cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling and analysis of hydrogen permeation in mixed proton-electronic conductors

A rigorous model for hydrogen permeation through dense mixed conductors was derived using the formalism of non-equilibrium thermodynamics for various operating modes and process conditions. The concentrations of charge carriers were rigorously included in this model through defect equilibria with the chemical environment at each membrane surface and through balance equations and a virtual pressure formalism within the membrane. Hydrogen permeation rates through proton–electron–hole mixed conductors were simulated using this framework under open-circuit, short-circuited, and applied potential operating modes. The sensitivity of H2 permeation rates to the reduction–oxidation potentials at each side of the membrane and to the membrane properties (e.g. electron/hole di4usivity, oxygen binding energy) was examined in terms of the mobility and concentration of each charge carrier in order to identify rate-limiting steps for H2 transport. These simulations showed that electronic transport controls H2 permeation rates in proton–electron–hole mixed conductors typically used for H2 permeation, especially when hydrogen chemical potentials are signi5cantly di4erent in the two sides of the membrane. These electronic conduction limitations arise from a region of very low electronic conductivity within the membrane, caused by a shift in the predominant charge carriers from electron to holes with decreasing hydrogen chemical potential. Under these asymmetrical conditions, H2 permeation rates increase more markedly when an external electron-conducting path is introduced than at lower chemical potential gradients. Such interplay between rate-controlling variables leads to complex e4ects of H2 chemical potential gradients on permeation rates. The e4ects of intrinsic membrane properties on H2 permeation were examined by systematic changes in the defect equilibrium constants. A decrease in oxygen binding energy, manifested in a stronger tendency for reduction of the oxide membrane material, leads to higher electron concentrations and to higher rates for open-circuit operation, during which electron conduction limits H2 transport rates. ? 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Enhanced performance of sulfone-based electrolytes at lithium ion battery electrodes, including the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 high voltage cathode

highlights g rap hical a bstract � 99% coulomb efficiency at LiNi0.5M1.5O4 cathode with sulfone ecarbonate electrolyte. � This electrolyte also yields 97% capacity retention at LiNi0.5M1.5O4 over 100 cycles. � Also reported is ideal capacity retention and efficiency at Li4Ti5O12 anode. � So Li4Ti5O12/(this electrolyte)/ LiNi0.5M1.5O4 full cells offer safe, efficient, long life with reduced fire risk.
HykSort: a new variant of hypercube quicksort on distributed memory architectures

In this paper, we present HykSort, an optimized comparison sort for distributed memory architectures that attains more than 2× improvement over bitonic sort and samplesort. The algorithm is based on the hypercube quicksort, but instead of a binary recursion, we perform a k-way recursion in which the pivots are selected accurately with an iterative parallel select algorithm. The single-node sort is performed using a vectorized and multithreaded merge sort. The advantages of HykSort are lower communication costs, better load balancing, and avoidance of O(p)-collective communication primitives. We also present a staged communication samplesort, which is more robust than the original samplesort for large core counts. We conduct an experimental study in which we compare hypercube sort, bitonic sort, the original samplesort, the staged samplesort, and HykSort. We report weak and strong scaling results and study the effect of the grain size. It turns out that no single algorithm performs best and a hybridization strategy is necessary. As a highlight of our study, on our largest experiment on 262,144 AMD cores of the CRAY XK7 "Titan" platform at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory we sorted 8 trillion 32-bit integer keys in 37 seconds achieving 0.9TB/s effective throughput.
Fc Receptor-Like Molecules

AbstractDiscovery of a large family of Fc receptor-like (FCRL) molecules, homologous to the well-known receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin (FCR), has uncovered an impressive abundance of immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) genes in the human 1q21–23 chromosomal region and revealed significant diversity for these genes between humans and mice. The observation that FCRL representatives are members of an ancient multigene family that share a common ancestor with the classical FCR is underscored by their linked genomic locations, gene structure, shared extracellular domain composition, and utilization of common cytoplasmic tyrosine-based signaling elements. In contrast to the conventional FCR, however, FCRL molecules possess diverse extracellular frameworks, autonomous or dual signaling properties, and preferential B lineage expression. Most importantly, there is no strong evidence thus far to support a role for them as Ig-binding receptors. These characteristics, in addition to their identification ...
Equine physical utero-fetal interactions: A challenge and a wonder for the practitioner

