cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Where the Giants Stand: Protecting the Public Domain in Digitization Contracts with Commercial Partners

Abstract Digital dissemination of public-domain works of historic, literary, and artistic value increases the intellectual value of those materials; repositories that license digitization rights to commercial agencies should seek the greatest possible availability for these works on the open Internet. As with copyright law, a balance must be struck between society's legitimate interest in maximizing access to and use of the work and society's equally legitimate interest in encouraging capital investment in digitization, dissemination, and long-term sustainability. This paper proposes that the open-access movement and efforts to “reclaim the public domain” provide a theoretical framework for evaluating prospective partnerships between non-profit repositories and commercial digital publishers, and recommends practical guidelines for developing digitization contracts that both uphold the value of the public domain and meet the needs of the marketplace.
The Specific Outcomes of Reactivation-Induced Memory Changes Depend on the Degree of Competition between Old and New Information

cific type of memory alteration (impair-ment, extinction, incorporation of new information) is dependent upon the relative localization vs. distribution of the underlying memory representations. Fear conditioning and procedural memory are supported by rather localized brain systems (fear condition-ing: basolateral amygdala, e.g., LeDoux, 2000; motor sequence learning: basal ganglia, e.g., Packard and Knowlton, 2002). In contrast, episodic memories depend on the interplay between the hippocampal proper and wide-spread neocortical areas (see, e.g., Dickerson and Eichenbaum, 2010 , for a review). Schiller and Phelps propose the following principle: the more localized a representation, the more likely behavioral interference will cause mem-ory impairment; whereas, the more distrib-uted the underlying memory representations, the more likely will behavioral interference result in integration of the new information into the reactivated memory.I suggest an alternative explanation of the different outcomes in the differ-ent paradigms used. I would like to argue that the reviewed studies do not only dif-fer with respect to the relative localization vs. distribution of brain systems involved, but also with respect to how the potentially interfering material that is presented after reactivation relates to the content of the original memory that reactivation renders labile. More specifically, although all of the reviewed studies use behavioral interference paradigms, the studies differ in the degree with which the newly presented informa-tion competes with the previously encoded information. In fear conditioning, the new information (“no shock”) is in direct com-petition with the previously learned contin-gency (“shock”), i.e., an organism cannot display both responses simultaneously (fear and no fear; although, interestingly, there is a dissociation between the physi-ological response and explicit knowledge of the contingency). In procedural memory,
Bacterial and fungal microflora on the external genitalia of male donkeys (Equus asinus)

Abstract This study was undertaken to investigate the bacterial and fungal microflora on the external genitalia of a population of healthy male donkeys in the state of Michigan, USA. The aim was to identify and determine the frequency of occurrence of these microorganisms using seven different isolation media and standard microbiological procedures. The sites (urethral fossa [fossa glandis], dorsal diverticulum of the urethral sinus, distal urethra, and penile surface) in the distal reproductive tract were cultured and each isolated microorganism identified. Ten different genera of gram-positive bacteria, eight different genera of gram-negative bacteria, and two genera of fungi were isolated from the external genitalia of the 43 donkeys in this study. All 43 donkeys yielded gram-positive bacteria (2–8 species) from all four sites sampled. Arcanobacterium spp., Corynebacterium spp., and Bacillus spp. were the most frequently isolated gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria were cultured from 16 (37.2%) of the 43 donkeys, with Acinetobacter lwoffii (16.3%), Oligella urethralis (11.6%), and Taylorella asinigenitalis (9.3%), the most frequently isolated. Fungi were cultured from only 5 (11.6%) of the 43 donkeys, with Rhizopus spp. isolated from 3 (7.0%) and Cladosporium spp. from 2 (4.7%) individuals. The testes and epididymides collected from 40 donkeys at time of castration were culture negative. Few differences were found in the bacterial flora between prepubertal and mature intact and castrated donkeys. Of notable interest was the scarcity of known equine pathogens across the population tested and isolation of T. asinigenitalis from normal donkeys, especially prepubertal individuals and previously castrated males.
A Monument of the Lares Augusti in the Forum of Ostia

Many observant visitors to ancient Ostia must have noticed the remains of a small circular building in the middle of the Forum on the south side of the Decumanus Maximus, the continuation of the Via Ostiensis (Figs. 1-3). It came to light in the excavations of the Forum about forty years ago and was believed by the excavator Guido Calza to be a nymphaeum. Also in his posthumous detailed description of the oldest part of the city, the Castrum, the structure still appears as an ‘imperial nymphaeum.’ It was erected over the northeast corner of a very early rectangular building (Fig. 1 A) dated by Calza at the end of the fourth century B. C. Although the so-called nymphaeum obliterated the part of this building's eastern wall, which it straddles, this structure had been levelled before, when the authorities of Ostia decided to create at the crossing of the Decumanus Maximus and Cardo Maximus, in the center of the ancient Castrum, a monumental square.
An Assessment of Strategies for Improving Quality of Care in Nursing Homes

