cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semi-analytical thermal modeling of transverse and longitudinal fins in a cylindrical phase change energy storage system

Abstract Inclusion of fins in phase change energy storage systems has been widely investigated for improving the rate of energy storage. Despite significant past experimental research in this direction, there is a lack of comprehensive theoretical models for fin-based enhancement in energy storage, particularly for cylindrical geometries. This is a considerably challenging, non-linear problem. This paper presents a semi-analytical model for temperature distribution and energy storage in an annular phase change material (PCM) material around a hot cylinder in the presence of transverse and longitudinal fins extending into the PCM. Two distinct pathways for heat transfer into the PCM are analyzed separately and expressions for total heat flux into the PCM are determined for both fin types. The perturbation method is used for analyzing the non-linear phase change problem and determining the heat flux into the PCM through the fin. The dependence of total energy stored on fin thermal properties and geometrical parameters is determined. Results indicate key similarities and differences between cylindrical fins and recently-reported Cartesian fins. It is shown that even a thin fin results in considerable heat transfer enhancement. Results also indicate diminishing results when the fin size is further increased. Theoretical modeling presented in this paper improves the fundamental understanding of an important heat transfer enhancement strategy for phase change based energy storage systems. Results discussed here may help improve the practical design of finned, cylindrical phase change energy storage systems that are commonly used for harnessing renewable energy.
The Neurochemistry of Science Bias

The scientific method is presumed to eliminate bias by focusing on replicable data. But the human brain responds to data neurochemically as well. Our neurochemical operating system is inherited from earlier mammals, and evolved to filter information in order to meet survival needs. The mammal brain releases a positive-feeling neurochemical when it sees patterns that promise rewards, and a negative-feeling neurochemical when it sees patterns that suggest threat. We are not consciously aware of these responses, so their impact on scientific thinking is widely overlooked. This paper shows how neurochemicals can influence empirical analysis. It explores the survival behaviors stimulated in the mammal brain by three reward chemicals (dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin) and a threat chemical (cortisol). Then, it shows how three fundamental issues in social science can be affected by investigators’ natural reward and threat responses. Natural selection built a brain that filters information for survival relevance using neurochemical markers. Enhanced awareness of our neurochemical operating system can improve scientific inferences.
“Rediscovering” Ideology Critique (Again): Toward a Critical Realist Analysis of Political Media Effects

This article outlines a blueprint for ideology critique in political media grounded in critical realist philosophy of science. The approach brings theories of ideological hegemony as explicated by Antonio Gramsci and Stuart Hall into dialogue with social-psychological theories of issue framing. The article argues that oppositions between critical-cultural and social scientific approaches to communication are sometimes drawn too sharply. It positions critical realist notions of causality, truth, methodology, and politics as a bridge between leading traditions of ideology critique and media effects that can enable multimethod analyses of hegemony in news texts and popular attitudes. This synthesis is illustrated with reference to U.S. media coverage and public opinion on neoliberal economic and social welfare policy. The article elaborates one way in which work that connects intellectual paradigms can inform and motivate critical and systematic interrogation of unequal and undemocratic power relations in media communication.
Amniotic membrane transplantation in a 2-month-old infant with toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Abstract Purpose To report a case of 2-month-old boy with Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and ocular involvement that was successfully treated with cryopreserved amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT). Observation A 2-month-old otherwise healthy boy was referred to Boston Children's Hospital with extensive rash and desquamation concerning for SJS/TEN. A skin biopsy was performed which showed full-thickness epidermal necrosis. AMT was performed at the bedside under general anesthesia. A combination of tobramycin and dexamethasone ointment was prescribed four times per day. On reassessment two weeks following AMT, the entire ocular surface had healed with no signs of conjunctival and/or corneal inflammation or ulceration. Conclusion and importance To the best of our knowledge, our case represents the youngest patient with SJS/TEN to be managed by AMT and one of very few cases where acetaminophen is suspected to be the offending agent. This case highlights the efficacy of AMT at such a young age and feasibility of performing the procedure at bedside in these patients It also highlights that SJS/TEN can develop at such young age.
Examining the correlation between symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorder in a community-based sample of adults.

Abstract We examined the association between obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms among a community-based sample of adults (n = 217) that completed an OCD and ASD screening instrument. Approximately 39% of the sample that met the ASD screener cutoff criteria also met the screener cutoff criteria for OCD. The correlation between overall OCD symptoms (i.e., obsessions and compulsions) and ASD symptoms was small but statistically significant for the entire sample of participants. Similarly, obsession and compulsion subscales showed almost identical results for correlation with ASD symptoms (i.e., small but statistically significant) for the entire sample. These results suggest that levels of compulsions and obsessions are equally correlated with ASD symptoms, and neither elevated compulsions nor obsessions differentially predicted the severity of ASD symptoms in a community-based sample of adults. However, when the analysis was restricted to only the participants that met screening criteria cutoff score for ASD, statistically significant results occurred with only elevated compulsions accurately predicting severity of ASD symptoms. These results suggest that compulsive behavior appears to be a good candidate for targeting intervention resources for individuals with characteristics of ASD given the mounting data suggesting that compulsions are more common than obsessions.
Methodology for rigorous modeling of protein conformational changes by Rosetta using DEER distance restraints.

