cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Why Residents May Inaccurately Log Their Role in Operations: A Look at the 2013 In-Training Examination Survey.

Background With increased time and quality pressures, it may be more difficult for residents in cardiothoracic surgery residency programs to get independent operative experience. That may lead residents to inaccurately report their role as "surgeon" to meet American Board of Thoracic Surgery (ABTS) case requirements. Methods The 2013 In-Training Examination surveyed 312 cardiothoracic surgery residents and was used to contrast residents in traditional 2-year and 3-year cardiothoracic surgery residencies (traditional, n = 216) with those in 6-year integrated or 3+4-year programs (integrated, n = 96). Results Traditional program residents reported a higher percentage of cases that met the ABTS criteria of surgeon than did integrated program residents ( p = 0.05) but were less likely to meet requirements if all cases were logged accurately ( p = 0.03). The majority of residents in each program believed that their case log accurately reflected their experience as "surgeon." Residents who tended to log cases incorrectly had lower self-reported 2012 In-Training Examination percentiles, were less likely to meet case requirements if logged properly, and felt less prepared for board examinations and eventual practice compared with residents who logged cases correctly (all p Conclusions Overall cardiothoracic surgery residents appear to be satisfied with their training. There were specific subsets of trainees in both traditional and Integrated programs that are misrepresenting their role on cases because they otherwise may not meet the requirements.
Where Did All the Aleut Men Go? Aleut Male Attrition and Related Patterns in Aleutian Historical Demography and Social Organization

Historical, economic, and political influences on Aleut demography and social organization are considered in relation to an apparent deficit of Aleut males in the early 20th century. Ethnohistoric records detail persistent waves of explorers, fur hunters, missionaries, bureaucrats, and foreign fishermen coming to the Aleutian region for economic exploitation, with some making it their home. The first major wave consisted of Russian and Siberian crews in pursuit of sea otters and fur seals. These entrepreneurs moved Aleut men to hunting grounds and replaced a large portion of them in the villages. The second wave consisted of Scandinavian and other European immigrants who followed cod, halibut, and herring fisheries and who married into eastern Aleut villages. These movements resulted in two genealogical deficits of Aleut men with concomitant shifts in social organization and economic emphases that contribute to the modern diversity of Aleut society. Aleut evacuation during World War II exacerbated these sex imbalances in the villages of the western Aleutian and Pribilof islands.
Dual behavior of optical antenna integrated with sub-wavelength photodetector to achieve ultra-high specific detectivity

Fast photodetectors, with high sensitivity and quantum efficiency are highly demanded elements for many applications, such as optical communication, optical interconnects, quantum key distribution, and infrared imaging. Therefore, it is crucial to optimize the quantum efficiency-bandwidth product, while maintaining a low noise. Integration of optical antennas with photodetectors leads to high quantum efficiency due to enhancing light – matter interaction as well as reducing the volume of the detector beyond the diffraction limit. Although, a direct consequence of shrinking the detection size is the noise reduction, the local density of state (LDOS) will be enhanced in the near-field of optical antenna. LDOS enhancement can lead to an increased noise current, by reducing the carrier lifetime due to the enhancement of the radiative recombination rate. This effect could become significant, especially for interband detectors, where the carrier lifetime is quite long compared with intersubband detectors. Here, we simulate and study this effect on the interband and intersubband infrared photodetectros using FDTD simulation.
Transformations of the compressible turbulent boundary layer with heat exchange

A mathematical transformation is presented which converts the integral turbulent boundary-layer equations at high speed into one at low speed. The transformation is inspired by that recently introduced by Coles for the constant-pressure case. Here it is developed for the general case when pressure gradients, as well as heat exchange, are present. It is shown that in this case two transformations can be defined: an £ transformation, in which the lowspeed fluid is incompressible, and an I transformation, in which the low-speed fluid is a gas. The conditions under which the transformations operate correctly, not only on the integral equations but also on the whole system of partial differential equations, are discussed.
Mechanical models for insect locomotion: stabilty and parameter studies

Abstract We extend the analysis of simple models for the dynamics of insect locomotion in the horizontal plane, developed in [Biol. Cybern. 83 (6) (2000) 501] and applied to cockroach running in [Biol. Cybern. 83 (6) (2000) 517]. The models consist of a rigid body with a pair of effective legs (each representing the insect’s support tripod) placed intermittently in ground contact. The forces generated may be prescribed as functions of time, or developed by compression of a passive leg spring. We find periodic gaits in both cases, and show that prescribed (sinusoidal) forces always produce unstable gaits, unless they are allowed to rotate with the body during stride, in which case a (small) range of physically unrealistic stable gaits does exist. Stability is much more robust in the passive spring case, in which angular momentum transfer at touchdown/liftoff can result in convergence to asymptotically straight motions with bounded yaw, fore-aft and lateral velocity oscillations. Using a non-dimensional formulation of the equations of motion, we also develop exact and approximate scaling relations that permit derivation of gait characteristics for a range of leg stiffnesses, lengths, touchdown angles, body masses and inertias, from a single gait family computed at ‘standard’ parameter values.
"Good Night, Sweet Prince": Saying Goodbye to the Dead in Shakespeare's Plays.

