cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a Novel Convolutional Neural Network Architecture Named RoadweatherNet for Trajectory-Level Weather Detection using SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Data

Driver performances could be significantly impaired in adverse weather because of poor visibility and slippery roadways. Therefore, providing drivers with accurate weather information in real time ...
Can You Develop New Interests? an Improved Instrument for Measuring Implicit Theories of Interest Development

O’Keefe et al. (2018) did not sufficiently narrow the implicit theory-of-interest development to accurately address the targeted domain: potential development of an entirely new interest. This was revealed when current participants expressed alternative interpretations of the word “change” in the indicator’s stem. This study, therefore, sought to first characterise a way to think about implicit theories of interest and refine the wording. However, the revised items revealed low reliability in a targeted population of Singaporeans. Was this due to the manipulation of the questions or the new test population? This was evaluated by following the same sampling procedure as O’Keefe et al. (2018) and participants were presented with both the revised and the original versions of the items. Factor analysis revealed a preferred factor structure for both versions having potential implications for understanding implicit theories, as well as the dimensions of implicit theories-of-interests specifically.
Harmonization of acronyms for volatile organic compound metabolites using a standardized naming system.

Abstract Increased interest in volatile organic compound (VOC) exposure has led to an increased need for consistent, systematic, and informative naming of VOC metabolites. As analytical methods have expanded to include many metabolites in a single assay, the number of acronyms in use for a single metabolite has expanded in an unplanned and inconsistent manner due to a lack of guidance or group consensus. Even though the measurement of VOC metabolites is a well-established means to investigate exposure to VOCs, a formal attempt to harmonize acronyms amongst investigators has not been published. The aim of this work is to establish a system of acronym naming that provides consistency in current acronym usage and a foundation for creating acronyms for future VOC metabolites.
Tamoxifen: Will Less Equal More in Women with Precancerous Breast Disease?

Similar risk reduction but fewer side effects would predict more uptake and compliance with low (5 mg) versus full (20 mg) dose tamoxifen. Benefit with low dose is demonstrated for perimenopausal/postmenopausal women with intraepithelial neoplasia and high lesion Ki-67. Longer follow-up needed to determine benefit with low lesion Ki-67. See related article by DeCensi et al., p. 3576
Comparison of influenza surveillance data from the Republic of Korea, selected northern hemisphere countries and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region SAR (China) from 2012 to 2017.

Influenza surveillance is conducted in many countries; it is one of the most important types of infectious disease surveillance due to the significant impact and burden of the influenza virus. The Republic of Korea has a temperate climate, and influenza activity usually peaks in the winter as in other temperate-climate countries in the northern hemisphere. This descriptive study compared the influenza surveillance data from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention with that from other countries and areas in the northern hemisphere, namely China, including Hong Kong Special Administrative Region SAR, Japan and the United States of America, to identify seasonal influenza patterns from 2012 to 2017. Data on influenza-like illnesses (ILIs) and laboratory surveillance were collected from various sources; visual comparisons were conducted on the onset, duration and the peak timing of each influenza season based on subtypes. Correlation coefficients were estimated, and time differences for the beginning of influenza seasons between the Republic of Korea and other countries were measured. ILIs in North China and cases reported from Japan's sentinel surveillance showed high correlations with the Republic of Korea. The number of confirmed influenza cases in Japan showed a high correlation with the laboratory-confirmed influenza cases in the Republic of Korea. We found that there are similarities in the influenza patterns of the Republic of Korea, Japan and North China. Monitoring these neighbouring countries' data may be useful for understanding influenza patterns in the Republic of Korea. Continuous monitoring and comparison of influenza surveillance data with neighbouring countries is recommended to enhance preparedness against influenza.
TACTO Y PSICOGÉNESIS DE PERSONAJE EN TRES NOVELAS DE MERCÈ RODOREDA

Este articulo analiza un rasgo comun en la psicogenesis de personaje, fundamentado en el acto de tocar, en tres novelas de la autora catalana Merce Rodoreda (1908-1983): Aloma, La plaza del Diamant...
Organic solar cell stability: the need to predict stability from molecular design

The rapid increase in the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs) during the last few years has been achieved through the development of non-fullerene small-molecule acceptors (NF-SMAs). Stability is now becoming a pressing concern. The presentation will discuss how intermolecular interactions govern morphological stability, specifically, how the diffusion of an NF-SMA exhibits Arrhenius behavior with an activation energy that scales linearly with the enthalpic Flory-Huggins interaction parameter. Consequently, the thermodynamically most unstable systems (high interaction parameter) are the most kinetically stabilized. In short, unfavorable interactions can enable stability. The activation energy is shown to scale with the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the NF-SMA and mechanical characteristics of the polymer (elastic modulus) of the polymers [1]. This allows predicting relative diffusion properties and thus morphological stability from simple analytical measurements or molecular dynamic simulations. Unfortunately, the star acceptor Y6 and its analogs have low glass transition temperatures, are highly diffusive and thus yield unstable morphologies. In contrast, IEICO-4F is a stable, high Tg material. The relationship of the Tg to the chemical structure is not yet understood except in the most general terms within a homologous series. The side-chains needed to provide solubility are the enemy of stability. Shorter side-chains are better for stability but often results in difficulties in processing. The impact of the molecular core on the Tg is not yet understood. A new approach to molecular design or novel stabilization strategies are needed if devices are to have high performance and high stability at the same time.
Analysis of bus transit’s operating labor efficiency using section 15 data.

