cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction of impermeable actin-staining molecules to mammalian cells by optoporation

The selective insertion of foreign materials, such as fluorescent markers or plasmids, into living cells has been a challenging problem in cell biology due to the cell membrane's selective permeability. However, it is often necessary that researchers insert such materials into cells for various dynamical and/or drug delivery studies. This problem becomes even more challenging if the study is to be limited to specific cells within a larger population, since other transfection methods, such as viral transfection and lipofection, are not realizable with a high degree of spatial selectivity. Here, we have used a focused femtosecond laser beam to create a small transient hole in the cellular membrane (optoporation) in order to inject nanomolar concentrations of rhodamine phalloidin (an impermeable dye molecule for staining filamentous actin) into targeted living mammalian cells (both HEK and primary cortical neurons). Following optoporation, the dye bound to the intracellular actin network and rise in fluorescence intensity was observed. Theoretical dynamics of the dye's diffusion is discussed, and numerical simulations of diffusion time constants are found to match well with experimental values.
Making Satellite Precipitation Data Work for the Developing World

Abstract-In an era of declining ground-based networks for measurement of precipitation, satellite precipitation data, that is now routinely available in increasing frequency and spatial coverage, represents an interesting paradox. Specifically, effective assessment frameworks and error metrics for satellite precipitation data must be developed for advancing the utility of satellite data for global applications. While there seems to be a concerted effort by the community to evaluate satellite precipitation data, there does not seem to be similar efforts to resolve the paradoxical issue of balancing the need for global uncertainty information and the stark lack of global GV datasets for doing so. In this article, we present one practical approach to estimating satellite precipitation uncertainty that is not dependent on the notion of ground validation (GV) data. By using input that is more readily available around the globe (i.e., satellite data and geophysical features of terrain, climate and seasons), the approach can potentially advance applications as it allows a coherent way to merge available satellite precipitation data products to a more superior state, particularly for hydrologic applications. We provide an assessment of how the approach works in various regions of the developing world as a way to encourage the community to further the development of such ideas and provide end-users with a practical decision-making tool.
Spreading Temptation: Proliferation and Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation Agreements

Peaceful nuclear cooperation—the transfer of nuclear technology, materials, or know-how from one state to another for peaceful purposes—leads to the spread of nuclear weapons. In particular, countries that receive peaceful nuclear assistance are more likely to initiate weapons programs and successfully develop the bomb, especially when they are also faced with security threats. Statistical analysis based on a new data set of more than 2,000 bilateral civilian nuclear cooperation agreements signed from 1950 to 2000 lends strong support for this argument. Brief case studies of the Indian and Pakistani nuclear weapons programs provide further evidence of the links between peaceful nuclear assistance and proliferation. The finding that supplier countries inadvertently raise the risks of nuclear proliferation poses challenges to the conventional wisdom. Indeed, the relationship between civilian nuclear cooperation and proliferation is surprisingly broad. Even assistance that is often viewed as innocuous, such as training nuclear scientists or providing research or power reactors, increases the likelihood that nuclear weapons will spread. “Proliferation-proof” nuclear assistance does not exist. With a renaissance in nuclear power on the horizon, major suppliers, including the United States, should reconsider their willingness to assist other countries in developing peaceful nuclear programs.
1/N expansion for exotic baryons

The 1/N c expansion for exotic baryons is developed, and applied to the masses, meson couplings and decay widths. Masses and widths of the 27 and 35 pentaquark states in the same tower as the ??+ are related by spin-flavor symmetry. The 27 and 35 states can decay within the pentaquark tower, as well as to normal baryons, and so have larger decay widths than the lightest pentaquark ?. The 1/N c expansion also is applied to baryon exotics containing a single heavy antiquark. The decay widths of heavy pentaquarks to normal heavy baryons via pion emission, and to normal baryons plus heavy (*),B (*) mesons are studied, and relations following from large- N c spin-flavor symmetry and from heavy quark symmetry are derived.
Pulsar Wind Nebulae as Cosmic Pevatrons: A Current Sheet’s Tale

I outline, from a theoretical and somewhat personal perspective, significant features of Pulsar Wind Nebulae (PWNe) as Cosmic Accelerators. I pay special attention to the recently discovered gamma ray “flares” in the Crab Nebula’s emission, focusing on the possibility, raised by the observations, that the accelerating electric field exceeds the magnetic field, suggesting that reconnection in the persistent current layer (a “current sheet”) plays a significant role in the behavior of this well studied Pevatron. I address the present status of the termination shock model for the particle accelerator that converts the wind flow energy to the observed non-thermal particle spectra, concluding that it has a number of major difficulties related to the transverse magnetic geometry of the shock wave. I discuss recent work on the inferred pair outflow rates, which are in excess of those predicted by existing theories of pair creation, and use those results to point out that the consequent mass loading of the wind reduces the wind’s bulk flow 4-velocity to the point that dissipation of the magnetic field in a pulsar’s wind upstream of the termination shock is restored to life as a viable model for the solution of the “σ” problem. I discuss some suggestions that current starvation in the current flow supporting the structured (“striped”) upstream magnetic field perhaps induces a transition to superluminal wave propagation. I show that current starvation probably does not occur, because those currents are carried in the current sheet separating the stripes rather than in the stripes themselves.
Black Hole Production at the LHC: Effects of Voloshin Suppression

