cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma lipoprotein changes in humans induced by β-interferon

Abstract Two groups of patients were administered either 4.5 × 10 6 U or 90 × 10 6 U each of recombinant DNA-derived interferon-β serine (IFN-β ser ) i.v. daily for 10 days. IFN-β ser affected lipoprotein lipids of patients in a dose dependent fashion. A decrease in plasma total cholesterol concentration occurred 24 h after therapy was initiated, regardless of dose. A dose-related decrease in plasma cholesterol concentration of 9% and 23% for patients on the low dose and high dose respectively occurred after 9 days of therapy. The plasma total cholesterol concentration decrease resulted primarily from a decrease in LDL cholesterol of 28% and 50% for patients on low and high doses respectively of IFN-β ser . HDL-cholesterol was not significantly affected by IFN-β ser administration. A dose-related increase in plasma triglyceride concentration occurred during IFN-β ser , increasing 74% for patients on low dose and 136% for patients on high doses. This increase was only observed after 9 days on IFN-β ser . Cholesterol reduction and triglyceride increases followed different time courses indicating different mechanisms may be involved.
Root activity in creeping bentgrass thatch as measured by 32P and 33P

Abstract A soil sample taken for chemical analysis should be representative of the growing medium of the plant. Turfgrasses often have thatch layers between the zone of green vegetation and the soil surface, and this thatch layer is generally discarded in the process of soil analysis. These thatch layers contain both roots and nutrient elements. If turfgrass roots are actively involved in removing nutrignts from the thatch, there may be advantages to including it with the soil for testing purposes. In the present investigation, two radioactive isotopes of phosphorus (32P and 33P) were used to separately label the thatch layer and the underlying soil of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds. ‘Penncross'). The roots of creeping bentgrass were found to simultaneously remove phosphorus from the thatch and from the underlying soil. If the soil samples taken from turfgrass areas are to be truly representative of the soils capacity to supply nutrients, the thatch should be retained with the samples. Furthe...
A novel vacuum assisted closure therapy model for use with percutaneous devices.

Long-term maintenance of a dermal barrier around a percutaneous prosthetic device remains a common clinical problem. A technique known as Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) uses negative pressure to facilitate healing of impaired and complex soft tissue wounds. However, the combination of using negative pressure with percutaneous prosthetic devices has not been investigated. The goal of this study was to develop a methodology to apply negative pressure to the tissues surrounding a percutaneous device in an animal model; no tissue healing outcomes are presented. Specifically, four hairless rats received percutaneous porous coated titanium devices implanted on the dorsum and were bandaged with a semi occlusive film dressing. Two of these animals received NPWT; two animals received no NPWT and served as baseline controls. Over a 28-day period, both the number of dressing changes required between the two groups as well as the pressures were monitored. Negative pressures were successfully applied to the periprosthetic tissues in a clinically relevant range with a manageable number of dressing changes. This study provides a method for establishing, maintaining, and quantifying controlled negative pressures to the tissues surrounding percutaneous devices using a small animal model.
Rectus femoris muscle and composite skin transplantation by microneurovascular anastomoses for avulsion of forearm muscles: A case report

The first clinical use in man of the rectus femoris muscle, with overlying composite skin, as a free transplant by microneurovascular anastomoses to the upper extremity was done for traumatic loss of all digital and forearm flexors, which had been treated with primary flap coverage, and later, sural nerve grafts for the avulsed portions of the median and ulnar nerves.
Peptides from the dinitrophenyl binding site of myeloma IgA of mouse MOPC 315.

A tyrosyl peptide from the ligand-binding site of the dinitrophenyl-binding myeloma IgA of mouse MOPC 315 was isolated following paired-iodination. It was found to be derived from the heavy chain and not the light chain and thus must involve a different tyrosine than the light chain tyrosine (tyrosine 34) reported by Goetzl and Metzger (Biochemistry, 9:3862, 1970) and by Haimovich et al. (Biochemistry, 11: 2389, 1972).
Determination of dose enhancement in cortical bone substitute material for electron beams

Dose measurements in Witt liquid, which simulates cortical bone, have been compared with dose in water for 6-, 9-, 12-, and 15-MeV electron beams. Measurements were made using a Farmer ionization chamber. The results of the study show dose enhancement in Witt liquid of 5%, 7%, 4%, and 0.4% for 6-, 9-, 12-, and 15 MeV electrons at shallow depths. The dose to a small mass of soft tissue in bone has also been estimated using ionization measurements. The results show a significantly higher dose in bone.
The narrative constitution of identity: A relational and network approach

justice. Women, by contrast, were believed to be at a lower stage because they were found to have a sense of agency still tied primarily to their social relationships and to make political and moral decisions based on context-specific principles based on these relationships rather than on the grounds of their own autonomous judgments. Students of gender studies know well just how busy social scientists have been kept by their efforts to come up with ever more sociological "alibis" for the question of why women did not act like men. Gilligan's response was to refuse the terms of the debate altogether. She thus did not develop yet another explanation for why women are "deviant." Instead, she turned the question on its head by asking what was wrong with the theory a theory whose central premises defines 50% of social beings as "abnormal." Gilligan translated this question into research by subjecting the abstraction of universal and discrete agency to comparative research into female behavior evaluated on its own terms The new research revealed women to be more "concrete" in their thinking and more attuned to "fairness" while men acted on "abstract reasoning" and "rules of justice." These research findings transformed female otherness into variation and difference but difference now freed from the normative de-
Effect of prolonged catecholamine infusion on immunoregulatory function: Implications in congestive heart failure

