cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Algorithm for Generating Gamma Variates Based on the Weibull Distribution

Abstract An algorithm for generating gamma variates based on the Weibull distribution is given. This algorithm, a modification of one given by Phillips, is shown to be more accurate than the latter. The speed and memory requirements are similar.
Iterative Optimization of Molecular Mechanics Force Fields from NMR Data of Full-Length Proteins

High quality molecular mechanics force fields of proteins are key for the quantitative interpretation of experimental data and the predictive understanding of protein function based on computer simulations. A strategy is presented for the optimization of protein force fields based on full-length proteins in their native environment that is guided by experimental NMR chemical shifts and residual dipolar couplings (RDCs). An energy-based reweighting approach is applied to a long molecular dynamics trajectory, performed with a parent force field, to efficiently screen a large number of trial force fields. The force field that yields the best agreement with the experimental data is then used as the new parent force field, and the procedure is repeated until no further improvement is obtained. This method is demonstrated for the optimization of the backbone φ,ψ dihedral angle potential of the Amber ff99SB force field using six trial proteins and another 17 proteins for cross-validation using (13)C chemical shifts with and without backbone RDCs. The φ,ψ dihedral angle potential is systematically improved by the inclusion of correlation effects through the addition of up to 24 bivariate Gaussian functions of variable height, width, and tilt angle. The resulting force fields, termed ff99SB_φψ(g24;CS) and ff99SB_φψ(g8;CS,RDC), perform significantly better than their parent force field in terms of both NMR data reproduction and Cartesian coordinate root-mean-square deviations between the MD trajectories and the X-ray crystal structures. The strategy introduced here represents a powerful addition to force field optimization approaches by overcoming shortcomings of methods that are solely based on quantum-chemical calculations of small molecules and protein fragments in the gas phase.
SOLITARY WAVES ON DENSITY INTERFACES

Publisher Summary Based on available field data one can discuss the wave shapes that might be observable in natural systems. In many photographs of the sea surface taken from aircraft or satellites using passive or active sensors the surface signatures of internal waves can be clearly seen. These waves are visible because the particle motions that they create as they propagate produce a straining field at the surface, which modifies the reflective properties of the surface-wave field. It has been established that such internal waves are formed by the interaction of the flow that is created by the barotropic tide with bottom topography. Once these waves have been formed, they propagate and evolve into a sequence of finite amplitude, solitary waves, ordered by amplitude, which then slowly separates in space. Such a property is a general one for the systems that can support solitary waves.
Elite Cues, News Coverage, and Partisan Support for Compromise

In accordance with self-categorization theory, this study predicts that because elite cues affect partisans’ perceptions of group norms, news coverage of political gridlock should influence partisa...
Development of an automated micrometeorological method for measuring the emission of mercury vapor from wetland vegetation

The ability of green plants to act as conduits to enhance the transport ofHg from soils to the atmosphere is now established, but the data base isseverely limited. The potential role of this process in mobilizing Hg inglobal and regional cycles makes it imperative that automated methods bedeveloped to increase our capability to measure and understand the processin a variety of ecosystems. We previously published a tower-basedmicrometeorological gradient method for measuring gas-phase Hg°fluxes in terrestrial systems based on the Modified Bowen ratio (MBR)approach. The method relied on demanding and time-consuming manualsampling of Hg gradients. Automated Hg sampling methods now exist, andwe describe here applications of the Tekran Hg analyzer to automatednear-real-time measurements of Hg gradients over wetland vegetation. Weuse these data with MBR to compute fluxes of Hg from those of othertrace gases. From 1996 to 1998 we sampled Hg fluxes over emergentmacrophytes in the Florida Everglades, beginning with manual methods, butlater deploying automated methods for most of the study to collect morethan 500 30-min fluxes over 2 y. The limitations of the manual methodresulted in considerable uncertainly in our earlier observations, even to theextent that we initially doubted that vegetation emissions were real. However, the automated method allowed us to quantify the actualdevelopment of Hg emission gradients over wetland vegetation. Followingsunrise Hg fluxes show diel patterns similar to those of CO2 andH2O, providing information on the possible mechanisms of Hgemission. Our data suggest mean daytime emission rates of Hg over thesewetlands on the order of 30 ng m-2 h-1. Fluxes wereinfluenced by temperature, solar radiation, and atmospheric turbulence. There exists a significant biotic re-emission of Hg° from the oceans,and our data provide the first direct evidence of a similar process insubtropical wetlands.
Aging is associated with impaired angiogenesis, but normal microvascular network structure, in the rat mesentery.

Using a multidimensional approach, we present evidence supporting that aged microvascular networks display vessel density and patterning similar to adult networks despite also being characterized b...
Cerebellopontine angle tumors in young children, displaying cranial nerve deficits, and restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted imaging: a new clinical triad for atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors.

