cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethanol-induced increased endogenous homocysteine levels and decreased ratios of SAM/SAH are only partially attenuated by exogenous glycine in developing chick brains.

Abstract The effects of exogenous ethanol (EtOH) and/or glycine on chick ( Gallus gallus ) embryo viability, brain apoptosis (caspase-3 activities), and the endogenous levels of brain homocysteine (HoCys), S -adenosylmethionineS-adenosylmethione". Please check.--> (SAM), S -adenosylhomocysteineS-adenosylhomocysteine". Please check.--> (SAH), and SAM/SAH were studied. Embryonic EtOH exposure caused decreased embryo viability as measured by EtOH-induced reductions in % living embryos at theoretical stage 37, EtOH-induced reductions in embryo masses, and EtOH-induced reductions in brain caspase-3 (Casp-3) activities. Exogenous glycine failed to attenuate EtOH-induced decreased embryo viability and EtOH-induced increased brain Casp-3 activities. Embryonic EtOH exposure caused elevated levels of endogenous HoCys, decreased levels of SAM, increased levels of SAH, and decreased SAM/SAH ratios in embryonic chick brains. While exogenous glycine failed to attenuate EtOH-induced increased HoCys levels, exogenous glycine attenuated EtOH-induced decreased levels of SAM, increased levels of SAH, and decreased SAM/SAH levels in embryonic chick brains.
Offshore structural system reliability under changing load pattern

This paper considers structural system reliability analysis when the spatial force pattern changes as the load increases, specifically when the nodal forces on a steel offshore jacket structure change as the base shear increases under increasing wave height. This paper demonstrates the so-called “fragility approach” to systems analysis, wherein the reliability of the system is obtained for each of a set of increasing wave heights. These probabilities are conditional on the wave height. These results are multiplied by the (discrete) probability levels of these wave heights, and the products are summed to obtain the (total) system reliability. The method is applied to analyze a fixed offshore jacket in 140 feet of water and designed for a 100-year (63 foot) wave. The change of the relative importance of different member-failure sequences with wave loads corresponding to different wave heights is studied. In this case study, the inclusion of wave slamming forces on the deck at higher wave heights led to an increase of the failure probability by an order of magnitude. The use of an improved fixed wave-load pattern treatment is explored. A comparison of the member-level and system-level failure probabilities is presented in terms of factors measuring different system effects.
Hypertonic saline: a clinical review

Literature suggest that hypertonic saline (HTS) solution with sodium chloride concentration greater than the physiologic 0.9% can be useful in controlling elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and as a resuscitative agent in multiple settings including traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this review, we discuss HTS mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and current clinical studies. Studies show that HTS administered during the resuscitation of patients with a TBI improves neurological outcome. HTS also has positive effects on elevated ICP from multiple etiologies, and for shock resuscitation. However, a prospective randomized Australian study using an aggressive resuscitation protocol in trauma patients showed no difference in amount of fluids administered during prehospital resuscitation, and no differences in ICP control or neurological outcome. The role of HTS in prehospital resuscitation is yet to be determined. The most important factor in improving outcomes may be prevention of hypotension and preservation of cerebral blood flow. In regards to control of elevated ICP during the inpatient course, HTS appears safe and effective. Although clinicians currently use HTS with some success, significant questions remain as to the dose and manner of HTS infusion. Direct protocol comparisons should be performed to improve and standardize patient care.
Augmenting lehmann alternatives for improving asymptotic efficiency of rank tests

Locally most powerful tests for augmented simple Lehmann alternatives are obtained. These tests turn out to be linearcombinations of the Savage and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test criteria. We study their performance in terms of the asymptotic efficiency relative to their parametric competitors against location and scale alternatives. For small sample sizes, critical points of a couple of test procedures are given.
A Dynamical Model for Complex Atoms

Following out the ideas of Hund and others on complex spectra, and of Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck on the spinning electron, a model for a complex atom is set up, consisting of electrons whose intrinsic and orbital angular momentum vectors act on each other with torques whose energies are proportional to the cosines of the angles between. The dynamical equations of this model are solved and the quantum conditions are applied. These agree with the quantum conditions previously set up empirically, as far as those go, but also yield new quantum numbers relating to the orientation of electrons. The formula for the energy in terms of the quantum numbers is set up. This is not only in qualitative agreement with what has been previously found, but it furnishes an explanation of inverted multiplets, of the fact that relativity doublets follow the same formula as alkali doublets but are inverted, and of the fact that doublets and triplets both fit on the same "relativity" doublet curve.
Plane-wave migration in tilted coordinates

We have developed a plane-wave migration method that efficiently images steeply dipping reflectors using one-way wavefield extrapolation. The recorded surface data are converted to plane-wave source data by slant stacking. The data set corresponding to each plane-wave source is migrated independently in a tilted coordinate system, with the extrapolation direction determined by the initial propagation direction of the plane wave at the surface. Waves illuminating steeply dipping reflectors, such as overturned waves and waves traveling nearly horizontally, are extrapolated accurately in an appropriate tilted coordinate system because the extrapolation direction is close to the propagation directions for these waves. Two-dimensional impulse responses and synthetic data examples demonstrate that plane-wave migration in tilted coordinates generates high-quality images of steeply dipping reflectors, particularly rugose salt tops and steep salt flanks.
Anisotropic etching during negative ion resputtering

