cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adenosine analogs and human platelets. Effects on nucleotide pools and the aggregation phenomenon.

Abstract The interaction between human blood platelets and adenosine and various adenosine analogs was examined. Effects were found both on the pools of nucleotides, as examined by the technic of high pressure liquid chromatography, and on the phenomenon of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Although the normal ratio of ATP and ADP in platelets is about 1.5:1, after incubation with adenosine-8- 14 C, ATP and ADP were labeled in a ratio of about 7:1. This is consistent with a distribution of the nucleotides among storage and metabolic pools, with the adenosine-8- 14 C entering principally the metabolic pool. After 2 hr of incubation with 0–5 mM 2-fluoroadenosine (F-Ado), the concentration of F-ATP was approximately 12 μmoles/10 11 platelets. The ratio of F-ATP to F-ADP was approximately 7:1, indicating that it entered primarily the metabolic nucleotide pool. Also, during the first hr of incubation, as the F-ATP concentration increased, the ATP concentration fell. When F-ATP-containing platelets were treated with thrombin, an aggregator and storage granule releaser, the nucleotides released into the medium consisted principally of ATP and ADP in a ratio of about 0.8:1, with very little 2-fluoroadenine-containing nucleotides. After thrombin treatment, the washed platelet pellet contained most of the 2-fluoroadenine nucleotides, but with significant increases in the concentrations of F-AMP and F-ADP. This suggests that F-ATP can replace ATP as the energy donor for the aggregation and release phenomena. As reported elsewhere, adenosine strongly inhibits platelet aggregation induced by ADP. However, this inhibitory effect disappears after preincubation for about 30 min. If the preincubation is carried out in the presence of coformycin, a tight-binding inhibitor of adenosine deaminase ( K i ≅ 1 × 10 −10 M), the inhibition of aggregation by adenosine is markedly prolonged, indicating that the loss of inhibition results from conversion of adenosine to inosine by adenosine deaminase. ADP-induced aggregation is powerfully inhibited by F-Ado, and the inhibition becomes more pronounced on prolonged incubation. This is consistent with the observation that F-Ado has very weak substrate activity with adenosine deaminase. The analog, N 6 -phenyladenosine, an inhibitor of adenosine kinase that does not form analog nucleotides in platelets, inhibits aggregation strongly, and the inhibition is maintained during incubation of 1 hr. Several other adenosine analogs only weakly inhibit ADP-induced aggregation even in the presence of coformycin. These include 2'-deoxyadenosine, 3'-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin), arabinosyladenine, and formycin A, a C-nucleoside. However, significant quantities of nucleotides of formycin A are formed in platelets in the presence of coformycin.
One Dozen Ways to Motivate Teacher Education Faculty to Use Technology in Instruction

AbstractThis article describes strategies that can enhance the use of technology by faculty in teacher education programs. As these programs evolve, forms of educational technology can help professors deliver effective instruction, develop and enhance curricula, evaluate student progress, and better manage resources. Educational technology is a discipline that combines instructional media (e.g., video recorders, cassette/microcassette recorders, videodiscs, and compact discs), computerized tools (e.g., laptops, microcomputers, and pen-based systems), and cognitive processing (e.g., information processing, learning, and memory). Although useful and effective, computerized tools are the most reluctantly used form of educational technology. Some teacher education faculty lack either the experience, expertise, or confidence needed to effectively use computerized resources. Administrators can help eliminate this by providing technical support (e.g., troubleshooting, configuration support, and written procedure...
Holding Teachers Accountable for Indoctrination: A Reexamination of I.A. Snook's Notion of "Intent"

My interest in the notion “indoctrination” comes from my experience as a peace educator; it is common for the charge of indoctrination to be leveled at peace education’s practitioners. This charge, I have found, is not made in any scholarly way but rather in a political manner. In addition, the charge has proven to be quite effective both in preventing the development of peace education courses in public schools and universities and in removing existing peace education programs from those institutions. Responses to charges of indoctrination from peace educators have been vague and terse and fail to provide a clear understanding of what the charges entail and how peace educators can or do avoid indoctrination.
PVM: Parallel View Maintenance under Concurrent Data Updates of Distributed Sources

Data warehouses (DW) are built by gathering information from distributed information sources (ISs) and integrating it into one customized repository. In recent years, work has begun to address the problem of view maintenance of DWs under concurrent data updates of different ISs. The SWEEP solution is one solution that does not require the ISs to be quiescence, as required by previous strategies, by employing a local compensation strategy. SWEEP however processes all update messages in a sequential manner. To optimize upon this sequential processing, we now propose a parallel view maintenance algorithm, called PVM, that incorporates all benefits of previous maintenance approaches while offering improved performance due to parallelism. We have identified two issues critical for supporting parallel view maintenance: (1) detecting maintenance-concurrent data updates in a parallel mode, and (2) correcting the problem that the DW commit order may not correspond to the DW update processing order due to parallel maintenance handling. In this work, we provide solutions to both issues. We have implemented both SWEEP and PVM in our EVE data warehousing system, and our studies confirm the multi-fold performance improvement of PVM over SWEEP.
A population-level analysis of 5620 recipients of multiple in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts.

