cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semi-supervised Instance Matching Using Boosted Classifiers

Instance matching concerns identifying pairs of instances that refer to the same underlying entity. Current state-of-the-art instance matchers use machine learning methods. Supervised learning systems achieve good performance by training on significant amounts of manually labeled samples. To alleviate the labeling effort, this paper presents a minimally supervised instance matching approach that is able to deliver competitive performance using only 2i¾?% training data and little parameter tuning. As a first step, the classifier is trained in an ensemble setting using boosting. Iterative semi-supervised learning is used to improve the performance of the boosted classifier even further, by re-training it on the most confident samples labeled in the current iteration. Empirical evaluations on a suite of six publicly available benchmarks show that the proposed system outcompetes optimization-based minimally supervised approaches in 1---7 iterations. The system's average F-Measure is shown to be within 2.5i¾?% of that of recent supervised systems that require more training samples for effective performance.
Distribution of nonelectrolytes and electrolytes in the brain as affected by alterations in cerebrospinal fluid secretion

Publisher Summary One of the intriguing problems in the field of “blood–brain barrier” physiology is the relation between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the extracellular fluid of the brain. The CSF, because of its active secretion by the choroid plexus, its bulk flow through the ventricles and subarachnoid cavities, and its exit through the arachnoid villi, acts as a “sink” for substances entering the brain interstitial space from the brain capillaries across the “blood–brain barrier”. Because the transfer rate of most substances across the capillary-brain interface is slower than their rate of egress from the CSF by bulk flow, their concentration in the interstitial fluid of the brain is lower than plasma, but higher than in CSF, provided that the substances do not enter the CSF across the choroid plexus or, if they do, provided that they enter at a rate slower than that across the brain capillaries. Thus, indicator substances normally used to measure extracellular fluid volume cannot be used to measure brain interstitial volume because of this fact. The studies reported in this paper demonstrate that there is an intimate relationship between the CSF and the extracellular fluid of the brain. This relationship was demonstrated by use of substances that block the formation of CSF, by inhibition of either the cation or the anion transport systems in the choroid plexus, both of which appear to be involved in CSF secretion.
The role of the cytoplasmic domains of individual subunits of the acetylcholine receptor in 43 kDa protein-induced clustering in COS cells.

The 43 kDa protein, a cytoplasmic peripheral membrane protein, is closely associated with the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) at the neuromuscular junction, where it is thought to anchor the receptor in the postsynaptic membrane. We have used the 43 kDa protein-induced clustering of AChRs that occurs when both proteins are transiently expressed in COS cells to investigate which parts of the AChR might interact with the 43 kDa protein. By constructing chimeric subunits, we showed that the cytoplasmic domains of neither the epsilon nor delta subunits are required for 43 kDa protein-induced clustering. Systematic mutational analysis of the long cytoplasmic loops of the alpha and beta subunits showed that most of the loops can be altered without affecting the ability of the AChR to be clustered; in each case, however, one or more sequences could not be tested, because mutation in these regions prevented AChR assembly. Our results suggest either that these regions are involved in clustering or that the 43 kDa protein can interact with multiple, alternative sites on the cytoplasmic surface of the AChR. Our experiments also show that the postulated sites of tyrosine phosphorylation in the beta subunit and of serine phosphorylation in the alpha subunit can be mutated without affecting 43 kDa protein- induced AChR clustering.
GLACIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE WHITE MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA: ESTABLISHMENT OF A GLACIAL CHRONOLOGY

The White Mountains, astride the California-Nevada stateline, are the highest and westernmost of the Great Basin ranges. This range was extensively glaciated during the Quaternary Period. Glacial landforms and scattered erratics were identified in the field using primarily morpho-and lithostratigraphic criteria, and mapped on aerial photographs and topographic maps. Topographic characteristics of the glacial deposits were analyzed using standard statistical procedures. A sequence of glacial deposits was identified in terms of six glacial stages, these glaciations named according to type site, and relative ages inferred. With the exception of perched Stage I (early) deposits along the range crest, reconstructed equilibrium-line altitudes and elevation of the glacier termini increase to the present, with glacier length and inferred size decreasing through time. Preliminary data suggest that weathering and pedogenesis are also progressive, though environmental gradients mask some of these distinctions betwee...
F. E. McCarthy and M. H. Vickers Refugee and Immigrant Students: Achieving Equity in Education

Education is critical for refugees and immigrants because it improves their lives. For vulnerable refugee and immigrant children, education is essential. Unfortunately, many refugees around the wor...
3 Diverse roles of protein arginine methyltransferases

