cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 159: Medication Adherence Improves Shortly After Acute Coronary Syndrome Admission and Then Declines Over One Year: Findings from TRACE-CORE

Background: Incomplete medication adherence is common, results in poor outcomes, and remains resistant to change in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). However, few studies, if any, have reported patterns of adherence at multiple time points during patients’ transition from the hospital to their community. Objective: To describe patterns of self-reported medication adherence at admission and over a post-discharge transitional period of 12 months. Methods: Adult patients (n=2187) hospitalized for ACS enrolled in the “Transitions, Risks, and Actions in Coronary Events Center for Outcomes Research and Education” (TRACE-CORE) cohort from GA and MA completed the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (range: 0-8) in person during hospitalization and via telephone interviews at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12- month(s) after discharge. High, medium, and low adherence were defined as scale scores of 8, 6-7 and 0-5, respectively and analyzed. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to test for differences in mean adhere...
When Language Lies: Truth, Silence, and Codes of Deception

What does an autoethnography look like? How do you conduct reliable qualitative research when you are both the researcher and the researched? Where do you find truth as an adult when you discover your life as a child was full of secrets? In his book “A Need to Know: The Clandestine History of a CIA Family”, author H. J. Goodall (2006), tells the story of his personal journey investigating his own life growing up with a father who was a counter-intelligence offer in the cold-war era. While this narrative is an engaging and readable account, it is also a work that probes questions of identity, family codes of language, and the multiple contexts and questions of truth. Furthermore, Goodall’s writing provides a working example of methodology and theory used in autoethnography. Keywords: Autoethnography, Qualitative Research, Truth, Language Harold Lloyd “Bud” Goodall, Jr., a professor and the director of the Hugh Downs School of Communication at Arizona State University, is known for his pioneering work in the new ethnography of organizations and communities. Goodall’s Casing a Promised Land (1989) was the third contribution in the field and the first book length study that employed autoethnographic methods. His expertise is brought full force to his recent book “A Need to Know: The Clandestine History of a CIA Family” (Goodall, 2006) as he tells the story of his quest to reconcile the father he knew as an ordinary government worker who retired on full disability from the Veterans Administration, to the father he came to know as a CIA counterintelligence agent. On page nine he writes, “I wrote this book because I could no longer not write it. I could no longer not write it because I didn’t want to lie to my son or evade the questions my wife continued to ask me about my father. My father ... the man I grew up with but never knew” (Goodall). There were too many unexplainable gaps in his family history. A Need to Know, the winner of the National Communication Association Ethnography Division’s 2006 Best Book Award, is Goodall’s search for the truth in the hope of finding understanding. Research Overview He conducted years of research in preparation for this book, but his journey began with the physical inheritance of both his father’s diary and a copy of The Great Gatsby. These “codebooks”, as his father called them, were combined with a number of other data sources and methods which include interviews, retrospective fieldwork, copies of government files and documents, numerous articles and books, and in rare cases, photos. Goodall (2006) provides an extensive list of sources and references in the back of the book to support the soundness of his findings. He also clarifies when he lacks sufficient evidence to prove or corroborate his theories and conclusions. Goodall’s book may read like a novel, but its powerful story meets the standard for sound academic integrity.
Is Oberon as Simple as Possible? A Smaller Object-Oriented Language Based on the Concept of Module Type

The design of the programming language Oberon was led by the quote by Albert Einstein: ‘make it as simple as possible, but not simpler’. The objective of this paper is to analyze some design solutions and propose alternatives which could both simplify and strengthen the language without making it simpler than possible.
Lashley, Karl Spencer (1890–1958)

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 12, pp. 8392–8394, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Phenotypic and Functional Maturation of Dendritic Cells Mediated by Heparan Sulfate

Primary immune responses are thought to be induced by dendritic cells. To promote such responses, dendritic cells must be activated by exogenous agonists, such as LPS, or by products of activated leukocytes, such as TNF-alpha and IL-1. How dendritic cells might be activated in the absence of exogenous stimuli, or without the immediate presence of activated leukocytes, as might occur in immunity to tumor cells or transplants, is unknown. We postulated that heparan sulfate, an acidic, biologically active polysaccharide associated with cell membranes and extracellular matrices, which is rapidly released under conditions of inflammation and tissue damage, might provide such a stimulus. Incubation of immature murine dendritic cells with heparan sulfate induced phenotypic maturation evidenced by up-regulation of I-A, CD40, CD54 (ICAM-1), CD80 (B7-1), and CD86 (B7-2). Dendritic cells exposed to heparan sulfate exhibited a markedly lowered rate of Ag uptake and increased allostimulatory capacity. Stimulation of dendritic cells with heparan sulfate induced release of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6, although the maturation of dendritic cells was independent of these cytokines. These results suggest that soluble heparan sulfate chains, as products of the degradation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan, might induce maturation of dendritic cells without exogenous stimuli, thus contributing to the generation and maintenance of primary immune responses.
Justice Versus Peace in Northern Kenya

