cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cannabinoid receptor activation reduces TNFα-Induced surface localization of AMPAR-type glutamate receptors and excitotoxicity

Abstract After injury or during neurodegenerative disease in the central nervous system (CNS), the concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) rises above normal during the inflammatory response. In vitro and in vivo, addition of exogenous TNFα to neurons has been shown to induce rapid plasma membrane-delivery of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) potentiating glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Thus the discovery of drug targets reducing excess TNFα-induced AMPAR surface expression may help protect neurons after injury. In this study, we investigate the neuroprotective role of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor using quantitative immunofluorescent and real-time video microscopy to measure the steady-state plasma membrane AMPAR distribution and rate of AMPAR exocytosis after TNFα exposure in the presence or absence of CB1 agonists. The neuroprotective potential of CB1 activation with TNFα was measured in hippocampal neuron cultures challenged by an in vitro kainate (KA)-mediated model of Excitotoxic Neuroinflammatory Death (END). Here, we demonstrate that CB1 activation blocks the TNFα-induced increase in surface AMPARs and protects neurons from END. Thus, neuroprotective strategies which increase CB1 activity may help to reduce the END that occurs as a result of a majority of CNS insults.
Caulobacter Flagellar Function, but not Assembly, Requires FliL, a Non-polarly Localized Membrane Protein Present in all Cell Types

Caulobacter crescentus has a single polar flagellum, which is assembled in the predivisional cell. Known flagellar genes encode structural and regulatory components that are required for flagellar assembly and function. These genes are organized in several classes which form a transcriptional regulatory hierarchy. A member of the Class II genes, the fliLM operon, encodes homologs of the Escherichia coli flagellar switch protein, FliM, and a protein with a hitherto unknown function, FliL. We report here that flagellar rotation requires the FliL protein. In-frame deletions in the chromosomal copy of the fliL gene result in cells that form a flagellum but are non-motile. The FliL protein was found to be associated with the inner membrane and to be present in all cell types. This is the first report of a Caulobacter crescentus protein that is essential for motility but is not spatially restricted to the region of the flagellar basal body. Although FliL is required for flagellar function, it is not part of the transcriptional hierarchy, supporting the hypothesis that, as is the case for the enterics, the regulatory hierarchy responds to assembly cues rather than directly to the expression of flagellar proteins.
Catalytic Emulsion Polymerization of Olefins: Ab Initio Polymerization of Norbornene

It has recently been shown that it is possible to polymerize homo- and copolymers of olefins in aqueous media by using late transition metal catalysts. This has opened a new set of opportunities to produce simple and composite latex particles based on ethylene and its olefinic derivatives. Here we report some of our experience in creating water-based latices from the strained cyclic olefin, norbornene. This has been done as ab initio batch emulsion polymerizations using two different allylpalladium catalysts and a lithium-based activator as substitutes for the free radical initiator in standard emulsion polymerization. Such experiments produce small latex particles (ca. 50 nm) and can be burdened with large amounts of coagulum. In studying the effects of catalyst levels, ionic strength, and temperature on the reaction rates, conversion levels, and particle size, we have determined that the coagulum is produced by the migration of the catalyst and activator to the emulsified monomer droplets, producing lar...
VIII. Reconsidering `Sex' and `Gender': Two Steps Forward, One Step Back

Rhoda Kesler Unger’s ground-breaking paper, ‘Toward a Redefinition of Sex and Gender’ (1979), is still a compelling read almost 30 years later. It is fascinating to see how far we have come and how much the dialogue concerning sex and gender has changed in the ensuing years. At the same time, it is discouraging to note the myriad ways in which the debate is eerily similar, even after several decades of supposed progress.
Imaging with random 3D reference structures

We describe a sensor system based on 3D ‘reference structures’ which implements a mapping from a 3D source volume on to a 2D sensor plane. The reference structure used here is a random three dimensional distribution of polystyrene beads.We show how this bead structure spatially segments the source volume and present some simple experimental results of 2D and 3D imaging.
Nonepileptic seizures: reframing the diagnosis.

PROBLEM: Protocols for disclosing the diagnosis of psychological pseudoseizures have been developed. However, outcomes have not been carefully studied. METHOD: Using a retrospective design, the investigators evaluated the outcomes by interviewing patients 2 years after diagnosis who received the diagnosis using a specific protocol. FINDINGS: There was a reduction in symptoms demonstrated by reports of lessened intensity of events or actual reduction in the number of events in 86% of those interviewed. CONCLUSION: This protocol proved helpful in the acceptance of the diagnosis and improved adherence to the treatment recommendations after disclosure of the diagnosis.
ALANINE UTILIZATION IN THE NEWBORN

