cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BayesStore: managing large, uncertain data repositories with probabilistic graphical models

Several real-world applications need to effectively manage and reason about large amounts of data that are inherently uncertain. For instance, pervasive computing applications must constantly reason about volumes of noisy sensory readings for a variety of reasons, including motion prediction and human behavior modeling. Such probabilistic data analyses require sophisticated machine-learning tools that can effectively model the complex spatio/temporal correlation patterns present in uncertain sensory data. Unfortunately, to date, most existing approaches to probabilistic database systems have relied on somewhat simplistic models of uncertainty that can be easily mapped onto existing relational architectures: Probabilistic information is typically associated with individual data tuples, with only limited or no support for effectively capturing and reasoning about complex data correlations. In this paper, we introduce BayesStore, a novel probabilistic data management architecture built on the principle of handling statistical models and probabilistic inference tools as first-class citizens of the database system. Adopting a machine-learning view, BAYESSTORE employs concise statistical relational models to effectively encode the correlation patterns between uncertain data, and promotes probabilistic inference and statistical model manipulation as part of the standard DBMS operator repertoire to support efficient and sound query processing. We present BAYESSTORE's uncertainty model based on a novel, first-order statistical model, and we redefine traditional query processing operators, to manipulate the data and the probabilistic models of the database in an efficient manner. Finally, we validate our approach, by demonstrating the value of exploiting data correlations during query processing, and by evaluating a number of optimizations which significantly accelerate query processing.
The Queueing Paradigm

This is a book about statistical prediction. It tells the story of how the behavior of complex electronic systems can be predicted using pencil, paper, the poetry of mathematics, and the number crunching ability of computers.
High Density Area Departure/Arrival Management: Concept to Actuality

Today’s National Airspace System is a dynamic system that can quickly experience problems during disruptive events, such as weather. High-density area departure and arrival management, which consists of multiple airports within close proximity, is particularly sensitive to changes in weather and congestion in the airspace and on the ground at airports. This paper describes an operational concept to help ensure safe, efficient, and stable traffic management under the Next Generation Air Transportation System through the enhancement of the departure and arrival concept and redistribution of roles and responsibilities between air traffic facilities. Research performed on the departure traffic management concept has led to plans for the integration of arrivals with departures to develop a comprehensive planning environment for the future of Air Traffic Management. This paper expands upon the departure traffic management concept to include capabilities and roles and responsibilities for the departure and arrival traffic management concept. The initial human in the loop experiment provided support for the departure traffic management concept and directed future planning for the integrated departure and arrivals decision support tool.
Base deficit correlates with mortality in pediatric abusive head trauma

Abstract Background/purpose Children suffering from abusive head trauma (AHT) have worse outcomes compared to non-AHT, but the reasons for this are unclear. We hypothesized that delayed medical care associated with AHT causes prolonged pre-hospital hypotension and hypoxia as measured by admission base deficit (BD), and that this would correlate with outcome. Methods We performed a 10-year retrospective chart review of children admitted for AHT at two academic level-I trauma centers. Statistics were performed using Student's t test, chi-square analysis, and multivariate logistic regression, and considered significant at p Results Four-hundred twelve children with AHT were identified, and admission BD was drawn for 148/412 (36%) children, including 104 survivors and 44 non-survivors. Non-survivors had significantly higher BD compared to survivors (12.6±1.6 versus 5.3±0.6, p 0.05). Conclusions BD correlates with mortality in children suffering severe AHT. Non-survivors are also more likely to be intubated pre-hospital and require CPR, with no difference in pattern of brain injury, suggesting that secondary injury is a major determinant of outcome in severe AHT.
Retrospective Conversion of a Medium-Sized Academic Library

Even a successful retrospective conversion project requires a great deal of time, money, staff and problem-solving. The University of Idaho Library is a medium-sized academic library and a member of WLN. This arlicle describes the methods Ihe library used to convert its collection, and examines the problems encountered with each method.
DEMONSTRATION OF GAMMA-2 GLOBULIN IN HUMAN SKIN.

Abstract Gamma-2 globulin was found to be present in the skin of twelve nonatopic patients by the immunofluorescence technique. It appeared as a band in the papillary dermis, sharply limited from the epidermis by the basement membrane and gradually decreasing into the deep dermis. Occasionally, a fluorescing cell or group of cells were seen in the epidermis.
Drug transport into the central nervous system: using newer findings about the blood–brain barriers

The blood–brain barriers (BBBs) represent one of the biggest challenges for the effective delivery of drugs today. Discoveries made in the last 30 years offer new strategies for central nervous system (CNS) drug development, but have yet to be fully incorporated into the field. Here, we examine seven recently discovered aspects of the BBB and how they have been or could be developed for drug delivery. These areas are brain-to-blood (efflux) transporters, immune cell trafficking into the brain under physiologic conditions, mechanisms by which antibodies can access the CNS, Trojan horse delivery systems, blood-to-brain transport systems for biologicals, lectin interactions and ligand modifications that enhance BBB penetration, and secretory capacities of cells comprising the BBBs.
Kinetics of the hydrogenation of ethylene: (On a nickel catalyst)

