cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Immune Response Following Intranasal and Intradermal Infection with Francisella tularensis: Implications for Vaccine Development

Francisella tularensis (Ft) is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular coccobacillus that is the etiological agent of tularemia. Interestingly, the disease tularemia has variable clinical presentations that are dependent upon the route of infection with Ft. Two of the most likely routes of Ft infection include intranasal and intradermal, which result in pneumonic and ulceroglandular tularemia, respectively. While there are several differences between these two forms of tularemia, the most notable disparity is between mortality rates: the mortality rate following pneumonic tularemia is over ten times that of the ulceroglandular disease. Understanding the differences between intradermal and intranasal Ft infections is important not only for clinical diagnoses and treatment but also for the development of a safe and effective vaccine. However, the immune correlates of protection against Ft, especially within the context of infection by disparate routes, are not yet fully understood. Recent advances in different animal models have revealed new insights in the complex interplay of innate and adaptive immune responses, indicating dissimilar patterns in both responses following infection with Ft via different routes. Further investigation of these differences will be crucial to predicting disease outcomes and inducing protective immunity via vaccination or natural infection.
An Overview of Psychotherapy Modalities for the Treatment of Complex Trauma

The term “complex trauma” is used to describe chronic traumatization, for instance, the experience of multiple and/or prolonged developmentally adverse traumatic events, most often of an interpersonal nature. The field of psychotherapy has increasingly become influenced by evidence-based practice (EBP), which is centered on the ethos of research-informed practice and practice-informed research. Consequently, treatment planning and the clinical decision-making process are informed by best practice guidelines developed from research findings.
Saguinus fuscicollis illigeri (Brown-headed tamarin)

Two specimens, one male and one female, kept in the University of Texas Dental Research Institute at Houston were used for karyological studies. Fragments of ears were used to initiate cell cultures. The karyotypes presented here are similar to those of S. f. illigeri analyzed by Egozcue, who studied three males and three females. Karyologically this is also similar to the red-mantled tamarin by Bender and Chu and S. nigricollis (Folio 100, Vol. 2). Chimerism was found in blood and spermatogonia by Egozcue et al. Four acrocentrics have secondary constrictions, some have satellites.
The Oregon Health Plan

The Oregon Health Plan (OHP) has been widely heralded as an important innovation in medical care policy. Oregon's pioneering model of prioritizing funding through systematically ranking services drew an extraordinary amount of national and international attention. Indeed, the Oregon story has seemed so compelling and by now is so familiar that it has attained what Rudolf Klein termed "nearly mythical status" in the health policy community. The article proceeds in three sections. First, we very briefly review the original proposals and ensuing (and misleading) debate over rationing in Oregon. Next, we explore how the politics of rationing unfolded in Oregon from the enactment of OHP to its implementation. Finally, we consider the character of Oregon's innovation and the broader lessons that it holds for reform efforts elsewhere.
DRUG INTERACTIONS—PART IV: Interactions Among Antimicrobial and Nonantimicrobial Agents

Activity of one drug may be modified by prior or simultaneous administration of another, and improved therapy is sometimes possible by concurrent medication. However, serious adverse effects may also arise from drug interaction.1 Interactions are caused by altered absorption, distribution, biotransformation or excretion of drugs, or from adjunctive action. In this communication certain known interactions affecting antimicrobial agents will be reviewed briefly and their mechanisms noted. Preadministration Interactions Besides chemical actions between drugs themselves before administration, as in infusion preparations, there may also be interaction between infusion vehicle and drug, and even between a drug and the container. Tetracyclines are photoxidized by the riboflavin in vitamin B complex and become inactive and change color in alkaline solutions. Kanamycin and methicilin inactivate each other, and bisulfite inactivates penicillin G. Postadministration—Carrier Site Displacements Interactions may take place after drugs have been absorbed and metabolized. Most antibiotics circulate in the blood reversibly bound to serum albumin. Each albumin molecule has several binding sites and the extent of binding varies from almost none with certain drugs, such as cephaloridine, kanamycin, vancomycin, polymyxin B and colistin, to 90% or more for oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, demeclocycline, novobiocin, and some of the long-acting sulfonamides.2,3 The protein-bound portion is metabolically inactive, but the free portion is active. When highly bound drugs compete for the same binding site, one or both may be displaced.4,5 Clinically significant responses may result when the bound fraction of one drug is displaced from its binding site by a second drug of greater affinity.6
Remarkable case of early Aspergillus endophthalmitis