Abstract Negative ion resputtering leads to a nonuniform erosion of material which can result in a wide range of morphological features. These various surface structures are a consequence of focused bombardment processes which are highly sensitive to sputtering system geometry and preparation parameters. The continuous manner in which the features are connected leads to a clearer understanding of each.
Conservation genetics in the marine realm

Author(s): Avise, JC | Abstract: Techniques for DNA and protein assay make possible genetic studies on any species. In recent years, molecular methods have been applied to a number of conservation-relevant genetic issues for marine organisms ranging from zooplankton to whales. To introduce these symposium proceedings, I will mention some of the unusual challenges and opportunities afforded by marine taxa for genetic research in conservation. Marine organisms often are less accessible for behavioral and natural history observation than are their terrestrial counterparts. Many marine organisms have exceptional dispersal and migratory capabilities. Species' ranges can be vast. Life histories may include high fecundities and explosive reproductive potentials. Many marine species of conservation concern are harvested commercially or illegally and thus economic, social, jurisdictional, and forensic matters often arise in population management, in addition to biological considerations. For a diversity of marine taxa, molecular markers have uncovered previously unknown aspects of behavior, natural history, and population demography that can inform conservation and management decisions. The studies compiled in this volume highlight the scope and imaginative uses of genetic information for conservation challenges in the marine realm.
Comparison of Muscle Flaps and Delayed Secondary Intention Wound Healing for Infected Lower Extremity Arterial Grafts

Selective preservation of infected arterial grafts is an alternative to graft excision. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcome and cost of treating infected lower extremity arterial grafts with either muscle flaps (MFs) or delayed secondary intention (DSI) wound healing. Between 1985 and 1991 we treated 28 graft infections by graft preservation. All grafts (19 polytetrafluoroethylene, 8 autologous vein, and 1 Dacron) were patent with intact anastomoses and showed no signs of sepsis. Wounds in 18 patients were treated by repeated, aggressive operative debridement and allowed to heal by DSI. Wounds in 10 patients were treated with MFs (4 sartorius, 3 gracilis, 1 rectus abdominis, 1 semimembranous, and 1 gastrocnemius). Costs included anesthesiologists' and surgeons' fees, operating room charges, and daily semiprivate and ICU bed charges. Four (14%) patients died from cardiac complications (1 DSI and 1 MF), sepsis (1 MF), and anastomotic hemorrhage (1 DSI). Of the 24 survivors, 4 patients treated by DSI required graft excision for nonhealing wounds (2), graft thrombosis (1), and recurrent infection (1). However, 3 of these 4 patients were not candidates for MFs because the wounds were not considered acceptable for a flap. Twenty (83%) grafts in survivors were successfully preserved after long-term follow-up (mean 26 mo). No survivors required an amputation. Twenty patients who did not require graft removal were compared for treatment by MF (n=8) or DSI (n=12). Two MFs (both sartorius) in survivors necrosed and a new flap was required to successfully preserve the graft. Average hospital and intensive care stay as well as hospital costs were not significantly different for the two groups. The majority of infected, patent lower extremity grafts with intact anastomoses can be successfully preserved with either MFs or DSI wound healing. We found no significant difference in outcome or cost for the two methods of treatment.
Program to calculate Raynal-Revai coefficients of a three-body system in two or three dimensions

Abstract The hyperspherical harmonics approach to the few-body problem has been discussed extensively. For solving three-body problems, the so-called Raynal-Revai coefficient (R-R) is a necessity. A program written in Fortran 77 for computing R-R in two or three dimensions is presented.
CD69 guides CD4+ T cells to the seat of memory

Immunologists’ views on the cellular basis of immune memory have undergone substantial modifications over the last decade, with new findings advancing the field from mostly descriptive studies of their presumptive phenotypes to those that allow the features distinguishing memory cells from short-lived effectors to be known and understood (1). Although such studies have helped to define the functional qualities of memory cells, more recent attention has been paid to the “where” of immune memory through comparison of the number and quality of memory T and B cells in various anatomical sites. These studies have produced the rather surprising finding that, rather than residing in the secondary lymphoid organs where most immune responses are initiated, many types of memory cells have been shown to preferentially accumulate in the bone marrow (BM), a site more often associated with hematopoiesis (2). As expected, such observations immediately lead back to the question of “how” this process occurs in terms of homing behavior and retention within specialized niches. In PNAS, Shinoda et al. provide a compelling answer for CD4+ memory T cells by showing that expression of the activation marker CD69 is critical for the persistence of CD4+ T cell memory in the bone marrow environment (3).
Defect Formation during Hetero-Epitaxial Growth of Aluminum Nitride Thin Films on 6H-Silicon Carbide by Gas-Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Defect formation mechanisms in AlN thin films grown on 6H-SiC(0001) substrates have been investigated as a function of film thickness to 180 nm using conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The presence of particular Si-terminated steps on the vicinal 6H-SiC surface caused the introduction of planar defects at the initial stage of growth. By contrast, micrographs of films deposited on the on-axis substrate showed a much lower density of defects. Atomistic structural models of the interface and deposited AlN are proposed based on the HRTEM images and the results of companion scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies of the vicinal 6H-SiC(0001) surface. The introduction of additional defects, which were primarily threading dislocations, was observed with increasing thickness of the AlN films.
Hydrogen peroxide induces DNA single strand breaks in respiratory epithelial cells

