cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facet Joint Arthropathy

Facet joint pain is the second most common cause of chronic lower back pain, accounting for approximately 15 % of cases in younger patients and approximately 30 % of patients older than 60 [1]. Recall from Chap. 1 that the facet joints are the hinge joints in the spine that allow trunk flexion and resist extension and rotation. Facet joints are synovial joints and as such have the same basic parts as the other mobile joints in the human body such as the knee, shoulder, hip, and finger. For this reason, their technical name in the spine is zygapophyseal joints. However, they will be referred to as facet joints in this book as this is the common accepted medical practice. Pain may occur in the facet joint because of arthritis, cartilage tearing, or capsular tearing.
Patient Demographics and Socioeconomic Characteristics of an Ambulatory Care Clinic Served by a University PCCM Training Program.

Objectives Continuity clinics are an important aspect of pulmonary medicine fellowship training. We provide a description of a pulmonary outpatient clinic in an inner city, county-owned, university-affiliated hospital. Methods This is a descriptive study of administrative data on consecutive patient visits to the University of Tennessee Regional One Health at Memphis ambulatory clinic (Medplex) between January 2000 and August 2006. We describe demographics, socioeconomic characteristics, and the frequency of a pulmonary diagnosis of the outpatient population served by our training program. Continuous data were described by mean ± standard deviations and categorical data were described by percentage. Results The dataset included 2549 patients, 81% were African American with a mean age of 48.7 ± 13.7, 64.4% were women. Female/male body mass index was 34.6 ± 11.6 vs. 29.2 ± 10.3. Tenncare (Medicaid) covered 59.6 % of patients, whereas 11.1% were uninsured. Conclusions We provide evidence that one clinical setting may not be enough exposure to the entire lung pathology for pulmonary trainees. There is a need for further, larger, and prospective data collections to evaluate and guide changes regarding the structure of training programs.
E-056 long-term follow-up of in-stent stenosis after flow diversion treatment for intracranial aneurysms

Background Delayed complications associated with the implantation of flow diverter (FD) stents have not been completely understood and well characterized. There is sparse data on the frequency, severity and clinical consequences of in-stent stenosis following flow diversion treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Methods A retrospective review of our institution’s neuroendovascular database was performed to identify all patients who underwent FD treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Clinical information was retrospectively collected. The procedural angiograms were compared to routine follow-up angiograms obtained at different timepoints. In-stent stenosis was defined as a growth process beyond the limits of the metallic mesh. Angiographically, this was observed as a “gap” between the vessel lumen filled with contrast and the actual stent wall. Stenosis was graded as mild ( 50%), depending on the degree of parent vessel narrowing. Results Seventy-eight patients with 86 aneurysms were treated with FDs from June 2011 to March 2015. Angiographic follow-up data was available in 49 (62.8%) of patients. This included 38 (76%) females, with mean age of 54.7 years (range 19–82). Six (12%) were treated for subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the remainder for symptomatic unruptured aneurysms. Thirty-nine (85%) patients had aneurysms in the anterior circulation, and 7 (14%) in the posterior circulation. Average measurement of the largest aneurysm diameter was 12.6 mm (range 2–37 mm). A mean of 1.5 (range 1–5) flow diverters were used, with 19 (39%) requiring > 1 stent. The Pipeline embolization device was used in 44 (90%), and Surpass was used in the rest. Concomitant coil embolization was performed in 7 (14%) patients while 2 required balloon angioplasty for optimal deployment. Median follow-up was 10.4 months (range 1–28). In-stent stenosis on follow-up was detected in 8 (16%) patients, at a median of 6 months post procedure. In-stent stenosis was seen in flow diverters placed in 5 ophthalmic, 1 cavernous, 1 ICA aneurysm involving cavernous/supraclinoid segments and 1 basilar aneurysm. Stenosis was mild in 4 (50%), moderate in 3 (38%) and severe in 1(12%). Stenosis was in the mid segment in 7 stents, and at the distal end in one patient. None of the in-stent stenoses caused flow limitation, symptoms, or required treatment. Conclusions Our preliminary results show a 16% rate of in-stent stenosis after FD treatment, which developed within a few months after placement, and did not cause flow restriction. All of our patients with narrowing remained asymptomatic. Further research on in-stent stenosis is needed to better understand contributing mechanisms and clinical relevance, with guidelines for follow-up and long-term management. Disclosures S. John: None. M. Bain: None. F. Hui: None. M. Hussain: None. G. Toth: None.
Effect of SCM combinations on paste rheology and its relationship to particle characteristics of the mixture

