cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acoustic Component of Turbulence

Abstract The intimate relationship between the local speed of sound of a flight environment and the lift and/or drag on a vehicle is discussed. The fact that this parameter will become increasingly significant as the speed increases is pointed out. In addition, it is noted that the usual source of flight “bumpiness” (i.e., wind variations) tends to become less effective as the speed increases. Examples of the sonic gradients which have thus far been observed in the high altitude regions of the earth's atmosphere are presented, and the circumstances under which such gradients would be most elective in perturbing a particular flight path are described. It is concluded that the variable vehicle loads imposed by atmospheric structure are composed of flow and thermo-dynamic components, and that both of these atmospheric parameters must be studied in the light of our expanding speeds and spatial activities.
Pathology of Subacute Bitterweed (Hymenoxys Odorata) Poisoning In Sheep

Subacute bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata) poisoning was produced in sheep by force feeding them ground plant material (1 gm/kg/day) for 15 days. Five sheep died and two became moribund and were killed at the end of the experiment. The forestomach and abomasum were severely congested and occasionally eroded on the mucosal surface. There was an accumulation of edematous fluids along the rumino-reticular folds and ruminal sulci. Gaseous and fluid distension of the forestomachs, abomasum and cecum was a consistent finding. The gall bladder was greatly distended and occasionally the mucosa was sprinkled with petechiae. The most common finding was severe glomerulonephrosis characterized by proteinaceous casts, swollen and degenerated glomerular tufts and degeneration and necrosis in the inner renal cortex and outer medulla. Mild to moderate toxic hepatosis, characterized by vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes primarily around the central vein, was consistent.
Functionally mature olfactory neurons from two anosmic patients with Kallmann syndrome

Abstract Patients with Kallmann syndrome (KS) exhibit hypogonadotropic hypoganadism and anosmia [Kallmann et al., Am. J. Mental Def., 48 (1944) 203–236] secondary to failure of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-producing neurons to migrate from the olfactory placode to the brain, and to agenesis of the olfactory bulbs. It has been hypothesized that olfactory neurons (ON) from individuals with KS are immature partly on the basis of studies in animals showing that lack of synaptic connection of ON with the olfactory bulb results in expression of immature ON [Schwob et al., J. Neurosci., 12 (1979) 880–883]. To test this assumption, we obtained olfactory tissue samples from two males diagnosed with KS on the basis of medical history and MRI studies. Both patients were anosmic. The functioning of cells isolated from biopsies taken from the upper middle turbinate and septum was studied by measuring changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Cai]) using dual excitation fluorescence microscopy. Biopsies from both patients yielded cells that morphologically appeared to be ON. Seven of 16 cells that morphologically resembled ON responded with a change in [Cai] upon stimulation with an odorant mixture. These studies show that at least some ON in KS individuals are functionally mature and suggest that complete development of the olfactory bulbs is not required for differentiation of mature human ON.
Multiplexed microcalorimeter arrays for precision measurements from microwave to gamma-ray wavelengths

Abstract Cryogenic microcalorimeters are a promising technology for ultrasensitive measurements of electromagnetic radiation from microwave to gamma-ray wavelengths. Cryogenic microcalorimeters derive their exquisite sensitivity from the minimal thermal noise at typical operating temperatures near 0.1 K. The core technology of the microcalorimeters under development at NIST is independent of the application wavelength: thin-film thermometers whose temperature and resistance change in response to absorbed energy. However, the absorbing structures used to couple radiation into the thermometers depend strongly on the application wavelength. Here, we describe microcalorimeter technology and its application to microwave, X-ray, and gamma-ray measurements. In particular, we present results from a 13 pixel gamma-ray microcalorimeter array with a coadded energy resolution of 51 eV FWHM at 103 keV and a single pixel with resolution of 27 eV FWHM at 103 keV. One application for gamma-ray microcalorimeters is to deconvolve the complex spectrum of a mixture of Pu isotopes near 100 keV.
Heat Transfer Behavior of Oxide Nanoparticles in Pool Boiling Experiment

The heat transfer characteristics of silica (SiO2 ), ceria (CeO2 ), and alumina (Al2 O3 ) nanofluids at 0.5% concentration and particle size of 10nm and 20 nm in pool boiling have been analyzed. The influence of acidity on heat transfer has been studied. The pH value of the nanosuspensions is important from the point of view that it determines the stability of the particles, their mutual interactions towards the wire. When there is no particle deposition on the wire, the nanofluid with any oxide suspension increases CHF by about 50% within uncertainty limits regardless of the type of the oxide particle and its size. The extent of oxidation on the wire impacts CHF, and is influenced by the chemical composition of nanofluids in buffer solutions. Amorphous oxides (SiO2 ) are generally more disordered and less closely packed compared to the crystalline oxides such as CeO2 and Al2 O3 . The arrangement of the atoms within the unit cell and the layer of water molecules at the surface possibly influence the natural convection as well as the CHF. The boiling regime is further extended to higher heat flux when there is agglomeration on the wire. This agglomeration allows high heat transfer through interagglomerate pores, resulting in a nearly 3-fold increase in CHF. This deposition occurs for the charged 10 nm silica particle, and was not seen for other oxide particles. The chemical composition, oxidation and packing of the particles within the deposition on the wire are shown to be the reasons for the extension of the boiling regime and the net enhancement of the Critical Heat Flux.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
ODOR THRESHOLD OF 2,3,6-TRICHLOROANISOLE IN WATER

