cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Alouette Satellite Results

The Alouette satellite was originally planned as a topside sounder for measurement of the ionosphere electron density from above. The relation between the energetic particle flux striking the upper atmosphere and the ionosphere is so close that a proposal to include a package of particle detectors in the satellite was accepted as a primary experiment in the early stages of planning. In this paper some of the results obtained from this energetic particle package will be presented. A complete review of the results of measurements from Alouette, including both ionosphere and energetic particle information, would be out of the question in a short paper and even the data to be presented here are limited to only a fraction of that which could be made available. The satellite has been phenomenally successful. It was the first satellite to be designed and built in a country other than the U.S. A. or Russia and the policy of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration in giving such an opportunity to other countries is appreciated.
Dance.Draw: exquisite interaction

We present a light-weight, low-cost, portable system for interactive dance performances in which projected visualizations reflect the dancers' movements in real-time. This project has spawned a new and exciting collaboration between dance and technology at UNC Charlotte.
Increased risk of xerophthalmia following diarrhea and respiratory disease.

Vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia are major public health problems throughout much of the developing world. Perhaps 5 million or more children develop xerophthalmia every year of whom 1/4 million go blind. Children with mild xerophthalmia die at 4-16 times the rate of their nonxerophthalmic peers. Vitamin A supplementation of children at large may reduce mortality by at least 1/3. Given the size and significance of the problem of vitamin A deficiency and the limited resources presently available to combat it recognition of contributory factors or conditions that identify children at increased risk would allow targeting of intervention activities for greater efficiency and effectiveness. In this study preschool-age rural Indonesian children were reexamined every 3 months for 18 months. An average of 3228 were free of xerophthalmia at the examination initiating each of the 6 3 month follow-up intervals. Children with respiratory disease and/or a recent history of diarrhea at the start of an interval developed xerophthalmia by the end of the interval at more than twice the rate of their healthier peers (p<0.05) independent of anthropometric status. It appears that vitamin A deficiency and infections especially diarrhea and respiratory disease can establish a vicious cycle that induces and perpetuates ocular and systemic disease.
Resource Allocation and Object Displays

Object displays are receiving increasing interest due to their potential contribution to display designs and to the understanding of basic visual attention mechanisms. The aim of the present research is to develop a more in depth understanding of the attention mechanisms involved in object perception. Multidimensional information was presented in the form of an object that was defined by its color, form, and size. Subjects' ability to divide and focus attention on a specific dimension of the object were examined as a function of (a) the number of irrelevant varying dimensions, (b) the uncertainty of the relevant dimension, and (c) the number of objects that the subjects simultaneously attend to. Two possible mechanisms by which processing resources can be allocated among the dimensions of an object were explored. Three task conditions with various degrees of irrelevant information were presented in a single or dual object display. The task was to identify one of the dimensions as quickly and as accurately...
Adolescents’ Social Reasoning About Relational Aggression

We examined early adolescents’ reasoning about relational aggression, and the links that their reasoning has to their own relationally aggressive behavior. Thinking about relational aggression was compared to thinking about physical aggression, conventional violations, and personal behavior. In individual interviews, adolescents (N = 103) rated the acceptability of relational aggression, physical aggression, conventional violations, and personal behavior, and justified their ratings. Results indicated that adolescents’ views about relational aggression are complex. Although gossip was viewed as very wrong (comparable to beliefs about physical aggression), exclusion was perceived to be somewhat acceptable (less wrong than conventional violations, but more wrong than personal behaviors). With regard to associations between beliefs about aggression and aggressive behavior, the results indicated that beliefs about gossip were associated with gossiping behavior, and that beliefs about physical aggression were associated with physically aggressive behavior. No links emerged between beliefs about exclusion and exclusionary behavior. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed within the frameworks of social domain theory and social information processing models of aggressive behavior.
Existence, uniqueness and stability of the stationary solution to a nonlocal evolution equation arising in population dispersal

This paper is concerned with a nonlocal evolution equation which is used to model the spatial dispersal of organisms. We study the existence, uniqueness and stability of the positive steady solution for this nonlocal evolution equation under general conditions. The global dynamics are also investigated and a trichotomy of the global asymptotics is established.
The fidelity of protein synthesis: can mischarging by aspartyl-tRNAAsp synthetase lead to the formation of isoaspartyl residues in proteins?

