cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Religious Accommodation and Disproportionate Burden

The paper offers a critical engagement with Cecile Laborde’s book, Liberalism’s Religion. It elaborates several objections to Laborde’s account of religious accommodations, and sketches an alternative approach.
Pain catastrophizing as a predictor of suicidal ideation in chronic pain patients with an opiate prescription.

Abstract Chronic pain and opioid use are associated with increased risk for suicidal ideation and behaviors (SIB) in cross-sectional studies, particularly among individuals who catastrophize about their pain. This study examined the longitudinal association between two styles of pain coping, catastrophizing and hoping/praying, as predictors of subsequent SIB, as well as possible mediators of this association among patients with chronic pain receiving long-term opioid therapy. Participants (n = 496) were adults with chronic nonmalignant pain on long-term opioid therapy who did not develop an opioid use disorder. Participants were assessed for pain coping, suicidal ideation, depression, social support and pain interference at baseline, and were reassessed for SI, depression, and pain interference at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Catastrophizing was a significant predictor of increased subsequent SIB, whereas hoping/praying did not protect against future SIB. The relationship between catastrophizing and future SIB was mediated by depression, but not social support or pain interference. In conclusion, catastrophizing was an important predictor of subsequent SIB due to its effect on increasing depression among patients with chronic nonmalignant pain receiving long-term opioid therapy. Future research should explore the extent to which targeting catastrophizing reduces subsequent depression and suicide risk.
Computationally-efficient thermal simulations of large Li-ion battery packs using submodeling technique

Abstract Accurate and rapid prediction of temperature distribution in a large Li-ion battery pack comprising thousands of cells is critical for ensuring safety and performance of battery packs for electric vehicles. Due to the multiscale geometry and the large number of individual cells in an automotive battery pack, full-scale thermal simulations typically take a long time to complete. Approaches for rapidly computing the temperature field in a large battery pack without significant loss of accuracy is, therefore, a key technological need. This paper presents thermal simulations of a large, air-cooled Li-ion battery pack containing thousands of individual cells using the submodeling technique. A coarse model that neglects fine geometrical details is first solved, and the results are used to solve a more detailed sub-model. It is shown that this approach results in 7X reduction in computation time while preserving the accuracy of the predicted temperature field. Trade-offs between computation time and accuracy are examined. The submodeling technique is used to investigate the thermal design of a large Li-ion battery pack, including the effect of discharge rate and coolant flowrate on temperature field, and the thermal response to a pulsed spike in discharge rate. Limitations of the submodeling technique are discussed. The technique discussed here is a general one, and may help significantly reduce computation time for thermal design and optimization of large, realistic Li-ion battery packs.
FingerPIN: An Authentication Mechanism Integrating Fingerprints and Personal Identification Numbers

Fingerprint-based authentication has been successfully adopted in a wide range of applications, including law enforcement and immigration, due to its numerous advantages over traditional password-based authentication. However, despite the usability and accuracy of this technology, some significant concerns still exist, which can potentially hinder its further adoption. For instance, a subject’s fingerprint is permanently associated with an individual and, once stolen, cannot be replaced, thus compromising biometric-based authentication. To mitigate this concern, we propose a multi-factor authentication approach that integrates type 1 and type 3 authentication factors into a fingerprint-based personal identification number, or FingerPIN. To authenticate, a subject is required to present a sequence of fingerprints corresponding to the digits of the PIN, based on a predefined secret mapping between digits and fingers. We conduct a vulnerability analysis of the proposed scheme, and demonstrate that it is robust to the compromise of one or more of the subject’s fingerprints.
Two-Year Recall Bias After ACL Reconstruction Is Affected by Clinical Result.

Recall bias is a systematic error caused by inaccuracy in reporting past health status and can be a substantial methodological flaw in the retrospective collection of data. Little is known about recall bias following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients' recall bias regarding preinjury knee function at 2 years after ACLR. Methods Patients undergoing ACLR were enrolled in an institutional ACL registry. Preoperatively and at 2 years postoperatively, patients quantified their preinjury knee function on a scale of 0 to 10 (10 = best). Recall bias was quantified as the difference in the reported preinjury function between the 2 time points. The clinical result of ACLR was evaluated according to the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Evaluation score. Patients meeting the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) in the IKDC score were considered to have had a good outcome, while patients who did not reach the MCID were considered to have had failure of treatment. Recall bias was compared between the 2 groups. Results Of 2,109 patients enrolled in the registry, 1,219 were included in the study. Patients with a good outcome remembered their preinjury knee function on a 0-to-10 scale to be better than what they reported at baseline, by a mean difference of 0.40 points (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22 to 0.58 points). The recall bias was stronger for patients with a poor outcome, who remembered their knee function to be worse than reported at baseline, by a mean difference of -0.81 (95% CI, -1.4 to -0.26). The mean difference in recall between the 2 groups was -1.21 (95% CI, -1.74 to -0.67) (p < 0.0001). Conclusions The recall bias of preinjury knee function following ACLR was small and not clinically meaningful for the majority of patients. However, patients with a poor outcome had a clinically relevant and significant recall bias. Clinical Relevance Our findings suggest that patients with a poor outcome have a substantial recall bias. This has clinical relevance when considering treatment effects of revision surgery, whereby the clinical benefit of the treatment might be affected by recall bias.
Concomitant Systemic Therapy: Current and Future Perspectives.