Operator labor costs are the biggest operating expense category for motor bus transit systems; these costs account for approximately 42 percent of total operating expenses. Thus, if operating labor becomes more cost-efficient, significant overall cost reductions are possible. Operator labor cost per platform-hour or vehicle-operating hour was used as a macro measure of cost efficiency, and this measure was built up gradually from elementary and composite factors. The effect that environmental factors have on operator costs is examined by regressing them on each of the elementary and composite cost-efficiency measures. Using the results of these analyses, transit managers will be able to diagnose and possibly remedy the causes of their labor inefficiency.
Food Choices of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Background: Food selectivity is common in children ASD and has significant implications for health and quality of life. Developing more information about the content and quality of the diets of children with ASD and food selectivity could inform treatment. Objectives: The objective of this study was to describe the foods that children with autism and food selectivity eat and to compare the composition of the diets of children with and without food selectivity. Patients and Methods: Data from 54 participants collected during a larger longitudinal survey study was analyzed. Parents of children with ASD completed a food inventory marking foods that their child had accepted over the past month. They also described the particular presentation (e.g. texture, particular plate) required for their child to eat the food. The compositions of the diet including the percentage of each food group in total diet and the percentage of empty calories in the total diet of the food repertoires of the children who accepted 20 or less compared to greater than 20 foods was analyzed using independent t-test. Qualitative descriptions of food presentation were analyzed using a phenomenological method. Results: Parents rated foods from each group and the top rated vegetables and fruits were presented. Children who had 20 or less foods in their diet repertoire had a significantly lower percentage of vegetables and fruits, and a significantly higher percentage of dairy and grain/potato/snack foods than children with more than 20 foods as part of their regular diet. Also, children with 20 or less foods had a greater percentage of empty calories in their total diet compared to the children who had greater than 20 foods. Themes developed from the parents description of food presentation required to accept food included the visual presentation of the food and that food could not be mixed or touch other foods. Conclusions: Information about which foods children with ASD and food selectivity accept could help inform decisions about which foods to introduce first in treatment. The fact that the children with fewer foods in their repertoire have a smaller percentage of whole vegetables and fruits in their total diet and more empty calories may have implications for future health outcomes.
The Evidence Supporting a Link Between Acne and Nutrition

Nutritional advice was a standard part of acne therapy until the 1950s when the introduction of tetracycline, promising faster therapeutic responses, began to overshadow traditional therapies. Recently the role of nutrition in acne has again attracted attention.
Visual Arrestin Binding to Rhodopsin DIVERSE FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF POSITIVELY CHARGED RESIDUES WITHIN THE PHOSPHORYLATION-RECOGNITION REGION OF ARRESTIN

Arrestin plays a critical role in quenching phototransduction via its ability to specifically interact with the phosphorylated light-activated form of the visual receptor rhodopsin. In an effort to identify the residues involved in interaction with the phosphorylated C terminus of rhodopsin, we introduced point mutations into a basic region in visual arrestin previously implicated in phosphorylation-recognition (residues 163-189). A total of nine point mutations were made, each substituting a neutral hydrophilic residue for a positively charged Lys, Arg, or His. The functional consequences of these mutations were then analyzed by comparing the binding of full-length and truncated wild-type and mutant arrestin to various functional forms of rhodopsin. These studies demonstrate that Arg-171, Arg-175, and Lys-176 in bovine arrestin play a primary role in phosphate interaction, while Lys-166 and Lys-167 likely play a minor role in phosphate binding. In contrast, Lys-163 and His-179 appear to play a regulatory role, while Arg-182 and Arg-189 are not directly involved in arrestin binding to rhodopsin. Arg-175 also appears to function as a phosphorylation-sensitive trigger since charge neutralization by mutagenesis enables arrestin-R175N to bind to light-activated rhodopsin as well as wild-type arrestin binds to phosphorylated light-activated rhodopsin. The implications of these findings for the sequential multisite binding of arrestin to rhodopsin are discussed.
Congress, the Constitution, and Supreme Court Recusal

