cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Effects of Clothing and Individual Equipment on Marksmanship Performance Using a Novel Five Target Methodology

Abstract : Any item of Warfighter-borne clothing and individual equipment (CIE) must not interfere with the Warfighters ability to quickly and accurately engage targets with their weapon. This paper describes the development of a novel test methodology for evaluating the effect of CIE on marksmanship performance using a weapon simulator system. Eleven military test participants executed the test methodology in a baseline condition and in a CIE test condition which included the M40 Chemical-Biological protective mask. Marksmanship performance variables analyzed included precision, radial error, total engagement time, aiming time, and movement time, as well as subjective interference ratings. There were no significant differences between the No Mask and M40 Mask conditions for precision or radial error; however, participants experienced significantly longer engagement and movement times while wearing the M40 mask. These results suggest the test methodology is sensitive enough to provide valuable insights regarding the effects of CIE on marksmanship performance.
The Use of Vesico-psoas Hitch in Urologic Surgery

AbstractThe vesico-psoas hitch is an operation that is ideally suited to the management of lower ureteral injuries, failed secondary or tertiary ureteroneocystostomies and complex problems in which the blood supply to the lower ureter is tenuous. Since 1971 it has been performed on 52 patients, 25 in conjunction with ureteroneocystostomy, 8 with damaged ureters and 19 in conjunction with an ileal ureter. None of the patients has had ureterovesical stenosis, and functional bladder capacity and emptying have been preserved despite extensive mobilization. Reflux has been prevented in all but 2 cases.The success of the operation related to the ability to fix the posterior aspect of the bladder to the psoas muscle above the ileac vessels. This procedure provides greater length to perform a more adequate submucosal tunnel to prevent reflux. It has been a most helpful maneuver in conjunction with ileal ureters in that a shorter intestinal segment can be used, thus decreasing absorptive mucosal surface.The proced...
Performance of a low-cost, human-inspired perception approach for dense moving crowd navigation

We describe a method for low-cost awareness of characteristics of dense, moving crowds such as group formation, personal space approximation, and occlusion compensation for use in navigating through crowds. It incorporates social expectations and is inspired by human perceptual processes. The approach uses a single Kinect to cluster all moving objects into groups, applies a 2D polygon projection in obscured regions, and a group personal space modeled using asymmetric Gaussians in order to inhibit certain socially inappropriate robot paths. This approach trades off detection of individual people for higher coverage and lower cost, while preserving high speed processing. A real-world evaluation of this approach showed good performance in comparison to an existing people detection approach. The projected polygon step captures significantly more people in the scene (77% vs. 80%) and supports group clustering in dense, complex scenarios. Examples are provided for group splitting and merging, dense crowds with obstructions, and cases where other approaches typically encounter difficulty.
Migration, assignment, and scheduling of jobs in virtualized environment

Migration is an interesting issue for managing resource utilization and performance in clusters. Recent advances in server virtualization have made migration a practical method to achieve these goals. Especially, the live migration of virtualized servers made their pausing times negligible. However, migration of a virtual machine (VM) can slow down other collocated VMs in multiresource shared systems, where all the system resources are shared among collocated VMs. In parallel execution environment, such sudden slow-down phase of systems is called system noise; it may slow down overall systems while increasing the variability of system performance. When we consider the virtual machine assignment problem as resource allocation, those performance issues are hard to be properly treated. In this work, we address how to consider performance in assigning VMs. To achieve this goal, we model a migration process of a VM instance as a pair of jobs that run at the hosts of sender and receiver. We propose a method to analyze the migration time and the performance impact on multiresource shared systems for completing given VM assignment plan. This study may contribute to create more robust performance in virtualized environment.
El Niño-like teleconnection increases California precipitation in response to warming

Future California (CA) precipitation projections, including those from the most recent Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), remain uncertain. This uncertainty is related to several factors, including relatively large internal climate variability, model shortcomings, and because CA lies within a transition zone, where mid-latitude regions are expected to become wetter and subtropical regions drier. Here, we use a multitude of models to show CA may receive more precipitation in the future under a business-as-usual scenario. The boreal winter season-when most of the CA precipitation increase occurs-is associated with robust changes in the mean circulation reminiscent of an El Nino teleconnection. Using idealized simulations with two different models, we further show that warming of tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures accounts for these changes. Models that better simulate the observed El Nino-CA precipitation teleconnection yield larger, and more consistent increases in CA precipitation through the twenty-first century. California lies in the transition zone where mid-latitude regions are expected to become wetter and subtropical regions drier, and precipitation projections for the region remain uncertain. Here the authors use a multitude of models to show consistent increases in California precipitation under a business-as-usual scenario.
Genetic interaction with temperature is an important determinant of nematode longevity.

