cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Contagious Malady? Open Economy Dimensions of Secular Stagnation

Conditions of secular stagnation—low interest rates, below target inflation, and sluggish output growth—characterize much of the global economy. We consider an overlapping generations, open economy model of secular stagnation, and examine the effect of capital flows on the transmission of stagnation. In a world with a low natural rate of interest, greater capital integration transmits recessions across countries as opposed to lower interest rates. In a global secular stagnation, expansionary fiscal policy carries positive spillovers implying gains from coordination, and fiscal policy is self-financing. Expansionary monetary policy, by contrast, is beggar-thy-neighbor with output gains in one country coming at the expense of the other. Similarly, we find that competitiveness policies including structural labor market reforms or neomercantilist trade policies are also beggar-thy-neighbor in a global secular stagnation.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydroamination of Alkynes with Indolines

The hydroamination of internal alkynes via tandem rhodium catalysis gives branched N-allylic indolines with high regio- and enantioselectivity. An acid switch provides access to the linear isomer in preference to the branched isomer by an isomerization mechanism. Mechanistic studies suggest formation of an allene intermediate, which undergoes hydroamination to generate allylic amines instead of the enamine or imine products typically observed in alkyne hydroaminations.
The exact analysis of contingency tables in medical research.

Modern statistical methods rely heavily on nonparametric techniques for comparing two or more populations. These techniques generate p-values without making any distributional assumptions about the populations being compared. However they rely on asymptotic theory that is valid only if the sample sizes are reasonably large and well balanced across the populations. For small, sparse, skewed, or heavily tied data, the asymptotic theory may not be valid. See Agresti and Yang [1] for some empirical results, and Read and Cressie [2] for a more theoretical discussion.
The Internet, the state library, and the implementation of statewide information policy: the case of the NYS GIS clearinghouse

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used by government, researchers and businesses in a wide range of domains including economic development, environmental management, education, health, human services, infrastructure management, and disaster response. Most experts agree that the most expensive part of a GIS program is the creation of spatial data. Some estimate that as much as 80 percent of the cost of any application is attributable to the expenses of acquiring and geo-coding information (Thapa and Bosler, 1992). Often the information needs of different GIS applications overlap and data created by one organization can be used by others. Data sharing can therefore help reduce costs of GIS application development and yield considerable benefits and efficiencies. To achieve this purpose, the State of New York has implemented a GIS Coordination Program which features an Internet-based GIS Clearinghouse operated by the New York State Library (Dawes and Eglene, 1998). In this program, the Library acts as a critical implementer and value-added facilitator of an important new state information policy that has influence over spatial data development, exchange, and use at all levels of government and in the private and not-for-profit sectors. The Clearinghouse provides the conceptual framework and operational platform for a fully functioning data cooperative which is the heart of the New York State GIS Data Sharing Policy. The Library-based Clearinghouse has become the essential portal to many newly identified information resources. It organizes the data descriptions, provides a publicly available and easy-to-use means of access, promotes sharing, points the way to education and other services, and generally makes possible the vision of a living data resource.
Effect of Bronsted Acids and Bases, and Lewis Acid (Sn2+) on the Regiochemistry of the Reaction of Amines with Trifluoromethyl-β-diketones: Reaction of 3-Aminopyrrole to Selectively Produce Regioisomeric 1H-Pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridines

Reaction of 3-aminopyrrole (as its salt) with trifluoromethyl-β-diketones gave γ-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridines via reaction at the less reactive carbonyl group. The trifluoromethyl group increased the electrophilicity of the adjacent carbonyl group and decreased the basicity of the hydroxyl group of the CF3 amino alcohol formed. This amino alcohol was formed faster, but its subsequent dehydration to the β-enaminone was slow resulting in the preferential formation of the γ-regioisomer. Reaction of 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butadione with 3-aminopyrrole was carried out using a series of 6 amine buffers. Yields of the α-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine increased as the pKa of the amine buffer decreased. Surprisingly the yield went down at higher pKas. There was a change in mechanism as the reaction mixture became more basic. With strong amines trifluoromethyl-β-diketones were present mainly or completely as the enolate. Under reductive conditions (3-nitropyrrole/Sn/AcOH/trifluoromethyl-β-diketone) the α-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine was the major product as a result of Lewis acid catalysis by Sn(2+). Similar α-regiochemistry was observed when the reaction of the 3-aminopyrrole salt with trifluoromethyl-β-diketones was carried out in the presence of base and tin(II) acetate.
Differential Equations and Exact Solutions in the Moving Sofa Problem

