cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“You’ve Come A Long Way, Baby”: Rehnquist’s New Approach to Pregnancy Discrimination in Hibbs

1. See, e.g., Robert C. Post & Reva B. Siegel, Equal Protection by Law: Federal Antidiscrimination Legislation After Morrison and Kimel, 110 YALE L.J. 441 (2000) [hereinafter Post & Siegel, Equal Protection by Law] (showing an alternate basis for Morrison in the federalism history of the Second Reconstruction); Robert C. Post & Reva B. Siegel, Legislative Constitutionalism and Section Five Power: Policentric Interpretation of the Family and Medical Leave Act, 112 Yale L.J. 1943 (2003) [hereinafter Post & Siegel, Legislative Constitutionalism] (arguing for an approach to the Section 5 power that would recognize Congress's role in interpreting the Constitution as it enforces it); Robert C. Post & Reva B. Siegel, Protecting the Constitution from the People: Juricentric Restrictions on Section Five Power, 78 Ind. L.J. 1 (2003) [hereinafter Post & Siegel, Protecting the Constitution from the People] (objecting to the juricentricity of current Section 5 doctrine); Reva B. Siegel, Reasoning from the Body: A Historical Perspective on Abortion Regulation and Questions of Equal Protection, 44 Stan. L. Rev. 261 (1992) [hereinafter Siegel, Reasoning from the Body] (arguing that the Court's habit of "reasoning from the body" has produced equal protection and substantive due process doctrine that fails to recognize and restrain state action that enforces traditional sex roles); Reva B. Siegel, Concurring Opinion,
Dynamic Dictionary Matching with Failure Functions (Extended Abstract)

In the dynamic dictionary matching problem, a dictionary D contains a set of patterns that can change over time by insertion and deletion of individual patterns. The user also presents text strings and asks for all occurrences of any patterns in the text.
Ideas for Development in the Americas, Volume 23: How Democracy Works in Latin America

This issue of IDEA explores the workings of democratic institutions in Latin America and how they shape economic and other policies. It analyzes the roles, incentives, capabilities and interaction of key political players: the legislature, business, organized labor and the media. Based on a recent IDB book, How Democracy Works: Political Institutions, Actors, and Arenas in Latin American Policymaking, the newsletter provides a taste of the multiple, complex actors at work on the region’s policymaking stage.
Implementation of Dyamic Source Routing using 802.15.4 on XBee Series 1 modules

An implementation of Dynamic Source Routing on 802.15.4 using XBee Series 1 modules is presented. This implementation demonstrates the use of Dynamic Source Routing to determine the route from initiator (source) node to target (destination) node and used it to deliver message packets within an intra-network of wireless motes. The wireless motes compromise of Atmega 328P based microcontroller board (Red Board) interfaced with XBee Series 1. The algorithm itself searches for the desired route based on first come first serve basis and uses it to forward the message packet to the target node. Due to the dynamic nature of the protocol, the network has self-healing ability. The software library developed in the course of this implementation provides the user an interface to implement customized multi-hopping on XBee Series1 due to absence of any underlying operating system.
Adrian Frutiger Typefaces: The Complete Works by Heidrun Osterer and Philipp Stamm (eds)/José Mendoza y Almeida by Martin Majoor and Sébastien Morlighem, with an introduction by Jan Middendorp

(2011). Adrian Frutiger Typefaces: The Complete Works by Heidrun Osterer and Philipp Stamm (eds)/Jose Mendoza y Almeida by Martin Majoor and Sebastien Morlighem, with an introduction by Jan Middendorp. Design and Culture: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 130-133.
Coherent gradient sensing (CGS) method for fracture mechanics: a review

It has been 20 years since the introduction of coherent gradient sensing (CGS) technique for studying fracture problems. In this article, an up-to-date review of this full-field optical method as an experimental fracture mechanics tool is presented. The primary focus here is on contributions of the method to the advancement of fracture mechanics in general and dynamic fracture behaviour of materials in particular. Optical results published by various investigators using CGS to understand fracture of homogeneous materials, bimaterials, particulate composites, fibre reinforced composites and functionally graded materials are reviewed. A few promising new developments such as applications to load bearing problems and combining CGS with other full-field optical methods to enhance its measurement capabilities are also visited.
UPD in human and mouse and role in identification of imprinted loci

Genome imprinting refers to the epigenetic phenomenon in which alleles are differentially expressed depending on their parent of origin. The search for imprinted loci relies upon genomic alterations that unmask imprinted genes through over- or underexpression. Mice with whole-chromosome or segmental uniparental disomy (UPD) (the abnormal inheritance of both members or segments of a pair of homologous chromosomes from one parent) may be generated by the intercrossing of mice heterozygous for either reciprocal or Robertsonian translocations. The phenotypic effects, if any, may be attributed to altering the normal “imbalance” of gene dosage of imprinted or parent-specific expression of genes through the overexpression (via two expressed copies) or underexpression (via no expressed copies) of whole chromosomes or chromosome segments. The high homology between the mouse and human genomes permits the investigation of imprinted loci in humans with complementary UPDs. Keywords: uniparental disomy; imprinting; reciprocal translocations; Robertsonian translocations; imprinting maps; epigenetics; development; chromosome abnormalities
O movimento estudantil na educação física brasileira: construção, atuação e contribuições na Escola Nacional de Edicação Física e Desportos