We describe an approach for integrating distance restraints from Double Electron-Electron Resonance (DEER) spectroscopy into Rosetta with the purpose of modeling alternative protein conformations from an initial experimental structure. Fundamental to this approach is a multilateration algorithm that harnesses sets of interconnected spin label pairs to identify optimal rotamer ensembles at each residue that fit the DEER decay in the time domain. Benchmarked relative to data analysis packages, the algorithm yields comparable distance distributions with the advantage that fitting the DEER decay and rotamer ensemble optimization are coupled. We demonstrate this approach by modeling the protonation-dependent transition of the multidrug transporter PfMATE to an inward facing conformation with a deviation to the experimental structure of less than 2A Cα RMSD. By decreasing spin label rotamer entropy, this approach engenders more accurate Rosetta models that are also more closely clustered, thus setting the stage for more robust modeling of protein conformational changes.
Common Plumbing and Control Errors in Plantwide Flowsheets

For almost a decade, the senior design course at Lehigh University has included development of plantwide control structures as a significant component of the course content. Students develop and optimize their steady-state process flowsheets during the fall semester. Then in the spring semester, they develop plantwide control schemes. “Pressure-driven” dynamic simulations are used because they correspond to reality and strengthen the students’ understanding of practical fluid mechanics (“plumbing” of pumps, valves, and compressors). Over the years students have frequently proposed control structures and plumbing systems that violate the laws of plumbing and plantwide control. Many of the errors are repeated year after year by even the best students in the class. The purpose of this paper is to point out to students and young engineers some of these common errors. The hope is that these practical common-sense examples will help students avoid some of the common pitfalls that can make the difference between an operable and an inoperable chemical process.
Long-Duration X-Ray Source Development for X-Ray Diffraction at The National Ignition Facility

We investigate the feasibility of producing x-ray sources over timescales relevant to support time-resolved x-ray diffraction (XRDt) measurements during laser-driven dynamic compression experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [1] . XRDt probes the atomic structure in-situ of transformations at extreme thermodynamic conditions. To record XRD of phase transitions as they occur, we use high-speed (~1 ns) gated hybrid CMOS (hCMOS) imagers [2] , which provide multiple frames of data over a timescale of a few to tens of ns. Consequently, to make effective use of these imagers, the x-ray source needs to be monochromatic and uniform as long as the sensors are active.
Development of a Computational Approach to Detect Instability and Incipient Motion of Large Riprap Rocks

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has progressed to the point where flow problems can be solved in domains containing solid objects with complex, irregular geometry in relative motion along arbitrary paths through the fluid domain. The solvers incorporate moving mesh and mesh morphing techniques. With this new CFD capability the detailed stress distribution created by flow over the surface of a moving solid and the capability of computational structural mechanics (CSM) software to solve for both small and large displacements of solids from applied loads, it is now possible to solve a wide variety of fluid structure interaction (FSI) problems by coupling the two types of software. This paper presents development of procedures to couple STAR-CCM+® CFD software to LS-DYNA® CSM software to solve FSI problems. An initial application of the coupled software to FSI analysis of incipient motion of large riprap rocks is described. Two cases were used to test the coupling. The first has a rock layer in a channel with no bridge structures, and the second has an abutment corner that contracts the flow. Three representative rocks were included in the coupling and the approximate inlet flow velocity required to lift a rock and move it downstream was determined.
Critical Success and Failure Factors and Lessons Learned

Using the framework discussed in the previous chapter, we can reach some preliminary outcomes regarding which metrics are meaningful in quantisfying the success of technology transfer. Hence, a case study may be considered in general terms as a “performance metric”, because it offers a common context or frame of reference, so as to make significant comparisons instead of attempting to adapt the dubiousness and indecision internal to the intangibles of technology transfer and commercialization in the restricted mould of econometric models. This chapter provides a systematic case study development and analysis approach which can define the basis for detecting and summarizing key facilitating and impeding factors which can finally cause market success or failure. These factors enable us to connect market success or failure to the key drivers of the technology transfer and commercialization process and therefore allow us to effectively readdress the above mentioned process.
Eva Braun Hitler's Odontological Identification—A Forensic Enigma?

