cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Liothyronine Sodium and Levothyroxine Sodium in Tablet Formulations: Preliminary Studies on Dissolution and Content Uniformity

Levothyroxine sodium was estimated from tablet formulations of levothyroxine sodium and liotrix (liothyronine sodium-levothyroxine sodium combination tablet). The procedure consisted of the addition of 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine as the internal standard to the pulverized sample, followed by an acidic butanol extraction, evaporation, and injection onto a μBondapak reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic column. The eluent was methanol-water-phosphoric acid (50:50:0.1), and the effluent was monitored by UV detection at 254 nm. A standard linear calibration curve was obtained for direct standard solutions equivalent to 18-225 μg of levothyroxine sodium/tablet. The procedure is sensitive enough for single-tablet analysis. Using this procedure, content uniformity studies were performed on liothyronine sodium tablets, levothyroxine sodium tablets, and liotrix tablets. The procedure also was adapted for conducting dissolution studies on levothyroxine sodium tablets in deionized water using the rotating-paddle method.
MeV Dark Matter and Small Scale Structure

Weakly interacting massive particles with electroweak scale masses (neutralinos, etc.) remain in kinetic equilibrium with other particle species until temperatures approximately in the range of 10 MeV to 1 GeV, leading to the formation of dark matter substructure with masses as small as ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$. However, if dark matter consists of particles with MeV scale masses, as motivated by the observation of 511 keV emission from the galactic bulge, such particles are naturally expected to remain in kinetic equilibrium with the cosmic neutrino background until considerably later times. This would lead to a strong suppression of small scale structure with masses below about ${10}^{7}{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ to ${10}^{4}{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$. This cutoff scale has important implications for present and future searches for faint local group satellite galaxies and for the missing satellites problem. We also summarize current constraints on the MeV dark matter scenario.
In the Shadow of Slavery: Africa's Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World – By Judith A. Carney and Richard Nicholas Rosomoff

The studies of African and the African diasporic pasts reside in a somewhat ambivalent space. On the one hand, they constitute two of the most innovative fields of history, breaking the boundaries ...
A method for preservation of soft tissues of marine teleosts for scanning electron microscopy

Abstract Soft, internal tissues of marine teleosts have been preserved for scanning electron microscopy in 2% glutaraldehyde in half-strength flounder saline; the osmolality of this fixative approximated the plasma osmolality of marine teleosts. Fixation was followed by washing, dehydration and Freon critical point drying. This procedure has revealed surface features of renal tubules of Anoplogaster and swimbladder of Melanonus
"Nothing" Works: Sentencing "Reform" in Canada and the United States

Anthony Doob has documented the evolution of knowledge about sentencing and sentencing policy in Canada since the 1970s, and the social, attitudinal, and psychological forces that influenced them. Except for the enactment, in 1996, of a statute specifying general purposes of sentencing and the enactment of mandatory minimum sentencing laws of limited scope, not much has happened in Canada. By contrast, enormous numbers of changes in law, policy, and practice have occurred in the United States, with mostly negative effects in terms of diminution of justice, crowded prisons, unprecedented imprisonment rates, and worsened racial disparities. Americans would have benefitted from something like Canadian inertia. Canadians have little that is positive and much that is negative to learn from the American sentencing reform experience.
Settling for Less? Organizational Determinants of Discrimination‐Charge Outcomes

Although more than 60,000 workers formally charge their employers with unlawful sex or race employment discrimination annually, fewer than one in five charges results in outcomes favorable to the complainant. Building on sociolegal and organizational theory, this study examines how employing organizations avoid unfavorable discrimination-charge outcomes. Using EEO-1 establishment reports matched to discrimination charge data provided by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, I assess the effect of employers' legal experience, resources, and indicators of legal compliance on the likelihood that complainants receive favorable charge outcomes, benefits, monetary settlements, and policy change mandates. In general, I find that legal experience, establishment size, and indicators of legal compliance insulate employers from unfavorable charge outcomes. However, in situations where employers are willing to settle claims, legally experienced establishments are more likely to pay monetary damages and receive mandates to change their workplace policies.
Psychiatric emergency services: Their relationships to residency training and supervision

Relationships between emergency, inpatient, and outpatient services strongly influence training in emergency psychiatry by affecting the resident's ability to follow patients through their period of crisis. Despite the difficulties in defining and measuring effectiveness of psychiatric emergency services, evidence suggests that both resident and patient benefit when the service stresses continuity of care rather than triage. A service devoted to training should provide didactic work, clinical supervision based on day-to-day problems, and schedules which permit extended contact with patients. The supervisor of such a service needs a broader range of competencies than does the supervisor of psychotherapy.
Attenuated behavioral and brain responses to trust violations among assaulted adolescent girls

