cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Architectural and design perspectives in a modular multi-microprocessor, the DPS-1

For the last decade, one of the most active and exciting areas in computer architecture is the interconnection of computers to form parallel or concurrent systems. These systems are generally called "multiprocessors" or "distributed processors" and may range in organization from processors sharing a common memory to geographically isolated computer installations connected as a network. The low cost and ease of implementation of LSI microprocessors make them extremely attractive design possibilities for the implementation of general-purpose multiprocessor systems. Furthermore, the MOS technology used to implement the majority of microprocessors limits the instruction execution rates such that many applications are compute bound rather than limited by other system bandwidths. This indicates that a number of microprocessors may be effectively interconnected to increase the general system performance.
A note on the use of crystal engineering to increase the opacity of terra verde inpainting pigment: Adulteration of green earths

Abstract Micallef et al. recently described in this Journal [38 (2019) 1–7] the use of crystal engineering methods to increase the opacity of terra verde (green earth) pigment for conservation inpainting purposes. In contrast to their chemical characterization of the pigment as comprising only natural inorganic minerals, this research shows that the commercial Verona green earth pigment used in their experiments contains a significant quantity of the synthetic organic pigment adulterant, copper phthalocyanine green (PG7 form). This bright green additive provides most of the color of their source pigment and is shown to be a common additive to so-called “green earth” colorants sold to artists and conservators. Their results must be reassessed in light of this oversight.
Optimization of Parameters of MgB2Hot-Electron Bolometers

Hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) made with MgB 2 have proven to have a large intermediate frequency and have shown potential for a low noise into the terahertz range. Although practical results from these mixers have been achieved fairly quickly, effort is still needed to realize an MgB 2 HEB with improved sensitivity to compete with state-of-the-art mixers. Here, we present the results of our mixer work to achieve MgB 2 HEBs based on hybrid physical chemical vapor deposition grown films, with improved sensitivity and higher temperature operation. A new fabrication process is developed which utilizes even thinner films (<;10 nm) allowing for the improvement of the impedance match of the mixer device with the Au spiral antenna. Integrated superconducting contacts prevent deterioration of the sensitivity due to the electron diffusion. The mixer noise temperature is 2000 and 3600 K at 600 and 1.9 THz, respectively, with minimal dependence on the bath temperature until over 20 K. The noise bandwidth of the mixer is 6.5 GHz at 4.2 K and is expected to be larger at higher operating temperature.
Navigating Complex Medical Decision Making in the Pediatric ICU

Explore the unique challenges of serious illness with this pediatric patient. Colleagues are distressed. Parents want to explore goals in depth. Learn about legacy work with children and families.
Cryptococcosis in Liver Transplant Candidates and Recipients

Evaluate the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, and clinical outcomes of cryptococcal infections in patients with advanced liver disease or liver transplantation. Cryptococcal infections in patients with advanced liver disease (ALD) are uncommon but associated with high mortality. Less than 10% of patients in a prospective study of non-HIV-infected cryptococcal meningitis patients had ALD. Significantly, fever was uncommon, resulting in delays in diagnosis. Modalities for diagnosing cryptococcal infections include the rapid lateral flow cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) assay from serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens and multiplex polymerase chain reactions from CSF. Screening all ALD patients with CrAg has not been beneficial. Cryptococcal infections in patients with ALD and liver transplantation result in poor outcomes due to diagnostic delays and concomitant impaired liver function with hepatotoxic therapies. A high index of suspicion is necessary as routine screening has very low yield for early detection.
A Novel Method and Exoskeletons for Whole-Arm Gravity Compensation

This project was funded by the Mechanical Engineering Department at Virginia Tech and the Virginia Tech Open Access Subvention Fund, and Joshua Hull was also supported by a Science, Mathematics, and Research for Transformation (SMART) fellowship.
Certifying Neural Network Robustness to Random Input Noise from Samples.

Methods to certify the robustness of neural networks in the presence of input uncertainty are vital in safety-critical settings. Most certification methods in the literature are designed for adversarial input uncertainty, but researchers have recently shown a need for methods that consider random uncertainty. In this paper, we propose a novel robustness certification method that upper bounds the probability of misclassification when the input noise follows an arbitrary probability distribution. This bound is cast as a chance-constrained optimization problem, which is then reformulated using input-output samples to replace the optimization constraints. The resulting optimization reduces to a linear program with an analytical solution. Furthermore, we develop a sufficient condition on the number of samples needed to make the misclassification bound hold with overwhelming probability. Our case studies on MNIST classifiers show that this method is able to certify a uniform infinity-norm uncertainty region with a radius of nearly 50 times larger than what the current state-of-the-art method can certify.
On Aerosol Size Distribution Measurement by Laser and White Light Optical Particle Counters