We examine the rates for the production of black holes(BH) at the LHC in light of the exponential suppression of the geometric cross section estimate recently proposed by Voloshin. We show that the resulting production rates will still be quite large over a reasonably wide range of model parameters. While BH production may no longer be the dominant collider process, its unique signature will ensure observability over more conventional backgrounds.
Novel A-ring modified camptothecins as topoisomerase I inhibitors

Abstract A camptothecin derivative has been prepared wherein the A-ring is fused to an oxazole ring. The compound was prepared via a Friedlander condensation involving benzoxazole 8 and tricyclic ketone 9 . This derivative displays potent topoisomerase I inhibition (IC 50 150 nM) when assayed in the ‘cleavable complex’ assay.
Utilizing customer knowledge in innovation: antecedents and impact of customer involvement on new product performance

This study examines the antecedents and impact of three forms of customer involvement in innovation: customer involvement as an information source (CIS), customer involvement as co-developers (CIC), and customer involvement as innovators (CIN). We propose that the three forms of customer involvement employ different ways of utilizing customer knowledge and thus are influenced differently by the nature of customer knowledge, the firm’s knowledge management strategy, and organizational support for knowledge management implementation. Using primary data from multiple industries, we test a set of drivers along these three dimensions and find that the three forms of customer involvement are driven by different factors. Furthermore, the impact of customer involvement on product performance is contingent upon the firm’s technological capability, and the contingent effect also varies across different forms of customer involvement. These findings provide important theoretical implications as well as practical guidance for adopting and managing customer involvement in innovation.
Royalties vs. fees: How do firms pay for foreign technology?

Abstract The theoretical determinants of technology licensing contracts have been extensively studied but empirical evidence is scarce. We assemble a data set of all the foreign technology licensing agreements entered into by manufacturing firms in India between 1989 and 1993. Industry, firm, and contract characteristics are used to explain differences between the forms of payment in licensing contracts. Our findings support theoretical arguments; licensing contracts are more likely to use royalties when sales are relatively high, while increased volatility of sales and greater profitability favor fixed fee contracts. We also find that firms are more likely to use output based payments to control the sale and diffusion of R&D or brand intensive know-how to unaffiliated firms.
Revisiting the interplay between contractual and relational governance: : A qualitative and meta-analytic investigation

a b s t r a c t Although extant literature has shown that formal contracts and relational governance play a key role in interorganizational relationships, the nature of their interplay still remains equivocal. To better under- stand the relationships between contractual and relational governance, we conducted a qualitative review and meta-analysis of the existing literature. Meta-analytic results from 33,051 interorganiza- tional relationships across 149 empirical studies have indicated that contractual governance is positively related to both sides of relational governance—trust and relational norms. Our results have also indicated that contracts, trust, and relational norms jointly improve satisfaction and relationship performance and jointly reduce opportunism. These findings provide strong evidence for the complementarity arguments of the contractual-relational governance relationships and their joint impacts on performance. We also found that the mutual relationships between contractual and relational governance are moderated by the institutional environments, the interorganizational relationship type and length, and the construct measurement of contracts. Overall, this study provides new insights on when contractual and relational governance complement or substitute each other. We discuss the implications of our study for theory and practice and propose a research agenda for future research on governance in interorganizational relationships.
The detectability of extrasolar terrestrial and giant planets during their luminous final accretion

One of the outstanding scientific questions in astronomy is the frequency at which solar systems form. Answering this question is an observational challenge because extrasolar planets are intrinsically difficult to directly detect. The direct detectability of planets is examined during the short but unique epoch of giant impacts that is a hallmark of the standard theory of planetary formation. Sufficiently large impacts during this era are capable of creating a luminous, 1500-2500 K photosphere, which can persist for timescales exceeding 103 years in some cases. The detectability of such events and the number of young stars one would need to examine to expect to find a luminous terrestrial class planet after a giant impact are examined. With emerging IR interferometric technology, thermally-luminous earth-sized objects can be detected in nearby star forming regions in 1-2 nights observing time. Unfortunately, predictions indicate that approximately 250 young stars would have to be searched to expect to find one hot, terrestrial-sized planet. By comparison, the detection of Saturn and Uranus/Neptune-sized planets after a giant impact requires only 1-2 hours of observing time. A single Keck-class telescope should be able to determine whether such planets are common in the nearest star forming regions by examining about less than 100 young stars over a few tens of nights. The results obtained herein suggest a new strategy for the detection of solar systems with the potential for the observational confirmation of the standard theory of late-stage planetary accretion.
Privacy Concerns Versus Desire for Interpersonal Awareness in Driving the Use of Self-Disclosure Technologies: The Case of Instant Messaging in Two Cultures

