cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reorganization, activation and ionization energies for hole transfer reactions through inosine–cytosine, 2-aminopurine – Thymine, adenine–thymine, and guanine–cytosine base pairs: A computational study

Abstract Ionization energies of purine and pyrimidine bases and their base pairs are calculated together with the reorganization energies for hole transfer through DNA bases by applying the B3LYP/6-311++G ** method. The results suggest that the vertical ionization energy (VIE) is the maximum for inosine–cytosine (IC, 8.02 ev) followed by adenine–thymine (AT, 7.88 ev), 2-aminopurine–thymine (ApT, 7.72 ev) and guanine–cytosine (GC, 7.29 ev) base pairs. The adiabatic ionization energy (AIE) values for IC and AT are the same (7.70 ev) followed by ApT (7.52 ev) and GC (6.92 ev). Among the barrier heights calculated, the GC → AT (or G → A) hole transfer involves the maximum barrier height (0.723 ev) followed by G → I (0.686 ev). The A → A hole transfer involves the smallest barrier (0.106 ev).
Rapid spectroscopic determination of per cent aromatics, per cent saturates and freezing point of JP-4 aviation fuel

Abstract Near-infrared (n.i.r.) spectroscopy in both the short wavelength region (700–1100 nm) and the long wavelength region (1100–1500 nm) is evaluated as a rapid method for the simultaneous estimation of the freezing point and volume percentages of aromatics and saturates of aviation fuels. Thirty-three JP-4 samples were independently analysed by six industrial and government laboratories for freezing point and for volume per cent aromatics and volume per cent saturates by fluorescent indicator adsorption. These results were then used to calibrate the sample's n.i.r. spectra. Both multiple linear regression and partial least squares calibration methods were evaluated and gave comparable performance. The n.i.r. spectral analysis predictions for these properties were within the standard deviations of the round-robin values. Specifically, the per cent aromatics and per cent saturates were within 1% and the freezing point within 2.5 °C of the laboratory-determined values. N.i.r. spectroscopy appears to have considerable promise as a rapid non-destructive method for jet fuel analysis.
Integrating seasonal climate prediction and agricultural models for insights into agricultural practice

Interest in integrating crop simulation models with dynamic seasonal climate forecast models is expanding in response to a perceived opportunity to add value to seasonal climate forecasts for agriculture. Integrated modelling may help to address some obstacles to effective agricultural use of climate information. First, modelling can address the mismatch between farmers' needs and available operational forecasts. Probabilistic crop yield forecasts are directly relevant to farmers' livelihood decisions and, at a different scale, to early warning and market applications. Second, credible ex ante evidence of livelihood benefits, using integrated climate–crop–economic modelling in a value-of-information framework, may assist in the challenge of obtaining institutional, financial and political support; and inform targeting for greatest benefit. Third, integrated modelling can reduce the risk and learning time associated with adaptation and adoption, and related uncertainty on the part of advisors and advocates. It can provide insights to advisors, and enhance site-specific interpretation of recommendations when driven by spatial data. Model-based ‘discussion support systems’ contribute to learning and farmer–researcher dialogue. Integrated climate–crop modelling may play a genuine, but limited role in efforts to support climate risk management in agriculture, but only if they are used appropriately, with understanding of their capabilities and limitations, and with cautious evaluation of model predictions and of the insights that arises from model-based decision analysis.
Morning glucose correlates poorly with daily mean glucose in cardiac surgical ICU patients: impact of ultradian variation of glucose

Treatment of hyperglycemia with an insulin infusion protocol (IIP) has improved outcomes in ICU and cardiac surgery patients [1]. Many studies have reported morning glucose values as representative of whole-day glucose control. We recently demonstrated that in a mixed ICU population this assumption does not hold [2]. Since it has been proposed that glucose control may be especially important in cardiac surgery ICU patients, we asked whether morning glucose accurately represented whole-day glucose and determined whether glucose varied over the course of the day in this patient group.
Using the Wiktionary Graph Structure for Synonym Detection

This paper presents our work on using the graph structure of Wiktionary for synonym detection. We implement semantic relatedness metrics using both a direct measure of information flow on the graph and a comparison of the list of vertices found to be "close" to a given vertex. Our algorithms, evaluated on ESL 50, TOEFL 80 and RDWP 300 data sets, perform better than or comparable to existing semantic relatedness measures.
Semi-analytical model for temporal clear-water scour at prototype piers

The temporal pier scour process was studied extensively for laboratory scale but remains poorly understood for prototype piers. This research presents a novel semi-analytical solution for temporal clear-water scour at prototype piers with arbitrary initial scour conditions, by integrating the fundamental mass conservation law and the empiricism from previous studies. The proposed solution includes the conventional power-, log- and exponential laws for the initial, growth and decay phases, respectively, in a single model agreeing with recent high-quality data for long durations and prototype scour with a determination coefficient higher than 0.98. The results show that (i) temporal pier scour process is described by two basic parameters: characteristic time tc and equilibrium scour depth η∞; and (ii) the proposed solution may be useful for data correction in relation to η∞ and for real-time bridge scour monitoring during floods. Yet, its predictive power depends on the predictability of tc and η∞, indicati...
Five‐day continuous infusion of 5‐fluorouracil for advanced colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma

In a retrospective study, 58 patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma received one or more 5-day infusions of 5-FU at 20 mg/kg per 24 hours followed by weekly IV 5-FU at 15 mg/kg. In 36 patients who received the infusion as first treatment (Group A), the response rate was 23% with a median duration of response of 8.0 months. No improvement in survival was noted. In 22 patients treated with the infusion after relapse on weekly 5-FU (Group B), the response rate was 10.5% with a median duration response of 4.5 months. Stable disease for 3-6 months was seen in 21%. Survival in Group B was improved when compared with a similar group of patients treated by weekly 5-FU without infusion (Group CB), but statistical significance was not obtained. Twenty percent of patients were alive two years after relapsing on weekly 5-FU when given the five-day infusion 5-FU and re-initiated on weekly 5-FU. Toxicity to the five-day infusion of 5-FU was minimal. Three of 69 (4.3%) infusions were not completed because of toxicity. A separate review of procarbazine indicated that it was minimally active in colorectal carcinoma. Other patients with gastric and pancreatic carcinoma were reviewed but no statistical significance for 5-FU infusion was seen for survival. A five day continuous infusion of 5-FU is recommended for colorectal cancer patients who relapse on weekly 5-FU therapy. Further study of the infusion in combination with other chemotherapy is warranted.
Fault recovery characteristics of the fault tolerant multiprocessor

The fault handling performance of the fault tolerant multiprocessor (FTMP) was investigated. Fault handling errors detected during fault injection experiments were characterized. In these fault injection experiments, the FTMP disabled a working unit instead of the faulted unit once every 500 faults, on the average. System design weaknesses allow active faults to exercise a part of the fault management software that handles byzantine or lying faults. It is pointed out that these weak areas in the FTMP's design increase the probability that, for any hardware fault, a good LRU (line replaceable unit) is mistakenly disabled by the fault management software. It is concluded that fault injection can help detect and analyze the behavior of a system in the ultra-reliable regime. Although fault injection testing cannot be exhaustive, it has been demonstrated that it provides a unique capability to unmask problems and to characterize the behavior of a fault-tolerant system. >
China's City Hierarchy, Urban Policy and Spatial Development in the 1980s:

Cities play an important role in population distribution and economic development. Policies which alter city systems can create new patterns of spatial economic development. This paper, using the most recent data, examines changes in China's city hierarchy, urban policy and spatial development in the 1980s in international, national and local contexts. The time series data show that the process of urbanisation had been gradual between 1949 and the late 1970s but accelerated rapidly in the 1980s. The growth of cities and towns in various size categories reflects the influence of urban policy in reshaping China's urban hierarchy. Using multiple measures of urban primacy, the analysis suggests that China has distinctive city systems at the regional level varying along demographic, industrial and infrastructural dimensions. Moreover, there is a growing discrepancy in socioeconomic development between inland and coastal cities that is consistent with the recent policy of favouring the coastal economy. The stud...
The effect of temperature on the oxygen consumption of tsetse pupae

Measurements of oxygen consumption by a series of single pupae of Glossina morsitans orientalis Vanderplank maintained at 30°C. showed that the time course of respiration during this stage follows a U-shaped curve and thus resembles that of other holometabolous insects. The rate of pupal respiration was found to be directly proportional to wet weight at all temperatures investigated, and did not appear to be affected by the temperature to which females were subjected during pregnancy. The relation between temperature and the logarithm of metabolic rate was found to be curvilinear, tending to a relatively stable level between 35 and 40°C., the highest part of the range investigated.
AN HISTORICAL REVIEW OF FOOD IRRADIATION

Food irradiation has gone through a long, but exciting period, from its conception at the end of the 19th century and a 50-year gestation period which ended with its birth following the violent and awesome beginning of the atomic age in the last days of World War II. It witnessed rapid growth during childhood and adolescence, a period where outstanding advances were made in the technology of food irradiation with the development of products meeting organoleptic, nutritional and sanitary standards equal to or exceeding those for foods processed by the established methods. Food irradiation now, with legal approval imminent, is at the threshold of entering adulthood with the realization of commercial application.
A Human–Computer Interface Using Symmetry Between Eyes to Detect Gaze Direction

