cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Airway Invasion and Pharyngeal Residue in Patients with Dementia

Previous research has begun to elucidate the physiological impairments associated with dysphagia in patients with dementia, but in order to select the most appropriate targets of intervention we need to better understand consequences of dysphagia. The purpose of this study was to quantify penetration, aspiration, and residue in people with dementia, and confirm if residue was associated with airway invasion on subsequent swallows. Videofluoroscopy clips of sips of thin and extremely thick liquid barium from 58 patients with dementia were retrospectively analyzed. Ratings of swallowing safety, using the Penetration–Aspiration Scale (PAS), and efficiency, using Normalized Residue Ratio Scale in the valleculae (NRRSv) and pyriform sinuses (NRRSp), were made on all swallows. Over 70% of both thin and extremely thick liquid swallows were found to be safe (PAS < 3). Results also revealed that residue was generally more common in the valleculae. However, the proportion of thin liquid swallows with significant NRRSp that were unsafe on the subsequent swallow was significantly greater than the proportion of swallows with significant NRRSp that were safe on the subsequent swallow. As such, there was a 2.83 times greater relative risk of penetration–aspiration in the presence of thin liquid pyriform sinus residue. Future research should determine the impaired physiology causing aspiration and residue in this population.
Shuy, Roger (b. 1931)

Roger Shuy is Distinguished Research Professor of Linguistics, Emeritus at Georgetown University (Washington, DC, USA) and is the President of Roger W. Shuy, Inc. in Missoula, Montana. Shuy is a leading figure in the field of forensic linguistics and has been an expert witness in hundreds of criminal and civil court cases over the last 30 years.
Ethical Dilemmas Faced in the Selling of Complex Services: Significant Others and Competitive Pressures

The purpose of this research is to examine the ethical beliefs and practices of salespersons of complex services. A Nominal Group Technique was utilized to identify 9 major ethical issues confronting insurance agents. Agents who have received ethics education perceived more unethical activities among others; however, ethics training had no impact on individual ethical behavior. Support was found for the theory of differential association as individual ethical misconduct was found positively related to perceptions of co-workers, successful agents, and other industry agents ethical misconduct. In addition, partial support was found for the increased incidence of unethical activity in competitive environments- perception of unethical behavior among co-workers was found positively related to the size of the firm, negatively related to the age of the agent, unrelated to job tenure, and more prevalent in exclusive as compared to independent agencies. Sales agent age was also found negatively related to percepti...
Ignorantia juris non excusat: The trial and the affirmation of the Italian legal thriller

The complex relationship between literature and law has been widely debated. Over the last 20 years, the judicial novel has been the subject of renewed consideration from critics. Numerous studies ...
Two salamander species respond differently to timber harvests in a managed New England forest.

Background Managing forests for timber while protecting wildlife habitat is of increasing concern. Amphibians may be particularly sensitive to forest management practices due to their unique biology; however, it is not clear how different species respond to timber harvest practices-particularly over longer time scales. Methods Here we report on the differential responses of two salamander species-the eastern red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus Green) and the eastern newt (Notophthalmus viridescens Rafinesque)-to forest harvesting, by examining communities across a 25-year chronosequence of regenerating shelterwood harvests. Results Populations of both species were lowest immediately after harvest, but increased at substantially different rates. Red-backed salamander populations were highest in 20-25 year-old shelterwoods-significantly higher than in mature, unharvested, control (100-120 year old) stands. Eastern newt populations, however, were greatest in unharvested control stands and still had not recovered to population levels found in mature stands in the 25 years since harvest. Red-backed salamander abundances were strongly tied to stand age as well as abundance of decayed coarse woody debris, suggesting that timber harvests influence some wildlife species by affecting a suite of interacting habitat variables that change over time. In contrast, newt abundances were not directly related to stand age but were more related to downed wood and vegetation characteristics. Our results highlight markedly variable responses by two common salamander species to forest harvesting-species with markedly different life histories and reproductive patterns-and that time since harvest may be useful in predicting abundance.
Psychological and endocannabinoid responses to aerobic exercise in substance use disorder patients.

