cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Anatomical and Developmental Factors on the Risk of Unplanned Extubation in Critically Ill Newborns.

Objective To quantify the daily risk of unplanned extubation (UE) in newborns based on developmental and anatomical factors. Methods Prospective cohort of ventilated newborns over an 18-month period in a level IV neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). We captured UEs through four data streams. We generated multivariable logistic regression models to assess the association of UE with chronological age, birth weight, and postmenstrual age. Results During the study, 718 infants were ventilated for 5,611 patient days with 117 UEs in 81 infants. The daily risk of UE had a significant, nonlinear relationship (p 28 days, OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.0–1.14). Birth weight and postmenstrual age were not associated with UE. Adverse events occurred in 83/117 (71%) UE events. Iatrogenic causes of UE were more common in younger, smaller infants, whereas older, larger infants were more likely to self-extubate. Conclusion The daily risk and causes of UE change over the course of an infant's NICU hospitalization. These data can be used to identify infants at the highest risk of UE for whom targeted proactive interventions can be developed.
Suspicious Closets: Strengthening the Claim to Suspect Classification and Same-Sex Marriage Rights

Ever since gay marriage was legalized in Massachusetts in 2003, the gay marriage debate has consumed much of the American political conscience. While many important questions concerning equal protection, the institution of marriage, and modern conceptions of family have been asked, few have stopped to question what (aside from Judeo-Christian moral issues) makes homosexuals so wrong—so undeserving of the right to marry and have a family. The process of deviant identity construction and the optional “closet” must be comprehended in order for the gay claim to equal protection and suspect classification to be fully considered and appropriately evaluated. Once gays are properly regarded as a suspect class, laws prohibiting gay marriage will, in all likelihood, fail strict scrutiny analysis.
Characteristics of Garden Writers and Their Information Sources

Abstract A national survey of members of the Garden Writers Association of America (GWAA) indicated that Garden Writers tend to distribute their gardening communications within their state of residence and to a lesser extent, nationally. The most widely used media by Garden Writers were newspapers, magazines and television. The three types of plant material information that generated greatest consumer response for Garden Writers were low maintenance plants, herbaceous perennials, and new plant varieties. The type of services or information that Garden Writers valued the most were new plant releases, current pest problems in their area, and a listing of local suppliers of new plant varieties. Garden Writers maintain home gardens (97.3%) and most evaluate new plant varieties (88.1%) in their garden.
How forensic science works: An architecture for the forensic enterprise.

Forensic science serves a critical public need. How it does this, however, has not been comprehensively explored, leading some to consider forensic science a ‘lesser’ science. An enterprise level a...
Upper limb redundancy resolution under gravitational loading conditions: Arm postural stability index based on dynamic manipulability analysis

Resistance training may be considered as one promising approach for improving the motor capabilities of post-stroke patients. A successful introduction of this depends on the proper resolution of human arm redundancy under gravitational loading. The spatially heterogeneous changes of the human arm swivel angle (which represents the upper limb redundancy) are studied under different loading conditions, the effects of which are incorporated into a modified dynamic manipulability ellipsoid model. A new scalar index describing the arm postural stability (APSI) is then proposed. As part of the experimental protocol, ten (10) healthy subjects performed multiple reaching tasks with different weights mounted on the forearm. Kinematic data was collected via a ten-camera motion capture system and the corresponding APSI was calculated for each task. APSI is found to have a strong linear correlation with the swivel angle under loading conditions. Furthermore, the data suggest that the swivel angle may serve as an indicator of arm postural stability and task difficulty. The results of additional experiments conducted with three (3) subjects indicate that the external loads could deteriorate the arm's control performance in tasks like line tracing (root mean square deviation from straight lines). These findings may be applicable to robot-based (exoskeleton) resistance therapy, assist-as-needed gravity compensation, and human-like motion control of humanoid robotic systems.
Endovascular Therapy of the Superficial Femoral Artery Via a Stand-Alone Transradial Access: A Single-Center Experience.

Objective:We describe our experience in transradial recanalization of the superficial femoral artery (SFA), and we provide a stepwise approach accounting for the patient’s height and optimizing the...
Globalization, transnational identities, and conflict talk: The superdiversity and complexity of the Latino identity

Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyze the functionality of conflict talk (Grimshaw, 1990; Bou-Franch and Garces-Conejos Blitvich, 2014) as an ideologically loaded, indirect index of identity construction (Kiesling, 2013). It focuses on the construction of the Latino identity: a transnational (de Fina & Perrino, 2013), top-down identity, that was created in the 1970s by the Nixon administration. The data for this study comprise the comments posted on a CNN discussion forum in response to Soledad O'Brian's question “What did you think about Latino in America?” A cursory look at the corpus indicated that many Latino participants felt insulted arguing CNN – with its focus on illegal Latinos – had presented the community in a bad light. Thus, transnational identities and the internet, crucially related to globalization, come together in this study. Results show that conflict talk plays a major role in the construction of intragroup dissociation both thematically and at the microlevel. Furthermore, the fact that complex selective dissociation (Garcia-Bedolla, 2003), rather than simpler dis/affiliation processes routinely associated with the construction of social identities (van Dijk 1998) is more at play in the corpus seems to confirm the need for complexity in the study of culture and identity (Blommaert, 2013a).
Risperidone-associated sinus tachycardia potentiated by paliperidone palmitate in a patient with no prior cardiovascular disease: role of risperidone-related autonomic instability

