cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State Machines and Assertions (An Integrated Approach to Modeling and Verification of Distributed Systems

This paper describes a methodology for modeling and verifying protocols for asynchronous message passing systems. It combines the techniques of finite state analysis and axiomatic verification. It overcomes the problem of state explosion by using variables and logical assertions where the finite state approach would require a large number of states. By explicitly including states where interactions between processes occur, the complexity of assertional proofs is significantly reduced. Properties like freedom from deadlock, freedom from unspecified message receptions, boundedness of channel size, and partial correctness can be proved. Properties of channels like losing or garbling messages can be modeled, as can premature and non-premature timeouts. The technique is illustrated by proving a sliding window flow control protocol and an alternating bit protocol that is correct only if timeouts are non-premature.
Substrate concentrations in tissue surrounding single capillaries

Abstract The mathematical analysis of a model for substrate concentration in tissue is given. The model consists of a single capillary from which substrate diffuses into a surrounding cylinder of tissue. The equations governing this model were derived by Blum, who also attempted to obtain their solution. Blum's method of solution was incorrect, and he failed to obtain meaningful results. The correct analysis is presented here, and the results illustrated by numerical examples.
MUON IDENTIFICATION USING MULTIWIRE PROPORTIONAL CHAMBERS.

Abstract Test data are summarized for a muon identifier consisting of iron absorber plates followed by multiwire proportional chambers. Because of the penetrating secondaries that result from hadronic interactions, conventional muon identifiers lacking spatial resolution require many collision lengths to attenuate, and thus to separate incident hadrons from muons. By using multiwire proportional chambers, hadronic interactions can be detected well before the subsequent hadron cascades have been fully absorbed. This permits a substantial reduction in absorber thickness and is important in applications in which the muons originate in a large volume or in which they are to be identified over a large area or large solid angle. A typical result from these tests is that at 3 GeV/c a single multiwire proportional chamber, following only 50 cm of iron, can reject pions with 96±1% efficiency while accepting 96% of the incident muons. An important advantage of this technique is that the performance is expected to be rather independent of energy above a few GeV.
Diode-laser-to-waveguide butt coupling.

A diode-laser-to-waveguide butt-coupling model is described. The model takes into consideration the Fabry–Perot reflection and transmission of the etalon formed by the laser front facet and the waveguide entrance facet. The model predicts coupling efficiency and the coupled-power fluctuations that occur versus the separation between the laser and the waveguide. Calculations performed for Fabry–Perot-laser-to-KTP waveguide coupling show that the transverse and the angular alignment tolerances of the waveguide can be increased when the waveguide entrance facet is antireflection coated. The longitudinal alignment tolerance of the waveguide can be increased by use of an index-matching gel between the laser and the waveguide.
Effect of Para-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid (PCPA) Spray on Composition and Residue in Boysenberries

SUMMARY The effect of para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (PCPA) spray on the chemical composition of boysenberries was investigated. A 100-ppm spray of PCPA 46 days before harvest produced berries 10-15% larger and heavier than the control sample. Total yield was 9% higher for the sprayed sample than for the control. The acids, soluble solids, and ascorbic acid contents of the berries varied somewhat with date of harvest and ripeness level. A gas-liquid chromatographic method was used to determine PCPA as a C14-labeled methyl ester on a column made of 20% Dow 11 high-vacuum silicone grease on Chromosorb. The method can detect .05 ppm PCPA in a 100-g sample. Boysenberry plants sprayed once, 46 days before harvest, showed a residue of 0.09 ppm in the berries, whereas those sprayed twice, at 46 and 33 days before harvest, showed a residue of 0.26 ppm.
Effect of surfactants on the deformation of drops and bubbles in Navier–Stokes flow

Abstract A numerical method is implemented for investigating the effect of an insoluble surfactant on the deformation of, and structure of the flow around a two-dimensional drop with arbitrary viscosity in simple shear flow. In the computational model, the flow occurs in a two-dimensional channel confined between two parallel plane walls in relative motion. The algorithm combines Peskin’s immersed-interface method with the diffuse-interface 1approximation, wherein the step discontinuity in the fluid properties is replaced by a transition zone defined in terms of a mollifying function. The generalized Navier–Stokes equation incorporating the jump in the interfacial traction is solved by a finite-difference method, while the interface surfactant transport equation is solved by a finite-volume method. Results of numerical simulations document the effect of the surfactant on the drop deformation and structure of the flow over a broad range of conditions, and demonstrate the possibility of interface immobilization due to Marangoni tractions even for mild variations in the surfactant concentration.
Photobiological Interactions of Blue Light and Photosynthetic Photon Flux: Effects of Monochromatic and Broad-Spectrum Light Sources

