cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stimulus generation using the test pattern development language

Stimulus generation is one of the more challenging tasks in IC design. The Test Pattern Development Language (TPDL) simplifies this process by guaranteeing that simulation patterns are correctly constructed for direct use by the tester. TPDL provides a generic interface which can be used on multiple platforms. The creation of complex stimuli is facilitated via the high level language constructs contained within TPDL. >
Microsystems for drug and gene delivery

Microneedles and other structures have been developed for introducing therapeutic agents into tissues and cells. Microstructures for transdermal delivery hold the promise of pain-free drug injection. Electrodes integrated with microneedles can sense and monitor the effects of injected materials on tissues. Microprobes have been shown to be effective in transfecting cells through the delivery of DNA in experiments with both plants and animals. Microfabricated delivery devices have great potential for local delivery of drugs and genes where systemic administration presents serious safety concerns. In this paper, we review recent progress in microdevices for delivering therapeutic agents, including microneedles, DNA transfection schemes, and intravascular drug and gene delivery systems.
ADD66, a Gene Involved in the Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of α-1-Antitrypsin-Z in Yeast, Facilitates Proteasome Activity and Assembly

Antitrypsin deficiency is a primary cause of juvenile liver disease, and it arises from expression of the "Z" variant of the alpha-1 protease inhibitor (A1Pi). Whereas A1Pi is secreted from the liver, A1PiZ is retrotranslocated from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and degraded by the proteasome, an event that may offset liver damage. To better define the mechanism of A1PiZ degradation, a yeast expression system was developed previously, and a gene, ADD66, was identified that facilitates A1PiZ turnover. We report here that ADD66 encodes an approximately 30-kDa soluble, cytosolic protein and that the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome is reduced in add66Delta mutants. This reduction in activity may arise from the accumulation of 20S proteasome assembly intermediates or from qualitative differences in assembled proteasomes. Add66p also seems to be a proteasome substrate. Consistent with its role in ER-associated degradation (ERAD), synthetic interactions are observed between the genes encoding Add66p and Ire1p, a transducer of the unfolded protein response, and yeast deleted for both ADD66 and/or IRE1 accumulate polyubiquitinated proteins. These data identify Add66p as a proteasome assembly chaperone (PAC), and they provide the first link between PAC activity and ERAD.
FINE STRUCTURE OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS OF THE OPOSSUM (DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA)

The neurohypophysis of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) was studied by electron microscopy in order to amplify Bodian's classic light microscopic observations in which he demonstrated a definite lobular pattern. The lobule of the opossum neurohypophysis is divided into three regions: a hilar, a palisade, and a septal zone. The hilar portion contains bundles of nerve fibers, the extensions of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract containing neurofilaments but few neurosecretory granules. In the opossum, pituicytes have a densely fibrillar cytoplasm. Herring bodies are prominent in the hilar region. They are large bodies packed with neurosecretory granules that have been described as end bulb formations of axons. From the hilar region, axons fan out into a palisade zone where the nerve terminals packed with neurosecretory granules, mitochondria, and microvesicles abut upon basement membranes. The neurosecretory granules are similar to those present in the neurohypophysis of other mammals, except for an occasional huge granule of distinctive type. Material morphologically and histochemically resembling glycogen occurs as scattered particles and as aggregates within nerve fibers. The septal zone, containing collagen, fibroblasts, and numerous small capillaries, is separated from the adjacent glandular tissue by a basement membrane.
Solution structure of the core NFATC1/DNA complex.

Abstract The nuclear factor of the activated T cell (NFAT) family of transcription factors regulates cytokine gene expression by binding to the promoter/enhancer regions of antigen-responsive genes, usually in cooperation with heterologous DNA-binding partners. Here we report the solution structure of the binary complex formed between the core DNA-binding domain of human NFATC1 and the ARRE2 DNA site from the interleukin-2 promoter. The structure reveals that DNA binding induces the folding of key structural elements that are required for both sequence-specific recognition and the establishment of cooperative protein–protein contacts. The orientation of the NFAT DNA-binding domain observed in the binary NFATC1-DBD*/DNA complex is distinct from that seen in the ternary NFATC2/AP-1/DNA complex, suggesting that the domain reorients upon formation of a cooperative transcriptional complex.
Utility of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes

Clinical trials are underway to test the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a number of diseases with no curative therapy available, including type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). Due to their plasticity, MSCs first gained interest in cell-based tissue engineering; however, given their low immunogenicity and profound immunodulatory effects, MSCs are now receiving much attention as a cell-based therapy for immune-mediated disorders. The use of MSCs in T1D holds potential in three different disciplines: systemic injection of MSCs to suppress autoreactive T cells; co-transplantation with islet allografts to enhance islet engraftment in an immuno-privileged microenvironment; and differentiation of MSCs into insulin-producing cells (IPC). We are focusing on the potential translation of MSCs therapy for clinical development to treat T1D.
High-Resolution Infrared Spectroscopy with Synchrotron Sources