Background: This case demonstrates the early stage of Aspergillus endophthalmitis and is the second ultrastructural study of endogenous Aspergillus endophthalmitis. It is the first description of phagocytosis of Aspergillus fungi by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Methods: A case report and detailed light- and electron microscopic findings are presented. Results: Histopathological examination of serial sections of the affected right eye displayed a spread of Aspergillus fumigatus fungi along two separate paths: via the retinal and choroidal vessels. The retinal and choroidal lesions were not contiguous. The organisms penetrated blood vessel walls, Bruch’s membrane and the internal limiting membrane, but not the RPE layer. A curious accumulation of the Aspergillus fungi was present on the internal aspect of Bruch’s membrane, where the RPE acted as a barrier and the subretinal space was not invaded. Phagocytosis of fungi by the RPE was observed. No inflammatory cells were present between Bruch’s membrane and the RPE. Conclusions: This report describes a remarkable barrier function, possible local immunosuppression and phagocytosis by the RPE cells in a case of early Aspergillus endophthalmitis.
Reframing the land‐sparing/land‐sharing debate for biodiversity conservation

Conservation biologists are devoting an increasing amount of energy to debating whether land sparing (high-yielding agriculture on a small land footprint) or land sharing (low-yielding, wildlife-friendly agriculture on a larger land footprint) will promote better outcomes for local and global biodiversity. In turn, concerns are mounting about how to feed the world, given increasing demands for food. In this review, I evaluate the land-sparing/land-sharing framework--does the framework stimulate research and policy that can reconcile agricultural land use with biodiversity conservation, or is a revised framing needed? I review (1) the ecological evidence in favor of sparing versus sharing; (2) the evidence from land-use change studies that assesses whether a relationship exists between agricultural intensification and land sparing; and (3) how that relationship may be affected by socioeconomic and political factors. To address the trade-off between biodiversity conservation and food production, I then ask which forms of agricultural intensification can best feed the world now and in the future. On the basis of my review, I suggest that the dichotomy of the land-sparing/land-sharing framework limits the realm of future possibilities to two, largely undesirable, options for conservation. Both large, protected regions and favorable surrounding matrices are needed to promote biodiversity conservation; they work synergistically and are not mutually exclusive. A "both-and" framing of large protected areas surrounded by a wildlife-friendly matrix suggests different research priorities from the "either-or" framing of sparing versus sharing. Furthermore, wildlife-friendly farming methods such as agroecology may be best adapted to provide food for the world's hungry people.
Aggregate Demand Shortfalls and Economic Institutions

Political instability is often exacerbated in periods of aggregate demand shortfall, with both short and long-term implications for economic institutions. It has been conjectured that inadequate policy responses to recessions may be inimical to free economic institutions. This paper uses the Economic Freedom of the World index as its measure of economic institutions, and finds that the change in economic freedom in the following five, ten, and fifteen years is negatively impacted by an aggregate demand shortfall as measured by negative NGDP growth. The result is (largely) robust upon the exclusion of the monetary policy variables from Economic Freedom of the World, but is not robust if economic institutions are measured as trade openness.
Dynamic Pie: A Strategy for Modeling Trade-Offs in Compositional Variables over Time

The substance of politics involves competition that evolves over time. While our theories about competition emphasize trade-offs across multiple categories, most empirical models tend to oversimplify them by considering trade-offs between one category and everything else. We propose a research strategy for testing theories about trade-off relationships that shape dynamic compositional variables. This approach improves current methods used to analyze compositional dependent variables by addressing two limitations. First, although scholars have considered compositional dependent variables, they have done so in contexts that were not dynamic. Second, current approaches toward graphical presentations become unwieldy when the compositional dependent variable has more than three categories. We demonstrate the utility of our strategy to expand current theories of party support and political budgeting. In both cases, we can extend trade-offs across pairs of alternatives (e.g., prime minister versus all other parties or spending on defense versus everything else) to competition across multiple alternatives.
A Practical Guide to Conducting Quality Improvement in the Health Care Setting

Quality improvement uses rigorous methodology to evaluate systemic changes to patient care processes in an effort to improve patient outcomes, the patient and family experience of care, and the safety and value of the care delivered. This article introduces the Model for Improvement, which was developed by the Associates for Process Improvement in the early 1990s using an adaptation of a real-life improvement project. The example will explore how a primary care practice uses the Model for Improvement to maximize the value and safety of care they deliver for children presenting with community-acquired pneumonia with an initial focus on appropriate first-line antibiotic treatment. The three fundamental questions which form the foundation of this approach are explored through the case example: (1) What are we trying to accomplish? (2) How will we know that a change is an improvement? (3) What changes can we make that will result in improvement? Examples of many of the fundamental tools used in the course of quality improvement work, such as a key driver diagram, run chart, and plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycle, are explored throughout the text. Finally, a discussion of implementation and sustainability of improvement gains is introduced. This article serves as a primer on quality improvement in health care and serves as a foundation for subsequent articles in this issue as well as future learning.
"Rational" and Ecocultural Circumstances of Program Take-Up among Low-Income Working Parents

