cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When Less May Be More: Scaling Limited Treatment Resources Using a Stepped-Care Model

Limited resources require community-based outpatient clinics to effectively prioritize problems in the comorbid borderline personality disorder (BPD) patient. This resource utilization imperative flies against a tendency for clinicians to refer BPD patients prematurely to intensive specialized treatments before they have received adequate trials of generalist treatment. Once non-BPD diagnoses are appropriately stabilized, optimizing the intensity of BPD-targeted treatment for each patient becomes paramount, in order to apportion the limited community-based treatment resources to meet the needs of the greatest number of BPD patients over time. Fortunately, most patients improve and even remit with care from attentive generalist clinicians, or even well-supervised trainees, without need for resource-intensive specialist treatments for BPD. Change is expected. But clinicians must insist early and often that the patient continually collaborate with them to evaluate whether progress is being made. Accountability on the part of clinician and patient is required, and change should be measured against the yardstick of “building a life worth living.” As long as this is occurring treatment should continue.
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous hydromorphone in horses.

Abstract Objective Describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous hydromorphone in healthy horses. Study design Masked, randomized, cross-over, Latin square design. Animals A group of eight healthy adult horses Methods Horses were administered each of four treatments with an 8 day washout. Treatments groups included intravenous hydromorphone 0.02 mg kg–1 (LD), 0.04 mg kg–1 (MD), 0.08 mg kg–1 (HD) and saline (P). Blood samples for hydromorphone analysis were obtained for 24 hours after treatment. Plasma hydromorphone was quantified and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using non-compartmental analysis. Pharmacodynamic data collected for 24 hours after treatment included thermal nociceptive threshold, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR) and rectal temperature, and analyzed using mixed-effects linear models. Results Mean (± standard deviation) hydromorphone terminal half-life (t1/2), systemic clearance and apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) were 18.1 ± 18.6, 34.0 ± 12.8, and 41.3 ± 32.5 minutes, 66.6 ± 5.3, 550.0 ± 76.4, and 92.7 ± 13.9 mL kg–1 minute–1, and 1118 ± 369, 1460 ± 325 and 2242 ± 950 mL kg–1 for treatments LD, MD and HD, respectively. Thermal threshold increased significantly compared to baseline for all treatments for up to 12 hours. HR was elevated above baseline in treatments LD, MD and HD, extending to 30, 15 and 105 minutes after treatment, respectively. Respiratory rate was elevated above baseline in treatments MD and HD from 30 to 195 minutes and from 45 to 480 minutes after treatment, respectively. Temperature was elevated above baseline in treatment HD until 255 minutes after treatment. Conclusions Hydromorphone exhibited a short t1/2, rapid clearance and large Vdss in horses. It also provided a dose-dependent increase in thermal threshold with associated increases in HR, fR and rectal temperature. Clinical relevance Hydromorphone 0.04 mg kg–1 provided clinically relevant thermal antinociception with minimal adverse effects.
Using node and socket information to implement MPI Cartesian topologies

Abstract The MPI API provides support for Cartesian process topologies, including the option to reorder the processes to achieve better communication performance. But MPI implementations rarely provide anything useful for the reorder option, typically ignoring it. One argument made is that modern interconnects are fast enough that applications are less sensitive to the exact layout of processes onto the system. However, intranode communication performance is much greater than internode communication performance. In this paper, we show a simple approach that takes into account only information about which MPI processes are on the same node to provide a fast and effective implementation of the MPI Cartesian topology routine. While not optimal, this approach provides a significant improvement over all tested MPI implementations and provides an implementation that may be used as the default in any MPI implementation of MPI_Cart_create . We also explore the impact of taking into account the mapping of processes to processor chips or sockets, and show that this is both relatively easy to accomplish but provides only a small improvement in performance.
Theoretical assessment of the structure and stability of the λ phase of nitrogen

The $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ phase of nitrogen was reported in 2016 and is one of more than a dozen high-pressure solid nitrogen forms that have been discovered. However, its crystal structure could not be solved unambiguously from powder diffraction alone; rather the reported structure was determined by combining experimental monoclinic lattice parameters with atomic positions from an earlier, computationally predicted structure that had similar unit cell dimensions. Here, we revisit this structure using density functional theory and higher-level fragment-based second-order M\o{}ller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) and coupled cluster singles, doubles, and perturbative triples [CCSD(T)]. Crystal structure prediction is performed to demonstrate that the reported $P{2}_{1}/c$ structure is indeed the likeliest candidate for the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ phase. Furthermore, we provide further evidence for the structural assignment by demonstrating reasonable agreement between its predicted and experimental structural parameters and Raman spectra. Finally, the thermodynamic stability of the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ phase relative to other phases has been uncertain, but the calculations do suggest that it may be the thermodynamically most stable phase for at least part of the pressure range over which it has been observed.
Metal Ion Effects on Fullerene/Porphyrin Cocrystallization

This investigation presents a systematic examination of the late transition metal octaethylporphyrins MII(OEP) with M = Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn as cocrystallization agents for C60. In each case, the ful...
Managing Cognitive Load in Multimedia Presentations: Reducing Extraneous Processing.