Methylation of arginine residues within proteins results in a more subtle change than phosphorylation, but one that also has profound impacts on eukaryotic organisms. The rapidly expanding list of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) and PRMT substrates has implicated arginine methylation in a wide variety of cellular processes. This chapter explores the diverse functions of PRMTs by examining evidence for effects of arginine methylation and PRMTs on specific cellular processes, and connecting the data to molecular mechanisms that have been proposed to explain these effects. First, effects of arginine methylation on intermolecular interactions are addressed, focusing on how methylation affects protein-nucleic acid and protein-protein interactions. Next, the numerous linksamong PRMTs, arginine methylation, and cellular processes are described, including roles of PRMTs and methylation in transcription, cell signaling, protein transport, pre-mRNA splicing, ribosome assembly, and DNA damage repair. Finally, the broader implications of arginine methylation are considered by examining the connections between PRMTs and their substrates and development, differentiation, and disease.
A new approach to over-bedding in American healthcare: Statistical analysis and computer simulation of patient admission in a West Virginia state psychiatric hospital

Objective: To identify the factors that have a substantial impact on a West Virginia state psychiatric hospital’s bed occupancy by investigating historical admission data, and developing a computer simulation system to give insight into modifiable variables that reduce admission numbers, therefore to provide solutions to the over-bedding problem. Methods: Quantitative review of hospital admission data from January 2007 to November 2013 allowed for the construction of a simulation model to estimate the inpatient flow. The system’s performance was evaluated after alteration of selected parameters and variables. Results: The study revealed significant regional differences in admission numbers. The civil commitments and psychiatric hospitalizations do not directly correlate with county coverage populations. Some counties sent disproportionately more patients. Patients’ length of stay also varied among geographical areas. Re-admission was not uncommon. Using the percentage of diversion as the outcome measurement, the computer simulation model reconstructed the admission scenario multiple times, predicting that the diversion rate can be significantly reduced if certain variables (hospital capacity, patient arrivals from top referring counties, and patient length of stay) are changed. Conclusions: Involuntary admissions were unevenly distributed according to geography and population in the studied American state psychiatric hospital. Using historical data, computer simulations can model hospital admission systems to evaluate performance and predict needs for change.
A new assimilative model for intermediate scale ionospheric structure

An assimilative model for ionospheric particle density structure must include deterministic and stochastic components: N(r,t) = N(r,t) (1+δN(r,t)/N 0 ) The component N(r,t) can be generated or assimilated with a physics based model. For radio diagnostics this is the TEC component. The spatial large-scale range is hundreds of kilometers to many kilometers with long lifetimes. The stochastic component δN(r,t)/N 0 is a fractional modulation that cannot be predicted in detail. The intermediate scale range from tens of kilometers to hundreds of meters is persistent to the extent that it can be considered frozen over typical measurement intervals. Small-scale structure below a few hundred meters is associated with enhanced plasma-waves that require more detailed characterization. In this paper only intermediate scale structure will be considered.
Treatment of Intracranial Tumors by Systemic Transfer of Superantigen-activated Tumor-draining Lymph Node T Cells

Adoptive transfer of tumor-sensitized T lymphocytes has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in animal tumor models and in some patients with melanoma and renal cell cancers. In experimental settings, T lymphocytes derived from lymph nodes (LNs) draining progressively growing tumors can be activated ex vivo to generate tumor-reactive lymphocytes with therapeutic efficacy. Despite the theoretical concern regarding inaccessibility of the central nervous system to systemically transferred T cells, our recent experiments demonstrated that anti-CD3-activated tumor-draining LN cells are capable of mediating the regression of established intracerebral tumors. In this study, several staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), including SEA, SEC2, and SEE, and exfoliating toxin, known to be superantigens, were tested for their ability to stimulate tumor-draining LN cells to acquire antitumor reactivity for the treatment of intracerebral tumors. SEs bind to the MHC class II molecule and provide an activating signal to T cells bearing particular T-cell receptor Vbeta chains. Tumor-draining LN cells activated with SEs demonstrated selective Vbeta T-cell expansion. In adoptive immunotherapy of intracranial (IC) tumors, SEA-and SEC2-activated cells had the highest efficacy, whereas SEE-activated cells were not therapeutic. Despite the antigen independence of SE activation, the T cells retained immunological specificity for the tumor, which provided the initial in vivo sensitization of the LN. During the ex vivo stimulation with superantigens, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells proliferated, and both subsets were required to mediate regression of IC tumors. In contrast to the adoptive immunotherapy of visceral tumors, the systemic administration of exogenous interleukin 2 failed to support the antitumor reactivity in mice depleted of CD4 cells, and, in fact, it inhibited the therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, mice cured of intracerebral tumors by the adoptive transfer of T cells were resistant to an IC tumor rechallenge. However, in contrast to the immunological specificity demonstrated during the primary adoptive transfer, cured mice were able to reject challenge with several immunologically distinct fibrosarcomas but not a melanoma. These results indicate that superantigen-activated LN cells can circulate to and interact with intracerebral tumors mediating tumor regression in an immunologically specific manner. Although conditions that optimize the treatment of intracerebral tumors appear to be different from those for visceral tumors, analysis of T-cell receptor Vbeta expression among cells activated with several superantigens does not reflect a preferential usage of Vbeta gene segments in the immune response to autochthonous tumors.
Problematic resident-patient relationships: the patient' s perspective.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to identify the characteristics of a problematic doctor-patient relationship from the perspective of primary care patients who are cared for by medical residents and to determine whether patients’ perception of the relationship is a function of their demographic, clinical, or social attributes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: An adult primary care practice in an academic medical center. PATIENTS: One hundred fifty-one patients whose primary care physicians were senior internal medicine residents. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients completed a questionnaire addressing several aspects of their doctor-patient relationship, the general health perception item on the SF-12, and items on social support from the Duke Social Support and Stress Scale. By design of the study, approximately half of the patients had been identified by their physicians as being in problematic relationship (n=74) and half as being in satisfying relationships (n=77). Among patients in relationships described as satisfying by their resident, 10% viewed the relationship as problematic. Of the patients involved in relationships described as problematic by the resident, 23% viewed their relationship as problematic (P=.03). Patients who rated the relationship as problematic were much more likely to also report low social support compared to patients involved in relationships described as satisfying (76% vs 16%; P<.001). Compared to residents involved in relationships described as satisfying by their patients, residents in problematic relationships were more likely to be described as being less accessible and less capable of handling medical complaints (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients were more likely to describe the doctor-patient relationship as problematic if they felt that the resident was less accessible or less capable of handling medical complaints, or if they had low self-perceived social support.
Untempered Ultra-high Strength Steels of High Fracture Toughness

