cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urban Planning to Prevent Mosquito-Borne Diseases in the Caribbean

Climate change could lead to a resurgence of malaria in the Caribbean. A major initiative is currently underway to eliminate malaria in Hispaniola. In order to achieve this goal, and prevent a subsequent resurgence of malaria, the anti-malaria intervention policies implemented in Hispaniola will need to account for the impact of climate change. Lessons learned from the policies implemented in Hispaniola over the next 10–20 years could be highly informative to prevent resurgences of malaria in other parts of the Caribbean that are largely free of malaria today. Current malaria funding to control malaria vectors in Hispaniola is being allocated almost entirely to the implementation of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying. Urban anti-malaria planning is urban planning that includes the suppression of potential larval habitats of malaria vectors as one of its goals. While long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying may be cost-effective in rural areas, it is unlikely that they will always be more cost-effective than urban anti-malaria planning in urban and urbanizing malarious communities. One explanation for the lack of funding to implement urban anti-malaria planning in Hispaniola, as well as other malarious regions, is that policy makers are unaware of the historical evidence of its use to suppress malaria. This chapter presents a case study of the use of urban anti-malaria planning in the town of Cite Duvalier, Haiti in the early 1970s. Using a multi-disciplinary methodology, the cost and impact of urban anti-malaria planning in Cite Duvalier is compared to the cost and impact of indoor residual spraying, mass drug administration and larviciding. This methodology can be used in future work to continue to examine the extensive historical evidence of urban anti-malaria planning interventions. The results of these future studies will enable policy makers to understand when urban anti-malaria planning should be implemented instead of, or in addition to, other anti-malaria interventions.
Oily Wastewater Treatment by Nano-TiO2-Induced Photocatalysis: Seeking more efficient and feasible solutions.

Oil is one our most important energy sources However, the wide use of oil could lead to diverse environmental problems, such as oily wastewater discharge. Oily wastewater is water that has become contaminated through oil and gas production, the refinery process, transportation, or storage. The dispersion and dissolution of oil fractions into water result in its contamination with free oil and grease, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, known as BTEX), phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and highly soluble organic compounds (e.g., carboxyl acids. Many of these components are toxic, persistent, and bioaccumulative, posing a threat to ecosystems and human beings [6]-[9]. Thus, efficient treatment of oily wastewater is a necessity.
Five-Year Soil Concentrations of Seven Termiticides in Two Mississippi Soil Types

Two Mississippi soil types were treated with seven termiticides representing six active ingredients. Soil locations and types were Gulfport, MS (Poarch fine sandy loam) and Mississippi State Univer...
“Nigerian Students in the American ESL Freshman Writing Class: A Site of Resistance and Accommodation”

Two groups of undergraduate students, one composed of 15 Nigerian students studying at a public university in the US and a similar one composed of US-born students from the same university composed short essay drafts in response to the same writing prompt. These essays were read by the researchers and a group of student assistants to assess the differences between the two groups. The Nigerian students wrote longer essays with longer sentences and were more likely to use subordination than were their US counterparts. Both groups then participated in focus groups to discuss their English language education, university experiences, and attitudes toward college writing. The Nigerian students viewed the development of English writing skills as much more important than did their US counterparts but expressed frustration that their instructors in the US tended to dismiss what they saw as more eloquent writing, privileging instead a brief and concise style. The article discusses the results of the study as well as the frustration expressed by the Nigerian students and argues in support of Lee’s (2014) assertion that universities seek to “internationalize” faculty and student recruitment as well as provide better training for first-year composition instructors to equip them with a more sophisticated understanding of the varieties of the English language. The authors suggest that doing so will lead to better outcomes and increased retention for this group of international students.
Negative Black Stereotypes, Support for Excessive Use of Force by Police, and Voter Preference for Donald Trump During the 2016 Presidential Primary Election Cycle

This study examines the relationship between support for excessive use of force by the police and support for Trump during the 2016 primary election cycle. Findings suggest that White Americans’ support for Trump among primary voters is partly explained by negative racial stereotypes of Black Americans and support for excessive use of force by the police in their dealings with members of the Black community.
Predicting survival in adults with congenital heart disease: what are the odds?