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) of the central nervous system (CNS) are rare, highly malignant neoplasms that carry a poor prognosis. Even with prompt diagnosis, gross total resection and early initiation of intensive adjuvant therapy, the majority of patients will succumb within 9–12 months of diagnosis. The CPA location in children harbors lesions along a wide spectrum varying from benign to highly malignant. Imaging features of lesions within the CPA that aid the diagnostic process will help to initiate early treatment in higher-grade lesions. We report three cases, in very young children, all with cranial nerve deficits, who displayed CPA lesions with restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with pathology confirming AT/RT. We propose that in young children with a CPA tumor diffusion-weighted imaging should be routinely evaluated to aid in prompt management. In addition, the diagnosis of AT/RT should be highly suggestive in infants presenting with cranial nerve findings as well as DWI restricted diffusion within the CPA.
Dataset of effect of Wogonin, a natural flavonoid, on the viability and activation of NF-κB and MAPKs in IL-1β-stimulated human OA chondrocytes

This article contains data related to the article "Wogonin, a plant derived small molecule exerts potent anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects through activation of ROS/ERK/Nrf2 signaling pathways in human Osteoarthritis chondrocytes" (Khan et al. 2017) [1]. The data are related to effects of Wogonin on the viability and IL-1β-stimulated activation of NF-κB and ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38 MAPKs in human OA chondrocytes. Gene expression data representing the chondrogenic phenotype and the efficiency of Nrf2 knockdown in monolayer culture of human OA chondrocytes were shown. Moreover, mass spectrometric calibration curve of Wogonin used to quantify the intracellular uptake were also presented. The data are presented in the form of figures and significance of these has been given in the research article (Khan et al. 2017) [1].
Bio-economy as a New Perspective for Solving Climate Change?

The EU roadmap for a low carbon economy in 2050 suggests scenarios for massive decarbonization by 2050, aiming to achieve a 80% decrease of overall GHG emissions (compared to 1990) and almost the total decarbonization of the energy sector (European Union 2011). The bio-economy, which is based on bio-energy produced from biomass and waste opens up the possibility to escape from coal and oil resource dependence. Bio-energy is expected to have a crucial role among renewables by 2020. Replacing fossil fuels with biomass could lead to a decrease of CO2 emissions and help solve the problem of global climate change. This chapter attempts to explore the promises and real possibilities of the bio-economy in fulfilling this expectation focusing on some serious risks in the case of its sustainable global application.
On transient climate change at the Cretaceous−Paleogene boundary due to atmospheric soot injections

Climate simulations that consider injection into the atmosphere of 15,000 Tg of soot, the amount estimated to be present at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, produce what might have been one of the largest episodes of transient climate change in Earth history. The observed soot is believed to originate from global wildfires ignited after the impact of a 10-km-diameter asteroid on the Yucatan Peninsula 66 million y ago. Following injection into the atmosphere, the soot is heated by sunlight and lofted to great heights, resulting in a worldwide soot aerosol layer that lasts several years. As a result, little or no sunlight reaches the surface for over a year, such that photosynthesis is impossible and continents and oceans cool by as much as 28 °C and 11 °C, respectively. The absorption of light by the soot heats the upper atmosphere by hundreds of degrees. These high temperatures, together with a massive injection of water, which is a source of odd-hydrogen radicals, destroy the stratospheric ozone layer, such that Earth's surface receives high doses of UV radiation for about a year once the soot clears, five years after the impact. Temperatures remain above freezing in the oceans, coastal areas, and parts of the Tropics, but photosynthesis is severely inhibited for the first 1 y to 2 y, and freezing temperatures persist at middle latitudes for 3 y to 4 y. Refugia from these effects would have been very limited. The transient climate perturbation ends abruptly as the stratosphere cools and becomes supersaturated, causing rapid dehydration that removes all remaining soot via wet deposition.
The Somatic Marker Hypothesis and Sexual Decision Making: Understanding the Role of Iowa Gambling Task Performance and Daily Sexual Arousal on the Sexual Behavior of Gay and Bisexual Men.

Background The sexual decision-making literature suggests that sexual arousal and behavior are associated. The somatic marker hypothesis suggests that individual neuropsychological differences in decision making, as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), may moderate these associations; however, this hypothesis has yet to be tested with event-level sexual behavior data. Purpose We hypothesized that (a) daily sexual arousal would be positively associated with likelihood of engaging in sex and condomless anal sex (CAS) and (b) IGT scores would moderate these associations such that the associations would be stronger among those with higher IGT scores. Methods We used daily diary data from 334 highly sexually active gay and bisexual men to examine the main and interaction effects of sexual arousal and IGT scores on sexual engagement and CAS. Results As hypothesized, daily sexual arousal was positively associated with greater odds of both sexual engagement and CAS with casual male partners. Individual-level IGT performance significantly moderated the day-level association between arousal and sexual engagement, which was stronger for men with higher IGT scores. There was no main effect of IGT scores on either sexual behavior outcome, nor did it moderate the association between arousal and CAS. Conclusions These findings highlight the influence of sexual arousal on sexual engagement, which differed by IGT scores; the effect of arousal on CAS was much less variable and may not be moderated by neurocognitive factors. This study supports the importance of exploring integrated behavioral/biomedical interventions to improve individual decision making to prevent HIV infection.
Development and psychometric analysis of an indirect measure of attitudes toward individuals with mental retardation using the error-choice method