Photosynthesis (Pn) and photomorphogenesis (Pm) are affected by light quality, light intensity and photoperiod. Although blue light (BL) is necessary for normal development, it is less efficient in driving Pn than other wavelengths of photosynthetically active radiation. The effects of BL on Pm are highly species dependent. Here we report the interacting effects of BL and photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) on growth and development of lettuce, radish and pepper. We used light-emitting diode (LED) arrays to provide BL fractions from 11% to 28% under broad-spectrum white LEDs, and from 0.3% to 92% under monochromatic LEDs. All treatments were replicated three times at each of two PPFs (200 and 500 lmol m 2 s 1 ). Other than light quality, environmental conditions were uniformly maintained across chambers. Regardless of PPF, BL was necessary to prevent shade-avoidance responses in radish and lettuce. For lettuce and radish, increasing BL reduced stem length, and for both species, there were significant interactions of BL with PPF for leaf expansion. Increasing BL reduced petiole length in radish and flower number in pepper. BL minimally affected pepper growth and other developmental parameters. Pepper seedlings were more photobiologically sensitive than older plants. Surprisingly, there were few interactions between monochromatic and broad-spectrum light sources.
Interconversions of Isoflavones in Soybeans as Affected by Storage

: Conversions of isoflavones in soybeans under 4 conditions were investigated. Soybeans were stored in 84% RH, 30 °C for 9 mo and in 57% RH, 20 °C, cold (4 °C), and an uncontrolled ambient garage for 18 mo. Isoflavones were analyzed by HPLC. In 84% RH, 30 °C, the interconversion between aglycones and β-glucosides was significant (p 0.05) changes during storage.
TH-C-351-09: Partial Volume Correction of PET-Imaged Tumor Heterogeneity Using Expectation Maximization

Purpose: Due to the limited spatial resolution of PETimaging, small objects experience partial volume effects which impact the quantification and spatial distribution of imagedtumor heterogeneities. This study examines the ability of an iterative partial volume correction (PVC) method to restore imaged heterogeneity to an object heterogeneity map using expectation maximization. Method and Materials:TreatingPET as a linear system, images obtained through the convolution of a true object's radioactivity distribution and the system's point spread function (PSF) may be used to uncover the true object's activity distribution. The presented method uses iterative expectation maximization with the measured system PSF to determine the true object activity distribution. The three‐dimensional spatially dependent PSF was obtained by Gaussian fitting point objects imaged on a Discovery LS PET/CT scanner radially in single plane. The technique was tested on dual‐tracer heterogeneity phantoms using spheres of 10 and 15 mm diameter as both hot and cold heterogeneities relative to the phantoms' uniform tumor activity. The method was also applied to clinical studies to observe the impact of quantitative changes. Results: The observed PVC showed dependencies on heterogeneity size and contrast with surrounding regions. This PVC technique successfully recovered phantom heterogeneities hotter than uniform tumor activity, but experienced difficulty with cold heterogeneity. Quantitative image accuracy was restored as heterogeneities experienced shifts of 25 and 35% for diameters of 15 and 10 mm, respectively. Using changes in the image correction matrix proved a successful stopping criteria for determining the optimal number of iterations for PVC in phantoms. Changes as large as ±20% were frequently observed in patient heterogeneities. Conclusion: The expectation maximization PVC method successfully recovers tumor heterogeneity lost through PETimaging. Inclusion of PET information into treatment planning or treatment assessment would greatly benefit from the quantitative accuracy gains shown in this PVC method.
Cr 3 + Fluorescence in Garnets and Other Crystals

The results of a study of the sharp-line fluorescence of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ in a number of crystals is presented. The host crystals were several diamagnetic garnets, a spinel, and emerald. The results are used to discuss two aspects of the sharp-line energy levels. First, some of the dynamical aspects are considered. The measurements of the temperature dependence of the sharp no-phonon $R$-line positions, linewidths, and efficiencies are in reasonable agreement with the existing theory. The theory assumes a simple form for the interaction of the ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ energy levels with the phonons and uses a Debye density of states. The phonon-assisted radiation is also discussed. Second, some of the static aspects of the energy levels are considered. The splittings between the no-phonon $R$ lines along with splittings of the ground states of the ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ in the same crystals are compared with the predictions of existing theories. Here the agreement is very poor. The experimental data show the difference between the ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ energy levels, when odd terms in addition to usual even crystal-field terms exist. The data also indicate some large nonlinearities between the energy-level splittings and the crystal field.
Mandibular necrosis in beagle dogs treated with bisphosphonates