A differential type of flow reactor, 0.25-in. I.D., was used to study the kinetics of the hydrogenation of ethylene on an alumina-supported nickel catalyst. This is apparently the first investigation made above atmospheric pressures. Data were obtained from 14.7 to 70 1b./sq. in. abs. and feed compositions from 40 to 90 mole % hydrogen. Measurements at temperatures from 30° to 80°C. indicated an apparent activation energy of 11,600 cal./g.-mole. It was found that the activity of the catalytic surface was reduced by exposure to ethylene, or mixtures containing an excess of ethylene, owing to the formation of acetylene residues. Pretreatment of the catalyst at temperatures of 170°C. with mixtures of ethylene and hydrogen stabilized the catalyst so that reliable rate data could be obtained. The rate measurements at 70°C. were correlated by an equation. While the mechanism of the reaction cannot be determined from the data, the rate expression and other kinetic studies suggest a process in which hydrogen is adsorbed on the small fraction of the surface not occupied by acetylenic residues and the reaction takes place between this adsorbed hydrogen and ethylene in the gas phase.
Achieving Repeatability of Asynchronous Events in Wireless Sensor Networks with EnviroLog

Abstract : Sensing events from dynamic environments are normally asynchronous and non-repeatable. This lack of repeatability makes it particularly difficult to statistically evaluate the performance of sensor network applications. Hence, it is essential to have the capability to capture and replay sensing events, providing a basis not only for system evaluation, but also for realistic protocol comparison and parameter tuning. To achieve that, we design and implement EnviroLog, a distributed service that improves repeatability of experimental testing of sensor networks via asynchronous event recording and replay. To use EnviroLog, an application programmer needs only to specify two types of simple annotations to the source code. Automatically, the preprocessor embeds EnviroLog into any desired level of an event-driven architecture. It records all events generated by lower layers and can replay them later to upper layers on demand. We validate the accuracy and performance of recording and replay through a set of microbenchmarks, using the latest XSM platforms. We further demonstrate the strength of EnviroLog in system tuning and performance evaluation for sensor network applications in an outdoor environment with 37 XSMs.
Charge Collection Characterization of Polycrystalline n-GaAs Layers for Solar Cells

N–type Ga-As polycrystalline layers, grown on Mo substrates by the metal-organic process were investigated using the SEM. Micrographs of charge collection contrast indicate a fairly random distribution of high collection (bright) grains. In a typical cell about 1/3 of its area is bright, with nonuniformities in collection current within and between grains. These results correlate well with Isc measurements, and some of the variations betweencells is explained in terms of insufficient doping of the grain boundaries. Reducing the penetrating depth of the carriers’ excitation volume results in lowering of the collection current. The measurements were normalized for changes in beam and EBIC current by a comparison with a single crystal cell of the same geometry. This degradation is explained in terms of contamination or damage of the layer close to the surface during growth.
Solution and Microbial Controls on the Formation of Reduced U(IV) Species

Reduction of UVI to UIV as the result of direct or indirect microbial activity is currently being explored for in situ remediation of subsurface U plumes, under the assumption that UIV solubility is controlled by the low-solubility mineral uraninite (UIV-dioxide). However, recent characterizations of U in sediments from biostimulated field sites, as well as laboratory UVI bioreduction studies, report on the formation of UIV species that lack the U═O2═U coordination of uraninite, suggesting that phases other than uraninite may be controlling UIV solubility in environments with complexing surfaces and ligands. To determine the controls on the formation of such nonuraninite UIV species, the current work studied the reduction of carbonate-complexed UVI by (1) five Gram-positive Desulfitobacterium strains, (2) the Gram-negative bacteria Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans 2CP-C and Shewanella putrefaciens CN32, and (3) chemically reduced 9,10-anthrahydroquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AH2QDS, a soluble reductant). Further,...
Piezo-Electric Oscillator Circuits with Four-Electrode Tubes

Two new piezo-oscillator circuits using the screen-grid tube are described. One circuit uses feedback through the crystal, which has two pairs of electrodes with connections to the anode, control grid, and filament of the tube. In the other circuit the two electrodes of the crystal are connected. between the anode and control grid. The new circuits are unusually stable and at low frequencies give greater power output than the three-electrode tube circuits. They are particularly useful at those low frequencies for which flexural vibrations are employed. When oscillating at flexural vibration frequencies crystals show a tendency to creep lengthwise until a position is reached which gives maximum power output. If the crystal is displaced from this position it will return to it again.
Scoring Reliability on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III):

