cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatigability as a function of physical activity energy expenditure in older adults

Increased fatigue is a predictor of morbidity and mortality in older adults. Fatigability defines a change in performance or self-reported fatigue in response to physical activity (PA). However, the relationship of fatigability to PA-related energy expenditure (PAEE) is unknown. Changes in performance, fatigue, and energy expenditure were measured simultaneously in 17 adults (11 females, 74–94 years old) performing eight standardized PA tasks with various energy expenditure requirements in a whole-room indirect calorimeter. Change in performance was objectively measured using a PA movement monitor and change in fatigue was self-reported on a seven-point scale for each task. Performance and perceived fatigability severity scores were calculated as a ratio of change in performance and fatigue, respectively, and PAEE. We found that change in both objective performance and self-reported fatigue were associated with energy expenditure (Spearman rho = −0.72 and −0.68, respectively, p < 0.001) on a task requiring relatively high level of energy expenditure. The performance and perceived fatigability severity scores were significantly correlated (rho = 0.77, p < 0.001) on this task. In summary, results of this proof of concept pilot study show that both perceived and performance fatigability severity scores are related to PAEE-induced fatigue on a task requiring relatively high level of energy expenditure. We conclude that fatigability severity is a valid measure of PAEE-induced fatigue in older adults.
An investigation of the phase-diagram palladium-arsenic in connection with superconductivity

The phase-diagram Pd-- As was investigated by thermal, rontgenographic, and metallographic analysis, together with superconductivity raeasurements. The existence of five phases, three of them previously unknown, was established. Addition of arsenic to palladium causes a sharp drop of the liquidus curve. At 770 deg C the compound Pd/sub 7/As formed peritectically. Increasing the amounts of As causes the eutectic at 20 at.% As (715 deg C) to be followed by a peritectic reaction (820 deg C) between liquid and the congruently raelting compound Pd/sub 5/As/sub 2/ (860 deg C), forming Pd/sub 3/As. At 33 at. % As the peritectically formed phase Pd/sub 2/As (728 deg C), which transforms at 485 deg C into a low, temperature modification exists. The homogeneity range of PdAs/ sub 2/ was found not to be as broad as claimed earlier. Three of the compounds are superconductors: Pd/sub 5/As/sub 2/ (T/sub c/ = 0.46 deg K), Pd/sub 2/A s h.t. (T/sub c/= 1.71 deg K) and Pd/sub 2/As l.t. (T/sub c/ = 0.60 deg K). (auth)
A generalized modeling framework to analyze interdependencies among infrastructure systems

Extreme events over the past decade in the USA, ranging from the 9/11 terror attacks to the 2003 Northeast power blackout to the 2005 hurricanes, have highlighted the urgent need to understand the interdependencies among civil infrastructure systems for more effective and efficient planning, design and operations. The need is further highlighted by the challenges arising from the capacity needs of rapid urbanization and the need to renew aging infrastructure. This paper proposes a generalized modeling framework that combines a multilayer network concept with a market-based economic approach to capture the interdependencies among various infrastructure systems with disparate physical and operational characteristics. Thereby, the various infrastructure systems are modeled as individual networks connected through links representing market interactions. The market interactions capture the various types of interdependencies through supply-demand mechanisms. The modeling framework uses a multilayer infrastructure network (MIN) concept, the computable general equilibrium (CGE) theory, and its spatial extension (SCGE), to formulate an equilibrium problem. The mapping between the modeling framework and the real-world context is discussed, followed by a description of the various model components. Numerical experiments are conducted to illustrate the capability of the model to capture various types of interdependencies and to provide insights on the importance of these interdependencies for real-world problems.
The Number of Alphaherpesvirus Particles Infecting Axons and the Axonal Protein Repertoire Determines the Outcome of Neuronal Infection

ABSTRACT Infection by alphaherpesviruses invariably results in invasion of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and establishment of either a latent or productive infection. Infection begins with long-distance retrograde transport of viral capsids and tegument proteins in axons toward the neuronal nuclei. Initial steps of axonal entry, retrograde transport, and replication in neuronal nuclei are poorly understood. To better understand how the mode of infection in the PNS is determined, we utilized a compartmented neuron culturing system where distal axons of PNS neurons are physically separated from cell bodies. We infected isolated axons with fluorescent-protein-tagged pseudorabies virus (PRV) particles and monitored viral entry and transport in axons and replication in cell bodies during low and high multiplicities of infection (MOIs of 0.01 to 100). We found a threshold for efficient retrograde transport in axons between MOIs of 1 and 10 and a threshold for productive infection in the neuronal cell bodies between MOIs of 1 and 0.1. Below an MOI of 0.1, the viral genomes that moved to neuronal nuclei were silenced. These genomes can be reactivated after superinfection by a nonreplicating virus, but not by a replicating virus. We further showed that viral particles at high-MOI infections compete for axonal proteins and that this competition determines the number of viral particles reaching the nuclei. Using mass spectrometry, we identified axonal proteins that are differentially regulated by PRV infection. Our results demonstrate the impact of the multiplicity of infection and the axonal milieu on the establishment of neuronal infection initiated from axons. IMPORTANCE Alphaherpesvirus genomes may remain silent in peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons for the lives of their hosts. These genomes occasionally reactivate to produce infectious virus that can reinfect peripheral tissues and spread to other hosts. Here, we use a neuronal culture system to investigate the outcome of axonal infection using different numbers of viral particles and coinfection assays. We found that the dynamics of viral entry, transport, and replication change dramatically depending on the number of virus particles that infect axons. We demonstrate that viral genomes are silenced when the infecting particle number is low and that these genomes can be reactivated by superinfection with UV-inactivated virus, but not with replicating virus. We further show that viral invasion rapidly changes the profiles of axonal proteins and that some of these axonal proteins are rate limiting for efficient infection. Our study provides new insights into the establishment of silent versus productive alphaherpesvirus infections in the PNS.
Metabolic parameters for ramp versus step incremental cycle ergometer tests.

