cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CUSTODIAL CARE, SURROGATE CARE, AND COORDINATED CARE: Employed Mothers and the Meaning of Child Care

This study analyzes the meaning employed mothers give to having others take care of their children. In-depth interviews with 31 employed mothers of preschoolers, toddlers, and infants revealed three interpretations of child care: custodial care, surrogate care, and coordinated care. These meanings mediated the tension between the dominant cultural construction of motherhood and the reality of their lives as both mothers and wage earners. Their perceptions of child care were constructed in accordance with how they defined the relationship between “child rearing” and “child care,” the degree to which they acknowledged their child care providers' care of their children, and definitions of their own mothering. These microideologies of child care demonstrate that mothers are contesting the assumptions of the dominant cultural ideology of motherhood and are rethinking child care as a socialized activity.
Coumarin substrates for cytochrome P450 2D6 fluorescence assays.

A set of nine 4-aminomethyl-7-alkoxycoumarin derivatives was synthesized and characterized as substrates for O-dealkylation by recombinant cytochrome P450 2D6, a major human enzyme involved in drug metabolism. Enzymatic O-dealkylation yields 7-hydroxycoumarins, which have useful fluorescence properties. The substrates, which differed in substitution at the amino and 7-hydroxy positions, varied in terms of catalytic efficiency of O-dealkylation and in their selectivity as substrates for cytochrome P450 2D6 in human liver microsomes. Several of the compounds are useful as cytochrome P450 2D6 substrates in single-phase, rapid-throughput assays.
Health and safety hazards in Northwest agriculture: Setting an occupational research agenda

Background Agriculture is among the most hazardous occupations in the United States. Research can provide new insights about disease and injury and serve as the foundation for occupational health and safety policies. The determination of research priorities can be problematic. Public participation approaches offer opportunities to identify and integrate various perspectives. Methods The agenda process was modeled on the NIOSH National Occupational Research Agenda. Center staff contacted representatives of producer groups, labor, health care, academia, and public agencies to participate in telephone interviews and a daylong workshop. Results Twelve research priorities were identified: musculoskeletal disorders; respiratory disease; skin disease; traumatic injuries; chemical exposures; special populations at risk; social and economic foundations of workplace safety; risk communication barriers; diagnostic approaches; hazard control technology; intervention effectiveness; and surveillance research methods. Conclusions The agenda process engaged stakeholders in priority setting. The resulting document is a useful guide for occupational safety and health in agriculture.
Prediction of potential cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes of bovine herpesvirus 1 based on allele-specific peptide motifs and proteolytic cleavage specificities.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present endogenous peptides to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CLTs). Elucidation of CTL epitopes of intracellular pathogens helps in designing better vaccines to control economically important human and animal diseases. In this study, candidate epitopes that are potentially available for presentation to the CTLs via five bovine MHC class I molecules have been identified. This was accomplished by using the computer programs “Find-patterns” and “Peptidestructure” of GCG package and applying the information on cleavage patterns of cytosolic and endoplasmic reticulum proteases and peptidases as well as MHC class I allele-specific peptide motifs on 23 bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) protiens available on protein sequence database. Several candidate peptides were found for each of the bovine lymphocyte antigens (BoLA)-A11,-A20,-HD1, and-HD6 whereas no peptide was found for BoLa-HD7. Majority of the candidate peptides were from the viral glycoproteins. The contribution of such studies towards the identification of CTL epitopes of BHV-1 and other intracellular pathogens is discussed.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy of the copper chaperone HAH1 reveals a linear two-coordinate Cu(I) center capable of adduct formation with exogenous thiols and phosphines.

Abstract The human copper chaperone HAH1 transports copper to the Menkes and Wilson proteins, which are copper-translocating P-type ATPases located in the trans-Golgi apparatus and believed to provide copper for important enzymes such as ceruloplasmin, tyrosinase, and peptidylglycine monooxygenase. Although a substantial amount of structural data exist for HAH1 and its yeast and bacterial homologues, details of the copper coordination remain unclear and suggest the presence of two protein-derived cysteine ligands and a third exogenous thiol ligand. Here we report the preparation and reconstitution of HAH1 with Cu(I) using a protocol that minimizes the use of thiol reagents believed to be the source of the third ligand. We show by x-ray absorption spectroscopy that this reconstitution protocol generates an occupied Cu(I) binding site with linear biscysteinate coordination geometry, as evidenced by (i) an intense edge absorption centered at 8982.5 eV, with energy and intensity identical to the rigorously linear two-coordinate model complex bis-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene thiolate Cu(I) and (ii) an EXAFS spectrum that could be fit to two Cu–S interactions at 2.16 A, a distance typical of digonal Cu(I) coordination. Binding of exogenous ligands (GSH, dithiothreitol, and tris-(2-carboxyethyl)-phosphine) to the Cu(I) was investigated. When GSH or dithiothreitol was added to the chaperone during the reconstitution procedure, the resulting Cu(I)– HAH1 remained two-coordinate, whereas the addition of the phosphine during reconstitution elicited a three-coordinate species. When the exogenous ligands were titrated into the Cu(I)–HAH1, all formed three-coordinate adducts but with differing affinities. Thus, GSH and dithiothreitol showed weaker binding, with estimated KD values in the range 10–25 mm, whereas tris-(2-carboxyethyl)-phosphine showed stronger affinity, with a KD value of <5 mm. The implications of these findings for mechanisms of copper transport are discussed.
Preoperative total parenteral nutrition for bowel resection in Crohn's disease.

