cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Humoral factor, intraplatelet calcium, and hypertension.

Plasma humoral factors which modulate the trans-membrane distribution of sodium and calcium have been hypothesized to be involved in the etiology of essential hypertension. In cross-incubation experiments, we have found that plasma of hypertensive subjects elevated basal and stimulated in-traplatelet calciuum levels, while plasma of normal subjects has an opposite effect on platelets from hypertensives. Basal intraplatelet calcium in normal platelets was 108±5 nmol/L and rose to 142±3 nmol/L (P<.001) after incubation in plasma form hypertensive patients
Pedestrian crosswalk law: a study of traffic and trajectory factors that affect non-compliance and stopping distance

Walking is encouraged by many transportation agencies as a sustainable mode that contributes to livable downtowns. Since pedestrians are the most vulnerable road users, safe and comfortable crosswalks are essential to ensure that pedestrian travel becomes an appealing alternative. In this context, the goal of this research is to study the traffic and vehicle trajectory factors that affect crosswalk law compliance and stopping distance from the crosswalk. The results of this research provide new insights into the relationships between traffic conditions, vehicle trajectory, and compliance rates. Results indicate that vehicle origin, vehicle type, stopping at upstream traffic lights, and changes in vehicle speed and headways are key factors to predict pedestrian crosswalk law compliance and stopping behavior; changes in vehicle speed and headways have the highest explanatory power.
The Networks of Global Journalism

This study explores how recent global news startups have connected freelancers with traditional news organizations. Through 10 interviews with founders and editors, the results reveal a networked marketplace of global journalism: the startups build on new technologies as well as on-the-ground evidence as their business model and de-localize the distribution of news within a digital marketplace. Supplemented by a content analysis of their edited stories (N = 226), global journalism as an outcome of this marketplace is discussed.
Photoelectrochemical characterization of dual-layered anodic TiO2 nanotubes with honeycomb morphology

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes having a novel honeycomb like morphology were synthesized by a two-step anodization process and characterized for photoelectrochemical behavior. The titania nanotubes with honeycomb morphology showed at least 32% higher photocurrent density than the regular vertically oriented titania nanotubes at any given bias potential. The enhanced photoactivity of the honeycomb morphology was attributed to the better charge transport properties and the presence of a hemispherical surface morphology that enhanced the light harvesting behavior.
Tropospheric Waveguide Teleconnections and Their Seasonality

AbstractOne-point correlation maps of the subseasonal variability of 200-hPa meridional wind in nature and an atmospheric general circulation model are systematically analyzed to quantify the impact of the climatological-mean jets on tropospheric covariability as a result of the jets acting as waveguides for the propagation of Rossby waves. As anticipated by linear theory, signatures of jet influence are detected in terms of (i) the geographical position of the strongest teleconnections, (ii) the zonal orientation and extent of prominent patterns of variability, and (iii) the scale of the features that make up those patterns. Further evidence of jet waveguide influence comes from examining the seasonality of these teleconnection attributes. During winter, covariability can be essentially circumglobal, while during summer it tends to be confined within two separate sectors of the globe where the jets are especially strong. Experiments with a multilevel linear planetary wave model confirm that the analyzed ...
Retrospective report of antimicrobial susceptibility observed in bacterial pathogens isolated from ocular samples at Mount Sinai Hospital, 2010 to 2015

Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a major threat to global public health. Thus, the surveillance of changes in antimicrobial resistance in local and global settings is a paramount necessity. While many studies have tracked antimicrobial resistance, only a small percentage surveyed ocular isolates. The purpose of this study was to report the in vitro susceptibility of bacterial pathogens isolated from ocular samples in New York, NY from 2010 to 2015. A retrospective review of ocular isolates was conducted. All organisms were collected by 25 separate inpatient wards and outpatient clinics, and were analyzed by the clinical microbiology laboratory at Mount Sinai Hospital. Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines were followed for susceptibility testing and breakpoint interpretations. A total of 549 bacterial organisms were isolated from 1664 cultures (33%) during the 6-year study period. Of these, 358 isolates (65.2%) underwent susceptibility testing. 182 (50.8%) isolates were Gram-positive. The most common Gram-positive bacterium was Staphylococcus aureus (62.1%). Methicillin-resistance decreased in S. aureus isolates (31.3% in 2010, 14.1% in 2015) but was without significant change (p = 0.25). When analyzing all S. aureus isolates recovered during the study period, there were significantly more methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates resistant to fluoroquinolones (p <0.0001), erythromycin (p <0.0001), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ; p <0.05). Overall, Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates showed reduced susceptibility to erythromycin, but were otherwise susceptible to the other antimicrobials tested. Haemophilus influenzae (26.1%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.9%) were the most common Gram-negative bacteria isolated. Resistance to ampicillin and TMP/SMZ was observed in several of the H. influenzae isolates. P. aeruginosa isolates did not show high resistance overall, however, it was noted that isolates resistant to meropenem were also resistant to other antimicrobials (p < 0.01). Overall, antimicrobial resistance was infrequent for the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria analyzed. While the MRSA isolates demonstrated increased resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes, this is expected for this pathogen. Due to the continued use of broad-spectrum oral and systemic antimicrobials to treat ocular infections, findings of this study and other surveillance studies specific to ocular isolates should be used as resources in effective decision making in the treatment of ocular disease.
MIT Community Challenge: Designing a Platform to Promote Kindness and Prosocial Behavior