Social computing technologies typically have multiple features that allow users to reveal their personal information to other users. Such self-disclosure (SD) behavior is generally considered positive and beneficial in interpersonal communication and relationships. Using a newly proposed model based on social exchange theory, this paper investigates and empirically validates the relationships between SD technology use and culture. In particular, we explore the effects of culture on information privacy concerns and the desire for online interpersonal awareness, which influence attitudes toward, intention to use, and actual use of SD technologies. Our model was tested using arguably the strongest social computing technology for online SD-instant messaging (IM)-with users from China and the United States. Our findings reveal that cross-cultural dimensions are significant predictors of information privacy concerns and desire for online awareness, which are, in turn, found to be predictors of attitude toward, intention to use, and actual use of IM. Overall, our proposed model is applicable to both cultures. Our findings enhance the theoretical understanding of the effects of culture and privacy concerns on SD technologies and provide practical suggestions for developers of SD technologies, such as adding additional control features to applications.
Magnetic property changes in epitaxial metal film sandwiches

Abstract Epitaxial metal film sandwiches (EMFS) containing Pd or Cr, have been prepared between single crystal Ag or Au. The Modified Pd/Cr show major changes in physical properties. Pd has a stretched lattice parameter in Au-Pd-Au, which combines with a tetragonal distortion to cause exchange enhancements up to 28 000 and spin fluctuation temperatures of 1–10 K. In Au-Cr-Au, Cr takes up the fcc structure, leading to superconductivity due to a high N ( E F ). These results are contrasted to data for Ag-Pd-Ag and Ag-Cr-Ag EMFS.
An experimental concept to measure opacities under solar-relevant conditions

Abstract Recent solar abundance models (Asplund 2009) use a significantly lower abundance for C, N, O compared to models used roughly a decade ago. Although the models used now are much more sophisticated than before, a discrepancy still exists between the abundances in the models and the abundances determined by helioseismic measurements. Agreement can be obtained by ad hoc adjustments to the opacity of high-Z (Z > 2) elements ranging from a few percent in the solar interior to as much as 30 just below the convection zone (CZ). Although many of the opacity models are thought to agree within a few percent, a recent element-by-element study (Blancard 2012) indicates a larger disagreement between models for certain elements. Experimental opacity measurements for these elements in the regimes of interest will provide valuable information to help resolve these discrepancies. We will present an experimental platform designed to measure the opacity of C, N, and O and discuss the achievable parameter regime. We will also briefly discuss how this platform can be extended to include other high-Z elements.
Ignition of aircraft fluids on high temperature engine surfaces

Temperatures created in aircraft jet engines have given rise to concern over hot surface ignition of flammable fluids. For some time, 500° F has been accepted as the maximum safe surface temperature. Under the specific conditions reported here, it appears that this figure can be increased significantly.
USE OF HEAVY GASES IN EXPLOSIVE-DRIVEN SHOCK TUBES

Aerodynamic model tests with C4F8 in explosive-driven shock tubes revealed irregular pressure-time histories at random temporal and spatial locations on the tube wall and on the model surface. Shock-front photographs and analytical studies suggested that the irregularities were caused primarily by the decomposition of the gas behind the shock for shock-front pressure ratios > 15. A nitrogen buffer placed between the explosive and the test gas to eliminate conduction of heat to the dFs only partly alleviated the problem. Therefore, a second heavy gas SFe was selected for investigation. Photographs of the shock fronts in SFe indicated that there was no decomposition in the flow, although some irregular pressure-time histories were observed. These irregularities were neither spatially random nor were they attributable to oscillating, nonplanar shock fronts. Numerical computations of the flow-field and experimental studies confirmed that the irregular pressures were produced by the nonplanar shock fronts formed by an asymmetrical distribution of the explosive charge and by perturbations caused by an impedance mismatch at the contact surface. When these conditions were remedied, reasonably planar shocks and well-defined flow conditions were obtained in the shock tube.
Political pressure: An examination of U S Senators actions in restricting Canadian softwood lumber imports