Through generous cooperation by custodians of several museums, libraries, and government archive centers, the author has had occasion to explore various historical dental relics and reports covering the evolution of dental art and science over a period ranging from the time of George Washington to that of Adolf Hitler [1,2].
Development of Cholinergic Neuroeffector Transmission in the Avian Heart

A brief outline of the ontogenesis of cholinergic neuroeffector transmission in the embryonic chick heart is given. It is important to define the development of neuroeffector transmission to evaluate the possible effects on postjunctional membrane properties. The membrane response of the aneural chick heart undergoes a qualitative change to muscarinic agonist at a time well before cholinergic innervation. This suppressed response can be revealed later in life, even in adults, when provision is made to exclude Gi/Go and or K channel activity.
A Probabilistic Model of Visual Attention and Perceptual Organization for Constructive Object Recognition

This paper proposes a new probabilistic model of visual attention, figure-ground segmentation and perceptual organization. In this model, spatially parallel preattentive points on a saliency map are organized into sequential selective attended segments through figure-ground segmentation on dynamically-formed Markov random fields and perceptual organization among attended segments are performed in visual working memory for constructive object recognition. Selective attention to segments is controlled based on their saliency, closedness and attention bias. Attended segments in visual working memory are perceptually organized according to a law of proximity. Experiments were conducted by using images of plural categories in an image database and it was shown that selective attention was frequently turned to objects of those categories and that part segments of objects or salient context of objects were perceptually organized.
Fluorescent protein-dye conjugates. II. Gamma globulin conjugated with various dyes.

Abstract Fluorescence quantum yields, excitation and emission spectra, decay times, and polarization values have been measured for conjugates of gamma globulin containing various dyes. The labeling agents examined were fluorescein isothiocyanate, dansyl chloride, rhodamine B isothiocyanate, anthracene-2-isocyanate, Lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride, and 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid. The quantum yield data do not support the idea that conjugation of a dye to a protein generally causes a decrease in fluorescence efficiency. Conjugates containing fluorescein, rhodamine B, and anthracene moieties show decreasing quantum yields and polarizations as labeling increases, but conjugates containing large numbers of dansyl groups have higher quantum yields and blue-shifted emission spectra compared with more lightly labeled conjugates. In these dansyl conjugates, the sites most accessible to labeling are in polar environments in contrast to the case of serum albumin which is labeled first in hydrophobic areas. Fluorescence depolarization experiments on the fluorescein- and anthracene-containing conjugates yielded different apparent rotational relaxation times which were shorter than that expected for gamma globulin; dye rotation independent of the rest of the macromolecule is thus indicated. In spite of its wide use in immunochemistry, Lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride yields conjugates with quantum efficiencies an order of magnitude lower than those from rhodamine B isothiocyanate. Re-evaluation of the latter dye for immunologic staining procedures appears warranted. The stilbene dye exhibited marked photosensitivity, presumably due to a trans -to- cis isomerization.
Believing versus Disbelieving in Free Will: Correlates and Consequences

Some people believe more than others in free will, and researchers have both measured and manipulated those beliefs. Disbelief in free will has been shown to cause dishonest, selfish, aggressive, and conforming behavior, and to reduce helpfulness, learning from one's misdeeds, thinking for oneself, recycling, expectations for occupational success, and actual quality of performance on the job. Belief in free will has been shown to have only modest or negligible correlations with other variables, indicating that it is a distinct trait. Belief in free will has correlated positively with life satisfaction and finding life meaningful, with self-efficacy and self-control, with low levels of stress, and (though not entirely consistently) with internal locus of control. High belief in free will has been linked to a punitive attitude toward wrongdoers and lower forgiveness toward them. The belief seems to involve a sense of agency and expecting others to behave in morally responsible fashion.
Search for anisotropic directional correlations between gamma rays and K x rays emitted from 154Gd.

A very sensitive search has been made for an anisotropy between the 1274-keV ..gamma.. ray and K-shell x rays from the internal conversion of the 123-keV transition to the ground state. The asymmetry for the sum of K..cap alpha../sub 1/ and K..cap alpha../sub 2/ x rays was found to be 1.002 +- 0.004. Previous measurements in /sup 169/Tm and /sup 181/Ta showed effects of about 4% and 3%, respectively. Corrections for detector solid angles and perturbations of the correlation by the extranuclear crystalline fields were made. This null result, in an atom whose nuclear excited states are known to be highly deformed, might be explained by the disappearance of the nuclear deformation, to its final-state value of zero, in times short compared to those of the atomic processes resulting in the K-shell x rays.
Role of α5β1 integrin in determining malignant properties of colon carcinoma cells

