cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of an enhancer from the rat tyrosine hydroxylase promoter that supports long-term, neuronal-specific expression from a neurofilament promoter, in a helper virus-free HSV-1 vector system.

Direct gene transfer into neurons, using a virus vector, has been used to study neuronal physiology and learning, and has potential for supporting gene therapy treatments for specific neurological diseases. Many of these applications require high-level, long-term recombinant gene expression, in forebrain neurons. We previously showed that addition of upstream sequences from the rat tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter to a neurofilament heavy gene (NF-H) promoter supports long-term expression in forebrain neurons, from helper virus-free Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1) vectors. This element in the TH promoter satisfied the definition of an enhancer; it displayed activity at a distance from the basal promoter, and in both orientations. This enhancer supported physiological studies that required long-term expression; a modified neurofilament promoter, containing an insulator upstream of the TH-NFH promoter, supported expression in ∼11,400 striatal neurons at 6 months after gene transfer, and expression for 7, 8, or 14 months, the longest times tested. In contrast, the NF-H promoter alone does not support long-term expression, indicating that the critical sequences are in the 6.3 kb fragment of the TH promoter. In this study, we performed a deletion analysis to identify the critical sequences in the TH promoter that support long-term expression. We localized these critical sequences to an ∼320 bp fragment, and two subfragments of ∼100 bp each. Vectors that contained each of these small fragments supported levels of long-term, neuronal-specific expression that were similar to the levels supported by a vector that contained the initial 6.3 kb fragment of the TH promoter. These small fragments of the TH promoter may benefit construction of vectors for physiological studies, and may support studies on the mechanism by which this enhancer supports long-term expression.
Polymer nanocomposites for electrical energy storage

This review highlights the frontier scientific research in the development of polymer nanocomposites for electrical energy storage applications. Considerable progress has been made over the past several years in the enhancement of the energy densities of the polymer nanocomposites via tuning the chemical structures of ceramic fillers and polymer matrix and engineering the polymer–ceramic interfaces. This article summarizes a range of current approaches to dielectric polymer nanocomposites, including the ferroelectric polymer matrix, increase of the dielectric permittivity using high-permittivity ceramic fillers and conductive dopants, preparation of uniform composite films based on surface-functionalized fillers, and utilization of the interfacial coupling effect. Primary attentions have been paid to the dielectric properties at different electric fields and their correlation with film morphology, chemical structure, and filler concentration. This article concludes with a discussion of scientific issues that remain to be addressed as well as recommendations for future research. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 49: 1421–1429, 2011
Synthesis, properties, and molecular structure of a trivalent organouranium diphosphine hydride

Hydrogenolysis of U((CH/sub 3/)/sub 5/C/sub 5/)/sub 2/R/sub 2/, (R = CH/sub 3/Ch/sub 2/Si(CH/sub 3/)/sub 3/), proceeds at -20/sup 0/C in the presence of excess bis(2 dimethylphosphino)ethane(dmpe) according to this reaction: U((CH/sub 3/)/sub 3/C/sub 5/)/sub 2/R/sub 2/ + 1.5H/sub 2/ + dmpe ..-->.. (toluene, 18h) U((CH/sub 3/)/sub 5/C/sub 5/)/sub 2/(dmpe) H + 2RH. Black microcrystals can be purified by vacuum Soxhlet extraction with toluene. All processes involving this compound must be performed under argon or helium atmospheres, since it reacts with nitrogen. The structure was studied by NMR, ir spectra. The molar magnetic suceptibility was measured at 295 K, 5120 x 10/sup -4/ emu and is consistent with a U (III) formulation. Crystals are orthorhombic. X-ray diffraction data were collected. Structural parameters were refined to convergence. X-ray structural analysis reveals monocrystals of discrete mononuclear U(eta/sup 5/-(CH/sub 3/)/sub 5/C/sub 5/)/sub 2/ (dmpe)H molecules. The molecular structure is evaluated. 1 figure.
Glycemic Modulation of Insulin/IGF-1 Mediated Skeletal Muscle Blood Following Sympathetic Denervation in Normal Rats

Both insulin and IGF-1 decrease vascular resistance and increase blood flow in skeletal muscle, and it has been suggested that the mechanistic action for insulin may be by increasing autonomic vasodilatory activity. In this study we evaluated the effects of insulin and IGF-1 on blood flow to denervated and non-denervated skeletal muscle as part of a continuing investigation into the mechanism of regulation of cardiovascular responses by these hormones. Normal rats were prepared for measurements of mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and vascular flow in the left and right ijiac artery. Resection of the left lumbar sympathetic chain increased flow (expressed as conductance, flow/MAP) in the denervated left iliac but not in the intact right artery. Subsequent insulin infusion where hypoglycemia was allowed to occur increased conductance in both arteries, but more so in the denervated artery. Similarly, IGF-1 infusion increased conductances in both intact and denervated iliac arteries, and the effe...
Density and composition models for lipoproteins