The role of alanine as a substrate and a gluconeogenic precursor were studied by measuring blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and β-OH butrate responses to an oral alanine load (0.5 gm/kg) in 22 newborns and 4 adults. Tests were performed at 6 or 36 hours of age and responses followed for 2 or 4 hours. Fasting alanine values were highest in 6 preterm newborns (PNB) and 10 term newborns (TNB) at 6 hrs (.87 and .68 mμ/ml) but were the same as adults (.59 and .56 mμ/ml) in the TNB by 36 hrs. Although adults had a significant increase in blood alanine, no increase in glucose occurred. In contrast, a marked increase in glucose (36-137 mg%) occurred in 3 of 6 LGA and an SGA at 6 hrs. This was associated with sharp increases in alanine, lactate, and pyruvate levels. In all TNB, glucose increased an average of 12% at 36 hrs but in both TNB and PNB a variable response was found at 6 hrs. In all groups, pyruvate and lactate rose an average of 20-50% after alanine, while β-OH butyrate increased only at 6 hrs. The results suggest that alanine is utilized for gluconeogenesis in the neonate, but the consistent increase in pyruvate and lactate may reflect incomplete utilization and conversion of this amino acid to glucose. These studies were supported in part by Grants from the John A. Hartford Foundation and the NIH #03959-06 and 06291-03.
Electrocardiographic changes simulating those of acute myocardial infarction in a case of perforated gastric ulcer

Abstract A report is presented of a case of perforated gastric ulcer, with shock, in which an electrocardiogram strongly suggested infarction of the lateral wall of the left ventricle. Careful post-mortem study of the heart revealed arteriosclerotic narrowing of the coronary vessels, but no evidence of actual occlusion or of myocardial infarction. The presence of marked coronary artery narrowing and the fact that the blood pressure was greatly lowered have led us to postulate insufficient blood supply to the myocardium and, therefore, anoxemia of the muscle as the cause of the electrocardiographic abnormalities. It is emphasized that the electrocardiogram can play an important role in the differential diagnosis between coronary artery occlusion and acute abdominal lesions, but that it may be confusing and actually misleading unless one recognizes its limitations and possible mimicry under these conditions, particularly when shock is present.
Building analytical models into an interactive performance prediction tool

In this paper we describe an interactive tool designed for performance prediction of parallel programs. Static performance prediction, in general, is a very difficult task. In order to avoid some inherent problems, we concentrate on reasonably structured scientific programs. Our prediction system, which is built as a sub-system of a larger interactive environment, uses a parser, dependence analyzer, database and an X-window based front end in analyzing programs. The system provides the user with execution times of different sections of programs. When there are unknowns involved, such as number of processors or unknown loop bounds, the output is an algebraic expression in terms of these variables. We propose a simple analytical model as an attempt to predict performance degradation due to data references in hierarchical memory systems. The predicted execution times of some Lawrence Livermore loop kernels are given together with the experimental values obtained by executing the loops on Alliant FX/8.
Transformational Leadership in Challenging Urban Elementary Schools: A Role for Parent Involvement?

This article is concerned with the leadership of parent involvement as a capacity-building strategy for improving teaching and learning—an area of research that is presently underrepresented in the leadership literature. Case study data were obtained from three challenging urban elementary schools located in the Northeast United States. The principals of all three schools were successful at facilitating parent involvement as an integral part of their transformational leadership practice. However, the principal of the third and most successful school was also adept at leading parent involvement as a distributed capacity-building strategy in both her challenging school and community. Data presented in this article suggest that in addition to the challenging circumstances facing urban schools, the inward looking and professionally circumscribed orientation of transformational leadership theory may well be contributing to the marginalizing of parents as potential contributors to, and agents of, school improve...
Quantitative Analysis of Metabolic Mixtures by Two-Dimensional 13C Constant-Time TOCSY NMR Spectroscopy

An increasing number of organisms can be fully 13C-labeled, which has the advantage that their metabolomes can be studied by high-resolution two-dimensional (2D) NMR 13C–13C constant-time (CT) total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY) experiments. Individual metabolites can be identified via database searching or, in the case of novel compounds, through the reconstruction of their backbone-carbon topology. Determination of quantitative metabolite concentrations is another key task. Because strong peak overlaps in one-dimensional (1D) NMR spectra prevent straightforward quantification through 1D peak integrals, we demonstrate here the direct use of 13C–13C CT-TOCSY spectra for metabolite quantification. This is accomplished through the quantum mechanical treatment of the TOCSY magnetization transfer at short and long-mixing times or by the use of analytical approximations, which are solely based on the knowledge of the carbon-backbone topologies. The methods are demonstrated for carbohydrate and amino acid mi...
Comparing coherent and spontaneous Raman scattering under biological imaging conditions

We compare imaging based on coherent and spontaneous Raman scattering (SpRS) under conditions relevant for biological imaging. Using a broadband laser source, we perform spectral domain imaging of polystyrene beads using coherent Stokes Raman scattering and SpRS and find comparable signal levels. Short interaction lengths, low molecule number, and low incident power all reduce the advantages available with coherent Raman methods. We present calculations to support our measurements.
Randomized Controlled Trials and Comparative Effectiveness Research