Objectives. This study sought to characterize the effects of prolonged catecholamine infusion on immunoregulatory cell traffic and activation. Background. Immunoregulation has been shown to be partially controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. Although short-term elevation of catecholamine levels is known to alter immunoregulatory cell traffic and activation, the effects of prolonged heightened sympathetic nervous system activity have not adequately been studied. We believe that the alterations in immune function seen in patients with congestive heart failure are linked to a prolonged elevation of circulating catecholamine levels. Methods. To characterize the effects of prolonged elevation of catecholamine levels, rats received 4 weeks of constant infusion of epinephrine or norepinephrine through implanted osmotic minipumps. Peripheral and splenic leukocyte subsets, T cell proliferation and interleukin-2 receptor expression were quantified. Antibody production to the novel antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin was assessed over the 4-week treatment period. Results. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine caused significant splenic atrophy and cardiac hypertrophy; both were blocked by propranolol. Epinephrine induced lymphocytosis; both cat, echolamines caused an increase in natural killer cells. In the spleen, both epinephrine and norepinephrine led to a dose-dependent decrease in total T cells, suppressor/cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells and a significant increase in B cells. Epinephrine at the low dose enhanced mitogen-induced proliferation and interleukin-2 receptor expression. Norepinephrine at the low dose appeared to diminish proliferation. Epinephrine tended to inhibit IgG antibody production, whereas norepinephrine had no effect. Conclusions. The results of our study indicate that prolonged elevation of catecholamine levels alters immune cell proliferation and differentiation. These alterations differ greatly from those induced by short-term stimulation but, for the most part, parallel those found in patients with congestive heart failure. We postulate that the shifts in immunoregulatory cell type and function seen in patients with congestive heart failure are due, in part, to longstanding increases in circulating catecholamine levels and may play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of disease.
Improving lipase enantioselectivity in organic solvents by forming substrate salts with chiral agents.

We recently demonstrated (J Am Chem Soc 121:3334-3340, 1999) that enzymatic enantioselectivity in organic solvents can be markedly enhanced by temporarily enlarging the substrate via salt formation. In the present study, this approach was expanded by finding that, in addition to its size, the stereochemistry of the counterion can greatly affect the enantioselectivity enhancement. For example, the enantioselectivity [E = (k(cat)/K(M))(S)/(k(cat)/K(M))(R)] of crystalline Pseudomonas cepacia lipase in the propanolysis of phenylalanine methyl ester (PheOMe) in anhydrous acetonitrile was found to be 5.8 +/- 0.6; the E value doubled when PheOMe's salt with S mandelic acid was used as a substrate instead of the free ester, and rose sevenfold with R mandelic acid as a Bronsted-Lowry acid. Similar effects were observed with other bulky, but not petite, counterions. The greatest enantioselectivity enhancement was afforded by 10-camphorsulfonic acid: the E value increased to 18 +/- 2 for a salt with its R enantiomer and jumped to 53 +/- 4 for the S. These effects, also observed in other organic solvents, were explained by means of structure-based molecular modeling of the lipase-bound transition states of the substrate enantiomers and their diastereomeric salts.
Expression of Multiple Stress Response Genes by Escherichia Coli Under Modeled Reduced Gravity

Bacteria, in response to changes in their environment, quickly regulate gene expression; hence, transcriptional profiling has been widely used to characterize bacterial responses to various environmental conditions. In this study, we used clinorotation to grow bacteria under low-sedimentation, -shear, and -turbulence conditions (referred to as modeled reduced gravity, MRG, below) which profoundly impacts bacteria including causing elevated resistance to multiple environmental stresses. To explore potential mechanisms behind the multiple stress resistance response to MRG, we assessed expression levels of E. coli genes, using reverse transcription followed by real-time-PCR, involved in specific stress and general stress responses under MRG and normal gravity (NG) in nutritionally rich and minimal media, and during exponential and stationary phases of growth. In addition, growth rates as well as physico-chemical parameters of culture media were examined. Over-expression of stress response genes (csiD, cstA, katE, otsA, treA) occurred under MRG compared to NG controls, but only during the later stages of growth in rich medium demonstrating that bacterial response to MRG varies with growth-medium and -phase. At stationary phase in rich medium under MRG and NG, E. coli had similar growth rates (based on rRNA-leader abundance) and yields (cell mass and numbers); this coupled, with observations of simultaneous induction of starvation response genes (csiD and cstA) suggests the multiple stress resistance phenotype under MRG could be attributable to microzones of nutrient unavailability around cells. Overall, in rich medium, the response resembled the general stress response (GSR) that E. coli develops during stationary phase of growth. Along these same lines, induction of genes coding for GSR was reversed by improving nutritional conditions under MRG. The reversal of GSR under MRG suggests that the multiple stress response exhibited is not specific to MRG but may result from nutrient limitation experienced by bacteria after incubation in nutrient-rich media under these conditions.
Are Cosmic Rays Modulated beyond the Heliopause

