cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of bismuth volatility in SBT by vanadium doping

Abstract The volatility of bismuth (Bi) presents difficulty in the integration of ferroelectric strontium bismuth tantalate (SrBi2Ta2O9 or SBT) thin films for FeRAM applications. This paper presents preliminary results indicating that the Bi volatility problem may be controlled by the addition of vanadium (V) to SBT. A series of V-doped SBT films (∼150 nm), of a nominal composition SrBi2.2(Ta1-xVx)2O9 with x = 0, 0.01, and 0.07, were deposited on Pt/SiO2/Si wafers by sol-gel processing. XRD and SEM revealed a polycrystalline morphology and a vanadium solubility in SBT of at least 7%. SBT with 7% V-doping exhibited little structural damage from a forming gas anneal. 7% V-doping also limited Bi diffusion into Pt bottom electrodes and increased the surface Bi 4f7/2 electron binding energies. The ferroelectric and polarization fatigue properties did not improve with V-doping, which was attributed to oxygen vacancy formation due to acceptor doping. Vanadium stabilized Bi in the SBT matrix by reducing from the ...
Efficacious end user measures part 1: relative class size and end user problem domains

Biological and medical endeavors are beginning to realize the benefits of artificial intelligence and machine learning. However, classification, prediction, and diagnostic (CPD) errors can cause significant losses, even loss of life. Hence, end users are best served when they have performance information relevant to their needs, this paper's focus. Relative class size (rCS) is commonly recognized as a confounding factor in CPD evaluation. Unfortunately, rCS-invariant measures are not easily mapped to end user conditions. We determine a cause of rCS invariance, joint probability table (JPT) normalization. JPT normalization means that more end user efficacious measures can be used without sacrificing invariance. An important revelation is that without data normalization, the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) and information coefficient (IC) are not relative class size invariants; this is a potential source of confusion, as we found not all reports using MCC or IC normalize their data. We derive MCC rCS-invariant expression. JPT normalization can be extended to allow JPT rCS to be set to any desired value (JPT tuning). This makes sensitivity analysis feasible, a benefit to both applied researchers and practitioners (end users). We apply our findings to two published CPD studies to illustrate how end users benefit.
Time-dependent effects of reserpine on retention of passive avoidance.

Abstract Reserpine produced amnesia for a one-trial passive avoidance task when given 2, 3, 4, 5 hr before but not when given 1, 8, 12, 24 hr or 30 min before, or immediately, 90 min or 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 24 hr following training. The results were discussed in terms of the reserpine effect on biogenic amines and their possible role in memory formation.
Nuclear collisions at intermediate energy

Abstract Two types of nuclear instability, which could play a role in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions, are discussed. One is a fast mechanical instability leading to break-up of the system when the compressibility becomes negative, and the other is governed by a chemical instability between liquid and gaseous phases occurring on a slower time scale. Observable experimental consequences are suggested. Both types of behavior rely on a hydrodynamical description of nuclear collisions in which an initial heated and compressed zone undergoes an expansion and rarefaction. Compared to phase transitions of more exotic kinds, e.g. density isomeric states or, quark-gluon plasmas, the transitions we discuss are based on conventional aspects of nuclear behavior. They may, however, be useful in establishing whether hydrodynamical approaches and the time scales required for phase transitions are relevant for nuclear collisions.
p53 mutations in solar keratoses

To understand how sunlight acts as a carcinogen, the authors analyzed p53 gene mutations including point mutation, loss of heterozygosity (LOH), and overexpression in solar keratoses. Exons 4 to 9 of the p53 gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and directly sequenced. To determine allelic loss of p53, the region containing polymorphic codon 72 was amplified and digested with BstUI restriction nuclease. Overexpression of p53 protein was detected in paraffin section using mouse monoclonal antibody (PAb 1801). Point mutations of the p53 gene were detected in 7 (28%) of 25 solar keratoses and predominant in pyrimidines (86%). Loss of allele was found in 29% of informative samples. Seven (28%) cases showed immunopositivity; four cases had point mutation, but three cases did not. Two cases with point mutation were immunonegative. Characteristically point mutations, LOH and immunopositivity of p53 were seen predominantly as bowenoid and hypertrophic type lesion. These results suggest that sunlight can cause mutations of p53 gene and that p53 gene mutations may play an important role in skin carcinogenesis.
On the role of separation in compression wave generation by a train entering a tunnel hood with a window

