cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A note on energy of strong ground motion during Northridge, California, earthquake of January 17, 1994

Abstract The average contours of spatial variations of energy of strong earthquake ground motion during the 1994 Northridge, California earthquake change monotonically and slowly over distances as large as tens of kilometers. Comparison of those contours with the depth of sediments and with vertical offsets of the basement rocks along the faults in the Los Angeles basin implies predominantly horizontal flow of energy through the deep wave-guides of the Los Angeles basin. If the source-to-station distances were measured along the three-dimensional wave paths through these sedimentary wave-guides, rather than along straight lines, as is common at present, the accuracy of empirical scaling equations for prediction of strong-motion energy would be improved significantly.
Improving bandwidth efficiency in fault-tolerant opaque IP over optical mesh networks

Adequately providing fault tolerance while using network capacity efficiently is a major topic of research in optical networks. In order to improve the network utilization, grooming of low-rate connections in optical networks has been usually performed at the edge of the network. However, in all-optical networks once a channel is assigned, its entire capacity is dedicated to the users independently of its grooming capabilities. As current users don't usually require such big capacities, bandwidth inefficiencies still occur. In this paper we address this issue introducing unlimited grooming per link (UGPL), a new restoration mechanism for opaque mesh optical networks that grooms connections on a per-link basis. Simulation results show that UGPL provides the best bandwidth efficiency and the best blocking probability compared to traditional 1 + 1 protection and 1 : N end-to-end sharing schemes. Furthermore, we show that the 1 : N end-to-end restoration scheme provides no benefits over the simpler and faster 1 + 1 protection scheme.
Evaluation of a method for measuring hydrochloric acid in combustion source emissions

Abstract A sampling and analytical method for measuring gaseous hydrochloric acid emissions from combustion sources has been evaluated. A laboratory evaluation of the most practical titrimetric procedure for chloride ion was performed. Upon selection of the procedure, the problem of interferences anticipated during source measurements was addressed. Remedios were found effective for eliminating the interferences. Following the laboratory studies, several combusion sources including both coal-fired boilers and municipal incinerators were sampled. The methodology was found to measure hydrochloric acid within the concentration range predicted, where applicable, from theoretical calculations.
Errata: "Swirling Nozzle Flow Equations from Crocco's Relation"

extracted from Ref. 4 for a load parameter of pa/Et = 278.5 and v = 0.316. Nondimensional forms of the central membrane and bending stresses (<r) and central deflection (w) are tabulated for a simply-supported square plate under a uniform pressure p, with side a, thickness r, Young's modulus E and Poisson's ratio v. It is evident that Levy's original data are in error, especially in the bending stress estimate. The differences in boundary constraints are as follows; whereas the finite element in-plane boundary constraints stipulate and satisfy, at least for high-precision elements, that the midplane displacements u and v are zero along a simplysupported edge, Levy only constrains the average in-plane deflection normal to an edge to be zero. In addition, by choice of a midplane stress function, Levy forces the membrane shear stress along a simply-supported boundary to vanish, in contrast to the finite element constraints which permit a nonzero shear stress to exist along the edge. The influence of these constraint discrepancies may be small but could account for small differences between accurate finite element data and a refined and recomputed form of Levy's data. A more suitable method for comparison purposes is that of lyengar, who employs trigonometric expansions for the inplane displacements, rather than the midplane forces, and can thus exactly satisfy the condition of zero in-plane displacement normal to an edge, although the displacement along the edge is still left nonzero.
Exploring the Origin of Negative Viscosity Change in Polymer Solutions

We have studied a model polymer solution based on 1,4-polybutadienes (PBD) to explore the origin of negative intrinsic viscosity in polymer solutions where the polymer has typically a lower glass transition temperature than that of the solvent. Viscoelastic measurements are carried out to show that the PBD solutions possess smaller viscosity than that of the solvent at low temperatures. DSC analysis shows that the incorporation of the 1,4-PBD into a butadiene-based solvent of higher glass transition temperature depresses the solution glass transition temperature below that of the solvent. By designing a reference system with the same glass transition characteristics as the solution, we recover the positive effect of the polymer hydrodynamic contribution to the solution viscosity, suggesting that the conventional molecular theories for polymer solutions can be phenomenologically remedied by incorporating the polymer plasticization effect.
Evidence of more immanent justice responding in adults than children: A challenge to traditional developmental theories