Abstract We have tested the hypotesis that isoaspartic acid residues in proteins can arise via errors that occur during protein synthesis. One such error involves a mischarging step in which the aspartic acid side-chain β-carboxyl group is linked to the tRNAAsp instead of the main chain α-carboxyl group. If this altered Asp-tRNAAsp is a substrate for the ribosomal elongation reactions, a polypeptide will be made with an isoaspartic acid, or β-linkage, in which the peptide chain is branched at the side chain of the aspartic acid residue. Using an ammonium sulfate fraction of aspartyl-tRNAAsp synthetase from Escherichia coli and [3H]aspartic acid, we have prepared [3H]aspartyl-tRNAAsp complexes and directly analyzed the linkage of the [3H]aspartate to the tRNA by identifying the products of ammonolysis. Normal attachment of the α-carboxyl group of aspartate to the tRNA produces [3H]isoasparagine, while the mischarging reaction leads to [3H]asparagine formation after ammonolysis. We have separated [3H]isoasparagine from [3H]asparagine and found an upper limit of 1 asparagine per 10000 isoasparagines. These results show that the bacterial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase can very accurately distinguish between the α- and β-carboxyl groups of aspartic acid and suggest that only a very small fraction of the isoaspartic acid residues found to occur in cellular proteins may be the result of mischarging steps.
Corporate Strategies and the Decline of Transit in U.S. Cities

Demonstrates some of the links among economic development, social class formation, city growth and transportation. In particular it is shown that urban transportation development in the United States (US) in many ways has been under the strong influence or control (directly or indirectly) of profit-seeking corporations. Corporate control has affected public choices, contributed to transit problems and retarded the development of more effective public transit.
An analysis of distal dominance in the regenerating limb of the axolotl.

La regeneration d'une patte (Ambystoma mexicanum) n'est pas empechee par la presence d'une greffe d'une patte sur la surface d'amputation d'un membre hote. La greffe d'une patte cependant articule avec le regenerat hote a un niveau homologue le long de l'axe du membre.
Crystal and Molecular Structure of 6-Methyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)-(6H)-imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-one

The title compound (C 8 H 6 F 3 N 3 O) crystallizes as colorless plates, triclinic, a = 10.916(2) A, b = 11.140(1) A, c = 8.368(1) A, α = 95.938(9)°, β = 105.24(1)°, γ = 64.843(9)°, V = 888.6(2) A 3 , Z = 4, D cale = = 1.623g/cm 3 , space group P 1. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by the full-matrix least-squares method (R = 0.047).
High resolution multiparticle tracking without preprocessing via elastic tracking

Abstract Elastic tracking (ET) is applied to the problem of tracking noisy overlapping tracks in visual and electronic detectors. The method avoids the necessity of local preprocessing to find track centroids and utilizes global information provided by the detector to resolve small momentum differences between multiple overlapping tracks for applications such as pion interferometry.
Use of Delphi Methodology to Assess Goals and Social Impacts of a Watershed Project

: The major objective is to report the way the Delphi methodology was employed in an environmental study aimed at identifying and ranking goals and social impacts of Cooper Dam and Reservoir Project located in the East Texas area. The Delphi procedures were modified to accommodate the nature of social field under study. Data were collected through personal interviews from twenty-seven respondents representing the government agency responsible for planning the Project and three communities geographically contiguous to the project. The respondents were provided an initial list of the Project's goals and social impacts and were asked to rank them in terms of degree of importance and to add to the list other goals and impacts that they would consider necessary. Respondents were interviewed in two successive rounds. Data show that on the whole the Delphi procedures were helpful in action analysis of the Project by identifying and ranking its goals and social impacts in terms of selected criteria.
Culture of Non-Genital Sites Increases the Detection of Gonorrhea in Women

Abstract Study Objectives Although gonorrhea may infect the cervix, rectum, or pharynx of women, culturing non-cervical sites is rare outside of sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics. This study aims to compare rectal and pharyngeal gonorrhea prevalence in adolescent and adult women and to calculate the percentage of cases that would be missed with cervical culture alone. Design Retrospective review of two laboratory databases. Setting STD clinic (2006–2007) and urban children's hospital (2003–2007). Participants Adolescent women (age 14–21, n = 16,039) in the hospital database; adolescent (n=525) and adult (age >21) women (n = 1424) in the STD database. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of gonorrhea by group and culture source. Results Cervical plus additional culture was performed in 76% of adult STD, 52% of adolescent STD, and 2% of adolescent hospital samples. Pharyngeal gonorrhea prevalence in the adolescent hospital (3.5%) was similar to adolescent STD (6.8%, P = 0.1) and adult STD (2.5%, P = 0.4) samples. Rectal gonorrhea prevalence in adolescent hospital (2.9%) was lower than adolescent STD (13.4%, P = 0.01) but not adult STD (5.2%, P = 0.6) samples. Pharyngeal gonorrhea occurred in 0.6–3.4% and rectal gonorrhea in 0–2.7% of women with a negative cervical culture. Culturing only the cervix missed 20–40% of adult STD, 14–26% of adolescent STD, and 11% of adolescent hospital infected cases. Conclusions Pharyngeal gonorrhea is as high in adolescent women from a children's hospital as in adult women from an STD clinic. Without pharyngeal culture, 11–26% of infected adolescent women would be missed. Increased pharyngeal testing may impact the gonorrhea epidemic among adolescent women.
Biological implications of tumor cells in blood and bone marrow of pancreatic cancer patients.

