cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IMPACT OF GRAZING MANAGEMENT ON THE CARBON AND NITROGEN BALANCE OF A MIXED-GRASS RANGELAND

Rangeland grazing management strategies have been developed in an effort to sustain efficient use of forage resources by livestock. However, the effects of grazing on the redistribution and cycling of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) within the plant–soil system are not well understood. We examined the plant–soil C and N balances of a mixed-grass rangeland under three livestock stocking rates using an area that had not been grazed by domestic livestock for more than 40 years. We established nongrazed exclosures and pastures subjected to continuous season-long grazing at either a light stocking rate (20 steer-days/ha) or a heavy stocking rate (59 steer-days/ha, ∼50% utilization of annual production). Twelve years of grazing under these stocking rates did not change the total masses of C and N in the plant–soil (0–60 cm) system but did change the distribution of C and N among the system components, primarily via a significant increase in the masses of C and N in the root zone (0–30 cm) of the soil profile. The m...
Human Lactational Response to Oral Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone

Several studies were designed to evaluate the effect of oral TRH on prolactin (PRL) secretion and mammary function in nursing women. Initially, efficacy was studied in nursing women following 5 mg TRH. PRL levels rose to a mean maximum of 46.3 ng/ml above baseline at 60 minPlasma TSH also increased from a mean baseline of 2.6 to 17.6 μU/ml at 180 min. No changes were observed following placebo. In order to observe the long term effects of oral TRH, two groups of women in full nursing werestudied. Beginning on day 29 postpartum, either 5 mg TRH or placebo were taken twice daily for four weeks. No chronic elevations were observed in maternal PRL and TSH or in infant TSH before or after one month of either regimen. Milk composition expressed interms of per cent protein and per cent fat did not differ between the groups. Weekly gonadotropinlevels were also similar as were infant weight gain and growth. In a group of women with lactationalinsufficiency receiving 5–20 mg TRH twice daily for five days, basal PRL...
The State of Local Democracy in Britain

The logo for the Whitehall department responsible for English councils is a large capital ‘C’ spelling out the word ‘Communities’, sitting above a lower case (a magnifying glass may be required for middle aged eyes) ‘local government’. So it is ‘Communities & local government’ (CLG) and the signature of the current incumbent as Secretary of State is that of Hazel Blears, whose enthusiasm for ‘communities’ can be traced through a steady convoy of Government White Papers and legislation. The 2007 Local Government & Public Involvement in Health Act', for example, is soon to be followed by a ‘Regeneration and Democracy’ Bill currently making its way through Parliament. It is the final part of a relentless sequence of central government tinkering with local government, which is unequalled in the rest of Europe. Ostensibly, all of this frenetic activity is about the need to tackle an ailing local democracy and a disengaged local electorate. This scenario only fully works if one ignores the highly centralised sy...
Interfacial chemistry of p-silicon semiconductor liquid junctions

Abstract Interfacial chemistry of p-silicon semiconductor—liquid junctions has been examined for the acetonitrile solvent system containing cobaltocene/cobaltocinium as a redox couple. The action of a dilute solution component and positive charge carriers at the semiconductor surface are shown to react to corrode the silicon surface. Treatment of the p-silicon surface with aluminum fluoride dissolved in hydrofluoric acid is shown to create an oxide layer that has some passivating effects of the silicon surface. The aluminum oxide surface is characterized, and a Friedel—Krafts like mechanism for its formation is proposed.
The effect of water on the viscosity of silicate melts: A configurational entropy approach

An analysis of the influence of water (<1500 ppmw) on viscosity in lithium disilicate melt has been conducted in light of the Adam-Gibbs (AG) structural relaxation model. Using information from prior relaxation studies and viscosity measurements, estimates were obtained for the physical parameters that appear in the AG model. The resulting viscosity predictions properly reflect the influence of hydroxyl on melt viscosity and the estimated configurational entropy for lithium disilicate is in accord with estimates for other compositions. The flexibility inherent in the Adam-Gibbs model allows for direct extension to multicomponent, high water content silicate melts given relevant thermodynamic and kinetic data.
The College Student Subjective Wellbeing Questionnaire: A Brief, Multidimensional Measure of Undergraduate’s Covitality

This study reports on the preliminary development and validation of the College Student Subjective Wellbeing Questionnaire (CSSWQ) with two subsamples of undergraduates. The CSSWQ is a brief, multidimensional, domain-specific measure of college students’ covitality—operationalized by a measurement model comprised of four first-order latent constructs (i.e., academic efficacy, college gratitude, school connectedness, and academic satisfaction) and one second-order latent construct (i.e., college student covitality). Results from exploratory factor analyses, conducted with the first subsample (n = 387), were used to refine a 15-item, four-subscale version of the CSSWQ, which demonstrated strong internal consistency and concurrent validity with several global indicators of subjective wellbeing. Results from confirmatory factor analyses, conducted with the second subsample (n = 584), corroborated the CSSWQ’s four-factor structure and supported the second-order latent construct of college-student covitality. Further concurrent validity analyses conducted with the second subsample, using latent-variable path analysis, indicated that the college-student covitality variable was a strong predictor of both psychological distress and psychological wellness. Analysis of variance also indicated that, when compared with global covitality status (i.e., below average, low average, high average, or above average), college-student covitality status had a stronger effect and thus incremental validity in relation to academic achievement. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Morphology and flight manoeuvrability in New World leaf‐nosed bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

