cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations on the biosynthesis of [alpha]-eleostearic and vernolic acids and the accumulation of petroselinic acid in somatic carrot embryos

2-Phenylethyl esters of fatty acids were prepared readily by esterification of free fatty acids or transesterification of other lipids. Compared with methyl esters, phenylethyl esters greatly improve the resolution of oleate and petroselinate by both gas and high performance liquid chromatography, and the ultraviolet absorption of the phenylethyl esters facilitates detection of the derivatives by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ultraviolet detectors. The fatty acid compositions of com and soybean oil obtained by analysis of phenylethyl esters agreed with those obtained with methyl esters. The phenylethyl esters were resolved and eluted on C-18 HPLC columns with much smaller solvent volumes than those reported for other aromatic esters. ^Reprinted with permission from J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 72:749-751 (1995). Copyright © 1995. ^Graduate student and Professor, respectively. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Center For Crops Utilization Research. ^Author for correspondence. 18
Business model innovations for deploying distributed generation: The emerging landscape of community solar in the U.S.

Abstract Increasing penetration of residential photovoltaic (PV) systems has intensified concerns over the related impacts on utility revenue and the equity of deployment subsidies. Community solar (CS) has surfaced as an alternative deployment model for PV that could potentially mitigate these concerns, while integrating distributed solar PV. Given the potential that CS holds in stabilizing the customer-utility relationship amid deeper penetration of distributed solar, in this paper we combine four complementary datasets to analyze how policy, regulatory, and market factors impact the deployment of CS. Specifically, we present a detailed assessment of CS deployment in the United States, including pertinent insights relating to nameplate capacity, billing models, propensities of off-taker utilities to adopt different types of CS, and local market and policy drivers. We find that accounting for both underlying demand and policy/regulatory conditions is essential for understanding the nuanced connections between utility strategy and CS adoption. A particularly interesting finding, stemming consistently across the multiple data streams we analyze, is that utilities are motivated to develop CS not only to satisfy consumer demand or regulatory requirements for renewable energy, but also to alleviate revenue losses related to residential solar PV.
Phosphorylation of DARPP-32 and protein phosphatase inhibitor-1 in rat choroid plexus: regulation by factors other than dopamine

The molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of fluid production by secretory epithelia such as the choroid plexus are poorly understood. Two cAMP-regulated inhibitors of protein phosphatase-1, inhibitor-1 (I1) and a dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, M(r) = 32,000 (DARPP-32), are enriched in the choroid plexus. We show here that these two phosphoproteins are colocalized in choroid plexus epithelial cells. We have developed a novel method for studying the phosphorylation state of DARPP-32 and I1 in intact cells, using a phosphorylation state-specific monoclonal antibody. Several drugs and hormones that are known to alter fluid secretion and that increase cAMP levels (forskolin, isoproterenol, vasoactive intestinal peptide) or cGMP levels (atrial natriuretic peptide) or that may use additional second messenger pathways (5-HT), increase the phosphorylation of I1 and DARPP-32 in rat choroid plexus. In contrast, dopamine does not alter cAMP and cGMP levels, or I1 and DARPP-32 phosphorylation. Our results indicate that DARPP-32, known to be regulated by dopamine in a number of tissues, can be phosphorylated in response to non-dopaminergic factors, including hormones acting through non-cAMP-dependent pathways. Our results also raise the possibility that inhibition of phosphatase-1, as a result of I1 and DARPP-32 phosphorylation, might be part of a final common pathway in the action of several factors that are known or thought to alter cerebrospinal fluid production.
Survival with stage D bladder carcinoma: Surgical improvement*

Abstract To our knowledge we report the first three-year survivor of Stage D 2 bladder carcinoma. A patient with metastases to several lymph nodes within the pelvis and to a node near the left renal vein was treated with radical cystectomy and abdominal retroperitoneal node dissection.
Role of c-MYC in normal intestinal development and tumorigenesis in the ApcMin/+ mouse

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 1982 The c-Myc oncogene plays an important role in tumorigenesis and is commonly activated in gastrointestinal cancers. In human colon tumor cells, c-Myc is regulated by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene, which is mutated or deleted in humans with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). The ApcMin/+ (Min) mice are a model of FAP and are heterozygous for a truncating Apc mutation. We have developed a mouse model for studying the role of c-myc in the mutant APC-mediated colon tumorigenesis. Mice harboring a transgene containing the Cre recombinase under the control of transcriptional regulatory elements from a fatty acid-binding protein gene ( Fabp 4×at132) were crossed with mice homozygous for the c-mycflox allele. Progeny were then interbred to initiate the deletion of loxP flanked c-myc sequences in rapidly self-renewing mouse small intestinal and colonic epithelium. Cre expression and recombination in the transgenic c-myc null mouse ( Fabp 4×at 132 Cre transgenic mice x c-myc null) resulted in mosaic loss of the expression of the c-myc protein in ileum, cecum and colon tissues, in which the Fabp4×at 132 promoter is active. Conditional c-myc null mice exhibited underdeveloped intestinal crypts and villous atrophy. The results of recombination were evaluated microscopically using methylene-blue stained whole-mount preparations and were confirmed by morphology in H&E stained sections and by immunohistochemical analysis using c-MYC antibody. We crossed the Fabp4×at 132Cre c-myc null mouse to ApcMin/+ and then to their progeny - to create the ApcMin/+ mouse with intestinal specific knockout of the c-myc oncogene ( ApcMin/+ c-myc null). The compound ApcMin/+ c-myc null mouse was used to evaluate the effect of colon-specific c-myc knockout on the ApcMin/+ phenotype. We observed a relative reduction in the tumor number in the small intestine in ApcMin/+ c-myc conditional knockout mice compared to control ApcMin/+ mice. These data demonstrate that c-Myc is essential for normal development of intestinal epithelia and impacts either directly or indirectly Apc-dependent intestinal tumorigenesis in mice.
Effects of prior cocaine self-administration on cognitive performance in female cynomolgus monkeys.