The Test of Knowledge About Mental Retardation consists of 20 error-choice items requiring respondents to select one of four incorrect alternatives. The true purpose of the test (measurement of attitudes) is disguised by the inclusion of 20 items of general knowledge about mental retardation. Analyses of data indicated satisfactory item characteristics, adequate reliability and homogeneity, and preliminary support for criterion-related validity. The test should be useful for investigating the attitudes of service providers whose responses to a questionnaire may be biased by respondent sensitization and social desirability responding.
An accessory role for ceramide in interleukin-1β induced prostaglandin synthesis

Interleukin-1β (IL-1) is a potent inducer of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis. We previously showed that ceramide accumulates in fibroblasts treated with IL-1 and that it enhances IL-1-induced PGE2 production. The present study was undertaken to determine the mechanism(s) by which ceramide and IL-1 interact to enhance PGE2 production by examining their respective effects on the rate-limiting enzymes in PGE2 synthesis, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). IL-1-induced PGE2 synthesis required ω8 h even though COX-1 was constitutively expressed (both mRNA and protein) and enzymatically active in untreated cells. Conversely, COX-2 mRNA was barely detectable in untreated cells but within 2 h, ceramide or IL-1 alone induced a 5 and 20 fold increase in COX-2 mRNA, respectively. However, IL-1 induced COX-2 protein synthesis was only detectable 6-7 h after maximal COX-2 mRNA induction; COX-2 protein accumulation was not induced by ceramide alone. Ceramide however, reduced the length of time required for IL- 1 to induce COX-2 protein accumulation and increased COX-2 protein accumulation. IL-1 induced a 15 fold increase in COX-1 mRNA including an alternatively spliced form of COX-1. IL-1, but not ceramide induced cPLA2 mRNA and protein expression which corresponded with the initiation of PGE2 synthesis. These observations indicate that, (1) while either ceramide or IL-1 rapidly induced COX-2 mRNA, COX-2 protein only accumulated in IL- 1 treated cells after a delay of 6-7 h, (2) IL-1-induced PGE2 synthesis required both COX-2 and cPLA2 protein synthesis and, (3) ceramide enhanced (temporally and quantitatively) IL-1-induced COX-2 protein accumulation resulting in enhanced PGE2 production.
Dispersion of the Elasto-Optic Constants of Potassium Halides

The variation of the refractive indices of potassium halides with pressure to 14 kbars have been determined by an interferometric method. In every case the refractive index was found to increase with pressure with a pronounced non-linearity. However, the same data exhibit perfect linear relationship with strain when the latter is evaluated using the non-linear theory of elasticity. Combining these results with the data using uniaxial pressure measurements, the individual elasto-optic constants have been determined. The observed dispersion of the elasto-optic coefficients in the spectral region 366 – 589 nm, is attributed mainly to the electronic contribution to the elasto-optic effect.
OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS WITH PRIOR MEDIASTINAL RADIOTHERAPY WHO DEVELOPED PREDOMINANTLY MITRAL VALVE DISEASE REQUIRING SURGERY

We sought to study outcomes of patients with prior chest radiation (XRT) who developed mitral valve (MV) disease requiring surgery. We studied 146 consecutive patients [median age 60 (interquartile or IQR range 50, 68) years; 62% females] with prior (median 17 years) chest XRT for malignancy (25
Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Two Agricultural Soils Amended with Manure-Derived Biochar.

Biochar has been promoted as a means to sequester C and improve soil quality. Biochar produced from agricultural waste streams and recycled as a soil amendment also provides a strategy for improved nutrient management in agricultural systems. The effects of biochar amendment on soil C and N cycling remain poorly constrained. This study aimed to examine the effects of biochar on soil C and N storage, N mineralization, and soil physiochemical properties. Soils were collected from a field experiment in which biochar derived from poultry manure was applied for 2 yr in two croplands differing in soil texture (sandy and silt-loam). Samples from biochar-amended and control soils were physically fractionated to separate water-stable soil aggregates and analyzed for C and N. Biochar amendments increased total soil C by 16 (sandy soil) and 30% (silt-loam soil). These increases were observed in aggregate size classes associated with short-term C and N storage in silt-loam soils and intermediate-term C and N storage in sandy soils. Net N mineralization rates observed in a short-term incubation were small or negative (1.79 and −24.7 μg N g⁻¹ soil for sandy and silt-loam soils, respectively), indicating little or no new N mineralization from biochar over short timescales. Biochar amendment had a positive impact on cation exchange capacity at both sites, increasing it by 7 and 11% in the silt-loam soil and sandy soil, respectively. These results suggest that biochar amendments to cropping systems can improve the capacity of soil to retain nutrients and store C and N.
Contraception Care for Transmasculine Individuals on Testosterone Therapy

Contraception and fertility-associated advisement is needed for any individual with a uterus who is engaging in sexual activity with reproductive potential. As greater awareness spreads regarding the health care needs of transgender, nonbinary, and gender-nonconforming individuals, the research on evidence-based care for these populations lags behind. Many clinicians may not be well versed in the best practices to support the sexual and reproductive well-being of individuals who are taking gender-affirming hormone therapy. This article reviews the use of contraception for individuals who are on testosterone gender-affirming hormone therapy. Each contraceptive method is individually considered for the risks and benefits that are unique to this population.
RNAseq and DNA whole-exome sequence analysis reveal novel response signatures to IO treatment in muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients.

