cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 5188: Lrig1, a cell surface negative regulator of ErbB1-4, marks both proliferative and quiescent intestinal stem cells and acts as a tumor suppressor

Whether proliferative and quiescent intestinal stem cells coexist in normal and cancerous tissue is controversial. Due to heightened transcript expression in the intestinal epithelial stem cell compartment, detection in quiescent hair follicle stem cells and frequent loss in breast cancer, we hypothesized that Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domain protein 1 (Lrig1) would mark a novel population of intestinal stem cells and may be important for intestinal homeostasis and in cancer. To study this, we generated Lrig1-CreERT2/+; R26R-LacZ mice to study the role of Lrig1. One day after Lrig1-CreERT2/+; R26R-LacZ mice received a single injection of tamoxifen, 1-2 cells were labeled in the progenitor zone. Three months after injection, 10% of colonic crypts were entirely labeled and 8% of crypts contained singly labeled, non-proliferative, Lgr5-negative cells at the crypt-base. In a regenerative response to gut injury, these singly labeled cells proliferated and gave rise to clusters of labeled daughter cells, demonstrating the ability of these quiescent stem cells to become activated. Loss of Lrig1 resulted in heightened expression of ErbB1-3 in the normal intestine, duodenal adenomas and carcinoma, supporting a functional role for Lrig1 in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial homeostasis and its ability to act as a tumor suppressor. In addition, driving stochastic loss of Apc in Lrig1-expressing cells results in multiple, large distal colonic tumors and less frequent, smaller intestinal tumors, which are common features of human familial polyposis. In summary, we show that Lrig1, a cell surface negative regulator of ErbB1-4, marks both proliferative and quiescent intestinal stem cells and acts as a tumor suppressor. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5188. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5188
Tough Love: The Causal Effects of Debt Covenants on Firm Performance

I investigate whether restrictive loan covenants disrupt or improve firm operating performance. Using an instrumental variables approach to address the endogenous relationship between covenant strictness and firms' efficiency, I find stricter loan covenants cause an increase in profitability and a reduction in operating cost. Stricter covenants improve performance only in firms with poor governance: those without large shareholder ownership, with weaker shareholder rights, facing softer competition in their product market, or with inside director dominated boards. The evidence is consistent with the view that the design of debt contracts can mitigate agency costs in firms that lack alternative governance mechanisms.
Following the Money: The Cultural Work of State Support for Creative Industries in Senegal and Burkina Faso

Even before independence, government leaders in West Africa were aware of the importance of creative industries, particularly music and film, as critical means of self-determined global representation of their states. As a result, state money has consistently played a large role in supporting and developing these media and encouraging their multi-vectored dissemination in transnational markets. This comparative study looks at the dynamics of the cultural work being done by state-led initiatives in Senegal and Burkina Faso to support their popular music and film industries. Particular attention is paid to the development of programs for education and professionalization in technical and artistic aspects of hip hop culture and film production, as well as the increasing role of joint partnerships between domestic state organs and international funders in supporting these ventures. Using participant-observation and semi-structured interviews with artists, cultural actors, and government officials collected over 16 months of fieldwork in Senegal and Burkina Faso, this project aims to illustrate the impact of the politics of funding on creative processes by presenting a narrative of the complex relationship between the funders and the funded in a development agenda which utilizes creative industries as vehicles for growth and cultural diplomacy in the digital age.
Polycystic ovary syndrome: pathophysiology and outcome with in vitro fertilization

Objective To assess the efficacy of IVF-ET in infertile women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to provide a comprehensive review of contemporary therapeutic options and their complications as reflected in the current literature. Design Pertinent studies in medical literature identified through computerized bibliographic search and via manual review of relevant scientific publications. Results In vitro fertilization and ET is an effective therapy for PCOS patients who are refractory to ovulation induction in vivo or who have coexisting infertility factors. The use of GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) is associated with significant reductions in the incidence of pregnancy loss and may improve fertilization and cleavage rates. In the PCOS patient, the use of purified FSH preparations does not appear to improve pregnancy rates nor other clinical parameters when compared with hMG. Severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is an important consideration when PCOS patients undergo superovulation protocols. Strategies for OHSS prevention include the use of intravenous albumin immediately after oocyte retrieval, triggering of ovulation with a GnRH-a, or withholding menotropin therapy for several days before hCG administration. Cryopreservation of all embryos for future transfer in an artificial cycle has also proven to be an effective alternative in PCOS patients at high risk for severe OHSS. Conclusions Pregnancy rates for PCOS patients undergoing IVF-ET are comparable with those for women with tubal factor infertility. Therefore, IVF-ET should be offered to patients with PCOS who are refractory to conventional infertility modalities.
Illness and Image: Case Studies in the Medical Humanities