Abstract Most applications of synchrotron radiation lie in the ultraviolet and X-ray region, but it also serves as a valuable continuum source of infrared (IR) light which is much brighter (i.e. more highly directional) than that from normal thermal sources. The synchrotron brightness advantage was originally exploited for high spatial resolution spectroscopy of condensed-phase samples. But it is also valuable for high spectral resolution of gas-phase samples, particularly in the difficult far-IR (terahertz) range (1/λ ≈ 10–1000 cm−1). Essentially, the synchrotron replaces the usual thermal source in a Fourier transform IR spectrometer, giving a increase of up to two (or even more) orders of magnitude in signal at very high-resolution. Following up on pioneering work in Sweden (MAX-lab) and France (LURE), a number of new facilities have recently been constructed for high-resolution gas-phase IR spectroscopy. In the present paper, this new field is reviewed. The advantages and difficulties associated with synchrotron IR spectroscopy are outlined, current and new facilities are described, and past, present, and future spectroscopic results are summarized.
Manipulating the perceived opportunity to cheat: an experimental test of the active roles of male and female zebra finches in mate guarding behavior

Birds are commonly sexually promiscuous, which can lead to conflict between the sexes and the evolution of paternity assurance strategies, such as mate guarding. Adaptive explanations for mate guarding have tended to focus on fitness consequences for males, but mate guarding and participation in being guarded is also likely adaptive for females in certain contexts. To better understand the adaptive explanations for mate guarding as well as the observed variation in paternity patterns, it is necessary to explore the relative costs and benefits of guarding (and being guarded) from both the male and female perspective. To investigate these costs and benefits, we conducted an experiment with the Australian zebra finch (Teniopygia guttata) in which we independently varied the perceived opportunity for each member of a captive breeding pair to engage in extra-pair copulation (EPC) solicitation behavior; as an individual’s EPC opportunity increased, the partner’s EPC opportunity remained constant. Our results indicate that, for males, mate guarding intensity increases when their female’s EPC opportunity increases but decreases when their own (i.e., male) EPC opportunity increases. We did not find evidence of flexible female guarding behavior, but we found that females do not evade their partners more as female EPC opportunity increases.
On the use of metallized cavities backing microstrip antennas

A cavity-backed patch phased array is proposed. The antenna configuration has some extra degrees of freedom not found in conventional microstrip patch antennas. These include the cavity dimensions and the slot size. It may be possible to exploit these features in order to further increase the bandwidth (e.g. by double-tuning) or to decrease the antenna mode scattering. The integral equation approach is used to analyze the structure considered. Through the use of the equivalence principle, solution of the problem is facilitated by dividing the analysis into two distinct (but coupled) problems: one for the cavity region below the ground plane, and one for the half-space above the ground plane. The input impedance and radar cross section of cavity-backed patch antennas have been investigated in both single-element and infinite phased-array environments. >
Estimation of parameters in a partially whitened representation of a stochastic process

For a process which may not obey a stochastic linear difference equation (SDE) excited by white noise (i.e., ARMA equation), we will develop an SDE of prespecified order ( n,m ), excited by an "approximate white" noise. (The sense of approximation will be made precise in the text.) The corresponding representation is called the partially whitened representation (PWR) of order ( n,m ) for the process. A recursive method of parameter estimation is presented, and the accuracy of the estimates will be determined by analytical and simulation methods. The algorithm will asymptotically converge to the vector of coefficients of the ARMA ( n,m ) equation for the process, provided the process obeys such an equation. Otherwise, the algorithm will converge to the vector of coefficients of the PWR of order ( n,m ) for the process.
Hedonic and Instrumental Motives in Anger Regulation

What motivates individuals to regulate their emotions? One answer, which has been highlighted in emotion-regulation research, is that individuals are motivated by short-term hedonic goals (e.g., the motivation to feel pleasure). Another answer, however, is that individuals are motivated by instrumental goals (e.g., the motivation to perform certain behaviors). We suggest that both answers have merit. To demonstrate the role instrumental goals may play in emotion regulation, we pitted short-term hedonic motives and instrumental motives against each other, by testing whether individuals were motivated to experience a potentially useful, albeit unpleasant, emotion. We found that (a) individuals preferred activities that would increase their level of anger (but not their level of excitement) when they were anticipating confrontational, but not nonconfrontational, tasks and that (b) anger improved performance in a confrontational, but not a nonconfrontational, task. These findings support a functional view of emotion regulation, and demonstrate that in certain contexts, individuals may choose to experience emotions that are instrumental, despite short-term hedonic costs.
Management of Condylar Process Fractures

