cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political Management Issues and Societal Risk Trade-off for the Built Environment

Civil Engineering structures always entail a degree of risk [1] [2] [3]. They are planned to remain serviceable and productive over a design lifetime during which they will be subjected to natural and society-induced demands. It is the uncertainty of future environments that makes the problem stochastic, and it is the ability to control the response through both the initial design and the operating procedures that makes it a management process [4].
Affect and Social Context

Sociology has had little to say about the nature of ‘affective’ or emotional conduct, perhaps primarily because, following Max Weber’s lead, it has generally been hived off theoretically from the bulk of ‘rational’ action in human affairs, downgraded to a sort of appendage to social relations and consigned to a permanently residual status. Mistakenly thought of as beyond the scope of social convention and constraint, affective states have been allowed to fall exclusively within the province of psychology. In its turn, psychology has generated a variety of ways of handling the phenomena of affect, but few of them have remained consistent with, or controlled by, the conceptual structure of emotion-concepts, and this has entailed a serious neglect of the socio-cultural dimensions integral to the very constitution of the phenomena under study. It will be argued here that such dimensions are primary in the consideration of affective states and conduct. Affect and rationality are much more closely inter-related than has been noted in the behavioral sciences, and both are throughout subject to socio-cultural and sociolinguistic analysis. Affective states have too frequently been identified with feeling-states, or with other ‘contents of consciousness’; they have also been theoretically ‘reduced’ to biological impulses or other visceral, vasomotor and biochemical transformations, or to the perception of such changes on the part of the organism.
Fueling a Third Paradigm of Education: The Pedagogical Implications of Digital, Social and Mobile Media

Emerging technologies are fueling a third paradigm of education. Digital, networked and mobile media are enabling a disruptive transformation of the teaching and learning process. This paradigm challenges traditional assumptions that have long characterized educational institutions and processes, including basic notions of space, time, content, and learning outcomes. Innovative educators have an opportunity to blend face-to-face and digital learning models to advance an engaged, effective, efficient and affordable model of learning in the 21st century. This emerging paradigm includes changes in at least five key teaching and learning dimensions, including the direction of communication, the level of interactivity, the media of communication, the constraints on the educational process, and the learning outcomes. Recommendations for implementing new teaching and learning techniques are offered.
Frequent loss of inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

There is an incomplete understanding in the pathogenesis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and cancer broadly. It is essential to discover new pathways of normal cell-cycle regulation and oncogenesis. We identified that the loss of inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase (INPP5A) may play a role in the development and progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).1 Loss of INPP5A has been previously linked to cancer development and progression.2 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Data-driven approach for targeted RSU deployment in an urban environment

In vehicular networks, Roadside Units (RSUs) handle Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communications and are essential to overall network functionality. A successful deployment strategy for RSUs must consider both the network coverage and the cost of deployment. In this work, we propose a technique for selecting contextually significant locations for RSU deployment. In our scheme, we consider the underlying context of candidate locations in determining their possible candidacy for RSU deployment. To understand the context of a given area, we analyze passively collected GPS data from smart phones to determine what type activity is most common in a given area. With this technique, we can identify areas that are regularly visited by commuters. We then examine the intersection usage statistics in the area and select only the most frequently used intersections locations for RSU deployment. By targeting specific locations based on their context and reducing the set of candidate intersections, we can reduce the number of RSUs required to cover an area, thus reducing the overall cost of the RSU network.
Redox Regulation of the Conserved Mitochondrial Protease Oma1

Well-maintained mitochondrial functioning is crucial for cellular physiology. Thus, multiple mechanisms are in place to preserve mitochondrial welfare upon homeostatic challenges. One such mechanism - known as protein quality control (PQC) - comprises a network of conserved proteases distributed across mitochondrial compartments. An emerging key PQC component is the ATP-independent metalloprotease Oma1, which has been identified as a key regulator of mitochondrial dynamics under normal and pathological states. Oma1 is activated by various stress stimuli - likely via conformational changes within the Oma1 homo-oligomeric complex. Here we provide evidence for the presence of a redox-dependent mechanism of Oma1 activation that appears to involve two conserved cysteine residues. First, we show that Oma1 oligomerization and protein stability are significantly impaired by the C332A mutation. Additional mutation of the conserved Cys-272 residue stabilizes the latter producing a functional Oma1 complex. However, this complex displays a lower activation threshold, likely due to altered conformational state. Second, the proteolytic activity of Oma1 is negatively regulated by the presence of thiol-containing reducing agents, but is not affected by non-thiol reductants. Consistently, proteolysis by the enzyme harboring both mutated cysteine residues displays lower sensitivity towards thioreduction. Lastly, the analyses in yeast model indicate that the Cys-272 and Cys-332 residues are in the oxidized state, which remains largely unchanged upon stress-activation. The human Oma1 appears to be following the same trend. Our data suggest a novel redox-sensitive mechanism for Oma1 activation and highlight an important role of the enzyme’s intermembrane space-exposed cysteines in this process.
Functional lifespans of xylem vessels: Development, hydraulic function, and post-function of vessels in several species of woody plants.