Comparative effectiveness research (CER) has been promoted as a way to improve the translation gap between clinical research and everyday clinical practice as well as to deliver more cost-effective health care. CER will account for a significant portion of funding allocated by the US government for health care research. Oncology has a rich history of improving clinical outcomes and advancing research through randomized controlled trials (RCTs). In this article, we review the role of RCTs in achieving the goals of CER, with particular emphasis on the role of publicly funded clinical trials.
Effect of estimations of ultraviolet absorption spectra of chromophoric dissolved organic matter on the uncertainty of photochemical production calculations

[1] The UV-visible absorption spectrum of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is crucial for accurate calculation of photochemical reaction rates in the ocean. The literature contains considerable variability for quantifying CDOM absorption spectra, and it is unclear how these different approaches affect subsequent photochemical calculations. Using 128 surface ocean samples collected during coastal transects from Texas to Maine, we examine the ability of four simple models to reconstruct the measured UV absorption spectra and examine the accuracy of photochemical production calculations made using the reconstructed spectra. Three exponential models are based on determination of a spectral slope coefficient (SSC) over distinct wavelength ranges (412–560 nm, 290–412 nm, and 290–650 nm) and one is based on absorption at only 412 nm. Including UV wavelengths to determine SSC resulted in the reconstruction of UV absorption spectra with high accuracy, underestimating measured absorption integrated over the UV by only −1.5% to −4.3% at worst for the 128 samples. The 412 nm model estimated UV-integrated absorption ranged between −4.3% to +6.5% of measured spectra for coastal stations. The 412–560 nm SSC model underestimated measured UV absorption at all wavelengths by up to 60%. A spectral correction factor based on the average percent underestimation for all samples was found to improve reconstruction of UV absorption and photochemical estimates. Without the correction factor, photoproduction from this model underestimates values calculated from measured UV spectra ranging from −13% to −20% for coastal stations. Corrected estimates improve this to between −1.4% and +6.8%.
Orientational freezing in three dimensions

Abstract Two approaches to ordering in condensed phases are discussed. First, a simple mean-field theory of orientational ordering, used to predict the possible existence of solid phases with icosahedral order, is extended to treat orientational ordering of phases with local hcp (hexagonally closed packed) and cubic symmetry. Connection is made with theories of biaxial ordering in liquid crystals. The adequacy of mean-field theory is discussed. Secondly, the density functional theory of “quasicrystals” is reviewed briefly. This theory has no adjustable or unknown parameters. Explicit formulae are presented for the stability of the orientationally ordered phase, its density, and the entropy change on formation. All of these quantities are shown to be determined, to first order in thermodynamic perturbation theory, by the structure factor of the corresponding liquid phase.
Induction of scintillation in the firefly

Scintillation, the rapid and asynchronous flashing of many photocytes, has been induced in the adult Photuris firefly by injection of eserine. Associated with this scintillation is a large amount of random neural activity. Deganglionation, produced by transection of the nerves posterior to the last abdominal ganglion, abolishes the scintillation in the posterior lantern segment. If a portion of the lantern exposed by cuticle removal is perfused with a saline solution composed of 11·92 g/l KCl and 0·67 g/l CaCl2 at pH 6·8 massive scintillation is initiated in that area lasting up to 30 min. Neural activity recorded from the surface of the scintillating region occurs only in the form of neural bursts associated with flashing in the intact portions of the lantern. Flashing is not observed in the scintillating region. Deganglionation of the segment does not abolish the scintillation. The scintillation-inducing solution appears to act at a more peripheral level than eserine injection in the induction of scintillation.
Androgen receptor immunohistochemistry in genitourinary neoplasms

Androgen receptor (AR) is a recognized immunohistochemical marker of prostate cancer. However, the sensitivity and specificity of AR for prostate cancer in the setting of other genitourinary neoplasms has not been rigorously studied. We employed tissue microarrays containing prostate carcinomas, urothelial carcinomas, renal cell carcinomas, and testicular neoplasms. Slides were stained immunohistochemically for AR. Androgen receptor was positive in 95 % of prostate carcinomas (n = 230), but 19 % of invasive urothelial carcinomas of the bladder (n = 190) and 33 % of non-invasive bladder urothelial carcinomas were also AR positive (N = 107). Furthermore, 16 % of renal pelvis urothelial carcinomas (n = 43) were positive. Of primary renal cell carcinomas, 19 % were AR positive (n = 307). From a metastatic renal cell carcinoma cohort, 28 % of metastases were AR positive (N = 126). Six percent of non-teratomatous testicular germ cell tumors stained for AR (n = 103). Our data show that the sensitivity of AR immunohistochemistry for prostate cancer is 94.8 %. However, the specificity of AR is only 81.4 %, among our cohort of invasive genitourinary tumors. Thus, we find the specificity of AR suboptimal, yet AR may remain useful as a component of an immunostain panel.
Oxidative stability of seed oils extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide.