Over the past 30 years the U.S.–Canadian softwood lumber trade dispute has resulted in three managed trade agreements that have not been voted on in the U.S. Congress. Nevertheless, U.S. Senators have played an important role in shaping the political environment that has nurtured these agreements. In this paper we construct a lumber influence index based on 14 known events between 2001 and 2006 and analyze what factors influenced a senator's decision to publically call for restricting Canadian lumber imports and to adopt the 2006 Softwood Lumber Agreement. Our results show that the size of the wood products manufacturing industry in a state, campaign contributions, logrolling, and ideology played a significant role and that interest group politics is prevalent in this dispute. Au cours des 30 dernieres annees, le differend commercial entre le Canada et les Etats-Unis au sujet du bois d’œuvre resineux s’est solde par trois accords de commerce administre qui n’ont pas ete mis au vote du Congres des Etats-Unis. Neanmoins, les senateurs americains ont joue un role important dans le faconnement du climat politique dans lequel ces accords ont ete prepares. Dans le present article, nous avons mis au point un indice de l’influence fonde sur 14 evenements connus qui se sont deroules entre 2001 et 2006, et nous avons analyse les facteurs qui ont influence un senateur a preconiser publiquement des restrictions sur les importations de bois d’œuvre canadien et a adopter l’Accord sur le bois d’œuvre resineux en 2006. Les resultats de notre etude montrent que la taille de l’industrie de la fabrication des produits en bois dans un Etat, les contributions aux campagnes, les alliances politiques dans un but interesse et l’ideologie ont joue un role considerable et que l’influence des groupes d’interet a ete un facteur apparent dans ce differend.
Quasi-particles and their absence in photoemission spectroscopy

Abstract The elucidation of Landau Fermi liquid quasi-particles and their absence in strongly correlated electron systems lies at the heart of modern research on the quantum mechanics of electrons in condensed matter. Photoemission spectroscopy of the single particle spectral function is a central experimental tool for such studies. A general paradigm of quasi-particle formation is the Fermi level resonance associated with the Kondo physics of the Anderson impurity model, as shown by the formal appearance of an effective impurity problem in dynamic mean field theories of general lattice systems which may or may not literally display Kondo physics. A general paradigm of quasi-particle absence is the Luttinger liquid physics of the Tomonaga–Luttinger model. This paper presents an overview of the theoretical ideas and shows examples in photoemission spectra of quasi-particle formation in impurity and lattice Kondo and non-Kondo correlated electron systems, contrasted with quasi-particle absence in a quasi-one-dimensional system.
Dynamically constructed Bayes nets for multi-domain sketch understanding

This paper presents a novel form of dynamically constructed Bayes net, developed for multi-domain sketch recognition. Our sketch recognition engine integrates shape information and domain knowledge to improve recognition accuracy across a variety of domains using an extendible, hierarchical approach. Our Bayes net framework integrates the influence of stroke data and domain-specific context in recognition, enabling our recognition engine to handle noisy input. We illustrate this behavior with qualitative and quantitative results in two domains: hand-drawn family trees and circuits.
Economics: An Introductory Analysis

A rare reproduction of Nobel Prize Winner Paul Samuelson's original 1948 Classic economics textbook. For 50 years, Samuelson's Economics has been the standard-bearer for the field. Now in it's 16th edition, Samuelson is probably the most successful economics book ever published. The book has sold several million copies throughout the world, and has also been translated into more than 40 languages. The reproduction is far more than just a historical curiosity and an interesting object; it contains the original words of arguably the most influential and most widely read textbook economics author of the 20th century. This 1948 edition represents the orignal spark that ignited the Samuelson revolution--a movement which has endured for half a century, and influenced millions of young minds in hundreds of the world's best learning institution.
Swelling of uranium on postirradiation annealing

Abstract The swelling of uranium on postirradiation annealing was investigated by utilizing density measurements in conjunction with the observation of pores in the microstructures of annealed specimens. Specimens were irradiated to about 0.3 % burnup in a constrained condition at approximately 275° C and were subsequently pulse annealed. The amount of swelling was found to be less than 1.1 % for specimens that were annealed up to 75 hours at temperatures below 550° C; the amount of swelling, however, increased considerably on annealing at temperatures between 550° C and 650° C. Specimens annealed up to 75 hours at 618° C decreased in density approximately 18 %. The swelling was accompanied by the formation of bubbles on grain boundaries in recrystallized regions. The observations suggest that recrystallization is a necessary prerequisite for pronounced swelling in the alpha phase. Uranium specimens annealed up to 75 hours at temperatures between 650° C and 750° C in the beta phase decreased in density about 5 %. Specimens annealed in the beta phase, in contrast to those annealed at 618° C in the alpha phase, were badly cracked and contained pores of a smaller diameter which were uniformly distributed within the grains. A specimen annealed up to 16 hours at 822° C decreased in density about 20 %. This heat treatment produced pores of large diameter located along grain boundaries as well as pores of smaller diameter distributed uniformly within the grains.
Design for a Room-Temperature Superconductor

The vision of ”room-temperature superconductivity“ has appeared intermittently but prominently in the literature since 1964, when W. A. Little and V. L. Ginzburg began working on the problem of high-temperature superconductivity around the same time. Since that time the prospects for room-temperature superconductivity have varied from gloom (around 1980) to glee (the years immediately after the discovery of HTS), to wait-and-see (the current feeling). Recent discoveries have clarified old issues, making it possible to construct the blueprint for a viable room-temperature superconductor.
High field RF superconductivity: To pulse or not to pulse?

