cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription in Cytokine Signaling

Hematopoiesis is regulated through the action of a variety of growth factors that share in common the utilization of receptors of the cytokine receptor superfamily. This family of receptors shares in common structural motifs in the extracellular and intracellular regions and, where examined, have common three dimensional elements. The family members can be further subdivided based on sequence and structural similarities as well as the number of receptor chains required for a functional receptor and the sharing of receptor chains. The focus of the research from this laboratory, over a number of years, has been on the mechanistic properties of hematopoietic growth factor receptors. Much of our research has focused on the receptor for erythropoietin (Epo) which is single chain receptor that is highly related to the receptor for thrompoietin (Tpo) as well as the receptors for growth hormone (GH) and prolactin. Indeed it can be argued that evolutionarily a common cytokine receptor progenitor gave rise to these four receptors. Among other hematopoietic growth factor receptors, a subclass related to the IL-2 receptor exists that shares in common the utilization of a common γ chain and includes receptors that play an essential role in lymphopoiesis such as IL-7 and IL-4. Another group includes the receptors for IL-3, GM-CSF and IL-5. Lastly, the receptor for the critical regulator of granulopoiesis, G-CSF is a member of another subclass of receptors defined as the IL-6 related receptor family. As summarized below, the receptor subclasses often share in common the activation of common signaling pathways including the utilization of members of the Stat family of transcription factors. Since numerous reviews have appeared detailing the properties of the Stat proteins and the chapters in this book provide discussions of the roles of Stats in various cell systems, this chapter will focus on a summary of some of the work emanating from this laboratory dealing with the role of the Janus family of tyrosine kinases and the Stats in cytokine signal transduction.
Possible Roles for Membrane Protein Phosphorylation in the Control of Erythrocyte Shape

The membrane properties of erythrocytes in congenital spherocytic anemias have been studied in man and in the common house mouse. In man membrane polypeptides appear normal when analyzed by SDS PAGE. However, the extent of membrane protein phosphorylation in several membrane proteins including spectrin band 2, band 3, and band 4.5 is reduced in erythrocytes from 22 of 25 patients with hereditary spherocytosis (HS). In normal membranes, the phosphorylation reaction is inhibited by calcium, sulfhydryl agents, and heating to 50°. These effects may be due to modifications of protein substrates within the membrane or the protein kinase system itself. Each of these inhibitory conditions and agents are also known to modify cell shape and to produce spherocytosis from normal cells.
Identifying bedside rationing.

The author reviews an article detailing a 3-question method for identifying bedside rationing as it occurs and discusses 2 cases of bedside rationing.
Integrated weed management for sustainable agriculture

Eminent weed scientist Robert Zimdahl has attracted prominent weed ecology experts from Canada, France, Australia, Israel, and U.S., primarily from universities and national research groups, to pre...
Updates in Staging and Reporting of Testicular Cancer

The American Joint Committee for Cancer eighth edition staging manual incorporated several critical changes regarding staging of testis germ cell tumors, and these changes are summarized and discussed in this article. Further challenges, however, remain, and these are also highlighted.
Whither the urban diaspora? The spatial redistribution of Latino origin groups in metropolitan America since 1990.

ABSTRACTOur research advances what is known about the urban portion of the Latino diaspora, focusing on the extent to which Hispanic country-of-origin groups have spread throughout metropolitan Ame...
Predictive Models Using Regression

After performing descriptive analysis and data preparation, the next step is to build the predictive model. Regression models can be used as a predictive model. Popular regression models include linear regression, logistic regression, principal component regression, and partial least squares. This chapter defines these techniques and when it is appropriate to use the various regression models. Regression assumptions for each type are discussed. Evaluation metrics to determine model fit including R2, adjusted-R2, and p-values, are examined. Variable selection techniques (forward, backward, and stepwise) and examination of model coefficients are also discussed. The chapter also provides instruction on implementing regression analysis using SAS Enterprise Miner™ with a focus on evaluation of the output results.
Charles Darwin on Catasetinae (Cymbidieae, Orchidaceae)

The background and accomplishments of Darwin's work on Catasetinae are analyzed, and issues that he and others did not resolve are discussed in detail. The segments on Catasetinae published by Darwin in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History in September 1869 and in the second edition of his orchid pollination opus (as Catasetidae) published in 1877, as well as his paper “On the three remarkable sexual forms of Cataseum tridentatum,” all including the text, plates, and notes, are presented in three appendixes.
Reading to babies: Exploring the beginnings of literacy:

In this study, the researchers explored the impact of reading aloud on language acquisition for 12 infants and toddlers (6–22 months old) attending a preschool located in South Florida. The researc...
Foetal right atrial aneurysm and aortic coarctation with left ventricular dysfunction

Aneurysms of the right atrium are rare in the paediatric population. We report a case of a foetal diagnosis of right atrial aneurysm with associated atrial tachycardia in foetal and postnatal life. Unique to our case are the findings of isolated pericardial effusion without hydrops fetalis and the development of aortic coarctation in postnatal life.
Plant leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK): structure, ligand perception, and activation mechanism.

