cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trend of surgery for orbital cellulitis: An analysis of state inpatient databases

Objectives/hypothesis To evaluate the trend and factors associated with surgical management of orbital cellulitis. Study design Retrospective database study. Methods Study using the State Inpatient Databases (SIDs) from 2008 to 2015. Patients with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis code for orbital cellulitis were identified in the SIDs for the following states: Arkansas, Florida, Iowa, Maryland, Nebraska, New York, and Wisconsin. Surgery was defined as an ICD-9-CM procedure code for orbitotomy and/or functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The trend of surgery over time was evaluated using the Cochran-Armitage test. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify patient- and hospital-level factors associated with surgery. Results From 2008 to 2013, the number of hospitalizations for orbital cellulitis ranged from 1,349 to 1,574, but declined to 865 in 2014. From 2008 to 2015, the number of surgeries ranged from 103 to 154. For children (n = 3,041), age, ophthalmologic comorbidity, and conjunctival edema were significantly associated with surgery, whereas for adults (n = 7,961), male gender, private insurance, optic neuritis, and cranial nerves III/VI/VI palsy were associated with surgery. Conclusions Although the number of inpatient hospitalizations for orbital cellulitis has markedly declined, the number of surgeries for orbital cellulitis has remained fairly stable, leading to an observed higher proportion of hospitalized patients undergoing surgery. Future directions include extending the time frame to the present day to assess current rates of hospitalization and surgery. Knowledge of surgical trends and patient- and hospital-level characteristics associated with surgery may help improve management guidelines for and understanding of this vision-threatening disease. Level of evidence NA Laryngoscope, 130:567-574, 2020.
Significant reduction of ischemia-reperfusion cell death in mouse myocardial infarcts using the immediate-acting PrC-210 ROS-scavenger

Managing myocardial infarction (MI) to reduce cardiac cell death relies primarily on timely reperfusion of the affected coronary site, but reperfusion itself induces cell death through a toxic, ROS-mediated process. In this study, we determined whether the PrC-210 aminothiol ROS-scavenger could prevent ROS-induced damage in post-MI hearts. In a series of both in vitro and in vivo experiments, we show that: (a) in vitro, PrC-210 was the most potent and effective ROS-scavenger when functionally compared to eight of the most commonly studied antioxidants in the MI literature, (b) in vitro PrC-210 ROS-scavenging efficacy was both immediate (seconds) and long-lasting (hours), which would make it effective in both (1) real-time (seconds), as post-MI or cardiac surgery hearts are reperfused with PrC-210-containing blood, and (2) long-term (hours), as hearts are bathed with systemic PrC-210 after MI or surgery, (c) systemic PrC-210 caused a significant 36% reduction of mouse cardiac muscle death following a 45-minute cardiac IR insult; in a striking coincidence, the PrC-210 36% reduction in cardiac muscle death equals the 36% of the MI-induced cardiac cell death estimated 6 years ago by Ovize and colleagues to result from "reperfusion injury," (d) hearts in PrC-210-treated mice performed better than controls after heart attacks when functionally analyzed using echocardiography, and (e) the PrC-210 ROS-scavenging mechanism of action was corroborated by its ability to prevent >85% of the direct, H2O2-induced killing of neonate cardiomyocytes in cell culture. PrC-210 does not cause the nausea, emesis, nor hypotension that preclude clinical use of the WR-1065/amifostine aminothiol. PrC-210 is a highly effective ROS-scavenger that significantly reduces IR injury-associated cardiac cell death.
Introduction What is Collaborative Learning?: An Overview

Collaborative learning has become an increasingly important part of education, but the research on collaborative learning is distributed across a variety of literatures including social, cognitive, developmental, educational psychology, instructional design, the learning sciences, educational technology, sociocultural research, social psychology, sociology, and computer-supported collaborative learning. Although these elds overlap, researchers and practitioners do not necessarily read outside their own disciplines. As the study of collaborative learning continues to expand, there is a need for an interdisciplinary research agenda with sharing of theoretical and methodological perspectives. e goal of this volume is to integrate theory and research ndings across these communities of scholars to forward our understanding of collaborative learning.
The Magnifying Effect of Television News: Civil Rights Coverage and Eyes on the Prize

Henry Hampton’s award-winning documentary Eyes on the Prize was notable for its reliance on news footage and interviews with civil rights activists. Undergirding the approach was his reliance on a...
Volunteering, polygenic risk for Alzheimer's disease, and cognitive functioning among older adults.