The respiratory epithelium is often exposed to oxidant gases, including ozone from photochemical smog and toxic oxygen metabolites released from neutrophils recruited in conditions of airway inflammation. We evaluated DNA single strand break formation by alkaline elution as a measure of oxidant-induced DNA damage to bronchial epithelial cells. Human AdenoSV-40-transformed bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS), subclone R1.4 or nonhuman primate bronchial epithelial cells were cultured in growth factor supplemented Ham's F12 medium on polycarbonate filters. DNA was labeled by incubation with [3H]thymidine. Cells were incubated for 1 h in HBSS or HBSS and increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cells incubated in H2O2 demonstrated dose-dependent increases in strand break formation, and BEAS cells were more sensitive to H2O2-induced injury than primary bronchial epithelial cells. The addition of catalase or preincubation of cells with the iron chelator desferoxamine prevented H2O2-induced strand breakage. DNA strand break formation may be an important mechanism of oxidant injury in respiratory epithelial cells.
The pharynx and larynx: roentgenographic technique.

OENTGENOGRAPHIC R examination of the pharynx and larynx can yield valuable information as to the site and extent of the disease, especially when the problem is management of neoplastic disease. Although a number of roentgenographic techniques have been described for examining the pharynx and larynx,3’9-13’19’20 it is not necessary to make use of all of them. The techniques most commonly employed are softtissue roentgenograms of the neck, tomography of the larynx, barium swallow, contrast laryngopharyngography, and cineroentgenography.
Resuspension of Dust Particles in a Chamber and Associated Environmental Factors

Experiments investigating particle resuspension from human activities were conducted in a full-scale experimental chamber. The experiments tested three types of flooring (vinyl tiles, new and old level-loop carpets) and two ventilation configurations (ceiling and side wall supply systems). The floorings were seeded with 0.1–10 μ m test particles. The airborne particle concentration was measured by an array of optical particle counters (OPCs) in the chamber. Resuspension rates were estimated in size ranges of 0.8–1, 1.0–2.0, 2.0–5.0, and 5.0–10 μm ranging from 10−5–10−2 hr−1, with higher resuspension rates associated with larger particles. Resuspension via walking activity varied from experiment to experiment. “Heavy and fast” walking was associated with higher resuspension rates than less active walking, most likely due to a combination of increased pace, increased air swirl velocity, and electrostatic field effects established by the walking. The type of floorings also influenced the particle resuspensio...
Exactly Soluble Model of the Ferroelectric Phase Transition in Two Dimensions

The Slater model of the two-dimensional potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystal is solved exactly under the additional assumption that the dipoles are excluded from pointing along one direction of the crystal axis. The Curie temperature ${T}_{c}$ is not affected by this additional assumption but the phase change becomes a second-order transition. Complete polarization occurs below ${T}_{c}$ with specific heat $\ensuremath{\sim}{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c})}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$ near and above the Curie point.
Identifying Longitudinal Growth Trajectories of Learning Domains in Problem-Based Learning: A Latent Growth Curve Modeling Approach Using SEM.

To determine the direction and extent to which medical student scores (as observed by small-group tutors) on four problem-based-learning-related domains change over nine consecutive blocks during a two-year period (Domains: Problem Solving/Use of Information/Group Process/Professionalism). Latent growth curve modeling is used to analyze performance trajectories in each domain of two cohorts of 1st and 2nd year students (n = 296). Slopes of the growth trajectories show similar linear increments in the first three domains. Further analysis revealed relative strong individual variability in initial scores but not in their later increments. Professionalism, on the other hand, shows low variability and has very small, insignificant slope increments. In this study, we showed that the learning domains (Problem Solving, Use of Information, and Group Process) observed during PBL tutorials are not only related to each other but also develop cumulatively over time. Professionalism, in contrast to the other domains studied, is less affected by the curriculum suggesting that this represents a stable characteristic. The observation that the PBL tutorial has an equal benefit to all students is noteworthy and needs further investigation.
Coordinated development in the fly foot: Sequential cuticle secretion

