cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balance power leakage to fight against side-channel analysis at gate level in FPGAs

Side-channel attacks have been a serious threat to the security of embedded cryptographic systems, and various countermeasures have been devised to mitigate the leakages. Power balance technologies such as wave dynamic differential logic (WDDL) aim to balance the power by introducing differential logic. However, different routing length leads to different capacitance of wire, and this hampers the strength of the power balance countermeasure. In this paper, we further balance the power of differential signals by manipulating the lower level primitives and placement constraints on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). We choose Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as the encryption algorithm and apply Hamming weight model to demonstrate the amount of leakage for different implementations. Results show that our method not only efficiently mitigates the side-channel leakage but also saves FPGA logic block resources and dynamic power consumption.
Lagrange multipliers method in robust control: the l/sup 1/-setting

An "l/sup /spl infin//-norm" version of the so-called "S-procedure losslessness theorem" is proved. In contrast with the earlier result which applies to robust control in the "mean squares" (H/sup /spl infin//) setting, the new theorem establishes the non-conservatism of the Lagrange multipliers method for "maximum magnitude" models (the so-called l/sup 1/-setting).
Probabilities of transition among health states for older adults

Goal: To estimate the probabilities of transition among self-rated health states for older adults, and examine how they vary by age and sex. Methods: We used self-rated health (excellent, very good, good, fair, poor, dead) collected in two longitudinal studies of older adults (mean age 75) to estimate the probability of transition in 2 years. We used the estimates to project future health for selected cohorts. Findings: These older adults were most likely to be in the same health state 2 years later, but a substantial proportion changed in both directions. Transition probabilities varied by initial health state, age and sex. Men were more likely than women to transition to excellent or dead. Women were more likely than men to transition to good or fair health. Although women aged 70 will have more years of life and more years of healthy life than men, they also have more years of unhealthy life, and the proportion of remaining life that is healthy is slightly higher for men. When observed and predicted years of healthy life (YHL) were compared in various subgroups, the YHL of persons with less favorable baseline characteristics was lower than predicted, and vice-versa. Differences, however, were small (about 5%). Conclusions: These transition probability estimates can be used to predict the future health of individuals or groups as a function of current age, sex, and self-rated health.
1/f noise universality in high-technology applications

Quantum mechanics and electrodynamics require the presence of fundamental quantum fluctuations of physical currents, cross sections, and process rates. The present paper calculates these fluctuations, shows that they have a simple universal 1/f spectrum, and shows how they invariably come to the foreground in high-technology applications, because in them all other fluctuations and sources of instability have been either eliminated, or otherwise discounted and put under control. >
A quest to increase safety of anesthetics by advancements in anesthesia monitoring: scientometric analysis

The aim of this study was to assess progress in the field of anesthesia monitoring over the past 40 years using scientometric analysis. The following scientometric indexes were used: popularity indexes (general and specific), representing the proportion of articles on either a topic relative to all articles in the field of anesthetics (general popularity index, GPI) or the subfield of anesthesia monitoring (specific popularity index, SPI); index of change (IC), representing the degree of growth in publications on a topic from one period to the next; and index of expectations (IE), representing the ratio of the number of articles on a topic in the top 20 journals relative to the number of articles in all (>5,000) biomedical journals covered by PubMed. Publications on 33 anesthesia-monitoring topics were assessed. Our analysis showed that over the past 40 years, the rate of rise in the number of articles on anesthesia monitoring was exponential, with an increase of more than eleven-fold, from 296 articles over the 5-year period 1974–1978 to 3,394 articles for 2009–2013. This rise profoundly exceeded the rate of rise of the number of articles on general anesthetics. The difference was especially evident with the comparison of the related GPIs: stable growth of the GPI for anesthesia monitoring vs constant decline in the GPI for general anesthetics. By the 2009–2013 period, among specific monitoring topics introduced after 1980, the SPI index had a meaningful magnitude (≥1.5) in 9 of 24 topics: Bispectral Index (7.8), Transesophageal Echocardiography (4.2), Electromyography (2.8), Pulse Oximetry (2.4), Entropy (2.3), Train-of-four (2.3), Capnography (1.9), Pulse Contour (1.9), and Electrical Nerve Stimulation for neuromuscular monitoring (1.6). Only one of these topics (Pulse Contour) demonstrated (in 2009–2013) high values for both IC and IE indexes (76 and 16.9, respectively), indicating significant recent progress. We suggest that rapid growth in the field of anesthetic monitoring was one of the most important developments to compensate for the intrinsically low margins of safety of anesthetic agents.
Newer anticoagulants in critically ill patients.