Risperidone and paliperidone palmitate are two antipsychotic drugs well tolerated in the management of schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions. There have been few reports of tachycardia induced by either drugs. Here, we report on a 21-year-old man, with a history of schizophrenia, and who developed persistent sinus tachycardia after he was restarted on risperidone, which later worsened after administration of paliperidone palmitate for long-term management. He had no cardiovascular risk factors other than obesity, and a prior well-tolerated risperidone treatment. Clinicians must be aware of the possibility of patients developing sinus tachycardia due to autonomic instability from a prior risperidone treatment, even though overall, these drugs are well tolerated.
Use of Patient Care Extenders in Critical Care Nursing

This article explores the implementation and use of patient care extenders in two critical care units. Experimentation and diversity in changing the care-delivery system were the forces motivating the management team to redesign the existing nursing care-delivery system. The impetuses for the change process were the use of the role of the registered nurse and cost containment. Two case studies will illustrate from a practical perspective how the change occurred. Although the same nurse manager was responsible administratively for the two units, the patient care extender models were implemented differently. This was based on the conviction that each unit is unique with regard to patients and staff needs. The first case study occurred in an 18-bed cardiac telemetry unit in which the patient extender care model was integrated with direct patient care activities of the unit. In the second case study, which occurred in a ten-bed cardiac care unit, the patient care extender was integrated with indirect patient care activities. The approach to this article is practical, and it is intended for units that may be dealing with these issues in these changing times in health care.
Incarceration and Crime: Is There a Link?

Systematic research on the link between incarceration and crime rates began in the late 1960s and continued with increased momentum throughout the 1970s and 1980s. In response to a vigorous national debate over this research and over the appropriate role of criminal sanctions in reducing high-crime rates, a panel was convened in the late 1970s by the National Academy of Sciences (Blumstein, Cohen, and Nagin 1978) to systematically evaluate data then available.
Introduction: motivational aspects of prejudice and racism.

As the two quotes above demonstrate, in the United States we are motivated to organize our social life around racial categories, and yet, at the same time, there is anxiety attached to the use of race, particularly when one is a beneficiary of one’s racial group membership. Since both prejudice and racism have such a tremendous impact on the lives of both the perpetrators and targets of racism, a symposium based on the psychological investigation of motivational issues is an appropriate forum to hear from expert scholars on prejudice and racism. In 2005, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln’s 53rd Annual Symposium on Motivation brought together experts in the motivational aspects of prejudice and racism. It was clearly time to hear from such experts. In the United States, prejudice and racism take on a pivotal meaning. The United States was founded with ethnic confrontations (Tischauser, 2002) and the development of a “racially” based social hierarchy. Within the first 70 years of English settlement in colonial America, the son of Massasoit, the Powhatan Chief that shared the first “thanksgiving” ceremony with the Pilgrims, was dismembered and beheaded by the Plymouth settlers. Massasoit’s daughter-in-law and grandson were sold into slavery in the Caribbean (Tischauser, 2002). Within the
R2 Dissection in the Treatment of Gastric Malignancy

Japanese and Western studies strongly suggest that extended lymph node dissection as a part of gastrectomy for cancer of the stomach improves patient survival, particularly when resection including N2 lymph nodes is performed for lymph node metastases confined to the N1 chain. Even the most experienced surgeons have difficulty in guessing whether lymph nodes contain metastatic deposits. Because extending resection does not affect surgical morbidity and does not increase operative mortality, all patients with potentially curable gastric cancers should be considered for resection including at least the N2 lymph nodes.
Oral Agents for the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes

To review the current evidence of the safety and efficacy of the use of oral agents for treatment of gestational diabetes (GDM). The use of metformin and glyburide in pregnancy for treatment of GDM has dramatically increased since the early 2000s. Meta-analyses suggest that glyburide may increase the risk for large for gestational (LGA) infants and neonatal hypoglycemia. Conversely, metformin may potentially decrease rates of pregnancy-induced hypertension, LGA, neonatal hypoglycemia, and maternal weight gain. However, recent long-term offspring studies indicate a potential detrimental effect of metformin on fat mass that suggests an effect of such medication on fetal programming. While there have been several novel oral anti-diabetes medications brought to market in the past decade, there is minimal data to guide use and in particular data regarding long-term safety for the exposed offspring of treated women. Most professional societies recommend insulin as first-line treatment of gestational diabetes after failure of lifestyle modification. Both metformin and glyburide cross the placenta and long-term safety data is limited. However, patient satisfaction is substantially higher with use of oral agents, and the current literatures suggest that metformin may reduce several common short-term adverse outcomes related to GDM.
Detection of Susceptibility of Alloy 26-1S to Intergranular Attack

