cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal support and caregiver-child symptom concordance among sexually abused children.

Caregivers and children often diverge in their reports of children's trauma-related symptoms, and this discordance has been linked with children's behavioral difficulties and poorer treatment outcomes. Knowledge regarding what factors may be related to discordance is limited, and maternal support in relation to trauma-related symptom agreement has yet to be investigated. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations between discordance and both maternal emotional support and blame/doubt in caregivers' and children's reports of trauma-related symptoms in sexually abused children. Participants were treatment-seeking, sexually abused children (N = 122) aged 8-12 years (M = 9.45 years, SD = 1.09; 70.5% female, 57.4% White) and their nonoffending caregivers. Low intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) indicated the presence of significant discordance across symptom types, with caregivers reporting higher levels of trauma-related difficulties, ICCs = -.21-.22. Older children were more likely to disclose higher levels of anger and sexual concerns than younger children, βs = .18-.33. Children's gender, race, and relationship to their caregiver were not related to symptom discordance. Further, maternal emotional support and blame/doubt were not associated with caregiver-child concordance for any examined difficulties. Assessment of both caregivers' and children's perceptions of trauma-related symptoms is vital given the likelihood of discordance in child and caregiver reports of symptom levels. Although maternal emotional support and blame/doubt may not be linked to concordance with regard to trauma-related difficulties, child age should further be considered as a potentially important factor in understanding caregiver-child symptom concordance.
Apoptosis: Physiology and Pathology

Apoptosis, or cell death, can be pathological, a sign of disease and damage, or physiological, a process essential for normal health. This book, with contributions from experts in the field, provides a timely compilation of reviews of mechanisms of apoptosis. The book is organized into three convenient sections. The first section explores the different processes of cell death and how they relate to one another. The second section focuses on organ-specific apoptosis-related diseases. The third section explores cell death in non-mammalian organisms, such as plants. This comprehensive text is a must-read for all researchers and scholars interested in apoptosis.
Remarks on W1,p-quasiconvexity, interpenetration of matter, and function spaces for elasticity

We show that, under mild hypotheses on the elastic energy function, the minimizer of the energy in the space {f∈W1,p:det∇f>0,1≦p<n} of a nonlinear elastic ball subject to the severe compressive boundary conditions f(x)=λx,λ≪1 will not be the expected uniform compression f (x) = λx. To show this, we construct competitors in this space that reduce the energy but interpenetrate matter. We also prove that the W1, p-quasiconvexity condition of Ball and Murat [1984] is a necessary condition for a local minimum in a setting that includes nonlinear elasticity. This theorem is well suited to analyses of the formation of voids in nonlinear elastic materials. Our analysis illustrates the delicacy of the choice of function space for nonlinear elasticity.
Transport modeling applied to the interpretation of groundwater 36Cl age

[1] We use reactive transport modeling to consider how diffusion and hydrodynamic dispersion, cross-formational flow, and subsurface production affect the steady state distribution in flow regimes of the radioactive isotope 36Cl, and the relationship of the isotope distribution to groundwater residence time, or “age.” The isotope forms naturally in the atmosphere, dissolves in rainwater, and then decays in the subsurface with a half-life of ∼301,000 years; hence it is important for age dating very old groundwater. In a simple flow regime composed of an aquifer confined above and below by aquitards, isotopic age may correspond rather well with a groundwater's “piston flow” age. This correspondence is favored where the aquifer is thick, cross-formational flow is insignificant, salinity is low, and the diffusion coefficient within the aquitards is small. The maximum dateable age, however, is somewhat smaller than expected from the isotope's half-life. Owing to the effect of “dead” chloride, dating based on isotope abundance (the 36Cl/Cl ratio) may be less accurate than that based on 36Cl concentration. Cross-formational flow can strongly affect the 36Cl distribution and abundance, preventing the rates and even direction of flow within an aquifer from being interpreted using the piston flow model. Where salinity is moderate or high, the isotope distribution is controlled by subsurface production, and dating on the basis of the decay of atmospheric 36Cl is not possible. In models of simple flow regimes the 36Cl method fails to predict groundwater age accurately where groundwater chlorinity exceeds ∼75–150 mg kg−1. Reactive transport models hold considerable promise for improving interpretation of the rates and patterns of groundwater flow from radioisotope distributions.
Molecular aspects of ligand interaction with somatic and immune receptors: insights from studies of the mammalian reoviruses.

Several characteristics of the reoviruses have facilitated the molecular analysis of virus-host interaction in this experimental system. These studies have benefited from the practical application of the idiotypic network paradigm. Studies of the mammalian reoviruses have helped elucidate the nature of the interaction of idiotype with anti-idiotype, the immune mechanisms which regulate the production of anti-idiotypic antibodies, and the functional consequences idiotypic mechanisms
Cellular immune response against tumor cells. I. In vitro immunization of allogeneic and syngeneic mouse spleen cell suspensions against DBA mastocytoma cells.