We characterized the expression of alpha 5 beta 1 integrin in two distinct phenotypes of colon carcinoma cell lines. Highly invasive colon cell lines (designated Group I cell lines) expressed higher levels of integrin alpha 5 beta 1 mRNA and protein than did poorly invasive colon cell lines (designated Group III cell lines). The relatively high expression of integrin alpha 5 beta 1 in Group I cell lines resulted in strong enhancement of cell adhesion to fibronectin (FN) tissue culture plates, whereas Group III cell lines showed little or no enhancement of cell adhesion by coating. There was no significant difference between Group I and Group III cell lines with respect to cell adhesion to laminin and collagen IV. Cell adhesion to FN in Group I cells was mainly mediated by integrin alpha 5 beta 1 because a monoclonal anti-alpha 5 subunit antibody could block cell adhesion to FN, whereas anti-alpha 2 and anti-alpha 3 antibodies had no effect on cell adhesion to FN. The divergence of alpha 5 beta 1 expression in these two distinct colon carcinoma phenotypes suggested that high expression of alpha 5 beta 1 might contribute to malignant progression in this model system. To test this hypothesis, GEO cells, a Group III cell line that did not express alpha 5 integrin, were transfected with the alpha 5 subunit. Stable transfection of alpha 5 sense cDNA into a typical GEO-limiting dilution clone led to the expression of alpha 5 subunit mRNA and cell surface alpha 5 beta 1 protein. The alpha 5 sense transfectants showed enhanced attachment to FN-coated plates and were more tumorigenic when the cells were injected into athymic nude mice. These results indicate that inappropriately high alpha 5 beta 1 integrin expression contributes to malignant progression in colon carcinoma.
CHAPTER 20 – Electric Motors

This chapter discusses different type of electric motors and compares the advantages and disadvantages of different types of dc motors. It elaborates on different types of ac motors such as repulsion motors, induction motors, ac motors with a wire–wound armature, ac motors with a squirrel cage armature, and motors with a six–pole armature. The chapter also explains the different methods of starting a motor, including an ac motor with a capacitor starter and an ac motor with a shaded pole starter. The chapter presents the various types of dc motors in a tabular form along with their advantages and disadvantages. A dc generator requires a commutator, which tends to wear out quickly when extremely high currents are involved. An ac generator, often called an “alternator,” does not need a commutator, so the particular type is used in modem automobiles.
Some remarks on condensation methods for geometric programs

The purpose of this paper is to present some points of clarification of a recently presented algorithm for geometric programs [7]. While presenting the clarification, we are able to identify the behavior of condensation type algorithms for generalized geometric programs.
Computer simulation of normal grain growth in three dimensions

Abstract Computer modelling has been carried out to study normal grain growth in three dimensions. The approach consists of digitizing the microstructure by dividing the polycrystalline material into small volume elements and storing the spatial location and crystallographic orientation of each element. An energy is assigned between each element and its neighbours, such that neighbours having unlike orientations provide weaker bonding than neighbours of like orientations. The annealing treatment during which grain growth occurs is simulated using a Monte Carlo technique in which elements are selected at random and thermally activated transitions to other orientations are attempted. With time, the system evolves so as to reduce the total grain interface area. The microstructures produced are in good correspondence to observations of pure metals and ceramics which have undergone grain growth. Power-law kinetics ([Rbar] = ct n) are observed, with a growth exponent in three dimensions of n = 0·48 ±0·04 in the...
Portable profiling and tracing for parallel, scientific applications using C++

1. Abstract Performance measurement of parallel, objectoriented (00) programs requires the development of instrumentation and analysis techniques beyond those used for more traditional languages. Performance events must be redefined for the conceptual 00 programming model, and those events must be instrumented and tracked in the context of 00 language abstractions, compilation methods, and runtime execution dynamics. In this paper, we focus on the profiling and tracing of C++ applications that have been written using a rich parallel programming framework for highperformance, scientific computing. We address issues of class-based profiling, instrumentation of templates, runtime function identification, and polymorphic (type-based) profiling. Our solutions are implemented in the TAU portable profiling package which also provides support for profiling groups and userlevel timers. We demonstrate TAU’s C++ profiling capabilities for real parallel applications, built from components of the ACTS toolkit. Future directions include work on runtime performance data access, dynamic instrumentation, and higher-level performance data analysis and visualization that relates object semantics with performance execution behavior.
Multiple binding proteins suggest diverse functions for the N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor.

The hexameric ATPase, N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF), is essential to vesicular transport and membrane fusion because it affects the conformations and associations of the soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins. NSF binds SNAREs through adaptors called soluble NSF attachment proteins (α- or β-SNAP) and disassembles SNARE complexes to recycle the monomers. NSF contains three domains, two nucleotide-binding domains (NSF-D1 and -D2) and an amino terminal domain (NSF-N) that is required for SNAP–SNARE complex binding. Mutagenesis studies indicate that a cleft between the two sub-domains of NSF-N is critical for binding. The structural conservation of N domains in NSF, p97/VCP, and VAT suggests that a similar type of binding site could mediate substrate recognition by other AAA proteins. In addition to SNAP–SNARE complexes, NSF also binds other proteins and protein complexes such as AMPA receptor subunits (GluR2), β2-adrenergic receptor, β-Arrestin1, GATE-16, LMA1, rabs, and rab-containing complexes. The potential for these interactions indicates a broader role for NSF in the assembly/disassembly cycles of several cellular complexes and suggests that NSF may have specific regulatory effects on the functions of the proteins involved in these complexes. The structural requirements for these interactions and their physiological significance will be discussed.
Challenging benchmark for location discovery in ad hoc networks: foundations and applications

