cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Professional Learning Activities in Context: A Statewide Survey of Middle School Mathematics Teachers

Based on a statewide survey of professional learning activities among 577 middle school mathematics teachers in Missouri, this study examined two questions: 1) What professional learning activities do middle school math teachers participate in and how much time do they spend in these activities?, and 2) How are teacher qualifications and contextual characteristics associated with the amount of their professional learning activities? The study examined seven types of formal and informal professional learning activities: 1) professional development programs, 2) teacher collaboration, 3) university courses, 4) professional conferences, 5) mentoring/coaching, 6) informal communications, and 7) individual learning activities. The study found that middle school mathematics teachers spend the greatest amount of time involved in teacher collaboration, professional development programs, and individual learning activities. In addition, mathematics teachers in high-poverty and ethnically diverse districts tend to spend more time in formal learning activities such as professional development programs, teacher collaboration, and mentoring/coaching than do mathematics teachers in wealthier and less diverse districts. To promote a greater level of teachers' participation in shared learning activities, it is important for district and school administrators to offer professional learning activities that meet mathematics teachers' learning needs for understanding students' mathematical knowledge and thinking. epaa aape
The Moderating Impact of Social Networks on the Relationships Among Core Values, Partisanship, and Candidate Evaluations

Social networks are increasingly becoming recognized as a source of influence on political attitudes and behavior. In this study, we examine the moderating impact of social networks on the relationship among several attitudes. We argue that those who regularly interact with individuals with different views from their own will be more likely to think of themselves in nonpartisan terms. It is therefore hypothesized that an individual's discussion network influences the relationship between one's support for various core values and one's partisanship. As a corollary, we argue that disagreement in discussion networks reduces individuals' reliance on partisanship when forming subsequent attitudes. To test these propositions, we employ data asking respondents to list individuals with whom they discuss politics on a regular basis and who such individuals supported in a recent election to create a measure of network disagreement. Empirical tests provide strong support for our hypotheses.
My smartphone knows i am hungry

Can a smartphone learn our eating habits without the user being in the loop? Clearly, the phone could use checkins based on location to infer that if you were in a cafe, for example, there is a good possibility you might eat or drink something. In this paper, we use inferred behavioral data and location history to predict if you are going to eat or not in the near future. These predictors could serve as a basis for future eating trackers that work unobtrusively in the background of your phone rather than relying on burdensome user input. In this paper, we report on a simple model that predicts the food purchases of a group of undergraduate college students (N=25) using inferred behavioral and location data from smartphones. The 10-week study uses the dining related purchase records from student college cards as ground-truth to validate our prediction model. Initial results show that we can predict food and drink purchases with an accuracy of 74% using three weeks of training data.
Anxiety Symptoms Account for the Link between Reactive Aggression and Sleep Problems Among Latino Adolescents

Background Sleep problems are common among adolescents and have a negative impact on functioning. A better understanding of factors that contribute to sleep problems in adolescence can help guide more effective, targeted interventions.
Fujimori's Coup and the Breakdown of Democracy in Latin America

Fujimori's Coup and the Breakdown of Democracy in Latin America. By Charles D. Kenney. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2004. 379p. 30.00 paper.In this book on Peruvian politics, Charles Kenney leaves few stones unturned in analyzing the various factors that led to the suspension of the country's constitution and the disbanding of the legislature by President Alberto Fujimori in April 1992. While I am not entirely convinced that this particular episode in Peruvian politics warrants the book-length treatment that it has received here, Kenney has done a commendable job of locating Peru's “autogolpe” (or civilian-inflicted coup) within the broader literature on the breakdown of democratic regimes in Latin America.
Nonlinear optics in polymer optical fibers

We report on a method developed for characterization the third order optical nonlinearity of singlemode polymer optical fiber. The Sagnac homodyning method yields values for both the real and imaginary components of (chi) (3) from a single measurement. The method also allows for the separation of the effects due to nonlinear mechanisms having response times on the order of milliseconds or slower. The 10micrometers core of the characterized fiber was doped with 0.15 percent by weight of the squaraine HSQ. The real component of the nonlinearity was determined to be Re((chi) (3) equals -9.8 +/- 2.5 X 10-12 esu, and the imaginary component Im((chi) (3) equals 5.5 +/- 0.3 X 10-12 esu.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Osmotic pressure can regulate matrix gene expression in Bacillus subtilis.