Abstract Recent studies on equine fetal kinetics and the physical interactions between the uterus and fetal-amniotic unit are reviewed. Frequent, transient, and segmental uterine constrictions with expulsion of allantoic fluid occurred during Months 2 to 4, and complete closure of both uterine horns occurred commonly during Months 4 to 7. The noncord horn was completely closed during the last few months of pregnancy. Fetal activity began with subtle head nods on mean Day 40 and progressed to appendage and whole body movements, so that by Day 48 fetal activity was capable of raising the fetus off the floor of the allantoic sac. The percentage of time the fetus was active increased over Months 2 to 4, and the fetus displayed muscular activity an average of approximately 2 minutes during a 5-minute examination for the remainder of pregnancy. Astounding feats of mobility of the fetal amniotic unit accompanied by presentation, recumbency, and intrauterine location changes were viewed by transrectal ultrasonography, especially during Months 3 and 4. Major presentation changes (direction of fetus) and location changes between uterine horns or between a horn and the uterine body occurred a mean of 5 times per hour. The percentage of cranial presentations (front of fetal torso toward cervix) increased over Months 5 to 9 with continuous cranial presentation during Months 9 to 11. Final presentation occurred while the fetus was confined to the uterine body by closure of the two horns. Thereafter (Months 7 to 9), the fetal hind limbs progressively entered the otherwise closed umbilical-cord horn, reached the horn tip by Month 9, and remained in the horn until parturition. The apposition between the limbs and the endometrial-placental folds of the horn was close during Months 7 to 9; placental fluid did not reenter the horn during this time. However, some fluid (≤5 mm height) was found in the limb horn in 25% and 63% of examinations during Months 10 and 11, respectively. Once the hind limbs are trapped in a uterine horn, the fetus cannot normally return to a potentially disastrous caudal presentation, despite the relatively large uterine body. In addition, entrapment of the limbs may serve to protect the umbilical cord. The hind limbs do not exit the uterine horn until parturition, but only after much of the foal has passed through the vulva.
Feeding by Amblyomma maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae) Enhances Rickettsia parkeri (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) Infection in the Skin

ABSTRACT Rickettsia parkeri Luckman (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae), a member of the spotted fever group of Rickettsia, is the tick-borne causative agent of a newly recognized, eschar-associated rickettsiosis. Because of its relatively recent designation as a pathogen, few studies have examined the pathogenesis of transmission of R. parkeri to the vertebrate host. To further elucidate the role of tick feeding in rickettsial infection of vertebrates, nymphal Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Acari: Ixodidae) were fed on C3H/HeJ mice intraderm ally inoculated with R. parkeri (Portsmouth strain). The ticks were allowed to feed to repletion, at which time samples were taken for histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for rickettsial quantification, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for expression of Itgax, Mcpl, and Il1β. The group of mice that received intradermal inoculation of R. parkeri with tick feeding displayed significant increases i...
A quantitative study exploring the difference between gaming genre preferences

Although gaming technologies have been in use for more than thirty years, there is a lack of academic research in this area. Specifically, the purpose of this study is to identify the difference between age and gender in gaming genre preferences. A cross sectional online survey was administered with a sample size of 408. It was found that there is a statistical difference between age groups and their gaming preferences with the older generation focusing more on strategic gaming offerings while the younger generation tended to side more with action games. The findings of this study provide insights for game developers.
The Threat to Civil Liberties and Its Effect on Muslims in America

The September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center changed America in many ways. The aftermath of the attacks led to vast changes in our governmental structure through the creation of The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the enactment of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (PATRIOT Act) and other laws and policies. Section 102 of the PATRIOT Act condemns discrimination against Arab and Muslim Americans; yet, implementation of policies under the Act and other current U.S. policies has the opposite effect.1 The Act instead creates a disparate impact on individuals including denying civil rights and liberties to all peo-
Abstract 382: Lipin-1 Links Pro-inflammatory Responses and Foam Cell Formation by Oxidized-Low Density Lipoprotein-Elicited Macrophages

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of large and medium-sized arteries and one of the underlying causes of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Macrophages participate decisively in the development and promotion of atherosclerosis. Macrophages infiltrate the arterial intima to ingest modified low density lipoproteins (e.g. oxLDLs) via scavenger receptors. The scavenging of oxLDLs results in foam cell formation due to enhanced lipid droplet biogenesis. These foam cells eventually release pro-inflammatory cytokines that promote atherosclerosis. However, it is currently unknown whether there is a link between lipid droplet biogenesis and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages that scavenge oxLDL. Lipin-1, a phosphatidate phosphohydrolase enzyme, partially contributes to macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokine production following stimulation with bacteria. Lipin-1 is also required for lipid droplet biogenesis in macrophages. Finally, we observed lipin-1 protein within macrophages from human atherosclerotic plaques. Thus, we hypothesized that lipid droplet biogenesis, via lipin-1 activity, directly contributes to foam cell pro-inflammatory cytokine production. To test this hypothesis we compared lipid droplet biogenesis and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses of oxLDL-stimulated wild type and lipin-1-depleted macrophages. Depletion of lipin-1 inhibited oxLDL-induced foam cell generation by reducing lipid droplet number, area, and staining intensity. There were no differences in scavenger receptor expression or uptake of oxLDL between wild type and lipin-1-depleted cells. In addition, depletion of lipin-1 also ablated oxLDL-elicited production of the pro-atherogenic cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. These findings demonstrate a critical role for lipin-1 in the regulation of macrophage inflammatory responses to oxLDL. Furthermore, these data begin to link foam cell formation, via lipid droplet biogenesis, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production within oxLDL stimulated macrophages. Thus, our studies suggest that lipid droplet biogenesis may be an ideal therapeutic target to inhibit inflammation associated with atherosclerosis to treat CVD.
The Significance of the Dragonfly Name “Odonata”