The relationship between wing morphology and ability to manoeuvre through an obstacle course was examined in five species of bats in the Neotropical family Phyllostomidae. These species represent a range of morphologies and feeding adaptations: Tonatia silvicola, a surface-gleaning insectivore; Artibeus jamaicensis and A. literatus, canopy frugivores; and Carollia perspicillata and C. castanea, understory frugivores. Bats of known morphology were presented with three different obstacle arrangements chosen in random order. In order to control for wing span, spacing between obstacles was scaled to the wing span of the individual (1×, 0.75×, 0.5× the wing span of the bat). Performance was measured as the number of times a bat hit an obstacle hard enough to deflect it. Morphological variables were analysed using principal components analysis and were summarized by the first two principal components (PC): PC 1, ‘size’, with which size-related variables were strongly, positively correlated; PC 2, ‘camber’, on which variables associated with maximum depth of wing camber weighted most heavily. Obstacle course performance was significantly correlated with both size and camber at all obstacle spacings: larger bats hit more obstacles, even though obstacle spacing was scaled to wing span, and bats with better ability to camber wings hit fewer obstacles. These results show that bat species that forage in more cluttered habitats are more likely to be small in size and/or have wings able to produce the high camber necessary to maintain lift at low flight speeds.
Leveraging cache coherence in active memory systems

Active memory systems help processors overcome the memory wall when applications exhibit poor cache behavior. They consist of either active memory elements that perform data parallel computations in the memory system itself, or an active memory controller that supports address re-mapping techniques that improve data locality. Both active memory approaches create coherence problems---even on uniprocessor systems---since there are either additional processors operating on the data directly, or the processor is allowed to refer to the same data via more than one address. While most active memory implementations require cache flushes, we propose a new technique to solve the coherence problem by extending the coherence protocol. Our active memory controller leverages and extends the coherence mechanism, so that re-mapping techniques work transparently on both uniprocessor and multiprocessor systems.We present a microarchitecture for an active memory controller with a programmable core and specialized hardware that accelerates cache line assembly and disassembly. We present detailed simulation results that show uniprocessor speedup from 1.3 to 7.6 on a range of applications and microbenchmarks. In addition to uniprocessor speedup, we show single-node multiprocessor speedup for parallel active memory applications and discuss how the same controller architecture supports coherent multi-node systems called active memory clusters.
Coronal mass ejections of solar cycle 23

I summarize the statistical, physical, and morphological properties of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) of solar cycle 23, as observed by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission. The SOHO data is by far the most extensive data, which made it possible to fully establish the properties of CMEs as a phenomenon of utmost importance to Sun-Earth connection as well as to the heliosphere. I also discuss various subsets of CMEs that are of primary importance for their impact on Earth.
NEUTRON SCATTERING STUDY OF MAGNETIC ORDER IN A Tb0.5Dy0.5 SINGLE CRYSTAL

On observe l'apparition d'une phase antiferromagnetique en spirale (par decroissance de la temperature) puis d'une phase ferromagnetique
Knowing words and understanding texts

It is not only whether a child knows the words in a text, but also how well the words are known that affects comprehension.
Electronic structure of ladder polymers

Abstract Various types of ladder polymers are compared using geometry optimization and energy band theory.
New Lidar method utilizing elastic and Raman scattering for the measurement of backscattering and extinction profiles

We describe a new lidar method capable of distinguishing between molecular and particulate backscattering. This method avoids the use of sophisticated high spectral resolution techniques by employing one laser, two transmitted wavelengths, and the observation of three different lidar return signals. For a system based on a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser emitting at 532 nm, Raman shifting in a N2 gas cell generates a second wavelength at 607 nm. The transmission of laser pulses is alternated between these two wavelengths. When a 532 nm pulse is transmitted, both the backscattering near 532 nm and the Raman-shifted backscattering by atmospheric N2 near 607 nm are observed. For the lidar transmissions at 607 nm, only the combined particulate and molecular signal is observed. If a region of aerosol-free air occurs at some distance within the lidar range, the product (or geometric mean) of the backscatter ratios can be determined as a function of range, directly from the three relevant lidar equations. Under minimal assumptions as to the change of the aerosol backscatter coefficient between the two transmitted wavelengths, the extraction of absolute extinction and backscatter coefficient range-profiles for both wavelengths is demonstrated. Initial error analysis suggests that the method has considerable promise for quantitative lidar applications. The technique will be useful in tropospheric studies, such as visibility measurements, and at higher altitudes where extinction by volcanic aerosols has to be taken into account in obtaining reliable temperature profiles throughout the stratosphere.
Support for Research in Social Psychology at the National Science Foundation

