cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective Roentgenographic Contrast Examination and Electrokymography of the Left Heart in Experimental Mitral Insufficiency

Difficulty in the accurate preoperative assessment of mitral insufficiency, clinically and by several laboratory methods, suggested the desirability of direct visualization of the regurgitant flow. Direct puncture of the left ventricle for the injection of radiopaque contrast material was used in dogs before and after the creation of mitral insufficiency by division of 1 chorda tendinea. The regurgitation was accurately recognized radiographically. Consistent alterations in left atrial border movement were also recorded by electrokymography.
Web Documents' Cultural Masculinity and Femininity

As online information dissemination and e-commerce transactions become globally popular, understanding the cultural aspects of Web site documents will gain critical importance. Hidden cultural dimensions could facilitate or inhibit the usability and communication effectiveness of Web sites. However, few studies have investigated the existence of cultural dimensions in Web sites. This study identifies cultural signifiers of Web documents as they relate to the masculinity-femininity dimension. We adopt an interpretive approach for investigating, identifying, and categorizing masculinity-femininity signifiers. Comparing and contrasting Web sites aimed predominantly at either men or women, we use grounded theory for constant comparison and categorization of data. The interpretive analysis is carried out within a framework of hermeneutics. Drawing from the literature of signs (semiology), we identify the signifiers and myths for the masculinity and femininity of Web documents, and report on the possible presence of masculine and feminine androgyny. Following the dictum of grounded theory, we present support for our results from theories and findings in diverse fields of study. We then report on the contributions of our research in three ways. First, the knowledge of cultural signifiers raises managers' and researchers' awareness of cultural contents of Web documents, and may lead to improvement in the clarity and communication effectiveness of Web documents. Second, our work brings forth contrasts and contradictions inherent in masculine and feminine modes of Web document development, raising questions about cultural messages within Web documents that could distort communication and promote cultural values not shared by members of the targeted community. Third, we introduce the concept of androgyny as playing a possible role in reducing such distortions.
Critical Thinking and the Construction of Knowledge

What characterizes the ideal critical thinker? Within the critical thinking movement, it is sometimes suggested that the ideal critical thinker is “constructivist knower” who integrates objective and critical ways of knowing with subjective and creative ways of knowing. In this article it is argued that descriptions of constructivist knowers are typically consisent with two very different approaches to epistemology: one approach leads to an extreme relativism which precludes shared standards of rationality; the other approach recognizes that the individual can integrate rational and emotive thought in a way that permits common standards of rationality. This article also suggests that thinkers identified as model or exemplary constructivist knowers display critical and creative thinking in a way that underscores the existence of common standards of judgment and rationality.
The use of silicone rubber implant arthroplasty in treatment of true symphalangism

In four patients with true symphalangism, in which the fingers were of normal or nearly normal length and active flexion of the distal interphalangeal joints was present, silicone rubber implants were inserted in the proximal interphalangeal joint areas of the middle fingers. Fifty degrees of motion resulted.
Reactions of glucose with lysine.

Abstract 1. 1. The fluorodinitrobenzene method, in conjunction with paper chromatography and ionophoresis, was used to identify the sites of reaction of glucose with lysine and to measure the rates of reaction. 2. 2. During the storage of lysine with glucose at pH 8.5, 37 °C. and 70% relative humidity, the α- and ϵ-amino groups of lysine reacted with glucose at equal rates. 3. 3. A large excess of glucose (8 moles/amino group) caused no change in reaction rates of the amino groups of lysine.
Evolution of structure-reactivity correlations for the hydrogen abstraction reaction by chlorine atom.

Empirical structure–reactivity correlations are developed for log k298, the gas-phase rate constants for the reaction (Cl• + HCR3 → ClH + CR3•). It has long been recognized that correlation with ΔrH is weak. The poor performance of the linear Evans–Polanyi formulation is illustrated and was little improved by adding a quadratic term, for example, by making its slope smoothly dependent on ΔrH [η ≡ (ΔrH – ΔrHmin)/(ΔrHmax – ΔrHmin)]. The “polar effect” (δ−Cl---H---CR3δ+)⧧ has also been long discussed, but there is no formalization of this dependence based on widely available independent variable(s). Using the sum of Hammett constants for the R substituents also gave at best modest correlations, either for σpara or for its dissection into F (field/inductive) and R (resonance) effects. Much greater success was achieved by combining these approaches with the preferred independent variable set being either [(ΔrH)2, ΔrH, ΣF, and ΣR] or [η, ΔrH, ΣF, and ΣR]. For 64 rate constants that span 7 orders of magnitude, t...
The Way of Salvation in Luther's Theology: A Feminist Evaluation

