cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sarcomere length dependence of the rate of tension redevelopment and submaximal tension in rat and rabbit skinned skeletal muscle fibres

1. We examined the hypothesis that in skeletal muscle the steep relationship between twitch tension and sarcomere length (SL) within the range 2.30 to 1.85 microns involves SL-dependent alterations in the rate of tension development. 2. In skinned preparations of both rat slow-twitch and rabbit fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibres the rate of tension redevelopment (ktr) at 15 degrees C was reduced at short SL (approximately 2.00 microns) compared with a longer SL (approximately 2.30 microns). In submaximally activated fibres, the decrease in ktr over this range of lengths was greater in fast-twitch fibres (38% reduction) than in slow-twitch fibres (14% reduction). 3. Ca2+ sensitivity of tension, as assessed as the pCa (-log[Ca2+]) for half-maximal activation, or pCa50, decreased to a greater extent in rabbit fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibres than in slow-twitch fibres from both rabbit and rat when SL was reduced from approximately 2.30 to approximately 1.85 microns. The delta pCa50 over this SL range was 0.24 +/- 0.07 pCa units in fast-twitch fibres from rabbit psoas muscle. The delta pCa50 for slow-twitch fibres from rabbit and rat soleus muscle was 0.08 +/- 0.02 and 0.10 +/- 0.04 pCa units, respectively. 4. Osmotic compression of both slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibres at a SL of 2.00 microns increased ktr to values similar to those obtained at a SL of 2.30 microns in the absence of dextran. This result indicates that the slower rate of tension redevelopment at short SL is due in large part to the increase in interfilament lattice spacing associated with shorter SL. 5. Taken together, these results suggest that length dependence of twitch tension is, in part, due to length dependence of isometric cross-bridge interaction kinetics, an effect that is mediated by length-dependent changes in interfilament lattice spacing.
Carcinogenesis: a fifty-year historical perspective.

viruses have been developed and studied. The results emphasize the importance of the interplay between the inducing agent, host factors, and other environmental factors in determining the likelihood of developing malignant tumors. The study of xeroderma pigmentosum has indicated how the inability to repair ultraviolet light induced DNA damage can markedly accelerate the carinogenic effects of UV light. The induction of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in mice by chemical carcinogens has represented a system in which especially important conceptual contributions have been made to our understanding of carcinogenesis in general. Such studies were among the first to indicate that cells pass through various stages in the progression to malignancy, which implies that several discrete changes may be required to convert cells from normal to malignant. These observations have provided an experimental framework in which to understand the long latency periods seen in many forms of clinical cancer, where the inducing agents usually remain unknown. Papillomaviruses represent important agents of benign cutaneous tumors which have recently been implicated in a variety of epithelial malignancies, especially certain genital neoplasms. In recent years, the focus of carcinogenesis studies has shifted to mechanistic analyses and to the contribution of specific genes to tumorigenesis. These analyses have suggested that cutaneous carinogenesis at the molecular level results after several identifiable genetic alterations have occurred in the cell. Thus model systems of cutaneous carcinogenesis, in which early studies provided strong evidence for cancer being a multistep process, are now identifying the specific genes whose alterations contribute to malignant conversion. This historically oriented review highlights these and related advances in understanding cutaneous carcinogenesis and suggests some questions that may be addressed in future studies.
The influence of parathyroid hormone on the electron transport mediated reduction of acetoacetate by succinate in rat liver mitochondria.

Abstract The parathyroid hormone-dependent phosphate accumulation and the respiration supported reduction of acetoacetate by succinate in rat liver mitochondria were found to be mutually inhibitory. Parathyroid hormone also inhibited the ATP-supported reduction of acetoacetate by succinate in nonrespiring mitochondria. These results provide more direct evidence supporting the hypothesis that the parathyroid hormone-dependent magnesium phosphate accumulation derives its energy from the nonphosphorylated high energy intermediates of oxidative phosphorylation. Magnesium and phosphate were found to strongly influence the reduction of acetoacetate by succinate in both the ATP- and respiration-supported systems. Parathyroid hormone inhibited the respiration supported reduction of acetoacetate in the absence of both magnesium and phosphate. The degree of inhibition by parathyroid hormone was increased by added phosphate but decreased by added magnesium. The role of these ions in the action of parathyroid hormone on mitochondria is discussed.
Dynamic memory repacking

A probabilistic model of a multiprogramming system is exercised in order to determine the conditions under which the dynamic repacking of main memory is beneficial. An expression is derived for the maximum interference that a repacking process may introduce before the original performance of the system is degraded. Alternative approaches to repacking are discussed, and the operating conditions that lead to improved system throughput through repacking are delineated.
A regularized iterative reconstruction algorithm for x-ray diffraction tomography