Some issues related to management of fractures of the condylar process remain unsettled. In certain areas, however, there is consensus. In the child, with few exceptions, closed treatment is preferable, fixation periods should be short, a vigorous postfixation exercise program is essential, and patients should have long-term follow-up. In the adult, it is important to restore ramus height by an open reduction when (1) there are bilateral fractures without contact of the segments, (2) there is a unilateral fracture in an edentulous patient, or (3) there is a unilateral fracture in a dentulous patient with an unstable occlusion. Open reduction is also necessary when there is a need to establish a stable mandibular base for the treatment of associated midface fractures or when there is mechanical interference with establishing a proper occlusion.
The molecular basis of aging and sequestration of mammalian erythrocytes.

This chapter represents a progress report—a story that relates the interplay of blood groups and red blood cell (RBC) survival to culminate in our current hypothesis for the molecular basis of aging and sequestration of mammalian senescent RBC from circulation. It was Ashby who, in 1919, demonstrated that RBC have a definite life span in the circulation. He accomplished this by the transfusion of RBC of blood group O into individuals of blood types A or B. He noted that, despite the compatibility of the blood transfusion, the RBC did not survive indefinitely. His data suggested an average life span of 83 days.
Early-Season Colonization Patterns of the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Central Texas Cotton

It is commonly believed that colonization of early-season cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., by overwintered boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, is concentrated on field margins. However, supporting experimental evidence is not available. In 1999 and 2000, we examined colonization patterns of overwintered boll weevils in Central Texas cotton on the bases of adult collections by a pneumatic sampler and hand collections of abscised infested squares. Samples were taken from sites arranged in a grid that extended inward >70 m from the field margin. Adults were collected from shortly after seedling emergence until the flowering stage, and infested squares were collected during the one-third grown square stage. Despite numerical trends, the numbers of adult weevils collected were not significantly different between years or sexes, or among plant phenological stages. Field-to-field variation among collections was considerable and likely prevented detection of differences among these factors. Spatial patterns represented by adult weevil and infested square collections were examined by logistic regressions fitted to the respective probabilities of weevil detection at each designated sample site. Although we observed trends for slightly decreased probability of weevil detection with increased distance from the field margin, these trends were too weak to be demonstrated statistically. Our results indicate the boll weevil does not consistently exhibit a strong edge-oriented colonization pattern, and that management tactics that are predicated on these patterns, such as border sprays, should be used with caution.
Resonant Diffraction Into Symmetry-Prohibited Orders of Metal Gratings

We study, by numerical simulations and experimentally, the resonant diffraction by metal (Ag) gratings in the mid-IR ( $\sim 10~\mu \text{m}$ ) spectral range. The excitation of surface plasmon-polaritons facilitates narrow-band resonantly enhanced diffraction into symmetry-prohibited diffraction orders. We show that, even though the propagation losses for plasmonic modes are greatly reduced at longer wavelengths, the magnitude of the resonant diffraction peak remains limited due to diffraction into other, normally allowed, diffraction orders. The grating depth dependence of the resonant diffraction spectra indicates that with shallower gratings, the $Q$ -factor of the resonance may become as large as $10^{3}$ – $10^{4}$ , while the magnitude of the peak is reduced.
Nitrile vibrations as reporters of field-induced phase transitions in 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB).

4-Cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) is a liquid crystal forming compound with a terminal nitrile group aligned with the long axis of the molecule. Simulations of condensed-phase 5CB were carried out both with and without applied electric fields to provide an understanding of the Stark shift of the terminal nitrile group. A field-induced isotropic–nematic phase transition was observed in the simulations, and the effects of this transition on the distribution of nitrile frequencies were computed. Classical bond displacement correlation functions exhibit a ∼2.3 cm–1 red-shift of a portion of the main nitrile peak, and this shift was observed only when the fields were large enough to induce orientational ordering of the bulk phase. Distributions of frequencies obtained via cluster-based fits to quantum mechanical energies of nitrile bond deformations exhibit a similar ∼2.7 cm–1 red-shift. Joint spatial-angular distribution functions indicate that phase-induced anticaging of the nitrile bond is contributing to the...
Carboxy-Telechelic Polyolefins in Cross-Linked Elastomers