Abstract Chemotherapy in combination with radical cystectomy or radiotherapy has led to improved oncological outcomes in the definitive treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Here we discuss the current role of chemotherapy and immunotherapy in the management of MIBC and discuss future directions of treatment.
Synthesis and photolysis of new BODIPY derivatives with chelated boron centre

New borondipyromethene (BODIPY) derivatives chelated at the boron centre with different catecholate and salicylate ligands were synthesized via substituting the fluoride atoms with the aid of alumi...
The Hardhat Riot: Nixon, New York City, and the dawn of the white working-class revolution: by David Paul Kuhn, New York, Oxford University Press, 2020, 404 pp., $29.95 (cloth), ISBN 9780190064716

In the spring of 1996, Rick Perlstein – “the hypercaffeinated Herodotus of the American Century” according to The Nation magazine1 – published a prescient essay in Lingua Franca: “Who Owns the Sixt...
Magnetic anisotropy in uranium monosulfide probed by magnetic torque measurements

We have studied the magnetic torque in uranium monosulfide (US) single crystals to explore the magnetic anisotropy in this material. Uranium monosulfide crystallizes in a cubic, NaCl-type of crystal structure and exhibits the largest magnetocrystalline anisotropy observed in cubic systems. By performing detailed torque measurements we observe a strongly anisotropic behavior in the paramagnetic phase due to crystal defects and quadrupolar pair interactions. Our studies also confirm the presence of a large anisotropy in the ferromagnetic state of the US system with the $\ensuremath{\langle}100\ensuremath{\rangle}, \ensuremath{\langle}111\ensuremath{\rangle}$, and $\ensuremath{\langle}110\ensuremath{\rangle}$ directions being the hard, easy, and intermediate axes, respectively. Furthermore, the anisotropy in the paramagnetic phase shows similar characteristics to the anisotropy observed in the ferromagnetic phase, as characterized by second and fourth rank susceptibility terms. The similarity of the anisotropic behaviors in paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases is the consequence of strong magnetoelastic properties in this system, which possibly lead to the rhombohedral structural distortion, not only in the ferromagnetic phase but also in the paramagnetic phase (induced by applied magnetic field).
Inhibitory proteins block substrate access by occupying the active site cleft of Bacillus subtilis intramembrane protease SpoIVFB

Abstract Intramembrane proteases function in numerous signaling pathways that impact health, but knowledge about regulation of intramembrane proteolysis is limited. We examined inhibition of intramembrane metalloprotease SpoIVFB by proteins BofA and SpoIVFA. We found that BofA residues in and near a predicted transmembrane segment are required for SpoIVFB inhibition, and cross-linking experiments indicated that this transmembrane segment occupies the SpoIVFB active site cleft. SpoIVFA is also required for SpoIVFB inhibition. The inhibitory proteins block access of the substrate N-terminal Proregion to the membrane-embedded SpoIVFB active site, based on additional cross-linking experiments; however, the inhibitory proteins did not prevent interaction between the substrate C-terminal region and the SpoIVFB soluble domain. A structural model was built of SpoIVFB in complex with BofA and parts of SpoIVFA and substrate, using partial homology and constraints from cross-linking and co-evolutionary analyses. The model predicts that conserved BofA residues interact to stabilize a transmembrane segment and a membrane-embedded C-terminal region. SpoIVFA is predicted to bridge the BofA C-terminal region and SpoIVFB, forming a membrane-embedded inhibition complex. Our results reveal a novel mechanism of intramembrane protease inhibition with clear implications for relief from inhibition in vivo and design of inhibitors as potential therapeutics.
In Search of the Virtuous Propagandist: The Ethics of Selling War

Before they can commit their states to war, leaders who believe that war is necessary must first secure public commitment to collective action and sacrifice. The chief instrument for achieving this...
Securing Native Disulfide Bonds in Disulfide-Coupled Protein Folding Reactions: The Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Elements vis-à-vis Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration

Disulfide bonds play an important role in physiology and are the mainstay of proteins that reside in the plasma membrane and of those that are secreted outside the cell. Disulfide-bond-containing p...
The Reformation of Pedagogy

