cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delay of Gratification Predicts Eating in the Absence of Hunger in Preschool-Aged Children

Poor ability to regulate one’s own food intake based on hunger cues may encourage children to eat beyond satiety, leading to increased risk of diet-related diseases. Self-regulation has multiple forms, yet no one has directly measured the degree to which different domains of self-regulation predict overeating in young children. The present study investigated how three domains of self-regulation (i.e., appetitive self-regulation, inhibitory control, and attentional control) predicted eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) in a community sample of 47 preschool-aged children (M age = 4.93, SD = 0.86). Appetitive self-regulation, as measured using a delay of gratification task, was significantly and negatively associated with EAH one year later (p < 0.5). Measures of inhibitory and attentional control did not significantly predict EAH. These results suggest that food-related self-regulation may be a better predictor of overeating behaviors than general measures of self-regulation.
Contemporary Mortality Rate and Outcomes in Nonagenarians After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Nonagenarians (90-99 years) have experienced the fastest percent growth in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) utilization recently. However, there are limited data on the results of the procedure in this population. The goals of this study are to determine the mortality rate, implant survivorship, clinical outcomes, and complications of primary TKAs in nonagenarians. Methods Our institutional total joint registry was used to identify 105 nonagenarians who underwent 119 primary cemented TKAs for osteoarthritis between 1997 and 2017. Mean age was 92 years, with 58% being female. Mortality, revision, and reoperation were assessed using cumulative incidence with death as a competing risk and Cox regression methods. Clinical outcomes were assessed using Knee Society Scores. A posterior-stabilized design was used in 88%. Mean follow-up was 4 years. Results The mortality rates were 0%, 2%, 9%, and 47% at 90 days, 1 year, 2 years, and 5 years, respectively. The 5-year cumulative incidences of any revision and reoperation were 0% and 3%, respectively. The reoperations included 2 internal fixations for periprosthetic fracture and 1 hardware removal. The mean Knee Society Score improved significantly from 34 preoperatively to 80 at 5 years (P Conclusion Nonagenarians undergoing primary TKA had low mortality rates at 90 days (0%) and 1 year (2%) with substantial functional improvements. The cumulative incidences of revision and reoperation were low at 5 years. Level of Evidence Level IV, retrospective cohort.
Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing:

Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder could be a factor in later diagnosis of individuals without co-occurring intellectual disability, particularly among those designated female sex at birth. L...
Resting-State Low-Frequency Cerebellar Oscillations Can Be Abnormal in Parkinson's Disease.

Recent anatomical studies have shown connections between the basal ganglia and the cerebellum. The basal ganglia and cerebellum are major subcortical structures that influence motor and cognitive functions. Recent neuroimaging and animal studies have suggested the role of the cerebellum in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. However, the role of cerebellar oscillations in PD has not been studied. Here, we recruited 75 PD and 39 healthy control subjects to collect cerebellar EEG during a resting-state condition. We followed the recently published protocols to collect cerebellar oscillations. Relative spectral power was computed in the delta, theta, beta, and gamma frequency bands. Further, we performed classifier methods to differentiate PD subjects from controls. We observed significantly increased theta-band (4–7 Hz) relative power in the cerebellar electrodes in PD subjects compared to controls. We also found differences in different frequency bands between mid-cerebellar and nearby mid-occipital EEG signals. Classification analysis using mid-cerebellar theta relative power showed differentiation between PD and control groups. Our results demonstrate that in addition to established cortical and basal ganglia oscillations, abnormal cerebellar oscillations in the theta-band may also participate in the underlying pathophysiology of PD. We suggest that low-frequency cerebellar oscillations may be a potential target for non-invasive neuromodulation to improve PD symptoms.
The Role of Nurses in Promoting Cardiovascular Health Worldwide: The Global Cardiovascular Nursing Leadership Forum

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and premature mortality in women and men worldwide. During the past 2 decades, the prevalence of CVD and stroke has increased and accelerated in low- and
Electronic Structure and Bonding in Hexacoordinate Silyl–Palladium Complexes

Trimerization of [Pd(R2PCH2CH2PR2){1,2-C6H4(SiH2)2}] (1; where R Me or Et) has been demonstrated to produce a trinuclear complex 2where two of the Pd atoms can be readily characterized as PdII centers but the nature of the third, central Pd atom is less clear (Scheme 1, by-products not shown).[1] While this Pd atom (Pd1) is drawn in Scheme 1 as bonding directly to two Si atoms and further interacting with two Si Si bonds, the interatomic distances from the X-ray crystal-structure data could also be interpreted to be consistent with an absence of Si Si bonds and instead six Pd Si bonds,[1] that is, the central metal would formally be PdVI. Both structures are without precedent in palladium coordination chemistry,[2, 3] although compounds of Pd[4±7] and Pt[8, 9] have been reported for inorganic compounds of the form [MFn] (M Pd, Pt; n 2,4,6), where the extreme electronegativity of fluorine is exploited for the generation of higher oxidation states.[10] To better understand the nature of the bonding in 2, we have carried out DFT calculations on 2 and relevant model compounds. With the exception of single-point calculations using the X-ray geometries of 2a and 2b, all the structures were fully optimized and verified as minima by analytic frequency calculations. The functional employed was of the hybrid variety[11] and combined exact Hartree ± Fock exchange with the gradient-corrected exchange and correlation functionals of Becke[12] and Lee, Yang, and Parr,[13] respecRu Ru
Nanoelectronic Design Based on a CNT Nano-Architecture