BACKGROUND There is a paucity of data examining the epidemiology of recipients of multiple in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) attempts, and their outcomes. METHODS Data source: Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2000 to 2009. Patient characteristics, survival to discharge, discharge disposition, and cost of hospitalization of patients who had 1 versus multiple (>1) CPR attempts were compared using bivariate and multivariate methods. RESULTS Of 166,519 hospitalized CPR recipients, 3.4% had multiple CPR attempts. Compared with 1-time CPR recipients, those undergoing multiple CPR were younger (age 40% for each additional CPR attempt (23.4% vs 11.9%, and 6.7% for 1, 2, and ≥3 CPR attempts, respectively; P < 0.001). After multivariate adjustment, multiple CPR was independently associated with a lower survival to discharge (odds ratio: 0.41, 95% confidence interval: 0.37-0.44, P < 0.001). Recipients of multiple CPR were more likely to be discharged to destinations other than home (80.7% vs 70.1%, P < 0.001); 1 in 15 survivors of multiple CPR were discharged to hospice (6.8%), compared with 1 in 23 patients (4.3%) who had 1 CPR (P = 0.002). The average cost per day of hospitalization was higher for patients who had multiple CPR versus 1 CPR ($4484.60 vs $3581.40, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Recipients of multiple in-hospital CPR attempts are more likely to be younger, nonwhite, and treated in nonteaching hospitals. Survival to discharge is significantly worse, and the cost of hospitalization is considerably higher for these patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:29–34. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Organ Distributions of Liposome-Loaded Rat Platelets

Past in vitro functional assays have demonstrated that platelet function is not inhibited by liposome uptake. In the present study, the organ distributions of control and liposome-loaded Sprague-Dawley rat platelets were examined to determine whether liposome uptake enhances RES uptake. Platelets were isolated using STRactan density gradient centrifugation, incubated with small unilamellar liposomes in vitro for 1 hour, labeled with 51Cr and injected into a cohort group of rats. One hour post-injection the spleen, liver, lungs, blood, kidneys and bladder contents were removed and the percentages of the recovered dose localized per total organ (%RD) were determined. The RES index, defined as %RDliver + %RDspleen, were 24.8 +/- 4.5 and 20.5 +/- 5.0 for the control platelets and liposome-loaded platelets, respectively. These results indicate that liposome uptake does not enhance RES uptake.
Stable Triplet of Uracil−Uracil Basepairs in a Small Antisense RNA

The interaction between ant (antirepressor) mRNA and its antisense RNA, sar (small antisense RNA), is important in regulation of the development of bacteriophage P22. Sar is 68−69 nucleotides in length and is believed to consist of two hairpin structures separated by a small inter-hairpin region, followed by a short 3‘ tail [Schaefer and McClure RNA 1997, 3, 141−156]. A novel feature of the proposed secondary structure of the first hairpin is a extremely rare triple U:U base stack. Heteronuclear NMR studies presented here show that the first hairpin does not possess a unique structure in the absence of the second hairpin. However, it acquires a well-defined structure within full length sar. Remarkably, the triple U:U stack appears to be a stable feature of the first hairpin, regardless of the presence or absence of the second hairpin.
SolTRACE: A New Optical Modeling Tool for Concentrating Solar Optics

SolTRACE, a new optical modeling code developed by researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is currently being used to model solar power optical systems and analyze their performance. Although originally intended for solar optical applications, the code can also be used to model and characterize general optical systems. The creation of the code evolved out of a need to model more complex optical systems than could be modeled with existing tools. In addition, previous codes were based on outdated operating systems that significantly limited data presentation and output capabilities. SolTRACE is written specifically for the Windows® 2000 operating environment. Ray tracing methods coupled with the memory capabilities and the speed of the Windows® 2000 operating environment provide for accurate and rapid results. Output data presentation allows scatter plots, flux maps and performance graphs to be rapidly displayed and saved. SolTRACE has enabled Department of Energy (DOE) SunLab researchers to model and predict the performance of new, complex solar optical designs that previously could not be modeled. This paper describes the code and presents a comparison of SolTRACE results with measured and earlier modeled data.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Mutants in dolichol synthesis: conversion of polyprenol to dolichol appears to be a rate-limiting step in dolichol synthesis