The name “Odonata” was first applied to the dragonflies by Fabricius (1793) to designate the insects belonging to the fifth “Classis” in his system of classification. Entomologists since the time of Fabricius have apparently been more or less puzzled as to why he chose this term “Odonata” for the dragonflies. ancl several suggestions have been offered to explain it. Calvert (1893) in a footnote states, “Greek oδovς, oδoντoς (odnus, odontos), a tooth, referring presumably to the toothed mandibles.” Tillyard in his work “The Biology of the Dragonflies” (1917) explains, “Fabricius, in re-arranging the Orders of Insects by the structure of the mouth-parts, constituted the Dragonflies as a separate order under the name Odonata, because of the form of their mandibles. (Greek oδovς a tooth, stem oδoντ——. The word should therefore more correctly be Odontata).” Comstock in his “Introduction to Entomology” (1924) is even more puzzled; “The name of this order is evidently from the Greek word oδovς, a tooth; but the reason for applying it to these insects is obscure; it may refer to the tusk-like form of the abdomen.” Other authors either repeat Calvert's explanation or ignore the meaning of the word entirely. None of these explanations is satisfactory; the mandibles of most insects are toothed and a name indicating “toothed mandibles” is no more significant of dragonflies than it would be of beetles or grasshoppers. The alternative explanation with regard to the abdomen is too far-fetched to warrant consideration.
Atomic-level studies of superconducting and nonsuperconducting YBa2Cu3O7-x

Atomic-resolution images from superconducting and nonsuperconducting samples of YBa2Cu3O7−x have been obtained by field ion microscopy. Both phases of the material exhibit a similar layered structure in the field ion images. Transmission electron micrographs of superconducting field ion tips show vividly the twinned structure of the orthorhombic phase. Time-of-flight (atom-probe) mass spectra from the two materials differ primarily in an enhanced molecular oxygen signal from the superconducting samples indicating that oxygen in the O(4) sites (CuO chains) is field desorbed preferentially as molecular oxygen ions.
Concentrations of tylvalosin and 3-O-acetyltylosin attained in the synovial fluid of swine after administration by oral gavage at 50 and 5 mg/kg.

The objectives of this study were to determine the concentration of tylvalosin (TVN) and its metabolite, 3-O-acetyltylosin (3AT) in the synovial fluid of growing pigs when administered as a single bolus by oral gavage at target doses of 50 mg/kg (Trial 1) and 5 mg/kg (Trial 2). TVN is a water soluble macrolide antimicrobial used in swine production. The stability of the drug in synovial fluid samples stored at -70 °C up to 28 days was also evaluated in Trial 2. In Trial 1, eight pigs were randomly assigned to one of eight time points for euthanasia and synovial fluid collection: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12 h postgavage. For Trial 2, 24 pigs were randomly allocated to one terminal collection time point at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 h postgavage. Synovial fluid was analyzed to determine TVN and 3AT concentrations. TVN and 3AT were detected in Trial 1 at all time points, except 0 h. At 2 h postgavage for trial 2, the mean concentrations peaked at 31.17 ng/mL (95% CI: 18.62-52.16) for TVN and at 58.82 ng/mL (95% CI: 35.14-98.46) for 3AT. Storage duration did not impact TVN or 3AT concentrations (P-value 0.9732).
Elongation factor 4 remodels the A-site tRNA on the ribosome

During translation, a plethora of protein factors bind to the ribosome and regulate protein synthesis. Many of those factors are guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), proteins that catalyze the hydrolysis of guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP) to promote conformational changes. Despite numerous studies, the function of elongation factor 4 (EF-4/LepA), a highly conserved translational GTPase, has remained elusive. Here, we present the crystal structure at 2.6-A resolution of the Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome bound to EF-4 with a nonhydrolyzable GTP analog and A-, P-, and E-site tRNAs. The structure reveals the interactions of EF-4 with the A-site tRNA, including contacts between the C-terminal domain (CTD) of EF-4 and the acceptor helical stem of the tRNA. Remarkably, EF-4 induces a distortion of the A-site tRNA, allowing it to interact simultaneously with EF-4 and the decoding center of the ribosome. The structure provides insights into the tRNA-remodeling function of EF-4 on the ribosome and suggests that the displacement of the CCA-end of the A-site tRNA away from the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) is functionally significant.
Purification and characterization of the human type 1 Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor from platelets and comparison with receptor subtypes in other normal and transformed blood cells.