Abstract Themes of death and loss have often been treated with greater eloquence in literature than in psychology and the helping professions. This article explores the treatment of bereavment and mortality in some of Shakespeare's tragedies and comedies, illustrating his deep understanding of the place of loss in human life.
Effect of retirement on eating out and weight change: an analysis of gender differences.

Objectives: The objectives were to understand how the retirement decisions of older Americans influence household food consumption patterns by gender and, in turn, to examine the impact of the change in food consumption on weight. Research Methods and Procedures: This study used five waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1992 to 2002; n = 28,117). Participants were 50 to 71 years old during the study period. We used longitudinal regression analyses controlling for health events, spousal factors, socioeconomic factors, and individual fixed effects over time. Results: Retirement of the individual and of his/her spouse reduced the individual's monthly spending on eating out by $10 and $7 on average, respectively, but did not change household spending on food at home. The wife's, but not the husband's, retirement decreased the spouse's spending on eating out by $13/mo. Spending on eating out was a significant but weak (0.003BMI/$) predictor of weight gain. Discussion: The decrease in spending on eating out after retirement, particularly women's, suggests that people eat out less when they have more time for food preparation at home. However, increases in other risks of weight gain with retirement, such as physical inactivity, could counteract the effects of eating out less.
On the Stille vinylation reactions with α-styryltrimethyltin

Abstract Stille vinylation reactions involving α-styryltrimethyltin 3b and a series of chloro- or bromo-pyridine derivatives are described. In contrast to the rare cine seletivity observed with iodobenzene 10a or 3-iodotoluene 10b, reactions between vinyltin 3b and a series of 2-halopyridine derivatives 15(a-d) yield 1,1-disubstituted ipso-coupled olefins 16(a-d) as the predominant products.
The conquest of Addison's disease.

Abstract Background A review of the understanding and treatment of adrenal insufficiency was undertaken to emphasize common themes in the history of endocrine disorders. Methods Literature survey. Results: The presence of the adrenal glands, initially ignored by anatomists, was first described by Eustachius and later confirmed by Casserius. Bartholin identified the glands as ductless. In 1855, Thomas Addison described the clinical syndrome of adrenal insufficiency. Medullary hormonal effects were described by Oliver and Shafer in 1895; epinephrine was isolated by Takamini, and the secretory patterns were characterized by Cannon. Cortical function was elucidated by Biedl and Stewart and Rogoff, and the first cortical hormones were synthesized by Reichenstein. Hormonal replacement therapy paved the way for the first bilateral adrenalectomy, which was performed in 1950. Conclusions This review underscores the historical themes in endocrine diseases: discovery of the glands, identification of their hormonal products, use of the hormones for therapy, and biosynthesis for pharmacologic applications.
How Americans View Their Lives

When asked, many Americans say they are doing well financially. But further details begin to raise doubts. A majority are concerned that they cannot meet the costs of a typical life. It is not the availability of jobs they are so much worried about as the ability to afford what they believe they need. In this annual analysis of public opinion surveys, which Challenge publishes at this time every year, the authors assess the policy implications of how Americans think and feel today.
Prestable strategies in discounted duopoly games

Abstract Under a symmetry condition on the transition functions of repeated duopoly game strategies a convergence result, reminiscent of “fictitious play,” is proved. Given a suitable initial strategy, at each stage of a stylized response process, each player chooses a near-optimal stationary dynamic programming reply to his opponent's last observed strategy. We show that as responses improve, any sequence of strategies so generated will converge in a natural way to a family of subgame perfect Nash equilibria of the discounted game. This convergence generalizes the standard Cournot stability results.
Artificial Potential Field-Based Motion Planning/Navigation, Dynamic Constrained Optimization and Simple Genetic Hill Climbing

In this paper we show a relationship between artificial potential field (APF) based motion planning/navigation, and constrained optimi zation. We then present a simple genetic hill climbing algorit...
Synthesis of the tRNALys, 3 anticodon stem-loop domain containing the hypermodified ms2t6A nucleoside