Abstract Critically ill patients are at increased risk for development of thrombosis. In addition, thrombosis is often unrecognized in this population. Furthermore, these patients are particularly susceptible to bleeding complications from anticoagulants. Herein the authors review the pharmacology, data from clinical trials, management of bleeding complications, and perioperative use of these agents in the intensive care unit population. Well-designed clinical trials are needed to improve our understanding of the safety and efficacy of these newer agents in critically ill patients.
CSMA local radio networks with BPSK modulation in Rayleigh fading channels

Calculation of the throughput of a carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) packet radio network with capture over slow Rayleigh-fading channels is presented. The effects of capture on the throughput of the system are related to the modulation and coding technique of the transmission system, the general distribution of terminals in the area and the length of the transmitted packets. BPSK modulation and BCH coding are considered.
Stability Analysis of a Horizontal Coalbed Methane Borehole in the San Juan Basin, USA

Abstract Borehole stability analysis was conducted using STABView and FLAC geomechanical modeling for a horizontal coalbed methane well in the San Juan Basin. The objective was to determine whether the coal seam at 3,000 ft depth would yield under certain drilling and production conditions. Triaxial tests using 1-inch diameter core plugs were performed to construct the Mohr-Coulomb and Hoek-Brown failure envelopes. A reduction of the peak coal strength by approximately 30% was needed to correct the scale-dependent strength to a value that was thought to be more representative for a 4.75-inch diameter horizontal borehole. No yielding was predicted at underbalanced and overbalanced drilling conditions when the uncorrected M-C and H-B lab strength data were used. A 30% reduction in peak strength predicted no yielding during overbalanced drilling and only minor yielding during underbalanced drilling or production. The maximum extent of the yielded zone at BHP of 100 psi predicted by STABView was 37% over gaug...
Structural Characterization of Exfoliated Graphite Nanofibers

Abstract Structural characterization of exfoliated graphite nanofibers (EGNFs) with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-angle annular dark-field–scanning TEM (HAADF–STEM) indicates exfoliation has led to structural expansion along the fiber axis, with discrete domains of graphitic nanocones separated by gaps ranging from 50 to 500 A. Image contrast in HAADF–STEM demonstrates that structural expansion dominates over chemical etching. Raman spectroscopy indicates the EGNF is more graphitic than the precursor, and the disappearance of the characteristic defect (D) peak with multi-wavelength excitation is inconsistent with the presence of amorphous carbon. The highly expanded EGNF structure oxidizes at two distinct rates at 750 °C in CO2, leading to a highly-disordered graphitic fiber, with apparent collapse of the expanded structure as no gaps or discrete graphitic domains are observed after oxidation. Variation in the heat input per intercalant mass during thermal shock leads to changes in fiber morphology, including the extent of fiber expansion, the number of defects and pores observable within the fiber via TEM, and the surface area measured by nitrogen adsorption.
Analysis of accuracy in the numerical simulation of the freezing process in food materials

Simulation of freezing in foods is difficult due to the inherent nonlinearity of the numerical problem. In this study, a technique was presented and used to assess the accuracy of the Crank-Nicolson and the two-step finite difference methods in solving this nonlinear problem. Overall, the accuracy of the two-step method was higher than that of the Crank-Nicolson. These numerical methods were also implemented to simulate one-dimensional freezing experiments. The results of the two-step method again exhibited better agreement with the experimental data than the Crank-Nicolson results.
Palau: Native paradise or petroleum superport?

Numerous environmental groups, scientists and humanists have gone on record concerning that incomparable biological resource, the coral reefs and limestone islands of Palau. The Trust Territory, which governs Micronesia, is due to be dissolved in 1981 but there is little economic base for independence. Its strategic location, remoteness and low population have led to Palau as a potential site for superport development. International politics, secrecy, spying and rumored pay-offs seemed to leave Palauans virtually without a voice in the decision making.
Concepts of pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Abstract It is likely that different disease-inducing factors interfere with normal immune regulatory processes in different patients (1, 3). Some people may have such a strong genetic predisposition to disease that environmental insults may not be very important. Other individuals, with a much weaker genetic predisposition, may require strong environmental stimulation for disease induction (2). Defects in self-tolerance mechanisms could provide the genetic basis of disease or the target for environmental triggers. However, induction and perpetuation of pathogenic autoantibody production may frequently be a “multi-hit” process. The greater the number and/or degree of abnormalities (genetic and environmental), the greater the probability of disease.
Enzyme crypticity as an indicator of membrane orientation in envelope vesicles from halobacteria

Summary A membrane fraction prepared by freeze-thawing envelope vesicles from Halobacterium halobium exhibits menadione-dependent NADH dehydrogenase activity (EC 1.6.9.9.3). The activity is “unmasked” by Triton X-100. Activity in freeze-thawed membrane preparations is more firmly membrane-bound than in sonicated vesicle preparations. Affinity for NADH is higher than in untreated vesicles and pyridine adenine dinucleotide specificity is the same. The data indicate that freeze-thawing causes reintegration of an adsorbed, extrinsic form of the dehydrogenase to yield an intrinsic, more native-like form of the enzyme. It is concluded that the extrinsic NADH dehydrogenase activity in vesicle preparations is not directly related to vesicle orientation.
Atom probe field ion microscopy of type 308 CRE stainless steel welds