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNFETs) have demonstrated extraordinary properties and are widely expected to be the building blocks of next generation VLSI circuits. This chapter presents (1) the first purely CNT and CNFET based nanoarchitecture, (2) an adaptive configuration methodology for nanoelectronic design based on the CNT nano-architecture, and (3) robust differential asynchronous circuits as a promising nano-circuit
Heart murmur detection with SVM classification

This paper presents an approach to detect low frequency vibrations from the human chest and correlate them to cardiac conditions. Our system which includes data acquisition via a TekScan FlexiForce sensor, signal processing, and hardware/software interfacing is developed and tested through clinical trials. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) learning algorithm is used to train and classify signals. Our results show that a SVM is able to separate and distinguish signals between normal and abnormal cardiac conditions.
Mouse Models for Studying Orthopoxvirus Respiratory Infections

Concern regarding the use of variola and monkeypox viruses as bioterrorist agents has led to an increased study of orthopoxviruses to understand the molecular and cellular basis of pathogenesis and develop safe and effective antivirals and vaccines against smallpox. Crucial to these efforts is the availability of animal models, which are inexpensive, genetically homogeneous, and recapitulate the human disease. The popular small-animal orthopoxvirus models employ the inbred mouse as the host, the respiratory tract as the site of virus inoculation, and orthopoxviruses-vaccinia, cowpox, and ectromelia viruses-as surrogates for variola virus. Ectromelia virus is likely the best surrogate for variola virus in a mouse model, as it is infectious at very low doses of virus, and the mousepox disease is associated with high mortality in the susceptible A, BALB/c, and DBA/2 stains of mice, but causes an unapparent infection in the C57BL/6 mouse strain. This chapter describes an ectromelia virus respiratory infection model in the mouse.
Identification of epigenetic modifications that contribute to pathogenesis in therapy-related AML: Effective integration of genome-wide histone modification with transcriptional profiles

Background Therapy-related, secondary acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) is an increasingly frequent complication of intensive chemotherapy. This malignancy is often characterized by abnormalities of chromosome 7, including large deletions or chromosomal loss. A variety of studies suggest that decreased expression of the EZH2 gene located at 7q36.1 is critical in disease pathogenesis. This histone methyltransferase has been implicated in transcriptional repression through modifying histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3k27). However, the critical target genes of EZH2 and their regulatory roles remain unclear.
Role of pretrial systemic opioid requirements, intrathecal trial dose, and non-psychological factors as predictors of outcome for intrathecal pump therapy: one clinician's experience with lumbar postlaminectomy pain.

Objective: Non-psychological parameters may predict pump success. Methods: Review was performed on 35 implants for gender, age, pretrial/trial dose, baseline visual analog scale (VAS), and pain location. One-year outcomes were % change VAS/intrathecal dose and medication change. Spearman coefficients correlated pretrial/trial dose, age, baseline VAS, and % change in VAS/intrathecal dose. Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests correlated gender/pain location and % change in VAS/intrathecal dose. Pretrial/trial dose, baseline VAS, and medication change was tested using Wilcoxon Rank-Sums. Chi-square was used to correlate medication change with gender/pain location. A two-sample t-test compared age and medication change. Results: Positive correlation between % change VAS and trial dose was noted. Greater age correlated with lower VAS and % dose change. Marginally significant difference in % dose change by pain location was present with higher doses for leg pain. Conclusion: Trial dose, age, and partially pain location are good predictors of pain relief.
Vicious Cycle or Business Cycle?: Explaining Political Violence in Northern Ireland After the Troubles

There are currently two schools of thought that seek to explain the persistence of political violence in Northern Ireland, one with a sociopolitical focus and the other with an economic focus. Expanding on past economic theory, this paper utilizes several multiple regression models to test the applicability of the economic school's relative deprivation theory in the fifteen years since the Troubles were formally ended with the signing of the Good Friday Agreement. The basis of this theory is that as economic conditions worsen in a given area, the number of acts of political violence should also increase. This study specifically looked at the effects of a rising unemployment rate and its relationship to political violence. While no such relationship could be observed, there was a statistically significant relationship between Gross Domestic Household Income and the number of acts of political violence, which supports relative deprivation theory. These findings imply that policymakers in Northern Ireland should focus their efforts not on reducing the unemployment rate but rather on increasing the average level of income. This article is available in Res Publica Journal of Undergraduate Research: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/respublica/vol19/iss1/7
Trade Barriers and Antitrust Analysis

