cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Artificial transmembrane segments. Requirements for stop transfer and polypeptide orientation.

Transmembrane segments of proteins generally consist of a long stretch of hydrophobic amino acids, which can function to initiate membrane insertion (start-stop sequences), initiate translocation (signal-anchor sequences), or stop further translocation of the following polypeptide chain (stop-transfer sequences). In this study, we have taken Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase, a transported and water-soluble protein, and examined the requirements for converting it into a transmembrane protein with particular orientation. Since the wild type enzyme is transported, there is no predisposition against membrane translocation, yet it is not a membrane protein, so it does not possess any intrinsic membrane topogenic preferences. A series of potential transmembrane segments was introduced into an internal position of the enzyme to test the ability of each to initiate translocation, stop translocation, and adopt a particular orientation. For this purpose, cassette mutagenesis was used to incorporate new structural segments composed of polymers of alanines and leucines. The threshold value of hydrophobicity required to function as a stop-transfer sequence was determined. For a transmembrane segment of typical length (21 residues), this value is equivalent to the hydrophobicity of 16 alanines and 5 leucines. Interestingly, much shorter segments will also suffice to stop translocation, but these must be composed of more highly hydrophobic residues (e.g. 11 leucines). When the wild type amino-terminal signal peptide is deleted or made dysfunctional, sufficiently hydrophobic internal segments can initiate translocation of the following polypeptide and function as a signal anchor. Furthermore, in so doing, the orientation of the protein is changed from Nout-Cin to Nin-Cout
Lymphadenopathy as the primary manifestation of malignant transformation in two patients with severe congenital neutropenia

We present the cases of two patients with severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) who both developed generalized adenopathy. Although both had recent histories that placed infection high on the differential of causes for the adenopathy, biopsies demonstrated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) as the etiology. The risk of malignant transformation in SCN is known to be significantly elevated, and these cases illustrate the need for physicians of such patients to keep myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and AML high on the differential when patients manifest atypical symptoms.
Establishment of the adenohypophyseal-testicular axis in the chick embryo. I. Testicular androgen levels.

Abstract Hypophysectomy of chick embryos at 33–38 hr of incubation resulted in an initial reduction in immunocytochemically demonstrable testicular androgens on Day 13.5 of incubation. Furthermore, on each subsequent day of development until Day 17.5, the last day examined, the amount of androgens in the testes of pituoprivic embryos was markedly lower than that observed in the testes of intact embryos. The addition of adenohypophyseal transplants or 100 μg of luteinizing hormone (LH) to 9.5-day-old surgically decapitated (hypophysectomized) chick embryos restored testicular androgens to intact levels by Day 15.5 of incubation. Our findings indicate that the adenohypophyseal-testicular axis is functional in the chick embryo by Day 13.5 of development; prior to this time, androgen synthesis by the testes is autonomous. Also, since both adenohypophyseal transplants and LH addition to hypophysectomized embryos restored testicular androgens to intact levels, it seems justifiable to conclude that in the chick embryo the release of LH by the adenohypophysis is independent of hypothalamic control.
Detergent-solubilised H-2 alloantigen is associated with a small molecular weight polypeptide.

THERE have been several reports that purified papain-solubilised HL-A alloantigens contains two polypeptides with molecular weights of approximately 31,000 and 11,500 (refs 1–3). The combined molecular weights of these two polypeptides (42,500) is similar to the molecular weight reported for detergent-solubilised HL-A alloantigens (43,000) (ref. 4). The smaller fragment seems to resemble β2 microglobulin3,5, which has an amino acid sequence homologous to that of an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region domain6. This smaller fragment does not seem to contain any alloantigenic activity5 and is found in association with several different HL-A alloantigenic molecules1,3. Further evidence of the close association of these two polypeptides is based on observations that capping or immunoprecipitation of β2 microglobulin using antisera directed against β2 microglobulin results in the cocapping7 or coprecipitation8 of HL-A molecules. One critical question is whether the HL-A alloantigens and β2 microglobulin are covalently5 or noncovalently joined to one another. Our studies on a homologous system, the H-2 complex of the mouse, suggest that mouse H-2 alloantigens are noncovalently associated with a small polypeptide.
Two-color in vivo dynamic contrast-enhanced pharmacokinetic imaging

Optical imaging is unique among in vivo imaging methods because it is possible to simultaneously resolve two or more probes emitting at different wavelengths of light. We employed two near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent optical probes, each labeled with a different protein, to simultaneously evaluate the pharmacokinetics of each probe. Dynamic optical imaging was performed in live mice after the coinjection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and galactosamine-conjugated bovine serum albumin (GmSA) labeled with either Cy5.5 or Cy7 NIR dyes. The pharmacokinetics of BSA and GmSA were independently and simultaneously visualized. Next, two-color dynamic imaging of biotinylated BSA (b-BSA) and BSA labeled with Cy5.5 or Cy7 was performed before and after an avidin "chase." Following avidin injection, fluorescently labeled b-BSA rapidly accumulated in the liver, while minimal liver uptake of BSA was noted. Thus, multicolor dynamic contrast-enhanced optical imaging can be performed to noninvasively track the pharmacokinetics of different proteins. This imaging technique can be applied to a wide variety of optically labeled proteins in order to simultaneously track their biodistribution.
Development and Evaluation of a Cooperative Vehicle Intersection Control Algorithm Under the Connected Vehicles Environment