The humanities in higher education are too often labeled as impractical and are not usually valued in today's marketplace. Yet in professional fields, such as the health sciences, interest in what the humanities can offer has increased. Advocates claim the humanities offer health care professionals greater insight into how to work with those who need their help. Illness and Image introduces undergraduates and professionals to the medical humanities, using a series of case studies, beginning with debates about male circumcision from the ancient world to the present, to the meanings of authenticity in the face transplantation arena. The case studies address the interpretation of mental illness as a disability and the "new" category of mental illness, "self-harm." Sander L. Gilman shows how medicine projects such categories' existence into the historical past to show that they are not bound in time and space and, therefore, are "real." Illness and Image provides students and researchers with models and possible questions regarding categories often assumed to be either trans-historical or objective, making it useful as a textbook.
Increased C-reactive protein and fever in Japanese infants with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome.

Background Increased C-reactive protein (CRP) and fever are observed in some infants with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) in Japan, but the reproducibility of these findings has not yet been confirmed on oral food challenge (OFC). Methods Fourteen infants with FPIES induced by cow's milk (CM) formula were enrolled. OFC using CM formula was performed on each infant once or repeatedly (total 18 tests), with a stepwise incremental protocol in an infection-controlled setting. CRP was measured 24 h after the last ingestion of the CM formula. Results Increased CRP was observed in 11 of the 18 OFC conducted (median, 2.60 mg/dL; range, 0.22–4.84 mg/dL). Fever was induced in six occasions during OFC. Serum CRP in the patients with fever increased to median 3.76 mg/dL (range, <0.7–4.84 mg/dL), which was significantly higher than that of the patients without fever (median <0.1 mg/dL; range, <0.1–2.6 mg/dL; P < 0.001). CRP during OFC significantly correlated with that at disease onset (rs = 0.62, P < 0.02). Three of the four patients with fever at disease onset also had fever during OFC. Conclusions Increased CRP and fever are reproducible during OFC in some infants with FPIES, suggesting that these are not accidental phenomena, but instead are associated with FPIES itself in Japanese patients.
Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on the belly firmness and fatty acid composition of genetically lean pigs.

A study of the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the belly firmness and fatty acid composition of genetically lean pigs was conducted. From 75 to 120 kg live weight, 30 gilts were allowed ad libitum access to a corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with either 1% CLA oil (CLA-60) or 1% sunflower oil (SFO) or were fed the sunflower oil-supplemented diet restricted to the amount consumed by pigs fed the CLA-60 diet (RSFO). Conjugated linoleic acid oil consists of 60% positional and geometric isomers of CLA. Pigs fed SFO exhibited higher average daily gains (0.98 vs 0.80 kg/d, P 0.05) backfat thickness or longissimus muscle area. Bellies of gilts fed CLA-60 were subjectively evaluated to be firmer (2.91 vs 2.43 or 2.07 +/- 0.13, P 0.05) 24-h pH, drip loss or subjective quality evaluations of the longissimus muscle. The effect of supplemental CLA to improve belly firmness is of practical significance and may provide a nutritional solution to carcass fat and belly firmness problems, thereby enhancing the overall value of extremely lean carcasses.
The Current Status of Prosthetic-Vein Composite Grafts for Lower Extremity Revascularization

Despite an aggressive approach toward maximum use of autogenous vein for infrageniculate vascular reconstructions, some patients will have inadequate or insufficient vein. Composite grafts, consisting of a prosthetic proximal portion and a distal autologous vein segment, are a viable alternative with graft patency and limb salvage rates that, although inferior to vein grafts, are superior to prosthetic grafts alone. This article reviews the indications, technique, and results for composite grafts, and defines their role in the management of lower extremity occlusive disease.
Development and test of a multidimensional scale of blog engagement

ABSTRACTOne of the most important areas of social media measurement is engagement; however, industry measures that equate engagement with social media interactions are often inadequate. This study contributes to the ongoing discussion about how to conceptualize engagement and introduces a valid, reliable scale for measuring blog engagement that is grounded in qualitative research. The qualitative research resulted in four dimensions; however, one of the dimensions did not make it through the data analysis process. The resulting blog engagement scale consists of presence, virality, and utility dimensions.
Critical theory: Immanuel Kant's critics of philosophy-critical accounting

This paper attempts to provide a definition of critical accounting using the methodology used by Kant in modern philosophy. The article attempts to show that critical theory can be applied to various disciplines. The paper argues that markets studies research failed to conduct a proper search for the truths and that critical accounting is the branch of accounting and business that has attempted to investigate the financial crises in capitalism. The article provides a discussion on the role of auditors and corporate governance, the financial crisis of 2008 and the various capital markets regulations and laws in the USA from President Roosevelt to President Obama.
Antithesis in Schiller’S Poetry

(1959). Antithesis in Schiller’S Poetry. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 165-184.
Linoleic Acid is a Diabetes-relevant Stimulator of Retinal Inflammation in Human Retinal Muller Cells and Microvascular Endothelial Cells.

