cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A “Gen-X”er in space: Pioneer 10 lives!

On April 29, 2001, a signal from Pioneer 10 was received in Madrid, Spain. At a distance of 77.7 AU from the Sun (11.75 billion km.), Pioneer 10 is continuing to move away at a speed of 12.24 km/sec (27,380 mph). It takes a truly long-distance call to make contact—almost 22 hours are required to send and receive a signal from Pioneer 10!
CyMRisk: An approach for computing mission risk due to cyber attacks

This paper provides an overview of CyMRisk, an experimental architecture for computing mission risk due to cyber attack. In its current form, the approach employs a simulation of key aspects of a target business/mission process as well as attacker behavior to estimate mission impact due to cyber attacks. In addition, CyMRisk estimates worst case attacker level of effort associated with carrying out such attacks.
Differences between sexes in lower extremity alignment and muscle activation during soccer kick.

Background: Injury risk in soccer varies by sex. Female soccer players face a greater risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury and patellofemoral problems, while male players are more likely to experience sports hernia symptoms. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that females have different lower-extremity alignment and muscle activation patterns than males during the soccer kick. Methods: Thirteen male and twelve female college soccer players underwent three-dimensional motion analysis and electromyography of seven muscles (iliacus, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius) in both the kicking and the supporting lower extremity and two additional muscles (hip adductors and tibialis anterior) in the kicking limb only. Five instep and five side-foot kicks were recorded for each player. Muscle activation was recorded as a percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Results: The male soccer players had significantly higher mean muscle activation than their female counterparts with respect to the iliacus in the kicking limb (123% compared with 34% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction; p = 0.0007) and the gluteus medius (124% compared with 55%; p = 0.005) and vastus medialis muscles (139% compared with 69%; p = 0.002) in the supporting limb. The supporting limb reached significantly greater mean hip adduction during the stance phase of the kick in the females compared with that in the males (15° and 10°, respectively; p = 0.006). Conclusions: Differences between the sexes in lower extremity alignment and muscle activation occur during the soccer instep and side-foot kicks. Decreased activation of the hip abductors and greater hip adduction in the supporting limb during the soccer kick in female athletes may be associated with their increased risk for anterior cruciate ligament injury. Clinical Relevance: Programs targeting these differences in muscle activation and lower extremity alignment during the kick should be evaluated for use in injury prevention in soccer athletes. Future research is warranted to investigate how differences between the sexes at the hip may relate to differences in the risk of lower extremity injury among athletes in soccer and other sports.
Minimum-creep-rate behavior of polycrystalline vanadium from 0.35 to 0.87 Tm

Abstract The minimum-creep-rate behavior of polycrystalline vanadium was investigated over the temperature range of 477–1600°C (0.35–0.87 T m ). The uncorrected or apparent activation energy for creep was found to increase linearly with temperature from 56 to 121 kcal/mole over this temperature range as the stress was decreased from 14.7 to 0.25 × 10 8 dyn/cm 2 . A fifth power dependence of minimumcreep-rate on applied tensile stress was observed when the ratio of strain rate to diffusivity was less than 10 9 cm −2 ; however, above this ratio a stronger dependence was found. The creep-rate data are in agreement with contemporary correlations between creep and diffusion activation energies if the nonlinearity of the Arrhenius type plot for the diffusivity is taken into account. Mechanistically, the creep behavior is ascribed to dislocation climb by divacancy diffusion at high temperatures. As temperature is decreased, the climb becomes controlled by single vacancy diffusion and eventually at low temperatures the climb is controlled by short-circuited diffusion. At any given temperature, the activation energy for creep is larger than that for self-diffusion. This effect was attributed to the larger vacancy concentration during creep, shifting the high-temperature divacancy diffusion mechanism to lower temperatures during creep.
Compositional Characteristics of Protein Ingredients Prepared from High-sucrose/Low-stachyose Soybeans

High-sucrose/low-stachyose (HS/LS) soybeans contained lower total concentrations of free sugars (13.3%), less stachyose (0.7%), and more galactinol (0.7%) (galactopyranosylmyo-inositol) than the control normal soybeans (14.9, 5.1, and 0.2%, respectively). A low-fiber soybean protein concentrate (LFSPC) process was developed, which is especially suited to HS/LS soybeans, by which defatted soy flour is merely extracted with alkali to remove fiber and then neutralized and dried to produce the protein-rich soluble fraction. Two different pH values (7.5 and 8.5) were used in extracting protein, and these LFSPC were compared with traditional ethanol-washed soy protein concentrate (EWSPC) and soy protein isolate (SPI) prepared from both normal and HS/LS soybeans. The LFSPC had slightly lower yields of solids and protein (∼70 and ∼81%, respectively) than conventional FWSPC (∼77 and ∼93%, respectively) but much higher than conventional SPI (∼42 and ∼70%, respectively). The LFSPC prepared from HS/LS soybeans contained significantly (P<0.05) more protein (∼66% protein content) than LFSPC prepared from normal soybeans (∼63%). Total isoflavone contents of the LFSPC (∼12 μmol/g) were significantly higher than for EWSPC (∼1.5 Imol/g) or SPI (∼10 μmol/g). The LFSPC prepared from HS/LS soybeans contained higher sugar contents (∼15%) than either traditional EWSPC (∼2.5%) or SPI (∼1.5%); but the sums of stachyose and raffinose were only ∼1% for the LFSPC compared with ∼1% for EWSPC and 0.5% for SPI prepared from normal soybeans.
Calculation of Disjoining Pressure for Lubricant Films Via Molecular Simulation