Abstract Objective In the context of the public health burden posed by increases in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) prevalence around the globe and the related research efforts to identify modifiable risk factors for the disease, we sought to provide an empirical test of earlier claims that volunteering may be considered as a health intervention that could help to prevent or delay the onset of AD. Method Using nine waves of panel data from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (n=9,697), we examined whether volunteering conferred cognitive health benefits in later life and whether volunteering served a gene-regulatory function to help alleviate cognitive decline associated with polygenic risk for AD. Multilevel models were used to estimate associations between volunteering, polygenic risk for AD, and cognitive functioning over time. Results We found robust within-person associations between volunteering (assessed as volunteer status and time commitment) and cognitive functioning over time, such that volunteering was associated with higher levels of cognitive functioning and slower cognitive decline. The findings also provided evidence that the within-person associations for volunteering and cognitive decline were more pronounced for older adults at higher genetic risk for developing AD. Conclusions Our findings are in line with a growing body of theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence suggesting that prosocial behaviors are directly associated with biological systems and may modify gene regulation to confer health benefits. The analytic approach taken in this study also provided a useful framework for investigating the effectiveness of other modifiable risk factors that vary over time in the context of cognitive decline related to genetic risk for AD.
Analysis: Do You Get a Jury Trial in Federal Condemnation Cases?

Are you entitled to a jury of your peers when the federal government wants to condemn your property? If so, who does a better job at accurately assessing a property’s value — juries or experts? Finally, who values property higher — government experts or laypeople? The answers might surprise you.
Sexual minority bariatric patients: preliminary examination of eating behaviors, anxiety, and depression.

Abstract Background Disparities in obesity care and bariatric surgery persist among patients of diverse identities. However, little is known about sexual minority (SM) bariatric patients. Objectives This study sought to describe, in a preliminary fashion, sexual orientation variables of outness, self-esteem, and perceived discrimination among a sample of SM patients pursuing bariatric surgery. The study also sought to compare SM and heterosexual bariatric candidates on measures of eating behaviors, anxiety, and depression. Setting Academic medical center in the United States. Methods Data were collected as part of a standard psychological evaluation for surgical clearance between May 1, 2018 and December 31, 2019. Data included demographic characteristics, sexual orientation variables, eating behaviors, anxiety, and depression. Descriptive statistics were included to present findings among SM patients. One-way analyses of covariance were conducted to assess differences between SM and heterosexual patients. Results A total of 633 patients were evaluated (38 SM and 595 heterosexual). SM patients had high outness scores with high self-esteem and minimal perceived discrimination. SM patients endorsed lower cognitive restraint, higher disinhibition, and increased hunger compared with heterosexual patients (P Conclusions Findings provide preliminary evidence toward the importance of assessing for sexual orientation among bariatric patients. Future research is warranted to assess the unique role of sexual orientation, as well as explore causal links between sexual orientation, eating behaviors, and mental health among bariatric patients pre- and post surgery.
The association of cancer-specific anxiety with disease aggressiveness in men on active surveillance of prostate cancer

Active surveillance (AS) provides appropriate prostate cancer (PCa)-specific survival while minimizing morbidity, but underlying worry of PCa can generate anxiety. The aim of the study is to evaluate anxiety levels in men on AS and how anxiety relates to disease characteristics and treatment decision-making. A retrospective analysis was conducted using all 302 subjects from the Reduction by Dutasteride of clinical progression Events in Expectant Management (REDEEM) study. Prostate biopsies were obtained at 18 and 36 months. Anxiety was measured at baseline and 3, 6, 12, 18, and 36 months post-randomization using the MAX-PC (Memorial general anxiety scale for PCa) questionnaire. Univariable and multivariable analysis of the association of disease aggressiveness (PSA levels, percentage of positive cores, and maximum core involvement) and anxiety levels were performed. Cox regression was used to analyze time to progression to discontinuation of active surveillance as a function of baseline anxiety. Overall, MAX-PC scores decreased from moderate at baseline with slight increases after receiving PSA results at 18 months, followed by more decline. Percentage of positive cores was associated with baseline anxiety (P = 0.02). The association remained when controlling for age, race, number of cores sampled, body mass index, prostate volume, and maximum core length (P = 0.003). In univariable and multivariable analysis, baseline anxiety was not significantly associated with time to progression to discontinuation of active surveillance. In evaluating the natural history of anxiety levels among patients with prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance, there was a decline of anxiety levels over time, with increases after receiving PSA results. Moreover, we found that disease aggressiveness measured by percentage of positive biopsy cores was associated with baseline levels of anxiety. However, anxiety had no impact on clinical or therapeutic progression.
Close to) Optimal Policies for Finite Horizon Restless Bandits

