accident, and travel time). This system, called the Digital Roadway Interactive Visualization and Evaluation Network (DRIVE Net), provides a practical method for facilitating data retrieval and integration and enhances data usability. Moreover, DRIVE Net offers a platform for optimizing transportation decisions that also serves as an ideal tool for visualizing historical observations spatially and temporally. Not only can DRIVE Net be used as a practical tool for various transportation analyses, with the use of its online computation engine, DRIVE Net can also help evaluate the benefit of a specific transportation solution. In its current implementation, DRIVE Net demonstrates potential to be used soon as a standard tool to incorporate more data sets from different fields (e.g., health and household data) and offer a platform for real-time decision making.
Increased activity of phosphatase PP2A in the presence of the PlA2 polymorphism of αIIbβ3

Polymorphisms in αIIbβ3 are important genetic factors that alter platelet biology and have been associated with susceptibility to thromboembolic disorders. To define the molecular mechanisms that lead to variance in thrombotic diathesis dictated by the β3 polymorphism, we examined regulation of intracellular signaling by αIIbβ3, and studied the effects of a common β subunit PlA2 polymorphism. We found that PP2A regulates αIIbβ3 control of the ERK signaling in a polymorphism specific fashion. In CHO cells, exogenous expression of αIIbβ3 reduced ATP-stimulated ERK phosphorylation and more so for PlA2 than PlA1. Interestingly, reduced level of ERK phosphorylation correlated with an increase in PP2A activity, with higher activity associated with PlA2 than PlA1. We tested the effect of PP2A on αIIbβ3-dependent adhesion, and found that PP2A overexpression increased cell adhesion, while phosphatase inhibitors decreased cell adhesion. We propose that PlA2 alters cell signaling at least in part by increasing β3-associated PP2A activity.
The Temple of Memories: History, Power, and Morality In a Chinese Village/China's Catholics: Tragedy and Hope in an Emerging Civil Society

The Temple of Memories: History, Power, and Morality In. Chinese Village. Jun Jing. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996. vili. 217 pp., notes, references, character list, index. China's Catholics: Tragedy and Hope in an Emerging Civil Society. Richard Madsen. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. xii. 183 pp., illustrations, notes, bibliography, index.
Cornea Microstructural and Mechanical Response Measured Using Optical Coherence and Nonlinear Optical Microscopy with Sub-10-fs Pulses

Co-registered nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) and Fourier domain optical coherence microscopy (OCM) are integrated using sub-10-fs laser pulses. This NLOM-OCM setup is used to characterize cornea microstructure and mechanical response as a function of depth.
The economics of heavily congested roads

THE FIRST PART PRESENTS A CRIQUE OF THE WAY IN WHICH THE PHENOMENON OF HEAVILY CONGESTED ROADS HAS BEEN HANDLED IN CURRENT TRANSPORT ECONOMICS. IN PARTICULAR, THE THEORY OF THE "BACKWARD SLOPING MARGINAL COST CURVE" IS CHALLENGED ON THE GOUNDS THAT IT ARISES FROM A CONCEPTUAL ERROR IN THE TREATMENT OF A FLOW DEMAND VARIABLE IN RELATION TO A TIME COST. IT IS CONCLUDED FROM THIS THAT HEAVY CONGESTION IS BEST TREATED AS A PEAKED PHENOMENON. THE SECOND HALF EXAMINES THIS LINE OF ANALYSIS AND PRESENTS SOME GENERAL RESULTS RELATING PEAKING TO THE FORM OF THE MARGINAL COST CURVE. /AUTHOR/
OSI presentation layer activities

This paper discusses the current status of standards work regarding the Presentation Layer of Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). The Presentation Layer helps communicating systems to represent information. It is closely tied to the activities of the Application Layer which communicates the meaning of the information between systems.
Potential For Qualitative Analysis Using Organic Emission Spectra In Flames