In this study, disjoining pressure of molecularly thin film on a solid surface is calculated from molecular dynamics simulation for the first time. Disjoining pressure in such thin films has been measured using a geometry in which the film and a curvature coexist so that the disjoining pressure is obtained indirectly from capillary pressure due to the curvature. An off-lattice, coarse-grained, bead-spring model used in the simulations is described in a previous report (Q. Guo et al.). A simulation cell with a rectangular plate in xy plane is used to obtain 2-dimensional fluid bridge between the plates facing each other. The bridge shape is reproduced by the augmented Young-Laplace equation (AYLE) with the thickness of the coexisting film and the surface tension of the polymers as input parameters. The surface tension is obtained separately from the molecular dynamics simulations using the same bead-spring chains.
Decentralized computation for robust stability analysis of large state-space systems using Polya's theorem

In this paper, we propose a parallel algorithm to solve large robust stability problems. We apply Polya's theorem to a parameter-dependent version of the Lyapunov inequality to obtain a set of coupled linear matrix inequality conditions. We show that a common implementation of a primal-dual interior-point method for solving this LMI has a block diagonal structure which is preserved at each iteration. By exploiting this property, we create a highly scalable cluster-computing implementation of our algorithm for robust stability analysis of systems with large state-space. Numerical tests confirm the scalability of the algorithm.
Adaptive Base Isolation System for the Control of Seismic Energy Flow into Buildings

Passive base isolation is an effective system for reducing earthquake induced damage to buildings. The effectiveness of the passive base isolation system can be further improved by combining it with an active vibration control system. This "hybrid" base isolation system can actively adapt to seismic excitation to minimize the induced damage to the structure. In this study an "adaptive base isolation" system which utilizes passive base isolation devices and strain inserting actuators is proposed. Strain inserting actuators are placed horizontally between the structure and the foundation in order to isolate the structure from the horizontal components of the ground motion. The proposed system is designed to minimize the earthquake induced forces imposed on the structure, in order to control the seismic energy flow into the building.
Clinicopathologic characteristics of colonic carcinoid tumors.

Abstract Background Extra-appendiceal colonic carcinoids are uncommon neuroendocrine tumors with a poor prognosis compared with carcinoids of other gastrointestinal origins. Few studies have examined the clinicopathologic profile and behavior of this rare tumor. Materials and methods A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with colonic carcinoid tumors evaluated at a single tertiary care center between 1996 and 2012. Collected data included patient and tumor characteristics, presentation, treatment, recurrence, and survival. Results were integrated into a comprehensive review of the colonic carcinoid literature. Results In total, 114 patients with colorectal carcinoid tumors were identified, and 15 patients with extra-appendiceal tumors were analyzed. The mean age was 58.6 ± 3.0 y, and subjects were predominantly male (73.3%). The most common presenting problem was abdominal pain (33.3%), although 26.7% of patients were asymptomatic. Cecal tumors were the most prevalent (73.3%), and most patients underwent right hemicolectomy. Three patients with lesions Conclusions This case series further elucidates the clinicopathologic characteristics of colonic carcinoid tumors, which aids physicians in guiding the diagnosis and management of these rare tumors.
A Therapeutic Approach to Reduce Postabortion Grief in University Women

This article focuses on a therapeutic approach to help women deal with the feelings of grief and guilt they may feel as a result of a voluntary termination of a pregnancy. Available medical and psychological literature indicates that, from a public health perspective, significant psychological problems related to an abortion are "minuscule." Several women the author saw during the 1992/93 academic year who considered themselves to be extremely religious and profile had undergone elective abortion. They experienced tremendous guilt and grief 4 to 6 months after the procedure. The author recommends that college health center medical and counseling providers who must deal with this issue help the woman validate her loss by revisiting the site of her abortion to reflect upon the experience and to hold a Gestalt dialogue with the fetus to end the relationship. The provider or someone else should accompany the woman to the site because of the increasing potentiality for violence on the part of prolife protesters.
The vectorcardiogram in direct posterior wall myocardial infarction.

