cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superoxide anion generation by Crassostrea virginica hemocytes as measured by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction

Abstract Hemocytes of the oyster (Crassostrea virginica) were shown to produce superoxide anion (O2−) by the superoxide dismutase-sensitive reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT). This reaction was observed in adherent hemocytes by cytochemistry and was quantified in suspension cultures by spectrophotometry. Weak NBT reduction, as indicated by pale blue staining of the cytoplasm, was present in about 40% of unchallenged hemocytes. After ingesting heat-killed yeast particles, dark blue formazan deposits formed frequently in yeast-containing phagosomes. NBT formazan was extracted from the cells with pyridine, permitting accurate quantitation of O2−. Superoxide production was measured in both resting and stimulated hemocytes and was dependent on environmental temperature. Statistically significant phagocytic induction of O2− over resting levels occurred only in hemocytes collected from oysters living at temperatures >21°C. Generation of oxygen intermediates is probably a component of the internal defense mechanisms of oysters involved in cytotoxic responses to microorganisms and parasites.
Tuning of the natural frequency spectrum of a circular plate by in-plate stress

Abstract Initial stresses are often introduced deliberately into centrally clamped, peripherally free circular plates to increase the plate natural frequencies. Increased natural frequencies in the critical modes extend the range of stable rotation speed. Current axisymmetric initial stressing schemes increase the natural frequencies of the zero nodal circle, two and higher nodal diameter vibration modes, but the zero and one nodal diameter natural frequencies decrease. For sufficiently large initial stress, the zero nodal diameter natural frequency vanishes and the plate experiences divergence buckling, thereby limiting the initial stress that can be induced. In this paper a new initial stressing method is presented whereby the natural frequencies of all zero nodal circle modes increase simultaneously, thus avoiding buckling of the plate through excessive initial stress. The stress field is induced by applying uniform pressure to the boundaries of eccentric interior holes. Through proper location of the holes, the critical natural frequencies increase monotonically with increased pressure, and the magnitudes of the frequency shifts increase with the introduction of additional stressed holes. The initial stressing schemes can be directed towards optimal increases in specific vibration modes. Calculations predict natural frequency increases between 35% and 90% depending on the vibration mode. Experimental measurements are consistent with the model predictions.
Beetle larvae cooperate to mimic bees

These parasites get into bees' nests by fooling males into trying to mate with them. The life cycles of parasites often involve complex behavioural and morphological adaptations in order to find a host. Here we report a remarkable mode of host-finding by the blister beetle Meloe franciscanus, in which young larvae aggregate together on vegetation to mimic the appearance of a female bee, luring male bees to land on them and collect the aggregation as a unit for transmitting to females during real matings. Although cooperative behaviour is common among highly social insects, particularly bees1,2,3, to our knowledge it has not been reported before in blister beetles, nor has it been associated with mimicry.
Atypical Effect of Salts on the Thermodynamic Stability of Human Prion Protein

Prion diseases are associated with the conversion of cellular prion protein, PrPC, into a misfolded oligomeric form, PrPSc. Previous studies indicate that salts promote conformational conversion of the recombinant prion protein into a PrPSc-like form. To gain insight into the mechanism of this effect, here we have studied the influence of a number of salts (sodium sulfate, sodium fluoride, sodium acetate, and sodium chloride) on the thermodynamic stability of the recombinant human prion protein. Chemical unfolding studies in urea show that at low concentrations (below approximately 50 mm), all salts tested significantly reduced the thermodynamic stability of the protein. This highly unusual response to salts was observed for both the full-length prion protein as well as the N-truncated fragments huPrP90-231 and huPrP122-231. At higher salt concentrations, the destabilizing effect was gradually reversed, and salts behaved according to their ranking in the Hofmeister series. The present data indicate that electrostatic interactions play an unusually important role in the stability of the prion protein. The abnormal effect of salts is likely because of the ion-induced destabilization of salt bridges (Asp144-Arg148 and/or Asp147-Arg151) in the extremely hydrophilic helix 1. Contrary to previous suggestions, this effect is not due to the interaction of ions with the glycine-rich flexible N-terminal region of the prion protein. The results of this study suggest that ionic species present in the cellular environment may control the PrPC to PrPSc conversion by modulating the thermodynamic stability of the native PrPC isoform.
Rethinking the encounter probability for direct-to-target nuclear attacks for aviation security