Premise of the study Xylem vessels transition through different stages during their functional lifespan, including expansion and development of vessel elements, transition to vessel hydraulic functionality, and eventual transition to post-functionality. We used information on vessel development and function to develop a model of vessel lifespan for woody plants. Methods We examined vessel functional lifespan using repeated anatomical sampling throughout the growing season, combined with active-xylem staining to evaluate vessel hydraulic transport functionality. These data were combined with a literature review. The transitions between vessel functional lifespans for several species are illustrated, including grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., Vitaceae), English oak (Quercus robur L., Fagaceae), American chestnut [Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkh.; Fagaceae], and several arid and semi-arid shrub species. Key results In intact woody plants, development and maturation of vessel elements may be gradual. Once hydraulically functional, vessel elements connect to form a vessel network that is responsible for bulk hydraulic flow through the xylem. Vessels become nonfunctional due to the formation of gas emboli. In some species and under some conditions, vessel functionality of embolized conduits may be restored through refilling. Blockages, such as tyloses, gels, or gums, indicate permanent losses in hydraulic functional capacity; however, there may be some interesting exceptions to permanent loss of functionality for gel-based blockages. Conclusions The gradual development and maturation of vessel elements in woody plants, variation in the onset of functionality between different populations of vessels throughout the growing season, and differences in the timing of vessel transitions to post-functionality are important aspects of plant hydraulic function.
Voices Unheard: Exploring the Spiritual Needs of Families of Children with Disabilities:

Many church members believe that churches are places of support and acceptance to all families. Most would be surprised to find that families of children with disabilities have difficulty establish...
Advances in chemical pharmacotherapy for the treatment of pediatric immune thrombocytopenia.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune bleeding disorder of heterogeneous pathophysiological mechanisms. Treatment endpoints include elevation of platelets and reduction of bleeding risk, elevation of quality of life, reduction of concomitant therapies and prevention from bleeding. Persistent and chronic ITP is more common in adults but occurs in children. Standard therapies include corticosteroids and immunoglobulins, both associated with side effects. There are new treatments, such as thrombopoietin-receptor agonists and promising investigational drugs.Areas covered: Experience from the management of adults is valuable for children with persistent and chronic symptomatic ITP. In this review first- and second-line therapies, but also investigational drugs for children with ITP are discussed.Expert opinion: Although time-consuming and based on experience, children with no or mild bleeding can be safely managed with a watch and wait strategy. Chronic symptomatic immune thrombo...
Global lake response to the recent warming hiatus

Understanding temporal variability in lake warming rates over decadal scales is important for understanding observed change in aquatic systems. We analyzed a global dataset of lake surface water temperature observations (1985−2009) to examine how lake temperatures responded to a recent global air temperature warming hiatus (1998−2012). Prior to the hiatus (1985−1998), surface water temperatures significantly increased at an average rate of 0.532 °C decade−1 (±0.214). In contrast, water temperatures did not change significantly during the hiatus (average rate −0.087 °C decade−1 ±0.223). Overall, 83% of lakes in our dataset (129 of 155) had faster warming rates during the pre-hiatus period than during the hiatus period. These results demonstrate that lakes have exhibited decadal-scale variability in warming rates coherent with global air temperatures and represent an independent line of evidence for the recent warming hiatus. Our analyses provide evidence that lakes are sentinels of broader climatological processes and indicate that warming rates based on datasets where a large proportion of observations were collected during the hiatus period may underestimate longer-term trends.
Weight Stigma and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis Reactivity in Individuals Who Are Overweight.

Background Stigmatized people exhibit blunted cortisol responses to many stressors. Purpose To examine the cortisol responses of individuals who are overweight to a stigma-related stressor involving interviewing for a weight-discriminatory company. Methods We recruited 170 men and women (mean age = 35.01) from towns located within about a 30-min drive of the study center. Weight was assessed using body mass index (BMI) and self-perceptions about being overweight. Participants were exposed to a laboratory stressor, modeled after the Trier Social Stress Test. In the stigmatizing condition, participants gave a supposedly videotaped speech about what makes them a good candidate for a job at a company that was described as having a weight-discriminatory health insurance benefit. Participants in the nonstigmatizing condition made a supposedly audiotaped speech for a company whose health insurance benefit was not described. Cortisol reactivity was then assessed. Results Participants who rated themselves as overweight or who were overweight according to their BMI evidenced a blunted cortisol response in the weight-stigmatizing condition, whereas lean participants in the weight-stigmatizing condition showed the rise in cortisol levels that typically occurs following the Trier Social Stress Test. Conclusions People who experience the chronic stress of being stigmatized due to their weight show blunted cortisol responses just as other chronically stressed people do.
A PRODUCTION SYSTEM FOR COUNTING, SUBITIZING AND ADDING

