cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glutamine for the gut: Mystical properties or an ordinary amino acid?

Glutamine is a nonessential amino acid that can be synthesized from glutamate and glutamic acid by glutamine synthetase. It is the preferred fuel for the small intestine in the rat. Results from animal studies suggest that both glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition and enteral diets may prevent bacterial translocation. This effect may be modulated through the preservation and augmentation of small bowel villus morphology, intestinal permeability, and intestinal immune function. The existing data from studies with humans are less compelling. What, if any, intestinal deficits actually occur during provision of exclusive parenteral nutrition remains unclear. Furthermore, the clinical significance of these changes is largely undefined. Nevertheless, glutamine and glutamine supplementation appear to be important for the normal maintenance of intestinal morphology and function, intestinal adaptation following resection, and prevention of clinical infection related to bacterial translocation. The existing data on the use of parenteral and enteral glutamine for preservation of intestinal morphology and function and prevention of bacterial translocation in humans are reviewed in this article. Pertinent animal data are also described.
On-line computers in psychology: The last 10 years, the next 10 years—The challenge and the promise

1980 marks the 10th anniversary of the National Conference on the Use of On-Line Computers in Psychology. There have been dramatic changes in the applications of computers to psychology during that time, with even more dramatic developments in theory and methodology. Current advances in distributed processing and the rapid dissemination of inexpensive microprocessors portends even greater change over the next decade.
Danio rerio αE-catenin Is a Monomeric F-actin Binding Protein with Distinct Properties from Mus musculus αE-catenin

It is unknown whether homologs of the cadherin·catenin complex have conserved structures and functions across the Metazoa. Mammalian αE-catenin is an allosterically regulated actin-binding protein that binds the cadherin·β-catenin complex as a monomer and whose dimerization potentiates F-actin association. We tested whether these functional properties are conserved in another vertebrate, the zebrafish Danio rerio. Here we show, despite 90% sequence identity, that Danio rerio and Mus musculus αE-catenin have striking functional differences. We demonstrate that D. rerio αE-catenin is monomeric by size exclusion chromatography, native PAGE, and small angle x-ray scattering. D. rerio αE-catenin binds F-actin in cosedimentation assays as a monomer and as an α/β-catenin heterodimer complex. D. rerio αE-catenin also bundles F-actin, as shown by negative stained transmission electron microscopy, and does not inhibit Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation in bulk polymerization assays. Thus, core properties of α-catenin function, F-actin and β-catenin binding, are conserved between mouse and zebrafish. We speculate that unique regulatory properties have evolved to match specific developmental requirements.
Defining psychology: what can it do for us?

“Psychology,” like many abstract terms, is difficult to define precisely. Henriques' (this issue) argument that psychology, though unified and coherent, actually spans two realms—psychological formalism (“the science of mind,” this issue) and human psychology (“the science of human behavior at the individual level,” this issue)—seems likely to improve the clarity of the concept. The strongest contribution of his analysis may be its placing “psychology” in the larger conceptual framework of the Tree of Knowledge taxonomy. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Neuroendocrine Plasticity in the Anterior Pituitary: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Mediated Movement in Vitro and in Vivo

The secretion of LH is cued by the hypothalamic neuropeptide, GnRH. After delivery to the anterior pituitary gland via the hypothalamic-pituitary portal vasculature, GnRH binds to specific high-affinity receptors on the surface of gonadotrope cells and stimulates synthesis and secretion of the gonadotropins, FSH, and LH. In the current study, GnRH caused acute and dramatic changes in cellular morphology in the gonadotrope-derived αT3-1 cell line, which appeared to be mediated by engagement of the actin cytoskeleton; disruption of actin with jasplakinolide abrogated cell movement and GnRH-induced activation of ERK. In live murine pituitary slices infected with an adenovirus-containing Rous sarcoma virus-green fluorescent protein, selected cells responded to GnRH by altering their cellular movements characterized by both formation and extension of cell processes and, surprisingly, spatial repositioning. Consistent with the latter observation, GnRH stimulation increased the migration of dissociated pituitary...
Self-Assembly of Trimesic Acid at the Liquid−Solid Interfacea Study of Solvent-Induced Polymorphism

A scanning tunneling microscope operated under ambient conditions was utilized to study the self-assembly of trimesic acid (TMA) at the liquid−solid interface. On a graphite substrate, two different open, loosely packed, two-dimensional hydrogen-bond networks were found. Both structures exhibit a periodic arrangement of ∼1.0 nm wide cavities, which can be used for the co-adsorption of another species (guest) within the cells of this host system. These two polymorphs (“chickenwire” and “flower” structures) differ in their molecular packing density and hydrogen-bonding schemes. Using a homologous series of alkanoic acids as solvents, ranging from butyric to nonanoic, selective self-assembly of either the “flower” or “chickenwire” forms was achieved on a graphite surface. Solubility of TMA in these acid solvents was found to decrease with increasing chain length, and the longer-chain solvents favored formation of the chickenwire polymorph structure on the surface.
Diffraction by H.C.P. Crystals with Extrinsic Faults — The Solution by Difference Equations