We discuss the possible spatial variation of Galactic and anomalous cosmic rays (GCRs and ACRs) at and beyond the heliopause (HP). Remaining within the framework of the Parker transport equation and assuming incompressible plasma in the heliosheath, we consider highly idealized simple-flow models and compare our GCR results with recent publications of Scherer et al. and Strauss et al. First, we discuss an order-of-magnitude estimate and a simple spherical model to demonstrate that the modulation of GCRs beyond the HP must be quite small if the diffusion coefficient beyond the HP is greater than ≈10{sup 26} cm{sup 2} s{sup –1}, a value that is two orders of magnitude smaller than the value of 10{sup 28} cm{sup 2} s{sup –1} determined from observations of GCR composition. Second, we construct a non-spherical model, which allows lateral deflection of the flow and uses different diffusion coefficients parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field. We find that modulation of GCRs beyond the HP remains small even if the perpendicular diffusion coefficient beyond the HP is quite small (≈10{sup 22} cm{sup 2} s{sup –1}) as long as the parallel diffusion is sufficiently fast. We also consider the case when the parallel diffusion beyond the HPmore » is fast, but the perpendicular diffusion is as small as ≈10{sup 20} cm{sup 2} s{sup –1}; this results in a sharp, almost step-like increase of GCR flux (and decrease of ACRs) at the HP. Possible implications are briefly discussed. We further suggest the possibility that the observed sharp gradient of GCRs at the HP might push the HP closer to the Sun than previously thought.« less
The origin of land plants: a union of alga and fungus advanced by flavonoids?

This paper addresses the hypothesis that land plants have a biphyletic origin as the product of an endocellular mutualism between a green alga and a tip-growing, fungus-like organism, culminating in the acquisition of part of the latter's genome by the host alga (Atsatt, P.R., 1988, Are vascular plants 'inside-out' lichens? Ecology 69, 17-23). According to this hypothesis, the tip-growing symbiont's capacity for invasive growth was exploited during the further evolution of the holobiont for the development of various specialized plant cell types, but especially those displaying tip growth. Here, noting the recent discovery of the dependence of pollen tube tip growth on flavonoids, this hypothesis is refined and extended by suggesting that a symbiotic relationship was advanced by the evolution of UV-protective flavonoids in the alga, followed by the evolution of a growth response by the tip-growing symbiont to the presence of those flavonoids, allowing the symbiont to continue to live with the alga in its new, high-light habitat. This growth response then evolved into a dependence on flavonoids in the context of an obligate, mutualistic relationship progressing toward endosymbiosis and incorporation of the endocytobiont's genetic capacity for cell polarization, tip growth and their control into the host alga's genome. Land plants and advanced charophycean algae (which are the closest green-algal relatives of land plants) are likely products of this process, while a primitive charophycean alga (lacking both tip growth and cell polarization) is proposed to have been the likely host for the endocytobiont. A series of tests of this hypothesis, based mainly on the identification and molecular phylogenetic analysis of appropriate genes, are proposed. Whether the endocytobiont could have been a relative of the earliest endomycorrhizal fungi is assessed.
Accidental intramuscular vincristine: Lack of untoward effects and recommendations for management

Vincristine was inadvertently injected into a thigh of three children. In each case the accident occurred as a result of the mixing of a syringe containing vincristine with a syringe of L-asparaginase which the patient was scheduled to receive on the same day. Within minutes, each patient was treated topically with cold compresses and the area was infiltrated with a solution of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate. Only one patient had discomfort of the thigh after the injection, none of the patients have had any sequelae, either acute or delayed. Measures to avoid mistaken injection of vincristine for asparaginase are readily achievable and have prevented recurrences of intramuscular vincristine administration at the institutions where they have been implemented. Nonetheless, other instances of intramuscular vincristine injection are anticipated and should be rapidly recognized and quickly managed with local applications of cold and sodium bicarbonate.
Nature of leukocyte agglutinating agent occurring in blood of immunized animals.