Cocaine use has been associated with cognitive impairments that may contribute to poor treatment outcomes. However, the degree to which these deficits extend into periods of abstinence has not been completely elucidated. This study tested whether prior experience self-administering cocaine affected acquisition of two cognitive tasks in 16 adult female cynomolgus monkeys. Seven monkeys had previously self-administered cocaine but had not had access to cocaine for 2 months at the start of this study. After monkeys were trained to respond on a touchscreen, associative learning and behavioral flexibility were assessed using a stimulus discrimination (SD) and reversal (SDR) task from the CANTAB battery. Performance on this task was monitored over the subsequent 3 months. Additionally, working memory was assessed with a delayed match-to-sample (DMS) task. Cocaine-naive monkeys required fewer total trials and made fewer errors and omissions before acquiring the SD and SDR tasks compared with monkeys who had previously self-administered cocaine; two monkeys in the latter group did not acquire the task. However, this cognitive impairment dissipated over several months of exposure to the task. The number of sessions for touch training and delays required to establish a performance-based curve on the DMS task did not differ between groups. Results suggest that cocaine exposure can impair the ability to learn a novel task requiring behavioral inhibition and flexibility, even after an extended period of abstinence. However, this deficit did not extend to maintenance of the task or to acquisition of a working memory task.
Development of a string level fault detection system for solar tracking applications

Monitoring systems with high precision and high reliability are of great importance in the interest of harnessing solar power with ever increasing power outputs and efficiencies. These monitoring systems can effectively be used to detect faults at the string level, that is to say, before the strings are combined and fed into the inverter. At the Virginia Institute of Photovoltaics (VIPv), we have developed a new method for string level monitoring and fault detection for photovoltaic tracking systems. The design, fabrication and testing results are presented.
Interacting double poroelastic inclusions

Abstract In this paper, we provide Eshelby solution for applied stress and strain distribution around double inhomogeneous poroelastic inclusions due to pore pressure changes in inclusions. To address the problem, we modified an approximate analytical approach (Moschovidis and Mura, 1975) for poroelastic inclusions. Inhomogeneous Inclusions are finite sub-volumes of a medium, which are made of different materials and may experience different strain status at the same time. This method could have a wide range of applications from rock mechanics problems to tissue mechanics. An application of this model in analyzing earth stress changes around hydrocarbon reservoirs due to fluid withdrawal/injection is discussed at the end of the paper.
Quantalization of Continuous Data for Benchmark Dose Estimation

Abstract Benchmark doses corresponding to low levels of noncancer disease risk have been proposed to replace the no-observed-adverse-effect level for establishing allowable daily intakes or reference doses. For quantal data each animal is classified with or without a disease. The proportion of animals with an adverse effect (risk) is observed as a function of dose of a toxic substance. The calculation of a benchmark dose is relatively straightforward. For continuous data a somewhat more complicated designation of risk is required. Because of the more direct procedures with quantal data, consideration could be given to converting continuous data to quantal data before estimating benchmark doses. The purpose of this paper is to compare the precision of the two approaches (use of continuous or quantalized data) for a number of sublinear dose–response curves ranging from low to high probabilities of risk at the highest dose. In these studies, five animals per dose were generally satisfactory to estimate the benchmark dose for continuous data, whereas the corresponding quantalized data generally do not perform as well even with 10 to 20 animals per dose. For quantalized data, the lower 95% confidence limits on the estimates of the benchmark dose were generally a factor of 3 to 4 below the true benchmark dose, whereas the confidence limits using the continuous data were generally within a factor of 2 of the true benchmark dose. Although the use of quantalized data for the estimation of risk is more direct, estimates of benchmark doses using the continuous data were more precise. Based on this study, converting continuous data to quantal data is not recommended.
Human HOXB Cluster and the Nerve Growth Factor Receptor Gene: Comparison with an Orthologous Chromosomal Domain in Mouse