Dry-milled corn germ, soybean and cottonseed flakes were extracted (at 70-90 C and 12,000 psi) with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) to yield crude oils. Oxidative stability of the crude oils was determined and compared to similar products obtained by conventional expeller and/or prepress solvent extraction. Under Schall oven storage conditions (60 C), SC-CO2-extracted oils undergo rapid deterioration and fail to show the normal induction period observed with conventional expeller and solvent-extracted crude oils. The levels of tocopherols found in SC-CO2-extracted oils are comparable to those obtained by expeller or solvent extraction, while phospholipids present in significant amounts in conventional crude oils are essentially absent from SC-CO2-processed crudes. The addition of phosphatides to SC-CO2-extracted crude oils improves oxidative stability, which suggests that both tocopherols and phospholipids are required to stabilize crude oils against autoxidation. Heating of SC-CO2-extracted crude oils to deodorization temperatures improves oxidative stability. The destruction of fat hydroperoxides under these conditions probably accounts for improved oxidative stability. A combination of heat and the addition of citric acid and phenolic antioxidants resulted in further improvement of oxidative stability.
MO-A-210A-01: Update On Fluoroscopy Physics

Radiation usage during fluoroscopically guided interventions can be high enough to warrant careful dosimetry and patient management. Basic compliance with the usual set of local regulatory requirements is sufficient for patient safety in the interventional environments. For example, modern systems meeting all current regulatory dose restrictions are capable of delivering table‐top air kerma rates exceeding 200 mGy/min for normal modefluoroscopy and 1,500 mGy/min for cinefluorography. Clinical dosimetry during each complex intervention is facilitated by dosimetric instrumentation built into the fluoroscopic system. The Society of Interventional Radiology has published a standard of practice recommending dosimetry for all interventional procedures. In 2008, the ACR published a technical standard for the use of radiation in fluoroscopic procedures. A DICOM Structured Report for detailed reporting of radiation usage in interventional fluoroscopy has been defined, tested and is currently being deployed in clinical systems. The Joint Commission has included fluoroscopic procedures with skin doses exceeding 15 Gy in its list of sentinel events; with the implicit challenge to facilities that they can prove the absence of such occurrences. This course reviews technical elements for a program of patient fluoroscopic radiation safety. ICRU diagnostic dosimetric quantities and their fluoroscopic extensions. Construction, dosimetric features, and performance characteristics of modern fluoroscopes. Extended QA protocols for compliance measurements, system characterization and clinical dosimetry.Dose recording and reporting, including DICOM‐DOSE. The Joint Commission fluoroscopy sentinel event. Learning Objectives 1. Understand dosimetric concepts relating to interventional fluoroscopy 2. Characterize the dosimetric features and performance of a modern fluoroscope 3. Be able to set up a clinical dose recording and reporting policy that will meet clinical and JC requirements.
Gastric pancreatic rest leading to pyogenic liver abscess

VOLUME 56, NO. 3, 2002 Current affiliations: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, and Department of Radiology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California. Reprint requests: Roy M. Soetikno, MD, Chief of Endoscopy, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., GI-111, Palo Alto, CA 94305. 37/4/126619 doi:10.1067/mge.2002.126619 S Friedland, A Yu, R Rouse, et al. Gastric pancreatic rest leading to pyogenic liver abscess
Adipose tissue of Drosophila melanogaster. II. The effect of the adult internal environment on growth, protein deposition, and histolysis in the larval fat body

Transplantation experiments show that growth, protein deposition, and histolysis in the larval fat body of Drosophila melanogaster are controlled by a secretion of the larval ring gland. The internal environment of the normal adult female generally mimics the effect of the ring gland. However, the female environment induces more growth but less histolysis than the ring gland. The internal environment of the adult male stimulates only growth in the fat body. Transplantation studies with normal, castrated, and mutant adults indicate that the ovary is important in the stimulation of growth, protein deposition, and histolysis. The corpus allatum-corpus cardiacum complex of adult D. virilis females will induce growth, protein deposition, and histolysis in the larval fat body of D. melanogaster.
Possible role of prostaglandins in the effects of the cannabinoids on adenylate cyclase activity

In vitro, the cannabinoids delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), 11-OH-delta 9-THC, cannabidiol and cannabinol all increased adenylate cyclase activity in mouse cerebral cortical homogenates. Levonantradol, a synthetic cannabinoid analog, also increased adenylate cyclase activity while its optical isomer dextronantradol did not. The increases in enzyme activity produced by the active compounds were biphasic with significant increases at 10 microM and/or 30 microM concentrations with return to control levels at 100 microM. The increases did not occur in the absence of added GTP nor did delta 9-THC have any effect on fluoride-stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity. The prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors acetyl salicylic acid and indomethacin and the phospholipase A2 inhibitor quinacrine all abolished the increase in adenylate cyclase activity produced by delta 9-THC, suggesting the involvement of prostaglandins in this cannabinoid action.
Nitrogen Leaching and Denitrification in Continuous Corn as Related to Residue Management and Nitrogen Fertilization

