cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trump, Migration, and Agriculture

The US is the country of immigration, with almost 20 per cent of the world’s 260 million international migrants. The number two country with international migrants, Germany, has 12 million, a fourth as many as the almost 48 million foreign-born US residents (UN DESA, 2017). The US stands alone among industrial countries in having a quarter of its immigrants, almost 11 million, unauthorised (Passel and Cohn, 2018). President Trump made reducing illegal immigration a priority. Major migration issues today include the fate of programs such as DACA, what to do about Central American families who apply for asylum, and whether to build a wall on the Mexico-US border. In December 2018-January 2019, there was a partial shutdown of the federal government, the third in Trump’s first two years as President, because Congress failed to include $5 billion for the border wall in bills that fund DHS and other federal agencies. Meanwhile, Mexico agreed to issue humanitarian visas to Central Americans who enter the US and apply for asylum, so that Central American asylum seekers may wait in Mexico for US decisions on their cases
Impact of a single treatment of injectable doramectin on weight gain post weaning in beef heifers and steers in central Queensland, Australia.

OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the impact of a single drench with a label dose of injectable doramectin subsequent to weaning on the growth and performance of heifers and steers in central Queensland beef herds. METHODS: Three studies were undertaken on recently‐weaned Bos indicus‐cross beef calves with ≥ 75% B. indicus content on two farms in central Queensland, just north of the Tropic of Capricorn. Farm 1 was located 50 km north and Farm 2 75 km north‐west of Rockhampton. In each study, half of a group of recently‐weaned beef calves were treated by random allocation with 0.2 mg/kg of injectable doramectin, and the remainder acting as untreated controls. Study 1 (Farm 1) enrolled 250 heifers, while studies 2 and 3 (Farm 2) both enrolled 200 steers and 200 heifers. The farms involved did not historically use macrocyclic lactone‐based drenches on their cattle. There were varying periods of follow‐up, with treated and control cattle pastured as one group throughout the study period. Worm burdens were monitored using standard faecal egg counts and larval differentiation procedures. In all studies, the worm genera present were a mix of Cooperia spp., Haemonchus spp. and Oesophagostomum spp. RESULTS: In study 1, conducted on Farm 1 beginning 9 July 2012, doramectin‐treated cattle gained an average of 0.27 kg/day while control cattle gained 0.19 kg/day over a monitoring period of 121 days (P < 0.0001). In study 2, conducted on Farm 2 beginning 28 July 2015, doramectin‐treated cattle gained an average of 0.15 kg/day versus 0.145 kg/day in the control group (P = 0.44) over a 231‐day study period. In study 3, conducted on Farm 2 beginning 4 August 2016, doramectin‐treated steers and heifers gained an average of 0.431 and 0.402 kg/day versus 0.342 and 0.311 kg/day in the control group, respectively, over the first 91 days of the study (P < 0.0001 in both cases). The differences in average daily gain (ADG) in subsequent time periods were not statistically significant for steers or heifers. However, overall differences in ADG from day 0 remained statistically significant out to day 258, when the study ended for the heifers. By day 594, when the study ended for the steers, the difference in ADG was no longer significant. CONCLUSION: Treatment with injectable doramectin soon after weaning resulted in improved weight gain in the 3 months after weaning in two of the three studies.
Empowered: Popular Feminism and Popular Misogyny

In the wake of #MeToo, the Women’s March, media prominence of social justice influencers, and a proliferation of celebrity endorsement, feminism is having a moment. It is unprecedentedly visible an...
Electrochemical CO2 Reduction in a Continuous Non-Aqueous Flow Cell with [Ni(cyclam)]2+

A significant number of molecular catalysts have been developed for electrochemical CO2 reduction with high efficiency and selectivity; however, testing of these electrocatalysts in an application-ready system is lacking. Here, we present an example of a nonaqueous flow cell electrolyzer with [Ni(cyclam)]2+ as the homogeneous electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction. Using ferrocene as a sacrificial electron donor and ammonium salts as both electrolyte and proton donor, efficient catalytic CO2 reduction is achieved. The nonaqueous design shows high selectivity for the reduction of CO2 to CO (>80%) and achieves high current densities with a graphite felt working electrode (up to 50 mA·cm-2 with 0.5 M proton donor in MeCN solution), producing >40 mL·h-1 of CO. The choice of a molecular electrocatalyst, solvent, and proton donor are the key factors for achieving high activity with an efficient flow electrolyzer and the eventual development of a viable continuous process.
Safety of the Recombinant Herpes-Zoster Subunit Vaccine in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Patients