New Hope (NH) is a random-assignment, antipoverty program in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, that offers child care subsidies, wage subsidies, health insurance, and, if needed, a temporary community service job to participants working 30 or more hours per week. Despite the relative generosity of the program and supportive caseworkers, take-up was far from universal, and participants rarely used all services. Ethnographic analysis of a random sample of experimental participants found that NH's economically based offer was theoretically too narrow to motivate all participants. Four categories of personal and family circumstances were associated with take-up: 1) the constrained-by-information group (participants' understandings about the program differed from what NH in fact offered); 2) the disruptive-life group (significant personal troubles and instability); 3) the pro-con group (used often explicit cost-benefit calculations); and 4) the daily-routine group (used particular benefits but only if they helped sustain ...
Measurement of partial oxygen ion conductivity of Sr-doped lanthanum manganite

Abstract Sr-doped lanthanum manganite (LSM) is considered to be a suitable cathode material for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). Presently, bi-layer dense structures of p-type LSM on n-type perovskite oxides are being considered for application as SOFC interconnections. In this paper, we have measured the partial oxygen ion conductivity of LSM, an important property that is crucial to the design of such interconnections. Dense LSM was successfully deposited on sintered yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) plates by DC-magnetron sputtering. The oxygen-ion conductivity of LSM was measured as a function of oxygen partial pressure, p O 2 , by using the YSZ as an electron blocking method in the temperature range between 680 and 880 °C.
Kinetics of Constrained‐Film Sintering

Results of shrinkage measurements on constrained and corresponding unconstrained films of materials that densify by viscous flow or solid-state diffusion mechanisms have been presented. Constrained-film shrinkage was measured in situ during sintering using laser reflectance; unconstrained-film shrinkage was measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data for unconstrained films were fitted to densification kinetics expressions for the operative densification mechanism. Constrained-film shrinkage behavior predicted by the Scherer-Garino model,1 using expressions that fit data for the unconstrained case, was compared to actual data for the constrained films. Data for the viscous sintering case fit the predictions made by the model well, but data for densification by solid-state diffusion deviated from predicted behavior even when grain growth was accounted for, possibly because of pore growth caused by local densification.
Synthetic Control of Structural Order in N-Alkylthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-Based Polymers for Efficient Solar Cells

The correlation between the nature of alkyl substituents on N-alkylthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD)-based polymers and solar cell device performance has been investigated. After adjusting device parameters, these TPD-based polymers used with PC61BM provided photovoltaic responses ranging from 4.0% to 6.8%, depending on the size and shape of the alkyl solubilizing groups. Further, we have correlated the effect of the alkyl groups on the structural order and orientation of the polymer backbone using grazing incidence X-ray scattering analysis, and we have demonstrated how fine-tuning of these parameters can improve the power conversion efficiency.
Stochastic Control: Transition from Differentiated to Undifferentiated Kinetic Growth in Ag Nanoprisms

A seeded process based on the staged addition of sodium borohydride and hydroquinone (HQ) to silver nitrate was used to form aqueous nanocolloids consisting of tabular triangular structures. The unique selectivity of HQ as a reducing agent was used to look at the factors that affect the formation of these triangular nanoprisms, including pH, choice of stabilizer, and addition point for the stabilizer. A critical factor in the formation of these systems was the stabilizer, with sodium citrate being more effective than either poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) or poly(vinyl alcohol) at forming large nanoprisms, and with large differences seen if the stabilizer is added before or after the seed particle was formed. The results are explained used a stochastic model for crystal growth, with a transition from slow, differentiated kinetic growth based on edge-defect termination to rapid, undifferentiated kinetic growth based on 2-dimensional nucleation.
Association of Aortic Atherosclerosis with Cerebral β-Amyloidosis and Learning Deficits in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

High fat/high cholesterol diets exacerbate β-amyloidosis in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been impossible, however, to study the relationship between atherosclerosis and β-amyloidosis in those models because such mice were on atherosclerosis-resistant genetic backgrounds. Here we report the establishment of AD model mice, B6Tg2576, that are prone to atherosclerosis. B6Tg2576 mice were produced by back-crossing Tg2576 mice, an AD mouse model overexpressing human amyloid β-protein precursor with the Swedish double mutation, to C57BL/6 mice, a strain susceptible to diet-induced atherosclerosis. An atherogenic diet induced aortic atherosclerosis and exacerbated cerebral β-amyloidosis in B6Tg2576 mice. Compared with age-matched non-transgenic littermates, B6Tg2576 mice developed significantly more diet-induced aortic atherosclerosis. Unexpectedly, normal diet-fed B6Tg2576 mice also developed fatty streak lesions (early atherosclerosis) in the aorta. The aortic atherosclerotic lesion area positively correlated with cerebral β-amyloid deposits in B6Tg2576 mice on both atherogenic and normal diets. Furthermore, behavioral assessments demonstrated that B6Tg2576 mice fed an atherogenic diet had more spatial learning impairment than those fed a normal diet. Our results suggest that synergistic mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and AD. These findings may have important implications in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases as well as AD.
A study of mixed-layer momentum evolution