Abstract: Luther's understanding of salvation can be summed up with the phrase “justification by grace through faith.” The doctrine of justification is the focal point for all theological categories in Luther's theology, including salvation. That said, this article examines various ways grace or salvation is understood to be conveyed in Luther's theology through: the cross, the resurrection or through God's election and covenant with humankind. Throughout the article, it evaluates these foci for salvation in terms of their ability to speak gospel to women's lives today. In particular, it evaluates the appropriate usage of Luther's epistemology of the cross.
PARALLEL SOLVERS FOR PLANAR ELLIPTIC GRID GENERATION EQUATIONS

Numerical solution of elliptic grid generation equations requires iterative solution of large nonlinear algebraic systems, a computationally intensive task. To assist a selection of efficient and robust methods, this paper considers parallel implementations of several iterative grid generation solvers. The methods studied are multicolor SOR. multigrid, and GMRES. They are implemented on the MasPar MP-I, a massively parallel SIMD machine. The experiments suggest that multigrid methods are the most efficient and robust for large problems.
Higher Education Funding: The New Normal

(2009). Higher Education Funding: The New Normal. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning: Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 60-62.
Exact solutions of nonlinear generalizations of the Klein Gordon and Schrodinger equations

Abstract Exact solutions of sine Gordon and multiple sine Gordon equations are constructed in terms of solutions of a linear base equation, the Klein Gordon equation and also in terms of nonlinear base equations where the nonlinearity is polynomial in the dependent variable. Further, exact solutions of nonlinear generalizations of the Schrodinger equation and of additional nonlinear generalizations of the Klein Gordon equation are constructed in terms of solutions of linear base equations. Finally, solutions with spherical symmetry, of nonlinear Klein Gordon equations are given.
Intrinsic Distribution and Atomic Level Stress in Polymeric Melts

The relationship between stress production and relaxation on one hand and the local structure on the other is studied in model polymeric melts by the use of equilibrium and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics. The analysis is performed in the intrinsic coordinate systema mobile frame tied to the generic bond. The variation of the intrinsic distribution of interacting neighbors about a representative atom, g, with density and temperature is investigated above and below the glass transition. It is shown that g captures close packing effects and the buildup of structure upon transition, similar to the radial distribution function g(r). When computed from the nearest nonbonded neighbors, the intrinsic distribution is nonuniform due to steric shielding. Neighbors at distances larger than a covalent bond length from the representative atom, however, lead to a uniform distribution g. Thus, the steric shielding effect generates a nonzero intrinsic deviatoric stress in both equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems,...
Sex chromatin pattern in seminiferous tubule dysgenesis and other testicular disorders: relationship to true hermaphrodism and to Klinefelter's syndrome, with a review of gonadal ontogenesis.

THE discovery by Ban and his associates of a sex difference in the interphase nuclei of somatic cells in certain mammals (2–6), including primates, has provided a long-needed practical method for assessing the sex chromosome constitution. Since this technique was first applied in man in 1953 (7), modifications (8–11) and several new developments have been reported (12–17). In the investigation of anomalies of sex development, clinical application of Barr's method has produced important results (7, 18–23). Apart from its ancillary role in diagnosis, cytologic sexing, or the determination of sex by chromatin pattern, has contributed significantly to our understanding of the disordered development in these afflictions (23, 24). Recently, chromosomal sex has been studied in testicular disorders. Nelson (25), Plunkett and Ban (26, 27), and Bradbury, Bunge and Boccabella (28) were the first to describe a female chromatin pattern in apparent males with Klinefelter's syndrome. Subsequently, this finding has been ...
Policy, Planning, and People: Promoting Justice in Urban Development

Mies van der Rohe, the minimalist architect, famously adopted Robert Browning’s phrase, “Less is more.” Would that Carmon and Fainstein had done the same—for this book is both less and much more th...
Diagnosis and management of GI stromal tumors by EUS-FNA: a survey of opinions and practices of endosonographers.

Background There is no consensus regarding the best management strategy for diagnosing and treating GI stromal tumors (GISTs). Objective Our purpose was to examine the practice patterns of endosonographers in diagnosing and managing GISTs, particularly features of GISTs suggestive of malignancy, features that prompt surgical referral, and surveillance patterns. Design An invitation to complete an online survey was e-mailed to all 413 members of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy EUS Special Interest Group. Results A total of 134 (32%) members responded; 59% of respondents use EUS features combined with FNA findings to diagnose GIST, and 89% consider a c-kit– positive stain on FNA most suggestive of GIST. However, 60% would diagnose GIST when cytologic samples are insufficient for diagnosis, and 40% would diagnose GIST if cytologic samples are sufficient but c-kit is negative. A total of 92% use size as the main criterion to distinguish benign from malignant GISTs, and 90% refer lesions >5 cm for surgery. For lesions not resected, 70% survey annually, 19% less than annually, 10% more than annually, and 1% do not survey. Limitations The opinions of the respondents do not necessarily reflect the opinions and practices of endosonographers nationwide. There are inherent limitations to an online multiple-choice survey, including low response rates. Conclusions There are substantial practice variations in diagnosing, resecting, and surveying GISTs. A majority of our survey respondents have made the diagnosis of GIST without FNA confirmation. Size >5 cm is the feature used most to predict malignancy and to prompt surgical referral. Surveillance practices for unresected GISTs are variable. Evidence is needed to establish practice guidelines in this area.
Evidence-based practice in communication disorders: what do we know, and when do we know it?