The threat of nuclear terrorism has become an important issue for national security. A critical component in preventing a nuclear attack is to prevent nuclear material from being smuggled into the United States via any mode of transportation, including commercial air transportation. Screening baggage on incoming international commercial flights for nuclear material after the flights arrive in the United States makes the system vulnerable to a direct-to-target attack. A direct-to-target attack uses an aircraft to transport a nuclear bomb directly to a particular target prior to United States border screening. The encounter probability has been proposed for capturing the fraction of baggage that has been screened, which indirectly captures screening device utilization. This paper compares and analyzes potential performance measures for analyzing baggage screening systems given the impact of a direct-to-target attack. Seven discrete optimization models are formulated for determining how to screen checked baggage for nuclear material on incoming international flights given the performance measures, including four single-objective models and four goal programming models that analyze the tradeoffs across two performance measures. The models are compared to analyze the tradeoffs across the various performance measures. The results suggest that the encounter probability can be improved by considering one of the proposed performance measures, particularly the performance measure that focuses on targets. The goal programming model results suggest that multiple performance measures can be optimized with minimal trade-offs.
Inhibition of SV40 DNA replication by benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide adducts: two recovery modes.

Summary Anti-benzo[ a ]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) adducts produced in vitro in SV40 initially inhibit SV40 DNA replication in vivo, in cells unexposed to BPDE. A single adduct in a replicon is probably sufficient to block DNA replication. The recovery process appears to begin immediately after infection. The rate of recovery of replicative capacity is inversely related to the initial adduct number. Holding the infected cells temporarily under conditions that prevent viral DNA replication results subsequently in increased recovery, proportional to the holding time. The mechanism of recovery appears to be constitutive and prereplicative. In addition, there is a second mode of recovery which is induced by pretreatment of the host cells with BPDE before infection. The effect of pretreatment is similar to that of extending the holding time before replication: the first molecules begin to replicate earlier but the subsequent rate of recovery is unchanged. The induced mechanism may be either a limited stoichiometric repair process or a slow replicative bypass.
A unified treatment of fast algorithms for identification

We propose a unified description of several so-called fast, algorithms. The projection operator technique is used to derive least-squares ladder (or lattice) algorithms in the filter and the predictor forms. This technique, usually associated with orthogonal projection operations, is extended to oblique projections. The first application is an easy derivation of the ‘ exact ’ instrumental variable ladder algorithm which, to our knowledge, has not previously been described in the literature. A second application is a new derivation, based on the operator technique, of an algorithm for the fast calculation of gain matrices for recursive estimation schemes.
The unfinished business of Trinitarian theorizing

In recent years, many resourceful thinkers have brought a new clarity to the issues surrounding the doctrine of the Trinity. Two incompatible families of Trinitarian doctrine have been clearly distinguished: Social Trinitarianism and Latin Trinitarianism. I argue here that no theory in either camp has yet evaded the triune pitfalls of inconsistency, unintelligibility, and poor fit with the Bible. These two main approaches appear to be hopeless, and I argue that appeals to ‘mystery’ are no way to avoid the difficulties at hand. Thus, the Trinitarian project is as yet unfinished.
Effect of Contralateral Stimulation on Auditory Filter Bandwidth: A Preliminary Study

The main goal of this study was to examine the effect of contralateral stimulation on auditory filter shape. Auditory filter was measured at 1 and 2 kHz for normal-hearing listeners using notched-noise method with and without contralateral stimulation presented. A broadband noise was presented as contralateral stimulation at three levels: 50, 60, and 70 dB SPL. Results indicated that contralateral stimulation at 50 dB SPL slightly increased frequency selectivity (i.e. reduced auditory filter bandwidth) for 2 kHz, suggesting that auditory efferent fibers such as medial olivocochlear bundles may function to improve frequency selectivity of the cochlear. Such improvement in the cochlear frequency selectivity appeared to be dependent on signal frequency and intensity of contralateral stimulation.
Physical Separation of the Catalytic and Regulatory Proteins of Hepatic Adenylate Cyclase

Both the catalytic protein (C) and the guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (G/F) of rabbit hepatic adenylate cyclase were solubilized in active form in sodium cholate at high ionic strength. Upon precipitation by (NH4)SO4, C was selectively aggregated such that it was largely excluded from Ultrogel AcA 34 when chromatographed in cholate solution at high ionic strength. G/F eluted with KD congruent to 0.5. Thus C can be completely resolved from G/F by this procedure. Rabbit hepatic C prepared in this way resembles the C activity previously described by us in the cyc- mutant of S49 lymphoma cells (Ross, E. M., Howlett, A. C., Ferguson, K. M., and Gilman, A. G. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 6401-6412). Similarities include 7- to 10-fold stimulation by Mn2+ relative to Mg2+ and a complete lack of sensitivity to fluoride or guanine nucleotides. Reconstitution of hepatic C with hepatic G/F causes restoration of stimulation up to 25-fold by either of these activators in the presence of Mg2+. While C is relatively unstable in cholate under these conditions, especially at temperatures over 4 degrees C, it is stabilized by removal of cholate and by addition of phospholipid. These procedures allow the study of the catalytic protein of adenylate cyclase from a hormone-responsive tissue in the absence of endogenous regulatory protein or membrane lipid and also provide a starting point for the purification of the catalyst.
Managing the Southern Pine Forest—Retained Wetland Interface for Wildlife Diversity: Research Priorities