Background. Patients with pancreatic cancer often have tumor recurrence despite curative resection. Cancer cells detected in blood or bone marrow at the time of diagnosis may relate to tumor stage and to prognosis. Recent research emphasis has centered on tumor cells in bone marrow aspirates, but whether these represent early micrometastases or blood-borne cells in transit is unknown. Patients and Methods. We developed a specific immunocytochemical assay that evaluated more than 5.3 × 106 extracted mononuclear cells per sample of blood and bone marrow and that could identify a single tumor cell in that population. The assay was applied to samples of blood and bone marrow from 105 patients with pancreatic cancer and 66 controls. The prevalence of isolated tumor cells was compared with Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) stage. A multivariate Cox regression analysis for survival was performed. Results. Pancreatic cancer cells were detected in 26% of blood samples and in 24% of bone marrow specimens. Specificity for cancer was 96%. The prevalence of isolated tumor cells in patients with proven resectable cancer was 9% in blood and 13% in bone marrow. The prevalence increased with UICC tumor stage in blood ( P =.04) but not in bone marrow (P =.52) and correlated in blood with resectability (P =.02), progression of disease (P=.08), and peritoneal dissemination (P =.003). While survival correlated significantly with tumor stage (P <.001) and isolated tumor cells in blood correlated with tumor stage, the finding of cancer cells in blood or bone marrow, or both, was not independently associated with survival in patients with pancreatic cancer. Conclusions. Isolated tumor cells in blood but not bone marrow reflect the stage of growth and spread of pancreatic cancer, particularly in the peritoneal cavity. The findings are consistent with cells in bone marrow aspirates being in transit, not implanted. These disseminated cancer cells may be the consequence, rather than the cause, of progression. (Surgery 2001;129:537-46.)
Plasma spray coatings for producing next-generation supported membranes

Ceramic systems as membranes play a critical role in synthesis gas production as well as gas separation technologies. This paper presents, the potential for thermal spray technology in natural gas-related programs, with a special emphasis on the production of ceramic membranes for oxygen gas separation processes. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings were deposited under different environments (air and vacuum) resulting in altered pore and crack distributions introduced during the spray process. We report on the characterization of these coatings using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and ultrasmall-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) to explain the different pore structures observed for the two coating conditions. A quantitative representation of the microstructural features in these coatings is presented in terms of porosity, anisotropic void surface area and pore size distribution. Also, thermal and mechanical properties, complemented with impedance spectroscopy measurements, help understand coating behavior. Such comprehensive characterization, coupled with property measurements of the coatings, successfully demonstrates the potential of thermal spray technology in membrane production.
Scanning electron microscopy of Eimeria tenella infection and subsequent repair in chicken caeca.

Abstract The progressive tissue damage during an Eimeria tenella infection and the subsequent repair processes of the caecal mucosa were observed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Distinct ridges began to form around the collars about the third day post-infection (PI) in the mid caecal pouch and the distal tip of the caeca. These ridges persisted until the 6th day PI in the tip of the caeca. Damaged tissue had sloughed by the 8th day PI and there was some indication of early repair. Initially, new epithelial cells emerged from the crypts to cover the damaged tissue and simultaneously epithelial cells migrated from the undamaged tissue across the injured area. Repair of the damaged tissue was usually completed by the 21st day for the distal tip and later for the mid caecal pouch. The process of repair in the caeca was similar to healing in the mammalian small intestine and surface epithelial wounds.
An evaluation of type-10 homograph discrimination at the semi-colon level in Roget's International Thesaurus

This paper reports the results of evaluating a large sample of the 23,858 type-10 homographs found in Roget's International Thesaurus (3rd Ed.) as defined by the Bryan Model of abstract thesauri, of which Roget's is an instantiation. According to the Bryan model, two different entries in a thesaurus that have the same spelling are homographs (semantically unrelated) if and only if they cannot be the endpoints of a sequence of entries called a type-10 chain. The Bryan definition of a type-10 homograph has not been tested thoroughly until recently because of the combinatorial complexity associated with a direct application of the definition to a large instantiation such as Roget's. However, in 1989, the authors were able to decompose Roget's in into its type-10 components, and as a result, generate all 23,858 type-10 homographs at the semi-colon category level.The principal result is that Bryan's definition of homographs by type-10 semantic disjunction does not appear to work uniformly over a broad range of entries in Roget's when the selected semantic category is the semi-colon group. Although there are many cases where type-10 homographs agree with conventional classifications, in general type-10 discrimination at the semi-colon level “over discriminates” in that it generates many more homographs than are found in standard English language dictionaries.
Drug effects on discrimination performance at two levels of stimulus control.

