cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Genetics: A Piggyback Ride to Adaptation and Diversity

Competition between adaptive mutations in different asexual lineages limits the rate of adaptation. But additional adaptive mutations can occur in lineages that already have one, altering the dynamics of evolving asexual populations.
Homosexuality as Defamation: A Proposal for the Use of the “Right-Thinking Minds” Approach in the Development of Modern Jurisprudence

False imputations of homosexuality have long been considered by courts to be defamatory per se, but many jurisdictions are beginning to revisit the issues surrounding homosexuality and defamation in the wake of a national debate over gay rights. This article examines whether courts should abandon false imputations of homosexuality as per se defamation and concludes that, at a minimum such statements should no longer be defamatory per se and further provides courts with a framework to go a step further and hold that such statements hold no defamatory meaning.
Currently practiced formulations for the assembly line balance problem

New formulations for the assembly line balance problem are proposed based on interviews and surveys of practicing engineers. These formulations are the basis for a model in goal programming form. A branch-and-bound algorithm is developed which can solve the model for an optimum solution. Computational studies show that computer run time is very modest for moderate size problems. Interviews and a survey of practicing engineers were used to develop a list of goals or constraints germane to the assembly line balance problem. These included minimizing working areas or employees, making sure tasks assigned to a station do not exceed the cycle time, and adhering to sequence constraints. These constraints are included in most traditional models. However, additional goals were mentioned. These included avoiding changes in workload assigned to a work area, adhering to layout requirements of the plant, making combinations of tasks interesting, avoiding the combination of physiologically demanding tasks, etc. The additional goals above are incorporated in a new formulation for the assembly line balance problem. This formulation is in goal programming form. The goal programming model attempts to minimize deviations from goals. If deviations are necessary, lowest ranked goals are violated first. The objective function of the model is based on an ordinal ranking of goals only. The survey mentioned above showed that engineers did not find it difficult to rank the importance of goals. The proposed goal programming model is a mixed integer linear program. Previous studies have shown that cutting plane and implicit enumeration techniques are inferior to branch-and-bound algorithms. A branch-and-bound method, called GoalOriented Algorithm for Line Balance (GOAL), is developed to solve the formulations proposed in the paper. GOAL was computationally tested with 50 problems. These problems varied in size from 4 to 35 tasks. One of the problems was an engine cradle assembly problem encountered by an automobile manufacturer. Computer run times appeared reasonable. For example, the engine cradle problem 35 tasks) required only 16.3 seconds CPU on the DEC PDF 1170 at California State University, Northridge. GOAL's execution time appeared linearly proportional to the number of tasks required for most problems.
Intercourse as Discourse in Alexa Hennig von Lange's Relax

While gender has long been an abiding concern of Popliteratur, pop writers (in particular female authors) are often criticized for simply reflecting, if not positively endorsing, negative forms of postfeminism—an attitude that negates the accomplishments of emancipation by regressing to traditional ideas of what it means to be a woman. Some critics suggest that pop texts re-inscribe the gender binary by presenting, even glorifying, longestablished gender roles. In response to such a reception, this article investigates Alexa Hennig von Lange’s iconic but much criticized novel Relax (1999) in order to illustrate the reflective and critical nature of Popliteratur. I demonstrate how Hennig von Lange critically engages with images of masculinity, femininity and feminism, thereby queering (that is to say de-stabilizing), pre-conceived notions of gender and identity. Ultimately, texts such as Relax foreshadow the demands of the new popfeminists roughly a decade later. This article is available in Studies in 20th & 21st Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol35/iss1/4 Intercourse as Discourse in Alexa Hennig von Lange’s Relax Corinna Kahnke Duke University
Reflections of EFL university instructors on teaching and learning after the revolution in Egypt

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the different ways through which the revolution has influenced teaching and learning in Egyptian universities after January 25, 2011.Design/methodology/approach – Through detailed life‐history interviews with two female university instructors, the researcher aimed to find out how the revolution has influenced the identities of the instructors and their perspectives on teaching and learning.Findings – One can see that the revolution has not only helped university instructors question what the new roles of their professional selves should be but also directly affected the way they viewed teaching and learning. The revolution did not only help teachers shape their new personal and professional identities but also drew their attention to new educational landscapes that they were not allowed to explore before.Research limitations/implications – One of the recommendations of the study is that more large‐scale research should be conducted to learn about the hopes...
UNCERTAINTY AND THE LOT‐SIZE REORDER‐POINT MODEL

Noori and Keller [1] recently proposed a lot-size reorder-point model in which the quantity received is a random variable. The authors failed, however, to explore the full implications of their initial definitions. This oversight leads to some misleading inferences that we try to correct in this note.
Program intensity and service delivery models in the schools: SLP survey results.