We have created the first comprehensive and challenging benchmark data set for the ad-hoc location discovery (LD). The benchmark is a collection of representative real-life distance measurement data that establishes a common basis for understanding, characterization, evaluation and comparison of the LD algorithms and solvers. It is constructed using a novel analysis methodology that systematically establishes the difficulty of discovering the locations. Presence of measurement noise renders the problem difficult even in dense networks. The noise impacts the continuous optimization underlying the LD calculations. We focus on the difficulty of node localization in dense networks. In such networks, the location calculation is viewed as a continuous optimization problem instance with an objective function and a set of constraints. We devise a number of new metrics that evaluate the difficulty of the continuous optimization based on the data set properties. For the LD optimization, a fast simulation methodology is devised for rapid analysis of the sensitivity of the goodness with respect to the data set properties. We present a number of applications for the benchmark data and use it for evaluation and comparison of six popular LD algorithms. The LD benchmarks are publicly available at: http://www.ece.rice.edu/~mm7/benchLD/.
Reproducibility of the Histologic Diagnosis of Pneumonia Among a Panel of Four Pathologists: Analysis of a Gold Standard

Study objective To establish a histologic diagnosis of pneumonia by consensus of a panel of pathologists, to test the interobserver and intraobserver variation in the histologic diagnosis of pneumonia, to compare the diagnostic accuracy of diagnosing pneumonia with and without preselected histologic criteria, and to establish more specific histologic criteria for the diagnosis of pneumonia. Methods The study group consisted of 39 patients who died after a mean of 14 days of mechanical ventilation. A postmortem open lung biopsy was performed on all patients. The tissue was reviewed independently by four pathologists who categorized the slides from each patient as showing or not showing pneumonia. Interobserver variation was calculated using the kappa statistic. Six months following the initial evaluation, the same slides were resubmitted to one of the pathologists for reevaluation to look for intraobserver error. Finally, the slides were reviewed and categorized by the criteria of Johanson et al into no pneumonia, mild, moderate, or severe bronchopneumonia. A comparison was made of the patients selected as demonstrating histologic pneumonia by each of the examinations. Results The reliability coefficient (kappa) measuring agreement among the four pathologists was good at 0.916. However, the prevalence of pneumonia as determined by each of the four pathologists varied; pathologist A, 15 of 39 (38%); pathologist B, 12 of 39 (31%); pathologist C, 9 of 39 (23%); and pathologist D, 7 of 39 (18%). Resubmitting the same slides to the same pathologist 6 months later resulted in reclassification of 2 of 39 patients. Using the histologic criteria of Johanson and colleagues, 14 patients were selected as having pneumonia compared with only nine patients selected by consensus of three of four pathologists. Conclusions Recognition of histologic pneumonia varies among pathologists. The preselected criteria of Johanson and colleagues detected histologic pneumonia in eight of nine patients picked by consensus of pathologists, but six additional patients classified as "no histologic pneumonia" by the consensus of pathologists were judged to have histologic pneumonia by these criteria. The results established the necessity for standardization of histologic criteria for studies using biopsy as the gold standard for bacterial pneumonia. An atlas showing the criteria used in our selection was developed.
Preoperative Classification of Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms: The Clinical Significance of Diagnostic Inaccuracy

Background The potential for malignant transformation varies among pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCN) subtypes. Imaging and cyst fluid analysis are used to identify premalignant or malignant cases that should undergo operative resection, but the accuracy of operative decision-making process is unclear. The objective of this study was to characterize misdiagnoses of PCN and determine how often operations are undertaken for benign, non-premalignant disease.
Assessment of associative relations in alzheimer's disease: Evidence for preservation of semantic memory

Abstract Semantic priming was assessed in Alzheimer's disease (AD), elderly control, and young control subjects with three lexical decision, continuous priming experiments. the stimuli were intracategory, associated pairs in Experiments 1 and 2 and varied types of associated pairs in Experiment 3. AD priming effects were equal to those of elderly control subjects; elderly and young control priming effects were also equal. We interpret this as evidence for the relative preservation of the semantic memory network in early AD, as in normal aging, at least to the extent necessary for normal access of concept nodes and normal automatic spreading activation between concept nodes. In a final study (Experiment 4) knowledge of the associations between the targets and related primes used in Experiments 1 and 2 was explicitly assessed; 20 out of 22 AD subjects showed perfect or close to perfect performance.
Formic Acid as a Silage Preservative for Milking Cows