Summary As in other poikilotherms, longevity in C. elegans varies inversely with temperature; worms are longer-lived at lower temperatures. While this observation may seem intuitive based on thermodynamics, the molecular and genetic basis for this phenomenon is not well understood. Several recent reports have argued that lifespan changes across temperatures are genetically controlled by temperature-specific gene regulation. Here, we provide data that both corroborate those studies and suggest that temperature-specific longevity is more the rule than the exception. By measuring the lifespans of worms with single modifications reported to be important for longevity at 15, 20, or 25 °C, we find that the effect of each modification on lifespan is highly dependent on temperature. Our results suggest that genetics play a major role in temperature-associated longevity and are consistent with the hypothesis that while aging in C. elegans is slowed by decreasing temperature, the major cause(s) of death may also be modified, leading to different genes and pathways becoming more or less important at different temperatures. These differential mechanisms of age-related death are not unlike what is observed in humans, where environmental conditions lead to development of different diseases of aging.
Harnessing a catalytic lysine residue for the one-step preparation of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates

Current strategies to produce homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) rely on mutations or inefficient conjugation chemistries. Here we present a strategy to produce site-specific ADCs using a highly reactive natural buried lysine embedded in a dual variable domain (DVD) format. This approach is mutation free and drug conjugation proceeds rapidly at neutral pH in a single step without removing any charges. The conjugation chemistry is highly robust, enabling the use of crude DVD for ADC preparation. In addition, this strategy affords the ability to precisely monitor the efficiency of drug conjugation with a catalytic assay. ADCs targeting HER2 were prepared and demonstrated to be highly potent and specific in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the modular DVD platform was used to prepare potent and specific ADCs targeting CD138 and CD79B, two clinically established targets overexpressed in multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, respectively. Current strategies for producing antibody-drug conjugates often rely on inefficient conjugation chemistry or on generating mutations in the antibody sequence. Here the authors demonstrate a mutation-free, single-step conjugation platform utilizing a buried lysine residue.
Unraveling the effect of targeted input subsidies on dietary diversity in household consumption and child nutrition: The case of Malawi

Abstract Malawi’s Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP) has generated significant attention, with several studies showing an increase in maize production since the inception of the program in 2005, but stagnating poverty levels. In this study, I examine whether and how FISP has affected dietary diversity in household food consumption and child nutrition. I find that children under the age of five living in households that received a voucher between 2008 and 2013 for the purchase of fertilizer have a statistically significantly higher (at the 1% level) weight-for-age, weight-for-length/height and body mass index than children living in non-recipient households. I also find that households having received a voucher consume cereals, nuts, vegetables, meats and fruits more frequently than non-recipient households. The analysis uses two stage least squares to account for the endogeneity of selection into the fertilizer subsidy program. I test the robustness of these results using child fixed effects. The results indicate that past studies evaluating FISP failing to account for the positive gains in child nutrition and household food consumption diversity may be underestimating its benefits.
The utilization of MGMT promoter methylation testing in United States hospitals for glioblastoma and its impact on prognosis

Abstract Multiple studies have identified O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status to be an important prognostic factor in glioblastoma (GBM). We used the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) to analyze completeness of coding for MGMT as well as to compare outcomes of GBM patients treated with adjuvant chemoradiation based on MGMT promoter methylation status (positive, negative, unknown). Patients diagnosed with GBM from 2010 to 2012 who received adjuvant chemoradiation were identified. MGMT promoter methylation status was obtained. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess overall survival (OS) by coding status of MGMT promoter methylation (positive, negative, unknown) and Cox regression analysis was used to assess impact of covariables on OS. There were 12,725 patients who met the study criteria, of which 626 (4.9%) were MGMT+, 1,037 (8.1%) were MGMT− and 11.062 (86.9%) were coded as unknown/not coded. Treatment at academic centers was strongly associated with MGMT promoter status testing (OR 2.23, p Despite convincing evidence that MGMT promoter methylation status has a strong influence on prognosis; it appears to be a highly underutilized test in United States hospitals.
Theory and Operation of the American Legal System

Both law and medicine are dramatic. Many radio dramas, television shows, and movies are based upon either medicine or law because what physicians and attorneys do is sometimes the stuff of high drama. Court is especially dramatic because a trial is, in a very real sense, a piece of theatre. A trial occurs when two parties who disagree over some matter present themselves before an independent party for a judgment that is binding upon the parties that disagree. The American judicial system arrives at that judgment, called the verdict, through an adversarial trial system. You may think of an adversarial trial system as a civilized version of trial by combat. In order to understand the legal proceedings in a courtroom, it is critically important to understand the theory and practice of the adversarial trial system. The method by which every trial in the United States is conducted hangs on this adversarial approach to justice.
On Becoming a Mathematical Demographer—And the Career in Problem-Focused Inquiry that Followed