ULTRA-HIGH strength steels now in use were developed decades ago by trial and error methods and they all have some undesirable characteristics, such as low fracture toughness at high levels of yield strength. So far there has been little effort to use the new concepts of alloying and micromechanics of fracture to improve existing alloys, or to find new ones with better combinations of properties. We are studying the factors that contribute to notch brittleness in high strength steels and we have learned how to increase the fracture toughness of steels having yield strength in excess of 200,000 pound inch−2 by as much as 70%. We use treatments that differ significantly from the normal commercial practice for quenched and tempered low alloy steels, which involves heating to the lower end of the austenite temperature range (to minimize grain size), quenching fast enough to produce martensite and tempering at a temperature that will optimize mechanical properties.
Increased estrogen receptor β in adipose tissue is associated with increased intracellular and reduced circulating adiponectin protein levels in aged female rats.

Abstract Background Obesity and associated metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk are correlated with reduced circulating adiponectin (APN) levels. Metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk is also increased after menopause and may be linked to disturbances in estrogen receptor (ER) signaling in adipose. Objective We hypothesized thatage-associated estrogen (E2)-deficiency alters the ERα/β ratio in adipose tissue and increases risk for metabolic disease via APN-ac activated mechanisms. Methods Visceral adipose was isolated from adult (6 months)and aged (24 months) female Fisher 344 rats (n = 5–6/group) with ovaries intact or removed by surgical ovariectomy (OVX) and subjected to western blotting. Results Notably, weight was greatest in aged OVX rats (P Conclusions Collectively, these data suggested that age-associated increases in ERβ paired with decreased PPAR-γ levels might predispose E2-deficient postmenopausal women for increased adiposity and associated metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk. Reduced circulating APN and AdipoR2 levels might contribute to age and E2-deficiency linked disease progression.
Inhibition of Dengue virus and West Nile virus proteases by click chemistry-derived benz[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one derivatives.

Abstract Two click chemistry-derived focused libraries based on the benz[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one scaffold were synthesized and screened against Dengue virus and West Nile virus NS2B-NS3 proteases. Several compounds (4l, 7j–n) displayed noteworthy inhibitory activity toward Dengue virus NS2B-NS3 protease in the absence and presence of added detergent. These compounds could potentially serve as a launching pad for a hit-to-lead optimization campaign.
Color vision of the coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) and adaptive evolution of rhodopsin (RH1) and rhodopsin-like (RH2) pigments

The coelacanth, a "living fossil," lives at a depth of about 200 m near the coast of the Comoros archipelago in the Indian Ocean and receives only a narrow range of light at about 480 nm. To see the entire range of "color" the Comoran coelacanth appears to use only rod-specific RH1 and cone-specific RH2 visual pigments, with the optimum light sensitivities (lambda max) at 478 nm and 485 nm, respectively. These blue-shifted lambda max values of RH1 and RH2 pigments are fully explained by independent double amino acid replacements E122Q/A292S and E122Q/M207L, respectively. More generally, currently available mutagenesis experiments identify only 10 amino acid changes that shift the lambda max values of visual pigments more than 5 nm. Among these, D83N, E1220, M207L, and A292S are associated strongly with the adaptive blue shifts in the lambda max values of RH1 and RH2 pigments in vertebrates.
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 Amplification in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by Quantitative Real-Time PCR