Under the Connected Vehicles (CV) environment, it is possible to create a Cooperative Vehicle Intersection Control (CVIC) system that enables cooperation between vehicles and infrastructure for effective intersection operations and management when all vehicles are fully automated. Assuming such a CVIC environment, this paper proposed a CVIC algorithm that does not require a traffic signal. The CVIC algorithm was designed to manipulate individual vehicles' maneuvers so that vehicles can safely cross the intersection without colliding with other vehicles. By eliminating the potential overlaps of vehicular trajectories coming from all conflicting approaches at the intersection, the CVIC algorithm seeks a safe maneuver for every vehicle approaching the intersection and manipulates each of them. An additional algorithm was designed to deal with the system failure cases resulting from inevitable trajectory overlaps at the intersection and infeasible solutions. A simulation-based case study implemented on a hypothetical four-way single-lane approach intersection under varying congestion conditions showed that the CVIC algorithm significantly improved intersection performance compared with conventional actuated intersection control: 99% and 33% of stop delay and total travel time reductions, respectively, were achieved. In addition, the CVIC algorithm significantly improved air quality and energy savings: 44% reductions of CO2 and 44% savings of fuel consumption.
Radiolabeled polyvinyl alcohol particles: a potential agent to monitor embolization procedures.

Abstract Polyvinyl alcohol sponge (PVA) is a widely used angiographic embolic agent. The radiolabeling of PVA can accurately identify particle localization and may decrease the possibility of patient morbidity from embolization to distal sites. We incorporated 99m Tc sulfur colloid (SC) into PVA by heating. Animal experiments demonstrated the in vivo stability of the 99m Tc SC-PVA complex and the efficacy of external imaging. 99m Tc SC-PVA biodistribution data and external NaI(Tl) scintillation probe counts were performed, to assess anatomic localization. Embolization with this complex was performed in a patient.
Nonlinear instability of an annular liquid sheet exposed to gas flow

Nonlinear instability and breakup of an annular liquid sheet has been modeled in this paper. The liquid sheet is considered to move axially and is exposed to co-flowing inner and outer gas streams. Also, the effect of outer gas swirl on sheet breakup has been studied. In the developed model a perturbation expansion method has been used with the initial magnitude of the disturbance as the perturbation parameter. This is a comprehensive model in that other geometries of planar sheet and a coaxial jet can be obtained as limiting cases of very large inner radius and inner radius equal to zero, respectively. In this temporal analysis, the effect of liquid Weber number, initial disturbance amplitude, inner gas-to-liquid velocity ratio, outer gas-to-liquid velocity ratio and outer gas swirl strength on the breakup time is investigated. The model is validated by comparison with earlier analytical studies for the limiting case of a planar sheet as well as with experimental data of sheet breakup length available in literature. It is shown that the linear theory cannot predict breakup of an annular sheet and the developed nonlinear model is necessary to accurately determine the breakup length. In the limiting case of a coaxial jet, results show that gas swirl destabilizes the jet, makes helical modes dominant compared to the axisymmetric mode and decreases jet breakup length. These results contradict earlier linear analyses and agree with experimental observations. For an annular sheet, it is found that gas flow hastens the sheet breakup process and shorter breakup lengths are obtained by increasing the inner and the outer gas velocity. Axially moving inner gas stream is more effective in disintegrating the annular sheet compared to axially moving outer gas stream. When both gas streams are moving axially, the liquid sheet breakup is quicker compared to that with any one gas stream. In the absence of outer gas swirl, the axisymmetric mode is the dominant instability mode. However, when outer gas flow has a swirl component higher helical modes become dominant. With increasing outer gas swirl strength, the maximum disturbance growth rate increases and the most unstable circumferential wave number increases resulting in a highly asymmetric sheet breakup with shorter breakup lengths and thinner ligaments.
Whorf and His Critics: Linguistic and Nonlinguistic Influences on Color Memory

The current state of research on language and thought using color as a stimulus is reviewed. Five related experiments that integrate and expand the findings of this previous color research are reported. The relationship between memory and (1) color stimuli discriminability, (2) focality, (3) two-person communication accuracy, (4) group communication accuracy, and (5) referential confusability is assessed. What we discover is that the color array previously used to demonstrate the influence of focality on memory is discriminatively biased in favor of focal chips. Results show that when perceptual discriminability is controlled for, the various linguistic indices are better predictors of memory accuracy in both short-term and long-term recognition memory tasks than is focality. Memory for color stimuli seems to be mediated by basic color descriptions, which may include, but are not restricted to, basic color terms. The discussion takes up the implications of the findings for previous research and for Whorf's hierarchical view of the relationship between language and sublinguistic universale. [Whorfian hypothesis, language and thought, color terminology, memory, culture theory]
Epidermal growth factor inhibits carbachol-stimulated canine parietal cell function via protein kinase C

