cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age-Related Differences in Movement Patterns Used by Toddlers to Rise From a Supine Position to Erect Stance

Background and Purpose. Rising from the floor to a standing position is an important milestone in the development of children. The purposes of this study were (1) to describe the movement patterns (MPs) toddlers use when rising to a standing position, (2) to determine whether toddlers' MPs differ with age, and (3) to investigate whether MPs that are proposed to occur earliest in the development of this task predominate in toddlers. Subjects and Methods. Sixty children aged 15 to 47 months were videotaped performing at least six trials of rising. Data were reduced by classifying movements of the upper extremity (UE), axial region (AX), and lower extremity (LE) into categorical descriptions of the action of these body regions. The incidence of each UE, AX, and LE movement pattern was determined for each 10-month age interval and compared across age groups. Results. Two previously unidentified MPs were described for LE action. The youngest children demonstrated the highest incidence of MPs that have been predicted by other researchers to occur early in development. Conclusion and Discussion. In general, toddlers' UE and AX movements were described using previously developed MP categories. Age differences were found among toddlers in the performance of the rising task. Movement patterns of the UE and AX that have been thought to occur earliest in the developmental sequence for this task predominated in this young group.
Force-Time Characteristics of the Exertion and Release of Hand Grip Strength under Normal and Fatigued Conditions

Abstract A recording, spring-loaded hand ergograph was used to record force-time relationships as 32 young men were tested on a hand dynamometer. Exponential equations were used to describe the changes in hand grip force during development and release. Strength reached half of its maximal value in .08 sec. and three-fourths in .15 sec. During release, the force dropped to the halfway point in .04 sec. and to the three-fourths point in .06 sec. Under conditions of fatigue the rate of buildup of muscular force decreased 50 percent, and the rate of release decreased 150 percent.
Neighborhood-level index of knowledge and intellectual capital

This poster presents a rationale and architecture for a neighborhood- and city-level index of knowledge and intellectual capital. The Index is grounded on established models of intellectual capital and knowledge transactions. The architecture includes seven components that support analytics and engagement. The analytics component includes data harvesting, harmonization, management, dashboards and reports. The engagement component is grounded on GIS components and is designed to enable a city's citizens to leverage the Index to achieve their vision of a Knowledge City. Six facets of a Knowledge City are defined, and factors that contribute to the incentivizing or Disincentivizing of knowledge transactions are proposed. The model and methodology are currently being implemented in four cities -- Columbus and Youngstown Ohio, Baltimore Maryland, and Fredericksburg Virginia.
Characterizing the temperature dependence of electronic packaging-material properties

A computer-controlled, temperature-dependent material characterization system has been developed for thermal deformation analysis in electronic packaging applications, especially for printed wiring assembly warpage study. For fiberglass-reinforced epoxy (FR-4 type) material, the Young's moduli decrease to as low as 20–30% of the room-temperature values, while the shear moduli decrease to as low as 60–70% of the room-temperature values. The electrical resistance strain gage technique was used in this research. The test results produced overestimated values in property measurements, and this was shown in a case study. A noncontact strau]n measurement technique (laser extensometer) is now being used to measure these properties. Discrepancies of finite-element warpage predictions using different property values increase as the temperature increases from the stress-free temperature.
History of surgical intervention of anterior shoulder instability.

Background Anterior glenohumeral instability most commonly affects younger patients and has shown high recurrence rates with nonoperative management. The treatment of anterior glenohumeral instability has undergone significant evolution over the 20th and 21 centuries. Methods This article presents a retrospective comprehensive review of the history of different operative techniques for shoulder stabilization. Results Bankart first described an anatomic suture repair of the inferior glenohumeral ligament and anteroinferior labrum in 1923. Multiple surgeons have since described anatomic and nonanatomic repairs, and many of the early principles of shoulder stabilization have remained even as the techniques have changed. Some methods, such as the Magnusson-Stack procedure, Putti-Platt procedure, arthroscopic stapling, and transosseous suture fixation, have been almost completely abandoned. Other strategies, such as the Bankart repair, capsular shift, and remplissage, have persisted for decades and have been adapted for arthroscopic use. Discussion The future of anterior shoulder stabilization will continue to evolve with even newer practices, such as the arthroscopic Latarjet transfer. Further research and clinical experience will dictate which future innovations are ultimately embraced.
Plasma Enhanced OMCVD Atomic Layered Growth of Y-BA-CU Oxide Films

We report the results of a pulsed organo-metallic beam epitaxy (POMBE) process for growing complex oxide films at low background gas pressure (10−4 − 10−2 torr) and low substrate temperature (600 to 700 C) using organo-metallic precursors in an oxygen plasma environment. Our results show that POMBE can extend the capability of organo-metallic chemical vapor deposition to growing complex oxide films with high precision both in composition and structure without the need for post-deposition oxidation and heat treatments. The growth of phase-pure, highly oriented Y-Ba-Cu-O superconducting oxide films {[Tc (R=0)=90.5K] and Jc (77K, 50K gauss) = 1.1×105 A/cm2 } is given as an example. Similar to the pulsed laser deposition process, the POMBE method has the potential for in-situ processing of multilayer structures (e.g. junctions).
Cohort Analysis: An Aid to Strategic Planning:

Strategic planning requires anticipating environments, and cohort analysis can be useful in anticipating change. It represents a new way of thinking about existing relationships, especially age-con...
Anaheim, California: A Nineteenth Century Experiment in Commercial Viniculture

The development of commercial viniculture in California forms an important chapter in the State's agricultural and business history. The sixty years between 1830 and 1890 witnessed the transformation in California of agricultural policies and practices which culminated in the birth of a large-scale industrial and commercial enterprise. Grape-growing and wine-making were one of the first industries to experience this transition.
Metabolic syndrome and shoulder arthroplasty: epidemiology and peri-operative outcomes

Little is known about metabolic syndrome in the peri-operative shoulder surgery setting. We sought to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty, and to characterize its relationship with in-hospital adverse events, prolonged length of stay, and non-routine disposition. Using discharge records from the 2002–2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, temporal trends were assessed and multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to measure the association of metabolic syndrome with peri-operative outcomes. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased by 257 % from 2002 to 2011 (4.2 to 15.0 %). Metabolic syndrome was associated with increased aggregate morbidity (OR 1.34, 95 % CI 1.30–1.38), including acute renal failure (OR 1.51, 95 % CI 1.41–1.63), surgical site infection (OR 1.41, 95 % CI 1.16–1.71), myocardial infarction (OR 1.32, 95 % CI 1.12–1.55), acute posthemorrhagic anemia (OR 1.30, 95 % CI 1.26–1.34), and pulmonary embolism (OR 1.27, 95 % CI 1.06–1.52). It was also associated with prolonged hospital stay (OR 1.13, 95 % CI 1.10–1.16), non-homebound discharge (OR 1.29, 95 % CI 1.26–1.32), and increased blood transfusion use (OR 1.09, 95 % CI 1.06–1.13). Metabolic syndrome is increasing rapidly among shoulder arthroplasty patients and is associated with considerable peri-operative morbidity and resource utilization. Greater awareness of metabolic syndrome and its health consequences may contribute to improvements in the peri-operative management of shoulder arthroplasty patients.
Financial Leverage and Hospital Technology Adoption

I examine the impacts of financial leverage on hospitals' technology adoption of capital-intensive diagnostic and therapeutic radiology services. I use the California Seismic Retrofit Mandate as an exogenous financial shock and interact it with the predetermined financial leverage level to account for the endogeneity problem between financing and operating decisions. Surprisingly, I find that financial leverage does not have significant effects on technology adoption. I do find technology adoption is positively related to hospital size and operating margin, and negatively correlated with system affiliation. Due to a small sample size, it will be worthwhile to include more hospitals in multiple states in an extended study.
Autoubiquitination of the Hrd1 Ligase Triggers Protein Retrotranslocation in ERAD

Summary Misfolded proteins of the ER are retrotranslocated to the cytosol, where they are polyubiquitinated, extracted from the membrane, and degraded by the proteasome. To investigate how the ER-associated Degradation (ERAD) machinery can accomplish retrotranslocation of a misfolded luminal protein domain across a lipid bilayer, we have reconstituted retrotranslocation with purified S. cerevisiae proteins, using proteoliposomes containing the multi-spanning ubiquitin ligase Hrd1. Retrotranslocation of the luminal domain of a membrane-spanning substrate is triggered by autoubiquitination of Hrd1. Substrate ubiquitination is a subsequent event, and the Cdc48 ATPase that completes substrate extraction from the membrane is not required for retrotranslocation. Ubiquitination of lysines in Hrd1's RING-finger domain is required for substrate retrotranslocation in vitro and for ERAD in vivo. Our results suggest that Hrd1 forms a ubiquitin-gated protein-conducting channel.
Effect of inter-species selective interactions on the thermodynamics and nucleation free-energy barriers of a tessellating polyhedral compound

The phase behavior and the homogeneous nucleation of an equimolar mixture of octahedra and cuboctahedra are studied using thermodynamic integration, Gibbs-Duhem integration, and umbrella sampling simulations. The components of this mixture are modeled as polybead objects of equal edge lengths so that they can assemble into a space-filling compound with the CsCl crystal structure. Taking as reference the hard-core system where the compound crystal does not spontaneously nucleate, we quantified the effect of inter-species selective interactions on facilitating the disorder-to-order transition. Facet selective and facet non-selective inter-species attractions were considered, and while the former was expectedly more favorable toward the target tessellating structure, the latter was found to be similarly effective in nucleating the crystal compound. Ranges for the strength of attractions and degree of supersaturation were identified where the nucleation free-energy barrier was small enough to foretell a fast process but large enough to prevent spinodal fluctuations that can trap the system in dense metastable states lacking long-range order. At those favorable conditions, the tendency toward the local orientational order favored by packing entropy is amplified and found to play a key role seeding nuclei with the CsCl structure.
GABA-A receptor binding is abnormal in cervical dystonia (P1.030)