Purpose: Despite substantial regulatory oversight, quality of care in nursing homes remains problematic. This article assesses strategies for improving quality of care in these facilities. Design and Methods: This article reviews the research literature on eight strategies: strengthening the regulatory process, improving information systems for quality monitoring, strengthening the caregiving workforce, providing consumers with more information, strengthening consumer advocacy, increasing Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement, developing and implementing practice guidelines, and changing the culture of nursing facilities. Results: Although individual approaches vary, several themes emerge. First, several strategies require substantially more resources and will increase costs. Second, the research literature does not provide much guidance as to the effectiveness of these options. Third, several strategies assume a degree of data sophistication on the part of nursing homes that may not exist. Fourth, regulation is likely to continue to be the main strategy of quality assurance. Finally, the political saliency of nursing home quality issues is uneven. Implications: Quality of care in nursing homes is a major issue for which there is no simple solution.
An arousing musically-enhanced bird song stimulus mediates circadian rhythm phase advances in dim light

A musically enhanced bird song stimulus presented in the early subjective night phase delays human circadian rhythms. This study determined the phase-shifting effects of the same stimulus in the ea...
On the logic of defaults

We present an alternative interpretation of defaults which draws on probability theory and notions of relevance. The result is a system made up of a body of six rules which appears to overcome some of the weaknesses of other non-monotonic logics proposed in AI. We also analyze several examples and discuss some of the issues that require further research.
Kinetic Studies of Paclitaxel Production by Taxus canadensis Cultures in Batch and Semicontinuous with Total Cell Recycle

Suspension cultures of Taxus canadensis were elicited with methyl jasmonate (MJ) under defined headspace ethylene concentrations. Kinetic studies of growth, nutrient consumption, pH variation, and paclitaxel accumulation were conducted in batch cultures and semicontinuous culture with total cell recycle. A dramatic increase of paclitaxel was obtained when the cultures were elicited with 100 μM MJ, but cell growth was thereby arrested. Supplementation of acetyl-CoA and MJ to the culture proved to be another way to improve paclitaxel yields. Using semicontinuous culture with total cell recycle, paclitaxel accumulation was increased by a factor of 4.0 relative to that in the batch culture during 35 days of cultivation.
The visual system discounts emotional deviants when extracting average expression

There has been a recent surge in the study of ensemble coding, the idea that the visual system represents a set of similar items using summary statistics (Alvarez & Oliva, 2008; Ariely, 2001; Chong & Treisman, 2003; Parkes, Lund, Angelucci, Solomon, & Morgan, 2001). We previously demonstrated that this ability extends to faces and thus requires a high level of object processing (Haberman & Whitney, 2007, 2009). Recent debate has centered on the nature of the summary representation of size (e.g., Myczek & Simons, 2008) and whether the perceived average simply reflects the sampling of a very small subset of the items in a set. In the present study, we explored this further in the context of faces, asking observers to judge the average expressions of sets of faces containing emotional outliers. Our results suggest that the visual system implicitly and unintentionally discounts the emotional outliers, thereby computing a summary representation that encompasses the vast majority of the information present. Additional computational modeling and behavioral results reveal that an intentional cognitive sampling strategy does not accurately capture observer performance. Observers derive precise ensemble information given a 250-msec exposure, suggesting a rapid and flexible system not bound by the limits of serial attention.
Chelation of a diphosphine ligand at FeCo2(CO)9(μ3-S): Spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction data for FeCo2(CO)7(bpcd)(μ3-S)

The tetrahedrane cluster, FeCo2(CO)9(μ3-S), reacts with the redox-active ligand, 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione (bpcd), to give the disubstituted cluster, FeCo2(CO)7(bpcd)(μ3-S), as the sole product. This diphosphine-substituted cluster contains a cobalt-bound, chelating bpcd ligand. Both IR and 31P NMR spectroscopies have been employed in the solution characterization of FeCo2(CO)7(bpcd)(μ3-S), and the solid-state structure has been unequivocally established by X-ray diffraction analysis. FeCo2(CO)7(bpcd)(μ3-S) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, a = 34.494(3) A, b = 11.4194(9) A, c = 18.634(2) A, β = 98.103(7)°, V = 7266.7(9) A3, Z = 8, and dcalc = 1.584 g/cm3. Cyclic voltammetric studies on FeCo2(CO)7(bpcd)(μ3-S) reveal the presence of two quasireversible redox responses assigned to the 0/1− and 1−/2− redox couples. The orbital composition of these redox couples has been examined by carrying out extended Huckel MO calculations on the model complex FeCo2(CO)7(H4-bpcd)(μ3-S), with the results being compared to related cluster compounds.
Accurate SPICE models for CMOS analog radiation-hardness-by-design