An approximate analytical theory is proposed for calculating the compression wave generated when a train enters a tunnel fitted with an entrance hood with an open window. The pressure rise ahead of the entering train causes air to exhaust from the window in the form of a high-speed jet. The profile of the compression wave transmitted into the tunnel is modified by the interaction of the train nose with the window, by multiple reflections of wave energy between the window and the hood portal prior to transmission into the tunnel, and in addition by the production of a pressure pulse by the jet. The wave generation problem can be formulated in a quasi-one-dimensional manner, whereby the pressure field generated in front of and to the sides of the train in the absence of the window is assumed to be scattered by the window. A self-consistent solution is obtained by evaluating the jet flow from the window using a nonlinear empirical equation proposed and validated by Cummings (1984, Amer. Inst. Aeron. Astron. J., 22, 786-792; 1986, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 79, 942-951) for the velocity in the window-exit plane. Predictions are found to be in excellent agreement with measurements of compression wave profiles obtained in model scale experiments reported by Howe et al. (2003, J. Fluid Mech., 487, 211-243) at train speeds ∼ 350 km h -1 .
Decomposing a relation into a tree of binary relations

Abstract We present an efficient algorithm for decomposing an n-ary relation into a tree of binary relations and provide a simple test for checking whether or not the tree formed by the algorithm represents the relation precisely. If a tree decomposition exists, the algorithm is guaranteed to find one. Otherwise, the tree generated by the algorithm can be used as an approximation of the relation. The method can be extended to decomposing a relation into an acyclic database of bounded relation arity. The unique feature of the algorithm presented in this paper is that it does not a priori assume any dependencies in the initial relation, but rather derives such dependencies from the bare relation instance.
Modeling capture, recapture, and removal statistics for estimation of demographic parameters for fish and wildlife populations : Past, present, and future

Abstract In this article I review the modeling of capture, recapture, and removal statistics for the purpose of estimating demographic parameters of fish and wildlife populations. Topics considered include capture-recapture models, band or tag return models, removal and catch per unit effort models, selective removal or change-in-ratio models, radio-tagging survival models, and nest survival models. The purpose is to present important concepts in a general manner for the benefit of a wide audience of statisticians. I will not attempt to be comprehensive, and I indulge in speculation about future directions. I indicate the importance of different statistical tools to this subject, such as Bayesian inference, “boot strapping,” robustness studies, goodness-of-fit tests. I also emphasize connections to other application areas of statistics. Capture-recapture methods, for example, are being considered for estimation of a variety of elusive human populations, such as the homeless and people missed in the census...
Associations between maternal depressive symptoms and child feeding practices in a cross-sectional study of low-income mothers and their young children

Maternal depression may influence feeding practices important in determining child eating behaviors and weight. However, the association between maternal depressive symptoms and feeding practices has been inconsistent, and most prior studies used self-report questionnaires alone to characterize feeding. The purpose of this study was to identify feeding practices associated with maternal depressive symptoms using multiple methodologies, and to test the hypothesis that maternal depressive symptoms are associated with less responsive feeding practices. In this cross-sectional, observational study, participants (n = 295) included low-income mothers and their 4- to 8-year-old children. Maternal feeding practices were assessed via interviewer-administered questionnaires, semi-structured narrative interviews, and videotaped observations in home and laboratory settings. Maternal depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D). Regression analyses examined associations between elevated depressive symptoms (CES-D score ≥16) and measures of maternal feeding practices, adjusting for: child sex, food fussiness, number of older siblings; and maternal age, body mass index (BMI), education, race/ethnicity, single parent status, perceived child weight, and concern about child weight. Thirty-one percent of mothers reported depressive symptoms above the screening cutoff. Mothers with elevated depressive symptoms reported more pressuring of children to eat (β = 0.29; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.03, 0.54) and more overall demandingness (β = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.29), and expressed lower authority in child feeding during semi-structured narrative interview (Odds Ratio (OR) for low authority: 2.82; 95% CI: 1.55, 5.12). In homes of mothers with elevated depressive symptoms, the television was more likely audible during meals (OR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.05, 3.48) and mothers were less likely to eat with children (OR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.85). There were no associations between maternal depressive symptoms and encouragement or discouragement of food in laboratory eating interactions. Mothers with elevated depressive symptoms demonstrated less responsive feeding practices than mothers with lower levels of depressive symptoms. These results suggest that screening for maternal depressive symptoms may be useful when counseling on healthy child feeding practices. Given inconsistencies across methodologies, future research should include multiple methods of characterizing feeding practices and direct comparisons of different methodologies.
Model patterns for model transformations in model driven development

Model driven development is a popular approach to master the complexity of computer based systems, but it is still missing well-established technologies for model transformations. A lot of research has been done to address this subject, most of it tends towards highly expressive and highly specialized transformation languages. This paper takes a contra point to this trend, proposing the transformation implementation language Mopa (model pattern), which is less expressive but provides more flexibility. Mopa is independent of the chosen modelling techniques, it allows the realization of different transformation approaches, and it is integrated into the Java programming language, hence easy to integrate into existing environments. Mopa is described with formal syntax and semantics, and this paper shows how to use Mopa to implement different existing transformation approaches.
Type-Based Compression of XML Data