OBJECTIVE : To assess whether GABA receptor binding is abnormal in cervical dystonia (CD). BACKGROUND : Dysfunction within the GABAergic system is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of adult-onset focal dystonia, of which CD is the most common subtype. Previous studies have suggested DYT1 and sporadic dystonia may be associated with abnormal GABA receptor binding. In this study we compared GABA-A receptor binding between CD patients and healthy controls (HC) using 11C-flumazenil PET imaging. We hypothesized that GABA-A receptor binding would be reduced within the sensorimotor network in CD. METHODS : 60-minute dynamic PET scans were acquired on 10 CD patients (8F; 61.3+/-8.3yrs) and 6 HC (3F; 65.0+/-8.9yrs). GABA-A receptor binding potential was estimated using a simplified reference tissue (corona radiata) model. A voxel-wise two-sample t-test was used to identify GABA-A binding differences between CD and HC. Pearson correlations were used to test for relationships between altered GABA-A receptor binding and disease severity and duration. RESULTS : Compared to HC, CD patients had significantly decreased GABA binding (p<0.005 uncorrected, cluster size=50) in the cerebellum, dorsal premotor cortex, insula, hippocampus, parahippocampus, calcarine, and lingual areas. Increasing disease severity of CD patients (TWSTRS score) correlated with reductions in GABA-A binding in the posterior cerebellum (r=-.74, p=.01), cerebellar crus (r=-.72, p=.01), premotor cortex (r=-.77, p=.01), insula (r=-.76, p=.01), and hippocampus (r=-.67, p=0.03). There were no significant correlations between disease duration and GABA-A binding. CONCLUSIONS : CD patients have reduced GABA-A receptor binding compared to HC within a distributed set of brain regions involved in motor control including cerebellum, premotor cortex, and insula. Furthermore, reductions in GABA-A binding may predict disease severity in CD and play a key role in its pathophysiology. Study supported by : AAN Medical Student Summer Research Scholarship (R.P.), the Dana Foundation: David Mahoney Neuroimaging Program, and a Colorado Translational Research Imaging Center Award. Disclosure: Dr. Pollard has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shelton has nothing to disclose. Dr. Koo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Berman has nothing to disclose.
4. On-line Check Technology for Processor Control Signals

An obvious problem is the case of faulty control signals for fault-free components. Encoding and/or prediction techniques for component checks are useless if the wrong function is observed. Controller faults are to be seen in connection with an error latency. It leads often to exceptions, whereby the time of fault occurrence is rarely identifiable. Therefore, a large number of strategies was proposed for control flow check in processors. Mostly used techniques are based on signature analysis [61],[62], [35], [63]. For instance in [35], a special watchdog circuit is able to observe control flow signatures. Hellebrand and Wunderlich have proposed methods that perform controller error detection in the next clock cycle based on feedback shift registers and signature analysis [64]. These and similar techniques are in most cases combined with an error detection latency due to the analysis with shift registers. Because this delay doesn’t allow fast recovering strategies like a micro-rollback, an on-line error detection within the same clock cycle is strongly necessary.
Autophagy Activation by Transcription Factor EB (TFEB) in Striatum of HDQ175/Q7 Mice.

Background: Mutant huntingtin (mHTT) is encoded by the Huntington’s disease (HD) gene and its accumulation in the brain contributes to HD pathogenesis. Reducing mHTT levels through activation of the autophagosome-lysosomal pathway may have therapeutic benefit. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) regulates lysosome biogenesis and autophagy. Objective: To examine if increasing TFEB protein levels in HD mouse striatum induces autophagy and influences mHTT levels. Methods: We introduced cDNA encoding TFEB with an HA tag (TFEB-HA) under the control of neuron specific synapsin 1 promoter into the striatum of 3 month old HDQ175/Q7 mice using adeno-associated virus AAV2/9. The levels of exogenous TFEB were analyzed using qPCR and Western blot. Proteins involved in autophagy, levels of huntingtin, and striatal-enriched proteins were examined using biochemical and/or immunohistochemical methods. Results: In HD mice expressing TFEB-HA, HA immunoreactivity distributed throughout the striatum in neuronal cell bodies and processes and preferentially in neuronal nuclei and overlapped with a loss of DARPP32 immunoreactivity. TFEB-HA mRNA and protein were detected in striatal lysates. There were increased levels of proteins involved with autophagosome/lysosome activity including LAMP-2A, LC3II, and cathepsin D and reduced levels of mutant HTT and the striatal enriched proteins DARPP32 and PDE10A. Compared to WT mice, HDQ175/Q7 mice had elevated levels of the ER stress protein GRP78/BiP and with TFEB-HA expression, increased levels of the astrocyte marker GFAP and pro-caspase 3. Conclusion: These results suggest that TFEB expression in the striatum of HDQ175/Q7 mice stimulates autophagy and lysosome activity, and lowers mHTT, but may also increase a neuronal stress response.
A Maxmin Routing Algorithm for Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Networks