AbstractBackground: Exercise has been examined as an adjunctive treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs), yet few exercise interventions have been conducted among patients undergoing intensive ...
Salivary Bioscience and Environmental Exposure Assessment

Human exposure to toxic, environmental chemicals can be assessed by measuring levels of parent chemicals or their metabolites in biological matrices such as urine, plasma, and whole blood. This technique is known as biomonitoring. If these measurements are accurate, the internal dose of the target chemicals in humans can be estimated. Biomonitoring has become an important tool for epidemiological studies linking exposures to toxic, environmental chemicals to health outcomes. Selection of the appropriate biological matrices for biomonitoring is crucial and requires a comprehensive understanding of the physiochemical properties of the target chemicals, their toxicokinetic properties, as well as the biological properties of the matrix. Different matrices may provide different information on the magnitude and frequency of dose, toxicity, and biological endpoint. Saliva has been used as a matrix for biomonitoring of toxic, environmental chemicals, but with far less frequency than urine or plasma. The success of using saliva as a matrix for exposure assessment has been proven for cotinine, a principal metabolite of nicotine. However, a number of limitations and challenges remain for other chemicals such as plasticizers and heavy metals. In this chapter, the current knowledge on salivary biomonitoring is provided, including the associated challenges researchers face. More importantly, practical recommendations are provided with the intention of supporting future research using saliva as a matrix to assess exposure to toxic, environmental chemicals.
Adipose Stem Cells: Biology, Safety, Regulation, and Regenerative Potential

Abstract This article discusses adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) biology, describes the current knowledge in the literature for the safety and regulation of ASCs, and provides a brief overview of the regenerative potential of ASCs. It is not an exhaustive listing of all available clinical studies or every study applying ASCs in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, but is an objective commentary of these topics.
On importance of new group therapy for decrease of agitation during the critical period of nursing shift changes on an acute psychiatric inpatient floor

Background: Agitation is a significant challenge to mental healthcare. This project aims to examine the effects of implementing an interactive mental flexibility group to decrease incidences of agitation in the inpatient psychiatric population during nursing shift change. Methods: This observational study, conducted on the acute inpatient psychiatric unit of an academic hospital in Central NY, USA. This 23-bed unit admits psychiatric patients from the E.D. and local hospitals. The art-based interactive group was implemented during the critical period of nursing shift change, which is known for having an increased agitation due to caregiver changes. We tracked group attendance, incidences of agitation, and as-needed medication administration for agitation. We administered a Likert-type scale to rate emotions before and after each session. Results: We observed a dramatic decrease in as needed medications for agitation 1 month prior to group (n = 576) compared to 3 months during group (n = 120). The new group constitutes a significant decrease in agitation incidents. Patients indicated an increase in happiness (mean = 0.46, SD = 0.978), decrease in sadness (mean = 0.44, SD = 1.078), and decrease in anger (mean = 1.15, SD = 1.984). Conclusions: Our project indicates that the patients and staff well receive interactive group sessions in an acute psychiatric unit. The group sessions helped to decrease agitation and medication administration. Future directions: We recommend the utilization of interactive mental flexibility groups on acute psychiatric units to promote emotional regulation, especially during nursing shift change.
Sociodemographic profile of patients attending the integrated counseling and testing center at a government super-specialty hospital in Central India

Context: The HIV epidemic continues to be a matter of concern worldwide. Integrated counseling and testing center (ICTC) is an opening wedge for HIV diagnosis and support services, especially to the high-risk groups. Counseling and testing is a cost-effective and simple way of reducing HIV transmission. Aims: The aim of the study was to analyze the sociodemographic profiles of the ICTC attendees to evaluate the changing trends of HIV seropositivities over a period of 7 years. Settings and Design: This was a retrospective study done in the ICTC housed in a tertiary care hospital at Bhopal. Materials and Methods: All attendees in the period of 7 years were included. Statistical analysis used: percentages and proportions were calculated. Results: There were 24,853 ICTC attendees from January 2009 to January 2016, of which 183 (6.41%) attendees were tested seropositive. There were 15,555 (62.5%) males and 9298 (37.5%) female attendees. Among 15,555 males, 151 (0.97%) were seropositive, and of 9298 females, 32 (0.34%) were seropositive. Of 151 seropositive males, 62 (41%) were in the age group of 19–30 years and 48 (31.7%) were in the age group of 31–40 years. Among the seropositive females, 9 (28.1%) were in the age group of 19–30 years and 10 (31.2%) were in the age group of 31–40 years. We observed a rise in total number of ICTC attendees from January 2009 to January 2016. The number of attendees increased to 4655 in 2013, of which 27 (0.58%) were seropositive, and by 2015, there were 4982 attendees with only 6 (0.12%) seropositives. Conclusion: Such rising trends of attendees and a steady decline in the seropositivity rates are encouraging signs, reflecting the contribution of the ICTC in creating awareness, and reducing the transmission of HIV among the population served.
Co-designing to advance community health and health equity in Wisconsin: Building the Neighborhood Health Partnerships Program

