cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational Models for Sandwich Panels and Shells

The focus of this review is on the hierarchy of computational models for sandwich plates and shells, predictor-corrector procedures, and the sensitivity of the sandwich response to variations in the different geometric and material parameters. The literature reviewed is devoted to the following application areas: heat transfer problems; thermal and mechanical stresses (including boundary layer and edge stresses); free vibrations and damping; transient dynamic response; bifurcation buckling, local buckling, face-sheet wrinkling and core crimping; large deflection and postbuckling problems; effects of discontinuities (eg, cutouts and stiffeners), and geometric changes (eg, tapered thickness); damage and failure of sandwich structures; experimental studies; optimization and design studies. Over 800 relevant references are cited in this review, and another 559 references are included in a supplemental bibliography for completeness. Extensive numerical results are presented for thermally stressed sandwich panels with composite face sheets showing the effects of variation in their geometric and material parameters on the accuracy of the free vibration response, and the sensitivity coefficients predicted by eight different modeling approaches (based on two-dimensional theories). The standard of comparison is taken to be the analytic three-dimensional thermoelasticity solutions. Some future directions for research on the modeling of sandwich plates and shells are outlined.
SURFACE EFFECT SHIP SEAKEEPING ASSESSMENT

The seakeeping assessment methodology already developed and reported allows comparison of different classes of ships (ship types and displacement). Surface effect ships (SES's) however, have not been a part of this assessment and comparison. The SES-200 is a nominal 200t navy experimental SES with which relatively extensive seakeeping trials have been performed. Using the data from these trials and the Froude scaling process, motions of an SES of frigate size are determined for various seas encountered in the Atlantic Ocean. Then, using previously determined motion limitation criteria, percent times of operation are determined. With these values and the probability of occurrence of the wave heights, the overall percent operabilities are determined for the SES frigate in the North Atlantic and the Northern North Atlantic for average annual and average winter conditions. These percent operabilities are compared to values of the same parameter for other ship classes. The results show that the seakeeping characteristics of the SES are significantly superior to those of comparable size monohulls.
In vivo effect of cimetidine on canine pulmonary responsiveness to aerosol histamine

Abstract A series of experiments were designed to discover whether pulmonary histamine H 2 receptors might be of physiologic importance in vivo in the dog. Dose-response curves were performed to aerosol histamine in 11 dogs both before and 1 hr after H 2 receptor blockade with cimetidine (1 mg/kg as a rapid intravenous infusion). Cimetidine had no significant effect on control values of dynamic compliance or resistance of the lung. In the 11 dogs tested H 2 receptor antagonism significantly potentiated (p 2 receptors in canine airways and for the distribution of these receptors among dogs, explaining in part the previously described differences among dogs in the pulmonary responsiveness to aerosol histamine.
Continuous estrone treatment impairs spatial memory and does not impact number of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in the surgically menopausal middle-aged rat

CEE (conjugated equine estrogens) is the most widely prescribed estrogen-only menopausal hormone therapy in the United States, and is comprised of over 50% estrone (E1) sulfate. Following CEE administration, E1 is the principal circulating estrogen. However, the cognitive and neurobiological effects of E1 in a middle-aged rodent model have not yet been evaluated. We assessed cognitive effects of continuous E1 treatment in middle-aged surgically menopausal rats using a maze battery. We also quantified number of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive (ChAT-IR) neurons in distinct basal forebrain regions known in earlier studies in to be impacted by the most potent naturally-circulating estrogen in rodents and women, 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), as well as CEE. On the spatial working memory delayed-match-to-sample water maze, the highest E1 dose impaired memory performance during acquisition and after delay challenge. E1 did not impact ChAT-IR neuron number in the medial septum (MS) or horizontal/vertical diagonal bands. In a comparison study, 17β-E2 increased MS ChAT-IR neuron number. Findings indicate that E1 negatively impacts spatial working memory and memory retention, and does not increase ChAT-IR neuron number in basal forebrain, as does 17β-E2. Thus, data from prior studies suggest that 17β-E2 and CEE can enhance cognition and increase number of ChAT-IR basal forebrain neurons, while here we show that E1 does not induce these effects. Findings from preclinical basic science studies can inform the design of specific combinations of estrogens that could be beneficial to the brain and cognition. Accumulating data suggest that E1 is not likely to be among these key beneficial estrogens.
STUDIES ON GROWTH IN ORGAN CULTURE OF TESTICULAR TISSUE FROM RATS OF VARIOUS AGES.