Abstract 1. 1. Employing the cube reference system, vectorcardiograms were obtained in six cases of myocardial infarction involving the posterior wall of the left ventricle. 2. 2. In these vectorcardiograms, the early forces of the QRS loop were abnormally displaced anteriorly and to the right. This finding accounts for the increased R wave amplitude in right precordial leads of the scalar electro-cardiogram that is seen in posterior wall infarction. 3. 3. The vectorcardiogram is of particular diagnostic value when infarction is localized to the posterior surface since the classic pattern of myocardial infarction is not evident in the routine electrocardiogram. 4. 4. Vectorcardiography serves to differentiate posterior infarct from other causes of prominent R waves in right precordial leads such as right bundle branch block and right ventricular hypertrophy.
Overexpression and purification of human calcineurin α from Escherichia coli and assessment of catalytic functions of residues surrounding the binuclear metal center

Calcineurin is an important signal-transducing enzyme in many cell types including T lymphocytes and is a common target for the immunosuppressants cyclosporin A and FK506. The crystal structures of both calcineurin [Griffith et al. (1995) Cell 82, 507-522; Kissinger et al. (1995) Nature 378, 641-644] and a related enzyme, protein phosphatase-1 [Goldberg et al. (1995) Nature 376, 745-753], revealed that this class of serine/threonine phosphatases contain in their putative active sites a binuclear metal center formed by an Asn, two Asp, and three His residues. In addition, one His and two Arg residues lie in close vicinity of the binuclear metal centers. The importance of the binuclear metal center and its surrounding residues in catalysis by calcineurin has not been investigated experimentally. Herein, we report an efficient bacterial expression and purification system for human calcineurin alpha. Using this system, a systematic alanine-scan mutagenesis on the residues surrounding the putative active site was performed. It was found that an intact binuclear metal center is essential for the catalytic activity of the enzyme. In addition, His151, Arg122, and Arg254 also exhibited either a loss or a dramatic decrease in catalytic activity upon mutation into alanines. Interestingly, the Arg254Ala mutant retained a small but significant amount of catalytic activity toward the small substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate, but is completely inactive toward a phosphopeptide substrate, suggesting that this arginine may be involved in the binding of phosphoprotein substrates as well as in catalysis. As all the residues in the putative active site are conserved between different eukaryotic serine/threonine phosphatases, these results should apply to all members of this family of protein phosphatases.
Contribution to the packing of liquid chromatographic microcolumns

Abstract A new method of studying slurry packing in liquid chromatography microcolumns is described. The unique dimensions of microcolumns cause more stringent packing requirements than for other liquid chromatographic systems. Therefore, we developed an integrated approach to the study of slurry packing that employs several physico-chemical parameters including colloid physics, slurry rheology and filtration. Manipulation of these parameters is critical to ensure control of the packing structure and column performance.
Detection of Nucleospora salmonis in steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

Nucleospora salmonis is an intranuclear microsporidian found in salmonid fish. The parasite principally infects lymphoblast cells resulting in chronic severe lymphoblastosis and leukaemia-like conditions (Elston, Kent & Harrell 1987; Hedrick, Groff, McDowell, Willis & Cox 1990; Morrison, MacConnell, Chapman & Westgard 1990). Nucleospora salmonis generally weakens immune system function allowing for other, opportunistic infections, but it can also be fatal (Hedrick et al. 1990). Nucleospora salmonis occurs naturally in the northwestern United States in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), and steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and has also been reported in Europe and South America (Kent, Groff, Traxler, Zinkl & Bagshaw 1990; Chilmonczyk, Cox & Hedrick 1991; MacConnell, Shaw & Smith 1991). This salmonid pathogen, however, poses its greatest threat within commercial and conservation aquaculture where fish rearing densities are higher than those found in the wild. As with other pathogens, identifying N. salmonis
Differential termination of large-diameter and small-diameter primary afferent fibers in the spinal dorsal gray matter as indicated by labeling with horseradish peroxidase.

Abstract Primary afferent fibers, collaterals, and terminations in the spinal dorsal horn were labeled by the orthograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Lesions of fine afferent fibers comprising the lateral division of dorsal rootlets resulted in the staining of almost no boutons in the marginal zone and substantia gelatinosa but of many boutons in the nucleus proprius. Lesions of large-diameter fibers comprising the medial division restricted staining to a very few boutons in the nucleus proprius while many were stained in the marginal zone and the substantia gelatinosa.
Leakage Current and Dielectric Properties of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 Films Deposited by RF Sputtering at Low Substrate Temperature