Summary Many bacteria organize themselves into structurally complex communities known as biofilms in which the cells are held together by an extracellular matrix. In general, the amount of extracellular matrix is related to the robustness of the biofilm. Yet, the specific signals that regulate the synthesis of matrix remain poorly understood. Here we show that the matrix itself can be a cue that regulates the expression of the genes involved in matrix synthesis in Bacillus subtilis. The presence of the exopolysaccharide component of the matrix causes an increase in osmotic pressure that leads to an inhibition of matrix gene expression. We further show that non-specific changes in osmotic pressure also inhibit matrix gene expression and do so by activating the histidine kinase KinD. KinD, in turn, directs the phosphorylation of the master regulatory protein Spo0A, which at high levels represses matrix gene expression. Sensing a physical cue such as osmotic pressure, in addition to chemical cues, could be a strategy to non-specifically co-ordinate the behaviour of cells in communities composed of many different species.
Interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit gefordert

Ein Akutschmerzdienst und der Einsatz moderner ruckenmarksnaher Anasthesieverfahren nach urologischen Eingriffen reduzieren entscheidend postoperative Komplikationen und sichern so den Operationserfolg. Die modernen anasthesiologischen Techniken wie Patienten-kontrollierte Analgesie und Epidural-Analgesie sind bei bzw. nach urologischen Eingriffen inzwischen unverzichtbar. Zu einem erfolgreichen Schmerzmanagement tragt insbesondere auch eine interdisziplinare aufeinander abgestimmte Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Operateur und dem Anasthesisten bei.
The Agar Diffusion Cytolysis Method: An Alternative In Vitro Screen for the Prediction of a Severe Ocular Response

Manufacturing intermediates and formulation components constitute the bulk of compounds evaluated in ocular irritation protocols. A cost-effective in vitro screen for predicting severe ocular reactions, which reduces the chance of exposing animals to caustic chemicals, was a logical first step in a tiered approach to the reduction, refinement, and eventual replacement of animals in ocular irritation test protocols. Our laboratory has validated the agar diffusion cytolysis method, which employs a monolayered SIRC cell culture as an initial biological ocular screen. Twenty-four hours after plating 100-mm dishes, the culture medium was replaced with a 0.01% neutral red/1% agar overlay and incubated for a minimum of 16 h. Solid or liquid compounds were applied atop the agar diffusion matrix in glass cylinders or on paper discs, respectively, at doses of 2, 5, 10, and 25 mg or μ1 and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Clear zones resulting from the loss of the neutral red dye following compound-induced cytolysis were...
Silencing Mist1 gene expression is essential for recovery from acute pancreatitis

Acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas are tasked with synthesizing, packaging and secreting vast quantities of pro-digestive enzymes to maintain proper metabolic homeostasis for the organism. Because the synthesis of high levels of hydrolases is potentially dangerous, the pancreas is prone to acute pancreatitis (AP), a disease that targets acinar cells, leading to acinar-ductal metaplasia (ADM), inflammation and fibrosis-events that can transition into the earliest stages of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Despite a wealth of information concerning the broad phenotype associated with pancreatitis, little is understood regarding specific transcriptional regulatory networks that are susceptible to AP and the role these networks play in acinar cell and exocrine pancreas responses. In this study, we examined the importance of the acinar-specific maturation transcription factor MIST1 to AP damage and organ recovery. Analysis of wild-type and Mist1 conditional null mice revealed that Mist1 gene transcription and protein accumulation were dramatically reduced as acinar cells underwent ADM alterations during AP episodes. To test if loss of MIST1 function was primarily responsible for the damaged status of the organ, mice harboring a Cre-inducible Mist1 transgene (iMist1) were utilized to determine if sustained MIST1 activity could alleviate AP damage responses. Unexpectedly, constitutive iMist1 expression during AP led to a dramatic increase in organ damage followed by acinar cell death. We conclude that the transient silencing of Mist1 expression is critical for acinar cells to survive an AP episode, providing cells an opportunity to suppress their secretory function and regenerate damaged cells. The importance of MIST1 to these events suggests that modulating key pancreas transcription networks could ease clinical symptoms in patients diagnosed with pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.
B Vitamins Influence Vascular Cognitive Impairment

As the number of elderly continues to increase worldwide, age-related neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia, are a growing concern. In some cases, vascular dementia and cognitive decline in aging are associated with nutritional status and elevated homocysteine, suggesting that improving nutritional status can play a meaningful role in the prevention of cognitive impairment. The research described in this chapter represents current understanding on the relationships of folate and vitamin B12 nutritional status with cognitive function and dementia in adults and elderly. Low B vitamin status is associated with increased homocysteine levels and there is evidence that insufficient B vitamin intake is associated with lower cognitive scores in comparison to adequate intake. However, higher rates of cognitive decline have been reported with high levels of folate and folic acid intake in adults, and memory performance may be impaired with high folate intake in individuals with low vitamin B12 status. Overall, studies reported lower folate blood levels and a higher prevalence of deficiency among subjects with dementia. In general, vitamin B12 serum levels were lower in patients with dementia relative to nondemented individuals; however, this relationship was not as consistent as that for folate. Subsequent to mandatory folic acid fortification, stroke mortality has decreased at a greater rate in the USA and Canada, suggesting a positive effect of fortification on cerebrovascular health. Interventions with folic acid and with combinations of B vitamins were able to improve cognitive function or prevent decline, especially in subjects with low nutrient status. As with the data for blood nutrient levels, evidence that vitamin B12 treatment improves cognitive function is conflicting and less positive.
Nitrogen Radicals from Thermal and Photochemical Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate, Ammonium Dinitramide, and Cyclic Nitramines