A historia do movimento estudantil (ME) em nossa area ainda e uma lacuna. Partindo da compreensao de que para entender a construcao e as contribuicoes do ME para a educacao fisica brasileira devemos tornar mais rigorosos nossos estudos historicos, ampliando as informacoes e as fontes, realizando analises segundo perspectivas diferenciadas e fazendo uso de uma adequada concepcao de Historia; este artigo objetiva analisar a atuacao, as contribuicoes e o desenvolvimento do ME na Escola Nacional de Educacao Fisica e Desportos, percebendo que sua construcao historica nao e somente fruto das acoes dos professores, mas tambem da influencia primordial dos estudantes.
Retrograde Transneuronal Degeneration in a Basal Ganglia Target, the Lateral Spiriform Nucleus, Induced by Anterograde Transneuronal Degeneration Following Eye Removal in the Chicken

Abstract The chicken lateral spiriform nucleus (Spl) receives its major input from the paleostriatum primitivum of the forebrain, projects almost exclusively upon the optic tectum, but receives no projections from the tectum. In the present study we show that not only do tectal ablations reduce the volume of the Spl, the cross-sectional ares, and the number of Spl neurons, but eye removal also produces a statistically significant reduction in Spl volume, cross-sectional area, and neuron number. Because the retina does not project upon the Spl directly, and because both the retina and the Spl project upon the optic tectum, we propose that the retina produces its effects upon the Spl by an anterograde transneuronally induced retrograde transneuronal mechanism.
On-line updating of solutions to a class of matroid intersection problems

Abstract The class of matroid intersection problems is considered in which one of the matroids is a partition matroid specifying that exactly q elements in the solution must be red, and the rest green. A characterization is presented for how the solution changes when one element changes in cost. Data structures are given for updating the solution on-line each time the cost of an arbitrary matroid element is modified. Efficient update algorithms are given for maintaining a red-green minimum spanning tree in both a general and a planar graph, and a red-green job schedule for unit-time jobs with deadlines.
Electrically small half-loop antenna analysis by numerical emulation

If an antenna is small relative to a wavelength it will have a low radiation resistance and a high reactive component, both indicative of high non-propagating energy resulting in poor radiation efficiency. With impedance matching, the reactive component can be cancelled over a limited bandwidth. Even with bandwidth limitations and low radiation resistance, the small loop antenna is desirable for mobile applications, particular for HF military communications on-the-move. Electrically small antennas are difficult to emulate by numerical techniques due to inaccurate boundary conditions, resulting in inaccurate current distributions and input impedances. However, electrically small antenna simulation is now possible with the increase in computational power, non-uniform meshing algorithms, and finite element techniques. This paper discusses the detailed computational electromagnetic analysis of an electrically small HF half-loop antenna system mounted on a flat conductive plate. The numerical data was validated by empirical techniques for both impedance and far field performance.
Hybrid character and rotational analysis of the 2700 Å band of m-fluorochlorobenzene

Abstract The rotational structure of the 2700 A ( π ∗ ←π ) transition of m-chlorofluorobenzene is observed and analyzed. Assuming the molecule to be planar in the excited state, the changes in rotational constants are found to be δA=−0.0035cm −1 δB=−0.00044cm −1 The assignment of various observed features are made by the use of Fortrat diagrams. The observed fine structure is composed mainly of subband heads in the qrR branch with some of the less intense features arising from turning points in the qpQ branch. A high frequency wing with is not predicted for a pure A-type transition requires mixing of 10% B-type character to obtain the correct contour. This high frequency wing is composed of coincidences in the rrR branch. The band origin is found to be at 37 026.95±0.05 cm−1.
Clinical outcome of patients undergoing multivessel coronary stent implantation

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the outcome of patients undergoing multivessel coronary stent implantation. Background: Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty has been shown to be an effective treatment for multivessel coronary artery disease, although the need for repeat revascularization continues to be a limitation. Intracoronary stent placement has been shown to reduce the need for subsequent revascularization. Methods: Seventy-seven patients without prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) undergoing multivessel coronary revascularization in which stents were placed in all treated segments over a5 year period at our institution were identified. Clinical and angiographic characteristics and outcomes were analyzed. Results: One hundred and eighty-eight coronary lesions were successfully treated (2.1±0.3 treated vessels/patient, 2.4±0.6 treated lesions/patient) using 2.8±1.2 stents/patient (range 2–9) and 1.4±0.8 stents/vessel (range 1–6). Procedural success rate [angiographic success without in-hospital death, Q-wave myocardial infarction (Q-wave MI) or CABG] was achieved in 76 of 77 patients (98.7%). Anatomically complete revascularization was achieved in 46 (59.7%) patients. Modified ACC/AHA Type B2 and C lesions comprised 75.5% of the 188 lesions. The left anterior descending artery was treated in 57 (74.0%) patients. The indication for stent placement was dissection or threatened/abrupt closure in 54 segments (28.8%). In-hospital events included death in one patient (1.3%); no patient suffered a Q-wave MI or required CABG. Stent occlusion occurred in two (2.6%) patients, and repeat percutaneous intervention of the target vessel was also required in these two patients. Any of these adverse events occurred in three (3.9%) patients. No further events occurred after hospital discharge in the 30days after the procedure. Of hospital survivors ( n =76), adverse events at 6months included death in two patients (2.6%), MI in two (2.6%), CABG in six (7.9%); nine (11.8%) patients underwent repeat percutaneous intervention and 15 (19.7%) underwent any revascularization. Conclusions: Multivessel coronary stent placement is associated with an excellent procedural success rate despite a high rate of adverse lesion characteristics, and a low rate of death or MI during follow-up. The need for further revascularization compares favorably with published rates with multivessel PTCA and single stent implantation for discrete de novo lesions.
Blockade of potentiated startle responding in rats by 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor ligands

