cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of lateral baroclinic forcing and turbulence in an estuary

[1] Observations of density and velocity in a channel in northern San Francisco Bay show that the onset of vertical density stratification during flood tides is controlled by the balance between the cross-channel baroclinic pressure gradient and vertical mixing due to turbulence. Profiles of velocity, salinity, temperature, and suspended sediment concentration were measured in transects across Suisun Cutoff, in northern San Francisco Bay, on two days over the 12.5-hour tidal cycle. During flood tides an axial density front developed between fresher water flowing from the shallows of Grizzly Bay into the northern side of Suisun Cutoff and saltier water flowing up the channel. North of the front, transverse currents were driven by the lateral salinity gradient, with a top-to-bottom velocity difference greater than 30 cm/s. South of the front, the secondary circulation was weak, and along-channel velocities were greater than to the north. The gradient Richardson number shows that stratification was stable north of the front, while the water column was turbulently mixed south of the front. Time-series measurements of velocity and salinity demonstrate that the front develops during each tidal cycle. In estuaries, longitudinal dynamics predict less stratification during flood than ebb tides. These data show that stratification can develop during flood tides due to a lateral baroclinic pressure gradient in estuaries with complex bathymetry.
Interpopulation divergence in competitive interactions of the mosquito Aedes albopictus

Geographic variation in species interactions can have major effects on distributions. Effects of such variation can be particularly evident for invasive species, in which variation in competitive ability can influence invasive success and impacts. We tested the hypothesis that coexistence or exclusion of the resident mosquito Aedes aegypti results from variation among local populations of the invasive Aedes albopictus in competitive interactions with A. aegypti. We also examined the role of variation in fecundity-size relationships in these competitive interactions. We compared competitive abilities of nine North American populations of A. albopictus, three populations from each of three site types: extinction of A. aegypti following A. albopictus invasion, coexistence following A. albopictus invasion, and A. albopictus allopatric to A. aegypti. Competition among larvae from each A. albopictus population and a single A. aegypti population was tested in laboratory microcosms in a response surface design. We found interpopulation differences in competitive ability of A. albopictus, but no strong patterns among site types. Extinction sites had steeper average fecundity-size relationships than coexistence sites and allopatric sites, but this did not translate into superior population performance. Certain individual A. albopictus populations had exceptionally large competitive effects on A. aegypti or poor competitive responses to competition from A. aegypti, but competitive effect and response were not correlated. These results suggest that interpopulation variation in the competitive ability of A. albopictus may only partly explain the geographic pattern of coexistence with or extinction of A. aegypti. Environmental differences among regions may affect the competitive ability of A. albopictus and influence its invasion success and impact.
Hemodynamic response of oral long-acting nitrates: evidence of gastrointestinal absorption.

The gastrointestinal absorption and pharmacologic activity of oral, long acting controlled-release nitroglycerin and oral long acting sustained-release isosorbide dinitrate preparations were studied by finger plethysmographic analysis and clinically. The first derivative of the plethysmographic volume wave was employed and provided a good measure of vasodilator activity of the nitrates investigated. Clinical studies were favorable also. The oral agents evaluated in this study produced pharmacologic and clinical effects lasting for many hours and are suitable when a prolonged nitrate or antianginal effect is desired. These studies demonstrate an adequate gastrointestinal absorption of oral long-acting nitroglycerin and long-acting oral isosorbide dinitrate in amounts that are pharmacologically active.
Neuroimaging and the Trimodal Brain: Applications for Developmental Communication Neuroscience

New details generated by neuroimaging and other methods for studying the neural correlates of behavior have led to the formulation of a new model of brain organization, the Trimodal Brain. The model i
A statistical analysis of the ACTH test; changes in the eosinophil count in normal and in psychoneurotic subjects.

THE recent intense interest in the functional state of the adrenal cortex in morbid emotional conditions has led us to an investigation of the responses of normal and psychoneurotic subjects to single doses of ACTH.1 Utilizing the changes in the number of circulating eosinophils as an index, we have been unable to find any significant difference between the two groups tested. The eosinophil responses of the whole group demonstrated a degree of internal consistency which made it possible to conduct a statistical study of the responses in a population of 40 individuals. This study forms the subject of the present communication. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The distribution, by sex and diagnosis, of subjects chosen for study, is given in Table 1. The patients were all in-patients of the psychiatric ward of the Massachusetts General Hospital, admitted for the study and treatment of psychoneurosis. Symptoms of anxiety were slightly more common among the male subjects, and those of hysteria among the female subjects, b...
The high-cycle fatigue behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Abstract The cyclic stress-strain behavior and the S/N behavior of a “pseudo-elastic” alloy, Ti-6Al-4V of coarsened microstructure and of a “plastic” material, copper, are compared. In accord with views recently put forth by Freudenthal, important differences are noted between these two types of materials. These differences include the mode of crack initiation, the intensity of the Bauschinger effect, and the level below macroscopic yield at which long-life fatigue data lie.
Expression of an RNAi-resistant SLBP restores proper S-phase progression

