cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A rare case of aerococcus urinae infective endocarditis

Introduction:Aerococcus urinae is a rare cause of infective endocarditis. Aerococcus is a gram positive cocci that is easily misidentified as Staphylococci or Streptococci. The true incidence rate of this pathogen is likely underestimated. Recent advances in laboratory diagnostic methods with matrix-associated laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) have lead to increased recognition of this pathogen in the clinical microbiology lab, and awareness as a cause of infective endocarditis in the infectious disease community. Case reports: Aerococcus usually affects males with underlying urinary tract conditions. Herein, we report a case of prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis caused by Aerococcus urinae. Discussion: Our patient was considered high risk for cardiac surgery and was treated successfully with intravenous antibiotics alone for six weeks. Conclusion: Infective endocarditis should be considered in all cases of Aerococcus bacteremia and appropriate diagnostic evaluations pursued. Abbreviations: AV: Aortic valve; IE: Infective endocarditis.
Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open colorectal surgery: towards defining criteria to the right choice

Analysis of various parameters related to the patient, the disease, and the needed surgical maneuvers to develop guidance for preoperative selection of the appropriate and the best approach for a given patient. Rapid advances in minimally invasive surgical technology are fascinating and challenging alike. It can be difficult for surgeons to keep up with new modalities that come on to the market place and to assess their true value, i.e., distinguish between fashionable trends versus scientific evidence. Laparoscopy established minimally invasive surgery and has revolutionized surgical concepts and approaches to diseases since its advent in the early 1990s. Now, with robotic surgery rapidly gaining traction in this high-tech surgical landscape, it remains to be seen how the long-term surgical landscape will be affected. Review of the surgical evolution, published data and cost factors to reflect on advantages and disadvantages in order to develop a broader perspective on the role of various technology platforms. Advocates for robotic technology tout its advantages of 3D views, articulating wrists, lack of hand tremor, and surgeon comfort, which may extend the scope of minimally invasive surgery by allowing for operations in places that are more difficult to access for laparoscopic surgery (e.g., the deep pelvis), for complex tasks (e.g., intracorporeal suturing), and by decreasing the learning curve. But conventional laparoscopy has also evolved and offers high-definition 3D vision to all team members. It remains to be seen whether all together the robot features outweigh the downsides of higher cost, operative times, lack of tactile feedback, possibly unusual complications, inability to move the operative table with ease, and the difficulty to work in different quadrants. While technical and design developments will likely address some shortcomings, the value-based impact of the various approaches will have to be examined in general and on a case-by-case basis. Value as the ratio of quality over cost depends on numerous parameters (disease, complications, patient, efficiency, finances).
Developmental pathways from maltreatment to risk behavior: Sexual behavior as a catalyst

Although delinquency, substance use, and sexual activity are established to be highly intercorrelated, the extant research provides minimal evidence in support of one particular sequence of risk behavior or on the cascade effects from maltreatment. The present study tested a longitudinal model incorporating maltreatment, deviant peers, sexual behavior, delinquency, and substance use to elucidate the sequential pathway(s) from maltreatment to each specific risk behavior throughout adolescence. Data came from a longitudinal study on the effects of maltreatment on adolescent development (N = 454) with four study assessments from early (Time 1 M age = 10.98) to late adolescence (Time 4 M age = 18.22). Results from the cross-lagged model showed a sequence from maltreatment to sexual behavior (Time 1), to delinquency (Time 2), to sexual behavior (Time 3), to substance use and delinquency (Time 4). These findings support sexual behavior as the initial risk behavior that is the catalyst for engagement in more advanced risk behaviors across adolescence.
Coordinated Splicing of Regulatory Detained Introns within Oncogenic Transcripts Creates an Exploitable Vulnerability in Malignant Glioma

Summary Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating malignancy with few therapeutic options. We identify PRMT5 in an in vivo GBM shRNA screen and show that PRMT5 knockdown or inhibition potently suppresses in vivo GBM tumors, including patient-derived xenografts. Pathway analysis implicates splicing in cellular PRMT5 dependency, and we identify a biomarker that predicts sensitivity to PRMT5 inhibition. We find that PRMT5 deficiency primarily disrupts the removal of detained introns (DIs). This impaired DI splicing affects proliferation genes, whose downregulation coincides with cell cycle defects, senescence and/or apoptosis. We further show that DI programs are evolutionarily conserved and operate during neurogenesis, suggesting that they represent a physiological regulatory mechanism. Collectively, these findings reveal a PRMT5-regulated DI-splicing program as an exploitable cancer vulnerability.
Keeping the Devil in the Details: A Feasible Approach to Aggregating Trade Distortions