Objective: To determine the effect of oleic acid and linoleic acid on the production and secretion of specific diabetic retinopathy- (DR-) related cytokines: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) by human retinal glial cells, retinal endothelial cells, and retinal pigment epithelial cells. These expression profiles will be compared to those obtained by treatment of the same cell types with elevated D-glucose, a diabetes-relevant stimulus often used in retinal cell culture experiments. Methods: Primary cultures of human retinal Muller cells, astrocytes, and microvascular endothelial cells (RMEC) and a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) were treated with oleic acid, linoleic acid, elevated Dglucose, or L-glucose as an osmotic control. VEGF, IL-6, and IL-8 concentrations in conditioned media were determined by colorimetric ELISA and normalized to total cellular protein. Results: In the conditioned medium of human Muller cells, linoleic and oleic acid increased VEGF production by 6.4-fold and 9.9-fold, respectively. Linoleic acid also significantly increased IL-6 by 2.9-fold and IL-8 by 5.7-fold. Lglucose and D-glucose both increased VEGF by 3.1-fold in Muller cell conditioned medium. Linoleic acid increased IL-8 concentrations by 56% in human RMEC conditioned medium. Human retinal astrocytes and ARPE-19 were unaffected by all stimuli. Conclusions: Linoleic and oleic acid induce inflammatory mediators believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). In culture, the free fatty acid insults, particularly linoleic acid, significantly increased cytokine production by Muller cells. In summary, these data identified Muller cells as the primary producer of these inflammatory mediators when treated with unsaturated fatty acids. This study also demonstrates that elevated glucose is an inadequate stimulus for assessing the production of inflammatory mediators. Therefore this study provides a novel in vitro model system of the dyslipidemia-induced inflammation occurring in DR.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression in Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities: A Review

ABSTRACTDepression is common in individuals with intellectual disabilities, but evidence regarding treatment for this population is lacking. Through a systematic literature review of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with individuals with intellectual disabilities, a total of six studies were identified that used pretest–post-test nonequivalent control group designs. Effect sizes ranged from negligible to large. Given design limitations of these studies, CBT may be feasible but it cannot currently be considered an empirically supported treatment for depression in individuals with intellectual disabilities. Further research and study designs are discussed.
Chapter 7 – Summary and Future Outlook

In this concluding chapter a guide to a number of futuristic approaches to expand the process map of friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloys is provided. These approaches include the development of FSW friendly precipitation-strengthened aluminum alloys, thermal management, and modified postweld heat treatment.
Data Use as Instructional Reform: Exploring Educators' Reports of Classroom Practice.

ABSTRACTThrough policies like No Child Left Behind, the federal government incentivized the use of student performance data as a core strategy for improving student achievement. The assumption behind these efforts is that data will be used to guide teacher practice and promote high-quality instruction. This study examined how teachers describe using data in their instructional practices. Findings reveal that few teachers were able to articulate an ability to bridge the divide between using data to identify students in need of help and using data to modify instruction. We discuss factors that supported or impeded educators’ use of data.
Rate-limited control of systems with uncertain gain

Controlling and stabilizing systems involves countering the impact of explicit communication constraints in addition to inherent system model parameter uncertainty and random noise. Here we use an information-theoretic approach to jointly tackle all three issues and understand their interactions. Our main result bounds the minimum communication rate required for the mean-square stability of a system with uncertain system gain. Moreover, our techniques extend to provide a finer characterization of the required rate when specific finite bounds on the second moment of the state are desired.
Abstract 4880: MAGE gene family expression in pediatric medulloblastoma: frequency and possible therapeutic target

