cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
H NMR studies on bovine cyclophilin : preliminary structural characterization of its complex with cyclosporin A

Cyclophilin (163 residues, Mr 17737), a peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase, is a cytosolic protein that specifically binds the potent immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA). The native form of the major bovine thymus isoform has been analyzed by 2D NMR methods, COSY, HOHAHA, and NOESY, in aqueous media. The 156 main-chain amides in CyP yield 126 observable NH/alpha CH couplings (81%, Gly pairs counted as 1). Following exhaustive D2O exchange, 44 amide resonances remain visible. Further analysis of the NH/NH, NH/alpha CH, and alpha CH/alpha CH regions of the COSY and NOESY data sets indicates that the residual amides in D2O form a coherent hydrophobic domain which yields 2D NMR features suggestive of a beta-sheet. Many (43/126) of the amide resonances have been classified according to amino acid type. In the aromatic region of the spectra, the assignment of the ring spin systems is nearly complete (12/15 Phe, 2/2 Tyr, 1/1 Trp, and 3/4 His). This has successfully lead to the complete assignment of all of their beta CH's, main-chain alpha CH resonances, and many of the backbone amide resonances (8/12 Phe, 2/2 Tyr, 1/1 Trp, and 2/3 His). In other regions of the spectrum, the side-chain and main-chain resonances for 10/23 Gly, 9/9 Ala, 5/11 Thr, 5/9 Val, and 1/6 Leu have been completely assigned. The drug-free cyclophilin and CsA-bound cyclophilin form two discrete protein structures that are in slow exchange on the NMR time scale. Comparison of the fingerprint regions from the COSY spectra obtained from the two forms of the protein reveals a minimum of 16 cross-peaks which are clearly shifted upon complexation. In fact, on the basis of chemical shift changes observed in assigned side-chain and main-chain resonances, only a relatively few of the amino acid residues identified to date are perturbed by complex formation. These include 3 Phe (8, 12, and 14) and the Trp in the aromatic region and 2 Ala (7 and 8) in the Ala/Thr region. In the upfield-shifted methyl region, an assigned Leu and Val spin system and a spin system labeled X10 (an Ile or Leu) are affected by complex formation. In addition, a new aliphatic spin system, labeled X11, which shows a close spatial relationship to the perturbed Phe12, is observed in this region of the spectrum. In summary, the regions of the protein altered by complex formation can be divided into two categories: a hydrophobic and a H2O-accessible domain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Digestive enzymes in the alimentary canal of Clarias anguillaris (Pisces: Clariidae)

Three groups of digestive enzymes were observed in the alimentary canals of the fingerlings and adults of Clarias anguillaris. The enzymes were carbohydrases including amylase, sucrase, lactase and maltase, proteases including peptase, tryptase and peptidase, and lipase. The activities of the protease were found to be higher in the fingerlings than in the adults while carbohydrases' activities were higher in the adults than fingerlings. Amylase was most widely distributed, found in both fingerlings and adults and in every region studied; it was followed by lactase. Of the proteases, peptase was found to have the widest distribution. Lipase activity was found in the alimentary canal of the adults. Tropical Freshwater Biology VOL. 8 1999, pp. 55-63 KEY WORDS: digestive enzymes – carbohydrases – proteases – lipases - Clarias anguillaris
Process control and pulsed laser deposition of materials

Abstract Pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) is a very powerful and rapid deposition technique, which can produce exceptional-quality thin films. Although PLD has tremendous versatility and potential, PLD capabilities are still constrained by a lack of process control. At the Air Force Research Laboratory on-site at Wright-Patterson AFB, we are developing in-situ/real-time control methodologies for PLD and other thin-film deposition processes. We have identified appropriate sensors for closed-loop feedback control and utilized them with YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) to identify critical process control parameters. Control instrumentation has recently been improved by the addition of moveable fixed-position plume-emission sensors. The reproducibility of YBCO film quality increased significantly when process control was applied to PLD processing. PLD process control techniques were applied during simulated and actual BSTO depositions. A comparison of deposition control with the controlling sensor at different distances from...
Impacts of Climate-Related Drivers on the Benthic Nutrient Filter in a Shallow Photic Estuary

