cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accelerated and outdoor/natural exposure testing of coatings

Abstract This article reviews the current state of the art of weathering test design. It describes the primary environmental and procedural variables involved in the design of a weathering test. The relationship between the environmental variables and the current techniques available to accelerate the degradation process either outdoors or in the laboratory is discussed. Primary environmental variables include light, heat and moisture; procedural variables include exposure cycle, exposure time and test initiation. Both laboratory accelerated and outdoor weathering procedures are addressed in the paper. Each of the variables is briefly examined and examples of practical solutions given. The most commonly used exposure racks, boxes and cabinets as well as laboratory accelerated testing devices and instrumentation for monitoring and reporting climatological data are described.
Pattern formation in a rotating fluid: Küppers-Lortz instability

Abstract We propose a model similar to a generalized Swift-Hohenberg equation that includes coupling to mean flow field to describe the Kupper-Lortz instability. The derivation assumes free-free boundary conditions at the top and the bottom. We present a numerical solution of this dynamical model near onset, which yields results that are in good agreement with recent experimental observations. In particular, we observe the reorientation of rolls for frequencies less than a critical frequency, as well as the disordered pattern comprised of several different roll orientations for frequencies greater than the critical frequency.
Investigations into a biomimetic approach toward CP-225,917 and CP-263,114.

A biosynthesis of the structurally complex nonadride CP-225,917 (1) is outlined. A key step in this proposal is the dimerization of a C16 anhydride derived from the condensation of lauric acid and oxaloacetic acid. An important element of this step is a templating effect imposed by two thioester linkages, reminiscent of a polyketide or fatty acid synthase pathway. On the basis of this principle, the dimerization of two C11 anhydrides, templated by a 1,n-diol tether, leading to the core structure of CP-225,917 and CP-263,114 was investigated.
Electronic driving force for stacking fault expansion in 4 H ‐ SiC

Trapping of electrons in stacking fault (SF) interface states may lower the energy of a SF more than it costs to form the SF. This ``electronic stress'' driving force for SF expansion is evaluated for single and double stacking faults in $4H\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}\mathrm{SiC}$ in terms of a two-dimensional free-electron density of states model based on first-principles calculations. In contrast with previous work, which claimed that the number of electrons that can be trapped in the SF is severely limited by the potential barrier arising from the space-charge region adjacent to the SF, we find that the potential barrier is strongly reduced by screening and its effect is negligible.
Extrapolation Pitfalls When Evaluating Limited Endurance Memory

Many new non-volatile memory technologies have been considered as a future scalable alternative to DRAM. Memory technologies such as MRAM, FeRAM, PCM have emerged as the most viable alternatives. But these memories have limited wear endurance. Practically realizable main memory systems employing these memory technologies are possible only if the wear across these memories is reduced as well as uniformly distributed. Limited endurance has resulted in extensive wear leveling research with the goal of uniformly distributing write traffic throughout available physical memory. Basic support for wear leveling is already present in existing systems, in the form of operating system paging. The Operating System (OS) changes virtual to physical translations over time. As a result, write traffic is naturally spread out. Proper evaluation of the need for wear leveling as well as the impact of the corresponding technique must take this phenomenon into account. Ignoring the effect of OS paging mechanism can result in highly inaccurate memory lifetime extrapolations. We demonstrate through simulation results, the effects of inaccurate extrapolations in the absence of OS modeling. Accurate memory lifetime simulation can take from many months to years. Although sampling techniques are commonly employed for speedup, our results show that naive extrapolation techniques can lead to wildly different lifetime estimates. We show how sampling can be accurately applied by accounting for the different components in the write stream observed by main memory. Finally, we present a heuristic to quickly estimate memory lifetime for a given application.
Brevetoxin-6 (PbTx-6), a Nonaromatic Marine Neurotoxin, Is a Ligand of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor

Abstract Brevetoxins (PbTx) are a family of marine polyether toxins that exert their toxic action by activating voltage-sensitive sodium channels. Two forms of brevetoxin, PbTx-2 and -3, induce hepatic cytochrome P4501A1, measured as ethoxyresorufinO-deethylase (EROD) activity, in redfish and striped bass. P4501A1 induction is transcriptionally regulated through the binding of a ligand, typically a planar aromatic compound, to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and subsequent complex formation with the dioxin response element (DRE), an upstream regulatory region of the CYP1A1 gene. To determine if PbTx, a nonaromatic compound, induced EROD by this mechanism, two sets of experiments were performed. Initially, saturation binding assays with PbTx-2, -3, and -6 were carried out to determine if PbTx-2, -3, or -6 was an AhR ligand. Results showed that PbTx-6 inhibited specific binding of dioxin to the AhR, whereas PbTx-2 and -3 had no effect. Subsequently, gel retardation assays showed that PbTx-6 caused a concentration-dependent increase in AhR–DRE complex formation. The most abundant and neurotoxic forms of brevetoxin, PbTx-2 and -3, did not appear to be involved in this process. However, PbTx-6, the epoxide which is a likely biotransformation product, is at least one of the forms of PbTx involved in EROD induction.
Delivery Time of Materials and Patron Satisfaction with Patron-Initiated Borrowing in a Library Consortium