Abstract A potentiated whole-body startle response was produced in rats by pairing intense acoustic stimuli with a light (conditional stimulus) formerly presented contiguously with electric shock. Administration of the selective serotonin (5-HT) 1A ligand 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (0.125 and 0.5 mg/kg) blocked the potentiation of startle induced by the conditional stimulus. 1-[3-Chlorophenyl]piperazine, a non-anxiolytic 5-HT 1B/1C agonist, did not block potentiated startle, even at a dose (1.0 mg/kg) that induced significant overall decreases in startle amplitude. The non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics buspirone (1.25–5.0 mg/kg), gepirone (3.0–10.0 mg/kg) and the related 5-HT 1A ligand ipsapirone (1.0–10.0 mg/kg) blocked potentiated startle, though effects of the non-selective serotonin antagonist methysergide (0.3–10.0 mg/kg) fell short of significance. These data support a role for the 5-HT 1A binding site in the anti-anxiety effects of buspirone and related compounds over a range of behavioral procedures.
Optimization of hollow cathode diameter for particle beam/hollow cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry

Abstract An evaluation of the effect of cathode diameter on analyte emission intensity for the particle beam/hollow cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy (PB–HC–AES) system is described. A high-efficiency thermoconcentric nebulizer is used to generate a fine aerosol of the aqueous solution flowing at rates of ∼1 ml/min. Desolvation and use of a momentum separator/particle beam interface serves to introduce analyte particles into a heated HC glow discharge source for subsequent vaporization, atomization and excitation. The effects of discharge gas (He) pressure and current on emission responses for sodium and copper are evaluated in flow injection mode using 200-μl injection volumes for a series of fixed-length (25 mm) cylindrical HC having inner diameters of 2, 3, 5 and 7 mm. Analytical response curves obtained with the 2-mm i.d. HC for sodium and copper yield detection limits of 0.6 and 1.3 ppb in elemental Na and Cu, respectively, with less than 10% relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) for triplicate injections over a concentration range of 0.5–20 ppm.
Identification of intrinsic termination sites in vitro for RNA polymerase II within eukaryotic gene sequences

We have identified and mapped several DNA sequences within a human histone gene (H3.3) at which in-vitro transcription by highly purified RNA polymerase II is efficiently terminated. Since transcription in our system involves only RNA polymerase II acting on a linear DNA template, these sequences contain "intrinsic" termination signals recognized by the polymerase protein itself. The existence of such signals within a gene suggests that efficient antitermination systems probably exist for mammalian transcription units. Alternatively, there could be a high frequency of premature transcription termination, or "polarity" for genes such as H3.3. Intrinsic transcription termination sites in H3.3 are located in sequences of consecutive thymidylate residues (5 to 8 nucleotides) on the non-transcribed DNA strand (T-runs), from which it is likely that such T-runs are elements of the intrinsic termination signal for RNA polymerase II. However, transcription proceeds without significant termination through many similar T-runs, from which it follows that these intrinsic termination signals include other elements. Since transcription is also terminated efficiently at these sites when the transcript remains bound along its full length as a DNA-RNA hybrid, it is unlikely that formation of specific RNA secondary structures in the transcript is a general element of the intrinsic termination signal. Although DNA sequences downstream from the coding portion of the mouse beta-globin gene have been implicated as sites of transcription termination in vivo, these regions do not contain strong intrinsic termination signals, and transcription in vitro proceeds through these regions almost undiminished. Transcriptional termination in this region in vivo may depend on the presence of termination factors or other intracellular elements, and there may be multiple classes of DNA signals that control eukaryotic termination.
Aspartame's effects on behavioral thermoregulation in albino rats.