To examine the effect of preoperative total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on patients with Crohn's disease undergoing bowel resection, an historical cohort was assembled of 103 patients resected between 1982 and 1984 by a single surgical team. Preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative variables were compared between patients receiving TPN and patients not receiving TPN. Analysis was stratified for three surgical procedures: segmental small bowel resection, ileocecectomy, and segmental or total colectomy. The effect of TPN was most pronounced in patients having small bowel surgery. For segmental small bowel resection, 12 of 17 patients had TPN, and these patients had 20.4 ±14.3 cm less bowel resected than did those in the non-TPN group, an effect not dependent on duration of TPN. For ileocectomy patients, 31 of 62 patients received TPN, and these patients had 11.2±4.2 cm less small bowel resected than the non-TPN group, an effect not dependent on the duration of TPN. For large bowel resection patients, 6 of 24 patients had TPN, and there was no difference in length of bowel resection, preoperative and perioperative variables, or recurrence. The total hospital stay was 13.5±2.6 days longer for those having TPN;3.5±1.9 days of the longer stay was postoperative. In conclusion, TPN was associated with reduced length of small bowel resection at the expense of longer hospital stay.
Prevalence of alcohol dependence among US adult drinkers, 2009-2011.

INTRODUCTION: Excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for 88,000 deaths annually and cost the United States $223.5 billion in 2006. It is often assumed that most excessive drinkers are alcohol dependent. However, few studies have examined the prevalence of alcohol dependence among excessive drinkers. The objective of this study was to update prior estimates of the prevalence of alcohol dependence among US adult drinkers. METHODS: Data were analyzed from the 138,100 adults who responded to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health in 2009, 2010, or 2011. Drinking patterns (ie, past-year drinking, excessive drinking, and binge drinking) were assessed by sociodemographic characteristics and alcohol dependence (assessed through self-reported survey responses and defined as meeting ≥3 of 7 criteria for dependence in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition). RESULTS: Excessive drinking, binge drinking, and alcohol dependence were most common among men and those aged 18 to 24. Binge drinking was most common among those with annual family incomes of $75,000 or more, whereas alcohol dependence was most common among those with annual family incomes of less than $25,000. The prevalence of alcohol dependence was 10.2% among excessive drinkers, 10.5% among binge drinkers, and 1.3% among non-binge drinkers. A positive relationship was found between alcohol dependence and binge drinking frequency. CONCLUSION: Most excessive drinkers (90%) did not meet the criteria for alcohol dependence. A comprehensive approach to reducing excessive drinking that emphasizes evidence-based policy strategies and clinical preventive services could have an impact on reducing excessive drinking in addition to focusing on the implementation of addiction treatment services. Language: en
Prognostic significance of gross myometrial invasion with endometrial cancer

Objective : To determine if intraoperative estimation of gross myometrial invasion is sufficiently precise to guide surgical aggressiveness in staging patients with endometrial cancer. Methods : Between September 1987 and September 1995, 236 women with endometrial cancer had visual estimation of gross myometrial invasion during surgical staging, which included pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy. Results : In 213 patients (90.3%), the depth of gross myometrial invasion correctly predicted the microscopic depth of invasion on permanent histopathologic sections. Statistically significant associations were found between gross depth of myometrial invasion and tumor grade ( P P = .014), cervical metastases ( P P P P P P = .001), and surgical stage ( P Conclusion : Patients with endometrial cancer and more than 50% myometrial invasion on gross visual intraoperative estimation are at marked risk for extrauterine metastases, including pelvic and para-aortic lymph node metastases. Such patients should be considered for more aggressive surgical staging, including pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy.
Microeconometric Strategies for Dealing with Unobservables and Endogenous Variables in Recreation Demand Models

The past decade has witnessed significant advances in the microeconometric analysis of recreation data. In this review, we focus on two areas in which these innovations have been especially prolific: accounting for unobserved preference heterogeneity and controlling for unobserved and possibly endogenous site characteristics, such as congestion. Failure to appropriately address these issues with the nonlinear models typically used in recreation demand analysis can severely bias parameter and welfare estimates. We consider these issues of widespread importance within and beyond recreation demand applications. We also expect these estimation challenges to become more ubiquitous as the field gradually moves toward region-wide, multisite applications in reaction to large-scale environmental changes.
A forecast of air travel and airport and airway use in 1980