Library consortia offer expanded access to shared collections through patron-initiated borrowing of materials. This article looks at two primary questions regarding patron-initiated borrowing: Is it possible to improve delivery time of materials within the constraints of current staffing? Is it necessary for patrons' satisfaction to improve delivery time? Answers to these two questions were sought through two studies: a series of interviews with library circulation staff and a survey of library patrons. The results of these studies provided answers to these questions and additional information that could be used to improve the current service.
In Vivo μMRI-Based Finite Element and Morphological Analyses of Tibial Trabecular Bone in Eugonadal and Hypogonadal Men Before and After Testosterone Treatment†‡

Osteoporosis is a major public health problem in men. Hypogonadal men have decreased BMD and deteriorated trabecular bone architecture compared with eugonadal men. Testosterone treatment improves their BMD and trabecular structure. We tested the hypothesis that testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men would also improve their bone's mechanical properties. Ten untreated severely hypogonadal and 10 eugonadal men were selected. The hypogonadal men were treated with a testosterone gel for 24 mo to maintain their serum testosterone concentrations within the normal range. Each subject was assessed before and after 6, 12, and 24 mo of testosterone treatment by μMRI of the distal tibia. A subvolume of each μMR image was converted to a microfinite element (μFE) model, and six analyses were performed, representing three compression and three shear tests. The anisotropic stiffness tensor was calculated, from which the orthotropic elastic material constants were derived. Changes in microarchitecture were also quantified using newly developed individual trabeculae segmentation (ITS)-based and standard morphological analyses. The accuracy of these techniques was examined with simulated μMR images. Significant differences in four estimated anisotropic elastic material constants and most morphological parameters were detected between the eugonadal and hypogonadal men. No significant change in estimated elastic moduli and morphological parameters was detected in the eugonadal group over 24 mo. After 24 mo of treatment, significant increases in estimated elastic moduli E22 (9.0%), E33 (5.1%), G23 (7.2%), and G12 (9.4%) of hypogonadal men were detected. These increases were accompanied by significant increases in trabecular plate thickness. These results suggest that 24 mo of testosterone treatment of hypogonadal men improves estimated elastic moduli of tibial trabecular bone by increased trabecular plate thickness.
A LabVIEW™ Model Incorporating an Open-Loop Arterial Impedance and a Closed-Loop Circulatory System

While numerous computer models exist for the circulatory system, many are limited in scope, contain unwanted features or incorporate complex components specific to unique experimental situations. Our purpose was to develop a basic, yet multifaceted, computer model of the left heart and systemic circulation in LabVIEW™ having universal appeal without sacrificing crucial physiologic features. The program we developed employs Windkessel-type impedance models in several open-loop configurations and a closed-loop model coupling a lumped impedance and ventricular pressure source. The open-loop impedance models demonstrate afterload effects on arbitrary aortic pressure/flow inputs. The closed-loop model catalogs the major circulatory waveforms with changes in afterload, preload, and left heart properties. Our model provides an avenue for expanding the use of the ventricular equations through closed-loop coupling that includes a basic coronary circuit. Tested values used for the afterload components and the effects of afterload parameter changes on various waveforms are consistent with published data. We conclude that this model offers the ability to alter several circulatory factors and digitally catalog the most salient features of the pressure/flow waveforms employing a user-friendly platform. These features make the model a useful instructional tool for students as well as a simple experimental tool for cardiovascular research.
Activation Volumes of Magnetic Aftereffects: Role of the Magnon Chemical Potential in Nanomagnets

A non-Arrhenius temperature variation of the thermal magnetic aftereffect has been observed in some particulate media. This behavior could be understood by a quasilinear variation of the magnon chemical potential above some finite Bose-Einstein condensation temperature, and zero chemical potential below. Including the chemical potential variation into the thermal activation volumes derived from the Street and Brown formulation removes a nonphysical order of magnitude increase in the activation volume, but instead yields an activation volume that is essentially temperature independent, and is identified with the physical volume
The best plane through data

As can be seen from Table 1, the two trend surfaces give considerably different values. Our data were chosen not to fit any one plane and this is reflected in both of the trend surfaces. The program has been run with different data, and as the data tend toward a plane both trend surfaces become nearly identical as one would expect.
Strategic alliances in information technology and developing country firms: Recent evidence

Abstract Interfirm strategic alliances are quickly becoming a key mechanism for the diffusion of technical and organizational knowledge on a global scale. Tapping into such alliances will be crucial for developing countries to gain and/or maintain access to technologies and markets. This paper provides some evidence showing that this is already happening in information technology industries. Increasingly, developing country firms are seeking out foreign collaborators in their efforts to become world players in these industries and to participate effectively in building domestic infrastructure. Industrialized country firms, particularly large multinational corporations, are eager to oblige.
Dynamic pressure-flow diagrams and impedance in experimental arterial stenosis and in stenotic atherosclerosis.