The conflicting relationship between peace and justice is frequently debated in the field of transitional justice. The obligation to prosecute serious crimes can contradict the measures necessary to reestablish peace among society. The predicament gives rise to a similar, though less obvious, challenge in many developing countries, where the formal justice system can be at odds with conflict management initiatives. Often, due to their inaccessibility or incompatibility with local socio-cultural norms, official justice institutions in developing countries do not fully penetrate the whole of society. In response, conflict management and peace building initiatives have proven to be more flexible and responsive to socio-political realities. While such initiatives may be more efficient in reestablishing the peace between communities in conflict, they may contradict the official law. Current policy efforts and practices in the arid lands of Kenya illustrate this dilemma. Official justice institutions have proven too weak or ill-suited to prevent or resolve conflicts between local communities. To address the prevailing tensions, local ad hoc peace initiatives have developed which operate on the basis of local norms and include local stakeholders. Given their relative success, some high level state agents have embraced the initiatives. The office of the President is currently drafting a national policy framework on conflict management and peace building, which is in part based on the experiences in the arid lands. Such a policy framework will ultimately have to deal with a similar dilemma known from the field of transitional justice: a decision between the establishment of peace and the application of formal justice may be required.
Courtship in Parasitic Wasps

Courtship may be defined as any behaviors between conspecific individuals of opposite sex which facilitate mating. Such behaviors, with their incredible variety and obvious importance, have provided biologists with a vast and fascinating field of study. The evolution of such systems has, in particular, received considerable attention in recent years. For the vertebrates, this area has been capably reviewed by Orians (1969) and Trivers (1972).
Multiple Testing in Genetic Epidemiology

If multiple statistical tests are performed simultaneously, we should take into account multiple testing to properly control the false positive rate. In association studies performing statistical tests for a large number of correlated markers, the traditional Sidak correction is overly conservative and the permutation test is inefficient. This article discusses recently proposed approaches for correcting for multiple testing in association studies. We first explain basic concepts of statistics such as the p-value, false-positive rate, corrected p-value and family wise error rate. Then we discuss recently proposed methods in three categories: methods using multivariate normal distribution, methods calculating the effective number of tests and methods increasing the efficiency of permutation test. We compare the relative performance of these methods. Many of the methods are shown to be highly efficient and accurate compared to the traditional approaches and can readily be applied to the genome-wide datasets. Key Concepts: In a statistical testing procedure performing multiple tests, multiple testing must be taken into account to properly control the false positive rate. In association studies, the traditional Sidak correction is overly conservative and the permutation test is inefficient. Recently proposed multiple testing correction methods are highly efficient and accurate and can be applied to the genome-wide datasets. Keywords: multiple testing; statistical test; p-value correction; association study; false positive; family wise error rate; false discovery rate; permutation test; Bonferroni correction; multivariate normal distribution
Coordination of two-arm pushing

Dynamic modeling and coordinated control of two-arm pushing operations are studied. The performance of such tasks requires the simultaneous control of the motion trajectory of the grasped object and the interaction force. The control of the interaction force is needed to ensure that the object is not dropped and to avoid excessive pressing. The motion and force control problem is further complicated by the presence of unilateral constraints since the manipulators can only push the object. The control problem is first formulated in the state space. A coordinated control method that utilizes a state feedback to decouple the motion control subsystem and force control subsystem is then presented. The unilateral constraints are satisfied during the entire motion period using a proposed force control planning algorithm. The effectiveness of the control method is verified by simulations. >
DAB389IL-2 (ONTAK): A Novel Fusion Toxin Therapy for Lymphoma

Fusion proteins are recombinant molecules that combine a targeting mechanism to a cytocidal moiety. DAB(389)IL-2 (denileukin diftitox; ONTAK), with a unique mechanism of action, is the first genetically constructed fusion protein to reach the clinic. In this molecule, the interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene is genetically fused to the enzymatically active and translocating domains of diphtheria toxin. DAB(389)IL-2 is internalized into IL-2 receptor-bearing cells by endocytosis. The ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of diphtheria toxin is cleaved in the endosome and is translocated into the cytosol where it inhibits protein synthesis, leading to apoptosis. DAB(389)IL-2 and its predecessor, DAB(486)IL-2, have shown clinical activity in a variety of diseases, including B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), Hodgkin's disease, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and HIV infection. The highest response rates were observed in CTCL, and this became the focus of clinical trials leading to its subsequent approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration for this disease. The potential applications of DAB(389)IL-2 in lymphomas are reviewed.
The Neuropharmacological Basis for the Use of Memantine in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