The odor threshold of pure 2,3,6-trichloroanisole was determined in water solution using trained and untrained panelists. The values obtained with the trained and untrained panel were 7.4 and 24.5 ppt (parts per 101 2 parts of solvent) respectively, Trichloroanisole samples prepared in two different laboratories did not result in significantly different threshold values. These values are about 4 orders of magnitude higher than those found in the literature for this compound.
Scattering of acoustic, electromagnetic and elastic SH waves by two-dimensional obstacles

Abstract We present a complete and a simplified discussion of the scattering of acoustic, electromagnetic and earthquake SH waves by various shapes such as infinite cylinders, strips, slits, cracks, cavities, and semiinfinite planes. Formulas are derived for the velocity potentials, electromagnetic fields, displacement fields, far-field amplitudes, scattering cross sections, stresses, and dynamic stress intensity factors.
Artificial intelligence in medicine and male infertility

Main problem: fertility data is inadequately assessed by traditional statistical methods for a variety of reasons. First, the principal test of male fertility potential, the Semen Analysis (SA) is a composite of several dissimilar parameters, and the SA and other laboratory tests of fertility potential reflect physiological mechanisms that interact in complex ways. Second, patient data is often fragmented, obtained from multiple sources. Importantly, 2 patients are required for the final result. Methods: Novel and powerful computational method, the neural network, was explored to analyze fertility data. An integrated series of programs was written in the C computer language to implement a back propagation algorithm. A model data analysis system was chosen, predicting the penetration of zona-free hamster ova by sperm (Sperm Penetration Assay (SPA)) and the distance travelled by the farthest swimming sperm (Penetrak Assay) from the SA, for these 2 assays are generally believed by the reproductive medical community to be independent of the SA. The classification accuracy of the neural network was compared to 2 standard statistical methods, linear discriminant function analysis (LDFA) and quadratic discriminant function analysis (QDFA). Results: A neural network could be trained to correctly predict the Penetrak result in over 80% of assays it had not previously encountered, and another network could predict the SPA outcome in nearly 70%. The neural network was superior to LDFA and QDFA in predicting both assay outcomes (for Penetrak: LDFA=64%, QDFA=69%; for SPA: LDFA=65%, QDFA=45%). Conclusion: The neural network is a powerful method of data analysis, and may discover correlations in fertility data that are not apparent by standard statistical analysis. The next step will be to apply neural networks to solve ‘real’ fertility problems such as predicting male fertility potential.
The Ultra-Violet Absorption Spectra of Some Complex Aromatic Hydrocarbons. I

The results of the study of the absorption spectra of a number of complex aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which are of considerable biological importance, were described in a previous paper (Part I).* The present paper contains results of similar experimental investigations, together with an account of quantitative measurements at low temperatures. For general theoretical relationships, nomenclature, and technique at room temperatures, reference should be made to Part I, the results here described being obtained as before with a “ Spekker ” photometer. The only experimental change is the substitution of a transformer for the induction coil outfit previously employed. Purity of Materials With few exceptions, all of the compounds studied were prepared synthetically in this Institute by methods described in the original memoirs to which reference is made. The specimens employed for spectroscopic purposes were the original highly purified analytical samples or else specimens which had been specially prepared and purified for examination.
Neuropeptide y and n-methyl-d-aspartic acid interact within the suprachiasmatic nuclei to alter circadian phase

Circadian rhythms are reset by exposure to photic stimuli and nonphotic stimuli. Glutamate appears to be the primary neurotransmitter that communicates photic stimuli to the circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. There is also substantial evidence that neuropeptide Y (NPY) mediates the effects of at least some nonphotic stimuli on the circadian clock. The purpose of this study was to investigate how NPY and glutamate receptor activation interact to reset the phase of the circadian clock. Microinjection of the glutamate agonist N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) during the subjective day significantly decreased NPY-induced phase advances. During the late subjective night, NMDA induced light-like phase advances, which were significantly reduced by microinjection of NPY. Microinjection of NPY inhibited NMDA-induced phase advances during the late subjective night, even when sodium-dependent action potentials were inhibited by tetrodotoxin. These data support the hypothesis that, during the subjective night, NPY and NMDA act on the same clock cells or on cells that communicate with clock cells by mechanisms not requiring action potentials. Although NPY and NMDA appear to be mutually inhibitory during both the day and the night, the mechanisms of this inhibition appear to be different during the day versus the night.
A class of singular Gierer–Meinhardt systems of elliptic boundary value problems

