cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topical clonidine antinociception.

Clonidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, is an extremely potent antinociceptive agent. However, the therapeutic utility of systemic clonidine for the treatment of pain is limited by centrally mediated side effects including sedation, hypotension and rebound hypertension. Given that alpha-2 adrenoceptors are expressed on the peripheral and central terminals of nociceptive fibers, we administered clonidine topically in order to avoid central effects. Here, we demonstrate that topical administration of clonidine to mice (via tail immersion) elicited antinociception in the radiant heat tail-flick test. The magnitude of antinociception was dependent upon the duration of exposure to the clonidine solution. Further, the antinociceptive activity of clonidine was limited to the portion of the tail exposed to drug solution suggesting that the actions of clonidine were locally mediated. Systemic pretreatment with the alpha-2 receptor antagonist, yohimbine, blocked the antinociceptive activty of topical clonidine. Concentrations of clonidine administered locally that were antinociceptive did not impair motor coordination as measured by the rota-rod test. However, doses of clonidine administered systemically that produced antinociception significantly impaired motor coordination. Repeated daily topical administration of clonidine resulted in antinociceptive tolerance. Tolerance to the antinociceptive actions of clonidine was not blocked by topical administration of the NMDA antagonist, ketamine. In conclusion, topical administration of clonidine elicits antinociception by blocking the emerging pain signals at peripheral terminals via alpha-2 adrenoceptors without producing the undesirable central side effects observed following the systemic administration. The ineffectiveness of topical ketamine to block topical clonidine antinociceptive tolerance suggests that peripheral NMDA receptors do not mediate local clonidine antinociceptive tolerance.
Roof corner pressures measured in the field on a low building

Abstract This paper presents roof corner pressure data collected at the Wind Engineering Research Field Laboratory at Texas Tech University. Roof corner pressure data collected at several taps is analyzed for a large ensemble of records roughly covering all angles of attack. Data on area-averaged pressures and plots of instantaneous pressures over the surface area are also given.
Intergenerational public goods: Transnational considerations

This paper analyzes public goods whose benefits cross countries' borders and generations. Once provided, transnational intergenerational public goods (TIPGs) are assets that generate benefits for subsequent generations. For treaties involving TIPGs, a coalition of rich developed countries are apt to shoulder more of the provision burden than a coalition of poor developing countries. This burden inequality worsens if the developed countries unilaterally display altruism to future generations; nevertheless, altruistic benefits may offset reduced spillovers. When current generations strategize with respect to future generations, provision and efficiency suffer; however, the hypothesized unequal burden sharing improves somewhat. For alternative aggregator technologies of public supply, these one-sided burdens may be partly ameliorated.
Structural States and Dynamics of the D-Loop in Actin

Conformational changes induced by ATP hydrolysis on actin are involved in the regulation of complex actin networks. Previous structural and biochemical data implicate the DNase I binding loop (D-loop) of actin in such nucleotide-dependent changes. Here, we investigated the structural and conformational states of the D-loop (in solution) using cysteine scanning mutagenesis and site-directed labeling. The reactivity of D-loop cysteine mutants toward acrylodan and the mobility of spin labels on these mutants do not show patterns of an α-helical structure in monomeric and filamentous actin, irrespective of the bound nucleotide. Upon transition from monomeric to filamentous actin, acrylodan emission spectra and electron paramagnetic resonance line shapes of labeled mutants are blue-shifted and more immobilized, respectively, with the central residues (residues 43–47) showing the most drastic changes. Moreover, complex electron paramagnetic resonance line shapes of spin-labeled mutants suggest several conformational states of the D-loop. Together with a new (to our knowledge) actin crystal structure that reveals the D-loop in a unique hairpin conformation, our data suggest that the D-loop equilibrates in F-actin among different conformational states irrespective of the nucleotide state of actin.
Crossing the Line: Limits and Desire in Historical Interpretation

This essay focuses on the relationship within western humanism between attitudes toward textual interpretation and views of the human self in an attempt to unsettle the dichotomy between humanist and antihumanist approaches to the past. It has three main parts. First, it uses Umberto Eco's recent reflections on the limits of interpretation to explore current debates about the aims of interpretation. In particular, it asks what it means to frame the problem of interpretation specifically as a problem of establishing limits. Given the many possible vocabularies to compare and evaluate competing hermeneutic approaches, what are the implications of adopting one that speaks in terms of limits, of an “in bounds” and an “out of bounds?” Second, the essay draws on the work of Donna Haraway and Stephanie Jed to argue that a discourse about interpretation that seeks to establish the limits of interpretation excludes as out of bounds precisely those methodological strategies that most effectively analyze the mutually sustaining relationship between assumptions about texts and assumptions about selves. Third, the essay explores the relationship between interpretation and subjectivity at one key historical moment to show how to move beyond the strict dichotomy between humanist and antihumanist assumptions.
Substrate specificity of mammalian folylpoly-γ-glutamate synthetase for 5,8-dideazafolates and 5,8-dideaza analogues of aminopterin