Physical and sexual assault during adolescence is a potent risk factor for mental health and psychosocial problems, as well as revictimization, especially among female victims. To better understand this conferred risk, we conducted an exploratory study comparing assaulted and non-assaulted girls׳ behavioral and brain responses during a trust learning task. Adolescent girls (14 assaulted, 16 non-assaulted) performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging task that manipulated the percentages of which three different faces delivered positive and negative outcomes. Analyses focused on comparing unexpected to expected outcomes. We found that assaulted adolescent girls demonstrated less behavioral slowing in response to unexpected negative social outcomes, or trust violations (i.e., when a presumably trustworthy face delivered a negative outcome), relative to control girls. Trust violations were also associated with less activation in anterior insular and anterior cingulate regions among the assaulted group compared to the control group. Furthermore, we found that the severity of participants׳ exposure to assaultive events scaled negatively with recruitment of these regions. These preliminary results suggest that assault victims may engage differential learning processes upon unexpected negative social outcomes. These findings have implications for understanding impaired trust learning and social functioning among assault victims.
Do Public Equity Markets Matter in Emerging Economies? Evidence from India

Do public equity markets serve a unique role that is not easily served by other forms of financing in emerging economies? We analyze this question using the collapse of India's equity market in 1997, which provides an exogenous shock to firms' ability to issue equity. We find that both public and private firms exhibit higher bankruptcy rates and lower growth after 1997. The decline in growth is greater among firms with more external finance needs and less tangible assets. Overall, the evidence suggests that public equity markets are an important, not easily replaced, source of finance in emerging economies.
Electricity reform in developing and transition countries : A reappraisal

Since about 1990, many developing and transition countries have undertaken market-oriented reforms in their electric power sectors. Despite the widespread adoption of a standard policy model, reform processes and outcomes have often failed to meet expectations. Drawing on an extensive literature review and case studies in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Eastern Europe, this paper describes common features of non-OECD electricity reform and reappraises reform policies and underlying assumptions. Comparison with the sector-focused policy goals of deregulation in OECD countries highlights the importance of national fiscal crises, macroeconomic reforms, and persuasion by multilateral lenders in shaping non-OECD reforms. It also makes clear reform's dependence on attracting foreign capital, and consequent vulnerability to volatile international financial conditions. Case studies of Bolivia, Ghana, India, Poland, and Thailand illustrate reform's diverse pathways and problems in different settings. A broad range of non-OECD reform experiences indicates that disappointing results have often resulted from a narrow focus on finance and cost recovery, inflexibly applied. The paper concludes that improving reform will require emphasizing a broader set of objectives, including service provision, public benefits, effective regulation, and social/political legitimacy. Above all, reforms must be based on realistic assessments of national needs and capabilities.
Urinary excretion of a quaternary ammonium glucuronide metabolite of cyproheptadine in humans undergoing chronic drug therapy.

Abstract The urinary excretion of cyproheptadine glucuronide was studied during the first and third weeks of drug treatment in women undergoing chronic therapy for anorexia nervosa. An average of 24% of the daily cyproheptadine dose was excreted at a relatively constant rate as the quaternary ammonium glucuronide metabolite. No remarkable changes in the rate or extent of the urinary excretion of cyproheptadine glucuronide were found with continued drug treatment. The results indicate that formation of a quaternary ammonium glucuronide represents a quantitatively important pathway for elimination of cyproheptadine in humans.
The detection of brain antigens within the circulating immune complexes of patients with multiple sclerosis

Immune complexes isolated from sera of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were analyzed for their antigenic content. Immune complexes precipitated with polyethylene glycol were inoculated into rabbits. The antisera raised were shown to react to MS and normal brain antigens by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, ELISA and nitrocellulose transfer. Additionally, these antisera reacted by co-precipitation with the measles nucleocapsid antigen. As persistent viral infection has not been shown to occur in MS, these studies support the possibility that brain antigens within the immune complex share antigenic determinants with a specific viral antigen seen earlier in life by the host.
Improving health statistics in Africa

The Lancets Who Counts? Series raises important issues about the relevance of statistics for effective health-care delivery in developing countries. The availability of statistics is crucial in the fight against poverty and is a necessary starting point to quantify outcomes needed to monitor and measure progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. The lack of reliable and good-quality statistics is a major obstacle to assessment of changes in development indicators in many African countries. In particular health indicators remain of major concern: many African countries with inadequate statistical capacity and measurement systems are also some of the countries worst hit by deadly diseases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria. The lack of health statistics ranges from poor systems for civil registration to poor data on immunisation and child mortality rates. A World Bank review of 125 middle-income and low-income countries with populations greater than 1 million illustrates this point. The countries were assessed for adherence to key international statistical methods and standards of good practices. About 60 countries in the survey-most in sub-Saharan Africa except for Afghanistan-did not reach the midpoint score. Additionally the World Bank noted that half the population of African countries had not recently been included in a census. (excerpt)
Modeling and monitoring of CO, NO and NO2 in a modern townhouse