Data from the Social and Developmental Psychology Program at the National Science Foundation (NSF) were analyzed for general trends in funding from 1956 through 1987. All 628 new grant proposals for fiscal years 1982 through 1987 were analyzed in detail. Success rates, proportion of total proposals submitted, and proportion of awards are presented by seniority, sex, status of PhD-granting department, status of submitting department, resubmissions, and subject area. There was no discernible pattern for seniority or sex. Researchers trained in Distinguished or Strong departments had higher success rates than those from Adequate or Good departments. However, status of submitting institution may be more important in the success rate than where the PhD was earned. Only status of submitting department was significantly related to success rate over the six years examined. Overall results show that a variety of investigators, institutions, and subject areas are represented among awards made since 1981.
On the Energy Release Rate During Global Thermo-Mechanically-Induced Phase Transformation in Shape Memory Alloys

In this work, the effect of thermo-mechanically-induced global phase transformation (actuation) on the crack driving force in Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) is investigated by means of the finite element method. The prototype problem of an infinite center-cracked SMA plate is analyzed during a thermal cycle in isobaric, plane strain loading conditions. The temperature variation is sufficient to induce global phase transformation. The Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT) is employed to measure the crack tip energy release rate during the entire actuation cycle. Results show that the energy release rate can increase drastically during actuation, an order of magnitude for specific material systems. This in turn implies that crack growth may be triggered as a result of thermo-mechanically-induced phase transformation. The sensitivity of the crack tip energy release rate during actuation on key thermo-mechanical parameters is studied.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Model for decomposition of organic material by microorganisms

Abstract A theoretical model which gives the rate of microbial decomposition of organic material (plant or animal residues, or soil organic matter) is presented. Explicit equations for the rate of decomposition, mineralizations and immobilization are given. The main assumption of the model is that the rate of decomposition of any substrate is proportional to the growth rate of its decomposers. The main results of the model are: 1. Addition of extra nitrogen to materials poor in nitrogen increase their rate of decomposition; 2. Addition of extra nitrogen to a substrate whose initial carbon/nitrogen ratio is above a critical ratio (20–30) causes a decrease in the substrate's carbon/nitrogen ratio during its decomposition; 3. If the initial carbon/nitrogen ratio is below the critical one, no change in the substrate's ratio will occur with time; 4. Net mineralization of organic-nitrogen occurs when the substrate being decomposed has an initial carbon/nitrogen ratio which is below the critical one; 5. Addition of ammonium to such a substrate (point 4) will increase the rate of organic-nitrogen mineralization but not necessarily the rate of net mineralization. All the model results are analytical and independent of the values for the various parameters. Nevertheless the application of the model to real field conditions is discussed while presenting a numerical example.
Note: Index of refraction measurement using the Fresnel equations

The real part of the refractive index is measured from 1.30 to above 3.00 without the use of index matching fluids. This approach expands upon the Brewster angle technique as both S and P polarized lights are used and the full Fresnel equations fitted to the data to extract the index of refraction using nonlinear curve fitting.
The vibrational spectra and structure of α-chloroacetic acid

Abstract Polarized mid-infrared spectra of single crystals as well as those of a highly oriented polycrystalline film of α-chloroacetic acid have been obtained. The fundamental frequencies have been assigned based on these spectra, the Raman spectrum of the solid acid and the infrared spectrum of α-chloroacetic acid-d1 and assuming an oriented gas model of the crystal. The data are most consistent with a hydrogen bonded polymeric structure for α-chloroacetic acid.
Lithography-free fabrication of reconfigurable substrate topography for contact guidance

Abstract Mammalian cells detect and respond to topographical cues presented in natural and synthetic biomaterials both in vivo and in vitro. Micro- and nano-structures influence the adhesion, morphology, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of many phenotypes. Although the mechanisms that underpin cell–topography interactions remain elusive, synthetic substrates with well-defined micro- and nano-structures are important tools to elucidate the origin of these responses. Substrates with reconfigurable topography are desirable because programmable cues can be harmonized with dynamic cellular responses. Here we present a lithography-free fabrication technique that can reversibly present topographical cues using an actuation mechanism that minimizes the confounding effects of applied stimuli. This method utilizes strain-induced buckling instabilities in bilayer substrate materials with rigid uniform silicon oxide membranes that are thermally deposited on elastomeric substrates. The resulting surfaces are capable of reversible of substrates between three distinct states: flat substrates (A = 1.53 ± 0.55 nm; Rms = 0.317 ± 0.048 nm); parallel wavy grating arrays ( A ∥ = 483.6 ± 7.8 nm; λ ∥ = 4.78 ± 0.16 μm); perpendicular wavy grating arrays ( A ⊥ = 429.3 ± 5.8 nm; λ ⊥ = 4.95 ± 0.36 μm). The cytoskeleton dynamics of 3T3 fibroblasts in response to these surfaces was measured using optical microscopy. Fibroblasts cultured on dynamic substrates that are switched from flat to topographic features (FLAT-WAVY) exhibit a robust and rapid change in gross morphology as measured by a reduction in circularity from 0.30 ± 0.13 to 0.15 ± 0.08 after 5 min. Conversely, dynamic substrate sequences of FLAT-WAVY-FLAT do not significantly alter the gross steady-state morphology. Taken together, substrates that present topographic structures reversibly can elucidate dynamic aspects of cell–topography interactions.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Neurophysiological Markers for Emotion and Emotion Regulation

