cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anti-predator defenses of three kelp forest gastropods: contrasting adaptations of closely-related prey species

Abstract The defensive adaptations of three species of Tegula that inhabit kelp forests along the central California coast were investigated. Their principal predators are the starfishes Pisaster giganteus (Stimpson) and Pycnopodia helanthoides (Brandt). Tegula brunnea (Philippi) relies on avoidance and flight to escape from both species of starfish. Tegula pulligo (Gmelin) flees from contact with Pisaster, but not Pycnopodia. When attacked by the latter species, Tegula pulligo clamps its shell down against the substratum. T. montereyi (Kiener) possesses the most effective defenses of the three turban snail species. It flees from Pisaster. When captured, it withdraws quickly and deeply into its shell, which is larger (relative to body dry weight) than those of the other two species. This withdrawal caused Tegula montereyi to be rejected by Pisaster more often than the other two species, possibly through erroneous decisions by the starfish that the shell was empty. Tegula montereyi does not withdraw into its shell when captured by Pycnopodia; observations indicate that Tegula montereyi may be distasteful to Pycnopodia. Despite the close taxonomic relationship of the three Tegula species and their similar ecological requirements, defensive responses to their principal predators differ. In addition, two of the three species appear to distinguish between the two starfish species and respond in a different manner to each.
Novel Polarized Photoluminescent Films Derived from Sequential Self-organization, Induced-Orientation, and Order-Transfer Processes

Mechanical shearing of N,N‘-bis(N,N-diethylaminoethyl)perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) dihydrochloride in a lyotropic liquid-crystalline phase produced oriented solid films that exhibit highly anisotropic fluorescence emission. The highest emission intensity is observed when the shearing direction of the film is perpendicular to the polarization axes of the excitation and emission light.
The 'persons' and 'genomics' of personal genomics.

At stake in the debate about personal genomics is what kind of person can be trusted to interpret genomes. Deciding this hinges not just on determining if consumers can interpret genomic information, but on deciding which biological and medical experts (if any) can perform these interpretive acts. Understanding why personal genomics has generated such tension and attention requires bringing these struggles, over who can interpret ‘the code of life’, into focus. While debates about personal genomics focus largely on relatively narrow issues of fraud and deception, this emerging new scientific and political terrain poses more fundamental questions about how the study of biological life, as well as the organization of democratic life, should proceed in genomic times.
ASSESSMENT OF WATER POLLUTANTS FROM ASPHALT PAVEMENT CONTAINING RECYCLED RUBBER IN RHODE ISLAND

Use of recycled rubber in asphalt pavement has been widely accepted since it overcame the scrap tires disposal problem and it has many advantages—for example, savings in quantity and cost of construction materials. In this study, hot-mix asphalt (HMA) specimens with or without crumb rubber modifier (CRM) were analyzed under different environmental conditions. The CRM was added into HMA by two processes (wet and dry processes). The CRM was procured from two different sources to prepare specimens (one source for each process). Cylindrical specimens were tested in a particle entrainment system at two different temperatures and three different pH levels. Slab specimens were simulated for rainfall conditions. Water samples were collected in all three phases of the study: preliminary investigations on individual CRM, water quality evaluation for cylindrical HMA specimens at various environmental conditions, and water quality evaluation for slab HMA specimens under simulated rainfall conditions. Collected water ...
Comparative Tone-Colour Responses of College Music Majors with Absolute Pitch and Good Relative Pitch

The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that college music majors possessing absolute pitch will be more consistent in their tone-colour responses over a period of time than col...
The Carboxyl Termini of KATP Channels Bind Nucleotides

ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels are expressed in many excitable, as well as epithelial, cells and couple metabolic changes to modulation of cell activity. ATP regulation of K(ATP) channel activity may involve direct binding of this nucleotide to the pore-forming inward rectifier (Kir) subunit despite the lack of known nucleotide-binding motifs. To examine this possibility, we assessed the binding of the fluorescent ATP analogue, 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenylcyclo-hexadienylidene)adenosine 5'-triphosphate (TNP-ATP) to maltose-binding fusion proteins of the NH(2)- and COOH-terminal cytosolic regions of the three known K(ATP) channels (Kir1.1, Kir6.1, and Kir6.2) as well as to the COOH-terminal region of an ATP-insensitive inward rectifier K(+) channel (Kir2.1). We show direct binding of TNP-ATP to the COOH termini of all three known K(ATP) channels but not to the COOH terminus of the ATP-insensitive channel, Kir2.1. TNP-ATP binding was specific for the COOH termini of K(ATP) channels because this nucleotide did not bind to the NH(2) termini of Kir1.1 or Kir6.1. The affinities for TNP-ATP binding to K(ATP) COOH termini of Kir1.1, Kir6.1, and Kir6.2 were similar. Binding was abolished by denaturing with 4 m urea or SDS and enhanced by reduction in pH. TNP-ATP to protein stoichiometries were similar for all K(ATP) COOH-terminal proteins with 1 mol of TNP-ATP binding/mole of protein. Competition of TNP-ATP binding to the Kir1.1 COOH terminus by MgATP was complex with both Mg(2+) and MgATP effects. Glutaraldehyde cross-linking demonstrated the multimerization potential of these COOH termini, suggesting that these cytosolic segments may directly interact in intact tetrameric channels. Thus, the COOH termini of K(ATP) tetrameric channels contain the nucleotide-binding pockets of these metabolically regulated channels with four potential nucleotide-binding sites/channel tetramer.
From Credit to Collective Action: The Role of Microfinance in Promoting Women's Social Capital and Normative Influence

