cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Financing rapid transit—a simulation of cost sharing for extensions to BART

Abstract The initial Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system was financed largely by bond issues and direct sales tax revenue from the three counties in the San Francisco Bay Area, which the mass transit system now serves. It appears that if further extensions of the BART system into other jurisdictions are to be undertaken, they will be funded largely with federal government subsidies. Hence, only a small portion of the capital costs of any extension will be borne by the residents of that jurisdiction and, therefore, a significant property tax burden inequity will exist between those residents served by the original system and those residents to be served by an extension. If extension of the system into neighboring jurisdictions is undertaken, it is likely that a “sharing rule” or “buy-in rule” will be politically negotiated to equalize this burden. Unfortunately, new jurisdictions to be served by BART cannot evaluate a BART extension, as against other mass transit alternatives, since its total capital cost will involve not only the incremental land acquisition and construction costs, but an unknown cost share amount. This paper reports on the development of a decision support system (DSS) incorporating a simulation-based financial planning model, to assess the impact of various levels of federal support and alternative BART extensions upon the financial resources of the participating jurisdictions, present and potential. The utility of the DSS for planning is illustrated by examining a prominent alternative, the extension of BART to the San Francisco Airport and San Mateo County, under the assumption that the sharing rule will be based upon total assessed property valuation. Aside from its utility as a planning tool, the usefulness of the DSS in this task is further demonstrated by its identification of unforeseen tax burden inequities, which would result from one proposed sharing rule.
Organizing Dental Study Clubs: Education for Better Patient Care

Direction, definition, dedication and design are the four requirements to establish a study club. Study clubs provide incentives for personal and professional growth, leading to better patient care.
Interbreeding among deeply divergent mitochondrial lineages in the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana)

DNA barcoding promises to be a useful tool to identify pest species assuming adequate representation of genetic variants in a reference library. Here we examined mitochondrial DNA barcodes in a global urban pest, the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). Our sampling effort generated 284 cockroach specimens, most from New York City, plus 15 additional U.S. states and six other countries, enabling the first large-scale survey of P. americana barcode variation. Periplaneta americana barcode sequences (n = 247, including 24 GenBank records) formed a monophyletic lineage separate from other Periplaneta species. We found three distinct P. americana haplogroups with relatively small differences within (≤0.6%) and larger differences among groups (2.4%–4.7%). This could be interpreted as indicative of multiple cryptic species. However, nuclear DNA sequences (n = 77 specimens) revealed extensive gene flow among mitochondrial haplogroups, confirming a single species. This unusual genetic pattern likely reflects multiple introductions from genetically divergent source populations, followed by interbreeding in the invasive range. Our findings highlight the need for comprehensive reference databases in DNA barcoding studies, especially when dealing with invasive populations that might be derived from multiple genetically distinct source populations.
Diet composition, energy intake, and nutritional status in relation to obesity in men and women.

ABSTRACT MILLER, W. C. Diet Composition, energy intake, and nutritional status in relation to obesity in men and women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 280–284, 1991. There are dietary factors besides the total energy value of food that can affect adiposity by disrupting the balance between energy intake and expenditure. The purpose of this paper was to examine how perturbation of these dietary factors that control energy balance affects adiposity. There is a substantial amount of evidence suggesting that obesity is not associated with overeating, but with a high dietary fat-to-carbohydrate intake ratio. Physiological adaptations to energy-reduced dieting facilitate both weight regain and make it more difficult to lose weight during subsequent dieting attempts. Since obesity may be better characterized by diet composition than by energy intake, successful weight-loss programs should include diet compositional changes in their regimes.
Teaching for Understanding: A Model for Improving Decision Making During Game Play

A predominant area of instruction in school physical education programs is game play. Effective decision making is important to the successful execution of skills. Unfortunately, the task of teaching effective decision making in varying game situations is not easy. The demands of the game require far more than simply physical skillfulness. Game play is interwoven with numerous decision-making opportunities for the participant. Successful game players must make these decisions in an effective and timely manner. The purpose of this article is to compare two models of game instruction: the technique model and the “games for understanding” model. This analysis indicates that the games for understanding model provides a more viable way of teaching strategic decision making for game players. Included will be discussions on the various theories that contrast the two approaches. A final section provides suggestions for future research into the validity of the “games for understanding model.”
Improved Lung Compliance following Indomethacin Therapy in Premature Infants with Persistent Ductus Arteriosus

In the course of a double-blind controlled study of intravenous indomethacin therapy in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), dynamic lung compliance (Cl) was determined in 11 infants (six control, five indomethacin) who were not on assisted ventilation during the study period. The clinical, biochemical and laboratory data before the study were comparable between the groups. Following therapy with indomethacin, there was a significant decrease in left atrial/aortic root ratio (LA/Ao), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) on echocardiogram, and an increase in tidal volume (Vt) and Cl. In the control group, these variables did not change significantly. The improved lung compliance following early indomethacin closure of PDA may alter the clinical course and outcome of these premature infants.
Hidden Likelihood Support in Genomic Data: Can Forty-Five Wrongs Make a Right?