Experimental data on the behavior of superconductors under the application of RF fields of amplitude comparable to their critical fields are sporadic and not always consistent. In many cases the field level at which breakdown in superconducting RF cavities should be expected has not been clearly established. Tests conducted with very short ( \sim1\mu s) RF pulses indicate that in this mode of operation fields close to the critical values can be consistently reached in superconducting cavities without breakdown. The advantages and disadvantages of the pulsed method are discussed compared to those of the more standard continuous wave (cw) systems.
A general approach to aryl(cyano)iodonium triflates - versatile iodonium transfer reagents

Abstract Aryl(cyano)iodonium triflates (ArI+CN −OTf, Ar = Ph, 4-CF3C6H4, 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3, 4-FC6H4) can be prepared in two steps from the corresponding aryliodides by oxidation with pertrifluoroacetic acid and subsequent reaction with Me3SiOTf and Me3SiCN. These compounds react with tributyltin derivatives of acetylenes, aromatic or heteroaromatic compounds under mild conditions forming the corresponding iodonium salts 5, 7, 9 in good yield.
Minimum cost content distribution using network coding: Replication vs. coding at the source nodes

Consider a large file that needs to be multicast over a network to a given set of terminals. Storing the file at a single server may result in server overload. Accordingly, there are distributed storage solutions that operate by dividing the file into pieces and placing copies of the pieces (replication) or coded versions of the pieces (coding) at multiple source nodes. Suppose that the cost of a given network coding based solution to this problem is defined as the sum of the storage cost and the cost of the flows required to support the multicast. In this work, we consider a network with a set of source nodes that can either contain subsets or coded versions of the pieces of the file and are interested in finding the storage capacities and flows at minimum cost. We provide succinct formulations of the corresponding optimization problems by using information measures. In particular, we show that when there are two source nodes, there is no loss in considering subset sources. For three source nodes, we derive a tight upper bound on the cost gap between the two cases. Algorithms for determining the content of the source nodes are also provided.
Thiolysable prodrugs of 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine with antineoplastic activity

Abstract Several 2-alkoxycarbonyl- and 2-aryloxycarbony-1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazines, conceived as thiolysable prodrugs of 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine, were synthesized and their antineoplastic activity evaluated against the L1210 leukemia in mice. In addition to producing ‘cures’ of mice bearing this tumor, many of the analogues were preferentially activated by glutathione (GSH) and/or glutathione S-transferase (GST), making them potentially useful in the treatment of multidrug resistant tumors with increased intracellular levels of GSH and/or GST.
Substitution of Au or Hg into BaTl2 and BaIn2. New ternary examples of smaller CeCu2-type intermetallic phases.

The compounds BaAu0.40(2)Tl1.60(7) (1), BaAu0.36(4)In1.64(4) (2), and BaHg0.92(2)In1.08(2) (3) have been prepared by high-temperature techniques. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that these have the orthorhombic CeCu2-type structure, Imma, Z = 4 (a = 5.140(1), 5.104(1), 5.145(1) A; b = 8.317(2), 8.461(2), 8.373(2) A; c = 8.809(2), 8.580(2), 8.715(2) A, respectively). The structure consists of a four-linked honeycomblike polyanion (42638) of [Tr2]2- (Tr = In or Tl) with encapsulated Ba2+ cations. The Au or Hg randomly replace Tr in a single type of site. The two gold phases exhibit appreciable nonstoichiometry ranges. Band calculations (EHTB) demonstrate that the three compounds are electron-poor and metallic, and the latter has been confirmed for 1 through resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The orthorhombic structure of 1 contrasts with the hexagonal structure of BaTl2 (CaIn2-type, P63/mmc), a change that appears to be driven by substitution of the smaller Au atoms into the polyan...
Upgrading and desulfurization of heavy oils by supercritical water

Abstract Supercritical water upgrading (SCWU) of heavy oils reduces sulfur content and decreases average molecular weight, without rejecting carbon as coke products. Despite many years of industrial and academic scrutiny, many fundamental questions remain in the field: intrinsic reaction rates and mechanisms; the role of water; the need for catalysts; the importance of phase behavior and mixing. In 2009, MIT initiated a SCWU research program aimed at improving the understanding of the relevant physical, chemical, and catalytic phenomena. This overview summarizes the work performed at MIT within the historical context of SCWU with a particular focus on new kinetic rate measurements and modeling, reaction mechanism analysis, catalyst investigation, and combined mass/heat transport modeling of hydrocarbon/water mixtures. Kinetic rate measurements showed that sulfide decomposition during SCWU is consistent with a radical chain reaction pathway. Mechanistic studies and product distribution analysis identified that sulfide decomposition likely occurs via thioaldehyde and aldehyde intermediates and that water plays important roles in thioaldehyde hydrolysis (as a reactant) and aldehyde decarbonylation (as a catalyst). Catalytic investigation found that ZnO has potential to improve sulfur removal during SCWU, without addition of molecular hydrogen. Mixing studies revealed the complex dynamic processes that occur when hydrocarbons are injected into near or supercritical water. The article concludes with a summary of research needs and thoughts on the future of SCWU.
Clinical policy: critical issues in the management of patients presenting to the emergency department with acetaminophen overdose.

