cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of a High Linoleic Acid Diet and Thiazide on Sodium Chloride-Induced Hypertension in Rats

1. Hypertension-prone Dahl S rats on either low or high NaCl diets have less than half the concentration of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) in quick-frozen renal papillae compared with that of hypertension-resistant Dahl R rats. 2. A 4% high NaCl diet doubles the concentration of PGE 2 in the renal papillae compared with the effect of a moderately low (0.3%) NaCl diet. 3. A diet with 16% linoleic acid triples the PGE 2 concentration in S papillae and increases it 2.5 times in R papillae, compared with a diet with 1.5% linoleic acid. 4. The 16% linoleic acid diet also delays the onset of NaCl-induced hypertension and prevents about half of the ultimate rise in blood pressure. 5. The low PGE 2 concentration in the renal papillae of S rats could contribute to a tendency toward sodium retention and thereby encourage NaCl-induced hypertension. 6. Thiazides greatly increase sodium and water excretion in isolated kidneys from pre-hypertensive S rats perfused with blood at a normotensive arterial inflow pressure. This effect would allow brisk natriuresis without the need for hypertensive arterial pressures and could thereby reduce blood pressure in NaCl-related hypertension.
An Efficient Grid-Connected Three-Phase Single-Stage Boost Current Source Inverter

The proposed three-phase boost Current Source Inverter (CSI) is equipped with Reverse-Blocking IGBTs (RB-IGBT) and the Phasor Pulse Width Modulation (PPWM) switching pattern to provide system efficiency greater than 92% and high boost ratios $(V_{LL}/V_{dc})$ up to 3.5 in a single stage. The boost CSI results in elimination of dc-dc boost converter or a step-up transformer needed in dc-ac converters operating with a dc input voltage lower than the output line-to-line voltage. In this paper, the relationship between the fundamental component of the inverter output current and the PPWM modulation index is derived and then confirmed by simulation and experimentally obtained data in both stand-alone and grid-tied modes of operation. In this work, a $2\,\,kW, 208\,\,V_{LLrms}, 60-120\,\,V_{dc}$ RB-IGBT-based boost CSI is prototyped to explore capabilities of the grid-tied boost CSI in terms of efficiency and THD for various input dc voltage and output power levels.
Age Differences in Intertemporal Choice: The Role of Task Type, Outcome Characteristics, and Covariates.

Objectives Prior research has revealed age differences in the preferred timing of monetary outcomes, but results are inconsistent across studies. The present study examined the role of task type, outcome characteristics, and a range of theoretically implicated covariates that may contribute to variations in age effects. Method Two types of intertemporal choice paradigms (temporal discounting and sequence construction) were administered to a diverse life-span sample (n = 287, aged 18-87). The design experimentally manipulated outcome delay (months vs years), amount (hundreds vs thousands), and valence (gain vs loss) while statistically controlling for a range of potential covariates including demographics, affect, personality, time perspective, subjective health, and numeracy. Results In the temporal discounting task, no significant age differences were observed and this pattern did not differ by outcome delay, amount, or valence. In the sequence-construction task, age was associated with a preference for sequences of decreasing impact in the gain condition but not in the loss condition, whereas outcome delay and amount did not moderate age effects. Age patterns in discounting and sequences preferences remained unchanged after controlling for covariates. Discussion These findings converge with prior studies reporting weak or null effects of age in temporal discounting tasks and suggest that inconsistent results are not due to variations in outcome valence, delay, or amount across studies. Findings also add to the scarce evidence for age differences sequence-preferences. After discussing methodological limitations, we consider implications for future research and practice.
Parent–Child translanguaging among transnational immigrant families in museums

ABSTRACTA transnational turn on language and literacy urges increased attention on the flexible languaging practices of immigrant children who cross the boundaries of languages, cultures, nations, ...
Non-analyte signals and supervised learning to evaluate matrix effects and predict analyte recoveries in inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

A supervised data-driven methodology was used to evaluate matrix effect severity and the consequent analytical signal bias caused by easily ionizable elements (EIEs) in inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Eight different supervised machine learning models were trained on signals from nine plasma naturally-occurring species of Ar, H and O to predict analyte recoveries for Cd, Co, Cr and Pb. The Ar atomic line at 737.212 nm was then used to correct for analytical signal bias due to matrix effects caused by high concentrations of Ca and Na. Recoveries were accurately predicted for all analytes (R2 > 0.9) by optimized generalized linear models (GLMs), regularized GLMs and partial least squares (PLS) regression. Accuracy was improved by employing Ar or Y as internal standards (IS). Although Y outperformed Ar in Cd determinations, both species were comparable for Co, Cr and Pb. In this preliminary study, however, there was no significant accuracy improvement observed when utilizing the Ar 737.212 nm line at the discretion of machine learning models. Therefore, for the analytes and matrices evaluated here, this species should be simply used as an IS when optimized models predict absolute errors < 0.3 (30%). The methodology described in this study may be easily implemented in routine applications, as one simply needs to monitor non-analyte signals while performing external standard calibration (EC). Once a series of models are trained, instrument software can be programmed to monitor plasma native species in real time and alert the analyst to different levels of matrix effect severity. Based on analyte recovery predictions from the optimized models, the analyst can then choose between simple EC, internal standardization with the Ar 737.212 nm line, or a more robust matrix-matching strategy.
Utilization of Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices and Impact on Outcomes in the New Heart Allocation System: An Analysis of the UNOS Registry