Combined analysis of multiple phylogenetic data sets can reveal emergent character support that is not evident in separate analyses of individual data sets. Previous parsimony analyses have shown that this hidden support often accounts for a large percentage of the overall phylogenetic signal in cladistic studies. Here, reanalysis of a large comparative genomic data set for yeast (genus Saccharomyces) demonstrates that hidden support can be an important factor in maximum likelihood analyses of multiple data sets as well. Emergent signal in a concatenation of 106 genes was responsible for up to 64% of the likelihood support at a particular node (the difference in log likelihood scores between optimal topologies that included and excluded a supported clade). A grouping of four yeast species (S. cerevisiae, S. paradoxus, S. mikatae, and S. kudriavzevii) was robustly supported by combined analysis of all 106 genes, but separate analyses of individual genes suggested numerous conflicts. Forty-eight genes strictly contradicted S. cerevisiae + S. paradoxus + S. mikatae + S. kudriavzevii in separate analyses, but combined likelihood analyses that included up to 45 of the "wrong" data sets supported this group. Extensive hidden support also emerged in a combined likelihood analysis of 41 genes that each recovered the exact same topology in separate analyses of the individual genes. These results show that isolated analyses of individual data sets can mask congruence and distort interpretations of clade stability, even in strictly model-based phylogenetic methods. Consensus and supertree procedures that ignore hidden phylogenetic signals are, at best, incomplete.
Vasovasostomy in the rat Improved technique using absorbable microsuture (Polyglycolic acid)

Abstract An improved technique for vasovasostomy in the rat is presented. To eliminate the suture crowds that could cause obstruction of the vasal lumen, one deep raw suture technique has been employed using polyglycolic acid (Dexon) microsuture. A total of 62 nasal anastomoses in 48 male Lewis rats was performed, and follow-up to twelve months found no disruption or constriction at the anastomoses. Despite occasional sperm granuloma formation at the anastomotic sites, all anastomoses demonstrated patency. Dexon appears to be suitable for genitourinary tract surgery, at least, in the rat.
Strategic discontinuities: When being good may not be enough

Sometimes even a strategy that has been successful for many years may need to be changed. A decade ago 2-X few would have predicted that by 1990 Apple, Compaq, and Microsoft would be the success stories of the computer industry, not IBM. Similarly, few would have thought that Sears, the world's largest retailer for over half a century, would be struggling for survival while two relative newcomers, Kmart and Wal-Mart, would be on their way to overtaking Sears. Yet that is exactly what has happened. Sears and IBM are classic examples of what happens when a successful firm is confronted by a strategic discontinuity, a special type of challenge to corporate strategy that can render a successful strategy ineffective. It occurs when a firm is faced with a competitor that has found a better way to provide the same goods or services, usually using a different way to compete.
Laboratory instrumentation and computing : comparison of six methods for the determination of the period of circadian rhythms

Data sets with known periodicity were used to compare the accuracy and noise tolerance of six methods of circadian period analysis: Fourier analysis, autocorrelation, Enright's (chi-square) periodogram, linear regression of onsets, interonset averaging, and acrophase counting. All methods except acrophase counting accurately detected the period of rhythms with pure waveform (cosine and square wave), whereas Fourier analysis and Enright's periodogram were superior to the other methods in the analysis of more complex waveforms (which more closely resemble actual circadian rhythms). The sensitivity of all methods was reduced by the insertion of random noise into the original data sets, but the methods of autocorrelation and Enright's periodogram were more tolerant of low signal-to-noise ratios than the remaining methods. Although particular situations may require particular methods, the results suggest that Enright's periodogram is the best choice as a general method for the determination of the period of circadian rhythms.
An elective course on postgraduate residency training.

Objective. To develop, implement, and assess the impact of an elective course for pharmacy students on postgraduate pharmacy residency training. Design. An elective course on residency training was developed using short lectures, group discussions, and active-learning strategies, such as small-group exercises, mock match, and mock interview. Assessment. Students were asked to self-assess their understanding and abilities related to residency training at the beginning and end of the semester based on course objectives. The median post-semester responses increased for all objectives compared to baseline (p<0.05). Conclusion. A residency elective using a variety of teaching methods increased student knowledge and confidence in their skills regarding residency training.
Pallidotomy for hemiballismus: Efficacy and characteristics of neuronal activity

A patient with unremitting, medically intractable hemiballismus underwent a pallidotomy that abolished his involuntary movements. Firing rates of cells in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) recorded during this procedure were significantly lower than those observed during pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease, either "on" or "off" medication. Firing patterns in hemiballismus were characterized by low-frequency modulation of the firing rate. These results are consistent with the hyperkinetic model, which suggests that hemiballismus results from decreased inhibition of the pallidal relay nucleus of the thalamus by the GPi. The efficacy of surgery in the case of hemiballismus demonstrates that pallidotomy can be an effective treatment for this condition and suggests that patterned neuronal activity in the GPi is important in the mechanism of hyperkinetic disorders.
Support and opposition to the Women's Liberation Movement: Some personality and parental correlates

