cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatially Coherent Interpretations of Videos Using Pattern Theory

Activity interpretation in videos results not only in recognition or labeling of dominant activities, but also in semantic descriptions of scenes. Towards this broader goal, we present a combinatorial approach that assumes availability of algorithms for detecting and labeling objects and basic actions in videos, albeit with some errors. Given these uncertain labels and detected objects, we link them into interpretable structures using the domain knowledge, under the framework of Grenander's general pattern theory. Here a semantic description is built using basic units, termed generators, that represent either objects or actions. These generators have multiple out-bonds, each associated with different types of domain semantics, spatial constraints, and image evidence. The generators combine, according to a set of pre-defined combination rules that capture domain semantics, to form larger configurations that represent video interpretations. This framework derives its representational power from flexibility in size and structure of configurations. We impose a probability distribution on the configuration space, with inferences generated using a Markov chain Monte Carlo-based simulated annealing process. The primary advantage of the approach is that it handles known challenges--appearance variabilities, errors in object labels, object clutter, simultaneous events, etc--without the need for exponentially-large (labeled) training data. Experimental results demonstrate its ability to successfully provide interpretations under clutter and the simultaneity of events. They show: (1) a performance increase of more than 30 % over other state-of-the-art approaches using more than 5000 video units from the Breakfast Actions dataset, and (2) an overall recall and precision improvement of more than 50 and 100 %, respectively, on the YouCook data set.
Selling Stem Cells in the USA: Assessing the Direct-to-Consumer Industry

Direct-to-consumer marketing of unapproved stem cell interventions is a well-known phenomenon in countries with lax medical regulations. However, an examination of Internet-based marketing claims revealed widespread promotion of such interventions by businesses based in the United States. Such commercial activity suggests that regulatory agencies must better oversee this marketplace.
Epilogue: Iberian Visions of the Pacific Ocean, 1507–1899

In the late 1940s, enterprising researcher Emilio Pastor y Santos uncovered a loophole in the diplomatic treaties signed between Spain and the United States in 1898 and between Spain and Germany in 1899. Although these arrangements effectively ended Spanish colonialism in the Pacific, Pastor discovered that his country had, in fact, retained sovereignty over four islands not formally considered in the deliberations. In order to gain a wider audience, he published his findings in a detailed monograph in which he advocated the Spanish pursuit of its diplomatic claims through the establishment of a naval station in the region.1 What must have appeared initially as a cruel April fool’s joke among diplomats soon turned into a serious issue when the Council of Ministers, appointed by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco, started to debate the case in earnest. The members of the council decided, while accepting the claim as legitimate, not to press the diplomatic issue in an international arena.
Differences in the spatial distribution of actin in the left and right ventricles of functioning rabbit hearts

Abstract We examined the effect of the differences in spatial arrangement of actin in contracting muscles from the left (LV) and right (RV) ventricles of rabbit heart. Spatial arrangement is a fundamental property of muscle because it reflects the interaction of individual actin molecules with myosin cross-bridges. Macroscopic parameters of contraction, such as maximum tension, speed of shortening or ATPase activity, are unlikely to reveal differences between the ventricles because they are made on whole organs containing trillions of actin and myosin molecules. Averaging the data collected from such a large assembly is likely to conceal small differences. To eliminate complications arising from the differences in the basic myocardial architecture and fiber structures of the ventricles, and to ensure that the molecular crowding influences contraction in the same way as under the in-vivo conditions, we collected data from isolated myofibrils ex-vivo . Control anisotropy experiments revealed that the orientation of actin reflected the orientation of myosin cross-bridges. The results showed that the changes in the distribution of actin induced by the interaction of actin filaments with myosin heads were demonstrated only in LVs, not in RVs. This suggests that both ventricles interact differently with myosin cross-bridges. We think that the stress induced in the thin filaments of LV causes loosening of bonds between actin monomers which leads to greater mobility of actin monomers.
Sub-diffraction Resonators in Semiconductor Hyperbolic Metamaterials

Challenges of mid- and far-infrared nanophotonics that arise from optical phonons are discussed. Approaches for materials and devices with engineered phonon polaritons modes and light-matter interaction are presented.
III-V Nanoelectronics for logic applications

Summary form only given. The sustaining of the Moore's Law over the next decade will require not only continued scaling of the physical dimensions of the nano-devices but also performance improvement and aggressive reduction in power consumption. This will warrant multiple approaches that range from new materials (e.g. Ge, III-V) to new device structures (FINFETs, Tri-Gates) and to new transport physics (band to band tunneling). In this talk, I will present forward looking research results in harnessing compound semiconductor (III-V) materials to enhance CMOS logic, and new switching mechanism to extend CMOS logic and markedly boost the energy efficiency of future information processing systems.
Usability Modeling of Academic Search User Interface

Usability is a core concept in HCI and is a common quality attribute for the design and evaluation of interactive systems. However, usability is a fluid construct and requires context-specific frameworks to be clearly defined and operationalized. Academic search user interfaces (SUIs) include the search portals of academic and research libraries, digital data repositories, academic data aggregators, and commercial publishers. In addition to information lookup, academic SUIs serve scientific information seeking in learning, exploration, and problem-solving.
Pulsed electrical stimulation in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: follow up in 288 patients who had failed non-operative therapy.