Most restless Markovian bandits problems in infinite horizon can be solved quasioptimally: the famous Whittle index policy is known to become asymptotically optimal exponentially fast as the number of arms grows, at least under certain conditions (including having a so-called indexable problem). For restless Markovian bandits problems in finite horizons no such optimal policy is known. In this paper, we define a new policy, based on a linear program relaxation of the finite horizon problem (called the LP-filling policy), that is asymptotically optimal under no condition. Furthermore we show that for regular problems (defined in the paper) the LP-filling policy becomes an index policy (called the LP-regular policy) and becomes optimal exponentially fast in the number of arms. We also introduce the LP-update policy that significantly improves the performance compared to the LP-filling policy for large time horizons. We provide numerical studies that show the prevalence of our LP-policies over previous solutions.
Geospatial Variability in Excess Death Rates during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico: Examining Socio Demographic and Population Health Characteristics

BackgroundMexico has suffered one of the highest COVID-19 mortality rates in the world. In this study we examined how socio demographic and population health characteristics shape the geospatial variability in excess mortality patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. MethodsWeekly all-cause mortality time series for all 32 Mexican states, from January 4, 2015 to April 10, 2021, were analyzed to estimate the excess mortality rates using Serfling regression models. The association between socio-demographic, health indicators and excess mortality rates were determined using multiple linear regression analyses. Finally, we used functional data analysis to characterize clusters of states with distinct mortality growth rate curves. ResultsThe overall all-cause excess deaths rate during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico until April 10, 2021 was estimated at 39.66 per 10 000 population. The lowest excess death rates were observed in southeastern states including Chiapas (12.72), Oaxaca (13.42) and Quintana Roo (19.41) whereas Mexico City had the highest excess death rate (106.17), followed by Tlaxcala (51.99) and Morelos (45.90). We found a positive association of excess mortality rates with aging index (P value<.0001), marginalization index (P value<.0001), and average household size (P value=0.0003) in the final adjusted model (Model R2=76%). We identified four distinct clusters with qualitatively similar excess mortality curves. ConclusionCentral states exhibited the highest excess mortality rates whereas the distribution of aging index, marginalization index, and average household size explained the variability in excess mortality rates across Mexico. Our findings can help tailor interventions to mitigate the mortality impact of the pandemic. Key messageO_LIThis study quantified and examined spatial patterns of excess mortality across states of Mexico, with lower rates of excess mortality in southeastern states and higher rates in central states. C_LIO_LIMexico City recorded 1 in 5 of all excess deaths in reported in Mexico, which accounted for 19% of total excess deaths across the country. C_LIO_LIFindinds indicate that aging index, marginalization index, and average household size played a significant role on excess death rates across Mexican states during the COVID-19 pandemic. C_LIO_LIFour distinct clusters characterized the excess mortality curves across Mexican states. C_LI
Wide local excision of the vulva for premalignant or benign lesions: are there differences in outcomes between gynecologic oncologists and general gynecologists?

Objectives: To describe outcomes following wide local excision (WLE) of the vulva for suspected premalignant or benign disease at a tertiary care center over the years 2016 to 2020. To determine differences in the rates of wound complications and positive margins between patients treated by gynecologic oncologists (GO) and those treated by general gynecologic (GYN) surgeons. Methods: Consecutive patients were identified who underwent wide local excision of the vulva for suspected premalignant or benign lesions between June 1, 2016 and February 28, 2020. Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was obtained and surgical records were reviewed; patients undergoing “wide local excision, vulva,” “simple partial vulvectomy,” or “destruction of vulvar lesion with excision” were considered for inclusion. Demographic, peri- and postoperative, and pathologic data were collected, and patients were separated by surgeon division (GO or GYN). Patients had follow up documented at least through the postoperative appointment. Surface areas of elliptical specimen were calculated using ‘0.25 x length x width x pi.’ Wound complications and other variables were compared between these groups. All eligible patients were included in the analysis of wound complications. Only patients with pathologic diagnoses of vulvar dysplasia were included in the analysis of margin positivity. Fisher's exact tests and Chi squared tests were used to compare categorical variables and logistic regression models were used for continuous variables. P-values Results: Three-hundred thirty-five patients met inclusion criteria over the study period (GO, n=223; GYN, n=112). Patients in the GO group were older (median age 56y versus 40.5y, P 0.5), or hematoma (1% vs 2%, P>0.5). More patients in the GO group had pathology of high-grade vulvar dysplasia (HSIL) with or without occult carcinoma at the time of WLE (77% vs 40%, P Conclusions: There is renewed interest in optimal management of vulvar surgery.[1] WLE is a common procedure done by GO and GYN surgeons. In our study there was a high overall rate (42%) of postoperative wound complication; however, there were no significant differences in complication rates between GO and GYN surgeons. The rate of positive margins following WLE for vulvar dysplasia was also similar between these groups. The trend towards more frequent complications among GO patients may be explained by a population with older age and more comorbidities. It is appropriate for GO or GYN surgeons to perform WLE of the vulva for HSIL, provided the necessary expertise, comfort, and low concern for invasive disease requiring radical excision or lymph node dissection.
Organizational Environment Readiness