The effects of several doses of d-amphetamine, chlordiazepoxide (CDP), chlorpromazine (CPZ), LSD, pentobarbital, and scopolamine were examined in rats trained to respond to the brighter of two keys. On each of the 100 trials during a daily session, the rat pressed the key that was brighter (correct key) and received a food pellet, or pressed the incorrect key and terminated the trial without food, or pressed neither key for 10 s, allowing the trial to terminate. Within a session, trials were mixed randomly such that on 50 trials the incorrect key was not lit (easy trials,) and on 50 trials the incorrect key was dimly lit (difficult trials). Amphetamine (0.5–2.0 mg/kg) reduced percent correct responses, with a greater effect of difficult than on easy trials. CDP (4.0–16.0 mg/kh) and pentobarbital (2.0–16.0 mg/kg) reduced percent correct responses on the difficult trials at the highest doses tested. Scopolamine (0.12–1.0 mg/kg) reduced both percent correct (more so on the difficult trials) and percent of trials on which a response was made, in a dose-related fashion. CPZ (1.0–4.0 mg/kg) reduced trial responding at 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg and reduced percent correct on the difficult trials at 4.0 mg/kg. LSD (0.08–0.32 mg/kh) did not significantly alter behavior in this study.
Twilight in the Valley of the Sun: Nonprofit Arts and Culture Programs in Arizona's Public Schools Post-No Child Left Behind.

This study explores the presence and impact of nonprofit arts and culture programs in partnership with Arizona's public schools. Arts and culture offerings are limited by many facets of the educational system, including the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), as evidenced by researchers and participants' responses in this study. The author argues that arts and culture should not be permitted to disappear from schools. Community leaders and policymakers should continue to invest in the arts and culture educational programs offered by nonprofit organizations and, with public support, should enact sound public and educational policies to support arts and culture in communities and schools.
Lung tumor induction in strain A mice with benzotrichloride

Benzotrichloride (BTC) is used in the synthesis of benzoyl chloride and benzoyl peroxide. Epidemiological data suggest that BTC is a human lung carcinogen. In the present study, BTC was evaluated for its ability to induce lung adenomas in strain A/J mice. Four groups of 15 male and 15 female A/J mice were injected i.p. with either tricaprylin or BTC in tricaprylin three times a week for 8 weeks. BTC groups received doses totaling 1440 mg/kg, 719 mg/kg or 287 mg/kg. The mean number of lung tumors per mouse was 127 87 +/- 5.81, 43 +/- 2.44, and 17.73 +/- 1.09 in the groups treated with either 1440 mg/kg, 719 mg/kg, or 287 mg/kg, respectively. Tricaprylin-vehicle controls had a mean number of 0.46 +/- 0.15 lung tumors per mouse. Therefore, BTC produced a significant (P less than 0.001) and dose-related increase in the lung tumor response when compared to tricaprylin controls and is a potent carcinogen in the strain A mouse lung tumor bioassay.
Water-in-Oil Emulsifying Agents: VII. An Improved Method of Evaluating Emulsifying Efficiencies

The ability of normal esters of 3α-carboxy-Δ5-cholestene, normal esters of 3α-(hydroxymethyl)-Δ5-cholestene and steroid hydroxystearic acid esters to potentiate the emulsifying efficiency of cholesterol in petrolatum has been studied. A comparison of the emulsifying ability of some derived steroids to that of cholesterol has been made. The nature of the quantal response occurring in connection with the procedure used for these studies has been recognized and the Litchfield-Wilcoxon method for the statistical evaluation of such responses has been applied.
Laser in situ keratomileusis in a patient with congenital nystagmus.

We report the results of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) to correct myopia in a 47-year-old woman with congenital motor nystagmus and myopia. The patient had simultaneous bilateral LASIK using the Alcon-Summit-Autonomous LADARVision® excimer laser. Her uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) preoperatively was 20/600 in the right eye and 20/800 in the left eye; best corrected visual acuity was 20/40 in both eyes. Twelve months after bilateral LASIK, with an enhancement procedure in both eyes at 4 months, UCVA was 20/40 in both eyes. Corneal topography showed well-centered ablation zones.
AUDITORY MASKING EFFECTS ON LINGUAL VIBROTACTILE THRESHOLDS

Lingual vibrotactile testing is a procedure employed to evaluate the integrity of the tactile sensory system of the human tongue. In this procedure, vibration is used as the stimulus mode allowing for manipulation and quantification of stimulus parameters such as frequency, intensity, and duration. These stimulus parameters have been investigated to determine their influence on lingual vibrotactile threshold measurement. Fucci, Hall, and Weiner (1971) looked at thresholds obtained on the.lip, tongue, and palmar surface within the frequency range of 60 to 600 Hz; Hall, Fucci, and Arnst (1972) examined the psychophysical methods of limits and adjustment; and Fucci, Arnst, Telage, and McCaffrey ( 1973) compared ascending and descending thresholds using pulsed and continuous stimulation. The cumulative results of these early procedural studies have indicated that the most sensitive vibrotactile test paradigm involves the ascending, pulsed stimulus presentation within the frequency range of 250 to 500 Hz. These types of studies have also shown that altering the methods by which vibrotactile thresholds are obrained will considerably change threshold measurements. To date, a critical procedural factor relatively ignored in the vibrotactile literature is the standard use of auditory masking during testing. Bilateral auditory masking is typically incorporated in the vibrotactile testing procedure simultaneously with the presentation of the vibratory stimulus. Since the vibratory stimulus being generated is the function of a pure tone, it is, depending on the intensity being delivered, very often an audible signal. This being the case, it has been a concern that perhaps the signal would be perceived by the subjects as an auditory rather than a tactile experience. Another concern about the signal audibility is that it may in itself serve as a cue to the presence of the vibratory stimulus and lead to false responses. To eliminate the possibility that the signal would be perceived as auditory rather than tactile, experimenters have presented bilateral auditory masking simultaneously with the vibratory stimulus.
Mathematical modeling of pulsing flow in large trickle beds

