cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Inosine-5′-monophosphate Dehydrogenase Type II Gene Expression in Human T Cells ROLE FOR A NOVEL 5′ PALINDROMIC OCTAMER SEQUENCE

Expression of the gene encoding human inosine- 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) type II, an enzyme catalyzing the rate-limiting step in the generation of guanine nucleotides, is increased more than 10-fold in activated peripheral blood T lymphocytes and is required for T cell activation. We have examined the 5'-regulatory sequences that are important for the transcriptional regulation of this gene in T cells. DNase I mapping of genomic DNA identified a hypersensitive element near the transcription initiation site. Fine mapping by in vivo footprinting demonstrated five transcription factor binding sites that are occupied in both resting and activated peripheral blood T lymphocytes; these are tandem CRE motifs, a Sp1 site, an overlapping Egr-1/Sp1 site, and a novel palindromic octamer sequence (POS). The tandem CRE and POS sites are of major functional importance as judged by mutational and electrophoretic mobility shift analyses. These data provide evidence that expression of the human IMPDH type II gene is predominantly regulated by the nuclear factors ATF-2 and an as yet unidentified POS-binding protein. Additional major protein-DNA interactions do not occur within the promoter region after T lymphocyte activation, indicating a requirement for additional protein-protein interactions and/or post-translational modifications of pre-bound transcription factors to account for the observed increase in IMPDH type II gene expression.
Delivery of polymeric particles into skin using needle-free liquid jet injectors

Needle-free liquid jet injectors have been developed for the delivery of several drugs including insulin and growth hormone. Here, we assess the ability of liquid jet injectors to deliver polymeric nanoparticles into skin. As a first step, polystyrene particles of several sizes and two shapes were injected into skin using a jet injector. The dispersion area of particles, measured in the cross section of the skin, was found to inversely relate to the particle size and directly proportional to the injection volume. Environmental scanning electron microscopy studies confirmed that particles indeed penetrate into the skin and are generally located around the injection site. Next, poly lactide co-glycolide (PLGA) particles, containing a model solute, coumarin-6, were synthesized and delivered into the skin using the jet injector. PLGA particles were effectively delivered into the skin and released coumarin-6 into the skin.
Aging, drugs and sleep.

Abstract —Elderly subjects are infrequently selected as subjects to evaluate the effects of medication. In combination with increasing age and sleep, certain drugs may lead to unsuspected and undesirable secondary effects which may be life-threatening or at least very disturbing to the well-being of the elderly subject. Medications administered during the daytime may affect sleep or lead to sleep-related pathology. Administration of cardiovascular medications, corticosteroids, tricyclic antidepressants, and antiparkinsonian drugs have been found to induce significant problems during sleep in patients, leading to investigation and polygraphic testing in our clinic at Stanford. Benzodiazepines are frequently prescribed in elderly subjects to control nocturnal sleep disturbances. However, long-lasting benzodiazepines, such as flurazepam, may induce confusion, disorientation, daytime sleepiness, or may impact on breathing and its control during sleep.
To trust or not to trust: Situational and dispositional determinants

The effects of situational uncertainty, social distance of the target person, and the actor’s disposition, on the level of trusting behavior were investigated using a series of scenarios. The results indicate that measures of dispositional trust can predict specific trusting behaviors, and that the situational factors interact. Specifically, in situations of low uncertainty, acquaintance level targets are trusted like intimate targets. Yet, in situations of high uncertainty acquaintances are trusted merely as acquaintances. Further, trusting behaviors are more likely to occur in situations of low uncertainty, and individuals of small social distance are more likely to be trusted than those of large social distance. Implications for empirical research requiring subjects’ trust, group membership, and theories of organizational climate are discussed.
Examination of Self-Crosslinked Gelatin as a Hydrogel for Controlled Release

A gelatin matrix crosslinked by extensive dehydration was examined for use in controlled drug delivery in this preliminary investigation. Crosslinking is necessary to prevent gelatin dissolution and immediate drug release at body temperature. Treatment at 105 degrees C and reduced pressure induced crosslinking in discs prepared from Type B gelatin. Crosslinking was evaluated by determining changes in gelatin solubility at 37 degrees C in a USP paddle dissolution apparatus. The crosslinking treatment was reproducible and resulted in 90% of the original gelatin mass remaining after 12 h in water and in phosphate buffer solutions of pH 3 and 6.4. The treated gelatin discs remained intact for greater than 24 h at pH 6.4. Chlorpromazine.HCl (CPZ) was incorporated as a model drug by soaking the treated gelatin discs in an aqueous solution of the drug. Release of CPZ at 37 degrees C in the dissolution apparatus was fitted to an empirical equation. A coefficient of this equation was used as the initial release rate for comparison between different release profiles. The roles of drug solubility, matrix swelling and erosion, and potential drug-matrix interactions were examined by conducting release studies at pH values of 3, 4, 6.4, and 7.4. The insoluble, un-ionized form of the drug had the slowest release rate. The soluble, ionized form under conditions of maximum swelling and a possible drug-matrix repulsive interaction had the fastest release rate. General electrostatic drug-matrix interactions were noted which could influence the drug release rate depending on conditions of the study. The times for 50% release of CPZ ranged from 1.8 to 11.3 h.
An Error-Minimizing Framework for Localizing Jammers in Wireless Networks

