cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of executive functioning in memory performance in pediatric focal epilepsy.

SummaryObjective Learning and memory are essential for academic success and everyday functioning, but the pattern of memory skills and its relationship to executive functioning in children with focal epilepsy is not fully delineated. We address a gap in the literature by examining the relationship between memory and executive functioning in a pediatric focal epilepsy population. Methods Seventy children with focal epilepsy and 70 typically developing children matched on age, intellectual functioning, and gender underwent neuropsychological assessment, including measures of intelligence (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence [WASI]/Differential Ability Scales [DAS]), as well as visual Children's Memory Scale (CMS Dot Locations) and verbal episodic memory (Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning [WRAML] Story Memory and California Verbal Learning Test for Children [CVLT-C]). Executive functioning was measured directly (WISC-IV Digit Span Backward; Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, Fourth Edition (CELF-IV) Recalling Sentences) and by parent report (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function [BRIEF]). Results Children with focal epilepsy had lower delayed free-recall scores than controls across visual and verbal memory tasks (p = 0.02; partial η2 = 0.12). In contrast, recognition memory performance was similar for patients and controls (p = 0.36; partial η2 = 0.03). Children with focal epilepsy demonstrated difficulties in working memory (p = 0.02; partial η2 = 0.08) and planning/organization (p = 0.02) compared to controls. Working memory predicted 9–19% of the variance in delayed free recall for verbal and visual memory; organization predicted 9–10% of the variance in verbal memory. Patients with both left and right focal epilepsy demonstrated more difficulty on verbal versus visual tasks (p = 0.002). Memory performance did not differ by location of seizure foci (temporal vs. extratemporal, frontal vs. extrafrontal). Significance Children with focal epilepsy demonstrated memory ability within age-level expectations, but delayed free recall was inefficient compared to typically developing controls. Memory difficulties were not related to general cognitive impairment or seizure localization. Executive functioning accounted for significant variance in memory performance, suggesting that poor executive control negatively influences memory retrieval.
Abstract 366: Nox1-Derived Superoxide Anion Mediates Stretch-induced Phenotypic Switching in Smooth Muscle Cells

Hemodynamic forces in the vessel wall have profound influences on function, structure and pathology of vascular cells. The predominant mechanical force influencing vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) structure and signaling is cyclic stretch (CS). Aberrant CS can direct VSMC to a synthetic phenotype (SP) characterized by increased VSMC migration, loss of contractility and matrix production. Some evidence suggests that CS is capable of inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, the mechanisms by which stretch-derived ROS can induce a VSMC SP are poorly understood. Here we postulate that the NADPH oxidase isoform Nox1, which is an important source of ROS in vascular disease, is involved in a CS-mediated SP. In VSMC subjected to CS (10%, 1Hz) there was an increase in Nox1 mRNA levels (3.9 ± 0.14 fold of increase after 6 hr of CS), Nox1 protein levels (1.44 ± 0.04 fold increase after 24 hr CS) and Nox1-derived superoxide production (CS: 13.82±1.34 vs static: 6.61±0.67 pmol of superoxide/min/mg protein after 24 hr). Using our recently-developed specific peptide inhibitor of Nox1 (NoxA1ds), CS-induced superoxide production abated to baseline levels (6.61±0.67, 13.82±1.34 and 5.06±0.76 pmol of superoxide/min/mg protein; for static, CS and CS+NoxA1ds respectively). Furthermore, osteopontin protein levels, a VSMC SP marker, were increased by CS for 24 hrs (1.25±0.04 fold higher than static) and abolished by NoxA1ds pretreatment (0.96±0.19 fold of static). On the other hand, calponin protein levels, a VSMC contractile phenotype marker, were decreased by CS and restored by pretreatment with NoxA1ds (0.67±0.05- and 0.93±0.12-fold change from static respectively). Finally, we demonstrate that stretch-induced migration of smooth muscle cells is promoted by Nox1-derived superoxide (46.36±1.47, 56.16±1.74 and 40.98±2.46 % of scratch wound closure for static, CS and CS+NoxA1ds treatments respectively). These results suggest that Nox1-derived superoxide mediates a synthetic phenotype in vascular smooth muscle under CS, and identify Nox1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension which are characterized by VMSC SP.
Chemical Communication Among Asian Elephants

The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), a mammal of recognized high intellegence with a well-organized societal structure (McKay, 1973; Eisenberg et al., 1971; Olivier, 1978; Kurt, 1974), possesses a sophisticated array of sensory apparati. These sensory systems interplay in influencing both the immediate responses of the elephant and its long-term behavior. The visual system, considered the least developed of all the elephant’s sensory systems, has some color vision (Markowitz et al., 1975), visual acuity at close range (Rensch, 1959), and good night vision (Kuhme, 1962); the tactile and auditory systems are well developed and relied on heavily (Eisenberg, 1980; Gadgil and Nair, 1984). Elephants produce a variety of sounds for communicative messages (Berg, 1983); recently Asian elephants have been shown to utilize low frequencies, producing infrasound (Payne et al., 1985).
Arena and industry 4.0