Aspartame (L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester) was administered intraperitoneally to 9 Sprague-Dawley rats partitioned into 2 studies (4 in Study 1 and 5 for a replication in Study 2) over a two-year period using a within-subjects, repeated-measures reversal design. Behavioral thermoregulation was assessed in a cold Skinner Box using 5-sec. exposures of microwave radiation [Specific Absorption Rate = 0.34 Watts/kg/(mW/cm2)] as reinforcing stimuli under a fixed-interval 2-min. schedule of positive reinforcement. Two factorial analyses of variance [5 (doses) x 8 (hours)] indicated that the main effect for the doses of aspartame (2, 4, 8, 16 mg/kg, and saline control) was not significant; yet, the interaction (dose x hours) was significant (p < .05). Tentatively, aspartame should not cause an uncomfortable rise in body temperature (as sugar can do) when consumed in common substances such as soft drinks, yogurt, tea, coffee, etc., in doses commensurate with "hedonic" sweetness.
Navajo Women and Abuse: The Context for Their Troubled Relationships

In this article, on the basis of interviews with seven Navajo women, the author discusses the Navajo woman’s perspective on domestic violence. These discussions reveal several factors that distinguish the Navajo woman’s experience of abuse from that of the Anglo3 woman. These factors are examined in light of historical and contemporary understandings of the Navajo world. Three cultural elements can help us understand the Navajo woman’s experience of abuse: the cultural concept of hozho, the searing tale (in the Creation Story) of the quarrel between First Man and First Woman, a quarrel that brought great tragedy to the people; and the Kinaalda, the female puberty rite. It is the author’s argument that these facets of the Navajo culture, in addition to Western explanations for women’s staying with abusive partners, are powerful contributors to the Navajo woman’s understanding of abuse in her life and if we are to develop successful techniques for intervention, we must consider these elements as well as those of the dominant culture.
Stratified Sampling and Distribution-Free Confidence Intervals for a Median

Abstract This paper presents the results of a limited investigation which brings into focus the difficulties encountered in developing exact distribution-free methods for stratified simple random sampling. It is shown that exact distribution-free confidence intervals for a population median can be obtained from a stratified sample under very special circumstances. The principal result concerns the order statistics of the combined separate strata samples, where proportional allocation is employed. It is proved that a pair of symmetric order statistics provides a confidence interval for the population median whose confidence coefficient is not less than the confidence coefficient obtained from the corresponding order statistics of a random sample of the same total size drawn from the entire population. Furthermore, it is shown by means of a numerical example that this result necessarily holds only when proportional allocation is employed.
An evaluation of a carbohydrate-phosphoric acidsolution in the management of vomiting

Summary 1. Results of a preliminary study of the effect of a carbohydrate-phosphoric acid solution on isolated rabbit gastrointestinal-muscle strips, including sections of the pars pylorica, are presented. 2. Clinical trial of the oral preparationwas made in 246 cases of nausea, vomiting, or regurgitation in infants and children. 3. Cessation of vomiting occurred in 100 per cent of 172 cases of epidemic vomiting. Two cases reports are given. 4. Of 43 infants suffering from regurgitation, 29 responded favorably; these cases had previously failed to respond to atropine, phenobarbital, or other preparations. 5. Fifteen of 17 patients with toxic vomiting responded favorably. 6. Motion sickness was prevented in100 per cent of 11 children regularly subject to nausea when traveling in vehicles. 7. Three patients with vomiting dueto pyloric stenosis did not respond.
Heliographic longitude distribution of the flares associated with type III bursts observed at kilometric wavelengths

We have grouped observed type III solar bursts according to the discrete frequencies of observation in the kilometric wavelength range. For each group we have obtained the bursts' frequency of occurrence as a function of the heliographic longitude of the associated optical flares. We found that flares occurring east of a certain cutoff longitude do not produce bursts observable near the earth below a given frequency. The cutoff on the west is determined by observational limitation for flares beyond the limb. The mean longitude and the extreme eastern end of the longitude distribution both shift to the west as the radio frequency decreases. We interpret these findings in terms of radio wave propagation effects and curved trajectories of the bursts' exciter particles.
Chlormethiazole: neurochemical actions at the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor complex

Chlormethiazole has been extensively employed as a sedative/hypnotic and anticonvulsant for more than 25 years. While pharmacological and electrophysiological studies have implicated the GABAA receptor complex in these actions, neurochemical findings have not been consistent with this conclusion. We now present evidence that pharmacologically relevant concentrations of chlormethiazole perturb the GABAA receptor complex. Chlormethiazole was found to increase 36Cl- uptake into rat cortical synaptoneurosomes in a concentration-dependent (EC50 = 48 +/- 3 microM; Emax = 8.9 +/- 0.8 nmol Cl-/mg protein per 5 s), picrotoxin-sensitive fashion. Chlormethiazole was also found to inhibit the binding of the 'cage' convulsant [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate to rat cortical membranes (IC50 = 58.6 +/- 0.6 microM) through an increase in the apparent KD of this radioligand. Moreover, at these concentrations chlormethiazole did not affect pentobarbital-enhanced [3H]flunitrazepam binding, but inhibited [3H]flunitrazepam binding with a low potency (IC50 = 1.6 +/- 0.2 mM). These findings provide neurochemical evidence that pharmacologically relevant concentrations of chlormethiazole can perturb the GABAA receptor complex, and suggest that this compound acts at a distinct locus from other sedative/hypnotics such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines and GABAmimetics.
On the cases of equality in Bobkov's inequality and Gaussian rearrangement

We determine all of the cases of equality in a recent inequality of Bobkov that implies the isoperimetric inequality on Gauss space. As an application we determine all of the cases of equality in the Gauss space analog of the Faber-Krahn inequality.
A rapid biochemical test for measuring chemical toxicity.

