cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavior of a Ring Laser with Injected Signal Near Threshold

The phenomenon of injection locking of a laser by insertion of an injected signal at the laser frequency appears to have been first observed in 1966.1 It has since been investigated in different kinds of lasers,2–9 and has proved to be of interest in studies of instabilities and chaos. Only in recent years have attempts been made to study its statistical features.11,12 Here one finds that the nature of the mode competition and the resulting laser phase transition can be drastically modified by the presence of an injected signal. The effect is particularly striking if we examine the probability distributions of the laser intensity and of the phase of the laser field.
Efficacy of altrenogest in synchronizing estrus in two swine breeding programs and effects on subsequent reproductive performance of sows.

In two herds that used different breeding and housing schemes, altrenogest (15 mg/d) was fed for 14 d to gilts or 10 d to sows in .45 kg of a diet formulated to meet or exceed their nutrient requirements. In Herd 1 (five breeding seasons per year), 63 of 123 gilts and 40 of 70 sows in seven replications were fed in individual crates to ensure proper intake. In Herd 2 (continuous breeding), 244 of 484 gilts in 20 replications received the treated feed in individual feeding stalls to which animals had free access. Average and median days to estrus were reduced (P less than .01) for treated gilts and sows compared with controls in both herds. Of 29 treated gilts that did not mate or become pregnant, three had cystic follicles, compared to 1 of 14 controls. There were no statistically significant treatment differences in litter size born or number of stillborn pigs in either herd, but farrowing rates of cycling gilts were 8% lower (P less than .05) in Herd 2 for treated gilts than for controls. Overall, altrenogest could be a valuable tool for improving reproductive efficiency by allowing producers to better control the estrous cycle.
The legal structure of ventures and exit routes: A study of single-founder start-ups in the United States:

The purpose of this article is to focus on the role of the legal structure of ventures for the event of the entrepreneurial exit. Specifically, this study is to reveal the different effects of inco...
Comprehensive genomic landscape and precision therapeutic approach in biliary tract cancers.

Biliary tract cancers have dismal prognoses even when cytotoxic chemotherapy is administered. There is an unmet need to develop precision treatment approaches using comprehensive genomic profiling. A total of 121 patients with biliary tract cancers were analyzed for circulating-tumor DNA (ctDNA) and/or tissue-based tumor DNA (tissue-DNA) using clinical-grade next-generation sequencing: 71 patients (59%) had ctDNA; 90 (74%), tissue-DNA; and 40 (33%), both. Efficacy of targeted therapeutic approaches was assessed based upon ctDNA and tissue-DNA. At least one characterized alteration was detected in 76% of patients (54/71) for ctDNA [median, 2 (range, 0-9)] and 100% (90/90) for tissue-DNA [median, 4 (range, 1-9)]. Most common alterations occurred in TP53 (38%), KRAS (28%), and PIK3CA (14%) for ctDNA vs TP53 (44%), CDKN2A/B (33%) and KRAS (29%) for tissue-DNA. In 40 patients who had both ctDNA and tissue-DNA sequencing, overall concordance was higher between ctDNA and metastatic site tissue-DNA than between ctDNA and primary tumor DNA (78% vs 65% for TP53, 100% vs 74% for KRAS and 100% vs 87% for PIK3CA [But not statistical significance]). Among 80 patients who received systemic treatment, the molecularly matched therapeutic regimens based on genomic profiling showed a significantly longer progression-free survival (hazard ratio [95%confidence interval], 0.60 [0.37-0.99]. P = .047 [multivariate]) and higher disease control rate (61% vs 35%, P = .04) than unmatched regimens. Evaluation of ctDNA and tissue-DNA is feasible in biliary tract cancers.
Peritalar Kinematics With Combined Deltoid-Spring Ligament Reconstruction in Simulated Advanced Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity.

Background:Adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) is a complex and progressive deformity involving the ligamentous structures of the medial peritalar joints. Recent anatomic studies demonstrated ...
Are Reactive Sulfur Species the New Reactive Oxygen Species

Significance: Oxidative stress in moderation positively affects homeostasis through signaling, while in excess it is associated with adverse health outcomes. Both activities are generally attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS); hydrogen peroxide as the signal, and cysteines on regulatory proteins as the target. However, using antioxidants to affect signaling or benefit health has not consistently translated into expected outcomes, or when it does, the mechanism is often unclear. Recent Advances: Reactive sulfur species (RSS) were integral in the origin of life and throughout much of evolution. Sophisticated metabolic pathways that evolved to regulate RSS were easily "tweaked" to deal with ROS due to the remarkable similarities between the two. However, unlike ROS, RSS are stored, recycled, and chemically more versatile. Despite these observations, the relevance and regulatory functions of RSS in extant organisms are generally underappreciated. Critical Issues: A number of factors bias observations in favor of ROS over RSS. Research conducted in room air is hyperoxic to cells, and promotes ROS production and RSS oxidation. Metabolic rates of rodent models greatly exceed those of humans; does this favor ROS? Analytical methods designed to detect ROS also respond to RSS. Do these disguise the contributions of RSS? Future Directions: Resolving the ROS/RSS issue is vital to understand biology in general and human health in particular. Improvements in experimental design and analytical methods are crucial. Perhaps the most important is an appreciation of all the attributes of RSS and keeping an open mind.
Activation of Superficial and Deep Finger Flexors Through Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation

Objective: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a common technique to elicit muscle contraction and help improve muscle strength. Traditional FES over the muscle belly typically only activates superficial muscle regions. In the case of hand FES, this prevents the activation of the deeper flexor muscles which control the distal finger joints. Here, we evaluated whether an alternative transcutaneous nerve-bundle stimulation approach can activate both superficial and deep extrinsic finger flexors using a high-density stimulation grid. Methods: Transverse ultrasound of the forearm muscles was used to obtain cross-sectional images of the underlying finger flexors during stimulated finger flexions and kinematically-matched voluntary motions. Finger kinematics were recorded, and an image registration method was used to capture the large deformation of the muscle regions during each flexion. This deformation was used as a surrogate measure of the contraction of muscle tissue, and the regions of expanding tissue can identify activated muscles. Results: The nerve-bundle stimulation elicited contractions in the superficial and deep finger flexors. Both separate and concurrent activation of these two muscles were observed. Joint kinematics of the fingers also matched the expected regions of muscle contractions. Conclusions: Our results showed that the nerve-bundle stimulation technique can activate the deep extrinsic finger flexors, which are typically not accessible via traditional surface FES. Significance: Our nerve-bundle stimulation method enables us to produce the full range of motion of different joints necessary for various functional grasps, which could benefit future neuroprosthetic applications.
Plasma Induced Nanostructures on the Surface of Tungsten Anode in Atmospheric Pressure Glow

The formation of nanostructures such as “fuzz”, holes and flakes were observed on stainless steel and tungsten anodes that in an 1 ATM glow discharge with helium as the feed gas. The structures exhibited morphology similar to the tungsten fuzz growth observed in experiments that simulate wall conditions in fusion reactors, suggesting similar physics may be present in both scenarios. The anode surface temperature ranged between 1000 and 1300 K with an ion fluence rate of order of 1024 s-lm-2. In this effort, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the evolution of nanostructure formation as a function of time. Observed nanostructures were found to vary with the morphology of the discharge plasma attachment. The composition of the structures was found to be predominantly the native metal by using Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectroscopy. This work gives some insight into the formation of nanostructures at atmospheric pressure which has not only applications for material processing but also provides potentially another avenue to study fuzz formation processes relevant to fusion plasma -wall interactions.
The Impact of Airports on US Urban Employment Distribution

The influence of airports on the distribution of employment within fifty-one large US metropolitan areas is measured in the context of three important elements of urban spatial structure: centers, corridors, and clusters. Analysis of tract-level census data for 2000 using spatial regression models for each metropolitan area revealed that central cities have a varying, but generally strong, effect on the distribution of metropolitan employment, as do highways and employment subcenters; favored quarters had less certain impacts while the airport influence was weaker and more variable among regions. Regressing metropolitan airport-anchored distance-decay parameters on a series of regional explanatory factors suggests that airport cities develop primarily as cities expand outward rather than as a direct consequence of air transportation. These results inform plans relying upon airports to help shape and perhaps accelerate regional development.
An evaluation of four creep-fatigue models for a nickel-base superalloy

Four models for the creep-fatigue interaction were evaluated for their ability to predict fatigue behavior at 650°C (1200°F) of thermomechanically processed Rene 95, a nickel-base superalloy used for turbine disks. These models are the Strain-range-Partitioning Model, the Frequency-Separation Model, the Frequency-Modified Damage Function, and the Damage-Rate Model. The data base was divided into baseline and verification tests. The correlations of the baseline tests, having the smallest standard deviation of 0.18, were by the Frequency-Separation Model and the Frequency-Modified Damage Function. The other two models had standard deviations greater than 0.22. These standard deviations correspond to worst correlations of 3.6 and over 5.0 times the observed life. The ratios of the observed to the predicted life of the verification tests ranged from 5.2 by the Frequency-Modified Damage Function to 18 by the Frequency-Separation Model. Each of the models consistently overpredicted or underpredicted the lives of certain types of tests in the data base. The models did not account for the mean stresses observed in the fatigue tests. A method based upon the stress versus minimum creep rate and the cyclic stress-strain curves is suggested to indicate whether an environmental-fatigue interaction or a creep-environmental-fatigue interaction is present. For Rene 95, this method indicates an environmental-fatigue interaction.
Polypeptide Formation and Polyribosomes in Escherichia coli Treated with Chloramphenicol