Abstract Two experiments compared orchardgrass made into direct-cut silage with formic acid, wilted silage with formic acid, or untreated wilted silage. The forages were wilted to 34% dry matter in 1967 and 47% dry matter in 1968. Digestibilities in sheep were determined on the three silages and untreated direct-cut frozen forage in 1968. In each year, the silages were fed to 18 Holstein cows for 120 days in six 3 × 3 Latin squares to measure silage intake and milk production. Residual sugar in wilted silage was doubled by formic acid treatment and was intermediate in direct-cut silage. Recovery of dry matter as wilted silage from the silo was improved by formic acid in 1967. Digestibilities of energy, cell walls, acid detergent fiber, and nitrogen were greater in direct-cut silages than in the wilted silages. In 1968, digestibilities of fresh forage and direct-cut silage were equal. Digestibilities were similar for treated and untreated wilted silages. Milk production and fat-corrected milk production were higher on direct-cut than wilted silages. Intakes of digestible energy from silages were slightly greater for silages treated with formic acid.
Intrinsic Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence of Sickle Cell Disease Tissue using Multiphoton Microscopy

Ex vivo MPM imaging of intrinsic TPEF was performed on mouse splenic tissue. Distinct morphological and spectral features associated with SCD are demonstrated and discussed, providing feasibility for MPM implementation of in vivo monitoring studies.
Effect of interstitial hydrogen on Young's modulus and the martensitic transformation of Nb 3 Sn

The effects of interstitial hydrogen on the elastic softening, the martensitic transformation and the critical temperature of Nb 3 Sn were studied. Using internal friction as a diagnostic tool, it was found that the martensitic transformation temperature is decreased with hydrogen and completely suppressed for ∼ 0.6 at %H. For these small hydrogen additions, the onset critical temperature is increased to ∼ 18.4K. For higher concentrations of hydrogen, Tc decreases as previously reported and softening of Young's modulus is almost entirely suppressed.
Infrared radiative properties of plasma-sprayed BaZrO3 coatings

Abstract The room temperature directional-hemispherical reflectance and transmittance spectra of free-standing atmospheric plasma-sprayed BaZrO 3 coatings with different thicknesses were measured in the wavelength range of 0.8–15.0 μm, and the absorption coefficient and scattering coefficient as a function of wavelength were extracted using the modified four-flux model. Results showed that BaZrO 3 is a high scattering, low absorption material at the wavelength 3 starts to increase rapidly at wavelength of 6 μm, indicating that BaZrO 3 is high absorbing and opaque in the long wavelength range. A pronounced absorption peak occurs at a wavelength of 7 μm, and is associated with a BaCO 3 coating impurity. The scattering coefficient of BaZrO 3 decreases with the increase of wavelength in the whole measured wavelength range, caused by the decrease of the relative size of the scattering center compared with the wavelength.
Philosophy of science: Theories of almost everything

A provocative contribution to the logic of science extends the theorems of Kurt Godel and Alan Turing, and bears on thinking about prediction, the standard model of particles, and quantum gravity.
Model simulation of thermospheric response to recurrent geomagnetic forcing

[1] We assess model capability in simulating thermospheric response to recurrent geomagnetic forcing driven by modulations in the solar wind speed and the interplanetary magnetic field. Neutral density and nitric oxide (NO) cooling rates are simulated for the declining phase of solar cycle 23. The simulated results are compared to neutral density derived from satellite drag and to NO cooling measured by the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) sounding of the atmosphere using broadband emission radiometry (SABER) instrument. Model-data comparisons show good agreement between the model and the measurements for multiday oscillations, as well as good agreement for longer-term variations. The simulations demonstrate that the multiday oscillation of density is globally distributed in the upper thermosphere but restricted to high latitudes in the lower thermosphere. The density variation in the upper thermosphere exhibits less latitude dependence than the temperature variation because of the effects of composition changes. Model simulations also show that NO density and temperature play primary roles in the multiday oscillation of NO cooling rates.
Exclusive production of heavy mesons in e+e- annihilation.

Within the framework of a particular model for meson production, we have performed a perturbative QCD analysis for exclusive pair production of heavy mesons. Analytic calculations of angular distributions for pseudoscalar-pseudoscalar, vector-pseudoscalar, and vector-vector mesons are presented. Numerical estimates of the cross section, angular distributions, and forward-backward asymmetry for various B, B/sup */, T, and T/sup */ mesons are given at an energy range of 20--100 GeV. The forward-backward asymmetry from weak-electromagnetic interference is found to be large at the energy (around 50 GeV) of the KEK collider TRISTAN.
Adrenal Medullary Nodules in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Resemble Extra-Adrenal Paraganglia.