The synthesis of a protected form of the hypermodified nucleoside, N-[(9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-2-methylthiopurin-6-yl)carbamoyl]threonine, (ms2t6A) is reported. The hypermodified nucleoside was subsequently elaborated to the protected nucleoside phosphophoramidite using a protecting group strategy compatible with standard RNA oligonucleotide chemistry. The phosphoramidite reagent was then used to synthesize the 17-nucleotide RNA hairpin having the sequence of the anticodon stem-loop (ASL) domain of human tRNA(Lys,3), the primer for HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Introduction of the modification at position 37 of the tRNA ASL modestly decreases the thermodynamic stability of the RNA hairpin as has been seen previously for the prokaryotic t6A nucleoside lacking the 2-methylthio substituent. 2D NOESY NMR spectra of the ms2t6A containing tRNA ASL indicate that the threonyl side chain adopts a conformation similar to that seen in the solution structure of the analogous t6A containing E. coli tRNA(Lys), despite the presence of the bulky methylthio group. This synthetic approach allows for site-specific incorporation of the hypermodified nucleoside and should facilitate future studies directed at understanding the roles of nucleoside modification in modulating the stability and specificity of biologically important RNA-RNA interactions. Our synthesis of the ms2t6A containing RNAs demonstrates that this methodology is suitable for obtaining quantities of RNA required for structural studies of the HIV primer tRNA.
Ferroelectric Thin Films-Based Technology for Frequency- and Phase-Agile Microwave Communication Applications

This paper deals with the current status of thin film ferroelectric-based frequency and phase agile microwave devices for communication applications. Researchers around the world have been active in this area for several years, and their results have been very relevant in determining the advantages and limitations of this technology when contrast with technology currently in use. The aforementioned results will be discussed in terms of device parameters such as RF losses, tunability, phase shift, frequency of operation, ease of fabrication, and projected cost, amongst others. Although the presentation will emphasize a NASA perspective, the information provided should offer a perspective of the attributes of this technology for other government agencies' electronically steerable electronics requirements, and for commercial communication applications.
Management of complex lipid abnormalities with a fixed dose combination of simvastatin and extended release niacin.

ER niacin combined with simvastatin provides an additional option for achieving LDL-C and non-HDL-C goals for cardiovascular prevention, with greater efficacy in those with triglyceride levels >200 mg/dL. ER niacin 1000 mg combined with simvastatin 20 mg reduced LDL-C by 6%, non-HDL-C by 7%, and triglycerides by 13%, and raised HDL-C by 11% compared to simvastatin 20 mg alone. The 2000 mg dose combined with simvastatin 20 to 40 mg raised reduced LDL-C by 7% to 24%, non-HDL-C by 16% to 28%, and triglycerides by 23% to 34%, and increased HDL-C by 18% to 22% compared to similar dose simvastatin therapy. While cardiovascular risk is reduced in proportion to the magnitude of LDL-C lowering, the additive benefit of raising HDL-C and lowering triglycerides remains to be determined. ER niacin-simvastatin is reasonably well tolerated, with a <7% discontinuation rate due to flushing in patients who used aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications as needed. However, drop-out rates were high in both the simvastatin and ER niacin–simvastatin treatment groups in both the 24- and 52-week studies. The safety profile of the combination appears to be similar to that of niacin and simvastatin used as monotherapies. Results of ongoing morbidity/mortality trials of ER niacin added to statin therapy are eagerly awaited.
Oxygen chemisorbed on Cu(001): The Cu3d−O2p interaction studied by angular-resolved photoemission using synchrotron radiation

Abstract Angular-resolved photoemission measurements have been performed on a Cu(001) surface with and without a c(2 × 2) oxygen overlayer in the photon-energy range 40–170 eV. The relative peak positions in spectra obtained from the clean surface at various emission parameters as to direction and energy are well predicted by a simple direct-transition model, with different spectra thus corresponding to specific high-symmetry points in the 3D Brillouin zone. Photoelectron emission from the Cu3d-derived states near some of these high symmetry points, especially those near W and K, are strongly affected by the chemisorption. The results further show an oxygen-induced structure in the d-band region near X not previously observed.
Diamond growth on hard carbon films

Abstract A three-step process for enhancing the nucleation density of diamond on unscratched silicon substrates using microwave-plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition is described. Hard diamond-like carbon (dlc) films with thickness in the range 5–100 nm were first formed on smooth (100) silicon surfaces using a vacuum-arc plasma deposition technique at room temperature. The dlc-coated silicon substrates were subsequently subjected to a low-temperature pretreatment with a methane-rich plasma for an hour before switching to the diamond nucleation conditions. To investigate the effect of the dlc film structure on diamond nucleation, experiments with silicon substrates coated with evaporated carbon films approximately 50–100 nm thick were also performed under similar pretreatment and diamond nucleation conditions. Diamond films with nucleation density about 2 × 108 cm−2 were obtained with pretreated dlc films, depending on the film thickness and the pretreatment time, whereas in the absence of the pretreatment and/or with evaporated carbon films the diamond nucleation density was less than 104 cm−2. The significant enhancement in diamond nucleation density obtained with pretreated dlc films is attributed to the inherently high etching resistance of the films resulting from the high fraction of sp3 bonds. The actual nucleation sites might be very fine carbon or, possibly, SiC particles produced by etching back the dlc film.
A Comparison of Unidentified Growth Factor Sources for Turkeys and Influence of Calorie-Protein Ratio on Response