This procedure indicates the jet routes used, the mix of aircraft, trip length and number of passengers per flight. Route structures consistent with the growth of travel and its origin and destination distribution can be determined to assist airline planning and shed light on merger or route proposals that may come before the Civil Aeronautics Board. Any national totals can be obtained by simply aggregating over individual routes and airports. United States domestic passenger travel and commercial trunk airline traffic are discussed in this paper. In Section II, a function giving passenger demand for travel between cities is estimated with cross-sectional data. In Section III, a simple model of an airline is developed and its ability to predict flights in domestic city-pair markets is tested. In Section IV, these models are brought together to project passenger demand and airline service patterns. In the last section some rather surprising conclusions are presented.
A trip-based multicasting model for wormhole-routed networks with virtual channels

This paper considers the single-source and multi-source multicasting problem in wormhole-routed networks. A general trip-based model is proposed for any network having at least 2 virtual channels per physical channel. The underlying concept of this model is a node sequence called skirt, which always exists in graphs of any topology. The strength of this model is demonstrated by its capabilities: (a) the resulting routing scheme is simple, adaptive, distributed and deadlock-free; (b) the model is independent of the network topology, regular or irregular; (c) the minimum number of virtual channels required is constant as the network grows in size; and (d) it can tolerate faults easily. Using 2 virtual channels/physical channel, it is shown how to construct a single trip in faulty hypercubes and multiple trips in fault-free meshes. Simulation experimental results indicate the potential of the model to tolerate faults with very little performance degradation and to reduce multicast latency with multiple trips. >
The relation between electroencephalogram asymmetry and attention biases to threat at baseline and under stress

Electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry in the alpha frequency band has been implicated in emotion processing and broad approach-withdrawal motivation systems. Questions remain regarding the cognitive mechanisms that may help elucidate the observed links between EEG asymmetry and patterns of socioemotional functioning. The current study observed frontal EEG asymmetry patterns at rest and under social threat among young adults (N=45, M=21.1 years). Asymmetries were, in turn, associated with performance on an emotion-face dot-probe attention bias task. Attention biases to threat have been implicated as potential causal mechanisms in anxiety and social withdrawal. Frontal EEG asymmetry at baseline did not predict attention bias patterns to angry or happy faces. However, increases in right frontal alpha asymmetry from baseline to the stressful speech condition were associated with vigilance to angry faces and avoidance of happy faces. The findings may reflect individual differences in the pattern of response (approach or withdrawal) with the introduction of a mild stressor. Comparison analyses with frontal beta asymmetry and parietal alpha asymmetry did not find similar patterns. Thus, the data may reflect the unique role of frontal regions, particularly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, in cognitive control and threat detection, coupled with ruminative processes associated with alpha activity.
Mechanism-Based Engineering Against Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity

Since their first discovery nearly 50 years ago1, anthracyclines, including doxorubicin (Adriamycin), daunorubicin (Cerubidine), epirubicin (Ellence) and idarubicin (Idamycin PFS) have been successfully developed as potent anti-cancer therapeutics with significant efficacy in lymphomas and many solid tumors. Particularly in patients with breast cancer, they are the primary choices of therapy. However, cardiotoxicity has been a central limiting complication in treating patients since the agents acutely produce arrhythmias, LV dysfunction, and pericarditis, and chronically lead to LV dysfunction and heart failure2. The toxicity is clearly dose-related with sharp rises in LV dysfunction with cumulative doses above 400-450 mg/m2 for doxorubicin.3 When cardiac imaging was employed, the incidence of HF was 5%, 26%, and 48% in patients receiving 400, 550, and 700 mg/m2 of doxorubicin. As a result, most oncologists typically limit the dose to 450-500 mg/m2. Children are especially vulnerable with rates of significant LV dysfunction of 5% at 15 yrs of follow-up, increasing to 10% for cumulative doses of ≥550 mg/m2 4. Heart failure may present many years after treatment. Mediastinal irradiation is an additional risk factor that may also be particularly problematic in children5. To date, our only proven protective measure is adherence to "stopping guidelines" for total dose. Unfortunately, this typically limits the total dose an individual patient could receive, and for particularly problematic cancers, oncologists would like to use higher doses.
Variation in the rapid shallow breathing index associated with common measurement techniques and conditions.