Three studies investigated developmental changes in immanent justice responding by asking participants to respond to vignettes in which a person's bad behaviour was followed by a negative consequence. Study 1 consisted of 152 sixth graders and 128 college students and presented participants with a vignette that examined the notion of bad people deserving to get ill. Study 2 consisted of 185 sixth graders and 154 college students and examined whether children and adults reasoned that that bad behaviour would actually cause the illness. Study 3 consisted of 96 third graders, 115 fifth graders, and 114 college students, and presented participants with vignettes that examined negative behaviours and consequences. Contrary to expectations based on traditional and contemporary developmental theories, all three studies demonstrated more evidence of immanent justice responding among adults than among elementary school children. These results call into question the comprehensiveness of traditional and contemporary developmental theories, and suggest the need to examine cognitive reasoning in adulthood when constructing developmental theories.
On Using SIFT Descriptors for Image Parameter Evaluation

In this work we present a composite method for image parameter evaluation using Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) descriptors and bag of words representation applied to pre-selected image parameters, with potential applications to solar data and other domains. As one of the main challenges in computer vision, image parameter evaluation has been approached from supervised and unsupervised perspectives. Taking advantage of the SIFT scale and rotation invariant properties; we propose a combined method that will aid the image parameter selection process when applying SIFT and bag of words on top of pre-selected parameters. We provide a comparison against traditional methods and across several different datasets to validate our method.
Distractibility in schizophrenia

This study examined the effects of neuroleptic medication on the allocation of attentional resources to distracting stimuli in patients with schizophrenia. Twenty-five patients were tested twice (medication-free and after medication stabilization) on the Identical Pairs version of the Continuous Performance Test under both distraction and no-distraction conditions. Sixteen patients were chronically ill adults and nine patients were young neuroleptic-naive patients in the early stages of illness. Results indicated that neuroleptic treatment did not improve distractibility for either group and that both groups were comparably distractible. These findings suggest that medication does not improve the misallocation of attention to distracting stimuli in patients with schizophrenia.
The pheA/tyrA/aroF region from Erwinia herbicola: an emerging comparative basis for analysis of gene organization and regulation in enteric bacteria.

Extensive knowledge exists inEscherichia coli about the contiguouspheA andaroF-tyrA operons which have opposite transcription orientations and are separated by a bidirectional transcription terminator. The corresponding structural genes and individual components of the terminator and attenuator fromErwinia herbicola have been analyzed from an evolutionary vantage point. A 7.5-kb DNA fragment fromE. herbicola carrying the linkedpheA, tyrA, andaroF genes was cloned by functional complementation ofE. coli auxotrophic requirements. A 3,433-bp segment of DNA consisting of more than half ofaroF, all oftyrA, and the entire phenylalanine operon (promoter, leader region encoding the leader peptide and containing thephe attenuator, andpheA) was sequenced. A bidirectional transcription terminator was positioned between the divergently transcribedpheA andtyrA. The adjacentaroF andtyrA genes share a common transcription orientation, consistent with their probable coexistence within an operon. However,tyrA can be expressed efficiently from an internal promoter which appears to lie within the 3′ portion ofaroF. The gene order ispheA tyrA aroF inE. herbicola, with the same tail-to-tail arrangement of transcription known to exist inE. coli. ThepheL coding region of the phe operon was dominated by phenylalanine codons, seven of the 15 amino acid residues of the leader peptide beingl-phenylalanine. TheE. herbicola pheA andtyrA genes were 1,161 by and 1,119 by in length, respectively, and corresponded to deduced gene products having subunit molecular weights of 43,182 and 41,847. The deduced amino acid sequences ofPheA andTyrA were homologous at their N-termini, consistent with a common evolutionary origin of the chorismate mutase domains present at the amino terminus of bothPheA andTyrA. A detailed comparison of theE. coli andE. herbicola sequences was made. ThepheA, tyrA, andaroF genes ofE. herbicola exhibited high overall identity with the counterpartE. coli genes. Within the leader region of thephe operon, the leader peptide coding region was highly conserved. Although the 1:2 and 2′:3′ stems defining the pause structure and the antiterminator, respectively, were also highly conserved, RNA segment 4 of the attenuator terminator exhibited considerable divergence, as did the distal portion of the attenuator region. Within the span of attenuator region encoding the three stern-loop structures of mRNA secondary configuration, hot spots of base-residue divergence were localized to looped-out regions. No changes occurred which would simultaneously disrupt alternative pairing relationships of secondary configuration. The bidirectional terminator betweenpheA andtyrA has diverged very substantially. Much of the promoter region and the untranslated region between the promoter and thepheL coding region also differed considerably between the two organisms.
Roots to Branches: Anthropology and the Human Dimensions of Nanotechnology

From its broadest perspective the history of human culture is the story of technological change that, interwoven with biological modifications, has produced modern homo sapiens. Traditionally, anthropologists retrospectively studied the human effects of new technology (Spicer 1952), but in recent years they have assessed human effects before technology intervention occurs (Goldman 2000). Such interest forms the basis for this article, which builds upon nanotechnology sessions convened at the 2005 annual meetings of the Society for Applied Anthropology (SfAA) and the American Anthropological Association (AAA). The goal of these sessions and indeed this article is to generate questions to spur further debate on the nature of anthropological contribution to studies of nanotechnology in society.
Design of Experiment-based Testing of Air, Charged Ions, and Hydrogen Peroxide in a Direct Current Steady-State Plasma Sterilizer