The MIT Community Challenge is a project created in response to mental health and wellbeing concerns on MIT's campus. Surveys given by the chancellor indicate that students at MIT feel that the academic environment negatively impacts their wellbeing to a far greater extent than students in other competitive university environments. We seek to approach these challenges by creating a web-based platform to facilitate giving, an activity which has been shown to improve personal wellbeing and community connectedness, while simultaneously providing a way to provide insights into the factors that might best facilitate pro-social behavior. In this paper, we identify a set of high-level goals and design variables for such an intervention, as well as learnings from the first iteration that serve as a source of data for understanding how to facilitate giving in future iterations of the platform or in similar communities elsewhere.
Conditionally Immortal Slc4a11-/- Mouse Corneal Endothelial Cell Line Recapitulates Disrupted Glutaminolysis Seen in Slc4a11-/- Mouse Model.

Purpose To establish conditionally immortal mouse corneal endothelial cell lines with genetically matched Slc4a11+/+ and Slc4a11-/- mice as a model for investigating pathology and therapies for SLC4A11 associated congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) and Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy. Methods We intercrossed H-2Kb-tsA58 mice (Immortomouse) expressing an IFN-γ dependent and temperature-sensitive mutant of the SV40 large T antigen (tsTAg) with Slc4a11+/+ and Slc4a11-/- C57BL/6 mice. The growth characteristics of the cell lines was assessed by doubling time. Ion transport activities (Na+/H+ exchange, bicarbonate, lactate, and Slc4a11 ammonia transport) were analyzed by intracellular pH measurement. The metabolic status of the cell lines was assessed by analyzing TCA cycle intermediates via gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results The immortalized Slc4a11+/+ and Slc4a11-/- mouse corneal endothelial cells (MCECs) remained proliferative through passage 49 and maintained similar active ion transport activity. As expected, proliferation was temperature sensitive and IFN-γ dependent. Slc4a11-/- MCECs exhibited decreased proliferative capacity, reduced NH3:H+ transport, altered expression of glutaminolysis enzymes similar to the Slc4a11-/- mouse, and reduced proportion of TCA cycle intermediates derived from glutamine with compensatory increases in glucose flux compared with Slc4a11+/+ MCECs. Conclusions This is the first report of the immortalization of MCECs. Ion transport of the immortalized endothelial cells remains active, except for NH3:H+ transporter activity in Slc4a11-/- MCECs. Furthermore, Slc4a11-/- MCECs recapitulate the glutaminolysis defects observed in Slc4a11-/- mouse corneal endothelium, providing an excellent tool to study the pathogenesis of SLC4A11 mutations associated with corneal endothelial dystrophies and to screen potential therapeutic agents.
Clathrin-dependent internalization, signaling, and metabolic processing of guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A

Cardiac hormones, atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP), have pivotal roles in renal hemodynamics, neuroendocrine signaling, blood pressure regulation, and cardiovascular homeostasis. Binding of ANP and BNP to the guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A (GC-A/NPRA) induces rapid internalization and trafficking of the receptor via endolysosomal compartments, with concurrent generation of cGMP. However, the mechanisms of the endocytotic processes of NPRA are not well understood. The present study, using 125I-ANP binding assay and confocal microscopy, examined the function of dynamin in the internalization of NPRA in stably transfected human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK-293) cells. Treatment of recombinant HEK-293 cells with ANP time-dependently accelerated the internalization of receptor from the cell surface to the cell interior. However, the internalization of ligand-receptor complexes of NPRA was drastically decreased by the specific inhibitors of clathrin- and dynamin-dependent receptor internalization, almost 85% by monodansylcadaverine, 80% by chlorpromazine, and 90% by mutant dynamin, which are specific blockers of endocytic vesicle formation. Visualizing the internalization of NPRA and enhanced GFP-tagged NPRA in HEK-293 cells by confocal microscopy demonstrated the formation of endocytic vesicles after 5 min of ANP treatment; this effect was blocked by the inhibitors of clathrin and by mutant dynamin construct. Our results suggest that NPRA undergoes internalization via clathrin-mediated endocytosis as part of its normal itinerary, including trafficking, signaling, and metabolic degradation.
Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and child neurodevelopmental outcomes: a meta-analysis