Additions of controlled residual elements (CRE), such as titanium, boron and phosphorous, to commercial 308 type stainless steel welds have been found to improve the creep-rupture properties. In both conventional and CRE-type stainless steel welds, during high temperature service, various microstructural changes take place such as the formation of M23C6 carbide networks along the austenite(γ)-ferrite (δ) interface, the formation of sigma (σ) phase, and the dissolution of ferrite. Boron-containing CRE welds exhibit similar microstructural evolution as that of conventional types 308 stainless steel welds. As boron may segregate to the ferrite-austenite interface and thereby modify the austenite-M23C6 carbide interface, the distribution of boron was measured with an atom probe field ion microscope. Atom probe analysis revealed significant boron and carbon enrichments along the ferrite-austenite boundary in the as-welded state. The ratio of the carbon-to-boron concentration at the interface was found to be ∼4.
Too Many People and Too Few Livestock in West Africa? An Evaluation of Sandford's Thesis

We examine whether Stephen Sandford's (2006b) ‘too many people, too few livestock’ thesis for the Greater Horn of Africa applies to West Africa. In a comparative study of seven pastoral systems acr...
Measuring the affective and cognitive growth of regularly admitted and developmental studies students using the learning and study strategies inventory (LASSI)

Abstract The LASSI (Weinstein, Schulte, & Palmer, 1987) is a standardized self‐report measure designed to assess college students’ use of learning strategies. This study sought to investigate the utility of LASSI as a means of measuring college students’ cognitive and affective growth following a study strategies course. In addition, the study evaluated LASSI's predictive ability by examining the subject's grades in subsequent content area courses. Seventy‐one regularly‐admitted (RAS) and 168 Developmental Studies (DSS) subjects from two universities participated in the study. All subjects took the LASSI as a pre and posttest measure and participated in eight weeks of study strategy instruction. The results indicated cognitive and affective growth for both the RAS and DSS. Though the LASSI was significantly predictive of the RAS's grade point average in regular courses, no scale or combination of scales was predictive of courses grades for the DSS. It was concluded that more research is needed before LASS...
Characteristics of the Geotectonics in South China and Their Constraints on Primary Diamond

The Asian continent is one of the best places in the world to study continental dynamics. In this region the tectonic framework of the South China plate is related to the activity of the Pacific plate and Indian plate since the Mesozoic. In the South China plate, as the ophiolitic melange of the middle Proterozoic in the Shaoxing-Yingtan-Tengxian-Beihai faulted zone was confirmed to be a subducting ocean, the evolution of the Yangtze block and Cathaysian block, which are located on both sides of the fault zone, becomes clearer and clearer. A primary diamond deposit, which was first found by Bao Chaomin and his colleagues in Longyou County of Zhejiang Province in 1998, originated from kimberlitoid pipes. The pipes are located in the Cretaceous basin beside this deep fault and the diamond-bearing pipe was formed deep within a favourable geological structure. Diamond there occurs as octahedral crystals without visual impurities. There are more than 100 similar pipes in the area, which have been poorly studied so far, so this area should have great prospects for diamond exploration.
Dorso-lumbar spine fractures: recumbent vs. operative treatment

Internal fixation of fractures of the dorsal-lumbar spine with early ambulation is evaluated in this study of 100 patients with 106 fractures: 34 being treated by recumbency, 13 with Meurig-Williams plates, and 59 with Harrington rods. Fracture reduction in the recumbent group was 14 per cent unsatisfactory, 82 percent satisfactory, and only one case anatomical. Following plating, 38 per cent were unsatisfactory and 61 per cent satisfactory. Harrington rod reduction and internal fixation resulted in 67 per cent anatomical, 31 per cent satisfactory, and 2 per cent unsatisfactory. neurologic improvement in partial lesions was 53 per cent with Harrington rods and 44 per cent with recumbent treatment. For paraplegic patients the time required for wheelchair ambulation was reduced from 10.5 weeks with recumbent treatment to 5.3 weeks with Harrington instrumentation. Ambulatory candidate rehabilitation time was decreased from 7.1 weeks to 2.5 weeks. Complications were reduced from 18 per cent in the recumbent group to 7 per cent in the Harrington rod group. By using the three above-three below, rod long-fuse short approach rather than the two above-two below with fusion over the length of the rods technique, the number of anatomical reductions was increased from 70 per cent to 82 per cent and the length of the fusion decreased from 4.8 levels to 1.4 levels.
Temporal evolution on MRI of successful treatment of rabies

