cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immigration and Religious Toleration: A Mexican Dilemma 1821–1860

Three Weeks before the fall of Mexico City and the final victory over its conservative adversaries, the liberal government of Benito Juarez issued a law, on December 4, 1860, establishing freedom of religion in Mexico. Such a law had been a liberal objective throughout the early Reforma period and during the War of the Reform as well. In mid-1859 the Juarez government had issued a manifesto which stated that religious toleration was a requirement for national prosperity. The liberals saw toleration as an important precondition for foreign immigration—and immigration had been an established panacea for national problems since the achievement of independence in 1821. The 1860 law served to vindicate part of the Reforma program. It also sought to resolve almost four decades of debate on the relationship between foreigners, immigration, and religious toleration.
Density-decomposed orbital-free density functional theory for covalently bonded molecules and materials

We propose a density decomposition scheme using a Wang-Govind-Carter- (WGC-) based kinetic energy density functional (KEDF) to accurately and efficiently simulate various covalently bonded molecules and materials within orbital-free (OF) density functional theory (DFT). By using a local, density-dependent scale function, the total density is decomposed into a highly localized density within covalent bond regions and a flattened delocalized density, with the former described by semilocal KEDFs and the latter treated by the WGC KEDF. The new model predicts reasonable equilibrium volumes, bulk moduli, and phase-ordering energies for various semiconductors compared to Kohn-Sham (KS) DFT benchmarks. The decomposition formalism greatly improves numerical stability and accuracy, while retaining computational speed compared to simply applying the original WGC KEDF to covalent materials. The surface energy of Si(100) and various diatomic molecule properties can be stably calculated and also agree well with KSDFT benchmarks. This linear-scaled, computationally efficient, density-partitioned, multi-KEDF scheme opens the door to large-scale simulations of molecules, semiconductors, and insulators with OFDFT.
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Failure in Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: One Size Does Not Fit All

In the past 15 yr there has been an explosion of information in the arena of risk stratification for non– muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Current models include the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) risk calculator [1], the Club Urologico Espanol de Tratamiento Oncologico (CUETO) risk classification system [2], and risk assessment models developed via multicenter collaboration [3,4]. The vast majority of these models have focused on stage, grade, absolute tumor size, and multiplicity to provide prognostic information regarding clinical outcomes such as recurrence, progression, and survival. There has been heavy reliance on these models to construct multiple treatment guideline algorithms such as the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, American Urological Association, and European Association of Urology guidelines on the management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer [5]. The more complex process of dynamic risk assessment taking into account a patient’s prior history including past recurrence patterns and interaction between treatments and disease state has been more challenging to incorporate into predictivemodels. Consider, for instance, a patientwith prior exposure to bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for carcinoma in situ who relapses 18 mo later with highgrade Ta cancer and after a second induction of BCG has minimal residual papillary low-grade cancer. To what risk group does this patient belong after the second induction of BCG? Is this patient truly refractory to BCG? Should the patient be eligible for a clinical trial for BCG failure? How do we weigh factors such as time to first recurrence and lowgrade papillary recurrence following high-grade initial occurrence?
Role of effective carrier mass in the photocatalytic efficiency of La-doped NaTaO3

Abstract In this work, a close relationship between the electronic structure of La-doped NaTaO 3 and its photocatalytic activity is demonstrated. La doping of NaTaO 3 increases the band gap and, for orthorhombic NaTaO 3 , changes it into an indirect band gap material. Furthermore, the present calculations reveal a dependence of the effective carrier mass in La-doped NaTaO 3 on the La doping concentration. The carrier mass reaches its minimum value ca 4 mol% doping concentration, increasing at higher and lower concentrations. Since both the presence of an indirect band gap and a low effective carrier mass are beneficial to catalytic efficiency, such dependence explains a previously reported dependence of the photocatalytic efficiency of La-doped NaTaO 3 on the La doping concentration.
Myosin MgADP Release Rate Decreases as Sarcomere Length Increases in Skinned Rat Soleus Muscle Fibers