A new accurate modeling technique based on conformal mapping provides SPICE models for edgeless field-effect transistors (FETs) with arbitrary gate geometries for analog radiation-hardness-by-design. Generated models are compared to data measured from FETs with annular and other geometries fabricated on TSMC 0.25 /spl mu/m and 0.18 /spl mu/m processes. Currents, output resistances and capacitances all typically agree to within 10% of measured data. Application of the model to alternative gate geometries useful for analog radiation hardened design is explored.
Role of the spinal cord in generating the 2- to 6-Hz rhythm in rat sympathetic outflow

In baroreceptor-denervated animals, sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) displays a 2- to 6-Hz rhythm. Current theories suggest that this rhythm is generated by a neural oscillator in the medulla. In urethan-anesthetized rats, we have examined the effect on the 2- to 6-Hz rhythm of lumbar SND produced by 1) altering the firing pattern of a major output of this medullary network [the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)] and 2) disrupting the interactions between medulla and spinal cord (SC). Microinjection of muscimol [gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist] unilaterally or a mixture of kynurenic acid (KYN; broad spectrum, excitatory amino acid antagonist) and bicuculline (GABAA antagonist) bilaterally into RVLM produced little effect on the 2- to 6-Hz rhythm. Intrathecal injection of KYN or transection of the cervical SC also had little effect once SND had been restored by intrathecal injection of kainic acid (excitatory amino acid agonist). Thus, whereas an excitatory input to the spinal cord is required for the generation of basal SND, patterning of this input is not critical for production of the 2- to 6-Hz SND rhythm that, in this species, may be essentially of spinal origin.
Factors related to obesity and overweight among Black adolescent girls in the United States

ABSTRACTIn the United States, Black adolescents have the highest prevalence of pediatric obesity and overweight among girls. While Black girls are disproportionately affected, the reasons for this health disparity remain unclear. The authors conducted a systematic review to investigate the factors related to obesity and overweight among Black adolescent girls. The authors searched four databases for relevant English-language publications using all publication years through 2015. Fifty-one studies met the inclusion criteria and were used for this review. Using a configuration approach to synthesis, three categories were identified, paralleling the bioecological theory of human development: (1) individual, (2) interpersonal, and (3) community and societal factors. A description of each factor’s association with obesity among Black adolescent girls is presented. From this review, the authors identified a diverse and vast set of individual, interpersonal, and community and societal factors explored for their ...
Reactions of HCl and D2O with molten alkali carbonates.

The acidic oxide SO2 and protic acid HCl are among the gases released in the combustion of coal and the incineration of municipal waste. They are typically removed by wet or dry scrubbing involving...
Phage therapy redux—What is to be done?

Phage therapy is the use of bacteriophages—viruses that infect and replicate within a bacterium—to treat pathogenic bacteria. This approach had a short history in the premolecular era of Western medicine, but it died out before the mid-20th century mainly as a result of justly critical reports from the American Medical Association and the development of chemical antibiotics ( 1 ). Now, the global antibiotic resistance crisis and a new appreciation for the importance of the human microbiota have led to a resurgence of interest in phage therapy, not only in the classic sense of treating bacterial infections ( 2 ) but also for its potential role in modulating microbiota ( 3 ). A landmark 2015 meeting ( 4 ) on phage-based therapeutics hosted by the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) included not only phage biologists but also participants from private companies, public and governmental research organizations, clinicians, and the federal regulatory community. Opinions on the practicality of phage applications replacing traditional antibiotic regimens ranged from full-speed ahead, mostly from the biotechnology industry, to overt skepticism on the part of some physicians. In any case, participants left the meeting convinced that a “Phage Therapy 2.0” is on its way.
The effect of adrenocorticotrophin on protein degradation in rat adrenal gland and liver

The rate of adrenal protein degradation appears to be slower in rats to which ACTH (adrenocorticotrophin) has been chronically administered. As measured by the exponential decay of radioactively labelled adrenal protein in vivo, the mean half-lives of total protein and of mitochondrial, microsomal and 18000g-supernatant protein were significantly longer in ACTH-treated animals. Experiments in which either [3H]leucine or NaH14CO3 was used to label proteins showed that of the fractions studied, the effect on mitochondrial protein degradation was most pronounced. The half-lives of the same subcellular fractions in rat liver were not affected by ACTH. The possibility that the results might have been caused by changes in radioisotope reutilization and pool size is discussed.
Study of Vector Control System of Variable Frequency Speed Control on AC motors Based on DSP

The theory of vector control system and system chart combing is introduced with the current model.Simulation model of vector control system is established in MATLAB/SIMULINK.And a vector control of variable frequency speed control system using PM15RSH120 IPM is designed as switches of converter and TMS320F2407A as DSP machine together with vector control algorithm and PWM.Results of experiments prove that the designed system has nicer static and dynamic capability.
Determinants of caries prevalence and severity in higher SES Indian children.