Three primary factors, hydrogen peroxide, charged ions, and air (oxygen), were evaluated in the kill rate of Escherichia coli bacteria. The results were evaluated by analysis of variance and regression analysis. Air and charged ions are found to be extremely effective. These two factors in combination strongly enhance each other. The hydrogen peroxide did not enhance the kill rate.
Chemically induced changes in the magnetic moments in transition metal monomers and dimers

Abstract Self-consistent molecular orbital calculations based on the generalized gradient approximation to the density functional theory reveal that dinitrogen interacting with transition metal monomers and dimers can substantially alter their underlying spin multiplicity. In particular, the coupling between spins of two Cr atoms in Cr 2 can change from anti-ferromagnetic to ferromagnetic with the atomic moment almost intact even when N 2 is molecularly adsorbed. This effect, caused by the dilation of the metal–metal bond, can have an important impact in the study of magnetism in general.
A Variational Approach and Finite Element Implementation for Swelling of Polymeric Hydrogels Under Geometric Constraints

A hydrogel consists of a cross-linked polymer network and solvent molecules. Depending on its chemical and mechanical environment, the polymer network may undergo enormous volume change. The present work develops a general formulation based on a variational approach, which leads to a set of governing equations coupling mechanical and chemical equilibrium conditions along with proper boundary conditions. A specific material model is employed in a finite element implementation, for which the nonlinear constitutive behavior is derived from a free energy function, with explicit formula for the true stress and tangent modulus at the current state of deformation and chemical potential. Such implementation enables numerical simulations of hydrogels swelling under various constraints. Several examples are presented, with both homogeneous and inhomogeneous swelling deformation. In particular, the effect of geometric constraint is emphasized for the inhomogeneous swelling of surface-attached hydrogel lines of rectangular cross sections, which depends on the width-to-height aspect ratio of the line. The present numerical simulations show that, beyond a critical aspect ratio, creaselike surface instability occurs upon swelling.
PROBLEMS OF THE POOR IN AN AUTO OWNING ENVIRONMENT

The growth of urban areas coupled with the high rate of increase in car ownership have caused a true segregation between those with access to a car and those without. Especially hard hit are the poor, who find that the alternatives available to them are few, expensive or unsuitable for their trip needs. In the latter category much transportation that is within physical reach is truly ineffective as time and cost penalties are excessive. A short term solution for Buffalo, New York, in the form of a dial‐a‐bus system is briefly described.
Liquidus temperatures of Hg-rich Hg-Cd-Te alloys

Measurements are made of the liquidus temperatures for ten (Hg/1-x/Cd)Te/1-y/ compositions in which x ranges from 0.091 to 0.401 and y ranges from 0.544 to 0.952. It is found that for metal-rich melts with the same x value, the liquidus temperature increases with y when y is in the range 0.5-0.7. This behavior is explained by the higher degree of association between Cd and Te than between Hg and Te in the melts. It is noted that recent calculated values of the liquidus isotherms by Tung et al. (1982) are in fair to good agreement with the experimental results obtained here.
Laboratory experiments of smokestack plumes in a stable atmosphere

Abstract This research is concerned with the simulation in laboratory experiments of the motion of buoyant smokestack plumes in the atmosphere. The theoretical results of previous researchers are presented and used to determine the dimensionless parameters of the flow. The conditions for geometric similarity to field scale plumes are discussed and it is shown that Reynolds number need not be simulated provided the plumes are fully turbulent at the stack exit. The thermally-stratified wind tunnel at M.I.T. is described and its operating characteristics are discussed. The significance of maintaining supercritical flow is explained and illustrated. The results of plume rise measurements made in the tunnel are presented and shown to be accurately described by the theoretical model, with minor modifications. The geometric similarity of model plumes to field measurements of plumes is clearly demonstrated. The close agreement between laboratory experiments and field measurements lends additional credence to the contention that atmospheric turbulence does not play a significant role in plume rise phenomena.
Congenital absence of the vagina: in search of the perfect solution. When, and by what technique, should a vagina be created?

