cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biochemistry in Endeavor Adventure Racers Study (BEARS).

BACKGROUND: Adventure sports events consist of a combination of two or more endurance disciplines, such as orienteering, running, and rock climbing, that range from a day's to a week's duration. No studies have examined acute kidney injury (AKI) in adventure sports athletes. OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of AKI in participants in the Endeavor Team Challenge, a 30-hour, 40-mile adventure race. METHODS: In this prospective observational study, body weights were recorded at race registration. At the finish line, blood sample results by point-of-care testing and weights were recorded. Changes in serum creatinine (Cr) from an estimated baseline value and severity of AKI were calculated, with "risk of injury" defined as 1.5 x baseline Cr, and "injury" defined as 2 x baseline Cr. These two categories of AKI were combined to calculate the total prevalence. Results: There were 88 enrolled study participants with complete data available on 46 (52%). The mean age of those enrolled in the study was 36.8 years (+/- 7.7), 90% were males, and body mass index (BMI) was 25.7 kg/m(2) (+/- 2.4). Of the competitors who completed the study, 34 (73%) had some degree of AKI, with 27 (58%) found to be at "risk" and seven (15%) with "injury". There was a significant correlation between weight loss and elevated Cr (r = -0.29, p = 0.047), with a trend towards nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use being correlated with AKI (p = 0.058). CONCLUSION: Acute kidney injury was observed in the majority of the Endeavor Team Challenge adventure racers, similar to what has been observed in multistage ultramarathons, and greater than after standard marathons and single-stage ultramarathons. Language: en
Natural History of HPV Infection in Adolescents and Relationship to Cervical Cancer

Cervical cytology screening programs have led to a decrease in the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in the United States and other developed countries. Following the discovery of Human papillomavirus (HPV) as a potential cause of cervical cancer in the 1970s (1), subsequent epidemiological studies utilized sensitive HPV-DNA detection techniques to assess the prevalence of this virus in populations of all ages. Populations with a high prevalence of HPV infection were the same ones identified in earlier studies as being at high risk of developing cervical cancer. These included women who were young when they initiated sexual intercourse, had multiple sexual partners, and had other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (2). Several studies in the 1980s also reported that adolescents in the United States had very high rates of unprotected sexual intercourse, STIs, and multiple sexual partners (3). Similarly, women in this age group had high rates of HPV infection (4,5).
Modeling the physical properties of two-dimensional nanomaterials

In our presentation, I will review work done in enabling the development of two-dimensional nanomaterials for optoelectronic applications. The focus will be on the materials and the theories available for modeling them. I will start with a survey of the nanomaterials fabricated and predicted to exit, together with a discussion of their physical properties. This will be followed by a few examples of optoelectronic devices designed using these materials. Finally, we will present an overview of the theoretical tools developed to study electrons and phonons in these materials.
Graphing calculator use by high school mathematics teachers of western Kansas

Graphing calculators have been used in education since 1986, but there is no consensus as to how, or if, they should be used. The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and the National Research Council promote their use, and ample research supports the positive benefits of their use, but not all teachers share this view. Also, rural schools face obstacles that may hinder them from implementing technology. The purpose of this study is to determine how graphing calculators are used in mathematics instruction of high schools in western Kansas, a rural region of the state. In addition to exploring the introduction level of graphing calculators, the frequency of their use, and classes in which they are used, this study also investigated the beliefs of high school mathematics teachers as related to teaching mathematics and the use of graphing calculators. Data were collected through surveys, interviews, and observations of classroom teaching. Results indicate that graphing calculators are allowed or required in almost all of the high schools of this region, and almost all teachers have had some experience using them in their classrooms. Student access to graphing calculators depends more on the level of mathematics taken in high school than on the high school attended; graphing calculator calculators are allowed or required more often in higher-level classes than in lower-level classes. Teachers believe that graphing calculators enhance student learning because of the visual representation that the calculators provide, but their teaching styles have not changed much because of graphing calculators. Teachers use graphing calculators as an extension of their existing teaching style. In addition, nearly all of the teachers who were observed and classified as non-rule-based based on their survey utilized primarily rule-based teaching methods.
Harmonic clusters and tonal cadences: Bayesian learning without chord identification

Authentic and half cadences not only serve as structural cornerstones of tonal music, but are readily perceived by both expert and novice listeners. Yet it is unclear how untrained listeners, who h...
CRT-700.09 Of Tight Valves and Bleeding Bowels—Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)

Extra-cardiac complications of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) are important to recognize as TAVR becomes more accessible to moderate surgical risk patients with severe aortic stenosis. Patients undergoing TAVR frequently have clinical and demographic characteristics that place them at
AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT AND OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AORTIC STENOSIS: IS IT BLACK OR WHITE?