The structural organization and nucleotide sequence similarity of mammalian Antennapedia-class homeobox genes support the view that the four homeobox clusters (HOXA, B, C, and D on human chromosomes 7, 17, 12, and 2, respectively) arose through a combination of gene duplication and divergence to form a cluster, followed by several cluster duplications. The duplication events that gave rise to the four clusters appear to have involved chromosomal domains extending well beyond the borders of the clusters in either direction. This evidence arises from the observation that many genes closely linked to the homeobox clusters on different chromosomes show sequence similarity. Here, we present a continuation of physical mapping studies to determine the extent and organization of the duplicated regions surrounding the four homeobox clusters in human. Southern blots prepared from pulsed-field gels of human DNA were probed with cloned segments of human HOXB genes and the nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) gene on chromosome 17q21-q22. Restriction enzyme analysis revealed the close physical linkage of these genes within 100 kb. Two yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), 220 and 380 kb in size, were isolated using oligonucleotide primers specific for NGFR. Both YACs contained the entire HOXB cluster. Restriction mapping of the clones indicated that the distance separating these loci could not be greater than 50 kb. This result confirms and extends previous information on the proximity of these genes as determined by genetic linkage analysis and closely parallels the orthologous loci in the mouse.
Filament winding process models

Abstract Models are described which simulated the filament winding of thermosetting and thermoplastic matrix composite cylinders. The models relate the processing conditions (applied temperature, pressure and processing speed) to parameters of interest such as composite temperature, viscosity, manufacturing stresses and strains, void sizes, as well as degrees of cure, fiber position and fiber tension for thermosets, and crystallinity, degrees of consolidation and bonding for thermoplastics. The use of models in selecting the appropriate processing conditions is discussed.
Formin-1 protein associates with microtubules through a peptide domain encoded by exon-2

Formin family proteins coordinate actin filaments and microtubules. The mechanisms by which formins bind and regulate the actin cytoskeleton have recently been well defined. However, the molecular mechanism by which formins coordinate actin filaments and microtubules remains poorly understood. We demonstrate here that Isoform-Ib of the Formin-1 protein (Fmn1-Ib) binds to microtubules via a protein domain that is physically separated from the known actin-binding domains. When expressed at low levels in NIH3T3 fibroblasts, Fmn1-Ib protein localizes to cytoplasmic filaments that nocodazole disruption confirmed as interphase microtubules. A series of progressive mutants of Fmn1-Ib demonstrated that deletion of exon-2 caused dissociation from microtubules and a stronger association with actin membrane ruffles. The exon-2-encoded peptide binds purified tubulin in vitro and is also sufficient to localize GFP to microtubules. Exon-2 does not contain any known formin homology domains. Deletion of exon 5, 7, 8, the FH1 domain or FH2 domain did not affect microtubule binding. Thus, our results indicate that exon-2 of Fmn1-Ib encodes a novel microtubule-binding peptide. Since formin proteins associate with actin filaments through the FH1 and FH2 domains, binding to interphase microtubules through this exon-2-encoded domain provides a novel mechanism by which Fmn1-Ib could coordinate actin filaments and microtubules.
The Effects of Pressure on the Intramolecular Proton Transfer and Charge Transfer of 4‘-N-Dimethylamino-3-hydroxyflavone†

We report the effect of pressure on the intramolecular proton transfer and charge transfer of 4‘-N-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxyflavone(I) in five polymeric solvents (PAA, CAC, PAN, PMMA, and PVCl). Th...
Liver dysfunction by model for end-stage liver disease score improves mortality prediction in injured patients with cirrhosis.

Background:Cirrhosis is associated with poor outcomes in the trauma setting. We aimed to evaluate the utility of Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) in assessing additional mortality risk in trauma patients with cirrhosis.Methods:Injured patients with liver dysfunction were identified by hospit
Interactions of ecdysteroid and juvenoid agonists in Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)

The influence of non-steroidal ecdysteroid agonists on Indianmeal moth larvae was assessed by rearing last instar larvae on diet treated with RH-5992 (tebufenozide) or RH-2485 (methoxyfenozide). Larvae were monitored for effects of the ecdysteroid agonists on weight, metamorphosis and mortality. Larvae treated with either of the ecdysteroid agonists at a concentration of 5 ppm or higher gained less weight and had greater mortality than did larvae reared on control diet. For example, the weights of control larvae increased approximately 400% by day 2, compared with only a 50% increase in weight when the larvae were treated with 25 ppm of RH-2485 or RH-5992. Similarly, mortality in control larvae was less than 10%, but was as much as 90–100% in larvae reared on diet treated with one of the ecdysteroid agonists. We also examined the effects of simultaneous treatment with a juvenile hormone (JH) mimic, either methoprene or fenoxycarb. The JH mimics prevented adult emergence, and the larvae continued to feed throughout the month-long observation period. However, larvae treated with a juvenile hormone mimic gained weight despite the presence of an ecdysteroid agonist in the diet. On diets treated with 0.1 ppm of RH-2485 or RH-5992, JH-treated larvae gained even more weight than did untreated controls. Interestingly, although the addition of a JH mimic to ecdysteroid-treated diet resulted in increased weight, it did not lead to reduced mortality. In fact, combinations of a JH mimic with 10 ppm RH 2485 or RH 5992 resulted in nearly 100% mortality compared with 40–70% mortality without the JH compounds. These results indicate that JH mimics overcome the inhibitory effects of ecdysteroid agonists on weight gain; however, they also resulted in increased mortality compared with moderate doses of ecdysteroid agonists alone. One specific action of these compounds at the cellular level was noted in that RH 5992 mimicked ecdysteroids by increasing uptake of 14C-GlcNAc in a Plodia interpunctella cell line, while fenoxycarb was inhibitory. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 38:91–99, 1998. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Investigation Of The Nb-Rich Phase Boundary Of LiNbO3