Metazoan histone mRNAs are unique in that they lack a 3′-polyadenylated tail, but instead end in a conserved stem loop that is bound by SLBP (stem–loop binding protein). SLBP is required for efficient histone mRNA synthesis and translation. Removal of SLBP by RNA interference causes an increase in the number of cells in S-phase and this effect can be reversed by expressing an exogenous SLBP resistant to the small interfering RNA. Cells with decreased SLBP levels progress slowly through S-phase when released from a double-thymidine block. Thus SLBP is required for efficient DNA replication probably because a decreased ability to assemble chromatin results in a decrease in the rate of DNA replication.
Heparin levels to guide thromboembolism prophylaxis during pregnancy

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the dose of heparin required in pregnant women to achieve the same heparin levels as standard doses of 5000 units given subcutaneously every 12 hours in the nonpregnant population. STUDY DESIGN: Fourteen pregnant women placed on heparin prophylaxis for a history of thromboembolism had blood drawn for 64 anti-Xa level determinations in the second and third trimesters. Heparin doses were adjusted in an attempt to achieve a midinterval or peak level of 0.05 to 0.25 U/ml, which corresponds to the range seen in nonpregnant patients given standard doses of 5000 units subcutaneously every 12 hours. RESULTS: A standard heparin dose of 5000 units given subcutaneously every 12 hours was inadequate to achieve the desired range in this pregnant population. In five of nine second-trimester pregnancies 7500 units given subcutaneously every 12 hours was inadequate to attain this range. In six of 13 third-trimester pregnancies, > 10,000 units subcutaneously every 12 hours was needed. CONCLUSIONS: Heparin requirements may increase and are highly variable in patients during pregnancy. Until appropriate clinical outcomes trials can determine optimal dosing, measuring anti-Xa activity may be useful to guide therapy.
Molecules: what kind of a bag of atoms?

As discussed by Liang and Dill, Enright and Leitner, and others, proteins are not 3D objects. We study an expanded macromolecular data set ranging from proteins to RNA, lipids, and viruses, and remove surface effects and size bias. Molecules and molecular assemblies with more than 1000 backbone atoms have a volume fractal dimension of Dv = 2.70 ± 0.05 by the embedded sphere method and Dv = 2.71 ± 0.04 by the ensemble method using radius of gyration as the size measure. The much larger Dv = 2.89 ± 0.05 obtained with the average surface radius as the length measure shows that surface corrugation is as extensive as cavity formation. Using a simple “Swiss cheese” model for molecules, we show that the distribution of voids in the interior of molecules cannot be a Boltzmann distribution of void energy as a function of void size. Instead, frustration from imperfect packing builds up with molecular size, allowing larger voids to form in larger molecules. We find that large molecules lie halfway between the extrem...
Validating professional standards and codes: Challenges and opportunities

This article presents a focus group study on the validation of the California Standards for Healthcare Interpreters produced by the California Healthcare Interpreting Association (CHIA) in 2002. The reactions of healthcare interpreters to the Standards, and their opinions and thoughts on its provisions are reviewed and analyzed. The article first addresses the issues and problems healthcare interpreters encounter when implementing the Standards, and highlights the challenges they face when trying to balance their professional mandate with the reality of their working environment. In particular, it describes the difficulties of defining the interpreter’s role in the system. The final section of the article draws attention to the need for bridges between research and practice as a means of guaranteeing that the field of interpreting will continue to develop.
Population hole-burning using a triplet reservoir: S1 ← S0 transition of zinc porphin in n-octane

Abstract Optical hole-burning has been observed in the S 1 ← S 0 absorption of zinc porphin in n -octane by selective depletion of the ground state population and storage in the mestastable triplet state. In this way the homogeneous linewidths of S 1 ← S 0 for molecules in A and B sites of n -octane were measured between 1.6 and 4.5 K. Thermally induced dephasing was observed for B-site molecules with an activation energy of 14 cm − , equal to the separation between the two electronic components of S 1 .
The Hidden Structural Features of the Fiscal Rule: A European Saga

This paper addresses the question of the reform of the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP). More and more authors and policymakers are bringing to light the negative impacts of the European deficit rule on the countries and their ability to respond asymmetric economic shocks, and some are asking for a redefinition of the pact. If the focus of the SGP is only fiscal, and two of the biggest countries in Europe have failed to abide by the pact since its implementation, it seems clear that the SGP needs at least a re-examination. Yet, on the contrary, if we introduce into the analytical framework the SGP’s impacts on the European Union’s structural policies, the conclusions are far different. Abolishing the SGP could hinder the presently up-to-date convergence prospective. This paper proposes a theoretical analysis of the SGP that emphasizes a new feature of the SGP: a strong incentive to structural reforms.
Species and structural specificity of the lipopigment accumulation and neuronal destruction induced by N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-4-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (guanacline).