In recent years, secreted peptides have been recognized as essential mediators of intercellular communication which governs plant growth, development, environmental interactions, and other mediated biological responses, such as stem cell homeostasis, cell proliferation, wound healing, hormone sensation, immune defense, and symbiosis, among others. Many of the known secreted peptide ligand receptors belong to the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) family of membrane integral receptors, which contain more than 200 members within Arabidopsis making it the largest family of plant receptor kinases (RKs). Genetic and biochemical studies have provided valuable data regarding peptide ligands and LRR-RKs, however, visualization of ligand/LRR-RK complex structures at the atomic level is vital to understand the functions of LRR-RKs and their mediated biological processes. The structures of many plant LRR-RK receptors in complex with corresponding ligands have been solved by X-ray crystallography, revealing new mechanisms of ligand-induced receptor kinase activation. In this review, we briefly elaborate the peptide ligands, and aim to detail the structures and mechanisms of LRR-RK activation as induced by secreted peptide ligands within plants.
Biobased chemical and energy recovered from waste microbial matrices

Advancement in bioprocessing has brought 3rd generation biorefineries closer to becoming environmentally and economically sustainable. However, due to the costs and supply reliability of feedstocks, energy consumption, and byproducts cleanup/disposal, it is still economically unfeasible to construct and operate a profitable commercial-scale biorefinery. Integration of microbial biomass within an established distributed infrastructure could provide the foundation of a biorefining industry if numerous products are developed and commercialized. Current peer-reviewed literature offers various technologies to transform microbial biomass from wastewater treatment operations into numerous high-value products and energy. This paper describes some of these opportunities with the goal of envisioning more sustainable and cost-effective wastewater treatment systems. The recovery of resources from waste could be extended to many other systems.
Choosing Wisely in Pre-clinical Medical Education: a Direct Comparison of Active Learning Methods for Teaching Metabolic Liver Disease.

With the movement away from lectures and towards active learning sessions, medical school faculty must choose a format that fits the learning objectives and is achievable with available resources. Small groups bring organizational challenges including additional faculty and classrooms. Large groups are an opportunity to conduct case-based active learning exercises with fewer faculty. Our study compares the learning effectiveness of an active learning session on metabolic liver disease conducted in both the small group and large group formats. All MS1 students at University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine (LCOM) (n = 120) were randomized to participate in either the small or large group session. The same pre-learning videos and computer-based active learning module were used for all students in both session types. A post-session questionnaire was administered, and student exam performance was analyzed to evaluate each session type on the following criteria: (1) student preparedness for the session, (2) student perceptions of the session’s learning effectiveness, (3) learner knowledge upon completion of the session, and (4) knowledge retention at 10 days. No statistically significant differences were found between the large and small group cohorts on student perceptions of learning effectiveness or knowledge assessment, both immediate and delayed. Students assigned to the large group did choose their collaborators differently than those in the small group, tending more often to work with their friends. When organized well, a large group active learning format may be used in place of a small group without diminishing the learning effectiveness of the activity.
(Re)Defining Queer and Trans* Student Retention and “Success” at Historically Black Colleges and Universities:

Unfortunately, within the extant scholarship that has explored queer and trans* historically Black college and university (HBCU) students, the discourse(s) that deliberately center how they can be ...
Rock of Ages: Subcultural Religious Identity and Public Opinion among Young Evangelicals

A first reaction on picking up this book in the UK is to marvel that North American scholars have access to so many large representative survey datasets, including time series and panel survey data...
Process optimization of complex geometries using feed forward control for laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the fabrication of complex designs that are difficult to create by other means. Metal parts manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) can incorporate intricate design features and demonstrate desirable mechanical properties. However, printing a part that is qualified for its intended application often involves reprinting and discarding many parts to eliminate defects, improve dimensional accuracy, and increase repeatability. The process of iteratively converging on the appropriate build parameters increases the time and cost of creating functional LPBF manufactured parts. This paper describes a fast, scalable method for part-scale process optimization of arbitrary geometries. The computational approach uses feature extraction to identify scan vectors in need of parameter adaptation and applies results from simulation-based feed forward control models. This method provides a framework to quickly optimize complex parts through the targeted application of models with a range of fidelity and by automating the transfer of optimization strategies to new part designs. The computational approach and algorithmic framework are described, a software package is implemented, the method is applied to parts with complex features, and parts are printed on a customized open architecture LPBF machine.
Rethinking Conflict at the Margins: Dalits and Borderland Hindus in Jammu and Kashmir