Purpose of review To review the Mayer-von Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome and to address means of diagnosis, patient education and counselling. The timing of, and vast options for, creation of a functional vaginal are also discussed. Recent findings The diagnosis of Mayer-von Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser usually occurs during an evaluation of primary amenorrhea. Counselling and support are of great importance for affected young women and their families. Educational materials have increased with the availability of Internet web sites and there is a vast number of options for creation of a functional vagina; most international centers promote the utilization of vaginal dilators. Summary Young girls, adolescents and women with Mayer-von Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser should be offered a comprehensive evaluation, and presented with information regarding all options for management and support. Ongoing psycho-social and educational support is extremely important. International centers that focus on congenital anomalies of the reproductive tract should be developed. These centers of excellence will facilitate long-term follow up studies to improve patient care and evidence based medical options.
Characteristics of Load Ratio Control Circuits For Changing Transformer Ratio Under Load

The influence of saturation phenomena in series reactors on the circuit performance of load ratio control equipment is discussed. It is shown that unless care is exercised in the design of these reactors, gross distortion may be introduced into the circuit, resulting in obtaining across the reactor voltage peaks which on the one hand may endanger the insulation, and on the other hand greatly increase the rupturing duty on the circuit breaking devices. Formulas are developed which show what proportion of line voltage is absorbed by a series reactor subject to magnetic saturation. It is shown that this voltage can be expressed in terms of the reactive constants of which the circuit is composed, and that it is independent of the current or voltage wave form. Numerical solutions are given in the shape of curves, assuming that the magnetic circuit of the reactor is made up of typical transformer steel. The great influence of a small air gap in the magnetic circuit in reducing these voltages is shown.
Economics of Hemophilia Care

//8R Hemophilia care is delivered differently in many parts of the world. Some areas of the world cannot diagnose hemophilia, other recognize the disease but do not have treatment, while others provid
H2O2-induced transactivation of EGF receptor requires Src and mediates ERK1/2, but not Akt, activation in renal cells.

Although oxidative stress activates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), ERK1/2, and Akt in a number of cell types, the mechanisms by which oxidative stress activates these kinases are not well...
Evaluation of a brief work chore discipline procedure

Response cost procedures with adolescents in residential treatment have been widely used to discipline a variety of coercive behaviors. Unfortunately, token loss systems require a comprehensive token system for implementation. Brief work chores were evaluated as a possible substitute. Adolescent negative evaluations of peers (“rude talk”) were targeted for reduction. A multiple baseline across settings design plus uncontrolled group data collected across baseline, treatment, and follow-up phases indicated that brief work chores suppressed negative evaluations. Use and limitations of work chore discipline procedures are discussed.
Transverse momentum distribution in hadrons: What can we learn from QCD?

We discuss some strict QCD constraints on the light-cone \ensuremath{\pi} meson wave function \ensuremath{\psi}(k${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{2}$,x). The analysis is based on such general methods as dispersion relations, duality, and partial conservation of axial-vector current. We calculate the asymptotic behavior of the wave function (WF) at the end-point region (x\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1 and k${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}) by analyzing the corresponding large nth moments in transverse 〈k${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{2\mathit{n}}$〉\ensuremath{\sim}n! and longitudinal 〈(2x-1${)}^{\mathit{n}}$〉\ensuremath{\sim}1/${\mathit{n}}^{2}$ directions. This information fixes the asymptotic behavior of the WF at large k${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{2}$ (which turns out to be the Gaussian commonly used in phenomenological analyses). We discuss one particular application of the obtained results. We calculate the nonleading ``soft'' contribution to the pion form factor at intermediate momentum transfer. We argue that, due to the specific properties of \ensuremath{\psi}(k${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{2}$,x), the corresponding contribution can temporarily simulate the leading twist behavior in the extent region of ${\mathit{Q}}^{2}$: 3 ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$\ensuremath{\le}${\mathit{Q}}^{2}$\ensuremath{\le}40 ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$, where ${\mathit{Q}}^{2}$F(${\mathit{Q}}^{2}$)\ensuremath{\sim}const. Such a mechanism, if it is correct, would be an explanation of the phenomenological success of the dimensional counting rules at available, very modest energies for many different processes. We discuss some inclusive amplitudes (such as Drell-yan and deep inelastic) where the intrinsic \ensuremath{\pi} meson structure might be essential. The relation to the valence quark model is also discussed.
Forest Volume Decompositions and Abel-Cayley-Hurwitz Multinomial Expansions

This paper presents a systematic approach to the discovery, interpretation and verification of various extensions of Hurwitz's multinomial identities, involving polynomials defined by sums over all subsets of a finite set. The identities are interpreted as decompositions of forest volumes defined by the enumerator polynomials of sets of rooted labeled forests. These decompositions involve the following basic forest volume formula, which is a refinement of Cayley's multinomial expansion: for R?S the polynomial enumerating out-degrees of vertices of rooted forests labeled by S whose set of roots is R, with edges directed away from the roots, is?r?Rxr?s?Sxs|S|?|R|?1.
High-pressure scanning tunneling microscopy: tip reactions.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is an ideal tool to image conducting and semiconducting surfaces with atomic resolution. The technique provides high-resolution images in vacuum or even high-pressure environments. Since STM can be operated at elevated pressures and temperatures, images can be collected in situ under catalytic conditions. In this work, we demonstrate that artifacts can be observed when imaging in situ since reactions can occur on the tip, and care should be taken when analyzing the data obtained. SCANNING 29: 5–10, 2007. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interaction Potential between the Ground States of H and H