Jammers can severely disrupt the communications in wireless networks, and jammers' position information allows the defender to actively eliminate the jamming attacks. Thus, in this paper, we aim to design a framework that can localize one or multiple jammers with a high accuracy. Most of existing jammer-localization schemes utilize indirect measurements (e.g., hearing ranges) affected by jamming attacks, which makes it difficult to localize jammers accurately. Instead, we exploit a direct measurement-the strength of jamming signals (JSS). Estimating JSS is challenging as jamming signals may be embedded in other signals. As such, we devise an estimation scheme based on ambient noise floor and validate it with real-world experiments. To further reduce estimation errors, we define an evaluation feedback metric to quantify the estimation errors and formulate jammer localization as a nonlinear optimization problem, whose global optimal solution is close to jammers' true positions. We explore several heuristic search algorithms for approaching the global optimal solution, and our simulation results show that our error-minimizing-based framework achieves better performance than the existing schemes. In addition, our error-minimizing framework can utilize indirect measurements to obtain a better location estimation compared with prior work.
Calculation of Substituted Fredholm Determinants Using Complex Basis Functions

Using basis functions with complex coordinates, it is possible to construct discrete approximations to the Fredholm determinant directly at real energies using only square-integrable functions. For the case of purely elastic scattering, the procedure is equivalent to an analytic continuation of the coordinate dependence of the Hamiltonian. It is shown that improved convergence is obtained by an application of the "dispersion-correction" method. The method is generalized to allow calculation of the "substituted" Fredholm determinants needed to construct the $S$ matrix for many-channel potential-scattering problems. This generalization is not equivalent to a simple continuation of the coordinate dependence of the many-channel Hamiltonian. Results of calculations on several model problems are presented.
When Policies Conflict: Can Retributive State Policy Goals Be Met Effectively By Rehabilitative Alternative Sentencing Strategies*:

Programs do not exist in a vacuum; therefore program evaluations which ignore the outside influences that impact the program are in error. The community sentencing program discussed had a stated goal of rehabilitation yet was found to have predominantly retributive outcomes. Examination of the external influences impacting the program (state level policy and the judiciary) provided explanations for the apparent dysfunction between the program's stated goal of rehabilitation and its retributive outcomes. Both the funding agent (the state) and the judiciary viewed community sentencing as a method of making probation a more meaningful sanction. Once the program accepted the state funding, it was obligated to process the offenders the judiciary sent despite the obvious shift in correctional philosophy. As a rehabilitative program, the program failed to meet its stated goals; however, in the final analysis it was found that the program both successfully and cost-effectively met the funding agency's goal of ret...
Modes of cognitive control in recognition and source memory: depth of retrieval.

Recognition memory is usually regarded as a judgment based on trace strength or familiarity. But recognition may also be accomplished by constraining retrieval so that only sought after information comes to mind (source-constrained retrieval). We introduce amemory-for-foils paradigm that provides evidence for source-constrained retrieval in recognition memory (Experiment 1) and source memory (Experiment 2). In this paradigm, subjects studied words under deep or shallow encoding conditions and were given a memory test (recognition or source) that required them to discriminate between new items (foils) and either deep or shallow targets. A final recognition test was used to examine memory for the foils. In both experiments, foil memory was superior when subjects attempted to retrieve deep rather than shallow targets on the earlier test. These findings support a sourceconstrained retrieval view of cognitive control by demonstrating qualitative differences in the basis for memory performance.
Genotype and environment interactively determine the magnitude, directionality, and abolition of defensive burying in mice

Genotypic and environmental contributions to the defensive burying response were examined by testing four sublines of two inbred strains of mice in test chambers of three different lengths. Burying was found to be dependent on both the particular subline tested and the length of the test chamber employed. For two sublines, specific increases in the length of the test chamber resulted in the complete abolition of defensive burying. A third subline never displayed defensive burying, and the fourth buried in all three chamber-length conditions. Sex differences in burying were never observed. Rather than being viewed as a species-specific defensive reaction, it was proposed that defensive burying should more appropriately be viewed as a genotypically dependent response, the expression of which is contingent on the specific environmental context in which an aversive stimulus is encountered. Apparent conflicts in the defensive-burying literature were reconciled in accordance with this interpretation.
Investigating Deaf Students' Apologies: An Exploratory Study

Cet article etudie des excuses ecrites en anglais formulees par des adolescents sourds. Les donnees obtenues sont analysees dans le cadre de strategies comprenant un ensemble d'actes de parole identifie par Olshtain (1989), l'usage et le type d'intensifs utilises et l'evaluation de la situation par les sujets sont egalement pris en compte
Examining Academic and Administrative Productivity Measures.