Engaging communities can increase the speed of translating health and health equity research into practice. Effective engagement requires a shared understanding of the health of a community. This can be challenging without timely and accurate local health data, or ways to provide that data, that are directly applicable to improving community health outcomes. The University of Wisconsin Institute for Clinical and Translational Research formed the Neighborhood Health Partnerships Program (NHP) to overcome this challenge, making sub-county health data available to researchers and community stakeholders while incorporating community voice into data delivery processes. The NHP team used a human-centered design approach to facilitate community engagement. Through co-design, the team created NHP reports and data-to-action tools to maximize accessibility and utility for a diverse set of community stakeholders. Early indicators show that the final co-designed NHP reports and data-to-action tools will be immediately useful in promoting community–academic partnerships and in planning, implementing, and evaluating research and other initiatives in communities. The NHP program demonstrates that an effective co-design strategy can lead to increased usability and adoption of Clinical and Translational Science Award resources, enabling a shared understanding of community health and ultimately leading to the successful translation of research into practice.
Evaluation of a Cryptococcal Antigen Lateral Flow Assay and Cryptococcal Antigen Positivity at a Large Public Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia.

Background Cryptococcus neoformans is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons worldwide, and there are scarce recent data on cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) positivity in the United States We sought to determine the frequency of cryptococcal disease and compare the performance of a CrAg lateral flow assay (LFA) versus latex agglutination (LA) test. Methods All patients from Grady Health System in Atlanta who had a serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample sent for CrAg testing as part of clinical care from November 2017 to July 2018 were included. Percentage positivity and test agreement were calculated. Results Among 467 patients, 557 diagnostic tests were performed; 413 on serum and 144 on CSF. The mean age was 44 years, and most were male (69%) and had HIV (79%). Twenty-four (6.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.1-9.4) patients were serum CrAg positive, and 8 (5.8%, 95% CI = 2.6-11.2) individuals tested positive for CSF CrAg. Although overall agreement between the LA and LFA was substantial to high for CSF (κ = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.51-0.91) and serum (κ = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.86-1.00), respectively, there were important discrepancies. Five patients had false-positive CSF LA tests that affected clinical care, and 4 patients had discordant serum tests. Conclusions We found a moderately high proportion of cryptococcal disease and important discrepancies between the LA test and LFA. Clinical implications of these findings include accurate detection of serum CrAg and averting unnecessary treatment of meningitis with costly medications associated with high rates of adverse events.
Impact of SDH Mutations in Alternaria solani on Recently Developed SDHI Fungicides Adepidyn and Solatenol.

Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is observed annually in all midwestern potato production areas. The use of foliar fungicides remains a primary management strategy. However, A. solani has...
SATB2 Is Expressed in a Subset of Pulmonary and Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumors.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate SATB2 expression and prognostic implications in a large cohort of thoracic neuroendocrine tumors. METHODS Surgical pathology files (1995-2017) and an institutional thymic epithelial tumor database (2010-2020) were searched for resected neuroendocrine tumors. Cases were stained with SATB2 (clone EP281). Percent SATB2-positive tumor cells and expression intensity were scored. RESULTS In the lung, SATB2 was expressed in 5% or more of tumor cells in 29 (74.4%) of 39 small cell carcinomas and 9 (22.5%) of 40 atypical and 26 (40.6%) of 64 typical carcinoid tumors. SATB2 percent tumor cell expression and intensity were higher in small cell carcinomas than in carcinoid tumors (both P < .001, respectively). After adjusting for tumor subtype, SATB2 expression did not correlate with outcome. In the thymus, four (100%) of four atypical carcinoid tumors and one large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma but no small cell carcinoma (n = 2) expressed SATB2 in 5% or more of tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS SATB2 (clone EP281) is expressed in a large subset of pulmonary and thymic neuroendocrine tumors and therefore does not appear to be a useful marker to identify the origin of neuroendocrine tumors. Validation studies are needed, specifically including thymic neuroendocrine tumors, as the expression pattern might be different in those tumors.
Abstract LB052: Cell cycle synchronization: Biomarker analysis in a phase I trial of alternating ribociclib and paclitaxel in advanced breast cancer