Abstract Evolution of mixed-layer momentum is studied using a zeroth-order jump model of the mixed layer. The geostrophic Ekman number for the mixed layer is found to be an important parameter in determining the behavior of mixed-layer momentum. Two types of parameterizations of the surface momentum fluxes, viz. linear and quadratic friction relations, are compared. For the stationary case, the two models become identical when the linear friction factor r is chosen to give the same cross-isobaric angle predicted by the quadratic friction model. Theoretically the linear friction relation provides exponential decay of inertial oscillation while the quadratic friction model introduces damping inversely proportional to time. In actual numerical simulations, however, these model differences are not very significant, especially when r which is taken as a function of time, is appropriately estimated. From the case studies of Cabauw data (Driedonks, 1981) some important features of mixed-layer momentum evolution during daytime are revealed. Similar to the thermodynamic evolution of the mixed layer, the momentum field also experiences diurnal changes which are seen through the diurnal variations of the relative contributions of surface friction, entrainment of momentum and large-scale pressure gradient forcing in the mean kinetic energy budget and the diurnal variation of cross-isobaric angles of the mixed-layer winds. However, for the days when advection and other large-scale effects are present, the predictions of the model are not favorable.
miRNA-Mediated Gene Silencing by Translational Repression Followed by mRNA Deadenylation and Decay

microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression through translational repression and/or messenger RNA (mRNA) deadenylation and decay. Because translation, deadenylation, and decay are closely linked processes, it is important to establish their ordering and thus to define the molecular mechanism of silencing. We have investigated the kinetics of these events in miRNA-mediated gene silencing by using a Drosophila S2 cell-based controllable expression system and show that mRNAs with both natural and engineered 3′ untranslated regions with miRNA target sites are first subject to translational inhibition, followed by effects on deadenylation and decay. We next used a natural translational elongation stall to show that miRNA-mediated silencing inhibits translation at an early step, potentially translation initiation.
19F NMR chemical shifts induced by a helical peptide

(19)F NMR spectra of two neutral, organic-soluble helical peptide octamers, each labeled at its N terminus with either 4-fluorobenzamide or 4-trifluoromethylbenzamide, in solvents with widely varying dielectric constants have been observed. The peptides are oligomers of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), which is a residue known to form stable 3(10) helices in organic solution. In relation to the (19)F NMR spectra of a control molecule, the peptide terminating in 4-fluorobenzamide shows a solvent-dependent downfield chemical shift of between approximately 1.5 and approximately 4 ppm, whilst the peptide terminating in 4-trifluoromethylbenzamide shows only an approximately 0.2 ppm chemical shift dependence on the solvent dielectric constant. The experimental observations were compared to calculated values of the electric field generated by the correlation of dipolar amide units through the peptide's helical conformation. We find the chemical-shift response of the 4-fluorobenzamide group to the peptide's calculated electric field is consistent with the magnitude of (19)F chemical shift dispersion observed in proteins.
Solvation, interaction and dynamics of xenon atoms in HPLC column materials studied by variable-temperature dependent 129Xe, 1H–129Xe cross-polarization, and two-dimensional exchange NMR experiments

Abstract Xenon NMR is a useful method for probing structure and dynamics of micro-porous materials due to the sensitivity of xenon’s chemical shifts to its local interactions, and the diffusion property of xenon atoms. Here, we report a study of solvation, interaction and diffusion of xenon atoms inside the HPLC column materials, Zorbax SB-C18 and XDB-C18 which were made of siloxane surface coatings of porous silica, by variable-temperature dependent (VT) 129 Xe, 1 H– 129 Xe cross-polarization (CP), and two-dimensional exchange (2D EXSY) NMR experiments. The VT NMR experiment showed the solvation and dynamics of xenon atoms in the column materials. The CP experiment at low temperature provided evidence for probing the direct interaction of xenon atoms with the hydrocarbon chains of the stationary phase, and helped for assigning the 129 Xe peaks in the VT NMR spectra. The 2D EXSY NMR experimental result showed the diffusion of xenon atoms within the accessible spaces in the column materials. Combined with our previous study, a full picture of xenon’s behavior inside the column materials has been described. This study provides a basic understanding of xenon NMR of the column materials, which enables us to conduct further investigation of retention mechanisms of column materials in terms of molecular interaction and diffusion by xenon NMR method.
Kinetics and mechanism of ligand exchange of Au (III), Zn(II), and Cd(II) chlorides in aqueous solution: An NMR study from 28-98°C