A crossflow model for pulsing flow in a trickle bed of large cross section is presented. The trickle bed is idealized as being made up of pulses and the trickling flow region surrounding these pulses. Assuming the macroscopic gas flow around the pulses to be irrotational and the pulses to contain only liquid, the model equations are derived. An analysis of the model and comparison with the experimental results of Christensen (1986) reveals that the irrotational flow model underestimates the pulse velocity for realistic pulse shapes. This can be attributed to the underestimation by the model of the drag exerted by the trickling region on the pulses. By dropping the irrotational flow assumption and viewing the model as semiempirical, a single parameter characterizing the magnitude of this drag is estimated from the pulse velocity data. When this estimated value for this parameter is employed, the model predicts the average pressure gradient data reasonably well.
Drug hypersensitivity causing organizing eosinophilic pneumonia in a pediatric patient.

Abstract Objective To describe a relatively rare hypersentivity reaction with pulmonary manifestations in a pediatric patient. Data sources Electronic medical records. Study selection Patient treatment in the pediatric critical care unit. Data extraction and synthesis Electronic medical records. Conclusions Eosinophilic pneumonias are rare in the pediatric population. Peripheral eosinophilia is not necessary to make the diagnosis. Bronchoalveolar lavage is the diagnostic study of choice. Lung biopsies are rarely needed to make the diagnosis. The treatment of choice is steroids. If steroids fail to improve the patient's condition, consider IVIG, and cyclosporine A.
Choices of parenthood.

The blatant but possibly unconscious male supremacism expressed by Hardin brings out an important consideration about institution of limitations to the right of parenthood. I can see no justification for a reproductive limitation applicable to the female alone since a number of equitable plans can be devised with respect to male parental responsibility. For example I suggest that male parental responsibility might be established at any time from before conception to shortly after birth by mutual consent of a male and the female bearing the child. Both persons would then have equal responsibility and rights with respect to the child and both would approach by one their individual reproductive limits attainment of which would result in mandatory sterilization. If the mother failed to establish paternal responsibility she would lose her right to the child (to be taken over be a governmental agency for adoption or rearing) and would have her reproductive allowance reduced by one. Such a plan would promote responsibility in parenthood on the part of both sexes. Although any form of mandatory reproductive limitation would meet with considerable resistance discriminatory application of such limitation to any selected segment of mankind (as proposed by Hardin) would guarantee and in my opinion justify tremendous additional opposition.(Full text)
Quality control in resource recovery

Abstract Statistical quality control of the output of a resource recovery plant was investigated. The principles and uses of quality control charts for this application are presented and procedures for starting a quality control program are discussed. Quality control is a tool to help the resource recovery plant manager meet specifications necessary to market the output. As examples, samples of shredded waste and aluminum-can waste were taken at the pilot plant of the National Center for Resource Recovery, Inc. These were analyzed for weight, density, and content of pickable contaminants. Control chart examples are drawn using the data.
Crystallographic characterization of 12-helical secondary structure in β-peptides containing side chain groups.

Helices are the most extensively studied secondary structures formed by β-peptide foldamers. Among the five known β-peptide helices, the 12-helix is particularly interesting because the internal hydrogen bond orientation and macrodipole are analogous to those of α-peptide helices (α-helix and 310-helix). The β-peptide 12-helix is defined by i, i+3 C=O…H-N backbone hydrogen bonds and promoted by β-residues with a five-membered ring constraint. The 12-helical scaffold has been used to generate β-peptides with specific biological functions, for which diverse side chains must be properly placed along the backbone and, upon folding, properly arranged in space. Only two crystal structures of 12-helical β-peptides have previously been reported, both for homooligomers of trans-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC). Here we report five additional crystal structures of 12-helical β-peptides, all containing residues that bear side chains. Four of the crystallized β-peptides include trans-4,4-dimethyl-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (dm-ACPC) residues, and the fifth contains a β3-hPhe residue. These five β-peptides adopt fully folded 12-helical conformations in the solid state. The new crystal structures, along with previously reported data, allow a detailed characterization of the 12-helical conformation; average backbone torsion angles of β-residues and helical parameters are derived. These structural parameters are found to be similar to those for i, i+3 C=O…H-N hydrogen-bonded helices formed by other peptide backbones generated from α- and/or βamino acids. The similarity between the conformational behavior of dm-ACPC and ACPC is consistent with previous NMR-based conclusions that 4,4-disubstituted ACPC derivatives are compatible with 12-helical folding. In addition, our data show how a β3-residue is accommodated in the 12-helix, thus enhancing understanding of the diverse conformational behavior of this flexible class of β-amino acids.
A PMU Placement Scheme Ensuring Real-Time Monitoring of Critical Buses of the Network