In the cases of paralysis so severe that a person's ability to control movement is limited to the muscles around the eyes, eye movements or blinks are the only way for the person to communicate. Interfaces that assist in such communication are often intrusive, require special hardware, or rely on active infrared illumination. A nonintrusive communication interface system called EyeKeys was therefore developed, which runs on a consumer-grade computer with video input from an inexpensive Universal Serial Bus camera and works without special lighting. The system detects and tracks the person's face using multiscale template correlation. The symmetry between left and right eyes is exploited to detect if the person is looking at the camera or to the left or right side. The detected eye direction can then be used to control applications such as spelling programs or games. The game ldquoBlockEscaperdquo was developed to evaluate the performance of EyeKeys and compare it to a mouse substitution interface. Experiments with EyeKeys have shown that it is an easily used computer input and control device for able-bodied people and has the potential to become a practical tool for people with severe paralysis.
Spatial and temporal aspects of the lake effect on the southern shore of Lake Superior

A climate-monitoring network was implemented in a large private preserve along the southern shore of Lake Superior. The network uses a dense sampling design to assess the spatial and temporal influence of a large, cold body of water on adjacent terrestrial surfaces. Based on a 3-year record, near-shore sites are 1–2°C cooler than sites 5 km inland in spring and summer, and 1°C warmer in winter. Near the shore, winds are from the NNW most of the year, and are much stronger in winter. Inland, southwesterly flow is typical and overall wind velocity is lower and more consistent. This decoupling is attributable to the influence of the Huron Mountains, a topographic barrier that restricts the lake effect to a narrow coastal zone. A 2-year record of hourly air temperature measurements from 26–30 sites across the study area demonstrates that the mean daily temperature can differ by as much as 11°C, but the average difference is 2.5–3.0°C.
In Situ Dynamic Atomic-Level Investigation of a Weak Charge Transfer Lamellar Intercalation Process

Environmental-cell dynamic high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (DHRTEM) has been used to provide atomic-level insight into lamellar reaction processes for the model weak-charge-transfer intercalation reaction of NH3 with 2H-TaS2- In situ intercalation was induced by exposing 2H-TaS2 crystallites to controlled pressures of NH3(g) and recorded on videotape with 0.03 second time resolution. The intercalation processes observed possess a strong similarity to nucleation and growth processes. Onset occurs in either outermost or internal guest galleries, with further intercalation of the galleries progressing away from the onset layers. Randomly staged regions, containing occasional packages of short-range order, were observed to form during the growth process.
Improved orbit predictions using two-line elements

Abstract The density of orbital space debris constitutes an increasing environmental challenge. There are two ways to alleviate the problem: debris mitigation and debris removal. This paper addresses collision avoidance, a key aspect of debris mitigation. We describe a method that contributes to achieving a requisite increase in orbit prediction accuracy for objects in the publicly available two-line element (TLE) catalog. Batch least-squares differential correction is applied to the TLEs. Using a high-precision numerical propagator, we fit an orbit to state vectors derived from successive TLEs. We then propagate the fitted orbit further forward in time. These predictions are validated against precision ephemeris data derived from the international laser ranging service (ILRS) for several satellites, including objects in the congested sun-synchronous orbital region. The method leads to a predicted range error that increases at a typical rate of 100 m per day, approximately a 10-fold improvement over individual TLE’s propagated with their associated analytic propagator (SGP4). Corresponding improvements for debris trajectories could potentially provide conjunction analysis sufficiently accurate for an operationally viable collision avoidance system based on TLEs only. We discuss additional optimization and the computational requirements for applying all-on-all conjunction analysis to the whole TLE catalog, present and near future. Finally, we outline a scheme for debris–debris collision avoidance that may become practicable given these developments.
Two perspectives on reduction of ordinary differential equations

This article is concerned with general nonlinear evolution equations x ′ = g (x ) in RN involving multiple time scales, where fast dynamics take the orbits close to an invariant low-dimensional manifold and slow dynamics take over as the state approaches the manifold. Reduction techniques offer a systematic way to identify the slow manifold and reduce the original equation to an autonomous equation on the slow manifold. The focus in this article is on two particular reduction techniques, namely, computational singular perturbation (CSP) proposed by Lam and Goussis [Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion, The University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, August 14–19, 1988 (The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1988), pp. 931–941] and the zero-derivative principle (ZDP) proposed recently by Gear and Kevrekidis [Constraint-defined manifolds: A legacy-code approach to low-dimensional computation, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., to appear]. It is shown that the tangent bundle to the state space offers a unifying framework for CSP and ZDP. Both techniques generate coordinate systems in the tangent bundle that are natural for the approximation of the slow manifold. Viewed from this more general perspective, both CSP and ZDP generate, at each iteration, approximate normal forms for the system under examination. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The rise of pragmatism in state/market debate

Discussion about the relative role of public and private in health care has evolved substantially across Europe since the 1980s. The previous, broadly ideological debate about state 'versus' market has been superceded by pragmatic considerations on how best to combine state 'and' market to achieve specific health sector outcomes. The London School of Economics debate about expanded patient choice demonstrated the extent to which pragmatism has gained the upper hand.
Multifunctional nanodevices for energy harvesting in unconventional spectral ranges

