cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On co-existence of in-band UWB-OFDM and GPS signals: Tracking performance analysis Dmitriy ^Garmatyuk

The problem of in-band co-existence between GPS and other potential interfering signals is viewed from the following angle in this paper: Is there a coding or modulation technique which would permit simultaneous use of GPS and other RF services occupying same bandwidth? Very low interference between the UWB radar and GPS signals can be achieved by shaping radar pulses using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) coding, which is a multi-carrier modulation technique targeted for commercial UWB communications. The paper shows that we can, in fact, expect a very good degree of interoperability of a system used for GPS reception and UWB-OFDM radar purposes. The benefits of using UWB sensor in conjunction with GPS can be for example, to supplement positioning algorithms with radar-collected data, as well as to perform general reconnaissance of the surrounding area. The paper includes detailed analysis of the proposed multiple-use UWB-OFDM radar/GPS receiver concept, the effect of co-existing UWB-OFDM signals on GPS receiver tracking loop carrier noise level, and the impact on the quality of GPS solution in weak GPS signal environment. A brief discussion of MATLAB implementation of the modeled scenarios is presented as well.
The power of slicing in internet flow measurement

Network service providers use high speed flow measurement solutions in routers to track dominant applications, compute traffic matrices and to perform other such operational tasks. These solutions typically need to operate within the constraints of the three precious router resources - CPU, memory and bandwidth. Cisco's Net-Flow, a widely deployed flow measurement solution, uses a configurable static sampling rate to control these resources. In this paper, we propose Flow Slices, a solution inspired from previous enhancements to NetFlow such as Smart Sampling [8], Adaptive NetFlow (ANF) [10]. Flow Slices, in contrast to NetFlow, controls the three resource bottlenecks at the router using separate "tuning knobs"; it uses packet sampling to control CPU usage, flow sampling to control memory usage and finally multi-factor smart sampling to control reporting bandwidth. The resulting solution has smaller resource requirements than current proposals (up to 80% less memory usage than ANF), enables more accurate traffic analysis results (up to 10% less error than ANF) and balances better the error in estimates of byte, packet and flow counts (flow count estimates up to 8 times more accurate than after Smart Sampling). We provide theoretical analyses of the unbiasedness and variances of the estimators based on Flow Slices and experimental comparisons with other flow measurement solutions such as ANF.
Propositional production systems for dialog description

The Propositional Production System (PPS) for describing interactive dialogs is defined. It is shown to be a superset of state machines, window event translation tables and event response systems. It is shown how dialogs can be expanded by means of inheritance and how semantic control information can be uniformly integrated into the dialog model. Optimizations are defined which can tune the executable machine for either minimal space or minimal execution time.
Canonical Van Vleck Quasidegenerate Perturbation Theory with Trigonometric Variables

A canonical Van Vleck quasidegenerate perturbation theory that uses trigonometric transformed generators of the wave operator is presented. The equations for the first-order corrections to the wave operator generator are similar to those used in the stable Jacobi matrix diagonalization algorithm. Use of the trigonometric transformed variables can be seen to eliminate numerical instabilities due to zero-order quasidegeneracy. The separate question of orbital energies for use with the Moller−Plesset partitioned form of this quasidegenerate perturbation theory is also addressed. Results of calculations, through second order, for electron correlation energy in benchmark molecules are presented (i.e., DZ H2O, 6-31G NH2, DZP CH2, (DZ+)P F2, DZP O2). Remarkably high accuracy is observed already in the second-order implementation.
Immunoglobulins IgG and IgM in synovial fluids of swine with erysipelothrix polyarthritis

Abstract Concentrations of IgG and IgM immunoglobulins in synovial fluids and sera from a group of swine with experimentally produced Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae polyarthritis were measured to determine if there was local synthesis of these immunoglobulins by plasma cells in arthritic synovial tissue. IgG and, to a lesser extent, IgM were significantly higher in arthritic than in nirmal synovial fluids from the same group of swine and this increase could only partly be explained by the increased permeability of the arthritic synovial membrane to plasma proteins. When synovial fluid values of IgG and IgM were calculated on the basis of companion serum concentration it was found that 82% of IgG, and 25% of IgM estimations were significantly elevated above levels in normal joints indicating that IgG was the dominant immunoglobulin synthesized.
Ensuring Retrieval Effectiveness in Distributed Digital Libraries

Abstract We find that dissemination of collection-wide information (CWI) in a distributed collection of documents is needed to achieve retrieval effectiveness comparable to that of a centralized collection. Complete dissemination is unnecessary. The required dissemination level depends upon the content-skew of the distributed collection, i.e., how documents are allocated among sites. Low dissemination is needed for random document allocation, but higher levels are needed when documents are allocated on the basis of their content. We define parameters to control dissemination and document allocation and present results from four document collections. These results provide insight into the necessary technology underlying digital libraries. We also describe the architecture of the Networked Computer Science Technical Report Library (NCSTRL), a concrete example of a system that fits our model of a distributed archive.
5-HT1 receptor sites and functional correlates