Background: The melanoma antigen gene family (MAGE) is a group of related genes that were first discovered in malignant melanoma. Among the approximately 40 MAGE genes in the human genome, two thirds are classified as Type I (MAGE-A, MAGE-B, and MAGE-C), referred to also as cancer testis antigens (CTAs), proteins that are restricted to testis but often aberrantly expressed in many adult cancers. Despite their common expression in adult cancers and their oncogenic potential, little is known about their expression and role in pediatric cancers. To determine the frequency of MAGE expression in pediatric medulloblastoma, we measured expression levels of Type I MAGEs in patient tumors. In addition, we examined how MAGE expression in medulloblastoma cells affects their growth and oncogenic potential. Methods: We searched the Children’s Health pathology database for pediatric medulloblastoma between 2008 - 2015 and were able to recover an adequate amount of RNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 34 patients. The RNA was converted to cDNA using reverse transcriptase, and the relative expression of 23 Type I MAGE genes was measured by qRT-PCR. To determine if MAGE expression is critical for medulloblastoma cell survival we knocked down several MAGEs using siRNAs in two MAGE-expressing medulloblastoma cell lines (D283 and DAOY) and evaluated the effect by cell viability (Alamar Blue and Cell titer Glo), apoptosis assays (Annexin V), and colony formation in soft agar. Results: In 34 medulloblastoma patient samples we found that 10 (29.4%) expressed at least one MAGE gene, and one case had high levels of expression of 10 of the 23 Type I MAGEs. MAGE expression was associated with the non-WNT/SHH (G3/G4) molecular subgroup of tumors in our study. There was no correlation between MAGE expression and histologic subtype. Furthermore, using MAGE-A/-B2 positive medulloblastoma cell lines, we showed that siRNA knock down of multiple MAGE-As and -B2 decreased cell viability by 15 - 80%, increased apoptosis (-B2), and decreased growth of cells in soft agar. Conclusion: Type I MAGE genes are expressed in 30% of pediatric medulloblastoma in our study. In MAGE positive medulloblastoma cells, MAGE genes are important for cell survival and clonogenic growth. The decreased cell survival after MAGE knockdown appears to be related, at least in part, to increased apoptosis. Our results indicate that targeting of MAGEs in medulloblastoma may be a potential therapeutic option. Citation Format: Rebecca R. Collins, Klementina Fon Tacer, Dinesh Rakheja, Patrick Ryan Potts. MAGE gene family expression in pediatric medulloblastoma: frequency and possible therapeutic target [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4880. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4880
Ecological Momentary Assessment and Experience Sampling

This chapter is going to focus on ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and the experience sampling method (ESM) and I’ll refer to both as EMA. And I’m going to discuss about what they are, what the alternatives are to collect the same kind of information about a day, and then I’ll cover a little bit about how some folks are trying to incorporate this into the survey research.
Statistical analysis and performance evaluation of optical array receivers for deep-space optical communications under random tracking errors

Telescope array receiver is a viable architecture for Earth-based reception in a deep-space optical communication system. In this paper, effects of random tracking errors on the performance of optical array receivers for an inter-planetary deep-space optical communications link between Earth and Mars is investigated. The paper has two major parts. In the first part, statistical analysis and mathematical modeling of the impact of tracking errors on general direct-detection optical communication receivers is presented. The analytical results show that tracking errors could severely degrade the performance of optical receivers; hence, these need to be compensated, especially in a deep-space link. In the second part, design and analysis of a closed-loop tracking subsystem for telescope array receivers operating in a deep-space link is presented. An end-to-end simulation platform for communication between Earth and Mars is implemented that incorporates direct-detection array receivers and the proposed tracking subsystems to alleviate the effects of random tracking errors. Extreme channel conditions, i.e., maximum distance, strong background noise and turbulence conditions are modeled to evaluate the performance bounds. Simulations results depict that in worst-case channel conditions, the proposed architecture mitigates the impact of tracking errors to be within reasonable limits. Comparison of achievable data rates show that in the presence of random tracking errors, replacement of a large telescope (10m diameter) with an array of relatively smaller-sized telescopes (i.e., 100, 1m telescopes) results in acceptable performance loss (i.e., <13%). Hence, performance degradation due to tracking errors does not pose a major limitation in employing array architecture in deep-space communication. The presented analysis further strengthens the viability of array architecture compared to a monolithic, large telescope for deep-space communications.
Carboxylic Acids and Phenols

The purpose of this chapter is an inventory of the types of organic acids and phenols in ground water, rain water, interstitial water, river, and lake water. In addition, this chapter discusses the distribution, composition, and chemistry of organic acids and phenols. Organic acids have been divided into various classes, which are based on their acidity and geochemistry. They include: carboxylic acids, phenols, and tannins. Because of weak acidity of the phenolic group, phenols and tannins are addressed in the same chapter as carboxylic acids.
Control of Gene Expression in Muscle Development

This review does not attempt to exhaustively summarize all of the recent studies concerning the mechanisms of gene expression during muscle development, but rather attempts to critically analyze recent studies describing which regulatory mechanisms are utilized by muscles during terminal differentiation. Terminal differentiation of muscles involves the transition from dividing myoblasts to multinucleate fibers, or myotubes, and leads to the ultimate appearance of muscle-specific proteins and their assembly into functional contractile apparatus. In addition, the determination of those isoforms of the contractile proteins to be synthesized by different fibers is an integral part of this differentiative process. For an excellent review of muscle proteins and their synthesis, readers are referred to Buckingham (1977).
Geosimulation and its Application to Urban Growth Modeling