This paper examines several important barriers to trade and discusses how they interact with antitrust market definition and competitive effects analysis. It is shown that although various forms of tariffs reduce foreign firms static competitive significance, a tariff does not necessarily reduce their dynamic competitive significance. Moreover, the administration of antidumping duties in the U.S. may actually increase the dynamic competitive significance of imports. Finally, while quota can reduce foreign firms' static and dynamic significance, that does not mean the relevance of imports should be ignored. Nevertheless, the proper treatment of trade barriers in antitrust analysis has no a priori impact on whether a transaction or practice will be viewed as more or less anticompetitive.
Cellular Delivery of Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs)

Locked nucleic acids (LNAs) are RNA derivatives that have an O-methylene linkage between the 2 and 4 positions of the ribose. This leads to exceptionally high-affinity binding to complementary sequences. They are synthesized using standard DNA/RNA synthesis methods, and have a negatively charged backbone that confers good solubility. This unit describes a method for the introduction of LNA oligomers into cells. A support protocol also describes the determination of melting temperatures for LNA oligomers.
Endotaxial silicide nanowires: A review

We review the topic of self-assembled endotaxial silicide nanowires on silicon. Crystallographic orientation, lattice mismatch and average dimensions are discussed for a variety of systems including Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Pt and several rare earths on Si(100), Si(111) and Si(110) surfaces. In situ observations of growth dynamics support a constant-shape growth model, in which length, width and thickness all change in proportion as the nanowire grows, with thermally activated, facet-dependent rates.
Enhancing RoboFlag Users' Situational Awareness

The RoboFlag system was designed as a testbed to study distributed control of multiple vehicle teams with humans in the loop. This work analyzed the RoboFlag version 2.0 interface to identify existing issues with the users' Situational Awareness (SA). The existing interface for RoboFlag was modified to create two new interfaces. The first interface focused on improved usability, while the second focused on improved Situation Awareness. A user evaluation was conducted to determine if the new interfaces improved the users' SA over the original interface. Twenty-four participants completed the evaluation. This paper reports the design of the task environment, the evaluation method, and the statistical analysis. The results indicate that both new interfaces provide improved SA over the RoboFlag version 2.0 interface.
Drug-metabolizing enzymes, polymorphisms and interindividual response to environmental toxicants.

Individual risk of toxicity or cancer reflects the amount of exposure to environmental agents, combined with one's underlying genetic predisposition. More than six dozen human ecogenetic polymorphisms have been described; whereas some of these have been demonstrated to be associated with altered risks of toxicity or cancer, others presently remain equivocal and require further study. Thus, genetic differences in the regulation, expression and activity of environmental susceptibility genes can be decisive in defining susceptibility to toxicity or cancer. Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) are regarded as one class of environmental susceptibility genes. DME genes have actually existed on this planet for more than 2.5 billion years, and might more appropriately be named effector-metabolizing enzymes. Receptors controlling DME levels have been called DME receptors. DMEs have functioned in many critical life processes in prokaryotes and, more recently, in countless basic functions in plants and animals - events that evolved long before the existence of pharmaceutical companies and apothecaries. DME genes exist in every eukaryotic cell and probably in all prokaryotes. Virtually all environmental agents act as either agonists or antagonists - in competing with endogenous ligands that bind to DME receptors and/or competing as substrates for the DMEs. Over the past decade it has become clear that each of us has our own individual fingerprint of unique alleles coding for DMEs. The underlying genetic predisposition of each patient will reflect combinations of poor- and extensive-metabolizer phenotypes; if these enzymes cooperate in the same metabolic pathway for any given drug or environmental agent, such ecogenetic variability might be synergistic and lead to as much as 30- or >40-fold differences in activation or degradation. The end result can be large interindividual differences in risk of environmentally caused toxicity or cancer.
Effects of persistent cocaine self-administration on amygdala-dependent and dorsal striatum-dependent learning in rats

The influence of persistent cocaine self-administration on learning and memory has never been evaluated. Our objective was to isolate the effects of contingently administered cocaine from those of its general pharmacological or non-contingent actions on multiple memory system functioning. A triad design was used to yoke passive cocaine and saline administration to the behavior of rats who were actively self-administering cocaine. Following 4 weeks of cocaine or saline exposure in 2-h sessions, six triads were tested in the amygdala-dependent conditioned cue preference task and dorsal striatum-dependent win-stay task in an eight-arm radial maze environment. Drug or saline sessions continued throughout task testing. Throughout task testing, rats actively and passively exposed to cocaine sustained a total daily intake of approximately 15 mg/kg. During the conditioned cue preference task, saline-exposed rats showed robust conditioned preference for a Froot Loops-paired cue. Rats actively and passively exposed to cocaine showed no evidence of conditioning despite normal exploration in the maze during preference testing. For the win-stay task, no significant differences were found among the three groups in terms of the number of sessions to acquire the task or task accuracy at criterion. Rats actively or passively exposed to cocaine, however, completed sessions more quickly than saline-exposed rats at criterion. These findings suggest that contingent and non-contingent cocaine administration similarly disrupt stimulus-reward functions of the amygdala, but do not disrupt stimulus-response functions of the dorsal striatum. This dissociation may relate to differences in the rate by which dopamine is cleared from these tissues following cocaine exposure or possibly to cocaine-induced devaluation of natural rewards, which influences stimulus-reward learning, but not stimulus-response learning.
Passive intrusion detection in wireless networks by exploiting clustering-based learning