Abstract Mass-balance models for indoor concentrations of CO, NO and NO 2 were applied to an energy-efficient townhouse. Model parameters included source emission rates, infiltrating airflows, and, for NO 2 , loss rate coefficients. Emission factors for CO, NO and NO 2 were estimated for each of the gas-fired appliances in the house. Airflows were estimated using sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) decay techniques. Loss rates for NO 2 were calculated as the difference between NO 2 removal rates and estimated air exchange rates; CO and NO concentrations decayed at a rate not significantly different than that for SF 6 . Comparing model predictions with measured concentrations yielded differences averaging 17% for CO and NO, and 28% for NO 2 .
Tuning the Pentium Pro microarchitecture

Designing a wholly new microprocessor is difficult and expensive. To justify this effort, a major new microarchitecture must improve performance one and a half or two times over the previous-generation microarchitecture, when evaluated on equivalent process technology. In addition, semiconductor process technology continues to evolve while the processor design is in progress. The previous-generation microarchitecture increases in clock speed and performance due to compactions and conversion to newer technology. A new microarchitecture must "intercept" the process technology to achieve a compounding of process and microarchitectural speedups. This paper looks at a large microprocessor development project which reveals some of the reasoning (for goals, changes, trade-offs, and performance simulation) that lay behind its final form.
Genetic variation in outcrossing rate and correlated floral traits in a population of grain amaranth ( Amaranthus cruentus L.)

The genetic control of breeding system in a population of grain amaranth is described here by the estimates of outcrossing rate variation among individuals and their response to mass selection. In the first generation (S0), a single morphological marker locus(R/r) controlling plant pigmentation was used for the estimation of outcrossing rate. A mixture of genotypes RR (red) and rr (green) mixed in equal proportions was grown and all rr plants were progeny-tested for estimating the outcrossing rate (t), using the relationship t=H/p, where H = proportion of heterozygotes (Rr) in the progeny, and p = frequency of alleleR. A full range (0 to 100%) of outcrossing rates was found in the first generation, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabeiDayaara% Gaeyypa0JaaGimaiaac6cacaaIZaGaaGymaiaacYcacqGHGaaicqGH% GaaicuaHdpWCgaqcamaaBaaaleaacaqG0baabeaakiabg2da9iaaic% dacaGGUaGaaGOmaiaaiwdaaaa!441B!\[{\text{\bar t}} = 0.31, \hat \sigma _{\text{t}} = 0.25\], and the distribution was significantly skewed toward high outcrossing.
New insights into hereditary pancreatitis

The recent discovery that mutations in the trypsinogen gene are responsible for acute and chronic pancreatitis, and that patients with hereditary pancreatitis are at great risk for pancreatic cancer, has opened the door to understanding many aspects of pancreatic disease. This review focuses on the clinical presentation of hereditary pancreatitis, the mechanism of disease, and implications of this disease on understanding acute and chronic pancreatitis.
Epigenetics and Psychiatry

Psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder, drug addiction, and schizophrenia are debilitating illnesses with a multitude of complex symptoms underlying each of these disorders. In recent years, it has become appreciated that the onset and development of these disorders goes beyond the one gene–one disease approach. Rather, the involvement of many genes is likely linked to these illnesses, and regulating the activation or silencing of gene function may play a crucial role in contributing to their pathophysiology. Epigenetic modifications such as histone acetylation and deacetylation, as well as DNA methylation can induce lasting and stable changes in gene expression, and have therefore been implicated in promoting the adaptive behavioral and neuronal changes that accompany each of these illnesses. In this review we will discuss some of the latest work implicating a potential role for epigenetics in psychiatric disorders, namely, depression, addiction, and schizophrenia as well as a possible role in treatment.
Intensity and Polarization of the Radiation Emerging from a Plane-Parallel Atmosphere Containing Monodispersed Aerosols

A method for evaluating the intensity, degree of polarization, direction of polarization, and ellipticity of the scattered radiation emerging from a plane-parallel atmosphere containing large spherical particles is described. In this method, all the elements of the normalized phase matrix are represented by fourier series whose maximum required number of terms depend upon the zenith angles of the directions of the incident and scattered radiation. Some results are presented for an atmospheric model containing water spheres with size parameter 10.0 to show that this method can be used to evaluate reliably all the characteristics of the emergent radiation in a reasonable amount of computer time.
Run your research: on the effectiveness of lightweight mechanization