Memantine has been demonstrated to be safe and effective in the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While the neurobiological basis for the therapeutic activity of memantine is not fully understood, the drug is not a cholinesterase inhibitor and, therefore, acts differently from current AD therapies. Memantine can interact with a variety of ligand-gated ion channels. However, NMDA receptors appear to be a key target of memantine at therapeutic concentrations. Memantine is an uncompetitive (channel blocking) NMDA receptor antagonist. Like other NMDA receptor antagonists, memantine at high concentrations can inhibit mechanisms of synaptic plasticity that are believed to underlie learning and memory. However, at lower, clinically relevant concentrations memantine can under some circumstances promote synaptic plasticity and preserve or enhance memory in animal models of AD. In addition, memantine can protect against the excitotoxic destruction of cholinergic neurons. Blockade of NMDA receptors by memantine could theoretically confer disease-modifying activity in AD by inhibiting the "weak" NMDA receptor-dependent excitotoxicity that has been hypothesized to play a role in the progressive neuronal loss that underlies the evolving dementia. Moreover, recent in vitro studies suggest that memantine abrogates beta-amyloid (Abeta) toxicity and possibly inhibits Abeta production. Considerable attention has focused on the investigation of theories to explain the better tolerability of memantine over other NMDA receptor antagonists, particularly those that act by a similar channel blocking mechanism such as dissociative anesthetic-like agents (phencyclidine, ketamine, MK-801). A variety of channel-level factors could be relevant, including fast channel-blocking kinetics and strong voltage-dependence (allowing rapid relief of block during synaptic activity), as well as reduced trapping (permitting egress from closed channels). These factors may allow memantine to block channel activity induced by low, tonic levels of glutamate--an action that might contribute to symptomatic improvement and could theoretically protect against weak excitotoxicity--while sparing synaptic responses required for normal behavioral functioning, cognition and memory.
Concurrent use of an audience response system at a multi-campus college of pharmacy.

Objective. To assess the impact of an audience response system (ARS) on student engagement at a multi-campus college of pharmacy. Methods. An online questionnaire was designed and administered to measure the impact of an ARS on student engagement, distance education, projected use, and satisfaction among pharmacy students for a course delivered across 3 sites via synchronous video transmission. Results. Students reported that use of the ARS made it easier to participate (85.3%) and helped them to focus (75.7%) in classes when the lecturer was physically at a different site. They also valued that the ARS allowed them to respond anonymously (93.2%). A minority of students indicated that use of the ARS was distracting (11.8%). Conclusions. Implementation of an ARS was associated with positive student perceptions of engagement and may improve feelings of connectedness among students at schools with multiple sites. Use of ARSs could also represent a cognitive intercession strategy to help reduce communication apprehension.
A Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Non-Premixed Nozzle-Mixed Industrial Burner

Nozzle-mix burners are widely used in heat treatment and non-ferrous melting furnaces, and other applications, where temperature uniformity is required. These burners are stable over a wide range of air-fuel ratios from very lean to rich (up to 50% of excess fuel), high turndown ratio and low NOX emissions at all air-fuel ratios. Here, the fuel is generally transported by a central jet and air through an annular jet. The separation between the fuel jet and the air annulus and confining wall are crucial for flame stabilization. The objective of the present work is to investigate the flow and flame characteristics of a nonpremixed nozzle-mix burner through a detailed parametric study. The inferences from this study will provide useful information for designers, regarding choice of parameters. The burner is modeled as an axisymmetric arrangement of fuel duct at the center, surrounded by a coaxial annular duct of air. The ducts discharge into a confined environment, formed by a chimney, placed coaxially with the ducts. The results of the numerical simulation show that for a given air-fuel ratio, as the fuel flow rate increased, the location of the flame base shifted from near the fuel nozzle towards the oxidizer nozzle. Similar shift in flame position was also observed for higher air velocities for a given fuel velocity. High fuel and air flow rates and small separation between fuel and air jets tend to destabilize the flame. For a given air-fuel ratio, flame height increased with increase in fuel flow rates, but the change became insignificant at higher flow rates. For a given fuel velocity, flame height decreased with increase in air flow rate for both buoyancy-controlled and momentum-controlled regimes. The air-to-fuel velocity ratio was found to be the most significant parameter in determining the flame height.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A Wideband Precision Analog Telemetry Link Using Digital Techniques

A highly linear Wideband Analog Fiber Optic Link is described which samples at a 1 MHz rate with 10-bit accuracy and transmits and receives by means of a high speed PDM code. Aliasing and sampling effects are fully suppressed and a nearly Gaussian pulse response is attained with a 2 visec risetime. Analog signals are recovered with very low distortion and d. c. drift and a S/N ratio of better than 52 db.
Exploration of high pressure equilibrium separations of nitrogen and carbon dioxide