Rabies is a nearly uniformly fatal disease for individuals who develop clinical symptoms. We report a case of a patient with paralytic rabies who survived after being treated with what is now known as Milwaukee protocol. This is only the third known case of rabies survival after being treated with the protocol. We present sequential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of the brain and lumbar spine throughout the course of her treatment. In doing so, we provide insight into the temporal evolution of MRI findings in the brain and lumbar spine.
Differential excitation curves from thick target neutron spectra

Abstract Use of the relationship between the continuous neutron spectrum which is produced when a charged particle beam reacts in a thick target, and the differential cross section of the reaction is discussed and is illustrated with experimental results.
Low-Temperature Kinetics of the Reaction of the OH Radical with Hydrogen Peroxide†

The kinetics of the reaction of the OH radical with hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, are studied over a temperature range of 96−296 K. The low-temperature environment is provided by a pulsed Laval nozzle s...
High resolution protein separations using affinity ultrafiltration with small charged ligands

Although the feasibility of affinity ultrafiltration was demonstrated more than 20 years ago, commercial applications have not developed due to the high cost and practical limitations of the large macroligands needed for highly selective separations. The objective of this study was to examine the use of small charged affinity ligands for protein purification by exploiting electrostatic interactions between the charged complex and an electrically-charged membrane. Experiments were performed using bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin with Cibacron Blue as the affinity ligand. Negatively charged versions of a composite regenerated cellulose membrane were generated by covalent attachment of a sulfonic acid functionality. Binding experiments were used to identify appropriate conditions for protein separations. The selectivity for the separation of BSA and ovalbumin was a function of the solution conditions, Cibacron Blue concentration, and membrane charge, with the addition of Cibacron Blue causing a 30-fold increase in selectivity. A diafiltration process was performed at the optimal conditions, giving a BSA product with a purification factor of more than 90-fold and a yield greater than 90%. These results clearly demonstrate the potential of using a small charged affinity ligand for high resolution protein separations.
Hybrid computation in cognitive science: Neural networks and symbols

The human brain seems to be a hybrid computer, partly a highly efficient, highly evolved, massively parallel ‘intuitive’ and ‘perceptual’ processor, and, partly a slow and inaccurate serial symbol manipulator. Neural network models seem compatible with the massively parallel hardware, and are probably the best current model for the parallel part of the hybrid. Traditional symbol-based artificial intelligence has usually based its models on the presumed properties of the symbol manipulator. Potentially, the strengths and weaknesses of the two parts of the hybrid complement each other nicely, and ultimately, a computer could make good use of both strategies simultaneously. However, the coupling between them in humans is still uneasy, perhaps because this novel combination is biologically recent. A brief discussion of human ‘computation’ suggests the virtues and problems inherent in a hybrid.
Determination of the Distance Dependence and Experimental Effects for Modified SERS Substrates Based on Self-Assembled Monolayers Formed Using Alkanethiols

Modified SERS (surface-enhanced Raman scattering) substrates are based on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed from compounds such as alkanethiols. Chain lengths ranging from ethanethiol to octadecanethiol were used to investigate properties of modified SERS substrates. These properties include determining the magnitude of the SERS electromagnetic enhancement, developing a sensitivity factor for detecting aromatic compounds, and evaluating SERS substrates for performance characteristics such as stability and solvent effects. A SERS electromagnetic enhancement was determined to be 2.1 × 103 for detecting aromatic compounds. The effects of experimental conditions on the SERS detection process were addressed. SERS sensitivity was shown to be highly dependent upon a correlation between the SERS interfacial distance dependence and a hydrophobic effect exhibited by the alkyl chain of the thiol. The distance dependence was more significant than the hydrophobic effect for detecting aromatic compounds. For comp...
Independent effects of stimulus and cycle duration in conditioning: The role of timing processes

Rats received delay conditioning procedures with a white-noise conditioned stimulus (CS), a food unconditioned stimulus (US), and head entries into the food cup as the conditioned response. The stimulus duration (S) and the interval between food deliveries (C) were varied between groups:S=15, 30, 60, and 120 sec;C=90, 180, and 360 sec. The stimulus/cycle duration ratio was negatively related to the asymptotic level of conditioning but had no effect on the rate of acquisition. Conditioning and timing of responses emerged together in training. Timing occurred during the CS-US interval (ISI) and the US-US interval (ITI), as evidenced by increasing response rate gradients that were steeper for shorter intervals. The effects of the stimulus/cycle ratio on conditioning were attributed to independent timing of theS andC durations. Serial-, parallel-, and single-process accounts of conditioning and timing are compared.
Superconducting gap anisotropy caused by a spin-density wave.

The Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer gap equation for \ensuremath{\Delta}(k) is solved analytically for a simple metal having a spiral or linear spin-density wave. \ensuremath{\Delta} falls to zero at the spin-density-wave energy gap for the spiral case, but falls to a finite (but small) value if the spin-density wave is linearly polarized. The electronic heat capacity in the superconducting state acquires a low-temperature tail, far in excess of a BCS exponential falloff, and similar to the (hitherto enigmatic) behavior observed in pure Pb.
Variation in sexual selection on male body size within and between populations of the soapberry bug

Abstract In spite of its evolutionary importance, little is known about intraspecific variation in sexual selection. In the soapberry bug, Jadera haematoloma, absolute adult sex ratio varies within and between populations because of differences in mortality rates, creating natural opportunities for variation in the intensity of sexual selection. Sex ratios in Oklahoma, U.S.A., are variably male biased, but approach 1:1 in the Florida Keys. Comparisons of reproductive aggregations in Oklahoma and the Florida Keys showed a higher large-male mating frequency only in Oklahoma, mainly in aggregations with above-average male:female ratios. There was no evidence of assortative mating by size in either region. In laboratory tests, large and small males were similar in several mating characteristics, including mate-guarding ability, but large males searched for mates with a significantly greater rate of locomotion. To predict how this difference in searching rate interacted with sex ratio, the equilibrium mating frequencies of large and small males were modelled across the observed range of sex ratios. This model predicted the pattern observed in nature: with increasing sex ratio, the proportional large-male mating advantage increased and then asymptoted. Notably, the asymptotic value was close to the ratio of the average mate-searching locomotion rate of large males to that of small males, further indicating that a size-based difference in mate searching is the main cause of the large-male mating advantage. This species thus shows a mosaic pattern in the intensity of sexual selection on body size, which depends on the interaction of sex ratio and male mating competition.
Characterization of particle size and settling velocity of cohesive sediments affected by a neutral exopolymer

Abstract In natural waters, exopolymers or extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) exuded by microorganisms interact with clay particles, resulting in the flocculation of clays and hence alteration to the properties of suspended cohesive sediments. To investigate and further understand how neutral EPS affect cohesive sediment transport and the final sediment yield, an experimental study was conducted on laboratory-prepared clay and guar gum (used as an analog for neutral EPS) suspensions to characterize EPS-induced flocculation and the settling velocity of resultant flocs. Four different clays consisting of kaolinite, illite, Ca-montmorillonite, and Na-montmorillonite were studied to examine the influence of different layer charges on clay flocculation induced by neutral EPS. Floc size was determined by a laser particle size analyzer, and settling velocity estimated by analyzing the time-series floc settling images captured by an optical microscope. Results indicate that neutral EPS promote clay-EPS flocculation for all four clays with the particle/floc size significantly increased from ∼0.1-60 μm to as large as ∼600 μm. Clays' layer charge has a profound influence on the clay-EPS flocculation. With the same floc size, the settling velocity of clay-EPS flocs is typically smaller than that of pure clay flocs, which is attributed to the reduced density of flocs caused by the EPS. However, for flocs of the same composition (e.g. pure clay or hybrid clay-EPS mixture), the settling velocity increases with size. The fractal dimension of these clay-EPS flocs estimated from settling velocity ranges from 1.39 to 1.47, which are smaller than that of pure clay flocs, indicating that these flocs are less compacted than the pure clay flocs.
Deformation behavior of Kevlar fibers studied by Raman spectroscopy

The tensile deformation of Kevlar fibers has been studied using Raman spectroscopy. The Raman bands shifted to lower wavenumbers and broadened with stress. The shift of the 1610 cm −1 Raman band per unit stress was about −2.5 cm −1 /GPa in both Kevlar 29 and Kevlar 49. A simple one phase paracrystalline model is used to explain the observed shifts. The total increase in the width of the 1610 cm −1 Raman band was about 205 cm −1 and the increase in width was negligible till a stress of about 0.5 GPa
Lexicographic permutations with restrictions

Abstract An efficient algorithm is developed to generate all partitions of a set of elements into subsets of specified sizes, in lexicographic order, and more generally to generate all permutations whose elements are arranged consistently with a partial ordering that has a tree structure.
Alive and Well after 25 Years: A Review of Groupthink Research.

Abstract This article provides a summary of empirical research on groupthink theory. Groupthink research, including analyses of historical cases of poor group decision making and laboratory tests of groupthink, is reviewed. Results from these two research areas are briefly compared. Theoretical and methodological issues for future groupthink research are identified and discussed. I conclude that groupthink research has had and continues to have considerable heuristic value. A small, but growing, body of empirical literature has been generated. In addition, groupthink research has stimulated a number of theoretical ideas, most of which have yet to be tested.
Analysis of high temperature reduction processing of RAINBOW actuator