Abstract We establish existence results for singular Gierer–Meinhardt elliptic systems with zero Dirichlet boundary conditions. With the different range of growth rates of the source term, we use the Schauder fixed point theorem and upper–lower solution methods to obtain the existence results. We also study boundary estimates for certain singularities.
“I have to be three steps ahead”: Academically Gifted African American Male Students in an Urban High School on the Tension between an Ethnic and Academic Identity

This case study investigation of three Academically Gifted African American male high school seniors in a predominantly African American urban high school examines the interplay between their ethnic and academic identity. Using an embedded micro-ethnographic approach, we explore the extent to which these students value educational attainment, the extent to which they connect with their ethnicity, and those “significant others” who inhibit or dissuade the development of their ethnic and/or academic identity. Consistent with the conclusions of more recent educational literature, findings indicate participants in this investigation value the purpose and intent of schooling and the mobility associated with it, express “Blackness” is an essential component of their academic achievement and overall self concept, and credit people within their immediate social network for opening their eyes to social injustices within the world at an early age. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Use of Transfer Functions for Company Planning

In the aeronautical industry as in other manufacturing industries, one of the problems associated with planning an engineering program is to determine the amount and timing of engineering effort needed to support the sales forecast. In an effort to understand this problem better, a study was made of the relation of engineering effort to sales. It was found that this problem was analogous to that of a servomechanism system for which mathematical techniques have been developed and applied successfully. The study resulted in the development of a “transfer-function” formula which has proved to be a useful tool for measuring the relation between engineering effort and sales. The method employed to obtain the transfer function and the results obtained by its use are presented herein.
Interleukin-17 Stimulates C-reactive Protein Expression in Hepatocytes and Smooth Muscle Cells via p38 MAPK and ERK1/2-dependent NF-κB and C/EBPβ Activation

Elevated systemic levels of the acute phase C-reactive protein (CRP) are predictors of future cardiovascular events. There is evidence that CRP may also play a direct role in atherogenesis. Here we determined whether the proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-17 stimulates CRP expression in hepatocytes (Hep3B cell line and primary hepatocytes) and coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMC). Our results demonstrate that IL-17 potently induces CRP expression in Hep3B cells independent of IL-1β and IL-6. IL-17 induced CRP promoter-driven reporter gene activity that could be attenuated by dominant negative IκBα or C/EBPβ knockdown and stimulated both NF-κB and C/EBP DNA binding and reporter gene activities. Targeting NF-κB and C/EBPβ activation by pharmacological inhibitors, small interfering RNA interference and adenoviral transduction of dominant negative expression vectors blocked IL-17-mediated CRP induction. Overexpression of wild type p50, p65, and C/EBPβ stimulated CRP transcription. IL-17 stimulated p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 activation, and SB203580 and PD98059 blunted IL-17-mediated NF-κB and C/EBP activation and CRP transcription. These results, confirmed in primary human hepatocytes and CASMC, demonstrate for the first time that IL-17 is a potent inducer of CRP expression via p38 MAPK and ERK1/2-dependent NF-κB and C/EBPβ activation and suggest that IL-17 may mediate chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis.
Andromaque de Racine, vraie fausse héroïne tragique ?

This article revisits Racine’s Andromaque by positing that critics have wrongly portrayed the eponymous main character. They have depicted her as a flawless and defenseless woman with no ambition who struggles in a pathetic situation until the final coup de theâtre, in which her status unexpectedly rises from that of slave to that of queen. It is the purpose of this essay to demonstrate rather that Andromaque fits Aristotle’s definition of the tragic hero, that is, one perceived as both imperfect and somehow guilty of his situation. In fact, Andromaque is in motion to accomplish her duty: saving the future of Troy. To succeed, she does not hesitate to resort to trickery, to be merciless, and to disregard the concept of honor. That said, her share of responsibility for the tragedy appears in her refusal to forget the horrifying fall of Troy and in her willingness to keep the past alive, visualizing again and again the violence of the Greeks against her people. In so doing, she refuses to grant forgiveness to Pyrrhus and to exit the cycle of revenge. Caught in an impossible dilemma—saving her son by wedding her worst enemy or being faithful to the memory of her dead husband and Troy—she reaches the ultimate tragic “moment” when she finally accepts her tarnished reputation of fidelity by quietly agreeing to be perceived as the faithful widow of Pyrrhus at the end of the play. Successful on the political front, she has to sacrifice her inner self, her identity as the faithful widow of Hector, thus becoming a truly tragic heroine.
Use of time resolved magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of pelvic congestion syndrome