OBJECTIVES - To test the effect of bisphosphonate (BP) treatment for up to 3 years on bone necrosis and osteocyte death in the mandible using a canine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS - Dogs were treated with clinical doses of oral alendronate (ALN, 0.2 or 1.0 mg/kg/day) for 1 or 3 years. In a separate study, dogs were treated with i.v. zoledronate (ZOL) at 0.06 mg/kg/day for 6 months. En bloc staining was used to identify necrotic areas in the mandible; viable osteocytes were identified using lactate dehydrogenase. RESULTS - None of the treatments was associated with exposed bone, but 17-25% of dogs treated for 1 year and 25-33% of dogs treated for 3 years with ALN showed pockets of dead bone. Necrotic areas had no viable osteocytes and were void of patent canaliculi. No control animals demonstrated necrotic bone. ZOL treatment for 6 months was associated with osteocyte death greater than that seen in animals treated with ALN or saline. It is not clear whether osteocyte death occurs because of direct toxic effects of BPs, or because suppressed remodelling fails to renew areas that naturally undergo cell death. Necrotic areas are also associated with bone other than the mandible, e.g. the rib, which normally undergo high rates of remodelling. CONCLUSIONS - Reduced remodelling rate using BPs may contribute to the pathogenesis of bone matrix necrosis. The development of an animal model that mimics important aspects of BP-related osteonecrosis of the jaw is important to understanding the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis.
Predicting Surface Tension of Liquid Organic Solvents

A group contribution method is proposed to predict surface tension of liquid organic solvents. The proposed model is developed from a training set of 349 chemicals and validated with an external testing set of 44 chemicals. For the training set, the experimental surface tension values and the values fitted by this model agreed well with r 2 = 0.75 at p = 0.0001. The predictions of this model for the external testing set of 44 chemicals were within an average factor of error of 1.07 showing good agreement between experimental and predicted values with r 2 = 0.89 at p = 0.0001. A comparison of the model developed in this study against five other empirical models reported in the literature is also presented.
First-order versus high-order stochastic models for computer intrusion detection

This paper presents two different methods of applying stochastic models to computer intrusion detection. One method is based on a first-order stochastic model, specifically a Markov chain model. The other method is based on a partial high-order stochastic model. Stochastic models are used to build a profile of normal activities on a computer from the training data of normal activities on the computer. The norm profile is then used to detect anomalous activities from testing data of both normal and intrusive activities on the computer for intrusion detection. Audit data of computer activities contain a sequence of computer events that is represented as a series of event transitions in stochastic models. The comparison of detection performance between the Markov chain model application and the partial high-order stochastic model application reveals the better detection performance of the Markov chain model application to computer intrusion detection. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical Studies on the Frequency Response of Vibration of Damped Axially Moving Wire

The vibration response of damped axially moving wire is studied numerically in this paper for the purpose of wiresaw application. Vibration of a moving wire with damping in a slurry wiresaw system is of great interests because of its impact on the quality of the surface finish of sliced wafers and the accompanying kerf loss. The results of eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and free vibration response agree with the closed-form solution presented before. In addition, the frequency response of the system was investigated by applying point harmonic external excitation, similar to the situation with a moving wire immersed in slurry with abrasive grits. The simulation results show that the damping factor will reduce the magnitude of the response, as expected. However, the speed of the axially moving wire will shift the peak of the frequency response, which agree with the effect of apparent damping provided by the analytical solution of the system frequencies. In addition, the relationship between the nodal points of modes and the position of point excitation are also presented.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Biological changes of human cutaneous nerves caused by ultraviolet irradiation: an ultrastructural study

Three white male volunteers were irradiated by long wave ultraviolet (UV-A) and by solar simulating radiation (SSR). An acute change of cutaneous nerves was found following a single exposure of UV-A irradiation. Non-myelinated Schwann cells and perineural cells in the papillary and reticular dermis were degenerated. Axoplasms appeared to be electron-dense, but were less affected than Schwann cells. After long-term repeated exposure, many free nerve endings were found in the dermo-epidermal junction above the basal lamina and some of them made a terminal enlargement. In one instance an axon made a swelling. Dermal free nerve endings also seemed to be increased in number and some of them were situated immediately beneath the melanocytes which were active in melanogenesis. Multiplication of basal lamina of the Schwann cells and perineural cells was observed. Amorphous material was precipitated around the non-myelinated Schwann cells. After a single exposure of SSR irradiation the degeneration of Schwann cells and axons in the dermo-epidermal junction was less severe than after UV-A and changes were minor in the reticular dermis. After repeated exposure, intra-epidermal proliferation of free nerve endings was detected. Dermal nerves were slightly affected. No intra-epidermal free nerve endings were observed in controls. The intra-epidermal proliferation of free nerve endings was confirmed following repeated UV exposures. Melanocyte-nerve association is suggested to be the cause of stimulating melanocyte activity.
Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Life Cycle of CdTe Photovoltaics

