cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The epizootiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle in selected areas of Oregon.

Abstract A study was initiated to (1) determine species of gastrointestinal nematodes present in cattle in selected areas of Oregon, (2) examine seasonal abundance of these nematodes as an indicator of periods of transmission, and (3) determine when developmental inhibition occurs in the major genera of nematodes encountered. Four study sites were chosen: Corvallis, Langlois, near Fort Rock, and southeast of Klamath Falls on the Oregon-California border. Eight sets of three to four tracer calves each were introduced onto pasture each site over a 2 year period with time of turn out onto pasture corresponding to late spring, mid-summer, late fall and late winter. At Corvallis, a distinct seasonality in parasite transmission was evident, peaking during the fall and winter. At Langlois, transmission was fairly constant throughout the year. No discernible patterns were evident at either Klamath Falls or Fort Rock. Eight nematode genera were found during the study. Ostertagia, Cooperia, Nematodirus and Trichostrongylus were present at all study sites and were the most common genera at each. Trichuris was found at all sites except Klamath Falls. Oesophagostomum was present in tracers only from Langlois and Corvallis while Haemonchus was found only at Klamath Falls and Fort Rock. Capillaria was only present at Klamath Falls. Where possible, specific transmission patterns for Nematodirus, Cooperia, and Ostertagia were determined for each site. Nematodirus was transmitted fairly steadily at both Langlois and Corvallis but was quite variable at Fort Rock. Developmental arrest was detected in this genus at all study sites during the fall and/or winter. Cooperia exhibited the most seasonally defined pattern of transmission, peaking during the fall and winter at Langlois, Corvallis and Klamath Falls. Hypobiotic larvae of Cooperia were present during the fall and/or winter only at Langlois and Corvallis. Peak transmission of Ostertagia at Langlois and Corvallis occurred during the fall and winter. At Fort Rock, transmission was lowest in the fall and increased in the winter. Hypobiotic larvae were evident in the fall and winter at Corvallis, Fort Rock and Klamath Falls. These data suggest Type II ostertagiasis may occur in late winter through spring in these areas. Hypobiotic larvae of Ostertagia were not detected at Langlois. The lack of appropriate environmental stimuli is one possible explanation for the apparent lack of hypobiosis at that site.
Educating physicians for moral excellence in the twenty-first century

Medical professionals are a community of highly educated individuals with a commitment to a core set of ideals and principles. This community provides both technical and ethical socialization. The ideal physician is confident, empathic, forthright, respectful, and thorough. These ideals allow us to define broadly "the excellence" of being a physician. At the core of these ideals is the ability to be empathic. Empathy exhibits itself in attributes of an individual's moral character and also in actions that actualize and support communal life. Empathy, however, can be diminished or even lost and must be nurtured on an ongoing basis. The development of ethical physicians is strongly linked to experiences in the training period. Moral traits are situation-sensitive psychological and behavioral dispositions. The clinical environment of medical training programs can be so intense as to lead to conditions that may actually deprofessionalize trainees. Creating a clinical environment that is ethically nurturing and sustaining is an indispensable component of practicing medicine.
The effects of early malnutrition on one-way and two-way avoidance behavior

The effects of early malnutrition on performance on a one-way and a two-way avoidance task were investigated. Animals malnourished early in life were found to perform better than normal animals on the two-way task, but no significant differences were found between groups on the one-way task. The results were interpreted as indicating that early malnutrition produces a deficit in the ability to inhibit irrelevant or nonreinforced responses.
Intravenous Allopurinol Decreases Myocardial Oxygen Consumption and Increases Mechanical Efficiency in Dogs With Pacing-Induced Heart Failure

Allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, increases myofilament calcium responsiveness and blunts calcium cycling in isolated cardiac muscle. We sought to extend these observations to conscious dogs with and without pacing-induced heart failure and tested the prediction that allopurinol would have a positive inotropic effect without increasing energy expenditure, thereby increasing mechanical efficiency. In control dogs (n=10), allopurinol (200 mg IV) caused a small positive inotropic effect; (dP/dt)(max) increased from 3103+/-162 to 3373+/-225 mm Hg/s (+8.3+/-3.2%; P=0.01), but preload-recruitable stroke work and ventricular elastance did not change. In heart failure (n=5), this effect was larger; (dP/dt)(max) rose from 1602+/-190 to 1988+/-251 mm Hg/s (+24.4+/-8.7%; P=0.03), preload-recruitable stroke work increased from 55.8+/-9.1 to 84. 9+/-12.2 mm Hg (+28.1+/-5.3%; P=0.02), and ventricular elastance rose from 6.0+/-1.6 to 10.5+/-2.2 mm Hg/mm (P=0.03). Allopurinol did not affect myocardial lusitropic properties either in control or heart failure dogs. In heart failure dogs, but not controls, allopurinol decreased myocardial oxygen consumption (-49+/-4.6%; P=0. 002) and substantially increased mechanical efficiency (stroke work/myocardial oxygen consumption; +122+/-42%; P=0.04). Moreover, xanthine oxidase activity was approximately 4-fold increased in failing versus control dog hearts (387+/-125 versus 78+/-72 pmol/min. mg(-1); P=0.04) but was not detectable in plasma. These data indicate that allopurinol possesses unique inotropic properties, increasing myocardial contractility while simultaneously reducing cardiac energy requirements. The resultant boost in myocardial contractile efficiency may prove beneficial in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
DUAL INHIBITORY PATHWAYS MEDIATED BY GABA- AND HISTAMINERGIC INTERNEURONS IN THE LOBSTER OLFACTORY LOBE