4558Background: Objective: To examine in a cohort of anti-PD-(L)1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICP) treated urothelial cancer patients a strategy combining treatment outcomes with molecular altera...
An Intramolecular Titanium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Pauson−Khand Type Reaction1

The development of the first catalytic asymmetric Pauson−Khand type cyclization of enynes is described. The active catalyst, (S,S)-(EBTHI)Ti(CO)2 (1), is generated in situ from (S,S)-(EBTHI)TiMe2 (2). A variety of 1,6-enynes can be converted to the corresponding cyclopentenones in high yield (70−94%) with excellent ee's (87−96%). Limitations of the catalyst with respect to substrate structure are discussed. The absolute configurations of several of the enone products have been ascertained, and these assignments represent a reversal with respect to an assignment in the initial report. A rationale for the sense and levels of enantioselectivity for this catalyst is proposed.
Shit Talking and Ass Kicking: Heckling, Physical Violence and Realistic Death Threats in Stand-Up Comedy

This chapter explains why despite breaking social taboos and even directly insulting audience members, stand-up comics are rarely physically attacked. That context is important for understanding the much rarer, but obviously significant, moments when stand-up comedians are verbally or physically assailed. Drawing upon over ten years of personal experience as a stand-up comic, as well as multiple in-depth interviews with professional and semi-professional comedians, Shouse attempts to understand why audience members sometimes threaten and even physically attack stand-up comics. He ultimately suggests that while a pattern of interaction precipitates violence in some instances, the life of an itinerant performer—working in unfamiliar places where alcohol is often consumed—creates risks above and beyond what is said from the stage.
Toward a conceptual model of hierarchical microaggression in higher education settings: a literature review

This study developed a conceptual model of hierarchical microaggression phenomena in colleges and universities in the United States. Young, Anderson, and Steward coined the term “hierarchical micro...
Environmental improvements through media packaging

This poster abstract will focus on environmentally friendly media and packaging solutions engineered by the Transport Materials and Media Engineering (TMME) group within Intel’s Logistics Division. The TMME group has made many improvements that have reduced the environmental impact of our shipping media and packaging materials for our factories thereby reducing our material and freight cost while also reducing our total carbon footprint.
Several Decades Ago in Your Living Room: Ewoks, Droids, and Star Wars Saturday Morning Cartoons

Joseph J. Darowski examines the Ewoks and Droids animated series, examples of early transitions of Star Wars from the big screen to television. Despite the undeniable popularity of the films, these Saturday morning cartoons failed to find an audience and were soon canceled. Analyzing the path that Ewoks and Droids took from assumed-sure-things to largely forgotten relics of pop culture past yields insights into audience expectations for Star Wars stories. While the films had intertwined the fantasy and science fiction genres these series separated them, situating Ewoks in the fantasy genre and Droids in the science fiction genre. Though the series aired back-to-back, this resulted in a series that felt a generic step removed from what had resonated with audiences in the feature films.
A Conceptual Framework for Livability, Sustainability and Equity in the Era of Automated Transit

From the beginning of modern planning, images and frameworks have been used to conceptualize ideas and frame approaches. This paper develops a conceptual performance measure framework for integrating transportation and land use policy and planning with regard to evaluating various future scenarios and policy alternatives in relation to driverless and autonomous vehicles, placing a premium on using measures of effectiveness and overall street livability, before measures of efficiency. As the performance dimension of effectiveness allows for measurements of both transportation as well as land-use derived demand management, it provides a more holistic approach than transport-only efficiency measures, and is therefore recommended to lead in determining performance in alternative autonomous vehicle futures. Efficiency does not measure how people are served and transported, only the relation of outputs to inputs—a large proportion of zero-occupancy vehicles traveling at high speeds, could score well in terms of efficiency. We recommend placing effectiveness, “Doing the Right Things”, before efficiency, and “Doing Things Right”— we do suggest pursuing both, but effectiveness should clearly lead. If we can move toward an automated vehicle future using fewer cars (through greater sharing), traveling shorter distances (through better land use planning), and at slower speeds (through policies), then we have a greater chance to achieve street livability objectives that are also likely to be more sustainable and equitable. This paper also outlines how this model would apply to certain street transects and how these relate to specific urban policies achieving sustainability, livability, and equity in future cities.
Development of the Verbal Autopsy Instrument for COVID-19 (VAIC).