Forest certification programs require program participants to manage for biodiversity using science-based information. Management at the interface of retained wetland features and plantations provides opportunities to enhance wildlife diversity on commercial pine forest lands. We review the scientific literature to document how wildlife in managed pine forests might benefit from retention of isolated wetlands and riparian zones, and potential effects of forest management on conservation of wetland-associated wildlife on managed pine forests of the southern USA. We suggest research goals and methodologies to address information gaps critical to improved management. Many available studies lacked inferential power, and most depended on measures of diversity, richness, or abundance rather than community similarity or demographic measures of fitness. Observational studies have yielded potential hypotheses that should be tested with manipulative experiments. Demographic measures of fitness should replace potentially misleading measures of abundance or density, and diversity measures supplemented with comparisons of community similarity. Researchers should institute long-term studies to account for temporal variability. Multi-scale analyses would help determine appropriate management scale for isolated wetlands and the utility of riparian areas and associated streamside management zones as dispersal corridors. Landscape-level models would facilitate long-term planning and provide a framework for adaptive management.
Chondrichthyan phylogeny: a look at the evidence

ABSTRACT Chondrichthyans (sharks, rays and holocephalans) are subjected to cladistic analysis in order to identify possible monophyletic groups. Chondrichthyan monophyly is established on the basis of several apomorphic characters, of which the most convincing is the presence of a mineralized layer of prismatic perichondral tissue of a unique type. Modern elasmobranchs are united with the Jurassic Palaeospinax by several synapomorphies. Palaeospinax and some other fossil sharks are sequenced as successive sister-groups to modern elasmobranchs. It is concluded that elasmobranchs and chimaeroids are monophyletic sister-groups, but that sharks are not monophyletic unless holocephalans are included.
Anticancer activities of PPARγ in breast cancer are context-dependent.

This Commentary highlights the article by Nakles et al, who described that PPARγ activation suppresses non-invasive tumor development and induces ER-positivity without affecting invasive tumor development.
For Better or for Worse: Real-Ideal Discrepancies and the Marital Well-Being of Newlyweds:

This study examined the relationship between an individual's real-ideal discrepancy about the spouse and the marital well-being of both spouses. In the first year of the study, individuals from 153 African-American couples and 160 White couples rated their partners and their ideals for their partners on 12 characteristics. Discrepancies between ratings of the partner and ideals for the partner were negatively correlated with the Year 1 marital well-being of each spouse. Also, while controlling for the Year 1 marital well-being of both partners, wives' real-ideal discrepancies about their husbands were negatively related to the Year 2 marital well-being of both partners, but husbands' discrepancies did not predict the Year 2 marital well-being of either partner. When the separate effects of discrepancies, ratings of the partner, and ideals were examined, women's discrepancies predicted the Year 2 marital well-being of both partners, and men's ratings of their wives predicted their own Year 2 marital well-b...
Genetic defects of folate and cobalamin metabolism

Deficient activity of an enzyme can result from a defect in the conversion of the vitamin to a co-enzyme as well from an abnormal apo-enzyme or disturbed binding of coenzyme to enzyme. Conversion of dietary vitamin to intracellular active co-enzyme can be complex and require many physiological and biochemical processes including stomach release of bound vitamin, intestinal uptake, carriers/transport, blood transport, cellular uptake, intracellular release and intracellular compartmentalisation. Disorders of malabsorption (food cobalamin malabsorption, intrinsic factor deficiency and abnormal enterocyte cobalamin processing) and transport proteins (transcobalamin II deficiency, R-binder deficiency) mostly lead to disturbed function of the two cobalamin requiring enzymes, methylmalonyl CoA mutase and methionine synthase. Defects of early steps of intracellular cobalamin (cblF, cbl C/D) result in marked deficiencies of both cobalamin co-enzymes and homocystinuria combined with methylmalonic aciduria. Defective synthesis of adenosyl cobalamin in the cbl A/B defects leads to methylmalonyl CoA mutase. Isolated methionine synthase deficiency is also classified as a cobalamin disorder due to its associated deficient formation of methylcobalamin. Folate disorders include methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency and glutamate formimino-transferase deficiency. In addition a hereditary disorder of intestinal folate transport has been described. Less well established are disorders of dihydrofolate reductase, methenyl-tetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, and defects of cellular folate uptake.
Lung transplantation following 107 days of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Severe adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with failure to maintain adequate gas exchange. There is increasing success using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for respiratory failure; the longest reported surviving patient has been supported by ECMO for 57 days. At best about 50% wean from ECMO and should weaning fail their course is fatal. ECMO is generally considered to be a contraindication for successful lung transplantation. This report describes a patient maintained on ECMO for 107 days who underwent bilateral lung transplantation and weaned from organ-perfusion support. He survived for 351 days post-transplantation and died from Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. ECMO can be used for prolonged intervals to support patients with severe ARDS without complications that preclude lung transplantation. As ECMO use becomes more frequent, it becomes critical to determine criteria that would optimise patient selection for transplantation from ECMO.
A highly sensitive and accurate method to quantify absolute numbers of c-kit+ cardiac stem cells following transplantation in mice