The life cycle of the thin film CdTe PV modules in the U.S. have been investigated based on materials and energy inventories for a commercial 25 MW/yr production plant. The energy payback times (EPBT) of these modules are 0.75 years and the GHG emissions are 18 gCO2-eq/kWh for average U.S. solar irradiation conditions. Adding the impact of an optimized ground-level balance of system (BOS), result in a total EPBT of 1.2 years and total life-cycle GHG emissions of 24 gCO2-eq/kWh.
Impacts of Raindrop Fall Velocity and Axis Ratio Errors on Dual-Polarization Radar Rainfall Estimation

Motivated bythefieldobservations offallvelocity andaxis ratio deviationsfrom predictedterminal velocity and equilibrium axis ratio values, the combined effects of raindrop fall velocity and axis ratio deviations on dual-polarization radar rainfall estimations were investigated. A radar rainfall retrieval algorithm [Colorado State University‐Hydrometeor Identification Rainfall Optimization (CSU-HIDRO)] served as the test bed. Subsequentinvestigationsdeterminedthattheavailablefieldmeasurements,whichwereverylimitedinscope, of the fall velocity and axis ratio deviations indicated rain-rate estimation errors of approximately 20%. Based on these findings, a sensitivity study was then performed using uncorrelated fall velocity and axis ratio deviations around the predicted values. Significant rain-rate estimation errors were observed for the realistic combinations of fall velocity and axis ratio deviations. It was shown that the maximum rain-rate estimation errorcanreachuptoapproximately200%forcombinationsoffallvelocityandaxisratiodeviations(5000drop size distribution samples were simulated for each combination) between 210% and 110% of the predicted values for each. The maximum standard deviation of errors was as great as 75% for the same combinations of fall velocity and axis ratio deviations. The authors found that use of dual-polarization radars to accurately estimaterainfall,duringnaturalrainevents,alsorequiresareanalysisoftheparameterizationsforraindropfall velocity and axis ratio. These parameterizations should consider both the coupling between these two parameters and factors that may introduce any possible deviations of the predicted values of these parameters.
Neural-network-based image compression using AMT DAP 610

An error-less image compression of complex images has been achieved using a massively parallel computer. The algorithm involves utilization of a multi-level hierarchical structure of Kohonen type self-organizing learning vector quantization. The compression ratio increases greatly if a small amount of error is tolerated by limiting the number of templates employed. Utilization of DAP 610 enables the processing of compression and reconstruction in very short time. A few cases of error-less compression of several images, as well as some examples which achieved higher compression ratios by allowing a reasonable amount of error, are shown and compared.
Exploring Relationships Between Pancake Quality and Grain and Flour Functionality in Soft Wheats

The objective of this study was to observe the influence of differences in genotype (variety) and protein concentration on batter flow and pancake making performance of a collection of soft white winter wheats. Wheats were chosen to express contrasting absorption characteristics and oxidative gelation potentials. Pancakes were processed with two formulations, one (“old”) with egg, soy, and dairy and one (“new”) without. Pancake performance was compared with grain, milling, flour, solvent retention capacity (SRC), pasting, and oxidative gelation characteristics of the flours. Kernel texture, break flour yield, carbonate SRC, and lactic acid SRC were not significantly associated with pancake performance for either formulation. ANOVA showed that flour protein concentration had a dominant effect on pancake batter flow and dimensions. Flour protein concentration affected pancakes more than flour protein quality (lactic acid SRC). Water and sucrose SRCs and Rapid Visco Analyzer pasting temperature were negative...
General anaesthesia for Nd: YAG laser resection of obstructing endobronchial tumours using the rigid bronchoscope

Provision of general anaesthesia for patients undergoing Nd:YAG laser resection of obstructing endobronchial tumours using the rigid bronchoscope presents unique problems for the anaesthesiologist. We studied 15 patients who underwent 20 of these procedures under general anaesthesia. Patients were anaesthetized and ventilated with either potent inhalation agents via the side arm of the ventilating bronchoscope (Croup I: N = 8), or with intravenous agents and the Sanders jet injector attached to the rigid bronchoscope (Group II: N = 12). Patients were paralyzed and ventilation was controlled. The inspired gas mixture was nitrogen and oxygen, and the FlO2 was decreased to 0.3-0.4 during periods of resection. Group I patients had significantly higher peak pCO 2’s than Group II (8.3 kPa (62 mmHg) vs. 5.6 kPa (44 mmHg): lowest recorded pO 2’s were comparable and similar to pre-induction values. Both groups exhibited wide blood pressure fluctuations. Heart rales remained within 15 per cent of pre-induction levels. There were no intraoperative deaths, and no airway fires, massive haemorrhages or pneumothoraces. We conclude that these procedures can be undertaken with the use of general anaesthesia and the rigid bronchoscope, but that patients may encounter potentially serious respiratory or haemodynamic instability during the procedure.
Cognitive differentiation of self and parents in delinquent and non-delinquent girls.