Industry 4.0, the Industrial Internet of Things, Smart Factories. These all describe the initiatives companies are undertaking to combine information from varied sources to make better decisions for their businesses and their customers. Rockwell Automation is at the forefront of these initiatives. In this presentation, we will discuss the role of Arena simulation software in this field and share some examples of how companies are making use of this today.
Calcium-alginate gel bead cross-linked with gelatin as microcarrier for anchorage-dependent cell culture

Valuable products obtainedfrom the cultivation of anchorage-dependent mammalian cells require large-scale processes to obtain commercially useful quantities. It is generally accepted that suspension culture is the ideal mode of operation. Because anchorage-dependent cells need surfaces to be able to attach and spread, the incorporation of microcarriers to suspension culture is indispensable. Since the dextran-based microcarrier wasfirst introduced, many different types of microcarriers have been developed and commercialized. In this study, alginate-based microcarriers were made in the following order: (i) calcium-alginate gel beads prepared by dropping a blend of sodium alginate and propylene glycol alginate (PGA) into calcium chloride solution, (ii) the PGA section of gel beads cross-linked with gelatin in alkaline solution (i.e., via the transacylation reaction between the ester group of PGA and amino group of gelatin), and (iii) gelatin membrane around the beads further cross-linked by glutaraldehyde. The glutaraldehyde-treated gelatintransacylated PGA/alginate microcarrier showed superior features in high stability under phosphate-containing solution, density close to that of culture medium, and transparency. Moreover, the Chinese hamster ovary CHO-KI and amphotropic retrovirus producer PA317 cells cultivated on the newly synthesized microcarriers exhibited similar growth kinetics of these two types of cell lines cultured on commercial polystyrene microcarriers. However, cell morphology was easily monitored on the transparent microcarriers made in this study.
Negotiation Ethics for Real World Interactions

Attorneys negotiate constantly. Many persons who teach negotiation courses feel uncomfortable with the deception often associated with bargaining. Negotiators demand more or offer less than they are willing to accept, and over- and under-state the value of different items for strategic purposes. Such "puffing" and "embellishment" are part of most business and legal interactions, and are are accepted by most professionals. On the other hand, misrepresentations of material information is clearly improper. Collaborative and Cooperative lawyers who feel uncomfortable using deceptive tactics to further client interests have agreed to be entirely open and cooperative when they negotiate. At what point do they place their own interests ahead of the interests of their clients?
Comparative Effects of Acarbose on Glycemia, Weight Gain, and Serum Lipids in Adult Male and Female Diabetic Wistar Fatty Rats

To determine the effects of delayed carbohydrate (CHO) absorption on glycemic status, weight gain (WG), and serum lipid profiles (cholesterol, triglycerides) in adult obese-diabetic rats with chronic obesity, hyperlipidemia, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM), groups of lean and obese, male and female Wistar fatty rats were fed diets containing 54% CHO as sucrose (SU) or cornstarch (CS), 20% protein (10% casein plus 10% lactalbumin), 16% fat (equal parts lard, corn oil, cocount oil, and beef tallow) plus other essential nutrients from 22 until 30 weeks of age, or the SU diet plus acarbose (ACB; 150 mg/kg diet).
Standard and visual administrations of the concept mastery test

Professors of Education at Florida State University, H. A. Curtis and R. P. Kropp have devoted two years to fundamental studies of the variables associated with tests administered by projection. One of the variables has to do with the timing of items presented serially. The findings they report here indicate that results obtained by projected testing are essentially comparable to those obtained by traditional testing, and may be obtained in somewhat less time.1
The Current Scientific and Regulatory Landscape in Advancing Integrated Continuous Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing

There is a trend across the pharmaceutical sector toward process intensification and continuous manufacturing to produce small-molecule drugs or biotechnology products. For biotechnology products, advancing the manufacturing technology behind upstream and downstream processes has the potential to reduce product shortages and variability, allow for production flexibility, simplify scale-up procedures, improve product quality, reduce facility footprints, increase productivity, and reduce production costs. On the upstream side of biotechnology manufacturing, continuous perfusion cell cultures are fairly well established. However, truly integrated continuous biomanufacturing requires the uninterrupted connection of continuous unit operations (upstream and downstream) with no isolated intermediate or hold steps occurring between them. This work examines the current scientific and regulatory landscape surrounding the implementation of integrated continuous biomanufacturing.
The Social Logic of Nursing Communication and Team Processes in Centralized and Decentralized Work Spaces

This pre–post multi-method study explored how nurses made sense of changes in nurse station design and how they characterized communication processes within a hospital unit before and after it move...
Artificial cardiac pacemaker placement in dogs with a cohort of myocarditis suspects and association of ultrasensitive cardiac troponin I with survival.