Implementation of cognitive theory–based principles can reduce extraneous processing for learners and increase the effectiveness of multimedia presentations in medical education.
Multiple primary prostate tumors with differential drug sensitivity.

342Background: The differential aggressiveness of potentially independent prostate cancer clones remains largely unknown. Appropriate prostate cancer staging using mpMRI and biopsy tissue can be co...
Encapsulation of vitamin D3 in gum arabic to enhance bioavailability and stability for beverage applications

Delivery of vitamin D3 (VD3 ) in foods should exhibit desirable physicochemical characteristics and improves absorption. In this study, gum arabic (GA) was investigated as a VD3 carrier to encapsulate VD3 . VD3 dissolved in 5 mL ethanol corresponding to 0.3 to 6.0% mass of GA, was blended in 5.0% w/v GA solution, followed by freeze drying. The encapsulation efficiency decreased while loading capacity increased with an increased amount of VD3 . At the highest VD3 level, the loading capacity (3.47%) was the highest, and the encapsulation efficiency (61.24%) was satisfactory, and the treatment was further studied. The magnitude of negative zeta-potential increased from 3.1 to 31.0 mV at pH 2.0 to 7.4. During the 100-day storage at 3 °C of capsules reconstituted at pH 2.0 to 7.4, the hydrodynamic diameter decreased at all pH conditions, most evident for reduction to 81.3 nm at pH 7.4, and no precipitation was observed, indicating the significance of steric repulsion on capsule stability. Bioaccessibility of VD3 in capsules (95.76%) was significantly higher than the nonencapsulated VD3 (68.98%). The in vivo pharmacokinetic study in Sprague-Dawley rats after a single-dose of 300 µg VD3 showed the area-under-curve of serum 25(OHD) level in 48 hr of the encapsulation treatment was 4.32-fold of the nonencapsulated VD3 and more than twice higher than the VD3 -GA physical mixture. During 2-week supplementation of 60 µg VD3 /d, rats receiving capsules or physical mixture had 25(OH)D levels of at least 81 ng/mL higher than that of the nonencapsulated VD3 group. The studied encapsulation system holds great potential as a value-added ingredient to supplement VD3 in beverages with a wide pH range. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The findings of this study demonstrated the improved dispersion stability and absorption of vitamin D3 after encapsulation in gum arabic. The capsules exhibited good dispersion stability across a pH range between 2.0 and 7.4, showing potential application in beverages. Furthermore, the enhanced absorption of VD3 after encapsulation highlights the nutritional benefits of the studied encapsulation system.
Storage characteristics and nutritive value of moist large-round bales of alfalfa or alfalfa–grass hay treated with a propionic acid–based preservative

ABSTRACT Objectives Our objectives for 2 experiments were to evaluate storage characteristics and changes in nutritive value for large-round bales of alfalfa or alfalfa–grass hays made with or without a propionic acid–based preservative. Materials and Methods In Exp. 1, 18 large-round bales (83% alfalfa, 17% mixed grass) were produced (20.6% moisture) in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of bale diameters (1.2 or 1.5 m) and preservative-application strategies (fully automated, fully automated assuming a constant baling rate, or control). For Exp. 2, 28 (1.5-m diameter) large-round bales of alfalfa hay were produced in an unbalanced, completely randomized design (20.2% moisture; 16 acid treated, 12 controls). Results and Discussion For Exp. 1, all measures of spontaneous heating differed (P ≤ 0.037) between the 1.2- and 1.5-m bale diameters, with the larger diameter exhibiting greater maximum internal bale temperatures (46.1 vs. 41.6°C; P = 0.012) and greater total heating degree days >30°C (HDD) during storage (334 vs. 106 HDD; P = 0.024). In Exp. 2, all 16 acid-treated bales initially exhibited heating suppression relative to control hays but differed only numerically for total HDD (450 vs. 628 HDD; P = 0.223) after storage; within acid-treated hays, 9 of 16 bales incurred a secondary heating response, primarily after 25 d in storage. Implications and Applications Bale size has a strong effect on preservative effectiveness, and the secondary and extended heating responses exhibited by some acid-treated hays partially explains the mixed overall responses to preservative application noted in some previous experiments.
The Aging Auditory System: Electrophysiology

Aging results in a complex pattern of changes from the cochlea to the cortex. Through the use of neuroimaging techniques, including electrophysiology (EEG), effects of age on neural structure and function have been identified at the level of the auditory nerve, midbrain, and auditory cortex. This chapter takes a systems approach and describes results from electrophysiologic studies of the aging auditory system and focuses on the effects of age, experience, and disease.
A framework for identification of a resting-bold connectome associated with cognitive reserve

