cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antihistamine potentiation of pentobarbital anesthesia.

The results of this investigation indicate that the common antihistamine drugs significantly prolong the sleeping time of pentobarbital anesthesia in the rat. The results of liver analyses indicate that the antihistamines do not seem to interfere with detoxication of pentobarbital. Evidence is presented to support the assumption that the antihistamines cause an increase in the rate of entrance of pentobarbital into the brain. The results also indicate that there is a required threshold concentration of pentobarbital in the blood necessary before the antihistamines produce an altered response. The mechanism by which the antihistamines prolong the sleeping time of pentobarbital is apparently unrelated to their common side actions.
Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms after acute lung injury: A 2-year prospective longitudinal study

BackgroundSurvivors of critical illnesses often have clinically significant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. This study describes the 2-year prevalence and duration of PTSD symptoms after acute lung injury (ALI), and examines patient baseline and critical illness/intensive care-related risk factors.MethodThis prospective, longitudinal cohort study recruited patients from 13 intensive care units (ICUs) in four hospitals, with follow-up 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after ALI onset. The outcome of interest was an Impact of Events Scale – Revised (IES-R) mean score ⩾1.6 (‘PTSD symptoms’).ResultsDuring the 2-year follow-up, 66/186 patients (35%) had PTSD symptoms, with the greatest prevalence by the 3-month follow-up. Fifty-six patients with post-ALI PTSD symptoms survived to the 24-month follow-up, and 35 (62%) of these had PTSD symptoms at the 24-month follow-up; 50% had taken psychiatric medications and 40% had seen a psychiatrist since hospital discharge. Risk/protective factors for PTSD symptoms were pre-ALI depression [hazard odds ratio (OR) 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06–3.64], ICU length of stay (for a doubling of days, OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.06–1.83), proportion of ICU days with sepsis (per decile, OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00–1.16), high ICU opiate doses (mean morphine equivalent ⩾100 mg/day, OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.02–4.42) and proportion of ICU days on opiates (per decile, OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.74–0.94) or corticosteroids (per decile, OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.84–0.99).ConclusionsPTSD symptoms are common, long-lasting and associated with psychiatric treatment during the first 2 years after ALI. Risk factors include pre-ALI depression, durations of stay and sepsis in the ICU, and administration of high-dose opiates in the ICU. Protective factors include durations of opiate and corticosteroid administration in the ICU.
Numerical modeling of ocean swell contributions to the global wind-wave climate

A new technique for studying the contribution of ocean swell to the global wind-wave climate is proposed, on the basis of numerical simulations of wind-wave evolution. In this technique, waves are generated by winds that are kept active only in selected oceanic areas and switched off over the rest of the global ocean domain. In this way, swells are generated only in selected areas and are propagated freely elsewhere. A preliminary analysis of the major patterns associated with swells generated within a selection of generation areas is presented, providing new insights on the properties of swell propagation. Results support the validity of the technique for the purposes of wind-wave climate studies on a global scale. � 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
HABITAT USE BY PORCUPINES (ERETHIZON DORSATUM) IN CENTRAL MASSACHUSETTS : EFFECTS OF TOPOGRAPHY AND FOREST COMPOSITION

Abstract During 1991–1993 we radio-collared and monitored 50 porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) on two study sites in central Massachusetts to quantify habitat use. During summer, porcupines were found resting mostly on tree limbs (≥ 80% of locations) in daylight hours. During winter, they rested mostly in dens (e.g., rock caves, cavities in trees) (≥70%) in daylight hours. Where talus was abundant, porcupines rested in dens consisting of rock caves (90%). Where talus was absent, they rested in cavities in trees (50%) more than rock caves (27%). During summer, their use of oaks (Quercus spp.) (60 and 50% of daytime locations in each of two study areas) for feeding and resting was more than expected, based on the abundance of oaks in the two areas (corresponding abundance = 8 and 18%, respectively). During winter, their use of hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis) for feeding and resting when not in dens (93 and 71% of daytime and nighttime locations, in each area, respectively) was more than expected (6% in each area)...
Adult onset aqueductal stenosis may become symptomatic due to deep white matter ischemia.

The term “Aqueductal stenosis” generally implies a congenital etiology which may or may not be compatible with life. Those that survive probably have an aqueductal membrane with a pinhole, allowing at least some CSF through. These patients may require an alternate CSF drainage pathway via the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain as occurs in children with tectal gliomas. It is likely that there is a “second hit” in addition to this congenital condition that leads to symptom onset in late adulthood. We hypothesize that the onset of deep white matter ischemia in late adulthood increases resistance to CSF flow through the extracellular space of the brain, contributing to the onset of symptoms of aqueductal stenosis in late adulthood.
40 Ar/ 39 Ar and cosmic ray exposure ages of plagioclase-rich lithic fragments from Apollo 17 regolith, 78461