An investigation of the interaction potential for H and ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in both ungerade and gerade modes is carried out by a semiempirical method in which the recently observed isotope effect in dissociative attachment of electrons to hydrogen molecules is used. The interaction obtained is complex, and the imaginary parts of the interaction account for electron emissions during the course of the interaction. A comparison of the present result with other calculations is presented. The isotope effect in dissociative attachment is also discussed. It is shown that the ratios of the survival probabilities alone do not provide an adequate approximation for the isotope effect.
Apparent soil electrical conductivity measurements in agriculture

The field-scale application of apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC"a) to agriculture has its origin in the measurement of soil salinity, which is an arid-zone problem associated with irrigated agricultural land and with areas having shallow water tables. Apparent soil electrical conductivity is influenced by a combination of physico-chemical properties including soluble salts, clay content and mineralogy, soil water content, bulk density, organic matter, and soil temperature; consequently, measurements of EC"a have been used at field scales to map the spatial variation of several edaphic properties: soil salinity, clay content or depth to clay-rich layers, soil water content, the depth of flood deposited sands, and organic matter. In addition, EC"a has been used at field scales to determine a variety of anthropogenic properties: leaching fraction, irrigation and drainage patterns, and compaction patterns due to farm machinery. Since its early agricultural use as a means of measuring soil salinity, the agricultural application of EC"a has evolved into a widely accepted means of establishing the spatial variability of several soil physico-chemical properties that influence the EC"a measurement. Apparent soil electrical conductivity is a quick, reliable, easy-to-take soil measurement that often, but not always, relates to crop yield. For these reasons, the measurement of EC"a is among the most frequently used tools in precision agriculture research for the spatio-temporal characterization of edaphic and anthropogenic properties that influence crop yield. It is the objective of this paper to provide a review of the development and use of EC"a measurements for agricultural purposes, particularly from a perspective of precision agriculture applications. Background information is presented to provide the reader with (i) an understanding of the basic theories and principles of the EC"a measurement, (ii) an overview of various EC"a measurement techniques, (iii) applications of EC"a measurements in agriculture, particularly site-specific crop management, (iv) guidelines for conducting an EC"a survey, and (v) current trends and future developments in the application of EC"a to precision agriculture. Unquestionably, EC"a is an invaluable agricultural tool that provides spatial information for soil quality assessment and precision agriculture applications including the delineation of site-specific management units. Technologies such as geo-referenced EC"a measurement techniques have brought precision agriculture from a 1980's concept to a promising tool for achieving sustainable agriculture.
Antinutritional factors in protein fractions of tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius)

Abstract Proteins from tepary bean were extracted according to their solubility in sodium phosphate buffer (SPB), sodium chloride (NaCl), ethanol, 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and evaluated for trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), hemagglutinating activity (HA), and phytic acid (PA). TIA varied from 1·9 TIU/mg sample for 2-ME to 161·01 TIU/mg sample for ethanol fraction. HA was high in SPB (29 300 HU/g sample) and tepary flour (TF) (20 000 HU/g), but lower in NaCl (5000 HU/g), 2-ME (1800 HU/g), and ethanol (100 HU/g) fractions. No HA was detected in SDS fraction. PA was high in TF (4·61 mg/g sample) and SPB (6·83 mg/g) and lower in SDS (0·06 mg/g) and 2-ME (0·41 mg/g).
NMR based metabonomics study of NPY Y5 receptor activation in BT-549, a human breast carcinoma cell line

Overexpression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its receptors has been found in various cancers. In our previous study, we demonstrated expression of NPY Y5 receptor (Y5R) in various breast cancer cell lines along with Y1 receptor. In Y5R expressing BT-549 cells, NPY induced cell proliferation that was blocked by Y5R-selective antagonist CGP1683A (CGP). Here, NMR-based metabonomics was used to monitor the metabolic profile of BT-549 cells in the presence of NPY and CGP to assess the effect of Y5R activation and inhibition during NPY-induced cell proliferation. To study changes in intra and extra cellular metabolites in response to various treatments, 1D 1H-NMR spectra of both hydrophilic cell extracts and growth medium were recorded from BT-549 with three treatments: (1) NPY, (2) CGP, and (3) CGP followed by NPY (CGP/NPY). Principal component analysis and statistical significance analysis indicated changes in intracellular concentrations of seven metabolites in hydrophilic cell extracts with NPY treatment: decreases in lactate, succinate, myo-inositol, and creatine, and increases in acetate, glutamate, and aspartate. A significant increase in intracellular lactate level and attenuation of other metabolites to baseline was detected in CGP/NPY group. Also, significant decreases in lactate and increases in pyruvate were observed in growth medium from NPY treated cells. Based on the metabonomics analysis, Y5R activation induces cell proliferation by increasing the rate of glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and TCA cycle. Inhibition of Y5R by CGP counteracts NPY-induced changes in cellular metabolites. These changes may play a role in cell proliferation and migration by NPY through Y5R activation.
A Framework for Time Varying Parameter Regression Modeling