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) inhibits secretagogue- stimulated gastric acid secretion via an EGF receptor located on parietal cells. The aim of this study was to examine whether this growth factor inhibited carbachol-stimulated acid secretion through a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. METHODS: The effect of EGF on carbachol-stimulated aminopyrine uptake, inositol trisphosphate formation, and intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in purified cultured parietal cells was studied. The ability of protein kinase A and C inhibitors to alter the inhibitory action of EGF was assessed. EGF- mediated translocation and activation of protein kinase C in parietal cells were determined. RESULTS: EGF dose dependently inhibited carbachol-stimulated aminopyrine uptake in a pertussis toxin- insensitive, genistein (tyrosine kinase inhibitor)--sensitive manner, with a maximal inhibitory effect (37.5% +/- 6.8%) achieved at 10(-7) mol/L. EGF did not significantly inhibit carbachol-stimulated inositol trisphosphate formation and did not alter the initial transient increase or sustained plateau in [Ca2+]i stimulated by this secretagogue. The protein kinase C inhibitors H-7 and staurosporine dose dependently reversed the inhibitory action of EGF, whereas H-89 (protein kinase A inhibitor) failed to alter the effect of EGF. EGF pretreatment increased the translocation of alpha and beta 1 isoforms of protein kinase C and stimulated kinase activity in parietal cells. EGF did not down-regulate the parietal cell muscarinic receptor. CONCLUSIONS: The inhibitory action of EGF on carbachol-stimulated parietal cell activity seems to involve protein kinase C. (Gastroenterology 1996 Feb;110(2):469-77)
Growth and survival of Pinus taeda in response to surface and subsurface tillage in the southeastern United States

Abstract A trial series investigating the impact of surface and subsurface tillage on the survival and growth of planted Pinus taeda L. was established between 1994 and 1998 with the goal of identifying site types responsive to tillage. The trial series consisted of 15 studies with multiple replicates of a 2 × 2 factorial with surface (offset disking or opposed bedding) and subsurface (winged subsoiling shank) tillage. Subsurface tillage significantly improved survival at four sites and surface tillage improved survival at one site. The positive response to the subsurface tillage was associated with the Piedmont sites where survival improved from 74 to 82%. Surface tillage significantly improved height, diameter and volume growth with the response being greatest on soils with siliceous mineralogy, which showed an improvement of 5.1 m3 ha−1 at 6 years. The improvement was less for soils with kaolinitic mineralogy (4.0 m3 ha−1) or those with mixed mineralogy (3.1 m3 ha−1). Initially Piedmont sites showed a positive response due to subsurface tillage. However, the response was short lived and had dissipated by year 6. Effects of tillage on stand uniformity were negligible. In general, responses to tillage were relatively small compared to those that can be obtained from other silvicultural practices such as vegetation control and fertilization.
Changes to structure of hydrated portland cement on drying and rewetting observed by helium flow techniques

Abstract Helium flow techniques are applied to the hydrated portland cement-water system during rewetting. Measurements of solid volume and density demonstrate irreversible changes to the structure. Measurement of changes in volume of interlayer space are made and are shown to be due to new alignment of layers and to the moving apart of layers as a result of water penetration. The density of the interlayer water is found by these techniques to be 1.20 ± 0.08 gm/ml. Calculation of the parameter Total Volume/Monolayer Volume for the interlayer space yields a value of 1.32. This shows that the space approximates that bounded between two parallel plates.
Conformational Changes of DNA Induced by Binding ofChironomus High Mobility Group Protein 1a (cHMG1a) REGIONS FLANKING AN HMG1 BOX DOMAIN DO NOT INFLUENCE THE BEND ANGLE OF THE DNA

Abstract High mobility group (HMG) proteins are thought to facilitate assembly of higher order chromatin structure through modulation of DNA conformation. In this work we investigate the bending of a 30-base pair DNA fragment induced by Chironomus HMG1 (cHMG1a), and HMGI (cHMGI) proteins. The DNA bending was measured in solution by monitoring the end-to-end distance between fluorescence probes attached to opposite ends of the DNA fragment. The distance was measured by fluorescence energy transfer using a novel europium chelate as a fluorescence donor. These measurements revealed that the end-to-end distance in the 30-base pair DNA was decreased from ∼100 A in free DNA to ∼50.5 A in cHMG1a·DNA complex. The most probable DNA bending angle consistent with these distance measurements is about 150°. The deletion of the charged regulatory domains located close to the C terminus of the HMG1 box domain of cHMG1a protein had no effect on the induced bend angle. The ability to induce a large DNA bend distinguishes the cHMG1 from the cHMGI protein. Only small perturbation of the DNA conformation was observed upon binding of the cHMGI protein. A strong DNA bending activity of cHMG1a and its relative abundance in the cell suggests that this protein plays a very important role in modulation of chromatin structure.
Class I malocclusions—The development and etiology of mandibular malalignments