Alloy 26-1S, a titanium-stabilized ferritic stainless steel, is of commercial interest because of its good as-welded properties, its resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), and its low cost relative to other alloys having these characteristics. It has been found that understabilization of 26-1S can lead to sensitization and susceptibility to intergranular attack (IGA) in typical chemical industry solutions and to SCC in hot, chloride-bearing water. To ensure that a given batch of Alloy 26-1S is stabilized properly and resistant to sensitization, specimens from each batch should be tested by appropriate acceptance tests. Two suitable acceptance tests were identified (an etch test and an acid corrosion test), and pass/fail criteria were determined.
Detection and correction of subtle context-dependent robot model inaccuracies using parametric regions:

Autonomous robots frequently rely on models of their sensing and actions for intelligent decision making. Unfortunately, in complex environments, robots are bound to encounter situations in which t...
Characterization of a Novel Chlorophyll-Binding Component of Cyanobacterial Thylakoids

Anacystis nidulans R2 cells grown in the absence of exogenous iron develop a very distinctive phenotype (1,2,3); the number of thylakoid membranes per cell decreases at least 2- to 3-fold, high Mr chlorophyll-protein (CP) complexes typical of normally grown cells are virtually absent, and the ratio of phycocyanin to chlorophyll is decreased substantially. The long-wavelength 77 K chlorophyll fluorescence emission peaks (716 nm and 696 nm) decrease relative to the 685 nm peak, and the room temperature chlorophyll absorption peak at 680 nm is blue-shifted to 672 nm. Concurrent with these changes in iron-deficient cells is the accumulation of a novel CP complex, termed CPVI-4. When illuminated with 435 nm light at 77K, CPVI-4 emits fluorescence with a sharp peak at 685 nm, typical of chlorophyll associated with PSII (4). The protein present in isolated CPVI-4 migrates at Mr 34–36; this CP complex is immunologically distinct from higher plant LHCII and is present in at least one unrelated species of cyanobacteria (5). This study describes the production and initial characterization of antibodies to the protein associated with CPVI-4 from iron-deficient A. nidulans R2.
Pediatric interventional oncology: endovascular, percutaneous, and palliative procedures

Abstract Interventional oncology (IO) is emerging as a pillar of cancer care in pediatric patients. The minimally invasive techniques employed by IO are increasingly being integrated into the diagnostic, therapeutic, and palliative management of children with cancer. This review provides an evidence-based overview to the endovascular, percutaneous, and supportive and palliative procedures offered by pediatric interventional radiologists. An understanding of the modest but growing literature that supports the safety and efficacy of pediatric IO is important in ensuring the continued adoption of IO in the multidisciplinary care of pediatric cancer patients.
How We Talk About AI (and Why It Matters)

How we talk about artificial intelligence matters. Not only do our rhetorical choices influence public expectations of AI, they implicitly make the case for or against specific government interventions. Conceiving of AI as a global project to which each nation can contribute, for instance, suggests a different course of action than understanding AI as a "race" America cannot afford to lose. And just as inflammatory terms such as "killer robot" aim to catalyze limitations of autonomous weapons, so do the popular terms "ethics" and "governance" subtly argue for a lesser role for government in setting AI policy. How should we talk about AI? And what's at stake with our rhetorical choices? This presentation explores the interplay between claims about AI and law's capacity to channel AI in the public interest.
Decision-Making in Pediatric Unilateral Vocal Fold Movement Impairment

Unilateral vocal fold movement impairment (VFMI) in infants and children may be due to congenital, iatrogenic, or idiopathic causes and can result in stridor, dysphagia, and/or dysphonia. As a result, these patients may have longer hospital length of stays, recurrent pulmonary infections, and/or impaired psychosocial functioning. Diagnosis may be delayed because glottic incompetence can be overshadowed by other comorbid conditions such as prematurity or congenital heart disease. Iatrogenic injury is the most common cause of VFMI due to the meandering route the recurrent laryngeal nerve takes through the neck and chest. Flexible nasolaryngoscopy is typically used to diagnose VFMI, but visualizing the larynx may be challenging due to patient cooperation or anatomic limitations. Transcervical laryngeal ultrasound can be used as another means of assessing vocal fold mobility. Spontaneous vocal fold movement recovery or vocal fold compensation is frequently seen but may take months or even years to achieve. Treatment options for persistent VFMI include voice therapy, injection laryngoplasty, laryngeal framework surgery, and laryngeal reinnervation. Each of these modalities has its own advantages and disadvantages, and each may be applied in isolation or combination.
Exploring Family Caregivers’ Subjective Experience of Positive Aspects in Home-Based Elder Caregiving: From Korean Family Caregivers’ Experience

Recently research has identified positive dimensions of the caregiving experience. However, there is still a dearth of research into positive aspects of home-based family caregiving for older adults in various cultural contexts. This exploratory study seeks to expand our knowledge in this area by exploring the positive experience of Korean family caregivers who cared for older adults with frailty at home and how they can transform their caregiving experience into positive one despite of many challenges. Eighteen family caregivers were explored through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Participants reported several positive aspects from their home-based elder caregiving experience. The positive aspects were categorized into three groups; relational aspects, personal aspects, and spiritual aspects. Findings indicate that Koran family caregivers of older adults in this study perceive that caregiving experience is challenging but also offers an opportunity for gains.
Secondary Abdominal Cocoon Syndrome Due To Chronic Beta-Blocker Use.

Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis (SEP), which is interchangeably used with the term ''abdominal cocoon syndrome'', is a rare condition characterized by a thick fibrous membrane encasing portions of the intestinal wall leading to recurrent bowel obstructions. To date, literature describing the association between this condition and chronic beta-blocker therapy is scarce. This report adds by detailing a rare presentation of SEP and highlights an understudied yet important association of SEP with chronic beta-blocker therapy.
Integrative analysis of the human brain mural cell transcriptome

Brain mural cells, including pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, are important for vascular development, blood-brain barrier function, and neurovascular coupling, but the molecular characteristics of human brain mural cells are incompletely characterized. Single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) is increasingly being applied to assess cellular diversity in the human brain, but the scarcity of mural cells in whole brain samples has limited their molecular profiling. Here, we leverage the combined power of multiple independent human brain scRNA-seq datasets to build a transcriptomic database of human brain mural cells. We use this combined dataset to determine human-mouse species differences in mural cell transcriptomes, culture-induced dedifferentiation of human brain pericytes, and human mural cell organotypicity, with several key findings validated by RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization. Together, this work improves knowledge regarding the molecular constituents of human brain mural cells, serves as a resource for hypothesis generation in understanding brain mural cell function, and will facilitate comparative evaluation of animal and in vitro models.
Paradoxical centrally increased diffusivity in perinatal arterial ischemic stroke

Restricted diffusion on acute MRI is the diagnostic standard for perinatal arterial ischemic stroke. In a subset of children with perinatal arterial ischemic stroke, primarily those with large infarct volumes, we noted a core of centrally increased diffusivity with a periphery of restricted diffusion. Given the paradoxical diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) appearance observed in some children with perinatal arterial ischemic stroke, we sought to determine its significance and hypothesized that: (1) centrally increased diffusivity is associated with larger infarcts in perinatal arterial ischemic stroke and (2) this tissue is irreversibly injured (infarcted). We reviewed all perinatal arterial ischemic stroke cases in a prospective cohort study from Aug. 1, 2000, to Jan. 1, 2012. Infarct volumes were measured by drawing regions of interest around the periphery of the area of restricted diffusion on DWI. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare means between groups. Of 25 eligible cases, centrally increased diffusivity was seen in 4 (16%). Cases with centrally increased diffusivity had larger average infarct volumes (mean 117,182 mm3 vs. 36,995 mm3; P = 0.008), higher average apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in the infarct core (1,679 × 10−6 mm2/s vs. 611 × 10−6 mm2/s, P < 0.0001), and higher ADC ratio (1.2 vs. 0.5, P < 0.0001). At last clinical follow-up, children with perinatal arterial ischemic stroke and centrally increased diffusivity were more often treated for ongoing seizures (75% vs. 0%; P < 0.001) than those without. Centrally increased diffusivity was associated with larger stroke volume and the involved tissue was confirmed to be infarcted on follow-up imaging. Radiologists should be aware of this unusual appearance of perinatal arterial ischemic stroke in order to avoid underestimating infarct volume or making an incorrect early diagnosis.
TIME DEPENDENT QUASIFRACTURE IN POLYMERS

The initiation and propagation of quasi-fracture are discussed. The interrelations among applied stress, temperature, and initiation time in quasi-fracture are examined. The relationship between molecular deformation, microstructure orientation, and quasi-fracture propagation is addressed. Quasi-fracture behavior as a function of time is examined.
A new species of slender coralsnake from Colombia, and its clinal an ontogenetic variation (Serpentes, Elapidae: Leptomicrurus )

Leptomicrurus renjifoi is described from tropical semi-deciduous forest of the eastern Colombian llanos. It is one of the smallest species in the genus, is most similar to L. scutiventris, and it may be distinguished from known congeners by a combination of color, pattern, and scale characters. Evidence for the recognition of Leptomicrurus is convincing, although its members were recently thought to comprise a closely related assem- blage within Micrurus. A supposedly aberrant specimen of L. scutiventris may indicate clinal or ontogenetic variation in pattern.
Telomeres and Telomerase in Aging and Cancer

Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes and shorten each time somatic human cells divide. As a consequence, cells enter senescence after a limited number of divisions. The enzyme telomerase expressed in rare cells of the skin, blood and intestine can prevent the shortening of telomeres and extend cellular lifespan. Keywords: cancer; aging; senescence; immortality; telomerase; telomeres
User Driven Two-Dimensional Computer-Generated Ornamentation

Hand drawn ornamentation, such as floral or geometric patterns, is a tedious and time consuming task that requires skill and training in ornamental design principles and aesthetics. Ornamental drawings both historically and presently play critical roles in all things from art to architecture, and when computers handle the repetition and overall structure of ornament, considerable savings in time and money can result. Due to the importance of keeping an artist in the loop, we present an application, designed and implemented utilizing a user-driven global planning strategy, to help guide the generation of two-dimensional ornament. The system allows for the creation of beautiful, organic ornamental 2D art which follows a user-defined curve. We present the application and the algorithmic approaches used.
The Effect of a Spaced Sex Education Course on Medical Students' Sexual Knowledge and Attitudes.