We demonstrate that ring-opening metathesis copolymerization of 3-hexyl-cis-cyclooctene and cis-cyclooctene in the presence of maleic acid as a chain transfer agent leads to precise control over the molar mass, branching and crystallinity of the resulting carboxy-telechelic polyalkenamers. Subsequent hydrogenation using a silica-supported platinum catalyst had a negligible effect on the carboxy functionality and led to telechelic polyolefins with high thermal resistance, low glass transition temperatures (<−57 °C), little to no crystallinity, and viscosities similar to those of liquid silicon rubber prior to cross-linking. These properties are ideal for easily processable reactive polyolefin prepolymers that can be readily cured to form elastomers. We demonstrate that a fast and controlled curing process can be achieved in the presence of polyfunctional aziridines. The properties of the thermoset elastomer products were evaluated by tensile, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analyses.
National Boundaries, Border Zones, and Marketing Strategy: A Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Model of Secondary Boundary Effects:

Although national boundaries figure centrally in the definition of international marketing, the topic has not been explored fully. The author attempts to remedy this by surveying national boundary ...
IMPACT OF INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE PEELING ON MACULAR HOLE REOPENING: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE To assess the literature regarding macular hole reopening rates stratified by whether the internal limiting membrane (ILM) was peeled during vitrectomy surgery. METHODS Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting on macular hole reopenings among previously surgically closed idiopathic macular holes. A comprehensive literature search using the National Library of Medicine PubMed interface was used to identify potentially eligible publications in English. The minimum mean follow-up period for reports to be included in this study was 12 months. Analysis was divided into eyes that underwent vitrectomy with and without ILM peeling. The primary outcome parameter was the proportion of macular hole reopenings among previously closed holes between the two groups. Secondary outcome parameters included duration from initial surgery to hole reopening and preoperative and postoperative best-corrected correct visual acuities among the non-ILM peeling and ILM peeling groups. RESULTS A total of 50 publications reporting on 5,480 eyes met inclusion criteria and were assessed in this meta-analysis. The reopening rate without ILM peeling was 7.12% (125 of 1,756 eyes), compared with 1.18% (44 of 3,724 eyes) with ILM peeling (odds ratio: 0.16; 95% confidence interval: 0.11-0.22; Fisher's exact test: P < 0.0001). There were no other identifiable associations or risk factors for reopening. CONCLUSION The results of this meta-analysis support the concept that ILM peeling during macular hole surgery reduces the likelihood of macular hole reopening.
Use of the Vocera Communications Badge improves public safety response times

Objectives. Violence in the Emergency Department (ED) has been a long-standing issue complicated by deficiencies in staff training, ease of weapons access, and response availability of public safety officers. The Vocera Badge is being used by our staff to request public safety assistance in lieu of a formal phone call to the University Police Communications Center. We sought to learn if use of this technology improved officer response times to the ED. Methods. Mean response times were reviewed and descriptive statistics analyzed to determine if the use of the Vocera Badge improved public safety officer response times to the ED. Results. Average response times improved from an average of 3.2 minutes (SD = 0.456) in the 6 months before the use of the communication badges to an average of 1.02 minutes (SD = 0.319) in the 6 months after use began. Conclusions. The use of the Vocera Badge seemed to decrease response times of public safety officers to our ED compared with the traditional method of calling a dispatch center to request assistance.
418 BIOMINERALIZED SCAFFOLDS INHIBIT OSTEOGENESIS IN THE PRESENCE OF SOLUBLE OSTEOGENIC SIGNALS.

Strategies to engineer bone have focused on the use of natural or synthetic biodegradable materials to support cell transplantation or as substrates to guide bone regeneration. The deposition of a biomineral on the surface of synthetic polymers has resulted in the formation of hybrid biomaterials with desired biodegradability and enhanced osteoconductivity. It is widely accepted that osteoconductive materials provide a superior environment to promote osteogenesis in vivo. However, the impact of the osteoconductive substrate coupled with soluble signals on progenitor cell differentiation within the three-dimensional substrates is not well known. In this study, we investigated the influence of carbonate apatite on the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) seeded in biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds. Two schemes for depositing carbonate apatite were examined: a postmineralized process involved surface hydrolysis of the scaffold followed by incubation in a modified simulated body fluid (mSBF) and a premineralized process entailed microparticle hydrolysis, subsequent incubation in mSBF and then scaffold formation. Under scanning electron microscopy, we observed phenotypic differences in structure between each scaffold. We cultured hMSCs on the scaffolds for 28 days in osteogenic media supplemented with 100 ng/mL BMP-2. Compared with nonmineralized scaffolds, hMSCs cultured on biomineralized substrates exhibited increased cellular proliferation, along with reduced levels of osteogenic differentiation markers as determined by intracellular alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osteopontin secretion. No significant differences in osteogenic differentiation were observed between the two biomineralized substrates. However, we detected significantly higher levels of scaffold-associated calcium in premineralized scaffolds versus postmineralized and nonmineralized substrates. These results suggest that in the presence of soluble signals, mineralization may prove counterproductive to promoting the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. In light of these observations, multiple signaling strategies may be necessary to achieve optimal bone regeneration.
Pharmacological probes for A1 and A2 adenosine receptors in vivo in feline pulmonary vascular bed