Although transplantation of c-kit+ cardiac stem cells (CSCs) alleviates post-myocardial infarction left ventricular dysfunction, there are no reliable methods that enable measurement of the absolute number of CSCs that persist in the recipient heart. To overcome this limitation, we developed a highly sensitive and accurate method to quantify the absolute number of murine CSCs after transplantation. This method has two unique features: (1) real-time PCR-based detection of a novel male-specific, multiple-copy gene, Rbmy, which significantly increases the sensitivity of detection of male donor cells in a female recipient, and (2) an internal standard, which permits quantification of the absolute number of CSCs as well as the total number of cells in the recipient organ. Female C57BL/6 mice underwent coronary occlusion and reperfusion; 2 days later, 105 male mouse CSCs were injected intramyocardially. Tissues were analyzed by real-time PCR at serial time points. In the risk region, >75 % of CSCs present at 5 min were lost in the ensuing 24 h; only 7.6 ± 2.1 % of the CSCs present at 5 min could still be found at 7 days after transplantation and only 2.8 ± 0.5 % (i.e., 1,224 ± 230 cells/heart) at 35 days. Thus, even after direct intramyocardial injection, the total number of CSCs that remain in the murine heart is minimal (at 24 h, ~10 % of the cells injected; at 35 days, ~1 %). This new quantitative method of stem cell detection, which enables measurement of absolute cell number, should be useful to optimize cell-based therapies, not only for CSCs but also for other stem cells and other organs.
Examining the Discourse About the Transfer of GIS Technology to Traditionally Non-Western Societies

The advent of geographic information system (GIS) technology and its adoption outside Western industrialized nations have inspired a great deal of debate about the possible impact of the technology on traditions of people in non-Western societies. Citing adverse impacts and without much appreciation for the socioeconomic realities driving the need for change, some critics advocate an end to the transfer of GIS into developing countries. It is apparent that concerns for inappropriate uses of the technology have overshadowed the need for investigation into factors that necessitate the transfer of GIS into developing countries. This article reviews the GIS transfer controversy and argues that a surer way to protect institutions and minimize the harmful impact of GIS is for people to learn to be skilful in the development and applications of the technology.
X-Communicator: implementing an advanced adaptive SIP-based user agent for multimedia communication

Our paper describes a SIP and RTP based software component which is platform independent and is adaptable to various network infrastructures. The software component, named "X-Communicator" is capable of multimedia communications, including audio, video, text (instant messaging), secure file transfer and desktop streaming, with the last three features currently being implemented. The goal is to provide a complete remote-assistance solution and to make the system capable of adjusting to dynamic environment changes. X-Communicator features NAT handling capability and uses intelligent network detection components to identify network infrastructure. For multimedia RTP data stream transmission, it utilizes P2P streaming. The system uses SIP for transferring various control information and implements security. X-Communicator is very user-friendly and can interoperate with other SIP based standard user agents (soft or hard phones) and adjusts its communication capability accordingly. The paper proposes different possible network environments and the software's capability. X-Communicator is currently implemented as a functional prototype and is undergoing further development.
Ricoeur and agent causation

It is common today to find in philosophical and scientific works the idea of agent causation dismissed as unintelligible. This article is meant to challenge that view. It argues that the conception of agent causation that Paul Ricoeur has defended is by no means unintelligible. Indeed there are compelling, even if not definitive, reasons for acknowledging the existence of such causation. The point of departure for this argument is Ricoeur’s reflection on the discursive character of human existence. To make my case, I focus on the discursive practice of offering and receiving recommendations. This sort of practice is integral to important areas of human activity, including scientific activity. Though it is often overlooked, agent causation is a necessary precondition for the intelligibility of this practice. I acknowledge that just how agent causation comes to be in the course of the biological evolution of human beings is ontologically enigmatic. Nonetheless, the evidence in its favor is not only intellig...
Pose Estimation in SAR using an Information Theoretic Criterion

In this paper we formulate pose estimation statistically and show that pose can be estimated from a low dimensional feature space obtained by maximizing the mutual information between the aspect angle and the output of a nonlinear mapper. We use the Havrda-Charvat definition of entropy to implement a nonparametric estimator based on the Parzen window method. Results in the MSTAR data set are presented and show the performance of the methodology.
Pericardial Disease in Familial Mediterranean Fever: An Echocardiographic Study