Tests given to 159 1st-year medical students at the Medical University of South Carolina who had taken a spaced sex education course revealed that significant changes in cognitive knowledge as well as attitudinal tolerance of others had occurred but that no change had been registered in style of thinking as measured by the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale. Sex education has recently been added to nearly all medical school curricula in response to patient needs and physician inadequacies to deal with those needs. Courses are of 2 basic types: massed or time-condensed in which a variety of sexually explicit films are shown in rapid succession and spaced in which audiovisual material is integrated with weekly lectures. In the above study knowledge and attitude were measured by the Sexual Knowledge and Attitude Test (SKAT) and the Sexual Attitude and Behavior Survey (SABS) which were given along with the Rokeach at the beginning and end of the course. Though anonymity was maintained sufficient biographical data were obtained to match 67 SKAT scores and 61 SABS questionnaires; those students made up the final sample. SKAT results indicated that after the course students had obtained factual knowledge accepted sexual folklore less frequently and held more liberal sexual attitudes. SABS results showed that attitudes on what is permissible for males and females to do or think about altered significantly though the data did not indicate any significant changes in personal behavior or fantasy. That finding suppo rted the course view that change in personal views was not a primary aim and that change in attitudinal tolerance of others important in maintai ning professional objectivity could be accomplished without changing personal behavior or thoughts. SKAT findings were validated by comparin g mean scores of pre- and postcourse tests with those of a control group of precourse test scores only; both groups were strikingly similar. The overall changes in both SKAT and SABS scores were of a similar magnitude to those reported in a massed sex education course. It is suggested tha t regional student differences course design use of sexual films grou p leadership and timing in curriculum are more significant variables in teracting with course results than time sequence. It is suggested furth er that sex education should go beyond the goals of knowledge and attitu de change and develop programs aimed at acquiring skills in sex educatio n counseling and therapy essential to the doctor interested in total health care.
Investigation of a transition metal-assisted retro Diels-Alder reaction used in the synthesis of transition metal S2O complexes

Abstract Treatment of 4,5-diphenyl-3,6-dihydro-1,2-dithiin-1-oxide with coordinatively unsaturated transition metal complexes resulted in the production of S2O complexes and 2,3-diphenylbutadien. A transition metal-assisted retro Diels-Alder mechanism has been proposed for this reaction. A series of IR and 1H NMR experiments and MNDO calculations on 4,5-diphenyl-3,6-dihydro-1,2-dithiin-1-oxide have been performed to gain additional information about this transformation.
Trichobezoar--an unusual cause of megaloblastic anemia and hypoproteinemia in childhood.

A case of gastric bezoar in a 6-year-old child is discussed. The child presented with megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency. In addition, hyperfolatemia and hypoalbuminemia were demonstrated. A combination of low B12 and markedly elevated serum folate in the presence of megaloblastic anemia suggests bacterial overgrowth within the upper small bowel. The implications of this combination of findings on the operative procedure for removal of the bezoar are discussed.
Expression Studies of δ-Globin Gene Alleles Associated with Reduced Hemoglobin A2 Levels in Greek Cypriots

We previously identified five δ-globin gene alleles associated with reduced hemoglobin (Hb) A2 (Trifillis, P., Ioannou, P., Schwartz, E., and Surrey, S. (1991) Blood 78, 3298-3305). We have now evaluated functional consequences of the changes after expression in COS-1 cells to monitor effects on RNA splicing. In addition, variant Hb A2 tetramers were expressed in yeast to assess effects of amino acid changes on oxygen binding and stability to heat and mechanical agitation. The G → T change at codon 27 and the A → G change in IVS-2 both affect RNA splicing, whereas the C → T change at codon 97 and the AT deletion in IVS-2 have no effect. Oxygen equilibrium curves of the Hb A2 variants expressed in yeast were similar to that of wild type Hb A2. None of the three variant Hb A2 tetramers (Thr → Ile at codon 4 (Hb δT4I), Ala → Ser at codon 27 (Hb δA27S), and Arg → Cys at codon 116 (Hb δR116C)) showed decreased heat stability compared with Hb A2, whereas the Hb δT4I variant showed highest instability to mechanical agitation. Co-expression in yeast of α-globin chain and the δ-chain variant containing a Leu → Pro change at codon 141 yielded no identifiable tetramers, suggesting lack of assembly or severe tetramer instability. These studies show the probable cause for decreased Hb A2 for two alleles is due to defective splicing, whereas decreased protein stability, increased tetramer association with red cell membranes, increased interdisulfide bond formation of δ-chains, which inhibits assembly with α-chains, and/or reduced assembly is suggested for the other three alleles.
SILICIFIED CARBONIFEROUS (CHESTERIAN) BRACHIOPODA OF THE ARCO HILLS FORMATION, IDAHO