The extensible markup language XML has become indispensable in many areas, but a significant disadvantage is its size: tagging a set of data increases the space needed to store it, the bandwidth needed to transmit it, and the time needed to parse it. We present a new compression technique based on the document type, expressed as a Relax NG schema. Assuming the sender and receiver agree in advance on the document type, conforming documents can be transmitted extremely compactly. On several data sets with high tag density this technique compresses better than other known XML-aware compressors, including those that consider the document type
Plasma methionine enkephalin levels. A biological marker for migraine

SYNOPSIS Migraine patients, either during an attack or when pain-free, have significantly higher platelet-rich and platelet-poor plasma methionine-enkephalin levels than healthy race- and sex-matched and age-comparable controls. Although we did not observe differences in the platelet-rich samples between the patients subgroups, platelet-poor samples had higher peptide levels during a pain-free period than the values obtained for the patients during a migraine episode. Similarly, platelet-rich samples obtained from controls and patients during an attack had higher methionine-enkephalin levels than their corresponding platelet-poor plasma samples. These results provide new evidence supporting the involvement of the endogenous peptides in the etiology of migraine headache and suggest that plasma methionine-enkephalin levels could serve as a biological marker for this condition.
“A Way to Paradise”: Pious Neoliberalism, Islam, and Faith-Based Development

Three faith-based development organizations (FBDOs) in Cairo and the popular religious star, Amr Khaled, illustrate the melding of Islamic piety and neoliberal development. Together they produce a “pious neoliberalism” that transforms both Islamic charity and neoliberalism as they narrate an Islamic solution to social problems. Their narration links volunteerism, self-help rhetoric, and management science to piety. Focusing on three Islamic development organizations, this study demonstrates how they promote financial investment, entrepreneurship, and business skills as important components of religiosity. The combination of piety and neoliberal values illustrates a new space of compatibility between neoliberalism and Islamism that changes both the spaces for and impact of Islamic da’wa (preaching) in Cairo. FBDOs alter socioeconomic space in Cairo as they insert religiosity into spaces previously seen as un-Islamic. The research contributes to our understanding of the compatibility between religious and n...
Design of a wall-climbing hexapod for advanced maneuvers

A hexapod designed for wall climbing with a body joint and six 3-DOF legs can perform complex maneuvers such as sharp turns, making both interior and exterior transitions between vertical and horizontal surfaces, and traversing obstacles on both surfaces. This paper presents work toward the design and construction of the hexapod DIGbot, named for its utilization of Distributed Inward Gripping (DIG) to generate adhesive forces. The biologically-inspired DIG approach allows robots to climb on surfaces of any orientation with respect gravity, including ceilings, or in zero gravity environments.
Toward a multilevel secure relational data model

Although there are several efforts underway to build multilevel secure relational database management systems, there is no clear consensus regarding what a multilevel secure relational data model exactly is. In part this lack of consensus on fundamental issues reflects the subtleties involved in extending the classical (single-level) relational model to a multilevel environment. Our aim in this paper is to discuss the most fundamental aspects of the multilevel secure relational model. Specifically, we consider two requirements: entit y integrity and update semantics. Our overall goal is to preserve as much as possible the simplicity and flexibility of the relational model without sacrificing security in the process.
Rela Tionships between Governing Boards and Professional Staff Role Orientations and Influence on the California Coastal Commission

This paper examines two critical aspects of the relationship between part-time policy boards andfull-time professional staff: (1) the views of each group toward the proper role of staff and (2) the respective influence of commissioners and staff. The results from a study offour land-use regulatory agencies suggest that the amount of congruence between the two groups on substantive policy issues is the dominant factor affecting their relationship and that commissioners are quite able to establish the general policy orientation of their institutions.
Creating a Vision for the Standards Using Online Videos in an Elementary Mathematics Methods

This paper outlines the efforts of two mathematics teacher educators in their use of online videos to expose their elementary preservice teachers to examples of reform teaching, as espoused by the National Counc il of Teachers of Mathematics. The online videos provide an excellent source for reflection, and each author shares their different avenues to encourage both discussion and reflection about the practices seen on the videos. Actual student comments about videos they have viewed reveal the motivating and enlightening nature of this delivery method. While several websites provide access to online videos, this paper highlights PBS Mathline (http://www.pbs.org/teachersource/mathline/lessonplans/search_k2.shtm).
Inter-query semantic learning approach to image retrieval

This paper presents an inter-query semantic learning approach for image retrieval with relevance feedback. The proposed system combines the kernel biased discriminant analysis (KBDA) based low-level learning and semantic log file (SLF) based high-level learning to achieve high retrieval accuracy after the first iteration. User's relevance feedback is utilized for updating both low-level and high-level features of the query image. Extensive experiments demonstrate our system outperforms three peer systems.
Induction of Multiple Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Transcripts through Alternative Cleavage and Polyadenylation of proPACAP Precursor mRNAa