We report the first purification of a native human form of the Ins(1,4,5)P3 (InsP3) receptor. This receptor, isolated from platelets, has an apparent molecular mass on SDS/PAGE of 252 kDa and is chromatographed by gel filtration as an oligomer of about 1 x 10(6) kDa. [3H]InsP3 bound to a single class of sites on the purified receptor protein with a Kd of 27 nM and a Bmax. of 2.2 nmol/mg of protein. The platelet InsP3 receptor, like the rodent cerebellar receptors, was identified immunochemically as a type 1 receptor, but unlike its brain counterparts bound poorly to concanavalin A and other lectins and was not significantly phosphorylated by protein kinase A. All cultured megakaryocytic leukaemia cell lines (e.g. Dami, CHRF-288 and Meg-01) and HEL cells were also immunopositive for type 1 receptor, which was substantially increased in some cases by DMSO or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) which induce further megakaryocytic differentiation. Normal mixed lymphocyte and granulocyte fractions and an enriched T-cell fraction from human blood had measurable InsP3-binding activity, but no detectable type 1 protein. In contrast, Jurkat E6-1 (T-cell lymphoma) cells and the transformed B-cell line RPMI 8392 were immunopositive for type 1 receptor. HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukaemia) cells had no detectable type 1 receptor unless they were stimulated to differentiate along monocyte/macrophage lines by PMA. We conclude that: (1) of the major normal blood cells only platelets contain type 1 InsP3 receptors; (2) some neoplastic transformed blood cell lines also express type 1 receptors, in contrast to their normal counterparts; and (3) increased levels of type 1 InsP3 receptor are induced in some transformed cells under conditions that favour their further terminal differentiation.
Novel roles of Skp2 E3 ligase in cellular senescence,cancer progression,and metastasis

S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) belongs to the F-box protein family.It is a component of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.Skp2 has been shown to regulate cellular proliferation by targeting several cell cycle-regulated proteins for ubiquitination and degradation,including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27.Skp2 has also been demonstrated to display an oncogenic function since its overexpression has been observed in many human cancers.This review discusses the recent discoveries on the novel roles of Skp2 in regulating cellular senescence,cancer progression,and metastasis,as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting Skp2 for human cancer treatment.
Lymphology, medical ignorance/ignoramics and the Nobel connection: Howard Florey, Joshua Lederberg, and Françoise Barre-Sinoussi.

Intriguing interludes with Nobel laureateshave marked the history of Lymphology.Bounded (or rather unbounded) by a mutualfascination with ignorance and the unknown,their curiosity converged around microbes,infections, and host responses mediated by thelymphatic system. These studies transcendeda simple “molecular model of life.”
Heparinless, oxygenatorless perfusion rewarming following surface-induced deep hypothermia for open-heart surgery.

To facilitate perfusion rewarming without the use of total body heparinization or an oxygenator following open-heart correction with surface hypothermia, we devised a pump circuit. The circuit, totally primed with 100 c.c. of saline, consists of polyurethane-polyvinyl-graphite (PPG) coated Tygon tubes (with one end tapered by heat treatment) and a copper-coil heat exchanger. A roller pump was used to achieve partial bypass from the left atrium to the ascending aorta with flow rates up to 70 c.c. per kilogram per minute. Experiments in dogs resulted in rapid rewarming, immediate return of cardiac function, and hematologic alterations similar to those noted during surface rewarming. The safety of the method was also demonstrated. Prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and platelet values returned to control levels upon rewarming, and no thromboemboli or bleeding problems were noted. Six clinical experiences were accumulated. Details of the method, hematologic and blood chemical analyses in dogs, and the first clinical trial in a 3-month-old infant with transposition of the great vessels are reported.
Substituent Effects in the Pyridinium Catalyzed Reduction of CO2 to Methanol: Further Mechanistic Insights

A series of substituted pyridiniums were examined for their catalytic ability to electrochemically reduce carbon dioxide to methanol. It is found that in general increased basicity of the nitrogen of the amine and higher LUMO energy of the pyridinium correlate with enhanced carbon dioxide reduction. The highest faradaic yield for methanol production at a platinum electrode was 39 ± 4 % for 4-aminopyridine compared to 22 ± 2 % for pyridine. However, 4-tertbutyl and 4-dimethylamino pyridine showed decreased catalytic behavior, contrary to the enhanced activity associated with the increased basicity and LUMO energy, and suggesting that steric effects also play a significant role in the behavior of pyridinium electrocatalysts. Mechanistic models for the the reaction of the pyridinium with carbon dioxide are considered.
Improving clinical decision support in low-income regions