Abstract A preliminary investigation into the potential of using the emission spectra of organic molecules arising from a hydrogen-entrained air flame to obtain structural information has been made. Results for several alcohols show that the technique can be used to distinguish between geometrical isomers.
Effect of Bulky Pendent Side Groups on the Structure of Mesophase in a Thermotropic Main-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Polymer

We investigated the effect of bulky pendent side groups on the structure of mesophase in a thermotropic main-chain liquid-crystalline polymer, poly[(phenylsulfonyl)-p-phenylene 1,10-decamethylenebi...
Modulation of photodynamic activity with Photofrin: effect of dose, time interval, fluence, and delivery system

A goal of our laboratory is to accurately define the parameters of light dose and drug dose that contribute to tissue destruction after Photodynamic therapy (PDT). Using Photofrin as sensitizer, we examined a range of drug doses, various intervals between injection and light treatment, and various fluence rates. The effect of Photofrin photosensitizer encapsulated in liposomal delivery vehicle was also studied. Three liposome delivery vehicles were chosen to deliver the photosensitizer in vivo: DPPC/cholesterol, DMPC/HPC and stealth liposomes. Tumor response and microvessel behaviour were examined in tumor and surrounding skin in a mouse model. Under these conditions, better selectivity of tissue damage was seen using some of the treatment. These data might be used to design better clinical protocols for patient care. In memory of Dr. Victor Fingar (Supported by R01 CA51771).
Additional remarks on the principle of equivalence, electrodynamics and general relativity

This is a brief note meant to clarify and strengthen the premise of a paper written by this author and entitled, 'The Principle of Equivalence, Electrodynamics and General Relativity', which was published in an earlier issue of this journal (Cohn, 1969). The purpose of the above work was to prove that the principle of equivalence and the covariant form of Maxwell's equations lead to markedly different predictions for the electric field immediately outside a straight resistanceless current-carrying wire at rest in a weak gravitational field produced by a mass M. It was shown that the principle of equivalence leads to a field depending on ~ = 2GM/ro C 2 to first order, whereas the covariant Maxwell's equations lead to an electric field which is zero to first order in e. In demonstrating that E 1 (component of the electric field along the wire) was zero to first order in ~, we neglected all effects coming from the purely electromagnetic contributions to the metric. This procedure is valid providing that the contributions to E1 (to all orders) arising from just the mass M are not all zero. This contingency, however, was not treated in the cited paper, and we shall briefly consider it here. The covariant Maxwell equations relating the vector potential A, and current-density 4-vector j . is given by equation (3.12) in the previous paper as
Women Domestic Violence Offenders: Lessons of Violence and Survival

This qualitative study examined female domestic violence offenders via structured interviews with 13 women referred for treatment in batterers' intervention programs in a major metropolitan area. The majority of women were victims of childhood abuse and/or witnessed violence between their parents. Most reported feeling cut-off from their mothers, left their childhood homes before the age of 18, and experienced violence at the hands of a prior partner. Women's motivations for current violence were primarily in self-defense or in retaliation for their partners' physical abuse, and secondarily in response to partner emotional abuse, control tactics, to get attention/be heard, or to express anger. A minority sought to control their partners. Differential treatment considerations and recommendations for women versus men batterers are included.
The Remote Sensing of Clouds and Precipitation from Space: A Review

Abstract This paper presents a critical review of a number of popular methods that have been developed to retrieve cloud and precipitation properties from satellite radiance measurements. The emphasis of the paper is on the retrieval uncertainties associated with these methods, as these shape future data assimilation applications, either in the form of direct radiance assimilation or assimilation of retrieved geophysical data, or even in the use of retrieved information as a source of model error characterization. It is demonstrated throughout the paper how cloud and precipitation observing systems developed around seemingly simple concepts are in fact very complex and largely underconstrained, which explains, in part, why assigning realistic errors to these properties has been so elusive in the past. Two primary sources of error that define the observing system are highlighted throughout: (i) the first source is errors associated with the identification of cloudy scenes from clear scenes and the identifi...
THE HEALTHFUL USE OF POWER