Free-radical thermal and photochemical decomposition products of ammonium dinitramide (ADN), an acyclic nitramine, are compared to that of cyclic nitramines (RDX, HMX, and HNIW) and to ammonium perchlorate (AP). Photochemical formation of NO2 from uv- photolysis of ADN at 77 K is found to follow first-order kinetics; whereas, zero-order NO2 formation is observed from the cyclic nitramines under the conditions of this experiment. Mechanisms are suggested for ADN decomposition. A general trend of cyclic nitramines to thermally decompose forming nitroxide radicals is supported by 15N-ring-labeled HNIW results. ADN thermally decomposes at 190° C to form free-radical reaction products in solution with tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide.
Predicting Nanocrystal Shape through Consideration of Surface-Ligand Interactions

Density functional calculations for the binding energy of oleic acid-based ligands on Pb-rich {100} and {111} facets of PbSe nanocrystals determine the surface energies as a function of ligand coverage. Oleic acid is expected to bind to the nanocrystal surface in the form of lead oleate. The Wulff construction predicts the thermodynamic equilibrium shape of the PbSe nanocrystals. The equilibrium shape is a function of the ligand surface coverage, which can be controlled by changing the concentration of oleic acid during synthesis. The different binding energy of the ligand on the {100} and {111} facets results in different equilibrium ligand coverages on the facets, and a transition in the equilibrium shape from octahedral to cubic is predicted when increasing the ligand concentration during synthesis.
A Feasibility Experimanet of a Small Scale RTV-655 Cryogenic Liquid Container for Space Applications

Space exploration is limited without a sustainable fuel source and the ability to store that fuel over extended periods of time. Liquid hydrogen is widely considered to be the chemical propellant that will be used for long duration missions due to its high specific impulse. Liquid hydrogen and the required oxidizer, liquid oxygen, must be maintained at cryogenic temperatures due to their boiling temperatures. These low boiling points of the cryogenic liquids as well as the surrounding thermal environment result in self-pressurization of the storage tanks. Numerous active and passive systems have been proposed to reduce cryogenic propellant tank self-pressurization. Active systems, such as cryocoolers and thermodynamic venting systems, use some of the cryogenic liquid to reduce the pressure in the tank effectively discarding some of the propellant in the process. Even with the use of passive systems such as multilayer insulation (“MLI”), the use of metal tanks to store these liquid fuels results in large amounts of heat transfer into the tanks creating higher rates of selfpressurization. This study analyzes the low temperature performance of a pressure vessel constructed using the polymer RTV-655 during self-pressurization when filled with liquid nitrogen. The parameters of this performance include stress tolerance at low temperature and the tank pressurization rate. Experimental testing parameters, procedures, and limitations are discussed and performance results for the RTV-655 tank test are presented.
Epidemiological analysis for 104 measles cases

Objective To analyze the causes of measles cases occurred in Pingdingshan,which will be provided a scientific basis for a quick control and elimination of measles. Methods A discriptive epidemiological analysis was performed on reported data of legal infectious disease and monitoring data of measles in 2013 in Pingdingshan. Results A total of 104 cases of measles were reported in 2013,with an incidence of 2. 11 /100 000,peaks were from Feb. to Apr.. The difference of incidence is statistically significant between male and female,the major cases are children under the age of 3 years,accounting for 86. 54% in the total cases,most cases are age of eight month to under one year accounting for 39. 42%,nine cases are age higher than 14 years accounting for 8. 65%,incidences were gradually reduced along with the increase of age in other age groups. It is likely infection in hospital as the basic mode,which is inferenced from the clinic process and the length of time in identification of measeles cases. Conclusion The coverage of first routine immunization and timely vaccination rate is not sufficient,which is the main cause for the high incidence of measles,and nosocomial cross infection is the spreading factor for measles. The effective means to control and eliminate measles is by improving the measles vaccination rates for suspective groups of people and controlling nosocomial infection.
Positivism Should Be Adopted in the Study of Social Sciences in China

The recent study of social sciences in China has two obvious weaknesses,that is,there is not adequate criticism of the introduced foreign theories and many Chinese scholars lack a serious scientific attitude towards the study and investigation of the social development of China,which have exerted a negative influence on the development of social sciences in China and its theoretical construction.Owing to China's history,culture,society and political system,its development has its own traits.These traits make many Western theories,even some basic concepts and logical relations,unsuitable to China.There should be a theoretic system born in China from Chinese scholars.Thus,some positivistic approaches should be adopted in the study of social sciences in China which can be applied to sociology,economics,educational studies,psychology and demographics rather than art,philosophy,linguistics,history and literature.
Endocrine interactions : adrenal steroids and precursors

