cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is the Effect of Procedural Justice on Police Legitimacy Invariant? Testing the Generality of Procedural Justice and Competing Antecedents of Legitimacy

This study tests the generality of Tyler’s process-based model of policing by examining whether the effect of procedural justice and competing variables (i.e., distributive justice and police effectiveness) on police legitimacy evaluations operate in the same manner across individual and situational differences. Data from a random sample of mail survey respondents are used to test the “invariance thesis” (N = 1681). Multiplicative interaction effects between the key antecedents of legitimacy (measured separately for obligation to obey and trust in the police) and various demographic categories, prior experiences, and perceived neighborhood conditions are estimated in a series of multivariate regression equations. The effect of procedural justice on police legitimacy is largely invariant. However, regression and marginal results show that procedural justice has a larger effect on trust in law enforcement among people with prior victimization experience compared to their counterparts. Additionally, the distributive justice effect on trust in the police is more pronounced for people who have greater fear of crime and perceive higher levels of disorder in their neighborhood. The results suggest that Tyler’s process-based model is a “general” theory of individual police legitimacy evaluations. The police can enhance their legitimacy by ensuring procedural fairness during citizen interactions. The role of procedural justice also appears to be particularly important when the police interact with crime victims.
Functional Group Manipulation Within Polyquinanes

An attempt to prepare 392 by intramolecular C—H insertion within the carbene generated from 391 led instead to 393 [179]. The conversion to anhydride 394 was successful, and this propellane anhydride was also prepared from two other precursors.
Review of IEEE P1149.4 mixed-signal test bus standard

This paper is a brief tutorial on the P1149.4 proposed standard. The motivation, operating procedure, and industry participation in the development of the standard will be briefly reviewed. The technical description of the analog boundary module and an example of the usage of the test bus to perform interconnect verification on board or MCM will be presented to show the test bus as an essential tool in system manufacturing test.
Effect of Doping on the Resonance Raman Scattering in InSb Near the E 1 Transition

Resonant Raman Scattering (RRS) of highly doped InSb at the E1 transition has been measured. Increase in impurity concentration broadens and shifts the RRS peaks towards lower energies and changes the peak height of the surface-field-induced (SFI) LO phonon and 2LO phonon curves. Our results suggest an alternate explanation for the donor concentration dependence of I(LO)/I(TO) (I(LO) and I(TO) are Raman intensities of the SFI LO phonon and TO phonon respectively) observed by Pinczuk and Burstein.
Evidence for the linkage of a disaccharide to hydroxylysine in tropocollagen.

Abstract Soluble collagen from guinea pig skin has been subjected to sequential digestion with purified collagenase and trypsin. The small quantity of hexose present in the collagen can be detected in the digest largely as relatively basic glycopeptides. One of these glycopeptides has been obtained in pure form and accounts for at least 30% of the hexose of the original collagen. This glycopeptide has been shown to consist of a disaccharide of glucose and galactose linked O-glycosidically to the hydroxyl group of a hydroxylysine residue in a special peptide region of the collagen molecule. The amino acid composition and probable sequence in this region was shown to be -Gly-Met-Hyl(Glc, Gal)-Gly-His-Arg- A possible role for this structure in the formation of cross-links during collagen "maturation" is described.
Correlation of cholinesterase inhibition and toxicology in insects and mammals. I. Ethylphosphonates.

The 150 of a series of O -methyl O -(4-substituted phenyl) ethylphosphonates were determined against crude house fly cholinesterase and bovine erythrocyte cholinesterase using an Autoanalyzer. Toxicities were measured topically on the housefly and orally with rats. Regression analyses show a high correlation of fly cholinesterase inhibition with chemical reactivity as expressed by Hammett's sigma constant; of fly toxicity with chemical reactivity; and of fly toxicity with fly cholinesterase inhibition. Similarly there is a high correlation of bovine erythrocyte inhibition with chemical reactivity; rat toxicity with chemical reactivity; and rat toxicity with bovine erythrocyte cholinesterase inhibition. It is concluded that crude enzyme preparations give a reliable estimate of anticholinesterase activity; within limits that chemical reactivity is predictive of anticholinesterase activity; that anticholinesterase activity correlates with toxicity in both insects and mammals; and that cholinesterase inhibition is the dominant factor in the action of these compounds in both species.
Preservation of T2 Bacteriophage With Liquid Nitrogen

There have been few reports on the preservation of viruses at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (-196 C). In this study, factors affecting the survival of phage were observed. Phage lysates in broth did not lose titer after a storage period of 4 weeks in liquid nitrogen. The rate of freezing was not critical, but freezing in nitrogen vapor was not satisfactory. When the virus was partially purified and suspended in buffered saline solution, it rapidly lost titer. Of seven protective agents recommended in the literature, only gum acacia seemed to demonstrate significant protection of purified virus against loss of viability. The temperature of thawing of phage suspended in broth did not affect its titer after freezing and storing in liquid nitrogen.
Effects of arsenic species and concentrations on arsenic accumulation by different fern species in a hydroponic system.