Two theoretical models for lipoprotein particle structure are proposed, based on density and composition and utilizing the Stokes' coefficient as evaluated from the Maude-Whitemore expression, using analytical ultracentrifugation. These density and composition models are compared with the Corey-Pauling-Koltun space-filling model proposed by Verdery and Nichols, and that proposed by Shen et al., which has a sharply defined boundary between the hydrophobic core and the amphipathic layer surrounding it. Results of our calculation of the percentage of total apolar lipid accommodated in the outer hydrophobic core -28, 64 and 94% for LDL, HDL2 and HDL3, respectively - suggest that there may be differences among these three lipoproteins classes in both the packing of cholesteryl ester and triglyceride as well as the conformation of apolipoproteins at the particle's surface.
Measurement of the profile of solar He I resonance lines

The analysis of data obtained by a rocket-borne helium-filled spectrometer employing a curve-of-growth technique in 1977 and 1980 is used in an investigation of the 584-A helium resonance line from the full solar disk. Between 6.5 and 13% of the Gaussian core area was found to be missing through self-reversal. Line widths from 1980 and 1977 were 101 + or - 10 mA and 128 + or - 20 mA full width at half maximum, respectively. No consistent relationship is found between the measured widths and solar activity.
A model for size evolution of pyramidal Ge islands on Si(001) during annealing

A simple, macroscopic model is presented to explain coarsening of a distribution of square-base pyramidal islands of Ge on Si(001) while retaining the same shape. This model provides a physical picture of the coarsening of islands with straight edges, in contrast to existing macroscopic theories that rely on the radius of curvature to provide the driving force for atom movement from smaller to larger islands. In this new model atoms are assumed to detach primarily from the corners and attach mainly to the edges of the square bases. The detachment is independent of the island size. The attachment is initially taken to be proportional to the perimeter of the island. When an additional, size-dependent barrier to attachment is included, some islands can dissolve, but the barrier to island growth causes the remaining islands to evolve to a narrow size distribution.
Self-concepts of students and a significant other, the teacher.

The research proposed that a teacher's self-acceptance is related to the development of good self-concepts by students in Grades 3, 4 and 5. An F test was performed to test for a relationship between teacher's self-acceptance and students' self-concept. The evidence suggests that the selection of self-accepting teachers at elementary school levels is critical to the development of children's self-concept.
Reaction of thioxanthylium perchlorate with diazomethane

The reaction of thioxanthylium perchlorate with diazomethane was investigated. Depending on the reaction conditions, seven compounds (II, III, V, VI, VIII, IX, and X) are formed which were identified on the basis of spectral data (mainly mass spectra) and chemical reactions. A synthesis was worked out (reaction of compound VII with boron trifluoride) in which dibenzo[b,f]thiepine (VIII) is formed as major product (55%).
Transient infrared spectroscopy of Mn2(CO)10 with 400 nm excitation

Abstract We report an ultrafast 400 nm pump–IR probe study of Mn 2 (CO) 10 photochemistry in cyclohexane and isopropanol at room temperature. While both Mn 2 (CO) 9 and Mn(CO) 5 are produced with UV dissociation, long wavelength excitation at 400 nm yields predominantly the monometal product, Mn(CO) 5 . The Mn(CO) 5 vibrational energy relaxation (VER) is analyzed in terms of the narrowing of its IR absorption band. The initial band broadening is attributed to population in low frequency vibrational modes (M–C stretches and bends) and the VER decay time is found to be on the 60 ps time scale in both solvents.
Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Rainfall Intensity Variation due to Climate Change on Existing Drainage Infrastructure

AbstractThe potential impact of climate change on the existing drainage infrastructure has been an essential aspect of many hydrological studies. Climate change that will increase the intensity of precipitation will also increase the magnitude of the design discharge and thus would probably result in adverse effects on the existing drainage facilities. This paper aims to evaluate the potential impact of rainfall intensity variation due to climate change on the existing drainage infrastructure by investigating whether (1) the stormwater drainage infrastructure designed for preclimate conditions is able to sustain future higher discharges, and (2) new design guidelines are necessary to be established to include the potential rainfall intensity variation due to climate change. A case study was conducted using 34 years of rainfall data (1980–2013) obtained from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). These data and the weather scenario data projected by the four run global circulation model (GCMs) under the...
The paper chromatography of oxidized and reduced pyridine nucleotides.

Abstract A solvent system of pyridine-water (2:1) for the separation of oxidized and reduced pyridine nucleotides is described.
Terrorism or Native Protest

In the mid-1970s a Native Hawaiian surfing group called the Hui 9O He9e Nalu protested a burgeoning professional surfing industry that threatened a Hawaiian cultural sanctuary on O9ahu9s North Shore. Popular media have since portrayed the Hui as a group of unruly, savage-like Native troublemakers, but oral history interviews with Hui members reveal that they had clear anti-colonial objectives. This article examines why their objectives were not seen as rational or political. Mainland representations of Pacific Island men had often stereotyped most Hawaiian men as submissive and unmanly, yet Hui members were branded terrorists. Such labels have historically helped colonizing nations justify their exploits. In the context of the Hawaiian Renaissance, Hui members nevertheless found ways to achieve their objectives within these parameters and to reassert Hawaiian masculinity.
Characteristics of the human inference process in complex choice behavior situations

Abstract Ten subjects were assigned to each of six experimental two-cue inference conditions created by varying the validity of the first cue across levels of .40 and .80, and by varying the validity of the second cue across levels of .20, .40, and .60. In each case the two cues were orthogonal. All performance indices closely approximated the dictates of a probability matching strategy. Subject consistency did not deviate greatly from the predictability available in the stimulus system, and subjects exhibited a high degree of ability in matching their equations to those defining the environmental complex. The value of a second ecological cue was a function of both the validity of the cue itself and the validity of the cue it was paired with. Pairing an additional cue to one of low validity was always facilitating, while adding an additional cue to one of high validity was always detrimental.
The second stage of labor and stress urinary incontinence.