Aqueous chloride complexes of Au(III), Zn(II), and Cd(II) are labile. There is a constant, dynamic exchange of Cl ligands coordinated to the metal with excess Cl− in the surrounding solution. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of Cl was used as a probe of this exchange to reveal the nature of bonding between Cl and each metal, the rate of Cl exchange out of the metal binding site (gkex), and the mechanism of exchange. All solutions were at low pH, and contained 1 M Cl and various concentrations of metals. NMR relaxation rate measurements were made on both the 35Cl and 37Cl nuclei over the temperature range 28–98°C. These measurements indicate that Zn forms inner sphere (directly bonded) complexes with Cl over the concentration range 10−3 to 0.25 M Zn. This is similar to the bonding behavior of Au and Cd with Cl, but contrasts with that of metals such as Mg and Na, which coordinate with only H2O in low pH, chloride solutions. From the variation of gkex with temperature, the enthalpy (ΔH∗) and entropy (ΔS∗) of Cl ligand exchange were estimated (Appendix) for Au and Zn. The signs and magnitudes of these values (Table 1) indicate that ligand exchange is via a dominantly associative mechanism for both metals. This suggests that neither of the dominant Au or Zn species is sterically hindered to coordination by another ligand in solution, or to an atom or functional group at a mineral surface, that is of equal or lesser size than Cl−. Ligand exchange provides a first order model of the mechanism of deposition of Au from solution onto mineral surfaces. Previously it has been observed that in aqueous chloride solutions, Zn undergoes a concentration dependent change in speciation and coordination number in the composition range 0.01–1.0 M Zn. This change is promoted by the formation of polymeric networks of tetrahedral Zn-Cl units with increasing Zn concentration. Concentration-dependent changes in gkex, ΔH∗, and ΔS∗ in these solutions are consistent with the onset of speciation changes and/or polymer formation at <0.1 M Zn.
Let’s Talk “Religion”: A Politically and Culturally Embedded Product

Editor's introduction to the issue of the Bulletin, with particular focus on the set of papers on Talal Asad's Genealogies of Religion.
Size constancy in extended haptic space

When a stick is used to extend the boundaries of the world perceived by touch, haptic parallels to visual angle and size constancy appear. In a pilot study, Ss using a stick to feel an out-of-reach gap were more likely to underestimate its size than were Ss feeling a nearby gap with the index finger, but size constancy was relatively high with the stick. The main study, comparing judgments of gaps at intermediate and far positions, confirmed these findings. Errors were greater for the more distant gap, but constancy was high in both positions. Correlations between far and intermediate judgments indicated that Ss were consistent in the type of error made. Similar findings emerged from a partial replication with blind and partially sighted Ss.
Microscopic radiation damage to air-dried human blood cells caused by 1.7-MeV 1,2,3H and 4He beams

Abstract Monocellular layers of air-dried human blood on glass microscope slides were bombarded by 1.7 MeV 1,2,3H or 4He beams at ambient room temperature at one-third atmosphere pressure of helium gas, with particle fluences up to 3×1017 cm−2. Air-dried blood cells were studied because such specimens are readily available in hospitals and because air-drying is not expected to alter elemental composition or distribution. Observations of microscopic radiation damage to these specimens indicate approximate upper limits of tolerable fluence prior to cell destruction and therefore indicate where the determination of elemental concentrations in air-dried cells by the technique of charged particle-induced X-ray fluorescence may encounter problems. Characteristic P, S, Cl, and Ca X-ray yields were measured from multicellular layers of air-dried blood during proton bombardment, and neutron emission was measured from triton-bombarded cells fixed in deuterated formaldehye. These measurements are discussed with reference to disruption of cell structure expected from particle irradiation.
Building the world from its fundamental constituents

What is the fundamental structure of the world? To clarify: I take fundamentality to be metaphysical priority, where ‘‘metaphysical priority’’ is best understood in the traditional sense, such that the metaphysically prior is that in which everything else consists. The fundamental structure concerns the fundamental constituents of the world, the constituents from which everything else is constructed, and the fundamental categorical structure. The fundamental categorical structure is determined by the fundamental kinds or natures of the world, i.e., by the fundamental categories. The fundamental constituents are the constituents of these categories. Unless we are nihilists or monists, to have a world, we need more than just its fundamental constituents and categories: we need a building relation as well. This relation may itself be fundamental, even if the constituents it ties together generate a less fundamental entity, the world. I hold that there is a world built from more fundamental constituents, and that the building relation is composition: the world is built by mereologically fusing its constituents. The composition intuition, as we may call it, is based on the thought that we enjoy a direct grasp of the nature of proper
Alcohol and the family: opportunities for prevention.