ABSTRACTThe moving sofa problem, posed by Moser in 1966, asks for the planar shape of maximal area that can move around a right-angled corner in a hallway of unit width and is conjectured to have as its solution a complicated shape derived by Gerver in 1992. We extend Gerver's techniques by deriving a family of six differential equations arising from the area-maximization property. We then use this result to derive a new shape that we propose as a possible solution to the ambidextrous moving sofa problem, a variant of the problem previously studied by Conway and others in which the shape is required to be able to negotiate a right-angle turn both to the left and to the right. Unlike Gerver's construction, our new shape can be expressed in closed form, and its boundary is a piecewise algebraic curve. Its area is equal to , where X and Y are solutions to the cubic equations x2(x + 3) = 8 and x(4x2 + 3) = 1, respectively.
Ur/Web: a simple model for programming the web

The World Wide Web has evolved gradually from a document delivery platform to an architecture for distributed programming. This largely unplanned evolution is apparent in the set of interconnected languages and protocols that any Web application must manage. This paper presents Ur/Web, a domain-specific, statically typed functional programming language with a much simpler model for programming modern Web applications. Ur/Web's model is unified, where programs in a single programming language are compiled to other "Web standards" languages as needed; supports novel kinds of encapsulation of Web-specific state; and exposes simple concurrency, where programmers can reason about distributed, multithreaded applications via a mix of transactions and cooperative preemption. We give a tutorial introduction to the main features of Ur/Web and discuss the language implementation and the production Web applications that use it.
Identified Particle Measurements at RHIC: Elucidating Hadronization Mechanisms for Bulk Partonic Matter

Measurements of identified particle momentum spectra at √{sNN} = 200 GeV are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the azimuthal dependence and the centrality dependence of hadron yields at intermediate transverse momentum (1.5 < pT < 5 GeV/c). The first measurements of the fourth harmonic term (v4) in the azimuthal variation of identified particle yields are shown. The recombination mechanism of hadron formation provides a consistent description of the dependence of these measurements on particle-type.
Negative results for software effort estimation

More than half the literature on software effort estimation (SEE) focuses on comparisons of new estimation methods. Surprisingly, there are no studies comparing state of the art latest methods with decades-old approaches. Accordingly, this paper takes five steps to check if new SEE methods generated better estimates than older methods. Firstly, collect effort estimation methods ranging from “classical” COCOMO (parametric estimation over a pre-determined set of attributes) to “modern” (reasoning via analogy using spectral-based clustering plus instance and feature selection, and a recent “baseline method” proposed in ACM Transactions on Software Engineering). Secondly, catalog the list of objections that lead to the development of post-COCOMO estimation methods. Thirdly, characterize each of those objections as a comparison between newer and older estimation methods. Fourthly, using four COCOMO-style data sets (from 1991, 2000, 2005, 2010) and run those comparisons experiments. Fifthly, compare the performance of the different estimators using a Scott-Knott procedure using (i) the A12 effect size to rule out “small” differences and (ii) a 99 % confident bootstrap procedure to check for statistically different groupings of treatments. The major negative result of this paper is that for the COCOMO data sets, nothing we studied did any better than Boehms original procedure. Hence, we conclude that when COCOMO-style attributes are available, we strongly recommend (i) using that data and (ii) use COCOMO to generate predictions. We say this since the experiments of this paper show that, at least for effort estimation, how data is collected is more important than what learner is applied to that data.
Anisotropic Heisenberg form of RKKY interaction in the one-dimensional spin-polarized electron gas

We study the indirect exchange interaction between two localized magnetic moments, known as Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida (RKKY) interaction, in a one-dimensional (1D) spin-polarized electron gas. We find explicit expressions for each term of this interaction, study their oscillatory behaviors as a function of the distance between two magnetic moments, R, and compare them with the known results for RKKY interaction in the case of 1D standard electron gas. We show this interaction can be written in an anisotropic Heisenberg form, E(R) = λ2χ xx(S1xS2x + S1yS2y) + λ2χ zzS1zS2z, coming from broken time-reversal symmetry of the host material.
ENDPOINT: WHEN ARTHROPLASTY IS NO LONGER AN OPTION