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the potential association between prolonged second stage of labor and stress urinary incontinence. Study Design: A retrospective, population-based study was performed. A random, case-controlled sample of 85 cases and 88 controls was identified by means of a standard computerized patient database. Subjects were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes, and medical records were reviewed. The median follow-up time from delivery was 7.8 years for cases and 7.2 years for controls. Multiple logistic regression was performed to test for an association between stress urinary incontinence and variables of interest. Results: The data suggest that for all women who labored the length of the second stage of labor for the first delivery was not associated with stress urinary incontinence (odds ratio, 1.07; P = .42; 95% confidence interval, 0.9-1.3). However, forceps delivery was associated with a significant increase in stress urinary incontinence risk (odds ratio, 10.4; P = .04; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-93.4). Conclusion: Length of second stage of labor was not associated with stress urinary incontinence. However, the odds of having a later diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence was 10 times higher for women who underwent forceps delivery. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1571-5.)
Cytochemical localization of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity at developing synapses.

Summary Cyclic 3′,5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity has been localized cytochemically in the molecular layer of developing cerebral corte.. During the first postnatal month, reaction product is found consistently at emerging postsynaptic sites along developing dendrites. Formation of this reaction product is inhibited by the addition of theopylline to the incubation medium. Demonstration of PDE activity during development suggests that certain immature receptor sites are capable of cyclic AMP metabolism. Such sites may be related in part to monoaminergic pathways developing in the superficial neocortex.
Effect of food deprivation upon electrically elicited predation in the cat

The present experiment examined the effects of food deprivation upon predatory attack elicited by electrical stimulation of lateral hypothalamic sites in the cat. Latencies for attack initiation and for object contact were assessed under ad libitum feeding conditions and compared, in a within-subjects design, to attack latencies following 72 hr of food deprivation. Both initiation and object contact latencies were significantly reduced by food deprivation, suggesting a relationshhip between food deprivation and predation. Latencies recovered to initial baseline levels following the reinstitution of ad libitum feeding conditions.
Vocabulary: A Critical Component of Comprehension

ABSTRACT Vocabulary development and the role it plays in reading skills acquisition have received much less attention than decoding and comprehension strategies. There is a close relationship between vocabulary and comprehension; hence, individuals with poor vocabulary have difficulty understanding written text. Further, students with poor vocabulary knowledge read less and acquire fewer new words, while students with better vocabulary knowledge read more and improve their comprehension (the Matthew Effect). To prevent the Matthew Effect from taking hold, vocabulary assessment and instruction should become important components of reading programs for struggling readers with vocabulary problems.
Using Nuclear Receptor Activity to Stratify Hepatocarcinogens

Background Nuclear receptors (NR) are a superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors that control a range of cellular processes. Persistent stimulation of some NR is a non-genotoxic mechanism of rodent liver cancer with unclear relevance to humans. Here we report on a systematic analysis of new in vitro human NR activity data on 309 environmental chemicals in relationship to their liver cancer-related chronic outcomes in rodents. Results The effects of 309 environmental chemicals on human constitutive androstane receptors (CAR/NR1I3), pregnane X receptor (PXR/NR1I2), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR/NR1C), liver X receptors (LXR/NR1H), retinoic X receptors (RXR/NR2B) and steroid receptors (SR/NR3) were determined using in vitro data. Hepatic histopathology, observed in rodents after two years of chronic treatment for 171 of the 309 chemicals, was summarized by a cancer lesion progression grade. Chemicals that caused proliferative liver lesions in both rat and mouse were generally more active for the human receptors, relative to the compounds that only affected one rodent species, and these changes were significant for PPAR (p0.001), PXR (p0.01) and CAR (p0.05). Though most chemicals exhibited receptor promiscuity, multivariate analysis clustered them into relatively few NR activity combinations. The human NR activity pattern of chemicals weakly associated with the severity of rodent liver cancer lesion progression (p0.05). Conclusions The rodent carcinogens had higher in vitro potency for human NR relative to non-carcinogens. Structurally diverse chemicals with similar NR promiscuity patterns weakly associated with the severity of rodent liver cancer progression. While these results do not prove the role of NR activation in human liver cancer, they do have implications for nuclear receptor chemical biology and provide insights into putative toxicity pathways. More importantly, these findings suggest the utility of in vitro assays for stratifying environmental contaminants based on a combination of human bioactivity and rodent toxicity.
Bibliographic Instruction:: A Checklist of the Literature, 1931–1975