Testicular fragments from newborn, 4, 14, 24, 37-day old and mature rats were cultured using a modification of Trowell's method. Eagle's medium supplemented with amino acids, Na-pyruvate and 10% calf serum was employed. Tissue fragments were fixed at time intervals for histologic study. In cultures of fragments from newborn and four-day rats, gonocytes persisted and showed mitotic activity. In fragments from older but still immature animals, gonocyte-like cells occasionally undergoing mitosis, appeared in the germinal epithelium after the fourth day in culture. Spermatocytes survived for approximately four weeks. More rapid degeneration of the germinal elements beyond spermatogonia was observed in cultures of mature testes. During the first six days in culture, cells resembling gonocytes, some in mitosis, appeared in the tubules. The studies have shown that under the conditions employed, Sertoli cells and gonocyte-like could be maintained for at least four months in cultured fragments of testes from animals of various ages. In fragments from older animals, gonocyte-like cells appeared shortly after initiation of culture while the more mature germinal elements ultimately degenerated.
Transverse diffusivity of dual phase composites

Abstract This paper compares the exact and appropriate theories developed for predicting the transverse diffusivity dual phase composite systems containing a rectangular lattice of uniform parallel circular cylindrical inclusions. Due to the difficulties in obtaining an explicit exact mathematical expression for the diffusivity of the composite system, approximations or mathematical models are usually introduced in the calculation of the diffusivity of the composites. The two most common approximate theories used in estimating the transverse diffusivity (or conductivity) of the composite system are described.
Evolution of Female Labor Force Participation in the United States: 1967 to 2003

This paper describes the changes in the employment choices of prime working-age women from 1967 to 2003. A neoclassical labor market participation model is presented and applied to data from the March Current Population Surveys (CPS). The paper provides a new insight: It highlights the different patterns of labor force participation by family-status categories. Also, the paper introduces the average annual unemployment rate at the state level as an explanatory variable to capture the demand-side constraint of the labor market. The results of the paper support the finding that since 1990, the increase in the participation of women in the labor force has slowed from previous decades.
Gene therapy of arthritis.

Genes encoding anti-arthritic products can be transferred to intra-or extraarticular sites where their expression suppresses various aspects of the pathophysiology of arthritis. A variety of viral and non-viral vectors can be used for the in vivo or ex vivo delivery of such genes. Promising pre-clinical data have resulted from the application of these strategies in several animal models of disease. Genes showing efficacy in this way include thise encoding interleukin (IL) -1Ra, IL-1sR, TNFsR, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), IL-13, Fas L, IL- 10 and vIL-10. Two human arthritis gene therapy protocols are underway in the USA and Germany. Both studies involve the ex vivo transfer of an IL-1Ra cDNA to the metacarpophalangeal joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Progress in developing gene treatments for arthritis has been rapid, and permits optimism about their ability eventually to improve the treatment of this group of diseases.(Internal Medicine 38: 233-239, 1999)
A case of persistent breaking of internal gravity waves in the atmospheric surface layer over the ocean

Formation and breaking of internal gravity waves contributing to a very significant increase in turbulence in the atmospheric surface layer over the Atlantic Ocean off Long Island, New York are reported. Contrary to the bursts that are characteristically of short duration, this increase in turbulence lasted for more than one hour and was typical of what one would observe during unstable atmospheric conditions. However, mean temperature profiles indicated strong stable conditions.
Influence of interstitials on the mechanical properties of metallic materials

The role of interstitials on the mechanical properties of metals has become more clearly understood as the result of investigations of systems whose interstitial solute concentrations in solid solution are effectively constant over a wide temperature range (from 0 K to well into the plateau of the flow stressvs temperature diagram). These studies strongly imply that both solid solution hardening and dynamic strain aging are due to pinning of dislocations by interstitial solute atoms. Furthermore, the strain rate is controlled by a mechanism whose activation enthalpy is a function of the effective stress, as suggested by Yokobori.
Sensitive detection of BRAF V600E mutation by Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS)-PCR

BRAF mutations occur in approximately 8% of all human cancers and approach 50% in melanoma and papillary carcinoma of thyroid. These mutations provide potentially valuable diagnostic, prognostic and treatment response prediction markers. A sensitive, specific, low-cost assay to detect these mutations is needed. To detect BRAF V600E mutation in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, we developed a method using Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS)-PCR. This method was designed to amplify three products in a single reaction tube: a 200 bp common product serving as an amplification control, a 144 bp BRAF V600E specific product, and a 97 bp wild-type (wt) specific product. The sensitivity of this method was determined to be as low as 0.5% for the BRAF V600E allele in a wild-type background. This method was successfully validated in 72 thyroid tumors. It detected V600E mutation in 22 out of 33 (67%) of the conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), 8 out of 12 (75%) of the tall-cell variant of PTC, whereas none of the 10 follicular variant of PTC showed BRAF V600E mutation. In addition, none of the 14 follicular adenomas and 3 follicular carcinomas had BRAF V600E mutation. As a comparison method, direct dideoxy sequencing found only 27 out of 30 (90%) mutations detected by ARMS-PCR method, suggesting that this ARMS-PCR method has higher sensitivity. Our ARMS-PCR method provides a new tool for rapid detection of BRAF V600E mutation. Our results indicate that ARMS-PCR is more sensitive than automated dideoxy sequencing in detecting low BRAF V600E allele burdens in FFPE tumor specimen. The strategy of this ARMS-PCR design may be adapted for early detection of point mutations of a variety of biomarker genes.
Preliminary investigation of advanced electrostatics in molecular dynamics on reconfigurable computers