Improving accuracy of identification of COVID-19-related deaths is essential to public health surveillance and research. The verbal autopsy, an established strategy involving an interview with a decedent’s caregiver or witness using a semi-structured questionnaire, may improve accurate counting of COVID-19-related deaths. To develop and pilot-test the Verbal Autopsy Instrument for COVID-19 (VAIC) and a death adjudication protocol using it. We used a multi-step process to design the VAIC and a protocol for its use. We developed a preliminary version of a verbal autopsy instrument specifically for COVID. We then pilot-tested this instrument by interviewing respondents about the deaths of 15 adults aged ≥65 during the initial COVID-19 surge in New York City. We modified it after the first 5 interviews. We then reviewed the VAIC and clinical information for the 15 deaths and developed a death adjudication process/algorithm to determine whether the underlying cause of death was definitely (40% of these pilot cases), probably (33%), possibly (13%), or unlikely/definitely not (13%) COVID-19-related. We noted differences between the adjudicated cause of death and a death certificate. The VAIC and a death adjudication protocol using it may improve accuracy in identifying COVID-19-related deaths.
Avoiding Treatment Failures in the Anxiety Disorders

I. General Aspects of Treatment Complications.-Introduction.-A Case Formulation Approach to Resolving Treatment Resistance.-Helping Exposure Succeed: Learning Theory Perspectives on Treatment Resistance and Relapse.-Therapeutic Alliance and Common Factors in Treatment.-Combined Cognitive Behavioral and Pharmacologic Treatment Strategies: Current Status and Future Directions.-Cultural Considerations and Treatment Complications.-II. Avoiding Treatment Failures: Disorder-Specific Perspectives.-Avoiding Treatment Failures in Panic Disorder.-Avoiding Treatment Failures in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.-Avoiding Treatment Failures in PTSD.-Avoiding Treatment Failures in Social Anxiety Disorder.-Avoiding Treatment Failures in Generalized Anxiety Disorder.-Avoiding Treatment Failures in Specific Phobias.-III. Treatment Complications in Special Populations.-Resolving Treatment Complications Associated with Comorbid Depression.-Resolving Treatment Complications Associated with Comorbid Personality Disorders.-Resolving Treatment Complications Associated with Comorbid Anxiety and Substance Use Disorders.-Resolving Treatment Complications Associated with Comorbid Eating Disorders.-Resolving Treatment Complications Associated with Comorbid Medical Conditions.-Resolving Treatment Complications in Children and Adolescents
The Healing Continues

Epidemiology has roots in six fundamental disciplines—biology, psychology, sociology, demography, economics, and statistics. It joins them in contributing to population-based perspectives that continue the inexorable inroads of science into human affairs. Proprietary views about who is in charge of which ideas makes a mockery of the goals of education, to say nothing of those professions committed to public service. And yet that is precisely what we had in the 1980s. Several examples illustrate the point.
T2-weighted contrast for NMR characterization of human atherosclerosis

We sought to determine whether 1H NMR images without chemical-shift selection can adequately characterize the components of human atheromatous arteries. NMR, as a nondestructive, biochemical imaging tool, has the potential to identify lipids in atherosclerotic plaques but has not yet produced detailed images of atheroma components. Using 1H NMR spectroscopy at 9.4 T, we examined microdissected components of diseased and normal arteries to determine water relaxation constants (T1 and T2) as well as the relative content of mobile lipid. Relaxation times were also measured at 1.5 and 4.7 T. Sections of arteries with atherosclerotic lesions of graded severity were imaged at 1.5 and 9.4 T. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was used to assess lesion conspicuity. In the atheromatous core, the water NMR signal predominates over that of lipid (lipid-to-water ratio, 0.11). At 9.4 T, T2 is 20.2 ms for the atheromatous core, 30.1 ms for the collagenous cap, and 29.5 ms for normal media. This results in a high CNR on T2-weighted (T2w) images for atheromatous core compared with the collagenous cap and normal media. A similar contrast was measured at lower field strength. Calcifications do not generate appreciable signal due to their low water content but can be detected on T1-weighted (T1w) images. The water T2 contrast allows discrimination of the atheromatous lipid core from collagenous regions. The combination of T1w and T2w sequences permits in vitro identification of the atheromatous core, collagenous cap, calcifications, media, adventitia, and perivascular fat. The discrimination of collagen fibers that overlie lipid deposits permits study of plaque protection and stability at all field strengths and may provide the basis for in vivo microscopy of human atherosclerosis.
1‐(2‐Bromo‐1‐methyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐ylcarbonyl)pyrrolidine

In the title compound, C14H15BrN2O, the pyrrolidine ring adopts a twist conformation. The amide group is twisted out of π-conjugation with the pyrrole double bond due to steric hindrance by the Br atom.
The Binding of Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Cytochrome b5 Reductase to Hepatic Microsomes

Abstract Incubation of microsomes with the amphipathic form of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase results in the binding of a maximum of 7.2 ± 0.5 nmoles of reductase per mg of microsomal protein representing a 100-fold increase over endogenous enzyme levels. Interactions with the phospholipid portion of the membrane are involved in this binding and extra bound and endogenous reductase are apparently functionally identical. The binding of reductase is similar to the binding of cytochrome b5 to microsomes and the model for the microsomal membrane formulated on the basis of cytochrome b5 binding is therefore extended to include reductase. This model, involving random distribution and translational diffusion of these proteins on the surface of the membrane, is supported by experiments showing that extra bound reductase and cytochrome b5 interact catalytically and exclude each other from the microsomal membrane.
Tailoring Software Pipelining for Effective Exploitation of Zero Overhead Loop Buffer