Introduction After allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT), varicella zoster virus (VZV) necessitates long term chemoprophylaxis due to limitations of the live vaccine. The recombinant subunit vaccine containing VZV glycoprotein E with AS01B adjuvant system (HZ/su, or Shingrix) has safety and efficacy data after autologous transplantation. However, data is absent in the setting of allogeneic SCT. Due to the highly immunogenic AS01b subunit component, concerns regarding stimulation of graft versus host disease (GVHD) reaction have prompted some institutions to avoid routine HZ/su vaccination early after SCT. Objectives The primary objective was to evaluate the total number of GVHD events following post-transplant vaccinations. Methods Single center retrospective chart review of SCT patients who received post-transplant vaccinations within their first year of transplant. Patients who received HZ/su + post-transplant vaccines between 2017 and 2018 were compared to a control arm who received only the post-transplant vaccines between 2015 and 2016. We collected data regarding timing of the vaccines, presence of IS therapy at time of vaccination, and changes in GVHD therapy after vaccination. We assessed GVHD events within 3 months after each vaccination. Results Forty-seven patients received HZ/su + post-transplant- vaccines compared to 49 control patients who received only the post-transplant vaccines. More patients in the control arm were on IS at time of vaccination. Being on IS was a risk factor for GVHD events, especially in the control group. Although there were more alternative donor transplant patients receiving HZ/su vaccine, there were no increase in events. Conclusion Overall, HZ/su vaccine does not seem to increase the incidence of GVHD events after vaccination. However, the presence of IS at the time of vaccination may be associated with an increased risk of GVHD events. Given the limitations of our study, prospective trials are needed to evaluate timing and risk factors to consider before HZ/su vaccination.
Diabetes and Bone Fragility: SGLT2 Inhibitor Use in the Context of Renal and Cardiovascular Benefits

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been shown to negatively impact bone quality and increase fracture risk. While the pathophysiology of bone fragility in T2DM is not clear and likely multifactorial, medications used to treat T2DM are increasingly scrutinized for their potential role in aberrant bone metabolism. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are gaining popularity in patients with T2DM. In addition to lowering blood glucose, there is evidence that these drugs offer cardiac and renal benefit to individuals with T2DM, leading to FDA-approved indications for use in at-risk individuals. At the same time, there remain concerns that SGLT2 inhibitors, specifically canagliflozin, have adverse effects on bone metabolism and increase fracture risk in T2DM. This review seeks to further clarify the impact of these agents on the skeleton. SGLT2 inhibitors may indirectly disrupt calcium and phosphate homeostasis, contribute to weight loss, and cause hypotension, resulting in bone mineral density (BMD) losses and increased falls. The true long-term impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on the diabetic skeleton is still unclear; this review summarizes the results in studies investigating the impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on fracture risk in T2DM. Whereas studies performed with dapagliflozin and empagliflozin have not shown an increased risk of bone fractures compared with placebo, some studies have shown increased markers of bone turnover and reduced bone mineral density with canagliflozin treatment. While an increased fracture risk was observed with canagliflozin in the CANVAS trial (HR 1.26; 95% CI 1.04, 1.52), an increased risk was not seen in the CANVAS-R (HR 0.86) or CREDENCE (HR 0.98) trials. There is substantial evidence of the cardiac and renal protective benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors. There does not appear to be an increased fracture risk with the use of dapagliflozin or empagliflozin. Given the possible association between canagliflozin and adverse bone outcomes described in CANVAS, canagliflozin use should be pursued in individuals with T2DM only after careful consideration of the individual’s skeletal risk.
Long-Term Neurodevelopmental and Functional Outcomes of Normally Developing Children Requiring PICU Care for Bronchiolitis.

Bronchiolitis is a common pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) illness and often affects generally healthy children, making it a promising disease in which to study long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. We previously found that approximately 15% of critical bronchiolitis patients have evidence of post-PICU morbidity using coarse definitions available in administrative data sets. In this study, we measured neurodevelopmental outcomes using four more precise tools. Children who had previously been admitted to our PICU with bronchiolitis were included; those with evidence of developmental delay at PICU admission were excluded. Approximately 1 to 2 years after PICU discharge, the parent of each subject completed two questionnaires (Ages and Stages Questionnaire and Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory Computer Adaptive Test). Each subject also underwent two in-person assessments administered by a certified examiner (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition, and the Amiel-Tison neurological assessment). For each domain of each test, a score of > 1 standard deviation below the norm for the subject's age defined “moderate” disability and a score ≥ 2 standard deviations below the norm defined “severe” disability. Eighteen subjects (median ages of 3.7 months at PICU admission and 2.3 years at testing) were enrolled, 17 of whom were supported by high-flow nasal cannula and/or mechanical ventilation. Fifteen children (83%) scored abnormally on ≥ 1test. Eight children (44%) had disabilities in ≥ 3 domains and/or ≥ 1 severe disability identified. Our findings that motor, language, and cognitive disabilities are commonly observed months to years after critical bronchiolitis require larger studies to confirm this finding, assess causality, and identify modifiable risk factors.
Vision for Prosthesis Control Using Unsupervised Labeling of Training Data