Abstract Rheological properties of binary, ternary and quaternary combinations of ordinary Portland cement with Class F fly ash, slag, silica fume and metakaolin were evaluated with and without chemical admixtures. A linear relationship was observed between yield stress and BET specific surface area in the presence of chemical admixtures at a constant dosage for binary, ternary and quaternary combination of SCMs. Only binary combinations were examined without chemical admixtures where a linear relationship was observed between yield stress and packing density determined from normal consistency measurements. Although it is typically assumed that the effect of mineral admixtures on rheology is additive, it was observed in this study that combining SCMs did not have an additive effect on apparent yield stress and plastic viscosity, and consequently, these parameters for ternary and quaternary combinations cannot be estimated from their respective values for binary mixtures.
Endothelial Cell Ion Channel Expression and Function in Arterioles and Resistance Arteries

Ion channels importantly contribute to the function of endothelial cells. They serve as the major source of intracellular Ca2+, which, in turn, controls the production of endothelium-derived vasodilators, the permeability of the endothelium, gene expression, and other properties of endothelial cells. In addition, the activity of ion channels determines the membrane potential of endothelial cells that serves as an important signal for cell-cell communication between endothelial cells and between endothelial cells and overlying smooth muscle cells, and may feed-back to regulate the activity of the ion channels themselves. This review provides an overview of the expression and function of endothelial ion channels that contribute to Ca2+ and membrane potential signaling that is involved in the regulation and modulation of vasomotor tone of resistance arteries and arterioles. Channels discussed include inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptors that mediate agonist-induced Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum stores; members of the transient receptor potential family and other channels that mediate agonist-induced Ca2+ influx through the plasma membrane; Ca2+-activated K+ channels that mediate agonist-induced membrane hyperpolarization; and inward rectifier K+ channels that serve as sensors for changes in extracellular K+ and amplifiers of hyperpolarization induced by the activity of other ion channels. It is emphasized that all of these channels exist as members of macromolecular signaling complexes providing a rich environment for regulation of their activity and the function of endothelial cells in resistance arteries and arterioles.
Fabrication of Mesa-type FETs — Contact Resistance after Exposure of YBa2Cu3Oy Surface to Ar Ion Beam —

We proposed a mesa-type structure for superconducting field effect transistor (Su-FET). Very short gate length can be formed by using this structure. To make this device, damage to YBa2Cu3Oy (YBCO) surface caused by Ar ion beam etching was investigated as a basic study. Results showed that relative thick insulating layer was created on YBCO surface after exposure of the YBCO surface to Ar ion beam. Relaxation method of the insulating layer was discussed.
Laser Direct Write Synthesis of Lead Halide Perovskites

Lead halide perovskites are increasingly considered for applications beyond photovoltaics, for example, light emission and detection, where an ability to pattern and prototype microscale geometries can facilitate the incorporation of this class of materials into devices. Here we demonstrate laser direct write of lead halide perovskites, a remarkably simple procedure that takes advantage of the inverse dependence between perovskite solubility and temperature by using a laser to induce localized heating of an absorbing substrate. We demonstrate arbitrary pattern formation of crystalline CH3NH3PbBr3 on a range of substrates and fabricate and characterize a microscale photodetector using this approach. This direct write methodology provides a path forward for the prototyping and production of perovskite-based devices.
Scripted drives: A robust protocol for generating exposures to traffic-related air pollution

Commuting in automobiles can contribute substantially to total traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) exposure, yet measuring commuting exposures for studies of health outcomes remains challenging. To estimate real-world TRAP exposures, we developed and evaluated the robustness of a scripted drive protocol on the NJ Turnpike and local roads between April 2007 and October 2014. Study participants were driven in a car with closed windows and open vents during morning rush hours on 190 days. Real-time measurements of PM2.5, PNC, CO, and BC, and integrated samples of NO2, were made in the car cabin. Exposure measures included in-vehicle concentrations on the NJ Turnpike and local roads and the differences and ratios of these concentrations. Median in-cabin concentrations were 11 μg/m3 PM2.5, 40 000 particles/cm3, 0.3 ppm CO, 4 μg/m3 BC, and 20.6 ppb NO2. In-cabin concentrations on the NJ Turnpike were higher than in-cabin concentrations on local roads by a factor of 1.4 for PM2.5, 3.5 for PNC, 1.0 for CO, and 4 for BC. Median concentrations of NO2 for full rides were 2.4 times higher than ambient concentrations. Results were generally robust relative to season, traffic congestion, ventilation setting, and study year, except for PNC and PM2.5, which had secular and seasonal trends. Ratios of concentrations were more stable than differences or absolute concentrations. Scripted drives can be used for generating reasonably consistent in-cabin increments of exposure to traffic-related air pollution.
Examining situations involving intimate partner aggression: A dyadic study of agreement on behaviors, attributions, and emotional effects.