Background:Cyclin dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK 4/6i) are standard of care for hormone receptor positive, HER2 negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC), alone or in combination with endocrine therapy. Combination with paclitaxel (P) is possible with an intermittent, alternating dosing schedule in order to synchronize (sync) the cell cycle (cc) with a short burst of CDKi. To optimize this strategy, we measured cc biomarkers before, during and after a 4 day run in of ribociclib (R) in patients (pts) receiving R with P in a phase I clinical trial (NCT02599363). Methods:Eligible pts with Rb-positive MBC of any subtype and measurable disease were treated with 200, 400 or 600 mg of R on Days (D) 2-5, 9-12 and 16-19, and P 80mg/m2 on D1, 8, 15 and 22 in 28-day cycles (C). Skin biopsies, blood samples and FLT-PET CT were assessed at baseline (pre- R burst), D-3 (post R burst) and C1D1 P (after cc re-entry). Skin biopsies were analyzed for Ki-67 (Dako Santa Clara, CA), phospho-Rb (Ser807/811; Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA) and Rb (clone 1F8, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA) by IHC. Serum and plasma were analyzed for thymidine kinase (TK, Biovica, Sweden) and R pharmacokinetics (PK, WuXi, China) respectively.P-Rb and Rb results were binned for intensity and pattern of staining.Intensity was defined as None (0), Weak (W, 1+), Moderate (M, 2+), Strong (S, 3+). Pattern was defined as: Rare (R, 50%). SUV max was averaged over the 5 brightest lesions.Results:13 pts enrolled to the Phase I trial. Nine pts had at least 1 skin biopsy; 8 had ≥2. Five pts had at least one FLT-PET. Biomarker results are summarized in table. Ki-67 (skin) and TK and FLT (tumor) drop after 4 days of R treatment, when R PK levels are highest. Decreases in P-Rb, were less consistent, observed in 4/8 (50%) pts. While R PK levels drop after 2 days off treatment, only 2/8 (25%) subjects had higher cell cycle measurements on C1D1 compared to baseline.Conclusions:CC synchronization with intermittent dosing is possible, and allows safe administration of P. More time off R is needed for cc re-entry. Future trials should give more time off of R before P delivery. Citation Format: Amy Clark, Azadeh Elmi, Nicholas P. McAndrew, Paul Wileyto, Natalie Shih, Michael Feldman, Mark Rosen, Jessica Savage, Robin Holmes, Nancy Dinubile, Theresa Berger, Erin Schubert, Alice Matthai, Melissa Volpe, Payal Shah, Susan Domchek, David Mankoff, Angela DeMichele. Cell cycle synchronization: Biomarker analysis in a phase I trial of alternating ribociclib and paclitaxel in advanced breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB052.
Periodic Lateralized Epileptiform Discharges Following a Partial Complex Seizure

ABSTRACT.An 18-year-old woman is presented who had periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDS) on her EEG following a partial complex seizure. The case demonstrates that PLEDs may be a benign postictal finding of no major significance.
A VISUAL FRAMEWORK FOR DISPLAYING, COMMUNICATING AND COORDINATING A RIVER RESTORATION MONITORING PROJECT

A visual framework to display complex river restoration monitoring plans is proposed. The framework provides for four dimensions of information—spatial coverage, and the frequency, density and type of measurement to be evaluated—in a concise and transparent fashion. It is not only useful as a display and communication tool but also facilitates identification of overlaps, gaps and inefficiencies. The visual framework is particularly useful for coordinating multiple monitoring efforts and for communicating or negotiating modifications. An example application of the framework is presented using the multi-year monitoring effort surrounding the removal of the Marmot Dam from the Sandy River, OR. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social Processes in Lobbyist Agenda Development: A Longitudinal Network Analysis of Interest Groups and Legislation

How are lobbying agendas formed? While individual interest matters, a social process may also affect why lobbyists choose legislation on which to lobby. In a crowded environment, looking at what credible others do may help lobbyists lower their search and information costs with regard to an issue. Using longitudinal network data on lobbyists' legislative choices, I analyze the choices of organizations using an actor-based dynamic model of network change that conditions agenda changes on the choices made by other organizations. The results suggest both a “bandwagon” process in which organizations converge on “popular” bills and an influence process in which lobbying organizations influence each other when their lobbying agendas overlap. In support of the quantitative findings, interviews with lobbyists show that the policy domain is a social community that consists of ongoing relationships, trust, and information sharing.
A Simple, Object-Based View of Multiprogramming

Object-based sequential programming has had a major impact on software engineering. However, object-based concurrent programming remains elusive as an effective programming tool. The class of applications that will be implemented on future high-bandwidth networks of processors will be significantly more ambitious than the current applications (which are mostly involved with transmissions of digital data and images), and object-based concurrent programming has the potential to simplify designs of such applications. Many of the programming concepts developed for databases, object-oriented programming and designs of reactive systems can be unified into a compact model of concurrent programs that can serve as the foundation for designing these future applications. We propose a model of multiprograms and a discipline of programming that addresses the issues of reasoning (e.g., understanding) and efficient implementation. The major point of departure is the disentanglement of sequential and multiprogramming features. We propose a sparse model of multiprograms that distinguishes these two forms of computations and allows their disciplined interactions.
Convergence properties of the waveform relaxation method as applied to electric power systems