The purpose of this study was to examine mean differences and the patterns of responses for oxygen uptake ( V˙ O2), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for ramp (15 W·min–1) ver...
Ringo, Doty, Demeter and Simard, Cerebral Cortex 1994;4:331-343: A Proof of the Need for the Spatial Clustering of Interneuronal Connections to Enhance Cortical Computation

It has been argued that an important principle driving the organization of the cerebral cortex towards local processing has been the need to decrease time lost to interneuronal conduction delay. In this paper, I show for a simplified model of the cerebral cortex, using analytical means, that if interneuronal conduction time increases proportional to interneuronal distance, then the only way to increase the numbers of synaptic events occurring in a fixed finite time period is to spatially cluster interneuronal connections.
Optimizing the use of decoy plots for blackbird control in commercial sunflower

In 2004, USDA’s Wildlife Services began to cost share 8-ha Wildlife Conservation Sunflower Plots (WCSP) with sunflower growers to lure migrating blackbirds away from commercial sunflower fields. During late summer and fall of 2004 and 2005, blackbirds used sunflower more than other crops, especially WCSP placed near blackbird roosts. Blackbird density in WCSP and commercial sunflower was negatively associated with nearby habitat types ( 10 km from WCSP. Across both years, birds removed an average of 435 kg/ha and 49 kg/ha of sunflower seed in WCSP and commercial sunflower fields, respectively. Additionally, in 2005, blackbirds removed 181 kg/ha of seed in commercial sunflower >10 km from WCSP (reference fields). WCSP had a costbenefit ratio of 3.4:1; however, in reference sunflower fields, birds removed 3.2 times more sunflower seed than in commercial sunflower fields near WCSP. Our data suggest that producers should consider planting cost-shared WCSP as part of an integrated pest management strategy to reduce blackbird damage to commercial sunflower.
Local television news audience and the para‐social interaction

In this exploratory study, data were gathered from 258 telephone respondents indicating the existence of a para‐social interaction by the viewing audience toward local television newscasters.
Pure carbon nanoscale devices: Nanotube heterojunctions.

heptagon pair. The interface between the unit cells of the (8,0) and (5,3) half tubes contains three heptagons, three pentagons, and two hexagons. Two different matching orientations are possible: one with the two hexagons adjacent, the other without. We choose to study the configuration in which the hexagons are separated from each other. The sequence of n-fold rings around the circumference is then 6-7-5-6-7-5-7-5. In the tight-binding p-electron approximation [8], the (8,0) tube has a 1.2 eV gap [1] and the (7,1) tube is a semimetal. Within tight binding, these tubes form an
Stromal induction and specification of morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation of the epithelia of the mullerian ducts and urogenital sinus during development of the uterus and vagina in mice.

Homotypic and heterotypic recombinations were prepared with trypsin-separated epithelium and stroma from uterus of 1- to 9-day-old and vagina of 2- to 150-day-old mice. Growth of homotypic recombinants in adult female hosts resulted in normal uterine and vaginal morphogenesis. Heterotypic recombinants composed of uterine stroma and vaginal epithelium (VE) usually formed uterus, while recombinants composed of vaginal stroma and uterine epithelium (UE) usually underwent vaginal morphogenesis. The development response of these heterotypic recombinants was age-dependent. Epithelia (UE and VE) from mice two to five-days old were responsive to stromal induction. However, from days 5 to 9 postpartum a progressive loss in competence was observed in both epithelia, and vaginal epithelium nine or more days old was unresponsive to heterotypic inductores. Inductive activitves of uterine stroma were demonstrated in 2- to 7-day-old neonates and of vaginal stroma in 2- to 150-day-old mice. These results indicate that establishment of the regional specification of Mullerian and sinus epithelium during uterine and vaginal morphogenesis is due to inductive activities of the stroma.
A New Deal for the Nuremberg Trial: The Limits of Law in Generating Human Rights Norms