Antisera to GABA and histamine (HA) label distinct populations of interneurons that innervate glomeruli in the olfactory lobe (OL) of the spiny lobster. GABA-immunoreactive interneurons branch most heavily in the cap of the glomeruli, while HA-immunoreactive interneurons branch mostly in the glomerular subcap. Perfusing GABA or HA into the isolated brain increases the intensity of electrical stimulation of the antennular nerve necessary to elicit action potentials in OL projection neurons. The GABA receptor antagonist picrotoxin (30–100 μmol · l−1) and the HA receptor antagonist cimetidine (1–5 mmol · l−1) both reduce the stimulus intensity needed to elicit action potentials. However, cimetidine also eliminates the hyperpolarizing phase of the evoked response and reveals a delayed, prolonged excitation of up to 10 s, whereas picrotoxin enhances the hyperpolarization and, at higher concentrations, transiently suppresses all phases of the evoked response. We conclude that GABA- and HA-ergic interneurons constitute two overlapping, yet functionally distinct inhibitory pathways in the OL, an organizational feature which may be fundamental to processing at this level of the olfactory pathway.
Modular W and H Type Lie Algebras

The modular Witt algebra W(p, n) and H(p, 2n) are defined on the polynomial rings Z p [x1,...,x n ] and Z p [X1,...,x n , y1,...,yn] respectively. We generalize Zp[x1,...,xn] and Zp[x1,...,xn, y1,...,yn], so we get the generalized W-type and H-type modular Lie algebras. We find all the derivations of W(p, 1).
Behavioral incapacitation of rats during full-scale combustion of natural-fiber and synthetic polymeric furnishings

Thirty Long-Evans rats served in each of six experiments to determine the time-course of behavioral incapacitation during exposure to full-scale combustion of household furnishings. Three experiments involved furniture constructed of natural-fiber materials, and three experiments involved furniture dominated by synthetic polymers. Groups of rats, previously trained to stable levels of performance on three tasks (rotorod, operant shock-avoidance, and a jump/escape test), were exposed to combustion products at three locations in a full-scale burn facility. Animals were removed from the exposure environment when they reached each of three operationally defined stages of behavioral incapacitation. Measures of time-to-incapacitation revealed that a given degree of behavioral dysfunction occurred 3 to 5 times sooner during exposure to the combustion of polymeric as compared to natural-fiber furnishings. Temperature, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen were the most frequent statistically significant correlates of time to behavioral incapacitation in polymeric fires; carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and total hydrocarbon concentration were the most frequent statistically significant correlates of behavioral dysfunction in natural-fiber fires. Animals that survived the first 24-hour interval after exposure showed no evidence of lasting behavioral incapacitation.
Verbal fluency task affects gait in Parkinson's disease with motor freezing.

We examined the effects of a simultaneous verbal fluency task on walking in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with freezing of gait (PD-F) compared to nonfreezing patients (PD-NF) or control subjects (C). Effects of antiparkinsonian medications on gait in PD-F were examined. PD-F patients exhibited a greater increase in the number of steps to complete the walk with verbal fluency, even when the effect of medication was taken into account (mean increase ± SD): PD-F = 4.2 ± 4.6, n = 10; PD-NF = 0.1 ± 1.6, n = 9; C = 1.5 ± 1.5, n = 19; P = .007. Medications improved walking in PD-F patients by decreasing the number of steps, the time to walk, and freezing. PD-F patients may be more dependent on attention for walking.
The Enduring Vulnerabilities of Oil Markets

In “Protecting ‘The Prize': Oil and the U.S. National Interest,” Eugene Gholz and Daryl G. Press present an important counterargument to many common but overwrought worries about energy security. Yet they themselves go too far in the opposite direction. Gholz and Press argue that only three types of potential oil market disruptions could induce “particularly painful” adjustments and hence rise to the highest level: consolidation of a large fraction of Persian Gulf reserves under a single power, domestic instability in Saudi Arabia, and blockage of the Strait of Hormuz. I argue in this response that Gholz and Press confine the second and third scenarios too narrowly, and hence understate the security risks stemming from U.S. dependence on oil.
Parallelizing load/stores on dual-bank memory embedded processors