This review examined evidence of the association between maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity status and child neurodevelopmental outcomes. PubMed and PsycINFO databases were systematically searched for empirical studies published before April 2017 using keywords related to prenatal obesity and children's neurodevelopment. Of 1483 identified papers, 41 were included in the systematic review, and 32 articles representing 36 cohorts were included in the meta-analysis. Findings indicated that compared with children of normal weight mothers, children whose mothers were overweight or obese prior to pregnancy were at increased risk for compromised neurodevelopmental outcomes (overweight: OR = 1.17, 95% CI [1.11, 1.24], I2 = 65.51; obese: OR = 1.51; 95% CI [1.35, 1.69], I2 = 79.63). Pre-pregnancy obesity increased the risk of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (OR = 1.62; 95% CI [1.23, 2.14], I2 = 70.15), autism spectrum disorder (OR = 1.36; 95% CI [1.08, 1.70], I2 = 60.52), developmental delay (OR = 1.58; 95% CI [1.39, 1.79], I2 = 75.77) and emotional/behavioural problems (OR = 1.42; 95% CI [1.26, 1.59], I2 = 87.74). Given the current obesity prevalence among young adults and women of childbearing age, this association between maternal obesity during pregnancy and atypical child neurodevelopment represents a potentially high public health burden.
Strength of π-Stacking, from Neutral to Cation: Precision Measurement of Binding Energies in an Isolated π-Stacked Dimer

π-Stacking interactions are ubiquitious across chemistry and biochemistry, impacting areas from organic materials and photovoltaics to biochemistry and DNA. However, experimental data is lacking regarding the strength of π-stacking forces—an issue not settled even for the simplest model system, the isolated benzene dimer. Here, we use two-color appearance potential measurements to determine the binding energies of the isolated, π-stacked dimer of fluorene (C13H10) in ground, excited, and ionic states. Our measurements provide the first precise values for π-stacking interaction energies in these states, which are key benchmarks for theory. Indeed, theoretical predictions using ab initio and carefully benchmarked DFT methods are in excellent agreement with experiment.
THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

This chapter discusses computer system. The hardware consists of the physical components from which the machine is made. The software consists of library subroutines, monitor systems, compilers, and assemblers. The chapter also discusses how the computing machine communicates with other devices, such as magnetic tapes and disks, printers, other computers, or people. The hardware is divided into several distinct parts. The arithmetic and control section of the machine are in the central processing unit. The core memory is a separate unit. The channels are simple computers that can transmit information from the memory or CPU to the input–output devices. The synchronization of CPU and channel operations is achieved by the interrupt system. A part of the memory contains the operating program and a part of it contains a resident or monitor program. An interrupt takes control from the operating program and hands it to the monitor. The monitor system has several functions. The basic monitor operations are control of input–output, supervision of operating programs, and the supervision of job flow.
Fabrication and Characterization of Micropatterned Structures Inspired by Salvinia molesta

One plant leaf of interest is the floating water fern of genus Salvinia because of its ability to trap and hold an air film under water for up to several months (Koch et al., 2009). The ability to retain air prevents wetting and submersion. Specifically, Salvinia molesta has been studied because of its complex structured surface. It is an aquatic fern commonly known as giant Salvinia and is native to southeastern Brazil. S. molesta is a free-floating plant that does not require soil and consists of leaves that are roughly 0.5–4 cm wide and long.
The Measurement of Cysteinyl Leukotrienes in Urine

The cysteinyl leukotrienes, comprising leukotriene (LT) C4 and its major metabolites LTD4 and LTE4, are inflammatory lipid mediators derived from metabolism of arachidonic acid by 5-lipoxygenase. These leukotrienes have received considerable attention for their potential role in asthma and other inflammatory diseases. Since there is a potential role for these lipid mediators in both health and disease, the analysis of leukotrienes in biological fluids, especially urine, has generated significant interest.
Stem Cells and Glaucoma

Stem cell-based therapies provide new hope for treating glaucoma and other optic neuropathies. Transplanting stem cells or stem cell-derived cells into the retina could provide neuroprotective support to surviving neurons or potentially replace neurons that have already been lost in order to restore visual function. However, before these therapies reach patients, there is a need to identify the appropriate donor cell type(s) to use, as well as how best to differentiate and deliver these cells, to maximize integration, neuroprotection, and functional recovery in the injured retina. Here we review progress towards these goals and critical next steps to bringing stem cell therapies to glaucoma.
Lumping and Splitting: Toward a Taxonomy of Placebo and Related Effects.