Most studies of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST) thin film deposition have focused on chemical vapor deposition or spin-on techniques. Both these techniques require high substrate temperature (greater than 600 °C), either during the deposition or during an anneal after deposition. A few groups have reported on sputtered films, but most of these studies also used high-temperature processes. While such temperatures are compatible with poly-Si plug DRAM and related technologies, they are far above the limits for technologies that require the deposition of non-refractory metals before the deposition of the ceramic film. For example, the use of Al metalization before the deposition of BST would limit the BST processing temperature to about 450 °C. A process compatible with such a temperature limit is reported. Such a process makes fabrication of high quality BST thin films difficult, primarily due to the need for oxidation and grain growth in the ceramic. The leakage current and dielectric properties of BST films deposited in such a process are reported and are shown to be sufficient for practical device applications.
Proteomic analysis of articular cartilage vesicles from normal and osteoarthritic cartilage

Objectives Articular cartilage vesicles (ACVs) are extracellular organelles found in normal articular cartilage. While they were initially defined by their ability to generate pathologic calcium crystals in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage, they also can alter the phenotype of normal chondrocytes through transfer of RNA and protein. We analyzed the proteome of ACVs from normal and OA human cartilage.
Assessing Trends in Performance per Watt for Signal Processing Applications

We present a survey and analysis of processor power efficiency, showing results from the first personal computer until the present day that analyzes the metric of multiply– accumulate (MAC) energy per operation. MAC performance is critical for continued scaling of signal processing applications. We derive our results from published work and published CPU databases, and we hypothesize that a Powerwall exists, above which we do not predict Moore’s law will bring the current digital computing paradigm. Our results show that this Powerwall exists in a band from 10 to 30 GMAC/W.
Assessment and Treatment of Malnutrition in Orthopaedic Surgery

Malnutrition in orthopaedic patients, a condition that is overlooked and understudied, has substantial effects on outcomes1-6. Underweight and malnourished elderly patients are at risk of experiencing reduced well-being and autonomy as well as increased mortality as compared with their counterparts of normal weight7. Malnutrition may be simply defined as an imbalance of energy, protein, and nutrients leading to functional and compositional adverse effects on the body8,9. By this definition, as much as 15% of ambulatory and 65% of hospitalized patients are malnourished10. Without adequate nutrition, orthopaedic patients are more susceptible to infections, slower healing rates, and sarcopenia (reduced lean body mass and muscle function)8. Stratifying malnutrition on the basis of etiology (e.g., “starvation-related,” “chronic disease-related,” and “acute injury or illness-related”) facilitates the formation of a more clinically relevant definition11. In starvation, the primary problem is reduced intake, possibly due to socioeconomic factors or secondary to anorexia6. With chronic disease and acute injury, increases in resting energy expenditure and protein requirements due to the inflammatory response contribute to malnourishment7. The new etiology-based approach to the diagnosis of malnutrition …
The Seattle Pediatric Palliative Care Project: effects on family satisfaction and health-related quality of life.

Purpose: This paper presents the components of a pediatric palliative care demonstration program implemented in Seattle during the period 1999–2001. It reports findings from the evaluation of quality of life and family satisfaction among enrolled participants. The program was designed to enhance patient–provider communication using the Decision-making Tool (DMT) and experimented with comanagement by clinicians and insurers to support decisionmaking in advanced serious pediatric illness. Design: The project design consisted of ethical decision-making, provider education, and flexible administration of health benefits through co-case management between insurers and care providers. The evaluation study design is a nonexperimental pretest, posttest design comparison of pediatric quality of life and family satisfaction at program entry with repeated measures at 3 months postprogram entry. Quality of life was measured with parent proxy reports of health-related quality of life using the PedsQL™ Version 4.0, and...
Factors correlated with violent video game use by adolescent boys and girls.

Abstract Purpose To compare the video and computer game play patterns of young adolescent boys and girls, including factors correlated with playing violent games. Methods Data collected in November/December, 2004 from children in grades 7 and 8 at two demographically diverse schools in Pennsylvania and South Carolina, using a detailed written self-reported survey. Results Of 1254 participants (53% female, 47% male), only 80 reported playing no electronic games in the previous 6 months. Of 1126 children who listed frequently played game titles, almost half (48.8%) played at least one violent (mature-rated) game regularly (67.9% of boys and 29.2% of girls). One third of boys and 10.7% of girls play games nearly every day; only 1 in 20 plays often or always with a parent. Playing M-rated games is positively correlated ( p Conclusions Most young adolescent boys and many girls routinely play M-rated games. Implications for identifying atypical and potentially harmful patterns of electronic game use are discussed, as well as the need for greater media literacy among parents.
Effect of iodixanol on in vitro bleeding time