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells of the Lec9 recessive complementation group display a distinctive profile of resistance to a variety of toxic lectins. In addition, they accumulate cis-alpha-unsaturated polyprenol and use mainly polyprenol rather than dolichol to synthesize the glycosylated lipids used in asparagine-linked glycosylation of proteins. The primary defect in these cells is thought to result from a deficiency in polyprenol reductase activity. Three new mutants were isolated and determined to have qualitatively, although not quantitatively, similar lectin resistance profiles to Lec9 cells. Two of these mutants (AbrR and RicR) also contained polyprenol rather than dolichol. The lectin resistance profile of an independent mutant which accumulates polyprenol, F2A8, was also found to be qualitatively similar to the Lec9 pattern. The relationship among these mutants was analysed in more detail by construction of cell-cell hybrids. Lectin resistance profiles of the hybrids demonstrated that AbrR, RicR and F2A8 fell into the Lec9 complementation group. Analysis of prenols in the hybrids also showed that F2A8 was a member of the Lec9 group. Surprisingly, a significant fraction of the prenols found in Lec9 x Parent hybrids was polyprenol (up to 30% of the neutral fraction), whereas the prenols found in Parent x Parent hybrids were nearly exclusively dolichol (97% of the neutral lipid fraction). Therefore, reduction of polyprenol to dolichol appears to be a rate-limiting step in the synthesis of dolichol since hybrids with differing numbers of wild-type alleles can be biochemically distinguished.
Application of the feedback-induced bifurcation method to a catalytic reaction system

Abstract The feedback-induced bifurcation method has been examined as applied to CO oxidation on RhAl 2 O 3 . Experimental Hopf bifurcation data obtained from operation of the reaction system under feedback control based on measurement of the gas-phase concentration of CO was reproduced by two reaction models. However, a clear distinction between the Hopf bifurcation behavior of the two models was identified when the feedback control was based on the fractional coverage of a surface carbonyl species. Higher-order dynamics resulting from closed-loop operation of the reaction system were also observed. The usefulness of various types of experimental feedback-induced bifurcations as applied to model development is discussed.
Chlorpromazine inhibits human natural killer cell activity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

The phenothiazine antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine, a potent calmodulin antagonist, inhibited human natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition of natural killer cell activity was not due to interference with conjugate formation, nor was it due to toxicity to the natural killer cells or nonspecific alteration of the target cells. Chlorpromazine also suppressed antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent fashion, suggesting that the two activities share a calmodulin-dependent step. Finally, it was not possible to overcome chlorpromazine-mediated inhibition of natural killer cell activity by first treating the cells with interleukin-2 or Beta-interferon.
Systematic Parameter Errors in Inspiraling Neutron Star Binaries

The coalescence of two neutron stars is an important gravitational wave source for LIGO and other detectors. Numerous studies have considered the precision with which binary parameters (masses, spins, Love numbers) can be measured. Here I consider the accuracy with which these parameters can be determined in the presence of systematic errors due to waveform approximations. These approximations include truncation of the post-Newtonian (PN) series and neglect of neutron star (NS) spin, tidal deformation, or orbital eccentricity. All of these effects can yield systematic errors that exceed statistical errors for plausible parameter values. In particular, neglecting spin, eccentricity, or high-order PN terms causes a significant bias in the NS Love number. Tidal effects will not be measurable with PN inspiral waveforms if these systematic errors are not controlled.
Impact of framing on intentions to vaccinate daughters against HPV: A cross-cultural perspective

Background Effective promotion of the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine across ethnic/racial groups may help curtail disparities in cervical cancer rates.
Cellular and molecular toxicology of lead. III. Effect of lead on heme synthesis

The effect of lead nitrate on the biosynthesis of heme and the cellular uptake of 59 Fe was studied in an established rat liver cell line (RLC‐GAI) grown in serum‐free medium. Heme synthesis was shown to be increased in lead‐treated cells when determined by measuring the amount of 59 Fe incorporated into the heme fraction of cell homogenates; concomitant with increased 59 Fe incorporation into heme, cellular uptake of 59 Fe was also increased. By contrast, heme synthesis was inhibited by lead in a dose‐dependent manner when determined by measuring the conversion of [ 14 C] aminolevulinic acid into heme under identical experimental conditions. Cellular degradation of heme was not found to be significantly affected by lead. It is proposed that lead inhibited the biosynthesis of heme and that the increased incorporation of 59 Fe into the heme fraction of the lead‐treated cells was the result of the increased uptake of 59 Fe and hence labeling of the heme molecules. Evidence is presented that suggests that on...
Image approximation to the reaction field

The reaction field for a charge at an arbitrary position in a spherical cavity in a medium of dielectric constant e may be expressed in terms of the electrical potential of a certain image charge. For e τ 1 the potential of the reaction field in the cavity is quite accurately the same as the electrical potential of the image charge. These observations form the basis of a rather economical and accurate way to calculate the reaction field's contribution to the interaction potential of particles with electric moments within a cavity within a dielectric. The results promise to be useful in the study of models for polar fluids and solutions by the Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics methods.
RESEARCH ON SERVICES FOR THE ELDERLY

(1990). RESEARCH ON SERVICES FOR THE ELDERLY. Urban Geography: Vol. 11, Origins and Evolution of Urban Geography, pp. 394-401.
Crystal structure of HslUV complexed with a vinyl sulfone inhibitor: corroboration of a proposed mechanism of allosteric activation of HslV by HslU.