There is a growing body of literature investigating agreement of partners on instances of intimate partner aggression (IPA) well as attributions for why people engage in IPA. Although our understanding has increased, there remains a major gap in the literature: the utilization of only one member of a couple's reports of the aggression and attributions (i.e., partners' perceptions of why an event of IPA occurred). Using a dyadic study, romantic couples were asked to independently discuss the same psychological, physical, and sexual IPA incidents in their relationship. Seeking to bridge the two bodies of literature of both perpetrators' and victims' perceptions of the same IPA incidents, the current study found that while there was moderate agreement on whether or not aggression even happened in an instance of IPA, as well as agreement on the general type of aggression that occurred (e.g., psychological), there was little to no agreement otherwise (i.e., Kappa statistics indicating agreement ranging from nonexistent agreement to poor agreement on specific behaviors, attributions, and emotional effects). Partners typically disagreed on most behaviors that were enacted during instances of aggression, the attributions for the aggression (with the exception of alcohol), as well as the emotional outcomes related to IPA. In addition, disagreement on specific behaviors of aggression were related to various correlates (i.e., hypergender ideology, emotion dysregulation, controlling behavior, perceptions that one/one's partner will perpetrate in the future, past year physical IPA victimization/perpetration, past year psychological IPA victimization/perpetration, and any past year IPA victimization/perpetration), whereas disagreement on emotional effects was only related to past-year psychological IPA perpetration. These findings and area of research are imperative to understanding the complexities of conflict in the realm of romantic relationships, as well as being vital for the development and success of IPA prevention and treatment programs.
Sensitivity of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas to DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors Is Associated with a Specific Epigenetic Signature.

DNA methyltransferase inhibitor drugs (MTIs) such as decitabine can overcome gene silencing due to aberrant hypermethylation of gene promoters. Presumably, this effect is responsible for the therapeutic activity of MTIs as clinically demonstrated in myelodysplasias (MDS) and leukemias. Other tumors such as diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) can also present with aberrant promoter hypermethylation. However, it is currently difficult to prospectively identify patients likely to respond to MTIs, since specific methylation markers or signatures have not yet been identified. We predicted that decitabine would have anti-lymphoma activity in a subset of DLBCLs, and that these cases would exhibit specific methylation signatures predictive of response to these drugs. To determine whether this is the case we first exposed a panel of 7 DLBCL cell lines (Ly1, Ly7, Ly10, SU-DHL6, Farage, Pfeiffer and Toledo) to increasing concentrations of decitabine (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 50 and 100 μM) administered after synchronization by 12 hr serum starvation. Viability was assessed after 48 hr of culture by MTS-based assay and Trypan blue exclusion. The IC25 and IC50 were calculated for all cell lines by constructing dose-response curves. The IC25 was used to discriminate sensitive (6.3 ± 1.2 μM) vs. resistant (49.4 ± 5 μM, p 0.98) and has an extremely robust signal-to-noise ratio. DNA was collected from the DLBCL cells for HELP prior to drug treatment. Most significantly we found that unsupervised (i.e. unbiased) clustering of DNA methylation profiles could readily segregate decitabine resistant vs. sensitive DLBCL cell lines. Correspondence analysis clearly identified a methylation signature consisting of 133 differentially methylated genes that distinguishes between decitabine sensitive and resistant cells. Most of these appeared to be functionally relevant including such genes as Caspase-9, RARB, JUNB, and ELK1. Biological assays to determine the contribution of these genes to the phenotype are underway. Taken together, our data suggest that MTIs might be effective in a cohort of DLBCL cases that exhibit the specific methylation signature that we have identified. Prospective evaluation of the predictive value of this signature may allow optimal selection of patients for clinical trials with these agents.
Drugging the Undruggable: Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases

ConspectusProtein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are essential signaling enzymes that, together with protein tyrosine kinases, regulate tyrosine phosphorylation inside the cell. Proper level of tyrosine phosphorylation is important for a diverse array of cellular processes, such as proliferation, metabolism, motility, and survival. Aberrant tyrosine phosphorylation, resulting from alteration of PTP expression, misregulation, and mutation, has been linked to the etiology of many human ailments including cancer, diabetes/obesity, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. However, despite the fact that PTPs have been garnering attention as compelling drug targets, they remain a largely underexploited resource for therapeutic intervention. Indeed, PTPs have been widely dismissed as “undruggable”, due to concerns that (1) the highly conserved active site (i.e., pTyr-binding pocket) makes it difficult to achieve inhibitor selectivity among closely related family members, and (2) the positive-charged active s...
Ethical mission definition and execution for maritime robotic vehicles: A practical approach

Many types of robotic vehicles are increasingly utilized in both civilian and military maritime missions. Some amount of human supervision is typically present in such operations, thereby ensuring appropriate accountability in case of mission accidents or errors. However, there is growing interest in augmenting the degree of independence of such vehicles, up to and including full autonomy. A primary challenge in the face of reduced operator oversight is to maintain full human responsibility for ethical robot behavior.
Inaugural Go Red for Women Issue

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death among women, a fact widely recognized for years. Yet, the significance of heart disease in women has been underappreciated, and women are significantly underrepresented in cardiovascular clinical research. Women and men share common features in the manifestations and pathophysiology of heart and vascular disease, and understanding of those pathophysiological mechanisms is incomplete. At the same time, significant differences exist that have largely been neglected by regulatory, industrial, funding, and research policies. In response to these unmet needs, the American Heart Association’s Go Red For Women was launched in 2004 to develop a strategic and integrated approach to the care …
Dyslipidaemia: PCSK9 inhibitors and foamy monocytes in familial hypercholesterolaemia.