Rationale and Objectives. Both monomeric and dimeric ionic radio contrast media (CM) have been shown to be more anticoagulant than nonionic monomeric CM. Iodixanol is a relatively new noniorlic dimeric contrast medium. We investigated whether the dimeric structure of iodixanol would produce the same level of anticoagulation that has been observed using nonionic monomeric CM. Methods. We used a global screening device that operates under physiologic flow conditions to monitor the effects of iodixanol on in vitro bleeding time (IVBT). This flow dynamic technique perfuses nonanticoagulated whole blood through a hollow fiber device. A leak in the fiber is created by a precision needle, and the resulting pressure fluctuations within the fiber are monitored to examine the ability of the hemostatic system to close the leak by forming a stable platelet plug. Results. In 20 donors, iodixanol (25% CM/blood, v/v) was shown to lengthen the mean IVBT (18.74 min) compared with the normal blood mean IVBT (4.24 min). Conclusion. The addition of dimeric iodixanol to normal blood affects the IVBT in the same manner as nonionic monomeric CM (ioversol, iopamidol, and iohexol).
Alterations in aortic endothelial cell morphology and cytoskeletal protein synthesis during cyclic tensional deformation

Abstract Previous studies have shown that bovine aortic endothelial cells (ECs) in culture respond to repetitive tensional deformation with an increase in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and cell proliferation. This study was designed to determine whether cyclic tensional deformation of ECs in vitro induces different morphologic or protein synthetic responses. ECs from passages 6 through 9 were seeded in 35 mm 2 well silicone rubber plates at 2 × 10 5 cells/well and allowed to attach for 24 hours. The experimental group was placed in a vacuum-operated stress-providing device that exerted an elongation of 24% at maximum downward deflection of the culture plate bottom and was subjected to repetitive cycles of 10 seconds of 24% maximum elongation and 10 seconds of relaxation for 5 days. The control group was subjected to similar incubation conditions but without stretch. 35 S-methionine (500 μCi/well) was added to the plates 24 hours before harvesting, and two-dimensional gels of the harvested lysates (isoelectric focusing with pH 3 to 10 ampholytes followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on 12.5% gels) were performed and the labeled proteins visualized by autoradiography. The data indicate that there is a differential synthesis of proteins, with synthesis of some proteins decreased or ablated whereas other proteins were increased in response to cyclic mechanical tension. The actin filament organization was evaluated after staining with rhodamine phalloidin, a fluorescent F-actin probe. The ECs subjected to tension had a more polygonal shape and demonstrated pseudopods and actin stress fibers, whereas ECs cultured under static conditions were more rounded and did not express actin stress cables. We conclude that ECs subjected to repetitive mechanical deformation are not only stimulated to proliferate but also respond to tension by altering their cellular morphology and protein synthetic capabilities. These findings may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms by which the endothelium in vitro responds to constant, pulsatile forces of the circulation. (J VASC SURG 1988;7:130-8.)
Biosecurity in the age of Big Data: a conversation with the FBI

New scientific frontiers and emerging technologies within the life sciences pose many global challenges to society. Big Data is a premier example, especially with respect to individual, national, and international security. Here a Special Agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation discusses the security implications of Big Data and the need for security in the life sciences.
Following Up Folate and Its Function in Colorectal Carcinogenesis

given to women with suboptimal micronutrient intake. Because the trial was carried out during the folic acid fortification era and the women volunteering were likely to be health-conscious, with a history of vitamin supplement use, the median intake of folate, B6, and B12 at study entry was relatively high, at 108%, 167%, and 292% of the respective recommended dietary allowances (1). The lack of effect of high-dose folate/B6/B12 supplementation on adenoma risk in a well-nourished population agrees with a recent combined analysis of the three large randomized, placebocontrolled trials of folic acid supplementation, which were carried out in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Denmark among patients with an adenoma history (2632 men and women) (8). After up to 3.5 years of folic acid use, at 0.5 or 1.0 mg/day, risk of adenoma, or advanced adenoma, was not statistically significantly increased or decreased. Interestingly, folic acid was associated with non-statistically significant reductions in risk among subjects in the two lowest quartiles of circulating folate at study entry. This combined analysis is encouraging, even though more follow-up is needed. The largest of the three trials included had previously reported potentially adverse effects: a statistically nonsignificant increased risk of adenoma, especially advanced adenoma, after 3 and 6–8 years of follow-up (9). Although these randomized trials do suggest that high-dose folic acid is not a promising chemopreventive agent for colorectal cancer, they do not completely resolve the role of folate and other B vitamins in colorectal carcinogenesis. In 2010, in a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies of folate intake and colon cancer, including 5720 incident cases and up to 7–20 years of follow-up, both dietary folate intake and total folate intake (from diet and supplements) were inversely, although modestly, associated with risk (comparing extreme quintiles, RRs = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.84 to 1.00 and 0.85, 95% CI = 0.77 to 0.95, respectively) (10). The stronger association with total folate intake might be due to an expanded range of intake, enhanced bioavailability of the synthetic folic acid in supplements, or the presence of other B vitamins in the multivitamins that provided most of the supplemental folate. More recently, in analyses of incident colorectal cancer diagnosed in the folic acid fortification era, the American Association of Retired Persons cohort reported a statistically significant 30% reduction in colorectal cancer risk comparing extremes of total folate intake (6484 incident cases) (11); and the Cancer Prevention Study II reported a statistically significant 19% reduction comparing extreme quintiles of total intake (1023 incident cases) (12). Although the strength of these associations with total folate intake
Asian aerosols in North America: Extracting the chemical composition and mass concentration of the Asian continental aerosol plume from long‐term aerosol records in the western United States

