cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Increased Step-Width on Knee Biomechanics During Inclined and Declined Walking

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of preferred step width and increased step width modification on knee biomechanics of obese and healthy-weight participants during incline and decline walking. Seven healthy-weight participants and 6 participants who are obese (body mass index ≥ 30) performed 5 walking trials on level ground and a 10° inclined and declined instrumented ramp system at both preferred and wide step-widths. A 2 × 2 (step-width × group) mixed-model analysis of variance was used to examine selected variables. There were significant increases in step-width between the preferred and wide step-width conditions for all 3 walking conditions (all P < .001). An interaction was found for peak knee extension moment (P = .048) and internal knee abduction moment (KAM) (P = .025) in uphill walking. During downhill walking, there were no interaction effects. As step-width increased, KAM was reduced (P = .007). In level walking, there were no interaction effects for peak medial ground reaction force and KAM (P = .007). There was a step-width main effect for KAM (P = .007). As step-width increased, peak medial ground reaction force and peak knee extension moment increased, while KAM decreased for both healthy weight and individuals who are obese. The results suggest that increasing step-width may be a useful strategy for reducing KAM in healthy and young populations.
Design and Performance Evaluation of Optimizations for OpenCL FPGA Kernels

The use of FPGAs in heterogeneous systems are valuable because they can be used to architect custom hardware to accelerate a particular application or domain. However, they are notoriously difficult to program. The development of high level synthesis tools like OpenCL make FPGA development more accessible, but not without its own challenges. The synthesized hardware comes from a description that is semantically closer to the application, which leaves the underlying hardware implementation unclear. Moreover, the interaction of the hardware tuning knobs exposed using a higher level specification increases the challenge of finding the most performant hardware configuration. In this work, we address these aforementioned challenges by describing how to approach the design space, using both information from the literature as well as by describing a methodology to better visualize the resulting hardware from the high level specification. Finally, we present an empirical evaluation of the impact of vectorizing data types as a tunable knob and its interaction among other coarse-grained hardware knobs.
(NON-)RESILIENCY OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE UNITED STATES DURING THE 2007–2009 FINANCIAL CRISIS

We study the contraction of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows in the United States during the recent financial crisis and show their unusual non-resiliency, which depends in part on the global nature of the economic recession, but also on the increases in the cost of financing FDI in the economies in which the flows originate. To formally study the effects of external financial conditions on FDI in the United States, we exploit the three dimensions of a panel of US inward FDI flows organized by recipient US industries, source countries and years for the recorded flows. Changes in the cost of finance in the source countries have little or no effect on total inward flows (the sum of equity, debt and reinvested earnings) over the 2006–2010 period. However, US industries characterized by more financial vulnerability experience statistically significant variations in the debt and equity components of inward FDI flows in response to the changes in the cost of capital that occurred in the source countries during the crisis.
Diagnostic Delay in Psoriatic Arthritis: A Population Based Study.

Objective To examine demographic and clinical characteristics associated with diagnostic delay in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Methods We characterized a retrospective, population-based cohort of incident adult (≥ 18 yrs) patients with PsA from Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 2000–2017. All patients met the classification criteria. Diagnostic delay was defined as the time from any patient-reported PsA-related joint symptom to a physician diagnosis of PsA. Factors associated with delay in PsA diagnosis were identified through logistic regression models. Results Of the 164 incident PsA cases from 2000 to 2017, 162 had a physician or rheumatologist diagnosis. Mean (SD) age was 41.5 (12.6) years and 46% were female. Median time from symptom onset to physician diagnosis was 2.5 years (IQR 0.5–7.3). By 6 months, 38 (23%) received a diagnosis of PsA, 56 (35%) by 1 year, and 73 (45%) by 2 years after symptom onset. No significant trend in diagnostic delay was observed over calendar time. Earlier age at onset of PsA symptoms, higher BMI, and enthesitis were associated with a diagnostic delay of > 2 years, whereas sebopsoriasis was associated with a lower likelihood of delay. Conclusion In our study, more than half of PsA patients had a diagnostic delay of > 2 years, and no significant improvement in time to diagnosis was noted between 2000 and 2017. Patients with younger age at PsA symptom onset, higher BMI, or enthesitis before diagnosis were more likely to have a diagnostic delay of > 2 years, whereas patients with sebopsoriasis were less likely to have a diagnostic delay.
Massive Reinforced Concrete Structures

Though the title of this book implies exclusive focus on concrete dams and nuclear structures, coverage (most of it) applies also to other types. By way of example, this chapter will use two distinct illustrative examples: (a) a massively reinforced concrete supporting structure and (b) a landmark bridge.
Total Hip Arthroplasty After Hip Arthroscopy Has Increased Complications and Revision Risk