The constantly growing rates of survival to adulthood among individuals born with congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of modern medicine’s greatest triumphs. Over the past several years, substantially greater survival rates of patients with CHD have been reported by groups from all around the world, and it is currently expected that over 90% of those born with CHD will reach adulthood. Thus, it appears that the field of CHD gradually joins other fields in Cardiology, such as advanced heart failure and valvular heart disease, in which vast advancement in treatment options and patient survival have been achieved. Similar to those fields, the focus of CHD-related epidemiological research has been progressively turning towards more accurate evaluation of survival trajectories and identification of populations of patients who may be at a greater risk of mortality and morbidity burdens. However, even the most meticulously performed survival studies, which typically require large cohorts of patients, numerous years of follow-up and rigorous analysis, may bear paramount shortcomings that limit their applicability to a wide spectrum of patients. Designing and executing large survival analyses that focus on patients with CHD can prove to be an even more challenging task, given the heterogeneity of this population. Close scrutiny of the results of several of the larger CHD-based survival analyses published over the past several years, which are also …
Targeting Individual GPCRs with Redesigned Nonvisual Arrestins

Numerous human diseases are caused by excessive signaling of mutant G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or receptors that are overstimulated due to upstream signaling imbalances. The feasibility of functional compensation by arrestins with enhanced ability to quench receptor signaling was recently tested in the visual system. The results showed that even in this extremely demanding situation of rods that have no ability to phosphorylate rhodopsin, enhanced arrestin improved rod morphology, light sensitivity, survival, and accelerated photoresponse recovery. Structurally distinct enhanced mutants of arrestins that bind phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated active GPCRs with much higher affinity than parental wild-type (WT) proteins have been constructed. These “super-arrestins” are likely to have the power to dampen the signaling by hyperactive GPCRs. However, most cells express 5–20 GPCR subtypes, only one of which would be overactive, while nonvisual arrestins are remarkably promiscuous, binding hundreds of different GPCRs. Thus, to be therapeutically useful, enhanced versions of nonvisual arrestins must be made fairly specific for particular receptors. Recent identification of very few arrestin residues as key receptor discriminators paves the way to the construction of receptor subtype-specific nonvisual arrestins.
Tourism Geographies: toward a more inclusive world

After skipping an issue due to space limitations, ‘Tourism Geographies’ continues its series of commentaries from our Editorial Board members in celebration of our 20th year of publication. The set...
An Integrative Review of Safety Strategies for Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence in Low- and Middle-Income Countries:

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent and a leading source of morbidity and mortality to women worldwide. Safety planning is a cornerstone of harm reduction and violence support in many upper income countries. Far less is known about safety strategies used by women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where the IPV support service infrastructure may be more limited. This study aimed to review the literature regarding safety strategies in LMICs. A PubMed search was conducted using search terms "safety," "coping," "harm reduction," and "intimate partner violence." Inclusion criteria comprised IPV studies mentioning characterization and utilization of safety strategies that were written in English and conducted in an LMIC. Our search yielded 16 studies (in-depth interviews, n = 5; focus group discussions, n = 2; case study, n = 2; mixed qualitative methods, n = 4; mixed methods, n = 1; and semi-structured quantitative survey, n = 2). Four distinct themes of strategies emerged: engaging informal networks, removing the stressor/avoidance, minimizing the damage to self and family through enduring violence, and building personal resources. IPV-related safety strategies literature primarily emerged from site-specific qualitative work. No studies provided effectiveness data for utilized strategies. Across geoculturally diverse studies, results indicate that women are engaging in strategic planning to minimize abuse and maximize safety. Women highlighted that safety planning strategies were feasible and acceptable within their communities. Further research is needed to test the effectiveness of these strategies in decreasing revictimization and increasing health and well-being. Further adoption of safety strategies into violence programming could increase monitoring and evaluation efforts.
Measuring Risk Preferences and Asset-Allocation Decisions: A Global Survey Analysis

We use a global survey of over 22,400 individual investors, 4,892 financial advisors, and 2,060 institutional investors between 2015 and 2017 to elicit their asset allocation behavior and risk preferences. We find substantially different behavior among these three groups of market participants. Most institutional investors exhibit highly contrarian reactions to past returns in their equity allocations. Financial advisors are also mostly contrarian; a few of them demonstrate passive behavior. However, individual investors tend to extrapolate past performance. We use a clustering algorithm to partition individuals into five distinct types: passive investors, risk avoiders, extrapolators, contrarians, and optimistic investors. Across demographic categories, older investors tend to be more passive and risk averse.
Does shear induced demixing resemble a thermodynamically driven instability