This paper presents a phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement scheme that provides real-time monitoring of key buses of the network. High-voltage lines, substations relevant for transient and dynamic stability of the network, and buses with high connectivity are given the highest priority while placing the PMUs. Binary integer programming and “depth of unobservability” are used to find the relevant PMU placement set. The placement scheme has been tested on the IEEE 118-bus system, IEEE 300-bus system, a 283-bus model of the Central American Power Transmission System, and a complex 996-bus network describing the Northern and the Eastern power grids of India. The results indicate that the proposed technique will be useful to utilities that want to initially protect the most important buses of their system on their way to attaining complete observability.
Intake Screens for Sampling Fish Populations: The Size-Selectivity Problem

Abstract We compared the size selectivity of the intake screens at the P. H. Robinson generating station on Galveston Bay, Texas with that of a 3-m otter trawl hauled in the intake waters and evaluated a means of predicting size selectivity of the intake screens. We did this for brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus), white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus), gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus), bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), sand seatrout (Cynoscion arenarius), and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus). The trawl generally caught smaller individuals than the intake screens, with the relative frequency of catch by size gradually increasing to a peak at an intermediate length of a species, then decreasing as its length increased. Conversely, the relative frequency of collection at the intake screens increased abruptly at a predictable threshold length. Above this threshold, catches decreased gradually, presumably because larger individuals were both less abundant and less susceptible to capture than smaller ones. Ba...
Electronic structure of CoO

The electronic structure of CoO is studied by a self-consistent cluster-embedding method. The localized and band properties are found in both ground state and excited states. An explanation for the insulating nature of CoO is proposed which is consistent with the one for NiO proposed previously. The simulations of both the spin-ordered states and the spin-disordered states (with local antiferromagnetic order) give a good description of the magnetic properties of CoO. It is found theoretically that CoO remains as an insulator when it goes from the paramagnetic phase to antiferromagnetic phase.
The effect of macular pigment on heterochromatic luminance contrast

Macular pigment (MP) selectively filters short-wave light and may improve visual performance via this mechanism. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that MP alters contrast between an object and its background, and thus alters the object's detectability. In order to test this hypothesis, participants of a variety of ages were recruited into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 50 healthy elderly subjects (M = 72.7, SD = 7.3 years). Group 2 consisted of 28 healthy younger subjects (M = 22.7, SD = 3.6 years). For all subjects, contrast thresholds were assessed in Maxwellian-view. For subjects in Group 1, a circular grating target (600 nm, 1°; not absorbed by MP) was surrounded by a 10°, 460 nm field (strongly absorbed by MP). Subjects in Group 2 were measured using identical conditions with the exception that the surround was changed to 425 nm in one condition and to a broad-band (xenon) white in another. All subjects adjusted the intensity of the surround until the target was no longer visible. Finally, for a sub-sample of subjects in Group 2, a 1° bipartite field was used and wavelength was varied on one side to minimize the appearance of the border with the 460 nm reference side, foveally and parafoveally between 420-540 nm, with 20 nm steps, using the minimally distinct border (MDB) technique. MP density was assessed psychophysically. MP density was related to the amount of energy in the surround (at 425 and 460 nm, and for broad-band white) needed to lose sight of the central target. When the MDB technique was used to measure spectral sensitivity, the differences in the two curves yielded a spectrum that closely matched MP's ex vivo spectrum. Our data suggest that MP modifies an object's contrast against a short-wave background via simple filtration.
Single-dose tolerance to morphine-induced analgesic and hypoactive effects in infant rats.

A single injection of morphine or isotonic saline was administered to rats at either 1, 5, 9, or 13 days of age. At 26–29 days of age, animals were tested for pain responsivity and activity following either morphine (5 mg/kg) or saline. Animals which received morphine at 1 day of age displayed tolerance at 26 days of age, whereas animals which received morphine at either 5, 9, or 13 days of age failed to display tolerance. This age-dependent change in susceptibility to single-dose morphine tolerance may involve alterations in opiate receptor ontogeny.
Analysis of discrimination reversal in the rat

Rats learned a temporal discrimination reversals in a discrete trial operant conditioning situation. The rats responded with equally high probability to both S+ and S− during the early parts of each session and subsequently reduced responding to S−. When responding in S− produced another S− all rats significantly reduced responding in S−.
Design of the Second Spine: A Secondary Pathway to Transfer Loads From the Shoulders to the Pelvis