A Zero Overhead Loop Buffer (ZOLB) is an architectural feature that is commonly found in DSPs (Digital Signal Processors). This buffer can be viewed as a compiler (or program) managed cache that can hold a limited number of instructions, which will be executed a specified number of times without incurring any loop overhead. Preliminary versions of the research, which exploit a ZOLB, report significant improvement in execution time with a minimal code size increase [UH99,UH00]. This paper extends the previous compiler efforts to further exploit a ZOLB by employing a new software pipelining methodology. The proposed techniques choose complex instructions, which capitalize on instruction level parallelism across loop iteration boundaries. Unlike the traditional pipelining techniques, the proposed pipelining strategy is tightly coupled with instruction selection so that it can perform register renaming and/or proactively generate additional instruction(s) on the fly to discover more loop parallelism on the ZOLB. This framework reports additional significant improvements in execution time with modest code size increases for various signal processing applications on the DSP16000.
Baptism, Faith and Severe Cognitive Impairment in Some Medieval Theologies

Thirteenth-century theologians believed that grace and theological virtues count as created habits, infused by God. They held that this belief placed them in a stronger position to give an account of the grace given to those with severe cognitive impairments than those who denied such habits. Aquinas argued that the faith infused in baptism, in the case of those who lack reason, nevertheless needs to be supplemented by other church members' actual occurrent assent to the Christian faith. Duns Scotus gives reasons to deny this, and thus defends a view of church membership that avoids any kind of non-mutual dependence in this context.
Review article: delivery and efficacy of topical 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) therapy in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 996–1009 Summary Background The use of topical therapy in the treatment of ulcerative colitis has declined in recent years despite evidence of good efficacy. Aims To review US prescription trends for 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) since the US approval of Asacol extended-release oral mesalazine (mesalamine) in 1992; to estimate the optimal level of 5-ASA exposure in the distal colon; to determine factors influencing distal colonic exposures; and to compare the effectiveness of different 5-ASA formulations (oral, topical suspension, foam, suppositories) in clinical trials. Methods Review of clinical trials, physiologic studies and prescription trends of various mesalazine formulations for treatment of distal ulcerative colitis. Results Between 1992 and 2009, prescriptions for oral mesalazine increased sixfold, whereas topical suspensions declined by 10%. In clinical trials, topical therapy resulted in higher remission and clinical response rates than oral therapy, with trends to earlier improvement. The mucosal concentrations of 5-ASA achieved by topical agents in the distal colon were up to 200-fold higher than those achieved by oral administration alone. Despite active colitis, over 40% of a topically administered 4 g 5-ASA suspension (equal to 1.6 g) reached the sigmoid colon. This likely represents a therapeutic exposure of 5-ASA. Although topical therapies are less convenient than oral medications, treatment algorithms have failed to take into account quality of life improvements resulting from more rapid and complete treatment response. Conclusions Topical mesalazine therapy is superior to oral therapy in distal ulcerative colitis for both therapeutic response and drug delivery. Practice patterns should be re-evaluated in light of this information.
Alcohol and speed-accuracy tradeoff.

Performance on two auditory choice reaction time (RT) tasks was studied in a group of 12 subjects under the influence of graded doses of ethyl alcohol ranging from placebo to 1 g/kg body weight. Deadline procedures were employed in a side discrimination and a pitch discrimination task to permit the calculation of speed-accuracy tradeoff functions (accuracy versus RT). Accuracy declined as a function of dose, but alcohol did not significantly influence RT. Conversely, accuracy was not affected by task; but the pitch discrimination task required an average of 88 ms more time than the side task. Alcohol dose and task produced independent effects on the speed-accuracy tradeoff function. As dose increased, the slope of the tradeoff function declined; but slopes were equivalent for the two tasks. On the other hand, the x-intercept (where accuracy equals chance levels) was 90 ms greater for the pitch task than for the side task.
Variation among females in egg lipid content and developmental success of echinoderms from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

Egg lipid and protein content of different females of Antarctic echinoderms in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, were measured to assess variation among females and developmental success. Egg triacylglycerol content of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri, when less than 70 ng, correlated with embryos that failed to develop past the 4-day-old blastula stage. In contrast asteroids (Odontaster meridionalis, O. validus, Acodontaster hodgsoni) all produced eggs that developed normally, even with variable egg lipid content. This difference might be related to dietary sources for more herbivorous sea urchins compared to more omnivorous and predatory asteroids. Low egg lipid content, with resulting poor embryonic survivorship, suggests that herbivorous sea urchins may be under unusual levels of nutritional stress in McMurdo Sound during the time frame studied (2004–2005). This nutritional stress might be related to the presence of large icebergs, known to have reduced primary production in the Ross Sea area.
Sulfuric acid-sugar separation by ion exclusion☆