Development of the adult fly foot falls into clearly defined phases of cell division, growth, cuticle secretion and cell death. The pulvillus is composed dorsally of two giant cells and ventrally of thousands of minute tenent cells; the former produce the dorsal footpad cuticle and the latter the thousands of tenent hairs. Cell divisions are still occurring in future tenent cells when increase in size of the cells and in polyteny of the chromosomes is already occurring in the two dorsal cells. Also cell death occurs considerably earlier in the tenent cells, yet the sequential secretion of some six cuticular layers takes place at comparable times in dorsal and ventral cuticles. The cuticular layers formed are, in their order of secretion: ecdysial membrane, cuticulin of the epicuticle, dense exocuticle, homogeneous exocuticle, an intermediate layer, wax of the epicuticle, and an extensive mass of endocuticle. The ecdysial membrane seems to perform an important mechanical role in maintaining the shape of the delicate cytoplasmic projections of the tenent cells, before and during cuticle secretion, and in establishing the cuticular pattern of ridges in the dorsal cuticle. Comparisons are made with trichogen cell cuticle development and with tracheal cuticle. Tracheal, trichogen and dorsal footpad cuticle patterns are compared. Details of giant cell activity provide a working basis for studies of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions, and the whole system raises many unsolved problems in the general field of cell differentiation and pattern formation.
Pathologic diagnosis, origin, and natural history of pseudomyxoma peritonei.

Mucinous ascites and pools of mucin within the peritoneal cavity associated with neoplastic, mucinous epithelium are the characteristic features of pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP). Clinically, PMP pre...
Large-Eddy Simulations of Air Flow and Turbulence within and around Low-Aspect-Ratio Cylindrical Open-Top Chambers

AbstractThe flow around cylindrical open-top chambers (OTCs) with aspect ratios (i.e., height-to-diameter ratios) much less than unity is investigated using a large-eddy simulation (LES) model. The solid structures are represented using the immersed boundary method, and the ambient flow in which the OTCs are embedded is representative of a turbulent atmospheric boundary layer. Results from the LES model show that the flow inside OTCs depends strongly on the height of the chamber wall. In particular, as chamber height increases the flow impinging on the upstream wall is deflected more in the vertical direction, a stronger recirculation flow develops inside the chamber, turbulence intensities are greater, and there is stronger vertical transport and mixing within the OTC, even at or near the ground. For low wall heights (i.e., very low aspect ratios), however, the flow impinging on the OTC is only diverted weakly in the vertical direction; aside from a small recirculation zone inside the OTC near the upstre...
Cimetidine and ranitidine protect against cold restraint-induced ulceration in rat by suppressing gastric acid secretion.

The effect of the H2-receptor antogonists cimetidine and ranitidine on pentagastrinstimulated gastric acid secretion in anesthetized rats, and gastric mucosal lesion formation and gastric motility in unanesthetized cold-restrained rats was studied. Both cimetidine and ranitidine suppressed pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion in a dose-dependent fashion. Cold restraint-induced lesion formation was not prevented with doses of both agents that inhibited acid secretion by 75%. Doses which suppressed pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion more than 90% significantly prevented the development of gastric mucosal lesions produced by cold restraint. Doses of both H2 blockers which demonstrated significant suppression of lesion formation had no effect on cold restraint-stimulated gastric contractility. We conclude that cimetidine and ranitidine suppress cold restraint-induced lesion formation by suppressing acid secretion and not by suppressing gastric contractility.
Characterization of nanoporous gold disks for photothermal light harvesting and light-gated molecular release

Nanoporous gold disks (NPGDs) with 400 nm diameter, 75 nm thickness, and 13 nm pores exhibit large specific surface area and effective photothermal light harvesting capability with a conversion efficiency of 56%. A potential application is demonstrated by light-gated, multi-step molecular release of the pre-adsorbed R6G fluorescent dye on arrayed NPGDs.
Non-equilibrium ionization in the transition region network

The consequences of the persistent downflow of material within the supergranule network of the sun are examined. An accepted temperature model and two models of velocity fields are used to determine the ion distributions of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen throughout the transition region and to compare them with equilibrium distributions. Attention is given to how the temperature model must be modified in order to reconcile the computed line intensities with observed intensities; it is shown that a small temperature gradient, and possibly a different pressure distribution, are required. It is demonstrated that the observed downflow is probably adequate to overcome the tendency for thermal diffusion to establish concentration gradients; thus the downflow keeps the atmosphere well mixed.
Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of the permethylated decasilane (Me3Si)3SiSiMe2SiMe2SiMe3)3