[1] Empirical assessment of the frequency and intensity of dust transport from Asia to North America has found that the dust regularly impacts elevated sites in the western United States, revealing a pattern of consistent, frequent transport above the marine boundary layer. Using the dust as a marker for Asian transport, a subset of Asianinfluenced samples was identified within a decade of routine aerosol samples from two sites in the western cordillera of North America: Crater Lake, Oregon, and Mount Lassen, California. This subset was used to guide a statistical analysis to isolate Asian aerosol against the ‘‘background’’ of local contaminants. The analysis was then generalized to all samples during the transport season (March–October) for 1989–1999. A mixture of dust and combustion products dominates the Asian aerosol with typical concentration around 5 mg/m 3 and mass median diameter between 2 and 3 mm. Major fine particle (<2.5 mm diameter) constituent fractions are � 30% mineral, 28% organic compounds, 4% elemental carbon, 10% sulfate, <5% nitrate, and <1% sea salt. A second, possibly Asian, component of aged biomass smoke and sea salt is also present, with typical concentration (when present) around 1.5 mg/m 3 . Averaged over the transport season the dusty Asian aerosol and the smoky aerosol comprise 60 and 6%, respectively, of total particle mass (<10 mm diameter) and 72 and 13% of fine particle mass at these sites. These data indicate that the Asian continental plume is a significant contributor to aerosol loading at remote high-altitude sites across western North America. This implies a significant influence for Asian emissions on free troposphere aerosols over North America and suggests that they need to be explicitly accounted for in aerosol analyses ranging from climate studies to aerosol regulatory programs. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0322 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks; 0345 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution—urban and regional (0305); 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—composition and chemistry; 0368 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—constituent transport and chemistry; KEYWORDS: troposphere, aerosol, North America, Asia Citation: VanCuren, R. A., Asian aerosols in North America: Extracting the chemical composition and mass concentration of the Asian continental aerosol plume from long-term aerosol records in the western United States, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20), 4623, doi:10.1029/2003JD003459, 2003.
On polynomials in two projections.

Conditions are established on a polynomial f in two variables under which the equality f(P1,P2) = 0 for two orthogonal projections P1,P2 is possible only if P1 and P2 commute.
Criminal Behavior: The Need for an Integrative Approach That Incorporates Biological Influences

Criminology, as a field, has historically focused on social factors that contribute to the perpetration of crime. Although research has supported these influences as important predictors of criminal behavior, a substantial body of literature suggests that biological mechanisms also serve as risk and protective factors. In fact, research in this area has demonstrated that examining the interaction effect between biological and social influences provides a more holistic picture of criminal behavior. In the current article, research examining autonomic arousal, neurobiology and neuroendocrine functioning will be presented to provide an overview of the general themes among the findings. Based on the strong evidence in support of the inclusion of biological influences in models predicting criminal behavior, it is recommended that the field of criminology strive to use biosocial models in future research.
Damping Bunch Shape Oscillations in the Brookhaven AGS

Bunch shape oscillations are present in the AGS both before and after the transition energy (?8 BeV) is reached. At transition, they can be excited by timing, phase and radial misadjustments, and beyond by rapid large radial position changes used for targeting or by rapid large (> 20%) targeting losses. They can also be excited before transition by misadjusting the low level RF control system. In addition, excitation before transition can occur when 2fs = 720 Hz, the magnet ripple frequency, or when 2fs = 360 Hz, the ripple frequency on the RF cavity tuning servo systems. An analysis of the RF phase control systems including second order effectsl indicates that it should damp these oscillations but at a rate~fs/s? except in the vicinity of transition. At 200 ms, E ? 6.5 BeV, ? ? 6.9, fs 200 Hz, and the damping rate is ? 0.46 s-1. Thus adequate inherent damping is present only early in the acceleration cycle. This, plus the fact that the sensitivity of the phase control electronics to bunch shape variations can at times produce antidamping, has led to the design and testing of various feedback damping systems to control these oscillations. An analysis of RF phase and amplitude feedback, using a peak detected signal, as applied to the RF control system, will be given. Operational results using both types of feedback will be described.
A new proof of the Jury test