Radioligand techniques have identified at least two distinct serotonergic binding sites in the central nervous system; “5-HT1” sites have high affinity for serotonin and related agonists and low affinity for serotonergic antagonists. Similar pharmacological properties are present in a number of physiological systems, including stimulation of adenylate cyclase, inhibition of neurotransmitter release and contraction of certain arterial systems. The correlation between binding data and physiological functions allows these sites to be designated “5-HT1 receptors”.
Genetic testing integration panels (GTIPs): a novel approach for considering integration of direct-to-consumer and other new genetic tests into patient care

There has been a dramatic increase in the number of genetic tests available but few tests have practice guidelines. In addition, many tests have become available outside of clinical settings through direct-to-consumer (DTC) companies and several offer tests not considered standard of care. To address several practical challenges associated with the rapid introduction of clinical and DTC genetic tests, we propose that genetic counselors and geneticists organize expert panels in their institutions to discuss the integration of new tests into patient care. We propose the establishment of Genetic Testing Integration Panels (GTIPs) to bring together local experts in medical genetics, genetic counseling, bioethics and law, health communication and clinical laboratory genetics. We describe key features of this approach and consider some of the potential advantages and limitations of using a GTIP to address the many clinical challenges raised by rapidly emerging clinical and DTC genetic tests.
Securin is overexpressed in breast cancer.

Securin regulates sister chromatid separation during mitosis, induces bFGF-mediated angiogenesis, and securin overexpression causes in vitro transformation and in vivo tumor formation in nude mice. As estrogen administration to oophorectomized rats increased pituitary securin expression, we used immunohistochemistry to examine securin and estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) expression in 90 breast tumors and 18 normal breast tissues. Breast tumor securin and ER-α expression were quantitated by image analysis and expressed as fold difference relative to securin expression in normal breast tissue. Low cytoplasmic securin expression was seen in the normal breast epithelium, whereas abundant cytoplasmic and nuclear securin expression was demonstrated in all 90 breast tumors. Highest securin expression was seen in brain metastatic breast tumors (4.3-fold, P<0.01), cells derived from metastatic breast cancers (6.5-fold, P<0.001), and in invasive ductal carcinoma (mean±s.e.: 3.8-fold, P<0.001). Highly pleomorphic (4.1-fold) or highly proliferative breast tumors (1.6-fold) exhibited high immunohistochemical securin expression compared to low-grade breast tumors (P<0.05). Northern blot analysis in 12 of the breast tumors confirmed the immunohistochemical findings demonstrating increased securin mRNA expression compared to normal breast mucosa (2.5-fold, P=0.03), with highest securin evident in invasive (3.5-fold) vs noninvasive tumors (1.9-fold, P=0.03). In addition, some tumors that exhibited high securin expression also expressed high ER-α levels (P<0.0001). These results demonstrate that the estrogen-induced transforming gene, securin is abundantly expressed in breast carcinoma, and is associated with the presence of metastatic spread, and lymph node invasion. We propose immunohistochemical tumor securin expression as a potential invasive marker, and novel therapeutic target in breast cancer.
Reviews of Science for Science Librarians: Assessing the Impact of Urban Tree Planting Initiatives on Climate Change

Climate change is believed to be one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century. No section of the globe will remain untouched by its effects. As a result, researchers around the world are searching for ways to mitigate the impacts of climate change. An idea that has become a popular fixture of climate management plans is planting trees in urban areas. Tree planting initiatives (TPIs) are thought to be beneficial for two reasons: (1) trees store and absorb carbon dioxide, and (2) trees may prevent carbon dioxide emissions by providing shade in hot urban settings. This article is intended to provide librarians information about the research tools and current state of research in this growing field.
The rate of nutrient supply to normal and denervated slow and fast muscle, and its relation to muscle blood flow.

EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY The Rate of Nutrient Supply to Normal and Denervated Slow and Fast Muscle, and Its Relation to Muscle Blood Flow STEPHEN c. BONDY, JANET L. PURDY, JAMES E. CARROLL, AND KENNETH K. KAISER Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Medical Center, Denver, Colorado 80220 Received January 21, 1976; revision received March 3, 1976 Muscle blood flow, glucose uptake, and the ability of muscle to concentrate an inert amino acid have been studied in vivo using a variety of radiosotopes. The rate of blood flow is four times greater in the slow soleus muscle than in the fast gastrocnemius muscle of the rat, but the rate of deoxyglucose uptake is 14 times higher in the slow muscle relative to the fast muscle. Slow muscle is also able to accumulate the inert amino acid, a-aminoiso- butyric acid, more effectively than does fast muscle. A week after denervation, the rate of blood flow through denervated muscles was increased 30- to 40-fold over control values. However, deoxyglucose uptake was not sig- nificantly elevated in the gastrocnemius and was reduced to 20% of control levels in the so1eus. The ability of the denervated muscles to concentrate a-aminoisobutyric acid was also impaired. These changes could not be accounted for in terms of an altered inulin space. There is no correlation between the rate of muscle blood flow and the ability of muscle to extract blood-borne nutrients. Impaired transport mechanisms precede and may initiate the major morphological changes that follow muscle denervation. INTRODUCTION There are several reports of an increase of blood flow to denervated muscle tissue ( 14). In spite of this increase in blood supply, striated muscle undergoes rapid atrophy after denervation with concomitant loss of glycogen and phosphocreatine reserves ( 15). We have investigated this apparent discrepancy by determining blood flow, deoxyglucose uptake, This research was supported by NIH Grant NS09603 and the Foundations' Fund for Research in Psychiatry Grant 70-487. Stephen C. Bondy is the recipient of NIMH Research Scientist Award KOS-MH-00102. Copyright © 1976 by Academic Press, Inc. All rights ol reproduction in any form reserved.
Discrimination and conditioning of photic evoked cortical macropotentials in the albino rat

Abstract Nine rats were rewarded with lateral hypothalamic brain stimulation for pressing a given bar following enhanced photic evoked components or for pressing another bar following depressed components. Evoking stimulus intensity was constant so that the responses to be discriminated varied due to presumably internal state fluctuations. Most rats learned only to generate one kind of wave and remain on the appropriate bar. Two rats that learned this operant learned additionally to signal trials in which they failed to generate the predominant response. One rat displayed discrimination in the absence of operant production of particular wave types. Specific electrophysiological correlates of these response styles were found and taken as evidence that operant neural conditioning may involve atypical states of the organism. Also discussed in terms of electrophysiological data were (1) the nature of the difficulty of neural discrimination, and (2) antecedents for the various observed response styles.
Reliability of ceramic multilayer actuators : A nonlinear finite element simulation

In a ceramic multilayer actuator, the abrupt end of an internal electrode concentrates the electric field, inducing stresses in the ceramic. Crack nucleation and growth have been observed experimentally, but have not been well modeled due to the complex material behaviors. We write a finite element program to solve this coupled electromechanical problem. The material is taken to be nonlinearly dielectric with electrostrictive strain quadratic in electric displacement. The program solves field distributions in a multilayer actuator, which are combined with fracture mechanics to obtain cracking condition. The calculations are compared with the existing analytical solution under the small-scale saturation conditions, and then extended to the large-scale saturation conditions. We show that the cracking condition established under the small-scale saturation conditions gives useful estimate even when the saturation zone is comparable to the actuator layer thickness.
Shape Memory Bulk Metallic Glass Composites

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are being studied extensively as potential structural materials as they have a unique array of mechanical properties compared to traditional crystalline metals ( 1 – 4 ). Their amorphous microstructure and variable composition give BMGs ultrahigh-yield strengths, large elastic strain limits, high hardness, corrosion resistance, and the ability to be processed like a plastic. So far, however, BMGs have not found many structural applications because of their catastrophic failure under tension (tensile loading) and their typically low fracture toughness (resistance to cracking), both resulting from the same amorphous microstructure that differentiates them from crystalline metals. This shortcoming has been addressed in recent years with the development of BMG matrix composites (BMGMCs)—two-phase alloys consisting of soft, crystalline dendrites grown in situ in a glass-forming matrix ( 5 – 9 ). When designed and processed properly, BMGMCs retain the positive structural features exhibited by monolithic (single-phase) BMGs, but can also exhibit enhanced tensile ductility, fracture toughness, and fatigue endurance, which makes them desirable as engineering materials ( 5 , 10 , 11 ).
Internal medicine residents' training in substance use disorders: a survey of the quality of instruction and residents' self-perceived preparedness to diagnose and treat addiction.

ABSTRACT Background: Resident physicians are the direct care providers for many patients with addiction. This study assesses residents’ self-perceived preparedness to diagnose and treat addiction, measures residents’ perceptions of the quality of addictions instruction, and evaluates basic knowledge of addictions. Methods: A survey was e-mailed to 184 internal medicine residents at Massachusetts General Hospital in May 2012. Results: Responses were obtained from 55% of residents. Residents estimated that 26% of inpatients they cared for met criteria for a substance use disorder (SUD). Twenty-five percent of residents felt unprepared to diagnose and 62% felt unprepared to treat addiction. Only 13% felt very prepared to diagnose addiction. No residents felt very prepared to treat addiction. Preparedness to diagnose or treat addiction did not differ significantly across postgraduate year (PGY) level. Fifty-five percent rated the overall instruction in addictions as poor or fair. Seventy-two percent of reside...
Kaolinite Synthesis at 25°C