In the present paper, we continue our recent studies on a two-fluid Rolie-Poly approximation of entangled polymer solutions in simple shear flows. We review the existing literature on shear induced demixing (SID) in two-fluid models and highlight the apparent similarities to a thermodynamic model of demixing. Focusing on steady unidirectional simple shear flows driven by a constant applied shear stress, we show that when the frictional drag between solvent and polymer is asymptotically large, our two-fluid model is mathematically equivalent to a thermodynamic model in terms of its long-time concentration dynamics. In particular, we show that SID minimizes a Lyapunov functional L distinct from the system's free energy F. We apply our asymptotic model to make predictions regarding nucleation (finite amplitude instabilities) and coalescence phenomena in SID. Numerical calculations with the full model corroborate the asymptotic model predictions. Finally, we apply the same asymptotic analysis to two flows in which a thermodynamic mapping fails. First, we consider steady simple shear flows driven by a constant boundary velocity (as opposed to a constant boundary stress), wherein the hydrodynamic instability appears to have the same character but can no longer be mapped to an equivalent thermodynamic instability. Second, we consider unsteady simple shear flows driven by an oscillating boundary stress, wherein the nonlinear dynamics of demixing are totally distinct from what a thermodynamic model predicts.In the present paper, we continue our recent studies on a two-fluid Rolie-Poly approximation of entangled polymer solutions in simple shear flows. We review the existing literature on shear induced demixing (SID) in two-fluid models and highlight the apparent similarities to a thermodynamic model of demixing. Focusing on steady unidirectional simple shear flows driven by a constant applied shear stress, we show that when the frictional drag between solvent and polymer is asymptotically large, our two-fluid model is mathematically equivalent to a thermodynamic model in terms of its long-time concentration dynamics. In particular, we show that SID minimizes a Lyapunov functional L distinct from the system's free energy F. We apply our asymptotic model to make predictions regarding nucleation (finite amplitude instabilities) and coalescence phenomena in SID. Numerical calculations with the full model corroborate the asymptotic model predictions. Finally, we apply the same asymptotic analysis to two flows in...
Revitalization of Industrial Engineering in the Naval Shipyards

The loss of commercial ship construction work to foreign nations and the declining commercial ship repair work market have resulted in agressive competition among private shipyards for naval ship repair work. The naval shipyards have come under increasing pressure and scrutiny to become more productive and cost effective. This paper examines the impact of these factors on the naval shipyards, specifically with respect to the industrial engineering functions
Dual-Space Analysis of the Sparse Linear Model

Sparse linear (or generalized linear) models combine a standard likelihood function with a sparse prior on the unknown coefficients. These priors can conveniently be expressed as a maximization over zero-mean Gaussians with different variance hyperparameters. Standard MAP estimation (Type I) involves maximizing over both the hyperparameters and coefficients, while an empirical Bayesian alternative (Type II) first marginalizes the coefficients and then maximizes over the hyperparameters, leading to a tractable posterior approximation. The underlying cost functions can be related via a dual-space framework from [22], which allows both the Type I or Type II objectives to be expressed in either coefficient or hyperparmeter space. This perspective is useful because some analyses or extensions are more conducive to development in one space or the other. Herein we consider the estimation of a trade-off parameter balancing sparsity and data fit. As this parameter is effectively a variance, natural estimators exist by assessing the problem in hyperparameter (variance) space, transitioning natural ideas from Type II to solve what is much less intuitive for Type I. In contrast, for analyses of update rules and sparsity properties of local and global solutions, as well as extensions to more general likelihood models, we can leverage coefficient-space techniques developed for Type I and apply them to Type II. For example, this allows us to prove that Type II-inspired techniques can be successful recovering sparse coefficients when unfavorable restricted isometry properties (RIP) lead to failure of popular l1 reconstructions. It also facilitates the analysis of Type II when non-Gaussian likelihood models lead to intractable integrations.
Modeling Transport of Windblown Soil Using HYSPLIT

Dust from soils originating in drylands of the Great Basin (located in California, Idaho, Nevada, and Utah), can travel thousands of kilometers from the source through atmospheric transport, carryi...
Effect of alloying elements on the γ’ antiphase boundary energy in Ni-base superalloys

Abstract Mechanical and fatigue performance of γ-γ′ Ni-base superalloys are strongly affected by the antiphase boundary energy (APBE) of the γ′ precipitates which, in turn, is dictated by the alloy's composition. Due to the multicomponent character of these alloys, establishing composition-APBE relationships are challenging, even though the qualitative effect of individual solutes on the APBE may be known. This work attempts to utilize density functional theory-based cluster expansion calculations to systematically assess the effect of composition on the APBE of the γ′ phases in Ni-base superalloys. We aim to elucidate the influence of not only one single element but also multiple coexisting alloying elements on the γ′ APBE. By explicit consideration of configurational disorder via Monte Carlo sampling, the effect of temperature on the APBE has also been analyzed. This work reveals that (1) effects of individual solute element M on the APBE energy obtained in an isolated, ternary condition (i.e. in Ni3-xAl1-yMx+y) does not directly translate to a multi-solute case and that (2) the mutual synergistic interactions among different solute elements are not negligible. Based on the present results, an empirical master equation that predicts the APBE based on the composition of the γ′ phases has been obtained.
Imputing Unreported Hate Crimes Using Google Search Data