This clinical policy focuses on critical issues concerning the management of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acetaminophen overdose. The subcommittee reviewed the medical literature relevant to the questions posed. The critical questions are: 1.What are the indications for N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the acetaminophen overdose patient with a known time of acute ingestion who can be risk stratified by the Rumack-Matthew nomogram? 2.What are the indications for NAC in the acetaminophen overdose patient who cannot be risk stratified by the Rumack-Matthew nomogram? Recommendations are provided on the basis of the strength of evidence of the literature. Level A recommendations represent patient management principles that reflect a high degree of clinical certainty; Level B recommendations represent patient management principles that reflect moderate clinical certainty; and Level C recommendations represent other patient management strategies that are based on preliminary, inconclusive, or conflicting evidence, or based on committee consensus. This guideline is intended for physicians working in EDs.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND SOCIAL SCIENCE

the other, in the sense that man has the power to change, and has repeatedly changed, existing social organizations, whereas he has no such power over natural phenomena, the meaning of social science must in this respect at least differ substantially from that of natural science. Elsewhere the present writer has designated society an "artificial creation," much as the automobile or a steel mill is, i.e. made by the artifice of man.2 The artificial automobile or steel mill is of course fabricated in the light of the natural laws of physical science. Its construction would be impossible without a knowledge of these laws. There are also certain natural laws and tendencies in human nature and animal behavior which must serve as a foundation for any scientifically fabricated society, i.e. constructed on the basis of observation and verification of these tendencies on the one hand and a rigorous use of theory
Partitioning of a polymer chain between two confining cavities: the roles of excluded volume and finite size conduits

Abstract Lattice-field calculations are performed on a Gaussian polymer chain confined to move within the region defined by two fused spheres. The results of the calculations are in accord with recent experimental measurements and computer simulations, and suggest that current theoretical understanding of polymer partitioning phenomena is inadequate when excluded volume interactions between the monomers are present. It is also shown that the notion of ground state dominance can fail even in the large monomer limit.
Ethical Challenges of Telemedicine and Telehealth

As healthcare institutions expand and vertically integrate, healthcare delivery is less constrained by geography, nationality, or even by institutional boundaries. As part of this trend, some aspects of the healthcare process are shifted from medical centers back into the home and communities. Telehealth applications intended for health promotion, social services, and other activities—for the healthy as well as for the ill—provide services outside clinical settings in homes, schools, libraries, and other governmental and community sites. Such developments include health information web sites, on-line support groups, automated telephone counseling, interactive health promotion programs, and electronic mail exchanges. Concomitant with these developments is the growth of consumer health informatics, in which individuals seeking medical care or information are able to find various health information resources that take advantage of new information technologies.
Experimental Study of Acoustic Ultra-High-Energy Neutrino Detection

An existing array of underwater, large-bandwidth acoustic sensors has been used to study the detection of ultra-high-energy (UHE) neutrinos in cosmic rays. Acoustic data from a subset of seven hydrophones located at a depth of ~1600 m have been acquired for a total live time of 195 days. For the first time, a large sample of acoustic background events has been studied for the purpose of extracting signals from super-EeV showers. As a test of the technique, an upper limit for the flux of UHE neutrinos is presented, along with considerations relevant to the design of an acoustic array optimized for neutrino detection.
ONTOGENY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE.

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the origin and development of immune response. The initial morphological studies of congenital diseases from the files of the Institute of Pathology proved quite rewarding. Infections of the fetus with Treponema pallidum and Toxoplasma gondii were accompanied by an impressive plasmacytosis in the lesions themselves, and plasma cells and premature lymphofollicular maturation were also present in the draining lymph nodes and spleen in many cases. A subsequent study of the histopathology of congenital rubella infection suggested that the maturation of immunological capabilities in the human fetus had other interesting implications. Fetuses infected with rubella virus during the first trimester show multiple disorders of development with no signs of inflammation. The chapter includes with a discussion on the timing of acquisition of immunological competence to different antigens in the fetal lamb.
Exploring Privacy Preservation in Outsourced K-Nearest Neighbors with Multiple Data Owners