Adult male rats (n = 48) were castrated and treated daily for 4 wk with adrenal steroids in the presence or absence of adjuvant testosterone. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, and andros...
Little Rock Crisis

Advised by the Arkansas NAACP, nine black students (five women, four men) transferred to Little Rock's all-white Central High (1957). It fueled a white backlash and revealed their remarkable courage. Crisis ensued from opening day. The state National Guard blocked Central's entrance on Governor Orville Faubus's orders as a mob harassed the students. President Dwight Eisenhower urged Faubus to comply; in the meantime guardsmen withdrew and local police became students’ protectors. But Faubus was defiant and racial violence escalated. To enforce school desegregation and keep the peace, the president federalized the state Guard and ordered in the 101st Airborne Division. The division remained at Central High for more than two months; Guard units did so until the end of the year. Desegregation then stalled as the city closed its schools in 1958–59. The “Little Rock Nine” were courageous and empowered. They drew strength from the black community, whose churches and civic and educational groups helped build Arkansas’ freedom movement. Melba Pattillo never forgot “the daily insults and abuse at school” but appreciated that “a few white students were trying to reach out to us.” Ernest Green, Central High's first black graduate (1958), considered his ordeal to be a victory, adding “I had cracked the wall” of segregation.
Optimization Models for Three On-Chip Network Problems

We model three on-chip network design problems—memory controller placement, resource allocation in heterogeneous on-chip networks, and their combination—as mathematical optimization problems. We model the first two problems as mixed integer linear programs. We model the third problem as a mixed integer nonlinear program, which we then linearize exactly. Sophisticated optimization algorithms enable solutions to be obtained much more efficiently. Detailed simulations using synthetic traffic and benchmark applications validate that our designs provide better performance than solutions proposed previously. Our work provides further evidence toward suitability of optimization models in searching/pruning architectural design space.
Evaluating Plant Population and Replant Method Effects on Peanut Planted in Twin Rows

ABSTRACT Achieving and maintaining an adequate plant stand is a major priority when making planting and early season management decisions in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Unpredictable and often extreme weather and high disease pressure in the southeastern United States can contribute to poor emergence and below-optimum plant stands. When plant stand is affected, replanting may be agronomically justified. This study was designed to determine i) the effect of plant stand on pod yield, market grade, and disease incidence in peanut seeded in a twin row pattern, (ii) if replanting is a viable option in a field with a below adequate stand and, iii) the best method for replanting peanut when an adequate stand is not achieved. Field trials were established at two locations in south Georgia in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate peanut production at four plant stands (7.4, 9.8, 12.3, and 14.8 plants/m [total plants/m across both units, or ‘twins' of the twin row pattern) and four replant methods (no replant, destroy the or...
AKD-The Time Between AKI and CKD: What Is the Role of the Pharmacist?

The role of pharmacists in caring for patients with AKD (1) begins with inpatient care at the time of AKI diagnosis, (2) involves patient-pharmacist interaction at hospital discharge, and (3) provides active follow-up care after hospital discharge. The pharmacist, as part of a multiprofessional patient care team, should be actively involved in improving health literacy for kidney disease, should be encouraging patient follow-up after an episode of AKI, and should be actively involved in medication management for patients with AKD. This role is similar to a pharmacist caring for a patient with AKI or CKD because of the central focus on optimal medication management; however, it is different because of the emphasis on enhancing health literacy for kidney disease, preventing progression to CKD, and developing a process for continuity of care.
Stem Cell Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction: The European Experience

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains the single leading cause of death in the world. The management of acute myocardial infarction has evolved over the past decade to the current international standard of acute percutaneous revascularization. This strategy has resulted in reduced mortality at the time of the AMI, but a significant percentage of patients still develop remodeling and heart failure within years of the infarct. Stem cell therapy has been shown to be effective in reducing acute myocardial injury in many preclinical models and thus became one of leading candidates for novel interventions to reduce long-term complications of AMI. The initial trials were all conducted in Europe with almost exclusive use of the patient’s own bone marrow mononuclear cells for optimal safety. This chapter details the results of this series of studies that were conducted as the first trials of stem cell therapy for cardiovascular disease. These results led to additional trials conducted in the United States, which are detailed in the following Chapter 8B.
Electronic-photonic integration for government applications

We provide an overview of electronic-photonic integration techniques and describe our recent work to develop monolithic and hybrid photonic components and integrated circuits (PICS) realized in several material platforms (silicon, silicon nitride, compound semiconductors) for a variety of government applications.
Never judge a book by its cover: how NICU evaluators reach conclusions about quality of care