I greatly appreciate this opportunity to reflect on my career. Looking back over five decades of involvement in demographic and sociological scholarship, I have tried to say a bit about my personal...
Biosynthesis of prothrombin: intracellular localization of the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase and the sites of gamma-carboxylation

Prothrombin is a vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation protein that undergoes posttranslational gamma-carboxylation and propeptide cleavage during biosynthesis. The propeptide contains the gamma-carboxylation recognition site that directs gamma-carboxylation. To identify the intracellular sites of carboxylation and propeptide cleavage, we monitored the synthesis of prothrombin in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with the prothrombin cDNA by immunofluorescent staining. The vitamin K-dependent carboxylase was located in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Antibodies specific to prothrombin processing intermediates were used for immunocytolocalization. Anti-des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin antibodies stained only the endoplasmic reticulum whereas antiproprothrombin antibodies (specific for the propeptide) and antiprothrombin:Mg(II) antibodies (which bind the carboxylated forms of proprothrombin and prothrombin) stained both the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. Antiprothrombin:Ca(II)-specific antibodies (which bind only to the carboxylated form of prothrombin lacking the propeptide) stained only the Golgi complex and secretory vesicles, and colocalized with antimannosidase II and anti-p200 in the juxtanuclear Golgi complex. These results indicate that uncarboxylated proprothrombin undergoes complete gamma-carboxylation in the endoplasmic reticulum and that gamma-carboxylation precedes propeptide cleavage during prothrombin biosynthesis.
Le Signe D'une Indicible Histoire: Xavière Dans L'Invitée de Simone de Beauvoir

Critics all concur in praise of the complexity of emotions described in L'Invitee, the poignant ambiguity of the drama, the uncertainty we are left in by the surprising denouement. They also agree that its references to war are "rare and superficial". Their opinion reflects the author's declaration: "On the printed pages I find no trace of the days during which I wrote: neither the color of mornings and evenings, nor the shivering with fear, nothing." My goal is to refute these affirmations. A close reading of a few passages of L'Invitee leads me to suggest that the text grants to Xaviere a destructive force equal to that of the Occupation in the author's life. More than the sentimental adventure between Beauvoir, Sartre and Olga that took place in 1936–37, the novel reflects the crisis that Simone de Beauvoir experienced in 1939–40, the shift in her vision and the difficult installation of a new mode of existence. I propose to include L'Invitee among the few narratives that succeeded in transcribing the void, the confusion, the anguish of the years 1939–41, when everything was deceit, betrayal and destruction.
Moving beyond binary grading of coronary arterial stenoses on coronary computed tomographic angiography: insights for the imager and referring clinician.

Moving Beyond Binary Grading of Coronary Arterial Stenoses on Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography: Insights for the Imager and Referring ClinicianVictor Cheng, Ariel Gutstein, Arik Wolak, Yas...
Uniqueness of the equilibrium distribution

A statement concerning points in ℝn is true p.p. if the set of points where it fails to hold has capacity 0.
Sense of place evoked by interactive maps

Maps are essential tools for providing tourism information. Hence, it is imperative for tourism marketers to understand how tourists perceive spatial information and sense physical places virtually presented in digital maps. Based on sense of place, spatial cognition, and virtual reality literature, this study constructed a conceptual framework to measure how different interactivity levels of a digital map interface affect potential tourists' experience when exploring maps. In addition, the study explored how individual characteristics such as place attachment and spatial ability affect virtual-spatial experiences. An experiment was conducted to test the developed Virtual Spatial Experience model. Google Earth maps were manipulated using two experimental conditions: low level (satellite view map only) vs. high level (three dimensional (3D) dynamic objects). The questionnaire included self-report items regarding perceived map interactivity, spatial ability, affective place attachment, spatial orientation, spatial imagery, and spatial presence. Responses from 211 students were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The study results showed that map interfaces influence human perceptions of map interactivity. Perceived map interactivity positively affected virtual spatial experiences: spatial orientation, spatial imagery and spatial presence. Spatial ability positively influenced spatial orientation which in turn led to greater spatial imagery and ultimately greater spatial presence. The results further demonstrated that affective place attachment positively influenced spatial presence. The findings provided evidence that sense of place in the real world, such as affective place attachment to the experimental setting (Walt Disney World, Florida), influences spatial experiences of an environment virtually presented in the map. Therefore, by applying place attachment to virtual environment studies, this study expanded the scope of theories used in exploring human spatial experience. Moreover, evaluating the influence of map interactivity, this study provided practical implications for designing destination maps. By applying 3D dynamic objects as a design feature in an interactive map, tourism marketers can produce enhanced virtual spatial experiences. As this study used Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom Park presented on Google Earth as the experimental setting, the collected data also informs the understanding of virtual experiences and perceptions of the park.
PMGAN: Paralleled Mix-Generator Generative Adversarial Networks with Balance Control

A Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) is an unsupervised generative framework to generate a sample distribution that is identical to the data distribution. Recently, mix strategy multi-generator/discriminator GANs have been shown to outperform single pair GANs. However, the mixed model suffers from the problem of linearly growing training time. Also, imbalanced training among generators makes it difficult to parallelize. In this paper, we propose a balanced mix-generator GAN that works in parallel by mixing multiple disjoint generators to approximate the real distribution. The weights of the discriminator and the classifier are controlled by a balance strategy. We also present an efficient loss function, to force each generator to embrace few modes with a high probability. Our model is naturally adaptive to large parallel computation frameworks. Each generator can be trained on multiple GPUs asynchronously. We have performed extensive experiments on synthetic datasets, MNIST1000, CIFAR-10, and ImageNet. The results establish that our model can achieve the state-of-the-art performance (in terms of the modes coverage and the inception score), with significantly reduced training time. We also show that the missing mode problem can be relieved with a growing number of generators.
Proceedings of the 4th workshop on Programming languages and operating systems

This volume contains the proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Programming Languages and Operating Systems (PLOS 2007). The PLOS workshop series brings together people from the programming language and operating system communities to discuss emerging work at the intersection of these fields. It is a venue for discussing new visions, experiences, problems, and solutions arising from the application of advanced programming and software engineering concepts to operating systems construction, and vice versa. The program committee for PLOS 2007 received nineteen short papers for consideration, and of these, ten were selected for presentation at the workshop. Each submitted paper was assigned to four members of the program committee for review. In total, 76 reviews were written, many of which contained long and detailed comments. Once all the reviews were in, the program committee met by teleconference to decide upon the workshop program. The discussions during the many-hour teleconference were thoughtful and often intense! Papers were evaluated based on technical quality, originality, relevance, and presentation. The PLOS workshops are highly interactive forums where researchers present their work in development, and in return, receive feedback from their peers. As such, the publication of a paper in the PLOS workshop proceedings is not intended to replace future conference publication.
Italy’s unification and its discontents: Giovanni Verga’s Cos’è il Re?

The article, ‘Italy’s Unification and its Discontents: Verga’s Cos’e il Re, focuses on the mental confusion of the protagonist, Cosimo, which becomes symptomatic of the southern rural masses’ disen...
Star Power: Astrocytes Regulate Behavior.

Are neurons solely responsible for determining behavioral output, or can other brain cells modulate behavior? In this issue of Cell, Nagai et al. demonstrate that striatal astrocytes, through GABAB receptor signaling, regulate behaviors including hyperactivity and attention by inducing new synapse formation between neurons.
Regulation and Function of Autophagy During Ferroptosis

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that allows lysosomes to degrade distinct cytoplasmic components, including unused proteins, damaged organelles, and invading pathogens. In many cases, an increase in autophagy will function as a programmed survival mechanism to protect against stress, injury, and infection. In some cases, excessive autophagy can act as a programmed cell death mechanism to initiate or mediate various types of regulated cell death. More recently, dysfunctional autophagy has been found to lead to excessive degradation of cytosolic components to trigger ferroptosis, an iron- and lipid peroxidation-dependent type of cell death. In particular, certain types of selective autophagy, such as ferritinophagy, lipophagy, clockophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy, contribute to iron accumulation and free radical damage during ferroptosis. Additionally, the autophagy core regulator BECN1 can promote ferroptosis through the control of the exchange of extracellular cystine and glutamate across the cellular plasma via binding to SLC7A11, a component of amino acid antiporter system xc−. Moreover, autophagy-mediated HMGB1 release is implicated in inflammation during ferroptotic cell death. These findings suggest that ferroptosis is a type of autophagy-dependent cell death. Here we summarize the mechanisms that regulate autophagy and how they may contribute to ferroptosis.
Studying Machine Learning Techniques for Intrusion Detection Systems.

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) have been studied widely in the computer security community for a long time. The recent development of machine learning techniques has boosted the performance of the intrusion detection systems significantly. However, most modern machine learning and deep learning algorithms are exhaustive of labeled data that requires a lot of time and effort to collect. Furthermore, it might be late until all the data is collected to train the model.
Copper concentrations in the upper Columbia River as a limiting factor in White Sturgeon recruitment and recovery