Formal models serve in many roles in the programming language community. In its primary role, a model communicates the idea of a language design; the architecture of a language tool; or the essence of a program analysis. No matter which role it plays, however, a faulty model doesn't serve its purpose.One way to eliminate flaws from a model is to write it down in a mechanized formal language. It is then possible to state theorems about the model, to prove them, and to check the proofs. Over the past nine years, PLT has developed and explored a lightweight version of this approach, dubbed Redex. In a nutshell, Redex is a domain-specific language for semantic models that is embedded in the Racket programming language. The effort of creating a model in Redex is often no more burdensome than typesetting it with LaTeX; the difference is that Redex comes with tools for the semantics engineering life cycle.
Missouri Actuarial Report System (MARS).

INCE 1966, the Missouri Department of Mental Health (DMH), in collaboration with the University of Missouri, has been developing a comprehensive statewide computerized information system.‘.2 Ten major mental health facilities are connected via remote terminals with high-speed card-readers and line-printers to an IBM 370-155 computer in St. Louis. Approximately fifteen satellite facilities also process data through the terminals of these ten facilities via messenger service and telephone. The system currently processes about 1000 new patients per month, with over 180,000 patients on the data-base. More than 10,000 clinical reports and 30,000 outpatient contacts are processed monthly. Most of the basic clinical forms are automated, including face sheet, mental status checklist, community adjustment scales, psychologic screening tests, and others.” Early in the history of the project, there was considerable interest in the feasibility of classifying individual patients into clinically useful categories, utilizing the large DMH standardized data-base in establishing explicit rules. These rules usually took the form of equations derived by using multivariate statistical techniques. The term “actuarial” in the behavioral science literature has come to mean this process of delineating and using explicit rules to classify individuals or predict their behavior. In this paper, the terms “actuarial rule set” or “rule set” will refer to such rules or equations. The authors’ earliest attempt at actuarial classification involved a list of major diagnostic categories attached to the printout of a computerized mental status report.’ Associated with each category was a probability estimate of the patient’s belonging to that group.” Later, a separate report was developed concerning risks of short versus long length of hospital stay, unauthorized absence from the inpatient service, and harm to self or others.“PX Thereafter, a single report was designed to incorporate all of the above, plus type of psychotropic drug treatment most likely to be prescribed in the Missouri DMH. Entirely new actuarial rule sets were developed, using more sophisticated statistical techniques. After two years of development, the Missouri Actuarial Report System (MARS) became operational. and the creation of a MARS report was “triggered” automatically whenever an admission inpatient mental status report was processed by the computer.
Post-prandial glucose excursions following four methods of bolus insulin administration in subjects with type 1 diabetes.

Aims To determine if one method of short-acting insulin bolus administration is superior to other methods in managing a meal high in carbohydrates, calories and fat. Methods Nine subjects receiving continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion using insulin lispro (Humalog®) agreed to consume the same meal high in carbohydrates, calories and fat on four occasions 1 week apart. They received the same dose of bolus insulin on each of the four occasions randomly assigned and beginning 10 min prior to the meal as either a single bolus, two separate boluses of one-half the same total dose (the second after 90 min), the entire bolus given as a square-wave (over 2 h) or a dual-wave (70% as a bolus and 30% as a square-wave over 2 h). Blood glucose levels were measured at –60 and –30 min and at zero time, and then every half-hour for 6 h using the Hemacue® in the out-patient clinic. Results Changes in blood glucose values from fasting were the lowest after 90 and 120 min (P < 0.01) when the dual wave was administered. When the dual or square-wave methods of insulin administration were used, subjects had significantly lower glucose levels after 4 h in comparison with when the single or double boluses were used (P = 0.04). Conclusions We conclude that the dual wave provided the most effective method of insulin administration for this meal. The dual- and square-wave therapies resulted in lower glucose levels 4 h after the meal in comparison with the single and double-bolus treatments.
A multiscale multilevel mimetic (M3) method for well-driven flows in porous media

Abstract The multiscale multilevel mimetic (M 3 ) method was designed in [13] for the accurate modeling of two-phase flows in highly heterogeneous porous media on general polygonal meshes. In this article, it is extended to well-driven flows in porous media. We demonstrate its ability to treat accurately non-orthogonal locally-refined meshes and tensorial material properties.
An analytic hierarchy process model to apportion co-author responsibility