Under conditions of controlled pulmonary blood flow and constant left atrial pressure, adenosine produces dose-dependent, tone-dependent responses in the pulmonary vascular (PV) bed of intact-chest...
Managing Diabetic Nephropathies in Clinical Practice: Emerging and Future Therapies

Diabetes mellitus is a serious chronic disease that will result in a diverse range of complications if not properly treated early in its course. This is especially true for people at risk of developing diabetic kidney disease (DKD), which is roughly about 30 % of patients with diabetes. In the past two decades, several new therapies have been approved to control glucose levels in diabetes mellitus. These advances have resulted in a slowing of nephropathy progression in some patients by 70 %, from an average of 5–6 mL/min/year to 2 mL/min/year [1]. This is because some of these treatments (e.g., sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 [SGLT2] inhibitors) have secondary benefits that affect the onset of nephropathy independent of effects on the renin–angiotensin system or hemodynamic changes. Given the unique action of SGLT2 inhibitors on the proximal tubule of the kidney, these agents are now also being examined for effects on slowing the progression of DKD. A dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor is also on the horizon. While not yet approved for general use, this subclass of medicine may provide even more effective glucose control and benefits on blood pressure. Apart from SGLT2 inhibitors, a more concentrated insulin glargine (U-300) has been approved for use in diabetes mellitus within the last year, with specific reference to people with kidney disease. Additionally, a new formulation of metformin appears to be safe to use in Stages 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) because of its unique site of action localized to the small intestine. All of these agents and the data surrounding their development will be discussed in this chapter.
Towards a Rational Design of Macrolide Antibiotics in Order to Combat Bacterial Resistance

Macrolides, which bind in the protein exit tunnel of the bacterial ribosome, are one of the most prescribed classes of antibiotics.However, macrolide resistance caused by ribosomal modifications at base A2058 in segment 23S is a growing problem. It has been foundthat attachment of aromatic moieties can increasemacrolide activity against both wild-type and macrolide-resistant ribosomes due to additional aromatic interactions with rRNA, resulting in new antibiotics, e.g., telithromycin. Our previous simulations of the stalling peptideSecM in the ribosome revealed stable aromatic interactions between residue W155 in SecM and base A751 in segment23S, inspiring the development of azithromycin derivatives containing indole-analog moieties that could mimic these interactions. Several of these derivatives showed improved activity against wild-typeEscherichia coli compared to azithromycin, although, a better understanding of the structure-activity relationship for the different moietiesis needed for further improvement.Here, we used molecular dynamics simulations to study erythromycin and azithromycin in wild-type and A2058-modified, E. coli ribosomes. The ribosomal modifications resulted in less favorable interactions between base 2058 and the desosamine sugar of the macrolides as well as a greater displacement of the macrolides, explaining the causes for resistance. Additionally, two of the azithromycin derivatives noted above were simulated in the wild-type ribosome. We found that the added indole-analog moieties adopted different geometries when interacting with base A751, which could explain the differences in their activity. Our results illustrate the utility of MD simulations in the design of a new generation of macrolides that can overcome bacterial resistance.
The Poisson Distribution

In lesson 17, we saw the use of the binomial as an approximation to the hypergeometric for large populations. When n is large in the binomial, we have similar problems of computation:
Continuing anticoagulants for recurrent venous thromboembolism was better than 6-month anticoagulant therapy

Source Citation Schulman S, Granqvist S, Holmstrom M, et al., and the Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group. The duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after a second episode of venous thro...
Contraceptive counseling among pediatric primary care providers in Western Pennsylvania: A survey-based study.

Objectives:Data suggest that adolescents in the United States receive inadequate contraceptive counseling. This study sought to determine factors affecting pediatricians’ discussion of contraceptio...
Pesticide Toxicity to Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Twenty-four materials were assessed for toxicity to Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) in laboratory assays. Compounds which should be effective for managing A. suspensa were abamectin, azinphos-methyl, ba...
The Dark Side of Interpolated Testing: Frequent Switching Between Retrieval and Encoding Impairs New Learning

Practicing retrieval can improve the updating or modification of existing knowledge. When students need to update their existing knowledge, performing retrieval practice on the first set of materials often strengthens learning of the next set. However, Davis and Chan (2015) reported that interpolated testing can sometimes impair new learning. Here, we examined whether frequently switching between retrieval of previously learned material and encoding of new material can disrupt learning of the new material. In the current experiment, participants either switched between restudying originally learned items and new learning or between retrieving originally learned items and new learning, and we varied the frequency with which task switching occurred. We found that interpolating retrieval, but not restudy, with new learning impaired new learning. These results are consistent with the idea that retrieval practice and encoding rely on different cognitive processes, and intermixing them can exert a cost.
Complementary feeding practices for infants and young children in South Asia. A review of evidence for action post-2015.