Abstract The reaction between ClMe2SiSiMe2Cl and two equivalents of (Me3Si)3SiLi · 3THF resulted in a 40% yield of (Me3Si)3SiSiMe2SiMe2Si(SiMe3)3, I. I crystallized in space group P 1 , a = 9.229(2) A , b = 9.312(2) A , c = 13.709(3) A , α = 104.15(2)°, β = 91.35(2)°, γ = 114.64(2)° . The internal SiSi bond lengths ((Me3Si)3SiSiMe2) (B) and Me2SiSiMe2) (C) are equivalent at 237.5(1) pm and 237.4(2) pm, respectively, and marginally longer than the terminal Me3SiSi bonds A which are in range 234.5(1)–236.1(2) pm. The Me3SiSiSiMe2 angle of 115.3(1)° and Me3SiSiSiMe2 angle of 117.1(1)° are the major structural deformations that reflect the steric complexity of the molecule. Photochemical irradiation of I in CCl4 leads to predominant cleavage of the central SiSi bond C with minor cleavage of bond B; photochemistry in hexane is more indiscriminate, both B and C were homolytically cleaved but silylene eliminations and secondary reactions also occurred. Treatment with Li or MeLi led to cleavage of SiSi bonds B and C. In the case of Li, predominant cleavage of B was observed (> 90%), whereas with MeLi cleavage took place at bond C (> 90%).
Scaling of heating rates in solar coronal loops

THE gas of the solar corona is at a temperature of several million degrees, orders of magnitude hotter than the underlying photosphere. The nature of the physical process that heats the solar corona (and the coronae of solar-type stars more generally) has been a long-standing puzzle. A number of plausible heating mechanisms have been proposed, but observations have so far been unable to discriminate between them1. Here we show that coronal heating exhibits scaling properties that should provide a powerful diagnostic of the underlying mechanism. The coronal magnetic field organizes the coronal plasma into loop-like features, which form the basic structural elements of the corona2. We demonstrate that the pressures and lengths of the coronal loops are statistically related, suggesting that the heating rate scales inversely with approximately the square of the loop length. Existing coronal heating theories make different predictions about what this scaling should be, and a model3–4 of energy dissipation by stressed coronal magnetic fields appears at present to be the most consistent with our observational result.
Interpersonal Violence Against People With Disabilities: Understanding the Problem From a Rural Context

Interpersonal violence against people with disabilities is a significant social problem. Little attention has focused on the rural context and the relevance for understanding violence. Given the dearth of literature exploring interpersonal violence, disability, and rurality, a review of rural-focused literature on domestic violence, sexual violence, and elder abuse was conducted to identify themes that could provide insight into this problem for people with disabilities. Themes include geographic isolation, traditional cultural values and norms, lack of anonymity, lack of resources, and poor response of systems. Implications for understanding interpersonal violence against rural people with disabilities and for social work practice are discussed.
Shear band propagation from a crack tip subjected to Mode II shear wave loading

Abstract Results are reported for pressure–shear plate impact experiments in which pre-cracked 4340 steel plates are subjected to Mode II loading. Experiments show the propagation of a shear band ahead of the initial crack. Finite element simulations are used to interpret the results. Normal and transverse velocity–time profiles measured at the rear surface of the target can be simulated reasonably well using even an elastic model for the material response. A propagating shear band is obtained when the material is modeled as having reduced shearing resistance described by a thermo-viscoplastic power law, and complete loss of shearing resistance when the shear strain reaches a critical value. However, the predicted speed of propagation of the tip of the shear band is substantially less than required to explain the lengths of the bands observed in the experiments. Adjustments of parameters of the power-law model have little effect on the overall length of the band. Possible reasons for differences between predicted and measured shear band speeds are examined. Further reduction in the shearing resistance in the shear band appears to be essential for the simulated bands to be as long as those observed in the experiments.
Use of Intraoperative Computed Tomography for Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery

ImportanceIntraoperative computed tomography (CT) provides surgeons with real-time feedback during maxillofacial trauma and reconstructive surgery, which can affect intraoperative decision making. ...
Dry matter, carbon, and nitrogen accumulation of four Great Plains grasses.

ABSTRACT Native North American warm-season bunchgrasses have the potential to provide both forage and ceull losic bioenergy in drier regions of the southern Great p lains. Almost no information is available on the potential accumulations of many of these species under forage, bioenergy, or combined system harvests. Multiflower false rhodesgrass (MFr; Chloris pluriflora Fourn.), pink pappusgrass (ppG; Pappophorum bicolor Fourn.), shortspike windmill grass (SSWG; Chloris × subdolichostachya Mull. Berol. (pro sp.) [ cucullata × verticillata ]), and plains bristlegrass (pBG; Setaria vulpiseta Scribn. and Merr.) were harvested during 4 yr at Stephenville, TX, USA. Seedlings were transplanted into a Windthorst sandy loam soil fertilized in Year 1 with 0 or 67 kg N and p ha -1 yr -1 plus 67 kg N ha -1 yr -1 in the spring of Years 2 to 4. Fertilizer improved N and dry matter (DM) accumulations ( P £ 0.05) except for SSWG and improved ( P £ 0.05) accumulations of ctober regrowth following oJuly harvest in greater rainfall years. Multiflower false rhodesgrass produced greater (
Comparative toxicity of ten organic chemicals to ten common aquatic species