Class I malocclusion is the most prevalent form of malocclusion, even more prevalent than normal occlusion, and there is no clear consensus concerning its etiology. To understand its etiology, how and when this form of malocclusion develops must be fully appreciated. Understanding the development and etiology of Class I malocclusion is fundamentally important for determining the treatment and post-treatment methods that will be most effective. Rather than thinking of it as a static state, Class I malocclusion should be viewed as a process, as a maladaptation of the dentoalveolar complex. The purpose of this article is to comprehensively review the various factors that help explain this process.
Oxidation of pyrite in an anoxic atmosphere

Abstract Pyrite (FeS2) inclusions in coal, when heated in an oxygen deficient atmosphere (approximately 1% oxygen), become coated with magnetic Fe3O4 due to oxidation. Most of the FeS2 can thus be removed from the coal by magnetic separation to reduce the sulphur concentration. The oxidation products have been studied in greater detail by measuring the SO2 and O2 in the effluent gas during the heating process and by performing further magnetic measurements. At 582 K, the pyrite surface was oxidized to FeSO4. Significant oxidation of FeSO4 and FeS2 to Fe3O4 was observed starting at 677 K. At about 681 K, the Fe3O4 is further oxidized to α-Fe2O3. At 681 K, under isothermal conditions, the oxidation is impeded by the α-Fe2O3 formed on the surfaces of the grains. If the temperature is rapidly increased, the oxygen penetrates the α-Fe2O3 veneer to the FeS2 core of the pyrite grains and oxidizes essentially the whole pyrite mass to Fe3O4 before α-Fe2O3 can be formed.
Multi-Body Dynamic PD Control of Concrete Pump Truck Arm System

For the concrete pump truck, the movements of the arm and the hydraulic cylinder are analyzed respectively with multi-body dynamic theory. And with the applying of PD control theory, the dynamic equation of arm system is also built. And according to the numerical solution of the equation, it is proved that the dynamic equation can describe every dynamic character of the concrete pump truck well.
Calibration and sample-measurement techniques for flow heat-capacity calorimeters

A new redesigned flow heat-capacity calorimeter which facilitates measurements on aqueous solutions near the critical point of water is described. Traditional methods of using flow heat-capacity calorimeters require corrections for heat losses and there is no consensus on the best way to make these corrections. A more complete heat-loss model has been derived which includes the exponential decay in temperature of a fluid as it moves along a tube, as well as the effects of surroundings which are not at the same temperature as the input stream. Experiments with the rebuilt calorimeter show that this model predicts the heat-loss correction factors over a wide range of sample flow rates and reference flow rates, with only three adjustable parameters. Using this heat-loss model, the traditional methods of calibration and measurement are assessed and their strengths and-weaknesses discussed. A method of making measurements with these calorimeters that does not require any correction for heat losses has been developed. This method involves changing the sample flow rate to match the temperature rise of the reference fluid with the heaters at constant power. The heat-loss model predicts that, under these circumstances, the heat losses are constant so that no correction is needed. Experiments were performed on 3 mol · kg−1 and 1 mol · kg−1 NaCl(aq) at 598.11 K and 17.68 MPa over a wide range of flow rates and heater powers to confirm this method. The results agreed within 0.3 per cent, even under conditions where the heat-loss corrections were as large as 20 per cent.
Robust optimal control of quantum molecular systems in the presence of disturbances and uncertainties.

Recently, systematic optimal control theory has been successfully applied to design optical fields which act on a molecule to guide or transform it into a specifically prescribed state. Under realistic laboratory conditions and for real molecules, it is inevitable that there will exist disturbances and uncertainties in the control optical field, in the molecular Hamiltonian, and in the field-coupling coefficient (e.g., the dipole moment), etc. Therefore, it is important to design an optimal field which is robust to disturbances. In this paper, we provide a method through which the worst possible disturbance to the control process, under certain possible constraints, can be calculated and a corresponding optimal control field designed to be robust to the disturbances. Under disturbances of small amplitude, a perturbation solution to this problem can be applied. Illustrations are given for control of the wave-packet evolution of a diatomic molecule in the presence of disturbances.
On spatially growing baroclinic waves in the ocean

It is shown that spatially growing waves with complex wavenumber and real frequency can exist in a baroclinic flow and that these waves are substantially different from the more commonly studied temporally growing ones. They are bounded by a low wavenumber cut-off which separates them from the temporally growing waves. Their amplitude and phase change most rapidly near their steering level and are almost depth independent away from it. Most of the energy conversion from mean flow to the waves occurs at this level. It is suggested that these motions may be forced by steady disturbances such as bottom relief. The theory is compared with recent observations of strong small-scale motions in a region of rough topography of MODE and in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream. The vertical structure can be well matched with the theory but the complex wavenumber appears to be a factor of 2–3 greater than that predicted.
Analysis of metal incorporation during overexpression of Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin by electrospray FTICR mass spectrometry