To identify key features in the NICU care delivery context that influence quality of care delivery. Qualitative study using in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 10 NICU quality experts with extensive experience conducting NICU site visits and evaluating quality of care. Analyses were performed using the method of constant comparison based on grounded theory. Qualitative analysis yielded three major themes: (1) the foundation for high quality care is a cohesive unit culture, characterized by open communication, teamwork, and engagement of families; (2) effective linkages between measurement and improvement action is necessary for continuous improvement; and (3) NICU capacity for improvement is sustained by active support, exchange of skills, and resources from the hospital. Team cohesion, engagement of families, culture of improvement supported by measurement and institutional support from the hospital are some of the key contextual and managerial features critical to high-quality NICU care.
Effects of etchants in the transfer of chemical vapor deposited graphene

The quality of graphene can be strongly modified during the transfer process following chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth. Here, we transferred CVD-grown graphene from a copper foil to a SiO2/Si substrate using wet etching with four different etchants: HNO3, FeCl3, (NH4)2S2O8, and a commercial copper etchant. We then compared the quality of graphene after the transfer process in terms of surface modifications, pollutions (residues and contaminations), and electrical properties (mobility and density). Our tests and analyses showed that the commercial copper etchant provides the best structural integrity, the least amount of residues, and the smallest doping carrier concentration.
What do we evaluate when we evaluate creativity: Revisiting the conceptualization of creativity

Creativity evaluation is a theoretically interesting and practically important topic. In the current creativity research, the dominant approach to the study of this topic posits that people are loo...
A comparative study of panretinal photocoagulation and vitrectomy for advanced diabetic retinopathy.

A retrospective, cohort study of patients with diabetic retinopathy was conducted, which assessed factors of age at the time of initial panretinal photocoagulation, sex, race (American Indian and non-Indian), and those requiring postpanretinal photocoagulation vitrectomy. Frequency analyses were used to categorize the study population by ethnicity and sex. Independent sample Student's t test were used to compare means of age, ethnicity, and sex. Layered X 2 analyses were performed to study the ethnic status of the men and women requiring vitrectomy, followed by an examination of the relationship of these three factors to the vitrectomy group using a logistic regression model. Within this 265 patient group, the American Indian male was noted to require vitrectomy more frequently and tended to receive initial panretinal phototcoagulation at a lower age.
Developing the Asian Pacific Islander Caregiver Train-the-Trainer Program in the United States

This article describes our project to design the Asian Pacific Islander Caregiver Train-the-Trainer (APICTT) Program in the United States. The project relied on a sequential approach to gathering a...
Ecological Correlates of Large-Scale Turnover in the Dominant Members of Pseudacris crucifer Skin Bacterial Communities

Animals host a wide diversity of symbiotic microorganisms that contribute important functions to host health, and our knowledge of what drives variation in the composition of these complex communities continues to grow. Microbiome studies at larger spatial scales present opportunities to evaluate the contribution of large-scale factors to variation in the microbiome. We conducted a large-scale field study to assess variation in the bacterial symbiont communities on adult frog skin (Pseudacris crucifer), characterized using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We found that skin bacterial communities on frogs were less diverse than, and structurally distinct from, the surrounding habitat. Frog skin was typically dominated by one of two bacterial OTUs: at western sites, a Proteobacteria dominated the community, whereas eastern sites were dominated by an Actinobacteria. Using a metacommunity framework, we then sought to identify factors explaining small- and large-scale variation in community structure—that is, among hosts within a pond, and among ponds spanning the study transect. We focused on the presence of a fungal skin pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) as one potential driver of variation. We found no direct link between skin bacterial community structure and Bd infection status of individual frog hosts. Differences in pond-level community structure, however, were explained by Bd infection prevalence. Importantly, Bd infection prevalence itself was correlated with numerous other environmental factors; thus, skin bacterial diversity may be influenced by a complex suite of extrinsic factors. Our findings indicate that large-scale factors and processes merit consideration when seeking to understand microbiome diversity.
The Utility of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Linguistically Different Children: Clinical Considerations.