BACKGROUND: The rapid-shallow-breathing index (RSBI) is widely used to evaluate mechanically ventilated patients for weaning and extubation, but it is determined in different clinical centers in a variety of ways, under conditions that are not always comparable. We hypothesized that the value of RSBI may be significantly influenced by common variations in measurement conditions and technique. METHODS: Sixty patients eligible for a weaning evaluation after > 72 hours of mechanical ventilation were studied over 15 months in a medical intensive care unit. RSBI was measured while the patients were on 2 different levels of ventilator support: 5 cm H2O continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) versus T-piece. RSBI was also calculated in 2 different ways: using the values of minute ventilation and respiratory rate provided by the digital output of the ventilator, versus values obtained manually with a Wright spirometer. Finally, RSBI was measured at 2 different times of the day. RESULTS: RSBI was significantly less when measured on 5 cm H2O CPAP, compared to T-piece: the medians and interquartile ranges were 71 (52–88) breaths/min/L versus 90 (59–137) breaths/min/L, respectively (P < .001). There were no significant differences in the value of RSBI obtained using ventilator-derived versus manual measures of the breathing pattern. RSBI was also not significantly different in the morning versus evening measurements. CONCLUSIONS: RSBI can be significantly affected by the level of ventilator support, but is relatively unaffected by both the technique used to determine the breathing pattern and the time of
The Smartville intrusive complex, Sierra Nevada, California: The core of a rifted volcanic arc

The Smartville complex is a Jurassic volcanic and plutonic arc in the northwestern Sierra Nevada that was deformed during the Late Jurassic Nevadan “orogeny.” We interpret the Smartville intrusive complex to have formed during the incipient rifting of an active volcanic arc. This interpretation is supported by the close relationship between volcanism and plutonism and by the close association between sheeted dikes and the younger plutonic rocks. Further support is found in the similarities that exist between the Smartville complex and modern arcs that developed on oceanic crust, either at a continental margin or in the ocean basins. Smartville volcanic rocks consist of a lower unit of tholeiitic submarine flows and pillowed flows that grades upward into an upper unit of calc-alkaline pyroclastic and volcaniclastic deposits. Intrusive rocks include older units of metamorphosed gabbro and massive diabase, which are intruded by a unit of 100% mafic and felsic, sheeted and unsheeted dikes. Biotite-hornblende tonalite and granophyric hornblende tonalite plutons are coeval with the dike complex, and both rock types occur locally as dikes within the dike unit. Continuously and reversely zoned gabbro-diorite plutons are also coeval with the dike complex. Granodiorite plutons are the youngest intrusive unit and may be related to the Sierra Nevada batholith. Relative age relations suggest that the Smartville complex formed in a single volcanic-plutonic system of pre-Nevadan age. The dike complex intrudes and is intruded by both the tonalite and zoned gabbro-diorite plutons. Both the upper and lower volcanic units are intruded by all of the plutonic and hypabyssal units and were deformed prior to the intrusion of the sheeted dike complex. Clasts of plutonic and hypabyssal rocks resembling the younger intrusives, however, occur locally in some of the youngest volcaniclastic rocks, suggesting that shallow plutonism and volcanism could be broadly coeval. Early Nevadan thrust faults juxtapose volcanic and older plutonic rocks of the Smartville complex and Mesozoic(?) chert-argillite broken formation to the east. The younger plutons and the dike complex in the Smartville are deformed by steep, late Nevadan faults and do not intrude chert-argillite broken formation. The youngest granodiorite plutons in the area truncate Nevadan faults, intrude the chert-argillite formation, and appear to be unrelated to the Smartville complex. The Smartville volcanic arc underwent pre-Nevadan intra-arc extension. The sheeted dike complex is the primary manifestation of the rifting event. The elongate shapes of the younger plutons, which are coeval with the dike complex, reflect extensional control on their emplacement. Volcanic rocks in the western and southern Smartville complex were deformed prior to the intrusion of the dike complex.
Exploring the Impact of Child Sex Offender Suicide

This paper explores the issues and widespread impact surrounding child sex offenders (CSO) who commit suicide after learning they are under criminal investigation. This phenomenon, which has received scant attention in the literature, affects family, friends, and victims of offenders who may experience a range of conflicting emotions including anger, guilt, confusion, betrayal, and loss. Involved law enforcement may, likewise, experience a range of complex reactions. Law enforcement personnel are neither trained nor required to assess offenders’ suicidality. However, awareness of how CSOs are impacted by an investigation may mitigate the risk of suicide and enhance operational strategies, including officer safety.
Cannabinoid Disposition in Oral Fluid after Controlled Smoked Cannabis

BACKGROUND: We measured Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) disposition in oral fluid (OF) following controlled cannabis smoking to evaluate whether monitoring multiple cannabinoids in OF improved OF test interpretation. METHODS: Cannabis smokers provided written informed consent for this institutional review board–approved study. OF was collected with the Quantisal™ device following ad libitum smoking of one 6.8% THC cigarette. Cannabinoids were quantified by 2-dimensional GC-MS. We evaluated 8 alternative cutoffs based on different drug testing program needs. RESULTS: 10 participants provided 86 OF samples −0.5 h before and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 22 h after initiation of smoking. Before smoking, OF samples of 4 and 9 participants were positive for THC and THCCOOH, respectively, but none were positive for CBD and CBN. Maximum THC, CBD, and CBN concentrations occurred within 0.5 h, with medians of 644, 30.4, and 49.0 μg/L, respectively. All samples were THC positive at 6 h (2.1–44.4 μg/L), and 4 of 6 were positive at 22 h. CBD and CBN were positive only up to 6 h in 3 (0.6–2.1 μg/L) and 4 (1.0–4.4 μg/L) participants, respectively. The median maximum THCCOOH OF concentration was 115 ng/L, with all samples positive to 6 h (14.8–263 ng/L) and 5 of 6 positive at 22 h. CONCLUSIONS: By quantifying multiple cannabinoids and evaluating different analytical cutoffs after controlled cannabis smoking, we determined windows of drug detection, found suggested markers of recent smoking, and minimized the potential for passive contamination.
Localized Energy Efficient Detection and Tracking of Dynamic Phenomena