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION THERE is considerable evidence in the literature indicating that growth of poults is enhanced by sources of unknown nutritional factors. In 1950 Combs and Shaffner showed that dried brewers yeast and fish meal contain an unidentified poult nutritional factor which did not appear to be associated with the vitamin B12 content of these ingredients. Detailed work by Scott and Jensen (1952) and Combs, Arscott and Jones (1954) enabled them to group the unidentified poult nutritional factors into two classifications: those obtained from products of animal origin and those from milk products and distillation solubles. Later, Combs et al. (1954) extended the classification into three groups as follows: liver or fish factor, whey factor and alfalfa factor. Data presented by Schaefer et al. (1955) suggested that fractions from streptomycin and penicillin fermentation processes contain unidentified growth factor (UGF) activity similar to that found in fish meal arid distillation solubles plus . . .
The learned intermediary doctrine: the case of advertising medicine and medical devices in the United States

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine a unique marketing and legal problem that manufacturers of prescription drugs and medical devices face in the USA, under the theory of “overpromotion” and the Learned Intermediary Doctrine (the LID), and suggests a solution to the problem. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses a critical review of the literature and decided legal cases to analyze the problem of direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs and medical devices under the LID and “overpromotion” doctrines. Findings – The study suggests a different approach to advertising drugs that divides the audiences into primary and secondary targets to immunize drug and medical device manufacturers against liability. Research limitations/implications – Because the laws guiding advertising are different in different countries, the findings of this study are relevant only to the US market. Practical implications – The paper gives practical guidance on an alternative communication strategy tha...
Ambivalence in Organizations: A Multilevel Approach

The experience of simultaneously positive and negative orientations toward a person, goal, task, idea, and such appears to be quite common in organizations, but it is poorly understood. We develop a multilevel perspective on ambivalence in organizations that demonstrates how this phenomenon is integral to certain cognitive and emotional processes and important outcomes. Specifically, we discuss the organizational triggers of ambivalence and the cognitive and emotional mechanisms through which ambivalence diffuses between the individual and collective levels of analysis. We offer an integrative framework of major responses to highly intense ambivalence avoidance, domination, compromise, and holism that is applicable to actors at the individual and collective levels. The positive and negative outcomes associated with each response, and the conditions under which each is most effective, are explored. Although ambivalence is uncomfortable for actors, it has the potential to foster growth in the actor as well as highly adaptive and effective behavior.
The control of apical dominance: localization of the growth region of the Pharbitis nil shoot

The growing region of the upright Pharbitis nil shoot extends over a distance 13 cm basipetal to the shoot apex. When the shoot is inverted, ethylene production in this region is greatly enhanced whereas stem elongation is significantly inhibited. This growth region is ethylene-sensitive and the restriction of its growth by shoot inversion-induced ethylene may mediate the release of apical dominance.
Toward self-adjuvanting subunit vaccines: model peptide and protein antigens incorporating covalently bound toll-like receptor-7 agonistic imidazoquinolines.

Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 agonists show prominent Th1-biased immunostimulatory activities. A TLR7-active N1-(4-aminomethyl)benzyl substituted imidazoquinoline 1 served as a convenient precursor for the syntheses of isothiocyanate and maleimide derivatives for covalent attachment to free amine and thiol groups of peptides and proteins. 1 was also amenable to direct reductive amination with maltoheptaose without significant loss of activity. Covalent conjugation of the isothiocyanate derivative 2 to α-lactalbumin could be achieved under mild, non-denaturing conditions, in a controlled manner and with full preservation of antigenicity. The self-adjuvanting α-lactalbumin construct induced robust, high-affinity immunoglobulin titers in murine models. The premise of covalently decorating protein antigens with adjuvants offers the possibility of drastically reducing systemic exposure of the adjuvant, and yet eliciting strong, Th1-biased immune responses.
The effects of dietary protein, fat and 2-acetylaminofluorene on the microsomal activity levels of liver from BALB/c mice

Abstract Weanling female BALB/c mice were continuously fed diets containing combinations of 12 or 24% protein, 4 or 24% corn oil and 0 or 500 ppm 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) for approx. 77 weeks to determine the effects of protein, fat and 2-AAF on the biological activity of hepatic microsomal preparations. The S-9 fractions prepared from the livers of the animals were tested in the Ames mutagenicity assay system using Salmonella typhimurium TA-1538 as the indicator strain. The data showed that animals maintained on high fat diets had significantly lower hepatic microsomal activity levels as measured in the in vitro test. In this experiment, the concentration of dietary protein did not affect the activity levels, but 2-AAF was shown to be a strong inducer of hepatic microsomal activity regardless of the other dietary constituents.
Demonstration of rapid multiplex PCR amplification involving 16 genetic loci