Little literature addresses the difficulty of conducting an unbiased assessment of youngsters whose second language is English but who are conversational in English and no longer qualify for English as a Second Language services. Academic difficulty frequently persists, although the children appear functional in English. The use of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) is discussed in relation to the Wechsler Intelligence Scale as a second measure of cognitive ability for youngsters of various linguistic backgrounds. In the cases presented, the use of the K-ABC illustrated that the youngsters had higher cognitive ability than was measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), which in turn guided educational decisions. Additionally, the utility of the K-ABC for assessing youngsters from linguistic backgrounds that may not be adequately represented in the norm sample is suggested. Implications for school psychology practice are discussed.
Building a Framework for Self-Regulated Learning in Surgical Education: A Delphi Consensus Among Experts in Surgical Education

Objective Practice-Based Learning and Improvement is a Core Competency for surgical residents. Self-regulated learning (SRL) skills are an important component of this competency, yet are rarely taught in surgical training. Before we can teach SRL skills to residents we must understand the attributes that are essential. The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for SRL for surgical trainees. Design This mixed-methods study design utilized a two-round modified-Delphi approach to develop consensus among experts in surgical education regarding SRL in surgical training. Round One included SRL constructs derived from educational, professional, and medical literature. Based upon quantitative data and thematic coding of comments, these constructs were adapted for applicability in the context of surgical residency and reorganized using a constant comparative approach. Revised constructs and groupings were presented to the expert panel in Round Two. Further survey rounds were not needed as all items in Round Two reached the predetermined consensus level of 70%. Setting The Delphi panel was a purposeful sample of nationally recognized experts in surgical education, including members of the Association for Surgical Education and the Association for Program Directors in Surgery. Participants Thirty-eight of 42 experts (90.5%) responded to Round One, representing 29 academic and community medical systems nationally. The response rate for Round Two was 92%, 35 of the 38 Round One participants. Results In Round One, the SRL constructs were all viewed as important with median scores ranging from 50 to 99.5, on a 100-point scale. Two hundred and ninety-one comments were coded and used to refine SRL definitions into 7 domains for Round Two, which included self-awareness, task analysis, situation awareness, strategic planning, progress evaluation, learning and performance management, and goal attainment and refinement. All Round Two items reached greater than 70% agreement, and received 51 free response comments. Several key themes emerged: clinical prioritization over learning, learner's limited control, value and reliance on external resources, low use of metacognition, and complex goal orientation. Incorporation of common themes generated a novel multi-stage framework of SRL in surgical education. Conclusions Surgical residency represents a unique learning context, in which the ideal learner is one who understands their learning environment and utilizes available resources to optimize their own learning. Experts in surgical education believe SRL skills are important in training, and a novel framework of SRL is necessary to support a learner-centered model within the demanding environment of surgical training.
Pay Form Type Choice in Pay-For-Performance and Perceptions of Expectancy Theory’s ‘Valence’

This proposed study examines contrary perceptions of how workers will perceive expectancy theory’s concept of ‘valence’ with respect to pay form type (specifically merit pay or bonus pay) in a pay-...
Taking Prisoners: Vimentin Cages Capture Proteasomes during NSC Activation.

Asymmetric partitioning of damaged proteins is thought to play a key role in preserving stem cell function with age. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Morrow et al. (2020) show that vimentin recruits proteasome machinery to aggresomes to control NSC proteostasis during quiescence exit.
Electrophoretic mobility distributions distinguish hairy cells from other mononuclear blood cells and provide evidence for the heterogeneity of normal monocytes.

The electrophoretic mobility distributions of hairy cells, normal monocytes. CLL, and normal lymphocytes isolated from blood were determined by electrophoretic light scattering. Values obtained for hairy cells, 1.52 X 10(-4) cm2/V . sec, were indistinguishable from that of normal monocytes. The mobility of CLL lymphocytes was similar to that of normal B cells. After exposure to neuraminidase, hairy cells revealed a homogeneous distribution with a reduced mobility of 0.55 X 10(-4) cm2/V . sec, while normal monocytes showed a heterogeneous distribution of electrophoretic mobilities suggestive of subpopulations. The electrokinetic behavior of hairy cells thus differs from that or normal and CLL lymphocytes before, and from that of monocytes after, treatment with neuraminidase. The hairy cell therefore possesses a distinct pattern of surface charge properties that clearly distinguish it from the circulating B cells, T cells, or monocytes.
Lying and stepping behaviors around corrective or therapeutic claw trimming