Purpose In October 2018, a new heart transplantation (HT) allocation system was implemented with the intent of prioritizing the most medically urgent candidates, including those with cardiogenic shock requiring percutaneous support, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and surgical support devices. We hypothesized that utilization of acute mechanical circulatory support (MCS) increased nationwide as a result of the new allocation system. Methods The UNOS database were queried to identify patients listed for HT on or after January 2017. Patients were categorized into: 1) old allocation (listed and removed before 10/18/2018) and 2) new allocation (listed on or after 10/18/2018) groups. Patients who crossed over from old to new allocation were excluded from the analysis. MCS utilization and post-transplant graft survival were compared in the two eras. Results 4663 patients were waitlisted during the old allocation compared to 1759 waitlisted patients in the new allocation system. There was a significant increase in the utilization of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) (6.1% to 9.7%, p Conclusion Use of acute circulatory support devices has increased as bridge to HT. Early post-transplant graft survival is significantly better for patients bridged with IABP support compared to ECMO or other surgical support devices.
Superhemophobic and Antivirofouling Coating for Mechanically Durable and Wash-Stable Medical Textiles

Medical textiles have a need for repellency to body fluids such as blood, urine, or sweat that may contain infectious vectors that contaminate surfaces and spread to other individuals. Similarly, v...
Tools of the trade 1—weather and climate forecasts

Abstract Together with meteorological observing systems, weather and climate forecast systems offer some of the primary tools for effective drought early warning. Precipitation deficits or high temperatures can exacerbate or produce droughts; hence, forecasts of climate conditions can also help one to forecast drought conditions, assuming the forecasts are skillful. Operationally, weather and climate forecasts are frequently used for drought early warning. They are used to directly provide precipitation and temperature forecasts. These forecasts are then sometimes used to drive impact models such as hydrologic and crop models. These models can generate forecasts of expected water resources and crop yields, respectively—both of which provide a direct measure of drought impacts, thereby supporting improved decision-making, helping to mitigate the effects of dry and hot weather events. This chapter provides examples of how drought forecasting systems make use of weather and climate forecasts and then gives an overview of weather- and climate forecasting approaches, as well as their sources of skill.
Effects of detailed geometry and real fluid thermodynamics on Spray G atomization

Abstract We present recent results toward the quantification of spray characteristics at engine conditions for an eight-hole counter-bored (stepped) GDI injector – Spray G in the ECN denomination. This computational study is characterized by two novel features: the detailed description of a real injector's internal surfaces via tomographic reconstruction; and a general equation of state that represents the thermodynamic properties of homogeneous liquid-vapor mixtures. The combined level-set moment-of-fluid approach, coupled to an embedded boundary formulation for moving solid walls, makes it possible to seamlessly connect the injector's internal flow to the spray. The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) discussed here presents evidence of partial hydraulic flipping and, during the closing transient, string cavitation. Results are validated by measurements of spray density profiles and droplet size distribution.
Instantaneous Whole-Brain Strain Estimation in Dynamic Head Impact

Head injury models are notoriously time consuming and resource demanding in simulations, which prevents routine application. Here, we extend a convolutional neural network (CNN) to instantly estima...
Plastic Surgery and the Malpractice Industry.

SUMMARY The current status of the plastic surgeon in the medical liability spectrum and ways to avoid litigation are explored by using pooled national data from the Medical Professional Liability Association, private information from Applied Medico-Legal Solutions RRG, and a detailed literature search. The medical liability system in the United States costs $55.6 billion, or 2.4 percent of total health care spending. Plastic surgery accounts for 3.31 percent of reported claims and 3.16 percent of paid claims. Total payments for plastic surgeons represent 1.75 percent of the total paid for all specialties. Malpractice awards are relatively light for plastic surgeons. Nevertheless, they still have a 15 percent chance per year of being sued. However, 93 percent of cases will close with a dismissal or a settlement, and only 7 percent will go to trial. Of these, the plastic surgeon will prevail in 79 percent. Most importantly, 75 percent of all cases will result in no payment. To minimize the chances of a lawsuit, plastic surgeons should maintain excellent communication with their patients and participate in shared decision-making. They should take a leadership role and buy in to the performance of perioperative checklists, embrace patient education, and actively participate in Maintenance of Certification. They should be transparent in their dealings with patients by preoperatively declaring their policies on revisions, refunds, complications, and payments. Plastic surgeons must maintain complete and accurate medical records and participate in hospital-based programs of prophylaxis. They should be aware that postoperative infection is the single costliest adverse outcome and proactively deal with it.
Euler's rigid rotators, Jacobi elliptic functions, and the Dzhanibekov or tennis racket effect