Actin-myosin cross-bridges use chemical energy from MgATP hydrolysis to generate force and shortening in striated muscle. Previous studies show that increases in sarcomere length can reduce thick-to-thin filament spacing in skinned muscle fibers, thereby increasing force production at longer sarcomere lengths. However, it is unclear how changes in sarcomere length and lattice spacing affect cross-bridge kinetics at fundamental steps of the cross-bridge cycle, such as the MgADP release rate. We hypothesize that decreased lattice spacing, achieved through increased sarcomere length or osmotic compression of the fiber via dextran T-500, could slow MgADP release rate and increase cross-bridge attachment duration. To test this, we measured cross-bridge cycling and MgADP release rates in skinned soleus fibers using stochastic length-perturbation analysis at 2.5 and 2.0 μm sarcomere lengths as pCa and [MgATP] varied. In the absence of dextran, the force-pCa relationship showed greater Ca2+ sensitivity for 2.5 vs. 2.0 μm sarcomere length fibers (pCa50 = 5.68 ± 0.01 vs. 5.60 ± 0.01). When fibers were compressed with 4% dextran, the length-dependent increase in Ca2+ sensitivity of force was attenuated, though the Ca2+ sensitivity of the force-pCa relationship at both sarcomere lengths was greater with osmotic compression via 4% dextran compared to no osmotic compression. Without dextran, the cross-bridge detachment rate slowed by ∼15% as sarcomere length increased, due to a slower MgADP release rate (11.2 ± 0.5 vs. 13.5 ± 0.7 s−1). In the presence of dextran, cross-bridge detachment was ∼20% slower at 2.5 vs. 2.0 μm sarcomere length due to a slower MgADP release rate (10.1 ± 0.6 vs. 12.9 ± 0.5 s−1). However, osmotic compression of fibers at either 2.5 or 2.0 μm sarcomere length produced only slight (and statistically insignificant) slowing in the rate of MgADP release. These data suggest that skeletal muscle exhibits sarcomere-length-dependent changes in cross-bridge kinetics and MgADP release that are separate from, or complementary to, changes in lattice spacing.
Bortezomib Targets Multiple Myeloma Endothelial Cells.

Introduction: Bone marrow (BM) angiogenesis is an important hallmark of multiple myeloma (MM) which correlates with progression. Although MM remains incurable despite conventional and high-dose chemotherapy, the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib (Velcade, formerly PS-341), can overcome conventional drug resistance in vitro and in vivo and it has recently been FDA approved for treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Here we evaluated whether anti-angiogenesis may contribute to the anti-MM activity of PS-341. We examined the effect of PS-341 on the angiogenic phenotype of endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from BM of patients with MM. Methods: MMECs were extracted from BM of patients with active MM using a lectin-based method. The MMEC population contained >95% factor VIII-related antigen (FVIII-RA) + and CD31 + cells, as assessed by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Contamination by macrophages and plasma cells was 90%. MTT assay and [ 3 H] thymidine uptake were used to evaluate the effects of PS-341 on survival and proliferation, respectively, of MMECs. Proliferation of MM.1S cells cocoltured with MMECs was measured by [ 3 H] thymidine uptake. Cytokine (IL-6, VEGF) levels were quantitated by ELISA. Other in vitro angiogenesis functions examined included chemotaxis, spreading on fibronectin (FN), and morphogenesis on Matrigel. Ongoing work is looking at the effect of PS-341 on angiogenesis in vivo by using a chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Results: PS-341, at concentrations achievable in the plasma of patients, inhibited in vitro MMEC and HUVEC functions related to angiogenesis, including proliferation, chemotaxis, spreading on FN, and capillary formation on Matrigel. All these functions were affected in a dose-dependent fashion. A significant concentration-dependent reduction of VEGF and IL-6 production was observed in the presence of PS-341, as demonstrated by ELISA. Importantly, binding of MM.1S cells to MMECs triggers tumor cell proliferation, and PS-341 inhibits proliferation of adherent MM.1S cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Similar data were demonstrated in HUVECs. Conclusions : These data therefore demonstrate that PS-341 acts both directly and indirectly against MMECs, another mechanism which may contribute to the anti-MM activity of PS-341.
Variation in dermatologist visits by sociodemographic characteristics.

Background Access to dermatologists is an ongoing concern for Medicaid enrollees. Understanding current use is a key step toward designing and implementing policies to improve access. Objective We sought to quantify how often Medicaid enrollees visit dermatologists and receive treatment for skin-related conditions compared with patients with other coverage or without health insurance. Methods We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of multiyear federal survey data (Medical Expenditure Panel Survey). The sample included Medical Expenditure Panel Survey respondents younger than 65 years from 2008 to 2012. Results In unadjusted comparisons, we found that 1.4% of Medicaid enrollees had an ambulatory visit to a dermatologist annually, compared with 1.2% of uninsured individuals and 5.5% of individuals with private coverage. In adjusted models, we found that health insurance source, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and geography are associated with the likelihood of having visits to a dermatologist. Compared with individuals with private coverage, Medicaid enrollees are less likely to receive a diagnosis for a skin condition by any provider and are less than half as likely to have skin-related diagnoses made by dermatologists. Limitations We have relatively few Medical Expenditure Panel Survey respondents for a subset of specific diagnoses. Conclusions Our findings emphasize the need for efforts to reduce disparities in access to dermatologists.
Genomics of Lepidoptera saliva reveals function in herbivory