Currently there is little natural recruitment of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in the Upper Columbia River located in British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA. This review of life history, physiology, and behavior of white sturgeon, along with data from recent toxicological studies, suggest that trace metals, especially Cu, affect survival and behavior of early life stage fish. Sturgeon free embryos, first feeding embryos, and mixed feeding embryos utilize interstitial spaces between gravel. Although concentrations of Cu in the water column of the Upper Columbia River are typically less than US water quality criteria defined to protect aquatic life, samples at the sediment-water interface were as large as 24 µg/L and exceed the criteria. Toxicological studies reviewed here demonstrate mortality, loss of equilibrium, and immobility at Cu concentrations of 1.5 to <16 µg/L and reduced swimming activity was documented at 0.88 to 7 μg/L. Contaminated invertebrates and slag particles provide other routes of exposure. These additional routes of exposure can cause indirect effects from starvation due to potential lack of prey items and ingestion of contaminated prey or slag particles. The lack of food in stomachs during these critical early life stages may coincide with a threshold "point of no return" at which sturgeon will be unable to survive even if food becomes available following that early time frame. These findings become especially important as work progresses to enhance white sturgeon recruitment in the Upper Columbia River. To date, decisions against including trace metals as a factor in sturgeon recovery have focused on surface-water concentrations and measurements of lethality (LC50) to establish threshold concentrations for sturgeon sensitivity. However, information provided here suggests that measurements from the sediment-water interface and effect concentrations (EC50) be considered with white sturgeon life history characteristics. These data support minimizing Cu exposure risk to enhance a successful white sturgeon recovery effort. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:378-391. Published 2020. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain inthe USA.
Artificial Intelligence and Community Well-being: A Proposal for an Emerging Area of Research

We are calling for a new area of research on the nexus of community well-being and artificial intelligence (AI). Three components of this research we propose are (1) the development and use of well-being metrics to measure the impacts of AI; (2) the use of community-based approaches in the development of AI; and (3) development of AI interventions to safeguard or improve community well-being. After providing definitions of community, well-being, and community well-being, we suggest a definition of AI for use by community well-being researchers, with brief explanations of types and uses of AI within this context. A brief summary of threats and opportunities facing community well-being for which AI could potentially present solutions or exacerbate problems is provided. The three components we propose are then discussed, followed by our call for cross-sector, interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary and systems-based approaches for the formation of this proposed area of research.
Lack of Data-driven Treatment Guidelines and Wide Variation in Management of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Adolescents and Young Adults

Abstract Study Objective Current literature lacks data-driven guidelines for surgical treatment of adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients with chronic pelvic pain. We hypothesized that there is a significant variation in treatment of these patients, which might be an indicator of over- or undertreatment by some providers. Design and Setting We completed a retrospective population-based analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1998 to 2016. Participants We included AYA patients aged 9-25 years whose primary diagnosis was adenomyosis, endometriosis, or chronic pelvic pain. Patients who might have undergone pelvic or abdominal procedures for other primary diagnoses were excluded. Interventions and Main Outcome Measures Trends of inpatient surgical intervention were calculated. Logistic regression was performed to determine the likelihood of undergoing an intervention, adjusted for patient demographic characteristics. Results A total of 13,111 AYA patients were analyzed. Median age at diagnosis was 22 (interquartile range, 20-24) years. The overall inpatient intervention rate was 5879/13111 (45.0%) (2445/5897 (18.6%) for excision/ablation, 2057/5897 (15.7%) for hysterectomy, 1239/5897 (9.5%) for diagnostic laparoscopy, and 156/5897 (1.2%) for biopsy). Rate of hysterectomy increased in the late 2000s while rates of all other interventions decreased. Patients in the northeast were less likely to undergo an intervention than patients in the rest of the country. Rates of intervention also differed according to race, insurance status, and type of hospital. Conclusion There is wide variation in the use of surgical treatment for chronic pelvic pain in AYA patients across the country and between types of institutions. Of concern, the rate of hysterectomy has increased over time. There is a need for data-directed treatment guidelines for the management of AYA patients with chronic pelvic pain to ensure appropriate application of surgical treatments and expand high-value surgical care.
Pet Ownership and Pet Type Influence Food Safety in the Home: Evidence from a National Survey

ABSTRACT Physical contact between humans and their pets increases the potential for zoonotic disease transmission. This study used the 2016 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Food Safety Survey to compare the food handling behaviors of pet owners and non-pet owners, because poor food handling and hygiene habits can increase the likelihood of disease transmission from animals to humans. Results show that both pet ownership and pet type were important in predicting food safety behaviors. After controlling for sociodemographic factors included in this study (gender, age, household income, household size, and race or ethnicity), pet ownership was significantly associated with overall food safety practices and, more specifically, with better hand washing behaviors, kitchen cleaning, and ownership and use of a food thermometer, as well as a greater awareness of foodborne pathogens. Cat owners and cat-dog owners had better overall food safety practices and better hand washing behaviors compared with those of dog owners. After controlling for sociodemographic variables, there were no significant associations between pet ownership and perception of risks associated with unsafe food handling practices. HIGHLIGHTS
A Community-Based Cultural Adaptation Process: Developing a Relevant Cooking Curriculum to Address Food Security for Burundian and Congolese Refugee Families.