Argon isotopic data is used to assess the potential of low-mass samples collected by sample return missions on planetary objects (e.g., Moon, Mars, asteroids), to reveal planetary surface processes. We report the first 40Ar/39Ar ages and 38Ar cosmic ray exposure (CRE) ages, determined for eleven submillimeter-sized (ranging from 0.06 to 1.2 mg) plagioclase-rich lithic fragments from Apollo 17 regolith sample 78461 collected at the base of the Sculptured Hills. Total fusion analysis was used to outgas argon from the lithic fragments. Three different approaches were used to determine 40Ar/39Ar ages and illustrate the sensitivity of age determination to the choice of trapped (40Ar/36Ar)t. 40Ar/39Ar ages range from ~4.0 to 4.4 Ga with one exception (Plag#10). Surface CRE ages, based on 38Ar, range from ~1 to 24 Ma. The relatively young CRE ages suggest recent re-working of the upper few centimeters of the regolith. The CRE ages may result from the effect of downslope movement of materials to the base of the Sculptured Hills from higher elevations. The apparent 40Ar/39Ar age for Plag#10 is >5 Ga and yielded the oldest CRE age (i.e., ~24 Ma). We interpret this data to indicate the presence of parentless 40Ar in Plag#10, originating in the lunar atmosphere and implanted in lunar regolith by solar wind. Based on a chemical mixing model, plagioclase compositions, and 40Ar/39Ar ages, we conclude that lithic fragments originated from Mg-suite of highland rocks, and none were derived from the mare region.
CLÔTURAL SACRIFICE: liminal representation of race in film

:In this essay, I argue that what I consider a generally valid critique of the traditional model of representation remains too closely focused on its limitations and not its liminality. To make this distinction, I couch my analysis in terms of sacrifice. The canonical model of mimesis was concerned by the sacrificed thickness of “presence” in the thin re-presentation; today's anti-essentialist model is instead concerned that presence or sameness comes at the sacrificial cost of the other. Although the latter is accordingly more sensitive to racial representation, it still fails to come to terms with liminality, which is the structural inability to represent the margins. The Lacanian analysis of an Iranian film that cannot rely on traditional visual cues opens the door to appreciating liminality. But unless a “narcissistic” tendency of the Lacanian scholarship is addressed, liminality becomes a fetish for the other as a “stain.”
The Nation and Beyond: Transnational Perspectives on United States History

When I was in graduate school in Madison, Wisconsin, in the 1960s, nation-states were the self-evident focus for the discipline of history. Nations expressed people's identities, arbitrated their differences and solved their problems, focused their dreams, exercised their collective sovereignty, fought their wars. Modern professional historical scholarship grew up alongside the nation-state, its mission to document and explain the rise, reform, and fall of nation-states. And professional history developed a civic mission to teach citizens to contain their experience within nation-centered narratives. Now, a mere third of a century later, familiar nation-states look fragile, constructed, imagined, even as they possess the very real capacities to collect taxes, recruit and deploy armed forces, manage legal systems, and allocate resources. Their capacity to govern was battered from the Left in the 1960s and the Right in the 1980s, in slogans like "self-determination" that evoke people on the march and those like "globalization" that seem beyond human reach. While some movements challenged the sovereignty of established nation-states from above in the name of the European Union or the North American Free Trade Agreement, others challenged the sovereignty of established states from below in the name of the potential nation-states of Kosovo, Serbia, Chiapas, Quebec, Palestine, Scotland, Lombardy, East Timor, and Catalonia. With nationalisms exploding not only in movements for new nations but also in such diverse directions as "Queer Nation," "black nationalism," and "Nation of Islam," the greatest threat to nation-states seemed often to come from nationalist movements. The spread across national borders of institutions such as multinational corporations and CNN, of social movements such as feminism and environmentalism, and
Techniques of extramedullary osteosynthesis in proximal femoral fractures

Extramedullare Osteosynthesetechniken am proximalen Femur kommen bei per- und subtrochantaren Femurfrakturen zur Anwendung. Dabei sind als Implantate die dynamische Huftschraube (DHS), die dynamische Condylenschraube (DCS) und die 95 °-Condylenplatte zu nennen. Die dynamische Huftschraube kommt mit und ohne Trochanterabstutzplatte insbesondere bei den pertrochantaren Frakturen zum Einsatz. Die subtrochantaren Frakturen sind Zielgruppe der dynamischen Kompressionsschraube sowie der 95 °-Condylenplatte. Diese extramedullaren Osteosynthesetechniken konkurrieren mit intramedullaren Verfahren. Aufgrund der geringeren Weichteiltraumatisierung hat in den letzten Jahren ein deutlicher Wandel zugunsten der intramedullaren Osteosynthesetechniken stattgefunden. Dieses gilt insbesondere fur den subtrochantaren Bereich, wo das intramedullare Verfahren eine hohere Primarstabilitat mit fruher Vollbelastbarkeit gegenuber den extramedullaren Osteosynthesetechniken bietet. Uneingeschrankte Indikation fur die extramedullare Osteosynthese mittels dynamischer Huftschraube bleibt die pertrochantare Femurfraktur vom stabilen Typ mit intaktem Trochanter minor. Die ubrigen proximalen Femurfrakturen lassen sich nach heutigem Erkenntnisstand besser mittels intramedullarer Osteosyntheseverfahren stabilisieren. Restindikation fur Winkelplattenosteosynthesen bleiben Korrekturosteotomien oder Salvage-Operationen im Bereich des proximalen Femurs.
The Nurse's Role in Prostate Cancer Education: Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation.