Abstract Evidence-based practice (EBP), a framework that originated in clinical medicine, offers a principled means of addressing longstanding questions about clinical practice in communication disorders. However, in several respects EBP represents a radical departure from traditional thinking in speech-language pathology and audiology. In this paper, I first describe some of the ways in which the EBP orientation challenges conventional wisdom. I then describe criteria from the EBP literature to be used in evaluating evidence on diagnostic procedures. Using EBP criteria to design, conduct, and interpret studies will increase the quality of evidence available to support clinical decision-making in communication disorders, and to the credibility of the field as a whole. Learning outcomes (1) Readers will be able to explain why rigorous scientific studies provide a stronger basis for clinical decision-making than do the opinions of authorities. (2) Readers will be able to list five EBP criteria for evaluating a study of diagnosis. (3) Readers will be able to describe and interpret two measures of diagnostic accuracy. (4) Readers will be able to explain the limitations of small-sample studies of diagnostic procedures.
The synthesis of diaminopimelic acid containing peptidoglycan fragments using metathesis cross coupling

Abstract Properly protected diaminopimelic acid (DAP), a component of peptidoglycan of Gram-negative bacteria, was prepared by a metathesis cross coupling between properly protected allyl and vinyl glycine derivatives using Grubb’s second-generation catalyst followed by reduction of the double bond of the resulting compound. The DAP derivatives were used in the solution- and polymer-supported synthesis of biological active peptides.
Introduction History and Overview

When this work was originally conceived in the early 1970s, the concepts associated with the phrase “structured programming” were less clearly perceived than they are now, and the notion of “abstract data type” did not exist. While it was generally recognized that methodological approaches to the solution of software problems had enormous potential, there was neither agreement on the methodology nor much experience on which to base belief in the potential.
The employment interview: A summary and review of recent research.

After a quick recapitulation of previous reviews of the employment interview, recent research from about 1975 is reviewed and summarized. Research dealing with the reliability and validity of the interview, methodological issues, decision making, interviewer training, minority characteristics, nonverbal behavior, interviewee characteristics, and interviewee training is summarized. Trends and directions are noted, suggestions for further research extended, and a discussion of why persistence in the use of interview exists is presented.
The influence of inlet velocity profile and secondary flow on pulsatile flow in a model artery with stenosis

(Received 30 May 2007 and in revised form 3 July 2008) The results of an experimental investigation to determine the influence of two physiologically relevant inlet conditions on the flow physics downstream of an idealized stenosis are presented. The two inlet conditions are an asymmetric mean inlet velocity profile and an asymmetric mean inlet velocity profile plus secondary flow, as found downstream of a bend. The stenosis is modelled as an axisymmetric 75 % area reduction occlusion with a length-to-diameter ratio of 2. The flow was forced by a 10-harmonic carotid artery-inspired waveform with mean, maximum and minimum Reynolds numbers of 364, 1424 and 24, respectively, and a Womersley number of 4.6. Laser Doppler velocimetry and particle image velocimetry were used to characterize the spatial and temporal evolution of a baseline case (no disturbances) as well as the two physiologically relevant inlet conditions. The asymmetric inlet velocity profile was found to reduce the region of influence of the stenosis by forcing the stenotic jet towards the tube wall via an induced non-uniform radial pressure gradient, similar to the Coanda effect. Curvature-induced secondary flow was found to play a minor role in the near-stenosis region. Vortex ring formation was relatively unaffected by the mean velocity gradient and secondary flow. Evidence of remnants of the starting vortex ring was observed far downstream in all cases.
Tingle-a suite for monitoring networks

The Tingle suite consists of three programs that monitor remote hosts on a network, perform user-specified actions in response to changing network conditions, and generate reports related to network performance. The first program, Tingle, sends echo requests to user-specified hosts. Echo replies are captured and used to generate one-line reports regarding the state of the remote hosts. The other two programs of the suite process the output of Tingle. The first, twarn, performs user-specified actions in response to network transitions, such as hosts going up or down. The second, tsum, generates summaries of measurements of network performance, such as echo response time and the ratio of echo replies to echo requests. >
Aristóteles y una disputa de bioética