Arthrodesis Today, knee arthrodesis is most commonly performed for cases of chronic sepsis after total knee arthroplasty in patients who are not candidates for reimplantation. This is typically a host in whom the risk of recurrent infection is high, especially when extensor mechanism problems such as patellar tendon rupture is present. Local and systemic host factors place the patient at this high risk for failure of reimplantation. Local factors include chronic lymphedema, major vessel disease, venous stasis, extensive scarring and radiation fibrosis. Systemic problems include malnutrition, malignancy, extremes of age, hepatic or renal failure, diabetes mellitus and alcohol abuse. Also, at least in one study, patients who fail one two-stage reimplantation have at least a 50% change for recurrence the second time. Methods of knee arthrodesis include external fixation, single or double plate fixation and intramedullary nailing either monolithic or modular. External fixation can be performed as a single procedure. With external ring fixators leg lengthening has been described. Plate and nailing procedures are commonly performed after the infection is eradicated. If infection recurs but fusion has occurred, removal of a modular nail may be difficult although techniques have been described. Fusion rates of 85% to 100% have been reported with the newer techniques and fusion rates are usually correlated with the amount of bone loss after removal of the prosthesis. Optimal position of fusion is slight anatomic valgus and slight flexion. Placing a bowed intramedullary nail with the bow anteromedially can facilitate this alignment. One study comparing arthrodesis after failed knee arthroplasty with primary total knee replacement found nearly identical Short-Form 36 scores. Physical mobility was better with knee arthroplasty but pain control was better with arthrodesis. Resection Arthroplasty Indication: Low demand patient with comorbidities Results: Falahee et al.; 28 knees;15 patients walked independently; Most severely disabled more satisfied. Less disabled least satisfied. Amputation - Above the Knee Amputations after TKA (Sierra et al) Prevalence: 0.36% (all causes – most common was peripheral vascular disease), 0.14% (for causes related to TKA: infection, periprosthetic fracture, pain, bone loss, vascular complication) Results: 25 amputations for causes related to TKA; Avg 8.6 years after TKA Complications: deep infection 5, superficial infection 1, skin necrosis 1, perioperative death 1. 9 of 25 fitted with above knee prosthesis; Only 5 were walking even to limited degree with prosthesis
Social Experience in World of Warcraft: Technological and Ideological Mediations

I analyze social experience in World of Warcraft (WoW), one of the longest running massively multiplayer online games (MMO). Changes to WoW intended to streamline aspects of gameplay, such as time required to play and level of difficulty in play, affected many social affordances that had previously encouraged and rewarded sociality between players. I argue that social experience in online games is a product of two factors: the social affordances provided by the game and the ideology of wider culture.
Asymmetric Learning from Financial Information

The goal of this study is to ask whether investors learn differently from gains (positive news) versus losses (negative news), whether learning performance is better or worse when people are actively investing in a security or passively observing the security’s payoffs, and whether there are personal characteristics that correlate with learning performance. The experimental evidence documented here indicates that the ability to learn from financial information is on average worse in the loss domain, in particular if the investor has personally experienced the prior outcomes of the financial asset considered. Within individual, learning from gains versus losses, or during active versus passive involvement, are not perfectly correlated, indicating that there exists heterogeneity across people with respect to the type of financial information or context to which they are the most sensitive. Learning performance is determined by acquired financial expertise as well as by genetic factors related to memory and cognitive control.
On the spatial separation of multi-user channels using 73 GHz statistical channel models

This paper focuses at the investigation of the degree of orthogonality of channels of multiple users in densely populated indoor and outdoor scenarios. For this purpose, a statistical millimeter wave (mmwave) MIMO channel simulator is carefully designed using state of the art channel models. At the mmwave frequencies, human/vehicular mobility around the mobile users may partially or completely block the communication link. This give rise to the consideration of new channel modeling parameter i.e. probability of a user to be in LOS dynamics. Higher line of sight (LOS) probabilities may increase the spatial correlation among the multiuser channels. Therefore, quantification of the spatial separation of users in different scenarios with distinct LOS probabilities is crucial and it is the subject of investigation of this paper. Additionally, the mutual orthogonality of channels by changing the number of base station (BS) antennas and inter antenna element distance (IED) have also been investigated. Analysis shows that LOS blockage of certain scenario has more impact at the degree of orthogonality among users as compared to the number of BS antennas and the spacing between the antenna elements.
The Common Ratio Effect in Choice, Pricing, and Happiness Tasks†

The Allais common ratio effect is one of the most robust violations of rational decision making under risk. In this paper, we conduct a novel test of the common ratio effect in which we elicit preferences for the common ratio choice alternatives in choice, pricing, and happiness rating tasks. We find large shifts in preference patterns across tasks, both within and between subjects. In particular, we find that both the consistency and distribution of responses differ systematically across tasks, with modal choices replicating the Allais preference pattern, modal happiness ratings exhibiting consistent risk aversion, and modal prices maximizing expected value. We discuss the predictions of various cognitive explanations of the common ratio effect in the context of our experiment. We find that a dual process framework provides the most complete account of our results. Surprisingly, we also find that although the Allais pattern was the modal behavior in the choice task, none of the 158 respondents in our experiment exhibited the Allais pattern simultaneously in choice, happiness, and pricing tasks. Our results constitute a new paradox for the leading theories of choice under risk. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a Continuously Variable Calculable Capacitor

We describe key components of a new calculable capacitor and evaluate advantages as well as shortcomings of the current design. The unique features include an interferometer using multiple tunable lasers that measure the absolute cavity length in a continuous fashion. Diamond-turning technology offers a cost-effective alternative for fabricating nearly perfect cylinders for the main electrodes. It also enables us to adopt a compact capacitor structure that can be automated by positioning the movable guard electrode using a linear actuator. The resultant salient feature is its continuous tunability over a range of 0.1 pF, enabling nonlinearity testing of capacitance bridges.
B physics at the Tevatron