The Arco Hills Formation contains abundant lingulate, strophomenate, and rhynchonellate brachiopods, echinoderms, corals, bryozoans, and rare vertebrate and trilobite fossil fragments. Fossils are equally abundant in carbonate and siliciclastic units; however, silicified brachiopods are limited to carbonate lithologies which occasionally have minor amounts of siliciclastic sediment. These silicified brachiopods were extracted for taxonomic, taphonomic, and paleoecologic description. Chesterian brachiopod assemblages of the Cordilleran region are poorly described and this work represents the only systematic treatment of Chesterian macrofossil assemblages in Idaho. Fifteen genera (23 species) of brachiopods are presented from Arco Hills Formation, including two new species: Anthracospirifer arcoensis and Composita idahoensis, described herein.
Shiva the Destroyer: Targeting the Destruction of RNA Polymerase for Cancer Treatment

In Hinduism, Shiva is the supreme deity—the destroyer or the transformer—capable of both benevolence and destruction. Now, Peltonen and colleagues develop a small molecule–based approach to target for destruction RNA polymerase I, a key enzyme essential to the production of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which is the major component of the eukaryotic ribosome, the creator of proteins. By performing a high-throughput screen of synthetic chemical libraries by using p53 transcriptional output as a readout, the authors identified the small molecule BMH-21 and found that it had a therapeutic index greater than 90 for cancer cell lines as compared with normal cell lines. Consistent with these observations, tumors in animals treated with BMH-1 were significantly smaller than tumors in control animals. BMH-21 intercalates into the DNA without causing DNA damage—a property that is unique in this structural/functional drug class. The authors found that BMH-21 intercalated into GC-rich regions of the DNA—specifically, rDNA sequences—and determined that drug binding to these regions inhibited Pol I activity. BMH-21 treatment of cells caused both altered nucleolar structures and mislocalization of nucleolar proteins. These effects resulted in a marked reduction in nascent RNA synthesis and were linked to the degradation of RPA194 (a key component of RNA polymerase I complex). Combined, these studies identify a compound with a new mechanism of action that could possess broad anticancer activity in a wide range of histologically diverse tumor types. In the end, much like Shiva, BMH-21 can both destroy and transform. K. Peltonen et al., A targeting modality for destruction of RNA polymerase I that possesses anticancer activity, Cancer Cell 25 , 77–90 (2014). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/abstract/S1535-6108(13)00538-2
Building community as social action: An art therapy group with adolescent males

Abstract One way to facilitate social change as an art therapist is within the context of group art therapy, utilizing the group as a social microcosm for the world at large. The overarching goal is to engage the group in meaningful and prosocial experience that mirrors community experiences many clients have lacked. For a group of adolescent males who had suffered the effects of some of our worst social problems—rampant community and domestic violence, racial and ethnic conflict, child abuse and neglect, parental substance abuse and criminality, poverty, and untreated mental illness in families—this task is complex. The impact of disrupted attachment and complex trauma is discussed, and implications are presented for connecting with traumatized youth through witnessing their creative work. The therapeutic relationship and the art media used are discussed in relation to multicultural issues, the specific psycho-social problems experienced by the individual group members, and the capacity of this group to engage in the construction and ultimate articulation of its own community in a visual manner. The product of this group art therapy experience is exhibited in a mixed-construction miniature city that was built over a period of 9 weeks.
Beryllium Binding by Functionalized Polyethylenimine Water-Soluble Polymers

A series of polyethylenimine (PEI)-based water-soluble polymers (WSPs) were prepared by attaching functional groups (beta-diketones, carboxylic acid, salicylic acids) to the polymer backbone, with the goal of characterizing the interaction between beryllium and the various polymers. The extraction of beryllium from aqueous solutions by the WSPs was examined as a function of pH and ionic strength to evaluate the potential for the WSPs to isolate beryllium from contaminated aqueous waste streams. The loading capacities of these polymers for beryllium at near-neutral pH were unusually high in the absence of ionic strength adjustment compared to that for other +2 cations, suggesting that polynuclear beryllium species were interacting with the polymers. Beryllium loading capacity values were similar for all polymers evaluated in the absence of ionic strength adjustment. However, when the ionic strength of the solutions was adjusted to 0.1 N (NaNO3) the loading capacities were significantly reduced, indicating ...
Drift and Diffusion in Reversible Computation