Light scattering optical particle counters are widely used for size distribution measurement of aerosol particles. The accuracy of the measured size distribution is dependent upon the response of the counter, which is affected by the refractive index and shape of the particles as well as by the optical design of the instrument, including the light source used. This paper addresses the measurement accuracy of the optical particle counter. Data are presented showing the response characteristics of several widely used commercial optical counters and the comparative size distribution measurement made by means of these instruments.
Accelerated brain aging in chronic low back pain

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a leading cause of disability and is associated with neurodegenerative changes in brain structure. These changes lead to impairments in cognitive function and are consistent with those seen in aging, suggesting an accelerated aging pattern. In this study we assessed this using machine-learning estimated brain age (BA) as a holistic metric of morphometric changes associated with aging. Structural imaging data from 31 non-depressed CLBP patients and 32 healthy controls from the Pain and Interoception Imaging Network were included. Using our previously developed algorithm, we estimated BA per individual based on grey matter density. We then conducted multivariable linear modeling for effects of group, chronological age, and their interaction on BA. We also performed two voxel-wise analyses comparing grey matter density between CLBP and control individuals and the association between gray matter density and BA. There was an interaction between CLBP and greater chronological age on BA such that the discrepancy in BA between healthy and CLBP individuals was greater for older individuals. In CLBP individuals, BA was not associated with sex, current level of pain, duration of CLBP, or mild to moderate depressive symptoms. CLBP individuals had lower cerebellar grey matter density compared to healthy individuals. Brain age was associated with lower gray matter density in numerous brain regions. CLBP was associated with greater BA, which was more profound in later life. BA as a holistic metric was sensitive to differences in gray matter density in numerous regions which eluded direct comparison between groups.
The constitution of the city and the critique of critical urban theory

A theoretical account of the genesis and internal spatial structure of cities is given. The essence of the urbanisation process is described in terms of the following main developmental phases: (a)...
Topology optimization of 3D photonic crystals with complete bandgaps

The design of photonic crystals with complete bandgaps has recently received considerable research focus for numerous reasons. This work leverages well-known nonlinear programming techniques to alleviate the non-smoothness caused by degenerate eigenvalues such that topology optimization problems can be solved with the open-source IPOPT software. A fully-vectorial plane wave expansion technique is used with an iterative eigensolver to efficiently predict dispersion properties of candidate structures. Nonlinear programming is employed to solve the inverse problem of designing three-dimensional periodic structures that exhibit complete two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) photonic bandgaps. Mesh refinement is performed to alleviate the large computational burden of designing and analyzing photonic crystals, and a periodic density filter is implemented to impose a minimum feature size for manufacturability considerations.
Hydrophilic polymer embolism identified in brain tumor specimens following Wada testing: A report of 2 cases

Hydrophilic polymers are commonly used as coatings on intravascular medical devices. As intravascular pro-cedures continue to increase in frequency, the risk of embolization of this material throughout the body has become evident. These emboli may be discovered incidentally but can result in serious complications includ-ing death. Here, we report the first two cases of hydrophilic polymer embolism (HPE) identified on brain tu-mor resection following Wada testing. One patient experienced multifocal vascular complications and diffuse cerebral edema, while the other had an uneventful postoperative course. Wada testing is frequently per-formed during preoperative planning prior to epilepsy surgery or the resection of tumors in eloquent brain regions. These cases demonstrate the need for increased recognition of this histologic finding to enable fur-ther correlation with clinical outcomes.
Segmentation of coarse and fine scale features using multi-scale diffusion and Mumford-Shah

Here we present a segmentation algorithm that uses multi-scale diffusion with the Mumford-Shah model. The image data inside and outside a surface is smoothed by minimizing an energy functional using a partial differential equation that results in a trade-off between smoothing and data fidelity. We propose a scale-space approach that uses a good deal of diffusion as its coarse scale space and that gradually reduces the diffusion to get a fine scale space. So our algorithm continually moves to a particular diffusion level rather than just using a set diffusion coefficient with the Mumford-Shah model. Each time the smoothing is decreased, the data fidelity term increases and the surface is moved to a steady state. This method is useful in segmenting biomedical images acquired using high-resolution confocal fluorescence microscopy. Here we tested the method on images of individual dendrites of neurons in rat visual cortex. These dendrites are studded with dendritic spines, which have very small heads and faint necks. The coarse scale segments out the dendrite and the brighter spine heads, while avoiding noise. Backing off the diffusion to a medium scale fills in more of the structure, which gets some of the brighter spine necks. The finest scale fills in the small and detailed features of the spines that are missed in the initial segmentation. Because of the thin, faint structure of the spine necks, we incorporate into our level set framework a topology preservation method for the surface which aids in segmentation and keeps a simple topology.
SISAL 1.2: high-performance applicative computing