Material discrimination based on conventional or dual energy X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging can be ambiguous. X-ray diraction imaging (XDI) can be used to construct diraction proles of objects, providing molecular signature information that can be used to characterize the presence of specic materials. Combining X-ray CT and diraction imaging can lead to enhanced detection and identication of explosives in luggage screening. Current XDI scan systems are based on direct imaging rather than tomographic imaging, which require the use of line collimators to localize scattering location and thus result in slow scan performance. In an eort to gain faster scan times and better signal-to-noise ratio, we focus on tomographic inversion techniques for X-ray Diraction Tomography (XDT) and look for joint reconstruction of CT absorption and X-ray diraction prole images of object. We present a fast reconstruction algorithm with geometric feature preserving regularization (IREP) using image-wise based iterative coordinate descent (ICD).We validate the initial results via Monte Carlo simulation of X-ray absorption and coherent scattering in 2 dimensions (2D), and compare the performance of the IREP algorithm with existing inversion techniques such as the ltered backprojection method and the algebraic reconstruction technique. The experimental results show that the IREP method oers improved image quality for enhanced material identication.
Individual Pathways in the Development of Forceful Throwing

Abstract Halverson, Roberton, and Langendorfer (1982) reported the development of children ages 6–13 years filmed longitudinally performing the forceful overarm throw. These authors described the children's progress through developmental sequences for trunk, humerus, and forearm actions; however, they did not study developmental relationships (“profiles”) across these components. This paper reports how the profiles changed in the same children across trials within filming sessions and over time. The data revealed both common and individual developmental pathways. The frequencies of some pathways were not chance occurrences (p ≤ .01), suggesting that within-person constraints eliminated certain movement relationships while encouraging others. The authors hypothesize that the kinematics of trunk rotation may serve as a control parameter for pattern change.
An unusual late histologic change seen in the intracutaneous tuberculin reaction.

The tuberculin reaction is used to give much needed information clinically. It is also called upon to support many ideas and has been used to offer numerous interpretations. From the dermatologie standpoint particularly, the tuberculin-type reaction has been used to evaluate the immune biologic response in the various forms of cutaneous tuberculosis. It has also been used in an effort to link certain other dermatoses with tuberculosis. The tuberculin test and the matter of positive anergy in sarcoidosis represents such an example. The degree of reaction and relative sensitivity has been quite variable in each form of cutaneous tuberculosis.
Relative abuse liability of triazolam: Experimental assessment in animals and humans

Abstract The abuse liability of a drug is a positive, interactive function of the reinforcing and adverse effects of the drug. The relative abuse liability of the hypnotic benzodiazeine, triazolam, has been controversial. This paper reviews animal and human studies bearing on its relative abuse liability, including data on pharmacological profile, reinforcing effects, liking, speed of onset, discriminative stimulus effects, subjective effects, physiological dependence, rebound and early morning insomnia, drug produced anxiety, lethality in overdose, psychomotor impairment, interactions with ethanol, anterograde amnesia, impaired awareness of drug effect, and other psychiatric and behavioral disturbances. It is concluded that the abuse liability of triazolam is less than that of the intermediate duration barbiturates such as pentobarbital. Although there are considerable data indicating similarities of triazolam to other benzodiazepines, there is also substantial speculation among clinical investigators and some limited data suggesting that the abuse liability of triazolam is greater than that of a variety of other benzodiazepines, and virtually no credible data or speculation that it is less. Further research will be necessary to clarify definitively the abuse liability of triazolam relative to other benzodiazepines.
A scalar imaging velocimetry technique for fully resolved four‐dimensional vector velocity field measurements in turbulent flows

This paper presents an experimental technique for obtaining fully resolved measurements of the vector velocity field u(x,t) throughout a four‐dimensional spatiotemporal region in a turbulent flow. The method uses fully resolved four‐dimensional scalar field imaging measurements in turbulent flows [Phys. Fluids A 3, 1115 (1991)] to extract the underlying velocity field from the exact conserved scalar transport equation. A procedure for accomplishing this is described, and results from a series of test cases are presented. These involve synthetically generated scalar fields as well as actual measured turbulent flow scalar fields advected numerically by various imposed flow fields. The imposed velocity fields are exactly known, allowing a careful validation of the technique and its potential accuracy. Results obtained from a zeroth iteration of the technique are found to be very close to the exact underlying vector velocity field. Further results show that successive iterations bring the velocity field from the zeroth iteration even closer to the exact result. It is also shown that the comparatively dense velocity field information that this technique provides is well suited for accurate extraction of the more dynamically insightful strain rate and vorticity fields e(x,t) and ω(x,t).
SHORT-TERM MEMORY FOR TACTILE AND TEMPORAL STIMULI IN A SHARED-ATTENTION RECALL TASK

The present study examined short-term memory for tactile and temporal stimuli. Subjects were required to touch three-dimensional sample objects of different shapes and textures, presented for three durations: short, medium, or long. After the sample duration elapsed, a retention interval (5 sec.—20 sec.) occurred followed by a recall test for one of the sample dimensions of shape, texture, or time, across trials. Analysis showed that accuracy for shape and texture was high throughout testing (95–99%), but memory for perceived duration was relatively poor (60%). Further analysis indicated that poor recall on the time dimension was isolated to the medium and long samples; accuracy for short durations was consistently high (90%). In addition, a reliable response bias emerged; subjects recalled durations shorter than the actual duration presented. The results were discussed in terms of two lines of research, one indicating that haptic short-term memory is strong relative to other memory systems, and the other...
Biases of success rate differences shown in binomial effect size displays.