Abstract Background There has been an increase in hip arthroscopy (HA) over the last decade. After HA, some patients may ultimately require a total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, there is a scarcity of research investigating the outcomes in patients undergoing THA with a history of ipsilateral HA. Methods The PearlDiver research program ( www.pearldiverinc.com ) was queried to capture all patients undergoing THA between 2015 and 2020. Propensity matching was performed to match patients undergoing THA with and without a history of ipsilateral THA. Rates of 30-day medical complications, 1-year surgical complications, and THA revision were compared using multivariate logistic regression. Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted to estimate survival probabilities of each of the groups with patients undergoing THA . Results After propensity matching, cohorts of 1940 patients undergoing THA without prior HA and 1940 patients undergoing a THA with prior HA were isolated for analysis. The mean time from HA to THA was 1127 days (standard deviation 858). Patients with a history of ipsilateral HA had an increased risk for dislocation (odds ratio [OR] 1.56, P = .03) and overall decreased implant survival within 4 years of undergoing THA (OR 1.53; P = .05). Furthermore, our data demonstrate the timing of previous HA to be associated with the risk of complications, as illustrated by the increased risk for dislocation (OR 1.75, P = .03), aseptic loosening (OR 2.18, P = .03), and revision surgery at 2 (OR 1.92, P = .02) and 4 years (OR 2.05, P = .01) in patients undergoing THA within 1 year of HA compared twitho patients undergoing THA more than 1 year after HA or with no previous history of HA. Conclusion Patients undergoing THA after HA are at an increased risk for surgical complications, as well as the need for revision surgery.
The response of the invasive princess tree (Paulownia tomentosa) to wildland fire and other disturbances in an Appalachian hardwood forest

Abstract This study examined the response of princess tree (Paulownia tomentosa) to different disturbances and its potential to spread throughout its current range in the U.S. The study was established in Shawnee State Forest in southern Ohio, USA, which has historically experienced disturbances from mining, logging, ice storms and wildfire. Plots were established for vegetation sampling where fire had occurred with and without princess tree present, and where no fire had occurred with and without princess tree present. To determine the influence of disturbance types on the density of princess tree, redundancy analysis (RDA) was used. High stem density of princess tree seedlings occurred in areas that experienced high fire intensities and herbicide treatment. Seedlings on southwest slopes increased in abundance as the time from the last logging activity increases. Princess tree saplings were present in greater densities in areas that experienced medium fire intensities and the highest ice storm damage. Sapling density is greatest as ground cover and vegetation height increases and slope decreases. Princess trees reach maximum stem density on northeast slopes in areas not impacted by the 2009 fire. All disturbances considered, including wildfire, have created conditions conducive to princess tree growth and expansion into forest areas.
State of the art in the application of functionalized waste polymers in the built environment

Abstract There has been increased demand for durable and sustainable construction materials to improve long-term performance of buildings and infrastructure. Polymer modification is a well-known method for improving the properties of construction materials. However, the effectiveness of polymer modification has been limited by the low compatibility between construction materials and polymers, especially polymers from waste plastics and waste rubbers. This paper reviews state-of-the-art studies on compatibilizing polymers via polymer functionalization specifically for thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. This paper further examines the efficacy of functionalization for enhancing the properties of construction materials. There are three conclusions from this review: (1) Functionalization of polymers by adding various functional groups to their surface can improve the compatibility of polymers and construction materials such as bitumen and concrete. (2) The efficacy of functionalization of a polymer is highly dependent on the grafting material, the grafting degree, and the architecture of the polymer's structure after functionalization. (3) The application of properly functionalized polymers in bitumen and concretes improves their mechanical properties. For instance, it was found that proper functionalization of waste plastics and rubbers can facilitate their use leading to a simultaneous solution for enhancing durability and sustainability of the built environment and addressing environmental concerns associated with the accumulation of those wastes in landfills. The study further identifies knowledge gaps pertaining to an in-depth understanding of polymer functionalization specifically tailored to construction materials and the need for associated life-cycle assessments. Addressing these gaps will facilitate the generation of value-added applications for waste polymeric materials to promote resource conservation and sustainability.
A computational procedure for estimation of the mixing time of the random-scan Metropolis algorithm

Many situations, especially in Bayesian statistical inference, call for the use of a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method as a way to draw approximate samples from an intractable probability distribution. With the use of any MCMC algorithm comes the question of how long the algorithm must run before it can be used to draw an approximate sample from the target distribution. A common method of answering this question involves verifying that the Markov chain satisfies a drift condition and an associated minorization condition (Rosenthal, J Am Stat Assoc 90:558---566, 1995; Jones and Hobert, Stat Sci 16:312---334, 2001). This is often difficult to do analytically, so as an alternative, it is typical to rely on output-based methods of assessing convergence. The work presented here gives a computational method of approximately verifying a drift condition and a minorization condition specifically for the symmetric random-scan Metropolis algorithm. Two examples of the use of the method described in this article are provided, and output-based methods of convergence assessment are presented in each example for comparison with the upper bound on the convergence rate obtained via the simulation-based approach.
SU-C-303-03: Dosimetric Model of the Beagle Needed for Pre-Clinical Testing of Radiopharmaceuticals