The rate of production of Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin overexpressed in Escherichia coli was examined by electrospray ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI-FTICR) mass spectrometry. Previous work had shown that this heterologous expression resulted in isolation of both iron-containing (FeRd) and zinc-containing (ZnRd) rubredoxins. In the present work, minimally processed cell lysates of E. coli were analyzed in order to monitor the production of FeRd and ZnRd. The sensitivity of the measurement favored FeRd relative to ZnRd, and this differential sensitivity was quantitated using previously separated and purified rubredoxins. A time course study indicated that ZnRd and FeRd are produced simultaneously during overexpression, but at different rates. The ratio of the concentration of ZnRd to FeRd increased in a linear fashion during 3 h following induction of overexpression. Since only FeRds have been reported from native bacteria and archaea, the data suggest that either Zn2+ is sequestered from rubredoxins during native biosynthesis or that ZnRds may have escaped detection in the native microorganisms. ESI-FTICR mass spectrometry is shown to be a useful tool for monitoring metal insertion during protein biosynthesis.
Economics and Programmed Instruction

An examination of programmed instruction indicates that it is as effective as the lecture-discussion technique for teaching economics when measured by student examination performance. Evidence indicates that PI students better retain information applicable to solving complex application questions than those exposed to traditional instruction. PI saves student and instructor time, yet the growth of its use has diminished. Vredeveld examines the principles and development of PI, its effectiveness, and the economic reasons inhibiting its use in colleges and universities.
Binding Modes of the Initiator and Inhibitor Forms of the Replication Protein π to the γ ori Iteron of Plasmid R6K

Discerning the interactions between initiator protein and the origin of replication should provide insights into the mechanism of DNA replication initiation. In the gamma origin of plasmid R6K, the Rep protein, pi, is distinctive in that it can bind the seven 22-bp iterons in two forms; pi monomers activate replication, whereas pi dimers act as inhibitors. In this work, we used wild type and variants of the pi protein with altered monomer/dimer ratios to study iteron/pi interactions. High resolution contact mapping was conducted using multiple techniques (missing base contact probing, methylation protection, base modification, and hydroxyl radical footprinting), and the electrophoretic separation of nucleoprotein complexes allowed us to discriminate between contact patterns produced by pi monomers and dimers. We also isolated iteron mutants that affected the binding of pi monomers (only) or both monomers and dimers. The mutational studies and footprinting analyses revealed that, when binding DNA, pi monomers interact with nucleotides spanning the entire length of the iteron. In contrast, pi dimers interact with only the left half of the iteron; however, the retained interactions are strikingly similar to those seen with monomers. These results support a model in which Rep protein dimerization disturbs one of two DNA binding domains important for monomer/iteron interaction; the dimer/iteron interaction utilizes only one DNA binding domain.
Regular Solution Theory and CO2 Gas Solubility in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids

This paper explores the arguments for using solubility parameters and the regular solution theory for modeling gas solubilities in five different room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) at low partial pressures (<1 atm) and low mole fractions (<0.1). The experimentally measured and reported carbon dioxide (CO2) solubilities at low mole fractions (<0.05) suggest positive deviations from Raoult's law for CO2/RTIL solutions. These CO2 solubility deviations from Raoult's law indicate that CO2/RTIL complexations are not the sole controlling factor in relative CO2 solubilities. The RTILs' energies of vaporization and molar volumes appear to be factors in determining relative CO2 solubilities between RTILs. The energies of vaporization for the RTILs were empirically estimated from their melting points.
Modeling selenium bioaccumulation through arthropod food webs in San Francisco Bay, California, USA

Trophic transfer is the main process by which upper trophic level wildlife are exposed to selenium. Transfers through lower levels of a predator's food web thus can be instrumental in determining the threat of selenium in an ecosystem. Little is known about Se transfer through pelagic, zooplankton-based food webs in San Francisco Bay ([SFB], CA, USA), which serve as an energy source for important predators such as striped bass: A dynamic multipathway bioaccumulation model was used to model Se transfer from phytoplankton to pelagic copepods to carnivorous mysids (Neomysis mercedis). Uptake rates of dissolved Se, depuration rates, and assimilation efficiencies (AE) for the model were determined for copepods and mysids in the laboratory. Small (73-250 microm) and large (250-500 microm) herbivorous zooplankton collected from SFB (Oithona/Limnoithona and Acartia sp.) assimilated Se with similar efficiencies (41-52%) from phytoplankton. Mysids assimilated 73% of Se from small herbivorous zooplankton; Se AE was significantly lower (61%) than larger herbivorous zooplankton. Selenium depuration rates were high for both zooplankton and mysids (12-25% d(-1)), especially compared to bivalves (2-3% d(-1)). The model predicted steady state Se concentrations in mysids similar to those observed in the field. The predicted concentration range (1.5-5.4 microg g(-1)) was lower than concentrations of 4.5 to 24 microg g(-1) observed in bivalves from the bay. Differences in efflux between mysids and bivalves were the best explanation for the differences in uptake. The results suggest that the risk of selenium toxicity to predators feeding on N. mercedis would be less than the risk to predators feeding on bivalves. Management of selenium contamination should include food webs analyses to focus on the most important exposure pathways identified for a given watershed.
Empowerment through pedagogy: positioning service-learning as an early childhood pedagogy for pre-service teachers