Purpose School-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) routinely work with team members to make recommendations regarding an intervention program’s intensity and method of service delivery for ch...
Tissue differences in vascular permeability induced by leukotriene B4 and prostaglandin E2 in the rat

Abstract The activity of synthetic LTB4 and PGE2, in increasing vascular permeability was tested simultaneously in seventeen different organs in the rat. Rats were injected in the aortic arch through a cannula in the carotid artery with 125-I-albumin, 51Cr-erythrocytes, and 57Co-EDTA. The rats were then injected through the carotid artery cannula with LTB4, PGE2 or a combination of LTB4 and PGE2. Eight minutes later the rats were killed and the activity of 125I, 51Cr, and 57Co measured in different organs. Changes in vascular permeability were infered from changes in the ratios of the isotope activities. LTB4 (15 μg/kg) induced enhanced permeability in caecum, small bowel, skin, fat pad, stomach, pancreas, and aorta, but not in the heart, brain, colon, testes, diaphragm, forelimb, cremaster muscle, lung, kidney or eye. A lower dose of LTB4, 3 μg/kg, enhanced vascular permeability in caecum, small bowel, skin, stomach, and aorta. PGE2 (1 μg/kg) enhanced vascular permeability only in the caecum. A combination of LTB4 (3 μg/kg) and PGE2 (1 μg/kg) was more potent than either alone. Rats depleted of neutrophils with anti-neutrophil serum were less sensitive to LTB4 than intact rats. These findings suggest that the vasculatures of different tissues in the rat vary markedly in their susceptibility to LTB4 induced increases in permeability.
Electrical relaxation from hydrated surface layers in alkali silicate glasses

Abstract Complex impedance plots for a 25 Na2O−75 SiO2 glass exposed to the ambient atmosphere indicate the presence of a relaxation at frequencies well below those for the electrical relaxation of the bulk material, but above the frequencies where electrode polarization takes place. This low frequency relaxation is shown to occur in a high resistivity surface layer having a thickness a few times 0.1 μm and formed by the action of atmospheric water vapor. The rate of growth of the surface layer could be monitored by means of the impedance measurements and was found to decrease with the duration of exposure of the glass to the laboratory atmosphere. Complex impedance plots for a chemically durable lithium aluminosilicate glass indicate that the hydrated surface layer thickness is much smaller than in the 25 Na2O−75 SiO2 glass.
Vitreous cavity penetration of ceftazidime after intravenous administration

Purpose Penetration of ceftazidime, a third generation cephalosporin, into the vitreous cavity after intravenous administration was investigated. Methods Because antimicrobial penetration varies with surgical status of the eye and with inflammation, studies were conducted in phakic, aphakic, and aphakic, vitrectomized eyes in both normal and inflamed conditions. Ceftazidime 50 mg/kg was administered every 8 hours and vitreous cavity concentrations were tested at intervals from 2 to 72 hours after the initial dose. Results No penetration was found into control phakic and aphakic eyes, but drug concentrations were detected in inflamed eyes at 24 hours. Vitreous concentrations of ceftazidime in aphakic, vitrectomized eyes reached levels well above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Pseudomonas organisms within 2 hours of intravenous administration in control eyes (8.5 micrograms/ml) and inflamed eyes (35.4 micrograms/ml). Inflammation and removal of the lens and vitreous significantly enhanced ceftazidime penetration at all time periods tested. Conclusion Ceftazidime penetrates into the vitreous cavity of inflamed eyes after intravenous administration and achieves concentrations above the MIC for Pseudomonas organisms. Penetration is greatest in aphakic, vitrectomized eyes.
A microsized microbial fuel cell based biosensor for fast and sensitive detection of toxic substances in water

We report a microliter-sized (140 µL) microbial fuel cell (MFC)-based biosensor integrated with a three-electrode configuration and an air-bubble trap, in which microorganisms act as the sensor for toxic substances in water. The small-scale MFC biosensor produced favorable conditions for (i) reducing measurement time by increasing the probability of cell attachment and biofilm formation in the micro-sized chamber and (ii) enhancing sensitivity and reliability by providing a stable anodic potential and preventing air bubbles on the sensing surface. Using formaldehyde as a toxic component, the rapid current responses were obtained over a concentration range from 0.001% to 0.1% in a single chambered MFC biosensor with 0.2 V (versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode) applied on the anode.
Online Retrieval--Today and Tomorrow.