The acquisition of parallel processors in the scientific community is increasing, but the difficulties of parallel programming persist. Three approaches have emerged: automatic parallelizing compilers for extant languages; extended languages; and new languages that provide a cleaner and easier-to-use parallel programming model. One such new language is SISAL 1.2, a general-purpose applicative language. Regrettably, applicative languages have acquired a reputation for inefficiency because of their single-assignment semantics, and dynamic creation of aggregate objects. The authors show that a set of powerful yet simple optimization techniques can reduce the overhead of applicative semantics without sacrificing parallelism. Optimized SISAL codes can achieve execution speeds comparable to FORTRAN, and effectively exploit shared-memory multiprocessors. >
Application skeletons

Computer scientists who work on tools and systems to support eScience (a variety of parallel and distributed) applications usually use actual applications to prove that their systems will benefit science and engineering (e.g., improve application performance). Accessing and building the applications and necessary data sets can be difficult because of policy or technical issues, and it can be difficult to modify the characteristics of the applications to understand corner cases in the system design. In this paper, we present the Application Skeleton, a simple yet powerful tool to build synthetic applications that represent real applications, with runtime and I/O close to those of the real applications. This allows computer scientists to focus on the system they are building; they can work with the simpler skeleton applications and be sure that their work will also be applicable to the real applications. In addition, skeleton applications support simple reproducible system experiments since they are represented by a compact set of parameters.Our Application Skeleton tool (available as open source at https://github.com/applicationskeleton/Skeleton) currently can create easy-to-access, easy-to-build, and easy-to-run bag-of-task, (iterative) map-reduce, and (iterative) multistage workflow applications. The tasks can be serial, parallel, or a mix of both. The parameters to represent the tasks can either be discovered through a manual profiling of the applications or through an automated method. We select three representative applications (Montage, BLAST, CyberShake Postprocessing), then describe and generate skeleton applications for each. We show that the skeleton applications have identical (or close) performance to that of the real applications. We then show examples of using skeleton applications to verify system optimizations such as data caching, I/O tuning, and task scheduling, as well as the system resilience mechanism, in some cases modifying the skeleton applications to emphasize some characteristic, and thus show that using skeleton applications simplifies the process of designing, implementing, and testing these optimizations. Skeleton applications represent the key parameters of parallel and distributed eScience applications.Skeleton applications are easy-to-program, easy-to-build, and easy-to-use, and easy-to-share.Skeleton applications have similar performance to the real applications on which they are based.Skeletons application are built from an open source: https://github.com/applicationskeleton/Skeleton.Skeleton applications can be used to demonstrate system optimizations.
U‐Th‐Pb dating of monazite by single‐collector ICP‐MS: Pitfalls and potential

[1] Methods are presented for in situ determination of Pb/U, Pb/Th, and Pb/Pb ages in monazite by laser ablation, single-collector, magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Analytical precisions for individual spot analyses are ±2–3% for 206Pb/238U and 207Pb/235U, 4% for 208Pb/232Th, and 1–2% for 207Pb/206Pb (2σ, SD). For pooled analyses these precisions are ∼ ± 1–2% for 206Pb/238U, 207Pb/235U, and 208Pb/232Th and ≤1% for 207Pb/206Pb (2σ, SE). When normalized to Trebilcock, LA-ICP-MS ages on other monazite standards can deviate from their thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) ages by up to 1% for 207Pb/206Pb and up to 5% for 206Pb/238U, 207Pb/235U, and 208Pb/232Th ages. This variability has also been observed for secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) Th-Pb dating. The source(s) of these inaccuracies remains unknown. Although there are significant uncertainties inherent in this technique, U-Th-Pb monazite dating by LA-ICP-MS has important applications where this higher level of uncertainty is acceptable. Application to a large vein monazite from the Llallagua tin district of Bolivia suggests mineralization at 17–21 Ma, consistent with 21 Ma K-Ar ages from wallrock minerals but distinct from ∼45 Ma ages from apatite (Sm/Nd) and zircon (Pb/Pb).
LIPID COMPONENTS OF GANGLIOSIDES.

The fatty acids and the long-chain bases of gangliosides from several sources were analyzed by means of gas-liquid chromatography. Stearic acid was found to be the major fatty acid component while palmitic and arachidic acids were found in small amounts, confirming previous observations. Hydroxy acids were not found in any significant amounts. In addition to sphingosine and a small amount of dihydrosphingosine, two additional bases containing 20 carbon atoms each were found. Since these C20 bases were found only in gangliosides and not in other sphingolipids, the names gangliosphingosine and dihydrogangliosphingosine are proposed.
Outcome of sleep assessment (SA) in children with cranio-facial anomalies (CFA): Experience of supra-regional centre