Lepidoptera herbivores deposit copious amounts of saliva when feeding. Their saliva is produced by the paired mandibular and labial glands and evidence indicates that it may play an important role in allowing an herbivore to establish on its host plant. Genomic studies of Lepidoptera saliva are beginning to reveal the role of saliva in herbivory. Molecules involved in digestion, detoxification, immunity, defense against plant secondary chemicals, chemoreception and so on have been identified using high throughput genomic tools. These genomic tools have also revealed changes that occur in Lepidoptera saliva when caterpillars feed on different host plants. However, there are other factors either biotic or abiotic (e.g., larval stage, larval health, temperature, water stress, etc.) that might also affect its composition. Though further functional and ecological studies are still necessary to fully understand the role of Lepidoptera saliva on herbivory, here we review current trends.
Determining risk for child physical harm through the classification of economic insecurity

Abstract Children in economically insecure families are more likely to experience physical harm compared with children in economically secure families. It is unclear, however, if particular combinations of economic insecurity are more or less predictive of child physical harm. This study aimed to 1) identify and describe the prevalence of distinct combinations, or classes, of economic insecurity (public and private income transfers, bill-paying, housing, food, and medical hardships), 2) and to associate these classes with child physical harm (spanking, hitting, slapping, shaking, pinching). We employed latent class analysis with age 5 data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study (N = 4133), finding that four latent classes of economic insecurity differentially predict the prevalence and chronicity of physical harm behaviors. Mothers who reported hardship perpetrated more child physical harm than mothers who received income transfers but reported no hardship. Implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed.
The role of hunger state and dieting history in neural response to food cues: An event-related potential study

A history of dieting to lose weight has been shown to be a robust predictor of future weight gain. A potential factor in propensity towards weight gain is the nature of people's reactions to the abundance of highly palatable food cues in the environment. Event Related Potentials (ERPs) have revealed differences in how the brain processes food cues between obese and normal weight individuals, as well as between restrained and unrestrained eaters. However, comparisons by weight status are not informative regarding whether differences predate or follow weight gain in obese individuals and restrained eating has not consistently been found to predict future weight gain. The present study compared ERP responses to food cues in non-obese historic dieters (HDs) to non-obese never dieters (NDs). HDs showed a blunted N1 component relative to NDs overall, and delayed N1 and P2 components compared to NDs in the hungry state, suggesting that early, perceptual processing of food cues differs between these groups, especially when food-deprived. HDs also showed a more hunger-dependent sustained ERP (LPP) compared to NDs. Future research should test ERP-based food cue responsivity as a mediator between dieting history and future weight gain to better identify those most at risk for weight gain as well as the nature of their vulnerability.
Intraoperative Navigation Is Associated with Reduced Blood Loss During C1-C2 Posterior Cervical Fixation.

Objective Traumatic injuries, degenerative/rheumatologic conditions, tumors, or infections of the upper cervical spine may in certain circumstances require surgical stabilization. C1 lateral mass screws (Harms technique) in combination with C2 instrumentation (pars, pedicle, translaminar screws) have become a mainstay of surgical treatment. The surgical anatomy of the C1 lateral mass can be challenging especially with the robust venous plexus that often causes significant bleeding with exposure of the C1–C2 articular complex. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the use of navigation reduced intraoperative blood loss during atlantoaxial fixation. Methods We reviewed our institutional experience with atlantoaxial instrumentation with and without navigation from 2007 to 2016. We limited our cases to those requiring C1–C2 stabilization in traumatic and degenerative cases and not as part of more extensive surgical stabilizations. We identified 45 consecutive patients and compared intraoperative blood loss, need for transfusion, and time of procedure with and without the use of navigation. Results There was a significant reduction in the amount of intraoperative blood loss in the navigated (n = 20) versus non-navigated cases (n = 25). In addition, although the navigated cases initially were longer, currently there is no significant difference in the length of the cases. Conclusions In our series, surgical navigation significantly reduced blood loss compared with non-navigated cases without increasing surgical time or risk of complication. Furthermore, navigation has the potential to reduce operative times due to a reduction in blood loss.
Apolipoprotein L1 risk variants associate with prevalent atherosclerotic disease in African American systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is exaggerated in African American (AA) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, with doubled cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk compared to White patients. The extent to which common Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) risk alleles (RA) contribute to this trend is unknown. This retrospective cohort study assessed prevalent atherosclerotic disease across APOL1 genotypes in AA SLE patients. METHODS One hundred thirteen AA SLE subjects were APOL1-genotyped and stratified as having: zero risk alleles, one risk allele, or two risk alleles. Chart review assessed CVD manifestations including abdominal aortic aneurysm, angina, carotid artery disease, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, and vascular calcifications. Associations between the genotypes and a composite endpoint defined as one or more CVD manifestations were calculated using logistic regression. Symptomatic atherosclerotic disease, excluding incidental vascular calcifications, was also assessed. RESULTS The 0-risk-allele, 1-risk-allele and 2-risk-allele groups, respectively, comprised 34%, 53%, and 13% of the cohort. Respectively, 13.2%, 41.7%, and 60.0% of the 0-risk allele, 1-risk-allele, and 2-risk-allele groups met the composite endpoint of atherosclerotic CVD (p = 0.001). Adjusting for risk factors-including smoking, ESRD, BMI >25 and hypertension-we observed an association between carrying one or more RA and atherosclerotic CVD (OR = 7.1; p = 0.002). For symptomatic disease, the OR was 3.5 (p = 0.02). In a time-to-event analysis, the proportion of subjects free from the composite primary endpoint, symptomatic atherosclerotic CVD, was higher in the 0-risk-allele group compared to the 1-risk-allele and 2-risk-allele groups (χ2 = 6.5; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the APOL1 RAs associate with prevalent atherosclerotic CVD in this cohort of AA SLE patients, perhaps reflecting a potentiating effect of SLE on APOL1-related cardiovascular phenotypes.
Germanium And Germanium-Diamond Bolometers Operated At 4.K, 20K, 12K, 0.3K And 0.1K