El objeto de este articulo es aplicar una estrategia desarrollada por Aristoteles al problema de determinar la naturaleza de un embrion durante sus primeros dias. Aristoteles argumenta que lo decisivo es identificar aquello que hace que una porcion de materia sea un ente de una cierta clase. Hoy sabemos que lo que hace que un conjunto de celulas sea un embrion humano es su genoma. Puesto que un adulto tiene el mismo genoma que el que tenia en estado embrionario, se sigue que hay una identidad entre un adulto y el embrion que fue. Esta tesis de identidad transtemporal es defendida frente a diversas objeciones, en especial la que se deriva de la posibilidad de gemelacion.
Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Substrate Screen Identifies EphA2 as a Target for LAR in Cell Migration

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) exist in equilibrium between tyrosyl-phosphorylated and dephosphorylated states. Despite a detailed understanding of how RTKs become tyrosyl phosphorylated, much less is known about RTK tyrosyl dephosphorylation. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) can play essential roles in the dephosphorylation of RTKs. However, a complete understanding of the involvement of the RPTP subfamily in RTK tyrosyl dephosphorylation has not been established. In this study, we have employed a small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen to identify RPTPs in the human genome that serve as RTK phosphatases. We observed that each RPTP induced a unique fingerprint of tyrosyl phosphorylation among 42 RTKs. We identified EphA2 as a novel LAR substrate. LAR dephosphorylated EphA2 at phosphotyrosyl 930, uncoupling Nck1 from EphA2 and thereby attenuating EphA2-mediated cell migration. These results demonstrate that each RPTP exerts a unique regulatory fingerprint of RTK tyrosyl dephosphorylation and suggest a complex signaling interplay between RTKs and RPTPs. Furthermore, we observed that LAR modulates cell migration through EphA2 site-specific dephosphorylation.
The potentiating and protective effects of ascorbate on oxidative stress depend upon the concentration of dietary iron fed C3H mice

Ascorbic acid (AA) is an antioxidant that, in the presence of iron and hydrogen peroxide, increases the production of hydroxyl radicals in vitro. Whether AA has similar pro-oxidant properties in vivo may depend upon the relative balance of iron and AA concentrations. In this study, C3H mice were fed diets supplemented with 100 or 300 mg/kg iron, with or without AA (15 g/kg), for 12 months. Liver AA concentrations were greater in mice fed AA-supplemented diets with either low or high iron (P=.0001), while the high-iron diet was associated with a significantly lower liver AA concentration regardless of AA supplementation (P=.0001). Only mice fed the high-iron diet with AA had a significantly greater liver iron concentration (P=.05). In the high-iron group, AA reduced oxidative stress, as measured by greater activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase and by significantly lower concentrations of 4-hydroxylalkenal (HAE) and malondialdehyde (MDA). In mice fed the low-iron diet, AA was associated with greater concentrations of HAE and MDA and with lower activities of SOD. However, AA did not increase the concentrations of modified DNA bases with the low-iron diet but was associated with significantly lower concentrations of modified DNA bases in mice fed the high-iron diet. In conclusion, dietary AA appears to have mild pro-oxidant properties at low-iron concentrations but has a strong antioxidant effect against oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by dietary iron in mouse liver.
Optimal Discovery of Bandwidth Opportunities in Spectrum Agile Networks

This paper proposes an adaptive approach that allows wireless devices with multi-band capabilities to determine the optimal number of spectrum bands (SBs) to be explored so that its net benefit from accessing the spectrum is maximized. This approach is optimal in that it strikes a balance between the two conflicting objectives of (1) keeping spectrum sensing overhead low and (2) increasing the chances of finding spectrum opportunities. We also study the effect of several network parameters, such as the primary and secondary traffic loads, on the optimality of the proposed approach.
Cardiac thromboemboli complicating a stab wound to the heart

A 27-year-old man was noted to have neurologic deficit 4 days following cardiorrhaphy to repair a penetrating cardiac injury. Cerebral computed tomography scan showed multiple embolic infarcts and two-dimensional echocardiography revealed the source as thrombus in the left ventricle. Although this entity has been described following blunt chest trauma and cardiac contusion, it has not been noted in association with penetrating injury. Intracardiac thrombus with systemic emboli should be considered as a possible complication following cardiorrhaphy for penetrating trauma.
Effects of ultraviolet radiation on marine ecosystems

Stratospheric ozone depletion, now on a global scale, is causing renewed concern about the consequences of increased levels of ultraviolet radiation (UV‐B in particular) reaching the Earth's biosphere. UV‐B interacts directly with DNA and a variety of other cellular constituents, generating several photoproducts that have deleterious effects on the living cells. Even without ozone depletion, ambient levels of UV‐B radiation across latitudes, altitudes and depth in the water column may influence life at all levels of organization from sub‐cellular and cellular, to individuals, communities and ecosystems. The present review focuses on the impact of UV‐B on the marine organisms that have been studied most, i.e. phytoplankton and to a lesser extent on zooplankton and the higher trophic levels in the marine ecosystem. These studies have shown that increased levels of UV‐B affect photosynthetic activity, cause decrease in growth and metabolic rates, impair nitrogen assimilation, inhibit the motility and orienta...
Indian Bus Rapid Transit Systems Funded by the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