In this paper, we present an algorithm to solve the routing problem for wavelength division multiplexing networks. We use the discrete maxmin fairness as the routing metric. First we use this algorithm to solve routing problem. After we get paths for all flows in the network, we use another algorithm d-CPG in [1], to assign discrete maxmin rates for these flows. We test our algorithm by using the National LambdaRail network topology in [2].
Complications of Augmentation Mentoplasty: A Review of 11,095 Cases:

Augmentation mentoplasty is an increasingly common surgical procedure that reshapes the contour of the mental area. Presently, there is a paucity of information comparing the efficacy and potential...
Statistical analysis of solar PV power frequency spectrum for optimal employment of building loads

In this paper, a statistical analysis of the frequency spectrum of solar photovoltaic (PV) power output is conducted. This analysis quantifies the frequency content that can be used for purposes such as developing optimal employment of building loads and distributed energy resources. One year of solar PV power output data was collected and analyzed using one-second resolution to find ideal bounds and levels for the different frequency components. The annual, seasonal, and monthly statistics of the PV frequency content are computed and illustrated in boxplot format. To examine the compatibility of building loads for PV consumption, a spectral analysis of building loads such as Heating, Ventilation and AirConditioning (HVAC) units and water heaters was performed. This defined the bandwidth over which these devices can operate. Results show that nearly all of the PV output (about 98%) is contained within frequencies lower than 1 mHz (equivalent to ∼15 min), which is compatible for consumption with local building loads such as HVAC units and water heaters. Medium frequencies in the range of ∼15 min to ∼1 min are likely to be suitable for consumption by fan equipment of variable air volume HVAC systems that have time constants in the range of few seconds to few minutes. This study indicates that most of the PV generation can be consumed by building loads with the help of proper control strategies, thereby reducing impact on the grid and the size of storage systems.
Nonlinearity and parametric pumping in sensors: Opportunities and limitations

The push towards ever smaller resonant sensors has led to the increased importance of nonlinear behavior and noise in their operation. These aspects of the response often set limits on sensor performance due to considerations of signal strength and quality. However, recent work has demonstrated that nonlinearity can also be used in a constructive way to improve performance in some applications, for example, by reducing noise or providing amplification through parametric pumping via mode coupling. In order to optimize sensor performance, it is important to understand the sources of nonlinearities so that their effects can be manipulated, either reduced or enhanced, by design and/or tuning. Here we provide a brief overview of these issues as they relate to micro-scale sensors and describe specific examples to demonstrate how one can account for nonlinearity in sensor design.
Anatomical, Physiological, and Functional Diversity of Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissue depots can exist in close association with other organs, where they assume diverse, often non-traditional functions. In stem cell-rich skin, bone marrow, and mammary glands, adipocytes signal to and modulate organ regeneration and remodeling. Skin adipocytes and their progenitors signal to hair follicles, promoting epithelial stem cell quiescence and activation, respectively. Hair follicles signal back to adipocyte progenitors, inducing their expansion and regeneration, as in skin scars. In mammary glands and heart, adipocytes supply lipids to neighboring cells for nutritional and metabolic functions, respectively. Adipose depots adjacent to skeletal structures function to absorb mechanical shock. Adipose tissue near the surface of skin and intestine senses and responds to bacterial invasion, contributing to the body's innate immune barrier. As the recognition of diverse adipose depot functions increases, novel therapeutic approaches centered on tissue-specific adipocytes are likely to emerge for a range of cancers and regenerative, infectious, and autoimmune disorders.
Bioinformatics Approaches to Stem Cell Research

This review article provides an overview of the bioinformatics frameworks developed in recent years that will facilitate analysis and promote the application of stem cells to medical research. High-throughput profiling techniques at the transcript, epigenetic, and proteomic level have uncovered unique molecular signatures of stem cells that underlie their powerful capacity. A central question in stem cell research has been: “to what extent do ‘induced’ cells resemble their in vivo counterparts?” Although studies have shown overall similarity between in vitro engineered cells and their in vivo counterparts, significant deviations that lead to functional aberrations have been identified, both between pluripotent stem cell types (e.g., ESCs vs. iPSCs) and between in vitro differentiated specialized cells and their in vivo counterparts (e.g., induced pancreatic cells vs. in vivo pancreatic cells). A number of bioinformatics approaches have emerged during the past several decades, either for classification of multiple stem cell lines based on their overall molecular patterns, or for further in-depth exploration and identification of regulatory markers that can be used for differentiating cell lines or for lineage conversions. Advancements in bioinformatics approaches in stem cell research will enhance our ability to define molecular signatures of stem cells and will accelerate the application of these stem cells to regenerative medicine.
A Markovian Framework for Modeling Dynamic Network Traffic