The large-scale wireless sensing data collected from wireless networks can be used for detecting intruders (e.g., enemies in tactical fields), and further facilitating real-time situation awareness in Army's networkcentric warfare applications such as intrusion detection, battlefield protection and emergency evacuation. In this work, we focus on exploiting Received Signal Strength (RSS) obtained from the existing wireless infrastructures for performing intrusion detection when the intruders or objects do not carry any radio devices. This is also known as passive intrusion detection. Passive intrusion detection based on the RSS data is an attractive approach as it reuses the existing wireless environmental data without requiring a specialized infrastructure. We propose a clustering-based learning mechanism for passive intrusion detection in wireless networks. Specifically, our detection scheme utilizes the clustering method to analyze the changes of RSS, caused by intrusions, at multiple devices to diagnose the presence of intrusions collaboratively. Our experimental results using an IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee) network in a real office environment show that our clustering-based learning can effectively detect the presence of intrusions.
Observations on a Class of Nasty Linear Complementarity Problems.

Abstract Earlier papers by Murty [16] and Fathi [7] have exhibited classes of linear complementarity problems for which the computational effort (number of pivot steps) required to solve them by Lemke's algorithm [13] or Murty's algorithm [15] grows exponentially with the pronlem size (number of variables). In this paper we consider the sequences of complementary bases that arise as these problems are solved by the aforementioned algorithms. There is a natural correspondence between these bases and binary n-vectors through which the basis sequences can be identified with particular hamiltonian paths on the unit n-cube and with the binary Gray code representations of the integers from 0 to 2n-1.
Molecular geometry approximations for chlorinated dibenzodioxins by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Reference infrared vapor-phase spectra of 15 polychlorinated dibenzodioxin-p-dioxin (PCDD) isomers were recorded at low microgram concentrations. Ether linkage (COC) bond angles for these isomers and for the 22 tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) isomers were calculated from infrared data, with the use of mass approximations for the terminal atom in a nonlinear XY2 model and by neglecting the valence force equation symmetric stretch bending term. Calculated bond angles show a good correlation with x-ray diffraction (XRD) and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) relaxation results. Molecular geometries in PCDD isomers, as defined by the COC bond angle and the COC stretching frequencies, were found to range from near planar, in laterally substituted isomers with high electron withdrawing capacity aromatic rings, to tetrahedral, for isomers with low electron withdrawing capacity rings. Nonbonded interactions were also found to influence molecular geometry. Molecular geometry was used to assign structures for the 1,2,3,6,7,8 and 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzodioxin isomer mixture and was found to be an important factor in estimations of COC bond strength from empirical data. Correlations between infrared data and PCDD LD50 values suggest that molecular geometry, polarizability, and steric PCDD/receptor interactions are associated with isomer toxicity.
The three-nucleon potential in a QCD based model

Abstract Three-nucleon potentials are calculated in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation using a triple-well harmonic oscillator potential to confine the quarks. The model builds in some of the effects of local gauge invariance. Matrix elements of the hamiltonian are calculated in a basis consisting of fifteen gaussian functions centered at different locations so that they cover the appropriate are of a plane. The Born-Oppenheimer potentials is the energy of this system as a function of the three distances separating the potential wells, the three internucleonic separations. After subtraction of the two-body potentials, a pure three-body potential is revealed which is similar in magnitude to the two-body potentials but has shorter range. As expected, the lowest energy configuration is that of the equilateral triangle. The size of the potential barrier against passing through the linear trinucleon configuration is reported.
A Low Computation Adaptive Blind Mismatch Correction for Time-Interleaved ADCs

We introduce a computationally very efficient technique for adaptive blind correction of M-channel time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters (TIADC). Under wide-sense stationary (WSS) and bandlimited input assumption, gain and timing errors are estimated in the digital domain by detecting shift-dependence of TIADC output autocorrelation. Input signal integrity is preserved since there is no analog input pre-processing. Gain mismatch is digitally corrected, but sampling time mismatches are compensated in the analog domain by adjusting individual clock timing offsets. This mixed-domain technique takes advantage of each domain to dramatically reduce computational requirement on the digital side. As a by-product, convergence is guaranteed under mild conditions with arbitrary number of channels. Experimental demonstration is performed by a proof-of-concept, M=4 400-MSPS real-time setup. After 300 iterations, mismatch spurs are suppressed by more than 40-dB, down to ~80dB below the signal at ~171 MHz. This is the first proposal and demonstration of low-computation blind technique with guaranteed convergence.
Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis: improved lymphocyte response with transfer factor.