Two hydroponic experiments were conducted to evaluate factors affecting plant arsenic (As) hyperaccumulation. In the first experiment, two As hyperaccumulators (Pteris vittata and P. cretica mayii) were exposed to 1 and 10 mg L−1 arsenite (AsIII) and monomethyl arsenic acid (MMA) for 4 wk. Total As concentrations in plants (fronds and roots) and solution were determined. In the second experiment, P. vittata and Nephrolepis exaltata (a non-As hyperaccumulator) were exposed to 5 mg L−1 arsenate (AsV) and 20 mg L−1 AsIII for 1 and 15 d. Total As and AsIII concentrations in plants were determined. Compared to P. cretica mayii, P. vittata was more efficient in arsenic accumulation (1075–1666 vs. 249–627 mg kg−1 As in the fronds) partially because it is more efficient in As translocation. As translocation factor (As concentration ratio in fronds to roots) was 3.0–5.6 for P. vittata compared to 0.1 to 4.8 for P. cretica. Compared to N. exaltata, P. vittata was significantly more efficient in arsenic accumulation...
The Vulvovaginal Symptoms Questionnaire: a questionnaire for measuring vulvovaginal symptoms in postmenopausal women.

AbstractObjectiveThis study aims to develop a Vulvovaginal Symptoms Questionnaire (VSQ) to determine the symptoms, emotions, life impact, and sexual impact of vulvovaginal symptoms on postmenopausal women.MethodsWe developed a questionnaire that focuses on vulvovaginal symptoms based on modification
Rigid porous polyacrylamide-based monolithic columns containing butyl methacrylate as a separation medium for the rapid hydrophobic interaction chromatography of proteins.

Abstract Macroporous poly(acrylamide-co-butyl methacrylate-co-N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide) monoliths containing up to 15% butyl methacrylate units have been prepared by direct polymerization within the confines of HPLC columns. The hydrodynamic and chromatographic properties of these 50 mm×8 mm I.D. columns – such as back pressure at different flow-rates, effect of percentage of hydrophobic component in the polymerization mixture, effect of salt concentration on the retention of proteins, dynamic loading capacity, and recovery – were determined under conditions typical of hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Using the monolithic column, five proteins were easily separated within only 3 min.
Tyzzer's disease in free-living cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) in Maryland.

Complement-fixing (CF) antibody to Bacillus piliformis antigen was found in 9 of 14 (64%) serum samples obtained from cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) killed in the wild. CF antibody was not present in the serum of 8 cottontail rabbits trapped as juveniles in the same geographic areas and held in captivity for 4 years. Sero-negative cottontail rabbits died acutely with lesions typical of Tyzzer's disease following the intragastric administration of 103.8 ELD50of B. piliformis spores. The possible influence of Tyzzer's disease upon the cyclic population pattern of cottontail rabbits in the wild is discussed. A hypothesis is presented that B. piliformis spores passed in the feces of diseased wild animals could contaminate pastures, hay and grain, and thereby serve as sources of infection to other animals.
Sally Johnson & Ulrike Hanna Meinhof (eds.), Language and masculinity . Oxford: Blackwell, 1997. Pp. x, 244.

This book calls attention to an area of language and gender research that has been too long overlooked. Most studies in the field have centered either on women or on comparative analyses of women's and men's linguistic practices, while relatively few have focused primarily on the language use of men and boys. Such an enterprise is fraught with political peril, since feminists may object that making men more central to language and gender studies necessarily detracts attention from the study of women. However, as an invisible norm, masculinity frames the gendered lives of women as well as men. The study of language and masculinity is therefore a vital part of the feminist linguistic project – linked to the study of other categories rendered normative, and hence invisible to scrutiny, such as whiteness and heterosexuality. Although Language and masculinity gives little attention to the question of how the processes of racialization and gender are mutually constituted, two chapters explore the construction of heterosexuality as part of the project of normative masculinity. While the book focuses primarily on white middle-class English speakers, it includes a wide range of national contexts, genres, and social groups, as well as theoretical and methodological approaches.
Antigenic variation and the African trypanosome genome

African trypanosomes are protozoan parasites that reside in the mammalian bloodstream where they constantly confront the immune responses directed against them. They keep one-step-ahead of the immune system by continually switching from the expression of one variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) on their surface to the expression of another immunologically distinct VSG-a phenomenon called antigenic variation. About 1000 VSG genes (VSGs) and pseudo-VSGs are scattered throughout the trypanosome genome, all of which are transcriptionally silent except for one. Usually, the active VSG has been recently duplicated and translocated to one of about 20 potential bloodstream VSG expression sites (B-ESs). Each of the 20 potential B-ESs is adjacent to a chromosomal telomere, but only one B-ES is actively transcribed in a given organism. Recent evidence suggests the active B-ES is situated in an extra-nucleolar body of the nucleus where it is transcribed by RNA polymerase I. Members of another group of about 20 telomere-linked VSG expression sites (the M-ESs) are expressed only during the metacyclic stage of the parasite in its tsetse fly vector. Progress in sequencing the African trypanosome genome has led to additional insights on the organization of genes within both groups of ESs that may ultimately suggest better ways to control or eliminate this deadly pathogen.
Porphyrin Fluorescence: Gross And Microscopic Localization

Hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) is a mixture of porphyrins that localize in malignant tumors. The fluorescent emission of HPD was used in three animal tumor models to define tumor margins with gross imaging and to identify the microscopic distribution with fluores-cent photomicroscopy combined with standard histology. Fibroblasts within the tumor stroma were identified as the main cellular element retaining HPD. Our data indicate a barrier to diffusion of HPD containing it within the connective tissue capsule and preventing its up-take by malignant cells. A model for the uptake, retention and photodynamic action of HPD on tumors is proposed.
Simplified Characterizations of Linear Complementarity Problems Solvable as Linear Programs

New and simplified characterizations are given for solving, as a linear program, the linear complementarity problem of finding an x in Rn such that Mx + q ≥ 0, x ≥ 0 and x1Mx + q = 0. The simplest such characterization given here is that if there exist n-dimensional vectors c, r, s which are nonnegative, and n-by-n matrices Z1, Z2, with nonpositive off-diagonal elements such that i MZ1 = Z2 + qcT and ii rTZ1 + sTZ2 > 0, then each solution of the linear program: MinimizexrT + sTMx subject to Mx + q ≥ 0, x ≥ 0, solves the linear complementarity problem. Conversely, if the linear complementarity problem has at least one vertex solution x which is nondegenerate. that is, x + Mx + q > 0, then there exist nonnegative vectors c, r, s and matrices Z1, Z2, with nonpositive off-diagonal elements, such that i--ii are satisfied.
Elementary excitations of high-degree pair interactions: The two-spin-deviation spectra for a spin-1 ferromagnet

We consider a ferromagnetic linear chain and a simple-cubic lattice of spin-1 ions with isotropic dipolar and quadrupolar pair interactions. We calculate the zero-temperature energy spectra of two-spin---deviation states over the entire range of $\ensuremath{\beta}$ (the ratio of the quadrupolar to dipolar coupling), $\ensuremath{-}1l\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\le}1$, for which the system has a ferromagnetic ground state. We also calculate the spectral density of states for "quadrupolar" excitations, which are single-ion two-spin---deviation excitations. We find that, in addition to the two-spin---wave bound states outside the band, there exists a new "quadrupolar" resonant state within the band, which is seen as a distinctive peak in the spectral density of states for quadrupolar excitations. The linewidth of the peak decreases and the peak moves to a lower position in the band as $\ensuremath{\beta}$ increases. As $\ensuremath{\beta}$ approaches 1 the quadrupolar resonant state becomes a "quadrupole wave" excitation, which is an eigenstate of the Hamiltonian and describes the coherent propagation of quadrupolar excitations in the solid. The dispersion relation of the quadrupole wave is the same as that of the spin wave. We also find that, when $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is sufficiently negative, there is a repulsive interaction between two spin waves, which causes bound states to split off above the band. We show that both the dipolar and quadrupolar pair interactions can in principle be simultaneously determined from the Raman spectra of the isotropic system. Finally, we comment on the generalizations of the present calculations to more realistic cases.
The effect of advertisement choice, sex, and need for cognition on attention

A recent study showed that choice of advertisement content affected attention for female but not male viewers (Nettelhorst & Brannon, 2012). This study extended that work by assessing the effect of choice difficulty and the moderation of viewers' need for cognition (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982) on attention. Participants were either allowed or not allowed to choose which advertisement to watch after watching a television skit. Next, participants watched an advertisement and rated their amount of attention towards it. Results showed that males were not influenced by the choice manipulation, but females had significantly greater attention after making the difficult choice. Similarly, high need for cognition individuals were not influenced by the choice manipulation, but low need for cognition individuals had significantly greater attention after making the difficult choice. These results suggest that choice in of itself is not a sufficient means of increasing viewer attention towards an advertisement. Instead the choice must be between options which are attractive to the viewer. In addition, advertisement choice should be an effective marketing tool particularly for female viewers or those with low need for cognition in general.
Impact of a second transurethral resection on the staging of T1 bladder cancer

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the impact of a second transurethral resection (TUR) on the pathologic stage in a unique patient population with T1 tumors. Methods Seventy-one patients with Stage T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were prospectively enrolled and underwent restaging TUR. Fifteen patients underwent immediate cystectomy and 56 patients were treated endoscopically. The patients who underwent immediate cystectomy were the subjects of this report. Results Fifteen patients underwent immediate cystectomy. At restaging TUR, 13 patients had persistent T1, 1 patient had Tis, and 1 patient had no residual disease. The pathologic stage at cystectomy revealed the presence of residual disease in 12 of 15 patients, and 3 patients had pT0. Of the 12 patients with residual disease, 3 had residual pT1, 2 had pT1 with pTis, 5 had pTis alone, and 2 had muscle-invasive tumors. Thirteen percent of the patients who underwent immediate cystectomy after restaging TUR had a pathologic stage greater than pT1. Conclusions Understaging for T1 disease is negligible after restaging TUR.
AN EVALUATION OF ADVANCE NOTICE TO INCREASE COMPLIANCE AMONG PRESCHOOLERS

