cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
38-Year-Old Woman With Increasing Fatigue and Dyspnea

A 38-year-old woman presented to the emergency department because of increasing fatigue and shortness of breath, worsening during the past 2 months. At the time of presentation, even minimal exertion caused her to become short of breath. She denied chest pain, cough, expectoration, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, recent fevers, or chills. Her medical history was remarkable for a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure 16 years earlier for morbid obesity. Her weight before surgery was approximately 100 kg (220 pounds), but she had lost considerable weight after surgery, with her recent weight being stable at around 57 kg (125 pounds). She had a history of frequent upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and yeast infections since her obesity surgery.
Influence of trace oxygen in low-crossover proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Abstract The determination of hydrogen permeation through a polymer electrolyte membrane is often achieved through electrochemical methods, under the assumption of no oxygen at the working electrode. However, multiple experiments utilizing low hydrogen crossover conditions have shown reduction currents resulting from trace amounts (2–3 ppm) of oxygen. For conventional membranes, hydrogen crossover is sufficient to overwhelm the trace oxygen, such that the hydrogen permeation results are unaffected. For those conditions with low hydrogen crossover, the presence of trace oxygen can become dominant. This is particularly relevant for advanced polymer electrolyte membranes with very low gas permeability. The use of electrochemical techniques to ascertain the hydrogen permeation coefficient for membranes with low gas permeability was found to be significantly influenced by the presence of trace oxygen.
The creative flowering of employee benefits

J .H. Foegen is a p ro fessor of bus iness at W i n o n a Sta te Univers i ty in Winona , Minneso ta . He is the a u t h o r of near ly two h u n d r e d art icles, m o s t l y in the area of indus t r ia l re la t ions . He is a m e m b e r of the A m e r i c a n Socie ty for Pe r sonne l Admin i s t r a t i on , the Indus t r ia l Re la t ions Research Assoc ia t ion , the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Personne l M a n a g e m e n t Assoc ia t ion and the Socie ty for the A d v a n c e m e n t o f Managem e n t . As long as there is such a thing as the human imagination, the field of employee benefits is fertile ground for creative innovation.
Determination of environmental impacts of antimicrobial usage for US Northern Great Plains swine-production facilities: a life-cycle assessment approach

Purpose This study used life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to examine the environmental effects associated with sub-therapeutic tylosin and chlortetracycline (CTC) antimicrobial use within US Northern Great Plains (NGP) swine-production facilities. Antimicrobial feed-additive use is widespread within this industry and is expected to play an integral role within future carbon-management strategies due to its ability to increase feed efficiency and control disease.
Direct Determination of Pure-State Density Matrices. I. Some Simple Introductory Calculations

A method is developed for the semiempirical determination of an electron density in small diatomic molecules. The method involves primarily the electrostatic and virial theorems and empirical potential curve data. The density has been determined, using Slater-type basis functions, for the molecules ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$. Expectation values are calculated and compared to exact or Hartree-Fock values. A theoretical discussion of the semiempirical densities via a natural-orbital analysis is given. These analyses show that (a) the electrostatic and virial theorems are effective when used to determine unknown parameters in a first-order density but that (b) some additional means must be provided to ensure $N$ representability.
Antigenic variation during the developmental cycle of Trypanosoma brucei

During the complex life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei, changes in the exposed surface antigens occur in both the mammalian host and the insect vector (Glossina spp.). These antigenic changes are associated with alterations of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) composition or with the loss of the VSG. In the bloodstream of the mammalian host, trypanosomes successfully evade destruction by the host's immune response by continuously expressing alternative VSGs, at low frequency, which are not destroyed by host antibodies. When ingested by the tsetse fly, the bloodstream trypanosomes rapidly lose their surface coat and surface membrane antigens are exposed which are normally covered in the bloodstream. In the salivary glands of the tsetse fly, the trypanosomes differentiate to the metacyclic stage, which reacquires a surface coat. The antigenic composition of the metacyclics is heterogeneous. The same metacyclic types are expressed regardless of the bloodstream antigenic type ingested by the tsetse fly. In the mammal the metacyclics differentiate to long-slender bloodstream forms but continue to express the metacyclic VSG for at least three days. The next VSGs expressed in the mammalian host appear to be influenced by the antigenic type ingested by the tsetse. The ingested antigenic type is often expressed in the first parasitemia following expression of the metacyclic antigenic types.
Electron spin resonance study of laser induced anaerobic CoIIIC homolysis of C6H5CoIIIBAE in the solid state