The combination of lightly trained doctors, under-resourced hospitals, and complex treatment protocols can sometimes result in sub-standard care for HIV patients in low-income regions. While previous work has shown that printed patient summaries with reminders improve the quality of care, reliable access to such decision support is limited. Moreover, even when summaries are available, there are no efficient mechanisms for doctors to correct serious errors found in the summaries. Supervisors of these systems also face challenges, such as depending on unreliable manual processes to monitor summary usage across geographically dispersed clinics. This dissertation describes ODK Clinic, a mobile phone application that makes patient summaries with reminders available at the point of care, enables doctors to correct mistakes in a patient's record, and empowers supervisors with detailed usage data. Informed by the results of a 90-day deployment with over 13,000 patient encounters, I present evidence of how ODK Clinic has improved clinical decision support at one of the largest HIV treatment programs in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The Life Space of Personalized Conflicts

This chapter analyzes interpersonal conflicts by means of Lewin’s field theory, which requires a commitment to studying the actor’s life space, or perceptions of his or her environment. A particular focus here is on taking conflict personally (TCP), the feeling that interpersonal conflicts are antagonistic, punishing interactions in which an individual believes the other person is trying to hurt him or her on purpose. After two introductory sections on TCP and field theory, the author moves on to a roughly chronological investigation of conflict as seen by people high in TCP. The preconflict, conflict, and postconflict life spaces are all examined. This includes attention to people’s affective and cognitive orientations to conflicts, their arguing behaviors (particularly their aggressive actions), and their feelings immediately after an argument is finished. The long-term consequences of personalized conflicts include reduced relational satisfaction and the prospect of violence. Key elements of personaliz...
The Word Made Flesh: Moral Action in the Body Politic

For the first decade of his theatrical career, Tom Stoppard could expect to spend a substantial part of most interviews defending himself for not dealing with political realities in his plays. Tagged with a reputation for stylish stagecraft and erudite wordplay, Stoppard had to respond so often to the charge that his plays evaded ‘real’ issues, that he even attributes the genesis of a major play to the ubiquitous question: ‘One of the impulses in Travesties is to try to sort out what my answer would in the end be if I was given enough time to think every time I’m asked why my plays aren’t political.’1 And yet — to paraphrase George in Jumpers — as though to defy reason, the question would not go away. Given Stoppard’s sense of the primacy of moral issues, he could opine ‘I’d like to write a play — say, XYZ — which would pertain to anything from a Latin American coup to the British Left, and probably when I’ve done it I’ll still be asked why I don’t write political plays’.2
Realization and Lock-In When Interest Rates are Low

This article uses simple numerical examples to study the relationship between interest rates and the familiar problem of "lock-in" that arises from deferred taxation of unrealized appreciation. In the cases we study, lock-in comes about because of positive taxpayer borrowing costs, and realization and deferral remain significant problems for income taxation even in periods of low government borrowing rates.We also find that it is the relative size, rather than the absolute size, of the borrowing costs that matters. Specifically, lock-in prevents a taxpayer from selling an asset and buying another with a higher pre-tax return only when the incremental after-tax return increase is greater than the borrowing cost necessary to pay the tax triggered as a result of the sale. Thus the magnitude of the lock-in problem does not necessarily diminish as borrowing costs fall, but rather it depends upon a complex relationship between and among the falling interest rates, the incremental increased returns that are available, and the amount of unrealized appreciation in assets.
Targeted deletion of GD3 synthase protects against MPTP-induced neurodegeneration.

Parkinson's disease is a debilitating neurodegenerative condition for which there is no cure. Converging evidence implicates gangliosides in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting a potential new class of therapeutic targets. We have shown that interventions that simultaneously increase the neuroprotective GM1 ganglioside and decrease the pro-apoptotic GD3 ganglioside - such as inhibition of GD3 synthase (GD3S) or administration of sialidase - are neuroprotective in vitro and in a number of preclinical models. In this study, we investigated the effects of GD3S deletion on parkinsonism induced by 1-methyl-4phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). MPTP was administered to GD3S-/- mice or controls using a subchronic regimen consisting of three series of low-dose injections (11 mg/kg/day × 5 days each, 3 weeks apart), and motor function was assessed after each. The typical battery of tests used to assess parkinsonism failed to detect deficits in MPTP-treated mice. More sensitive measures - such as the force-plate actimeter and treadmill gait parameters - detected subtle effects of MPTP, some of which were absent in mice lacking GD3S. In wild-type mice, MPTP destroyed 53% of the tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and reduced striatal dopamine 60.7%. In contrast, lesion size was only 22.5% in GD3S-/- mice and striatal dopamine was reduced by 37.2%. Stereological counts of Nissl-positive SNc neurons that did not express TH suggest that neuroprotection was complete but TH expression was suppressed in some cells. These results show that inhibition of GD3S has neuroprotective properties in the MPTP model and may warrant further investigation as a therapeutic target.
Disentangling Stigma from Functional Neurological Disorders: Conference Report and Roadmap for the Future.