The intent of a binomial effect size display (BESD) is to show the [real-world] importance of [an] effect indexed by a correlation [r] (R. Rosenthal, 1994, p. 242) by reexpressing this correlation as a success rate difference (SRD) (e.g., treatment group success rate - control group success rate). However, SRDs displayed in BESDs generally overestimate real-world SRDs implied by correlations of (a) dichotomous X and Y variables (Φ coefficients), (b) dichotomous X and continuous Y variables (point-biserial coefficients [r pb s]), and (c) continuous X and Y variables (r xy s). Furthermore, overestimation biases are larger for r xy s than for r pb s. Differences in the sizes of biases linked to different correlations suggest that BESD SRDs reported for different correlations are not comparable. The stochastic difference index (N. Cliff, 1993; A. Vargha & H. D. Delaney, 2000) is recommended as an alternative to the BESD.
Three-dimensional T1rho-weighted MRI at 1.5 Tesla.

Purpose To design and implement a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pulse sequence capable of performing three-dimensional T1ρ-weighted MRI on a 1.5-T clinical scanner, and determine the optimal sequence parameters, both theoretically and experimentally, so that the energy deposition by the radiofrequency pulses in the sequence, measured as the specific absorption rate (SAR), does not exceed safety guidelines for imaging human subjects. Materials and Methods A three-pulse cluster was pre-encoded to a three-dimensional gradient-echo imaging sequence to create a three-dimensional, T1ρ-weighted MRI pulse sequence. Imaging experiments were performed on a GE clinical scanner with a custom-built knee-coil. We validated the performance of this sequence by imaging articular cartilage of a bovine patella and comparing T1ρ values measured by this sequence to those obtained with a previously tested two-dimensional imaging sequence. Using a previously developed model for SAR calculation, the imaging parameters were adjusted such that the energy deposition by the radiofrequency pulses in the sequence did not exceed safety guidelines for imaging human subjects. The actual temperature increase due to the sequence was measured in a phantom by a MRI-based temperature mapping technique. Following these experiments, the performance of this sequence was demonstrated in vivo by obtaining T1ρ-weighted images of the knee joint of a healthy individual. Results Calculated T1ρ of articular cartilage in the specimen was similar for both and three-dimensional and two-dimensional methods (84 ± 2 msec and 80 ± 3 msec, respectively). The temperature increase in the phantom resulting from the sequence was 0.015°C, which is well below the established safety guidelines. Images of the human knee joint in vivo demonstrate a clear delineation of cartilage from surrounding tissues. Conclusion We developed and implemented a three-dimensional T1ρ-weighted pulse sequence on a 1.5-T clinical scanner. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;17:730–736. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of delignification of forest biomass on enzymatic hydrolysis

The effect of delignification methods on enzymatic hydrolysis of forest biomass was investigated using softwood and hardwood that were pretreated at an alkaline condition followed by sodium chlorite or ozone delignification. Both delignifications improved enzymatic hydrolysis especially for softwood, while pretreatment alone was found effective for hardwood. High enzymatic conversion was achieved by sodium chlorite delignification when the lignin content was reduced to 15%, which is corresponding to 0.30-0.35 g/g accessible pore volume, and further delignification showed a marginal effect. Sample crystallinity index increased with lignin removal, but it did not show a correlation with the overall carbohydrate conversion of enzymatic hydrolysis.
Multiple Ca2+ signaling pathways converge on CaM kinase in PC12 cells

The role of multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) in mediating various Ca2+ signaling pathways was examined in PC12 cells. Conversion of the kinase to a Ca2+-independent form was used to monitor which neurotransmitters activate the enzyme in situ. CaM kinase responds to Ca2+ influx elicited by ligand-gated Ca2+ channels for ATP and acetylcholine. It also responds to Ca2+ mobilization ofIP3-sensitive stores elicited by phospholipase C-linked receptors for ATP and acetylcholine as well as by caffeine. CaM kinase mediates the actions of many neurotransmitters and Ca2+ signaling pathways.
The Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (TAMI) Trials: A Decade of Reperfusion Strategies

Beginning with its inception in 1985, the TAMI group performed randomized clinical trials in both academic: and nonacademic settings. The ten TAMI trials not only proved the viability of clinical research in a nontraditional environment, but also contributed significantly to the clinical investigation of acute myocardial infarction through small mechanistic trials. Despite having insufficient power to address overall survival and clinical outcome measures because of patient enrollments ranging from only 50–575 patients, the trials used similar entry criteria and follow-up measures, which permitted broader analyses of the prospectively collected dataset of randomized patients. This article reviews the history of the TAMI collaboration and discusses the findings of the individual trials as well as the contributions of larger analyses to our understanding of patient selection, prognosis, costs, and outcomes. (J Interven Cardiol 1996;9:89–115)
Dissipativity and Lie-admissible algebras