A framework for time varying parameter regression models is developed and employed in modeling and forecasting price expectations, using the Livingston data. Alternative model formulations, which include various choices for both the stochastic processes generating the varying parameters and the sets of explanatory variables, are examined and compared by using this framework. These models, some of which have appeared elsewhere and some of which are new, are estimated and used to assess the expectations formation process.
Self‐Organization of FePt Nanoparticles on Photochemically Modified Diblock Copolymer Templates

Abstract : Phase-segregated block copolymers have received significant attention in the last decade as enabling materials for future technologies. Their value to nanotechnology derives from the expedient tunability of the size, shape, and periodicity of the self-assembled domains by means of manipulating molecular characteristics. Recently, the potential opportunities for block copolymer applications have been bolstered by new methods, which give fine control over long-range ordering of the microdomain structures. Thin polymer films, by themselves, have limited device applications, but myriad functions can be addressed with hybrid hard/soft matter systems in which the organic layer is used as a scaffold for nanoscale organization of inorganic materials. Of specific interest is the interaction of surfactant-mediated colloidal nanoparticles and diblock copolymer films because the nanocrystal capping molecules can be tailored to exhibit preference for one of the polymer blocks. This hierarchical approach to create ordered nanostructures removes the linear correlation of size and patterning time associated with traditional lithographic techniques by self-assembling the entire surface in parallel. Also, the spatial limits of lithography can be transcended and the approach can potentially be adapted to industrial-scale processing. An alternative approach to the colloidal nanocrystal methodology is to use spherical- or cylindrical-phase diblock copolymers as etch masks to produce self-assembled arrays of nanoscale dots, pillars, or lines composed of various materials. The advantage of our approach is that the length-scale of the final functional material is an order of magnitude smaller than the original polymer domains.
Psychrophilic microorganisms and their cold-active enzymes

The earth's vast and varied cold environments could be rich sources of psychrophilic microorganisms growing at 5°C or below. Unfortunately, the diversity, physiology and potential of these organisms have largely been overlooked. This article focuses on psychrophiles and their cold-active enzymes and emphasizes how future studies could give basic insight into protein structure and could yield industrially useful enzymes. It presents an overview of the characterization of psychrophiles and their growth properties, a summary of biochemical work with coldactive enzymes, a description of comparisons of enzymes with different temperature optima, and a preview of uses for cold-active enzymes in biotechnology.
Estimation of load side position in indirect drive robots by sensor fusion and kalman filtering

In indirect drive robot joint, discrepancies exist between the motor side and the load side due to joint flexibilities. Thus, sensor signals may not precisely represent the actual information of interest. In this paper, estimation algorithms for load side information of the indirect robot joint are investigated. Low-cost MEMS sensors, such as gyroscopes and accelerometers, are installed on the load side. Measurement dynamics are incorporated into the model to deal with the sensor noise and bias. Kalman filtering methods are designed based on the extended dynamic/kinematic model using the fusion of multiple sensor signals. Specific issue related to the noise covariance adaptation is studied. The effectiveness of the proposed schemes is experimentally demonstrated and also confirmed in the friction compensation.
Abstract B10: Genetic profiling reveals cross-contamination and misidentification of six adenoid cystic carcinoma cell lines

Cell lines established from human tissues are extensively used to study human diseases and other conditions. Lines derived from malignant neoplasms are particularly useful tools for investigating mechanisms of tumor initiation and development. These cells are often used as preclinical models for the disease, as sources for biomarker or drug target identification, and as vessels to screen for efficacy hits and for early toxicity indicators. Because of the increasing importance of cultured cells in cancer research and other biomedical studies, cross-contamination of cell lines is becoming a more frequently encountered problem. It has been reported that approximately 20% of cell lines are incorrectly designated. Here we report that all six salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) cell lines had been contaminated with other cells. We performed DNA fingerprint analysis on six ACC cell lines using short tandem repeat (STR) examinations. ACC2, ACC3, and ACCM were determined to be cervical cancer cells (HeLa cells), whereas the ACCS cell line was composed of T24 urinary bladder cancer cells. These observations suggest that future studies using ACC cell lines should include cell line authentication to avoid the use of contaminated or nonhuman cells. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(14 Suppl):B10.
Construction and characterization of a one-plasmid system for the controlled expression of genes in mammalian cells by tetracycline