Maintaining crop production levels with reductions in terrestrial greenhouse gases requires strategic residue and nitrogen (N) fertilizer management. Our objectives were to: (1) quantify the effect of nitrogen N application rate on N losses; (2) examine the role of residue returned on N transformation and losses; and (3) verify the capability of the NCSWAP/NCSOIL model to simulate the dynamics of N and 15N in the soil–plant system. Data obtained from a long-term continuous corn study on a silt loam soil, with two N levels (20 and 200 kg N/ha), with two types of residue management (residue harvested, −R; and residue returned, +R) was used to calibrate the model. The model accurately predicted 15N in the plant and soil organic matter (SOM) at the 0- to 15-cm and 15- to 30-cm depths for both fertilizer rates and residue managements. Concentrations of 15N in the corn and SOM were higher for the 20 than 200 kg N/ha treatments. Greater dilution of the 15N with nontracer fertilizer added at the higher fertilizer rate was responsible for differences in 15N concentrations in the plant. The predicted cumulative N loss during a 30-year simulation indicates more nitrate leaching past the 1-m depth for −R than +R treatments, while higher denitrification rates were predicted for the +R than −R. The simulated cumulative effect of residue returned on denitrification over 30 years predicted increased cumulative N losses from 1320 to 1705 kg N/ha and 1333 to 2574 kg N/ha for the low and high N application rates, respectively. Better synchronization of N release from residue and addition of N fertilizer with plant-N uptake would minimize leaching and denitrification.
Vitamin A Status of Neonates with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

We prospectively assessed and compared the vitamin A status of two groups of preterm neonates (less than 1500 g birth weight, less than 32 wk gestation), one who developed clinical and radiographic evidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (n = 10), and the other (control) who developed no significant lung disease (n = 8). The infants with BPD in this study required prolonged mechanical ventilation and supplemental O2 therapy, and had a higher incidence of cardiorespiratory complications when compared to controls. Their mean plasma vitamin A concentrations were significantly lower than those of controls at four sampling times in the 1st postnatal month. In contrast to the controls, infants with BPD showed a substantial decline in their plasma vitamin A concentrations from the initial values, and a high percentage of individual values of plasma vitamin A concentration in these infants were less than 10 micrograms/dl during the 8-wk postnatal period of observation. Delayed establishment of gastrointestinal feeding and a lower vitamin A intake in these infants relative to controls may have accounted for this decline. Our data show that preterm neonates who develop BPD have suboptimal plasma vitamin A concentrations for extended periods of time postnatally. We speculate that the necrotizing bronchiolitis and squamous metaplasia of conducting airways associated with vitamin A deficiency could influence the orderly repair of lung injury in susceptible neonates who are mechanically ventilated and could contribute to the pathophysiology of BPD in these infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
On Marxian value, exploitation, and the transformation problem: A geometric approach

Abstract For a simple Ricardo-Austrian two-sector model, the structure of Marxian value and exploitation theory as well as the transformation problem of Marxian values into prices of production can be shown using a simple four-quadrant diagram. The sensitivity of Marxian conclusions to the assumption of a perfect elasticity of labor supply is easily demonstrated in this framework.
The fate of free autogenous fascial grafts in the rabbit

Fascial grafts were taken from 34 New Zealand rabbits and implanted above and below the cranial periosteum in the same animal. They were placed as four-layered folded grafts and as single-layered grafts. When harvested from 6 to 14 months after transplantation, the multi-layered grafts and the single-layered grafts on bone had maintained their bulk but consisted histologically of only a retained collagen matrix with no viable cellular structure. The one-layered grafts on periosteum, however, retained their cellular make-up with normal vascularity and normal cellular structure when harvested at approximately the same intervals.
The role of respirators in the etiology and pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

I N P R O P O S I N G T H E U S E o f the term bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Northway et al' described the occurrence of pulmonary disease following respirator therapy in hyaline membrane disease and proposed the appearance of a new chronic pulmonary syndrome associated with the use of intermittent positive pressure, respirators and high oxygen concentrations for a period exceeding 156 hours. A review of their material also indicates that the patients described were all managed with endotracheal tubes and that the choice of the 156-hour period was dictated simply by what the material itself contained rather than by any predirected time pattern. It is questionable, however, whether what was being described at that point was really a new disease or simply the recognition that respirators, by being able to prolong the course of hyaline membrane disease, were now allowing the appearance of the normal progression of severe cases of the disease, in that all of our previous experience had indicated either death or complete resolution of the changes without any permanent sequelae. There had been previous suggestions that sequelae from the natural course of the disease did occur, 2a and that complete pulmonary recovery could not always be expected, although in both of these instances the management of the infants had been complicated by both oxygen therapy and the use of respirators, thus making it difficult to ascribe these changes to the natural course of severe disease itself. That even mild cases could subsequently lead to both anatomic and functional sequelae in later life was subsequently demonstrated by the report of the occurrence of a much higher incidence of bronchiolitis at an early age in survivors of respiratory distress syndromer an incidence which seems to be independent of either the severity of the initial disease or of the existence of permanent radiographic changes, thus suggesting that functional sequelae and visible anatomic changes may or may not go together in all instances. The suggestion that this is specifically an occurrence confined to the newborn period may be open to question, since changes of similar nature have been described in adults managed with oxygen and positive pressure respirators?
Probability-driven routing in a datapath environment