Abstract On the basis of the structure of a HslUV complex, a mechanism of allosteric activation of the HslV protease, wherein binding of the HslU chaperone propagates a conformational change to the active site cleft of the protease, has been proposed. Here, the 3.1 A X-ray crystallographic structure of Haemophilus influenzae HslUV complexed with a vinyl sulfone inhibitor is described. The inhibitor, which reacts to form a covalent linkage to Thr1 of HslV, binds in an “antiparallel β” manner, with hydrogen-bond interactions between the peptide backbone of the protease and that of the inhibitor, and with two leucinyl side chains of the inhibitor binding in the S1 and S3 specificity pockets of the protease. Comparison of the structure of the HslUV–inhibitor complex with that of HslV without inhibitor and in the absence of HslU reveals that backbone interactions would correctly position a substrate for cleavage in the HslUV complex, but not in the HslV protease alone, corroborating the proposed mechanism of allosteric activation. This activation mechanism differs from that of the eukaryotic proteasome, for which binding of activators opens a gated channel that controls access of substrates to the protease, but does not perturb the active site environment.
Quantification and clustering of phenotypic screening data using time-series analysis for chemotherapy of schistosomiasis

Neglected tropical diseases, especially those caused by helminths, constitute some of the most common infections of the world's poorest people. Development of techniques for automated, high-throughput drug screening against these diseases, especially in whole-organism settings, constitutes one of the great challenges of modern drug discovery. We present a method for enabling high-throughput phenotypic drug screening against diseases caused by helminths with a focus on schistosomiasis. The proposed method allows for a quantitative analysis of the systemic impact of a drug molecule on the pathogen as exhibited by the complex continuum of its phenotypic responses. This method consists of two key parts: first, biological image analysis is employed to automatically monitor and quantify shape-, appearance-, and motion-based phenotypes of the parasites. Next, we represent these phenotypes as time-series and show how to compare, cluster, and quantitatively reason about them using techniques of time-series analysis. We present results on a number of algorithmic issues pertinent to the time-series representation of phenotypes. These include results on appropriate representation of phenotypic time-series, analysis of different time-series similarity measures for comparing phenotypic responses over time, and techniques for clustering such responses by similarity. Finally, we show how these algorithmic techniques can be used for quantifying the complex continuum of phenotypic responses of parasites. An important corollary is the ability of our method to recognize and rigorously group parasites based on the variability of their phenotypic response to different drugs. The methods and results presented in this paper enable automatic and quantitative scoring of high-throughput phenotypic screens focused on helmintic diseases. Furthermore, these methods allow us to analyze and stratify parasites based on their phenotypic response to drugs. Together, these advancements represent a significant breakthrough for the process of drug discovery against schistosomiasis in particular and can be extended to other helmintic diseases which together afflict a large part of humankind.
A comparison of monocular visually evoked potentials in human neonates and adults

Abstract Summated visually evoked responses (VERs) to monocular and binocular light flash stimulation were obtained simultaneously from each cerebral hemisphere. A total of twenty-two newborn infants and ten young adults served as experimental subjects. Amplitude analyses and inter-hemispheric statistical comparisons showed a significantly greater amplitude of the contralateral VER in infants in response to monocular stimulation. This difference did not reach significance in adults although the trend was maintained. Left-right hemispheric comparisons of amplitude did not reach significance for any group. Inter-hemispheric correlation coefficients were computed and were found to be considerably greater for the adult group. The results were discussed in terms of their relationship to fiber counts in the ipsilateral and contralateral tracts, the respective fiber diameters and functional changes related to progressive myelinization of the developing visual system. Several indices for assessing the degrees of functional maturity of the developing human visual system have been considered.
Random forest for relational classification with application to terrorist profiling

We study the problem of detecting and profiling terrorists using a combination of an ensemble classifier, namely random forest and relational information. Given a database for a set of individuals characterized by both “local” attributes such as age and criminal background, and “relational” information such as communications among a subset of the individuals, with a subset of the individuals labeled as terrorist or normal people, our task is to design a classifier that captures the patterns of terrorists and achieves good accuracy in predicting the labels of the remaining part of the database. In previous work, a hybrid approach was presented that iteratively applies a flat classifier (such as decision trees, fuzzy clustering) augmented with flattened relational attributes for learning and classification. In the current work, our approach is to use random forest as the “flat” classifier in the terrorist detection setting. Random forest is known to have advantage in handling tasks with high dimensionality in input data. This merit of random forest method is very useful for relational learning if the number of “flattened” relational attributes is quite large, which is indeed the case for the terrorist detection task. We report our experiments on a synthetic terrorist database that compare the prediction accuracy of random forest with two other “flat” classifiers, namely, ordinary decision tree and fuzzy clustering. The experimental results show that random forest outperforms both ordinary decision tree and fuzzy clustering. random forest
What Does the Modularity of Morals Have to Do With Ethics? Four Moral Sprouts Plus or Minus a Few