BACKGROUND Optimized pulsed electrical stimulation (PES) regulates chondrocyte genes, enhances production of cartilage matrix materials, and inhibits production of matrix catabolic factors. METHODS This prospective, cohort study examined the use of a PES device in treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA) in patients who had failed non-operative therapy. Primary outcome measures were patient and physician global evaluation, and patient assessment of knee pain. RESULTS This study included 288 (95 men, 193 women) patients who used the device from 16 to more than 600 days (mean: 889 hours). Improvement in all efficacy variables (p < 0.001) occurred. A dose-response relationship between effect size and hours of usage was observed as cumulative time increased to more than 750 hours. Improvement in patient or physician global occurred in 59.0% of patients who used it less than 750 hours, and for 73.0% of those who used it more than 750 hours. An economic analysis of a sub-group of patients showed that 45.3% reduced nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use by 50.0% or more. CONCLUSIONS A highly optimized PES device successfully attenuated knee OA symptoms in patients who had failed non-surgical therapy. Less than 250 hours of therapy provided relief, but improvement increased in a dose-response manner after 750 hours of cumulative use.
When ‘smaller is stronger’ no longer holds

‘Smaller is stronger’ has been a well-established tenet for the mechanical strength of small-volume single crystals. However, emerging evidence suggests that this trend does not always hold in the ...
The effects of information and hazard on evacuee behavior in virtual reality

Abstract Many contextual factors can influence evacuees' choice of egress route during an emergency. Anxiety caused by the emergency situation may lead to suboptimal choices, resulting in slower evacuation and greater risk of injury or death. The present pilot study tests the influence of hazard level (presence of visible fire and smoke) and information about an obstacle (delivered verbally or through signage) on evacuees' anxiety levels and choice of egress route in a virtual reality (VR) simulation of a fire evacuation with multiple possible exits. Physiological measures were recorded and used to validate the efficacy of VR in inducing anxiety germane to the situation of interest. Consistent with our expectations, providing information about the obstacle was shown to decrease total evacuation time. Contrary to our predictions, it did not significantly impact evacuees' choice of exit. Information also had a marginally significant effect on participants' self-reported anxiety. Providing more targeted information may further reduce anxiety and evacuation time. More generally, VR appears well-suited to assessing individual and psychological factors in evacuations.
Noteworthy Rail Accidents

Travel by rail in the United States is one of the safest modes of transportation available. On the rare occasion that major accidents do occur, they represent an opportunity for railroads to learn what has happened and what needs to be done to prevent reoccurrence. This paper provides several, detailed case studies of noteworthy passenger and rail transit accidents that have occurred in the United States, from the 1960s to the present. It discusses the outcome of these accidents, including changes that were implemented due to lessons learned. It also discusses unique and/or noteworthy aspects of each accident.Copyright © 2018 by ASME
Monoamine oxidase and catecholamine metabolism

The enzyme which has come to be known as monoamine oxidase was discovered in liver over 60 years ago as tyramine oxidase (Hare, 1928). Almost 10 years later, Blaschko et al. (1957a,b) established that epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine were also substrates for this enzyme. Zeller (1938) distinguished monoamine oxidase as different from several other amine oxidases, such as diamine oxidase. Although it was generally assumed that catecholamines were metabolized by MAO, this was not established until isotopically labelled epinephrine and an MAO inhibitor became available. Schayer (1951) found that after administration of N-methyl-14C-epinephrine, only about 50% of the radioactivity appeared in the urine, whereas when the 14C label was incorporated into the β-position on the side chain, almost all of the radioactivity could be recovered. One year later, Zeller et al. (1952) discovered that isonicotinic acid hydrazide (iproniazid) inhibited MAO. When animals pretreated with the MAO inhibitor were administered N-methyl-14C-epinephrine, almost all of the radioactivity was recovered (Schayer et al., 1955), indicating that the enzyme was responsible for the metabolism of about half of the administered catecholamine. Schayer et al. (1952, 1953) had found that five urinary metabolite products of β-labelled-14C-norepinephrine could be separated by paper chromatography, but the chemical structures of these compounds were not known.
Teaching Race in U.S. History: Examining Culturally Relevant Pedagogy in a Multicultural Urban High School:

In this interpretative case study, the researcher examined the beliefs and practices of three self-identifying culturally relevant social studies teachers related to their teaching of U.S. history ...
The New York Floods of 1935 and 1936

Although records, relatively long for this region, indicated a favored location in respect to the occurrence of great storms, within nine months, New York State was visited by two major floods, one...
An endogenous chemorepellent directs cell movement by inhibiting pseudopods at one side of cells.

