cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rare earth elements adsorption onto Carrizo sand: Influence of strong solution complexation

Abstract To better understand the mobility and transport of rare earth elements (REE) in groundwater flow systems, the influence of carbonate ions as well as humic substances on REE adsorption onto Carrizo Aquifer sand was investigated as a function of CO2 partial pressures (PCO2), pH, ionic strength, and initial REE concentrations. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out at room temperature (23° ± 1 °C) in a glove box under different PCO2 (i.e., 0 REE adsorption onto Carrizo sand can be successfully described by a model that considers both surface complexation and surface exchange reactions. Specifically, the modeling studies point out the important role that surface exchange reactions play in REE adsorption onto Carrizo sand at high REE loading conditions (i.e., high initial REE concentration at low solid/solution ratio). Model calculations show that strong solution complexation of dissolved REEs with carbonate ions competes for uncomplexed REE ions, [Ln3+]F, where Ln is any of the lanthanides, and thus decreases REE adsorption at high PCO2 levels (> 10− 2.3 atm) or at high pH (> 8.0). Model calculations also indicate that competition between Na+ and uncomplexed REE ions, [Ln3+]F, for exchange sites results in less REE adsorption at high ionic strength (e.g., I = 0.1 M). Both experimental and modeling studies show that REE adsorption onto Carrizo sand is strongly influenced by REE solution complexation reactions, which are sensitive to PCO2 levels, pH, and the amount and type of solution complexing ligands.
A Functional Model of Cytochrome c Oxidase: Thermodynamic Implications.

The environment of the CuI ion in the distal ligand group decides the fate of the reduction of O2 by the two analogues 1 and 2 of the heme a3 CuB center in cytochrome c oxidase. The fourfold coordination by N in 1 favors the CuII oxidation state and leads to a 4 e- -4 H+ reduction and the formation of H2 O under physiological conditions, while with 2 a 2 e- -2 H+ reduction occurs to form the cytotoxic H2 O2 .
“Reclaiming the Fallen” The Universal Negro Improvement Association Central Division, New York 1935-1942

This article explores the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)–Central Division, one of the many Garveyite groups that formed in the wake of Marcus Garvey’s 1927 deportation. The Central Division was formed in Harlem in 1935 and was active until the early 1940s. I argue that Garveyism remained relevant throughout the late 1930s and that the Central Division helped African Americans in Harlem in two major ways through representation and community outreach. Representation occurred primarily on the local level in dealing with government officials. Central Division membership (and even non-members) could use the expertise of the group to help secure aid, legal advice, and citizenship assistance, or help with a myriad of problems. The Division provided their services free of charge and took an aggressive stance on behalf of hundreds of African American citizens throughout the late 1930s and early 1940s. Community outreach consisted of a series of events, clubs, and events regularly sponsored by the C...
Sarcomeric genotyping in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVE To pool results from studies of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) to elucidate important phenotypic differences among genotypes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data published from November 1998 through November 2004 were gathered and compared from unrelated study population genotyping studies from the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minn), Harvard Medical School (Boston, Mass), France, Germany, Sweden, Finland, and Spain. Standard statistical analysis techniques were used to pool and compare data across genotypes with respect to frequency of mutations, age at diagnosis, and degree of hypertrophy (left ventricular wall thickness). RESULTS The French study population harbored the highest frequency of mutations (61%), followed by the Mayo Clinic (38%), Harvard Medical School (36%), and Swedish (30%) study populations. For every study population, mutations in myosin binding protein C ( MYBPC3 ) were the most common cause of HCM. Patients with a family history of HCM had mutations more frequently than those without. This pooled analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in left ventricular wall thickness or in mean age at diagnosis across all genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Differentiation of sarcomeric genotypes, such as MYBPC3 -HCM and MYH7 -HCM, is not possible on the basis of currently reported phenotypic data. A myriad of genetic and/or environmental modifiers in addition to the primary disease-causing genetic substrate must play an important role in determining a patient's particular phenotype.
The occurrence of head‐to‐head butene units in ethylene‐butene copolymers and corresponding ethyl branches in low‐density (branched) polyethylenes

A high resolution carbon-13 NMR study of an ethylene-butene copolymer has yielded a spectrum whose resonances could be assigned to isolated ethyl branches, 1,3-diethyl branching as well as 1,2-diethyl branches resulting from head-to-head butene polymerization. All these structures are present in the same sample. An examination of all the published spectra of low-density (branched) polyethylenes has revealed many examples of heretofore unassigned resonances which can be associated with this latter type of diethyl branching in these polymers. Spin-lattice relaxation times have been determined, when feasible, for the carbon atoms in each of the three branched structures.
Utility scoring of product reviews