Many modern embedded processors such as DSPs support partitioned memory banks (also called X--Y memory or dual-bank memory) along with parallel load/store instructions to achieve higher code density and performance. In order to effectively utilize the parallel load/store instructions, the compiler must partition the memory-resident values and assign them to X or Y bank. This paper gives a postregister allocation solution to merge the generated load/store instructions into their parallel counterparts. Simultaneously, our framework performs allocation of values to X or Y memory banks. We first remove as many load/stores and register--register moves as possible through an excellent iterated coalescing based register allocator by Appel and George [1996]. We then attempt to parallelize the generated load/stores using a multipass approach. The basic phase of our approach attempts the merger of load/stores without duplication and web splitting. We model this problem as a graph-coloring problem in which each value is colored as either X or Y. We then construct a motion scheduling graph (MSG), based on the range of motion for each load/store instruction. MSG reflects potential instructions that could be merged. We propose a notion of pseudofixed boundaries so that the load/store movement is less affected by register dependencies. We prove that the coloring problem for MSG is NP-complete and solve it with two different heuristic algorithms with different complexity. We then propose a two-level iterative process to attempt instruction duplication, variable duplication, web splitting, and local conflict elimination to effectively merge the remaining load/stores. Finally, we clean up some multiple-aliased load/stores. To improve the performance, we combine profiling information with each stage coupled with some modifications to the algorithm. We show that our framework results in parallelization of a large number of load/stores without much growth in data and code segments. The average speedup for our optimization pass reaches roughly 13p if no profile information is available and 17p with profile information. The average code and data segment growth is controlled within 13p.
A Fast Feature Tracking Algorithm for Visual Odometry and Mapping Based on RGB-D Sensors

The recent introduction of low cost sensors such as the Kinect allows the design of real-time applications (i.e. for Robotics) that exploit novel capabilities. One such application is Visual Odometry, a fundamental module of any robotic platform that uses the synchronized color/depth streams captured by these devices to build a map representation of the environment at the same that the robot is localized within the map. Aiming to minimize error accumulation inherent to the process of robot localization, we design a visual feature tracker that works as the front-end of a Visual Odometry system for RGB-D sensors. Feature points are added to the tracker selectively based on pre-specified criteria such as the number of currently active points and their spatial distribution throughout the image. Our proposal is a tracking strategy that allows real-time camera pose computation (average of 24.847 ms per frame) despite the fact that no specialized hardware (such as modern GPUs) is employed. Experiments carried out on publicly available benchmark and datasets demonstrate the usefulness of the method, which achieved RMSE rates superior to the state-of-the-art RGB-D SLAM algorithm.
Nuclear orientation measurements and their contribution to our understanding of the structure of nuclei

A survey is made of new regions of nuclei, which may become accessible to nuclear orientation experiments as the on-line technique matures. Basic nuclear properties that can be investigated by means of nuclear orientation are briefly reviewed. Examples of systematic use of nuclear moments for revealing nuclear properties are given as is an example of of the combined use of low-spin nuclear orientation data and high-spin heavy-ion reaction data.
Nucleolar Components Involved in Ribosome Biogenesis Cycle between the Nucleolus and Nucleoplasm in Interphase Cells

We examined the mobilities of nucleolar components that act at various steps of the ribosome biogenesis pathway. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and fluorescence loss in photobleaching (FLIP) analyses demonstrate that factors involved in rRNA transcription (upstream-binding factor [UBF]), processing (nucleolin, fibrillarin, and RNase MRP subunits, Rpp29), and ribosome assembly (B23) exchange rapidly between the nucleoplasm and nucleolus. In contrast, the mobilities of ribosomal subunit proteins (S5, L9) are much slower. Selective inhibition of RNA polymerase I transcription does not prevent the exchanges but influences the rates of exchange differentially for different nucleolar components. These findings suggest that the rapid exchange of nucleolar components between the nucleolus and nucleoplasm may represent a new level of regulation for rRNA synthesis. The different dynamic properties of proteins involved in different steps of ribosome biogenesis imply that the nucleolar association of these proteins is due to their specific functional roles rather than simply their specific nucleolar-targeting events.
Outline of a theory of massively parallel analog computation

Summary form only given. The author proposes the following definition of massive parallelism. A computational system is massively parallel if the number of processing elements is so large that it may conveniently be considered a continuous quantity. The author proposes this definition of massive parallelism for a number of reasons. First, skillful behavior seems to require significant neural mass. Second, he is interested in computers, such as optical computers and molecular computers, for which the number of processing elements is effectively continuous. Third, continuous mathematics is generally easier than discrete mathematics. The author develops a theoretical framework for understanding massively parallel analog computers. >
Photodissossociation cross section of LiI

Abstract A pulsed tunable UV laser was used to photodissociate LiI. Lithium atoms were detected by three-step resonance ionization spectroscopy (RIS) to obtain absolute dissociation cross sections from 270 to 312 nm. A comparison of the present cross sections at T = 140°C with absorption data at higher temperature ( T = 745°O shows that dissociation is a dominant channel following photon absorption. We infer that the repulsive upper state of the corresponding transition crosses the ionic ground-state potential curve.
Quench dynamics of isolated many-body quantum systems