The validity of Hamiltonian mechanics and Lie algebra invariance for free fields and their difficulties for interacting fields are recalled. The role of dissipativity is discussed as an approach allowing the introduction for interacting regions of larger analytical dynamics and algebraic formulations related by the enlarged bracket. A working criterion is introduced in terms of Lie-admissible algebras and the pseudo-Hamiltonian mechanics introduced by R. J. Duffin for discrete dissipative systems is considered as an explicit choice able to reduce to the Hamiltonian mechanics when the systems become conservative. An example of dissipative plasma is explicitly investigated. Furthermore the procedure is extended to continuous systems and classical interpolating dissipative fields induced by Lie-admissible structures are constructed.
Gibney as Surgeon-in-Chief: The Earlier Years, 1887–1900:

Dr. James Knight's death in 1887 resulted in a change of course for the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled (renamed the Hospital for Special Surgery in 1940). The Board of Managers appointed Dr. Virgil Pendleton Gibney as the second Surgeon-in-Chief. The hospital's professional staff was expanded with introduction of surgical procedures. Gibney, raised in Kentucky, was trained under Lewis H. Sayre, M.D., a prominent orthopaedic surgeon at Bellevue Hospital. Dr. Gibney introduced the first residency training, expanded the physical plant, and continued to care for the disabled children in the hospital while maintaining a private practice outside the hospital. He was one of the founding members of the American Orthopaedic Association and served as its first president. He was the only member ever to serve as president twice, the second time in 1912.
Studies on the sulfhydryl groups in type III collagen.

Abstract The Type III collagen molecule, [α(III)] 3 , is comprised of three α(III) chains each of which contains two cysteinyl residues. Free sulfhydryl groups, however, could not be detected in the denatured, trimetric γ-component of Type III collagen as judged by the failure to form derivative with the alkylating reagents iodo- [ 14 C]acetic acid and 4-vinylpyridine. This absence of sulfhydryl group reactivity did not appear to result from disulfide-binding between Type III collagen and noncollagenous peptides. Collectively, the results indicate that all of the six sulfhydryl groups of the Type III collagen molecule participate in interchain disulfide-bonding.
Implementing a Total Quality Management Approach in the Design, Delivery, and Redesign of a Statistical Process Control Course

ABSTRACT: The benefit of implementing total quality management(TQM)into university classrooms has been demonstrated. The objective of this work was to develop a TQM project to use as a teaching tool for TQM and statistical process control (SPC) concepts, an assessment tool for the course, and as a means for involving students in improving the course in progress. A plan-do-study-act (PDSA) assignment was developed to use SPC tools and the 4 concepts of TQM. The implementation of recommendations developed as part of the PDSA project significantly (p < 0.05) improved student performance on quizzes, student satisfaction with the course, student perception of instructor performance, as well as instructor satisfaction with the course.
Comparison of central venous and arterial pH and PCO2 during open-chest CPR in the canine model

Arterial blood gases are difficult to obtain during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in human beings, and the possibility of venous sampling is raised frequently. The reliability of central venous gases as a substitute for arterial blood gases in assessing acid base status, however, has not been investigated adequately under conditions of CPR. Therefore, femoral arterial and central venous catheters were placed in 24 mongrel dogs, and ventricular fibrillation was electrically induced. After varying predetermined downtimes from five to 60 minutes, open-chest CPR was begun, and arterial and central venous blood gases were simultaneously drawn every five minutes during a 30-minute period. Arterial pH (pHa) was consistently higher than central venous pH (pHcv) by an average of .048 units. A significant correlation existed between the pHa and pHcv at all times during CPR, with an overall r=.9771 (P 2 (PcvCO 2 ) and arterial PCO 2 (PaCO 2 ) was 5.17 mm Hg prior to cardiac arrest, but it increased 300% to a mean of 15.51 mm Hg during CPR. Correction of pHcv using conventional methods to account for this respiratory component decreased the correlation between pHa and pHcv to r=.6905. The ability of pHcv to substitute for pHa was assessed, and showed a sensitivity of 100% when pHa of 7.2 was used as a criterion for treatment. In this model, pHcv is a sensitive indicator of pHa and it may be used to guide bicarbonate therapy. The increased PcvCO 2 during CPR probably results from the marked tissue lactic acid production and subsequent shift of the bicarbonate buffer into free carbon dioxide.
Localization and translation of mRNA in dendrites and axons.