The addition of quercetin, an organic flavone (C 15 H 10 O 7 ), to aqueous solutions containing silica and aluminum and adjusted to final p H9s from 6.5 to 8.5 produced a 1 : 1 alumninosilicate precipitate which, after 6 to 16 months of aging in solution at 25°C, contained as much as 5 percent well-formed kaolinite plates. Similar solutions containing no organic material produced relatively amorphous precipitates with the same composition and stability (standard free energy of formation = -897±1 kilocalories per mole) but with substantially smaller amounts of crystaline material even after 2 years of aging.
Curriculum Reform in Baccalaureate Nursing Education: Review of the Literature

The debate surrounding the need for reform in nursing education has been heard for well over a decade. Recently, deficiencies in the quality of patient care, as well as patient safety issues, have led to calls for change in health professions education by nursing organizations and the Institute of Medicine (IOM). The rationale and scope of any proposed curricular revision or changes in teaching practices must be firmly grounded in a comprehensive review of the literature and based on current research findings. This article synthesizes the recent literature related to curriculum reform and innovation in nursing education. Four themes were identified in the literature: incorporating safety and quality in nursing education, re-designing conceptual frameworks, strategies to address content laden curricula, and teaching using alternative pedagogies. Synthesis of the recent literature in the field will assist faculty who are beginning the curriculum evaluation and revision process in their own schools.
Superhydrophobic effect on the adsorption of human serum albumin.

Abstract Analytical protocol greatly influences the measurement of human serum albumin (HSA) adsorption to commercial expanded polytetrafluororethylene (ePTFE) exhibiting superhydrophobic wetting properties. Degassing of buffer solutions and evacuation of ePTFE adsorbent to remove trapped air immediately prior to contact with protein solutions are shown to be essential. Results obtained with ePTFE as a prototypical superhydrophobic test material suggest that vacuum degassing should be applied in the measurement of protein adsorption to any surface exhibiting superhydrophobicity. Solution depletion quantified using radiometry (125I-labeled HSA) or electrophoresis yield different measures of adsorption, with nearly 4-fold higher surface concentrations of unlabeled HSA measured by the electrophoresis method. This outcome is attributed to the influence of the radiolabel on HSA hydrophilicity which decreases radiolabeled-HSA affinity for a hydrophobic adsorbent in comparison to unlabeled HSA. These results indicate that radiometry underestimates the actual amount of protein adsorbed to a particular material. Removal of radiolabeled HSA adsorbed to ePTFE by 3× serial buffer rinses also shows that the remaining “bound fraction” was about 35% lower than the amount measured by radiometric depletion. This observation implies that measurement of protein bound after surface rinsing significantly underestimates the actual amount of protein concentrated by adsorption into the surface region of a protein-contacting material.
Folinic acid activity in leucocytes.

SummaryIntracellular CF activity in normal and leukemic leucocytes was studied. The concentration of CF which is easily ex-tractable (free CF) as well as that which is microbiologically active for Pediococcus cerevisiae only after autolysis of the sample (bound CF) were investigated. Determinations were also made of that proportion of free and bound CF which loses activity after autoclaving in absence of ascorbate, as well as the amount of labile CF which can be converted to stable CF in presence of ascorbate. The bulk of the activity in normal and leukemic leucocytes is bound CF. Furthermore, approximately 90% of CF activity of free and bound CF is lost by autoclaving the sample in absence of ascorbate, indicating that oxygen-labile bound CF predominates in leucocytes. In preliminary studies of leukemic leucocytes, elevation of CF activity in at least one fraction was found in 4 out of 5 patients studied. However, qualitative differences in the pattern of CF activity were not observed.
Differences in asymmetry of facial expression between left- and right-handed children

Abstract Ten left-handed children unselected for cerebral dominance and ten right-handed children, 8–10 yr old, posed for facial photographs while mimicking several emotional expressions. Left side and right side facial composites were prepared and shown to 30 raters. The majority of right-handed children were judged to be left facial dominant, while the left-handers were judged to be mainly indeterminate and right facial dominant. These findings indicate a difference in hemifacial emotional expression between left- and right-handed children.
A CYTOTAXONOMIC STUDY OF GLYCERIA AND PUCCINELLIA

1938. A quantitative study of the subterranean members of three field grasses. Amer. Jour. Bot. q5: 654-657. . 1940. A quantitative study of the subterranean members of soybean. Soil Conservation 6: 33-35. . 1948. A comparative study of the number and length of roots produced in nineteen Angiosperm species. Bot. Gaz. 109: 354-358. FRANK, A. B. 1887. Ueber neue Mycorhiza-Formen Ber Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 5:395-409. GASPARRINI, G. 1856. Richerche sulla natura die succiatori la escrezione delle vadici. Naples p. 1-113, pI. 1-2. HATCH, A. B. 1937. The physical basis of mycotrophy in Pinus. The Black Rock Forest Bull. 6: 1-168. KRAMER, P. H. 1940. Water made available by root extension. Plant Physiol. 15: 743-747. LINic, H. F. 1837. Grundlehren der Krauterkund. 2nd ed. Berlin. McDouGALL, W. B. 1921. Thick-walled root hairs of Gleditsia and related genera. Amer. Jour. Bot. 8: 171-176. SCHRANKK, A. P. 1794. Von den Neberngefassen der Pflazen und ihren Nutzen. Halle. WHITAKER, E. S. 1923. Root hairs and secondary thickening in the Compositae. Bot. Gaz. 76:30-59.
An innovative stochastic dynamic model to three-stage supply chain finance