This book departs from the conventional academic narration of the conflict situation in Jammu and Kashmir and expands the debate by shifting the focus from Kashmir to Jammu region. Generally, it is the response of Muslim-majority Kashmir region - particularly its contestation of the hegemonic and assimilative temperament of the Indian state - that captures the attention of researchers. The Hindu-majority Jammu region which is affected by the conflict in many ways remains in the shadows. This book seeks to address this crucial academic gap by locating the conflict in Jammu region. Besides explaining the 'Hindu reactionary' and 'ultra-nationalist' responses of some sections of Jammu's society, the book also foregrounds the genuine grievances of its people and their concerns within the dominant 'Kashmir-centric' discourse.
Analyzing Instructionally Focused Education Systems: Exploring the Coordinated Use of Complementary Frameworks

Public school districts have been operating under a decade’s long press to move beyond functioning as engines of access-oriented mass public schooling to functioning as instructionally focused educ...
Future directions for research on yoga and positive embodiment.

This article provides the concluding thoughts on the special issue, Yoga for Positive Embodiment in Eating Disorder Prevention and Treatment, which illustrate the progress being made on the relatio...
The hydrology and climate of Mars during the sedimentary infilling of Gale crater

Abstract Gale crater's central sedimentary mound (Aeolis Mons or, informally, Mount Sharp) preserves one of the best records of early Martian climatic, hydrologic, and sedimentary history. Mount Sharp's sediment sequence is broadly consistent with a transition from wetter surface conditions with lakes and fluvial activity, to groundwater influenced sediment cementation under dryer conditions, to a period of anhydrous sediment accumulation and erosion dominated by aeolian processes. However, surface conditions alone do not provide a direct constraint on the climate evolution. We use models of the hydrological evolution of the crater, evaluated against constraints on the local depositional environment from both satellite observations and ground-based observations by the Mars Science Laboratory on the Curiosity rover to shed light on the evolution of the climate at Gale crater. The results show that the local depositional environment is influenced by both climate and the state of crater infill. The overall trend in the stratigraphic sequence, recording a transition from wet to dry environments within Gale crater, could have formed under a dominantly arid climate with changes in sediment properties exposed along the edge of Mount Sharp resulting from both lateral and vertical changes in depositional environment due to a decrease in the accommodation space and changing basin geometry as the crater filled with sediment. Alternatively, the sedimentary sequence within Gale crater could be explained by a changing climate, with lake formation during the waning period of a wetter epoch followed by secular drying to account for the observed phyllosilicate to sulfate transition. In either scenario, short-term climate changes are required to explain local changes in facies and mineralogy. A later shift to much dryer conditions is required to explain the aeolian erosion of the mound, followed by renewed arid to semiarid conditions to explain the later-stage lakes. Hydrological modeling constrains the early climate at Gale crater to have been between arid and semiarid, largely consistent with geomorphological and geochemical constraints on the climate at the Noachian–Hesperian boundary.
Treating Young Veterans: Promoting Resilience Through Practice and Advocacy, by Diann Cameron Kelly, Sydney Howe-Barksdale, and David Gitelson (Eds.)

Treating Young Veterans examines contemporary and emerging practice with Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) service members, Veterans,11 The word Ve...
Photochemically mediated alkyne metalation in the donor–acceptor complexes Ru2(CO)6(μ-PP) [where PP=bpcd, (Z)-Ph2PCHCHPPh2]. X-ray diffraction structure of the zwitterionic compound Ru2(CO)6[μ-(Z)-MeO2CCCCO2Me](μ-bpcd)

Abstract Near-UV irradiation of the donor–acceptor complexes Ru2(CO)6(μ-bpcd) and Ru2(CO)6[μ-(Z)-Ph2PCHCHPPh2] in the presence of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (dmad) gives the dimetalated alkene complexes Ru2(CO)6[μ-(Z)-MeO2CCCCO2Me](μ-diphosphine). Each new alkene complex was characterized in solution and by X-ray diffraction analysis in the case of the bpcd-substituted derivative. The X-ray structure of Ru2(CO)6[μ-(Z)-MeO2CCCCO2Me](μ-bpcd) confirms the formal oxidative addition of the dmad ligand across the dative RuRu bond.
Increased capital mobility and policy reform in developing countries