In Escherichia coli cultures maximally inhibited with chloramphenicol, formation of polypeptides still continued at a slow, constant rate for at least 90 min. The rate of leucine incorporation was reduced to 0.5%, but methionine was only reduced to 2%, suggesting that chains are normally initiated with methionine but are prematurely released at a short chain length. Consistent with this possibility was the distribution of the products on Sephadex columns: a range of peptides longer than 4 and shorter than 60 to 70 residues was seen. Less than 10% of the peptides broke down during a chase with cold amino acids, and during continuous labeling they accumulated progressively. On the average, one peptide was formed per ribosome every 5 min. Peptide synthesis in the presence of chloramphenicol was still dependent on ribosome translocation; it stopped in a mutant with an inactivated temperature-sensitive elongation factor G. But even in the absence of translocation, new messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) chains were found joined to one or a few ribosomes. The chains had a size distribution comparable to that of mRNA from polyribosomes of growing cells. They were stabilized for an average time of about 5 min, but were more rapidly degraded after puromycin was added to the cells. This suggests that stabilization may be related to the average time spent by a ribosome on an mRNA chain, with or without polypeptide formation.
Children's Film as Social Practice

In his paper "Children's Film as Social Practice," J. Zornado argues that the animated feature is a genre distinct in its own right, and, although overlooked by film criticism up to now, deserves rigorous, scholarly attention. Zornado employs the term "iconology" to develop a foundation for a critical methodology indebted to Althusser, Foucault, and Lacan as well as contemporary film criticism. Iconology of the animated feature film is the study of the meaning systems of the dominant culture and the ways in which such systems are inscribed into all kinds of social practice geared, specifically, to seduce and inform the mind of the child. Zornado analyses Pixar's Monsters, Inc. (2001), elaborating it as an example of an iconological reading of an animated feature and he argues that Monsters, Inc. encodes ideologies of hegemonic power relations and while at first seeming to criticize and to reveal the corrupting nature of hegemonic power relations; thus, the film's narrative works ultimately to confirm the status quo in which the child, like the Other, must learn to accept his/her objectified and exploited status as "natural" and "inevitable." J. Zornado, "Children's Film as Social Practice." page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 10.2 (2008): Thematic Issue, Racialized Narratives for Children. Ed. C. Richard King and John Streamas
Microtiter method for enumerating viable bacteria in milk

A rapid microtiter method was investigated as a means of evaluating viable bacterial cells in milk samples, using the conventional Standard Plate Count method as a comparison. Statistical analyses showed high correlation between the two methods. The advantages of this new method are: (a) the ability to analyze many samples simultaneously and (b) savings of time, space, material, and labor. The practical application of this new method in dairy products was shown by a study of bacterial growth during refrigerated storage of milk.
A Curious Antipathy for Water

How does water meet a hydrophobic surface? Like great art, everyone recognizes hydrophobicity but few agree on the details.
B Cell Receptor (BCR) Cross-Talk: CD40 Engagement Enhances BCR-Induced ERK Activation

Bystander B cells may be initially stimulated through CD40, which enhances susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis, before encountering Ag, which produces Fas resistance. A key issue in this process is to what extent CD40 cross-talk might affect subsequent BCR signaling. It has previously been shown that CD40 engagement bypasses or mitigates the need for Bruton's tyrosine kinase in subsequent BCR signaling for NF-kappaB activation. However, the full extent of the effects of CD40 on BCR signaling has not been delineated. In the present study we evaluated the possibility that CD40-mediated cross-talk also affects another principal outcome of BCR signaling: MAPK activation. We found that prior stimulation of primary murine B cells with CD40L markedly enhanced the level of ERK and JNK (but not p38 MAPK) phosphorylation produced by subsequently added anti-Ig Ab, and much, but not all, of this enhancement was independent of PI3K and phospholipase C. CD40L treatment similarly enhanced BCR-induced MAPK kinase (MEK) phosphorylation, and MEK was required for enhancement of ERK. Although BCR-induced c-Raf phosphorylation was also enhanced by prior CD40L treatment, c-Raf was not required for MEK/ERK phosphorylation. These results identify a novel system of receptor cross-talk between CD40 and BCR and indicate that the effects of CD40 engagement on subsequent BCR stimulation spread beyond NF-kappaB to involve the MAPK pathway.
Structure-binding-activity analysis of beta-adrenergic amines--II. Binding to the beta receptor and inhibition of adenylate cyclase.

