cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bottom-up and top-down integration of human and ecological risk assessment.

The World Health Organization has published a framework for integrating human health and ecological risk assessments, and many others have argued for greater integration of health and environmental concerns in assessments. However, those who argue for integration do not agree on the expected benefits. This article provides a conceptual organization of the rationale for integration. The bottom-up line of argument begins with the premise that the mechanisms of transport, fate, exposure, and effects of chemicals on humans and nonhuman organisms are largely common. Therefore, integrated assessment should be more efficient and should employ the highest quality of science. The top-down line of argument begins with the premise that humans are organisms that reside in ecosystems. Therefore, changes in the environment imply changes in human health and welfare. These include changes in the many services of nature that contribute to human health, such as air and water purification, sentinel functions, and provision ...
Resource management of the OS network subsystem

A QoS-aware real-time operating system must schedule multiple tasks which have different timing constraints and which access various resources including the CPU, disk and network. These resources, however, are not independent of one another. For example, resources like network bandwidth and disk bandwidth are available on a single node but must be managed by their host OS on the CPU by means of interrupt handlers, device drivers, file-systems and/or protocol services. Hence, in order to obtain guaranteed completion times, an application must therefore obtain both user-mode time on the CPU along with sufficient OS-level time for the network and disk subsystems. In this paper, we investigate the co-scheduling of CPU cycles and network bandwidth. Specifically, we study the problem of obtaining pre-specified network bandwidth received by applications from the external network. Our solution endows (1) direct control over the flow of network packets into the system based on the requirements of specific applications, (2)guaranteed and enforced processing time for the received packets,(3)precise accounting of those processing times, and (4)elimination of scheduling anomalies. We describe and evaluate our system design and implementation in Linux/RK, a QoS-aware real-time version of Linux. We also compare this approach with a commercial implementation we did in TimeSys Linux.
Biosynthetic gene cluster of cetoniacytone A, an unusual aminocyclitol from the endosymbiotic Bacterium Actinomyces sp. Lu 9419.

A gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of the antitumor agent cetoniacytone A was identified in Actinomyces sp. strain Lu 9419, an endosymbiotic bacteria isolated from the intestines of the rose chafer beetle (Cetonia aurata). The nucleotide sequence analysis of the 46 kb DNA region revealed the presence of 31 complete ORFs, including genes predicted to encode a 2-epi-5-epi-valiolone synthase (CetA), a glyoxalase/bleomycin resistance protein (CetB), an acyltransferase (CetD), an FAD-dependent dehydrogenase (CetF2), two oxidoreductases (CetF1 and CetG), two aminotransferases (CetH and CetM), and a pyranose oxidase (CetL). CetA has previously been demonstrated to catalyze the cyclization of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate to the cyclic intermediate, 2-epi-5-epi-valiolone. In this report, the glyoxalase/bleomycin resistance protein homolog CetB was identified as a 2-epi-5-epi-valiolone epimerase (EVE), a new member of the Vicinal Oxygen Chelate (VOC) superfamily. The 24 kDa recombinant histidine-tagged CetB was found to form a homodimer; each monomer contains two βαβββ scaffolds that form a metal binding site with two histidine and two glutamic acid residues. BLAST search using the newly isolated cet biosynthetic genes revealed an analogous suite of genes in the genome of Frankia alni ACN14a, suggesting that this plant symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium is capable of producing a secondary metabolite related to the cetoniacytones.
A Preliminary Survey of the Pouches and Dentition of the Syrian Hamster

In recent years, the Syrian or golden hamster (Cricetus auratus2) has become increasingly useful as a laboratory animal. Its potential value in dental research was suggested by Arnold (1) in 1942. Although the albino rat has been used extensively for dental investigations, it has not been entirely satisfactory because certain features of its dentition are not analogous to the human (2). Preliminary observations of experimentally produced dental lesions in the molar teeth of the hamster (1, 3) have been encouraging. The possibility that this animal may prove useful for dental studies and eliminate certain objectionable features of the rat has prompted a preliminary survey of some general characteristics of its oral cavity.
The energy of the homogeneous electron gas to second order

The energy of an infinite, homogeneous electron gas is examined by second order perturbation theory using a Hartee-Fock rather than a noninteracting particle unperturbed state. The second order energy still diverges for small promotions k, albert than as ln|ln k| rather than as In k.
The Nedd8-Activating Enzyme Inhibitor MLN4924 Thwarts Microenvironment-Driven NF-κB Activation and Induces Apoptosis in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells

Background: Stromal-mediated signaling enhances NF-κB pathway activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells, leading to cell survival and chemoresistance. Ubiquitination of IκBα may partially account for constitutive activation of NF-κB. MLN4924 is an investigational agent that inhibits the Nedd8-activating enzyme, thereby neutralizing Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases and preventing degradation of their substrates. Experimental Design: We conducted a preclinical assessment of MLN4924 in CLL. Primary CLL cells were cocultured in vitro with CD40L-expressing stroma to mimic the prosurvival conditions present in lymphoid tissue. The effect of MLN4924 on CLL cell apoptosis, NF-κB pathway activity, Bcl-2 family members, and cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometry, Western blotting, PCR, and immunocytochemistry. Results: CD40L-expressing stroma protected CLL cells from spontaneous apoptosis and induced resistance to multiple drugs, accompanied by NF-κB activation and Bim repression. Treatment with MLN4924 induced CLL cell apoptosis and circumvented stroma-mediated resistance. This was accompanied by accumulation of phospho-IκBα, decreased nuclear translocation of p65 and p52 leading to inhibition of both the canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathways, and reduced transcription of their target genes, notably chemokines. MLN4924 promoted induction of Bim and Noxa in the CLL cells leading to rebalancing of Bcl-2 family members toward the proapoptotic BH3-only proteins. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Bim or Noxa decreased sensitivity to MLN4924. MLN4924 enhanced the antitumor activity of the inhibitors of B-cell receptor (BCR)–associated kinases. Conclusions: MLN4924 disrupts NF-κB activation and induces Bim expression in CLL cells, thereby preventing stroma-mediated resistance. Our data provide rationale for further evaluation of MLN4924 in CLL. Clin Cancer Res; 20(6); 1576–89. ©2014 AACR .
Magnetic resonance tractography: A neurosurgical perspective

ISSN 1479-6708 Future Neurology (2014) 9(3), 279–283 The advent of diffusion-based tracto graphy has afforded neurosurgery practitioners new opportunities to minimize the risk of surgical intervention and personalize the surgical approaches to each patient. The following article will provide a physiologic context for the importance of fiber tracts as they pertain to neurosurgery, as well as a discussion of the clinical applications of magnetic resonance (MR) tractography.
Clinical Approach to Non-Ulcer Dyspepsia

The first modern description of dyspepsia (1), described it as an “episodic or persistent” abdominal pain in the absence of bleeding or jaundice. Since then, various descriptions have been used (2, 3). These definitions include symptoms of peptic ulcer disease in a subject without an ulcer (2) and upper abdominal pain with a lack of identifiable cause (3). In 1989, Barbara, et al. once again tried to define NUD (dyspepsia) as episodic or persistent abdominal symptoms often related to feeding, which patients or physicians believe to be due to disorders of the proximal portion of the digestive tract (4). More recently, groups have tried to sub-categorize NUD into categories such as reflux-like, dysmotilitylike, ulcer-like (5,6) and even irritable bowel-like (7).
Decay patterns and carbon density of standing dead trees in California mixed conifer forests

Abstract Dead wood plays important structural and biogeochemical roles in forest ecosystem processes. Some aspects of woody debris dynamics have been carefully studied, but the decay patterns and carbon density of standing dead (SD) trees are only weakly characterized. Climbing forest mortality rates are also driving increases in the creation and abundance of SD trees. All forms of forest carbon accounting, from stand-level biomass calculations to dynamic earth systems models, are improved by a better understanding of SD tree physical and chemical traits. Using dimensional analysis, we described the patterns of density, carbon concentration, and net carbon density in decaying SD trees of six California mixed conifer species. As decay class advanced, trees showed a progressively lower density and a small increase in carbon concentration. Net carbon density of the most decayed SD trees was only 60% that of live trees. The key characteristics of SD trees that determine these patterns are species, surface to volume ratio, and relative position within the tree. The decay of SD trees and how deadwood biomass is estimated in large scale inventories also have repercussions in greenhouse gas accounting. When the measured changes in carbon density are applied to SD carbon stock estimates for California mixed conifer forests, the decay-adjusted estimates are 3.66–3.74 Tg (18%) lower than estimates that do not incorporate change due to decay.
Formalizing Mission Analysis and Design Techniques for High Altitude Ballooning

High altitude balloon (HAB) missions can be and are used to teach concepts related to spacecraft and satellite design. A HAB mission, however, presents unique characteristics, which must be understood and respected to produce a desirable outcome. Because of this, flying an unaltered satellite design as a HAB payload would be as undesirable as utilizing an unaltered HAB design as a satellite. A well-defined process for HAB mission design is thus needed. The process presented mirrors commonly used space mission design processes to facilitate easy transition between the two. It is also comparatively simple, due to the smaller scale of many HAB missions and to facilitate the use of the HAB mission analysis and design (HAB-MAD) process as a stepping-stone to teach space mission analysis and design to students.
Movers and Shakers: Conversation and Conflict in a Serious Game for Tablets

Movers and Shakers is a tablet-based serious game that explores how subversive game design can foster meaningful conversational conflict beyond outside the game’s digital screens. This twoplayer strategy puzzle was developed at the Singapore-MIT GAMBIT Game Lab and is used as a research tool to explore novel challenges in multiplayer serious games. The project provides insights into the affordances and challenges of mobile serious games for co-located players.
Evidence of telescoping in regular smoking onset age.