This article distills several arguments from a larger book project, framed as an international history of the idea of crimes against humanity, with the 1945–46 Nuremberg trial serving as a fulcrum. The project as a whole first traces the origins of the idea of a “crime against humanity,” before this concept was crystallized in the Nuremberg charter; followed by a large central section on the unfolding of the Nuremberg trials themselves; with a concluding section on some of the post-Nuremberg legacies of these ideas. This article draws on material from all three sections, but focuses on how we might understand the politics of the flagship Nuremberg trial itself, as opposed to its antecedents or longer-term legacies.
Identification and characterization of novel mammalian spermatogenic genes conserved from fly to human

Spermatogenesis is a complex and highly regulated developmental process by which round spermatogonial stem cells undergo mitotic proliferation and meiosis, followed by extraordinary differentiation into highly specialized elongated mature sperm. Extensive differences in terms of sperm production such as testicular structure and organization, hormonal regulation are reported between humans and insects, yet it is not known to what extent components of the process could be conserved and furthermore to what extent the underlying genetic regulators could be shared from insects to mammals. We hence take a genomic approach to identify genes which are expressed in the testes of both fly and mouse through in silico analysis and are phylogenetically conserved across metazoans. Fifty eight testis-enriched, phylogenetically conserved from fly to mouse genes were identified. Among them, 12 genes are novel. Detailed characterization of their murine and human homologs indicate most of them are testis-restricted or enriched and developmentally regulated, thus suggesting that they are important regulators of sperm development in mammals and potential human fertility factors. Our results reveal the existence of spermatogenic homologs with similar testicular expression across a large evolutionary distance, further functional study will be needed to explore the functional conservation among those spermatogenic orthologs.
Layered CMR manganites: Structure, properties, and unconventional magnetism

Neutron powder diffraction studies of the layered compounds R{sub 1.2}Sr{sub 1.8}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 7}, (R = La, Pr, Nd), RSr{sub 2}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 7} (R = Pr, Nd), and La{sub 1.4}Sr{sub 1.6}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 7} show that the degree of distortion of the MnO{sub 6} octahedra do not correlate with the appearance of a metal-insulator (MI) transition in these compounds. Instead, the in-plane Mn-O bond length appears to be a better indicator of the electronic behavior. Detailed bulk magnetization studies on single crystal La{sub 1.2}Sr{sub 1.8}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 7} show that there are three magnetic regimes as a function of temperature: paramagnetic insulator, short-range ordered (SRO) ferromagnet, and long-range ordered (LRO) ferromagnet. Scaling analysis indicates that a 2D finite-size XY model is an appropriate description of the magnetic state in the SRO regime.
Post traumatic headache caused by hematoma of the corpus callosum

SYNOPSIS A patient with a hematoma of the corpus callosum producing transient memory, speech and motor defecits as well as post traumatic type 1 headaches is presented. This is the first known demonstration of a resolving hematoma of the corpus callosum by CT scan and the first case report of a post traumatic headache caused by hematoma of the corpus callosum.
A Convex Programming Approach for Exploiting Data and Functional Parallelism on Distributed Memory Multicomputers

Compilers have focused on the exploitation of one of functional or data parallelism in the past. The PARADIGM compiler project at the University of Illinois is among the first to incorporate techniques for simultaneous exploitation of both. The work in this paper describes the techniques used in the PARADIGM compiler and analyzes the optimality of these techniques. It is the first of its kind to use realistic cost models and includes data transfer costs which all previous researchers have neglected. Preliminary results on the CM-5 show the efficacy of our methods and the significant advantages of using functional and data parallelism together for execution of real applications.
Use of Walleye Relative Weights (Wr ) to Assess Prey Availability

Abstract We investigated the effects of prey availability on relative weights (Wr ; the ratio of fish weight to the weight of a standard fish of the same length) in populations of walleye Stizostedion vitreum from two reservoirs, Lake Ogallala and Lake McConaughy, in western Nebraska. Partitioned by season of capture and 50-mm length-classes, walleye Wr was compared with the abundance of prey fish by length-class. Walleye Wr changed seasonally and was heavily influenced by prey size availability. In Lake Ogallala, where smaller prey were abundant, there was no significant difference in Wr across length-classes by fall. In Lake McConaughy, where more than 90% of all prey fish were over 170 mm, there was a distinct trend by fall. Small walleyes (250–400 mm) exhibited the lowest Wr (92.0 ± 0.84); and large walleyes (550–700 mm) had the highest Wr (104.0 ± 1.57). Examining changes in walleye Wr among length-classes across seasons was more informative than using a mean population Wr because it was sensitive to...
AP-1 protein induction during monopoiesis favors C/EBP: AP-1 heterodimers over C/EBP homodimerization and stimulates FosB transcription