Abstract A vibrant B physics program is being pursued at the Tevatron for Run II using the upgraded accelerator complex and the upgraded CDF and D0 detectors with the goal of collecting 2fb −1 of integrated luminosity. This will provide measurements of various CP parameters which both complement and extend the programs at the B factories. There are also a variety of spectroscopy measurements currently available only at the Tevatron. The detectors are now largely commissioned and data acquisition is underway.
An innovative method for extracting isotopic information from low-resolution gamma spectra

Abstract A method is described for the extraction of isotopic information from attenuated gamma-ray spectra using the gross-count material basis set (GC-MBS) model. This method solves for the isotopic composition of an unknown mixture of isotopes attenuated through an absorber of unknown material. For binary isotopic combinations the problem is nonlinear in only one variable and is easily solved using standard line optimization techniques. Results are presented for NaI spectrum analyses of various binary combinations of enriched uranium, depleted uranium, low burnup Pu, 137 Cs, and 133 Ba attenuated through a suite of absorbers ranging in Z from polyethylene through lead. The GC-MBS method results are compared to those computed using ordinary response function fitting and with a simple net peak area method. The GC-MBS method was found to be significantly more accurate than the other methods over the range of absorbers and isotopic blends studied.
Nanoscale engineering optical nonlinearities and nanoemitters

The integration of a photonic information processing system onto a single chip requires great research effort toward engineering metamaterials for miniaturization of the optical devices and circuits. We discuss nanoscale engineered optical nonlinearities for modulation and wave mixing of optical fields, and metal-dielectric-semiconductor nanostructures and compositions to construct nanoemitters for chip-scale integration.
Communicating correlated sources over an interference channel

A new coding technique, based on fixed block-length codes, is proposed for the problem of communicating a pair of correlated sources over a 2-user interference channel. Its performance is analyzed to derive a new set of sufficient conditions. The latter is proven to be strictly less binding than the current known best, which is due to Liu and Chen [1]. Our findings are inspired by Dueck's example [2].
Mechanoregulation of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis in Isolated Cells and Developing Tissues

Clathrin-coated assemblies bear the largest fraction of the endocytic load from the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. However, dynamics of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) have not been established within tissues of multicellular organisms due to experimental and analytical bottlenecks in determining the lifespan of clathrin-coated structures. We found that clathrin coat growth rates obtained from fluorescence microscopy acquisitions can be utilized as reporters of CME dynamics. Growth rates can be assembled within time windows shorter than the average clathrin coat lifetime and, thereby, allow probing the changes in CME dynamics in real time. Furthermore, this novel approach is applicable to tissues as it is not prone to particle detection and tracking errors, which result in underestimation of the clathrin coat lifetimes. Exploiting these advantages, we detected spatial and temporal changes in CME dynamics within Drosophila amnioserosa tissues at different stages of embryo development. We also found that increased membrane tension impedes CME through inhibition of formation and dissolution of clathrin-coated structures. Therefore, the parameters defining clathrin coat dynamics (i.e., lifetime, formation density and growth rates) can be utilized to monitor the spatiotemporal gradients of the plasma membrane tension during cell migration and spreading.
Ab initio study of the electronic spectrum of a Cs11O3 cluster

Geometries and electronic states of the cesium suboxide cluster Cs11O3 are investigated by means of ab initio Hartree–Fock calculations. Relativistic effective core potentials are employed to represent core electrons in the atoms while Gaussian‐type orbital basis sets are used to describe the valence electrons. Interatomic distances are optimized for the ground electronic state. The work function of Cs11O3 is calculated as 0.65 eV, in excellent agreement with an experimentally determined value of 0.7 eV for bulk cesium suboxide. Mulliken populations of negatively charged and neutral Cs11O3 clusters are calculated and indicate that upon ionization the emitted electron exits a molecular orbital encompassing the outermost cesium layer of the cluster.
On the necessity of structured codes for communications over MAC with feedback

The problem of three-user multiple-access channel (MAC) with noiseless feedback is investigated. A new coding strategy is presented. The coding scheme builds upon the natural extension of the Cover-Leung (CL) scheme [1]; and uses quasi-linear codes. A new single-letter achievable rate region is derived. The new achievable region strictly contains the CL region. This is shown through an example. In this example, the coding scheme achieves optimality in terms of transmission rates. It is shown that any optimality achieving scheme for this example must have a specific algebraic structure. Particularly, the codebooks must be closed under binary addition.
A lower bound for the Chung-Diaconis-Graham random process

Chung, Diaconis, and Graham considered random processes of the form X n+1 = a n X n + b n (mod p) where p is odd, X 0 = 0, an = 2 always, and b n are i.i.d. for n = 0, 1, 2,.... In this paper, we show that if P(b n = -1) = P(b n = 0) = P(b n = 1) = 1/3, then there exists a constant c > 1 such that clog 2 p steps are not enough to make X n get close to being uniformly distributed on the integers mod p.
Ecosystem services provided by freshwater mussels