The American Cancer Society predicted that 334,500 new cases of prostate cancer would be diagnosed in 1997, but the prediction was revised to 209,000 cases to reflect the 24% decline between the years of 1992 and 1994. Between 1976 and 1994, prostate cancer rates doubled. The rise in new cancer cases may be explained by many factors, including an increase in longevity for men, an increase in disease prevalence due to environmental carcinogens, an acceptance of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test, and improvements in techniques such as transrectal ultrasonography and prostate biopsy. Although the cancer rates have risen at all age levels, of particular note is the percentage of men under 70 years of age, with increases from 38% to 47% from 1986 to 1993.3 With the advancing age of the population, prostate cancer will remain a significant worldwide health care issue into the 21st century.
Dendritic Cells: Antigen Processing and Presentation

Dendritic cells are the most potent antigen-presenting cells in vivo, capable of both the initiation of a primary immune response and the induction of tolerance. Dendritic cells display considerable heterogeneity, both with respect to the subsets that have been identified and the cellular pathways that are utilized to generate the major histocompatibility complex-binding peptides they present to CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. As greater insight is gained in both areas, dendritic cells will become even more powerful, precise tools for the modulation of immune responses.
Evaluation and training of upper extremity control from a systems perspective in the patient with neurological dysfunction.

AbstractThree phases exist for using the arm in a functional activity, namely, localization of the target in the environment, transportation of the arm to the target, and grasp release or in-hand manipulation of the object. According to the systems model of motor control, functional use of the arm requires the integrated activity of the musculoskeletal, sensorimotor integration, commanding, comparing, regulating, and environmental systems. Comprehensive retraining of upper extremity control in the client with neurological dysfunction should include restoration of postural alignment range of motion and strength, elimination of pain, reduction of shoulder subluxation, training postural control and orientation, optimizing sensory processing and organization, training the shoulder elbow coupling needed to transport the arm to the target, reeducating grasp release and manipulation of objects, developing the predictive central set needed for environmental adaptation, developing the patient's intrinsic error det...
Flow Distribution Control in Meso Scale via Electrohydrodynamic Conduction Pumping

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) conduction pumping technology offers an innovative way to control flow distribution in multiscale environments. In EHD conduction, the interaction between a strong electric field and dissociated electrolyte species in a dielectric fluid generates a net body force and therefore a net flow. EHD conduction pumps have simple designs with no moving parts, low power consumption, and the ability to operate in microgravity. These pumps perform better at smaller scales and have been shown to be effective for heat transfer enhancement, with possible applications in electronics cooling terrestrially and in space. Flow distribution control using EHD conduction pumps was previously examined only in macro scale. This study experimentally and numerically examines isothermal liquid flow distribution control between parallel tubes 1 mm in diameter, utilizing EHD conduction pumps in meso scale. The working fluid is Novec 7600 Engineering Fluid operated at ambient conditions.
Romantic Love in China and Japan

China has a long rich cultural history that has greatly impacted the people living in the country today. Historians and anthropologists have provided us with an abundance of research on China—its people, geography, and traditions. However, people not native to this country may have misconceptions about the people of China think, feel, and experience their social world. The studies presented in this chapter help to expel a number of misconceptions Westerners have of Chinese culture regarding love and their coinciding ideals.
Cognitive computing: From breakthroughs in the lab to applications on the field

In the last decade, the availability of massive amounts of new data, the development of new machine learning technologies, and the availability of scalable computing infrastructure, have given rise to a new class of computing systems. These “Cognitive Systems” learn from data, reason from models, and interact naturally with us, to perform complex tasks better than either humans or machines can do by themselves. These tasks range from answering questions conversationally to extracting knowledge for discovering insights to evaluating options for difficult decisions. These cognitive systems are designed to create new partnerships between people and machines to augment and scale human expertise in every industry, from healthcare to financial services to education. This talk will provide an overview of cognitive computing, the technology breakthroughs that are enabling this trend, and the practical applications of this technology that are transforming every industry.
Effects of calorie restriction on the lifespan and healthspan of POLG mitochondrial mutator mice