Previous findings showing that parents of delinquent children tend to be erratic and inconsistent in their reactions to the child led to the hypotheses that delinquent youth will differentiate less between self and parent and more between father and mother than will non-delinquents. Using comparable groups of delinquent and non-delinquent girls, the hypotheses were tested by analysing intercorrelations of the girls' perception of their own and their parents' behaviour, and were generally supported; differentiation between self and father was particularly low for delinquent girls. The relationship between cognitive and behavioural data is discussed.
Effects of Renal Hypertension on Coronary Blood Flow, Cardiac Oxygen Consumption and Related Circulatory Dynamics of the Dog

A comparative study is presented on the circulatory dynamics of the renal hypertensive state, the stability (repeatability) of the findings in a given subject, the effect of anemia as a complicating factor and the amount of cardiac hypertrophy present in each animal at the end of the series of observations. The results indicate that in nonanemic renal hypertensive dogs with cardiac hypertrophy the coronary blood flow and cardiac oxygen consumption are the same per unit weight of myocardial tissue as in normal dogs. However, when a mild chronic anemia is a complicating factor, the coronary blood flow and the myocardial oxygen uptake are both increased. The coronary sinus venous oxygen saturation is essentially unchanged in the nonanemic hypertensives, whereas in the anemic hypertensives it is significantly lowered.
Effect of variable gravity force on free convection from a vertical plate to non-Newtonian fluids

Abstract Solutions are presented for laminar free convective heat transfer from a vertical plate to power law non-Newtonian fluids. The gravity force is assumed to vary with the vertical coordinate. The governing equations are solved by expanding the characteristic velocity in terms of powers of the gravity gradient times the vertical distance above the leading edge of the plate divided by the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration at the leading edge. The effect of the variable gravity field on the Nusselt number is illustrated.
Addressing challenges of training a new generation of clinician-innovators through an interdisciplinary medical technology design program: Bench-to-Bedside

Graduate medical education has traditionally focused on training future physicians to be outstanding clinicians with basic and clinical science research skills. This focus has resulted in substantial knowledge gains, but a modest return on investment based on direct improvements in clinical care. In today’s shifting healthcare landscape, a number of important challenges must be overcome to not only improve the delivery of healthcare, but to prepare future physicians to think outside the box, focus on and create healthcare innovations, and navigate the complex legal, business and regulatory hurdles of bringing innovation to the bedside. We created an interdisciplinary and experiential medical technology design competition to address these challenges and train medical students interested in moving new and innovative clinical solutions to the forefront of medicine. Medical students were partnered with business, law, design and engineering students to form interdisciplinary teams focused on developing solutions to unmet clinical needs. Over the course of six months teams were provided access to clinical and industry mentors, $500 prototyping funds, development facilities, and non-mandatory didactic lectures in ideation, design, intellectual property, FDA regulatory requirements, prototyping, market analysis, business plan development and capital acquisition. After four years of implementation, the program has supported 396 participants, seen the development of 91 novel medical devices, and launched the formation of 24 new companies. From our perspective, medical education programs that develop innovation training programs and shift incentives from purely traditional basic and clinical science research to also include high-risk innovation will see increased student engagement in improving healthcare delivery and an increase in the quality and quantity of innovative solutions to medical problems being brought to market.
The role of chaos in neural systems

The ideas of dynamical chaos have altered our understanding of the origin of random appearing behavior in many fields of physics and engineering. In the 1980s and 1990s these new viewpoints about apparent random oscillations arising in deterministic systems were investigated in neurophysiology and have led to quite successful reports of chaos in experimental and theoretical investigations. This paper is a "view" paper addressing the role of chaos in living systems, not just reviewing the evidence for its existence, and in particular we ask about the utility of chaotic behavior in nervous systems. From our point of view chaotic oscillations of individual neurons may not be essential for the observed activity of neuronal assemblies but may, instead, be responsible for the multitude of regular regimes of operation that can be accomplished by elements which are chaotic. The organization of chaotic elements in assemblies where their synchronization can result in organized adaptive and reliable activities may lead to general principles used by nature in accomplishing critical functional goals.
Abnormal liver enzymes and human chorionic gonadotropin elevation in abdominal testicular seminoma

A case of seminoma in an abdominal testis is presented in which abnormal liver enzyme as well as elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels were present which returned to normal after surgical extirpation of the primary lesion. A review of pertinent literature and implications of these unusual findings are presented.
Colonial Amnesias, Photographic Memories, and Demographic Biopolitics at the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA)

Abstract This article provides readers with a biopolitical critique of the recent debates that have swirled around the renovations at the Royal Museum for Central Africa (rmca) and the ‘Memory of Congo’ exhibits. The author argues that the rmca has become a contested site of memory, where some older photographs that were once used in Congo Reform Movements have been reappropriated in (post)colonial disputes about the epistemic and demographic features of what Adam Hochschild has called the forgotten Congolese ‘holocaust’.
Unfinished nursing care, missed care, and implicitly rationed care: State of the science review.