Ecosystem services are the benefits that humans derive from ecosystems. Freshwater mussels perform many important functions in aquatic ecosystems, which can in turn be framed as the ecosystem services that they contribute to or provide. These include supporting services such as nutrient recycling and storage, structural habitat, substrate and food web modification, and use as environmental monitors; regulating services such as water purification (biofiltration); and provisioning and cultural services including use as a food source, as tools and jewelry, and for spiritual enhancement. Mussel-provided ecosystem services are declining because of large declines in mussel abundance. Mussel propagation could be used to restore populations of common mussel species and their ecosystem services. We need much more quantification of the economic, social, and ecological value and magnitude of ecosystem services provided by mussels, across species, habitats, and environmental conditions, and scaled up to whole watersheds. In addition, we need tools that will allow us to value mussel ecosystem services in a way that is understandable to both the public and to policy makers.
FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION RESISTANCE OF UHMWPES USED IN JOINT REPLACEMENT

Introduction The fatigue strength of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in total joint implants is crucial to its long term success in high demand applications, such as in the knee, and is typically determined by measuring the crack propagation resistance in razor-notched specimens under cyclic load [1]. This only tells part of the story: that is, how well the material resists crack propagation once a crack is present. A second, equally important component of fatigue strength is how well the material resists crack formation. Previous studies cyclically loaded a cantilevered post until failure [2], postulating that the post would break very quickly after crack initiation. Parran et. al. proposed a novel method to measure the crack initiation time by holding a sample in constant tension until a crack was visually observed [3]. We hypothesize that the crack initiation times of various UHMWPEs will follow similar trends as the more omnipresent crack propagation resistance tests. Materials and Methods The following UHMWPE formulations were tested: (i) virgin, (ii) gamma sterilized in vacuum, (iii) 91 kGy gamma irradiated, and (iv) 91 kGy gamma irradiated and subsequently melted. GUR1020 and GUR1050 bar stock of varying irradiation doses were machined into compact tension specimens [4] with a notch depth of 17 mm and a blunt notch root radius of 0.25 mm, mimicking a geometry of a joint replacement component. Specimens were held in constant tension until failure; 3 to 5 different loads between 1 kN and 2.25 kN (n=3 samples per load per material) were tested. A video camera was focused on the face of the notch and took a picture every 10 seconds. The photos were reviewed to manually determine the crack initiation time (Fig 1). The time it took for the sample to completely fail – that is, shear into two separate pieces – was also recorded. Results For all materials tested, the crack initiation time (Fig 2a,b) and the time to failure (Fig 2c,d) decreased as the applied load increased. The crack initiation time increased for the gamma sterilized materials when compared to the virgin materials while the time to failure decreased. The highly crosslinked, 91 kGy materials had crack initiation times and times to failure that were less than that of the virgin material. Post irradiation melting greatly diminished the fatigue strength of the material, yielding the lowest crack initiation time and time to failure. Discussion The test yielded results consistent with current knowledge: that is, high-dose irradiation yields a slight drop in fatigue strength, and post-irradiation melting greatly reduces strength. This test was simple to set up and run and can be a good tool to determine the relative fatigue strengths of UHMWPE formulations for orthopaedic applications. For figures/tables, please contact authors directly.
Seeking a Rational Approach to a Regional Refugee Crisis: Lessons from the Summer 2014 “Surge” of Central American Women and Children at the US-Mexico Border:

Executive Summary2In the early summer months of 2014, an increasing number of Central American children alone and with their parents began arriving at the US-Mexico border in search of safety and p...
Glaucoma Patient–Reported Concerns and Associated Factors

Purpose To assess the character and degree of concerns of glaucoma patients and identify demographic/clinical factors affecting the concerns. Design Prospective cross-sectional study. Methods A questionnaire that addressed patients' concerns was administered to consecutive glaucoma patients. Severity of concern was scored with a scale of 0–5 in order of increasing severity. Age, sex, intraocular pressure, visual field (VF) mean deviation (MD), number of antiglaucoma medications, history of glaucoma surgery, and employment status were recorded. Results Questionnaire results of 152 patients (mean VF MD, −8.03 ± 7.86 dB [better eye] and −16.06 ± 10.22 dB [worse eye]; mean age, 69 ± 14 years) were analyzed. Severity of concern was greatest for general eyesight (2.92/5.00) and visual symptoms (2.78/5.00), followed by activities (2.20/5.00) and socioeconomic factors (2.13/5.00), and then ocular symptoms (1.69/5.00) ( P r = −0.258; P = .001) and worse eye ( r = −0.233; P = .004). Concern about activities correlated with history of glaucoma surgery ( r = 0.148; P = .023) and VF MD of the better eye ( r = −0.284; P r = −0.295; P r = −0.245; P = .003) and age ( r = −0.260; P = .001). Conclusions Glaucoma patients reported varied degrees of concern regarding items associated with quality of life. Certain items may be more concerning than others. Severity of some concerns increased with more severe VF loss, prior glaucoma surgery, or younger age.
Apple Versus the Feds: How a smartphone stymied the FBI.