Scientific computing is marked by applications with very high performance demands. As technology has improved, reconfigurable hardware has become a viable platform to provide application acceleration, even for floating-point-intensive scientific applications. Now, reconfigurable computers - computers with general purpose microprocessors, reconfigurable hardware, memory, and high performance interconnect - are emerging as platforms that allow complete applications to be partitioned into parts that execute in software and parts that are accelerated in hardware. In this paper, we study molecular dynamics simulation. Specifically, we study the use of the smooth particle mesh Ewald technique in a molecular dynamics simulation program that takes advantage of the hardware acceleration capabilities of a reconfigurable computer. We demonstrate a 2.7-2.9times speed-up over the corresponding software-only simulation program. Along the way, we note design issues and techniques related to the use of reconfigurable computers for scientific computing in general
Vaccination-Induced Syphilis and the Hübner Malpractice Litigation

This article examines smallpox vaccination in the 19th century as background for a notorious medical malpractice case that occupied Bavarian courts from April 1853 until May 1854. Dr. Georg Hubner, the defendant, was accused of hav - ing initiated a small epidemic of syphilis by using the lymph of a syphilitic infant to vaccinate 13 infants. The litigation and its published contemporaneous discussion demonstrate conflicts in the understanding of syphilis, the hazards of having to make a purely clinical diagnosis, the effect of obsolete legal wording in medical litigation, and the attitude of leading physicians to a guilty colleague.This case ultimately led to efforts to make arm-to-arm smallpox vaccination safer, and by 1898 to abandon the technique in favor of bovine sources that were sterilized and stabilized by various methods.
Arduino Microcontroller: Processing for Everyone! Second Edition

This book is about the Arduino microcontroller and the Arduino concept. The visionary Arduino team of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis launched a new innovation in microcontroller hardware in 2005, the concept of open source hardware. Their approach was to openly share details of microcontroller-based hardware design platforms to stimulate the sharing of ideas and promote innovation. This concept has been popular in the software world for many years. This book is intended for a wide variety of audiences including students of the fine arts, middle and senior high school students, engineering design students, and practicing scientists and engineers. To meet this wide audience, the book has been divided into sections to satisfy the need of each reader. The book contains many software and hardware examples to assist the reader in developing a wide variety of systems. For the examples, the Arduino UNO R3 and the Atmel ATmega328 is employed as the target processor. The second edition has been updated with the latest on the Arduino UNO R3 processor, changes to the Arduino Development Environment and several extended examples. Table of Contents: Getting Started / Programming / Embedded Systems Design / Serial Communication Subsystem / Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) / Interrupt Subsystem / Timing Subsystem / Atmel AVR Operating Parameters and Interfacing
Conquering Uncertainty: Understanding Corporate Cycles and Positioning Your Company to Survive the Changing Environment

Executive Overview This article presents a review of the book “Conquering Uncertainty: Understanding Corporate Cycles and Positioning Your Company to Survive the Changing Environment,” by Theodore Modis.
Affinity Chromatography for Cell Separation: Mathematical Model and Experimental Analysis

A model for cell affinity chromatography, a separation technique that exploits the differential adhesion of cells to ligand-coated surfaces, is presented. This adhesion is mediated by specific, noncovalent binding between cell surface macromolecules and ligand. Our model predicts how bound cell levels and selectivity depend on rates of deposition and reen trainment, as well as on the degree of adhesive interactions between the cell and surface, which is characterized by an adhesion efficiency, P. Both transport rates and adhesion efficiencies critically affect the degree of cell retention and separation. Two modes of column operation are considered: cell enrichment, in which we wish to retain a large pure fraction of cells in the column, and cell depletion, in which we wish to remove a large fraction of a particular subpopulation from a cell mixture. Our analysis indicates that each method should work satisfactorily only under restricted parameter conditions, and the requirements are different in the two modes. We also use our model to analyze several sets of experiments. The results of this analysis indicate how adhesion efficiencies vary as a function of flow rate and temperature. This work provides the first quantitative engineering studies of proper operating conditions for successful cell separation using affinity chromatographic methods.
The Influence of Maternal Acculturation, Neighborhood Disadvantage, and Parenting on Chinese American Adolescents’ Conduct Problems: Testing the Segmented Assimilation Hypothesis