The concept of cognitive reserve proposes that specific life experiences result in more flexible or resilient cognitive processing allowing some people to cope better with age- or disease-related brain changes than others. Imaging studies seeking to understand the neural implementation of cognitive reserve have most often used task-related fMRI studies. Using that approach, we recently described a task-invariant cognitive-reserve network whose expression correlated with IQ and that moderated between cortical thickness and cognitive performance. Here we sought to identify a pattern of resting BOLD connectivity related to cognitive reserve. We identified a connectome pattern whose connectivity correlated with IQ in both the derivation sample and a separate replication sample. The majority of the edges showing positive relationships with IQ implicate frontal regions. In the derivation sample, connectivity either moderated the relationship between mean cortical thickness and a set of cognitive outcomes or accounted for unique variance in cognitive performance after accounting for cortical thickness. In a replication sample we found that expression of this connectome correlated significantly with the primary endpoint of IQ, and also accounted for unique variance in cognitive performance beyond cortical thickness. Our findings represent an intermediate level of replication and are unlikely to have arisen purely by type-I error. This connectivity pattern therefore meets some of our theoretical criteria for a cognitive reserve-related network and provides insight into the neural implementation of cognitive reserve. Further, expression of this connectome could potentially be used as a direct measure of cognitive reserve, and as an outcome measure for intervention studies that seek to influence cognitive reserve. Future validation of and re-derivation of the pattern in expanded data sets by our and other groups will lead to further improved estimates of cognitive reserve in resting functional connectivity.
Impact of Psychiatric Comorbidities on Surgical Outcomes for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Abstract Background Psychiatric comorbidities (PCs) have been associated with poor surgical outcomes in several malignancies. However, the impact of PCs on surgical outcomes for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains largely unknown. Methods NSCLC patients who underwent pulmonary resection at a single institution between 2006 and 2017 were included. Presence of preoperative PCs was identified by documented diagnostic codes. Demographic, histopathologic, perioperative, and survival data were analyzed. Categorical variables were compared using the χ2 or Fisher exact test. Overall and disease-free survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed for 30-day readmission. Results Among 2907 patients, PCs were present preoperatively in 180 (6%), including anxiety, 130 (72%); depression, 52 (29%); adjustment disorder, 28 (16%); alcohol abuse, 16 (9%); sleep disorder, 8 (4%); and schizophrenia, 3 (2%). Patients with PCs were younger, with fewer cardiovascular complications. There were no differences in length of stay. However, PCs led to increased 30-day readmission (12% vs 6%, P = .004). Reasons for readmission did not differ between groups (P = .679). Multivariable analysis showed PCs independently predicted 30-day readmission (odds ratio, 2.00; P = .005). Importantly, there were no differences in 30- or 90-day mortality (P = .495 and P = .748, respectively), overall survival (P = .439), or disease-free survival (P = .924). Conclusions NSCLC patients with and without PCs experienced similar perioperative and long-term outcomes, suggesting that individuals should not be denied surgical care on the basis of such comorbidities. However, further research should seek to identify reasons for increased risk of readmission for patients with PCs and validate these findings in other settings.
Encouraging Creativity, Excellence, Innovation, Knowledge and Justice, Across the Ages: Non Governmental Organisations and Their Role in Sustainable Development (Presentation Slides)

Through a consideration of the goals and objectives of selected non governmental organisations, this presentation aims to highlight how such institutions can facilitate the goals of sustainable development, as well as encourage platforms for creative thinking and innovative programming methods and techniques.
Protective genes and pathways in Alzheimer's disease: moving towards precision interventions.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and an eventual inability to perform daily tasks. The etiology of Alzheimer’s is complex, with numerous environmental and genetic factors contributing to the disease. Late-onset AD is highly heritable (60 to 80%), and over 40 risk loci for AD have been identified via large genome-wide association studies, most of which are common variants with small effect sizes. Although these discoveries have provided novel insight on biological contributors to AD, disease-modifying treatments remain elusive. Recently, the concepts of resistance to pathology and resilience against the downstream consequences of pathology have been of particular interest in the Alzheimer’s field as studies continue to identify individuals who evade the pathology of the disease even into late life and individuals who have all of the neuropathological features of AD but evade downstream neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. It has been hypothesized that a shift in focus from Alzheimer’s risk to resilience presents an opportunity to uncover novel biological mechanisms of AD and to identify promising therapeutic targets for the disease. This review will highlight a selection of genes and variants that have been reported to confer protection from AD within the literature and will also discuss evidence for the biological underpinnings behind their protective effect with a focus on genes involved in lipid metabolism, cellular trafficking, endosomal and lysosomal function, synaptic function, and inflammation. Finally, we offer some recommendations in areas where the field can rapidly advance towards precision interventions that leverage the ideas of protection and resilience for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Comprehensive genomic profiling of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPeM) reveals key genomic alterations (GAs) distinct from malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM).