Reduced and internally biased oxide wafer (RAINBOW) actuator, a new type of monolithic bending device, is composed of a chemically reduced non-piezoelectric layer and a piezoelectric ceramic layer. The formation of the reduced layer is achieved through high temperature chemical reduction of one side of piezoelectric ceramic disc or plate by contact with a reduction agent (i.e., solid graphite). Samples with different reduction thickness are prepared under different conditions and the fabrication processing is discussed from thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. It is proposed that the reduction reaction of PZT ceramic is proceeded by the formation and diffusion of oxygen vacancies. This process simply follows parabolic law. The diffusion rate constant and activation energy of this reduction process are also determined in this study, which can be used to predict the reduction layer thickness at a given temperature.
Predicting Aircraft Stopping Distances within an EMAS

An overrun is an accident/incident in which an aircraft is unable to stop within the design runway length. To minimize the adverse consequences of an overrun, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires airports to have a runway end safety-area 305 m (1,000-ft) long beyond the runway design length. However, many U.S. airports are unable to satisfy this requirement without limiting the aircraft mix using the airport. In response, the FAA permits installing an engineered materials arrestor system (EMAS) as an alternative solution. Four aircraft types are investigated in this paper for stopping-distance behavior within an EMAS, as follows: (1) B737-900ER, (2) B757-300, (3) B767-400ER, and (4) B747-400ER. Stopping distances are evaluated using a base arrestor bed configuration and base arrestor material. Aircraft strut behavior, aircraft pitch moment of inertia, and bogie weights are proprietary to aircraft manufacturing companies; therefore, approximate values for load-stroke behavior, damping, pitch moment of inertia, and bogie weights are developed in this paper. Besides the base arrestor material, a suite of five low-density concrete mixes with varying stress-strain behavior are investigated for their impact on aircraft stopping-distance. In addition, aircraft stopping-distance as a function of arrestor bed configuration is investigated.
Topological modification of oligonucleotides for potential inhibition of gene expression

Recent progress in the design of DNA oligonucleotides as ligands for binding specific sequences of DNA and RNA is described. Although DNA phosphodiester oligonucleotides have been reported to be unstable in biological media, new design strategies allow them to become stabilized considerably, thus possibly overcoming this limitation. A major new approach to increasing affinity and selectivity is the targeting of single-stranded nucleic acids by triplex formation. This involves the topological modification of linking two binding domains; one such strategy is to construct them in circular form. Cyclic DNA oligonucleotides can be designed to bind target DNA and RNA strands with much higher affinity and sequence selectivity than standard Watson-Crick complements. These recent advances in DNA oligonucleotide design may potentially lead to useful strategies for inhibition of specific disease-related genes.
Prediction of the thermodynamic properties of complex polyatomic hydrogen bonding fluids

A new theory for intramolecular hydrogen bonding of flexible hard chain molecules in the absence of intermolecular association is presented. The theory predicts the change in thermodynamic properties due to intramolecular association and the fraction of nonbonded chains. Comparisons with molecular simulation results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the theory. By considering the limit of complete association, an accurate equation of state of cyclic molecules is obtained.
Methodology for generating continuous prediction equations for pulmonary function measures

Abstract A mathematical procedure is described for fitting piecewise linear equations constrained to join at estimable multiple junctions or breakpoints. The model parameters, a combination of both linear and nonlinear, are estimated using a “Separable Least Squares” algorithm. In this algorithm the linear parameters, estimated using the General Linear Model, are nested within the iterations of a nonlinear optimization routine. This formulation allows additional covariates to be included in the model and can be easily expanded to include and number of line segments, both linear and nonlinear. The procedure is demonstrated by estimating continuous lung function reference equations for healthy normal subjects. Comparison of these reference equations with previously published equations derived for the same subjects, illustrates the advantages of having continuous equations throughout the age range of the data.
On the kinematics of crystal analyzer spectrometers at pulsed neutron sources

We give simple formulae relating scattering angle and time-of-flight (φ, t) to momentum and energy transfer (Q||, E) and vice versa for pulsed-neutron crystal-analyzer spectrometers of the constant-Q⊥ type (i.e. constant-Q and high-symmetry spectromet The kinematic description of these spectrometers is simple and follows a universal pattern. Each detector corresponds to a parabolic locus in the (Q||, E) plane. These parabolae are identical, but displaced from each other and all of them cross at a single point. Finally, we give expressions for the components of the Jacobians for the transformations (φ, t) to (Q||, E) and vice versa. The Jacobians are derived for the case in which the flight path does not change with scattering angle φ. The Jacobians for the special case of a transmission geometry constant-Q spectrometer are given in an appendix.
Interaction of Rubidium and Potassium in Chick Diets

Abstract THE action of rubidium (Rb) on frog heart muscle was shown by Ringer (1884) to be similar to that of potassium (K). Loeb (1920) reported that both Rb and cesium would replace K in solutions for the development of sea urchin eggs. Lazritzke and Szorenyi (1934) have shown that yeast can utilize Rb in place of K. Mitchell et al. (1921) reported hyperirritability and death after two to three weeks of substituting Rb for K in the diets of rats. Heppel and Schmidt (1938) concluded that Rb would replace K for a short time in diets of rats. Follis (1943) observed that rats on K-deficient diets showed improved growth for two to three weeks when 0.5 % rubidium chloride was added, and further found that the addition of Rb to an adequate K diet depressed growth. The myocardial and renal lesions found in K-deficient rats were absent when Rb was…
Sex-Role Stereotypes, Models' Race, and Imitation:

To determine how sex-role stereotypes mediate the influence of a model, 136 male and female shoppers heard a male or female, black or white model, who was identified as a nurse or television repair...
Change in Attachment Level

Attachment level or pocket depth measurements are used to detect change in periodontal attachment. However, measurement error limits their usefulness for this purpose. The aims of this study are twofold. The first aim was to test the assumption, used in previous reports of measurement error, that attachment level measurements are normally distributed. The second aim was to estimate error rates encountered when assessing periodontal attachment level change with attachment level or pocket depth measurements. Two simulation methods are compared in their ability to reproduce the distribution of differences in replicated measurements. A simulation method based on a normal distribution was not able to reproduce the actual distribution of differences between replicate measurements. In contrast simulations based on resampling recreated the distribution of differences in replicated attachment level measurements. Due to the inability of simulations based on the normal distribution to reproduce the distribution of d...
Multi-agent consensus using both current and outdated states

Abstract We propose a distributed consensus algorithm for multi-agent systems. In contrast to the standard consensus algorithm that relies on only current states, the proposed algorithm uses both current states and outdated states stored in memory. The proposed algorithm is analyzed under an undirected communication graph. It is shown that the proposed algorithm converges faster than the standard consensus algorithm while requiring identical maximum control effort if the outdated states are chosen properly. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Sex differences in neuropsychological performance for children with reading deficits.

This study examined sex differences in neuropsychological functioning for a large sample of public school children with reading deficits. Specifically, scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (Wechsler, 1974), the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery for older children (Reitan, 1969) and the Wide Rang: Achievement Test (Jastak and Jastak, 1978) were compared for males and females in a multivariate fashion. Significant sex differences were found in motor, verbal and nonverbal functioning. Females seemed to be more aberrant than males in expected neuropsychological performance.
Early violence prevention programs : Implications for violence prevention against girls and women

This chapter considers violence prevention programs in light of aggression and violence directed toward girls and women. More specifically, current violence prevention programs, directed toward young children and/or their caregivers, are discussed with a special consideration for the Adults and Children Together (ACT) Against Violence Training Program developed by the American Psychological Association (APA) and the National Association of Education of Young Children (NAEYC). Data supporting ACT is presented, with implications for further program development and evaluation. Finally, parent education, theory and research, and professional services related to violence prevention are discussed.
Response of soluble sugars and starch in field-grown cotton to ozone, water stress, and their combination

Abstract Ozone (O3) stress is known to reduce the growth and yield of a number of crops, and water stress can modify the extent of these effects. Both O3 and water stress alter the carbohydrate status of plants. Little is known, however, concerning O3 effects on carbohydrate pools of field-grown plants and whether water stress will modify the carbohydrate response to O3. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. “McNair-235”) plants were exposed to five O3 concentrations in open-top field chambers for 12 hr/day throughout the growing season at two levels of soil water (well-watered or periodically water-stressed). The O3 concentrations ranged from 0.021 to 0.073 μl/l (seasonal mean 12 hr/day concentration). Plants were sampled from each plot on four occasions encompassing the early- to late-reproductive stages of growth. Soluble sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) and starch were measured in leaves, stems and roots at each sampling date. Analysis of variance was performed for main effects and interactions of O3 and water treatments at each sampling date (O3 effects were partitioned in linear and quadratic components). Effects of O3 and water stress on soluble carbohydrates and starch were most common in stems and roots. Ozone suppressed carbohydrate concentrations in all cases where significant O3 effects were detected in the absence of O3 × water interactions. On the other hand, soluble carbohydrate concentrations were greater in water-stressed plant tissues when effects were significant and in the absence of interactions. Water-stress effects on starch were variable. Interactions of O3 and water stress were not consistent but often included interaction with the quadratic O3 component.
Inter-Generational Mobility Rates of Public School Teachers1

AbstractThe occupation of public school teacher is analyzed in terms of the inter-generational flow of personnel from different occupational origins. Analysis of mobility ratios by age cohorts from two national samples of teachers reveals that: (a) professional and managerial occupational categories contributed well over their expected share to teaching but this ratio is smaller for younger than for older teachers; (b) blue collar occupations contribute less than chance expectations but this ratio is larger for younger than for older teachers; (c) ratios of mobility from farm origins are both more than chance and higher for younger than older teachers; and (d) males from blue collar origins have increasingly utilized teaching at both the elementary and secondary level as a vehicle for social mobility. The data suggest that the occupation of teaching is becoming increasingly more accessible to children of lower prestige origins.
A critique of Sarnoff and Zimbardo's psychoanalytic alternative to a social comparison theory of emotions.

Summary Sarnoff and Zimbardo's (8) contention that a psychoanalytically derived conception of emotion has greater utility in predicting affiliative response to emotional arousal than does social comparison theory was disputed. It was argued that the experiment that Sarnoff and Zimbardo conducted to test their theory was inconclusive, since (a) success of experimental manipulations of independent variables, fear and anxiety, was not satisfactorily demonstrated; (b) data relevant to the major dependent variable, affiliative preference, were presented in a form that precludes unambiguous interpretation; (c) social comparison theory as extended to emotions is adequate to account for those experimental findings that are not methodologically or interpretively suspect.
Multi-species time-history measurements during n-hexadecane oxidation behind reflected shock waves

Abstract Species concentration time-histories were measured during oxidation for the large, normal-alkane, diesel-surrogate component n -hexadecane. Measurements were performed behind reflected shock waves in an aerosol shock tube, which allowed for high fuel loading without pre-test heating and possible decomposition and oxidation. Experiments were conducted using near-stoichiometric mixtures of n -hexadecane and 4% oxygen in argon at temperatures of 1165–1352 K and pressures near 2 atm. Concentration time-histories were recorded for five species: C 2 H 4 , CH 4 , OH, CO 2 , and H 2 O. Methane was monitored using DFG laser absorption near 3.4 μm; OH was monitored using UV laser absorption at 306.5 nm; C 2 H 4 was monitored using a CO 2 gas laser at 10.5 μm; and CO 2 and H 2 O were monitored using tunable DFB diode laser absorption at 2.7 and 2.5 μm, respectively. These time-histories provide critically needed kinetic targets to test and refine large reaction mechanisms. Comparisons were made with the predictions of two diesel-surrogate reaction mechanisms (Westbrook et al. [1] ; Ranzi et al. [9] ) that include n -hexadecane, and areas of needed improvement in the mechanisms were identified. Comparisons of the intermediate product yields of ethylene for n -hexadecane with those found for other smaller n -alkanes, show that an n -hexadecane mechanism derived from a simple hierarchical extrapolation from a smaller n -alkane mechanism does not properly simulate the experimental measurements.
Non-vanishing ponderomotive AC electrophoretic effect for particle trapping

We present here a study on overlooked aspects of alternating current (AC) electrokinetics—AC electrophoretic (ACEP) phenomena. The dynamics of a particle with both polarizability and net charges in a non-uniform AC electric trapping field is investigated. It is found that either electrophoretic (EP) or dielectrophoretic (DEP) effects can dominate the trapping dynamics, depending on experimental conditions. A dimensionless parameter γ is developed to predict the relative strength of EP and DEP effects in a quadrupole AC field. An ACEP trap is feasible for charged particles in 'salt-free' or low salt concentration solutions. In contrast to DEP traps, an ACEP trap favors the downscaling of the particle size.
Molecular thermodynamics of adsorption from gas mixtures : composition of adsorbed phase from gravimetric data

Abstract A gravimetric procedure is proposed for measuring equilibrium adsorption from gas mixtures. The total mass adsorbed is measured with a microbalance as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition of the gas phase. The composition of the adsorbed phase is then calculated from the gravimetric data using the principles of adsorption thermodynamics. The increased computational work is more than compensated for by a reduction in experimental effort. The model proposed here, a Bragg—Williams approximation for the local isotherm and a beta distribution of adsorptive energies, provides a consistent framework for the rigorous thermodynamic equations that govern adsorption equilibrium for gas mixtures. The beta distribution is distinguished by its flexibility and its finite range of energies, and generates adsorption isotherms with continuous derivatives at the limit of zero pressure. The BWB equation for adsorption of mixtures is thermodynamically consistent and therefore suitable for calculating the composition of the adsorbed phase from measurements of the total amount adsorbed. The reliability of the procedure is tested by comparing it with both experimental and Monte Carlo data for which the composition of the adsorbed phase is already known. It is found that deviations between experimental and calculated mole fractions lie within the estimated error of the experimental data.
Impacts of trade liberalizations under the Uruguay Round on the world sugar market

The impacts of the Uruguay Round policy provisions on the world sugar market show that these policies will stabilize the world sugar price at slightly higher levels than in the baseline. Global sugar consumption will increase as a result of the income growth caused by the Uruguay Round. Economic resources will be allocated more efficiently among the sugar industries of the various countries. However, the impacts on the sugar industries in countries with strong producer supports will be rather small because the negotiation process of the Uruguay Round has accommodated the changes in sugar policies already implemented by individual countries in the past few years. Low-cost sugar producing countries will benefit from the higher world sugar price, and consumers in countries with protected markets will benefit from lower domestic prices.