New energy harvesting technologies have drawn interest in recent years for both military and commercial applications. We present complete analysis of a novel device technology based on nanowire antennas and very high speed rectifiers (collectively called nanorectenna) to convert infrared and THz electromagnetic radiation into DC power. A nanowire antenna can receive electromagnetic waves and an integrated rectifier can convert them into electrical energy. The induced voltage and current distributions of nanowire antennas for different geometric parameters at various frequencies are investigated and analyzed. Also, nanowire antenna arrays with different geometries and distributions are examined. Moreover, novel nanoantennas are proposed for broadband operation and power conversion. All numerical computations are conducted using Ansoft HFSS. An incident plane wave was used to excite each device and simulations were carried out for frequencies between 0 and 200 THz. A voltage is induced in each device and it is measured in the thin oxide layer. Finally, optimum geometries of nanowires are proposed in order to maximize the amount of infrared power that is harvested.
Connecting, trusting, and participating: The direct and interactive effects of social associations

In recent years, research has come to recognize that nonpolitical associations have unintended but important consequences for citizens’ participation in public affairs. Scholars theorize that these associational activities—embedded within social networks and sustained by confidence in the motives of others—encourage and facilitate participation in civic life. This study tests and broadens these theses by (1) assessing the relative impact of different types of associational activities (i.e., informal socializing, public attendance, and religious participation) and (2) examining interactive relationships between these activities and generalized interpersonal trust. Findings show that all of these associational activities significantly contribute to civic engagement. Furthermore, all three interactions between the social associations and social trust are significant, indicating that those involved in associational activities are even more likely to become civic participants when they hold trusting attitudes ...
Effects of an extra Z' in the heavy-quark sector

In the light of the recent experimental result of the ARGUS Collaboration at DESY on \(B^0 \bar B^0 \) mixing, we examine its implication on the mass of the extra Z'-boson in theSpL (6)×UY (1) extension of the standard electroweak theory by considering the contributions of the tree level diagrams mediated by this extra Z'-boson. It is found that for the calculated bound onmZ', large values ofxs can be explained. In addition, it is found that the tree level contributions to ΔmD for the \(D^0 \bar D^0 \) system is at least an order of magnitude higher than the standard-model box diagram contributions.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Emerging educational technologies: Tensions and synergy

A review of high level sources with regard to new and emerging technologies was conducted. Three technologies, according to these sources, appear especially promising: (a) massive open online courses (MOOCs), (b) personalized learning, and (c) game-based learning. This paper will review information from the US National Science Foundation, the US Department of Education, the New Media Consortium, and two European Networks of Excellence with regard to new and emerging technologies. A critique will then be provided using established principles pertaining to learning and instruction and a recommended curriculum for advanced learning technologies. The general result is that it appears that some educational technology advocates are overstating the likelihood of these three technologies having a significant and sustained impact in the near future, although there are promising aspects to each of these technologies in the long term.
Nothing for Something: Paying Twice for Drug Benefits in Medicare HMOs (Formerly 'Are There Too Many Choices in Medicare?')

The Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) added a new outpatient prescription drug benefit to the Medicare program for elderly and disabled individuals in the US. At the same time, it increased payments to private health plans to induce more plan participation in Medicare. We develop a theoretical model to clarify the benefits to beneficiaries of these two expansion paths and then estimate a nested logit model of plan choice that allows us to quantify these benefits. We find that the addition of standardized drug benefits produces 2.4 times more value per government dollar than an increase in payments to plans. produced es as much value for each dollar of government spending as the expansion of private plan choices. The primary reason for this lopsided benefit-cost ratio is that most private plans in Medicare were already providing drug coverage in counties where they operated. Essentially, the government has decided to pay private plans twice for the same benefit. We estimate that approximately US$43 billion will be spent over the next 10 years to expand choices with little value to beneficiaries. We suggest that modified bidding procedures in which private plans bid to provide both standard Medicare benefits and drug coverage, could reduce this spending.
High efficiency phosphorescent white organic light-emitting diodes with an ultra-thin red and green co-doped layer and dual blue emitting layers

Abstract Phosphorescent white organic light emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with a multi-layer emissive structure comprising two separate blue layers and an ultra-thin red and green co-doped layer sandwiched in between have been studied. With proper host and dopant compositions and optimized layer thicknesses, high-performance WOLEDs having a power efficiency over 40 lm/W at 1000 cd/m 2 with a low efficiency roll-off have been produced. Through a systematic investigation of the exciton confinement and various pathways for energy transfer among the hosts and dopants, we have found that both the ultra-thin co-doped layer and two blue emitting layers play a vital role in achieving high device efficiency and controllable white emission.
DESIGN AND DAMAGE TOLERANCE OF THE COMPOSITE INTERSTAGE ATTACH FITTING