Purpose: Large animal models, most popularly beagles, have been crucial surrogates to humans in determining radiation safety levels of radiopharmaceuticals. This study aims to develop a detailed beagle phantom to accurately approximate organ absorbed doses for therapy nuclear medicine preclinical studies. Methods: A 3D NURBS model was created subordinate to a whole body CT of an adult beagle. Bones were harvested and CT imaged to offer macroscopic skeletal detail. Samples of trabecular spongiosa were cored and imaged to offer microscopic skeletal detail for bone trabeculae and marrow volume fractions. Results: Organ masses in the model are typical of an adult beagle. Trends in volume fractions for skeletal dosimetry are fundamentally similar to those found in existing models of other canine species. Conclusion: This work warrants its use in further investigations of radiation transport calculation for electron and photon dosimetry. This model accurately represents the anatomy of a beagle, and can be directly translated into a useable geometry for a voxel-based Monte Carlo radiation transport program such as MCNP6. Work supported by a grant from the Hyundai Hope on Wheels Foundation for Pediatric Cancer Research.
Physical Activity and Exercise

A 67-year-old Caucasian female with ESRD secondary to diabetes who had been treated with hemodialysis for 2 years was complaining of general fatigue and weakness. She had retired from office work upon starting dialysis treatments, which were 3.5 h/session, 3 days/week. She tolerated dialysis well and had good adherence to her dialysis treatments and associated dietary recommendations. She had an AV fistula in her left upper arm. She had history of shortness of breath with exertion before starting dialysis.
A Critical Look at Knoblock's Hierarchy Mechanism

Recently, Knoblock has advocated a mechanism for automatically constructing planning hierarchies. We show that Knoblock's method, and more generally, the principle of ordered monotonicity, can produce hierarchies that perform arbitrarily poorly. The reason is that Knoblock's technique addresses only one of two important factors in ordering clauses. We propose a technique for the other based on evaluating the number of potential solutions to different possible subgoals in a plan.
‘The progress of thy glorious book’: material reading and the play of paratext in Coryats Crudities (1611)

Coryats Crudities (1611), a 939-page narrative of its author's five-month journey through Western Europe, is well known as a strange amalgam of euphuistic prose travel writing and a substantial body of ‘Panegyricke Verses’, comprising over eighty mock encomiastic poems written by the likes of Ben Jonson, John Donne, Inigo Jones, and Sir John Harington (among others). Described by Thomas Coryate as a prose and verse ‘miscellany’, the volume enables a variety of readerly strategies for interpreting its mixed-mode form, employing printed marginalia in particular to lend its miscellaneity a playfully referential structure. Material evidence left by seventeenth-century readers, moreover, reveals a complex and imitative paratextual dialogue between the printed marginalia and manuscript additions to the volume. My case study of the extensively annotated copy surviving as Pierpont Morgan Library W 02 B, owned by the poet and writing master John Davies of Hereford and at least three, perhaps four additional seventeenth-century readers, not only recovers valuable early approaches to reading Coryats Crudities, but investigates how those readers responded to various textual stimuli in the volume – from the author's incessant measurements to the satirical mode of the mock panegyrists – to construct the Crudities as both innovative travel book and site of elaborate literary play.
Ultra-High-Resolution Imaging of Brain-Free Water for Rapid Atrophy Assessment in MS (S44.006)

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that brain-free water (BFW) fraction, as determined from heavily T2-weighted images, would be a useful surrogate for normalized brain volume and would correlate with clinical measures of disability in MS at least as well as conventional T1-based measurements. BACKGROUND: Atrophy of the brain contributes to disability in MS. Imaging measurements of brain atrophy are based on tissue segmentation techniques that compute brain tissue volumes and are thus susceptible to segmentation errors -- particularly at the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-cortical interface where partial volume averaging is rampant. Improving spatial resolution and brain-CSF contrast would allow rapid, threshold-based segmentation. DESIGN/METHODS: Eighty-three MS cases underwent 3T MRI. Heavily T2-weighted images were acquired with a SPACE (Siemens) fast spin-echo sequence with long TE (~750 ms) at 650 µm isotropic resolution (5 min). Extracranial tissue was excluded by registration to a coarse tissue mask, which also allowed normalization of BFW-volume to brain volume. Images were then thresholded to obtain a binary image of intracranial CSF, from which BFW-volume and BFW-fraction were determined. Cases were clinically assessed on EDSS, Scripps neurological rating scale (SNRS), symbol digit modalities test (SDMT), and MS Functional Composite. Correlations between clinical outcome and BFW-fraction were compared to clinical correlations of CSF-fraction from Lesion-TOADS, an automated segmentation algorithm designed specifically for MS brains. RESULTS: BFW-fraction determined from heavily T2-weighted images was most strongly correlated with SDMT score, explaining 52% of its variance after adjustment for age and sex. BFW-fraction improved the clinical correlations of Lesion-TOADS-derived CSF-fraction up to 17%. CONCLUSIONS: Heavily T2-weighted images automatically procure a fast, reproducible estimate of normalized CSF-volume that requires very limited post-processing. BFW-fraction consistently outperformed Lesion-TOADS-based CSF-fraction in predicting clinical outcome, suggesting that normalized brain volume is effectively assessed with a simple analysis of heavily T2-weighted images. Study Supported by: Intramural research program, NINDS, NIH. Disclosure: Dr. Gao has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nair has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cortese has nothing to disclose. Dr. Koretsky has nothing to disclose. Dr. Reich has nothing to disclose.
Foam in Porous Media