Nineteen psychologists and 19 graduate students scored two Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition patient protocols. Mean IQs and indexes were similar across groups, but the ranges for Verbal IQ (VIQ), Performance IQ (PIQ), and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) on one protocol were 25, 22, and 11 points, respectively. For both protocols taken together, percentages of agreement with the “actual” IQs for psychologists were only 26.3 for VIQ, 36.8 for PIQ, and 42.1 for FSIQ. For students, percentages were 15.8 for VIQ, 23.7 for PIQ, and 31.6 for FSIQ. The percentages of FSIQs that fell within ± 1 standard error of measurement of the actual IQs were 89.5 for psychologists and 76.3 for students. Scoring error also had a negative impact on index scores. Both groups were confident about their scoring accuracy.
Dielectric and Anelastic Relaxation in Ca-Doped Cerium Dioxide

Measurements of dielectric losses and internal friction in Ca-doped CeO2 have been made over the temperature range 253 to 573 °K on specimens with up to 2.5% of the Ce4+ ions replaced by Ca2+ ions. The observed internal friction and dielectric loss peaks have relaxation times which are in close accord with the predictions of an eight-position, nearest-neighbor model, namely, that the relaxation time for electrically-active modes is equal to twice that for mechanically-active modes. These relaxations occur because of the redistribution of oxygen vacancies (bound to substitutional Ca2+ ions) among eight sites which are initially equivalent, but which become inequivalent in the presence of the external electric or mechanical stress field. From the temperature dependence of the relaxation times and the peak shape, the activation energy required for such oxygen vacancy jumps is calculated to be 0.86 eV, with the pre-exponential factor estimated to be 2.4 × 1014 s−1. Messungen der dielektrischen Verluste und der inneren Reibung in Ca-dotiertem CeO2 wurden im Temperaturbereich von 253 bis 573 °K an Proben durchgefuhrt, bei denen bis zu 2,5% der Ce4+-Ionen durch Ca2+-Ionen ersetzt wurden. Die beobachteten Maxima der inneren Reibung und der dielektrischen Verluste besitzen Relaxationszeiten, die weitgehend mit den Vorhersagen eines Modells mit acht nachsten Nachbarn ubereinstimmen, namlich, das die Relaxationszeit fur elektrisch aktive Moden doppelt so gros ist wie fur mechanisch aktive Moden. Diese Relaxationen treten wegen der Umverteilung der Sauerstofflucken (die an Substitutions-Ca2+-Ionen gebunden sind) zwischen acht Platzen auf, die ursprunglich aquivalent sind, aber bei Anwesenheit auserer elektrischer oder mechanischer Spannungs-felder inaquivalent werden. Aus der Temperaturabhangigkeit der Relaxationszeiten und der Form der Maxima wird die Aktivierungsenergie, die fur solche Sprunge der Sauerstofflucken benotigt wird, zu 0,86 eV berechnet, wobei sich der Faktor vor dem Exponentialterm zu 2,4 × 1014 s−1 ergibt.
The control of menorrhagia by prolactin

Summary 1. Menorrhagia, either functional or organic in nature, was favorably influenced by administration of lactogenic preparations extracted from the pituitary gland. Menorrhagia associated with uterine fibromyomas, cystic ovaries, or chronic pelvic inflammatory disease was suppressed in the majority of patients by administration of prolactin. Those patients, however, in the latter two categories were more resistant to therapy. Normal cyclic bleeding followed cessation of prolactin therapy in many of the patients receiving one or more courses of treatment. This permanency or semipermaneney in the effect of prolactin afforded a sufficient interval to enable the patient to undergo a more strenuous regime to correct the underlying cause of the excessive uterine bleeding. 2. Some success was obtained in mitigating dysmenorrhea by prolactin therapy when it was associated with excessive uterine bleeding. :3. In addition, the signs and symptoms of threatened abortion were alleviated by administering prolactin to 3 of 6 patients giving a history of previous abortive interruptions of pregnancy. 4. Administration of lactogenic preparations to normal cyclic women did not have an appreciable effect upon the length of cycle, menstrual bleeding or morphologic appearance of the endometrium. 5. It is suggested that the effectiveness of laelogenic hormone in coutrolling uterine bleeding is probably linked with its luteotrophic properties. 6. In view of the innocuous effect of prolactin upon the normal menstrual cycle and corrective action in metropathic menorrhagia, we find its use is warranted in the control of excessive uterine bleeding.
Meso- and Fine-Scale Modeling over Complex Terrain: Parameterizations and Applications

This chapter discusses the current status, success, and especially challenges of applying mesoscale numerical models to simulate atmospheric processes over areas of complex terrain. These include thermally-induced circulations, gap flows, mountain waves, and boundary layer structure and evolution in mountainous regions. The choice of model configuration (e.g. choice of coordinate system, horizontal and vertical resolution, grid nesting, and lateral boundary conditions) and physical parameterizations (e.g. boundary layer, land surface, and radiation parameterizations) may affect the performance of mesoscale models in complex terrain. Application of large-eddy simulation (LES) to complex-terrain processes is also discussed. Examples of model simulations related to several recent field studies in mountainous areas are used to illustrate the issues and challenges.
Pakistan's Constitutional Subversions: An Analysis of Article 58(2)(b) and Article 6