When Syed Farook and Tashfeen Malik died in a hail of gunfire on 2 December 2015 after killing 14 people at a San Bernardino office party, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) recovered Farook's iPhone within a few hours. But when federal agents tried to crack into the phone to find out more details about the tragedy, Appledesigned security measures stopped them. The FBI went to court to force Apple to crack the phone for them since Apple refused.
A multiplier algebra functional calculus

This paper generalizes the classical Sz.-Nagy--Foias $H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D})$ functional calculus for Hilbert space contractions. In particular, we replace the single contraction $T$ with a tuple $T=(T_1, \dots, T_d)$ of commuting bounded operators on a Hilbert space and replace $H^{\infty}(\mathbb{D})$ with a large class of multiplier algebras of Hilbert function spaces on the unit ball in $\mathbb C^d$.
A Model of Plausible, Severe and Useful Stress Scenarios for VIX Shocks

The editorial board announced that this article has been retracted on November 20, 2017. If you have any further question, please contact us at: aef@redfame.com
Integrating telemetry data into spatial capture–recapture modifies inferences on multi-scale resource selection

Estimating population size and resource selection functions (RSFs) are common approaches in applied ecology for addressing wildlife conservation and management objectives. Traditionally such approaches have been undertaken separately with different sources of data. Spatial capture-recapture (SCR) provides a framework for jointly estimating density and multi-scale resource selection, and data integration techniques provide opportunities for improving inferences from SCR models. Here we illustrate an application of integrated SCR-RSF modeling to a population of American marten (Martes americana) in alpine forests of northern New England. Spatial encounter data from camera traps were combined with telemetry locations from radio-collared individuals to examine how density and space use varied with spatial environmental features. We compared multi-model inferences between the integrated SCR-RSF model with telemetry and a standard SCR model with no telemetry. The integrated SCR-RSF model supported more complex relationships with spatial variation in third-order resource selection (i.e., individual space use), including selection for areas with shorter distances to mixed coniferous forest and rugged terrain. Both models indicated increased second-order selection (i.e., density) for areas close to mixed coniferous forest, while the integrated SCR-RSF model had a lower effect size due to modulation from spatial variability in space use. Our application of the integrated SCR-RSF model illustrates the improved inferences from spatial encounter data that can be achieved from integrating auxiliary telemetry data. Integrated modeling allows ecologists to join empirical data to ecological theory using a robust quantitative framework to better address conservation and management objectives.
Power Politics and Securitization: The Emerging Indo–Japanese Nexus in Southeast Asia

China's ascent has led to its securitization by its neighbouring states, particularly given its precarious maritime claims in the highly strategic Indo-Pacific basin. Such a development in the region has allowed India and Japan to forge closer strategic partnerships in Southeast Asia. This article utilizes securitization theory to analyse the emerging Indo–Japanese nexus, wherein Japan's increasing desecuritization and India's non-securitization in Southeast Asia have allowed the region to emerge as a common strategic vantage point for Indo–Japanese interests to convene. The securitization of China, coupled with India and Japan's common interests in safeguarding the freedom of navigation and deterring unilateral changes to the status quo, contributes to the emergence of this nexus. Furthermore, the emerging nexus provides states of Southeast Asia a hedging option as China's increasing assertion of its territorial claims. Japan's Security Diamond policy and India's Act/Look East policy will also be analysed to showcase the emergence of the Indo–Japanese nexus.
Fully coupled electromechanical elastodynamic model for guided wave propagation analysis

Physics-based computational models play a key role in the study of wave propagation for structural health monitoring and the development of improved damage detection methodologies. Due to the complex nature of guided waves, accurate and efficient computation tools are necessary to investigate the mechanisms responsible for dispersion, coupling, and interaction with damage. In this article, a fully coupled electromechanical elastodynamic model for wave propagation in a heterogeneous, anisotropic material system is developed. The final framework provides the full three-dimensional displacement and electrical potential fields for arbitrary plate and transducer geometries and excitation waveform and frequency. The model is validated theoretically and proven computationally efficient. Studies are performed with surface-bonded piezoelectric sensors to gain insight into the physics of experimental techniques used for structural health monitoring. Collocated actuation of the fundamental Lamb wave modes is modeled...
A formal foundation for XrML