Introduction Amplification of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene has been described in tumors of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Prior reports showed conflicting rates of amplification frequency and clinical relevance.
Development of European gas supply and demand and prospects for gas use in power generation

Evaluation de l'evolution de la demande, a long terme. Analyse, en fonction des reserves de gaz, de l'evolution du prix du gaz et de son devenir en tant que combustible competitif pour la production d'electricite
The effect of trauma to the epiphysis and growth plate

Acute injuries to the growth plate and the epiphysis, and their potential to produce deformity have been well classified in the child of an age where there is a bony nucleus within the epiphysis. Chronic trauma, most notably sustained pressure, produces a wide range of disorders of cartilage including necrosis, growth retardation, fragmentation, and degeneration with resultant abnormalities of growth. During infancy, before the bony centrum appears, acute trauma produces primarily a slipped epiphysis, while chronic trauma results in pressure deformity. Vertical incisions across the plate do no generally result in deformity since there is no bone in the epiphysis to form an attenuating bridge across the plate to the metaphysis.
Multiple emission angle surface–atmosphere separations of thermal emission spectrometer data

Abstract A method for separating the spectral signatures of the Martian surface and atmosphere was developed and is applied to multiple emission angle data returned from the MGS TES instrument. This method includes correlated- k and index gas removal algorithms that may be applied to all nadir-pointing TES data. Initial results have provided new and refined measurements of the spectral shapes of atmospheric dust and the Martian surface. Surface temperatures and atmospheric dust opacities are also retrieved with improved accuracy over single observation temperature and opacity retrievals. Low-albedo surfaces display absorptions consistent in both shape and depth with previous studies. These surfaces may be closely modeled using a combination of previously derived basalt, andesitic, and high-albedo surface spectral shapes. Short wavelengths display no significant absorptions, indicating both the coarse particulate nature of the surface and the lack of significant amounts of carbonate. Moderate- and high-albedo surfaces have spectral shapes distinctive of fine particulate silicate materials. No single material can match the entire high-albedo surface spectrum, though there are clear indications of a material that closely matches intermediate to calcic plagioclase and an emission peak at ∼1620 cm −1 due to bound water. The lack of residual restrahlen silicate absorptions indicates that minerals such as olivine or pyroxene are not present in high-albedo surfaces at significant (but unknown) abundances. High-albedo surface results presented here are in agreement with and complementary to shorter wavelength observations. The Martian dust is composed of both primary and secondary minerals. Either chemical weathering has not completely altered its source material or the soil is a mixture of altered and unaltered sources. Further laboratory studies are needed to better establish detection limits and behavior of mineral mixtures of fine particulates in the thermal infrared portion of the spectrum.
Global regulation of gene expression

Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli live in environments subject to rapid changes in the availability of the carbon and nitrogen compounds necessary to provide energy and building blocks for the synthesis of cell material. Their survival depends on their ability to regulate the expression of genes coding for the enzymes and transport proteins required for growth in the altered environment. The availability of microarrays of the entire genome of E. coli has made it possible to measure the expression of all genes by determining the levels of the corresponding species of RNA. As reported in this issue of PNAS, Sydney Kustu, Robert A. Bender, and their coworkers (1) have used this method to identify all of the genes whose expression is activated in response to the replacement of the preferred nitrogen source, ammonia, by a non-preferred source of nitrogen (nitrogen regulation) (2). Their study revealed that the products of many genes that had previously not been known to be subject to nitrogen regulation are responsible for the scavenging of amino acids and peptides, among them the dipeptide d-alanyl-d-alanine. Under conditions of stress, probably including nitrogen limitation, E. coli switches the mechanism for crosslinking the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall to one that releases d-alanyl-d-alanine into the growth medium. The activation of the expression …
Intimate partner violence victimization prior to and during pregnancy among women residing in 26 U.S. states: Associations with maternal and neonatal health

Objective To conduct a population-based assessment of associations of intimate partner violence in the year prior to and during pregnancy with maternal and neonatal morbidity. Study design Data from women giving birth in 26 U.S. states and participating in the 2000 to 2003 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (n = 118,579) were analyzed. Results Women reporting intimate partner violence in the year prior to pregnancy were at increased risk for high blood pressure or edema (adjusted odds ratio 1.37-1.40), vaginal bleeding (adjusted odds ratio 1.54-1.66), severe nausea, vomiting or dehydration (adjusted odds ratio 1.48-1.63), kidney infection or urinary tract infection (adjusted odds ratio 1.43-1.55), hospital visits related to such morbidity (adjusted odds ratio 1.45-1.48), and delivery preterm (adjusted odds ratio 1.37), of a low-birthweight infant (adjusted odds ratio 1.17), and an infant requiring intensive care unit care (adjusted odds ratio 1.31-1.33) compared with those not reporting intimate partner violence. Women reporting intimate partner violence during but not prior to pregnancy experienced higher rates of a subset of these concerns. Conclusion Women experiencing intimate partner violence both prior to and during pregnancy are at risk for multiple poor maternal and infant health outcomes, suggesting prenatal risks to children from mothers' abusive partners.
2007 Special Issue: Automatic speech recognition using a predictive echo state network classifier