We identify a new task in the ongoing research in text sentiment analysis: predicting utility of product reviews, which is orthogonal to polarity classification and opinion extraction. We build regression models by incorporating a diverse set of features, and achieve highly competitive performance for utility scoring on three real-world data sets.
Learning by smoothing: a morphological approach

We establish PAC-learnabilities for algorithms that are based on the Smoothing Principle which says that a point in R m belongs to the hypothesis set only if that point is in a sufficiently small neighborhood of a known positively labelled example point. Incorporating techniques from Mathematical Morphology and PAC-Learnability Theory, we formally model smoothing as set-dilation operation and rigorously demonstrate that the corresponding Smoothing Algorithms have many virtues. In particular, we show that the concept class consisting of all bounded and finite surface area subsets of R m is Valiantsense learnable if we allow for some plausible restrictions on the behaviors of the concepts and the underlying probability distributions. A formal analysis of the Smoothing Algorithm reveals their robustness with respect to the choice of smoothing element, their ties to the Nearest Neighbor Rule, and their potential for implementation in cellular automata as growing neural nets.
Molecular Mechanisms of Autophagy in the Cardiovascular System

Autophagy is a catabolic recycling pathway triggered by various intra- or extracellular stimuli that is conserved from yeast to mammals. During autophagy, diverse cytosolic constituents are enveloped by double-membrane vesicles, autophagosomes, which later fuse with lysosomes or the vacuole to degrade their cargo. Dysregulation in autophagy is associated with a diverse range of pathologies including cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the world. Accordingly, there is tremendous interest in modulating autophagy for therapeutic purposes. One complexity with regard to cardiovascular homeostasis, however, is that the timing of autophagic activity appears to be critical; for example, cardiomyocyte autophagy during ischemia/reperfusion can be either beneficial or harmful. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that govern autophagosome formation and analyze the link between autophagy and cardiovascular disease.
Optimization and characterization of controlled release multi-particulate beads formulated with a customized cellulose acetate butyrate dispersion.

The objectives of the present investigation were: (1) to model the effect of process and formulation variables viz., coating weight gain, duration of curing, and plasticizer concentration on in-vitro release profile of verapamil HCl from multi-particulate beads formulated with a novel aqueous-based pseudolatex dispersion; (2) to optimize the formulation by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN); and (3) to characterize the optimized product by thermal and X-ray analyses. Inert beads (Nupareil®) were loaded with verapamil HCl and subsequently coated with a custom designed aqueous-based pseudolatex dispersion of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB). Experiments were designed and data was collected according to a three factor, three level face centered central composite design. Data was analyzed for modeling and optimizing the release profile using both RSM and ANN. Model fitted the data and explained 90% of variability in response in the case of RSM and at least 70% in the case of ANN. Release profile was optimized for a zero-order model. Optimized formulations were prepared according to the factor combinations dictated by RSM and ANN. In each case, the observed drug release data of the optimized formulations was close to the predicted release pattern. However, the modeling and optimization abilities of RSM as evaluated by the R-squared values, were found to be higher than that of ANN. X-ray and drug content analysis suggested the absence of any degradation of verapamil HCl and excipients incorporated in the formulation.
Correlates of neonatal morbidity: maternal characteristics and family resources.

Abstract The association of mental characteristics, family resources, and receipt of prenatal care with infant birth weight, gestational age, and Apgar scores was assessed in a retrospective review of an extant computerized data base of admissions to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU; n = 3,818). Prediction variables included mother's age, marital status, health insurance, parity, prenatal health problems, and prenatal drug use. Less favorable infant birth status was associated with prenatal health problems, being single, not having private insurance, obtaining a prior elective abortion, prenatal drug use, and not receiving prenatal care. Stepwise multiple regressions of predictor variables to birth weight and lack of prenatal care were performed. Low birth weight was associated with being single, receiving no prenatal care, and being Black. Lack of prenatal care was associated with mother's age, high parity, prenatal health problems, and prenatal illicit drug use. Pediatric interventions assessing mat...
Growth Hormone Response to Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in Diabetes

The effect of TRH on GH secretion was assessed in 13 insulin-dependent diabetics. PRL and TSH responses to TRH were also determined. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels and serial fasting glucose concentrations indicated that all but 1 of the patients had a period of poor diabetic control for several months before the study. Peak PRL and TSH levels after TRH injection in these diabetic patients did not differ significantly from values observed in nondiabetic individuals. Six of the patients responded to TRH with a significant rise in GH levels; basal GH concentrations were also elevated in these patients. Five of the 6 responders and none of the nonresponders had proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The results suggest that diabetics with elevated basal GH levels hyperrespond to TRH, and that nonspecific secretion of GH in response to TRH occurs in some patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Chronic hyperglycemia does not appear to be the critical factor in determining this response.
Multiyear Climate Variability and Dengue—El Nino Southern Oscillation, Weather, and Dengue Incidence in Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Thailand: A Longitudinal Data Analysis