Abstract The title compound has been subjected to anaerobic photolysis using He-Ne laser irradiation at wavelength 632.8 nm. Electron spin resonance spectra were recorded at 9.1 and 35.1 GHz frequencies as functions of irradiation time, temperature and crystalline versus solution state, for the purpose of studying the incipient homolysis of the CoC bond. The presence of an exchange coupled Co II -free radical pair was detected in the solid, which is interesting in comparison to the Co II -free radical pairs which have recently been observed and analyzed in coenzyme B 12 systems.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN COMMENSURATE PARAMETRIC AND FORCING EXCITATIONS IN A SYSTEM WITH CLEARANCE

Abstract The steady state forced response of a system with clearance subject to commensurate parametric and external forcing citation is investigated analytically by considering a mechanical oscillator with time-varying stiffness and a dead zone type clearance non-linearity. A generalized multiple term harmonic balance procedure is utilized to find the period- η (ηT) solutions with η ≥1. Interactions between periodically time-varying stiffness and forcing functions are characterized in the primary resonance regimes where solutions are mostly of the 1Ttype. Closed form expressions for impact criteria are derived for 1Tsolutions where possible. The effects of system parameters on ηTsubharmonic resonances are examined and experimental results are included which conclusively demonstrate the existence of subharmonic resonances in geared systems.
Effect of human prolactin administration on gonadotropin and thyrotropin secretion in normal men.

To test the hypothesis that PRL is able to feedback negatively on its own secretion (short-loop feedback) in humans via augmentation of the turnover of tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA), the effects of the administration of purified hPRL on endogenous LH, FSH and TSH were assessed. Purified hPRL, given in an i.v. loading dose of 90 micrograms followed by a continuous infusion of 1.39 micrograms/min to 4 normal male volunteers resulted in a tripling of PRL levels (10.5 +/- 1.9 micrograms/L increasing to 30.9 +/- 3.6 micrograms/L) at the end of 90 min. There were no changes in LH, FSH or TSH levels, however, during or following the infusion. Purified hPRL was also given in 1 and 8 micrograms/kg doses IM to 5 normal male volunteers. Although PRL levels did not rise significantly with the 1 microgram/kg dose, levels almost doubled with the 8 micrograms/kg dose (9.5 +/- 2.2 micrograms/L increasing to 17.4 +/- 1.5 micrograms/L). Again, LH, FSH and TSH levels did not change significantly over the three hour period of sampling with either dose. In conclusion, in this study we found that a 2-3 fold increase of circulating PRL levels maintained for 1.5-3 h exerted no apparent effects on the secretion of endogenous LH, FSH and TSH. This study provides direct evidence against the existence of a short-loop feedback occurring via TIDA activation in humans over this time interval but does not rule out the possibility that such feedback may occur with more prolonged states of hyperprolactinemia or via other mechanisms or the possibility of an effect on the hypothalamic pulse generator.
Prostaglandin E2 Regulates the Nuclear Receptor NR4A2 in Colorectal Cancer

Many lines of research implicate cyclooxygenase 2-derived prostaglandins in tumor growth and metastasis. More specifically, we have shown that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promotes cell proliferation and invasion through transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, initiates immune evasion through induction of decay accelerating factor, and transactivates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, leading to increased polyp size and multiplicity. We continue to identify novel PGE2 target genes in colorectal carcinoma cells and report here that an immediate early gene, nuclear factor NR4A2 (Nurr1), is induced by PGE2 that in turn regulates cell death. Originally described as a critical dopaminergic neuron growth factor receptor, NR4A2 expression is rapidly but transiently induced by PGE2 in a cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent manner. NR4A2 binds to the cognate NBRE response element and enhances transcription of a reporter construct in colorectal carcinoma cells. Furthermore, NR4A2 expression is elevated in Apc-/+ mouse adenomas and its levels were further increased following PGE2 treatment. Human colorectal cancers relative to matched normal mucosa showed increased NR4A2 expression. Although not previously described in epithelial tissues, NR4A2 protein localizes to proliferating crypts of Apc-/+ mouse intestine. Finally, functional studies reveal that PGE2-mediated protection from apoptosis is completely inhibited by a dominant-negative NR4A2 construct. Building on previous reports from our group on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor family of nuclear receptors, these most recent data suggest that NR4A2, a member of another family of nuclear receptors can stimulate progression of colorectal cancer downstream from cyclooxygenase 2-derived PGE2.
The development of classification abilities in culturally disadvantaged children

Culturally disadvantaged children appear to do less well in analyzing categorical relationships than middle class children.
Infrared Spectra of Vitamins, a Schiff Base, and an Amino Acid Chelate in Water

The infrared spectra of some vitamins in water are presented. The spectra of two forms of vitamin B6 are included and that of the Schiff base formed between pyridoxal phosphate and glycine. The spectrum of copper (L-lysine)2 is given as an example of an amino acid chelate compound in water.
Will Work for Copyrights: The Cultural Policy of Anti-piracy Campaigns

No nation can lay claim to greatness or longevity unless it constructs a rostrum from which springs a ‘moral imperative’ which guides the daily conduct of its citizens. (Valenti 2003) Hollywood is ...
Metal-organic frameworks as templates for nanoscale NaAlH4.

Metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) offer an attractive alternative to traditional hard and soft templates for nanocluster synthesis because their ordered crystalline lattice provides a highly controlled and inherently understandable environment. We demonstrate that MOFs are stable hosts for metal hydrides proposed for hydrogen storage and their reactive precursors, providing platform to test recent theoretical predictions that some of these materials can be destabilized with respect to hydrogen desorption by reducing their critical dimension to the nanoscale. With the MOF HKUST-1 as template, we show that NaAlH4 nanoclusters as small as eight formula units can be synthesized. The confinement of these clusters within the MOF pores dramatically accelerates the desorption kinetics, causing decomposition to occur at ∼100 °C lower than bulk NaAlH4. However, using simultaneous thermogravimetric modulated beam mass spectrometry, we also show that the thermal decomposition mechanism of NaAlH4 is complex and may invo...
American historians and European archival theory: the collaboration of J.F. Jameson and Waldo G. Leland

J. Franklin Jameson and Waldo G. Leland remain forever linked in American archival history as the founders, respectively, of the National Archives and the American archival profession. From the immediate post-Revolutionary period until the eve of the First World War, American historians recognized that their nation's early history remained locked in European archives. However, not until the pioneering efforts of Leland, working under supervision of Jameson during the early 20th century, did any of these historical researchers bring to the United States, along with the voluminous copies of archival documents, the emerging tenets of European archival theory. This is the story of the collaboration between Jameson and Leland, and of Leland's efforts to professionalize American archival practice on the basis of European archival theory.
Everything I know about health care I learned in the Pentagon in World War II.

This is a brief autobiographical account by the chief logistical adviser to the surgeon general of the army of his experiences during World War II, when at peak army hospitals had 600,000 patients in bed on one day and used 40,000 physicians, 100,000 nurses, and 600,000 medical corpsmen to care for them. The recapitulation of that experience calls attention to the fragility of hospital planning, the dangers that underemployed physicians will overtreat patients, the advantages of using nurses as patient care managers in hospitals, and the desirability of not operating too close to the margin. These events of World War II also provide background for understanding the origins of three major post-World War II transformations of U.S. medicine, specifically the much-enhanced demand by the American public for access to a much higher level of medical care than that to which they had earlier been accustomed; the greatly enlarged expenditures of the federal government for basic biomedical research, which derived momentum from the success of research during World War II; and the victory of specialism that captured U.S. medical education and treatment.
An Analysis of the Conditional Instability of the Tropical Atmosphere

Abstract The ice phase is included in thermodynamic calculations of convective available potential energy (CAPE) for a large number of soundings in the tropical atmosphere, at both land and ocean stations. It is found that the positive-buoyancy contribution to CAPE resulting from the latent heat of fusion more than offsets the negative-buoyancy contribution due to water loading in the reversible thermodynamic process. The departure from moist neutrality in much of the tropical atmosphere exhibits a threshold in boundary-layer wet-bulb potential temperature of 22°–23°C. The corresponding sea surface temperature is approximately 26°C, close to the empirical threshold for hurricane formation, which suggests that conditional instability plays an important role in the latter phenomenon. The simultaneous presence of finite CAPE and infrequent deep convection in the tropics is tentatively attributed to the convective inhibition energy (CINE) and to the mixing process that destroys positive buoyancy in incipient ...
Geocoding police collision report data from California: a comprehensive approach

Background Collision geocoding is the process of assigning geographic descriptors, usually latitude and longitude coordinates, to a traffic collision record. On California police reports, relative collision location is recorded using a highway postmile marker or a street intersection. The objective of this study was to create a geocoded database of all police-reported, fatal and severe injury collisions in the California Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System (SWITRS) for years 1997-2006 for use by public agencies.
Why Did Passion Wane? A Qualitative Study of Married Women's Attributions for Declines in Sexual Desire

The high prevalence of sexual desire complaints in women have led a number of researchers and theorists to argue for a reconceptualization of female sexual desire that deemphasizes the drive model and places more focus on relational factors. Lacking in this effort has been a critical mass of qualitative research that asks women to report on their causal attributions for low desire. In this study, the authors conducted open-ended interviews with 19 married women who had lost desire in their marriage and asked what causal attributions they made for their loss of sexual desire and what barriers they perceived to be blocking its reinstatement. Three core themes emerged from the data, all of which represented forces dragging down on sexual desire in the present sample: (a) institutionalization of the relationship, (b) over-familiarity, and (c) the de-sexualization of roles in these relationships. Interpersonal and intrapersonal sexual dynamics featured more prominently than did relationship problems in women's attributions. The authors discuss the results in terms of clinical implications in the psychosocial component of treatment for hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
Abstract 106: A requirement for FADD and its phosphorylation for KRAS-driven oncogenesis