Several theoretical results are presented and simple examples examined in order to determine the suitability of waveform relaxation for transient power system simulation. This examination leads to two practical suggestions that can easily be satisfied for power systems. The first is to break the simulation interval into sections, the first of which should be narrow and be used to kill off errors in the initial guess that activate the stiff modes. The second is to partition the system into subsystems that are stable, as this not only aids convergence but ensures multirate numerical stability. >
Analysis of the spray deposition process

Abstract Net or near net shape products can be manufactured by technologies involving solidification processing, metal forming, paniculate processing, and droplet consolidation. One example of droplet consolidation is spray deposition in the Osprey tm mode. In this process, a stream of liquid metal is atomized by an inert gas to form a spray of molten droplets; these are accelerated towards a substrate where they impinge and consolidate. An integral model for the Osprey tm spray deposition process has been developed using established theoretical principles. Mathematical models describe the interconnected processes of droplet-gas interactions in flight and subsequent droplet consolidation on the substrate. The models predict droplet velocity and temperature as a function of flight distance, the extent of droplet solidification on arrival at the substrate, and temperature distribution in the consolidated material during deposition. This approach demonstrates the utility of modeling studies in order to establish quantitative guidelines for optimization of the process in terms of the evolution of microstructure in droplet consolidation.
Optimal control of non-deterministic systems for a computationally efficient fragment of temporal logic

We develop a framework for optimal control policy synthesis for non-deterministic transition systems subject to temporal logic specifications. We use a fragment of temporal logic to specify tasks such as safe navigation, response to the environment, persistence, and surveillance. By restricting specifications to this fragment, we avoid a potentially doubly-exponential automaton construction. We compute feasible control policies for non-deterministic transition systems in time polynomial in the size of the system and specification. We also compute optimal control policies for average, minimax (bottleneck), and average cost-per-task-cycle cost functions. We highlight several interesting cases when optimal policies can be computed in time polynomial in the size of the system and specification. Additionally, we make connections between computing optimal control policies for an average cost-per-task-cycle cost function and the generalized traveling salesman problem. We give simulation results for motion planning problems.
A survey of university professors teaching speech sound disorders: nonspeech oral motor exercises and other topics.

Purpose The purpose of this article was to obtain and organize information from instructors who teach course work on the subject of children’s speech sound disorders (SSD) regarding their use of teaching resources, involvement in students' clinical practica, and intervention approaches presented to students. Instructors also reported if they taught students to use nonspeech oral motor exercises (NSOMEs) to remediate children’s SSD. Method A questionnaire was mailed to 236 speech-language pathology preprofessional programs in the United States that are accredited by the Council of Academic Accreditation. Results Ninety-one questionnaires (39%) were returned. Participants reported that they provided their students with information on a variety of intervention approaches for SSD and typically used professional journals and textbooks for current information. Sixty-eight (75%) paticipants reported that they did not teach their students to use NSOMEs. Forty-seven (52%) of the instructors supervised students in ...
Mixed solvent systems for optimizing output from a pulsed dye laser

Abstract The output intensity from a N2 laser pumped dye laser has been optimized at 507 nm by the use of a mixture of solvents with a single dye. The wavelength of maximum output power of coumarin 481 was found to depend on the composition of the solvent mixture. With coumarin 481 in a 2: 1 volume mixture of p-dioxane and ethanol, a maximum power output was obtained at 507 nm, versus 481 nm for the same dye in pure p-dioxane or 517 nm for the same dye in pure ethanol, A 3 : 1 volume mixture of p-dioxane and ethanol and a 1 : 1 mixture gave lasing maxima at 501 nm and 511 nm, respectively. The energy per pulse at 507 nm obtained with coumarin 481 in the 2 : 1 mixture was compared with the energy per pulse obtained with coumarin 481 in pure p-dioxane and with the energy per pulse obtained with coumarin 540A in both high resolution. The relative photochemical stabilities of cuomarin 481 in the 2 : 1 mixture, coumarin 481 in pure p-dioxane and coumarin 540A in pure p-dioxane are also evaluated.
PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF GELIDIUM CARTILAGINEUM. I. PHOTOSYNTHESIS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CARBON DIOXIDE FACTOR