An urban transportation network is a complex and stochastic system with high degrees of unpredictability and uncertainty. While significant advances have been made in modeling dynamic network traffic, existing efforts often involve overly complex methods for modeling the physics of traffic and high cost in data acquisition. In this paper, we propose a novel Markovian framework for modeling dynamic network traffic by 1) using a full-system/subsystem scheme and data from Google Maps to estimate travel times for links, 2) relaxing the stationary assumption that previous work requires, and 3) allowing incoming and outgoing traffic streams to the network of interest. In the case study of downtown Baltimore, we simulate the dynamic network traffic with a transition matrix determined from real-world data. The simulation results show consistency with the estimates provided by Google Maps. Finally, we conclude the paper, summarize strengths and limitations of our work, and suggest future research directions.
Integration of Structural Family Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy With High-Conflict Couples:

There is a gap in existing literature regarding the integration of family therapies and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) with high-conflict couples and families. A case application is utilized to...
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Discomfort and Injury in Microsurgeons.

Background Long surgical procedures with loupe magnification and microscopes may put microsurgeons at an increased risk of musculoskeletal discomfort. Identifying the prevalence and impact of work-related musculoskeletal discomfort may guide preventive strategies to prolong well-being, job satisfaction, and career duration. Methods An online 29-question survey was designed to evaluate work-related musculoskeletal discomfort. The survey was created and distributed electronically through a private survey research center and was sent to the members of the American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery. Results There were 117 respondents (16.7% response rate): 80% were men; 69% were aged 31 to 50 years; and 68% were in academic practice. On a scale of 0 to 10 (0, no pain and 10, worst pain), the median for work-related musculoskeletal discomfort for surgery without loupes or microscope was 2; with loupes, 4; and with a microscope, 5. Pain was most common in the neck. Half of the surgeons reported pain within 4 hours of surgery, and 57% feared that pain would influence future surgical performance. Surgeon discomfort affected posture (72%), stamina (36%), sleep (29%), relationships (25%), concentration (22%), and surgical speed (19%). Tremor caused by the discomfort occurred in 8%. Medical treatment for discomfort was sought by 29%. Time off work for treatment occurred for 8%. Conclusion Work-related musculoskeletal discomfort can affect many aspects of a microsurgeon's life and has the potential to limit a surgeon's ability to operate. Therefore, more emphasis is needed in the surgical community on the important issues of occupational health and surgical ergonomics for microsurgeons.
Tracking the Impact of a Toll Increase on Managed Lane Travel Behavior

Tolled managed lanes (ML) are an innovative way to increase capacity and regulate demand on roadways. They are still relatively new and a lot remains unknown about how travelers choose to use MLs o...
Postoperative Complications of Paramedian Forehead Flap Reconstruction.

ImportanceParamedian forehead flaps are commonly used to reconstruct facial defects caused by skin cancers. Data are lacking on the complications from this procedure, postoperative outcomes, and as...
Bug Bounty Programs for Cybersecurity: Practices, Issues, and Recommendations

Drawing upon crowdsourcing, bug bounty programs (BBPs) are entering the mainstream security practice in organizations. We analyze and recommend best practices in five main BBP areas: scoping of BBPs, timing of crowd engagement, submission quality, firm-researcher communication, and hacker motivation.
Alterations in physical and neurocognitive wellness across recovery after ACLR: A preliminary look into learned helplessness

Abstract Objectives Neural alterations after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) may initiate a maladaptive neurocognitive response (learned helplessness [LH]). Understanding the interrelationships between neural inhibition, quadriceps function and psychological responses can provide clinicians areas to target during recovery. The purpose was to longitudinally evaluate neural excitability, strength and self-reported LH after ACL injury and to explore the relationship between these measures and knee mechanics and patient reported function. Design Case-series. Setting University. Participants Eight patients were evaluated across recovery after ACL injury. Main outcome measures Neural activity, quadriceps function, and self-reported LH were evaluated at pre-surgery, 3-months post-ACLR and at the time of return to play (RTP). Results Patients presented with higher helplessness between 3-months and RTP. Neural excitability and quadriceps function were variable and associated with various aspects of LH. These findings indicate a systemic inability to generate appropriate neural signaling to the quadriceps and highlights how these changes may influence perceived helplessness and overall function after ACLR. Conclusions LH is related to both measures of physical function and neural outcomes and varies across recovery. This may provide clinicians with a feasible clinical tool that has the potential to identify a variety of impairments arising after ACLR.
Approaches to Aqueous Humor Outflow Imaging

The aqueous humor outflow (AHO) tract is the pathway by which fluid travels from the eye’s anterior chamber to drain into the venous circulation. This tract plays an important role in the regulation of eye pressure and is likely key in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. As such, the outflow tract is a target for alteration by medical and surgical treatment approaches. To understand this pathway’s anatomy and physiology, numerous structural and functional studies have been conducted. While the ability to conduct such studies has advanced along with modern imaging approaches, many challenges to accurately assessing its structure and function remain.
Grant application outcomes for biomedical researchers who participated in the National Research Mentoring Network's Grant Writing Coaching Programs