Associations among neighborhood disadvantage, maternal acculturation, parenting and conduct problems were investigated in a sample of 444 Chinese American adolescents. Adolescents (54% female, 46% male) ranged from 12 to 15 years of age (mean age = 13.0 years). Multilevel modeling was employed to test the hypothesis that the association between maternal acculturation and adolescents’ conduct problems could be explained by differences in mothers’ reliance on monitoring and harsh discipline. In addition, guided by segmented assimilation theory, measures of neighborhood disadvantage were expected not only to be related to differences in parenting, but also to moderate the effects of maternal acculturation on parenting. Results indicated that increased maternal acculturation was related to higher levels of maternal monitoring and lower levels of harsh discipline, which, in turn, were related to lower levels of adolescents’ conduct problems. Hierarchical linear modeling results revealed that neighborhood disadvantage was related to lower levels of maternal monitoring. However, neighborhood disadvantage did not moderate the link between maternal acculturation and parenting practices.
Maturation and the role of PKC-mediated contractility in ovine cerebral arteries

Ca2+-independent pathways such as protein kinase C (PKC), extracellular-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), and Rho kinase 1 and 2 (ROCK1/2) play important roles in modulating cerebral vascular tone. Because the roles of these kinases vary with maturational age, we tested the hypothesis that PKC differentially regulates the Ca2+-independent pathways and their effects on cerebral arterial contractility with development. We simultaneously examined the responses of arterial tension and intracellular Ca2+ concentration and used Western immunoblot analysis to measure ERK1/2, RhoA, 20 kDa regulatory myosin light chain (MLC20), PKC-potentiated inhibitory protein of 17 kDa (CPI-17), and caldesmon. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu)-mediated PKC activation produced a robust contractile response, which was increased a further 20 to 30% by U-0126 (MEK inhibitor) in cerebral arteries of both age groups. Of interest, in the fetal cerebral arteries, PDBu leads to an increased phosphorylation of ERK2 compared with ERK1, whereas in adult arteries, we observed an increased phosphorylation of ERK1 compared with ERK2. Also, in the present study, RhoA/ROCK played a significant role in the PDBu-mediated contractility of fetal cerebral arteries, whereas in adult cerebral arteries, CPI-17 and caldesmon had a significantly greater role compared with the fetus. PDBu also led to an increased MLC20 phosphorylation, a response blunted by the inhibition of myosin light chain kinase only in the fetus. Overall, the present study demonstrates an important maturational shift from RhoA/ROCK-mediated to CPI-17/caldesmon-mediated PKC-induced contractile response in ovine cerebral arteries.
Interactive multimedia and distance learning

The advancement in technology is shaping every aspect of our life, including education. One decade ago, the Internet was not critical to education. However, now, it has become an integral part of learning process. In this study, it is argued that simply presenting non-interactive text-based information to online learners may not be the best way for distance learning to occur in some abstract subject areas. In order to provide learning opportunities to online students, educational institutions continue to develop online courses that represent electronic versions of text-based traditional classes. These electronic versions often contain materials that lack any significant level of creativity and/or interactivity. This issue is magnified in some area such as science and engineering that require hands-on work. The focus of this study is on an engineering technology course, Fundamentals of computer networks, where the students are required to gain practical experience and/or need to have the means to visualize the network operations.
The Dynamic Basis of Geomorphology Reenvisioned

Abstract Since the publication of Dynamic Basis of Geomorphology by Arthur Stahler (1952) geomorphology has become dominated by the process approach to inquiry. This approach treats geomorphological processes and process-form interactions as manifestations of mechanical stresses and strains acting on earth materials. Little attention has been given to the philosophical underpinnings of this approach, which correspond to the doctrine of mechanistic materialism. Concerns about limitations of the process approach have been raised recently, including its inherent reductionism; difficulty in dealing with complex, large-scale geomorphic phenomena; and lack of a historical focus. This article presents an alternative perspective on the dynamic basis of geomorphology grounded in process philosophy. The central theme of process philosophy is that processes are ontologically and epistemologically more primary than substantive material objects. A major implication of process philosophy is that mechanistic concepts, w...
Residual Strength Assessment of Low Velocity Impact Damage of Graphite-Epoxy Laminates

This report contains the study of Low Velocity Transverse Impact Damage of graphite-epoxy T300/5208 composite laminates. The specimen, 100 mm diameter clamped plates, were impact damaged by a cantilever-type instrumented 1-inch diameter steel ball. Study was limited to impact velocity 6 m/sec. Rectangular strips, 50 mm x 125 mm, were cut from the impact-damage specimens so that the impact damage zone was in the center of the strips. These strips were tested in tension to obtain their residual strength. An energy dissipation model was developed to predict the residual strength from fracture mechanics concepts. Net energy absorbed I(a) was evaluated from coefficient of restitution concepts based on shear dominated theory of fiber-reinforced materials, with the modification that during loading and unloading the shear deformation are respectively elastic-plastic and elastic. Delamination energy I(d) was predicted by assuming that the stiffness of the laminate dropped due to debonding. Fiber-breakage energy, assumed to be equal to the difference of I(a) and I(d), was used to determine the residual strength. Predictions were compared with test results.
Trend for decreasing Multiple Sclerosis Severity Scores (MSSS) with increasing calendar year of enrollment into the New York State Multiple Sclerosis Consortium