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a production system for counting, subitizing, and adding. It presents an explicit model of the process of quantification. The general model states that quantification of n items takes place via subitizing for n ≤ 4 and via subitizing and addition for n > 4. The latter process is what is conventionally called counting. The models form a collection of independent rules, called productions, that form a production system. A production system obeys simple operating rules: (1) the productions are considered in sequence, starting with the first; (2) each condition is compared with the current state of knowledge in the system, as represented by the symbols in STM, and if all of the elements in a condition can be matched with elements in STM, then the condition is satisfied; (3) If a condition is not satisfied, the next production rule in the ordered list of production rules is considered; and (4) if a condition is satisfied, the actions to the right of the arrow are taken, and then the production system is reentered from the first step; (5) when a condition is satisfied, all those STM elements that were matched are moved to the front of STM, providing a form of automatic rehearsal; (6) Actions can change the state of goals, replace elements, apply operators, or add elements to STM; and (7) the STM is a stack in which a new element appears at the top pushing all else in the stack down one position. Since STM is limited in size, elements may be lost.
Principles of Brief Intervention for Adolescent Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use

Early intervention within a primary health care setting for problems with alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use includes screening, assessment, and referral services and cognitive as well as behavior brief interventions. Health care providers should incorporate the principles of effective patient-provider communication and the concepts of behavior change strategies into their daily practices. Common principles of effective brief interventions for the adolescent with alcohol, tobacco, and other drug problems are discussed, followed by a specific review of the stages of a behavioral change model and the concepts of motivational interviewing. A discussion of how to get started with brief interventions specifically for alcohol and tobacco use is included.
Distributed Cooperative Energy Management in Smart Microgrids with Solar Energy Prediction

Smart Microgrid (SMG), integrated with renewable energy, energy storage system and advanced bidirectional communication network, has been envisioned to improve efficiency and reliability of power delivery. However, the stochastic nature of renewable energy and privacy concerns due to intensive bidirectional data exchange make the traditional energy management system (EMS) perform poorly. In order to improve operational efficiency and customers’ satisfaction, we propose a distributed cooperative energy management system (DCEMS). We adopt recurrent neural network with long short-term memory to predict the solar energy generation with high accuracy. We then solve the underlying economic dispatch problem with distributed scalable Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) algorithm to avoid single point of failure problem and preserve customers’ privacy. In the first stage, each SMG optimizes its operation decision vector in a centralized manner based on one-day ahead solar energy generation prediction. In the second stage, all SMGs share their energy exchange information with directly connected neighboring SMGs to cooperatively optimize the global operation cost. The proposed DCEMS is deployed in our distributed SMGs emulation platform and its performance is compared with other approaches. The results show that the proposed DCEMS outperforms heuristic rule-based EMS by more than 30%. It can also protect customers’ privacy and avoid single point of failure without degrading performance too much compared to centralized EMS.
Green tobacco sickness: mecamylamine, varenicline, and nicotine vaccine as clinical research tools and potential therapeutics.

Green tobacco sickness occurs from transdermal absorption of chemicals from freshly harvested, green tobacco leaves. Signs and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, headache, and abdominal cramps. Pre...
Systematic Social Observation in the Study of Civil Society Organizations

Scholars of civil society organizations (CSOs) have long been concerned with face-to-face interactions among participants at meetings, events, and activities—what we collectively call “convenings.”...
Survival and Progression in Synucleinopathy Phenotypes With Parkinsonism: A Population-Based Study.

Abstract Objective To compare survival by the presenting parkinsonism symptoms at diagnosis among patients with incident clinically diagnosed synucleinopathies. Patients and Methods Using the Rochester Epidemiology Project medical records–linkage system, we identified all persons residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota, who received a diagnostic code of parkinsonism from January 1, 1991, through December 31, 2010. A movement disorder specialist reviewed the complete medical records of each individual to confirm the presence of parkinsonism, determine the type of synucleinopathy, and identify the onset dates of each cardinal symptom (tremor at rest, bradykinesia, rigidity, and impaired postural reflexes). We determined the median time from age at diagnosis to death or censoring (June 30, 2015) for each presenting symptom and the age- and sex-adjusted risk of death. Results From 1991 through 2010, a total of 433 individuals had a synucleinopathy diagnosed (301 [69.5%], Parkinson disease; 68 [15.7%], dementia with Lewy bodies; 52 [12.0%], Parkinson disease dementia; and 12 [2.8%], multiple systems atrophy with parkinsonism). Overall, the risk of death in the tremor-predominant group was less than that in the bradykinesia/rigidity-only group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.59; 95% CI, 0.40-0.87; P=.007). Similarly, risk of death in the bradykinesia/rigidity-only group was significantly greater than in the tremor-predominant group (HR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.23-2.51; P=.002) and compared with tremor before bradykinesia (HR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.24-2.47; P=.001). Conclusion Patients with tremor as a presenting symptom have longer survival. In contrast, the presence of bradykinesia/rigidity as a presenting symptom correlates with reduced survival across all types of synucleinopathies.
Parental Understanding of Their Child's Test Results As Interpreted by Elementary School Teachers.