The neurons of the brain extend axons and dendrites many hundreds of micrometres away from the cell body. The first electron microscope studies of these processes revealed that many of the structures that are found in the cell body are also present in dendrites. For example, particles resembling ribosomes and membrane structures like those of the endoplasmic reticulum (two structures that are important for protein synthesis) were seen in distal regions of dendrites, near synapses. Subsequent studies focused on identifying messenger RNAs in dendrites and providing evidence of dendritic protein synthesis. Transfection technologies have now been used to analyse translation within dendrites in response to pharmacological stimuli. These studies provide us with clues to the physiological role of the dendrite not just as a signal transducer, but also as a modulator of long-term synaptic efficacy.
Performance of an inlet for an integrated scramjet concept

Review of the results of an experimental investigation of the performance of an inlet for an integrated scramjet engine concept at Mach 6. Following a description of the inlet design and test model, the Mach 6 experimental results obtained are presented in terms of integrated performance parameters.
WIND AS AN AVERSIVE STIMULUS.

Two monkeys were trained on an escape-avoidance procedure in which a lever press delayed exposure to wind by 20 sec. For 5 hr, subjects alternately worked 15 min and rested 15 min, and performed this schedule when the wind was 5, 10, and 20 mph and the temperatures were 50, 60, and 70° F. Analysis of variance showed that the percent of wind avoided was related to both the velocity of the wind and the temperature during the exposure. When the wind was 10 and 20 mph it was avoided almost continuously regardless of the temperature.
Musculature of Gnathostomula armata Riedl 1971 and Its Ecological Significance

. When stained with a phalloidin-linked fluorescent marker and viewed with confocal scanning laser microscopy, the musculature of the gnathostomulid Gnathostomula armataRiedl 1971 can be seen to be dominated by longitudinal fibers and to have circular fibers only in the posterior half of the body, not the anterior half. Such an arrangement can be related to the animal’s ability to move through the small pore spaces in its environment, namely fine-grained, poorly sorted sediments. The circular muscles may be used to push the anterior body half through restricting spaces, and the longitudinal elements may then pull the rest of the body through. Pharynx muscles visible in such preparations are positioned to move the cuticularized mouthparts in ways appropriate to scraping and grasping the bacteria and fungal hyphae on which gnathostomulids are believed to feed. Two arcs of muscles can protract and tilt the basal plate in scraping motions, and a pair of large diductor muscles on the jaws could open it against a spring-like closing mechanism, while two pairs of muscles at either end of the jaws could tilt them inward in a pulling motion. The rest of the pharynx comprises a bulb of strong muscles arranged to compress its lumen.
The role of large constellations of small satellites in emergency response situations

After Malaysian Airlines Flight 370 (MH370) disappeared over the Indian Ocean, claims were made that had the planned Planet Labs small satellite constellation been complete, the wreckage would have been found quickly. The Planet Labs system, when complete, will provide once daily images of every point on Earth at three to five meter spatial resolution. The possibility of using such a system to help in the search for aircraft downed in the ocean was examined, taking into account the probability that the image would be captured by the system and the likelihood that wreckage would be identifiable in such an image. Given the conditions of image capture and some information about the rate at which aircraft wreckage will sink, it was found that the probability of capturing an image of the wreckage was 6.92×10−4 if the wreckage sank in 30 minutes, and 1.725×10−6 if the wreckage sank in 90 seconds. If the image was captured, human analysts were able to identify the wreckage in simulated imagery with a probability of detection of 0.8 and a probability of false alarm of 0.0. Machine analysis proved less accurate, resulting in P D = 0.73 and P FA = 0.33. Given the low probability that the aircraft wreckage could be imaged using a satellite system, even under the optimistic assumption that the aircraft crashed entirely intact and sank in 30 minutes, it is unlikely that a Planet Labs-like system could have assisted in the search for MH370.
Core algorithms for autonomous monitoring of distributed systems

The monitoring of distributed systems is made difficult both by their nondeterministic nature and by their tendency to generate a large amount of state information during a monitored execution. It is therefore desirable for a monitor of distributed systems to be able to perform, by itself, a significant portion of the analysis of that system's state information. Two of the core problems intrinsic to such a monitor are developed. It is critical to maintain knowledge about the temporal organization of the changes in state, events, of the system being monitored. An important use of this knowledge is determining which events occur "between" two bounding events A and B in quasi-ordered logical time. Three approaches to this problem are presented, each exploiting more knowledge about the application domain and hence becoming progressively less memory-intensive. The two most promising of these approaches are examined in depth. Events received by the monitor are stored as database tuples. Many of the queries posed against this database relate to time; the results of these queries thus impose a quasi order on the tuples in the database. A class of such queries is defined and a set of algorithms for their efficient resolution is presented.
Post-weaning food restriction reduces adipose cellularity.