In this paper, we formulate a stochastic dynamic program for the three-stage supply chain finance problem from the perspective of banks. The objective is to maximize the expected income for the bank under three types of risks, i.e., supplier's credit risk, buyer's credit risk and inventory-in-transit risk. We contribute to the literature with an innovative mathematical model of supply chain finance problem, which is an emerging and eye-catching business itself. Solving for optimal policy of our problem will help banks tradeoff income against risks.
A Qualitative Examination of the Impact of Culturally Responsive Educational Practices on the Psychological Well-Being of Students of Color

Scholars have shown that educational experiences within the classroom may marginalize students of color which may result in psychological distress. However, the utilization of culturally responsive educational practices (CRE) can create environments in which marginalized students can thrive not only academically, but psychologically. The authors provide a qualitative case study examining the culturally responsive practices of one teacher through a relational cultural theory (RCT) lens. The findings suggest that CRE practices may serve as psychological interventions that are associated with decreased psychological distress and increased psychological well-being amongst students of color. Specifically, students demonstrated behaviors depicting a number of RCT’s five good things, including zest, empowerment, connection, clarity, and self-worth, that improve psychological well-being according to RCT.
Array factor approach of leaky-wave antennas and application to 1-D/2-D composite right/left-handed (CRLH) structures

An array factor approach of leaky-wave (LW) antennas is proposed for efficient and fast computation of the radiation patterns of complex metamaterial LW structures of arbitrary length from the analysis of a single periodic unit cell. This approach is demonstrated in one-dimensional and two-dimensional composite right/left-handed (CRLH) LW antennas.
Crystal Structure of Human Frataxin

Abstract Friedreich's ataxia, an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive gait and limb ataxia, cardiomyopathy, and diabetes mellitus, is caused by decreased frataxin production or function. The structure of human frataxin, which we have determined at 1.8-A resolution, reveals a novel protein fold. A five-stranded, antiparallel β sheet provides a flat platform, which supports a pair of parallel α helices, to form a compact αβ sandwich. A cluster of 12 acidic residues from the first helix and the first strand of the large sheet form a contiguous anionic surface on the protein. The overall protein structure and the anionic patch are conserved in eukaryotes, including animals, plants, and yeast, and in prokaryotes. Additional conserved residues create an extended 1008-A2 patch on a distinct surface of the protein. Side chains of disease-associated mutations either contribute to the anionic patch, help create the second conserved surface, or point toward frataxin's hydrophobic core. These structural findings predict potential modes of protein-protein and protein-iron binding.
Field-Evolved Resistance: Assessing the Problem and Ways to Move Forward

“Field-evolved resistance” is defined as a “genetically based decrease in susceptibility of a population to a toxin caused by exposure to the toxin in the field.” The key component of “field-evolved” resistance is that it does confer decreased susceptibility to an insecticide in the field. Another key component is that the decrease in susceptibility to the insecticide is because of previous exposure of the target insect to the toxin in the field. Several studies have reported field-evolved resistance to crops engineered to express proteins from the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). However, there has not been a consistent standard in the application of the definition of field-evolved resistance for Bt crops. The inconsistency in applying the definition arises from differences in the methods used to detect resistance, the ecology of the interaction between the pest and the Bt crop, and the effective dose the pest encounters while feeding on the Bt crop. Using case studies of reported resistance to Bt crops, it is demonstrated resistance does not come in a single form, and that in most cases, resistance can still be managed.
Promiscuous DNA transfer system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: role of the virB operon in sex pilus assembly and synthesis

Conjugative transfer of DNA that occurs between bacteria also operates between bacteria and higher organisms. The transfer of DNA between Gram-negative bacteria requires initial contact by a sex pilus followed by DNA traversing four membranes (donor plus recipient) using a transmembrane pore. Accumulating evidence suggests that transfer of the T-DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens to plants may also occur via a conjugative mechanism. The virB operon of the Ti plasmid exhibits close homologies to genes that are known to encode the pilin subunits and pilin assembly proteins. The proteins encoded by the PilW operon of IncW plasmid R388 share strong similarities (average similarity = 50.8%) with VirB proteins. Similarly, the TraA, TraL and TraC proteins of IncF plasmid F have similarities to VirB2, VirB3 and VirB4 respectively (average similarity = 45.3%). VirB2 protein (12.3 kDa) contains a signal peptidase-I cleavage sequence that generates a polypeptide of 7.2 kDa. Likewise, the 12.8 kDa propilin protein TraA of plasmid F also possesses a peptidase-I cleavage site that generates the 7.2 kDa pilin structural protein. Similar amino acid sequences of the conjugative transfer genes of F, R388 as well as plasmid RP4 and the genes of the ptI operon of Bortedella pertussis suggest the existence of a superfamily of transmembrane proteins adapted to the promiscuous transfer of DNA-protein complexes.
Parametrically excited standing edge waves