Data suggests differences in the incidence and prevalence of severe aortic stenosis (AS) among Caucasian-Americans (CA) and African Americans (AA). Among patients with severe AS there is limited data on the rates of aortic valve replacement (AVR) and mortality as a function of race. Our analysis
Predicting heating demand and sizing a stratified thermal storage tank using deep learning algorithms

Abstract This paper evaluates the performance of deep recurrent neural networks in predicting heating demand for a commercial building over a medium-to-long term time horizon ( ⩾ 1 week), and proposes a modeling framework to demonstrate how these longer-term predictions can be used to aid design of a stratified thermal storage tank. The building sector contributes significantly to primary energy consumption in the US, and as such, there is a need to predict heating demand in buildings over longer time horizons, and to develop methods that can facilitate installation, planning and management of distributed generation and thermal storage to meet these heating demands. Key objectives of this paper are: (a) Investigate how a deep recurrent neural network model performs in predicting heating demand in campus buildings at University of Utah over multiple weeks, and (b) develop an optimization framework that which can provide definitive guidelines on sizing a stratified thermal storage tank without requiring high performance computing resources. The results showed that the predictions by the deep RNN are comparatively more accurate than those by a 3-layer MLP, and that these deep RNN predictions can adequately serve as proxy for future demand while considering sizing in the design of a complementary stratified thermal storage tank.
Constrained Coding for Optical Communication

The increase in speed of optical communication systems has brought new technical challenges to the fore. For example, combatting intrachannel cross-phase modulation (IXPM) and intrachannel four-wave mixing (IFWM) in high-speed time division multiplexing (TDM) systems has been a focus of considerable research [1, 2, 3]. IXPM and IFWM are interactions among neighboring bits (pulses) that are a result of fiber nonlinearities. They can limit system performance by causing energy transfer between interacting pulses, thereby resulting in the formation of ghost pulses or shadow pulses. Moreover, these interactions can also lead to timing and amplitude jitters in the system. Though ghost pulses occur due to interactions between pulses in varied positions, it has been observed that certain “resonance” positions lead to more energy transfers than others [2]. In particular, pulses at positions k, l, and m lead to ghost pulse at position \((k + l - m)\). Also, it has been observed that this interaction is the most for pulses that are close to each other. Figure 8.1 illustrates this phenomenon. The figure depicts the creation of a ghost pulse at position 0 as a result of pulses at positions − 1, 2, and 3.
The Electromagnetic Field of a Unit Vertical Electric Dipole in the Presence of a Plane Boundary

The electromagnetic field generated by a vertical electric dipole near the boundary between two quite different material half-spaces has been known in terms of general integrals for many years. Following Sommerfeld, it has been expressed in terms of derivatives of the Hertz potential. In this form it is difficult to visualize the nature of the electromagnetic field. A somewhat better insight is obtained from the explicit integrals for the components of the electromagnetic field. These can be obtained by carrying out the differentiation of the Hertz potential or directly from Maxwell’s equations. The latter course is more direct and is followed here.
Sorghum Flavonoids: Unusual Compounds with Promising Implications for Health

Sorghum contains high levels of a diverse array of flavonoids, many of which are not typically found in other cereal grains. The high levels of compounds like the stable 3-deoxyanthocyanin pigments, proanthocyanidins, flavones, and flavanones in certain sorghum varieties is especially of interest both from a commercial and health perspective. Evidence suggests that the sorghum flavonoids produce specific health benefits that are not observed for other grains like corn, rice, or wheat. For example, epidemiological and laboratory evidence suggest superior chemoprotective properties of sorghum when compared to other grains. Other evidence indicates that sorghum components elicit anti-inflammatory response and other benefits not seen with other grains in vitro and in vivo. This chapter reviews the chemistry of the major flavonoids in sorghum, their unusual properties, and potential health benefits.
Calcification within a thoracic neurilemmoma.

a patient with radiographically demonstrable calcification of an intradural extramedullary neurilemmoma is reported.
Effect Of Oil Type On Phase Wetting Transition And Corrosion In Oil-Water Flow