Many regulated events guide neuropeptide biosynthesis, processing, and secretion. For PACAP peptides, these events have not been well examined. In our studies of PACAP expression in sympathetic neurons, we discovered that neuronal depolarization not only increased the levels of the 2.2 kb form of proPACAP mRNA identified in neuronal tissues, but also induced a novel 0.9 kb PACAP transcript, which appeared similar in size to a form present in testes. Using reverse-transcription PCR and 3' RACE studies, we demonstrated that the 0.9 kb PACAP mRNA in depolarized SCG neurons was not identical to the testicular PACAP mRNA, but represented shortened, more stable, forms of the 2.2 kb transcript resulting from alternative upstream polyadenylation site usage. These results demonstrate that post-transcriptional mechanisms play important roles in determining cellular PACAP levels and provide several important insights. For example, alternative upstream polyadenylation can elicit a major influence on the amount of bioactive peptide that can by synthesized, since short 3' UTR transcripts are usually more stable due to elimination of destabilizing elements present in the longer messages. In cells such as testicular germ cells, which have restricted transcriptional periods, stable mRNAs allow longer translational events and extended periods of peptide production. The neuronal PACAP system adopts a similar post-transcriptional strategy following neuronal depolarization, and although the roles of PACAP remain unclear, this suggests important roles for PACAP peptides during increased neuronal activity. Additionally, unlike alternative polyadenylation described for many genes, alternative site usage in the proPACAP transcript does not result from alternative splicing. The mechanism of alternative site usage may be related to changes in the expression and binding of polyadenylation factors to the short and long 3' UTR proPACAP sites leading to production of more stable transcripts and increased PACAP precursor biosynthesis. The implications of increased PACAP production following altered neurophysiological states and the mechanisms underlying alternative polyadenylation site choice are important considerations for future inquiries.
Expressive Language Profiles of Verbally Expressive Adolescents and Young Adults With Down Syndrome or Fragile X Syndrome

Purpose In this study, the authors examined the expressive language abilities of a subset of highly verbally expressive adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome (DS) and those with fragile X syndrome (FXS) for evidence of syndrome-related differences. FXS gender differences were also examined in an exploratory fashion. Method The authors evaluated 24 adolescents and young adults with DS, 17 adolescents and young adults with FXS, and 21 children with typical development (TD), with the groups matched on nonverbal mental age. Language ability was examined using the Oral and Written Language Scales (OWLS; Carrow-Woolfolk, 1995) and Developmental Sentence Scoring (DSS; Lee, 1974) scores derived from an oral narrative language sample. Results Study analyses revealed the following group differences: The FXS group outperformed the DS and TD groups on the OWLS measure; the TD group outperformed both other groups on some of the DSS measures; the FXS group outperformed the DS group on the DSS Sentence Point m...
Finding nuclear localization signals.

A variety of nuclear localization signals (NLSs) are experimentally known although only one motif was available for database searches through PROSITE. We initially collected a set of 91 experimentally verified NLSs from the literature. Through iterated ‘ in silico mutagenesis’ we then extended the set to 214 potential NLSs. This final set matched in 43% of all known nuclear proteins and in no known non‐nuclear protein. We estimated that >17% of all eukaryotic proteins may be imported into the nucleus. Finally, we found an overlap between the NLS and DNA‐binding region for 90% of the proteins for which both the NLS and DNA‐binding regions were known. Thus, evolution seemed to have used part of the existing DNA‐binding mechanism when compartmentalizing DNA‐binding proteins into the nucleus. However, only 56 of our 214 NLS motifs overlapped with DNA‐binding regions. These 56 NLSs enabled a de novo prediction of partial DNA‐binding regions for ∼800 proteins in human, fly, worm and yeast.
Eukaryotic mRNA 3′ processing: a common means to different ends