Abstract This study examines eight hypotheses concerning personality and parental determinants of support and opposition to the Women's Liberation Movement. One hundred seventy-two male and female University sutdents who scored at the upper and lower quartiles of the Social Order Scale were administered the following tests: Personality Research Form, Pensacola Z, Rotter Locus of Control, and the Schaefer Parent Behavior Inventory. As predicted, opposers of both sexes score significantly higher on Authoritarianism, Harmavoidance, Social Recognition, and significantly lower on Understanding. Supporters of both sexes score higher on Autonomy. Fathers of opposers are perceived as significantly more Child Centered and Possessive, while fathers of supporters are higher on Inconsistency, Autonomy, and Hostile Detachment. These cognitive, motivational, and parental variables are interpreted in relation to the differing dispositions of each group toward the issues raised by the women's movement.
Carbon nanotube based respiratory gated micro-CT imaging of a murine model of lung tumors with optical imaging correlation

Current optical imaging techniques can successfully measure tumor load in murine models of lung carcinoma but lack structural detail. We demonstrate that respiratory gated micro-CT imaging of such models gives information about structure and correlates with tumor load measurements by optical methods. Four mice with multifocal, Kras-induced tumors expressing firefly luciferase were imaged against four controls using both optical imaging and respiratory gated micro-CT. CT images of anesthetized animals were acquired with a custom CNT-based system using 30 ms x-ray pulses during peak inspiration; respiration motion was tracked with a pressure sensor beneath each animal's abdomen. Optical imaging based on the Luc+ signal correlating with tumor load was performed on a Xenogen IVIS Kinetix. Micro-CT images were post-processed using Osirix, measuring lung volume with region growing. Diameters of the largest three tumors were measured. Relationships between tumor size, lung volumes, and optical signal were compared. CT images and optical signals were obtained for all animals at two time points. In all lobes of the Kras+ mice in all images, tumors were visible; the smallest to be readily identified measured approximately 300 microns diameter. CT-derived tumor volumes and optical signals related linearly, with r=0.94 for all animals. When derived for only tumor bearing animals, r=0.3. The trend of each individual animal's optical signal tracked correctly based on the CT volumes. Interestingly, lung volumes also correlated positively with optical imaging data and tumor volume burden, suggesting active remodeling.
Hope to be right: Biased information seeking following Arbitrary and Informed Predictions

Five studies tested when and why individuals engage in confirmatory information searches (selective exposure) following predictions. Participants engaged in selective exposure following their own predictions, evenwhen their predictions were completely arbitrary (Studies 1 and 3). The selective exposure was not simply the result of a cognitive bias tied to the salience of a prediction option (Study 2). Instead, it appears that making a prediction—regardless of how ill-informed a person is while making the prediction—can cause the personto anticipate enjoyment from being right (Studies 4 and 5) and to select new information consistent with that outcome. The results establish a desirability account that can explain post-prediction selective exposure effects even in cases when defense motivations, pre-existing differences, or positive-test strategies can beruled out as explanations.
A NOTE ON THE CAUSES OF INSTABILITY IN THE MONEY SUPPLY

ECONOMISTS HAVE REPEATEDLY pointed out that the supply of money is inherently unstable because its major component, bank demand deposits, is determined basically by the volume of banks' earning assets. It has been suggested that a stabilizing force has been introduced by the shift over the past twenty years in the character of earning assets. Now that banks hold large amounts of government securities the money supply should be less unstable than under conditions where loans constitute the bulk of earning assets.' Postwar experience lends some support to this view. Loans of commercial banks expanded greatly, but adjusted demand deposits show a much smaller growth in part because of offsetting changes in bank investments in government securities. However, other forces are also at work. The supply of bank-created money is not governed precisely by the movements of the combined total of loans and government securities held by commercial banks. This may be shown by use of a new set of statistical data provided by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. These data, in the form of a "Consolidated Condition Statement for Banks and the Monetary System," bring together all the factors operating to produce increases and decreases in the money supply.2 Although monthly data are currently published in the Federal Reserve Bulletin, in this note quarterly data have been used because published monthly data extend back only to April, I948.3 The purpose of this
Enhancing oscillator strength for second harmonic generation in AlGaAs/InGaAs quantum cascade lasers

This paper explores tunable oscillator strength and nonlinear susceptibility in strained quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) that lead to frequency mixing within a GaAs matrix. The study involves a QCL cavity design with emission near the 3.8µm range, a region within the atmospheric water transparency window that is useful for various sensing applications. A self-consistent Schrodinger-Poisson solver was employed to analyze the effects of strain within an AlGaAs/InGaAs active region between AlGaAs/GaAs injectors on a [111] GaAs matrix for the purpose of enhancing nonlinear susceptibility. A neural network simulator was employed to model the influence of indium composition in the active region based on oscillator strength. Results from neural network modeling highlight critical regions within the design space where the oscillator strength is maximized. Results demonstrate the feasibility of strained AlGaAs/InGaAs devices on GaAs for producing higher order harmonics that lay below the 4-µm spectral limit.
Evidence for heteromorphic chromatin fibers from analysis of nucleosome interactions