We study isolated quantum systems with two-body interactions after a quench. In these systems, the energy shell is a Gaussian of width $\ensuremath{\sigma}$, and it gives the maximum possible spreading of the energy distribution of the initial states. When the distribution achieves this shape, the fidelity decay can be Gaussian until saturation. This establishes a lower bound for the fidelity decay in realistic systems. An ultimate bound for systems with many-body interactions is also derived based on the analysis of full random matrices. We find excellent agreement between numerical and analytical results. We also provide the conditions under which the short-time dynamics of few-body observables is controlled by $\ensuremath{\sigma}$. The analyses are developed for systems, initial states, and observables accessible to experiments.
Chronic health conditions in childhood cancer survivors: is it all treatment-related--or do genetics play a role?

Background High-intensity, risk-based therapeutic strategies for childhood cancer have resulted in long-term survival rates that now approach 80%. However, the growing population of survivors is at a substantial risk for treatment-related complications that can significantly impact quantity and quality of survival. It is increasingly recognized that many of these complications result from complex interactions between therapeutic exposures and genetic susceptibility.
Reduced matrix viscosity in DNA sequencing by CE and microchip electrophoresis using a novel thermo‐responsive copolymer

High viscosity is an inherent problem of sequencing matrices made of hydrophilic polymers. This problem is amplified in separations using microchips where the channels are even smaller. A novel thermal associating graft copolymer, using linear polyacrylamide (LPA) as the backbone and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) as the graft side chain was synthesized. The injection problem could be resolved by introducing PPO side chains that can be assembled by using temperature changes but without an obvious detrimental effect on the sieving ability of the LPA. Viscosity measurement showed that these LPA-g-PPO copolymers had a transition temperature of ~ 40 °C, above which a significant increase in viscosity was observed. The sequencing performance depended on the thermal association properties of PPO and related parameters. Without optimization, a read length of 1000 bases with a single base resolution of 0.3 was achieved within an hour on an ABI 310 analyzer, using 1.8 wt% LPA-g-PPO (1.8 MDa, PPO, 0.2%). This novel thermal reversible copolymer solution can be a promising candidate as a viable matrix for DNA sequencing in capillary electrophoresis, and even more so in microchip electrophoresis.
Dynamics of Site Switching in DNA Polymerase

DNA polymerases replicate DNA by catalyzing the template-directed polymerization of deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) substrates onto the 3' end of a growing DNA primer strand. Many DNA polymerases also possess a separate 3'-5' exonuclease activity that is used to remove misincorporated nucleotides from the nascent DNA (proofreading). The polymerase (pol) and exonuclease (exo) activities are spatially separated in different enzyme domains, indicating that a mechanism must exist to transfer the growing primer terminus from one site to the other. Here we report a single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) system that directly monitors the movement of a DNA substrate between the pol and exo sites of DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment (KF). FRET trajectories recorded during the encounter between single polymerase and DNA molecules reveal that DNA can channel between the pol and exo sites in both directions while remaining closely associated with the enzyme (intramolecular transfer). In addition, it is evident from the trajectories that DNA can also dissociate from one site and subsequently rebind at the other (intermolecular transfer). Rate constants for each pathway have been determined by dwell-time analysis, revealing that intramolecular transfer is the faster of the two pathways. Unexpectedly, a mispaired primer terminus accesses the exo site more frequently when dNTP substrates are also present in solution, which is expected to enhance proofreading. Together, these results explain how the separate pol and exo activities of KF are physically coordinated to achieve efficient proofreading.
Waves in Cassini UVIS stellar occultations. 2. The C ring

Abstract We performed a complete wavelet analysis of Saturn’s C ring on 62 stellar occultation profiles. These profiles were obtained by Cassini’s Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph High Speed Photometer. We used a WWZ wavelet power transform to analyze them. With a co-adding process, we found evidence of 40 wavelike structures, 18 of which are reported here for the first time. Seventeen of these appear to be propagating waves (wavelength changing systematically with distance from Saturn). The longest new wavetrain in the C ring is a 52-km-long wave in a plateau at 86,397 km. We produced a complete map of resonances with external satellites and possible structures rotating with Saturn’s rotation period up to the eighth order, allowing us to associate a previously observed wave with the Atlas 2:1 inner Lindblad resonance (ILR) and newly detected waves with the Mimas 6:2 ILR and the Pandora 4:2 ILR. We derived surface mass densities and mass extinction coefficients, finding σ = 0.22(±0.03) g cm −2 for the Atlas 2:1 ILR, σ = 1.31(±0.20) g cm −2 for the Mimas 6:2 ILR, and σ = 1.42(±0.21) g cm −2 for the Pandora 4:2 ILR. We determined a range of mass extinction coefficients ( κ = τ / σ ) for the waves associated with resonances with κ = 0.13 (±0.03) to 0.28(±0.06) cm 2 g −1 , where τ is the optical depth. These values are higher than the reported values for the A ring (0.01–0.02 cm 2 g −1 ) and the Cassini Division (0.07–0.12 cm 2 g −1 from Colwell et al. (Colwell, J.E., Cooney, J.H., Esposito, L.W., Sremcevic, M. [2009]. Icarus 200, 574–580)). We also note that the mass extinction coefficient is probably not constant across the C ring (in contrast to the A ring and the Cassini Division): it is systematically higher in the plateaus than elsewhere, suggesting smaller particles in the plateaus. We present the results of our analysis of these waves in the C ring and estimate the mass of the C ring to be between3.7(±0.9) × 10 16 kg and 7.9(±2.0) × 10 16 kg (equivalent to an icy satellite of radius between 28.0(±2.3) km and 36.2(±3.0) km with a density of 400 kg m −3 , close to that of Pan or Atlas). Using the ring viscosity derived from the wave damping length, we also estimate the vertical thickness of the C ring between 1.9(±0.4) m and 5.6(±1.4) m, comparable to the vertical thickness of the Cassini Division.
Population genetic structure and history of fragmented remnant populations of the New England cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis)