Organizational environment readiness involves considering the goals, leadership support, learning culture, and finances of the organization. The organizational goals are guided by the mission and vision of the organization and should influence the performance goals. Leadership support appears as a very influential factor in encouraging and sustaining e-Learning. Learning culture represents the environment within the organization which supports e-Learning; this environment is examined as a factor which influences establishing the organization as one that values learning. Together, these areas are sections within the organizational environment readiness survey. The chapter discusses the factors to consider in environmental readiness.
Bystander Intervention in Crimes

On his way home from work, a man sees an unfamiliar car cruising his block. Before entering his house, he notices that the driver is sitting parked in front of a neighbor’s house. He thinks it is strange behavior, but does not think the police would want to be bothered with it. The next day, he learns that his neighbor’s house was burglarized.
Transformation Through Attachment: The Power of Relationship in Clinical Social Work

This case study illustrates the power of the therapeutic relationship that developed between the author and a woman who experienced early relational trauma and childhood sexual trauma, and who suffered from depression, alcohol dependence and bulimia. Examining three and a half years of individual psychotherapy through the lens of attachment theory, the client’s relationship to the author appeared to mimic an early attachment relationship and this psychotherapeutic attachment appeared to have contributed to the repair of the client’s own insecure attachment to her mother. Through the course of the therapy the client was also able to develop her ability to regulate her emotional responses and create a coherent narrative of her life. She creatively worked through her fear of God as well as apparently circumvent the intergenerational transmission of insecure attachment to her adopted daughter. This case study proposes new treatment considerations for individuals with both trauma histories and substance use disorders.
A Comparison of Teacher Education Faculty and Preservice Teacher Technology Competence.

AbstractTechnology skills and attitudes were compared between 51 school of education faculty members and 378 student teachers in teacher education programs in six Northwest liberal arts colleges. Few significant differences were found between the groups. In general, faculty members had higher levels of knowledge of a greater number of technology-based tools but students reported higher levels of skill with on-line communication tools and graphing calculators. Evidence did not appear that suggests student teachers believe themselves to be more technology competent or know more about educational technology than school of education faculty members.
Anticoagulation Proteins C and S

Proteins C and S are two vitamin K-dependent plasma proteins that work in concert as a natural anticoagulant system. Activated protein C is the proteolytic component of the complex and protein S serves as an activated protein C binding protein that is essential for assembly of the anticoagulant complex on cell surfaces. The anticoagulant activity is expressed through the selective inactivation of Factors Va and Villa. Many patients deficient in proteins C and S have been described and have an associated thrombotic tendency, but not all heterozygous protein C and S deficient individuals experience thrombotic complications. Multiple mechanisms and/or drugs can lead to acquired deficiencies of these proteins: oral anticoagulation, liver disease, DIC and in the case of protein S, lupus erythematosus, nephrotic syndrome, pregnancy and certain hormones. The anticoagulant activity of protein C decreases rapidly after administration of warfarin (i.e., with a time course similar to Factor VII). This rapid decrease may lead to a transient imbalance and contribute to coumarin induced skin necrosis. Protein S antigen levels do not decrease as rapidly, but protein S functional levels are often low in patients with an acute thrombus. The discrepancy between antigen and function results from elevations in C4b-binding protein, which complexes reversibly with protein S. Unlike free protein S, the complex does not function in the anticoagulant pathway. The available information all suggest that deficiency of protein C and protein S should be considered a risk factor contributing to recurrent thrombotic disease and that the function of these proteins is altered by many common clinical conditions which have associated an increased risk of thrombosis.
Regulation Mechanism of Task-allocation and Formation Mechanism of Ants’ Distribution Pattern in Collective Behavior of Ant Colony Models

The purpose of this study is to clarify the interaction between the formation mechanism of the distribution pattern of ants supported by pheromone signals and the regulation mechanism of task-allocation in collective behavior of an ant colony. In this paper I design two types of ant colony model focusing on pheromone signals and the sensitivity of ants, and analyze simulated behaviors of the models. First, I design three foraging models (trail, attraction and desensitization models) composed by ants with different sensitivities to recruit pheromone. Among them, the desensitization model composed for ants that change their sensitivities in response to environmental information around them always shows the best foraging efficiency, stable recruitment pattern and balanced allocation among subtasks. In the second, I design a task-allocation model composed for ants carrying out foraging and mound-piling tasks using independent signals for each task. The results indicate that weak interference occurs between both tasks.
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase from human erythrocytes. I. Purification and properties.