Appropriate indicators for determining academic and administrative costs at a college or university can be useful tools for developing strategies to contain those costs.
Solidification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with incomplete crystallization

Cooling is a critical step in any crystalline polymer molding or extrusion process. A simulation is proposed which will predict the transient temperature and crystallinity profiles developed when a finite polymeric slab comes in contact with a cooling fluid. A generalized, phenomenological model of the crystallization kinetics of polymers is incorporated to account for the effect of the latent heat of crystallization on the thermal history as well as on the crystalline structure at any point in the slab. The model assumes heterogeneous nucleation and temperature-dependent radial growth of spherulites. DSC cooling thermograms for the polymer are used to verify the kinetic model for comparing experimental measurements against simulated results. Observed spherulite sizes should also be matched by the simulation. Kinetic data have been obtained for two grades of poly(ethylene terephthalate) which have the same growth rate expression but different nucleation characteristics. Crystallinity of these two polymers decreases rapidly as either quench temperatures or nucleation densities are decreased independently. Calculations have been carried out for 1/16 in. thick sheets of polymer exposed to a cooling medium with a heat transfer coefficient of 100 Btu/hr/ft2/°F. Temperature gradients are also presented. The simulation can be used for optimizing quench conditions in polyester film extrusion.
Simultaneous catecholamine histofluorescence and thymidine autoradiography of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in the rat.

Abstract The sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) in the rat represents a morphological substrate in which the influence of gonadal hormones on the process of sexual differentiation of the brain can be seen. Since the medial preoptic area (MPO) is a region rich in catecholamine (CA) terminals, it is possible that catecholamines may play a role either in the differentiation of the perinatal SDN-POA or in the function of this nucleus in the adult. It is not known whether catecholamine terminals exist within the SDN-POA or whether they can directly influence the activity of SDN-POA neurons. The present study was conducted to determine the extent to which catecholamines innervate this nucleus and further to elucidate the possibility of a potential sexual dimorphism in the innervation pattern. In order to determine which of the neurons in the MPO are within the SDN-POA we have utilized the fact that the SDN-POA has a prolonged period of neurogenesis in comparison to other neurons of the MPO. Thus, tritiated thymidine-labeled neurons can be used as a detection criterion for the SDN-POA. To conduct this experiment, timed pregnant Sprague-Dawley females were given a single injection of [ 3 H]thymidine on Day 18 of gestation. Pups were killed as adults and prepared for fluorescence histochemistry of monoamines. Sections adjacent to those examined for catecholamine fluorescence were treated for autoradiographic localization of [ 3 H]thymidine. Fluorescence innervation patterns were plotted within the boundaries of the nucleus following its identification from Nissl sections as well as from adjacent autoradiograms simultaneously viewed in a comparator bridge microscope with dark-field illumination. A low density of CA varicosities was seen within the SDN-POA of male rats; the density of varicosities was significantly greater, as measured stereologically, in the female. In each sex, varicosities were seen in apposition to the neurons of the SDN-POA. In consideration of the generally low density of varicosities in the associated neuropil, it is noteworthy that CA varicosities appeared in apposition to neuronal perikarya of the SDN-POA. Thus, the SDN-POA appears to receive a sexually dimorphic catecholamine innervation which can be revealed by the simultaneous analysis of birthdating and histofluorescence using a single histochemical preparation.
Resistivity of Iron as a Function of Magnetization and Stress

The resistance and magnetoresistance of iron single crystals have been measured as a function of stress at liquid-helium temperatures. For measuring currents above some critical value, a large transition in the resistance of the sample is observed, and the critical current for this transition is a function of both the applied longitudinal magnetic field and the applied axial stress. The results have been interpreted in terms of inverse-magnetostriction and domain-reorientation effects involving the self-field of the current. We have developed a model for the $〈100〉$-axial crystals based on a sheath-core configuration with spins perpendicular and parallel to the current in the sheath and core, respectively. Under favorable conditions the formation of the sheath-core configuration simulates the behavior of thermodynamical variables in a first-order phase transition. The analysis of the model can be used to predict the observed resistance transition quite accurately and can also be used to obtain a value of the saturation magnetostriction constant ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{100}$. The value obtained is ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{100}=(25.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$, which is in reasonable agreement with other measurements. Results of stress experiments on $〈111〉$-axial crystals are consistent with a negative value of ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{111}$, but indicate that the field and current-induced resistance transitions are more complex than those in the $〈100〉$-axial crystals. Discussion of possible mechanisms is included.
Episodic Feelings and Transfer of Learning.