AP-1 proteins heterodimerize via their LZ domains to bind TGACGTCA or TGACTCA, whereas C/EBPs dimerize to bind ATTGCGCAAT. We demonstrate that intact C/EBPα also heterodimerizes with c-Jun or c-Fos to bind a hybrid DNA element, TGACGCAA, or more weakly to TGATGCAA. A 2:1 ratio of c-Jun:C/EBPα or c-Fos:C/EBPα was sufficient for preferential binding. Semiquantitative Western blot analysis indicates that the summation of c-Jun, JunB, and c-Fos levels in differentiating myeloid cells is similar to or exceeds the entirety of C/EBPα and C/EBPβ, indicating the feasibility of heterodimer formation. Induction of AP-1 proteins during monocytic differentiation favored formation of C/EBP:AP-1 heterodimers, with C/EBPα homodimers more evident during granulopoiesis. Approximately 350 human and 300 murine genes contain the TGACGCAA motif between -2 kb and +1 kb of their transcription start sites. We focused on the murine Fosb promoter, which contains a C/EBP:AP-1 cis element at -56 and -253, with the hFOSB gene containing an identical site at -253 and a 1-bp mismatch at -56. C/EBPα:AP-1 heterodimers bound either site preferentially in a gel-shift assay, C/EBPα:c-Fos ER fusion proteins induced endogenous Fosb mRNA but not in the presence of CHX, C/EBP and AP-1 proteins bound the endogenous Fosb promoter, mutation of the -56 cis element reduced reporter activity fivefold, and endogenous FosB protein was expressed preferentially during monopoiesis versus granulopoiesis. Increased expression of Jun/Fos proteins elevates C/EBP:AP-1 heterodimer formation to potentially activate novel sets of genes during monopoiesis and potentially during other biologic processes.
Una revisión de la literatura sobre el bilingüismo entre los niños diagnosticados con Trastornos del Espectro Autista

Speech-language pathologists (henceforth SLPs) are constantly consulted by bilingual parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (henceforth ASD) regarding their decision to adopt monolingualism or bilingualism with their children. These parents fear that dual-language exposure could contribute to additional challenges and delays in their children’s language development. Scarce literature is currently available for SLPs to guide parents of bilingual children with ASD in their decision to use one or two languages with their children. Despite the dearth of evidence on which SLPs would base their language recommendations, it is reported that they often recommend parents of bilingual children with ASD to limit the linguistic exposure of their children to only one language (most often English). The assumption in such a recommendation –which echoes the parents’ fears– is that becoming bilingual is too challenging for children with ASD; detrimental to their academic achievement; and a source of additional language and speech delays. The purpose of this review is to analyze whether –and to what extent– this recommendation is supported or disputed by the literature published in the last ten years, and to critically discuss the results of that literature.
Equatorial Velocity Profiles. Part I: Meridional Component

Abstract A time series or vertical profiles of horizontal velocity was collected in the western equatorial Indian Ocean during late spring of 1976. The meridional velocity component is examined here, the zonal component in Part II of this paper. The profiles have been normalized using a WKB approximation so that they can be analyzed in terms of their vertical wavenumber content and discussed in terms of vertical wavelengths. Autospectral analysis reveals an equatorial concentration of meridional kinetic energy, whose meridional trapping scale decreases as the vertical scale of the motion decreases. Calculations of dropped lagged coherence (DLC) show that the energy in certain wavelength bands is propagating vertically. By using the indicated periods and the linear dispersion relation for equatorial waves, we determine that the observed meridional motion in two vertical wavenumber bands is consistent with the dominance of two mixed Rossby-gravity waves. The first has a vertical wavelength of 1200 sm (stret...
Investigation into the Role of Phosphatidylserine in Modifying the Susceptibility of Human Lymphocytes to Secretory Phospholipase A2 using Cells Deficient in the Expression of Scramblase.

Normal human lymphocytes resisted the hydrolytic action of secretory phospholipase A2 but became susceptible to the enzyme following treatment with a calcium ionophore, ionomycin. To test the hypothesis that this susceptibility requires exposure of the anionic lipid phosphatidylserine on the external face of the cell membrane, experiments were repeated with a human Burkitt’s lymphoma cell line (Raji cells). In contrast to normal lymphocytes or S49 mouse lymphoma cells, most of the Raji cells (87%) did not translocate phosphatidylserine to the cell surface upon treatment with ionomycin. Those few that did display exposed phosphatidylserine were hydrolyzed immediately upon addition of phospholipase A2. Interestingly, the remaining cells were also completely susceptible to the enzyme but were hydrolyzed at a slower rate and after a latency of about 100 s. In contradistinction to the defect in phosphatidylserine translocation, Raji cells did display other physical membrane changes upon ionomycin treatment that may be relevant to hydrolysis by phospholipase A2. These changes were detected by merocyanine 540 and trimethylammonium diphenylhexatriene fluorescence and were common among normal lymphocytes, S49 cells, and Raji cells. The levels of these latter effects corresponded well with the relative rates of hydrolysis among the three cell lines. These results suggested that while phosphatidylserine enhances the rate of cell membrane hydrolysis by secretory phospholipase A2, it is not an absolute requirement. Other physical properties such as membrane order contribute to the level of membrane susceptibility to the enzyme independent of phosphatidylserine.
Chemotherapy-Based Control of Schistosomiasis Haematobia IV. Impact of Repeated Annual Chemotherapy on Prevalence and Intensity of Schistosoma Haematobium infection in an Endemic Area of Kenya