In Dictyostelium, the chemorepellent AprA uses some but not all components of the cAMP chemoattraction pathway. PTEN proteins prevent pseudopod formation, and AprA causes the PTEN-like protein CnrN...
Analysis of porous filled heat exchangers for electronic cooling

Abstract An innovative porous filled heat exchanger is modeled to investigate the cooling effectiveness and temperature distribution at its base subject to a high heat flux. The effects of different nanofluid coolants (5% titanium dioxide (TiO2) in water, 1% alumina in water, 0.03% multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in water, and 1% diamond in 40:60 ethylene glycol/water), different porous materials (copper and annealed pyrolytic graphite (APG)), and porosity values are investigated. The coolant enters from an inlet channel normal to the base, moves through the porous medium, and leaves the heat exchanger through two opposite exit channels parallel to the base. The effects of the inclination angle of the foam filled channel, inlet velocity value, and heat flux value are also studied. In addition, the effect of the inlet cross section is investigated by studying two different designs. One of the designs has a rectangular cross sectional inlet channel (extended all along the transverse direction) and the other design has a square one. The results indicate the importance of the utilization of a high conductive porous material. Utilization of APG porous matrix improves the cooling effectiveness at the base of the heat exchanger, for all studied coolants of pure water and water based nanofluids. The results also show that utilizing titanium dioxide nanofluids (TiO2) as coolant for both copper and APG porous matrices at low and high porosity structures, and for both square and rectangular inlet cross sections improves the cooling efficiency and temperature uniformity over the base. Investigation of the effect of inlet channel geometry, i.e., square and rectangular, indicates that employing a square cross section inlet channel would result in lower temperature values along the streamwise direction while higher temperature values are observed far from the center in transverse direction.
Life with FOCUS: A qualitative evaluation of the impact of a smartphone intervention on people with serious mental illness.

Objective A growing body of literature indicates that mobile health (mHealth) interventions that utilize smartphones for illness management are feasible, acceptable, and clinically promising. In this study, we examine how individuals with serious mental illness use a mHealth intervention-FOCUS-to self-manage their illnesses. Additionally, we explored participant perceptions of the intervention's impact on their subjective illness experience. Method We analyzed qualitative data from 30 individuals with serious mental illness who participated in 1 of 2 community-based, 3-month trials of FOCUS. In Study 1, weekly calls were conducted by a mHealth specialist to facilitate and enhance intervention use. In Study 2, researchers conducted qualitative interviews to gather detailed perspectives of intervention use. Data were sampled from the weekly call notes and qualitative interviews and analyzed using a thematic and collaborative approach. Results Thematic analyses revealed 6 recurring themes. Three themes emerged in regard to participants' ongoing daily use of FOCUS: "back-up" support, symptom management, and self-awareness. Another 3 themes emerged related to the intervention's impact on participants' recovery processes: acceptance of symptoms, motivation and supporting positive outlook. Conclusions and implications for practice This qualitative study offers insight into how individuals with serious mental illness made use of a mHealth intervention designed to support illness self-management. Our findings suggest that individuals may benefit differently from mHealth interventions depending on where they are in the recovery process. As mHealth interventions become increasingly popular in clinical settings, it is important to understand consumers' short-term and long-term benefits from these interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Life-Threatening Complications of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: 16-Year Experience in a Large Prospective Tertiary Care Cohort