This paper describes an experimental study of water wetting in large diameter horizontal oil-water two-phase flows. Four types of oil, one model oil and three crude oils, have been used in conjunction with a 1 wt% NaCl brine as working fluids. Flow pattern visualization, wall conductance probes, corrosion monitoring and wall fluid sampling were successfully applied in this investigation. Based on the overlapping information from these four techniques, three types of phase wetting regimes (stable water wetting, intermittent wetting and stable oil wetting) were observed. Comprehensive phase wetting maps were constructed where and the boundaries between these water wetting regimes are identified. It was found that the oil type has a significant effect on the transition from stable oil wetting to intermittent wetting and that much of the influence can be ascribed to the physical properties of the oil: density, viscosity and surface/interfacial tension. No corrosion was detected in the stable oil wetting regime, while the corrosion rate in the full water wetting regime was typically twice that observed for the intermittent wetting.
Reflux Timing Is a Predictor of Successful Endoscopic Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux

Abstract Objective To determine whether vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) that occurs during either the filling or voiding phase on voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) has prognostic significance on successful endoscopic treatment. Materials and Methods A retrospective review was performed of 299 patients (438 ureters) with VUR who underwent endoscopic treatment with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Deflux) at a single institution from 2010 to 2013. Success was defined as absence of VUR on 3-month follow-up VCUG. Preoperative VCUGs were analyzed to determine whether the onset of VUR occurred during the filling or voiding phase. Predictor variables to determine success were analyzed, with a specific focus on VUR timing. Results Success rate was 319/438 (72.8%) by ureter and 202/299 (67.6%) by patient. Reflux was seen during the filling and voiding phases in 290 and 148 ureters, respectively. Success rate was 203/290 (78%) for filling VUR and 116/148 (70%) for voiding VUR. Univariable analysis revealed voiding VUR had significantly increased odds of success (odds ratio [OR] 3.2, P = .049), while high-grade reflux (OR 0.53, P = .005) had significantly decreased odds of success. Multivariable analysis showed that voiding VUR (OR 3.2, P = .005) had significantly higher odds of success while those with high grade reflux (OR 0.42, P = .017) had significantly decreased odds of success. Conclusion The timing of VUR on preoperative VCUG appears to be an important independent predictor of successful endoscopic treatment of VUR. This has important clinical considerations when selecting VUR patients who would be best candidates for endoscopic treatment.
Natural Selection, Material Culture, and Archaeology

A paradigm constitutes a process of reasoning, guidance, and explanation of behavior interacting with the environment and social world. Aspects of the theory of natural selection set the basis for the evolution paradigm and subsequent applications in studies of cultural evolution via materiality in archaeology. The theory of natural selection is important because it provides the tools to set up hypotheses as to why variation in material culture can influence reproductive success as a by-product of human decision-making processes. In this paper, the connections are made between the concept of natural selection and explanatory applications in evolution via natural selection in archaeology and studies of material culture.
Best practices to model business services in complex IT environments

Managing complex business services on top of IT solutions is much more then managing solely the IT infrastructure beneath. Business services management requires the management of all resources and implementation layers by knowing the business logic, and includes services relevant information from different business aspects. To achieve an effective service modeling, the analysis must include resource models, connection models, error and error propagation models in a way that the models could be maintained to ensure long term business benefits. This invited talk gives an insight of the business services modeling, a possible best practice to build such models in a complex, event based fault management environment and shows the actual outcomes of a recent project at a leading telecommunication company.
Reveal Preference Reversal in Consumer Preference for Sustainable Food Products

Abstract This study investigates consumer preference for sustainable food products and finds the classic phenomenon of preference reversal. Using contingent ranking and contingent valuation methods, we investigate whether individuals’ rankings of a product are consistent with their willingness-to-pay (WTP). Results show that preference reversal exists for the evaluation of sustainable food products. Locally produced fresh produce receives the highest preference ranking, while organic products receive the highest price premium. The incidence of preference reversal is not uniformly distributed among different groups of respondents. In general, preference reversal is less frequent among respondents who are older and have a higher educational attainment. The results imply that preference reversal not only exists for subjects with explicit risks, such as the lottery, as indicated in the previous literature but also could occur for food products that consumers purchase on a regular basis in daily grocery shopping.
Associations Between Major and Everyday Discrimination and Self-Rated Health Among US Asians and Asian Americans.

Asians and Asian Americans in the USA have historically and continue to experience everyday and major forms of discrimination. However, much less is known, on a population-level, concerning the relationship between experiences with major discrimination and health outcomes among this racial/ethnic minority group, while also accounting for the daily influence of everyday discrimination. This analysis explores the concurrent association of both forms of discrimination among the Asian population in the USA. Using data from the 2016 National Asian American Survey, a nationally representative sample of Asians from 10 ethnic subgroups, I examined the association between various forms of self-reported encounters with major as well as everyday discrimination—several of which relate to the unique, racialized experiences of Asians—and self-rated health. I ran three weighted logistic regression models examining the individual and concurrent association between major and everyday discrimination and self-rated health, controlling for relevant demographic and acculturation factors. When assessed in isolation, unit increases in major and everyday discrimination were associated with poorer self-rated health. However, when examined concurrently, only higher levels of encounters with major forms of discrimination were associated with higher odds of poorer self-rated health. Although everyday discrimination contributes to poorer health outcomes among Asians, a finding consistent with past research, instances of lifetime major discrimination should be viewed as a more toxic form of discrimination that may more negatively impact their perceived health status. Reducing instances of structural-level discrimination is therefore key toward the prevention of poorer health outcomes among this rapidly growing racial/ethnic minority group.
Effect of thermal treatment on the structure and gas transport properties of a triptycene-based polybenzoxazole exhibiting configurational free volume