Abstract Introduction Artificial cardiac pacemakers (APs) are a common treatment for symptomatic bradyarrhythmias in dogs, some of which may be triggered by underlying myocarditis. Severely elevated cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations support a diagnosis of myocarditis. The association of ultrasensitive-cTnI (US-cTnI) concentration with survival in a large cohort of dogs receiving APs is not described. Animals, materials, and methods The study included 110 dogs receiving APs over a 5-year period. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to characterize the entire population receiving APs, with further analysis in dogs with preprocedural US-cTnI concentrations (n = 64) classified as normal/group 1 (n = 11), mildly to moderately elevated/group 2 (n = 27), and severely elevated/myocarditis suspects/group 3 (n = 26). Results Median survival time was 1079 days for the entire population, 1167 days for group 2, 949 days for group 3, and not met in group 1. There was not a statistically significant difference in survival between group 2 and group 3. Overall, US-cTnI had a mild, negative association with survival. Age had a stronger negative association. Infectious etiologies were identified in a minority of group 3 cases. A possible association between severely elevated US-cTnI and a sudden death outcome was noted. Conclusions The negative association of US-cTnI with survival outcomes was mild, with age having a larger effect. Although a sudden death outcome may be seen more commonly in myocarditis suspects, group 3 survival time was similar to that of the entire canine population. Plausible infectious causes of myocarditis were infrequently identified.
Epichloe (formerly Neotyphodium) fungal endophytes increase adaptation of cool-season perennial grasses to environmental stresses

Many cool-season grass species have evolved with asexual, nonsymptomatic fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloe (formerly Neotyphodium ) of the family Clavicipitaceae. These associations range from parasitic to mutualistic and have dramatic effects on grass host chemistry, increasing resistance to abiotic (drought, soil mineral imbalance) and biotic (vertebrate and invertebrate herbivory, nematodes, plant pathogens, plant competition) stresses. Native endophyte strains produce a range of bioprotective alkaloid and other nonalkaloid secondary compounds, several of them known to have detrimental effects on grazing animals. In the past two decades, epichloid endophyte strains have been selected with marginal or no capacity of producing ergot and/or lolitrem alkaloids. These novel endophyte strains have been introduced to several grass cultivars with the idea to increase grass host resistance to abiotic stresses without hindering grazing livestock, and abiotic stresses to ensure high competitive ability of symbiotic grass cultivars. In this presentation, we discuss mechanisms underlying the competitiveness of epichloid endophyte/grass associations and consequences of endophyte infection for grassland ecosystem functions.
Carbon Monoxide and Exercise Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity and Metabolic Dysregulation Without Affecting Bone.

Objective Carbon monoxide (CO) may counteract obesity and metabolic dysfunction in rodents consuming high-fat diets, but the skeletal effects are not understood. This study investigated whether low-dose inhaled CO (250 ppm) with or without moderate intensity aerobic exercise (3 h/wk) would limit diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysregulation and preserve bone health. Methods Obesity-resistant (OR) rats served as controls, and obesity-prone (OP) rats were randomized to sedentary, sedentary plus CO, exercise, or CO plus exercise. For 10 weeks, OP rats consumed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet, whereas OR rats consumed a low-fat control diet. Measurements included indicators of obesity and metabolism, bone turnover markers, femoral geometry and microarchitecture, bone mechanical properties, and tibial morphometry. Results A high-fat, high-sucrose diet led to obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperleptinemia, without impacting bone. CO alone led only to a modest reduction in weight gain. Exercise attenuated weight gain and improved the metabolic profile; however, bone fragility increased. Combined CO and exercise led to body mass reduction and a metabolic state similar to control OR rats and prevented the exercise-induced increase in bone fragility. Conclusions CO and aerobic exercise training prevent obesity and metabolic sequelae of nutrient excess while stabilizing bone physiology.
Structural Deprioritization and Stigmatization of Mental Health Concerns in the Educational Setting.

The article by Levinson et al. (2020) persuasively argues that when public health surveillance data from schools uncover specific risks or outlier subpopulations at risk, a balancing of autonomy, b...
Color Space Exploration of Paintings Using a Novel Probabilistic Divergence

It is strange to think of a world without color. Color adds profound richness and spectacular variety to the phenomenon of visual experience. This paper explores the latent color space used by artists through various well-known paintings. We compare the paintings’ color spaces by introducing a novel probabilistic divergence to evaluate the separation (divergences) between two paintings in their color spaces. Our results show that there is a significant divergence in color spaces of the works created at different periods of history.
Dynamic Multicast Routing Management for Robust Wide Area Power Grid Communication

High-volume synchrophasor data generated by wide area measurement system (WAMS) presents new challenges for the design of scalable and robust communication architectures suitable for large-scale deployment in power grid monitoring and control applications. Features of information and communication technology (ICT) can be harnessed to devise a more flexible infrastructure than the conventional unicast-based hierarchical architecture. Multicast has been suggested as a potential solution for scalability issues in the current WAMS architecture. This paper proposes a decentralized dynamic multicast routing management algorithm that manages network traffic efficiently, improves scalability, and makes the system resilient to component failures. The algorithm models creation of alternate links as a stochastic process using random-graph theory and manages connections between end hosts at the session layer. This protocol can be implemented using existing ICT protocols with minimal cost. Numerical simulations show that the proposed algorithm improves the topological efficiency and resilience of the network.
Localization of kisspeptin, NKB, and NK3R in the hypothalamus of gilts treated with the progestin altrenogest.