Some 37% (~64 million) South Asian children under 5 years are stunted. Most stunting occurs during the complementary feeding period (6–23 months). Our objective was to (a) characterize complementary feeding practices in South Asia and (b) review the effectiveness of information, education, and counselling (IEC) interventions aiming to improve complementary feeding in South Asia. We conducted a comprehensive review of (a) the latest nationally representative survey data and (b) peer-reviewed interventions (January 1990 to December 2015) that used IEC as the main strategy to improve complementary feeding. The analytical sample included 30,966 children aged 6–23 months. Foods made from grains are the main complementary food (76.8% of children). Only 33.2% of children are fed fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin A and a mere 17.1% are fed complementary foods containing meat, fish, poultry and/or eggs. Timely introduction, minimum meal frequency, minimum dietary diversity, and minimum acceptable diet were estimated at 57.4%, 47.7%, 33.0%, and 20.5%, respectively. The evidence on the effectiveness of IEC interventions is limited in quantity, quality, and scale. The 12 intervention studies that met the inclusion criteria indicate that IEC interventions delivered by many types of primary care workers/community resource persons using multiple contact opportunities improved the timeliness, frequency, diversity, and/or adequacy of complementary feeding. However, acceptability, availability, and affordability seem to constrain improvements in diet diversity, particularly foods of animal origin. The small size of most intervention studies and the training and/or supervision intensity of counsellors raise concerns about the potential for scale and/or sustainability of some of the interventions reviewed.
Disagreeable Rhetoric and the Prospect of Public Opposition: Opinion Moderation on the U.S. Supreme Court:

Elite rhetoric is an important aspect of democracy, and understanding why elites alter their rhetorical tone is vital to understanding the nature of public–elite interaction. In this paper, we iden...
Recurrent Colon Cancer

Patients undergoing curative surgery for colorectal cancer have a high rate of recurrent disease. Outside of bowel lumen, the determination of local recurrence is highly depended on cross-sectional radiology examinations. FDG PET/MR is ideal for detecting both local and distant recurrences.
Congenital Hyperinsulinism and Hypopituitarism Attributable to a Mutation in FOXA2.

Context Persistent hypoglycemia in the newborn period most commonly occurs as a result of hyperinsulinism. The phenotype of hypoketotic hypoglycemia can also result from pituitary hormone deficiencies, including growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency. Forkhead box A2 (Foxa2) is a transcription factor shown in mouse models to influence insulin secretion by pancreatic β cells. In addition, Foxa2 is involved in regulation of pituitary development, and deletions of FOXA2 have been linked to panhypopituitarism. Objective To describe an infant with congenital hyperinsulinism and hypopituitarism as a result of a mutation in FOXA2 and to determine the functional impact of the identified mutation. Main outcome measure Difference in wild-type (WT) vs mutant Foxa2 transactivation of target genes that are critical for β cell function (ABCC8, KNCJ11, HADH) and pituitary development (GLI2, NKX2-2, SHH). Results Transactivation by mutant Foxa2 of all genes studied was substantially decreased compared with WT. Conclusions We report a mutation in FOXA2 leading to congenital hyperinsulinism and hypopituitarism and provide functional evidence of the molecular mechanism responsible for this phenotype.
Preferences of Christians and Non-Christians for Five Christian Counselors’ Treatment Plans: A Partial Replication and Extension

This study replicated and extended a previous study that compared conservative and moderate Christians on preferences for Christian counselors’ treatment plans. Preferences of self-labeled non-Chri...
Oral language development among Mandarin learners in Chinese homestays

This mixed-method study describes the oral Mandarin development of 25 American students living in Chinese homestays, and how it may relate to the ways they respond to opportunities for interaction with their host families. While scholars have begun to examine students’ Mandarin development during their sojourns in China, there is little research regarding changes in their holistic oral proficiency and how such changes may be related to the quality of interaction they have with their interlocutors. The results of this study show robust gains in proficiency ratings of their oral performances over the course of one semester. A case study of two purposefully selected student performances – one who demonstrated the most prominent proficiency gains and the other who showed no gains – reveals differences in the ways they respond to opportunities for interaction. These findings provide suggestions on ways to best facilitate students’ learning experience while living with host families.
Larval salamanders are as effective at short-term mosquito predation as mosquitofish

Biological control of mosquitoes can have unintended ecological consequences. One example is the introduction of the genus Gambusia Poey, 1854 into ponds and wetlands. Gambusia spp. are invasive in...
Phase I study of hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) therapy with floxuridine (FUDR) combined with systemic gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with locally advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).