Since the 1950s and the 1960s when Ramaswamy deliberated on issues of development, developing economies have undergone major changes. Increased urbanisation, introduction of more complex and sophisticated technologies and reduced dependence on exports of primary commodities have brought in their wake considerable changes which warrant a new outlook on development policies. At the centre of this is the capability of governments to regulate economic activity and the associated insulation of domestic economics from international markets denoted here by the term “inner oriented” policies. Moreover, the belief that the Great Depression and the Second World War had destroyed the private international capital markets, which was borne out by the fact that during 1950s and the 1960s international capital flows were over-whelmingly on official account, is no longer valid today. This paper first reviews what is now understood as a “stylised fact” of inner oriented developing countries’ economic performance and then consider how the presence of sizeable private capital flows has altered the situation.
Synthesis of globally optimal controllers in l/sub 1/ using linear relaxation

This paper solves the problem of synthesis of controllers achieving globally optimal robust performance against structured time-varying and/or nonlinear uncertainty. The performance measure considered is the infinity to infinity induced norm of a system's transfer function. The solution utilizes linear relaxation for finding the global optimal solution.
Ptolemy’s Geography, Book VII, Chapters 6 and 7

AT the end of Book VII of Ptolemy’s “Geography” one finds the discussion of a representation of the terrestrial globe in the plane as seen by an observer who is placed in the plane of the parallel of latitude which passes through Syene. The text is difficult to understand and — at least to my knowledge — has been discussed in detail only twice: by Johannes Werner in 1514 (Latin translation and commentary) and by Mollweide, who presented a German paraphrase and an extensive discussion in his article “Mappierungskunst des Claudius Ptolemaeus” in Zach’s Monatliche Correspondenz for 1805. Delambre, Histoire de l’astronomie ancienne II, (Paris 1817) p. 530, speaks about “d’inutiles efforts” of Werner to reconstruct the text though Werner had reached a much better understanding than Delambre, who was always ready to consider a work of Ptolemy as bungled. Mollweide’s excellent publication seems to have remained unknown to Delambre. Halma’s French translation (Paris, 1828) does not go beyond Delambre. The English translation given by E. L. Stevenson in his monumental work (New York Public Library, 1932) is still worse since its author did not understand, even remotely, what he was translating.1
Energy Transfer between the Sm 3+ , Eu 3+ , Tb 3+ , and Dy 3+ Ions in Sodium Rare-Earth Tungstates*

Energy transfer between the Sm3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, and Dy3+ ions has been systematically studied in the sodium rare-earth tungstate hosts. Evidence has been obtained for the transfer of excitation energy between all ion pairs of this group. Direct evidence for exchange of energy was established by the method of selective excitation for the Dy3+ → Tb3+, Tb3+ → Eu3+, and Sm3+ → Eu3+ ion pairs. Indirect evidence for energy transfer was found by fluorescence enhancement for the Tb3+ → Sm3+ ion pair and by lifetime measurements for the Dy3+ → Sm3+ and Dy3+ → Eu3+ ion pairs. The results are consistent with the “resonant” exchange mechanism as the dominant process responsible for the transfer of energy between these ions.
Common Side Effects of Anti-EGFR Therapy: Acneform Rash

Objectives To review the general toxicity profile of EGFR-targeted therapies and the management of the most common side effect, skin toxicity. Data Sources Research articles. Conclusion The most common side effect of anti-EGFR therapy is skin toxicity, which is generally mild to moderate, but may be severe in up to 18% of patients. Appearance of more severe rash has been correlated with better treatment outcomes. Skin toxicity is generally manageable with standard topical or systemic antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents. Rash does not warrant treatment discontinuation; however, when using TKIs, the combination of rash and severe diarrhea may require treatment cessation. Implications for Nursing Practice Patients and nurses need to be well informed about the expected side effects of anti-EGFR therapy and appropriate management techniques. Patient education prior to beginning therapy and proactive intervention at the first signs of skin toxicity are key to successful management.
Using model checker and replay facility to debug complex distributed system

A correct system is only derived from a correct implementation of a correct specification. Unfortunately, this imposes a heavy burden in the development process, especially for complex, distributed system ranging from machine room computing and storage services as well as large-scale P2P applications. A specification, if authored in formal language such as TLA+, Spec#, SPIN etc., is ready for model checking. The state explosion problem, however, prohibits all specification states to be thoroughly traversed. Often ad hoc heuristics are applied to drastically reduce the scale so as to make the model checking phase tractable. A correct implementation can be even more challenging, especially when we encounter non-deterministic bugs that are hard to reproduce. The gap between spec and implementation often leaves one to wonder whether the implementation or the spec is faulty, or even both. Motivated by our experiences in developing several complete large scale distributed systems, we are designing and implementing a suite of testing and debugging facility on top of our previously developed WiDS platform.
An Automated Microfluidic System for Online Optimization in Chemical Synthesis

