cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of optimization algorithms for parameter estimation of multi-phase flow models with application to geological carbon sequestration

Abstract Optimization of multi-phase transport models is important both for calibrating model parameters to observed data and for analyzing management options. We focus on examples of geological carbon sequestration (GCS) process-based multi-phase models. Realistic GCS models can be very computationally expensive not only due to the spatial distribution of the model but also because of the complex nonlinear multi-phase and multi-component transport equations to be solved. As a result we need to have optimization methods that get accurate answers with relatively few simulations. In this analysis we compare a variety of different types of optimization algorithms to understand the best type of algorithms to use for different types of problems. This includes an analysis of which characteristics of the problem are important in choice of algorithm. The goal of this paper is to evaluate which optimization algorithms are the most efficient in a given situation, taking into account shape of the optimization problem (e.g. uni- or multi-modal) and the number of simulations that can be done. The algorithms compared are the widely used derivative-based PEST optimization algorithm, the derivative-based iTOUGH2, the Kriging response surface algorithm EGO, the heuristics-based DDS (Dynamically Dimensioned Search), and the Radial Basis Function surrogate response surface based global optimization algorithms ‘GORBIT’ and ‘Stochastic RBF’. We calibrate a simple homogeneous model ‘3hom’ and two more realistic models ‘20layer’ and ‘6het’. The latter takes 2 h per simulation. Using rigorous statistical tests, we show that while the derivative-based algorithms of PEST are efficient on the simple 3hom model, it does poorly in comparison to surrogate optimization methods Stochastic RBF and GORBIT on the more realistic models. We then identify the shapes of the optimization surface of the three models using enumerative simulations and discover that 3hom is smooth and unimodal and the more realistic models are rough and multi-modal. When the number of simulations is limited, surrogate response surfaces algorithms perform best on multi-modal, bumpy objective functions, which we expect to have for most realistic multi-phase flow models such as those for GCS.
Gastric emptying during walking and running: effects of varied exercise intensity

Gastric emptying is increased during running (50%–70% maximal aerobic uptake, $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} } $$ as compared to rest. Whether this increase varies as a function of mode (i. e. walking vs running) and intensity of treadmill exercise is unknown. To examine the gastric emptying characteristics of water during treadmill exercise performed over a wide range of intensities relative to resting conditions, 10 men ingested 400 ml of water prior to each of six 15 min exercise bouts or 15 min of seated rest. Three bouts of walking exercise (1.57 m · s−1) were performed at increasing grades eliciting ∼28%, 41% or 56% of $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} } $$ . On a seperate day, three bouts of running (2.68 ms−1) exercise were performed at grades eliciting ∼57%, 65% or 75% of $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} } $$ . Gastric emptying was increased during treadmill exercise at all intensities excluding 75% $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} } $$ as compared to rest. Gastric emptying was similar for all intensities during walking and at 57% and 65% $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} } $$ during running. However, running at 74% $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} } $$ decreased the volume of original drink emptied as compared to all lower exercise intensities. Stomach secretions were markedly less during running as compared to walking and rest. These data demonstrate that gastric emptying is similarly increased during both moderate intensity (∼8%–65% $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} } $$ ) walking or running exercise as compared to resting conditions. However, gastric emptying decreases during high intensity exercise. Increases in gastric emptying during moderate intensity treadmill exercise may be related to increases in intragastric pressure brought about by contractile activity of the abdominal muscles.
Molecular weight, amino acid composition and other properties of membrane-bound ATPase fromBacillus megaterium KM

Abstract The Ca 2+ -activated ATPase from Bacillus megaterium KM has a molecular weight of 379000 as determined by sedimentation equilibrium in the analytical ultracentrifuge and 410000 as determined from sedimentation and diffusion coefficients. These values compare closely with molecular weights estimated for similar ATPases from Streptococcus faecalis and mitochondria. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate two classes of subunit of molecular weight 68000 and 65000 are seen. They seem to be present in approximately equal proportion. The amino acid analysis gives a minimum molecular weight of 6250 and the amino acid composition is extremely close to that of S. faecalis . The enzyme is denatured at 55°C and insensitive to oligomycin or ruthenium red in either the membrane-bound or soluble forms. The ATPase is estimated to comprise approximately 1% of the total cytoplasmic membrane protein.
Temperature dependence of electric field gradient and Knight shift in Mg