Dynamic phenomena such as oil spills, mud flow, diffusion or leakage of gases in the environment are characterized by non-deterministic variations in shape, size and direction of motion. Due to the absence of any well defined model for tracking their dynamics, the detection and tracking of such phenomena through Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is very challenging. Most of the existing works consider static phenomena with certain shapes, only few of them study dynamic phenomena. However, existing works studying dynamic phenomena mainly concentrate on reducing the communication overheads and neglect the energy consumed in sensing, which result in higher energy consumption and shorter network lifetime. In this paper, we propose a novel protocol for detection and tracking dynamic phenomena through WSNs, with an objective to minimize the resource usage and energy consumption. We also propose a robust localized clustering method, which helps in reducing the network traffic generated by the information packets destined to a Centralized Query Processor (CQP). The experimental results show that, in comparison to the existing work, our protocol consumes 90% less energy and generates 65% less network traffic.
Bilingualism and cognition: A focus on mechanisms*

The goal of my keynote article, "Bilingualism and Cognition" (Valian, 2014), was to resolve the inconsistencies in effects of bilingualism on executive functions, whether the individuals were children, young adults, or old people. To summarize (and sharpen) my argument: 1. Especially in children and young adults, benefits of bilingualism for executive functions are not reliable. In old people, there are benefits for executive functions but contradictory results on delay of cognitive impairment, depending on whether studies are retrospective or prospective. 2. All experiences that have benefits for executive functions and aging - and there are many - yield inconsistent effects. Bilingualism is not alone. 3. Three reasons for inconsistencies in bilingualism and other experiences are: a. Executive function and cognitive reserve are broad cover terms for a variety of mechanisms, most of which are ill-understood. Because we mean different things by "executive function" from one experiment to the next, we can both think we don't have an effect when we do and think we have an effect when we don't. b. Tasks are impure: apparently similar tasks measure different aspects of executive function and measure other aspects of cognition as well. Because we lack a good analysis of tasks, we too often do not know what we are measuring. I encourage readers to examine the demos in the supplementary materials of the keynote article to see for themselves what the tasks are like. c. Individuals engage in many different activities that may be on a par with bilingualism in their benefits. 4. Different types of bilingual experience are unlikely to explain the variability of findings, given the inconsistencies in extant data on varieties of bilingualism. 5. There is a benefit of bilingualism, but bilingualism competes with other sources of benefits. Especially for children and young adults, whose daily lives are full of cognitively enriching and challenging experiences, we should expect variability in effects of being bilingual. 6. The way forward is to focus on underlying mechanisms.
Resources in Language Teacher Education

Book reviewed in this article: The Practice of English Language Teaching (2nd ed.). Jeremy Harmer. Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. H. Douglas Brown. Language Teaching Methodology: A Textbook for Teachers. David Nunan. Reflective Teaching in Second Language Classrooms. Jack C. Richards and Charles Lockhart.
Pearson Type VII Distribution on the Unit Sphere

A new distribution referred to as the Pearson type VII distribution is introduced and some of its properties discussed. Keywords: Pearson type VII distribution; Gauss hypergeometric function; scale mixtures
Effects of topical insulin administration on phosphorylated protein kinase B and nitric oxide levels in the rat retina

Purpose To examine the effects of insulin treatment on the expression of phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt or pAkt) and nitric oxide (NO), known targets of insulin action.
Logic failure analysis 65/45nm device using RCI & nano scale probe

Scan chain failure analysis is more difficult and complicated compared to memory analysis and analysis of defect monitoring test element group (DTEG) which has a large area is also difficult. This paper has verified that various defects of logic process sub 65nm device are easily analyzed through Resistive Contrast Imaging (RCI) and nanoprobe. In addition, Metal5 (M5) bridge defect (Short case) was detected in failure of scan ATPG (Automatic Test Pattern Generation) which has long failing nets and by discovering Via4 (V4) open defect (Open case) by Unetch, it was confirmed that it is possible to analyze high resistance Via failure. And it was verified that position of Cu line void of metal7 (M7) can be localized at high level metal layer. It is judged that it will be used usefully in failure analysis sub 65nm in the future as a technique utilizing principle of RCI and nanoprobe and also it will make lots of contributions to improvement of yield.
H-ras resides on clathrin-independent ARF6 vesicles that harbor little RAF-1, but not on clathrin-dependent endosomes