Abstract Over fifty catecholamines and related analogues were tested for their ability to bind to the beta-adrenergic receptor and to activate adenylate cyclase in membranes of the turkey erythrocyte. Using [ 125 I] hydroxybenzylpindolol, a radioligand that has successfully been used to detect betaadrenergic receptors, binding to erythrocyte membranes was highly specific and showed strict selectivity for (−) antipodes. Over a range of four log orders, the affinity of a compound for the beta receptor correlated significantly with its ability to activate adenylate cyclase. Potency both for specific binding and adenylate cyclase activation was related to the size of the substituent on the secondary ethanolamine and to the configuration of the aromatic group. Full intrinsic activity required the presence of the catechol and beta-hydroxyl groups. These results confirm that [ 125 I] hydroxybenzylpindolol is a direct probe for the detection of beta-adrenergic receptors and further delineate the structural requirements for occupation and activation of the beta-adrenergic receptor.
Pass the Crayons: Leadership, Art Production, and Communities of Practice

The results of an arts-based leadership (Kelehear, 2006, 2008) practice at a rural middle school in South Carolina are examined. The school principal and art teacher led a day-long staff development and followed up individually to assist teachers to create art as metaphor for individual growth plans as well as school improvement plans. Specifically, the arts-based initiative sought to invite professional conversations that focused on: 1) personal reflections, 2) multiple perspectives, and 3) art making. Findings suggest that when the art teacher and principal work in collaboration, there is real value in an arts-based leadership practice. Also, when led by the art teacher, teacher reflections suggested that as the principal worked alongside the teachers, they felt valued and supported and viewed the principal as authentic and trusting. Additionally, out of the engendered trust, the teachers were emboldened to consider innovative, arts-based approaches to their teaching. Finally, there was evidence that the art teacher was highly effective in introducing innovative leadership practices as teachers. This study is one of several implementation studies emerging from earlier research on arts-based leadership.
SEQUENTIAL RADIATION AND OPERATION IN CARCINOMA OF THE UTERINE CERVIX.

Abstract One hundred and fifteen patients with carcinoma of the cervix were treated by full radiation therapy followed by radical hysterectomy and lymph node dissection after an interval of 6 weeks to 3 months. The over-all 5 year survival rate in this highly selected group composed largely of cases of Stage I and Stage II carcinomas was 80.0 per cent. Twelve of the 115 patients were potentially salvaged by the addition of operation. Thirty-three of the 115 patients showed major complications after operation. Combined radiation and surgical therapy, as detailed in this paper, seems unnecessary. Therefore, this program of treatment of Stage I or Stage II carcinoma of the cervix has been discontinued.
Leibniz, Information, Math and Physics

The information-theoretic point of view proposed by Leibniz in 1686 and developed by algorithmic information theory (AIT) suggests that mathematics and physics are not that different. This will be a first-person account of some doubts and speculations about the nature of mathematics that I have entertained for the past three decades, and which have now been incorporated in a digital philosophy paradigm shift that is sweeping across the sciences.
Predicting QSO Continua in the Lyα Forest

We present a method to make predictions with sets of correlated data values, in this case QSO flux spectra. We predict the continuum in the Lyα forest of a QSO, from 1020 to 1216 A, using the spectrum of that QSO from 1216 to 1600 A. We find correlations between the unabsorbed flux in these two wavelength regions in the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) spectra of 50 QSOs. We use principal component analysis to summarize the variety of these spectra, relate the weights of the principal components for 1020-1600 A to the weights for 1216-1600 A, and apply this relation to make predictions. We test the method on the HST spectra and find an average absolute flux error of 9%, with a range of 3%-30%, where individual predictions are systematically too low or too high. We mention several ways in which the predictions might be improved.
Networks, Contexts, and the Combinatorial Dynamics of Democratic Politics

Democratic politics inevitably stimulates a socially imbedded process of communication among citizens, and thus individuals experience politics by way of ongoing forms of social interaction and communication with others. Within this context, it is thus both ironic and problematic that political scientists, journalists, campaign consultants, and others typically conceive of political behavior in terms of individually independent actors rather than as the socially contingent outcome of interdependent citizens located within distinctive ongoing streams of socially communicated information. This state of affairs is less a consequence of theoretically articulated models of behavior than it is an unintentional methodological byproduct. Powerful, productive, and creative methods of analysis, based on the observational platforms of both sample surveys and laboratory experiments, tend to separate interdependent actors from one another. These practices often generate, by default, an atomistic view of public opinion and political behavior. This article addresses several lines of research, based both on laboratory and survey studies, that attempt to reintroduce political interdependence among citizens within the normal scope of political analysis. In this way, political analysis carries the potential to unify micro and macro analyses of democratic politics.
Esophageal cancer: staging system and guidelines for staging and treatment

Survival of esophageal cancer is improving but remains poor. Esophageal cancer stage is based on depth of tumor invasion, involvement of regional lymph nodes, and the presence or absence of metastatic disease. Appropriate work-up is critical to identify accurate pre-treatment staging so that both under-treatment and unnecessary treatment is avoided. Treatment strategy should follow guideline recommendations, and generally should be developed after multidisciplinary evaluation.
Uterine torsion followed by jejunal incarceration in a partially everted urinary bladder of a cow.