OBJECTIVES Recent epidemiological studies in the economically developing countries show that the prevalence and severity of dental caries has increased with industrialization and exposure of these populations to western diets. The aim of this study was to quantify the caries experience, and identify determinants associated with caries, in a population which has a higher socio-economic status (SES), and is the most westernized in India. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN The study site was Goa, a former Portuguese colony, which became part of India in 1961. Data came from a cross-sectional survey of 1,189 seventh grade children in private schools, consisting of a clinical dental examination and a self-administered questionnaire to their parents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The study used the cavitated/non-cavitated criteria to score for caries, the TF index for fluorosis, and the Silness and Loe index for plaque. RESULTS The mean age of the children was 12.2 years. The proportion of children caries-free in the permanent dentition was 22.2%. The mean DMFT and DMFS in the study group were 2.78 and 4.20, respectively. The decayed component accounted for over 87% of the DMFT, DMFS, dft, and dfs. Results of the crude, stratified, and multivariate regression analyses showed that poor oral hygiene, mother's highest level of education, use of fluoride toothpaste before the age of six years, and higher frequency of tooth brushing were risk indicators of caries prevalence and severity. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that risk indicators of caries in this study population were similar to those in developed countries.
Current status of costimulatory blockade in renal transplantation.

Purpose of review The review will focus on the impact and current status of costimulatory blockade in renal transplantation. Recent findings The mainstay of immunosuppression in kidney transplantation is calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) which have reduced acute rejection rates but failed to improve long-term allograft survival. Their cardiometabolic side-effects and nephrotoxicity have shifted the focus of investigation to CNI-free regimens. Costimulation blockade with belatacept, a second generation, higher avidity variant of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 has emerged as part of a CNI-free regimen. Belatacept has demonstrated superior glomerular filtration rate compared with CNIs, albeit with an increased risk of early and histologically severe rejection. Focus on optimizing the belatacept regimen is underway. ASKP1240, which blocks the cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40)/CD154 costimulatory pathway, has just completed a phase 2 trial with a CNI-free regimen. CFZ533, an anti-CD40, is also poised to be tested in a phase 2 trial in renal transplantation. Nonagonistic CD28 antibodies have re-emerged with two anti-CD28 candidates in preclinical development. Summary A reliable, CNI-free regimen that maintains low acute rejection rates and improves long-term renal allograft survival has become an achievable goal with costimulation blockade. The task of clinicians and researchers is to find the optimal combinations to maintain safety and improve efficacy.
Efficient Primitives for Standard Tensor Linear Algebra

This paper presents the design and implementation of low-level library to compute general sums and products over multi-dimensional arrays (tensors). Using only 3 low-level functions, the API at once generalizes core BLAS1-3 as well as eliminates the need for most tensor transpositions. Despite their relatively low operation count, we show that these transposition steps can become performance limiting in typical use cases for BLAS on tensors. The execution of the present API achieves peak performance on the same order of magnitude as for vendor-optimized GEMM by utilizing a code generator to output CUDA source code for all computational kernels. The outline for these kernels is a multi-dimensional generalization of the MAGMA BLAS matrix multiplication on GPUs. Separate transpositions steps can be skipped because every kernel allows arbitrary multidimensional transpositions of the arguments. The library, including its methodology and programming techniques, are made available in SLACK. Future improvements to the library include a high-level interface to translate directly from a LATEX-like equation syntax to a data-parallel computation.
Measurement of back-scattering patterns from single laser trapped aerosol particles in air

We demonstrate a method for measuring elastic back-scattering patterns from single laser trapped micron-sized particles, spanning the scattering angle range of θ=167.7°–180° and φ=0°–360° in spherical coordinates. We calibrated the apparatus by capturing light-scattering patterns of 10 μm diameter borosilicate glass microspheres and comparing their scattered intensities with Lorenz–Mie theory. Back-scattering patterns are also presented from a single trapped Johnson grass spore, two attached Johnson grass spores, and a cluster of Johnson grass spores. The method has potential use in characterizing airborne aerosol particles, and may be used to provide back-scattering data for lidar applications.
DMT1: Tissue Specific Expression and Alternative Splicing.