Recusal is one of the most hotly contested issues currently facing the Supreme Court. Within the wide-ranging debate over the Justices’ recusal practices, however, a singular theme has emerged: Congress must do more to protect the integrity and legitimacy of the Court by regulating the Justices’ recusal practices. Herein lies the problem. Rather than solve the puzzle of Supreme Court recusal, direct congressional regulation has created an impasse between Congress and the Court over recusal that has consequences for the reputation, efficacy, and legitimacy of both branches. In a precursor to this Article, I recast the issue of Supreme Court recusal as a constitutional question and argued that direct congressional regulation of Supreme Court recusal violates the separation of powers. This Article builds on that prior work and argues that separation of powers principles are critical to understanding and alleviating the inter-branch impasse over recusal. It contends that Congress, rather than the Court, should take the lead in resolving that impasse and that the separation of powers requires Congress to use indirect constitutional mechanisms to do so. Specifically, Congress should repeal the current statutory provision directly regulating Supreme Court recusal and focus instead on more indirect constitutional tools — such as impeachment, procedural reform, judicial confirmation, appropriations, and investigation — to influence the Justices’ recusal practices. This effort to frame the recusal debate within its proper constitutional context permits a more robust and productive dialogue about both the Justices’ recusal practices as well as the broader question of the nature and dynamics of inter-branch relations in our tripartite government.
A Study of Shading Device Configuration on the Natural Ventilation Efficiency and Energy Performance of a Double Skin Façade

Abstract Studies have shown that double skin facades (DSFs) are capable of improving building energy performance using the stack effect to dissipate heat as well as shading devices to screen undesired solar heat transmission. In this simulation study, the scenarios were made based on shading device configuration to see relationships among airflow patterns, the air velocity, the air temperature and the annual energy consumption. The ultimate goals of this study are not only to investigate the optimal controls of shading devices in naturally ventilated buildings but also to maintain the balance of natural ventilation efficiency and building energy saving. Initial findings indicated that that the air temperature and airflow patterns were highly dependent on the shading device configuration. In cases of 30-, 60- and 90-degree angle of horizontal shading devices, the air temperature of an exterior facing side's air cavity was greater than that of vertical shading devices. It was also found that the mean air velocity and airflow patterns of both shading devices at 0-degree angle were improved than the case of 90-degree angle. With regard to an annual energy consumption, it was discovered that horizontal shading devices at 30-, 60-, and 90-degree angle were more effective to reduce the energy use by 0.4%, 2.6% and 6.4% respectively than the case of 0-degree angle.
An exploration of learning when data is noisy and imbalanced

Much of the research literature in data mining and machine learning has focused on developing classification models for various application-specific learning tasks. In contrast, the characteristics of the underlying data, and their impacts on learning, have received much less attention. While it is generally understood that imbalanced, noisy and relatively small datasets make classification tasks more difficult, there has been, to our knowledge, no comprehensive examination of the impacts of these important and commonly-encountered dataset characteristics on the learning process. In this work, we present a comprehensive empirical analysis of learning from imbalanced, limited and noisy data. We present the performance of 11 commonly used learning algorithms and the effects of dataset size, class distribution, noise level and noise distribution on each learner. In this work, for which over one million classification models were built, we identify which learners are most robust to changing each of these experimental factors using two different performance metrics. Our results show that each of these factors plays a critical role in learner performance, with some learners exhibiting much greater stability than others.
Differential effects of nitroprusside on ischemic and nonischemic myocardial segments demonstrated by computer-assisted two dimensional echocardiography

Two dimensional echocardiographic analysis of global and regional left ventricular function was applied in seven closed chest dogs to study the effects of nitroprusslde In ischemic heart failure. Simultaneous hemodynamic and two dimensional echocardiographic measurements were obtained sequentially: (1) in the control period, (2) after proximal occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, (3) after volume loading, which increased left ventricular end-diastollc pressure to 30.3 ± 9.1 mm Hg (mean ± siandard deviation), (4) during nltroprusside infusion at 33.8 ± 29.4 jug/min and (5) after discontinuation of infusion of nitroprusside. A Simpson reconstruction using five echocardiographic short axis cross sections was used for assessment of left ventricular volumes. Regional function in short axis cross sections at different levels of the left ventricle was expressed as sectional systolic fractional area of change. Furthermore, each short axis section was subdivided into eight 45 ° segments and segmental fractional area change was automatically calculated by computer. Nitroprusside reduced global end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (p <0.05) and increased ejection fraction (p <0.05). Differential responses to nitroprusside were observed with two dimensional echocardiography in various zones of the left ventricle. Thus, in the mitral valve level cross section above the site of coronary occlusion, normal contraction prevailed in all segments. In the mid papillary muscle level section, nitroprusside significantly enhanced function of segments that were within the left anterior descending arterial supply zone. In contrast, segments in the severely ischemic dysfunctioning zone at the low papillary muscle level did not respond to the vasodilator. These differential responses to nitroprusside in profoundly ischemic, marginally ischemie and nonlschemic myocardium were readily demonstrated with two dimensional echocardiography standardized for quantitative assessment of ventricular sequence.
Protein bound carboxyl-methyl ester as a precursor of methanol formation during oxidation of dimethyl-nitrosamine in vitro