The three traditional methods of social change (war, revolution, liberal reform) do not fit the second half of the 20th century. The Negro revolt carries a suggestion applicable beyond race: that nonviolent direct action can right injustices without either the costs of violence or the unbearable slowness of parliamentary reform.
Comparison of NN and LR classifiers in the context of screening native American elders with diabetes

Classification is a frequently used decision making tool, however there are many classification methods and these seldom provide adequate and consistent results. In this paper we compare the classification efficiency of neural networks (NN) to more traditional methods such as LR (LR), in the context of identifying American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) elders who are at risk of developing diabetes. Feature selection is an important first step in building these classification models. We used both stepwise selection and genetic algorithm (GA) to identify features related to diabetes. Each LR and NN models were built twice, once based features identified by stepwise regression and second using features identified using genetic algorithm. Analysis of results from this approach lead to several conclusions: (a) although both LR and NN models exhibit similar classification ability, NN models were marginally better compared to LR models. (b) While the ROC value of these two models were the same (ROC=1), the type of feature selection methodology had no impact on the sensitivity and specificity of these models. In conclusion results from our study shows that although both these models are equally capable of identifying AI/AN elders at risk of developing diabetes, NN models are marginally better.
Reading the world in Spanglish: Hybrid language practices and ideological contestation in a sixth-grade English language arts classroom

Abstract This paper presents findings from a study of language and ideology among bilingual Chicana/o and Latina/o sixth-graders at a middle school in East Los Angeles. Relying on participant observation, video/audio-recording, and semi-structured interviews, the study explored students’ language ideologies with respect to Spanish-English code-switching, a language practice that many of the students referred to as “ Spanglish .” Analysis of the data reveals that students articulated and embodied both dominant language ideologies that framed Spanglish in pejorative terms and counter-hegemonic language ideologies that valorized and normalized this bilingual language practice. It is argued that this ideological variation and contradiction provide fertile ground for transformative dialog that could potentially help students cultivate critical language awareness and critical literacy more broadly.
Work-Family Enrichment and Job Performance: A Constructive Replication of Affective Events Theory

Based on affective events theory (AET), we hypothesize a four-step model of the mediating mechanisms of positive mood and job satisfaction in the relationship between work-family enrichment and job performance. We test this model for both directions of enrichment (workto-family and family-to-work). We used two samples to test the model using structural equation modeling. Results from Study 1, which included 240 full-time employees, were replicated in Study 2, which included 189 matched subordinate-supervisor dyads. For the work-to-family direction, results from both samples support our conceptual model and indicate mediation of the enrichment-performance relationship for the work-to-family direction of enrichment. For the family-to-work direction, results from the first sample support our conceptual model but results from the second sample do not. Our findings help elucidate mixed findings in the enrichment and job performance literatures and contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms linking these concepts. We conclude with a discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of our findings.
Drug-produced changes in human social behavior: Facilitation by d-amphetamine

Abstract The effects of oral d-amphetamine 5–30 mg on human social and verbal behavior were studied using repeated observations within subjects under double-blind conditions. In the first experiment socializing and standing were measured during daily 6-hr sessions using a time-sampling observation procedure in a residential research ward. d-Amphetamine increased socializing in all three subjects studied, but only increased standing in one of the subjects. In the second experiment throat microphones and voice-operated relays were used to measure automatically quantitative aspects of dyadic verbal interactions during 1-hr daily sessions. Total speaking time showed dose-related increases in 5 of the 7 subjects receiving d-amphetamine. Adjective checklist self-report scores indicating stimulant drug effects were as sensitive and reliable as the speaking measure to the effects of d-amphetamine in these subjects. Speaking time also increased in 2 of the 8 partners who received placebo when the subjects with whom they were paired received d-amphetamine. This represents a socially mediated indirect drug effect. Adjective checklist scores of the partners receiving placebo were not changed when the paired subjects received d-amphetamine. Under controlled experimental conditions the naturalistic human behaviors of socializing and speaking are sensitive dependent variables for behavioral pharmacology research.
Vitamin D Increases Serum Levels of the Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products in Women With PCOS