Abstract The effect of thermal treatment at 220 °C for 10 days on the structure and transport properties of a triptycene-based polybenzoxazole (TPBO) was investigated experimentally and theoretically. Gas and water vapor sorption in TPBO is virtually unaffected by thermal treatment, while diffusion and permeability coefficients decrease by just 20%. Remarkably, the CO2/CH4 selectivity exhibit a negligible change. Fluorescence spectroscopy, WAXD and FTIR analysis indicate that, in sharp contrast with typical behavior of glassy polymers, TPBO does not experience accelerated physical aging, and rule out formation of intermolecular charge transfer complexes upon thermal treatment. According with this physical picture, the diffusion coefficient of penetrant molecules sorbed in the Langmuir's mode, D H , does not change after treatment. Small molecule diffusivity and permeability decline is caused by a decrease in polymer chain mobility, which makes more difficult opening gaps to allow penetrant diffusion jumps. According to this picture, the Henry's mode diffusion coefficient, D D , substantially decreases upon thermal treatment. The higher stability exhibited by TPBO relative to other high Tg glassy polymers is ascribed to the presence of configurational free volume, which is not related to the non-equilibrium transient conformation, but to the molecular configuration and, as such, it is not relaxed upon protracted exposure to high temperatures.
Toward a Learning System for ERAS: Embedding Implementation and Learning Evaluation

The idea of implementing specific interventions throughout the perioperative period to improve patient recovery has been proven to be beneficial. Whereas many approaches to enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) implementation may seem straightforward, careful advanced planning, multiple stakeholder involvement, and addressing other contextual constraints needed for program scale-up and sustainability are complex. The lack of clarity and descriptions of the implementation strategies, report on implementation variables, and the context under which the implementation occurs hinders learning and spread. Without the detailed context in which it was implemented, one is often led to disappointment or outright failure of spread and scale-up efforts. This chapter provides a framework and guidance on how clinicians and health-care leaders can work together to design, implement, and learn about ERAS improvement interventions more effectively, thus enhancing the scale-up, spread and return on investment in ERAS.
Unique Needs for the Implementation of Emergency Department Human Immunodeficiency Virus Screening in Adolescents.

Background The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend universal HIV screening starting at 13 years, which has been implemented in many general US emergency departments (EDs) but infrequently in pediatric EDs. We aimed to 1) implement a pilot of routine adolescent HIV screening in a pediatric ED and 2) determine the unique barriers to CDC recommended screening in this region of high HIV prevalence. Methods This was a prospective four-month implementation of a routine HIV screening pilot in a convenience sample of adolescents 13-18 years at a single pediatric ED, based on study personnel availability. Serum-based 4th generation HIV testing was run through a central laboratory. Parents were allowed to remain in the room for HIV counseling and testing. Data were collected regarding patient characteristics and HIV testing quality metrics. Comparisons were made using chi square and Fisher's exact tests. Regression analysis was performed to assess for an association between parent presence at the time of enrollment and adolescent decision to participate in HIV screening. Results Over four months, 344 of 806 adolescents approached consented to HIV screening (57% female, mean 15.1 years). Adolescents with HIV screening were more likely to be older than those who declined (p = 0.025). Other blood tests were collected with the sample for 21% of adolescents; mean time to result was 105 minutes (interquartile range 69, 123) and 79% were discharged before the result was available. Having a parent present for enrollment was not associated with adolescent participation (adjusted odds ratio 1.07, 95% CI 0.67-1.70). Barriers to testing included: fear of needlestick, time to results, cost, and staff availability. One of 344 tests was positive in a young adolescent with Stage 1 HIV. Conclusions Routine HIV screening in adolescents was able to be implemented in this pediatric ED and led to the identification of early infection in a young adolescent who would have otherwise been undetected at this stage of disease. Addressing the unique barriers to adolescent HIV screening is critical in high prevalence regions and may lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment in this vulnerable population.
A Temporal Analysis of Employees’ Situational Work Motivation and Well- Being