This paper reviews the planning, implementation, and initial operation of bus rapid transit systems (BRTSs) in India. The initial four cities that received funds under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) are reviewed: Ahmedabad, Indore, Jaipur, and Pune. JnNURM is a Government of India (GOI) program to support state and local investment in urban development. GOI also adopted a National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP). Indian states and municipalities are required to follow NUTP rules and regulations, including clear incentives for the implementation of public transport systems and nonmotorized infrastructure projects, as opposed to general road construction or expansion projects. This paper describes relevant characteristics of the BRTSs being implemented in each city and provides comments on planning, design, and institutional arrangements. The projects are an important departure from traditional urban transport practices in Indian cities: they prioritize the use of public transport and nonmotorized modes. Nevertheless, this preliminary survey suggests that in most cases a strong focus remains on infrastructure, while other elements of BRTSs receive less attention. As a result, the full potential of BRTSs is not necessarily attained. Regarding planning activities, it is noted that demand estimation and operations design could have been more elaborate. This paper provides general recommendations for planners, decision makers, and funding agencies in an effort to improve the state of the practice in India and other developing countries.
Knocked out: Sleep disturbances after traumatic brain injury

According to [Leonardo da Vinci][1], “a well-spent day brings happy sleep,” but both can elude a person who has suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Trauma patients often experience sleep-wake disturbances, but the documented prevalence rates vary widely, likely because they are based on retrospective or self-reported data that have not been compared with control groups. To better characterize TBI-associated sleep-wake disturbances, Imbach and colleagues prospectively compared the prevalence of sleep-need and excessive daytime sleepiness after TBI with a matched control group. The investigators also evaluated clinical and laboratory findings that predict poor sleep-wake outcome after TBI. Patients were evaluated in the acute period after TBI to assess injury severity and potential predictors for sleep-wake disturbances and again at 6 months to assess objective (actigraphy) and subjective sleep data. After 6 months, the average sleep need per 24 hours increased by a mean difference of 1.2 hours ( P <0.0001) in patients with first-ever TBI compared to a control group. Objective daytime sleepiness was also increased in the TBI group (57% versus 19% in the control group). Interestingly, TBI patients, but not controls, significantly underestimated sleep-wake disturbances compared with the objective data. Furthermore, the severity of TBI and presence of intracranial hemorrhage were found to predict sleep-wake disturbances. The direct relationship between sleep-wake disturbances and TBI demonstrated by this prospective, controlled study paves the way for future in-depth examinations of TBI patients in sleep laboratories. L. L. Imbach et al ., Increased sleep need and daytime sleepiness 6 months after traumatic brain injury: A prospective controlled clinical trial. Brain 138 , 726–735 (2015). [[Full Text]][2] [1]: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/l/leonardo_da_vinci.html [2]: http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/138/3/726.long
Visceral and spinal cord protection during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair: clinical and laboratory update.

The best method to protect the visceral and spinal cord during extensive aortic replacement remains debatable. Numerous surgeons have appropriately argued for their preferences because of the excellent clinical outcomes at their respective institutions. However, a scientific explanation for the greater success of a specific technique compared with the others has rarely been apparent. Many investigators have attempted to explain why certain adjuncts to minimize the risk of spinal cord injury (SCI) during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAA) repair have physiologic benefits. Laboratory studies have shed light on some aspects of spinal cord protection, including the dynamics of blood flow and the anatomy of the blood supply to the spinal cord. However, despite the lack of clear scientific evidence for some of the protection techniques, surgeons have continued to achieve improved clinical outcomes.
deterritorialization and workplace culture

In this article, I ask what happens to the moral economies and rhetorical frameworks that govern employment relations when labor markets become global. In particular, I examine the argument that globalization undermines the institutions and practices that govern local labor markets—eroding “locality.” I present the results offieldwork in knitwear firms in southern Virginia and Mexico and argue that globalization eroded the old ways that workers could make claims on the firm, while also undermining new bases for claims making. I suggest that these developments are part of a process of deterritorialization of workplace communities, even though the workers themselves do not move, [labor, unionism, apparel industry, textile industry, southern United States, Mexico]
Effects of carbon and oxygen limitations and calcium concentrations on biofilm removal processes