The hyperfine properties of Mg such as Knight shift and electric field gradients (EFG) have been calculated from first principles as a function of temperature. The conduction-electron wave functions were obtained in the orthogonalized-plane-wave model by taking into account both the thermal expansion of the lattice and the effect of thermal vibrations of the ions on the crystal - field potential. The decrease in the ${p}_{x}\ensuremath{-}{p}_{y}$-like and ${p}_{z}$-like electrons with temperature leads to a decrease in the conduction-electron contribution to EFG. The lattice contribution is found to be rather insensitive to temperature and the conduction-electron part is largely responsible for the observed ${T}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ temperature dependence of the EFG. The decrease in the $p$ content of the wave function with temperature is accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the $d$ content and, to a small amount, of the $s$ content of the wave function. This small rise in the $s$-like electrons makes the Knight shift less dependent upon temperature than the EFG\char22{}an observation consistent with experimental data.
The New Democracies and American Constitutional Design

The victory of liberal democracy after 1989 was also the triumph of the originally American idea of constitutionalism. In the more than twenty new democracies that emerged after the fall of Communism, written constitutions were drafted and ratified. Most were formulated as legally binding documents with the requisite forms of enforcement through constitutional review. These constitutions were designed to establish new forms of democratic power and guarantee the adherence of the branches of power to consensually agreed upon rules of the political game and their respect for the fundamental individual rights. To understand the impressive nature of this development, we should recall that European constitutions in the nineteenth century rarely constituted a whole machinery of government. They were little more than symbolic declarations without any machinery of enforcement outside of popular or parliamentary protest. Until the end of the Second World War, only the pre-fascist Austrian republic followed the United States in establishing constitutional review of national legislation. Today the American model of the constitution seems to have triumphed over all of its historical competitors, in particular British parliamentary sovereignty, which even a minority of American opinion has always considered a superior form of government. But has the American model of the constitution really triumphed? It is simply too early to tell to what extent viable democratic political cultures and practices will in the end emerge in its vast sphere of influence. The history of the imitation of US institutions in Latin America is on the whole a bleak one, as Tocqueville foretold on the basis of his knowledge of the then short history of the Republic of Mexico. 3 Fortunately, from the point of view of the earlier history of an American model, what has happened in and after 1989 is quite new and different. What was influential in the nineteenth century was the institutional design of a presidentialist, federal republic. Today it is more a question of constitutionalism as a
Parameter estimation and waveform design for cognitive radar by minimal free-energy principle

In this paper we develop a new framework for Bayesian parameter estimation using adaptive waveforms by the minimal free energy (FE) principle in the context of cognitive radar. Unlike conventional approaches, the new method utilizes the minimal FE principle as a unifying criterion for optimal estimator design and waveform design. The FE principle seeks to approximate the true density of the unknown parameters in response to sequential measurement data. In the case of a single unknown parameter we show that the estimators based on the FE principle and the conventional Bayesian estimator are identical. Moreover, the waveform design based on the FE principle results in similar water-filling solution as the traditional mutual information method.
There is a continuum which is connected by uniformly short paths but not uniformly path connected

Abstract David Bellamy defined the concept of connectedness by uniformly short paths and asked wether it was equivalent to the notion of uniform path connectedness. A counterexample is described. Some definitions: for a positive real number e, a Peano continuum has “e-length” ≤ an integer n iff it is the union of a chain of n Peano continua of diameter less than e. A continuum (compact connected metric space) X is “uniformly path connected” iff there is a family P of paths such that for each a, b in X, there is a path in P from a to b, and for each e there is an N such that the e-length of the image of each path in P is ≤ N. A continuum is “connected by uniformly short paths” iff for each e there is a number N such that for each pair of points a, b in X there is a path from a to b whose image has e-length ≤ N. (The definition of e-length given is more concise than that given in the paper).
A detailed analysis of transcripts mapping to varicella zoster virus gene 14 (glycoprotein V).

Abstract We have characterized in detail those transcripts mapping to the varicella zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein V (gpV) open reading frame (ORF). The analyses revealed that a major 1.95-kb and a minor 2.5-kb transcript map to these sequences for VZV strain Scott, with 1.8- and 2.3-kb transcripts in a vaccine Oka strain, consistent with intragenic repeat (R2) copy number differences. The transcripts for each strain are 5′ coterminal, are polyadenylated, and do not seem to be spliced. Upstream of the cap site there are few obvious regulatory consensus sequences, but there is a potential CCAAT box at −59 by and an unusual sequence at −25 to −33, ATTTAAATT, which may serve as the TATA box for this gene. The 3′ termini map 10 to 20 bases downstream from potential polyadenylation signals: ATAAA for the 1.95-kb transcript and ACGTAAA for the 2.5-kb transcript. This transcript pattern is quite different from that observed for the gpV homologue in herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), glycoprotein C (gC). Strain Scott synthesizes about 20-told more gpV-specific transcripts than a strain of the Oka vaccine virus, reflecting the amounts of gpV polypeptide accumulating in both strains; this implies that the defect in Oka gpV polypeptide production is at the level of transcription.
A Four-Parameter Logistic Model for Estimating Titers of Functional Multiplexed Pneumococcal Opsonophagocytic Killing Assay