The New England cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis) has suffered from extensive loss and fragmentation of its habitat and is now a species of conservation priority in the northeastern United States. Remnant New England cottontail populations currently occur in five geographically disjunct locations: southern Maine and southeastern New Hampshire (MENH); the Merrimack Valley in central New Hampshire (NH-MV); Cape Cod, Massachusetts (CC); parts of eastern Connecticut and Rhode Island (CTRI); and western Connecticut, southeastern New York and southwestern Massachusetts (CTNY). We used microsatellite genotyping to discern patterns of population structure, genetic variability, and demographic history across the species’ range and to assess whether the observed patterns are a consequence of recent habitat loss and fragmentation. Our findings show that the geographic populations are highly differentiated (overall FST = 0.145; P < 0.001). Using Bayesian clustering analyses, we identified five genetic clusters, which corresponded closely to the geographic populations, but grouped MENH & NH-MV together (ME/NH) and identified an isolated population in eastern Connecticut (Bluff Point). The genetic clusters showed little evidence of recent gene flow and are highly influenced by genetic drift. The CC and Bluff Point populations show signs they experienced a genetic bottleneck, whereas the ME/NH population shows evidence of ongoing decline. Populations in Bluff Point, CC, and ME/NH also show significantly reduced genetic variation relative to the other clusters (CTNY and CTRI without Bluff Point). Without immediate human intervention, the short-term persistence of New England cottontail populations in Maine, New Hampshire and Cape Cod is at great risk. Conservation efforts at this time should focus on within-population sustainability and eventually restoring connectivity among these isolated populations.
Direct classification of high-dimensional data in low-dimensional projected feature spaces-Comparison of several classification methodologies

Previously, we introduced a distance (similarity)-based mapping for the visualization of high-dimensional patterns and their relative relationships. The mapping preserves exactly the original distances from all points to any two reference patterns in a special two-dimensional coordinate system, the relative distance plane (RDP). We extend the RDP mapping's applicability from visualization to classification. Several of the classifiers use the RDP directly. These include the standard linear discriminant analysis (LDA), nearest neighbor classifiers, and a transvariation probabilities-based classification method that is natural in the RDP. Several reference directions can also be combined to create new coordinate systems in which arbitrary classifiers can be developed. We obtain increased confidence in the classification results by cycling through all possible reference pairs and computing a misclassification-based weighted accuracy. The classification results on several high-dimensional biomedical datasets are compared.
Factors Controlling the Rate of Photodegradation in Polymers: The Effect of Temperature on the Photodegradation Quantum Yield in a PVC Polymer Containing Metal–Metal Bonds in the Polymer Chain

The effect of temperature on the degradation quantum yield of a poly(vinyl chloride) polymer with Cp2Mo2(CO)6 units incorporated into its chains was studied (Cp = cyclopentadienyl). The polymer is photochemically reactive in the absence of oxygen because the CpMo(CO)3 radicals formed by photolysis of the Mo–Mo bonds react with C–Cl bonds to form CpMo(CO)3Cl units. Quantum yields as a function of temperature were obtained for this polymer and for two control systems, Cp′2Mo2(CO)6 dispersed in PVC and Cp′2Mo2(CO)6 in hexane/CCl4 solution (Cp′ = η5-C5H4CH3). The quantum yields of the two control systems showed only slight increases with an increase in temperature. For the reaction in hexane/CCl4, this temperature dependence is attributed to the decrease in viscosity of the solution and the subsequent decrease in the radical-radical recombination efficiency. For the Cp′2Mo2(CO)6 dispersed in PVC, the small temperature dependence is attributed to an increase in free volume as the temperature increases. In contrast to these results, the temperature dependence of the quantum yield of the PVC polymer with Cp2Mo2(CO)6 units along its chains is relatively large. It is proposed that an increase in temperature facilitates the polymer chain relaxation processes (involving recoil and rotation) following photolysis of the Mo–Mo bond. The radical–radical recombination efficiency is subsequently decreased, which leads to a net increase in chain cleavage and degradation efficiency.
Effect of Contact Angle on the Heat Transfer to an Evaporating Meniscus on a Moving Heated Surface