Abstract The susceptibilities of 10 aquatic organisms to 10 organic chemicals were determined using lethality tests. The species included six fishes, two crustaceans, a chironomid and an amphibian. The chemicals were selected to span the toxicity range from 26 g l−1 to 1 μg l−1 and include chemicals which were lethal by four modes of toxic action. There was no consistent relative susceptibility among the test species because the sensitivity to specific modes of toxic action varied among the chemicals. Nonetheless, the toxicities of the chemicals to any given species were highly correlated to the toxicities to other species, particularly among fishes. The 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) of the chemicals to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) could be estimated from the 96-h LC50 with fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99. Equations for estimating the lethal concentration of chemicals with each species from the 96-h LC50 for fathead minnows are presented.
Hedgehog/Wnt feedback supports regenerative proliferation of epithelial stem cells in bladder

Epithelial integrity in metazoan organs is maintained through the regulated proliferation and differentiation of organ-specific stem and progenitor cells. Although the epithelia of organs such as the intestine regenerate constantly and thus remain continuously proliferative, other organs, such as the mammalian urinary bladder, shift from near-quiescence to a highly proliferative state in response to epithelial injury. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this injury-induced mode of regenerative response are poorly defined. Here we show in mice that the proliferative response to bacterial infection or chemical injury within the bladder is regulated by signal feedback between basal cells of the urothelium and the stromal cells that underlie them. We demonstrate that these basal cells include stem cells capable of regenerating all cell types within the urothelium, and are marked by expression of the secreted protein signal Sonic hedgehog (Shh). On injury, Shh expression in these basal cells increases and elicits increased stromal expression of Wnt protein signals, which in turn stimulate the proliferation of both urothelial and stromal cells. The heightened activity of this signal feedback circuit and the associated increase in cell proliferation appear to be required for restoration of urothelial function and, in the case of bacterial injury, may help clear and prevent further spread of infection. Our findings provide a conceptual framework for injury-induced epithelial regeneration in endodermal organs, and may provide a basis for understanding the roles of signalling pathways in cancer growth and metastasis.
Race and Jury Selection: Psychological Perspectives on the Peremptory Challenge Debate.

The legal system is a domain of potential relevance for psychologists, whether in the capacity of expert witness or citizen juror. In this article, the authors apply a psychological framework to legal debate surrounding the impact of race on the process of jury selection. More specifically, the authors consider race and the peremptory challenge, the procedure by which attorneys may remove prospective jurors without explanation. This debate is addressed from a psychological perspective by (a) examining traditional justifications for the practice of the peremptory challenge, (b) reviewing research regarding the influence of race on social judgment, (c) considering empirical investigations that examine directly race and peremptory challenge use, and (d) assessing current jury selection procedures intended to curtail racial discrimination. These analyses converge to suggest that the discretionary nature of the peremptory challenge renders it precisely the type of judgment most likely to be biased by race. The need for additional psychological investigation of race and jury selection is emphasized, and specific avenues for such research are identified.
Enantioselective route to a key intermediate in the total synthesis of ginkgolide B

Abstract An enantioselective route for the total synthesis of ginkgolide B, a potent antagonist of platelet activating factor, has been developed which is based on enantioselective reduction of enone 3 to the ( R )-alcohol 5 and subsequent diastereoselective anti -S N 2' displacement to form 7 . Intermediate 7 was converted in several steps to tetracyclic lactone 2 which was obtained in optically pure form simply by recrystallization.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES OF NONPENETRATING CORNEAL WOUNDS IN THE EARLY STAGES OF HEALING.

Corneas were examined in the electron microscope at intervals of 1 1/2, 24 and 36 hr after surgical incisions were made on their anterior surface. The epithelium extended partly into the wound by 1 1/2 hr, and by the 24th hr it completely covered the wound surface. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were noted in the vicinity of the wound at the 24th hr. The majority of these cells, at this time, as well as at the 36th hr, were limited to a plane of the stroma that approximated the depth of the wound. Mitochondria within epithelial cells were observed to increase in number, size and complexity by the 36th hr. After this same time interval, typical connective tissue cells were no longer observed near the wound edges. Farther away from the wound, the nuclei of the connective tissue cells became lobated, and intracellular lipid deposition could be observed. Thirty-six hours postoperatively, the endoplasmic reticulum of some endothelial cells became more extensive. Lobular nuclei and mitochondrial alterations similar to those noted in the epithelium were also observed. The findings thus indicate that, in addition to the invasion of cells into the wound area, marked cytological alterations occur in all layers of the cornea.
Pulsed-interleaved excitation FRET measurements on single duplex DNA molecules inside C-shaped nanoapertures.