Background: Although the natural history of multiple sclerosis has been charted extensively, it is still not known whether the trajectory of disability accumulation has changed in the era of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs).Objective: The objective of this study was to examine trends in Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) with regard to calendar year of enrollment into the New York State MS Consortium (NYSMSC).Methods: Distributions of MSSS were calculated for each year of enrollment, from 1996 to 2007. Quantile regression was used in a multivariable analysis to model for conditional distribution of MSSS quantiles as functions of potential confounders.Results: The cohort consisted of 6238 patients. Mean age at enrollment was 38 years (SD = 10) and mean disease duration was 10.1 years (SD = 7.3); 57% were on DMTs. The quantile regression model of trends in MSSS between 1996 and 2007 controlled for age, sex, ethnicity, diagnostic delay, and disease duration and demonstrated a robust trend toward lowe...
Thermal Design and Analysis of the Supersonic Flight Dynamics Test Vehicle for the Low Density Supersonic Decelerator Project

The thermal design and analysis of the experimental Supersonic Flight Dynamics Test (SFDT) vehicle is presented. The SFDT vehicle is currently being designed as a platform to help demonstrate key technologies for NASA's Low Density Supersonic Decelerator (LDSD) project. The LDSD project is charged by NASA's Office of the Chief Technologist (OCT) with the task of advancing the state of the art in Mars Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) systems by developing and testing three new technologies required for landing heavier payloads on Mars. The enabling technologies under development consist of a large 33.5 meter diameter Supersonic Ringsail (SSRS) parachute and two different types of Supersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator (SIAD) devices - a robotic class, SIAD-R, that inflates to a 6 meter diameter torus, and an exploration class, SIAD-E, that inflates to an 8 meter diameter isotensoid. As part of the technology development effort, the various elements of the new supersonic decelerator system must be tested in a Mars-like environment. This is currently planned to be accomplished by sending a series of SFDT vehicles into Earth's stratosphere. Each SFDT vehicle will be lifted to a stable float altitude by a large helium carrier balloon. Once at altitude, the SFDT vehicles will be released from their carrier balloon and spun up via spin motors to provide trajectory stability. An onboard third stage solid rocket motor will propel each test vehicle to supersonic flight in the upper atmosphere. After main engine burnout, each vehicle will be despun and testing of the deceleration system will begin: first an inflatable decelerator will be deployed around the aeroshell to increase the drag surface area, and then the large parachute will be deployed to continue the deceleration and return the vehicle back to the Earth's surface. The SFDT vehicle thermal system must passively protect the vehicle structure and its components from cold temperatures experienced during the ascent phase of the mission as well as from the extreme heat fluxes produced during the supersonic test phase by the main motor plume and aeroheating. The passive thermal design approach for the SFDT vehicle relies upon careful and complex bounding analysis of all three modes of heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation - coupled with a tightly managed transient power dissipation timeline for onboard electronics components throughout all mission phases.
A Numerical Treatment for Attached Cavitation

A new numerical treatment has been developed for the prediction of the flowfield resulting from an attached cavitation region. The cavitation model has been implemented in a viscous calculation which is an improvement over previous inviscid results. The model requires no a priori knowledge of the wall detachment point or bubble length and comparisons with experimental data indicate good predictions of these quantities for a variety of different body shapes and cavitation numbers. Furthermore, wall pressure distributions are also predicted quite accurately using this method. While the treatment has been applied to an axisymmetric calculation, the approach should be applicable to two-dimensional flows.
Land Grant University Response to Invasive Species — How to Communicate with the Media and Regulatory Agencies

Abstract. In my first three years as an extension specialist at the Louisiana State University AgCenter, I responded to the detections of six invasive species. I have learned by experience the process of appropriately responding to the report of an invasive species. This manuscript identifies the eight key steps I follow to streamline the response of my extension program and avoid communication failures with the media, fellow university faculty, and regulatory agencies. I also describe a number of groups affected by species introductions, where Land Grant University extension faculty can assist in the response, and the final result of these team efforts.
Game Theory Tools for Improving Ecological Restoration Outcomes

