cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing short-term precision of dual X-ray bone absorptiometry (DXA) of spine and femur.

In this study we analyzed the effect of variations in bone area size, baseline soft tissue composition represented by the R-value, and bone region of interest positioning on the precision in vivo of bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) as measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The posterior-anterior (PA) spine, decubitus latcral, and femur modes were evaluated. Eleven (PA-spine), 9 (dec-lat), and 14 (femur) postmenopausal women were scanned twice on a Norland XR-26 with repositioning to determine short-term precision of BMD, BMC, AREA, and the R-value. Phantom precisions (CV[%] of 10 consecutive scans) for BMD (BMC) were PA spine: 0.66% (0.57%), neck: 1.1% (1.2%), and trochanter: 0.55% (1.0%). Precisions in vivo (CV[%]; two consecutive scans averaged over all patients) were PA spine: 0.9% (1.0%), dec-lat: 7.1% (18%), neck: 1.3% (1.9%), and trochanter: 2.5% (4.9%). BMD precision could be fully explained by BMC and AREA variations. However, BMC alone was a particularly poor predictor of BMD in the dec-lat (r2=0.05) and in the neck (r2=0.13) modes. AREA was a strong predictor for BMC precision explaining between 41% and 88% of the BMC changes. Changes in soft tissue composition contributed significantly in explaining the BMC changes in the dec-lat projection. A higher dependence of BMC changes on AREA changes resulted in a larger difference between BMC and BMD precision. Thus, particularly in the femur and in the decubitus lateral modes, the use of BMD is advantageous compared with BMC.
Improved Ziprasidone Formulations with Enhanced Bioavailability in the Fasted State and a Reduced Food Effect

Purpose To develop and characterize new formulations of ziprasidone with a reduced food effect achieved by increasing exposure in the fasted state.
The Hygrophila complex (Acanthaceae) in India and Ceylon

A reassessment of the genus Hygrophila in India and Ceylon is made with reference to Asteracantha, Cardanthera, Synnema, Hemiadelphis and Adenosma, recognized as allied genera by past Indian and Ceylon authors. An over-emphasis on variable and overlapping characters by respective authors has led to the delimitation of these genera from one another and from Hygrophila. Examination of additional material from increasing floristic activity in Africa and Asia reveals that several characters are too variable to establish their generic status. It is concluded that they represent only two genera, viz. Hygrophila and Hemiadelphis. Additional clarifications are made to Heine's amendment of Hygrophila.
A Compact Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor with an Ultra-Long Fuel Cycle

In an attempt to allow nuclear power to reach its full economic potential, General Atomics is developing the Energy Multiplier Module (EM2), which is a compact gas-cooled fast reactor (GFR). The EM2 augments its fissile fuel load with fertile materials to enhance an ultra-long fuel cycle based on a “convert-and-burn” core design which converts fertile material to fissile fuel and burns it in situ over a 30-year core life without fuel supplementation or shuffling. A series of reactor physics trade studies were conducted and a baseline core was developed under the specific physics design requirements of the long-life small reactor. The EM2 core performance was assessed for operation time, fuel burnup, excess reactivity, peak power density, uranium utilization, etc., and it was confirmed that an ultra-long fuel cycle core is feasible if the conversion is enough to produce fissile material and maintain criticality, the amount of matrix material is minimized not to soften the neutron spectrum, and the reactor core size is optimized to minimize the neutron loss. This study has shown the feasibility, from the reactor physics standpoint, of a compact GFR that can meet the objectives of ultra-long fuel cycle, factory-fabrication, and excellent fuel utilization.
Can the Ulster Defense Association Transition into Mainstream Politics

(2008). Can the Ulster Defense Association Transition into Mainstream Politics? Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 7-30.
Sex differences in the duration of visual attention

Normal adult males and females looked at a series of photographs containing either a single adult male or female. Ss viewed each picture for as long as they wished. Assuming that measures of the duration of attention would reflect Ss attraction for the opposite sex, it was hypothesized that Ss would spend relatively more time viewing photographs of the opposite sex. The results failed to support the hypothesis. Although males did not differentially attend to the stimuli, females looked significantly longer at the females than they did at the males. The results were interpreted in terms of the “overt sexual content” of the stimuli and socially conditioned attentiveness and inattentiveness.
On the probability of a perfect progression

Abstract A question is raised as to how to estimate the probability that the teams in a conference will end the season with records that form a “perfect progression.” Under the simplifying assumption of equally likely outcomes the answer can be obtained by counting techniques. A computer program is available to estimate the probability of a perfect progression under the more realistic assumption that there is variation in the relative strengths of the teams. Examples are given based on historical data from the Big Eight conference.
The kinetics and mechansim of the reaction of iron pentacarbonyl with mercuric halides