Changes in the point defect concentrations have been studied using Debye-Scherrer x-ray powder diffraction on samples equilibrated in various environments. The data have been integrated with information from the literature to derive an enthalpy of oxidation and an enthalpy of solution for LiNb3 08 into LiNb03 .
Feeding interactions of infants with unrepaired cleft lip and/or palate

Abstract Previous research on feeding infants with craniofacial anomalies, for example, cleft lip and palate or cleft palate only, has focused almost exclusively on feeding techniques. Little is known about the quality of the mother-infant interaction during such feedings and whether these interactions differ from those of dyads with nonimpaired infants. Three groups of bottle-fed 3- month-old infants (15 with unrepaired cleft lip and palate, 19 with unrepaired cleft palate only, and 17 nonimpaired) were assessed with the Nursing Child Assessment of Feeding Scale (NCAFS). Mothers in the cleft lip and palate group received significantly lower sensitivity scores than mother in the cleft palate only and nonimpaired groups. On scales measuring other dimensions of material feeding behavior (e.g., social-emotional growth fostering), the groups did not differ. Infants in both cleft groups were rated lower than the nonimpaired infants on a scale pertaining to the clarity of their feeding cues. Infants in both cleft groups were also less likely than nonimpaired infants to smile or laugh during feedings. Regression analyses indicated that family socioeconomic status, infant temperament, and social support contributed significant proportions of variance in maternal, but not infant, feeding scores.
Mast cells in canine cutaneous hemangioma, hemangiosarcoma and mammary tumors.

Mast cell count (MCC) in 45 dogs with cutaneous hemangioma (HA, n = 12), hemangiosarcoma (HSA, n = 12), mammary adenoma (AD, n = 9) and mammary adenocarcinoma (AC, n = 12) was made using Toluidine blue stained sections. Antibodies against endothelial cell markers, Factor VIII and VEGF were used to visualize and determine the hot spot micro-vessel density (MVD). Total MCC and MCC along the invasive edges were significantly higher (p 0.05), in HSAs (8.6 +/- 3.3) than in HAs (5.5 +/- 2.8). There is a positive correlation (r = 0.14) between the hot spot MCC and MVD in mammary AC, although not significant (p = 0.3172), indicating that mast cells are associated with angiogenesis in canine mammary AC. This study suggests that mast cells may play an important role in neovascularization of canine cutaneous vascular and mammary neoplasms. Detailed studies encompassing correlation of MCC and MVD with clinical outcomes and prognosis in these neoplasms are recommended.
Conformational flexibility in DNA: Ion mediated interactions and the shape of genes

Abstract Forces external to the double helix are at least as important as its internal structure in determining its geometry. Local interactions among the bases, hydrogen bonding in the primary shell, and collective (‘hydrophobic’ and ‘hydration force’) interactions probably dominate local structure, while many-body interactions in the diffuse ion cloud determine the overall conformation. In the condensed state, ion-mediated interactions between neighboring molecules dominate the conformational stability. The wide range of structural variation, and its control by external interactions, can be visualized with a tunneling microscope operated in water.
This Bittersweet Soil: The Chinese in California Agriculture, 1860-1910

Based on prodigious research, this book chronicles the activities of the thousands of Chinese agricultural pioneers and entrepreneurs who helped make California the nation's premier agricultural state.
Intraparotid facial nerve neurofibromas.

Objectives: To provide an awareness of intraparotid facial nerve neurofibroma as a cause of parotid masses and to describe their characteristics and management considerations. Study Design: Case report with literature review. Methods: The medical records of three patients with intraparotid facial nerve neurofibromas are reviewed, and data concerning the patient's presentations, treatment, and disease course are presented with a review of the world's literature on intraparotid facial nerve neurofibromas. Conclusions: Tumors arising from the extratemporal course of the facial nerve are quite rare. The tumors arise from Schwann cells and include the schwannoma and the neurofibroma. The overwhelming benign nature of these lesions necessitates a conservative course of treatment. Histological diagnosis should be followed by a limited tumor excision with emphasis on retaining normal facial nerve function. Malignant lesions require wide excision with facial nerve grafting or facial nerve reanimation.
Fundamental properties of the delivery of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) to static patient anatomy