To determine the effect of repeated, annual, age-targeted therapy on prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection in an endemic area, we treated all available, infected, school-age children (n = 2, 493) in the Msambweni area of Coast Province, Kenya with a randomized protocol of oral metrifonate (10 mg/kg for three doses each year) or praziquantel therapy (40 mg/kg as a single dose each year) for a period of one to three years. During 1984-1987, 1, 101 children completed three years of therapy, 550 received two years, and 842 received a single year. Annual followup revealed significant long-term suppression of S. haematobium infection in the targeted school-age population. Both cross-sectional analysis and study of individual outcomes suggested maximal suppression of infection after two years of therapy. Suppression lasted more than two years after cessation of treatment, and was associated with reduced community transmission (gauged by decreased prevalence among new study entrants and decreasing negative-to-positive conversion on annual parasitologic examinations). Comparison of metrifonate and praziquantel outcomes indicated greater suppression of infection and longer infection-free intervals for some subgroups given praziquantel. We conclude that annual population-based therapy targeted to schoolchildren has direct and indirect beneficial effects for endemic communities. In some specific situations, repeat therapy may not suppress transmission, and reduced drug efficacy may be observed after one to three years, suggesting the need for additional non-drug control measures in highly endemic villages.
Is blood donation an opportunity for hypertension awareness

SUMMARY Objectives To assess the blood pressure (BP) of donors, the rate of hypertensive range readings amongst donors not previously identified as hypertensive and determine the value of an informational sheet about hypertension given at the time of donation. Aim To determine the value of screening for high BP during blood donation as a public health activity. Background Blood donation centres measure donor BPs before accepting donations and thus provide a unique opportunity for hypertension screening and education. Materials/methods An anonymous survey was completed by blood donors over 2 weeks. The survey contained 22 questions regarding demographics, BP knowledge and monitoring. Participants then received a hypertension information sheet and assessed its utility with three additional questions. Results Out of 839 survey responses received, 688 respondents reported their BP in the following categories, normotensive range: 46·9%, pre-hypertensive range: 41·7% and hypertensive range: 11·3%. Notably, of donors with hypertensive range readings, 45% reported no known history of hypertension. After reading the hypertension pamphlet, 63·9% of donors found it valuable, while 38·9% did not. Furthermore, 67% of donors said they were likely to use the information they learned, while 23% of donors said they were unlikely to do so. Conclusions An opportunity exists for increasing hypertension awareness during blood donation. Additionally, our findings indicate that an educational pamphlet at the time of donation is valuable to donors. Overall, these findings suggest that increasing hypertension awareness as part of a blood donation screening is not only needed but also useful as a public health measure.
Does Equity Market Stifle Private Credit Market

Why do countries differ so much in terms of their financial systems? Are banks and equity competing or complementary sources of financing for firms? To address these questions, I study various determinants of capital market development and whether these determinants favor one form of capital (equity capital) over the other (private bank credit) during the process of financial development. I find that capital market development is primarily demand driven. The demand for finance affects the equity market development disproportionately more (in a non-linear way) than it does the private bank credit market. Furthermore, the relative strength of enforcement of creditors' and minority shareholders' rights also significantly determines whether external financing is predominantly raised through private arrangement of credit or through the public equity market. Through the power of demand and enforcement, we can explain the prominence of the market-based financial system in recent years. I find that the signs and significance of various political and legal endowments in affecting financial development crucially depend on the conditioning information set of the regression, and thus may not be very informative in understanding the co-development of various segments of the capital market. Despite the prominence of the market-based system in recent years, I show that no financial system is inherently superior to the other, rather differences in the underlying determinants of capital market development shape which form of capital is going to be the dominant one in a financial system.
Differences in attitudes and beliefs toward end-of-life care between hematologic and solid tumor oncology specialists