Can economic ties positively influence social relations and actions? If so, how does this influence operate? Microfinance programs, which provide credit through a group-based lending strategy, provide the ideal setting for exploring these questions. This article examines whether structuring socially isolated women into peer-groups for an explicitly economic purpose, such as access to credit, has any effect on the women s collective social behavior. Based on interviews with 400 women from 59 microfinance groups in West Bengal, India, I find that one third of these groups undertook various collective actions. Improvements in women s social capital and normative influence fostered this capacity for collective action. Several factors contributed to these transformations, including economic ties among members, the structure of the group network, and women's participation in group meetings. Based on these findings, I argue that microfinance groups have the potential to promote women s social capital and normative influence, thereby facilitating women s collective empowerment. I conclude by discussing the need for refining our understanding of social capital and social ties that promote normative influence.
Regional alterations in an excitatory amino-acid transporter, blood flow, and glucose metabolism after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat.

A rise in the extracellular concentration of excitatory amino acids (EAA) plays a pivotal role in ischemic brain injury. EAA concentrations are regulated by uptake mechanisms through high-affinity EAA transporters. Since EAA uptake is energy-dependent, it is a matter of interest to explore the relationship between the EAA transporter and derangement of flow-metabolism during ischemia. We examined the regional changes in EAA transporters after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats by in vitro autoradiography using [3H]-d-aspartate as a ligand, and correlated these changes to the local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and local cerebral glucose metabolism (LCMRglc) determined by in vivo double-labeled autoradiography. The values of specific binding of [3H]-d-aspartate decreased maximally by 20% in the ischemic core. The magnitude of the reduction in specific binding correlated well with the changes in LCBF and LCMRglc. In half of the regions with LCMRglc between 80 and 120% of the intact side, the values of the specific binding were relatively preserved, while in the remainder of the regions in the ischemic hemisphere, with LCMRglc ranging from 40 to 160% of the intact side, there was a reduction in specific binding. These results suggest that energy failure and the related perturbation caused by ischemia can decrease EAA uptake capacity, leading to further deterioration.
THE PROBLEM OF THE ONE‐YEAR LITERATURE SURVEY COURSE AGAIN

N EED I say that I read with much interest and with much sympathy the spirited defense of the one-year survey course in literature by Professor Smith of Chattanooga University? The cause he defends could not very easily find a more competent advocate; and as he does me the honor to quote me repeatedly, I wish first of all to thank him for the extremely courteous tone of his discussion, and for having so fairly stated my viewpoint. He will not be surprised, however, I suppose, if I solicit the favor of a further hearing for my attitude. Moreover, "du choc des idees jaillit la lumiere." Before entering on the discussion proper, I must correct two slight misstatements. 1. At least so far, the three-year survey course systematically worked out, is our own at Smith College. I tried, but failed, to introduce it at Bryn Mawr. 2. It might be well to emphasize the fact that our literature course at Smith does not begin in the freshman year, (except for students entering with four units of French); the vast majority of students, about four hundred, enter with three units of French and they are given another year of language before they are considered ready to begin to really grasp literature. Now let us come to the discussion itself. I realize fully the importance of one of the difficulties mentioned by Professor Smith: namely, that there are often students who have only one year at their disposal for a course in French, and who, moreover, are devoting it to French literature when they might as well give it to some other elective. Such students deserve full consideration and ought to get as much as possible within that one year. But this does not do away with my contention that psychologically speaking and because the grasp of our brain is limited (for which we are not to blame) it is impossible to treat satisfactorily the whole of French literature in one year. You cannot put an elephant in a rabbit hole.
Parent-Reported Medication Use in a Head Start Population

This study investigates the prevalence of medication use within a Head Start population. Parent-reported data (N = 1,397) from initial enrollment information indicated 6.8% of children were taking 34 different types of medication. More than two thirds (69%) of those on medication were prescribed more than one medication, and more than one third (37%) were taking three or more medications. The majority of children were reported to be taking medications that were asthma (88%) or allergy (17%) related. Psychotropic medications accounted for 4% of the medications, indicating a prevalence of less than 0.3%. African American and Hispanic children were overrepresented in those taking medicines. School nurses can work with parents and caregivers of Head Start children by raising awareness of (1) the benefits and side effects of medications commonly taken within this population, (2) the significant role that asthma medications play in low-income areas, and (3) the issues and challenges associated with polypharmacy practices.
A multivariate Bayesian scan statistic for early event detection and characterization