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Lung cancer accounts for 27% of all cancer deaths worldwide. 80% of these deaths are due to a specific subtype Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Almost half of all NSCLC patients carry gatekeeper mutations in the EGFR/KRAS pathway. Although KRAS mutations are the most prevalent mutations in human cancers, therapies targeting KRAS have fallen short. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been successful in NSCLC patients with mutant or amplified EGFR, however resistance to these inhibitors is common. Thus therapies targeting mutant KRAS or its downstream effectors are desperately needed for the treatment of NSCLC. FAS Associated Death Domain (FADD) is a well characterized adaptor protein involved in death receptor mediated apoptosis, but more recently has been implicated in the regulation of other cellular functions such as cell cycle and proliferation. Increasing evidence suggests that it is FADD's phosphorylated state which regulates these non-apoptotic signaling pathways. We and others have previously identified phosphorylated FADD as a predictor of aggressiveness and clinical stage in lung and head and neck cancer patients, respectively. Using non-invasive bioluminescence and µCT imaging in a Kras driven mouse model of NSCLC, we demonstrate the requirement for FADD in tumor progression. Lung-specific activation of KrasG12D and simultaneous FADD deletion resulted in reduced lung tumor burden. Furthermore lung lesions of KrasG12D FADD null mice were significantly smaller with a decrease in proliferative index. Similar findings were obtained in MEFs, where siRNA mediated Kras knockdown or the use of MEK inhibitors resulted in a Kras dependent decrease in FADD phosphorylation, decrease in cell cycle progression and cell proliferation. These data propound the phosphorylation of FADD as a downstream event of Kras signaling and demonstrate its requirement for Kras dependent neoplasia in a mouse model for NSCLC. In summary our findings demonstrate that elevated FADD and phosphorylated FADD levels are predictive of poor survival in an animal model of NSCLC agreeing with clinical findings. Furthermore, it implicates phosphorylation of FADD downstream of KRAS activation and thus suggests FADD phosphorylation as a valid target in the treatment of NSCLC patients. Citation Format: Brittany M. Bowman, Stefanie Galban, Benjamin A. Hoff, Kevin A. Heist, Jennifer L. Boes, Craig J. Galban, Rajiv M. Patel, Jianke Zhang, Brian D. Ross, Alnawaz Rehemtulla. A requirement for FADD and its phosphorylation for KRAS-driven oncogenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 106. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-106
Towards a definition of social and societal marketing

Marketing is a youthful discipline. Therefore, it has experienced accelerated growth and change in its conception and framework. The emergence of social and societal marketing is illustrative of the changes endured. Because of its recent development, Lazer and Kelley indicated that social marketing is ill-defined and the definitive statement on it is yet to be written.
1492–1992: American Indian Persistence and Resurgence

1492–1992: American Indian Persistence and Resurgence. KARL KROEBER, ed. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994. iv + 261 pp., appendixes, contributors, index.
Forecasting Annual Rainfalls.

IN NATURE of September 1 last, p. 12, in commenting on the remarkable rainfall at Blue Hill Observatory, Mass., in July, 1921, departures from mean monthly amounts were given to show that the locality was experiencing a period of excess of rainfall. Furthermore, it was intimated that the annual amount for 1921 would exceed the 35-year normal by 150 mm. (5.90 in.). The excess actually was 136 mm. (5.35 in.) and practically a verification.
Developments in Atmosphere Revitalization Modeling and Simulation

"NASA's Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) program is pioneering new approaches for rapidly developing prototype systems, demonstrating key capabilities, and validating operational concepts for future human missions beyond Earth orbit" (NASA 2012). These forays beyond the confines of earth's gravity will place unprecedented demands on launch systems. They must not only blast out of earth's gravity well as during the Apollo moon missions, but also launch the supplies needed to sustain a crew over longer periods for exploration missions beyond earth's moon. Thus all spacecraft systems, including those for the separation of metabolic carbon dioxide and water from a crewed vehicle, must be minimized with respect to mass, power, and volume. Emphasis is also placed on system robustness both to minimize replacement parts and ensure crew safety when a quick return to earth is not possible. Current efforts are focused on improving the current state-of-the-art systems utilizing fixed beds of sorbent pellets by evaluating structured sorbents, seeking more robust pelletized sorbents, and examining alternate bed configurations to improve system efficiency and reliability. These development efforts combine testing of sub-scale systems and multi-physics computer simulations to evaluate candidate approaches, select the best performing options, and optimize the configuration of the selected approach, which is then implemented in a full-scale integrated atmosphere revitalization test. This paper describes the development of atmosphere revitalization models and simulations. A companion paper discusses the hardware design and sorbent screening and characterization effort in support of the Atmosphere Revitalization Recovery and Environmental Monitoring (ARREM) project within the AES program.
Beyond the veil: Inner horizon instability and holography