Introduction It is recognised that CFA patients can develop sleep disordered breathing (SDB). SA includes clinical history, examination and investigations e.g. polysomnography. In this study, we sought to determine the use of SA and its impact on clinical management in symptomatic CFA patients at a Supra-regional Centre. Method Retrospective analysis of patients with syndromic and non–syndromic CFA who reported symptoms of SDB was undertaken at Birmingham Children’s Hospital (BCH), UK. Demographic features, clinical signs, symptoms, results of multichannel sleep study and clinical outcome following SA were collected over 2 year period (January 2011-December 2012). Results 14 patients with CFA and SDB symptoms were referred for SA [age (range): 2-16 years]. 11 (80%) had a diagnosis of specific syndromic (e.g. Apert’s) and 3 (20%) had non-syndromic craniosynostosis. SA showed features of SDB in 13 (90%) [mild obstructive sleep disordered breathing (OSDB) in 5 (38%), moderate OSDB 4 (30%) and severe OSDB 3 (23%)]. 1 patient had no evidence of OSDB and 1 patient had central SDB. Based on the SA results, 5 (35%) children were managed conservatively, 3 (21%) started on non-invasive ventilation (NIV), 6 (44%) had surgery (2-facial advancement and 4-adeno-tonsillectomy). Conclusion SA assessment allowed non-surgical management in significant proportion of symptomatic CFA patients including NIV. In those who required surgery, it informed optimum timing, further investigations and the type of surgery. These findings suggest that SA should be performed in all symptomatic CFA patients. Further research is required to ascertain role of SA in asymptomatic patients.
Asia's security challenges

The Asia-Pacific Region has changed from a region of permanent crisis to a major economic growth area of the world. This is mainly based on the stability of the region despite some conflict potentials. Consequently the influence of new challenges for national security is of great importance for the analysis of the future developments of this region. Security is one of the crucial needs for the individual as well as the nation or state. A comprehensive security approach is recognised by most of the Asian nation states, but most of the regional organisations in Asia are lacking it. Nevertheless, the coming era of globalisation, increasing interdependence, closer communication networks, and a growing ecology factor will show the need for closer co-operation and more regionalisation in order to fulfil the requirements of the nation state towards its inhabitants. The chapters contained in this volume provide an invaluable guide to a modified security approach in Asia, which can be the first step of building a common Asian security thinking. The covering of major security challenges as well as the regional security panoramas and the selected country profiles provide a crucial overview concerning this complex problem.
Mounting large series of single sections on few slides.

(1950). Mounting Large Series of Single Sections on Few Slides. Stain Technology: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 219-221.
Influence of trace metal ions on matrix vesicle calcification.

Since the proposal by Roivison that alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has a role in calcification [ 11, and the later demonstration that its activity was dependent on the presence of Zn2” [2], a role for trace metals in biological mineralization has been indicated. Nutritional studies in poultry in the 1950’s and 60’s showed that dietary deficiencies of Mn2+, Cu2+, or Zn*+ resulted in severe skeletal disorders [3]. Subsequently, it was found that excessive amounts of these metal ions could a!so be harmful to the skeletal system. In vitro studies indicated an inhibitory effect of metal ions on endochondral mineralization [4]. In more recent years, toxic metal ions such as Cd2+ and A13+ have been identified as etiological agents in a number of bone diseases [S-6]. Prior to the discovery of matrix vesicles (MV) by Anderson [7] and Bonucci [8], histochemical studies showed a colocalization of Zn2+ and Sudanophilic material in the hypertrophic region of the epiphyseal growth plate [9]. The discovery of MV readily explained the Sudanophilic reaction, however, it has been only recently that these structures were found to contain substantial amounts of Zn2+ [lo]. Since our discovery of the importance of Zn*+ in MV mineralization, we have investigated a number of aspects of MV function which may be affected by the presence of trace metal ions, including: 1) MV enzyme activities; 2) mineral ion transport; and 3) mineral nucleation, maturation, and growth.
Spontaneous recovery during, but not following, extinction of the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine in rats: Reinstatement of stimulus control

Extinction of the discriminative stimulus effects of drugs has received little research attention. Using a one-lever food-reinforcement (VI-1 min) operant procedure with rats (N = 16), the studies reported here assessed extinction, spontaneous recovery, and reinstatement of responding to the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine. Experiment 1 found evidence for retention of differential responding to IP administrations of nicotine after a 3-month (87 days) delay following acquisition. Experiment 2 compared spontaneous recovery of discriminative control 2 and 4 weeks following extinction. Additionally, the impact of noncontingent reinforcement on discriminative control was evaluated (reinstatement). During extinction training, nicotine (.4 mg/kg) or saline was administered 15 min prior to each 15-min session, as they were during training, but responding was not reinforced under either stimulus condition. Spontaneous recovery (SR) of responding under the SD condition occurred during a session (11th) preceded by two consecutive SΔ sessions. Matched by response rate, 8 rats were randomly assigned to either a 2-week delay group or a 4-week delay group. There was no evidence for SR of discriminated responding to the drugs 2 or 4 weeks following the final extinction session. Between-group comparisons further revealed that SR did not vary as a function of delay following extinction. Reinstatement of stimulus control was observed following 2 brief sessions of noncontingent food delivery (levers retracted and conducted in the absence of the drug cues). These results suggest that the maintenance and extinction of the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine are temporally stable. Theoretical ideas regarding drug self-administration, craving, and therapy are entertained.
Temperature dependence of the infrared spectra of C60: orientational transition and freezing