Background: The mosquito-borne dengue viruses are a major public health problem throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Changes in temperature and precipitation have well-defined roles in the transmission cycle and may thus play a role in changing incidence levels. The El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a multiyear climate driver of local temperature and precipitation worldwide. Previous studies have reported varying degrees of association between ENSO and dengue incidence. Methods and Findings: We analyzed the relationship between ENSO, local weather, and dengue incidence in Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Thailand using wavelet analysis to identify time- and frequency-specific association. In Puerto Rico, ENSO was transiently associated with temperature and dengue incidence on multiyear scales. However, only local precipitation and not temperature was associated with dengue on multiyear scales. In Thailand, ENSO was associated with both temperature and precipitation. Although precipitation was associated with dengue incidence, the association was nonstationary and likely spurious. In Mexico, no association between any of the variables was observed on the multiyear scale. Conclusions: The evidence for a relationship between ENSO, climate, and dengue incidence presented here is weak. While multiyear climate variability may play a role in endemic interannual dengue dynamics, we did not find evidence of a strong, consistent relationship in any of the study areas. The role of ENSO may be obscured by local climate heterogeneity, insufficient data, randomly coincident outbreaks, and other, potentially stronger, intrinsic factors regulating transmission dynamics. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
Stringing up the Pearls: Self-Assembly, Optical and Electronic Properties of CdSe− and Au−LiMo3Se3 Nanoparticle−Nanowire Composites

Chevrel-type LiMo3Se3 nanowires dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide were decorated with 13 nm citrate ligated Au particles (water) and 6 nm trioctylphosphineoxide ligated CdSe particles (tetrahydrofuran) by combining the respective solutions at room temperature, followed by mild acidification with hydrochloric acid in the case of Au. The morphology of the formed nanostructured Au−LiMo3Se3 and CdSe−LiMo3Se3 aggregates depends on stoichiometry and reaction conditions. While the UV/vis spectra of the aggregates are largely the sum of the subspectra of the building blocks, the emission spectra of the CdSe−LiMo3Se3 material reveal quenching of CdSe based photoluminescence. The electrical conductance of 5 nm thick films obtained by drying solutions of the composites decreases with increasing temperature, which shows that the nanowires remain metallic after binding of the nanoparticles.
Removal of Foreign Bodies from the Superior Vena Cava and Right Atrium Without Thoracotomy

Abstract Foreign bodies lost in the circulation and producing embolism in the heart are a recognized source of morbidity and mortality. Two patients are discussed in whom transjugular removal of intravenous catheter fragments with endoscopic foreign body forceps was accomplished under local anesthesia and fluoroscopic control. The technique is easy, safe, and reliable, and it avoids thoracotomy and atriotomy for this iatrogenic complication.
Writeback-aware partitioning and replacement for last-level caches in phase change main memory systems

Phase-Change Memory (PCM) has emerged as a promising low-power main memory candidate to replace DRAM. The main problems of PCM are that writes are much slower and more power hungry than reads, write bandwidth is much lower than read bandwidth, and limited write endurance. Adding an extra layer of cache, which is logically the last-level cache (LLC), can mitigate the drawbacks of PCM. However, writebacks from the LLC might (a) overwhelm the limited PCM write bandwidth and stall the application, (b) shorten lifetime, and (c) increase energy consumption. Cache partitioning and replacement schemes are important to achieve high throughput for multi-core systems. However, we noted that no existing partitioning and replacement policy takes into account the writeback information.This paper proposes two writeback-aware schemes to manage the LLC for PCM main memory systems. Writeback-aware Cache Partitioning (WCP) is a runtime mechanism that partitions a shared LLC among multiple applications. Unlike past partitioning schemes, our scheme considers the reduction in cache misses as well as writebacks. Write Queue Balancing (WQB) replacement policy manages the cache partition of each application intelligently so that the writebacks are distributed evenly among PCM write queues. In this way, applications rarely stall due to unbalanced PCM write traffic among write queues. Our evaluation shows that WCP and WQB result in, on average, 21p improvement in throughput, 49p reduction in PCM writes, and 14p reduction in energy over a state-of-the-art cache partitioning scheme.
Regeneration of ammonia borane from spent fuel materials

A shift to the hydrogen economy requires the development of an effective hydrogen fuel carrier with high volumetric and gravimetric storage capacity. Ammonia borane (AB) has emerged as a leading candidate due to its light weight and multiple protic (N–H) and hydridic (B–H) hydrogens. As a consequence, much work has been directed towards fine tuning the release of H2 from AB, in addition to its regeneration from the dehydrogenated “spent fuel” materials. This review summarizes the development of these regeneration methodologies.
Kinetic model for electric-field induced point defect redistribution near semiconductor surfaces