Summary: A case of bladder eversion with intestinal entrapment in a cow is described. The condition occurred in conjunction with a 180° right side uterine torsion. The cow responded well to corrective surgery.
Millicoulometric determination of n-values in the polarographic reduction of cadmium and iodate ions

Abstract Apparatus and procedural criteria are described which make millicoulometry an accurate and reliable technique. A micro-cell is described which permits the complete, exclusion of oxygen and causes half the initial moles of electroactive species in a 100-λ volume to be electrolyzed in 30–60 min. By recording the output of the chopper-stabilized operational amplifier coulometer during electrolysis, determinate errors due to electronic failure of the coulometer and to non-depletable faradaic sources are detected. It is shown that the uncertainty in the apparent fractional reduction is a function of the fractional reduction. Optimum experimental results are realized with fractional reduction of 40–60%; time required: 30–60 min; precision obtained: ±5–3%.
Activity, Context, Interaction, and Authority Learning to Write Scientific Papers In Situ

Situated learning theories offer useful insights into how learning to write can be supported and transacted through interactions between newcomers and experienced practitioners in academic and prof...
FUSE Spectroscopy of the Large Magellanic Cloud Supernova Remnant N49

Strong C III λ977 and O VI λλ1032, 1038 emission lines are detected in Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) spectra of N49, the brightest optical supernova remnant in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Shocks with velocities ranging from less than 130 to more than 180 km s-1 are responsible for these emission lines and are present over the entire eastern half of the remnant. The emission lines are very broad, spanning about 700 km s-1 in all the spectra. The ratio of C III to O VI at different velocities shows that fast-moving radiative shocks are present in N49. These may be a result of instabilities, secondary shocks, and turbulent mixing. The velocity structure of O VI emission from a 4'' × 20'' region along the southeast edge of the remnant is the same as that from a larger 30'' × 30'' region, which is evidence for equally complex structure at multiple scales. An archival HST WFPC2 Hα image also shows highly filamentary morphology, with structures on subarcsecond scales. The complexity of the emission suggests that the effective interstellar extinction at far-ultraviolet wavelengths is smaller than that at optical wavelengths. The uncertainty in the far-ultraviolet extinction translates to an order of magnitude uncertainty in the intrinsic O VI intensity of N49. A comparison of the O VI 1032 and 1038 A line profiles shows that the latter is affected by absorption due to molecular hydrogen, probably associated with the remnant and its surroundings, as well as due to O I in an intermediate-velocity cloud in the Galactic halo.
Dynamics of Isolated Polycaprolactone Chains in Their Inclusion Complexes with Cyclodextrins

Solid-state carbon NMR with magic-angle spinning has been used to study the structure and dynamics of semicrystalline polycaprolactone (PCL) and its inclusion complexes formed with α- and γ-cyclodextrins (α- and γ-CDs), which are shown to have channel structures occupied by single and two parallel, side-by-side chains, respectively. Guest−host magnetization exchange has been observed, but the results differ substantially from those observed in semicrystalline polymers and blends. The conventional relaxation experiments and 2D wide-line separation NMR with windowless isotropic mixing have been used to measure the chain dynamics. The results suggest that the intermolecular interactions restrict the dynamics of some atoms more than others, but that the chains in the complex are more mobile than in semicrystalline PCL. These results are compared with the inclusion compound formed between the model compound valeric acid and α-CD that is also a channel complex structure.
Cerebral cortical perfusion during and following resuscitation from cardiac arrest in dogs

Abstract Perfusion of the cerebral cortex during closed chest CPR in dogs, generating systolic pressures of 60 to 70 mmHg, is only 10% of pre-arrest blood flow. In contrast, internal cardiac massage produces normal cortical perfusion rates. Following a 20-min perfusion arrest, during pressure controlled reperfusion, cortical flow rates decay to less than 20% normal after 90 min of reperfusion. This appears to be due to increasing cerebral vascular resistance, and is not due to rising intracranial pressure. The post-arrest cortical hypoperfusion syndrome is prolonged with cortical flow remaining below 20% normal up to 18 hr post arrest. The use of a variety of calcium antagonists, including flunarizine, lidoflazine, verapamil, and Mg 2+ , immediately post-resuscitation maintains cerebral vascular resistance and cortical perfusion at normal levels. A prospective blind trial of the calcium antagonist lidoflazine following a 15-min cardiac arrest in dogs and resuscitation by internal massage, demonstrates amelioration of neurologic deficit in the early post-resuscitation period.
Chemical “knockout” challenges the amphotericin B channel model

Charge pairing between neighboring amphotericin B molecules inserted into the membrane is believed to significantly stabilize supramolecular channel architecture. Now the synthetic “knockout” of a carboxylic acid in amphotericin B, generated in an exacting ten-step chemical sequence, shows this interaction is not required for function.
The Economics of Jailing Executives for Violations of Health and Safety Regulations