Mechanisms in the brain controlling secretion of gonadotropin hormones in pigs, particularly luteinizing hormone (LH), are poorly understood. Kisspeptin is a potent LH stimulant that is essential for fertility in many species, including pigs. Neurokinin B (NKB) acting through neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) is involved in kisspeptin-stimulated LH release, but organization of NKB and NK3R within the porcine hypothalamus is unknown. Hypothalamic tissue from ovariectomized (OVX) gilts was used to determine the distribution of immunoreactive kisspeptin, NKB, and NK3R cells in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Almost all kisspeptin neurons coexpressed NKB in the porcine ARC. Immunostaining for NK3R was distributed throughout the preoptic area (POA) and in several hypothalamic areas including the periventricular and retrochiasmatic areas but was not detected within the ARC. There was no colocalization of NK3R with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), but NK3R-positive fibers in the POA were in close apposition to GnRH neurons. Treating OVX gilts with the progestin altrenogest decreased LH pulse frequency and reduced mean circulating concentrations of LH compared with OVX control gilts (P < 0.01), but the number of kisspeptin and NKB cells in the ARC did not differ between treatments. The neuroanatomical arrangement of kisspeptin, NKB, and NK3R within the porcine hypothalamus confirms they are positioned to stimulate GnRH and LH secretion in gilts, though differences with other species exist. Altrenogest suppression of LH secretion in the OVX gilt does not appear to involve decreased peptide expression of kisspeptin or NKB.
Trenchless Pipeline Rehabilitation in Smart Cities

Smart cities can be newly developed or existing old cities. The infrastructure, specially the gravity sewers, of new cities should be installed using the open cut technique before buildings and roads are constructed. However, the sewer lines of existing old smart cities cannot be replaced/constructed using the open cut technique without significant inconvenience and additional cost. For economic and social reasons, the smart cities attract population migration from rural areas. In developing countries like Egypt, this migration combined with high birth rate increase the current and future water and wastewater flow rapidly exceeding the capacity of these existing utilities causing environmental and health problems. Consequently, these smart cities need to install many new utilities, replace and rehab many existing pipelines to support the needed demand.
Real-time multiscale prediction of structural performance in material extrusion additive manufacturing

Abstract The material extrusion additive manufacturing (AM) has been extensively used in fabricating structures with complex geometries. However, geometric defects often exist in an AM structure, which could compromise its final performance. In this paper, a real-time multiscale performance evaluation method is developed for material extrusion-based honeycomb structures. The representative cell boundary is extracted from three-dimensional (3D) point clouds obtained via an in-situ monitoring approach. The cell boundary is then used to generate the digital twin of the unit cell of the printed layer based on the finite element (FE) method. A physics-based multiscale modeling approach called mechanics of structure genome (MSG) is then employed to predict the effective material properties of the printed layer and plate stiffness matrix of the final structure. The proposed approach provides a highly efficient way to predict the real-time performance of the as-manufactured products. Moreover, the numerical example shows that the geometric defects could result in complex mechanical behaviors in the defected parts, which cannot be captured by the conventional approaches based on the comparison of the shape deviations. The numerical results are validated by the three-point bending tests. The proposed method can be used in the closed-loop control of material extrusion-based manufacturing systems.
Cognition and Perception: How Do Psychology and Neural Science Inform Philosophy?

In Cognition and Perception, Athanassios Raftopoulos discusses the cognitive penetrability of perception and claims that there is a part of visual processes (which he calls "perception") that results in representational states with nonconceptual content; that is, a part that retrieves information from visual scenes in conceptually unmediated, "bottom-up," theory-neutral ways. Raftopoulos applies this insight to problems in philosophy of science, philosophy of mind, and epistemology, and examines how we access the external world through our perception as well as what we can know of that world. To show that there is a theory-neutral part of existence, Raftopoulos turns to cognitive science and argues that there is substantial scientific evidence. He then claims that perception induces representational states with nonconceptual content and examines the nature of the nonconceptual content. The nonconceptual information retrieved, he argues, does not allow the identification or recognition of an object but only its individuation as a discrete persistent object with certain spatiotemporal properties and other features. Object individuation, however, suffices to determine the referents of perceptual demonstratives. Raftopoulos defends his account in the context of current discussions on the issue of the theory-ladenness of perception (namely the Fodor-Churchland debate), and then discusses the repercussions of his thesis for problems in the philosophy of science. Finally, Raftopoulos claims that there is a minimal form of realism that is defensible. This minimal realism holds that objects, their spatiotemporal properties, and such features as shape, orientation, and motion are real, mind-independent properties in the world.
The Neuronal Machinery of the Brain

Before attempting to give an account of ideas and problems relating on the one hand to the neuronal mechanisms of the brain and on the other to conscious experience, it is essential to give a brief and very elementary account of some properties of the nervous system in order to provide a simple structural and functional basis for these accounts.
Fetal RhD typing by polymerase chain reaction in pregnancies complicated by rhesus alloimmunization.