10.1119/10.0003372.1In this paper, the torque-free rotational motion of a general rigid body is developed analytically and is applied to the flipping motion of a T-handle spinning in zero gravity that can be seen in videos on the internet. This flipping motion is known both as the Dzhanibekov effect (after the cosmonaut who reported it) and more recently the tennis racket effect. The presentation is self-contained, accessible to students, and is complementary to the treatment found in most texts in that it involves a time-dependent analytical solution in terms of elliptic functions as opposed to a development based on conservation laws. These two complementary approaches are interesting and useful in different ways. In the present approach, the Euler rigid-body equations are derived and then solved as differential equations that are satisfied by Jacobi elliptic functions. This is analogous to solving the spring–mass harmonic oscillator problem by turning Newton's laws into differential equations that are satisfied by sine and cosine functions. The Jacobi functions are closely related to these trigonometric functions and are only slightly more complicated. They are defined as geometrical ratios on a reference ellipse and developed geometrically without reference to power series or complex variables. However, because these functions are less familiar, they are introduced in a short Appendix where their main properties are derived. Also, a link is provided to a Mathematica script for animating the analytical solution to the present problem.
SPEED: Spiking Neural Network With Event-Driven Unsupervised Learning and Near-Real-Time Inference for Event-Based Vision

A fully event-based image processing pipeline containing neuromorphic vision sensors and spiking neural network has the potential to achieve high throughput, low latency and high dynamic range vision processing. In this work, we present an end-to-end SNN unsupervised learning inference framework to achieve near-real-time processing performance. The design uses fully event-driven operations that significantly improve learning and inference speed: over $100\times $ increase of inference throughput on CPU and near-real-time inference on GPU for neuromorphic vision sensors can be achieved. The event-driven processing method supports unsupervised spike-timing-dependent plasticity learning of convolutional SNN. When labels are limited, it achieves higher accuracy than supervised training approaches. In addition, the proposed method improves robustness for low-precision SNN as it reduces spiking activity distortion and achieves higher learning accuracy than regular discrete-time simulated low-precision networks.
Associations between simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use and next-day negative affect among young adults: The role of sex and trait anxiety.

Abstract Background and aims The simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis (“simultaneous alcohol and marijuana [SAM] use”) is common among young adults and associated with negative substance-related consequences. SAM use may be tied to fluctuating mood states such as negative affect and individual characteristics including trait level of anxiety and sex. However, little is understood about their collective role. In this study, we sought to understand the daily link between SAM use and negative affect and whether this link might differ by both trait anxiety and sex. Method Participants were 154 young adults (57.8% female, 72.7% White, M age = 20.2) who completed baseline surveys on trait anxiety symptoms and up to 14 consecutive daily surveys on their substance use and affective states. Results Multilevel models tested for associations of type of substance use day (i.e., alcohol-only days, cannabis-only days, and no use days relative to SAM use days) with next-day negative affect. Three-way and lower order interactions were tested for substance use day type, anxiety, and sex. Two three-way interactions between cannabis-only days, anxiety, and sex and between alcohol-only days, anxiety, and sex emerged such that SAM use was associated with greater next-day negative affect relative to single substance use days particularly among female participants with elevated anxiety. Conclusions Anxiety and sex are salient factors in the link between SAM use relative to single-substance use and daily negative affect. Study findings reinforce the need to account for all of these factors in order to develop maximally efficacious substance use interventions.
Nutrient capture in an Iowa farm pond: Insights from high-frequency observations.

Abstract Shallow constructed ponds are abundant landscape features in the midwestern United States, suggested as an edge of field best management practice (BMP) in voluntary nutrient reduction strategies. The efficacy of such features is highly uncertain, however, and previous studies have lacked sufficient temporal resolution to determine N and P removals during critical periods of transport. We utilized high-frequency in-situ measurements and flow-weighted grab sampling to determine water and nutrient budgets for a typical constructed “farm pond” in central Iowa situated within the Iowa Southern Drift Plain. Our monitoring approach yielded insight into in-stream nitrogen processing and the relative importance of transport-vs. supply-limited N delivery. Diel patterns in NO3–N observed during early Spring, prior to canopy closure, revealed that in-stream primary production and NO3–N assimilation can influence downstream N delivery in a stream with nitrate pollution (mean annual NO3–N of nearly 5 mg/L). Analysis of discharge-concentration hysteresis for NO3–N showed a shift from transport to supply limitation for NO3–N delivery over the growing season, influenced by antecedent moisture, with wet antecedent conditions leading to supply limitation. Significant NO3–N removal (64% of 19.8 kg/ha inputs) occurred within the 4.2 ha pond (230 ha watershed), but total N removal was much lower (36% removal of 22.3 kg/ha inputs). The lower total N removal highlights the importance of both particulate N and dissolved organic N and ammonia export to the N budgets of hypereutrophic small ponds. Total P removal in the pond was only 8% of 2.3 kg/ha inputs, likely due to internal loading of recent and legacy sedimentary P within the pond. High-flow events dominated N and P inputs, during which removal efficacy of the pond was significantly diminished. Poor process performance during critical moments may partially explain lower than expected water quality improvements post-BMP implementation. Accordingly, shifting hydroclimatic regimes (e.g., frequency of intense rainfall events) will impact the efficacy of small ponds and other edge of field BMPs for nutrient reduction.
Improving Clinical Effectiveness by Engaging Physicians