Richard Nielsen [ref below] dealt with the issue of whether executives should be held criminally liable for health-safety regulation violations. His paper reviewed judicial decisions in this country and offered views, both pro and con. The article deserves much credit for pointing out a serious issue; however, it did not provide a framework for analysis of the problem. It is to this task that this note is addressed. The analysis will attempt to answer three questions. First, are health-safety regulations necessary? Or, alternatively stated, could not an unregulated market arrive at socially optimal standards of safety? Second, are executives in uniquely influential positions to affect safety levels? Third, if the answer to the second question is in the affirmative, are criminal penalties the socially optimal devices to enforce safety regulations? As a starting point, we will begin with an example of a situation where the unregulated market can lead to socially optimal levels of safety. We will then examine the implications of relaxing the assumptions that were necessary to achieve the optimal solution with a view toward answering our three questions. Nielsen, Richard P. "Should Executives Be Jailed for Consumer and Employee Health and Safety Violations?" Journal of Consumer Affairs 1979; 13(1): 128-134.
Empirical radiometric correction of a silicon photodiode rotating shadowband pyranometer

Abstract We have improved the silicon photodiode-based rotating shadowband pyranometer[1] to suit it for radiometric observations by deriving empirical corrections to mimic thermopile sensors. We present the results of an intercomparison between our rotating shadowband pyranometer and a conventional complement of first-class thermopile instruments. The daily integrated values for total horizontal, diffuse horizontal and direct normal irradiance measured with our rotating shadowband radiometer agree on average to better than 1%, 3%, and 2.5%, respectively, with the thermopile results, after our empirically derived corrections are applied. In absolute units, 10-minute integrated values seldom differ by more than 20 watts/m 2 from the thermopile values.
Protectionism, Exchange Rate Distortions, and Agricultural Trading Patterns

It is an apparent paradox of modem economic history that the world has focussed on liberalizing trade in manufactures and failed to react to apparently increasing distortions in trade in agricultural commodities. Among international economists and others concerned with a generally efficient allocation of world resources, attention has been centered on trade and barriers to trade in manufacturers, on the one hand, and the functioning of international capital markets on the other. As an economist whose primary focus has been on patterns of trade and protection in the international economy, I found myself somewhat embarrassed by a paucity of specific knowledge about barriers to agricultural trade when asked to give this paper. If I were asked what the average tariff rate was for a given two-digit category of manufactures in one of the major Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries or in a major developing country, I could probably hazard a fairly accurate guess as to the height of the tariff and the ranking of the industry's protection. If asked to enumerate barriers to financial capital flows in a particular OECD (or developing) country, again, I could probably give a rough estimate of the relative restrictiveness of that country's policies.
A rabbit autoantibody specific for the 46-kDa form of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase.

: An autoantibody occurring in the serum of an apparently normal rabbit that immunocytochemically stains myelin sheaths and oligodendrocytes in rat brain was shown to react specifically with the 46-kDa isoform of 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (CNP) (EC 3.1.4.37) in a number of species. Identification of the shorter isoform of the enzyme (CNP1) as the antigen was achieved by comparing the immunostaining of Western blots by the autoantibody with that of a well-characterized anti-CNP antiserum. The 46-kDa antigen reacting with the autoantibody exhibited the same Mr and pI as the small isoform of CNP on two-dimensional gels and showed a similar enrichment in purified CNS myelin. The autoantibody has very high affinity for CNP1 and is capable of detecting the very low amounts of this enzyme in peripheral nerve, spleen, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis, and intestine. Testing the reactivity of the autoantibody with synthetic peptides by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that it reacted with the N-acetylated decapeptide corresponding to the N-terminus of CNP1, but did not react if the peptide was not acetylated or if the acetyl group was replaced with a palmityl group. The lack of reactivity with CNP2, which differs from CNP1 by a 20-amino acid extension at the N-terminus of the protein as a result of alternative splicing, may be due to the absence of the N-acetyl moiety that is part of the epitope and/or blocking of antibody binding to the decapeptide by extension of the polypeptide chain. This highly specific antibody for the shorter isoform of CNP may be useful in studies to establish possible differences in the location or function of the two isoforms of this enzyme.
The posterior sagittal approach for reconstruction of severe rectovaginal injuries.

Abstract Reconstruction of major perineal lacerations in the small child is difficult and frequently results in less-than-satisfactory continence. A 212-year-old girl who had sustained a fourth-degree perineal laceration at 9 months of age presented with a common rectovaginal orifice and complete fecal incontinence. Repair was carried out via a posterior sagittal approach, resulting in a normal-appearing perineum with complete continence. The techniques used in the posterior sagittal approach allow precise identification of the striated muscle complex and, therefore, offer a valuable means of achieving complete continence. Although the technique was originally described for reconstruction of congenital anomalies, this report demonstrates it to also be useful for reconstruction of severe perineal trauma.
Unusual Characteristics of the Maximum Bubble Pressure Method Using a Teflon Capillary