Diffraction by h.c.p. crystals with randomly arranged extrinsic faults is analysed using the difference equation method. The results confirm the random-walk calculation by Lele et al. An earlier difference-equation calculation is shown to be in error. Das Beugungsbild von Kristallen mit hexagonal dichter Packung und statistisch verteilten Storstellenstapelfehlern wird nach dem Differenzenverfahren analysiert. Die Ergebnisse bestatigten die Berechnungen mit zufalliger Schrittfolge von Lele et al. Es wird gezeigt, das cine fruhere Berechnung nach dem Differenzenverfahren Fehler enthalt.
A logical approach to asymptotic combinatorics II: monadic second-order properties

Etude generale des problemes sur les proprietes exprimables en logique du second ordre monadique. Existence de probabilites asymptotiques etendues
An unsplit Godunov method for ideal MHD via constrained transport

We describe a single step, second-order accurate Godunov scheme for ideal MHD based on combining the piecewise parabolic method (PPM) for performing spatial reconstruction, the corner transport upwind (CTU) method of Colella for multidimensional integration, and the constrained transport (CT) algorithm for preserving the divergence-free constraint on the magnetic field. We adopt the most compact form of CT, which requires the field be represented by area-averages at cell faces. We demonstrate that the fluxes of the area-averaged field used by CT can be made consistent with the fluxes of the volume-averaged field returned by a Riemann solver if they obey certain simple relationships. We use these relationships to derive new algorithms for constructing the CT fluxes at grid cell corners which reduce exactly to the equivalent one-dimensional solver for plane-parallel, grid-aligned flow. We show that the PPM reconstruction algorithm must include multidimensional terms for MHD, and we describe a number of important extensions that must be made to CTU in order for it to be used for MHD with CT. We present the results of a variety of test problems to demonstrate the method is accurate and robust.
Blood, Pituitary, and Brain Renin-Angiotensin Systems and Regulation of Secretion of Anterior Pituitary Gland

In addition to increasing blood pressure, stimulating aldosterone and vasopressin secretion, and increasing water intake, angiotensin II affects the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones. Some of these effects are direct. There are angiotensin II receptors on lactotropes and corticotropes in rats, and there may be receptors on thyrotropes and other secretory cells. Circulating angiotensin II reaches these receptors, but angiotensin II is almost certainly generated locally by the pituitary renin-angiotensin system as well. There are also indirect effects produced by the effects of brain angiotensin II on the secretion of hypophyseotropic hormones. In the anterior pituitary of the rat, the gonadotropes contain renin, angiotensin II, and some angiotensin-converting enzyme. There is debate about whether these cells also contain small amounts of angiotensinogen, but most of the angiotensinogen is produced by a separate population of cells and appears to pass in a paracrine fashion to the gonadotropes. An analogous situation exists in the brain. Neurons contain angiotensin II and probably renin, but most angiotensin-converting enzyme is located elsewhere and angiotensinogen is primarily if not solely produced by astrocytes. Angiotensin II causes secretion of prolactin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) when added to pituitary cells in vitro. Paracrine regulation of prolactin secretion by angiotensin II from the gonadotropes may occur in vitro under certain circumstances, but the effects of peripheral angiotensin II on ACTH secretion appear to be mediated via the brain and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). In the brain, there is good evidence that locally generated angiotensin II causes release of norepinephrine that in turn stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreting neurons, increasing circulating luteinizing hormone. In addition, there is evidence that angiotensin II acts in the arcuate nuclei to increase the secretion of dopamine into the portal-hypophyseal vessels, inhibiting prolactin secretion. Central as well as peripheral angiotensin II increases CRH secretion, but there is little if any evidence that angiotensin II mediates the ACTH responses to other stressful stimuli.
Co57 and Fe57 mössbauer studies of the spinels FeCo2O4 and Fe0.5Co2.5O4

Abstract Mossbauer source and absorber spectra of FeCo 2 O 4 and Fe 0.5 Co 2.5 O 4 have been obtained between 82 and 523 K. Interpretation of the spectra allow the cation distributions of the compounds to be determined. FeCo 2 O 4 is Co 2+ 0.55 Fe 3+ 0.45 [Co 2+ 0.45 Fe 3+ 0.55 Co 3+ 1.0 ]O 4 and Fe 0.5 Co 2.5 O 4 is Co 1 2+ [Fe 3+ 0.5 Co 3+ 1.5 ]O 4 . Spinel tetrahedral site quadruple splitting is observed in both compounds.
Size and shape analysis techniques for design.