In shallow photic systems, the benthic filter, including microphytobenthos and denitrifiers, is important in preventing or reducing release of remineralized NH4 + to the water column. Its effectiveness can be impacted by climate-related drivers, including temperature and storminess, which by increasing wind and freshwater delivery can resuspend sediment, reduce salinity and deliver nutrients, total suspended solids, and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) to coastal systems. Increases in temperature and freshwater delivery may initiate a cascade of responses affecting benthic metabolism with impacts on sediment properties, which in turn regulate nitrogen cycling processes that either sequester (via microphytobenthos), remove (via denitrification), or increase sediment nitrogen (via remineralization, nitrogen fixation, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium). We conducted a seasonal study at shallow stations to assess the effects of freshwater inflow, temperature, wind, light, and CDOM on sediment properties, benthic metabolism, nitrogen cycling processes, and the effectiveness of the benthic filter. We also conducted a depth study to constrain seasonally varying parameters such as temperature to better assess the effects of light availability and water depth on benthic processes. Based on relationships observed between climatic drivers and response variables, we predict a reduction in the effectiveness of the benthic filter over the long term with feedbacks that will increase effluxes of N to the water column with the potential to contribute to system eutrophication. This may push shallow systems past a tipping point where trophic status moves from net autotrophy toward net heterotrophy, with new baselines characterized by degraded water quality.
Conceptual design for a solar instrument on the proposed Spartan Lite spacecraft

Spartan Lite is a proposed series of very low-cost spacecraft missions which offer potential flight opportunities for pointed solar experiments. Early versions will be launched as Space Shuttle attached payloads with the capability of being released for free flight. They would not be recovered, allowing useful lifetimes of six months to one year. An expendable launch vehicle option will be added later. The spacecraft is 3-axis stabilized with a cylindrical instrument cavity 100 cm long and 36 cm in diameter. If approved, the program would provide multiple launch opportunities during the upcoming solar maximum. A conceptual instrument design for a solar pointed mission on Spartan Lite is shown and discussed. The Extreme-Ultraviolet Normal Incidence Spectrograph will observe the solar spectrum between 290 and 466 A with high spatial and spectral resolutions. The large bandpass is due to the compact design, fitting two optical systems into the instrument cavity, each observing a different, but overlapping, wavelength range.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Objectives To review the etiology, epidemiology, classification, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, treatment, and nursing implications of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Data Sources Research studies, review articles, and book chapters pertaining to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Conclusions Non-Hodgkins's lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of lympho-proliferative disorders, increasing in frequency, for which therapy ranges from supportive to curative. Implications for Nursing Practice An understanding of the variety of presentations and treatments of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas will enable the oncology nurse to assist patients and their families to cope with the disease, make treatment-related decisions, and optimize the patient's quality of life.
Temperature kinetics of loss of morphogenetic capability of chick limb mesoderm.

Abstract Preliminary experiments were performed which indicate that the loss of morphogenetic properties by embryonic chick limb mesoderm has standard biochemical kinetics, with a Q10 somewhat greater than 2. Morphogenetic capability is virtually absent after 45 hr of culture at 37°C. After culturing at 27°C, morphogenetic capability is retained even after 96 hr, and at 17°C retention of morphogenetic capability is observed after 10 days of culture.
Towards a “theoretical toolbox” for strategic sourcing

Purpose – The goal of this paper is to provide a broad foundation for future research in the area of strategic sourcing.Design/methodology/approach – The foundation is derived by drawing from various well‐established organizational theories. Specifically, strategic sourcing was viewed from the perspective of institutional theory, resource dependence theory, network theory, systems theory, resource/knowledge‐based views of the firm, transaction cost economics, agency theory, strategic choice theory, sociocognitive theory, and critical theory.Findings – By viewing strategic sourcing through the lens of ten organizational theories, this research provides multiple insights into many interrelated strategic sourcing questions, such as when to make, buy or ally, how many and which suppliers, and how to manage sourcing relationships. The paper offers a rich and diverse foundation to foster future theory‐building activities in sourcing and supply management research.Originality/value – While some of these theory b...
Visual Half-Field Stroop Effects with Spatial Separation of Words and Color Targets

Past inconsistencies in the occurrence of differential visual half-field Stroop effects were addressed in two experiments using a visual half-field presentation technique incorporating brief displays (100 ms) and a fixation task designed to ensure proper eye fixation at display onset. Experiment 1 used displays in which distractor words and color targets were presented in contralateral visual fields. Experiment 2 compared contralateral with ipsilateral displays where words and color targets appeared one above the other in the same visual field. Stroop effects were larger whenever a word occupied the right as opposed to the left visual field, regardless of whether the color target was left or right. Results are consistent with the idea that words are processed more efficiently or automatically in right visual field/left hemisphere presentations.
The Earnings Benefits of Majoring in STEM Fields Among High Achieving Minority Students

The purpose of this study was to improve our understanding of the association between major field of study in college and early career earnings among a sample of academically accomplished minority students. Results demonstrate the economic benefits minority students experience from majoring in a Science, Technology, Engineering and Math field during college, and highlight the importance of gaining employment in a closely related field in order to secure those benefits. The results also illustrate the need to carefully account for self-selection when estimating the earnings premiums in relation to educational experiences during college. Implications for policy and research are discussed.
Electronic structure and defect properties of Tl 6 SeI 4 : Density functional calculations