In principle, the formation of the 3 end of a eukaryotic mRNA is a simple process. At a minimum, it involves the hydrolysis of a single phosphodiester bond in the nascent transcript. For one unique class of mRNAs, transcripts of the metazoan replication-dependent histone genes, this is indeed the only requirement. All other eukaryotic mRNAs require both cleavage and subsequent poly(A) addition to the newly generated 3 hydroxyl. Despite this apparent simplicity, and more than two decades of work, basic questions concerning the mechanisms of 3-end formation for both classes of transcripts persist. The accumulated evidence indicates that the mechanisms by which the ends of histone and polyadenylated mRNA are formed are fundamentally distinct, both in the factors responsible for processing and the RNA sequence elements that direct their action (for review, see Marzluff 2005; Zhao et al. 1999a). The 3 processing of polyadenylated mRNAs requires a complex of over a dozen proteins, nearly all of which are conserved from yeast to humans. In contrast, the formation of the 3 ends of the metazoan replication-dependent histone transcripts not only requires a unique set of proteins, but an essential snRNA component as well. In both cases, the identity of the endonuclease has remained largely a matter of speculation. Two reports—one from Kolev and Steitz (2005) in this issue of Genes & Development, and the second from Dominski et al. (2005a) have revealed that the mechanisms of poly(A) site processing and histone 3 processing are not quite as unique as they appear. Surprisingly, the two processing machines share a common core of proteins that almost certainly includes the endonuclease. The most exciting aspect of these reports, however, is that they provide a fresh insight into the evolution of what had seemed to be needlessly redundant mechanisms for generating mRNA 3 ends. In essence, these reports indicate that the enzymatic machinery responsible for cleaving all nascent pre-mRNAs is likely to be identical; the differences lie in the elaborate mechanisms that have evolved to recruit this machinery to the two classes of transcripts. The driving forces responsible for the evolution of two distinct 3 processing complexes are likely to involve the conflicting pressures of posttranscriptional regulation: coordinate cell cycle control of the replication-dependent histone mRNAs versus the developmental and cell-type-specific regulation of alternative poly(A) site selection.
Toward Provably Correct Feature Selection in Arbitrary Domains

In this paper we address the problem of provably correct feature selection in arbitrary domains. An optimal solution to the problem is a Markov boundary, which is a minimal set of features that make the probability distribution of a target variable conditionally invariant to the state of all other features in the domain. While numerous algorithms for this problem have been proposed, their theoretical correctness and practical behavior under arbitrary probability distributions is unclear. We address this by introducing the Markov Boundary Theorem that precisely characterizes the properties of an ideal Markov boundary, and use it to develop algorithms that learn a more general boundary that can capture complex interactions that only appear when the values of multiple features are considered together. We introduce two algorithms: an exact, provably correct one as well a more practical randomized anytime version, and show that they perform well on artificial as well as benchmark and real-world data sets. Throughout the paper we make minimal assumptions that consist of only a general set of axioms that hold for every probability distribution, which gives these algorithms universal applicability.
Scan power minimization through stimulus and response transformations

Scan-based cores impose considerable test power challenges due to excessive switching activity during shift cycles. The consequent test power constraints force SOC designers to sacrifice parallelism among core tests, as exceeding power thresholds may damage the chip being tested. Reduction of test power for SOC cores can thus increase the number of cores that can be tested in parallel, improving significantly SOC test application time. In this paper, we propose a scan chain modification technique that inserts logic gates on the scan path. The consequent beneficial test data transformations are utilized to reduce the scan chain transitions during shift cycles and hence test power. We introduce a matrix band algebra that models the impact of logic gate insertion between scan cells on the test stimulus and response transformations realized. As we have successfully modeled the response transformations as well, the methodology we propose is capable of truly minimizing the overall test power. The test vectors and responses are analyzed in an intertwined manner, identifying the best possible scan chain modification, which is realized at minimal area cost. Experimental results justify the efficacy of the proposed methodology as well.
A Bayesian approach to localized multi-kernel learning using the relevance vector machine

Multi-kernel learning has become a popular method to allow classification models greater flexibility in representing the relationships between data points. This approach has evolved into localized multi-kernel learning, which creates classification models that have the ability to adapt to a multi-scale feature-space. The advantages of such an approach are often hampered by additional parameters and hyper-parameters involved in creating this model, not to mention the greater likelihood of over-training. Additionally, existing methods to create a localized multi-kernel classifier rely on partitioning the feature-space, followed by applying a multi-kernel to the partitioned data points. We introduce a Bayesian approach to the localized multi-kernel machine. The new model is shown to provide greater classification abilities by learning the local scales of the feature-space without the need to partition the data. Also, the Bayesian formulation helps the model to be resistant to over-training. We demonstrate the models effectiveness on two landmine detection datasets, each from a different sensor type.
A Factor Study of the Literal Reading Comprehension Test and the Inferential Reading Comprehension Test

Literal and Inferential reading comprehension was assessed for 533 sixth grade students. The tests used are new instruments for measuring reading comprehension. Each test provides subscale scores: six subscales for literal reading comprehension and five subscales for inferential reading comprehension. The total data were factor analyzed using principal components and maximum likelihood procedures. The results indicate the two tests are measuring distinct factors.
Analysis of raw microneurographic recordings based on wavelet de-noising technique and classification algorithm: wavelet analysis in microneurography