Abstract Guanacline, a guanidinium adrenergic neuron blocking agent similar to guanethidine, was studied clinically and experimentally during the late 1960s. Like guanethidine, it has been reported to produce sympathetic neuronal destruction in rats. Unlike guanethidine, it has been reported to produce irreversible sympathetic deficits in man and to produce fluorescent lipopigment in rat sympathetic neurons. Guanacline and its derivative in which the double bond of the tetrahydropyridine ring is reduced (saturated analog of guanacline, SAG) were prepared. Several species were treated chronically with varying doses of guanethidine, guanacline or SAG; the superior cervical ganglia were examined light microscopically for neuronal destruction and for osmiophilic fluorescent lipopigment accumulation. All 3 drugs produced rapid neuronal destruction in rats accompanied by massive small-cell infiltration. In striking contrast, treatment for many weeks with doses up to 100 mg/kg/day produced no small-cell infiltration or apparent neuronal destruction in mice or guinea pigs. The neuronal destruction produced by guanacline and SAG in the rat, like that caused by guanethidine, was prevented by immunosuppression or γ-irradiation, indicating that all 3 agents produce neuronal destruction in rats by an immune-mediated mechanism. Thus, the ability of the drug to produce sympathectomy is species specific but not drug specific. The opposite was found with respect to fluorescent lipopigment accumulation. Guanacline, but not guanethidine or SAG, produced fluorescent lipopigment in all species examined. Therefore, the double bond of the tetrahydropyridine ring plays a critical role in the production of the fluorescent lipopigment. These results suggest that guanacline-induced fluorescent lipopigment in a species which does not undergo immune-mediated neuronal destruction (e.g. guinea pig) offers a convenient drug-induced model of fluorescent lipopigment accumulation in which to study the functional and biochemical consequences of such accumulation.
Atom-probe tomographic study of γ/γ′ interfaces and compositions in an aged Co-Al-W superalloy

Atom-probe tomography (APT) is utilized to investigate, in a Co–9.7Al–10.8W at.% alloy aged at 900 °C for ∼1000 h, the phase compositions and partitioning behavior of the two-phase γ(face-centered cubic)/γ′(L1 2 ) microstructure. The APT composition of the γ-matrix (Co–8.97Al–5.69W at.%) agrees well with a previously reported measurement made by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; however, the composition of the γ′(L1 2 ) precipitates (Co–10.03Al–12.48W at.%) is slightly richer in W and Al, and leaner in Co. Partitioning coefficients and Al interfacial excesses are also calculated.
Phylogenetic Diversity, Host-Specificity and Community Profiling of Sponge-Associated Bacteria in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Background: Marine sponges can associate with abundant and diverse consortia of microbial symbionts. However, associated bacteria remain unexamined for the majority of host sponges and few studies use phylogenetic metrics to quantify symbiont community diversity. DNA fingerprinting techniques, such as terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP), might provide rapid profiling of these communities, but have not been explicitly compared to traditional methods. Methodology/Principal Findings: We investigated the bacterial communities associated with the marine sponges Hymeniacidon heliophila and Haliclona tubifera, a sympatric tunicate, Didemnum sp., and ambient seawater from the northern Gulf of Mexico by combining replicated clone libraries with T-RFLP analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Clone libraries revealed that bacterial communities associated with the two sponges exhibited lower species richness and lower species diversity than seawater and tunicate assemblages, with differences in species composition among all four source groups. T-RFLP profiles clustered microbial communities by source; individual T-RFs were matched to the majority (80.6%) of clone library sequences, indicating that T-RFLP analysis can be used to rapidly profile these communities. Phylogenetic metrics of community diversity indicated that the two sponge-associated bacterial communities include dominant and host-specific bacterial lineages that are distinct from bacteria recovered from seawater, tunicates, and unrelated sponge hosts. In addition, a large proportion of the symbionts associated with H. heliophila were shared with distant, conspecific host populations in the southwestern Atlantic (Brazil). Conclusions/Significance: The low diversity and species-specific nature of bacterial communities associated with H. heliophila and H. tubifera represent a distinctly different pattern from other, reportedly universal, sponge-associated bacterial communities. Our replicated sampling strategy, which included samples that reflect the ambient environment, allowed us to differentiate resident symbionts from potentially transient or prey bacteria. Pairing replicated clone library construction with rapid community profiling via T-RFLP analyses will greatly facilitate future studies of sponge-microbe symbioses.
A comparison of acoustic turbulence profiling techniques in the presence of waves