Current forensic DNA typing is conducted in approximately 8–10 h. Steps include DNA extraction, quantification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of multiple short tandem repeat (STR) loci, capillary electrophoresis separation with fluorescence detection, data analysis and DNA profile interpretation. The PCR amplification portion of the workflow typically takes approximately 3 h with standard thermal cycling protocols. Here we demonstrate a rapid cycling protocol that amplifies 15 STR loci and the sex-typing marker amelogenin from the Identifiler STR typing kit in less than 36 min. This rapid protocol employs commercially available polymerases and the widely used GeneAmp 9700 thermal cycler. Complete concordance of STR allele calls (for 60 samples) between the rapid and standard thermal cycling protocols were observed although there was incomplete adenylation at several of the loci examined and some PCR artifacts were detected. Using less than 750 pg of template DNA and 28 cycles, STR peaks for all loci were above a 150 relative fluorescent unit (RFU) detection threshold with fully adequate inter-locus balance and heterozygote peak height ratios of greater than 0.84.
Propagation of Rayleigh Waves in Magneto-Elastic Media

Propagation of Rayleigh waves in a perfectly conducting elastic half-space in the presence of magnetic fields is considered for a possible application in nondestructive measurements of mechanical and/or electromagnetic parameters in electromagnetic materials. In particular, the dependence of Rayleigh wave velocity on magnetic and elastic parameters of the conducting medium in tangentially and normally oriented primary magnetic fields is investigated. Numerical results for three elastic materials with different elastic parameters are presented for a range of magnetic permeability. It is shown that the effect of magnetic fields render the medium essentially anisotropic and that the magnetic permeability of the medium and the orientation of the primary magnetic field strongly affect the Rayleigh wave velocity field.
Liquefaction of rabbit vitreous by ferrous ions.

Intravltreal Injection of 0.7 umol of ferrous chloride In 0.1 ml Into the rabbit eye resulted In liquefaction of the vitreous gel and condensation of vitreous collagen fibrils within two weeks; Injection of 0.1 umol did not cause any obvious vitreous degeneration, although retina damage was noted In the posterior pole. Macrophages migrated at the vitreoretinal Interface and local posterior vitreous separation was observed after the Injection of ferrous solution. This suggests that the least amount of ferrous Ions necessary to cause I Iquefactlon of the rabbit vitreous Is In the range of 16.8 to 39.2 ug of elemental Iron, a concentration of 0.3 to 0.7 mM In the vitreous. Since 0.1 ml of blood contains approximately 50 ug of Iron, It Is possible, at least theoretically, that the Iron released by hemoglobin following vitreous hemorrhage could Induce liquefaction of the vitreous.
Regional control after induction chemotherapy for adbanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: A retrospective analysis of 303 patients

Induction chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck has been the subject of a number of clinical trials with ambiguous results. Response data from phase II studies suggest a 20–40% complete response rate which has lead to an association between chemotherapy and survival and an improvement in survival when compared to historical controls. Eight separate prospective randomized trials have been published to date. Although these have yet to show an improvement in survival, there are critical flaws in each, which limit their interpretation and leave the role of induction chemotherapy an open question [1].
Brillouin scattering measurements on optical glasses

The room-temperature Brillouin spectra of 16 optical glasses of varying composition have been measured. Sound velocities for both transverse and longitudinal waves were determined along with the Pockels electro-optic coefficients ${p}_{12}$ and ${p}_{44}$. The damping parameter for the longitudinal phonons was obtained from linewidth measurements. The linewidths varied from 0.05 to 0.30 GHz full width at half maximum (FWHM) but averaged about 0.2 GHz, which is much larger than that in most normal crystalline materials. All spectra were recorded with a minicomputer-controlled triple-pass plane Fabry-Perot interferometer. The active alignment stabilization by computer control is discussed. Our experimental results indicate that there is at most a weak correlation between the hypersound parameters and the glass composition or other physical parameters. The frequency dependence of the damping in pure silica and the dense lanthanum flint glass LaSF-7 was measured. For these two glasses, a damping of the form $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\alpha}{f}^{m}$ was fit to the data, where $m\ensuremath{\simeq}1$ for LaSF-7 and $m=2.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2$ for pure silica. Simple phenomenological models of damping by relaxation processes indicate that the relaxation rate ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at room temperature (in LaSF-7) is about 1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, whereas in pure silica ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\gg}1$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Also, in pure silica the frequency dependence is anomalously strong since all models predict $ml~2$.
Hierarchical modeling of the VLSI design process

A description is given of the Kinden environment, which combines object-oriented modeling and model-based reasoning to capture, integrate, and manage VLSI design process attributes and hierarchies. Related work is briefly reviewed, and the modeling of the design process is discussed, focusing on the Kinden approach. The model-based reasoning on which Kinden's knowledge-processing architecture is based is described. The present implementation of Kinden is examined. >
The Relative Capacity of Corneal, Heart, Kidney and Skin Cells to Stimulate Allogeneic Lymphocytes

