cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free-running modes for gain-guided diode laser arrays

The first insights into the operation of diode laser arrays were obtained through coupled-mode theory calculations, which assume weak coupling between neighboring channels that operate almost independently of one another. These calculations produced (for n-coupled waveguides) a set of n eigenmodes designated in the literature as "supermodes",1 which have since dominated the thinking concerning array operation. In particular, gain-guided arrays have been described using coupled-mode theory with complex coupling coefficients,2 a picture reinforced largely by the fact that such arrays generally exhibit a two-lobed far-field emission pattern which is suggestive of the highest-order supermode of an index-guided array.
Abstract 2233: PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and plasma membrane proteins are implicated in responsiveness to adjuvant dendritic cell vaccination for metastatic colorectal cancer

Purpose: We have previously demonstrated that metastatic colorectal cancer patients who exhibit immune responses to a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine have superior recurrence-free survival following surgery, compared to patients in whom immune responses do not occur. We sought to characterize the patterns of T lymphocyte infiltration and somatic mutations in metastases that are associated with and predictive of response to the DC vaccine. Methods: Cytotoxic, memory, and regulatory T cells in resected metastases and in surrounding normal liver tissue from 22 patients (11 responders and 11 non-responders) were enumerated by immunohistochemistry prior to vaccine administration. In conjunction with tumor sequencing, the Combined Multivariate and Collapsing method was used to identify gene mutations that are associated with vaccine response. We also derived a response prediction score for each patient using his/her tumor genotype data and variant association effect sizes computed from the other 21 patients; greater weighting was placed on genes that encode plasma membrane proteins. Results: There was no relationship between vaccine response and intra-tumor, peri-tumor, or hepatic densities of T cell subpopulations. Associated genes were found to be statistically enriched in PI3K, Akt, and mTOR signaling pathways (P Conclusions: Adjuvant dendritic cell vaccination has shown promise as a form of immunotherapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Its efficacy may be influenced by somatic mutations that affect pathways involving PI3K, Akt, and mTOR, as well as neoantigens on tumor cell surfaces. Citation Format: David Qian, Jinyoung Byun, Xiangjun Xiao, Stephanie Her, Arief Suriawinata, Christopher Amos, Richard Barth. PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and plasma membrane proteins are implicated in responsiveness to adjuvant dendritic cell vaccination for metastatic colorectal cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2233.
OPEN MAPPING THEORY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses open mapping theory. The efforts are particularly concentrated on determining AS TO which classes of spaces are invariant or inverse invariant under such maps. The chapter describes the role of open maps in characterizing certain classes of spaces, in results on the invariance of the weight of a space, and in results in dimension theory. The classes of maps are the open compact maps, the open finite-to-one-maps, and the open k-to-one maps. A map f: X → Y is compact if f -1 (y) is compact in X for each y ɛ Y, is finite-to-one if f -1 (y) is a finite subset of X for each y ɛ Y, and is k-to-one if f -1 (y) consists of exactly k points in X for each y ɛ Y. A map f: X → Y is perfect (quasi-perfect) if f is a closed map and f (y) is compact (countably compact) in X for each y ɛ Y. The quasi-perfect pre-images of metrizable spaces are precisely the M-spaces and the perfect pre-images of metrizable spaces are precisely the paracompact M-spaces.
First reported case of peroneal tenosynovitis caused by Coccidioides immitis successfully treated with fluconazole

Coccidioidomycosis is an insidious infection caused by Coccidioides spp (C. immitis and C. posadasii). Disseminated disease occasionally involves tendon sheaths and synovium of the joints leading to tenosynovitis. Here, we describe the case of a 72-year-old woman from southern Arizona, who presented with right ankle pain, redness and swelling for 2 months. Her serum IgG was positive for C. immitis on complement fixation, and her MRI of the right ankle joint showed extensive tenosynovitis of the right peroneal tendons, and subtalar joint effusions with associated synovitis. The purpose of this case is to report an extremely rare manifestation of disseminated C. immitis, that is, peroneal tenosynovitis and challenges involved with diagnosis and treatment. We also document that azole therapy is an effective treatment option for peroneal tenosynovitis caused by C. immitis, and we had to double the dose for slow symptom resolution with 4-week trial with usual 400 mg oral dose of fluconazole.
Wind turbine system identification and individual pitch control

This paper addresses system identification and control for the wind turbine operating in region 3, where the wind is excessive and blades must pitch to regulate the rotor speed and alleviate the bending moments on the blades. This region is critical for safe operation of the wind turbine. First, this paper develops linear models for controller design of the individual and collective pitch control loop by performing system identification on direct data, instead of relying on the first principles modelling. A Linear Quadratic Gaussian regulator with integral (LQGi) action is designed to control the rotor speed at its rated speed, and another multivariable LQGi individual pitch controller is used to reduce the first harmonic of the bending moment in the blades. Furthermore, an internal model based controller is an add-on to theses existing LQGi controllers to suppress synchronous harmonics directly in the d-q coordinates. Simulation experiments on FAST demonstrates the presented identification and control methods.
Scalable bonding of nanofibrous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes on microstructures