Abstract For a four-layer datapath routing environment, we present an algorithm that considers all the nets simultaneously, thus avoiding the net-ordering problem. Our algorithm progresses in two phases. The first phase involves formulating the problem using a probabilistic model, whereby routing probabilities are calculated for potential routing regions; these probabilities are consolidated into a congestion metric for each region. The second phase employs an iterative diversion technique where the region with the maximum congestion metric is iteratively relaxed. The above process is repeated until the track probabilities crystallize into integer values of 1 and 0. We have run the algorithm on large test cases; and experimental results show that we can achieve significant routability within a few number of available tracks.
Population pharmacokinetics modeling of oxcarbazepine to characterize drug interactions in Chinese children with epilepsy.

To develop a population pharmacokinetics model of oxcarbazepine in Chinese pediatric patients with epilepsy, and to study the interactions between oxcarbazepine and other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). A total of 688 patients with epilepsy aged 2 months to 18 years were divided into model (n=573) and valid (n=115) groups. Serum concentrations of the main active metabolite of oxcarbazepine, 10-hydroxycarbazepine (MHD), were determined 0.5–48 h after the last dosage. A population pharmacokinetics (PPK) model was constructed using NLME software. This model was internally evaluated using Bootstrapping and goodness-of-fit plots inspection. The data of the valid group were used to calculate the mean prediction error (MPE), mean absolute prediction error (MAE), mean squared prediction error (MSE) and the 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to externally evaluate the model. The population values of pharmacokinetic parameters estimated in the final model were as follows: Ka=0.83 h-1, Vd=0.67 L/kg, and CL=0.035 L·kg−1·h−1. The enzyme-inducing AEDs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital) and newer generation AEDs (levetiracetam, lamotrigine, topiramate) increased the weight-normalized CL value of MHD by 17.4% and 10.5%, respectively, whereas the enzyme-inhibiting AED valproic acid decreased it by 3%. No significant association was found between the CL value of MHD and the other covariates. For the final model, the evaluation results (95% CI) were MPE=0.01 (−0.07–0.10) mg/L, MAE=0.46 (0.40–0.51) mg/L, MSE=0.39 (0.27–0.51) (mg/L)2. A PPK model of OXC in Chinese pediatric patients with epilepsy is established. The enzyme-inducing AEDs and some newer generation AEDs (lamotrigine, topiramate) could slightly increase the metabolism of MHD.
Buffer pools and file processing projects for an undergraduate data structures course

This paper presents a family of programming projects appropriate to a sophomore-level data structures course, centered around the concept of a buffer pool serving as the access intermediary to a disk file. These projects provide a meaningful vehicle for practicing object-oriented design techniques and teach fundamental material on file processing and manipulating binary data. I begin with a concrete example, a heap stored on disk and mediated by a buffer pool. Several important intellectual concepts introduced by such a project are enumerated. Significant extensions and alternatives to the basic project are then described. I conclude with some observations on the role of file processing in modern CS curricula, and the significance of recent trends away from coverage of these topics.
Mechanisms of Enzyme Action and Inhibition: Transition State Analogues for Acid-Base Catalysis ~

The theory of absolute reaction rates implies that the grip of a catalyst on a substrate tightens with substrate activation, relaxing later as products are formed and released. Analogs that mimic different kinds of substrate activation can, through the structural details of their complexes with enzymes, indicate how active site residues are involved in the enhancement of reactions rates. In several cases, bonds involved in general acid-base catalysis have been identified tentatively; and recent evidence points to a hydrogen bond of remarkable stability in the transition state in enzymatic deamination of adenosine. Similar approaches have been used to enzymes that act primarily by substrate distortion, nucleophilic catalysis, solvent removal and catalysis by approximation. Two recurring observations, that were not expected in theory, have been the binding of inhibitors in ionized forms that are rare in solution, and changes in enzyme configuration that accompany binding of transition state analogs. Origins and implications of these findings will be discussed with specific reference to the role of solvent water in catalytic phenomena.
Ancillary Ligand and Olefin Substituent Effects on Olefin Dissociation for Cationic Zirconocene Complexes Bearing a Coordinated Pendant Olefin