Purpose: The primary goal of this article is to formulate volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) delivery problem and study interdependence between several parameters (beam dose rate, gantry angular speed, and MLC leaf speed) in the delivery of VMAT treatment plan. The secondary aim is to provide deliverysolution and prove optimality (minimal beam on time) of the solution. An additional goal of this study is to investigate alternative delivery approaches to VMAT (like constant beam dose rate and constant gantry angular speed delivery). Method: The problem of the VMAT delivery is formulated as a control problem with machine constraints. The relationships between parameters of arc therapy delivery are derived under the constraint of treatment plan invariance and limitations on delivery parameters. The nonuniqueness of arc therapy deliverysolutions is revealed from these relations. The most efficient delivery of arc therapy is then formulated as optimal control problem and solved by geometrical methods. A computer program is developed to find numerical solutions for deliveries of specific VMAT plan. Results: Explicit examples of VMAT plan deliveries are computed and illustrated with graphical representations of the variability of delivery parameters. Comparison of delivery parameters with that of Varian’s delivery are shown and discussed. Alternative delivery strategies such as constant gantry angular speed delivery and constant beam dose rate delivery are formulated and solutions are provided. The treatment times for all the deliverysolutions are provided. Conclusion: The investigations derive and prove time optimal VMAT deliveries. The relationships between delivery parameters are determined. The optimal alternative delivery strategies are discussed.
Computing Morse-Smale Complexes with Accurate Geometry

Topological techniques have proven highly successful in analyzing and visualizing scientific data. As a result, significant efforts have been made to compute structures like the Morse-Smale complex as robustly and efficiently as possible. However, the resulting algorithms, while topologically consistent, often produce incorrect connectivity as well as poor geometry. These problems may compromise or even invalidate any subsequent analysis. Moreover, such techniques may fail to improve even when the resolution of the domain mesh is increased, thus producing potentially incorrect results even for highly resolved functions. To address these problems we introduce two new algorithms: (i) a randomized algorithm to compute the discrete gradient of a scalar field that converges under refinement; and (ii) a deterministic variant which directly computes accurate geometry and thus correct connectivity of the MS complex. The first algorithm converges in the sense that on average it produces the correct result and its standard deviation approaches zero with increasing mesh resolution. The second algorithm uses two ordered traversals of the function to integrate the probabilities of the first to extract correct (near optimal) geometry and connectivity. We present an extensive empirical study using both synthetic and real-world data and demonstrates the advantages of our algorithms in comparison with several popular approaches.
THE INSTITUTE OF NAVIGATION

society, the Institute of Navigation, devoted to the advancement of the science of navigation on the sea and in the air. Those in attendance who became charter members of the organization include outstanding representatives of many fields associated with navigation. Meteorologists, cartographers, the Army Air Forces, the Nautical Almanac Office, the astronomical observatories, the United States Power Squadron, the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Hydrographie Office of the Navy, the Navy Air Corps, the aircraft manufacturers, the manufacturers of navigational instruments, the commercial airlines, and writers on and teachers of navigation were all liberally represented in the roster. The representatives of the observatories were : Dr. Seth B. Nicholson, Dr. R. S. Richardson, and Mrs. Elizabeth S. Mulders, Mount Wilson Observatory; Dr. G. F. W. Mulders, Occidental College; G. M. Clemence, United States Naval Observatory; Dr. C. H. Cleminshaw, Griffith Observatory; Dr. Charles H. Smiley, Ladd Observatory, Brown University ; Dr. F. J. Neubauer, Lick Observatory ; and Dr. Samuel Herrick.
The Globalization of Service Multinationals in the “Triad” Regions: Japan, Western Europe and North America

In this study we empirically investigate the determinants of foreign direct investment of service multinationals based in the “triad” regions: Japan, Western Europe and North America. Foreign investment decisions of 168 of the largest service firms in nine service industries over the period 1976–1986 are analyzed and hypotheses that are developed based on findings of manufacturing FDI and studies of single service industries are tested using a logistic regression model. The applicability of the MNE-FDI theories to service MNEs is tested empirically over a broad range of MNE home countries and service industries. Differences in the international behavior of service MNEs based in different countries are uncovered and analyzed.
Bovine plasma progesterone levels at programmed circadian temperatures of 17 to 21°C and 21 to 34°C

Abstract Eight Angus heifers were subjected to control ambient temperatures (diurnal variation of 17 to 21°C) and experimental ambient temperatures (diurnal variation of 21 to 34°C). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in progesterone levels between the two environmental regimes or blood samples collected at 0800 and 1600 hr.
Comparative Analyses of Pretest-Posttest Research Designs

Abstract Two common methods of analyzing data from a two-group pretest-posttest research design are (a) two-sample t test on the difference score between pretest and posttest and (b) repeated-measures/split-plot analysis of variance. The repeated-measures/split-plot analysis subsumes the t test analysis, although the former requires more assumptions to be satisfied. A numerical example is given to illustrate some of the equivalences of the two methods of analysis. The investigator should choose the method of analysis based on the research objective(s).
PHOTOREDUCTION OF ZINC PORPHIN BY ASCORBIC ACID