An automated, continuous flow system for the online, multivariable optimization of a chemical reaction is presented. Time and material required for an optimization trial are minimized by performing reactions in an integrated silicon microreactor and incorporating an HPLC for inline monitoring of the reaction performance. We use the system to optimize two different reactions to describe the potential impact of this system for reaction development. First, we demonstrate the broad operation capabilities by incorporating several feedback algorithms to optimize a weighted objective function involving the yield and the throughput of a Knoevenagel condensation reaction. After illustrating how system operations can be adapted for individual reactions, we perform a multiparameter optimization to maximize the yield of benzaldehyde in the oxidation pathway of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde to benzoic acid. A significant feature of the automated system is the ability to perform “black-box” optimization where no a pri...
Theory of rodent navigation based on interacting representations of space

We present a computational theory of navigation in rodents based on interacting representations of place, head direction, and local view. An associated computer model is able to replicate a variety of behavioral and neurophysiological results from the rodent navigation literature. The theory and model generate predictions that are testable with current technologies.
THE EVOLUTION OF BIOLUMINESCENCE IN BACTERIA

Individuals of aerobic, saprophytic bacterial species, encountering a changing environment in which they were regularly exposed to periods of severe hypoxia, would have gained a major selective advantage in fatty acid metabolism if a mutation in a flavoprotein oxygenase permitted them to oxidize accumulated C8-C18 aliphatic aldehydes to fatty acids at oxygen concentrations below which the cytochrome oxidase mediated electron transport pathway became inhibited. Such mutants, able to continue to metabolize exogenous lipid fatty acids under hypoxia, might have outproduced their wild type ancestors. Colonies of those mutants which utilized reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2) as the flavin cofactor would have been luminous, owing to the fortuitous coincidence that the aldehyde oxygenation resulted in an enzyme-flavin excited electronic state which emitted blue light with a high fluorescence yield. If this accidental “proto-bioluminescence” were initially of sufficient brightness to have elicited phototactic responses in nearby motile organisms, increasing thereby detrital food sources or the potential for dispersal and colonization for the bacteria, a new and completely different selective advantage, that of bioluminescent signalling, would have arisen from the original metabolic function. This is the biochemical analog of Darwin's principle of functional change in structural continuity. It is proposed that bacterial luciferase, the FMNH2-oxygenase in luminous bacteria, was such a mutation. The present ubiquitous distributions of luminous bacterial species in marine waters, on the surfaces of marine animals and as symbionts in the specialized light organs and digestive tracts of many fish species have resulted from subsequent environmental selection and optimization for this original proto-bioluminescent reaction. By extension it is suggested whereas “protobioluminescence” arose in many species independently whenever metabolic oxygenation of a substrate resulted in an adventitiously efficient chemiluminescence, the function of bioluminescence arose only upon favorable interaction between the “proto-bioluminescence” and its ecosystem.
Fatigue properties of titanium alloy Ti–6Al–2Cb–1Ta–0.8Mo

Abstract The low cycle fatigue properties of a Ti–6Al–2Cb–1Ta–0.8Mo (Ti-6211) alloy have been studied by testing hourglass specimens, based on ASTM specification 606-92, under cyclic stresses in strain-controlled conditions. Results indicate that strain softening occurs under cyclic loading and that fatigue life can be related to either strain range or stress range. Both low cycle and high cycle fatigue data on Ti-6211 have been reviewed. A complete fatigue curve has been established which predicts fatigue life of the alloy for R =−1 from 100 to 100 million cycles.
Respiratory bursts at the midline of the rostral medulla of the lamprey.

The contribution of a rostral crossed pathway to the coordination of fictive breathing was tested in isolated brains of adult lampreys,Ichthyomyzon unicuspis. 1. Periodic bursts of small spikes were recorded at the midline at the rostral level of the V motor nuclei. These occurred prior to bursts by respiratory motoneurons in the IX–X cranial nerve roots (Fig. 1). 2. The bursts at the midline could be generated in the rostral half of the medulla, since they continued after isolation of the isthmic-trigeminal region by transections (Fig. 2). 3. Stimulation at the rostral midline excited respiratory motoneurons monosynaptically (Fig. 3) and could entrain or reset the respiratory rhythm (Figs. 4, 5). 4. Sections of the midline sparing the rostral site still permitted bilateral synchronization of respiratory bursts (Fig. 7). 5. Alternatively, sections of the rostral midline still allowed coordination of respiratory bursts through crossed caudal pathways, although abnormal timing patterns were observed (Fig. 8).
The theory of the electrical breakdown of gases at atmospheric pressures