Abstract The two-plasmid system of Gossen and Bujard [ Gossen and Bujard (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5547–5551] to express mammalian genes in a tetracycline-repressed fashion was combined into a single-plasmid system. Two variants of this single-plasmid system that differ in the multiple cloning site (MCS) region are described. These vectors were used to stably transfect raf kinase domain into the normal rat kidney epithelial cell line (NRKE) to obtain a conditionally transformed cell line. These vectors were also used to stably transfect wild-type and mutant human p53 into the human osteosarcoma cell line, SAOS-2. Tetracycline repressed gene expression in both cell lines; about 12-fold in NRKE and about 80-fold in SAOS-2 cell line.
Welfare Use Among Older Hispanic Immigrants: The Effect of State and Federal Policy

This study examines the effect of state and federal welfare policy changes on the use of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) among older Hispanic immigrants in the US. The results contribute to the ongoing debate about whether the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 had a “chilling effect” on welfare use. Using data from the 1990 and 2000 US Censuses of Population, we use multi-level binomial logistic regression to evaluate whether state levels of welfare generosity contribute to the probability of SSI use among eligible older Hispanics. Our results show that the decline in SSI receipt between 1990 and 2000 is greater among older Hispanic non-citizens from Mexico, Central and South America as compared to their naturalized and US-born Hispanic counterparts. We also demonstrate that state differences in welfare generosity did not moderate the effect of federal policies during this time period as was expected.
IMPAIRMENT OF MITOCHONDRIAL OXIDATION BY CHLORAMPHENICOL

To investigate the acute effects of CHL on energy metabolism we have studied its effects on oxidative activity in isolated mitochondria from adult rat and newborn pig hearts. We have previously shown acutely reduced myocardial function in newborn pig hearts in the presence of CHL. Respiratory substrates provided were pyruvate(PYR)/malate(MAL) 7.1/4.7mM, glutamate(GLU) 18mM, durohydroquinone(DHQ) 1.62mM, α-ketoglutarate(AKG) 5mM, and succinate(SUC) 10mM. State 3(ADP-stimulated) oxidation of PYR, MAL, GLU, and DHQ was unaffected or only mildly affected in the presence of CHL concentrations as high as 500 μg/ml. Oxidation of AKG and SUC was inhibited 39 and 55% respectively in rat and to a similar degree in pig heart by 50 μg/ml CHL. State 4 oxidation was relatively unaffected. SUC oxidation was also observed in sonicated mitochondria and was unaffected by CHL, suggesting that transport was the limiting factor in SUC oxidation. Measurement of SUC accumulation in mitochondria showed transport to be reduced 75-84% in the presence of CHL (500 μg/ml). Studies in the presence of phthalonate indicated that succinate is primarily transported by the AKG carrier in the heart. CHL also inhibited mitochondrial AKG release in the presence of MAL and GLU indicating impairment of the malate/aspartate shuttle by CHL. Impairment of the malate/aspartate shuttle resulting from inhibition of the AKG carrier may contribute to the acute clinical toxicity of CHL.
Data transmission: a direction for future development

Despite the rapid advances in many regions of data transmission, there is a rapidly growing number of applications for which existing data-transmission techniques are inefficient. A look at the status of data-transmission development indicates that, although a very successful campaign has been waged to map the data waveform into a waveform ideally suited for transmission on the communication channel, very little has been done to match the often discontinuous flow of data from the terminal to the continuous flow of information in the channel. Combining randomly occurring messages from several sources into a more continuous flow is described by the mathematics of traffic theory. Although this theory has been extensively applied to speech traffic, it is rarely applied to data traffic. As a specific example of the gains in channel efficiency that can be had through the application of traffic theory, the multiplexer-concentrator is examined. In the author's opinion, it is in this area of application of traffic theory to data communication that many of the more significant future developments in data transmission will be made. To be sure, some work has been done, but it is relatively little when the gains that can be made are considered.
On the nature of reduced carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide was allowed to interact at room temperature with different amounts of hydrogen chemisorbed on platinized platinum in sulphuric acid solutions. The reaction product, (CO2)r, was oxidized at constant current and constant rate of helium stirring. Analysis of the gas mixture by gas chromatography demonstrated that two electrons are required for the production of one CO2 molecule on the average. Similar experiments were carried out with carbon monoxide. The charging curves of (CO2)r and COads practically coincide in the potential region of the arrest of the charging curves and above, when measured with the same charging rate. It is suggested that (CO2)r is identical with carbon monoxide chemisorbed in the first layer on platinum.
Paroxysmal tachycardia precipitated by atrial or ventricular extrasystoles.