Abstract The temperature dependence (8–350 K) of the position and intensity of the IR modes of C60 near 526, 576, 1182 and 1430 cm−1 is reported. Data indicate a phase transition T0 near 260 K and support the model of a glassy state below ≈ 100 K predicted recently by molecular dynamic calculations. The first-order nature of T0 is smeared by impurities in the sample.
Microstructure control of oxide superconductory by the chemical reaction and the grain growth technique

Abstract Nano-composite of Ba 2 YCu 3 O 7-y -Ag superconductor was synthesized by the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of the hybrid powder derived from chemical and mechanical process. Magnetic flux pinning property was enhanced by the microstructure control. Post heattreatment of the HIPed body at optimum temperature range, under the temperature gradient condition and the joining to the single crystal promoted the unidirectional grain growth which eliminated the weak link.
Structure of V2O5.nH2O xerogel solved by the atomic pair distribution function technique

A long-standing issue regarding the local and long-range structure of V(2)O(5)*nH(2)O xerogel has been successfully addressed. The full three-dimensional structure of the lamellar turbostratic V(2)O(5)*nH(2)O xerogel was determined by the atomic pair distribution function technique. We show that on the atomic scale the slabs of the xerogel can be described well as almost perfect pairs (i.e., bilayers) of single V(2)O(5) layers made of square pyramidal VO(5) units. These slabs are separated by water molecules and stack along the z-axis of a monoclinic unit cell (space group C2/m) with parameters a = 11.722(3) A, b = 3.570(3) A, c = 11.520(3) A, and beta = 88.65 degrees. The stacking sequence shows signatures of turbostratic disorder and a structural coherence limited to 50 A.
An analysis of the electrical burst phenomenon in some rhinencephalic structures of the dog and monkey.

Abstract Electrical bursts of approximately 20 to 40 c/sec. were observed in some rhinencephalic areas including the olfactory bulb, olfactory stria, pyriform and prepyriform cortex, and the medial amygdala of the dog and the monkey with chronically implanted electrodes. The amplitude of the electrical bursts depended upon the degree of gross behavioral arousal and respiratory stimulation. The more aroused and excited the animal the greater was the amplitude and frequency of the electrical activity. These bursts were of a spindling character and appeared to be due to the flow of air through the ipsilateral nostril. They could be abolished by occlusion of the ipsilateral nostril or by spraying the nasal mucosa with a local anesthetic solution. Various drugs that modified the state of arousal and respiration modified the electrical bursts; d-Amphetamine and trans-π-oxocamphor markedly increased the electrical burst activity while morphine, chlorpromazine, and alpha-chloralose depressed this activity. Most but not all of the effects observed were related to the degree of respiratory stimulation or depression.
Fluorescent products of lipid peroxidation of mitochondria and microsomes.

Liver microsomes and mitochondria and heart sarcosomes from rats fed diets with varying α-tocopherol concentrations and lipid contents were peroxidized over a 6 hr time period. Lipid peroxidation was measured by absorption of oxygen, production of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactants and by development of fluorescence. The spectral characteristics of the fluorescent compounds were the same for all peroxidizing systems; the excitation maximum was 360 nm and the emission maximum was 430 nm. As time of peroxidation increased, uptake of oxygen and production of fluorescent compounds increased. These two parameters as well as production of TBA reactants were dependent upon dietary antioxidant and all three had an inverse relationship with the amount of dietary α-tocopherol. The relationship between absorption of oxygen and development of fluorescent compounds was also dependent upon dietary polyunsaturated fats (PUFA). Subcellular particles from animals fed higher levels of PUFA produced more fluorescent products per mole of oxygen absorbed than did those from animals on a diet with lower PUFA content. TBA reacting products increased with time during the initial phase of peroxidation: in the microsomal systems their production stabilized or decreased by 4–6 hr of peroxidation. Using the synthetic 1-amino-3-iminopropene derivative of glycine as standard for quantitation of fluorescence, the molar ratios of oxygen absorbed per fluorescent compound produced were calculated. This ratio for subcellular particles isolated from rats fed diets with PUFA ratios similar to those in the average American human diet was 393∶1. The fluorescent compounds had the same spectral characteristics as the lipofuscin pigment that accumulates in animal tissues as a function of age, oxidative stress or antioxidant deficiency. The fluorescent molecular damage represented by that accumulated in human heart age pigment by 50 years of age was calculated to have been caused by approximately 0.6 μmole of free radicals per gram of heart tissue.
Transoral robotic surgery: does the ends justify the means?