Refugee-specific nutrition and cooking curricula addressing dietary acculturation barriers to food security are limited. A cooking curriculum was culturally adapted for Burundian and Congolese refu...
Imaging of Horner syndrome in pediatrics: association with neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is the most common neoplasm associated with pediatric Horner syndrome. The laboratory and imaging evaluation of isolated pediatric Horner syndrome is controversial. We review the literature published in the last several decades and present the rationale for the imaging work-up in this patient cohort.
Prevalence, associated factors, and disclosure of intimate partner violence among mothers in rural Bangladesh

The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence and associated factors of physical and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) among married women of reproductive age in a rural population in northeast Bangladesh. In addition, we examined women’s sharing and disclosure of violence experience with others. This cross-sectional study uses data from a household survey of 3966 women conducted in 2014 in the Sylhet District of Bangladesh. Interviews were completed in respondent’s homes by trained local female interviewers. Twenty-nine percent (28.8%, 95% CI 27.4–30.3%) of the women reported ever experiencing physical or sexual IPV by their spouse; 13.2% (95% CI 12.1–14.3%) reported physical or sexual IPV in the past year. Of the 13.2%, 10.1% (95% CI 9.2–11.1%) reported experiencing physical IPV and 4.6% (95% CI 4.0–5.3%) reported sexual IPV. In a combined model, the adjusted odds of having experienced physical or sexual IPV in the past year were higher for women who were raised in households with history of IPV (AOR = 4.35, 95% CI 3.26–5.80); women with no formal education (AOR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.30–2.37); women whose husbands had no formal education (AOR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.22–2.17); Muslim (AOR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.03–2.57); women younger than age 30 (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.11–2.12); and women who were members of an NGO or microcredit financial organization (AOR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.04–1.82). Wealth, parity, number of household members, and pregnancy status (pregnant, postpartum, neither pregnant nor postpartum) were not associated with physical or sexual IPV after adjusting for other factors. Data on disclosure was available for women who reported experiencing physical violence in the last year; only 31.8% of victims told someone about the violence they had experienced and 1% reported to police, clerics, health workers, or a counselor altogether. In rural northeast Bangladesh, a high proportion of women of reproductive age experience physical or sexual IPV. Women do not often speak of these experiences, especially to anyone outside of family. Interventions aimed at preventing future IPV and addressing current IPV should focus on women who witnessed IPV in childhood, as well as younger women and less educated couples. This study was registered as a Clinical Trial (Identifier: NCT01702402). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01702402
Dysphagia Management in Military Service Members With Polytrauma: Overview and Case Report

Purpose At Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, service members (SMs) with polytraumatic injuries, usually resulting from blast explosions, are routinely referred to the Speech Pathology C...
Single-Port Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy with Intracorporeal Ileal Conduit

Abstract Introduction: Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) has been shown to provide perioperative benefits associated with minimally invasive surgery. The advent of the da Vinci® Single-Port ...
The Right to Counsel in a Neoliberal Age

Legal scholarship tends to obscure how changes in criminal process relate to broader changes in society at large. This article offers a modest corrective to this tendency. By studying the Supreme Court’s right to counsel jurisprudence, as it has developed since the mid-70s, I show the pervasive impact of the concurrent rise of neoliberalism on relationships between defendants and their attorneys. Since 1975, the Court has emphasized two concerns in its rulings regarding the right to counsel: choice and autonomy. These, of course, are nominally good things for defendants to have. But by paying close attention to how the Court has defined and mobilized “choice” and “autonomy,” a more complex picture emerges. I argue the Court’s turn to choice mirrors one made by policymakers who, starting in the 1970s, embraced a new, neoliberal paradigm for public administration. Under this new mode of neoliberal governance, the state cut investment in social welfare and promoted government regulations that afforded citizens the capacity to exercise choice in accessing increasingly limited public goods and entitlements. This approach, when applied to the court room, has produced troubling results. First, the range of choices accorded to defendants has been severely limited. Second, in practice, those choices have often lead defendants to inflict self-harm. Third, defendants have only been given the right to make choices free from interference; they are not granted a right to be well-equipped to make choices to their advantage. Indeed, the Court has simply ignored the social conditions that shape a person’s capacity to exercise meaningful, autonomous choice. The Court has disavowed any responsibility to defendants making choices about their representation in criminal court. This disavowal parallels one that has happened in society more broadly with the advance of neoliberalism: the federal government shrank social welfare, and abandoned those most likely to be criminalized. The Court and government’s systematic neglect has had grave consequences for defendants and their relationships with their attorneys. Ableism, poverty and racism undermine defendants’ ability to access justice and to collaborate with their attorneys. Instead of dismantling these barriers to equality, the Court has naturalized unequal, differential access, contingent on ability and class. It has entrenched the reality that outcomes in court will depend on these hierarchies. By increasingly focusing on the choices of individual defendants, the Court has shifted responsibility away from government to deliver due process in legal proceedings. In form and in impact, neoliberalism has transformed the right to counsel, one of the pillars of criminal procedure. This exposition suggests that when the rules of process produce suboptimal outcomes, any meaningful redress will likely lie far outside of the doors of criminal court.
Dopamine neuron-specific LRRK2 G2019S effects on gene expression revealed by translatome profiling

Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations are the most common genetic cause of late-onset autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease. The pathogenic G2019S mutation enhances LRRK2 kinase activity and induces neurodegeneration in C. elegans, Drosophila and rodent models through unclear mechanisms. Gene expression profiling has the potential to provide detailed insight into the biological pathways modulated by LRRK2 kinase activity in vivo. Prior studies have surveyed the effects of LRRK2 G2019S on genome-wide mRNA expression in complex brain tissues with high cellular heterogeneity, limiting their power to detect more restricted gene expression changes occurring in a cell type-specific manner. Here, we used translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) coupled to RNA-seq to profile dopamine neuron-specific gene expression changes caused by LRRK2 G2019S in the Drosophila CNS. A modest number of genes were differentially expressed in the presence of mutant LRRK2 that represent a broad range of molecular functions including DNA repair (RfC3), mRNA metabolism and translation (Ddx1 and lin-28), calcium homeostasis (MCU), and other categories (Ugt37c1, disp, l(1)G0196, CG6602, CG1126 and CG11068). Further analysis on a subset of these genes revealed that LRRK2 G2019S did not alter their expression across the whole brain, consistent with dopamine neuron-specific effects uncovered by the TRAP approach that may offer insight into the neurodegenerative process. To our knowledge, this is the first study to profile the effects of LRRK2 G2019S on DA neuron gene expression in vivo. Beyond providing a set of differentially expressed gene candidates relevant to LRRK2, we demonstrate the effective use of TRAP to perform high-resolution assessment of dopamine neuron gene expression for the study of PD.
IL-34 reprograms glycolytic and osteoclastic RA macrophages via Syndecan-1 and M-CSFR

OBJECTIVE In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), elevated serum interleukin-34 (IL-34) levels are linked with increased disease severity. IL-34 binds to 2 receptors, macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR) and syndecan 1, which are coexpressed in RA macrophages. Expression of both IL-34 and syndecan 1 is strikingly elevated in the RA synovium, yet their mechanisms of action remain undefined. This study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism of action of IL-34 in RA. METHODS To characterize the significance of IL-34 in immunometabolism, its mechanism of action was elucidated in joint macrophages, fibroblasts, and T effector cells using RA and preclinical models. RESULTS Intriguingly, syndecan 1 activated IL-34-induced M-CSFR phosphorylation and reprogrammed RA naive cells into distinctive CD14+CD86+GLUT1+ M34 macrophages that expressed elevated levels of IL-1β, CXCL8, and CCL2. In murine M34 macrophages, the inflammatory phenotype was accompanied by potentiated glycolytic activity, exhibited by transcriptional up-regulation of GLUT1, c-Myc, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and amplified pyruvate and l-lactate secretion. Local expression of IL-34 provoked arthritis by expanding the glycolytic F4/80-positive, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-positive macrophage population, which in turn attracted fibroblasts and polarized Th1/Th17 cells. The cross-talk between murine M34 macrophages and Th1/Th17 cells broadened the inflammatory and metabolic phenotypes, resulting in the expansion of IL-34 pathogenicity. Consequently, IL-34-instigated joint inflammation was alleviated in RAG-/- mice compared to wild-type mice. Syndecan 1 deficiency attenuated IL-34-induced arthritis by interfering with joint glycolytic M34 macrophage and osteoclast remodeling. Similarly, inhibition of glycolysis by 2-deoxy-d-glucose reversed the joint swelling and metabolic rewiring triggered by IL-34 via HIF-1α and c-Myc induction. CONCLUSION IL-34 is a novel endogenous factor that remodels hypermetabolic M34 macrophages and facilitates their cross-regulation with T effector cells to advance inflammatory bone destruction in RA.
Organization of Hybrid Governance

A key theme for multi-business firms and multinational firms is managing heterogeneous business units or international subsidiaries. Where does the heterogeneity come from? How do firms redeploy re...
Brief Introduction about New Regulation of EU on IVDR

There are five-year transitional period for manufacturers after the issue of regulation(EU) 2017/746 on in vitro diagnostic medical devices(IVDR) in May, 2017. The article introduces the background, major change, the impact of new regulation and the coping strategies of enterprises, the main preparation work should be taken etc, to provide reference or help for the domestic manufacturers when they prepare the CE marking according to IVDR.
Chemical bonding and magnetic properties of gadolinium (Gd) substituted cobalt ferrite