BACKGROUND Patients with hematologic malignancies often receive aggressive care at the end-of-life. To better understand the end-of-life decision-making process among oncology specialists, we compared the cancer treatment recommendations, and attitudes and beliefs toward palliative care between hematologic and solid tumor specialists. PATIENTS AND METHODS We randomly surveyed 120 hematologic and 120 solid tumor oncology specialists at our institution. Respondents completed a survey examining various aspects of end-of-life care, including palliative systemic therapy using standardized case vignettes and palliative care proficiency. RESULTS Of 240 clinicians, 182 (76%) clinicians responded. Compared with solid tumor specialists, hematologic specialists were more likely to favor prescribing systemic therapy with moderate toxicity and no survival benefit for patients with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 4 and an expected survival of 1 month (median preference 4 versus 1, in which 1 = strong against treatment and 7 = strongly recommend treatment, P < 0.0001). This decision was highly polarized. Hematologic specialists felt less comfortable discussing death and dying (72% versus 88%, P = 0.007) and hospice referrals (81% versus 93%, P = 0.02), and were more likely to feel a sense of failure with disease progression (46% versus 31%, P = 0.04). On multivariate analysis, hematologic specialty [odds ratio (OR) 2.77, P = 0.002] and comfort level with prescribing treatment to ECOG 4 patients (OR 3.79, P = 0.02) were associated with the decision to treat in the last month of life. CONCLUSIONS We found significant differences in attitudes and beliefs toward end-of-life care between hematologic and solid tumor specialists, and identified opportunities to standardize end-of-life care.
HIDE: an infrastructure for efficiently protecting information leakage on the address bus

XOM-based secure processor has recently been introduced as a mechanism to provide copy and tamper resistant execution. XOM provides support for encryption/decryption and integrity checking. However, neither XOM nor any other current approach adequately addresses the problem of information leakage via the address bus. This paper shows that without address bus protection, the XOM model is severely crippled. Two realistic attacks are shown and experiments show that 70% of the code might be cracked and sensitive data might be exposed leading to serious security breaches.Although the problem of address bus leakage has been widely acknowledged both in industry and academia, no practical solution has ever been proposed that can provide an adequate security guarantee. The main reason is that the problem is very difficult to solve in practice due to severe performance degradation which accompanies most of the solutions. This paper presents an infrastructure called HIDE (Hardware-support for leakage-Immune Dynamic Execution) which provides a solution consisting of chunk-level protection with hardware support and a flexible interface which can be orchestrated through the proposed compiler optimization and user specifications that allow utilizing underlying hardware solution more efficiently to provide better security guarantees.Our results show that protecting both data and code with a high level of security guarantee is possible with negligible performance penalty (1.3% slowdown).
Induction of a TRAIL-mediated suicide program by interferon alpha in primary effusion lymphoma.

Induction of a TRAIL mediated suicide program by interferon alpha in primary effusion lymphoma
Carbon nanotube-loaded Nafion film electrochemical sensor for metal ions: europium.

A Nafion film loaded with novel catalyst-free multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was used to modify a glassy carbon (GC) electrode to detect trace concentrations of metal ions, with europium ion (Eu3+) as a model. The interaction between the sidewalls of MWCNTs and the hydrophobic backbone of Nafion allows the MWCNTs to be dispersed in Nafion, which was then coated as a thin film on the GC electrode surface. The electrochemical response to Eu3+ was found to be ∼10 times improved by MWCNT concentrations between 0.5 and 2 mg/mL, which effectively expanded the electrode surface into the Nafion film and thereby reduced the diffusion distance of Eu3+ to the electrode surface. At low MWCNT concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL, no significant improvement in signal was obtained compared with Nafion alone. Scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize the structure of the MWCNT–Nafion film, followed by electrochemical characterization with Eu3+ via cyclic volt...
Birth Order and Tendency to “Adopt the Sick Role”

Assumptions regarding parent-child interaction patterns are combined to generate the prediction that firstborns exhibit a greater tendency to adopt the role of being sick than do later-borns. Data from 152 student volunteers are consistent with this prediction.
Effects of azithromycin on gene expression profile in adriamycin nephropathy rats

Objective To study the gene expression profile of adriamycin nephropathy rats and the changes after the intervention of azithromycin by gene chip technology. Methods Eighty-eight rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, and azithromycin group. The model was established by tail vein injection of adriamycin, and the changes of blood biochemical and 24 h urine protein in rats at 4 th and 8 th week were detected. Agilent Sure Print G3 Rat Gene Expression(8×60k) gene chip were used to detect the gene expression profile, and the results were analyzed by bioinformatics method. Results Eighty-eight rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, and azithromycin group. The model was established by tail vein injection of adriamycin, and the changes of blood biochemical and 24 h urine protein in rats at 4th and 8th week were detected. Agilent Sure Print G3 Rat Gene Expression(8 × 60 k) gene chip were used to detect the gene expression profile, and the results were analyzed by bioinformatics method. Conclusion The occurrence of adriamycin nephropathy involves the changes of many genes and the gene expression profile can be changed with the intervention of azithromycin, which can provide further evidence to explore the effect of azithromycin on adriamycin induced nephropathy.
Research on microgrid power quality and control measures

The microgrid technologies have many outstanding advantages.However,the inherent characteristics of distributed generators(DGs),the special network topology and the operation performances of microgrids bring unfavorable impacts on microgrid power quality.The structure and performances of microgrids were discussed.Based on the discussion,the microgrid power quality was analyzed and compared with traditional distribution grids.By replacing lowpass filter with mathematical morphological filter in detection unit,shunt active power filter(SAPF) model was improved.The selection of filter structure elements was also well analyzed.Simulation study was done with Matlab/Simulink software.The simulation results prove that the improved SAPF model can meet the real-time requirements of microgrids for power quality regulating devices.
Supportive care of the patient with cancer.