Excerpt Infection with Histoplasma capsulatum may cause chronic cavitary pulmonary disease in humans. Approximately 12% to 17% of patients with chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis have an impaired cel...
Benzene metabolism in the isolated perfused mouse liver

The hematotoxicity of benzene (BZ) requires its hepatic metabolism, the release of metabolites into the circulation, and the access of metabolites to the bone marrow. Although a range of potentially toxic metabolites produced by the liver was identified using subcellular systems and isolated hepatocytes, these models do not allow identification of the metabolites released from the liver with respect to time and flow through the liver. We developed an isolated perfused mouse liver model to evaluate metabolites released following a single-pass of radiolabeled BZ and after recirculation of single-pass metabolites back through the liver. Reversing the path of flow through the liver changes the orientation of hepatic oxidizing and conjugating enzymes with respect to perfusate flow. Comparison of metabolite production following normal (orthograde, portal vein to hepatic vein) perfusion with reversed (retrograde) perfusion permitted an evaluation of the impact of zonal distributions of these enzymes on BZ metabolism. The major metabolites detected by HPLC, irrespective of the direction of perfusion, were free phenol (P), phenylsulfate (PS), and phenylglucuronide (PG), plus lesser amounts of hydroquinone (HQ) and hydroquinone glucuronide (HQG). Recirculation of the products of single pass orthograde perfusion through the liver yielded P conjugates as well as low levels of free and conjugated HQ. No free P was detected after recirculation. Although no qualitative differences between orthograde and retrograde perfusion were observed, the percentage of free P and P conjugates (PS + PG) found as free P was twice as great following orthograde perfusion as compared to retrograde perfusion. These results suggest that regional differences in the zonation of enzymes involved in oxidation and conjugation may play a critical role in hepatic BZ metabolism.
An Investigation of the Structural Validity of Loevinger's Model and Measure of Ego Development

This study demonstrates the use of structural equation modeling for investigating a hierarchical model of personality based on Loevinger's (1976) conceptualization. This model was constructed to have a multifactorial and hierarchical structure in which the ego development construct served as the source of covariation for specific personality constructs of impulse control, interpersonal style, conscious preoccupations, and cognitive style. This model and three other conceivable models were investigated to determine which structure best represented the relations among specific personality constructs and ego development. The specific personality constructs were identified by measures chosen from the available pool of measures that were compatible with Loevinger's conceptualization. The four conceivable models were fitted to sample data from 267 adult subjects using confirmatory factor analysis and were compared with indices of model fit and methods for comparison of nested models. Results suggested that the four specific personality constructs and ego development are part of the same process. Although a hierarchical structure appeared tenable for this process, the role of ego development perhaps is not as dominant as envisioned by Loevinger. These results must be considered tentative due to measurement limitations.
An Eastern Heritage in a Western Rite: A Study of Source and Method for Archbishop Cranmer's Inclusion of ‘A Prayer of Chrysostome‘ in the English Litany of 1544

Representing the first officially authorized printing of an English-language text, Thomas Cranmer's Litany (1544)—a direct precursor of the 1549 Book of Common Prayer—is an important historical document. It also has linguistic significance, since ‘in setting forth certain godly prayers and suffrages in our native English tongue', Cranmer went beyond simple translation of the Latin. Among his innovations was the insertion of ‘A Prayer of Chrysostome', taken directly from an Eastern Orthodox source. The English rendering of the prayer has long been considered a masterly translation. However, while beautifully executed, Cranmer's version (compared with earlier Greek and Latin texts) is peculiar at points and raises theological questions. This study reviews and critiques scholarship on the matter while offering new insights into Cranmer's connections to Christian Orthodox thought and practice.
Reorientational dynmics and internal rotation in W(PMe3)(CO)5

Abstract Oxygen-17 and methyl group carbon-13 NMR spin-lattice (T 1 ) relaxation times were measured in the metal carbonyl, W(PMe 3 )(CO) 5 , as a function of temperature in the solvent chloroform. Perpendicular and parallel rotational diffusion coefficients (D 1 and D d ), calculated from T 1 ( 17 O) of the axial and radial carbonyls were compared with the predictions of various a priori theories of molecular reorientation. The Nu-Zwanzig ‘slip’ model yielded values more than an order of magnitude greater than experiment. Calculated diffusion constants from the Perrin ‘stick’ theory and the newer Hynes-Kapral-Weinberg model were approximately a factor of three times smaller or greater, respectively, than the measured values. Rotational correlation times, τ c (CH), were calculated from methyl 13 C relaxation times and nuclear Overhauser enhancements. These values were used, together with the rotational barrier in free trimethylphosphine, to calculate the rates of internal rotation about the PW and PC bonds. It was observed that there is a significant degree of rotation about both of these bonds in W(PMe 3 )(CO) 5 . However, in neither case were the rates as rapid as would be expected in the absence of a barrier to internal rotation.
Accounting in organizations: A union of natural and rational perspectives