Accumulation of foam cells — macrophages with intracellular lipid droplets — in arterial walls is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. Bernelot Moens and colleagues report increases in circulating monocytes with intracellular lipid accumulation, associated CCR2 expression, and enhanced monocyte migration in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. These changes could be reversed by PCSK9-inhibitor treatment.
Reproductive consequences of habitat fragmentation for a declining resident bird of the longleaf pine ecosystem

Habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats to bird population persistence. Yet, our understanding of the demographic factors behind the adverse effects of fragmentation remains limited for many species. We studied the breeding demographics of the Bachman's Sparrow (Peucaea aestivalis), a species of conservation concern that is associated with highly imperiled longleaf pine ecosystems in the southeastern United States. We quantified the effects of local- and landscape-scale factors on different components of reproductive success (i.e., pairing success and probability of fledging offspring) for 96 male sparrows at eight sites in southeastern North Carolina. Pairing success of monitored sparrows was 69%, and 77% of paired males fledged ≥1 offspring. Habitat amount in the surrounding landscape, rather than local habitat quality, was the most influential predictor of pairing success for male Bachman's Sparrows. In contrast, we documented no predictors of successfully fledging offspring for paired males. We infer that reduced pairing success is limiting reproduction in isolated landscapes and may be a contributing factor for the low occupancy and declines of Bachman's Sparrow in our study region. Overall, our results suggest that managers can promote breeding opportunities for Bachman's Sparrows by prioritizing resources to patches near large, preexisting longleaf pine forest to ensure ≥20% habitat within the surrounding landscape.
The Anatomy of the Fuselage

The chapter focuses on the design of the fuselage by introducing three elementary fuselage shapes commonly used in aircraft design, the frustum, tubular, and tadpole. The help the designer with the selection of any specific geometry, a range of information on the pros and cons of each is presented. Then, a simple method to sketch a fuselage for a GA aircraft is introduced. While there are many ways to accomplish the initial fuselage sizing, this method forces the CG range and wing position to be considered from the beginning; an approach that quickly reveals unexpected problems with airplane passenger and payload combinations. This is followed by several methods to estimate geometric properties of typical fuselage shapes. Finally, practical information about the physical dimensions of typical dimensions for humans (male and female) is tabulated to help with the internal design of fuselages and cabin area. It also tabulates the internal dimensions of a number of aircraft.
Abstract P122: The Predictive Ability and Validity of a Composite Physical Activity Score in Relation to Adiposity Measures: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA)

Background: The predictive ability and validity of combining self-report and accelerometer data into composite physical activity scores has not yet been evaluated. Methods: CARDIA is a multi-site, ...
Compatible Solute Synthesis and Compartmentation in Higher Plants

This chapter presents a brief overview of the compartmentation, biosynthesis and degradation of compatible solutes in higher plants, using selected examples to illustrate the present state of knowledge and to highlight some unanswered questions. Reviews by Wyn Jones (1984), Rhodes (1987), and McCue and Hanson (1990b) also cover these topics, and are sources of additional literature citations (see also Somero, this Vol.).
Molecular and histological characteristics of bovine caudal nucleus pulposus by combined changes in hydrostatic and osmotic pressures in vitro.

Intervertebral disc degeneration is ubiquitous among aging patients, and altered matrix homeostasis is one of the key features of this condition. Physicochemical stresses have a significant impact on matrix homeostasis as they lead to progressive degeneration and may be associated with spinal pain and dysfunction. Thus, it is important to understand the cellular and matrix characteristics of nucleus pulposus in response to these stresses, which include hydrostatic and osmotic pressures during alternate loading conditions. We hypothesized that a combination of changes in hydrostatic pressure and in osmotic pressure that mimic normal, daily spinal stress would stimulate anabolic function, whereas a non-realistic combination of those stresses would stimulate catabolic function in nucleus pulposus cells. We examined the effects of these combined stresses, represented by 12 systematic conditions, on the metabolic activities of enzymatically isolated bovine caudal nucleus pulposus in vitro. We measured the gene expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and evaluated the quality of the matrix and the capability of cell proliferation immunohistologically. Combined cyclic hydrostatic pressure at 0.5 MPa, 0.5 Hz, and high osmotic pressure at 450 mOsm upregulated the aggrecan core protein and collagen type-II gene expression significantly (p < 0.05), and showed trends of upregulation of chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1, matrix metalloproteinase-13, and PCNA. ECM, however, contained empty spaces at a high osmotic pressure with and without hydrostatic pressure. Since ECM has highly specialized physicochemical properties, homeostasis should involve not only phenotypic cellular behavior but also turnover of ECM. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 37:466-476, 2019.
Depressive symptoms, mental health-related quality of life, and survival among older patients with multiple myeloma.