The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) can be used to determine co-author responsibility for a scientific paper describing collaborative research. The objective is to deter scientific fraud by holding co-authors accountable for their individual contributions. A hiearchical model of the research presented in a paper can be created by dividing it into primary and secondary elements. The co-authors then determine the contributions of the primary and secondary elements to the work as a whole as well as their own individual contributions. They can use the results to determine authorship order.
Two Monoclonal Antibodies against Epstein-Barr Virus Proteins

The ability of viruses to produce malignant disease in humans has been intensively studied in recent years. One of these candidate viruses is the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The EBV is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis (IM), and is associated with African Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The EBV can transform human and certain non-human primate B-lympho-cytes in vitro. Understanding the biological properties of EBV may be important to the understanding of tumor induction. The use of EBV-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb)s to study the nature of EBV proteins is one way to examine the mechanism underlying the biological properties of the virus (1).
Perception of general and oral health in White and African American adults: assessing the effect of neighborhood socioeconomic conditions1

Objectives: This study investigates the independent and joint effects of family income and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) on general health and oral health before and after controlling for traditional risk factors in a representative sample of adults aged 18+ years residing in the Detroit tri-county area, Michigan. Methods: Individuals data were obtained through interviews, while neighborhood data came from the 1990 US Census. SUDAAN was used to accommodate the complex sampling design and correlation of outcomes within the same neighborhoods. Results: Whites in disadvantaged neighborhoods were four times more likely to rate their oral health as fair or poor (odds ratio (OR): 4.0; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.6-10.3) than their counterparts in advantaged neighborhoods. When evaluating the joint effects of family income and neighborhood SES, low-income Whites in disadvantaged neighborhoods were six times more likely to rate their oral health as fair or poor (OR: 6.4; 95% CI: 1.6-26.5) than their high-income counterparts in advantaged neighborhoods. The odds of rating general health as fair or poor was six times greater in low- income African Americans in disadvantaged neighborhoods (OR: 6.1; 95% CI: 1.6-23.8) than high-income African Americans in advantaged neighborhoods. Similarly, low-income African Americans in disadvantaged neighborhoods were almost three times (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.0-8.1) more likely to rate their oral health as fair/poor than high-income African Americans in advantaged neighborhoods. Conclusions: SES conditions at the neighborhood-level, independently or jointly with individual-level income, appear to be important in evaluating racial/ethnic differences in self-rated oral health. Neighborhood conditions could tap into constructs not captured by individual-level variables on self-rated oral health.
Analysis of the effects of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors on human hematopoiesis

Truncated soluble fragments of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors have recently been isolated from human serum and urine. These shed forms of TNF receptors bind TNF-alpha and lymphotoxin and inhibit various effects of TNF in culture. In this study, we evaluated the role of these molecules in the hematopoietic system. TNF-alpha and lymphotoxin inhibited colony forming units granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) and burst forming units-erythroid (BFU-E) in a dose-dependent fashion at concentrations ranging from 1 to 5,000 U/ml and 25 to 250 U/ml, respectively. TNF-alpha exerted a similar dose-dependent inhibitory effect on a CD34 enriched marrow cell population, suggesting that its effect is not mediated through CD34 accessory cells. Its suppressive effect was partially reversed by anti-TNF-alpha neutralizing antibodies, thus proving its specificity. Two shed forms of TNF receptors, TNF binding protein (TNF-bp) and TNF receptor fusion protein (TNFR-fc), had no significant effect on CFU-GM proliferation. Both molecules, however, significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of TNF-alpha (p < 0.015 and p < 0.03, respectively), whereas they had no effect on the lymphotoxin-induced CFU-GM growth inhibition. These results indicate that TNF-bp and TNFR-fc may modulate the inhibitory effects of TNF-alpha in the hematopoietic system.
Phenomenological evolution equations for heat-induced shrinkage of a collagenous tissue

Optimization of clinical heat treatments for various pathologies requires accurate numerical modeling of the heat transfer, evolution of thermal damage, and associated changes in the material properties of the tissues. This paper presents two phenomenological equations that quantify time-dependent thermal damage in a uniaxial collagenous tissue. Specifically, an empirical rule-of-mixtures model is shown to describe well heat-induced axial shrinkage (a measure of underlying denaturation) in chordae tendineae which results from a spectrum of thermomechanical loading histories. Likewise an exponential decay model is shown to describe well the partial recovery (e.g., renaturation) of chordae when it is returned to body temperature following heating. Together these models provide the first quantitative descriptors of the evolution of heat-induced damage and subsequent recovery in collagen. Such descriptors are fundamental to numerical analyses of many heat treatments because of the prevalence of collagen in many tissues and organs.
The Charismatic Relationship: A Dramaturgical Perspective