Foams are used in the production of petroleum and natural gas for several purposes: in drilling wells, in cementing piping into a well, in hydraulically fracturing the surrounding rock to give better communication with a well, and in lifting out liquid accumulated in gas wells. In all these applications, however, foam acts primarily in a flow channel (wellbore, hydraulic fracture) relatively large compared to the bubble size. In such cases foam can be treated as a homogeneous, albeit complex, fluid. Foam is also used for two other purposes in oil and gas production: In processes where gas (usually steam, carbon dioxide or hydrocarbon gas) is injected into an oil field to improve oil recovery, foam can help divert gas into untouched portions of the reservoir. In acid well treatments, foam can help divert acid into those layers most in need of treatment. In these applications, where foam enters the rock pores of the geological formation, foam bubbles are as large as, or larger than, the flow channel (rock pores). As a result, foam bubbles interact with the solid matrix as much as with each other. These applications are the focus of this article.
Hydrolysis studies of polycrystalline lithium hydride

Polycrystalline LiH was reacted with decarbonated H2O to determine reaction products, rates, mechanisms, and the effects of experimental parameters. Rutherford backscattering analyses for measurement of elemental concentrations showed that product O growth rates showed an initial rise and then increased linearly with H2O exposure time. Increasing H2O concentration increased O growth rate while both increasing temperature and pressure decreased O growth rates. A thin-layer, diffusion-controlled reaction rate is suggested to explain the results, and a growth process for LiOH is illustrated. Micrographs of polycrystalline LiH show a two-phase bulk material and a surface hydrolysis layer with cracks.
Emended Description and Redetermination of Sarwaria caballeroi n. comb. (Nematoda: Ostertagiinae) with Details of the Synlophe and Esophageal Characters

Among genera of the ostertagiine nematodes, structural attributes of Spiculopteragia caballeroi are consistent with criteria that diagnose the genus Sarwaria. Specifically, the following characters are compatible with referral to this genus: (1) species characterized by monomorphic males; (2) tapering lateral synlophe in the cervical zone; (3) minuscule, thornlike cervical papillae; (4) length of Ray “4” < Ray “5”; (5) relatively thick or robust Ray “4”; (6) a substantially reduced dorsal lobe and dorsal ray that are disposed or curved ventrally relative to Rays “8”; and (7) a broad, laterally inflated dorsal lobe. Consequently, we propose Sarwaria caballeroi n. comb., and we provide further validation for the genus Sarwaria. Additionally, we propose that the ostertagiines are represented by 12 valid genera, including those characterized by a bursal formula of 2-2-1 (Cervicaprastrongylus, Hyostrongylus, Mazamastrongylus, Spiculopteragia, and Teladorsagia in addition to Sarwaria), and those in which the la...
Distribution and Status of the Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in Missouri Streams

Abstract Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were present in Missouri waters as early as 1971, and by 1976 were widely distributed in the Missouri, Mississippi, and St. Francis rivers. The few reports of grass carp in other Missouri streams were of specimens taken within a few kilometers of the Missouri River. The commercial harvest of grass carp has increased each year since 1971, and during the first 6 months of 1976 this species comprised 0.8% of the 308,200 kg of commercial fish reported. Grass carp became prevalent in the commercial harvest from the lower Mississippi River in 1973, a year earlier than from streams farther north, indicating that these fish originated from large-scale releases in Arkansas. Age analysis revealed that most grass carp present in the Missouri River in 1974 were of the 1971 year class. The growth histories of these specimens suggested that most had completed their early growth in a hatchery pond. No evidence was found for natural reproduction in Missouri.
A Task-Based Approach to Coping with Dying:

This article proposes a task-based approach for understanding and explicating coping with dying. Four primary dimensions of coping with dying are outlined (the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual). These dimensions define four primary areas of task work in coping with dying. In addition, an argument is offered as to why this task-based approach should be adopted. That argument depends on remarks about the nature of coping and an analysis of four advantages that apply to a task-based approach (improved understanding, empowerment, participation, and guidance for helpers).
JStereoCode: automatically identifying method and class stereotypes in Java code

Object-Oriented (OO) code stereotypes are low-level patterns that reveal the design intent of a source code artifact, such as, a method or a class. They are orthogonal to the problem domain of the software and they reflect the role of a method or class from the OO problem solving point of view. However, the research community in automated reverse engineering has focused more on higher-level design information, such as design patterns. Existing work on reverse engineering code stereotypes is scarce and focused on C++ code, while no tools are freely available as of today. We present JStereoCode, a tool that automatically identifies the stereotypes of methods and classes in Java systems. The tool is integrated with Eclipse and for a given Java project will classify each method and class in the system based on their stereotypes. Applications of JStereoCode include: program comprehension, defect prediction, etc.
Low temperature Si crystal growth by alternating deposition and hydrogen etching sequences and its application to the p-layer of a-Si:H solar cells