8557Background: MPeM is a rare and aggressive cancer with very limited treatment options. Lack of dedicated research has impeded improvements in outcomes. Defining prevalent GAs is a critical unmet...
The Centrality of Cultural Considerations in Facilitating Training for Adults

Teaching and learning are social and cultural activities. Across cultures, people have different ways of communicating, interacting, and learning. Consequently, learning may not occur without under...
Welfare Enhancing Decisions of Cartels: The Effect of a Second Referee in the NHL

This paper presents evidence that centralized decision-making within a cartel can be welfare enhancing for not only cartel members but also consumers. When the National Hockey League introduced a second referee to hockey games, rules enforcement and scoring improved, while simultaneously fighting was reduced. Empirical evidence indicates that attendance was not influenced by additional rules enforcement while national television viewership increased with scoring and did not decrease with the decline in fighting. Based upon the general axiom of revealed preference and the assumption that more television viewers translates to more media revenues, it is concluded that the cartel decision to include a second referee was welfare enhancing for hockey franchises and consumers alike.
AFFILIATION OF AUTHORS IN TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS ACADEMIC JOURNALS: A REASSESSMENT

This article presents an update of an ongoing study looking at author affiliation and institutional productivity based on articles published in peer-reviewed journals dealing with logistics, supply chain management, and transportation. In addition, the authors study the current status and future trends of journals in electronic format. Their findings reveal that an increasing percentage of contributions are coming from academic instead of nonacademic authors. Stability is seen in the publication output of the top ten ranked institutions. The study also finds that several new universities, including schools located outside of North America, are now ranked in the top twenty five institutions.
Private thoughts and public actions:: A commentary on articles dealing with ethical issues in evaluation

Abstract This commentary represents a personal reaction to seven articles on ethical issues in evaluation. The author of the commentary begins with two assumptions: (1) Professional evaluators might not have the vocabulary and constructs to analyze their thoughts and actions in ethical terms, and (2) professional evaluators have often confronted troubling situations that probably contain ethical issues embedded within them. Consequently, she queries the seven articles individually and collectively in terms of the following questions: 1. What is the range of ethical problems I might encounter as an evaluator; and how do I recognize the ethical characteristics of professional dilemmas? 2. How do I describe troubling evaluation problems I have encountered that seem to have an ethical component? 3. What are some approaches I have used or might use in thinking about a proper course of action? 4. How do I know if, in a given situation, I have behaved ethically? 5. Where do we go from here?
Effects of anharmonicity of molecular vibrations on the diffraction of electrons : Part IV. "Anharmonic shrinkage"

Abstract Recent observations of anharmonic pseudo-shrinkages in polyatomic molecules greatly exceeding the genuine shrinkage due to vibrational foreshortening have forced a re-examination of anharmonically induced skewing of internuclear distribution peaks for non-bonded distances. It is found that the so called “predictive model” introduced to treat skewing in three-atom fragments X—A—X, is entirely-inadequate for multiligated cases such as AX 4 and AX 6 . The physical basis of the observed “anharmonic shrinkage” is discussed and a theoretical treatment relating observed peak skewing to anharmonic potential terms is developed. Because practically no spectroscopic or quantum theoretical information exists to test the expressions derived, a simple mechanical model, found in previous studies to have considerable predictive power for quadratic force fields, has been extended to cubic terms. It accounts reasonably well for the observations of anomalous “shrinkages” in hot CF 4 , SiF 6 and SF 6 . Accordingly, it appears that diffraction studies may be able to provide new insights into the physical character of molecular force fields.
Abstract 18178: Cardiac Index Declines During Long-term LVAD Support

Background: It is increasingly common for patients to be supported by left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) for an extended period of time. At our institution, we have anecdotally noticed a decline in functional status during the course of prolonged LVAD therapy. Our objective was to analyze hemodynamic and echocardiographic data of patients with at least 2 years of ongoing LVAD support. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent HeartMate II implantation between 2005 and 2012. Of the 131 patients reviewed, we identified 20 patients who were supported by LVADs for at least 2 years and had right heart catheterization (RHC) in both the initial postoperative period and at 2-3 year follow-up. No patients were on inotropic therapy at the time of RHC. Results: The mean times of initial and follow-up post-LVAD RHCs were 59 ± 41 days and 889 ± 160 days, respectively. Cardiac index (CI) declined by an average of 0.4 L/min/m2 over the study period (p=0.04). Other than a reduction in transpulmonary gradient, no other hemodynamic differences were observed. There was a statistically significant worsening of aortic insufficiency (AI) at follow-up. However, when dichotomized by the median change in CI (-0.4 L/min/m2), there is no difference in AI between groups (p =0.60). In fact, 2 of the 3 patients with moderate AI had an increase in CI. There were no differences in pump speed, mean pressure, aortic valve opening, or lactate dehydrogenase between initial and follow up periods (Table 1). Conclusion: In the first study to report long term hemodynamic follow up in patients supported by HeartMate II LVADs, cardiac index significantly declined over time. The decline was not the result of worsening right ventricular function or valvular regurgitation nor a difference in pump speed or blood pressure. This is a potentially worrisome finding, especially for destination therapy patients. Further studies are needed to understand what factors may contribute to this decline. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Exhaled nitric oxide in childhood asthma: a review