KNITTLE and Hirsch1 reported that varying the calorific intake of newborn rats by manipulating litter size during the 21-d suckling period followed by allowing free access to food after weaning caused the rats from small litters to have more adipocytes in the epididymal depot than rats from large litters. Hirsch and Han2 reported that marked changes in depot size induced by starvation or experimental obesity produced no change in total number of adipocytes in the epididymal and retroperitoneal depots of rats even when these alterations occurred as early as 6 weeks of age. These and other studies3–5 suggest that it is the calorific intake between birth and weaning rather than later in life that plays the important role in establishing the cellularity of the adipose tissue depots of the adult. But we report here data which indicate that a reduction in food intake can markedly influence the number of adipocytes in the depots of adults even when initiated as late as 6 weeks of age.
The Academic Elite in Library Science: Linkages among Top-Ranked Graduate Programs

In a national survey of deans, top administrators, and senior faculty, the ten top-ranked graduate programs in library science were substantially linked to one another by hiring one another’s graduates. It is suggested that this linkage helps these programs to maintain and enhance their prestige.
Sites and Molecular Mechanisms of Modulation of NaV1.2 Channels by Fyn Tyrosine Kinase

Voltage-gated sodium channels are important targets for modulation of electrical excitability by neurotransmitters and neurotrophins acting through protein phosphorylation. Fast inactivation of Na(V)1.2 channels is regulated via tyrosine phosphorylation by Fyn kinase and dephosphorylation by receptor phosphoprotein tyrosine phosphatase-beta, which are associated in a signaling complex. Here we have identified the amino acid residues on Na(V)1.2 channels that coordinate binding of Fyn kinase and mediate inhibition of sodium currents by enhancing fast inactivation. Fyn kinase binds to a Src homology 3 (SH3)-binding motif in the second half of the intracellular loop connecting domains I and II (L(I-II)) of Na(V)1.2, and mutation of that SH3-binding motif prevents Fyn binding and Fyn enhancement of fast inactivation of sodium currents. Analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation sites by mutagenesis and functional expression revealed a multisite regulatory mechanism. Y66 and Y1893, which are in consensus sequences appropriate for binding to the Fyn SH2 domain after phosphorylation, are both required for optimal binding and regulation by Fyn. Y730, which is located near the SH3-binding motif in L(I-II), and Y1497 and Y1498 in the inactivation gate in L(III-IV), are also required for optimal regulation. Phosphorylation of these sites likely promotes fast inactivation. Fast inactivation of the closely related Na(V)1.1 channels is not modulated by Fyn, and these channels do not contain an SH3-binding motif in L(I-II). Subtype-selective modulation by tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation provides a mechanism for differential regulation of sodium channels by neurotrophins and tyrosine phosphorylation in unmyelinated axons and dendrites, where Na(V)1.2 channels are expressed in brain neurons.
Observations of psychosocial factors and their relationship to organic disease.

Psychosocial factors can be important to the development, modification and chronicity of a given organic disease. Such factors are not “all powerful” in the sense that dealing with them will cure disease, but they are factors which the wise clinician will include in his therapeutic armamentarium. Their recognition and control will increase the clinician's ability to practice scientific medicine and to care more adequately for his patients. Psychosocial events, psychophysiologic and physiologic change, emotions and disease are discussed in theoretical terms. Observations and specific examples taken from several organ systems are discussed to show the possible complex interactions between some of the above variables in specific disease entities.
Dynamic mechanical properties of extruded nylon–wood composites

Dynamic mechanical properties determine the potential end use of a newly developed extruded nylon–wood composite in under-the-hood automobile applications. In this article, the dynamic mechanical properties of extruded nylon–wood composites were characterized using a dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (DMTA) to determine storage modulus, glass transition temperature (Tg), physical aging effects, long-term performance prediction, and comparisons to similar products. The storage modulus of the nylon–wood composite was found to be more temperature stable than pure nylon 66. The Tg range of the nylon–wood composite was found to be between 23 and 56°C, based on the decrease in storage modulus. A master curve was constructed based on the creep curves at various temperatures from 30 to 80°C. The results show that the relationship between shift factors and temperature follows Arrhenius behavior. Nylon–wood composites have good temperature-dependent properties. Wood fillers reduced the physical aging effects on nylon in the wood composites. The comparison of the nylon–wood composite with other similar products shows that nylon–wood composites are a promising low cost material for industrial applications. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
On Robust Stabilization in the Gap Metric for LTV Systems

In this paper, we consider the robust stabilization problem for linear time varying systems using the gap metric. In particular, we show that the time varying (TV) directed gap reduces to the computation of an operator with a TV Hankel plus Toeplitz structure. Computation of the norm of such an operator can be carried out using an iterative scheme similar to the standard two-block Hinfin problem. The infimization in the TV directed gap formula is shown to be a minimum by using duality theory. The latter holds as well in the time-invariant case
Failure to Maintain a Low ADP Concentration Impairs Diastolic Function in Hypertrophied Rat Hearts

Background Mechanisms in addition to diastolic calcium overload may contribute to diastolic dysfunction in hypertrophied hearts. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that failure to maintain a low ADP concentration in hypertrophied hearts contributes to diastolic dysfunction by inhibiting the rate of cross-bridge cycling. Methods and Results By perfusing isolated rat hearts with pyruvate and 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), we were able to perturb [ADP] with minimal changes in [ATP] and [inorganic phosphate] or the contribution of glycolytic ATP to ATP synthesis. The effects of 2DG were compared in aortic-banded (LVH, n=5) and sham-operated (control, n=5) rat hearts. 31P NMR spectroscopy was used to measure the concentrations of phosphorus-containing compounds. We found a threefold increase of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in LVH during 2DG perfusion, and this increase was concomitant with a threefold increase in intracellular free [ADP]. The [ADP] in the control hearts was maintained <40 μmol/L...
A simplified formulation of adhesion problems with elastic plates