We report density functional calculations of electronic structure, phase diagram, and dielectric, optical, and defect properties of Tl${}_{6}$SeI${}_{4}$. We discuss how electronic structure and defect properties affect resistivity and carrier mobility-lifetime (\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\tau}) products in Tl${}_{6}$SeI${}_{4}$. We find large Born effective charges due to covalency involving Tl-6$p$ states. High Born charges generally enhance the static dielectric constant. This provides a mechanism for effective screening of charged defects and impurities. We find that high resistivity can be obtained under near-stoichiometric growth conditions via Fermi level pinning near the middle of the band gap by shallow donors and acceptors, as opposed to deep traps that can give high resistivity, but at the expense of short carrier drift lengths. Defect calculations also reveal the presence of deep native donors that may cause electron trapping. The experimentally observed good \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\tau} products may be explained by a combination of small effective masses and effective screening of charged defects. High resistivity and good \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\tau} products make Tl${}_{6}$SeI${}_{4}$ a promising room-temperature radiation detector material. We also show the calculated defect diffusion barriers, which affect defect migration under external bias in a detector.
Interfacing OCLC and dataphase for an automated acquisitions system

Installation of the Dataphase online circulation system at the Kornhauser Health Sciences Library, University of Louisville, required creation of an interface between the new circulation system and the acquisitions process. Now edited OCLC records are used to print multi-part order/processing forms on a compressed-type printer. The information is transferred into the circulation system to create an active inventory. The result is a practical acquisition system for a medium-sized professional school library at minimal cost.
THE STATUS OF EXNER'S COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM IN CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH '

Is the Exner Comprehensive System the most frequently used method or approach to Rorschach analysis? In addition to the existing literature on assessment practices, the results of a citation analysis of the PsycLIT database confirms that the Exner system is the most widely used method in research.
COMPARISON OF IN VIVO INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF OLIGOSACCHARIDE (0, DE 20) AND SUCROSE (S), IN RATS

The proximal jejunum of anesthetized rats 150-180 g was flushed with 50 ml of 0.85% NaCl solution and cannulated proximally at 1 cm aborad to the ligament of Trietz and 25-30 cm distally. The cannulated segments were perfused at the rate of 0.3 ml/min for 90 minutes with a solution containing either 10 mg/ml of 0 (11 rats) or S (10 rats). Enough NaCl was added to the perfusion solutions to attain 294-300 m0sMoles/liter. Phenol red 50 μg/ml was included as non-absorbed indicator for volume change. Glucose (G) was measured (glucose oxidase) in the perfusion and collected solutions both before and after acid hydrolysis. The amount of G disappearing from the lumen was considered as absorbed. The amount of G absorbed plus amount of G in the perfused solution (before acid hydrolysis) gave an estimate of the amount of G released from hydrolysis of O or S. The data (Mean±S.E.) presented below pertain to the last 30 minutes of perfusion. From similar amount (mg) of O (83±4) and S (86±4) perfused the amount of G released (mg/g segment) from O (32.0±6.5) was about 3.2 times that released from S (10.0±2.4). However, the rate of absorption of G (mg/g segment) during the same time was only 1.7 times higher from O (14.2±1.2) than from S (9.2±1.6). The finding of relatively large amounts of G after perfusion in the non-acid hydrolyzed solutions of O suggested the presence of glucoamylase activity in the intestinal lumen.
Siphon regeneration capacity is compromised during aging in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis.

Abstract The ascidian Ciona intestinalis has a short life span and powerful regeneration capacities. The regeneration of the oral siphon (OS) involves wound healing, blastema formation, cell proliferation, and replacement of 8 oral pigment organs (OPO), the latter via differentiation and migration of stem/precursor cells from localized niches in the siphon. The restoration of OPO pattern during OS regeneration occurs with a high degree of accuracy through three successive cycles of amputation. It is shown here that oral siphons of the largest and oldest members of a wild Ciona population do not completely regenerate their siphons after amputation. The loss of regeneration capacity was accompanied by reduced cell proliferation. In contrast to arrested OS outgrowth, the stem/precursor cells responsible for OPO replacement “over-differentiate” after OS amputation in the oldest animals, the typical number of OPO is increased from 8 to 12–16, and malformed OPO are produced. Also in contrast to younger animals, the oldest animals of the population show arrested OPO development after two consecutive cycles of amputation and regeneration. We conclude that there is a size and age threshold in Ciona after which the regenerative capacity of the OS is compromised due to effects of aging on cell proliferation.
Intégrale stochastique des processus abstraits à semi-variation finie