In this article we present a model of the processes whereby social actors use impression management behaviors to create and maintain identities as charismatic leaders. Using a dramaturgical and interactive perspective, we examine the roles that the environment, actor (leader), and audience (followers) play in defining the situation and in jointly constructing a “charismatic relationship.” We assert that charismatic leaders' self-systems and situational assessments guide their efforts to manage follower impressions of them, their vision, and their organization. Framing, scripting, staging, and performing constitute the basic phases in this dramaturgical process. Exemplification and promotion are identified as the primary strategies invoked by leaders during the performing phase to construct a charismatic image; facework is employed to protect this image when it is threatened. We also consider how and why followers come to attribute charisma to, identify strongly with, and direct high levels of positive aff...
Weighted least-squares design technique for two-dimensional finite impulse response digital filters

A method for designing multidimensional finite impulse response digital filters with minimum weighted mean square error is presented. This technique allows for the design of filters with arbitrary desired frequency characteristics and frequency band weighting. The design equations consist of a system of linear equations with closed-form expressions for the matrix and vector elements. The design of one-dimensional multiband filters, two-dimensional circularly symmetric multiband filters and two-dimensional single-frequency-selective bandpass filters is described in detail to provide illustrative examples of the use of this method. Computer implementation of the design algorithm for these filter types is described and sample numerical results are presented. >
Characterizing the dual-wavelength dye indo-1 for calcium-ion sensing under pressure

Indo-1 is a dual-wavelength fluorophore widely used for calcium-ion sensing at ambient pressure. Because understanding the physico-chemical nature of high-pressure effects on probe dyes extends the range over which quantitative sensing is possible and informs the development of more robust probes, we report the high-pressure characterization of indo-1 for potential use in calcium-ion sensing under pressure. We find that indo-1 emission remains consistent with a two-state binding model when pressurized to 510 atm, accompanied by a decrease in calcium-binding affinity and an observation of piezochromic behavior. An estimate of the thermodynamic volume change of the indo-1 calcium dissociation reaction is consistent with values for other metal-ion chelators, and piezochromic shifts appear to be due to a pressure-induced change in solvent polarity versus a change in solvent viscosity. The two-state behavior and the linear response of parameters needed for dye calibration makes indo-1 amenable for use under pressure.
Towards a contextualisation of policing in colonial Kenya

Abstract This paper looks at the social and legal context of policing in colonial Kenya before 1950, drawing on a range of archival sources in Britain and Kenya. It considers the methods of policing, its objectives, the difficulties it encountered and the social and political terrain on which it operated, a conflicted terrain shaped by geography, race and the existence of other sources of authority and control. Kenya can be divided into a number of zones of policing, from areas that were fairly closely policed, in which there was an increasing expectation that crime would be detected and punished, to areas where the police could do little more than attempt to keep the peace between local communities, all of which had strong traditions of self-help and no confidence in or wish for external intervention. Until 1920, the Kenya Police had a very uneven reputation, but, during the inter-war years, the force grew in numbers and effectiveness.
Boning Up (or Down) on Statins

The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase mediates cholesterol biosynthesis by converting HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid. Although the focus has been on its effects on cholesterol, because mevalonic acid is also required for isoprenoid synthesis, it may also affect other important biological processes. Isoprenoids are converted by transferases to farnesyl and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, which are used for protein prenylation, a post-translational modification consisting of covalent addition of the isoprenoid side chains at or near the carboxyl terminus of certain proteins. Prenylation directs proteins to associate with membranes and mediates protein-protein interactions, thus contributing to a wide variety of general cell functions, particularly signal transduction. Not all the proteins that undergo prenylation have been identified. See article, page 1636 It has been suggested that inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase (statins), widely used for treatment of hyperlipidemia, may have pleiotropic effects through inhibition of protein prenylation. This may account for effects of statins that are independent of lipid lowering.1,2 However, there is also evidence that the mevalonate pathway is so tightly regulated that prenylation could not be significantly affected without toxic doses of statins.3 The report by Maritz et al4 in this issue of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology addresses one of the possible pleiotropic effects of statins: modulation of bone metabolism. This possibility was brought to attention when Mundy et al5 reported that statins promote bone formation in rats and in calvarial fragments maintained in an organ culture. Although the …
At the frontiers of OCR

It is argued that it is time for a major change of approach to optical character recognition (OCR) research. The traditional approach, focusing on the correct classification of isolated characters, has been exhausted. The demonstration of the superiority of a new classification method under operational conditions requires large experimental facilities and databases beyond the resources of most researchers. In any case, even perfect classification of individual characters is insufficient for the conversion of complex archival documents to a useful computer-readable form. Many practical OCR tasks require integrated treatment of entire documents and well-organized typographic and domain-specific knowledge. New OCR systems should take advantage of the typographic uniformity of paragraphs or other layout components. They should also exploit the unavoidable interaction with human operators to improve themselves without explicit 'training'. >
Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis: Overtreated but Underrated?