Abstract A major problem in designing highly specialized equipment such as oxygen masks, respirators, etc, is that the effectiveness of the equipment depends on its appropriateness for the size and shape of the body part for which it is designed. However, in general, among the individuals who are likely to be using this equipment, there is considerable heterogeneity in size and shape of the body parts. One solution is to use the available data to form homogeneous clusters of the population and then make separate designs for each cluster, commonly referred to as sizing. Current sizing practices are hindered by a problem termed ‘observer-inherence’; in other words, the positioning and orientation of the reference axis system can affect the size and shape groupings more than size and shape themselves do. The impact of observer-inherence is felt most on systems that require the most stringent fit, such as helmets with optical systems. For such systems, traditional measures and analysis practices can be almost useless. In this paper, an analysis technique is introduced which should be observer-invariant in the three-dimensional case. The method is illustrated using points selected along a horizontal cross-section. The points are first transformed into values called curvatures which are subsequently transformed into a series of Fourier coefficients. These are then used for arriving at shape clusters or groupings. The shape differences (and similarities) within and between clusters are examined graphically and discussed. The technique developed here can be extended to form clusters using the curvatures of a surface instead of that of a cross-section (ie, can be extended to the three-dimensional case) and methods for doing so are discussed.
Virtual Gender: Moroccan and Saudi Women’s Cyberspace

Abstract This paper looks at how Arab Muslim feminists have deployed Facebook and blogging in recent years as a tool for networking with other feminists and forming different groups. It offers an analysis of the ways Muslim women in Morocco and Saudi Arabia converse online about issues of gender and Islam in the present globalized context. Their topics of discussion include their personal legal status, discourses on feminism, redefining gender roles, sexuality, and a range of other issues. Facebook and blogging allow these women to speak freely to one another and encourage them to form groups. These platforms are useful not only for coalescing around key social and political issues pertaining to women, but also for initiating social change. Women utilizing online social networking are using new forms of feminist discourse—and the technology to fuel such discourse—to promote change from within. What is also happening is a revolution in the way these women are approaching Islam. They are turning to Facebook and blogging not only to debate, discuss, and explain their religion to people who do not understand the concept of Islam, but also to learn about the rights of women elsewhere.
Photovoltaic and electron-voltaic properties of diffused and Schottky barrier GaAs diodes☆

Abstract The photovoltaic and electron-voltaic properties of GaAs diodes have been investigated for an irradiance in the range of 10−3 to 104 μW/cm2. These diodes were Zn diffused mesa-type diodes and Schottky barrier diodes having barriers of Au, Cu, and Cu/SiO. At 100 μW/cm2 diffused diodes can have a photovoltaic power conversion efficiency as high as 18 per cent for an absorption edge excitation at 8500 A and an open circuit voltage of 0·7 V. To achieve high efficiencies at short wavelengths, controlled etching of the front window can yield 11 per cent at 7000 A. For shorter wavelengths yet, Schottky barrier diodes are used to give efficiencies of 7 per cent at their peak spectral response of 6500 A and an open circuit voltage of 0·4 V. The quantum efficiency for these diodes is about 50 per cent for the photovoltaic mode of operation. The power conversion efficiency in the electron-voltaic mode is about 20 per cent of that in the photovoltaic mode, because greater energy is required to produce an electron-hole pair with an electron source than with an infrared radiation source. The energy required to produce an electron-hole pair in GaAs is 6·8 eV as deduced from the electron-voltaic quantum efficiency vs. electron energy curve.
DIFFERENTIAL ENZYME ACTIVITY DURING TRICHOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION IN ELODEA CANADENSIS

A B S T R A C T Enzymes active in the developing root epidermis of Elodea caniadentsis Michx. were demonstrated by histochemical techniques. The future root-hair-forming cells (trichoblasts) showed a period of elevated activity more extensive than the one previously reported in trichoblasts of another species for dehydrogenases (glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvate, lactate, succinic, isocitrate. glutamate), phosphatases (acid, ATPase, 5-nucleotidase), cytochrome oxidase, and peroxidase. This elevated activity extended from the time of trichoblast formation up to the point of root hair outgrowth, even for enzymes not previously demonstrated in trichoblasts: alkaline phosphatase, NADH diaphorase, NADPH diaphorase, esterase, and leucine aminopeptidase. Glucose-6-phosphatase and aryl sulfatase were not detected. The single exception to this pattern was phosphorylase activity, which intensified only just prior to and during root hair outgrowth. The more generalized activity pattern is considered to indicate the so-called meristematic character of these cells in terms of both macromolecular synthesis and lack of specialization. It is suggested that specific root hair development begins just prior to initiation, at the point marked by elevated phosphorylase activity. THE ROOT HAIR and nonpiliferous cells in the epidermis of Elodea canadensis Michx. develop from daughter cells of differing size, resulting from an asymmetric division. Several developmental steps have been observed to occur only in the shorter trichoblasts (Biinning, 1957; Cutter and Feldman, 1970a, b) and are thus believed to be important for their differentiation as root hairs. Among these is the strong increase in enzyme activity reported in Phleum pratense (Avers, 1958, et seq.).
Correlation between the potency of mumps virus skin test antigen and cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity

The antigenic potency of six lots of inactivated mumps virus vaccine and the six corresponding lots of mumps virus skin test antigen was assayed by a hemagglutinin test. The hemagglutinin titers of the skin test antigen varied from undetectable to 4 units per 0.05 ml. The titers of the vaccine ranged from undetectable to 16 units per 0.05 ml. Lots of low- and high-titer skin test antigen and vaccine were evaluated in 20 subjects. The more potent antigenic preparation elicited the greater reaction of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity in all but three individuals. The variable antigenic potency of different lots of the skin test antigen may explain the discrepant correlation between delayed hypersensitivity and humoral immunity to mumps virus in children 4 to 14 years old. During this period of life, the child recently infected with mumps virus may not respond to insufficiently potent skin test antigen (false negative skin test), and the child who has incurred other paramyxovirus infections, but not mumps, may respond in a cross-reactive manner to excessively potent skin test antigen.
Approximating clique-width and branch-width

We construct a polynomial-time algorithm to approximate the branch-width of certain symmetric sub-modular functions, and give two applications.The first is to graph "clique-width." Clique-width is a measure of the difficulty of decomposing a graph in a kind of tree-structure, and if a graph has clique-width at most k then the corresponding decomposition of the graph is called a "k-expression." We find (for fixed k) an O(n9 log n)-time algorithm that, with input an n-vertex graph, outputs either a (23k+2 - 1)-expression for the graph, or a witness that the graph has clique-width at least k + 1. (The best earlier algorithm, by Johansson [O. Johansson, log n-approximative NLCk-decomposition in O(n2k+1) time (extended abstract), in: Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science, Boltenhagen, 2001, in: Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci., vol. 2204, Springer, Berlin, 2001, pp. 229-240, constructs a 2k log n-expression for graphs of clique-width at most k.) It was already known that several graph problems, NP-hard on general graphs, are solvable in polynomial time if the input graph comes equipped with a k-expression (for fixed k). As a consequence of our algorithm, the same conclusion follows under the weaker hypothesis that the input graph has clique-width at most k (thus, we no longer need to be provided with an explicit k-expression).Another application is to the area of matroid branch-width. For fixed k, we find an O(n3.5)-time algorithm that, with input an n-element matroid in terms of its rank oracle, either outputs a branch-decomposition of width at most 3k - 1 or a witness that the matroid has branch-width at least k + 1. The previous algorithm by Hliněný [P. Hliněný, A parametrized algorithm for matroid branch-width, SIAM J. Comput. 35 (2) (2005) 259-277] works only for matroids represented over a finite field.
Taking a dim view of Nereid

Quand on passe en revue les differentes caracteristiques connues de ce satellite de Neptune on s'apercoit qu'il reste encore beaucoup de chemin a parcourir avant d'en connaitre tous les secrets et que la prochaine mission de Voyager 2 en Aout 1989 sera la bienvenue
CHLOROPHYLEPHOTOSENSITIZED ELECTRON TRANSFER BETWEEN CYTOCHROME c AND A LIPID‐MODIFIED TRANSPARENT INDIUM OXIDE ELECTRODE

Both direct and chlorophyll-photosensitized electron transfer reactions between cytochrome c and a lipid-modified indium oxide electrode have been studied by cyclic voltammetry and photoelectrochemistry. The lipid films consisted of egg phosphatidylcholine (PC), either alone or in combination with the negatively charged surfactant dihexadecylphosphate (DHP-), and contained varying amounts of chlorophyll. The photocurrents were either ca-thodic, when cytochrome c was used in its oxidized form in the supporting electrolyte, or anodic when the reduced form of cytochrome c was present, with a magnitude that depended on the PC concentration and the applied voltage. Quantum efficiencies of the anodic and cathodic photocurrents reached their maxima (5% and 10/o, respectively), at an intermediate PC concentration (5 mg/mL in the membrane-forming solution), conditions under which the diffusion-controlled electrochemical response of cytochrome c was also maximal. Incorporation of DHP- into the PC film increased both the direct and chlorophyll-photosensitized currents, presumably due to electrostatic binding of the positively charged cytochrome c to the electrode surface.
Differential mRNA translation and meiotic progression require Cdc2-mediated CPEB destruction

Translational activation of several dormant mRNAs in vertebrate oocytes is mediated by cytoplasmic polyadenylation, a process controlled by the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE) and its binding protein CPEB. The translation of CPE-containing mRNAs does not occur en masse at any one time, but instead is temporally regulated. We show here that in Xenopus, partial destruction of CPEB controls the temporal translation of CPE-containing mRNAs. While some mRNAs, such as the one encoding Mos, are polyadenylated at prophase I, the polyadenylation of cyclin B1 mRNA requires the partial destruction of CPEB that occurs at metaphase I. CPEB destruction is mediated by a PEST box and Cdc2-catalyzed phosphorylation, and is essential for meiotic progression to metaphase II. CPEB destruction is also necessary for mitosis in the early embryo. These data indicate that a change in the CPEB:CPE ratio is necessary to activate mRNAs at metaphase I and drive the cells' entry into metaphase II.
Elastic Properties of Porous Silica Derived from Colloidal Gels