We propose a new technique for analyzing the raw neurogram which enables the study of the discharge behavior of individual and group neurons. It utilizes an ideal bandpass filter, a modified wavelet de-noising procedure, an action potential detector, and a waveform classifier. We validated our approach with both simulated data generated from muscle sympathetic neurograms sampled at high rates in five healthy subjects and data recorded from seven healthy subjects during lower body negative pressure suction. The modified wavelet method was superior to the classical discriminator method and the regular wavelet de-noising procedure when applied to simulated neuronal signals. The detected spike rate and spike amplitude rate of the action potentials correlated strongly with number of bursts detected in the integrated neurogram (r = 0.79 and 0.89, respectively, p < 0.001). Eight major action potential waveform classes were found to describe more than 81% of all detected action potentials in all subjects. One class had characteristics similar in shape and in average discharge frequency (27.4/spl plusmn/5.1 spikes/min during resting supine position) to those of reported single vasoconstrictor units. The newly proposed technique allows a precise estimate of sympathetic nerve activity and characterization of individual action potentials in multiunit records.
Recursive digital filter synthesis via gradient based algorithms

The three gradient-based algorithms of 1) steepest descent, 2) Newton's method, and 3) the linearization algorithm are applied to the problem of synthesizing linear recursive filters in the time domain. It is shown that each of these algorithms requires knowledge of the associated recursive filter's first-order sensitivity vectors, and, in the case of the Newton method, second-order sensitivity vectors as well. Systematic procedures for generating these sensitivity vectors by computing the response of a companion filter structure are then presented. Using the ideal low-pass filter as a design objective, it is then demonstrated that the linearization algorithm is particularly well suited for recursive filter design. On the other hand, the steepest descent and Newton methods are found to work rather poorly for this class of problems. Reasons for these empirical observed results are postulated.
EXPERIMENTAL VACUOLAR MYELINOPATHY IN RED-TAILED HAWKS

Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) was recognized in 1994 as a cause of wild bird mortality when 29 bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) succumbed to the disease at DeGray Lake, Arkansas (USA). The cause of AVM and its source remain undetermined despite extensive diagnostic and research investigations. Two years later, when AVM killed 26 eagles in the same area in Arkansas, it became apparent that American coots (Fulica americana) had identical neurologic signs and lesions, and it was hypothesized that eagles acquired AVM via ingestion of affected coots. In order to test this hypothesis, we fed coot tissues (brain, liver, kidney, muscle, fat, and intestinal tract) to rehabilitated, non-releasable red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). Five hawks received tissues from coots with AVM lesions, and one hawk received tissues from coots without brain lesions that had been collected at a site where AVM never has been documented. All hawks received 12–70 g/day (mean=38 g) of coot tissues for 28 days. All six hawk...
MISO Broadcast Channels with Delayed Finite-Rate Feedback: Predict or Observe?

Most multiuser precoding techniques require accurate channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) to maintain orthogonality between the users. Such techniques have proven quite fragile in time-varying channels because the CSIT is inherently imperfect due to quantization error and feedback delay. An alternative approach recently proposed by Maddah-Ali and Tse (MAT) allows for significant multiplexing gain in the multi-input single-output (MISO) broadcast channel (BC) even with CSIT that is "completely stale", i.e., uncorrelated with the current channel state. With K users, their scheme claims to lose only a log(K) factor relative to the full K degrees of freedom (DoF) attainable in the MISO BC with perfect CSIT for large K. However, their result does not consider the cost of the feedback, which is potentially very large in high mobility (short channel coherence time). In this paper, we more closely examine the MAT scheme and compare its maximum net DoF gain to single user transmission (which always achieves 1 DoF) and partial CSIT linear precoding (which achieves up to K). In particular, assuming the channel coherence time is N symbol periods and the feedback delay is Nfd, we show that when N ; (1+o(1)) (Nfd+ K/ log K)(1-log-1K)-1 (long coherence time), zero-forcing precoding outperforms the other two. The MAT scheme is optimal for intermediate coherence times, which for practical parameter choices is indeed quite a large and significant range, even accounting for the feedback cost.
Enhanced susceptibility to alternans in a rabbit model of chronic myocardial infarction

The aim of this study is to examine how structural discontinuity and functional remodeling changes the susceptibility to alternans of action potential duration (APD) in a rabbit model of chronic myocardial infarction (MI). Optical mapping experiments using voltage-sensitive dyes were performed in 14 rabbit hearts. We found that (1) APD alternans starts at a significantly slower pacing rate in hearts with MI (n = 3D7) than in normal hearts (n = 3D7), with the original sites of alternans of APD located in the infarct region and infarct adjacent regions. (2) Alternans of activation cycle length (CL) precedes the occurrence of spatially discordant alternans of APD, with the regions of activation CL alternans located in the infarct adjacent regions. Based on these results, we conclude that susceptibility to alternans are significantly enhanced in this rabbit model of chronic MI, and the enhancement is strongly correlated to structural and functional heterogeneity imposed by the infarction.
The earthquake experience at koyna dam and stresses in concrete gravity dams