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are thought to have a causative role in age-related pathologies. We have shown previously that mitochondrial mutator mice (PolgD257A/D257A), harboring a proofreading-deficient version of the mtDNA polymerase gamma (POLG), accumulate mtDNA mutations in multiple tissues and display several features of accelerated aging. Calorie restriction (CR) is known to delay the onset of age-related diseases and to extend the lifespan of a variety of species, including rodents. In the current study we investigated the effects of CR on the lifespan and healthspan of mitochondrial mutator mice. Long-term CR did not increase the median or maximum lifespan of PolgD257A/D257A mice. Furthermore, CR did not reduce mtDNA deletions in the heart and muscle, accelerated sarcopenia, testicular atrophy, nor improve the alterations in cardiac parameters that are present in aged mitochondrial mutator mice. Therefore, our findings suggest that accumulation of mtDNA mutations may interfere with the beneficial action of CR in aging retardation.
A Capstone Experience in Information Technology

Innovations for Industry (I4I) at Juniata College is a culminating experience for third and fourth year Information Technology (IT) bachelor degree students consisting of four courses totaling 12 credit hours. The course sequence provides students with project management techniques, and opportunities for significant group work on developing and implementing technology solutions in industries. This chapter discusses the origins of this capstone experience, how it was developed, how it is evolving, and the department’s assessment of its outcomes for the students and Information Technology program. Juniata’s I4I sequence, with a focus on the culminating experience for seniors, was presented at the 2010 Capstone Design Conference (Thomas and Kruse in A capstone course sequence in information technology. Proceedings of the capstone design conference 2010, 2010). This chapter is a continuation of that work.
How the Social Brain Supports Learning and Teaching

Human beings are social animals. Mentalization is the ability to understand the mental state of oneself or others that underlies behavior. Automatically and habitually, both mentalizing and self-related processing keep track of one’s and other’s beliefs, sensation, and action, which is mainly supported by the default mode network (DMN). In general, DMN occupies at least 80% of brain energy and resources, and is more active when we are not responding to mental tasks such as attention, memory, and learning. Research indicates a competitive relationship between DMN at rest and other brain networks during demanding tasks or learning. This chapter will discuss questions such as how to change DMN to obtain more brain resources for better learning and education outcomes and how to apply social neuroscience to redesign the curriculum for optimal learning and teaching.
Biological characterization of fenpicoxamid, a new fungicide with utility in cereals and other crops

Background The development of novel highly efficacious fungicides that lack cross-resistance is extremely desirable. Fenpicoxamid (Inatreq™ active) possesses these characteristics and is a member of a novel picolinamide class of fungicides derived from the antifungal natural product UK-2A. Results Fenpicoxamid strongly inhibited in vitro growth of several ascomycete fungi, including Zymoseptoria tritici (EC50 , 0.051 mg L-1 ). Fenpicoxamid is converted by Z. tritici to UK-2A, a 15-fold stronger inhibitor of Z. tritici growth (EC50 , 0.0033 mg L-1 ). Strong fungicidal activity of fenpicoxamid against driver cereal diseases was confirmed in greenhouse tests, where activity on Z. tritici and Puccinia triticina matched that of fluxapyroxad. Due to its novel target site (Qi site of the respiratory cyt bc1 complex) for the cereals market, fenpicoxamid is not cross-resistant to Z. tritici isolates resistant to strobilurin and/or azole fungicides. Across multiple European field trials Z. tritici was strongly controlled (mean, 82%) by 100 g as ha-1 applications of fenpicoxamid, which demonstrated excellent residual activity. Conclusions The novel chemistry and biochemical target site of fenpicoxamid as well as its lack of cross-resistance and strong efficacy against Z. tritici and other pathogens highlight the importance of fenpicoxamid as a new tool for controlling plant pathogenic fungi. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
A well-posedness Result for a Shear Wave Propagation Model

We consider a nonlinear model for propagation of shear waves in viscoelastic tissue. Existence and uniqueness results for solutions are established.
Hypogene Karst Influences in the Upper Floridan Aquifer

Dissolution of eogenetic carbonates in the Upper Floridan aquifer has produced the world’s densest assemblage of first-magnitude cave springs. Conceptual and numerical models of cave origin in the aquifer have emphasized epigenic and mixing-dissolution processes. We draw upon recent research concerning phreatic caves in the Suwannee River Basin, and dry caves in the west and central Florida, to suggest instead that many caves in the aquifer formed by hypogenic processes. Formerly, undersaturation generated in the subsurface has usually been ascribed to the mixing of, or temperature changes in, subsurface fluids. Here, we describe an alternate process. Cave formation at modern water tables in the aquifer has been linked to respiration of CO2 in the deep vadose zone and at water tables. Respired CO2 generates carbonate mineral undersaturation when it hydrates to carbonic acid at water tables. Because undersaturated waters are created at the water table, caves form as isolated macropores. Caves at modern water tables in the aquifer lack initial connections to the surface (e.g., entrances) and have morphologies that are unrelated to surface drainage, making them similar in many respects to flank margin caves (see Mylroie and Mylroie, Chap. 51). Since many caves that are below the modern water table have similar morphologies to caves that are at the modern water table, it is likely that they formed by similar processes operating at water tables associated with lower sea levels. These caves became sources of springs and flooded sinkholes when Holocene sea-level rise elevated water tables close to, and above, the land surface.
Institutional Microaggressions at a Hispanic Serving Institution: A Diné (Navajo) Woman Utilizing Tribal Critical Race Theory through Student Activism