The objective of this study was to determine how well parents of fourth- and fifth-grade students remembered the norm groups and standardized test results reported to them in parent-teacher confere...
Una borghese piccola piccola: Ragazze milanesi in Giorgio Scerbanenco ed Elio Pagliarani:

The project consists of a study of selected works by two authors who have not been connected or compared before, experimental poet Elio Pagliarani and noir writer Giorgio Scerbanenco. Specifically,...
Evaluating sea-level rise hazards on coastal archaeological sites, Trinity Bay, Texas

This study uses the Sea Levels Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM) to evaluate sea-level-rise hazards of erosion and inundation, on coastal archaeological sites in Trinity Bay, Texas. The SLAMM model w...
Advancing Cyber-Physical Systems Resilience: The Effects of Evolving Disruptions

Abstract Highly interconnected cyber-physical systems (CPSs) and complex networks can enable greater production capabilities and quality of life through their cyber-augmented characteristics. The high level of interconnectedness within CPSs, however, also increases their vulnerabilities to intelligent malware and coordinated attacks. A disrupted part of a CPS can not only cease to function properly, it can also increase the vulnerability of other parts of the CPS due to the interconnections. In this research, we expand on our previous work, the Collaborative Response against Disruption Propagation (CRDP) model and explore the effects of intelligently coordinated attacks on CPSs. This work addresses a severe limitation of the CRDP model: The assumption that disruptions have random targets. In this new work, the adversarial disruption network initially has only limited information about the target CPS network and assumes random targets. Over time, the adversarial disruption network is assumed to utilize decision tree learning algorithm to intelligently learn about the CPS’s response capabilities over time. Then, the disruption network utilizes this learning to improve its attacks by the defense targeting and response protocols. The novel adversarial disruption learning and targeting protocols are simulated and validated with a random network model. The experiments show that the developed protocols defending the disrupted network can significantly stress the CPS’s resilience capabilities. Further research is needed to understand how the role of cyber-collaborative protocols can advance the CPS resilience.
Phase I/II Trial of Immunotherapy With Durvalumab and Tremelimumab With Continuous or Intermittent MEK Inhibitor Selumetinib in NSCLC: Early Trial Report

Current strategies to improve clinical outcomes in v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients include mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibitor and programmed death (PD) 1 (PD-1)/PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint blockade combinations. Experience from treatment of melanoma suggests that anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 combinations improve outcomes, but similar benefits remain to be seen for treatment of NSCLC. This report describes a single center, investigator-initiated phase I/II clinical trial to compare 2 combination schedules of intermittent or continuous selumetinib (AZD6244, ARRY-142886), tremelimumab (anti-CTLA-4), and durvalumab (anti-PD-L1) treatment with historical controls in patients with previously treated, unresectable NSCLC. Forty patients will be accrued at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Primary objectives include maximum tolerated dose (dose escalation phase) and progression-free survival (dose expansion phase). Secondary objectives include response rate according to Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors version 1.1, disease control rate, overall survival, safety, and duration of response. Exploratory objectives are to assess biomarkers of response and resistance on the basis of biopsies and peripheral blood taken before and after treatment using immune profiling, transcriptome, and protein readouts.
Facet-level analysis of the relations between personality and laboratory aggression.

Multiple reviews and meta-analyses have identified the low pole of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) Agreeableness (also called Antagonism) as the primary domain-level personality correlates of aggression across self-report and behavioral methodologies. In the current study, we expand on this literature by investigating the relations between FFM facets and aggressive behavior as measured by laboratory competitive reaction time tasks (CRTTs). Across three samples (total N = 639), we conducted weighted mean analyses, multiple regression analyses, and dominance analyses to determine which FFM facets were the strongest predictors of aggression within and across domains. These analyses suggested that facets of Agreeableness were among the strongest consistent predictors of CRTT aggression, including Sympathy (r = -.21) and Cooperation (r = -.14), but facets from other FFM domains also yielded meaningful relations (e.g., Anger from Neuroticism; r = .17). We conclude by discussing these results in the context of controversies surrounding laboratory aggression paradigms and emphasizing the importance of considering small effect sizes in the prediction of societally harmful behavior like aggression.
Game Theoretic Storage Outsourcing in the Mobile Blockchain Mining Network