The design, construction, and performance of state of the art germanium and germanium-diamond bolometers operated at 4.2, 2.0, 1.2, and 0.3 K are discussed. These detectors have a broad range of applications, and are particularly important for the long wavelength (far infrared to millimeter) regions. Current results may be extrapolated to lower temperatures and higher levels of performance. A system which will operate at 0.1 K using a He-4-He-3 dilution refrigerator is under development.
Objective Structured Clinical Examination-Based Teaching of the Musculoskeletal Examination.

Objectives Musculoskeletal complaints are the most common presenting illnesses in primary care settings, yet physicians often are underprepared to manage such complaints. We sought to create and evaluate an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE)-based musculoskeletal workshop designed to simultaneously educate medical students and internal medicine residents, enlisting volunteer medical students as standardized patients (SPs). Methods The setting for the study was the Yale Primary Care Residency Program. A comprehensive OSCE-based musculoskeletal workshop series was created, consisting of standalone workshops with evidence-based interactive lectures followed by OSCE stations. At each station, residents are evaluated on physical examination skills, differential diagnosis, and therapeutic plan. We assessed the impact of exposure to the neck/back pain workshop using written knowledge and clinical skills tests (maximum score 32) among both residents and medical students 6 months after exposure. Results A convenience sample of 13 residents exposed to the neck/back pain workshop was compared with 17 unexposed residents. Six months after exposure to the workshop, exposed residents, compared with unexposed residents, performed significantly better on a written knowledge test (score 8.6 vs 6.8, P = 0.005) and the clinical skills test (score 20.9 vs 17.1, P = 0.007). Similarly, medical student SPs performed significantly better on the clinical skills test (17.0 vs 12.0, P = 0.02), compared with the control students. Conclusions Our novel OSCE-based musculoskeletal workshop, which enlists medical students to serve as SPs, engendered sustainable improvements in knowledge and clinical skills among both residents and participating students, thereby offering an innovative approach to simultaneously meeting both undergraduate and graduate medical education needs.
AhR and SHP regulate phosphatidylcholine and S-adenosylmethionine levels in the one-carbon cycle

Phosphatidylcholines (PC) and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) are critical determinants of hepatic lipid levels, but how their levels are regulated is unclear. Here, we show that Pemt and Gnmt, key one-carbon cycle genes regulating PC/SAM levels, are downregulated after feeding, leading to decreased PC and increased SAM levels, but these effects are blunted in small heterodimer partner (SHP)-null or FGF15-null mice. Further, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is translocated into the nucleus by insulin/PKB signaling in the early fed state and induces Pemt and Gnmt expression. This induction is blocked by FGF15 signaling-activated SHP in the late fed state. Adenoviral-mediated expression of AhR in obese mice increases PC levels and exacerbates steatosis, effects that are blunted by SHP co-expression or Pemt downregulation. PEMT, AHR, and PC levels are elevated in simple steatosis patients, but PC levels are robustly reduced in steatohepatitis-fibrosis patients. This study identifies AhR and SHP as new physiological regulators of PC/SAM levels.
Extraction of Visual Information from Images of Eyes

Our eyes are crucial to providing us with an enormous amount of information about our physical world. What is less often explored is the fact that the eye also conveys equally rich information to an external observer. Figure 7.1 shows two images of eyes. One can see a building in the example on the left and a person’s face in the example on the right. At the same time, we can see that the mapping of the environment within the appearance of the eye is complex and depends on how the eye is imaged. In [633], highlights in an eye were used to locate three known point sources. The sources were then used to apply photometric stereo and relight the face. Extensive previous work has also been done on using eyes to estimate gaze [154,468,588,603,693,706] and to identify people from their iris textures [116, 185]1. However, virtually no work has been done on using eyes to interpret the world surrounding the person to whom the eye belongs.
Professional Video Recording