Dynamic pressure-flow diagrams were generated by plotting instantaneous pulsatile pressure versus pulsatile flow measured 2 to 3 cm proximal to a graded arterial stenosis in the dog femoral artery. The slope of the major axis of the diagram was defined as the pulse impedance (Z P).Z p under steady-state and vasodilated conditions was linearly related to the large vessel impedance (Z l) calculated independently as the average vascular input impedance modulus from 3 to 19 Hz, and linearly related to the hydraulic resistance of the stenosis. In a separate study,Z p andZ l each were shown to be greater in patients with severe femoral artery stenotic atherosclerosis than in control patents, and unchanged during vasodilation. In addition,Z p andZ l were reduced following femoral-to-popliteal bypass procedures. In summary, dynamic pressure-flow diagrams provide an easy-to-obtain index of the effective vascular hydraulic input impedance in stenotic arteries, and an index of the severity of distal arterial stenosis.
A technological update of molecular diagnostics for infectious diseases

Identification of a causative pathogen is essential for the choice of treatment for most infectious diseases. Many FDA approved molecular assays; usually more sensitive and specific compared to traditional tests, have been developed in the last decade. A new trend of high throughput and multiplexing assays are emerging thanks to technological developments for the human genome sequencing project. The applications of microarray and ultra high throughput sequencing technologies for diagnostic microbiology are reviewed. The race for the $1000 genome technology by 2014 will have a profound impact in diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases in the near future.
Bounds on Front Speeds for Inviscid and Viscous G-equations

G-equations are well-known front propagation models in combustion and describe the front motion law in the form of local normal velocity equal to a constant (laminar speed) plus the normal projection of fluid velocity. In level set formulation, G-equations are HamiltonJacobi equations with convex (L type) but non-coercive Hamiltonians. We study front speeds of both inviscid and viscous G-equations in mean zero flows, and compare the qualitative speed properties with those of quadratically nonlinear Hamilton-Jacobi equations and KPP (Kolmogorov-Petrovsky-Piskunov) fronts (with minimal speed). For the inviscid case, we analyze a variational solution formula (control representation) by choosing suitable test functions. For the viscous case, we analyze traveling front equations which agree with the cell problem of homogenization. We found that viscosity can drastically alter the front speed growth law of G-equations. Without viscosity, front speed grows like O(A/ logA) in cellular flows of large amplitude A. With proper viscosity, the front speed grows no faster than O( √ logA). In contrast, the KPP front speed grows like O(A) in general cellular flows at any fixed viscosity. The L type nonlinearity appearing in the G-equation makes the key difference.
Systematic selection and implementation of graphical user interface metaphors

This article begins with a discussion of what metaphors are and how they might be used in technology-based learning products' interfaces. It identifies two classes of metaphors: underlying and auxiliary. Next it presents a model (POPITS) for identifying the web of related associations inherent in metaphorical design. It then applies that model to two separate underlying metaphors, the book and the map, and shows what sorts of auxiliary metaphors are thus elicited. The article closes with a discussion of the demands of metaphorical interface design.
How datapath allocation affects controller delay

We present an allocation approach which considers the controller's effect on system delay to minimize the system cycle time. Most allocation algorithms and conditional resource sharing methods emphasize minimum number of resources or area. Previous works have not modeled the resulting controller's structure and its contribution to the system delay in a controller/datapath system. The allocation method generates a controller with minimum delay on the system's critical path. Therefore the resulting system cycle time will be shorter than other allocation approaches. >
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 6- and 7-[2-(5-carboxyimidazole-4-carboxamido)phenylacetamido]-penicillins and cephalosporins.

The synthesis and antibacterial activity of a series of β-lactam antibiotics having a 5-carboxyimidazole-4-carbonyl group attached through an amide linkage to ampicillin, cephaloglycin or their analogs are described. Some compounds of this series were found to possess high activity against Pseudomonas and other Gram-negative bacteria.
Source mechanisms and focal depths of East African earthquakes using Rayleigh-wave inversion and body-wave modelling