Besides the computation limitation, the requirement of storing the entire blockchain is another challenge for blockchain mining in mobile environments, and thus has hindered the development of blockchain-powered mobile applications. Storage outsourcing to a cloud service provider (CSP) is a viable solution. An individual miner can store his blockchain in the cloud and then validate transactions by querying the CSP. However, validation outsourcing to a remote CSP incurs delay and damages a miner’s winning probability in the mining competitions. To shorten such an unwanted delay, miners can also cache the unspent transaction output (UTXO) set in a nearby edge service provider (ESP) for fast transaction validations, which definitely brings extra costs. In this paper, we consider a two-layer outsourcing paradigm to solve storage shortage for mobile miners. Due to the delay-cost tradeoff when selecting service providers, we can model interactions among miners as a non-cooperative game and formulate a Nash equilibrium problem to investigate the effects of outsourcing on miners’ utilities. We also study the access probability of UTXOs with different generation times. This will guide miners on how to select unspent transaction outputs if they decide only to cache the partial UTXO set in the edge. We further extend our game by modeling multiple mining rounds as a one-shot game to see how the cache update frequency affects miners’ strategies. Numerical evaluation is conducted to show the feasibility of storage outsourcing and to validate the proposed models and theoretical results.
Don’t You be My Neighbor: Support for Racial-Exclusion Constitutional Provisions in Mid-19th Century Indiana and Illinois:

Racially discriminatory provisions in the U.S. Constitution and southern state constitutions have been extensively analyzed, but insufficient attention has been brought to these provisions when inc...
Extraordinary People: Hero Movies for African American History Month

Two movies about Black protest movement leaders in the 1960s are playing on home screens during African American History Month during the COVID-19 pandemic. The movies are made by African American ...
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Breeding

Carrot is among the top 10 vegetable crops grown globally and a significant source of dietary vitamin A, derived from its orange carotenoid pigments. Most evidence points to a relatively recent domestication of carrot as a root crop around 1100 years ago in Central Asia, with the most extensive breeding effort underway the last 500 years in Europe. As an outcrossing plant unable to be clonally propagated, breeders developed open-pollinated cultivars until the discovery of cytoplasmic male sterility set the stage for hybrid cultivar development beginning in the 1950s. Color has been an important trait noted in carrots since their domestication, with yellow and purple being the colors of note before orange carrots were first observed in Europe, and with red carrots important in several Asian markets today. Flavor has also been an important trait under selection by breeders to improve consumer quality. Growers and consumers look for uniform, smooth storage roots for any cultivar, but root shape varies widely among cultivars and is used to differentiate them for fresh market or processing use. Several foliar and soil-borne diseases and pests can significantly reduce marketable yield, and consequently these biotic threats receive significant attention in carrot breeding programs. Carrots are categorized as a cool-season crop as much attention has been dedicated to improvement for cooler temperate growing regions. But as carrot production in warmer climates has increased rapidly in recent decades, carrot cultivar development for subtropical global regions has become a major focus for breeders. With this, more attention is being paid to the abiotic threats of heat, drought and salinity. As a crop with wide genetic diversity, the prospects for continued improvement are bright.
The Positive Effect of a Group Intervention to Reduce Postpartum Depression on Breastfeeding Outcomes in Low-Income Women

This study examined, as a secondary analysis, whether a group interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) intervention focused on preventing postpartum depression by strengthening social support and building interpersonal skills during the transition to motherhood positively affected breastfeeding outcomes among low-income women. The intervention-Reach Out, Stand strong, Essentials for new mothers (ROSE)-taught participants the importance of self-care and assertive help seeking to be better able to sustain breastfeeding practices. Ninety-nine pregnant women were randomized to ROSE plus standard care or to standard care alone. Though women in both conditions had similar breastfeeding initiation rates, women in ROSE had longer breastfeeding duration (median days breastfed: 54 vs. 21). Results suggest ROSE may positively affect breastfeeding.
How Cops React to Ambivalence

Previous chapters have focused on the ambivalence of others toward the police officer and on the police officer’s ambivalence toward others and the work itself. In this chapter we will focus on the police officer’s psychological responses to ambivalence from others and from within himself.
Development of glycine receptor distribution in the lateral superior olive of the gerbil

The concentration and relative distribution of glycine receptors were determined for the gerbil lateral superior olive at several postnatal ages. Quantitative autoradiographic techniques revealed significant 3H- strychnine binding to all regions of the nucleus from 4 to 90 d. However, during the first 20 d, a nonuniform distribution of binding emerged, such that the greatest concentration of receptor was found in the high-frequency region of the nucleus. An analysis of neuron packing density showed an approximate 2-fold distribution along the same axis at all ages. This evidence is consistent with an elimination of glycine receptors in the ventral region of the lateral superior olive as maturation progresses.
Structure and Properties of Ti-C Alloys

The mechanical properties of Ti-C and Ti-C-O alloys can be altered by heat treatments to dissolve or reject carbon from solid solutions. The maximum strength is obtained by annealing just below the peritectoid temperature. Quenching from the β-carbide field results in softening. Impact behavior is influenced by the extent of solution of interstitials.
Biliary imaging: a review.