The spatial distribution of point defects near semiconductor surfaces affects the efficiency of devices. Near-surface band bending generates electric fields that influence the spatial redistribution of charged mobile defects that exchange infrequently with the lattice, as recently demonstrated for pile-up of isotopic oxygen near rutile TiO2 (110). The present work derives a mathematical model to describe such redistribution and establishes its temporal dependence on defect injection rate and band bending. The model shows that band bending of only a few meV induces significant redistribution, and that the direction of the electric field governs formation of either a valley or a pile-up.
Descriptions of melissopalynological methods involving centrifugation should include data for calculating Relative Centrifugal Force (RCF) or should express data in units of RCF or gravities (g)

Techniques of pollen recovery involving centrifugation of honey pollen (melissopalynology) described in certain publications are difficult to 1) reproduce and 2) compare to other melissopalynological methods because dimensions of the centrifuge rotor were not described. Centrifugation data should be stated either in units of Relative Centrifugal Force (RCF) or gravities (g), or the data should be stated so RCF can be calculated using revolutions per minute (RPM) and the dimensions of the centrifuge rotor.
The determination of Sr89 in biological samples

Abstract A simple and sensitive method for determination of Sr89 has been developed. The method consists of ashing the sample in a muffle furnace, dissolving the ash in a minimum amount of HCl, preparing solid samples on glass fiber disks, and determining the activity by liquid scintillation counting. Counting efficiencies of approximately 65% were obtained. The use of glass fiber disks has reduced the error in pipetting and has eliminated quenching. The procedure has given reproducible results and has been used successfully for quantitative analysis of Sr89 in various tissues, bones and eggs (shell, yolk and albumin) from birds injected intramuscularly with Sr89Cl2. An improved and relatively accurate method for the determination of quenching, based on an internal standard, is also descrived.
Experimental design and evaluation of Networked Traveler field tests of safety applications in California

This paper describes the experimental design for the field tests of safety applications within the scope of Networked Traveler Project currently being conducted in California, which is part of the US Department of Transportation (USDOT) and California DOT-sponsored Safe-Trip 21 Initiative. The safety applications are designed to provide drivers with alerts of situational awareness in highway driving scenarios. The objectives of the field tests are to verify the technical approach and to collect user feedback to refine the applications for future implementation. In this paper, the functional descriptions, technical rationale and hypotheses of experimental design are given. These applications, when deployed with timely alerts to drivers, can potentially increase driver awareness of the driving environment on the road ahead and minimize risks.
Space charge limited gate current noise in AlGaN/GaN high Electron Mobility Transistors

The experimental gate current-voltage and low frequency current noise characteristics of AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors are presented and interpreted within a Space Charge Limited Current model. The Hooge parameter and gate noise parameter are extracted. Through the analysis of Lorentzians observed in the spectra, two traps are identified.
Effects of Practice on Font Legibility

Highway sign font legibility has been studied extensively over the past 50 years; however only limited research has been conducted on the range of fonts used for commercial signage. While earlier research has demonstrated that some of these fonts are more legible than others, difficulties have arisen in ascribing these differences to visual factors alone. The objective of this experiment was to determine if some of the font superiority effect is due to the level of font familiarity. Visual acuity thresholds for letter and words displayed in three fonts were recorded for a group of 72 younger and older subjects. The subjects read aloud two pages of text displayed in those fonts. Acuity thresholds for the three fonts were then reevaluated. The results showed that familiarity with a specific font significantly influences that font's legibility and that this effect was greater for older than younger subjects.
Comparison of time- and frequency domain-based measures of cardiac parasympathetic activity in Holter recordings after myocardial infarction.

Abstract The standard deviation of normal RR intervals predicts mortality after acute myocardial infarction independently of left ventricular function and ventricular arrhythmias. 1 Myers et al 2 suggested that this measure of heart period variability is a broad-band measure composed of high and low frequency components, and suggested that patients with malignant arrhythmias have reduced power in the high frequency band of the heart period or heart rate power spectrum. The high frequency band of the heart rate power spectrum reflects vagally mediated respiratory sinus arrhythmia. 3–5 Also, 2 time domain measures—the percent of absolute differences between successive normal RR intervals that exceed 50 ms (pNN50) and the root mean square successive difference (r-MSSD)—have been used as measures of tonic vagal activity. 6 The objective of this study was to determine the strength of association among 3 measures of tonic vagal activity: the high frequency band (0.15 to 0.50 Hz) in the heart period power spectrum, pNN50 and r-MSSD. We expected strong correlations among these 3 variables, and hoped that the correlations would be strong enough to permit their interchangeable use for assessing tonic vagal activity in long duration electrocardiographic recordings. We expected weaker correlations of these 3 measures with measures of total heart rate or heart period variability, such as the standard deviation of normal RR intervals or the total power in the heart period power spectrum.
Interactions of tannins with enzymes: A potential role in the reduced rate of ethanol fermentation from high-tannin biomass