James Simpson is the Donald P. and Katherine B. Loker Professor of English at Harvard University. He has written extensively on late medieval and Early Modern culture, politics, theories of reading, and iconoclasm. His books include Piers Plowman: An Introduction to the B-Text (Longman: 1990); Sciences and the Self in Medieval Poetry (Cambridge: 1995); Reform and Cultural Revolution (Oxford: 2002); and Burning to Read: English Fundamentalism and its Reformation Opponents (Harvard: 2007). His most recent book is Under the Hammer: Iconoclasm in the Anglo-American Tradition (Oxford: 2010).Taylor Cowdery is a doctoral candidate at Harvard University. His work focuses on late medieval poetry and Humanist literary criticism, with particular emphasis directed towards aureate poetics, the idea of poetic invention, and early conceptions of aesthetics as a discrete discipline.
Explanation and the Nature of Scientific Knowledge

Explaining phenomena is a primary goal of science. Consequently, it is unsurprising that gaining a proper understanding of the nature of explanation is an important goal of science education. In order to properly understand explanation, however, it is not enough to simply consider theories of the nature of explanation. Properly understanding explanation requires grasping the relation between explanation and understanding, as well as how explanations can lead to scientific knowledge. This article examines the nature of explanation, its relation to understanding, and how explanations are used to generate scientific knowledge via inferences to the best explanation. Studying these features and applications of explanation not only provides insight into a concept that is important for science education in its own right, but also sheds light on an aspect of recent debates concerning the so-called consensus view of nature of science (NOS). Once the relation between explanation, understanding, and knowledge is clear, it becomes apparent that science is unified in important ways. Seeing this unification provides some support for thinking that there are general features of NOS of the sort proposed by the consensus view and that teaching about these general features of NOS should be a goal of science education.
The Temporal Stability of Lack of Sexual Attraction Across Young Adulthood.

There is a large and growing literature on the stability of sexual orientation across the lifespan. However, virtually no studies have been conducted on the longitudinal stability of any dimension of asexuality. Here I utilized Kinsey scale-type data from Wave III and Wave IV of the Add Health survey to measure the stability of indicating “not sexually attracted to either males or females” in a forced-choice, Kinsey-type scale and during the time participants were moving through early adulthood (18–26 years in Wave III and 24–32 years in Wave IV). I found that, for the most part, individuals who reported no sexual attraction in Wave III were not the same individuals who reported no sexual attraction in Wave IV, with only three out of the 25 in Wave III who indicated no sexual attraction going on to do the same in Wave IV. This inter-wave consistency was lower than it was for other sexual minorities. However, indicating no sexual attraction in one wave was still a statistically significant predictor of indicating no sexual attraction in the other wave, as was refusing to answer or indicating the “don’t know” option in the other wave. These findings do not necessarily denote change in sexual attraction across waves; the fact that not answering the question in one wave was a significant predictor of indicating no sexual attraction in the other wave provides quantitative evidence for the ambiguities involved in sexual identities when sexuality is taken for granted in the broader culture. This ambiguity affects the operationalization and quantification of asexuality.
12 nm-gate-length ultrathin-body InGaAs/InAs MOSFETs with 8.3•10 5 I ON /I OFF

Fig. 3 shows transfer characteristics of a 12 nm-L g FET, achieving 1.8 mS/µm peak g m at V DS =0.5 V. The subthreshold swing, Fig. 4, is 98.6 mV/dec. at V DS =0.1 V and 107.5 mV/dec. at V DS =0.5 V. The minimum leakage current is as low as 1.3 nA/µm at V DS =0.5 V, where I off is limited by BTBT. This leakage current is sufficiently low to meet the requirement of high performance (HP, 100 nA/µm) logic applications, and close to the specification of standard performance (SP, 1 nA/µm) applications. Fig. 5 shows the output characteristics of a 12 nm-L g FET. The maximum I D exceeds 1.25 mA/µm at V GS =1.2 V and V DS =0.7 V, and the on-resistance (R on ) at V GS =1 V is 302 Ω·µm. The I D at V GS =1.2 V and V DS =0.5 V is 1.1 mA/µm, showing maximum I on /I off ∼8.3×105. Examining (Fig. 6) g m as a function of L g , the present InGaAs/InAs channel devices show g m slightly superior to our previously-reported devices using InP spacers and InGaAs channels [10] but lower g m than devices using InGaAs spacers and InAs channels [9]. On-resistance, Fig. 7, ∼262 Ω·µm when extrapolated to zero L g , is also consistent with earlier results using similar InP spacers [10].
Disparities in Adequate Mental Health Care for Past-Year Major Depressive Episodes Among White and Non-White Youth

Objective: Following efforts made in recent years to have effective mental health treatments based on evidence-based guidelines, a working-defi nition of a minimum level of ‘adequate mental health care (AMHC)’ for serious mental illness (SMI) was developed in the literature. However, little is known about racial/ethnic disparities in receipt of adequate mental health care for SMI. The objective of this study was to examine disparities among Whites and non-Whites in receiving adequate mental health care for past-year major depressive episodes (MDE). Methods: The study sample was 1,688 US youth 12 to17 years old affected by MDE in the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. We estimated the percentages of Whites and non-Whites that received adequate mental health care for MDE and estimated the correlates of receipt of adequate mental health care for the full sample and by racial/ethnic groups. Results: About 34 percent of the sample received adequate mental health care; but separate analyses indicate that a signifi cantly higher proportion of Whites (36 percent) received adequate mental health care relative to non-Whites (28 percent). The odds of receiving adequate mental health care for past-year MDE for Whites were 1.5 times that of non-Whites (p = 0.01). Conclusion: As more adolescents of diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds are identifi ed to access mental health Treatment services, it might be important to examine the degree to which treatment should be tailored to engage and retain specifi c racial/ethnic groups to get the minimum of adequate mental health
Expression and purification of orphan cytochrome P450 4X1 and oxidation of anandamide