For practitioners of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), the times are certainly “achangin.” Until recently, ERCP was the gold standard for imaging the bile ducts. Noninvasive imaging was confined to transcutaneous ultrasound (TUS), computed tomography (CT) scanning, and radionuclide gallbladder and biliary scans, with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and IOC (formerly T-tube cholangiography) being the other invasive options. In the last decade, however, “young pretenders” to the ERCP “throne” have emerged: specifically, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multidetector helical CT (MDCT) cholangiography, and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). It is not so long ago that MRI was considered to have no future in the abdominal cavity. However, the abdominal MRI naysayers failed to anticipate the exponential growth of this fledgling technology. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) now rivals ERCP in sensitivity and specificity in many situations. ERCP remains the principal nonsurgical therapeutic approach for mechanical obstruction of the biliary and pancreatic ducts, with PTC and allied techniques (e.g., percutaneous biliary drainage [PBD]) being reserved for ERCP failures and situations in which ERCP is not attempted (e.g., after Roux-en-Y biliary diversion). In most endoscopy units, ERCP has evolved into a mainly therapeutic modality, with a variety of noninvasive (or less invasive) imaging techniques being used for diagnosis. This review will explore the changing face of biliary imaging, with particular emphasis on ERCP, MRCP, and MDCT cholangiography.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Children's Health

My research investigates the relationship between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and lung function in children. I test the sensitivity of ETS exposure in children to cigarette prices using state-level variation in cigarette excise taxes. I use an instrumental variables (IVs) approach to estimate the effect of ETS on lung function. Results indicate that ETS exposure is sensitive to taxes: Elasticity of exposure with respect to taxes ranges from −0.62 to −1.11. For the outcome-forced expiratory volume measured in the first second of breath, I find that having one smoker in the household reduces lung function by 1.4 percent; having a second smoker increases the deficit to 2.5 percent.
Qubits or Symbolic Substitutions for General-Purpose Quantum Computing?

The fundamental flaws of qubit concept for general-purpose quantum computing are elaborated here. We show that from implementing of the addition operation of two bits, only four symbolic substitution rules are needed. Superposition of four states from the two qub its is then irrelevant for the addition operation of two bits. The fundamental quantum processor needed is further described here against the quib it concept. The quantum Turing Machine is thus settled in the cellular automata architecture. Therefore, quantum computing must be rule-based, rather than logic-gate based.
Activity-Dependent Development of Calcium Regulation in Growing Motor Axons

In cultured nerve cord explants from the crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ), the normal impulse activity levels of growing motor axons determine their response to Ca 2+ influx. During depolarization or Ca 2+ ionophore application, normally active tonic motor axons continue to grow, whereas inactive phasic motor axons retract and often degenerate. To determine the role of Ca 2+ regulation in this difference, we measured the intracellular free Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) with fura-2. Growth cones from tonic axons normally had a higher [Ca 2+ ] i than those from phasic axons. When depolarized with 60 mm K + , growth cones and neurites from phasic axons had a [Ca 2+ ] i three to four times higher than did those from tonic axons. This difference in Ca 2+ regulation includes greater Ca 2+ -handling capacity for growing tonic axons; the increase in [Ca 2+ ] i produced by the Ca 2+ ionophore 4-bromo-A23187 (0.25 μm) is four to five times greater in phasic than in tonic axons, and the decline in [Ca 2+ ] i at the end of a depolarizing pulse is three to four times faster in tonic axons than phasic ones. Blocking impulses in growing tonic axons for 2–3 d with tetrodotoxin reduces their capacity to regulate [Ca 2+ ] i . Thus, growing tonic and phasic axons have differences in Ca 2+ regulation that develop as a result of their different activity levels. These activity-dependent differences in Ca 2+ regulation influence axon growth and degeneration and probably influence other neuronal processes that are mediated by changes in [Ca 2+ ] i .
Rare muon decay μ + → e + e − e + ν e ν ¯ μ

An analytical expression for the spin-averaged amplitude squared of the rare muon decay ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}{e}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ is calculated. Monte Carlo phase space simulation using the analytical expression for the amplitude has been used to get various differential distributions of charged leptons. The approximate analytical expression for the total energy spectrum of charged leptons near the end point is presented. The dependence of the branching ratio on cuts in the total energy of charged leptons is studied taking into account an experimental energy resolution. It is shown that the measured branching ratio is very sensitive to the energy resolution.
JDBC Application Design Considerations

This chapter contains sections titled: JDBC Application Models JDBC Applications Fundamentals Chapter Summary Homework
Elephant: The Animal and its Ivory in African Culture. Fowler Museum of Cultural History, UCLA