Abstract Divalent metal ion transporter 1 (DMT1) functions in iron absorption at the apical surface of the duodenal enterocyte and in iron transport out of the endosomal compartment of the erythroblast, however, DMT1 is also expressed in cells which have no apparent role in iron metabolism. At least 4 isoforms of DMT1 mRNA have been identified that contain alternative 5′ (1A, 1B) and 3′ (IRE+, IRE-) exons. Recently we reported the first human mutation of the DMT1 gene in a patient with severe hypochromic/microcytic anemia. This patient was homozygous for a mutation in the ultimate nucleotide of exon 12 which resulted in preferential skipping of exon 12 during processing of pre-mRNA. Amplification of DMT1 mRNA from peripheral blood cells of this patient revealed multiple products; hematopoietic cells from normal controls had a similar, but not identical, pattern. No such additional PCR products were seen when DMT1 mRNA from other tissues or cultured cells was evaluated. To further investigate this observation, we amplified full length (1700–1800 bp) DMT1 transcripts (1A/IRE+, 1A/IRE-, 1B/IRE+ and 1B/IRE-) from a variety of tissues types, cell lines, and from hematopoietic cells. Expression of the 4 isoforms differed between the different cell types. EBV lymphocytes expressed primarily 1B/IRE+ and 1B/IRE- isoforms. Notably, EBV lymphocytes derived from the mutant patient expressed DMT1 mRNA which was 120 bp smaller than DMT1 PCR products from controls, corresponding to skipping of exon 12. Platelets, granulocytes and reticulocytes expressed primarily the 1B/IRE+ isoform, however, unlike the other cell types examined, more than one mRNA species was present (see figure). Full length high molecular weight PCR products derived from these cells were isolated and subcloned. Plasmid DNA was isolated, subjected to digestion with EcoR1, and the DMT1 inserts were sequenced. All inserts began with exon 1B and ended with exon 16 (IRE+); however, none contained “normal” full length DMT1 sequence. The majority contained either truncated portions of exon 3 or inserted portions of intron 3. Utilization of cryptic splice sites within exon 3 or within intron 3 resulted in early stop codons. We propose that alternative splicing of DMT1 mRNA either via skipping of entire exons or via the use of cryptic splice sites may provide a manner for regulating DMT1 activity in hematopoietic cells. Further studies are underway to elucidate this possibility and to evaluate the signals for alternative splicing. Download : Download high-res image (327KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure
Jane Addams: Peace Activist and Peace Theorist

Jane Addams wrote three books about peace. The first, Newer Ideals of Peace was written in 1907 almost two decades after she established Hull House. In those 20 years, her accomplishments must have outpaced her early vision.
Gromov–Witten theory of P1×P1×P1

Abstract We use elementary geometric techniques to exhibit an explicit equivalence between certain sectors of the Gromov–Witten theories of blowups of P 1 × P 1 × P 1 and P 3 . In particular, we prove that the all genus, virtual dimension zero Gromov–Witten theory of the blowup of P 3 at points coincides with that of the blowup at points of P 1 × P 1 × P 1 , for non-exceptional classes. We observe a toric symmetry of the Gromov–Witten theory of P 1 × P 1 × P 1 analogous and intimately related to Cremona symmetry of P 3 . Enumerative applications are given.
A phase I trial of sorafenib with whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) in breast cancer patients with brain metastases and a correlative study of FLT-PET brain imaging to evaluate treatment response after WBRT sorafenib.

TPS2103 Background: WBRT is a standard therapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients with brain metastases (BM). Despite WBRT, disease progression in the brain is common, and survival is poor...
Biologics For Hidradenitis Suppurativa (Verneuil’s Disease in the Era of Biologics)

Verneuil’s disease, better known as hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), is a chronic inflammatory disease that is clinically hallmarked by multiple abscesses and sinus tracts distributed in areas densely populated with apocrine glands. Stage I HS is characterized by the presence of abscesses without scarring or sinus tracts. With progression to Stage II, scarring and sinus tract formation are seen. By definition, patients with Stage III disease have multiple interconnected sinus tracts and scarring, typically involving multiple regions [1]. The significant morbidity of this disease is important, and is emphasized further by the limited effectiveness of the currently available “standard” medical therapies, including antibiotics (Chap. 15), antiandrogens (Chap. 16), retinoids (Chap. 17), immunosuppressants (Chap. 18), and/or complementary and alternative medicines (Chap. 19) [2].
Anatomy of a Stabililization Process: The Case of Jamaica, 1984 to the Present

ABSTRACT This paper probes the nature and problems of economic instability in developing countries and examines the course of an orthodox policy response, using the experience of Jamaica from 1984 to the present as an example. Focussing on the practical details of implementing stabilization policies, this paper examines the impact of unintegrated episodes of monetary, fiscal and exchange-rate initiatives adopted against a background of low economic growth performance, and underlines the fundamental complementarity of stabilization and growth strategies.
Too many women? The sex ratio question: By Marcia Guttentag and Paul Secord Beverly Hills: Sage Publications Inc., 1983, 336 pp., $28.00, $14.00

(1987). Too many women? The sex ratio question. The Social Science Journal: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 98-100.
Challenges of Anticoagulation Therapy in Pregnancy.