Abstract Objectives The purposes of this review of unfinished care were to: (1) compare conceptual definitions and frameworks associated with unfinished care and related synonyms (i.e. missed care, implicitly rationed care; and care left undone); (2) compare and contrast approaches to instrumentation; (3) describe prevalence and patterns; (4) identify antecedents and outcomes; and (5) describe mitigating interventions. Methods A literature search in CINAHL and MEDLINE identified 1828 articles; 54 met inclusion criteria. Search terms included: implicit ration*, miss* care, ration* care, task* undone, and unfinish*care. Analysis was performed in three phases: initial screening and sorting, comprehensive review for data extraction (first author), and confirmatory review to validate groupings, major themes, and interpretations (second author). Results Reviewed literature included 42 quantitative reports; 7 qualitative reports; 1 mixed method report; and 4 scientific reviews. With one exception, quantitative studies involved observational cross-sectional survey designs. A total of 22 primary samples were identified; 5 involved systematic sampling. The response rate was >60% in over half of the samples. Unfinished care was measured with 14 self-report instruments. Most nursing personnel (55–98%) reported leaving at least 1 task undone. Estimates increased with survey length, recall period, scope of response referent, and scope of resource scarcity considered. Patterns of unfinished care were consistent with the subordination of teaching and emotional support activities to those related to physiologic needs and organizational audits. Predictors of unfinished care included perceived team interactions, adequacy of resources, safety climate, and nurse staffing. Unfinished care is a predictor of: decreased nurse-reported care quality, decreased patient satisfaction; increased adverse events; increased turnover; decreased job and occupational satisfaction; and increased intent to leave. Discussion & conclusions Unfinished care is a significant problem in acute care hospitals internationally. Prioritization strategies of nurses leave patients vulnerable to unmet educational, emotional, and psychological needs. Key limitations of the science include the threat of common method/source bias, a lack of transparency regarding the use of combined samples and secondary analysis, inconsistency in the reporting format for unfinished care prevalence, and a paucity of intervention studies.
Automated analysis structures for BiCMOS process simulation, development, and verification

This paper presents a system of BiCMOS process step simulation, development, and verification using automatically generated physical test structures. During process development, detailed unit process step deliverables are compiled in a document called the process technology table (PTT). These targets are initially set by equipment capabilities, product needs, and process simulations, but every PTT entry must be ultimately verified on silicon. Therefore, the process development engineers require a method of specifying, simulating, and analyzing a large variety of process test structures. A computer-aided design system to do this has been developed. The particulars of its use during the integration of a 0.35-/spl mu/m BiCMOS process flow are presented. Details about a novel cross-sectional structure labeling and identification scheme are also presented.
Preventing Violence through Empathy Development in Families

Families can help prevent violence through nurturing empathy in their children. This article provides the framework for supporting families in becoming active in their children’s development of empathy. Strategies are provided that help parents and family implement empathy development.
A characteristic matrix approach for analyzing resonant ring lattice devices

A novel analysis method of lattice-ring structures is proposed. It uses a recursive relationship between different orders of optical paths to derive individual transfer functions of all orders. The total transfer function of the device is simply an infinite summation of them. It exhibits a compact form and can relate device parameters and poles mathematically.
Doctoral Research in Supply Chain Management and/or Logistics-Related Areas: 1999-2004

This paper presents an overview and summary of doctoral dissertations related to supply chain management (SCM) and logistics for the period of 1999-2004. A total of 410 entries from Dissertation Abstracts have been identified. Findings relating to this latest study period are presented and comparisons are made to previous compendiums covering 1970-1986, 1987-1991 and 1992-1998. A larger number of colleges and universities are granting degrees in SCM and logistics-related areas and some new institutions have entered the field, resulting in a distinct increasing trend in the absolute number of dissertations being published. The most popular dissertation topics in current research are decision support systems, inventory management, miscellaneous transportation (models, networks, policy issues, routing and scheduling) and supply chain management issues. Traditional transportation, warehousing and storage, distribution resource planning, just-in-time, Kanban and manufacturing resource planning topics have experienced downturns in terms of the number of doctoral dissertations being published. Relatively few dissertations in any of the time periods have been published on engineering logistics, human resources, location analysis, order processing and information systems, packaging and total quality management.
The Diffusion of Charged Particles in Collisional Plasmas: Free and Ambipolar Diffusion at Low and Moderate Pressures