A series of zirconocene complexes bearing 2,2-dimethyl-2-sila-4-pentenyl substituents (and methyl-substituted olefin variants) ((η^5-C_5H_5)_2Zr(CH_3)(CH_2SiMe_2CH_2CR^1═CR^2R^3) (R^1, R^2, R^3 = H, CH_3, 1, 5−7), (η^5-C_5H_4CMe_3)_2Zr(CH_3)(CH_2SiMe_2CH_2CH═CH_2) (2), {Me_2Si(η^5-C_5H_4)_2}Zr(CH_3)(CH_2SiMe_2CH_2CH═CH_2) (3), and {1,2-(SiMe_2)_2(η^5-C_5H_3)_2Zr(CH_3)(CH_2SiMe_2CH_2CH═CH_2) (4)) have been prepared. Methide abstraction with B(C_6F_5)_3 results in reversible coordination of the tethered olefin to the cationic zirconium center. The kinetics of olefin dissociation have been examined using NMR methods, and the effects of ligand variation for unlinked, singly [SiMe_2]-linked, and doubly [SiMe_2]-linked bis(cyclopentadienyl) arrangements have been compared (ΔG^⧧ values for olefin dissociation vary from 11.4 to 15.6 kcal·mol^(-1) measured over the temperature range 223−283 K). For the cation derived from 4 the kinetics for olefin dissociation and site epimerization (inversion at zirconium) can be distinguished. Additionally, with this ligand system competitive binding of the olefin and the [CH_3B(C_6F_5)_3] anion is observed. Methide abstraction from {1,2-(SiMe_2)_2(η^5-C_5H_3)_2}Zr(CH_3)(CH_2CMe_2CH_2CH═CH_2) results in rapid β-allyl elimination with loss of isobutene to cleanly afford the allyl cation [{1,2-(SiMe_2)_2(η^5-C_5H_3)_2}Zr(η^3-CH_2CH═CH_2)]^+.
Structure and Decomposition Pathways of Vinyl Acetate on Clean and Oxygen-Covered Pd(100)

The surface chemistry of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) on clean and oxygen-covered Pd(100) is explored experimentally in ultrahigh vacuum using reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Both RAIRS and DFT calculations show that VAM adsorbs onto clean Pd(100) with its molecular plane close to parallel to the surface with the vinyl group bonded to a single palladium atom, which decomposes by a pathway initiated either by vinyl-acetate or vinyloxy-acetyl bond scission, where the former pathway predominates. VAM adsorbs on p(2 × 2)-O/Pd(100) and c(2 × 2)-O/Pd(100) in a geometry in which the acetate group moves away from the surface in an adsorption site in which the vinyl group is located over two palladium atoms, where this geometry is induced by a repulsion between the acetate groups and adsorbed oxygen. Decomposition on oxygen-covered surfaces is initiate...
Nonlinear ordinary differential equations at resonance with slowly varying nonlinearities

We prove the existence of solutions for boundary value problems for nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Our theorems improve known results, since the nonlinearities may be-either periodic or have compact support. Periodic solutions to the pendulum problem are obtained
Automobile Seat Belts: Usage Patterns in Automatic Belt Systems

Since the passage of mandatory passive restraint legislation (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208) in 1984, numerous investigators have examined patterns of use among the different types of restraint systems and user populations. In this paper, we review the available data on usage patterns in automatic shoulder belt and manual lap belt systems. The restraint systems involving automatic shoulder belts have generally been regarded as highly successful in increasing the use rates of shoulder belts for American drivers (frequently greater than 90%). At the same time, the use of the manual lap belt with automatic shoulder belts remains roughly similar to the use rate for manual three-point systems. We also review studies of driver's knowledge about the existence and importance of the elements of these automatic systems. These findings have potential application for the design of manual and automatic restraint systems in automobiles.
In situ observation of concentrational stratification and solid–liquid interface morphology during Ga–5% In alloy melt solidification

Abstract Segregation of indium during solidification of a Ga–5 wt% In alloy melt was investigated with in situ real-time X-ray density visualization under various solidification conditions. Indium stratification in the melt was observed at the very beginning of solidification. Substantial indium stratification developed even with convective flow in the melt. The solid–liquid interface morphology was found to be strongly dependent on the chemical stratification in the melt and the hydrodynamic state (convective or conductive). On the other hand, the interface morphology development was found to affect (decelerate or accelerate) the indium stratification by influencing the convection pattern in the melt.
A Development of a Modified USP Assay for Quinidine Sulfate Tablets

AbstractAbstract - The non-aqueous titration method of assay of quinidine sulfate tablets outlined in the U.S.P. was examined, modified and compared with a recently published non-aquoeus titration using Barium Acetate. All methods were applied on four different commerical brands of quinidine sulfate 200 mg. uncoated tablets. The methods were comparable in specificity and reliability. However, by performing the assays on individual tablets as for content uniformity test greater variation was encountered by the U.S.P. procedure, especially on changing the time of extraction solvent or the volume of base and/or drying the siliceous earth after filtering and before adding the base. Therefore, it is recommended that the U.S.P. assay be changed to include 0.8ml of 10% NaOH, the total extraction time be reduced to 20 minutes and that the siliceous earth be dryed after filtering and before adding the base.
Respiratory Disorders in Moderately Preterm, Late Preterm, and Early Term Infants