Numerical simulation is carried out to study a 2D evaporating meniscus formed on a moving wall. The complete Navier-Stokes equations along with continuity and energy equations are solved. The liquid vapor interface is captured using the level set technique. The meniscus is fed with saturated water from the top whereas the bottom wall is maintained at a higher temperature and is also imparted with a velocity. The meniscus attains a steady shape when all the incoming liquid gets evaporated due to heat transfer from the wall. The advancing and receding contact region of the meniscus are provided with different contact angles. Results indicate that the average heat flux at the meniscus base increases with increase in contact angle. The primary reason for heat transfer from the wall is attributed to the liquid circulation inside the meniscus and the corresponding transient conduction from the wall. As the meniscus contact angle increases the liquid circulation is found to disturb the thermal boundary layer more effectively thereby resulting in increased wall heat transfer. The effect of contact angle on wall heat transfer to the moving and evaporating meniscus is compared to partial nucleate pool boiling.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The Meanings of Macho: Being a Man in Mexico City

The Meanings of Macho: Being. Man in Mexico City. MATTHEW C. GUTMANN. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. xiv. 330 pp., maps, notes, glossary, bibliography, index.
Optimal team and individual decision rules in uncertain dichotomous situations

In this paper, we consider the problem of determining the optimalteam decision rules in uncertain, binary (dichotomous) choice situations. We show that the Relative (Receiver) Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve plays a pivotal role in characterizing these rules. Specifically, the problem of finding the optimal aggregation rule involves finding a set ofcoupled operating points on the individual ROCs. Introducing the concept of a “team ROC curve”, we extend the method of characterizing decision capabilities of an individual decisionmaker (DM) to a team of DMs. Given the operating points of the individual DMs on their ROC curves, we show that the best aggregation rule is a likelihood ratio test. When the individual opinions are conditionally independent, the aggregation rule is a weighted majority rule, but with different asymmetric weights for the ‘yes’ and ‘no’ decisions. We show that the widely studied weighted majority rule with symmetric weights is a special case of the asymmetric weighted majority rule, wherein the competence level of each DM corresponds to the intersection of the main diagonal and the DM's ROC curve. Finally, we demonstrate that the performance of the team can be improved by jointly optimizing the aggregation rule and the individual decision rules, the latter possibly requiring a shift from the isolated (non-team) optimal operating point of each DM.
Gender Differences in Incidence Rates of Childhood B-Precursor Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia in Mississippi

The authors studied pediatric patients with B-precursor acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) to determine whether Mississippi's gender incidences correlate with national statistics. Furthermore, data on gender incidences in each of the risk categories of low, standard, and high were collected. A retrospective chart review was performed of pediatric B-precursor ALL patients diagnosed at the Children's Cancer Clinic at the University of Mississippi Medical Center from 1995 to 2005. The gender incidences in Mississippi were found to be comparable with the national average for ALL (1.34:1 vs 1.3:1) overall. However, the national average includes T-cell ALL, which is known to be significantly more prevalent in boys. Of greater significance, boys were noted to present with high-risk B-precursor ALL 4 times more than girls, suggesting the need for further investigation into possible causes of this phenomenon.
Multi-Objective Optimization and Design of Photovoltaic-Wind Hybrid System for Community Smart DC Microgrid

Renewable energy sources continues to gain popularity. However, two major limitations exist that prevent widespread adoption: availability of the electricity generated and the cost of the equipment. Distributed generation, (DG) grid-tied photovoltaic-wind hybrid systems with centralized battery back-up, can help mitigate the variability of the renewable energy resource. The downside, however, is the cost of the equipment needed to create such a system. Thus, optimization of generation and storage in light of capital cost and variability mitigation is imperative to the financial feasibility of DC microgrid systems. PV and wind generation are both time dependent and variable but are highly correlated, which make them ideal for a dual-sourced hybrid system. This paper presents an optimization technique base on a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) which uses high temporal resolution insolation data taken at 10 seconds data rate instead of more commonly used hourly data rate. The proposed methodology employs a techno-economic approach to determine the system design optimized by considering multiple criteria including size, cost, and availability. The result is the baseline system cost necessary to meet the load requirements and which can also be used to monetize ancillary services that the smart DC microgrid can provide to the utility at the point of common coupling (PCC) such as voltage regulation. The hybrid smart DC microgrid community system optimized using high-temporal resolution data is compared to a system optimized using lower-rate temporal data to examine the effect of the temporal sampling of the renewable energy resource.
Structure of the wall of Halobacterium halobium gas vesicles