As an 'inflammometer', the fraction of nitric oxide in exhaled air (FE NO ) is increasingly used in the management of paediatric asthma. FE NO provides us with valuable, additional information regarding the nature of underlying airway inflammation, and complements lung function testing and measurement of airway hyper-reactivity. This review focuses on clinical applications of FE NO in paediatric asthma. First, FE NO provides us with a practical tool to aid in the diagnosis of asthma and distinguish patients who will benefit from inhaled corticosteroids from those who will not. Second, FE NO is helpful in predicting exacerbations, and predicting successful steroid reduction or withdrawal. In atopic asthmatic children FE NO is beneficial in adjusting steroid doses, discerning those patients who require additional therapy from those whose medication dose could feasibly be reduced. In pre-school children FE NO may be of help in the differential diagnosis of respiratory symptoms, and may potentially allow for better targeting and monitoring of anti-inflammatory treatment.
An empirical analysis of algorithms for constructing a minimum spanning tree

We compare algorithms for the construction of a minimum spanning tree through largescale experimentation on randomly generated graphs of different structures and different densities. In order to extrapolate with confidence, we use graphs with up to 130,000 nodes (sparse) or 750,000 edges (dense). Algorithms included in our experiments are Prim's algorithm (implemented with a variety of priority queues), Kruskal's algorithm (using presorting or demand sorting), Cheriton and Tarjan's algorithm, and Fredman and Tarjan's algorithm. We also ran a large variety of tests to investigate low-level implementation decisions for the data structures, as well as to enable us to eliminate the effect of compilers and architectures.
Ultraviolet emission from young and middle-aged pulsars

We present the UV spectroscopy and timing of three nearby pulsars (Vela, B0656+14 and Geminga) recently observed with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. We also review the optical and X-ray properties of these pulsars and establish their connection with the UV properties. We show that the multiwavelengths properties of neutron stars (NSs) vary significantly within the sample of middle-aged pulsars. Even larger differences are found between the thermal components of Geminga and B0656+14 as compared to those of radio-quiet isolated NSs. These differences could be attributed to different properties of the NS surface layers.
Cultivating an Ecological Conscience: Essays from a Farmer Philosopher, by Frederick L. Kirschenmann

For those well acquainted with the writings of Dr. Fred Kirschenmann from North Dakota, this collection of essays will be a welcome assembly of his insight on farming practices, agricultural and fo...
The impact of psychosis on the course of cognition: a prospective, nested case-control study in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis

Background Although cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia are rooted early in development, the impact of psychosis on the course of cognitive functioning remains unclear. In this study a nested case-control design was used to examine the relationship between emerging psychosis and the course of cognition in individuals ascertained as clinical high-risk (CHR) who developed psychosis during the study (CHR + T). Method Fifteen CHR + T subjects were administered a neurocognitive battery at baseline and post-psychosis onset (8.04 months, s.d. = 10.26). CHR + T subjects were matched on a case-by-case basis on age, gender, and time to retest with a group of healthy comparison subjects (CNTL, n = 15) and two groups of CHR subjects that did not transition: (1) subjects matched on medication treatment (i.e. antipsychotics and antidepressants) at both baseline and retesting (Meds-matched CHR + NT, n = 15); (2) subjects unmedicated at both assessments (Meds-free CHR + NT, n = 15). Results At baseline, CHR + T subjects showed large global neurocognitive and intellectual impairments, along with specific impairments in processing speed, verbal memory, sustained attention, and executive function. These impairments persisted after psychosis onset and did not further deteriorate. In contrast, CHR + NT subjects demonstrated stable mild to no impairments in neurocognitive and intellectual performance, independent of medication treatment. Conclusions Cognition appears to be impaired prior to the emergence of psychotic symptoms, with no further deterioration associated with the onset of psychosis. Cognitive deficits represent trait risk markers, as opposed to state markers of disease status and may therefore serve as possible predictors of schizophrenia prior to the onset of the full illness.
Review: Interior Design for Libraries Drawing on Function & Appeal

Brown, Carol R. Interior Design for Libraries Drawing on Function & Appeal . Chicago and London: American Library Association, 2002. 143 pp. ISBN 0-8389-0829-2. $38.00.
The brain uses mostly dissolved oxygen during profoundly hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.