The resonant excitation of weakly nonlinear, standing edge waves of frequency ω and longshore wavenumber k by a normally incident, non-breaking gravity wave of frequency 2ω and shoreline amplitude a to on a bottom that descends smoothly from a shoreline depth of zero and slope σ to an offshore depth h∞ is calculated for ka [Lt ] σ [Lt ] kh∞ [Lt ] 1. The analysis generalizes hose of Guza & Bowen (1976) and Rockliff (1978), which assume uniform slope and perfect reflection, and culminates in a pair of evolution equations for the slowly varying, quadrature amplitudes (or, equivalently, amplitude and phase) of the edge wave. Weak, linear damping (which implies imperfect reflection) is incorporated, and the resulting fixed points and bifurcation points of the evolution equations are determined. It is shown that the solution for prescribed initial conditions must tend to one of the stable fixed points, which correspond to an edge-wave amplitude of either zero or O((σa/k)½), depending on whether the damping exceeds or is inferior to a certain critical value. The restriction σ [Lt ] kh∞ is relaxed for the special depth profile h/h∞ = 1 −exp (−σx/h∞), for which the inviscid, shallow-water equations admit exact solutions. These solutions serve to validate the asymptotic (σ/kh↓O) approximations for arbitrary depth profiles.
A mathematical model of rat distal convoluted tubule. I. Cotransporter function in early DCT.

A model of rat early distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is developed in conjunction with a kinetic representation of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (TSC). Realistic constraints on cell membr...
A Varactor Based 90 $^{\circ}$ Directional Coupler With Tunable Coupling Ratios and Reconfigurable Responses

In this paper, a symmetric four-port microwave varactor based 90 ° directional coupler with tunable coupling ratios and reconfigurable responses is presented. The proposed coupler is designed based on the modified structure of a crossover, where varactors are loaded. By applying suitable biasing voltages to the varactors, the power-dividing ratios between the two output ports (i.e., port 2 and port 3) of the coupler can be easily controlled. Moreover, it is found that the realizable power ratio using the proposed structure is very flexible (it could be extremely large or small). Therefore, under the special case when the coupling ratio is tuned to be 1, the proposed coupler is reconfigured to be a crossover. Good isolation and return-loss performance have been maintained for different power-dividing ratios. To theoretically analyze the proposed device, closed-form design equations are derived using the even-odd mode method. Based on these analytical equations, an experimental prototype working at 1 GHz is designed, fabricated, and characterized. The measurement results match well with the simulation and theoretical results, validating the proposed design theory.
Closing the communal gap: The importance of communal affordances in science career motivation

To remain competitive in the global economy, the United States (and other countries) is trying to broaden participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) by graduating an additional 1 million people in STEM fields by 2018. Although communion (working with, helping, and caring for others) is a basic human need, STEM careers are often (mis)perceived as being uncommunal. Across three naturalistic studies we found greater support for the communal affordance hypothesis, that perceiving STEM careers as affording greater communion is associated with greater STEM career interest, than two alternative hypotheses derived from goal congruity theory. Importantly, these findings held regardless of major (Study 1), college enrollment (Study 2), and gender (Studies 1-3). For undergraduate research assistants, mid-semester beliefs that STEM affords communion predicted end of the semester STEM motivation (Study 3). Our data highlight the importance of educational and workplace motivational interventions targeting communal affordances beliefs about STEM.
Whole-body corticosteroid and plasma cortisol concentrations in larval and juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. following acute stress

Methods were developed to assess whole-body immunoreactive corticosteroid concentrations (IRC) and plasma levels of cortisol in Atlantic cod subjected to several common, acute stressors. A measurable corticosteroid stress response was observed at the first sampling in whole bodies of 8-day post-hatch (dph) larvae. Two groups of juveniles (∼5 and 30 g) were subjected to a 30 s net stressor and whole-body IRC and plasma cortisol levels were determined. Post-stressor IRC in smaller fish rose approximately 14-fold, peaked at 1 h, were sustained for 3–6 h and returned to pre-stressor levels within 24 h. Post-stressor plasma cortisol levels in larger fish rose approximately 18-fold, peaked at 0.5–1 h, were sustained for 1–3 h and then returned to near pre-stressor levels after 24 h. Immunoreactive corticosteroid concentrations appeared to remain elevated longer than plasma cortisol levels suggesting that steroids other than cortisol were contributing to total immunoreactivity in homogenates. Juveniles exposed to either a grading procedure or high density transport had maximal IRC and plasma cortisol levels within 90 min which returned to pre-stressor levels within 24–72 h. A reduction in water salinity (20 g L−1) did not moderate the corticosteroid response in juveniles. The results show that Atlantic cod respond to common, acute stressors in a manner similar to other teleosts. Whole-body homogenates can be used to identify changes in IRC in response to acute stress in cod with the caveat that recovery IRC may differ from plasma cortisol concentrations.
A Two-Channel Picture Coding System: II--Adaptive Companding and Color Coding