Introduction We examined the evidence of telescoping bias in self-reports of regular smoking onset age. Since the exact year of the onset was not available, the discrepancy (termed shift) in self-reports was explored. The study was targeted at establishing the relationships between the prevalence and the magnitude of shifting and respondent and survey characteristics and identifying the key factors contributing to forward and backward shifting. Methods The 2002-2003 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey was administered using phone and in-person interviews to the same respondents in 2002 and 2003. The regular smoking onset age, reported by current and former smokers during both years, was used. All statistical analyses incorporated replicate weights to adjust for the complex survey design. Results In our sample, about 31.6% (31.8%) of respondents forwardly (backwardly) shifted the smoking onset age, with the mean magnitude of discrepancy about 2.7 years (both directions). The elapsed time since the onset was shown to be the most important considered predictor of prevalence of shifting. The prevalence of forward (backward) shifting tends to increase (decrease) as elapsed time increases. Furthermore, the discrepancy in forwardly shifted responses tends to increase, on average, with elapsed time. Conclusions The findings indicate that both forward and backward shifting may be prevalent in reports on smoking onset age. The extent of shifting depends on elapsed time since the onset (and therefore, the respondent's age) and other respondent and survey characteristics. The findings are consistent with presence of both forward and backward telescoping biases.
In Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study of the Capacity Fading Mechanism in Hybrid Sn3O2(OH)2/Graphite Battery Anode Nanomaterials

In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of an electrode material under electrochemical control has enabled a detailed examination of the capacity fading mechanism during charge–discharge cycling in a hybrid nanomaterial, Sn3O2(OH)2/graphite, that is considered for use as a high-capacity lithium-ion battery anode. By the use of an original one-pot solvothermal synthesis technique, Sn3O2(OH)2 nanoparticles were directly deposited on the surface of nanothin graphite and were charged/discharged in situ for several cycles while XAS spectra at the Sn K-edge were taken. Modeling of the collected extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra provides detailed information on the Sn–O, Sn–Sn, and Sn–Li coordination numbers and atomic distances for each charged and discharged electrode state. On the basis of electrochemical data and the changes in atomic arrangement deduced from the EXAFS fitting results, including the first unambiguous observation of Sn–Li near neighbors, a capacity fading mechanism ...
SPORES OF VAM FUNGI INSIDE SPORES OF VAM FUNGI

Dead spores of at least 10 species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, mostly members of the genus Gigaspora, were occupied by spores of other species of VAM fungi in sand dunes of the Atlantic Coast of the U.S. and of the Great Lakes. Species of Gigaspora, Acaulospora, and Glomus were involved in such associations. Spores of 1-5 different species occurred within single dead spores and individual spores contained 1-100 spores. Samples from sand dunes at Virginia Beach contained the greatest percentage of occupied spores. In some root-zone samples, the ratio of occupied Gigaspora spores to intact spores was as high as 5:1. The VAM species most frequently sporulating within other VAM spores was a Glomus sp. resembling a fossil species described by Butler in 1939. A survey of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi associated with sand dune-colonizing plant species ofthe Atlantic Coast ofthe United States and of the Great Lakes revealed numerous spores, devoid of their original contents, that were occupied by spores of other species of VAM fungi. Since the presence of spores within spores is unreported for most species of VAM fungi and because such a relationship may be of ecological significance and also lead to taxonomic confusion, the following study was initiated to catalogue the species involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Comparison of histopathological findings with duplex sonography of the temporal arteries in suspected giant cell arteritis.

Introduction: In clinical practice the temporal artery biopsy (TAB) in suspected giant cell arteritis (GCA) is still believed to be the “gold standard”. The purpose of this study was to compare the histopathological findings of the TAB with duplex sonography of the temporal artery. Patients and Methods: In our retrospective study we analysed 85 consecutive patients (52 female, mean age 71.5, range 55 – 91 years; 33 male, mean age 71.6, range 44 – 91 years) with suspected GCA who underwent TAB in our clinic between January 1999 – February 2011. All patients received a preoperative duplex sonography, 57 patients including description of the temporal arteries. Results: 38 of 85 (44.7 %) of the artery biopsies were proven positive for GCA by histopathology. Interpretation of the duplex sonography was congruent of histopathological interpretation of the biopsy in 39 patients (68.4 %) and incongruent in 18 patients (31.6 %). Sensitivity of duplex-sonography was 44.4 %, specificity 90 %, positive predictive value 80 %. Discussion: Duplex sonography is a non-invasive and very helpful diagnostic tool to guide the clinician in cases of suspected GCA but needs considerable skills. It shows a good specificity and relatively high positive predictive value as there are only few false positive results. A negative report however does not rule out GCA, so that in our opinion the TAB – at least in those cases – should still be performed.
A Kind of Object-user-application Integration Frame Based on WebGIS