Abstract Background. During profoundly hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, cerebral venous oxygen saturation increases (eg, to 98% at 15°C). We reanalyzed results of clinical studies to learn why. Methods. One hundred sixty-eight cerebral oxygen transport measurements were available from 96 infants and children undergoing profoundly hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass during repair of congenital heart defects. Results. Dissolved oxygen accounted for 2% to 17% of arterial oxygen content, depending on the arterial oxygen partial pressure and hemoglobin concentration. The fraction of the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen obtained from dissolved oxygen depended on pump flow, temperature, hemoglobin concentration, and arterial oxygen partial pressure (all p −3 ). For "full-flow" cardiopulmonary bypass, temperatures less than 18°C, and arterial oxygen partial pressure measurements more than 180 mm Hg, the mean ± standard deviation of the fraction of cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen obtained from dissolved oxygen equaled 77% ± 19%. Conclusions. Dissolved oxygen satisfies most of the brain's oxygen requirements during profound hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. This result reflects four properties of profound hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass: (1) increases in hemoglobin's oxygen affinity due to profound hypothermia (which impairs oxygen transfer from hemoglobin to cerebral tissue), (2) use of hemodilution, (3) use of high arterial oxygen partial pressure, and (4) low cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:1725–9)
Regenerative Beam Extraction for the Berkeley 88-Inch Cyclotron

The electro-static regenerative beam extraction system for the Berkeley 88" cyclotron is described. Results of the orbit studies using the modified general orbit code are shown. The design features of the regenerator with a 3 section electro-static deflector are given. The results obtained from the machine tests are summarized.
Laparoscopy in the critically ill.

Background: Laparoscopy was evaluated in critically ill patients with suspected acute cholecystitis, mesenteric ischemia, or gastrointestinal perforation. We studied laparoscopy to assess its utility, accuracy, and effect on cardiopulmonary stability.
The Fus Fixico letters

Alexander Posey (1873-1908) was the most accomplished Indian writer of his day and one of the most important in American history. A well-known lyric poet, journalist, and political humorist in the Creek Nation, his literary works excited admiration and envy beyond the Indian Territory and throughout the country. His most significant contribution to literature is the body of humorous articles now called "The Fus Fixico Letters." In 1902 in the "Indian Journal," his newspaper, Posey introduced his most beloved persona, Fus Fixico (or, in English, "Heartless Bird"), an alleged conservative "Snake" Creek. Until Posey's death in 1908, Fixico retailed his conversations with his friends Hotgun and Toofpafka Micco, conveying their points of view about Indian politics, the prospects for an Indian state joining the Union, the irresponsibility of distant newspapers that reported on Indian events without stepping a foot from the road, and many other topics. This collection is especially timely since very little is known or appreciated about American Indian literature prior to the 1960s. A labor of years, it has taken uncommon diligence to find and annotate the letters, some of which now exist in a single fragile copy of the "Indian Journal." There are 72 letters in all.
Turbulence Descriptions in Two Cobble-Bed River Reaches

The hydrodynamic flow field in streams and rivers influences many ecological processes including organism dispersal, habitat use, and resource acquisition. Understanding the linkages between hydrodynamic and ecological processes is essential for developing effective restoration and management tools. Despite the pervasive influence of flow velocity and turbulence, the details of natural stream flow fields as they apply to ecological concepts are poorly understood. In this study, velocity and turbulence distributions were investigated at two spatial scales using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. The measurements were collected in two cobble-bed rivers with mean depths of approximately 0.5 m , relative roughness values between 0.12 and 0.33, and streamflow rates of 1.5 and 3.1 m3 ∕s . The analysis included mean velocity, Reynolds shear stress ( τR ) , turbulence intensity (TI), and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) vertical profiles and horizontal heterogeneity collected in riffle, run, and pool habitat units. T...
Relaxation Phenomena in Spin and Harmonic Oscillator Systems

A method is developed for generating relaxation by introducing a fundamental interval $\ensuremath{\tau}$ and a stirring hypothesis. The application to spin and harmonic oscillator systems is discussed in some detail. All the results are obtained by exact calculations without applying perturbation theory as the systems considered are simple and completely soluble. Equations similar to phenomenological Bloch equations are derived in the case of spin systems. The relaxation times obtained by the application of the theory are not only proportional to the strength of interaction, but also to the fundamental interval $\ensuremath{\tau}$ which plays an important role in the theory. It is shown that in the case of a harmonic oscillator system, an initial Boltzmann distribution relaxes to a final equilibrium Boltzman distribution through a sequence of transient Boltzman distributions.
Aging mechanisms in fruit flies