XrML is becoming a popular language in industry for writing software licenses. The semantics for XrML is implicitly given by an algorithm that determines if a permission follows from a set of licenses. We focus on a fragment of the language and use it to highlight some problematic aspects of the algorithm. We then correct the problems, introduce formal semantics, and show that our semantics captures the (corrected) algorithm. Next, we consider the complexity of determining if a permission is implied by a set of XrML licenses. We prove that the general problem is undecidable, but it is polynomial-time computable for an expressive fragment of the language. We extend XrML to capture a wider range of licenses by adding negation to the language. Finally, we discuss the key differences between XrML and MPEG-21, an international standard based on XrML.
Record Atmospheric Fresh Water Capture and Heat Transfer with a Material Operating at the Water Uptake Reversibility Limit

The capture of water vapor at low relative humidity is desirable for producing potable water in desert regions and for heat transfer and storage. Here, we report a mesoporous metal–organic framework that captures 82% water by weight below 30% relative humidity. Under simulated desert conditions, the sorbent would deliver 0.82 gH2O gMOF–1, nearly double the quantity of fresh water compared to the previous best material. The material further demonstrates a cooling capacity of 400 kWh m–3 per cycle, also a record value for a sorbent capable of creating a 20 °C difference between ambient and output temperature. The water uptake in this sorbent is optimized: the pore diameter of our material is above the critical diameter for water capillary action, enabling water uptake at the limit of reversibility.
Surface creasing of soft elastic continua as a Kosterlitz-Thouless transition

Harnessing a model from composite materials science, we show how point-like cusped surface features arise as quasi-particle excitations, termed "ghost fibers", on the surface of a homogeneous soft elastic material. These deformations appear above a critical compressive strain at which ghost fiber dipoles unbind, analogous to vortices in the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. Finite-length creases can be described in the same framework. Our predictions for crease surface profiles and onset strain agree with previous experiments and simulations, and further experimental tests are proposed.
Crying Is in the Eyes of the Beholder: An Attribution Theory Framework of Crying at Work

This article contributes to research on emotion expression, attributions, and discrete work emotions by developing an observer-focused model to explain the outcomes of crying at work. Our model is ...
Attribution of surface temperature anomalies induced by land use and land cover changes

Land use/land cover changes (LULCC) directly impact the surface temperature by modifying the radiative, physiological, and aerodynamic properties controlling the surface energy and water balances. In this study, we propose a new method to attribute changes in the surface temperature induced by LULCC to changes in radiative and turbulent heat fluxes, with the partition of turbulent fluxes controlled by aerodynamic and surface resistances. We demonstrate that previous attribution studies have overestimated the contribution of aerodynamic resistance by assuming independence between the aerodynamic resistance and the Bowen ratio. Our results further demonstrate that acceptable agreement between modeled and observed temperature anomalies does not guarantee correct attribution by the model. When performing an attribution analysis, the covariance among attributing variables needs to be taken into consideration in order to accurately interpret the results.
Systems-Level Annotation of a Metabolomics Data Set Reduces 25 000 Features to Fewer than 1000 Unique Metabolites

When using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to perform untargeted metabolomics, it is now routine to detect tens of thousands of features from biological samples. Poor understanding of the data, however, has complicated interpretation and masked the number of unique metabolites actually being measured in an experiment. Here we place an upper bound on the number of unique metabolites detected in Escherichia coli samples analyzed with one untargeted metabolomics method. We first group multiple features arising from the same analyte, which we call “degenerate features”, using a context-driven annotation approach. Surprisingly, this analysis revealed thousands of previously unreported degeneracies that reduced the number of unique analytes to ∼2961. We then applied an orthogonal approach to remove nonbiological features from the data using the 13C-based credentialing technology. This further reduced the number of unique analytes to less than 1000. Our 90% reduction in data is 5-fold greater tha...
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHERTSEY OUTCOME SCORE FOR TRAUMA (COST)

Introduction Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) are used as outcome of many surgical treatments such as Hip and knee joint replacements, varicose vein and groin hernia surgery. Outcome scores in orthopaedics tend to be site and/or pathology specific. Trauma related pathology uses a surrogate outcome scores. A unified outcome score for trauma is needed to help with the measurement of outcomes in trauma patients and evaluate the actual impact that trauma inflicts to patients9 lives. Materials & Methods We have designed a PROM especially for Trauma patients, in order to measure the extent of recovery to pre-injury state. This score uses as baseline the pre-injury status of the patient and has the aim to determine the percentage of rehabilitation after any form of treatment. This PROM is not site specific and can be used for every Trauma condition. It uses simple wording, user friendly and accessed via phone conversation. The outcome score consists of eleven questions. The first ten questions use the 5-point Likert scale and the final question a scale from zero to ten. The questions are divided into three subgroups (Symptoms, Function and Mental status). The final question assesses the extent of return to pre-injury status. The SF-12v2 questionnaire was used for the validation of the COST questionnaire. We gathered COST and SF-12v2 questionnaires from patients who were at the end of their follow-up after treatment for various trauma conditions, treated either conservatively either operatively. Results A total of 50 COST questionnaires were gathered in out outpatients department. The participants were 33 male and 17 female patients (aged 44.2 ±18.9 years) and the questionnaires collected at mean 9.7 months post-injury. A Cronbach9s Alpha value of 0.89 was identified for the whole construct. The three dimensions of the scale had good internal consistency as well (Cronbach9s Alpha test values 0.73, 0.85 and 0.81 for symptoms, function and mental status respectively). Strong/moderate correlation (Spearman9s Rho test 0.45–0.65) was observed between the respective physical/mental dimensions of the COST and SF-12v2 questionnaires. Conclusion There is a need for a specific PROM for Trauma pathology which is not site specific and easy to use and understand. COST is a useful tool to Trauma surgeons to measure the outcomes of their patients and has high internal consistency.
A structural model on the impact of prediscovery licensing and research joint ventures on innovation and product market efficiency