ABSTRACTFrom private to public, from small to large, campus protests and demonstrations have risen across the country to address institutional racism regarding a range of issues including offensive Halloween costumes, university/college seals, lack of faculty color, and racist vandalism. One such example occurred at Southwest University where Native American students were protesting the university seal, which represents settler colonialism and genocide. In this article, we provide a case study of Joy, a Dine (Navajo) young woman, and describe her student activism in regards to the seal and how she utilizes it to connect to her culture, language, and identity. We utilize critical race theory (CRT) and tribal critical race theory (TribalCrit) to analyze the institutional microaggressions that Joy experienced on campus. Our main conclusions explain how student activism enables students to address systemic racism and provides a vehicle to create better conditions on university campuses.
Technical Performance and Economic Evaluation of Evaporative and Membrane-Based Concentration for Biomass-Derived Sugars

Several conversion pathways of lignocellulosic biomass to advanced biofuels require or benefit from using concentrated sugar syrups of 600 g/L or greater. While concentration may seem straightforward, thermal sugar degradation and energy efficiency remain major concerns. This study evaluated the trade-offs in product recovery, energy consumption, and economics between evaporative and membrane-based concentration methods. The degradation kinetics of xylose and glucose were characterized and applied to an evaporator process simulation. Although significant sugar loss was predicted for certain scenarios due to the Maillard reaction, industrially common falling-film plate evaporators offer short residence times ( 100 g/L. A second step using evaporation is necessary to achieve target concentrations. Techno-economic process model simulations evaluated the ov...
Data Provenance Model for Internet of Things (IoT) Systems

Internet of Things (IoT) systems and applications are increasingly deployed for critical use cases and therefore exhibit an increasing need for dependability. Data provenance deals with the recording, management and retrieval of information about the origin and history of data. We propose that the introduction of data provenance concepts into the IoT domain can help create dependable and trustworthy IoT systems by recording the lineage of data from basic sensor readings up to complex derived information created by software agents. In this paper, we present a data provenance model for IoT systems that is geared towards providing a generic mechanism for assuring the correctness and integrity of IoT applications and thereby reinforcing their trustworthiness and dependability for critical use cases.
Human ability to discriminate surface chemistry by touch

The sense of touch is mediated by the interaction of a soft material (i.e., skin) with the texture and chemistry of an object's surface. Previous work designed to probe the limits of tactile perception has been limited to materials with surface asperities larger than the molecular scale; such materials may also have different bulk properties. We demonstrate in a series of psychophysical experiments that humans can discriminate surfaces that differ by only a single layer of molecules, and can “read” patterns of hydrophobicity in the form of characters in the ASCII alphabet. We design an apparatus that mimics free exploration of surfaces by humans and corroborate the experimental results with a theoretical model of friction that predicts the velocities and pressures that permit discrimination. These results demonstrate that forces produced, while sliding a finger along surfaces, interact with the mechanoreceptors of the skin to allow the brain to discriminate surfaces that differ only by surface chemistry. While we used intentionally simple surface modifications in this study (silanized vs. oxidized silicon), these experiments establish a precedent for using the techniques of materials chemistry in psychology. They also open the door for the use of more sophisticated, molecularly engineered, materials in the future.
Sperm Antigens, Immunologic Infertility and Contraception

The demonstration at the turn of the century that sperm cells are antigenic and capable of eliciting autoantibodies initiated an era of experimentation which continues to expand. As early as the 1920’s speculation arose concerning the possible role of immunologic reactions involving sperm in human infertility.1 Indeed, early studies in experimental animals suggested infertility could be induced in females by immunization with semen.2 These reports surely stimulated the attempts that followed to immunized women by multiple injections of human semen. Whereas, the report on subcutaneous injections of semen in three women suggested a failure to induce serum antibodies to sperm,3 a more extensive study in 20 women injected by the intramuscular route reported induction of both antibody and infertility.4 The antibody detected was cytotoxic to sperm and appeared in the sera of all but one woman and in the cervical secretions of half the cases. No pregnancies were reported in the presence of serum antibody but, unfortunately, the short followup period did not permit adequate evaluation. However, this study definitely showed the iso-antigenicity of human sperm in women and that the concept of an immunologic contraceptive based on sperm antigens is plausible. During the same time frame the hypothesis was advanced suggesting that the occurrence of spontaneous antisperm antibodies in women could induce infertility. It was not until the 50’s and 60’s however, when several different groups of clinical investigators working with men and women of infertile couples reported that the evidence supported an association between human infertility and antibodies to sperm.5,6,7
Decomposition of leg movements during overground walking in individuals with traumatic brain injury.