SummaryA humoral agent produced by single injection of antigen and responsible for leukocyte agglutination, which occurs in presence of specific antigen has been demonstrated in anti-EA and anti-type III pneumococcal sera. The factor is heat labile and, due to its specific affinity for EA treated tanned red cells and type III pneumococci respectively, it is thought to be antibody.
HIV Seroconversion and Disinfection of Injection Equipment among Intravenous Drug Users, Baltimore, Maryland

To examine the putative protective effect of disinfectant use on HIV seroconversion among intravenous drug users, we conducted a nested case-control study comparing 22 black heterosexual HIV seroconverters with 95 persistent seronegatives matched on gender, use of cocaine, date of study entry, and duration of follow-up. For intravenous drug users who reported using disinfectant all the time, the odds of seroconversion was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.25-2.38) compared with those who reported no use of disinfectants; for those who used disinfectants some ofthe time, the corresponding odds ratio was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.26-3.31). The odds ratio for use of disinfectant all the time was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.10-3.91) for those injecting at galleries and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.35-3.11) for those not injecting at galleries. These data suggest a limited protective effect of disinfectant use in the field which may be more beneficial to those injecting in shooting galleries. (Epidemiology 1991;2:444-446)
A Stable Urban Ecosystem: Its Evolution within Densely Populated Societies

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a stable urban ecosystem and its evolution within densely populated societies. One of the properties of the stable human habitat of the future is that it has urban characteristics. Ambitious people in the countryside, and in many towns, stream into cities in search of employment and education. Contemporary intellectuals have been exceedingly reluctant to admit that man's future is predominantly urban. Because future urbanites will not be able to live in the manner to which present city dwellers have become accustomed, many feel they will not be able to live at all. However, there already exist technologies for producing materials, for building, and for transport that will conserve large amounts of scarce energy. Because prototypes of the desired outcome do not exist, it appears necessary to construct one or more economic images of human settlement at steady state. The appropriate model would start from a set of circumstances typical of less-developed regions, and socio-technical changes would be induced in that composite.
Monod Kinetics for Aerobic Biodegradation of Calcium Magnesium Acetate: Soil Microcosms from a Highway Shoulder

Monod kinetics were used to recalibrate published sets of soil microcosm data that document the aerobic biodegradation of calcium magnesium acetate in a highway shoulder. The natural attenuation is important because acetate can exert an appreciable oxygen demand on ground-water if it persists from the ground surface to the water table. Biomass dynamics were modeled, as well as acetate degradation, in the assumed abundance of oxygen and nutrients. The maximum specific growth rate (μM) and half saturation constant (KS) quantify the ability of an individual aerobe to degrade acetate and accordingly calibrate microcosm data from all locations in the shoulder. Thirty-two microcosm sets from SR-25 in southeastern Massachusetts yielded a calibrated μM of 0.00133 h[minus]1 and a KS of 0.087 kg acetate/m3 soil moisture. Calibrated (not measured) initial biomass concentrations varied from 10 to 1,000 μg biomass/g dry soil, with the largest values near the surface of the loamy sand cover layer and the smallest value...
“Reinventing the Library” at Eastern Washington University: An Intensive Strategic Planning Experience with Faculty

In the spring of 2006, Eastern Washington University Libraries received an institutional strategic planning grant to hold a two-week strategic planning institute with faculty members representing the six colleges at Eastern Washington University (EWU). The purpose of the institute, titled “Reinventing the Library,” was to articulate a five-year vision for the role of the library within the university. The institute was held at the John F. Kennedy Memorial Library on the Cheney campus of EWU from July 24 through August 4, 2007, and was planned and facilitated by Dean of Libraries Patricia Kelley. Thirteen faculty members, including two members of the library faculty, participated. The curriculum for “Reinventing the Library” included presentations by guest speakers on national and institutional trends affecting EWU Libraries, group discussion, and planning activities. In the last days of the institute, participants achieved consensus on the future role of the EWU Libraries and drafted a vision statement. T...
Polygonal approximation to the flow on the critical surface for the bistable equation

Abstract We present a method to follow the evolution of the flow on the stable manifold of the stationary wave for the bistable equation. Previous calculations indicated that a large class of initial data (those whose support above threshold is kept away from 0 and ∞) on this surface, are characterized by a constant value of their area. The results presented here show that this is not sufficient to characterize data on threshold. We have observed that the areas converge smoothly under the flow to the area of the standing wave. We conjecture that the critical surface M is divided into three distinct regions. In the first the critical multiplier is minimal, in the second data has constant area, and the third is a region containing the standing wave. The procedure is an adaptation of Euler's polygonal method for the solution of ordinary differential equations.
Inversion of gas–surface scattering data for potential determination using functional sensitivity analysis. II. Extraction of the full interaction potential from low energy diffraction data

We demonstrate that the full gas–surface potential can be successfully recovered from low energy elastic scattering intensities within the framework of functional sensitivity analysis and Tikhonov regularization as formulated previously. Specifically, we consider an extensive, but finite, set of simulated discrete data from specular scattering and three in‐plane diffraction orders over a wide range of incident polar angles for the rigid, periodic, and corrugated He–Xe/C(0001) system at fixed beam energy and fixed azimuthal angle. It is found that the potential extracted from these input data unambiguously resembles the intended model potential. The recovered potential is only slightly steeper in the upper portion of the repulsive wall, and its minima are slightly deeper. Moreover, the repulsive walls of the recovered and true potentials cross the zero at almost the same distances from the surfaces. Finally, all of the details of the input data, namely, the positions and shapes of the bound‐state resonance...
Transmural Coupling of Fluid Flow in Microcirculatory Network and Interstitium in Tumors