417Background: The standard of care for unresectable ICC is palliative systemic chemotherapy with cisplatin and gemcitabine. HAI therapy with FUDR in ICC resulted in high response rates [Kemeny 201...
Drilling and Excavation for Construction and In-Situ Resource Utilization

As the exploration of the solar system by the international space agencies (NASA, ESA, JAXA and others) continues to expand there are increasing considerations to include humans as part of the future missions. These missions may consist of short term site visits as was done during the landing on the Moon or for extended stay as part of permanent human habitation. At the present time, the planetary body that is considered for a permanent habitation is the Earth’s Moon. However, human presence on the Moon is also sought as part of a broader plan where it would serve as a stepping stone to colonizing other bodies in our solar system, the most intriguing one being Mars. Such a presence is quite challenging and will require the establishment of the critical infrastructure to support the essential capabilities that are often taken for granted on Earth. The tasks enabling human settlement will be quite complex due to the harsh conditions on Mars such as low temperature, atmospheric pressure, and the radiation environment. In addition, long communication delays will significantly impact the ability for any system to be teleoperated from Earth. The cost and associated challenges will require cooperation of the international space agencies and this may follow some of the approaches and procedures that were used in the development and operation of the International Space Station (ISS).
Telomeres and Telomerase

Telomere-based replicative senescence is thought to function as a potent mechanism of tumor protection in humans. Whether this mechanism is conserved in other species is still unclear. In this review we present an inter-species critical overview of some of the available literature on the fundamental biology of telomeres and telomerase during development, regeneration, cancer and aging of living organisms during their evolutionary journey through time.
Risk Factors and Pooled Rate of Prolonged Opioid Use Following Trauma or Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-(Regression) Analysis

Background:Prolonged use of opioids initiated for surgical or trauma-related pain management has become a global problem. While several factors have been reported to increase the risk of prolonged opioid use, there is considerable inconsistency regarding their significance or effect size. Therefore,
Proteomic analysis identifies highly expressed plasma membrane proteins for detection and therapeutic targeting of specific breast cancer subtypes

In recent years, there has been an emphasis on personalizing breast cancer treatment in order to avoid the debilitating side effects caused by broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic drug treatment. Development of personalized medicine requires the identification of proteins that are expressed by individual tumors. Herein, we reveal the identity of plasma membrane proteins that are overexpressed in estrogen receptor α-positive, HER2-positive, and triple negative breast cancer cells. The proteins we identified are involved in maintaining protein structure, intracellular homeostasis, and cellular architecture; enhancing cell proliferation and invasion; and influencing cell migration. These proteins may be useful for breast cancer detection and/or treatment.
The Nature of Anxiety: Precarious City Lives in La piqueta and La trabajadora // La naturaleza de la ansiedad: Vidas urbanas precarias en La piqueta y La trabajadora

Separated by more than fifty years, the novels La piqueta by Antonio Ferres (1959) and La trabajadora by Elvira Navarro (2014) parallel each other in location and theme. Ferres places his novel in the chabolas of Orcasitas in the late 1950s while Navaro’s novel is set primarily in Aluche in 2011. Both novels critique the southern periphery during times of restructuring and crisis through descriptions of and movement through landscapes that infuse, superimpose, and ultimately are confused with the body and mind of the protagonists. These movements through Madrid’s center and periphery reveal incongruences between imagined landscapes and actual lived spaces. The former, constructed through tropes and metaphors of the natural environment serve as anchors of communal and individual identity, and become unmoored in the reality of actual lived spaces. This confrontation provokes anxiety and the breaking down of community and self. Resumen Separadas por mas de cincuenta anos, las novelas La piqueta de Antonio Ferres (1959) y La trabajadora de Elvira Navarro (2014) se parecen en situacion geografica y tema. Ferres localizo su novela en las chabolas madrilenas de Aluche a finales de los anos 50, mientras Navarro ubico la suya en el barrio periferico de Aluche en 2011. Ambas novelas critican la construccion de la periferia de Madrid durante epocas de crisis politica y economica a traves de descripciones de y movimientos por paisajes que se infunden, se superponen y se confunden con el cuerpo y mente de los protagonistas. Ademas, los movimientos entre los paisajes imaginados y los espacios reales ponen al descubierto las incongruencias entre ambos. El anterior se construye a traves de los tropos y metaforas del mundo natural capaces de anclar la identidad individual y comunal. Cuando estas nociones del mundo imaginado se desamarran provoca una ansiedad y el desmoronamiento del ser y de la comunidad.
Cultivating Care: Developmentally Reframing the Religious Nurture of Young Children.