Transitioning from one activity to another is one of the key challenges of prosthetic control. Vision sensors provide a glance into the environment’s desired and future movements, unlike body sensors (EMG, mechanical). This could be employed to anticipate and trigger transitions in prosthesis to provide a smooth user experience. A significant bottleneck in using vision sensors has been the acquisition of large labeled training data. Labeling the terrain in thousands of images is labor-intensive; it would be ideal to simply collect visual data for long periods without needing to label each frame. Toward that goal, we apply an unsupervised learning method to generate mode labels for kinematic gait cycles in training data. We use these labels with images from the same training data to train a vision classifier. The classifier predicts the target mode an average of 2.2 seconds before the kinematic changes. We report 96.6% overall and 99.5% steady-state mode classification accuracy. These results are comparable to studies using manually labeled data. This method, however, has the potential to dramatically scale without requiring additional labeling.
Structural Verification of an Aged Composite Reflector

A structural verification program applied to qualifying two heritage composite antenna reflectors for flight on the TOPEX satellite is outlined. The verification requirements and an integrated analyses/test approach employed to meet these requirements are described. Structural analysis results and qualification vibration test data are presented and discussed. It was determined that degradation of the composite and bonding materials caused by long-term exposure to an uncontrolled environment had not severely impaired the integrity of the reflector structures. The reflectors were assessed to be structurally adequate for the intended TOPEX application.
A Continuous Shape Descriptor by Orientation Diffusion

We propose a continuous description for 2-D shapes that calculates convexity, symmetry and is able to account for size. Convexity and size are known to be critical in deciding figure/ground (F/G) separation, with the study initiated by the Gestalt school [9] [11]. However, few quantitative discussions were made before. Thus, we emphasize the convexity/size measurement for the purpose of F/G prediction. A Kullback-Leibler measure is introduced. In addition, the symmetry information is studied through the same platform. All these shape properties are collected for shape representations. Overall, our representations are given in a continuous manner. For convexity measurement, unlike the 1/0 mathematical definition where shapes are categorized as convex or concave, we give a measure describing shapes as "more" or "less" convex than others. In symmetry information (skeleton) retrieval, a 2-D intensity map is provided with the intensity value specifying "strength" of the skeleton. The proposed representations are robust in the sense that small fine-scale perturbations on shape boundaries will cause minor effects on the final representations. All these shape properties are intergrated into one description. To apply to the F/G separation, the shape measure can be flexibly chosen between a size-invariant convexity measure or a convexity measure with the small size preference. The model is established on an orientation diffusion framework, where the local features, served as inputs, are intensity edge locations and their orientations. The approach is a variational one, rooted in a Markov random field (MRF) formulation. A quadratic form is used to assure simplicity and the existence of solution.
Corticotropin-releasing factor promotes growth of brain norepinephrine neuronal processes through Rho GTPase regulators of the actin cytoskeleton in rat

Cognitive aspects of the acute stress response are partly mediated through activation of the locus coeruleus (LC)–norepinephrine (NE) system via corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Apart from mediating the acute responses to stress, CRF can mediate the long-term impact of stress on the brain through its potent modulation of neuronal morphology. Importantly, the cellular pathways engaged by stress in general, and CRF in particular, in remodeling neuronal structure are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that apart from its well-established acute effects on LC neuronal activity, CRF also stimulates growth and arborization of LC neuronal processes. By contrast, urocortin 2 (UCN 2), a related peptide, inhibits outgrowth of such processes. These opposing effects are transduced by a common receptor (CRF1) but distinct intracellular signaling pathways. The structural effects of CRF required protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase, as well as Rac1, a member of the Rho family of GTPases that regulates the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. By contrast, the effects of UCN II were mediated by the protein kinase C and RhoA pathways. This is the first study to link stress-related substrates to molecular mediators of actin cytoskeletal remodeling in the LC. We propose a model of dynamic LC neuronal plasticity that is reciprocally controlled by CRF and UCN II, eventually determining actin rearrangement by Rho-specific pathways. By regulating the extension of processes into pericoerulear regions where limbic afferents terminate, these peptides may determine the degree to which the LC–NE system is influenced by limbic structures that mediate emotional expression.
5, 8, 11, 14 - Eicosatetranoic acid (ETYA) inhibits binding of N-Formyl-methionly-leucyl-phenylalanine (FLMP) to its receptor on human granulocytes: A note of caution

Abstract Binding of two biochemically distinct chemotactic factors, FMLP and C5a, to their respective receptors on human granulocytes produces a transient several-fold increase in cAMP. To determine if arachidonic acid metabolites were responsible for the increased cAMP concentrations, two inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism, indomethacin and ETYA, were incubated with granulocytes prior to exposure to FMLP or C5a. ETYA, but not indomethacin, inhibited both the cAMP and superoxide responses to a similar degree. However, the mechanism of this effect was found to be through inhibition of the binding of FMLP to its receptor rather than through inhibition of arachidonate metabolism.
Turbulence and waves in the solar wind