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) nanofibrous membranes exhibit high porosity (80%–90%), high gas permeability, chemical inertness, and superhydrophobicity, which makes them a suitable choice in many demanding fields including industrial filtration, medical implants, bio-/nano- sensors/actuators and microanalysis (i.e. lab-on-a-chip). However, one of the major challenges that inhibit implementation of such membranes is their inability to bond to other materials due to their intrinsic low surface energy and chemical inertness. Prior attempts to improve adhesion of ePTFE membranes to other surfaces involved surface chemical treatments which have not been successful due to degradation of the mechanical integrity and the breakthrough pressure of the membrane. Here, we report a simple and scalable method of bonding ePTFE membranes to different surfaces via the introduction of an intermediate adhesive layer. While a variety of adhesives can be used with this technique, the highest bonding performance is obtained for adhesives that have moderate contact angles with the substrate and low contact angles with the membrane. A thin layer of an adhesive can be uniformly applied onto micro-patterned substrates with feature sizes down to 5 µm using a roll-coating process. Membrane-based microchannel and micropillar devices with burst pressures of up to 200 kPa have been successfully fabricated and tested. A thin layer of the membrane remains attached to the substrate after debonding, suggesting that mechanical interlocking through nanofiber engagement is the main mechanism of adhesion.
Reply to ``Comment on `Calculating the Confidence and Prediction Limits of a Rate Constant at a Given Temperature from an Arrhenius Equation Using Excel'''

A rate constant calculation including propagation of errors with covariance is demonstrated.
Walleye Age Estimation Using Otoliths and Dorsal Spines: Preparation Techniques and Sampling Guidelines Based on Sex and Total Length

Abstract We used dorsal spines and otoliths from 735 Walleye Sander vitreus collected from 35 Wisconsin water bodies to evaluate whether 1) otolith and dorsal spine cross sections provided age esti...
An Academic Librarian's Search for Meaning: A Survey of Lifelong Learning in Library Literature

Abstract Lifelong learning is not a new term; many colleges and universities in the United States have lifelong learning programs or departments, such as the Lifelong Learning College at the University of Indianapolis, or an Osher Lifelong Learning Institute. At one Midwestern University, lifelong learning is part of the University mission statement, which spurred the creation of a new position in the Library—Lifelong Learning Librarian. Discussions with the Dean of the Library and colleagues, however, indicated that there was no consensus on campus as to what lifelong learning means for the University's students. The author conducted an analysis of 228 citations from a library literature database and a content analysis of 137 PDFs from that set in order to discover how library professionals use the term lifelong learning in published literature. Results indicate two potential paths for developing the new librarian position on campus.
Cavefish as an evolutionary mutant model system for human disease.

• Recent technological advances have renewed interest in exploring a wider share of the genetic and phenotypic variation present in nature
Nanoscale Fingerprinting with Hyperbolic Metamaterials

We develop a new concept for optical sub-wavelength discrimination of nanostructures positioned on a hyperbolic metamaterial surface using only far-field measurements of the spectral scattered intensity.
Soil fertility and crop yields under improved-fallow systems in southern Mali

Improved fallows involving short-rotation woody and/or other perennial species are increasingly being tried as a means of sustaining crop production in impoverished farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa. The soil-improving potential of two tree species [Gliricidia sepium (gliricidia) and Pteocarpus erinaceus (pterocarpus)] and a shrubby legume Stylosanthes hamata (stylosanthes) was investigated in a four-year study on farmer's field and in a research station in the Koutiala region in southern Mali (12.25° N, 5.42° W; 650 to 850 mm annual, unimodal rainfall; on a Typic Plinthustalf). Two strategies for soil improvement were tested: improved fallow sensu stricto and biomass transfer, the former ‘on-farm’ and the latter ‘on-station.’ In the on-farm experiment, maize (Zea mays) yielded best when it followed a two-year fallow of gliricidia alone or in association with stylosanthes. On the research station, maize dry matter production and grain yields during two seasons following the application of ex-situ grown biomass were similar and highest in the stylosanthes- and manure-applied treatments. The biomass decomposition rates of the three species were in the order: gliricidia > stylosanthes > pterocarpus. The treatments did not have any significant effects on the soil fertility parameters that were monitored, possibly because of the short-term nature of the study. The treatments effects on crop yields were, however, significant. Gliricidia + stylosanthes in combination appeared to be particularly promising as short-rotation-fallow species in the region.
LOW-PRESSURE PLASMA OPENING SWITCHES

Plasma switch devices such as thyratrons, spark gaps, and ignitrons have enjoyed great success in closing-switch applications where high currents must be switched from high voltage on short time scales with low forward-voltage drop. However, plasma devices are not usually considered as repetitive fast opening switches. Although they can be opened by commutation (or by counterpulse techniques), commutation requires significant power, and recovery times are generally long: ≳ 10 μs. Ideally, a plasma switch is desired which can perform both closing and opening functions at high speed and high repetition rates under low-power control, like a hard-vacuum tube, but without the large forward-voltage drop and low thermionic-cathode current restrictions which are associated with hard tubes.
Autocatalysis and Inhibition