Work scheduling is a challenge to manage under the perceptions that employees dislike unconventional working hours for sociocultural and economic reasons. This research used a complete temporal app...
The Examination of Extreme Flood Events and Resiliency in the Middle St. Johns River, Florida USA Via Multiple Methods

The middle portion of the St. Johns River is located in East-Central Florida, USA. This region of the St. Johns River is increasingly subject to urbanization and conversion of forest areas to agricultural land. Overall, these changes mean that future flood events in the area could adversely impact local citizens. Therefore, the examination of extreme flood events and resiliency to such events is critically important. The purpose of this preliminary study is to explore a range of practical applications to estimate extreme flood events at locations within the Middle St. Johns River Basin, focusing specifically upon the Wekiva River sub-basin (located just west of Lake Mary, Florida). The current work illustrates the overall technical methodology and provides preliminary estimates of extreme flood events at different return frequencies using two statistical approaches. Future work will also estimate the magnitude of extreme flood events via model simulations utilizing an existing Wekiva River HSPF rainfall-runoff model previously developed by the Saint Johns River Water Management District. Altogether, once fully integrated and complete, the methods will permit prediction of a range of possible flood discharges at any place along the Wekiva watercourse.
Quantum limited sound attenuation in a dilute atomic Fermi gas

A new experiment (P. B. Patel et al., Science 370 (2020) 6521, 1222) involving resonantly interacting atoms confined by laser beams sheds light on momentum and energy diffusion in quantum fluids.
An Architecture for Memory Centric Active Storage (MCAS).

The advent of CPU-attached persistent memory technology, such as Intel's Optane Persistent Memory Modules (PMM), has brought with it new opportunities for storage. In 2018, IBM Research Almaden began investigating and developing a new enterprise-grade storage solution directly aimed at this emerging technology. MCAS (Memory Centric Active Storage) defines an evolved network-attached key-value store that offers both near-data compute and the ability to layer enterprise-grade data management services on shared persistent memory. As a converged memory-storage tier, MCAS moves towards eliminating the traditional separation of compute and storage, and thereby unifying the data space. This paper provides an in-depth review of the MCAS architecture and implementation, as well as general performance results.
It's Not the Flu: Popular Perceptions of the Impact of COVID-19 in the U.S

Messaging from U.S. authorities about COVID-19 has been widely divergent. This research aims to clarify popular perceptions of the COVID-19 threat and its effects on victims. In four studies with over 4,100 U.S. participants, we consistently found that people perceive the threat of COVID-19 to be substantially greater than that of several other causes of death to which it has recently been compared, including the seasonal flu and automobile accidents. Participants were less willing to help COVID-19 victims, who they considered riskier to help, more contaminated, and more responsible for their condition. Additionally, politics and demographic factors predicted attitudes about victims of COVID-19 above and beyond moral values; whereas attitudes about the other kinds of victims were primarily predicted by moral values. The results indicate that people perceive COVID-19 as an exceptionally severe disease threat, and despite prosocial inclinations, do not feel safe offering assistance to COVID-19 sufferers. This research has urgent applied significance: the findings are relevant to public health efforts and related marketing campaigns working to address extended damage to society and the economy from the pandemic. In particular, efforts to educate the public about the health impacts of COVID-19, encourage compliance with testing protocols and contact tracing, and support safe, prosocial decision-making and risk assessment, will all benefit from awareness of these findings. Additionally, the results suggest approaches, such as engaging people’s stable values rather than their politicized perspectives on COVID-19, that may reduce stigma and promote cooperation in response to pandemic threats.
Determining consumption preferences of consumers considering quality attributes of drinking water: A case of Igdır

The aim of the study was to determine the main factors affecting the consumption preferences of consumers by considering the quality characteristics of drinking water according to the regions where they reside. For this purpose, the data obtained from 400 consumers living in the central districts of Igdir province were used for Factor Analysis and Two-Step Clustering Analysis. Research results reported that physiological needs of the consumers residing in region I were based on the physiological and physical quality of the water in their drinking water consumption preference, consumers in region II relied on the chemical quality of the tap water, and consumers in region III focused on the cost advantages of tap water depending on the chemical quality of tap water. Therefore, supplying differentiated bottled drinking water in hygienic conditions according to physical and physiological quality standards of drinking water for consumers in region I, ensuring the protection and access of local water resources suitable for chemical quality characteristics to consumers in region II, and maintaining the reliability of local water resources with good chemical quality and low cost of supply and sustainability of their use for consumers in region III can have positive effects on consumption satisfaction.
Integrated Multiorgan Bedside Ultrasound for the Diagnosis and Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock

Despite decades of research, the mortality rate of sepsis and septic shock remains unacceptably high. Delays in diagnosis, identification of an infectious source, and the challenge of providing patient-tailored resuscitation measures routinely result in suboptimal patient outcomes. Bedside ultrasound improves a clinician's ability to both diagnose and manage the patient with sepsis. Indeed, multiple point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) protocols have been developed to evaluate and treat various subsets of critically ill patients. These protocols mostly target patients with undifferentiated shock and have been shown to improve clinical outcomes. Other studies have shown that POCUS can improve a clinician's ability to identify a source of infection. Once a diagnosis of septic shock has been made, serial POCUS exams can be used to continuously guide resuscitative efforts. In this review, we advocate that the patient with suspected sepsis or septic shock undergo a comprehensive POCUS exam in which sonographic information across organ systems is synthesized and used in conjunction with traditional data gleaned from the patient's history, physical exam, and laboratory studies. This harmonization of information will hasten an accurate diagnosis and assist with hemodynamic management.
From Protection to Empowerment

To those alarmed by the current state of the Court and its jurisprudence, Jack Balkin’s The Cycles of Constitutional Time sounds a hopeful note—this too shall pass: the current regime, the constitutional rot, the polarization. This Essay proposes an addition to the list of things that will hopefully pass away— the minority protection model of rights jurisprudence. The minority protection model grew out of American apartheid at a time when being Black was the trigger for oppression and the wholesale denial of citizenship. In contrast, this Essay notes that we are now living in a time when denials of citizenship are partial and when oppression and privilege intersect in the bodies of the traditionally marginalized as well as the traditionally privileged. This Essay discusses how this relative oppression and “hybrid intersectionality” have caused modern rights protection to turn on subjective evaluations of the salience of a given characteristic rather than on objective marginalization. It argues that modern rights protection now depends on power as much as need—regardless of whether one uses the liberal or conservative iteration of the minority protection model. This Essay seeks to explain this shift from protection to political power in terms of jurisprudential tribalism, in which jurists’ desires for peer group affirmation dictates, often unconsciously, their understandings of which characteristics are salient and warrant protection in a conflict. It uses the opinions and nonanswer of Masterpiece Cakeshop to illustrate the challenges of hybrid intersectionality and the influence of the Justices’ tribal affiliations on their evaluations of which rights are implicated in a case. This Essay concludes by calling for a shift in rights jurisprudence from a focus on minority protection to a focus on minority power sharing, noting that a framework of empowerment is better able to engage intersectional identities and combat jurisprudential tribalism.
Discriminative Subnetworks with Regularized Spectral Learning for Global-State Network Data

Data mining practitioners are facing challenges from data with network structure. In this paper, we address a specific class of global-state networks which comprises of a set of network instances sharing a similar structure yet having different values at local nodes. Each instance is associated with a global state which indicates the occurrence of an event. The objective is to uncover a small set of discriminative subnetworks that can optimally classify global network values. Unlike most existing studies which explore an exponential subnetwork space, we address this difficult problem by adopting a space transformation approach. Specifically, we present an algorithm that optimizes a constrained dual-objective function to learn a low-dimensional subspace that is capable of discriminating networks labelled by different global states, while reconciling with common network topology sharing across instances. Our algorithm takes an appealing approach from spectral graph learning and we show that the globally optimum solution can be achieved via matrix eigen-decomposition.
Putting the Community Back into the ‘Community Benefit’ Standard

he responsibility of hospitals to provide charity care raises fundamental questions about the structure of the United States' health care system. There has been little concrete effort to reassess the obligations of hospitals. This Article seeks to fill that gap by proposing a novel framework for analyzing hospitals' community obligations. This new framework challenges traditional notions of individual charity care and provides a normative basis for encouraging a shift toward public health benefits.
A bayesian network riverine model study

In this paper we apply a Bayesian Network Methodology to a riverine model study. We show that continuous variables, following Ebert-Uphoff's method, would improve this model, and we modify an existing share-ware Bayesian Network to simulate continuous variables. We also present a new metric for the Bayesian Network.
Experiment-based validation and uncertainty quantification of coupled multi-scale plasticity models