In order to measure turbulent quantities in coastal waters, one must either avoid or confront the confounding effect of waves. In previous work, we have developed a method to cancel waves when using the variance technique to compute Reynolds stress from acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data. In this paper, we extend this wave cancellation methodology to measurements of turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation using velocities measured along a single acoustic beam. Velocity profiles were collected using a Teledyne/RDI 1,200 kHz ADCP and a Nortek AWAC. The AWAC has a vertical beam that was programmed by Nortek to deliver profiles of vertical velocity. Vertical velocities are desirable both because they eliminate sources of phase error in the wave cancellation procedure and because they constrain measurement uncertainty with respect to turbulent anisotropy. Results indicate that acoustic profiles taken in standard Doppler mode, to which the vertical beam of the AWAC was limited, were too noisy to resolve turbulence under the deployment conditions herein. Pulse-to-pulse coherent modes such as those available on the ADCP were sufficiently low noise to resolve turbulent signals; however, vertical beam data are not available for this device. Nevertheless, our wave cancellation methodology was successful in removing the overwhelming variance associated with waves from both instruments, allowing realistic estimates of Reynolds stress, turbulent kinetic energy, and dissipation from the ADCP. This method holds even more promise as low-noise operating modes are developed for vertical beam acoustic profiling instruments such as the AWAC.
Ceramic-ceramic diffusion bonding using nanocrystalline interlayers

Abstract Diffusion bonding of commercial (Tosoh Co.) zirconia-3 mol% yttria (Y-TZP) samples was examined both with and without nanocrystalline Y-TZP interlayers at the joint. The nanocrystalline interlayers were applied in the form of either a slurry or a thin presintered slice. The joining was accomplished by uniaxially applying a compressive load (10 MPa) at temperatures of 1090°C, 1200°C and 1350°C. Large shrinkage voids were observed in the slurry interlayers when the layer thickness was κ 100–200 μm, whereas thinner interlayers (
Models, abstractions, and architectures: the missing links in cyber-physical systems

Bridging disparate realms of physical and cyber system components requires models and methods that enable rapid evaluation of design alternatives in cyber-physical systems (CPS). The diverse intellectual traditions of physical and mathematical sciences makes this task exceptionally hard. This paper seeks to explore potential solutions by examining specific examples of CPS applications in automobiles and smart buildings. Both smart buildings and automobiles are complex systems with embedded knowledge across several domains. We present our experiences with development of CPS applications to illustrate the challenges that arise when expertise across domains is integrated into the system, and show that creation of models, abstractions, and architectures that address these challenges are key to next generation CPS applications.
One Site Fits All: Responsive Web Design

Countless surveys and news reports have heralded the rise of mobile devices and the beginning of the decline of desktop computers. Users now access library websites and e-resources from a wide variety of devices. Librarians are exploring new ways to reach out to mobile users. Although apps are useful, it is difficult to keep up with and maintain apps for the multitude of operating systems available. Responsively-designed websites automatically scale to fit the user's device. This provides a platform to librarians to make their websites available to the largest number of users and to keep them up to date.
Assignment of electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF-QO) to human chromosome 4q33 by fluorescence in situ hybridization and somatic cell hybridization.

Electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF-QO) is a nuclear-encoded protein located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Inherited defects of ETF-QO cause glutaric acidemia type II. We here describe the localization of the ETF-QO gene to human chromosome 4q33 by somatic cell hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization.
Broad host range gene transfer: plasmids and conjugative transposons

Conjugation is the primary route of broad host range DNA transfer between different genera of bacteria. Plasmids are the most familiar conjugative elements, but there are also self-transmissible integrated elements called conjugative transposons. Conjugative transposons have been found in many genera of gram-positive bacteria, in mycoplasmas and in gram negative bacteria such as Bacteriodes spp. and Moraxella spp., and they have a very broad host range. The best-studied conjugative transposons are: the ones related to Tn916, a 16 kb conjugative transposon found originally in Gram-positive bacteria; Tn5276, a 70 kb conjugative transposon from Lactococcus lactis; and a group of large (> 70 kb) conjugative transposons found in Bacteroides spp. Transfer of conjugative transposons takes place in three steps: excision to form a circular intermediate, transfer of one strand of the circular intermediate to a recipient, and integration into the recipient genome. Some conjugative transposons integrate almost randomly, whereas other integrate site-specifically. Conjugative transposons not only transfer themselves but also mobilize co-resident plasmids, either by providing transfer functions in trans or by inserting themselves into the plasmid. In addition, the conjugative transposons found in Bacteroides spp. can excise and mobilize unlinked integrated elements, called NBUs. Transfer of many of the Bacteroides conjugative transposons is regulated by tetracycline, whereas transfer of Tn916 and other conjugative transposons appears to be constitutive. The conjugative transposons are clearly widespread in clinical isolates, but their distribution in environmental isolates remains to be determined.
Dynamic multi-response optimization using principal component analysis and multiple criteria evaluation of the grey relation model