Abstract The separation of a supercritical mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide is explored at pressures from 10 to 31 MPa and temperatures of −5 °C and 23 °C. An “ideal interface” like that between water and air at ambient conditions does not form. Rather, a concentration gradient is observed. Nitrogen concentration increases toward the top of the separation vessel while carbon dioxide concentration decreases. In this way, the mole fraction of nitrogen at the top of the mixture is close to one and the concentration of carbon dioxide at the bottom of the mixture also approaches one. This concentration gradient is the basis of an effective separation. As the system pressure increases and/or the system temperature decreases, this density driven concentration gradient becomes less pronounced while consequently, the separation effectiveness is increased. The time to achieve maximum separation is quantified at different conditions, and found to decrease with increasing pressure. At the conditions studied, nitrogen is a supercritical fluid as a pure component while carbon dioxide is a liquid as a pure component, however the mixture is considered supercritical. The observation of a concentration gradient, and thus separation, is due to nonhomogeneities in the supercritical fluid mixture with density driven concentration gradients. This kind of separation has applications in continuous processing of pressurized gasification products.
Phase-field modeling of temperature gradient driven pore migration coupling with thermal conduction

Pore migration in a temperature gradient (Soret effect) is investigated by a phase-field model coupled with a heat transfer calculation. Pore migration is observed towards the high temperature domain with velocities that agree with analytical solution. Due to the low thermal conductivity of the pores, the temperature gradient across individual pores is increased, which in turn, accelerates the pore migration. In particular, for pores filled with xenon and helium, the pore velocities are increased by a factor of 2.2 and 2.1, respectively. A quantitative equation is then derived to predict the influence of the low thermal conductivity of pores.
Benefits management and communication: A marketing orientation

Abstract The purpose of this article is to call for a marketing orientation for future benefits research and practice, particularly in the area of benefits communication. Specific marketing content domains examined include service quality management, involvement, values, and cost/benefit trade-offs as they apply to formation usage. The article presents background discussions of each conceptual topic, related exploratory research propositions, and examples of specific applications to employee benefits.
Glucagon Infusion for Treatment of Hypoglycemia: Efficacy and Safety in Sick, Preterm Infants

To the Editor .— Treatment of sick, preterm infants with persistent hypoglycemia is challenging because of fluid limitations and the need for multiple infusions. An intravenous glucagon infusion can be an effective treatment for hypoglycemia.1 Recently, its safety has been questioned when as association with hyponatremia and thrombocytopenia was reported in Pediatrics. 2 For this reason, we examined our experience with the efficacy and safety of glucagon infusions in the preterm infant. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all preterm infants with persistent hypoglycemia who were treated with glucagon infusions in 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000. Persistent hypoglycemia was defined as 3 consecutive whole blood glucose …
Untreated Human Stools as a Source of Poliomyelitis Virus

can be introduced into the animal body by the usual intracerebral or intraperitoneal routes. This technic is limited by the disadvantages that really energetic bactericidal measures may also be virucidal, while imperfect sterilization results in a high mortality from intercurrent infection in experimental monkeys. Attempts to raise the titer of inocula by drying in vacuo require elaborate apparatus and are of doubtful value in increasing the frequency with which virus may be demonstrated. In a recent publication Vignec, Trask and Paul2 summarize the attempts to demonstrate virus by variations of these means and state that virus has been found in stools
Slow polarization relaxation in water observed by hyper-Rayleigh scattering

Polar fluctuations due to reorientation of the dipolar molecules in liquid water are central to its properties. Here we report a high resolution hyper-Rayleigh light-scattering spectrum for liquid water which shows collective dipole orientation fluctuations on two very different time scales: $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ps}$ and $g50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ns}$. The $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ps}$ relaxation time for the transverse fluctuations matches the macroscopic dielectric relaxation time, but the $g50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ns}$ relaxation time for the longitudinal fluctuations has not been previously observed and is dramatically $({10}^{5}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{})$ slower than expected.
Advertising, Competition, and Market-Share Instability

Advertising can promote market power by differentiating products, by establishing brand loyalty among consumers, and by raising the costs of entry. On the other hand, advertising can be a source of valuable information to consumers that leads to an erosion in the market shares of individual sellers. The empirical relationship between advertising and market share instability across industries sheds light on the competitive implications of advertising and promotional activities. Prior tests of this relationship rely on market share observations from the Census of Manufactures that are reported only every five years. The present study, by contrast, employs a data set consisting of annual market share observations for 163 four-digit manufacturing industries over the period 1978–88. The empirical results show a positive and statistically significant ceteris paribus relationship between advertising intensity and market share instability, thereby lending support to the hypothesis that advertising is generally pr...
Concerted matrix and pseudo Jahn-Teller perturbations in the 3ππ* → S0 phosphorescence of p-chlorobenzaldehyde at 4.2 K