We present the multivariate Bayesian scan statistic (MBSS), a general framework for event detection and characterization in multivariate spatial time series data. MBSS integrates prior information and observations from multiple data streams in a principled Bayesian framework, computing the posterior probability of each type of event in each space-time region. MBSS learns a multivariate Gamma-Poisson model from historical data, and models the effects of each event type on each stream using expert knowledge or labeled training examples. We evaluate MBSS on various disease surveillance tasks, detecting and characterizing outbreaks injected into three streams of Pennsylvania medication sales data. We demonstrate that MBSS can be used both as a "general" event detector, with high detection power across a variety of event types, and a "specific" detector that incorporates prior knowledge of an event's effects to achieve much higher detection power. MBSS has many other advantages over previous event detection approaches, including faster computation and easy interpretation and visualization of results, and allows faster and more accurate event detection by integrating information from the multiple streams. Most importantly, MBSS can model and differentiate between multiple event types, thus distinguishing between events requiring urgent responses and other, less relevant patterns in the data.
Polymorphic Sequences Encoding the First Open Reading Frame Protein from LINE-1 Ribonucleoprotein Particles

The mouse LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposon contains two open reading frames (ORFs). Three classes of the protein encoded by the first open reading frame (ORF1) are expressed in the mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line, F9; the apparent molecular sizes of these proteins are 41.3, 43, and 43.5 kDa. Two of these three proteins (41.3 and 43 kDa) are translated in vitro from full-length, sense-strand L1 RNA isolated from ribonucleoprotein particles. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction approach was used to clone the ORF1 region from RNA isolated from ribonucleoprotein particles, then the coding capacity of these clones was examined using in vitro transcription and translation. Multiple sequences that encode ORF1 were recovered by this approach, indicating that multiple loci of L1 in the mouse genome are expressed in F9 cells. In addition, L1 sequences with intact ORF1 regions appear to be selectively enriched in the ribonucleoprotein particles.
Effect of synthetic salmon calcitonin on iodine metabolism in rabbits.

SummaryLong-term administration of synthetic salmon calcitonin to rabbits markedly decreases the radioiodine (131I) uptake in the thyroid gland as well as in the plasma. Protein-bound iodine and thyroxine serum levels are also decreased. In contrast, the renal iodine clearance is much increased in calcitonin-treated rabbits as compared to controls or to vehicle alone. This ioduric effect of salmon calcitonin can explain its role in goiter induction.This study was supported in part by NIH-General Grant, and Detroit General Research Corporation. We thank the Armour Pharmaceutical Company for the kind supply of synthetic salmon calcitonin used in this study.
On the Capacity Region of Multi-Antenna Gaussian Broadcast Channels with Estimation Error

In this paper we consider the effect of channel estimation error on the capacity region of MIMO Gaussian broadcast channels. It is assumed that the receivers and the transmitter have (the same) estimates of the channel coefficients (i.e., the feedback channel is noiseless). We obtain an achievable rate region based on the dirty paper coding scheme. We show that this region is given by the capacity region of a dual multi-access channel with a noise covariance that depends on the transmit power. We explore this duality to give the asymptotic behavior of the sum-rate for a system with a large number of user, i.e., n rarr infin. It is shown that as long as the estimation error is of fixed (w.r.t n) variance, the sum-capacity is of order M log log n, where M is the number of antennas deployed at the transmitter. We further obtain the sum-rate loss due to the estimation error. Finally, we consider a training-based scheme for block fading MISO Gaussian broadcast channels. We find the optimum length of the training interval as well as the optimum power used for training in order to maximize the achievable sum-rate
Examining Multi-Sector Community Collaboratives as Vehicles for Building Organizational Capacity

While community collaboratives have emerged as a prominent vehicle for fostering a more coordinated community response to complex issues, research to date suggests that the success of these efforts at achieving community/population-level improvements is mixed. As a result, researchers and practitioners are increasing their focus on the intermediate outcomes accomplished by these entities. The purpose of this study is to expand upon this examination of potential intermediate outcomes by investigating the ways in which collaboratives strengthen the capacity of the organizations who participate as members. Utilizing a mixed methods design, we present an empirically-based framework of organizational outcomes associated with participation in a community collaborative. The dimensions of this framework are validated based on quantitative findings from representatives of 614 different organizations and agencies nested within 51 different community collaboratives. This article then explores how the characteristics of organizations and their representatives relate to the nature and type of impacts associated with membership. Based on study findings, we argue that community collaboratives can be effective interventions for strengthening organizational capacity across all sectors in ways that can promote greater community resiliency.
Preparation and Conductivity Measurements of SiS2 ‐ Li2 S ‐ LiBr Lithium Ion Conductive Glasses

Etude de l'influence d'un dopage par LiBr sur la conductivite et l'etendue de la vitrification du systeme SiS 2 −Li 2 S, en faisant varier la concentration molaire de LiBr en maintenant constant le rapport molaire SiS 2 /Li 2 S a 1/1
Pyrazines in foods: An update