Classical integration technique resolved integration among applications.Exactly,this technique resolved coarse integration among applications.Enterprise application shows that enterprise needs refine-grain integration which can implement integration of user-centred object-user-application.A kind of object-user-application integration frame is proposed based on WebGIS by means of meta-data and meta-data-driven technique.By means of GIS space objects,The frame can integrate different users and interested users and viewers related to the user and objects.Besides the frame is able to integrate external applications.This integration frame is used in Daqing Oilfield for integration among mutli-discipline and multi-business.Application results show that this integration frame provides refine-grain applications integration based on WebGIS in a large scale enterprise complicated applications.This refine-grain integration frame is able to apply to other domain application integration.
Obese mice on a high‐fat alternate‐day fasting regimen lose weight and improve glucose tolerance

Summary Alternate-day fasting (ADF) causes body weight (BW) loss in humans and rodents. However, it is not clear that ADF while maintaining a high-fat (HF) diet results in weight loss and the accompanying improvement in control of circulating glucose. We tested the hypotheses that a high-fat ADF protocol in obese mice would result in (i) BW loss, (ii) improved glucose control, (iii) fluctuating phenotypes on ‘fasted’ days when compared to ‘fed’ days and (iv) induction of torpor on ‘fasted days’. We evaluated the physiological effects of ADF in diet-induced obese mice for BW, heart rate (HR), body temperature (Tb), glucose tolerance, insulin responsiveness, blood parameters (leptin, insulin, free fatty acids) and hepatic gene expression. Diet-induced obese male C57BL/6J mice lost one-third of their pre-diet BW while on an ADF diet for 10 weeks consisting of HF food. The ADF protocol improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, although mice on a fast day were less glucose tolerant than the same mice on a fed day. ADF mice on a fast day had low circulating insulin, but had an enhanced response to an insulin-assisted glucose tolerance test, suggesting the impaired glucose tolerance may be a result of insufficient insulin production. On fed days, ADF mice were the warmest, had a high HR and displayed hepatic gene expression and circulating leptin that closely mimicked that of mice fed an ad lib HF diet. ADF mice never entered torpor as assessed by HR and Tb. However, on fast days, they were the coolest, had the slowest HR, and displayed hepatic gene expression and circulating leptin that closely mimicked that of Chow-Fed mice. Collectively, the ADF regimen with a HF diet in obese mice results in weight loss, improved blood glucose control, and daily fluctuations in selected physiological and biochemical parameters in the mouse.
‘White Peril’ in the East

Although western traders and evangelists had been banished from Japan and China in earlier centuries, the people of East Asia deceived themselves in believing that western expansion in the Orient had been halted. In the eighteenth century western trad­ers continued to demand the right to trade where they wished and on equal terms (an idea inconceivable to the Chinese mind). Britain was determined to obtain commercial access to the Chinese market, come what may. The traditional Chinese view that China was superior to the other nations of the world should no longer be tolerated. China should not be allowed to refuse the civiliz­ing medium of western trade, western diplomacy and western religion. Certainly, it should not be allowed to exclude Britain’s manufactures or British opium — one of the leading and most profitable exports of British India. It was purposeless for the Chinese to point out that the use of opium was outlawed in China, and that they needed nothing from the West except to be left alone. In the Opium Warl the British used cannon and gunpow­der (Chinese inventions) to impose their will on China.
Getting Caught “Sugar Coating”: The Behavioral Implications of Using a Decision Aid That Detects Linguistic Manipulations in Financial Disclosures

ABSTRACT: Evidence from recent studies suggests that management strategically uses linguistic manipulations to “sugar coat” corporate narratives particularly when it is to their advantage. Research also suggests that investors are influenced by these manipulations and that they are not capable of detecting them on their own. Emerging technologies such as textual analysis software are capable of analyzing corporate narratives; however, their impact on investors' decision making remains unknown. This manuscript explores the effect of these emerging technologies a priori to their availability and investigates whether providing investors with a decision aid (DA) that is capable of detecting linguistic manipulations can be an effective tool that can be used by investors. We theorize that these DAs may have an effect on investors' judgment and decision making and that their effect may interact with other contextual factors such as management incentive to provide a more optimistic disclosure when the news is not...
Perioperative opioid administration in children with and without developmental delay undergoing outpatient dental surgery