The problem of determining the root distribution of a real polynomial with respect to the unit circle, in terms of the coefficients of the polynomial, was solved by Jury (1964). The calculations were presented in tabular form (Jury's table) and were later simplified by Raible (1974). This result is now classical and is as important in the stability analysis of digital control systems as its continuous time counterpart, the Routh Hurwitz criterion. Most texts on digital control state the Jury test but avoid giving the proof. In this paper we give a simple, insightful and new proof of the Jury test. The proof is based on the behaviour of the root-loci of an associated family of polynomials that was introduced previously by the authors (1995). The proof reveals clearly the mechanism underlying the counting of the roots within and without the unit circle, and this is illustrated with an example.
NMR imaging of flow velocity in porous media

Two NMR velocity imaging methods based on the pulsed field gradient stimulated-echo technique are evaluated for the measurement of fluid flow in porous media. The spatial resolution and dynamic scale of velocity imaging experiments are chosen to represent the macroscopic behavior of the complex motion of fluid molecules. A theoretical formulation for data interpretation is presented and demonstrated with experimental data for water flow in a glass-bead pack and sandstone samples. Velocity imaging methods investigated include the use of flow-induced phase shifts and the measurement of spatially resolved velocity distributions. The results show that the phase-shift method is not suitable for some porous media. By contrast, the measurement of spatially resolved velocity distributions not only allows a map of mean velocity to be determined, but also provides information about the velocity field within each elemental volume of the image.
Fabricatable Interconnect and Molecular QCA Circuits

When exploring computing elements made from technologies other than complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor, it is imperative to investigate circuits and systems assuming realistic physical implementation constraints. This paper looks at molecular quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) devices within this context. With molecular QCA, physical coplanar wire crossings may be very difficult to fabricate in the near to midterm. Here, we consider how this will affect interconnect. We introduce a novel technique to remove wire crossings in a given design in order to facilitate the self-assembly of real circuits - thus, providing meaningful and functional design targets for both physical and computer scientists. The proposed methodology eliminates all wire crossings with minimal logic gate/node duplications. Simulation results based on existing QCA circuits and other benchmarks are presented, and suggest that further investigation is needed.
Individual Differences in Cellular Immune Response to Stress

Correlational studies suggest that psychological stress suppresses cellular immune function in some, but not all, individuals. Here, effects of acute mental stress on lymphocyte subpopulations and T-lymphocyte mitogenesis were examined experimentally in healthy young adults. CD8 (T-suppressor/cytotoxic) lymphocytes increased in number and T-cell response to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin was attenuated following exposure to a 20-min laboratory stressor, but only in persons who also showed heightened catecholamine and cardiovascular reactions to stress. Hence, individuals differ substantially in their immunologic responsivity to behavioral stimuli, and such differences parallel (and may be predicted by) interindividual variability in stress-induced sympathetic nervous system activation.
High-resolution lunar gravity fields from the GRAIL Primary and Extended Missions

The resolution and accuracy of the lunar spherical harmonic gravity field have been dramatically improved as a result of the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission. From the Primary Mission, previous harmonic gravity fields resulted in an average n = 420 surface resolution and a Bouguer spectrum to n = 330. The GRAIL Extended Mission improves the resolution due to a lower average 23 km altitude orbit. As a result, new harmonic degree 900 gravity fields (GL0900C and GL0900D) show nearly a factor of 2 improvement with an average surface resolution n = 870 and the Bouguer spectrum extended to n = 550. Since the minimum spacecraft altitude varies spatially between 3 km and 23 km, the surface resolution is variable from near n = 680 for the central farside to near n = 900 for the polar regions. These gravity fields with 0.8 million parameters are by far the highest-degree fields of any planet ever estimated with a fully dynamic least squares technique using spacecraft tracking data.
El Quinto Suyo: Contemporary Nation Building and the Political Economy of Emigration in Peru

Since the 1980s, political instability and national and global economic crisis have increasingly undermined the ability of the Peruvian state to maintain a viable national economy and sustain its population. The past decade has seen efforts by the state to reclaim emigrant citizens and facilitate their incorporation into a redefined Peruvian nation that extends beyond the country’s borders. Examination of two instances of the struggle over extraterritorial membership and the processes of inclusion and exclusion emerging from this struggle suggests that by extending both symbolic and material membership to the emigrant population the Peruvian state is restructuring and reconceptualizing itself in the context of a changing global economy.
Quantification of Cohesive Healing of Asphalt Binder and its Impact Factors Based on Dissipated Energy Analysis