Thrombotic complications in pregnancy represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Pregnancy is a primary hypercoagulable state due to enhanced production of clotting factors, a decrease in protein S activity, and inhibition of fibrinolysis. These physiologic changes will yield a collective rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) of about 1–2 in 1000 pregnancies for the general obstetric population, which represents a five- to tenfold increased risk in pregnancy compared to age-matched non-pregnant peers. A select group of women, however, will carry a significantly higher rate of thrombosis due to primary thrombophilia, either inherited or acquired. This introduces a population of women who may benefit from prophylactic anticoagulation, either antepartum or postpartum. The coagulation changes that occur in preparation for the hemostatic challenges of delivery endure for several weeks postpartum. In fact, daily risk for pulmonary embolism (PE) is the highest postpartum. Use of anticoagulation in pregnancy introduces particular risk at the time of delivery, where bleeding and clotting risk collide. Altered metabolism rates of anticoagulants in pregnant women often necessitate closer monitoring than is required outside of pregnancy in order to ensure efficacy and safety. Heparin products are the mainstay of treating VTE in pregnancy, chiefly because they do not cross the placenta. In women with mechanical heart valves, the ideal anticoagulation regimen remains controversial as heparin use has shown inferior outcomes for preventing thromboembolic complications compared to warfarin, but warfarin carries risk for fetal embryopathy. Other populations where a heparin alternative is necessary include women with a history of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia (HIT) or other heparin intolerance. Further challenging the management of anticoagulation in pregnancy is the dearth of randomized clinical trials. The evidence governing treatment recommendations is largely based on expert guidelines, observational studies, or extrapolation from non-pregnant cohorts. A careful critique of a woman’s history, as well as the available data, is essential for optimal management of anticoagulation in pregnancy. Such decisions should involve a multidisciplinary team involving obstetrics, hematology, cardiology, and anesthesia.
Overview of the Condition

Bunion surgery is a common procedure performed by most foot and ankle surgeons. Despite decades of published clinical research, there remains extremely high variability in the evaluation and management of the deformity with hundreds of procedural solutions. Lack of consensus exists for nearly every aspect of the topic including etiology, terminology, procedure selection, radiographic evaluation, and interpretation of surgical outcomes. In this chapter we discuss many of the shortcomings of medical literature that introduce bias into our understanding of treatment outcomes and highlight the need for more stringent application of evidence-based principles for management. This overview will serve to set the perspective for the following chapters examining the current evidence base on bunion surgery. Only through recognition and understanding of the shortcomings of our perspectives can we arrive at a true answer to solve this problem for our patients.
Feeling but not seeing the hand: Occluded hand position reduces the hand proximity effect in ERPs.

Abstract The hand proximity effect (nearby hands influence visual processing) reflects the integration of vision and proprioception for upcoming action; it is reduced when hand position is occluded. In an ERP study, we investigate whether hand proximity, without vision of the hand, accentuates the processing of stimuli requiring actions (targets) early (N1) and later (P3) in processing. In a go/no-go paradigm, participants viewed stimuli between two panels with hands placed near or far from stimuli. Occlusion of the hand eliminated near-hand target vs. non-target differentiation of the N1; amplification of near-hand target amplitudes emerged at the P3. Visual hand location appears necessary to draw visual attention to intended-action objects to integrate body and visual information early in processing. The integration of visual stimulus information and hand position from proprioception appears later in processing, indicating greater reliance on cognitive systems for discriminating the task-relevance of a stimulus.
Developing Instructional Videos to Direct Business Respondents Through a Feature-Heavy Online Survey Instrument

The economic census, conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau every five years, collects operational and performance data from roughly 4 million U.S. business establishments in non-farming industries. The level of detail requested, along with wide variation in the complexity of businesses, requires a highly sophisticated and flexible software design for online data collection. Thus, for the 2017 Economic Census, the Census Bureau redesigned and expanded its Web survey instrument, providing respondents with several new, more convenient features to help them complete the economic census.
Beijing as an emerging global political city

In 1991, the year when the Cold War ended, Saskia Sassen observed that "the geography and composition of the global economy has changed so as to produce a complex duality: a spatially dispersed, yet globally integrated organization of economic activities." She finds that "the combination of spatial dispersal and global integration has created a new strategic role for major cities." The global cities, such as New York, London, Tokyo, began to play broad managerial roles in overall economy by concentrating in financial and legal service industry.
Gas and pressure dependence for the mean size of nanoparticles produced by laser ablation of flowing aerosols

Silver nanoparticles were produced by laser ablation of a continuously flowing aerosol of microparticles entrained in argon, nitrogen and helium at a variety of gas pressures. Nanoparticles produced in this new, high-volume nanoparticle production technique are compared with our earlier experiments using laser ablation of static microparticles. Transmission electron micrographs of the samples show the nanoparticles to be spherical and highly non-agglomerated under all conditions tested. These micrographs were analyzed to determine the effect of carrier gas type and pressure on size distributions. We conclude that mean diameters can be controlled from 4 to 20 nm by the choice of gas type and pressure. The smallest nanoparticles were produced in helium, with mean sizes increasing with increasing molecular weight of the carrier gas. These results are discussed in terms of a model based on cooling via collisional interaction of the nanoparticles, produced in the laser exploded microparticle, with the ambient gas.
Resilience in the Lives of Children of War