Internalization of H-Ras from the cell surface onto endomembranes through vesicular endocytic pathways may play a significant role(s) in regulating the outcome of Ras signaling. However, the identity of Ras-associated subcellular vesicles and the means by which Ras localize to these internal sites remain elusive. In this study, we show that H-Ras is absent from endosomes initially derived from a clathrin-dependent endocytic pathway. Instead, both oncogenic H-Ras-61L and wild type H-Ras (basal or EGF-stimulated) bind Arf6-associated clathrin-independent endosomes and vesicles of the endosomal-recycling center (ERC). K-Ras4B-12V can also be internalized via Arf6 endosomes, and the C-terminal tails of both H-Ras and K-Ras4B are sufficient to mediate localization of GFP chimeras to Arf6-associated vesicles. Interestingly, little Raf-1 was found on these Arf6-associated endosomes even when active H-Ras was present. Instead, endogenous Raf-1 distributed primarily on EEA1-containing vesicles, suggesting that this H-Ras effector, although accessible for H-Ras interaction on the plasma membrane, appears to separate from its regulator during early stages of endocytosis. The discrete and dynamic distribution of Ras pathway components with spatio-temporal complexity may contribute to the specificity of Ras:effector interaction.
Re-operative surgery for intestinal stoma complications

Intestinal stomas remain a vital tool for the surgeon caring for patients with bowel disease. This article reviews stoma complications that may result in re-operative surgery to revise the stoma. It includes a comprehensive review of early- and late-stoma complications as well as an extensive review of the treatment and prevention of parastomal hernia. Surgical techniques, adherence to basic surgical principles, proper preoperative patient counseling, and pre-operative stoma marking, all of which may prevent many of these complications and enable the surgeon to create the perfect stoma, are also reviewed.
How sib pairs reveal linkage

I thank Dr. Robert Elston for pointing out this issue and for his help in the interpretation of the results. This work was supported by research grant F05 TW05285 from the Fogarty International Center and resource grant P41 RR03655 from the National Center for Research Resources, National Institutes of Health.
Resource utilization by foraging eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis) in the Ozark Region of Missouri

Resource selection by animals influences ecological processes such as dispersal, reproduction, foraging, and migration. Little information exists regarding foraging resource selection by bats during the maternity season. We evaluated support for effects of landcover type, landform, and landscape pattern on resource selection by individual foraging female eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis) during the maternity period and compared resource utilization for all individuals pooled (population level), individuals grouped by geographic location, and individuals grouped by stage of lactation (early, mid, and late). We used a resource utilization function (RUF) to relate landcover and landscape attributes to the utilization distributions of individual bats estimated by the fixed-kernel method. We radio-tracked 64 lactating red bats and estimated utilization distributions for 52 individuals. Mean home range size ranged from 1,041 to 1,588 ha from late to mid lactation. The global RUF model was significantly better than the null RUF model for 36 (70%) individuals and the magnitude and direction of coefficients varied among individuals. Resource utilization at the population level was, on average, positively related to ridges and upland drainage landforms, water landcover, and road density; and negatively related to urban and nonforest landcover and distance to edge. Resource use differed between geographic areas by canopy cover, water landcover, and road density. Canopy closure was positively related to RUF in both areas but was greater in the south area. Percent water negatively related to RUF in the north area and positively related in the south area. Road density had a positive relationship in the north and negative relationship in the south with RUF. We did not find a difference in mean RUF coefficients among lactation groups except for canopy cover. On average, canopy cover had a positive effect on use by bats during early and mid-lactation but a negative effect during late lactation. We suggest that management for red bats consider landscape components and provide a range of composition and structural diversity to enhance foraging use by red bats. In highly forested landscapes, gaps or openings may provide forest edges that are important for foraging and commuting. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Identification of functionally important regions of a haemoglobin receptor from Neisseria meningitidis.

The HmbR outer-membrane receptor enables Neisseria meningitidis to use haemoglobin (Hb) as a source of iron. This protein functions by binding Hb, removing haem from it, and releasing the haem into the periplasm. Functionally important HmbR receptor domains were discerned using a series of HmbR deletions and site-directed mutations. Mutations exhibiting similar defective phenotypes in N. meningitidis fell into two groups. The first group of mutations affected Hb binding and were located in putative extracellular loops (L) L2 (amino acid residues (aa) 192–230) and L3 (aa 254–284). The second group of mutations resulted in a failure to utilize Hb but proficiency in Hb binding was retained. These mutations localized to the putative extracellular loops L6 (aa 420–462) and L7 (aa 486–516). A highly conserved protein motif found in all haem/Hb receptors, within putative extracellular loop L7 of HmbR, is essential for Hb utilization but not required for Hb binding. This finding suggests a mechanistic involvement of this motif in haem removal from Hb. In addition, an amino-terminal deletion in the putative cork-like domain of HmbR affected Hb usage but not Hb binding. This result supports a role of the cork domain in utilization steps that are subsequent to Hb binding.
Spectrum of cardiovascular lesions in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome: Analysis of eight cases