We show that scalar perturbations of the eternal, rotating Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli (BTZ) black hole should lead to an instability of the inner (Cauchy) horizon, preserving strong cosmic censorship. Because of backscattering from the geometry, plane-wave modes have a divergent stress tensor at the event horizon, but suitable wave packets avoid this difficulty, and are dominated at late times by quasinormal behavior. The wave packets have cuts in the complexified coordinate plane that are controlled by requirements of continuity, single-valuedness, and positive energy. Due to a focusing effect, regular wave packets nevertheless have a divergent stress energy at the inner horizon, signaling an instability. We propose that this instability, which is localized behind the event horizon, is detected holographically as a breakdown in the semiclassical computation of dual conformal field theory (CFT) expectation values in which the analytic behavior of wave packets in the complexified coordinate plane plays an integral role. In the dual field theory, this is interpreted as an encoding of physics behind the horizon in the entanglement between otherwise independent CFTs.
MULTIPERIOD HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING: MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION

A methodology is presented that emulates the transportation improvement planning process using mathematical optimization techniques. The scheduling problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear program (MILP) and can be considered as a multiperiod network design problem. The three primary model components are discussed: (a) the input module in which the network, traffic demand, and pool of potential projects are identified over the planning horizon; (b) the benefits estimation module using network travel time as the benefit criterion; and (c) the schedule builder, an MILP that attempts to maximize the total benefits subject to annual resources and project precedence constraints. The proposed method is applied in a case-study context to the Lisbon metropolitan region's network, a portion of Portugal's highway network, and the results are discussed.
Racing Towards the Top?: The Impact of Cross-Listings and Stock Market Competition on International Corporate Governance

During the 1990's, the phenomenon of cross-listing by issuers on international exchanges accelerated, with the consequence in the case of some emerging markets that trading followed, draining the original market of its liquidity. Traditionally, cross-listing has been viewed as an attempt to break down market segmentation and reach trapped pools of liquidity in distant markets. The globalization of financial markets, however, renders this explanation increasingly dated. A superior explanation is "bonding:" issuers migrate to U.S. exchanges in particular because by voluntarily subjecting themselves to the U.S.'s higher disclosure standards and greater threat of enforcement (both by public and private means), they partially compensate for weak protection of minority investors under their own jurisdiction's law and also credibly signal their intention to make fuller disclosure, thereby achieving a higher market valuation and a lower cost of capital. Still, many issuers who are eligible to cross-list do not do so. Increasing evidence suggests that cross-listing firms are significantly different from firms in the same jurisdiction that do not cross-list, most notably in that the former have higher growth prospects and are willing to sacrifice some of the private benefits of control to obtain equity finance. Conversely, firms that do not cross-list typically have controlling shareholders who have less interest in stock market valuation because they anticipate selling only in a control transaction at a control premium that they will disproportionately capture. As a result, specialized markets seem likely to persist in order to accommodate both firms that wish to offer superior protections to minority investors and those that prefer to cater to controlling shareholders who want to continue to realize the private benefits of control. Path dependency then may persist. The latest developments in this new form of regulatory competition have been both (i) the creation of new "high disclosure" exchanges in emerging markets, and (ii) the enactment of reform legislation intended to protect minority shareholders by jurisdictions that have seen their securities markets lose liquidity to international exchanges. Both efforts seek to share control premia with minority shareholders in order to encourage equity investment. However, such efforts appear to be impeded by the continuing willingness of U.S. exchanges to waive governance listing requirements that are mandatory for their domestic firms in the case of foreign firms. Finding this new form of regulatory competition to be desirable, this article argues that its distinguishing characteristic is that it is "exit-less" (and thus differs from the "issuer choice" model of regulatory competition), and it recommends that the current broad exemption under which U.S. exchanges waive all governance listing requirements for foreign issuers should be reconsidered.
A New High Order Finite Volume Method for the Euler Equations on Unstructured Grids

A new high-order finite volume method — spectral volume (SV) method — has been recently developed for unstructured grids. The SV method has been shown to be more efficient than the k-exact finite volume method, and possess higher resolution for discontinuities than the discontinuous Galerkin method. This paper reviews the method and presents some computational results for a benchmark computational aeroacoustic problem.
Gradient calculation in sensor networks