The k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) algorithm is a popular and effective classification algorithm. Due to its large storage and computational requirements, it is suitable for cloud outsourcing. However, k-NN is often run on sensitive data such as medical records, user images, or personal information. It is important to protect the privacy of data in an outsourced k-NN system. Prior works have all assumed the data owners (who submit data to the outsourced k-NN system) are a single trusted party. However, we observe that in many practical scenarios, there may be multiple mutually distrusting data owners. In this work, we present the first framing and exploration of privacy preservation in an outsourced k-NN system with multiple data owners. We consider the various threat models introduced by this modification. We discover that under a particularly practical threat model that covers numerous scenarios, there exists a set of adaptive attacks that breach the data privacy of any exact k-NN system. The vulnerability is a result of the mathematical properties of k-NN and its output. Thus, we propose a privacy-preserving alternative system supporting kernel density estimation using a Gaussian kernel, a classification algorithm from the same family as k-NN. In many applications, this similar algorithm serves as a good substitute for k-NN. We additionally investigate solutions for other threat models, often through extensions on prior single data owner systems.
Synthesis of Supported Catalysts by Atomic Layer Deposition

A promising new method of catalyst synthesis is atomic layer deposition (ALD). ALD is a variation on chemical vapor deposition wherein metals, oxides and other materials are deposited on surfaces via a sequence (usually binary) of self-limiting reactions. The self-limiting character of the reactions makes it possible to achieve uniform deposits on high-surface-area porous solids and, hence, produce practical catalytic materials. The ability to deposit uniform layers in a sequence makes it possible to fabricate the support and then construct the catalytic metal and/or metal oxide species and add modifier layers in any desired order. This article will provide a short introduction to the technique of ALD and its application to the synthesis of supported catalytic metal nanoparticles and oxide monolayers.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)- and (−)-Nigellamine A2

The nigellamine alkaloids are dolabellane diterpenes displaying potent lipid metabolism-promoting activity. Total synthesis of (+)- and (-)-nigellamine A2 has been accomplished. Absolute stereochemistry of synthetic nigellamine A2 was established through an intramolecular asymmetric allylic alkylation using a Pd(phosphinooxazoline) catalyst. Other notable transformations include a radical alkynylation, a diastereoselective Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi cyclization, and a regio- and stereoselective catalytic epoxidation. On the basis of X-ray crystallographic analysis of an optically active intermediate, we have confirmed the assigned absolute stereochemistry of the natural product. Minor modifications of the synthetic sequence outlined here should provide access to the other nigellamine alkaloids.
Groups generated by positive multi-twists and the fake lantern problem

Let be a group generated by two positive multi-twists. We give some sucient conditions for to be free or have no \unexpectedly reducible" elements. For a group generated by two Dehn twists, we classify the elements in which are multi-twists. As a consequence we are able to list all the lantern-like relations in the mapping class groups. We classify groups generated by powers of two Dehn twists which are free, or have no \unexpectedly reducible" elements. In the end we pose similar problems for groups generated by powers of n 3 twists and give a partial result. AMS Classication 57M07; 20F38, 57N05
GROUPOIDS AND THE INTEGRATION OF LIE ALGEBROIDS

We show that a Lie algebroid on a stratified manifold is integrable if, and only if, its restriction to each strata is integrable. These results allow us to construct a large class of algebras of pseudodifferential operators. They are also relevant for the definition of the graph of certain singular foliations of manifolds with corners and the construction of natural algebras of pseudodifferential operators on a given complex algebraic variety.
Generating Functional in CFT and Effective Action for Two-Dimensional Quantum Gravity on Higher Genus Riemann Surfaces

We formulate and solve the analog of the universal Conformal Ward Identity for the stress-energy tensor on a compact Riemann surface of genus g > 1, and present a rigorous invariant formulation of the chiral sector in the induced two-dimensional gravity on higher genus Riemann surfaces. Our construction of the action functional uses various double complexes naturally associated with a Riemann surface, with computations that are quite similar to descent calculations in BRST cohomology theory. We also provide an interpretation of the action functional in terms of the geometry of different fiber spaces over the Teichmuller space of compact Riemann surfaces of genus g > 1.
Supersymmetry in the false vacuum

Abstract A metastable state, or a false vacuum, is not an eigenstate of the Hamiltonian in quantum field theory. Its energy density has a non-zero imaginary part equal to its decay width. Therefore, supersymmetry cannot be exact in the false vacuum. We calculate the size of this effect using the path integral approach.
Comparison of eddy viscosity-transport turbulence models for three-dimensional, shock-separated flowfields

An evaluation of four one-equation eddy viscosity-transport turbulence closure models as applied to three-dimensional shock wave/boundary-layer interactions is presented herein. Comparisons of two versions of the Baldwin-Barth model, an approach of Edwards and McRae, and a modified form of the Spalart-Allmaras model are presented for two test cases, one involving Mach 8 flow over a flat plate/sharp fin apparatus and the other involving Mach 3 flow over a cylinder-offset-cone geometry. Strengths and weaknesses of the one-equation approaches are highlighted through direct comparison with experimental data, and the effect of grid refinement is examined.
Assessment of a novel, high-resolution, color, AMLCD for diagnostic medical image display: luminance performance and DICOM calibration.