Advance notice of an upcoming instruction was evaluated to increase compliance among 3 children (4 to 5 years old) who exhibited noncompliance. Results show that the procedure was ineffective for all 3 participants. Advance notice plus physical guidance or physical guidance alone was necessary to increase compliance.
Signals and signs for lymphocyte responses

The adaptive immune response protects us from infection in a world of pathogens that is forever evolving new variants. As the system is built on the generation of an open repertoire of receptors, the recognition of self is unavoidable, and is guarded against by deletion during lymphocyte development of those cells that are specific for ubiquitous self antigens, and the silencing of those that are specific for self antigens only encountered after cells achieve functional maturity in the periphery. This silencing occurs when lymphocytes recognize antigens in the absence of suitable costimulatory molecules. By contrast, when the same cell encounters the same ligand on a cell that expresses costimulatory molecules, it will proliferate and differentiate into an effector cell. These effector cells mediate protective immunity when the antigen is carried by a pathogen, but they can mount autoimmune responses if the antigen is derived from self. The major costimulatory molecules for CD4 T cells appear to be B7 and B7.2 that bind to the CD28 and CTLA-4 receptors on the T cell. The signals from the TCR appear to be integrated with those from the costimulator receptor, and the T cell response depends on the precise nature of these signals, further conditioned by cytokines present in the environment of the responding cell. B cells can be viewed in a similar way, with the costimulatory molecule CD40 ligand and cytokines coming mainly from CD4 helper T cells determining the fate of the responding B cell. The TCR is not simply an on and off switch, since the precise way in which the TCR is ligated determines the differentiation of the T cell and can alter the effector responses of established T cell lines. Thus, the response capabilities of T cells are more flexible than originally believed, and much of this flexibility comes from the interplay of TCR signals and signs from the environment. If the biochemical nature of these differential signaling pathways were known, it might be possible to develop simple pharmacological agents capable of diverting T cell responses from harmful to innocuous by getting the T cell to reinterpret the signals it is receiving via its receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Detection of early morning daily activities with static home and wearable wireless sensors

This paper describes a flexible, cost-effective, wireless in-home activity monitoring system for assisting patients with cognitive impairments due to traumatic brain injury (TBI). The system locates the subject with fixed home sensors and classifies early morning bathroom activities of daily living with a wearable wireless accelerometer. The system extracts time- and frequency-domain features from the accelerometer data and classifies these features with a hybrid classifier that combines Gaussian mixture models and a finite state machine. In particular, the paper establishes that despite similarities between early morning bathroom activities of daily living, it is possible to detect and classify these activities with high accuracy. It also discusses system training and provides data to show that with proper feature selection, accurate detection and classification are possible for any subject with no subject specific training.
A Least Mean-Squared Error Approach to Syntactic Classification

The usual approach to numerical training in syntactic pattern recognition involves estimation of the production probabilities of stochastic context-free grammars. Here we describe a different approach, namely that of finding an LMSE discriminant hyperplane between sets of class samples in a space of ``structural indices'' determined by a context-free grammar.
Inorganic phosphate estimation in the presence of dithiothreitol

Abstract Dithiothreitol (Cleland's reagent) is widely used as a sulfhydryl protective reagent in biochemical systems in vitro. For example, dithiothreitol has been used to achieve maximal rates of enzyme activity for protein phosphokinase reactions (1–4) as well as for phosphoprotein phosphatese assays (1,5). Meisler and Langan (5) have utilized 32P-labeled histone phosphoprotein as a substrate to examine the protein phosphatase activity of a rat liver cytosol enzyme preparation. However, if one is dealing with a phosphoprotein substrate which may not be labeled with 32P, it would be desirable to measure the phosphatase activity using a sensitive chemical analysis, e.g., the method of Berenblum and Chain (6) as modified by Martin and Doty (7). We have been interested in examining the protein phosphatase activity associated with prostatic chromatin and the androgenic influences thereupon, using nonhistone and histone phosphoproteins and phosvitin as substrates (Ahmed and Davis, unpublished data). In designing these experiments, 1–3 m m dithiothreitol was added in the reaction medium; this subsequently resulted in interference of Pi analysis using the Berenblum and Chain procedure (6,7). We have, therefore, systematically examined the conditions which may be used to assay Pi when dithiothreitol is present in the sample. The following report deseribes these observations.
A mechanism for capture into resonance

Abstract We present a mechanism for capture into resonance in perturbed two-frequency Hamiltonian systems. When an isolated attractor of the averaged system passes through a resonance on a time scale which is asymptotically slower than that on which the damping works, it transfers its domain of attraction to the resonance.
Should we perform carotid endarterectomy synchronously with cardiac surgical procedures