Abstract Spleen cell populations stimulated in vitro with as few as 1000 tumor cells produce cytotoxic effector cells. Syngeneic as well as allogeneic spleen cells respond to DBA mastocytoma tumor cells. There is a significant cellular immune response to allogeneic tumor cells 72 hr after exposure to antigen. By contrast, the response of DBA spleen cells to DBA mastocytoma tumor cells is first detectable at 120 hr following exposure to antigen. C57BL/6 spleen cells immunized against DBA mastocytoma antigen kill both DBA mastocytoma tumor cells and normal cells from DBA animals. DBA spleen cells immunized against DBA mastocytoma antigen kill only the DBA mastocytoma tumor cells, and not normal cells from DBA animals.
Gallbladder function in the human female: Effect of the ovulatory cycle, pregnancy, and contraceptive steroids

We have previously shown that in pregnancy fasting gallbladder volume is increased and emptying after a small volume liquid meal is incomplete. In this study we measured gallbladder volume throughout day and night in healthy women ingesting regular meals. Pregnant women, postpartum women, contraceptive-steroid users, and controls in both phases of the ovulatory cycle were studied. After an overnight fast gallbladder volume was measured by realtime ultrasonography in the fasting state and every 5-10 min for 90 min after breakfast. Residual volume was the lowest volume achieved and the rate constant of gallbladder emptying was calculated from the ln/linear regression of gallbladder volume vs. time. Gallbladder volume was also measured hourly from 11 AM to midnight while subjects ate regular, standard meals, allowing the determination of an average hourly volume. There was no effect of phase of the ovulatory cycle on any measure of gallbladder function. Fasting, residual, and average hourly volume were increased in all trimesters of pregnancy, but tended to return to normal in the postpartum period. Women taking contraceptive steroids had an increased fasting volume. Two distinct rates of emptying after breakfast, an early and a late one, were identified. The early rate was the same in all groups. Pregnant women had a slower late rate of emptying, but women taking contraceptive steroids had emptying rates similar to controls. Retention of bile in the gallbladder may be one reason for the increased risk of cholesterol cholelithiasis in pregnant women and in those taking contraceptive steroids.
Multivariable Analysis: A Practical Guide for Clinicians

Multivariable analysis is a challenging subject for clinicians, whether they are novice researchers or trained practitioners. Most basic biostatistics books do not cover multivariable analysis, while existing multivariable analysis books are dense with mathematical formulas. Multivariable Analysis: A Practical Guide for Clinicians steps aside from mathematics and offers conceptual explanations. Dr. Mitchell Katz follows a nonthreatening, question-and-answer approach to explain how to perform and interpret multivariable analyses. He begins by explaining why clinicians should do multivariable analyses and then guides the reader through topics such as how to choose which type of multivariable method to perform, how to deal with missing data, and how to validate multivariable models. The book is loaded with useful tips, tables, figures, and references. Examples from the medical literature demonstrate several real-world applications and uses of multivariable analysis. This book will prove to be an indispensable guide for medical students, residents, and practicing physicians.
Case 3586 Glossina Wiedemann, 1830 (Insecta, Diptera, GLOSSINIDAE): proposed precedence over Nemorhina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

Abstract. The purpose of this application, under Article 23.9.3 of the Code, is to conserve the generic name Glossina Wiedemann, 1830 (Diptera, glossinidae), which is a widely used name for a well-established and medically important genus of tsetse flies. It is threatened by its infrequently used senior subjective synonym, Nemorhina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. It is proposed that Glossina Wiedemann, 1830 be conserved by reversing the precedence relative to Nemorhina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 under the plenary power of the Commission, in the interest of nomenclatural stability.
Using Camcorders to Improve Teaching

Reflective practice and self-analysis have emerged as important responsibilities for teachers as they become more empowered and more accountable for their own professional growth. At the same time, technological tools are being used to improve teachinglearning and assessment strategies. Computers, video and compact disks, camcorders, and satellite communication systems offer alternative systems of instruction to textbooks (Gilliom, Helgeson, and Zuga 1992). In addition, they may be used as substitutes for traditional classroom pencil-paper tests. Recent reports, for example, describe how computers are used to simulate situations and problems that students analyze and solve (Schielack 1991). Assessing teacher performance has often been problematic because the assessor and the teacher have different perspectives. Videotapes, however, offer congruent evidence on which to base assessments. To date, use of the camcorder as an aid has received only limited attention in educational journals. One problem may be that teachers refuse to be videotaped. In interviewing preand in-service teachers, we learned that these teachers find camcorders threatening and believe that their use (at first) affects the teacher's typical performance. We contend that documentation of teacher performance and skill attainment gathered in a technologically objective way is more precise than data gathered using traditional methods, and it facilitates authentic assessment. Camcorders are accessible, affordable, and usable by amateurs. Furthermore, they allow teachers to assess their pedagogical skills privately and independently. For many years, coaches and athletes have used videotapes and instant replays of performances to assess competencies and weaknesses. The athletes, with the as-
Live/Real Time Three-Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiographic Assessment of Inferior Vena Cava and Hepatic Vein Thrombosis in Sickle Cell Disease