U.S. law requires the Attorney General to collect data hate crime victimization from states and municipalities. But states and localities are under no obligation to cooperate. Data production hence varies considerably across jurisdictions. This Article addresses the ensuing “missing data” problem by imputing unreported hate crimes using Google search rates for racial epithets. As a benchmark, it uses two alternative definitions of which jurisdictions more effectively collect hate crime data: all states that were not part of the erstwhile Confederacy, and states with statutory provisions relating to hate crime reporting. We regress hate crime rates for racially-motivated hate crimes with African-American victims on Google searches and other relevant variables over 2004-2015 at the state-year level for each group of benchmark states. Google search rates substantially enhance the capacity of such models to predict hate crime rates among benchmark states. We use the results of these regressions to impute hate crime rates, out-of-sample, to non-benchmark jurisdictions that do not robustly report hate crimes. The results imply a substantial number of unreported hate crimes, concentrated in particular jurisdictions. It also illustrates how internet search rates can be a source of data for hard-to-measure victimization patterns.
Tax increment financing and economic development: Uses, structures, and impact (2nd ed.), edited by Craig L. Johnson and Kenneth A. Kriz: Albany, NY, State University of New York Press, 2019

Tax incentives and subsidies consistently account for the bulk of public resources spent on local economic development to attract businesses to a city or state. In this second edition of Tax Increm...
Relationship between Dynamic Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent Activity and Functional Network Connectivity: Characterization of Schizophrenia Subgroups

Aim: In this work, we propose the novel use of adaptively constrained independent vector analysis (acIVA) to effectively capture the temporal and spatial properties of dynamic blood-oxygen-level-de...
Social media users (under)appreciate the news: An application of hostile media bias to news disseminated on Facebook

News outlets rely on social media to freely distribute content, offering a venue for users to comment on news. This exposes individuals to user comments prior to reading news articles, which can in...
Nonsurgical Treatment of Biliary Complications after Liver Transplantation

Nonsurgical interventions are important methods of treating bile duct complications after liver transplantation. Complication are classified as biliary leaks or biliary obstruction.
A Comparison of Faculty, Recmiter and Student Perceptions of Important Employment Pre-Screening Characteristics

(1995). A Comparison of Faculty, Recmiter and Student Perceptions of Important Employment Pre-Screening Characteristics. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 21-24.
Managing Derived Data in the Gaea Scientific DBMS

One important aspect of scientific data management is metadata management. Metadata is information about data (e.g., content, source, processing applied, precision). One kind of metsdata which needs special attention is the data derivation information, i.e., how data are generated. In our application domain of geographical information systems (GIS) and global change research, we view scientific objects according to three different extents: spatial, temporal, and derivation. While the spatial and temporal extents have been studied and formal semantics to those extents proposed, derivation semantics have been ignored. This paper presents a framework for capturing and managing scientific data derivation histories as implemented in the Gaea scientific database management system. We focus on how Gaea handles metadata and propose to extend current semantic modeling and object-oriented technology with special constructs: concepts, processes, and tasks. Concepts are used to capture entity sets with imprecise definitions. A process captures the derivation procedure of a specific scientific object class, while a task is the instance representing the derivation of a scientific data object. We believe that this framework,.useful for GIS and global change studies, generalizes well to other scientific fields.
Atomic structure and electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes1 are predicted to be metallic or semiconducting depending on their diameter and the helicity of the arrangement of graphitic rings in their walls2,3,4,5. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) offers the potential to probe this prediction, as it can resolve simultaneously both atomic structure and the electronic density of states. Previous STM studies of multi-walled nanotubes6,7,8,9 and single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs)10 have provided indications of differing structures and diameter-dependent electronic properties, but have not revealed any explicit relationship between structure and electronic properties. Here we report STM measurements of the atomic structure and electronic properties of SWNTs. We are able to resolve the hexagonal-ring structure of the walls, and show that the electronic properties do indeed depend on diameter and helicity. We find that the SWNT samples exhibit many different structures, with no one species dominating.
A One-Dimensional Computational Model for Studying the Filtration and Regeneration Characteristics of a Catalyzed Wall-Flow Diesel Particulate Filter

A one-dimensional, two layer computational model was developed to predict the behavior of a clean and particulate-loaded catalyzed wall-flow diesel particulate filter (CPF). The model included the mechanisms of particle deposition inside the CPF porous wall and on the CPF wall surface, the exhaust flow field and temperature field inside the CPF, as well as the particulate catalytic oxidation mechanisms accounting for the catalyst-assisted particulate oxidation by the catalytic coating in addition to the conventional particulate thermal oxidation. The paper also develops the methodology for calibrating and validating the model with experimental data. Steady state loading experiments were performed to calibrate and validate the model. The experimental data were collected on a Corning EX-80 cordierite filter (100 cpi) with a loading of 5-g/ft 3 Pt in the MEX catalyst type formulation using a 1995 Cummins M11-330E heavy-duty diesel engine with manual EGR and conventional low sulfur fuel (375 ppm sulfur). Good agreement was obtained between the model predictions for pressure drop, particulate mass filtration efficiency, particulate mass retained, and filter temperature profile. The model was also used with experimental data to estimate the filter clean wall permeability, the packing density of the particulate deposited inside the filter wall, the particulate layer packing density, porosity, and permeability, as well as the activation energy and frequency factor of the particulate thermal and catalytic oxidation, including the maximum thickness of the particulate layer in contact with the catalyst. The particulate layer packing density, porosity, and permeability were then correlated with the exhaust gas Peclet number to provide a better understanding of particulate properties under various engine loads. This model can be used as a tool to predict the pressure drop across the CPF, the particulate mass filtration efficiency, the downstream particulate concentration, and the particulate mass retained inside the CPF for different filter geometries and physical properties, as well as for different engine operating conditions. In conjunction with designed experiments, the model can also be utilized to characterize (by determing the model constants) catalyzed particulate filters with different catalysts and catalyst loadings.
Beyond Circulation: The Evolution of Access Services and Its Relationship to Reference Librarianship