The substrate specificity of pig liver folylpolyglutamate synthetase (tetrahydrofolate: l-glutamate γ-ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.3.2.17) for classical 5,8-dideaza analogues of folic acid, isofolic acid aminopterin and isoaminopterin has been investigated. 5,8-Dideazafolate and 5,8-dideazaaminopterin are very effective substrates with activities approaching those of the best reduced folate substrates. The analogous isofolate analogues are less effective substrates, but still better than folic acid. The 5-chloro substituent is the only modification that consistently increases the on rate, with 5-chloro-5,8-dideazaaminopterin being the most effective substrate found, thus far, for the enzyme. Methylation at positions 9 or 10 generally decreases binding, while 5-methylation increases the binding of 4-oxoquinazolines, but decreases the binding of their 4-amino counterparts. The presence of a formyl group at N9 or N10 has the opposite effect, decreasing the binding of 4-oxo analogues while increasing the rate for 4-amino derivatives. Increases in on rate with methyl, formyl or 4-amino substitutions are only significant when the parent compound is a poor substrate, suggesting that these groups do not interact directly with the enzyme but cause conformational changes in the structure of the substrate that influence binding to the enzyme.
A new strategy for the cloning, overexpression and one step purification of three DHAP-dependent aldolases: Rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase, fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase and tagatose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase1

Three DHAP-dependent aldolases, rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase (Rham-IPA), fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase (Fuc-1PA) and tagatose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase (TDPA) have been cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli using two different expression vectors: pTrcHis for the expression of Rham-1PA and Fuc-1PA and pRSET for the expression of TDPA. In each case the recombinant enzyme is synthesized as a fusion protein with a hexahistidine tag on the N-terminus. The three enzymes have been purified in only one step by chelation affinity chromatography. The effects of cultivation temperature and concentration of inducer have been studied in order to optimize the expression of the recombinant proteins and to avoid the formation of inclusion bodies.
Binding of Hemoglobin to Red Cell Membranes with Eosin-5-maleimide-Labeled Band 3: Analysis of Centrifugation and Fluorescence Lifetime Data

We have studied the binding of hemoglobin to the red cell membrane by centrifugation and fluorescence methods. The intact red cell was labeled with eosin-5-maleimide (EM), which specifically reacts with lysine 430 of band 3. Even though this residue is not part of the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 (cdb3) associated with hemoglobin binding, fluorescence quenching was observed when hemoglobin bound to inside-out vesicles (IOVs). The use of fluorescence quenching to measure band 3 binding was quantitatively compared with the binding determined by centrifugation, which measures binding to band 3 and non-band 3 sites. For the centrifugation it was necessary to include the non-band 3 association constants determined from chymotrypsin-treated IOVs. The binding of hemoglobin to band 3 was interpreted in terms of the binding of two hemoglobin tetramers to each band 3 dimer. An anticooperative interaction associated with the conformational change produced when hemoglobin binds results in a 2.8-fold decrease in the i...
Potential of the Conservation Reserve Program to control agricultural surface water pollution

The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), initiated by the Conservation Title of the Food Security Act of 1985, is the primary federal program to control nonpointsource pollution in agricultural watersheds of the United States. However, the program is designed primarily to reduce soil erosion rather than to retire croplands in a manner optimal for controlling runoff of sediment and associated pollutants. This study estimates potential enrollment of streamside and floodplain croplands in this ten-year retirement program in order to gauge the potential of the CRP as a water-quality improvement policy. A contingent choice survey design was employed in Fayette County, Illinois, to demonstrate that there is substantial potential for retirement of streamside and floodplain croplands in the CRP. Enrollments in each program climb from less than 6% to over 83% of eligible croplands as the annual rental rate is increased from $20 to $200/acre. Potential retirement of streamside and floodplain croplands declines, however, if tree planting, drainage removal, or a 20-year contract are required. The potential of a CRP-based water-quality program to improve water quality and aquatic ecosystems in agricultural watersheds is thus substantial but constrained by the economic trade-offs that farmers make between crop production and conservation incentives in determining the use of their riparian lands.
Test-score semantics for natural languages

Test-score semantics is based on the premise that almost everything that relates to natural languages is a matter of degree. Viewed from this perspective, any semantic entity in a natural language, e.g., a predicate, predicate-modifier, proposition, quantifier, command, question, etc. may be represented as a system of elastic constraints on a collection of objects or derived objects in a universe of discourse. In this sense, test-score semantics may be viewed as a generalization of truth-conditional, possible-world and model-theoretic semantics, but its expressive power is substantially greater.
Inter-Party Constituency Differences and Congressional Voting Behavior*