Abstract Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (purine nucleoside: orthophosphate ribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.1) from human erythrocytes has been purified about 7000-fold to a specific activity of 80 µm units per mg of protein. At this state of purity, single coincident peaks of enzymatic activity and protein emerged from Sephadex G-100 columns. Use of the molecular sieve method of Andrews permitted estimation of the molecular weight at about 80,000. The enzyme is inactivated by thiol reagents such as Ellman's reagent or p-chlormercuribenzoate, and the lost activity may be partially restored by thiols such as mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol. In addition to its phosphorolytic activity, the enzyme catalyzes a slow ribosyl transfer reaction in the absence of inorganic orthophosphate. The ratio of these activities remained relatively constant throughout purification, and it was not possible to detect any separation of these activities. Kinetic measurements with inosine and deoxyinosine as substrates revealed linear Lineweaver-Burk plots at low concentration, but downward curvatures as the concentration was increased. The results of alternative substrate studies were consistent with the hypothesis that the enzyme is multivalent with cooperative interaction between the active sites.
Successful use of cryocrit for monitoring response to therapeutic plasma exchange in type 1 cryoglobulinemia

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is a clinical syndrome that is defined as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with bone marrow involvement and IgM monoclonal gammopathy of any level. In some instances WM can result in a type I cryoglobulinemia with very high cryocrits, which is unusual in type II and III cryoglobulinemia. We describe a case of an 80 year old male with WM, severe type I cryoglobulinemia, and an extremely elevated cryocrit (69%). Over the course of five weeks we performed nine therapeutic plasma exchanges (TPE), and after seven treatments his cryocrit had decreased to 6% with improvement in his symptoms. By monitoring his cryocrit throughout his TPE sessions, we were able to assess his response to treatment, determine the ideal length of treatment in addition to his symptomatic improvement. J. Clin. Apheresis 31:403-404, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variational Methods in the Master Field Formulation for QCD 3+1

Master fields are formulated for finite N-QCD3+1. They satisfy classical Yang-Mills equations with an infinite number of internal indices and an infinite number of constraints. Master fields and constraints on them in the large N limit are derived from the finite N master fields and constraints using vacuum dominance among color singlet states. The large N constraints can be explicitly solved and the solutions involve arbitrary functions which are used as trial functions in variational calculations.
TrkC expression predicts good clinical outcome in primitive neuroectodermal brain tumors

PURPOSE: To identify biologic prognostic factors in childhood primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET), including medulloblastoma, that accurately define patient groups with sufficiently good prognosis to permit a reduction in treatment intensity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We determined expression levels of the neurotrophin receptor TrkC mRNA in formalin-fixed tumor samples from 87 well characterized PNET patients using in situ hybridization. Comparison of TrkC mRNA expression levels with clinical and other laboratory variables was performed using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: High TrkC mRNA expression was found to be associated more with higher 5-year cumulative survival rate than was low TrkC mRNA expression (89% v 46%, respectively). When compared with established clinical prognostic factors and laboratory variables of potential prognostic significance, TrkC mRNA expression, by univariate analysis, was found to be the single most powerful predictor of outcome (hazards ratio, ...
A search for a low temperature phase transition prior to superconducting behavior in the YBa2Cu3O7 compound

We report the results of a systematic examination of the lattice parameters for the YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} compound in the 100 K to 110 K temperature range by means of high resolution synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction techniques. The data indicate a linear decrease in the lattice parameters with decreasing temperatures over this temperature range. An observed asymmetric broadening of the diffraction peaks is explained by the presence of residual stress in the lattice.
Influence of orbital eye position on vertical saccades in progressive supranuclear palsy

Disturbance of vertical saccadesis a cardinal feature of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). We investigated whether the amplitude and peak velocity of saccades is affected by the orbital position fromwhich movements start in PSP patients and age-matched control subjects. Subjects made vertical saccades in response to ± 5 degree vertical target jumps with their heads in one of three positions: head “center,” head pitched forward ~15 degrees, and head pitched back ~ 15 degrees.All patients showed some effect of starting eye position, whether beginning in the upward or downward field of gaze, on saccade amplitude, peak velocity (PV), and net range of movement. Generally, reduction of amplitude and PV were commensurate and bidirectional in the affected hemifield of gaze. Such findings are unlikelyto be due to orbital factors and could be explained by varying degrees of involvement of rostral midbrain nucleiin the pathological process.
Weighted scatter estimation method of the GO‐GARCH models

We propose a new estimation method for the factor loading matrix in modelling multivariate volatility processes. The key step of the method is based on the weighted scatter estimators, which does not involve optimizing any objective function. The method can therefore be easily applied to high-dimensional systems without running into computational problems. The estimation is proved to be consistent and the asymptotic distribution is derived. The method inherits robust properties in dealing with ‘outlier’ clusters generated by GARCH processes. Through both simulation and real-world case studies, we show that the method works well.
A biuret method for determination of protein in normal urine