We studied 30 randomly selected patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) by M mode echocardiography to determine the frequency of pericardial involvement. There was no evidence of congestive heart failure, uremia, or any other illness known to be associated with pericardial disease in the study population. Eight of the 30 patients (27 percent) had echocardiographic evidence of pericardial disease. Two had pericardial effusions, two had pericardial thickening, and four either or both. Patients with pericardial involvement had a mean duration of FMF of 28.9 +/- 12.2 (SD) years vs 18.5 +/- 10.6 (SD) years for those without pericardial disease (P less than .02). We concluded that pericardial involvement is common in FMF and that its occurrence as detected by echocardiography increases with duration of illness.
Postoperative lymphocele after revision circumferential long-segment scoliosis construct for pseudarthrosis.

The patient was a 69-year-old female who had previously undergone a T10-ilium posterior spinal fusion for lumbar scoliosis and spinal stenosis. She presented 2 years after the index procedure for new complaints of low back pain and midthoracic pain, and a feeling of ‘‘tipping over.’’ Scoliosis survey and computed tomography (CT) revealed proximal junctional kyphosis with cephalad degeneration and pseudarthrosis at L5–S1 and L3–L4. She subsequently underwent anterior lumbar interbody fusion from L3 sacrum and revision posterior spinal fusion from T3 ilium the same day. She recovered uneventfully until she returned for follow-up approximately 3 weeks after surgery. At that time, she complained of a distention that
Fine Needle Aspiration of the Thyroid

Fine-needle-aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a safe and inexpensive procedure that is easily performed with minimal patient discomfort. It has become the cornerstone in the management of patients with thyroid nodules; its main purpose is to provide a rational approach to management, to triage individuals for surgical management, and to determine the correct surgical procedure – lobectomy versus total thyroidectomy. FNAB has successfully reduced the number of patients requiring surgery by 50%, has increased the yield of thyroid malignancy at surgery by two to three times, and has decreased the cost of managing thyroid nodules by 25%.
Nesting Behavior of the Tachysphex terminatus Species Group (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)

Abstract The nesting behavior of species in the Tachysphex terminatus group is presented in phylogenetic order following Pulawski (1988). Eight taxa are treated: T. clarconis, T. antillarum, T. alpestris, T. linsleyi, T. terminatus, T. similis, T. a. apicalis, and T. apicalis fusus. This paper includes a literature review summary for each species, Howard E. Evans' unpublished field notes on T. linsleyi, T. terminatus, and T. similis, unreported insect museum prey records for T. terminatus and T. apicalis fusus, and long-term field studies on T. terminatus, T. similis, T. a. apicalis, and T. apicalis fusus. The field observations were made during the years 1960–2005 and include 929 nests excavated and examined at 52 locations in the central and eastern United States and southern Ontario. Emphasis is placed on: burrow excavation, tumulus leveling, temporary closure, orientation flight, hunting, prey capture, prey transport, nest entry, final closure, burrow design and length, cell depth, cell shape and size...
Risky Subjects: Public Health, Personal Narrative, and the Stakes of Qualitative Research

Facing the failure of 'one size fits all' HIV prevention messages, progressive public health researchers are attempting to localize and humanize prevention strategies for men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM). In order to better understand individual motives, beliefs, and behaviors, recent efforts have centered on collecting personal narratives from men who engage in risky sex. This article offers an epistemological critique of this so-called 'narrative turn' in qualitative research. Specifically, it analyzes the complexities of the conceptual relationship between narrative and sexual subjectivity.
Effect of oral DHEA on serum testosterone and adaptations to resistance training in young men

This study examined the effects of acute dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) ingestion on serum steroid hormones and the effect of chronic DHEA intake on the adaptations to resistance training. In 10 young men (23 +/- 4 yr old), ingestion of 50 mg of DHEA increased serum androstenedione concentrations 150% within 60 min (P < 0.05) but did not affect serum testosterone and estrogen concentrations. An additional 19 men (23 +/- 1 yr old) participated in an 8-wk whole body resistance-training program and ingested DHEA (150 mg/day, n = 9) or placebo (n = 10) during weeks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8. Serum androstenedione concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the DHEA-treated group after 2 and 5 wk. Serum concentrations of free and total testosterone, estrone, estradiol, estriol, lipids, and liver transaminases were unaffected by supplementation and training, while strength and lean body mass increased significantly and similarly (P < 0.05) in the men treated with placebo and DHEA. These results suggest that DHEA ingestion does not enhance serum testosterone concentrations or adaptations associated with resistance training in young men.
Towards Real-Time Distributed Signal Modeling for Brain-Machine Interfaces