In simultaneous experiments, the ability of inbred Wistar-Furth rat corneal cells to stimulate inbred Fisher rat lymphocytes in mixed culture was compared with the stimulatory capacity of the same number of Wistar-Furth skin, kidney, heart and lymphocyte cells. The tissue cells were dissociated and after inhibition by mitomycin C cultured with an equal number of allogeneic spleen lymphocytes for 5 days. In all of these mixed cell cultures, the allogeneic lymphocytic response was mainly to the major Ag-B2 histocompatibility antigen. The stimulatory effect of corneal cells was found to be the same as that of heart, kidney and skin cells. The data indicate a lack of differences between the density of histocompatibility antigens on the surfaces of these cells.
Energy-Aware Scheduling of MapReduce Jobs for Big Data Applications

The majority of large-scale data intensive applications executed by data centers are based on MapReduce or its open-source implementation, Hadoop. Such applications are executed on large clusters requiring large amounts of energy, making the energy costs a considerable fraction of the data center’s overall costs. Therefore minimizing the energy consumption when executing each MapReduce job is a critical concern for data centers. In this paper, we propose a framework for improving the energy efficiency of MapReduce applications, while satisfying the service level agreement (SLA). We first model the problem of energy-aware scheduling of a single MapReduce job as an Integer Program. We then propose two heuristic algorithms, called energy-aware MapReduce scheduling algorithms (EMRSA-I and EMRSA-II), that find the assignments of map and reduce tasks to the machine slots in order to minimize the energy consumed when executing the application. We perform extensive experiments on a Hadoop cluster to determine the energy consumption and execution time for several workloads from the HiBench benchmark suite including TeraSort, PageRank, and K-means clustering, and then use this data in an extensive simulation study to analyze the performance of the proposed algorithms. The results show that EMRSA-I and EMRSA-II are able to find near optimal job schedules consuming approximately 40 percent less energy on average than the schedules obtained by a common practice scheduler that minimizes the makespan.
The expression of Apoc3 mRNA is regulated by HNF4α and COUP-TFII, but not acute retinoid treatments, in primary rat hepatocytes and hepatoma cells

Vitamin A status regulates obesity development, hyperlipidemia, and hepatic lipogenic gene expression in Zucker fatty (ZF) rats. The development of hyperlipidemia in acne patients treated with retinoic acid (RA) has been attributed to the induction of apolipoprotein C-III expression. To understand the role of retinoids in the development of hyperlipidemia in ZF rats, the expression levels of several selected RA-responsive genes in the liver and isolated hepatocytes from Zucker lean (ZL) and ZF rats were compared using real-time PCR. The Rarb and Srebp-1c mRNA levels are higher in the liver and isolated hepatocytes from ZF than ZL rats. The Apoc3 mRNA level is only higher in the isolated hepatocytes from ZF than ZL rats. To determine whether dynamic RA production acutely regulates Apoc3 expression, its mRNA levels in response to retinoid treatments or adenovirus-mediated overexpression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) and chicken ovalbumin upstream-transcription factor II (COUP-TFII) were analyzed. Retinoid treatments for 2-6 h did not induce the expression of Apoc3 mRNA. The overexpression of HNF4α or COUP-TFII induced or inhibited Apoc3 expression, respectively. We conclude that short-term retinoid treatments could not induce Apoc3 mRNA expression, which is regulated by HNF4α and COUP-TFII in hepatocytes.
Stereoselectivity of κ-opiate receptor ligands in inhibiting the binding of [3H][3-MeHis2]thyrotrophin releasing hormone to brain membranes

The effect of (+/-)-, (-)- and (+)-isomers of several ligands for kappa-opiate receptors on the binding of [3H][3-MeHis2]-thyrotrophin releasing hormone ([3H]MeTRH) to rat brain membranes has been determined. [3H]MeTRH bound to rat brain membranes at a single high affinity site with maximal binding capacity (Bmax) of 48 +/- 2 fmol(mg protein)-1, and an apparent dissociation constant, Kd of 4.6 +/- 0.2 nM. At a concentration of 2 nM, the specific binding of [3H]MeTRH was 12.3 +/- 0.6 fmol(mg protein)-1. The isomers of ketocyclazocine, tifluadom (1-methyl-2-(3-thienylcarbonyl) aminomethyl-5-(2-fluorophenyl) H-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepine), and alpha-5,9-diethyl-2'-hydroxy-2-(3-furylmethyl)-6,7-benzomorphan [MR 2266 (-), MR 2267 (+)] were used for interaction studies. The (-)-isomer of each of the above drugs was more potent than the (+)-form in inhibiting the binding of [3H]MeTRH to brain membranes, whereas the (+/-)-forms had activity intermediate between (-)- and (+)-forms. The order of activity of kappa-ligands was tifluadom greater than MR 2266 greater than ketocyclazocine. It is concluded that kappa-opiate drugs inhibit the binding of [3H]MeTRH to brain membranes in a stereoselective manner with tifluadom being the most potent drug.
Comparing surface effective saturation and depth-to-water-level as predictors of plant composition in a restored riparian wetland