Elephant: The Animal and Its Ivory in African Culture. Fowler Museum of Cultural History, UCLA. (September 30, 1992. May 16, 1993).
Laser microirradiation of stress fibers and intermediate filaments in non-muscle cells from cultured rat heart☆

Abstract Stress fibers and bands of intermediate filaments (100 A) were studied in cultured non-muscle cells using laser microbeam techniques. Wavelengths of 532, 537 and 280 nm were used, and no artificial chromophores were employed. Lesions were assayed using a combination of phase contrast, polarizing and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). (1) Stress fibers 1–2 μm in diameter were narrowed or completely servered by irradiation at 532, 537 and 280 nm. Stress fibers could be grouped into two classes: ( a ) those whose severed ends separated during the first few seconds following laser irradiation (46% of fibers irradiated); ( b ) those fibers which showed no movements (54%). Microtubules which paralleled stress fibers persisted in the presence of colcemid for up to 5 h, and alignment of the severed stress fiber ends was maintained even in their absence. Injured stress fibers appear to be repaired within 1 h of irradiation. (2) Bands of 100 A filaments were induced in non-muscle cells in secondary cultures of neonatal rat heart by exposure to colcemid. Lesions which appeared as phase dense spots were induced in these bands by irradiation at 532, 537 and 280 nm. The positions of the lesions in the band relative to one another did not change over several hours despite movements of the entire band. These studies demonstrate that ( a ) stress fibers may be an excellent system in which to study subcellular repair; ( b ) induced bands of 100 A filaments probably move passively in the cells containing them; ( c ) laser irradiation of cytoplasmic filaments in non-muscle cells does not require the introduction of an artificial chromophore.
Mutational Analysis of the Role of Hydrophobic Residues in the 338−348 Helix on Actin in Actomyosin Interactions†

Yeast actin mutants with alanines replacing I341 and I345 were studied to assess the role of hydrophobic residues in the alpha-helix 338-348 in interactions with myosin. In structural models of the actomyosin complex, this helix on actin was assigned a prominent role in the strong binding of myosin to actin. Substitution of I341 with alanine reduced the strong binding of actin to myosin subfragment-1 (S1) 9-fold compared to wild-type actin. In addition, the Vmax of the actin-activated S1 ATPase was reduced 4-fold with no change in the Km. In contrast, substitution of I345 with alanine had no significant effect on either the strong binding to S1 or the actin activation of S1 ATPase. The I341A actin filaments were found to slide in the in vitro motility assays at a lower mean velocity (1.6 +/- 0.4 microns/s) than wild-type actin filaments (2.6 +/- 0.3 microns/s). Only 65% of the mutant actin filaments moved in such assays in comparison to 95% of the wild-type filaments. However, addition of 2.0 mM MgADP to the motility assay buffer induced movement of all the I341A filaments at a velocity (1.6 +/- 0.1 microns/s) similar to that of wild-type actin (1.7 +/- 0.1 microns/s). The decrease in motility of the I341A actin filaments in the absence of ADP was attributed to a negative load slowing the mutant filaments and the smaller force produced by the heavy meromyosin and I341A actin system. The latter conclusion was confirmed by showing that a greater percentage of NEM-modified heavy meromyosin (external load) was required for arresting the motion of wild-type actin in the in vitro motility assay than that needed for stopping the I341A filaments.
Development: what's in it for you?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to advocate for the importance of staff support for library development activities. Design/methodology/approach – This paper discusses basic fund raising principles and how staff can contribute. Findings – This article includes a success example. Originality/value – The article is based on experiences of the author and persons mentioned to produce a successful fund raising campaign.
amyloid induced hyperphosphorylation of tau in human neuroblastoma cells involves map kinase

Treatment of retinoic acid-differentiated SH-SY-5Y human neuroblastoma cells with a sublethal concentration (22μM) β-amyloid (βA) in the presence of 1.8mM extracellular calcium induced a marked increase in PHF-1 immunoreactivity. The βA-induced increase in PHF-1 immunoreactivity was prevented by the MAP kinase kinase inhibitor PD 89059. These data indicate that βA-induced tau hyperphosphorylation is mediated via activation of the MAP kinase pathway.
NOVEL ALKYLPHOSPHOCHOLINE ANALOGS FOR BROAD SPECTRUM CANCER IMAGING AND THERAPY