Compressive load capacity of composite lattice structures are studied. The objective of this research is to investigate the buckling strength of composite lattice structures and to design the most weight efficient structure with the highest buckling load. Buckling strength of both the composite lattice cylindrical and conical shells under axial compressive loads are examined. The main emphasis is placed on the effects of geometric constraints and the optimal design of the structures. Two types of lattice cylinders and three types of lattice conical shells are investigated. The inertial properties of the member's cross sections and the slenderness of the member are studied. In this research, various constraints are studied and the optimal structure which gives the highest strength to weight ratio is obtained. Moreover, these structures can be constructed by filament winding, the manufacturing process can be automated, and the costs can be greatly reduced.
On the effects of magnetization in changing the dimensions of iron and steel bars and in increasing the interior capacity of hollow iron cylinders; Part II

(1873). XX. On the effects of magnetization in changing the dimensions of iron and steel bars, and in increasing the interior capacity of hollow iron cylinders. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 46, No. 305, pp. 177-201.
Relationship between the Temporal Changes in Positron-Emission-Tomography-Imaging-Based Textural Features and Pathologic Response and Survival in Esophageal Cancer Patients

Purpose: Although change in SUV measures and PET-based textural features during treatment have shown promise in tumor response prediction, it is unclear which quantitative measure is the most predictive. We compared the relationship between PET-based features and pathologic response and overall survival with the SUV measures in esophageal cancer. Methods: Fifty-four esophageal cancer patients received PET/CT scans before and after chemo-radiotherapy. Of these, 45 patients underwent surgery and were classified into complete, partial, and non-responders to the preoperative chemoradiation. SUVmax and SUVmean, two co-occurrence matrix (Entropy and Homogeneity), two run-length-matrix (High-gray-run-emphasis and Short-run-high-gray-run-emphasis), and two size-zone-matrix (High-gray-zone-emphasis and Short-zone-high-gray-emphasis) textures were computed. The relationship between the relative difference of each measure at different treatment time points and the pathologic response and overall survival was assessed using the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC) and Kaplan-Meier statistics respectively. Results: All Textures, except Homogeneity, were better related to pathologic response than SUVmax and SUVmean. Entropy was found to significantly distinguish non-responders from the complete (AUC=0.79, p=1.7x10^-4) and partial (AUC=0.71, p=0.01) responders. Non-responders can also be significantly differentiated from partial and complete responders by the change in the run length and size zone matrix textures (AUC=0.71‒0.76, p≤0.02). Homogeneity, SUVmax and SUVmean failed to differentiate between any of the responders (AUC=0.50‒0.57, p≥0.46). However, none of the measures were found to significantly distinguish between complete and partial responders with AUC0.25). Conclusions: For the patients studied, temporal change in Entropy and all Run length matrix were better correlated with pathological response and survival than the SUV measures. The hypothesis that these metrics can be used as clinical predictors of better patient outcomes will be tested in a larger patient dataset in the future.
Interstitial Pneumonitis Associated with Bleomycin Therapy

Pulmonary lesions in 37 patients with cancer who were treated with Bleomycin were studied histologically. The 35 patients were compared with 35 control patients. Interstitial pneumonia at different stages of evolution was found in 12 patients receiving the drug; ten of these had associated severe respiratory distress. In contrast, only two patients in the control group had similar changes: one had subacute radiation pneu-monitis, the other, “respirator lung.” Although the lesions in the lungs showed preferential distribution in the lower lobes and subpleural regions, the Bleomycin-induced lesions were nonspecific histologically and were similar to those induced by many agents affecting the air–blood membrane. The histologic features included fibrinous exudate, atypical proliferation of alveolar cells, hyaline membranes, interstitial and intra-alveolar fibrosis, and squamous metaplasia with epithelial dysplasia of distal air spaces.
Unblocking in a runway discrimination problem: The effects of a surprising shift from small reward to nonreward in S— relative to small reward throughout training

Blocking and unblocking groups were trained in Phase 1 on an instrumental discrimination task in which internal cues were relevant and brightness cues were irrelevant. Both groups received large reward in S+ and small reward (S) in S− in Phase 1. In Phase 2, brightness cues and internal cues were simultaneously and equally relevant for all groups. Group Blocking continued to receive S on S− trials in Phase 2, and learning about brightness was substantially reduced relative to that of appropriate control groups. Group Unblocking experienced a shift from S to nonreward (N) in S− at the beginning of Phase 2 and learned as much about brightness as did the control groups.
Plasma antithrombin alterations following oral papain.