The growth of tumors and their response to treatment are determined by delivery of diffusible substances to cancer cells and hence by their blood supply. Relative to most normal tissues, tumor blood flow is highly heterogeneous. Several hypotheses have been postulated to explain this anomalous behavior of tumor microcirculation, but the underlying mechanisms for these heterogeneities are not fully understood. In this study we consider a potential source of nonuniformity in the blood flow: the enhanced fluid exchange between the vascular and interstitial space mediated by the high leakiness of tumor vessels which could lead to a coupling between vascular, transvascular, and interstitial fluid flow. A simple network model is presented to describe the basic features of flow through a network of permeable and compliant vessels embedded in an isotropic porous medium. Two vascular geometries are considered: a regular mesh of identical vessels and a pair of countercurrent vessels of equal diameter. In each case, the flow through each vessel of the network is described by Poiseuille's law; the transmural flow between the vessels and the external porous medium is governed by Starling's law; the fluid movement through the porous medium is described by Darcy's law; and the vessel wall is assumed to be elastic. Our results show that the behavior of microcirculation may be strongly modified as a result of vascular compliance and enhanced vascular leakiness of tumor vessels. We found not only that the vascular pressure generates the well-known, high central interstitial fluid pressure, but also that the elevated interstitial pressure in turn alters the vascular pressure distribution. These changes in vascular pressure distribution result in a modification of the blood flow pattern. As the leakiness and compliance of the vessels increase, the blood is diverted away from the center of the tumor to a more peripheral path. The clinical significance of these results is that drug delivery for chemotherapy and oxygenation needed for radiotherapy may well be hampered in the central region of the tumor, despite the presence of highly permeable vessels in these regions.
Basal cells are the progenitors of primary tracheal epithelial cell cultures.

Abstract The goal of this study was to identify the cells from the rat tracheal epithelium which attach and proliferate in primary culture. When cells isolated from tracheas by enzymatic digestion were held in suspension at 37 °C for several hours most of the differentiated cells died. The kinetics of this selective cell death were not dependent on the constituents of the holding medium. With time in suspension, the colony forming efficiency of the surviving cells increased two- to threefold. Comparison of the growth curves of cells held or plated directly showed no difference in the number of cells in the proliferating populations. Using two lectins, it was possible to monitor the loss of specific populations in suspension. BS1-B4 is a marker for basal cells and UEA-1 is a secretory cell marker. Only those cells that were BS1-B4 positive survived in suspension. Further, the colonies that formed in primary culture were positive for this marker. Single cell suspensions of cells were sorted by flow cytometry and a fivefold increase in the colony forming efficiency of BS1-B4 positive cells compared to that of the negative cells was observed. These findings suggest that the cells that survived in suspension and proliferated in culture originated from the basal cells of the trachea.
Real-time spectral analysis on a small general-purpose computer

There is a growing need for methods of quickly estimating the changing frequency content of a nonstationary signal. In this paper we describe a method for doing spectral analysis in real time on a small general-purpose digital computer, and discuss some of the theoretical and practical problems of developing similar systems for other computers.
Decanuclear Manganese(III) Complexes with the [Mn10O8]14+ Core: Structural and Magnetochemical Characterization of [Mn10O8(O2CPh)6(chel)8] (chel = pic, dbm)

The preparation and properties are described of two related Mn10 clusters with the same [Mn10O8]14+ (10 MnIII) core. Dissolution of [Mn4O2(O2CPh)6(MeCN)2(pic)2] (1) in MeCONMe2 (DMA) and CH2Cl2 in the presence of picH (picolinic acid) leads to slow crystallization of [Mn10O8(O2CPh)6(pic)8] (2) in 50−55% yield. The same reaction in the presence of dibenzoylmethane (dbmH) instead of picH gives [Mn10O8(O2CPh)6(pic)6(dbm)2] (3). Complex 2·6CH2Cl2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with (at −169 °C) a = 14.987(3) A, b = 17.177(3) A, c = 21.250(4) A, β = 91.48(1)°, and Z = 2. Complex 3·3CH2Cl2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with (at −165 °C) a = 14.892(6) A, b = 15.537(6) A, c = 14.697(6) A, α = 109.82(2)°, β = 97.75(2)°, γ = 111.66(2)°, and Z = 1. The two structures are very similar, differing only in the chelate identity at two positions, and resulting small perturbations in some metric parameters. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility data were obtained for 2·3H2O with a d...
Application of diversity indices to quantify early life-history diversity for Chinook salmon