Decety et al. posited that family religiosity has a negative effect on children’s altruism. However, a constructive reading of developmental psychologists suggests that religious nurture can enhanc...
Ambivalence toward healthy and unhealthy food and moderation by individual differences in restrained eating

Food may be a particularly ambivalent stimulus, as it may be associated with high feelings of both positivity and negativity (objective ambivalence), in addition to feelings of conflict (subjective ambivalence). In this study we examine objective and subjective ambivalence toward healthy and unhealthy food, as well as nonfood objects. We show that food (particularly unhealthy food) images do elicit higher ambivalence than nonfood images, particularly due to increased negative feelings. Furthermore, individuals higher in eating restraint showed increased objective and subjective ambivalence to healthy food, suggesting that food may be a highly arousing, conflicting stimulus for constant dieters. Implications for treatment of eating disorders and for future research on food consumption are discussed.
Overview of interconnect technology for 7nm node and beyond - New materials and technologies to extend Cu and to enable alternative conductors (invited)

Although alternative conductors such as Co and Ru have intrinsic potentials for higher electromigration reliability than Cu and for competitive resistivity to Cu in fine dimensions, our measured resistivities of Co and Ru interconnects show twice of that of Cu interconnects still in dimension of 5 nm node. Key technologies to extend Cu interconnects to 7nm and beyond are the ALD/PVD modified TaN barrier and the Mn-assisted TaN barrier to achieve required (1) line/via-R, (2) electromigration/TDDB reliability and (3) via chain yield/manufacturability.
Teaching sex therapy as a method of transformative learning: a mixed-methods analysis of efficacy

Sex therapy is a course that is required in many mental health graduate degrees; the field of sexology and sexual health is growing and developing—but the intersection of pedagogy and sex therapy i...
The Presenting Concerns of Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Clients at University Counseling Centers

There is a paucity of research on transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) students who present to university counseling centers (UCCs). Using national-level data from the Center for Collegiate ...
A molecular approach to treating cognition in schizophrenia by calcium channel blockade: An open-label pilot study of the calcium-channel antagonist isradipine.

Abstract Cognitive impairment is a prominent and difficult to treat symptom in schizophrenia (SZ), which is directly related to functional disability. A variant in the gene coding for the alpha 1C subunit of L-type voltage gated calcium channel (CACNA1C) has been shown to negatively affect several neurocognitive domains. We conducted a 4-week, open label, pilot study of isradipine, a calcium channel blocker, to determine its feasibility, safety, and efficacy in improving cognition in SZ patients. Ten adults with stable SZ were started on a flexible dose of isradipine 5 mg/day (up to 10 mg/day) for 4 weeks. Weekly in-person visits tracked side effects and symptoms while neurocognition and functional capacity were assessed at baseline and week 4. There were no serious adverse events reported. Newly emergent side effects were dizziness (1 new incidence at week 4); difficulty sleeping (2 new incidences at week 4); and decreased energy (3 new incidences at week 4). 1 patient discontinued medication and was withdrawn. Treatment did not exacerbate clinical symptoms. Although power is limited, results indicate no clear benefit on neurocognition but a positive effect (baseline mean = 6.8 ± 1.3 to week 4 mean = 7.9 ± 1.1; t = 2.91, p = 0.017) on functional capacity was noted. This open label, pilot study provides preliminary evidence that isradipine is a relatively safe medication when used adjunctively in SZ patients. This study suggests that isradipine offers no clear cognitive and only minimal functional benefit; however, additional studies may be warranted in symptomatic patients, or those with specific CACNA1C genotypes.
Individual Risk-Based Assessment for Blood Donation in the United States-Is It Time?

The COVID-19 pandemic has focused attention on two issues that have been of ongoing discussion and public health concern in the United States: continued declines in blood product utilization coupled with even larger declines in blood donation collection In April 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued recommendations that included a reduction of the then deferral period for men who have sex with men (MSM) from 12 months to 3 months from last sexual contact with a man 1 These changes were long in the making and were issued following a dramatic decrease in blood product availability following the COVID19-related significant and abrupt drop in blood donation The authors present the rationale that the reduction to three months deferral rather than elimination ofthe deferral entirely ignores scientifically rigorous studies indicating that the blood screening assays currently in use have a documented HIV-positive detection period of, most conservatively, 7 to 10 days, thereby reducing the risk of transfusiontransmitted HIV infection to the transfusion recipient to significantly less than that of more common, noninfectious disease complications from transfusion, such as those caused by circulatory overload 2 5 The authors' platform includes immediately implementing a universal, selfreported, risk-based deferral questionnaire that affords the opportunity for blood collection organizations to bring in new and subsequently return blood donors, alleviating some ofthe stress on the collection side by increasing the eligible blood donor population