Summary1. Administration of small oral doses of papain to human patients results in production of a plasma antithrombin agent demonstrated by prolonged thrombin clotting time in vitro. 2. Administration of large oral doses of papain to human patients results in a decrease in thrombin clotting time, and an acceleration of euglobulin clot lysis time. 3. These experiments demonstrate that orally administered papain produces a systemic effect, although in all probability it is not itself absorbed.We are indebted to Mr. N. Stasilli of the Warner-Lambert Research Inst, for statistical computations.
CONSISTENCY OF MATHEMATICAL SUBMODELS

This paper demonstrates a technique to automate identification of thc systcm impact resulting from proposed dcsign modificationq at the subsystem, component or device level. The starting point is an early system dcsign discipline representable and describable in a multicriteria optimi7ation problem. Contributions to this project management model come from various sources. Herein is presented a way to insure the uniformity and consistency of the various submodels used in multicritex a optimization although different analysts, groups or departments may develop and maintain the submodels. One of the key tools is configuration management with the aid of Dr. Friedman’s constraint theory - especially the use of the constraint matrix. Another essential aid is actual model updates done by symbolic manipulators such as MACSYMA*. The combination of Friedman’s topological graph theoric system modeling, modern symbol manipulators, and current system engineering activity in multiobjcctivc risk modeling is believed to be new. d ’v
Nuclear Morphometry as a Prognostic Indicator for Genitourinary Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Preliminary Investigation

Abstract Rhabdomyosarcoma of the urogenital tract is a malignant mesenchymal tumor seen primarily in childhood. Multimodal therapy, encompassing surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, has dramatically improved the survival of patients with this disease. However, the quest for markers of tumor aggression is important to decrease the morbidity of treatment given to patients with good prognosis tumors, while at the same time intensifying treatment of tumors with poor prognosis. Using archival tumor specimens from 13 patients with genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma, a multivariate analysis of multiple nuclear shape descriptors was done with the Hopkins Morphometry System. Three nuclear shape descriptors clearly separated patients with no evidence of disease recurrence or progression from those with recurrent disease, progressive disease or death of disease. These nuclear shape descriptors were standard error of the chain code standard deviation analysis (p = 0.010), range of the feret ellipticity distribution (p = 0.016) and standard error of the chain code range analysis (p = 0.037). With multivariate analysis these shape descriptors taken together separated patients with good and poor prognoses to a level of significance of p = 0.007. Thus, nuclear morphometric analysis may prove to be useful as an individual prognostic indicator in childhood genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma and warrants further analysis in a much larger, blinded, controlled study. ( J. Urol., 144: 1222–1226, 1990 )
Methods for Applying the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Paradigm

There are several Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) methods to assist in the design of compounds for medicinal use. Owing to the different QSAR methodologies, deciding which QSAR method to use depends on the composition of system of interest and the desired results. The relationship between a compound's binding affinity/activity to its structural properties was first noted in the 1930s by Hammett and later refined by Hansch and Fujita in the mid-1960s. In 1988 Cramer and coworkers created Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) incorporating the three-dimensional (3D) aspects of the compounds, specifically the electrostatic fields of the compound, into the QSAR model. Hopfinger and coworkers included an additional dimension to 3D-QSAR methodology in 1997 that eliminated the question of "Which conformation to use in a QSAR study?", creating 4D-QSAR. In 1999 Chemical Computing Group Inc. (CCG) developed the Binary-QSAR methodology and added novel 3D-QSAR descriptors to the traditional QSAR model allowing the 3D properties of compounds to be incorporated into the traditional QSAR model. Recently CCG released Probabilistic Receptor Potentials to calculate the substrate's atomic preferences in the active site. These potentials are constructed by fitting analytical functions to experimental properties of the substrates using knowledge-based methods. An overview of these and other QSAR methods will be discussed along with an in-depth examination of the methodologies used to construct QSAR models. Also, included in this chapter is a case study of molecules used to create QSAR models utilizing different methodologies and QSAR programs.
Terminology for fibrinogen γ-chains differing in carboxyl terminal amino acid sequence

La chaine 8 du fibrinogene est heterogene dans sa structure, l'heterogeneite est due aux variations de la sequence d'acides amines C-terminale. La nomenclature de la chaine 8 de fibrinogene est basee sur la longueur et le residu d'acide amines C-terminal. Une fois la sequence en acides amines C-terminale determinee, la chaine 8 devrait etre designee par le residu C-terminal et la longueur de la chaine suivie par le nom de l'espece placee entre parentheses par exemple: γ-val 411 (humain)
Salmonella infection enhances erythropoietin production by the kidney and liver, which correlates with elevated bacterial burdens

Salmonella infection profoundly affects host erythroid development, but the mechanisms responsible for this effect remain poorly understood. We monitored the impact of Salmonella infection on erythroid development and found that systemic infection induced anemia, splenomegaly, elevated erythropoietin (EPO) levels, and extramedullary erythropoiesis in a process independent of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) or flagellin. The circulating EPO level was also constitutively higher in mice lacking the expression of signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPα). The expression level of EPO mRNA was elevated in the kidney and liver but not increased in the spleens of infected mice despite the presence of extramedullary erythropoiesis in this tissue. In contrast to data from a previous report, mice lacking EPO receptor (EPOR) expression on nonerythroid cells (EPOR rescued) had bacterial loads similar to those of wild-type mice following Salmonella infection. Indeed, treatment to reduce splenic erythroblasts and mature red blood cells correlated with elevated bacterial burdens, implying that extramedullary erythropoiesis benefits the host. Together, these findings emphasize the profound effect of Salmonella infection on erythroid development and suggest that the modulation of erythroid development has both positive and negative consequences for host immunity.
Rights, Nudging, and the Good of Others.