Abstract Eight cases of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome with cardiovascular complications are described. The clinical presentation in all but one patient conformed to the previously described features of this syndrome. Five patients had cardiac enlargement, six had electrocardiographic abnormalities and three had a murmur of mitral insufficiency. Each of the four patients who died had aneurysms of the coronary arteries, usually associated with organizing thrombi. In addition to involvement of the coronary arteries, the renal, mesenteric, vertebral, splenic, hepatic and iliac arteries were affected in individual cases. One patient required triple aortocoronary bypass surgery and one patient underwent excision of a brachial arterial aneurysm. Further long-term follow-up studies of the patients who have survived the acute stage of the syndrome are indicated to establish the spectrum of late complications and sequelae.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING BIOMASS AND DISTRIBUTION OF STUCKENIA PECTINATA IN THE HERON LAKE SYSTEM, MINNESOTA, USA

The Heron Lake System historically has been an important resource for waterfowl in Southern Minnesota, USA. In the early 1900s, the system was a major nesting, feeding, and staging area for breeding and migrating waterfowl mainly due to the extensive growth of sago pondweed, Stuckenia pectinata. In recent years, the abundance of S. pectinata has decreased dramatically. We conducted a study from 2002 through 2003 to identify factors limiting the success of S. pectinata. Distribution and biomass of S. pectinata differed significantly over the years of this study. Biomass was related to environmental factors, including water transparency and water temperature early in the season. Water transparency during May (time of early growth) had a negative relationship with maximum biomass at each site over all years. Water temperature had a positive relationship with increases in seasonal biomass yield of S. pectinata in the Heron Lake System.
Imaging spinal osteomyelitis and epidural abscess with short TI inversion recovery (STIR).

MR imaging, primarily the spin-echo technique, is increas­ ingly important in evaluating spinal disease [1-3]. We have found, however, that short TI inversion recovery (STIR) in conjunction with spin-echo techniques provides higher tissue contrast images in shorter imaging times while minimizing imaging degradation due to motion and pulsation. The STIR sequence suppresses the signal from fat [4], allowing clear separation of tumor or infection from normal structures in the spine and abdomen. When used in conjunction with T1weighted spin-echo imaging, the examination provides high sensitivity (from STIR) with excellent anatomic detail (from the T1-weighted spin-echo images). We describe the appli­ cation of this approach to a case of spinal osteomyelitis with epidural abscess.
Efficient, adaptive energy stable schemes for the incompressible Cahn-Hilliard Navier-Stokes phase-field models

In this paper we develop a fully adaptive energy stable scheme for Cahn-Hilliard Navier-Stokes system, which is a phase-field model for two-phase incompressible flows, consisting a Cahn-Hilliard-type diffusion equation and a Navier-Stokes equation. This scheme, which is decoupled and unconditionally energy stable based on stabilization, involves adaptive mesh, adaptive time and a nonlinear multigrid finite difference method. Numerical experiments are carried out to validate the scheme for problems with matched density and non-matched density, and also demonstrate that CPU time can be significantly reduced with our adaptive approach.
A novel type of depolarization-activated K+ current in isolated adult rat atrial myocytes

To determine the types of voltage-gated K+ channels controlling action potential repolarization in atrial cells, we have characterized the properties of depolarization-activated K+ channels in isol...
Effect of poultry litter biochar diet inclusion on feed manufacture and 4- to 21-d broiler performance.

Abstract Decreasing diet cost and minimizing environmental impact are current issues that can affect the success of poultry production. In the eastern United States, much concern has been generated surrounding eutrophication of the Chesapeake Bay due to nitrogen and phosphorus leaching from land application of litter. Gasification of poultry litter and feeding the resultant poultry litter biochar (PLB) may be an alternative to traditional land application of litter. In addition, PLB may provide a cost-effective source of essential nutrients for poultry by the partial or complete replacement of rock phosphorus in poultry diets, and may also provide a mechanism for improving feed manufacture variables. The objectives of this study were to assess effects of diet incorporation of PLB on feed manufacture and pellet quality (Study 1) and subsequent feeding effects on broiler performance and tibia ash (Study 2). Seven diets were formulated to compare the replacement of rock phosphorus with PLB. Inclusion of PLB was high, 6.2 or 6.9%, in order to maximize rock phosphorus replacement but also to assess potential detriments. Four diets were chosen to generate replicated feed manufacture and pellet quality data. The addition of PLB to diets was shown to improve pellet quality (P
Optimal calibration of the learning rate in closed-loop adaptive brain-machine interfaces