Abstract From Jan. 1, 1979 through July 31, 1987, 63 patients had carotid endarterectomy (CEA) concurrently with cardiac surgical procedures including coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in 61, CABG plus mitral value replacement in one, and aortic valve replacement in one. Among the 62 patients having CABG, unstable angina had been present in 36 (58%), left main coronary artery disease in 21 (34%), and both unstable angina and left main coronary artery disease in 13 (21%). Indications for carotid surgery included previous stroke, amaurosis fugax, or hemispheric transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in 33 patients (52%); bilaterally significant carotid disease was noted in 48% of the patients. Major neurologic complications occurred in three patients (4.8%), including perioperative stroke in two (3.2%) (fatal in one) and a TIA in a third patient. Bilateral carotid lesions, a contralateral total carotid occlusion, previous cerebrovascular symptoms, and intraaortic balloon pump support did not increase neurologic risk. Seven patients died postoperatively (11%). The mortality rate was 2.8% in patients younger than 65 years vs 22% in patients 65 years or older, 19% in patients with left main coronary artery disease vs 7.3% in patients without, 13.3% in men vs 5.6% in women, 25% in patients with a history of congestive heart failure vs 7.8% in patients without failure, and 6.2% in patients with unilateral carotid disease, 17% in patients with bilateral carotid disease, and 23% in patients with bilateral disease including a contralateral carotid occlusion. A mortality predictive index (MPI) was developed to summarize individual risk for a fatal outcome. Survivors had a mean MPI of 1.98 vs 3.30 for those who died. The mortality rate was 2.4% in patients with an MPI of 0 to 2 vs 29% for those with an index of 3 to 5. In elderly cardiac surgical patients and those with an MPI of 3 or greater, the risks of operation may outweigh the potential benefits of synchronous CEA. (J VASC SURG 1988;8:402-9.)
Attachment Anxiety and Reciprocity as Moderators of Interpersonal Attraction

In integrating the interpersonal domains of attraction, perceived reciprocity, and attachment security, the prediction was made that positive interpersonal feedback (reciprocity) would lead to a greater increase in attraction ratings for anxiously versus securely attached individuals and, correspondingly, negative interpersonal feedback would cause a greater diminution in attraction ratings for anxiously versus securely attached individuals, with neutral feedback having no differential effect. For a sample of 154 college students, these predictions as well as an unanticipated gender finding were supported. The findings and clinical implications concerning the susceptibility of anxiously attached individuals to positive interpersonal cues are discussed in terms of a compromised sense of the availability and responsiveness of attachment figures.
Cellular signal transduction and the reversal of malignancy

Animal cells contain only a few defined molecular systems that transduce hormonal and growth signals from the external environment to the intracellular milieu to regulate cellular growth and differentiation. Among the most ubiquitous of these “second messenger” pathways are those utilizing cyclic AMP and phosphatidylinositide turnover. The former activates protein kinase A, while the latter leads to the activation of protein kinase C and mobilization of intracellular calcium. Lesions induced by oncogenes in signal transduction systems may be responsible for the cancerous transformation of cells. In many tumor cell lines, including some transformed by the ras and sis oncogenes, activation of protein kinase A by elevation of cyclic AMP or activation of protein kinase C by addition of phorbol esters can restore many normal aspects of growth and morphology. Such “reverse transformation” is accompanied by the phosphorylation of unique cellular proteins and alterations in the phosphoinositide cycle. Molecular mechanisms by which activation of signal transduction systems can attenuate the malignant phenotype are considered in the context of cellular growth and differentiation.
The effects of storage conditions and trophic supplementation on the survival of fetal mesencephalic cells

It is estimated that only 5–10% of dopamine (DA) neurons implanted into the striatum of patients undergoing fetal-nigral transplantation as a treatment for Parkinson's Disease survive. Because it is often necessary to store fetal tissue prior to transplantation, we evaluated various storage parameters that could influence DA neuron viability in rostral mesencephalic tegmentum (RMT) cultures using tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (THir) cell counts as an index of DA neuron survival. A high K+ hibernation media (HM) was used in all studies. We found that RMT cell viability and THir cell counts decreased as storage duration increased (up to 120 h). Storage at 37°C in HM killed all cells, while storage at 10°C yielded higher survival rates than 4°C. In comparison to trypsinization, mechanical dissociation of tissue increased cell viability. Neutral pH and a storage density of at least 1 × 106 cells/mL were found to be optimal, while striatal coculture of RMT cells with striatal feeder layers increased THir viability up to 16-fold in comparison to monocultures. The nurturing effect of striatal coculture may be explained by the release of autotrophic factors, and we tested this hypothesis by supplementing the HM with human placental cord serum (HPCS, 8%), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF; 10 μg/mL), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; 10 μg/mL). GDNF and HPCS supplements increased RMT cell viability by 10–15%, while GDNF, BDNF, and HPCS increased viability of THir cells by approximately 40% at all time points studied. As Klenow enzyme labeling technique indicated that 33% of stored RMT cells were undergoing apoptosis, we found that GDNF, BDNF, and HPCS reduced apoptosis by 50%. DNA laddering and DAPI nuclear stain confirmed the presence of apoptosis in hibernated RMT cells, leading us to postulate that the high viability counts seen with trypan blue exclusion are misleading.
Exact solutions for light scattering from dielectric-disk arrays.