Studies of turbulence and waves in the solar wind is discussed. Consideration is given to the observations and theory concerning the origin and evolution of interplanetary MHD fluctuations and to the observations, theory, and simulations of compressive fluctuations. Particular attention is given to extrapolations to near-sun and polar fields regions. Results obtained on turbulence at comets and magnetic turbulence of low-frequency waves excited by unstable distributions of ions are discussed.
Nares Occlusion Eliminates Heterosexual Partner Selection without Disrupting Coitus in Ferrets of Both Sexes

Using an airtight Y maze and a new method to induce peripheral anosmia in ferrets, we assessed the contribution of conspecific odors, either alone or in combination with visual and auditory signals, to heterosexual partner preference. Sexually naive ferrets were gonadectomized and treated with sex steroids, after which their nares were either bilaterally occluded using dental impression material or were sham-occluded. Behavioral and histological evidence suggested that nares occlusion blocked access of odors to the main olfactory epithelium for the duration of the study. Sham-occluded females and males preferred to approach odor only or odor plus visual plus auditory cues from opposite-sex conspecifics, whereas nares-occluded ferrets approached opposite- and same-sex cues equally. All ferrets subsequently mated successfully in tests conducted in a small chamber. When retested in the Y maze, sham-occluded females and males again preferred to approach odor-only or odor plus visual plus auditory cues from opposite-sex ferrets, whereas nares-occluded subjects showed no such preference even in tests when a brief physical interaction with tethered stimulus ferrets was allowed after each trial. Our results show that in the ferret, a carnivore, the detection and processing of volatile odors from conspecifics by the main olfactory system is required for heterosexual mate choice.
From forest fires to fisheries management: anthropology, conservation biology, and historical ecology.

Human-environmental relationships have long been of interest to a variety of scientists, including ecologists, biologists, anthropologists, and many others.[1, 2] In anthropology, this interest was especially prevalent among cultural ecologists of the 1970s and earlier, who tended to explain culture as the result of techno-environmental constraints.[3] More recently researchers have used historical ecology, an approach that focuses on the long-term dialectical relationship between humans and their environments, as well as long-term prehuman ecological datasets.[4-7] An important contribution of anthropology to historical ecology is that anthropological datasets dealing with ethnohistory, traditional ecological knowledge, and human skeletal analysis, as well as archeological datasets on faunal and floral remains, artifacts, geochemistry, and stratigraphic analysis, provide a deep time perspective (across decades, centuries, and millennia) on the evolution of ecosystems and the place of people in those larger systems. Historical ecological data also have an applied component that can provide important information on the relative abundances of flora and fauna, changes in biogeography, alternations in food webs, landscape evolution, and much more.
Thermal Conductance of Bi-Material AFM Cantilevers

In this letter, based on the beam theory and the thermal analysis of a bi-material cantilever, we demonstrate that the effective thermal conductance of the cantilever and the temperature at the tip of the cantilever can be determined by measuring the bending of the cantilever in response to two different thermal inputs: power absorbed at the tip and ambient temperature. The bi-material cantilevers were first introduced as a calorimeter to measure the heat generated in chemical reactions. [1] The same device was demonstrated to be sensitive enough to measure power as small as 100 pW or energy of 150 fJ in photothermal measurements. [2] They were also used as IR detectors [3, 4, 5] or as scanning thermal imaging probes. [6] Although the bi-material cantilevers are often used as temperature or heat flux sensors based on the beam bending due to the unequal thermal expansion of the two materials, the exact temperature at the tip of the cantilever is usually unknown. Directly measuring the temperature is difficult due to the small geometry of the cantilever structure. To find out the temperature of the cantilever, one should obtain the thermal conductance of the cantilever. However, since the thermal properties of two layers of the cantilever are dependent on their thickness, one cannot rely on theoretical calculation. In this letter, we develop a technique to determine the thermal conductance of the cantilever by measuring the bending of the cantilever in response to the variations of the absorbed power at the tip and the ambient temperature. A triangular silicon nitride cantilever coated with 70 nm gold film is used in the current experiment. As shown in Fig.1 (a), a semiconductor laser beam is focused on the tip of the cantilever and reflected onto a position sensing detector (PSD). The deflection of the reflected laser beam spot on the PSD is used as a measure of the deflection of the cantilever. A part of the laser power is absorbed by the cantilever and thus creates a temperature rise at the end of the cantilever. The output of the PSD is converted into an X or Y signal corresponding to the position of the laser spot on the PSD and a sum signal proportional to the incident laser power.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Brain and psychological mediators of imitation: sociocultural versus physical traits