The elastic properties were determined for gel-derived vitreous silica sintered from a relative density of 0.15 to full density. The gels were made from colloidal silica, potassium soluble silicate, and formamide. The soluble silicate was found to reinforce the gel network during gelation and its concentration relative to the colloidal silica affected Young's modulus for samples of relative density, 0.15 to 0.6 Young's modulus varied from 300 to 700 MPa at a relative density of 0.15 as a function of the soluble silicate concentration. Young's modulus at full density was measured to be 72.6 GPa. Poisson's ratio was found to be a function of relative density.
Schur's Lemma for partially ordered sets of finite type

It follows, for example, from the explicit description of the indecomposable representations of posets of finite type (51. Being interesting per se, Schur’s Lemma easily implies a bijection between the dimensions of indecomposable representations of a poset of finite type and the positive integral roots of its Tits form. That was shown in [ 1 ] according to the idea of [2] where the same implication was established for representations of quivers of finite type. This bijection allows one to prove directly certain qualitative results that otherwise follow only from the classification of representations. There are two published proofs of Schur’s Lemma for posets. One of them has a gap [7], and the other [I] is rather cumbersome. The purpose of this paper is to give a simple proof of the Lemma. Together with the well-known fact that one can canonically associate an indecomposable representation of a poset of finite type to every indecomposable representation of a quiver of finite type [2], the proof below constitutes perhaps the shortest known proof of Schur’s Lemma for quivers of finite type as well.
Identification of lingual motor control circuits using two strains of pseudorabies virus

First-order interneurons that project to hypoglossal motoneurons are distributed within reticular formation subdivisions in the pons and medulla in areas thought to control licking, swallowing, chewing, and respiration. Movement of the tongue in each of these functions is achieved by the coordinated action of both intrinsic and extrinsic lingual muscles. Interneuron populations that project to these different lingual motoneuronal pools appear to be largely overlapping in the reticular formation. Because of the functional coupling between intrinsic and extrinsic muscles during most tongue movements, one might predict that individual pre-hypoglossal interneurons project to multiple motoneuronal pools. To test this hypothesis, one strain of pseudorabies virus was injected into the styloglossus muscle (an extrinsic lingual muscle) and a second strain of pseudorabies virus was injected into the intrinsic lingual muscles of the anterior tongue in the same preparation. Rats were perfused with fixative 84-96 h later, and dual-labeling immunohistochemistry was performed to reveal populations of single- and double-labeled brainstem neurons. Motoneurons innervating the different lingual muscles were spatially segregated within the hypoglossal motor nucleus, and no double-labeled motoneurons were observed. In contrast, pre-hypoglossal neurons projecting to each lingual motoneuron pool were highly overlapping in the reticular formation, and many were double-labeled. These observations suggest that coactivation of lingual muscles can be achieved, at least in part, through divergent projections of first-order interneurons to anatomically and functionally distinct pools of lingual motoneurons in the hypoglossal nucleus.
Localized Independent Packet Scheduling for Buffered Crossbar Switches

Buffered crossbar switches are a special type of crossbar switches. In such a switch, besides normal input queues and output queues, a small buffer is associated with each crosspoint. Due to the introduction of crosspoint buffers, output and input contention is eliminated, and the scheduling process for buffered crossbar switches is greatly simplified. Moreover, since different input ports and output ports work independently, the switch can easily schedule and transmit variable length packets. Compared with fixed length packet scheduling, variable length packet scheduling has some unique advantages: higher throughput, shorter packet latency, and lower hardware cost. In this paper, we present a fast and practical scheduling scheme for buffered crossbar switches called Localized Independent Packet Scheduling (LIPS). With LIPS, an input port or output port makes scheduling decisions solely based on the state information of its local crosspoint buffers, i.e., the crosspoint buffers where the input port sends packets to or the output port retrieves packets from. The localization feature makes LIPS suitable for a distributed implementation and thus highly scalable. Since no comparison operation is required in LIPS, scheduling arbiters can be efficiently implemented using priority encoders, which can make arbitration decisions quickly in hardware. Another advantage of LIPS is that each crosspoint needs only L (the maximum packet length) buffer space, which minimizes the hardware cost of the switches. We theoretically analyze the performance of LIPS and, in particular, prove that LIPS achieves 100 percent throughput for any admissible traffic with speedup of two. We also discuss in detail the implementation architecture of LIPS and analyze the packet transmission timing in different scenarios. Finally, simulations are conducted to verify the analytical results and measure the performance of LIPS.
The role of carrier number on the procoagulant activity of tissue factor in blood and plasma

Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane glycoprotein cofactor of activated blood coagulation factor VII (FVIIa) that is required for hemostatic thrombin generation at sites of blood vessel injury. Membrane-associated TF detected in circulating blood of healthy subjects, referred to as intravascular or circulating TF has been shown to contribute to experimental thrombus propagation at sites of localized vessel injury. Certain disease states, such as metastatic cancer, are associated with increased levels of intravascular TF and an elevated risk of venous thromboembolism. However, the physiological relevance of circulating TF to hemostasis or thrombosis, as well as cancer metastasis, is ill-defined. This study was designed to assess whether the spatial separation of intravascular TF carriers in blood, demonstrated with TF-inducible human monocytic cell line U937 or TF-coated polymer microspheres, affected procoagulant activity and hence thrombogenic potential. Experiments were performed to characterize the effects of TF-carrier number on the kinetics of clot formation in both open and closed systems. The procoagulant activity of TF carriers was found to correlate with spatial separation in both closed, well-mixed systems and open, flowing systems. TF carriers enhanced the amidolytic activity of FVIIa toward the chromogenic substrate, S-2366, as a function of carrier count. These results suggest that TF-initiated coagulation by circulating TF is kinetically limited by mass transport of TF-dependent coagulation factors to the TF-bearing surface, a constraint that may be unique to circulating TF. Spatial separation of circulating TF carriers is therefore a critical determinant of the procoagulant activity of circulating TF.
Two-Dimensional Ferroelectric Photonic Crystal Waveguides: Simulation, Fabrication, and Optical Characterization

The optical properties of two dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) waveguides were investigated using ferroelectric barium titanate (BTO) thin films as the optical medium. The photonic band structure was calculated using a 2-D finite difference time domain (FDTD) method; a broad band gap is observed that results from the high refractive index contrast. The simulated transmission spectra indicate the stop band of PhC is mainly determined by three parameters: lattice constant, refractive index contrast, and waveguide mode order. From transmission measurements the PhC with a lattice constant a = 420 nm shows a strong light dispersion and the other PhC with a = 450 nm shows a 120-nm broad stop band. Strong localization of visible light within the PhC cavities is demonstrated from the light scattering images. The observed strong light confinement and its spatial intensity profile due to resonance agree with the calculated profiles. From polarized optical microscopy we discovered the scattered light wavelength was highly sensitive to magnitude of the lattice constant. The optical scattering properties indicate BTO PhC can potentially serve as micrometer size electro-optically tunable switches and color filters.
Outcome and patterns of failure in pathologic stages I–IV clear-cell carcinoma of the endometrium: implications for adjuvant radiation therapy

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the outcome and patterns of failure in women with pathologic Stage I–II papillary serous carcinoma of the uterus and to discuss the implications for adjuvant radiation therapy (RT). Methods Twenty-three pathologic Stage I–II uterine papillary serous carcinoma patients were treated at our institution between 1980 and 2001. All underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and assessment of peritoneal cytology. Pelvic and para-aortic lymph node sampling was performed in 12 and 8 patients, respectively. FIGO stages were as follows: IA=3, IB=8, IC=6, IIA=5, and IIB=1. Adjuvant therapies included the following: 9 none, 10 RT (6 pelvic, 1 vaginal brachytherapy, 3 both), 4 chemotherapy, and 1 hormonal therapy. No patient received whole abdominal radiation therapy or para-aortic RT. Disease-free survival, pelvic recurrence–free survival, and cause-specific survival were estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier, and prognostic factors were analyzed by the log–rank test. Median follow-up was 38.7 months (range: 3–109 months). Results The 5-year actuarial disease-free survival and cause-specific survival for the entire group was 41% and 73.6%, respectively. Nine patients developed recurrent disease. Five failed in the pelvis, of which 4 relapsed in the vagina. No pelvic failures occurred in women treated with adjuvant RT. Patients treated with adjuvant RT had a better 5-year actuarial pelvic recurrence–free survival (100% vs. 57.5%, p = 0.06) than patients treated with surgery alone. Two patients failed in the abdomen. However, neither developed an isolated abdominal recurrence. Six patients failed in distant sites, primarily the lungs and bone. Conclusion Although patients with pathologic Stage I–II uterine papillary serous carcinomas have organ-confined disease, recurrence is common, particularly in the pelvis and distant sites. Our results suggest that adjuvant RT reduces the risk of pelvic failure. Contrary to traditional assumptions, however, abdominal recurrence was uncommon in our patients, despite the lack of whole abdominal radiation therapy. Our results support the use of pelvic RT in these patients. Future studies should investigate the role of adjuvant chemotherapy.
Medical students' attention to multiple risk behaviors: a standardized patient examination.