Academic studies of roll-call voting in Congress have tended to stress two factors: (1) the substantial degree of party cohesion in Congress on most issues, and (2) the importance of constituency factors in explaining deviations from party votes within parties. These studies indicate that party is the single most important predictor of roll-call behavior, and that constituency factors explain most of the deviation from party votes. No such study, however, describes constituency differences between Democrats and Republicans on the national level—that is, inter-party differences on constituency variables as opposed to intra-party differences. We will attempt, in this study, to demonstrate that differences between Democrats and Republicans are not merely a matter of party label or ideology (few really contend otherwise), but that they are rooted in basic differences in the kinds of constituencies from which Democrats and Republicans come. We will then go on to show that these constituency factors are also important in explaining intra-party differences in voting in Congress, but only by way of supporting the hypothesis that party voting patterns reflect constituency differences. The general theory underlying this analysis posits gross relationships between sociological variables and political behavior, especially in democratic systems which permit relatively wide latitude in political activity. Since shared attitudes about various problems confronting people are often the result of sharing similar environments, and since economic and social environments vary widely in the United States, it is not surprising to find people located in similar environments choosing up sides in similar ways on matters of public policy, and differing with those who do not share the same environment. These effects should be most noticeable in relatively small areas, such as congressional districts.
The Effects of Capture and Transportation Stress on White Bass Semen Osmolality and Their Alleviation via Sodium Chloride

Abstract White bass Morone chrysops were captured by hook and line from the Illinois River and transported for 5 h in either freshwater or water with 5‰ NaCl; they were then maintained in separate water reuse systems at their respective salinities. Blood plasma osmolality, semen osmolality, and semen motility were monitored for 57 h. Our objectives were to determine whether semen dilution could be induced by capture, handling, and transportation stressors, and to determine if sodium chloride would alleviate the expected stress-induced decreases in blood plasma and semen osmolality. White bass transported and held in freshwater had lower mean (±SE) plasma osmolality at 30 h (263 ± 17 mosmols/kg) and 44 h (269 ± 13 mosmols/kg) compared with the initial plasma osmolality (330 ± 4 mosmols/kg). Mean semen osmolality for the white bass (312 ± 8 mosmols/kg) decreased at 30 h (273 ± 6 mosmols/kg) and 44 h (251 ± 7 mosmols/kg). Semen osmolality paralleled blood plasma osmolality over time in each treatment. Plasma...
Detection of the number, locations and magnitudes of jumps

Let x(t) - f{t) + w(t), where f(t) = Ex(i) has finitely many jumps only and no w(t) is a white noise. Under some conditions, consistent estimators for the number, locations and magnitudes of the jumps of f(t) are derived.
Curvature Flow in Conformal Mapping

We use a simple example to introduce a notion of curvature flow in the conformal mapping of polyhedral surfaces. The inquiry was motivated by experiments with discrete conformal maps in the sense of circle packing. We describe the classical theory behind these flows and demonstrate how to modify the Schwarz-Christoffel method to obtain classical numerical confirmation. We close with some additional examples.
Guidance and control analysis of the entry of a lifting body personnel launch vehicle

NASA is currently involved in definition studies of a Personnel Launch System (PLS) that could be used to transport people to and from low-earth orbit. This vehicle would serve both to complement the Space Shuttle and to provide alternative access to space in the event the Space Shuttle fleet were unavailable for a prolonged period. The PLS would consist of a manned spacecraft launched by an expendable vehicle, e.g., Titan 4. One promising candidate for the manned component of the PLS is the NASA Langley Research Center HL-20 lifting body. Many studies are currently underway to assess this vehicle, and one of the main areas of study is the development of the capability to successfully enter, glide to the landing site, and land. To provide this capability, guidance and control algorithms have been developed, incorporated into a six-degree-of-freedom simulation, and evaluation in the presence of off-nominal atmospheric conditions, consisting of both density variations and steady-state winds. In addition, the impact of atmospheric turbulence was examined for the portion of flight from Mach 3.5 to touchdown. This analysis showed that the vehicle remained controllable and could successfully land even in the presence of off-nominal atmospheric conditions.
Horizontal fracture of the anterior arch of the atlas associated with a congenital cleft of the anterior arch

We report a rare combination of a horizontal fracture of the anterior arch of the atlas associated with a congenital cleft of the anterior arch. Sagittally reformatted computed tomography (CT) images demonstrated a fracture of the anterior arch of the atlas and a type II odontoid process fracture. There was also a smoothly marginated midline cleft of the anterior arch just above the fracture consistent with a congenital variant. 3D CT images were helpful in the evaluation of the fractures and the developmental variant. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a spinal cord injury. The patient underwent posterior C1-C2 fusion.
Oxidation of AlGaAs layers for tapered apertures in vertical-cavity lasers