A biuret method has been developed which provides quantitative measurements of protein in normal urine without interference from drugs or pigments. This method is intended for use in monitoring clinical trials of new drugs—to detect nephrotoxicity. Protein is precipitated from duplicate samples of urine by addition of cold ethanolic phosphotungstic acid. The protein precipitates are separated by centrifugation and washed with ethanol. Protein from one of the duplicate samples is dissolvel in biuret reagent. Protein from the second sample is dissolved in an alkaline tartrate reagent which is identical to the biuret reagent, excepting that copper sulfate has been omitted. After 20 min., the differential absorbance of the two samples is measured at 540 mµ. The limit of sensitivity for detection of protein in urine is 0.5 mg./100 ml. The coefficient of variation of replicate analyses of protein in normal urine is 4.2%. The recovery of protein added to urine averages 103 ± 3%. Analyses of urinary protein by the biuret procedure provide close correlation with measurements by an amido black staining method. Systematic search has failed to reveal interference from urinary pigments, compounds, or drugs which are normally or occasionally encountered in hospitalized patients. In 24-hr. collections of urine from 28 healthy adults, the protein concentrations averaged 6.2 mg./100 ml. (range 3.0-12.2), and the protein excretions averaged 77 mg./day (range 40-150).
Use of quality measurement across US dental delivery systems: a qualitative analysis

Objectives Dentistry is increasingly challenged by payers and the public to demonstrate quality measurement (QM) activities that substantiate value. Unknown is how various components of the US oral health-care financing and delivery systems have adopted QM. The objective of this study is to explore QM activities by US dental delivery, management, financing, and related organizations. Methods Using a structured interview guide based on a novel conceptual framework that incorporates factors influencing QM intention, adoption, and implementation, 19 key informant interviews were conducted. Informants represented safety net delivery programs (health center, nonprofit mobile, hospital-based, Veterans Administration, and tribal dental programs), private delivery organizations (private practice, closed panel HMO, and for-profit mobile dental programs), training programs that deliver care (dental and dental therapy programs), management organizations (private and Medicaid group practice management companies), care financing organizations (Medicaid managed care plan, state Medicaid program, dental benefits companies), and dental quality organizations (institute and dental professional organization). Interviews were transcribed and analyzed qualitatively. Results Informants report wide variation in the intensity of QM efforts with organizational leadership cited as most influential. Motivation to adopt QM efforts is more often internal than imposed. Data management and information technology both facilitate and limit QM activities. QM activities are associated with operational improvements including use of guidelines and refinements of mission. Organizational type and size appear to influence QM programs. Conclusion The current status of QM is highly variable across dental organizations because organizational leadership, needs, and requirements vary according to mission and structure.
Rapid ventricular pacing in dogs with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction: insights into a mechanism of sudden death in postoperative tetralogy of Fallot.

AbstractObjectives. We explored the hypothesis that residual outflow tract obstruction and ventricular hypertrophy associated with rapid ventricular rhythm contribute to sudden death, in part becau...
Analysis of a nonlinear model for the DNA double helix: Energy transfer in an inhomogeneous chain.

We extend a previous analysis of the propagation of energy packets in a one-dimensional model for the DNA double helix by studying how various types of inhomogeneities in the molecule affect the transfer of solitonlike energy packets along the chain.
Efflorescence Resulting from Sulfates in Clay Raw Materials

An attempt has been made to isolate the effects of sulfates in clay raw materials on efflorescence from the effects of sulfides and sulfurous fuels. A low-sulfur shale was used and sulfates were added in different amounts and particle sizes. It was found that sulfates react with clays between 1800° and 1900°F. with the result that efflorescence is reduced. Sulfates were not considered as a serious source of soluble salts causing efflorescence. Recommendations are given for minimizing efflorescence when sulfates occur in the raw material.
Surveillance for the detection of recurrent ovarian cancer: Survival impact or lead-time bias?

Abstract Objective To compare the survival impact of diagnosing recurrent disease by routine surveillance testing versus clinical symptomatology in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) who have achieved a complete response following primary therapy. Methods We identified all patients who underwent primary surgery for EOC at two institutions between 1/1997 and 12/2004 and were diagnosed with recurrent disease following a complete clinical response to primary chemotherapy. Survival and post-recurrence management were compared between asymptomatic patients in which recurrent disease was diagnosed at a scheduled visit by routine surveillance testing and symptomatic patients in which recurrent disease was diagnosed based on clinical symptomatology at an unscheduled office visit or hospitalization. Results Of the 121 patients that met inclusion criteria, 22 (18.2%) were diagnosed with a symptomatic recurrence. Median primary PFS was similar for asymptomatic and symptomatic patients (24.8 versus 22.6 months, P = 0.36); however, post-recurrence survival was significantly greater in asymptomatic patients (45.0 versus 29.4 months, P = 0.006). Secondary cytoreductive surgery (SCRS) was attempted equally in both groups (41% versus 32%, P = NS); however, optimal residual disease (≤5mm) was more often achieved in asymptomatic patients (90% versus 57%, P = 0.053). On multivariate analysis, detection of asymptomatic recurrence was a significant and independent predictor of improved overall survival ( P = 0.001). Median OS was significantly greater for asymptomatic patients (71.9 versus 50.7 months, P = 0.004). Conclusions In patients with platinum-sensitive EOC, detection of asymptomatic recurrences by routine surveillance testing was associated with a high likelihood of optimal SCRS in operative candidates and extended overall survival.
A conceptual approach to alcoholism treatment goals