The gas vesicles of Halobacterium halobium have been studied by recording X-ray diffraction patterns from both intact and collapsed vesicles. The wall is found to be remarkably thin; the average thickness is no more than 20 A. Electron microscopy indicates that the wall consists of ribs, and the X-ray data confirm this. The thickness is therefore greater than 20 A at some points and less at others. The X-ray data also indicate that the ribs on the two sides of the collapsed vesicle are intermeshed. Our data indicate a large amount of β-sheet in the wall. The β-sheet consists of parallel (or anti-parallel) polypeptide chains which are regularly hydrogen-bonded to one another. This bonding locks the presumed subunit proteins into the wall, which is important for its function at the gas-liquid interface. The β-sheet is in two layers, one on top of the other. The two layers together can stiffen the wall and hence strengthen the vesicle against collapse.
Differential games, dynamic optimization, and generalized control theory

In this paper, we examine the problem of control in a generalized framework in which there are more than one criterion, more than one intelligent controller, each of which has access to different information. It is argued that optimal control, differential games, dynamic team theory, etc., can all be viewed as special cases of this generalized control theory. Useful concepts and potential difficulties are discussed.
Flexural plate-wave gravimetric chemical sensor

Abstract We describe the use of flexural plate waves traveling in thin composite plates of zinc oxide, aluminum and silicon nitride for gravimetric chemical sensing. Theoretical and experimental results show that, compared to bulk- and surfacewave gravimetric sensors, flexural plate-wave sensors are more sensitive to added mass while operating at significantly lower frequencies. Experiments with sorptive poly(dimethylsiloxane) films exposed to vapors of toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and carbon tetrachloride demonstrated the high sensitivity of the plate sensor and detection in the parts-per-million range.
Quantitative dynamic multicompartmental analysis of cholecystokinin receptor movement in a living cell using dual fluorophores and reconstruction of confocal images.

Abstract Receptor regulation is a key component of the phenomenon of desensitization in response to agonist stimulation which protects cells from overstimulation. Receptor internalization is one part of this response, often quantified by the portion of saturable ligand binding which becomes resistant to acidic washes. It is now clear that this can include receptor in multiple distinct cellular compartments. We have developed a morphological technique involving dual fluorescent probes to delineate the plasmalemma and the ligand-occupied receptor using confocal microscopy, with analysis involving three-dimensional reconstruction and quantitation of receptor movement through each compartment. When a radioiodinated cholecystokinin (CCK) analogue occupied its receptor on the CHO–CCKR cell line, it became progressively more resistant to dissociation with acidic medium. Quantitation of receptor internalization in these cells over time using this dynamic morphological technique correlated with the acid-resistant receptor fraction, and provided the additional information of the cellular compartments traversed. This technique will have multiple applications to explore the cell-specific handling of this and other ligand-occupied receptors.
Systolic Arrays For Eigenvalue Computation

A machine architecture for computing the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of an Hermitian matrix is presented. Two systolic arrays are used, one for reducing full matrices to band matrices, the second for performing QR iteration on band matrices. A one-parameter family of systems, parameterized by the bandwidth of the reduced matrix, is available. This allows a tradeoff of processors for execution time.
Psychotherapy as Science or Knack? A Critique of the Hermeneutic Defense

Psychoanalysis, in Freud’s day and our own, has met with and continues to meet with staunch opposition from critics. The most ruinous criticism comes from philosophers, with a special interest in science, who claim psychoanalysis does not measure up to the above-board canons of acceptable scientific practices and, thus, is not scientific. It is common today to direct such criticisms to all metempirical forms of psychotherapy—i.e., psychotherapies that in no way concern themselves with grounding their claims with empirical research. The most common defense is to cold-shoulder the criticism and counter that psychoanalysis, whether or not Freud recognized it, is a hermeneutical, not an etiological, method of therapy. In that regard, its measure of success is not symptom-removal or redirection of drive-energy in socially condoned or acceptable ways, but broadened understanding through a commonly created myth, effected by therapist and patient, for the patient’s wellbeing. In this undertaking, I argue that the hermeneutical apologia of psychoanalysis is a dodge, not a defense—an impenetrable asylum in which therapists can find refuge by buffering themselves from the possibility of criticism of the scientificity of their discipline. Because hermeneuticism disavows the possibility of knowledge in any meaningful sense—and, with that, scientific knowledge gained through observation or experimentation—it levels the epistemological playing field. With knowledge impossible and science annulled, no “investigative” inquiry or discipline can claim a status superior to any other and, hence, psychotherapy is an investigative discipline as legitimate as any other. The literature on the hermeneutic defence of psychotherapy is vast—too vast for anything but a representative sample of it in this critique. I focus merely on some of the most recent literature.
Schizophrenic behavior as a function of role expectation

The hypothesis that the behavior of schizophrenic patients is determined in part by role expectation was investigated. The Holtzman Inkblot Technique and a word association task were administered to the same patients under two conditions: (1) Ss were led to believe that the interviewer was unaware of their patient status and expected them to behave in a normal manner; and (2) Ss were informed that the interviewer was interested in their behavior as mental patients. The results indicated that there was less evidence of pathology on the Holtzman when Ss were told that the interviewer expected them to behave in a normal manner. More specifically, there was less Pathognomonic Verbalization and more Form Appropriateness in the normal expectation condition. The findings are consistent with current views as to the pathogenic effects of labeling and institutionalization.
Computation of Corona Space Charge, Electric Field, and V-I Characteristic Using Equipotential Charge Shells