Abstract Research on accounting in its organizational context is most fruitfully done by attempting to understand how its rational and natural aspects interact within the lived experience of individuals. Accounting serves both objective and symbolic functions. Research that emphasizes a genuine union of the two aspects reveals accounting's role as a complement and supplement to more qualitative and interactive forms of problem solving. It also reveals that accounting is a technique that must be transcended to be used effectively and that its inadequacies challenge humans as moral agents.
Chronic polyneuritis of childhood

Clinical experience with 17 infants and children, each of whom had chronic polyneuritis, is critically reviewed and evaluated.
Silent decisions or veiled paternalism? Physicians are not experts in judging character.

silent decisions, physicians would almost certainly be subject to liability for failing to disclose material risks or treatment alternatives. One of the clinical scenarios provided by the authors illustrates the danger inherent in their approach to silent decisions. They would remain “silent” on the possibility of providing oral isotretinoin for a sexually-active 19-yearold with severe acne who does not want to use long-term contraceptives and who has become pregnant twice in the past year despite receiving what they note should be effective short-term contraception (Whitney and McCullough 2007, 33). The medication, which can cause severe birth defects to a fetus, is highly effective in cases of severe acne. The authors seem to believe that keeping “silent” on the potentially devastating effects of the prescription drug on a pregnant woman’s fetus will prevent the young woman from placing herself into a potentially harmful situation. The unspoken assumption is that unless the physician tells the patient about the medication, she will remain blissfully ignorant of its existence. But teenage girls talk. They also share acne medications. If not warned of the potential danger of isotretinoin—in an open honest discussion regarding why her physician is not prescribing the clearly useful drug for her acne—there is a real risk the teenager will learn of the medication from a friend and unwittingly use it to improve her appearance. The deliberate attempt to withhold information that the “average reasonable individual” in the patient’s condition would find material to her decision-making about the drug would backfire if the sexually active young woman becomes pregnant while experimenting with how much more effective a friend’s isotretinoin might be than her tube of benzoyl peroxide. The treating physician would face potential liability for that non-disclosure, even if the physician could raise the defense that the young woman’s use of isotretinoin was not under a physician’s direction. “Physician silence,” as this example illustrates, not only is not “golden,” it can be positively harmful to the patient’s health.
Review of the current status and challenges for dental posterior restorative composites: Clinical, chemistry, and physical behavior considerations. Summary of discussion from the Portland Composites Symposium (POCOS) June 17-19, 2004, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon

The Portland Composites Symposium (POCOS) was held on June 17–19, 2004 at Oregon Health and Science University. Eight speakers presented plenary lectures on current topics related to polymer matrix composites designed for dental posterior restorative applications. Papers from each of the presenters are included in this issue of Dental Materials. The symposium was designed to generate and facilitate discussion. The symposium ended with a two-hour session that began by breaking the broad topic of posterior composites into three segments: clinical, chemistry, and physical properties. A discussion leader was assigned to each segment—Dave Sarrett, clinical; David Watts and Jack Ferracane, physical properties; Jeff Stansbury, chemistry. Large sheets of poster paper were hung on the walls in the conference room. Symposium attendees were invited to write short one to two
Interdiffusion and reaction between Zr and Al alloys from 425° to 625 °C

Abstract Zirconium has recently garnered attention for use as a diffusion barrier between U–Mo nuclear fuels and Al cladding alloys. Interdiffusion and reactions between Zr and Al, Al-2 wt.% Si, Al-5 wt.% Si or AA6061 were investigated using solid-to-solid diffusion couples annealed in the temperature range of 425° to 625 °C. In the binary Al and Zr system, the Al 3 Zr and Al 2 Zr phases were identified, and the activation energy for the growth of the Al 3 Zr phase was determined to be 347 kJ/mol. Negligible diffusional interactions were observed for diffusion couples between Zr vs. Al-2 wt.% Si, Al-5 wt.% Si and AA6061 annealed at or below 475 °C. In diffusion couples with the binary Al–Si alloys at 560 °C, a significant variation in the development of the phase constituents was observed including the thick τ 1 (Al 5 SiZr 2 ) with Si content up to 12 at.%, and thin layers of (Si,Al) 2 Zr, (Al,Si) 3 Zr, Al 3 SiZr 2 and Al 2 Zr phases. The use of AA6061 as a terminal alloy resulted in the development of both τ 1 (Al 5 SiZr 2 ) and (Al,Si) 3 Zr phases with a very thin layer of (Al,Si) 2 Zr. At 560 °C, with increasing Si content in the Al–Si alloy, an increase in the overall rate of diffusional interaction was observed; however, the diffusional interaction of Zr in contact with multicomponent AA6061 with 0.4–0.8 wt.% Si was most rapid.
pH dependence of charge transfer between tryptophan and tyrosine in dipeptides