Abstract After a brief summary and discussion of Townsend's theory of the electrical breakdown of gases in the light of certain recent criticisms, it is shown that these are compatible with his theory except for one serious discrepancy. This discrepancy lies in the fact that at the assumed fields at which breakdown occurs in air, at atmospheric pressure, and in inert gases at low pressures, the β P of Townsend's theory cannot have the significance given it by Townsend, as the positive ions are incapable at these fields of acquiring the ionizing energy. Various solutions proposed are discussed and found inadequate. It seems necessary, in order to keep this otherwise successful theory, to doubt the validity of the assumption generally made for plane parallel electrodes, that the potential drop between the plates is uniform before the spark passes. If fields about ten times as great as those calculated from the uniform drop existed, the theory could be applied. It is shown that such fields are possible under the conditions of the spark potential experiments, due to space charges resulting from the difference of ionic and electronic velocities. The existence of such fields requires a finite spark lag interval of about 10−4 seconds, as yet not definitely observed. Experiments should be undertaken in laboratories equipped for the purpose to look for both the spark lag and the non-uniform field.
Repression of dpp targets by binding of brinker to mad sites.

Signaling by decapentaplegic (Dpp), aDrosophila member of the transforming growth factor (TGF) β superfamily of growth factors, has recently been shown to activate targets such as vestigial (vg) indirectly through negative regulation of brinker (brk). Here we show that the Brk protein functions as a repressor by binding to Dpp response elements. The Brk DNA binding activity was localized to an amino-terminal region containing a putative homeodomain. Brk bound to a Dpp response element of the Ultrabithorax(Ubx) midgut enhancer at a sequence that overlaps a binding site for the Smad protein, Mothers Against Dpp (Mad). Furthermore, Brk was able to compete with Mad for occupancy of this binding site. This recognition of overlapping binding sites provides a potential explanation for why the G/C-rich Mad binding site consensus differs the Smad3/Smad4 binding site consensus. We also found that the Dpp response element from Ubx was more sensitive than the vgquadrant enhancer to repression by Brk. This difference correlates with short-range activation of Ubx by Dpp in the visceral mesoderm, whereas vg exhibits a long-range response to Dpp in the wing imaginal disc, indicating that Brk binding sites may play a critical role in limiting thresholds for activation by Dpp. Finally, we provide evidence that Brk is capable of functioning as an active repressor. Thus, whereas Brk and Mad compete for regulation of Ubx and vg, Brk may regulate other Dpp targets without direct involvement of Mad.
NADPH oxidase of neutrophils elevates o,o'-dityrosine cross-links in proteins and urine during inflammation.

Reactive intermediates generated by phagocytic white blood cells are of central importance in destroying microorganisms, but they may also damage normal tissue at sites of inflammation. To investigate the potential role of such oxidants in tissue injury, we used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to quantify levels of o,o'-dityrosine in mouse peritoneal neutrophils and urine. In wild-type animals, neutrophils markedly increased their content of protein-bound dityrosine when they were activated in vivo. This increase failed to occur in mice that were deficient in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. Levels of o,o'-dityrosine in urine mirrored those in neutrophil proteins. When o,o'-[(14)C]dityrosine was injected intravenously into mice, the radiolabel was not metabolized or incorporated into tissue proteins: instead, it was recovered in urine with near-quantitative yield. Patients with sepsis markedly increased their output of o,o'-dityrosine into urine, suggesting that systemic inflammation also may be a potent source of oxidative stress in humans. These observations demonstrate that activated neutrophils produce o,o'-dityrosine cross-links in tissue proteins, which may subsequently be degraded into free amino acids and excreted into urine. Our results indicate that mouse phagocytes use oxidants produced by the NADPH oxidase to create o,o'-dityrosine cross-links in vivo and raise the possibility that reactive intermediates produced by this pathway promote inflammatory tissue damage in humans.
Long-wavelength density turbulence in the TFTR tokamak.

Long-wavelength (${\mathit{k}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{i}}$1) density turbulence has been measured with good spatial localization in the core region of a high temperature tokamak plasma with auxiliary heating. Density fluctuations of n\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}/ng0.5% exist for ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$2 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ with radial and poloidal correlation lengths typically 1--2.5 cm in the confinement region, corresponding to ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{i}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.1--0.3. An anisotropic wave-number spectrum is observed, and estimates of the turbulence-driven transport are comparable to the anomalous transport observed in tokamaks.
A study of the spatial vectorcardiogram of the ventricular gradient.