Abstract The placebo effect is closely related to many other constructs, including most prominently, conditioning and expectancy, but also natural history, regression to the mean, priming, mindset, context effects, the meaning response, specific and non-specific clinical effects, placebo-related effects, the patient–clinician relationship, and the common factors in psychotherapy. How are these various terms related to one another? To what degree do they overlap, and to what degree do they diverge? To form a better theoretical understanding of these constructs and to foster improved empirical research, is it better to lump these terms together in some fashion? Or will progress best be served by maintaining the splits between the constructs? Or would it perhaps be most effective to employ some mixture of lumping and splitting? I will address these and related questions with two major goals: (1) to delineate and clarify the relationship between these various terms and (2) to suggest some possible re-alignments in the way in which we conceptualize the relationships among these constructs that might prove useful in fostering research on placebo and related effects. In addition, clarifying the interconnections between the placebo effect and other related terms has the potential to spark innovative cross-fertilizations between related areas of research.
Importance of Paramagnetic Background Subtraction for Determining the Magnetic Moment in Epitaxially Grown Ultrathin van der Waals Magnets

Due to the atomically thin nature of monolayer and few-layer van der Waals magnets, the undesired background signal from the substrate can have significant contribution when characterizing their magnetic properties. This brings challenges in accurately determining the magnitude of the magnetic moment of the epitaxially grown van der Waals magnets on bulk substrates. We discuss the impact of the background subtraction method for accurately determining the magnetic moments in such systems. Using the recently reported intrinsic two-dimensional van der Waals ferromagnet MnSe2 as an example, we show that a normal diamagnetic background subtraction method in analyzing the bulk magnetometry measurement will result in an unexpectedly large magnetic moment (greater than ∼10 μ B per formula unit). Through our systematic growth study, we identify an additional paramagnetic signal due to unintentional Mn doping of the substrate. To extract the correct magnetic moment, a paramagnetic background should also be considered. This yields a total magnetic moment of ∼4 μ B per formula unit in monolayer MnSe2, which is in close agreement to the theoretically predicted value.
Cooperative Target Tracking using a Fleet of UAVs with Collision and Obstacle Avoidance

In this paper, our earlier results on cooperative target tracking using a fleet of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is enhanced with both collision and obstacle avoidance capability. The existing control input that has two decoupled control efforts with one handling the tracking and the other dedicated for formation is now further augmented with a repulsion term that resolves collision with other team members and obstacles nearby. Assuming that each UAV takes the same and constant velocity. This newly-added control component adjusts the UAV’s heading angle to the opposite direction in relation to the UAV’s closet neighbors and obstacles where collision may occur. This repulsion term can also be expressed as a function of relative bearing angles alone, making it possible to be estimated/measured by onboard vision sensors in the presence of communication loss. Regarding communication topologies, an all-to-all communication, a ring topology, and a cyclic pursuit topology are studied. The effectiveness of the proposed collision/obstacle avoidance scheme is demonstrated by numerical simulation examples.
The Role of Governments in the Spread of Novel Computing Devices in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century United States

Nineteenth and early twentieth century American governments—local, state, and national—profoundly shaped diffusion of novel mathematical instruments. The federal government ran an office that judged what inventions were patentable and a legal system for those who defended or challenged patent rights. Governments at all levels employed inventors. Sometimes new laws required extensive calculations promoting invention and sale of computing instruments. Governments were customers for mathematical instruments ranging from teaching apparatus to adding and calculating machines to harmonic analyzers to tabulating machines. They not only bought goods, but set standards for what they would purchase. Government buyers also offered testimonials to businesses. From the 1890s, ant.itrust legislation led to some federal government oversight of corporations. Historians usually rely on documents to tell this story. This paper begins from objects—a few known only from patent descriptions, but most surviving in museum collections. This perspective complements rich existing accounts.
Transformative tourism organizations and glocalization

Abstract This paper investigates how self-described transformative tourism practitioners engage with tourists and local stakeholders to provide what they perceive as a transformative experience for tourists via the use of glocalization strategies. Transformative tourism practitioners are constantly in search of nimble and sophisticated processes that acknowledge the viewpoints of both travelers and the local communities. They do this through glocalization strategies, which focus on designing experiences that celebrate the local cultural context while also taking the travelers' worldviews into consideration. An analysis of 37 in-depth interviews and organizational documentation reveals 16 glocalization strategies used to achieve three objectives: establish legitimacy in the local community, break down cultural barriers in the organization, and stage transformative encounters.
The Rise of Andrew Jackson: Myth, Manipulation, and the Making of Modern Politics

In The Rise of Andrew Jackson: Myth, Manipulation, and the Making of Modern Politics, David and Jeanne Heidler explain how a multi-state network of political stakeholders, who they call the Jackson...
Disulfide Crosslinked Hydrogels Made From the Hydra Stinging Cell Protein, Minicollagen-1.