The main ethical issue in debates over “nudging” is whether the autonomy infringement involved in exploiting common decision-making heuristics and human biases—setting the default a certain way to ...
CHAPTER 45 – The Clinical Approach to Disorders of Platelet Number and Function

This chapter discusses the clinical approach to patients with disorders of platelet number and function (Tables 45-1 through 45-3). As in all of clinical medicine, the history and physical examination are the keys to unlocking the diagnosis. Table 45-4 lists the characteristic clinical features that differentiate primary hemostatic disorders (thrombocytopenia, platelet function defects, and von Willebrand disease [VWD]) from coagulation disorders (e.g., hemophilia). Three of these clinical features are particularly helpful. First, petechiae are a strong pointer toward a primary hemostatic disorder and away from a coagulation disorder. Second, hemarthroses are a strong pointer toward a coagulation disorder and away from a primary hemostatic disorder. Third, in the setting of an injury, immediate excessive bleeding suggests a primary hemostatic disorder (because the initial platelet plug does not form correctly), whereas delayed bleeding suggests a coagulation disorder (because the lack of a well-formed fibrin clot results in gradual breakdown of the initial platelet plug).
Growth and Water Status of Pruned and Unpruned Woody Landscape Plants Treated with Sumagic (Uniconazole), Cutless (Flurprimidol), or Atrimmec (Dikegulac)

Abstract Efficacy of Cutless (flurprimidol), Sumagic (uniconazole), and Atrimmec (dikegulac) as affected by application date after pruning was investigated with Pyracantha × ‘Teton’, Ligustrum × vicaryi, and Euonymus fortunei var. coloratus. Cutless (flurprimidol) applied to the medium surface, or foliar sprays of Sumagic (uniconazole) or Atrimmec (dikegulac) were applied 1, 2, 3 or 7 days after pruning (DAP) and to unpruned plants in spring 1989. Height and width were recorded weekly into November, 1989. The effect of these plant growth regulators (PGRs) on short-term plant water relations was measured at 2, 3, 18, 22, or 24 days on unpruned plants and plants treated 2 DAP. Growth rate of Pyracantha was reduced for 6 to 7 weeks if Sumagic (uniconazole) was applied 2 DAP or less, or to unpruned plants; otherwise growth rate was reduced 4 to 5 weeks. Sumagic (uniconazole) reduced Pyracantha growth rate more than Atrimmec (dikegulac); however, Atrimmec-treated plants had a more normal growth habit by the en...
Is the Holocaust Unique?: Lessons from its Etiology for the Case of Sudan

Confronting the potential uniqueness of the Holocaust, this paper uses the theory of the ephemeral gain as an approach to the etiology of genocide and its processual unfolding. An ephemeral gain exists when a severe loss or the threat of its imminent occurrence (territory, population), typically perceived as a catastrophe, is preceded by a period of societal gain, which in turn was preceded by a period of subordination. A consequence of this ephemerality can be the threat and consequent fear of reversion to a subordinate condition, which can lead to mass violence. The enormous magnitude of the gain for perpetrators in their taking on the pseudo-identity of “Aryan” ubermenschen, poised now for a precipitous fall to subordination towards the end of the war, is used to explain the increased murder rate of Jews not in extermination camps and even the metastasization of the Holocaust to non-Jews at its end. The genocidal behavior of the Khartoum government in Sudan is suggested to be cognate to the Holocaust. The subordination of blacks to Arabized Sudanese even to the point of routinely using the word abd (slave or servant) to describe them has little parallel elsewhere in the Muslim world. And just as Germany was about to become subordinate to the Allies at the end of the war, a massively truncated Sudan would be ripe for subordination to Egypt, as it had been for centuries prior to Sudanese independence. Mass violence directed at Sudanese blacks as agents of defeat for a united Sudan is then “justified.” A combined two-level explanation - the personal and territorial/national - is offered.
Anticipating and Training the Physician of the Future: The Importance of Caring in an Age of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence and other forms of information technology are only just beginning to change the practice of medicine. The pace of change is expected to accelerate as tools improve and as demands for analyzing a rapidly growing body of knowledge and array of data increase. The medical students of today will practice in a world where information technology is sophisticated and omnipresent. In this world, the tasks of memorization and analysis will be less important to them as practicing physicians. On the other hand, the nonanalytical, humanistic aspects of medicine-most importantly, the art of caring-will remain a critical function of the physician, and facility with improving systems of care will be required. Communication, empathy, shared decision making, leadership, team building, and creativity are all skills that will continue to gain importance for physicians. These skills should be further prioritized in medical school curricula to produce an even more effective physician for the future.
Validation of a Sulfuric Acid Digestion Method for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Quantification of TiO 2 Nanoparticles