New architectures for Brain-Machine Interface communication and control use mixture models for expanding rehabilitation capabilities of disabled patients. Here we present and test a dynamic data-driven (BMI) Brain-Machine Interface architecture that relies on multiple pairs of forward-inverse models to predict, control, and learn the trajectories of a robotic arm in a real-time closed-loop system. A method of window-RLS was used to compute the forward-inverse model pairs in real-time and a model switching mechanism based on reinforcement learning was used to test the ability to map neural activity to elementary behaviors. The architectures were tested with in vivodata and implemented using remote computing resources.
A Hough spectral model for three-dimensional studies of the middle atmosphere

Abstract A three-dimensional framework is developed for studying the middle atmosphere in relation to upper-tropospheric structure. The numerical model is formulated from the primitive equations in isentropic coordinates, which directly characterize diabatic processes forcing the Brewer–Dobson circulation. It is anchored in observed tropospheric variability, so integrations provide middle atmospheric behavior that tracks observed variations in the upper troposphere. The numerical framework is versatile and computationally efficient. It achieves enhanced performance by incorporating eigenfunctions of the primitive equations to represent structure spectrally in all three coordinates. Scale-selective dissipation can then be applied entirely at sixth order, which leaves all but the shortest vertical scales undamped. This feature allows vertical diffusion to be made small enough to represent stratospheric transport as advective (rather than diffusive) for most of the scales carried in the integration. Transpor...
Comparative jumping mechanics in plethodontid salamanders

Plethodontid salamanders have a myriad of defense mechanisms with which to escape predation. One of the most poorly understood mechanisms is jumping, which is driven by lateral body bending; rapid straightening of the body propels the salamander into the air. One previous examination of jumping in one plethodontid salamander found little evidence of ontogenetic changes in the mechanics of jumping. Here, we investigate jumping in six species of plethodontid salamanders, across a wide array of body sizes. Comparing morphological and kinematic variables, jump height scaled with body size and forelimb length. Species differed in morphology, and when comparing kinematic variables across species, only bending duration differed. The lack of scaling patterns leads to several hypotheses, and further investigation of the morphology of the axial musculature is required.
Loss of SOCS3 in myeloid cells prolongs survival in a syngeneic model of glioma

In glioma, microglia and macrophages are the largest population of tumor-infiltrating cells, referred to as glioma associated macrophages (GAMs). Herein, we sought to determine the role of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3), a negative regulator of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), in GAM functionality in glioma. We utilized a conditional model in which SOCS3 deletion is restricted to the myeloid cell population. We found that SOCS3-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages display enhanced and prolonged expression of pro-inflammatory M1 cytokines when exposed to glioma tumor cell conditioned medium in vitro. Moreover, we found that deletion of SOCS3 in the myeloid cell population delays intracranial tumor growth and increases survival of mice bearing orthotopic glioma tumors in vivo. Although intracranial tumors from mice with SOCS3-deficient myeloid cells appear histologically similar to control mice, we observed that loss of SOCS3 in myeloid cells results in decreased M2 polarized macrophage infiltration in the tumors. Furthermore, loss of SOCS3 in myeloid cells results in increased CD8+ T-cell and decreased regulatory T-cell infiltration in the tumors. These findings demonstrate a beneficial effect of M1 polarized macrophages on suppressing glioma tumor growth, and highlight the importance of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.
When "organizing becomes an extension of your brain": DJs, music libraries and information practices

As contemporary discourses of technology move from identifying information overload as a general concern to designing applications and conducting investigations that understand information overload on a more granular level, it becomes increasingly important to conceptualize what information overload means in everyday life. This paper addresses issues of being overwhelmed by media, looking specifically at a group of people for whom the stakes of media organization are quite high, namely DJs. With the emergence of digitally-stored music, music enthusiasts have been able to build increasingly large collections, to the extent that users frequently become overwhelmed by tasks of organizing their collections and creating usable playlists. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 13 DJs, I examine obstacles in organizing digital music. With thick descriptions of how music technologies are and are not meeting the needs of a high-use groups, this paper contributes to human information behavior research on organizational practices in everyday life within a particular community of practice.
Double Volume Exchange Transfusion

Please watch the video below depicting the performance of an exchange transfusion. Think first, then answer the question below.⇓ Figure. Click here to view the video. (Reproduced with permission of Akshaya Vachharajani, MD, and The Saigh Foundation Pediatric Simulation Center, St. Louis Children's Hospital & Washington University School of Medicine. Copyright 2012.) After watching the accompanying video, what is your opinion about the time out performed? The review article by Falciglia and Greenwood in this issue and the accompanying video cover many of the concerns surrounding the performance of an exchange transfusion. The performance of an exchange transfusion is not dissimilar to performing a surgical procedure. Use of a surgical safety checklist is recommended by the World Health Organization. (1) The elements of the …
Phase diagram for the Ni ∕ Al 2 O 3 interface and relationships to adhesion