The acquisition of cultural beliefs and practices is fundamental to human societies. The psychological and neural mechanisms underlying cultural acquisition, however, are not well understood. Here we used brain imaging to investigate how others’ physical and sociocultural attributes may influence imitative learning, a critical component of cultural acquisition. While undergoing fMRI, 17 European American young adults imitated models from three different racial groups performing novel hand gestures. Participants learned that half the models shared their political ideology and half did not. We found that the model’s political ideology—a sociocultural characteristic devoid of any physical correlates—was sufficient to influence imitative accuracy, and that this effect was mediated by changes in feelings of similarity to the model. Furthermore, the relationship between the imitative model’s political ideology and imitation accuracy was mediated by brain regions associated with imitation and its control, as well as mentalizing. Finally, comparing these new data with those from one of our previous studies revealed that knowledge of a model’s political ideology reduces the influence of the model’s race on feelings of similarity to the model and imitation accuracy, as well as activity in brain regions typically activated during imitation. Taken together, these findings suggest that (1) others’ sociocultural characteristics influence imitative biases more so than their physical attributes, and (2) that neural systems associated with imitation, imitation control, and mentalizing contribute to this cultural learning process.
Analysis of some aromatic hydrocarbons in a benzene-soluble bitumen from Green River shale

Abstract The hydrocarbon content of an aromatic fraction, isolated from the bitumen of Green River shale, was studied by mass spectrometry, infra-red spectrometry, gas chromatography and a dehydrogenation technique. The hydrocarbon types and their distribution in this aromatic fraction, as determined by mass spectrometry, include the following: CnH2n−6(10%), CnH2n−8 (31 %), CnH2n−10(18%), CnH2n−12(12%), CnH2n−14(8%) and a series of alkenylbenzenes (20%). The carbon-number range, empirical formulae and quantity of each compound in the major types are reported. Mass spectra of several compounds and homologous mixtures of compounds isolated from the aromatic fraction are also given.
Effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and insulin treatment on substance P of the rat arterial wall

Abstract Substance P (SP) is present in perivascular nerves throughout the mammalian vasculature. Reports of diminished SP levels in nerve and gastrointestinal tissues of diabetic rats led us to examine SP-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) in large arteries by RIA. Six weeks after inducing diabetes with streptozotocin (STZ), SP-LI was measured in the thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta, and the proximal superior mesenteric artery. In diabetics we measured a doubling (P
Modeling the active site of nitrile hydratase: synthetic strategies to ensure simultaneous coordination of carboxamido-N and thiolato-S to Fe(III) centers.

A general strategy for synthesizing Fe(III) complexes of ligands containing carboxamido-N and thiolato-S donors has been described. Reaction of the doubly deprotonated ligand PyPepS2- (where PyPepSH2 = N-2-mercaptophenyl-2‘-pyridinecarboxamide) with Fe(III) salts in DMF had previously afforded the Fe(III) complex (Et4N)[Fe(PyPepS)2] without any problem(s) associated with autoredox reactions of the thiolate functionality. In the present work, similar reactions with the doubly deprotonated ligand PiPepS2- (where PiPepSH2 = 2-mercapto-N-pyridin-2-yl-methylbenzamide) with Fe(III) salts, however, fail to afford any Fe(III) complex because of autoredox reactions. The break in the conjugation in the PiPepSH2 ligand frame is the key reason for this difference in behavior between these two very similar ligands. This is demonstrated by the fact that the same reaction with AqPepS2- (where AqPepSH2 = 2-mercapto-N-quinolin-8-yl-benzamide), another ligand with extended conjugation, affords the Fe(III) complex (Et4N)[Fe...
Living and learning in Tacna, Peru

I spent the summer after my first year of college in Tacna, Peru. I lived in community with five Peruvian nuns and worked in the school where they were the administrators. I was completely immersed in the culture and language as no one spoke English. It was an experience that allowed me to connect with new ideas about community and social justice, ideas that have contributed to the way I have come to understand my position and my responsibilities in my global community. When I returned home from Peru, I wrote this reflection about my experience adapting and living in this wonderful and vibrant community.
Haloperidol prevents ethanol-stimulated locomotor activity but fails to block sensitization

The effect of the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol on the development of sensitization to ethanol-induced increases in locomotor activity was examined in DBA/2J mice. In Experiment 1, different groups of mice were given saline or ethanol (2 g/kg) immediately before each of four locomotor activity sessions (48-h intervals), and 1 h after pretreatment with saline, 0.10 or 0.15 mg/kg haloperidol. During a subsequent test, mice showed locomotor sensitization despite blockade of ethanol stimulated activity by haloperidol on the first conditioning trial. Moreover, test session activity was reduced in subjects that had previously received haloperidol, even though haloperidol was not present during testing. The second experiment examined the nature of the latter finding by comparing subjects that received equal exposure to haloperidol but differed in the pairing of its administration with the activity chambers. After four conditioning trials, each group was tested in the absence of haloperidol. Mice that had previously received haloperidol paired with the activity chambers were less active than control groups, suggesting development of a conditioned suppression of activity. Overall, these results suggest a dissociation of the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate the acute locomotor stimulant effects of ethanol and those mediating sensitization. Further, these studies illustrate the importance of antagonist-alone control groups that assess the possible influence of associative learning induced by the antagonist itself.
Price bundling in public recreation.