We describe the efficacy of time-resolved MR angiography in diagnosing a case of pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS). MR angiography, using four-dimensional (4D) TRAK (Time-Resolved Angiography using Keyhole) technique was used in an 81-year-old woman presenting with low backache, pelvic pain, and left pelvic fullness. Dynamic images were obtained in multiple vascular phases including arterial, arteriovenous, and venous phases. The high temporal resolution of 4D TRAK could demonstrate early retrograde left ovarian vein filling as well as multiple dilated pelvic varices, allowing the prospective diagnosis of PCS to be made. Although uncommon in this age group, the diagnosis was subsequently confirmed on conventional catheter venography with symptomatic relief after successful embolization of the incompetent left ovarian vein. The MRA and correlative catheter venography images are presented in this case report. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;32:700–704. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Does Prostacyclin (PGI2) Cardioplegic Infusion Improve Myocardial Protection after Ischemic Arrest

Abstract To determine whether prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) plays a beneficial role in the blood-perfused heart undergoing global ischemia, 20 isolated canine hearts were studied after sustaining one hour of cardioplegic arrest under moderate hypothermia (27°C to 28°C). Left ventricular function (peak systolic pressure, rate of rise of left ventricular pressure [dP/dt], and compliance change in left ventricular volume), myocardial edema, coronary blood flow, and oxygen content were measured during the preischemic period and at 15 and 30 minutes during reperfusion. Results showed an improved hemodynamic recovery (peak systolic pressure, p = 0.018 at 30 minutes; dP/dt, p = 0.020 at 15 minutes) in the group of hearts treated with PGI 2 infusion compared with controls. There was no difference in ventricular compliance or myocardial edema between the two groups. This benefit was attributed to a significant increase in myocardial blood flow ( p = 0.028 at 15 minutes) and oxygen delivery ( p = 0.021 at 15 minutes) during the reperfusion period with PGI 2 . These data suggest a potential clinical role for PGI 2 when applied to the globally ischemic heart in the improvement of myocardial resuscitation during the early reperfusion period.
Chemical changes in the lungs of tumor-bearing rats.

Abstract The nucleic acids were determined in the lungs of rats bearing the Walker 256 tumor, and or rats bearing the Murphy-Sturm lymphosarcoma. Significant increases in the desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) concentration during the growth of the tumors were observed. In contrast, the ribonucleic acid, protein nitrogen, potassium, and cholesterol did not show any change.
Bone marrow lesions are associated with altered trabecular morphometry.

Summary Objective Bone marrow lesions (BMLs) are a common magnetic resonance (MR) feature in patients with osteoarthritis, however their pathological basis remains poorly understood and has not been evaluated in vivo . Our aim was to evaluate the trabecular structure associated with the presence and size of BMLs present in the same regions of interest (ROI) using quantitative MR-based trabecular morphometry. Design 158 participants in the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) were imaged with a coronal 3D fast imaging with steady state precession (FISP) sequence for trabecular morphometry in the same session as the OAI 3 T MR knee evaluation. The proximal medial tibial subchondral bone in the central weight-bearing ROI on these knee 3D FISP images were quantitatively evaluated for apparent bone volume fraction, trabecular number, spacing, and thickness. BMLs were also evaluated in the subchondral bone immediately adjacent to the articular cartilage. BML volume was also evaluated within the same trabecular morphometry ROI and semi-quantitatively classified as none, small, or large. Kruskal–Wallis test was used to determine if mean apparent bone volume fraction, trabecular number, spacing, or thickness differed by BML score. Results Compared to knees with ROIs containing no BMLs, knees with small or large BMLs had statistically higher apparent bone volume fraction ( P P P = 0.02), and lower trabecular spacing ( P Conclusions Compared to knees with ROIs containing no BMLs, knees with ROIs containing small or large BMLs had higher apparent bone volume fraction, trabecular number and thickness, but lower trabecular spacing. These findings may represent areas of locally increased bone remodeling or compression.
1-D Inversion of Shallow Surface-wave Dispersion Curves Using a Simulated Annealing Optimization Method

In this study we implement SA optimization algorithm to invert shallow surface-wave dispersion curves generated by ReMi technique. Our tests on synthetics and real data set indicate that both ReMi technique and SA optimization produce a similar velocity model with close Vs30 estimates. But SA optimization has smaller least-square errors suggesting that SA optimization did better in fitting the picks.
Li2Zr(WO4)3, A Wolframite-Type Compound