Objective: Walking requires precise coordination of bilateral lower extremity motions at all joints. This ability can be affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study investigated inter-joint...
Profile: Psychology Faculty in Christian Colleges:

A survey assessing training, background, attitudes, professional involvement, goals and activities was sent to 46 Christian colleges. A profile of psychology faculty was developed, based upon the responses of 69 faculty from 35 colleges. In addition, a roster of the psychology faculty is presented indicating degree, rank, specialization of each faculty respondent according to college.
Independence and Conditional Probability

In this chapter we study how the knowledge that one event definitely occurs influences our judgement as to the chances for some other event to occur. The case we consider first is that in which there is no influence.
Chemoprevention of aerodigestive cancer

Effective chemoprevention of aerodigestive tumors could have far-reaching effects. Aerodigestive cancer accounts for one-third of all cancer deaths in the United States and is the most common cancer in some areas of the world. Prognosis is poor, and a reduced quality of life remains in those who do survive. To date, there have been no effective chemopreventive agents, but many new compounds hold promise. The concepts of field carcinogenesis and multi step carcinogenesis underpin the development of chemopreventive agents for aerodigestive tract tumors. Important risk factors are tobacco use, alcohol consumption, dietary habits, genetic susceptibility, socioeconomic status, and the interaction of these. Two promising areas for surrogate biomarker development are tissue autofluorescence and DNA repair. Numerous chemoprevention trials have shown that antioxidant compounds are effective in reversing precursor lesions. Studies of the effects of chemopreventive agents on second primary tumors are ongoing. Finally, large-scale trials of the anti-oxidant beta carotene have been disappointing; they have shown that among heavy smokers and possibly heavy alcohol consumers beta carotene increases risk for lung cancer incidence and mortality. These findings underline the critical need to better understand specific mechanisms of action at a particular tissue site, and under various conditions, such as heavy smoking. Novel agents are under development: epigallacatchin gallate, or green tea, curcumin, and a new emphasis on folic acid. Studies to date show that targeting susceptible subgroups, by means of genetic or lifestyle factors, and all ethnic groups will facilitate the goals of chemoprevention studies.
Using lyrics and music to reinforce concepts

We describe the use of new lyrics for old, well-known songs in a CS0 course on IT fluency. We also show how the music itself facilitates student understanding and retention of a set of key computing concepts. We conclude with results from a survey to assess student attitudes about the material from the course, along with pragmatic considerations and a brief discussion of future work.
Intervention Research in Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: An Analysis of Studies from 1980–1993:

The purpose of the current study was to examine the status of experimental research on interventions designed to modify behaviors of children and youth with emotional and/or behavioral disorders (EBD). Twelve journals published between 1980 and 1993 were surveyed to explore possible trends in five descriptive dimensions of the research, including subject characteristics, settings, research design, dependent variables, and independent variables (interventions). In addition, the database was examined to determine whether interventions were based on individualized processes of assessment. The results showed negligible trends, and very few studies reported interventions that were individualized on the basis of assessment data. The discussion addresses the general status of intervention research and the need for applied research.
General Technical Considerations and Decision Making in Urethroplasty Surgery

General technical skills for urethro-plasty surgery can often be learned fairly quickly by the trainee. The difficult skill to acquire, which often times requires years of experience, is the ability to make proper and sound, pre and intraop-erative decision making. Here-in we have detailed how to properly and accurately evaluate ure-thral strictures by imaging, cystourethroscopy and physical examination. Operative tricks and tips, as to patient selection, timing of surgery, patient positioning and surgical technique specifics are elaborated. Key aspects of anterior and posterior urethroplasty surgical methods are detailed, in particular, the methods of excision and primary anastomosis, buccal mucosal grafting, and penile skin flaps.
A survey of theoretical models for terahertz electromagnetic metamaterial absorbers

Abstract In the past few decades, electromagnetic metamaterial absorbers have attracted tremendous attention due to near unity absorption of incident electromagnetic waves over a desired frequency range determined by the metamaterial inclusions as opposed to the constituent material properties. Importantly, metamaterial absorbers enable numerous potential applications which include wave manipulation, terahertz and infrared imaging, energy harvesting, radiative cooling, and chemical detection. To understand the underlying physics of metamaterial absorbers, various theoretical models have been developed. However, these models are seemingly conceptually unrelated, each yielding a distinct set of equations and conclusions. This paper reviews four prevalent theoretical approaches which include effective medium theory, transmission line modelling, coupled mode theory, and interference theory. We show that each of the four theoretical approaches provides an understanding of metamaterial absorbers from different points-of-view, each with distinct advantages and limitations. Moreover, the four theoretical models are interconnected and we discuss that, quite generally, impedance matching is the crucial condition for perfect absorption.
Interdisciplinary pharmaceutical sciences activity within a pharmacy practice skills course