Abstract The objectives of this study were to test differences in lying and stepping behaviors in lactating cows with altered gait or other signs of pain in the day preceding either corrective claw trimming (CCT) or therapeutic claw trimming (TCT; d −1), including healthy controls (HC) as a reference group, and to analyze the associations between categories of lying and stepping behaviors at d −1 and subsequent submission to CCT or TCT (d 0). In addition, we characterized variations in lying and stepping behaviors within 7 d relative to CCT or treatment for a specific foot condition (TCT). A total of 310 Holstein cows in a USDA-certified organic dairy herd in northern Colorado were enrolled. Cows were affixed with an accelerometer (IceQube, IceRobotics) below the fetlock of one hind leg at 12 ± 8 d in milk and monitored for 6 mo for daily activity [lying time (LY; min/d), lying bouts (LB; no./d), and steps (ST; no./d)]. Cows with altered gait or other signs of pain were submitted to claw trimming (CT; d 0) and differentiated as receiving only corrective interventions (CCT) or as being treated for a lameness disorder (TCT). Concurrent activity from cows not submitted to CT was considered a reference from HC. Daily averages for each activity within ±7 d relative to CT were compared among the 3 groups using linear mixed models (PROC MIXED of SAS; SAS Institute Inc.). Logistic regression analyses with a logit link function (PROC GLIMMIX of SAS) were used to test the associations between categories (lower quartile or less, interquartile range, and higher quartile or greater) of lying and stepping behaviors (LY, LB, and ST) preceding CT (d −1) and subsequent submission to CCT or TCT (d 0). On d −1, average (± standard error) LY was greater in TCT (631 ± 34 min/d) than in CCT (568 ± 22 min/d) and HC (581 ± 13 min/d). Overall, LB were not statistically different among groups (CCT = 18.7 ± 0.02 bouts/d; TCT = 19.6 ± 1.17 bouts/d; and HC = 19.1 ± 0.43 bouts/d). Daily ST were lower in TCT (1,810 ± 126 steps/d) than in CCT (2,803 ± 63 steps/d) and HC (2,542 ± 103 steps/d). The odds (confidence interval in parentheses) of TCT were greater in cows in the high LY [3.27 (2.47–4.33)] and high LB [2.31 (1.77–3.02)] categories at d −1. The low ST category was associated with increased odds of CCT [3.32 (1.96–5.65)] and TCT [8.48 (6.49–11.1)]. We concluded that, under the current experimental conditions, cows requiring TCT evidenced greater overall LY and lower daily ST the day before CT. However, these differences were not consistent throughout days in milk categories within the lactation. Type of CT was partially associated with category of activity the day preceding CT, and the associations were more evident for TCT. The magnitude of the behavioral changes before and after CT and the recovery times posttreatment to approach HC behavioral levels varied depending on specific conditions.
Applying convolutional neural networks to identify lithofacies of large-n cores from the Permian Basin and Gulf of Mexico: The importance of the quantity and quality of training data

Abstract Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), one of the most widely employed deep learning techniques, have achieved great success in image recognition. However, few attempts have been made in sedimentary studies, partially because it is challenging to generate a large-scale training database for sedimentary data. We compile ~32,000 images with interpreted facies from ~3200 ft (~1000 m) of cores from the Permian Basin and Gulf of Mexico. This database is used to train and evaluate a CNN model predicting the facies from core images. The best learned model achieves 83% accuracy when evaluated by the independent testing data. More importantly, we analyze the impacts of sample sizes on the prediction accuracy to understand how many samples is needed for a model to return satisfied performance. Accuracy does increase as sample number increases but even the learned model trained by 1% of available data (n = 300) can return 70% accuracy. This result suggests the deep learning model is able to provide fast sedimentary analysis and accelerate the core description processes with small amounts of training dataset. We also show that the model trained from the Permian Basin data set fails to predict the facies of the Gulf of Mexico cores because the two data sets are in different depositional environments. Therefore, a high-quality training database covering different depositional environments is critical in applying artificial intelligence in facies detection. This study suggests the model trained by small amounts of high quality data can aid human interpretation. It can efficiently provide basic information such as bed thickness, lithology, and net-to-gross ratio to free up geologists to conduct more complex tasks such as interpreting depositional environments.
Making research relevant: Sharing climate change research with rangeland advisors to transform results into drought resilience

Public programs, strategies, and incentives to implement rangeland climate adaptation are more effective if they are tailored to local drought exposures, sensitivities, and adaptation opportunities. As such, local rangeland advisers who aid in climate adaptation are pivotal to the development of these resources. We hosted a virtual workshop with rangeland advisors to share results from our climate vulnerability assessment, gain their insight on finding usability, and discuss visions for resource creation. Climate adaptation resources should not follow a one-size-fits-all approach. Accommodating variety in resource development and outreach must consider multiple factors: variation in the ranching community, instability in the environment beyond climate, and rancher/manager identified variables in climate vulnerability assessment analyses.
Classroom-level peer self-regulation as a predictor of individual self-regulatory and social-emotional development in Brazil

Abstract Peers' skills matter for students' development in classroom contexts. Using a sample of 2950 students in 173 classrooms in public primary schools in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the present study sought to validate an observational measure of classroom-level peer self-regulation and then used this measure to predict individual students' gains in cognitive regulation and social-emotional skills over an academic year. The classroom-level measure of peer self-regulation showed high levels of internal reliability and predictive validity. Specifically, higher levels of baseline peer self-regulation were associated with greater gains in individual students' performance on cognitive regulation and emotion knowledge tasks. These associations largely did not depend on students' baseline skills. This paper introduces a novel approach for measuring peer self-regulation at the classroom level, contributes to the literature on peer effects, and also expands the literature on students' social-emotional development in diverse global contexts.
The preparation and properties of ribonucleic acid polymerase from Azotobacter vinelandii.