The simplicity of a program that engages clinicians in developing their own individual projects, rather than relying on one of the top-down systemwide continuous improvement programs, has generated...
The American Indian and Alaskan Native Development Index: The Progress of and Prospects for Indian Country

Over the past century, the public consciousness has created a stereotype of the modern Native American as a poor, hopeless person sustained only by the charity of others. While it is certainly true that American Indians are generally poor compared to the rest of the United States, some Native American populations have grown quite wealthy as this project will demonstrate. This problem is the classic question of development that has vexed economists for years: why did some tribes become rich, when the rest did not? This article is available in Undergraduate Economic Review: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer/vol3/iss1/7 Undergraduate Economic Review A publication of Illinois Wesleyan University Vol. III – 2006 2007 Title “The American Indian and Alaskan Native Development Index: The Progress of and Prospects for Indian Country” Author Tom Niblock Affiliation Henry B. Tippie College of Business, The University of Iowa Abstract Over the past century, the public consciousness has created a stereotype of the modern Native American as a poor, hopeless person sustained only by the charity of others. While it is certainly true that American Indians are generally poor compared to the rest of the United States, some Native American populations have grown quite wealthy as this project will demonstrate. This problem is the classic question of development that has vexed economists for years: why did some tribes become rich, when the rest did not? 1 1 Niblock: The American Indian and Alaskan Native Development Index: The Pr Published by Digital Commons @ IWU, 2007 The American Indian and Alaskan Native Development Index: The Progress of and Prospects for Indian Country Author: Tom Niblock Department of Economics Henry B. Tippie College of Business The University of Iowa Faculty Advisors: Professor Nathan E. Savin Department of Economics Henry B. Tippie College of Business The University of Iowa Professor M. Beth Ingram Department of Economics Henry B. Tippie College of Business The University of Iowa 2 2 Undergraduate Economic Review, Vol. 3 [2007], Iss. 1, Art. 7 http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer/vol3/iss1/7
When Dreams Came True: Classical Fairy Tales and Their Traditions

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Jack Zipes Year: 1999 Pages: x + 238 Publisher: Routledge Prices: $70.00(hard cover).
Receptive fields of disparity-selective neurons in macaque striate cortex

To identify neuronal mechanisms underlying stereopsis, we characterized interactions between inputs from the two eyes in disparity-selective neurons in macaque V1. All disparity-selective cells showed suppressive interactions between the right and left eyes, and some showed facilitatory interactions. Disparity selectivity was narrower than the receptive-field width and was constant across the receptive field. Such position-invariant disparity selectivity is also found in anesthetized cat V1. Complex cells have been suggested to inherit their disparity selectivity from simple cells with receptive fields mismatched between the two eyes. However, we found no such antecedent disparity-tuned simple cells. We did find disparity-selective cells with some simple-cell characteristics, but surprisingly, they also showed position-invariant disparity selectivity rather than simple linear binocular interactions.
EXPERIMENTAL-BASED CORRELATIONS FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF FREE CONVECTION OF AIR INSIDE ISOSCELES TRIANGULAR CAVITIES WITH VARIABLE APEX ANGLES

The archival literature contains an abundance of correlations for the characterization of laminar-free convection in rectangular, square, and annular cavities, but unfortunately does not disclose a single correlation for triangular cavities. A prominent application of triangular cavities specialized to isosceles shapes arises in air-filled attic spaces of houses and buildings with sloped roofs and horizontal suspended ceilings. In this work, two contrasting situations are considered embodying three apex angles and several Grashof numbers: a hot base and symmetrically cold inclined sides for winter conditions, and a cold base and symmetrically hot inclined sides for summer conditions. The goal of this article is to construct two dependable correlations, one for the mean convective coefficient at the air/wall interface, and the other for the temperature variation of the ascending air along the center plane of attic spaces. The input data was taken from precise measurements available in the specialized liter...
Transport of Magnetic Helicity and Dynamics of Solar Active Regions