Abstract Biomass conversion continues to have significant potential in the production of fuel ethanol by fermentation. A major cost in acid hydrolysis of biomass to fermentable sugars is the acid itself. Separation and recyle of the acid could reduce ethanol production costs by $0.10 / gallon or more. In this context, a process that separates sulfuric acid from glucose using ion-exclusion technology is presented. A 61 cm long, fixed-bed of Rohm and Haas Amberlite IR-118, strong cation-exchange resin in the hydrogen form was used. Samples containing 7.7% H2SO4 and 1.0% glucose, at sample volumes of 10% to 50% of the column void volume gave separation of H2SO4 from glucose at column temperatures ranging from 27 to 81°C with water as eluent at a superficial velocity of 0.6 cm/min. Skewing of the H2SO4 peak was observed and traced to a sharp density gradient between the acid and the water eluent while the glucose peak was sufficiently symmetric to be fitted by an axial dispersion model. This work shows that a chromatographic resin having a particle size range of 300 to 1200 micrometers can give complete recovery of sulfuric acid with 94% recovery of glucose. This case study has interesting implications for both the practice of process chromatography, using a resin with large particle size at gross loading conditions, and the prospects of further reducing fermentable sugar costs in biomass conversion.
Naturalistic follow-up of a behavioral treatment for chronically parasuicidal borderline patients.

Background: A randomized clinical trial was conducted to evaluate whether the superior performance of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), a psychosocial treatment for borderline personality disorder, compared with treatment-as-usual in the community, is maintained during a 1-year posttreatment follow-up. Methods: We analyzed 39 women who met criteria for borderline personality disorder, defined by Gunderson's Diagnostic Interview for Borderline Personality Disorder and DSM-III-R criteria, and who had a history of parasuicidal behavior. Subjects were randomly assigned either to 1 year of DBT, a cognitive behavioral therapy that combines individual psychotherapy with group behavioral skills training, or to treatment-as-usual, which may or may not have included individual psychotherapy. Efficacy was measured on parasuicidal behavior (Parasuicide History Interview), psychiatric inpatient days (Treatment History Interview), anger (State-Trait Anger Scale), global functioning (Global Assessment Scale), and social adjustment (Social Adjustment Scale—Interview and Social Adjustment Scale—Self-Report). Subjects were assessed at 6 and 12 months into the follow-up year. Results: Comparison of the two conditions revealed that throughout the follow-up year, DBT subjects had significantly higher Global Assessment Scale scores. During the initial 6 months of the follow-up, DBT subjects had significantly less parasuicidal behavior, less anger, and better self-reported social adjustment. During the final 6 months, DBT subjects had significantly fewer psychiatric inpatient days and better interviewer-rated social adjustment. Conclusion: In general, the superiority of DBT over treatmentas-usual, found in previous studies at the completion of 1 year of treatment, was retained during a 1-year follow-up.
Quantitative fundus autofluorescence in recessive Stargardt disease.

Purpose. To quantify fundus autofluorescence (qAF) in patients with recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1).
Electron ordering transitions in several chromium spinel systems

Abstract Several systems of chromite spinels have been prepared and studied crystallographically from liquid nitrogen to room temperature in order to investigate the relative influence of Jahn-Teller and spin-orbit effects. In the system CoxFe1−xCr2O4 there is a cubic to tetragonal ( c a ) transition for x ⩽ 0·3. For the system NixFe1−xCr2O4 there is a cubic to tetragonal ( c a ) transition for x ⩽ 0.2 and a cubic to tetragonal ( c a > 1 ) transition for x ⩾ 0·3. It appears that A-site Co2+ is more effective than A-site Ni2+ in maintaining a tetragonal ( c a ) distortion at A-site Fe2+. This implies that more A-site Fe2+ is needed to change the sign of a tetrahedral Ni2+ from c a > 1 to c a than is needed to cause a cooperative distortion of the structure with non-Jahn-Teller Co2+ sharing the A-sites. The system NiFexCr2−xO4 shows a cubic to tetragonal ( c a > 1 ) distortion for x ⪅ 0.15 and a cubic to tetragonal distortion ( c a ) for x ⪆ 0.28. At 0.2 c a It has also been shown that a Jahn-Teller distortion of tetrahedral Fe2+ may not only stabilize tetragonal ( c a > 1 or c a ) .distortions but also give rise to an orthorhombic distortion.
Nucleation of Ti-catalyzed self-assembled kinked Si nanowires grown by gas source MBE

Abstract Silicon nanowires catalyzed by Ti islands have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy using Si 2 H 6 as the gas source and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction. Two types of TiSi 2 islands, one with a flat top and the other with a dome-shaped top, are formed after Ti is deposited on a Si (0 0 1) wafer and subsequently annealed. Only dome-like islands nucleate Si nanowires if the Ti deposition temperature is below 850°C. Some of the flat-top islands also nucleate Si nanowires if Ti is deposited at 930°C. The reason for the nucleation at the higher temperature is that the two types of islands have different orientation and the high deposition temperature may change the orientation of the flat-top islands. Most of the grown Si nanowires are kinked because of twinning.
A comparative test of three models for solving “the bargaining problem”