We describe the value of live/real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE) over two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2DTTE) in the assessment of inferior vena cava (IVC) and hepatic vein (HV) obstruction in a patient with sickle cell disease. 3DTTE provided additional information when compared to 2DTTE by (1) identifying the obstructing lesion as a likely thrombus, (2) by providing assessment of anatomical severity of IVC lumen obstruction since the thrombus could be visualized en face also, and (3) identifying an area of increased mobility of a portion of the thrombus suggesting greater risk of embolization. (Echocardiography 2010;27:594-596).
Disruption of guinea pig urinary bladder permeability barrier in noninfectious cystitis

Although most cell membranes permit rapid flux of water, small nonelectrolytes, and ammonia, the apical membranes of bladder epithelial umbrella cells, which form the bladder permeability barrier, exhibit strikingly low permeabilities to these substances. In cystitis, disruption of the bladder permeability barrier may irritate the bladder wall layers underlying the epithelium, causing or exacerbating inflammation, and increasing urinary frequency, urgency, and bladder pain. To determine the effects of inflammation on the integrity of the permeability barrier, guinea pigs were sensitized with ovalbumin, and the bladders were exposed subsequently to antigen by instillation on the urinary side. Inflammation of the bladder wall markedly reduced transepithelial resistance of dissected epithelium mounted in Ussing chambers and increased water and urea permeabilities modestly at 2 h and more strikingly at 24 h after induction of the inflammation. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of bladders at 30 min and 24 h after antigen exposure revealed disruption of tight junctions, denuding of patches of epithelium, and occasional loss of apical membrane architecture. These permeability and structural effects did not occur in nonsensitized animals in which the bladders were exposed to antigen and in sensitized animals exposed to saline vehicle rather than antigen. These results demonstrate that inflammation of the underlying muscle and lamina propria can disrupt the bladder permeability barrier by damaging tight junctions and apical membranes and causing sloughing of epithelial cells. Leakage of urinary constituents through the damaged epithelium may then exacerbate the inflammation in the underlying muscle layers.
Dimensions of Black Suicide: A Theoretical Model.

This paper has two purposes: (1) to develop a theoretical model of suicide, based on the previous work of Henry and Short, and (2) to apply that model in the study of black suicides in Orleans Parish, Louisiana. In so doing, we are focusing on suicide among a traditionally low-status, low-suicide population group, one which Henry and Short cited in support of the positive relationship between status and suicide. The generality of the theory is thus examined in this and other ways. The theory of "external restraints" is only weakly sustained by this analysis. More adequate testing of the theory must await further data, with careful attention to the subjective aspects of hypothesized structural relationships.
A microcantilever device to assess the effect of force on the lifetime of selectin-carbohydrate bonds.

Abstract A microcantilever technique was used to apply force to receptor-ligand molecules involved in leukocyte rolling on blood vessel walls. E-selectin was adsorbed onto 3- μ m-diameter, 4-mm-long glass fibers, and the selectin ligand, sialyl Lewis x , was coupled to latex microspheres. After binding, the microsphere and bound fiber were retracted using a computerized loading protocol that combines hydrodynamic and Hookean forces on the fiber to produce a range of force loading rates (force/time), r f . From the distribution of forces at failure, the average force was determined and plotted as a function of ln r f . The slope and intercept of the plot yield the unstressed reverse reaction rate, k r o , and a parameter that describes the force dependence of reverse reaction rates, r o . The ligand was titrated so adhesion occurred in ∼30% of tests, implying that >80% of adhesive events involve single bonds. Monte Carlo simulations show that this level of multiple bonding has little effect on parameter estimation. The estimates are r o =0.048 and 0.016nm and k r o =0.72 and 2.2s −1 for loading rates in the ranges 200–1000 and 1000–5000 pN s −1 , respectively. Levenberg-Marquardt fitting across all values of r f gives r o =0.034nm and k r o =0.82s −1 . The values of these parameters are in the range required for rolling, as suggested by adhesive dynamics simulations.
Tree-shaped structures for cold storage

This paper explores the application of constructal design to tree-shaped networks for cold storage. The objective is the maximization of ice production per unit volume, for specified operating conditions (temperature difference, pressure drop, storage time, construction material). Constructal design starts from the smallest scale (elemental volume) and proceeds toward larger and more complex assemblies of elements. Two geometries were optimized at the smallest scale: ice production on parallel plates and on parallel cylinders. The cylindrical geometry offers a greater ice production density. At the next larger scale, the ice production was maximized on arrays of tubes assembled as ‘Z-shaped registers’. The optimization of geometry yielded the spacing between tubes, and the tube diameter and length. The road toward larger and more complex assemblies, and the emergence of dendritic flow architecture are discussed.
Measuring the Quality of Life in the U.S.: Political Reflections