Resume Dans cette Note on etudie une nouvelle classe de processus abstraits qui sont sommables au sens de [1] : les processus a semi-variation integrable. On peut donc definir l'integrale stochastique pour ces processus. On definit aussi l'integrale de Stieltjes ∝ ƒdg, ou g est une fonction abstraite a semi-variation bornee. Etant donne un processus cadlag abstrait X a semi-variation integrable, on a les proprietes suivantes : 1) X est sommable ; 2) l'integrale stochastique H · X peut etre calculee trajectoire par trajectoire comme une integrale de Stieltjes ; 3) l'egalite μX (M) = E(∝f 1M(s, ω)dXs(ω)) definit une P-mesure μX .
Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis in a population-based sample of adults

BackgroundChildhood adversity (CA) is associated with adult mental disorders, but the mechanisms underlying this association remain inadequately understood. Stress sensitization, whereby CA increases vulnerability to mental disorders following adult stressful life events, has been proposed as a potential mechanism. We provide a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis in a national sample.MethodWe investigated whether the association between past-year stressful life events and the 12-month prevalence of major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), other anxiety disorders, and perceived stress varies according to exposure to CA. We used data from the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) (n=34 653).ResultsPast-year stressful life events were associated with an increased risk of major depression, PTSD, anxiety disorders, and perceived stress. However, the magnitude of the increased risk varied according to respondents' history of CA. For example, past-year major stressors were associated with a 27.3% increase in the 12-month risk of depression among individuals with ⩾3 CAs and a 14.8% increased risk among individuals without CAs. Stress sensitization effects were present for depression, PTSD, and other anxiety disorders in women and men, although gender differences were found in the threshold of past-year stress needed to trigger such effects. Stress sensitization was most evident among individuals with ⩾3 CAs.ConclusionsCA is associated with increased vulnerability to the deleterious mental health effects of adult stressors in both men and women. High levels of CA may represent a general diathesis for multiple types of psychopathology that persists throughout the life course.
Response competition and/or inhibition in two-choice reaction time

A two-choice reaction time experiment was con­ ducted in which it was demonstrated that the reaction time for a particular finger is subject to change depending on the alternatives with which it is paired. This finding, it is argued, raises questions regarding the adequacy of controls which select the experimental data from only one finger in an effort to minimize the effects of inter-finger variability. It is also a dem­ onstration of R-R compatibility effects, and as such, lends experimental support to the hypothesis that a measurable portion of the reaction time interval is consumed by the processes associated with the inhi­ bition of competing incorrect response alternatives. Problem Investigators using key pressing reaction time tasks have usually averaged times across all the fingers used in a particular condition in order to get the reaction time for that condition. However, differences in reaction time between different fingers have been noted. In fact, experiments have occasionally been designed so that all the data for the various conditions are obtained from the same finger (Hick, 1952). In this way the variability of the data attributable to differences between fingers is presumably reduced. The object of the present study is to determine whether this procedure is adequate ignoring as it does the fact that the reaction time for a particular finger is not only intrinsically different from other fingers but may also depend on the alternatives in the response repertoire being used in the experiment. Method A two-choice, discrete, reaction time experiment was conducted in which the stimuli were two neon lights and the responses consisted of depressing the appropriate one of two keys. In the ipsilateral con­ dition of the experiment the response was made with either the index or the middle finger of the right hand; in the contralateral condition the response was made with either the index finger of the left hand or the middle finger of the right hand. The two lights were mounted about 1 in apart on a vertical board approxi­ mately 3 1/2 ft in front of the subject. During the experiment extraneous distracting noises were masked by white noise which was presented to the subjects at 73-75 db through a pair of earphones. The keys required 1/8 in travel and between five and six ounces pressure. Subjects were instructed to be looking at a fixation point between the two neon lights when the ready signal occurred and to keep the two relevant
Computer-aided interpretation of mass spectra. Increased information from neutral loss data

The performance of the [Self-Training Interpretive and Retrieval System] for unknown mass spectra has been improved by modifications to the data classes utilizing information concerning the masses of neutral fragments lost from the molecular ion. Modifications include use of overlapping mass ranges, sets of homologous series of losses and an arithmetic combination of the data class rankings to give an [overall match-factor] for neutral loss data.
African Americans’ and Hispanics’ Information Needs About Cancer Care

Few studies have reported on African American and Hispanic (AA and H) populations’ informational needs when seeking cancer care at an institution that offers clinical trials. Moffitt Cancer Center (MCC) sought to identify and examine the decision making process, the perceptions, and the preferred channels of communication about cancer care services for AA and H communities in order to develop a list of marketing recommendations. Five focus groups (N = 45) consisting of two AA and three H were conducted in four counties of the MCC catchment area in Tampa, FL. Participants were asked about their perceptions, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about cancer care and MCC. Focus groups were audio-recorded and verbatim transcripts were analyzed using content analysis. Similarities in responses were found between AA and H participants. Participants received general health and cancer information from media sources and word of mouth and preferred to hear patient testimonials. There were concerns about costs, insurance coverage, and the actual geographic location of the cancer center. In general, H participants were not opposed to participating in cancer clinical trials/research, whereas, AA participants were more hesitant. A majority of participants highly favored an institution that offered standard care and clinical trials. AA and H participants shared similar concerns and preferences in communication channels, but each group had specific informational needs. The perceptions and preferences of AA and H must be explored in order to successfully and efficiently increase cancer clinical trial participation.
Constitutive expression of the K-domain of a Vaccinium corymbosum SOC1-like (VcSOC1-K) MADS-box gene is sufficient to promote flowering in tobacco.