Abstract The reaction of Fe(CO)5 with HgCl2 proceeds via the consecutive reactions Fe(CO)5 + 2 HgCl2 → cis-Fe(CO)4 (HgCl)2 + COCl2 (a) cis-Fe(CO)4 (HgCl)2 + 2 HgCl2 → cis-Fe(CO)4(HgCl · HgCl2)2 (b) a and b. The kinetics and mechanism of the two processes have been tsudied. They have been found to obey the rate laws: d[Fe(CO)5]/dt  ka[Fe(CO)5] [HgCl2]2 d[cis-Fe(CO)4(HgCl)2]/dt  kb[cis-Fe(CO)4(HgCl)2][HgCl2]2 The mechanism for process a is inferred to be similar to that observed for other oxidative addition—elimination reactions, involving the successive formation of 1/1 and 1/2 “adducts” of Fe(CO)5 and HgCl2, and other rapid steps. Analogies between this mechanism and those of reactions involving the fixation of molecular nitrogen are discussed. The mechanism of reaction b, and activation parameters for each path are presented and discussed.
Fast Constructive Recognition of a Black Box Group Isomorphic to S n or A n using Goldbach's Conjecture

The well-known Goldbach Conjecture (GC) states that any sufficiently large even number can be represented as a sum of two odd primes. Although not yet demonstrated, it has been checked for integers up to 1014. Using two stronger versions of the conjecture, we offer a simple and fast method for recognition of a gray box group G known to be isomorphic to Sn(or An) with knownn? 20, i.e. for construction11Whereas our method can be applied to construct the image of every element of G in Sn, we actually construct the images of (1, 2) and (1, 2, . . . , n) and show how to construct the images of any other element.of an isomorphism from G toSn (or An). Correctness and rigorous worst case complexity estimates rely heavily on the conjectures, and yield times of O(?+?+? ] n log2n) or O( ?+?+? ] n logn/loglog n) depending on which of the stronger versions of the GC is assumed to hold. Here,? is the complexity of generating a uniform random element of G, ? is the complexity of finding the order of a group element in G, and ? is the time necessary for group multiplication in G. Rigorous lower bound and probabilistic approach to the time complexity of the algorithm are discussed in the Appendix.
Binary collision induced light scattering in liquid CH4

Abstract We report the observation of collision induced light scattering in liquid CH 4 . The spectrum can be represented as a sum of two exponentials. The high-frequency portion of the spectrum appears to be determined only by binary collisions.
Characterization and regulation of the urokinase receptor of human endothelial cells

Abstract Endothelial cells synthesize and secrete urokinase-type plasminogen activators (u-PA) in response to various stimuli. To modulate the local expression of u-PA activity both intravascularly and pericellularly during angiogenesis, endothelial cells express both inhibitors (primarily PAI-1) and receptors (u-PAR) for u-PA. The interaction of u-PA with receptors on the surface of endothelial cells may play an important role in the regulation of fibrinolysis and cell migration. Using radioligand binding studies, we and others have demonstrated that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) express high affinity receptors for urokinase on the cell surface. We have demonstrated that single chain urokinase (scu-PA, prourokinase) binds only via the growth factor domain, while two chain high molecular weight urokinase (tcu-PA) can bind to the receptor or to cell- or matrix-associated PAI-1. We have isolated a ∼46kDa glycoprotein from HUVEC using affinity chromatography which retains the ability to specifically bind u-PA. At least three post -translational modifications appear to occur including removal of an N-terminal signal peptide; N-linked glycosylation, and C-terminal cleavage with addition of a phosphatidylinositol-glycan moiety which links the externally oriented protein to the cell surface. Using the polymerase chain reaction and published sequence information of the u-PAR cloned from a transformed fibroblast cDNA library, we amplified cDNAs of u-PAR from HUVEC and PMA-treated U937 cells. The specificity of the cDNAs was confirmed by restriction mapping and direct sequence analysis. Using these probes and radioligand binding studies we have demonstrated that at least two independent protein kinase pathways exist in endothelial cells for upregulating u-PA receptor expression. Down regulation of receptors may be pathophysiologic in thrombosic disorders whereas up regulation may be important in promoting wound healing, vascular repair, and protection from thrombosis. Up regulation could be harmful as well in such conditions as pathologic neovascularization (e.g., diabetic retinopathy) and in tumour metastasis as well as in tumour-related angiogenesis. Understanding the control and functional significance of u-PA binding to cells in general will hopefully enable the design of therapies to optimize the beneficial aspects and minimize any harmful effects of this interaction. Changes in the local expression of u-PA, PAM and u-PAR by endothelial cells may affect the extent of angiogenesis or the degree of local intravascular fibrinolysis, which might be critical in conditions such as unstable angina and myocardial infarction.
PIPAC: Patient infusion pattern based access control scheme for wireless insulin pump system