Abstract We developed an approach to quantify early life history diversity for Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ). Early life history diversity (ELHD) is the variation in morphological and behavioral traits expressed within and among populations by individual juvenile salmon during downstream migration. A standard quantitative method does not exist for this prominent concept in salmon biology. For Chinook salmon, ELHD reflects the multitude of possible strategies undertaken during the juvenile (fry through smolt) phases of their life cycle, where a life history strategy (or pattern) describes the combination of traits exhibited by an organism throughout its life cycle. Increasing life history diversity to improve resilience and aid recovery of diminished salmon and steelhead populations is a common objective in fish population recovery efforts. In this paper, we characterized early life history traits and prioritize timing and fish size as two appropriate, measurable dimensions for an ELHD index. We studied diversity index literature, identified an indexing approach based on the effective number of time-size trait combinations, and tested several candidate indices for performance and usefulness in case studies using juvenile salmon catch data from the lower Columbia River and estuary. The recommended ELHD index is diversity expressed as the effective number of time-size trait combinations for the Shannon Index, modified to include an adjustment for missing time-size trait combinations and a sample coverage factor. This index applies to multiple life history strategies of juvenile salmonids; incorporates fish abundance, richness, and evenness; and produces readily interpretable values. The ELHD index can support comparisons across like locales and examinations of trends through time at a given locale. It has application as a high-level indicator to track trends in the status of the recovery of salmon and steelhead populations in the Columbia River basin and elsewhere where salmon recovery efforts are under way.
Evidence for energy thermalization in deep-inelastic processes: /sup 63/Cu + /sup 20/Ne at 7. 9, 12. 6, and 17. 2 MeV/nucleon

Light--charged-particle emission in the reaction /sup 63/Cu + /sup 20/Ne has been studied by simultaneously measuring the atomic numbers of both deep-inelastic fragments. The results seem consistent with an evaporative process and indicate that the entrance-channel kinetic energy is essentially thermalized over a broad range of bombarding energies.
Diastolic Heart Failure Can Be Diagnosed by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional and Doppler Echocardiography

There are many myocardial and non-myocardial conditions that cause heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Among them, diastolic heart failure (heart failure due to diastolic dysfunction) is the most common cause of heart failure with normal LVEF. Diastolic heart failure easily can be diagnosed by comprehensive two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, which can demonstrate abnormal myocardial relaxation, decreased compliance, and increased filling pressure in the setting of normal LV dimensions and preserved LVEF. Therefore, diastolic heart failure should always be considered when LVEF is normal on two-dimensional echocardiography in patients with clinical evidence of heart failure. The diagnosis can be confirmed if Doppler echocardiography and myocardial tissue imaging provide evidence for impaired myocardial relaxation (i.e., decreased longitudinal velocity of the mitral annulus during early diastole and decreased propagation velocity mitral inflow), decreased compliance (shortened mitral A-wave duration and mitral deceleration time), and increased filling pressure (shortened isovolumic relaxation time and an increased ratio between early diastolic mitral and mitral annular velocities). Early identification of diastolic dysfunction in asymptomatic patients by the use of echocardiography may provide an opportunity to manage the underlying etiology to prevent progression to diastolic heart failure.
Vortex near the surface of an anisotropic superconductor: Implication for decoration.

The magnetic field of a vortex situated parallel to the nearby flat surface of an anisotroptic superconductor, penetrates into the free space (unless the vortex points in a principal crystal direction). This makes feasible the decoration experiment to visualize the direction of vortices beneath the superconducting surface.
CHAMBRI MYSTICISM AND SEPIK REGIONAL EXCHANGE: A CRITIQUE OF ERRINGTON AND GEWERTZ

Critique d'un article de F. Errington et D. B. Gewertz precedemment paru dans la revue (1986, n o 57 : p. 99-113) sur le fatalisme qui caracterise les croyances dans le pouvoir mystique chez les Chambri de la region du Sepik, en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinee. Le pouvoir mystique des noms secrets, leur transmission limitee de pere a fils, et la compensation qu'etablissent les fils en important des objets sacres de chez les Iatmul voisins
Profiles of Communicative and Cognitive-Social Abilities in Autistic Children

The purpose of this study was to examine profiles of communicative and cognitive-social abilities in a small group of autistic children functioning in the prelinguistic and early stages of language...
Effects of intrahypothalamic kainic acid injection on taurine levels, binding and uptake

Abstract The neurochemical effects of unilateral intrahypothalamic injection of kainic acid on taurine levels and synaptosomal uptake and binding of taurine were investigated. Seven days after the kainic acid injections, there were no changes in either taurine uptake or binding. However, taurine levels were significantly increased by 54% over the control contralateral side. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that taurine is localized in glial cells: the increased levels being a result of gliosis after kainic acid injections.
History as a Design Mode: The New Bibliotheca Alexandrina

The design of the new Alexandria library requires a consideration of the many cultural and historical layers of the site, the city, and the country. Our design process began with our vision of the role of the library within its historical and cultural setting, the library as myth and metaphor. We then proceeded to analyze the site in its various contexts: the site in history; within its urban fabric; and in its position as link between the University of Alexandria and the sea. Program elements were then overlaid onto this. The concept that emerged marries the symbolic axis toward the site of the ancient lighthouse Pharos and the functional axis toward the University of Alexandria campus, allowing the building mass to act as an urban edge.
Building a National Strategy for Digital Preservation: Issues in Digital Media Archiving

The State of Digital Preservation: An International PerspectiveDo you know where your data are tonight? Are they hanging out with defunct data formats, has-been hardware, or obsolete operating syst...
Middle School Transition Stress: Links with Academic Performance, Motivation, and School Experiences.