This paper was the product of a course on “Bibliographic Methods” conducted by Dr. Juan Freudenthal at Simmons College. However, methodology was not the only emphasis of Dr. Freudenthal in LS 408. Students were made very much aware of the far‐flung and growing interest in “Bibliographic Instruction,” especially in colleges and universities. This paper attempts to bring together the professional literature that has been directed at the college and university librarian in the increasingly popular area of library orientation and instruction.
Abstract 723: Beyond temsirolimus: Discovery of PKI-587 a highly efficacious dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Temsirolimus, a rapamycin analog, is a selective mTor inhibitor that has been successfully used in the clinic for the treatment of renal cancer. mTOR integrates signals from multiple upstream growth and survival regulatory pathways including the LKB1/AMPK and PI3K (Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase)/Akt pathways. Among these, Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K) is a lipid kinase which phophorylates phosphatidylinositol diphosphate (PIP-2) to phosphatidylinositol triphosphate. This pathway regulates cell proliferation, growth, survival, and apoptosis. The aberrant activation of PI3K-α and its downstream effectors including Akt and mTOR, has been linked to the initiation and maintenance of numerous tumor phenotypes. During tumorigenesis, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation occurs through various mechanisms, including loss of PTEN (the phosphatase that regulates PI3K signaling), over-expression or activation of certain receptor tyrosine kinases (e.g. EGFR, HER-2), interaction with activated Ras, overexpression of the PI3K-α gene (PIKC3A), or mutations in PIKC3A that cause elevated PI3K kinase activity. Deregulated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway signaling has been implicated in poor prognosis and low survival rate in patients with various lymphatic tumors, glioblastomas, melanomas as well as breast, prostate, lung, colon, and ovarian cancers. Numerous pre-clinical and clinical studies indicate that PI3K-α plays a key role in the biology of human cancer. Hence, it is likely that a small molecule inhibitor of both PI3K and mTOR will have clinical utility. Our project team has identified small molecules that potently inhibit the PI3K/mTor pathway. The current clinical candidate, PKI-587 (whose structure will be disclosed) is a pan PI3K (class I)/mTOR inhibitor. PKI-587 decreases tumor cell survival and proliferation in vitro. Additionally, PKI-587 has shown compelling efficacy in multiple human tumor nude mouse xenograft models such as MDA 361 (Breast), U87 (Glioma), H1975, A549 (NSCLC) in nude mice when administered as a single agent. The design of this novel potent inhibitor, synthesis, structure-activity relationships, PK and in vivo efficacy data will be presented. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 723.
Effects of spinal cord injury on neurofilament immunoreactivity and capsaicin sensitivity in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating the urinary bladder.

The effect of chronic spinal cord transection on neurofilament immunoreactivity and capsaicin sensitivity of L6 and S1 dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating the urinary bladder was examined using an antibody (RT97) against 200,000 mol. wt subunit of neurofilament protein and a cobalt uptake assay, respectively. Bladder afferent neurons labelled by axonal transport of a fluorescent dye (Fast Blue) injected into the bladder wall were identified in sections of intact dorsal root ganglia and among dissociated neurons in short-term culture. Approximately two thirds of bladder afferent neurons from spinal intact rats were neurofilament-poor (i.e. C-fibre neurons). These neurons were on average 37% smaller in cross-sectional area than neurofilament-rich neurons (A delta-fibre neurons). In spinal intact rats, 78% of neurofilament-poor dissociated bladder afferent neurons were sensitive to capsaicin, while only 6.2% of neurofilament-rich neurons were capsaicin-sensitive. Dissociated bladder afferent neurons from spinal transected animals had larger diameters (34.2 +/- 1.1 microns) than those from spinal intact animals (29.2 +/- 1.2 microns). In tissue sections from dorsal root ganglia, the mean cross-sectional area of bladder afferent neuron profiles in spinal transected animals was also larger by approximately 35% than in spinal intact animals. Immunoreactivity to neurofilament protein which occurred in 32% of bladder afferent neurons in spinal intact animals was detected in a larger percentage (56% to 62%) of neurons from spinal transected animals. Conversely, the population of capsaicin-sensitive dissociated neurons was reduced from 55% in spinal intact rats to 38% in spinal transected rats. These results indicate that spinal cord injury induces functional and morphological plasticity in C-fibre visceral afferent neurons innervating the urinary bladder.
Comparison between X-ray and bone scan detection of bone metastases in patients with rhabdomyosarcoma

A comparison of radiographic and 99mTechnetium methyldiphosphonate scintigraphic evaluations for extent of skeletal disease was made retrospectively in 17 pediatric patients with Group III and IV rhabdomyosarcoma. Thirteen children had evidence of skeletal metastases. Of these, four exhibited multiple sites of blastic as well as lytic skeletal involvement on x-rays that were not detected by bone scans: two at the time of initial diagnosis, and two at relapse in children with prior radiotherapy to involved bones. In three additional patients a greater extent of bony disease was evident on x-rays than on bone scan. Neither the pathology of the tumor, lytic versus blastic quality of the bone lesion, nor lesion size per se was found to correlate with the failure to detect them on the bone scan. Although bone scans have greater sensitivity than x-rays for the detection of metastatic bone involvement in several adult and pediatric neoplasms, in the case of rhabdomyosarcoma, the radiographic exam appears to be a more sensitive indicator in some patients and should be considered an essential study in the evaluation of skeletal involvement by this tumor.
Lattice formulation of three-dimensional N = 4 gauge theory with fundamental matter fields