On October 9 and 10, 2015, a conference entitled “Controversial labels and clinical uncertainties: psychogenic disorders, conversion disorder, and functional symptoms” was held at the Center for Ethics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. This conference brought together a select group of 30 distinguished thought leaders and practitioners– including ethicists, researchers, clinicians, humanities scholars, and advocates to discuss the unique challenges and controversies related to the diagnosis, treatment, and stigma for patients with what is currently recognized as functional (“psychogenic”) neurological disorders. Our group of experts explored the conflicts and ethical tensions within healthcare that must be addressed in order to advance care for these disorders. What follows is a reflection on the conversations between conference attendees outlining key challenges and value conflicts in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with functional disorders. With this report we aim to provide a roadmap for reducing stigma and improving care for functional neurological disorders. A path forward would involve 1) Setting a multifactorial research agenda that equally prioritized access to effective psychotherapy as well as identification of novel biomarkers; 2) Empowering patients with FND to be heard and to drive changes in care; and 3) Reducing isolation for clinicians by providing formal training and setting up multidisciplinary care teams, and support networks.
Types of Interaction in Online Discussion Forums: A Case Study

The purpose of this paper is to identify the types of students’ interaction, as well as their discussion patterns in an online course. The study took place in a large Midwestern University and 17 graduate students participated in the study. The primary data was obtained from students’ discussion forum postings. The researchers used both qualitative and quantitative approaches to describe and analyze the types of discussion and interaction. The researchers developed a coding scheme based on theories and models. The findings of the study reveal that computer mediated communication (CMC) has a positive potential to increase interaction among students. Furthermore, the findings confirm the effectiveness of asynchronous online environment in supporting online learning community. Participants were engaged in social interaction to build their knowledge. This study recommends two-way interaction for achieving sustainable discussion and promoting higher level of interaction.
An Electronically Tunable High-Power Impedance Tuner With Integrated Closed-Loop Control

In this letter, a novel electronically tunable, high-power and highly linear impedance tuner with integrated closed-loop control is experimentally demonstrated. The structure of the proposed tuner is based on two individually controlled substrate-integrated cavities, implemented as evanescent-mode magnetically coupled resonators. A prototype tuner at 3.3 GHz is designed, fabricated, and successfully measured with up to 90-W input power. The reported experimental results show more than 90% coverage of Smith chart at the center frequency and about 37% frequency bandwidth for covering at least half of the Smith chart. Also, the measured IIP3 and power loss are +64.3 dBm and 0.77 dB, respectively. The proposed tuner is suitable for high-power applications including radars and base stations.
Evaluating screening approaches for hepatocellular carcinoma in a cohort of HCV related cirrhosis patients from the Veteran’s Affairs Health Care System

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has limited treatment options in patients with advanced stage disease and early detection of HCC through surveillance programs is a key component towards reducing mortality. The current practice guidelines recommend that high-risk cirrhosis patients are screened every six months with ultrasonography but these are done in local hospitals with variable quality leading to disagreement about the benefit of HCC surveillance. The well-established diagnostic biomarker α-Fetoprotein (AFP) is used widely in screening but the reported performance varies widely across studies. We evaluate two biomarker screening approaches, a six-month risk prediction model and a parametric empirical Bayes (PEB) algorithm, in terms of their ability to improve the likelihood of early detection of HCC compared to current AFP alone when applied prospectively in a future study. We used electronic medical records from the Department of Veterans Affairs Hepatitis C Clinical Case Registry to construct our analysis cohort, which consists of serial AFP tests in 11,222 cirrhosis control patients and 902 HCC cases prior to their HCC diagnosis. The six-month risk prediction model incorporates routinely measured laboratory tests, age, the rate of change in AFP over the past year with the current AFP. The PEB algorithm incorporates prior AFP screening values to identify patients with a significant elevated level of AFP at their current screen. We split the analysis cohort into independent training and validation datasets. All model fitting and parameter estimation was performed using the training data and the algorithm performance was assessed by applying each approach to patients in the validation dataset. When the screening-level false positive rate was set at 10%, the patient-level true positive rate using current AFP alone was 53.88% while the patient-level true positive rate for the six-month risk prediction model was 58.09% (4.21% increase) and PEB approach was 63.64% (9.76% increase). Both screening approaches identify a greater proportion of HCC cases earlier than using AFP alone. The two approaches show greater potential to improve early detection of HCC compared to using the current AFP only and are worthy of further study.
Advanced Experimental Technique for Radiation Damage Effects in Nuclear Waste Forms: Neutron Total Scattering Analysis