This chapter discusses autocatalysis and inhibition. The rate of reaction decreases as the extent of reaction increases. In the case of more than one single reaction, exceptions to this statement can occur as a result of competition for active centers. But even when the reaction is stoichiometrically simple, such an acceleration of the rate is possible if the concentration of active centers builds up as reaction proceeds. Then the steady-state approximation apparently fails. There does not seem to exist a short relaxation time beyond which the concentration of active centers ceases to depend explicitly on time. Situations of this type are grouped under the term autocatalysis, which means that the system produces its catalyst as it goes along. As in the growth of populations, the acceleration can become so intense that the word explosion properly describes the catastrophic event. The explosion may fizzle if reactants are exhausted before the situation has gone out of hand — the rate will then increase at first, go through a maximum that does not have too large a value, and then decrease again. The explosion is said to be degenerate. The phenomenon of inhibition is so widely spread and so important to the study and understanding of chemical change that it has even been dignified with the name of negative catalysis.
Gender Differences in Agricultural Productivity: The Role of Market Imperfections

This paper shows the implications of credit and labor market imperfections on gender differences in agricultural labor productivity, especially highlighting how both imperfections negatively affect female productivity by discouraging off-farm income generating activities and restricting access to inputs. The paper theoretically models the relationship between gender differences in agricultural labor productivity and market imperfections and it provides empirical evidence consistent with our theoretical model by decomposing the contribution of different factors to such gender differences. We find that agricultural labor productivity is on average 44 percent lower on plots belonging to female-headed households than on those belonging to male-headed households.
The Response of Hadley Circulation Extent to an Idealized Representation of Poleward Ocean Heat Transport in an Aquaplanet GCM

AbstractDeeper theoretical understanding of Hadley circulation (HC) width and the mechanisms leading to HC expansion is gained by exploring the response of a zonally symmetric slab ocean aquaplanet...
Bilingual aphasia: Explanations in population encoding

Abstract The study of bilingual aphasia has particular power to determine the neural basis of language function and can advance the treatment of aphasia. No theory of bilingual language has provided a coherent and comprehensive account for research results. I begin with a precis of a population encoding model of language function that assumes that representations are based upon the patterns of activity of large populations of neurons. I then consider how regularities in specific domains of language function (e.g. in semantics and phonologic sequence knowledge), frequency effects, and age of acquisition effects (strongest in lexical-semantics) might account for observed behavior in polyglots with aphasia. Finally, I review the literature on bilingual aphasia and its treatment to determine how well these hypotheses account for observed behavior. This analysis reveals that the population encoding theory can provide a coherent and granular account for this behavior.
Global well-posedness for the two-dimensional Muskat problem with slope less than 1

We prove the existence of global, smooth solutions to the two-dimensional Muskat problem in the stable regime whenever the product of the maximal and minimal slope is less than 1. The curvature of these solutions decays to 0 as t goes to infinity, and they are unique when the initial data is C 1 , ϵ . We do this by getting a priori estimates using a nonlinear maximum principle first introduced in a paper by Kiselev, Nazarov, and Volberg (2007), where the authors proved global well-posedness for the surface quasigeostraphic equation.
Day-Night Activity in Hospitalized Children after Major Surgery: An Analysis of 2271 Hospital Days.

Objectives To characterize the day-night activity patterns of children after major surgery and describe differences in children's activity patterns between the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and inpatient floor setting. Study design In this prospective observational study, we characterized the daytime activity ratio estimate (DARE; ratio between mean daytime activity [08:00-20:00] and mean 24-hour activity [00:00-24:00]) for children admitted to the hospital after major surgery. The study sample included 221 infants and children ages 1 day to 17 years admitted to the PICU at a tertiary, academic children's hospital. Subjects were monitored with continuous accelerometry from postoperative day 1 until hospital discharge. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey accelerometry data were utilized for normative data to compare DARE in a community sample of US children to hospitalized children. Results The mean DARE over 2271 hospital days was 57.8%, with a significant difference between the average DARE during PICU days and inpatient floor days (56% vs 61%, P Conclusions Children hospitalized after major surgery experience disruptions in day-night activity patterns during their hospital stay that may reflect disturbances in circadian rhythm.
Strategic improvement planning in schools: A sociotechnical approach for understanding current practices and design recommendations:

The schools in the United States undergo reforms that involve the integration of data-intensive improvement process known as strategic improvement plans (SIPs). This process requires digital system...
Guiding Principles for Improvisation in the General Music Classroom

Improvisation is a fundamental aspect of musicianship and an important pursuit in music education. Children in music classes throughout the world are engaged with improvisation in a variety of mode...
Bisretinoids: More than Meets the Eye.