We analyze the properties of tariff revenue and expenditure aggregators - tariff aggregators that keep expenditure, respectively tariff revenue constant. We derive key theoretical properties of these tariff aggregators, and under certain assumptions, develop closed-form solutions, promoting the use of these tariff aggregators in empirical research.
Chomskyan Linguistics and Vygotskian Semiotics

One of the paradoxes of postmodernity is the fact that in North America, with a plethora of pluralism, there has only been one dominant linguistic paradigm in place for almost 50 years, ultimately based on structuralism. Certainly there have been various European structuralist—linguistic models that could have had a lasting influence on mainstream American linguistics. For example, members of the Prague Linguistic Circle viewed functionalism from a structuralist perspective, and Helmjslev took a structuralist stance within glossematics. Why didn’t these and other predominant areas of inquiry have more influence on mainstream American linguistics? It is somewhat ironic that Russian semiotics of the 1920s has caught the imagination of many scholars in various fields, while at the same time it is perceived by some Chomskyan linguists as being a threat to thescientific method.It is interesting to note that in returning to the origins of Saussure there was a vision of language placed within a hierarchical system, with semiotics positioned at the top of the hierarchy. The problem then revolves around an understanding of what semiotics means to linguists. In the case of de Saussure, he did not go on to investigate this field of study within the understanding of historical change. In other words, his model is static in the sense that there are no mechanisms in place to decipher the role of the individual regarding societal change. Various Russian theorists then rejected the Saussurian interpretation of linguistics during the 1920s, such as Bakhtin and Vologinov. For example
Systemic Antivirals in Dermatology

Over the past three decades, the elucidation of the pathogenesis of viral infections and the discovery of viral proteins and enzymes as molecular drug targets have transformed the treatment of systemic viral infections. Starting with acyclovir, which established the role of antivirals in the treatment of herpesvirus infections, the armamentarium of efficacious and systemic agents for the treatment of herpetic infections and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections has greatly expanded. In addition, over the last few years, the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection has been revolutionized by the use of direct-acting antiviral agents. This chapter details the mechanism of action, safety, and efficacy profiles of the antiviral agents most commonly used by dermatologists and also those agents that are known to cause cutaneous adverse reactions. Treatment options for herpesvirus infections, HIV, and chronic hepatitis C infections are discussed.
Evolution of space drones for planetary exploration: A review

Abstract In the past decade, there has been a tendency to design and fabricate drones which can perform planetary exploration. Generally, there are various ways to study space objects, such as the application of telescopes and satellites, launching robots and rovers, and sending astronauts to the targeted solar bodies. However, due to the advantages of drones compared to other approaches in planetary exploration, ample research has been carried out by different space agencies in the world, including NASA to apply drones in other solar bodies. In this review paper, several studies which have been performed on space drones for planetary exploration are consolidated and discussed. Design and fabrication challenges of space drones, existing methods for their flight tests, different methods for deployment and planet entry, and various navigation and control approaches are reviewed and discussed elaborately. Limitations of applying space drones, proposed solutions for future space drones, and recommendations are also presented and discussed.
A report on Purpureocillium lilacinum found naturally infecting the predatory mite, Balaustium murorum (Parasitengona: Erythraeidae)

Adult mites Balaustium murorum collected from a wild population died in laboratory storage containers and became mouldy. The fungus was identified as Purpureocillium lilacinum (predominate isolate)...
An analysis of tutorial reasoning about programming bugs

A significant portion of tutorial interactions revolve around the bugs a student makes. When a tutor performs an intervention to help a student fix a programming bug, the problem of deciding which intervention to perform requires extensive reasoning. In this paper, we identify five tutorial considerations tutors appear to use when they reason about how to construct tutorial interventions for students' bugs. Using data collected from human tutors working in the domain of introductory computer programming, we identify the knowledge tutors use when they reason about the five considerations and show that tutors are consistent in the ways that they use the kinds of knowledge to reason about students' bugs. In this paper we illustrate our findings of tutorial consistency by showing that tutors are consistent in how they reason about bug criticality and bug categories. We suggest some implications of these empirical findings for the construction of intelligent tutoring systems.
Retinal Organization in the Crx-/- Mouse, a Model of Leber's Congenital Amaurosis

PurposeLeber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) is the earliest and most severe form of genetic retinal dystrophy causing blindness in the world. An animal model of LCA was recently created in which the cone-rod homeobox (crx) gene was disrupted using homologous recombination. Crx-/- mice display abnormal development and subsequent degeneration of photoreceptors. We studied the morphology of inner retinal cells in crx -/- mice to evaluate the effects of abnormal photoreceptor development and death upon other retinal neurons. We compared the morphology of retinal cells of crx-/- mice to that of rd/rd mutant mice, in which photoreceptors die as a result of a mutation in the rod-specific phosphodiesterase. Rd/rd mice are a well known model of Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP). The status of inner retinal cells in degenerative retinopathy is important in view of the possibility that photoreceptor transplantation or gene therapy might be used to restore vision in LCA and RP. ConclusionsIt is likely that different genetic mechanisms that cause abnormal photoreceptor development and/or degeneration lead to a common pathway that determines modification in second order neurons.© 2003, The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved.
The Coca Plant and Bolivian Identity