Academic libraries have undergone a variety of organizational changes in the last two decades. One area that has evolved out of these changes is access services. Relationships between circulation, interlibrary loan, and reference have been explored though informal and formal organizational structures. Because of these types of interactions it is feasible for reference librarians to consider positions in access services.
Synthesis, characterization, and the role of counterion in cyclopropanation of styrene catalyzed by [CuI(2,2′-bpy)(π-CH2CHC6H5)][A] (A=ClO4-,PF6-andCF3SO3-) complexes

Abstract Copper(I)/2,2′-bipyridine complexes, [CuI(bpy)(π-CH2CHC6H5)][A] ( A = CF 3 SO 3 - ( 1 ) , PF 6 - ( 2 ) ) have been synthesized and characterized. The equilibrium constants for the coordination of styrene to [CuI(bpy)]+ cations at 300 K were determined to be 4.3 × 103 (1), 4.4 × 103 (2) and 3.8 × 103 M−1 ( A = ClO 4 - , 3 ) . These data suggested that the axial coordination of the counterion in these complexes observed in the solid state (2.4297(11) A 1, 2.9846(12) A 2, and 2.591(4) A 3) did not significantly affect the binding constant of styrene to [CuI(bpy)]+ cations in solution. In cyclopropanation reactions catalyzed by 1–3, similar product distribution was obtained. The rate of decomposition of EDA in the presence of styrene at room temperature catalyzed by 3 (kobs = (7.7 ± 0.32) × 10−3 min−1) was slower than the rate observed for 1 (kobs = (1.4 ± 0.041) × 10−2 min−1) or 2 (kobs = (1.0 ± 0.025) × 10−2 min−1).
Phases in the System NaAlO2‐Al2O3

Mixed oxide powders prepared by ashing filter paper soaked in aqueous salt solutions were heat-treated in the range 800° to 1150°C. Compositions spanning the range NaAlO2 to pure Al2O3 were examined. A phase with the mullite structure, λ-Na2O ·xAl2O3 with x varying from 3 to ≊ 12, and a new hydrated form of sodium aluminate, ρ-Na2O · Al2O3· 6H2O, were found. The stability ranges and decomposition behavior of these materials were determined. A K analog to the A phase was also found.
A wearable digital library of personal conversations

We have developed a wearable, personalized digital library system, which unobtrusively records the wearer's part of a conversation, recognizes the face of the current dialog partner and remembers his/her voice. The next time the system sees the same person and hears the same voice, it can replay parts of the last conversation in compressed form. Results from a prototype system show the effectiveness of combining of face recognition and speaker identification for retrieving conversations.
Mere presence and social facilitation: One more time

Abstract Does the mere presence of another person produce social facilitation? This classic question was addressed once again, using a procedure similar to that of H. Markus (1978, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 389–397), but modified to remove some critical ambiguities of interpretation. Forty-five college undergraduates worked alone, in the presence of an individual wearing a blindfold and earphones, or in the presence of an evaluative experimenter. Prior to realizing that the experiment had actually begun, each subject performed both a simple task (typing his or her name) and a difficult task (typing the name backward with ascending numbers interspersed between the letters). Compared to the alone condition, performance times in both audience conditions were faster for the simple task and slower for the difficult task—the criterial pattern for social facilitation. This study, then, provides the clearest evidence to date that mere presence is dufficient to produce social facilitation.
Gas transport properties of polyarylates based on 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)anthrone

Gas transport of helium, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, methane and carbon dioxide gases in two polyarylates based on 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)anthrone and isophthalic acid or t-butyl isophthalic acid has been examined. Substitution of a t-butyl group on the isophthalate ring increases polymer permeability two- to three-fold, primarily due to higher diffusion coefficients. The physical properties of these materials are very similar to those of their fluorene bisphenol-based analogues; however, the former are more permselective but less permeable than the latter. The favourable interaction of CO2 with the anthronylidene carbonyl unit and the higher degree of polarity in the repeat unit apparently contribute to these differences.
Mean-field lattice calculations of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide containing homopolymers and triblock copolymers at the air/water interface