The architecture of the chromatin fiber, which determines DNA accessibility for transcription and other template-directed biological processes, remains unknown. Here we investigate the internal organization of the 30-nm chromatin fiber, combining Monte Carlo simulations of nucleosome chain folding with EM-assisted nucleosome interaction capture (EMANIC). We show that at physiological concentrations of monovalent ions, linker histones lead to a tight 2-start zigzag dominated by interactions between alternate nucleosomes (i ± 2) and sealed by histone N-tails. Divalent ions further compact the fiber by promoting bending in some linker DNAs and hence raising sequential nucleosome interactions (i ± 1). Remarkably, both straight and bent linker DNA conformations are retained in the fully compact chromatin fiber as inferred from both EMANIC and modeling. This conformational variability is energetically favorable as it helps accommodate DNA crossings within the fiber axis. Our results thus show that the 2-start zigzag topology and the type of linker DNA bending that defines solenoid models may be simultaneously present in a structurally heteromorphic chromatin fiber with uniform 30 nm diameter. Our data also suggest that dynamic linker DNA bending by linker histones and divalent cations in vivo may mediate the transition between tight nucleosome packing within discrete 30-nm fibers and self-associated higher-order chromosomal forms.
The role of tidal, wave and river currents in the evolution of mixed‐energy deltas: Example from the Lajas Formation (Argentina)

Many modern deltas show complex morphologies and architectures related to the interplay of river, wave and tidal currents. However, methods for extracting the signature of the individual processes from the stratigraphic architecture are poorly developed. Through an analysis of facies, palaeocurrents and stratigraphic stacking patterns in the Jurassic Lajas Formation, this paper: (i) separates the signals of wave, tide and river currents; (ii) illustrates the result of strong tidal reworking in the distal reaches of deltaic systems; and (iii) discusses the implications of this reworking for the evolution of mixed-energy systems and their reservoir heterogeneities. The Lajas Formation, a sand-rich, shallow-marine, mixed-energy deltaic system in the Neuquen Basin of Argentina, previously defined as a tide-dominated system, presents an exceptional example of process variability at different scales. Tidal signals are predominantly located in the delta front, the subaqueous platform and the distributary channel deposits. Tidal currents vigorously reworked the delta front during transgressions, producing intensely cross-stratified, sheet-like, sandstone units. In the subaqueous platform, described for the first time in an ancient outcrop example, the tidal reworking was confined within subtidal channels. The intensive tidal reworking in the distal reaches of the regressive delta front could not have been predicted from knowledge of the coeval proximal reaches of the regressive delta front. The wave signals occur mainly in the shelf or shoreface deposits. The fluvial signals increase in abundance proximally but are always mixed with the other processes. The Lajas system is an unusual clean-water (i.e. very little mud is present in the system), sand-rich deltaic system, very different from the majority of mud-rich, modern tide-influenced examples. The sand-rich character is a combination of source proximity, syndepositional tectonic activity and strong tidal-current reworking, which produced amalgamated sandstone bodies in the delta-front area, and a final stratigraphic record very different from the simple coarsening-upward trends of river-dominated and wave-dominated delta fronts.
Some Peculiarities During Creation and Destruction of the Native Defects with the Negative Correlation Energy in Semiconductors

The creation of negative-U defects (NUD) is a spin-dependent process, that could be used for getting information about NUD themselves; and the NUD destruction is accompanied by the Coulomb’s repulsion between charge carriers.
Recent Studies in the English Renaissance

ELR bibliographical articles are intended to combine a topical review of research with a reasonably complete bibliography. Scholarship is organized by authors or titles of anonymous works. Items included represent the combined entries listed in the annual bibliographies published by PMLA, SP, YWES, and MHRA from 1945 through, in the present instance, 1973, supplemented by a selective list of general studies and additional annual bibliographies. Preliminary enumerative bibliography and editorial work are done by Terence P. Logan, Director, and Elizabeth H. Hageman at the Renaissance English Bibliography Center, University of New Hampshire, which is supported by funds from the Graduate School and the Department of English, University of New Hampshire, Durham, N.H.
Electron beam tester measurements of switching noise in VLSI circuits

Abstract Electron beam testers can be used to measure the noise generated on power supply voltages by the operation of VLSI circuits. The power supply busses on the circuit are probed by the electron beam, resulting in a time-dependent voltage waveform. This method of measurement assures that the noise is measured near the active circuit, where its impact on the circuit is most easily assessed. Examples are presented to illustrate the mechanism of noise generation and the use of an E-beam tester to measure the noise.
Free-operant extinction as a function of magnitude of reward and number of reinforcements