Context: Elevation of serum proinflammatory advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is involved in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The soluble receptor for AGEs (sRAGE) acts as a decoy by binding circulating AGEs. Vitamin D supplementation attenuates the deposition of AGEs in the vascular system of diabetic animals and improves some metabolic aspects of vitamin D-deficient women with PCOS. Additionally, serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is elevated in women with PCOS, reflecting abnormal ovarian folliculogenesis. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vit D3) supplementation on serum sRAGE and AMH in vitamin D-deficient women with PCOS. Design, Settings, Participants, and Intervention: Sixty-seven women with (n = 22) or without (control; n = 45) PCOS who were diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency were enrolled. Fifty-one women were replaced with oral vit D3 for 8 weeks (16 with PCOS and 35 controls) and 16 women were not treated (s...
Vibrational Raman spectra of lipid systems containing amphotericin B.

Abstract Resonance-enhanced and normal vibrational Raman spectra were observed for both multilamellar and single-wall vesicle assemblies of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine containing amphotericin B, a channel-forming polyene antibiotic, and cholesterol. The decrease in the frequency of the polyene antibiotic C  C stretching mode at 1556 cm−1 and the increase in intensity of the CCH in-plane deformation mode at 1002 cm−1 indicate that amphotericin B is ordered in a lipid-cholesterol medium similarly to the solid, but is surrounded by a slightly more polar environment. The intensity of the C  C stretching mode I1556 decreases 4-fold during the broadened gel to liquid crystalline phase transition (16–32°C) of dimyristoyl lecithin-cholesterol (4 : 1) multilayers. Other resonance-enhanced vibrations of amphotericin B exhibit similar behavior. For amphotericin B in pure dimyristoyl lecithin multilayer or vesicle systems, however, the vibrational intensity associated with the C  C stretching mode remains constant during the melting of lipid hydrocarbon chains. In addition, a third effect occurs in liquid crystalline egg lecithin-cholesterol (4 : 1, mol ratio) multilayers in which I1556 first increases by 25% between 3 and 25°C, in parallel with the loss of active channels, and then remains constant as the temperature increases from 25 to 42°C. This latter intensity pattern is masked in the dimyristoyl lecithin-cholesterol system by the overwhelming effect upon the C  C mode from changes in the lipid chain packing characteristics which occur during the phase transition. The broadened phase transition in 4 : 1 dimyristoyl lecithin-cholesterol multilayers (16–32°C), as followed by the ratio of intensities at 2880 and 2850 cm−1 (asymmetric and symmetric methylene C-H stretching modes, respectively) is slightly narrowed by the addition of amphotericin B, and effect from which a binding stoichiometry at 24° of 1 : 1 amphotericin B : cholesterol is estimated. This stoichiometry was confirmed by differential calorimetric scans, which also show the presence of a peak proportional to cholesterol content. Raman I2880/2850 peak height ratios in pure dimyristoyl lecithin bilayers were increased over the 14–38°C range by amphotericin B, a spectral effect which suggests an ordering of the lipid matrix perhaps as a consequence of the polyene binding to the bilayer surface. For bilayers containing cholesterol, the ratios of intensities of the 2935 cm−1 feature, composed mainly of acyl chain terminal methyl and underlying methylene C-H stretching modes, to the 2850 cm−1 feature are significantly increased by amphotericin B. This effect indicates that the antibiotic penetrates the bilayer in the lipid-sterol system.
Geometric instability of ultrafast computed tomographic coronary calcium scores due to gray-scale nonuniformities

Using ultrafast computed tomography (CT) for calcium quantification offers a potentially non- invasive way to evaluate the presence and severity of coronary artery disease. The currently applied index of ultrafast CT coronary calcium amount is the coronary calcium score of Agatston et al., but this score has not been thoroughly evaluated as to its accuracy and stability. In the present research we estimate the grey scale non-uniformity within the vascular blood pools in the anterior-posterior axis, and in the cephalad-caudad axis. We then estimate the effects of these non-uniformities on coronary calcium scores.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.