Abstract This article examines the use of price bundling as a marketing technique for recreation services. The use of conjoint analysis allows the researcher to determine consumers’ part‐worth utilities for various service attributes. This information can then be used to design a service bundle or package and determine the price to be charged. This approach to service design is applied to an actual case involving the visitor accommodations at a state department of parks. Consumers are segmented in order to enhance the analysis and provide management with more useful information. The limitations of the study and methodology are discussed along with strategic implications for park managers. Finally, suggestions are provided for future research in this area.
Expression of neuronal trace amine-associated receptor (Taar) mRNAs in leukocytes.

Abstract Trace amines such as tyramine, octopamine and β-phenylethylamine bind with high affinity to the mammalian trace amine-associated receptor 1 (Taar1), potentially activating G-proteins in the synaptic membranes of target neurons. Recently there has been significant interest in Taar1, since this receptor can bind certain psychoactive drugs of abuse such as Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). Surprisingly, Ecstasy has been shown to alter responses of immune cells, and we questioned whether Taar receptors might be responsible for this effect. Using sensitive and quantitative RT-PCR assays, we found no detectable expression of Taar mRNA in bone marrow, or in primary cultures of mouse macrophages and dendritic cells whether quiescent or activated by exposure to lipopolysaccharide or the mouse gamma herpesvirus-68 (γHV-68). Mouse B cells and NK cells isolated from spleen, however, showed expression of several Taar mRNA species. Taar mRNA expression was also upregulated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes following in vitro stimulation with PHA. These studies represent the first to define expression of the mRNAs encoding these trace amine receptors in leukocytes.
Unsaturated Fatty Acid Regulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α Activity in Rat Primary Hepatoctes

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs α, β, γ1, and γ2) are widely regarded as monitors of intracellular nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels. As such, fatty acid binding to PPAR leads to changes in the transcription of many genes involved in lipid metabolism and storage. Although the composition of the intracellular NEFA pool is likely an important factor controlling PPAR activity, little information is available on factors affecting its composition. Accordingly, we have examined the effects of exogenous fatty acids on PPARα activity and NEFA pool composition in rat primary hepatocytes. Prior to the addition of fatty acids to primary hepatocytes, nonesterified unsaturated fatty acid levels are very low, representing ≤0.5% of the total fatty acid in the cell. The relative abundance of putative PPARα ligands in the NEFA pool is 20:4n-6 = 18:2n-6 = 18:1n-9 > 22:6n-3 > 18:3n-3/6 = 20:5n-3. Of these fatty acids, only 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 consistently induced PPARα activity. Metabolic labeling of primary hepatocytes indicated that both 14C-18:1n-9 and 14C-20:5n-3 are rapidly assimilated into neutral and polar lipids. Although the addition of 18:1n-9 had no effect on NEFA pool composition, 20:5n-3 mass increased >15-fold within 90 min. Changes in NEFA pool 20:5n-3 mass correlated with dynamic changes in the PPARα-regulated transcript mRNACYP4A. Metabolic labeling also indicated that a significant fraction of 14C-20:5n-3 was elongated to 22:5n-3. Cells treated with 22:5n-3 or 22:6n-3 led to a significant accumulation of 20:5n-3 in the NEFA pool through a process that requires peroxisomal β-oxidation and fatty acyl CoA thioesterase activity. Further analyses suggest that 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, but not 22:5n-3, are active ligands for PPARα. These studies suggest that basal fatty acid levels in the NEFA pool coupled with rates of fatty acid esterification, elongation, desaturation, peroxisomal β-oxidation, and fatty acyl thioestease activity are important determinants controlling NEFA pool composition and PPARα activity.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Oviductal Mucosa Apposing the Hen Ovum

Abstract The surface patterns of the chicken hen oviductal mucosa apposing an ovum were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The distended infundibular mucosa consisted of folds that were separated by interfold spaces of similar width and longitudinal orientation. The epithelium, which lined the base of the interfold spaces, was nonciliated and appeared to correspond to the glandular grooves, which are the sites of sperm storage in the infundibulum. The presence of an ovum in the magnum or isthmus resulted in the flattening of the mucosal folds and occlusion of the oviductal lumen. The uterine mucosa was slightly compressed when apposed to an egg and wide interfold spaces were evident.
GLYCOPROTEIN C OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 BINDS TO SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES WITHIN HEPARIN. 1016

GLYCOPROTEIN C OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 BINDS TO SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES WITHIN HEPARIN. 1016
Age at orchidopexy in the UK: has new evidence changed practice?