A charge simulation technique incorporating discretized equipotential charge shells in the volume is used to approximate the electric field and space charge around a single conductor in corona and to compute the voltage-current relationship for the discharge. No iteration is required in the solution method. Results are compared to corona in coaxial geometry, for which analytical treatment is also possible, and to experimental V-I measurements in line-to- plane geometry.
A two-dimensional, heart-cutting preparative gas chromatograph facilitates highly resolved single-compound isolations with utility towards compound-specific natural abundance radiocarbon (14C) analyses.

Abstract Motivated by the need to develop clean, high purity preparative enrichments of individual compounds for micro-scale compound-specific natural abundance isotope and radiocarbon (14C) analyses, we describe a new, two-dimensional, heart-cutting, low-bleed, three-oven, single GC preparative system, demonstrate its resolving capabilities as applied to a typically complex environmental sample matrix, and investigate the robustness with which it preserves the authigenic 13C/12C and 14C/12C ratios of individual compounds it targets for preparative enrichment. The system is comprised of a programmable temperature vaporizing (PTV) inlet, a single GC oven, two modular, door-mounted, resistively heated low thermal mass (LTM) columns, a preparative fraction collector (PFC), and a Deans pneumatic switching device which facilitates heart-cutting between the system's 1° and 2° chromatographic dimensions. Further, the system's inlet and trapping parameters are optimized for the efficient preparative enrichment of the methyl ether and ester derivatives of the lignin phenol compound class. The lignin phenols include such compounds as the vanillyl and syringyl aldehydes, ethanones, and acids and are unrivaled biomarkers of terrestrial organic matter, some of which are also important components of fragrances and flavors. Using this suite of compounds, the suitability of this augmented preparative capillary GC (PCGC) system was investigated for micro-scale compound-specific (CS) stable isotope and natural abundance radiocarbon analyses (RA). Analysis of a >300 injection enrichment scheme reveals the instrument to fractionate 13C in predictable ways and to preserve the authigenic Δ14C of compounds it targets for preparative enrichment to within 6.7 ± 5.0‰, demonstrating the promising new utility of such systems towards micro-scale CSRA investigations for which clean and high resolution separation techniques are prerequisite.
Measurement of the diffusion coefficient of naphthalene into air

Abstract An experimental technique which is often used to study convective heat transfer by investigating analogous naphthalene sublimation situations requires a knowledge of the diffusion coefficient of naphthalene into air to couple the two systems. Only two previous measurements of the diffusion coefficient have appeared in the literature (Mack, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 47 , 2468–2482 (1925) and Caldwell, J. Chem. Engng Data 29 , 60–62 (1984)). Both measurements were taken at single but different temperatures and their values differed by approximately 29%. In view of this uncertainty, an experiment was performed to measure the diffusion coefficient of naphthalene into air over the temperature range 15°C ⩽ T ⩽ 55°C. Two different geometrical systems were used as a check on possible systematic errors. The repeatability of the data is 2% and the estimated possible systematic error is ±3%. The data result in Schmidt and Lewis numbers which have a weak temperature of 25°C.
Accessing Multiple Conical Intersections in the 3s and 3px Photodissociation of the Hydroxymethyl Radical

The photodissociation dynamics of the hydroxymethyl radical (CH2OH, CH2OD, and CD2OD) following excitation to the 3s and 3px Rydberg states is studied using time-sliced velocity map imaging of hydrogen photofragments. Dissociation takes place on the ground potential energy surface reached via conical intersections from the excited states, and formaldehyde and hydrxymethylene are identified as reaction products. The major product, formaldehyde, has a bimodal internal energy distribution. The largest fraction has high kinetic energy (KE), modest rotational excitation, and vibrational excitation mainly in the CO stretch and the CH(D)2 deformations modes (scissors, wag, and rock). The minor fraction has lower KEs and a higher rovibrational excitation that is unresolved. A bimodal internal energy distribution in the formaldehyde fragment has been predicted by Yarkony [J. Chem. Phys. 2005, 122, 084316] for a conical intersection along the O–H bond coordinate. The hydroxymethylene product state distributions dep...
HOUSEHOLD CHANGE, ACCESSORY APARTMENTS, AND LOW INCOME HOUSING IN SUBURBS∗

This paper describes the characteristics of accessory apartments (rented housing units within owner-occupied single family homes) and the circumstances which give rise to them. Survey data from a New York suburb indicate that these apartments provide inexpensive housing for entry level workers, many of whom are related to the home owners. Analyses suggest that “empty nest’ households who anticipate a decline in income and live in a house whose structure facilitates a conversion are likely to create accessory apartments in their homes. Some implications of these findings for residential succession in suburban areas are explored.