Abstract Low temperature silicon crystal growth by alternating deposition and hydrogen etching sequences has been studied. The large area remote ECR H 2 plasma was used as an atomic hydrogen source. Epitaxial, polycrystalline, and microcrystalline Si thin films have been obtained below 400°C corresponding to various deposition conditions and kinds of substrates. Epitaxial films with electron mobilities exceeding 800 cm 2 /Vs were obtained on Si(100) substrates. By applying this method, very thin p-type microcrystalline Si films have been prepared on SnO 2 substrates below 200°C. The cross-sectional TEM micrographs showed that the longitudinal crystal size of microcrystalline on SnO 2 substrates was about 100–200 A. The a-Si:H solar cells with p-type microcrystalline Si had a higher open-circuit voltage than that of conventional cells by as much as 0.02–0.04 eV.
High-performance liquid chromatographic purification of peptide hormones: Ovine hypothalamic amunine (corticotropin releasing factor)☆

Abstract Amunine, or corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), a 41-peptide amide, has been isolated from ovine hypothalami. Tissues were extracted, defatted, and partitioned prior to being sized by gel permeation. The active zone followed by a sensitive in vitro assay (CRF-mediated corticotropin release from pituitary cells in monolayer cultures quantitated by a specific corticotropin radioim munoassay) could be purified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Column characteristics (i.e., properties of the derivatized silicas including pore size), selection of mobile phases, and temperature effects are discussed.
Teaching about ID helps students see its flaws

Our 28 April issue was bound to cause a stir. Now it's the readers' turn to comment on the spread of student clubs and courses featuring ‘intelligent design’ on US campuses.
A graphics operating system

Stand alone graphic systems and time-shared graphics provide different benefits to a user. The same is true of refresh graphics and storage displays. An operating system is described which supports these combined modes through the integration of graphics into the operating system. Realization of the role of the system, generality, and flexibility were the major factors in the development of the system. The result is a computer graphic system providing high-level interactive graphics at a relatively low cost.
Approximating the concentration of lipids on the surface of virus-like particles through plasmon coupling

The superior optical properties of gold nanoparticles were used to estimate the concentration of two crucial lipids on virus surface. This is a novel high-throughput and rapid surface characterization approach for viruses in low-concentration samples.
QCD in beauty and charm physics: New results from CLEOII

With a data sample of 2.6 million bb pairs and 4.8 million cc pairs produced at the CESR e + e − storage ring, the CLEOII collaboration has new results on several poorly known decay processes. We have measured the branching ratio and the form factor ƒ + ( q 2 ) in the B¯ 0 → D + l − v¯ . The differential decay rate, analyzed in terms of the variable w = v · v′ , agrees with the HQET prediction for the form factor at w = 1, F (1), and its slope ρ 2 . Further, we have determined the branching ratios for semileptonic B − decay to the p-wave charmed mesons, D 2 *0 and D 1 0 , and made the first statistically significant measurement of the branching ratio for D *+ → D + γ .
Well-Defined Polymers Bearing Pendent Alkene Functionalities via Selective RAFT Polymerization.

A facile synthetic approach for the preparation of well-defined copolymers bearing pendent alkene functionalities was established by selective reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) (co)polymerization. A divinyl monomer, 4-(3′-buten-1′-oxy)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorostyrene (1), with a styrenyl group and a pendent alkene group was synthesized. Because of a very high reactivity of the styrenyl group relative to the alkene group in 1, functional fluorocopolymers with both well-defined structures and pendent alkene groups were prepared by RAFT polymerization of 1 and copolymerization of 1 with pentafluorostyrene (PFS). Alkene-functionalized diblock copolymers were also prepared by RAFT copolymerizations of 1 with PFS or styrene, extending from a poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) macrochain transfer agent. Hydrolysis and aminolysis of these copolymers resulted in amphiphilic diblock fluorocopolymers with alkene-functionalized hydrophobic segments, which were shown to form internally functionalized ...
The meaning of “the public interest” in communications policy, part I: Its origins in state and federal regulation

For over a half‐century, as the cornerstone of federal broadcasting and telecommunication policy, the public interest standard has always been subject to some debate. Questions have regularly been raised about its meaning and the extent of the authority it implies for regulation, particularly in the deregulatory climate of the 1980s and 1990s. It is the argument of this article that contemporary interpretations of the public interest standard entail a misunderstanding of its real underlying meaning and that it has always contained within it the seeds of its own compromise, if not destruction. This position rests in a deeper reading of the pre‐broadcasting state and federal regulatory history. Part I of this article demonstrates how, over the course of nearly a century of prior state and federal regulatory action, the public interest standard was given clear pro‐industry meaning in ways that have been profoundly misunderstood and that had telling implications for the broadcasting law that emerged in the 1920s.
Impacts of soil moisture on cognitive radio underground networks