Many recent publications have appeared on pyrazine compounds in food and model systems. This review discusses the occurrence of such compounds in our food supply, their organoleptic properties, and current theories and proof for their formation in foods.
Relative K X-ray transition probabilities at Z = 96 from 149Cf decay

Abstract The relative intensities of the following K X-ray transitions were measured accurately at Z = 96 following 249Cf alpha decay: K α2 K α1 = 0.626±0.006, K ′ β1 K α1 = 0.397±0.010, K ′ β 2 K α1 = 0.133±0.005, and K β K α = 0.327±0.010 . A high resolution Ge(Li) X-ray detector was used. The results are compared with theoretical calculations, and the systematic plot of the variation with Z of the K β K α X-ray intensity ratio presented earlier is extended to Z = 96, where the experimental value is some 10 % larger than the extrapolated theoretical prediction.
Drug-prescribing challenges during pregnancy

Summary Thousands of pregnant and breast-feeding women take a prescribed or over-the-counter drug preparation daily. Few of these products have been specifically tested for safety and efficacy during normal pregnancy, and there is only scant information on the impact of common pregnancy complications on drug clearance and efficacy. The safety of a drug for fetuses and nursing infants often cannot be determined until it is widely used. Governmental safety categories do not inform on how either pregnancy or lactation may alter the patient's response to therapy compared with the non-pregnant state, nor do they indicate the impact of common medical diseases on a drug's efficacy. In the absence of information many women are inappropriately denied medically important agents. Funding agencies should address these knowledge deficits in a comprehensive fashion, and pharmaceutical houses should be offered incentives to perform clinically relevant studies of drugs that might be used in reproductive-age women before these drugs are marketed. Until the large gaps in the body of knowledge are filled, caregivers should seek and frequently utilise references that are updated regularly throughout the year.
Clock is important for food and circadian regulation of macronutrient absorption in mice

Clock genes respond to external stimuli and exhibit circadian rhythms. This study investigated the expression of clock genes in the small intestine and their contribution in the regulation of nutrient absorption by enterocytes. We examined expression of clock genes and macronutrient transport proteins in the small intestines of wild-type and Clock mutant (Clkmt/mt) mice with free or limited access to food. In addition, we studied absorption of macronutrients in these mice. Intestinal clock genes show circadian expression and respond to food entrainment in wild-type mice. Dominant negative Clock in Clkmt/mt mice disrupts circadian expression and food entrainment of clock genes. The absorption of lipids and monosaccharides was high in Clkmt/mt mice whereas peptide absorption was reduced. Molecular studies revealed that Clock regulates several transport proteins involved in nutrient absorption. Clock plays an important role in light and food entrainment of intestinal functions by regulating nutrient transport proteins. Disruptions in intestinal circadian activity may contribute to hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia.
Evaluation of gold, silver, and dielectric-coated hollow glass waveguides

Analytic methods involving gravimetric analysis and titration have been developed for the determination of the coating thickness of thin films used in the preparation of IR-transmissive, hollow glass waveguides. These methods not only provide a highly accurate means of determining the film thickness but also, in the case of the dielectric layer, a method for controlling and monitoring the dielectric film during the fabrication process. That is, a correlation made between the AgI thickness and the iodination time using titration methods has led to more uniform coatings. A gold-coated hollow waveguide for applications in harsh environments has also been developed. Gold films are successfully deposited on the inner surface of the glass tubing with good adhesion when a silver layer is deposited between the glass and gold surfaces. The visible and near-IR spectrum measured shows that the surface of the Au film is very smooth.
Determination of the rate coefficients of the SO2 + O + M → SO3 + M reaction

Rate coefficients of the title reaction R31 (SO2 + O + M → SO3 + M) and R56 (SO2 + HO2→ SO3 + OH), important in the conversion of S(IV) to S(VI), were obtained at T = 970–1150 K and ρave = 16.2 μmol cm−3 behind reflected shock waves by a perturbation method. Shock-heated H2/O2/Ar mixtures were perturbed by adding small amounts of SO2 (1%, 2%, and 3%) and the OH temporal profiles were then measured using laser absorption spectroscopy. Reaction rate coefficients were elucidated by matching the characteristic reaction times acquired from the individual experimental absorption profiles via simultaneous optimization of k31 and k56 values in the reaction modeling (for satisfactory matches to the observed characteristic times, it was necessary to take into account R56). In the experimental conditions of this study, R31 is in the low-pressure limit. The rate coefficient expressions fitted using the combined data of this study and the previous experimental results are k31,0/[Ar] = 2.9 × 1035 T−6.0 exp(−4780 K/T) + 6.1 × 1024 T−3.0 exp(−1980 K/T) cm6 mol−2 s−1 at T = 300–2500 K; k56 = 1.36 × 1011 exp(−3420 K/T) cm3 mol−1 s−1 at T = 970–1150 K. Computer simulations of typical aircraft engine environments, using the reaction mechanism with the above k31,0 and k56 expressions, gave the maximum S(IV) to S(VI) conversion yield of ca. 3.5% and 2.5% for the constant density and constant pressure flow condition, respectively. Moreover, maximum conversions occur at rather higher temperatures (∼1200 K) than that where the maximum k31,0 value is located (∼800 K). This is because the conversion yield is dependent upon not only the k31,0 and k56 values (production flux) but also the availability of H, O, and HO2 in the system (consumption flux). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.* Int J Chem Kinet 42: 168–180, 2010
Interaction of Aflatoxicosis with Heat Stress