The present success of online retrieval is well known. The future is dependent on several factors including technological developments (computers, communications, terminals and storage), progress in information with science research, availability and use of funds for employing and coupling the available technology and the useful results of research, and finally the nontechnical exterior factors, such as political, psychological, legal and legislative constraints. Research is under way to pave the way for the development of transparent systems for retrieving references, facts and information contained in textual material. Such systems will greatly increase the useability of computer‐readable databases by professionals and laymen alike. Really significant changes will depend on research that progresses towards fact retrieval and ultimately towards knowledge retrieval.
Phylloplane algae of standing dead Spartina alterniflora

Phylloplane (leaf surface) algae on leaves from standing dead Spartina alterniflora Loisel in Sapelo Island marshes were enumerated by epifluorescence microscopy. The green alga Pseudendoclonium submarinum Wille dominated algal biovolume on both short-and tall-form plants during summer and winter. Intra-leaf and intra-plant patterns of algal biovolume and diversity indicated that desiccation stress may be an important selective factor. Observed epiphyte densities are 10- to 200-fold lower than values reported for communities on continuously submerged aquatic vegetation. Algal biovolume was less than 10% of that contained in the saprophytic (fungal and bacterial) community.
Prerigor Carcass Muscle Stretching Effects on Tenderness of Grain‐fed Beef Under Commercial Conditions

A prerigor cut was made through the 12th thoracic vertebrae and another skeletal cut through the ischium on the pelvic bone of one side of 16 USDA Choice and 9 USDA Select beef carcasses (TC), while the companion sides served as controls (C) under industry conditions. TC lowered CIE a * values and resulted in longer sarcomeres in the longissimus muscle (LM). Compared to the C samples, the LM from TC USDA Choice carcasses were rated 28% higher (more tender) in overall tenderness and treated USDA Select carcasses were 18% higher. Also, variation in tenderness of the LM among animals was reduced by the TC Process. For Gluteus medius and Rectus femoris (RF), the TC samples were also more tender.
Who is dying of asthma and why

Recognition of the high rates of mortality from asthma over the past 20 years has spurred greater efforts to prevent death from this potentially controllable pulmonary process. Some suggest that inadequate assessment and delayed treatment account for this epidemic of asthma fatalities. Both the natural progression of this condition and the risk factors are discussed. Once patients at greatest risk have been identified and the pattern of episodes has been analyzed, clinicians can carry out "reversibility trials" using a variety of management techniques to optimize lung function. This program will allow an appropriate and individualized treatment plan to be formulated, with steps taken to ensure compliance and to carry out diligent follow-up.
Energy conservation and recycling in the paper industry

Abstract The pattern and level of paper recycling has been determined which would maximally reduce total U.S. energy use while maintaining existing patterns and levels of final consumption and paper production. Dollar and energy costs of increased units of paper recycling were calculated and compared to estimated marginal energy costs. We found that substantial increases of paper recycling were justified on the basis of increased costs of energy since 1974. Actual recycle rates did increase sharply after 1974 energy price rises roughly to levels we predicted but actual cause and effect are not established. We speculate that further increases in recycling are justified on the basis of historically volatile scrap prices and cyclic paper demand, and the wide difference in marginal energy costs between industry and final consumer.
Shock-Elicited Pain and Its Reduction by Concurrent Tactile Stimulation

Human affective reactions to nociceptive electrical stimulation were attenuated by application of a tactile stimulus to the shocked site. No alteration was perceived when the same tactile stimulus was applied to a similar contralateral site. These results and a lack of alteration at sensation threshold demonstrate the effect to be more than simple masking and support the Melzack-Wall theory.
Anomaly in dendritic growth data — effect of density change upon solidification

Abstract We examine recent dendritic growth data obtained by Glicksman and co-workers [M.E. Glicksman, M.B. Koss and E.A. Winsa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 (1994) 573; M.E. Glicksman, M.B. Koss, L.T. Bushnell, J.C. LaCombe and E.A. Winsa, ISIJ Int. 35 (1995) 1216; MRS Fall Meeting, Symp. P, Boston, MA, 1995, in press; M.E. Glicksman, M.B. Koss, L.T. Bushnell and J.C. LaCombe, in: Modelling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VII, Eds. M. Cross and J. Campbell, (The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, 1995); private communication] in microgravity. These authors have pointed out an anomaly in the data, when compared with theoretical predictions. In particular, a systematic deviation of the growth Pe´clet number from an Ivantsov's theory was noted at the intermediate supercooling range. This work considers effects due to density change upon solidification. This requires a careful reexamination of the definition of material parameters, and an evaluation of effects due to the solidification-induced fluid flow (“Stefan wind”). A consistent application of carefully obtained material parameters clearly eliminates the discrepancy between the theory and experimental data. However, the effect of fluid flow due to the solid-melt density change is shown to be of minor importance to the particular experiment and material under consideration. We conclude by presenting an Ivantsov's theory modified for the wall proximity effect and corrected for density change upon solidification that matches the entire range of supercooling levels used in Glicksman's experiments.
Spermatial appendages of Spyridia filamentosa (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta)

Spermatangial and spermatial development of Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey (Rhodophyta) as revealed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy is described. Unlike most red algal sperma...
The myth of mean dose as a surrogate for radiation risk