Wireless insulin pumps have been widely deployed in hospitals and home healthcare systems. Most of these insulin pump systems have limited security mechanisms embedded to protect them from malicious attacks. In this paper, two attacks against insulin pump systems via wireless links are investigated: a single acute overdose with a significant amount of medication, and chronic overdose with an insignificant amount of extra medication over a long time period, e.g., several months. These attacks can be launched unobtrusively and may jeopardize patients' lives. It is very important and urgent to protect patients from these attacks. To address this issue, we propose a novel patient infusion pattern based access control scheme (PIPAC) for wireless insulin pumps. This scheme employs a supervised learning approach to learn normal patient infusions pattern with the dosage amount, rate, and time of infusion, which are automatically recorded in insulin pump logs. The generated regression models are used to dynamically configure a safety infusion range for abnormal infusion identification. The proposed algorithm is evaluated with real insulin pump logs used by several patients for up to 6 months. The evaluation results demonstrate that our scheme can reliably detect the single overdose attack with a success rate up to 98% and defend against the chronic overdose attack with a very high success rate.
Circulating Monoclonal Light Chains and Acute Kidney Injury: The Role of the Renal Biopsy with Emphasis on Ultrastructural Evaluation in Assessing and Understanding Renal Injury

Tubular interstitial injury as a consequence of circulating monotypical light chains in patients with an underlying plasma cell dyscrasia may be difficult to identify. Renal involvement is a common early manifestation in these patients, and accurate/careful pathologic evaluation can uncover an underlying plasma cell dyscrasia. While immunofluorescence evaluation can detect monotypical deposition of light chains in the tubular interstitial compartment and may suggest a possible underlying plasma cell dyscrasia, electron microscopic examination is crucial in documenting such involvement. Ultrastructural immunolabeling can help in solidifying the pathological assessment.
Breaking the ties: epistemic significance, bacilli, and underdetermination

One premise of the underdetermination argument is that entailment of evidence is the only epistemic constraint on theory-choice. I argue that methodological rules can be epistemically significant, both with respect to observables and unobservables. Using an example from the history of medicine -- Koch's 1882 discovery of tuberculosis bacteria -- I argue that even anti-realists ought to accept that these rules can break the tie between theories that are allegedly underdetermined. I then distinguish two types of underdetermination and argue that anti-realists, in order to maintain the underdetermination argument, need to do more than show that theories are empirically equivalent: they need to show that a certain kind of underdetermination obtains.
On stories of peoplehood and difficult memories

Most descriptive and normative theories of political identity can be plotted between two poles. At one end are accounts of particular cultural political identities, which are based on inherited and primarily homogeneous cultural elements. At the other pole are accounts of ‘civic’ identities, strictly political identities grounded in uncoerced consent to a set of laws, political procedures and institutions. My thesis is that to understand and to encourage the formation and maintenance of viable political identities within the context of multicultural, democratic societies it is necessary to attend to the role that memory, and particularly memory of suffering and shame, plays in that process. Working through memories of suffering and shame is a precondition for developing the cross-cultural and trans-national empathy and understanding that are instrumental in creating stable multicultural, democratic nations and, eventually, a just cosmopolitan global order.
Acid Polysaccharides from Invertebrate Connective Tissue: Phylogenetic Aspects

Polyfucose sulfate and a chondroitin sulfate were isolated from echinoderm connective tissue. Coelenterate and poriferan connective tissues were devoid of these acid polysaccharides.
In people with severe aortic stenosis unsuitable for surgery transcatheter aortic valve implantation reduces 1-year mortality compared with standard care

Commentary on: MB Leon, CR Smith, M Mack, et al.; PARTNER Trial Investigators. Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. N Engl J Med2010;363:1597–607.
Promoter methylation of RASSF1A and DAPK and mutations of K-ras, p53, and EGFR in lung tumors from smokers and never-smokers

Background Epidemiological studies indicate that some characteristics of lung cancer among never-smokers significantly differ from those of smokers. Aberrant promoter methylation and mutations in some oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are frequent in lung tumors from smokers but rare in those from never-smokers. In this study, we analyzed promoter methylation in the ras-association domain isoform A (RASSF1A) and the death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) genes in lung tumors from patients with primarily non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from the Western Pennsylvania region. We compare the results with the smoking status of the patients and the mutation status of the K-ras, p53, and EGFR genes determined previously on these same lung tumors.
CT in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: sensitivity in 29 patients.