Objective To review the specificity and sensitivity of diagnostic techniques using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on amniotic fluid (AF) samples for the determination of fetal RhD status. Data Sources A MEDLINE computerized search was conducted for January 1991 through March 1996 using the key terms “polymerase chain reaction,” “rhesus,” and “RhD typing.” Methods of Study Selection All articles describing the use of PCR in AF for RhD typing were reviewed. Only cases in which the results of PCR testing were confirmed by fetal or neonatal serology were included in the final analysis. Tabulation, Integration, and Results The results of PCR typing were compared with serology to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of DNA-based techniques. A total of 500 cases were reviewed, in which four different sets of oligonucleotide primers were used. The sensitivity and specificity of PCR typing were 98.7% and 100%, respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values were 100% and 96.9%, respectively. In five cases, an RhD-positive fetus was incorrectly diagnosed: Two fetuses died, one neonate needed exchange transfusions, and another neonate needed phototherapy in conjunction with a simple transfusion. The remaining infant was lost to follow-up. A theoretical model indicated that amniocentesis with PCR-based techniques for fetal RhD typing would be associated with a fourfold reduction in perinatal loss compared with funipuncture and serology for fetal typing. Conclusions This lower rate of procedure-related loss makes RhD typing using AF the preferred method for assessing the fetal Rh status in cases of a heterozygous paternal genotype.
Women and Microfinance: Why We Should Do More

The last twenty years have shown that microfinance is a proven development tool capable of providing vast numbers of the poor, particularly women, with sustainable financial services to support their livelihoods. The 2005 State of the Microcredit Summit Campaign reports that microfinance institutions reached over ninety-two million clients and benefited 333 million family members. The success of microfinance represents a paradigm shift in the development industry: poor people are no longer recipients of charity, but customers to be served. Women make up approximately eighty-three percent, or sixtysix million, of reported microfinance clients. They not only make good clients — women have proven better at paying on time than men — but are also key drivers of development. Investing in women, literally, has proven the most effective way to increase individual family expenditures on health and education, improve nutrition and food security, protect against emergencies, and begin the slow process of tackling the gender inequalities that hinder development in so many countries around the world. This article examines the microfinance movement and the impact it has had on women who, in many ways, have been the reason behind its success. In developing countries, women play a pivotal role as risk managers and drivers of development, particularly in settings of severe poverty. Microfinance programs have enabled thousands of women to use small sums in creative and successful ways to develop livelihoods, improve their families’ well-being, and build up savings. However, microfinance has proven limited in its ability to really empower women, create upward mobility, and contribute to long-term economic growth. More is needed if we are to help the poor, especially
Peers and Adolescent Risk Taking

Adolescent risk taking occurs most often when teens are in the presence of their peers. An extensive body of prior work has attempted to explain this phenomenon with respect to peer pressure, social conformity, and affiliation with deviant peers. Recent experimental work, however, suggests that peer influences on adolescent decision making may be rooted in an even more basic process by which social context alters adolescents' sensitivity to the potential rewards of risky decisions. Emerging findings from empirical studies pursuing this alternative account of peer influences on adolescent decision making are presented, along with a consideration of some key directions for future research. Keywords: risk taking; adolescence; peer influence; brain development
Novel mutations in an otherwise strictly conserved domain of CuZn superoxide dismutase

All mutations in the human gene for CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) reported to date are associated with the disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These mutations, mostly of a familial nature (ALS 1, MIM 105400), span all of the coding region of this enzyme except for a highly conserved centrally located domain that includes all of exon III. We describe the identification and characterization of two mutations in this region, both found in mice. One mutation, a glutamate to lysine amino acid substitution was found in position 77 (E77K) of the strain SOD1/Ei distributed by the Jackson Laboratory. The other mutation, a lysine to glutamate substitution at position 70 (K70E) of a human transgene, was discovered in mouse line TgHS/SF-155. Enzyme activity measurements and heterodimer analysis of the CuZn SOD variant in SOD1/Ei suggest a mild loss of activity, which differs from the enzyme activity losses detected in patients with autosomal dominant ALS 1. Similarly, the presence of the mutant transgene in TgHS/SF 155 does not produce any phenotypic manifestations.
Chapter 50 Fairness in Ultimatum Bargaining