Abstract The aldehyde group out-of-plane vibrational activity in 3 ππ * → S 0 phosphorescence of p -chlorobenzaldehyde in p -xylene and acetophenone matrices at 4.2 K was examined. The τ CHO vibration was found to be very sensitive to the matrix, being very strong in acetophenone and absent (or weak) in p -xylene. This observation, along with evidence for non-adiabatic interactions is interpreted as due to concerted matrix and pseudo Jahn-Teller interactions on the emitting state re-enforcing in acetophenone (leaving the molecule torsionally distorted) and opposing in p -xylene (leaving the molecule planar). The aldehyde H-wag mode (unlike τ CHO) is prominent in the phosphorescence, environmentally insensitive, and interpreted as gaining its activity through Herzberg-Teller and intramolecular distortion effects.
Leadership and nonverbal behaviors of Hispanic females across school equity environments

Nonverbal behaviors of Hispanic elementary school students and their peers were examined in a small-group cooperative task with a total of 202 subjects. Thirty-five randomly selected groups were videotaped in ten desegregated schools; each group was gender-homogeneous, with three Hispanic and three Anglo students. Analysis of the videotapes revealed that Hispanic females used less vertical and horizontal space than Anglo females, and were also less likely to verbally interrupt or physically intrude on other group members. They had similar rates of handling the group resource cards and were given similar leadership scores by multi-ethnic trained observers. Among males, Hispanics are significantly more likely to use vertical or upward movements and physical intrusions, while Anglos use more verbal interruptions.School and social status factors such as high- and low-equity desegregated school programs, ethnic and gender status, and school status variables of academic grades and English word knowledge had var...
Environmental Toxicity Studies Using Chickens as Surrogates for Wildlife: Effects of Injection Day

Domestic chicken embryos are frequently used for avian developmental toxicity studies of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, which are often injected into eggs with oil-based vehicles. Injection times range from immediately prior to incubation (embryonic day zero, E0) to after 4 days of incubation (E4) and beyond. Because the majority of organogenesis in chicken embryos occurs during the first 4 days of development, injection after E0 may miss critical, sensitive, developmental periods. We evaluated whether differences in the day of vehicle administration would lead to differences in standard measures of embryotoxicity. We assessed embryotoxicity using mortality, organ somatic indices, teratogenesis, and behavior in hatchling chickens developmentally exposed to a high volume (1.0 μl/g egg) of corn oil vehicle, which was injected into the airsac at E0 or E4. The E0 vehicle group had 76.5% higher overall embryo mortality, embryos died earlier in development, and hatchlings took more than two times longer to right in a righting reflex test compared to the E4 vehicle group. Other behavioral results demonstrated that hatchling chickens from the E0 vehicle group performed differently from their respective no-inject controls, whereas hatchling chickens from the E4 vehicle group did not. The bursal somatic index differed statistically by injection day and weighed 23.7% more in the E0 vehicle group than the E4 vehicle group. These results suggest that the embryonic day of contaminant injection is an important consideration, particularly when using a high volume of vehicle to evaluate developmental toxicity of a contaminant on embryo mortality or behavior.
Magnetic properties of carbon-coated Sm-Co-C and Mn-Al-C alloy nanoparticles

The Hut%nan-Kratschmer method of preparing fullerenes has been modified for the preparation of carboncoated nanccrystals of a variety of metals and metal carbides [l-S]. Here the graphite anode is hollowed out and packed with a mixture of metal or metal oxide powder and graphite cement. In the arc, metal-containing clusters form. The cluster stoichiometry depends on the chemistry between the metal atoms, carbon, and oxygen. The clusters ditfuse until they ate deposited on a surface, either the high temperature cathode or the room temperature walls of the reactor. The nanocrystalline phases produced depend on the surface temperature and the cooling rate of the clusters determined by their diffusion path and the amount of helium buffer gas [6]. This method is therefore uset%l in preparing metastable phases. The carbon coating common to all nanocrystals prepared by this method arises when the particles cool. Since graphite melts at a higher temperature than the metals or metal carbides we have made, phase segregation occurs in the cooling nanoparticle, forming a graphitic shell. The coating in some cases prevents degradation of air or water-sensitive compounds, a problem encountered with important magnetic materials such as NhFe,.,B. Ifthe particles are formed tirn a femrmagnetic material, their size is small enough to support only a single magnetic domain. These particles are said to be superparamagnetic, and all the atomic spins align to yield a large particle moment. The particle moment rotates not through domain wall motion, but by rotating all the atomic spins together. Theories of superparamagnetism [7,8] show that the temperature dependence of the coercivity, H, for a uniaxial spherical particle with a single magnetic domain is given by the equation,
Evolution of CRISPR RNA recognition and processing by Cas6 endonucleases