BACKGROUND A diverse research workforce is essential for catalyzing biomedical advancements, but this workforce goal is hindered by persistent sex and racial/ethnic disparities among investigators receiving research grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). In response, the NIH-funded National Research Mentoring Network implemented a Grant Writing Coaching Program (GCP) to provide diverse cohorts of early-career investigators across the United States with intensive coaching throughout the proposal development process. We evaluated the GCP's national reach and short-term impact on participants' proposal submissions and funding outcomes. METHODS The GCP was delivered as six similar but distinct models. All models began with an in-person group session, followed by a series of coaching sessions over 4 to 12 months. Participants were surveyed at 6-, 12- and 18-months after program completion to assess proposal outcomes (submissions, awards). Self-reported data were verified and supplemented by searches of public repositories of awarded grants when available. Submission and award rates were derived from counts of participants who submitted or were awarded at least one grant proposal in a category (NIH, other federal, non-federal). RESULTS From June 2015 through March 2019, 545 investigators (67% female, 61% under-represented racial/ethnic minority, URM) from 187 different institutions participated in the GCP. Among them, 324 (59% of participants) submitted at least one grant application and 134 (41% of submitters) received funding. A total of 164 grants were awarded, the majority being from the NIH (93, 56%). Of the 74 R01 (or similar) NIH research proposals submitted by GCP participants, 16 have been funded thus far (56% to URM, 75% to women). This 22% award rate exceeded the 2016-2018 NIH success rates for new R01s. CONCLUSION Inter- and intra-institutional grant writing coaching groups are a feasible and effective approach to supporting the grant acquisition efforts of early-career biomedical investigators, including women and those from URM groups.
Long-Term Clinical Outcomes of Underdosed Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter.

Abstract Background Although direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been shown to be effective at reducing the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF), they are sometimes underdosed off-label to mitigate their associated higher bleeding risk. We sought to evaluate frequency and clinical outcomes of inappropriate underdosing of DOACS in patients with AF. Methods We conducted a study of subjects with AF who had a clinical indication for stroke prophylaxis (with a congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke or transient ischemic attack, vascular disease, age 65 to 47 years, sex category [CHA2DS2-VASc] of 2 or greater) and were prescribed 1 of the 4 clinically approved DOACs (apixaban, rivaroxaban, dabigatran, or edoxaban). We compared all-cause mortality, composite of stroke and systemic embolism, composite of myocardial infarction (MI), acute coronary syndromes (ACS), and coronary revascularization, and major bleeding between patients appropriately dosed and inappropriately underdosed. Results A total of 8125 patients met inclusion criteria, with a mean follow up of 2.2 ± 2 years. Of those, 1724 patients (21.2%) were inappropriately dosed. After adjusting for baseline variables, there was no difference in all-cause mortality, risk of stroke or systemic embolism, International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) major bleeding, or composite of myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndromes, or coronary revascularization between patients appropriately dosed and inappropriately underdosed. In subgroup analysis, only apixaban demonstrated an increased incidence all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.49) with inappropriate underdosing. There was no difference in the remaining clinical outcomes noted on subgroup analysis. Conclusion Underdosing of DOACs did not minimize risk of bleeding, systemic embolization or all-cause mortality in patients with AF. Inappropriate underdosing with apixaban in particular was associated with increased all-cause mortality.
Effects of a CB2 Subtype Selective Agonist ABK5-1 on Cytokine Production in Microglia.

Background and objectives Neuroinflammation is closely associated with various diseases including neuropathic pain. Microglia are immune cells in the central nervous system which are the main players of immunity and inflammation. Since microglia are activated by nerve injury, and they produce proinflammatory mediators to cause neuropathic pain, targeting activated microglia is considered to be a strategy for treating neuropathic pain. Activation of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor is known to have anti-inflammatory effects in microglia. ABK5-1 is a CB2 subtype selective agonist which inhibits IL-1β and IL-6 production in the microglia cell line BV-2. The purpose of the current study is to further analyze anti-inflammatory effects of ABK5 in terms of different cytokines and the possible pathway involved in the effect in the BV-2 cell line. Methods A cytokine array was performed to screen the effect of ABK5-1 on forty inflammatory mediators in BV-2 cells. Changes of the inflammatory mediators was further supported by mRNA analysis, and a possible signaling molecule that involved the observation was evaluated by western blot. Results Stimulating BV-2 cells by lipopolysaccharide increased expression of eleven inflammatory mediators, and ABK5-1 treatment resulted in more than a 50% decrease of sICAM1, IL-6, and RANTES. Real-time PCR results showed a decrease of G-CSF, ICAM1, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β mRNA levels. Western blot analysis showed that ABK5-1 inhibited LPS-induced ERK phosphorylation, which can be a mechanism of ABK5-1-mediated anti-inflammatory effect. Conclusions Our current results support the possibility that ABK5-1 is an anti-inflammatory drug for microglia.
Percutaneous image-guided thermal ablation of adrenal metastasis from melanoma: a single-institution experience.