We have combined an echo state network (ESN) with a competitive state machine framework to create a classification engine called the predictive ESN classifier. We derive the expressions for training the predictive ESN classifier and show that the model was significantly more noise robust compared to a hidden Markov model in noisy speech classification experiments by 8+/-1 dB signal-to-noise ratio. The simple training algorithm and noise robustness of the predictive ESN classifier make it an attractive classification engine for automatic speech recognition.
Derive: a tool that automatically reverse-engineers instruction encodings

Many binary tools, such as disassemblers, dynamic code generation systems, and executable code rewriters, need to understand how machine instructions are encoded. Unfortunately, specifying such encodings is tedious and error-prone. Users must typically specify thousands of details of instruction layout, such as opcode and field locations values, legal operands, and jump offset encodings. We have built a tool called DERIVE that extracts these details from existing software: the system assembler. Users need only provide the assembly syntax for the instructions for which they want encodings. DERIVE automatically reverse-engineers instruction encoding knowledge from the assembler by feeding it permutations of instructions and doing equation solving on the output.DERIVE is robust and general. It derives instruction encodings for SPARC, MIPS, Alpha, PowerPC, ARM, and x86. In the last case, it handles variable-sized instructions, large instructions, instruction encodings determined by operand size, and other CISC features. DERIVE is also remarkably simple: it is a factor of 6 smaller than equivalent, more traditional systems. Finally, its declarative specifications eliminate the mis-specification errors that plague previous approaches, such as illegal registers used as operands or incorrect field offsets and sizes. This paper discusses our current DERIVE prototype, explains how it computes instruction encodings, and also discusses the more general implications of the ability to extract functionality from installed software.
Effect of environmental temperature in traumatic shock.

SummaryThe effect of 9 environmental temperatures between 10° and 40° on survival time and on body temperature of rats in traumatic shock was studied. The results indicate: 1. that the optimum temperature is 20°. Survival time at this temperature is significantly better than at 17.5° or 25°; lower or higher temperatures are increasingly harmful. 2. Animals in shock appear to be poikilothermic, their body temperatures tending to approach the environmental temperature.
New advances and applications of combining simulation and optimization

The design of efficient parallel discrete-event simulation (PDES) models often appears to be a mysterious art practiced primarily by academic researchers who have been rigorously ordained in this task. This tutorial attempts to unravel some of the mysteries. It describes the process of generating an efficient parallel implementation of a discrete-event simulation (DES) model. Common pitfalls in the parallel execution of the models are described together with suggestions on their avoidance.
Mechanism of Modification of the NR2A Subunit of the NMDA Receptor during Graded Hypoxia in the Cerebral Cortex of Newborn Piglets

Mechanism of Modification of the NR2A Subunit of the NMDA Receptor during Graded Hypoxia in the Cerebral Cortex of Newborn Piglets
A Materiomics Approach to Spider Silk: Protein Molecules to Webs

The exceptional mechanical properties of hierarchical self-assembling silk biopolymers have been extensively studied experimentally and in computational investigations. A series of recent studies has been conducted to examine structure–function relationships across different length scales in silk, ranging from atomistic models of protein constituents to the spider web architecture. Silk is an exemplary natural material because its superior properties stem intrinsically from the synergistic cooperativity of hierarchically organized components, rather than from the superior properties of the building blocks themselves. It is composed of beta-sheet nanocrystals interspersed within less orderly amorphous domains, where the underlying molecular structure is dominated by weak hydrogen bonding. Protein chains are organized into fibrils, which pack together to form threads of a spider web. In this article we survey multiscale studies spanning length scales from angstroms to centimeters, from the amino acid sequence defining silk components to an atomistically derived spider web model, with the aim to bridge varying levels of hierarchy to elucidate the mechanisms by which structure at each composite level contributes to organization and material phenomena at subsequent levels. The work demonstrates that the web is a highly adapted system where both material and hierarchical structure across all length scales is critical for its functional properties.
Costs of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in California