The adsorption of poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide), and triblock copolymers containing ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) at the air/water interface was modeled on the basis of a mean-field lattice theory for multicomponent mixtures of copolymers with internal degrees of freedom occurring in heterogeneous systems. The surface tension, the surface excess, and the volume fraction profiles across the interface were examined for PEO and PPO homopolymers and for a number of PEO−PPO−PEO triblock copolymers. The effects of the self-assembly of the copolymers in the solution, of depletion of the copolymers in the solution at small volume-to-surface ratios, and of a mass distribution of the copolymers on the adsorption were also considered. Interaction parameters obtained for PEO and PPO in simpler systems were used. Density profiles of PEO homopolymers across the air/water interface are compared with recent neutron reflectivity measurements. The shape and extension of the EO profiles into the...
Development of a phosphatase-stable phosphotyrosyl mimetic suitably protected for the synthesis of high-affinity Grb2 SH2 domain-binding ligands.

Abstract Synthesis of ( 2R )-2-carboxymethyl-3-(4-(phosphonomethyl)phenyl) proprionic acid ( 5 ) in tert -butyl-protected form ( 6 ) and its use for the preparation of a Grb2 SH2 domain-directed tripeptide ( 8a ) is reported. In extracellular ELISA-based assays, 8a exhibits potent Grb2 SH2 domain binding affinity (IC 50 =8 nM). Against cultures of MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells, which over-express erbB-2 tyrosine kinase, 8a is also antimitogenic at concentrations equivalent to those required to inhibit intracellular association of Grb2 protein with phosphorylated p185 erbB-2 protein (IC 50 =8 μM). Analogue 6 may be useful for the preparation of a variety of phosphatase-stable SH2 domain-directed ligands.
The Child Stress Disorders Checklist-Short Form: a four-item scale of traumatic stress symptoms in children

Abstract Objective To develop a user-friendly scale that measures traumatic stress responses in injured children. Though injured youth are at high risk for traumatic stress reactions and negative sequelae, there are limited options available for assessing risk, particularly in acute settings. Method Participants were children and adolescents (ages 6–18) hospitalized with burns or acute injuries (N=147). During hospitalization, parents and nurses completed the Child Stress Disorders Checklist (CSDC), a 36-item observer-report measure of traumatic stress symptoms. Other established measures of child traumatic stress were completed by parents and children during hospitalization and 3 months postinjury. A brief version of the CSDC was created using standard psychometric scale development techniques. The psychometric properties of the resultant scale were compared to those of the original CSDC. Results A four-item scale (CSDC-Short Form, CSDC-SF) emerged that demonstrated internal, interrater, and test–retest reliability and concurrent, discriminant, and predictive validity comparable to that of the full scale. Conclusions The CSDC-SF assesses traumatic stress reactions in injured children. Because the measure is very short and does not require specialized training for administration or interpretation, it may be a useful tool for providers who treat injured youth to identify those at risk for traumatic stress reactions.
Arithmetic Algorithms for Error-Coded Operands

A set of arithmetic algorithms is described for operands that are encoded in the ``AN'' error-detecting code with the low-cost check modulus A = 2a - 1. The set includes addition additive inverse (complementation), multiplication, division, roundoff, and two auxiliary algorithms: ``multiply by 2a - 1,'' and ``divide by 2a - 1.'' The design of a serial radix-16 processor is presented in which these algorithms are implemented for the low-cost AN code with A = 15. This processor has been constructed for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory STAR computer. The adaptation of ``two's complement'' arithmetic for an inverse-residue code is also described.
Intramolecular C-H activation involving a rhodium-imidazol-2-ylidene complex and its reaction with H2 and CO

An orthometalated rhodium−carbene complex Rh(IMes)(H)(IMes‘)Cl (2) was obtained in high yield by reacting 2 equiv of a nucleophilic carbene, 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IMes) with [Rh(COE)2Cl]2 (1). The X-ray structure of 2 shows an intramolecular C−H activation of one aryl ortho methyl group. Complex 2 reacts rapidly with H2 and CO at room temperature, leading to the formation of Rh(IMes)2(H)2Cl (3) and Rh(IMes)2(CO)Cl (4), respectively.
Plasma cell lymphoma after renal transplantation

Abstract An unusual type of malignant lesion, a plasma cell lymphoma, developed in a patient who had had a renal transplant. In this case there were two possible predisposing factors to the development of malignancy: (1) the use of immunosuppressive agents, and (2) the presence of viral infection. The presence of antigenic stimulation may have been an additional factor.
Studying the Effects of Methionine Oxidation on Human Fibrin with Multiscale Simulations