The compound Li2Zr(WO4)3 has been synthesized. It has the monoclinic wolframite-type structure with cell dimensions a 4·78A, b 5·70 A, c 4·96 A, and β 92° 10′. The univalent and tetravalent cations are randomly arranged in the divalent cation sites in the wolframite-type lattice.
Predictions of Nonlinear Fracture Process Zone in Concrete

Crack propagation in concrete is associated with a nonlinear zone around the crack-tip. the size of this fracture process zone length may be large depending upon the size of the aggregates and the geometry of the specimen. A theoretical model to predict the extent of this nonlinear zone and a method to include the effects of this nonlinearity in predicting the fracture resistance of concrete are described. The model is based on some simple and approximate extensions of the concepts of linear elastic fracture mechanics. The model is successfully used to analyze the results of the experiments on double cantilever, double torsion and the notched-beam specimens.
Synthesis of LiFePO4 micro and nanoparticles in supercritical water

Two synthesis routes for the production of LiFePO4 particles were investigated in water at subcritical and supercritical conditions. Micron and nano-sized particles of LiFePO4 were obtained via both routes, with nano-sized particles predominating when temperature was above the critical temperature of water. Our results suggest that synthesis in supercritical water is attractive for obtaining nanometer-sized crystalline particles of LiFePO4 with a low degree of agglomeration. Electrochemical tests showed that this material exhibited improved capacity compared with LiFePO4 prepared via other methods.
The influence of social support and problematic support on optimism and depression in chronic illness: a prospective study evaluating self-esteem as a mediator.

The present study focused on the mechanism through which social and problematic support affects psychological adjustment in chronic illness. The authors hypothesized that self-esteem would mediate the relations between social and problematic support and adjustment. Eighty-six end-stage renal disease patients were assessed twice for social support, problematic support, and self-esteem. Adjustment was assessed twice by depression and optimism. Mediational analyses indicated that social support operated through self-esteem to influence optimism cross-sectionally and prospectively and depression cross-sectionally. Social support was associated with high self-esteem, which in turn increased optimism and was related to decreased depression. Problematic support was unrelated to self-esteem obviating mediational analysis. Disaggregating social support into subscales showed that belonging support predicted decreases in depression, and both tangible and belonging support predicted increases in optimism.
Electron tunneling through the repulsive Coulomb barrier in photodetachment of multiply charged anions

Abstract There exists a repulsive Coulomb barrier for electrons in multiply charged anions. Tunneling through this barrier is expected to be important in photodetachment of MCAs. Photodetachment spectra were found to shift to lower binding energies in the tunneling regime. We present a systematic study of the tunneling effect in photodetachment experiments on a series of dianions, − O 2 C(CH2)nCO2− (n=3–6). The observed tunneling effect and spectral shift are explained using WKB approximation based on a model potential with a square well at short range and a repulsive Coulomb potential at long range.
Theory of Side-Chain Liquid Crystal Polymers: Bulk Behavior and Chain Conformation

We study the thermodynamics and chain conformation of side-chain liquid crystal polymers (SCLCPs) in the bulk using the self-consistent-field approach and a new model to account for the coupling between the orientation of the side-chain liquid-crystal (LC) groups and that of the backbone segments. The new model accounts for both a global coupling between the polymer backbone and the nematic field and a local coupling between the polymer backbone and its attached LC group. Here, the terms global and local refer to the chemical (backbone) distance between the groups. A phenomenological parameter is introduced to represent the coupling strength and nature of the attachment, i.e., end-on vs side-on. The nematic field is shown to control the chain conformation through both the global and the local coupling effects. For the side-on SCLCPs, these two coupling effects act cooperatively so that the chain conformation is always prolate. For the end-on SCLCPs, these two effects act competitively. The chain conformation can be either oblate or prolate in this case, and depends on the relative strengths of these two couplings. On the other hand, the chain conformation also affects the nematic field, primarily through the global coupling. The prolate conformation enhances the nematic field and increases the phase transition temperature, whereas the oblate conformation frustrates the nematic field and decreases the transition temperature. The nematic order parameter is found to be determined mainly by the reduced temperature, and is not sensitive to the coupling effects. Furthermore, we show that the grafting density of the LC side groups has a significant effect on the chain conformation due to the orientational competition between the LC attached and unattached segments. For the end-on SCLCPs with lower graft density, the conformation of the chain backbone can be oblate at higher temperatures and prolate at lower temperatures, in agreement with the re-entrant nematic phase observed in experiments.
Natives adapting to invasive species: ecology, genes, and the sustainability of conservation