Resistance to extinction was measured in a free-operant bar-pressing situation with.02 ml or .20 ml water reward, for 10, 60, or 120 reinforcements. In two experiments, CRF and FR:8, respectively, there was evidence for an inverse relation between resistance to extinction and number of reinforcements at .20 ml; at the small reward there was a positive relation between resistance to extinction and number of reinforcements.
Disjunctures and diaspora in Kiran Desai’s The Inheritance of Loss

In The Inheritance of Loss, Kiran Desai juxtaposes underprivileged diasporic subjects in India and the USA in both the colonial past and the global present, thereby challenging its readers to devel...
Intraarterial thrombolysis for treatment of acute stroke: experience in 26 patients with long-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Since the approval of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke, great interest has been generated in cerebral fibrinolysis. Our purpose was to assess long-term outcome and hemorrhagic risk in patients with anterior circulation ischemic stroke treated with intraarterial urokinase. METHODS: Twenty-six patients were treated within 6 hours of ictus; of these, 21 were followed up for an average of 23 months. Angiographic reperfusion was classified according to thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) grades. The Rankin Scale (RS) and the modified Barthel Index (mod BI) were used as outcome measures (good outcome: RS = 0–2, mod BI = 16–20; poor outcome: RS = 3–5, mod BI ≤ 15). RESULTS: Ten of the 21 patients (average age, 48 years) had a good outcome; three (average age, 71 years) had a poor outcome; eight patients (average age, 78 years) died. Partial/complete (successful) recanalization was observed in 11 of 26 patients and minimal or no (unsuccessful) recanalization in 15. Recanalization favored a better outcome: nine of 21 had successful recanalization, with a good outcome in seven; 12 of 21 had unsuccessful reperfusion, with poor outcome/death in nine. Poor outcome was noted in five patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) bifurcation occlusions, four of whom had unsuccessful recanalization and poor outcome or death. Hemorrhage occurred in 10 of the 26 patients, with clinical deterioration in three. The average dose of urokinase was higher in the hemorrhage group, and mortality was higher in patients who hemorrhaged. CONCLUSION: Intraarterial thrombolysis is feasible in the setting of acute stroke. Successful reperfusion is associated with a better outcome, and the prevalence of hemorrhage does not exceed that which occurs in the natural history of embolic stroke. Poor outcome or death is associated with nonrecanalization, older age, hemorrhage, and ICA bifurcation occlusions.
Accuracy of force calculations using first order tetrahedra for electromagnetic devices with small air gaps

The accuracy of force calculations for three-dimensional electromagnetic devices with small air gaps is examined for the case of a first-order, tetrahedral finite-element model of a control solenoid. The air gap tetrahedra in this example have large aspect ratios and obtuse angles which adversely impact the Maxwell stress tensor based force calculations. Typical finite-element solutions of this problem produce force values which are considerably lower than those measured. A significant improvement in the accuracy of the force computations was achieved through successive stages of adaptive mesh refinement. >
Testosterone therapy, thrombophilia-hypofibrinolysis, and hospitalization for deep venous thrombosis-pulmonary embolus: an exploratory, hypothesis-generating study.

In our study of 596 men hospitalized in the last 3 years for deep venous thrombosis-pulmonary emboli (DVT-PE), we determined the prevalence of exogenous testosterone (T) use with subsequent develop...
Fecundity in Twospotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) is Increased by Direct and Systemic Exposure to Imidacloprid

The effect of imidacloprid on fecundity in twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, was investigated in laboratory experiments using individual females on bean leaf discs. Mites were directly exposed to spray formulations of imidacloprid or fed on discs cut from a systemically treated bean plant. Imidacloprid-treated T. urticae produced 10–26% more eggs during the first 12 d of adult life and 19–23% more during adulthood compared with a water-only treatment. Increased egg production occurred immediately after exposure and lasted for about 15 d in sprayed mites. In mites exposed to imidacloprid by ingestion, increased egg production was not apparent until after 6 d and lasted until about day 18. Longevity was significantly greater in mites that ingested imidacloprid but not in sprayed mites. The significance and importance of imidacloprid-stimulation of fecundity in T. urticae to pest management in crop systems like hops, which routinely use this insecticide, is discussed.
Do Individual Needs Moderate the Relationships between Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Organizational Trust and Perceived Organizational Support?