Summary Protein modification with dimethylnitrosamine was studied in vitro in the presence of hamster liver microsomal fraction. Incorporation of radioactive methyl groups from dimethylnitrosamine into the exogenously added protein was dependent on the microsomal mixed function oxidase system. The methylation yielded chemically labile and stable products. The former was completely hydrolyzed by the mild alkaline treatment, pH 7.4, 100°C, for 5 min and the hydrolytic product was identified as methanol indicating that the activated methyl groups from dimethylnitrosarnine were incorporated into a protein as a carboxyl-methyl ester. Thus, it is suggested that methanol, recovered as one of the products during the biodegradation of dimethylnitrosamine [8], is derived, at least in part, from protein carboxyl-methyl ester which is unstable under physiological conditions.
Abstract 3392: Thromboxane-A2receptor β-isoform regulates the activity of the tumor suppressor FOXO3 via phosphorylation by ERK in urothelial cancer

The tumor suppressor FOXO3 is a transcription factor whose activity and stability are regulated by phosphorylation on S294 via extracellular regulated kinases (ERK1/2). Previous data by our group has demonstrated overexpressing the thromboxane A2 isoform-β receptor (TPβ) increased ERK activation and induced malignant transformation of immortalized bladder cells. These data describe a novel mechanism of TPβ mediated regulation of FOXO3 via phosphorylation by ERK. Immunohistochemical studies revealed increased expression of nuclear pFOXO3-S294 in late stage bladder tumors, whereas total FOXO3 nuclear expression was reduced in high grade tumors. Both cytoplasmic and nuclear pFOXO3-S294 staining scores positively correlated with TPβ staining scores. Overexpressing TPβ in non-transformed urothelial cell lines, UROsta and SV-HUC, induced phosphorylation of FOXO3 at -S294. Knockdown of FOXO3 expression by shRNA increased cell migration and invasion. Conversely, overexpression of mutated FOXO3 that is resistant to ERK phosphorylation reduced the overall and TP agonist (U46619) mediated increase in malignant UMUC3 cell migration and invasion. Stimulation of UMUC3 cells with U46619 increased pFOXO3-S294 expression which could be attenuated with TP antagonist (PTXA2) pre-treatment. A dual luciferase assay demonstrated that U46619 stimulation decreased overall FOXO3 transcriptional activity. Additionally, U46619 stimulation initially caused nuclear accumulation of pFOXO3-S294, but prolonged stimulation increased FOXO3 cytoplasmic localization. In summary, the data describe a novel mechanism of TPβ signaling in bladder cancer that results in the ERK mediated regulation of FOXO3 activity, which could contribute to tumor progression. Citation Format: Philip M. Sobolesky, Perry V. Halushka, Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer, Omar Moussa. Thromboxane-A2 receptor β-isoform regulates the activity of the tumor suppressor FOXO3 via phosphorylation by ERK in urothelial cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3392. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3392
Magneto-optical imaging of transport currents in YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ on RABiTS/sup TM/

Two YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ (YBCO) on RABiTS/sup TM/ conductors with high J/sub c/ (0 T, 77 K) values of 2.3 and 2.4 MA/cm/sup 2/ were scribed by laser cutting to constrict supercurrent flow. On one of these tracks, magneto-optical (MO) imaging of the self-field produced by a transport current directly demonstrates the percolative nature of the current flow. Using backscattered electron Kikuchi pattern (BEKP) analysis, we have found that Ni grain boundaries (GBs)>5/spl deg/ generally introduce GBs in the YBCO that have lower J/sub c/ values than the intra-grain.
Electrochemical gate-controlled conductance of single oligo(phenylene ethynylene)s.

We have studied electron transport properties of unsubstituted oligo(phenylene ethynylene) (OPE) (1) and nitro-substituted OPE (2) covalently bound to two gold electrodes. The conductance values of single 1 and 2 are ∼13 and ∼6 nS, respectively. In addition to a decrease in the conductance, the presence of the nitro moiety leads to asymmetric I−V characteristics and a negative differential resistance-like (NDR-like) behavior. We have altered the nitro-substituted OPE by electrochemically reducing the nitro group and by varying the pH of the electrolyte. The conductance decreases linearly with the electron-withdrawing capability (i.e., Hammett substituent values) of the corresponding reduced species. In contrast, the conductance of 1 is independent of the pH and the electrode potential.
Real Living Painting: Quasi-Objects and Dividuation in the Byzantine World