Abstract Objectives This study sought to assess the incidence and outcomes of life-threatening complications from atrial fibrillation ablations in a high volume center. Background With increasing rates of atrial fibrillation ablation procedures, an increase in life-threatening procedure-related complications has been reported despite improvements in technology and ablation strategies. Methods Between 2000 and 2015, 10,378 patients underwent atrial fibrillation ablation at our institution and were enrolled in a prospectively maintained data registry. We identified all patients who had life-threatening cardiac, neurological, respiratory, or vascular complications to the ablation resulting in death or requiring emergent intervention. Results Major life-threatening complications occurred in 100 patients (0.9%). The most common was pericardial effusion requiring pericardiocentesis (0.5%), with 7 (0.07%) requiring emergent surgical repair for cardiac perforation. Stroke occurred in 27 patients (0.3%) with a vast majority having an ischemic stroke (93%) followed by hemorrhagic (3.5%) and ischemic stroke with hemorrhagic conversion (3.5%). The yearly incidence of stroke decreased from an average of 1.1% per year in the first tertile (2000 to 2004) to 0.2% per year in the last 2 tertiles (2005 to 2015). Permanent neurological deficits occurred in 23 patients. Vascular complications causing hemorrhagic shock occurred in 7 patients (0.06%), 5 of whom required urgent surgical intervention. Acute coronary syndrome requiring urgent percutaneous coronary revascularization occurred in 2 patients whereas 1 developed a right coronary artery air embolus. No procedural death or atrio-esophageal fistulae occurred. Conclusions In a large quaternary care center, the incidence of life-threatening complications is low. Experienced operators, high volume, continuous quality improvement initiatives, and efficient back-up support have allowed exemplary safety profiles and 0 procedure-related deaths over 16 years.
Tolling for Constraint Satisfaction in Markov Decision Process Congestion Games

Markov decision process (MDP) congestion game is an extension of classic congestion games, where a continuous population of selfish agents solves Markov decision processes with congestion: the payoff of a strategy decreases as more population uses it. We draw parallels between key concepts from capacitated congestion games and MDP. In particular, we show that population mass constraints in MDP congestion games are equivalent to imposing tolls/incentives on the reward function, which can be utilized by social planners to achieve auxiliary objectives. We demonstrate such methods in a simulated Seattle ride-share model, where tolls and incentives are enforced for two separate objectives: to guarantee minimum driver density in downtown Seattle, and to shift the game equilibrium towards a maximum social output.
An International Study of the Contextual Effects of Gender Inequality on Intimate Partner Sexual Violence Against Women Students

Rejecting biological and essentialist explanations, feminist scholars posit that gender inequality is a driving force behind sexual violence against women. Using an ecological approach, I test for ...
The sensitivity of climatological SST to slab ocean model thickness

A pronounced tropical cooling (> 4 °C) and high-latitude warming in the annual mean sea surface temperature (SST) climatology is found in a numerical experiment conducted with a coupled model consisting of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) coupled to a slab ocean model (SOM) in which the time-independent SOM thickness is reduced by a factor of two. The results suggest that biases in the ocean mixed layer depth could be contributing to SST biases in coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models. These changes in annual mean SST are noteworthy since in simple climate models the SOM thickness controls the amplitude and phase of the SST annual cycle, but it plays no role in determining the annual mean SST. Results from the numerical experiment indicate that halving of the SOM thickness not only changes annual cycle amplitude but results in asymmetrical changes in the annual cycle that rectify onto annual mean SST. The changed SOM thickness is found to primarily affect the surface net solar flux and latent heat flux components. However, due to the SOM equilibrium energy budget constraint, the annual mean net surface heat flux does not change, and the solar and latent heat fluxes changes compensate for each other. There is no such constraint on the annual cycle of heat fluxes, where the solar and latent components act to reinforce each other over much of the ocean, with the notable exception of the tropic Pacific warm pool region. We investigate the influence of the amplitude of the SST annual cycle on the annual mean SST through the net surface heat flux and its components using a two-step approach. First, two prescribed SST AGCM simulations are carried out, both with the annual mean SST of the full-thickness SOM coupled model simulation: one forced with the SST annual cycle of the full-thickness SOM coupled simulation, and the other forced with the SST annual cycle of the half-thickness SOM coupled simulation. Second, the impacts of these changes in the annual cycle on the annual mean SST are assessed in a full-thickness AGCM-SOM coupled simulation forced by the net, annual-mean, surface heat flux changes produced by the SST annual cycle changes in the first step. It is found that these net surface heat flux changes can largely reproduce the annual mean SST sensitivity to SOM thickness found in the coupled SOM thickness halving experiment. The effects on the annual mean heat flux components and annual mean SST from changes in the SOM thickness in an idealized limiting case are also considered.
Responding to Causal Uncertainty Through Abstract Thinking

The need to understand causality is a powerful motivator. As a result, causal uncertainty, or the sense of not knowing why something happened, can lead to negative psychological consequences and th...
Current Demographic Status of Cardiologists in the United States.