The current estimations of risk associated with medical imaging procedures rely on assessing the organ dose via direct measurements or simulation. Each organ dose is assumed to be homogeneous, a representative sample or mean of which is weighted by a corresponding tissue weighting factor provided by ICRP publication 103. The weighted values are summed to provide Effective Dose (ED), the most-widely accepted surrogate for population radiation risk. For individual risk estimation, one may employ Effective Risk (ER), which further incorporates gender- and age-specific risk factors. However, both the tissue-weighting factors (as used by ED) and the risk factors (as used by ER) were derived (mostly from the atomic bomb survivor data) under the assumption of a homogeneous dose distribution within each organ. That assumption is significantly violated in most medical imaging procedures. In chest CT, for example, superficial organs (eg, breasts) demonstrate a heterogeneous distribution while organs on the peripheries of the irradiation field (eg, liver) possess a nearly discontinuous dose profile. Projection radiography and mammography involve an even wider range of organ dose heterogeneity spanning up to two orders of magnitude. As such, mean dose or point measured dose values do not reflect the maximum energy deposited per unit volume of the organ, and therefore, effective dose or effective risk, as commonly computed, can misrepresent irradiation risk. In this paper, we report the magnitude of the dose heterogeneity in both CT and projection x-ray imaging, provide an assessment of its impact on irradiation risk, and explore an alternative model-based approach for risk estimation for imaging techniques involving heterogeneous organ dose distributions.
The KTeV hardware cluster counter

Abstract We have designed and built a trigger processor that determines the number of isolated showers deposited in the electromagnetic calorimeter of the KTeV detector. Our algorithm takes advantage of pattern recognition and parallel processing techniques to increase its speed relative to more conventional cluster finding algorithms. With a relatively modest clock speed of 20 MHz, this processor reaches a decision in under 2 μs.
α-Synuclein involvement in hippocampal synaptic plasticity: role of NO, cGMP, cGK and CaMKII

Synaptic plasticity involves a series of coordinate changes occurring both pre- and postsynaptically, of which alpha-synuclein is an integral part. We have investigated on mouse primary hippocampal neurons in culture whether redistribution of alpha-synuclein during plasticity involves retrograde signaling activation through nitric oxide (NO), cGMP, cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. We have found that deletion of the alpha-synuclein gene blocks both the long-lasting enhancement of evoked and miniature transmitter release and the increase in the number of functional presynaptic boutons evoked through the NO donor, DEA/NO, and the cGMP analog, 8-Br-cGMP. In agreement with these findings both DEA/NO and 8-Br-cGMP were capable of producing a long-lasting increase in number of clusters for alpha-synuclein through activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase, cGK and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIalpha. Thus, our results suggest that NO, cGMP, GMP-dependent protein kinase and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II play a key role in the redistribution of alpha-synuclein during plasticity.
Spectrofluorometric analysis of cardiotonic steroids.

The sensitive and specific fluorimetric methods introduced by Jensen (1952; 1953) for digitalis estimation were re-evaluated for the assay of cardiotonic steroids and other steroids of biological interest. Characteristics of the excitation and fluorescence spectra were determined. Using a modification of Jensen's original digitoxin method and a spectrofluorometer, a linear relation was demonstrated between fluorescence intensity and concentrations from 0.01 to 6 μg./ml. for both digitoxin and digoxin. Application of these methods to the assay of gitoxin and cholesterol would seem to be equally practicable. In addition, scillaren A and B and strophanthin K can be made to fluoresce weakly. On the other hand, ouabain, cholestanol, testosterone, and hydrocortisone showed no fluorescence. Possible mechanisms of the reactions are discussed
Developmental changes in proteins of purified membranes of chicken lenses and evidence for contamination by cytoplasmic δ-crystallin

Abstract Urea-washed membranes from embryonic chick lenses (15 days old) and from the cortical and nuclear regions of adult chicken lenses (1 year) have been prepared by repeated centrifugation through discontinuous density gradients. The protein components of the isolated membranes have been examined by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea. Proteins with molecular weights of 75 000, 56 000, 54 000, 48 000, 34 000, 32 000, 25 000, and 22 000 were present in all the membrane preparations, although their proportions changed during development. One additional protein, molecular weight 70 000, was seen only in the embryonic lens membranes. The greatest developmental change was the increase in 25 000 molecular weight protein from 12% in the embryonic lens to about 45% in the adult lens. Since it has been suggested that this protein is associated with gap junctions, its increase during development may reflect a corresponding increase in the number of gap junctions in the lens. The 50 000 molecular weight protein of embryonic lens membranes and membranes of adult nuclear lens fibers consisted at least partly of δ-crystallin, since δ-crystallin peptides could be identified in tryptic pepetide maps of the isolated protein after in vitro radioiodination. Peptide maps of the 50 000 molecular weight protein of cortical lens fiber membranes contained no identifiable δ-crystallin peptides, although it is possible that modified δ-crystallin peptides may be present. The level of cytoplasmic contamination of the membrane fraction was estimated by preparing lens membranes in the presence of added δ-[ 35 S]crystallin. The results indicated that cytoplasmic contamination contributes significantly to the presence of δ-crystallin in lens membrane preparations.
String Features: Geodesic Sweeping Detection and Quasi-invariant Time-Series Description