The functional approach to human behavior is used to study the impact of intrinsic motivators of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Specifically, McClelland’s needs for affiliation, achievement, and power are investigated as possible moderators in the relationship between OCB and organizational trust and perceived organizational support (POS). Survey data from 700 employees were analyzed using regression analysis. Results indicate the need for achievement and the need for power moderate the relationships between OCB and organizational trust and POS but in an unexpected manner. This study is significant because it enhances our understanding of what motivates OCB.
1053PDFINITE ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY (ADT) PLUS IPILIMUMAB (IPI) IN MEN WITH HORMONE-NAïVE METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER (HN-MPCA)

ABSTRACT Aim: ADT increases the thymic output of T cells, antigen-specific T cell responses and infiltration of T cells into the prostate. IPI is an immunotherapy that blocks the function of an immune checkpoint, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and promotes durable antitumor responses. We hypothesized that the effects of ADT plus IPI would be synergistic and assessed this in men with HN-mPCa. Methods: We piloted a single-arm, single-center, observational study from July 2011 to June 2013 to determine if finite ADT plus IPI is safe, estimate efficacy and link clinical outcomes to immunologic changes in men with HN-mPCa. ADT was administered for only 8 months with concurrent IPI (10 mg/kg) for up to 4 doses at 4-weeks intervals. The primary endpoint was to estimate the rate of undetectable PSA at 7 months post-treatment initiation. Results: We enrolled 30 pts of which 25 (83%) were evaluable for efficacy and 27 (90%) for safety. Median age was 62 and Gleason score ≥8 in 89% of patients. Bone metastases were most common (85%), followed by lymph nodes (48%), and then lungs (7%). Eleven of 25 (44%) pts achieved a PSA ≤0.2 ng/ml 7 months after treatment initiation. Median time to PSA progression was 330 days (130, 476) from the PSA nadir. Two of 25 (8%) pts achieved complete radiographic and PSA responses ongoing for 944 and 364 days, respectively. Trial was closed when 12/27 (44%) pts developed Grade ≥3 toxicity, a predetermined stopping criterion. Most common Grade ≥3 immune-related adverse events (irAEs) included liver (15%), GI (11%), endocrine (11%), dermatologic (4%) and were mostly reversible using standard IPI management algorithms. Conclusions: This pilot study suggests the combination of finite ADT plus IPI can induce “curative” responses in a subset of pts with HN-mPCa. Subgroup analyses indicate that clinical benefit correlates with lower tumor burden as anticipated per disease biology. irAEs are likely to occur and require careful management. To minimize irAEs consideration we will test ADT with IPI at a dose of 3 mg/kg. Immunologic characterization of available tumor specimens (to be presented at the meeting) will lead to understanding interactions between ADT and IPI and guide identification of pts likely to benefit. Disclosure: C.J. Logothetis: I have consultant/Advisory Role, Honoraria, and Research Funding for the following: Astellas Novartis Bristol-Myers Squibb Johnson & Johnson Excelixis Pfizer Sanofi Bayer Takeda; P. Sharma: I am a paid consultant for GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, Dendreon, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Jounce, Helsinn, MedImmune. I have ownership interest in Jounce. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
The effect of acidosis on pulmonary bactericidal function.

Abstract Although pulmonary infection is recognized as a frequent complication of acute renal failure, little is known about the causative factors. In mice, renal failure, produced in several ways, depressed significantly the ability of the lungs to kill inhaled bacteria. The possible mechanistic role of metabolic acidosis in this phenomenon was studied in rats made acidotic by ingestion of 1.6 per cent ammonium chloride. Pulmonary bacterial killing rates were determined by exposing animals to a radiophosphorus-tagged S. aureus aerosol and studying the relative rates of disappearance of viability and radiolabel from homogenized lungs. These data demonstrated a uniform and reproducible killing rate of 25 per cent at 3 hours, 50 per cent at 6 hours, and 97 per cent at 22 hours. The effect of acute renal failure in rats was studied by comparing groups of nephrectomized animals with shamoperated and untreated ones. The nephrectomized animals were acidotic; average pH, 7.14; average CO 2 , 31.3 volume per cent; and azotemic (average blood urea nitrogen [BUN], 74 mg. per cent) and had significantly decreased bactericidal activity (p 2 content values less than 16 volume per cent. These studies demonstrate that acute renal failure and metabolic acidosis inhibit pulmonary killing of inhaled bacteria and suggest that metabolic acidosis in part accounts for the defect which is present in acute renal failure.
Blood pressure management in the wake of SPRINT.

High blood pressure is a major cause of morbidity and death worldwide.[1][1] Observational data from the general population show a log-linear relationship between both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the rate of cardiovascular death.[2][2] Placebo-controlled trials have shown a clear-cut
Fine Structure of the Integument of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus telarius (Acarina: Tetranychidae)

Electron micrographs of transverse and saggital sections of the opisthosoma of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus telarius (L.), showed a layered cuticle and a hypodermal layer with a basement membrane. The entire cuticle measured 0.70 μ–0.91 μ thick, the epicuticle being 0.01 μ, exocuticle 0.09 μ–0.11 μ, and endocuticle 0.16 μ–0.78 μ. Cuticular extensions, lobed at the apices, were 1.37 μ–1.74 μ high and about 0.09 μ thick at the narrowest point. The hypodermal layer was about 1.19 μ–1.71 μ and delineated by the basement membrane.
Unsuccessful attempts to transmit scrapie by nematode parasites.