The political battle rages between the U.S. government, the U.N. and the Bolivian President, Evo Morales, about his efforts to protect, legalize and preserve the symbol of the Andean indigenous identity: the coca plant. The human rights of indigenous populations are being violated by culturally insensitive governments in compliance with U.S. and U.N. law. The questions posed are: Is coca cocaine? What are the economic benefits of the production of coca and who benefits? What is the relationship between coca and Bolivian identity? What would be the impact in the global community if coca is eradicated permanently? The coca leaf has been cultivated in the Andes for many centuries by many indigenous ethnic groups. Today, with “The War against Drugs” and the intentions of the United States and the UN to eradicate the cultivation of coca in South America, Bolivian President Evo Morales fights against the eradication and illegalization of one of the greatest symbols of Bolivian identity (Metaal and Jelsma, 3). After becoming president, Evo Morales, who is of the ethnic group Aymara, has vowed to defend los cocaleros, whose means of economic survival is to cultivate coca. Evo Morales’s plan is to raise the cultivators of coca out of poverty through the production of coca and, at the same time, boost the economy of Bolivia. The problem lies with the regulations against the cultivation of coca, supported by the U.S. and the U.N. through their war backed with one hundred million U.S. dollars against the smuggling of drugs through the U.S. border. The coca plant is associated with cocaine in the eyes of the U.S. government; therefore Russo: The Coca Plant and Bolivian Identity Published by ScholarWorks@BGSU, 2014
Frailty and sarcopenia impact surgical and oncologic outcomes after radical cystectomy in patients with bladder cancer

Radical cystectomy and urinary diversion are the treatment of choice for muscle-invasive and recurrent, high-grade bladder cancer. Patient outcomes are based on surgical technique (1), the nature/biology of the disease, and patient-specific factors, such as age and co-morbidity status. When assessing the early and long-term complications of cystectomy and urinary diversion (2), it is not only imperative to investigate the biology of the cancer, i.e., grade/stage, presence of hydronephrosis, etc., but also decipher patient-related factors such as frailty and, even more concrete, sarcopenia.
Examination of the Transient Changes in Affect Resulting From Participation in Research Addressing Intimate Partner Violence.

As a result of the proliferation of data examining intimate partner violence (IPV), there has been an emerging interest in how this research emotionally affects participants, particularly those with a history of personal experience with IPV. While a large body of IPV research suggests that only a small proportion of individuals experience transient emotional distress as the result of participation, this research is limited by examining only the emotional responses at the conclusion of the research, rather than examining changes in affect during the research. Therefore, this research sought to examine negative affect among participants throughout the research to better examine the trajectory of affect during participation in research on IPV. We recruited a sample of 914 college students who completed a measure of negative affect at the beginning, after being exposed to violence questionnaires, and at the conclusion of the research. The findings suggested that among the total sample, negative affect general...
Updated evaluation of sonic boom noise metrics

There is no internationally agreed-upon standard noise metric that can be used to quantify sonic boom levels from overflight of supersonic aircraft. Several laboratory studies have investigated perception of sonic booms in outdoor environments, as well as in indoor environments, where transmission loss alters the spectral content and level of the sonic boom and additional factors such as secondary rattle noise and vibration affect perception. Each study has previously been evaluated separately for performance of noise metrics, and the results do not clearly indicate a preferred metric. Meta-analyses have also been performed to evaluate the performance of metrics across five of these studies. An additional sixth study of human response that incorporates rattle noise resulting from sonic booms at representative levels was recently conducted and has been added to the meta-analysis. The analysis considered thirteen metrics with three meta-analysis methodologies: individual subject ratings for indoor studies, mean ratings for indoor studies, and mean ratings for both indoor and outdoor studies. Considering both indoor and outdoor studies, this latest analysis confirmed previous results on the five metrics with highest correlation (r2) across studies: PL, BSEL, DSEL, ESEL, and ISBAP (Indoor Sonic Boom Annoyance Predictor).
Recruitment, loading, and activation of the Smc5-Smc6 SUMO ligase.