Depth-to-water-level (DTWL) measurements in shallow groundwater piezometers are commonly used to develop predictive relationships between wetland plant composition and the water regime. These analyses, however, implicitly use DTWL as a surrogate for the soil water regime within the root zone. We collected bi-weekly field measurements of DTWL and surface effective saturation (SES) at a riparian wetland (3–4 years after restoration) in southwestern Wisconsin during the 2009 and 2010 growing seasons. Plant species composition was also sampled at the same locations (N = 62). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) and nonparametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) were used to compare how effectively the two hydrological metrics explain the overall plant community ordination space (NMS) and predict the probability of presence of certain dominant species (NPMR). In addition, we performed each statistical method on each year's data separately in order to estimate the robustness of the metrics to predict species composition. Both SES and DTWL metrics were significantly correlated with one NMS axis for both years, although correlations were higher and more significant (p 2·2) for each of the species were mean and minimum SES, models that used mean SES were more temporally consistent and, therefore, more generally applicable. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast axonal transport of kinesin in the rat visual system: functionality of kinesin heavy chain isoforms.

The mechanochemical ATPase kinesin is thought to move membrane-bounded organelles along microtubules in fast axonal transport. However, fast transport includes several classes of organelles moving ...
Majusculamide D and deoxymajusculamide D, two cytotoxins from Lyngbya majuscula

Abstract Majusculamide D and deoxymajusculamide D are cytotoxic lipopentapeptides that are minor constituents of a deep-water variety of the marine blue-green alga Lyngbya majuscula from Enewetak.
Differential contribution of TRPV1 to thermal responses and tissue injury-induced sensitization of dorsal horn neurons in laminae I and V in the mouse

Our previous recordings from dorsal root ganglion and spinal lamina V neurons from TRPV1-mutant mice showed dramatic decreases in responses to temperatures near the activation threshold of this channel (43-49 degrees C). Somewhat unexpectedly, we only observed behavioral deficits in these mice at higher temperatures (50-58 degrees C). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the noxious heat-evoked pain behavior that persists in TRPV1-mutant mice reflects residual responsiveness of neurons in the superficial, but not deep, dorsal horn. To this end, we performed in vivo extracellular recordings of spinal nociresponsive neurons in laminae I and V in wild type (WT) and TRPV1 mutant mice. Neurons in WT and mutant mice from both laminae did not differ in their spontaneous activity or evoked responses to mechanical or cold stimuli. By contrast, most lamina I neurons from mutant mice responded to noxious heat with significantly higher thresholds than in WT mice. In contrast, lamina V neurons from mutant mice were virtually unresponsive to noxious heat before and after topical mustard oil-induced tissue injury. Interestingly, lamina I neurons in mutant mice displayed thermal sensitization following tissue injury, comparable in magnitude, but of shorter duration, than in WT mice. We conclude that TRPV1 is necessary for noxious heat-evoked responses of lamina V neurons, both before and after tissue injury. It is also an essential contributor to the normal activation threshold of lamina I neurons to noxious heat and for the full duration of thermal sensitization of lamina I neurons following injury. Finally, our results suggest that the processing of noxious thermal messages by neurons in lamina I involves convergent inputs from a heterogeneous population of primary afferent thermal nociceptors.
Opportunity, Opportunism, and Progress: Kairos in the Rhetoric of Technology

As the principle of timing or opportunity,kairos serves both as a powerful theme within technological discourse and as an analytical concept that explains some of the suasory force by which such discourse maintains itself and its position in our culture. This essay makes a case for a rhetoric of technology that is distinct from the rhetoric of science and illustrates the value of the classical vocabulary for understanding contemporary rhetoric. This case is made by examining images and models of technological change that underlie and justify the thematizations ofkairos that appear in so much technological discourse and by exploring the phenomenon of “technological forecasting,” in which the characterization and construction of moments in the present are crucial to the projection of the future. One example of forecasting is examined in detail: the Japanese “Fifth Generation” computer project, which illustrates the twin themes of opportunity and threat.
Effects of Luteinizing Hormone in Vivo and in Vitro on Cholesterol Conversion to Progestins in Rat Corpus Luteum Tissue