We introduce a method to calculate the magnetic helicity density in a given active-region vector magnetogram, and a lower limit of it, based on a linear force-free (Iff) approximation. Moreover, we provide a lower limit of the total magnetic helicity in the active region (AR). A time series of magnetograms can be used to calculate the rate of helicity transport. The results can be then correlated with manifestations of the dynamical activity in ARs, such as flares and filament eruptions.
Neighborhood fast food availability and fast food consumption

Recent nutritional and public health research has focused on how the availability of various types of food in a person's immediate area or neighborhood influences his or her food choices and eating habits. It has been theorized that people living in areas with a wealth of unhealthy fast-food options may show higher levels of fast-food consumption, a factor that often coincides with being overweight or obese. However, measuring food availability in a particular area is difficult to achieve consistently: there may be differences in the strict physical locations of food options as compared to how individuals perceive their personal food availability, and various studies may use either one or both of these measures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between weekly fast-food consumption and both a person's perceived availability of fast-food and an objective measure of fast-food presence - Geographic Information Systems (GIS) - within that person's neighborhood. A randomly selected population-based sample of eight counties in South Carolina was used to conduct a cross-sectional telephone survey assessing self-report fast-food consumption and perceived availability of fast food. GIS was used to determine the actual number of fast-food outlets within each participant's neighborhood. Using multinomial logistic regression analyses, we found that neither perceived availability nor GIS-based presence of fast-food was significantly associated with weekly fast-food consumption. Our findings indicate that availability might not be the dominant factor influencing fast-food consumption. We recommend using subjective availability measures and considering individual characteristics that could influence both perceived availability of fast food and its impact on fast-food consumption. If replicated, our findings suggest that interventions aimed at reducing fast-food consumption by limiting neighborhood fast-food availability might not be completely effective.
Application of Predictor Corrector Control to Polysilicon Gate Etching

A modification of Internal Model Control (IMC) was developed which produces excellent response when a process drift is present. The new controller, termed Predictor Corrector Control (PCC), employs a double exponential forecasting filter. Simulations were used to demonstrate that the PCC controller is quicker to respond to step changes and better tracks drifts than traditional controllers (which utilize single exponential filters). Thus, PCC is ideal for supervisory control of microelectronics manufacturing processes, which are known to suffer from machine aging. PCC was demonstrated on a polysilicon gate etch process with encouraging results. For this process, a single wavelength ellipsometer monitored the etch rate at the center of the wafer, and models were employed to relate the etch rate at other sites on the wafer with process conditions and the measured etch rate at the center. The supervisory controller produced setpoints (settings) for the equipment regulatory controllers which achieved a high etch rate process with a maximum specified nonuniformity.
Growth of ternary wurtzite BAlN and BGaN by ENABLE‐MBE

The synthesis of dilute B content BAlN and BGaN has been performed by an advanced MBE technique called ENABLE. ENABLE is a direct chemical activation approach to film growth which uses an energetic beam of neutral N atoms to activate nitride thin film growth. Using the ENABLE-MBE technology, up to 3.1% and 3.5% B has been incorporated in BAlN and BGaN, respectively. XRD scans indicate that the films are single phase and the crystalline quality is high. It has been shown in BAlN that a lower substrate temperature during growth leads to higher level of incorporation of B, with all other parameters held constant. Electrical measurements of BAlN shows reasonable breakdown voltage (∼25 V/µm) and leakage current (–9 nA at –20 V bias). (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Engineering aspects of multichannel processing based on measured noise correlations

The problem of separating seismic signals from noise on a multichannel basis, by making use of the spatial organization of the noise, is discussed. A brief description of the method used to synthesize the multi-channel system on a computer is presented. Results obtained by multichannel processing the outputs from a 19-seismometer array, including signal response, noise response, and signal-to-noise ratio improvement are shown. These results are compared with those obtained by performing a simple summation of the array outputs, and are also compared with those which would be expected from simple summation if the noise were not organized in space. A practical method of applying analog multichannel processing in the field is presented. Finally, examples of teleseismic signals which have been extracted on a multichannel basis are shown.
Time course of gustatory adaptation

Subjects rated the taste of solution-soaked filter paper over time. Adaptation was complete for all compounds at most concentrations. The course was exponential and the same for all conditions. Adaptation was not the result of stimulus loss. The filter-paper technique allows a greater stability of stimulus than other techniques, hence complete adaptation.
Hybrid control of planar rotations

We propose a Lyapunov-based hybrid controller that ensures robust global asymptotic stability of a desired planar orientation, a task that is impossible by continuous or (non-hybrid) discontinuous state feedback due to topological obstructions. The hybrid control structure relies on hysteretically switching between (almost globally) stabilizing control laws which are generated by a family of diffeomorphisms that stretch the space of planar rotations onto itself. A salient feature of the proposed control technique is that it can produce a robustly globally asymptotically stabilizing controller from an existing control law and a corresponding Lyapunov function.
Disorder-induced magneto-oscillations in bilayer graphene at high bias