Abstract It has been shown that the mash prepared from high-tannin varieties of grain sorghum supports a significantly lower rate of ethanol fermentation than that of lower tannin varieties. The basis for the reduced rate of fermentation appears to be nitrogen deprivation, since the addition of nitrogen or the enzyme protease restores a high rate of fermentation. In this investigation, we have examined the tannin-protein interaction for protease with the hydrolyzable tannin, tannic acid, and a purified condensed tannin or proanthocyanidin from sorghum. In addition, we have used the enzyme β-glucosidase for comparison since it has been widely examined in tannin-protein precipitation studies. The results show a concentration effect of tannins for the inhibition of β-glucosidase and protease, and no preferential binding of the substrates used. Enzyme precipitation and enzyme inhibition appear to result from different types of protein/tannin interactions, since water-washing of enzyme-tannin pellets gave much higher activities than unwashed suspensions. The competitor, polyvinylpyrrolidone, completely displaced tannic acid, but not proanthocyanidin, in the tannin/protease complex. The tannic acid/protease pellet showed 50–60 % of the expected activity, whereas, the proanthocyanidin/protease pellet showed only about 30% of expected activity at one-tenth the concentration of tannin. These results suggest that condensed tannins are good candidates for the inhibition of the fermentation of high-tannin varieties.
The power of transformation

The answer to the question, how is man empowered to change? can be given in this form: We are empowered to change when we experience trust and acceptance coming to us from another person or group. Change occurs when our power of being is affirmed by other centers of power. This affirmation of our power of being overcomes the anxiety of nonbeing implied in every change. It supplies us with the courage to accept our acceptance and to exist in spite of threats to our existence. The content of trust in our experiencing that has taken the place of the prior anxiety in our experiencing reduces the disturbances that distorted our perception of reality. This enables us to receive reality more accurately and to symbolize it more exactly. Change then is an internal metamorphosis that is the result of a courage educed in us by external forces. The transformation of our internal experiencing is the prior condition and ground for the transformation of our symbolizations.
N95 filtering facepiece respirator deadspace temperature and humidity.

The objective of this study was to determine the levels of heat and humidity that develop within the deadspace of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (N95 FFR). Seventeen subjects wore two models each of N95 FFR and N95 FFR with an exhalation valve (N95 FFR/EV) while exercising on a treadmill at a low-moderate work rate for 1 and 2 hr in a temperate ambient environment. FFR deadspace temperature and relative humidity were monitored by a wireless sensor housed within the FFR. Each FFR was weighed pre- and post-testing to determine moisture retention. After 1 hr, FFR deadspace temperature and humidity were markedly elevated above ambient levels, and the FFR deadspace mean apparent heat index was 54°C. N95 FFR/EV use resulted in significantly lower deadspace temperatures than N95 FFR (p = 0.01), but FFR deadspace humidity levels were not significantly different (p = 0.32). Compared with the first hour of use, no significant increase in FFR deadspace heat and humidity occurred over the second hour. FFR mean m...
Esoteric Elementary Particle Phenomena in Undergraduate Physics-Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Scale Invariance

We take two rather abstract concepts from elementary particle physics, and show that there actually exist analogs to both of them in undergraduate physics. In the case of spontaneous symmetry breaking, we provide an example where the most symmetrical state of a simple system suddenly becomes unstable, while a less symmetrical state develops lower energy and becomes stable. In the case of scale invariance, we consider an example with no natural scale determined, and show that a straightforward dimensional analysis of the problem leads to incorrect results, because of the occurrence of infinities, even though they would appear to be irrelevant infinities that might not be expected to affect the dimensions of the answer. We then show how a simple use of the scale invariance of the problem leads to the correct answer.
Hydatid cyst of the spine.