This paper reports the first stage of a study intended to shed light on our understanding of the connection between chaotic classical trajectories and scattering resonance distributions. We have numerically examined scalar-wave-equation solutions for light scattering from an array of three dielectric cylinders. Similar systems using hard disks as well as continuous repulsive potentials, which support classical chaos, have been studied before. Our dielectric cylinders have the advantage of allowing us to study the effect of caustics on the scattering while being a system simple enough to be solved exactly. Using a Green's-theorem approach, we have calculated differential and total cross sections in the relatively-long-wavelength regime (ka\ensuremath{\lesssim}20) and compared them to previous results. We find interestingly large differences between the three-hard-disk case and our dielectric case: the dielectric scattering cross section displays considerably more structure. It may be possible to experimentally verify these results for our dielectric cylinders. Our paper includes an explanation of the major qualitative features exhibited by the cross sections.
Fluid–structure interactions of photo-responsive polymer cantilevers

Abstract A new class of photomechanical liquid crystal networks (LCNs) has emerged, which generate large bending deformation and fast response times that scale with the resonance of the polymer films. Here, a numerical study is presented that describes the photomechanical structural dynamic behavior of an LCN in a fluid medium; however, the methodology is also applicable to fluid–structure interactions of a broader range of adaptive structures. Here, we simulate the oscillation of photomechanical cantilevers excited by light while simultaneously modeling the effect of the surrounding fluid at different ambient pressures. The photoactuated LCN is modeled as an elastic thin cantilever plate, and gradients in photostrain from the external light are computed from the assumptions of light absorption and photoisomerization through the film thickness. Numerical approximations of the equations governing the plate are based on cubic B-spline shape functions and a second order implicit Newmark central scheme for time integration. For the fluid, three dimensional unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are solved using the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method, which employs a structured body-fitted curvilinear coordinate system where the solid–fluid interface is a mesh line of the system, and the complicated interface boundary conditions are accommodated in a conventional finite-volume formulation. Numerical examples are given which provide new insight into material behavior in a fluid medium as a function of ambient pressure.
Cadmium selenide sputtered films

Abstract Cadmium selenide films were d.c. sputtered in a mixture of hydrogen selenide and argon. The photoconductive properties of these films, which do not require heat treatment, compare favourably with the best film properties reported in the literature for CdS and CdSe. The higher dark resistivity of about 10 9 ω cm measured through the film compared with about 10 7 ω cm measured in the plane of the film is attributed to the existence of potential barriers due to stacking faults. Illumination from a tungsten light source of approximately 3 mW cm −2 decreased the resistivity to 10 5 −10 6 ω cm both through and in the plane of the film, and chopping of the light revealed response times of less than 1 ms. The effects of substrate temperature (15–250 °C), film thickness (0.4−4 μ) and other preparation conditions were studied. The films exhibited current saturation at high fields through the film which was ascribed to hole depletion in a region near the anode.
Evolution of the nitrogen cycle and its influence on the biological sequestration of CO2 in the ocean

Over geological time, photosynthetic carbon fixation in the oceans has exceeded respiratory oxidation of organic carbon. The imbalance between the two processes has resulted in the simultaneous accumulation of oxygen in, and drawdown of carbon dioxide from, the Earth's atmosphere, and the burial of organic carbon in marine sediments1–3. It is generally assumed that these processes are limited by the availability of phosphorus4,5, which is supplied by continental weathering and fluvial discharge5–7. Over the past two million years, decreases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during glacial periods correlate with increases in the export of organic carbon from surface waters to the marine sediments8–11, but variations in phosphorus fluxes appear to have been too small to account for these changes12,13. Consequently, it has been assumed that total oceanic primary productivity remained relatively constant during glacial-to-interglacial transitions, although the fraction of this productivity exported to the sediments somehow increased during glacial periods12,14. Here I present an analysis of the evolution of biogeochemical cycles which suggests that fixed nitrogen, not phosphorus, limits primary productivity on geological timescales. Small variations in the ratio of nitrogen fixation to denitrification can significantly change atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations on glacial-to-interglacial timescales. The ratio of these two processes appears to be determined by the oxidation state of the ocean and the supply of trace elements, especially iron.
Unmyelinated axons in thoracic ventral roots of the cat

ABSTRACT This study shows that approximately 30% of the axons in the Tll and T12 ventral roots of the cat are unmyelinated. The unmyelinated axons fall into two categories. Slightly less than half are efferents from the spinal cord and slightly more than half arise from dorsal root ganglion cells. The efferent fibers are regarded as unmyelinated preganglionic sympathetics, the fibers of dorsal root ganglion origin are regarded as sensory. This organization of the T11-T12 ventral roots, which are part of the sympathetic outflow, is similar to that of cat ventral roots S3 and Cal, which are part of the parasympathetic outflow, but different from cat ventral roots L7 and Sl, which are between the visceral outflows.
Vertical motion and ice thickness variation in western North America