We propose novel features, denoted as string features, which are represented by curves in the image plane. The string features take advantage of its locality at individual points of the curve and of its global aspect when considering the whole curve. The contributions of this paper are: (1) a feature detection procedure which produces a saliency measure by applying a novel technique, named geodesic sweeping, inspired by spatial attention and eye movement control, (2) the description of string features as a set of time-series based on quasi-invariant geometric measures, and (3) a matching algorithm for string features which allows partial matching independently for each time-series in the descriptor. The quantitative performance of the feature detection step is measured with regards to precision, compactness, and repeatability. The repeatability rate reaches $70\%$ with only $3\%$ of the pixels being detected. The string feature matching procedure is tested with a set of 80 synthetic 2D curves. The experimental results show an average ratio of $72.4\%$ in correct matching.
Calibration and characterization of an airborne pushbroom spectroradiometer

Improved methods for calibrating and characterizing the CCD array based off-nadir tiltable advanced solid-state array spectroradiometer (ASAS) were developed and applied. Sensor characteristics such as radiometric sensitivity, polarization sensitivity, signal-to-noise-ratio, temperature sensitivity, spectral bandpass, spectral distortion, spatial distortion, and spatial resolution were measured. Radiometric sensitivity, array temperature sensitivity, and signal-to-noise were measured using a barium sulfate coated integrating hemisphere whose output calibration is traceable to NIST. Polarization sensitivity was measured for 48 of 62 spectral bands across all 512 spatial pixels. Spectral bandpass and spectral distortion were measured using a 0.5 meter doublepass monochromator. Spatial resolution (given as the modulation-transfer-function -- MTF) and distortion were measured using a combination of monochromatic collimated light to directly measure the point-spread-function (PSF) and the edge spread function (ESF) derived from actual image data. The MTF obtained using the two techniques are compared. Potential improvements to the test setups and methods are described.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Solitary Coherent Structures in Viscoelastic Shear Flow: Computation and Mechanism

Starting from stationary bifurcations in Couette-Dean flow, we compute nontrivial stationary solutions in inertialess viscoelastic circular Couette flow. These solutions are strongly localized vortex pairs, exist at arbitrarily large wavelengths, and show hysteresis in the Weissenberg number, similar to experimentally observed ``diwhirl'' patterns. Based on the computed velocity and stress fields, we elucidate a heuristic, fully nonlinear mechanism for these flows. We propose that these localized, fully nonlinear structures comprise fundamental building blocks for complex spatiotemporal dynamics in the flow of elastic liquids.
Do Role Models Influence Self Efficacy and Aspirations in Mexican American at-Risk Females?

This study examined changes in levels of self efficacy and aspiration among participants in role model activities of the Hispanic Mother-Daughter Program. The results suggest caution about the use ofself-reportfeedbackfor evaluative purposes, and the manner in which role models are used as means for inspiring confidence in general, or affecting levels of self efficacy or aspirations in particular.
On Einstein's later view of the twin paradox

It is shown that Einstein abandoned his earlier view that there are material consequences, such as asymmetric aging, implied by the space-time transformations of transformations of relativity theory.
When is Self-Training Effective for Parsing?

Self-training has been shown capable of improving on state-of-the-art parser performance (McClosky et al., 2006) despite the conventional wisdom on the matter and several studies to the contrary (Charniak, 1997; Steedman et al., 2003). However, it has remained unclear when and why self-training is helpful. In this paper, we test four hypotheses (namely, presence of a phase transition, impact of search errors, value of non-generative reranker features, and effects of unknown words). From these experiments, we gain a better understanding of why self-training works for parsing. Since improvements from self-training are correlated with unknown bigrams and biheads but not unknown words, the benefit of self-training appears most influenced by seeing known words in new combinations.
Bounded Rationality and Cognitive Development: Upper Limits on Growth?.

Abstract Piaget's characterization of formal operational thought and human judgment psychologists' model of bounded rationality are considered as two conflicting models dealing with the same domain of interest: the nature and limits of mature thought. Piaget's suggestion that the formal operational thinker brings the skills of hypothetico-deductive logic to deal adequately with environmental complexity is in sharp contrast with judgment psychologists' evidence that information-processing limitations and faulty reasoning leave decision makers poorly equipped to deal with their decision environments. While the two approaches have generated conflicting models, a look at the respective data bases demonstrates their complementarity. Considered together, the literatures in formal operations and bounded rationality make a formidable contribution to understanding the capacities and limits of mature cognition.
An initial study of an economic system with energy resources constraint

This work formulates a basic economic system for the United States, with constraints on energy resources. The sensitivity of the resource equations is examined and possible future trends in resource economics are predicted. An optimal control policy on the effective growth rate of labour is developed. The results are in good agreement with economic principles and reasoning and in addition provide a guideline for the energy policies of the future.
The contributions of MDSC to the understanding of the thermodynamics of polymers