Publisher Summary Although fairness concerns may be relevant, they appear to be too simple an explanation for why game theory's strong predictions for ultimatum games are so rarely supported. Self interested offerers want to avoid rejections; unpredicted, non-equilibrium behavior is more valuable and effective than equilibrium behavior. Previous ultimatum bargaining researchers tended to conclude that unpredicted outcomes resulted from fairness concerns. In a series of studies, we operationally defined fairness and tested its effects. The accumulated data from our projects document quite clearly that concerns for fairness provide little explanatory value for offerers and only a small part of the explanation for respondents' rejections: the simple cognitive reactions associated with fairness concerns may explain some idiosyncratic rejections; additional, emotional reactions make wounded pride and spite a more compelling explanation for unexpected rejections.
Variation in sustainability competency development according to age, gender, and disciplinary affiliation: Implications for teaching practice and overall program structure

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a classroom assessment aimed at determining the extent to which five key sustainability competencies develop in students during an introductory transdisciplinary sustainability course. University sustainability programs intend to provide integrated education that fosters the key competencies students need to solve real-world sustainability problems. Translating sustainability competencies into effective pedagogical practice in integrated academic programs is not straightforward. This work builds on a previous study by both expanding the competencies evaluated and considering additional demographic characteristics. Design/methodology/approach – The paper summarizes previously identified key sustainability competencies and describes teaching methodologies used to foster these competencies in students. Development of competencies in students during a semester-long course is assessed using a pre-/post-test based on two case studies. The implicat...
Normative validity and meaning of von neumann-morgenstern utilities

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the normative validity and meaning of von Neumann-Morgenstern utilities (vNM). Payoffs in game theory are usually expressed in vNM utilities. Yet, there is a lot of experimental evidence that people's behavior often fails to conform to the vNM axioms. This empirical fact is part of the more general observation that people do not consistently follow any one of the rationality requirements of economic theory, and deviate even from such very basic ones as extensionality and transitivity. The observed deviations from the vNM axioms pose two different problems. One concerns the predictive value of these axioms and of economic models based on these axioms. The other concerns their normative validity as rationality requirements. These are two different problems. For, even if it is decided that the vNM axioms had full normative validity, one should not be surprised if natural selection failed to provide with an instinctive ability to make rational and efficient choices between often quite complicated lotteries in accordance with the vNM axioms. The vNM theory was restricted to the case where all probabilities were objective probabilities known to the decision maker like to the case of risky lotteries.
Comparative outcomes of predominant facility-level use of ferumoxytol versus other intravenous iron formulations in incident hemodialysis patients

Background Ferumoxytol was first approved for clinical use in 2009 solely based on data from trial comparisons with oral iron on biochemical anemia efficacy end points. To compare the rates of important patient outcomes (infection, cardiovascular events and death) between facilities predominantly using ferumoxytol versus iron sucrose (IS) or ferric gluconate (FG) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)-initiating hemodialysis (HD). Methods Using the United States Renal Data System, we identified all HD facilities that switched (almost) all patients from IS/FG to ferumoxytol (July 2009-December 2011). Each switching facility was matched with three facilities that continued IS/FG use. All incident ESRD patients subsequently initiating HD in these centers were studied and assigned their facility exposure. They were followed for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular hospitalization/death or infectious hospitalization/death. Follow-up ended at kidney transplantation, switch to peritoneal dialysis, transfer to another facility, facility switch to another iron formulation and end of database (31 December 2011). Cox proportional hazards regression was then used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios [HR (95% confidence intervals)]. Results In July 2009-December 2011, 278 HD centers switched to ferumoxytol; 265 units (95.3%) were matched with 3 units each that continued to use IS/FG. Subsequently, 14 206 patients initiated HD, 3752 (26.4%) in ferumoxytol and 10 454 (73.6%) in IS/FG centers; their characteristics were very similar. During 6433 person-years, 1929 all-cause, 726 cardiovascular and 191 infectious deaths occurred. Patients in ferumoxytol (versus IS/FG) facilities experienced similar all-cause [0.95 (0.85-1.07)], cardiovascular [0.99 (0.83-1.19)] and infectious mortality [0.88 (0.61-1.25)]. Among 5513 Medicare (Parts A + B) beneficiaries, cardiovascular events [myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death; 1.05 (0.79-1.39)] and infectious events [hospitalization/death; 0.96 (0.85-1.08)] did not differ between the iron exposure groups. Conclusions In incident HD patients, ferumoxytol showed similar short- to mid-term safety profiles with regard to cardiovascular, infectious and mortality outcomes compared with the more commonly used intravenous iron formulations IS and FG.
A Wrinkle in Time: Tracing a Legacy of Public Science through Community Self-Surveys and Participatory Action Research

Community self-surveys, popularized by Margot Haas Wormser and Claire Selltiz in the 1950s, brought together diverse community groups to examine racial injustice in their local contexts. A precursor to contemporary participatory action research, the self survey method provides evidence of SPSSI's long history of “engaged scholarship.” In this article, we resurrect this history and connect it to contemporary research in critical psychology that shares commitments to participation, methodological complexity, expanded notions of “expertise,” as well as social and political relevance.
Stability Criteria for Elastic Materials