A developmental analysis of “children of war” ought to be simple: “war is bad for children.” However true this statement may be, it is insufficient for anything more than a moral judgment. In this chapter we provide a developmental analysis of the lives of children who experience war from the perspective of resilience in the face of trauma. Our approach grows out of an understanding of the role of trauma in the emotional and spiritual life of youth immersed in the public social violence of war (as opposed to the “private” violence of conventional domestic abuse and community crime). Our core thesis is that the experience of trauma is so powerfully implicated in the dynamics of public social violence—as cause and effect—that no efforts to prevent and ameliorate its effects will be effective if they do not address this core issue. While no recipe or algorithm for program and policy development is possible, we can provide a series of conceptual “tools” that professionals and policy makers addressing the impact of war on children and youth can use in this effort. We begin with the concept of trauma.
Reexamination of the Second Messenger Hypothesis of Glucagon and Catecholamine Action in Liver

Glucagon causes a rapid activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in rat liver parenchymal cells which correlates well with the accumulation of cAMP. Full activation of phosphorylase or inactivation of glycogen synthase is achieved with half-maximal activation of protein kinase. Epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in these cells mainly by mechanisms involving α-adrenergic receptors and not β-receptors. Activation of α-receptors results in rapid activation of phosphorylase and inactivation of glycogen synthase without accumulation of cAMP or activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Activation of β-receptors causes a transient rise in cAMP and a short-lived activation of protein kinase with correspondingly little stimulation of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Kataraktoperation als Drucksenkung bei Kapselhäutchen und Kapselhäutchenglaukom

Eine 84-jahrige Patientin wird im Juni 2010 wegen Druckdekompensation bei Kapselhautchenglaukom links zugewiesen. Anamnestisch war das Glaukom schon seit 20 Jahren bekannt und mit topischer Therapie und einer ALT behandelt. Im Jahr 2002 war an beiden Augen eine problemlose Phako/HKL via clear Cornea Inzision durchgefuhrt worden. Nach diesem Eingriff war der Druck uber 2-3 Jahre ohne drucksenkende Therapie in einem akzeptablen Bereich, spater dann bestanden immer wieder Druckspitzen bis 32 mmHg, vor allem am linken Auge, und die Patientin entwickelte eine toxisch/allergische Reaktion auf Benzalchoniumchlorid. Im Jahr 2009 bemerkte die Patientin subjektiv einen Gesichtsfeldausfall links, eine Gesichtsfelduntersuchung wurde nie durchgefuhrt (!).
Enhanced solubility of carbon dioxide for encapsulated ionic liquids in polymeric materials

Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) as the solvents for carbon dioxide (CO2), with high capacity and selectivity, are promising candidates for CO2 capture. Developing methods such as microencapsulation that enable the cost-effective and regenerable operation using ILs-based absorbent is of paramount importance to carbon capture and management technologies. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of IL encapsulation within a polymeric shell and evaluated the performance of the capsules in CO2 absorption from the gas phase. We learned that encapsulation enhances the intrinsic capacity of an ionic liquid in CO2 sorption. The proper choice of chemistry for the polymeric matrix and the high specific surface area of the capsules allows the encapsulated ILs to outperform their liquid counterpart. We report unprecedented recyclability, encapsulation retention, and absorption capacity for the encapsulated IL absorbent designed for CO2 sorption. We observed a synergistic effect on the CO2 absorption capacity of the capsules as a result of using a fluorine-containing polymer.
Intensive and Specific Feedback Self-control of MicroRNA Targeting Activity

The miRNA pathway consists of three segments: biogenesis, targeting and downstream regulatory effectors. How the cells control their activities remains incompletely understood. This study explored the intrinsically complex miRNA-mRNA targeting relationships, and suggested differential mechanistic control of the three segments. We first analyzed the evolutionarily conserved sites for conserved miRNAs in the human transcriptome. Briefly, we observed that AGO1, AGO2 and AGO3 are all among the top 14 mRNAs with highest numbers of unique conserved miRNA sites, and so is ANKRD52, the phosphatase regulatory subunit of the recently identified AGO phosphorylation cycle (AGOs, CSNK1A1, ANKRD52 and PPP6C). The mRNAs for TNRC6, which acts together with loaded AGO to channel miRNA-mediated regulation actions onto specific mRNAs, are also heavily miRNA-targeted. Moreover, mRNAs of the AGO phosphorylation cycle share much more than expected miRNA binding sites. In contrast, upstream miRNA biogenesis mRNAs do not display these characteristics, and neither do the downstream regulatory effector mRNAs. In a word, miRNAs heavily and directly feedback-regulate their targeting machinery mRNAs, but neither upstream biogenesis nor downstream regulatory effector mRNAs. The observation was then confirmed with experimentally determined miRNA-mRNA target relationships. In summary, our exploration of the miRNA-mRNA target relationship uncovers intensive, and specific, feedback auto-regulation of miRNA targeting activity directly by miRNAs themselves, i.e., segment-specific feedback auto-regulation of miRNA pathway. Our results also suggest that the complexity of miRNA-mRNA targeting relationship, a defining feature of miRNA biology, should be a rich source for further functional exploration.
Focus, Divide or Switch: A Theoretical Model of Attention Allocation across Tasks & Info. Streams

Interruptions and multitasking are endemic in modern organizations, but we know relatively little about how individuals make choices between their current task, communication, or other streams of i...
Genetic evidence for species cohesion, substructure and hybrids in spruce.