First-principles calculations conducted over a broad range of atomic configurations have been used to determine the phase diagram and work of separation for $\mathrm{Ni}∕{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ interfaces. Seven interfacial phases have been identified. The results reveal that the strongest (O-rich) phases derive their strength from ionic $\mathrm{Ni}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{O}$ bonds across the interface, reminiscent of $\mathrm{NiO}$. The Al-rich phases are also strong, exhibiting a mix of ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}\mathrm{Al}$-like and ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-like interfacial bonds. The stoichiometric interfaces are the weakest since they are formed from the ground-state ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}(0001)$ surface.
Magnetoresistance of Magnetically Uncoupled Multilayered Structures

The magnetoresistive effect first observed in Fe/Cr and other antiferromagnetically coupled metallic multilayered structure, has also been observed, albeit somewhat attenuated, in structures where the magnetic layers are not coupled. We explain the magnetoresistive effect in these systems that are nominally uncoupled, and we provide a new interpretation for the magnetoresistance of Co/Cu, Fe/Cr and Co/Ru by considering these multilayered structures to consist of, not only ferro and antiferromagnetically aligned layers, but also mixtures of the two which have zero magnetization.
Severe Cardiomyopathy as the Isolated Presenting Feature in an Adult with Late-Onset Pompe Disease: A Case Report

Many inborn errors of metabolism can cause cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy associated with glycogen storage includes PRKAG2-associated glycogen storage disease (GSD), Danon disease, infantile-onset Pompe disease (GSD II), GSD III, GSD IV, and phosphofructokinase deficiency (Tarui disease or GSD VII).We present a 35-year-old female who presented with cardiomyopathy after a pregnancy complicated by primary hyperparathyroidism. She had enjoyed excellent health until her first pregnancy at age 33. One week postpartum, she developed dyspnea and an echocardiogram revealed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 35%. A cardiac MRI was consistent with nonischemic cardiomyopathy with an infiltrative process. Endomyocardial biopsy showed striking sarcoplasmic vacuolization, excess glycogen by PAS staining, and frequent membrane-bound glycogen by electron microscopy, consistent with lysosomal GSD. Acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) activity in skin fibroblasts was in the affected range for Pompe disease. Sequencing of the GAA gene revealed a paternally inherited pathogenic c.525delT (p.Glu176Argfs*45) and a de novo c.309C>G (p.Cys103Trp) with unknown pathogenicity. Testing of the familial mutations in her daughter indicated that the variants in the proband were in trans. 26-gene cardiomyopathy sequencing panel had normal results thereby excluding GSD III, Danon disease, Fabry disease, and PRKAG2-associated cardiomyopathy. Therefore, results strongly suggest a diagnosis of Pompe disease.Pompe disease has a broad disease spectrum, including infantile-onset (IOPD) and late-onset (LOPD) forms. LOPD typically presents with proximal muscle weakness and respiratory insufficiency in childhood or late adulthood. Our case may represent a very unusual presentation of adult LOPD with isolated cardiomyopathy without skeletal muscle involvement or respiratory failure.
On the Use of Security and Privacy Technology as a Plot Device Transcript of Discussion

My coauthor Brad Rosen is a former student of mine who took a course I gave in 2003 entitled Sensitive Information in a Wired World.
Democratization and Research Methods: Political culture and survey research

This chapter begins the survey of empirical testing of theories of the creation and survival of democratic regimes. Chapter 9 surveys the impact of institutions, socioeconomic development and performance, and other factors, all of which emphasize forces external to individuals. In noncultural approaches, individuals are in a sense interchangeable: their political behavior is determined by their social class, their occupation, their role in an institutional context, and so forth. In cultural approaches, people are not interchangeable: they are different inside and therefore respond differently to the same external forces. Those who study political culture believe that we cannot discover useful theories without getting inside the heads of political actors. Political culture is not a distinct methodological approach like case studies and comparative history, formal modeling, or quantitative testing. In fact, culture is studied using a variety of methods ranging from the qualitative extreme found in anthropological research to highly technical quantitative analysis using survey data and experiments. It has its own chapter here because the debate about approaches to the study of culture illustrates well the trade-offs that are the central theme of this book and because it is a large, complex, and fascinating literature in its own right.
Economic Growth and its Constraints

This chapter covers the causes of economic growth by identifying the virtues embedded in the system that encourage investment and risk-taking. The chapter also emphasizes the importance of demand growth in keeping the economy expanding, and that five built-in constraints to demand growth exist that make full employment difficult to obtain. Financial markets and money growth play a central role in facilitating economic growth, but financial markets and policy affecting these markets can also work against growth. Policy affects institutional design and the dominant current thinking about policy undermines spending growth. The chapter ends by connecting the current policy growth model with Federal Reserve efforts to elevate the stock market.
CHAPTER 2 – The Polysaccharide-Water Interface