Abstract Study objective Prior research has indicated that children with developmental delay (DD) experience qualitative and quantitative differences in health care (Boulet et al., 2009). In the perioperative setting, there is concern that children with DD may be more likely to experience postoperative complications including agitation and nausea/vomiting than typically developing patients (TDP). Differences in the administration and dosage of perioperative opioids may contribute to this, however, empirical investigations are lacking. The purpose of this research was to compare the experience of postoperative nausea/vomiting and agitation, as well as to examine perioperative opioid administration, among children with DD as compared to TDP. Design Retrospective original research. Setting Operating room, postanesthesia care unit. Patients 1145 patients (1–20.9years, ASA I-III, 23.9% with a history of DD) who had undergone outpatient dental surgery involving extraction/restorations under general anesthesia. Measurements Data was obtained and analyzed from the medical records of both DD and TDP across a five-year period. Data included the experience of agitation, nausea/vomiting, as well as perioperative medication administration. Main results Postoperative agitation and nausea/vomiting did not differ significantly between the DD and TDP groups. Children with DD were significantly less likely to receive opioids during both the intra and postoperative period ( χ 2 =10.02, p =0.001 and χ 2 =8.08, p =0.003, respectively). Further, higher dosage of intraoperative opioids was predictive of reduced administration of postoperative opioids among TDP; however, no significant association was observed between the dosage of intraoperative opioids and administration of postoperative opioids in the DD group. Conclusions Children with DD experience similar rates of postoperative complications including nausea/vomiting and agitation as TDP. DD children were less likely to receive both intra and postoperative opioids than TDP. Importantly, while the dosage of intraoperative opioids was predictive of administration of postoperative opioids in the TDP group, this was not the case for the DD group. Clinical implications are discussed.
Thyroid Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology Results: Observed Increase in Indeterminate Rate over the Past Decade.

Objectives To evaluate changes in distribution of reported thyroid nodule fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytopathology results since implementation of the Bethesda classification and revised 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines for selecting nodules for biopsy. Study Design Retrospective review. Setting Tertiary academic medical center. Subjects and Methods Evaluation of ultrasound (US)-guided thyroid FNA by a single surgeon using 2015 ATA nodule selection criteria and Bethesda reporting on 211 thyroid nodules in a 1-year period (2015). Comparison is made to an earlier sample wherein any nodule >1 cm underwent US FNA with cytology reported prior to Bethesda consensus (2006). Results The current cohort involved mostly women (79%); nodules ranged from 1 to 7 cm (mean ± SEM, 2.4 ± 0.07 cm). Mean ± SEM age was 53.5 ± 1.1 years. Bethesda reporting yielded 6% nondiagnostic, 57% benign, 3% malignant, and 34% indeterminate (27% atypia of undetermined significance [AUS]/follicular lesion of undetermined significance [FLUS], 4% follicular neoplasm [FN]/Hurthle neoplasm [HN], and 2% suspicious for malignancy [SFM]). The malignancy rate in indeterminate nodules was 26% (18% AUS/FLUS, 33% FN/HN, and 80% SFM). Age, sex, or nodule size did not correlate with indeterminate cytology. The comparator sample of 447 nodules had significantly different distribution, with 7% nondiagnostic, 80% benign, 5% malignant, and 8% indeterminate ( P < .00001). Conclusion We observed a significantly increased proportion of indeterminate cytology and corresponding decrease in benign nodules compared with an earlier sample, predominately from an increase in AUS/FLUS. Multiple factors are likely involved, including selection of sonographically suspicious nodules for biopsy based upon 2015 ATA guidelines coupled with cytopathological interpretation by a new generation of cytopathologists trained in the era of Bethesda reporting; further study is required to make a definitive conclusion.
Dietitians' participation in nutrition education activities for the public.

A questionnaire mailed to a random sample of 1,000 members of The American Dietetic Association produced responses from 375 dietitians who reported the frequency with which they had participated in nutrition education activities for the public in 1986. Respondents reported participating in 3,188 job-related nutrition education events and 1,201 volunteer activities. There was a very highly significant difference (p = .0001) in the number of job-related and volunteer nutrition education activities reported. The mean frequency of both job-related and volunteer nutrition activities in 1986 was 11.7, approximately one activity per month. When frequency of participation in 1986 was compared with a previous study in 1978, the total frequency was not significantly different.
From Anxious to Reckless: A Control Systems Approach Unifies Prefrontal-Limbic Regulation Across the Spectrum of Threat Detection.