GELIDIUM CARTILAGINEUM is a red alga with repeatedly pinnately branched, maroon-purple fronds. In southern California it is represented by the variety robustum, which grows most abundantly on submarine rocks 10 to 40 or more feet below sea level, and which may reach a length of 4 feet. This plant is the principal agarophyte for the manufacture of agar on the Pacific coast of North America. Agar shortage in the last few years has stimulated considerable interest in the study of agarophytes. The importance of raw materials in an industry cannot be over emphasized. The success of the American agar industry will depend, in large measure, on the adequacy of the supply of agarophytes. A knowledge of their physiology and ecology is prerequisite to finding ways of insuring an adequate natural supply of these seaweeds, or, if necessary, of cultivating them on a commercial scale. A program of research on agarophytes has therefore been inaugurated at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The present report, the first of a series, is concerned with the photosynthetic activities of this Gelidium. Photosynthesis is the fundamental process providing both energy and substance for the synthesis of the whole plant organism. It follows that in studies of photosynthesis are to be found solutions to many problems concerning the ecological behavior of plants. It is therefore the object of the authors to study the photosynthetic activity of Gelidium cartilagineum under different environmental conditions, and especially to determine the effect of varying light, temperature, and carbon dioxide concentration in sea water, in order to obtain some idea of the optimum conditions for the growth of this particular plant. THE CARBON DIOXIDE FACTOR.-Since photosynthesis is a process requiring carbon dioxide as a substrate, the rate of photosynthesis cannot be constant over a period of time unless carbon dioxide is supplied at a constant rate, or enough is continually present to saturate the enzyme system involved. It has been well established that carbon dioxide is a limiting factor in the photosynthesis of land plants during the day, since the photosynthetic activitv of leaves is greatly enhanced by increasing the carbon dioxide concentration in the air. In the case of algae and aquatic plants under natural conditions, e.g., filamentous algae and phytoplankton in particular,
Correlation of Laser Doppler Wave Patterns with Underlying Microvascular Anatomy

Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) was performed on the chest, back, and abdomen of four healthy volunteers. As the probe was moved over distances of 2–6 mm, the red-cell flux varied by 100%, but was associated with three distinctive wave patterns. Correlative skin biopsies showed that a high flux, pulsatile pattern superimposed on vasomotor activity was found when the probe was directly over an ascending elastic arteriole with its immediate branches; low flux, pulsatile flow with minimal or no vasomotor activity was found when the probe was off center relative to the ascending arteriole and its branches; and a low flux, non-pulsatile pattern occurred when the probe window was situated between ascending arterioles over an area in the upper horizontal plexus composed primarily of capillaries and post-capillary venules.
Ultracentrifugal characteristics and carbohydrate content of macromolecular γ-globulins

Abstract Ultracentrifugal studies and carbohydrate analyses were carried out on a number of punned γ-globulins of high molecular weight, isolated from the scrum of macroglobulinemia patients by preparative zone electrophoresis on polyvinyl chloride. Four macroglobulins, studied ultracentrifugally, proved strikingly similar with respect to S020,w and the relative concentration of their three markedly concentration-dependent components. S020,w of the major component was 198 and of the two minor ones approximately 29 and 388. Evidence was obtained that the three ultracentrifugal components do not differ markedly in carbohydrate content. Five macroglobulins analysed for carbohydrates were found similar in liexose. hexosamine, fucose and sialic acid content. Containing close to four times as much total carbohydrate as normal 7 S γ-globulin, they resembled normal 198 γ-globulin. Two macroglobulins were analysed for individual neutral hexose sugars. Fucose. galactose, and-mannose were found in a relative concentration ot approximately 15, 20 and 65%, respectively.
Influence of fuel-side heat loss on diffusion flame extinction

The influence of a fuel-side heat loss zone on a diffusion flame established between fuel and oxidizer reservoirs is investigated using a model heat loss profile. The radiative heat loss suffered by a flame due to particulate soot served as the background motivation for this study. For each chosen flame, the intensity, width and location of the heat loss profile were parametrically varied to assess the sensitivity of the flame to heat losses. The influence of such variations on the heat release, the heat flux to the reservoir walls, the radiative fraction and the drop in flame temperature was studied. Emphasis was placed on the phenomenon of flame extinction due to increased heat losses. Extinction plots were generated for a range of fuel and oxidizer reservoir mass fraction values. The influence of the losses is characterized best by the integrated value of the heat loss profile. In all situations studied, the temperature and reactivity peaks moved toward the fuel side with increased heat losses.
Resonant states of the4He liquid-vapor interface

The spectrum of elementary excitations of the4He liquid-vapor interface is analyzed at various temperatures on the basis of a Feynman description of the thermal excitations. Phenomenological forms are adopted for the density profile of the interface and the two-body correlations that enter this variational treatment. The excited modes may be subdivided into liquid, vapor, vapor-liquid, and bound excitations. It is found that the interface supports resonant states which exhibit a rather large amplitude in the inhomogeneous interface layer separating the bulk liquid and vapor phases. The excitation energies of interface resonances form bands in the excitation spectrum that broaden with increasing temperature. We sketch a microscopic model of the decrease of the interface tension with temperature which yields results in good agreement with experiment.
Hydraulic transients in plumbing systems