Aggressive supportive care in elderly patients with cancer can improve their ability to tolerate anticancer therapies and can, more importantly, provide palliation of distressing symptoms. Considerable progress has been made toward understanding the mechanisms of clinical problems, and a more rational approach to supportive therapy is now possible.
Significance of serum complement levels in chronic liver disease.

Total hemolytic complement, complement 3, and complement 4 levels have been measured in 110 patients with chronic liver diseases of known and unknown cause. Low complement levels were found in patients with poor liver synthetic function as evidenced by low serum albumin levels and prolonged prothrombin times. There was no relation of low complement levels to the activity of the disease, as evidenced by serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity, to the serum γ-globulin, or to the presence of the hepatitis Β antigen or autoantibodies. In 11 cases of chronic idiopathic liver disease with normal or low total hemolytic complement, complement 3, and complement 4 levels, the levels of the 1q subcomponent of complement 1 (C1q) were all normal. Only three of 110 sera gave reactions in systems capable of detecting immune complexes or their equivalents.
Epilogue: The Uncertain Future of Urban Education

Jean Anyon is among the most thoughtful and astute observers of urban education in the United States today. In 1995 she published a searching examination of the issues facing educators who struggle with the day-to-day challenges of working in an inner-city school. She noted the frustrations these individuals faced, and the behavior they sometimes found themselves exhibiting in attempting to reach the children they were charged with educating. Most of them, she found, did not believe that educational reform would make much difference in the challenges they faced, or the possibilities of success for the children they taught. Anyon described the immense barriers that existed between the educators in this school and the children in their classes, a situation that occasionally resulted in abusive behavior on the part of both teachers and students.
Simulated interactions of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), climate variation and habitat heterogeneity on southern cattle tick (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus) eradication methods in south Texas, USA.

Abstract White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are a host for cattle fever ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) sp.), which are vectors of the pathogens causing bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle. Tick eradication efforts focused on cattle along the U.S.-Mexico border are high priority and the potential role of white-tailed deer in compromising these efforts is of great concern. We developed a spatially-explicit, individual-based model to investigate the interactions of white-tailed deer, climate variation, and habitat heterogeneity on the efficacy of three standard tick eradication protocols: the application of acaricides to cattle every two weeks for (1) nine or (2) 12 consecutive months, or (3) the removal of cattle (“pasture vacation”) for 12 consecutive months. We simulated the application of each of these eradication methods during each of three different annual temporal weather profiles for temperature, saturation deficit, and precipitation. Each of the methods suppressed the number of host-seeking larvae in the system to near zero. However, some host-seeking larvae remained, and white-tailed deer remained infested throughout the treatment period. Within 30–60 days after the termination of each treatment, tick infestations began to increase, and within 2 years after the initiation of each treatment, populations of host-seeking larvae had increased to pretreatment levels. Differences in treatment efficacy and tick population recovery rates were influenced by (1) the level of pre-treatment infestation, (2) weather conditions during the treatment year, and (3) weather conditions during the post-treatment recovery period. Treatment efficacy and tick population recovery also were influenced by the habitat heterogeneity since cattle and white-tailed deer have different habitat preferences. During treatment periods, white-tailed deer participated in creating tick refugia by dispersing engorged female ticks into, and collecting host-seeking larvae from, habitats favorable for the survival and development of off-host life stages. These refugia facilitated the recrudescence of infestations following the termination of treatment periods. Future applications to assess tick-host-landscape interactions and to consider alternative tick suppression tactics in integrated tick eradication systems are discussed.
Improved flop tray-based design implementation for power reduction

Clock network power reduction is critical in modern SoC designs. Application of flop trays (i.e., multi-bit flip-flops) can significantly reduce the number of sinks in a clock network, and thus reduce the number of clock buffers, clock wirelength, and clock network power. Shared inverters within flop trays also reduce power at the flip-flop level. However, large-size flop trays typically induce placement and routing congestion, and impose additional placement constraints on their fanin/fanout logic cones; this results in power overheads on datapaths. At the same time, to our knowledge, few previous works have studied flop trays with more than four bits. The "chicken-and-egg" loop between flop tray generation and placement optimization is another challenge to flop tray-based design [7]. In this work, we propose an optimization flow to generate and place flop trays from a library of arbitrary given sizes and aspect ratios (ARs), to achieve clock network power reduction. Our optimization starts with an initial placement solution using only single-bit flops. It then performs capacitated K-means clustering to generate solutions with different flop tray sizes and ARs. More specifically, we iteratively use (i) min-cost flow to cluster flops, and (ii) a linear programming-based optimization to determine locations of the generated flop trays. Last, we formulate an integer linear program to select the best combination of flop tray solutions (i.e., sizes and placements) with minimum displacement and number of isolated sinks. Our optimization is aware of flop tray sizes and ARs, as well as timing-critical start-end pairs. Results in foundry 28FDSOI technology show up to 32% total block power reduction as compared to designs using only single-bit flops, up to 16% total block power reduction over designs with flop trays generated by logical clustering during synthesis, and 13% clock power reduction on average compared to the previous work in [10].
The Future of Trustworthy SoC Design