In psychology, the latter half of the twentieth century was characterized by a cognitive revolution. Now, we may be in the midst of an affective revolution, in which the roles of emotion and its re...
New approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of venous obstruction

Abstract Diagnosis of chronic venous obstruction has hitherto depended on phlebographic assessment alone. The pitfalls in this method are noted and two simple hemodynamic techniques for measurement of venous obstruction are described. The techniques are easily performed, have a high degree of sensitivity and specificity, and are particularly useful in assessing various therapeutic approaches to venous obstruction. Our experience with a variety of surgical procedures for venous obstruction is described. Two such new procedures, primary arteriovenous fistula and perforator bypass for peripheral venous obstruction, are described in detail. (J VASC SURG 1986;4:42-54.)
Relative allergenicity of cow's milk and cow's milk-based formulas in an animal model

Human infants fed cow's milk or cow's milk-based formula may become intolerant to milk proteins partially because of allergic reactions. However, the relative allergenicity of these diets has not been clearly determined at the intestinal level. In this study, the allergenicity of cow's milk and milk-based formula was evaluated by examining intestinal anaphylaxis caused by challenge with a milk protein fraction, beta-lactoglobulin (beta LG), in guinea pigs orally sensitized to these diets. Colonic segments were removed and challenged with beta LG. An antigen-induced, anaphylactically mediated elevation of transmural short circuit current, which is caused by net chloride (Cl-) secretion, was measured in Ussing chambers as an index of local immune responsiveness. After removal of the colon, all guinea pigs were challenged by intracardiac injection with beta LG to examine the onset of bronchospasm, a test for systemic anaphylaxis. Whereas colonic segments from all guinea pigs fed whole cow's milk responded to challenge with beta LG, segments from only 60% of animals fed cow's milk formula responded to the challenge. In addition, the responders in the latter group had a significantly lower magnitude of beta LG-induced Cl- secretion compared with animals sensitized to whole cow's milk. In parallel, bronchospasm developed in all guinea pigs fed whole cow's milk. In the group of animals fed cow's milk formula, bronchospasm developed only in those who responded to the intestinal challenge. On the basis of these results, cow's milk-based formula has less sensitizing power than whole cow's milk in our animal model, and our approach is effective in testing allergenicity at the intestinal level.
Spatial dynamics in a host–multiparasitoid community

1. The harlequin bug, a herbivore on bladderpod, is attacked by two specialist egg parasitoids Trissolcus murgantiae and Ooencyrtus johnsonii. Ooencyrtus can out-compete Trissolcus in the laboratory, but coexistence is the norm in field populations. Despite the heavy mortality inflicted by the two parasitoids, the host–parasitoid interaction is persistent in all sites that have been studied in southern California. 2. I manipulated inter-patch distances in a field experiment to determine whether spatial processes drive parasitoid coexistence and/or host–parasitoid dynamics. I first tested the hypothesis that the parasitoids coexist via a dispersal–competition trade-off. Both parasitoid species took significantly longer to colonize isolated patches than well-connected patches, suggesting that they have comparable dispersal abilities. Ooencyrtus did not exclude Trissolcus even when inter-patch distances were reduced to 25–30% of those observed in natural populations. These data suggest that parasitoid coexistence can occur in the absence of a dispersal advantage to the inferior competitor. 3. Since the treatments with isolated vs. well-connected patches did not differ in parasitoid composition, I next asked whether isolation would destabilize, or drive extinct, the host–multiparasitoid interaction. No local extinctions of bugs or parasitoids were observed during the 18-month study period. Bug populations in the isolated patches were no more variable than those in the well-connected patches. In fact, temporal variability in the experimentally isolated patches was comparable to that observed in highly isolated natural populations. 4. These data argue against a strong effect of spatial processes on host–parasitoid dynamics. Local processes may mediate both parasitoid coexistence as well as the host–parasitoid interaction.
Automatic cell counting with ImageJ

Cell counting is an important routine procedure. However, to date there is no comprehensive, easy to use, and inexpensive solution for routine cell counting, and this procedure usually needs to be performed manually. Here, we report a complete solution for automatic cell counting in which a conventional light microscope is equipped with a web camera to obtain images of a suspension of mammalian cells in a hemocytometer assembly. Based on the ImageJ toolbox, we devised two algorithms to automatically count these cells. This approach is approximately 10 times faster and yields more reliable and consistent results compared with manual counting.
Designing for competence: spaces that enhance collaboration readiness in healthcare