Abstract This article examines an issue that has troubled Byzantine art historians: what Byzantines meant by “living painting.” It attempts to simplify the problem by accepting the sources at face value (painting was indeed alive) and to complicate our understanding of painting (painting occupied a subject-position just as fully as humans did). It uses the notion of ‘dividuals,’ which are opposed to discrete entities like individuals, and of ‘quasi-object,’ so that painting, metal work, stones, and people all appeared in some fashion as objects, but only superficially so. The cases used to establish this position include: Michael Psellos on paintings of Christ; Eucharistic chalices, divine geology and bloods of Christ; and the miraculous stories of interchanging identities among icons and persons. In this way, this article argues for an understanding of Byzantine materiality as relational; it assumed a participatory aspect among all things and persons in that world.
Expression of a GALACTINOL SYNTHASE Gene in Tomato Seeds Is Up-Regulated before Maturation Desiccation and Again after Imbibition whenever Radicle Protrusion Is Prevented

Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) have been implicated in mitigating the effects of environmental stresses on plants. In seeds, proposed roles for RFOs include protecting cellular integrity during desiccation and/or imbibition, extending longevity in the dehydrated state, and providing substrates for energy generation during germination. A gene encoding galactinol synthase (GOLS), the first committed enzyme in the biosynthesis of RFOs, was cloned from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv Moneymaker) seeds, and its expression was characterized in tomato seeds and seedlings. GOLS (LeGOLS-1) mRNA accumulated in developing tomato seeds concomitant with maximum dry weight deposition and the acquisition of desiccation tolerance. LeGOLS-1 mRNA was present in mature, desiccated seeds but declined within 8 h of imbibition in wild-type seeds. However, LeGOLS-1 mRNA accumulated again in imbibed seeds prevented from completing germination by dormancy or water deficit. Gibberellin-deficient (gib-1) seeds maintained LeGOLS-1 mRNA amounts after imbibition unless supplied with gibberellin, whereas abscisic acid (ABA) did not prevent the loss of LeGOLS-1 mRNA from wild-type seeds. The presence of LeGOLS-1 mRNA in ABA-deficient (sitiens) tomato seeds indicated that wild-type amounts of ABA are not necessary for its accumulation during seed development. In all cases, LeGOLS-1 mRNA was most prevalent in the radicle tip. LeGOLS-1 mRNA accumulation was induced by dehydration but not by cold in germinating seeds, whereas both stresses induced LeGOLS-1 mRNA accumulation in seedling leaves. The physiological implications of LeGOLS-1 expression patterns in seeds and leaves are discussed in light of the hypothesized role of RFOs in plant stress tolerance.
Imperfect Competition and Strategic Trade Theory: Evidence for International Food and Agricultural Markets

Strategic trade theory offers a way of conceptualizing and testing for strategic government interventions in imperfectly competitive international markets. This survey critically assesses recent empirical evidence, with a focus on food and agricultural markets. One finding is that while many international markets are characterized by oligopoly, price-cost markups tend to be small, and the potential gains from intervention are modest at best. In turn, empirical work has turned up few examples in which government intervention has been optimal in a strategic trade sense. Nonetheless, governments are found to frequently intervene on behalf of domestic firms and play a major role in shaping the nature of international competition. Suggestions for future research are made.
Malolactic Fermentation as a Technique for the Deacidification of Hard Apple Cider

Malolactic fermentation (MLF), the conversion of malate to lactate, is an important process leading to the deacidification of hard apple cider. MLF is dependent on the levels of inhibitory factors such as sulfur dioxide and ethanol. To assess the effect of these 2 factors on MLF, hard apple cider was produced from pasteurized, unfiltered apple cider (Malus domestica cvs Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Braeburn, and Fuji). Apple cider was treated with 2 levels of sulfur dioxide (50 and 80 ppm) and then fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae montrachet. After the primary fermentation, 1 set of the samples remained unadjusted and 100% ethyl alcohol was used to adjust other sets of samples to 7%, 9%, or 11% (v/v) ethanol. Following the ethanol adjustment, Oenococcus oeni MCW was used to initiate the MLF in half of the samples. Cider parameters monitored throughout the fermentations included organic acid content, titratable acidity, pH, ethanol production, and sugar content. Since samples containing either sulfur dioxide level had similar sugar utilization rates and ethanol production it was concluded that sulfur dioxide had no effect on the primary fermentation. Sulfur dioxide content was shown to have an impact on MLF. There was no difference in the rate of malic acid consumption, but lactic acid production was faster in the 50-ppm sulfur dioxide samples. MLF was not inhibited by ethanol content.
End-to-end support for joins in large-scale publish/subscribe systems

We address the problem of supporting a large number of select-join subscriptions for wide-area publish/subscribe. Subscriptions are joins over different tables, with varying interests expressed as range selection conditions over table attributes. Naive schemes, such as computing and sending join results from a server, are inefficient because they produce redundant data, and are unable to share dissemination costs across subscribers and events. We propose a novel, scalable scheme that group-processes and disseminates a general mix of multi-way select-join subscriptions. We also propose a simple and application-agnostic extension to content-driven networks (CN), which further improves sharing of dissemination costs. Experimental evaluations show that our schemes can generate orders of magnitude lower network traffic at very low processing cost. Our extension to CN can further reduce traffic by another order of magnitude, with almost no increase in notification latency.
Silicon-on-Insulator Photoconducting Mesas for High-Speed Detection of Laser Speckle Motion