The Second Spine is a vest intended to prevent musculoskeletal injuries caused by heavy backpack loads, while also maintaining the range of motion of the wearer. The vest is formed by multiple segments between the shoulder and a pelvic belt. In normal “off” configuration, the segments are disconnected from each other and the vest is flexible providing full range of motion to the upper body. With the pull of a string in the “on” configuration, the vest becomes semi-rigid creating a secondary pathway to transfer loads between the shoulder and a pelvic belt.The device was evaluated by a subject who walked on a treadmill while carrying a backpack load of 25% of his body weight (BW). Experiment results showed that the semi-rigid vest reduces the force exerted on the shoulders and induces a more erect posture. Muscle activations in the lower limbs indicate that loads were successfully transferred from the shoulders to the waist while bypassing the vertebral column. These results show that the device can be used to mitigate potential risks of musculoskeletal injuries caused from backpack loads.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Initiation and continuation of newer antiretroviral treatments among medicaid recipients with AIDS.

OBJECTIVE: To examine initiation of newer antiretroviral treatments across sociodemographic subgroups during the 3 years following the introduction of these treatments, and explore persistence on treatment and its association with patient characteristics. DESIGN: Merged Medicaid paid claims and HIV/AIDS surveillance data were used to analyze use of protease inhibitors (PIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) over time. Survival analysis techniques were used to analyze initiation of PI/NNRTI use. Ordinary least squares and logistic regression were used to determine predictors of persistence on PI/NNRTI therapy. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The study population consisted of 2,459 New Jersey non-HMO adult Medicaid beneficiaries with AIDS, identified through a match between HIV/AIDS Registry and Medicaid files. Their PI/NNRTI use was followed from March 1996, when the first PI was licensed, to the end of 1998. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: African Americans initiated treatment on average 8 months later than non-Hispanic whites; initiation of treatment was also slower for injection drug users and for those who did not receive case management through a Medicaid waiver program. These bivariate findings were confirmed with a multivariate time-to-treatment analysis using proportional hazards regression. Among those initiating PI/NNRTI use, 35% had discontinued it by the end of follow-up. Bivariate analyses of treated individuals found that PI/NNRTI use as a proportion of follow-up time was lower for African Americans and Hispanics, and higher for older individuals and for those receiving case management through a Medicaid waiver program, while injection drug use history was not associated with persistence. These findings were confirmed by a regression analysis, which found that controlling for other characteristics, African-American race, and Hispanic ethnicity were each associated with a significant 8% reduction in the proportion of time on PI/NNRTIs following initiation of treatment. Alternative approaches for modeling persistence produced similar results. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that consistent longitudinal use is difficult for many patients. Persistence of use was lower for minority beneficiaries despite comparable coverage for pharmacy and other health services through Medicaid. Our findings suggest the need to examine nonfinancial barriers to appropriate use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, and to develop and test programmatic strategies for supporting patients in remaining on these regimens consistently.
Effects of Inhomogeneity and of Shear Flow in Weak Turbulent Fields

Spectra for weak turbulence are found for: (1) turbulence inhomogeneous in the direction of a uniform mean velocity; (2) an initially homogeneous turbulence becoming inhomogeneous in a transverse direction because of the presence of boundaries; and (3) turbulence homogeneous with a uniform mean transverse velocity gradient. The treatment is based on two‐point correlation and spectral equations. The effect of inhomogeneity is to cause a diffusion of turbulence in the direction of decreasing turbulent intensity. Longitudinal inhomogeneity produces an accumulation of energy mainly in the high wave‐number portions of the energy spectrum, whereas the transverse inhomogeneity causes a depletion of energy at a point in the fluid and does not alter the shape of the spectrum. For homogeneous turbulence with a uniform transverse velocity gradient, energy is transferred from the mean flow into the turbulence by a turbulent production term in the spectral equation. At high velocity gradients the production spectrum shifts toward the low wave‐number region and the dissipation spectrum toward the high wave‐number region. The pressure‐force term, which is dependent on the velocity gradient, transfers energy between the directional components in such a way as to oppose local isotropy in the high wave‐number region. Although triple correlations are neglected (low‐turbulence Reynolds number), a term containing the mean velocity gradient occurs in the spectral equation which is interpreted as transferring energy between wave numbers.
The Structure and Motion of Severe Hailstorms. Part III: Severely Sheared Storms

Abstract A case study of a severe hailstorm which occurred in an extremely sheared environment is presented. The storm occurred near Fort Morgan, Colo., on 15 June 1970, and contained a large, persistent bounded weak echo region (WER). The Fort Morgan storm evolved in a manner and displayed several characteristics similar to another storm previously synthesized by Chisholm which also occurred in an extremely sheared environment. It is proposed that the extreme shear probably acted to erode the turbulent air containing precipitation sized particles from around the updraft core, thus allowing the large, bounded WER to persist in each storm. The erosion or detrainment effect is speculated to have accounted for the evolutionary characteristics of these two storms.
Direct Measurement of Fast Electron Spin−Lattice Relaxation: Method and Application to Nitroxide Radical Solutions and Gd3+ Contrast Agents