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to estimate the annual incidence, the mortality, and the direct and indirect costs associated with occupational injuries and illnesses in California in 1992. To achieve this, we performed aggregation and analysis of national and California data sets collected by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, California Workers' Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau, California Division of Industrial Relations, the National Center for Health Statistics, and the U.S. Health Care Financing Administration. Methods. To assess incidence of and mortality from occupational injuries and illnesses, we reviewed data from state and national surveys and applied an attributable risk proportion method. To assess costs, we used the cost-of-illness, human capital, method that decomposes costs into direct categories such as medical expenses and insurance administration expenses as well as indirect categories such as lost earnings, lost home production, and lost fringe benefits. Some cost estimates were drawn from California data, whereas others were drawn from a national study but were adjusted to reflect California's differences. Cost estimates for injuries were calculated by multiplying average costs by the number of injuries. For the majority of diseases, cost estimates relied on the attributable risk proportion method. Results. Approximately 660 job-related deaths from injury, 1.645 million nonfatal injuries, 7,079 deaths from diseases, and 0.133 million illnesses are estimated to occur annually in the civilian California workforce. The direct ($7.04 billion, 34%) plus indirect ($13.62 billion, 66%) costs were estimated to be $20.7 billion. Injuries cost $17.8 billion (86%) and illnesses $2.9 billion (14%). These estimates are likely to be low because: (1) they ignore costs associated with pain and suffering, (2) they ignore home care provided by family members, and (3) the numbers of occupational injuries and illnesses are likely to be undercounted. Conclusion. Occupational injuries and illnesses are a major contributor to the total cost of health care and lost productivity in California. These costs are on a par with those of all cancers combined and only slightly less than the cost of heart disease and stroke in California. Workers' compensation covers less than one-half of the costs of occupational injury and illness.
Observation of novel and surface compounds produced by heat treatment

Abstract Novel Ni Nb and Ni Ta surface compounds have been made by thermal stabilization of Ni overlayers deposited on atomically clean Nb and Ta substrates. Low-energy electron diffraction studies show that the surface compound is ordered and has a hexagonal structure. Auger and photoemission studies show that the most stable surface compounds have a stoichiometry at or very near A3B where A = Ni and B = Nb or Ta. Comparison of our results with bulk data suggests that our surface Ni3Nb or Ni3Ta has a structure more like bulk Ni3Al than bulk Ni3Nb. Examination of the surface composition at various annealing temperatures further suggests that the near-surface stoichiometry can be controlled by varying the annealing temperature which controls the reaction kinetics and interdiffusion parameters.
Advancement of contraband drug detection through improved surface-sampling procedures

Achieving efficiency in sampling, and sample handling of contraband drugs is integral to the successful operation of field detection and analytical systems, and represents a major technology challenge. One of the most popular methods of sampling surfaces for contraband drugs is the use of swipes. However, the detailed evaluation of swiping procedures, swipe materials, the effect of surfaces, wet swipes vs. dry swipes, environmental factors, to mention several; have not been performed. We have initiated studies of sampling and sample handling as an adjunct to the development of man-portable detection instrumentation for contraband drugs. The goal is to understand the parameters critical to achieving maximum efficiency in sampling surfaces. The choice of swipe material makes a great difference. The nature of the surface sampled is very important as well Our studies have shown that various degrees of roughness, porosity, and mechanical damage can contribute to as much as 32 percent of the target drug being retained by the surface after swiping. This paper will present details of our progress in understanding the various parameters in sampling with a goal to assist in standardizing field sampling as much as possible among detection instruments.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
LQR for State-Bounded Structural Control

In order to prevent structural damages, it is more important to bound the vibration amplitude than to reduce the vibration energy. However, in the performance index for linear quadratic regulator (LQR), the instantaneous amplitude of vibration is not minimized. An ordinary LQR may have an unacceptable amplitude at some time instant but still have a good performance. In this paper, we have developed an LQR with adjustable gains to guarantee bounds on the vibration amplitude. For scalar systems, the weighting for control is switched between two values which give a low-gain control when the amplitude is inside the bound and a high-gain control when the amplitude is going to violate the given bound. For multivariable systems, by assuming a matching condition, a similar controller structure has been obtained. This controller is favored for application since the main structure ofa common LQR is not changed ; the additional high-gain control is required only if the vibration amplitude fails to stay inside the bound. We have applied this controller to a five-story building with active tendon controllers. The results show that the largest oscillation at the first story stays within a given bound when the building is subject to earthquake excitation.
A Delayed-Repeater Satellite Communication System of Advanced Design