Minicollagens from cnidarian nematocysts are attractive potential building blocks for the creation of strong, lightweight and tough polymeric materials with the potential for dynamic and reconfigurable crosslinking to modulate functionality. In this study, the Hydra magnipapillata minicollagen-1 isoform was recombinantly expressed in bacteria, and a high throughput purification protocol was developed to generate milligram levels of pure protein without column chromatography. The resulting minicollagen-1 preparation demonstrated spectral properties similar to those observed with collagen and polyproline sequences as well as the ability to self-assemble into oriented fibers and bundles. Photo-crosslinking with Ru(II) ( bpy ) 3 2 + was used to create robust hydrogels that were analyzed by mechanical testing. Interestingly, the minicollagen-1 hydrogels could be dissolved with reducing agents, indicating that ruthenium-mediated photo-crosslinking was able to induce disulfide metathesis to create the hydrogels. Together, this work is an important first step in creating minicollagen-based materials whose properties can be manipulated through static and reconfigurable post-translational modifications.
A critical role for MSI1 and MSI2 in photoreceptor morphogenesis

We previously proposed a role for the Musashi proteins, MSI1 and MSI2, in photoreceptor cell development that is mediated by their ability to control alternative splicing. Photoreceptors with simultaneous deletion of Msi1 and Msi2 did not respond to light, displayed severely disrupted OS morphology and axonemal defects. At postnatal day 5, we observed an increase in proliferating retinal progenitor cells in the knockout animals, suggesting delay in photoreceptor development. The loss of Musashi prevented the use of photoreceptor-specific exons in transcripts important for OS morphogenesis, ciliogenesis and synaptic transmission. However, deletion of the photoreceptor-specific exons in Ttc8, Cc2d2a, Cep290, Cacna2d4, and Slc17a7 did not impair retinal development or visual function. We demonstrate a critical role for Musashi in the morphogenesis of terminally differentiated photoreceptor neurons. This role is in stark contrast with the canonical function of the two proteins in maintenance and renewal of stem cells.
The Benefits of Equity in the Constitutional Quest for Equality

Is equality truly the most promising principle for addressing today’s gender discrimination challenges? Amid the excitement and controversy surrounding the recent revival of the Equal Rights Amendment, this essential question has been left out of the discussion. This scholarly essay argues that courts presiding over discrimination cases should not be hesitant to resort to principles of equity. While equality requires a polarized view of a problem – often resolving it by balancing the scales in a two-sided analysis – equity is far more dynamic, as it can be applied under, besides, or against the law to address claims more adequately. This essay does not suggest that the U.S. should abandon the equality paradigm. In fact, it calls for bolstering constitutional equality through the ERA. However, it proposes adding an equity-based analysis to the existing legal equality framework. The notion of equity is, after all, not foreign to the U.S. legal system; our courts already have the authority to invoke it, and it fits seamlessly and symbiotically with our foundational principle of liberty. This essay concludes by refuting the counterargument that using equity in this manner would invite too much judicial discretion, and by illustrating equity’s potential according to the facts in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 550 U.S. 618 (2007).
VACCINE INFORMATION SEEKING AND SHARING: HOW PRIVATE FACEBOOK GROUPSCONTRIBUTED TO THE ANTI-VACCINE MOVEMENT ONLINE

Although vaccines are supported by decades of research demonstrating their efficacy and safety, many parents still decide not to vaccinate their children due to the perceived risks. One major factor in vaccine dissent is the proliferation of vaccine opposed content online. Online content has become an integral part of how people make health and science-related decisions. This study explores how members of anti-vaccine Facebook groups use the platform to seek and share vaccine information. Using interviews and Facebook posts shared in vaccine opposed groups, this study was able to identify the information seeking and sharing behaviors on Facebook and how Facebook’s platform changes are affecting the vaccine opposed movement. Findings from this study will provide further insights into the relationships among social media use, values, and trust in the vaccine debate. In addition, results may be applicable to other scientific controversies, online misinformation, and the development of public health interventions.
Instability-Triggered Triply Negative Mechanical Metamaterial

Materials with negative stiffness are essential to the development of extreme composites with unbounded damping and stiffness. However, in traditional materials negative stiffness typically leads to localized deformation bands. This study uses simulation and theoretical analysis to demonstrate that a metamaterial with three negative material indices can satisfy the strong ellipticity condition, which prevents the formation of local bands. Here Poisson's ratio and stiffness can approach -\ensuremath{\infty}, with an instability-triggered mechanism. The proposed metamaterial concept will have an impact on developing ``extreme'' composites.
Lessons learned from predictions of Solar Cycle 24