Many universities in the United States are investing in classrooms and campuses designed to increase collaboration and teamwork among the health professions. To date, we know little about whether these learning spaces are having the intended impact on student performance. Recent advances in the identification of interprofessional teamwork competencies provide a much-needed step toward a defined outcome metric. Rigorous study of the relationship between design and student competence in collaboration also requires clear specification of design concepts and development of testable frameworks. Such theory-based evaluation is crucial for design to become an integral part of interprofessional education strategies and initiatives. Current classroom and campus designs were analyzed for common themes and features in collaborative spaces as a starting place for specification of design concepts and model development. Four major themes were identified: flexibility, visual transparency/proximity, technology and environmental infrastructure. Potential models linking this preliminary set of design concepts to student competencies are proposed and used to generate hypotheses for future study of the impact of collaborative design spaces on student outcomes.
E2-mediated Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) Modification of Thymine DNA Glycosylase Is Efficient but Not Selective for the Enzyme-Product Complex

Thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) initiates the repair of G·T mismatches that arise by deamination of 5-methylcytosine (mC), and it excises 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine, oxidized forms of mC. TDG functions in active DNA demethylation and is essential for embryonic development. TDG forms a tight enzyme-product complex with abasic DNA, which severely impedes enzymatic turnover. Modification of TDG by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins weakens its binding to abasic DNA. It was proposed that sumoylation of product-bound TDG regulates product release, with SUMO conjugation and deconjugation needed for each catalytic cycle, but this model remains unsubstantiated. We examined the efficiency and specificity of TDG sumoylation using in vitro assays with purified E1 and E2 enzymes, finding that TDG is modified efficiently by SUMO-1 and SUMO-2. Remarkably, we observed similar modification rates for free TDG and TDG bound to abasic or undamaged DNA. To examine the conjugation step directly, we determined modification rates (kobs) using preformed E2∼SUMO-1 thioester. The hyperbolic dependence of kobs on TDG concentration gives kmax = 1.6 min(-1) and K1/2 = 0.55 μM, suggesting that E2∼SUMO-1 has higher affinity for TDG than for the SUMO targets RanGAP1 and p53 (peptide). Whereas sumoylation substantially weakens TDG binding to DNA, TDG∼SUMO-1 still binds relatively tightly to AP-DNA (Kd ∼50 nM). Although E2∼SUMO-1 exhibits no specificity for product-bound TDG, the relatively high conjugation efficiency raises the possibility that E2-mediated sumoylation could stimulate product release in vivo. This and other implications for the biological role and mechanism of TDG sumoylation are discussed.
Studies in Furnace Analysis: Prediction of Tunnel Kiln Performance by Application of the Integral Energy Equation

Analysis of tunnel kiln performance to determine the relation between input energy (Hf) and useful output energy (Hs), by application of the integral energy equation, is shown to lead to a firing equation of standard form. This is a concave-upward curve, from an idle firing rate (Hfo) at zero output to, theoretically, an infinite firing rate at a maximum output (Hsm). The corresponding curve for the thermal efficiency, η = Hs/Hf, then also follows the standard form, being an asymmetric, inverted U-shape. The auxiliary expressions obtained for the constants in the firing equation: idle heat, maximum output, and intrinsic efficiency (αroo), are then all shown to have significant dependence on the heat exchanger elements incorporated in the tunnel kiln design. Unusually, for the optimum design configuration at the theoretical adiabatic limit, the thermal efficiency for this system converges to 100%, and the processing efficiency can converge to infinity. These are limits that are impossible to achieve in pr...
Immunofluorescent Studies of Dermatomyositis

Indirect immunofluorescent studies on the sera of 21 patients with dermatomyositis and direct immunofluorescent studies of 13 biopsy specimens were carried out. Findings indicate the possibility of im
Magnetic field dependence of solvent proton relaxation rates induced by Gd3+ and Mn2+ complexes of various polyaza macrocyclic ligands: implications for NMR imaging.

The magnetic field dependence of the solvent water proton longitudinal relaxation rate 1/T1 (the NMRD profile) has been measured for solutions of chelates of Gd3+ and Mn2+ ions with two different polyaza macrocyclic ligands: 1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane-N, N′, N″,-triacetic acid (NOTA) and 1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-N, N′, N″, N‴,-tetraacetic acid (DOTA). Studies were carried out mainly near physiological pH, but the pH dependence was also examined in some cases. The results are compared with published data for complexes of Gd3+ and Mn2+ ions with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetie acid (DTPA). Competition experiments for the NOTA and DOTA chelates with EDTA and DTPA were also performed. It is found that, over the field range in which NMR imaging is currently being done, different symmetries of otherwise similar chemical ligands can alter 1/T1 of solvent protons by factors of up to three. The ligand environment can influence the relaxation times of the electronic spin moments of the ions, as well as their coordination number, thereby changing both the inner and outer sphere contributions to the relaxivities of the complexes. The relevance of these results to questions of efficiency and toxicity of these chelates as agents for enhancement of contrast in NMR images is discussed. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
Diffuse periventricular and meningeal glioma.