Growing reliance on reusable hardware IPs, often gathered from untrusted third party vendors, severely affects the security and trustworthiness of SoC computing platforms. This book presented a wide variety of IP models, their security vulnerabilities, and potential countermeasures in the form of IP security and trust validation to enable reliable and trustworthy SoC design. This chapter concludes the book with a summary of ideas presented in the previous chapters, and outlines the future road map of trustworthy and secure SoC design.
Anatomy of a Nep

Neps appearing in all stages of textile processing up to the dyed fabric were extracted from cotton samples. These neps were disassembled and the individual fibers making up each nep, along with any foreign material appearing in the nep, were studied using microscopic techniques. Three distinct types of neps could be recognized. The data obtained from each tend to support the theory that for the most part, problematic neps are a result of immature fibers present in the cotton.
Thyroglobulin Antibody Screen Prior to Mass Spectrometry Provides Measurable Cost Savings and Optimal Laboratory Utilization.

Objectives Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods that allow accurate quantitation of thyroglobulin (Tg) in the presence of Tg antibodies (TgAbs) have recently become available. Due to cost differences between LC-MS/MS and immunoassay, some laboratories now offer a reflex test strategy that uses LC-MS/MS only for TgAb-positive samples. The goal of this study was to examine utilization of Tg testing strategies and cost savings. Methods Test ordering patterns were examined for over 150,000 orders for TgAb and Tg in our laboratory. The average list price was determined from three separate commercial laboratories offering this testing. Results Data showed that 89% of orders for Tg used the reflex test option, resulting in a savings of over $3 million compared with testing all samples by LC-MS/MS. Of the Tg by LC-MS/MS orders not using the reflex option, 1,663 also included a separate order for TgAb on the same patient sample, representing approximately $170,000 in potentially unnecessary costs from TgAb-negative samples. Conclusions Identifying situations to use more expensive testing methods (eg, LC-MS/MS) only when necessary, such as for TgAb-positive patients, leads to considerable cost savings and a more economical use of valuable health care resources.
Discussion—An Overview for the Designer and the Applied Mathematician

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview for the designer and the applied mathematician. Heat transfer through differently shaped passages would be different, which in turn would produce different temperature differences from the hot to the cold fluid. Subsequently, different passages in parallel cannot be considered to arrive at an effective h as a weighting of conductances h1, h2, etc. In a two-fluid heat exchanger, the wall temperature at any given point depends upon the hot and cold fluid temperatures, and the thermal resistances of the hot and cold fluid sides. In the case of a multipassage geometry core, if the thermal resistance on the other side is either very low or of the same order of magnitude as that on the first side, the wall temperature of all differently shaped passages would be approximately the same at x = L.
Dicationic Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid Coatings on Zirconia Surfaces: Physico-Chemical and Biological Characterization

In the present work, dicationic imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) were investigated as multi-functional coatings on a zirconia (ZrO₂) surface to prevent biofilm formation and enhance the wear performance of zirconia while maintaining the material's compatibility with host cells. ILs containing phenylalanine and methionine were synthesized and deposited on zirconia. Intermolecular interactions driving IL deposition on zirconia were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Anti-biofilm activity and cell compatibility were evaluated in vitro after one and seven days, and wear performance was tested using a pin-on-disk apparatus. ILs were observed to form strong hydrogen bonds with zirconia. IL containing phenylalanine formed a stable film on the surface after one and seven days in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and artificial saliva and showed excellent anti-biofilm properties against Streptococcussalivarius and Streptococcussanguinis. Compatibility with gingival fibroblasts and pre-osteoblasts was maintained, and conditions for growth and differentiation were preserved. A significantly lower coefficient of friction and wear volume loss were observed for IL-coated surfaces as compared to non-coated substrates. Overall, zirconia is an emerging alternative to titanium in dental implants systems, and this study provides additional evidence of the materials' behavior and IL coatings as a potential surface treatment technology for improvement of its properties.
Greater Internet use is not associated with faster growth in political polarization among US demographic groups

We combine eight previously proposed measures to construct an index of political polarization among US adults. We find that polarization has increased the most among the demographic groups least likely to use the Internet and social media. Our overall index and all but one of the individual measures show greater increases for those older than 65 than for those aged 18–39. A linear model estimated at the age-group level implies that the Internet explains a small share of the recent growth in polarization.