Genetic analysis of Drosophil has provided evidence in support of two proposed evolutionary genetic mechanisms of aging: mutation accumulation and antagonistic pleiotropy. Both mechanisms result from the lack of natural selection acting on old organisms. Analyses of large numbers of flies have revealed that mortality rates do not continue to rise with age as previously thought, but plateau at advanced ages. This phenomenon has implications both for models and for definitions of aging, and may be explained by the evolutionary theories. The physiological processes and genes most relevant to aging are being identified using Drosophila lines selected in the laboratory for postponed senescence. Oxidative stress and insufficient metabolic reserves/capacity may be particularly important factors in limiting the fruitfly lifespan. Genes which exhibit aging-related changes in expression are now being identified. Transgenic flies are being used to analyze the mechanisms of such aging-related gene expression, and to test the effects of specific genes on aging and aging-related deterioration.
Competing patterns of signaling activity in dictyostelium discoideum.

Quantitative experiments are described on spatiotemporal patterns of coherent chemical signaling activity in populations of Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae. We observe competition between spontaneously firing centers and rotating spiral waves that depends strongly on the overall cell density. At low densities, no complete spirals appear and chemotactic aggregation is driven by periodic concentric waves, whereas at high densities the firing centers seen at early times nucleate and are apparently entrained by spiral waves whose cores ultimately serve as aggregation centers. Possible mechanisms for these observations are discussed.
Laryngeal and phonatory status after burn/inhalation injury: A long term follow-up study

Although persistent hoarseness has been recognized in patients who have sustained burn and/or smoke inhalation injuries, there is little documentation to support this observation. Furthermore, there is no quantification of either the pervasiveness of the problem or the severity of the dysphonia resulting. It was the intent of this study to examine the laryngeal condition and voice production of a group of patients who were long-term survivors of burns and inhalation injuries. Only 10 patients (8 male and 2 female) of a larger cohort were willing to return for this examination. They were ambulatory and did not require respiratory assistance, and it had been 16 to 25 years since their initial traumas. Videostrobolaryngoscopic examinations were performed and analyzed, measures of various acoustic and aerodynamic parameters were made, and severity of dysphonia was judged. Seven of the 10 subjects were rated by experienced listeners as having some degree of dysphonia. All subjects had some abnormality of the laryngeal mucosa. Stroboscopic examination was found to be helpful in identifying laryngeal abnormalities in at least half of the subjects. Early attention to these problems, many of which are treatable surgically or behaviorally or both could lead to an improved voice for the patient and for this reason an improved quality of life.
Endogenous Product Differentiation and Trade Policy: Implications for the U.S. Food Industry

The effects of tariffs on intermediate inputs and final goods in monopolistically competitive industries are assessed. Output per firm and firm numbers decline due to input tariffs. When coupled with output tariffs, the change in firm numbers is ambiguous. Numerical illustrations for U.S. food processing industries indicate the decline in firm numbers is larger than the decrease in firm output for input tariffs. Monopolistic competition strengthens the response to input tariffs compared to perfect competition. Considering the joint effects of input and output tariffs, the direction of change in total output may differ between monopolistic and perfect competition.
Magnetic-free, fully integrated, compact microwave circulator using angular-momentum biasing

Conventional non-reciprocal devices use ferromagnetic materials and an impressed external magnetic bias to break time-reversal symmetry. This solution typically leads to impractically large devices, losses and it is incompatible with integrated circuit technology. We discuss here a different approach to realize non-reciprocal microwave components and materials, based on biasing meta-molecules with the angular-momentum vector. We show that this solution can provide as large non-reciprocity and isolation as magnetically-biased ferrite components, but without their drawbacks. In particular, we present the design and realization of an integrated, magnetic-free, compact microwave circulator realized with conventional circuit components on a dielectric substrate, fully compatible with integrated circuit technology. By using appropriate spatiotemporal modulation of a magnetic-free distributed-element resonating ring, we report over 47 dB isolation and a deeply subwavelength size. We also envision the realization of non-reciprocal metasurfaces and metamaterials based on the same principle.
Entry Point Depth and Online Search Using a Controlled Vocabulary.