By using step-graded Al compositions of epitaxial AlGaAs, we can form a tapered oxidation front due to the combination of rapid lateral oxidation in a higher Al content layer and slow transverse oxidation into adjacent lower Al content layers. A study of the oxidation behaviour of this epitaxial aperture layer demonstrates the feasibility of tapered dielectric apertures which have been predicted to provide much lower losses in vertical cavity lasers.
Characterization of electrophysiological properties of intracellularly recorded neurons in the neocortex of awake cats: A comparison of the response to injected current in spike overshoot and undershoot neurons

Intracellular recordings were obtained from 212 neurons of the coronal pericruciate cortex of 7 awake, untrained cats. Glass microelectrodes, filled with K+ citrate alone or K+ citrate with either cyclic GMP or 5′-GMP were used for recording and for injecting steady depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents intracellularly. The effects of rectangular linearly rising (ramp) current pulses were also studied. Results were compared in spike overshoot versus undershoot recordings. Spike overshoot recordings had action potentials (APs) larger than associated baseline shifts on penetration; undershoot recordings had APs smaller than associated baseline shifts on penetration. Undershoot recordings are more commonly encountered in mammalian neocortex than are overshoot recordings. (1) Except for sizes and slopes of APs and other effects consistent with the penetration of passive dendritic cables remote from regions of active spike initiation or propagation, no differences in response to current injection or in other electrophysiological properties were found between overshoot and undershoot recordings. (2) Injection of depolarizing currents produced decreases in the amplitudes of APs, decreased rates of rise and fall of APs and increased frequencies of AP discharge. Injection of hyperpolarizing current produced slowing or cessation of AP discharge with little or only slight increases in AP amplitude when the resting potential was > 47 mV. (3) An effectively linear relationship was found between changes in AP size and the magnitude of weak injected depolarizing currents. This relationship provides a basis for measuring changes in cortical neuronal input resistance by the differential spike height method. (4) Most neurons showed little or no accomodative response to the injection of linearly rising, depolarizing currents. Simple or ceiling threshold-latency curves rather than minimal gradient curves were obtained in 83% of the cells in which ramp currents were injected. (5) Modal values of resting potentials between 47 and 53 mV, without increased rates of spontaneous discharge, indicate that most cells have a critical firing threshold near that reported for somatodendritic (SD) rather than initial segment (IS) generated spikes. The evidence suggests that undershoot recordings primarily reflect penetrations of passive dendritic regions rather than functional modification of neurocellular properties as a consequence of impalement.
Studies on the protein-receptor interaction by atomic force microscopy

The specific interaction between a model biomolecular pair, cholera toxin B oligomer (CTB) versus its receptor ganglioside GM1, was investigated using an atomic force microscope. Force versus separ...
Atomic SCF calculations for the first transition series

We report results of atomic self-consistent-field calculations for the atoms Ca through Cu; the configurations 3dn4s2, 3dn+14s and 3dn+2 are considered. The calculations employ a scaled Slater free-electron exchange potential and it is found that, for many purposes, the results are of nearly Hartree-Fock quality. The use of this and other exchange potentials in energy band calculations is briefly considered.
DEGREE OF ALIGNMENT BETWEEN BEGINNING TEACHERS' PRACTICES AND BELIEFS ABOUT EFFECTIVE CLASSROOM PRACTICES

Six beginning teachers were compared to an exemplary, experienced teacher. Teacher beliefs, classroom practices, and student engagement data were coded from theory-driven and data-driven perspectives. The strongest teachers demonstrated alignment between promotive/positive practices, beliefs, and students' engagement. The weakest teachers, whose students were less consistently engaged, demonstrated alignment between undermining practices and beliefs. For beginning teachers, with misaligned practices and beliefs, there may be potential for improving practices with experience. A testable model emerged depicting a metacognitive feedback loop for teachers who are aware of their shortcomings and place responsibility for students' behaviors and learning on themselves.
Measuring perceptions of breast cancer risk.