In many bacteria and archaea, small RNAs derived from clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) associate with CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins to target foreign DNA for destruction. In Type I and III CRISPR/Cas systems, the Cas6 family of endoribonucleases generates functional CRISPR-derived RNAs by site-specific cleavage of repeat sequences in precursor transcripts. CRISPR repeats differ widely in both sequence and structure, with varying propensity to form hairpin folds immediately preceding the cleavage site. To investigate the evolution of distinct mechanisms for the recognition of diverse CRISPR repeats by Cas6 enzymes, we determined crystal structures of two Thermus thermophilus Cas6 enzymes both alone and bound to substrate and product RNAs. These structures show how the scaffold common to all Cas6 endonucleases has evolved two binding sites with distinct modes of RNA recognition: one specific for a hairpin fold and the other for a single-stranded 5'-terminal segment preceding the hairpin. These findings explain how divergent Cas6 enzymes have emerged to mediate highly selective pre-CRISPR-derived RNA processing across diverse CRISPR systems.
Use of magnetorheological elastomer for smart piezoelectric power actuator design and signal processing

This paper reviews the investigations of introducing magnetorheological elastomer (MRE)-based technologies to the design of smart electronic devices. Piezoelectric power actuators are required to operate at a resonant state in order to deliver maximum mechanical energy to loads. Owing to the field-dependent dynamic flexural rigidity of MRE-based structures, power actuators utilizing such structures exhibit the capability of compensating the change of the loads and keeping the resonant frequency at a fixed value. Four kinds of bender configurations for such smart actuators will be reviewed. They are: a cantilever suspended by an MRE patch at its free end, a single-layer MRE-based sandwich beam surface-bonded by piezoelectric patches, a multi-layer MRE-based sandwich beam surface-bonded by piezoelectric patches, and an inserts reinforced MRE-based sandwich beams surface-bonded by piezoelectric patches. Their driving capability and field-controllable capability are discussed in a detail. In addition, MRE-based structures are extended to propose linear time-variant systems for time-frequency signal processing. The system function is presented and the Wigner-Ville distribution is used to analyze the time-frequency distribution of the time-delayed response of the system. The system is proved to be a damped-vibration system with field-controllable resonant frequencies. Due to the field-controllable time-frequency pattern of the time-delayed response, the system can be used for data encryption and signal modulation.
Graphs of given genus and arbitrarily large maximum genus

The maximum genus of a connected graph G is the maximum among the genera of all compact orientable 2-manifolds upon which G has 2-cell embeddings. In the theorems that follow the use of an edge-adding technique is combined with the well-known Edmonds' technique to produce the desired results. Planar graphs of arbitrarily large maximum genus are displayed in Theorem 1. Theorem 2 shows that the possibility for arbitrarily large difference between genus and maximum genus is not limited to planar graphs. In particular, we show that the wheel graph, the standard maximal planar graph, and the prism graph are upper embeddable. We then show that given m and n, there is a graph of genus n and maximum genus larger than mn.
Serum Protein Binding of Erythromycin, Lincomycin, and Clindamycin

Serum protein binding determination for erythromycin, lincomycin, and clindamycin utilizing ultrafiltration of serum containing antibiotic in a concentration of 5 mcg./ml. and tube dilution techniques revealed a high degree of binding: erythromycin base, 73%; erythromycin propionate, 93%; lincomycin, 72%; and clindamycin, 94%.
Events surrounding the early development of Euglena chloroplasts. 16. Plastid thylakoid polypeptides during greening.

Abstract Using sulfolipid to locate plastid thylakoid membranes in gradients from dark-grown resting cells it has been possible to study the plastid thylakoid membrane polypeptides of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris undergoing light-induced chloroplast development. All plastid thylakoid bands seen in dark-growing wild-type cells and in mutant W 3 BUL in which plastid DNA is undetectable, are observed to increase in amount during plastid development. Others, which are undetectable in dark-grown wild-type and W 3 BUL increase greatly during plastid development and appear to be those associated with pigment-protein complexes. The data obtained from experiments where the polypeptides were labeled with 35 S during development, either continuously or in pulses, were consistent with these findings. Cycloheximide strongly inhibited the increases in amount in all bands and chloramphenicol or streptomycin produced a lower level of inhibition in all bands indicating tight control of the formation of each plastid membrane constituent by the others. The formation of a polypeptide band of 25 000 molecular weight, thought to be a part of a pigment-protein complex of the thylakoid, and chlorophyll synthesis were inhibited identically by these antibiotics.
Modification of MCDB 110 medium to support prolonged growth and consistent high cloning efficiency of diploid human fibroblasts

Abstract In preparation for studies on the growth factor requirements of normal and transformed human fibroblasts, we have developed a serum-free medium that supports vigorous longterm serial subculture of diploid human fibroblasts and allows them to form large-sized colonies with high efficiency (40 to 60%) when plated at cloning density (2 to 5 cells/cm2). This medium, which is a modification of Ham's MCDB 110 base medium with its serum replacement supplements, is relatively easy to prepare and the cost of the serum replacements is approximately the same as that of fetal bovine serum supplied at 10%. The ingredients of “Supplement B” of MCDB 110 medium were added in an ethanol solution, rather than in the form of liposomes, and were combined with bovine serum albumin (0.5%), a lipid carrier. Gelatin and fetuin were included as attachment factors instead of polylysine. Bioassays indicated that none of the ingredients in the medium were contaminated with either epidermal growth factor or platelet-derived growth factor. In this modified serum-free medium, which we have designated McM+SR1, diploid human fibroblasts grew for 21 days at the same rate as in the base medium, McM, supplemented with 10% FBS (i.e., 21 population doublings). During the next 20 days, they underwent 15 population doublings which was 75% of the rate of cells growing in the medium containing serum.
Is a New High-Resolution Probe Better than the Standard Probe for 3D Anal Sphincter and Levator Ani Imaging?