Clues to mechanisms regulating development and tumorigenesis may be provided by studies of unusual diseases. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a rare congenital disorder apparently related to abnormal regulation of insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) production. IGF-2 mRNA has been previously localized to the chief cells of extra-adrenal paraganglia and to adult, but not fetal, adrenal medulla. Expression of IGF-2 by neuroblastomas has been hypothesized to reflect extra-adrenal paraganglionic differentiation. In the adrenals of a fetus with BWS, we have observed both increased numbers of chromaffin cells and organoid nodules resembling extra-adrenal paraganglia. Immunoreactive IGF-2 was observed in both cell types, but was also observed in chromaffin cells in the normal fetal adrenal. The findings suggest autocrine or paracrine influences of IGF-2 in regulating the number and phenotype of cells derived from sympathoadrenal precursors in the developing adrenal medulla as well as in extra-adrenal paraganglia. These results have implications for the interpretation of data from neuroblastoma studies.
The response of rabbits to the subclass specific epitopes of bovine IgG1 and IgG2

Abstract Thirty-two random breed New Zealand White rabbits were immunized with purified bovine IgG1, IgG2, unfractionated bovine IgG and a pepsin digest of bovine IgG using 75 μg and 2 mg doses of each immunogen. The amount of total precipitating antibodies, IgG1 subclass-specific antibodies (SSAb) and IgG2 SSAbs were measured by reverse single radial diffusion. Rabbits responded equally as well to IgG2 as to IgG1 subclass specific epitopes. The amount of SSAb varied from 13–69% of the total precipitating antibodies. Immunodiffusion analyses indicated that some subclass-specific determinants were located elsewhere on the heavy chain than on the papain-generated Fc. Considerable individual variation in responsiveness was noted although there was a tendency for higher doses of purified subclass proteins to produce a higher proportion of SSAbs. Administration of a second antigen booster uniformly resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of SSAb. Finally the enzyme susceptibility of IgG2 to pepsin provides a simple method for obtaining an immunogen for stimulating exclusively IgG2 SSAbs.
Targeted deletion of MyD88 in intestinal epithelial cells results in compromised antibacterial immunity associated with downregulation of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, mucin-2, and antibacterial peptides

Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) form a physical and immunological barrier that separates the vast gut microbiota from host tissues. MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling is a key mediator of microbial–host cross-talk. We examined the role of epithelial MyD88 expression by generating mice with an IEC-targeted deletion of the Myd88 gene (MyD88ΔIEC). Loss of epithelial MyD88 signaling resulted in increased numbers of mucus-associated bacteria; translocation of bacteria, including the opportunistic pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae, to mesenteric lymph nodes; reduced transmucosal electrical resistance; impaired mucus-associated antimicrobial activity; and downregulated expression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (the epithelial IgA transporter), mucin-2 (the major protein of intestinal mucus), and the antimicrobial peptides RegIIIγ and Defa-rs1. We further observed significant differences in the composition of the gut microbiota between MyD88ΔIEC mice and wild-type littermates. These physical, immunological, and microbial defects resulted in increased susceptibility of MyD88ΔIEC mice to experimental colitis. We conclude that MyD88 signaling in IECs is crucial for maintenance of gut homeostasis.
Role of phospholipase A2 in the release of free fatty acids during ischemia-reperfusion in the rat cerebral cortex

Phospholipases are implicated in ischemic damage. In this study, we have examined the time course of changes in free fatty acid (FFA) levels and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity during 10 or 20 min periods of four vessel occlusion rat cerebral ischemia followed by reperfusion. Ischemia for a duration of 20 min resulted in a biphasic release of FFA in rat cortical superfusates. There was a rapid elevation in the first 10 min followed by a slower release in the next 10 min. Reperfusion for 10 min resulted in another rapid release of FFA and thereafter the levels gradually declined, but did not return to basal levels. Measurements by enzymatic assay and Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in the activity and protein levels of cPLA2 during the ischemic periods. These remained elevated at 10 min of reperfusion, but returned to base line levels after 20 min of reperfusion. The possible role of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in the release of FFA and ischemic injury to the brain is discussed.
Perfluoro-N-decanoic acid effects on enzymes of fatty acid metabolism.

Abstract In vitro perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) effects on Pseudomonas acyl-CoA synthetase, Candida acyl-CoA oxidase and pigeon muscle carnitine acetyltransferase were examined. Synthetase made little PFDA-CoA from PFDA. It used palmitate, oleate, laurate and decanoate more extensively. PFDA inhibited acyl-CoA formation from these acids. Palmitoyl-CoA formation was affected most. That of decanoyl-CoA was affected least. Inhibitions appeared to be competitive. Acyl-CoA oxidase test substrates were palmitoyl-CoA, lauroyl-CoA and decanoyl-CoA. Oxidase preferred C-10 and C-12 acyl-CoAs. PFDA inhibited oxidation of C-10 and C-12 acyl-CoAs more than that of palmitoyl-CoA. Inhibitions with C-16 and C-10 acyl-CoAs were competitive, K1s 593 ± 150 and 76 ± 6.0 μM. Acetyl-CoA was the best acetyltransferase substrate. C-2 to C-8 transfer from acyl-CoAs was inhibited similarly by PFDA. Inhibitions of C-2 and C-8 transfer were competitive and non-competitive, respectively, K1s 111 ± 15 and 76 ± 28 μM.
Incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in central Massachusetts.