Abstract The maximum bubble pressure method has been used recently in a continuous-bubbling mode to measure the dynamic surface tension of surfactant solutions at varying bubble frequencies. A modification of this method, which utilizes a syringe pump supplying gas at controlled rates, has been developed to examine bubble growth by providing an initially stationary gas-liquid interface. Videomicroscopy results indicate that the bubble-growth rate is not constant, and the bubble-growth time from a stationary interface at the tip of a Teflon capillary to a hemispherical shape may be only a small fraction of the "peak-to-peak" time for some concentrations of surfactant solution. In these cases, bubble generation occurs in three steps: growth at the capillary tip, rapid expansion at the end of the tip, followed by repressurization of the system. Of particular significance is the observation that the first of a series of bubbles, generated in surfactant solutions at and below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), has a lower dynamic surface tension than subsequent bubbles. This result is attributed to the initial equilibrium condition of the interface.
Density−damage relationship and presence−absence sampling of the elm leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Northern California

The relationship between density of elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Muller), and damage to English elm, Ulmus procera Salisbury, and Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila L., was studied in seven northern California cities in 1986 and 1987. Peak first-generation elm leaf beetle egg or larval densities were good predictors of cumulative foliage damage to English elm and to a lesser extent predicted Siberian elm damage. Egg density on both hosts was highly associated with the proportion of samples infested with eggs. The maximum proportion of presence-absence samples infested with first generation eggs predicted cumulative damage to English but not to Siberian elm. When no effort was made to control beetle populations most English elm trees sustained more than 40% damage to retained foliage, whereas damage to most Siberian elms was less.
THE REVERSIBILITY OF THE O-D TYPE OF INFLUENZA VIRUS VARIATION

Data are presented which enhance the idea that the influenza virus is an unstable agent. They indicate that the O-D type of variation is not a discontinuous mutation but rather is a reversible phenomenon. The O and the D forms of virus both appear to be inherent in the virus particle; the dominance of one or the other form seems to be subject to chance occurrences, but is influenced by the conditions under which the virus is propagated. The capacity of the O form of virus to agglutinate guinea pig but not chicken crythrocytes is a relative, not an absolute phenomenon; allantoic fluids which exhibit clear-cut O form hemagglutination may be made to exhibit D form merely by addition of suitable buffer to the test system. That point is of importance from the viewpoint of the mechanism of influenza virus hemagglutination.
Managing for resilience: early detection of regime shifts in complex systems

The broad implications of catastrophic regime shifts have prompted the need to find methods that are not only able to detect regime shifts but more importantly, identify them before they occur. Rising variance, skewness, kurtosis, and critical slowing down have all been proposed as indicators of impending regime shifts. However, these approaches typically do not signal a shift until it is well underway. Further, they have primarily been used to evaluate simple systems; hence, additional work is needed to adapt these methods, if possible, to real systems which typically are complex and multivariate. Fisher information is a key method in information theory and affords the ability to characterize the dynamic behavior of systems. In this work, Fisher information is compared to traditional indicators through the assessment of model and real systems and identified as a leading indicator of impending regime shifts. Evidenced by the great deal of activity in this research area, it is understood that such work could lead to better methods for detecting and managing systems that are of significant importance to humans. Thus, we believe the results of this work offer great promise for resilience science and sustainability.
Sr and Nd isotope geochronology, geologic history, and origin of the Adirondack Anorthosite

Abstract We have analyzed samples from the Adirondack Marcy massif for Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopes in an attempt to determine directly the primary crystallization age of a Proterozoic massif-type anorthosite rock suite. The oldest age obtained (1288 ± 36Ma) is from a 4 point Sm-Nd isochron defined by igneous-textured whole-rock and mineral separate data from a local layered sequence gradational from oxiderich pyroxenite to leuconorite. This age is older than Silver's (1969) 1113 Ma zircon age of associated charnockites, but is within the window of permissible anorthosite ages based on previous geochronology and field relationships. As such, 1288 Ma may represent the time of crystallization of the massif. For the most part, however, both Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopic systems did not survive granulite facies metamorphism. Internal isochrons based on whole rocks and minerals yield ages between 995 and 919 Ma. These isotopic data suggest that the granulite fades metamorphism experienced by the massif was a prograde event that occurred a minimum of 100 Ma and as much as 350 Ma after crystallization of the massif. The relatively large range in Rb abundance, and in calculated initial 87 Sr 86 Sr (0.7039–0.7050) and 143 Nd 144 Nd ratios among anorthosite suite rocks, particularly those at or near the contacts of the Marcy massif is explicable by variable contamination with “crustal” materials and/or fluids, derived from surrounding acidic metaplutonic rocks, paragneisses, and marbles. Despite uncertainies caused by crustal contamination and metamorphic resetting of primary ages, Marcy samples have epsilon Nd values between +0.44 and +5.08, implying a source for the massif with long-term depletion in light rare earth elements. A probable source material would be depleted mantle.
New taxa of western plants-in tribute