Purpose of reviewHead and neck surgical science has developed dramatically during the past 20 years with a major focus on organ preservation surgery. Among these organ preserving surgeries are the selective neck dissections, supracricoid partial laryngectomies, transoral laser surgeries, and now a n
Local Heat Transfer Coefficients Induced by Piezoelectrically Actuated Vibrating Cantilevers

Piezoelectric fans have been shown to provide substantial enhancements in heat transfer over natural convection while consuming very little power. These devices consist of a piezoelectric material attached to a flexible cantilever beam. When driven at resonance, large oscillations at the cantilever tip cause fluid motion, which in turn results in improved heat transfer rates. In this study, the local heat transfer coefficients induced by piezoelectric fans are determined experimentally for a fan vibrating close to an electrically heated stainless steel foil, and the entire temperature field is observed by means of an infrared camera. Four vibration amplitudes ranging from 6.35 to 10 mm are considered, with the distance from the heat source to the fan tip chosen to vary from 0.01 to 2.0 times the amplitude. The two-dimensional contours of the local heat transfer coefficient transition from a lobed shape at small gaps to an almost circular shape at intermediate gaps. At larger gaps, the heat transfer coefficient distribution becomes elliptical in shape. Correlations developed with appropriate Reynolds and Nusselt number definitions describe the area-averaged thermal performance with a maximum error of less than 12%.
Maternal obesity and associated reproductive consequences

The prevalence of obesity is continuing to increase among women. Women who are in their reproductive years are disproportionately affected by obesity. The link between obesity and increased morbidity from various conditions, including cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis and malignancies, is well established. This article discusses the current state of obesity among reproductive age women in the USA and reviews the impact of maternal obesity on reproduction. The genetic contribution to human obesity is also discussed, as is reproduction following weight reduction surgery.
Raman scattering by polaritons

Abstract In crystals lacking a center of inversion, polaritons participate in first order (one polariton) Raman scattering via electric-dipole excitation- and electric field-induced changes in the electric susceptibility. The electric-dipole oscillation and the electric field amplitudes of polaritons can be obtained, simply and directly, from the expression for the energy density of electromagnetic radiation in a dispersive dielectric medium and the relation between the electric-dipole oscillation and electric field amplitudes, which is obtained from the equations of motion. The magnitudes of the macroscopic electric field and the atomic displacement amplitudes of coupled plasmon-LO phonon modes are shown to be the same as the corresponding quantities of the coupled photon-TO phonon polariton modes having the same frequency.
Solvation Free Energies of Peptides: Comparison of Approximate Continuum Solvation Models with Accurate Solution of the Poisson−Boltzmann Equation

We have compared solvation free energies obtained from a number of approximate solvation models with an accurate solution of the Poisson−Boltzmann equation for a large data set of peptide structure...
The origin of strain avalanches in sub-micron plasticity of fcc metals

Abstract Numerous experimental observations have recently demonstrated two aspects of sub-micron plasticity in nano pillars: (1) the statistical nature of the yield strength, and (2) the existence of dynamic temporal oscillations in the hardening regime. The present work is focused on the second aspect, where we study strain avalanches in nickel nano pillars via a series of 3-D dislocation dynamics (DD) simulations. The computer simulations reveal the existence of a key mechanism that explains the origin of oscillations in post-yield plastic flow in fcc metals. Small dipolar-loops easily form through several cross-slip mechanisms, and then act as internal glide dislocation sources. When dislocations exit pillar boundaries, they leave many dipolar-loops behind. At this stage, the pillar is starved from dislocations and an increase in stress is necessary to keep up with the applied strain rate (hardening stage). At some critical stress level, dipolar-loops become effective Frank–Read sources of new glide dislocations that collectively move in a burst mode, producing strain avalanches (softening stage). The time delay between these two states, which is determined by the average dislocation velocity and pillar diameter, leads to plastic strain oscillations and intermittent dislocation avalanches, consistent with experimental observations.
Weight Gain Continues in the 1990s: 10-year Trends in Weight and Overweight from the CARDIA Study

The prevalence of obesity increased in the United States through the 1980s. The authors examined 10-year aging and secular (time-related) trends in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort for indications of whether these trends are continuing and for ages of peak weight gain in young adults. CARDIA is a population-based, prospective study of 5,115 African-American and White men and women aged 18-30 years at baseline. Body weight and overweight prevalence were measured at five time points from 1985-1986 to 1995-1996. Linear, mixed-model regression was used to partition weight gain into that due to secular trends and that due to aging. Prevalence of overweight (body mass index (BMI) > or = 25.0 kg/m2) increased markedly, and prevalence of severe obesity (BMI > or = 40.0 kg/m2) doubled in all race-sex groups. Each race-sex group experienced significant secular weight gains, ranging from 0.96 kg/year (95% confidence interval: 79, 1.13) in African-American women to 0.55 kg/year (95% confidence interval: 0.41, 0.69) in White women. Significant secular gains were present during each follow-up period. Each race-sex group also experienced significant weight increases related to aging during their early to midtwenties. Secular trends for weight gain are continuing in CARDIA, but the magnitude of weight gain differed among the four race-sex groups.
Thermal Flow Instability in Metal Injection Molding: Experiment and Simulation