In 1956 video tape recorders revolutionized the television industry, just as sound recorders had revolutionized the audio industry a decade before. Almost all television now is taped so it can be reviewed, edited, broadcast at a convenient hour, and repeated at any time or place in the future.
Stability of Plasma for Add-On PT and APTT Tests

We conducted studies to determine at what time point an add-on prothrombin time (PT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) test can be honored on specimens that have been received in the laboratory hours earlier without yielding results with clinically significant differences from those if the test had been performed on the original unstored plasma. PT and APTT tests were performed on blood samples from 20 healthy subjects, 30 patients receiving warfarin, and 30 patients receiving heparin anticoagulation therapy. The tests were performed on plasma prepared initially after the samples were obtained. The same tests were assayed on plasma that had been left on spun-down blood cells at room temperature for 2, 4, and 8 hours. We found that the PT of the majority of plasma samples from healthy subjects and from patients receiving oral anticoagulant therapy tended to become shorter on storage. However, the difference in PT values was small and had no clinical significance. In most cases, the APTT values for the stored plasma from healthy subjects tended to increase with time. Except in one specimen in which the 8-hour add-on APTT was 1.2 seconds longer than the APTT result for the original sample, all others had APTT results less than 1.2 seconds longer than the original values. In patients receiving heparin, the differences in APTT values between the initial and add-on tests were larger than those observed for healthy subjects. However, those differences are not beyond what we would accept for duplicate checks for heparinized samples with high APTT values. Unlike samples from healthy subjects, there was no obvious trend of time-related prolongation of the APTT in heparinized plasma. These results led us to believe that within an 8-hour period and with plasma on spun-down cells at room temperature, add-on tests for PT and APTT could be performed with results similar to what would be obtained from testing unstored samples.
An anaerobic hybrid bioreactor for biologically enhanced primary treatment of domestic wastewater under low temperatures

Anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater is a methane-generating alternative to the current aerobic wastewater treatment paradigm. To explore biologically enhanced primary treatment of domestic wastewater, a pilot-scale hybrid reactor system, consisting of a three-compartment anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) and an anaerobic fixed film reactor (AFFR), was operated for 720 days under low wastewater temperatures. The ABR-AFFR removed 49% of organics (as chemical oxygen demand, COD) and 72% of suspended solids, exceeding the performance of conventional primary treatment and achieving secondary discharge standards for suspended solids under warmer wastewater temperatures (>20 °C). The ABR-AFFR produced stoichiometric volumes of methane (0.36 L CH4 per g COD removed), at times exceeding the calculated theoretical maximum methane production from biodegradable organic removal. The mean electrical energy potential of gaseous CH4 produced by the ABR-AFFR was 0.16 kWh m−3 wastewater treated (assuming 32% electrical energy conversion efficiency). Examination of the microbial communities under warm (23 °C) and cold (12 °C) wastewater temperatures indicates that Euryarchaeota was in higher relative abundance under cold wastewater temperatures and that Methanosaeta, an acetate-utilizing methanogen, dominated the methanogenic community. The difference in community structure under varying wastewater temperatures indicates that long-term studies are required before accurate models tying system performance to community structure can be constructed. Results of this study suggest that the ABR-AFFR may be a viable methane-generating alternative to conventional primary treatment in an anaerobic-aerobic treatment paradigm.
Predictors of Family Functioning Among Clergy and Spouses: Influences of Social Context and Perceptions of Work-Related Stressors

We wished to identify predictors of family functioning from models including perceptions of stresses associated with mobility, financial compensation, intrusiveness to family boundaries, expectations on time demands, and the lack of social support. Data were collected from 136 randomly selected couples from six denominations in which husbands were clergy. Participants completed a survey that included the Clergy Family Life Inventory which assessed perceptions of five work-related stressors and the Self Report Measure of Family Functioning scale which measured 12 dimensions of family functioning. Separate regression models were tested for husbands and wives and these analyses indicated that no single stressor seemed influential for all 12 dimensions of family functioning. However, for both husbands and wives, family boundary intrusiveness, lack of social support, and mobility stresses influenced their competence in numerous areas of family functioning. In addition, husbands and wives experienced similar effects of stress among several dimensions of family functioning (e.g. enmeshment, family organization, democratic family atmosphere expressiveness).
Correlation Between Altmetric Score and Citations in Pediatric Surgery Core Journals.