BACKGROUND: We present in vitro and in vivo imaging and therapeutic studies using a novel alkylphosphocholine (APC)-based molecular scaffold (CLR1404) that combines selective targeting of cancer (including cancer stem cells) with broad-spectrum activity against many different cancer types. CLR1404 APC analogs were created to exploit the finding that phospholipid ethers selectively accumulate in many cancers versus normal cells. METHODS: Depending on the iodine isotope used, radioiodinated CLR1404 is either a PET imaging (124I) or molecular radiotherapeutic agent (131I), with fluorescence analogs created by replacing iodide with various fluorophores. Standard tissue culture, xenograft and molecular biology protocols were used for these studies. RESULTS: CLR1404 displayed preferential uptake and retention in cancer and cancer stem cells compared to normal cells in vitro and in vivo. After 24 hours, selective uptake of fluorescent or radioiodinated CLR1404 analogs by multiple human cancer cell lines in vitro compared to patient-matched normal human fibroblasts was observed (2.3-2.8x). CLR1404 showed highly specific labeling of both human patient-matched glioblastoma stem cells and serum-cultured glioblastoma cells (3x over minimal labeling of control normal human astrocytes and neural stem cells). Lipid raft disruption reduced in vitro CLR1404 analog uptake.In vivo, CLR1404 analogs displayed prolonged tumor-selective retention in 55 different rodent and human cancer models (including triple-negative breast, lung, pancreatic, colorectal, prostate, renal, melanoma, GBM). Tumor accumulation was seen by 24 hours with continued normal tissue clearance between 48-120 hours. In vivo cancer stem cell labeling was also demonstrated. CLR1404 analogs do not visualize inflammatory or premalignant lesions (unlike currently used 18F-fluorodeoxy glucose (FDG)-PET tumor imaging).131I-CLR1404 also displayed therapeutic efficacy (tumor growth suppression, survival extension) especially in renal, colorectal, ovarian, prostate and triple-negative breast cancer, GBM models. CONCLUSIONS: The novel APC CLR1404 analogs potentially offer a powerful multi- modality strategy to detect, treat and follow primary and metastatic cancers in humans. Initial clinical trials strongly suggest CLR1404 has similar broad tumor targeting and retention properties in animals and humans. The pathological correlation between CLR1404 imaging and GBM is being tested in an ongoing multi-institutional Phase II clinical trial. SECONDARY CATEGORY: Preclinical Experimental Therapeutics.
Rural mental health coverage under health care reform.

Efforts to integrate services and financing under health care reform hold benefits for provision of services to rural mentally ill persons. Remote areas pose a particular challenge as the unique characteristics of rural America are even more evident. The model for managed care in remote rural areas will differ from those used in urban and their adjacent rural areas. Universal coverage would remove the barriers to accessing care for this population, but does not assure availability of adequate mental health services or providers in rural areas. Characteristics of currently available rural mental health services are presented and obstacles to expanded delivery under health care reform are outlined.
Second Language Acquisition Research and Japanese Language Teaching: A Functionalist Approach

This article examines the mechanism of grammar acquisition in a second language and explores how linguistic categories can be acquired effectively. Currently, the mainstream second language teaching approach is the communicative approach. As far as the acquisition of linguistic categories is concerned, however, the communicative approach is based on a ‘learning by doing’ model, which assumes that learners will acquire linguistic categories through exposure to language input and interaction. Therefore, insights into how individual grammatical items should be taught are still quite limited, and thus investigation concerning effective methods of teaching linguistic categories based on second language acquisition research is sorely needed. Here, I examine two linguistic domains (tense-aspect and relative clauses) for which the acquisition process has been researched and understood to some degree both in Japanese and other languages. I will also consider how acquisition can be facilitated, in particular from a...
Disease progression in autosomal dominant cone–rod dystrophy caused by a novel mutation (D100G) in the GUCA1A gene

To document longitudinal fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and electroretinogram (ERG) findings in a family with cone–rod dystrophy (CRD) caused by a novel missense mutation (D100G) in the GUCA1A gene. Observational case series. Three family members 26–49 years old underwent complete clinical examinations. In all patients, funduscopic findings showed intraretinal pigment migration, loss of neurosensory retinal pigment epithelium, and macular atrophy. FAF imaging revealed the presence of a progressive hyperautofluorescent ring around a hypoautofluorescent center corresponding to macular atrophy. Full-field ERGs showed a more severe loss of cone than rod function in each patient. Thirty-hertz flicker responses fell far below normal limits. Longitudinal FAF and ERG findings in one patient suggested progressive CRD. Two more advanced patients exhibited reduced rod response consistent with disease stage. Direct sequencing of the GUCA1A gene revealed a new missense mutation, p.Asp100Gly (D100G), in each patient. Patients with autosomal dominant CRD caused by a D100G mutation in GUCA1A exhibit progressive vision loss early within the first decade of life identifiable by distinct ERG characteristics and subsequent genetic testing.
Delabeling and relabeling in Gamblers Anonymous: Problems with transferring the Alcoholics Anonymous paradigm

Exploratory data from both structured and unstructured interviews with members of Alcoholics Anonymous and Gamblers Anonymous, as well as additional data from previous observations, suggest that the recovery rate of A.A. is higher than that of G.A.. Since the programs are virtually the same an examination of the social context of the labeling process reveals that the more readily available use of the medical model for both the alcoholic and the significant others of the alcoholic are likely significant differences between the compulsive gambler and the compulsive drinker.