Abstract Metal injection molding (MIM) is similar to plastic molding in many respects, but MIM compounds (metal powders with polymer binders) are more susceptible to thermally induced flow instability because of their higher thermal diffusivity. The flow patterns for a 17-4PH MIM compound were observed and simulated for mold filling through a diaphragm gate over a range of filling times and melt-mold interface temperatures. Simulation predicted the observed free annular jet and internal voids in the molded part and also predicted that initial contact with the outside wall of the gate would eliminate the jet, thereby reducing voids and surface defects. Parts made using a mold with a thicker gate verified these predictions. For combinations of operating conditions and mold geometry that gave large thermally induced viscosity gradients, both observation and simulation showed unstable, asymmetric flow. In these cases, flow slowed and stopped in one region of the gate and accelerated in other regions. When the...
Nativity and the distribution of wealth: Chicago 1870

This study adds to the limited evidence of American wealth in the 19th century by comparing ownership patterns for different nationality groups in the city of Chicago in 1870. The growth of Chicago, which experienced a dramatic population increase in the late 19th century, can be directly attributed to the congregation of diverse ethnic cultures largely from Europe. The Germans were the largest single ethnic group in Chicago throughout the 19th century. The Irish came next in numbers. Fewer in number were the Scandinavians, including Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes. Alongside these lived emigrants from English-speaking countries, including England, Scotland, Wales, and Canada. The empirical evidence of wealth-holding patterns in American history has been largely limited to urban areas. James Henretta (1970) found significant skewness in colonial Boston, while the 19th century studies of Gallman (1969) and Soltow (1975a,b) have found large gini coefficients signifying a disproportionate share of income and/or wealth in the hands of a few families or individuals. Pessen (1971, 1973) found very unequal wealth distribution and very limited economic mobility in four large northeastern cities in the antebellum period. His study of the rich led him to conclude that the egalitarian hypothesis was not sustained. In the continuing debate, Gallman (1978) pointed out that egalitarian qualities could not be inferred merely from the concentration of wealth in the United States. The key issue is “relative” inequality and the proper standard of comparison is the contemporaneous state of affairs in other societies. Pursuing this theme. Atack and Bateman (1981a,b) found wealth in the rural North on the eve of the Civil War to be more evenly distributed than that in the slave South or in urban areas of the time. While systematic evidence is limited on overall distribution patterns, it is even rarer concerning the wealth of separate nationalities or ethnic groupings. Soltow’s work (1971) is one of the few available. He analyzed separate nativity groups’ distributions for the state of Wisconsin in 1860.
Polymer reptation in semidilute solution

has proven invaluable in the analysis of the viscoelastic properties of molten polymer systems. Reptation is the snakelike motion polymer chains display in dense systems where topologic restrictions severely limit motion perpendicular to the chain axis. Although unanswered questions persist (e.g., the molecular weight depen- dence of the viscosity), it is safe to say that the qualitative if not quantitative features of molten polymers are explained within the reptation model. For semidilute polymer solutions the situation is less satisfactory. Although de Gennes
Reticulin staining clarifies florid benign signet ring cell change with mitotic activity in a penetrating gastric ulcer

Signet ring cell change is a benign process that can be mistaken for signet ring cell adenocarcinoma. Signet ring cell change remains confined within the basement membrane and lacks an infiltrative growth pattern. It typically lacks cellular atypia, nuclear hyperchromasia, prominent nucleoli, or mitotic activity. This study illustrates a case of signet ring cell change with mitotic activity in a background of Helicobacter pylori gastritis with a penetrating ulcer. The signet ring cell change shows normal E-cadherin expression, absence of p53 expression, and confinement within glands on reticulin staining. The intact gastric mucosa adjacent to the signet ring cells shows significant mitotic activity, which likely explains the mitoses within the signet ring cell change. Mitotic activity in signet ring cells should be interpreted in the context of adjacent mucosa and should not preclude the diagnosis of benign signet ring cell change. Reticulin staining of the involved glands is helpful for excluding the invasion of the lamina propria in signet ring cell change.
Impurity redistribution during epitaxial growth