Automata-based models have enjoyed widespread application to urban simulation in recent years. Cellular automata (CA) and multi-agent systems (MAS) have been particularly popular. However, CA and MAS are often confused. In many instances, CA are paraphrased as agent-based models and simply re-interpreted as MAS. This is interesting from a geographical standpoint, because the two may be distinguished by their spatial attributes. First, they differ in terms of their mobility: CA cannot “move”, but MAS are mobile entities. Second, in terms of interaction, CA transmit information by diffusion over neighborhoods; MAS transmit information by themselves, moving between locations that can be at any distance from an agent’s current position. These different views on the basic geography of the system can have important implications for urban simulations developed using the tools. It may result in different space-time dynamics between model runs and may have important consequences for the use of the models as applied tools. In this chapter, a patently spatial framework for urban simulation with automata Tools is described: Geographic Automata Systems (GAS). The applicability of the GAS approach will be demonstrated with reference to practical implementations, showing how the framework can be used to develop intuitive models of urban dynamics.
Anterior Hypothalamic Stimulation Decreases Serum Immunoglobulin G Concentrations

Neuroimmunological research has indicated that hypothalamic structures play an important role in the modulation of immunoresponsivity. We report that electrical stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus decreases the concentration of Immunoglobulin G (lgG) in rat serum. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either an anterior or dummy electrode group. Following the determination of baseline IgG concentrations animals were placed in an operant chamber where electrical stimulation was delivered to animals in the anterior group. Animals in the dummy electrode group were placed in an operant chamber but received no brain stimulation through the attached cable. IgG concentrations were determined for each animal 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours following each session in the operant chamber. Poststimulation measurement periods were counterbalanced across animals to control for possible order effects. A significant decrease in IgG concentrations was found between animals in the anterior group and animals in the dummy electrode group. An analysis was also performed to assess the effects of repeated measurements on IgG concentrations. As compared to the dummy electrode group, the anterior group displayed Significantly higher IgG concentrations as a function of the number of measurements. The results of the present study indicate that anterior hypothalamic activity can change IgG concentrations without antigenic challenge and the relevance of this finding as applied to current research in Health Psychology is discussed.
Using convolutional neural networks to classify static x-ray imager diagnostic data at the National Ignition Facility

Hohlraums convert the laser energy at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) into X-ray energy to compress and implode a fusion capsule, creating fusion. The Static X-ray Imager (SXI) diagnostic collects time-integrated images of hohlraum wall X-ray illumination patterns viewed through the laser entrance hole (LEH). NIF image processing algorithms calculate the size and location of the LEH opening from the SXI images. Images obtained come from different experimental categories and camera setups and occasionally do not contain applicable or usable information. Unexpected experimental noise in the data can also occur where affected images should be removed and not run through the processing algorithms. Current approaches to try and identify these types of images are done manually and on a case-by-case basis, which can be prohibitively time-consuming. In addition, the diagnostic image data can be sparse (missing segments or pieces) and may lead to false analysis results. There exists, however, an abundant variety of image examples in the NIF database. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been shown to work well with this type of data and under these conditions. The objective of this work was to apply transfer learning and fine tune a pre-trained CNN using a relatively small-scale dataset (~1500 images) and determine which instances contained useful image data. Experimental results are presented that show that CNNs can readily identify useful image data while filtering out undesirable images. The CNN filter is currently being used in production at the NIF.
Near-infrared endoscopic imaging of deep artificial approximal lesions in extracted teeth

Near-infrared (NIR) dental imaging using scanning fiber endoscope (SFE) is being developed with advantages of miniature size (1.6mm), flexible shaft, video frame rate (7Hz), and expandable field of view (60 degrees). Using 1310, 1460, and 1550 nm laser diodes, the multispectral NIR SFE provides high contrast of lesion with transparency of stained and non-calcified plaque. However, capabilities of scanned NIR imaging remain unknown. Artificial interproximal lesions are created in extracted human posterior teeth by preparing a cavitation on the mesial or distal surface and then the cavitated artificial lesions were filled with hydroxyapatite powder and sealed with cyanoacrylate resin. Lesions are prepared at different occlusal-gingival depths from marginal ridges, lesion drilling depths and lesion size. Endoscopic reflectance images were acquired and compared to micro-CT scans and 1310 nm OCT images of the lesions to evaluate performance of the nirSFE. Results show that NIR SFE can image deep lesions under sound enamel with thickness of ≤4mm. All three wavelengths can detect deep lesions through the occlusal enamel which are not visible by naked-eye. 1460 nm has the highest contrast between lesion and sound enamel while 1310nm more clearly shows the contrast between enamel and dentin. Our nirSFE system can detect artificial interproximal lesions less than 4 mm below the occlusal surface, distinguish different drilling depth both in enamel and in dentin layer. Furthermore, the nirSFE realtime imaging and video functionality renders better lesion contrast and helps distinguish specular reflection and lesion signal. In conclusion, the NIR SFE has the potential to measure volume of these lesions due to the many viewing angles achievable by the miniature and flexible probe tip.
Book Review: Wasn’t That A Time: The Weavers, the Blacklist, and the Battle for the Soul of America by Jesse Jarnow