The interpretation of measurements of the properties of weakly ionized plasmas in terms of diffusion of electrons and ions is reviewed both critically and tutorially. A particular effort is made to tie together various aspects of charged particle diffusion phenomena in quiescent, partially ionized plasmas. The concepts of diffusion length and effective diffusion coefficient and the treatment of partially reflecting boundaries are developed in the limit of the space-chargefree motion of the electrons or ions. A simplified derivation of the screening length for space charge electric fields is followed by a review of the conventional derivation of diffusion in the ambipolar limit. A discussion of the scaling parameters of the ratio of the diffusion length to the screening length and the ratio of the diffusion length to the ion mean-free-path leads to a map used to correlate published models covering the complete range of these parameters. The models of measurements of the diffusion of electrons, several types of positive ions, and negative ions are reviewed. The role of diffusion in the decay of charged particle densities and wall currents during the afterglow of a discharge is then considered. The effects of collapse of the space charge field and of diffusion cooUng are reviewed. Finally, the application of the diffusion models to a number of different discharges is discussed.
Evaluating Software Complexity Measures

A set of properties of syntactic software complexity measures is proposed to serve as a basis for the evaluation of such measures. Four known complexity measures are evaluated and compared using these criteria. This formalized evaluation clarifies the strengths and weaknesses of the examined complexity measures, which include the statement count, cyclomatic number, effort measure, and data flow complexity measures. None of these measures possesses all nine properties, and several are found to fail to possess particularly fundamental properties; this failure calls into question their usefulness in measuring synthetic complexity. >
Targeting adenoviral vectors for enhanced gene therapy of uterine leiomyomas

study question: Is targeted adenovirus vector, Ad-SSTR-RGD-TK (Adenovirus – human somatostatin receptor subtype 2- arginine, glycine and aspartate-thymidine kinase), given in combination with ganciclovir (GCV) against immortalized human leiomyoma cells (HuLM) a potential therapy for uterine fibroids? summaryanswer: Ad-SSTR-RGD-TK/GCV, a targeted adenovirus, effectively reduces cell growth in HuLM cells and to a significantly greater extent than in human uterine smooth muscle cells (UtSM). what is known already: Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas), a major cause of morbidity and the most common indication for hysterectomy in premenopausal women, are well-defined tumors, making gene therapy a suitable and potentially effective non-surgical approach for treatment. Transduction of uterine fibroid cells with adenoviral vectors such as Ad-TK/GCV (herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene) decreases cell proliferation. study design, size, duration: An in vitro cell culture method was set up to compare and test the efficacy of a modified adenovirus vector with different multiplicities of infection in two human immortalized cell lines for 5 days. participants/materials, setting, methods: Immortalized human leiomyoma cells and human uterine smooth muscle cells were infected with different multiplicities of infection (MOI) (5 –100 plaque-forming units (pfu)/cell) of a modified Ad-SSTR-RGD-TK vector and subsequently treated with GCV. For comparison, HuLM and UtSM cells were transfected with Ad-TK/GCV and Ad-LacZ/GCV. Cell proliferation was measured using the CyQuant assay in both cell types. Additionally, western blotting was used to assess the expression of proteins responsible for regulating proliferation and apoptosis in the cells. mainresultsandtheroleofchance: Transduction of HuLM cells with Ad-SSTR-RGD-TK/GCV at 5, 10, 50 and 100 pfu/cell decreased cell proliferation by 28, 33, 45, and 84%, respectively (P , 0.05) compared with untransfected cells, whereas cell proliferation in UtSM cells transfected with the same four MOIs of Ad-SSTR-RGD-TK/GCV compared with that of untransfected cells was decreased only by 8, 23, 25, and 28%, respectively (P , 0.01). Western blot analysis showed that, in comparison with the untargeted vector Ad-TK, Ad-SSTR-RGD-TK/GCV more effectively reduced expression of proteins that regulate the cell cycle (Cyclin D1) and proliferation (PCNA, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen), and it induced expression of the apoptotic protein BAX, in HuLM cells. limitations, reasons for caution: Results from this study need to be replicated in an appropriate animal model before testing this adenoviral vector in a human trial. wider implications of the findings: Effective targeting of gene therapy to leiomyoma cells enhances its potential as a noninvasive treatment of uterine fibroids.
Controllability of a class of nonlinear systems with drift

Presents sufficient conditions which guarantee that a class of third order nonlinear control systems with a time-dependent drift is controllable in a slab. Assuming that the controllability conditions are satisfied the authors construct a control function which steers the system from an arbitrary initial state in the slab to an arbitrary final state in the slab over a given period of time. >
Handling Negation in General Deductive Databases: A Program Transformation Method