Single-molecule fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) is a widely accepted method for determining the spatial separation between molecules. In combination with pulsed interleaved excitation (PIE), additional information about the stoichiometry of molecular interactions is obtained. PIE-FRET, however, as implemented with standard confocal optics, requires the dilution of the sample to biologically low concentrations. Here, we show that PIE-FRET measurements inside nanometer-sized apertures yield meaningful biochemical data at 1000× higher concentrations.
Neuroblastoma Found in a 4-Year-Old After Rituximab Therapy for Opsoclonus-Myoclonus

Opsoclonus-myoclonus, a rare paraneoplastic syndrome that may occur in patients with neuroblastoma, is thought to be a humorally mediated immune reaction to malignant cells that cross-react with autoantigens. This report describes the case of an occult neuroblastoma diagnosed in a 4-year-old female 2 years after presentation of opsoclonus-myoclonus. Although no mass was evident on previous imaging at an interval of 10 months, a computed tomographic scan 4 months after rituximab treatment and 20 months after presentation revealed a new left adrenal mass. Although neuroblastomas can be identified months after presentation of opsoclonus-myoclonus without treatment with rituximab, this report describes one of the longest intervals using up-to-date imaging techniques. Therefore the case raises two concerns: (1) whether the same immune process that causes opsoclonus-myoclonus may suppress neuroblastomas, and (2) whether immunosuppressive therapy with rituximab may inhibit the immune reaction to occult neuroblastomas in patients with unexplained opsoclonus-myoclonus.
Vapor-induced phase separation—effect of the humid air exposure step on membrane morphology: Part I. Insights from mathematical modeling

Abstract Vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS) involves a dry–wet casting process in which the dope solution is exposed to a nonsolvent vapor (often humid air) for a fixed time interval prior to immersion in a coagulation bath. Humid air exposure leads to a slow transfer of water from the vapor phase into the dope solution. By controlling the humid air exposure time, relative humidity, air temperature and gas phase velocity, the VIPS process can be used to obtain membranes with unique morphologies, including an “hour-glass” structure. This hour-glass morphology refers to the situation in which the porosity is a minimum at some location (plane) within the membrane cross-section, and systematically increases from this plane in a perpendicular direction toward each surface. In this paper a fully predictive first-principles model is developed for the humid air exposure step for the quaternary water/N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP)/polyethersulfone (PES)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) system. Model predictions indicate that water transfer leads to an increase in the cast film thickness as well as a dilution of the polymer at the vapor/casting solution interface (top surface). This polymer concentration decrease can explain the evolution of the characteristic hour-glass morphology. Model simulations indicate that the degree of asymmetry in the region from the minimum porosity to the top surface of the membrane can be increased by increasing the mass-transfer coefficient or decreasing the PES:PVP mass ratio in the dope solution.
White collar crime and the definitional quagmire: A provisional solution

More than virtually any other realm of criminological scholarship, white collar crime study is plagued by unresolved definitional, conceptual, and typological issues. The present confused and contradictory invocations of the core terminology pertaining to white collar crime introduce a significant element of incoherence into the field. In this paper the seminal origins of the concept of white collar crime, in the work of E. A. Ross and E. H. Sutherland, are explored. The principal elements of subsequent efforts to define white collar crime are identified. It is claimed that a war of white collar criminologists' has emerged, principally pitting critical white collar criminologists against positivist white collar criminologists. Some of the strengths and weaknesses of each of the principal constituencies in this definitional war are examined. The paper concludes with the argument that the concept of white collar crime is defined on three different levels—presentational, typological, and operational —and that any definition of white collar crime is meaningful only in relation to its stated purpose.
Chromosome numbers and taxonomic notes in the genus Nama (Hydrophyllaceae)

Chromosome numbers are reported for 48 collections representing 15 species and three varieties ofNama. Counts for 10 taxa are initial reports, all being diploid withn = 7. Diploid counts forN. jamaicense (n = 7), previously known only as tetraploid, are also reported. Comments on the taxonomic relationships of selected taxa are included.
Fear of crime and attitudes toward capital punishment: A structural equations model

This paper examines support for capital punishment in Kentucky. It is assumed that most citizens favor the use of the death penalty. Our findings confirm the conclusion, drawn from several previous studies, that attitudes toward capital punishment are complex and multidimensional. In particular, nonwhites, women, and respondents from low-income households are more likely to express less direct support for capital punishment. The fear of crime in the neighborhood results in a greater willingness to endorse capital punishment. It also plays a crucial role in mediating the influence of race, age, education, and the experience of violent crime victimization.
Raman-scattering and optical studies of argon-etched GaAs surfaces

We have studied the structual damage in low-energy argon-ion-bombarded (ion-etched) GaAs using Raman scattering and ultraviolet reflectivity. When combined with post-bombardment sequential chemical etching, the Raman results reveal a graded depth profile of the damage layer, with a nearly linear damage dropoff with depth. The total damage-layer thickness is about 600 A for high-fluence bombardment with 3.89-keV Ar{sup +} ions. The spectral effects produced by argon etching are very different from those produced by high-energy ion implantation. The longitudinal-optic Raman line seen for argon-etched GaAs is not shifted and broadened as in ion-implanted GaAs. More striking are the results of the reflectivity measurements. For argon-etched GaAs, the electronic interband peaks are both broadened and strongly red shifted relative to the crystal peaks; for ion-implanted GaAs, only the broadening occurs. Distinct nanocrystals, which account for the effects seen in ion-implanted GaAs, are evidently absent in argon-etched GaAs. Instead, the damage layer caused by argon etching appears to be characterized by a very high density of point defects, which previous work suggests may be arsenic vacancies.
Naturally-occurring biological control of the boll weevil [Col.: Curculionidae]