Contemporary anthropogenic evolution is common. Biological invasions are an especially dynamic form of novel selection. This paper considers how native species evolve in response to biological invasions and the potential consequences of such evolution. Among numerous recent cases, the most widely reported instances are of phytophagous insects shifting onto introduced host plants. For example, our studies show that in North America and Australia, soapberry bugs evolved substantially after colonizing introduced hosts. Such cases permit close estimation of evolution’s direction and rate, and we have used cross-rearing studies of derived and ancestral-type populations to measure changes in reaction norms and performance tradeoffs. Different fitness traits have followed very different paths in evolving to their current phenotypic values. Our hybridization studies show that the genetic architecture of these adaptations involves a surprising degree of non-additive variation (epistasis, dominance). The importance of non-additive genetic variation in rapid evolution will be clarified as more studies take advantage of similar situations. As appreciation grows for the deep contemporary interplay of evolution and ecology, debate about qualitative terms describing evolution’s rate will become less relevant. From a conservation standpoint, contemporary evolution in native species presents challenges for ecologically appropriate and sustainable management. Evolving natives and invaders may reconfigure contemporary and future communities. Adaptive evolution may also enhance native communities’ capacity to control invasive populations.
Performance of Fractured Horizontal Wells in High-Permeability Reservoirs

Two of the most important recent developments in petroleum production are horizontal wells and high-permeability fracturing. This work combines them with potentially considerable incremental production economics. Hydraulic fractures have a distinctly defined azimuth, in almost all cases of interest; they are vertical and normal to the minimum horizontal stress direction. Horizontal wells can thus be drilled either normal or longitudinal to the fracture azimuth. The first configuration has been already considered in the literature and in practice, and is applicable for relatively low-permeability formations. The emergence of high-permeability fracturing, also apparently successful in a number of fields, often results in low dimensionless conductivity hydraulic fractures. The possibility of fracturing horizontal wells longitudinally may have the net effect of installing a high-conductivity streak in an otherwise limited conductivity flow conduit. A rigorous model was constructed to describe this configuration. This paper presents comparative production rates and cumulative productions for longitudinally fractured horizontal wells vis a vis vertical fractured wells and unfractured horizontal wells. The range of attractiveness of the individual options is presented in the framework of discounted revenues.
SOI for asynchronous dynamic circuits

This paper describes applications of Silicon on Insulator SOI to asynchrous dynamic circuits The application also focuses on some important issues in SOI technology performance gain history e ect power reduction and pulsewidth control These important issues are characterized with the help of self resetting SRCMOS circuits which are used in building Reg ister le macro ports wordline x bitlines and dynamic latch The hardware results show that for m Partially Depleted PD SOI technology shows improvement in the performance and the reduction of to in power Supply voltage output loading slew rate duty cycle input pulsewidth and temperature the history e ect of the macro and is the aggregate of individual gates on the critical path Based on the hardware it is shown that the performance of both register le and latch improves by per C re duction in temperature The standby power for SOI reduces by to per C temperature drop down to C The SOI chip is shown to have more signi cant performance improvement at low temperatures compared bulk chip due to the oating body e ect which partially o sets the increase in the threshold voltages Vt The low temperature perfor mance gain is attributed to reduction in capacitance around and rest is due to dynamic threshold voltages At C the register le is capable of functioning close to GHz for read and write operations in a single cycle The other key nding is the history e ect commonly observed in SOI is re duced from to by lowering the operating temperature from room to C
What progress have we made in managing inflammatory breast cancer

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive form of the disease. It is diagnosed based on clinical signs of a rapidly enlarging, tender, erythematous, edematous breast that often presents without an underlying breast mass. IBC historically was considered a uniformly fatal disease. With the advent of multimodality treatments including primary systemic chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy, approximately one-third of women diagnosed with IBC will become long-term survivors. This review examines the limitations of the current definition of IBC, explores our current understanding of the biology of IBC, and reviews the many exciting advances in locoregional and systemic treatment of IBC.
Data transformations in analysis of variance

Abstract A number of reasons for transforming dependent variable measures for use in analysis of variance is discussed, including nonnormality, heteroscedasticity, and scale-induced interactions. It is pointed out that nonlinear transformations change the interpretation of interactions, and that, depending on the theoretical framework, this may or may not be desirable. Finally, a method for reducing heteroscedasticity due to mean-variance correlation is described and examples given.
Toward unified satellite climatology of aerosol properties : What do fully compatible MODIS and MISR aerosol pixels tell us?