Wireless underground communications is mainly characterized by the effects of soil moisture on antenna return loss and bandwidth as well as path loss. In this paper, the impacts of soil moisture, especially on underground channel capacity, are analyzed for underground wireless communications. It is shown that for a given antenna and soil moisture level, there exits an optimal operation frequency that maximizes channel capacity. While existing research on wireless underground communication is focused on fixed-frequency systems, this paper motivates the use of cognitive radio systems, which can adjust operation frequency in a wide range, for efficiency for wireless underground communication. Moreover, it is shown that soil type significantly affects the channel capacity and the capacity can be improved by using longer antennas that allow lower operation frequencies. However, the size of the antenna is also limited by other factors, such as device size and deployment challenges.
Charmonium Production in π - Be Collisions at 515 GeV/c

We have studied the production of the charmonium states J/ψ, ψ(2S), χc1, and χc2 in 515 GeV/c π- Be collisions in the Feynman-x range 0.1 < xF < 0.8. The χc states are observed through their radiative decays into J/ψ mesons. The resulting photons are reconstructed either as showers in the electromagnetic calorimeter or as e+e- pairs after conversion in the target and subsequent detection in the tracking system. The fraction of inclusive J/ψ production due to χc1 and χc2 decays is 0.443 ± 0.041 ± 0.035. The ratio of the χc1 to χc2 cross section is 0.57 ± 0.18 ± 0.06. Our results indicate that 0.454 ± 0.044 ± 0.042 of the inclusive J/ψ's are produced directly.
Certain basic issues in finite-deformation continuum plasticity

I consider the kinematical implications embedded in the decomposition of the deformation gradient F into two constituents, F* (say, elastic) and Fp (say, plastic), in the form F=F* Fp. Whatever the origin, nature, and physical meaning of these three deformation gradients, the decomposition can always be recast in the form F==V* Q Up, where V* and Up are stretch tensors, respectively associated with F* and Fp, and Q is a unique rotation tensor. It then follows that the (elastic) spin associated with V* and the (plastic) spin associated with Up are fully defined by their corresponding deformation rates. I give explicit expressions defining elastic and plastic spins in terms of the elastic and plastic deformation rates, respectively. I show that, if the total velocity gradient and either the elastic or the plastic (but not both) deformation rate tensor, are given, then all the remaining kinematical rate quantities can be calculated explicitly, with no constitutive or other assumptions. I give explicit expressions for the rate of change of V*, Q, and Up, from which these quantities can be incrementally but directly obtained. In particular, I give explicit expressions for the elastic spin, plastic spin, and the rigid spin. Constitutive implications of these purely kinematical results are briefly discussed in connection with rate-independent and rate-dependent phenomenological elastoplasticity, and, particularly, kinematical hardening.
The accumulation and distribution of dicumarol in rat liver slices.

Abstract Rat liver slices incubated with Dicumarol at concentrations of 1 × 10 −5 to 2.5 × 10 −4 M were found to accumulate the anticoagulant so that the concentration in the liver was greater than it would be if it were uniformly distributed between the tissue and the medium. Under the conditions employed, the amount of the anticoagulant taken up by the slices was gradually accumulated and reached a maximum in about 30 min. The amount of drug accumulated by the slices was proportional to the amount of drug added to the medium, and amounted to about 60 per cent of the Dicumarol added to the medium. Various experiments with liver slices and isolated cell fractions showed that Dicumarol was bound by the soluble, mitochondrial, microsomal, and nuclear fractions. Extension of the binding studies to a variety of purified proteins and synthetic polymers showed that some, but not all, of these substances were capable of binding Dicumarol, which indicated that there was some specificity involved in the binding.
Judgment of numerosity: effects of symmetry and goodness in dot pattern arrays.

Abstract Studies of numerosity judgment characteristically use random dot arrays as targets. A few recent studies have shown concern for the role played by configural properties of the pattern array in the judgment of numerosity. The primary purpose of the present short report was to establish whether amount of whole symmetry and part symmetry in an array affects the accuracy of numerosity judgment. A subsidiary purpose was to explore the relationship between probability of correct judgment of numerosity and independent data on the immediate recallability of the same pattern arrays. Two hundred patterns with array sizes 1–11 and five amounts of whole and part symmetry were used. There were two clear findings. One, that the probability of correct numerosity judgment increases with amount of whole symmetry but not of part symmetry. Two, that such probability scores yield essentially zero correlations with two measures of pattern recallability and with a measure of pattern goodness. The findings are consistent with the arguments (a) that whole symmetry is rapidly abstracted at a very early stage and facilitates parallel processing of numerosity, and (b) that the numerosity of an array is assessed sooner than the spatial locations of the configuration per se can be encoded.
An assessment of Sn whiskers and depleted area formation in thin Sn films using quantitative image analysis