On February 18, 2007, the people of Pakistan elected two major anti-establishment political parties, giving them a mandate to restore high court judges whom Army Chief Prevez Musharraf had dismissed, and to re-establish the rule of law. The political parties that had supported the non-democratic establishment were defeated in the February general elections. Despite this triumph of democracy over dictatorship, Pakistan's constitutionalism remains confused. Confusion has particularly gripped the dominant political party (PPP) that benefitted from the military rule to the extent that all criminal cases against the party chief, Asif Ali Zardari, were quashed. This manumission of the PPP Chief from criminal action created sympathies for the current Supreme Court, which validated constitutional subversion and the consequent removal of high court judges, including Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry. This article argues that the rule of law cannot be established in Pakistan unless the ruling elites refrain from subverting the constitution for short-term benefits.
Antecedent and concurrent psychosocial skills that support high levels of achievement within talent domains

Motivation and emotional regulation are important for the sustained focused study and practice required for high levels of achievement and creative productivity in adulthood. Using the talent development model proposed by the authors as a framework, the authors discuss several important psychosocial skills based on the psychological research literature that are antecedent and concurrent to the types and level of motivation needed for transitions from ability to competence, competence to expertise, and beyond.
'Not Your Average Fee-Shifting Provision': Setting Reasonable Restrictions on Fee-Shifting Bylaws Post-ATP Tour

The current effort to legislate away fee-shifting bylaws is to be applauded for attempting to combine strong protection of shareholder interests with an acknowledgement of corporate concerns in the legitimization of forum selection bylaws. If it passes, then those concerned about excessive litigation will no doubt develop another tool for deterring frivolous shareholder lawsuits. If it does not pass, then one way to generate broad support could be to adopt one or more of the moderate approaches described here. These proposals seek to balance the legitimate interests of plaintiff shareholders with those of the corporations in which they invest. Moving forward, any legislation that seeks to protect shareholders must keep in mind the business community’s concern over excessive litigation. Likewise, proponents of fee-shifting bylaws must be willing to agree to reasonable limitations that soften their negative impact on plaintiff shareholders, especially those without a ready market for their shares. As with most policy debates, the answer likely lies somewhere in the middle ground.
Afterword—Comparison Zones

The effort to decolonize comparative methods presupposes the colonization and colonial orientation of comparativism or an ersatz cosmopolitanism derived from geo-cultural assumptions about peoples, places and their knowledges. Here, comparison is presented as something taking place within a “comparison zone”—a space akin to Mary Louise Pratt’s “contact zone”—where “peoples geographically and historically separated come into contact with each other and establish ongoing relations, usually involving conditions of coercion, racial inequality, and intractable conflict” (Pratt 1992, 6). Within this zone, comparison and translation become scenes of struggle over representation, recognition, and the modalities of encounter and dialogue. This being the case, the comparison of cultures becomes equally concerned with the invention and transformation of cultures, peoples, and knowledges, as well as the interrogation of the category of culture itself or the categories that a given culture privileges or those who are privileged in the study of certain cultures. By interrogating the empire of comparison derived from a particular geo-cultural and geo-philosophical orientation, the articles in this special issue point to the possibilities of staging an encounter between thinkers and cultures in a manner that enables “us” to compare, think and live otherwise. For instance, the essays focus on comparative philosophy and raise questions about how “philosophy has been willed” and the implications for the categories and referents that we use to think about, compare, translate, or inhabit the world. Rather than limit themselves to the question of what is it that we compare when we do comparative philosophy, comparative literature, or comparative politics, the authors raise a different set of questions: Who are we and how do we compare? What is at stake when we compare? How have our modes and models of comparison been colonized and how can we compare otherwise? In their different ways, the authors engage key themes and problematics in postcolonial and decolonial studies, as well as those of comparative or cross-cultural philosophy, in order to point to ways that each of these fields can learn from the other and become more innovative, ethically inflected, and with political methods that can arise from new relations and re-orientations. Based on, but not restricted to the insights derived from the papers collected in this special issue, the following afterword reflections are aimed at raising an additional set of questions that highlight the entanglements, traps, and pitfalls of these attempts to decolonize comparative methods. Given that both how and what we compare today still bears the signs and vestiges of a colonial past, this afterword calls for a deeper reflection on the
Control of a Wing Section With Structural Nonlinearities Using Leading and Trailing Edge Control Surfaces

a = nondimensional distance from mid-chord to elastic axis position b = semichord of wing section kh = plunge stiffness ch = plunge damping cα = pitch damping Cl = wing section lift coefficient Clα = ∂Cl /∂α Clβ = ∂Cl /∂β Clγ = ∂Cl /∂γ Cm-c/4 = wing section moment coefficient at quarterchord Cmα = ∂Cm-c/4 /∂α Cmβ = ∂Cm-c/4 /∂β Cmγ = ∂Cm-c/4 /∂γ Icam = pitch cam moment of inertia Icg-wing = wing section moment of inertia about the center of gravity Iα = total pitch moment of inertia about elastic axis mwing = mass of wing section mT = total mass of pitch-plunge system mW-tot = total wing section plus mount mass rcg = distance from elastic axis to centre of mass s = wing section span U = freestream velocity xα = nondimensional distance from elastic axis to centre of mass α = angle of attack β = trailing edge control surface deflection γ = leading edge control surface deflection ρ = air density Abstract
Endoscopic Coagulation of the Choroid Plexus using the Nd:YAG Laser: Initial Experience and Proposal for Management