Diffuse periventricular and meningeal gliomatosis occurring together in one patient without underlying definite infiltrative mass is a rare occurrence. A 46 year old woman suffered severe recurrent headaches for the last 18 months of her life. An acute confusional illness with increased intracranial pressure appeared 4 months before death and was followed by progressive mental deterioration, multiple cranial nerve palsies, weakness, muscle atrophy, sensory loss involving all four extremities and loss of bowel and bladder control. Postmortem diffuse glioma was found to involve the periventricular regions of the 3rd and 4th ventricles and the subarachnoid space throughout the cerebrospinal axis, along and around the cranial and spinal nerves. It is suggested in this case that the primary neoplastic change occurred in the subependymal glia with subsequent seeding of tumor cells throughout the subarachnoid space via cerebrospinal fluid pathways.
Prenatal consultation with a neonatologist prior to preterm delivery.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the usefulness of prenatal consultation with a neonatologist before preterm birth. STUDY DESIGN: A questionnaire was administered to mothers 1 week before home discharge of their preterm infant in a single regional level III neonatal intensive care unit. RESULTS: Sixty-seven mothers completed the questionnaire; 84% indicated the consult was useful and 71% were comforted by the consult. However, mothers <30 weeks' gestation were less likely to be comforted after the consult compared to those ≥30 weeks. Most frequently, mothers indicated that they were provided with too little detail about retinopathy of prematurity and intraventricular hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: Most mothers delivering a preterm infant describe the prenatal consultation with a neonatologist as useful. The majority of mothers are comforted by the information presented.
Intestinal hydrolysis, metabolism and transport of a pesticidal carbamate in pH 6.5 medium.

Abstract The metabolism and transport of (1-naphthyl-1-14C) N-methylcarbamate by everted sacs of rat small intestine in pH 6.5 medium were remarkably different from those reported for a pH 7.4 medium. Active liberation of naphthol from the carbamate by the intestine was demonstrated, and the rate of hydrolysis was greater in cranial than in mid or caudal intestine. Water-soluble 14C-metabolites were also synthesized more rapidly in cranial than in mid or caudal intestine. The major 14C-metabolite cochromatographed with naphthyl glucuronide, previously found to be the major metabolite in pH 7.4 medium. Net mucosal-to-serosal transfer of 14C occurred throughout the intestine but was most rapid in the cranial section. The serosal: mucosal concentration gradient of the water-soluble 14C-metabolites was greatest in the caudal section.
Stathmokinetic analysis of human epidermal cells in vitro

Proliferation kinetics of cultured human epidermal cells is characterized in quantitative terms. Three distinct subpopulations of keratinocytes, two of which are cycling have been discriminated by two parameter DNA/RNA flow cytometry. Based on mathematical modelling, the cell cycle parameters of the cycling subpopulations have been assessed from stathmokinetic data collected at different time points after initiation of cultures (7–15 days). the first subpopulation is composed of low-RNA cells which resemble basal keratinocytes of epidermis and which show some characteristics of stem cells; these cells have a mean generation time of approximately 100 hr. the second subpopulation consists of high-RNA cells, resembling stratum spinosum cells of epidermis, which have an average generation time of approximately 40 hr. the third subpopulation consists of non-cycling cells with Go/G1 DNA content, with cytochemical features similar to those of cells in granular layer of epidermis. The results based on modelling can reproduce with acceptable accuracy the actual growth curve of the cultured cell population. Analysis of kinetics and differentiation of human keratinocytes is of interest in view of the recent application of cultured epidermal cell sheets for transplantation onto burn wounds. the results of this study also reveal the existence of regulatory mechanisms associated with proliferation and differentiation in the cultured epidermal cell population.
Chemical Interactions of Dross with Water and Water Vapor in Aluminum Scrap Remelting

Remelting of Aluminum alloys such as Used Beverage Container (UBC) is done under a cover of molten salt flux based on NaCl-KCl. After the remelting process is over, the used flux (called dross) reacts with water vapor to produce gaseous emissions. Dross is also leached by dissolving in water and subsequently crystallized to regenerate the salt flux for reuse. This leaching process also generates emissions. The calculations indicate that the trace components, such as AlN and Al 4 C 3 present the dross react with water (or water vapor) to produce NH 3 (g) and CH 4 (g) in quantities greater than HCl (g) or HF (g) generated from reactions of NaCI, KCI, and NaF with water or water vapor.
The longitudinal Guttman simplex: A new methodology for measurement of dynamic constructs in longitudinal panel studies