Three experiments are reported, each of which attempts a comparative test of three models for solving the bargaining problem: those of Nash (1950), Kalai & Smorodinsky (1975), and Felsenthal and Diskin (1982). Human subjects in two-person bargaining situations were used in each of the experiments. A simple game matrix—named “Send-the-Marines” after a scenario which illustrates its basic structure—was used under several conditions, including those of a known series of trials in which parties could agree in advance concerning their responses and conditions of a single play for which side payments could be negotiated. These two sets of conditions produced quite different patterns of results, with the side-payments-possible condition showing most clearly patterned agreements. A special factor here was the “exchange bonus,” which came into existence with side payments to extend the effective range of possible agreements. Although some of the results are consistent with one or another of the three models tested, none of the models is consistent with all of the results. A particular problem is that the assumed base for bargaining (the “conflict point” or “minimum utility point” of the models) was used by subjects as a base for producing agreements only under limited conditions. A more general model which includes considerations of the prominence of a possible solution, its social efficiency, and evaluations of equity appears better to describe the full results than any of the formal models examined.
Drift Macroalgal Abundance in Seagrass Beds: Investigating Large-Scale Associations with Physical and Biotic Attributes

The relationship between a suite of physical and biological factors and drift macroalgal abundance was examined in 12 seagrass sites spanning a distance of over 50 km within Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. Field sampling was conducted in December 1991, and drift algal abundance was determined by recording algal percent cover from 25 quadrants at each site. Additionally, drift rnacroalgae were collected from gridded plots and dry weight b ~ o ~ n a s s measured. Sediment characteristics and seagrass blomass, shoot density, blade length and percent cover at each site were also determined Likewise, pos~tion of slte within Tampa Bay was categorized by spatlal coordinates. Step-wise regression indicated that percent silt-clay and percent seagrass cover combined to explain 57 % of the vanance of dnft algal cover In seagrass beds, while percent silt-clay alone explained 35% of algal biomass variance. Neither drift macroalgal cover nor biomass demonstrated any significant relationship wlth shoot density or aboveground biomass. Over the large spatial scale of this study, our findings suggest a link between hydrodynamic regime, as reflected by sediment characteristics, and drift macroalgal abundance in seagrass beds.
Raman spectra of Cl 3+ and Br 3+ at 12 K produced from the reaction of HCl or HBr with NO2

The products of the reactions of HCl or HBr with nitrogen dioxide at 12 K have been examined using Raman spectroscopy. For the NO2+HCl reaction spectroscopic evidence for Cl, asym-N2O2, N2O3, N2O4, ClNO2, ClNO3, NO, NO, and sym-N2O2 was found. For the reaction with HBr only Br, was detected due to resonance Raman enhancement effects. These results are consistent with the previously proposed gas-phase reaction scheme for HCl+NO2. However, the reaction proceeds further at low temperatures to produce Cl (or Br). The Raman frequencies for Cl were observed at 515(ν3), 462(ν1), and 236 cm−1(ν2). The Br resonance Raman spectra, which represent the first well documented spectra for this species, show strong fundamental bands at 281(ν1) and 227 and 238 cm−1 (doublet for ν2) as well as an overtone doublet at 471 and 487 cm−1.
Mimics of Duplication Cysts: Intraperitoneal Nodules in a 14-Year-Old Boy

Hemangiomas are the most common primary hepatic tumors, but there are few reports of their occurrence elsewhere in the abdomen. The concurrent existence of multiple fibrous nodules of the omentum, mesentery, and porta hepatis, along with a gastric hemangioma, in a child raises the question of syndromic association. Our search of the English literature revealed only rare mentions of hemangiomas involving the stomach and mesentery or omentum. These lesions have attracted clinical attention by symptoms of obstruction, gastrointestinal bleeding, intussusception, infection, perforation, or vague abdominal pain. Although some tumors exist unnoticed for many decades and are identified only incidentally, others present emergently and require immediate surgical attention. We report the case of a 14-year-old boy who presented with symptoms similar to those for appendicitis or duplication cyst, who was found to have a torsed gastric hemangioma and multiple benign fibrous nodules in the abdomen. The presence of multiple vascular or fibrous lesions is associated with genetic syndromes that can have lifelong and reproductive repercussions; so it is imperative that these tumors be recognized by diagnosticians.
Differences among dogs in response of their spermatozoa to cryopreservation using various cooling and warming rates.

Abstract Spermatozoa collected from the caudae epididymides of 16 dogs of various breeds were suspended in an isotonic salt solution (DIMI medium) containing 0.6 M glycerol, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and their “survival” was measured after thawing. In the first experimental series, duplicate samples of spermatozoa from each of 11 dogs were cooled at rates of 0.5, 3, 11, 58, or 209 °C/min, stored in liquid nitrogen, and the frozen samples warmed at ∼830 or at 33 °C/min. Sperm “survival” was judged by microscopic assessments of motility and of membrane integrity, the latter as assayed with Fertilight, a double fluorescent stain. Motility of frozen spermatozoa that were thawed rapidly, averaged for 11 dogs, was low at low rates, increased to a maximum at 11 °C/min, and then decreased significantly at higher rates (P