Anisotropic materials, such as zirconium require the inclusion of evolution of the crystal structure in the finite element model representations of the mechanical behavior, naturally leading to coupled meso- and macro-scale plasticity models. For achieving such models, partitioned techniques where isolated models that resolve system behavior at different scales are coupled through iterative exchange of inputs and outputs are widely used. In this treatment, a finite element at the macro-scale provides strain information to a meso-scale visco-plastic self-consistent model to represent micro-scale properties. These properties are then returned to the macro-scale for new stress and strain calculations. During this iterative process, biases and uncertainties inherent within constituent model predictions propagate between constituents. This propagation creates a need for a multi-scale approach for experiment-based validation and uncertainty quantification, in which separate effect experiments conducted within each constituent’s domain test the validity of the independent constituents in their respective scales and integral-effect experiments executed within the coupled domain validate the entire coupled system. In this paper the authors implement a multi-scale experiment-based validation approach utilizing both separate and integral-effect experiments. Results demonstrate that training an independent error model for the bias of the constituent model utilizing separate-effect experiments as means of appropriately bias-correcting constituent model predictions during coupling iterations results in an improved predictive capability. This improvement is demonstrated through the use of integral-effect experiments.
Bureaucratic Oppression: Its Causes and Cures

Objective: to consider and study the legal procedures aimed at deterring bureaucratic oppression. Methods: dialectic approach to cognition of social phenomena, enabling to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors that determined the choice of the following research methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison, systematic, formal-legal, comparative-legal methods. Results: the auricle views legal procedures aimed at deterring bureaucratic oppression. The author comes to the conclusion that these legal procedures are one of the multiple mechanisms which allow regulation of interaction between a state and private persons. As the problem extends to an extremely broad range of interactions, the paper analyzes and reveals the features of only certain types of potentially oppressing interactions between a state and citizens: the treatment of business enterprises by regulatory agencies; the treatment of government grantees by funding agencies; the treatment of individuals by protective services; and the treatment of individuals in government institutions. Scientific novelty: Part I of the Article discusses the sources of bureaucratic oppression and identifies four such sources: status differences, stranger relations, institutional pathologies, and divergent incentives. Part II explores four solutions to the problem of bureaucratic oppression that have been proposed and in some cases implemented. The first two – the judicial solution of due process and the legislative solution of ombudspersons - involve actors external to the administrative system. The second two – the management theory solution of client-centered administration and the microeconomic solution of market simulating mechanisms – are internal to that system. Because of the limitations of these various solutions, Part III proposes an additional solution, described as a collaborative monitor. This monitor would be an agency of the legislature that could bring the issue of oppressiveness to an administrative agency's attention and then work collaboratively with that agency to resolve or ameliorate the problem. Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, educational, law-making and law-enforcement activities.
How Much Does Political Uncertainty Matter? The Case of Louisiana under Huey Long

We study the effect of political uncertainty on economic outcomes using the case of Huey Long's tenure as governor and senator of Louisiana during the Great Depression. Based on primary sources, we construct two well-established measures of uncertainty specifically for Louisiana: stock price volatility and newspaper mentions of terms related to “uncertainty” and the economy. Combining these uncertainty measures with employment data from the Census of Manufactures, we attempt to identify the effects of political uncertainty using the state of Mississippi as a control group. We find little support for a negative effect from political uncertainty in Huey Long's Louisiana.
Le dépistage organisé des cancers du sein : Particularités du système français

Resume Le programme francais de depistage des cancers du sein est un systeme particulier qui s’inscrit dans les habitudes du systeme de soins francais : utilisation des structures de radiologie publiques et privees existantes, role des generalistes et des gynecologues dans la prescription et la prise en charge, deux incidences par sein tous les deux ans avec examen clinique, diagnostic immediat des anomalies detectees. Il repond cependant a la definition d’une action de sante publique programmee, par la formation prealable des intervenants, l’organisation, l’assurance de qualite a tous les niveaux, la double lecture et l’evaluation.Les avantages et les difficultes inherents a ce systeme inedit sont discutes.
Determining important parameters related to cyanobacterial alkaloid toxin exposure.

Science-based decision making required robust and high-fidelity mechanistic data about the system dynamics and impacts of system changes. Alkaloid cyanotoxins have the characteristics to warrant consideration for their potential threat. Since insufficient information is available to construct a systems model for the alkaloid cyanotoxins, saxitoxins, anatoxins, and anatoxin-a(S), an accurate assessments of these toxins as a potential threat for use for intentional contamination is not possible. Alkaloid cyanotoxin research that contributed to such a model has numerous areas of overlap for natural and intentional health effects issues that generates dual improvements to the state of the science. The use of sensitivity analyses of systems models can identify parameters that, when determined, result in the greatest impact to the overall system and may help to direct the most efficient use of research funding. This type of modeling-assisted experimentation may allow rapid progress for overall system understanding compared to observational or disciplinary research agendas. Assessment and management of risk from intentional contamination can be performed with greater confidence when mechanisms are known and the relationships between different components are validated. This level of understanding allows high-fidelity assessments that do not hamper legitimate possession of these toxins for research purposes, while preventing intentional more » contamination that would affect public health. It also allows for appropriate response to an intentional contamination event, even if the specific contamination had not been previous considered. Development of science-based decision making tools will only improve our ability to address the new requirements addressing potential threats to our nation. « less
Fully Homomorphic Message Authenticators