Contributions of modern, temperature-modulated calorimetry are qualitatively and quantitatively discussed. The limitations are summarized, and it is shown that their understanding leads to new advances in instrumentation and measurement. The new thermal analysis experiments allow to separate reversing from irreversible processes. This opens the irreversible states and transitions to a description in terms of equilibrium and irreversible thermodynamics. Amorphous systems can be treated frommacroscopic to nanometer sizes with weak to strong coupling between neighboring phases. Semicrystalline, macromolecular systems are understood on the basis of modulated calorimetry as globally metastable, micro-to-nanophase-separated systems with locally reversible transitions.
Ultrasonic determination of fish composition

Abstract Our objective was to ascertain the relationship between the ultrasonic properties of fish and their composition. Fish analogs with varying protein (15–25 wt%), lipid (0–25 wt%) and moisture (55–80 wt%) contents were prepared by mixing dried cod powder, sunflower oil and distilled water. The temperature dependence of the ultrasonic velocity of fish analogs was measured from 5 to 35 °C. The ultrasonic velocity increased with solids-non-fat at all temperatures, but had a more complex dependence on fat content. Around 15 °C the ultrasonic velocity was independent of fat, at lower temperatures it increased with fat, and at higher temperatures it decreased. Empirical equations were developed to relate the ultrasonic velocity to composition. By measuring the ultrasonic properties of fatty tissue at at least two temperatures it should be possible to determine both the fat and solids-non-fat content. For non-fatty fish, the solids-non-fat content can be determined from a single measurement. Our results highlight the potential of ultrasonic velocity measurements to rapidly and nondestructively determine fish composition.
Albion W. Tourgée and Louis A. Martinet: The Cross-Racial Friendship behind Plessy v. Ferguson

Does the idea of a cross-racial friendship in the era of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) sound outlandish? If so, why? At least part of the answer lies in what we think we know about the history of racial justice advocacy in the United States, especially when it involves collaboration between whites and African Americans. Most of the scholarship about cross-racial collaboration has highlighted the white paternalism that marred it. This focus, growing out of the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements of the 1960s, originated as a necessary corrective to previous historiography, much of which had uncritically glorified white progressives, overlooked the racism many (though not all) of them betrayed, and neglected the crucial role African Americans played in the struggle for justice and equality. In the effort to correct the errors of the past, however, the scholarship of the last few decades has produced an overwhelmingly negative portrayal of white progressives’ relations with African Americans. The relentless emphasis on white progressives’ failings has forced a diverse group of people into a single mold, flattened out historical complexities, eliminated nuances and distinctions, and sometimes ignored the countervailing testimony of the African Americans who worked most closely with the antiracist activists scholars now characterize as, at best, inadvertent racists. The label racist lumps together those who justified or excused racial discrimination with those who repudiated it, those who openly indulged in racial stereotyping with those who self-consciously sought to avoid it but may occasionally have succumbed to it, and those who chose not to rock the boat lest they jeopardize their social standing with those who renounced the privileges of caste (or whiteness) at substantial cost. The term further blurs the distinction between the psychological racism of individuals and the systemic racism built into the structure of society, which maintains white dominance through policies designed to distribute economic, political, social, and educational resources unequally. Unlike psychological racism, systemic racism does not inhere in individuals, although individuals may strive to abolish it, as did some white progressives. The blanket disparagement of white progressives not only homogenizes them and empties the word racism of specificity but also substitutes one form of condescension for another. That is, present-day scholars condescend to the past when they judge the activists of earlier generations by present-day standards that do not take into account such matters as the crafting of
Green carbon as a bridge to renewable energy.

A green use of carbon-based resources that minimizes the environmental impact of carbon fuels could allow a smooth transition from fossil fuels to a sustainable energy economy.
Six-Year Sustainability of Evidence-Based Intervention Implementation Quality by Community-University Partnerships: The PROSPER Study

There is a knowledge gap concerning how well community-based teams fare in implementing evidence-based interventions (EBIs) over many years, a gap that is important to fill because sustained high quality EBI implementation is essential to public health impact. The current study addresses this gap by evaluating data from PROSPER, a community-university intervention partnership model, in the context of a randomized-control trial of 28 communities. Specifically, it examines community teams’ sustainability of implementation quality on a range of measures, for both family-focused and schoolbased EBIs. Average adherence ratings approached 90% for family-focused and school-based EBIs, across as many as 6 implementation cohorts. Additional indicators of implementation quality similarly showed consistently positive results. Correlations of the implementation quality outcomes with a number of characteristics of community teams and intervention leaders were calculated to explore their potential relevance to sustained implementation quality. Though several relationships attained statistical significance at particular points in time, none were stable across cohorts. The role of PROSPER’s continuous, proactive technical assistance in producing the positive results is discussed.
Russell and His Obituaries