Objective: The intent of this supplement issue is to present current research on the role of families in the development of alcohol-related risk, to assess the potential of efficacy of family-based preventive interventions and to identify new directions for research. Methods: The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism convened a working group of family and alcohol researchers in December 1996, to address these issues in a 2-day meeting. Results: The articles presented in this supplement reflect the major presentations and discussions at that meeting. Conclusions: There is theoretical and empirical support for the potential efficacy of universal and selective family-based preventive interventions for children. Studies testing the generalizability of intervention approaches are especially needed. Some additional preintervention research is needed, but should be directed toward questions with direct applicability to intervention development. Relatively little is known about family influences on a...
Utility of abdominal sonography to diagnose necrotizing enterocolitis

Abstract With the lack of radiographic signs, ultrasonography may serve as an excellent tool to diagnose necrotizing enterocolitis and an early referral of patients to surgery if complication occurs. The unique aspect of this case is that the classic disease symptoms did not present themselves and diagnosis was inconclusive with the plain abdominal radiographs. The case shows the utility of abdominal sonography in conjunction with a strong clinical suspicion of necrotizing enterocolitis when the findings in plain abdominal radiograph are inconclusive.
How narrative difficulties build peer rejection: A discourse analysis of a girl with autism and her female peers

In this discourse analysis of a social-skills intervention, the narratives of a girl (‘Cindy’) with autism and her female peers were analyzed. Some 162 narratives were identified in 12 hours of vid...
Microbial contamination in four brands of irreversible hydrocolloid impression materials

A previous investigation showed unopened irreversible hydrocolloid impression material to be contaminated with viable microorganisms. This study tested and compared four brands of commercial irreversible hydrocolloid impression material in factory-sealed containers for the presence of viable microorganisms. Twenty-four measured samples of each brand were taken from previously unopened containers using a sterile technique. The samples were placed on chocolate agar plates or in thioglycolate broth tubes and were incubated along with appropriate parallel controls. After incubation, colonies were enumerated, stained with Gram's stain and identified using standard microbiologic methods. The four brands contained viable organisms in 50% to 100% of the samples incubated of agar media, and in 12% to 67% of the samples incubated in thioglycolate media. Samples from the top and middle portions of the containers had approximately equal contamination frequencies. The concentration of organisms varied from 12 to 82 colony-formed units per gram of contaminated sample. Most organisms isolated were common environmental contaminants. These samples contained viable microorganisms which, during routine use, may present a hazard to immunocompromised patients.
Surface acoustic wave matched filters for communications systems

The design, fabrication and performance of surface acoustic wave matched filters for particular communication systems are described. Applications are considered for synchronization acquisition by means of m-sequence phase shift keyed correlators, and for demodulation of data in (i) a four-level frequency-shift keyed system and (ii) a differentially coherent phase-shift keyed system.
Embedded articulation: shifts in location influence speech production

During a conversation, the durations of spoken words decrease with repeated use, potentially reflecting increased accessibility of information encoded by the words. However, prior research has assessed this shortening only within single settings, despite the fact that conversations may continue across different locales. Importantly, movement through physical space has been shown to influence the accessibility of information encountered in prior events. This experiment assessed whether reductions in speech duration would be attenuated by changing settings. Participants completed a map route duplication task with a partner. Midway through the experiment, participants changed rooms, changed partners, changed both or changed neither. Over four trials, the durations of utterances for 10 key words were measured. As hypothesised, word duration showed a negative linear pattern among those not changing settings, but a cubic pattern for those changing rooms. Specifically, utterances showed a significant increase in...
Modeling Capacity Reliability of Minor Roads at At-Grade Un-Signalized Intersections for Potential Performance Evaluation

Given stochastic features of the demands on both the major road and the minor road at an at-grade un-signalized intersection, the capacity of the minor road is viewed as the vulnerable and critical part impacting on the overall capacity of the intersection. To facilitate the analysis of intersection performance reliability, the capacity reliability of the minor road is defined as the probability that the capacity of the minor road can accommodate a certain traffic demand at a certain degree of saturation. The headway distribution of traffic stream on major road is reflected by three types of distributions, namely, exponential distribution, shifted exponential distribution, and Cowan's M3 distribution. Based on field observations, the volumes on both major roads and minor roads are treated as correlated normal random variables. This paper presents the methods for modeling capacity reliability of the minor road at an at-grade un-signalized priority intersection. A method based on first-order reliability method is used to model the capacity reliability index. As important associated factors of capacity reliability analysis, the methods for modeling and analyzing capacity sensitivity of the minor road and reserve capacity of the priority intersection are also presented. A procedure for evaluating the intersection potential performance using capacity reliability, sensitivity and reserve capacity is developed and demonstrated with a numerical example. Finally, some new findings from the case studies are summarized.
Elastic effects on relaxation volume tensor calculations

Relaxation volume tensors quantify the effect of stress on diffusion of crystal defects. Continuum linear elasticity predicts that calculations of these parameters using periodic boundary conditions do not suffer from systematic deviations due to elastic image effects and should be independent of the supercell size or symmetry. In practice, however, calculations of formation volume tensors of the $⟨110⟩$ interstitial in Stillinger--Weber silicon demonstrate that changes in bonding at the defect affect the elastic moduli and result in system-size dependent relaxation volumes. These vary with the inverse of the system size. Knowing the rate of convergence permits accurate estimates of these quantities from modestly sized calculations. Furthermore, within the continuum linear elasticity assumptions, the average stress can be used to estimate the relaxation volume tensor from constant volume calculations.
Falling short of expectations: public health interventions in developing and transition economies.