Over the past decade early childhood education (ECE) teachers have faced increasing pressures to implement standardised tests in order to secure external validation and funding. In response, many teacher education programmes now focus heavily on positivistic training approaches, as opposed to more developmentally appropriate pedagogies [Winterbottom, C., & Lake, V. E. (2013) Cultivating leadership and responsibility in children. Exchange, 5, 36–39]. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of an alternative, service-learning training approach based upon constructivist principles in Ohio. Specifically, 120 students in a university teacher education programme participated in semester-long service-learning group-based projects. Post-project assessments indicated remarkably positive student reactions to their experience in ways that relate to important pedagogy-related goals. We conclude with a recommendation to incorporate service-learning methodology into teacher training programmes.
Sevoflurane modulates the activity of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

The mechanism of inhalation anesthesia remains to be fully elucidated. While certain neuronal membrane proteins are considered sites of action, cytosolic proteins may also be targets. We hypothesize that inhaled anesthetics may act via glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which has recently been shown to participate in neuronal inhibition. We examined the effects of sevoflurane, a halogenated ether anesthetic, on the catalytic and fluorescence properties of GAPDH. Initial rates of oxidoreductase activity decreased approximately 30% at saturating levels of sevoflurane. NADH-stimulated oxidoreductase activity (25 μM NADH; 0.8 mM NAD+) increased with sevoflurane. Sevoflurane quenched tryptophan fluorescence emission and increased polarization. Additionally, sevoflurane increased the susceptibility of GAPDH to thermal denaturation suggesting an effect on conformation. Our findings warrant further research on sevoflurane's effect on GAPDH and indicate that this approach may lead to delineation of ...
Considerations in Measuring Trace Radionuclides in Soil Samples by L X-Ray Detection

Several aspects pertaining to the measurements of trace radionuclides (such as plutonium) in soil samples by L x-ray detection have been considered. A 3 × 3 multiplexed array of edge-mounted Si detectors with a total detection area of 50 cm2 and FWHM resolution of 300 eV at 17 keV has been conceived. The fractional transmission-weighted solid angle for a distributed, self-absorbing source was calculated to be 0.25, which is one half the value of that for a lossless sheet source. To determine the minimum detectable activity, intensities of 59 L x-ray lines from the decay chains of 238U and 232Th have been calculated. A total of 130 x rays ranging from 9-20 keV emanate from soil per 100 alpha decays each of 232Th and 238U, compared with 4.6 for 239Pu. The minimum Pu activity detectable with the Si array in such contaminants as worldwide fallout, weapons material, and Rocky Flats soil is expected to approach 1 pCi in 1 g of soil. This concentration is comparable to the natural activity in soil. The minimum Pu activity detectable with NaI detectors is 100 times higher.
Putting Self-Determination into Practice

Self-determination (SD) has been a major topic in special education literature over the past 10 years, but research-based practices on SD for students with disabilities are still limited. This study was designed to examine 6 programs identified as placing a major emphasis on promoting SD with students with disabilities. Qualitative data were gathered to examine stakeholder perceptions of SD outcomes, describe promising practices for promoting SD, and identify conditions supporting and barriers inhibiting successful implementation of practices. Data were analyzed through a cross-case analysis and were represented as themes reflective of perceptions of program success, site characteristics, promising practices, and factors that supported and/or impeded implementation. Recommendations for practice and future research are discussed.
The skeleton in the closet

The origins of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) in human history are unknown but the condition has been well described since Freke's account in 1740. Important contributions by physicians and scientists in the past two and a half centuries have converged on the remarkable skeleton of Harry Eastlack at The Mutter Museum of The College of Physicians in Philadelphia.
Antisense Modulation of the ICAM-1 Phenotype of a Model Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Line

Abstract Efficient stable gene transfer was achieved in a model human bone marrow stromal cell line, KM-102, using both Epstein–Barr virus and BK virus episomal expression vectors. Using this episomal expression system, effective overexpression and inhibition of ICAM-1 expression was achieved in stably transfected KM-102 cells by sense and antisense RNA gene transfer, respectively. Loss of surface ICAM-1 on antisense KM-102 transfectants did not significantly affect adhesion to LFA-1-bearing JY hematopoietic cells. However, KM-102 ICAM-1 overexpressors demonstrated enhanced binding (2.5-fold) to phorbol ester-treated, but not untreated, LFA-1-bearing JY cells. The increased binding could be blocked with anti-ICAM-1 antibodies. These findings suggest that while ICAM-1 is not required for basal adhesion between stromal and hematopoietic cells, stromal ICAM-1 may contribute to stromal:leukemic cellular interaction when bound to the phorbol ester-dependent high-avidity state of hematopoietic LFA-1.
Novel biphasic traffic of endocytosed EGF to recycling and degradative compartments in lacrimal gland acinar cells.