A concept of the ventricular gradient as a quantity which varies with time during the cardiac cycle is presented. Some methods for deriving values of the "mean instantaneous ventricular gradient" and from these the "vector-cardiogram of the gradient" are outlined. Despite obvious shortcomings in these technics, some results of the application of these methods are reported.
Studies of the Chick Edema Disease 7. Effects of the Oral Diuretic, Hydrochlorothiazide

Abstract PREVIOUS studies have shown that various oral diuretics incorporated into diets containing the chick edema factor (CEF) are selectively beneficial in the prevention of edema associated with the development of the chick edema disease (Flick and O’Dell, 1968a). Further, by carefully grading the dietary level of diuretics fed concomitantly with a fixed level of toxic fatty material (TFM) containing CEF, the diuretic activity of the compounds can be assayed (Flick and O’Dell, 1968b). This report is a confirmation and extension of our previous studies and deals with the effects of the oral diuretic, hydrochlorothiazide, at various dietary levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Day-old S. C. White Leghorn cockerels were used for these studies. On the day of receipt from the hatchery, the chicks were randomized in the shipping carton, wing-banded, weighed, and placed in battery brooders (10 chicks/cage) with raised wire-mesh floors. Feed and water were accessible at all times. Room . . .
Stimulus and experiential factors controlling mounting behavior in the female rat

Abstract Spayed adult female rats treated with testosterone propionate were tested for mounting behavior under four incentive female conditions; (a) sexually receptive active, (b) non-receptive active, (c) sexually receptive inactive, (d) non-receptive inactive. Experimental females were given mounting experience subsequent to which they were divided into two groups. One group received olfactory bulb lesions and the other was sham operated. Females with olfactory impairment mounted sexually receptive active incentive females as frequently as did females without impairment. Active incentive females were mounted more often than inactive incentive females. However, the sexually receptive active females elicited a higher frequency of mounting than did the non-receptive active females. When experimental females were given no pre-operative mounting experience, similar results were obtained indicating that movement, particularly the movement of the sexually receptive female, is of primary importance in eliciting mounting behavior in female rats.
Microwave Instrumentation for Accelerator RF Sysems

In order to make detailed measurements of the rf amplifier-accelerator systems for the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) proton accelerator, it was necessary to develop better directional couplers and slotted lines. The degree of precision required in the construction and adjustment of these devices when measurements of a few percent accuracy are desired in complicated, mismatched, high-power systems is surprising. The theoretical considerations and the mechanical refinements necessary to achieve good performance are outlined in this paper.
Water vapour transmission properties of free polymer films

The rates of moisture uptake by film-coated tablet matrices containing calcium chloride have been determined as a function of polymer coat formulation, film coat thickness and calcium chloride content of the matrix. The more hydrophilic polymer film formulations were less effective in reducing the rate of moisture uptake by the tablet matrices. A linear relation was observed between rate of moisture uptake and film thickness, in contrast to the log-log relationship obtained in previous work using the same systems cast as free films. Decreasing the calcium chloride content of the matrix caused an overall lowering of the moisture uptake rate. The results indicate that the water vapour transmission characteristics of these polymer film systems are not the same when assessed using the rate of moisture uptake of tablets coated with these films as when using the rate of water vapour transmission through the free films. It is suggested that films should not be accepted or rejected solely on the basis of transmission rates across free films but that due consideration should be given to the more meaningful moisture uptake rates of the film-coated dosage form.
The dissociative adsorption of H2 and D2 on Cu(110): activation barriers and dynamics

Abstract A true Arrhenius activation energy for the dissociative adsorption of H 2 on Cu(110) was measured using a Boltzmann distribution of H 2 gas at the surface temperature and found to be 14.3 ± 1.4 kcal/mol with a pre-exponential factor of 10 0.03±0.16 per H 2 collision with the surface. The temperature of the H 2 gas impinging on the heated Cu(110) surface was brought to the surface temperature ( ∼ 623 K) from the cold wall temperature ( ∼ 300 K) by increasing the total pressure in the reaction vessel with inert N 2 . This increases the translational and internal energy of H 2 by collisional energy transfer near the surface. The rate of dissociative H 2 adsorption was found to increase strongly with the addition of N 2 up to ∼ 2 Torr, but to increase slowly above that, consistent with a “direct” mechanism for dissociative adsorption where the H 2 translational energy is most effective in scaling the activation barrier. Gas-phase collisional energy transfer was computer-simulated using known energy transfer rates to determine the average translational and internal energies of H 2 impinging on the copper surface as a function of N 2 pressure. The translational, rotational, and vibrational temperatures approach the surface temperature at widely different N 2 pressures, allowing assessment of the relative effectiveness of these degrees of freedom in assisting H 2 adsorption. Comparison of the activation energy with the desorption energy of adsorbed hydrogen indicates that the adsorption of hydrogen is nearly thermoneutral. Similar results are also reported here for D 2 adsorption, where no significant differences between D 2 and H 2 could be seen.
Forced convection subcooled boiling—prediction of vapor volumetric fraction

Abstract A model is developed to predict the vapor volumetric fraction during forced convection subcooled boiling. The proposed method of calculation consists of three steps : 1. 1. The point of bubble departure from the heated surface (i.e. the location of vapor volumetric fractions significantly higher than zero) is determined from a bubble force balance and the single-phase liquid turbulent temperature distribution away from the heated wall. 2. 2. A relation is postulated between the true local vapor weight fraction and the corresponding thermal equilibrium value. 3. 3. The vapor volumetric fraction is obtained from the true local vapor weight fraction and an accepted relationship between vapor weight and volumetric fractions. The method was applied to a variety of available test data, and the agreement was satisfactory for a multitude of flow, heat flux, and fluid property conditions.
Peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase, NIMA-interacting 1 (PIN1) regulates pulmonary effects of endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor-α in mice.