Summary. The source mechanisms and focal depths of 23 African earthquakes, most of them associated with the East African rift system, have been accurately determined using Rayleigh-wave inversion and body-wave modelling techniques. In so doing we have demonstrated the viability of applying these techniques to intermediate-sized earthquakes in regions of relatively sparse seismicity but high tectonic interest. Earthquake source mechanisms in East Africa are mostly of the normal faulting type. Least compressive stress axes for the events considered exhibit a consistent orientation normal to the rifting trends over a wide region of both the eastern – and western branches of the rift system as well as in seismically active but currently unrifted regions to the south. The mechanisms indicate that the stress system responsible for the current rift faulting is still operative and that the East African rift system may be actively continuing southwards. The length scale of relative homogeneity over which we can use phase velocities determined using a well-constrained reference event or events to retrieve the complex spectra of a neighbouring event is at least 500–600 km for several regions of the East African rift system. The implication is that the Rayleigh-wave travel paths through Africa are largely stable and that lateral heterogeneity in East Africa is not as great as might have been expected in a complex zone of continental rifting. The mechanisms of three events in southernmost Africa show this region to be under relative E–W compression, in contrast to the rifted regions to the north which are subject to general E–W tension. Many of the East African events studied have well-constrained focal depths of 15–30 km, depths that are unusually deep for a region of continental extension if lithospheric thinning by the relative upward movement of asthenosphere is the process responsible for rifting. The consistency of focal mechanisms and tensional stress axis orientations for East African earthquakes having widely ranging epicentres and focal depths suggests that a large-scale process is involved in the continental rifting of East Africa. The results of this study are consistent with the idea that rifting in East Africa is connected with passage of the East African lithosphere over a linear thermally anomalous region in the underlying mantle. It is shown that this idea can also account for many of the temporal and spatial aspects of the East African rift system.
Rheumatoid Factor B Cell Memory Leads to Rapid, Switched Antibody-Forming Cell Responses

B cells are critical in the initiation and maintenance of lupus. Autoreactive B cells clonally expand, isotype switch, and mutate—properties associated with memory B cells (MBCs), which are typically generated via germinal centers. The development and functions of autoreactive MBCs in lupus are poorly understood. Moreover, mounting evidence implicates the extrafollicular (EF) response in the generation of switched and mutated autoantibodies that are driven by BCR and TLR corecognition, raising the question of whether MBCs are generated in this context. In this study, we investigated autoreactive MBC generation associated with this type of response. We transferred B cells from AM14 site-directed BCR transgenic mice into nontransgenic normal recipients and elicited an EF response with anti-chromatin Ab, as in prior studies. By following the fate of the stimulated cells at late time points, we found that AM14 B cells persisted at increased frequency for up to 7 wk. Furthermore, these cells had divided in response to Ag but were subsequently quiescent, with a subset expressing the memory marker CD73. These cells engendered rapid, isotype-switched secondary plasmablast responses upon restimulation. Both memory and rapid secondary responses required T cell help to develop, emphasizing the need for T–B collaboration for long-term self-reactivity. Thus, using this model system, we show that the EF response generated persistent and functional MBCs that share some, but not all, of the characteristics of traditional MBCs. Such cells could play a role in chronic or flaring autoimmune disease.
Newborn Respiratory Disorders

1. Jamie B. Warren, MD* 2. JoDee M. Anderson, MD, MEd* 1. *Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Evaluate and diagnose the most common causes of respiratory distress in the newborn period. 2. Differentiate between the normal results of a newborn chest radiograph and the radiographic patterns that reflect neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, meconium aspiration syndrome, retained fetal lung liquid syndrome, and neonatal pneumonia. 3. Recognize subglottic stenosis as a complication of endotracheal intubation. 4. Distinguish between pulmonary disease and cyanotic congenital heart disease as a cause of hypoxemia and acidosis in the neonate. 5. Discuss common complications of various respiratory disorders (such as meconium aspiration syndrome) and the untoward effects of specific therapies (intubation and mechanical ventilation). 6. Describe how chronic lung disease may result from meconium aspiration. Neonatal respiratory disorders account for most admissions to intensive care units in the immediate newborn period. Newborns in respiratory distress must be evaluated promptly and accurately; occasionally, neonatal respiratory distress is life-threatening and requires immediate intervention. The causes of respiratory distress in the newborn are numerous and are due to pulmonary or nonpulmonary processes. (1) Initial stabilization of the neonate, through management of the airway, breathing, and circulation, takes precedence over determining the cause. A thorough initial assessment, including maternal and neonatal history, physical examination, and appropriate use of diagnostic tests, is essential to diagnosing the cause of respiratory distress. Respiratory distress in the neonate most commonly presents as one or all of the following physical signs: tachypnea, grunting, nasal flaring, retractions, and cyanosis. (2) A normal respiratory rate in a newborn is between 30 and 60 breaths/min; tachypnea is classified as respiratory rates greater than 60 breaths/min. Patients born with surfactant deficiency and poorly …
Protocorm mycobionts of the Federally threatened eastern prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindley, and a technique to prompt leaf elongation in seedlings