Jesse Jarnow. Wasn’t That A Time: The Weavers, the Blacklist, and the Battle for the Soul of America . New York, NY: Da Capo Press, 2018. 296 pp. This book revisits the times and career of the Weavers, known in the 1950s as “America’s best-loved folksingers,” for having earned four
Observation on safety of sequential vaccination schedule of different strain inactivated poliovirus vaccines

Objective: To evaluate the safety of population based sequential vaccination schedule of inactivated poliovirus vaccines prepared with different strains. Methods: This randomized, parallel-group controlled trial was conducted from March, 2017 to May, 2018, in Shanghai. Adverse reaction data of Sabin strain inactivated polio vaccine (sIPV), wild strains inactivated polio vaccines (wIPV) and bivalent types Ⅰ and Ⅲ oral poliomyelitis vaccine (bOPV) were systematically collected through active observation in 1 917 infants in Shanghai after the vaccination at 2, 3, 4 months old. The eligible infants aged 2 months were divided into 4 groups: ①sIPV+sIPV+bOPV group; ②sIPV+wIPV+bOPV group; ③wIPV+sIPV+bOPV group; ④wIPV+wIPV+bOPV group. Results: The incidence of adverse reaction 30 days later after 3 basic dose vaccinations was 16.79% (946/5 633). No serious adverse reaction was reported. Local and systemic reactions were mainly mild. Common local reactions were pain, erythema, cutaneous nodule, etc.; and common systemic reactions were abnormal crying, drowsiness, diarrhea and appetite lost, etc.. The incidence of local reactions 30 days later after 3 basic dose vaccinations was 1.65% (93/5 633), and the incidence rates of grade 1-3 reactions were1.26% (71/5 633), 0.21% (12/5 633) and 0.20% (11/5 633) respectively. The incidence rate of systemic reactions 30 days later after 3 basic vaccinations was 15.14% (853/5 633), and the incidence rates of grade 1-3 reactions were 11.33% (638/5 633), 3.18% (179/5 633) and 0.64% (36/5 633) respectively. There were no significant differences in the rate of grade 3 reaction among different groups (χ(2)=4.17, P=0.24). Conclusions: No severe adverse reactions related to sequential vaccination of different strain inactivated polio vaccines were observed, most of reactions were mild and all of them were cured. It is safe to use sIPV and wIPV simultaneously or alternately for childhood sequential vaccination.
Deep convolutional neural networks for multi-scale time-series classification and application to disruption prediction in fusion devices

The multi-scale, mutli-physics nature of fusion plasmas makes predicting plasma events challenging. Recent advances in deep convolutional neural network architectures (CNN) utilizing dilated convolutions enable accurate predictions on sequences which have long-range, multi-scale characteristics, such as the time-series generated by diagnostic instruments observing fusion plasmas. Here we apply this neural network architecture to the popular problem of disruption prediction in fusion tokamaks, utilizing raw data from a single diagnostic, the Electron Cyclotron Emission imaging (ECEi) diagnostic from the DIII-D tokamak. ECEi measures a fundamental plasma quantity (electron temperature) with high temporal resolution over the entire plasma discharge, making it sensitive to a number of potential pre-disruptions markers with different temporal and spatial scales. Promising, initial disruption prediction results are obtained training a deep CNN with large receptive field (~30k), achieving an $F_1$-score of ~91% on individual time-slices using only the ECEi data.
The Development of a Web-Based Literacy Learning Environment: A Dialogue between Innovation and Established Practices

AbstractThis article describes the development of a Web-based literacy learning software application: Technology Enhanced Learning Environment on the Web (TELE-Web). TELE-Web was developed based on an existing literacy program for elementary school students. In describing the development of TELE-Web, we adopt an emerging perspective on technology and established practices in education and literacy. This perspective also explores how technology is affected by literacy practices in educational contexts, instead of concentrating only on the effects of technology.
Internet of Things in Water Management and Treatment

The goal of the water security IoT chapter is to present a comprehensive and integrated IoT based approach to environmental quality and monitoring by generating new knowledge and innovative approaches that focus on sustainable resource management. Mainly, this chapter focuses on IoT applications in wastewater and stormwater, and the human and environmental consequences of water contaminants and their treatment. The IoT applications using sensors for sewer and stormwater monitoring across networked landscapes, water quality assessment, treatment, and sustainable management are introduced. The studies of rate limitations in biophysical and geochemical processes that support the ecosystem services related to water quality are presented. The applications of IoT solutions based on these discoveries are also discussed.
Metallic Barriers for Protection of Contacts in Electronic Circuits from Atmospheric Corrosion