We construct lattice action for three-dimensional N = 4 supersymmetric gauge theory with matter fields in the fundamental representation.
Theory of resonant Raman enhancement of a forbidden phonon in Cu2O

Abstract A theoretical calculation is given of the frequency dependence of resonant enhancement of Raman scattering by the normally forbidden 109 cm −1 (Γ12-) optic phonon for incident frequencies near the 1 s Yellow exciton energy. The theoretical results are in good agreement with recent experiments. This gives support to a quadrupole-dipole mechanism with Yellow-Blue exciton scattering in the intermediate state.
Analysis of RNA Hairpin Folding by Dual Beam Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy

Hairpin formation is one of the central problems of nucleic acid folding. Experimental and theoretical results from several laboratories indicate that in many cases formation of RNA hairpin cannot be treated as a simple two-state process. We use fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS) to characterize folding kinetics of two RNA hairpins (CGGUUUCCCUCCCACCUUUGCCG and CGGUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUGCCG) each labeled with a fluorophore and a quencher (TAMRA and dabcyl) on the 3′ and 5′ end respectively. FFS is unique in its ability to measure relaxation rates at equilibrium, and coupling this technique to flow allows for simultaneous detection of the end-to-end contact and diffusion coefficient of the molecules. The two hairpins studied here have same stem but different loop sequences, and display different folding kinetics as a function of K+ and Mg2+ ions. The results are interpreted in light of the calculated free energy landscapes.
Melting and resolidification of a substrate in contact with a molten metal: operational maps

Abstract The melting and resolidification of the substrate or of previously deposited layers may play an important role in many processes such as thermal spray coating, microcasting, spray deposition and high-temperature casting. A good understanding of this phenomenon would help us to achieve better bonding between deposited layers in some cases or to avoid damage to the substrate in others. In the present work, these processes are looked at as the melting and resolidification of a substrate in contact with a layer of molten metal which may also solidify. Both the solidification of the deposited layer and the melting and then resolidification of the substrate or previous layer are calculated using nonequilibrium phase change kinetics conditions at the solid-liquid interfaces and an implicit finite difference method with interface tracking. A nondimensional analysis of the controlling parameters under various conditions was conducted, and allowed us to generate nondimensional operational maps that can tell us whether there will be substrate melting or not. If there is, other nondimensional maps were generated to quantify the maximum achievable melting depth for various process conditions. Some results on the interface velocity during substrate melting and resolidification for various process conditions and for variations in interfacial heat transfer coefficient with time are also presented.
XAFS investigation of the structure and valency of nickel in some oxycompounds

Abstract We report on the valency and local structure of nickel in α-Ni(OH)2, β-Ni(OH)2, Ni2O3·6H2O, Ni3O2(OH)4, β-NiOOH, γ-NiOOH, NiO2 and NiKIO6.
The “point source” technique using upstream sampling for rate constant determinations in flame gases

The “point source” technique has been extended to both the direct and relative measurement of first-order and pseudo-first-order reaction rates using flames as high-temperature radical baths. Apparatus and technique are described and critically discussed. Measurements of the concentrations of trace gas injected from a point source into a laminar stream were made upstream from the point of injection in order to eliminate the dependence on flow velocity information. The afterburning region of a hydrogen-rich hydrogen-oxygen flame provided a laminar stream containing hydrogen atoms. Using a pseudo-first-order model, rate constants and rate constant ratios were measured in the temperature range 870–1088K. Two independent methoes were used in the data analysis to get measures of absolute rates and rate ratios. Specifically measured were the rate constants k (H + CH 3 Br), k (H + CH 3 Cl), and k (H + CH 3 F) as well as the rate constant ratios k (H + CH 3 Br)/ k (H + CH 3 F), k (H + CH 3 Br)/ k (H + CH 3 Cl), and k (H + CH 3 Cl)/ k (H + CH 3 F). By combining our results with previous work, the constants were evaluated over the temperature range 300–1088K.
OM theory in diverse dimensions

Open string theories can be decoupled from closed strings and gravity by scaling to the critical electric field. We propose dual descriptions for the strong coupling limit of these NCOS (Non-Commutative Open String) theories in six or fewer spacetime dimensions. In particular, we conjecture that the 5-dimensional NCOS theory at strong coupling, is a theory of light Open Membranes (OM), decoupled from gravity, on an M5-brane with a near-critical three-form field strength. The relation of OM theory to NCOS theories resembles that of M-theory to type-II closed string theories. In two dimensions we conjecture that supersymmetric U(n) gauge theory with a unit of electric flux is dual to the NCOS theory with string coupling 1/n. A construction based on NS5-branes leads to new theories in six dimensions generalising the little string theory. A web of dualities relates all the above theories when they are compactified on tori.
Barriers and facilitators for alcohol treatment for women: Are there more or less for rural women?