Background: Accurate measurement of people's risk perceptions is important for numerous bodies of research and in clinical practice, but there is no consensus about the best measure. Objective: This study evaluated three measures of women's breast cancer risk perception by assessing their psychometric and test characteristics. Design: A cross-sectional mailed survey to women from a primary care population asked participants to rate their chance of developing breast cancer in their lifetime on a 0% to 100% numerical scale and a verbal scale with five descriptive categories, and to compare their risk to others (seven categories). Six hundred three of 956 women returned the survey (63.1%), and we analyzed surveys from the 566 women without a self-reported personal history of breast or ovarian cancer. Results: Scores on the numeric, verbal, and comparative measures were correlated with each other ( r > 0.50), worry ( r > 0.51), the Gail estimate ( r > 0.26), and family history ( r > 0.25). The numerical scale had the strongest correlation with annual mammogram ( r = 0.19), and its correlation with the Gail estimate was unassociated with participants' sociodemographics. The numerical and comparative measures had the highest sensitivity (0.89-0.90) and specificity (0.99) for identifying women with very high risk perception. The numerical and comparative scale also did well in identifying women with very low risk perception, although the numerical scale had the highest specificity (0.96), whereas the comparative scale had the highest sensitivity (0.89). Conclusion: Different measures of women's perceptions about breast cancer risk have different strengths and weaknesses. Although the numerical measure did best overall, the optimal measure depends on the goals of the measure (i.e., avoidance of false positives or false negatives). (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(10):1893–8)
A Systematic Approach to Corrosion-Powered Sensor Network Design

Energy harvesting systems for structural health monitoring applications may be described by three stages: ambient energy transduction, electrical power conditioning, and data acquisition and transmission. Recent developments in low-power CMOS devices have allowed for expanded energy harvesting techniques by reducing the total power demand of sensor nodes.This paper investigates the system-level interaction between a corrosion-based energy harvester and the low-power sensor node to which it is supplying power. An equivalent circuit model of the energy harvester is developed and the matched parameters (source voltage and equivalent series resistance) are used in the design of the power conditioning and wireless transmitter circuitry. Analysis of the power demand from the sensor node is used to determine the optimum data sampling parameters in terms of available supplied power for long-term in-situ sensing operations on a marine structure.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A New Superoxide-generating Oxidase in Murine Osteoclasts

Superoxide production contributes to osteoclastic bone resorption. Evidence strongly indicates that NADPH oxidase is an enzyme system responsible for superoxide generation in osteoclasts. A membrane-bound subunit, p91, is the catalytic domain of NADPH oxidase. However, osteoclasts from p91 knockout mice still produce superoxide at a rate similar to that observed in wild type mice. This unexpected phenomenon prompted us to examine the osteoclasts for an alternative to the p91-containing oxidase. In this study, the cloning of a NADPH oxidase subunit (Nox 4) with 578 amino acids is reported. Nox 4 has 58% similarity in amino acids with the known p91 subunit of NADPH oxidase. Nox 4 is present and active in osteoclasts. Antisense oligonucleotides of Nox 4 reduced osteoclastic superoxide generation as well as resorption pit formation by osteoclasts. This new oxidase complex was present and functional in osteoclasts from p91 knockout mice, explaining the normal resorptive activity seen in the osteoclasts where no p91 is present.
A probabilistic damage detection approach using vibration-based nondestructive testing

Abstract With the aim of improving the accuracy of the assessment of existing structures, damage detection using vibration-based nondestructive testing (NDT) has been extensively studied. It has been recognized that a considerable amount of uncertainties exist in the damage detection process. This paper proposes a novel probabilistic damage detection approach that accounts for the underlying uncertainties. The proposed approach combines two techniques: A Bayesian model updating and a vibration-based damage identification technique (VBDIT). The model updating uses modal frequencies from a damaged structure to build a baseline finite element model (FEM). VBDIT uses mode shapes from the baseline model and the damaged structure to detect damage at local level. The proposed framework makes use of the advantages of the Bayesian model updating and the VBDIT, and compensates for their drawbacks. The sources and types of errors that may occur in the damage detection process are discussed and considered in the proposed formulation. In particular, the proposed approach considers the measurement errors in the vibration tests, the modeling errors in the damage detection process, and the statistical uncertainties in the unknown model parameters. As an application, a finite element model simulating a two-span aluminum beam is used to illustrate the proposed framework. The effects of the measurement and modeling errors on the performance of the proposed damage detection are studied. Modal data can be easily extracted from out-put only responses on an existing structure, making the proposed methodology of practical value.
Elastic stability and buckling loads of three dimensional nonuniform framed systems by finite element method using spatial line elements

Abstract A numerical computer method using spatial finite line elements for the determination of buckling loads of three-dimensional framed systems having complex boundary conditions is presented. A joint at end of an element experiences three rotational and three linear displacements. An element experiences axial, torsional and flexural deformations in two orthogonal planes. Buckling loads and corresponding mode vectors are determined by the solution of linear set of eigen value equations of elastic stability, where the elastic stability matrix is the product of three-dimensional sidesway flexibility matrix and the second-order sidesway stiffness matrix. Four numerical examples are included—a column, planar frame, four-legged system and three-legged triangular frame; having mixture of fixed, spherical, revolute, cylindrical and planar pairs at supports and joints.
Relaxin Increases Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs) and IGF-Binding Proteins of the Pig Uterus in Vivo*