Even when it is just a few weeks before term gestation, early birth has consequences, resulting in higher morbidity and mortality. Respiratory issues related to moderate prematurity include delayed neonatal transition to air breathing, respiratory distress resulting from delayed fluid clearance (transient tachypnea of the newborn), surfactant deficiency (respiratory distress syndrome), and pulmonary hypertension. Management approaches emphasize appropriate respiratory support to facilitate respiratory transition and minimize iatrogenic injury. Studies are needed to determine the impact of respiratory distress coupled with mild-moderate prematurity on long-term outcome.
The Effect of Living in the United States on Body Mass Index in Refugee Patients

Background . We describe body mass index (BMI) trajectories over 20 months in newly settled refugees in the United States. Methods . Growth curves were modeled in in hierarchical linear modeling for cohorts from Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Results . For refugees from Southeast Asia and Africa, coefficients suggest an increase of greater than 1.0 kg/m2 per three-month time period, though the best fit function differed between the two groups. A non-linear model was the best fit for refugees from the Middle East, with an average increase of just under 1.0 kg/m2 over the study period. Discussion . A significant increase in BMI was observed for all refugees but of a different form, predicted by the refugee’s region of origin. This may be related to food insecurity, acculturation, environmental factors, and cultural influences prior to and after arrival in the United States, though further study is needed to develop causal relationships.
A test for homogeneity of ordered means of inverse Gaussian populations

Abstract The inference theory and methodology for the inverse Gaussian (IG) family of right skewed distributions with nonnegative support are well known to bear a striking resemblance to the normal theory and methods. The IG family is therefore increasingly used for modeling and analyzing nonnegative, right skewed data. In this note, we consider the problem of testing homogeneity of order-restricted IG means with a common known scale parameter using the approach used in Mudholkar and McDermott (Biometrika 76 (1989) 161). It is shown that the null hypothesis of equal means in the IG model admits a union–intersection decomposition and, the p -values of the one-tailed Z-like tests used for testing the component hypotheses are independently distributed as in the normal case. This allows testing homogeneity of IG means under a spectrum of order constraints using the classical methods for combining independent p -values. The power properties of this test, for the simple order-restricted case, are empirically examined and compared with the order-restricted likelihood ratio test (Tian and Mudholkar (The likelihood ratio tests for homogeneity of inverse Gaussian means under simple order and simple tree order, submitted for publication)), and the chi-square test which ignores the order restrictions.
Rhythmic Expression of timeless: A Basis for Promoting Circadian Cycles in period Gene Autoregulation

The clock gene timeless (tim) is required for circadian rhythmicity in Drosophila. The accumulation of tim RNA followed a circadian rhythm, and the phase and period of the tim RNA rhythm were indistinguishable from those that have been reported for per. The tim RNA oscillations were found to be dependent on the presence of PER and TIM proteins, which demonstrates feedback control of tim by a mechanism previously shown to regulate per expression. The cyclic expression of tim appears to dictate the timing of PER protein accumulation and nuclear localization, suggesting that tim promotes circadian rhythms of per and tim transcription by restricting per RNA and PER protein accumulation to separate times of day.
Tritium labelled 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ALP) and 1-S-hexadecyl-2-O-ethyl-rac-thioglycero-3-phosphocholine (Thio-ALP)

The phospholipids, ALP and Thio-ALP, are non-hydrolyzable analogues of platelet activating factor (PAF). Interest in ALP and thio-ALP centers upon their activity as potential antineo-plastic agents. A variety of mechanisms of action have been attributed to these compounds including inhibition of a phospholipid cofactor of a phospholipid sensitive Ca+2-dependent protein kinase. Thio-ALP is at least as active as a growth inhibitor of the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemic cell line as is ALP-the most active reference analogue reported in the literature and is approximately twice as active against the BG-1 and BG-3 human ovarian carcinoma cell lines. To aid in further biochemical studies, we report the synthesis of high specific activity tritium labelled ALP and thio-ALP. These products were obtained by palladium catalyzed reduction of 1-0-octadecenyl and l-S-hexadecenyl precursors with carri'er-free tritium gas.
Glaciotectonic effects on a Middle‐Wisconsin boreal fenland peat in Michigan, USA

A variety of glaciotectonic structueres are associated with a distinctive Middle- Wisconsin organic formation that is exposed at thirteen places along Michigan's Pine River. The carbonaceous material, with a 14C age of about 46,000 years BP, accumulated in an extensive, weakly geogenous, oligotrophic fen that was buried by sand before being deformed. Numerous faults and folds, the latter with observed amplitudes that may exceed 5 m, have a consistent sense of easterly structural vergence indicating glacial movement from the west. Gelogic relationships here and generally accepted regional chronology indicate that deformation was produced by Late Wisconsin ice that flowed from the Lake Michigan basin. This unequivocal marker bed provides detailed information on the topography, environment, and climate associated with an ice-free Middle-wisconsin landscape. Equally important and unprecedented for the area, it is an especially precise measure of multiple glaciotectonic effects upon an incompetent Pleistocene organic formation of considerable extent.