Although most patients with hydrocephalus are treated effectively with ventriculoperitoneal shunts, a small group fails to respond to diversion procedures. In some patients within this group, hydrocephalus may be caused in part by the overproduction of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In other patients, previous shunt infections may limit the ability of the peritoneum to absorb fluid, and patient response to a ventriculoperitoneal shunt may be improved by reducing CSF production. We discuss a case of a 29-month-old hydrocephalic infant with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt who had ascites. Computed tomography showed bilateral symmetrical enlargement of the choroid plexus. Repeated cultures of the CSF and shunt tubing were sterile, and the daily production of the CSF exceeded 1000 ml. Therapy with acetazolamide decreased the CSF output temporarily, but it was discontinued after serious electrolyte abnormalities occurred. The endoscopic coagulation of the choroid plexus with a neodymium:YAG laser transmitted through a flexible quartz fiber decreased CSF production effectively. This procedure may be useful in a variety of clinical conditions associated with hydrocephalus or with other intraventricular lesions.
THE EVOLUTION OF COMPLEX LIFE CYCLE PHENOMENA: AN ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE.

It seems reasonable to expect ecological theory to supply clear statements about the dominant forces which influence sequences of evolutionary change. This idea proceeds simply from the recognition that natural selection is identical with the interactions between organisms or populations and their secular environments. Such interactions determine probabilities of survival and reproduction as well as population size. This paper contains a theoretical treatment of the ecological and evolutionary exigencies imposed by a complex life cycle. For the purposes of this paper a complex life cycle is one which involves passage through two or more ecologically distinct phases. This means that there does not exist any overlap among the factors which limit abundance in each phase. Each phase thus has its own set of predator-prey, competitive, physical-environmental, and resource interactions. The following notation (adapted from Cole, 1954) will be convenient in designating important junctures in the life history of any species which exhibits two ecologically distinct life cycle phases:
Comparative Immunology. Active Immunization of Young Alligators with Hemocyanin.

Summary and conclusionsAlligators can be actively immunized with hemocyanin, a protein antigen, and the circulating antibody consists of at least 2 kinds of immunoglobulin that differ in electrophoretic mobility and perhaps size. Results indicate that alligators, in contrast to other reptiles, may possess a primitive type of immunological memory. Although the production of circulating antibody by the alligator was not unexpected, the nature of the immune response and of the anti-KLH immunoglobulins in the alligator appear to differ enough from that reported for other poikilotherms to warrant further study, especially from an evolutionary standpoint.
Nest Attentiveness and Egg Temperature in the Yellow-Eyed Junco

Etude du comportement de couvaison chez Junco Phaeonotus et de sa relation avec la temperature des œufs. La temperature des œufs est enregistree en continu grâce a un thermocouple et les variations observees permettent de determiner l'attention que portent les adultes au nid. Les patterns d'attention sont discutes par rapport aux pressions de selection
Anthelmintic Value of Hygromycin B When Used in Broiler Rations and Its Effect Along with Certain Other Drugs on the Performance of Broilers

Abstract DATA are available which indicate that the poultry industry suffers considerably each year through morbidity caused by internal parasites (Todd, 1948; Reid and Carmon, 1958; Reid, 1958; Todd and Hansen, 1951). Intestinal parasites can result in higher mortality and decreased resistance to other diseases. Peterson and Kerr (1950) showed that intestinal roundworms contribute to higher mortality in chicks exposed to Newcastle disease; and Riedel (1950) reported that chicks infected with large roundworms have less resistance to cecal coccidiosis than worm-free chicks. Intestinal worms compete with their host for nutrients and can cause serious trouble as indicated by the findings of Pande and Krishnamurty (1959). A study of farm records pertaining to post mortem examinations of birds and the schedule of rations fed in India provided a strong indication of an inter-relationship between hypovitaminosis A and infestation with large roundworms. This inter-relationship manifested itself by a vicious cycle of clinico-pathological events, …
Abstract 2985: Predicting the impact of mutations in cancer using an integrated pathway approach