Abstract The outcomes of technically successful image-guided percutaneous thermal ablation of melanoma adrenal metastases involving 11 tumors in 9 consecutive patients over 12 years (2009–2020) were evaluated. All patients had multiple treated metastatic sites, and 44.4% (4/9) had greater than 5 metastatic sites. The mean maximal tumor diameter was 3.6 ± 1.6 cm. The local recurrence-free survival at 1 year was 85.7%. With a median survival of 19.4 months, 66.6% (6/9) of patients died from tumor progression. The 1- and 3-year overall survival rate was 60.0% and 30.0%, respectively. All patients were pretreated with alpha-adrenergic blockade, and 36% (4/11) developed a hypertensive crisis. The median hospital length of stay was 1 day (range, 1–2 days), without any major complications. Thermal ablation of adrenal metastasis from a melanoma provides acceptable local control and a good safety profile.
An automated method to enrich consumer health vocabularies using GloVe word embeddings and an auxiliary lexical resource

Background Clear language makes communication easier between any two parties. A layman may have difficulty communicating with a professional due to not understanding the specialized terms common to the domain. In healthcare, it is rare to find a layman knowledgeable in medical terminology which can lead to poor understanding of their condition and/or treatment. To bridge this gap, several professional vocabularies and ontologies have been created to map laymen medical terms to professional medical terms and vice versa. Objective Many of the presented vocabularies are built manually or semi-automatically requiring large investments of time and human effort and consequently the slow growth of these vocabularies. In this paper, we present an automatic method to enrich laymen's vocabularies that has the benefit of being able to be applied to vocabularies in any domain. Methods Our entirely automatic approach uses machine learning, specifically Global Vectors for Word Embeddings (GloVe), on a corpus collected from a social media healthcare platform to extend and enhance consumer health vocabularies. Our approach further improves the consumer health vocabularies by incorporating synonyms and hyponyms from the WordNet ontology. The basic GloVe and our novel algorithms incorporating WordNet were evaluated using two laymen datasets from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), Open-Access Consumer Health Vocabulary (OAC CHV) and MedlinePlus Healthcare Vocabulary. Results The results show that GloVe was able to find new laymen terms with an F-score of 48.44%. Furthermore, our enhanced GloVe approach outperformed basic GloVe with an average F-score of 61%, a relative improvement of 25%. Furthermore, the enhanced GloVe showed a statistical significance over the two ground truth datasets with P Conclusions This paper presents an automatic approach to enrich consumer health vocabularies using the GloVe word embeddings and an auxiliary lexical source, WordNet. Our approach was evaluated used healthcare text downloaded from MedHelp.org, a healthcare social media platform using two standard laymen vocabularies, OAC CHV, and MedlinePlus. We used the WordNet ontology to expand the healthcare corpus by including synonyms, hyponyms, and hypernyms for each layman term occurrence in the corpus. Given a seed term selected from a concept in the ontology, we measured our algorithms' ability to automatically extract synonyms for those terms that appeared in the ground truth concept. We found that enhanced GloVe outperformed GloVe with a relative improvement of 25% in the F-score.
Information Security in the Courts

Devices with recording capabilities have become pervasive in modern life. That pervasiveness becomes concerning in areas such as Judicial chambers, where confidentiality is particularly important. Recording devices have the capability to breach that confidentiality, opening the door to dire consequences. Although courts recognize the need for confidentiality, judicial policy guides have not addressed the dangers posed by common devices with recording capabilities. The failure to address those dangers is a significant oversight, and this Article proposes one remedy to ensure information security in Judicial chambers.
Detection of weather events in optical satellite data using deep convolutional neural networks

Early detection and forecast of extreme weather events such as tropical cyclones and wildfires are becoming increasingly crucial for mitigating their catastrophic damages. Remotely-sensed satellite...
Heuristic Programs For Some Transshipment Plant Location Problems

The main objective of this paper is presentation of complete details on two procedures for solving transshipment plant location problems: procedures called "Simple Version of 0RA(1, t)" and "Simple Version of 0RA(2, t)" in Ladd and Lifferth [61. The second of these two procedures is a "heuristic" procedure or a "heuristic program." A number of heuristic procedures have already appeared in the literature for solving plant location problems: in papers by King and Logan Chern and Polopolus p3"|, Warrack and Fletcher [12] and Candler^ Snyder and Faught [2],
A World Full of Computers: How Did That Happen?

This paper argues in favor of more national and global histories of computing, describes the author’s current research, and presents preliminary findings about the global diffusion of IT with particular emphasis on developments in the pan-Atlantic community of North America and Europe from to 1940s to 2000. The author introduces a new model for dating events in the diffusion of computing.
Reasons for prolonged hospital stay; a study of need for hospital care.