Conditions are derived which are necessary for stability of incompressible elastic materials. These are obtained by considering small shearing displacements superimposed on a finitely deformed state of the material.
Sequence and expression analysis of bovine pigment epithelium-derived factor

PEDF, a member of the serpin superfamily of proteins related through their highly conserved folded conformation, has neurotrophic properties, including promotion of neurite-outgrowth and neuronal survival. Previously, we have purified and characterized PEDF protein from extracellular matrixes of bovine eyes. Here, we show the cDNA sequence and expression analysis of bovine PEDF. Northern analysis of RNA from bovine retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and neural retina using a human PEDF cDNA fragment reveals expression of the PEDF gene only for RPE. Sequence analysis of a cDNA clone isolated from bovine RPE predicts a polypeptide of 416 amino acid residues that shares 88.6% and 85% amino acid identity with human and mouse PEDF, respectively. It has an N-terminal signal peptide, a consensus glycosylation site and homology with serpins including the conserved residues required for maintaining the serpin tertiary structure. Cell-free expression of the bovine PEDF cDNA by in vitro transcription and translation yields a precursor polypeptide of 45,000-Mr that immunoprecipitates with an antibody to human PEDF. Expression analysis in stably transfected baby hamster kidney cells shows that the recombinant bovine protein is secreted to the culture media as a mature 50,000-Mr protein, which induces neurite-outgrowth on retinoblastoma cells, like the naturally-occurring PEDF protein. Thus, the bovine PEDF cDNA isolated here codes for a functional soluble secreted PEDF glycoprotein.
A kinetically important phosphoryl-enzyme intermediary in the intrinsic purine nucleoside-5'-diphosphokinase activity of Escherichia coli acetate kinase.

Initial rate studies of the intrinsic purine nucleoside-5′-diphosphokinase activity of Escherichia coli acetate kinase suggest that the kinetic reaction pathway is a ping-pong (or double-displacement) mechanism. Further evidence to support this mechanistic assignment was obtained through the use of the alternative substrate approach with ITP and GTP and by competitive inhibition studies with CrGTP and CrADP. That this diphosphokinase activity is intrinsic to the acetate kinase was demonstrated by the concomitant loss of the two activities when the phosphorylated form of acetate kinase was treated with 1 m hydroxylamine at pH 8. These data are fully consistent with the participation of an acyl-P intermediary in the acetate kinase and nucleoside diphosphokinase activities. The kinetic parameters suggest that the acetate kinase is a competent purine nucleoside-5′-diphosphokinase, but the metabolic significance of this function remains unassessed.
Ceramic-based layer structures for biomechanical applications

A survey of recent advances in the analysis of ceramic-based layer structures for biomechanical applications is presented. Data on model layer systems, facilitating development of explicit fracture mechanics relations for predicting critical loads to produce lifetime-threatening damage, form the basis of the work.
Effects of the insect growth regulator hydroprene on diapausing Microctonus aethiopoides a parasite of the alfalfa weevil.

Hydroprene terminated Microctonus aethiopoides Loan diapause when topically applied to host Hypera postica (Gyllenhal). Concentrations of 1, 5, 10, or 50 μg/host terminated diapause in at least 97% of the parasites. Parasite survival and morphological condition were influenced by hydroprene concentration. One μg had no adverse effects other than 8% deformed adults and had no carry-over effect on F1 generation. Five μg did not affect pupation or adult eclosion but caused 31% deformed adults and some deformed adults in F1 generation. Ten μg did not affect pupation, reduced adult eclosion, caused 82% deformed adults, and had a carry-over influence on the Fl generation where there were fewer parasitized weevils, decreases in adult eclosion, and increases in number of deformed F1 M. aethiopoides adults. Fifty μg decreased successful pupation and caused 100% pupal mortality.
Optimum shapes for unlined tunnels and cavities

Abstract The geometry of unlined tunnels and cavities which do not alter the mean stress (or first invariant) of an original biaxial stress field or isotropic stress field with a superimposed linear gradient is described. For the biaxial field either with or without internal pressure on the tunnel wall, such hole shapes (called harmonic holes) produce the absolute minimum stress concentration for any possible hole shape. Also, for an isotropic stress field with a superimposed linear gradient the hoop stresses at the tunnel wall are significantly less for the harmonic shape than for a circular hole of the same size.
An upper limit on the production of N2O from the reaction of O(¹D) With CO2 in the presence of N2