An earlier study reported an increased resistance of chickens to an acute lethal heating episode (43 degrees C. and 45% relative humidity) during aflatoxicosis. This varies from other stresses investigated which interact with aflatoxicosis to make chickens more sensitive to the stress factor. The effects of graded doses of dietary aflatoxin (0, 0.625, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mug./g.) on the body temperature, on body fat, on the serum glucose, and on the effect of varying the severity of the heat stress were measured. Both serum glucose and total body fat were decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) by doses of 2.5 mug./g. and above. Cloacal temperature was decreased slightly but significantly (P less than 0.05) in chickens fed 5 or 10 mug./g. for 12 days or longer. The mean survival time of birds exposed to a heat stress of 40 degrees C. and 45% relative humidity did not vary with the dose of aflatoxin while a milder stress of 37 degrees C. and 45% relative humidity caused chickens fed aflatoxin at 2.5 mug./g. or above to show decreased survival times (P less than 0.05) in comparison to the controls. These data can be rationalized by assuming that the lessened burden of body fat during aflatoxicosis accounts for the increased survival time in a severe (43 degrees C. and 45% relative humidity) heat stress but that other parameters related to physiological stress play a dominant role during a less severe but more prolonged heating episode. It seems likely that the hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and lessened body fat also account for the previously reported increased sensitivity to a lethal cold exposure during aflatoxicosis.
Adaptive rate matching assignment for multiplexed services in UMTS

In UMTS W-CDMA systems, multiplexed services such as voice, data, and video may be offered simultaneously on one physical connection. Several issues such as the error rate requirement for each service. algorithmic complexity, hardware limitations, and performance of the overall system must be considered. In this paper, we investigate the radio resource allocation issues under Rayleigh fading conditions and present link-level performance for multiplexed services on the reverse-link of a UMTS W-CDMA system. Specifically, we present an adaptive algorithm for selecting rate matching parameters that satisfies the quality of service requirements for all simultaneous services. This selection is crucial since different services naturally have different underlying frame error rate (FER) requirements. From simulation results, it is seen that the adaptive algorithm can achieve the error rates required for multiplexed services of varying data rates and types (e.g. speech, video, and data services). In addition. it is observed that the proposed algorithm requires only a few adjustments for convergence.
Emotional Abuse and Controlling Behaviors in Heterosexual Relationships: The Role of Employment and Alcohol Use for Women and Their Partners

The purpose of this study is to examine the role of economic resources, status compatibility, and alcohol consumption on forms of nonphysical abuse, such as controlling and emotional abuse. Specifically, we focus on the connections between women's employment, the employment of their partners, alcohol use, and women's risk of abuse in intimate relationships. We hypothesize that women in intimate relationships with men will experience more emotional abuse to the extent that they are economically vulnerable. Moreover, abuse should increase if their employment status, in relation to that of their partner, challenges the man's marital power. Moreover, alcohol use by women and/or their partners is also predicted to be associated with emotional abuse. We find some support for assertions that socioeconomic deprivation, as well as challenges to men's masculinity, is associated with emotionally abusive male partners. However, the prevalence and amount of alcohol use by the male partner stands out as the most consis...
Effect of Mg++ and polyamines on proflavine binding to T2 DNA.

Proflavine binding may be used as a probe of the environment and interactions of DNA. In this paper we report the effects of the divalent cations Mg++ and putrescine and the trivalent cation spermidine on the proflavine–Na DNA binding equilibrium. Difference spectroscopy at 430 nm was used to determine apparent proflavine–DNA binding constants K at several concentrations of each cation for temperatures between 15 and 43°C, and at a constant total ionic strength of 0.1M. Mg++, putrescine, and spermidine all have greater effects on K than expected on the basis of ionic strength alone in the order spermidine > Mg++ ≳ putrescine. van't Hoff analysis of K(T) enabled calculation of ΔH° and ΔS°, which are affected differently by each cation. These differences are discussed qualitatively in terms of such concepts as release of condensed counterions, localized or unlocalized condensation, hydration, and restriction of molecular and internal rotation.
How broad are our broader impacts? An analysis of the National Science Foundation's Ecosystem Studies Program and the Broader Impacts requirement