Successful restoration and maintenance of ecological functions often requires understanding local decision making and behavior, as discussed in the introductory and subsequent chapters of this volume. Furthermore, successfully completing and maintaining most restoration projects requires participation and cooperation from a range of stakeholders, including local and state government agencies and officials, and local businesses and neighboring landowners.
Cattell–Horn–Carroll cognitive ability profiles of poor comprehenders

This study examines cognitive ability profiles of children with specific age-based normative weaknesses in reading comprehension and compares those profiles to the profiles of (a) children with at least average achievement in reading comprehension, reading decoding skills, and mathematics and (b) children with low achievement across the 3 achievement areas. When compared across 9 cognitive ability composite scores derived from Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory and measured by the Woodcock–Johnson III [Woodcock, McGrew, & Mather (2001). Woodcock–Johnson. Itasca, IL: Riverside], groups differed in overall level of performance. When individual abilities were considered, the poor comprehenders scored significantly lower than the average achievement group on all nine composite scores and significantly lower than the normative population on all composite scores except Processing Speed and Long-Term Retrieval. In contrast, the poor comprehenders also scored significantly higher than the low achievement group on all composite scores except for Visual–Spatial Thinking and Phonemic Awareness. Although the poor comprehenders as a group scored lowest on composite scores measuring language- and knowledge-based abilities, review of the profiles of individual poor comprehenders revealed no consistent pattern of performance across cognitive ability composite scores.
Quantification of posterior ankle exposure through an achilles tendon-splitting versus posterolateral approach.

Background: The optimal surgical exposure to the posterior ankle for trauma and reconstruction is a source of debate. We hypothesized that the Achilles tendon-splitting approach would provide great...
Professional Roles and Health Behavior

In the rapidly changing field of health care, professionals are inundated with a host of structural issues that affect how they perceive their roles, how they are perceived by the patient, and how they interact with patients. These structural issues include political, economic, organizational, scientific, and technological forces that promote change in even the most routine delivery of health care. In order for health care professionals to interact with patients in ways that both enhance communication and improve well-being, it is useful for professionals to have a clear understanding of how traditional roles of health care providers have changed and what these changes mean in routine interaction with patients. This chapter will explore the changing nature of roles for health care providers, the social forces that cause these role changes, and what the role alterations mean for routine provider-patient interactions.
Promotion Effect on Endogenous Consumption

Over the years, researchers have found that promotion makes consumers switch brands and purchase earlier or more. However, it is unclear how promotion affects consumption, especially for product categories that are perceived to be versatile and substitutable. In this paper, we propose a dynamic structural model with endogenous consumption under promotion uncertainty to analyze the promotion effect on consumption. This model recognizes consumers as rational decision makers who form promotion expectations and plan their purchase and consumption decisions in light of promotion schedule. Applying the proposed model to packaged tuna and yogurt, we find that endogenous consumption responds to promotion as a result of forward-looking and stockpiling behavior. This is the first empirical paper that recognizes consumption as an endogenous decision variable and proposes a structural model to offer behavioral explanations on whether, how, and why promotion encourages consumption for product categories with flexible consumption.
Thermodynamic studies on the interaction of the third complement component and its inhibitor, compstatin.

Compstatin is a 13-residue cyclic peptide that inhibits complement activation by binding to complement component, C3. Although the activity of compstatin has been improved severalfold using combinatorial and rational design approaches, the molecular basis for its interaction with C3 is not yet fully understood. In the present study, isothermal titration calorimetry was employed to dissect the molecular forces that govern the interaction of compstatin with C3 using four different compstatin analogs. Our studies indicate that the C3-compstatin interaction is an enthalpy-driven process. Substitution of the valine and histidine residues at positions 4 and 9 with tryptophan and alanine, respectively, resulted in the increase of enthalpy of the interaction, thereby increasing the binding affinity for C3. The data also suggest that the interaction is mediated by water molecules. These interfacial water molecules could be the source for unfavorable entropy and large negative heat capacity changes observed in the interaction. Although part of the negative heat capacity changes could be accounted for by the water molecules, the rest might be resulting from the conformational changes in C3 and/or compstatin up on binding. Finally, we propose based on the pKa values determined from the protonation studies that histidine on compstatin participates in protonation changes and contributes to the specificity of the interaction between compstatin and C3. These protonation changes vary significantly between the binding of different compstatin analogs to C3.
Experimental Verification of a Thermodynamic Model for a Pulse Tube Cryocooler