The most common cause of primary aldosteronism is a small aldosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma. With improvements in CT technology, smaller adrenal lesions can now be detected. We reviewed our experience with 29 patients with primary aldosteronism to assess the sensitivity of CT in detecting aldosterone-secreting adenomas.The records of all patients with biochemically proved Conn's syndrome who were referred for adrenal CT between 1982 and 1991 were reviewed. The CT examinations of each of these 29 patients were reviewed for evidence of hyperplasia or an adenoma. The interpretations were correlated with subsequent adrenal venous sampling (20 patients) or surgery (17 patients).Fourteen of 17 aldosteronomas were detected on CT scans (sensitivity, 82%). Adrenal tumors were not seen on CT scans in any of the 12 patients with hyperplasia, although the glands appeared diffusely enlarged in only seven of these patients. In no case was an adrenal tumor seen on CT scans that was not found at surgery (positive pre...
Satisfaction with Academic Advising: developing a measurement tool

Abstract The relationship between good academic advising and student satisfaction with the institution of higher education is generally accepted within the academic community in the United States. Elements of good advising, in the eyes of students, have been discovered. However, no standard questionnaire measuring student satisfaction with advising was found. This paper explores the development of such a measurement device, its implementation, calculation of an index of satisfaction, and a study of the results. No significant differences in level of satisfaction, number of visits or time spent with advisor were found by grade point average (GPA), student classification or gender of advisor. The index of satisfaction was found to be reliable and should provide a good overall measure of student satisfaction with academic advising. Cautions and limitations arc provided.
Semantics and image content integration for pulmonary nodule interpretation in thoracic computed tomography

Useful diagnosis of lung lesions in computed tomography (CT) depends on many factors including the ability of radiologists to detect and correctly interpret the lesions. Computer-aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems can be used to increase the accuracy of radiologists in this task. CAD systems are, however, trained against ground truth and the mechanisms employed by the CAD algorithms may be distinctly different from the visual perception and analysis tasks of the radiologist. In this paper, we present a framework for finding the mappings between human descriptions and characteristics and computed image features. The data in our study were generated from 29 thoracic CT scans collected by the Lung Image Database Consortium (LIDC). Every case was annotated by up to 4 radiologists by marking the contour of nodules and assigning nine semantic terms to each identified nodule; fifty-nine image features were extracted from each segmented nodule. Correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression were applied to find correlations among semantic characteristics and image features and to generate prediction models for each characteristic based on image features. From our preliminary experimental results, we found high correlations between different semantic terms (margin, texture), and promising mappings from image features to certain semantic terms (texture, lobulation, spiculation, malignancy). While the framework is presented with respect to the interpretation of pulmonary nodules in CT images, it can be easily extended to find mappings for other modalities in other anatomical structures and for other image features.
Higher-order kinoforms

Several arguments are made for using higher-order, rather than first-order, kinoforms for producing low f-number diffractive lenses. It is shown that improved efficiency can be achieved with higer-order kinoforms when the f-number of the lens is very low. A procedure for the fabrication of higher-order kinoforms is also presented.
Reverse turns in peptides and proteins.

(1980). Reverse Turns in Peptides and Protein. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 315-399.
Depression and social attraction.

The present studies tested Coyne's model of depression according to which depressed individuals arouse dysphoric feelings in others who then reject the depressed individual. Subjects read transcripts of simulated interactions with depressed targets, then filled out a mood checklist and a social attraction questionnaire. In the first study it was found that the basic depressive features common to several types of depressive personalities produced the dysphoric mood induction and social rejection. These effects of depression were magnified by a second encounter with the same target. In the second study it was shown that this encounter effect was the result of lack of improvement rather than rejection of help. The findings support and clarify Coyne's model.
The Compressed Hydrogen Bond in a Molecular Proton Cage

Analysis using the theory of atoms in molecules and natural bond orbital theory of the fully optimized structure of the inside-protonated form of 1,6-diazabicyclo[4.4.4]tetradecane reveals that the encapsulated proton is engaged in a short-strong though asymmetric H-bond with covalent character. The symmetric conformer with the proton in the center of the cage was found to be a transition state with a very low barrier to proton transfer along the N...N axis. Both an implicit reaction field model (IEF-PCM) and explicit placements of chloride counterions, suggested by a published X-ray crystal structure, were found to modify the position of the proton and the strength of the H-bond. An external counterion placed along the N...N axis and near one of the bridgehead nitrogens is most effective in weakening this very hydrophobically shielded diamine H-bond. The results of this study are relevant to ongoing issues about the possible participation of unusually strong H-bonds in enzymatic catalysis.
Axially dynamic implants for stabilization of the cervical spine.