Bisretinoid fluorophores are the major constituents of the lipofuscin of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that accumulates with age and contributes to retina disease. Knowledge of the burden placed on the RPE cell by the accumulation of these phototoxic retinaldehyde-adducts depends on the identification and quantitation of the various bisretinoid species that constitute this family of fluorophores. Here we report a previously unidentified fluorescent bisretinoid by UPLC coupled to photodiode array detection, fluorescence, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-FLR-ESI-MS) (Kim HJ, Sparrow JR, J Lipid Res 59:1620-1629, 2018). This novel bisretinoid is 1-octadecyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero A2PE (alkyl ether lysoA2PE). The structural assignment was based on molecular weight (m/z 998), UV-visible absorbance maxima (340, 440 nm), and retention time (73 minutes) and was corroborated by biomimetic synthesis using all-trans-retinal and glycerophosphoethanolamine analogues as starting materials. In mechanistic studies, A2PE was hydrolyzed by PLA2, and plasmalogen lysoA2PE was cleaved under acidic conditions. Unprecedented UPLC detection of the bisretinoid alkyl ether lysoA2PE in human RPE but not in neural retina indicates that the phospholipase A2 activity that generates the latter bisretinoid resides in RPE.
For us, COVID-19 is personal

Abstract We are colleagues and friends working together in busy emergency departments in Washington DC As Black physicians working in urban America, we do not find the recent deluge of news reports chronicling the disproportionate effect that the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is having on the disenfranchised and minority populations in our country shocking We have long been witness to and are in a constant state of alarm over the legal, medical, educational, social and economic inequities faced by the most vulnerable residents of this country
Taxonomic Development in Young Bilingual Children: Task Matters, and So Does Scoring Method

Purpose Taxonomic awareness is central to vocabulary development and assessment. While taxonomic development appears largely unaffected by environmental factors, the impact of divided language input on distinct levels of the taxonomic hierarchy is unclear. The influence of scoring method on tasks that target distinct levels of the taxonomic hierarchy is unexamined. Method Twenty-seven English-speaking monolingual children, 46 Mandarin-English bilingual children, and 33 Spanish-English bilingual children, ages 4-7 years, participated. We measured superordinate awareness with a category association task, coordinate awareness with a contrast association task, and vocabulary size with a picture-naming task. All bilinguals completed the tasks in both languages to generate single-language (English) scores and conceptual scores. Results Single-language scoring indicated that bilingual children named fewer pictures and produced fewer superordinate-level responses in English than monolinguals. All language groups demonstrated comparable coordinate awareness. Importantly, conceptual scoring removed the bilingual disadvantage in both naming and category association tasks and revealed a bilingual advantage in coordinate awareness. Finally, the Mandarin-English and Spanish-English bilingual children performed comparably in all analyses despite differences in heritage language features and sociocultural support for bilingual development. Conclusion Depending on task demand and scoring method, bilingual children exhibited slower, comparable, and faster development in taxonomic knowledge in comparison to monolingual controls. This study highlights the nuanced effect of bilingualism on different levels of the taxonomic hierarchy and the impact of scoring methods on measuring vocabulary depth. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12315683.
Changes in Mental Health Following the 2016 Presidential Election.

The 2016 presidential election and the controversial policy agenda of its victor have raised concerns about how the election may have impacted mental health. Assess how mental health changed from before to after the November 2016 election and how trends differed in states that voted for Donald Trump versus Hillary Clinton. Pre- versus post-election study using monthly cross-sectional survey data. A total of 499,201 adults surveyed in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System from May 2016 to May 2017. Residence in a state that voted for Trump versus state that voted for Clinton and the candidate’s margin of victory in the state. Self-reported days of poor mental health in the last 30 days and depression rate. Compared to October 2016, the mean days of poor mental health in the last 30 days per adult rose from 3.35 to 3.85 in December 2016 in Clinton states (0.50 days difference, p = 0.005) but remained statistically unchanged in Trump states, moving from 3.94 to 3.78 days (− 0.17 difference, p = 0.308). The rises in poor mental health days in Clinton states were driven by older adults, women, and white individuals. The depression rate in Clinton states began rising in January 2017. A 10–percentage point higher margin of victory for Clinton in a state predicted 0.41 more days of poor mental health per adult in December 2016 on average (p = 0.001). In states that voted for Clinton, there were 54.6 million more days of poor mental health among adults in December 2016, the month following the election, compared to October 2016. Clinicians should consider that elections could cause at least transitory increases in poor mental health and tailor patient care accordingly, especially with the 2020 election upon us.
The Role of Media Sources for COVID-19 Information on Engaging in Recommended Preventive Behaviors among Medicare Beneficiaries Aged ≥ 65 Years.