This paper is presented in tribute to Rupert C. Barneby on the occasion of his seventieth year. Described as new areArtemisia norvegica var.picetorum Welsh & Goodrich,Astragalus lentiginosus var.higginsii Welsh & Thorne,Cirsium barnebyi Welsh & Neese,Cymopterus beckii Welsh & Goodrich,Machaeranthera kingii var.barnebyana Welsh & Goodrich,Thelypodiopsis barnebyi Welsh & Atwood,Xanthocephalum petradoria Welsh & Goodrich, andXylorhiza cronquistii Welsh & Atwood.
Physiological and Subjective Responses to Working in Disposable Protective Coveralls and Respirators Commonly Used by the Asbestos Abatement Industry

The physiological and subjective effects of working with different respirators while wearing lightweight disposable (Tyvek 1412 polyolefin) coveralls commonly used by the asbestos abatement industry were studied. Nine healthy men (mean age = 27.3 yr, weight = 76.9 kg) each performed a series of four exercise tests with four different respirator ensembles in counterbalanced order. Treadmill work was performed at a set walking speed of 4 kph (2.5 mph), 0 percent elevation (220 kcal/hr), a controlled environmental temperature of 33.9 degrees C, and 50% relative humidity. Each test continued up to 120 min, with repeated work/rest intervals of 26 min of work and 4 min of rest. Tyvek disposable coveralls and hoods were worn with each of these four different respirator ensembles: (1) control--a lightweight, low resistance mask; (2) HEPA--an air purifying, full facepiece respirator with dual high efficiency filters; (3) SAR--a supplied-air, pressure-demand respirator with escape filter; (4) SCBA--an open circuit, pressure-demand, self-contained breathing apparatus. Physiological measurements obtained every minute during each test included heart rate and skin and rectal temperatures. Subjective evaluations of clothing, respirator, and facepiece comfort, ease of breathing, temperature and perspiration in the mask and clothing, and respirator load also were measured at the end of the test. Data were analyzed using an analysis of variance. Results indicated that heart rate at the end of the test differed by less than 8 BPM between the control condition and the SCBA (heaviest) condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vascular dementia: neuropathologic alterations and metabolic brain changes.

Abstract After reviewing the concepts of dementia, in general, and vascular dementia, in particular, this review discusses potential future approaches that may contribute to an improved definition of the clinical syndrome and the neuropathological features of vascular dementia. Specific brain alterations in high-energy phosphate compounds, as measured by nuclear magnetic resonance, may contribute to the separation between dements with neurodegenerative diseases and those with ischemic (vascular or hemodynamic) disorders.
Computer simulation studies of critical phenomena

Abstract The recent strides which have been made in the use of computer simulations to study phase transitions and critical phenomena are reviewed. We describe how the use of a combination of recently developed histogram techniques and sophisticated Monte Carlo simulation algorithms have allowed the determination of the static critical behavior of the d =3 Ising and Heisenberg models with unprecedented precision. We also discuss the study of dynamic critical behavior in simple spin models by both Monte Carlo and spin dynamics methods. Recent estimates for dynamic critical exponents are reviewed including the first high precision estimate for true dynamics.
Applications of variational principles in finite elasticity

For some equilibrium states of a finitely deformed elastic body, variational principles can be used to provide bounds on overall quantities of physical interest. The principles are applied to the problem of the allaround finite extension of a plane sheet with a circular hole, and accurate estimates for the stress resultant at the outer edge are obtained for various extensions. The finite extension and torsion of an elastic cylinder is considered and bounds on the strain energy per unit length are obtained for an elliptical cylinder of neo-Hookean material with axes in the ratios of 2:1 and 4:1. The bounds lead to reliable estimates for the twisting moment and axial force.
Severe periphlebitis, peripheral retinal ischemia, and preretinal neovascularization in patients with multiple sclerosis

Two patients with definite multiple sclerosis and marked retinal periphlebitis developed occlusive peripheral retinal vasculitis, which resulted in peripheral retinal ischemia and peripheral retinal neovascularization. Results of investigation for other causes of peripheral proliferative retinopathies were negative in both patients although one patient had a positive anticardiolipin antibody. Both patients have been followed up for over seven years and have maintained good visual acuity with mild regression of the preretinal neovascularization without laser intervention. An analysis of these two cases and six other reported cases indicates that severe periphlebitis can evolve into occlusive peripheral vasculitis, which results in peripheral retinal neovascularization in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Effects of molecular weight and plasticization on dissolution rates of thin polymer films

Abstract The dissolution rates (DR) in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) of thin films of poly(methyl methacrylate), (PMMA), were measured using interferometry. Films were spun on silicon-oxide coated wafers. After baking at 155°C for one hour the dry films were about 1 μm thick. PMMA samples with Mn of 6000 to 320 000 were prepared by (a) polymerization and fractionation, and (b) electron beam bombardment of coated wafers. Both preparations resulted in non-linear behaviour when log DR was plotted against log Mn. The irradiated samples uniformly had DR values that were about 2.5 × those of the unexposed samples of the same Mn. Plasticization of PMMA by poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, of Mn = 4000 also changed DR in direct proportion to the amount of PEO added. With a weight fraction of 0.2 PEO, the DR was double that for PMMA alone.