Time-resolved absorption spectroscopy has been employed to study the directionality and rate of charge transfer in W-Y and Ac-W-Y dipeptides as a function of pH. Excitation with 266-nm nanosecond laser pulses produces both W (or [WH](+), depending on pH) and Y. Between pH 6 and 10, W to was found to oxidize Y with k(X)=9.0x10(4) s(-1) and 1.8x10(4) s(-1) for the W-Y and Ac-W-Y dipeptide systems, respectively. The intramolecular charge transfer rate increases as the pH is lowered over the range 6>pH>2. For 10 W-Y(-) (Y(-), tyrosinate anion), with a rate constant of k(X)=1.2x10(5) s(-1). The dependence of charge transfer directionality between W and Y on pH is important to the enzymatic function of several model and natural biological systems as discussed here for ribonucleotide reductase.
Effects of storage conditions on lymphocyte phenotypes from healthy and diseased persons

Anticoagulant and room temperature storage of peripheral blood was evaluated in healthy and diseased persons (AIDS and CLL) for its effect upon lymphocyte phenotyping by flow cytometry. Whole blood was stored in either Li heparin, EDTA, or ACD for up to 96 hours. Aliquots at 5 time intervals were evaluated using CD3, CD2, CD4, CD8, and CD19 monoclonal antibodies. Blood from healthy donors stored in EDTA produced an apparent increase in T cells and decrease in B cells most evident by 96 hours storage. Blood from diseased persons stored in Li heparin up to 96 hours showed insufficient changes in phenotype to warrant a different clinical interpretation. We conclude that all three anticoagulants are adequate for short term (< 24 hr) room temperature transport and storage of peripheral blood for flow cytometry. Li heparin or ACD are more appropriate if prolonged transport times are anticipated.
Electronic-Rotational Coupling in Cl–para-H2 Van der Waals Dimers

We examine the interaction between an open-shell chlorine atom and a para-H2 molecule in the region of configuration space that corresponds to a weakly bound Cl–para-H2 van der Waals dimer. By constructing and diagonalizing the Hamiltonian matrix that represents the coupled Cl atom electronic and H2 rotational degrees of freedom, we obtain one-dimensional energy curves for the Cl–para-H2 system in this region of configuration space. We find that the dimer exhibits fairly strong electronic-rotational coupling when the Cl–H2 distance R is close to ; however, this coupling does not modify substantially the positions and depths of the van der Waals wells in the dimer’s curves. An approximation in which the para-H2 fragment is treated in the strict limit thus appears to yield an accurate representation of those states of the weakly bound Cl–para-H2 dimer that correlate with H2 in the limit.
Consistency of a Reaction Dataset

The understanding of a variety of natural phenomena and industrial processes is reliant on knowledge of the chemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics. Endeavors in such cases begin with identification of the underlying reaction pathways and fundamental mechanisms. When sufficient data accumulate, the interest often shifts to practical applications, motivating the development of mechanistic models. The “textbook” approach to the development of mechanistic reaction models consists of conjecturing the reaction mechanism, expressing it in a suitable mathematical form, and comparing the predictions of the constructed model to available experimental observations. Typically, such comparisons result in mixed outcomes: some show a reasonably close agreement and some do not. In the latter case, the apparent inconsistency obtained between the model and the experiment is argued to imply either that the model is inadequate or that the experiment (or, rather, its interpretation) is incorrect. In some areas, such as heterogeneous catalysis and biochemical systems, the fundamental reaction mechanisms are largely unknown and establishing them form the challenge of the current research. Yet, in other fields, such as atmospheric chemistry and the combustion of small hydrocarbons such as methane, there is a broad consensus in regard to the reaction pathways underlying the mechanisms. Thus, any inadequacy of the kinetic models essentially rests in their parameter values. In the following discussion, we assume the latter situation. If the kinetic parameters of such a “known” mechanism were known exactly, then a direct comparison of model prediction with a given experiment, within its uncertainties, would decisively indicate whether that experiment is consistent or inconsistent with the model. In reality, however, the model parameters themselves have uncertainties that must be included in the analysis. In principle, the parameter identification of chemical kinetic models can be posed as a classical statistical inference: 1-3 given a mathematical model and a set of experimental observations for the model responses, determine the best-fit parameter values, usually those that produce the smallest deviations of the model predictions from the measurements. The validity of the model and the identification of outliers is then determined using analysis of variance. The difficulty involved in the application of standard statistical methods lies in the fact that chemical kinetics models are stated in the form of differential equations that do not possess a closed-form solution. Further complications result from the highly “ill-structured” character of the best-fit objective function, with long and narrow valleys and multiple local minima, resulting in an ill-conditioned optimization that lacks a unique solution. 2,4
Stability and Normal Zone Propagation in a 50 Tesla Solenoid Wound of YBCO Coated Conductor Tape—FEM Modeling

We present an analysis of stability, heating and quench propagation in a 50 Tesla solenoid immersed in a liquid helium bath at 4.2 K, obtained by numerical Finite Element Method (FEM) modeling. The solenoid was assumed to be wound of a cable made of YBCO coated conductor tapes. Full heat transfer curve in the whole temperature range (from 4.2 K up to 300 K) for liquid helium, taken from experiment, was used. An anisotropic continuum model of the winding for thermal propagation, with input data taken from experiments, was developed and adopted in computations. Magnetic field and temperature dependent parameters, such as electrical and thermal conductivities, heat capacities etc., also taken from experiments, were considered. We modeled a single-coil 50 T solenoid as well as a segment approach, in which a 34 T winding, segmented radially, is the inner-most part of a system of and NbTi solenoids providing a background field of 16 Tesla. Stress-strain modeling showed that due to a strong anisotropy of in YBCO film, the critical current of the solenoid is not limited by mechanical forces, but by the radial magnetic field component in the winding, i.e. by the field component parallel to c-axis of YBCO film. We found quite a high degree of stability of the 50 Tesla solenoid with existing stagnant normal zones and significant heat conduction across the winding.
Real-time optical detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using lytic phage probes.