A number of questions concerning the response of concrete gravity dams to earthquakes, motivated by the structural damage caused to Koyna Dam, which has an unconventional cross section, by the December 1967 Koyna earthquake, are considered in this work. The study is not restricted to the earthquake experience at Koyna Dam, but includes consideration of a dam with a typical section and another earthquake motion having similar intensity but different peak acceleration and frequency characteristics compared to the Koyna ground motion. The earthquake response in a number of cases is analysed by the finite element method and results are presented. These results lead to a number of conclusions. Significant tensile stresses must have developed in Koyna Dam during the Koyna earthquake and similar stresses would have developed even in typical gravity dam sections. The Koyna ground motion is relatively more severe, compared to California earthquakes of similar intensity, on concrete gravity dams. The extra concrete mass near the crest of a gravity dam to support the roadway, etc. is responsible for causing a significant part of the critical tensile stresses; attention should therefore be given to developing lightweight supporting systems.
Municipal wireless data network in Longmont, CO

As municipalities study opportunities to build large Wi-Fi networks to cover their territory, it is interesting to compare these initiatives' coverage, performance, and cost to other existing cellular high-speed solutions. This paper examines one particular case in the city of Longmont, CO. Coverage and throughput measurements are performed in a residential area; cost analyses and consumer perceptions are examined as well.
Acute myocardial infarction in women: is there a sex disparity between door-to-balloon time and clinical outcomes?

Coronary artery disease (CAD) has traditionally been thought of as a disease that predominantly affects men. Women, however, are more likely than men to die from a myocardial infarction (MI). Despite increased awareness of heart disease in women and improved outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), women with MI have more mortality and delays to treatment than men. Although all of the reasons behind these differences are not clear, women presenting with MI are a more morbid patient population than their male counterparts. Women consistently demonstrate higher baseline risk, including older age, higher rates of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN) and congestive heart failure (CHF) [1–5]. This was initially demonstrated in trials conducted in the thrombolytic era, but has persisted in the current era of PCI [3,5]. Another source of sex disparity in ST-elevation MI (STEMI) management is delay to treatment. It is well established that the benefit of PCI over fibrinolytic therapy is lost with delay in administering treatment. A meta-regression analysis of 23 randomized controlled trials in 2003 showed that for every 10-minute delay in PCI (defined as the difference between door to balloon and door to needle), the favorable reduction in mortality is reduced by 0.94% (P=.016). When the delay in PCI is 62 min, there is no longer a reduction in mortality with PCI over fibrinolytics [6]. Unfortunately, studies have shown that women make up
SPIRITED SEXUALITY: SEX, MARRIAGE, AND VICTORIAN SPIRITUALISM

SPIRITUALISM WAS SEXY. The Victorian faith of sittings, mediums, and spirit contact thrilled its practitioners and detractors alike and broke all rules of decency and decorum in spite of the fact that it was nurtured and developed in the drawing rooms of the proprietous middle classes. A faith little known to modern scholars and, perhaps for that reason, one which has not often been recognized for its historical and social importance, Spiritualism became the religion of thousands over the course of the last four decades of the period. In spite of its humble and strange beginnings in 1848–a code of raps developed between a murdered peddler and two young American girls–aristocrats, scholars, and scientists, along with ordinary men and women of all ages, were converted to the belief that death was no barrier to communication. This contact, achieved through the services of mediums, who were sensitive to the sounds and sights of the spirit world, provided many with comfort, peace, and the reassurance of an afterlife in a social and intellectual climate that called those things into doubt.
Distributed-parameters modeling and control of rod-type solid-state actuators

While most of the present modeling and control schemes adopt lumped-parameter models for the rod-type solid-state actuators, in this article we develop a distributed-parameters modeling and control approach for the multiple-mode tracking control of such systems. Using the extended Hamilton’s principle, the system’s equations of motion are derived and truncated to finite-mode state-space representation through standard vibration analysis techniques. A novel asymptotic feedback control law is then developed for the high-bandwidth tracking control of the system. Numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller over a wide frequency range. It is shown that the closed-loop system bandwidth can be improved by incorporating the system’s higher modes in the control law. To improve the tracking performance against uncertainties and disturbances, we upgrade the controller to a robust variable structure form, and show that desirable results can be obtained in the presenc...
Investigation of contamination of thin-film aluminum filters by MMH-NTO plumes exposed to UV radiation