The goal of this article is to develop a new perspective on transfer of learning integrating cognition, emotion, and bodily experience. It is based on a case study with a 10-year-old girl as she explored the use of a motion detector, allowing for the simultaneous graphing of the position versus time of 2 moving points. The paper elaborates on the notion of episodic feeling and illustrates a phenomenological approach for the study of transfer of learning whose point is not ascertaining mechanisms of transfer but elucidating within the infinite landscape of human experiences certain ones that seem amenable to characterization as transfer of learning.
The lysine analog L-oxalysine is an inhibitor of RNA synthesis.

Abstract 1. 1. The lysine analog l -4-oxalysine was found to be a potent inhibitor of RNA synthesis in Candida albicans. 2. 2. The compound was a weak inhibitor of protein synthesis and DNA synthesis was not affected. 3. 3. The inhibition of RNA synthesis was reversed by l -lysine but not d -lysine. 4. 4. The decrease in the level of newly synthesized RNA in cells treated with l -oxalysine was due to inhibition of de novo synthesis rather than to degradation of RNA.
The Many Faces of Infectious Mononucleosis: The Spectrum of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Children

Infectious mononucleosis is a disease well known to every pediatrician. Who has not seen the previously robust teenager who slowly becomes less active, develops lowgrade fever and a sore throat, and complains of being tired all the time? Upon arriving at the physician9s office with these complaints the teenager is usually given a "Mono-Spot" test (almost routinely). The test results are often strongly positive. The pediatrician then must discuss the diagnosis with both the teenager and the parents and must respond to the attendant questions. Is the disease really acquired by kissing? How serious is it? Are there any lasting effects? Will the feeling of tiredness ever go away? Is infectious mononucleosis a form of cancer? Can I have the disease more than once? Is there any therapy? The answers to many of the above questions have changed dramatically over the last 5 to 10 years. The spectrum of infectious mononucleosis continues to be expanded and now includes acute, subacute, and chronic disease states, each with its own separate set of problems. Subclinical disease can now be diagnosed in younger children with an obscure febrile illness. On rare occasions, overwhelming infectious mononucleosis results in death in some young children, especially boys.
Effect of brief vascular perfusion on the ultrastructure and activity of mitochondria isolated from the rat heart

Mitochondria isolated from heart tissue after a 1-min perfusion with Hanks medium were found to have significantly lower rates of State-3 respiration and respiratory control ratios compared to mitochondria isolated from non-perfused hearts. Examination of the mitochondrial preparations by electron microscopy revealed that a large proportion of the mitochondria isolated from perfused heart tissue were swollen and broken compared to mitochondria from non-perfused hearts.
Improved Understanding of Transonic Flutter: A Three-Parameter Flutter Surface

An understanding of transonic flutter is often critical for high-speed aircraft development. A presentation of the transonic flutter velocity as a function of the Mach number and mass ratio is shown here to provide many advantages. Such a presentation offers new insights when comparing computational and wind-tunnel flutter results. The benefits of such a presentation are also evident in parameter studies. Finally, the subject of flutter similarity rules for airfoils of different thicknesses is also addressed. Nomenclature a = nondimensional location of airfoil elastic axis, e/b a0 = stagnation speed of sound b, c = semichord and chord, respectively e = location of airfoil elastic axis, measured positive aft of airfoil midchord h = airfoil plunge degree of freedom (DOF) Iα = second moment of inertia about elastic axis Kh, Kα = airfoil plunge stiffness and torsional stiffness about elastic axis, respectively L = aerodynamic lift M = freestream Mach number Mea = aerodynamic moment about elastic axis m = airfoil sectional mass rα = radius of gyration of airfoil about elastic axis; r 2 α is identical to Iα/mb 2
Lyman edges in supermassive black hole binaries

We propose a new spectral signature for supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) with circumbinary gas disks: a sharp drop in flux blueward of the Lyman limit. A prominent edge is produced if the gas dominating the emission in the Lyman continuum region of the spectrum is sufficiently cold (T < 20,000 K) to contain significant neutral hydrogen. Circumbinary disks may be in this regime if the binary torques open a central cavity in the disk and clear most of the hot gas from the inner region, and if any residual UV emission from the individual BHs is either dim or intermittent. We model the vertical structure and spectra of circumbinary disks using the radiative transfer code TLUSTY, and identify the range of BH masses and binary separations producing a Lyman edge. We find that compact supermassive binaries with orbital periods of ~0.1 - 10 yr, whose gravitational waves (GWs) are expected to be detectable by pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), could have prominent Lyman edges. Such strong spectral edge features are not typically present in AGN spectra and could serve as corroborating evidence for the presence of a SMBHB.
Release Kinetics Study of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs from Nanoparticles: Are We Doing It Right?