Energy spectrum of biased bilayer graphene near the bottom has a "Mexican-hat"-like shape. For the Fermi level within the Mexican hat we predict that, apart from conventional magnetooscillations which vanish with temperature, there are additional magnetooscillations which are weakly sensitive to temperature. These oscillations are also insensitive to a long-range disorder. Their period in magnetic field scales with bias, V, as V^2. The origin of these oscillations is the disorder-induced scattering between electron-like and hole-like Fermi-surfaces, specific for Mexican hat.
Importance of Calcium and Magnesium Ions in Phototaxis of Motile Green Algæ

DURING the past year phototactic behaviour has been studied in a number of motile green algae and dinoflagellates at this laboratory and at Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, California1. These flagellates swim either towards the light or away from it, depending upon their recent past environment in ways that are far from being understood. When any of the organisms examined was transferred to fresh medium, a negative phototaxis resulted immediately. The direction of response was independent of light intensity. When the organisms were kept in the same medium for some time, from hours to days, their reaction became positive, irrespective of the light intensity.
Liquid chromatographic determination of pinacidil, a new antihypertensive drug, and its major metabolite, pinacidil N-oxide, in plasma

Two procedures are described, one for the determination of pinacidil, the other for the determination of both pinacidil and its metabolite, pinacidil N-oxide, in plasma. When only parent drug levels are required, the plasma proteins are precipitated with acetonitrile, the solids discarded and the supernatant is evaporated to dryness. The residue is then reconstituted for analysis. For the determination of both drug and metabolite, the analytes are selectively retained from plasma on a solid-phase extraction column and eluted with methanol. After evaporation to dryness, the residue is reconstituted in mobile phase. Both procedures utilize reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separations with ultraviolet detection. The limits of detection are 10 ng/ml pinacidil in plasma and 5 ng/ml each of pinacidil and pinacidil N-oxide in plasma for the two procedures, respectively.
The design and implementation of an individual-based predator–prey model for a distributed computing environment

Abstract A distributed implementation of the Spatially-Explicit Individual-Based Simulation Model of Florida Panther and White-Tailed Deer in the Everglades and Big Cypress Landscapes (SIMPDEL) model is presented. SIMPDEL models the impact of different water management strategies in the South Florida region on the white-tailed deer and the Florida panther populations. SIMPDEL models the interaction of the four interrelated components – vegetation, hydrology, white-tailed deer and Florida panther, over a time span up to several decades. Very similar outputs of bioenergetic and survival statistics were obtained from the serial and distributed models. A performance evaluation of the two models revealed moderate speed improvements for the distributed model (referred to as DSIMPDEL). The 4-processor configuration attained a speed improvement of 3.83 with small deer populations on an ATM-based network of SUN Ultra 2 workstations over the serial model executing on a single SUN Ultra 2 workstation.
Lipoprotein Subpopulation Distributions in Lean, Obese, and Type 2 Diabetic Women: A Comparison of African and White Americans

Objective: Abnormal subpopulation distributions of plasma lipoproteins have been reported in white American (WA) women with obesity and type 2 diabetes that explain part of the elevated rate of cardiovascular disease in these patients. This study examined if these perturbations also occur in obese and diabetic African American (AA) women and compared the lipoprotein profiles with WA counterparts. Research Methods and Procedures: We determined the lipoprotein subpopulation distribution in the plasma of 51 lean women (29 WA, 22 AA, body mass index [BMI] 30), and 43 obese women with type 2 diabetes (27 WA, 16 AA), by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results: AA diabetic women, like WA diabetic women, had a larger average very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) size, elevated levels of small low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and lower levels of small high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), when compared to lean controls (p < 0.05). These differences were accompanied by higher VLDL-triglycerides (TG) and LDL-C in WA (p < 0.05), but not in AA. Although the effects of obesity and diabetes on lipoprotein subpopulation were fairly similar for AA and WA, some racial differences, particularly with respect to HDL, were observed. Discussion: The atherogenic perturbations in lipoprotein profiles of obese AA women, particularly those with diabetes, were relatively similar to those found in WA women and may be contributing to the increased rate of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in AA with obesity and diabetes. The parameters of subpopulation distribution may provide better markers for CVD than lipid concentrations alone, particularly in AA women. Furthermore, subtle racial differences in lipoprotein profiles suggest that race-specific criteria may be needed to screen patients for CVD.
Isotope effect in Ni + C2H4 (C2D4) association reaction

The association reactions of atomic nickel with ethene and fully deuterated ethene in carbon dioxide buffer gas at 295 K have been investigated in the pressure range 5–100 torr, using a laser photolysis-laser fluorescence technique. By comparison with results of ab initio quantum chemistry calculations for the complex Ni[C2H4], the data are shown to be consistent with reaction on both ground and excited state potential energy surfaces. A simple rate equations treatment is described which shows the form of the pressure dependence of the second-order recombination rate coefficient in this case. Under conditions which are expected to hold for the Ni + C2H4 (C2D4) reaction, the pressure dependence has the standard Lindemann-Hinshelwood form, with the limiting high pressure rate constant given by an apparent value which reflects the degree to which the participating electronic states are coupled by nonadiabatic transitions. The limiting high pressure behavior of the recombination rate coefficient for Ni + C2H4 is not strongly affected by deuterium isotope substitution. However, the effect on the low pressure rate constant is large and consistent with RRKM unimolecular reaction theory. This validates the use of RRKM calculations for estimating the binding energy of the complex from kinetic data. The binding energy of Ni[C2H4] is estimated to be 35.2 ± 4.2 kcal mol−1. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
THE NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY COLONY OF ATOPIC DOGS.