Because of the global nature of aerosol effects on climate, satellite observations have been and will be an indispensable source of information about aerosol characteristics for use in various assessments of climate and climate change. There have been parallel claims of unprecedented accuracy of aerosol retrievals with the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR). These claims have been based on limited comparisons with ground-based observations which, however, are not necessarily indicative of the actual global performance of these satellite sensors. Fortunately, both instruments have been flown for many years on the same Terra platform, which provides a unique opportunity to compare fully collocated pixel-level MODIS and MISR aerosol retrievals directly and globally. Our present extensive analysis of 8 years of the MODIS-Terra and MISR aerosol data documents unexpected significant disagreements at the pixel level as well as between long-term and spatially averaged aerosol properties. The only point on which both datasets seem to fully agree is that there may have been a weak increasing tendency in the globally averaged aerosol optical thickness (AOT) over the land and no long-term AOT tendency over the oceans. Overall our new results suggest that the current knowledge of the global distribution of the AOT and, especially, aerosol microphysical characteristics remains unsatisfactory. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
9.3.1 A Vector Approach to Assessing Modularity

A method to assess product modularity using a vector approach is presented and demonstrated using two precision guided munitions. Modularity has several fundamental benefits agreed upon by industry including reusability, flexibility, reconfigurability and extensibility. Current modularity measures focus on interfaces within or between modules in provide/depend relationships. A new method that assesses the module interfaces as well as captures and addresses each of the recognized modularity benefits is presented in a Vector Modularity Measure (VMM). Components of the VMM include terms for degree of coupling, reusability, and flexibility. Flexibility is assessed in terms of reconfigurability and extensibility. The overall evaluation method is then summarized, followed by an application using two similar precision guided munitions in the U.S. Air Force inventory: the Guided Bomb Unit-24 (GBU-24), referred to as the laser guided bomb (LGB); and the Guided Bomb Unit-31 (GBU-31), referred to as the Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM).
Integrating Memories in the Human Brain: Hippocampal–Midbrain Encoding of Overlapping Events

Decisions are often guided by generalizing from past experiences. Fundamental questions remain regarding the cognitive and neural mechanisms by which generalization takes place. Prior data suggest that generalization may stem from inference-based processes at the time of generalization. By contrast, generalization may emerge from mnemonic processes occurring while premise events are encoded. Here, participants engaged in a two-phase learning and generalization task, wherein they learned a series of overlapping associations and subsequently generalized what they learned to novel stimulus combinations. Functional MRI revealed that successful generalization was associated with coupled changes in learning-phase activity in the hippocampus and midbrain (ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra). These findings provide evidence for generalization based on integrative encoding, whereby overlapping past events are integrated into a linked mnemonic representation. Hippocampal-midbrain interactions support the dynamic integration of experiences, providing a powerful mechanism for building a rich associative history that extends beyond individual events.
A Representation and Classification Scheme for Tree-Like Structures in Medical Images: Analyzing the Branching Pattern of Ductal Trees in X-ray Galactograms

We propose a multistep approach for representing and classifying tree-like structures in medical images. Tree-like structures are frequently encountered in biomedical contexts; examples are the bronchial system, the vascular topology, and the breast ductal network. We use tree encoding techniques, such as the depth-first string encoding and the Prufer encoding, to obtain a symbolic string representation of the tree's branching topology; the problem of classifying trees is then reduced to string classification. We use the tf-idf text mining technique to assign a weight of significance to each string term (i.e., tree node label). Similarity searches and k-nearest neighbor classification of the trees is performed using the tf-idf weight vectors and the cosine similarity metric. We applied our approach to characterize the ductal tree-like parenchymal structure in X-ray galactograms, in order to distinguish among different radiological findings. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach with classification accuracy reaching up to 86%, and also indicate that our method can potentially aid in providing insight to the relationship between branching patterns and function or pathology.
A Cache Architecture for Extremely Unreliable Nanotechnologies

In the drive to create ever smaller transistors, conventional silicon CMOS devices are becoming more difficult to fabricate reliably as process size shrinks. New technologies are being investigated to replace silicon CMOS. While offering greater numbers of devices per unit area, all of these technologies are more difficult to fabricate, and more likely to fail in operation than current technologies. Nanotechnology research has identified the need for fault and defect tolerance at the architectural level so that future devices can be used in large-scale electronics circuits. This paper examines the problem of creating reliable caches using extremely unreliable technologies. We incorporate support logic (i.e., control, datapath, and self-test logic) into the analysis, and propose a novel Content Addressable Memory-based design incorporating "best practice" fault tolerant design techniques. The design requires 15 times the number of devices of a conventional design, but enables the use of device technologies with defect rates higher than 10-6, a three order of magnitude improvement over non-fault tolerant designs
Correlation Between Micturitional Urethral Pressure Profile and Pressure-Flow Criteria in Bladder Outlet Obstruction