Many chemicals undergo multiple transformations in the environment, owing to abiotic and biotic processes. Whether they bioaccu~te or not depends, among other things, on their toxicity to the biota. Therefore, toxicity to organisms affecting the transforming is obviously an importrant factor governing the fate and behaviour of a chemical compound in the natural environment. Numerous bioassay procedures employing fish (SASTRY & AGRAWAL 1979), invertebrates (van DIJK et al. 1977), algae (WONG et al. 1979), protozoan (HONIG et al. 1980) and bacteria (MOWAT 1976, BABICH & STOTZKY 19T7) have been developed for the measurement of toxicity. Microbial toxicity tests have the advant84~es of speed and ease of performance (MOWAT 1976) due to the much shorter life cycles of these organisms and the higher test concentrations which can generally be employed. Such tests are therefore suitable for use as primary biological monitoring systems for screening large number of samples for relative toxicity. Chemical toxicity to bacteria is normally measured in terms of inhibition of microbial growth rate (NARKIS & ZUR 1979}, oxygen uptake (BROUZES et al. 1978) and colony formation on agar plates (ANDEHSON & ABDELGHANI 1980). The purpose of this paper was to report the development of a rapid and sensitive biochemical toxicity test based on the resazurin reduction by microbial dehydrogenase. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reagents: Resazurin solution was prepared by dissolving one resazurin tablet (5 mg per tablet from BDH) in 50 mL of distilled water using a volumetric flask. The resazurin solution was stored in a brown bottle and was stable under storage conditions for approximately one week at ~~ Phthalate-HCl buffer (0.05M) was made up by dissolving 1.02 g of potassium biphthalate in 95 mL of distilled water and the pH was adjusted to 3-5 with 6N HCI. Sodium bicarbonate and n~l alcohol (solvent) were laboratory reagent grade. Mixed bacterial cultures were developed by adding 0.i mL of fresh activated sludge to a 125-mL Erlen~yer flask containing 50 mL of 1/10 strength nutrient broth (DIFCO) fortified with 200 ppm each of glucose and sodium acetate. After overnight growth (approximately 18 h) on a shaker at 21~ 0.1 mL of the culture was transferred into another flask containing fresh medium. The transfer was
Natural bond orbital methods

Natural bond orbital (NBO) methods encompass a suite of algorithms that enable fundamental bonding concepts to be extracted from Hartree-Fock (HF), Density Functional Theory (DFT), and post-HF computations. NBO terminology and general mathematical formulations for atoms and polyatomic species are presented. NBO analyses of selected molecules that span the periodic table illustrate the deciphering of the molecular wavefunction in terms commonly understood by chemists: Lewis structures, charge, bond order, bond type, hybridization, resonance, donor–acceptor interactions, etc. Upcoming features in the NBO program address ongoing advances in ab initio computing technology and burgeoning demands of its user community by introducing major new methods, keywords, and electronic structure system/NBO communication enhancements. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accurate, Robust, and Real-Time Pose Estimation of Finger

Many robotic applications need an accurate, robust, and fast estimation of finger pose. We present a novel finger pose estimation method using a motion capture system. The method combines a system identification stage and a state tracking stage in a unified framework. The system identification stage develops an accurate model of a finger, and the state tracking stage tracks the finger pose with the extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm based on the model obtained in the system identification stage. The algorithm is validated by simulation, and experiments with a human subject and a robotic finger. The experimental results show that the method can robustly estimate the finger pose at a high frequency (greater than 1 kHz) in the presence of measurement noise, occlusion of markers, and fast movement. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4028162]
The effect of air ions on light-induced swelling and dark-induced shrinking of isolated chloroplasts

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of gaseous ions on isolated chloroplasts maintained in a physiologically active state. Chloroplasts shrink when stored in the dark for 48 hr at 4°C and swell again when illuminated. The rates of swelling and shrinking (s-s) determined by the light-scattering method are increased by exposure to air ions of either charge. If chloroplasts are preilluminated for 30 min, the rate of shrinking of air-ion-treated chloroplasts is increased. When the chloroplasts are illuminated again, the rate of swelling of airion-treated chloroplasts is lower than that of controls. If 2.5 mM of ATP is added to the system upon the reillumination,the swelling rate of ion-treated chloroplasts is markedly increased. However, ADP,p-nitrophenyl phosphate and inorganic phosphates are shown without effect. Prolonged illumination (5,000 ft-c for 48 hr) or the addition of NaF inhibits the s-s phenomenon. Exposure of the chloroplasts in the presence of ATP to unipolar ionized air of either charge at 4°C in the dark increases their s-s and ATPase activities. These data suggest that air ions stimulate ATP metabolism of isolated chloroplasts.
Evidence of Deterministic Chaos in the Pulse of Storm Rainfall.