Among women at-risk for problems drinking, treatment seeking can be hindered by a complex array of issues such as a lack of transportation, social stigma, denial, fear of losing children, and reluctance of primary care physicians to refer women. This study describes the barriers/facilitators and need for treatment among a community sample of rural and urban women at-risk drinkers. Data for this study were assembled from the baseline sample of individuals who participated in a large probability sample of rural and urban at-risk drinkers (N = 733) from six Southern states: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Men and women differed on perceived barriers/facilitators and need for alcohol treatment. Women differed from men on measures of treatment affordability, accessibility, acceptability and report of social support, illness severity, comorbidities, and demographic characteristics. Rural women differed from urban women on measures of treatment affordability and accessibility and report of illness severity and comorbidities.
Extractable mobile photo tags

Mobile phones are resulting in a major shift in how people shoot photos. Just a little more than a decade ago consumer behavior was plan-shoot-process-share-organize-reflect; but rapid proliferation of mobile phone cameras have resulted in shoot-share-forget behavior. This trend will be replaced soon because photos are more important than that - people treasure their memories in visual form. Fortunately, a plethora of sensors combined with access to powerful Web may allow effortless organize and reflect environment without much, if any, cognitive load on the consumer. We propose new approaches for determining attributes that we call Extractable Mobile Photo Tags (EMPT) for processing and organizing photos and videos on mobile phones. We present approaches to populate EMPT and use it for applications.
The extended-track event reconstruction for MiniBooNE

Abstract The Booster Neutrino Experiment (MiniBooNE) searches for ν μ → ν e oscillations using the ~ 1 GeV neutrino beam produced by the FNAL Booster synchrotron. The array of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) lining the MiniBooNE detector records Cherenkov and scintillation photons from the charged particles produced in neutrino interactions. We describe a maximum likelihood fitting algorithm used to reconstruct the basic properties (position, direction, energy) of these particles from the charges and times measured by the PMTs. The likelihoods returned from fitting an event to different particle hypotheses are used to categorize it as a signal ν e event or as one of the background ν μ processes, in particular charged current quasi-elastic scattering and neutral current π 0 production. The reconstruction and event selection techniques described here can be applied to current and future neutrino experiments using similar Cherenkov-based detection.
Characterization of Nonpathogenic, Live, Viral Vaccine Vectors Inducing Potent Cellular Immune Responses

Experimental vaccines based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV) expressing foreign viral proteins are protective in several animal disease models. Although these attenuated viruses are nonpathogenic in nonhuman primates when given by nasal, oral, or intramuscular routes, they are pathogenic in mice when given intranasally, and further vector attenuation may be required before human trials with VSV-based vectors can begin. Mutations truncating the VSV glycoprotein (G) cytoplasmic domain from 29 to 9 or 1 amino acid (designated CT9 or CT1, respectively) were shown previously to attenuate VSV growth in cell culture and pathogenesis in mice. Here we show that VSV recombinants carrying either the CT1 or CT9 deletion and expressing the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Env protein are nonpathogenic in mice, even when given by the intranasal route. We then carried out a detailed analysis of the CD8+ T-cell responses, including in vivo cytotoxic T-cell activity, induced by these vectors. When given by either the intranasal or intraperitoneal route, the VSV-CT9 vector expressing HIV Env elicited primary and memory CD8+ T-cell responses to Env equivalent to those elicited by recombinant wild-type VSV expressing Env. The VSV-CT1 vector also induced potent CD8+ T-cell responses after intraperitoneal vaccination, but was less effective when given by the intranasal route. The VSV-CT1 vector was also substantially less effective than the VSV-CT9 or wild-type vector at inducing antibody to Env. The VSV-CT9 vector appears ideal because of its lack of pathogenesis, propagation to high titers in vitro, and stimulation of strong cellular and humoral immune responses.
Mahāmudrā: Natural Mind in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism

Mahāmudrā, usually translated as ‘the great seal’, is a vital term in the tantric traditions of Buddhist India and most schools of Tibetan Buddhism. In early Indian Buddhist tantras, it refers primarily to a hand-gesture (mudrā) accompanying visualization meditation. In the later and more esoteric Indian Mahāyoga and Yoginī tantras, it denotes, inter alia, one of a sequence of experiential ‘seals’ to meditation; a ‘consort’ in sexual yoga practices; and a non-dual gnosis in which great bliss and awareness of emptiness (śūnyatā) are inseparably conjoined. In the songs and treatises of the Indian great adepts (mahāsiddhas), Mahāmudrā is an index of ultimacy, regarded as the luminous, empty nature of mind, i.e. our buddha-nature; a type of meditation for realizing mind’s nature; a set of unconventional practices that express that realization; and the final fruit of meditation, buddhahood. In Tibet, Mahāmudrā was known during the imperial period, but gained prominence only during the Tibetan ‘renaissance’ that began in the 11th century. Although a topic of analysis in nearly every Tibetan tradition, it is most central to the Kagyu, or ‘oral lineage’. Introduced to the Kagyu by Marpa and Milarepa, Mahāmudrā was popularized by Gampopa, who analyzed it from many angles, and suggested it was as much a practice rooted in the sūtras as in the tantras. Subsequent Kagyu masters developed Gampopa’s analysis further, produced anthologies of Mahāmudrā texts, and related Mahāmudrā to a variety of important Indian and Tibetan Buddhist ideas and practices. As a meditation practice, Mahāmudrā often is divided into sudden and gradual approaches. The sudden approach involves simply abiding in the natural mind, which is tantamount to buddhahood. Gradual approaches may involve complex tantric visualizations and the manipulation of forces within the subtle body or a sequence of meditations that focus on the nature of mind, which is found to be empty, luminous, non-dual, and blissful. Discourse on mahāmudra in India and Tibet raises a number of important issues for Buddhist thought and practice, such as the soteriological sufficiency of a single, sudden insight; the place of reason and ethics in contemplative tradition; and the unity or diversity of meditative realization. Those issues resonate, in turn, with discussions elsewhere of mysticism, religious experience, and the nature of mind.
Local electrostatic moments and periodic boundary conditions

Electronic structure calculations frequently invoke periodic boundary conditions to solve for electrostatic potentials. For systems that are electronically charged, or contain dipole (or higher) moments, this artifice introduces spurious potentials due to the interactions between the system and multipole moments of its periodic images in aperiodic directions. I describe a method to properly handle the multipole moments of the electron density in electronic structure calculations using periodic boundary conditions. The density for which an electrostatic potential is to be evaluated is divided into two pieces. A local density is constructed that matches the desired moments of the full density, and its potential computed treating this density as isolated. With the density of this local moment countercharge removed from the full density, the remainder density lacks the troublesome moments and its electrostatic potential can be evaluated accurately using periodic boundary conditions.
LRRK2 kinase inhibition prevents pathological microglial phagocytosis in response to HIV-1 Tat protein

Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) are accompanied by significant morbidity, which persists despite the use of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). While activated microglia play a role in pathogenesis, changes in their immune effector functions, including phagocytosis and proinflammatory signaling pathways, are not well understood. We have identified leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) as a novel regulator of microglial phagocytosis and activation in an in vitro model of HANDs, and hypothesize that LRRK2 kinase inhibition will attenuate microglial activation during HANDs. We treated BV-2 immortalized mouse microglia cells with the HIV-1 trans activator of transcription (Tat) protein in the absence or presence of LRRK2 kinase inhibitor (LRRK2i). We used Western blot, qRT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and latex bead engulfment assays to analyze LRRK2 protein levels, proinflammatory cytokine and phagocytosis receptor expression, LRRK2 cellular distribution and phagocytosis, respectively. Finally, we utilized ex vivo microfluidic chambers containing primary hippocampal neurons and BV-2 microglia cells to investigate microglial phagocytosis of neuronal axons. We found that Tat-treatment of BV-2 cells induced kinase activity associated phosphorylation of serine 935 on LRRK2 and caused the formation of cytoplasmic LRRK2 inclusions. LRRK2i decreased Tat-induced phosphorylation of serine 935 on LRRK2 and inhibited the formation of Tat-induced cytoplasmic LRRK2 inclusions. LRRK2i also decreased Tat-induced process extension in BV-2 cells. Furthermore, LRRK2i attenuated Tat-induced cytokine expression and latex bead engulfment. We examined relevant cellular targets in microfluidic chambers and found that Tat-treated BV-2 microglia cells cleared axonal arbor and engulfed neuronal elements, whereas saline treated controls did not. LRRK2i was found to protect axons in the presence of Tat-activated microglia, as well as AnnexinV, a phosphatidylserine-binding protein. In addition, LRRK2i decreased brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1) receptor expression on BV-2 cells after Tat-treatment, a key receptor in phosphatidylserine-mediated phagocytosis. Taken together, these results implicate LRRK2 as a key player in microglial inflammation and, in particular, in the phagocytosis of neuronal elements. These studies show that LRRK2 kinase inhibition may prove an effective therapeutic strategy for HANDs, as well as other neuroinflammatory conditions.
The Treasure Map for Rich Services

Large systems-of-systems often service large numbers of stakeholders - more stakeholders often means more concerns, many of which are crosscutting. The rich services architecture is a type of service-oriented architecture (SOA) that allows hierarchical decomposition of a system architecture into separate concerns, thereby capturing different system aspects and their interactions, and accounting for crosscutting concerns concisely and sensibly. By leveraging emerging enterprise service bus technology, rich services enable a simple and direct deployment mapping to a system-of-systems network. This paper describes a development process that leverages rich services and is compatible with agile development methodologies. It encompasses use cases, requirements decomposition, role identification, and service definition to produce a rich services logical architecture that can then be mapped to a virtual network topology, and finally a physical network topology. The process decouples development stages to improve flexibility and productivity of complex projects, promising reduced cost and risk.
Empowering Teachers and Students with Instructional Choices in Inclusive Settings