A yet unresolved question in orchid biology is whether mycorrhizal fungi (= mycobionts) utilized as a carbon source by young seedlings (= protocorms) are different from those utilized by adult plants. This is the first report documenting the protocorm mycobionts of the Federally threatened eastern prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea, and the first report describing a technique to culture mycotrophic seedlings to the green leaf stage. Seeds of P. leucophaea placed in retrievable nylon mesh packets were sown at Hildy Prairie (Grundy Co.), Illinois in November, 2000 and recovered in August, 2002. All resulting protocorms yielded mycobionts assignable to Ceratorhiza goodyerae-repentis (Costantin & Dufour) Moore - the same anamorphic fungus recovered from mature P. leucophaea plants in previous studies. Protocorms cultivated in vitro with a Ceratorhiza mycobiont were placed on a substrate of sand, activated charcoal, and modified oats medium and subjected to chilling (6 oC) in darkness, followed by exposure to a 12 h photoperiod (L : D, 12 h : 12 h) at 24 oC. Leaf length accelerated after the second week of incubation in light. Green leaf color became evident during the photoperiod implying that seedlings were capable of photosynthesis. Seedlings also maintained a mycotrophic capability evidenced by the presence of fungal pelotons in root-like organs. This study has significant merit for conservation by providing a protocol for P. leucophaea's cultivation, and by underscoring the importance of C. goodyerae-repentis in the prairie ecosystem.
“Attraction, Attention, and Desire”: Consumer Culture as Pedagogical Paradigm in Museums in the United States, 1900-1930

Urged on by a young generation of reform-minded professionals, museums in the United States adopted the premises and practices of consumer culture in the early twentieth century. This article argues that this turn towards consumer culture resulted from a new institutional commitment to public education and a radical re-conception of visual pedagogy. In doing so, the article opens dialogue between two bodies of scholarship that rarely inform one another: the history of education and the history of early twentieth-century consumer culture. Focusing on natural history museums, the article explores how and why museum reformers gradually came to accept the psychological principles underlying advertising and salesmanship and to believe these principles could be employed on behalf of education. It chronicles how museum staff increasingly emphasised visual pleasure as a pedagogical tool, and constructed displays to arouse attention, attraction and desire for knowledge. Finally, it describes how these new pedagogi...
A load balancing algorithm for bus-oriented systems

We report the results of a study of the performance of a load balancing algorithm for bus-oriented systems based on graph coloring. In this algorithm the processors use local knowledge for the purpose of load balancing. Node coloring concept is used to group the processors. This avoids the selection/rejection operations encountered in many load balancing algorithms proposed in the literature. Also, there is no central controller and the algorithm is easily adaptable to changes in the system configurations. The interconnection network of the system is modeled by a graph where the nodes represent buses and an edge between two nodes in the graph implies that the two buses are connected through a common processor. The primary performance metrics used are the average response time of the system and the system distance. We express the analytical results in terms of upper and lower bounds on these metrics.
HYAL1-v1, An Alternatively Spliced Variant of HYAL1 Hyaluronidase: A Negative Regulator of Bladder Cancer

Tumor cells express HYAL1 hyaluronidase, which degrades hyaluronic acid. HYAL1 expression in bladder cancer cells promotes tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis. We previously described five alternatively spliced variants of HYAL1 that encode enzymatically inactive proteins. The HYAL1-v1 variant lacks a 30-amino acid sequence that is present in HYAL1. In this study, we examined whether HYAL1-v1 expression affects bladder cancer growth and invasion by stably transfecting HT1376 bladder cancer cells with a HYAL1-v1 cDNA construct. Although HYAL1-v1 transfectants expressed equivalent levels of enzymatically active HYAL1 protein when compared with vector transfectants, their conditioned medium had 4-fold less hyaluronidase activity due to a noncovalent complex formed between HYAL1 and HYAL1-v1 proteins. HYAL1-v1 transfectants grew 3- to 4-fold slower due to cell cycle arrest in the G(2)-M phase and increased apoptosis. In HYAL1-v1 transfectants, cyclin B1, cdc2/p34, and cdc25c levels were > or =2-fold lower than those in vector transfectants. The increased apoptosis in HYAL1-v1 transfectants was due to the extrinsic pathway involving Fas and Fas-associated death domain up-regulation, caspase-8 activation, and BID cleavage, leading to caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. When implanted in athymic mice, HYAL1-v1-expressing tumors grew 3- to 4-fold slower and tumor weights at day 35 were 3- to 6-fold less than the vector tumors (P < 0.001). Whereas vector tumors were infiltrating and had high mitoses and microvessel density, HYAL1-v1 tumors were necrotic, infiltrated with neutrophils, and showed low mitoses and microvessel density. Therefore, HYAL-v1 expression may negatively regulate bladder tumor growth, infiltration, and angiogenesis.
In the Trenches of Real-World Self-Control Neural Correlates of Breaking the Link Between Craving and Smoking