The economist Amartya Sen has said that world development ought to focus on the capabilities that people achieve, and not simply on aggregate economic indicators. In that spirit, the United Nations since 1990 has published several Human Development (HD) reports that assess nations in terms of health and education conditions, as well as income or wealth. Many countries have assessed their own HD. In The Measure of America, Sarah Burd-Sharps, Kristen Lewis, and Eduardo Borges Martins apply this approach to the United States. They describe variation in health, education, and income conditions across American states, congressional districts, and social groups.
Multi-Channel $l_{1}$ Regularized Convex Speech Enhancement Model and Fast Computation by the Split Bregman Method

A convex speech enhancement (CSE) method is presented based on convex optimization and pause detection of the speech sources. Channel spatial difference is identified for enhancing each speech source individually while suppressing other interfering sources. Sparse unmixing filters indicating channel spatial differences are sought by l1 norm regularization and the split Bregman method. A subdivided split Bregman method is developed for efficiently solving the problem in severely reverberant environments. The speech pause detection is based on a binary mask source separation method. The CSE method is evaluated objectively and subjectively, and found to outperform a list of existing blind speech separation approaches on both synthetic and room recorded speech mixtures in terms of the overall computational speed and separation quality.
Associate and Baccalaureate Degree Final Semester Students' Perceptions of Self-Efficacy Concerning Community Health Nursing Competencies

A quantitative study was undertaken to examine whether final semester associate degree nursing (ADN) and baccalaureate degree nursing (BSN) students who experienced community health nursing content perceived themselves as self-efficacious to work as community health nurses (CHNs) with individuals, families, and communities. Additionally, the study examined the variance of perceived self-efficacy (PSE) accounted for by antecedent variables, performance accomplishments (PA), vicarious experience (VE), verbal persuasion (VP), and emotional arousal (EA). Questionnaires were mailed to faculty liaisons from 34 randomly selected National League for Nursing (NLN)-accredited schools in the United States. Statistical analysis revealed that the ADN and BSN final semester students perceived themselves to be equally self-efficacious to work with individuals and families. Significant differences were found, however, between the ADN and BSN students on PSE to work with communities. PA and VE explained 15% of the PSE variance suggesting that actual and VE contributes positively to a students' PSE to work as a CHN.
X-ray scattering study of thin films of poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene).

Poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene), PBTTT, is a semiconducting polymer that forms thin film transistors (TFTs) with high field effect mobility on silicon dioxide dielectrics ...
Pen injury: A rare complication

An 18-month-old male sustained an intra-oral injury after falling on a pen. The internal carotid artery was occluded without evident neurologic deficit. The pen tip was surgically removed from the cerebellum.
Modeling carbon and silicon cycling in the equatorial Pacific

Abstract The equatorial Pacific is a region of significant particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) and biogenic silica sedimentation, the majority of which is carried out by coccolithophorids and diatoms. We developed an ecosystem model that explicitly includes three phytoplankton functional groups (picoplankton, coccolithophorids, and diatoms), two zooplankton functional groups (microzooplankton and mesozooplankton), nutrients (nitrate NO 3 , ammonium NH 4 , and silicate Si(OH) 4 ), detritus (particulate organic matter, biogenic silica, and PIC), total alkalinity, total CO 2 , and partial pressure of CO 2 at the surface water (pCO 2sea ). The model is capable of reproducing many biogeochemical features for the region, such as high-nutrient low-chlorophyll condition, significant exposure of phytoplankton under grazing controls by zooplankton, and large CO 2 release to the atmosphere. The export ratio of PIC to particulate organic carbon (rain ratio) to the deep water was 0.16, higher than the global-mean values, implying predominant PIC sedimentation in the equatorial Pacific upwelling region. Comparison between calcification and no-calcification model results indicates that when coccolithophorids are present, the community interactions actually induce more diatom biomass, export fluxes of detritus, and CO 2 release to the atmosphere. The model results show remarkable calcification in the subsurface layers, which suggests more field data on calcification processes are needed. Increase of source (120 m depth) Si(OH) 4 concentration associated with the tropical instability waves lead to a linear increase in biogenic silica export. Higher Si(OH) 4 concentration stimulates diatom growth, which causes a decrease in picoplankton because feeding pressure by mesozooplankton switched from picoplankton's grazer, microzooplankton, to the abundant diatoms. Surface coccolithophorid biomass has its maximum at intermediate source Si(OH) 4 concentrations as a result of higher grazing pressure on coccolithophorids and higher NO 3 regulation on coccolithophorid growth, with lower and higher source Si(OH) 4 concentrations, respectively. Surface total alkalinity has its minimum and TCO 2 has its maximum at intermediate source Si(OH) 4 concentrations. The two effects on pCO 2sea result in maximum CO 2 release to the atmosphere and PIC export to the deep water, with nearby standard source Si(OH) 4 concentration of 7.5 (mmol Si m −3 ). The enhanced changes in biogenic silica export flux than in surface diatom biomass, confirmed by the model sensitivity study, suggest sedimented detritus under the equatorial Pacific upwelling region acts as an amplifier of changes in surface properties. The model results suggest that physical forcing, such as tropical instability waves, Kelvin waves, and La Nina, which is capable of changing Si(OH) 4 and iron concentrations in the euphotic zone, significantly affect both carbon and silicon fluxes in the region.
Strengthening of copper by dislocation substructures