A 62-year-old man presented with back pain that had progressively worsened over the previous 4 months. Pain was not associated with neurological impairment. Radiographs of the spine showed structural and morphological changes in the body of the eighth thoracic vertebra. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation showed a mass eroding the vertebral body, the left pediculus, and the left costotransverary joint. The mass extended into the thoracic cavity, dislodging the lung. The mass also encroached on the spinal canal, compressing the spinal cord. On T1-weighted and T2weighted images (figure A and B, respectively), the mass had characteristics consistent with a fluid cyst. Examination by computed tomography revealed the presence of bone-reactive sclerosis bordering the mass, as an effort of the bone to limit the extension of the disease. The patient underwent surgery, the mass was removed, and spine stabilisation was done. The lesion was found to be a hydatid cyst of the spine. 6 months after surgery the patient presented in good health and had no back pain. Clinical examination showed no form of neurological impairments.
Now the Orgy Is Over

Based on six months of ethnographic fieldwork, this study explores the intersections between embodied flesh and digital (re)presentations by examining how participants experience virtual sex on Second Life. We explore how and to what extent Second Life avatars mediate personal desires and fantasies with others who, collaboratively, construct sexual adventures in forms of playful deviance that allow for the emergence of secret sexual selves, as well as how those sexual adventures are ultimately fashioned and experienced in a “diffused life” that is neither of Second Life nor of first but a tightly bound combination of the two. Despite the enormous freedom of Second Life residents for seemingly boundless creative self-expression, we conclude that these experiences are more bound to and confined within disciplined practices than they first appear.
Evaluating the Outcomes of an eMentoring Program

While the term mentor can mean different things to different people, a true mentoring relationship is “characterized by a richness of interdependence between two people” (O'Neill, Wagner, & Gomez, 1996, p. 42). In the last 20 years, mentoring has become more popular in education. The increased interest in mentoring has resulted in part from the development and increased popularity of e-mail and other forms of electronic communication. At Central University we have been conducting an e-mentoring program with the Philadelphia School District. This program pairs teacher candidates from an educational technology class with students from predominately African-American, inner-city elementary and middle schools. These teacher candidates were required to mentor these students while they were working on a school science project. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of this e-mentoring program upon attitudes and potential behaviors of teacher candidates.
The importance of full-time work for urban adults’ mental and physical health

Unemployment and underemployment have adverse mental and physical health consequences, such as increased stress and depression. Health damaging behaviors like unhealthy eating, smoking, and alcohol use may be used to cope, contributing to chronic disease risk. In this adverse economic climate, it is vital to understand the health implications of unemployment and underemployment as well as underlying mechanisms. A randomized household survey of adults in six low resource communities was conducted in New Haven, Connecticut in 2009, yielding a sample of 1205 (73% participation) racially diverse adults (61% Black, 20% Latino, 12% White) ages 18–65 (61% women). We used ANOVA to test group differences and structural equation modeling to test mediation. 14.5% were unemployed and looking for work, 18.4% worked part-time, 38.2% worked full-time. Those employed full-time reported the least damaging psychological factors and health behaviors: lowest levels of stress and depression, most healthy and least unhealthy eating, most physical activity, and lowest levels of smoking and drinking. Those employed part-time fell in the middle, and those unemployed fell on the unhealthy end of all psychological and behavioral factors. Stress significantly mediated the associations of full-time employment with frequency of unhealthy eating and physical activity, and amount of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. Depression significantly mediated the association of full-time employment with frequency of healthy eating. Compared to <10% nationwide, rates of unemployment in this sample were high. Both those unemployed and employed part-time reported adverse health behaviors as compared to those employed full-time, partially mediated by heightened stress and depression. It is vital for the health and well-being of the nation to increase not simply employment, but specifically full-time employment. Provision of mental health services to those unemployed and underemployed should be a priority to promote healthier lifestyles and prevent costly future chronic disease.
Generalized Langevin theory of multiphoton absorption dynamics of polyatomic molecules and the nature of laser-selective effects

Abstract The generalized Langevin equation (GLE) with memory effects describing the dynamical behavior of the multiphoton processes of polyatomic molecules is presented. The temperature-dependent absorption cross section is obtained by solving the Laplace-Fourier transform of the velocity autocorrelation function governed by the GLE. It is shown that the nature of the multiphoton absorption is characterized by the memory effects of the damping kernel, the dephasing rate and the intramolecular vibration relaxation rate. The laser-selective effects are discussed in terms of the multiquantum exchange processes and the related “internal resonant” condition.
TP53 engagement with the genome occurs in distinct local chromatin environments via pioneer factor activity

Despite overwhelming evidence that transcriptional activation by TP53 is critical for its tumor suppressive activity, the mechanisms by which TP53 engages the genome in the context of chromatin to activate transcription are not well understood. Using a compendium of novel and existing genome-wide data sets, we examined the relationship between TP53 binding and the dynamics of the local chromatin environment. Our analysis revealed three distinct categories of TP53 binding events that differ based on the dynamics of the local chromatin environment. The first class of TP53 binding events occurs near transcriptional start sites (TSS) and is defined by previously characterized promoter-associated chromatin modifications. The second class comprises a large cohort of preestablished, promoter-distal enhancer elements that demonstrates dynamic histone acetylation and transcription upon TP53 binding. The third class of TP53 binding sites is devoid of classic chromatin modifications and, remarkably, fall within regions of inaccessible chromatin, suggesting that TP53 has intrinsic pioneer factor activity and binds within structurally inaccessible regions of chromatin. Intriguingly, these inaccessible TP53 binding sites feature several enhancer-like properties in cell types within the epithelial lineage, indicating that TP53 binding events include a group of "proto-enhancers" that become active enhancers given the appropriate cellular context. These data indicate that TP53, along with TP63, may act as pioneer factors to specify epithelial enhancers. Further, these findings suggest that rather than following a global cell-type invariant stress response program, TP53 may tune its response based on the lineage-specific epigenomic landscape.
Energy bands, optical conductivity, and Compton profile of sodium