Sensor networks are comprised of devices having the ability to communicate, compute and sense the environment. A wide range of information processing tasks has been studied for such networks, including operating systems, issues, architecture optimization, and distributed data processing. In this paper, we analyze and compare four different techniques to estimate the gradient of the function represented by the sensor samples. These include: (GA1) a simple device ID defined direction, (GA2) directional derivative, (GA3) polynomial approximation with a plane, and (GA4) polynomial approximation with a quadratic. We compare these based on density of devices per unit area, and noise in the position and sensed data. The interesting result is that GA3 significantly outperforms the other algorithms, although GA1 performs very well and is much easier to compute than the others.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa: an empirical analysis of clinical significance

Objective: The purpose of this review was to assess the clinical significance of cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa using the reliable change index and nor- mative comparison analyses. Method: Fifteen treatment outcome studies using either indi- vidual or group cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa were selected for inclusion. Results: Results suggest that cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa produces clinically significant change for many treatment outcome measures when using the reliable change index. However, posttreatment symptomatology is rarely within a normative range when examined with normative comparison analyses. Discussion: This review provides a first step in examining the clinical significance of treatment for bulimia nervosa. Future studies should further this work by comparing the clinical significance of different types of treatment for bulimia nervosa using additional assessment measures. # 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 262-274, 2004.
Simplified modeling of transients in gain-clamped erbium-doped fiber amplifiers

A simple technique for modeling transients in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) has been applied to a gain-clamped amplifier. Integration of the variables along the length of the amplifier allows the formulation of the problem as a single simple, ordinary, time-dependent differential equation. We demonstrate examples for a typical conventional EDFA and one in which internal out-of-band oscillation is used to clamp the gain.
Residential Normalcy and the Enriched Coping Repertoires of Successfully Aging Older Adults

An earlier theoretical model equated the construct of residential normalcy with older persons positively appraising their residential environments. Failing to achieve congruent places to live, they initiate assimilative (action) or accommodative (mind) coping strategies. This paper theorizes that the assimilative coping strategies of older persons depend on their secondary appraisal processes whereby they judge the availability, efficaciousness, and viability of their coping options. Older persons with more enriched coping repertoires are theorized as more resilient, making their own decisions, and with access to more resource-rich objectively defined resilient environments. Successful aging formulations infrequently examine how residential environmental adaptations of people influence the quality of their lives. Programmatically, the theory emphasizes the potential of individual and environmental interventions targeting older persons who are not aging successfully.
Vitamin D and calcium dyshomoeostasis-associated heart failure

The heart normally is an efficient physiological pump whose muscular compartment is composed of a syncytium of cardiomyocytes nourished by a coronary vasculature and housed within a scaffolding of structural proteins. The contractile properties of cardiomyocytes are governed by the direct interplay between Ca2+ and contractile proteins, actin and myosin, and their intracellular handling of Ca2+. Likewise, extracellular Ca2+ handling, or Ca2+ homoeostasis, can indirectly influence cardiomyocyte contractility. Herein, we briefly examine Ca2+ dyshomoeostasis and heart failure. Plasma Ca2+ concentrations are highly regulated and maintained within a narrow range. If disturbed, a series of controlling factors and feedback mechanisms are called into play. Overall Ca2+ homoeostasis relates to its dietary intake; absorption and excretion from gut and kidneys; bone storage; and the modifying influence of such calcitropic hormones as calcitriol (activated vitamin D) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). In utero, the availability of Ca2+ for fetal growth and development, including the bony skeleton, depends on maternal factors such as: ( a ) dietary Ca2+ intake, which may be reduced, particularly in vegans or in some women with lactose intolerance, who avoid dairy products; ( b ) urinary and fecal Ca2+ losses; ( c ) Ca2+ bone stores that may be mobilised if Ca2+ availability is compromised; and ( d ) vitamin D status, as assessed by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)D) levels. 25-(OH)D levels are chiefly dependent on supplementation and sunlight exposure that may be limited by culturally imposed dress code, skin pigmentation, where melanin is a natural sunscreen that mandates longer exposure to the UVB component of sunlight to generate vitamin D, senescent skin less able to produce vitamin D, obesity where adipocytes sequester it, the altitude, latitude and locale (urban vs rural) of …
On traceable factor representations of crossed products

Abstract In this paper we give a complete classification of the traceable factor representations of the C ∗ -algebra which is the crossed product of the gauge group of automorphisms with the fermion algebra. Besides the type I representations, this algebra has an uncountable family of type II ∞ traceable factor representations. Unlike the fermion algebra, it has no finite factor representations. We present a similar analysis of the crossed product of SU (2) with the fermion algebra, where the action is the natural product action.
Thrombotic Complications of Central Venous Catheters in Cancer Patients