The aim of our study was to determine the accuracy of a new three-dimensional (3D) endoluminal ultrasound probe in assessing the levator ani muscle and anal sphincter complex. A total of 85 patients who had undergone concurrent 3D endovaginal (EVUS) and 3D endoanal (EAUS) ultrasound with both the standard BK 2052 probe and the new high-definition BK 8838 probes were included. For EVUS volumes, the levator ani deficiency (LAD) scores were calculated for each probe. For the EAUS volumes, any defects in the external anal sphincter (EAS) and the internal anal sphincter (IAS) visualized with each probe were recorded. The 3D volumes were evaluated in a blinded fashion. Appropriate statistics were utilized to assess absolute agreements between each pair of imaging modalities. The mean age of the patient population was 59 years (SD ± 10.76), the mean body mass index (BMI) was 28.36 (SD ± 5.99), and the median parity was 2 (range 1, 7). In all, 93% of the patients were Caucasian, 31% had stage 0 or 1 prolapse, whi...
Studies on the dietary and endocrine regulation of autogenous reproduction in Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wied.).

The expression of autogeny, in a highly autogenous strain of AEDES TAENIORHYNCHUS , may be reduced by altering the quality and quantity of the larval diet and by withholding sugar from newly emerged females. Allatectomy of these autogenous A. taeniorhynchus within one hour of emergence prevented all autogenous yolk deposition, but the implantation, 24 hours later, of 1 pair of corpora allata stimulated egg maturation. Extirpation of the medial neurosecretory cells from the brain of newly emerged ♂ ♂ also prevented autogenous egg maturation.
Does Insurance Status Affect Continuity of Care for Ambulatory Patients with Operative Fractures

Background: We compared insurance status among three groups of ambulatory patients with an operatively treated fracture of the distal part of the radius or of the ankle, in order to determine if insurance status affected continuity of care. The patients were categorized as having received initial care at our institution, having received initial care elsewhere with an identifiable reason for transfer to a tertiary care center, or having received initial care elsewhere with no identifiable reason for transfer. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of 697 patients with an operatively treated distal radial fracture or ankle fracture who had received their definitive treatment at a level-I trauma center. Demographic data, the mechanism of injury, the insurance type, and the location of the initial care were recorded. Results: The proportion of uninsured or underinsured patients in the group that had had their initial treatment at our trauma center was similar to that in the group that had had a specific reason to seek definitive care with us (64% and 63%, p < 0.832). However, the proportion of uninsured or underinsured patients was significantly larger in the group that had not received initial care from us and had no specific reason to receive definitive care from us (82% vs. 63%, p < 0.001). With other variables held constant, the odds of being underinsured or uninsured were 2.53 times greater for the patients initially treated elsewhere who had no specific reason to receive definitive treatment from us. Conclusions: These results suggest that nonmedical reasons play a role in determining where ambulatory patients with fractures requiring operative treatment are able to receive definitive care. Patients without specific medical or nonmedical reasons to receive definitive care at our center were significantly more likely to be uninsured or underinsured.
Hg1−x−yCdxZnyTe: Growth, Properties and Potential for Infrared Detector Applications

Close-spaced isothermal vapor phase epitaxy (VPE) was used to grow quaternary Hg1−x−yCdxZnyTe epillayers on Cd1−zZnzTe substrates. Composition, resistivity, and carrier concentration depth profiles were determined in the epilayers. p-n junctions were produced from material with appropriate properties using the Hg diffusion method. The junctions showed excellent I-V characteristics and high spectral detectivities.
Comparisons of Triploid and Diploid White Crappies

Abstract I produced triploid white crappies Pomoxis annularis in the laboratory by subjecting stripped eggs to 5°C for 90 min. This treatment produced triploids on three out of seven attempts, yielding 92%, 93%, and 100% triploids. I compared several hematological characteristics of adult triploid and diploid white crappies. Triploids had significantly lower concentrations of circulating red blood cells and hemoglobin than diploids but their red blood cells had significantly greater volumes and hemoglobin contents. Diploids had significantly higher gonadosomatic indices. Diploids and triploids did not differ significantly in heart weight as a percentage of body weight or in standard metabolic rate, active metabolic rate, or critical swimming speeds. Despite the hematological differences, nonreproductive triploid white crappie adults appear to be as fit for survival as normal diploid fish.
Surface area measurement of pressure sores using wound molds and computerized imaging.