For the past 30 years, the development of durable materials for radionuclide immobilization has been driven by efforts to dispose of wastes generated by the nuclear fuel cycle [National Research Council, ‘Waste Forms Technology and Performance: Final Report’, the National Academies Press, Washington D.C., 2011]. Many materials have been developed, but there still exist large gaps in the knowledge of fundamental modes of waste form degradation in repository environments. An important aspect of waste form science is the behavior of the materials under intense irradiation from decaying actinides and fission products. This irradiation induces a wide range of defects and disorder, the details of which depend on the specific waste form material. At the present time, it is not fully explained how radiation effects will influence the performance of nuclear waste forms and their long-term retention of fission products and actinides under operational conditions. The complex defect behavior and radiation damage must be understood over a range of length scales, from the initial atomic-scale defect structure to the long-range observable material modification. This is particularly challenging and requires advanced characterization techniques. This contribution describes how pair distribution function (PDF) analysis obtained from neutron total scattering experiments can be applied in the research field of waste form science to uniquely characterize radiation effects in a wide range of materials, including crystalline complex oxides and waste glasses. Neutron scattering strength does not have an explicit Z-dependence; this allows access to many low-Z elements, such as oxygen, that cannot be accurately studied with X-rays. In many cases, this can permit a detailed analysis of both cation (often high-Z) and anion (often low-Z) defect behavior. In contrast to traditional crystallography, which relies on long-range order, PDF analysis probes the local defect structure, including changes in site occupation, coordination, and bond distance. This is particularly important when characterizing aperiodic waste glasses with no long-range order at all. In contrast to X-ray characterization which requires very little sample mass (~0.1 mg), neutron characterization (even at state-of-the-art spallation facilities) requires relatively large sample mass (~50 – 100 mg). Obtaining this quantity is challenging for studies of irradiated materials, but by tailoring our experimental approach to use high-energy ions (GeV) with very high penetration depth, we are able to produce the required mass.
Ulnar lengthening and shortening.

SUMMARY Alteration in length of the distal ulna may provide an attractive alternative to more destructive procedures commonly used for the treatment of mechanical and degenerative problems at the distal radioulnar joint. Ulnar recession has shown effectiveness in ulnolunate impingement, triangular fibrocartilage tears, and symptomatic ulnar plus variance. It has also been effective in chondromalacia of the ulnar head in the sigmoid notch and in unstable distal radioulnar joints where recession alters the bearing surface and tightens the ulnocarpal ligamentous complex. Ulnar lengthening has been efficacious in relieving the symptoms of Kienbock's disease by decompressing the involved portion of the lunate and distributing joint compressive force on the triquetrum and medial lunate articular surfaces. It may also be of value in some instances of NDCI associated with an ulnar minus variant.
Poetry and Children of Alcoholics: Breaking the Silence.

This paper addresses the use of poetry as a therapeutic means of breaking silence with survivors of an alcoholic household. The author examines some of her own poetry as descent images and links ancient myth to the journey of contemporary women.
Effect of supplemented magnesium from magnesium oxide or dolomitic limestone upon digestion and absorption of minerals in sheep.

Three metabolism trials were conducted with six lambs fitted with abomasal and ileal cannulae to determine the site of supplemental Mg absorption when supplied as dolomitic limestone or magnesium oxide. Magnesium intake was 1.09 g/d for the lambs fed the control diet and 2.21 and 2.10 g for those fed the dolomitic limestone and magnesium oxide supplemented diets, respectively. Irrespective of its source, the major site of Mg absorption was the preintestinal region. Magnesium was secreted in the small intestine in lambs fed all three diets. Magnesium supplementation resulted in an increase (P less than .05) in preintestinal Mg absorption, with magnesium oxide having the highest value. Supplementation had no effect (P greater than .05) on secretion or absorption of Mg from the small and large intestines or total retention of Mg. With all three diets, the major site of Ca absorption was the stomach region with additional absorption taking place in the large intestine. Calcium was secreted in the small intestine of lambs fed all treatments. Generally, K, Na and P were secreted in the preintestinal region and absorbed from the small and large intestines. The major site of K and P absorption appeared to be the small intestine and for Na, the large intestine. Serum minerals were unchanged (P greater than .05) due to treatment, but the levels of Mg, K and inorganic P tended to be higher in lambs supplemented with either of the Mg sources. It appears that the greater utilization of Mg from magnesium oxide vs dolomitic limestone is due to greater absorption of Mg from the forestomach region.
Racial Socialization: A Developmental Perspective

Similar to other minority groups, parents of biracial children must prepare and protect children to navigate the harsh realities of being a minority, to instill pride, and to pass on knowledge, traditions, and history. Yet, unlike other minority groups, many parents of biracial children are not minorities and lack firsthand experience with what it means to live beneath this veil. Further, many parents are monoracial and don’t know what it means to be biracial, to embody multiple racial (mis)constructions with few examples or role models to lead the way. This chapter provides a review of the racial socialization literature, explicating unique considerations for biracial families. In addition, this chapter discusses developmentally appropriate strategies, identifying important considerations for preschoolers, school-age children, and adolescents. This chapter concludes with recommendations for future research and considerations for professionals working with biracial children and their families.
Agriculture: Organization for Self-Reliance