— Zinc porphin is photoreduced to zinc chlorin through an intermediate dihydroporphin (PH2) by ascorbic acid in ethanol containing 1% to 10% (v/v) piperidine. Under the same conditions zinc chlorin is more slowly photoreduced to zinc tetrahydroporphin. The reactions leading to chlorin are photosensitized by the product chlorin and so are autocatalytic in red light. Quantum yields for these reactions range up to 0.05.Other aliphatic amines catalyze these reactions, but at rates peculiar to the amine. The immediate product of reduction of zinc porphin, PH2, is distinguished by an intense band at 437 nm; it reverts to porphin in the dark in the presence of oxygen or dehydroascorbic acid. Its conversion to chlorin is effected by light absorbed by porphin or chlorin, but not by light absorbed by PH2 itself. A suggested structure for PH2, compatible with the observed reactions, has added hydrogens on one bridge carbon and one β-pyrrole carbon. The possibility of an analogy between these reactions and the biochemical conversion of protochlorophyll to chlorophyll is discussed.
TUMOROUS NODULES ON THE LOWER EXTREMITIES

REPORT OF A CASE A 65-year-old man was admitted for surgical excision of extensive cutaneous tumors on the lower extremities, the ninth such operation in 10 years. Indications for surgery included local bleeding from minimal trauma, limitation of motion, and cosmetic disfigurement. Recent medical issues had included chronic intermittent crampy abdominal pain, particularly precipitated by alcohol; episodic flushing, warmth, and palpitations; a history of anaphylaxis associated with the ingestion of aspirin; and gradual weight loss of approximately 11.25 kg (25 lbs) over the preceding 10 years. On examination, the patient was an emaciated elderly man in good spirits. Both lower extremities were covered with spongy, friable, purple-red nodules up to 5 cm in diameter, sparing only the patella region and the soles of the feet (Fig 1). The trunk and upper extremities revealed smaller nodules and reddish-brown plaques (Fig 2) as well as areas of macular telangiectasia (Fig 3).
Meromorphic solutions of generalized inviscid Burgers' equations and a family of quadratic PDEs

Abstract Meromorphic solutions of generalized inviscid Burgers' equations in C 2 are characterized. The results are employed to characterize meromorphic solutions of the partial differential equation P ( u x , u y ) = 0 , where P is the general irreducible quadratic polynomial in C 2 .
Antiarrhythmic effects of the quaternary propranolol analog that does not induce beta-adrenergic blockade.

Pranolium chloride (dimethylpropranolol chloride) is a nonbeta blocking quaternary ammonium that has structural similarities to propranolol and bretylium that exerts antiarrhythmic effects in animals. In initial studies, eight patients with chronic ventricular arrhythmias were given gradually increasing intravenous doses of pranolium (up to 3 mg/kg) obtaining plasma concentrations up to 7 μg/ml without change in pulse, blood pressure, or arrhythmia frequency. We therefore evaluated the response to pranolium in seven similar patients at doses up to 10 mg/kg as an infusion of 100 μg/kg/min over 40 to 100 min. At plasma concentrations of 4.7 to 12.2 μg/ml, there was suppression of ventricular ectopic depolarizations (>90%) in three subjects and in two others there was partial suppression (49% and 82%). Arrhythmia frequency was unchanged in two. At plasma concentrations of 4.1 to 17.2 μg/ml four subjects developed nausea (two of these also vomited) and two experienced perioral numbness. There was no change in sinus heart rate, supine or standing blood pressure, venous reflex response (adrenergic reflex venoconstriction), or ECG intervals in any subject. Pranolium appeared to have antiarrhythmic efficacy in five of seven subjects, without evidence of beta-adrenergic blockade or interference with sympathetic neuron function known to occur with its congeners, propranolol and bretylium. There is a narrow margin between pranolium efficacy and toxicity. It may, however, be a prototype for antiarrhythmic drugs that do not exert undesirable effects on the adrenergic nervous system. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 32, 33–40; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.123
Chapter 7. Situating Sardinia's Giants' Tombs in Their Spatial, Social, and Temporal Contexts

The positioning of Sardinia's Bronze Age tombs was as carefully planned as their design. Working from that premise, this chapter analyzes the spatial patterning of these tombs in relation to contemporary settlements, for insights into the tombs' function. Standard interpretations of the tombs' purpose are weighed against the spatial data and artifactual evidence, and are discarded. A more nuanced picture of the tombs' role in Nuragic society emerges, one that downplays their mortuary and cosmological importance and emphasizes instead their practical significance as spaces of community gatherings, whether secular or sacred. This role would have been both manifest in and reaffirmed by these spatial arrangements.
How public relations executives perceive and measure the impact of social media in their organizations

Abstract Decisions about social media in organizations are not made lightly. Corporate executives are faced with an ever changing and in many cases, uncontrollable opportunity with social media. This study provides insights obtained from 25 interviews with communication and public relations executives to identify their opinions about what drives social media in organizations, what challenges they face, and what questions they have about social media and its measurement.
Nonperturbative N-point functions from the gaussian effective action and renormalization of λφ4