The National Science Foundation (NSF) has tried to narrow the gap between science and society with its Broader Impacts criterion. We analyzed the proposed Broader Impacts (ie the activities that benefit society through teaching, broadening participation, enhancing infrastructure, and disseminating research) of proposals funded by NSF's Ecosystem Studies Program. We obtained abstracts from 296 funded proposals from NSF's website and characterized the scope of the proposed Broader Impacts (2000–2009). Only 65% of abstracts included a Broader Impacts statement and, of those, 57 (19%) included just one of five NSF broader impacts activities (BIAs). The most frequent component was teaching and training (37%), followed by broad dissemination (22%), infrastructure enhancement (18%), benefits to society (13%), and underrepresented groups (11%). Most proposed audiences were small (61%) to medium-sized (32%) and were closely associated with academics. NSF as a whole, and Program Officers in the Ecosystem Studies Pr...
Design and Analysis for Drug Abuse Potential Studies: Issues and Strategies for Implementing a Crossover Design

It is important to conduct a drug abuse potential study for a new drug that may have potential to be abused. The acute dose-effect comparisons of the test, positive control, and placebo treatments are often performed on healthy volunteers with histories of drug abuse in drug abuse clinical trials. Because of large between-subject variability in the endpoint measurements based on self-evaluated responses and the difficulty in recruiting appropriate study subjects; the designs for such studies are typically crossover, with self-control. In this article, design issues and statistical analysis issues are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of currently used study designs are discussed. Some new ideas for improving existing designs are proposed.
Adaptive Spill-Receive for robust high-performance caching in CMPs

In a Chip Multi-Processor (CMP) with private caches, the last level cache is statically partitioned between all the cores. This prevents such CMPs from sharing cache capacity in response to the requirement of individual cores. Capacity sharing can be provided in private caches by spilling a line evicted from one cache to another cache. However, naively allowing all caches to spill evicted lines to other caches have limited performance benefit as such spilling does not take into account which cores benefit from extra capacity and which cores can provide extra capacity. This paper proposes Dynamic Spill-Receive (DSR) for efficient capacity sharing. In a DSR architecture, each cache uses Set Dueling to learn whether it should act as a “spiller cache” or “receiver cache” for best overall performance. We evaluate DSR for a Quad-core system with 1MB private caches using 495 multi-programmed workloads. DSR improves average throughput by 18% (weighted-speedup by 13% and harmonic-mean fairness metric by 36%) compared to no spilling. DSR requires a total storage overhead of less than two bytes per core, does not require any changes to the existing cache structure, and is scalable to a large number of cores (16 in our evaluation). Furthermore, we propose a simple extension of DSR that provides Quality of Service (QoS) by guaranteeing that the worst-case performance of each application remains similar to that with no spilling, while still providing an average throughput improvement of 17.5%.
A Dental Hygienist Who’s A Lakota Sioux Calls For New Mid-Level Dental Providers

High rates of tooth decay and gum disease plague her native Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, along with the rest of Indian Country.
Domain decomposition and multi-scale finite elements for electromagnetic analysis of integrated electronic systems

A finite element methodology is presented for computer-aided analysis and design of the interconnect and power distribution network of integrated, packaged electronic systems. The concept of multi-scale finite elements is introduced to describe the generalization of the traditional finite element, understood as a small finite volume of the computational domain over which the unknown field quantity is approximated in terms of interpolate polynomial functions, to a generalized, electromagnetic behavior-baring, scaleable, mathematical macro-model, which captures the electromagnetic response of a sub-region of the computational domain, in a manner seamlessly compatible with the finite element modeling infrastructure. Such generalized finite elements, combined with a domain decomposition methodology suitable for multi-layered electronic substrate electromagnetic modeling, help enhance the modeling versatility and applicability of finite elements to integrated electronic system modeling.
Toward a Future for Christian Higher Education: Learning from the Past, Looking to the Future

AbstractThis article does not attempt to address the many and varied changes currently facing Christian higher education, but seeks to provide a framework for thinking about the future that is grounded in the church's heritage and tradition. Believing that the secular culture is indifferent to the Christian faith and that the Christ world tends to be confused about its heritage and beliefs, the article proposes that the Christian tradition, informed by the Nicene Creed, offers a hopeful way forward.At the heart of Christian higher education is a calling to prepare a new generation of Christians to think Christianly, to engage the culture and the academy, to serve society, and to renew connections with the church and its mission. Contending that limiting Christ-centeredness to the sphere of personal piety or activism is minimalistic and inadequate, the article also suggests that any attempt to envision a faithful Christian higher education for the future that is not tightly tethered to the great Christian ...
Hiding with Words: Obfuscation, Avoidance, and Federal Jurisdiction Opinions

This article summarizes Professor Little's empirical study of linguistic devices appearing in the holdings of United States Supreme Court opinions. The linguistic devices scrutinized are those likely to obfuscate the meaning of communication. Comparing the holdings of federal jurisdiction opinions with those of "merits" decisions, Professor Little found that more obfuscatory devides appeared in the federal jurisdiction decisions. This finding supports federal jurisdiction scholars' view that Supreme Court Justices take license with jurisdiction rulings in order to disguise decisions on the merits of disputes, control the development of constitutional rights, or avoid difficult legal issues.
Climate Change and Collective Violence.