After summarizing socialist land reform and the transition to basic and then advanced cooperatives, the chapter focuses on a key organizational innovation, supply and marketing co-ops, which served as local intermediaries for goods and information everywhere in rural China. Replacing predatory loan and purchasing practices from Old China, SMCs were charged with demonstrating socialism through fairness; in a sense, they were daily evidence that revolutionary change had commenced. Yet, SMCs and the communes that followed were imperfect devices. Weakly trained cadres were consistently overwhelmed by visitors, supervisors, meetings, and the demands of calculating household shares of collective revenues. Situated accounts of missteps and failures and efforts at correction and re-centering will document ongoing experimental practices on the ground, not least the discoveries that mechanization necessitated better farm tools more than tractors, and that attending to maintenance and repair tasks was fundamental. The chapter closes with the decade’s greatest error, the Great Leap Forward’s rush to rural development through which “rocks for brains” officials triggered China’s last famine.
“The Packaging Is Very Inviting and Makes Smokers Feel Like They’re More Safe”: The Meanings of Natural American Spirit Cigarette Pack Design to Adult Smokers:

Background/Aims. The aim of this investigation was to identify which design elements on Natural American Spirit packs are salient to (i.e., noticed by) U.S. adult smokers and what meanings smokers ...
Pixel Offset Regression (POR) for Single-shot Instance Segmentation

State-of-the-art instance segmentation methods including Mask-RCNN and MNC are multi-shot, as multiple region of interest (ROI) forward passes are required to distinguish candidate regions. Multi-shot architectures usually achieve good performance on public benchmarks. However, hundreds of ROI forward passes in sequel limits their running efficiency, which is a critical point in several utilities such as vehicle surveillance. As such, we arrange our focus on seeking a well trade-off between performance and efficiency. In this paper, we introduce a novel Pixel Offset Regression (POR) scheme which can simply extend single-shot object detector to single-shot instance segmentation system, i.e., segmenting all instances in a single pass. Our framework is based on VGG161 with following four parts: (1) a single-shot detection branch to generate object detections, (2) a segmentation branch to estimate foreground masks, (3) a pixel offset regression branch to effectively estimate the distance and orientation from each pixel to the respective object center and (4) a merging process combining output of each branch to obtain instances. Our framework is evaluated on Berkeley-BDD, KITTI and PASCAL VOC2012 validation set, with comparison against several VGG16 based multi-shot methods. Without whistles and bells, our framework exhibits decent performance, which shows good potential for fast speed required applications.
Conditioning Inspired Gases for Tracheostomy.

Tracheostomy is a frequent procedure in hospitalized patients aimed at improving airway clearance, providing airway protection, and facilitating ventilator liberation.[1][1] Under most circumstances, tracheostomy is temporary, with decannulation being a primary goal.[2][2] In cases in which
Nature of Engineering Knowledge: An Articulation for Science Learners with Nature of Science Understandings.

The inclusion of engineering standards in US science education standards is potentially important because of how limited engineering education for K-12 learners is, despite the ubiquity of engineering in students’ lives. However, the majority of learners experience science education throughout their compulsory schooling. If improved engineering literacy is to be achieved, then its inclusion in science curricula is perhaps the most efficient means. One significant challenge that arises, however, is in the framing of engineering relative to science by both teachers and curriculum. Science and engineering are both distinct and interdependent. The nature of the contributions of science and engineering to one another has been an area of some examination in philosophy of technology and engineering, but little framing of this relationship has been conducted with K-12 science and engineering education contexts in mind. Nature of science (NOS) is a critical layer of scientific understanding that has been used to explicitly support literacy in K-16 science classrooms for decades. However, engineering cannot be authentically and appropriately supported by NOS framing. There is an immediate need for discourse on the nature of engineering knowledge (NOEK) but not in isolation of NOS. Given the increasing inclusion of engineering in science classrooms, relationships between NOS and NOEK are in need of explication and argument. Our purpose is to promote a discussion about NOS, engineering, and the relationship between them without misrepresenting engineering as a subdomain of science or as an oversimplification of itself.
3D superimposition of craniofacial imaging-The utility of multicentre collaborations

Clinical applications of 3D image registration and superimposition have contributed to better understanding growth changes and clinical outcomes. The use of 3D dental and craniofacial imaging in dentistry requires validate image analysis methods for improved diagnosis, treatment planning, navigation and assessment of treatment response. Volumetric 3D images, such as cone-beam computed tomography, can now be superimposed by voxels, surfaces or landmarks. Regardless of the image modality or the software tools, the concepts of regions or points of reference affect all quantitative of qualitative assessments. This study reviews current state of the art in 3D image analysis including 3D superimpositions relative to the cranial base and different regional superimpositions, the development of open source and commercial tools for 3D analysis, how this technology has increased clinical research collaborations from centres all around the globe, some insight on how to incorporate artificial intelligence for big data analysis and progress towards personalized orthodontics.