The papers in this volume examine the effects of public intervention in a number of developing and transition country environments. Each of the papers describes a health sector intervention by a government that seems to fall short of what are widely held objectives of public policy—efficiency enhancement and redistribution. Such observations of ineffectual policy naturally beg the question of what determines policy formation. The papers do not go as far as to model the actual political process by which public policies are formulated and implemented so cannot be seen as applied theory of government failure. Instead they should be read as examples of government intervention that appear to have gone wrong and as such they suggest caution in launching into top-heavy public schemes in institutionally weak environments. (excerpt)
Recombination in yeast mitochondrial DNA.

When haploid yeast strains containing mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of different buoyant densities are mated, the resulting zygotes contain a mixed population of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNAs. During vegetative growth of diploid cells formed from such a cross between a petite strain with mtDNA of density 1.677 g cm−3 and a respiratory competent strain with mtDNA of density 1.684 g cm−3, mtDNAs with intermediate buoyant densities are obtained. Virtually all newly synthesized mtDNA in diploid ρ− progeny has the intermediate buoyant density. Therefore, within 2 generations of growth of the diploid cells, the intermediate buoyant density species predominate. In crosses between a respiratory competent strain and other petite strains with different values of genetic suppressiveness, it was found that the amount of recombination yielding mtDNAs of intermediate buoyant densities roughly parallels the degree of suppressiveness. Individual clones of respiratory deficient cells from such crosses were also isolated to confirm that stable mtDNAs with intermediate buoyant densities were obtained. Thus, it is apparent that some form of recombination takes place within the mtDNAs of yeast cells that results in stable mtDNA species.
Female Anxiety and Male Depression: Links Between Economic Strain and Psychological Aggression in Argentinean Couples

A dyadic model of economic strain was applied to the study of anxiety and depression as mediating mechanisms in the economic strain-psychological aggression relation. Data came from self-report questionnaires completed by 143 Argentinean clinical couples. Structural equation modeling analysis indicated that anxiety and depression increased for both partners when they were experiencing economic strain, but only the female anxiety and the male depression increased both partners' psychological aggression. These findings and their implications for researchers, clinicians, and program designers are discussed.
An algorithm for solution of large eigenvalue problems

Abstract A method for calculating natural frequencies and mode shapes of large structural systems using conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm with element-by-element (EBE) preconditioning and the basic subspace iteration is proposed. In this method, the entire analysis can be carried out elementwise without the need to construct and triangularize the structural stiffness matrix. Thus very large systems can be solved with a minimum amount of incore memory and the task of running a separate processor (program) for bandwidth minimization becomes unnecessary. Potential for further improvement on the proposed scheme by using computers with parallel processing capability is also discussed. Finally, examples are given to show the improved performance of EBE preconditioning as compared to the traditional CG algorithm.
Cellular generators of the cortical auditory evoked potential initial component.

Abstract Cellular generators of the initial auditory evoked potential (AEP) component were determined by analyzing laminar profiles of click-evoked AEPs, current source density, and multiple unit activity (MUA) in primary auditory cortex of awake monkeys. The initial AEP component is a surface-negative wave, N8, that peaks at 8–9 msec and inverts in polarity below lamina 4. N8 is generated by a lamina 4 current sink and a deeper current source. Simultaneous MUA is present from lower lamina 3 to the subjacent white matter. Findings indicate that thalamocortical afferents are a generator of N8 and support a role for lamina 4 stellate cells. Relationships to the human AEP are discussed.
A method for the production of an intense negative 14C beam

Abstract An intense negative 14 C beam has been made for acceleration in the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory's FN tandem Van de Graaff. The beam was produced from 14 C graphite with an on-axis reflection geometry in a Middleton cesium sputter source.
Biomechanical regulation of human monocyte/macrophage molecular function.

When the monocyte infiltrates a tissue, adhesion to the extracellular matrix provides structural anchors, and the cell may be deformed through these attachments. To test the hypothesis that human monocytes/macrophages are mechanically responsive, we studied the effects of small cyclic mechanical deformations on cultured human monocytes/macrophages. When monocytes/macrophages were subjected to 4% strain at 1 Hz for 24 hours, neither matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 nor MMP-3 was induced. however, in the presence of phorbol myristate acetate, strain augmented MMP-1 expression by 5.1 ± 0.7-fold ( P P -fos and c -jun . In addition, mechanical deformation induced the transcription factor PU.1 , an ets family member that is essential in monocyte differentiation, as well as mRNA for the M-CSF receptor. These studies demonstrate that human monocytes/macrophages respond to mechanical deformation with selective augmentation of MMPs, induction of immediate early genes, and induction of the M-CSF receptor. In addition to enhancing the proteolytic activity of macrophages within repairing tissues, cellular deformation within tissues may play a role in monocyte differentiation.
An MT-style optical package for VCSEL and PIN arrays

A compact optical package for mounting a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) or PIN array has been developed. Each package couples an array to a fiber ribbon terminated with a commercial MT ferrule. The package is fabricated with beryllium oxide (BeO), allowing efficient removal of the heat produced by the array. The package is quite compact as it is significantly smaller than an MT ferrule. The design simplifies testing and assembly of an optical link system because each fiber ribbon can be readily connected/disconnected while preserving good light coupling efficiency.
Heterotopic ossification following cervical total disc replacement: iatrogenic or constitutional?