Bacterial biofilm removal processes due to shear and catastrophic sloughing have been investigated in a turbulent flow system under conditions of carbon versus oxygen substrate limitations and varying aqueous phase calcium concentrations. Biofilm cellular and extracellular polymer carbon, total biofilm carbon and mass, and biofilm calcium concentrations are measured for pure culture biofilms of the facultative aerobe, Pseudomonas putida ATCC 11172. Results indicate oxygen-limited biofilms reach a higher steady-state biofilm organic carbon level than carbon-limited biofilms. Oxygen-limited biofilms also exhibit (1) a higher extracellular polymer-carbon: cell-carbon ratio throughout biofilm development and (2) a higher biofilm calcium content than carbon-limited biofilms. Increasing aqueous phase calcium concentrations increase the amount of biofilm calcium in both cases; the rate of calcium accumulation in oxygen-limited biofilms increases with increasing liquid phase calcium concentrations over the entire range studied while the rates of calcium accumulation in carbon-limited biofilms appear independent of aqueous phase calcium concentrations above 11.0 mg/L. Oxygen-limited biofilms with their higher extracellular polymer and calcium content exhibit shear removal rates that are 20-40% of those observed for carbon-limited biofilms. However, it is the oxygen-limited biofilms that experience catastrophic sloughing events. The carbon-limited biofilms studied here never sloughed even if subjected to intentional long-term deprivation of all nutrients. Reduced shear removal and the susceptibility to sloughing of the oxygen-limited biofilms are attributed to their more cohesive structure bought about by their relatively greater extracellular polymer production.
Large-system spectral efficiency of interference-limited MIMO systems

The spectral efficiency of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems operating in multicell frequency-flat fading environments is studied, for situations in which cochannel interference is the dominant channel impairment instead of ambient noise. The following multiuser detection methods are analyzed: a single-cell detector, the joint optimum detector, a group linear minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) detector and its generalized version, with the focus on their large-system asymptotic (non-random) expressions. Analytical and numerical results based on these asymptotic multicell MIMO spectral efficiencies are explored to gain insights into the behavior of multicell MIMO systems.
The interplay of catalysis and toxicity by amyloid intermediates on lipid bilayers: insights from type II diabetes

The dynamics, energies, and structures governing protein folding are critical to biological function. Amyloidoses are a class of disease defined, in part, by the misfolding and aggregation of functional protein precursors into fibrillar states. Amyloid fibers contribute to the pathology of many diseases, including type II diabetes, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s. In these disorders, amyloid fibers are present in affected tissues. However, it has become clear that intermediate states, rather than mature fibers, represent the cytotoxic species. In this review, we focus particularly on lipid bilayer–bound intermediates. Remarkably, the precursors of these fibers are intrinsically disordered, and yet catalysis of β-sheet formation appears to be mediated by the stabilization of α-helical states. On the lipid bilayer, these intermediate species have been implicated as cytotoxic through elimination of ionic homeostasis. Recent advances are enabling insights at a molecular level that promise to provide meaningful targets for the development of therapeutics.
CA5-04: Identifying Pregnancy Episodes in the Vaccine Safety Datalink.

Background/Aims The need for research on the safety of vaccination during pregnancy is widely recognized. Large, population-based data systems like the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) may be useful for this research, but identifying pregnancies using electronic medical record (EMR) and claims data can be challenging.
Frequency and clinical implications of increased pulmonary artery pressures in liver transplant patients.

Objective To characterize the pulmonary hemodynamics and identify predictors of pulmonary hypertension in a group of patients before liver transplantation and to determine whether pulmonary hypertension in these patients is related to survival. Material and Methods In 362 patients before their first liver transplantation (between 1985 and 1993), the clinical history, laboratory data, and results of pulmonary function tests were recorded. Pulmonary artery (PA) catheterization was performed after induction of anesthesia at the time of transplantation. Monthly follow-up was maintained. Results A hyperdynamic circulation was often present—an increased mean cardiac output (7.6 L/min), increased mean PA pressure (20.9 mm Hg), correlation of mean PA pressure with cardiac output ( r = 0.25; P 5 ). Mean PA pressures were more than 25 mm Hg in 72 patients (20%). Pulmonary hypertension (defined as mean PA pressure of more than 25 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance in excess of 120 dynes. s/cm 5 ) occurred in 15 patients (4%). Pulmonary function tests revealed obstruction in 7%, restriction in 18%, and low diffusing capacity in 46%. By univariate analysis, lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, and total lung capacity were the only preoperative factors associated with pulmonary hypertension ( P P Conclusion Increased PA pressure is common in liver transplant patients (20%). "True" pulmonary hypertension occurred in only 4% of our patients and was not associated with an adverse outcome.
Changes in Tannin-Like Compounds of Peanut Fruit Parts During Maturation1

Abstract This study served a twofold purpose in that it investigated the relationship of tannins to maturity of peanuts and provided some information on the possible importance of tannins in resistance of peanuts to invasion by various fungi. Peanut fruits were separated into selected physiological maturity stages and divided into hull, seed coat and seed. The fruit parts in each maturity stage were analyzed for tannin using Folin-Denis reagent. Examination of physical and chemical characteristics of hull and seed coat tannins confirmed they are both condensed tannins. Presented as mg tannin per fruit part, hull tannins increased significantly after stage 9, seed coat tannins increased significantly to stage 9 then decreased, and seed tannins did not change. Fruit parts of cured peanuts containing several maturity stages were similar in tannin content to the more mature uncured fruit parts. Calculated as % fresh weight, tannins in the hull and seed coat were significantly higher in the three most mature s...
High and Rising Health Care Costs. Part 3: The Role of Health Care Providers

The market power of physicians and health systems is one commonly held explanation for high and rising health care costs in the United States. This third article of a 4-part series examines how the...
The neural bases of the effects of item-nonspecific proactive interference in working memory

We reanalyzed the behavioral and fMRI data from seven previously published studies of working memory in order to assess the behavioral and neural effects of item-nonspecific proactive interference (PI; attributable to the accrual of antecedent information independent of the repetition of particular items). We hypothesized that item-nonspecific PI, implicated in age-related declines in working memory performance, is mediated by the same mechanism(s) that mediate item-specific PI (occurring when an invalid memory probe matches a memorandum from the previous trial). Reaction time increased across trials as a function of position within the block, a trend that reversed across the duration of each multiblock experiment. The fMRI analyses revealed sensitivity to item-nonspecific PI during the probe epoch in the left anterior inferior frontal gyrus and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC). They also revealed a negative trend, across trials, in the transient probe-evoked component of the global signal. A common PFC-based mechanism may mediate many forms of PI.
Diagnosis and Management of Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Sustained in Combat

ABSTRACTTraumatic brain injury exists in a spectrum of severity among wounded personnel. The evaluation and clinical presentation, initial management, and treatment interventions to prevent secondary injury processes for combat-associated moderate and severe traumatic brain injury are reviewed. Promising therapies are discussed, and a current review of the literature is provided.
Psychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease.

Aside from the well-known triad of resting tremor, postural instability, and bradykinesia, Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients may also develop psychiatric illness as a part of their disease. The psychiatric symptoms may be as disabling as the movement disorder, but are often amenable to treatment. We review the most recent investigations of mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and hallucinations/ psychosis in PD. We then highlight new treatment studies for hallucinations/ psychosis in PD.
Some lssues in the Construcion of Disaster Prevention and Reduction System in Forest Parks

Natural environment is the human being's living foundation.Due to our excessive increasing population,irrational development and utility of natural resources and other human errors,we are experiencing the constant increasing intensity and frequency of various disasters such as typhoon(hurricane),soil erosion,droughts,desertification,acid rain,earthquakes,pests and diseases,and forest fires etc.This paper discusses some issues in the construction of disaster prevention and reduction system in forest parks.
Coupling Developmental Physiology, Photoperiod, and Temperature to Model Phenology and Dynamics of an Invasive Heteropteran, Halyomorpha halys.

We developed an agent-based stochastic model expressing stage-specific phenology and population dynamics for an insect species across geographic regions. We used the invasive pentatomid, Halyomorpha halys, as the model organism because gaps in knowledge exist regarding its developmental physiology, it is expanding its global distribution, and it is of significant economic importance. Model predictions were compared against field observations over three years, and the parameter set that enables the largest population growth was applied to eight locations over ten years, capturing the variation in temperature and photoperiod profiles of significant horticultural crop production that could be affected by H. halys in the US. As a species that overwinters as adults, critical photoperiod significantly impacted H. halys seasonality and population size through its influence on diapause termination and induction, and this may impact other insects with similar life-histories. Photoperiod and temperature interactions influenced life stage synchrony among years, resulting in an order of magnitude difference, for occurrence of key life stages. At all locations, there was a high degree of overlap among life stages and generation. Although all populations produced F2 adults and thus could be characterized as bivoltine, the size and relative contribution of each generation to the total, or overwintering, adult population also varied dramatically. In about half of the years in two locations (Geneva, NY and Salem, OR), F1 adults comprised half or more of the adult population at the end of the year. Yearly degree-day accumulation was a significant covariate influencing variation in population growth, and average maximum adult population size varied by 10-fold among locations. Average final population growth was positive (Asheville, NC, Homestead, FL, Davis, CA) or marginal (Geneva, NY, Bridgeton, NJ, Salem, OR, Riverside, CA), but was negative in one location (Wenatchee WA) due to cooler temperatures coupled with timing of vitellogenesis of F2 adults. Years of the highest population growth in the mid-Atlantic site coincided with years of highest crop damage reports. We discuss these results with respect to assumptions and critical knowledge gaps, the ability to realistically model phenology of species with strongly overlapping life stage and which diapause as adults.
Still doubt about side effects of statins

Statins are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the Western world. Hence, one would expect their safety and side effect profile to be firmly established. However, this assumption may be false. In a recent analysis, acute memory loss appeared to be significantly associated with the use of lipid-lowering drugs, of which statins are the most important subgroup. However troubling these findings may be, the study could still not exclude the possibility of the findings having been confounded by detection bias. Thus, decades after their introduction, uncertainties regarding side effects may still surround massively prescribed drugs, highlighting the need for care and caution on prescription of even the most commonly used drugs.
Relationship Marketing and the Patient Physician Relationship

Effective relationship marketing has been conceived to be both “defined by” and “dependent upon” trusted customer relationships. Developing trust appears imperative and central, yet the organizational problems of managing relationships in health services can easily become quite problematic among those with different perspectives of health services. There is both a profound asymmetry of knowledge between patients and physicians, and relationship communication problems that need to be considered by marketers of healthcare products and services. Effective health services are highly dependent upon the centrality of patient-physician relationships (PPRs). However these cannot be considered simply as explicit “relationship marketing” transactions which, as defined by Palmatier (2008, p. ix), are primarily intended “to improve customer loyalty and the seller’s profits.”
Lessons Learned from Military Exchange Programs at US War and Staff Colleges

This chapter examines US military exchange programs as an instrument of political influence, a topic that has been virtually ignored in the study of international exchanges and international relations. Focusing on the United States’ elite military schools, and the war and staff colleges, the chapter describes the nature of the military exchange experience including overall program structure, the curriculum taught, and extracurricular activities. The chapter emphasizes the importance of socialization and social integration in exchange programs. Finally, it discusses seven important lessons to be learned from the military exchanges that can be applied to the design and administration of international educational exchange programs more broadly in order to increase their effectiveness as a means to build cross-cultural understanding and cooperation.
The instructor-student relationship as an alternative form of superior–subordinate relationship

It is not much of a surprise that contemporary instructional communication scholars examine instructor–student interaction through an interpersonal communication lens. When the study of instruction...
Soft Flexible Gripper Design, Characterization and Application

This paper presents a design concept of soft flexible gripper dedicated for delicate objects manipulation. Traditional grippers are composed of rigid components and consist of finite number of discrete joints. The more joints they have the better they can adapt for the specific object. However, manipulating with fragile objects still requires precise control and some kind of measurement as well. In this paper the Authors propose soft flexible gripper that is able to adapt for the manipulated object shape without any additional computational effort nor any sensors. The gripper is made only of flexible materials such as rubber and silicone. Since the gripper lacks of any discrete joints and is actuated through smooth deformation of its body, it can take very complex shapes and thus easily adapt to the surface of grasped object. The mechanism is based on soft pneumatic actuators developed by the authors and its configuration can be easily redesigned in order to extend its application for special purposes. In this paper the design and experimental characterization of the gripper prototypes is presented. Possible applications are discussed.
Riparian forest structure and stream geomorphic condition: implications for flood resilience

Managing riparian corridors for flood resilience requires understanding of linkages between vegetation condition and stream geomorphology. Stream assessment approaches increasingly use channel morp...
State and Power Vulnerability

States seeking security and power will inevitably fall into traps intrinsic to the makeup of the international system. The security dilemma and imperial overstretch describe these predictabilities. States are led into these snares by leaders and their need to survive, not always to survive as independent units, but in some instances to defend their position as, or to become, a hegemonic power. This chapter examines two sources of vulnerability. First, systemic state vulnerabilities, the security dilemma, tests the limits of any state’s expansion. Second, states, seeking security or domination, will face serious challenges from the natural world which only drain resources. The importance of containment and a Fabian strategy becomes absolutely essential to curtailing the expansion of revisionist powers by targeting their economic faculties.
Samuel Alito: Populist

This Essay considers several high-profile opinions written by Justice Alito, mostly separate concurrences or dissents, which reflect a style of rhetoric and reasoning fairly describable as “populist.” That term attempts to capture the sense from these opinions that constitutional (or, in one example, statutory) meaning can be revealed by the moral outrage generated by the facts of the case. For example, Justice Alito’s partial concurrence in Brown v. Entertainment Merchants expressed outrage at the violence and anti-social themes reflected in the video games at issue in that First Amendment case. More importantly, that outrage seems to have partially fueled his skepticism about the majority’s doctrinal analysis protecting that speech. This Essay examines a number of such examples. It then discusses what such an approach to constitutional law might mean, both substantively and in terms of its perception by the American public. It also notes that Justice Sonia Sotomayor’s increasingly distinctive voice sometimes reflects a similar rhetorical style, albeit from a very different political perspective. This insight suggests that the dialogue among the justices may soon feature this populist style, with important implications for constitutional meaning, methodology, and public perceptions.