Traditional psychometric procedures can be inade quate for the measurement of dynamic constructs in longitudinal panel studies. This paper introduces an al ternative based on the longitudinal Guttman simplex (LGS) model, a measurement model developed espe cially for dynamic constructs measured longitudinally. The LGS is a model of cumulative, unitary develop ment. It is cumulative in the sense that as persons ac quire new skills (or abilities, or opinions), earlier ob tained skills are retained; it is unitary in the sense that all persons progress through a sequence of skills in the same skill order. CL, a consistency index that gives the researcher a measure of the extent to which the LGS model axioms are obeyed in a given dataset, is introduced. By making use of this consistency index, the researcher can develop scales uniquely sensitive to cumulative, unitary development. LGSCLUS, an explor atory procedure to find longitudinal Guttman scales in empirical datasets, is described. An artificial data study...
Natural linewidth of the 401-nm laser-cooling transition in Er I

A measurement of the natural linewidth of the $401\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{nm}$ $4{f}^{12}6{s}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{3}\mathrm{H}_{6}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4{f}^{12}(^{3}\mathrm{H}_{6})6s6p(^{1}\mathrm{P}_{1}^{o})$ $(6,1)_{7}{}^{o}$ transition in $\mathrm{Er}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}I$ is presented. Using laser-induced fluorescence in an atomic beam, a linewidth of $(35.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.2)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$ is observed, a value that differs significantly from the literature value of $28\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$. This measurement provides an accurate determination of an essential laser cooling parameter that plays a central role in the development of laser cooling applications using Er atoms.
Large-scale hydration of the lithosphere above subducting slabs

During subduction, oceanic lithosphere, capped by variably hydrated uppermost mantle, oceanic crust, and sediments, undergoes progressive metamorphism and devolatilization. The petrologic evolution of subducting oceanic lithosphere and the overriding continental/oceanic lithosphere can be predicted by integrating thermal models with petrologic phase equilibria. In mature subduction zones that have achieved thermal steady state, the subducting slab lies at subsolidus conditions for depths < 100–150 km. Most subducting oceanic crust passes through the blueschist to eclogite facies transition where large amounts of H2O are released by the breakdown of Na-amphibole, lawsonite (or clinozoisite), and chlorite. The large amounts of H2O released by continuous blueschist → eclogite reactions can cause large-scale hydration of the overriding lithosphere and can trigger partial melting of the mantle wedge (lowermost lithosphere and asthenosphere). Upward migration of slab-derived fluids add H2O, CO2, SiO2, and incompatible elements to the overlying lithospheric plate that result in the formation of new phases (e.g., serpentine, amphibole, and mica) and chemical modification of existing phases (e.g., trace element enrichment of clinopyroxene). Evidence for large-scale lithospheric hydration above subducting slabs includes serpentinite diapirs observed in the Marianas forearc, low P-wave velocities observed in the hanging wall of the Alaskan and Japanese subduction zones, and studies of high-pressure metamorphic terrains.
Commentary: moving forward by looking behind you.

I cannot see a fatally injured child in my trauma center without feeling my small share of the terrible grief that child's parents are just starting to discover. No matter what the mechanism, no matter how unintentional the injury, I always find myself in a group of emergency department and trauma staff trying to cope with a deceptively simple question: how could this happen? After several years of dealing with the consequences of injuries, many emergency physicians start to wonder how they, just one person afloat in a sea of injured victims, can truly start to make a difference. Rather than merely rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic, as a colleague of mine is fond of saying, perhaps the answer is in preventing that crash in the first place. Language: en
Dissolution of three insensitive munitions formulations

Abstract The US military fires live munitions during training. To save soldiers lives both during training and war, the military is developing insensitive munitions (IM) that minimize unintentional detonations. Some of the compounds in the IM formulation are, however, very soluble in water, raising environmental concerns about their fate and transport. We measured the dissolution of three of these IM formulations, IMX101, IMX104 and PAX21 using laboratory drip tests and studied the accompanying changes in particle structure using micro computed tomography. Our laboratory drip tests mimic conditions on training ranges, where spatially isolated particles of explosives scattered by partial detonations are dissolved by rainfall. We found that the constituents of these IM formulations dissolve sequentially and in the order predicted by their aqueous solubility. The order of magnitude differences in solubility among their constituents produce water solutions whose compositions and concentrations vary with time. For IMX101 and IMX104, that contain 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), the solutions also vary in pH. The good mass balances measured for the drip tests indicate that the formulations are not being photo-or bio-transformed under laboratory conditions.
Sequence-related changes in sensory-evoked potentials in the dentate gyrus: A mechanism for item-specific short-term information storage in the hippocampus

Sensory-evoked potentials were recorded from the dentate gyrus of the rat hippocampus during performance of a differential auditory discrimination task. The short latency (20 ms) component (N1) of the sensory-evoked potential showed systematic amplitude fluctuations dependent upon the sequence of positive and negative trials preceding the presentation of a given trial and did not depend on the associated reward values of the individual tone stimuli which evoked the potential. The amplitude fluctuations could be accurately depicted by a model which retained the sequence for the five preceding trials in a “buffer” with exponentially decaying influence as a function of time of trial occurrence within the sequence. The results provide evidence that the hippocampus encodes accurate short-lasting representations of sensory events which can provide the basis for storage of information pertaining to past experiences.
Synchronization of estrus, reproductive performance, and lactational response of holstein heifers treated with melengestrol acetate.