A consistent analytical method incorporating sulfuric acid (H2SO4) digestion and ICP-MS quantification has been developed for TiO2 quantification in biotic and abiotic environmentally relevant matrices. Sample digestion in H2SO4 at 110°C provided consistent results without using hydrofluoric acid or microwave digestion. Analysis of seven replicate samples for four matrices on each of 3 days produced Ti recoveries of 97% ± 2.5%, 91 % ± 4.0%, 94% ± 1.8%, and 73 % ± 2.6% (mean ± standard deviation) from water, fish tissue, periphyton, and sediment, respectively. The method demonstrated consistent performance in analysis of water collected over a 1 month.
Adults with incident accelerated knee osteoarthritis are more likely to receive a knee replacement: data from the osteoarthritis initiative

We aimed to determine if knees with incident accelerated knee osteoarthritis (AKOA) were more likely to receive a knee replacement (KR) than those with common knee osteoarthritis (KOA) or no KOA. We conducted a nested cohort study using data from baseline and the first 9 years of the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). Eligible knees had no radiographic KOA at baseline (Kellgren-Lawrence [KL] 80x and ~ 25x more likely to receive a KR than knees with no KOA or incident common KOA (adjusted odds ratio = 25.08; 95% confidence interval = 9.63-65.34). In conclusion, approximately 1 in 7 knees that develop AKOA received a KR; however, KRs were rare in the OAI among other knees with no radiographic KOA at baseline. Urgent steps are needed to identify adults at high-risk for AKOA and develop prevention strategies regarding the modifiable risk factors.
Composite Damage Detection Using Laser Vibrometry with Nonlinear Response Characteristics

Composite materials are susceptible to subsurface damage mechanisms (delaminations, disbonds, etc), which are difficult to detect visually. Current inspection techniques for composite materials used in military aircraft are time consuming and typically require removal of the component for inspection. In this paper, a technique is discussed that uses multi-amplitude frequency response measurements collected with a three-dimensional scanning laser vibrometer to detect and locate damage by observing nonlinear vibration response characteristics introduced into composite specimens by material damage. A carbon fiber composite panel with several impact damage locations is investigated. The panel is excited by a piezoelectric actuator and the surface velocity is measured with a 3-D scanning laser vibrometer. Nonlinear characteristics in the measured response at multiple amplitudes of excitation are used to locate and detect the subsurface damage introduced by the impacts. The higher energy level impacts investigated were successfully detected using this reference-free technique. In addition, the damage on the panel is further localized by investigating nonlinearities at higher frequency ranges.
The General Noncompact Symmetric Space

The first four chapters of this tome considered various examples and applications of symmetric spacesXalong with harmonic analysis onX andX/Γ for discrete groups Γ of isometries ofX. Here we consider some aspects of analysis on a general noncompact symmetric spaceX =G/K. Our discussion will be very sketchy. The main goal is to lay the groundwork for extension of the results of the preceding chapters to other symmetric spaces which are of interest for applications; in particular, the Siegel upper half plane ℋn (which can be identified withSp(nℝ)/U(n)) and hyperbolic three space ℋc (which can be viewed asSL(2, ℂ)/SU(2)). We will also be interested in the fundamental domains ℋn/Sp(nℤ) for the Siegel modular group as well as the fundamental domain ℋc/SL(2, ℤ[i]) for the Picard group. It is possible to generalize just about everything we did in the earlier chapters for such examples; e.g., the Selberg trace formula. And our main motivations for doing so come from number theory. Because it is time consuming and sometimes not so enlightening to do each of these examples separately, we have decided to present some results on the general symmetric space. Those interested in number theoretic applications may find this equally tedious and attempt to jump to the next section. But I think it is useful to know what a general Iwasawa decomposition is, for example, in order to find the right coordinates to use in solving a given problem on the symmetric space. Of course, others will say that the discussion which follows is neither sufficiently general, detailed, or rigorous. We refer those characters to the texts of other authors which are listed below.
The Voyage of Entrecasteaux: Part 2 From Brest to Tasmania

The expedition sailed from Brest on the morning of 29 September 1791. On the next day, Entrecasteaux announced that he had been promoted to the rank of rear admiral, and both Auribeau and Huon to a captaincy. The harbor of Santa Cruz de Tenerife was to be the first port of call, and there they dropped anchor on 13 October 1791. While the crews were occupied taking on wine to replace that which had been consumed, and storing an abundance of fresh meat, vegetables, and grapes sent by the French consul, Fonspertuis, the naturalists developed a plan to climb the peak of Tenerife (Pic de Teyde) and to visit other high mountains on the island.