The application of parameter design methodology has been considerable in recent years to make system performance robust over a wide range of input conditions. This notion has been referred to as a robust design with dynamic characteristics. Due to product complexity, multiple correlated characteristics must be simultaneously evaluated for improving product quality. Dynamic multi-response optimization is becoming an important issue to contemporary industry. This study developed a novel procedure of optimizing dynamic multi-responses using principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple criteria evaluation of the grey relation model. PCA can consider the correlations among multiple quality characteristics to obtain uncorrelated components. These components are then substituted into multiple criteria evaluation of the grey relation model to determine the optimal factor level combination. A case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed procedure for optimizing dynamic multi-response processes.
Stochastic sensitivity analysis method for neural network learning

A new, efficient algorithm is developed for the sensitivity analysis of a class of continuous-time recurrent neural networks with additive noise signals. The algorithm is based on the stochastic sensitivity analysis method using the variational approach, and formal expressions are obtained for the functional derivative sensitivity coefficients. The present algorithm uses only the internal states and noise signals to compute the gradient information needed in the gradient descent method, where the evaluation of derivatives is not necessary. In particular, it does not require the solution of adjoint equations of the back-propagation type. Thus, the algorithm has the potential for efficiently learning the network weights with significantly fewer computations. The effectiveness of the algorithm in a statistical sense is shown, and the method is applied to the familiar layered network.
Drug Transport Microdevice Mimicking an Idealized Nanoscale Bio-molecular Motor

Abstract Molecular motors are nature's nano-devices and the essential agents of movement that are an integral part of many living organisms. The supramolecular motor, called Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC), controls the transport of all cellular material between the cytoplasm and the nucleus that occurs naturally in biological cells of many organisms. In order to understand the design characteristics of the NPC, we developed a microdevice for drug/fluidic transport mimicking the coarse-grained representation of the NPC geometry through computational fluid dynamic analysis and optimization. Specifically, the role of the central plug in active fluidic/particle transport and passive transport (without central plug) was investigated. Results of flow rate, pressure and velocity profiles obtained from the models indicate that the central plug plays a major role in transport through this biomolecular machine. The results of this investigation show that fluidic transport and flow passages are important factors in designing NPC based nano- and micro-devices for drug delivery.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the safety and feasibility of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression in physically ill adolescents. Method: In an open trial, 11 adolescents (12–17 years) with inflammatory bowel disease and either major or minor depression underwent 12 sessions of a manual-based CBT enhanced by social skills, physical illness narrative, and family psychoeducation components. Standardized instruments assessed pre- to posttreatment changes in depression, physical health, global psychological functioning, and social functioning. Perceived helpfulness and satisfaction with CBT were assessed. Results: There were significant reductions in DSM-IV depression diagnoses and depressive symptoms and improvements in global psychological and social functioning. Adolescents’ perceptions of their general health and physical functioning improved, although illness severity measures were unchanged. High subject satisfaction and helpfulness ratings for CBT were found along with no adverse events and high subject adherence. Conclusions: A manual-based CBT approach adapted to treat depression in physically ill adolescents appears to be a safe, feasible, and promising intervention.
Alterations in patterns of excretion and other metabolic functions in developing fish embryos exposed to benzo(a)pyrene

Steelhead trout(Salmo gairdneri) embryos were used as a model to study some of the physiological and biochemical changes which occur following exposure to sublethal levels of benzo(a)pyrene B(a)P, a known environmental contaminant. Embryos were exposed to B(a)P on day 1, 15, or 25 post fertilization, corresponding to the pre-blastula, eyed stage and late organogenesis stage of development. These times were chosen to determine whether the age of the embryo at the time of exposure influenced their response to this model compound. The changes which were observed were related to the age of the embryo at the time of exposure but not to the concentration of the B(a)P to which they were exposed. It was found that the longer the embryo developed, the more permeable the eggs became, taking up twice to 10 times as much B(a)P on day 25 as they did on day 1. Embryos exposed later in development were also able to excrete the metabolites of B(a)P through the egg membrane 10 times more rapidly than their counterparts which were exposed early during development. Following hatching, the larvae from those groups exposed later in development contained 2 to 5 times as much B(a)P bound to or dissolved in the tissues than did those exposed on day 1. Hatching time was also modified by the times of exposure, with those exposed on days 15 and 25 hatching later and over a longer period of time than either the untreated or DMSO controls. Although physical abnormalities were rare, there appeared to be a consistent increase in the level of teratogenesis in those groups which were exposed early during development.
Premature osteoarthritis in the Disproportionate micromelia (Dmm) mouse.