Even in a life full of unusual achievement and distinction, Bertrand Russell managed the remarkable feat of dying twice—first, in China in 1921, and then, in Wales in 1970. He prompted, therefore, two distinct sets of obituaries, written five decades and much controversy apart. This paper examines both clutches of obituary notices, traces Russell’s evolving public renown over the twentieth century, and makes plain how he himself set the contours of much of this memorializing thanks to his own many autobiographical writings.
Global Correlation of the 223 ka Pringle Falls Event

New 40Ar/39Ar ages link records of anomalous geomagnetic field behavior from western North America and New Zealand, and suggest that a reversal event occurred at 223 ± 4 ka (± 1σ). Virtual geomagnetic poles from the Pringle Falls event recorded in both hemispheres lie on a common transition path, suggesting that the geomagnetic field during this interval was dominated by a dipolar component. The Pringle Falls event therefore may be a reverse polarity subchron within the Brunhes Normal Chron.
Inhibition of β-Amyloid Fibrillization by Directed Evolution of a β-Sheet Presenting Miniature Protein

We describe the directed evolution of a miniature beta-sheet protein for targeting beta-amyloid oligomers implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Circular dichroism spectroscopy, thermal denaturation experiments, and immunoglobulin binding assays established that our beta-amyloid-targeted miniature protein, TJ10, presents a well-folded thermostable beta-sheet. TJ10 was found to prevent beta-amyloid fibrillization at stoichiometric concentrations and was also an effective inhibitor at substoichiometric concentrations. Thus our results provide a new and potent beta-sheet chemical template for effectively targeting beta-amyloid while also demonstrating a general strategy for targeting proteins implicated in other amyloidogenic diseases.
First principles assessment of ideal fracture energies of materials with mobile impurities: implications for hydrogen embrittlement of metals

We propose that the ideal fracture energy of a material with mobile bulk impurities can be obtained within the framework of a Born-Haber thermodynamic cycle. We show that such a definition has the advantage of initial and final states at equilibrium, connected by well-defined and measurable energetic quantities, which can also be calculated from first principles. Using this approach, we calculate the ideal fracture energy of metals (Fe and Al) in the presence of varying amounts of hydrogen, using periodic density functional theory. We find that the metal ideal fracture energy decreases almost linearly with increasing hydrogen coverage, dropping by ∼45% at one-half monolayer of hydrogen, indicating a substantial reduction of metal crystal cohesion in the presence of hydrogen atoms and providing some insight into the cohesion-reduction mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement in metals.
The auditory brain stem response in patients with brain stem or cochlear pathology.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to determine the value, based on true-positive and false-positive rates, of various auditory brain stem response (ABR) indices in discriminating patients with brain stem lesions from patients with cochlear lesions. Design : A factorial design was used in this retrospective study. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were constructed to analyze the performance of 32 patients with brain stem lesions and 33 patients with cochlear involvement for the absolute latency of wave V ; the I-III, III-V, and I-V interwave intervals ; the interaural latency difference and the V/I amplitude ratio. Analyzed in the same manner were four combinations of ABR indices. Results : Based on the ROC curves, the clinically most valuable index was the I-V interval, but overall the individual indices showed only moderate sensitivity to brain stem pathology. By combining several indices, the sensitivity to brain stem involvement was improved. However, as expected, the overall false-positive rate also increased. Conclusions : There is a diagnostic advantage to using more than one ABR index in evaluating patients suspected of having brain stem involvement.
Dopaminergic Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J Mice Differ in Sensitivity to Ethanol Excitation

Background: The mesolimbic dopamine pathway that originates in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is important for the rewarding effects of ethanol. Ethanol has been shown to excite dopaminergic neurons of the VTA, both in vivo and in vitro, in rats. Behavioral differences in the rewarding effects of ethanol have been observed between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. The present electrophysiological study examined the effect of ethanol on individual dopaminergic VTA neurons from these two inbred mouse strains. Methods: Extracellular single unit recordings of spontaneous action potentials were made from dopaminergic VTA neurons in brain slices from either C57BL/6J or DBA/2J mice. Ethanol (10 to 160 mM) was administered in the superfusate and the mean change in firing rate produced by ethanol was measured. Results: There was no significant difference in basal spontaneous firing rate of dopaminergic VTA neurons between these two mouse strains. Ethanol caused a concentration-dependent increase in the firing rate of neurons from both mouse strains. Ethanol excited dopaminergic VTA neurons from DBA/2J mice more potently than those from C57BL/6J mice. Conclusions: The difference in sensitivity to ethanol excitation of dopaminergic VTA neurons in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice may contribute to differences in their behavioral response to ethanol. The fact that a given concentration of ethanol causes greater excitation of dopaminergic VTA (reward) neurons in DBA/2J mice than in C57BL/6J mice could explain why DBA/2J mice show much stronger place preference conditioning with ethanol. The higher voluntary intake of ethanol by C57BL/6J mice may be partly due to the insensitivity of their dopaminergic VTA neurons that requires them to drink a lot of ethanol to achieve sufficient excitation of reward neurons, whereas DBA/2J mice avoid oral ingestion of ethanol, despite its rewarding effect, because of their aversion to its taste.
Dendritic chelating agents. 2. U(VI) binding to poly(amidoamine) and poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers in aqueous solutions.