The present study investigates links between early adolescents’ subjective experiences of stress associated with the middle school transition and their academic outcomes. Seventh and eighth grade students (N = 774) were surveyed about their experiences during their transition to middle school. Students answered questions about stress associated with the transition to middle school, the extent to which their friendships had changed over the course of the transition, and a variety of academic outcomes including academic performance, school bonding, and academic motivation. Results indicate that higher amounts of middle school transition stress predict lower grades, higher school anxiety, and lower school bonding. Moreover, transition stress predicted academic outcomes regardless of whether adolescents were in a stable friendship group across the transition to middle school. Results are discussed in light of implications for promoting positive social and academic development across the transition to middle school.
Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) map number onto space.

Abstract Humans map number onto space. However, the origins of this association, and particularly the degree to which it depends upon cultural experience, are not fully understood. Here we provide the first demonstration of a number–space mapping in a non-human primate. We trained four adult male rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ) to select the fourth position from the bottom of a five-element vertical array. Monkeys maintained a preference to choose the fourth position through changes in the appearance, location, and spacing of the vertical array. We next asked whether monkeys show a spatially-oriented number mapping by testing their responses to the same five-element stimulus array rotated ninety degrees into a horizontal line. In these horizontal probe trials, monkeys preferentially selected the fourth position from the left, but not the fourth position from the right. Our results indicate that rhesus macaques map number onto space, suggesting that the association between number and space in human cognition is not purely a result of cultural experience and instead has deep evolutionary roots.
An ESI-MS method for characterization of native and modified oligonucleotides used for RNA interference and other biological applications

RNA interference (RNAi) has become a powerful tool for investigating gene function, and, in addition, shows potential for the development of therapeutic agents. RNAi can be triggered in a variety of eukaryotic cells using small interfering RNA (siRNA), their double-stranded precursors (double-stranded RNA) and short hairpin precursors (shRNA). Here, we describe a protocol for analyzing these RNAs and their modifications using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). This protocol involves the desalting of nucleic acids using ammonium acetate precipitation, followed by characterization using ESI-MS. This protocol has been chiefly used for analyzing siRNAs and their chemical modifications, but it has also been used and can be applied to the analysis of a wide range of native and modified oligonucleotides. This protocol provides accurate information on molecular weight for a range of nucleic acids and can be completed in less than a day.
Work in progress - adopt a school - the foundation of a long-term outreach effort

A glaring problem in undergraduate computer science programs is the lack of females and members of certain ethnic minority groups. This problem is compounded by the fact that many faculty members and departments are unable to devote much time or financial resources towards outreach efforts. This paper presents a model for a long-term outreach effort that is enabled by ldquoadoptingrdquo a local K-8 School. This model enables a department to participate in effective outreach activities with a minimal time commitment. Additionally, this model provides tremendous educational and financial benefits to the partner school with little, if any, financial obligation on the part of the sponsoring department. While the scope of this project is relatively small compared to many outreach efforts, it is appropriate for departments that lack the time or financial means to launch a large-scale program.
Overcoming the limitations of adaptive control by means of logic-based switching

In this paper we describe a framework for deterministic adaptive control which involves logic-based switching among a family of candidate controllers. We compare it with more conventional adaptive control techniques that rely on continuous tuning, emphasizing how switching and logic can be used to overcome some of the limitations of traditional adaptive control. The issues are discussed in a tutorial, non-technical manner and illustrated with specific examples.
Did “Controversies Concerning Vitamin K and the Newborn” Cover All the Controversies?

To the Editor .— We are concerned about the July 2003 American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement about vitamin K, “Controversies Concerning Vitamin K and the Newborn,” which recommends a 0.5- to 1-mg dose for vitamin K in the newborn.1 We have reason to believe this dose is too high for some infants. The 4th and 5th editions of Pediatric Nutrition Handbook, 2,3 by the American Academy of Pediatrics, recommends 0.3 mg/kg vitamin K for infants with birth weights <1000 g.2,3 Kumar et al4 documented that premature infants (28 weeks’ gestation, 90% formula fed) had excessively high plasma vitamin K levels of 130.7 ± 125.6 ng/mL on day 14 of life after receiving 1 mg of vitamin K intramuscularly shortly after birth and 71.2 ± 39.6 μg/kg per day from total parenteral nutrition (TPN). In our study, “Vitamin K Prophylaxis for Preterm Infants: 1 mg versus 0.5 mg,”5 we reported …
MEAN EUTHYROID 24-HOUR RADIOIODINE UPTAKE AS A CHARACTERISTIC OF DIFFERENT PATIENT POPULATIONS.