Climate change is causing increases in temperature, changes in precipitation and extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and other environmental impacts. It is also causing or contributing to heat-...
A New Thermionic Cathode Based on Carbon Nanotubes with a Thin Layer of Low Work Function Barium Strontium Oxide Surface Coating

We have created a thermionic cathode structure that consists of a thin tungsten ribbon; carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the ribbon surface; and a thin layer of low work function barium strontium oxide coating on the CNTs. This oxide coated CNT cathode was designed to combine the benefits from the high field enhancement factor from CNTs and the low work function from the emissive oxide coating. The field emission and thermionic emission properties of the cathode have been characterized. A field enhancement factor of 266 and a work function of 1.9 eV were obtained. At 1221 K, a thermionic emission current density of 1.22A/cm 2 in an electric field of 1.1 V/μm was obtained, which is four orders of magnitude greater than the emission current density from the uncoated CNT cathode at the same temperature. The high emission current density at such a modest temperature is among the best ever reported for an oxide cathode.
Ultrastructure of Buschke-Loewenstein Tumor

AbstractA 44-year-old man suffered a Busehke-Loewenstein tumor that was treated by distal penectomy. Ultrastructurally, this tumor showed widened intercellular spaces, prominent microvilli, decreased numbers of and incompletely developed desmosomes, decreased tonofilaments, cytoplasmic dense bodies, enlarged nucleoli and annular nuclear bodies. These ultrastructural features are quite similar to those of squamous carcinoma but are dissimilar to those of condyloma acuminatum and, to a lesser extent, verrucous carcinoma. These data suggest that electron microscopy may be useful in differentiating the neoplastic Busehke-Loewenstein tumor from large condyloma acuminatum.
Making Marketing Strategy More Corporate

Marketing strategy has not kept up with the evolution in corporate strategic management. Marketing strategies tend to be designed and executed at the business and functional levels of the organization. Marketing endeavors have not been integrated well to the mission and goals of the firm, and corporate strategy has overlooked marketing because of corporate planning’s predominate “domain" orientation. Marketing must take on a more corporate “navigational" role and use the inherent strategic elements of the marketing mix to establish corporate-wide “corporate marketing strategy."
Differential distribution and functional impact of BK channel beta1 subunits across mesenteric, coronary, and different cerebral arteries of the rat.

Large conductance, Ca2+ i- and voltage-gated K+ (BK) channels regulate myogenic tone and, thus, arterial diameter. In smooth muscle (SM), BK channels include channel-forming α and auxiliary β1 subunits. BK β1 increases the channel’s Ca2+ sensitivity, allowing BK channels to negatively feedback on depolarization-induced Ca2+ entry, oppose SM contraction and favor vasodilation. Thus, endothelial-independent vasodilation can be evoked though targeting of SM BK β1 by endogenous ligands, including lithocholate (LCA). Here, we investigated the expression of BK β1 across arteries of the cerebral and peripheral circulations, and the contribution of such expression to channel function and BK β1-mediated vasodilation. Data demonstrate that endothelium-independent, BK β1-mediated vasodilation by LCA is larger in coronary (CA) and basilar (BA) arteries than in anterior cerebral (ACA), middle cerebral (MCA), posterior cerebral (PCA), and mesenteric (MA) arteries, all arterial segments having a similar diameter. Thus, differential dilation occurs in extracranial arteries which are subjected to similar vascular pressure (CA vs. MA) and in arteries that irrigate different brain regions (BA vs. ACA, MCA, and PCA). SM BK channels from BA and CA displayed increased basal activity and LCA responses, indicating increased BK β1 functional presence. Indeed, in the absence of detectable changes in BK α, BA and CA myocytes showed an increased location of BK β1 in the plasmalemma/subplasmalemma. Moreover, these myocytes distinctly showed increased BK β1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. Supporting a major role of enhanced BK β1 transcripts in artery dilation, LCA-induced dilation of MCA transfected with BK β1 complementary DNA (cDNA) was as high as LCA-induced dilation of untransfected BA or CA.
Ge doping of β-Ga2O3 films grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

The Ge doping of β-Ga2O3(010) films was investigated using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy as the growth method. The dependences of the amount of Ge incorporated on the substrate temperature, Ge-cell temperature, and growth regime were studied by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The electron concentration and mobility were investigated using Van der Pauw Hall patterns. Hall measurement confirmed that Ge acts as an n-dopant in β-Ga2O3(010) films. These results were compared with similar films doped by Sn. The Hall data showed an improved electron mobility for the same electron concentration when Ge is used instead of Sn as the dopant.
Dark matter and cosmology