In a recently submitted article1 a thermodynamic model is described which provides an explanation for the performance of a GM type pulse tube cycle, permits optimization of cooling power for a given pulse tube system through the control of valve timing, and allows the design of pulse tubes to achieve the optimized coefficient of performance for specific cooling capacities. The cooling capacity is shown to be correlated with the net work done by the cold end control volume over one cycle. This paper presents an experimental verification of that model for two different scenarios, optimizing cooling power for a given pulse tube system and optimizing COP for a given compressor. The influence of the important parameters, including two intermediate pressures, the timing of the isobaric processes, and the size of the pulse tube on the refrigeration performance are intensively investigated. In addition, the results define a minimum necessary compressor capacity based on the pulse tube size and cycle frequency. Performance is characterized by the cooldown time, the minimum cold end temperature, and the cooling capacity at 60 K. The model predictions are compared both with experimental results obtained from systems driven by a GM compressor with an electrical input power of 1 kW, and with those reported for the Active Buffer system of Zhu2.
Design of a compact Shack-Hartmann aberrometer for real-time measurement of aberrations in human eyes

Optical and mechanical design of a wavefront sensor to measure aberrations in human eyes in a clinical environment. The Shack-Hartmann aberrometer provides live images of the eye and the grid pattern for easy alignment.
A wearable sensor based on CLYC scintillators

Abstract We have developed a wearable radiation sensor using Cs 2 LiYCl 6 :Ce (CLYC) for simultaneous gamma-ray and neutron detection. The system includes two ∅ 2.5 × 2.5 cm 3 crystals coupled to small, metal-body photomultiplier tubes. A custom, low-power electronics base digitizes the output signal at three time points and enables both pulse height and pulse shape discrimination of gamma rays and neutrons. The total counts, anomaly detection metrics, and identified isotopes are displayed on a small screen. Users may leave the device in unattended mode to collect long-dwell energy spectra. The system stores up to 18 h of one-second data, including energy spectra, and may transfer the data to a remote computer via a wired or wireless connection. The prototype is 18 × 13 × 7.5 cm 3 , weighs 1.3 kg, not including the protective pouch, and runs on six AA alkaline batteries for 29 h with the wireless link active, or 41 h with the wireless link disabled. In this paper, we summarize the system design and present characterization results from the detector modules. The energy resolution is about 6.5% full width at half maximum at 662 keV due to the small photomultiplier tube selected, and the linearity and pulse shape discrimination performance are very good.
Magnetic and structural phase diagram of CaMn2Sb2

On the basis of magnetic, transport, and optical measurements performed on single crystals, we report CaMn${}_{2}$Sb${}_{2}$ to be an antiferromagnetic insulator that exhibits weak ferromagnetic order above the N\'eel temperature. Magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal the magnitude of the high-temperature Curie-Weiss moment to be only half as large as the ground-state ordered moment, while electronic-structure calculations based on crystallographic measurements suggest a crystal-field-induced spin-state transition does not occur. The antiferromagnetic state is relatively insensitive to both doping and modest pressures, while the ferromagnetism can be readily tuned by either. Infrared transmission and pressure-dependent resistivity measurements suggest proximity to an electronic delocalization transition. We suggest the ferromagnetic state may be the signature of magnetic polarons.
Probability and Doob

(1998). Probability and Doob. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 105, No. 1, pp. 28-35.
The Exploration of Feasibility on the Issue of MBO in China

Since its introduction into China at the end of last century,MBO has been a hot topic attracting the eyes of various interested parties.This is especially true when the State-owned Capital Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council,for fear of suffering more losses of state-owned assets,compelled all the large state-owned enterprises to stop MBO,which results in this concept becoming more topical.This thesis analyses the actualities of China's MBO by defining the concept of MBO and describing its development and relevant features.From the financial perspective of the profitability,stockholding percentage and dividend policies,it recognizes the impacts an enterprise's MBO may have.While confirming the positive roles of MBO,it provides several constructive suggestions concerning the practical problems existing in the execution of MBO.
Women and sleep

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the differences in women's sleep compared to men and presents the reasons why differences occur, and how this may affect clinical decisions. Females demonstrated a trend toward increased slow-wave sleep (SWS) which continued throughout most of their lives. Teenage females tended to show less time in bed (TIB) and in the later teens females slept less than males. In their 20s, females demonstrated more total sleep time (TST) than men and continued to do so throughout life. Females' cyclic hormonal nature and physiologic changes significantly influence sleep architecture across their reproductive lifetime. Estrogen seems to increase longer rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in humans and improve sleep continuity in menopause. Other sleep disorders such as apnea appear frequently in women are still underdiagnosed, leaving women subjected to the significant health outcomes of hypertension, diabetes, and profound daytime sleepiness. Awareness of these issues and attention to incorporating questions about sleep and daytime alertness into a woman's care will optimize treatment.
JPL Ultrastable Trapped Ion Atomic Frequency Standards

Recently, room temperature trapped ion atomic clock development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has focused on three directions: 1) ultrastable atomic clocks, usually for terrestrial applications emphasizing ultimate stability performance and autonomous timekeeping; 2) new atomic clock technology for space flight applications that require strict adherence to size, weight, and power requirements; and 3) miniature clocks. In this paper, we concentrate on the first direction and present a design and the initial results from a new ultrastable clock referred to as L10 that achieves a short-term stability of $4.5 \times 10^{\mathrm {-14}}/\tau ^{\mathrm {1/2}}$ and an initial measurement of no significant drift with an uncertainty of $2.4 \times 10^{\mathrm {-16}}$ /day over a two-week period.
Suspected pulmonary embolism: evidence-based diagnostic testing.