Abstract Recent advances in alcoholism treatment concepts have been developed that require clarification and revision of treatment goals. Goals of treatment are separated into five major areas of Life Health: Drinking Health, Emotional Health, Interpersonal Health, Vocational Health, and Physical Health. The Drinking Health variable is classified further into five possible outcomes: Abstinence, Social Drinking, Attenuated Drinking, Controlled Drinking, and Normal Drinking. The rationale for this classification of treatment outcome variables is discussed, and the utility of this classification for treatment is presented.
Effect of different parameters of shock on tonic immobility

Four separate experiments were conducted with chickens to explore the effects of various parameters of electric shock on tonic immobility. Immobilizing subjects at varying times after the receipt of shock affected the duration of immobility only after delays of over 15 min. Duration of shock affected immobility differently, depending upon whether alternating current or continuous direct current was used. The effects of continuous dc, pulsating dc. and ac shock were also examined. The results were discussed in terms of shock onset-offset characteristics being an important consideration.
Lupus nephritis: treatment issues.

Effective treatment of lupus nephritis requires an understanding of disease pathogenesis, risk stratification by World Health Organization (WHO) classification and therapeutic options.
A review of ionospheric effects in low-frequency SAR — Signals, correction methods, and performance requirements

Ionospheric signal distortions are commonplace in low-frequency space-borne SAR observations and can lead to the degradation of SAR data quality and data consistency if no signal compensation is applied. In this paper we will give an overview of the problem of ionospheric influence in SAR, PolSAR, and InSAR data. We will characterize the spatio-temporal signal properties of ionospheric signals, introduce a selection of currently available correction methods, and present a list of performance requirements to be met by ionospheric correction.
DNA ligase IV binds to XRCC4 via a motif located between rather than within its BRCT domains

Abstract The covalent rejoining of DNA ends at single-stranded or double-stranded DNA breaks is catalyzed by DNA ligases. Four DNA ligase activities (I–IV) have been identified in mammalian cells [1]. It has recently been demonstrated that DNA ligase IV interacts with and is catalytically stimulated by the XRCC4 protein [2,3], which is essential for DNA double-strand break repair and the genomic rearrangement process of V(D)J recombination [4]. Together, with the finding that the yeast DNA ligase IV homologue is essential for non-homologous DNA end joining [5–7], this has led to the hypothesis that mammalian DNA ligase IV catalyzes ligation steps in both of these processes [8]. DNA ligase IV is characterized by a unique carboxy-terminal tail comprising two BRCT (BRCA1 carboxyl terminus) domains. BRCT domains were initially identified in the breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA1 [9], but are also found in other DNA repair proteins [10]. It has been suggested that DNA ligase IV associates with XRCC4 via its tandem BRCT domains and that this may be a general model for protein–protein interactions between DNA repair proteins [3]. We have performed a detailed deletional analysis of DNA ligase IV to define its XRCC4-binding domain and to characterize regions essential for its catalytic activity. We find that a region in the carboxy-terminal tail of DNA ligase IV located between rather than within BRCT domains is necessary and sufficient to confer binding to XRCC4. The catalytic activity of DNA ligase IV is affected by mutations within the first two-thirds of the protein including a 67 amino-acid amino-terminal region that was previously thought not to be present in human DNA ligase IV [11].
The AirBook: force-free interaction with dynamic text in an assistive reading device

We describe a prototype of the AirBook, an assistive reading device that combines dynamic text (especially RSVP, that is, rapid serial visual presentation) with force-free capacitive field sensors to create a simple, easily controlled assistive reading device. This reader is designed to assist people with visual disabilities (like dyslexia, loss of fine motor control or loss of contrast sensitivity) by giving them more control over font size and contrast. It's also for people with upper-body disabilities, lack of fine muscle control, or severe arthritis, all of which can make the reading of standard paper books difficult. The force-free sensor system can be adjusted for large-scale motion or for tiny ranges of movement, and requires no pressure or fiddling with physical objects. The sensors read the proximity of a human limb, and adjust parameters on the text accordingly. For example, the reading device can be controlled with the motion of one finger if necessary, or adjusted to read the motion of an entire arm or leg.
Lung cancer incidence among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States, 1999-2004.