Abstract Effects of oral administration of melengestrol acetate on estrus synchronization and conception were investigated in 24 Holstein heifers. In addition, effects of feeding melengestrol acetate starting at 90 days postconception through 30 days postpartum on growth, gestation length, birth weight, and lactation were studied. Daily feeding of 1 mg of melengestrol acetate to heifers for 14 consecutive days irrespective of stage of estrous cycle inhibited estrus during treatment and synchronized estrus following withdrawal. Treatment lowered (P .05) in weight gain, gestation length, or calf birth weight. There were no differences (P > .05) in lactation length, milk and fat production during post-treatment lactation.
Atmospheric Neutrinos Can Make Beauty Strange

The large observed mixing angle in atmospheric neutrinos, coupled with Grand Unification, motivates the search for a large mixing between right-handed strange and bottom squarks. Such mixing does not appear in the standard CKM phenomenology, but may induce significant b {yields} s transitions through gluino diagrams. Working in the mass eigenbasis, we show quantitatively that an order one effect on CP violation in B{sub d}{sup 0} {yields} {pi}K{sub S} is possible due to a large mixing between right-handed b and s squarks, while still satisfying constraints from b {yields} s {gamma}. We also include the effect of right- and left-handed bottom squark mixing proportional to m{sub b}{mu} tan{beta}. For small {mu}tan{beta} there may also be a large effect in B{sub s} mixing correlated with a large effect in B{sub d}{sup 0} {yields} {phi}K{sub S}, typically yielding an unambiguous signal of new physics at Tevatron Run II.
Internal structure of voicing categories in early infancy

It is well established that young infants process speech in terms of perceptual categories that closely correspond to the phonetic categories of adult language users. Recently, Kuhl (1991) has provided evidence that this correspondence is not limited to the region of category boundaries: At least by 6–7 months of age, vowel categories of infants, like those of adults, have an internal perceptual structure. In the current experiments, which focused on a consonantal contrast, we found evidence of internally structured categories in even younger infants—3–4 months of age. The implications of these findings for the nature of the infant’s earliest language-universal categories are discussed, as is the role of exposure to the native language in shaping these categories over the course of development.
1123 Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of intravenous rifampin for central venous cannula (CVC) infections.

Twenty patients with Gram-positive CVC infections were treated with intravenous vancoroycin and rifampin: pharmacokinetics were determined serially in 12, aged 3 mos. to 12 yrs. Plasma clearance (Clp) did not correlate with age, but did correlate with VD and peak conc, with increasing duration of therapy Clp increased 58* (3.24 to 5.12 l/hr/m2) and T½ decreased 27% (2.48 to 1.81 hrs), although interpatient Clp ranged from 1.49 to 8.58 1/hr/m2. The peak conc, correlated with Clp. The reciprocal of the predicted dose corrected conc, at the average mean residence time (MRT) (3.14 hrs) correlated (r=0.918) with measured Clp. Measured rifampin conc, at the MRT predicted Clp. The CVC was removed from 3 patients before the 14 day treatment concluded; 15 patients were free of CVC infection 30 days after concluding therapy. Persistence of infection occurred in 1, superinfection in 1. We conclude that vancomycin and rifampin is efficacious therapy for CVC infections. Increasing Clp of rifampin necessitates periodic dosage adjustment, but Clp can be predicted from the measured rifampin cone, at the MRT.
Chloride-depletion metabolic alkalosis induces ECF volume depletion via internal fluid shifts in nephrectomized dogs.

Abstract. We recently reported that chloride-depletion metabolic alkalosis (CDMA) results in renal losses of Na, K, and water. In these studies we investigated whether CDMA (induced using a new model that avoids external changes in Na and water balance) was also associated with internal Na and water shifts out of the ECF. CDMA was induced using haemofiltration in functionally nephrectomized dogs. Plasma ultrafiltrate was substituted quantitatively with a solution duplicating each dog's plasma electrolyte composition in control animals, and with a solution containing HCO3 as the sole anion in CDMA animals. ECF volume was estimated as the space of distribution of [3H]-mannitol. Plasma composition and [3H]-mannitol distribution space were unchanged in control dogs. In CDMA dogs metabolic alkalosis developed; despite the absence of external changes in Na and water balance, the space of distribution of [3H]-mannitol decreased by 335 ± 46 ml (equivalent to 8% of baseline ECF volume), calculated chloride space fell by 304 ± 50 ml, and haematocrit increased from 45.6 to 48.5 vol%. We conclude that CDMA causes an internal shift of fluid out of the ECF. The resulting ECF volume contraction appears to be an inherent feature of CDMA.