SUMMARY Details are given of unsuccessful attempts to transfer scrapie to healthy animals through the medium of nematode parasites obtained from sheep, goats, rats and mice affected with experimentally-induced scrapie. The nematodes used were Haemonchus contortus in sheep and goats, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in rats, and Syphacia obvelata in mice. The healthy animals were inoculated with ground adult worms harvested from scrapie-affected animals, or were infected with third-stage larvae cultured from the faeces of scrapie-affected animals. Scrapie did not occur in any of the inoculated or worm-infected animals.
A Technique for Teaching Difficult Concepts in an Undergraduate Business Database Management Systems Course at a HBCU

This paper proposes an innovative teaching technique to help students, especially business students, understand fundamental concepts to effectively design databases. Students who are not computer science majors are not usually familiar with abstract or technical principles relating to databases. A teaching approach is introduced that initially focuses on the business side, by first discussing the traditional File Processing System (FPS) and its corresponding problems. The purpose and design of a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) are presented along with an involved discussion of the benefits it provides. A novel teaching technique is then introduced which shows students how to transform data collected from a form into a RDBMS using a generalized classification method, visualization, familiar applications and enhanced-entity relationship models. This technique is tested using a simple exercise to compare student understanding before and after
You can go your own way: State regulation of oocyte donation in California and New York

State regulation of oocyte donation in the context of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research has increased since California’s landmark passage of Proposition 71 and the establishment of the first state-funded stem cell agency, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM). Scholarship has largely focused on California’s regulation of stem cell research as a patchwork of private sector and state regulations, reflecting major debates about the social contract for science. Given California’s political exceptionalism, how does examining alternative state histories, political structures, and institutions at the state level illuminate the ways that bio-innovation is being regulated in a federal regulatory vacuum? Examining state management of oocyte donation in the context of hESC research, this article considers New York and California as comparative sites of stem cell science regulation, which enriches our understanding of how regulation of stem cell science arises out of an engagement with representative politics and the private sector in the United States. Employing a process tracing of policy development in New York and California, this article highlights alternative democratic pathways to the management of oocyte donation in research contexts: given differences in direct democratic action, legislative representation, executive leadership, and publicly funded state stem cell research institutions, distinct regulatory outcomes occur with important bioethical implications for publics and participants in stem cell science at the state level.
Highly Sensitive and Quick Detection of Acute Myocardial Infarction Biomarkers Using In2O3 Nanoribbon Biosensors Fabricated Using Shadow Masks

We demonstrate a scalable and facile lithography-free method for fabricating highly uniform and sensitive In2O3 nanoribbon biosensor arrays. Fabrication with shadow masks as the patterning method instead of conventional lithography provides low-cost, time-efficient, and high-throughput In2O3 nanoribbon biosensors without photoresist contamination. Combined with electronic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for signal amplification, the In2O3 nanoribbon biosensor arrays are optimized for early, quick, and quantitative detection of cardiac biomarkers in diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are commonly associated with heart attack and heart failure and have been selected as the target biomarkers here. Our approach can detect label-free biomarkers for concentrations down to 1 pg/mL (cTnI), 0.1 ng/mL (CK-MB), and 10 pg/mL (BNP), all of which are much lower than clinically relevant cutoff concentrations. The s...
Cell Specific Consequences of Notch Signaling: PARP1/HES1 Interaction Reveals a Novel Tumor Suppressor Mechanism.

Abstract 2388 Poster Board II-365 The Notch signaling pathway is a critical regulator of cell fate determination and differentiation during development, which is highly cell type specific. Similarly, Notch signaling plays both oncogenic and tumor suppressor roles in a wide variety of malignancies, depending on cell type. In contrast to T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) where Notch activation promotes leukemogenesis, induction of Notch signaling in B-ALL leads to growth arrest and apoptosis. The Notch target gene Hairy/Enhancer of Split1 (HES1) is sufficient to reproduce this tumor suppressor phenotype in B-ALL, however the mechanism is not yet known. Here we report the novel finding that HES1 forms distinct complexes in B-ALL versus T-ALL. This suggests that HES1 interacting proteins may contribute to the cell-type specific consequences of Notch/HES1 signaling. During characterization of these complexes, we identified the novel interaction between HES1 and PARP1 through immunoprecipitation and MALDI-TOF protein sequencing. This interaction was dependent on the HES1 bHLH and Orange domains and PARP1 and HES1 co-localize to a genomic HES1 binding site by ChIP. This interaction both inhibits HES1 repressor function and induces PARP1 activation in B-ALL. HES1-induced PARP1 cleavage leads to enhanced poly ADP ribosylation of PARP1, consumption of NAD+, diminished ATP levels, and translocation of the Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) from mitochondria to the nucleus, resulting in apoptosis in B-ALL, but not T-ALL. Importantly the potential therapeutic Notch agonist peptide “DSL” also induces cell-specific growth arrest and apoptosis (A+B), followed by poly-ADP ribosylation of PARP1 (C), and nuclear translocation of AIF in B-ALL but not T-ALL cells (D). These data reveal a novel interaction of HES1 and PARP1 in B-ALL which modulates the function of the HES1 transcriptional complex and signals through PARP1 to induce apoptosis. This novel tumor suppressor mechanism involving a Notch driven, cell-type specific pro-apoptotic pathway may lead to the development of Notch agonist-based cancer therapeutics. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Spanning Tree Decompositions of Complete Graphs Orthogonal to Rotational 1-Factorizations