The solution of adhesion problems with elastic plates generally involves solving a boundary-value problem with an assumed contact area. The contact region is then found by minimizing the total potential energy with respect to the contact area (i.e. the contact radius for the axisymmetric case). Such a procedure can be extremely long and tedious. Here, we show that the inclusion of adhesion is equivalent to specifying a discontinuous internal bending moment at the contact region boundary. The magnitude of this moment discontinuity is related to the work of adhesion and flexural rigidity of the plate. Such a formulation can greatly reduce the algebraic complexity of solving these problems. It is noted that the related plate contact problems without adhesion can also be solved by minimizing the total potential energy. However, it has long been recognized that it is mathematically more efficient to find the contact area by specifying a continuous internal bending moment at the boundary of the contact region. Thus, our moment discontinuity method can be considered to be a generalization of that procedure which is applicable for problems with adhesion.
The sensational contributions of Erik Moberg

Erik Moberg is the father of functional sensory testing. During the past three decades, his research into quantitative testing of hand sensibility has provided the insight to bring us from classic academic tests (permitting localisation of lesions within the central nervous system) to clinical capability of restoring sensation to the hand. He introduced the Ninhydrin test to document objectively innervation. He defined hand function as precision-sensory and gross-sensory grips. He correlated Weber two-point discrimination with hand function. He introduced the pick-up test to document hand function. He coined the term "tactile gnosis". He hypothesised that proprioception is principally due to skin, not joint, afferents. He classified the tetraplegic hand according to its combined sensory and motor capacity. He set the standard for sensory recovery after primary nerve repair, relating recovered two-point discrimination to age (Onne's line) and he inspired the present generation of researchers to quantify their own studies of sensation.
Construction of finite-dimensional nonlinear filter via ODEs

Consider the robust Duncan-Mortensen-Zakai (DMZ) equation arising from Yau filtering system which includes Kalman-Bucy filtering system and Benes filtering. The main problem of nonlinear filtering is to solve this robust DMZ equation in real time. It is shown that this equation can be solved explicitly with an arbitrary initial condition by solving a linear system of ODEs and a Kolmogorov-type equation. Furthermore, it is shown that the Kolmogorov-type equation can be solved via the Riccati-type system of ODEs. Thus the robust DMZ equation arising from Yau's filtering system is shown to be solvable in real time.
Emotion Recognition in Text for 3-D Facial Expression Rendering

Emotions are a key semantic component of human communication. This study focuses on automatic emotion detection in descriptive sentences and how this can be used to tune facial expression parameters for 3-D character generation. A comparison of manual and automatic word feature selection approaches is performed to determine the influence of word features on classification accuracy using support vector machines (SVM). The automatic emotion feature selection algorithm presented here builds on the framework used by mutual information for feature selection. Results of the study indicate that the set of automatically selected features was as good as the set of manually selected features. The proposed automatic feature selection algorithm implemented in this study helped to detect new words from the training corpus which were relevant to the classification task but were not considered by the researchers. An example of potential outcomes from facial expression tuning is also presented. The analysis includes initial results for dealing with the class imbalance challenge present in the data.
Immobilized sample amplification for quantitative determination of retroviruses.

Abstract Immobilized sample amplification (ISA) is a novel method for amplification, detection, monitoring, and quantitative determination of nucleic acids from a minute amount of sample. We present here a novel quantitative ISA assay for retroviruses using a replication-defective recombinant retrovirus as a model retrovirus. Samples, as small as 5 to 10 μl or as large as 1 ml or more in volume, are readily immobilized on a nylon or polyester matrix. Retroviral RNA is directly amplified following the rehydration of the immobilized samples, thus eliminating the needs for retroviral RNA extraction. An ISA assay of a 10-μl viral sample generates results equal to or better than that of RT–PCR on equivalent amount RNA isolated from larger sample volumes. Recovery of RNA from small volumes, such as 10 μl, is almost impossible, whereas ISA assay detects retroviruses from as small as 1 to 5 μl of viral samples containing 10 4 cfu/ml determined by colony-forming assay. Extraction of RNA from a small amount of infectious viral samples not only is a difficult, biohazardous procedure, but also introduces random errors which contribute to variability in viral quantitation. Since the ISA method eliminates the isolation/extraction of the nucleic acids, it significantly shortens the handling time for the biohazardous materials and simplifies the procedure for analyzing small quantities of biological samples. This method detects less than 10 infectious retroviral particles as determined by both colony-forming assay and electron microscope studies. The format and protocol of this quantitative ISA assay can be easily automated to fit into numerous platforms, thus making it attractive for laboratory automation.
Grounding practice in scholarship, grounding scholarship in practice: Knowledge of a mathematics teacher educator–researcher