Abstract Background The impact of a scientific article has traditionally been measured by the impact factor (IF) of the journal it is published in and the number of times it is cited. However, citations have a lag period before the true impact of an article can be determined. The Altmetric score has emerged as a measure of the digital dissemination of a scientific article across multiple platforms, including Tweets, Facebook likes, and other social and popular media mentions. We hypothesized that Altmetric score would correlate with citations and journal IF in pediatric surgery. Methods Using the previously identified 14 core journals of pediatric surgery, the top ten most-cited articles from each of these journals were identified for the year 2012, allowing for 5+ y of follow-up. For each article, we determined the number of times cited and the Altmetric score. For each journal, the 2012 IF and year in which the journal's Twitter account was established were determined. Bibliometric data were collected for the year 2015 to allow comparison of Altmetric scores across years. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation coefficients were determined using the GraphPad PRISM software. Results Citation information for n = 140 articles from 2012 to 2015 was obtained. In 2012, articles were cited 56,159 times (median 192, range 21-5029), and the median Altmetric score was 8 (range 0-4261). Citations correlated strongly with journal IF (r = 0.82, P Conclusions This study is the first to link traditional bibliometric measures with newer measures of digital dissemination for publications in pediatric surgery. Although the Altmetric score of the top cited articles did not correlate with journal IF, it did weakly correlate with citations. Interestingly, this correlation was strongest for journals with well-established Twitter accounts, indicating that, over time, the Altmetric score may emerge as a tool to predict future citations. Currently, Altmetric and traditional bibliometric measures appear to have distinct but complementary roles in measuring dissemination and impact of scientific articles in pediatric surgery.
A computational protocol for regulating protein binding reactions with a light sensitive protein dimer

Light-sensitive proteins can be used to perturb signaling networks in living cells and animals with high spatiotemporal resolution. We recently engineered a protein heterodimer that dissociates when irradiated with blue light and demonstrated that by fusing each half of the dimer to termini of a protein that it is possible to selectively block binding surfaces on the protein when in the dark. On activation with light, the dimer dissociates and exposes the binding surface, allowing the protein to bind its partner. Critical to the success of this system, called Z-lock, is that the linkers connecting the dimer components to the termini are engineered so that the dimer forms over the appropriate binding surface. Here, we develop and test a protocol in the Rosetta molecular modeling program for designing linkers for Z-lock. We show that the protocol can predict the most effective linker sets for three different light-sensitive switches, including a newly designed switch that binds the Rho-family GTPase Cdc42 on stimulation with blue light. This protocol represents a generalized computational approach to placing a wide variety of proteins under optogenetic control with Z-lock.
The Failing Right Heart from Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension is a disease caused by a multitude of medical conditions which leads to vascular remodeling and increased resistance of the pulmonary circulation. This increased pulmonary vascular resistance and loss of vascular distensibility causes increased afterload for the right ventricle to pump against. Despite adaptive changes to increase contractility, the right ventricle eventually uncouples from the pulmonary circulation, dilates, and goes into failure. Signs of right heart failure may be subtle at first and only detected on imaging and right heart catheterization. However, evolution to right ventricular failure from pulmonary hypertension can be a challenging condition to treat in the intensive care unit with a focus on improving right ventricular contractility, preventing ischemia, and utilizing vasodilator therapy to target afterload reduction. There is a high mortality for those who rapidly progress or fail to respond to medical therapy and the use of extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and lung transplantation is a developing field for only a subset of patients.
Analyzing the outcome of clostridium difficile infection in cancer patients.

e19340Background: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a considerable health burden, and now identified as the leading cause of acquired diarrhea in patients receiving antibiotics. Cancer patie...
Comparison of clinical characteristics of post-refractive surgery-related and post-herpetic neuropathic corneal pain.

Abstract Purpose To compare the clinical characteristics and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) findings of patients with neuropathic corneal pain (NCP) due to refractive surgery (RS-NCP) and herpetic eye disease (H-NCP) to controls. Methods Sixteen patients with RS-NCP and 7 patients with H-NCP, and 37 healthy reference age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included to the study. The medical records were reviewed for demographic features, detailed disease history, ocular surface disease index (OSDI), ocular pain assessment survey (OPAS) scores. IVCM images of patients were analyzed and compared to reference controls by two masked observers. Results The mean pain intensity score for the last 24 h (5.1 ± 2.4 vs. 3.9 ± 1.2; p = 0.27), last 2 weeks (6.1 ± 2.5 vs. 4.8 ± 2.3; p = 0.13) for RS-NCP vs. H-NCP respectively, and quality of life scores (p = 0.23) were similar in both groups. Quality of life, especially mood (p = 0.06) and enjoying life/relations to others (p = 0.10) were affected in both groups, but were not statistically significant between groups. The mean total nerve density was lower in RS-NCP (5,702.4 ± 4,599.0 μm/mm2) compared to their respective controls (26,422.8 ± 4,491.0; p Conclusion Neuropathic corneal pain patients due to refractive surgery show similar clinical characteristics, pain levels, quality of life impact, and IVCM findings as patients with NCP due to herpetic eye disease.
Walls, Cages, and Family Separation: Race and Immigration Policy in the Trump Era