OBJECTIVE: Subsidence is a naturally occurring process that is observed during aging and after spine surgery. Rigid cervical spine instrumentation is excellent for stabilizing the spine. These devices, however, also retard subsidence after surgery. Thus, the implant carries much of the axial load, rather than sharing the axial load with the bone graft. This results in an increased incidence of construct failures, pseudoarthrosis, or both, which often occur late in the postoperative course. METHODS: In contrast, dynamic implants allow normal (natural) subsidence to occur, while effectively stabilizing the spine by preventing translation, rotation, and angular deformation. Load sharing, which works with, instead of against, the normal biology of bone healing, occurs with axially dynamic implants, resulting in more robust and earlier fusions. RESULTS: Diminished incidences of construct failures have been reported with dynamic implants. CONCLUSION: Dynamic implants seem to be the system of choice for ventral cervical stabilization in selected patients.
Early Yellowstone hotspot magmatism and gold metallogeny

Abstract High-grade epithermal gold deposits in the Northern Great Basin have long been associated with regional Miocene basaltic to rhyolitic volcanism. Previous models for the low-sulfidation epithermal gold ores in this region have generally portrayed the bimodal magmas as a source of heat to drive large-scale convection of meteoritic water that leached gold from crustal sources and deposited it in hydrothermal vein systems, or required that the gold evolve from fractionated silicic magmas. New data of the present study indicate a more direct genetic link to the plume-related basaltic magmas of the region. Laser 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating plateau ages for single crystals of adularia from several of these low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposits range from 16.6 Ma to 15.5 Ma. Adularia from the Jumbo deposit yields three concordant plateau ages with a combined statistical result of 16.54 ± 0.04 Ma (95% confidence level, MSWD = 0.23). Plateau ages for adularia from other deposits in the region, and from gold-bearing veins in the Owyhee Mountains of southwestern Idaho, yield similar ages up to ~16.5 Ma, however some veins are as young as ca. 15.5 Ma and the grain-to-grain ages for a given sample can vary by up to ca. 0.5 Ma. Observed variations in age among the adularia crystals of a given rock sample indicate varying amounts of extraneous argon, and also loss of radiogenic 40Ar, among the population of grains for a particular sample. The single-crystal results are interpreted to indicate a 16.5–15.5 Ma interval for formation of gold-bearing adularia veins in the region. The initiation and duration of this gold-forming event appears contemporaneous (within uncertainties) with the basaltic volcanism at the Steens Mountain section and an ensuing one-million-year episode of basaltic volcanism from multiple centers in the region ( Brueseke et al., 2007 ). Trace amounts of lead are alloyed with gold in the deposits studied. The isotopic compositions of this lead are not compatible with regional crustal units that host the gold ores, or the silicic igneous lithologies of the region, but have the same lead isotopic composition as basalts of the earliest Yellowstone plume (represented by the earliest lavas of the Columbia River basalt province, the Steens basalts, and Stonyford Volcanic Complex; Hanan et al., 2008 ). We propose that the gold studied and its traces of alloyed lead were derived together from the mantle, released from basaltic magma chambers of the province, and carried by low-density fluids into shallow geothermal systems during the earliest stages of Yellowstone hotspot magmatism.
Towards test driven development for computational science with pFUnit

Developers working in Computational Science & Engineering (CSE)/High Performance Computing (HPC) must contend with constant change due to advances in computing technology and science. Test Driven Development (TDD) is a methodology that mitigates software development risks due to change at the cost of adding comprehensive and continuous testing to the development process. Testing frameworks tailored for CSE/HPC, like pFUnit, can lower the barriers to such testing, yet CSE software faces unique constraints foreign to the broader software engineering community. Effective testing of numerical software requires a comprehensive suite of oracles, i.e., use cases with known answers, as well as robust estimates for the unavoidable numerical errors associated with implementation with finite-precision arithmetic. At first glance these concerns often seem exceedingly challenging or even insurmountable for real-world scientific applications. However, we argue that this common perception is incorrect and driven by (1) a conflation between model validation and software verification and (2) the general tendency in the scientific community to develop relatively coarse-grained, large procedures that compound numerous algorithmic steps. We believe TDD can be applied routinely to numerical software if developers pursue fine-grained implementations that permit testing, neatly side-stepping concerns about needing nontrivial oracles as well as the accumulation of errors. We present an example of a successful, complex legacy CSE/HPC code whose development process shares some aspects with TDD, which we contrast with current and potential capabilities. A mix of our proposed methodology and framework support should enable everyday use of TDD by CSE-expert developers.
The interrelationships among poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation, DNA synthesis and mammary gland differentiation

Abstract Because mammary epithelium from virgin mice must undergo DNA synthesis prior to differentiation and because poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation has been linked to the cell cycle, it was hypothesized that this requirement for DNA synthesis might be related to the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear proteins. However, 3-methoxybenzamide, an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, stimulates α-lactalbumin accumulation even when added after DNA replication is completed. Furthermore, in parous mice this compound is still effective when DNA synthesis is blocked by cytosine arabinoside-β-D-arabinofuranoside. Therefore, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation appears to be associated, not with DNA synthesis, but with some other event in mammary gland differentiation.
Historical overview and rationale for dynamic fusion