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus )-specific bacteriophage was used as a probe for detection of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in aqueous solution using a novel optical method. Biorecognition phage monolayers transferred to glass substrates using Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique were exposed individually to MRSA in solution at logarithmic concentrations ranging from 10 6 to 10 9 cfu/ml, and observed for real-time binding using a CytoViva™ optical light microscope system. Results indicate that LB monolayers possessed high levels of elasticity ( K ), measuring 22 and 29 mN/m for 10 9 and 10 11 pfu/ml phage concentrations, respectively. Near-instantaneous MRSA–phage binding produced 33 ± 5%, 10 ± 1%, 1.1 ± 0.1%, and 0.09 ± 0.01% coverage of the substrate that directly correlated to a decrease in MRSA concentrations of 10 9 , 10 8 , 10 7 , and 10 6 cfu/ml. The exclusive selectivity of phage monolayers was verified with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium ( S. typhimurium ) and Bacillus subtilis .
Crystal Structure of Human Liver Δ4-3-Ketosteroid 5β-Reductase (AKR1D1) and Implications for Substrate Binding and Catalysis

AKR1D1 (steroid 5β-reductase) reduces all Δ4-3-ketosteroids to form 5β-dihydrosteroids, a first step in the clearance of steroid hormones and an essential step in the synthesis of all bile acids. The reduction of the carbon-carbon double bond in an α,β-unsaturated ketone by 5β-reductase is a unique reaction in steroid enzymology because hydride transfer from NADPH to the β-face of a Δ4-3-ketosteroid yields a cis-A/B-ring configuration with an ∼90° bend in steroid structure. Here, we report the first x-ray crystal structure of a mammalian steroid hormone carbon-carbon double bond reductase, human Δ4-3-ketosteroid 5β-reductase (AKR1D1), and its complexes with intact substrates. We have determined the structures of AKR1D1 complexes with NADP+ at 1.79- and 1.35-A resolution (HEPES bound in the active site), NADP+ and cortisone at 1.90-A resolution, NADP+ and progesterone at 2.03-A resolution, and NADP+ and testosterone at 1.62-A resolution. Complexes with cortisone and progesterone reveal productive substrate binding orientations based on the proximity of each steroid carbon-carbon double bond to the re-face of the nicotinamide ring of NADP+. This orientation would permit 4-pro-(R)-hydride transfer from NADPH. Each steroid carbonyl accepts hydrogen bonds from catalytic residues Tyr58 and Glu120. The Y58F and E120A mutants are devoid of activity, supporting a role for this dyad in the catalytic mechanism. Intriguingly, testosterone binds nonproductively, thereby rationalizing the substrate inhibition observed with this particular steroid. The locations of disease-linked mutations thought to be responsible for bile acid deficiency are also revealed.
Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars

Determining whether Earth-like planets are common or rare looms as a touchstone in the question of life in the universe. We searched for Earth-size planets that cross in front of their host stars by examining the brightness measurements of 42,000 stars from National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Kepler mission. We found 603 planets, including 10 that are Earth size () and receive comparable levels of stellar energy to that of Earth (). We account for Kepler’s imperfect detectability of such planets by injecting synthetic planet–caused dimmings into the Kepler brightness measurements and recording the fraction detected. We find that 11 ± 4% of Sun-like stars harbor an Earth-size planet receiving between one and four times the stellar intensity as Earth. We also find that the occurrence of Earth-size planets is constant with increasing orbital period (P), within equal intervals of logP up to ∼200 d. Extrapolating, one finds % of Sun-like stars harbor an Earth-size planet with orbital periods of 200–400 d.
How tumors escape immune destruction and what we can do about it

There is strong circumstantial evidence that tumor progression in cancer patients is controlled by the immune system. As will be detailed below, this conclusion is based on observations that tumor progression is often associated with secretion of immune suppressive factors and/or downregulation of MHC class I antigen presentation functions. The inference is that tumors must have elaborated strategies to circumvent an apparently effective immune response. Importantly, a tumor-specific immune response cannot be detected in most individuals. While this failure is in part technical, it also suggests that the magnitude of the immune responses to which tumors have to respond is low. This raises the concern, which is the underlying theme of this commentary, that a more robust immune response elicited by deliberate vaccination will exacerbate the rate of immune escape and nullify the potential benefits of immune-based therapies.