Abstract The cosmological dark matter problem is reviewed. The Big Bang Nucleosynthesis constraints on the baryon density are compared with the densities implied by visible matter, dark halos, dynamics of clusters, gravitational lenses, large-scale velocity flows, and the Ω = 1 flatness/inflation argument. It is shown that (1) the majority of baryons are dark; and (2) non-baryonic dark matter is probably required on large scales. It is also noted that halo dark matter could be either baryonic or non-baryonic. Descrimination between “cold” and “hot” non-baryonic candidates is shown to depend on the assumed “seeds” that stimulate structure formation. Gaussian density fluctuations, such as those induced by quantum fluctuations, favor cold dark matter, whereas topological defects such as strings, textures or domain walls may work equally or better with hot dark matter. A possible connection between cold dark matter, globular cluster ages and the Hubble constant is mentioned. Recent large-scale structure measurements, coupled with microwave anisotropy limits, are shown to raise some questions for the previously favored density fluctuation picture. Accelerator and underground limits on dark matter candidates are also reviewed.
The Art of Words: Ekphrasis in Action!.

Imagine the reaction of a classroom full of 3rd-grade students when shown Frida Kahlo's Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird (1940). Aside from the initial gasps and giggles, some of t...
Scholarly attention and the limited internationalization of US social science

What parts of the world does American social science consider worthy of scholarly attention? Analyzing the geographic focus of more than 2 million bibliographic records of journal articles, books, and dissertations, the study finds a weak trend toward internationalization of US social-scientific attention over the past half-century. Moreover, the share of scholarly attention devoted to particular regions has remained surprisingly stable over this period, with Western Europe remaining the primary focus of internationally-oriented work. Shifts in US national security priorities, international trade, student demand, and demographic characteristics account for only a small portion of the variation in the rate of social-scientific publications on world regions, lending credibility to the view that scholarly attention is shaped in large part by inertia that is built into academic institutions and cultures.
Retrovirus-Based Surrogate Systems for BSL-2 High-Throughput Screening of Antivirals Targeting BSL-3/4 Hemorrhagic Fever-Causing Viruses

The majority of viruses causing hemorrhagic fever in humans are Risk Group 3 or 4 pathogens and, therefore, can only be handled in biosafety level 3 or 4 (BSL-3/4) containment laboratories. The restricted number of such laboratories, the substantial financial requirements to maintain them, and safety concerns for the laboratory workers pose formidable challenges for rapid medical countermeasure discovery and evaluation. BSL-2 surrogate systems are a less challenging, cheap, and fast alternative to the use of live high-consequence viruses for dissecting and targeting individual steps of viral lifecycles with a diminished threat to the laboratory worker. Typical surrogate systems are virion-like particles (VLPs), transcriptionally active ("infectious") VLPs, minigenome systems, recombinant heterotypic viruses encoding proteins of target viruses, and vesiculoviral or retroviral pseudotype systems. Here, we outline the use of retroviral pseudotypes for identification of antivirals against BSL-4 pathogens.
The Physician and His Servant in the Croxton Play of the Sacrament

The Croxton Play of the Sacrament features a physician who has regularly been characterized as a quack and buffoon. This paper combines the play’s historical and cultural context with a close reading of the text to argue that the doctor himself is a legitimate medical practitioner; the combined clowning of his servant and the foolishness of his patient make the physician appear comical. By considering possible performance choices and the relationship of the audience to the play’s action, I suggest a more complex reading of a scene and character that have previously been too readily dismissed.
Long-Term Satisfaction and Patient-Centered Outcomes of Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease

Bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective and proven treatment option for patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD). Long-term outcomes (>5 years) have demonstrated sustained improvement in objective motor symptoms; however, few studies have evaluated patient-centered outcomes other than quality of life (QOL). A locally developed DBS-patient-centered outcomes questionnaire was administered to PD patients >5 years post-DBS. All questions were scored on a ten-point scale, whereby 0 represented the most ‘positive’ answer and 10 the most ‘negative’ answer. Pre-operative scales were repeated at the time of survey. Fifty-two patients (mean 8.2 ± 2.6 years post-DBS) were included. Satisfaction was high with median score (range) of 1/10 (0–8) at the time of survey. Patients endorsed having made the correct decision by undergoing DBS, with a score of 0 (0–10), would choose to have DBS again, with a score of 0 (0–10), and would recommend DBS to others, with a score of 0 (0–10). Pre-operative expectation target was set at a high level with a score of 2 (0–10). Parkinson’s Disease QOL (PDQ-39) Questionnaire Summary Index (SI) scores were, mean (SD), 2.1 (18.2) above baseline (p = 0.44). Those with worsening in PDQ-39-SI scores had less satisfaction with DBS (rs = 0.57, p ≤ 0.0001). This is the first study to assess long-term patient satisfaction with STN DBS. We are currently collecting data prospectively to confirm the results of these preliminary findings.
Identidade de grupo, criatividade individual e geração simbólica na diáspora Bakongo

Arqueoogos tem recuperado uma variedade de objetos que aparentemente foram utilizados com propositos religiosos por ocupates de sitios afro-americanos datados entre o final do seculo dezessete ao seculo XIX na America do Norte.