Cet article est une reponse a celui que Stevonius a publie dans JASIS en 1986 (P. 331-340) et qui posait plusieurs questions concernant l'effet du vocabulaire controle sur la performance d'un systeme de recherche. Pour preciser les relations entre les differents types de vocabulaire controle et l'efficacite d'une recherche, les resultats d'une precedente etude evaluant le controle du vocabulaire et les taux de rappel et de pertinence sont repris et completes par une nouvelle experience. La methode utilisee est decrite. La profondeur de l'indexation et le nombre de termes assignes comme points d'entree pour une recherche apparaissent avoir un effet significatif sur les performances d'un systeme. (INTD)
Effect of processing variables of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) meal on the functional properties of cowpea paste and quality of akara (fried cowpea paste)

The importance of particle size distribution in conjunction with milling method (dry-milled hammer-milled meal [HM] or wet-milled freeze-dried meal [FD]) on the functionality of cowpea paste and textural characteristics of akara produced from dry meal was investigated. All meal samples contained a minimum of 65% by weight medium-sized particles and different combinations of large and fine particles to compose the balance. With the exception of the pastes made from meal consisting of 35% fine particles, all pastes had good foaming ability and handling characteristics. However, akara made from the HM and FD blends with 35% large particles had hardness values not significantly different from the traditionally prepared (wet-milled) akara (5.317, 4.048 and 5.341 N, respectively), indicating that the meal blends had the potential to produce akara acceptable to consumers.
Behavior of diorite under impact by variously-shaped projectiles

The effects of striker diameter and tip geometry on the crater and crack network produced in diorite by normal projectile impact in the energy range from 4–30 J was investigated. Ejecta kinematics were determined by high-speed photography; elastic strain wave propagation was measured by embedded gages in a composite specimen; and the damage pattern was ascertained from an examination of the sectioned specimen. It was found that the projectile nose shape exerts a strong influence on the shape of the elastic transient, on the crater geometry, on the extent of the crack network and on the average size of the ejecta. The crater depth was found to be the most repeatable parameter in identical tests using the same striker and initial kinetic energy.
Recent Advances in the Use of TiO2 Nanotube and Nanowire Arrays for Oxidative Photoelectrochemistry

In this article, we present recent advances that we have achieved toward improving the properties of anodically formed semiconducting TiO2 nanotubes as well as nanowire arrays as electrodes for oxidative photoelectrochemistry. The morphology, crystallinity, composition, and illumination geometry of nanotube or nanowire arrays are critical factors in their performance as photoelectrodes. We discuss the key aspects relating to each factor and the advances achieved in improving each. With respect to the more fully investigated nanotube arrays, the ability to control the morphological parameters such as pore size, tube length, and wall thickness of the nanotube architecture has enabled high performance in applications such as water photoelectrolysis, photocatalysis, dye-sensitized solar cells, and heterojunction TiO2−polymer hybrid solar cells. We begin by reviewing the photoelectrochemical performance of state-of-the-art nanotube arrays fabricated on planar substrates. We then present more recent results rel...
Oil and gas reserve value disclosures and bid-ask spreads

Abstract My paper presents empirical evidence to suggest that the initial disclosure of the discounted present value of oil and gas reserves, mandated by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in Accounting Series Release No. 253 (ASR 253) ( SEC, 1978 ) was associated with a decline in the bid-ask spread of disclosing firms' common stock that appears to have persisted for the twelve month period following the initial reserve disclosures. This finding is important because it implies that ASR 253 equalized access to information across classes of investors, thereby enhancing the equality of opportunity in financial markets. The objective of decreasing information asymmetry and increasing equality of opportunity in financial markets is an operational criterion for disclosure regulation which also provides accounting researchers with a means to study the effectiveness of accounting policy. The results of this study suggest that ASR 253 ( SEC, 1978 ) constituted effective public policy because it helped mitigate information asymmetry. The question of whether or not firms should be required to disclose value-based measures of assets and liabilities is important and timely because regulators appear to be moving toward a policy of expanding fair value disclosures.
Feeding Deterrents for the Pales Weevil in a Laboratory Bioassay

A laboratory bioassay with wafers of elder pitch was used to evaluate 28 compounds as feeding deterrents for Hylobius pales (Herbst). Fourteen of the compounds which significantly deterred feeding were then bioassayed by measuring the amount of feeding on pine twigs dipped in the compounds. Carbaryl, Benlate® (methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate), mexacarbate, and Dexon® (sodium (4-(dimethylamino) phenyl) diazenesulfonate) were sufficiently promising as feeding deterrents to warrant field testing.
Selection of antihypertensive agents in patients at risk for diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) has increased 41% in the United States, with an estimated one third undiagnosed and another 41 million with prediabetes. Hypertension affects 20% to 60% of all diabetics, contributing to up to 75% of deaths due to cardiovascular disease. These staggering statistics make it imperative that hypertensive patients who are at risk for DM2 are identified and treated early. Numerous studies have been done involving choice of antihypertensive in established diabetics, and a slowing or halting of the progression in the development of diabetes in these patients has been noticed. However, to date, nothing is conclusive. For now, following the JNC 7 guidelines of using a diuretic as monotherapy or in combination with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), angiotensin II-receptor blocker (ARB), β-blocker, or calcium channel blocker may be prudent. Two current studies, the DREAM trial and the ONTARGET trial, may shed more light as to whether ACEIs or ARBs have a preferred niche in initial treatment of the hypertensive patient who is at risk for diabetes.