BACKGROUND. Lung cancer incidence rates among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) in the United States have not been described well, primarily because of race misclassification and, until the 1990s, incomplete coverage of their population by cancer registries. Smoking, the predominant cause of lung cancer, is particularly prevalent among this population. METHODS. Data from the National Program of Cancer Registries and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program were combined to estimate age-adjusted incidence rates of lung cancer during 1999 through 2004. Cases were linked to Indian Health Service (IHS) registration databases to identify AI/ANs whose race may have been misclassified. Age-adjusted rates were calculated for Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) counties and for all counties by IHS region, and comparisons were made between AI/ANs and non-Hispanic whites (NHWs). RESULTS. Among populations living in CHSDA counties, NHWs overall had higher rates of lung cancer than AI/ANs. However, the rates (per 100,000 population) among AI/ANs varied substantially between IHS regions from 14.9 (Southwest) to 87.1 (Southern Plains), 93.2 (Alaska), and 104.3 (Northern Plains). Approximately 41.6% of AI/AN lung cancer cases were diagnosed before age 65 years compared with approximately 29.8% of NHW lung cancer cases. The overall percentage stage distribution was not different between AI/ANs and NHWs. Squamous cell carcinomas were slightly more common and adenocarcinomas were less common among AI/ANs than among NHWs. Lung cancer rates were not decreasing for AI/ANs as they were for NHWs. CONCLUSIONS. Data from this study clarified the need for culturally appropriate tobacco prevention and control policies and resources for AI/ANs in all regions, and especially in the Plains and Alaska. Cancer 2008;113(5 suppl):1168–78. Published 2008 by the American Cancer Society.
Gene expression profiling reveals stromal genes expressed in common between Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma.

Background & Aims: Barrett's esophagus is a precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma. DNA microarrays that enable a genome-wide assessment of gene expression enhance the identification of specific genes as well as gene expression patterns that are expressed by Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma compared with normal tissues. Barrett's esophagus length has also been identified as a risk factor for progression to adenocarcinoma, but whether there are intrinsic biological differences between short-segment and long-segment Barrett's esophagus can be explored with microarrays. Methods: Gene expression profiles for endoscopically obtained biopsy specimens of Barrett's esophagus or esophageal adenocarcinoma and associated normal esophagus and duodenum were identified for 17 patients using DNA microarrays. Unsupervised and supervised approaches for data analysis defined similarities and differences between the tissues as well as correlations with clinical phenotypes. Results: Each tissue displays a unique expression profile that distinguishes it from others. Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma express a unique set of stromal genes that is distinct from normal tissues but similar to other cancers. Adenocarcinoma also showed lower and higher expression for many genes compared with Barrett's esophagus. No difference in gene expression was found between short-segment and long-segment Barrett's esophagus. Conclusions: The genome-wide assessment provided by current DNA microarrays reveals many candidate genes and patterns not previously identified. Stromal gene expression in Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma is similar, indicating that these changes precede malignant transformation.
Use of geographical information systems (GIS) mapping procedures to support educational policy analysis and school site management

Observes, while most school site management personnel are familiar with the multitude of visual representations of statistical data, via graphs and charts, the value of visual representations of geographical information remains largely unknown in educational management. Explains that geographical information systems (GIS), in addition to determining the exact geographical street address location of a client, can also overlay important SES, thematic information such as demographic characteristics (per capita household income, percentage, minority, etc.), and man‐made, and when natural geographical barriers are combined a powerful visual representation or picture of a client service area emerges. Describes how these visual representations of educational service areas can then be used to support educational policy analysis and school site management. Presents several illustrations of how GIS mapping procedures can be applied to school site management, planning and policy analysis. Draws three illustrations of GIS mapping from the school management areas of co‐ordination of school site outreach services to educational policy areas of ensuring “equity” in access to instructional services. Explores extensions of GIS mapping procedures to other areas in educational policy analysis and school site management.
Electrostatic Complementarity at Ligand Binding Sites: Application to Chorismate Mutase

Charge optimization methods facilitate examination and, potentially, improvement of electrostatic interactions between binding partners. Here charge optimization was applied to the chorismate mutase from Bacillus subtilis binding an endo-oxabicyclic transition-state analogue. Electrostatically optimized templates based on calculations using the X-ray crystal structure were used to define regions of the transition-state analogue whose electrostatic properties are sub-optimal for binding. Variants of the analogue that could exhibit improved electrostatic affinity for the enzyme were considered that more closely mimicked the optimal charge distributions. Results indicate that the transition-state analogue is remarkably complementary to the enzyme active site in terms of electrostatics throughout much of the binding site. Particularly good electrostatic complementarity is exhibited for most of the groups on the analogue that make hydrogen bonds with the enzyme. While some small potential opportunities for imp...