This paper describes a delayed-repeater satellite communications system consisting of an orbiting delayed-repeater radio-relay station which passes over terminal ground stations located within the viewing area of the satellite. Messages are exchanged between the satellite and a ground station operating in the 2-kmc band utilizing both polarization and frequency diversity techniques to provide a continuous transmission circuit regardless of the satellite attitude. Data storage in the satellite is accomplished by the use of newly-developed magnetic tape recorders. Signals in the band near 108 mc provide telemetry and command control functions. The telemetry used is a modified standard FM/FM system, while the command control circuit enables selection of satellite control functions. Power for the satellite electronics is derived from solar energy using solar cells which charge nickel-cadmium batteries. Each of the ground stations consists of radio transmitting and receiving equipment and an automatic-tracking 28-foot-diameter parabolic antenna. Each station will acquire the satellite and track it during a pass over a station. Data from the satellite are transmitted (tape loading) to the ground station upon command. Simultaneously, data for the other. two stations are transmitted to the satellite (tape unloading) from the ground station. Message sorting in the satellite is accomplished by use of the appropriate tape recorders, which in turn are activated by ground commands. In the ground stations, teletype messages on paper tape are converted to a serial pulse train at a 50-kilobit-per-second rate by a paper-tape reader and a magnetic recorder-reproducer.
Modern trends in the speciation of selenium by hyphenated techniques

The complexity of selenium speciation in the environment and in living organisms results in broad analytical challenges. The importance of the selective determination of the particular species of this element, to understand its metabolism and biological significance in clinical chemistry, biology, toxicology, and nutrition, calls for state-of-the-art analytical techniques. In this paper hyphenated techniques are evaluated with particular emphasis on interfaced separation with element-selective detection and identification of the selenium compounds detected.
Ulysses solar wind plasma observations at high southerly latitudes.

Solar wind plasma observations made by the Ulysses spacecraft through –80.2° solar latitude and continuing equatorward to –40.1° are summarized. Recurrent high-speed streams and corotating interaction regions dominated at middle latitudes. The speed of the solar wind was typically 700 to 800 kilometers per second poleward of –35°. Corotating reverse shocks persisted farther south than did forward shocks because of the tilt of the heliomagnetic streamer belt. Sporadic coronal mass ejections were seen as far south as –60.5°. Proton temperature was higher and the electron strahl was broader at higher latitudes. The high-latitude wind contained compressional, pressure-balanced, and Alfvenic structures.
Hypochromicity in ribosomes from Escherichia coli

The hypochromicities of E. coli ribosomes and of their isolated BNA, measured by KOH and ribonuolease hydrolysis, are identical. It is suggested that the RNA configuration in solution is retained in ribosomes, and may be a well-defined structure with biological implications.
log-periodic behavior of a hierarchical failure model with applications to precursory seismic activation.

Seismic activation has been recognized to occur before many major earthquakes including the San Francisco Bay area, prior to the 1906 earthquake. There is a serious concern that the recent series of earthquakes in Southern California is seismic activation prior to a great Southern California earthquake. The seismic activation prior to the Loma Prieta earthquake has been quantified in terms of a power-law increase in the regional Benioff strain release prior to this event and there is an excellent fit to a log-periodic increase in the Benioff strain release. In order to better understand activation a hierarchical seismic failure model has been studied. An array of stress-carrying elements is considered (formally, a cellular automaton or lattice gas, but analogous to the strands of an ideal, frictionless cable). Each element has a time to failure that is dependent on the stress the element carries and has a statistical distribution of values. When an element fails, the stress on the element is transferred to a neighboring element; if two adjacent elements fail, stress is transferred to two neighboring elements; if four elements fail, stress is transferred to four adjacent elemetns, and so forth. When stress is transferred to an element its time to failure is reduced. The intermediate size failure events prior to total failure each have a sequence of precursory failures, and these precursory failures each have an embedded precursory sequence of smaller failures. The total failure of the array appears to be a critical point. There is a sequence of partial failures leading up to the total failure that resembles a log-periodic sequence.
Chemically sensitive semiconductor devices

The model equations for the response of MOSFET, Schottky barrier and heterojunction diodes to chemical stimuli are derived. It is shown that diode structures have intrinsic advantages over MOSFET's because of the form of the response relations.
Usefulness of serum lipoprotein (a) as a predictor of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Serum lipoprotein (a) (Lp[a]) has been associated with coronary artery atherosclerosis. Its association with restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has not been previously studied. Serum levels of Lp(a), in addition to other lipoproteins, and their components using standard assays, were determined in subjects undergoing cardiac catheterization within 10 months after PTCA. Clinical (e.g., sex, diabetes, angina class) and angiographic (e.g., PTCA percent diameter reduction) factors were not different between the group without (diameter reduction less than 50%; group A) and the group with (diameter reduction greater than or equal to 50%; Group B) restenosis. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein B and Lp(a) were compared. Univariate predictors of restenosis were serum triglycerides (2.50 +/- 1.07 mmol/liter for group A vs 1.72 +/- 0.79 +/- mmol/litre for group B, p = 0.008), and Lp(a) (median: 7.0 mg/dl [range 0 to 44] for group A vs 19 mg/dl [range 1 to 120] for group B; p = 0.006). Stepwise logistic regression revealed the only significant independent predictor of restenosis to be serum Lp(a) (p = 0.018). Each quintile of Lp(a) was associated with a progressively higher risk of restenosis, with the highest quintile (40 to 120 mg/dl) having an odds ratio of 11 (95% confidence interval 9 to 13) compared with the lowest quintile (0 to 3.9 mg/dl) (p = 0.033). A serum Lp(a) of greater than 19 mg/dl was associated with an odds ratio of 5.9 (95% confidence interval 4.6 to 7.2) (restenosis rates of 58% in the group with 0 to 19 mg/dl and 89% in the group with 19 to 120 mg/dl; p = 0.006).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Influence of traumatic brain injury on potassium and phosphorus homeostasis in critically ill multiple trauma patients.