The history and rationale of posterior dynamic spinal fusion devices has been derived through the experiences with arthrodesis and devices that serve as adjuncts to such procedures. Dynamic fusion devices provide stabilization through immediate fixation while allowing load sharing. Historically, incorporating these two important concepts in surgical techniques along with the implanted devices facilitates the bone healing process. It stands to reason, spinal fusion techniques that provide immediate stabilization and simultaneously significant graft loading should have the same clinical success seen in other long bone and cervical spine arthrodesis techniques. The load-sharing capability is device-dependent and posterior dynamic constructs theoretically allow dynamic compression of the anterior column higher than that of traditional rigid rod fixation.
Surgical preparation of externalized carotid artery loops in dogs

Abstract A surgical procedure is described for the permanent externalization of the common carotid artery in dogs. This preparation has been utilized for repeated direct continuous measurement of systolic and diastolic arterial pressures and for other procedures such as blood sampling, induction of the bilateral carotid occlusion response and for the intraarterial administration of drugs.
Forestry education and research in the United States: A story of shifting paradigms

Two past revolutions have particularly defined and changed education and research in the United States: the conservation movement culminating in the first Roosevelt administration just after the turn of the 20th century, and the environmental movement and legislation of the late 1960s and 70s. The National Forests in their modern form were created by Pinchot and Roosevelt in the early 20th century and the first comprehensive effort at creating a national research plan and program followed in the 1920s. Several federal laws passed in the latter period (1960–1975), particularly the Endangered Species Act, the National Environmental Protection Act, and the National Forest Management Act, did much to shape and change the research and education agenda. A third revolution in forestry education and research is now underway, and includes huge changes in forestland ownership, broadening of forestry curricula, and the re‐targeting of forestry research away from wood production and toward other benefits. Forestry ed...
Preserving performance of concrete members under seismic loading conditions

Normal reinforced concrete lacks the ability to directly respond to the formation of cracking within its own cross section during dynamic loading. A way to introduce this ability is to apply self-healing concepts in the design of reinforced concrete members. Such members could then 'intelligently' react in the event of damaging forces -- by deriving the means of repair from within themselves. Self- healing involves the timed release of adhesive into the member at the time of cracking. Chemically inert encapsulations are filled with adhesive and cast within the cross section of the member. At the onset of cracking, the wall fractures, allowing adhesive to exit and penetrate the developing crack. With this method, adhesives with different characteristics could be applied to different areas of a monolithic, reinforced concrete structural system, in order to accomplish specific results. For example, high strength adhesive could be used in areas where increased stiffness was desired, and more flexible adhesive could be potentially be used to improve energy dissipation or damping. The method would be most appropriate for highly indeterminate structures, where moment redistribution between members tends to 'refocus' stress temporarily. This gives the adhesive time to repair the cracked section and improve local capacity against further damage.
SB 203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, abolishes infarct-limiting effect of ischemic preconditioning in isolated rabbit hearts.

There is debate concerning the involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in ischemic preconditioning (PC). At the center of the controversy are data obtained after administration of SB 203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK. Whereas several studies have reported that SB 203580 abolishes the cardioprotective effect of PC, others claim that this compound is actually cardioprotective against ischemia. Many of these latter observations have been made in isolated myocardial cells. Accordingly the present study was designed to test the effect of SB 203580 in a model of preconditioning in intact rabbit hearts in which infarct size was the end-point. Isolated hearts experienced 30 min of regional ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion. Infarct size was measured with triphenyltetrazolium chloride. In control hearts infarction was 30.2 ± 3.3% of the risk zone. PC with 5 min of global ischemia and 10 min of reperfusion before the 30-min period of ischemia significantly reduced infarct size to 10.2 ± 2.4% (P < 0.05 vs. control). SB 203580 (2 μ M) added to the perfusate for 20 min starting 5 min before the index ischemia totally blocked the protection from PC (27.4 ± 3.3% infarction). SB 203580 alone had no effect on infarct size (28.6 ± 4.6% infarction). These results reveal that SB 203580 does not affect infarct size on its own, but selectively blocks preconditioning's anti-infarct effect in the intact rabbit heart.
Lower extremity control and dynamics during backward angular impulse generation in backward translating tasks