Abstract Introduction Research suggesting progressive deterioration in an undescended testis has led to the reduction in the target age for orchidopexy to 6–12 months of age. This age was selected as normal testicular descent is unlikely after 3 months of age and it is timed to prevent early gonadocyte developmental delay as suggested by Hutson and Hasthorpe. This study aims to determine the current age at orchidopexy in one UK training centre and whether changing targets have altered practice. Methods The demographics of orchidopexies performed at a single unit between 1998 and 2011 were reviewed. Results A total of 1325 orchidopexies were performed over 13 years. The median age at orchidopexy fell between 1998 and 2011. There was an initial drop in the age for orchidopexy in 2000 corresponding with the change in target age to “less than 18 months”. However, no subsequent improvement was seen over the following decade. Discussion Early orchidopexy is not being achieved. We have identified how slowly such advice is implemented locally and recognise the national need to address this. The approach should include earlier primary care referral directly from the routine postnatal check to a centre prepared to undertake surgery in this age group.
TU-C-12A-10: BEST IN PHYSICS (IMAGING) - Correlating 4DCT-Ventilation with Clinical Pulmonary Function Test Data

Purpose: 4DCT-ventilation is an emerging form of lung function imaging calculated from 4DCT data. Because 4DCTs are acquired as part of routine care, the lung function information comes at no extra monetary or dosimetric cost to the patient. Studies are needed that compare 4DCT-ventilation with clinical data. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) provide an established method of evaluating lung function. Our study performed a clinical validation by comparing 4DCT-ventilation with PFT data. Methods: 63 patients with pre-treatment PFTs and 4DCT data were used for the study. Standard PFT metrics used to diagnose tumor-based obstructive lung disease were recorded for each patient, including forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and the ratio between FEV1 and the forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC). A PFT value of 70% was used to delineate normal versus abnormal lung function for modeling. 4DCT data sets were input into a density-change based model to compute 4DCT-ventilation. The 4DCT-ventilation maps were reduced to single metrics intended to reflect the degree of ventilation obstruction and heterogeneity. The coefficient of variation (CoV) defined as the ratio of standard deviation over mean ventilation and the ventilation-V20 (volume of lung <20% ventilation) were computed. Ventilation metrics were compared to PFT data using correlation coefficients and logistic regression modeling methods. Results: The 4DCT-ventilation metrics correlated well with PFT data. Ventilation-V20 had correlation values of 0.75 and 0.71 with FEV1 and FEV1/FVC respectively. A probit model as a function of the ventilationderived CoV was fit and able to significantly (p<0.01) predict for normal versus abnormal PFT-based lung function. Conclusions: The current study validates 4DCT-ventilation with a clinically established end-point. Our data demonstrate good agreement between PFTs and ventilation data, indicating that 4DCT-ventilation can reliably demonstrate oncologic-based obstructive lung disease. We present important results that support integration of 4DCT-based pre-treatment lung function assessment into clinical practice. This work was partially supported by the NIH Director's new Innovator award (TG, EC, RC) and NIH research scientist development award (RC)
Allometry and Space Perception: Compression of Optical Ground Texture Yields Decreasing Ability to Resolve Differences in Spatial Scale

Robert E. Shaw and colleagues showed that allometric variations in biological forms provide visual information about the spatial and temporal scale of biological objects (Mark, Todd, & Shaw, 1981; Pittenger & Shaw, 1975a, 1975b; Pittenger, Shaw, & Mark, 1979; Pittenger & Todd, 1983; Shaw, Mark, Jenkins, & Mingolla, 1982; Shaw & Pittenger, 1977, 1978). In these studies, form changes due to growth of the human head and body were investigated. Subsequently, Bingham (1993a, 1993b) extended these ideas to plant growth and tree perception. Using extant models of tree growth and morphology, 2 allometric relations were simulated. One determined the thickness of tree branches and the other determined their numerocity. The investigations showed that the resulting tree forms could be used by observers to judge tree size. Trees appearing in the context of a ground texture gradient conferred metric scaling on the field that enabled observers to judge the size of other nonbiological objects appearing elsewhere in the c...
Isolation of isoinhibitors of trypsin from porcine colostrum

Abstract With the aid of chromatography on CM-cellulose the trypsin inhibitor from swine colostrum was subfractionated into four isoinhibitors. Each isoinhibitor migrated as a single band in disc electrophoresis at pH 4.3, and had the same specific activity against trypsin. All isoinhibitors contained carbohydrate. Only small differences in composition of isoinhibitors were detected. Sialic acid was present in one of them, and its removal did not alter inhibitor activity. The isoinhibitors are active against bovine and porcine trypsin, α-chymotrypsin and chymotrypsin B. They are inactive against carboxypeptidase B and the milk clotting activity of pepsin at pH 4.9. The reactive site of the inhibitor involves a lysine-X bond.
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PROFILE-BASED TRUCK DYNAMIC LOAD INDEX

A new roughness index called the dynamic load index (DLI) is developed for the purpose of identifying pavement profiles that are likely to generate high dynamic truck-axle loads. The DLI is calculated as a weighted index of variances of the profile elevation in the frequency ranges of 1.5 to 4 Hz and 8 to 15 Hz. The first frequency range corresponds to truck body bounce, and the second frequency range corresponds to axle bounce. The analysis showed a very good relationship between the DLI and dynamic load. The DLI was tested on a range of road profiles from in-service pavements, and it was found that for any particular value of ride quality index (RQI), the DLI can cover a wide range of values, and this variation in DLI was found to correlate well with dynamic load, as predicted by a truck simulation program. This was not the case for the international roughness index, which gave a low coefficient of correlation with dynamic load for the same range of profiles. Therefore, the new index can differentiate b...
XeCl Laser Ablation Of Organic Polymers: Characterization Of Debris And Its Effect On Surface Morphology