Abstract Twelve cases of dogs with spontaneous allergic disease to pollen antigen are reported. Four of these dogs have been established as a permanent colony for the comparative study of canine and human allergic disease.
MHD and EMH effects in POS gap opening

Summary form only given. Conduction and opening processes of plasma opening switches (POS) are examined with the aid of numerical simulations. In a POS, a plasma initially bridges a small axial region of the transmission line of an inductive energy storage generator. A section of vacuum transmission line then connects the POS region to a load. The plasma initially carries the generator current, allowing no current to flow to the load. Modifications to the plasma or to the current distribution in the plasma eventually open the POS, allowing power to flow to the load. These modifications can occur by a variety of different mechanisms: by plasma deformation and displacement, by magnetic field transport, or by a combination of such effects. Deformation and displacement are carried out by J/spl times/B forces and by electrostatic forces (ion erosion) associated with electron vortices. Magnetic field penetration can occur by electron-magneto-hydrodynamic (EMH) effects or resistive diffusion. Both particle-in-cell (PIC) and MHD codes are used to demonstrate many of these effects. In these simulations, a wide range of plasma densities (n/sub e/=5/spl times/10/sup 12/-5/spl times/10/sup 15/ cm/sup -3/) are examined.
Limitations of widely used high-risk human papillomavirus laboratory-developed testing in cervical cancer screening.

OBJECTIVE: To increase awareness of the limitations of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) laboratory-developed testing (LDT) widely used in US cervical cancer screening. METHODS AND RESULTS: A young woman in her 30s was diagnosed and treated for stage 1B1 cervical squamous cell carcinoma in which HPV 16 DNA was detected using polymerase chain reaction testing. Both 1 month before and 42 months before cervical cancer diagnosis, the patient had highly abnormal cytology findings; however, residual SurePath™ (Becton, Dickson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ) vial fluid yielded negative Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2; Qiagen NV, Hilden, Germany) hrHPV LDT results from each of the two specimens. This prompted questions to be asked concerning the performance characteristics of hrHPV LDT. A review of the available data indicates that (1) purification of DNA from SurePath specimens requires complex sample preparation due to formaldehyde crosslinking of proteins and nucleic acids, (2) HC2-SurePath hrHPV testing had not been Food and Drug Administration-approved after multiple premarket approval submissions, (3) detectible hrHPV DNA in the SurePath vial decreases over time, and (4) US laboratories performing HC2-SurePath hrHPV LDT testing are not using a standardized manufacturer-endorsed procedure. CONCLUSION: Recently updated cervical screening guidelines in the US recommend against the use of hrHPV LDT in cervical screening, including widely used HC2 testing from the SurePath vial. The manufacturer recently issued a technical bulletin specifically warning that use of SurePath samples with the HC2 hrHPV test may provide false negative results and potentially compromise patient safety. Co-collection using a Food and Drug Administration-approved hrHPV test medium is recommended for HPV testing of patients undergoing cervical screening using SurePath samples.
Proof of the ionic character of the interaction of K with Si(100): A cluster model study

Abstract The nature of the bonding of K chemisorbed on Si(100) has been determined from analyses of ab initio electronic wavefunctions for clusters which model K./Si(100), In contrast to many recent claims, several different criteria provide totally consistent, and definitive evidence that this is an ionic bond; covalent effects are negligible. This finding is essential for understanding surface metallization of semiconductors. Furthermore, consequences of the ionic bond for the vibrational spectra of K/Si(100) are predicted and await experimental verification.
The quantum Sturm-Liouville equation, quantum resolvent, quantum integrals, and quantum KdV: The fast decrease case

We construct quantum operators solving the quantum versions of the Sturm-Liouville equation and the resolvent equation, and show the existence of conserved currents. The construction depends on the following input data: the basic quantum field O(k) and the regularization.
Haptic-Based Product Prototyping and Virtual Sculpting Using Visibility Sphere Marching Algorithm in Constructing Polyhedral Models