OBJECTIVES: The public relies on various media sources and communication platforms for receipt of COVID-19 information. Therefore, identifying the primary sources of COVID-19 information among older adults can be valuable, as it can enable information on life-saving measures to be effectively disseminated to this population. METHODS: We analyzed the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey COVID-19 Supplement that was administrated from June 2020 through July 2020 (n=8,050). A survey-weighted logistic model was conducted to examine the association between sources of COVID-19 information Medicare beneficiaries most relied on (i.e., traditional news sources, social media, comments/guidance from government officials, other webpages/internet, friends/family members, and health care providers) and engaging in all three recommended preventive behaviors (i.e., mask wearing, social distancing, and handwashing). RESULTS: Among study participants, 89.8% engaged in all three recommended preventive behaviors. Approximately 59.3% of beneficiaries reported that they most relied upon traditional news sources for COVID-19 information; 11.4% reported health care providers; 10.6% reported comments/guidance from government officials; 8.8% reported other webpages/internet, 8.6% reported friends/family members; and 1.3% reported they relied upon social media. Beneficiaries who relied on comments/guidance from government officials for COVID-19 information (vs. traditional news sources) were more likely to engage in preventive behaviors (OR=1.68, 95% CI=1.20,2.35). However, those who relied on COVID-19 information from friends/family members (vs. traditional news sources) were less likely to engage in preventive behaviors (OR=0.56, 95% CI=0.44,0.73). DISCUSSION: Our findings can inform decision making about the effective communication sources to reach Medicare beneficiaries for public health messaging regarding preventive measures, including COVID-19 vaccination.
It’s About Time: Constructing Dyslexia in Higher Education

Over the past decade, there has been a notable increase in media coverage and legislation about dyslexia. Much of this coverage has focused on students in K-12 settings though previous research suggests that dyslexia labels have an impact on older students and adults as well. The purpose of the study described in this chapter is to investigate how university students with dyslexia labels use language to describe their own experiences with dyslexia. We used Critical Discursive Psychology to analyze 28 semi-structured interviews with undergraduate students to examine the ways they spoke about dyslexia and their literacy experiences. Our analyses revealed that participants’ descriptions of dyslexia and related experiences emphasized the isolation and individual nature of the label, time as a defining factor in describing said experiences, and participants’ ambivalence about dyslexia labels and identification. These findings could inform accommodation policies in higher ed and future research on the nature and meaning of dyslexia.
Using big data to estimate the impact of cruise activity on congestion in port cities

By using big data that are generated by crowdsourced mobility platforms and GPS devices, policymakers can now better understand the relationship between cruise activities and traffic congestion, identify key areas in the road network that need traffic flow improvement, and design appropriate measures to take advantage of cruise tourism while mitigating its effects on urban mobility. This study uses big data and econometric techniques to analyze the relationship between traffic congestion and cruise activity for five of the busiest cruise destinations in South America and the Caribbean: Buenos Aires, Callao, Cartagena, Montevideo, and Rio the Janeiro. Over 80 million observations were collected from automatic identification system (AIS) and crowdsourced traffic data platforms for 2019. Results suggest that cruise activity causes a 12% increase in urban congestion. The analysis of big data presented in this paper facilitates the design of customized interventions to ease congestion according to the temporal dynamics of traffic flows, thus leading towards more efficient traffic management.
Detection of Food Intake Sensor’s Wear Compliance in Free-Living

Objective detection of periods of wear and non-wear is critical for human studies that rely on information from wearable sensors, such as food intake sensors. In this paper, we present a novel method of compliance detection on the example of the Automatic Ingestion Monitor v2 (AIM-2) sensor, containing a tri-axial accelerometer, a still camera, and a chewing sensor. The method was developed and validated using data from a study of 30 participants aged 18-39, each wearing the AIM-2 for two days (a day in pseudo-free-living and a day in free-living). Four types of wear compliance were analyzed: ‘normal-wear’, ‘non-compliant-wear’, ‘non-wear-carried’, and ‘non-wear-stationary’. The ground truth of those four types of compliance was obtained by reviewing the images of the egocentric camera. The features for compliance detection were the standard deviation of acceleration, average pitch, and roll angles, and mean square error of two consecutive images. These were used to train three random forest classifiers 1) accelerometer-based, 2) image-based, and 3) combined accelerometer and image-based. Satisfactory wear compliance measurement accuracy was obtained using the combined classifier (89.24%) on leave one subject out cross-validation. The average duration of compliant wear in the study was 9h with a standard deviation of 2h or 70.96% of total on-time. This method can be used to calculate the wear and non-wear time of AIM-2, and potentially be extended to other devices. The study also included assessments of sensor burden and privacy concerns. The survey results suggest recommendations that may be used to increase wear compliance.
Hepatic Transport of Organic Solutes

The sections in this article are: 1 Functional Anatomy 1.1 Vascular Organization of Hepatic Parenchyma 1.2 Structural Adaptations for Efficient Solute Exchange Between Blood and Tissue 1.3 Liver Cell Plates, Canaliculi, and Tight Junctions 1.4 Intra-Acinar Heterogeneity 2 Experimental Methods 3 Transport Mechanisms 3.1 Classification 3.2 Carrier-Mediated Transport 3.3 Compartmentation of Solutes Inside Cell and in Bile 3.4 Effect of Choleresis on Canalicular Anion Transport 4 Mathematical Modeling 4.1 Steady-State Input-Output Relations 4.2 Distribution of Flow to Multiple Sinusoids 4.3 Estimating Uptake, Efflux, and Removal Separately 5 Uptake of Albumin-Bound Organic Anions 5.1 Historical Perspective 5.2 Dissociation-Mediating Sites on the Cell Surface? 5.3 Specificity 6 Transport of Specific Solute Classes 6.1 Bile Acids 6.2 Long-Chain Fatty Acids 6.3 Other Organic Anions 6.4 Amino Acids 6.5 Organic Cations 6.6 Neutral Compounds 6.7 Intracellular Binding Proteins 6.8 Putative Membrane Carriers 7 Conclusion
Value of the Service as a Ceiling on Public Utility Rates