Substructural strengthening in pure copper deformed by cold rolling is shown to depend on both the mean free path and the level of nonuniform strain associated with the dislocation substructure. Contributions from the nonuniform strain are particularly important because the mean free path becomes constant after deformations of ∼50 pct R.A., whereas the material continues to work harden. The behavior of the nonuniform strains at large deformations is also found to be closely related to dynamic recovery. Development of an empirical expression for the strengthening in terms of the substructural parameters is shown to lead to a modified Hall-Petch type relation.
SIRIUS-M: A symmetric illumination, inertially confined direct drive materials test facility☆

SIRIUS-M is a fusion materials test facility designed to duplicate the time-dependent radiation damage structure unique to ICF systems in order to provide the technology base necessary for an ICF demonstration facility. Single-shell ICF targets are symmetrically illuminated by 32 beams of a KrF laser with a total laser energy of 1 MJ. A wall loading of 2 MW/m2 is achieved at a repetition rate of 10 Hz and target gain of 13.4. Xenon gas at a pressure of 133 Pa (1 torr) is placed in the 2 m radius, graphite-tiled, cavity in order to protect the first wall from the X-rays and ions produced by the explosions. Two circular test modules are used in SIRIUS-M. Each module has a front surface area of 1 m2 and fits between three beam ports. No significant radial and azimuthal damage variation in the module results from these penetrations. The peak dpa rate is 24 dpa/FPY yielding a peak accumulated damage of 120 dpa at the end of life of the SIRIUS-M facility. A total volume-integrated-damage figure of merit of 2840 dpa-l per full power year can be achieved in SIRIUS-M.
FUNCTIONAL P-GLYCOPROTEIN (PGP) AND WILD-TYPE (WT) P53 ACTIVITY ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPY IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (AML). 923

FUNCTIONAL P-GLYCOPROTEIN (PGP) AND WILD-TYPE (WT) P53 ACTIVITY ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPY IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (AML). 923
Recombinant Phabs Reactive with 7,8-Dihydro-8-oxoguanine, a Major Oxidative DNA Lesion†

Antibody Fabs that bind to DNA damages provide useful models for understanding DNA damage-specific protein interactions. BSA and RSA conjugates of the nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives of the oxidative DNA lesions, 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoadenine (8-oxoA), were used to immunize mice. RNA from the responders was isolated and used to repertoire clone and phage display Fabs that bind to these haptens. Direct binding and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) demonstrated that phage Fabs (Phabs) specific for 8-oxopurine−BSA conjugates and 8-oxoguanine were produced although the Phabs did not react with 8-oxopurines in DNA. Amino acid sequence comparisons among clones having different binding properties suggested that a relatively small portion of the binding surfaces defined by the complementarity determining regions (CDR) accounted for hapten binding specificity, whereas other regions appeared to stabilize hapten binding by interacting with protein or DNA epi...
The effect of microstructure on fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth behavior in γ-titanium aluminide based intermetallics

Ambient-temperature fracture toughness and fatigue crack propagation behavior are investigated in a wide range of (γ+α 2) TiAl microstructures, including single-phase γ, duplex, coarse lamellar (1 to 2 mm colony size (D) and 2.0 µm lamellar spacing (λ)), fine lamellar (D ∼ 150 µm, λ=1.3 to 2.0 µm), and a powder metallurgy (P/M) lamellar microstructure (D=65 µm, λ=0.2 µm). The influences of colony size, lamellar spacing, and volume fraction of equiaxed γ grains are analyzed in terms of their effects on resistance to the growth of large (>5 mm) cracks. Specifically, coarse lamellar microstructures are found to exhibit the best cyclic and monotonic crack-growth properties, while duplex and single-phase γ microstructures exhibit the worst, trends which are rationalized in terms of the salient micromechanisms affecting growth. These mechanisms primarily involve cracktip shielding processes and include crack closure and uncracked ligament bridging. However, since the potency of these mechanisms is severely restricted for cracks with limited wake, in the presence of small (<300 µm) cracks, the distinction in the fatigue crack growth resistance of the lamellar and duplex microstructures becomes far less significant.
James Carroll: A Biography