An experimental technique was developed to determine the extent of Sn whisker growth and depleted area formation on evaporated 1 μm tin (Sn) films. Deformation of the Si substrate placed a controlled magnitude of compressive or tensile stress across the films. Quantitative image analysis was used to monitor whisker growth and size of the depleted areas. The test conditions were: stresses 10–40 MPa; temperature, 180 °C; and time durations, 1–8 weeks. The whisker length increased with compressive stress. The whiskers appeared within the first week, but then did not grow significantly with additional time. Some whiskers were located in the centers of depleted areas. The depleted areas size was not sensitive to the applied stress, but did increase with annealing time. Both Sn whiskers and depleted areas were the result of potentially similar rapid, long-range diffusion processes. However, differing trends suggested that separate driving forces and/or rate kinetics controlled the two phenomena.
Bayesian Adaptive Dose-Finding Studies with Delayed Responses

In recent years, Bayesian response-adaptive designs have been used to improve the efficiency of learning in dose-finding studies. Many current methods for analyzing the data at the time of the interim analysis only use the data from patients who have completed the study. Therefore, data collected at intermediate time points are not used for decision making in these studies. However, in some disease areas such as diabetes and obesity, patients may need to be studied for several weeks or months for a drug effect to emerge. Additionally, slow enrollment rates can limit the number of patients who complete the study in a given period of time. Consequently, at the time of an interim analysis, there may be only a small proportion (e.g., 20%) of patients who have completed the study. In this paper, we propose a new Bayesian prediction model to incorporate all the data (from patients who have completed the study and those who have not completed) to make decisions about the study at the interim analysis. Examples of decisions made at the interim analysis include adaptive treatment allocation, dropping nonefficacious dose arms, stopping the study for positive efficacy, and stopping the study for futility. The model is able to handle incomplete longitudinal data including missing data considered missing at random (MAR). A utility-function-based decision rule is also discussed. The benefit of our new method is demonstrated through trial simulations. Three scenarios are examined, and the simulation results demonstrate that this new method outperforms traditional design with the same sample size in each of these scenarios.
Enhanced withdrawal responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli after bone injury

Withdrawal responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli applied to the plantar surface of the hindpaw were measured before and after bone damage. In separate groups of rats the bone was injured by scraping the periosteum of the tibia, drilling a hole through the tibia, aspirating bone marrow, or drilling a hole through the calcaneus. Scraping the periosteum did not alter withdrawal responses to the mechanical stimuli, or evoke nocifensive behavior. In contrast, secondary mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia, and cold allodynia were observed after a hole was drilled through the tibia or calcaneus and after aspiration of bone marrow. The secondary hyperalgesia peaked at 2 h after injury. Drilling a hole through the calcaneus permitted primary hyperalgesia to be easily quantified. Primary hyperalgesia lasted up to 24 h after injury. Nocifensive behavior characterized by a lifting and guarding of the damaged limb was also observed after a hole was drilled through the tibia or calcaneus. Drilling a hole through the tibia or calcaneus should be a useful experimental model for investigating the mechanisms underlying bone pain.
Recent Surface Reflectance Measurement Campaigns with Emphasis on Best Practices, SI Traceability and Uncertainty Estimation

A significant problem facing the optical satellite calibration community is limited knowledge of the uncertainties associated with fundamental measurements, such as surface reflectance, used to derive satellite radiometric calibration estimates. In addition, it is difficult to compare the capabilities of calibration teams around the globe, which leads to differences in the estimated calibration of optical satellite sensors. This paper reports on two recent field campaigns that were designed to isolate common uncertainties within and across calibration groups, particularly with respect to ground-based surface reflectance measurements. Initial results from these efforts suggest the uncertainties can be as low as 1.5% to 2.5%. In addition, methods for improving the cross-comparison of calibration teams are suggested that can potentially reduce the differences in the calibration estimates of optical satellite sensors.
A War of Others: British War Correspondents, Orientalist Discourse, and the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905

Europe and the United States saw the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 as an important moment in history, with several nations sending press correspondents and military observers to East Asia to extract lessons from the war. However, the influence of Orientalism, particularly among British war correspondents, hindered this objective. Attempting to explain the results of the war in cultural terms, these correspondents revealed in their post-war accounts a sense that Japan, Russia, and the war itself were alien in nature and therefore offered cultural and military lessons incompatible with British needs.
Electric Field Modulated Near-Field Photo-Luminescence of Organic Thin Films

The concentrated electric field (E-field) in the vicinity of a voltage-biased near-field optical probe is used to modulate the photoluminescence of organic thin films on the ∼100 nm scale. The samples are bilayers comprising a self-organized-thin-film (50−500 nm) layer of zinc-octakis (β-decoxyethyl) porphyrin (ZnODEP) on top of an indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass electrode. The Al coated-optical-fiber-near-field probe functions simultaneously as a noncontacting moveable electrode and a local source of optical excitation (30−70 nm aperture). When the ITO electrode is charged positive relative to the probe (yielding a field on the order of 1MV/cm-1), the photoluminescence (fluorescence) intensity decreases ∼5% and the probe−sampleprobe−sample distance (under shear-force feedback control) increases ∼7 A. Opposite effects for both signals occur when the ITO is charged negative. The E-field effect on the near-field luminescence properties of thin films of ZnODEP is discussed in terms of the following physi...
Developmental regulation of a neurite-promoting factor influencing statoacoustic neurons.