In Krussel et al. (ARS Comb 57:77---82, 2000), Krussel, Marshall, and Verall proved that whenever $$2n-1$$2n-1 is a prime of the form $$8m+7$$8m+7, there exists a spanning tree decomposition of $$K_{2n}$$K2n orthogonal to the 1-factorization $$GK_{2n}$$GK2n. In this paper, we develop a technique for constructing spanning tree decompositions that are orthogonal to rotational 1-factorizations of $$K_{2n}$$K2n. We apply our results to show that, for every$$n>2$$n>2, there exists a spanning tree decomposition orthogonal to $$GK_{2n}$$GK2n. We include similar applications to other rotational families of 1-factorizations, and provide directions for further research.
Health effectiveness of community health workers as a diabetes self-management intervention:

Objective:To evaluate the health effectiveness of community health workers among three groups (intervention, attentional control and control groups) of Hispanic adults with uncontrolled (HbA1c >8%) type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods:This was a randomized clinical trial involving 180 English- and Spanish-speaking Hispanic individuals with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus, 40–74 years of age, who received diabetes care at an outpatient, public, urban hospital. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effect of time and group on the primary outcome measure and secondary outcomes. Group differences in the percentage of participants achieving at least 1% reduction in HbA1c levels were assessed using chi-square tests.Results:Patients’ ages ranged from 44 to 74 years, 40% were male, 97% preferred Spanish and seven Spanish-speaking countries were identified as country of origin. Relative to the control and attentional control groups, the intervention group showed greater HbA1c reduction ...
Design and rationale of the VIT amin D and Omeg A -3 Tria L (VITAL)

Although data from laboratory studies, observational research, and secondary prevention trials suggest that vitamin D may protect against the development of cancer and CVD, primary prevention trials with adequate dosing in general populations are needed to test this hypothesis. The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) is an ongoing randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial trial of 5 years of supplemental vitamin D (vitamin D3 [cholecalciferol], 2,000 IU/day) and marine omega-3 fatty acids (Omacor® fish oil, EPA + DHA, 1 g/day) in the primary prevention of cancer and CVD in a racially/ethnically diverse population of 20,000 US men aged ≥50 and women aged ≥55. Blood samples will be collected from at least 16,000 participants at baseline, with follow-up blood collection in about 6,000 participants. Annual questionnaires assess compliance with treatment, use of non-study supplements, occurrence of endpoints, and risk factors for cancer and CVD. Self-reported endpoints are confirmed by medical record review by physicians blinded to treatment assignment, and deaths are ascertained through national registries and other sources. Ancillary investigations are assessing whether the study agents affect risk for diabetes and glucose intolerance; hypertension; cognitive decline; depression; osteoporosis and fracture; physical disability and falls; asthma and other respiratory diseases; infections; kidney disease; anemia; eye problems such as macular degeneration and dry eye syndrome; and autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and thyroid diseases. The results of the trial are expected to inform clinical and public health guidelines regarding the use of vitamin D for the primary prevention of cancer, CVD, and other chronic diseases.
Schools and Family Involvement: Attitudes among Latinos Who Have Children with Visual Impairments.

This article presents the results of a survey of 183 Latino family members of students with visual impairments. Although the family members expressed positive attitudes toward schools and teachers ...
A viable hypomorphic Arnt2 mutation causes hyperphagic obesity, diabetes and hepatic steatosis.

ABSTRACT Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix/PER-ARNT-SIM (bHLH/PAS) transcription factor family. ARNT2 heterodimerizes with several members of the family, including single-minded homolog-1 (SIM1) and neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (NPAS4), primarily in neurons of the central nervous system. We screened 64,424 third-generation germline mutant mice derived from N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-mutagenized great-grandsires for weight abnormalities. Among 17 elevated body weight phenotypes identified and mapped, one strongly correlated with an induced missense mutation in Arnt2 using a semidominant model of inheritance. Causation was confirmed by CRISPR/Cas9 gene targeting to recapitulate the original ENU allele, specifying Arg74Cys (R74C). The CRISPR/Cas9-targeted (Arnt2R74C/R74C) mice demonstrated hyperphagia and increased adiposity as well as hepatic steatosis and abnormalities in glucose homeostasis. The mutant ARNT2 protein showed decreased transcriptional activity when coexpressed with SIM1. These findings establish a requirement for ARNT2-dependent genes in the maintenance of the homeostatic feeding response, necessary for prevention of obesity and obesity-related diseases.