Relaxin promotes growth of reproductive tissues, including the uterus. Although we have evidence of a role for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in mediating relaxin-induced growth of porcine granulosa cells in vitro, the mechanism of action by which relaxin enhances uterine growth has not been identified. To investigate a role for the uterine insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in relaxin-induced uterine growth, we monitored the effects of relaxin on porcine IGFs and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in vivo. The trophic effects of relaxin on the uterus were elicited by administering relaxin or saline to prepubertal gilts every 6 h for 54 h. Three hours after the last injection, uterine flushes, uteri, follicular fluid, and ovaries were collected. Estradiol was measured in plasma and follicular fluid to confirm the prepubertal status of each animal. Significantly higher concentrations of uterine lumen IGF-I (P < 0.05) and IGF-II (P < 0.01) were observed in animals treated with relaxin. However, relaxi...
14 N nuclear quadrupole resonance in the ferroelectric phase of sodium nitrite

Abstract Nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance lines have been observed in the ferroelectric phase of sodium nitrite (NaNO 2 ) and the change of nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies with temperature between 77°K and the phase transition temperature (437°K) has been investigated. Attempts to fit the Bayer theory to the experimental results have not been successful.
Influence of Cylindrical Harmonic SH Waves on Motion along a Random Interface between Two Elastic Half-Spaces

Abstract This study investigates how a system of incident harmonic waves affects the interface motion between two materials. To that end diffraction of a system of cylindrical harmonic SH waves by a random interface between two elastic half-spaces is investigated using a direct boundary integral equation approach. In particular, the incident system consists of a primary source of unit amplitude and an arbitrary number of secondary sources placed along an ellipse centered at the primary source. The interface peak amplitude, the number of the secondary sources, and the frequency are assumed to be arbitrary. Response along the random interface is computed for different frequencies and the source configurations. The interface motion is found to strongly depend upon the incident system. Two incident system configurations are identified that produce the interface motion that is considerably amplified or reduced when compared to the corresponding displacements due to a single unit primary source. The two systems share the same geometry and the source amplitudes but have different source amplitude phases.
Receipt of Cardiac Medications Upon Discharge Among Men and Women With Acute Coronary Syndrome and Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease

Results: Of the 2264 ACS patients included in the study: 123 patients had nonobstructiveCAD and 2141 had obstructiveCAD. Cardiac risk factorsincludinghypertensionand diabeteswere common amongpatientswith nonobstructiveCAD. Men andwomen withnonobstructiveCADwere lesslikely toreceivecardiac medications compared to patientswith obstructiveCAD including aspirin(87.8% vs 95.0%, P = 0.001), β-blockers (74.0% vs 89.2%, P < 0.001), or statins (69.1% vs 81.2%, P = 0.001). No gender-related differences in discharge medications were observed for patients with nonobstructive CAD. However, women with nonobstructive CAD had similar rates of cardiac-related rehospitalization as men with obstructive CAD (23.3% and 25.9%, respectively). Conclusions:PatientswithnonobstructiveCADarelesslikelytoreceiveevidence-basedmedicationscompared to patients with obstructive CAD, despite the presence of CAD risk factors and occurrence of an ACS event. Further research is warranted to determine if receipt of effective cardiac medications among patients with nonobstructiveCAD would reduce cardiac-relatedevents.
“Why Is This Happening to Me?:” The Attributional Make-Up of Negative Emotions Experienced in Emotional Support Encounters

Weiner's (2000) attributional model of intrapersonal motivations suggests that attributions influence not only people's emotional experiences, but also their behavioral responses to the events that caused these emotions. The current study investigates the causal dimensions (i.e., stability, controllability, locus) of five emotions (i.e., sadness, helplessness, hurt, fear, anger) people commonly experience when they are distressed and in need of emotional support. Participants (N = 258) were asked to identify an upsetting event and subsequently talk about it with a confederate helper in a five-minute conversation. After the conversation, participants completed attribution and emotion indices scales. The events discussed were coded into nine categories (e.g., death of a relative, college performance/job problems, break-ups). Results suggested that the five emotions possess a unique attributional make-up and are uniquely tied to specific events that were discussed by participants. Implications of the results...
A two-dimensional B implantation model for semiconductor process simulation environments