Central venous catheters (CVCs), such as the tunneled catheters and the totally implanted ports, play a major role in general medicine and oncology. Aside from the complications (pneumothorax, hemorrhage) associated with their initial insertion, all of these CVCs are associated with the long-term risks of infection and thrombosis. Despite routine flushing with heparin or saline, 41% of CVCs result in thrombosis of the blood vessel, and this markedly increases the risk of infection. Only one-third of these clots are symptomatic. Within days of insertion, almost all CVCs are coated with a fibrin sheath, and within 30 days, most CVC-related thrombi arise. Aside from reducing the function of the catheter, these CVC-related thrombi can cause postphlebitic syndrome in 15%-30% of cases and pulmonary embolism in 11% (only half of which are symptomatic). Risk factors for CVC thrombosis include the type of malignancy, type of chemotherapy, type of CVC, and locations of insertion site and catheter tip, but not inherited thrombophilic risk factors. Efforts to reduce CVC thrombosis with systemic prophylactic anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparin have failed. Low-dose warfarin prophylaxis remains controversial; all studies are flawed, with older studies, but not newer ones, showing benefit. Currently, less than 10% of patients with CVCs receive any systemic prophylaxis. Although its general use cannot be recommended, low-dose warfarin may be a low-risk treatment in patients with good nutrition and adequate hepatic function. Clearly, additional studies are required to substantiate the prophylactic use of low-dose warfarin. Newer anticoagulant treatments, such as pentasaccharide and direct thrombin inhibitors, need to be explored to address this major medical problem.
Auditory semantic, syntactic, and retention errors made by aphasic subjects on the token test

The Token Test was administered to 25 mild aphasic and 25 matched normal subjects for the purpose of determining the linguistic nature of the auditory verbal comprehension error responses. As was expected, the aphasic subjects obtained significantly poorer scores on the Token Test than did the normal subjects, with minimal overlap between the two groups. In Parts I-IV, the errors were exclusively semantic, and reflected only the amount of required verbal memory. In Part V, the syntactic structures vary, and the aphasic subjects showed a similar pattern of difficulty as did the normal subjects. Syntactic errors were more prevalent than semantic errors in Part V, suggesting that syntactic complexity was the most important factor in verbal comprehension on this part. In comparison to previous research utilizing the Token Test with normal children, the aphasic subjects in the present study generally had high error rates on the same items as did the children.
Dynamic conjectural variations in a Lanchester oligopoly

An approach based on dynamic conjectural variations is advanced for developing dynamic advertising strategies in a Lanchester oligopoly differential game. The approach allows competitors to anticipate rival reactions to market-share state variables, and maintains the computational advantage of open-loop Nash equilibrium strategies. In an empirical application to the ready-to-eat cereal industry, it is shown that advertising strategies based on dynamic conjectural variations can better explain the advertising of the cereal competitors than can open-loop advertising strategies.
Rapid expert system prototyping with shells for personal computers

Aspects of rapid expert system (ES) prototyping using ES shells for personal computers are presented. Three shells-1st-class, VP-Expert, and Personal Consultant Plus (PC Plus)-are discussed. Aspects of ES prototyping based on the experience accumulated from several ES development projects with VP-Expert and PC Plus are examined. These studies resulted in the development of operational ES software. The usefulness and cost-effectiveness of ES shells for personal computers for experimenting with ES technology and rapidly creating user-friendly ES prototypes are demonstrated. Examples of the capabilities created, namely, hierarchical structuring of the problem knowledge base, inclusion of graphics as static and dynamic images, incorporation of calculations, and integration with databases, are presented. Issues for future studies are discussed. >
Application of fuzzy set theory to the active control of base-isolated structures

Fuzzy techniques are employed for the nonlinear control of sliding-isolated structures. Base isolation of structures that are subjected to seismic excitation has been shown to be effective in reducing the forces transmitted to the superstructure. Active control, using linear control laws, applied to supplement the base isolation has proved to be effective in reducing the transmitted forces further. However, the response of a base-isolated structure is nonlinear and nondeterministic. Hence nonlinear control laws that accommodate uncertainty would yield better reduction of these forces. Fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic provide a simple framework for specifying these complex control laws. The results obtained with the fuzzy algorithm are compared to the analytical and experimental results obtained using an instantaneous optimal control algorithm. The results demonstrate the potential of the fuzzy algorithm when applied to the hybrid control of structures. >
A cost model for optimizing the take back phase of used product recovery