This article documents the results of the first in a series of experiments designed to evaluate the suitability of a novel, high resolution, color, digital, liquid crystal display (LCD) panel for diagnostic quality, gray scale image display. The goal of this experiment was to measure the performance of the display, especially with respect to luminance. The panel evaluated was the IBM T221 22.2” backlit active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) with native resolution of 3840 × 2400 pixels. Taking advantage of the color capabilities of the workstation, we were able to create a 256-entry grayscale calibration look-up table derived from a palette of 1786 nearly gray luminance values. We also constructed a 256-entry grayscale calibration look-up table derived from a palette of 256 true gray values for which the red, green, and blue values were equal. These calibrations will now be used in our evaluation of human contrast-detail perception on this LCD panel.
Dynamical simulations with smeared link staggered fermions

Abstract One of the most serious problems of the staggered fermion lattice action is flavor symmetry violation. Smeared link staggered fermions can improve flavor symmetry by an order of magnitude relative to the standard thin link action. Over the last few years different smearing transformations have been proposed, both with perturbatively and non-perturbatively determined coefficients. What hindered the acceptance and more general use of smeared link fermions until now is the relative difficulty of dynamical simulations and the lack of perturbative calculations with these actions. In both areas there have been significant improvement lately, that I will review in this paper.
Stellar Hydrodynamics in Radiative Regions

We present an analysis of the response of a radiative region to waves generated by a convective region of the star; this wave treatment of the classical problem of "overshooting" gives extra mixing relative to the treatment traditionally used in stellar evolutionary codes. The interface between convectively stable and unstable regions is dynamic and nonspherical, so that the nonturbulent material is driven into motion, even in the absence of "penetrative overshoot." These motions may be described by the theory of nonspherical stellar pulsations and are related to motion measured by helioseismology. Multidimensional numerical simulations of convective flow show puzzling features, which we explain by this simplified physical model. Gravity waves generated at the interface are dissipated, resulting in slow circulation and mixing seen outside the formal convection zone. The approach may be extended to deal with rotation and composition gradients ("semiconvection"). Tests of this description in the stellar evolution code TYCHO produce carbon stars on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB), an isochrone age for the Hyades and three young clusters with lithium depletion ages from brown dwarfs, and lithium and beryllium depletion consistent with observations of the Hyades and Pleiades, all without tuning parameters. The potential insight into the different contributions of rotational and hydrodynamic mixing processes could have important implications for realistic simulation of supernovae and other questions in stellar evolution.
The Stellar Number Density Distribution in the Local Solar Neighborhood is North-South Asymmetric

We study the number density distribution of a sample of K and M dwarf stars, matched north and south of the Galactic plane within a distance of 2 kpc from the Sun, using observations from the Ninth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We determine distances using the photometric parallax method, and in this context systematic effects exist which could potentially impact the determination of the number density profile with height from the Galactic plane—and ultimately affect a number density north-south asymmetry. They include: (1) the calibration of the various photometric parallax relations, (2) the ability to separate dwarfs from giants in our sample, (3) the role of stellar population differences such as age and metallicity, (4) the ability to determine the offset of the Sun from the Galactic plane, and (5) the correction for reddening from dust in the Galactic plane, though our stars are at high Galactic latitudes. We find the various analyzed systematic effects to have a negligible impact on our observed asymmetry, and using a new and larger sample of stars we confirm and refine the earlier discovery of Widrow et al. of a significant Galactic north-south asymmetry in the stellar number density distribution.
Preequilibrium Emission of Light Fragments in Spallation Reactions

Abstract The ability to describe production of light fragments (LF) is important for many applications, such as cosmic-ray-induced single event upsets (SEUs), radiation protection, and cancer therapy with proton and heavy-ion beams. The cascade-exciton model (CEM) and the Los Alamos version of the quark-gluon string model (LAQGSM) event generators in the LANL transport code MCNP6, describe quite well the spectra of fragments with sizes up to 4 He across a broad range of target masses and incident energies (up to ∼ 5 GeV for CEM and up to ∼ 1 TeV/A for LAQGSM). However, they do not predict the high-energy tails of LF spectra heavier than 4 He well. Most LF with energies above several tens of MeV are emitted during the precompound stage of a reaction. The current versions of our event generators do not account for precompound emission of LF larger than 4 He. The aim of our work is to generalize the precompound model to include such processes, leading to increased predictive power of LF production. Extending the model in this way provides preliminary results that have much better agreement with experimental data.