A self-consistent calculation of energy bands in sodium has been performed using the linear-combination-of-atomic-orbitals method. The principal basis set contained eleven $s$-type, seven $p$-type, and five $d$-type Gaussian orbitals. Some calculations were also performed with smaller basis sets. Exchange was included according to the $X\ensuremath{\alpha}$ method with $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\frac{2}{3}$. Results are presented for the band structure, Fermi-surface properties, and the Compton profile. No appreciable distortion of the Fermi surface was found. The optical- and thermal-effective-mass ratios are found to be (both) 1.03. The interband contribution to the optical conductivity was calculated including the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$ variation of the optical matrix elements, which is quite important. Direct interband transitions begin at 2.0 eV. A region of strong absorption is predicted to occur near 14 eV.
Classifications of generalized index sets of open classes

The Rice-Shapiro Theorem [4] says that the index set of a class of recursively enumerable (r.e.) sets is r.e. if and only if consists of all sets which extend an element of a canonically enumerable sequence of finite sets. If an index of a difference of r.e. (d.r.e.) sets is defined to be the pair of indices of the r.e. sets of which it is the difference, then the following generalization due to Hay [3] is obtained: The index set of a class of d.r.e. sets is d.r.e. if and only if is empty or consists of all sets which extend a single fixed finite set. In that paper Hay also classifies index sets of classes consisting of d.r.e. sets which extend one of a finite collection of finite sets. These sets turn out to be finite Boolean combinations of r.e. sets. The question then arises “What about the classification of the index set of a class consisting of d.r.e. sets which extend an element of a canonically enumerable sequence of finite sets?” The results in this paper come from an attempt to answer this question.Since classes of sets which are Boolean combinations of r.e. sets form a hierarchy (the finite Ershov hierarchy, see Ershov [1]) with the r.e. and d.r.e. sets respectively levels 1 and 2 of this hierarchy, we may define index sets of classes of level n sets. If is a class of level n sets which extend some element of a canonically enumerable sequence of finite sets and if we let co-, then we extend the original classification question to the classification of the index sets of the classes and co-.Now if the sequence of finite sets enumerates only finitely many sets or if only finitely many of the finite sets are minimal under inclusion, then it is a routine computation to verify that the index sets of and co- are in the finite Ershov hierarchy. Thus we are interested in the case in which infinitely many of the sequence of finite sets are minimal under inclusion. However if the infinite sequence is fairly simple, for instance{0}, {1}, {2}, … then the r.e. index set of co- is Σ20-complete as well as the index sets of and co- for all levels n > 2. Since the finite Ershov hierarchy does not exhaust ⊿20 there is a lot of “room” between these two extreme cases.
Computation of the GLS estimator of a model with anticipated and unanticipated effects

Abstract This paper demonstrates that the two-step GLS estimator of a model with current anticipated and unanticipated effects can be computed from an artificial double length regression using any standard econometric software. This computational procedure follows from a simple matrix inversion result.
Reproductive and developmental genomics retreat at Cornell University, 2012.

On June 14–15th, the Wiley journal Molecular Reproduction and Development partnered with the Cornell University’s Center for Reproductive Genomics and Vertebrate Genomics, along with NICHD-funded training grants, to host a retreat on Cornell’s Ithaca, New York campus. The event brought together Cornell scientists including NIH-trainees, and researchers from many other institutions, possessing varied expertise and utilizing diverse model systems. The goal was to facilitate multidisciplinary interaction amongst colleagues and foster a perspective of comparative biology towards a shared interest in genomics-based research.
Methodologies for System-State Interrogation for Prognostication of Electronics Under Thermo-Mechanical Loads