Key message The K-domain of a blueberry-derivedSOC1-like gene promotes flowering in tobacco without negatively impacting yield, demonstrating potential for manipulation of flowering time in horticultural crops.
Non-Fatal Agricultural Injuries and Risk Factors Among Colorado Female Farmers

ABSTRACT Non-fatal agricultural injuries and associated risk factors among female farmers in Colorado were assessed on 485 farms between 1993 and 1995. Risk factors assessed include age, number of years in farming, primary cash crop and annual cash value on farm, depressive symptoms, organophosphates use on farm, having children under 6 years of age, having children worked on farm. On those farms, there were 872 principal operators and spouses interviewed in 1993, 402 were female farmers. Three hundred fifty-nine of those 402 female farmers were re-interviewed in 1994 and 316 of the second year participants were followed up in 1995. A total of 49 (12.1%) of the female farmers reported agricultural work-related injuries between January 1992 and June 1995. Of these, 29 (59.2%) were injured one time, 14 (28.2%) were injured two times, 5 (10.2%) were injured three times, and 1 (2.04%) was injured four times. Injury rates per 200,000 working hours for animal handling, farmstead material handling, crop producti...
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D QSAR) and pharmacophore elucidation of tetrahydropyran derivatives as serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitors

Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D QSAR) using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) was performed on a series of substituted tetrahydropyran (THP) derivatives possessing serotonin (SERT) and norepinephrine (NET) transporter inhibitory activities. The study aimed to rationalize the potency of these inhibitors for SERT and NET as well as the observed selectivity differences for NET over SERT. The dataset consisted of 29 molecules, of which 23 molecules were used as the training set for deriving CoMFA models for SERT and NET uptake inhibitory activities. Superimpositions were performed using atom-based fitting and 3-point pharmacophore-based alignment. Two charge calculation methods, Gasteiger-Huckel and semiempirical PM3, were tried. Both alignment methods were analyzed in terms of their predictive abilities and produced comparable results with high internal and external predictivities. The models obtained using the 3-point pharmacophore-based alignment outperformed the models with atom-based fitting in terms of relevant statistics and interpretability of the generated contour maps. Steric fields dominated electrostatic fields in terms of contribution. The selectivity analysis (NET over SERT), though yielded models with good internal predictivity, showed very poor external test set predictions. The analysis was repeated with 24 molecules after systematically excluding so-called outliers (5 out of 29) from the model derivation process. The resulting CoMFA model using the atom-based fitting exhibited good statistics and was able to explain most of the selectivity (NET over SERT)-discriminating factors. The presence of -OH substituent on the THP ring was found to be one of the most important factors governing the NET selectivity over SERT. Thus, a 4-point NET-selective pharmacophore, after introducing this newly found H-bond donor/acceptor feature in addition to the initial 3-point pharmacophore, was proposed.
At the crossroads of migrant workers, class, and media: a case study of a migrant workers’ television project:

This article examines Migrant Workers’ Television (MWTV) in Korea, exploring relationships between migration, media, and class. Existing studies on migrants have mainly focused on the ethnic and me...
Using the power of collaborative inquiry: Community women learn and lead themselves

Community women learn how to learn from personal experience and use the power of that learning for organizational development. From telling stories and asking questions they also learn how to communicate across complex cultural differences.
Achievable rates for intermittent communication

We formulate a model for intermittent communications that can capture bursty transmissions or a sporadically available channel, where in either case the receiver does not know a priori when the transmissions occur. Focusing on the point-to-point case, we develop two decoding schemes and their achievable rates for such communication scenarios. One scheme determines the transmitted codeword, and another scheme first locates the information symbols and then uses them to decode. The two-stage scheme leads to a higher achievable rate because it uses a generalization of the method of types in the first stage, which leads to a notion of partial divergence. We illustrate the results in the case of an intermittent binary symmetric channel.
Properties of a Harmonic Crystal in a Stationary Nonequilibrium State