Solar Cycle 24 has almost faded and the activity of Solar Cycle 25 is appearing. We have learned much about predicting solar activity in Solar Cycle 24, especially with the data provided by SDO and STEREO. Many advances have come in the short-term predictions of solar flares and coronal mass ejections, which have benefited from applying machine learning techniques to the new data. The arrival times of coronal mass ejections is a mid-range prediction whose accuracy has been improving, mostly due to a steady flow of data from SoHO, STEREO, and SDO. Longer term (greater than a year) predictions of solar activity have benefited from helioseismic studies of the plasma flows in the Sun. While these studies have complicated the dynamo models by introducing more complex internal flow patterns, the models should become more robust with the added information. But predictions made long before a sunspot cycle begins still rely on precursors. The success of some categories of the predictions of Solar Cycle 24 will be examined. The predictions in successful categories should be emphasized in future work. The SODA polar field precursor method, which has accurately predicted the last three cycles, is shown for Solar Cycle 25. Shape functions for the sunspot number and F10.7 are presented. What type of data is needed to better understand the polar regions of the Sun, the source of the most accurate precursor of long-term solar activity, will be discussed.
Universal entanglement of mid-spectrum eigenstates of chaotic local Hamiltonians

Abstract In systems governed by chaotic local Hamiltonians, my previous work [7] conjectured the universality of the average entanglement entropy of all eigenstates by proposing an exact formula for its dependence on the subsystem size. In this note, I extend this result to the average entanglement entropy of a constant fraction of eigenstates in the middle of the energy spectrum. The generalized formula is supported by numerical simulations of various chaotic spin chains.
Highly regio- and diastereoselective synthesis of bis-triazolines

Abstract A highly efficient homodimerization of chiral α-azido-α,β-unsaturated esters was achieved by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition on series of (E)-methyl 4-azido-6-methoxy-5-methyl-6-phenylhex-2-enoates. Both 4,5-syn and 4,5-anti allylic azides could be used effectively to access the dimer by this method.
Engineering Design Optimization

Based on course-tested material, this rigorous yet accessible graduate textbook covers both fundamental and advanced optimization theory and algorithms. It covers a wide range of numerical methods and topics, including both gradient-based and gradient-free algorithms, multidisciplinary design optimization, and uncertainty, with instruction on how to determine which algorithm should be used for a given application. It also provides an overview of models and how to prepare them for use with numerical optimization, including derivative computation. Over 400 high-quality visualizations and numerous examples facilitate understanding of the theory, and practical tips address common issues encountered in practical engineering design optimization and how to address them. Numerous end-of-chapter homework problems, progressing in difficulty, help put knowledge into practice. Accompanied online by a solutions manual for instructors and source code for problems, this is ideal for a one- or two-semester graduate course on optimization in aerospace, civil, mechanical, electrical, and chemical engineering departments.
Expression of Kisspeptin, Neurokinin B, and Dynorphin During Pubertal Development in Female Sheep

Puberty onset depends upon an increase in pulsatile GnRH/LH secretion, which in sheep is the result of reduced sensitivity to estrogen negative feedback. Neurons within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) expressing kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin (i.e. KNDy neurons) express estrogen receptors and are believed to play a key role in mediating the effects of estrogen on GnRH/LH secretion. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess changes in kisspeptin, NKB, and dynorphin within the ARC across pubertal development in female sheep. Blood samples were collected at 12-minute intervals for 4 hours and assessed for LH secretion in five age groups of ewes: 5 months (n=6), 6 months (n=6), 7 months (n=5), 8 months (n=5), and 10 months (n=6) of age. Following each bleed, ewes were sacrificed, hypothalamic tissue containing the ARC was collected, and then processed for use in dual immunofluorescence and RNAscope. Mean LH and LH pulse frequencies followed the expected patterns: concentrations and frequencies were low during the prepubertal ages (5-7 months of age), intermediate during the peripubertal age (8 months of age), and elevated in the postpubertal age group (10 months of age). Using immunofluorescence, kisspeptin and NKB immuno-positive cell numbers did not change significantly (P > 0.50) over time with cell numbers averaging 235.3±16.8 and 231.3±16.8, respectively. Colocalization of kisspeptin and NKB was greater than 90% for all age groups. Using RNAscope, the total number of cells expressing mRNA for kisspeptin and dynorphin did not change significantly (P > 0.05) over time with cell numbers averaging 46.7±12.0 and 28.3±10.0 cells/hemisection, respectively. Taken together, our data suggest that the increase in LH secretion that drives puberty onset is not limited by changes in kisspeptin, NKB, or dynorphin expression, but may instead depend on other factors such as changes in receptor expression or changes in KNDy neuron activity via a reduction in inhibitory and/or an increase in stimulatory afferent inputs.
Sądowa kontrola decyzji o zakazie zgromadzenia w świetle art. 184 Konstytucji RP