Abstract Background and purpose To help students develop a more integrated mindset, an integrated curricular model can facilitate the building of connections between the foundational and clinical sciences by presenting multi-disciplinary material within a cohesive framework in a single course. The main objective of this research was to assess the impact of interdisciplinary teaching on student performance in a skills course. Educational activity and setting A case study was presented and questions were embedded through an audience response system. Each of three groups of students (approximately 32 students per group) were divided into teams, and the scores were shown periodically to produce an atmosphere of friendly competition. The entire exercise lasted approximately 50 min. Findings Students found the pharmaceutical science and pharmacy practice faculty collaboration helpful in regards to reviewing for integrated exams. Student pharmacists were asked to provide one positive aspect of the course and one area for improvement. Twenty-two of 96 responders indicated that the integrated class session was the highlight of the course. Student pharmacists noted that they were able to recognize the integration between the basic and applied sciences. Students clearly favored this learning style over the didactic approach, as evidenced by the feedback. In the future, we plan to implement longer integrated cases more frequently to train future pharmacists as critical and integrative thinkers. Summary This integrated case study appeared to be effective in helping student pharmacists apply knowledge of various basic science disciplines to the applied sciences.
Semi-supervised facial expression recognition using reduced spatial features and Deep Belief Networks

Abstract A semi-supervised emotion recognition algorithm using reduced features as well as a novel feature selection approach is proposed. The proposed algorithm consists of a cascaded structure where first a feature extraction is applied to the facial images, followed by a feature reduction. A semi-supervised training with all the available labeled and unlabeled data is applied to a Deep Belief Network (DBN). Feature selection is performed to eliminate those features that do not provide information, using a reconstruction error-based ranking. Results show that HOG features of mouth provide the best performance. The performance evaluation has been done between the semi-supervised approach using DBN and other supervised strategies such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The results show that the semi-supervised approach has improved efficiency using the information contained in both labeled and unlabeled data. Different databases were used to validate the experiments and the application of Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) on the HOG features of mouth gave the highest recognition rate.
Defining Sexual Risk in the Era of Biomedical HIV Prevention: Implications for HIV Research and Practice

Advancing HIV behavioral science and its integration with recent biomedical prevention strategies—treatment as prevention and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)—is complicated because traditional definitions of sexual risk (condomless anal sex [CAS] or CAS with a serodiscordant partner) may not suffice given the success of biomedical prevention in the absence of condoms. To better understand how to define and understand risk in the era of biomedical HIV prevention, we assessed correlates of four different definitions of high-risk sexual behavior among a sample of 401 adult HIV-positive MSM (57% African American) residing in the New York City area: (1) a traditional model of risk defined as CAS with an HIV-negative or unknown serostatus partner; (2) a definition that considered participant viral load (VL); (3) a definition that considered partner PrEP use; and (4) a definition that considered participant HIV VL and partner PrEP use. Among participants reporting anal sex (n = 281) with a man in the past 3 months, 42% were considered high risk under Definition 1, 6% under Definition 2, 25% under Definition 3, and 2% under Definition 4. Correlates of risk varied across definitions. For example, while education was the strongest predictor of high-risk sexual behavior in Definitions 1 and 2, alcohol use and enacted stigma were the strongest predictors in the model that only accounted for partner PrEP use (Definition 3). These findings have implications for whom to reach for intervention efforts, the difficulty in meeting recruitment goals, and the types of interventions that should be used.
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) contain a subset of suppressor CD8+ T cells which can inhibit primary sensitization of tumor-specific effector T cells