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) photoconductor structures show promise in making real-time laser speckle monitoring useful for high-speed applications, such as acoustic and ultrasonic surface vibration detection. For small detection areas below 103 ?m2 and at low optical intensities, the internal gain mechanism of these mesa structures can provide better SNR ratios than similarly sized photodiodes while still operating in the megahertz regime. Small-area detectors, in turn, improve the sensitivity of speckle monitoring systems, suggesting that these simply constructed SOI photoconducting mesas are a good choice of detector element for high-speed speckle monitoring applications.
The Effect of Homemakers' Employment on Meal Preparation Time, Meals at Home, and Meals Away from Home

Using a sample of Wisconsin families the authors conducted multiple regression analyses of the effects of homemakers' employment on the amount of time spent in food preparation, the number of persons served meals at home, and the percentage of meals eaten away from home. Preliminary analysis revealed a homemaker was more likely to be employed if her husband's earnings were low, if she had older children, and if she had higher education. The regressions on each of the three dependent variables used hours of homemaker's employment, her educa tional attainment, family income, age of the youngest child, and rural-urban residence as in dependent variables. Significant at the 0.05 level or better, the regression coefficients revealed that employed homemakers spent less time in food preparation and that their families ate more meals away from home. There was no statistically significant effect of homemakers' employment on the average number of persons served meals at home. Other findings signifi cant at least at the 0. 05 level suggest that homemakers' education, family income, and the age of the youngest child influence the three dependent variables more than does rural-urban residence.
AN IN VITRO EFFECT OF INSULIN ON THE PREPUTIAL GLAND.

SummaryThe present studies have shown that the glucose metabolism of the rat pre-putial gland is augmented by in vitro addition of insulin. Thus this modified sebaceous gland must be added to the list of insulin responsive tissues. The findings constitute the first direct evidence that the carbohydrate metabolism of epidermal tissues per se, may be regulated by insulin.
A regional analysis of weather mediated competition between a parasitoid and a coccinellid predator of oleander scale.

The regulation of an asexual population of the oleander scale [Aspidiotus nerii Bouche (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)] on California bay tree [Umbellularia californica (Hopk. & Arn.) Nut.] by two natural enemies; an idiobiont, ectoparasitoid Aphytis chilensis Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and a coccinellid predator (Rhysobius lophanthae (Blaisd.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), was examined using a general weather-driven, tri-trophic, physiologically based age-mass structured demographic model. The model is of intermediate complexity and was parameterized using extensive laboratory data and field observations from Albany, CA. Temperature-dependent physiological indices were estimated from the laboratory data and used to scale per capita growth, fecundity and survivorship rates from maximal values in a time varying environment. The tri-trophic model was integrated in a GIS (geographic information system) and the species dynamics examined across years and across the ecological zones of California. Field data and simulation results suggested the coccinellid predator was the most important regulating agent of oleander scale in the mild climate of Albany. However, multiple linear regression analysis of simulation data across all ecological zones of California shows that the parasitoid A. chilensis is the most important agent in suppressing oleander scale densities in warmer climates, while the predator R. lophanthae increases scale density an average of 9.7% across all regions.
Perspectives on the growth of police bureaucracies, 1948–1984: An examination of three explanations

Three dominant explanations employed to explain police strength are consensus theories, conflict theories, and the organizational constraints perspective. This study examines the growth of the police using U.S. national data for the years 1948–84. Results from regression models indicate that variables from both the consensus and conflict perspectives influenced police expenditures in the U.S., but neither theory receives clear support. The effects of organizational constraints, however, were large and the implications of this finding are discussed.
Effect of Alloying, Heat Treatment and Carbon Content on White Layer Formation in Machining of Steels

This paper describes an experimental investigation of the role of alloying, carbon content, and heat treatment on white layer formation in machining of steels. This is carried out by machining steels that differ in alloying, heat treatment and carbon content, via orthogonal cutting tests performed with low CBN content tools. The thickness of white layer produced in AISI 1045 and AISI 4340 annealed steels are compared to determine the effect of alloying on white layer formation. The effect of heat treatment on white layer formation is investigated by machining annealed and hardened AISI 4340 steels. The effect of carbon content on white layer formation is investigated by cutting AISI 52100 and AISI 4340 steels of the same hardness (53 HRC). Since 52100 steel has almost twice the amount of carbon and less number of alloying elements than AISI 4340 steel, an approximate understanding of the effect of carbon content on white layer formation can be inferred. The results of the study show that alloying, heat treatment, and carbon content influence white layer formation. The possible roles of the maximum workpiece surface temperature, effective plastic strain and stress on white layer formation in the different steels are also analyzed via finite element simulations performed in a commercially available code.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Sidewall profile engineering for the reduction of cut exposures in self-aligned pitch division patterning