The stationary nonequilibrium Gibbsian ensemble representing a harmonic crystal in contact with several idealized heat reservoirs at different temperatures is shown to have a Gaussian r space distribution for the case where the stochastic interaction between the system and heat reservoirs may be represented by Fokker—Planck-type operators. The covariance matrix of this Gaussian is found explicitly for a linear chain with nearest-neighbor forces in contact at its ends with heat reservoirs at temperatures T 1 and T N , N being the number of oscillators. We also find explicitly the covariance matrix, but not the distribution, for the case where the interaction between the system and the reservoirs is represented by very “hard” collisions. This matrix differs from that for the previous case only by a trivial factor. The heat flux in the stationary state is found, as expected, to be proportional to the temperature difference (T 1 − T N ) rather than to the temperature gradient (T 1 − T N )/N. The kinetic temperature of the jth oscillator T(j) behaves, however, in an unexpected fashion. T(j) is essentially constant in the interior of the chain decreasing exponentially in the direction of the hotter reservoir rising only at the end oscillator in contact with that reservoir (with corresponding behavior at the other end of the chain). No explanation is offered for this paradoxical result.
A web-based course in nuclear and radiochemistry

Over the last six years through a Department of Energy Radiochemistry Education Award Program (REAP) we have developed a completely web-based course in nuclear and radiochemistry given at the University of Texas at Austin. This course has had nuclear and radiation engineering and chemistry graduate students. While the course also has an extensive laboratory component only the lectures are web based. The lectures begin with a historical introduction of radiochemistry followed by two movies on Madame Curie. This is followed by the usual lectures on radioactivity, fundamental properties, radioactive decay, decay modes, and nuclear reactions. As section on radioactive waste management and nuclear fuel cycle is also presented. Lectures in neutron activation analysis, geo- and cosmochemistry, and plutonium chemistry have also been developed. All lectures are in power point with many animations and a significant number of solved problems. All students are required to make a short oral presentation on some aspect of nuclear and radiochemistry in their research or a chosen topic.
Heterogeneous conversion of N2O5 TO HNO3 on background stratospheric aerosols: Comparisons of model results with data

The effects of heterogeneous processing by a parameterized lower stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer on model calculations were examined using a 2D photochemical model. Model results were compared with zonally averaged LIMS data on HNO3 and NO2 and in situ measurements of NO, NO(y), and ClO, taken by the ER-2 aircraft. The results obtained are contradictory: some comparisons favor heterogeneous chemistry, and some do not. It is suggested that the assumptions made to parameterize the sulfate aerosol chemistry result in a rate of heterogeneous processing that is too vigorous.
A Practical Approach to Interpreting Lower Extremity Noninvasive Physiologic Studies

Abstract Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is an important manifestation of atherosclerosis, with an estimated age-adjusted prevalence of approximately 13% in people older than 50 years. Noninvasive vascular laboratory physiologic studies are indispensable tools in the initial evaluation and workup and postintervention follow-up. In this review, we describe a practical approach to the technique, interpretation, pitfalls, and limitations of these physiologic studies. We also provide an algorithmic approach for using these studies in the initial workup of patients with suspected PAD. Noninvasive techniques that primarily provide anatomic information have not been included in this review.
A comparison of the convective and diffusive flux of organic contaminants through landfill liner systems

In an effort to protect groundwater, waste disposal regulations now require the use of composite liners consisting of com pacted soil overlain with a flexible plastic membrane liner in both hazardo...
Multiple cavernomas of brain presenting with simultaneous hemorrhage in two lesions: a case report

BACKGROUND Cavernomas are rare vascular lesions of the brain that can bleed. However, the risk of bleeding is lower than that of aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations. In selected cases, bleeding cavernomas require surgical management. Presented here is a case of multiple cavernomas of the brain with simultaneous bleeding in two different lesions, along with its management. Although multiple cavernomas have been described in the literature, simultaneous bleeding in two different lesions is rare. CASE DESCRIPTION A 52-year-old woman presented with difficulty maintaining balance, double vision, and slurred speech. She had had multiple surgeries for cavernous angioma of the brain in the past. Examination and investigations revealed two cavernomas, one in the dorsal midbrain region and one in the left occipital region. Her clinical condition deteriorated suddenly, and further evaluation revealed bleeding in both the cavernomas. The lesion in the midbrain was removed surgically. Since the lesion was in the posterior midbrain, a posterior interhemispheric approach was used with the help of frameless stereotactic navigation. Total excision was achieved. The lesion in the occipital lobe was not operated on. The patient had an uneventful recovery. It was planned to observe the progress of the occipital cavernoma by serial magnetic resonance imaging scans. CONCLUSION Although there may be simultaneous bleeding in two or even more lesions, surgical treatment should be undertaken for the lesions jeopardizing critical structures or exerting mass effects. Additionally, it was discovered that frameless stereotactic navigation was of immense help in delineating the lesion and for safe excision of the lesion in critical areas.
Dynamic typing and subtype inference