The article analyzes the appeal procedure against decisions to ban assemblies, in the context of the patterns set out by the Polish Constitution. We are talking here first of all about the principle of the separation of powers and balance of authorities and the principle of exercising administrative control over the activities of public administration. The reason for conducting the above analysis was the peculiar nature of appeal proceedings regulated in the Act - on the assemblies, which significantly differs from the standards adopted in the codes. This is particularly important concerning the provisions governing the examination of appeals against decisions to ban assemblies. The adopted model assumes recognition of appeals of administrative decisions by common courts, with complete omission of control exercised by administrative courts.The purpose of the article is to provide an unequivocal answer to the question indicated above about the compliance of existing provisions with the Basic Law. Because of the provisions of Art. 184 of the Polish Constitution are related to art. 10 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland by the principle of the separation of powers, the analysis has been supplemented with issues related to the procedural and legal relationship that arises at the time when the appeal against the decision is heard by a common court. Besides, the role played in the above-mentioned situation is played by a common court ruling, in the context of the role of an administrative court ruling. On this basis, it was determined whether the solutions adopted were compatible with the principle of separation of authorities and whether they did not infringe Article 184 of the Polish Constitution. The conclusion to the article indicates that the adopted solutions violate the aforementioned provisions of the Basic Law. The discussed model of the procedure, which assumes the "replacement" of an administrative decision by a court decision, fundamentally violates the principle of the division and balance of authorities. It was emphasized that from the abovementioned For this reason, the role of a common court ruling is fundamentally different from that of an administrative court ruling. As a result, common courts take over competences intended for public administration bodies, thus entering into the competences reserved for executive entities. It was also pointed out that such a situation does not occur during the control exercised by administrative courts, which does not affect the final assessment of the proceedings in question. In the final part, a lack of justification for the behaviour violating the Basic Law of the appeal system was signalled, referring to the changes that were made in connection with the computerization of proceedings before administrative courts, which enabled them to very efficiently control the activities of pub administration
Spinal cord progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy detected premortem by MRI

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare and often fatal demyelinating disease caused by JC virus, a ubiquitous polyomavirus that seroepidemiological studies reveal is present in more than 50 % of the adult population (Berger 2014). The rarity of PML indicates that multiple barriers almost certainly exist to its development. Virtually, all predisposing illnesses are associated with an impairment of cell mediated immunity. From the time of its description in 1958 to the onset of the AIDS pandemic, underlying lymphoproliferative disorders, typically B cell diseases, were the most common predisposing disorders for PML (Brooks andWalker 1984). Currently, HIV is the most common predisposing disorder. Prior to the availability of antiretroviral therapies, as many as one in 20 HIV-infected individuals died with PML (Berger et al. 1987) and even in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy, 1.0 % of AIDS deaths are due to PML (Christensen et al. 2010). The gold standard for diagnosis is brain biopsy in which the characteristic histopathological triad of demyelination, enlarged bizarre astrocytes, and enlarged oligodendroglial nuclei can be found, coupled with the demonstration of the presence of JC virus by immunocytochemistry or electron microscopy. However, the diagnosis is more often established on clinical criteria which include an appropriate clinical picture, typical brain MRI findings, and detection of JC virus (JCV) DNA in the CSF by polymerase chain reaction (Berger et al. 2013). Magnetic resonance imaging in PML typically shows multiple foci of demyelination in the supratentorial white matter, most commonly found in the subcortical parietal lobe. Subcortical lesions are the most common though periventricular lesions can occur as well and are often similar in appearance to multiple sclerosis. Less commonly, infratentorial white matter lesions can be found in the posterior fossa typically involving the middle cerebellar peduncle and cerebellar white matter. Both posterior fossa and supratentorial lesions are typically hyperintense on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging and do not enhance (Berger et al. 1987). Involvement of the spinal cord in PML is exceedingly rare, especially on imaging. To our knowledge, there has never been a report of spinal cord lesions in PML found on premortem imaging (Berger et al. 1987). In only a handful of cases, autopsies have revealed typical PML lesions in the spinal cord on histology (Yousry et al. 2012). We present a patient with progressively worsening hemiparesis, ataxia, and diplopia, due to PML associated with idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia resulting in pan lymphocytopenia. Within 6 weeks of presentation, she exhibited extensive infratentorial lesions and a lesion in the cervical spinal cord. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented example of PML demonstrated in the spinal cord premortem.
Symptoms: Aromatase Inhibitor Induced Arthralgias

Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are slightly more effective than tamoxifen at reducing breast cancer recurrences. However, breast cancer patients receiving AIs have a higher incidence of musculoskeletal symptoms, particularly joint pain and stiffness. Musculoskeletal pain and stiffness can lead to noncompliance and increased utilization of health care resources. There is a suggestion that the syndrome is the result of estrogen deprivation and may share components with autoimmune diseases such as Sjogren’s syndrome. Several factors may increase the likelihood of developing AI arthralgia, such as prior chemotherapy, prior hormone replacement therapy, and increased weight; there are inconsistencies with regard to the data on genetic predispositions to this syndrome. While several studies have been done to evaluate interventions to treat or prevent AI arthralgia, no clear treatment has emerged as being particularly beneficial. Much of the research has been limited by small sample size, difficulty blinding patients to placebo, inconsistent definitions of the syndrome, multiple patient reported outcomes, lack of objective outcome measures and heterogeneous patient populations. We are at the early stages of research in characterizing, understanding etiology, preventing and treating AI arthralgias; however much work is being done in this area which, hopefully, will ultimately improve the lives of women with breast cancer.
Auricular overloadings; electrocardiographic analysis of 193 cases.