Successful goal pursuit involves repeatedly engaging self-control against temptations or distractions that arise along the way. Laboratory studies have identified the brain systems recruited during isolated instances of self-control, and ecological studies have linked self-control capacity to goal outcomes. However, no study has identified the neural systems of everyday self-control during long-term goal pursuit. The present study integrated neuroimaging and experience-sampling methods to investigate the brain systems of successful self-control among smokers attempting to quit. A sample of 27 cigarette smokers completed a go/ no-go task during functional magnetic resonance imaging before they attempted to quit smoking and then reported everyday self-control using experience sampling eight times daily for 3 weeks while they attempted to quit. Increased activation in right inferior frontal gyrus, pre-supplementary motor area, and basal ganglia regions of interest during response inhibition at baseline was associated with an attenuated association between cravings and subsequent smoking. These findings support the ecological validity of neurocognitive tasks as indices of everyday response inhibition.
The Development of Large-Scale Economic Organizations in Modern America

Scholars interested in modern industrial economies have for years devoted substantial attention to the growth and performance of large-scale organizations. Many of their studies have been the intellectual heirs of Max Weber's brilliant analysis of bureaucracy, for it is the bureaucratic structure of authority which most often characterizes such organizations in the modern period. Economists, historians, and sociologists are all in debt to Weber for the basic ideas which have made the analysis of large-scale organizations so fruitful.
Making Character Concrete: Empirical Strategies for Studying Place Distinction:

Actors orient themselves toward places based not only on major distinctions—coastal versus inland, large city versus small town—but based on a subtler and seemingly ineffable set of qualities, incl...
On the effect of hydrogen on the palladium-catalyzed formation of benzene from acetylene

An infrared spectrum of a Pd(111) surface collected in the presence of 5 Torr of acetylene as a function of hydrogen pressure reveals that the ethylidyne coverage increases with hydrogen pressure (P(H2) between zero and 20 Torr). The amount of CO that can be accommodated onto the surface at a pressure of 5 Torr, measured after evacuating the acetylene and hydrogen, increases linearly with hydrogen pressure, and this effect is ascribed to the presence of a more open surface produced by the formation of ethylidyne. It is found that acetylene adsorbs in ultrahigh vacuum on ethylidyne-covered Pd(111) and reacts to form benzene, where the benzene desorbs at ∼280 K. This effect is mirrored in the catalytic chemistry where the rate of benzene formation from acetylene in the presence of hydrogen increases linearly with hydrogen pressure.
Throughput optimization in single commodity slotted ALOHA multi-hop packet radio networks

The authors investigate the maximum throughput that can be supported between a pair of nodes in a multihop packet radio network using slotted ALOHA. The optimization problem can be formulated as a nonlinear programming problem. The authors study different topologies where source and destination are connected with a number of independent paths and consider the cases in which the flow from source to destination is equally split among all of the independent paths connecting them or optimally split in order to maximize the throughput. For the equal split case and networks with three or more independent s-d paths, it is possible to find a closed-form expression for the maximum throughput and the optimum transmitting probabilities for each node. For optimally splitting the flow among the alternate paths, the authors solve the optimization problem for some small configurations and find a singular behavior for the network with two independent paths two hops each in length. >
Massive hemoptysis in Loeys-Dietz syndrome

We describe four unrelated individuals with Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) who presented with massive hemoptysis of unknown etiology. LDS is an autosomal dominant connective-tissue disorder characterized by altered cardiovascular, craniofacial, and skeletal development that is attributed to mutations in the TGFBR1, TGFBR2, SMAD3, or TGFB2 genes. Massive hemoptysis (MH) is a rare and often fatal pulmonary medical emergency. This is the first report of MH in individuals with LDS and establishes it as part of the LDS spectrum. It compels providers to educate their LDS patients on MH, although much investigation needs to be done to determine etiology and appropriate treatment for this newly described LDS feature.
Role of ATP and Na+ in the regulation of cytosolic free calcium in kidney cells.

Cytosolic free calcium (Cai 2+) is controlled by several calcium transporters located at the plasma membrane, the inner membrane of the mitochondria and in the endoplasmic reticulum. Fig. 1 shows the various ATP-dependent pumps and antiporters involved in the control of Cai 2+ and Nai + (In this figure, the plasmalemmal Na+-Ca2+ antiporter is conventionally assumed to operate in the forward mode i.e. Ca2+ efflux energized by Na+ influx). Since Ca2+ transport out of the cell can be energized by ATP or by the Na+ electrochemical potential ΔμNa+, a fall in cellular ATP or a drop in ΔμNa+ would be expected to depress Ca2+ efflux, raise Cai 2+ and increase the cell Ca2+ content. In recent experiments (1,2) performed with cultured monkey kidney cells (LLC-MK2), my collaborators Dr. K.W. Snowdowne, C.C. Freudenrich and I found that only one of these three predictions was proved correct.
Detection Limit of Minimal Residual Disease in Leukemia Using Fluorescence in situ Hybridization