Abstract A computationally efficient semi-empirical model has been developed for modeling two-dimensional distributions of boron implanted into single-crystal silicon. This model accurately and efficiently models the depth profiles and lateral doping profiles under a masking edge for implantations as a function of dose, tilt angle, rotation angle, orientation of the masking edge, and masking layer thickness, in addition to energy. This new two-dimensional model is based on the dual-Pearson model [A.F. Tasch et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 136 (1989) 810] for one-dimensional dopant depth distributions, which provides an accurate method of modeling the depth profile based on approximately 1000 SIMS profiles, and the UT-MARLOWE Monte Carlo ion implantation simulation code [K.M. Klein et al., IEEE Trans. Electron Devices ED-39 (1992) 1614], which provides well-modeled lateral dopant profiles. Combining depth profile and lateral profile information from these two models allows this new model to be both accurate and computationally efficient, making it suitable for use in semiconductor process modeling codes.
Solidification of spray atomized silicon droplets

Microstructural evolution of germanium and silicon during solidification has been studied using various techniques. On the basis of these studies, it is evident that germanium and silicon exhibit similar solidification behavior. The solidification of germanium was studied by several investigators during the 1950`s and early 1960`s. In the present study, the solidification of spray atomized silicon droplets ( 300 {mu}m diameter) was investigated. The mechanism of microstructure evolution was suggested, and cooling rate and undercoolings were estimated using existing models.
The Effect of Minimum Wages on the Employment and Earnings of South Africa's Domestic Service Workers

Minimum wages have been in place for South Africa’s one million domestic service workers since November of 2002. Using data from seven waves of the Labour Force Survey, this paper documents that the real hourly wages, average monthly earnings, and total earnings of all employed domestic workers have risen since the regulations came into effect, while hours of work per week and employment have fallen. Each of these outcomes can be linked econometrically to the arrival of the minimum wage regulations. The overall estimated elasticities suggest that the regulations should have reduced poverty somewhat for domestic workers, although this last conclusion is the least robust.
Fabrication of Mems Devices by Powder-Filling into DXRL-Formed Molds

We have developed a variety of processes for fabricating components for micro devices based on deep x-ray lithography (DXRL). Although the techniques are applicable to many materials, we have demonstrated them using hard (Nd 2Fe14B) and soft (Ni-Zn ferrite) magnetic materials because of the importance of these materials in magnetic micro-actuators and other devices and because of the difficulty fabricating them by other means. The simplest technique involves pressing a mixture of magnetic powder and a binder into a DXRL-formed mold. In the second technique, powder is pressed into the mold and then sintered to densify. The other two processes involve pressing at high temperature either powder or a dense bulk material into a ceramic mold that was previously made using a DXRL mold. These techniques allow arbitrary 2-dimensional shapes to be made 10 to 1000 µm thick with in-plane dimensions as small as 50µm and dimensional tolerances in the micron range. Bonded isotropic Nd2Fe14B micro-magnets made by these processes had an energy product of 7 MGOe.
On the vibronic level structure in the NO3 radical

The A2E″← 2A′2 absorption spectrum exhibits vibronically allowed transitions from the ground state of NO3 to upper state levels having a″1 and e′ vibronic symmetries. This paper explores the coupling mechanisms that lend intensities to these features. While transitions to e′ vibronic levels borrow intensity from the very strong 2E′← 2A′2 electronic transition, those to a″1 levels involve only negligible upper-state borrowing effects. Rather, it is the vibronic mixing of the ground vibronic level of NO3 with vibrational levels in the 2E′ electronic state that permit the a″1 levels to be seen in the spectrum. These ideas are supported by vibronic coupling calculations. The fact that the intensities of features corresponding to the two different vibronic symmetries are comparable is thus accidental.
Problem-solving strategies of experienced and novice physicians

If there are differences in the problem-solving approaches used by expert and novice physicians, it might be possible to identify these differences and capture the art of medicine. This study examined the differences between the problem-solving strategies of experienced and novice physicians. Three case scenarios were used to collect data, with each constructed to observe problem solving in a different context. The results indicate that the ability to incorporate contextual information into the formulation of a problem-solving strategy played the most important role in the effectiveness of the problem solving. Additionally, the approaches of experienced physicians tended to be more inclusive than those of novices; however, both groups demonstrated premature diagnostic bias, assuming a diagnosis that was less than justified by available data. By teaching problem-solving techniques, it may be possible to increase the efficiency of learning in both novice and experienced physicians and also improve patient care.
Race, genes, and health—new wine in old bottles?