Importance Increasing cardiology workforce diversity will expand the talent of the applicant pool and may reduce health care disparities. Objective To assess US cardiology physician workforce demographics by sex and race/ethnicity in the context of the US population and the available pipelines of trainees. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used data from the Association of American Medical Colleges, the American Medical Association, and the American Board of Internal Medicine to stratify medical students, resident physicians, fellows, and cardiologists by sex and race/ethnicity. Additionally, proportional changes from 2006 through 2016 were assessed for adult and pediatric cardiology. Data analysis took place from August 2018 to January 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Percentage of cardiologists and trainees by sex and race/ethnicity in 2016, as well as changes in proportions between 2006 and 2016. Results Despite a high percentage of female internal medicine resident physicians (10 765 of 25 252 [42.6%]), female physicians were underrepresented in adult general cardiology fellowships (584 of 2720 [21.5%]) and procedural subspecialty fellowships (interventional cardiology, 30 of 305 [9.8%]; electrophysiology, 24 of 175 [13.7%]). The percentage of female adult cardiologists slightly increased from 2006 through 2016 (from 8.9% to 12.6%; slope, 0.36;P Conclusions and Relevance Female physicians remain underrepresented in adult cardiology, despite a robust pipeline of female medical students and internal medicine resident physicians. Women in pediatric cardiology are underrepresented but increasing in number. Members of several racial/ethnic minority groups remain underrepresented in adult and pediatric cardiology, and the percentages of trainees and medical students from these groups were also low. Different strategies are needed to address the continuing lack of diversity in cardiology for underrepresented minority individuals and women.
The Impacts of Neoliberalism on US Community Colleges: Reclaiming Faculty Voice in Academic Governance

Focusing on community colleges as a unique structure within American higher education, this text investigates the specific ways in which these institutions have been impacted by a global increase in neoliberal education policies. Analyzing the effects neoliberalism has had on community colleges, the text charters discourse relating the erosion of faculty voice in academic governance, and decision making; the vocationalization of curriculum; and the impact that these factors have had on the ability of community colleges to provide students with an education that supports a democratic society. Exposing a movement away from the historical aims of community-based education, the text evidences a hijacking of community colleges to serve the objectives of the corporate elite. There has been a decline in community college faculty engagement in shared governance and their loss of recognition as academic and curricular leaders, and the book discusses the potential for redistribution of decision-making power back toward faculty. This text will be of great interest to graduate and postgraduate students, academics, professionals and policy-makers in the fields of Higher Education, Education Policy and Politics, Sociology of Education, Higher Education Management and Education Politics.
Internet Published Policies Regarding Liver Transplant Eligibility and Substance Use in United States Transplant Centers.

Liver transplant centers in the United States retain great autonomy in determining eligibility criteria for a liver transplant. This study aims to define the availability and content of liver transplant centers' publicly available Internet policies regarding eligibility criteria for liver transplant. Three trained undergraduate students performed a structured pilot-tested assessment of official websites of the United Network for Organ Sharing-registered liver transplant centers. All 141 liver transplant centers had an accessible website. Some account of eligibility criteria was provided by 53% of centers, while 32% of centers discussed substance use. Only 17% discussed their policy regarding alcohol use in candidates with underlying alcohol use disorder, and only 2% stipulated that 6 months of abstinence was required. While exclusion based on substance use or age was discussed infrequently, insurance coverage requirements, the need for social support, and the need for adherence to medical care were mentioned in 21%, 37%, and 23% of centers, respectively. Conclusion: In 2018, half of liver transplant centers provided some information on their official websites regarding eligibility criteria for liver transplant. Detailed information regarding substance use disorders and social health requirements was rare. The Internet is infrequently used by liver transplant centers as a means to publicly share information regarding selection criteria.
Solutions of Problems: First-Order Circuits

In this chapter, the problems of the third chapter are fully solved, in detail and step-by-step. In solving the problems of the first-order circuits, the subjects discussed in the first chapter, that is, the methods of circuit analysis and circuit theorems, are applied. In this chapter, the concepts and the parameters of equivalent capacitance, equivalent inductance, time constant of a capacitive first-order circuit, time constant of an inductive first-order circuit, transient response, voltage continuity principle of capacitor, current continuity principle of inductor, primary value, final value, steady state condition, stored energy of circuit, switching operation, and current-voltage and voltage-current relations of capacitor and inductor are explained.
On a Conjecture of Gowers on Clique Differences

We solve a conjecture of Gowers from 2009 on clique differences in chains, thus ruling out any Sperner-type proof of the polynomial density Hales-Jewett Theorem for alphabets of size $2$.
Cybersecurity in Action

Most students enrolled in cybersecurity education graduate with an impressive skill set that includes many technical tools. However, when students go into internship for employment, there is not a manual of instructions or assignments for them to follow. In addition, employers always stress the importance of soft skills in finding and keeping a job.
Evaluating the relationship between the area and latitude of large igneous provinces and Earth’s long-term climate state