The authors studied the auriculograms of 193 patients presenting mitral lesions (41 cases), congenital cardiac malformations (100 cases), and pulmonary disease (52 cases). In the great majority of the cases hemodynamic correlations were established and in 20 patients the vectorcardiogram was analyzed. The chief characteristics of the P wave and the P vector in left, right, and combined atrial overloading are stressed. The following conclusions are drawn: 1. (1) The most important findings for left atrial overloading are a marked backward orientation of the P vector, appearance of notching and increase in the duration of the P waves in the limb and left precordial leads. 2. (2) There seems to exist a correlation between the duration of the P waves and the degree of left atrial dilatation. 3. (3) P waves with normal duration may exist in the presence of hypcrtrophied but not significantly dilated left auricles. 4. (4) A tendency of the AP to deviate to the right in patients with mitral lesions was found whenever the right auricular pressures were elevated. 5. (5) In all cases of significant right auricular systolic overloading (systolic pressure above 10 mm Hg) in our series of congenital heart diseases, the amplitude of the P waves was above 2 mm either in the limb or precordial leads. 6. (6) Arterial oxygen desaturation tends to increase the amplitude of the P waves. Patients with both elevated right atrial pressures and arterial desaturation presented the highest P waves in this study. 7. (7) Slight degrees of right atrial overloading, particularly in patients with interatrial septal defect, were detected in many cases by the presence of peaked P waves of normal amplitude, mostly in V1 and V2. 8. (8) The interpretation of the ventricular complex adds important data in the diagnosis of right atrial overloading. 9. (9) Pulmonary emphysema and arterial desaturation as a consequence of disturbance in the mechanism of hematosis, in patients with chronic disease of the lungs, produce marked changes in the P waves and the P vector. The P waves become tall and peaked and the AP is deviated rightward and downward. 10. (10) In the presence of pulmonary emphysema with arterial desaturation, it is very difficult to decide by the auriculogram whether there also exists right auricular overloading. 11. (11) The existence of combined auricular overloading may be suspected from the ECG for two reasons: (a) the presence of morphologic signs compatible with overloading of both atria; (b) the existence of morphologic signs of left atrial overloading associated with a tendency of the AP to deviate to the right. 12. (12) Vectorcardiogram: P loops with leftward and backward orientation, increased in width, and sometimes showing eight-shaped figures are very suggestive of left atrial overloading. P loops with normal width, increased magnitude and a forward orientation are diagnostic of right atrial overloading.
Protein–RNA Interactions

RNA–protein interactions play important roles in many biological processes. The basic features of RNA and proteins that contribute to specific recognition of RNA by proteins are currently being elucidated. Keywords: RNA structure; protein motifs; ribonucleoprotein motif; arginine-rich motif; double-stranded RNA-binding domain; K homology motif; RGG motif
MTL Intranet: a university microelectronics laboratory WWW-based management system

As funding for university-based microelectronics research laboratories continues to be increasingly difficult to raise, more of these laboratories are soliciting work from outside the normal user base of university faculty and students. This work often involves companies as well as faculty and students from other universities. This multi-user environment requires a different management approach from the traditional university research laboratory, where logistical issues (such as communication between users) at the same geographical location are relatively simple. In the multi-user environment with users at different locations, issues regarding communication with users, reserving equipment for use from an off-site location, and laboratory use billing can all be solved with an Internet-based solution. This paper describes a www-based software and hardware solution developed for the 200+ laboratory users of the University of Minnesota's Microtechnology Laboratory (MTL).
Diurnal cycle of oxygen and sulfide microgradients and microbial photosynthesis in a cyanobacterial mat sediment.

The diurnal variation in the microgradients of O2, H2S, and Eh were studied in the benthic cyanobacterial mats of a hypersaline desert lake (Solar Lake, Sinai). The results were related to light intensity, light penetration into the mat, temperature, pH, NH4+, photosynthetic activity, pigments, and the zonation of the microbial community. Extreme diurnal variation was found, with an O2 peak of 0.5 mM at 1 to 2 mm of depth below the mat surface during day and a H2S peak of 2.5 mM at 2 to 3 mm of depth at night. At the O2-H2S interface, the two compounds coexisted over a depth interval of 0.2 to 1 mm and with a turnover time of a few minutes. The photic zone reached 2.5 mm into the mat in summer, and the main 14CO2 light fixation took place at 1 to 2 mm of depth. During winter, light and photosynthesis were restricted to the uppermost 1 mm. The quantitative dynamics of O2 and H2S were calculated from the chemical gradients and from the measured diffusion coefficients.