The major mechanism by which cancer arises is through somatic mutations. These mutations can lead to alterations in gene regulation as well as changes in protein structure and function. Individual tumors can contain hundreds to thousands of mutations. It is critical to distinguish mutations that have an important role defining the cancer - driver mutations - from mutations that are unimportant to the tumor - passenger mutations. Differentiating driver and passenger events is essential for understanding cancer disease mechanisms, which can help guide treatment decisions as well as identify novel targets for treatment. Genomic probing with technologies such as expression arrays and high-throughput RNA sequencing provide insight into changes in gene regulation in cancer, but determining the tumorigenic role of a coding mutation is less clear. Genomic data coupled with pathway information may provide insight into the functional impact of a mutation to particular genes. We are developing a mutation prediction method based on integrated pathway analysis to discriminate loss-of-function, neutral, and gain-of-function mutations. Utilizing the set of regulatory interactions annotated for a given gene, we can detect a discrepancy in the downstream effects of an altered gene compared to what is expected from its upstream influences. We show that a score based on this discrepancy is highly predictive of the presence of a mutation and that the directionality of this discrepancy also reflects the gain- or loss-of-function in a gene. Application of our method to a set of known driver mutations reveals that there is a significantly strong signal for loss- and gain- of functional mutations in the surrounding network, demonstrating the sensitivity of this approach. In addition, when applied to the negative control of passenger mutations, the method predicts little pathway impact, indicating this approach also has high specificity. Application of this approach to all recurrent mutations in ovarian and glioblastoma multiforme cancers from the TCGA project identifies several important driver mutations across these cohorts. We also highlight the novel utility of this specific approach by comparison to earlier published approaches including MutSig, CHASM, and MutPred. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2985. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2985
Smart Inlet Guide Vanes for Active Flow Vectoring in an Axial Compressor

Open-loop active flow control is used to induce swirl in the flow behind a row of inlet guide vanes known as Smart Vanes. Smart IGV’s are aligned with the flow, and employ the Coanda effect to produce flow vectoring. Experiments at Illinois Institute of Technology and full-scale proof-of-concept experiments in the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory’s Compressor Research Facility at Wright Patterson AFB demonstrated 14 degrees of vectoring could be achieved at 85% design speed.
Do Not Discard Until

In this issue’s column, the questions focus on an important and often confusing issue in clinical trials—namely, study documentation and records retention. There seems to be a lot of confusion on what documents need to be retained and, once the study is complete, how long and where to store them
Beryllium desorption from minerals and organic ligands over time

Abstract Beryllium isotopes sorbed to sediments have provided useful tools in the field of geochronology and geomorphology over the last few decades. The use of beryllium isotopes relies on the premise that beryllium sorbed to sediments is unaltered over large timescales. Changes in the environmental chemistry, either in-situ or en route from soil to fluvial system, to the ocean, can cause beryllium desorption and may preclude some beryllium isotopic applications. Four mechanisms were tested to determine the relative desorption potential of beryllium including a reduction in pH, an increase in ionic strength (NaCl) and complexation by soluble organic (malonic acid) and inorganic species (NaF). To assess the relative effect of each mechanism on beryllium desorption from both organic and mineral fractions, we prepared separate solutions of beryllium bound to minerals and organic compounds and measured beryllium concentrations in solution before and after each chemical perturbation. We conclude a reduction in pH resulted in the greatest amount of desorption among the four treatments, removing 97% and 75% of sorbed beryllium from illite and montmorillonite, respectively, and none from the organic ligands tested. The addition of malonic acid and increasing the ionic strength also resulted in desorption from montmorillonite. Although increasing the ionic strength did remove 32% and 8.4% of beryllium from montmorillonite and sulfonate, respectively, the presence of sodium significantly enhanced sorption to illite. The addition of NaF did not result in any beryllium desorption. Our results demonstrate that various chemical processes can promote the exchange of beryllium between solid and dissolved phases, the extent to which depends on the composition of the system. We also related differences in beryllium desorption behavior to complexation mechanisms driving retention among organic and mineral species. We estimate inner sphere complexation is the predominant sorption mechanism among the organic ligands tested due to the minimal amounts of desorption and the large stability constants previously reported in the literature. Additionally, we found that different complexation processes are involved in beryllium sorption to illite versus montmorillonite. Because beryllium desorbed from montmorillonite due to changes in pH, ionic strength and organic acid complexation, we hypothesize that a portion of beryllium-montmorillonite associations involve outer sphere processes, driven by weaker electrostatic attractions. However, beryllium exhibited a unique relationship with illite in that sorption not only involves inner sphere processes but also physical inclusion within collapsed interlayer spaces.
Communicating Chemistry in Informal Environments: A Framework for Chemists

Many chemists engage in outreach activities through their companies, colleges and universities, government laboratories, and ACS local sections. Sharing research findings, developing better-informed citizens and consumers, and inspiring future generations of chemists and chemical engineers are factors that motivate chemists to engage with the public. Yet most chemists receive little training in effectively communicating with the public. A recent report by the National Academies, Effective Chemistry Communication in Informal Environments, offers a framework to guide chemists in engaging with the public. This framework not only provides structure to communication activities, it is also intended to encourage chemists to engage with the public.
Cities, Sagebrush, and Solitude: Urbanization and Cultural Conflict in the Great Basin . Edited by Dennis R. Judd and Stephanie L. Witt.