e18232Background: Few studies have evaluated the impacts of depressive symptoms and mental health on patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma (MM). The aim of this study was to examine associations...
Phage resistance evolution in vitro is not reflective of in vivo outcome in a plant-bacteria-phage system*

The evolution of resistance to parasites is fundamentally important to disease ecology, yet we remain unable to predict when and how resistance will evolve. This is largely due to the context-dependent nature of host-parasite interactions, as the benefit of resistance will depend on the abiotic and biotic environment. Through experimental evolution of the plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae and two lytic bacteriophages across two different environments (high-nutrient media and the tomato leaf apoplast), we demonstrate that de novo evolution of resistance is negligible in planta despite high levels of resistance evolution in vitro. We find no evidence supporting the evolution of phage-selected resistance in planta despite multiple passaging experiments, multiple assays for resistance, and high multiplicities of infection. Additionally, we find that phage-resistant mutants (evolved in vitro) did not realize a fitness benefit over phage-sensitive cells when grown in planta in the presence of phage, despite reduced growth of sensitive cells, evidence of phage replication in planta, and a large fitness benefit in the presence of phage observed in vitro. Thus, this context-dependent benefit of phage resistance led to different evolutionary outcomes across environments. These results underscore the importance of studying the evolution of parasite resistance in ecologically relevant environments.
DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF THE DERIVED SPATIAL VECTORCARDIOGRAM IN IDENTIFYING ACUTE MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIC INJURY USING CHAOTIC DYNAMICS

The derived vectorcardiogram (VCG) has been reported to show value in detection of cardiac diseases. The XYZ leads comprising the VCG can be derived in real-time from 3 leads {I, II, V2} of the scalar 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). The objective of this study is to analyze the derived 3-
Cognitive biases and mindfulness

In a study testing whether mindfulness decreases cognitive biases, respondents answered 22 standard cognitive bias questions to measure susceptibility to the endowment effect, overconfidence, mental accounting, anchoring, loss aversion, and 17 other biases, as well as the 14 questions of the Langer mindfulness survey (LMS), measuring the traits of novelty-seeking, novelty producing, and engagement. A portion of the respondents were randomly pre-assigned to a condition that induced mindfulness. On 19 of the 22 biases, those induced to be mindful were less likely to show the bias. They also scored higher on 11 of the 14 LMS questions. The method by which we induced mindfulness was unrelated to the context of the later questions, involving image comparisons and standard Langerian instructions to notice three new things. People can boost their decision-making abilities merely by increasing their mindfulness, with no need for meditation, psychological training, or statistical education.
Publishing and Ethical Submission Concerns—Editorial

Women & Criminal Justice has had to handle a few publication ethics concerns in recent years. In recent weeks, for example, a person asked a member of our managing publication team at Taylor & Fran...
US Antitrust Laws: A Primer

US antitrust laws, broadly speaking, aim to curb efforts by firms to reduce competition in the marketplace or to create or maintain monopolies. These laws proscribe certain mergers and business practices in general terms, leaving courts to decide in specific terms which mergers and practices are illegal based on the facts of each case. Courts have applied the antitrust laws to changing markets, from a time of horses and buggies to the present digital age. Yet for many years, US antitrust laws have had the same basic objective: to protect the process of competition for the benefit of consumers, making sure that businesses have strong incentives to operate efficiently, keep prices down, and keep quality up. Though imperfect in application (like all legal institutions), the modern consumer-welfare approach to antitrust law has served the American public well. Before turning to antitrust enforcement practicalities, the evolution of American antitrust enforcement, and very recent controversies that have called into question the appropriateness of contemporary antitrust policy, I begin with a brief review of the key federal antitrust laws.
The Power of Team: Introduction to Interprofessional Care Teams in Opioid Use Disorder Treatment

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines interprofessional collaboration as “multiple health workers from different professional backgrounds working together with patients, families, caregivers, and communities to deliver the highest quality of care.”
Propulsions Toward What Capes? Testing Normative Theory Through a Panorama of Consequences

Many management theories have descriptive and normative elements, and no management theory used to generate prescriptions can be totally devoid of normative assumptions. Yet, there remain few useful models for assessing the relative strength or utility of the normative frameworks that inform most management theorizing. In this essay, we offer a model from a field of art rather than science. We introduce the poetry of early twentieth century American writer Hart Crane as providing such a model. Crane uses a panorama of consequences to examine modern social phenomena and subject them to normative evaluation. We argue that management theorists can use a similar panorama of consequences method to “test” normative theories by assessing the directional consistency of the normative evaluations the theories generate about an empirical phenomenon or relationship, as well as how extensively the theories’ normative evaluations cover the full scope of a phenomenon’s or relationship’s impact. We explicate an exemplar poem of Crane’s, and then demonstrate how his method might be used to study shareholder activism, a normatively ambiguous management practice, in a way that illuminates the strengths and weaknesses of the relevant normative frameworks.
DISTINGUISHING VEGETATION FROM SOIL BACKGROUND INFORMATION