US immigration policy has deeply racist roots. From his rhetoric to his policies, President Donald Trump has continued this tradition, most notoriously through his border wall, migrant family separation, and child detention measures. But who exactly supports these practices and what factors drive their opinions? Our research reveals that racial attitudes are fundamental to understanding who backs the president's most punitive immigration policies. We find that whites who feel culturally threatened by Latinos, who harbor racially resentful sentiments, and who fear a future in which the United States will be a majority–minority country, are among the most likely to support Trump's actions on immigration. We argue that while the President's policies are unpopular with the majority of Americans, Trump has grounded his political agenda and 2020 reelection bid on his ability to politically mobilize the most racially conservative segment of whites who back his draconian immigration enforcement measures.
Synthesizing a Japanese-language functional expression learning system with Chinese-speaking learners’ cultural interests and backgrounds

This piece is a short response to Liu, Shindo, and Matsumoto’s (2019) Development of a computer-assisted Japanese functional expression learning system for Chinese-speaking learners for the special issue: Shifting to Digital: Informing the rapid development, deployment, and future of teaching and learning. Key ideas, value, and future implications are culturally addressed in relation to a computer-assisted language learning system entitled Jastudy meant for Chinese learners of Japanese language.
Associations Between Atrial Cardiopathy and Cerebral Amyloid: The ARIC-PET Study.

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a risk factor for cognitive decline, possibly from silent brain infarction. Left atrial changes in structure or function (atrial cardiopathy) can lead to AF b...
Characteristics of high-resolution esophageal manometry in children without dysphagia.

Background The absence of high-resolution esophageal manometry (HREM) norms in pediatrics limits the assessment of children with dysphagia. This study aimed to describe HREM parameters in a cohort of children without dysphagia. Methods Children ages 9-16 years with a negative Mayo Dysphagia Questionnaire screen and normal histologic findings underwent HREM after completion of esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Ten swallows of 5 ml 0.45% saline boluses per subject were captured in supine position. Analyzed data included resting and integrated relaxation pressures (IRP) of lower (LES) and upper (UES) esophageal sphincters, peristaltic contractile integrals, transition zone (TZ) breaks, velocities, and lengths associated with proximal and distal esophagus. Key results 33 subjects (15 female) with mean (range) age 12.9 (9-16) years completed the study. Two of 330 analyzed swallows failed. The UES mean resting pressure, and its 0.2 s and 0.8 s IRPs were 48.3 (95% CI 12.9) mmHg, 2.9 (95% CI 1.9) mmHg, and 12.1 (95% CI 2.5) mmHg, respectively. The LES mean resting pressure and its 4 s IRP were 29.0 (95% CI 4.0) mmHg and 9.2 (95% CI 1.3) mmHg. The mean proximal (PCI) and distal (DCI) esophageal contractile integrals were 231 (95% CI 54.8) mmHg-s-cm and 1789.3 (95% CI 323.5) mmHg-s-cm, with mean TZ break 0.5 (95% CI 0.3) cm. Conclusions & inferences This is the first study to describe HREM parameters in children without dysphagia. Most of the reported measurements were significantly different and less variable from reported adult norms. This emphasizes the need for child-specific catheters, norms, and protocols to define pediatric esophageal motility disorders.
Satireforschung in der Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaft

In Kapitel 2 ist bereits deutlich geworden, wie vielfaltig sich das Phanomen der Satire im Laufe der Jahrhunderte entwickelte und wie divers sich die wissenschaftlichen Perspektiven auf und Definitionen von Satire gestalten. Wahrend die Auseinandersetzung mit satirischen Inhalten lange besonders intensiv im Bereich der Literatur- und bisweilen in der Geschichtswissenschaft stattfand und nur vereinzelt in der Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaft behandelt wurde, ruckte Satire mit der gesteigerten Relevanz von Medien fur ihre Produktion und Verbreitung starker in den Fokus des Faches. Derzeit trifft Satire, die „zu einem wichtigen Bestandteil der politischen Offentlichkeit avanciert“ ist, ins Herz kommunikationswissenschaftlicher Fragestellungen und wird insbesondere in Zusammenhang mit einer (vermeintlichen) Vertrauenskrise des traditionellen Journalismus, mit Blick auf ihre generelle Rolle in postmodernen Mediengesellschaften und deren Offentlichkeiten sowie hinsichtlich ihrer demokratiefordernden und -schadigenden Potenziale diskutiert.
Prospective changes in sleep problems in response to the daily rest period among Japanese daytime workers: A longitudinal web survey.