Purpose : The close relationship between the size of a tumor burden and the curability of acute leukemia is well established. Therefore, it is very important to detect residual leukemia accurately at low levels. Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) techniques rely on chromosome-specific and gene specific DNA probes to identify numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities. But the detection limit of FISH in residual leukemia is still uncertain. So we evaluated the detection limit of residual leukemic cells with the chromosomal abnomualities on FISH. Methods : Cells with monosomy, trisomy and bcr/abl fusion were admixed with normal diploid cells in different concentrations of 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 100%. Monosomy and trisomy cells were hybridized with chromosome 1 or 8 or X centromeric probes, and the cells with bcr/abl fusion were hybridized with bcr/abl probe and detected using FISH technique. The number of signals from 150 to 1000 cells were counted. Results : The detection limit was 1% in monosomy assay and 0.5% in trisomy and translocation assay. The proportion of cells showing each signal increased according to the increase of mixed cells. Conclusion : FISH for detection of minimal residual leukemia is a sensitive and specific method which could detect at least 1% leukemic cells in the samples. Especially, cells with trisomy or translocation could be more easily detected. It could be also used for quantitative monitoring of leukemic cells. (J Korean Pediatr Soc 2000;43:1364-1371)
Who Are You Rooting For? Transnationalism, the World Cup, and War

This chapter begins with the transnational subject and the question of identity, then shifts to the U.S. project of domestic racialization, especially as experienced by marginal subjects during wartime as they try to find a place, a rootedness that is both here and there, from which to remember and to engage in critique. War, perhaps more than anything else, forces a nation's subjects to re-negotiate their relationship to the nation. When the United States engages in war, it also engages in a process of deepening the Americanization of its subjects. It does this by calling upon its subjects to band together collectively to do their patriotic duty against a common enemy. By performing patriotic gestures, its subjects feel a comradeship that consolidates this imagined community that is America. Benedict Anderson writes that it is this feeling of comradeship that has made millions of people willingly die for their nation. When the United States engages in war, its marginal citizens and subjects often find themselves in an awkward position. When you are the victims of state-sponsored neglect, discrimination, and terror, how do you respond when that very state calls upon you to do your duty? This chapter takes up this question and examines the way that the state continues the project of domestic racialization simultaneously with its outwardly directed war efforts. The chapter focuses on iconic images of war, such as the flag-raising at Iwo Jima, that help to construct an inclusive national allegory of Americanness despite the contradiction presented by the internment of Japanese Americans. It then shifts to examine the controversy over a proposed monument to the fallen firefighters at the World Trade Center Towers. It examines popular culture, history, and law to reveal the ways in which symbolic inclusion and exclusion are underwritten by law.
Minimally Invasive Quadriceps-Sparing Total Knee Replacement Preserving the Posterior Cruciate Ligament

Minimally invasive has been used to describe a wide spectrum of knee replacement procedures. This spectrum starts with a small skin incision with a standard incision into the capsular and the quadriceps muscle and includes patellar eversion. The spectrum currently ends with a small skin incision with a minimal capsular incision without quadriceps muscle violation and no patellar eversion. This is currently called the quadriceps-sparing or capsular-only approach.
Implementing the patient-centered medical home in complex adaptive systems: Becoming a relationship-centered patient-centered medical home.

This study explores the implementation experience of nine primary care practices becoming patient-centered medical homes (PCMH) as part of the New Hampshire Citizens Health Initiative Multi-Stakeholder Medical Home Pilot. The purpose of this study is to apply complex adaptive systems theory and relationship-centered organizations theory to explore how nine diverse primary care practices in New Hampshire implemented the PCMH model and to offer insights for how primary care practices can move from a structural PCMH to a relationship-centered PCMH. Eighty-three interviews were conducted with administrative and clinical staff at the nine pilot practices, payers, and conveners of the pilot between November and December 2011. The interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using both a priori and emergent themes. Although there is value in the structural components of the PCMH (e.g., disease registries), these structures are not enough. Becoming a relationship-centered PCMH requires attention to reflection, sensemaking, learning, and collaboration. This can be facilitated by settings aside time for communication and relationship building through structured meetings about PCMH components as well as the implementation process itself. Moreover, team-based care offers a robust opportunity to move beyond the structures to focus on relationships and collaboration. (a) Recognize that PCMH implementation is not a linear process. (b) Implementing the PCMH from a structural perspective is not enough. Although the National Committee for Quality Assurance or other guidelines can offer guidance on the structural components of PCMH implementation, this should serve only as a starting point. (c) During implementation, set aside structured time for reflection and sensemaking. (d) Use team-based care as a cornerstone of transformation. Reflect on team structures and also interactions of the team members. Taking the time to reflect will facilitate greater sensemaking and learning and will ultimately help foster a relationship-centered PCMH.
High-Resolution ac Measurements of the Hall Effect in Organic Field-Effect Transistors