This study addresses the issue of pressure transients triggered within premise plumbing or a municipal water distribution system and their potential impact on drinking water service lines and plumbing systems. An instrumented experimental plumbing system was designed to examine the effects of a range of pressures commonly encountered in household plumbing systems. A transient triggered from within the household plumbing system structurally taxed the experimental service line and vertical plumbing sections but did not result in negative pressures. Taken together, these experimental results and observations of gaseous cavitation phenomenon with a high definition video camera demonstrated that a hydraulic transient triggered from a water main resulted in extremely low pressures events (up to −68.95 kpa) in the service line. This low pressure would be sufficient to allow the possible intrusion of microbial and chemical contaminants into the service lines. Homeowners and water utilities should be made aware of the importance of maintaining the structural integrity of their pipe systems and protecting the hydraulic integrity of water systems.
Utilizing Sensor Arrays to Attain High-Operating Bandwidth

Proposed in this paper is a methodology for the design of a sensor array of small bandwidth passband sensors (sensors with small bandwidth but different bandwidths) to attain a high operating bandwidth. In certain control applications, it is necessary that a high bandwidth sensor be used for feedback efficiency. The design of a single sensor with the desired high bandwidth may not be easy and economically feasible. A new approach, which recommends the use of an array of small bandwidth pass-band sensors in place of a single sensor of high bandwidth is proposed. It is shown that the idea of sensor arrays can be utilized to obtain a cost effective and efficient solution to the problem posed. The proposed sensor array that consists of multiple sensors with possible overlapping operating regions as defined by their pass-bands requires that an effective fusion technique be used to unite multi-sensor data. A multi-sensor data fusion scheme using Frequency Response Methods is developed to facilitate the possible implementation of proposed sensor arrays.
TIGR is upregulated in the chronic glial scar in response to central nervous system injury and inhibits neurite outgrowth.

Abstract Reactive astrocytes respond to central nervous system (CNS) injury and disease by elaborating a glial scar that is inhibitory to axonal regeneration. To identify genes that may be involved in the astrocytic response to injury, we used differential display polymerase chain reaction and an in vivo model of the CNS glial scar. Expression of the trabecular meshwork inducible glucocorticoid response (TIGR) gene was increased in gliotic tissue compared with the uninjured cerebral cortex. Increased TIGR expression by reactive astrocytes was confirmed by in situ hybridization, quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Although mutations of the TIGR gene have been implicated in glaucoma, a function for TIGR has not been reported. Since TIGR is secreted, we assessed a possible role in inhibition of neuronal regeneration with an in vitro bioassay and found that this protein is a potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth. Thus, TIGR is a newly identified component of the CNS glial scar that is likely to contribute to neuronal regenerative failure characteristic of the mammalian CNS.
Stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by a sodium periodate (NaIO4) induced growth factor

Sodium periodate treated lymphocytes engage in cell to cell interaction and also yield a soluble growth factor that stimulates DNA synthesis when added to naive autologous cells. Adherent cells enhance the factor mediated activity. Sodium periodate stimulated lymphocytes, treated with mitomycin C, produced no growth factor activity. Partial characterization of the factor indicates that it is non-dialyzable, resistant to ribonuclease, and sensitive to heat, trypsin, and papain.
Male Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) vary mate-searching behavior but not signaling behavior in response to spider silk

Finding and attracting mates can impose costs on males in terms of increased encounters with, and attraction of, predators. To decrease the likelihood of predation, males may modify mate-acquisition efforts in two main ways: they may reduce mate-searching efforts or they may reduce mate-attraction efforts. The specific behavior that males change in the presence of predator cues should depend upon the nature of risk imposed by the type of predator present in the environment. For example, sit-and-wait predators impose greater costs to males moving in search of mates. Here, we test whether cues of the presence of a sit-and-wait predator lead to a reduction in mate-searching but not mate-acquisition behavior. We used a member of the Enchenopa binotata complex of treehoppers—a clade of vibrationally communicating insects in which males fly in search of mates and produce mate-attraction signals when they land on plant stems. We tested for changes in mate-searching and signaling behaviors when silk from a web-building spider was present or absent. We found that males delayed flight when spider silk was present but only if they were actively searching for mates. These results suggest that males have been selected to reduce predation risk by adjusting how they move about their environment according to the cues of sit-and-wait predators.
Interfiber/interlaminar failure of composites under multi-axial states of stress