James Carroll was born in England in 1854; at the age of 15, he emigrated to Canada where he worked at various odd jobs. At age 20, he crossed the border and volunteered for the US Army, in which he remained for the rest of his life. Appointed as Hospital Steward, he became interested in medicine. He was permitted to take basic courses at St Paul University and later at Bellevue Hospital in New York. He received his MD degree in 1891 from the University of Maryland while still a sergeant. He then took the course in bacteriology offered by Welch at Hopkins. At an 1893 international exposition in Chicago, Carroll was put in charge of the Army's exhibit on bacteriology. He was then called to become Assistant Professor of Microscopy at the new Army Medical School; his senior there was Walter Reed. Both men were offered professorships in pathology and bacteriology at George Washington University, and in 1900, both were appointed to the US Board sent to Havana. After several weeks, the Board determined that the alleged agent causing yellow fever was Bacillus cholerae suis (Sanarelli). Visiting British researchers informed the Board of their favorable view of Carlos Finlay's theory that the disease was transmitted by the mosquito. The Board then visited Finlay, who gave them eggs of the particular species of mosquito that he had discovered to be the culprit. Board members Lazear and Carroll submitted themselves to the bite of an infected mosquito; both developed severe fever and Lazear died. The Board then carried out a well-planned experiment which proved that Finlay had been right for 20 years. Further experiments by Carroll showed that the agent could pass through a Berkefeld filter and was not bacterial.
Planarization of patterned magnetic recording media to enable head flyability

The fabrication and planarization of patterned magnetic recording media is investigated and the flyability of magnetic recording sliders on a patterned and planarized 65 mm glass disk is investigated a small coupon of patterned media with an array of nano pillars of 40 nm diameter and 60 nm height was first fabricated by e-beam lithography and reactive ion etching (RIE) to investigate the planarization process for patterned media. Since read/write flyability tests require a patterned disk rather than a small coupon area, we have prepared a bit patterned glass disks of 65 mm diameter (2.5 in.) using the so-called “Ag ball-up process” in combination with RIE. This “Ag ball-up process” permits the manufacturing of a nano-sized bit patterns on a large area, i.e., on a disk with 65 mm diameter. Planarization of the patterned area was performed with hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) by spin coating. The HSQ layer was back-etched using RIE, resulting in a smooth surface. “Flyability testing” indicates significantly improved flying stability of typical magnetic recording sliders on the planarized glass disks, with the standard deviation of flying height fluctuations on the order of 0.1 nm. The latter value is comparable to that of “smooth” disks.
Evaluation of hexadecyl cyclopropanecarboxylate for preventive control of the mold mite in stored grain.

Hexadecyl cyclopropanecarboxylate (ZR-856, Zardex®) applied to high moisture wheat and artificial rearing medium at rates of 10–500 ppm reduced the population of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) in the laboratory.
Cationic Polymerization within Clusters Composed of Unsaturated Molecules

Abstract Electron impact ionization of large neutral clusters composed of simple olefinic molecules (ethene, 1,1-difluoroethene and propene) display highly anomalous ion intensity distributions. These cluster ion distributions typically exhibit a magic number at n = 4, for cluster ions of the type {M}+, where M is an olefinic molecule. The explanation which best explains this observation is that these small ‘cluster’ ions are in actuality covalently bound molecular ions formed by sequential ion-molecule association (polymerization) reactions which have occurred within the cluster ion. This size dependent cluster chemistry is accounted for by kinetic bottlenecks which occur in the ionic chain growth reactions and which terminate with the formation of cyclic molecular ions (i.e. cyclopentanes and cyclohexanes ions). The condensed phase counterparts of these intracluster reactions are the free cationic polymerization reactions initiated by radiolysis of bulk samples of the olefins. In addition to reviewing o...
Governance and growth of professional service firms

We argue that partnerships are the optimal governance structure for professional service firms (PSFs) based on our analysis of their need for collegial controls, the use of tacit knowledge, and an investigation of agency costs. However, these factors and the resulting choice of partnership as a governance structure constrain the ability of PSFs to successfully pursue growth strategies. In addition, their growth potential is further circumscribed by diversification limitations, as well as reputational and resource constraints.
Place Meanings and Participatory Planning Intentions

Interest in integrating human connections and natural areas into resource management decision making has steadily increased. While efforts to validate place meaning dimensions have identified meanings beyond established place dependence and identity concepts, further research to identify tangible and intangible meanings of nature-based recreation areas is needed. This study sought to examine place meanings as a second-order construct consisting of ecological integrity, economic dependency, place dependence, family identity, community identity, and place identity and to determine the influence of place meanings on participatory planning intentions (PPI). Data were collected from Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation area visitors. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that six factors were reliable and valid, representing place meanings as an overarching concept. Structural equation modeling showed a significant association between place meanings and PPI. These findings demonstrated the importance of unde...
Patterns of food consumption among vegetarians and non-vegetarians