Oxidation of key methionine residues on fibrin leads to reduced lateral aggregation in fibrin gels and prolonged fibrinolysis by tissue plasminogen activator. These observations may reveal the mechanism by which the detrimental changes in fibrinogen function are created by oxidative stress in both thrombotic and hemorrhagic diseases, particularly trauma induced coagulopathy. However, there is currently little understanding of which oxidized methionines are contributing to the observed gel characteristics or the molecular mechanism by which these oxidations change the fibrin structure at the molecular level. We have applied the recently developed well-tempered ensemble parallel tempering (PT-WTE) technique along with conventional molecular dynamics (MD) to investigate these changes in the structure and stability of the human fibrin D and αC regions. Both of these regions have indicated as key contributors to the mechanism of fibrin lateral aggregation. MD of the D region of human fibrin/fibrinogen shows no evidence that methionine oxidation disrupts the native state nor the stability of a bound knob ‘b’ surrogate peptide on the 350 ns time scale. PT-WTE simulations of a human homology model of the bovine N-terminal subdomain fragment from the αC domain reveal that methionine oxidation alters the conformational ensemble of the hairpin-linking region and decreases the proportion of closed structures compared to the non-oxidized αC domain. We attribute this alteration to the disruption of the hairpin-linking region's conformation, with oxidation increasing the radius of gyration for this segment.
PIEZOCHROMISM OF N-SALICYLIDENE AMINOPYRIDINES IN POLYMERIC MATRICES

Abstract In this paper we present data on the pressure induced isomerization of N-salicylidene- x -aminopyridine ( x = 2, 3, 4), from the enol form to cis-keto forms. The studies took place in polymeric matrices. The conversion was independent of concentration in the polymer and of the value of x . It varied only slightly with the polymeric medium. The process indicates a lowering of the energy barrier between the two ground electronic states upon compression, and is primarily an intramolecular one. A decrease in conversion with time at a given pressure was noted. This effect decreased rapidly with increasing pressure. Evidently a mechanical relaxation of the environment can effect the chemical equilibrium.
Ecology of sexual dimorphism and clinal variation of coloration in a damselfly.

Abstract: Sexual selection, more so than natural selection, is posited as the major cause of sex differences. Here I show ecological correlations between solar radiation levels and sexual dimorphism in body color of a Hawaiian damselfly. Megalagrion calliphya exhibits sexual monomorphism at high elevations, where both sexes are red in color; sexual dimorphism at low elevations, where females are green; and female‐limited dimorphism at midelevations, where both red and green females exist. Within a midelevation population, red females are also more prevalent during high daily levels of solar radiation. I found that red pigmentation is correlated with superior antioxidant ability that may protect from UV damage and confer a benefit to damselflies in exposed habitats, including males, which defend exposed mating habitats at all elevations, and females, which are in shaded habitats except at high elevation. This study characterizes the ecology of sexual dimorphism and provides a new, ecological hypothesis for...
Origin of Species in Geologic Time: Alternatives to the Eldredge-Gould Model

Formal statements of the Eldredge-Gould model, which proposes that new species have originated almost wholly through evolution in small peripheral isolate populations, and the phyletic gradualism m...
Gemcitabine-based combinations as preoperative therapy in resectable non-small-cell lung cancer.

Abstract Surgical resection remains the standard of care in early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In those patients undergoing complete surgical resection, the dominant recurrence pattern is systemic with only a minority of patients experiencing local recurrence. Unfortunately, adjuvant chemotherapy (with or without thoracic radiation therapy) has not been proven to enhance survival in resected NSCLC. Preoperative or induction therapy offers several advantages over postoperative therapy, including earlier attention to systemic micrometastatic disease and enhanced tolerance to treatment. The feasibility of this approach has been demonstrated in several phase II as well as phase III trials predominantly in stage III NSCLC but also in stage IB and II NSCLC. In proof-of-concept phase III trials, the impact preoperative therapy has on survival has not been consistent, but most trials are small in patient number, limiting the power they have in detecting small but clinically meaningful differences. Gemcitabine-containing regimens have been evaluated in several phase II trials in resectable stage III NSCLC. The overall response rate has ranged from 53%–70% with the majority of patients undergoing complete surgical resection. Toxicity has been acceptable, and the combination of cisplatin/gemcitabine is currently being evaluated as induction therapy in several phase III trials. Ongoing trials in stage I-II NSCLC are incorporating gemcitabine-containing regimens in the preoperative setting. Continued evaluation of gemcitabine-containing regimens as preoperative therapy is warranted given their level of activity and tolerability in advanced NSCLC.
Murine FLIP Transgene Expressed on Thyroid Epithelial Cells Promotes Resolution of Granulomatous Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis in DBA/1 Mice