The Hall effect would be a powerful probe for studying delocalized (bandlike) transport in semiconductors, because localized carriers do not contribute significantly to the effect. Unfortunately, the Hall voltage is typically very small in organic semiconductors. The authors develop a technique for high-resolution measurements of this effect in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), utilizing a small ac magnetic field ($l$0.25 T). This method extends studies of intrinsic charge transport to systems with very low carrier mobilities, providing a significant step forward that should improve the design and optimization of OFETs, and other devices.
Failure of the New Orleans 17th Street Canal Levee and Floodwall during Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina resulted in the single most catastrophic failure of a civil engineered system in the history of the United States – failure of the flood defense system for the greater New Orleans area. This paper summarizes results from several forensic studies that have examined the causes for failure of one of the most important components of the flood protection system failure of the levee and floodwall on the 17 street canal. This failure has been publicly cited as an ‘engineering failure’ (Walsh 2006) that involved ‘unforeseen and unforeseeable’ (Marshall 2006) conditions. This paper illustrates why the engineering failure was firmly rooted in a failure to translate research to practice. Geotechnical engineering aspects of the levee and floodwall failure are developed including description of the soil and geologic conditions, analyses of the loading conditions, and analyses of the soil-structure-loading performance characteristics. In addition, the human and organizational aspects that played key roles in development of this failure are detailed. It is concluded that this was a predictable failure whose causes were embedded in a dysfunctional Technology Delivery System. INTRODUCTION Hurricane Katrina was a very tough teacher. This severe natural event interacted with a pervasively flawed flood defense system for the Greater New Orleans area and developed into a disaster. This disaster was compounded into a catastrophe by similarly flawed evacuation and recovery systems. The result was approximately 2,000 deaths (immediate, delayed, on-site, off-site) and total costs estimated to approach U.S. $500 billion (direct, indirect, immediate, delayed, on-site, off-site). Currently, there are more than $500 billion in Katrina flood damage claim lawsuits in New Orleans Federal District Court. 1 Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720: bea@ce.berkeley.edu
Effects of phlorizin and sodium on glucose-elicited alterations of cell junctions in intestinal epithelia.

Glucose alters absorptive cell tight junction structure and, as deduced from an impedance analysis model, diminishes tight junction resistance in the small intestine (J.R. Pappenheimer, J. Membr. Biol. 100: 137-148, 1987; and J.L. Madara and J.R. Pappenheimer, J. Membr. Biol. 100: 149-164, 1987). Here we provide further evidence in support of this hypothesis using the conventional approach of analysis of mucosal sheets mounted in Ussing chambers. This approach offers advantages for investigating underlying mechanisms, including the effects of ions and inhibitors on the regulation of intercellular junctions by glucose. We show that phlorizin blocks a resistance decrease elicited by glucose and demonstrate that substitution of choline for sodium also prevents the response. The dilatations in absorptive cell tight junctions that accompany this glucose-elicited response are similarly prevented by phlorizin exposure or sodium substitution. The effects of phlorizin on junctional permeability can also be demonstrated in vivo. Phlorizin reduces the transjunctional flux of creatinine in glucose-perfused intestines of anesthetized animals, even when account is taken of the reduction of fluid absorption caused by phlorizin. Last, in vivo perfusion studies suggest that although, at 25 mM luminal glucose, virtually all glucose absorption is transcellular, at a luminal glucose concentration of 125 mM approximately 30% of glucose absorption occurs paracellularly because of solvent drag across tight junctions of altered permeability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Study on Voltage Stability of Multi-Infeed HVDC Power Transmission System

Based on a large amount of research results home and abroad, the methods to research voltage stability in HVAC/HVDC power transmission system are reduced to static voltage stability analysis and dynamic voltage stability analysis, and the existing research methods are classified as well as the advantages and shortcomings of each method are analyzed.Especially, the problems to be solved in the research on voltage stability of multi-infeed HVAC/HVDC power transmission system and the future research direction in this field are discussed.It should be the subjects investigated in future to propose the index of short-circuit ratio suitable to multi-infeed HVAC/HVDC power transmission system and to build a dynamic power grid model suitable to large disturbance analysis.
The syndrome of calcific aortic stenosis and gastrointestinal bleeding: resolution following aortic valve replacement.

A syndrome exists in elderly patients of gastrointestinal tract bleeding (GIB) associated with calcific aortic stenosis (CAS). The bleeding, which may be chronic and massive, has been attributed to tiny mucosal vascular lesions which usually occur in the right colon. Selective mesenteric angiography is the best way to demonstrate the lesions, which are not seen on barium examination and may or may not be seen endoscopically. Previously, the recommended treatment has been segmental bowel resection, usually right hemicolectomy. Three patients have been seen with this syndrome of CAS-GIB. All three patients had severe CAS and chronic GIB and two of them had had previous, unsuccessful, intestinal operations for their GIB. All three patients had aortic valve replacement and the GIB stopped in all three patients after valve replacement. Possible mechanisms are discussed. It is concluded that aortic valve replacement is the treatment of choice for the syndrome of CAS-GIB.