Abstract Recently, a covariant variational approach was developed to obtain a class of lower-bound approximations to Γ 1PI , the generating functional of one-particle irreducible graphs. The gaussian effective action (GEA) emerged in this context as a natural lower-bound to Γ 1PI . In this letter we renormalize the GEA, applying a scheme suggested by Consoli, based on the background field method. The renormalized GEA seems to indicate that, although SSB occurs, the shifted theory is free-as found by Consoli in a RG analysis of the effective potential. However, a functional expansion of the shifted GEA, involving the n -point functions, suggests that the particles of the theory are also massless.
A brief history of error

The spindle checkpoint monitors chromosome alignment on the mitotic and meiotic spindle. When the checkpoint detects errors, it arrests progress of the cell cycle while it attempts to correct the mistakes. This perspective will present a brief history summarizing what we know about the checkpoint, and a list of questions we must answer before we understand it.
Comment on the configuration space diffusion criterion for optimization of the force bias Monte Carlo method

Abstract The parameters which optimize the forced bias Monte Carlo scheme for calculating the structure of liquids are tested for transferabilily from system to system. A rule of thumb for selecting forced bias parameters for such calculations is proposed.
Water vapor and cloud feedback over the tropical oceans: Can we use ENSO as a surrogate for climate change?

Based on experiments with the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) global climate model, we find that the basic patterns of anomalous water vapor greenhouse effect and cloud radiative forcing during ENSO are primarily determined by the basin-wide dynamical response to large scale sea surface temperature (SST) forcing. There is no supergreenhouse effect in the sense of unstable interaction due to local thermodynamics and water vapor radiative feedback on interannual time scales. About 80% of the clear sky water vapor greenhouse sensitivity to SST deduced from ENSO anomalies are due to the transport of water vapor by the large scale circulation. The sensitivity of water vapor greenhouse effect to SST due to radiative feedback is found to be about 1.8 Wm -2 /°C, much smaller than the values of 6-9 Wm -2 /°C previously estimated from satellite observations from ENSO conditions. Our results show that regionally based interannual variability should not be used to infer radiative feedback sensitivity for climate change unless proper corrections are made for the effect of the large scale circulation.
Empowering Young Children for Success in School and in Life

This article describes the power of goal-setting in order to help children become self-motivated and responsible for their actions. It also provides a road-map for a successful process by describing the following strategies: changing negative thoughts into positives, creating affirmations, designing action plans and utilizing visualization. This process enables both educators and parents to enhance children’s social/emotional development which is essential for their success in school and later on in life.
Monotonicity and bistability of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-phosphatase activation

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is thought to be a key contributor to the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP). Researchers have developed a variety of mathematical models of CaMKII activation intended to produce simulation output that agrees with empirical observations. This paper focuses on one such model to which recent theoretical results for input-output monotone systems are applied. Several key findings in the literature are reproduced using simple algebraic computations as opposed to exhaustive, simulation-based analysis. In particular, it is confirmed that bistability exists over a range of calcium concentrations that nominally includes the intracellular resting level and switching between high activation and low activation states is described by a hysteresis curve.
Morphological studies of binary homopolymer/block copolymer blends: effect of molecular weight

Abstract Morphological investigations of solvent-cast polymer blend films, containing dilute dispersions of poly(methyl methacrylate-block-styrene) (PMMA-b-PS) in a matrix of either poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) are described. PMMA and PVC species having molecular weights ranging from 25 000 to 400 000 and from 120 000 to 500 000, respectively, were blended with PMMA-b-PS copolymers of molecular weight 20 000, 65 000, 283 000, and 680 000 at a composition of 80:20 w/w. The PMMA/PMMA-b-PS blends exhibit a variety of micellar morphologies (viz. spherical, cylindrical, vesicular, and lamellar structures) which can be systematically modified by varying the molecular weight ratio of homopolymer PMMA to block segment PMMA, λ = MH/MA. For blends in which λ ⪡ 1, spherical micelles of uniform size are formed. On increasing λ, the micellar size increases initially, and then a transition from spherical to cylindrical to vesicular and lamellar morphology occurs, provided λ remains less than 1. Further increase of λ to values larger than 1 produces morphologies in which macrophase separation accompanies microphase formation. The PVC/PMMA-b-PS blends exhibit microphase formation, even at λ > 1, due to the strong exothermic interaction between PVC and PMMA. The morphology of this blend system was studied as a function of λ and of the product NχPVC-PS, where χPVC PS is the PVC-PS Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, and N = N PVC N PS /(N PVC 1 2 + N PS 1 2 ) 2 . Macrophase formation is observed when λ ⪢ 1 and also occurs when λ
The anterior deltoid's importance in reverse shoulder arthroplasty: a cadaveric biomechanical study.