Vegetarian dietary patterns have been reported to be associated with a number of favourable health outcomes in epidemiological studies, including the Adventist Health Study 2 (AHS-2). Such dietary patterns may vary and need further characterisation regarding foods consumed. The aims of the present study were to characterise and compare the food consumption patterns of several vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets. Dietary intake was measured using an FFQ among more than 89 000 members of the AHS-2 cohort. Vegetarian dietary patterns were defined a priori, based on the absence of certain animal foods in the diet. Foods were categorised into fifty-eight minor food groups comprising seventeen major food groups. The adjusted mean consumption of each food group for the vegetarian dietary patterns was compared with that for the non-vegetarian dietary pattern. Mean consumption was found to differ significantly across the dietary patterns for all food groups. Increased consumption of many plant foods including fruits, vegetables, avocados, non-fried potatoes, whole grains, legumes, soya foods, nuts and seeds was observed among vegetarians. Conversely, reduced consumption of meats, dairy products, eggs, refined grains, added fats, sweets, snack foods and non-water beverages was observed among vegetarians. Thus, although vegetarian dietary patterns in the AHS-2 have been defined based on the absence of animal foods in the diet, they differ greatly with respect to the consumption of many other food groups. These differences in food consumption patterns may be important in helping to explain the association of vegetarian diets with several important health outcomes.
CRYPTOCHROME-mediated phototransduction by modulation of the potassium ion channel β-subunit redox sensor

Blue light activation of the photoreceptor CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) evokes rapid depolarization and increased action potential firing in a subset of circadian and arousal neurons in Drosophila melanogaster. Here we show that acute arousal behavioral responses to blue light significantly differ in mutants lacking CRY, as well as mutants with disrupted opsin-based phototransduction. Light-activated CRY couples to membrane depolarization via a well conserved redox sensor of the voltage-gated potassium (K(+)) channel β-subunit (Kvβ) Hyperkinetic (Hk). The neuronal light response is almost completely absent in hk(-/-) mutants, but is functionally rescued by genetically targeted neuronal expression of WT Hk, but not by Hk point mutations that disable Hk redox sensor function. Multiple K(+) channel α-subunits that coassemble with Hk, including Shaker, Ether-a-go-go, and Ether-a-go-go-related gene, are ion conducting channels for CRY/Hk-coupled light response. Light activation of CRY is transduced to membrane depolarization, increased firing rate, and acute behavioral responses by the Kvβ subunit redox sensor.
Potential Hazards In Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Imaging: Heating Effects Of Changing Magnetic Fields And rf Fields On Small Metallic Implants

To test if changing magnetic fields and RF fields used in NMR imagers could induce electrical currents in surgical clips and prostheses capable of causing localized tissue heating, we exposed steel surgical clips, copper wire clips, and hip prostheses to fields greater than those used in our NMR imager. Results indicate that no significant heating should be expected to occur from implanted surgical clips during exposure to our NMR imager. The heating of larger metallic implants should be further investigated.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Effect of Marrow on the Formation of “Functionally” Oriented Collagen Fibers

It has been shown that “functionally” oriented collagen fibers will attach to cementum when a healthy root fragment is implanted subcutaneously along with decalcified autogenous bone. The purpose of the present study was to test the effect of a strong bone grower (marrow) on this inductive system. Twenty-six composite grafts of healthy root, decalcified autogenous bone and marrow were implanted in thirteen 200 gm, female, white, Sherman-strain rats. Sixteen composite grafts without roots were similarly implanted, as controls, into eight animals. Postoperative periods ranged from 1 week to 8 months. With the exception of one section, the results showed that the addition of marrow prevented the formation of “functionally” oriented fibers. It is further evidence that strong bone formers do not produce a periodontium.
Ab Initio and Density Functional Study of the Activation Barrier for Ethane Cracking in Cluster Models of Zeolite H-ZSM-5.

Protolytic cracking of ethane in zeolites has been investigated using quantum-chemical techniques and a cluster model of the zeolite acid site. An aluminosilicate cluster model containing five tetrahedral (Si, Al) atoms (5T) was used to locate all of the stationary points along a reaction path for ethane cracking at the HF/6-31G(d), B3LYP/6-31G(d), and MP2(FC)/6-31G(d) levels of theory. The cracking reaction occurs via a protonated structure that is a carbonium-like ion and is a transition state on the potential energy surface. The activation barrier for cracking calculated at each level of theory was refined by including (i) vibrational energies at the experimental reaction temperature of 773 K, (ii) electron correlation and/or an extended basis set at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p) or MP2(FC)/6-311+G(3df,2p) levels, and (iii) the influence of the surrounding zeolite lattice from a 58T cluster model of the zeolite H-ZSM-5. The barrier is especially sensitive to the long-range electrostatic effect of the latti...
Two-photon fluorescence excitation spectra of aromatic amino acids

Abstract Two-photon excited fluorescence excitation spectra using circularly and linearly polarized light are presented for the aromatic amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine (amide form) and phenylalanine in neutral aqueous solution at room temperature. The wave-length range was 440–620 nm, corresponding to 220–310 nm in the UV. In contrast to one-photon (UV) excitation, phenylalanine absorption is about the same as that of tyrosine and both are shifted about 1500 cm−1 to higher energy relative to their UV bands. Thus, observing phenylalanine photophysics in proteins may be more feasible with two-photon excitation. Semiempirical theory gives a good account of the results.
Reactive Sintering of Ni3Al Intermetallic Alloys Under Compressive Stress