Cytochrome P450 (P450) 4X1 is one of the so-called ‘orphan’ P450s without an assigned biological function. Codon-optimized P450 4X1 and a number of N-terminal modified sequences were expressed in Escherichia coli. Native P450 4X1 showed a characteristic P450 spectrum but low expression in E. coli DH5α cells (< 100 nmol P450·L−1). The highest level of expression (300–450 nmol P450·L−1 culture) was achieved with a bicistronic P450 4X1 construct (N-terminal MAKKTSSKGKL, change of E2A, amino acids 3-44 truncated). Anandamide (arachidonoyl ethanolamide) has emerged as an important signaling molecule in the neurovascular cascade. Recombinant P450 4X1 protein, co-expressed with human NADPH–P450 reductase in E. coli, was found to convert the natural endocannabinoid anandamide to a single monooxygenated product, 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic (EET) ethanolamide. A stable anandamide analog (CD-25) was also converted to a monooxygenated product. Arachidonic acid was oxidized more slowly to 14,15- and 8,9-EETs but only in the presence of cytochrome b5. Other fatty acids were investigated as putative substrates but showed only little or minor oxidation. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated extrahepatic mRNA expression, including several human brain structures (cerebellum, amygdala and basal ganglia), in addition to expression in human heart, liver, prostate and breast. The highest mRNA expression levels were detected in amygdala and skin. The ability of P450 4X1 to generate anandamide derivatives and the mRNA distribution pattern suggest a potential role for P450 4X1 in anandamide signaling in the brain.
Optical tuning in the arcs and final focus sections of the Stanford Linear Collider

In this thesis, we present the experimental tuning procedures developed for the Arcs and for the Final Focus Section of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC). Such tuning is necessary to maximize the luminosity, by minimizing the beam size at the interaction point, and to reduce backgrounds in the experiment. In the final Focus Section, the correction strategy must result from the principles of the optical design, which is based on cancellations between second order aberrations, and on the ability to measure micron-size beams typical of the SLC. In the Arcs, the corrections were designed after the initial commissioning, to make the system more error-tolerant, through a modification in the optical design, and to enable adjustments of the beam phase-space a the injection to the Final Focus System, through a harmonic perturbation technique inspired from circular accelerators. Although the overall optimization of the SLC is not entirely finished, an almost optimal set-up has been achieved for the optics of the Arcs and of the Final Focus Section. Beams with transverse sizes close to the nominal ones, of a few microns, have been obtained at the interaction point. We present and discuss our results and the optical limits to the present performance.more » 24 refs., 25 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Librarians as Feisty Advocates for Privacy

Librarians are the ideal professional group to advocate for privacy and intellectual freedom during online social media product use. Under the central leadership of the American Library Association (ALA), librarians should lead a campaign to urge Internet social media companies to include Privacy by Design principles in their user agreements. This social media privacy campaign would follow librarians’ historical privacy advocacy efforts, and promoting ethical user agreements presents a new venue for librarians’ advocacy in the era of online information access.
New Energy Levels of Triply Ionized Praseodymium

Measurements of the spectrum of triply ionized praseodymium produced by a 500-A sliding-spark discharge revealed new high-lying energy levels of both even and odd parity. Nearly all levels of the 4f5f configuration were found as well as portions of 4f6d, 4f7s, and 5d6p. Radial parameters were fitted to 4f5f and 4f6d. A value for the ionization limit of 314 200±200 cm−1 was deduced from the 4f6s, 7s series.
Evaluation of a subject-specific female gymnast model and simulation of an uneven parallel bar swing