Summary Objective Degeneration of articular cartilage leads to the development of osteoarthritis (OA), but the molecular pathology of the disease is poorly understood. The Disproportionate micromelia ( Dmm ) mouse has a deletion mutation in the C-propeptide encoding region of Col2a1 , which leads to a defective cartilage matrix. The objective of this study was to determine whether heterozygous ( Dmm /+) mice develop premature OA, and could therefore serve as an animal model for studying the molecular pathways leading to OA. Design Histological analysis was utilized to determine the state of articular cartilage degeneration in Dmm /+ mice at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 22 months of age. Severity of OA was quantified with a modified Mankin scoring system. In addition, articular cartilage thickness, cell density, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) fraction of articular cartilage were quantified. Results Articular cartilage erosion was significantly more severe in Dmm /+ than in wild-type (+/+) mice beginning at 9 months, and modified Mankin scoring revealed Dmm /+ articular cartilage to be in a more severe osteoarthritic state as early as 3 months. In addition, Dmm /+ articular cartilage was thinner than +/+ cartilage and showed increased cell density and decreased matrix fraction compared with +/+ from the earliest time points measured. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that Dmm /+ mice develop premature OA. The observed degenerative changes of Dmm /+ articular cartilage closely resemble those of human OA patients, with or without Col2a1 mutations, suggesting that Dmm /+ mice are a useful model for investigating mechanisms involved in OA.
COMPUTATION OF THE NORMAL AND ANOMALOUS TERMS IN THE LOWEST ORDER ANHARMONIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEBYE-WALLER FACTOR FOR SODIUM METAL

It has been shown by Maradudin and Flinn1 (1963) that, in weak anharmonic crystals, the lowest order anharmonic contributions to the Debye-Waller factor are of 0(λ2), where λ is the Van Hove2 (1961) ordering parameter. There are four such terms, two of them are of (where is the scattering wave-vector) and are known as the normal terms. Other two terms are of and are known as the anomalous terms. These four terms are of significant complexity. In this present work, a computation of these four terms will be reported for sodium metal and the results will be compared with experimentally determined values.
Poststroke Neurogenesis: Emerging Principles of Migration and Localization of Immature Neurons

Stroke induces proliferation of newly born neurons in the subventricular zone, migration of these immature neurons away from the SVZ, and localization within peri-infarct tissues. These 3 processes of proliferation, migration, and localization constitute distinct spatial and temporal zones within poststroke neurogenesis with distinct molecular and cell-cell signaling environments. Immature neurons migrate after stroke in close association with blood vessels and astrocytic processes, in a process that involves matrix metalloproteinases. This poststroke migration shares similar features with normal neuroblast migration in the rostral migratory stream. Immature neurons localize in the peri-infarct cortex in a neurovascular niche where neurogenesis is causally linked to angiogenesis through the vascular factors SDF-1 and angiopoietin-1. Other vascular and neuronal growth factors have also been linked to poststroke neuroblast localization in peri-infarct tissue, including erythropoietin. Most data on poststroke neurogenesis derive from laboratory rodents, which may have an abnormal or blunted degree of neurogenesis and neuroplasticity compared to normal, wild rodents. This will likely affect translational application of the principles of poststroke neurogenesis from mouse to man.
Monoclonal Antibody Epitope Mapping Describes Tailspike β-Helix Folding and Aggregation Intermediates

Abstract There is growing interest in understanding how the cellular environment affects protein folding mechanisms, but most spectroscopic methods for monitoring folding in vitro are unsuitable for experiments in vivo or in other complex mixtures. Monoclonal antibody binding represents a sensitive structural probe that can be detected against the background of other cellular components. A panel of antibodies has been raised against Salmonella typhimurium phage P22 tailspike. In this report, nine α-tailspike antibody binding epitopes were characterized by measuring the binding of these monoclonal antibodies to tailspike variants bearing surface point mutations. These results reveal that the antibody epitopes are distributed throughout the tailspike structure, with several clustered in the central parallel β-helix domain. The ability of each antibody to distinguish between tailspike conformational states was assessed by measuring antibody binding to tailspike in vitro refolding intermediates. Interestingly, the binding of all but one of the nine antibodies is sensitive to the tailspike conformational state. Whereas several antibodies bind preferentially to the tailspike native structure, the structural features that comprise the binding epitopes form with different rates. In addition, two antibodies preferentially recognize early refolding intermediates. Combined with the epitope mapping, these results indicate portions of the β-helix form early during refolding, perhaps serving as a scaffold for the formation of additional structure. Finally, three of the antibodies show enhanced binding to non-native, potentially aggregation-prone tailspike conformations. The refolding results indicate these non-native conformations form early during the refolding reaction, long before the appearance of native tailspike.
A fuzzy robot controller-hardware implementation

The author developed a robot controller that exploits the principles of fuzzy logic to circumvent the mathematically complex inverse kinematic equations that are at the heart of operations of conventional robot controllers. The fuzzy control rules are derived for a planar robot with an arbitrary number of serial degrees of freedom. Computer simulation results are presented to verify the proposed concept. In addition, the hardware implementation of the fuzzy robot controller is described and experimental results are included. >
Transient modeling of electromechanical relays