Despite evidence of only moderate clinical benefit, application of renal endovascular stent procedures has increased at least four-fold in the past decade. Medicare is reviewing national coverage regarding reimbursement, questioning whether outcome data warrant many of these procedures. Several prospective, randomized trials are now in progress to compare outcomes with optimized medical therapy with and without stenting. Current imaging methods establish primarily the presence and severity of vascular occlusive disease. Optimal treatment for individual patients remains in flux and is reviewed here. Most important, nephrologists await development of tools to predict reliably when renal parenchymal injury is beyond recovery and/or when revascularization can produce meaningful salvage of kidney function.
Fluorescence Imaging in Biology using Nanoprobes

The sections in this article are Introduction and Outlook A New Era in Cell Biology Nanotechnology and its Perspectives for Fluorescence Imaging in Cell Biology Fundamentals of Fluorescence Basic Principles A Few Types of Fluorescent Probes Small Luminescent Units and Autofluorescence of Living Organisms A few Organic Dyes and their Limitation in Live Cell Labeling Green Fluorescent Protein and its Cousin Mutants Quantum Dots Toxicity Issues of Nanomaterials Sources and Detectors Light Sources Detectors Microscope Configurations Wide-field Methods: Epi-, and Total Internal Reflection (TIR) Epifluorescence Illumination Total Internal Reflection (TIR) Illumination Scanning Methods for Microscopy Laser-scanning or Stage-scanning Confocal Microscopy Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) Strategies for Image Acquisition Intensity Imaging Spectral Imaging Lifetime and Time-gated Imaging Other Imaging Modalities: Polarization and FRET Imaging Qdots in Biology: A Few Selected Examples Ultra-high Colocalization of Qdots for Genetic Mapping Dynamics of Biomolecules in a Cellular Environment Trafficking of Glycine Receptors in Neural Membranes of Live Cells Dynamics of Labeled Nuclear Localization Sequences Inside Living Cells In Vivo and Non-invasive Detection Using Qdot Reporters Outlook: Is there a Role for Nanoscience in Cellular Biology and in Medicine? Acknowledgments
Vacuum chamber for the 3 GeV SPEAR injector synchrotron

A 3 GeV booster has been constructed at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory to function as a dedicated, full energy injector into the SPEAR storage ring. Electrons are injected at 120 MeV and accelerated at a cycle rate of 10 Hz to the final energy. The vacuum chamber for this synchrotron has been constructed to avoid eddy current effects due to the rapidly changing magnetic field. The chamber consists of stainless steel tubing of 0.3 mm wall thickness, compressed to an elliptical form, with external stiffening ribs. The suitability of such a vacuum chamber for booster synchrotrons has been tested at cycling rates of up to 15 Hz without intolerable heating or detrimental effects on the magnetic field for the beam. >
Effects of anisotropic winds on massive star evolution

Context. Whenever stars rotate very rapidly, such that Ω/Ωcrit > 0.7 where Ω crit is the Keplerian angular velocity of the star accounting for its deformation, radiative stellar winds are enhanced in polar regions. This theoretical prediction has now been confirmed by interferometric observations of rapidly rotating stars. Aims. Polar winds remove less angular momentum than spherical winds, thus allow the star to retain more angular momentum. We quantitatively assess the importance of this effect. Methods. We first use a semi-analytical approach to estimate the variation in the angular momentum loss when the rotation parameter increases. We then compute complete 9 M ⊙ stellar models at very high angular velocities (starting on the ZAMS with Ω/Ω crit = 0.8 and reaching the critical velocity during the main sequence) with and without radiative wind anisotropies. Results. When wind anisotropies are accounted for, the angular-momentum loss rate is reduced by less than 4% for Ω/Ω crit < 0.9 relative to the case for spherical winds. The reduction amounts to at most 30% when the star is rotating near the critical velocity. These values result from two counteracting effects: on the one hand, polar winds reduce the loss of angular momentum, and on the other hand, surface deformations imply that the mass that is lost at high co-latitude is lost at a larger distance from the rotational axis and thus removes more angular momentum. Conclusions. In contrast to previous studies that neglected surface deformations, we show that the radiative wind anisotropies have a relatively modest effect on the evolution of the angular momentum content of rapidly rotating stars.
Cyclone–Anticyclone Couplets over North America. Part II: Analysis of a Major Cyclone Event over the Eastern United States