Abstract The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) of Azotobacter vinelandii has been obtained as a homogeneous protein of high and constant specific activity. At an ionic strength of 0.02 it exists as a species with s20,w0 = 22.9 S and a molecular weight of 782,000 daltons, but when the salt concentration is raised to 0.4 M it dissociates reversibly to a 14 S form with a reduction in molecular weight to half. The purification was dependent on the recognition of the existence of a 14 S species, presumably a degradation product of the polymerase, and its removal by fractionation. This 14 S material is stable in low salt buffers and has a low and variable polymerase activity. The stability and behavior of the 23 S species has been examined by analytical sedimentation under a variety of conditions of pH and ionic strength; after aging; and in the presence of sulfhydryl compounds, Mg2+, and other reagents. The amino acid composition and free sulfhydryl groups have been determined.
Exposure to alcoholism in the family: United States, 1988.

About 43 percent of U.S. adults--76 million people--have been exposed to alcoholism in the family: they grew up with or married an alcoholic or a problem drinker or had a blood relative who was ever an alcoholic or problem drinker. Exposure was higher among women (46.2 percent) than among men (38.9 percent) and declined with age. Exposure to alcoholism in the family was strongly related to marital status, independent of age: 55.5 percent of separated or divorced adults had been exposed to alcoholism in some family member, compared with 43.5 percent of married, 38.5 percent of never married, and 35.5 percent of widowed persons. Nearly 38 percent of separated or divorced women had been married to an alcoholic, but only about 12 percent of currently married women were married to an alcoholic. These findings are highlights of an analysis of the 1988 National Health Interview Survey on Alcohol that is presented in this report.
GNATHOSTOMATA-Jawed Fishes Actinopterygians-Ray-Finned Fishes

The purpose of this chapter is to provide information on ray-finned fishes. The reedfish or ropefish, Calamoichthys calabaricus , is confined to a narrow strip of coastline near the Gulf of Guinea. It reaches 90 cm total length (TL) in nature but only about 15–25 cm in aquaria. It is eel-like and lacks pelvic fins in contrast to the 9 species of bichirs in the genus Folypterus. The name Folypterus refers to the 5–18 flag-like dorsal finlets set atop an elongated body. A sharp spine that can make handling the fish painful supports each finlet. Bichirs have a suite of primitive characters such as diamond-shaped ganoid scales, spiracles, spiral valve, gular plate, maxillary fused to the skull, heterocercal tail, lungs with ventral attachment to the gut, and fleshy pectoral fins. They range in size from 30 to 120 cm. Bichirs are nocturnal predators that feed on fishes, amphibians, and aquatic invertebrates. Because of their small left lung and larger right lung, they can utilize atmospheric oxygen, which gives them the ability to inhabit poorly oxygenated swamps. They can remain out of water for several hours and have been reported to make over-land excursions while feeding on terrestrial insects.
Molecular Analysis of Upper Tract and Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma: Results from a Microarray Comparison.

Introduction Prior studies have shown genetic similarities between upper tract and bladder urothelial carcinoma. However, upper tract urothelial carcinoma tends to be higher grade than bladder urothelial carcinoma and tends to form in patients with certain familial conditions (e.g. Lynch Syndrome), indicating there may be unique biologic processes in these tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in gene expression between upper tract and bladder urothelial carcinoma using microarray data.
Comparison of 3 algorithms for Basal insulin in transitioning from intravenous to subcutaneous insulin in stable patients after cardiothoracic surgery.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of an algorithm containing 1 of 3 initial subcutaneous doses of insulin detemir and flexible prandial and supplemental insulin aspart in stable patients wh...
Phase transformations in ternary TiNix alloys

Etude, par des mesures de resistance electrique en fonction de la temperature, de l'onde de densite de charges et des transformations thermoelastiques martensitiques dans des alliages ternaires TiNiX (X=Fe, Al, Cu). Influence de la composition en titane
Anxiety sensitivity interacts with marijuana use in the prediction of anxiety symptoms and panic-related catastrophic thinking among daily tobacco users.

Abstract The present investigation evaluated whether anxiety sensitivity interacted with marijuana use in relation to the prediction of panic-relevant variables among young adult tobacco smokers ( n = 265 ). Approximately 73% of the sample was composed of current marijuana smokers, with 78.5% of this sub-sample using marijuana more than once per week. As expected, after covarying cigarettes per day, alcohol use, and negative affectivity, the interaction between marijuana use and anxiety sensitivity predicted anxiety symptoms and agoraphobic cognitions. Partially consistent with prediction, the interaction between frequency of marijuana use and anxiety sensitivity predicted only anxiety symptoms. These results are discussed in relation to better understanding the potential role of regular marijuana use and anxiety sensitivity for panic-relevant emotional vulnerability among regular tobacco smokers.