A modulation technique for direct measurement of extremely fast electron spin−lattice relaxation is described. The method is based on longitudinal magnetization detection. It is applied here to study the spin−lattice relaxation times T1e in aqueous solutions of perdeuterated nitroxide radical (T1e ≈ 200 ns) with various concentrations as well as to two Gd DOTA complexes (T1e ≈ 1.8−3.2 ns), which can be employed as paramagnetic contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging.
Giant-celled glioblastoma of brain. A clinico-pathological and radiological study of ten cases (including immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure).

Giant-celled glioblastoma multiforme is characterized by bizarre multinucleated giant cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, paucity of vascular endothelial proliferation, and increased reticulin fibers. It is considered by Rubinstein to be a variant of glioblastoma multiforme and by Zulch to be of mesenchymal origin. We studied retrospectively ten cases of giant-celled glioblastoma to correlate clinical and pathological features including immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure, radiology and survival time. Seven men and three women ranging in age from 23-75 years had variable clinical presentations and well defined lesions on computed tomography (eight patients). Well-defined at surgery, the tumor was located in temporal (six patients), frontal (three patients), and parieto occipital (one patient) lobes. Besides characteristic histology, glial-fibrillary acidic protein was positive in all, along with intracytoplasmic fibrils on electron microscopy. Three patients died within 3 days of surgery. Of the surviving seven treated with radiation and/or chemotherapy, three had a survival time of more than 36 months and four less than 15 months. Our study identifies this tumor to be of astrocytic lineage, with temporal lobe predilection, and overall a longer survival rate than glioblastoma multiforme.
Affective state mediates causal attributions for success and failure

The influence of affect on causal attributions for success and failure was examined in this experiment. A positive, neurtral, or negative mood was induced in subjects who then learned they had either succeeded or failed an aptitude test taken previously. Relative to neutral mood control conditions, subjects in both positive and negative mood conditions showed a pronounced self-serving bias, particularly following success. The finding is interpreted as self-regulation of affective state. Specifically, causal attribution of success to internal factors can sustain or enhance positive affect; attribution of failure to external factors can diminish negative affect. Ancillary analyses corroborated this interpretation.
Family relations and marital quality when a mentally handicapped child is present.

The quality of both family relations and marital satisfaction was assessed in 131 two-parent families who had a mentally retarded child. Both family relations and marital satisfaction were seen as outcome variables reflecting how families cope with the chronic strain of a special child. Social desirability was controlled, and family relations and marital satisfaction were related to a variety of psychosocial and child-specific variables.
Toward a Typology of Roman Public Feasting

The categories associated with modern French commensality help to illuminate various forms of Roman public dining, most notably, meals linked to events of the life cycle and religious festivals, as weil as those sponsored by collegia and by the emperor himself. A comparative approach of this sort brings into sharper focus the nature of this social practice by underscoring the propensity of meals in the ancient world both to unite and to separate diners by social rank.
Are Norwegians European? The Bohemians Say So!

This article makes a case for Norway’s European identity by highlighting the history of Norwegian bohemians, i.e. those authors and artists who have rejected their homeland’s social norms and customs for being oppressive, narrow-minded and puritanical, and who have ventured south to continental Europe in the name of artistic, intellectual, social and sensual freedom. Upon their return, these bohemians have effected change in Norway, establishing a bit of European decadence in their motherland. Cafes keep popping up, urban nightlife is booming, people’s attitudes to alcohol, sexuality and pornography have become much more liberal, and the church’s authority on morals has greatly diminished.
Designing Pareto optimal stimuli for multiattribute choice experiments

Full factorial designs have long been used in designing multiattribute stimuli (e.g., hypothetical job applicants) for use in policy capturing and functional measurement models. More recently, marketing researchers have employedfractional factorial designs in multiatribute preference models, such as those used in conjoint analysis.
An improved discrimination-shift design1

A discrimination-shift experiment was performed whose design was free of several sources of bias. All postshift values differed from preshift values, and the stimuli were words. Three groups were used: the ID, shifted to the same dimension; the ED, shifted to another dimension; and the control, shifted to entirely new dimensions, Results showed positive transfer for ID and negative for ED, strongly supporting a mediational interpretation.
Eliminating primers from completed polymerase chain reactions with exonuclease VII.

Single-stranded oligonucleotide primers can be efficiently removed after PCR using E.coli exonuclease VII. Even only a few molecules of double stranded PCR product are unaffected by a treatment which eliminates 20 picomoles of primer in the presence of 500 ng of denatured genomic DNA. Exonuclease VII treatment is rapid and could simplify complicated multistep PCR protocols.