Synthesis of the Ni-25% at. Al intermetallic compound by the thermal explosion mode subject to the application of compressive stress was systematically investigated. The stress was applied prior to the reaction. It was proved that the compressive stress had a profound effect on the reaction, as well as the densification. At a relative low stress, a full reaction could be completed and the major phase of the final product is Ni{sub 3}Al. At higher stresses, a partial reaction was resulted and the final product was primary the intermediate phases, e.g. Ni and NiAl, etc. Three distinct reaction products were obtained in this study. When the stress was below approximately 5 MPa, a fully reacted product was obtained. Between 5 and 15 MPa, a fully and partially reacted zone coexisted. Above 15 MPa, only a partial reaction prevailed. In this experiment, a final product of 99.9% relative density was obtained at the high stress level.
WE-A-201B-06: Quantification of Breast Density Using Dual Energy Mammography: A Post Mortem Study

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of measuring breast density in post mortem breast samples with dual energy mammography.Method and Materials: Twenty pairs of post mortem breast samples (n=40) were imaged with a dual energy mammography system. The system was equipped with a tungstenanode x‐ray tube. Low energy images of each sample were acquired at a tube voltage of 28 kVp with a 50 μm rhodium beam filter at 60 mAs. High energy images of each sample were acquired at a tube voltage of 49 kVp with a 300 μm copper filter also at 60 mAs. Each sample was imaged at two different orientations. Half the samples were rotated about their horizontal axis and half the samples were manually reconfigured to simulate CC (craniocaudal) and MLO (mediolateral oblique) views. Scatter correction was performed on all images. Glandular and adipose material thickness maps were generated from each pair of dual energy images. The volume and breast density (glandular fraction) of each breast was calculated from the images of material thickness. Results: The measurements of breast volume for the first (V1) and second (V2) orientation were related by V2 = 1.03 V1 − 6.2 (r2 > 0.99). The measurements of breast density for the first (D1) and second (D2) orientation were related by D2 = 0.97 D1 − 0.03 (r2 > 0.97). The correspondence of breast mass as calculated from dual energy mammograms (MDE) to the mass of the sample as measured from a scale (MS) was related by MDE = 1.01 MS − 8.10 (r2 > 0.99). Conclusion: The results of post mortem studies were highly correlated and indicate that dual energy mammography is a repeatable measure of breast volume and breast density and a reliable measure of breast mass.
Studies on immunity to Asiatic cholera. X. Heat stable cell wall and intracellular antigens of Vibrio cholerae independent of agglutinogens and demonstrable by passive hemagglutination.

not follow that such superficially located antigens reflect completely the antigenic mosaic of the entire cell. If not, then antigens other than agglutinogens may be present in the cell, and an antigenic structure concerned only with agglutinogens is incomplete. In studies on the mouse protection test for antibody protective against challenge inoculation with Vibrio cholerae (Burrows, Mather, Elliott and Havens, 1947), it was found that an appreciable amount of mouse protective antibody, one-fourth to one-third of the initial titer, was demonstrable by the passive protection test in antiserums homologous to the challenge vibrio strain but exhausted of homologous agglutinins. It was concluded that "Protective antibody was associated with antibody to heat stable vibrio antigen, but was not necessarily identical with O agglutinin." Similar results were reported later (Burrows, 1953) when it was shown that an analogous partial protection against enteric infection of the guinea pig with V. cholerae could be obtained by active immunization with O vaccine prepared with a noncholera vibrio strain whose
The numerical spectrum of a one-dimensional Schrödinger operator with two competing periodic potentials

We are concerned with the numerical study of a simple one-dimensional Schrodinger operator − 2 ∂xx +αq(x) with α ∈ R, q(x) = cos(x)+e cos(kx), e > 0 and k being irrational. This governs the quantum wave function of an independent electron within a crystalline lattice perturbed by some impurities whose dissemination induces longrange order only, which is rendered by means of the quasi-periodic potential q. We study numerically what happens for various values of k and e; it turns out that for k > 1 and e ≪ 1, that is to say, in case more than one impurity shows up inside an elementary cell of the original lattice, “impurity bands” appear and seem to be k-periodic. When e grows bigger than one, the opposite case occurs.
Very-high-output-impedance cascode current sources/current mirrors/transresistance stages and their applications

A reconfigurable MOS/BiMOS cascode current source/transresistance stage with very high output impedance is presented in this paper. A cascode active feedback circuit has been employed to achieve such a high output impedance, which approaches the leakage resistance of a reverse-biased junction, assuming that the MOS devices have a large channel length and do not exhibit the short-channel effect. Through small-signal analysis and SPICE simulation it is shown that the proposed current source/transresistance stage provides an output open-circuit Thevinin voltage greater than 108 V. This is an increase of about four orders of magnitude as compared with the conventional cascode current source with the same output voltage range. For scaled technologies this current source/transresistance stage is shown to be ideal for practical high-performance analogue circuit design. We have incorporated the current sources with active feedback in the output stage of a folded cascode op amp and obtained a large DC gain improvement without significantly affecting its high-frequency/transient behaviour.