The effectiveness of a variety of 1 to 2-μm-thick barriers in preventing the interdiffusion of copper substrates with gold overplates was investigated. These studies were carried out at both elevated (400 and 500°C) and low temperatures (100 and 175°C). In the high temperature range, of the materials studied, only the cobalt and cobalt-5 weight percent phosphorous were found to be effective barriers. Their effectiveness was comparable to that of the nickel-8 weight percent phosphorous barrier reported by Turn. The low temperature results were anomalous in that the specimens annealed at 100°C show greater penetration than those annealed at 175°C. It is proposed that this temperature effect is related to the concurrent recrystallization of the gold overplate taking place to a larger degree during the higher temperature diffusion anneal. Thus, at the lower temperature the high density of grain boundaries characteristic of asplated structures is better preserved and leads to a larger overall (grain-boundary) diffusive flux.
The Social Media Risk Premium

Social media has become a real part of Main Street and Wall Street. Social media risk is hard to diversify, since it is a catalyst for contagion, causing an issue to `go viral' and affect a wide cross-section of firms. We show that institutional and retail investors demand a risk premium from stocks and bonds with higher social media betas. Unlike other risk factors whose origin is hard to pin down, social media risk is linked exclusively to the age of social media and did not exist prior to the rise of today's social media giants. Social media risk carries an annual risk premium of 7.2% in stocks and 3.3% in bonds.
Numerical Simulations of Particulate Suspensions via a Discretized Boltzmann Equation Part I. Theoretical Foundation

A new and very general technique for simulating solid-fluid suspensions is described; its most important feature is that the computational cost scales linearly with the number of particles. The method combines Newtonian dynamics of the solid particles with a discretized Boltzmann equation for the fluid phase; the many-body hydrodynamic interactions are fully accounted for, both in the creeping-flow regime and at higher Reynolds numbers. Brownian motion of the solid particles arises spontaneously from stochastic fluctuations in the fluid stress tensor, rather than from random forces or displacements applied directly to the particles. In this paper, the theoretical foundations of the technique are laid out, illustrated by simple analytical and numerical examples; in the companion paper, extensive numerical tests of the method, for stationary flows, time-dependent flows, and finite Reynolds number flows, are reported.
An Analysis of Hate Crime Victimization Amongst Immigrants

The primary purpose of the current study was to understand immigrant hate crime victimization in the U.S. Specifically, the authors analyzed the most recent data from the National Crime Victimization Survey to explore the factors that influence hate crime experiences and reporting by immigrant victims. Results from the binary logistic regression analyses revealed significant relationships between immigration status, citizenship status, number of prior incidents experienced as well as certain demographic characteristics and being the victim of a hate crime. Overall, being an immigrant or non-citizen, was associated with an increase in odds of being the victim of a hate crime. In terms of victims’ reporting of hate crime, immigration status had no impact, but the number of incidents experienced, being married and being less educated significantly increased reporting among victims. Numerous recommendations are provided, however, the most important step forward is the creation of a legal status category within the UCR’s Hate Crime data collection coupled with several legal protections for victims.
Lexical Categories: Verbs, Nouns and Adjectives

For decades, generative linguistics has said little about the differences between verbs, nouns, and adjectives. This book seeks to fill this theoretical gap by presenting simple and substantive syntactic definitions of these three lexical categories. Mark C. Baker claims that the various superficial differences found in particular languages have a single underlying source which can be used to give better characterizations of these 'parts of speech'. These definitions are supported by data from languages from every continent, including English, Italian, Japanese, Edo, Mohawk, Chichewa, Quechua, Choctaw, Nahuatl, Mapuche, and several Austronesian and Australian languages. Baker argues for a formal, syntax-oriented, and universal approach to the parts of speech, as opposed to the functionalist, semantic, and relativist approaches that have dominated the few previous works on this subject. This book will be welcomed by researchers and students of linguistics and by related cognitive scientists of language.
The Supreme Court decision on abortion

THE UNITED STATES Supreme Court’s decision on abortion, handed down on January 22, 1973, will significantly affect the practice of obstetrics in this country. It therefore behooves every American obstetrician to be familiar with this decision and its meaning. Since the Court’s ruling is so extensive and detailed, it is unlikely that many obstetricians will read the original document. With consultative help from several prominent constitutional lawyers, I propose to cite the most important passages of the decision, to interpret it in medicolegal terms, and to add a few comments about its implementation.
A Suggested Approach to Creative Dance in Physical Education

(1947). A Suggested Approach to Creative Dance in Physical Education. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 375-421.
Studies on adenosine triphosphate transphosphorylases. XI. Isolation of the crystalline adenosine triphosphate-creatine transphosphorylases from the muscle and brain of man, calf, and rabbit; and a preparation of their enzymatically active hybrids.