We define and construct a new primitive called a fully homomorphic message authenticator. With such scheme, anybody can perform arbitrary computations over authenticated data and produce a short tag that authenticates the result of the computation (without knowing the secret key). This tag can be verified using the secret key to ensure that the claimed result is indeed the correct output of the specified computation over previously authenticated data (without knowing the underlying data). For example, Alice can upload authenticated data to “the cloud”, which then performs some specified computations over this data and sends the output to Bob, along with a short tag that convinces Bob of correctness. Alice and Bob only share a secret key, and Bob never needs to know Alice’s underlying data. Our construction relies on fully homomorphic encryption to build fully homomorphic message authenticators.
Nonobtuse Triangulations of PSLGs

We show that any planar straight line graph with n vertices has a conforming triangulation by $$O(n^{2.5})$$O(n2.5) nonobtuse triangles (all angles $$\le 90^\circ $$≤90?), answering the question of whether any polynomial bound exists. A nonobtuse triangulation is Delaunay, so this result also improves a previous $$O(n^3)$$O(n3) bound of Edelsbrunner and Tan for conforming Delaunay triangulations of PSLGs. In the special case that the PSLG is the triangulation of a simple polygon, we will show that only $$O(n^2)$$O(n2) triangles are needed, improving an $$O(n^4)$$O(n4) bound of Bern and Eppstein. We also show that for any $$\varepsilon >0$$?>0, every PSLG has a conforming triangulation with $$O(n^2 /\varepsilon ^2)$$O(n2/?2) elements and with all angles bounded above by $$90^\circ + \varepsilon $$90?+?. This improves a result of S. Mitchell when $$\varepsilon = \frac{3}{8} \pi =67.5^\circ $$?=38?=67.5? and Tan when $$\varepsilon = \frac{7}{30} \pi = 42^\circ $$?=730?=42?.
Potassium haloalkyltrifluoroborate salts: synthesis, application, and reversible ligand replacement with MIDA

Abstract Increased interest in boron-containing pharmaceuticals has created a need for efficient syntheses of organoboron compounds. This article describes one- and two-pot syntheses of potassium haloalkyltrifluoroborate salts, important building blocks for the incorporation of boron into complex molecules. The sequential, high-yielding procedures (65% to 92%) involve hydroboration of commercially available haloalkenes with dichloroborane (prepared in situ from triethylsilane and boron trichloride), followed by treatment of the crude hydroboration products with potassium hydrogen difluoride. A hexaethyldisiloxane byproduct that hinders the isolation of the desired boronic acids and esters was identified and easily removed via this procedure. The value of the potassium haloalkyltrifluoroborate salts is subsequently demonstrated in example substitution reactions, which were followed by a reversible ligand replacement with N -methyliminodiacetic acid (MIDA). Reversibly switching these orthogonal boron protecting groups enables full exploitation of their favorable chemical properties, effectively bridging these platforms and further expanding their scope and utility.
"Reinforcement" in behavior theory.

In its Pavlovian context, “reinforcement” was actually a descriptive term for the functional relation between an unconditional and a conditional stimulus. When it was adopted into operant conditioning, “reinforcement” became the central concept and the key operation, but with new qualifications, new referents, and new expectations. Some behavior theorists believed that “reinforcers” comprise a special and limited class of stimuli or events, and they speculated about what the essential “nature of reinforcement” might be. It is now known that any stimulus can serve a reinforcing function, with due recognition of such parameters as subject species characteristics, stimulus intensity, sensory modality, and schedule of application. This paper comments on these developments from the standpoint of reflex behavior theory.
Characterization of coupling in planar array coils with arbitrary element geometries

A method is presented which rapidly characterizes the mutual impedance between elements in array coils for MR imaging as a function of offset distances between elements. These "coupling surfaces" allow the designer to quickly determine the overlap distances which minimize coupling between array elements. The method allows arbitrary element geometries and a layered, planar media. Additionally, because the Green's functions and current distributions are stored in Fourier space, the transverse field distributions are easily obtained, allowing the weighting coefficients form image combination to be determined. >
One-pot fluorination and Mannich reactions of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds

One-pot fluorination of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with Selectfluor™ followed by the Mannich reaction with anilines and benzaldehydes is developed for the synthesis of α-fluoro and aminomethylated 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds.