cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making metadata: a study of metadata creation for a mixed physical-digital collection

Metadata is an important way of creating order in emerging distributed digital library collections. This paper presents an analysis of ethnographic data gathered in a university library’s educational technology center as the staff develops metadata for a mixed physical-digital collection of visual resources. In particular, the paper explores issues associated with the application of standards, uncertain collection and metadata boundaries, distribution and responsibility, the types of description that arise in practice, and metadata temporality and scope. These issues help to characterize a problem space, and to explore the trade-offs collection maintainers must face when they create metadata for heterogeneous materials.
Research with Alzheimer's Disease Subjects: Informed Consent and Proxy Decision Making

Because patients with Alzheimer's disease are on a path of declining capacity to give consent, advancement of research with Alzheimer's disease subjects presents challenging and perplexing ethical and legal dilemmas. Although generic regulations for the protection of human subjects apply, special considerations for cognitively impaired dementia subjects have depended on local Institutional Review Boards and relevant state laws and regulations, producing a lack of uniformity regarding encouragement of research and protection of subjects. Discussed are the dilemmas encountered in advancing research with Alzheimer's disease subjects, including (1) issues about informed consent, (2) determination of decision-making capacity (competency), (3) problems in dealing with subjects of mild and fluctuating impairment, and (4) proxy and advance consent measures for severely impaired subjects. Proposed is an agenda of ethical research needs for advancing biomedical research on Alzheimer's disease. Needed are empirical studies concerning recruitment of Alzheimer's disease subjects, the actual processes of informed consent, and the difficulties encountered by researchers, collaborative development of tests for both diagnosing Alzheimer's disease and assessing subjects' capacities to provide informed consent, and exploration of innovative uses of advance and proxy consents for participation in Alzheimer's disease research.
Antiferromagnetic domain size and exchange bias

Using neutron diffraction, we measured the sizes of antiferromagnetic domains in three ferromagnet/antiferromagnet bilayer samples as a function of the magnitude and sign of exchange bias, temperature, and antiferromagnet composition. Neutron-scattering techniques were applied to thin films with masses less than $10\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{g}$. We found the antiferromagnetic domain size to be consistently small regardless of the exchange bias. For a Co/untwinned single crystalline antiferromagnet (AF)-fluoride bilayer, the antiferromagnetic domain size is comparable to the crystallographic domain size of the AF. For one sample the highest temperature at which the exchange bias was nonzero (i.e., the blocking temperature) was suppressed by $\ensuremath{\sim}3\text{ }\text{K}$ compared to the N\'eel temperature of the antiferromagnet.
Studies on the chelation of aluminum for neurobiological application

The formation and strength of chelation of A1(III) with salicylic acid (SA), citric acid (CIT), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethylenediamine-di-(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (EDDHA), N,N'-di-(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid (HBED), and some mixed ligand systems consisting of the above ligands were examined at an ionic strength of 0.12 M NaCl and 25.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C. All the ligands under consideration form strong chelates with A1(III). The order of the stabilities (log KML) of their A1(III) chelates are SA (13.7) less than EDTA (15.3) less than CIT (18.0) less than EDDHA (24.5) approximately equal to HBED (24.8). An equilibrium analysis of the A1(III)-SA (1:1), A1(III)-CIT (1:1) and A1(III)-SA-CIT (1:1:1) systems indicated the occurrence of hydrolysis and polymerization reactions in each one of them. The A1(III)-EDTA (1:1) chelate was found to undergo hydrolysis even at pH 5. However, EDDHA and HBED each formed a very stable mononuclear chelate with A1(III) and did not show hydrolytic or polymerization tendencies.
Neuropeptide-Processing Enzymes: Applications for Drug Discovery

Neuropeptides serve many important roles in communication between cells and are an attractive target for drug discovery. Neuropeptides are produced from precursor proteins by selective cleavages at specific sites, and are then broken down by further cleavages. In general, the biosynthetic cleavages occur within the cell and the degradative cleavages occur postsecretion, although there are exceptions where intracellular processing leads to inactivation, or extracellular processing leads to activation of a particular neuropeptide. A relatively small number of peptidases are responsible for processing the majority of neuropeptides, both inside and outside of the cell. Thus, inhibition of any one enzyme will lead to a broad effect on several different neuropeptides and this makes it unlikely that such inhibitors would be useful therapeutics. However, studies with mutant animals that lack functional peptide-processing enzymes have facilitated the discovery of novel neuropeptides, many of which may be appropriate targets for therapeutics.
Analytical density of states in the Abrikosov–Gorkov theory

Abstract Since the early 1960s, Abrikosov–Gorkov theory has been used to describe superconductors with paramagnetic impurities. Interestingly, the density of states resulting from the theoretical framework has to date only been known approximately, as a numeric solution of a complex polynomial. Here we introduce an exact analytical solution for the density of states of a superconductor with paramagnetic impurities. The solution is valid in the whole regime of Abrikosov–Gorkov theory independent of the presence of an energy gap. While of significant fundamental interest, we argue that this solution also has computational benefits in the evaluation of integrals for tunnelling conductances and allows for an analytic description of materials with densities of states that are modeled from the basic Abrikosov–Gorkov density of states.
The Narrowing of Curriculum and Pedagogy in the Age of Accountability Urban Educators Speak Out

Under the curricular and pedagogical impositions of scripted lessons and mandated curriculum, patterns associated nationwide with high-stakes testing, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, and the phenomenon known as the “narrowing of curriculum,” new teachers in New York City (NYC) find their personal and professional identity thwarted, creativity and autonomy undermined, and ability to forge relationships with students diminished—all critical factors in their expressed job satisfaction. These indirect consequences of accountability regimen as it operates in NYC may exacerbate new teacher attrition, especially from schools serving low-income students. The data reported here suggest a mixed picture of frustration and anger, alongside determination, resistance, and resilience in the face of these impositions. Responses vary by school and grade level, lending support to the notion that the organizational environment serves as a critical factor in teachers' early career decisions about staying or leaving a s...
Evaluating potential organizational change through organizational climate and leadership

Abstract With the principle of Porras and Robertson (1992), which states that “organizational members must be the key sources of energy for the change process,” is the inspiration and springboard of this study. Alighting from this principle, the researcher related it to the case of Marglobal International Logistics Company, a shipping company. The story of Marglobal International Logistics Company is a living proof that it is complicated and unhealthy for employees to work in an organization whose rules and exceptions vary from one employee to another. That is to say that organizational principles and systems are not consistent and is practiced inconsistently by everyone. This action research study endeavored to answer three research questions regarding (a) the effectiveness of education and leadership training to the improvement of the employees’ team building and organizational values, (b) the effects of certain factors to the development of quality ledership and management within a company or organizat...
Emulsion Polymerization of N-Ethylacrylamide in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Herein, we report the emulsion polymerization of a water-soluble vinylic monomer in supercritical carbon dioxide. The water-soluble/CO2-insoluble monomer, N-ethylacrylamide, was effectively emulsified in CO2 continuous phase using an amphiphilic diblock copolymer consisting of a d-glucose-containing glycopolymer and a fluorinated block. The resulting high yield (>90%) of water-soluble poly(N-ethylacrylamide) was obtained in the form of a stable polymer colloid comprised of submicrometer-sized particles. The particle diameter and the distribution of sizes were shown to be influenced by various reaction parameters. Higher temperature and higher surfactant and initiator concentrations resulted in particles with smaller sizes. Two initiators, 2,2‘-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and a fluorinated azo-derivative, bis-[2-(F-octyl)ethyl]-4,4‘-azobis-4-cyanopentanoate, were used, and their thermal decomposition behaviors in supercritical CO2 were investigated. Compared with the AIBN-initiated system, the emulsion p...
Is the Immigration and Naturalization Service Unreformable? Past Experience and Future Prospects

According to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) critics, the agency is failing badly at its central tasks. The most common diagnosis of this failure concludes that the INS has been granted an excess of discretionary authority. Thus, the way to alleviate the situation is to remove some of this authority, possibly by eliminating the INS altogether and assigning its functions to other government agencies. This article argues that the diagnosis is mistaken; the proper response is not to decrease the discretionary authority of the INS, as many of its critics have suggested, but rather to increase its autonomy and power.
Social Alienation and Social Support

Popular conceptions about the cognitive-affective state of alienation have proliferated. The present study was based on an alteration of the common notion that alienation is consistently related to interpersonal withdrawal Based on previous research suggesting that women are more likely to have an affiliative response when under stress while men tend to withdraw, it was hypothesized that the reaction to alienation for men would be to reduce social contacts, negatively affecting social support. Social support for women would be unaffected by alienation. We surveyed 40 males and 63 females and the multidimensional concepts of alienation and social support were measured. Simple correlational and multiple regression analyses provided support for this sex differences hypothesis.
Normative data for elderly adults: the Maine-Syracuse study.

The primary objective of this study was to provide supplementary normative data on aging and cognition from an ongoing community-based study. This dementia- and stroke-free sample (age range = 70–89; mean = 77.5) consisted of 228 women and 155 men participating in the Maine-Syracuse Longitudinal Study at waves 6 to 7 (2001–2009). The authors employed a battery of 23 widely utilized clinical cognitive tests. In this cross-sectional study, the authors focus on subjects 70 to 79 (n = 248) and 80 to 89 (n = 135) years old, and provide preliminary data for a smaller number of subjects aged 90 to 98 years old (n = 14). More highly educated and younger participants exhibited better performance on cognitive tests. Education was not significantly associated with every cognitive outcome, nor was age cohort membership. The addition of cardiovascular disease (CVD)/health variables to a model including age, education, and gender main effects provided statistically significant increases in R² (range = .021–.084) of per...
Phase III study of ibuprofen versus placebo for radiation-induced genitourinary side effects.

Abstract Purpose : On the basis of our anecdotal clinical observations that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents relieved dysuria during radiotherapy for patients with prostate cancer, we conducted a Phase III randomized trial of ibuprofen vs. placebo for patients who had an increase in acute urinary symptoms. Our in vitro and in vivo laboratory data with a higher concentration of ibuprofen than achievable in this study demonstrated radiosensitization. This study examined whether the inflammatory response within the prostate during radiotherapy would respond to the standard dose of ibuprofen as assessed by a symptom score. Methods and Materials : Patients were registered to the study and were followed weekly with a formal symptom assessment. A double-blind randomization to ibuprofen, 400 mg q.i.d., vs. placebo for 7 days was done at a time when the severity score increased. The symptom response was evaluated at the end of the week. Results : Between 1995 and 1998, 100 patients were entered, 28 did not have a sufficient change in symptom score to be randomized, and 19 were either unable to take ibuprofen or withdrew before randomization. Of the 53 patients randomized, 27 received placebo and 26 ibuprofen. No statistically significant differences were found between the placebo and ibuprofen groups between baseline and randomization or between randomization and the 1-week posttreatment assessment. Neither group had a change in symptom severity between randomization and the 1-week posttreatment evaluation. Conclusion : The standard anti-inflammatory dose of ibuprofen did not relieve the acute urinary or rectal symptoms during radiotherapy for prostate cancer. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are potential radiation sensitizers with the mechanism of action as yet unknown. Clinical trials of the cyclooxygenase inhibitors as radiation sensitizers should explore a range of doses and evaluate potential mechanisms of action, including cyclooxygenase inhibition and other non-cyclooxygenase mechanisms.
Evidence for the supermodulus effect and enhanced hardness in metallic superlattices

A study of the mechanical properties of Cu/Nb superlattices shows that for modulation wavelengths below \ensuremath{\sim}50 \AA{} the biaxial modulus increases by \ensuremath{\sim}15%, the shear modulus decreases by \ensuremath{\sim}30%, and the flexural modulus does not change. These observations show that anomalies with different signs for elastic moduli can coexist in the same material. Measurements performed on both supported and unsupported films show that the anomalous effects are not induced by the presence of a substrate. The superlattices are also found to have a hardness larger than either Cu or Nb.
Escape behavior as determined by schedules of shock and discrete CS presentations)

Rats received escape training, with shock-presentation schedules of 50% or 100% and discrete CS-presentation schedules of 0%, 50% or 100%, followed by extinction with the discrete CS alone. Acquisition performance was directly related to shock percentage (p < .001). No reliable effect of CS was found. Resistance to extinction was inversely related to shock percentage (p <. 05) and, during early extinction, was directly related to CS percentage (p < .02 on extinction Trial Block 1).
Testing deviations from purchasing power parity

Abstract This paper studies analytically how the presence of transportation costs in a model of deviations from purchasing power parity (PPP) affects the testing procedure of the PPP hypothesis. The analysis shows that in the presence of transportation costs traditional regression analysis will tend to reject the PPP hypothesis even if goods markets are well arbitraged, because the values of the regression coefficients are affected systematically by considerations that are independent of the degree to which markets are arbitraged. Thus, the content of the PPP approach cannot be tested satisfactorily without considering the systematic effects of transportation costs and other costs of goods arbitrage.
Separation and the Compressible Boundary Layer

The behavior of the compressible boundary layer equations close to a point of zero skin-friction is studied using a perturbation technique of Kaplun. The behavior of the skin friction is reduced to a study of a nonlinear integral equation with an Abel kernel. For a cold wall this yields the singular behavior described by Buckmaster [2] from a different point of view. For a hot wall the behavior is apparently regular when the heat transfer is non zero, in agreement with Stewartson [11]. There is no evidence that the boundary layer breaks down anywhere than at a point of zero skin friction and the implications of this for the similarity solutions of Cohen and Reshotko are discussed.
Biomarker determinations in crude oils using a triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer

Abstract Biomarkers are structurally complex organic compounds present in crude oils and source rocks that have been extensively for a variety of purposes in petroleum exploration. Major applications include providing information on the nature of source materials, maturity, depositional environment and extent of biodegradation, and making oil—oil and oil—source rock correlations. The determination of biomarkers is generally accomplished using gas chromatography—mass spectrometry and ancillary techniques such as multiple-ion detection (selected-ion monitoring). Hybrid and triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometers, however, enable the use of alternative methods to determine the complex mixtures of isomers that occur within many classes of biomarkers. In general, the methods involve monitoring specific parent/daughter ion relationships which are characteristic of a specific compound or compounds. In this article examples of this approach will be given, using oils from various basins. In addition to demonstrating how these determinations are made, an example of how to obtain collision activated decomposition spectra of unknown compounds is described.
Computational relevance of the Bayesian paradigm: Discussion of Professor Singpurwalla's paper

Professor Singpurwalla's call to pay more attention to the statistical inference issues is, I believe, a timely one. I must strongly endorse the notion that applied probabilists will greatly benefit from increased attention to this area. Applied probability will move from a descriptive tool to an inferential tool.
Taking Charge At Work: Extrarole Efforts to Initiate Workplace Change

In this study, we investigated a neglected form of extrarole behavior called taking charge and sought to understand factors that motivate employees to engage in this activity. Taking charge is disc...
The Effect of Several Organic Acids on Phytate Phosphorus Hydrolysis in Broiler Chicks

ABSTRACT Supplementation of some organic acids to a P-deficient diet has been shown to improve phytate P utilization. Two experiments were conducted from 0 to 16 d in battery brooders to determine the effect of various organic acids supplementation on phytate P utilization. In both experiments, birds were fed P-deficient corn and soybean meal-based diets. In experiment 1, citric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, and EDTA were supplemented. Experiment 2 had a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 sources of Met, 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (HMB) and dl -Met, with or without 500 U/kg of phytase. In experiment 1, the addition of citric, malic, and fumaric acids increased percentage of bone ash, but only the effect of citric acid was significant. The addition of citric and malic acids also significantly increased the retention of P and phytate P (P dl -Met only when phytase was added to the diets. The additions of citric acid and HMB improved phytate P utilization. However, the reason why some organic acids are effective whereas others are not is not apparent.
Threat-adaptive architectures for trusted platform modules in secure computing systems

A hardware system entrusted with security is referred to as the trusted platform module (TPM) which is available for various processor architectures. The two important processor architectures which account for most of general computing systems are based on ARM and x86 processors. The ARM processors have a TPM referred to as TrustZone architecture. The x86 systems' security directives are dictated by the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) which defines the TPM coprocessor features. In this paper, we compare these two approaches of TPM architectures. An effective TPM needs to be adaptive as threats evolve. Threats can arise from firmware bugs in the TPM or decay in the complexity of ciphering algorithms. Therefore, we propose adaptive TPM architecture to counter evolving threats using an FPGA block to alter and patch firmware and change ciphering systems. This along with the one to one association of an explicit security policy with threat is shown to be a powerful counter towards evolving threats.
Methods to reduce lithography costs with reticle engineering

The overall decision to manufacture a new VLSI device is nominally dictated by return on investment, with the largest cost driver being design costs. However once a design is released for manufacturing, manufacturing costs are continually scrutinized to reduce overall cost per bit. Typical reticle costs for 45nm devices are projected to exceed well over $1.5M USD per set. This cost severely hampers product development, restricting development to the highest return parts. By reducing reticle costs, a greater number of products can meet the typical ROI targets. This paper discussed the various methods for reducing reticle costs for short run products. While the largest component of reticle cost is a result of the increased write and inspect times (including defect disposition), these components can minimized be without incurring a significant impact to overall lithography costs. The effects of different steps in the flow from design tape-out to final wafer will be described and analyzed for effects on net costs.
Hope maintenance in people living long-term with HIV/AIDS

Background: The introduction of antiviral agents, most particularly ‘highly active antiretroviral therapy’ (HAART), has changed the very nature of the care for persons with HIV and/or AIDS, from preparing patients to die to assisting patients with living with a chronic illness. Despite this dramatic turnaround in prognosis, the limited literature available indicates that these individuals often do not have a high degree of hope for the future. Accordingly, this study seeks to explain how hope might be inspired and maintained in people living long‐term with HIV/AIDS (the so‐called ‘Lazarus Syndrome’). Design: The study used a modified Glaserian grounded theory method and was conducted in the United States of America. A total of 10 participants were selected by means of theoretical sampling. Methods: The study adhered to the principal features of Glaserian Grounded Theory, namely: (a) theory generation, not theory verification; (b) theoretical sampling; (c) the constant comparative method of data analysis; and (d) theoretical sensitivity (searching for/discovering the core variable, one which identifies the key psychosocial process and contains temporal dimensions or stages). Further, the authors ensured that the study was concerned with generating conceptual theory, not conceptual description. Findings/conclusion: The findings indicate that the key psychosocial problem (i.e. the maintenance of hope) is addressed through the core variable, ‘Turning from death to life: finding new meaning’. This parsimonious theory describes and explains a four‐stage process of hope maintenance consisting of the subcore variables: ‘Losing the Ontological Self’, ‘Turning from Death to Life’, ‘Finding Acceptance and Reconciliation’, and ‘Finding New Meaning’.
Boys who lie

Lying in 4th-, 7th-, and 10th-grade boys was measured through parent and teacher reports. There was a tendency for the prevalence of lying to be lower for older boys. In all three grades lying was significantly related to several problem behaviors, such as delinquency, theft, and fighting. However, the correlations were generally higher for older than for younger children. Children who lied were more likely to come from families where mothers poorly supervised their children and rejected them, and where parents did not get along well or did not live together. Socioeconomic status was not related to children's lying.
Perceived Factors Impacting School Music Programs: The Teacher’s Perspective

The purpose of this study was to examine elementary music teachers’ perceptions of factors impacting their music programs and teaching positions as well as the actions these teachers take in respon...
The Effect of Aging on Circulating Levels of Proinflammatory Cytokines During Septic Shock

BACKGROUND: As the proportion of the population that is older continues to rise, infection in older people has become an important healthcare problem. Although aging is associated with multiple abnormalities in immune function, the effect of aging on the production of proinflammatory cytokines has not been well studied under conditions of clinical stress. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aging on circulating levels of the proinflammatory cytokines in a large cohort of septic shock patients. We hypothesized that aging would be associated with a diminished proinflammatory cytokine response to sepsis. DESIGN: Patients with septic shock who were enrolled in the placebo limb of the North American Sepsis Trial (NORASEPT II) study were analyzed. SETTING: The intensive care units of 105 hospitals in the United States and Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Nine hundred and thirty patients presenting to hospital within 12 hours of the onset of septic shock. MEASUREMENTS: Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), soluble tumor necrosis factor-receptor-55 (sTNF-R55), and soluble tumor necrosis factor-receptor-75 (sTNF-R75) concentrations were measured at enrollment. The study population was broken down into five age groups as follows: less than 50 years (group one), 50 to 64 years (group two), 65 to 74 years (group three), 75 to 84 years (group four), and 85 or older (group five). Clinical, demographic, and cytokine data were extracted to describe each age group. RESULTS: Data were available for 930 patients. The patients' mean age (± SD) was 59 ± 17 years (range, 18 to 102). There were 280 patients in group one, 242 in group two, 210 in group three, 150 in group four, and 48 in group five. The primary diagnoses; clinical characteristics; and IL-6, sTNF-R55, and sTNF-R75 levels were similar among the five age groups. The TNF-α levels were significantly higher, however, in the oldest group of patients (group five). The 28-day survival was 49% in patients over the age of 75 and 58% in those under 75 years (P = .03). There was no gender difference in survival or cytokine levels. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to our expectations, we found that aging was not associated with a decline in the circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines.
An evaluation of Washington State Environmental Policy Act implementation (SEPA)

Abstract An evaluation of the Washington State Environmental Policy Act's (SEPA) use by King County shows that the substantive provisions of SEPA are seldom used. Because of this lack of use, the fundamental purposes of the act are being undermined and ecological damage continues without accountability. We propose a simple approach to increase the use of the substantive provision. The approach requires that administrators make precise interpretations of often vague environmental policies. This will result in increased use of applied science in the adaptive management paradigm and fulfilling the substantive intent of SEPA.
Truncated squarers with constant and variable correction

This paper describes truncated squarers, which are specialized squarers with a portion of the squaring matrix eliminated. Rounding error and errors due to matrix reduction are quantified and analyzed. Constant and variable correction techniques are presented that minimize either the mean error or the maximum absolute error as required by the application. Area and delay estimates are presented for a number of designs, as well as error statistics obtained both analytically and numerically by exhaustive simulation. As an example, one design of a 16-bit truncated squarer using constant correction is 10.1% faster and requires 27.9% less area than a comparable standard squarer with true rounding. The range of error for this truncated squarer is -0.892 to +0.625 ulps, compared to +/-0.5 ulps for the standard squarer.
Dentist-implemented contingent escape for management of disruptive child behavior.

We evaluated the effectiveness of a dentist-implemented intervention in which brief escape from dental treatment was provided to manage disruptive child behavior during restorative dental treatment. Within a multiple baseline design across subjects, 4 children, aged 3 to 7 years, were provided temporary escape from dental treatment contingent upon brief periods of cooperative behavior. Disruptive behavior decreased when the appropriate escape contingency was used at least 80% of the time. The escape contingency required no more time than traditional management procedures (e.g., tell-show-do, reprimands and loud commands, restraint) to bring disruptive behavior under control. Independent ratings by two dentists provided social validation of the efficacy of the escape contingency.
Durability of aortouniiliac endografting with femorofemoral crossover: 4-year experience in the evt/guidant trials

Abstract Objectives We evaluated mid-term results of the multicenter EVT/Guidant aortouniiliac endograft (AI) trial and ascertained the durability of this endovascular technique in patients unable to undergo standard bifurcated endografting. Methods From November 1996 to December 1998, 121 patients were enrolled to receive the AI device on the basis of complex iliac artery anatomy contraindicating bifurcated endografting. Clinical data were centrally collected, and radiographic data were evaluated by core facility. Results AI placement was technically successful in 113 of 121 patients. At operation, patients who underwent AI had significantly more arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, and peripheral occlusive disease ( P P = .004). At 24 and 36 months after repair, reduction in aneurysm size was associated with absence of endoleak ( P = .003 and P = .008, respectively). Aneurysms shrunk or remained stable in 109 (96.5%) patients. Endoleak was identified in 52.3% of patients at discharge, and at follow-up in 30.9% at 1 year, 34.8% at 2 years, 28.6% at 3 years, and 30.4% at 4 years. Type II endoleak predominated. Leak from failure to completely occlude contralateral iliac flow accounted for 8 of 58 endoleaks (13.8%) at discharge. Sixteen patients (14.2%) underwent postoperative endoleak treatment; in one of these patients open conversion was necessary at 20 months. Post-procedure thigh or buttock claudication developed in 16 patients (14.2%). Thirteen patients (81.3%) had either distal attachment in the external iliac artery or contralateral type IIA occlusion. Fifteen patients (13.3%) required intervention because of reduced limb flow; one of these patients underwent open conversion at 27 months, and another underwent axillofemoral grafting at 28 months. Device migration was confirmed in 2 (1.8%) patients, without current clinical sequelae. Whereas no femorofemoral graft thromboses occurred, graft infection developed in 3 patients (2.6%). During follow-up, aneurysm in 2 patients ruptured. Late death occurred in 41 patients (36.3%). Twenty-four patients (58.5%) died of cardiopulmonary disease; one death was endograft-related after aneurysm rupture; and one death was related to femorofemoral bypass infection. Actuarial survival was 78.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 71%-86%) at 2 years and 63.4% (95% CI, 54%-73%) at 4 years. Conclusions In patients with significant comorbid conditions and complex iliac anatomy unfavorable for bifurcated endografting, AI with femorofemoral bypass grafting is safe and effective. In most patients this endovascular option provides satisfactory mid-term results.
Self-localization using fixations as landmarks

Self-localization is the process of knowing your position and location relative to your surroundings. This research integrated artificial intelligence techniques into a custom-built portable eye tracker for the purpose of automating the process of determining indoor self-localization. Participants wore the eye tracker and walked a series of corridors while a video of the scene was recorded along with fixation locations. Patches of the scene video without fixation information were used to train the classifier by creating feature maps of the corridors. For testing the classifier, fixation locations in the scene were extracted and used to determine the location of the participant. Scene patches surrounding fixations were used for the classification instead of objects in the environment. This eliminated the need for complex computer vision object recognition algorithms and made scene classification less dependent upon objects and their placement in the environment. This allowed for a sparse representation of the scene since image processing to detect and recognize objects was not necessary to determine location. Experimentally, image patches surrounding fixations were found to be a highly reliable indicator of location, as compared to random image patches, non-fixated salient image patches, or other non-salient scene locations. In some cases, only a single fixation was needed to accurately identify the correct location of the participant. To the best of our knowledge, this technique has not been used before for determining human self-localization in either indoor or outdoor settings.
Directed Culturing of Microorganisms Using Metatranscriptomics

ABSTRACT The vast majority of bacterial species remain uncultured, and this severely limits the investigation of their physiology, metabolic capabilities, and role in the environment. High-throughput sequencing of RNA transcripts (RNA-seq) allows the investigation of the diverse physiologies from uncultured microorganisms in their natural habitat. Here, we report the use of RNA-seq for characterizing the metatranscriptome of the simple gut microbiome from the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana and for utilizing this information to design a medium for cultivating members of the microbiome. Expression data suggested that a Rikenella-like bacterium, the most abundant but uncultured symbiont, forages on sulfated- and sialated-mucin glycans that are fermented, leading to the secretion of acetate. Histological stains were consistent with the presence of sulfated and sialated mucins along the crop epithelium. The second dominant symbiont, Aeromonas veronii, grows in two different microenvironments and is predicted to utilize either acetate or carbohydrates. Based on the metatranscriptome, a medium containing mucin was designed, which enabled the cultivation of the Rikenella-like bacterium. Metatranscriptomes shed light on microbial metabolism in situ and provide critical clues for directing the culturing of uncultured microorganisms. By choosing a condition under which the desired organism is rapidly proliferating and focusing on highly expressed genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes, binding proteins, and transporters, one can identify an organism’s nutritional preferences and design a culture medium. IMPORTANCE The number of prokaryotes on the planet has been estimated to exceed 1030 cells, and the overwhelming majority of them have evaded cultivation, making it difficult to investigate their ecological, medical, and industrial relevance. The application of transcriptomics based on high-throughput sequencing of RNA transcripts (RNA-seq) to microorganisms in their natural environment can provide investigators with insight into their physiologies under optimal growth conditions. We utilized RNA-seq to learn more about the uncultured and cultured symbionts that comprise the relatively simple digestive-tract microbiome of the medicinal leech. The expression data revealed highly expressed hydrolytic enzymes and transporters that provided critical clues for the design of a culture medium enabling the isolation of the previously uncultured Rikenella-like symbiont. This directed culturing method will greatly aid efforts aimed at understanding uncultured microorganisms, including beneficial symbionts, pathogens, and ecologically relevant microorganisms, by facilitating genome sequencing, physiological characterization, and genetic manipulation of the previously uncultured microbes.
Secure and flexible support for visitors in enterprise Wi-Fi networks

Secure opportunistic hotspots (SOHs) are Wi-Fi networks that provide secure access not only to members of the organization (e.g., company or home) that owns a network, but also members' invitees and any paying visitors that may be within range. Support for invitees can enhance their visit and promote collaboration, while paying visitors can help the organization recover its fixed networking costs. SOHs allow visitors to access only the Internet, and limit the bandwidth they may use. Because paying visitors use trusted third-party online payment servers, such as PayPal, they can use without long-term commitment any SOH they may come across. Unlike commercial hotspots, SOHs tolerate low utilization and availability. Experiments demonstrate the limited effect of visitors on the performance experienced by members and acceptable delay for visitors' online payment
Privacy Challenges and Opportunities: The Role of the Federal Trade Commission

How and when the federal government should intervene to protect consumer privacy is a challenging issue. This article summarizes how the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) became the primary federal privacy regulator. It explains the enforcement tools at the commission's disposal in the context of emerging trends and specific challenges in the privacy arena. Finally, the article details topics for which additional research would be helpful to the FTC's mission to protect consumer privacy and concludes with a call for researchers to collaborate with the FTC to help shape privacy policy.
Tracking the Restructuring of American Religion: Religious Affiliation and Patterns of Religious Mobility, 1973–1998

Trends and patterns of religious mobility have played a central role in theoretical controversies in the sociology of religion. Early examinations focused on how social status might motivate religious switching, and recently scholars have claimed that diminishing status differences between denominations have opened denominational boundaries and led to higher rates of religious mobility. Scholars working from rational actor perspectives have generated several hypotheses. First, human capital and adaptive preference theories suggest that switching will remain infrequent, and will tend to occur between similar denominations. Second, "strict church" perspectives argue that demanding sectarian denominations will have higher retention, and be more attractive destinations. Third, market niche perspectives argue that niche overlap will foster high rates of religious mobility. Finally, theories emphasizing normative constraints on religious choices suggest that quasi-ethnic religious groups will have a greater hold on members. This article examines trends and patterns of religious mobility in the U.S. between 1973 and 1998 using data from the General Social Surveys. Retention rates, distributions of original and destination affiliations, and mobility tables are compared across three periods, and four broad cohorts using log-multiplicative association models. I find some support for hypotheses generated by status theories, and for several propositions from rational actor theories, however the decline of denominationalism perspective is unsupported.
Textual evidence for spilling lines in the rigging of medieval Scandinavian keels

Summary Sail trimming and standing and running rigging on Viking-era craft are elucidated by references in 12th- and early 13th-century Anglo-Norman historical sources and an Icelandic lexical catalogue. It is postulated that Early medieval ships in Scandinavia and later adaptations in Normandy and Ireland were equipped with spilling lines as a means of emptying the sail.
Surgical treatment of primary pulmonary sarcomas.

Objective: We sought to identify the long-term prognosis after surgical treatment for primary pulmonary sarcoma. Methods: Twentythree patients were retrospectively identified as having been treated surgically for primary pulmonary sarcoma between 1981 and 1996. The records of all patients were reviewed, and the histopathology reexamined by a pathologist. Results: Fifteen patients were male and eight female; their ages ranged from 20 to 78 (mean 51) years. Tumors measured between 0.9 and 12.0 (mean 5.2) cm across the greatest diameter. The histologic diagnoses were malignant fibrous histiocytoma (8, three grade 1 or 2, two grade 3), synovial sarcoma (4), malignant schwannoma (3), leiomyosarcoma (3), and one case each of angiosarcoma, intimal sarcoma, epitheloid hemangioendothelioma, fibrosarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Three patients were found to be unresectable. All three underwent radiation and chemotherapy. Lobectomies or bilobectomies were performed in 13 patients including two sleeve resections, one carinal resection, and one chest wall resection. Four patients underwent radical pneumonectomies. Three patients with invasion of the pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins or atrial wall underwent extended resections with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. In two, a homograft was used to reconstruct the right ventricular outflow tract. Of the resected patients, six had a positive resection margin, and four had at least one positive lymph node in the specimen. Three patients underwent repeat pulmonary resections for recurrences. Eleven patients received postoperative chemotherapy and eight had radiation therapy. Follow-up was available on 22 patients, and ranged from 2 to 183 (mean 48) months; 14 patients are disease free, six died of disease, one died of surgical complications (operative mortality 5%), and two are alive with disease. Actuarial 3- and 5-year survival of the resected patients was 69%. Size and grade were not found to be correlated with significantly increased survival, but completeness of resection was (P , 0.05). Conclusions: Resection of primary pulmonary sarcomas can produce an acceptable survival rate if the resection is complete. Cardiopulmonary bypass can be a useful adjunct when tumors involve a resectable area of the heart or great vessels. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Education Quality and Development Accounting

This paper measures the role of quality-adjusted years of schooling in accounting for cross-country output per worker differences. While data on years of schooling are readily available, data on education quality are not. I use the returns to schooling of foreign-educated immigrants in the U.S. to measure the education quality of their birth country. Immigrants from developed countries earn higher returns than do immigrants from developing countries. I show how to incorporate this measure of education quality into an otherwise standard development accounting exercise. The main result is that cross-country differences in education quality are roughly as important as cross-country differences in years of schooling in accounting for output per worker differences, raising the total contribution of education from 10% to 20% of output per worker differences. Copyright 2012, Oxford University Press.
Measurement of vitronectin content of human spermatozoa and vitronectin concentration within seminal fluid

Abstract Objective : Vitronectin previously has been extracted from human spermatozoa and messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding vitronectin localized by reverse transcriptase in situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to spermatocytes of human testis. In the present experiments, we have established ranges for the content of vitronectin in living human spermatozoa and vitronectin concentration within seminal fluid of human ejaculates. Design : Seminal fluid was obtained by centrifugation and motile sperm selected by swim-up from men with normal and abnormal ejaculates, according to World Health Organization criteria, for vitronectin determinations. Setting : Academic research environment. Main Outcome Measure(s) : Seminal fluid vitronectin concentrations were measured by ELISA and sperm vitronectin content by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and semiquantitative Western blots. Result(s) : Vitronectin seminal fluid concentration was 1.35 ± 1.0 mg/mL (mean ± SD) for normospermic samples ( n = 26) and 0.78 ± 0.4 mg/mL for azoospermic specimens ( n = 6). Vitronectin sperm content ranged from 1 to 15 ng/10 6 motile cells ( n = 20). Both high- and low-molecular-weight material was observed. Sperm content of vitronectin did not vary with sperm morphology. Conclusion(s) : These results suggest that spermatozoa represent a major source of seminal fluid vitronectin, but that a secondary source exists, perhaps through transudation from serum.
Muscle Representation in the Macaque Motor Cortex: An Anatomical Perspective

How are the neurons that directly influence the motoneurons of a muscle distributed in the primary motor cortex (M1)? To answer this classical question we used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus from single muscles of macaques. This enabled us to define cortico-motoneuronal (CM) cells that make monosynaptic connections with the motoneurons of the injected muscle. We examined the distribution of CM cells that project to motoneurons of three thumb and finger muscles. We found that the CM cells for these digit muscles are restricted to the caudal portion of M1, which is buried in the central sulcus. Within this region of M1, CM cells for one muscle display a remarkably widespread distribution and fill the entire mediolateral extent of the arm area. In fact, CM cells for digit muscles are found in regions of M1 that are known to contain the shoulder representation. The cortical territories occupied by CM cells for different muscles overlap extensively. Thus, we found no evidence for a focal representation of single muscles in M1. Instead, the overlap and intermingling among the different populations of CM cells may be the neural substrate to create a wide variety of muscle synergies. We found two additional surprising results. First, 15–16% of the CM cells originate from area 3a, a region of primary somatosensory cortex. Second, the size range of CM cells includes both “fast” and “slow” pyramidal tract neurons. These observations are likely to lead to dramatic changes in views about the function of the CM system.
Statistical evaluation of electrical sounding methods. Part II. Applied electromagnetic depth sounding

Schlumberger resistivity and electromagnetic sounding data have been obtained over prehistoric Lake Bonneville sediments near Delta, Utah. Inverse interpretation of these data illustrates that vertical electric sounding with the Schlumberger array is superior, for this environment, to electromagnetic sounding with either a vertical magnetic dipole or a horizontal magnetic dipole. Combined parametric and geometric electromagnetic sounding using 84 data points is inferior to Schlumberger sounding using 21 data points. However, superiority in these contexts pertains to parameter resolution. The earth models obtained with all three soundings are virtually identical within the limits of resolution.The importance of percent parameter standard deviations, parameter correlations, and least‐squares residuals are all illustrated for a field example in this manuscript. Reparameterization in terms of the Dar Zarrouk parameters S and T reduces the parameter correlations as expected. A generalization of reparameterizat...