APPROPRIATE INSTRUCTION IN CLASSROOMS WITH DIVERSE LEARNERS REQUIRES A VARIETY OF INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS TO ADDRESS INDIVIDUAL NEEDS. MANY EDUCATORS, HOWEVER, FIND THEMSELVES PHILOSOPHICALLY TIED TO ONE INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACH FOR EVERY LEARNER TO THE EXCLUSION OF OTHER APPROACHES. THIS ALLEGIANCE TO ONE METHOD OF TEACHING REDUCES CHOICES FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS. STRICT ADHERENCE TO A LIMITED VIEW OF LEARNING CAN ALSO HINDER INCLUSION EFFORTS BY DENYING SOME STUDENTS APPROPRIATE INSTRUCTION. A CONTINUUM OF TEACHING METHODS THAT INCLUDES “EXPLICIT” AND “IMPLICIT” INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACHES IS PROPOSED AS A MORE INCLUSIVE ALTERNATIVE. RESEARCH THAT SUPPORTS A CONTINUUM OF APPROACHES IS REPORTED ALONG WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION AND TEACHER EDUCATION.
Spinning Continuous Fibers for Nanotechnology

Carbon nanotubes are attracting a lot of attention as the building blocks of nanotechnology. But nanotubes are difficult to align and process into useful materials. In his Perspective, Dzenis discusses the process of nanofiber electrospinning, in which continuous threads of polymers or ceramic precursors are emitted from a liquid surface as thin jets. These continuous nanofibers may offer an alternative for new nanotechnology applications.
Technology exploration for graphene nanoribbon FETs

Graphene nanoribbon FETs (GNRFETs) are promising devices for beyond-CMOS nanoelectronics because of their excellent carrier transport properties and potential for large scale processing and fabrication. This paper combines atomistic quantum transport modeling with circuit simulation to perform technology exploration for GNRFET circuits. A quantitative study of the effects of variations and defects on the performance and reliability of GNRFET circuits is also presented. Simulation results indicate that whereas GNRFET circuits promise higher performance, lower energy consumption, and comparable reliability at similar operating points to scaled CMOS circuits, they are more susceptible to variations and defects. The results also motivate significant engineering, modeling, and simulation challenges facing the device and CAD communities involved in graphene electronics research.
A machine learning approach to document retrieval: an overview and an experiment

We provide an overview of artificial intelligence techniques and then present a machine learning based document retrieval system we developed. GANNET (Genetic Algorithms and Neural Nets System) performed concept (keyword) optimization for user-selected documents during document retrieval using genetic algorithms. It then used the optimized concepts to perform concept exploration in a large network of related concepts through the Hopfield net parallel relaxation procedure. Our preliminary experiment showed that GANNET helped improve search recall by identifying the underlying concepts (keywords) which best describe the user-selected documents. >
Low-Frequency Controls on the Thresholds of Sea Surface Temperature over the Western Tropical Pacific

Abstract In this study, the Florida State University Coupled Global Spectral Model (FSUCGSM) is utilized to examine the possible regulation of the warm pool SST and its contributors. The model is run for 1 yr to obtain the residue-free time evolution of the warm pool SST. The results are verified against NCEP SST analysis for the period of the model integration. The best agreement was seen over the western equatorial Pacific. The initial analysis of the model output has suggested that the warm pool SST is derived mainly by three important types of oscillations, namely, semiannual, 10–25-, and 30–60-day oscillations. Further examination using Butterworth bandpass filter and EOF analysis has revealed that the tendency of solar radiation is the primary cause of the high-frequency oscillations (20–25 and 30–60 day) and secondary cause for the low-frequency oscillations. Moreover, the evaporative cooling is found to be the primary cause of the low-frequency oscillations and secondary cause for the high-frequen...
Hydrogen Evolution Catalyzed by Aluminum‐Bridged Cobalt Diglyoximate Complexes

The syntheses of several cobalt diglyoximate complexes connected by one or two aluminum bridges are described. The aluminum centers are supported by tunable tetradentate diamine bisphenoxide ligands. Electrochemical investigations revealed that the number of aluminum bridges and the nature of the substituents on the phenoxide ligands significantly affect the cobalt reduction potentials. The present aluminum–cobalt compounds are electrocatalysts for proton reduction to hydrogen at potentials negative relative to those of the boron- and proton-bridged analogs. The reported synthetic strategies allow modulation of the reduction potentials and the secondary coordination sphere interactions by tuning the ancillary ligands bound to aluminum.
Hysterical gait disorders 60 cases

Simulated gait abnormalities involve weakness of 1 or both legs or ataxia and trembling. The patterns rarely duplicate those of neurologic disability and are usually promptly suspected of being functional by the experienced clinician. As with other pseudoneurologic signs, normal underlying neurologic function must be demonstrated. A dramatic cure is the best diagnostic evidence, and a bias toward organic etiology is warranted by a relatively greater risk in delayed diagnosis. Dystonia and chorea are the signs most likely to be mistaken for functional conditions. While CT and MRI now provide a welcome diagnostic safety net, the variety of hysterical gaits, and probably the effectiveness of "moral" treatment, does not appear to have changed appreciably in the past century.