Flanagan (1991) was the first contemporary philosopher to suggest that a modularity of morals hypothesis (MMH) was worth consideration by cognitive science. There is now a serious empirically informed proposal that moral competence is best explained in terms of moral modules-evolutionarily ancient, fast-acting, automatic reactions to particular sociomoral experiences (Haidt & Joseph, 2007). MMH fleshes out an idea nascent in Aristotle, Mencius, and Darwin. We discuss the evidence for MMH, specifically an ancient version, "Mencian Moral Modularity," which claims four innate modules, and "Social Intuitionist Modularity," which claims five innate modules. We compare these two moral modularity models, discuss whether the postulated modules are best conceived as perceptual/Fodorian or emotional/Darwinian, and consider whether assuming MMH true has any normative ethical consequences whatsoever. The discussion of MMH reconnects cognitive science with normative ethics in a way that involves the reassertion of the "is-ought" problem. We explain in a new way what this problem is and why it would not yield. The reason does not involve the logic of "ought," but rather the plasticity of human nature and the realistic options to "grow" and "do" human nature in multifarious legitimate ways.
Torsional mode relaxation of DABCO in a seeded supersonic beam

Abstract DABCO's ν 13 torsional mode relaxation is monitored in a helium-DABCO and argon-DABCO supersonic jet under low expansion conditions. Both cw and pulsed nozzles are employed. Modeling of the relaxation using the linear Landau-Teller relaxation equation is undertaken with various attempts to incorporate the effects of velocity slip. The relaxation rate is found to be independent of slip and the cross section dependent on the inverse of translational temperature. A V → R process is suggested as the rate determining mechanism.
Atypical presentation of primary central nervous system non-Hodgkin lymphoma in immunocompetent young adults.

Objective Primary central nervous system non-Hodgkin lymphoma (PCNSL) is a malignant lymphoma limited to the cranial-spinal axis in the absence of systemic lymphoma. Historically, PCNSL accounts for fewer than 5% of all cases of primary intracranial neoplasms. PCNSL is rare in immunocompetent young adults. Although the prognosis for PCNSL is poor, approximately 20%–30% percent of cases achieve a cure. Methods We report two cases of PCNSL originating in the ventricle in otherwise healthy immunocompetent young adults. Results A 27-year-old man presented with 10 days of nausea, vomiting, and headache and was found to have a large intraventricular mass emanating from the choroid plexus with resultant hydrocephalus. He underwent placement of external ventricular drain and systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy for cytologically proven PCNSL. A 31-year-old pregnant woman presented with headaches, vision difficulties, and ataxia and was found to have a septum pellucidum mass. She underwent craniotomy and subtotal resection of the mass with subsequent systemic therapy and whole brain radiation for treatment of PCNSL. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report of primary CNS lymphoma of the choroid plexus and septum pellucidum in otherwise healthy, immunocompetent young adults.
Retinoic acid receptor α is required for synchronization of spermatogenic cycles and its absence results in progressive breakdown of the spermatogenic process

Targeted mutagenesis of the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR alpha) gene has revealed its essential role in spermatogenesis. Although cells in all stages of spermatogenesis were detected in RAR alpha(-/-) testes, there was an increase in degenerating pachytene spermatocytes and a temporary developmental arrest in step 8-9 spermatids in the first wave of spermatogenesis, a delay in the onset of the second wave, and a temporary arrest in preleptotene to leptotene spermatocytes in the first, second, and third waves. A striking aspect of the mutant phenotype was the failure of spermatids to align at the tubular lumen at stage VIII. Furthermore, there were missing or decreased numbers of the predicted cell types in tubules, and they exhibited a profound asynchrony of mixed spermatogenic cell types. In vivo bromodeoxyuridine labeling revealed a significant decrease in germ cell proliferation in both juvenile and adult RAR alpha(-/-) testes and confirmed the arrest at step 8-9 spermatids. Retinoid signaling through RAR alpha, thus, appears to be critical for establishment of synchronous progression of spermatogenesis and the subsequent establishment of correct cellular associations.
Nanometer-scale study of resistance on CdTe solar cell devices

We report a nanometer-resolution resistance mapping across the junction of a CdTe solar cell by using scanning spreading resistance microscopy. The multiple device layers were identified by the resistance mapping. The nonuniform resistance in the CdTe layer reflects the nonuniformity of the doping in the CdTe. A high-resistance region close to the junction in the CdTe side as a result of carrier depletion was measured. With a forward bias voltage applied to the device, we observed the decrease of the resistance in the depletion region and the movement of the depletion region toward the CdS/CdTe interface as a result of the carrier injection. We compared the resistance of the device in the dark to that of the device in illumination. With the atomic force microscope laser illumination, the resistance in the deep depletion region decreased and the resistance across the entire device became relatively uniform. The results illustrate that under illumination, photo-excited carriers dominate the device over the carriers in the thermoequilibrium state and the carriers injected by the bias voltage to the device.
Quotations, References, and the Re-use of Texts in the Early Nyāya Tradition