Background: Frequently, patients who are candidates for reverse shoulder arthroplasty have had prior surgery that may compromise the anterior deltoid muscle. There have been conflicting reports on the necessity of the anterior deltoid thus it is unclear whether a dysfunctional anterior deltoid muscle is a contraindication to reverse shoulder arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to determine the 3-dimensional (3D) moment arms for all 6 deltoid segments, and determine the biomechanical significance of the anterior deltoid before and after reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Methods: Eight cadaveric shoulders were evaluated with a 6-axis force/torque sensor to assess the direction of rotation and 3D moment arms for all 6 segments of the deltoid both before and after placement of a reverse shoulder prosthesis. The 2 segments of anterior deltoid were unloaded sequentially to determine their functional role. Results: The 3D moment arms of the deltoid were significantly altered by placement of the reverse shoulder prosthesis. The anterior and middle deltoid abduction moment arms significantly increased after placement of the reverse prosthesis (P < .05). Furthermore, the loss of the anterior deltoid resulted in a significant decrease in both abduction and flexion moments (P < .05). Conclusion: The anterior deltoid is important biomechanically for balanced function after a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Losing 1 segment of the anterior deltoid may still allow abduction; however, losing both segments of the anterior deltoid may disrupt balanced abduction. Surgeons should be cautious about performing reverse shoulder arthroplasty in patients who do not have a functioning anterior deltoid muscle. Level of Evidence: Basic Science Study, Biomechanics, Cadaver Model. 2013 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees.
Szilard engine reversibility as quantum gate function

A quantum gate is a logically and thermodynamically reversible situation that effects a unitary transformation of qubits of superimposed information, and essentially constitutes a situation for a reversible quantum decision. A quantum decision is a symmetry break, and the effect of the function of a Szilard engine is a symmetry break. A quantum gate is a situation in which a reversible quantum decision can be made, and so if a logically and thermodynamically reversible Szilard engine can be theoretically constructed then it would function as a quantum gate. While the traditionally theorized Szilard engine is not thermodynamically reversible, if one of the bounding walls of a Szilard engine were to be constructed out of the physical information by which it functions in such a manner as to make that information available to both sides of the wall simultaneously, then such a Szilard engine would be both logically and thermodynamically reversible, and thus capable of function as a quantum gate. A theoretical model of the special case of a reversible Szilard engine functioning as a quantum gate is presented and discussed, and since a quantum decision is made when the shutter of a Szilard engine closes, the coherence of linked reversible Szilard engines should be considered as a state during which all of the shutters of linked Szilard engines are open simultaneously.
Channel Measurement/Modeling for Airport Surface Communications: Mobile and Fixed Platform Results

We provide examples of measurement and modeling results for wireless channel characteristics around airport surface areas. This is done for three settings: two mobile settings and one non-mobile setting, in the 5 GHz Microwave Landing System extension band. New findings, useful for communication system design in this environment, are reported.
Constraints on the origin of the Moon's atmosphere from observations during a lunar eclipse

THE properties of the Moon's rarefied atmosphere, which can be traced through observations of sodium and potassium1-4, provide important insights into the formation and maintenance of atmospheres on other primitive Solar System bodies5-7. The lunar atmosphere is believed to be composed of atoms from the surface rocks and soil, which might have been sputtered by micrometeorites8, by ions in the solar wind9, or by photons10,11. It might also form by the evaporation of atoms from the hot, illuminated surface10,11. Here we report the detection of sodium emission from the Moon's atmosphere during a total lunar eclipse (which occurs when the Moon is full). The sodium atmosphere is considerably more extended at full Moon than expected—it extends to at least nine lunar radii—and its brightness distribution is incompatible with sources involving either solara¤-wind or micrometeorite sputtering. This leaves photon sputtering or thermal desorption as the preferred explanations for the lunar atmosphere, and suggests that sunlight might also be responsible for the transient atmospheres of other primitive bodies (such as Mercury).
A method for characterizing a microprocessor's vulnerability to SEU

A system has been developed that tests microprocessors for single-event upset (SEU) at the specified clock speed and without adding wait or hold states. This system compiles a detailed record of SEU-induced errors and has been used to test the Sandia SA3000 microprocessor and prototypes of its commercial equivalent, the Harris H80C85 at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 88-inch cyclotron facility. Using appropriate test programs and analyzing the resulting upset data, the authors have established the SEU cross section of the major functional elements of the hardened processors. With these cross sections and the estimated duty factors of a 'typical' program, they computed the expected upset rate in a parallel, normally incident, beam as a function of linear energy transfer and measured the rate in several cyclotron beams. Good agreement between the measured and calculated rates was obtained. >
SERUM MANGANESE IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

SummaryChemical determinations of serum manganese in a series of dogs showed an increase following ligation of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. However the rise was no more prompt than that of SGOT and occurred later than ECG changes. Extent of the Mn elevation did not correlate with size of the infarct. No difference in Mn content was observed between normal and infarcted areas of myocardium. In human patients, serum Mn was not always elevated following myocardial infarction and was also increased in other diseases. Normal values for the dogs averaged 3.7 μg%, for the humans, 3.9.