One of the hypothesized effects of large igneous provinces (LIPs) is planetary cooling on million-year timescales associated with enhanced silicate weathering of the freshly-emplaced basalt. This study combines reconstructions of the original surface extent and emplacement ages of LIPs, a paleogeographic model, and a parameterization of LIP erosion to estimate LIP area in all latitudinal bands through the Phanerozoic. This analysis reveals no significant correlation between total LIP area, nor LIP area in the tropics, and the extent of continental ice sheets. The largest peaks in tropical LIP area are at times of non-glacial climate. These results suggest that changes in planetary weatherability associated with LIPs are not the fundamental control on whether Earth is in a glacial or non-glacial climate, although they could provide a secondary modulating effect in conjunction with other processes.
A key bidirectional switching issue in optogenetics emulated with laser dyes to illustrate its mitigation using nonlinear optical tools

Conventionally, bidirectional optogenetic switches are controlled with linear excitation (e.g., monochromatic CW light), which has serious limitations when there is a spectral overlap between the “on” and “off” states of the switch. The spectral crosstalk lowers the selectivity of the photoactivation step, resulting in a moderate photoequilibrium value and a poor dynamic range for the switch. Using stimulated depletion quenching (SDQ), which is a nonlinear optical strategy similar to STED, we demonstrate enhanced photoactivation selectivity on one side of the switch, thus shifting the photoequilibrium beyond what is achievable with CW light. The discussion is built around Cph8 as a prototypical bidirectional optogenetic switch lacking complete photoreversibility upon CW excitation because of the spectral crosstalk. We use two fluorescent dyes as analogues to emulate the key spectral feature of the on and off states of Cph8; in this way, we focus on the initial photoactivation step and abstract from the complicated subsequent dynamics. By applying SDQ to a mixture of the dyes, we enhance the selectivity of the photoactivation beyond the linear regime. Increased selectivity of the photoactivation step via nonlinear optical techniques should translate into an improved dynamic range for a broad variety of bidirectional switches. These experiments provide a basis to further expand the foundations for non-conventional optical control methods of biological switching.
Designing roadside green infrastructure to mitigate traffic-related air pollution using machine learning.

Abstract Communities located in near-road environments are exposed to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP), causing adverse health effects. While roadside vegetation barriers can help mitigate TRAP, their effectiveness to reduce TRAP is influenced by site-specific conditions. To test vegetation designs using direct field measurements or high-fidelity numerical simulations is often infeasible since urban planners and local communities often lack the access and expertise to use those tools. There is a need for a fast, reliable, and easy-to-use method to evaluate vegetation barrier designs based on their capacity to mitigate TRAP. In this paper, we investigated five machine learning (ML) methods, including linear regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), XGBoost (XGB), and neural networks (NN), to predict size-resolved and locationally dependent particle concentrations downwind of various vegetation barrier designs. Data from 83 computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations was used to train and test the ML models. We developed downwind region-specific models to capture the complexity of this problem and enhance the overall accuracy. Our feature space was composed of variables that can be feasibly obtained such as vegetation width, height, leaf area index (LAI), particle size, leaf area density (LAD) and wind speed at different heights. RF, NN, and XGB performed well with a normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of 6–7% and an average test R2 value >0.91, while SVM and LR had an NRMSE of approximately 13% and an average test R2 value of 0.56. Using feature selection, vegetation dimensions and particle size had the highest influence in predicting pollutant concentrations. The ML models developed can help create tools to aid local communities in developing mitigation strategies to address TRAP problems.
Moments and saturation properties of eigenstates: Oscillator systems

Eigenvalues are defined for any element of an algebra of observables and do not require a representation in terms of wave functions or density matrices. A systematic algebraic derivation based on moments is presented here for the harmonic oscillator, together with a perturbative treatment of anharmonic systems. In this process, a collection of inequalities is uncovered which amount to uncertainty relations for higher-order moments saturated by the harmonic-oscillator excited states. Similar saturation properties hold for anharmonic systems order by order in perturbation theory. The new method, based on recurrence relations for moments of a state combined with positivity conditions, is therefore able to show new physical features.
Analysis of Crypto-Ransomware Using ML-Based Multi-Level Profiling