The origin and history of species are shaped by various evolutionary dynamics, including their persistence in the face of potential gene flow from related taxa. In this study, we use broad geographical and taxonomic sampling (2,219 individuals) to establish the distribution of species, hybrids and cryptic genetic variation within the conifer genus Picea (spruce) across western North America. We demonstrate that the six species of spruce in this region are distinguishable based on their genetic composition, and that the more closely related Engelmann spruce (P. engelmannii) and white spruce (P. glauca) have generated numerous and widespread hybrids. These hybrids occur in the central Rocky Mountains, well to the south of the well-established region of admixture in Canada. Additionally, we provide evidence for subdivision within Engelmann spruce, manifested as a southern Rocky Mountains form, and a northern Rocky Mountain and Cascade mountains (western) form. In the intervening central Rocky Mountains region (forests in Wyoming and adjacent states) we found primarily individuals with admixed ancestry. Following their origin, these species of spruce have interacted repeatedly and in different geographical contexts. Multiple pairs of species have been shown to hybridize, yet the species persist and retain distinguishable compositions. At the same time, large geographical areas exist where hybrids are pervasive. Consequently, spruce provide a case study for the maintenance of species boundaries, particularly for how widespread hybridization need not lead to the collapse and loss of species.
Why Keep Arguing? Predicting Engagement in Political Conversations Online:

Individuals acquire increasingly more of their political information from social media, and ever more of that online time is spent in interpersonal, peer-to-peer communication and conversation. Yet...
Threatened habitat at Great Salt Lake: Importance of shallow-water and brackish habitats to Wilson’s and Red-necked phalaropes

Great Salt Lake (GSL) is the largest hypersaline lake in North America and is the fall staging area for a high proportion of North America's Wilson's Phalaropes (Phalaropus tricolor) and Red-necked Phalaropes (Phalaropus lobatus). Unfortunately, diversion of freshwater for agriculture and development has decreased the size of GSL by 48%. To assess the potential impact of a smaller GSL on phalaropes, we collected data from 2013 to 2015 from sites where large, dense flocks of phalaropes congregated and sites where there were no phalaropes. At each site, we measured the densities of invertebrates that were preyed upon by phalaropes, including larval and adult brine flies (Ephydridae), adult brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana), chironomid larvae (Chironomidae), and corixid adults (Corixidae). Abiotic characteristics measured included water depth, water salinity, water temperature, wind speed, and benthic substrate. We analyzed high-salinity sites separately from low-salinity sites because they contained different invertebrates. High-salinity sites were in Carrington and Gilbert bays and were relatively deep (mostly <2 m). At the high-salinity sites, phalaropes exhibited a preference for sites with an abundance of adult brine flies and for microbialite substrates. The low-salinity sites were in Ogden and Farmington bays and were shallow (<1 m). At low-salinity sites, large phalarope flocks were more likely to occur at sites that were shallower, less saline, and had a high biomass of benthic macroinvertebrates. Our results indicate that physical features and prey availability are both important in determining phalarope habitat use at GSL. Phalaropes prefer to use shallower parts of GSL and brackish waters. These areas will be especially impacted by decreased freshwater inflow into GSL.
Expansion and profitability of bank branches: a study on selected rural branches of Bangladesh

Using probit regression model on primary data, this study reveals that level of educational qualification, value of asset owned and individual’s monthly income, and being married have a positive an...
Private military and security companies, corporate structure, and levels of violence in Iraq

This article analyzes the effect of private military and security companies (PMSCs) on levels of civilian casualties in Iraqi governorates from 2004 to 2007. Within a principal-agent framework, we ...
Transfer of Dicloxacillin into Human Milk.

Background: Dicloxacillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic that is commonly used in the treatment of lactational mastitis in breastfeeding women. Although penicillins have long been considered safe for breastfeeding mothers and their infants, there is almost no data on the transfer of dicloxacillin into human breast milk despite the fact that it is commonly used for mastitis. Case Report: This study determined the drug concentration-time profile of dicloxacillin in milk samples collected from three lactating mothers consuming 500 mg dicloxacillin taken every 6 hours for treatment of mastitis. Milk levels were measured using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The maximum concentration of dicloxacillin in milk was 67.6 ng/mL. The relative infant dose (RID) was calculated to be 0.03%. This value is well below the theoretical level of concern of 10%. Discussion: The limited transfer of dicloxacillin into human milk is probably explained by the high plasma protein binding of dicloxacillin and its subsequent poor penetration into human milk. Conclusion: In this case series, the level of dicloxacillin in milk was found to be very low, and the RID to be only 0.03% of the maternal dose. Although the levels detected were low, dicloxacillin does transfer into breast milk. Caution should be exercised in infants with hypersensitivity to penicillins.