Here we provide an integrative review of basic control circuits, and introduce techniques by which their regulation can be quantitatively measured using human neuroimaging. We illustrate the utility of the control systems approach using four human neuroimaging threat detection studies (N=226), to which we applied circuit-wide analyses in order to identify the key mechanism underlying individual variation. In so doing, we build upon the canonical prefrontal-limbic control system to integrate circuit-wide influence from the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). These were incorporated into a computational control systems model constrained by neuroanatomy and designed to replicate our experimental data. In this model, the IFG acts as an informational set point, gating signals between the primary prefrontal-limbic negative feedback loop and its cortical information-gathering loop. Along the cortical route, if the sensory cortex provides sufficient information to make a threat assessment, the signal passes to the vmPFC, whose threat-detection threshold subsequently modulates amygdala outputs. However, if signal outputs from the sensory cortex do not provide sufficient information during the first pass, the signal loops back to the sensory cortex, with each cycle providing increasingly fine-grained processing of sensory data. Simulations replicate IFG (chaotic) dynamics experimentally observed at both ends at the threat-detection spectrum. As such, they identify distinct types of IFG disconnection from the circuit, with associated clinical outcomes. If IFG thresholds are too high, the IFG and sensory cortex cycle for too long; in the meantime the coarse-grained (excitatory) pathway will dominate, biasing ambiguous stimuli as false positives. On the other hand, if cortical IFG thresholds are too low, the inhibitory pathway will suppress the amygdala without cycling back to the sensory cortex for much-needed fine-grained sensory cortical data, biasing ambiguous stimuli as false negatives. Thus, the control systems model provides a consistent mechanism for IFG regulation, capable of producing results consistent with our data for the full spectrum of threat-detection: from fearful to optimal to reckless. More generally, it illustrates how quantitative characterization of circuit dynamics can be used to unify a fundamental dimension across psychiatric affective symptoms, with implications for populations that range from anxiety disorders to addiction.
Tritium Aging of LaNi4.15Al0.85 (LANA.85)

AbstractThe Savannah River Tritium Enterprise (SRTE) has used hydride beds to store and process hydrogen isotopes for over two decades. New beds are being designed to use a hydride material – LaNi4.15Al0.85 (LANA.85) – that has a lower plateau pressure than the material previously employed. LANA.85 is expected to have a limited service life due to radiolytic decay of tritium to He-3 within the metal matrix, which will result in degradation of hydride performance. Tritium aging was initiated on a LANA.85 metal hydride sample to look for changes in desorption isotherm performance which occur with aging. Desorption isotherms were collected at 120°C, and 160°C annually. A lower temperature isotherm was collected at 100°C after 2 years of aging. A single absorption isotherm was collected each year at 120°C. After testing, each sample was reloaded with tritium for quiescent aging until the following year. Samples were stored in the beta phase.Results collected on the virgin material and annually for 2 years of ...
The Care of Thermally Injured Patients in Operational, Austere, and Mass Casualty Situations

Burn injury affects a half million people in the United States annually. The severe thermal injury can have long-term debilitating effects. The management of burn patients in austere and operational environments is more complex. Mass casualty incidents can result in a large number of patients with multiple traumatic injuries, which often include burn injury. Appropriate triage of casualties is essential. Severely burned patients should be evacuated to a burn center if possible. Airway management and fluid resuscitation of burn patients present unique challenges. Supplies, resources, and expertise to maintain a definitive airway may not be readily available. Airway adjuncts can be helpful but judicious use of resources is warranted in the austere setting. Traditional resuscitation of severe thermal injury is not practical in the austere environment. Oral resuscitation and in rare cases rectal hydration may be utilized until the patient can be transported to a medical facility. Much has been learned about the management of burn and polytraumatized patients after mass casualty incidents such as the September 11, 2001 terror attacks and the Pope Air Force Base disaster. A well-coordinated emergency preparedness plan is essential. The care of burn patients in austere, operational, and mass casualty situations can tax resources and manpower. The care of these patients will require creativity and ingenuity. Burn patients can be difficult to manage under normal circumstances but the care of these patients under the above situations complicates the management severalfold.
Giving Them What They Want: Online Feedback That Works

Many instructors can recall times when they have handed back assignments with written feedback and could feel the confusion in the room as students read through their comments. Perhaps they fielded...
Immunotherapy and Symptomatic Radiation Necrosis in Patients With Brain Metastases Treated With Stereotactic Radiation.

This study investigates the association between immunotherapy and symptomatic radiation necrosis in patients with melanoma, non–small-cell lung cancer, or renal cell carcinoma and newly diagnosed brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiation therapy.
Ego Development in Fundamentalist and Nonfundamentalist Protestants

This study was designed to investigate the comparative ego development, religious orientation, and doctrinal beliefs of three Protestant groups: life-long fundamentalists (n=25), fundamentalist con...
Lightweight behavioral malware detection for windows platforms

We describe a lightweight behavioral malware detection technique that leverages Microsoft Windows prefetch files. We demonstrate that our malware detection achieves a high detection rate with a low false-positive rate of 1 × 10−3, and scales linearly for training samples. We demonstrate the generalization of our malware detection on two different Windows platforms with a different set of applications. We study the loss in performance of our malware detection in case of concept drift and its ability to adapt. Finally, we measure our malware detection against evasive malware and present an effective auxiliary defensive technique against such attacks.
Relationship between external ventricular drain clamp trials and ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion following nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: a single-center study.