Abstract The evolution of a major cyclone over Eastern North America in March 1971 is described. A noteworthy feature of the development, in addition to the extreme baroclinity, was the substantial thermal advection upward from the middle troposphere to the lower stratosphere in conjunction with a strongly sloping tropopause. Strong cold air advection into the trough aloft was associated with subsidence and vortex tube stretching above 500 mb. The vorticity so generated was advected downstream to support exceptional surface development. A deep layer of air with potential vorticity values characteristic of stratospheric air was advected downward to 600 mb immediately upstream of the deepening surface cyclone. The region of positive potential vorticity advection coincided with the area of computed quasi-geostrophic height falls, and lay along the leading edge of the massive cold advection zone aloft. A strong sloping tropopause led to a sloping level of nondivergence across the trough axis with substantial ...
25 – Desktop Delivery: Access to Large Datasets

This chapter defines large data as datasets that are much greater than the memory capacity of the desktop machine. Transferring very large datasets can require hours or days, and the reality of network errors and machine reboots can turn a planned 8-hour project into a 5-day marathon. The desktop-delivery problem is one of engineering a solution to provide meaningful interaction with a large dataset using a relatively small computer connected by a relatively small network. This chapter presents an approach for delivering supercomputer results to offices. The approach was developed to visualize simulation results produced by the U.S. Department of Energy's Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative. The system design presented in the chapter is the instantiation at Sandia National Labs; similar systems have been implemented at Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore national labs. Most of the discussion in the chapter presents methods for generating and delivering images to leverage the human visual system for analysis.
Lack of tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex in schizophrenia.

Background: Disorganization of tonotopy in the auditory cortex has been described in schizophrenia. Subjects with schizophrenia show little to no spatial organization of responses to different tone frequencies in the auditory cortex. Previous studies have called into question the use of MEG and the M100 response to assess tonotopy. This study seeks to replicate prior results of tonotopic disorganization in schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Methods: The tonotopic organization for 400 Hz and 4,000 Hz sound in 19 patients with schizophrenia and 11 comparison subjects was determined using MEG by examining the M100 auditory-evoked magnetic field dipole in primary auditory cortex. The equivalent current dipole locations were then mapped and compared. Results: The previous result of a lack of tonotopy in subjects with schizophrenia was partly replicated. In control subjects, the 400 Hz tone auditory evoked field was found anterior to the 4000 Hz in the primary auditory cortex. Conclusions: The lack of tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex is replicable in patients with schizophrenia and suggests that the architecture underlying tonotopy in the auditory cortex is disordered. This result suggests possible alteration in the organization of the auditory cortex, which may in turn influence higher order cognitive processes by altering the perception of incoming auditory stimuli.
Paying for Forest Ecosystem Services: Voluntary Versus Mandatory Payments.

The emergence of new markets for forest ecosystem services can be a compelling opportunity for market diversification for private forest landowners, while increasing the provision of public goods from private lands. However, there is limited information available on the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for specific forest ecosystem services, particularly across different ecosystem market mechanisms. We utilize survey data from Oregon and Washington households to compare marginal WTP for forest ecosystem services and the total WTP for cost-effective bundles of forest ecosystem services obtained from a typical Pacific Northwest forest across two value elicitation formats representing two different ecosystem market mechanisms: an incentive-compatible choice experiment involving mandatory tax payments and a hypothetical private provision scenario modeled as eliciting contributions to the preferred forest management alternative via a provision point mechanism with a refund. A representative household’s total WTP for the average forest management program was estimated at $217.59 per household/year under a mandatory tax mechanism and $160.44 per household/per year under a voluntary, crowdfunding-style, contribution mechanism; however, these estimates are not statistically different. Marginal WTP estimates were assessed for particular forest ecosystem service attributes including water quality, carbon storage, mature forest habitat, and public recreational access. This study finds that survey respondents place significant economic value on forest ecosystem services in both elicitation formats and that the distributions of the marginal WTP are not statistically significantly different.
The Home Equity Conversion Mortgage: A Study of Attitudes and Awareness

Executive Summary. This study surveys senior homeowners to assess their attitudes and awareness regarding the Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HE...
American Undergraduates Undone: Social and Intellectual Dysfunction on Campus

Follow this and additional works at: http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the American Literature Commons, Curriculum and Social Inquiry Commons, Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Commons, Educational Sociology Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, Higher Education Administration Commons, Modern Literature Commons, Social History Commons, and the Social Psychology and Interaction Commons