This paper presents a visibility sphere marching algorithm of constructing polyhedral models from Dexel volume models in haptic virtual sculpting for virtual prototyping and manufacturing. This paper presents a top-down approach in analyzing the conversion problem. The proposed visibility sphere marching algorithm is composed of 3 sub-algorithms: roof and floor covering, wall-building and hole-filling algorithms. Dexel volume model is used as the in-process model representation during interactive modification in a virtual sculpting system. The stock material represented in Dexel volume model is sculpted into a designed model using a developed haptic sculpting system. The sculpted Dexel volume model can be converted to polyhedral surface model in STL format by the proposed visibility sphere marching algorithm. Polyhedral surface model can then be input to and processed by available CAM (Computer-aided Manufacturing) or RP (Rapid Prototyping) systems. The presented technique can be used in virtual sculpting, CAD/CAM, NC (numerically-controlled) machining verification, and rapid prototyping.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
AVP neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus regulate feeding

Melanocortins and their receptors are critical components of energy homeostasis and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) is an important site of melanocortin action. Although best known for its role in osmoregulation, arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been implicated in feeding and is robustly expressed in the PVH. Since the anorectic melanocortin agonist MTII activates PVH-AVP neurons, we hypothesized that PVH-AVP neurons contribute to PVH-mediated anorexia. To test this, we used an AVP-specific Cre-driver mouse in combination with viral vectors to acutely manipulate PVH-AVP neuron function. Using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) to control PVH-AVP neuron activity, we show that activation of PVH-AVP neurons acutely inhibits food intake, whereas their inhibition partially reverses melanocortin-induced anorexia. We further show that MTII fails to fully suppress feeding in mice with virally-induced PVH-AVP neuron ablation. Thus PVH-AVP neurons contribute to feeding behaviors, including the acute anorectic response to MTII.
A brief history of computer support for writing centers and writing-across-the-curriculum programs

Abstract I trace the evolution of computer support for writing centers and writing-across-the-curriculum (WAC) programs. Calling attention to differences in the rate of adoption and in the type of technology favored by scholars in each area, I discuss their adoption of technology within the context of their varying instructional goals. I consider early work, beginning in the 1970s, in computer-aided instruction (CAI), the development of computer-based management tools, the growing importance of style- and grammar-analysis software, word-processing programs, electronic networks through the 1980s and into the early 1990s, and the rise of interest in using the World Wide Web to support the missions of writing centers and WAC programs. I conclude by speculating briefly on future directions for technological support for writing centers and WAC programs.
Athermal holographic filters

This letter presents the theory and experimental results of an athermal holographic filter design employing a thermally actuated microelectromechanical system mirror to compensate for the drift of Bragg wavelength due to changes of temperature. The center wavelength of our holographic filter is shown to remain constant from 21/spl deg/C to 60/spl deg/C.
Coherent Optical Transponder at Femto–Watt Light Levels

We investigated two schemes for coherent optical transponder at extremely low light levels. Optical phase locking at femtowatt levels has been demonstrated and characterized. We also discuss an alternative “injection seeded” approach, and ranging experiments.
Development of CdxZn1−xTe alloy thin films for tandem solar cell applications

We report our development efforts for Cd x Zn 1-x Te alloy thin films for tandem solar cells. We used three aspects of CdTe solar cell fabrication considered key to high performance: high-temperature deposition, post-deposition CdCl 2 heat treatment, and use of O 2 ambient during device processing. We used bilayers of CdTe and ZnTe as the basis for the formation of Cd x Zn 1-x Te alloy. Use of oxygen at any stage of the processing proved to be problematic due to the formation of ZnO, which resulted in two-phase mixture of CdTe and ZnO. These results can explain the poor performance of Cd x Zn 1-x Te alloy thin-film solar cells reported by several groups. We carried out oxygen free processing of the bilayer stacks and post-deposition heat treatments. Heat treatment in the presence of CdCl 2 vapor resulted in the interaction between ZnTe and CdCl 2 and the loss of Zn in the form of ZnCl 2 . Heat treatments of the stack in He ambient resulted in the interdiffusion of the two layers. The composition profiles of the intermixed alloy region were influenced mainly by temperature and the time of the treatment. It is possible to obtain either uniform or graded alloy profiles by adjusting the two parameters. It is possible to adjust the composition of the resuting alloy by adjusting the thickness ratio of CdTe and ZnTe layers. We discuss suitability of the alloy formation using the CdTe/ZnTe bilayers for the top cell fabrication of two-junction tandem solar cells.
Soliton diffusion in polyacetylene. III. Low-temperature regime

The soliton diffusion in the temperature region $Tl{T}_{0}(\ensuremath{\equiv}2m{c}^{2})$ is analyzed theoretically within the Su, Schrieffer, and Heeger model. Here $m$ is the soliton mass and $c$ is the acoustic-phonon velocity. It is shown that the diffusion constant increases exponentially like $\mathrm{exp}(\frac{{T}_{0}}{T})$ as the temperature $T$ is decreased below ${T}_{0}$. This temperature dependence appears to be consistent with some of the recent nuclear-magnetic-resonance experiments in pristine polyacetylene.