Observation of complex whole-body movements suggests that the nervous system coordinates multiple operational subsystems using some type of hierarchical control. When comparing two backward translating tasks performed with and without backward angular impulse, we have learned that task-specific modifications in trunk-leg coordination contribute to the regulation of total-body center of mass (CoM) position relative to the reaction force (RF). In this study, we hypothesized that task-specific differences in trunk-leg coordination would affect the control of the lower extremity joints during the impulse-generation phase of the tasks. Eight highly skilled performers executed a series of backward translating jumps with and without backward rotation (back somersault and back timer, respectively). Sagittal plane kinematics, RFs and electromyograms of lower extremity muscles were acquired during the take-off phase of both tasks. Lower extremity joint kinetics was calculated using inverse dynamics. The results indicate that between-task differences in the relative angles between the lower extremity segments and the net joint forces/RF contributed to significant reductions in knee-extensor net joint moments and increases in hip-extensor net joint moments during the push interval of the back somersault as compared to the back timer. Between-task differences in backward trunk angular velocity also contributed to the re-distribution of work done by the lower extremity net joint moments. Between-task differences in lower extremity joint kinetics were associated with synergistic activation of the bi-articular muscles crossing the knee and hip. These results indicated that task-specific control of CoM relative to the RF in order to regulate the backward angular-impulse-involved modification in the control and dynamics of the knee and hip joints. These results indicate that between-task differences in the control objectives at the total-body level (position of CoM relative to the RF) alters the control and dynamics of the multi-joint lower extremity subsystem.
New species and genera of colloniids from Indo-Pacific coral reefs, with the definition of a new subfamily Liotipomatinae n. subfam. (Turbinoidea, Colloniidae)

ABSTRACT The genus Liotipoma McLean & Kiel, 2007, was proposed for a remarkable small-shelled gastropod genus from coral reefs of the Indo-Pacific that resemble the family Liotiidae Gray, 1850 in having fine axial lamellae and a thickened terminal lip, but differ in having the solid calcareous operculum of the family Colloniidae Cossmann, 1916. The genus was originally assigned to the otherwise Cretaceous subfamily Petropomatinae Cox, 1960 of the family Colloniidae, because the inner side of the operculum is multispiral, conical and projecting, as in the Mesozoic genera assigned to Petropomatinae. Here the genus Liotipoma is assigned to a new colloniid subfamily Liotipomatinae n. subfam., because its axial lamellae are unknown in the Cretaceous genera of Petropomatinae. Four genera are now recognised; all species are known from shell grit samples collected by diving or dredging at coral reefs from recent MNHN expeditions to New Caledonia, the Loyalty Islands, Espiritu Santo (Vanuatu) and Wallis Island, an...
A pressurized hot water extraction method for boron

Extracting boron (B) to predict plant availability in arid soils is a tedious soil test procedure, and an inexpensive, rapid alternative would be welcomed. This paper compares the results of tests conducted with pressurized hot water and conventional boiling hot water extraction of soil B. The time required for pressurized hot water extraction varied with each soil, but averaged 1.0 min per sample compared 10 min per sample for the standard boiling hot water technique. A Maxim EX-450 model espresso machine producing water at 90°C was used to extract B from 40 arid zone soils. Resulting aliquots were analyzed by ICP spectrometry. The measured values of B with pressurized hot water extraction were higher than with the boiling hot water extraction. There was a high and significant correlation between B values using the boiling hot water extraction and the pressurized hot water extraction [r=+0.83 (p=0.001)]. A regression equation y=0.12217+0.21155x (r 2=68) (y is mg kg− 1 boiling hot water extractable B and ...
The problem of the origin of language in an evolutionary frame

Three often loosely used terms — communication, language, and speech — are distinguished and discussed, in that order of their evolutionary sequence. Communication (more technically, “semiosis”) criterially characterizes all living entities, from solitary cells to entire organisms, including humans (as well as some of their inorganic products, such as automata). Language appeared much later, a little more than two million years ago. It is an exclusive trait characteristic of all normal members in all the species of the genus Homo, first evident in habilis, then erectus, then sapiens. In respect to its historical genesis, the function of language was not communicative, but is assumed to have been a biological adaptation for modeling the Umwelt of our hominid ancestors. Its great success in phylogenesis is due to its syntactic component, which enables people to operate not only in the “real” world, but also with “possible” worlds. Over a period of some two million years more, language acquired a secondary function (was “exapted”) for communication in the utilitarian form we currently possess and call speech; the mutual fine-tuning of man's encoding capacity to his decoding capacity is still progressing.
Risks and implications of bovine spongiform encephalopathy for the United States: Insights from other countries

BSE has not been found in the US 1 but current detection efforts provide little assurance that it does not exist at a low level. The US has taken precautionary measures to reduce the risk of importing the disease and the risk of the disease spreading if it were to be found. Those measures include a ban on feeding ruminant protein to ruminants—a measure the General Accounting Office concluded was not adequately enforced and which failed to halt the disease in the UK. We present an overview of BSE in the UK, the EU, and Japan and present an argument for additional precautionary measures in the US. # 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Examining the diet of post-migrant Hispanic males using the precede-proceed model: predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling dietary factors.