Technological advances that make it possible to identify nucleotide variants on a large scale are having an enormous impact on many fields in biology. This incursion of genetics is even being felt in the previously remote fields of epidemiology and public health. Yet while measuring the molecular basis of genetic variation will undoubtedly alter our understanding of the biological world, the implications for public health are much less clear. One of the most contentious areas involves the role of genetics in shaping health patterns among populations. In the ‘pre-genomic’ era race was the surrogate for genetic effects at the population level, and it must follow that molecular research will now largely transform that agenda. Although we are at the earliest stages several critical issues have already emerged, and a burgeoning literature exists in both epidemiology and genetics on the application of the new molecular technology to the study of race and health. While many new and unexpected findings have begun to emerge, there is also
Adaptation to local ultraviolet radiation conditions among neighbouring Daphnia populations

Understanding the historical processes that generated current patterns of phenotypic diversity in nature is particularly challenging in subdivided populations. Populations often exhibit heritable genetic differences that correlate with environmental variables, but the non-independence among neighbouring populations complicates statistical inference of adaptation. To understand the relative influence of adaptive and non-adaptive processes in generating phenotypes requires joint evaluation of genetic and phenotypic divergence in an integrated and statistically appropriate analysis. We investigated phenotypic divergence, population-genetic structure and potential fitness trade-offs in populations of Daphnia melanica inhabiting neighbouring subalpine ponds of widely differing transparency to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Using a combination of experimental, population-genetic and statistical techniques, we separated the effects of shared population ancestry and environmental variables in predicting phenotypic divergence among populations. We found that native water transparency significantly predicted divergence in phenotypes among populations even after accounting for significant population structure. This result demonstrates that environmental factors such as UVR can at least partially account for phenotypic divergence. However, a lack of evidence for a hypothesized trade-off between UVR tolerance and growth rates in the absence of UVR prevents us from ruling out the possibility that non-adaptive processes are partially responsible for phenotypic differentiation in this system.
Transport in the Laughlin quasiparticle interferometer: Evidence for topological protection in an anyonic qubit

We report experiments on temperature and Hall voltage bias dependence of the superperiodic conductance oscillations in the novel Laughlin quasiparticle interferometer, where quasiparticles of the $1∕3$ fractional quantum Hall fluid execute a closed path around an island of the $2∕5$ fluid. The amplitude of the oscillations fits well the quantum-coherent thermal dephasing dependence predicted for a two-point-contact chiral edge channel interferometer in the full experimental temperature range $10.2\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}141\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK}$. The temperature dependence observed in the interferometer is clearly distinct from the behavior in single-particle resonant tunneling and Coulomb blockade devices. The $5h∕e$ flux superperiod, originating in the anyonic statistical interaction of Laughlin quasiparticles, persists to a relatively high $T\ensuremath{\sim}140\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mK}$. This temperature is only an order of magnitude less than the $2∕5$ quantum Hall gap. Such protection of quantum logic by the topological order of fractional quantum Hall fluids is expected to facilitate fault-tolerant quantum computation with anyons.
In support of similarity measures

Research is well underway to investigate the appropriate use of similarity measures across complex objects such as faces and color histograms. This research is crucial in producing systems that support content-based retrieval. To support the successful integration of the these techniques into database systems, support tools and object definitions are needed that can assist with the data modeling process that segments, stores and accesses the data. Here, we define our first efforts to defining the classes and operations inherent in any segmentation process. We define a generic processor structures these essential processes. Finally, we define a set of video objects we have defined to support the segmentation of broadcast video streams. >
Effortful Control and Impulsivity as Concurrent and Longitudinal Predictors of Academic Achievement

The goal of this study was to test if both effortful control (EC) and impulsivity, a reactive index of temperament, uniquely predict adolescents’ academic achievement, concurrently and longitudinally (Time 1: N = 168, x¯ age = 12 years). At Time 1, parents and teachers reported on students’ EC and impulsivity. At both time points, spaced 2 years apart, parents and teachers reported on students’ achievement. In a concurrent regression, both EC and impulsivity were positively related to achievement. At T1, there was evidence of a nonlinear relation between impulsivity and achievement, and the shape of the quadratic was dependent on if EC was simultaneously considered. Results from a longitudinal analysis demonstrated that although parent-reported impulsivity was generally negatively correlated with achievement, EC, but not impulsivity, was prospectively, uniquely related to achievement. The discussion highlights the value of considering adolescents’ EC and impulsivity in models of school success.
The effects of elastic stress on coarsening in the Ni-Al system

The effects of elastic stresses on the kinetics of coarsening were investigated. The coarsening of g particles in NiAl alloys was quantified by measuring the g-g interfacial area per volume, instead of a characteristic average particle size. This allowed the kinetics of coarsening to be measured meaningfully at very long times when most particles do not have an equiaxed shape. It was found that the interfacial area per volume follows a t 1/3 rate law, with no change in the exponent or the rate constant even at long coarsening times when elastic energy is a significant contribution to the total energy of the system, and the microstructure is not self-similar. The coarsening rate constant was found to vary with volume fraction as predicted by theory in the absence of elastic stress, in contrast to previous experimental results which quantify coarsening kinetics using an average particle radius.  2002 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.