Thin-film aluminum filters degrade in space with significant reduction of their Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) transmission. This degradation was observed on the EUV Spectrophotometer (ESP) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory’s EUV Variability Experiment and the Solar EUV Monitor (SEM) onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory. One of the possible causes for deterioration of such filters over time is contamination of their surfaces from plumes coming from periodic firing of their satellite’s Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) – Nitrogen Tetroxide (NTO) thrusters. When adsorbed by the filters, the contaminant molecules are exposed to solar irradiance and could lead to two possible compositions. First, they could get polymerized leading to a permanent hydrocarbon layer buildup on the filter’s surface. Second, they could accelerate and increase the depth of oxidation into filter’s bulk aluminum material. To study the phenomena we experimentally replicate contamination of such filters in a simulated environment by MMH-NTO plumes. We apply, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy to characterize the physical and the chemical changes on these contaminated sample filter surfaces. In addition, we present our first analysis of the effects of additional protective layer coatings based on self-assembled carbon monolayers for aluminum filters. This coverage is expected to significantly decrease their susceptibility to contamination and reduce the overall degradation of filter-based EUV instruments over their mission life.
The development of a global program for the elimination of brain damage due to iodine deficiency.

Iodine deficiency is the most common preventable cause of brain damage with more than 2 billion people from 130 countries at risk. The global problem of iodine deficiency has been redefined by a readily transmitted population concept, with an easy acronym – the concept of the iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) – referring to all the effects of iodine deficiency in a population, that can be totally prevented by correction of iodine deficiency with special emphasis on brain damage and not just to goitre and cretinism (1983). This was followed by the creation of the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) supported by WHO and UNICEF with 700 multidisciplinary professionals from more than 100 countries, committed to providing technical assistance to national programs for the elimination of IDD (1986). The WHO policy of Universal Salt Iodization (USI) has been widely adopted which requires iodization of all food for human and animal consumption by the use of iodized salt (25-40 mg I/kilo). Simple practical methods for monitoring – by the measurement of salt iodine and urine iodine were developed and promoted on a large scale with the technical assistance of the ICCIDD.
Heat Transfer and Tissue Damage in Radiofrequency Ablation Therapy

Heat transfer in radiofrequency ablation therapy of liver tumors is discussed. Temporal and spatial temperature changes around a single needle and multi-prong ablation probes in monopolar and bipolar configurations based on a two-dimensional finite elements method are presented. The temperature changes and related heat transfer in the tissue model help to visualize the shape and size of the ablated region. The visualization of the tissue temperatures and their progression could be useful in clinical applications of ablation therapy. Finite-element based numerical simulation, while providing useful visualizations of the temperature changes in and around the tumor, underestimates the lesion size. The perfusion in the tissue and the possible presence of large blood vessels in or near the ablated domain, and the temperature dependency of the thermal and electrical properties of the tissue are significant complicating factors in modeling and clinical applications.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Abstract 3854: Newly designed nanobioconjugate for direct targeting and systemic treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer

Objective: We have developed an efficient nanobipolymer drug delivery system Polycefin based on natural-derived biodegradable, non-toxic and non-immunogenic polymalic acid (PMLA) platform. We have shown that Polycefin was able to block brain tumor growth and angiogenesis. Our goal is to engineer the new Polycefin variant for systemic (I.V.) treatment of HER2-positive breast tumors in order to enhance the efficacy of trastuzumab/Herceptin®. Materials and Methods: For in vitro and in vivo treatment, we used (1) Herceptin, (2) Antisense oligonucleotides (AON) to HER2/neu, (3) three versions of Polycefin carrying either (3a) Herceptin alone, (3b) anti-mouse (M) and anti-human (H) transferrin receptor antibodies and AON (P-AON-TfRM+H), (3c) combination of Herceptin, anti-mouse TfR, and AON (P-AON-Herceptin-TfRM), and (4) PBS as a control. Anti-mouse TfR antibody mediated polymer transcytosis through tumor vascular endothelial cells, and Herceptin (and anti-human TfR) ensured polymer binding and internalization by tumor cells. HER2 overexpressing (BT-474, SKBR-3) and HER2 low-expressing (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-435) breast cancer cells were used to evaluate cell viability in vitro after treatments. Western blot analysis of cell lysates upon various treatments was used to detect HER2, phosphorylated Akt, and cleaved PARP expression. For in vivo study, BT-474 cells were inoculated S.C. into nude mice. Drugs were injected I.V. and tumor size was measured. For Polycefin distribution, drugs labeled with Alexa Fluor 680 were I.V. injected and tumors and major organs were harvested in 24 hours. Drug accumulation was analyzed by Xenogen IVIS 200 imager and subsequent confocal microscopy. Results: Polycefin variant P-AON-Herceptin-TfRM (3c) inhibited tumor cell growth in vitro significantly more than Herceptin (P Summary: The leading version of nanobioconjugate with covalently attached combination of TfRM, Herceptin (anti-HER2 antibody) and anti-HER2 AON showed significant anti-tumor effect on HER2-positive breast cancer by enhancing tumor targeting, inhibition of HER2 synthesis and signaling, as well as suppression of tumor growth as compared with Herceptin treatment alone. The new version of nanoconjugate Polycefin could be promising next generation therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3854.