Granulomatous experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (G-EAT) is induced by mouse thyroglobulin-sensitized splenocytes activated in vitro with mouse thyroglobulin and interleukin-12. In wild-type (WT) DBA/1 recipients of WT donor splenocytes, thyroid lesions reach maximal severity at day 20, with ongoing inflammation and extensive fibrosis at day 60. Our previous studies indicated the site of expression of FLIP and Fas ligand [thyroid epithelial cells (TECs) versus inflammatory cells] differed in mice when lesions would resolve or progress to fibrosis. To test the hypothesis that expression of FLIP by TECs would promote earlier G-EAT resolution in DBA/1 mice, transgenic (Tg) DBA/1 mice expressing FLIP on TECs were generated. In FLIP Tg+ and Tg− littermate recipients of WT donor splenocytes, G-EAT severity was comparable at day 20, but fibrosis was decreased, and many lesions resolved by day 60 in Tg+ but not Tg− recipients. FLIP and Fas ligand were primarily expressed by TECs in Tg+ recipients and by inflammatory cells in Tg− recipients at day 60. Apoptosis of inflammatory cells was greater, and expression of proinflammatory cytokines was decreased in thyroids of Tg+ compared with Tg− recipients. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that transgenic expression of FLIP on thyroid epithelial cells promotes earlier resolution of granulomatous experimental autoimmune thyroiditis.
Tissue transglutaminase, a key enzyme involved in liver diseases.

Abstract Ubiquitous tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is one member of the large transglutaminase (TG) family, which catalyze posttranslational modification of proteins by establishing ϵ(γ-glutamyl)lysine cross-linking and/or covalent incorporation of polyamines. The unique characteristics of tTG include: (1) possessing both cross-linking activity and GTPase activity; (2) functioning as a G protein; and (3) participating in the signal transduction of α1-adrenergic receptor coupling. A growing body of literature suggests that increased tTG levels in the cytosolic or nuclear compartments contribute to the apoptotic process, and lines of evidence exist that nuclear translocation and cross-linking of transcriptional factor Sp1 may represent the underlying mechanisms of these proapoptotic effects of tTG. Our studies indicate that tTG GTPase activation may be responsible for enhanced hepatocyte proliferation, whereas, its tTGase activity may cause increased apoptosis. Moreover, it appears that tTG cross-linking activity contributes to hepatic fibrogenesis in animal models and in human liver disease. Understanding the roles of tTG in the pathogenesis of liver disease could facilitate the development of new treatment regimens.
Chemically induced resonance Raman scattering in cesium dimer

Abstract The analysis of cesium dimer molecular emission bands previously observed by Klyucharev and Lazarenko, and thought to be formed through resonant energy transfer from excited state cesium (6P) at densities exceeding 10 15 cm −3 , suggests that they result from a resonance Raman scattering process. Numerical simulation based on the application of a resonance Raman scattering model readily reproduces the observed emission and suggests a cesium dimer linewidth near 8 cm −1 . This result compares favorably with the observations of excited state sodium atom-sodium dimer interactions which also result in observed features in the vicinity of the Na D -line due to a Raman-like scattering process.
Amplitude/Standard Deviation Functions of Somatosensory Evoked Potential Recovery in Healthy Elderly and Young Adults

Adjusted recovery ratios of somatosensory evoked potentials were computed using Callaway's amplitude/standard deviation measure of electrocortical activity in post-stimulus epochs of 15-30, 31-50, 51-90, and 90-240 msec. Significant differences in amount of recovery and shape of the recovery functions between young and elderly adults were observed only in early (15-90 msec) phases of the responses; subjects aged 60-70 did not differ from those aged 71-80. The results demonstrate a complex interaction between age and recovery, with stability of recovery functions after age 60.
Biochemical studies on tobacco alkaloids. IV. The dynamic state of nicotine supplied to N. rustica.

Abstract Nicotine doubly labeled with C 14 and N 15 was supplied at intervals to Nicotiana rustica var. brasilia by placing the roots in a nicotine solution. The plant was supplied with complete nutrient solutions between exposures. Precautions were taken to minimize microbial activity in the nicotine solution. Of the original C 14 activity, 34.4% was recovered and the remainder was presumably lost by respiration. The C 14 activity of the groups of compounds recovered from the plant decreased in the following order: alkaloids, free amino acids, pigments, furfural after hydrolysis, amino acids after hydrolysis, sugars after hydrolysis, free organic acids, free sugars, insoluble residue, and organic acids after hydrolysis. Of the original N 15 excess, 91.6% was recovered. The amount of N 15 excess found in the plant was greatest in the insoluble residue after hydrolysis followed by the amino acids after hydrolysis, free alkaloids, free amino acids, and pigments. Much of the nicotine appears to have entered the plant as such and some remained unaltered. A larger proportion was metabolized, and the resulting carbon and nitrogen residues entered the general metabolism of the plant and appeared in all classes of compounds separated. These results indicate that nicotine supplied as in this experiment takes active part in the metabolism of a Nicotiana plant.
The DIVA model: A neural theory of speech acquisition and production.

The DIVA model of speech production provides a computationally and neuroanatomically explicit account of the network of brain regions involved in speech acquisition and production. An overview of the model is provided along with descriptions of the computations performed in the different brain regions represented in the model. The latest version of the model, which contains a new right-lateralised feedback control map in ventral premotor cortex, will be described, and experimental results that motivated this new model component will be discussed. Application of the model to the study and treatment of communication disorders will also be briefly described.