Dynamic typing is a program analysis targeted at removing runtime tagging and untagging operations from programs written in dynamically typed languages. This paper compares dynamic typing with a subtyping system based on set constraints. The purpose is both to make precise the relationship between two superficially unrelated type systems and to illustrate how the advantages of dynamic typing and subtype inference can be combined. The central result is a theorem showing that a typing discipline at least as powerful as dynamic typing can be expressed using set constraints.
Identification of candidate structured RNAs in the marine organism 'Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique'

Metagenomic sequence data are proving to be a vast resource for the discovery of biological components. Yet analysis of this data to identify functional RNAs lags behind efforts to characterize protein diversity. The genome of 'Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique' HTCC 1062 is the closest match for approximately 20% of marine metagenomic sequence reads. It is also small, contains little non-coding DNA, and has strikingly low GC content. To aid the discovery of RNA motifs within the marine metagenome we exploited the genomic properties of 'Cand. P. ubique' by targeting our search to long intergenic regions (IGRs) with relatively high GC content. Analysis of known RNAs (rRNA, tRNA, riboswitches etc.) shows that structured RNAs are significantly enriched in such IGRs. To identify additional candidate structured RNAs, we examined other IGRs with similar characteristics from 'Cand. P. ubique' using comparative genomics approaches in conjunction with marine metagenomic data. Employing this strategy, we discovered four candidate structured RNAs including a new riboswitch class as well as three additional likely cis-regulatory elements that precede genes encoding ribosomal proteins S2 and S12, and the cytoplasmic protein component of the signal recognition particle. We also describe four additional potential RNA motifs with few or no examples occurring outside the metagenomic data. This work begins the process of identifying functional RNA motifs present in the metagenomic data and illustrates how existing completed genomes may be used to aid in this task.
Disruption of FR-40 by 5-HT agonists. I: Effects of chronic imipramine or trazodone

Abstract Doses of LSD, quipazine, 8-OHDPAT and TFMPP were established that prominently disrupted FR-40 operant response patterns in two groups of rats. Subsequently, one group received daily intraperitoneal (IP) injections of imipramine, 2.5 mg/kg, for 4 weeks, then 10 mg/kg for 2 additional weeks. The second group received 5 mg/kg/day, IP, of trazodone for the first 4 weeks, then 20 mg/kg/day for the next two weeks. For these periods and the 3 weeks after discontinuing the chronic drug treatments (washout), test doses of the 4 agonists were evaluated twice weekly in random order for their effects to decrease FR-40 reinforcements and increase pauses. No consistent, systematic changes in sensitivity to the agonist effects on FR-40 behavior were observed during chronic drug treatments, although significant effects were at times observed. However, during the washout period in the imipramine group, both LSD and 8-OHDPAT effects on reinforcements were reversed to baseline levels. The effect of 8-OHDPAT on pauses during washout in this group was also attenuated. During washout in the trazodone group, the 8-OHDPAT-induced pausing and loss of reinforcements was reduced so as to be not significantly different from baseline values. Previous studies have demonstrated antagonism of LSD- and quipazine-induced disruption of FR-40 by pretreating with the 5-HT 2 -selective antagonist pirenperone (28). Since chronic antidepressants down-regulate brain 5-HT 2 binding sites, the effects of LSD and quipazine were expected to be attenuated, which was not the case. However, the effects observed during the washout period, especially in the imipramine group, may reflect some modulation of 5-HT 1A sites during treatment with and recovery from the chronic antidepressant effect, as several recent studies have proposed.
The phosphorylation of high mobility group proteins 14 and 17 from Ehrlich ascites and L1210 invitro

Abstract The ability of the high mobility group (HMG) proteins to be phosphorylated was examined in Ehrlich ascites and L1210 cells incubated in vitro . HMG proteins were selectively extracted from isolated nuclei with 2% trichloroacetic acid, and electrophoretically separated on acid-urea or SDS polyacrylamide gels. Autoradiography of the gels revealed that among the HMG proteins, only HMG 14 and 17 were labeled. The specific activities of these two proteins were approximately equal to that of histone H1. Phosphorylation of HMG 14 and 17 reached a maximum in 2–3 hr and had turnover rates in pulse-chase experiments similar to that of phosphorylated histone H1.
Serum tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and paraoxonase-1 profiles in women with endometriosis, pcos, or unexplained infertility

Objective To investigate the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) during fertility treatment of women with endometriosis (Endo), PCOS or unexplained infertility (Unexpl).
A method for classifying the course of bipolar I disorder