Abstract In 4 patients, attacks of supraventricular tachycardia (3 cases of A–V nodal and 1 of atrial or A–V nodal tachycardia) were observed. In 3 of them the attack was initiated by an atrial and in 1 by a ventricular extrasystole. A reentry mechanism could be ruled out. It was assumed that these tachycardias are caused by rapid firing of an A–V nodal center triggered by an extrasystolic impulse reaching it early in diastole during the “vulnerable phase.”
Temperament Moderates Associations Between Exposure to Stress and Children's Externalizing Problems

The interaction between a temperament profile (four groups determined by high vs. low resistance to control [unmanageability] and unadaptability [novelty distress]) and family stress in predicting externalizing problems at school in children followed from kindergarten through eighth grade (ages 5–13) was investigated. The sample consisted of 556 families (290 boys). At Time 1 just prior to kindergarten, mothers retrospectively reported on their child's temperament during infancy. Each year, mothers reported stress and teachers reported children's externalizing problems. Temperament profile was tested as a moderator of the stress–externalizing association for various time periods. Results indicated that the combination of high resistance to control and high unadaptability strengthens the stress–externalizing association. Findings are discussed in terms of possible underlying mechanisms.
Overproduction of N-Acetylneuraminic Acid (Sialic Acid) by Sialuria Fibroblasts

Fibroblasts from the original sialuria patient are shown to contain high levels of free sialic acid, i.e., an average of 87 versus a normal average of 2 nmol/mg of protein. Gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that the accumulated material is N-acetylneuraminic acid. Addition of D(+) glucosamine (0-5 mM) to the media of these cells increased the intracellular free sialic acid concentrations from 74 to 137 nmol/mg protein. In contrast, normal cells treated in an identical manner maintained their normal free sialic acid level of less than 4 nmol/mg protein. Addition of 20 mM N-acetylmannosamine in place of glucosamine resulted in a marked increase in free sialic acid in both the patient and the control, i.e., increases of 157 (from 95 to 252) and 120 (from 3 to 123) nmol/mg protein, respectively. Finally, while normal cells in the presence of glucosamine accumulated high levels of uridine diphosphate N-acetylhexosamine, the patient's cells accumulated much lower amounts of this compound. It is concluded that the elevated sialic acid level in sialuria is due, at least in part, to overproduction of free N-acetylneuraminic acid. Indirect evidence is presented that this may result from either hyperactivity or increased levels of the enzyme (uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase) that has been shown in other tissues to convert uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine to N-acetylmannosamine.
Internal stresses and the martensite start temperature in alumina-zirconia composites : effects of composition and microstructure

In alumina-based composites containing ceria-stabilized recoin, the martensite start temperature (M{sub s}) of the tetragonal-to-monoclinic zirconia phase transformation exhibits a grain size dependence that becomes increasingly pronounced as the zirconia content decreases. Neutron diffraction experiments confirm earlier dilatometry measurements of M{sub s} in composites containing {>=}20 vol % ZrO{sub 2} and were instrumental in obtaining M{sub s} values in lower zirconia content (i.e., 10 vol%) composites. The dependence of M{sub s} on zirconia content is related to the internal stresses that arise from differences in thermal expansion coefficients between the two phases. Neutron diffraction measurements show that the internal tensile stresses in the zirconia grains increase with decreasing zirconia content. The measured internal stresses are in quantitative agreement with predictions based on models assuming isolated ZrO{sub 2} particles at low zirconia contents and a continuous ZrO{sub 2} ``matrix`` phase at higher zirconia contents. This assumption is consistent with the observed microstructural development in which the low zirconia contents result in isolated zirconia grains, whereas higher zirconia contents result in more interconnected zirconia grains.
Poking Holes in the Western Wall: East Germany’s Attempts to Create Counter-Hegemony during the Cold War

During its brief existence, East Germany attempted to present an alternative global vision that was sharply in contrast to that of West Germany and her capitalist allies. Although only partially successful, these campaigns nonetheless point to a quest for a different globalization based on non-capitalist international solidarity. Among the issues the ddr championed were the following: a) an alternative narrative of German, and world, history, b) anti-fascism as a model for national development, c) support for anti-colonial and liberation movements against imperialism, and in fits and starts d) a policy of gender equality.
Indigenous studies and intercultural education: the impact of a place‐based primary‐school program

The article presents a student‐impact assessment of a model two‐year place‐based intercultural approach to indigenous education. Students at Lewis & Clark Primary School in Missoula, Montana, connected face‐to‐face with tribal educators and members residing in the nearby American Indian reservation. The program’s learning outcomes included impressive gains in knowledge of Montana tribes, fewer stereotypical images, enhanced consciousness about the histories and cultures of the place in which students’ reside, heightened appreciation for and connectedness with Native Americans, and increased cultural awareness. The power of the place‐based intercultural‐education approach is that K‐5 students can acquire cultural knowledge, break stereotypes, and develop new appreciation for, and interest in, diverse peoples and issues by directly experiencing the local context in which diversity resides.