4634 We previously demonstrated that TIL are mixtures of distinct T cell subsets with effector or suppressor function. The two populations can be efficiently segregated by MACS based on differential expression of L-selectin (CD62L). Adoptive transfer of purified and in vitro stimulated CD62L-low effector cells mediated regression of established metastatic tumors, whereas co-transfer of the purified and activated CD62L-high subset abrogated efficacy. Here, we tested whether co-inoculation of naive hosts with tumor cells and suppressor TIL altered the rate of tumor growth or modified the primary sensitization of T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. TIL were enriched from a single cell digest of MCA 205 tumors through Percoll gradient and lymphocytes were fractionated into CD62L-high T cells, CD62L-low/CD8+, and CD62L-low/CD4+ subsets using MACS. T cell subsets were activated in vitro using two cycles of immobilized anti-CD3 mAb with IL-2 (4U/ml) plus IL-7 (10ng/ml) as mitogenic factors. The activated CD62L-high T cells, consisting of 95.3% CD8+ and 0% CD4+, accelerated the growth of MCA 205 tumors when they were co-inoculated subcutaneously compared with tumor cells alone. By contrast, co-inoculation of tumor with activated CD62L-low/CD8+ or CD62L-low/CD4+ TIL cells prevented tumor growth. Additional studies demonstrated dramatic differences in therapeutic efficacy between T cells derived from lymph nodes draining tumor alone (TDLN) and tumor mixed with suppressor CD8+ cells. Adoptive transfer of 2 x 107 un-fractionated TDLN cells eliminated 10-day pulmonary metastases whereas 4x107 un-fractionated cells derived from LNs draining tumor mixed with suppressor CD8+ cells had no therapeutic efficacy. More importantly, infusion of 5x106 CD62L-low effector T cells isolated from TDLN can completely mediate the regression of 10-day pulmonary metastases, but infusion of 5x106 CD62L-low T cells isolated from LNs draining tumor mixed with suppressor CD8+ cells had no effect. Interestingly, co-inoculation of suppressor TIL cells with tumor cells inhibited, but did not completely block, the sensitization of host T cells for IFN-γ production upon subsequent in vitro stimulation with tumor antigens. Theses results indicate that TIL with suppressor function develop during progressive tumor growth and such cells can block primary sensitization of tumor-reactive T cells as well as inhibit the function of effector T cells.
External threat and human rights: How international conflict leads to domestic repression

When does interstate conflict lead to repression in warring countries? A long-held maxim in human rights literature is that governments repress when they feel threatened. International conflict wou...
Comparison of career decision-making difficulties of university students with provision and non-provision of career guidance and counseling services

This study investigated career decision-making difficulties (CDMD) of undergraduate university students having provision and non-provision of career guidance and counseling services (CGCS). Final year undergraduate university students (N = 306) were selected through simple random sampling from two universities identified through Career Services Checklist. CDMD were measured through a questionnaire developed by Gati & Saka, 2001. Results revealed that students having non-provision of career guidance and counseling services had high level of CDMD as compared to students having non-provision of career guidance and counseling services. A significant difference was also found on the subscales of CDMD questionnaire (lack of readiness, lack of information and inconsistent information). Study has important implications in terms of determining the need to establish career development centers (CDC) and provide career related services to mitigate CDMD of students.
A temporal hierarchy underpins the transcription factor-DNA interactome of the maize UPR.

Adverse environmental conditions reduce crop productivity and often increase a load of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This potentially lethal condition, known as ER stress, is buffered by the unfolded protein response (UPR), a set of signaling pathways designed to either recover ER functionality or ignite programmed cell death. Despite the biological significance of the UPR to the life of the organism, the regulatory transcriptional landscape underpinning ER stress management is largely unmapped, especially in crops. To fill this significant knowledge gap, we performed a large-scale systems-level analysis of protein-DNA interaction (PDI) network in maize (Zea mays). Using 23 promoter fragments of six UPR marker genes in a high-throughput enhanced yeast one-hybrid (eY1H) assay, we identified a highly interconnected network of 262 transcription factors (TFs) associated with significant biological traits and 831 PDIs underlying the UPR. We established a temporal hierarchy of TF binding to gene promoters within the same family as well as across different families of TFs. Cistrome analysis revealed the dynamic activities of a variety of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) in ER stress-responsive gene promoters. By integrating the cistrome results into a TF network analysis, we mapped a subnetwork of TFs associated with a CRE that may contribute to the UPR management. Finally, we validated the role of a predicted network hub gene using the Arabidopsis system. The PDIs, TF networks and CREs identified in our work are foundational resources for understanding transcription regulatory mechanisms in the stress responses and crop improvement.
AI, visual imagery, and a case study on the challenges posed by human intelligence tests.

Observations abound about the power of visual imagery in human intelligence, from how Nobel prize-winning physicists make their discoveries to how children understand bedtime stories. These observations raise an important question for cognitive science, which is, what are the computations taking place in someone’s mind when they use visual imagery? Answering this question is not easy and will require much continued research across the multiple disciplines of cognitive science. Here, we focus on a related and more circumscribed question from the perspective of artificial intelligence (AI): If you have an intelligent agent that uses visual imagery-based knowledge representations and reasoning operations, then what kinds of problem solving might be possible, and how would such problem solving work? We highlight recent progress in AI toward answering these questions in the domain of visuospatial reasoning, looking at a case study of how imagery-based artificial agents can solve visuospatial intelligence tests. In particular, we first examine several variations of imagery-based knowledge representations and problem-solving strategies that are sufficient for solving problems from the Raven’s Progressive Matrices intelligence test. We then look at how artificial agents, instead of being designed manually by AI researchers, might learn portions of their own knowledge and reasoning procedures from experience, including learning visuospatial domain knowledge, learning and generalizing problem-solving strategies, and learning the actual definition of the task in the first place.