In vitro drug release kinetics studies are routinely performed to examine the ability of new drug formulations to modulate drug release. The underlying assumption is that the studies are performed in a sufficiently dilute solution, where the drug release is not limited by the solubility and the difference in release kinetics profile reflects the performance of a drug carrier in vivo. This condition is, however, difficult to meet with poorly water-soluble drug formulations, as it requires a very large volume of release medium relative to the formulation mass, which makes it challenging to measure the drug concentration accurately. These difficulties are aggravated with nanoparticle (NP) formulations, which are hard to separate from the release medium and thus require a dialysis bag or repeated high-speed centrifugation for sampling. Perhaps for these reasons, drug release kinetics studies of NPs of poorly water-soluble drugs are often performed in suboptimal conditions in which the NPs are not sufficiently diluted. However, such a practice can potentially underestimate drug release from NPs, leading to an inaccurate prediction that the NPs will attenuate the drug activity in vivo. Here we perform release kinetics studies of two different NP formulations of paclitaxel, a representative poorly water-soluble drug, according to common practices in the literature. We find that the drug release from NPs can be substantially underestimated depending on the choice of the release medium, NP/medium ratio, and handling of release samples. We discuss potential consequences of underestimating drug release, ending with suggestions for future studies with NP formulations of poorly water-soluble drugs.
A Review of Systemic Opioids Commonly Used for Labor Pain Relief

Parenteral opioids for pain relief during labor have been the subject of research for many decades. Commonly used systemic opioids provide limited pain relief during labor yet are used extensively for managing labor pain. These opioids share similar pharmacologic profiles but differ in potency, pharmacokinetics, and side effects. This article reviews the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical research related to the commonly used systemic labor pain analgesics morphine, meperidine, fentanyl, remifentanil, butorphanol, and nalbuphine.
Ready, set, go! How protein kinase C manages dynamic signaling.

In this issue of Chemistry & Biology , Antal and colleagues describe how phosphorylation optimizes the signaling range of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. Priming of these enzymes regulates intramolecular conformational changes, which reduces access to their diacylglycerol (DAG) binding C1 domains.
Radiation increases fibrogenic cytokine expression by Peyronie's disease fibroblasts

ABSTRACTPurpose: Peyronie’s disease is a crippling penile deformity that results from fibrosis in the tunica albuginea. To our knowledge its cause is unknown and empirical therapies are used extensively. A factor involved in the development of Peyronie’s disease is fibrogenic cytokine over expression. Radiation therapy is an empirical therapy for this condition and, while some data suggest a role for it, no literature exists on the effects of radiation on tunical tissue or cells derived from this tissue. We evaluated the effect of radiation on fibrogenic cytokine production in cells cultured from Peyronie’s disease plaque tissue.Methods and Materials: Using a well established cell culture model cells derived from Peyronie’s disease plaque tissue and neonatal foreskins were irradiated with 5 Gy (treatment group) or left nonirradiated (control group). At 24 hours cells were harvested and the supernatant was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the levels of the 2 fibrogenic cytokine...
Dose‐response in infants receiving caudal anaesthesia with bupivacaine*

Caudal epidural anaesthesia was performed in 25 awake or sedated infants, the sensory levels measured and the dose-response determined (bupivacaine dose [ml kg−1] v. sensory level). The infants were divided into two groups based on body weight, group 1 (1.9–2.6 kg) and group 2 (3.4–7.0 kg). There was a significant difference between the dose-response when comparing group 1 to group 2 (P < 0.01). Smaller infants require a larger volume (ml kg−1) of local anaesthetic to achieve mid-thoracic sensory levels than larger infants. In small infants, we recommend increasing the volume of local anaesthetic while still limiting the total bupivacaine dose to 3.25 mg kg−1 by using 1.6 ml kg−1 of bupivacaine 0.20% (3.20 mg kg−1) instead of 1.3 ml kg−1 of bupivacaine 0.25% (3.25 mg kg−1).
Birth statistics for African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants in human care: history and implications for elephant welfare

African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) have lived in the care of humans for many years, yet there is no consensus concerning some basic parameters describing their newborn calves. This study provides a broad empirical basis for generalizations about the birth heights, birth weights, birth times and gestation periods of elephant calves born in captivity. I obtained data concerning at least one of these four characteristics for 218 newborn calves from 74 institutions. Over the past 30 years, newborn Asian elephants have been taller and heavier than newborn African elephants. Neonatal African elephants exhibited sex differences in both weight and height, whereas neonatal Asian elephants have exhibited sex differences only in height. Primiparous dams ex situ are at least as old as their in situ counterparts, whereas ex situ sires appear to be younger than sires in range countries. Confirming earlier anecdotal evidence, both African [N=47] and Asian [N=91] dams gave birth most often at night.
Critical notice: Gilbert Harman and Judith Jarvis Thomson, Moral Relativism and Moral Objectivity