The purpose of this study was to delineate the traffic patterns of EGF and EGF receptors (EGFR) in primary cultured acinar epithelial cells from rabbit lacrimal glands. Uptake of [125I]-EGF exhibited saturable and non-saturable, temperature-dependent components, suggesting both receptor-mediated and fluid phase endocytosis. Accumulation of [125I] was time-dependent over a 120-min period, but the content of intact [125I]-EGF decreased after reaching a maximum at 20 min. Analytical fractionation by sorbitol density gradient centrifugation and phase partitioning indicated that within 20 min at 37°C [125I] reached an early endosome, basal–lateral recycling endosome, pre-lysosome, and lysosome. Small components of the label also appeared to reach the Golgi complex and trans-Golgi network. Intact [125I]-EGF initially accumulated in the recycling endosome; the content in the recycling endosome subsequently decreased, and by 120 min increased amounts of [125I]-labeled degradation products appeared in the pre-lysosomes and lysosomes. Confocal microscopy imaging of FITC-EGF and LysoTrackerRed revealed FITC enriched in a dispersed system of non-acidic compartments at 20 min and in acidic compartments at 120 min. Both confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and analytical fractionation indicated that the intracellular EGFR pool was much larger than the plasma membrane-expressed pool at all times. Cells loaded with [125I]-EGF released a mixture of intact EGF and [125I]-labeled degradation products. The observations indicate that in lacrimal acinar cells, EGFR and EGF–EGFR complexes continually traffic between the plasma membranes and a system of endomembrane compartments; EGF-stimulation generates time-dependent signals that initially decrease, then increase, EGF–EGFR traffic to degradative compartments. J. Cell. Physiol. 199: 108–125, 2004© 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intrinsic targeting of inflammatory cells in the brain by polyamidoamine dendrimers upon subarachnoid administration.

Aim: Understanding the interactions between nanomaterials and disease processes is crucial for designing effective therapeutic approaches. This article explores the unusual neuroinflammation targeting of dendrimers (with no targeting ligands) in the brain, with significant consequences for nanoscale materials in medicine. Method: The in vivo biodistribution of fluorescent-labeled neutral generation-4- polyamidoamine dendrimers (∼4 nm) in a rabbit model of cerebral palsy was explored following subarachnoid administration. Results: These dendrimers, with no targeting ligands, were localizing in activated microglia and astrocytes (cells responsible for neuroinflammation), even in regions far moved from the site of injection, in newborn rabbits with maternal inflammation-induced cerebral palsy. Conclusion: This intrinsic ability of dendrimers to localize inactivated microglia and astrocytes can enable targeted delivery of therapeutics in disorders such as cerebral palsy, Alzheimer’s and multiple sclerosis.
Is there a problem with inhaled long-acting β-adrenergic agonists?

Short-acting β 2 -agonists are effective in relieving acute symptoms of asthma and in the short-term prevention of symptoms from stimuli, such as exercise. They are ineffective when used on a regular schedule to improve asthma control. Long-acting β 2 -agonists, on the other hand, provide sustained bronchodilation and improve asthma control. Regular use of long-acting β 2 -agonists is not associated with significant tolerance to their bronchodilator action, impairment in the response to albuterol, decreased baseline pulmonary function, increased response to methacholine, or increased risk of adverse cardiac events. Case-control studies do not suggest an increased risk for death or intensive care unit admissions with use of long-acting β 2 -agonists. In prospective studies in which there has been an increase in asthma deaths or serious asthma exacerbations, this increased risk has not been observed in subjects using inhaled corticosteroids. Where increased deaths have occurred in relation to either short- or long-acting β 2 -agonists, the events have not occurred equally throughout the exposed population. This suggests that these outcomes were not a direct toxic effect of the drugs and increases the possibility that they resulted from an interaction between relief of symptoms by β 2 -agonists and delay in seeking medical care.
RLR1 (THO2), required for expressing lacZ fusions in yeast, is conserved from yeast to humans and is a suppressor of SIN4.

We isolated a mutation (rlr1-1; required for lacZ RNA) in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) RLR1 gene as a suppressor of sin4, a component of the Mediator subcomplex of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and a determinant of chromatin structure. RLR1 encodes a deduced protein found also in fission yeast, nematode worms, and humans. The presence of these orthologs suggests that Rlr1 family members comprise a class of putative KEKE motif-containing proteins, characteristic of certain chaperones as well as regulators and subunits of the mammalian 20S proteasome. A role for RLR1 (THO2) in transcription appears to occur at a step subsequent to transcription initiation (see also Piruat, J.I. and Aguilera, A., 1998. EMBO J. 17, 4859-4872); Sc genes fused to the reporter gene lacZ were expressed at a very low level, while the corresponding native chromosomal genes were expressed at approximately normal levels in rlr1 mutants. Our studies show that rlr1 mutations cause a wide range of growth defects in addition to their novel affect on lacZ.
Using an ecological framework to design mobile technologies for pediatric asthma management