Objective. To determine whether there is a secular decline in the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as has been suggested by previous studies. Methods. In the absence of comprehensive data in the United States population, we estimated RA incidence in a health maintenance organization population from 1987 through 1990 and compared the rates with those in an earlier, similarly performed study from Rochester, Minnesota, which covered the years 1950 through 1974. RA estimates were based on our review of medical records of patients who had been diagnosed as having RA or related diseases during the period of January 1, 1987 through December 31, 1990. Results. Annual age-standardized incidence of classic or definite RA (according to the American College of Rheumatology [formerly, the American Rheumatism Association] 1958 criteria) in patients aged 18 or older was 22 per 100,000 in men and 60 per 100,000 in women. The incidence of RA increased with age, with a marked increase in women older than 50. Conclusion. We found no secular change in RA incidence compared with the similarly ascertained historical data.
Estimating the Cost of Capital Implied by Market Prices and Accounting Data

1. Introduction. 2. Valuing the firm. 3. Changing the focus to valuation of equity and introducing reverse engineering. 4. Reverse engineering the abnormal growth in earnings valuation model: PE ratios and PEG ratios. 5. Reverse engineering the residual income valuation model to obtain firm-specific estimates of the implied expected rate of return. 6. Reverse engineering the abnormal growth in earnings valuation model to obtain portfolio-level estimates of the implied expected rate of return. 7. Reverse engineering the residual income valuation model to obtain portfolio-level estimates of the implied expected rate of return. 8. Methods for assessing the quality/validity of firm-specific estimates. 9. Extant firm-specific estimates are poor. 10. Bias in estimates of the expected rate of return due to bias in earnings forecasts. 11. Dealing with shortcomings in firm-specific estimates. 12. Methods for determining the effect of a phenomenon of interest on the cost of capital. 13. Data issues. 14. Some thoughts on future directions. References.
The science/policy interface in logic-based evaluation of forest ecosystem sustainability

Abstract Numerous efforts around the world are underway to apply the Montreal criteria and indicators to assess the sustainability of temperate and boreal forests. In this paper, we describe a logic-based system for evaluating the sustainability of forests at regional and national levels. We believe that such a system can make evaluation of sustainability more consistent and transparent. This effort also makes two points abundantly clear: (1) a systematic way to organize expert judgment about ecological, economic, social and institutional relationships (here, using ‘fuzzy logic’) is crucial to building such a system and (2) that the structure of this logic-based system reflects a policy framework and a series of decisions about values and what is meant by ‘sustainability’.
RSC Unravels the Nucleosome

RSC and SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes were previously reported to generate a stably altered nucleosome. We now describe the formation of hybrids between nucleosomes of different sizes, showing that the stably altered structure is a noncovalent dimer. A basis for dimer formation is suggested by an effect of RSC on the supercoiling of closed, circular arrays of nucleosomes. The effect may be explained by the interaction of RSC with DNA at the ends of the nucleosome, which could lead to the release 60--80 bp or more from the ends. DNA released in this way may be trapped in the stable dimer or lead to alternative fates such as histone octamer transfer to another DNA or sliding along the same DNA molecule.
Age of the Hawaiian-Emperor bend

Abstract 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age data on alkalic and tholeiitic basalts from Diakakuji and Kinmei Seamounts in the vicinity of the Hawaiian-Emperor bend indicate that these volcanoes are about 41 and 39 m.y. old, respectively. Combined with previously published age data on Yuryaku and Ko¯ko Seamounts, the new data indicate that the best age for the bend is 42.0 ± 1.4 m.y. Petrochemical data indicate that the volcanic rocks recovered from bend seamounts are indistinguishable from Hawaiian volcanic rocks, strengthening the hypothesis that the Hawaiian-Emperor bend is part of the Hawaiian volcanic chain. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar total fusion ages on altered whole-rock basalt samples are consistent with feldspar ages and with 40 Ar/ 39 Ar incremental heating data and appear to reflect the crystallization ages of the samples even though conventional K-Ar ages are significantly younger. The cause of this effect is not known but it may be due to low-temperature loss of 39 Ar from nonretentive montmorillonite clays that have also lost 40 Ar.
On the factors influencing the return-earnings relation

Abstract This study extends prior research attempting to identify factors influencing the return-earnings relation. It examines all firm-specific characteristics known to significantly influence the relation between earnings and return to reduce the likelihood of an omitted variable problem. More importantly, the study uses the recursive partitioning technique to avoid the subjectivity in specifying the earnings response regression model and the problems resulting from the OLS regression assumptions. The recursive partitioning analysis indicates that five factors—exchange listing, incidence of loss, earnings predictability, earnings persistence and book value per share—affect the return- earnings relation. When included in the earnings response regression, these factors explain a large percentage of the cross-sectional variations in return. Sensitivity tests are performed for alternate return windows and measure of unexpected earnings.