The two-channel picture coding system previously reported is improved by adaptive companding and extended to component color coding. The basic system divides the spectrum into lowand high-frequency spatial components. The former are coarsely sampled and finely quantized, while the latter are finely sampled and coarsely quantized using a companded, randomized quantizer. The adaptive version uses a companding factor, larger than one, which multiplies the highs before coding and divides the result after decoding. This substantially raises the signal-to-noise ratio, which is calculated for both the adaptive and nonadaptive cases and confirmed by computer simulation. The color version uses an achromatic highs channel as in the basic monochrome system, plus a three-color lows channel coded in a perceptually uniform color space. With 3.5-4.3 bits/pel for 512 × 512 monochrome and color still images, the nonstatistical version produces images free of visible defects under normal viewing conditions. Projections are made for system parameters capable of achieving the very high quality now being proposed for production component coding systems, but with substantial reduction in channel capacity.
The rheumatoid wrist after resection of the distal ulna

Thirty-three wrists in 25 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were followed for an average of 3.8 years after resection of the distal ulna. These patients, including those who had adjunctive implantation of a silicone rubber cap, manifested considerable amounts of carpal collapse, carpal translocation, rotational change of the wrist, and radial shift of the ulna. The progression of these complications was unpredictable. Four patients required revision. Three of these four patients had no articular contact between the lunate and radius on their preoperative x-ray film. Excision of
Maternal consumption of canola oil suppressed mammary gland tumorigenesis in C3(1) TAg mice offspring

Background: Maternal consumption of a diet high in omega 6 polyunsaturated fats (n-6 PUFA) has been shown to increase risk whereas a diet high in omega 3 polyunsaturated fats (n-3 PUFA) from fish oil has been shown to decrease risk for mammary gland cancer in female offspring of rats. The aim of this study was to determine whether increasing n-3 PUFA and reducing n-6 PUFA by using canola oil instead of corn oil in the maternal diet might reduce the risk for breast cancer in female offspring. Methods: Female SV 129 mice were divided into two groups and placed on diets containing either 10% w/w corn oil (which is 50% n-6 PUFA, control diet) or 10% w/w canola oil (which is 20% n-6 PUFA, 10% n-3 PUFA, test diet). After two weeks on the diets the females were bred with homozygous C3(1) TAg transgenic mice. Mother mice consumed the assigned diet throughout gestation and nursing of the offspring. After weaning, all female offspring were maintained on the control diet. Results: Compared to offspring of mothers fed the corn oil diet (CO/CO group), offspring of mothers fed the canola oil diet (CA/CO group) had significantly fewer mammary glands with tumors throughout the experiment. At 130 days of age, the CA/CO group had significantly fewer tumors per mouse (multiplicity); the tumor incidence (fraction of mice with any tumor) and the total tumor weight (per mouse that developed tumor) was less than one half that of the CO/CO group. At 170 days of age, the total tumor weight per mouse was significantly less in the CA/CO group and if a tumor developed the rate of tumor growth rate was half that of CO/CO group. These results indicate that maternal consumption of canola oil was associated with delayed appearance of mammary gland tumors and slowed growth of the tumors that developed.
A comprehensive review of radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations: outcomes, predictive factors, and grading scales.

The management of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) continues to present a challenge to neurosurgeons. The natural history of this condition, as well as the morbidity and mortality of therap
Rotating Aperture Wheel (RAW) Device For Improving Radiographic Contrast

A Rotating Aperture Wheel (RAW) technology is under development which involves replacing a grid for scatter elimination with an assembly of one fore and two aft lead aperture wheels which are rotated to maintain the alignment between the slit or aperture pattern of each. Such a design has the unique feature that its motion can be made independent of the x-ray exposure time and duration allowing for the first time the practical use of a moving slit anti-scatter technique in rapid sequence and dynamic radiographic procedures. The technology is flexible as to lend itself toward use with varying source-to-image receptor distances (SIDs) such as are involved in fluoroscopy.
Pervasive integrated material handling in 300 mm semiconductor manufacturing

The semiconductor industry's transition to 300 mm manufacturing has created many new challenges for factory automation. The increased wafer size has introduced ergonomic concerns and operational challenges leading companies to pursue a pervasive automated lot delivery infrastructure capable of supporting lot movement and processing scenarios in both technology development and high volume manufacturing. This paper will trace the evolution in the automation of 300 mm lot processing operations across the 130 nm and 90 nm process technology nodes in Intel's first 300 mm technology development fab, and review the specific cost benefits achieved. Breakthroughs in the automation of lot delivery and storage and elimination of manual lot processing tasks has demonstrated tool output increases of 50% and step cycle time reductions of 40%. Further, a direct labor savings of 10% has been obtained as compared to previous technology generations.
Modeling of a locking mechanism between two rough surfaces under cyclic loading