The distribution of impurities incorporated in epitaxial layers during their growth is determined by diffusion due to concentration gradients and by drift in the built-in electric field. This problem has been previously treated in the approximation that the impurities reach their equilibrium distribution during growth. We have extended this calculation to treat impurity drift and diffusion under non-equilibrium conditions, a situation much more characteristic of most realistic growth condi-tions. In the new calculation, the solution of the Shockley-Poisson problem is exact and the boundary con-dition at the growth interface is an approximation based on the electrostatics of surface states. The new calcu-lation also permits consideration of outdiffusion from the substrate, a phenomenon of technological significance. It is also capable of modeling variations of source im-purity concentration and growth rate during epitaxial growth. Calculations modeling n-type GaAs epitaxy of practical interest are presented.
Array analysis of seismic signals

In this paper we present a method for analyzing seismic signals recorded at an array of seismometers. The method is based on the multiple signal characterization (MUSIC) method. Four important features of this approach are: (1) it has the ability to resolve multiple closely spaced sources, (2) it works with both stationary, and nonstationary signals, (3) it is most sensitive to the strongest sources, and (4) it provides a geometric interpretation of the solution to the direction finding problem. We have developed a numerical algorithm that extends the MUSIC method to nonstationary and correlated signals. We present results using this algorithm to measure directions of arrival and amplitudes of multiple plane waves in a homogeneous medium.
A cost of viviparity and parental care in scorpions: reduced sprint speed and behavioural compensation

Abstract Current reproductive effort may often be at the expense of future reproduction. One way in which future reproduction of viviparous animals may be affected is by increased risk of predation resulting from decreased mobility associated with pregnancy. The common striped scorpion,Centruroides vittatus, may experience considerable risk of predation associated with reproduction because it is viviparous, with an eight-month gestation period.C. vittatusalso carries the newborn young on its back during their first instar. The purpose of this study was to establish a cost of viviparity and parental care in these scorpions by determining sprint speed at three reproductive stages: pregnant, carrying offspring and post-dispersal of offspring. Post-dispersal speed was used as a best estimate of non-pregnant speed. Pregnant speeds averaged 84% of post-dispersal speeds. Lower speeds were correlated with absolute and relative measures of litter size. Speed while carrying offspring averaged 61% of post-dispersal speed, and was correlated with mass of the litter and number of individuals in the litter. Sixty-five per cent of the females carrying young could not be induced to run; these females instead assumed a defensive posture. Results indicate that female scorpions experience a cost (in decreased running speed) to viviparity and parental care, and that some females may reduce this cost by using an alternative defensive strategy.
Measurements of the energy shifts of the K absorption edge and K X-rays of several uranium compounds

Abstract The energy shifts in the K absorption edges and the Kα1 and Kβ1, 3 X rays in several uranium compounds were measured with the Caltech 2 m bent crystal spectrometer. The results are compared with free-ion relativistic self-consistent field calculations.
Spacetime and Mereology

Unrestricted Composition (UC) is, roughly, the claim that given any objects at all, there is something which those objects compose. (UC) conflicts in an obvious way with common sense. It has as a consequence, for instance, that there is something which has as parts my nose and the moon. One of the more influential arguments for (UC) is Theodore Sider’s version of the Argument from Vagueness. (A version of the Argument from Vagueness was first presented by David Lewis (1986), pp. 212–213). That argument purports to show that some plausible claims concerning the nature of vagueness entail (UC). In this paper I will suggest a response to this argument. I will show that the proponent of Supersubstantivalism (SS)—the view that material objects are identical to regions of spacetime—can reject a premise of Sider’s argument without denying the plausible claims concerning vagueness. Doing so requires only rejecting a certain view concerning the relationship between the proper sub-region relation and the proper parthood relation. So, proponents of (SS) are in a better position than many of us to side with common sense regarding composition. In the first section of the paper, I will present Sider’s argument. In the second section, I will introduce (SS) and briefly discuss some reasons one might have to believe that it is true. In the third section, I will show how the proponent of (SS) can avoid commitment to (UC) and reject a premise of Sider’s argument. Last, I’ll briefly consider and respond to some objections.
Generalized Fault-Location Methods for Overhead Electric Distribution Systems

Various methods have been proposed in the past for locating faults on distribution systems, which generally entail iterative procedures. This paper presents novel fault-location algorithms for overhead distribution systems that provide a unified solution that eliminates or reduces iterative procedures applicable to all types of faults. Two types of methods, respectively, for nonradial systems and radial systems have been proposed by utilizing voltage and current measurements at the local substation. The proposed methods are based on the bus impedance matrix, through which the substation voltage and current quantities can be expressed as a function of the fault location and fault resistance, a solution to which yields the fault location. The methods are developed in phase domain and, consequently, are naturally applicable to unbalanced systems. The assumptions made are that the distribution network parameters and topology are known so that the bus impedance matrix can be developed. Simulation studies have demonstrated that both types of methods are accurate and quite robust to load variations and measurement errors.
Twentieth-Century Beginnings in Employee Counseling

The practice of giving advice to employees is probably as old as the employer-employee relationship itself, but personnel counseling has become institutionalized over the past half-century and provides an example of the emergence of a specialized staff function.