Red imported fire ants,Solenopsis invicta Buren, are effective predators of the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boheman, in east Texas cotton fields. Boll weevils caused no economic loss in 11 years due to mortality attributed primarily to ants. Removal of the ants resulted in an increase in crop damage by the boll weevil. Insecticides used for cotton pests greatly reduce the abundance of the ants. To capitalize on this effective predation of boll weevils by ants, unnecessary applications of insecticides should be eliminated.
Freshly Cooked and Reheated Turkey Breast Muscle 1. Cooking Losses and Sensory Evaluation of Muscle and Expressed Juice

Abstract Water or a phosphate salt solution was added to turkey breast muscle. Muscles—untreated, phosphate-treated, and water-treated—were frozen either raw or partially cooked and stored 5 wk. For freshly cooked and reheated muscle, percentage cooking losses were determined, and panelists evaluated the intensity of aroma and flavor components of muscle and aroma components of juice expressed from that muscle. The relationship between juiciness and the perception of flavor components was investigated. Phosphate-treated samples had lower percentage cooking loss than did the other samples. Freshly cooked muscles, as a whole, had less cooking loss than reheated muscles, as would be expected. In general, flavor and aroma components were affected similarly by additive treatment. Phosphate-treated samples had more intense meaty-brothy but less intense stale, rancid, and acid aromas and flavors than did reheated water- or untreated samples. Adding water had little effect on flavor and aroma components of either freshly cooked or reheated turkey muscle. Aroma components of expressed juice were similar to, but less intense than, those of muscle. Tenderness was not affected by additive or heating treatment; however, juiciness was affected. The phosphate-treated muscle scored more juicy than other muscles, also frequently was described as having “soapy” flavor.
The Fredholm index of a second order elliptic system on an infinite cylinder

This paper investigates the Fredholmness of a second order elliptic system on an infinite cylinder in various weighted or non-weighted Sobolev spaces, assuming homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions and suitable asymptotic behavior of the coefficients. It is shown that the index coincides with the spectral flow of an associated parametrized family of elliptic systems on the cross-section of the cylinder. Dependence or independence of the index upon the functional setting is discussed along with their impact on spectral invariance and elliptic regularity.
China's information superhighway: What is it and who controls it?

Abstract This paper focuses on China's telecommunications sector from a national perspective, and summarizes the structure of the country's information superhighway. It then analyzes the changing regulatory and policy framework, and the competition among current and potential players in the market. This leads to a final discussion on the implications and likely outcome - who will control the superhighway in China.
Novel single nucleotide polymorphisms in the superoxide dismutase 1 and 2 genes among children with myelomeningocele.

Objective Excessive oxidative stress has been demonstrated as a mechanism for neural tube defects (NTDs). The current exploratory study sought to examine sequence variations in the superoxide dismutase 1 ( SOD1 ) and 2 ( SOD2 ) genes in patients with myelomeningocele and to identify variants altering risk for myelomeningocele. Study Design We sequenced deoxyribonucleic acid from 96 patients with myelomeningocele. The 11 exons were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and the products were sequenced with the Sanger method. Results were compared with reference sequences (NM_000454, NM_000636, and NM_001024466) obtained from University of California Santa Cruz Genome Browser. Observed alleles that differed from the reference sequences were considered novel variants. Results We found 1 novel variant and 1 variant only recently described in phase 1 of the 1000 Genomes Project but not yet validated. The novel variant is located in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of SOD2 and is present in 2 of 96 patients (1.0% allele frequency). The other variant is located in the 3′-UTR of SOD1 and is present in 2 of 96 patients (1.0% allele frequency). Minor allele frequencies of known single nucleotide polymorphisms were compared with unaffected population controls. Conclusion We identified 1 novel variant and made the second report of an additional variant in the SOD genes studied. The variant located in the 3′-UTR of SOD1 is predicted to alter microribonucleic acid (miRNA) binding. The variant located in the 3′-UTR of SOD2 is predicted to alter 2 miRNA binding sites and potentially affects messenger ribonucleic acid production. We also identified 2 known single-nucleotide polymorphisms that occur in significantly different frequency compared with the unaffected population controls.
The determination of residual moisture in several freeze-dried vaccines and a Honey Bee Venom Allergenic Extract by TG/MS

Thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry is used to identify TG transitions corresponding to loss of residual moisture in freeze-dried biological products with complex TG curves. While TG weight losses were recorded, ion intensities of mass peaksm/e=18 (water) andm/e=44 (carbon dioxide) were monitored continuously for Typhoid Vaccine U.S.P., Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Groups A and C Combined and Honey Bee Venom Allergenic Extract. MS ion intensities indicated the difference between evolution of residual moisture and moisture associated with product thermal decomposition. Residual moisture values calculated from TG weight losses indicated by mass spectral data agreed with Karl Fischer moisture data.