Abstract Using a novel database on prediscovery licensing agreements (one type of R&D cooperation) as well as detailed firm-level and semiconductor market-specific information, we estimate the impact of prediscovery licensing agreements (PDLAs) on innovation and product market efficiency. Our results show that PDLAs reduce innovative activity in the semiconductor industry by 10 percent, or 4089 patents, throughout the 1989–1999 period. On the contrary, research joint ventures (a different type of R&D cooperation) increase innovative activity. Based on a structural model, we provide evidence that PDLAs increase production costs and semiconductor prices by 1 percent, which results in customers paying an additional $1.1 billion for semiconductors per year. Beyond the common concern that R&D cooperations facilitate coordination activities in product markets via price fixing, our study highlights that PDLAs can be used as an instrument to coordinate R&D activities, which can reduce innovation activity and increase costs and prices.
OCL Fault Injection-Based Detection of LDAP Query Injection Vulnerabilities.

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is used in web applications to provide lookup information and enforcing authentication. Web applications may suffer from LDAP injection vulnerabilities that may lead to security breaches such as login bypass and privilege escalation. This paper proposes OCL fault injection-based detection of LDAP injection vulnerabilities. We extracted design-level information and constraints are expressed in OCL and then randomly altered to generate test cases that have the capability to uncover LDAP injection vulnerabilities. We proposed two algorithms to implement test case generation. We used an open source PHP application to evaluate this approach. The analysis shows that this approach can detect LDAP injection vulnerabilities.
Weather Shocks, Coping Strategies, and Consumption Dynamics in Rural Ethiopia

Summary Rural households adopt a broad range of strategies to cope with adverse weather shocks. Previous studies have examined the effectiveness of individual coping strategies in mitigating the impact of adverse weather shocks, but no study to date has presented a comprehensive evaluation of alternative coping strategies. We employ household panel data spanning 15 years to estimate the impact of weather shocks on consumption and poverty dynamics in rural Ethiopia, along with the effectiveness of household coping strategies in alleviating the impact of shocks. We find that rainfall increases are positively associated with per adult equivalent consumption, while high temperatures are negatively associated with consumption. In terms of household coping strategies, formal social safety net transfers mitigate the impact of adverse rainfall shocks on consumption and off-farm employment mitigates the impact of high-temperature shocks. Simulations suggest that rainfall shocks and formal social safety net transfers significantly influence household poverty dynamics. By contrast, high-temperature shocks and off-farm employment have less impact on poverty dynamics. The results highlight the need for social protection programs that support existing household coping strategies and that can rapidly respond to weather shocks.
Brain Metastasis from Prostatic Cancer

Four cases of prostatic carcinoma with metastasis to brain are described. Two of those cases are diagnosed antemortem. Our experience from postmortem case studies and review of the literature point to the fact that metastasis to brain from a prostatic cancer remains a rare occurrence.
The Stress-Inducible Peroxidase TSA2 Underlies a Conditionally Beneficial Chromosomal Duplication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Although chromosomal duplications are often deleterious, in some cases they enhance cells’ abilities to tolerate specific genetic or environmental challenges. Identifying the genes that confer these conditionally beneficial effects to particular chromosomal duplications can improve our understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms that enable certain aneuploidies to persist in cell populations and contribute to disease and evolution. Here, we perform a screen for spontaneous mutations that improve the tolerance of haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae to hydrogen peroxide. Chromosome IV duplication is the most frequent mutation, as well as the only change in chromosomal copy number seen in the screen. Using a genetic mapping strategy that involves systematically deleting segments of a duplicated chromosome, we show that the chromosome IV’s duplication effect is largely due to the generation of a second copy of the stress-inducible cytoplasmic thioredoxin peroxidase TSA2 . Our findings add to a growing body of literature that shows the conditionally beneficial effects of chromosomal duplication are typically mediated by a small number of genes that enhance tolerance to specific stresses when their copy numbers are increased.