Objective: To elucidate etiological factors of heterotopic ossification (HO) by evaluating retrospectively if HO is a unique finding following cervical total disc replacement (CTDR) or a finding observable following an anterior cervical interbody fusion (ACIF). Methods: The authors had selected 87 patients who underwent anterior cervical surgery (TDR or ACIF), and could be followed up more than 24 months. A cervical TDR was performed using a Bryan disc or a ProDisc-C and an ACIF using a standalone cage or fibular allograft with a plate and screws system. The presence of HO was determined by observing plain radiography at the last follow up. The relation between HO occurrence and specific preoperative radio- logical findings (osteophyte and calcification of posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)) at the index level was investigated. Results: Cervical TDR was performed in 40 patients (43 levels) and ACIF in 47 patients (54 levels). At the final radiographs, HO was demonstrated at 27 levels (TDR-Bryan; 8/18, TDR-Prodisc-C; 12/25, ACIF-cage alone; 7/29, and ACIF-plate screw; 0/25). Mean ROM at the last follow-up of each TDR subgroup were 7.8±4.7° in Bryan, 3.89±1.77° in Prodisc-C, and it did not correlated with the incidence of HO. Fusion status of ACIF groups was observed as 2 case of grade 1, 6 of grade 2, and 21 of grade 3 in cage alone subgroup, and no case of grade 1, 4 of grade 2, and 21 of grade 3 in plate screw subgroup. Fusion status in ACIF-cage alone subgroup was significantly related to the HO incidence. The preoperative osteophyte at the operated level observed in 27 levels, and HO was demonstrated in 12 levels (TDR-Bryan; 3/5, TDR-Prodisc-C; 2/3, ACIFcage alone; 7/11, and ACIF-plate screw; 0/8). Preoperative PLL calcification at the operated level was observed 22 levels, and HO was defined at 14 levels (TDR-Bryan; 5/5, TDR-Prodisc-C; 4/5, ACIF-cage alone; 5/7, and ACIF-plate screw; 0/5). The evidence of preoperative osteophyte and PLL calcification showed statistically significant relations to the occurrence of HO. Conclusion: HO was observed in both TDR and ACIF groups. HO was more frequently occurred in TDR group regardless of prosthesis type. In ACIF group, only cage alone subgroup showed HO, with relation to fusion status. Preoperative calcification of longitudinal ligaments and osteophyte were strongly related to the occurrence of HO.
The effects of temporal modulation and spatial location on the perceived spatial frequency of visual patterns

The perceived spatial frequency of a visual pattern can increase when a pattern drifts or is presented at a peripheral visual field location, as compared with a foveally viewed, stationary pattern. We confirmed previously reported effects of motion on foveally viewed patterns and of location on stationary patterns and extended this analysis to-the effect-of motion on peripherally viewed patterns and the effect of location on drifting patterns. Most central to our investigation was the combined effect of temporal modulation and spatial location on perceived spatial frequency. The group data, as well as the individual sets of data for most observers, are consistent with the mathematical concept of separability for the effects of temporal modulation and spatial location on perceived spatial frequency. Two qualitative psychophysical models suggest explanations for the effects. Both models assume that the receptive-field sizes of a set of underlying psychophysical mechanisms monotonically change as a function of temporal modulation or visual field location, whereas the perceptual labels attached to a set of channels remain invariant. These models predict that drifting or peripheral viewing of a pattern will cause a shift in the perceived spatial frequency of the pattern to a higher apparent spatial frequency.
The Sauptikaparvan of the Mahābhārata : the massacre at night

INCLUDES BOOK BY BOOK SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPAL EPISODE OF THE MAHABHARATA, NOTE ON THE SANSKIRT TEXT, NOTE ON THE PRONUNCIATION OF SANSKRIT WORDS AND A NOTE ON PROPER NAMES AND EPITHETS
Kinematic analysis of the human temporomandibular joint

A kinematic analysis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is developed to determine the range of motion of the mandible during normal opening and during special motions required for arthroscopic surgery. The translation of the mandible is restricted by the constraint of the ligaments. By accounting for the maximum allowable stretch of a ligament, limits of translation are determined for any normal opening angle of the mandible. The present analysis provides information useful in securing the maximum available space for the protrusion of arthroscopic instruments during TMJ surgery.