OBJECTIVECurrently, there is no established standard regarding the ideal number of external ventricular drain (EVD) clamp trials performed before ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt insertion following nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate this relationship.METHODSA retrospective review of all patients presenting with SAH between July 2007 and December 2016 was performed. Patients with SAH who had received an EVD within the first 24 hours of hospital admission and had undergone at least 1 clamp trial prior to EVD removal were eligible for inclusion in the study. Patient demographics, clinical presentations, SAH etiologies and grades, clamp trial data, hospital lengths of stay, and functional outcomes were recorded.RESULTSOne hundred fourteen patients with nontraumatic SAH complicated by posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus were included in the study. The median patient age was 57 years (range 28–90 years), with a male/female ratio of 1:1.7. A ruptured aneurysm was t...
The Role of the Medical Cadaver in the Genesis of Enlightenment-Era Science and Technology

The cosmos of the Middle Ages and Renaissance was understood to be an integrated, holistic and hierarchical order in harmonious relation, wherein the organism of the body reflected the intrinsic natural order of the larger cosmos. With the revival of Neoplatonism in the Renaissance, the intellectual climate placed increasing emphasis on the separation of matter and form, the duality of appearance and form, and mathematical models geared toward the manipulation of matter. The devaluing of the natural world corresponded to the devaluing and persecution of women, including the witch trials and exclusion of women from the previous role in medicine, particularly in the role of midwife. A pervasive theme of objectification provided the basis for the rationalization of cruelty and violence in varied forms.
The Ten Commandments as Secular Historic Artifact or Sacred Religious Text: Using Modrovich V. Allegheny County to Illustrate How Words Create Reality

In his essay, The 'Ideograph: A Link Between Rhetoric and Ideology', Michael Calvin McGee proposes that our system of beliefs is shaped through and expressed by words. We are consciously and unconsciously conditioned and controlled by the words we hear and use. Words carry ideology and convey and create meaning. Like Chinese characters, words are 'ideographs that 'signify' and 'contain' a unique ideological commitment', that is frequently unquestioned. McGee also suggests that by understanding that a single word can carry ideology and that ideology can be expressed in a single word, we are better able to expose and evaluate ideology and choose to accept or reject such ideology. However, if we fail to recognize the ideographic nature of words, we risk creating and promoting a reality that is removed from our system of beliefs. For the legal community, McGee's theory of ideograph is an important tool to understand legal argument and to construct arguments that effectively persuade decision-makers. When lawyers and law students select a particular word, we consciously and unconsciously express a certain view of reality. Our choice of words can help to resolve conflict and create conflict. Words shape our jurisprudence. Through this article, I hope to summarize McGee's theory. To illustrate, I model how McGee's theory can develop a lawyer's critical thinking and writing skills by identifying the ideographs in the cases prior to Modrovich v. Allegheny Count and by applying these ideographs to analyze the Modrovich case and the various court documents filed in the dispute. I also use these materials to offer practical suggestions as to how ideographic analysis could be used to construct legal documents. Finally, I conclude with some thoughts on how ideographic analysis might be used in legal education, focusing particularly on how they could be used to teach legal writing.
UMM: an operational memory model specification framework with integrated model checking capability: Research Articles

Given the complicated nature of modern shared memory systems, it is vital to have a systematic approach to specifying and analyzing memory consistency requirements. In this paper, we present the UMM specification framework, which integrates two key features to support memory model verification: (i) it employs a simple and generic memory abstraction that can capture a large collection of memory models as guarded commands with a uniform notation, and (ii) it provides built-in model checking capability to enable formal reasoning about thread behaviors. Using this framework, memory models can be specified in a parameterized style—designers can simply redefine a few bypassing rules and visibility ordering rules to obtain an executable specification of another memory model. We formalize several classical memory models, including Sequential Consistency, Coherence, and PRAM, to illustrate the general techniques of applying this framework. We then provide an alternative specification of the Java memory model, based on a proposal from Manson and Pugh, and demonstrate how to analyze Java thread semantics using model checking. We also compare our operational specification style with axiomatic specification styles and explore a mechanism that converts a memory model definition from one style to the other. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Word, Linguistics of

The simple idea that we divide an utterance into words using spaces between them, is based on writing. But most languages in history have not been written down and we do not normally pause between words in speech, nevertheless all languages have words. Having a writing system is not a prerequisite to recognizing words, since the ancient Sanskrit grammarians were aware of words and their internal parts long before they had writing. The earliest explicit discussion of the notion ‘word’ is in the work of Aristotle, who distinguished two parts of speech—nouns and verbs. Modern linguists use two criteria for isolating words: the possibility of pause and of interruption. They define parts of speech or lexical categories in terms of their syntactic patterns, not in terms of meaning. The frontier of research on words is the question of how words are stored in the mind and retrieved when we use language.
Insect Locomotion on Land

In order for an insect (or any animal) to walk, it must be able to coordinate the movements of its legs. From a biologist’s point of view, one interesting aspect of walking behavior is the problem of how animals achieve the necessary coordination. This problem is especially acute in insects and other arthropods because of the number of legs involved. While there are many interesting aspects to the problem, in this article I will consider primarily two questions: (1) What sequences of leg movements do insects actually use as they walk? (2) How well do we understand the factors which, during walking, underlie the movements of individual legs?
Decision Analysis for Private and Public Sector Decisions

In this paper I provide insights into some similarities and some differences between private and public sector decisions. It is often asserted that in the private sector the decision maker deals with a single objective of profit maximization (or shareholder wealth maximization) whereas in the public sector often multiple conflicting objectives must be balanced. I will argue that in both cases the choice of a decision involves balancing multiple concerns and impact on multiple stakeholders.
In vitro UGT1A1 inhibition by tyrosine kinase inhibitors and association with drug-induced hyperbilirubinemia.