An electromechanical, plunger type 50 relay is modelled in EMTP/ATP using TACS. Mechanical, magnetic, and electrical characteristics are represented in the form of simple mathematical models that can provide a useful tool for studying the dynamic responses of the Type 50 devices and incorporating them into a power system transient analysis. This paper is the second part of a summary report by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) of work on relay modeling sponsored by the Bonneville Power Administration. (BPA). It presents the Electro-Magnetic Transient Program/Alternative Transient Program (EMTP/ATP) model for plunger type 50 instantaneous overcurrent relays that compare with actual tests performed on the devices on a power system simulator.
N-3 and n-6 fatty acids are independently associated with lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is an independent risk factor for CVD and has been proposed as a marker of vascular inflammation. Polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (FA) and several n-6 FA are known to suppress inflammation and may influence Lp-PLA2 mass and activity. The associations of n-3 and n-6 plasma FA with Lp-PLA2 mass and activity were analysed using linear regression analysis in 2246 participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; statistical adjustments were made to control for body mass, inflammation, lipids, diabetes, and additional clinical and demographic factors. Lp-PLA2 mass and activity were significantly lower in participants with the higher n-3 FA EPA (β = - 4·72, P< 0·001; β = - 1·53; P= 0·023) and DHA levels (β = - 4·47, β = - 1·87; both P< 0·001). Those in the highest quintiles of plasma EPA and DHA showed 12·71 and 19·15 ng/ml lower Lp-PLA2 mass and 5·7 and 8·90 nmol/min per ml lower Lp-PLA2 activity than those in the first quintiles, respectively. In addition, lower Lp-PLA2 mass and activity were associated with higher levels of n-6 arachidonic acid (β = - 1·63, β = - 1·30; both P< 0·001), while γ-linolenic acid was negatively associated with activity (β = - 27·7, P= 0·027). Lp-PLA2 mass was significantly higher in participants with greater plasma levels of n-6 linoleic (β = 0·828, P= 0·011) and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids (β = 4·17, P= 0·002). Based on their independent associations with Lp-PLA2 mass and activity, certain n-3 and n-6 FA may have additional influences on CVD risk. Intervention studies are warranted to assess whether these macronutrients may directly influence Lp-PLA2 expression or activity.
The sea-surface microlayer: Fate and residence times of atmospheric metals1

Deposition of atmospheric particles provides a major source of metals to the world’s oceans. Before entering the water column these metals must pass through the sea-surface microlayer (upper 50 pm)-a boundary with unique physical, chemical, and biological properties. A model, derived from laboratory microcosm studies, is used to predict the behavior of six metals under two conditions of biotic enrichment and wind mixing and three atmospheric deposition rates. Mean residence times of metals in the microlayer are 1.5-l 5 h. Maximum predicted enrichments (microlayerjwater metals concentrations) arc Pb > Cu > Zn > Ag > Ni > Mn. Predicted Pb enrichments with a 3.6 m s-l wind are 130,60, and 2 for urban, rural coastal, and oceanic environments. These predicted enrichments agree well with mean microlayer metal enrichments measured in the
A two-dimensional model for quasigeostrophic flow: comparison with the two-dimensional Euler flow

Abstract A simple two-dimensional model for quasigeostrophic flow is contrasted with the two-dimensional incompressible Euler equations. The model arises under the assumptions of fast rotation, uniform stratification and uniform potential vorticity. It is found that the more loca feed-back of the quasigeostrophic model gives rise to strongly nonlinear front formation, as opposed to two-dimensional Euler, where the steepening process of mature fronts obeys a nonlocal, nearly linear mechanism.
On possible counterexamples to Negami's planar cover conjecture

A simple graph H is a cover of a graph G if there exists a mapping Φ from H onto G such that Φ maps the neighbors of every vertex u in H bijectively to the neighbors of Φ (ν) in G. Negami conjectured in 1986 that a connected graph has a finite planar cover if and only if it embeds in the projective plane. The conjecture is still open. It follows from the results of Archdeacon, Fellows, Negami, and the first author that the conjecture holds as long as the graph K1,2,2,2 has no finite planar cover. However, those results seem to say little about counterexamples if the conjecture was not true. We show that there are, up to obvious constructions, at most 16 possible counterexamples to Negami's conjecture. Moreover, we exhibit a finite list of sets of graphs such that the set of excluded minors for the property of having finite planar cover is one of the sets in our list. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 46: 183206, 2004
An analysis of horizontal microcracking during catagenesis: Example from the Catskill delta complex