Presentation de l'ouvrage de G. Harman et J. J. Thomson intitule «Moral relativism and moral objectivity» (1996) qui propose un debat sur la question du relativisme et de l'objectivite morale opposant les deux auteurs. Soulevant le probleme de la diversite morale, du quasi-absolutisme, des raisons et de la tolerance, d'une part, et examinant la position du scpeticisme moral fonde sur l'argument epistemologique de la non-explication et sur l'emotivisme, d'autre part, l'A. souleve le paradoxe de la diversite morale et du desaccord fondamental qui empeche toute approche relativiste
Mass Spectral Analysis of Asphaltenes. II. Detailed Compositional Comparison of Asphaltenes Deposit to Its Crude Oil Counterpart for Two Geographically Different Crude Oils by ESI FT-ICR MS

Asphaltenes are known to deposit in both the petroleum recovery and topside refining processes. The asphaltenes are normally in equilibrium under reservoir conditions. As crude oil is produced, tha...
Inversion Currents and Voltages in Auto-Transformers

Line grounds on the secondary of an auto-transformer, fed from a grounded system, tend to invert the neutral of the auto-transformer. If the auto-transformer is isolated, this may lead to larger voltages, and if grounded, to larger currents than what would ordinarily be expected. The analysis of an important installation (75,000-kv-a., three-phase units at Detroit) is given below, for various possible connections and conditions of operation. Features of the analysis are: (A) A novel theory and method of auto-transformer circuit representation was developed to handle some aspects of this problem that otherwise appeared elusive. The method is applicable to all networks involving auto-transformers. (B) The rather startling fact is brought out and explained that fault currents to ground on the secondary lines of an auto-transformer may be larger when stepping-up than when stepping-down. The prediction has been verified by test.
Room temperature tensile ductility in polycrystalline B2 NiAl

The lack of tensile ductility in polycrystalline B2 NiAl has been attributed to the lack of five independent slip systems to satisfy von Mises' criterion for compatibility in polycrystalline deformation. Single crystal studies (4-10) show that the deformation of this alloy is highly anisotropic. The non- oriented crystals (soft orientations) are much more ductile than the oriented crystals (hard orientations) at low temperature. This is because the critical resolved shear stress required to activate primary slip of the type is much less than that required to activate other slip systems as the type. All orientations possess considerable ductility even when tested in tension at intermediate temperatures (>-- 673K). There is general agreement that for non- oriented crystals, deformation involves (100) and /l brace/110/r brace/ slip systems at low as well as intermediate temperatures. The behavior of oriented crystals is less clear and conflicting data exist: slip direction with /l brace/123/right brace/ and /l brace/112/r brace/ slip planes have been observed at low temperatures; while , and directions have been reported for high temperature deformation. The number of slip systems which operate if only the /l brace/110/r brace/ slip occurs is insufficientmore » for von Mises's criterion for polycrystalline deformation. In compression, ductility is observed since there is no driving force to open cracks that must form at grain boundaries due to the lack of sufficient slip systems. In tension, however, the applied stress acts directly to open the crack and failure may occur before further deformation can take place. On the other hand, if slip is possible (as in the case of disordered BCC alloys as well as some other compounds), there are enough slip systems of the type /l brace/110/r brace/ , to satisfy von Mise's criterion and lead to polycrystalline tensile ductility.« less
Two-oxidation-state theory of catalyzed carbon dioxide generation

Abstract This paper analyzes oscillatory carbon monoxide oxidation on the basis of a mechanism involving two different adsorption sites for the oxygen. The mechanism is quite different from that previously proposed and in a certain temperature range at least, agrees much better with some recent experiments.
Time Lapse Compressibility Monitoring for Detection of CO2 Leakage in Brine Aquifers

Abstract There are several monitoring challenges to demonstrate safe and long term storage of the CO2. In this study a methodology is proposed that uses well known interference well testing for monitoring the Above Zone Monitoring Intervals (AZMI). Advantages of this method are: (1) It helps to distinguish between the brine and CO2 leakage; (2) It can be used to detect low rate/ long term leakages that may not have a noticeable pressure signal as leakage starts and (3) It is designed in a time-lapse form so inherently many uncertain reservoir parameters cancel out in the calculations. Proposed methodology works on the premises of the fact that at any given depth brine and CO2 have different compressibility. This means that in a monitoring zone initially filled with brine any leakage of CO2 will change the total compressibility of the zone. If we assume that the fluids within the area of investigation have not been changed then calculated transmissibility and storativity should remain reasonably constant in repetitive tests. Results based on synthetic simulation models shows that this method can be used to detect CO2 leaks successfully. A generalized equation introduced here that can be used to estimate leak size for any given reservoir. Finally this new method applied to an actual reservoir model and showed that leak size can be determined with ±%15 error.
A Trusted Integrity Measurement Architecture for Securing Enterprise Network