Our objective was to determine whether the long-term course of bipolar disorder could be classified into distinct categories based on specifiable course characteristics. We used retrospective data on the severity, duration, and polarity of episodes, and on interepisode functioning, to describe the life trajectories of 56 bipolar patients. Using pictorial representations from a Life Chart software program, we identified seven distinct course types. Interrater reliability for classification of patients into these course types was high. Post-hoc analyses revealed significant relationships between the broader dimensions underlying the proposed course types (i.e., primarily manic vs. mixed symptom profiles) and traditional course of illness variables (e.g., the number of lifetime hospitalizations). This course classification method may provide a means for documenting progress in behavior therapy outcome studies.
Presence of a plant cell wall is not required for transformation of Nicotiana by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Agrobacterium has been used to transform zero to six-day-old cell wall nonregenerating (CWNR) and cell wall regenerating (CWR) leaf protoplasts of tobacco. Transformed cells were selected by phoytohormone autotrophic growth and were verified by detection of the presence of lysopine dehydrogenase. Transformation frequencies in CWNR protoplasts were at least as high as those in CWR protoplasts, indicating that a plant cell wall is not required for the process of crown gall tumorigenesis. Transformation frequencies were highest in two-day-old protoplasts. This age coincides with the onset of DNA synthesis and the first mitosis within the cell populations. We suggest that the initiation of cell cycle activity may be important for the transformation process.
Er:YAG laser ablation of dental enamel: influence of an optically thick water layer on the bond strength to composite resin

Several studies have shown that the addition of an optically thick water layer (~1-mm) to the surface of dental enamel before each incident Er:YAG laser pulse, profoundly influences the rate and efficiency of ablation and the resulting surface morphology. In this study, a calibrated syringe pump, and a motion control system were used to uniformly treat areas of the enamel surface. The rate of water delivery that resulted in the most efficient ablation was determined by profiling the resulting laser incisions using optical coherence tomography. In addition, enamel surfaces of 5 x 5 mm 2 were uniformly treated and the resulting surface morphology was examined using synchrotron radiation-FTIR spectroscopy, and optical and electron microscopy. The influence of the modified surface morphology on the adhesion of composite was also investigated. The shear-bond strength of composite bonded to enamel surfaces irradiated at intensities clinically relevant for caries removal approached values measured for conventional acid etching when the water delivery rate was optimized. This study demonstrates that composite restorative materials can be directly bonded to laser prepared surfaces without the necessity of further surface preparation and acid etching and that the addition of a thick water (~1-mm) prevents the formation of undesirable CaP phases that compromise adhesion to restorative materials.
Hypothalamic sensing of circulating fatty acids is required for glucose homeostasis

Increased glucose production is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes and alterations in lipid metabolism have a causative role in its pathophysiology. Here we postulate that physiological increments in plasma fatty acids can be sensed within the hypothalamus and that this sensing is required to balance their direct stimulatory action on hepatic gluconeogenesis. In the presence of physiologically-relevant increases in the levels of plasma fatty acids, negating their central action on hepatic glucose fluxes through (i) inhibition of the hypothalamic esterification of fatty acids, (ii) genetic deletion (Sur1-deficient mice) of hypothalamic K(ATP) channels or pharmacological blockade (K(ATP) blocker) of their activation by fatty acids, or (iii) surgical resection of the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve led to a marked increase in liver glucose production. These findings indicate that a physiological elevation in circulating lipids can be sensed within the hypothalamus and that a defect in hypothalamic lipid sensing disrupts glucose homeostasis.
Cells Respond Digitally to Variation in Signal Intensity via Stochastic Activation of NF-κB

Cells detect and process spatiotemporal signals and activate gene regulatory pathways in response. Here we use high-throughput microfluidic cell culture, quantitative gene expression analysis and mathematical modeling- to investigate how mammalian cells detect external concentrations of the signaling molecule TNF-α and relay information to the gene expression programs via the transcription factor NF-κB. We measured NF-κB activity in thousands of fluorescently labeled live cells with single-cell resolution with a temporal resolution of 6 minutes and for durations up to 12 hours under TNF-α concentrations covering 4 orders of magnitude. TNF-α induced mRNA levels of 23 genes were measured and quantified at the same concentration range and duration, linking the transcription factor dynamics to the gene expression. A stochastic model was developed that reproduces the single-cell dynamics and gene expression profiles at all measured conditions, constituting a broadly applicable model for TNF-α induced NF-κB signaling. We find, in contrast to population studies, that the activation is a discrete process at the single cell level with fewer cells responding at lower doses. Nevertheless, the activated cells respond robustly and early genes are upregulated even at the lowest TNF-α concentrations, indicating digital signaling to gene expression. Late gene expression requires persistent NF-κB activity that is induced only at highest signal levels. The measurements reveal the activation threshold, a hypersensitive dynamic range and saturation, and shows that as few as two bound receptors can activate the pathway. The cells further encode TNF-α concentration information by modulating the temporal dynamics of NF-κB, with higher concentrations resulting in faster activation and more oscillations. Our results -in addition to their biological significance- highlight the importance of high-quality, high-throughput measurements at the single-cell level in understanding how biological systems operate.