In this case-study, I examine examples which fall within the five categories of the re-use of texts in the Nyāya Sūtra, Nyāya Bhāṣya, and Nyāya Vārttika and note the form of quoting and embedment. It is found that the re-use of texts is prominent and that the category and method of embedding the re-used passages varies from author to author. Gautama embeds the most interlanguage quotations without acknowledging his sources and Uddyotakara re-uses the most quotations and paraphrases while acknowledging his sources. Vātsyāyana re-uses the most direct quotations but only acknowledges his sources about half the time. Each author re-uses textual material for two reasons: (1) to demonstrate his authority in this field; and (2) to support his own arguments and to critique objections and opposing theories. Differences crop up in the methodologies of Gautama, Vātsyāyana, and Uddyotakara as the concept of an authority shifts over time, as the body of literature grows, and as new objections and opponents arise.
An Efficient Conversion of N-Alkyllactams to N-Alkylthiolactams

Abstract The lactam-to-thiolactam transformation is of considerable utility in the synthesis of natural products.3 We report on a two-step preparative route for the thionation of N-alkyllactams that is (i) superior to that effected by P4S10 4,5 or diethylthiocarbamoyl chloride6 (ii) safer and more efficient than the sulfhydrolysis of lactamium salts with H2S,3 and (iii) cleaner and thermally milder than that accomplished by the use of Lawesson's reagent.7 The method is analogous to our lactone-to-thionolactone transformation8 and it consists of O-alkylation of the lactam (1) with R3O±BF4 (R=Me, Et),9 followed by treatment of the intermediate salt (2) with anhydrous NaSH10 in acetone at O°C. The following Table shows our results for the synthesis of thiolactams 9–13 when we apply our method (Method A) and those reported previously (Methods B-D).
Electrons and Holes in Bismuth

We have re-examined the data published to date that give information (1) on the carrier density per (electron or hole) ellipsoid and (2) on the total carrier density in bismuth at helium temperatures. We show that, in contradiction to some recent conjectures, the number of electron ellipsoids is three; the number of light-hole ellipsoids, one. The uncertainty in the analysis allows for the possible existence of heavy holes with a number density no greater than \ensuremath{\sim}15% of the light-hole density, assuming that there are no heavy electrons.
Pathogenesis of cystoid macular edema: An anatomic consideration of vitreoretinal adhesions

Although it had been widely accepted that vitreous traction plays a key role in the pathogenesis of aphakic cystoid macular edema, vitreoretinal traction is not observable in many patients and other hypotheses have also been investigated. The authors review the present knowledge of the anatomy of the vitreoretinal interface and the pathologic findings in cystoid macular edema. A new hypothesis combining the effects of both traction and inflammation is proposed.
Spatial mapping of non-uniform time-to-breakdown and physical evidence of defect clustering

For the first time, we report a spatial mapping methodology to directly obtain spatial BD distributions from TDDB data at wafer-scales. The results reveal BD defects are strongly clustered towards later stress times and explain the root-cause of non-Poisson area-scaling in agreement with recently developed time-dependent clustering model [3,4]. This methodology provides important detailed information for process diagnosis and improvement as well as realistic reliability assessment in future technologies as variability issues continue to rise.
RGS Proteins and Septins Cooperate to Promote Chemotropism by Regulating Polar Cap Mobility

Summary Background Septins are well known to form a boundary between mother and daughter cells in mitosis, but their role in other morphogenic states is poorly understood. Results Using microfluidics and live-cell microscopy, coupled with new computational methods for image analysis, we investigated septin function during pheromone-dependent chemotropic growth in yeast. We show that septins colocalize with the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) Sst2, a GTPase-activating protein that dampens pheromone receptor signaling. We show further that the septin structure surrounds the polar cap, ensuring that cell growth is directed toward the source of pheromone. When RGS activity is abrogated, septins are partially disorganized. Under these circumstances, the polar cap travels toward septin structures and away from sites of exocytosis, resulting in a loss of gradient tracking. Conclusions Septin organization is dependent on RGS protein activity. When assembled correctly, septins promote turning of the polar cap and proper tracking of a pheromone gradient.
Metabolism of sterols in yeast.

(1978). Metabolism of Sterols in Yeast. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 301-341.
Fear and Revulsion in the Countertransference

The author considers the paper by William Lubart, PhD, drawing attention to the therapist's feelings of fear and revulsion to death and physical suffering in the treatment of a patient with chronic debilitating physical illness, and to the therapist's feelings of shame around straying from therapeutic ideals in the treatment of this patient. Themes of erotic transference and anti-erotic countertransference are also explored.
Acid hydrolysis of wood cellulose under low water condition