The threat landscape continues to evolve, with increasingly complex attacks directed at the corporate network to achieve malicious goals. Enterprise networks build their first line of defense with firewalls and virtual private network (VPN) gateways. However, this kind of defense can be easily circumvented. It is possible that an attacker may have compromised a client process and gain privilege of the client computer. Even though we have corporate-wide access control, the access control approach is currently insufficient to stop these malicious processes. To better defend enterprise network, this paper proposed a novel system that empowers the corporate networks to verify client integrity properties based on our trusted measurement architecture. When the critical system configuration is changed, the trusted platform module (TPM) attestation mechanism is called to inform security agent about the trusted measurement values. Once the verification process fails, the client will be excluded from the network and notification to a super security agent will be sent. The system performance is also illustrated in this paper.
Comorbidities in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Practical Guide to Diagnosis in Primary Care

Diagnosis and management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults is complex and challenging because of the frequent comorbidity of other psychiatric disorders that have symptoms overlapping with those of ADHD. The presence of comorbidities can create challenges to making an accurate diagnosis and also impact treatment options and outcomes. This review discusses disorders that may be comorbid with ADHD in adults, including anxiety, mood, substance use disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder. Suggestions for recognizing these comorbidities and distinguishing them from ADHD and perspectives on their possible impact on ADHD treatment are included. Adjunctive nonpharmacologic modalities may be especially helpful in the case of comorbid mood, anxiety, substance abuse, or personality disorders.
Predicting the response of populations to environmental change

When subject to long-term directional environmental perturbations, changes in population densities depend on the positive and negative feedbacks operating through interactions within and among species in a community. This paper develops techniques to predict the long-term responses of population densities to environmental changes using data on short-term population fluctuations driven by short-term environmental variability. In addition to giving quantitative predictions, the techniques also reveal how different qualitative patterns of species interactions either buffer or accentuate population responses to environmental trends. All of the predictions are based on regression coefficients extracted from time series data, and they can therefore be applied with a minimum of mathematical and statistical gymnastics.
Science education: neglected.

We were pleased to read the Editorial by B. Alberts, “Prioritizing Science Education” (special section on Science, Language, and Literacy, 23 April, p. [405][1]). Having worked throughout our careers on methods for improving both science and literacy instruction, we heartily agree with the viewpoint that science and literacy instruction should be integrated. ![Figure][2] CREDIT: AAAS Our deep concern, however, is with the significant barriers to integrating science and literacy instruction that presently exist, especially at the elementary level. Classroom practices in most elementary schools, which under No Child Left Behind emphasize reading and basic math, currently leave virtually no time for science instruction. In addition, many elementary teachers are poorly prepared and uneasy about teaching science. Until these barriers are removed, the possibility for greatly expanding the time spent on science in the elementary grades and for creating a synergy between science and literacy instruction is low. As long as federal policy continues to focus on basic reading and math in the elementary grades, with standardized tests as the cudgel, science and most other disciplines seem certain to remain neglected. The evidence reviewed in the special section shows that, given adequate professional development and administrative support, elementary teachers can succeed in combining literacy and science to good advantage—but only after targeted outcomes and curriculum priorities are changed to establish a more balanced program for all children. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1190788 [2]: pending:yes
Electronic Structure Theory Study of the F− + CH3I → FCH3 + I− Potential Energy Surface†

MP2 and DFT electronic structure theories, with the functionals OPBE, OLYP, HCTH407, BhandH, and B97−1 for the latter, were used to investigate stationary point properties on the F− + CH3I → FCH3 + I− potential energy surface (PES). The aug-cc-pVDZ and aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets for C, H, and F, with Wadt and Hay’s 3s3p valence basis and an effective core potential (ECP) for iodine, were employed for both MP2 and DFT. Single-point CCSD(T) calculations were also performed to obtain the complete basis set (CBS) limit for the stationary point energies. The CCSD(T)/CBS reaction exothermicity is only 5.0 kJ/mol different than the experimental value. MP2 and DFT do not predict the same stationary points on the PES. MP2 predicts the C3v F−—CH3I and FCH3—I− ion−dipole complexes and traditional [F—CH3—I]− central barrier as stationary points, as well as a Cs hydrogen-bonded F−—HCH2I complex and a [F—HCH2—I]− transition state connecting this latter complex to the F−—CH3I complex. A CCSD(T)/CBS relaxed potential energy ...
Therapeutic margins in clinical radiotherapy with conventional types of radiations and their implications for neutron therapy.