We provide a brief introduction to questions about the fundamental physical limitations of the computational process, and to reversible computation, without any attempt to repeat more complete and self-contained discussions. We explicitly question, in connection with the existing quantum mechanical descriptions of the computational process, whether the Hamiltonians invoked in these descriptions correspond to the modest number of parts considered to be reasonable for a computer. Our main goal, however, is an analysis of classical reversible computers, in the presence of noise and friction. Such computers can be driven by an externally applied driving force, independent of time and of the computational progress. Alternatively, they can be driven by time dependent force fields, much as ordinary computers are clocked. It is shown that clocked reversible computers can minimize the ratio of diffusion, i.e. unpredictability in the progress of the computation, relative to the intended speed of motion. The analysis emphasizes the case of heavily damped systems, but indicates that lightly damped systems behave similarly.
Effect of cocaine metabolites on behavior: Possible neuroendocrine mechanisms

The predominant cocaine metabolites were tested for central nervous system effects by intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration in rats. We found two types of responses: cocaine, norcocaine (NC), benzoylecgonine (BE), and benzoylnorecgonine (Nor BE) produced stimulatory effects, whereas ecgonine methyl ester (EME) and ecgonine (EC) resulted in no specific effect or sedation. A novel metabolite interaction was revealed when rats were pretreated with EME, which inhibited both analgesia and seizures by subsequently administered cocaine. Pretreatment with EC inhibited both cocaine and BE seizures and seizure-associated death. Direct injection of EME into the nucleus accumbens significantly suppressed systemic cocaine potentiation of intracranial electrical self-stimulation of the ventral tegmental area, whereas corticotropin releasing hormone injected ICV selectively potentiated BE-induced seizures and death. These results confirm multiple, metabolite-mediated activities in the central nervous system. Pharmacological interactions of the metabolites with each other and/or with neurohormones may help explain some of the pathophysiological effects seen in human chronic cocaine abuse.
Iodine monochloride and iodine trichloride complexes with heterocyclic amines

Abstract Molecular addition compounds of iodine monochloride with 4-picoline, quinoline, and piperidine, and of iodine trichloride with pyridine, 2-picoline, 4-picoline, 2,6-lutidine, quinoline, and piperidine have been prepared. The stoichiometry of these compounds is 1:1 in amine to iodine chloride. Comparisons of melting points are made and the trend interpreted as reflecting a greater degree of ionic character in iodine trichloride complexes with amines as compared with iodine monochloride complexes with similar amines.
Exchange effects in nucleus-nucleus interaction

The effects of antisymmetrization, represented by various nucleon-exchange terms in a resonating-group formulation, are studied in the case of nucleus-nucleus scattering. By examining the features of the effective local potentials which are constructed to yield the same Born scattering amplitudes as these exchange terms, it is found that the one-exchange and the core-exchange terms are the most important. In addition, this study shows that in scattering systems the one-exchange term has generally a substantial influence over a wide range of energies. On the other hand, the core-exchange term is important only when the nucleon-number difference of the interacting nuclei is rather small. Based on the results of this investigation, it can also be concluded that if a local-potential model is employed to phenomenologically analyze experimental scattering results, then the effective potential in this model may need to have an odd-even l-dependent character.
Kinetics of Hydroxyl Radical Reactions with Isotopically Labeled Hydrogen

The rate coefficients for the reactions of hydroxyl radical (OH) with H2 (k1), HD (k2), and D2 (k3) were measured between ∼230 and ∼420 K to be k1= 7.21 × 10-20T2.69 exp(−1150/T), k2 = 5.57 × 10-20T2.7 exp(−1258/T), and k3 = 5.7 × 10-20T2.73 exp(−1580/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1 using pulsed photolysis to generate OH and laser-induced fluorescence to detect it. Using the same method, the rate coefficients for the reactions of OD with H2 and D2 were measured to be equal to k1 and k3, respectively. In reaction 2, the yield of H was measured to be 0.17 ± 0.03 and 0.26 ± 0.05 at 250 and 298 K, respectively, by detecting it using CW Lyman-α resonance fluorescence. k2 was found to be half the sum of k1 and k3 over the entire temperature range of this study. The quoted uncertainties are at the 95% confidence level and include estimated systematic errors. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that most, if not all, of the reaction in the range of temperatures studied here may be occurring via tunneling of H/D ...
Catalytic activation of core-shell assembled gold nanoparticles as catalyst for methanol electrooxidation