Evidence is presented, that the formation of conical structures on the surface of polyi-mide etched at low laser fluences is caused by shielding of the underlying polymer by particulate debris. The results show that with increasing diameter of the etched zone, higher laser fluences are required to achieve a smooth surface. XeCl ablation of polyimide in an atmosphere of oxygen at 0.2 J/cm 2 results in oxidation of nearly 90% of ablated carbon to CO 2 and CO, but does not eliminate the deposition of debris on the perimeter of the etched zone.
Tides, Surges and Mean Sea‐Level, A Handbook for Engineers and Scientists

The past 20 years have seen a major increase in the measurement, analysis, and modeling of sea level phenomena. Whether the topic is the measurement of long-term climatic changes in sea level, mapping the global distribution of tides with satellites, or developing high-resolution storm surge models, there is a large technical literature on these and other sea level topics that is very useful, but often difficult for the nonspecialist or student to understand and apply. While previous texts and references, such as those by Defant [1961], Neumann and Pearson [1966], and Dietrich et al. [1980] provide an introduction to the classic description of tides a n d other sea level phenomena, none of these provides an introduction to the important advances that have occurred during this recent period.
Whitney Award Lecture—1985: On the Roles of Corrosion Products in Local Cell Processes

Abstract This paper reviews work performed in the author's laboratory on the roles that corrosion products play in corrosion and materials degradation processes. Subject areas include the following...
Police history and the question of gender: The case of Eugene, Oregon in the post world war two Era

This article employs pro‐feminist approaches to explore the historic failure of the Eugene Police Department (EPD) to confront interpersonal violence against women. I tap a variety of sources including oral histories, crime statistics, newspaper reports, city council meeting minutes, divorce case data and police department annual reports to construct a history of policing in post World War Two Eugene, Oregon. I argue that the rationalization and professionalization of the EPD were profoundly gendered processes, not in any conspiratorial sense, but in the sense that they framed sources of social danger and social harm as public rather than private. Public foci such as traffic safety and the danger presented by tramps, tended to obscure the threat posed to women by the men they knew. In the light of the historically enduring passivity of police to interpersonal violence against women, I call into question the appropriateness of the teleological notions of “rationalization” and “progress” which underpin much...
The effects of substitution on the electrochemical reduction of naphthacenetetrone in N,N-Dimethylformamide

Abstract The polarographic reduction of 5,6,11,12-naphthacenetetrone (NT) and several of its chloromethyl, and nitro derivatives were investigated. The electrochemical behavior of NT was compared with 6, 11-dihydroxy-5, 12-naphthacencequinone (DHNQ) previously studied. Like DHNQ, NT exhibits two reduction waves in N , N -dimethylformamide. However, two additional post adsorption waves which were not present in DHNQ reduction were also observed. The first step reduction of NT, representing the formation of the radical anion NT − , has a potential (0.01 V vs sce ) much more anodic than that of its DHNQ counterpart ( −0.75 V vs sce ). The substituent effects of NTs were noted. A linear Hammett relationship similar to that of the DHNQ series was also found for the NTs. In both cases, the averaged values of σ meta and σ para were used as the substituent constants
Leadership: Too Elusive for Definition?:

School administration has numerous definitions and theories of leadership that seem useful and visionary primarily to those with pride of authorship. In spite of these theories, leadership is calle...
A video joystick from a toy

The paper describes an algorithm for 3D reconstruction of a toy composed from rigid bright colored blocks with the help of a conventional video camera. The blocks are segmented using histogram thresholds and merged into one connected component corresponding to the whole toy. We also present the algorithm for extracting the color structure and matching feature points across the frames and discuss robust structure from motion and recognition connected with the subject.
Aminoborohydrides. 14. Lithium aminoborohydrides in the selective reduction or amination of alkyl methanesulfonate esters.

Lithium aminoborohydride (LAB) reagents initiate the amination or reduction of alkyl methanesulfonate esters, as dictated by reaction conditions. Alkyl methanesulfonate esters treated with unhindered LABs provide tertiary amines in excellent yield. Reduction to the corresponding alkane is achieved using a hindered LAB reagent or by forming the highly reactive Super-Hydride reagent in situ using LAB and a catalytic amount of triethylborane. The reduction methodology disclosed herein is a safe and convenient alternative to existing synthetic methods.
Disarming bacterial type IV secretion.

With common bacterial pathogens becoming increasingly resistant to the current therapeutic arsenal, there is a growing need to utilize alternative strategies when developing new antibacterial drugs. In this issue of Chemistry & Biology , Smith et al. explore the idea of antivirulence drugs by developing inhibitors of the type IV secretion system in Brucella .