Abstract For various groups of tumors, clinical characteristics are discussed which are important with respect to responses to fractionated treatments with supervoltage X-rays and with respect to problems to be expected with fast neutron treatments. Physical characteristics of supervoltage X-ray beams, with small penumbra, skin sparing and large depth dose, provde important advantages which are unlikely to be equalled by fast neutron beams. As a consequence the usefulness of fast neutrons might be limited in cases where either a critical structure is near the tumor bearing volume or where large areas of skin receive doses equal to the tumor dose. Different groups of tumors are distinguished which currently are highly curable or are not suitable for neutron treatment for other reasons, whereas others are discussed which seem to be candidates for neutron therapy, although methods are not available to predict their responses.
Snippets: Support for Drag-and-Drop Programming in the Redwood Environment

This paper presents an overview of the Redwood programming environment and details one of its key features, snippets. Through snippets, developers can both make use of a variety of predefined programming constructs and build their own reusable program components. Language-independent, snippets are descriptions of program parts that can be as simple as an assignment statement or as complex as a sophisticated optimization algorithm. In Redwood, snippets also provide support for a distinguishing facility of visual environments: direct manipulation via drag-and-drop. An example of working with snippets, including snippet definition, visualization, customization, and mapping to code is also presented in the paper.
Introduction to Nina Farhi's “Hands of the Living God: ‘Finding the Familiar in the Unfamiliar’”

In this Introduction we set the project in a particular moment of mourning. We describe the experience of engaging with Nina Farhi to publish her paper, recounting and reworking an early and famous analysis conducted by Marion Milner. Farhi's unexpected and untimely death just at the point of developing this extended project has cast a pall over the subsequent work. We detail the history of Farhi and Milner's contribution; her influences from Winnicott, Klein, and Ghent; and her radical extension of Milner's own ideas. We survey, in this Introduction the dialogue, in two iterations, of Jeanne Wolff Bernstein, Dodi Goldman, and Avgi Sekatepoulou. We describe the distinct but interwoven dialogues among these three writers, each concerned in different ways with aspects of Farhi's and, earlier, of Milner's project. We record also the work of Jean White, who stakes out a less mournful and more celebratory aspect of Nina Farhi's and Marion Milner's work and the tradition in psychoanalysis that they represent.
Importance of Electrode Surface and Addition of OH− Ions in Oxidation of Orthophthalaldehyde and Some Benzaldehydes in Alkaline Solutions

Abstract Formation of a pre‐monolayer of a slightly soluble metal hydroxo complexes on electrode surface facilitates the electrooxidation. This factor, together with establishment of equilibria between the aldehyde and a geminal diol anion (which is the electroactive form) play important roles in electrooxidation of aromatic aldehydes. Better understanding of chemical and electrochemical processes involved, enables application of electroanalytical methods for investigation of reactions of orthophthalaldehyde—an important analytical reagent—in alkaline solution.
Direct Observation of Photo Switching in Tethered Spiropyrans Using the Interfacial Force Microscope

The interfacial force microscope has been used to establish the changes in the surface chemistry that accompany photoactivated opening and closing of rings in tethered spiropyran monolayers. Contact potential measurements show that ring opening via ultraviolet light creates a more polar surface, while exposure to visible light closes the rings and resets the surface. Normal force measurements show that open ring structures are protonated in electrolyte solutions, amplifying the switching of electrical double-layer forces.
Interaction of low density lipoproteins from normal and hyperlipemic rhesus monkeys with arterial smooth muscle cells in culture

Abstract Monkey arterial smooth muscle cell binding, incorporation and degradation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) from normal or hyperlipemic rhesus monkey plasma were examined by labeling lipoproteins with 125 I. Specific and nonspecific binding of both lipoproteins occurred. Although the dissociation constant for the normal LDL was twice as high as for hyperlipemic LDL, indicating a higher binding affinity for hyperlipemic LDL, the maximal binding capacity of the smooth muscle cells for normal [ 125 I]LDL was 2-fold higher than for hyperlipemic [ 125 I]LDL. In competition experiments where the two types of LDL competed with normal [ 125 I]LDL for binding to smooth muscle cells, LDL isolated from hyperlipemic plasma was a more effective competitor than normal LDL. Receptors for normal LDL were reduced to a greater extent by preincubation with hyperlipemic LDL than by the same protein concentration of normal LDL. Under conditions where nonspecific uptake of lipoproteins would occur predominantly, the cells showed higher incorporation and degradation of normal LDL than hyperlipemic LDL. The corresponding cellular cholesterol ester levels showed an inverse pattern, with higher accumulation of cholesterol ester in the cells grown in hyperlipemic LDL. The results suggest that binding and incorporation of LDL by specific receptors or through the nonspecific pathway play a role in the changes of cellular cholesterol content but cannot totally account for the enhanced accumulation of cellular cholesterol esters produced by hyperlipemic monkey LDL.