Abstract Kinetic parameters in acid hydrolysis of cellulose were determined covering the conditions 170–190°C, 4·4–12% sulfuric acid and 1:16·6 solid-to-liquid ratio. The findings were generally in accordance with dilute acid hydrolysis in that the glucose yield and concentration increased with reaction temperature and acid concentration. Batch hydrolysis of lignocellulose using low water content was found to be efficient in obtaining a concentrated glucose solution, thus potentially reducing the heat input in the process. The concentrated glucose solution trapped within the biomass structure could be extracted without significant dilution using a counter-current leaching system.
Using Dynamic Kernel Instrumentation for Kernel and Application Tuning

The authors have designed a new technology--fine-grained dynamic instrumentation of commodity operating system kernels--that can insert runtime-generated code at almost any machine code instruction of an unmodified operating system kernel. This technology is ideally suited for kernel performance profiling, debugging, code coverage, runtime optimization, and extensibility. They have written a tool called KernInst that implements dynamic instrumentation on a stock production Solaris 2.5.1 kernel running on an UltraSparc CPU. They have written a kernel performance profiler on top of KernInst. Measuring kernel performance has a two-way benefit: it can suggest optimizations to both the kernel and applications that spend much of their time in kernel code. In this paper, the authors present their experiences using KernInst to identify kernel bottlenecks when running a Web proxy server. By profiling kernel routines, they were able to understand performance bottlenecks inherent in the proxy's disk cache organization. The authors used this understanding to make two changes--one to the kernel and one to the application--that cumulatively reduce the percentage of elapsed time that the proxy spends opening disk cache files for writing from 40% to 7%.
Movement precues in planning and execution of aiming movements in Parkinson's disease

Two experiments tested how changing a planned movement affects movement initiation and execution in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. In Experiment 1, PD patients, elderly controls, and young adults performed discrete aiming movements to one of two targets on a digitizer. A precue (80% valid cue and 20% invalid cue of all trials) reflecting the subsequent movement direction was presented prior to the imperative stimulus. All groups produced slower reaction times (RTs) to the invalid precue condition. Only the subgroup of patients with slowest movement time showed a significant prolongation of movement for the invalid condition. This suggests that, in the most impaired patients, modifying a planned action also affects movement execution. In Experiment 2, two-segment aiming movements were used to increase the demand on movement planning. PD patients and elderly controls underwent the two precue conditions (80% valid, 20% invalid). Patients exhibited longer RTs than the controls. RT was similarly increased for the invalid condition in both groups. The patients, however, exhibited longer movement times, lower peak velocities, and higher normalized jerk scores of the first segment in the invalid condition compared to the valid condition. Conversely, the controls showed no difference between the valid and invalid cue conditions. Thus, PD patients demonstrated substantially pronounced movement slowness and variability when required to change a planned action. The results from both experiments suggest that modifying a planned action may continue beyond the initiation phase into the execution phase in PD patients.
Response of Harshaw neutron thermoluminescence dosemeters in terms of the revised ICRP/ICRU recommendations.

To monitor workers for external neutron radiation dose, the Y-12 National Security Complex utilises the thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLDs) manufactured by Harshaw. At Y-12, the majority of external dose to workers is due to low-energy photon and/or beta particles emitted from uranium and its progeny. However, some neutron dose is expected since neutrons are produced from (a,n) reactions in various compounds found at the plant, including UF 4 and UF 6 . Neutron sources, such as 2 5 2 Cf, are also used throughout the complex. The Harshaw neutron dosemeter consists of two gamma-sensitive elements ( 7 Li) and two neutron-sensitive elements enriched in 6 Li with various shielding/filter materials placed around each of them. In this work, the energy response of the dosemeter to neutrons has been calculated using the Monte Carlo transport code MCNP Version 4-C and, these results are compared with the measured response of the dosemeter to unmoderated and D 2 O-moderated 2 5 2 Cf neutrons. The response of the dosemeter has also been determined in terms of the personal absorbed dose and personal dose equivalent as a function of neutron energy based on the recommendations of the ICRP Publication 60 and ICRU Report 49. The energy response of the dosemeter characteristics can be used to generate spectral conversion coefficients for routine neutron absorbed dose and dose equivalent calculations.
Activation of Akt by the bacterial inositol phosphatase, SopB, is wortmannin insensitive.

Salmonella enterica uses effector proteins translocated by a Type III Secretion System to invade epithelial cells. One of the invasion-associated effectors, SopB, is an inositol phosphatase that mediates sustained activation of the pro-survival kinase Akt in infected cells. Canonical activation of Akt involves membrane translocation and phosphorylation and is dependent on phosphatidyl inositide 3 kinase (PI3K). Here we have investigated these two distinct processes in Salmonella infected HeLa cells. Firstly, we found that SopB-dependent membrane translocation and phosphorylation of Akt are insensitive to the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin. Similarly, depletion of the PI3K regulatory subunits p85α and p85s by RNAi had no inhibitory effect on SopB-dependent Akt phosphorylation. Nevertheless, SopB-dependent phosphorylation does depend on the Akt kinases, PDK1 and rictor-mTOR. Membrane translocation assays revealed a dependence on SopB for Akt recruitment to Salmonella ruffles and suggest that this is mediated by phosphoinositide (3,4) P2 rather than phosphoinositide (3,4,5) P3. Altogether these data demonstrate that Salmonella activates Akt via a wortmannin insensitive mechanism that is likely a class I PI3K-independent process that incorporates some essential elements of the canonical pathway.
TREATMENT OF GRADE 4 RENAL STAB WOUNDS WITH ABSORBABLE FIBRIN ADHESIVE BANDAGE IN A PORCINE MODEL