In aircraft and satellite multispectral scanner data, soil background signals are superimposed on or intermingled with information about vegetation. A procedure which accounts for soil background would, therefore, make a considerable contribution to an operational use of Landsat and other spectral data for monitoring the productivity of range, forest, and crop lands. A description is presented of an investigation which was conducted to obtain information for the development of such a procedure. The investigation included a study of the soil reflectance that supplies the background signal of vegetated surfaces. Landsat data as recorded on computer compatible tapes were used in the study. The results of the investigation are discussed, taking into account a study reported by Kauth and Thomas (1976). Attention is given to the determination of Kauth's plane of soils, sun angle effects, vegetation index modeling, and the evaluation of vegetation indexes. Graphs are presented which show the results obtained with a gray mapping technique. The technique makes it possible to display plant, soil, water, and cloud conditions for any Landsat overpass.
Written Informed Consent for Living Kidney Donors: Practices and Compliance With CMS and OPTN Requirements

We sought to assess how written informed consent practices for candidate living kidney donors have changed over the last 5 years and to assess compliance with Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) and Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) regulations that took effect in 2007. We requested evaluation consent forms from US centers that performed >5 living kidney transplants during the prior year (n = 184). We received 148 consent forms; each was reviewed for information provided and inclusion of CMS- and OPTN-required elements. We found that nearly all transplant centers now obtain written consent for living kidney donor evaluation. However, most centers' evaluation consent forms do not include all CMS and OPTN requirements. Multiple items balancing donor and recipient interests and confidentiality were omitted. In addition, information about payment for routine follow-up care, complications related to surgery and other health problems following surgery were highly variable and frequently ambiguous. As centers revise their consent forms to address the 2013 OPTN policies, our findings may help them identify areas of potential deficiency. We propose that UNOS develop a uniform donor evaluation consent form to improve the clarity, consistency and efficiency of living donor consent.
Spatial Association, Measures of

Abstract Spatial association means connectedness or relationship between and among variables over space (the Earth's surface). A single variable may be spatially autocorrelated ; that is, values of the variable are somehow connected or related spatially. Many variables may be associated with one another at one or more sites. If there is spatial interaction, there is also spatial association. Maps can depict spatial association. A mathematical shorthand technique can be used to represent, in general, measures of spatial association. Scientists test or theorize about variables to determine whether spatial association, either observed or expected, actually can be confirmed. Statistical procedures that have been developed for identifying and measuring the existence of spatial association are outlined.
Contributions to fluid/fluid interfacial area in granular media

We present a priori estimates of the area of the fluid/fluid interface during drainage (nonwetting fluid NW displacing wetting fluid W) of simple granular media. The area depends on the geometric configuration of the fluid phases, which in turn depends on the pressure difference between the phases, the history of the fluid displacement, and the geometry of the pore space. The latter feature is critical but difficult to quantify, and to determine it we use a random, dense packing of equal spheres as a physically representative model granular medium. Drainage in this model is simulated by invasion percolation in a network representation of the pore space. The interface between W and NW includes contributions from three morphologies. One is the interface between the bulk connected volumes of W and NW phases. A second arises when blobs of one phase become disconnected from the parent bulk phase. Finally there is the thin film of W coating the walls of pores containing NW. The relative contributions of these morphologies depend strongly on the connectivity of the wetting phase during drainage, but the thin film contribution becomes dominant at low wetting phase saturations. The predicted sum of the contributions from all three wetting phase morphologies agrees with the trend of measurements reported in the literature, indicating that the experimental techniques used were not sensitive to different morphologies.
Constant-pressure specific heat to hemispherical total emissivity ratio for undercooled liquid nickel, Zirconium, and Silicon

Radiative cooling curves of nickel, zirconium, and silicon melts that were obtained using the high-temperature, high-vacuum electrostatic levitator (HTHVESL) have been analyzed to determine the ratio between the constant-pressure specific heat and the hemispherical total emissivity, c(sub p)(T)epsilon(sub T)(T). This ratio determined over a wide liquid temperature range for each material allows us to determine c(sub p)(T) if epsilon(sub T)(T) is known or vice versa. Following the recipe, the hemi-spherical total emissivities for each sample at its melting temperature, epsilon(sub T)(T(sub M)), have been determined using c(sub p)(T(sub m)) values available in the literature. They are 0.15, 0.29, and 0.17, for Ni, Zr, and Si, respectively.
Relationship of twin zygosity and risk of preeclampsia

Abstract Objective: Twin gestations are known to be at higher risk for preeclampsia. One theory suggests that maternal recognition of fetal and trophoblastic tissues as foreign may be a factor. If that hypothesis is true, mothers carrying monozygous (MZ) gestations (ie a single fetal graft) might be predicted to have a lower rate of preeclampsia than those carrying dizygous (DZ) gestations. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared the rate of preeclampsia in mothers with MZ and DZ twin gestations. Study Design: Seven hundred sixty-eight twin deliveries from 1994 to 1999 were reviewed. Placental pathology reports were reviewed to determine the chorionic state of each placenta. Monochorionic placentas were assumed to be MZ. Dichorionic placentas were categorized as DZ if the neonates were of different sexes or different blood types. Maternal and fetal data were abstracted from the medical records. Preeclampsia was defined by standard criteria of the National Institutes of Health Working Group on High Blood Pressure. Our analysis was limited to women with pregnancies reaching at least 30 weeks of gestation where zygosity could be determined. Results: Our analysis included 464 twin pregnancies, 154 MZ and 310 DZ. Among nulliparous women, the rate of preeclampsia was 15% (25/170) for DZ twins versus 20% (15/75) for MZ twins ( P =.3). Among multiparous women, the rate was 8% (11/140) for DZ twins and 5% (4/79) for MZ twins ( P =.4). In a logistic regression performed to control for confounding by maternal age, gestational age at delivery, assisted reproduction, and male sex, dizygotic state was associated with an odds ratio of 1.4 (95% CI=0.5-3.9) for developing preeclampsia in nulliparous women and 1.2 in multiparous women (95% CI=0.3-5.0). Conclusions:: These results do not support the hypothesis that zygosity affects the rate of preeclampsia in twin gestations, though the number of subjects in our study was too small to allow definitive conclusions. Larger studies are needed to evaluate this finding. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:819-21.)
Vibrational Assignment of Torsional Normal Modes of Rhodopsin: Probing Excited-State Isomerization Dynamics along the Reactive C11C12 Torsion Coordinate

The resonance Raman spectrum of the 11-cis retinal protonated Schiff base chromophore in rhodopsin exhibits low-frequency normal modes at 93, 131, 246, 260, 320, 446, and 568 cm-1. Their relatively strong Raman activities reveal that the photoexcited chromophore undergoes rapid nuclear motion along torsional coordinates that may be involved in the 200-fs isomerization about the C11C12 bond. Resonance Raman spectra of rhodopsins regenerated with isotopically labeled retinal derivatives and demethyl retinal analogues were obtained in order to determine the vibrational character of these low-frequency modes and to assign the C11C12 torsional mode. 13C substitutions of atoms in the C12−C13 or C13C14 bond cause the 568-cm-1 mode to shift by ∼8 cm-1, and deuteration of the C11C12 bond downshifts the 568- and 260-cm-1 modes by ∼35 and 5 cm-1, respectively. The magnitudes of these shifts are consistent with those calculated for modes containing significant C11C12 torsional character. Thus, we assign the 568-cm-1 ...
Unchanged [3H]MK-801 binding and increased [3H]flunitrazepam binding in turtle forebrain during anoxia.

In order to determine if functional changes in N-methyl-o-aspartate receptors and GABA A receptors play a role in the remarkable anoxia tolerance of freshwater turtle brain, we used autoradiographic techniques to assay [3H]MK-801 and [3H]flunitrazepam binding in turtle forebrain after turtles had been subjected to anoxia for 2 or 6 h. The effects of glutamate, glycine, competitive N-methyl-o-aspartate antagonists, glycine antagonists, polyamines, magnesium, and zinc on [3H]MK-801 binding were the same in anoxic and control turtle forebrains. These results indicate that NMDA receptor regulation plays no role in the adaptive responses to anoxia in turtle brain. In contrast, [3H]flunitrazepam binding was significantly increased in the anoxic dorsal cortex and striatum. The most parsimonious explanation for elevated benzodiazepine receptor binding is that the rise in extracellular GABA levels known to accompany anoxia enhances benzodiazepine receptor affinity. It is possible, however, that GABA A receptor upregulation during anoxia increases the effectiveness of the inhibitory action of released GABA and contributes to the anoxia tolerance of turtles.
Physiological response to a minimal social encounter: Effects of gender, ethnicity, and social context

This study examined physiological response to an encounter with and touch by an unfamiliar person. Fifty-five African American (23 male, 30 female) and 51 European American (23 male, 28 female) undergraduates participated. A Black or White interactor entered the room, introduced himself or herself, checked equipment for 30 s, and then took a pulse for 30 s. Entry of the interactor resulted in increased corrugator and zygomaticus facial muscle activity (EMG), increased skin conductance (SC), and heart rate (HR) acceleration. Corrugator EMG was greater among Black subjects; White subjects responded with more zygomatic EMG and SC and greater HR acceleration. Women showed a more positive facial expression than did men. Being touched reduced EMG and HR but resulted in increased SC. White and Black males showed more HR acceleration when encountering a Black male interactor.
Nonlocal current-voltage characteristics of gated superconducting sketched oxide nanostructures

Effects from nonequilibrium superconductivity play a major role in the physics of superconducting nanoelectronics. Notably, charge imbalance arising from the point at which the superconducting device contacts normal-metal leads is prevalent, particularly in reduced dimensions. We investigate nonlocal transport signatures in quasi-1D nanostructures formed at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface. The nonlocal resistances correlate with the bias, magnetic field, and back gate dependence of the superconducting state. We attribute these signatures to charge imbalance or spin-dependent excitations. Understanding and control over these effects are important for further development of superconducting nanoelectronics in this material system, including the ability to probe the interaction of superconductivity and other rich physics in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 on the nanoscale.
Determining topologies by collections of proper maps and by weak topologies

Abstract A collection F of proper maps into a locally compact Hausdorff space (X,τ) is said to fix the topology τ if the only locally compact Hausdorff topology for X for which every map in the collection is continuous and proper is τ. It will be shown that the collection of C∞ injective paths fix the manifold topology of a compact manifold and the collection of analytic injective paths does not fix the manifold topology of any manifold. A related but different notion is that of determining a topology by means of a weak topology generated by a collection of subspaces. Specially, if C is a collection of subspaces of a topological space (X,τ) then C determines the topology on X if and only if the weak topology generated by C is the same as the topology τ. It will be shown that if (X,τ) is a first countable topology and if C is a collection of closed subspaces for which given any convergent sequence in (X,τ) there is a set in the collection C which contains a subsequence of the given sequence, then the collection determines the topology.
An approach to hypertext fiction for mobile devices

Electronic literature has seen an explosion in popularity in recent years, due largely to the wide availability of smartphones, tablets, and dedicated e-reader devices. Somewhat surprisingly, mobile computing has been slow to embrace hypertext fiction. Yet the same qualities that make handheld devices popular for traditional linear narratives --- small size, ease of use, and near ubiquity --- also make them ideally suited for the distribution and consumption of hypertext narratives. In this paper, we review some existing systems for reading hypertext literature on mobile devices, and introduce Jarnaby Reader, a prototype e-reader for hypertext narratives that supports automatically generated overhead maps.
NOvA Event Building, Buffering and Data-Driven Triggering From Within the DAQ System

The NOvA experiment is a long baseline neutrino experiment design to make precision probes of the structure of neutrino mixing. The experiment features a unique deadtimeless data acquisition system that is capable acquiring and building an event data stream from the continuous readout of the more than 360,000 far detector channels. In order to achieve its physics goals the experiment must be able to buffer, correlate and extract the data in this stream with the beam-spills that occur that Fermilab. In addition the NOvA experiment seeks to enhance its data collection efficiencies for rare class of event topologies that are valuable for calibration through the use of data driven triggering. The NOvA-DDT is a prototype Data-Driven Triggering system. NOvA-DDT has been developed using the Fermilab artdaq generic DAQ/Event-building toolkit. This toolkit provides the advantages of sharing online software infrastructure with other Intensity Frontier experiments, and of being able to use any offline analysis module-unchanged-as a component of the online triggering decisions. We have measured the performance and overhead of NOvA-DDT framework using a Hough transform based trigger decision module developed for the NOvA detector to identify cosmic rays. The results of these tests which were run on the NOvA prototype near detector, yielded a mean processing time of 98 ms per event, while consuming only 1/16th of the available processing capacity. These results provide a proof of concept that a NOvA-DDT based processing system is a viable strategy for data acquisition and triggering for the NOvA far detector.
Computational Study of the Dynamics of a Bileaflet Mechanical Heart Valve in the Mitral Position

A computational study of the flow-structure interaction of a bileaflet mechanical heart valve in the mitral position is presented. Flow in a simple model of the left ventricle is simulated using an immersed boundary method, and the dynamics of the valve leaflets are solved in a fully-coupled manner with the flow. Simulations are conducted for two distinct valve orientations and multiple valve hinge locations, and the performance of the valve is compared in terms of metrics associated with leaflet motion, mitral regurgitation, and mechanical energy losses through the valve. Results indicate that a bileaflet mechanical heart valve with a more centrally located hinge, and implanted in the anatomical orientation provides the best overall performance. The fluid and leaflet dynamics, as well as the clinical implications underlying these findings are discussed.
Bulimia: Assessment of eating, psychological adjustment, and familial characteristics

The eating attitudes and behavior, psychological functioning, and family dynamics of 25 women with bulimia (binge-purge syndrome) were examined by comparing their responses on self-report measures to those of a normal control group. As expected, the bulimic clients displayed many more problems in their eating attitudes and behavior and a disturbingly high level of behavioral-emotion distress. Responses to the family assessment measures suggested possible familial factors that may contribute to the syndrome. The implications of the results for current treatment approaches and conceptualizations of bulimia are discussed.
Reassessing the Link between Country Music and Suicide

Stack et Gundlach (1992) avaient etabli un lien entre la musique country et le taux de suicide. Ils avaient controle les effets du divorce, de l'appartenance au Sud des Etats-Unis, de la pauvrete et de la disponibilite d'armes pour etayer leur conclusion quant au suicide des citadins blancs, mais n'avaient pu expliquer le taux de suicide des Noirs. La presente etude, utilisant les memes donnees et procedures n'aboutit a aucun lien significatif entre la musique country et le taux de suicide