Cities, Sagebrush, and Solitude: Urbanization and Cultural Conflict in the Great Basin . Urban West Series. Edited by Dennis R. Judd and Stephanie L. Witt. (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2015. ix + 271 pp. Illustrations, maps, tables, notes, index. $34.95, paper.) In this well-organized and effectively written anthology, a dozen essays offer varied perspectives on an enduring theme of the Intermountain West: the coexistence of lightly populated countryside and densely settled cities. It begins with a seeming paradox: although people here often espouse rugged individualism, they live in a part of the country that has the highest percentage of land in federal ownership. Moreover, the region’s city dwellers and rural folk are often on different sides of the aisle politically. In a … Francaviglia2002{at}yahoo.com
Impact of Periapical Abscess on Infectious Complications in Patients Undergoing Extracorporeal Circulation Auxiliary to Open-Heart Surgical Procedures

Abstract Objective Extracorporeal circulation auxiliary to open-heart surgeries (ECAOHS) may exert nonphysiological stresses on periapical abscessed tissues leading to hematogenous spread of microbes. The aim of this report was to estimate risk of postoperative infectious complications in patients with periapical abscesses and undergoing ECAOHS. Methods A retrospective analysis of Nationwide Inpatient Sample (years 2009 and 2010) was conducted. All patients (aged 19 to 65 years) who underwent ECAOHS were selected. International Classification of Diseases-9-Clinical Modification codes were used to identify the presence of periapical abscess and infectious complications. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between the presence of periapical abscess and occurrence of infectious complications. Results A total of 265,235 patients underwent an ECAOH procedure. Of these, 431 patients had a periapical abscess. Septicemia developed in 16% of those with periapical abscess (compared with 4.2% in those without periapical abscess). Those with periapical abscess had higher rates of any of the infectious complications when compared with those without periapical abscess (30.2% vs 11.6%, respectively). After adjustment for multiple confounders, those with periapical abscess were associated with higher odds for developing septicemia (odds ratio = 2.51, 95% confidence interval = 1.06-5.91, P = .04) and any of the infectious complications (odds ratio = 2.23, 95% confidence interval = 1.08-4.59, P = .03) when compared with those who did not have periapical abscess. Conclusions Those with periapical abscess are associated with higher odds for infectious complications when compared with those without periapical abscess.
Toward precision smoking cessation treatment II: Proximal effects of smoking cessation intervention components on putative mechanisms of action

Abstract Background Understanding how smoking cessation treatments exert their effects can inform treatment development and use. Factorial designs allow researchers to examine whether multiple intervention components affect hypothesized change mechanisms, and whether the affected mechanisms are related to cessation. Methods This is a secondary data analysis of smokers recruited during primary care visits (N = 637, 55% women, 87% white) who were motivated to quit. Participants in this fractional factorial experiment were randomized to one level of each of six intervention factors: Prequit Nicotine Patch vs None, Prequit Nicotine Gum vs None, Preparation Counseling vs None, Intensive In-Person Counseling vs Minimal, Intensive Phone Counseling vs Minimal, and 16 vs 8 Weeks of Combination Nicotine Replacement (nicotine patch + nicotine gum). Data on putative mechanisms (e.g., medication use, withdrawal, self-efficacy) and smoking status were gathered using daily assessments and during follow-up assessment calls. Results Some intervention components influenced hypothesized mechanisms. Prequit Gum and Patch each reduced prequit smoking and enhanced prequit coping and self-efficacy. In-Person Counseling increased prequit motivation to quit, postquit self-efficacy, and postquit perceived intratreatment support. Withdrawal reduction and reduced prequit smoking produced the strongest effects on cessation. The significant effect of combining Prequit Gum and In-Person Counseling on 26-week abstinence was mediated by increased prequit self-efficacy. Conclusions This factorial experiment identified which putative treatment mechanisms were influenced by discrete intervention components and which mechanisms influenced cessation. Such information supports the combined use of prequit nicotine gum and intensive in-person counseling as cessation interventions that operate via increased prequit self-efficacy.
Monitoring adsorption of gold nanoparticles on gold nanodisk array using dark-field hyperspectral microscopy (Conference Presentation)

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) arises from the interaction of light with noble metal nanoparticles, which induces a collective oscillation in the free electrons. The size and shape of the metallic nanostructure significantly impact LSPR frequency and strength. Nanoplasmonic sensor has become a recent research focus due to its significant signal enhancement and robust signal transduction measured by extinction spectroscopy, fluorescence, Raman scattering, and absorption spectroscopy. Dark-field microscopy, in contrast, reports the scattered photons after light-matter interactions. In this case, the nanoparticles can be understood as dipole radiators whose free electrons oscillate in concert. Coupled with spectroscopy, this platform allows the collection of plasmonically scattered spectra from gold nanoparticles. Plasmonic coupling between electron-beam lithography patterned gold nanodisks (AuND) and colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNP) can change the plasmonic resonance of the original entities, and can be effectively studied by dark-field hyperspectral microscopy. Typically, a pronounced redshift can be observed when plasmonic coupling occurs. When these nano-entities are functionalized with interactive surface moieties, biochemistry and molecular processes can be studied. In this paper, we will present the capability of assessing the process of immobilizing streptavidin-functionalized AuNPs on an array of biotin-terminated AuNDs. By monitoring changes in the LSPR band of AuNDs, we are able to evaluate similar processes in other molecular systems. In addition, plasmon coupling induced scattering intensity variations can be measured by an electron-multiplied charge-coupled device camera for rapid in situ monitoring. This method can potentially be useful in studying dynamic biophysical and biochemical processes in situ.
A new republic of lawyers? Legal careers, state power, and political change in contemporary Brazil