Horizontal bitumen-filled microcracks are common within clay laminae of the finely laminated organic carbon-rich shale in the lower half of the heavily jointed Upper Devonian Dunkirk Shale, western New York state. Such cracks are not found higher in the Dunkirk Shale, where moderate bioturbation resulted in a relatively porous and permeable microfabric. Horizontal microcracks in a hydrocarbon source rock that carries regional vertical joints indicating a horizontal least principal stress owe their presence to material properties of the fractured shale and the magnitude and orientation of the crack-driving stress during kerogen maturation. Three material properties favored the horizontal initiation of microcracks in the Dunkirk Shale: (1) the abundance of flat kerogen grains oriented parallel to layering; (2) a marked strength anisotropy in large part caused by the laminated nature of the rock; and (3) the tight, strongly oriented planar clay-grain fabric produced by gravitational compaction of flocculated clay at shallow-burial depth. The latter was especially important to sustaining elevated pore pressure, the crack-driving stress, which was generated by the conversion of kerogen to bitumen. Poroelastic deformation of the low-permeability laminated shale pressurized by catagenesis, perhaps enhanced by compaction disequilibrium prior to kerogen conversion, elevated the in-situ horizontal stress in excess of the vertical stress, which remained constant during pore-pressure buildup, thereby favoring the propagation of microcracks in the horizontal plane.
An Investigation of the Firm Size—Effective Tax Rate Relation in the 1980s

Given the recent emphasis on effective tax rates by policy makers and accounting researchers, this study investigates the relation between firm size and corporate tax burdens on a yearly and an ind...
Mesoscale variability in the boundary currents of the Alaska Gyre

Abstract Measurements of sea-surface height anomalies acquired during the GEOSAT, ERS-1, and TOPEX altimeter missions show that the boundary currents of the Alaska gyre exhibit interannual variability with respect to the occurrence, size, and propagation of mesoscale, eddy-like features. Observations and model results suggest that eddies are generated in the Alaska Current during years in which the wind forcing in the eastern Gulf of Alaska promotes strong downwelling along the British Columbia–Alaska coast. Wind forcing conditions that support eddy formation and intensification often occur in years that coincide with El Nino–Southern Oscillation events. Eddy variability is significantly more deterministic in the Alaska Current than in the Alaskan Stream.
Understanding Cultural Historical Activity Theory

This chapter will focus on the contributions of Lev Semenovich Vygotsky and post-Vygotskian scholars who played a critical role in the development of Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) and the emergence of activity systems analysis. I will begin with a discussion of the historical background that is related to the CHAT literature. Then I will introduce theoretical concepts that are critical for researchers and practitioners to understand before they can successfully design and use activity systems analysis in their investigations or program evaluations involving complex learning environments. Finally, I will discuss how Yrjo Engestrom developed activity systems analysis as a research methodology within CHAT.
Values and Evaluation in Game Theoretical Models

The paper provides an investigation and identification of the values and assumptions that influence the applications and results derived from the applications of game theoretical models to solve logistical problems. The ultimate goal is to identify and begin to eliminate prejudices and blind spots within the formulation of the game theory constraints and the application itself. We explore the investigation and identification of blind spots through the application of game theoretical models to solve problems concerning resource allocation. In particular, the paper investigates the application of game theoretical models to allocate resources in crisis situations.
Adipose tissue RNASeq reveals novel gene–nutrient interactions following n-3 PUFA supplementation and evoked inflammation in humans

Dietary consumption of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) may protect against cardiometabolic disease through modulation of systemic and adipose inflammation. However, it is often difficult to detect the subtle effects of n-3 PUFA on inflammatory biomarkers in traditional intervention studies. We aimed to identify novel n-3 PUFA modulated gene expression using unbiased adipose transcriptomics during evoked endotoxemia in a clinical trial of n-3 PUFA supplementation. We analyzed adipose gene expression using RNA sequencing in the fenofibrate and omega-3 fatty acid modulation of endotoxemia (FFAME) trial of healthy individuals at three timepoints: before and after n-3 PUFA supplementation (n=8; 3600mg/day EPA/DHA) for 6weeks compared with placebo (n=6), as well as during a subsequent evoked inflammatory challenge (lipopolysaccharide 0.6ng/kg i.v.). As expected, supplementation with n-3 PUFA vs. placebo alone had only modest effects on adipose tissue gene expression, e.g., increased expression of immediate early response IER2. In contrast, the transcriptomic response to evoked endotoxemia was significantly modified by n-3 PUFA supplementation, with several genes demonstrating significant n-3 PUFA gene-nutrient interactions, e.g., enhanced transcriptional responses in specific immune genes IER5L, HES1, IL1RN, CCL18, IL1RN, IL7R, IL8, CCL3 and others. These data highlight potential mechanisms whereby n-3 PUFA consumption may enhance the immune response to an inflammatory challenge. In conclusion, unbiased transcriptomics during evoked inflammation reveals novel immune modulating functions of n-3 PUFA nutritional intervention in a dynamic pathophysiological setting.
Effect of alloxan diabetes on fertility and gestation in the rat.

SummaryRats were made diabetic with alloxan and their ability to reproduce was studied under various conditions. The following observations were made: (1) the estrous cycle ceased in diabetic females and was restored by the administration of insulin; (2) 4 of 13 untreated diabetic animals, which were bred before the estrous cycle ceased, produced litters; (3) insulin treated diabetic animals reproduced in spite of a continuing hyperglycemia; (4) transient hyperglycemia did not interfere with reproduction and (5) diabetes in the mother did not result in hyperglycemia in the offspring in the few animals tested.