Chelating agents are widely employed in many separation processes used to recover uranyl [U(VI)] from contaminated aqueous solutions. This article describes an experimental investigation of the binding of U(VI) to poly(amidoamine) [PAMAM] and poly(propyleneimine) [PPI] dendrimers in aqueous solutions. We combine fluorescence spectroscopy with bench scale ultrafiltration experiments to measure the extent of binding and fractional binding of U(VI) in aqueous solutions of these dendrimers as a function of (i) metal−ion dendrimer loading, (ii) dendrimer generation, (iii) dendrimer core and terminal group chemistry, and (iv) solution pH and competing ligands (NO3−, PO43−, CO32−, and Cl−). The overall results of this study suggest that uranyl binding to PAMAM and PPI dendrimers in aqueous solutions involves the coordination of the UO22+ ions with the dendrimer amine, amide, and carboxylic groups. We find significant binding of U(VI) to PAMAM dendrimers in (i) acidic solutions containing up to 1.0 M HNO3 and H3P...
Reactions of aggregated mercaptoethanol treated gamma globulin with rheumatoid factor--precipitin and complement fixation studies.

Reduction and alkylation of human gamma globulin prior to aggregation results in a loss of complement-fixing ability, and retention of the capacity to react with rheumatoid factor. The addition of aggregated, reduced gamma globulin to serum containing high tilers of rheumatoid factor produces a typical bell-shaped precipitin curve with an equivalence point and little precipitate in the region of antigen excess. Since aggregated, reduced gamma globulin fixes little complement by itself, it was possible to determine whether its reaction with rheumatoid factor fixes complement. Under appropriate conditions rheumatoid factor can fix complement. When aggregated, reduced gamma globulin was added to heat-inactivated sera with varying liters of rheumatoid factor, no fixation of guinea pig or human complement was observed. But preformed complexes of rheumatoid factor and gamma globulin will fix human complement at 37 C. Intradermal injection of 40 mg N of aggregated, reduced gamma globulin into control subjects or patients with rheumatoid arthritis produced no immediate or delayed skin reactions.
Evolutionary foundations for cancer biology

New applications of evolutionary biology are transforming our understanding of cancer. The articles in this special issue provide many specific examples, such as microorganisms inducing cancers, the significance of within-tumor heterogeneity, and the possibility that lower dose chemotherapy may sometimes promote longer survival. Underlying these specific advances is a large-scale transformation, as cancer research incorporates evolutionary methods into its toolkit, and asks new evolutionary questions about why we are vulnerable to cancer. Evolution explains why cancer exists at all, how neoplasms grow, why cancer is remarkably rare, and why it occurs despite powerful cancer suppression mechanisms. Cancer exists because of somatic selection; mutations in somatic cells result in some dividing faster than others, in some cases generating neoplasms. Neoplasms grow, or do not, in complex cellular ecosystems. Cancer is relatively rare because of natural selection; our genomes were derived disproportionally from individuals with effective mechanisms for suppressing cancer. Cancer occurs nonetheless for the same six evolutionary reasons that explain why we remain vulnerable to other diseases. These four principles—cancers evolve by somatic selection, neoplasms grow in complex ecosystems, natural selection has shaped powerful cancer defenses, and the limitations of those defenses have evolutionary explanations—provide a foundation for understanding, preventing, and treating cancer.
Interactions between cognitive tasks and gait after stroke: A dual task study

This study investigated the interactions between gait and three different cognitive tasks in people after stroke. Thirteen people post-stroke who were living in the community, were able to walk 10 m without physical assistance, and could respond verbally to auditory stimuli participated. Participants performed a walking task alone, three different cognitive tasks while seated, and each cognitive task in combination with walking. Gait data were acquired continuously for approximately 3 min. Reaction time and accuracy were recorded for two of the cognitive tasks (visuospatial task, working memory task). Speech samples from the spontaneous speech task were analyzed on several dimensions of language. Significant dual task effects were observed for gait speed, stride time, average stride length, and cadence, but not for stride time variability. Speech produced more gait interference than memory and visuospatial tasks. Interference effects on cognition were minimal; only speech was significantly affected by concurrent walking. Narratives in the dual task condition had more pauses, shorter sentences, but more utterances with new information. Even though participants in this study were mobility-impaired, they prioritized the cognitive tasks. Future research should determine whether dual task training can reduce gait decrements in dual task situations in people after stroke.