Purpose: In a porcine model we evaluated the efficacy of the absorbable fibrin adhesive bandage and other novel fibrin products for treating major renal stab wounds.Materials and Methods: In commercial swine we produced an almost lethal, grade 4 renal stab wound via a 3.5 cm. sagittal, centrally located, through-and-through laceration. Each pig then received treatment in random fashion, including conventional oversewing of capsular defects with absorbable gelatin sponge and horizontal mattress sutures in 6, external absorbable fibrin adhesive bandage that was pressure held for 60 seconds in 6, external and internal absorbable fibrin adhesive bandage that was applied externally, inserted into the renal defect and pressure held for 60 seconds in 6, liquid fibrin sealant that was placed in the laceration and held for 60 seconds in 8, fibrin foam that was applied in the same manner as liquid fibrin in 5 and closing of the peritoneum over the lacerated kidney without further treatment in 6. Blood loss and time...
Acoustic reflection characteristics of deciduous plant leaves

Abstract The sound reflection of a plant leaf is studied using a pulsed and a pure tone. First, the reflection is compared with that of an aluminium disc with the same dimensions as the plant leaf tissue. Second, the plant leaf reflection is measured as a function of leaf mass. The reflection of the circular leaf and the aluminium disc are linearly dependent on frequency. For the leaf the slope of the curve representing the reflection is correlated with leaf mass. From the experiments in which the reflection of a plant leaf was measured as a function of leaf mass, the reflection at high frequencies resembled that of an infinitely large plate. It is concluded that leaf dimension and leaf mass are important parameters for sound reflection of a deciduous plant leaf.
Influence of cortisol on the synthesis of sulfated mucopolysaccharides and collagen in chick embryos

Abstract 1. 1. Double-labeling radioactive techniques were employed in chick embryos in vivo in order to determine whether cortisol specifically inhibits the synthesis of sulfated mucopolysaccharides or the synthesis of collagen. 2. 2. Within the limits of the techniques employed, it was not possible to find a dose level or a time at which inhibition of one parameter was observed without concomitant inhibition of the other, or without a general inhibition of protein synthesis. 3. 3. Considerably larger amounts of cortisol were required to inhibit the synthesis of sulfated mucopolysaccharides and collagen in cartilagenous tibia that from chick embryos in vitro . No explanation was available for this difference. 4. 4. The results were consistent with either the possibility that cortisol had separate but concomitant effects on protein and mucopolysaccharide synthesis, or the possibility that the inhibition of the synthesis of sulfated mucopolysaccharides was econdary to the general inhibition of protein synthesis.
Growth kinetics of grain-boundary induced melting: A molecular-dynamics study

The growth kinetics of melting nucleated at a high-angle twist boundary in silicon are investigated using molecular dynamics. Melting is found to be a two-stage process. In the first stage order is lost within a single plane at the interface and the density of the solid increases to that of the liquid. In the second stage the atomic coordination changes and an isotropic liquid is formed. 11 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Effects of milk somatic cell count on cottage cheese yield and quality.

Abstract Eight Holstein cows in midlactation were selected for low milk somatic cell count (SCC) and the absence of the pathogens that cause mastitis. Milk collection and cottage cheese manufacture from low SCC milk were replicated on each of 4 d (control period). Each cow was infused with 1000 cfu of Streptococcus agalactiae . One week after infusion, milk from the same eight cows was collected and commingled. On each of 4 d, cottage cheese was made from milk with high SCC (treatment period). A mass-balance protocol, accounting for protein and total solids, was used to determine recoveries in whey, wash water, and uncreamed curd. Actual yields, yields adjusted for composition, and theoretical yields of uncreamed curd were calculated. Mean milk SCC for the periods with the low SCC (control) and the high SCC (treatment) were 83 × 10 3 and 872 × 10 3 cells/ml, respectively. The recovery of protein in the uncreamed curd was higher during the low SCC period than during the high SCC period (75.85% vs. 74.35%). High SCC and the associated higher proteolytic activity caused higher protein loss in the whey and wash water and more curd fines. The percentage of total solids recovery in uncreamed curd was higher for high SCC milk because the lactose content of the high SCC milk was 0.27% lower than that of the low SCC milk. The moisture content of the curd was higher for the high SCC milk (82.75% vs. 83.81%). Proteolysis during refrigerated storage was faster in cottage cheese made from high SCC milk. The yield efficiency of uncreamed curd, adjusted for composition based on 81% moisture, was 4.34% lower for the cottage cheese curd made from high SCC milk.