Duplication of the genome poses one of the most significant threats to genetic integrity, cellular fitness, and organismal health. Therefore, numerous mechanisms have evolved that maintain replication fork stability in the face of DNA damage and allow faithful genome duplication. The fission yeast BRCT-domain-containing protein Brc1, and its budding yeast orthologue Rtt107, has emerged as a “hub” factor that integrates multiple replication fork protection mechanisms. Notably, the cofactors and pathways through which Brc1, Rtt107, and their human orthologue (PTIP) act have appeared largely distinct. This either represents true evolutionary functional divergence, or perhaps an incomplete genetic and biochemical analysis of each protein. In this regard, we recently showed that like Rtt107, Brc1 supports key functions of the Smc5–Smc6 complex, including its recruitment into DNA repair foci, chromatin association, and SUMO ligase activity. Furthermore, fission yeast cells lacking the Nse5–Nse6 genome stability factor were found to exhibit defects in Smc5–Smc6 function, similar to but more severe than those in cells lacking Brc1. Here, we place these findings in context with the known functions of Brc1, Rtt107, and Smc5–Smc6, present data suggesting a role for acetylation in Smc5–Smc6 chromatin loading, and discuss wider implications for genome stability.
Big wind power: seven questions for turbulence research

ABSTRACTThe accelerating growth of wind energy in recent years mandates improved understanding of wind turbine, wind farm and atmospheric turbulence interactions. Fluid turbulence plays a vital rol...
Using Student Conceptions about Groundwater as Resources for Teaching about Aquifers.

Despite the need for public understanding about groundwater resources, groundwater is among those topics that instructors most struggle to teach at pre-college and college levels. Although construc...
Multivariate profiling of African green monkey and rhesus macaque T lymphocytes

The complexity of immune responses limits the usefulness of univariate methods in answering complex immunology questions. To demonstrate the utility of a multivariate approach, we employ such approach to compare T cells of African green monkeys (AGMs) and rhesus macaques (RMs). Among the most prominent distinguishing features we found were lower CD3 and higher CD28 surface expression in AGMs compared to RMs. After in vitro stimulation, a larger proportion of AGM T cells secreted cytokines, especially those producing more than one cytokine (i.e. multifunctional cells). To find out whether multifunctional responses associate with protection in other species, we compared T cells of cynomolgus macaques (CMs) infected with wild-type Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) to those of CMs infected (vaccinated) with a replication-defective virus. Wild-type SIV infection in macaques leads to simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which does not happen in animals previously vaccinated with a replication-defective virus. Interestingly, after in vitro stimulation, multifunctional cells were more abundant among T cells of vaccinated CMs. Our results propose T-cell multifunctionality as a potentially useful marker of immunity, although additional verification is needed. Finally, we hope our multivariate model and its associated validation methods will inform future studies in the field of immunology.
Cohesion in online environments

This paper presents a study of group cohesion as it arises in online small group different time and place collaboration. Cohesion is modeled in terms of the extent to which a group makes progress together through contentful and meaningful collaborative interactions. This paper makes the case that cohesion in a small group working collaboratively online emerges as a result of the overall level of engagement settled into by the group. As students participate in a collaborative task, they make choices in the extent and way in which they engage in a particular aspect of that task. The choices made by students in how to engage determine the scope and quality of the cohesion that emerges. Data were collected from a one-semester course where students worked on design problems in an online, different time and place, community in small groups. The collective pattern of engagement gives insights into characteristics of the cohesion that emerges within the community and within each small group.
Wavelet approximation of a function using Chebyshev wavelets

In this paper, we estimate the best wavelet approximations of a function f having bounded second derivatives and bounded higher-order derivatives using Chebyshev wavelets of third and fourth kinds.
The nominal style in the modern French poetry

يعد ادخال الاسلوب الاسمي في الكتابة الشعرية علامة فارقة في تاريخ الشعر الفرنسي الذي شهد تغييرات كبيرة منذ منتصف القرن التاسع عشر سواء على مستوى اللغة والشكل أو على مستوى الموضوعات . أن هذا الاسلوب القائم على حذف الفعل متخذا من الاسم النواة الاساسية في التعبير عن موضوع الجملة شكل جدلا كبيرا لدى اللغويين من الناحية النظرية لكونه يثير مسائل الاختلاف بين الاسم والفعل . حاولنا, في هذه الدراسة,تحليل الاسلوب الاسمي و وسائله اللغوية الاكثر استخداما مثل الجملة الاسمية التعجبية,وسائل التقديم والمفردات المنعزلة من خلال تناول قصائد الشعراء المعروفين بولعهم بالحداثة مثل بودلير, رامبو, أبولينيير وغيرهم.... يسلط هذا التحليل الضوء على خصائص الاسلوب الاسمي المتناولة في بداية البحث ويكشف لنا لماذا أختار الشعراء هذا الاسلوب باعتباره شكل من أشكال الحداثة التي ساهمت في تخليد قصائدهم التي لازلنا نقرأها الى يومنا هذا .
Surgical indications for operative management of vesicoureteral reflux in children.

Purpose of review Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) management has been steadily evolving over the last several years. There is not a definitive algorithm for operative intervention, but there are some recognized patterns to follow when caring for this patient base. It is extremely relevant to review the rationale behind practice patterns as both literature and clinical practice are dynamic. Recent findings VUR is a common malady that is emotionally, physically, and financially draining for families. As new treatment options emerge with minimally invasive techniques and older methods are re-explored, it is imperative to re-evaluate care strategies. This article reviews the mainstays of treatment in addition to newer therapeutic modalities. Summary The decision to operate on any patient, particularly pediatric patients, must be preceded by sound clinical judgment. Thoughtful planning must be utilized to ensure every patient receives individualized and up-to-date VUR management. This article reviews indications for surgical intervention to consider when managing these patients.
IMPLEMENTATION AND COMPARISON OF LATTICE MODULE AND DISCONTINUITY FACTORS MODULE IN PROTEUS TOOLSETS

State-of-the-art core nodal diffusion calculation involves the use of assembly discontinuity factor (ADF) to improve computational accuracy by introducing degree of freedom describing the relationship between interfacial discontinuities in nodal calculation [1]. The form of ADF known as the Flux based ADF (FDF) generated from flux information is recommended in the conventional two-level core calculation scheme. The multi-group cross-sections were generated using SCALE 6.2 NEWT and verified with KENO-VI [2]. A lattice module has been created for the high-fidelity neutron transport code MOCEX [3] to generate the group constants and side-independent ADFs. This new capability is verified against the reference code SCALE 6.2 NEWT under both serial and parallel modes. The implementation of ADF is performed in this work and further verified by comparing core k eff . The calculation results show that the newly implemented ADF module consistently improved the accuracy of the PROTEUS-NODAL (NODAL) diffusion solver, which will become an affordable candidate for the following research of High-to-Low (Hi2Lo) transport-to-diffusion informing scheme [4].
Large-scale thermal unrest of volcanoes for years prior to eruption

Identifying the observables that warn of volcanic eruptions is a major challenge in natural hazard management. A potentially important observable is the release of heat through volcano surfaces, which represents a major energy source at quiescent volcanoes. However, it remains unclear whether surface heat emissions respond to pre-eruptive processes and vary before eruption. Here we show through a statistical analysis of satellite-based long-wavelength (10.780–11.280 μm) infrared data that the last magmatic and phreatic eruptions of five different volcanoes were preceded by subtle but significant long-term (years), large-scale (tens of square kilometres) increases in their radiant heat flux (up to ~1 °C in median radiant temperature). Large-scale thermal unrest is detected even before eruptions that were not anticipated from other volcano monitoring methods, such as the 2014 phreatic eruption of Ontake (Japan) and the 2015 magmatic eruption of Calbuco (Chile). We attribute large-scale thermal unrest to the enhancement of underground hydrothermal activity, and suggest that such analysis of satellite-based infrared observations can improve constraints on the thermal budget of volcanoes, early detection of pre-eruptive conditions and assessments of volcanic alert levels. Large-scale radiant heat flux increased in the years prior to eruptions at five volcanoes, probably due to enhanced underground hydrothermal activity, according to an analysis of satellite infrared data.
Technical note: Novel triple O 2 sensor aquatic eddy covariance instrument with improved time shift correction reveals central role of microphytobenthos for carbon cycling in coral reef sands

Abstract. The aquatic eddy covariance technique stands out as a powerful method for benthic O2 flux measurements in shelf environments because it integrates effects of naturally varying drivers of the flux such as current flow and light. In conventional eddy covariance instruments, the time shift caused by spatial separation of the measuring locations of flow and O2 concentration can produce substantial flux errors that are difficult to correct. We here introduce a triple O2 sensor eddy covariance instrument (3OEC) that by instrument design eliminates these errors. This is achieved by positioning three O2 sensors around the flow measuring volume, which allows the O2 concentration to be calculated at the point of the current flow measurements. The new instrument was tested in an energetic coastal environment with highly permeable coral reef sands colonised by microphytobenthos. Parallel deployments of the 3OEC and a conventional eddy covariance system (2OEC) demonstrate that the new instrument produces more consistent fluxes with lower error margin. 3OEC fluxes in general were lower than 2OEC fluxes, and the nighttime fluxes recorded by the two instruments were statistically different. We attribute this to the elimination of uncertainties associated with the time shift correction. The deployments at ∼ 10 m water depth revealed high day- and nighttime O2 fluxes despite the relatively low organic content of the coarse sediment and overlying water. High light utilisation efficiency of the microphytobenthos and bottom currents increasing pore water exchange facilitated the high benthic production and coupled respiration. 3OEC measurements after sunset documented a gradual transfer of negative flux signals from the small turbulence generated at the sediment–water interface to the larger wave-dominated eddies of the overlying water column that still carried a positive flux signal, suggesting concurrent fluxes in opposite directions depending on eddy size and a memory effect of large eddies. The results demonstrate that the 3OEC can improve the precision of benthic flux measurements, including measurements in environments considered challenging for the eddy covariance technique, and thereby produce novel insights into the mechanisms that control flux. We consider the fluxes produced by this instrument for the permeable reef sands the most realistic achievable with present-day technology.
Improving resident physician interprofessional collaborative practice during bedside interdisciplinary rounds

Abstract Background Significant gaps remain between current interprofessional education (IPE) and true interprofessional collaborative practice (IPCP). Purpose This study explores how resident physician teamwork behaviors on bedside interdisciplinary rounds are affected by a team-based pedagogical approach. Method In the context of interdependent interprofessional workflow and intentional teamwork teaching, we conducted a pre-post comparison study of bedside rounds teamwork behaviors of resident physicians at the beginning and at the end of a four-week rotation between July 2017 and May 2018. Results All 82 eligible residents during the study period enrolled in the study, making the participation rate 100%. Resident physicians performed 54% of predetermined teamwork behaviors at the beginning and 60% at the end of their rotation (P Discussion & conclusion Our findings suggest that an educational approach based on interdependent work and explicit teamwork feedback can improve resident physician IPCP. This study highlights the importance of intentionally constructing clinical learning environments to achieve effective interprofessional learning.
Formulation of Multicriterion Design Optimization Problems for Solution With Scalar Numerical Optimization Methods

Most marine design problems involve multiple conflicting criteria, objectives, or goals. The most common definition of the multicriterion optimum is the Pareto optimum, which usually results in a set of solutions. Design teams, however, need to arrive at a single answer that provides an acceptable compromise solution within the Pareto set. Methods have been developed to solve multicriterion optimization problems using a number of related definitions of the compromise solution or optimum in the presence of multiple conflicting criteria. The most common of these definitions are reviewed and their solutions are formulated in a consistent form utilizing a preference function that will allow their solution using conventional scalar criterion numerical optimization methods. This approach permits the use and comparison of the various definitions of the multicriterion optimum with modest additional computation. The design team can use these results to guide its selection of the solution that best reflects their design intent in a particular case. A six-parameter, three-criterion, 14- to 16-constraint conceptual marine design optimization example adapted from the literature is presented to illustrate the use of this approach. The results for the various definitions of the multicriterion optimum for Panamax and post-Panamax bulk carriers are presented for comparison.
Chapter 15 A Kinetic Model for Ion Fluxes in the Isolated Perfused Tubule

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a compartmental model developed to examine sodium fluxes in isolated perfused proximal tubule segments of the rabbit. A four-step experimental protocol that can be applied to the compartmental analysis and provides a means for testing the applicability of the model to the proximal tubular epithelium is also described. There are several distinct advantages to the choice of the isolated perfused tubule as an experimental technique—for example, the technique can be applied to investigate other tubular segments including those not available to surface micropuncture. Also, as an in vitro preparation, the experimenter has excellent control over the luminal and bath compartments. In addition, the epithelium is isolated as a single cell layer and, therefore, closely approximates a three-compartment system. In presenting the model and experimental procedure in general terms it is expected that the concepts and methodology may have application to other transported species not only in the proximal tubule but also in other nephron segments.
Windsat validation using seawinds, windrad and polscat mesaurements

Global mapping of near surface ocean wind vectors is crucial for many oceanographic and atmospheric studies. The US Navy together with the National Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) launched the WindSat with multifrequency polarimetric radiometers in January 2003 to demonstrate the passive polarimetry for large spatial coverage of ocean surface wind vector measurements from space. We derived the geophysical model function (GMF) for Windsat polarimetric brightness temperature measurements using six months of matchup dataset. The Windsat GMF was compared with the aircraft radiometer and radar measurements and the SeaWinds scatterometer winds with good agreement up to about 20 m/s wind speed
Reply: ‘Second Generation Antipsychotic Drugs: Is There a Common Mechanism in the Development of Obesity?’

Reply: ‘Second Generation Antipsychotic Drugs: Is There a Common Mechanism in the Development of Obesity?’
Molecular Similarity Relationships Among Iranian Bread Wheat Cultivars and Breeding Lines Using ISSR Markers

Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to characterize and assess genetic diversity of Iranian bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using 101 cultivars and breeding lines. Twenty-three ISSR primers amplified a total of 267 loci, of which 224 (83.9%) were polymorphic among the genotypes. The percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) for primers ranged from 54% (UBC808) to 100% (441, A12 and UBC820). The mean of expected heterozygosity (He) for the primers varied from 0.26 (UBC808, UBC827 and A14) to 0.48 (A12, 441). The PPL, He, Shannonâ€™s information index (I), and number of effective alleles (Ne) for breeding lines were slightly higher than those of cultivars. The Dice similarity coefficient for the germplasm ranged from 0.76 (between two breeding lines) to 0.91 (between two breeding lines). The dendrogram grouped samples in four main clusters; most cultivars were placed into the same cluster close to each other with regard to their geographic origin. The genotypes in different groups might be used as potential parents in bread wheat breeding programs. Also, a high level of genetic similarity detected in this collection may demonstrate the narrow genetic base of Iranian wheat germplasm.
Testing for Analytic Ability in the Law School Admission Test

THE has, Law for School Admission provided Test, a significant in conjunction prediction with of college performance grades, has, for many years, provided a significant prediction of performance in law school. We are, however, at present conducting a study of a section of the Test known as "Principles and Cases" to determine in what ways it might be improved. Specifically, we have considered whether the question forms that are currently being used in this section provide the best possible test of a student's ability to cope with the precise kinds of intellectual problems involved in the study of law.
Crystalline electric field contribution to the magnetoresistance of Pr 1 − x La x Os 4 Sb 12

Resistivity measurements were performed on ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{La}}_{x}{\mathrm{Os}}_{4}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{12}$ single crystals at temperatures down to $20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK}$ and in fields up to $18\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$. The results for dilute-Pr samples ($x=0.3$ and 0.67) are consistent with model calculations performed assuming a singlet crystalline-electric-field (CEF) ground state. The residual resistivity of these crystals features a smeared step centered around $9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$, the predicted crossing field for the lowest CEF levels. The CEF contribution to the magnetoresistance has a weaker-than-calculated dependence on the field direction, suggesting that interactions omitted from the CEF model lead to avoided crossing in the effective levels of the ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ ion. The dome-shaped magnetoresistance observed for $x=0$ and 0.05 cannot be reproduced by the CEF model, and likely results from fluctuations in the field-induced antiferroquadrupolar phase.
The network structure of crime

From theoretical physics to field-driven anthropology, researchers are increasingly exploring how the connections among individuals, amoebas, brain cells, organizations, and institutions affect what we feel, think, and do. However, the application of social network analysis to the study of crime, deviance, and violence has arrived a bit late to this network turn in the social and behavioral science. I argue that this network turn in the social sciences be an important turning point in the study of crime and deviance, but only if taken as an opportunity to evaluate our core theoretical principles and consider new ways to understand and measure them. The goal of this essay is to take stock of the state of the field, while also providing a moment of pause to consider some fruitful ways of advancing this line of inquiry.
Genetics of anaplastic large cell lymphoma

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) comprises a group of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas unified by common morphologic and immunophenotypic characteristics, but with a spectrum of clinical presentations and behaviors. Early identification of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements in some ALCLs led to recognition of ALK as an important diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, and a key driver of ALCL pathobiology. Rearrangements and other genetic abnormalities of ALK subsequently were identified in diverse other human malignancies. Recent clinical, pathologic, and genetic data have begun to shed light on ALK-negative ALCLs, revealing significant heterogeneity within this more ill-defined entity.
Female Autonomy and Health Care in Developing Countries

Decisions within the household determine the allocation of resources. Theory suggests that the more autonomous women are within the household, the greater influence they will have in that allocation. This paper utilizes several measures of a woman's autonomy within the household. It is hypothesized that the greater the woman's autonomy, the more likely she will be to visit a doctor, rather than other traditional sources of healing/care, when ill. This hypothesis is tested using data drawn from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in India. The results lend support to the importance of autonomy for a woman in increasing her likelihood of visiting a medical doctor when ill. Additionally, the results show that socio‐economic differences go a long way in explaining differences in healthcare choices for the sick.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Potential Role of Endocannabinoids Signaling

One of the unique features of prenatal alcohol exposure in humans is impaired cognitive and behavioral function resulting from damage to the central nervous system (CNS), which leads to a spectrum of impairments referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Human FASD phenotypes can be reproduced in the rodent CNS following prenatal ethanol exposure. Several mechanisms are expected to contribute to the detrimental effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the developing fetus, particularly in the developing CNS. These mechanisms may act simultaneously or consecutively and differ among a variety of cell types at specific developmental stages in particular brain regions. Studies have identified numerous potential mechanisms through which alcohol can act on the fetus. Among these mechanisms are increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, interference with the activity of growth factors, glia cells, cell adhesion molecules, gene expression during CNS development and impaired function of signaling molecules involved in neuronal communication and circuit formation. These alcohol-induced deficits result in long-lasting abnormalities in neuronal plasticity and learning and memory and can explain many of the neurobehavioral abnormalities found in FASD. In this review, the author discusses the mechanisms that are associated with FASD and provides a current status on the endocannabinoid system in the development of FASD.
Item banks for substance use from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®): Severity of use and positive appeal of use

Abstract Background Two item banks for substance use were developed as part of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®): severity of substance use and positive appeal of substance use. Methods Qualitative item analysis (including focus groups, cognitive interviewing, expert review, and item revision) reduced an initial pool of more than 5300 items for substance use to 119 items included in field testing. Items were written in a first-person, past-tense format, with 5 response options reflecting frequency or severity. Both 30-day and 3-month time frames were tested. The calibration sample of 1336 respondents included 875 individuals from the general population (ascertained through an internet panel) and 461 patients from addiction treatment centers participating in the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network. Results Final banks of 37 and 18 items were calibrated for severity of substance use and positive appeal of substance use, respectively, using the two-parameter graded response model from item response theory (IRT). Initial calibrations were similar for the 30-day and 3-month time frames, and final calibrations used data combined across the time frames, making the items applicable with either interval. Seven-item static short forms were also developed from each item bank. Conclusions Test information curves showed that the PROMIS item banks provided substantial information in a broad range of severity, making them suitable for treatment, observational, and epidemiological research in both clinical and community settings.
Properties of lipoprotein lipase extracted from livers of normal rats and livers and tumors of rats bearing Walker carcinosarcoma 256.

Abstract Extracts of acetone powders made from normal rat livers, and livers and tumor tissues from male rats bearing the Walker carcinosarcoma 256 have been made. No heparin was given to the animals at any time. The properties of the lipases studied indicate that they are lipoprotein lipases, even though they will hydrolyze well a 1.5% coconut oil emulsion. There is some indication that these enzymes preferentially hydrolyze the lower-density lipoproteins i.e., S f 100–400 and then proceed to the S f 20–100 and 0–20 classes, in in vitro experiments. The enzyme from the liver tissue of rats bearing the Walker carcinoma 256 is especially active in reducing the quantity of all the low-density lipoproteins measured in these experiments. The enzyme from tumor tissue is quite dependent upon heparin. The enzymes from all the tissues examined have characteristics which are like the lipoprotein lipase extracted from normal rat heart, and it may be suggested that the tissue extracts tested in these experiments do have lipoprotein lipase, or clearing factor, activities.
On the regiochemistry of cyclialkylation of regiodefined 4-halo-1-alkenylmetals producing cyclobutenes

A combination of recently developed anti-carbometallation of homopropargyl alcohols and cyclialkylation of 4-halo-1-alkenyllithiums of appropriate stereochemistry and regiochemistry provides, for the first time, a regiospecific procedure for the synthesis of regiodefined cyclobutenes presumably via σ-type cyclialkylation, whereas carboalumination of 4-halo-1-alkynylmetals containing Si or Al leads to regioconvergent cyclobutene formation.
On data flow guided program testing

A structural approach to testing employing properties of data flow in a program is proposed. The basic notion introduced is that of data context of a program block. It represents the set of all tuples of definitions of the block arguments that are simultaneously live when the control reaches the block. Two testing strategies have been proposed: block testing, exercising every block for all its elementary contexts and d-tree testing exercising the definition tree rooted at an elementary context of the stop/exit instruction.
Pneumococcal Antimicrobial Resistance: The Problem in Hungary

An epidemiological survey of penicillin resistance as determined by minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in Streptococcus pneumoniae strains collected from several Hungarian laboratories in 1988-1989 indicated a prevalence of 58% among a total of 135 isolates. A significantly higher resistance rate (69.2%) was found for isolates from pediatric patients than from adult patients (44.0%). Penicillin-resistant strains were more frequently resistant to non-beta-lactam antibiotics (tetracycline, erythromycin, co-trimoxazole, and chloramphenicol) than were penicillin-sensitive strains. On the basis of the MIC50 and MIC90 values of ampicillin and five cephalosporins for penicillin-resistant strains, it was established that ampicillin and cephalexin were not superior to penicillin. The low MIC90 of ceftriaxone and cefotaxime for these organisms reflects promising therapeutic potential, even in septicemia and meningitis caused by penicillin-resistant strains. The therapeutic alternative to penicillin in the treatment of respiratory tract infection may be second-generation cephalosporins such as cefuroxime or cefamandole.
Training Teacher-Scholars: A Mentorship Program

ABSTRACT: This article describes the details of a mentorship program implemented by one university to train accounting doctoral candidates as educators, thus responding to calls by the Pathways Commission (2012), prior research (Gribbin, Sobery, and Braswell 2002; Brink, Glasscock, and Wier 2012), and the AACSB (2013) for thoughtful training of our future teacher-scholars. The two-semester program enables doctoral program directors to meet each doctoral candidate at his/her point of need, includes recommendations for supporting international doctoral candidates, and advocates for an appreciation of the synergies between research and teaching. As such, this study should be of interest to doctoral program directors, doctoral candidates, and administrators.