Objective: To develop a method to measure wound surface area. Design: Validity study. Setting: Inpatient service. Participants: Four patients with decubitus ulcers. Measurements: A new imaging process estimating wound surface area and volume by NMR spectroscopy of a mold of the pressure ulcer and a comparison measurement of volume of the mold by water displacement. Measurements made serially totalled 17. Results: Measurement of the volume of the mold by the computer system correlated strongly with measurement of the volume by water displacement. Surface area of the pressure sore mold correlated strongly with volume of the mold raised to the two-thirds power. Conclusions: It is possible for the first time to measure surface area of decubitus ulcers. This may provide a way of determining accurately the dose of newly proposed topical treatments.
On the Orbital Evolution and Origin of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9

Abstract Prior to its spectacular plunge into Jupiter, comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 revolved about Jupiter as a temporarily captured satellite, the most recent of many comets known to encounter and even orbit the planet. Here we dynamically investigate Shoemaker-Levy 9's capture, orbital evolution, and origin. We find that Shoemaker-Levy 9 orbited Jupiter for most of this century, and possibly longer, nominally the longest known temporary capture. Secular solar perturbations caused Shoemaker-Levy 9's inclined and distant jovicentric orbit to alternate, with a period of ∼2 jovian years, between intervals of nearly polar inclination (i ∼ 90°) and low eccentricity and intervals of lower inclination (either prograde or retrograde) and nearly parabolic eccentricity (e ≈ 1.0). This latter phase brought the comet close enough for disruption within Jupiter's Roche limit in July, 1992, and collision in July, 1994. Immediately prior to the 1992 perijove, the comet passed through Jupiter's tenuous inner ring halo at 1.62 ± 0.01 jovian radii, but the population of macroscopic bodies in this portion of the ring is probably insufficient for collisions to have weakened or disrupted the nucleus. The comet's trajectory was among the most chaotic of any known solar system body, with an effective Lyapunov time in jovian orbit of ∼10 years. Because of the shortness of the Lyapunov time compared with the probable length of temporary capture about Jupiter, Shoemaker-Levy 9's heliocentric orbit prior to capture can be discussed only in a statistical sense. The ensemble of possible pre-capture solutions describes low e and i orbits just exterior and interior to that of Jupiter. These orbits are most similar to those of "quasi-Hildatype" Jupiter-family comets, a group known to strongly interact with Jupiter and experience extended temporary satellite captures. Based on their Tisserand parameters, the orbits are not consistent with a recently escaped Trojan asteroid, but an origin as such is not impossible.
Polyribosomes during compensatory growth of the kidney.

Summary Polyribosomes were isolated from kidneys after contralateral nephrectomy and after sham operation and identified by isotopic labeling and density gradient centrifugation. o 1. Nephrectomy greatly increased the yield of ribosome-associated material. 2. Tetramers to heptamers were much more abundant after nephrectomy, reaching a maximum at about 4 days. 3. A fast-sedimenting fraction highly active in protein synthesis was found after nephrectomy. 4. Kidney ribosomes sedimented at 97S after incubation with 5 μg./ml. RNase in comparison to 79S after incubation with 1 μg./ml. or lower concentrations.
Clinical application of an indirect method for quantitating serum lipoproteins

Abstract Application of an indirect method for quantitating serum β- and pre-β-lipoproteins in screening individuals for lipid abnormalities is described. The method consists of turbidimetric measurement of cholesterol of serum β- plus pre-β-lipoproteins by use of heparin and Ca 2+ . When this method is combined with estimation of the proportion of β- and pre-β-lipoproteins by agar-agarose gel electrophoresis, very good quantitation of these two classes of lipoproteins can be made. The validity of this method was evaluated by comparing the results with those obtained with the analytical ultracentrifuge; the results were found to be in good agreement, as well as more reproducible, β- and pre-β-lipoproteins determined by this method correlated well with the total serum cholesterol and triglyceride values respectively. Good reproducibility and simplicity of the turbidimetric method in measuring β- plus pre-β-lipoproteins make this ideal as a rapid initial screening procedure to select individuals with serum lipid elevations for further study. The observations on patients with various diseases usually associated with lipid changes suggested that this method to quantitate lipoproteins is useful in diagnosis of serum lipoprotein abnormalities.
Designing "Vary" Good Circuitry

Statistical Analysis and Optimization for VLSI: Timing and Power, by Ashish Srivastava, Dennis Sylvester, and David Blaauw (Springer, 2005, ISBN 0-38-725738-1, 279 pp., $129). Variation-tolerant techniques based on statistical design have been the focus of intense research over the past few years. This book is the first detailed survey of developments in this field; it is an excellent resource for anyone interested in learning about the topic, as well as a practitioner or researcher seeking a quick reference. Users of statistical analysis and optimization CAD tools will find it invaluable because it provides the background required to separate the wheat from the chaff.