Methodologies for prognostication and health monitoring can significantly impact electronic reliability for applications in which even minimal risk of failure may be unbearable. Presently, health monitoring approaches such as the built-in self-test (BIST) are based on reactive failure diagnostics and unable to determine residual-life or estimate residual-reliability [Allen 2003, Drees 2004, Gao 2002, Rosenthal 1990]. Prognostics health-monitoring (PHM) approach presented in this paper is different from state-of-art diagnostics and resides in the pre-failure-space of the electronic-system, in which no macro-indicators such as cracks or delamination exist. Applications for the presented PHM framework include, consumer applications such as automotive safety systems including front and rear impact protection system, chassis-control systems, x-by-wire systems; and defense applications such as avionics systems, naval electronic warfare systems. The presented PHM methodologies enable the estimation of prior damage in deployed electronics by interrogation of the system state. The presented methodologies will trigger repair or replacement, significantly prior to failure. The approach involves the use of condition monitoring devices which can be interrogated for damage proxies at finite time-intervals. The system’s residual life is computed based on residual-life computation algorithms. Previously, Lall, et. al. [2004, 2005, 2006] have developed several leading indicators of failure. In this paper a mathematical approach has been presented to calculate the prior damage in electronics subjected to cyclic and isothermal thermomechanical loads. Electronic components operating in a harsh environment may be subjected to both temperature variations in addition to thermal aging during use-life. Data has been collected for leading indicators of failure for 95.5Sn4Ag0.5Cu first-level interconnects under both single and sequential application of cyclic and isothermal thermo-mechanical loads. Methodology for the determination of prior damage history has been presented using non-linear least-squares method based interrogation techniques. The methodology presented used the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm. Test vehicle includes various area-array packaging architectures soldered on Immersion Ag finish, subjected to thermal cycling in the range of −40°C to 125°C and isothermal aging at 125°C.© 2007 ASME
Oral and dental management of the cancer patient: prevention and treatment of complications

Aggressive cancer therapy places patients at greater risk for oral complications and treatment-related consequences. Unfortunately, prevention and/or treatment of such oral sequelae has become an often overlooked priority of the treatment team. We describe a philosophy of management of the cancer patient that specifically emphasizes the prevention and treatment of oral complications associated with cancer therapy. These concepts and principles are based on treatment protocols and ongoing clinical research at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas.
Adenosine in altering short- and long-term treatment of supraventricular tachycardia in infants.

Abstract Adenosine and adenosine triphosphate are investigational agents for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in infants and children. 1,2 We present a case of an infant with sustained, life-threatening SVT where the approach to management was altered by the use of adenosine.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: predictors of severity in the ECMO era.

Infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) demonstrate a wide range of anatomic and physiologic abnormalities, making it difficult to compare the efficacy of new forms of therapy such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) among institutions. This study was undertaken to determine whether any predictors of severity could be identified in the ECMO era. The charts of all patients with CDH treated at this institution since 1984, when ECMO became available. (n = 110), were reviewed. Infants were considered high risk and included in this study if they presented with respiratory distress within the first 6 hours of life (n = 94). In order to focus on predictors of pulmonary insufficiency, patients who died of nonpulmonary causes or had other significant congenital anomalies were excluded from this review, leaving 59 patients for analysis. All the infants during this period had intensive pharmacological and ventilatory support. When needed, ECMO was offered postoperatively from 1984 to 1987, and preoperatively from 1987 to the present. Forty-five of 59 had a best postductal PO2 (BPDPO2) greater than 100 mm Hg, and 41 of these responders survived (91%). Fourteen patients had a BPDPO2 less than 100 mm Hg and only one survived (7%) (P = .0001). Mean BPDPO2 between survivors with or without ECMO, and nonsurvivors were also significantly different (P = .001). To incorporate ventilatory information, an oxygenation/ventilation index was devised: [OVI = PO2/(mean airway pressure x respiratory rate) x 100]. Differences in OVI between these three groups were also significant. When analyzing the data by the method proposed by Bohn (PCO2 v VI), no correlation between ventilatory parameters and outcome was found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
25.1: Invited Paper: Achieving Efficient Solid State Lighting Using Organic Light Emitting Devices

A significant challenge facing human kind in the 21st Century is how to address the ever decreasing supply of depletable and renewable energy. One approach to this problem is to decrease our usage. for this reason, considerable attention has been focused on more efficient means for room lighting which currently consumes approximately 20% of the total energy used. Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) provide a unique opportunity to provide this high efficiency solid state lighting at very low cost. In this talk, I will discuss several strategies for achieving very high efficiency white light emission at high brightnesses for the next generation of efficient solid state lighting sources based on small molecular weight, vapor deposited OLED structures. Key to our approach is the use of electrophosphorescence as a means for converting all electrical into optical energy. We show that the highest luminance efficiencies can be obtained by a combination of fluorescence and phosphorescence in a unique OLED structure. Furthermore, the highest brightnesses are achieved (without a significant loss in power efficiency) by stacking several fluorescent/phosphorescent elements in a single OLED structure (called a SOLED), with each emitting element in the stack separated by a transparent charge generation layer. Prospects for OLEDs as the next practical generation of interior illumination sources will be reviewed.