A gymnast model and forward dynamics simulation of a dismount preparation swing on the uneven parallel bars were evaluated by comparing experimental and predicted joint positions throughout the maneuver. The bar model was a linearly elastic spring with a frictional bar/hand interface, and the gymnast model consisted of torso/head, arm and two leg segments. The hips were frictionless balls and sockets, and shoulder movement was planar with passive compliant structures approximated by a parallel spring and damper. Subject-specific body segment moments of inertia, and shoulder compliance were estimated. Muscles crossing the shoulder and hip were represented as torque generators, and experiments quantified maximum instantaneous torques as functions of joint angle and angular velocity. Maximum torques were scaled by joint torque activations as functions of time to produce realistic motions. The downhill simplex method optimized activations and simulation initial conditions to minimize the difference between experimental and predicted bar-center, shoulder, hip, and ankle positions. Comparing experimental and simulated performances allowed evaluation of bar, shoulder compliance, joint torque, and gymnast models. Errors in all except the gymnast model are random, zero mean, and uncorrelated, verifying that all essential system features are represented. Although the swing simulation using the gymnast model matched experimental joint positions with a 2.15cm root-mean-squared error, errors are correlated. Correlated errors indicate that the gymnast model is not complex enough to exactly reproduce the experimental motion. Possible model improvements including a nonlinear shoulder model with active translational control and a two-segment torso would not have been identified if the objective function did not evaluate the entire system configuration throughout the motion. The model and parameters presented in this study can be effectively used to understand and improve an uneven parallel bar swing, although in the future there may be circumstances where a more complex model is needed.
On a class of complete and incomplete generalized Airy functions and their application to high-frequency scattering and diffraction problems

The generalized Airy functions and their derivations serve as canonical functions for the uniform asymptotic evaluation of a class of integrals characterized by multiple saddle points that are arbitrarily close to one another or to an integration endpoint. The complete asymptotic representations for this class of functions are rigorously derived, and some scattering and diffraction problems in which they apply are discussed. >
Signatures of fractional statistics in noise experiments in quantum Hall fluids.

The elementary excitations of fractional quantum Hall (FQH) fluids are vortices with fractional statistics. Yet, this fundamental prediction has remained an open experimental challenge. Here we show that the cross-current noise in a three-terminal tunneling experiment of a two dimensional electron gas in the FQH regime can be used to detect directly the statistical angle of the excitations of these topological quantum fluids. We show that the noise also reveals signatures of exclusion statistics and of fractional charge. The vortices of Laughlin states should exhibit a bunching effect, while for higher states in the Jain sequences they should exhibit an ``antibunching'' effect.
A simple method for making composite anaglyph transparencies for viewing from a single light source

This paper presents an easy technique that enables one to make composite anaglyph transparencies in any size up to 11 × 14 inches from SEM or TEM negatives. For viewing with an overhead projector, right and left images are printed on separate, fine-grain positive films, usually 5 × 7 to 8 × 10 inches in size. Standard black and white printing techniques are used throughout. The red and green stereo code is added to the two photographic emulsions with chemical toners. The transparencies are then superimposed, aligned, and presented using an overhead projector. As with other anaglyph processes, red and green spectacles are used for viewing.
A comparative study of malic dehydrogenase and isocitric dehydrogenase in turtle tissues.

Abstract 1. 1. Activities for two enzymes: Malic dehydrogenase (MDH) and isocitric dehydrogenase (ICDH) were studied in tissues taken from liver, kidney, muscle and heart of three-toed box turtle (Terrapene carolina triunguis), western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii) and common musk turtle (Sternothaerus odoratus). 2. 2. Malic dehydrogenase was more active than isocitric dehydrogenase particularly in muscle and heart tissue. 3. 3. The box turtle showed the highest activity of MDH in the skeletal and heart muscles, followed by the painted turtle and the common musk turtle.
Electrical conductivity of N-methyl phenazinium tetracyanoquinodimethanide, (NMP) (TCNQ)

New conductivity, σ, vs. temperature, T, measurements on numerous (NMP)-(TCNQ) samples, as well as older data, can all be fit, in the range 65K<T<400K, by the simple expression σ = σoT-αexp(-900/T). σo and α(3<α<4) are sample-dependent constants. We interpret this as representing an activated carrier concentration and strongly T-dependent mobility, μ. We can account for the magnitude and T-dependence of μ by a model involving interaction with the molecular vibrations through the known electron-phonon coupling constants of TCNQ-.
Platelet-associated IgAs and impaired GPVI responses in platelets lacking WIP

The role of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) in platelet function is unclear because platelets that lack WASp function normally. WASp constitutively associates with WASp-interacting protein (WIP) in resting and activated platelets. The role of WIP in platelet function was investigated using mice that lack WIP or WASp. WIP knockout (KO) platelets lack WASp and thus are double deficient. WIP KO mice have a thrombocytopenia, similar to WASp KO mice, resulting in part from enhanced platelet clearance. Most WIP KO, but not WASp KO, mice evolved platelet-associated immunoglobulins (Ig) of the IgA class, which normalize their platelet survival but diminish their glycoprotein VI (GPVI) responses. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation, including that of phospholipase C-γ2, and calcium mobilization are impaired in IgA-presenting WIP KO platelets stimulated through GPVI, resulting in defects in α-granule secretion, integrin αIIbβ3 activation, and actin assembly. The anti-GPVI antibody JAQ1 induces the irreversible loss of GPVI from circulating platelets in wild-type mice, but not in WIP KO mice that bear high levels of platelet-associated IgAs. Together, the data indicate that platelet-associated IgAs negatively modulate GPVI signaling and function in WIP KO mice.
Durkheim and Dewey and the Challenge of Contemporary Moral Education.