Hyperbilirubinemia has been observed in patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) drugs. Therefore, it would be beneficial to understand whether there is a relationship between inhibition of uridine-5′-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 activity and observed bilirubin elevations in TKI drug-treated patients. UGT1A1 is responsible for the glucuronidation of bilirubin which leads to its elimination in the bile. To examine this question, an in vitro glucuronidation assay was developed to determine the inhibitory effect of TKI drugs employing human liver microsomes (HLM) with varying UGT1A1 activity. Utilizing β-estradiol as the UGT1A1 probe substrate, 20 TKI drugs were evaluated at concentrations that represent clinical plasma levels. Adverse event reports were searched to generate an empirical Bayes geometric mean (EGBM) score for clinical hyperbilirubinemia with the TKI drugs. Erlotinib, nilotinib, regorafenib, pazopanib, sorafenib and vemurafenib had IC50 values that were lower than their clinical steady-state Cmax concentrations. These TKI drugs had high incidences of hyperbilirubinemia and higher EBGM scores. The IC50 values and Cmax/IC50 ratios correlated well with EBGM scores for hyperbilirubinemia (P < 0.005). For the TKI drugs with higher incidence of hyperbilirubinemia in Gilbert syndrome patients, who have reduced UGT1A1 activity, six of eight had smaller ratios in the low UGT1A1 activity microsomes than the wild-type microsomes for drugs, indicating greater sensitivity to the drugs in this phenotype. These results suggest that in vitro UGT1A1 inhibition assays have the potential to predict clinical hyperbilirubinemia.
Application of electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (ESPR) to the study of electroactive microbial biofilms

Electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (ESPR) monitors faradaic processes optically by the change in refractive index that occurs with a change in redox state at the electrode surface. Here we apply ESPR to investigate the anode-grown Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilm (GSB), a model system used to study electroactive microbial biofilms (EABFs) which perform electrochemical reactions using electrodes as metabolic electron acceptors or donors. A substantial body of evidence indicates that electron transfer reactions among hemes of c-type cytochromes (c-Cyt) play major roles in the extracellular electron transfer (EET) pathways that connect intracellular metabolic processes of cells in an EABF to the electrode surface. The results reported here reveal that when the potential of the electrode is changed from relatively oxidizing (0.40 V vs. SHE) to reducing (−0.55 V vs. SHE) and then back to oxidizing, 70% of c-Cyt residing closest to the biofilm/electrode (within hundreds of nm from the electrode surface) appear to remain trapped in the reduced state, requiring as long as 12 hours to be re-oxidized. c-Cyt storing electrons cannot contribute to EET, yet turnover current resulting from cellular oxidation of acetate coupled with EET to the electrode surface is unaffected. This suggests that a relatively small fraction of c-Cyt residing closest to the biofilm/electrode interface is involved in EET while the majority store electrons. The results also reveal that biomass density at the biofilm/electrode interface increases rapidly during lag phase, reaching its maximum value at the onset of exponential biofilm growth when turnover current begins to rapidly increase.
Variations in patterns of concurrent androgen deprivation therapy use based on dose escalation with external beam radiotherapy vs. brachytherapy boost for prostate cancer.

Abstract Purpose Retrospective data suggest less benefit from androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in the setting of dose-escalated definitive radiation for prostate cancer, especially when a combination of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and brachytherapy approaches are used. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that patients with prostate cancer with intermediate- or high-risk disease undergoing extreme dose escalation with a brachytherapy boost are less likely to receive ADT. Methods and Materials Data from the National Cancer Database were extracted for men aged 40–90 years diagnosed with node-negative, non-metastatic prostate cancer from 2004 to 2015. Only patients with intermediate- or high-risk disease who were treated with definitive radiotherapy were included. The association and patterns of care between dose escalated radiotherapy and ADT receipt were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. Results Patients with unfavorable intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer were significantly less likely to receive ADT if they underwent dose escalation with a combination of EBRT and brachytherapy (odds ratio 0.67, p Conclusion In this large national database, patients with unfavorable intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer were significantly less likely to receive guideline-indicated ADT if they underwent extreme dose escalation with combined radiation modalities. As we await prospective data guiding the utility of ADT with dose escalated radiation, these findings suggest potential underutilization of ADT in patients at higher risk of advanced disease.