As 193-nm immersion lithography will likely be required to be extended beyond 40-nm half-pitch, multiple patterning lithography will become a necessity in that scenario. We present a cost-effective approach for double patterning with extendibility to sub-10-nm half-pitch division, which is a very promising candidate for advanced logic nodes. Spacers on sufficiently sloped sidewalls directly transferred from a low-contrast photoresist profile can be removed by anisotropic etching. Alternatively, spacer gaps for defining trenches may be prevented from penetrating to the substrate by the use of sloped sidewalls. These sloped sidewalls are defined by attenuated phase-shift mask features, which impart phase shifts other than 180 deg or 0 deg. Loop trimming and sidewall spacer definition are accomplished in a single photomask. In addition, there is now an extra ability to define random, arbitrary breaks in the spacer-defined pattern, without using an extra exposure for specified cuts. In this way, a single exposure using a modified attenuated phase-shift photomask, followed by a low-contrast development process around the sensitivity limit, is sufficient to pattern regularly arranged spacer-defined lines at fixed pitch while including some predetermined line cut locations.
Commercializing new technologies: consumers' response to a new interface

Abstract Successful commercialization of new technologies is the riskiest and most rewarding form of new product development activity. New technologies are often commercialized using innovative interfaces that determine how consumers interact with a new product to obtain its functionality. Consumers’ perception of uncertainty about the performance of a novel interface is a key issue in the acceptance of new products involving new interfaces. Specifically, when firms commercialize a new interface, they face two major challenges: First to identify the optimal functionality for the new interface, and second, to effectively communicate with consumers in order to reduce uncertainty about the performance of the new interface and increase adoption intentions. Despite the theoretical and managerial importance of research on consumers’ response to a novel interface, very little empirical research has been conducted in this area. Building on prior research on new product development, human-computer interaction, and consumer decision-making, this article examines the factors that influence consumers’ judgments of uncertainty about the performance of a new interface and consumers’ adoption intentions. Specifically, we conducted an experiment to investigate the effect of the newness of the functionality of a new product and the effect of imagery on consumers’ uncertainty about the performance of a novel interface and consumers’ adoption intentions. Our results show that consumers perceive lower uncertainty about the performance of a new interface and higher intentions to adopt a new product when the new interface is introduced with a new (vs. pre-existing) functionality. Furthermore, our results suggest that when a new interface is introduced with a new functionality, imagining the product in use increases consumers’ uncertainty about the performance of the new interface and decreases their intention to adopt the new product. In contrast, when a new interface is introduced with a pre-existing functionality, imagining the product in use decreases consumers’ uncertainty about the performance of the new interface and increases their intention to adopt the new product. Our findings provide valuable guidelines for marketers in formulating new product development and communication strategies for new products involving a new interface.
Mean-field treatment of the linear σ model in dynamical calculations of DCC observables☆

Abstract Approximate mean-field equations of motion for the classical chiral field are developed within the linear σ model by means of a Hartree factorization. Both the approximated and the unapproximated equations of motion are augmented with a Rayleigh cooling term to emulate a uniform expansion, thereby allowing the extraction of observables relevant to the detection of disoriented chiral condensates, specifically the pion power spectrum, the pion correlation function, and the distribution of the neutral pion fraction. While the mean-field dynamics appears to be sufficiently accurate to be practically useful, the results also illustrate some difficulties associated with identifying the phenomenon experimentally.
Effects of ultrasonic field and vacuum on degassing of molten aluminum alloy

Ultrasonic degassing, an environmentally clean and cheap technique, is an efficient way of degassing in a static volume melt. Vacuum degassing has also been tested as a beneficial and clean method in producing high quality products. An experimental device which combines the vacuum degassing and ultrasonic degassing has been built. Parametric studies have been carried out to investigate the efficacy of the ultrasonic degassing of molten aluminum alloy under reduced pressure. The results indicate that a combination of these two techniques makes degassing more efficient.
Formation of Native Lead under Laboratory Conditions

THE conditions which may have governed the formation of native metals in non-igneous rocks are not always readily reproducible in the laboratory owing to the difficulty of performing experiments requiring many years for completion. An observation made during the reconstruction of the Plymouth Laboratory may be regarded as an experiment of fifty years duration.
Evaluating On‐going Projects and Divisions

There are techniques available for deciding on initial project viability. Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) and other techniques are well known and widely used in an effort to estimate a project's initial profitability and feasibility. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the use of two of these techniques to evaluate in‐progress projects and to measure the financial performance of an entire group of projects in a division over a specified time period. Many managers would like a system that allows them to evaluate on‐going projects and a system that allows them to state, for example, how one entire division performed, on all of its projects, over the 1990–1995 time period. Among other things, this will allow management to evaluate the performance of one division relative to other divisions.
Pediatric trauma care: a profitable enterprise?