John Dewey and Emile Durkheim are philosophical giants in the field of moral education. This paper compares and contrasts their respective visions for moral education and contextualizes the comparison in the profound intellectual and social changes modernity was casting throughout the world. They were transitional figures that attempted to make education responsive to those novel conditions and forces. Toward this end, Dewey and Durkheim, though they differed in key areas, articulated the moral sources and authority on which their respective visions for education depended. In as much as the contemporary discourse on moral education lacks this articulation, there is much to be learned from examining their work. Though the current cultural context differs from that of Dewey and Durkheim, their approach to addressing these questions can inform our task in the present.
Fractionation of a crude polysaccharase system by preparative paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis.

Abstract Cellulase and pentosanase were largely separated from polygalacturonase in the crude preparation, Enzyme 19-D by paper chromatography. A partial separation of pentosanase from other enzymes of the mixture was effected by paper electrophoresis. All of the enzymes studied except cellulase were inactivated by heating at 74–75 °C.; almost 50% of the cellulase activity was retained. Polygalacturonase and pectinesterase were inactive above pH 7.0. Most of the enzymes studied appeared to have two or more components.
Duration of vitamin K antagonist therapy for venous thromboembolism: A systematic review of the literature

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the evidence on the optimal duration of vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Methods: Randomized controlled trials of VKA for VTE were identified by a computerized database search. Summary event rates for relevant outcomes were calculated using a random effects model with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Ten studies met inclusion criteria. The incidence of recurrent VTE (3 months, 7.9 VTE per 100 patient-years [95% CI, 5.2 to 10] versus 4–12 months, 4.9 VTE per 100 patient-years [95% CI, 3.6 to 6.2] versus continuous therapy, 0.7 VTE per 100 patient-years [95% CI, 0.3 to 1.1]) and total adverse events (3 months, 11.2 events per 100 patient-years [95%CI, 7.1 to 15.4] versus 4–12 months, 7.4 events per 100 patient-years [95%CI, 6.2 to 8.5] versus continuous therapy 3.1 events per 100 patient-years [95%CI, 2.2 to 4.0] declined as VKA therapy duration increased. Continuous reduced intensity therapy (INR 1.5–2) was associated with more recurrent VTE (2.3 VTE per 100 patient-years [95%CI, 1.5 to 3.0]). Continuous VKA therapy (INR 2–3) was beneficial for patients with a second VTE and antiphospholipid antibodies. The incidence of recurrent VTE was similar with 6 or 12 weeks of therapy for isolated calf DVT. Conclusion: Randomized controlled trials indicate that continuous VKA therapy (INR 2–3) for VTE is associated with better clinical outcomes than shorter durations. Patients with a second VTE or antiphospholipid antibodies also benefit from continuous anticoagulation. Patients with calf DVT should be treated for at least 6 weeks. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Globe still in grip of addiction

After five years, the World Health Organization's tobacco-control treaty is starting to have an effect, but we need to tackle the smoking epidemic in the developing world, say Jonathan M. Samet and Heather L. Wipfli.
Reductions in experienced control and depression in psychiatric inpatients: A test of the learned helplessness model.

Used a measure of reduction in experienced control to investigate two aspects of the learned helplessness model of depression. Consistent with this model, psychiatric inpatients who reported reduced control over life events prior to hospitalization were significantly more depressed than individuals who reported no such reductions. Locus of control (IE) was not related to depression scores, and it was suggested, in light of previous research, that future research on the antecedents of depression employ more specific measures of control rather than measures of generalized expectancies. Additionally, depressive as a diagnostic group reported greated reduced control than chronic schizophrenics, paranoid schizophrenics, and patients with personality disorder diagnoses. These results were interpreted as supporting the specificity of learned helplessness to depression. It was suggested that research on learned helplessness and depression, which has relied on college student analogues, can be complemented profitably by studies of reduced experience control within clinical populations.
The Effects of Variations in Capabilities of GDSS Designs on Management of Cognitive Conflict in Groups

Group decision support systems have been advocated as mechanisms for facilitating conflict management in groups. Two noted shortcomings of research on GDSS effects motivate this study: i Most researchers have compared the effects of computer-based and manual delivery of structures for supporting group decision making. By treating the GDSS as a "black box," researchers have neglected attention toward examining the effects of specific capabilities delivered by a GDSS. ii Despite the volume of accumulated research, scant attention has been paid to examining GDSS impacts on the group interaction process itself. This research proposes a conceptual view of a GDSS as providing communication and consensus capabilities for supporting the cognitive conflict management process in group decision making. Through a manipulation of the delivery of communication and consensus structures to groups working on a strategic planning task, several exploratory research questions were examined. The GDSS used in this study was the SAMM system. Key results obtained were: a despite using the same GDSS structures, groups exhibited a variety of patterns of conflict management processes; b the delivery of communication and consensus structures together, as opposed to primarily communication structures, however, did result in higher confrontiveness, or the ability of groups to confront their conflicts and resolve them in positive ways; c higher confrontiveness resulted in higher levels of post-meeting consensus; and, d computerization of structures enabled groups to confront their conflict and resolve it more positively than when groups were provided with equivalent manual structures. The results demonstrate the value of process-oriented methodological approaches to investigating effects of GDSS designs.
Sterol-binding polysaccharides of Rhizopus arrhizus, Penicillium roquefortii and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis

Abstract Polysaccharides that bind with sterols and render them water-soluble were isolated from two mycelial fungi, Rhizopus arrhizus and Penicillium roquefortii and a yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis . The polysaccharides from R. arrhizus and S. carlsbergensis were accompanied by small quantities of phosphorus, protein and lipid, none of which significantly influenced the binding of sterol to polysaccharide. The chemical composition and sterol-binding properties of the polysaccharides from the filamentous species were almost identical, but differed significantly from those of the yeast polysaccharide. The principal sterol-binding polysaccharide of S. carlsbergensis was identified as a mannan and that of the filamentous fungi as a glucan(s). The binding capacity of the purified yeast polysaccharide was almost two-fold greater than that of R. arrhizus and P. roquefortii .
Global characteristics of magnetic flux ropes in the Venus ionosphere

An examination is undertaken of global characteristics of Venus ionosphere magnetic flux ropes, whose maximum spatial occurrence at 165-km altitude occupies more than half of the ionospheric volume. Ropes above 200 km altitude in the low zenith angle regions appear to have quasi-horizontal orientations, while those below that altitude tend to be quasi-vertical. High zenith angle cases tend to be horizontal above 300 km, and randomly oriented below that altitude. Ropes may be more tightly 'twisted' at low than at high altitudes, especially in the low zenith angle regions. Rope field strengths are highest near the altitudes where their occurrence is greatest, and scale with the square root of the ambient thermal pressure. The global polarities of flux rope field-aligned currents seem to be random and do not support a steady, nonturbulent global formation mechanism.
Long Range Collisional Energy Transfer from Highly Vibrationally Excited Pyrazine to CO Bath Molecules: Excitation of the v = 1 CO Vibrational Level†

Collisional energy transfer from highly vibrationally excited pyrazine to CO bath molecules has been studied by use of an infrared diode laser to probe the vibrational, rotational, and translation degrees of freedom of scattered CO molecules. Here the excitation of the CO (v = 1) bath molecule vibrational state is investigated after a collision with highly excited, vibrationally “hot” pyrazine. Only a small amount of rotational and translational excitation accompanies the production of CO (v = 1), implicating a “soft” collision, long-range force energy transfer mechanism. The amount of CO scattered into the v = 1 state at 2170 cm-1 is small when compared to the amount of CO2 scattered into the analogous 0001 level of CO2 at 2349 cm-1 by collisions with pyrazine molecules having 40 640 cm-1 of internal vibrational energy.
The University of Washington Superconducting Booster Linac

We have begun construction of a superconducting linac designed to accelerate ions from protons through about mass 60. Injected by our 9 MV-terminal tandem van de Graaff accelerator, the linac is expected to double the proton energy and quadruple the energies of heavier ions. The resonators are lead plated copper quarter wave structures. The overall layout and expected performance of the accelerator will be presented, along with a brief status report.
What is the role of alternate splicing in antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules

The expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on the cell surface is critical for recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). This recognition event leads to destruction of cells displaying MHC class I—viral peptide complexes or cells displaying MHC class I—mutant peptide complexes. Before they can be transported to the cell surface, MHC class I molecules must associate with their peptide ligand in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the cell. Within the ER, numerous proteins assist in the appropriate assembly and folding of MHC class I molecules. These include the heterodimeric transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP1 and TAP2), the heterodimeric chaperone-oxidoreductase complex of tapasin and ERp57 and the general ER chaperones calreticulin and calnexin. Each of these accessory proteins has a well-defined role in antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules. However, alternate splice forms of MHC class I heavy chains, TAP and tapasin, have been reported suggesting additional complexity to the picture of antigen presentation. Here, we review the importance of these different accessory proteins and the progress in our understanding of alternate splicing in antigen presentation.
Rapid Source Estimation from Global Calibrated Paths