Abstract Despite the acknowledged complexity of the expertise of teacher educators (Cochran-Smith, M. (2003). Learning and unlearning: the education of teacher educators. Teaching and Teacher Education, 19, 5--28), there is limited research attending to what teacher educators need to know and how they develop this expertise. This self-study draws from multiple frameworks of teacher knowledge to investigate knowledge content, structure, and growth of a novice mathematics teacher educator-researcher (MTE-R) from her doctoral program into her third year of a tenure-track faculty position at a large southwestern United States university. Narrative inquiry was used to both examine past artifacts and create new data. The findings highlight how the multiple roles of MTE-Rs elicit different kinds of knowledge and how frameworks for studying mathematics teachers can be utilized for studying teacher educator-researchers.
Measurement and simulation of wind erosion, roughness degradation and residue decomposition on an agricultural field

The Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) includes submodels to simulate soil erosion by wind, roughness degradation and residue decomposition. These WEPS submodels were tested using data measured on a 600 m by 415 m farmer's ﬁeld, planted with winter wheat, near Burlington, Colorado, USA. Big Spring Number Eight (BSNE) samplers were used to measure wind blown sediment ﬂux and automated devices (Sensits) detected saltating sediment. A weather station recorded relevant meteorological data. Detailed measurements of ﬁeld surface conditions were taken on three dates. One signiﬁcant dust storm occurred during the experimental period (November 2000 to April 2001). Spatial variability of sediment discharge was high. This could partially be explained by spatial differences in residue cover and mass, leaf area index, sand fraction and wetness of the surface soil. WEPS overestimated the ability of small wheat plants to protect the soil against wind erosion. A simulation without any wheat plants produced a large ﬁeld sediment loss of 4·43 kg m−2, whereas a simulation with very small wheat plants (height = 10 mm, leaf area index = 0·1, stem area index = 0·01) produced no erosion. This component of WEPS is based on laboratory wind tunnel experiments with simulated standing biomass uniformly spaced on a ﬂat surface. Wheat biomass in the ﬁeld is not uniformly spaced. WEPS should be modiﬁed to account for these non-uniform realities. Mean ridge height was reduced from 42 mm on 19 December to 34 mm (36 mm simulated using WEPS) on 12 April. Mean random roughness was reduced from 5·8 mm on 19 December to 5·2 mm (5·3 mm simulated) on 8 March. Mean corn residue biomass was reduced only slightly from 1204 kg ha−1 on 19 December to 1174 kg ha−1 (1075–1175 kg ha−1 simulated) on 12 April. These differences between measured data and simulations were not signiﬁcant (P > 0·05), enhancing conﬁdence in the ability of WEPS to simulate roughness degradation and residue decomposition. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High power RF switch MMICs development in GaN-on-Si HFET technology

The development of a high power RF SP4T MMIC switch using AlGaN/GaN HFETs on Si substrate is reported for applications up to 2 GHz. The off-state capacitance(Coff) of a single-gate GaN based HFET is 250 fF and the on-state resistance (Ron) is 4.1 Omega at a gate length of 0.7 mum and a width of 1 mm. The MMIC SP4T switch with a size of 1.2 x 1.6 mm2 is implemented for system applications of three transmit paths and a receiver, of which each was configured with a series-shunt self-biased configuration. The switch has achieved an insertion loss of -0.95 dB with power handling of P(-0.1dB)=45 dBm at 1 GHz at the transmitter paths and an optimized isolation of better than 28 dB at the receiver path of up to 2.5 GHz. In addition, a high voltage switch driver using the GaN power HFET technology was designed with an input control voltage of 0/2.3 V to provide an output voltage of 0/28 V. This development provides a baseline design for our first generation MMIC switches in GaN technology.
NEW APPROACHES FOR THE LABORATORY RECOGNITION OF M TYPES OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI

The successful classification of Group A streptococci by the capillary precipitin technique requires a complete series of M type antisera which are sufficiently potent and specific to give unequivocal type-specific reactions with all the serotypes. Specific antisera for this purpose have been prepared by absorption with heterologous streptococci. Unabsorbed antisera have been employed here in the Ouchterlony double-diffusion agar-gel test to identify the M type of streptococci. Techniques have been developed for making this method of M typing fully reliable. The results reported here confirm and amplify the original findings of Michael and Massell (3). With crude HCl extracts and unabsorbed M type antisera, a precipitin line due to the M protein and another to the group-specific carbohydrate are the two major reactions observed. These reactions, however, are usually readily distinguishable. There was a surprising lack of cross-reactive precipitin lines due to non-type-specific protein antigens in the extracts. Although many of the unabsorbed M type antisera can be employed in the double-diffusion tests, the group-specific antibody must be removed from some of the unabsorbed antisera to avoid confusing cross-reactions. Absorption of these antibodies has been achieved by means of a specific immunoabsorbent column prepared from para-aminophenyl-β-N-acetylglucosamine and cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose. Excellent agreement was observed between the M typing results obtained on 117 field strains by the conventional capillary precipitin method and the Ouchterlony double-diffusion method.