Abstract Rainfall data obtained by a highly sensitive raingage have been analyzed for the presence of strange attractors. Analysis of three storms that occurred in Cambridge, Massachusetts revealed, for each storm, the presence of a low-dimensional strange attractor with correlation dimension that was less than 4. The datasets consist of the discrete time series of the interarrival times of one-hundredth of a millimeter rainfall amounts. In all cases, the number of data points in the datasets was at least 3300, which makes the evidence of determinism in storm rainfall strong.
On the Steady State Response and Stability of Non-Linear Oscillators Using Harmonic Balance

Abstract The harmonic balance (HB) method is used to study the steady state periodic response, as well as its stability, of a softening Duffing oscillator. The objectives of the work are (1) to show how the qualitative nature of the HB solution changes if one uses two harmonics rather than one in the approximate solution and (2) to show that the analysis of the Mathieu equation which governs local stability of the steady state response must be based on an approximate, rather than an exact, analysis of this Mathieu equation. Thus, Floquet theory incorrectly describes the stability of the approximate solution.
DIARIES : WHO KEEPS THEM AND WHY

Directed diary keeping is an important method of gathering data for various therapeutic and research purposes. Little information, however, has been collected on spontaneously kept diaries. A quest...
Passive margins through earth history

Abstract Passive margins have existed somewhere on Earth almost continually since 2740 Ma. They were abundant at 1900–1890, 610–520, and 150–0 Ma, scarce at ca. 2445–2300, 1600–1000, and 300–275 Ma, and absent before ca. 3000 Ma and at 1740–1600. The fluctuations in abundance of passive margins track the first-order fluctuations of the independently derived seawater 87Sr/86Sr secular curve, and the compilation thus appears to be robust. The 76 ancient passive margins for which lifespans could be measured have a mean lifespan of 181 m.y. The world-record holder, with a lifespan of 590 m.y., is the Mesoproterozoic eastern margin of the Siberian craton. Subdivided into natural age groups, mean lifespans are 186 m.y. for the Archean to Paleoproterozoic, 394 m.y. for the Mesoproterozoic, 180 m.y. for the Neoproterozoic, 137 m.y. for the Cambrian to Carboniferous, and 130 m.y. for the Permian to Neogene. The present-day passive margins, which are not yet finished with their lifespans, have a mean age of 104 m.y. and a maximum age of 180 m.y. On average, Precambrian margins thus had longer, not shorter, lifespans than Phanerozoic ones—and this remains the case even discounting all post-300 Ma margins, most of which have time left. Longer lifespans deeper in the past is at odds with the widely held notion that the tempo of plate tectonics was faster in the Precambrian than at present. It is entirely consistent, however, with recent modeling by Korenaga [Korenaga, J., 2004. Archean geodynamics and thermal evolution of Earth. Archean Geodynamics and Environments, AGU Geophysical Monograph Series 164, 7–32], which showed that plate tectonics was more sluggish in the Precambrian. The abundance of passive margins clearly tracks the assembly, tenure, and breakup of Pangea. Earlier parts of the hypothesized supercontinent cycle, however, are only partly consistent with the documented abundance of passive margins. The passive-margin record is not obviously consistent with the proposed breakup of Nuna (Columbia), the assembly of Rodinia, or the assembly or breakup of the putative Pannotia. An alternative model is put forth involving (a) formation of two or more supercratons during the late Paleoproterozoic, (b) a Mesoproterozoic interval dominated by lateral accretion of arcs rather than by continental breakup and dispersal, (c) wholesale collision to form Rodinia by the end of the Mesoproterozoic, and (d) staged breakup of Rodinia through much of the Neoproterozoic.
Mapping Tumor Hypoxia In Vivo Using Pattern Recognition of Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MRI Data.

In solid tumors, hypoxia contributes significantly to radiation and chemotherapy resistance and to poor outcomes. The “gold standard” pO2 electrode measurements of hypoxia in vivo are unsatisfactory because they are invasive and have limited spatial coverage. Here, we present an approach to identify areas of tumor hypoxia using the signal versus time curves of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) data as a surrogate marker of hypoxia. We apply an unsupervised pattern recognition (PR) technique to determine the differential signal versus time curves associated with different tumor microenvironmental characteristics in DCE-MRI data of a preclinical cancer model. Well-perfused tumor areas are identified by rapid contrast uptake followed by rapid washout; hypoxic areas, which are regions of reduced vascularization, are identified by delayed contrast signal buildup and washout; and necrotic areas exhibit slow or no contrast uptake and no discernible washout over the experimental observation. The strength of the PR concept is that it captures the pixel-enhancing behavior in its entirety—during both contrast agent uptake and washout—and thus, subtleties in the temporal behavior of contrast enhancement related to features of the tumor microenvironment (driven by vascular changes) may be detected. The assignment of the tumor compartments/microenvironment to well vascularized, hypoxic, and necrotic is validated by comparison to data previously obtained using complementary imaging modalities. The proposed novel analysis approach has the advantage that it can be readily translated to the clinic, as DCE-MRI is used routinely for the identification of tumors in patients, is widely available, and easily implemented on any clinical magnet.
Use of confocal laser scanning microscopy in systematics of insects with a comparison of fluorescence from different stains.