Abstract The present study investigated a target-derived, neurite-promoting factor (NPF) released by the developing chick otocyst and its effects on statoacoustic ganglia (SAG). SAG explants cultured in the absence of otocysts produced little neurite outgrowth at all stages of development examined (E4-E13). However, extensive neurite outgrowth was seen when E4–E6 SAG were cultured in the presence of otocysts of the same age. The amount of neurite outgrowth observed in cocultures steadily decreased at later developmental stages. E7–E9 cocultures produced less outgrowth and E10–E13 cocultures produced the least outgrowth compared to E4–E6 cocultures. Additionally, otocysts from older stages were unable to promote outgrowth of E4 SAG. Thus, the level of the factor released by the otocysts declined during development. In contrast, neurite outgrowth was promoted when E10–E15 SAG were cocultured in the presence of younger stage otocysts. Our data indicate that the release of NPF from chick otocysts decreased from E6 to E13, although the ability of SAG neurons to respond to the NPF was maintained throughout development.
In vivo examination of lentigo maligna and malignant melanoma in situ, lentigo maligna type by near-infrared reflectance confocal microscopy: Comparison of in vivo confocal images with histologic sections ☆ ☆☆

In vivo confocal microscopy can noninvasively image thin en face sections within living intact human tissue with high resolution and contrast. This evolving technique may provide clinicians with tools to help detect lentigo maligna lesion progression in vivo and may be important in defining tumor margins, thus providing a more definitive surgical eradication of lentigo maligna and malignant melanoma in situ, lentigo maligna type. We present a case of malignant melanoma in situ, lentigo maligna type, and we describe the images seen with confocal microscopy in correlation with routine histopathology.
Inertially-Aided Dynamic Positioning

Integration of a commercial inertial navigation unit into a dynamic positioning control loop for offshore drilling rigs will provide improve operation and self-contained backup in the event of signal loss from the primary acoustic or taut wire systems. Tests have demonstrated an average position error buildup of less than two feet per minute for up to one hour of pure inertial operation.
Purification and characterization of an extracellular endoglucanase from the marine shipworm bacterium.

Abstract Bacterial cultures isolated from the gland of Deshayes of marine shipworm ( Psiloteredo healdi ) produced extracellular endoglucanase activity when cultured with 1% cellulose. An endoglucanase of subunit relative molecular mass 58,000, as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was purified to homogeneity from cell-free culture medium. Similarly, the relative molecular mass of the native enzyme was 60,100 as determined by gel permeation chromatography. No carbohydrate appeared to be associated with the purified protein. The action of the purified enzyme on various cellodextrins was also studied. Only interior glucosyl linkages of cellodextrin chains larger than cellotriose were cleaved by the enzyme and the centermost bond of cellohexaose was preferentially cleaved. The K m values of the purified endoglucanase were 0.12 m m for cellotetraose, 0.05 m m for cellopentaose, and 0.11 m m for cellohexaose. Glucose, cellobiose, and cellotriose did not inhibit enzymatic activity.
Effect of experimental potassium deficiency on glucose and insulin metabolism.

Disturbances in glucose and insulin metabolism frequently accompany a variety of clinical states associated with potassium deficiency. The exact role of the potassium deficit and the mechanism of its effect are in doubt. The glucose-clamp technique was therefore employed to study glucose and insulin metabolism in 7 normal young male subjects before and after induction of potassium depletion. The clamp technique places the blood glucose concentration under the investigator's control. Under the conditions of steady state hyperglycemia (125 mg/dl above basal for 2 hr) it provides quantification of (1) pancreatic beta cell sensitivity to glucose (plasma insulin response), (2) glucose tolerance (glucose metabolized), and (3) tissue sensitivity to insulin (glucose metabolized/insulin response). Potassium deficiency was induced during a 7–8 day period of a weight-maintaining diet containing 40 meq potassium and at least 150 g carbohydrate, along with the administration of 60 g Na polystyrene sulfonate daily. Paired analysis showed a significant decline in the amount of glucose metabolized from pre- to postdepletion (−27.4 ± 4.5%, p < 0.01). This decline in carbohydrate tolerance was associated with a significant decrease in plasma insulin response to sustained hyperglycemia (−26% ± 6.9%, p < 0.02). Potassium depletion had no effect on tissue sensitivity to insulin (+1.7 ± 7.8%). The degree of potassium depletion as estimated by change in total body 40K ranged from 1.0% to 8.4% and correlated with the decrease in insulin response (r = 0.78, p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that potassium depletion causes glucose intolerance, which is associated with impaired insulin secretion.