Taking back the end-of-life products from customers can be made profitable by optimizing the combination of advertising, financial benefits for the customer, and ease of delivery (product transport). In this paper we present a detailed modeling framework developed for the cost benefit analysis of the take back process. This model includes many aspects that have not been modeled before, including financial incentives in the form of discounts, as well as transportation and advertisement costs. In this model customers are motivated to return their used products with financial incentives in the forms of cash and discounts for the purchase of new products. Cost and revenue allocation between take back and new product sale is discussed and modeled. The frequency, method and cost of advertisement are also addressed. The convenience of transportation method and the transportation costs are included in the model as well. The effects of the type and amount of financial incentives, frequency and method of advertisement, and method of transportation on the product return rate and the net profit of take back were formulated and studied. The application of the model for determining the optimum strategies (operational levels) and predicting the maximum net profit of the take back process was demonstrated through a practical, but hypothetical, example.
WebMOTIFS: automated discovery, filtering and scoring of DNA sequence motifs using multiple programs and Bayesian approaches

WebMOTIFS provides a web interface that facilitates the discovery and analysis of DNA-sequence motifs. Several studies have shown that the accuracy of motif discovery can be significantly improved by using multiple de novo motif discovery programs and using randomized control calculations to identify the most significant motifs or by using Bayesian approaches. WebMOTIFS makes it easy to apply these strategies. Using a single submission form, users can run several motif discovery programs and score, cluster and visualize the results. In addition, the Bayesian motif discovery program THEME can be used to determine the class of transcription factors that is most likely to regulate a set of sequences. Input can be provided as a list of gene or probe identifiers. Used with the default settings, WebMOTIFS accurately identifies biologically relevant motifs from diverse data in several species. WebMOTIFS is freely available at http://fraenkel. mit.edu/webmotifs.
Exploring the dynamics of light adaptation: the effects of varying the flickering background's duration in the probed-sinewave paradigm.

In the probed-sinewave paradigm, threshold for detecting a probe is measured at various phases with respect to a sinusoidally-flickering background. Here we vary the duration of the flickering background before (and after) the test probe is presented. The adaptation is rapid; after approximately 10-30 ms of the flickering background, probe threshold is the same as that on a continually-flickering background. It is interesting that this result holds at both low (1. 2 Hz) and middle (9.4 Hz) frequencies because at middle frequencies (but not at low) there is a dc-shift, i.e. probe threshold is elevated at all phases relative to that on a steady background (of the same mean luminance). We compare our results to predictions from Wilson's model [Wilson (1997), Visual Neuroscience, 14, 403-423; Hood & Graham (1998), Visual Neuroscience, 15, 957-967] of light adaptation. The model predicts the rapid adaptation, and the dc-shift, but not the detailed shape of the probe-threshold-versus-phase curve at middle frequencies.
Genetic Principles and Methods in High-risk Studies of Schizophrenia

Recent advances in genetic epidemiology present excellent opportunities for future high-risk studies of schizophrenia. Improved methods are now available for specifying the natural boundaries of the schizophrenia spectrum and evaluating the mode of inheritance of schizophrenia and its biosocial risk factors. Path-analytic techniques permit the derivation of multifactor indices of both biological and social antecedents of schizophrenia . Powerful advances have been made in segregation analysis of pedigree data and in the power of linkage tests with DNA markers to confirm the presence of putative major loci that influence susceptibility to complex phenotypes like schizophrenia. The yield of information from highrisk samples is greatly increased when both longitudinal and pedigree analyses are combined.
Discussion of “Legendre polynomial expansions of thermodynamic properties of binary solutions”

In the paper quoted above enhancements to Legendre polynomial expansions for representing the excess thermodynamic properties of binary solutions are presented. Further, formulae are given for the conversion of the coefficients of simple power series or Redlich-Kister polynomials to Legendre coefficients. This discussion is directed toward these conversion formulae. Pelton and Bale I remark that the conversion between the Redlich-Kister and Legendre coefficients has been given previously by Hillert, 2 but neglect to mention that Van Tyne, Novotny, and Tarby 3 had derived a relationship for the conversion between simple power series and Legendre coefficients over ten years ago. The relationship which provides for the conversion of the coefficients is given by Van Tyne et al. 's Eq. [9], which is rewritten below using the nomenclature of Pelton and Bale for the Legendre coefficients (p) and the power series coefficients (q):
Evaluation of methods for detecting conversion events in gene clusters

Gene clusters are genetically important, but their analysis poses significant computational challenges. One of the major reasons for these difficulties is gene conversion among the duplicated regions of the cluster, which can obscure their true relationships. Many computational methods for detecting gene conversion events have been released, but their performance has not been assessed for wide deployment in evolutionary history studies due to a lack of accurate evaluation methods. We designed a new method that simulates gene cluster evolution, including large-scale events of duplication, deletion, and conversion as well as small mutations. We used this simulation data to evaluate several different programs for detecting gene conversion events. Our evaluation identifies strengths and weaknesses of several methods for detecting gene conversion, which can contribute to more accurate analysis of gene cluster evolution.