The literature on political science and public policy offers many explanations for why legal professionals can come to the forefront of political processes, as it has remarkably happened in the cur...
Intestinal type 1 regulatory T cells migrate to periphery to suppress diabetogenic T cells and prevent diabetes development

Growing insight into the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and numerous studies in preclinical models highlights the potential of regulatory T cells to restore tolerance. By using non-obese diabetic (NOD) BDC2.5 TCR-transgenic (Tg), and IL-10 and Foxp3 double-reporter mice, we demonstrate that alteration of gut microbiota during cohousing experiments or treatment with anti-CD3 mAb significantly increase intestinal IL-10-producing type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells and decrease diabetes incidence. These intestinal antigen-specific Tr1 cells have the ability to migrate to the periphery via a variety of chemokine receptors such as CCR4, CCR5, and CCR7 and to suppress proliferation of Th1 cells in the pancreas. The ability of Tr1 cells to cure diabetes in NOD mice required IL-10 signaling, as Tr1 cells could not suppress CD4+ T cells with a dominant-negative IL-10R. Taken together, our data show a key role of intestinal Tr1 cells in the control of effector T cells and development of diabetes. Therefore, modulating gut-associated lymphoid tissue to boost Tr1 cells may be important in type 1 diabetes management.
Do higher-volume hospitals provide better value in revision hip and knee arthroplasty?

AimsThe purpose of this study is to determine if higher volume hospitals have lower costs in revision hip and knee arthroplasty.Materials and MethodsWe questioned the Centres for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Inpatient Charge Data and identified 789 hospitals performing a total of 29 580 revision arthroplasties in 2014. Centres were dichotomised into high-volume (performing over 50 revision cases per year) and low-volume. Mean total hospital-specific charges and inpatient payments were obtained from the database and stratified based on Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) codes. Patient satisfaction scores were obtained from the multiyear CMS Hospital Compare database.ResultsHigh-volume hospitals comprised 178 (30%) of the total but performed 15 068 (51%) of all revision cases, including 509 of 522 (98%) of the most complex DRG 466 cases. While high-volume hospitals had higher Medicare inpatient payments for DRG 467 ($21 458 versus $20 632, p = 0.038) and DRG 468 ($17 003 versus $16 120, p = 0.011), there...
Quantitative driving safety assessment using interaction design benchmarking

Driver distraction is an important and challenging problem with significant cost on human lives. It has been researched for many years and the research has intensified in the last decade. The focus has been on identifying the distractive tasks and measuring the respective harm level. As in-vehicle technology advances with digital infotainment systems and web connectivity, crash risk grows along with the growing list of distractive activities. Additionally, these distractive activities become more common and more complicated, especially regarding recent In-Car Interactive System, ICIS, which is the main focus of this work. Most of the car cockpit functions rely heavily on interaction with the driver, and several studies suggest that driver distraction level leading to serious injuries or fatalities is still high and that there is an urgent need for a better interaction design. Multimodal Interaction Design can be used to provide a rich interaction environment inside the car cockpit. Following NHTSA guidelines, our experiment identifies design benchmarks that can lead to reducing driver distraction in a Multi-modal Interaction Design framework. The main goal of our MMI approach is to enable the driver to be more attentive to driving tasks while spending less time fiddling with distractive tasks inside the cockpit. In this experiment, an engineering based method is used to measure driver distraction using advanced driving simulator. This method uses metrics like Reaction Time, Acceleration, and Lane Departure data obtained from our test cases.
New Regularities of the Shape-Charging of Hollow Parts During Hip

Regularities of HIP shrinkage of hollow axisymmetric parts are studied through numerical simulation, based on the idea of mutual high temperature plastic and creep deformation of monolite (capsule) and porous (powder) materlals.
Atmospheric Mechanisms of Admixtures Transfer

One of the major problems of the atmospheric transfer of small gas admixtures in ionoshheric levels is assessment of its impact on variability of the main parametres of ionosphere, propagation and absorbtion of radiowaves in D-region of lower ionosphere.
Contrapower Harassment: An Unanticipated Experience in Academia

AbstractThis essay discusses my personal experience with sexual harassment perpetrated by a student. Also, discussed are the professional and personal consequences attached to sexual harassment exp...
A narrative approach to interactive information visualization in the digital humanities classroom

Humanities researchers have expressed concern about the uncritical adoption of information visualization techniques originating in the sciences by digital humanities classrooms. This paper describe...