AbstractPurpose: We correlate micturitional urethral pressure profilometry with pressure-flow diagnoses of outlet obstruction.Materials and Methods: Urodynamic evaluation was done of 86 consecutive men with voiding symptoms. Obstruction criteria were a micturitional urethral pressure profile (MUPP) gradient greater than 5 cm. water, Schafer's linear passive urethral resistance relation (PURR) greater than grade 1 and Abrams-Griffiths nomogram.Results: Interpretable results were completed in 99 percent of the patients undergoing MUPP and 60 percent undergoing pressure-flow studies (p less than 0.00001). MUPP diagnosis agreed with PURR (p = 0.0015) and Abrams-Griffiths nomogram results (p = 0.00004). MUPP gradients correlated well with PURR (r = 0.70, p less than 0.00001). Using optimum cutoff values (11 cm. water), the sensitivity of MUPP was 83 percent, specificity 82 percent and positive predictive value 94 percent.Conclusions: MUPP correlates well with and yields interpretable results more often than pr...
Location-aided flooding: an energy-efficient data dissemination protocol for wireless-sensor networks

We present a new information dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks. This protocol uses location information to reduce redundant transmissions, thereby saving energy. The sensor network is divided into virtual grids and each sensor node associates itself with a virtual grid based on its location. Sensor nodes within a virtual grid are classified as either gateway nodes or internal nodes. While gateway nodes are responsible for forwarding the data across virtual grids, internal nodes forward the data within a virtual grid. The proposed approach, termed location-aided flooding (LAF), achieves energy savings by reducing the redundant transmissions of the same packet by a node. We study the performance of LAF for different grid sizes and different node densities and compare it to other well-known methods. We show that LAF can save a significant amount of energy compared to prior methods.
Effect of Therapeutic Exercise on Gait Speed in Community-Dwelling Elderly People: A Meta-analysis

Background and Purpose. Inconsistent research findings make it unclear whether therapeutic exercise improves gait speed in community-dwelling elderly people. Using meta-analytical procedures, we examined the effect of therapeutic exercise on changing gait speed in community-dwelling older adults and the effect of type, intensity, and dose of therapeutic exercise on gait speed. Method. Studies were retrieved using a comprehensive database search. Two independent reviewers determined study eligibility based on inclusion criteria, rated study quality, and extracted information on study methods, design, intervention, and results. Data were combined to obtain an overall effect size, its 95% confidence interval, and a measure of significance. In addition, analyses to characterize the clinical relevance of the findings were performed. Results. One hundred seventeen studies were evaluated, with 24 studies (n=1,302 subjects) meeting the inclusion criteria for habitual gait speed and 18 studies (n=752 subjects) meeting the inclusion criteria for fast gait speed. Therapeutic exercise—or, more specifically, strength training and combination training (aerobic plus other exercise)—had significant effects ( r =.145, P =.017; r =.176, P =.002, respectively) on habitual gait speed. High-intensity (effort expended by subjects) exercise and high-dosage (frequency and duration of exercise sessions) intervention also had a significant effect ( r =.184, P =.001; r =.190, P =.001, respectively) on gait speed, whereas there was no effect for moderate- and low-intensity exercise or for low-dosage exercise. No exercise intervention affected fast gait speed in this analysis. Discussion and Conclusion. The results provide support for the belief that therapeutic exercise can improve gait speed in community-dwelling elderly people and that intensity and dosage are important contributing factors. The relatively weak correlation found between therapeutic exercise and gait speed merits further study. [Lopopolo RB, Greco M, Sullivan DH, et al. Effect of therapeutic exercise on gait speed in community-dwelling elderly people: a meta-analysis. Phys Ther . 2006;86:520–540.]
Gain scheduling based fuzzy controller design

This paper presents a gain scheduling based approach to the design of fuzzy controllers. We demonstrate that the Sugeno fuzzy controller is in fact a special case of gain scheduling where the feedback gains are adjusted ("scheduled") via membership functions in fuzzy if-then rules. When the desired gains at various operating points are available, we can apply the ANFIS learning algorithm proposed earlier to construct a Sugeno fuzzy controller that can generate interpolated control actions. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed through simulation of two well-known control tasks: the cart-pole system and the ball-beam system. >
Water and Electrolyte Content of Normal and Hypertensive Arteries in Dogs

This study was designed to establish values for the water and electrolyte content along the arterial tree in the dog under normal conditions and to determine how the normal electrolyte pattern was altered in renal hypertension. Determinations of vessel wall water, potassium, sodium, and chloride contents have shown that the water and electrolyte contents from the various sites along the arterial tree differ significantly from each other. Total water and potassium contents decrease progressively from the ascending aorta to the femoral and carotid sites, while the sodium and chloride contents showed the opposite trend. These differences were significant statistically. These trends may not persist along the entire vascular tree to very small arteries, as indicated by analysis of mesenteric arterial samples. Studies of vessel wall inulin space supported the view that these differences result from the relative distribution of cellular and noncellular material; thus the proximal aorta contains a relatively greater proportion of cellular (smooth muscle) material than more distal sites such as the femoral and carotid arteries. A review of the literature further supports these findings. In experimentally induced renal hypertension the same trends persist along the aorta, but the total water and sodium contents are significantly elevated at all sites.