Smyth v. Ames' has long been known as the source of the theory of rate making under which a utility is entitled to a reasonable return on the "fair value" of its property devoted to public use. This theory has been under attack for years until even its ghost is supposed to have been laid in Federal Power Commission v. Hope Natural Gas Co.2 The five judges constituting the majority went about their work with such enthusiasm, however, that they overlooked the desirability of providing a substitute that would furnish some intelligible standard for judging the lawfulness of rates. This deficiency in the majority opinion is adverted to with some emphasis by Mr. Justice Jackson in his dissent wherein he said:
Bringing the NCTM Standards to Life: Exemplary Practices from High Schools

Introducing The NCTM Reform Documents - The NCTM Standards - Exemplary Practice: What Does It Look Like? - Susan Mercer and Tammra Detviler: Patterns for Calculating Perimeter and Volume of Open Pentominoes - Laura Mullen: Learning Styles and Problem Solving - Madeline Landrum: Modeling Real-World Problems with Multistep Inequalities - Kimberly McReynolds: The Geometry of Kites - Merrie Schroeder: Snack Food Consumption - Kim LeBlanc and Darlene Morris: Discovering Basic Properties of Geometric Figures - Jim Specht: The Last Great Race - Katharine Owens, Richard Sanders, and Robert Lipsinki: Games for Practice and Reinforcement of Concepts - Paterson School 2: Journey Beyond TIMSS - The NCTM Vision: Making It Happen - Appendix: NSF Curriculum Mathematics Projects - References
Notas sobre el estilo oral en Cervantes

La presencia de fenomenos propios del discurso oral plantea interesantes problemas en los textos narrativos que no siempre son comprendidos sin los prejuicios de la sociedad moderna. No esta de mas recordar que la normalidad de habitar en la cultura escrita es un rasgo de la modernidad. En otras epocas historicas los hombres se preguntaron sobre la conveniencia y ventajas de la escritura. Socrates expreso a Pedro sus reservas sobre la escritura (Fedro, 274c-278b). San Agustin se preguntaba por que San Ambrosio leia en voz baja (Confesiones, 6, 3). En la Edad Media y en el Renacimiento son frecuentes los textos que simulan un grupo de oyentes al que va dirigido el escrito. Marquez Villanueva (1973, 118) expuso con acierto que en la Miscelanea de Luis Zapata el destinatario no se concibe como lector, sino como oyente. Isea, la protagonista de Clareo y Florisea de Nunez de Reinoso, se dirige a un grupo de «piadosas y generosas senoras». Y es que las leyes de la oralidad dejaron una profunda huella no solo en los aspectos convencionales, como los senalados, sino en el interior del propio discurso narrativo. Y uno de ellos reclama una explicacion: el cambio sin verbo introductorio de la voz referida a la voz citada (estilo indirecto y estilo directo en terminologia tradicional) o viceversa. Los fenomenos derivados de la oralidad que inciden en el discurso narrativo se producen sobre todo en lo que V. Voloshinov (1929, cap. 2) ha llamado estilo pictorico. Segun Voloshinov, caben dos actitudes hacia el discurso del otro: la orientacion hacia el contenido tematico y la orientacion hacia el material verbal. A la primera la denomina estilo lineal y a la segunda, estilo pictorico. En el estilo pictorico, que en la literatura espanola del Siglo de Oro
An adaptive control scheme - expert system - that optimizes the operation of a proposed underground coal mining system with applications to shortwall, longwall and room and pillar mining systems

A proposed underground coal mining system consisting of an automatic extraction system (AES) type continuous miner, a surge bin, a shuttle car, a belt feeder and a main haulage belt is postulated. The problem posed is to develop an adaptive control strategy, expert system, that minimizes equipment delays while simultaneously maximizing the production of the proposed system. This problem is formulated and solved as a nonlinear optimization problem. The optimization strategy is formulated by specifying a nonlinear objective function with inequality constraints on the ranges of the controlled variables and a nonlinear equality constraint. A method of search is developed utilizing knowledge of the system and the form of the nonlinear constraint equation. The results of several computer runs are presented and analyzed. In every instance, the developed expert system operated more efficiently than either nonoptimum or suboptimum controlled systems. In most of the cases tested, the adaptively controlled system transports as much if not more coal as a bang-bang controlled system.
Identification of a novel germline SPOP mutation in a family with hereditary prostate cancer