Abstract Unidirectional and textile carbon/epoxy composites were characterized under multi-axial states of stress. In-plane and through-thickness tensile, compressive, and shear tests were conducted at various orientations with the principal material axes. The stress–strain behavior, failure modes, and strengths were recorded. Results were compared with three types of failure criteria in three dimensions, limit criteria (maximum stress), fully interactive criteria (Tsai-Hill, Tsai-Wu), and failure mode based and partially interactive criteria (Hashin–Rotem, Sun, NU). The latter, a new interfiber/interlaminar failure theory developed by the authors, was found to be in excellent agreement with experimental results, especially in cases involving interfiber/interlaminar shear and compression. Of special note was the failure mode in transverse compression, where the failure plane was not predictable by conventional composite failure theories. The orientation of the failure plane was more in line with predictions by a Mohr–Coulomb failure model.
Current Topics in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer with Low-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy

The treatment of prostate cancer with low dose rate prostate brachytherapy has grown rapidly in the last 20 years. Outcome analyses performed in this period have enriched understanding of this modality. This article focuses on the development of a real-time ultrasound-guided implant technique, the importance of radiation dose, trimodality treatment of high-risk disease, long-term treatment outcomes, and treatment-associated morbidity.
Dichotic listening performance of articulatory-impaired children: Directed attention, severity, and data analysis

The present study compared the performance of articulatory-impaired and non-articulatory-impaired children on a dichotic word task. The dichotic words were presented under three listening conditions: free recall, directed right, and directed left. In addition, different methods for analyzing ear preferences were computed and compared. Children between 5 and 9 years of age participated. Results indicated no significant differences between articulatory-impaired and non-impaired groups on ear preferences. The directed left condition failed to produce a significant difference between right and left ear scores for both groups. Data analysis showed similarities, except with the use of the phi coefficient. No correlations were established between the number and type of articulation errors and dichotic ear preferences.
An experimental study of the impact of information extraction accuracy on semantic search performance

Researchers have shown that various natural language processing techniques can be used in document analysis to impact search performance. For the most part, they examined how an analysis system with certain performance characteristics can be leveraged to improve document and/or passage search results. We have previously shown that semantic queries which utilize named entity and relation information extracted from the corpus can lead to significant improvement in search performance. In this paper, we extend our previous efforts and examine how search performance degrades in the face of imperfect named entity and relation extraction. Our study was carried out by developing gold standard annotated corpora and applying different error models to the gold standard annotations to simulate errors made by automatic recognizers. We identify automatic recognizer characteristics that make them more amenable to our search tasks, show that recognizer recall has more significant impact on semantic search performance than its precision, and demonstrate that significant improvement in both MAP and Exact Precision scores can be achieved by adopting automatic named entity and relation recognizers with near state-of-the-art performance.
Synthesis and characterization of abrasion resistant coating materials prepared by the sol-gel approach: I. Coatings based on functionalized aliphatic diols and diethylenetriamine

The synthesis of inorganic organic hybrid materials has been undertaken and used as abrasion resistant coatings for polymeric substrates by the sol-gel method. The organic components are diethylenetriamine (DETA), glycerol, and a series of aliphatic diols which are functionalized by 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane. The inorganic components are tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), aluminum tri-see-butoxide, titaniumsec-butoxide and zirconiumn-propoxide. Solutions of these materials are spin coated onto bisphenol-A polycarbonate sheet and thermally cured to obtain a transparent coating of a few microns in thickness. Following the curing, the abrasion resistance is measured and compared with a control having no coating. It was found that the abrasion resistance of inorganic organic hybrid coatings in the neat form or containing additional silicon, titanium, zirconium, and aluminum alkoxides can be very effective to improve abrasion resistance. The adhesion tests show that the adhesion between coating and substrate can be greatly improved by treating the polymeric substrate surface with an oxygen plasma or a primer solution of isopropanol containing 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Other experiments, such as the abrasion resistance tests following conditioning in a “hot-wet” condition (boiling water treatment), microhardness tests. UV absorption behavior, and the observation of abraded surfaces, were also undertaken in order to evaluate these coating materials.
Unique toxicological behavior from single-wall carbon nanotubes separated via selective adsorption on hydrogels.

Over the past decade, extensive research has been completed on the potential threats of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to living organisms upon release to aquatic systems. However, these studies have focused primarily on the link between adverse biological effects in exposed test organisms on the length, diameter, and metallic impurity content of SWCNTs. In contrast, few studies have focused on the bioeffects of the different SWCNTs in the as-produced mixture, which contain both metallic (m-SWCNT) and semiconducting (s-SWCNT) species. Using selective adsorption onto hydrogels, high purity m-SWCNT and s-SWCNT fractions were produced and their biological impacts determined in dose–response studies with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata as test organism. The results show significant differences in the biological responses of P. subcapitata exposed to high purity m- and s-SWCNT fractions. Contrary to the biological response observed using SWCNTs separated by density gradient ultracentrifugation, it is fo...