BACKGROUND Risk behaviors tend to cluster, particularly among smokers, with negative health effects. To optimize patients’ health and wellbeing, health care providers ideally would assess and intervene upon the multiple risks with which patients may present.
Severe pelvic adhesions following attempted ultrasound-guided drainage of bilateral ovarian endometriomas: Case report

A 38 year old woman was thought to have bilateral polycystic ovaries and an absence of pelvic or abdominal adhesions at diagnostic laparoscopy. Post-operative transvaginal ultrasound noted bilateral homogeneous hypo-echoic masses with low-level echoes consistent with endometriomas. Transvaginal aspiration was unsuccessful due to the viscosity of the cyst contents. At second laparoscopy severe adhesions with complete cul-de-sac obliteration were noted. This case raises concern about pelvic adhesions following transvaginal drainage of ovarian endometriomas.
Predictive probability as a criterion for model selection

A model selection criterion based on Bayesian predictive densities is derived. Starting with an improper prior distribution of the model parameters and using one portion of the data, a proper distribution is obtained which is further used as a prior for obtaining predictive densities according to the model and the first portion of the data. The remaining portion is used to validate the model through the obtained predictive densities. The procedure is applied to the set of linear regression models. The performance of the criterion is illustrated by simulation results. >
A stabilized formulation for the advection–diffusion equation using the Generalized Finite Element Method

This paper presents a stable formulation for the advection–diffusion equation based on the Generalized (or eXtended) Finite Element Method, GFEM (or X-FEM). Using enrichment functions that represent the exponential character of the exact solution, smooth numerical solutions are obtained for problems with steep gradients and high Peclet numbers in one- and two-dimensions. In contrast with traditional stabilized methods that require the construction of stability parameters and stabilization terms, the present work avoids numerical instabilities by improving the classical Galerkin solution with enrichment functions (that need not be polynomials) using GFEM, which is an instance of the partition of unity framework. This work also presents a strategy for constructing enrichment functions for problems involving complex geometries by employing a global–local-type approach. Representative numerical results are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increasing the Number of Mutual Help Recovery Homes for Substance Abusers: Effects of Government Policy and Funding Assistance

As a form of aftercare, Oxford House (OH) is a recovery home that is democratically operated by residents, with no designated limit on length of stay. These homes are behaviorally based settings that provide clear consequences for any substance use or disruptive behavior. What is unique about these settings is that training, supervision, and implementation of the contingencies are provided by the residents. In order to increase the number of these mutual-help recovery homes, two groups of states utilized state funds to hire recruiters and set up a loan fund to establish new OHs. Using a multiple baseline design, findings indicated that this intervention involving the hiring of recruiters and a loan program was effective in facilitating increases in the number of U.S. OHs in each group of states. An immediate increase in the opening of new houses occurred when the intervention was introduced, resulting in the opening of 559 new OHs across these states.
KidPad: a design collaboration between children, technologists, and educators

We established an interdisciplinmy, intergenemtional collaboration in the fidl of 1995, between the University of New Mexico’s Computer Science Departmen4 the College of Fducatiou and local Albuquerque elementary school children. The goal of this reaeamh was to develop an expressive digital medium with an intuitive zooming - to support a learning environment tbr children. In the _ of this eollaboratio~ design methodologies that support a child’s role in the development of new technologies WE explored. What follows is a summary of our iterative design experience, collaboration, and the results of the resuch to date.
Constructing Home and Family: How the Ballroom Community Supports African American GLBTQ Youth in the Face of HIV/AIDS.

This article focuses on the construction of homes and families within the ballroom community, a prominent feature of urban GLBTQ communities of color in cities across the United States. Based on two ethnographic studies with ballroom communities in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, and Detroit, Michigan, we explore the importance of gender and sexual identity in informing community practice around HIV prevention and treatment. As a community, the ballroom scene provides African American queer youth with support for same-sex desire and identity, along with multiple forms of support for HIV prevention. Our study of the ballroom community documents current forms of “intravention” occurring within the community and the importance of the gender-sex system in organizing these practices. We also offer recommendations for community-based organizations to partner with the ballroom community, making use of existing social structures within the community and the salient concepts of home and family, to provide HIV-related services and support. We argue for HIV-prevention interventions to take a more culturally appropriate, nuanced approach to reaching African American youth at risk, utilizing community and family structures, in whatever forms these may take.
Proposed Revision of Marine Terrace Extent, Geometry, and Rates of Uplift, Pacific Palisades, California

Marine terrace geometries provide a useful means to interpret the rate and style of uplift along emergent shorelines. In southern California, coastal uplift has been linked to activity on blind thrust or reverse faults. Two marine wave-cut platforms were identified in geotechnical investigations at the Getty Villa museum complex in Pacific Palisades, CA. Reconstruction of the late Quaternary geomorphic history at the Getty Villa allows assignment of the upper platform to the ∼320 ka oxygen-isotope Stage 9 Malibu terrace of W. M. Davis and P. W. Birkeland. The lower terrace is interpreted to be the ∼125 ka (Stage 5e) Pacific Palisades platform of J. T. McGill. The wave-cut platforms at the Getty Villa have been uplifted, tilted seaward, and possibly warped. They record late Quaternary uplift at a rate of about 0.3 mm/year and progressive seaward tilting at a rate of about 1°/40 ka since 320 ka. The elevations and geometries of the platforms differ markedly from earlier interpretations, necessitating a reinterpretation of marine terrace geometries throughout much of the Pacific Palisades area. The observed pattern of uplift and tilting suggests the Santa Monica Mountains blind thrust fault of J. F. Dolan and colleagues as the probable source of coastal uplift in this area since 320 ka. Only the central portion of the fault appears significantly active, however. Application of moment magnitude (M) regression equations of Dolan and colleagues indicate that the active portion is capable of generating M 7.0 earthquakes at a recurrence interval of about 6,800 years.
Unionization and deprofessionalization: Which conies first?