Abstract Objective To examine socio-environmental, behavioral, and predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling (PRE) factors contributing to post-migration dietary behavior change among a sample of traditional Hispanic males. Design In this descriptive study, semistructured interviews, a group interview, and photovoice, followed by group interviews, were used to examine dietary change and contributing factors. The behavioral, environmental, organizational, and educational assessment phases of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model guided the organization of dietary contributing factors for development of a nutrition intervention. Setting The southern region of Mississippi. Participants Traditional Hispanic males (n = 19) were identified from 35 Hispanic males who participated in a larger study. The traditional Hispanic males were identified by the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II and the Marginality Scale. Analysis Using the Grounded Theory approach to data analysis, themes and core categories relating to dietary behavior were identified and defined during the analysis process. The constant comparison method was used to identify key themes among coders. Results Cultural gender role and living structure, as socio-environmental factors, influenced the PRE dietary factors. Conclusions and Implications Multiple factors influence dietary behavior in the target population. The identified socio-environmental factors underlie the PRE factors and, therefore, must first be addressed in nutrition interventions.
Hall-Effect Incremental Angle Encoder

This paper describes a magnetic angle-encoder development utilizing two microminiature Hall-effect probes and a single-track magnetic drum. This approach to angle encoding and measurement offers possibilities for developing compact and higher-resolution angle encoders for inertial guidance and space platform applications. The Hall-effect probes allow measurement of the magnetic drum's recorded field directly instead of the usual time derivative of flux, thus readout can be accomplished at zero angular rate. The probe consists of a semiconductor crystal, mounted in a plane parallel to the drum, in order to sense the vertical component of the recorded signal. Both indium arsenide (InAs) and indium antimonide (InSb) crystals measuring 0.030×0.005×0.0003 inch in length, width and thickness, respectively, have been used. The width of the crystal has been the determining angular resolution factor for the encoder. Analyses of probes sensing the vertical and horizontal components of the magnetic field, respectively, are included. The crystal is ac excited with 10 mw of power at 40 kc. The resulting signal readout can be amplitude or phase modulated as determined by the balancing resistor connected between the input and output of the crystal. The signal is amplified, detected and shaped so that the resulting square waves are available to a digital computer or a bi-directional counter. The maximum modulating frequency has been set at 1000 cps. This upper limit is determined by drum size, maximum rpm of the drum, and the recorded bit packing density. The probe resolves bit densities of 180 bits per inch. Using a 1.
Applied Behavior Analysis Treatment of Autism: The State of the Art

The treatment of individuals with autism is associated with fad, controversial, unsupported, disproven, and unvalidated treatments. Eclecticism is not the best approach for treating and educating children and adolescents who have autism. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) uses methods derived from scientifically established principles of behavior and incorporates all of the factors identified by the US National Research Council as characteristic of effective interventions in educational and treatment programs for children who have autism. ABA is a primary method of treating aberrant behavior in individuals who have autism. The only interventions that have been shown to produce comprehensive, lasting results in autism have been based on the principles of ABA.
Numerical Results For Wavefront Tracking

A finite-difference, two-step scheme with a convex parameter is investigated. The scheme is applied to a system of partial differential equations containing a source term describing the propagation of a small amplitude wave. For an initially exponentially decaying pulse or a triangular pulse, a network of front-ray coordinates is used to transform the PDEs into non-dimensional form. The finite-difference scheme for these PDEs is written and the stability condition for the scheme and the stability of the boundary condition are discussed. Since these PDEs can be used to describe water waves at large distances, we investigate the diffraction of a plane wave around a smooth convex wall and a convex wall with a sharp corner. The numerical results using the above scheme are compared with those given by Lighthill and Whitham. It is shown that the change in the Mach number along the wall is asymptotically proportional to square-root of the media nonlinearity parameter and the initial Mach number. This change also depends on the limiting value of the angle of the wall at large distances. The propagation of an initially curved front is also investigated and it is shown that the center of hump moves faster for a smaller parameter value of the media nonlinearity, than with a larger value of the parameter. These comparisons are done for atmosphere, distilled water and water with 35% salinity.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantitative distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme (kininase II) in discrete areas of the rat brain by autoradiography with computerized microdensitometry

We report the localization of angiotensin-converting enzyme (kininase II, EC 3.4.15.1) in discrete nuclei and areas of the rat brain by a quantitative autoradiographic technique using image processing coupled to computerized microdensitometry, after incubation of brain sections with the specific converting enzyme inhibitor [125I]351A. High angiotensin-converting enzyme levels are present in circumventricular organs (organon subfornicalis and area postrema), the choroid plexus, and extrapyramidal areas (nucleus caudatus, globus pallidus and substantia nigra) with intermediate levels in selected hypothalamic, septal, habenular and brainstem nuclei. Our results support the idea that angiotensin II could be formed in specific brain areas, both outside and inside the blood-brain barrier. In other brain structures, such as the extrapyramidal areas, kininase II could be involved in the processing or metabolism of other brain peptides.