Crypto-ransomware is the most prevalent form of modern malware, has affected various industries, demanding a significant amount of ransom. Mainly, small businesses, healthcare, education, and government sectors have been under continuous attacks by these adversaries. Various static and dynamic analysis techniques exist, but these methods become less efficient as the malware writers continuously trick the defenders. Numerous research of ransomware with AI techniques often lack the behavioral analysis and its correlation mapping. In this work, we developed an AI-powered hybrid approach overcoming the recent challenges to detect ransomware. Specifically, we proposed a deep inspection approach for multi-level profiling of crypto-ransomware, which captures the distinct features at Dynamic link library, function call, and assembly levels. We showed how the code segments correlate at these levels for studied samples. Our hybrid multi-level analysis approach includes advanced static and dynamic methods and a novel strategy of analyzing behavioral chains with AI techniques. Moreover, association rule mining, natural language processing techniques, and machine learning classifiers are integrated for building ransomware validation and detection model. We experimented with crypto-ransomware samples (collected from VirusTotal). One of the machine learning algorithms achieved the highest accuracy of 99.72% and a false positive rate of 0.003 with two class datasets. The result exhibited that multi-level profiling can better detect ransomware samples with higher accuracy. The multi-level feature sequence can be extracted from most of the applications running in the different operating systems; therefore, we believe that our method can detect ransomware for devices on multiple platforms. We designed a prototype, AIRaD (AI-based Ransomware Detection) tool, which will allow researchers and the defenders to visualize the analysis with proper interpretation.
Measuring the Perceived Three-Dimensional Location of Virtual Objects in Optical See-Through Augmented Reality

For optical see-through augmented reality (AR), a new method for measuring the perceived three-dimensional location of virtual objects is presented, where participants verbally report a virtual object’s location relative to both a vertical and horizontal grid. The method is tested with a small (1.95 × 1.95 × 1.95 cm) virtual object at distances of 50 to 80 cm, viewed through a Microsoft HoloLens 1st generation AR display. Two experiments examine two different virtual object designs, whether turning in a circle between reported object locations disrupts HoloLens tracking, and whether accuracy errors, including a rightward bias and underestimated depth, might be due to systematic errors that are restricted to a particular display. Turning in a circle did not disrupt HoloLens tracking, and testing with a second display did not suggest systematic errors restricted to a particular display. Instead, the experiments are consistent with the hypothesis that, when looking downwards at a horizontal plane, HoloLens 1st generation displays exhibit a systematic rightward perceptual bias. Precision analysis suggests that the method could measure the perceived location of a virtual object within an accuracy of less than 1 mm.
CML in pregnancy: A case report using leukapheresis and literature review

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) complicating pregnancy is uncommon. Literature search demonstrates only a few case reports and some case series but large studies are lacking due to its uncommon presentation. Management of these patients is particularly challenging due to limited available options as several chemotherapy drugs could potentially lead to adverse outcomes and fetal malformations. Leukapheresis has been used in these situations; however paucity of data exists regarding the outcome and complications associated with the procedure. Using leukapheresis alone for extended period to manage CML during pregnancy is also rare. Here we report a case of CML complicating pregnancy which was successfully managed utilizing leukapheresis, followed by a review of literature addressing this controversial issue.
Embolic Stroke as the Initial Manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

We present a case of a 21-year-old African-American female with no significant medical history, who presented to the emergency department with a one-week history of blurry and double vision. Ophthalmology evaluation revealed bilateral retinal artery occlusion. Further workup with imaging of the brain was consistent with an ischemic stroke. Hereditary hypercoagulable workup was unremarkable and initial testing for antiphospholipid syndrome was positive. She underwent transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE), which showed severe mitral regurgitation and thickening of mitral valve leaflets consistent with Libman-Sacks endocarditis. Autoimmune workup was positive for IF-ANA, anti-RNP, and anti-Smith antibody. She fulfilled 4/11 of the ACR criteria and met 5 of the SLICC (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics) criteria for lupus (nonscaring alopecia, thrombocytopenia, positive ANA, and positive anti-Smith and positive anti-phospholipid antibodies). This case highlights the importance of early recognition of underlying connective tissue diseases and timely management of these diseases in young patients with no previous manifestations of diseases.
Simulation of radioactive gold nanoparticles functionalized with Gum Arabic glycoprotein in liver cancer therapy

The therapeutic properties of radioactive gold nanoparticles (198-AuNPs) (β max =0.96 MeV, t 1/2 =2.7 days) and target specific biomolecule were used to form a powerful radiopharmaceutical for targeted drug delivery. The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies of Gum Arabic (GA) glycoprotein coated 198-AuNPs in mice showed greater than 80% uptake in the liver with minimal accumulation in blood and other organs. In this paper, energy deposition of GA-198-AuNPs in tumors with different sizes was simulated using Monte Carlo simulation. For simplicity, it is assumed that the distribution of AuNPs is surface distribution which means all NPs accumulate at the surface of the tumor. GA glycoprotein functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possess optimized sizes (12–18 nm core diameter and 85 nm hydrodynamic diameter) to target individual tumor cells. The simulation shows activities and absorbed doses in the tumors with 0.25cm and 0.5cm radius were 187.9mCi, 72Gy and 300mCi, 118 Gy respectively.
The Limits of Mathematics---Alternative Version

This is an alternative version of the course notes in chao-dyn/9407003. The previous version is based on measuring the size of lisp s-expressions. This version is based on measuring the size of what I call lisp m-expressions, which are lisp s-expressions with most parentheses omitted. This formulation of algorithmic information theory is harder to understand than the one that was presented in chao-dyn/9407003, but the constants obtained in all theorems are now less than half the size that they were before. It is not clear to me which version of algorithmic information theory is to be preferred.
Managing Immigration: A Review of Some Past Projections

International migration may not be amenable to expert knowledge and projections are often unreliable. Three examples of projections suggest failures regardless of scale, timeline or method: trend mechanics failed to anticipate the rapid rebound in temporary visas after the socioeconomic shocks of 2001, alternate assumptions generated wildly differing projections of visas under Congressional deliberation in 2006, and all theories/projections failed to anticipate recent declines in Mexico-to-US migration. While near term projections are required for planning the complex machinery to manage migration, medium-to-long range projections may inform but should not drive migration policy. Rather, admission policies should incorporate principals of self-regulation that prioritize domestic markets.
P - and D -State Contributions to the Charge Form Factors of H 3 and He 3

The method of Sachs is used to obtain explicit expressions for the $P$- and $D$-state components of the ground-state wave functions of ${\mathrm{H}}^{3}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$, under the assumption that they have $T=\frac{1}{2}$ and ${J}^{P}={\frac{1}{2}}^{+}$. The effect of a reasonable admixture of these components on the electric charge form factors of the two nuclei is calculated, and it is found that the striking difference between the observed charge form factors cannot be accounted for in this way. It seems most likely that a combination of ${S}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-state and $T=\frac{3}{2}$-state admixture might provide an explanation of this effect without leading to disagreement with other experimental observations.
Runoff sediment particle sizes associated with soil erosion in the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA

Runoff sediment from disturbed soils in the Lake Tahoe Basin has resulted in light scattering, accumulation of nutrients, and subsequent loss in lake clarity. Little quantified information about erosion rates and runoff particle-size distributions (PSDs) exists for determining stream and lake loading associated with land management. Building on previous studies using rainfall simulation (RS) techniques for quantifying infiltration, runoff, and erosion rates, we determine the dependence and significance of runoff sediment PSDs and sediment yield (SY, or erodibility) on slope and compare these relationships between erosion control treatments (e.g., mulch covers, compost, or woodchip incorporation, plantings) with bare and undisturbed, or ‘native’ forest soils. We used simulated rainfall rates of 60–100 mm h−1 applied over replicated 0·64 m2 plots. Measured parameters included time to runoff (s), infiltration and runoff rates (mm h−1), SY (g mm−1 runoff), and average sediment concentration (SC, g L−1) as well as PSDs in runoff samples. In terms of significant relationships, granitic soils had larger particle sizes than volcanic soils in bulk soil and runoff samples. Consequently, runoff rates, SCs, and SYs were greater from bare volcanic as compared to that from bare granitic soils at similar slopes. Generally, runoff rates increased with increasing slope on bare soils, while infiltration rates decreased. Similarly, SY increased with slope for both soil types, though SYs from volcanic soils are three to four times larger than that from granitic soils. As SY increased, smaller particle sizes are observed in runoff for all soil conditions and particle sizes decreased with increasing slope. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature dependence of amide proton chemical shifts: the secondary structures of gramicidin S and valinomycin.

Abstract In cases where hydrogen-deuterium exchange studies are inconclusive in defining hydrogen bonded amide protons, it is useful to have an alternative basis. Kopple et al. 1969 have associated a decrease in temperature sensitivity of chemical shift in amides protons of cyclic hexapeptides with hydrogen bonding. In the present communication we wish to demonstrate how readily temperature dependence of amide proton chemical shifts may be used to arrive at the secondary structures of gramicidin S (Stern et al. 1968) and valinomycin (Ivanov et al. 1969). The former antibiotic is conformationally quite rigid (Quadrifoglio and Urry 1967). Valinomycin, on the other hand, exhibits a dish-like structure with surfactant properties in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) whereas in methanol + KBr it exists as a “pore” structure with the proper dimensions and character for selective binding of potassium. The power of the approach is further emphasized by the fact that all three conformations, one for gramicidin S and two for valinomycin, were arrived at, independently and in a short time, without prior knowledge of the work of Stern et al. 1968 and of Ivanov et al. 1969. Thus the present work, in addition to demonstrating the temperature method for elucidating secondary structure of polypeptides, may be taken as a confirmation of the gramicidin S and valinomycin structures.