Maps of the ice covered area of western North America and records of mass balance of 23 mountain glaciers in this region, were used to construct a gridded data set of average mass balance and to calculate a detailed description of time averaged radial displacement (uplift) in the region for the period, 1961–1990. While the region studied is tectonically active, there is some agreement between the rates of vertical uplift at several tide gauge sites along the Inside Passage of Alaska, and the measured sea level drop at these stations. The average sea level contribution from the melting of western North American glaciers, calculated from these gridded data is 0.4±0.2 mm/yr, and is greater than prior estimates for the same time period.
Multiple use of water: integration of fish culture and tree growing

Red tilapia (hybridOreochromis mossambicus x O. urolepis hornorum) were raised in pulsed flow irrigation systems in which water subsequently used to irrigate mesquite trees (Prosopis granulosa).
Effects of the ApoE Polymorphism on Plasma Lipoproteins in Mexican Americans

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotypes on lipoprotein measurements relative to that of other known cardiovascular risk factors in participants of a large population-based family study. METHODS: We measured concentrations of apoE, the major constituents of HDL (cholesterol, apoAI), LDL-C (cholesterol and apoB), and fraction of apoE in lipoprotein size classes in 859 participants of the San Antonio Family Heart Study, and then tested the association between the three common apoE genotypes (ϵ2ϵ3, ϵ3ϵ3, and ϵ3ϵ4) and lipoprotein traits using the measured genotype approach to account for residual familial correlations. RESULTS: Allele frequencies in this population for ϵ2, ϵ3, and ϵ4 were 3.5%, 89.6%, and 6.9%, respectively. As expected, adjusted apoE concentrations were highest in those with ϵ2ϵ3, intermediate in those with ϵ3ϵ3, and lowest in those with ϵ3ϵ4. The concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-C and apoB were lowest in those with ϵ2ϵ3, intermediate in those with ϵ3ϵ3, and highest in those with ϵ3ϵ4. There was no significant effect of apoE genotypes on triglycerides, HDL-C, or apoAI levels. Compared to subjects with ϵ3ϵ4, subjects with ϵ2ϵ3 had relatively less apoE in LDL and HDL1, and relatively more in HDL2 and HDL3 size fractions. The effect of apoE genotypes was significantly greater on apoB in women than in men sex × apoE interaction p- value = 0.02 . ApoE genotypes accounted for 4.5%, 12.3%, and 4.7% of the total genetic variation in apoB, apoE, and LDL-C, respectively. CONCLUSION: ApoE genotypes account for a modest, albeit significant, proportion of phenotypic variation in concentrations of LDL-C, apoB, and apoE, and distributions of apoE among lipoproteins in this population; these genotypes have a greater effect on apoB levels in women than in men.
Radar Observations of Asteroid 2100 Ra-Shalom

We report Doppler-only (cw) radar observations of near-Earth Asteroid 2100 Ra-Shalom obtained at the Arecibo Observatory using a transmitter frequency of 2380 MHz (12.6 cm) on 1984 Aug. 18–22. Weighted and filtered sums of cw echoes achieve a maximum signal-to-noise ratio of 74 and cover the asteroid in rotation phase. A weighted sum of all cw spectra gives an opposite circular (OC) radar cross section of 1.13±0.40 km2 and a circular polarization ratio of 0.31±0.02. Inversion of echo edge frequencies yields a convex hull with an elongation (maximum breadth/minimum breadth) of 1.15±0.03 and places a lower bound on the maximum pole-on dimension of 2.4 km/cos δ, where δ is the angle between the radar line-of-sight and the asteroid's apparent equator. Ra-Shalom has one of the least elongated pole-on silhouettes of the near-Earth asteroids for which similar shape information from radar observations is available. Ra-Shalom's effective diameter (diameter of a sphere with equal cross-sectional area) is constrained to a range of 2.4–3.6 km. We use a two-component radar scattering model to remove the “diffuse” contributions from Ra-Shalom's radar cross section and obtain a surface bulk density estimate of 1.1–3.3 g cm−3. When compared with reported bulk densities and porosities of meteorites, our results are consistent with either: (1) a C-class asteroid with carbonaceous-chondritic composition, effective diameter 2.6–3.6 km, and surface porosity <70%; or (2) an S-class asteroid with ordinary-chondritic or stony-iron composition, effective diameter 2.4–2.6 km, and little or no surface regolith. Ra-Shalom's near-surface roughness appears to be globally heterogeneous.
A SINGLE AMINO ACID CHANGE IN THE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE-LIKE DOMAIN OF THYROGLOBULIN CAUSES CONGENITAL GOITER WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM IN THE COG/COG MOUSE : A MODEL OF HUMAN ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STORAGE DISEASES