Abstract Objective The intent of this study was to ascertain whether multiple trauma patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) had lower serum concentrations of potassium and phosphorus and required more aggressive supplementation than multiple trauma patients without TBI. Methods Ventilator-dependent adult patients without renal impairment who were admitted to the trauma intensive care unit or neurosurgical intensive care unit and who received enteral nutrition were evaluated for the first 14 d after hospital admission. Patients were grouped according to the presence or absence of TBI. Target serum concentrations for potassium and phosphorus were 4 mEq/L and 4 mg/dL, respectively. Electrolyte repletion therapy was given according to the nutritional support service guidelines. Results Fifty trauma patients (25 with and without TBI) were studied. Daily serum potassium concentrations were consistently lower for those with TBI ( P ≤ 0.001), whereas the mean net potassium intake was greater (1.3 ± 0.5 versus 0.7 ± 0.3 mEq · kg −1 · d −1 , respectively, P ≤ 0.001). Serial serum phosphorus concentrations were similar between groups ( P = NS) except for a significantly lower serum phosphorus concentration for trauma patients with TBI on day 3 after hospital admission (2.5 ± 0.5 versus 2.9 ± 0.7 mg/dL, respectively, P ≤ 0.05). However, the mean net phosphorus intake was significantly greater for trauma patients with TBI (0.65 ± 0.25 versus 0.45 ± 0.17 mmol · kg −1 · d −1 , P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion Potassium and phosphorus requirements are greater for multiple trauma patients with TBI compared with those without TBI.
Community-Centered Praxis: Toward an Alternative Non-dominative Applied Anthropology

Applied anthropologists long have grappled with the problem of determining their appropriate relationship with "target" communities. Recently, Johannsen (1992) has proposed the development of a post-modern applied anthropology that would neither impose solutions nor even define community problems in need of response, but rather would use its skills and resources to foster indigenous community initiatives and self-representations. This paper strongly supports Johannsen's goal of developing what is here termed a nonimperialist praxis, but questions whether this goal can be achieved by incorporating the framework of postmodernism. An alternative approach, community-centered praxis, that directly addresses the thorny issue of partisanship, is proposed and illustrated using the case of the Hartford Needle Exchange Project.
Concerning two-metal cooperativity in model phosphate hydrolysis.

Three series of bimetallic ligands were tested for cooperativity in the hydrolysis of phosphate esters. It was shown that rate enhancements were in part contributed by binding to the hydrophobic linkers when the substrates were also hydrophobic, and two metal cooperativity was not found to be present. Kinetic order tests were performed and shown to be superior to previous methods for analyzing cooperativity.
Functional morphology of the mangabey mandibular corpus: Relationship to dental specializations and feeding behavior

Recent molecular and morphological surveys suggest that mangabeys do not represent a monophyletic group. Specifically, Cercocebus is the sister taxon of Mandrillus, whereas Lophocebus forms an unresolved trichotomy with Papio and Theropithecus. The Cercocebus-Mandrillus clade is characterized by skeletal and dental adaptations related to acquisition and processing of hard-object foods that resist decomposition for months on the forest floor. Although species of both mangabey genera can be described as frugivorous seed predators with a strong reliance on hard-object foods, a growing body of evidence indicates that Cercocebus (terrestrial) and Lophocebus (arboreal) mangabeys differ in the hardness of the seeds they consume and the manner in which seeds are processed. The taxa are also distinguished on the basis of dental morphology. Given the purported differences in feeding behaviors of the two mangabey genera, we consider whether there are predictable biomechanical consequences of these behaviors that are reflected in mandibular corpus dimensions. In addition, we present metric data summarizing functional aspects of mangabey mandibular corpus morphology. Mangabey genera are generally not distinguished by differences in relative corpus size, either in postcanine or symphyseal regions. Distinct symphyseal scaling patterns characterize the Papio-Lophocebus clade and the Mandrillus-Cercocebus clade, while the postcanine corpus scales similarly between them. The hypothesis that preferential use of the incisors vs. premolars to initially process these foods results in distinct stress environments is weakly supported, given circumstantial evidence that the relative importance of bending vs. torsion may differ between Cercocebus and Lophocebus. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.