The daily rest period (DRP) is the daily inter-work interval and can include a sleep opportunity, leisure time, and other non-work time. A longer DRP may allow workers to increase time in bed (TIB) and adjust sleep timing, and that may reduce sleep problems such as short sleep duration, sleep debt, social jetlag, and poor sleep quality. The present study examined the longitudinal association between the DRP and these sleep problems among Japanese daytime workers. The DRP, TIB on workdays, sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]), sleep debt and social jetlag were measured in November 2016 (n = 10,000) and February 2019 (n = 3,098). Of these, 955 permanent daytime workers were divided into five groups based on the change in the DRP duration: shortened ≥2 hr, shortened ≥1 hr, no change (<1 hr), extended ≥1 hr and extended ≥2 hr. Linear mixed-model analysis revealed significant interaction (group × time) effects on the TIB, PSQI score and sleep debt (all p < 0.001), but not on social jetlag (p = 0.476). Post hoc comparisons revealed that the TIB was decreased, and the sleep debt was increased in the shortened ≥2 hr group, whereas the TIB was increased and PSQI score was improved in the extended ≥2 hr group (all p < 0.01). These findings suggest that an extension of the DRP improves sleep quantity and quality but not sleep debt and social jetlag. Aside from extending the DRP, ensuring a sufficient sleep duration and adjusting sleep timing during the DRP may also be needed to prevent sleep problems.
Recruiting and Supporting Diverse Geoscience and Environmental Science Students

Producing a workforce that will be successful in meeting global environmental and resource challenges requires that we attract diverse students into the geosciences, support them fully in our programs, and assist them as they move into the profession. However, geoscience has the lowest ethnic and racial diversity of any of the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines (National Science Foundation (NSF), “Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering,” http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/2013/start.cfm) and is often viewed as a difficult choice for students with physical disabilities.
Scientific Theories and Naive Theories as Forms of Mental Representation: Psychologism Revived

This paper analyzes recent work in psychology on the nature of the representation of complex forms of knowledge with the goal of understanding how theories are represented. The analysis suggests that, as a psychological form of representation, theories are mental structures that include theoretical entities (usually nonobservable), relationships among the theoretical entities, and relationships of the theoretical entities to the phenomena of some domain. A theory explains the phenomena in its domain by providing a conceptual framework for the phenomena that leads to a feeling of understanding in the reader/hearer. The explanatory conceptual framework goes beyond the original phenomena, integrates diverse aspects of the world, and shows how the original phenomena follow from the framework. This analysis is used to argue that mental models are the subclass of theories that use causal/mechanical explanatory frameworks. In addition, an argument is made for a new psychologism in the philosophy of science, in which the mental representation of scientific theories must be taken into account.
Image-based search engine

We are in the process of developing an image-based search engine, capable of using distributed computing techniques to locate a shape in a larger image, regardless of scale or orientation. On today's computers, it is common for mainstream commercial search engines to find images based on keywords. The final outcome of this project will allow people to locate pictures based on image information, not text. To that end, we have designed a fully functional image-based search system that performs edge comparisons at various orientations and scale using distributed processing, and generates match results based on percentage.
Social Research and ‘Race’ Policy Framing in Britain and France:

This article assesses the effect of social research on the origins and evolution of race frames and race policy-making in Britain and France. Social research can provide new ideas and information within an existing system, and in so doing, it may spur a shift in policy frames. Social research may seldom be the most important influence on policy frames or policy outcomes, but its timing, its fit with the interests of powerful actors and the ways in which it becomes institutionalised in the national political scene can increase the odds of its affecting policy trajectories and can enhance its potential for resolving the dilemmas that often accompany debates about migration and integration in contemporary Europe.
Effects of Dietary Protein, Fat and Restriction on Body Composition and Energy Balance in Lactating Rats

Isoenergetic diets formulated at three levels of dietary protein using 12,24 and 40% casein and at two levels of fat using 2.26 and 13.82% corn oil were fed at five levels of intake, ad libitum, 75, 62.5, 50 and 37.5% of average ad libitum intake, to 90 lactating rats from d 7 to 14 of lactation. Regression equations developed from lactating rats killed on d 7 of lactation were used to calculate initial body composition and energy of rats killed on d 14 of lactation. Changes in body weight and body water were significantly (P less than 0.05) affected by dietary fat and protein, but change in dry lean body mass was affected only by level of dietary fat, whereas body nitrogen and fat and lean body energy were not affected by level of dietary fat or protein. However, restricted intake significantly increased loss of all these. Likewise, restricted intake decreased milk production. Changes in weights of heart and liver were not affected by diet or intake, whereas intestinal weight decreased with intake restriction. Liver enzyme activities were markedly affected by intake restriction, whereas responses to dietary protein and fat were marginal.