Abstract Detailed procedures are described for the isolation of the crystalline isoenzymes of adenosine triphosphate-creatine transphosphorylase, in good yield, from the muscle and brain of man, calf, and rabbit. The original isolation procedure of Kuby et al. (1) for the rabbit muscle enzyme has been modified to include a batchwise adaptation of a chromatographic step to be described herein for the other muscle types, to permit the isolation of large amounts of a relatively pure preparation for chemical studies. In addition, another convenient procedure is given for the crystallization of the rabbit muscle enzyme from aqueous (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 solutions, which might be amenable to X-ray structural analyses. Practicable procedures are presented for the preparation, in excellent yields, of the enzymatically active hybrids of the ATP-creatine transphosphorylase, from their component polypeptide chains of the muscle- and of the brain-type enzymes from both man and calf. Descriptions are given for the disruption and annealing of each of the component polypeptide chains of their respective isolated isoenzymes; and a chromatographic system is provided for the separation of the reannealed isoenzymes (with the hybrid included) as native species. Finally, the stability properties of each of the several (six) isoenzymes from the muscle and brain are briefly outlined, in particular, with respect to pH and temperature, to provide a future basis for their physicochemical characterization and comparison. In the case of the human isoenzymes (muscle- and brain-type), a comparative study has been conducted on the kinetics of H + -induced inactivation. These studies illustrate the greater acid lability of the brain type.
A General Equilibrium Model of Agricultural Trade: An Intertemporal Optimizing Approach with Implications for Tariffication

The paper develops a theoretical model such that the performance of the macroeconomy is consistent with optimizing the behavior of rational individuals. It demonstrates that, in principle, it is possible to convert existing trade barriers into tariffs by using the price-gap method. In practice, however, tariff and nontariff barriers are not equivalent; replacing policies that result in a price gap of x percent with a tariff of x percent will generally yield different trade volumes. U.S. farm exports will initially decline in anticipation of a reduction in foreign trade barriers. Current demand for U.S. agricultural exports is likely to decline as rational agents in the foreign agricultural sector reduce current storage and demand increase current production in anticipation of a decline in their domestic prices. U.S. export performance will improve once trade restrictions are actually reduced.
Living with xeroderma pigmentosum: comprehensive photoprotection for highly photosensitive patients

Summary Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disease of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair with ultraviolet (UV) radiation sensitivity and a 10 000-fold increased risk of skin cancer. Symptoms include: freckle-like pigmentation in sun-exposed skin before age 2 years, severe burns after minimal sun exposure (50% of patients) and damage to exposed surfaces of the eyes with loss of vision and ocular cancer. About 25% of patients develop a progressive neurodegeneration. The combination of an inherited inability to repair UV-induced DNA damage and environmental exposure to UV must occur for cutaneous and ocular symptoms to develop. There is no cure for XP, but many of its manifestations may be reduced or prevented through consistent UV protection; thus XP serves as a model for sun protection of patients with marked photosenstivity. Sun protective clothing including hats, sunglasses and face shields, sun screen lotions and avoidance of environmental sources of UV are cornerstones of prevention of skin and eye damage and cancer. Although XP is a serious disease with the potential for limitation of life expectancy, XP patients can live active lives while at the same time avoiding UV.
Robust Regulatory Networks

One of the characteristic features of genetic networks is their inherent robustness, that is, their ability to retain functionality in spite of the introduction of random errors. In this paper, we seek to better understand how robustness is achieved and what functionalities can be maintained robustly. Our goal is to formalize some of the language used in biological discussions in a reasonable mathematical framework, where questions can be answered in a rigorous fashion. These results provide basic conceptual understanding of robust regulatory networks that should be valuable independent of the details of the formalism. We model the gene regulatory network as a boolean network, a general and well-established model introduced by Stuart Kauffman. A boolean network is said to be in a viable configuration if the node states of the network at its fixpoint satisfy some given constraint. We specify how mutations affect the behavior of the boolean network. A network is then said to be robust if most random mutations to the network reach a viable configuration. The main question investigated in our study is: given a constraint on the fixpoint configuration, does there exist a network that is robust with respect to it and, if so, what is its structure? We demonstrate both explicit constructions of robust networks as well as negative results disproving their existence.
Microfabricated devices for performing chemical and biochemical analysis

There is growing interest in microfabricated devices that perform chemical and biochemical analysis. The general goal is to use microfabrication tools to construct miniature devices that can perform a complete analysis starting with an unprocessed sample. Such devices have been referred to as lab-on-a-chip devices. Initial efforts on microfluidic laboratory-on-a-chip devices focused on chemical separations. Several laboratories have reported over the past few years on devices microfabricated using planar glass substrates for performing capillary electrophoresis [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. Microchip devices have been demonstrated that perform open channel electrochromatography [10], and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography [11]. Micromachined glass substrates have also been used for the separation of DNA fragments [12, 13]. These miniature devices have shown performance either equivalent to or better than conventional laboratory devices in all cases investigated. For example, injection performance with the microfabricated devices has been observed to be one to two orders of magnitude more reproducible than with conventional capillary electrophoresis with 100 pL volumes. Other miniature chemical analysis devices that have recently been reported include flow injection analysis [14, 15, 16] and biosensors [17].