On 9 October 2006, an explosion occurred in North Korea as predicted by that country's press office (Figure 1). The highfrequency P waves relative to S waves allowed easy identification (Richards and Kim 2007a, 2007b). However, estimating the yield of the explosion proved more difficult. Richards and Kim (2007a, 2007b) employed the current procedure for estimating the size of events from inferences from magnitude-yield curves, usually mb or a regional proxy, mb ( Lg ). Linear plots of mb vs. yield are based on measured mb for known yields, i.e. , Amchitka and Nevada Test Site (NTS), etc. In this particular case, they used Murphy's (1977) formula, which states mb = 4.75 + log Y , where the initial amplitudes of short-period (SP) P waves at a large number of azimuthally distributed measurements are made. The same mb measure is used for earthquakes where it is assumed that by this averaging, we can eliminate radiation pattern effects, since the amplitudes can vary by a factor of 10 (Butler and Ruff 1980). However, the radiation patterns of down-going energy are distinctly different between strike-slip and dip-slip mechanisms. The former are weak at ray parameters emitting P waves teleseismically. Thus one would expect mb is to be biased low for strike-slip events if only distance P waves are available. This observation has been noted in Zhu et al. (2006) where regionally determined Mw is compared with published mb . Thus, we expect smaller mb from strike-slip events of about 0.4 magnitudes based on the above study. This feature can be observed directly (Figure 2) by examining the various mechanisms given in Figure 1. Note that the strikeslip event ( Mw = 4.5) is relatively weak at the ILAR array, at …
Specificity of Interactions among the DNA-packaging Machine Components of T4-related Bacteriophages

Tailed bacteriophages use powerful molecular motors to package the viral genome into a preformed capsid. Packaging at a rate of up to ∼2000 bp/s and generating a power density twice that of an automobile engine, the phage T4 motor is the fastest and most powerful reported to date. Central to DNA packaging are dynamic interactions among the packaging components, capsid (gp23), portal (gp20), motor (gp17, large “terminase”), and regulator (gp16, small terminase), leading to precise orchestration of the packaging process, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we analyzed the interactions between small and large terminases of T4-related phages. Our results show that the gp17 packaging ATPase is maximally stimulated by homologous, but not heterologous, gp16. Multiple interaction sites are identified in both gp16 and gp17. The specificity determinants in gp16 are clustered in the diverged N- and C-terminal domains (regions I–III). Swapping of diverged region(s), such as replacing C-terminal RB49 region III with that of T4, switched ATPase stimulation specificity. Two specificity regions, amino acids 37–52 and 290–315, are identified in or near the gp17-ATPase “transmission” subdomain II. gp16 binding at these sites might cause a conformational change positioning the ATPase-coupling residues into the catalytic pocket, triggering ATP hydrolysis. These results lead to a model in which multiple weak interactions between motor and regulator allow dynamic assembly and disassembly of various packaging complexes, depending on the functional state of the packaging machine. This might be a general mechanism for regulation of the phage packaging machine and other complex molecular machines.
Evaporative Thermal Performance of Vapor Chambers Under Nonuniform Heating Conditions

This paper reports the test results of vapor chambers using copper post heaters and silicon die heaters. Experiments were conducted to understand the effects of nonuniform heating conditions (hot spots) on the evaporative thermal performance of vapor chambers. In contrast to the copper post heater, which provides ideal heating, a silicon chip package was developed to replicate more realistic heat source boundary conditions of microprocessors. The vapor chambers were tested for hot spot heat fluxes as high as 746 W/cm 2 . The experimental results show that evaporator thermal resistance is not sensitive to nonuniform heat conditions, i.e., it is the same as in the uniform heating case. In addition, a model was developed to predict the effective thickness of a sintered-wick layer saturated with water at the evaporator. The model assumes that the pore sizes in the sintered particle wick layer are distributed nonuniformly. With an increase of heat flux, liquid in the larger size pores are dried out first, followed by drying of smaller size pores. Statistical analysis of the pore size distribution is used to calculate the fraction of the pores that remain saturated with liquid at a given heat flux condition. The model successfully predicts the experimental results of evaporative thermal resistance of vapor chambers for both uniform and nonuniform heat fluxes.
Unfallen Grains: How Ancient Farmers Turned Weeds into Crops

Cereals are the world9s primary food, but if they are to be harvested grains must remain on the plant. Two of the genetic changes responsible for this essential trait for domestication have been identified.
Breast cancer diagnosed during hormone replacement therapy.

Abstract Objective: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with decreased breast cancer mortality despite increased incidence. We studied postmenopausal breast cancer patients to determine whether this paradox results from earlier diagnosis, biologically less aggressive tumors, or cessation of hormonal stimulation. Methods: Demographic, clinical, pathologic, treatment, and outcome information for 455 postmenopausal breast cancer patients who had not used postmenopausal hormones was compared with that of 47 breast cancer patients who used postmenopausal hormones prior to diagnosis. Results: Hormone users were significantly younger, more often white, and of lower body mass index than nonusers. Hormone users presented significantly more often with nonpalpable mammographic findings, resulting in significantly smaller tumors with less nodal involvement than nonusers. Cancers of hormone users were more commonly invasive lobular or in situ ductal and were more likely to be steroid receptor positive. Hormone users were treated with breast conservation significantly more frequently than nonusers. These differences persisted after matching for age and year of surgery and after controlling for race. At 5 years, none of the hormone users with invasive cancers had local recurrence compared with 8% of nonusers, and 7% of users had distant disease compared with 10% of nonusers. Conclusion: These results indicate that favorable breast cancer survival after postmenopausal hormone use might result from earlier detection through mammography. Possible hormonal influence on tumor biology and prognosis was not supported by our data.