Abstract Confocal laser scanning microscopy has become a valuable tool for a wide range of investigations in the biological sciences, but its use in insect systematics has been neglected. Confocal microscopy depends on the degree of fluorescence of the examined specimens, which is aided either by fluorescent dyes or autofluorescence of the specimen. This study provides methods for using a combination of fluorescent dyes and autofluorescence to provide images that document the value of confocal microscopy for systematic research with insects. Fluorescence was compared from Lepidoptera genitalia dissections that were unstained or stained with merbromin (mercurochrome), safranine, chlorazol black E, eosin Y, eosin Y + chlorazol black E, and orange-G. The unstained specimen showed that chitin autofluorescences to a small degree. The comparison of stains showed that use of eosin Y provides the best images, followed by safranine and mercurochrome. Orange-G and chlorazol black are the least fluorescent and provide poor images, even when chlorazol black is combined with eosin.
Acute effects of chlorothiazide on plasma electrolytes and acid-base pattern of nephrectomized rats and dogs.

SummaryChlorothiazide (a natriuretic antihypertensive drug), sulfamethoxypyrida-zine (another sulfonamide derivative lacking antihypertensive effect), and diazoxide (a sodium-retaining antihypertensive thiazide) were given to nephrectomized animals. The effects of these drugs on plasma electrolytes and acid-base pattern did not differ from that of 5% glucose solution alone. No acute extrarenal action of chlorothiazide on plasma electrolytes or acid-base balance was evident.
Cyclic Labeling of Mammalian Cell DNA after X-Irradiation Labeling with Specific Precursors

SummaryStarved L cells show a radiation-induced cyclic labeling of the acid-insoluble fraction when adenosine and deoxyadenosine are used as labeled precursors. The response consisted of a rapid uptake and loss of label. A similar effect has also been reported for 32P labeling of DNA.These findings support the idea that X-irradiation of mammalian cells produces increased action of an enzyme which rejoins single-strand breaks in DNA. The enzyme mechanism involves formation of a transient DNA-adenylate complex. In such a reaction, labeled adenylate should enter and then leave the DNA fraction. The results reported here agree with such a mechanism.
LEADING INFRARED LOGARITHMS AND VACUUM STRUCTURE OF QCD3

QCD3 is a superrenormalizable massless theory; therefore off-mass-shell infrared divergences appear in the loop expansion. We show how certain infrared divergences can be subtracted by changing the boundary conditions in the functional integral, letting the vector potentials approach non-zero constant values at infinity. Infrared divergences, in the Green's functions, come together with powers of logarithms of the external momenta, and among the infrared divergences we deal with, there are those that give rise to the leading and first subleading logarithms. We show how for two-point functions it is possible to sum the leading and first subleading logarithms to all orders. This procedure defines a nonperturbative approximation for QCD3. We find that in the ultraviolet region these summations are well defined, while in the infrared region, some additional prescription is needed to make sense out of them. From the construction developed to cancel infrared divergences, we derive the presence of arbitrarily large field strengths in the vacuum. We respect Lorentz invariance, because in this construction, one averages all directions and strengths of these fields. Possible applications to the infrared problem of QCD4 are indicated.
Consistent calculation of boundary effects in thin superconducting films

A simple model is proposed to treat the quantum size effect in thin superconducting films so as to account for screening of the surface charge, and to thereby provide consistency with the Friedel sum rule for metal surfaces and the constancy of the Fermi level. The original Thompson and Blatt calculation is followed with the additional feature that the overlap integrals for the electron-phonon interaction are only evaluated over the geometrical thickness, which defines the extent of the ion cores even though the electron gas extends beyond the cores. This procedure provides a factor which lowers ${T}_{c}$ that is of the order measured in experiments.
Distinct Hardening Behavior of Ultrafine-Grained Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy

The age-hardening response for ultrafine-grained, powder-metallurgy-consolidated aluminum 7091 was investigated for the first time. Peak hardening occurred after aging at 353 K (80 °C) for only 4 hours; further aging for up to 26 hours resulted in only slight fluctuations in hardness values. After the 4-hour aging, the precipitate population consists of a high density of nanoscale GP zones (diameter ~3 nm) and nanoscale η′ phase (<30 nm); η phase is not present.
Bound states in waveguides and bent quantum wires. II. Electrons in quantum wires

Charged particles which move through bent quantum wires should possess one or more bound states. One way to observe these bound states is by measuring electron conductance in quantum wires. In the previous paper, we calculated the location and properties of bound states in quantum wires with two rectangular bends, and we found these confined states by measuring microwave transmission in bent rectangular waveguides. In this paper we calculate the conductance for electrons in quantum wires of the same geometry. Experimental measurements of such electrons observe conductance below the threshold for free propagation. It was conjectured that this effect resulted from quantum tunneling through an impurity state in the substrate. We compare the observed subthreshold conductance with theoretical calculations of electron tunneling through bound states in the bent quantum wire. We also compare our results with previous theoretical calculations of electron conductance in a system with this geometry.
Stochastic location-aided routing for mobile ad-hoc networks

We study location-aided routing under mobility in wireless ad-hoc networks. Due to node mobility, the network topology changes continuously, and clearly there exists an intricate tradeoff between the message passing overhead and the latency in the rout discovery process. Aiming to obtain a clear understanding of this tradeoff, we use Stochastic Semidefinite Programming (SSDP), a newly developed optimization model, to deal with location uncertainty associated with node mobility. In particular, we model both the speed and the direction of node movement by random variables and construct random ellipses accordingly to better capture the location uncertainty and the heterogeneity across different nodes. Based on SSDP, we propose a stochastic location-aided routing (SLAR) strategy to optimize the tradeoff between the message passing overhead and the latency. Our results reveal that in general SLAR can significantly reduce the overall overhead than existing deterministic algorithms, simply because the location uncertainty in the routing problem is better captured by the SSDP model.
Voltage-Gated ion currents of schwann cells in cell culture models of human neurofibromatosis.