In this paper, we present a program transformation approach to compute the stable models of general deductive databases. Stable models have important applications in knowledge representation, database integration and repairs as well as in eciently solving NP-complete problems. The method introduced in the paper rst transforms the given deductive database with arbitrary negation into a \semantically" equivalent deductive database with \limited" negation. It then computes the \Fitting" model (a weaker form of the well-founded model) in a bottom-up manner. The Fitting model is a unique 3-valued model and the proposed method uses this model as a starting point to generate-and-test models for stability. Experimental analysis shows a large speed-up compared to generating the stable models from denition. The transformation algorithm introduces two new predicates, p plus and p minus, for each predicate p in the original deductive database. These new predicates collect the positive and negative conclusions for the predicates from the database dened by the Fitting model. The transformed database does not contain the original negations as they are replaced by the plus and minus versions of the predicates. Although the transformation algorithm introduces negations, these are easily handled by traditional bottom up evaluators as these negations are always present in a limited manner.
The EPIC Kids Study: a randomized family-focused YMCA-based intervention to prevent type 2 diabetes in at-risk youth

It is well established that behavioral lifestyle interventions resulting in modest weight reduction in adults can prevent or delay type 2 diabetes mellitus; however in children, successful weight management interventions are rarely found outside of controlled clinical settings. The lack of effective community-based programs is a barrier to reducing obesity prevalence and diabetes risk in children. The objective of our study is to develop and test a group-randomized family-centered community-based type 2 diabetes prevention intervention targeting at-risk children, 9- to 12-years-old. Using participatory methods, the adult-focused YMCA Diabetes Prevention Program was adapted for families, creating a novel lifestyle behavior change program focused on healthy eating, physical activity, and a supportive home environment. The program will be tested in sixty 9- to 12-year-old children at risk of diabetes and sixty parents over 12 consecutive weeks with two intervention formats randomized by location: a face-to-face instructor-led program, or a hybrid program with alternating face-to-face and mobile technology-delivered content. Anthropometric, behavioral, psychosocial and physiological outcomes will be assessed at baseline, post-intervention (12 weeks), and follow-up (24 weeks). Secondary outcomes are participant acceptability, feasibility, and adherence. The RE-AIM framework (reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation, and maintenance) will guide intervention implementation and evaluation. Changes at 12 weeks will be assessed using a paired t-test combining both delivery formats. Exploratory models using linear regression analysis will estimate the magnitude of the difference between the face-to-face and hybrid format. The sample size of 60 children, informed by a previous YMCA intervention in which −4.3 % change in overweight (SE = 1.1) was observed over 6 months, will give us 80 % power to detect an effect size of this magnitude, assuming a one-sided test at alpha = 0.05. The proposed study capitalizes on a partnership with the YMCA, a popular and widespread community organization, and uses mobile technologies to extend program reach while potentially reducing burden associated with weekly attendance. The long-term goal is to create a scalable, replicable, and sustainable pediatric “diabesity” prevention program that overcomes existing barriers to the translation of efficacious interventions into effective community programs. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02421198 on April 15, 2015
Morphologic Findings in Bone Marrow Precursor Cells in Zinc-Induced Copper Deficiency Anemia

Damage to the bone marrow elements, as shown by cytoplasmic vacuolization, has been reported in patients with acute alcohol intoxication, drug reactions, nutritional deficiencies, myeloproliferative syndromes, malignant hematologic conditions, some metabolic conditions, and in those treated with chemotherapeutic agents. A case of zinc toxicity with anemia, leukopenia, and cytoplasmic vacuolization of both myeloid and erythroid precursors is described. The patient described was a 30-year-old quadriplegic man who was receiving oral zinc to promote the healing of and prevention of decubitus ulcers. In the gut, dietary zinc interacts with copper in a competitive manner, and high levels of zinc can lead to copper deficiency. Zinc-induced copper deficiency anemia can be morphologically identified in the bone marrow preparations by cytoplasmic vacuolization of both myeloid and erythroid precursor elements.
Effects of fuel ignition quality on critical equivalence ratio for autoignition

Many advanced combustion modes utilize a premixed charge, which can vary from partially premixed to fully premixed, to simultaneously reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX) and particulate matter (PM). However, the partially premixed charge results in excessive emissions of total hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) from incomplete combustion. High ignition quality fuels, or fuels with high cetane numbers, have been in shown previous studies to enable reductions of THC and CO emissions during advanced diesel combustion operation. Many factors were suggested which contribute to the lower THC and CO emissions produced by the combustion of a high cetane fuel. Among the proposed factors was that a high cetane number fuel will have a lower combustion lean limit than a low cetane number fuel, thus resisting incomplete combustion. This theory was examined in the present work where the critical equivalence ratio (ϕ), the minimum equivalence ratio at which a fuel can autoignite, was identified for diesel...