Closed-loop decoder adaptation (CLDA) can improve brain-machine interface (BMI) performance. CLDA methods use batches of data to refit the decoder parameters in closed-loop operation. Recently, dynamic state-space algorithms have also been designed to fit the parameters of a point process decoder (PPF). A main design parameter that needs to be selected in any CLDA algorithm is the learning rate, i.e., how fast should the decoder parameters be updated on the basis of new neural observations. So far, the learning rate of CLDA algorithms has been selected empirically using ad-hoc methods. Here we develop a principled framework to calibrate the learning rate in adaptive state-space algorithms. The learning rate introduces a trade-off between the convergence rate and the steady-state error covariance of the estimated decoder parameters. Hence our algorithm first finds an analytical upper-bound on the steady-state error covariance as a function of the learning rate. It then finds the inverse mapping to select the optimal learning rate based on the maximum allowable steady-state error. Using numerical BMI experiments, we show that the calibration algorithm selects the optimal learning rate that meets the requirement on steady-state error level while achieving the fastest convergence rate possible corresponding to this steady-state level.
Rotationally resolved C2 symmetric conformers of bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane: prototypical examples of excitonic coupling in the S1 and S2 electronic states.

Rotationally resolved microwave and ultraviolet spectra of jet-cooled bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane (b4HPM) have been obtained using Fourier-transform microwave and UV laser/molecular beam spectrometers. A recent vibronic level study of b4HPM [Rodrigo, C. P.; Muller, C. W.; Pillsbury, N. R.; James, W. H., III; Plusquellic, D. F.; Zwier, T. S. J. Chem. Phys. 2011, 134, 164312] has assigned two conformers distinguished by the orientation of the in-plane OH groups and has identified two excitonic origins in each conformer. In the present study, the rotationally resolved bands of all four states have been well-fit to asymmetric rotor Hamiltonians. For the lower exciton (S(1)) levels, the transition dipole moment (TDM) orientations are perpendicular to the C(2) symmetry axes and consist of 41(2):59(2) and 34(2):66(2)% a:c hybrid-type character. The S(1) levels are therefore delocalized states of B symmetry and represent the antisymmetric combinations of the zero-order locally excited states of the p-cresol-like chromophores. The TDM polarizations of bands located at ≈132 cm(-1) above the S(1) origins are exclusively b-type and identify them as the upper exciton S(2) origin levels of A symmetry. The TDM orientations and the relative band strengths from the vibronic study have been analyzed within a dipole-dipole coupling model in terms of the localized TDM orientations, μ(loc), on the two chromophores. The out-of-the-ring plane angles of μ(loc) are both near 20° and are similar to results for diphenylmethane [Stearns, J. A.; Pillsbury, N. R.; Douglass, K. O.; Muller, C. W.; Zwier, T. S.; Plusquellic, D. F. J. Chem. Phys. 2008, 129, 224305]. The in-plane angles are, however, rotated by 14 and 18° relative to DPM and, in part, explain the smaller than expected exciton splittings of these two conformers.
EFFECTS OF SELF- AND OTHER DISCLOSURE ON RECIPROCITY'

Summary.-Subjects (N = 72) disclosed longer and more intimately when an experimenter disclosed in reference to self or in reference to others than when she did not disclose. No significant differences were shown between self- and other disclosure. Research has consistently shown that disclosure of intimate content by a person elicits comparable intimate content from the recipient of that disclosure. Jourard (2) assumed that disclosure in reference to self is "one of the necessary conditions for promoting disclosure in another" (p. 428) Th~s study assessed the validity of that assumption. CoUegc students (12 men and 12 women) participated in each of the following: a Selfdisclosure Condition in which subjects responded to four questions of medium intimacy (3, p. 215) following an experimenter's disclosure of information of medium intimacy (1) regarding herself, an Other Disclosure Condition in which procedures were identical to the Self-disclosure Condition except information communicated by the experimenter was in reference to ocher persons, and a No Disclosure Condition in which the experimenter communicated no intimate information. Res~onses were recorded and transcribed. A 3 (condition) x 2 (sex) analvsis of variance was conducted on duration or total number of . .. , seconds talking and on mean intimacy ratings (1) of two raters (interrater reliability = .95). Analysis of duration showed only a main effect for condition (F2,66 = 8.46, p<.01) Least Significant Difference tests showed duration was significantly greater for the Self-disclosure (M= 245.5, SD = 155.0) and the Other Disclosure (M = 227.8, SD = 221.3) than for the No Disclosure Condition (M = 117.5, SD = 54.4). No significant differences were found between self- and other disclosure. Identical results were shown on intimacy ratings (F,,,, = 8.41, p<.01; MXLt = 15.2, SD = 3.1; Mather = 14.8, SD = 3.0; M ",,, = 12.2, SD = 2.0). There was evidence to refute, and no reliable evidence to support, Jourard's assumption that disclosure in reference to self is "necessary" to elicit self-disclosure. Rather, communication of intimate content per se seemed to elicit self-disclosure from another person.
Study Wireless Monitoring Terminal Base on Embedded Operating System

In this paper, a monitor terminal applying for power marketing system and powerdistributing system based on embedded operating system is implemented,achieving combining embedded operating system with GPRS (general packet radio service) wireless communication technique and comprehensively managing for power marketing system and distribution monitoring system. Monitoring terminal accomplished hardware, data and communication resources sharing.