Abstract Polycrystalline gadolinium (Gd) substituted cobalt ferrites (CoFe 2− x Gd x O 4 ; x = 0–0.3, referred to CFGO) ceramics have been synthesized by solid state reaction method. Chemical bonding, crystal structure and magnetic properties of CFGO compounds have been evaluated as a function of Gd-content. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopic analyses confirmed the formation of inverse spinel cubic structure. However, a secondary ortho-ferrite phase (GdFeO 3 ) nucleates for higher values of Gd-content. A considerable increase in the saturation magnetization has been observed upon the initial substitution of Gd ( x = 0.1). The saturation magnetization drastically decreases at higher Gd content ( x ⩾ 0.3). No contribution from ortho-ferrite GdFeO 3 phase is noted to the magnetic properties. The increase in the magnetic saturation magnetization is attributed to the higher magnetic moment of Gd 3+ (4f 7 ) residing in octahedral sites is higher when compared to that of Fe 3+ (3d 5 ) and as well due to the migration of Co 2+ (3d 7 ) ions from the octahedral to the tetrahedral sites with a magnetic moment aligned anti-parallel to those of rare earth (RE 3+ ) ions in the spinel lattice. Increase in coercivity with increase in Gd 3+ is content is attributed to magnetic anisotropy in the ceramics.
Communities of Pediatric Care and Practice

The impact of Hurricane Katrina in 20051 on health care infrastructures abruptly clarified the need for and value of “anytime, anywhere” access to health information by health care providers during disasters. The development of Health Information Exchanges (HIEs) to meet that need has faced and continues to face technical, business, and adaptive challenges in creating sustainable child health information systems. Key issues in HIE development for child health are the inclusion of pediatric-specific data and guardian-related privacy/security issues. As HIE developers address these issues in designing regional information systems, experts in both child health and informatics must be included in the planning and implementation to achieve successful development, diffusion, and sustainability of HIEs.
Manufacturing Strategy and New Venture Origin: an Empirical Analysis

This research addresses key elements in the manufacturing strategy of 64 new venture firms in the computer and communications industries. More specifically, the research is focused on manufacturing strategy differences between new ventures initiated by existing firms and new ventures initiated by entrepreneurs. Questionnaire and personal interview data were analyzed via a discriminant analysis approach. The research reveals that significant differences in manufacturing posture do exist as a function of new venture origin, i.e. there is a statistically significant difference between corporate sponsored and independent new venture firms in terms of key manufacturing strategy variables.
Varmus, Harold Elliot

1939– American virologist and 14th Director of the National Institutes of Health, whose discoveries helped establish the mechanisms underlying the development of viral-induced tumours. Keywords: oncogenes; retroviruses; proto-oncogenes; retroviral and cellular oncogenes
Plasmin-mediated proteolysis of vascular endothelial cell heparin releasable tissue factor pathway inhibitor.

Background: Fibrinolytic therapy represents a widely available and effective treatment modality for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI). Its overall benefit is attenuated by a high incidence of coronary arterial reocclusion.
Transparent contribution of memory

A multitude of research and commercial projects have proposed contributory systems that utilize wasted CPU cycles, idle memory and free disk space found on end-user machines. These applications include distributed computation such as signal processing and protein folding, peer-to-peer backup, and large-scale distributed storage. While users are generally willing to give up unused CPU cycles, the use of memory by contributory applications deters participation in such systems. Contributory applications pollute the machine's memory, forcing user pages to be evicted to disk. This paging can disrupt user activity for seconds or even minutes. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of an operating system mechanism to support transparent contribution of memory. A transparent memory manager (TMM) controls memory usage by contributory applications, ensuring that users will not notice an increase in the miss rate of their applications. TMM is able to protect user pages such that page miss overhead is limited to 1.7%, while donating hundreds of megabytes of memory.
Pseudotrypsin A MODIFIED BOVINE TRYPSIN PRODUCED BY LIMITED AUTODIGESTION

Abstract Purified bovine α-trypsin which contains an intrachain split between Lys-131 and Ser-132 was allowed to autodigest at pH 8.0 in 0.05 m CaCl2. A new species of trypsin slowly formed; it was isolated from the digest in fair yield by chromatography. The new trypsin was found to contain, in addition to the split of the parent molecule, a new intrachain split between Lys-176 and Asn-177. The affinity of the new form of trypsin for the positively charged ligands, benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester and benzamidine, was greatly decreased compared to the parent enzyme, whereas that for acetyl-l-tyrosine remained essentially unchanged. Furthermore, the new form of trypsin was alkylated by diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate with 1:1 stoichiometry, but was not affected by the specific irreversible inhibitor tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone. These results are interpreted as indicating that the locus of the critical peptide chain split is near the cation-binding site for specific trypsin substrates.
Enhancement of mycoplasma virus plaque visibility by tetrazolium.

The plating of mycoplasma virus MVL-1 is greatly improved by the use of tetrazolium to enhance the visibility of the lawn.