This paper constitutes a review of the question whether unionization leads to deprofessionalization or whether deprofessionalization occurs first to be followed by union efforts to restore professional Matus to a profession under attack from social, political, and enconomic forces, including the bureaucracy. The evidence mustered from the historical literature appears to support the latter hypothesis, although it is questionable whether a union by itself can return an established profession to its original status prior to deprofessionalization.
Dividing the Indivisible

An office, or a mistress, cannot be apportioned out like a common.Jeremy Collier, Essays Upon Several Moral Subjects
Quantification and associated variability of induced vitellogenin gene transcripts in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay

Ecological risk assessors have a growing need for sensitive and rapid indicators of environmental exposures in aquatic ecosystems resulting from natural and synthetic estrogen-like compounds. Investigators developing subcellular exposure markers in traditional sentinel organisms must be vigilant about inherent variability of analyses, especially regarding regulatory and policy statements. Here, we report a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) assay for the detection of vitellogenin transcripts environmentally triggered in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). We demonstrate that our QPCR assay exhibits little inter- or intra-assay variability (21.7 and 11.9%, respectively). This method appears to be robust in terms of variability stemming from extrinsic sources, indicating that it may be readily transferable to laboratories having the requisite equipment. Our primary focus in development of this method derived from the observation that transcriptional responses of the vitellogenin gene (vtg) in fathead minnows demonstrated high biological variability between identically treated individuals, even under controlled laboratory conditions (coefficient of variation, > 100%). This variability was not seen in other genes from the same RNA preparations that we examined, suggesting that it is specific to the vitellogenin response. Our data and those of others suggest that variability in vtg expression is common to a number of aquatic vertebrates, which is indicative of genetic causation. Despite a relatively high degree of variability in vtg transcription, this method is sensitive enough to detect exposures of 5.0 ng 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2)/L within 24 h of exposure, and it has the ability to discriminate 10.0 and 5.0 ng EE2/L within 48 h. The vitellogenin QPCR assay is a highly sensitive, comparatively rapid, and inexpensive method for the detection and characterization of exposure to environmental estrogens and estrogen mimics.
Optimization of excess system capability for increased evolvability

System evolvability is vital to the longevity of large-scale complex engineered systems. The need for evolvability in complex systems is a result of their long service lives, rapid advances to their integrated technologies, unforeseen operating conditions, and emerging system requirements. Building excess capability into complex systems can improve their ability to evolve while in service. However, excess capability increases initial build cost and operating cost, which is compounded across the service life of the system. Excess capability that is eventually used adds benefit by allowing for in-service evolution to meet emerging system requirements. Therefore, there is a trade-off between the cost of excess capability initially built into the system and the benefit that is added to the system by enabling future evolution. This paper introduces a process for optimizing the amount of excess capability in a complex system. This process results in a set of evolvable systems without excessive cost. We demonstrate how this process can be used to select the amount of excess capability that should be included in a military ground vehicle.
Simulation analysis of power-frequency electromagnetic field interference on smart meters

In this paper, based on the principle of electromagnetic interference on some key parts of smart meter, using power-frequency electromagnetic field as interference source, power transformer, the voltage transformer and the current transformer of a smart meter in the interference of the power-frequency magnetic field are analyzed and studied with the finite element software ANSYS electromagnetic analysis function. Based on the theory of finite element analysis, finite element analysis model is established, and then calculated, compared, and analyzed. According to the result of finite element calculation and analysis, some measures for preventing electromagnetic interference of smart meters are also proposed.
Wave Influence on Wind Velocity Profile

An investigation of the wave influence on the air velocity profile above progressive mechanically-generated waves was made in a wind and wave facility. Both the instantaneous and mean velocity profiles were obtained. Experimental evidence is presented which suggests that the air velocity field responds to the wave motion. The experimental results are explained in light of a theoretical analysis which suggests that the measured mean velocity profile is influenced by the wave motion in a vicinity of approximately three wave amplitudes above the mean water surface.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacological Interactions of Antibacterial Drugs

Proper antibacterial therapy demands appropriate duration and concentration of antibacterial agents at the foci of infections in the body so that effective disinfection can occur. The necessary vital processes of the body impede the drug’s absorption, dilute it into various volumes of distribution, bind it to plasma proteins, tissues and red blood cells and remove it from the body by metabolic and excretory routes so that the drug’s effectivity is diminished.