K(+) (K) channels play a role in the proliferation of many cell types in normal cells and certain disease states. Several laboratories have studied K currents in cultured Schwann cells from models of the human diseases, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). These diseases are characterized by the growth of Schwann cell tumors. In all cell culture NF models the K current properties differ in tumor-derived and normal Schwann cells. Depending on the model however, the type of K channel abnormality differs. K channels appear to play a role in the proliferation of Schwann cell cultures of these disease models, because a link has been established between K current blockade and the inhibition of Schwann cell proliferation in NF1 and NF2. Differences in the proliferation response of normal Schwann cells to K channel blockers suggest that in vitro regulation of proliferation in neoplastic and normal Schwann cells is complex.
Digitalis in the sick sinus syndrome. The effects of digitalis on sinoatrial automaticity and atrioventricular conduction.

The effect of digitalis in patients with sinoatrial node dysfunction was studied. Atrial pacing studies were performed while His bundle electrograms were recorded in fourteen patients with sinus bradyeardia, syncope, or related symptoms. Measurements were repeated after 0.01 mg/kg ouabain, followed in some by 1 mg atropine. Ouabain produced a significant shortening of sinoatrial recovery time, but no significant change in heart rate. Atropine normalized sinoatrial recovery times in most patients. This study demonstrates that digitalis causes an increase in automaticity in the sick sinus syndrome as reflected by a shortened sinoatrial recovery time. The efficacy of contemplated therapeutic agents in sick sinus syndrome can be evaluated by rapid atrial pacing. When clinically indicated, digitalis may be used for congestive heart failure or tachyarrhythmias in the sick sinus syndrome in the absence of significant A-V conduction disease.
Magnetic field dependence of Jc in BiPbSrCaCuO/Ag superconducting microcomposites

Abstract Melt-spun precursor ribbons were oxidized and annealed to produce a well-developed “2223” phase, then subjected to mechanical deformation and annealing to produce superconducting microcomposites with a textured microstructure. Superconducting BSCCO/Ag ribbons with T R =0 =104−110 K and critical current densities, J c(77) of 4000–10 000 A/cm 2 in zero field have been produced with this method. A combination of J c field measurement, X-ray diffraction, texture factor measurement and microstructural observation was used to study the effect of the deformation-annealing processes, chemical composition and microstructural texturing on the field dependence of J c . The deformation-texturing process not only increased the J c at 77 K in zero field by a factor of 10 to 20, but also improved the J c magnetic field sensitivity. While in a field of 20 m T, the J c of a simple annealed, non-textured ribbon dropped to about 2% of the value in zero field, the J c of the well-textured specimens stay at ∼ 50% of the value in zero field. The field dependence of J c is a function of the mechanical deformation extent and the texture factor of the “2223” phase. Multilayered laminate samples exhibited the best J c -field behavior.
Stallion sperm transcriptome comprises functionally coherent coding and regulatory RNAs as revealed by microarray analysis and RNA-seq

Mature mammalian sperm contain a complex population of RNAs some of which might regulate spermatogenesis while others probably play a role in fertilization and early development. Due to this limited knowledge, the biological functions of sperm RNAs remain enigmatic. Here we report the first characterization of the global transcriptome of the sperm of fertile stallions. The findings improved understanding of the biological significance of sperm RNAs which in turn will allow the discovery of sperm-based biomarkers for stallion fertility. The stallion sperm transcriptome was interrogated by analyzing sperm and testes RNA on a 21,000-element equine whole-genome oligoarray and by RNA-seq. Microarray analysis revealed 6,761 transcripts in the sperm, of which 165 were sperm-enriched, and 155 were differentially expressed between the sperm and testes. Next, 70 million raw reads were generated by RNA-seq of which 50% could be aligned with the horse reference genome. A total of 19,257 sequence tags were mapped to all horse chromosomes and the mitochondrial genome. The highest density of mapped transcripts was in gene-rich ECA11, 12 and 13, and the lowest in gene-poor ECA9 and X; 7 gene transcripts originated from ECAY. Structural annotation aligned sperm transcripts with 4,504 known horse and/or human genes, rRNAs and 82 miRNAs, whereas 13,354 sequence tags remained anonymous. The data were aligned with selected equine gene models to identify additional exons and splice variants. Gene Ontology annotations showed that sperm transcripts were associated with molecular processes (chemoattractant-activated signal transduction, ion transport) and cellular components (membranes and vesicles) related to known sperm functions at fertilization, while some messenger and micro RNAs might be critical for early development. The findings suggest that the rich repertoire of coding and non-coding RNAs in stallion sperm is not a random remnant from spermatogenesis in testes but a selectively retained and functionally coherent collection of RNAs.