This chapter describes the polysaccharide–water interface. Water is the universal food solvent, and without hydration, polysaccharides cannot perform as plasticizers, thickeners, texturizers, stabilizers, crystallization inhibitors, and bulking and gelling agents. There are at least four forces in effect at the polysaccharide–water interface namely; van der Waals, ionic, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic. The fundamental concept of a polymer molecule in solution is that it consists of a number of segments, each approximating the size of a solvent molecule. The attractive forces at the segment–solvent interface are stronger by far in aqueous polysaccharide dispersion than in a solution of synthetic polymer, and an organic solvent. Hydrocolloidal water is an integral part of the dispersed phase and travels at the same velocity with it. Most polysaccharides affect the mobility and structuring of water beyond the immediate interface to a thickness of several molecular diameters. The reciprocal effect of flowing polysaccharides of surface–water immobilization and structuring is a contribution to distortions from sphericity, and hence to flow birefringence.
The end of the story

The Ministry of Information’s job in Europe was virtually finished before the war ended. Tied in its existence to the exigences of war time, the Ministry’s original reason for being became secondary when the thrust of propaganda shifted towards preparing Europeans to deal with Britain’s peace policies. Then the central propaganda issue was the projection of Britain as a responsible leader in post-war reconstruction. This propaganda (now termed publicity) was more appropriate to the peacetime methods of Foreign Office publicity channels. As the war waned the Foreign Office insisted on resuming its traditional role as the promoter of British foreign policy.1
Medical pluralism and livestock health: ethnomedical and biomedical veterinary knowledge among East African agropastoralists

Human and animal health are deeply intertwined in livestock dependent areas. Livestock health contributes to food security and can influence human health through the transmission of zoonotic diseases. In low-income countries diagnosis and treatment of livestock diseases is often carried out by household members who draw upon both ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) and contemporary veterinary biomedicine (VB). Expertise in these knowledge bases, along with their coexistence, informs treatment and thus ultimately impacts animal and human health. The aim of the current study was to determine how socio-cultural and ecological differences within and between two livestock-keeping populations, the Maasai of northern Tanzania and Koore of southwest Ethiopia, impact expertise in EVM and VB and coexistence of the two knowledge bases. An ethnoveterinary research project was conducted to examine dimensions of EVM and VB knowledge among the Maasai (N = 142 households) and the Koore (N = 100). Cultural consensus methods were used to quantify expertise and the level of agreement on EVM and VB knowledge. Ordinary least squares regression was used to model patterns of expertise and consensus across groups and to examine associations between knowledge and demographic/sociocultural attributes. Maasai and Koore informants displayed high consensus on EVM but only the Koore displayed consensus on VB knowledge. EVM expertise in the Koore varied across gender, herd size, and level of VB expertise. EVM expertise was highest in the Maasai but was only associated with age. The only factor associated with VB expertise was EVM expertise in the Koore. Variation in consensus and the correlates of expertise across the Maassi and the Koore are likely related to differences in the cultural transmission of EVM and VB knowledge. Transmission dynamics are established by the integration of livestock within the socioecological systems of the Maasai and Koore and culture historical experiences with livestock disease. Consideration of the nature and coexistence of EVM and VB provides insight into the capacity of groups to cope with disease outbreaks, pharmaceutical use patterns, and the development of community health interventions.
Mathematical Modeling of Electrokinetic Effects in Micro and Nano Fluidics

In engineering applications familiar from everyday experience fluid flow is almost always pressure driven. The scaling law for the pressure head needed to drive a fixed flux through a circular capillary, is according to the celebrated Poiseuille formula, inversely proportional to the fourth power of capillary diameter. Thus, when it comes to small scales: microns and below; the electrokinetic method of transporting fluids appear increasingly attractive. Here the Voltage drop needed to maintain a flux increases inversely as only the second power of the capillary diameter. In this brief introduction to the subject of electrokinetic flows, the foundations are developed assuming that the reader has only minimal prior knowledge in the area. First, the laws of incompressible hydrodynamics are summarized followed by a review of electrostatics. These two streams are then interwoven with the laws of ionic transport to explore electroosmotic flow and its effect on transport of solutes. The focus of this exposition is on practical applications in microfluidic systems such as capillary electrophoresis.
On the rate of p-adic convergence of sums of powers of binomial coefficients

Let m ≥ 1 be an integer and p be an odd prime. We study sums and lacunary sums of mth powers of binomial coefficients from the point of view of arithmetic properties. We develop new congruences and prove the p-adic convergence of some subsequences and that in every step we gain at least one or three more p-adic digits of the limit if m = 1 or m ≥ 2, respectively. These gains are exact under some explicitly given conditions. The main tools are congruential and divisibility properties of the binomial coefficients and multiple and alternating harmonic sums.