The work is motivated by experimental studies on energy dissipation due to micro-slip in mechanical joints. It has been observed that the loss of energy undergoes certain evolution under cyclic shear loading. It manifests itself in the form of the gradual decrease approaching a steady state as cycling progresses. This behavior has a repeatable character if contact is re-established and subjected to cycling again. In the present work, a simple multiple-asperity model is developed that suggests a physical hypothesis that when two rough surfaces are brought in contact and subjected to shear loads a certain locking mechanism comes into play at the interface. Such locking occurs due to the tendency of the interface to adapt its contact microstructure to the loading conditions. The adaptation mechanism is described in the present work through the contact inclination angles. The developed model is simple in application and it relates micro-characteristics of the contact to macro-behavior of the system exhibiting itself in energy dissipation.
The mistaken mirror: on Wundt's and Titchener's psychologies.

Most psychologists believe that Structuralism, the psychology of E. B. Titchener, was a faithful copy of Wilhelm Wundt's original psychology. This belief is fostered by textbooks for history and systems and introductory psychology courses. The present paper argues that this belief is false. Titchener rejected many of Wundt's goals and concepts, and should be viewed as a traditional British associationist and positivist rather than as a follower of Wundt. Similarities of Wundt's system and Titchener's system to current psychological thinking are noted.
A Transparent, Smooth, Thermally Robust, Conductive Polyimide for Flexible Electronics

In this work, a thermally and mechanically robust, smooth transparent conductor composed of silver nanowires embedded in a colorless polyimide substrate is introduced. The polyimide is exceptionally chemically, mechanically, and thermally stable. While silver nanowire networks tend not to be thermally stable to high temperatures, the addition of a titania coating on the nanowires dramatically increases their thermal stability. This allows for the polyimide to be thermally imidized at 360 °C with the silver nanowires in place, creating a smooth (<1 nm root mean square roughness), conductive surface. These transparent conducting substrate-cum-electrodes exhibit a conductivity ratio fi gure of merit of 272, signifi cantly outperforming commercially available indium-tin-oxide (ITO)-coated plastics. The conductive polymide is subjected to various mechanical tests and is used as a substrate for a thermally deposited, fl exible, organic light-emitting diode, which shows improved device performance compared to a control device made on ITO coated glass.
Fertilization Interference Between Crassostrea ariakensis and Crassostrea virginica: A Gamete Sink

Published data indicate that spawning seasons for the Asian oyster Crassostrea ariakensis and the eastern oyster C. virginica overlap. Hybrids can form, but the larvae are not viable. If C. ariakensis is introduced into Chesapeake Bay and synchronous spawning occurs with native C. virginica, hybridization could reduce the production of viable larvae (¼gamete sink). We examined the effects of gamete age, sperm concentration, and ratios of heterospecific gametes on fertilization rates and hybridization between the two species. Interspecific fertilization rates were consistently lower than intraspecific rates. Fertilization rates decayed linearly with gamete age, though intraspecific fertilization rates remained above 50% for 4-6 h, indicating that long dispersal of viable gametes is possible. Fertilization rates decayed in a log-linear manner with decreasing sperm density for intra and interspecific crosses. Fertilization rates declined significantly when sperm were (1) given a choice of eggs from each species to fertilize or (2) required to compete to fertilize eggs from a single species. Hence, a gamete sink will likely occur if these two species spawn synchronously. The magnitude of the gamete sink will depend on both gamete concentrations and the relative proportion of interspecific gametes in the water column. Furthermore, genetic analysis of individual 2-day old larvae indicated that C. virginica sperm was more likely to fertilize C. ariakensis eggs than any other interspecific cross. All else being equal, the removal of C. ariakensis eggs through this mechanism may provide C. virginica with a competitive edge.
Historical Roots of Forest Hydrology and Biogeochemistry

The scientific disciplines of forest hydrology and forest biogeochemistry have contributed greatly to our understanding of the natural world even though they are relatively young disciplines. In this chapter, the historical origins, developments, and major advancements of these disciplines will be presented. The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES) will serve as a case study to illustrate the development, integration, and new research directions of these disciplines. Finally, this chapter on the historical roots and evolution of forest hydrology and biogeochemistry sets the stage for the remaining chapters of this volume by providing a conceptual framework in which most hydrological and biogeochemical work is conducted. Excellent reviews on forest hydrology and biogeochemistry are given by Sopper and Lull (1967), Bormann and Likens (1979), Lee (1980), Waring and Schesinger (1985), Likens and Bormann (1995), Schlesinger (1997), Ice and Stednick (2004a), de la Cretaz and Barten (2007), NRC (2008), and DeWalle (2011).