Newly synthesized thyroglobulin (Tg), the major secretory glycoprotein of the thyroid gland, folds and homodimerizes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) before its export to the site of iodination, where it serves as the precursor for thyroid hormone synthesis. In families with defective Tg export, affected individuals suffer from a thyroidal ER storage disease characterized by a distended thyrocyte ER containing misfolded Tg, along with induced ER molecular chaperones. Inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, deficient Tg causes congenital hypothyroidism in newborns that, if untreated, results in goiter along with serious cognitive and growth defects. Recently, a similar phenotype has been observed in inbred cog/cog mice, although the precise molecular defect has remained undefined. Here, we have isolated and cloned a full-length 8.5-kb Tg cDNA from cog/cog mice and unaffected isogenic AKR/J mice. Comparison of the complete sequences reveals that cog/cog mice express a Leu-2263 → Pro missense mutation in the acetylcholinesterase-homology domain of Tg. Heterologous expression studies in COS cells indicate that cog Tg exhibits a severe defect in exit from the ER. Site-directed mutagenesis of cog Tg to convert the single amino acid back to Leu-2263 restores normal Tg secretion. We conclude that the cog mutation in Tg is responsible for this ER storage disease that causes thyroid dyshormonogenesis.
CHAOS IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

Abstract It has been known for some time that the population densities of insect pests in nature show wide fluctuations over time, but whether these fluctuations represent chaotic dynamics or are the result of environmental noise superimposed on steady cycles remains open to question. We have carried out a theoretical case study of the dynamics of European corn borer populations, using field and laboratory data to construct models that simulate field conditions to learn which variables govern chaotic behavior. We show that small changes in parameters affected by weather can cause a steady cycle to become wild and unpredictable. Most importantly, from a practical point of view, when the chaotic state is reached the population of corn borers can reach values higher than it does in a stable cycle. We find this to be true whether the biological control agent is a natural pathogen of the corn borer (Model I) or the same, widely occurring pathogen plus a toxin, produced either by a genetically engineered plant parasite or a genetically engineered host plant (Model II). This behavior might not be observable in limited field trials, depending on the particular environmental conditions. Before releasing new biological control agents into large open fields, it would seem advisable to investigate their behavior in laboratory microcosms where the variables, including those shown in our models to be capable of inducing chaos in corn borer populations, can be controlled at will.
Prevalence of hydronephrosis in patients undergoing surgery for pelvic organ prolapse

Objective To determine the prevalence of hydronephrosis in patients undergoing surgery for pelvic organ prolapse and to determine whether hydronephrosis is associated with the type and severity of prolapse. Methods The charts of 375 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for pelvic organ prolapse at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation between January 1,1990, and December 31,1993 were reviewed. Preoperative renal ultrasounds and intravenous pyelograms (IVP) were evaluated for hydronephrosis based on the final diagnosis established by the radiologists. The severity of prolapse was determined from the preoperative office examination or from the examination under anesthesia at the time of surgery. Results Of 375 patients, 323 had either a preoperative renal ultrasound or IVP. The mean age was 66.0 ± 10.2 years (range 35–93) and median parity was 3.0 (range 0–10). Of the 323 patients, 25 (7.7%, 95% confidence interval 5, 11) had hydronephrosis. Thirteen patients (4.0%) had mild hydronephrosis, nine (2.8%) had moderate hydronephrosis, and three (0.9%) had severe hydronephrosis. The prevalence of hydronephrosis increased with increasing severity of prolapse. Two patients with hydronephrosis had evidence of renal insufficiency (creatinine ≥ 1.6), and both had severe bilateral hydronephrosis and complete procidentia. The prevalence of hydronephrosis was lower in patients with vaginal vault prolapse versus uterine prolapse (3.9% compared with 12.6%, P Conclusion The prevalence of hydronephrosis in patients undergoing surgery primarily for pelvic organ prolapse is low, increases with worsening pelvic organ prolapse, and is lower in patients with vaginal vault prolapse than in those with uterine prolapse.
Designing Resilience: Preparing for Extreme Events

LOUISE K. COMFORT, Book Review Editor University of Pittsburgh, USA Designing Resilience: Preparing for Extreme Events Louise K. Comfort (Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, Univer...
Enhanced magnetoelectric effect in longitudinal-longitudinal mode laminate with cofired interdigitated electrodes

In this letter, we describe a low-temperature cofiring technique to embed the interdigitated electrodes (IDE) inside the piezoelectric ceramic layer to achieve longitudinally (L) poled magnetoelectric (ME) laminates. The ME voltage coefficient of this L-L mode composite was found to be 4.41 V cm−1 Oe−1 at 1 kHz, which is 340% higher than that of L-T (transversal) mode. IDE based longitudinal poling and piezoelectric response was evaluated by impedance changes and piezoresponse force microscopy, illustrating the effect of inactive/ineffective zone in the range beneath and above the fingers with vanishing fields. At an electric field of 50 V/cm, the composite was found to generate magnetic field on the order of 175 μG at 1 kHz.