ABSTRACT The effect of healing on asphalt material fatigue performance has been accepted as an important property which is, at least partially, responsible for the significant difference between the laboratory and field fatigue behavior. Although some studies have been conducted to characterize the asphalt healing and its mechanism, very few researches have clearly identified how different loading and climate conditions can influence the effect of healing in a quantitative way. In addition, little suggestion has been provided on the integration healing into fatigue life prediction and pavement design. Therefore, this study develops a research based on the fundamental dissipated energy analysis to quantify the cohesive healing in asphalt binder. The key impact factors on healing are evaluated in a systematic way under different loading and environmental conditions. A healing rate predictive model and fatigue life prediction model based on binder rheological properties and visco-elastic energy dissipation i...
Web Appendix for 'A Critical Look at the Economic Argument for Taxing Only Labor Income'

This document is the web appendix for the paper, A Critical Look at the Economic Argument for Taxing Only Labor Income. (Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1353322.) For easy reference, the document is organized into the same subdivisions (parts, sections, subsections, etc...) as is Critical Look. Please note that this document is merely an ancillary reference, and not a stand-alone paper. It contains only the various details and additional points regarding which Critical Look specifically references its appendix.
Impurity Modes from Frequency Dependent Dielectric Impurities in Photonic Band Structures

A recent problem of interest in the study of photonic band structures has been that of a single dielectric impurity in an otherwise periodic photonic band structure. This problem has been studied using supercell methods [1], transfer matrix methods [2,3], and Green’s function methods [4–6]. In this paper we will look at the exact solution of the single impurity problem using Green’s function methods. Results will be presented for one-dimensional (layers) and two-dimensional (periodic array of rods) systems for impurities with frequency dependent dielectric constants substituted into periodic dielectric media composed of frequency independent dielectric materials. The impurities will be substitutional impurities (replacement of a single slab or rod by that of another dielectric composition). Particular attention will be given to obtaining theoretical results using dielectric constants appropriate to materials which have been used in recent experimental studies of photonic systems.
Placental and vascular adaptations to exercise training before and during pregnancy in the rat

Although exercise during pregnancy is generally recommended and thought to be beneficial to mother and fetus, the nature of the adaptations to exercise during pregnancy and how they may be beneficial remain poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that exercise may stimulate expression of several cytoprotective and pro-angiogenic molecules such as heat shock proteins (HSP) and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF). We hypothesized that exercise training during pregnancy improves angiogenic balance, increases HSP expression, and improves endothelial function. Female rats were given access to an exercise wheel for 6 wk before and during pregnancy. On day 19 of pregnancy tissues were collected and snap frozen for later analysis. Western blots were performed in skeletal muscle and placenta. HSP 27 (3.7 ± 0.36 vs. 2.2 ± 0.38; P < 0.05), HSP 60 (2.2 ± 0.73 vs. 0.49 ± 0.08; P < 0.05), and HSP 90 (0.33 ± 0.09 vs. 0.11 ± 0.02; P < 0.05) were increased in the placentas of exercise-trained rats compared with sedentary controls. In addition, exercise training increased (P < 0.05) plasma free VEGF and augmented (P < 0.05) endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation compared with nonexercise control rats. The present data indicates chronic exercise training stimulates HSP expression in the placenta and that regular exercise training increases circulating VEGF in pregnant but not in nonpregnant rats. Although the present findings suggest that exercise before and during pregnancy may promote the expression of molecules that could attenuate placental and vascular dysfunction in complicated pregnancies, further studies are needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of exercise training as a therapeutic modality in pregnancy.
A Diet Quality Index for Pregnancy detects variation in diet and differences by sociodemographic factors.

Objective Methods currently used to assess nutritional status during pregnancy have limitations if one wishes to examine the overall quality of the diet. A Diet Quality Index for Pregnancy (DQI-P) was developed to reflect current nutritional recommendations for pregnancy and national dietary guidelines. Design Dietary intake was assessed during the second trimester using a food-frequency questionnaire. The DQI-P includes eight components: % recommended servings of grains, vegetables and fruits, % recommendations for folate, iron and calcium, % energy from fat, and meal/snack patterning score. Scores can range from 0 to 80; each component contributed 10 points. Setting Two public prenatal clinics in central North Carolina. Subjects N = 2063 pregnant women who participated in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition (PIN) Study. Results The DQI-P quantitatively differentiated diets. The mean score for the population was 56.0 (standard deviation 12.0). Women who were >30 years old, >350% of poverty, nulliparous and high school graduates had significantly higher overall DQI-P scores. Higher percentages of recommended vegetable servings were consumed by higher-income, older and better-educated women. Greater percentages of recommended intakes of folate and iron were seen among black, low-income and nulliparous women. Higher iron intakes were also seen among women who graduated high school and were less than 30 years old. Other differences were observed for intake of fat and meal/snack pattern. Because this index was based on national recommendations, the DQI-P may be a useful tool for research and public health settings to evaluating overall diet quality of pregnant women.