The first part of this two-part “Point-of-Care Guide” discusses how to use two validated clinical decision rules to determine the likelihood of pulmonary embolism.
Evaluation of autonomic function

Clinical laboratory evaluation of adrenergic function is lacking in sensitivity. Recent studies suggest that components of the Valsalva maneuver can be used to evaluate adrenergic function. Late phase II and phase IV are primary regulated by peripheral and cardiac sympathetic activity, respectively. With progressive adrenergic failure there is a loss of IIl, an increase in IIe and a loss of IV in that order. Baroreflex gain can be described by the heart period/blood pressure (BP) response. An alternative approach of expressing latency instead of gain is of interest but is of uncertain validity. Evaluation of heart rate recordings in the frequency domain using power spectral analysis can be used to study parasympathetic/sympathetic balance in humans. Its value as a clinical test remains to be established. Prolonged tilt is a sensitive and probably specific test of vasodepressor syncope. Isoproterenol infusion during tilt is of doubtful specificity.
Enhancing model-based systems engineering with the Lifecycle Modeling Language

As systems become more complex, the systems engineering community must find new and more efficient ways of dealing with complexity throughout the system's lifecycle. Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) has proven to be effective at managing complexity through the development of systems in a virtual environment. Several languages have been developed in the spirit of MBSE; however, these languages often do not include the full spectrum of information needed for holistic system solutions. The Lifecycle Modeling Language (LML) has been developed to provide extensible language that contains both visualization models and an ontology. When LML is coupled with the Systems Modeling Language (SysML), the result is a modeling constructs that better supports systems engineering processes across the entire spectrum of lifecycle concerns. This coupling will not only be beneficial today, but could serve as a catalyst for a future MBSE environment.
Surgical recanalization of occluded peripheral arteries.

This article reviews the historical aspects and basis of direct arterial revascularization, expands the surgical options available for restoring arterial circulation, and offers an opportunity to investigate arterial healing and its regulation.
Hitting Rock Bottom After Job Loss: Bouncing Back to Create a New Positive Work Identity

Although people often value work identities, events sometimes threaten these identities, creating situations where individuals struggle to overcome the identity threat. Building on the theories of identity and escape from self, we develop a “rock bottom” model of generating a new positive work identity. Specifically, individuals who eventually hit rock bottom come to realize that the identity has been lost, which can lead to a path to recovery or to a path to dysfunction. The path to recovery involves escape through identity play and the oscillation between disciplined identity play and identity refinement/validation. The path to dysfunction involves escape though cognitive deconstruction. Regulatory focus is important in distinguishing between those who engage in identity play to generate possible new positive identities (i.e., promotion focus) and those who engage in cognitive dysfunction (i.e., prevention focus). A deeper understanding of why some recover and others languish provides an opportunity to ...
Debt, Aggregate Demand, and the Business Cycle

The importance of debt and credit have been evident throughout much of this book. Chapter 4 showed how the presence of inside debt potentially undermined the ability of price level reductions to increase aggregate demand. The importance of credit was also evident in the discussion of the money supply in Chapter 7, and it reappeared as an important element in the theory of endogenous finance that was developed in Chapter 8. Thus far, the treatment of credit has been restricted to a static context, and this has meant that the aggregate demand effects of debt have been restricted to its deflationary “stock” effects. However, issuance of new debt can have expansionary “flow” effects on aggregate demand. This chapter combines these stock-flow aggregate demand effects of debt within the context of a model of the business cycle.
Dissolving Metal Reductions

This chapter discusses dissolving metal reductions. Although once used extensively for the reduction of functional groups, reactions employing dissolving metals have been replaced by other convenient methods. However, certain synthetic sequences that may require stereospecific or functionally selective reductions may best be executed by means of metals in solution. The Birch reduction, or its modifications, employs a solution of an alkali metal in liquid ammonia or an aliphatic amine and is still widely used in connection with the reduction of aromatic or conjugated systems. The reduction of benzene to 1, 4-cyclohexadiene is typical of the one-electron transfer mechanism commonly understood to pertain in such reductions. The reduction of an aromatic system under controlled conditions is an important source of cycloalkanes. Hexamethylphosphoric triamide has been found to be an ideal solvent in which to conduct the reduction of α, β-unsaturated ketones by alkali metals. The reduction of α, β -unsaturated γ-diketones can conveniently be done with zinc in acetic acid.