Abstract 1. 1. In four general hospitals in Boston, Massachusetts, a study of patients staying 30 days or longer was made to determine the reasons for their prolonged hospitalization and to define the factors affecting hospital utilization. It included an analysis of a sample of patients discharged in 1953 and a detailed review, by a team of professional persons, of a sample of 369 “long-stay” patients in the four hospitals in the year 1954. 2. 2. Each of the long-stay patients in the sample was evaluated as to specific requirements for service on the basis of specially developed criteria including a list of facilities performing different functions and a list of patient characteristics indicating need for service in one of the various types of facility. 3. 3. As the discharge study showed, only about 6 per cent of all patients remained in the hospital 30 days or longer, but this group accounted for almost one-third of the total patient days rendered. 4. 4. The case study revealed that about 56 per cent of the long-stay patients required continuing active treatment in the hospital, while 42 per cent did not require it, although many of them needed other types of care. 5. 5. The main reasons for keeping patients in the hospital despite absence of need for continued active treatment were unsuitability of the patient's home, reluctance of the family to accept the patient, and lack of other facilities and services—such as institutions for long-term care of the sick, homelike institutions for those who need shelter and aid, and organized programs of home care. 6. 6. The long-stay group contained a relatively large proportion of elderly people and of patients with tumors, cardiovascular diseases, and injuries. 7. 7. The methodology developed for this study lends itself to wider application. It is believed that the methods developed may be useful in making estimates of future need for general hospital beds, and for the various types of physical facilities and services required for the humane, efficient, and economical care of patients with prolonged illness. 8. 8. The findings indicate the importance of availability and effective co-ordination of various types of facilities for medical care, and other services for the sick and infirm in the community.
Environmental Security and Shared Water Resources in Post-Soviet Central Asia

This paper examines the distribution of water and the location of physical and political boundaries in Central Asia, identifies indicators of the susceptibility of its various regions to resource and water-related conflict, and then applies those indicators to discover the potential for future water-based regional conflict. The dimensions of the problem are addressed not only in terms of the physical availability of water (or lack of same), but also water quality and regional social unrest as a consequence of migration from regions of environmental deterioration. 5 figures, 4 tables, 45 references.
Effect of bleeding on hematopoiesis following irradiation and marrow transplantation.

In previous studies, bleeding after irradiation did not affect the rate of regeneration of endogenous spleen colony-forming cells, but induced an early (4–6 days after irradiation) appearance of erythrocytic colonies which differentiated and disappeared by days 7–8. This “abortive” wave was associated with a similarly abortive wave of splenic 59Fe uptake. The present experiments were done to determine whether or not an abortive wave of erythropoiesis could be induced in the transplanted, exogenous stem cell system. Lethally irradiated mice were given normal bone marrow cells and one-half of the group were bled of about one-third their blood volume within 4 hr of irradiation. Groups were killed on days 3–10 after irradiation. Seventeen to twenty hours prior to killing, 59Fe was injected. Hematocrits, spleen weights, colony numbers, and per cent 59Fe uptake were determined. Hematocrits of bled mice averaged about 70% of those of cell-injected controls. Spleen weights, colony counts, and per cent 59Fe uptake per spleen began to increase about 1 day earlier in bled mice (days 4–5 as compared to days 5–6), and rates of increase were the same as those of controls. However, no abortive wave of erythropoiesis was detected. A large cell dose resulted in earlier increases in all parameters than a small dose. Thus, bleeding after injection of cells produced results similar to those obtained by increasing the cell dose. The inability of bleeding to induce an early abortive wave of erythropoiesis in transplanted as compared to endogenous colony-forming systems may reflect differences in the cell cycling characteristics of these systems.
Twelfth Century Literal Bible Commentaries: Comparing Jewish and Christian

In the twelfth century, both Jewish and Christian Bible commentators began to emphasize literal, or historical, or contextual, approaches to interpreting scripture. These commentators wrote predominantly line-by-line commentaries that focused the reader's attention on linguistic questions in the biblical text. There was also a renewed interest in seeing the Bible in its own terms rather than exclusively through the lens of earlier midrashic or patristic commentaries, although those continued to play an important role. These developments happened at the same time for both Christian and Jewish scholars, who were often in conversation with each other about how to interpret the Bible.
DP-SLAM: fast, robust simultaneous localization and mapping without predetermined landmarks

We present a novel, laser range finder based algorithm for simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) for mobile robots. SLAM addresses the problem of constructing an accurate map in real time despite imperfect information about the robot's trajectory through the environment. Unlike other approaches that assume predetermined landmarks (and must deal with a resulting dataassociation problem) our algorithm is purely laser based. Our algorithm uses a particle filter to represent both robot poses and possible map configurations. By using a new map representation, which we call distributed particle (DP) mapping, we are able to maintain and update hundreds of candidate maps and robot poses efficiently. The worst-case complexity of our algorithm per laser sweep is log-quadratic in the number of particles we maintain and linear in the area swept out by the laser. However, in practice our run time is usually much less than that. Our technique contains essentially no assumptions about the environment yet it is accurate enough to close loops of 60m in length with crisp, perpendicular edges on corridors and minimal or no misalignment errors.