BACKGROUND Family history of prostate cancer is a well-recognized risk factor. Previous linkage studies have reported a putative prostate cancer susceptibility locus at chromosome 17q21–22. SPOP (Speckle-type POZ protein) maps to the 17q21–22 candidate linkage region and is one of the most frequently mutated genes in sporadic prostate cancers. METHODS We performed targeted next generation sequencing to analyze 2009 exons from 202 genes in a candidate linkage region on chromosome 17q21–22 using 94 unrelated familial prostate cancer cases from the University of Michigan Prostate Cancer Genetics Project (n = 54) and Johns Hopkins University (n = 40) including the exons and UTRs of SPOP. RESULTS We identified a novel SPOP missense mutation (N296I) in a man with prostate cancer diagnosed at age 43. This mutation completely segregates with prostate cancer affection status among the men in this family. The N296I mutation resides within the evolutionarily conserved Bric-a-brac, Tramtrack, Broad-complex (BTB) domain, involved in recruiting targets to Cul3 for degradation. Analysis of the prostate tumor from this individual verified the presence of heterozygous N296I as well as an ERG fusion. CONCLUSIONS We have discovered a novel mutation in SPOP that tracks with prostate cancer within a family and is predicted to be deleterious. Taken together, our results implicate SPOP as a candidate gene for hereditary prostate cancer. Prostate 74:983–990, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Power density in direct nuclear‐pumped 3He lasers

The interaction of neutron beams with He-3 gas is of interest for nuclear pumped lasers. The effects of spectral dependence of the neutron beam, neutron attenuation in the gas-filled laser tube, and transport of the charged-particle He-3(n, p)He-3 reaction products are treated in detail. An expression for the energy density as a function of position within the tube, tube radius, operating pressure, and neutron fluence is given. The maximum energy density within the optical cavity is achieved when the tube radius is 3.26/P where P (atm) is the operating pressure. The variation of radius by 50% above and below optimum will change the energy density at most by 10%, although performance degrades quickly for radii outside this range. If the optimum tube radius is used for each operating pressure, then the power density on the centerline (kW/cu cm) is given as 9.3 x 10 to the -18th power times the operating pressure times flux in a thermal neutron environment of flux (n/sq cm sec).
From naïve pluripotency to chimeras: a new ethical challenge?

In recent years, there has been much interest in the prospect of generating and using human stem cells that exhibit a state of naive pluripotency. Such a pluripotent state might be functionally confirmed by assessing the chimeric contribution of these cells to non-human blastocysts. Furthermore, the generation of naive human pluripotent stem cells in vitro could lead to the creation of chimeric animal models that can facilitate the study of human development and disease. However, these lines of research raise thorny ethical concerns about the moral status of such chimeric animals. Here, I call attention to these ethical barbs and suggest a way in which to proceed cautiously.
Pulsed laser ablation TOF-MS analysis of planets and small bodies

We are developing miniature time-of-flight mass spectrometers, based on nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG IR and UV laser ablation, for robotic landed missions to Mars, asteroids, comets, and planetary moons. The goal is to obtain grain-scale and bulk major, minor, and trace composition (both atomic and molecular) from solids, with minimal sample manipulation and preparation. We present here a summary of this effort, focusing on the variety of analyses that could be enabled by pulsed laser ablation for sampling and ionization. We show that a number of geochemical and astrobiological objectives on small bodies or Mars could be addressed with highly simplified mass-spectrometer instrumentation, provided a thorough analysis of the yields of elements and organics to the laser-ablation system is conducted.
A comparison study of chest tube thoracostomy: air medical crew and in-hospital trauma service.

Chest tube thoracostomy (CTT) is not frequently performed by non-physician—staffed air medical crews (AMC) due to concern regarding safety, efficiency and training requirements. This study compared two groups of patients requiring CTT, one group with insertion performed by an AMC and the other by a physician trauma service (TS) in the emergency department on patient arrival. The CTT of 172 patients managed at a Level I trauma center between October 1988 and September 1990 were reviewed. Seventy-two patients were managed by the AMC and received CTT in a prehospital setting; the air medical personnel placed the chest tube cleanly in all cases. Chest tubes placed by AMC were removed within 48 hours of transport to minimize infection risk. One hundred patients requiring CTT in the hospital setting were randomly selected from the trauma registry during a similar time span. The study compared the patients' Injury Severity Scores (ISS), and trauma scores, any placement complications and the overall mortality. While the AMC often treated patients with higher acuity, as reflected by ISS and trauma scores and overall higher mortality, the rate of complications between CTT performed by AMC and TS was similar. Appropriately trained AMC can safely perform CTT without putting patients at increased risk.
Lack of sex differences to the subjective effects of nitrous oxide in healthy volunteers

Background Although numerous studies have assessed subjective effects of nitrous oxide, few studies have analyzed for sex differences. Since sex differences have been reported in subjective effects of several drugs such as opioids, nicotine and alcohol, we sought to determine if sex modulates the subjective effects of the inhalant, nitrous oxide, in healthy volunteers.
THE YIELD OF RABIES VIRUS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO

Rabies virus was inoculated intracerebrally in 8 day old chick embryos and the virus activity of pools of embryos titered after incubation at 35–36°C. for different lengths of time. The virus reached a titer of 10–5.5 to 10–6.5 in 5 to to 6 days and remained at a rather constant level until the 9th day of the infection. The report by Kligler and Bernkopf that rabies virus will invade the very young embryo after inoculation on the chorioallantoic membrane was confirmed.
Ab initio effective core potentials including relativistic effects. II. Potential energy curves for Xe2, Xe+2, and Xe*2

Potential energy curves for the ground 1Σ+g state of Xe2, the first four states of the Xe+2 ions, and the eight Xe*2 excimer states corresponding to the addition of a 6sσg Rydberg electron to these ion cores have been computed using averaged relativistic effective core potentials (AREP) and the self‐consistent field approximation for the valence electrons. The calculations were carried out using the LS‐coupling scheme with the effects of spin–orbit coupling included in the resulting potential energy curves using an empirical procedure. A comparison of nonrelativistic and averaged relativistic EP’s and subsequent molecular calculations indicates that relativistic effects arising from the mass–velocity and Darwin terms are not important for these properties of Xe2 molecules. Spectroscopic constants for Xe+2 are in good agreement with all electron CI calculations suggesting that the computed values for Xe*2 excimers should be reliable. The lifetime for the Ou+ state of the Xe2* is computed to be 5.6 nsec whi...
Comparison of Aspen Wood Hydrolysates Produced by Pretreatment with Liquid Hot Water and Carbonic Acid

Hydrolysates produced by the pretreatment of aspen wood with liquid hot water were compared with hydrolysates produced using carbonic acid pretreatment. Pretreatment temperatures tested ranged from 180° to 220°C; reaction times were varied between 2.5 and 30.5 min. Under most conditions tested, it was found that the presence of carbonic acid had no discernible effect on the amount of xylose released or concentration of f uran compounds, as indicated by ultraviolet-visual absorbance between 270 and 280 nm. Thus, there appears to be little difference in the severity of the pretreatment conditions with or without the presence of carbonic acid. The presence of carbonic acid did, however, result in a hydrolysate with a higher final pH. It is hypothesized that the presence of the carbonic acid during the reaction may have the effect of reducing the accumulation of organic acids in the hydrolysate.
Genetic analyses of photoresponsiveness in the Djungarian hamster,Phodopus sungorus

Endotherms living at temperate and arctic latitudes must adjust their physiology and behavior in order to survive seasonal change. The Djungarian hamster uses photoperiod to cue annual cycles of reproduction and thermoregulation, and its responses to short photoperiod include loss of body weight and change in pelage color. Some individuals do not exhibit these responses when exposed to short days. In this study individual variation in photoresponsiveness is quantified, and four lines of evidence for a genetic component to that variation are provided. First, two separate breeding stocks differed in both the percent of animals responding to a short-day lighting regimen (SD) and in the degree and timing of their response. Second, analysis of variance within and between families of full sibs for a photoresponsive index, PI (body weight loss +2 (molt index -1] following 12 weeks in SD demonstrated a significant family resemblance (intraclass correlation of 0.36 +/- 0.03). Third, heritability estimates from regression of offspring scores on parent scores for body weight loss, molt index and PI after 12 weeks in SD were 0.34 +/- 0.13, 0.36 +/- 0.10 and 0.37 +/- 0.12, respectively, indicating a strong additive genetic component for the three characters. Finally, a significant response occurred after one generation of artificial selection for and against photoresponsiveness.
The effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on the differentiation of chondrocytes in vitro

BUdR at low levels (10−7 M) can completely but reversibly inhibit the expression of differentiation by chondrocytes grown as single cell derived clones in a modification of Ham's medium F10. The effect of BUdR can be reversed by thymidine and uridine. Uridine itself stimulates differentiation, while the lack of thymidine and the drug aminopterin, which inhibits thymidine synthesis, interfere with expression of differentiation. Uridine reversal of the BUdR inhibition is blocked by aminopterin. Neither BUdR, aminopterin, or thymidine deprivation have significant effects on plating efficiency of the cells. BUdR-treated cells grow as apparent “fibroblasts” in the presence of the drug, but can revert to differentiated chondrocytes upon its removal. It is suggested that there exists a type of DNA synthesis necessary for cell differentiation and different from that involved in S phase cell DNA replication. Selective gene amplification such as is found in dipteran salivary chromosomes and during nucleolar production in oogenesis is suggested as possibly playing an important role in the maintenance and expression of the differentiated state in growing cells.
The so‐called duty to warn: The psychotherapeutic duty to protect third parties from patients' violent acts

This article discusses the much-misunderstood Tarasoff decision that requires psychotherapists to protect third parties from patients' violent acts. Through a normative approach, the paper analyzes four important issues: what to do when potential victims are unknown; what to do about the fact that the patients' potential for violence may be incorrectly perceived; the value of warning potential victims; and, the problem of discharging potentially violent patients from the hospital. The author proposes that the courts adopt a more flexible substantial departure test in most cases that involve psychiatric negligence. Language: en