Abstract Peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase, NIMA-interacting 1 (PIN1) modulates phospho-signaling by catalyzing rotation of the bond between a phosphorylated serine or threonine before proline in proteins. As depletion of PIN1 increased inflammatory protein expression in cultured endothelial cells treated with bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and interferon-γ, we hypothesized that PIN1 knockout would increase sensitivity to LPS-induced lung inflammation in mice. Mortality due to a high dose of LPS (30 mg/kg) was greater in knockout than wildtype mice. Lung myeloperoxidase activity, reflecting neutrophils, was increased to a 35% higher level in PIN1 knockout mouse lung, as compared with wildtype, after treatment with a sublethal dose of 3 mg LPS/kg, ip. Unexpectedly, plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) was approximately 50% less than in wildtype mice. Knockout mice, however, were more sensitive than wildtype to TNF-induced neutrophil accumulation. The neutrophil adhesion molecule, E-selectin, was also elevated in lungs of knockout mice treated with TNF, suggesting that PIN1 depletion increases endothelial sensitivity to TNF. Indeed, TNF induced more reactive oxygen species in cultured endothelial cells depleted of PIN1 with short hairpin RNA than in control cells. Collectively, the results indicate that while PIN1 normally facilitates TNF production in LPS-treated mice, it suppresses pulmonary and endothelial reactions to the cytokine. Tissue or cell-specific effects of PIN1 may affect the overall inflammatory response to LPS and other stimuli.
Substituted 3-oxo-1,2,5-Thiadiazolidine 1,1-Dioxides: A New Class of Potential Mechanism-Based Inhibitors of Human Leukocyte Elastase and Cathepsin G

A series of substituted 3-oxo-1,2,5-thiadiazolidine 1,1-dioxides has been synthesized and their in vitro inhibitory activity toward human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G was investigated. These compounds were found to inactivate the two enzymes efficiently and in a time-dependent fashion.
Multifunctional Pancreatic Islet Encapsulation Barriers Achieved via Multilayer PEG Hydrogels

The diverse requirements for a successful islet encapsulation barrier suggest the benefit of a barrier system that presents differing functionalities to encapsulated cells and host cells. Initially, multifunctional hydrogels were synthesized via the sequential photopolymerization of PEG hydrogel layers, each with different isolated functionalities. The ability to achieve localized biological functionalities was confirmed by immunostaining of different entrapped antibodies within each hydrogel layer. Survival of murine islets macroencapsulated within the interior gel of two-layer hydrogel constructs was then assessed. Maintenance of encapsulated islet survival and function was observed within multilayer hydrogels over 28 days in culture. Additionally, the functionalization of the islet-containing interior PEG gel layer with cell-matrix moieties, with either 100 μg/ml laminin or 5 mM of the adhesive peptide IKVAV found in laminin, resulted in increased insulin secretion from encapsulated islets similar to that in gels without an exterior hydrogel layer. Finally, through cell seeding experiments, the ability of an unmodified, exterior PEG layer to prevent interactions, and thus attachment, between nonencapsulated fibroblasts and entrapped ECM components within the interior PEG layer was demonstrated. Together the presented results support the potential of multilayer hydrogels for use as multifunctional islet encapsulation barriers that provide a localized biologically active islet microenvironment, while presenting an inert, immunoprotective exterior surface to the host environment, to minimize graft-host interactions.
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS OF A TRANSIENT MAGNETIC DIPOLE ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE

Transient electric and magnetic fields close to the surface of the earth, as developed by a step-function current flowing in a circular loop of wire, have been determined. The effect of the insulating air region is fully taken into account. It is observed that the air region has an appreciable influence on the fields over the surface of the earth. The effect of displacement current within the earth has also been considered. Expressions of electric and magnetic fields have been utilized to determine (a) the mutual impedance function between the primary loop and a small length of wire and (b) the voltage induced in a secondary loop. Both these functions are found to have appreciable magnitudes only during the time interval between the arrival of the wave travelling through air and that of the wave via the conducting medium. From a study of this duration and the initial amplitude of either of the two functions, it is possible to obtain values of conductivity and permittivity of the earth. Curves have been plotted to depict the nature of variation of these functions with time for different values of the electric constants of the earth.