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 25, NO. 4, PAGES 517-520, FEBRUARY 15, 1998 An upper limit on the production of NzO from the reaction of O(1D) with COz in the presence of Nz Lisa M. Wingen and Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts University of California, Irvine, Department of Chemistry, Irvine, California Abstract. While the major sources and sinks of N20 are known, there is debate concerning additional processes. A new source of N20 was proposed, reaction of N2 with excited CO3', 1994, 1997; Prasad et al., 1997). For example, Kim and Craig (1990, 1993) showed that N20 emitted from tropical rain forest and fertilized soils is isotopically lighter than tropospheric N20 in formed from O(ID) and CO2. Mixtures of 03, CO2, N2, and 02 at 15N and ISO. Imbalances were also reported by Yoshinari and total pressures of 1 atm were photolyzed at 254 nm to form Wahlen (1985) and Wahlen and Yoshinari (1985). However, Kim O(ID). The decrease in 03 and a search for N20 formation were and Craig (1993) reported stratospheric N20 samples which are carried out using FTIR at 298 K and -264 K. N20 was not detected at either temperature. Upper limits were derived for the rate constant of the reaction CO3' + N2 --• N20 + CO2, k•5.5x10 'i3 cm 3 molecule '! s 'i at 298 K and k N2* O(ID) )• < 240 nm N20 + O(•D) -• N2 + 02 N20 + O(•D) --• NO + NO (2a) (2b) Reaction (2b) is the largest natural source of odd nitrogen in the stratosphere. In the upper stratosphere, the NO produced can catalytically destroy O3 through reactions (3) and (4): NO + 03 --• NO2 + 02 NO2 + O --• NO + 02 NET: O3+O•O2+O2 We report here experimental studies designed to probe for the production of N20 in the reaction of CO3' with N2. Experimental Mixtures of 03, CO2, N2, and 02 were photolyzed in a glass cell (-330 cm 3) equipped with perpendicular NaCI and quartz windows, giving IR and UV path lengths of 10 cm. Three different low-pressure mercury lamps were used for photolysis of O3 at 254 nm. Photolysis periods varied from I - 4 hrs. for experiments employing the lowest intensity lamp (UV Products, Due to the range of variables associated with its sources, the N20 budget has large uncertainties (Khalil and Rasmussen, Williams et al., 1992; Bouwman et al., 1993, 1995; Houghton et al., 1995). There may also be as yet unrecognized sinks (Prasad, Inc., Model PCQX 1), 0.5 - 2.5 hrs. for the medium intensity lamp (UV Products, Inc., blackray lamp Model XXI5S), and -1 hr. for the highest intensity !amp (Jelight Co., Inc.). Mixtures were analyzed periodically by FTIR (Mattson, Cygnus) using 0.5 cm 'i resolution and 16 co-added scans. Depletion of O3 was followed at 1043 cm '• (vi) and 2110 cm 'i (2 vi). The resolution and number of scans were also varied (0.125 cm 'i resolution, 64 co- Copyright 1998 by the American Geophysical Union. added scans) to assess the efli:ct on the calculated N20 detection Paper number 97GL03647. limit. The asymmetric stretching region of N20 (¾3 at 2223 cm '•) 0094-8534/98/97GL-03647505.00 was used to search for its production.
Obstructive left heart lesions.

Les causes sont les malformations de la crosse aortique, la stenose aortique susvalvulaire, valvulaire, sousvalvulaire et l'hypoplasie ventriculaire gauche
The extension of endmember extraction to multispectral scenes

A multiple simplex endmember extraction method has been developed. Unlike convex methods that rely on a single simplex, the number of endmembers is not restricted by the number of linearly independent spectral channels. The endmembers are identified as the extreme points in the data set. The algorithm for finding the endmembers can simultaneously find endmember abundance maps. Multispectral and hyperspectral scenes can be complex and contain many materials under a variety of illumination and environmental conditions, but individual pixels typically contain only a few materials in a small subset of the illumination and environmental conditions which exist in the scene. This forms the physical basis for the approach that restricts the number of endmembers that combine to model a single pixel. No restriction is placed on the total number of endmembers, however. The algorithm for finding the endmembers and their abundances maps is sequential. Extreme points are identified based on the angle they make with the existing set. The point making the maximum angle with the existing set is chosen as the next endmember to add to enlarge the endmember set. The maximum number of endmembers that are allowed to be in a subset model for individual pixels is controlled by an input parameter. The subset selection algorithm is sequential and takes place simultaneously with the overall endmember extraction. The algorithm updates the abundances of previous endmembers and ensures that the abundances of previous and current endmembers remain positive or zero. The method offers advantages in multispectral data sets where the limited number of channels impairs material un-mixing by standard techniques. A description of the method is presented herein and applied to real and synthetic hyperspectral and multispectral data sets.
Modeling private investment in Egypt

Abstract This paper presents an empirical model of private investment that takes into account certain features of a developing economy such as the oligopolistic structure of markets, putty-clay technology, the inelastic supply of non-traded capital goods and financial repression. The model is tested on Egyptian data using error correction and cointegration. The results for Egypt indicate that at the macroeconomic level, private investment depends on mark ups, internal financing, demand and the cost of investment goods defined, not as the interest rate, but as the outcome of the interaction of supply and demand in the market for capital goods. The effects of government policy on private investment are mixed with some evidence of crowding out in credit markets and of crowding in as a result of government investment: in infrastructure.