ABSTRACT Equations are given for the conversion of the 24-hr thyroidal uptake of radioiodine (U24) to its equivalent fractional thyroidal clearance rate (k1). Data on U24 for several different patient populations were analyzed and compared. In most cases the equivalent k1 values showed a log-normal distribution.
A self-control model of depression

Depression can be seen as a set of related problems in self-control. Current models are reviewed with respect to their handling of symptomatology, etiology, and therapy of depression. Kanfer's model of self-control with the addition of attributional considerations is proposed as a heuristic model for the analysis of the phenomena of depression. Evidence for the model is cited. It is argued that the self-control model offers a more comprehensive and integrative alternative as compared to other models.
Abstract 504: Cystatin-C Risk-Stratifies Patients for Acute Kidney Injury and 1-Year Major Vascular Events Following Contrast -Enhanced CT Imaging in the Emergency Care Setting

Background: Despite poor sensitivity in acutely ill patients, serum creatinine (and estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFRSCR]) remains the sole means of risk-stratifying patients for acute kidney injury (AKI) prior to contrast-enhanced CT imaging (CECT). Hypothesis: We hypothesized that an acute phase marker of renal dysfunction, cystatin-C (expressed as eGFRCYS), would more accurately predict contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) than eGFRSCR. Given the risk of arterial vascular events subsequent to AKI, we also evaluated eGFRCYS in risk-stratifying patients for major adverse events (MAE) within 1 year of CECT. Methods: We followed 462 consecutive adults, without end-stage renal disease, undergoing CECT (any indication) in the outpatient, emergency care setting for CIN and 1-year MAE: death, renal failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, and/or peripheral vascular event requiring intervention (blinded, adjudicated outcome). We excluded patients with life-threatening CECT indications and collected serum ...
Design of thin, efficient, electrically small antenna using multiple foldings

The design of a thin, multiply folded, electrically small antenna is proposed for achieving high efficiency in a physically compact size. A prototype antenna has been built and measured at 150 MHz. The achievable efficiency of the multiply folded design is found to be superior to that of the inductively coupled feed design.
ENHANCED CHEMILUMINESCENCE ASSAY VS COLORIMETRIC ASSAY FOR MEASUREMENT OF THE TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF HUMAN SEMINAL PLASMA

Although the enhanced chemiluminescence assay is commonly used to measure the nonenzymatic total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the human seminal plasma, it is cumbersome, expensive, and time-consuming. We describe herein an alternate method to measure TAC that is based on the ability of antioxidants in seminal plasma to interfere with a reaction between 2,2'-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate] and metmyoglobin with H(2)O(2). This reaction produces a relatively stable blue-green color with absorbance maxima at 600 nm. We compared this colorimetric assay with our established chemiluminescence method and assessed quality control parameters (ie, intra-assay and interassay variabilities) in addition to intraobserver and interobserver differences. Our results show that the colorimetric assay was fairly predictive of antioxidant capacity similar to the chemiluminescence assay (P <.001). Furthermore, there was a high level of agreement between the duplicate measures by the same observer (intraobserver) and intra-assay variability, with a concordance correlation coefficient of 0.99. The interassay coefficient of variation was 4.7% (overall). The mean +/- SD of the difference between the 2 observers was 2.98% +/- 4.1%. In conclusion, we found that the colorimetric assay is a reliable and accurate method to evaluate seminal TAC, and it could be used as a simpler, rapid, and cheaper alternative to the chemiluminescence assay.
Peta-scale computing

Summary form only given. In a few short years, computers capable of over one Petaflops performance will become a reality. The most likely approach for first successfully reaching this performance level will involve several thousands of parallel processing elements. What are the key considerations for building such systems? What are the software requirements and demands? How will applications scale? How reliable are they likely to be? What will they be good for? We will address these questions and more based on early experience with the BlueGene system.
Treatment of Functional Impairment in Severe Somatoform Pain Disorder: A Case Example

Objective: To describe the assessment and treatment of severe functional impairment in a young female adolescent with somatoform pain disorder. Methods: Treatment included an inpatient hospital admission using a rehabilitation approach and behavior modification program. Standardized assessment of functional impairment and health-related quality of life was performed at baseline and follow-up. Diagnostic evaluation and treatment costs were computed using insurance and hospital billing data. Results: Pre-/postintervention measures of functional disability indicated significant improvement in physical and psychosocial functioning in everyday activities. Although costly, the inpatient admission decreased frequent health care use over the short term. Conclusions: Delay in diagnosis of somatoform disorders may seriously extend children’s disability and require more intensive treatment. Functional disability is a critical measure of treatment outcome in children with severe somatoform disorder. Future research concerning interventions for children with a broad range of recurrent and chronic pain symptoms can be strengthened through a focus on reducing functional disability.