This paper describes the results of an investigation of the evolution and the reconstitution of core-shell assembled gold nanoparticles in electrocatalytic activation for methanol electrooxidation. The aim is to probe the structural and morphological reconstitution upon the catalytic activation. Gold nanoparticles of 2-nm core size are linked by 1,9-nonanedithiolates into a network thin film on planar substrate, and are explored as a model system of core-shell nanostructured catalysts. This system is probed using three characterization techniques: electrochemical quartz-crystal nanobalance (EQCN), infrared reflection spectroscopy (IRS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The EQCN detected two types of mass changes across the nanostructured catalysts. One corresponds to shell desorption upon the oxidative potential-driven activation, and the other relates to the formation of surface oxygenated species during the catalytic oxidation of methanol. IRS provided two pieces of evidence for the shell reconstruction upon the activation. One is indicative of the desorption of the shell thiolates, and the other relates to the interparticle electronic effect. AFM revealed morphological changes of the nanoparticle assemblies in terms of the film smoothness and the particle size that are dependent on the thickness of the nanoparticle assembly. While thick films displayed enlarged nanoparticle features, thinner films exhibited a relatively smaller evolution. The catalytic activity is associated with the partial or even complete desorption of network shell components accompanied by the formation of surface oxygenated species, a reconstitution process that may have important implications to the delineation of design and preparation parameters of nanoporous and highly active nanoscale catalysts.
The application of fluid inclusion PVT analysis to studies ofpetroleum migration and reservoirs

Abstract We present two examples of how pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) analysis of fluid inclusions can be used to evaluate oil compositions, migration timing, trap-fill history, paleopressures, and mechanisms of bitumen formation in petroleum reservoirs. Measurements of homogenization temperatures, volumetric liquid/vapor ratios and API gravities from petroleum inclusions are integrated with PVT simulations to estimate the composition and PVT properties of single petroleum inclusions in the Greater Alwyn-South Brent petroleum system of the North Sea and in the Tengiz field of Kazakhstan. Fluid inclusion data combined with models of burial history and petroleum migration yield the timing of petroleum emplacement. Key conclusions are: (1) analysis of six North Sea fields suggests that changes in petroleum compositions through time can be interpreted in terms of gradual mixing of earlier reservoired oil with later migrated, more mature and gas-rich fluids; and (2) depressurization within the Tengiz reservoir is suggested to cause asphaltene/bitumen dropout, particularly as the pressures approach the bubble point of the oil.
Violence in criminal careers: A review of the literature from a developmental life-course perspective

The criminal career paradigm focuses on the prevalence and frequency of crime along with an emphasis on offense specialization, age of onset and desistance, offense seriousness, and career length. Coinciding with the criminal career framework, developmental/life-course criminology offers more complex theoretical explanations for crime which highlight the importance of age-graded developmental risk factors that affect offending over the course of a criminal career. This review provides a systematic examination of the role of violence in criminal career and developmental/life-course research with a specific focus on its prevalence and frequency and its share of the offense repertoire. The results show that the incidence of violence is rare in one's criminal career except for a small group of chronic offenders who are responsible for a majority of the violent offenses. Regarding specialization, evidence suggests that offenders are spectacularly non-specialized and violent offenders can primarily be characterized as frequent offenders who offend more often and thereby have a higher probability of committing a violent offense in their criminal career. Conclusions and directions for future research are discussed.
Sclerostin Inhibition for Osteoporosis — A New Approach

Effective new therapies are still needed for people with osteoporosis. In 2002, the introduction of teriparatide, or recombinant parathyroid hormone (PTH [1-34]), opened a promising chapter in osteoporosis care.1 For the first time, there was an anabolic agent that significantly increased bone mineral density (BMD), reduced fracture risk, and restored bone architecture back to, or close to, normal. However, despite an impressive track record of both safety and efficacy, teriparatide has had a limited clinical reach as compared with other agents, largely owing to its requirement for daily subcutaneous injection, a black-box warning about osteosarcoma in rats, and its high . . .
Adrenal Responses to Stress

Based on concepts proposed by Langley, Cannon, and Selye, adrenal responses to stress occur in a syndrome that reflects activation of the sympathoadrenal system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis; and a “stress syndrome” maintains homeostasis in emergencies such as “fight or flight” situations, but if the stress response is excessive or prolonged then any of a variety of clinical disorders can arise. The idea of a unitary sympathoadrenal system does not account for evidence that different stressors elicit different patterns of autonomic responses, with exposure to some stressors differentially affecting sympathetic noradrenergic and adrenomedullary hormonal activities. Instead, adrenomedullary responses to stressors are more closely tied to adrenocortical than to sympathetic noradrenergic responses. Distress involves concurrent activation of the HPA and adrenomedullary neuroendocrine systems.
Psychosocial factors affecting custodial and visitation arrangements

This article reviews psychosocial factors that may influence the custodial and access arrangements for children during separation, divorce and remarriage. Custodial arrangements for children following the divorce of their parents are discussed. Elements to consider in determining the custodial arrangement that provides for the best interests of children include child, adult, interpersonal and social environmental factors. It is recommended that all of these factors be considered in drafting a custodial agreement that will serve the best interest of children following a marital and family breakup or remarriage.
Spherical aberration correction in aplanatic solid immersion lens imaging using a MEMS deformable mirror

Aplanatic solid immersion lens (SIL) microscopy is required to achieve the highest possible resolution for next generation silicon IC backside inspection and failure analysis. However, aplanatic SILs are very susceptible to spherical aberrations introduced by substrate thickness mismatch. We correct this aberration using a MEMS deformable mirror. Good agreement between theory and experiment is achieved and spot intensity increases by a factor of two to three are demonstrated.