Ovarian tissue cholesterol, in rats with luteinized ovaries, has been labeled by intravenous injection of cholesterol-7-3H. The effect of luteinizing hormone (LH) in vivo and in vitro on the incorporation of cholesterol-7-3H into progesterone and 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en- 3-one in these ovaries has been observed. Increased progestin synthesis in vitro resulted from iv administration of LH to rats 30 min before removing ovaries for incubation, as well as from direct addition of LH to the incubation medium. A corresponding increase was found in circulating progestins after LH administration in vivo. The incorporation of radioactivity from the cholesterol- 7-3H increased to approximately the same extent as synthesis of the progestins, so that the specific activities of the progesterone and 20α-hydroxypregn- 4-en-3-one synthesized were essentially the same in tissue stimulated by LH as in unstimulated tissue. It was concluded that LH, in vivo and in vitro, stimulated the conversion of intracellular cholesterol t...
Field experiments on eyewitness identification: towards a better understanding of pitfalls and prospects

The Illinois pilot program on lineup procedures has helped sharpen the focus on the types of controls that are needed in eyewitness field experiments and the limits that exist for interpreting outcome measures (rates of suspect and filler identifications). A widely-known limitation of field experiments is that, unlike simulated crime experiments, the guilt or innocence of the suspects is not easily known independently of the behavior of the eyewitnesses. Less well appreciated is that the rate of identification of lineup fillers, although clearly errors, can be a misleading measure if the filler identification rate is used to assess which of two or more lineup procedures is the better procedure. Several examples are used to illustrate that there are clearly improper procedures that would yield fewer identifications of fillers than would their proper counterparts. For example, biased lineup structure (e.g., using poorly matched fillers) as well as suggestive lineup procedures (that can result from non-blind administration of lineups) would reduce filler identification errors compared to unbiased and non-suggestive procedures. Hence, under many circumstances filler identification rates can be misleading indicators of preferred methods. Comparisons of lineup procedures in future field experiments will not be easily accepted in the absence of double-blind administration methods in all conditions plus true random assignment to conditions.
Electrical conductivity of drying cement paste

Previous research has shown that electrical measurements can be used to monitor moisture movement inside concrete. The interpretation of these measurements is frequently based on empirical relationships between moisture changes and electrical properties of concrete. As such, these empirical relationships can limit the application of the electrical measurements to a specific material or exposure history. To facilitate the development of a general method that is applicable to a concrete member in service, this paper characterizes the electrical conduction in cement paste subjected to drying (desorption) and moisture absorption. The paper quantifies how the electrical conductivity is dependent on the volume and connectivity of the moisture inside the pores and the conductivity of pore solution. This paper also presents a procedure to quantify the contribution of the surface (solid-pore) conduction on the overall conductivity of the cement paste. The results of this investigation contribute to the development of an embedded relative humidity sensor that can be used to monitor changes in the internal humidity of concrete during its service life.
Need for Standardization in Definition of Success in Clinical Trials on Stress Urinary Incontinence

Retropubic midurethral slings (RMUS) rapidly are becoming standard of care in the surgical management of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) by virtue of being much less invasive and highly efficacious (success rate 86%–99%) [1]. Recognizing the potential for complications of this procedure (eg, bladder, bowel, and vascular injury) due to the “blind” access through retropubic space, the transobturator approach (TMUS) was developed [2]. Meta-analyses of small studies comparing the two approaches have suggested equivalent efficacy; however, most studies were not designed and powered to make robust conclusions [1].
A Highly Soluble Organic Catholyte for Non‐Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries

A phenothiazine derivative with high solubility in carbonate solvents containing lithium salts showed extensive overcharge protection and, as a result, has been evaluated as a catholyte for non-aqueous redox flow batteries. We report the testing of 3,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)-N-ethylphenothiazine as a catholyte and 2,3,6-trimethylquinoxaline as the anolyte in redox flow batteries containing 0.05, 0.15, and 0.35 M active material and found the longest capacity retention over about 60 cycles at 0.15 M. To our knowledge, this is the most soluble catholyte candidate with a robust radical cation.
Reversible Disruption of Cell-Matrix and Cell-Cell Interactions by Overexpression of Sialomucin Complex

Sialomucin complex (SMC) is a large, heterodimeric glycoprotein complex composed of mucin (ASGP-1) and transmembrane (ASGP-2) subunits and expressed abundantly on the cell surface of ascites 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells. We have isolated recombinant cDNAs containing different numbers of ASGP-1 mucin repeats, which can be expressed as protein products with variable lengths. To study the anti-adhesive effect of SMC, these cDNAs were transfected into human cancer cell lines. Using a tetracycline-responsive, inducible expression system, we demonstrated that the overexpression of SMC induces morphology changes, cell detachment, and cell-cell dissociation of transfected A375 human melanoma cells in culture. The transition between the adherent and suspension states of the cells is fully reversible and dependent on the SMC expression level. The anti-adhesion effect of SMC was further analyzed kinetically by measuring the cell adhesion of transfected A375 melanoma and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines to fibronectin, laminin, and collagen IV, demonstrating that SMC disrupts integrin-mediated cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins. The degree of this anti-adhesion effect was dependent on the number of mucin repeats in the SMC molecule as well as the level of cell surface expression.