Mobile technologies, due to their ubiquitous nature, play an important role in supporting health care. However, it is not easy to design useful integrated mobile services without a systematic understanding of users, and this is especially true for children. Therefore, we propose a new theoretical perspective for generating design concepts in the early stage of the design process. Our ecological model is based on Ecological Systems Theory which approaches development in terms of the child's relationships and environmental context. It leverages the fact that mobile technologies are deeply involved with users' circumstances. We argue that the ecological model can provide a heuristic to help researchers understand users' needs in context and generate concepts logically and creatively. Here we explore pediatric asthma management as a case study for this model. Finally, five promising mobile technology concepts are provided as examples for further development of mobile technologies related to pediatric asthma management.
Synchrotron beamlines for macromolecular crystallography

Abstract Synchrotron radiation sources are now used widely in the determination of macromolecular structures. About a dozen beamlines are currently in use at existing facilities, and others are either under development or planned at both existing storage rings and at third-generation storage rings. Recent results provide insights into the wide range of applications of synchrotron radiation in the field of macromolecular structure. Further growth in synchrotron-radiation research will depend on the development of user-friendly facilities that allow for efficient use of these unique X-ray sources.
Power: a parable of leadership

“How can he do this?” Phil spat out with disgust. “This is not what I signed up for!” “He’s the dean,” I offered lamely. “He has the power.” We were having lunch in the doctor’s dining room, and the junior faculty members among us were bemoaning our fate. Just a month before
Dual subcellular roles for LIS1 and dynein in radial neuronal migration in live brain tissue

During brain development, neural precursor cells migrate along radial glial fibers to populate the neocortex. RNA interference (RNAi) of the lissencephaly gene LIS1 (also known as PAFAH1b1) inhibits somal movement but not process extension of neural precursors in live brain slices. Here we report imaging of the subcellular events accompanying neural precursor migration and the effects of LIS1, cytoplasmic dynein and myosin II inhibition. Centrosomes move continuously and often far in advance of nuclei, which show extreme saltatory behavior. LIS1 and dynein RNAi inhibit centrosomal and nuclear movement independently, whereas myosin II inhibition blocks only nuclear translocation. Imaging of the microtubule end-binding protein 3 (EB3) reveals a centrosome-centered array of microtubules in live neural precursors under all conditions examined. Dynein is concentrated both at a swelling in the leading process reported to initiate each migratory cycle and in the soma. Thus, dynein pulls on the microtubule network from the swelling. The nucleus is transported along the trailing microtubules by dynein assisted by myosin II.
An overview of the maxillofacial prosthesis as a speech rehabilitation aid.

tics. In: Branemark P-I, Zarb G, Albrektsson T, eds. Tissueintegrated prostheses. Osseointegration in clinical dentistry. London: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 1985;99-116. Adell R, Anderson C, Branemark P-I, Galeus I, Lekholm U, Landgrists, RN, Stefek V, Svensson B. Manual for treatment with jawbone anchored bridges according to the osseointegration method. Gateborg, Sweden: Institute for Applied Biotechnology, Faculty of Dentistry 1983;16-21. Zarb G, Symington J. Osseointegrated dental implants: preliminary report on a replication study. J PROSTHET DENT 1983;50:271-6. Laney R, Tolman D, Keller E, Desjardins R, VanRoekel N, Branemark P-I. Dental implants: tissue integrated prosthesis utilizing the osseointegration concept. Mayo Clin Proc 1986; 61:91-7. 10.
How does the dreaming brain explain the dreaming mind

Recent work on functional brain architecture during dreaming provides invaluable clues for an understanding of dreaming, but identifying active brain regions during dreaming, together with their waking cognitive and cognitive functions, informs a model that accounts for only the grossest characteristics of dreaming. Improved dreaming models require cross discipline apprehension of what it is we want dreaming models to “explain.”[Hobson et al.; Neilsen; Revonsuo; Solms]
Incorporating Catastrophes into Integrated Assessment: Science, Impacts, and Adaptation

Incorporating potential catastrophic consequences into integrated assessment models of climate change has been a top priority of policymakers and modelers alike. We review the current state of scientific understanding regarding three frequently mentioned geophysical catastrophes, with a view toward their implications for integrated assessment modeling. This review finds inadequa- cies in widespread model assumptions regarding the nature of catastrophes themselves and climate change impacts more generally. The possibility of greatly postponed consequences from near- and medium-term actions suggests that standard discounting practices are inappropriate for the analysis of climate catastrophe. Careful consideration of paleoclimate and geophysical modeling evidence regarding the possibility of changes in ocean circulation suggests a reframing of the source of climate change damages in economic models, placing changes in climate predictability, rather than gradual changes in mean values, at the focus of economic damage assessments. The implications of decreases in predictability for the modeling of adaptation are further discussed.
Review: Teaching Information Literacy: 50 Standards-Based Exercises for College Students

Burkhardt, Joanna M., and Mary C. MacDonald, with Andree J. Rathemacher. Teaching Information Literacy: 50 Standards-Based Exercises for College Students . 2 nd edition. Chicago: American Library Association, 2010. xi+138 pp. ISBN: 9780838910535. This edition is available from ALA in print and/or electronic format ($40 for the PDF alone, $50 for the print, and $59 for the print/PDF bundle).