Purpose: We set out to examine whether pediatric trauma care resulted in a financial burden. Methods: We reviewed financial data for children with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, injury diagnosis code over 2 years at an urban level I pediatric trauma center. We divided inpatients into length of stay categories, and profit or loss was calculated for each payor/length of stay category. These figures were then used to estimate revenue for each hospital based upon their patients payor/length of stay distribution that was obtained from the KID database. Our payor-based outpatient revenue figures were also applied to the other hospital-calculated outpatient visits to obtain an estimate of their outpatient revenues. Results: We treated 49,437 injured children with a revenue balance of more than $8 million. Commercial insurance resulted in a positive revenue stream. Losses increased as length of stay increased for patients with Medicaid or self-pay. Outpatient encounters resulted in 59% of the revenue. Extrapolating our data, 84% of pediatric trauma centers in 27 states generate an average of $800,000 revenue. Conclusions: Pediatric trauma care is a profitable enterprise. Inadequate reimbursement remains for Medicaid and self-pay patients, which could result in financial losses should this proportion of the patient mix be more than 55%.
Pursuing Answers to Questions in Broadcast Journalism

When an individual issues a question, an answer is normatively expected. If an answer is not produced, the questioner may pursue it. However, sometimes it is not the absence of an answer that is at issue but whether that answer is deemed adequate (i.e., fitted to the action and/or topical agenda set by the question). Broadcast interactions (e.g., news interviews, political debates) are a perspicuous environment for investigating sequences in which responses to questions are provided but not always treated as answers. This article investigates how pursuits of answers are designed and what they accomplish within such contexts. Three key elements of a pursuit's design are described: namely, its recognizability as a pursuit; its fittedness to the previous response; and its sanctioning implications. The analysis sheds light on a central means by which individuals can hold others accountable for responding and by which a specific form of trouble in question-answer sequences is repaired.
Probability kinematics and commutativity

The so‐called “non‐commutativity” of probability kinematics has caused much unjustified concern. When identical learning is properly represented, namely, by identical Bayes factors rather than identical posterior probabilities, then sequential probability‐kinematical revisions behave just as they should. Our analysis is based on a variant of Field’s reformulation of probability kinematics, divested of its (inessential) physicalist gloss.
Saying Goodbye to Men: Southern Feminists Publishing News While Challenging Patriarchy:

In 1975, a group of lesbian feminist separatists in Austin, Texas, made history by publishing a small newsletter named Goodbye to All That. The collective of women assembled one of the earliest known lesbian feminist publications in Texas to challenge patriarchy in the left and gay rights movements. This textual analysis guided by standpoint feminist theory provides a historical understanding of how a segment of second-wave lesbian feminists—physically removed from gay- and lesbian-friendly urban centers—utilized a newsletter to communicate with each other, at a time when mainstream media ignored their unique issues. When compared with feminist publications outside of the South, Goodbye to All That adopted a unique tone that could be partially influenced by its cultural heritage.
Persistent systemic inflammatory response syndrome is predictive of nosocomial infection in trauma.

Background: Admission systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) score has been previously reported to be an accurate predictor of infection and outcome in trauma. However, these data were limited to only one SIRS score at admission. A prior study in surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients reported that the SIRS score on ICU day 2 declined after completion of resuscitation, and was a more accurate predictor of outcome. Our objective in this follow-up study was to prospectively evaluate the utility of daily SIRS scores in prediction of nosocomial infection and outcome in high-risk trauma patients. Methods: Prospective data were collected on 702 consecutive trauma patients admitted over a 12-month period to the ICU. SIRS scores were calculated daily. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines were used for the diagnosis of infection. Multivariate linear regression was used for statistical analysis. Results: Five hundred seventy-three (82%) patients sustained blunt injuries and 129 (18%) sustained penetrating injuries. The mean age was 43 ± 21 years, with an overall mortality of 11.4%. Two hundred ninety (41.3%) of the study patients acquired a nosocomial infection (respiratory site most common), with an associated mortality rate of 12.4%. SIRS (defined as SIRS score ≥ 2) on hospital days 3 through 7 was a significant predictor of nosocomial infection and hospital length of stay. Persistent SIRS to hospital day 7 was associated with a significant risk for increased mortality (relative risk, 4.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.41-12.87; p = 0.047). Conclusion: Persistent SIRS is predictive of nosocomial infection in trauma. Daily monitoring of SIRS scores is easily accomplished and should be considered in all high-risk trauma patients. Persistent SIRS in trauma should initiate early diagnostic interventions for determination of source of infection, and consideration of early empiric antimicrobial therapy.