In vitro opsonophagocytosis killing assay (OPA) is widely accepted to quantitate Streptococcus pneumococcal antibodies to serotype-specific pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PS). A titer estimation method is needed for large scale data generated by OPA, and it is one component of OPA standardization. In order to improve the reliability of OPA results, we developed a nonlinear fitting method using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm with an option of a robust procedure to estimate titers of OPA data. Performance of the proposed method was evaluated by comparing precision and accuracy of titer estimation with traditional methods used in the literature by analyzing real experimental data sets. Goodness-of-fit to experimental data for the two model-based methods was also assessed. We conclude that the four-parameter logistic model is an alternative choice for titer estimation of OPA data. Computer software using the statistical language R and Microsoft Excel was developed to implement our calculation algori...
Convergence results for sequences of quadratic forms

Let (XI,)be a sequence of independent random variables, and let Qn= where for each N,(an:,k)is a doubly indexed sequence of weights. The convergence and the rate of convergence of the sequence of quadratic forms {Qn} are studied. These quadratic forms are linear sums of dependent variables; however, their convergence properties are similar to those of linear sums of independent variables provided the variables have finite rth absolute moments with 0 < r 2.while the rate of convergence has not been obtained for r< 2, it is shown to be different from that of linear sums. Soit {Xk} une suite de variables aleatoires independantes, et soit Qn =une forme quadratique ou, pour chaque N, {AN, j, k} est une suite de poids doublement indicee. On etudie la convergence et le taux de convergence de la suite {Qn).Bein que les QN soient des sommes de variables dependantes, on montre que leurs proprietes de convergence sont semblables a celles de sommes de variables independantes, pourvu que les moments absolus d'ordre rde ces variables soient finis, 0< r 2.on montre aussi que ce resultat n'est plus vrai si r<2, quoiqu'il n'ait pas ete possible d'etablir le taux de convergence des Qn explicitement dans ce dernier cas.
Comorbidity of Anxiety and Conduct Problems in Children: Implications for Clinical Research and Practice

Given the relative lack of research on the comorbidity of anxiety disorders (ADs) and conduct problems (oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder) in youth, we examine this comorbidity from both basic and applied perspectives. First, we review the concept of comorbidity and provide a framework for understanding issues pertaining to comorbidity. Second, we examine the comorbidity of ADs and conduct problems in both epidemiological and clinical studies. Third, we explore the artifactual and substantive reasons for the comorbidity of these disorders. Finally, we discuss the implications of comorbidity for assessment and treatment and provide recommendations for future directions in clinical research and practice.
Electrocautery adenoidectomy compared with curettage and power-assisted methods.

Objective: To compare electrocautery adenoidectomy with conventional (curettage) and power-assisted (endoscopic shaver) methods. Study Design: Comparative review. Methods: Prospective and retrospective studies comparing electrocautery adenoidectomy and conventional curettage or power-assisted methods were reviewed to provide direct comparisons regarding specific outcome variables. Results: Electrocautery adenoidectomy is a precise, effective technique for removing adenoid tissue. Compared with curettage techniques, electrocautery involves less blood loss and shorter operating times. Power-assisted adenoidectomy also offers shorter operating times and less blood loss, but the necessary equipment is more expensive and more experience is required to attain proficiency with the technique. Conclusion: Electrocautery adenoidectomy provides the benefits of minimization of operating time and blood loss at a lower cost than power-assisted adenoidectomy.
Effects of opioid blockade with nalmefene in older impotent men.

Abstract We evaluated the effect of the opioid antagonist nalmefene on the HPG axis and on food consumption in 14 older impotent men. These patients had low to low normal mean serum testosterone values and normal gonadotrophin levels on screening evaluation. Normal response to GnRH was demonstrated in all the men. The protocol called for 24 hours of evaluation before and during administration of nalmefene 2.0 mg IV every 8 hours for 3 doses. During each 24 hour period, the following determinations were made: serum testosterone, FSH, and LH by five separate determinations between 8 AM and noon; 8 AM and II PM serum cortisols; 24 hour urine collections for free cortisol; and nocturmal penile tumescence (NPT). Food consumption was measured from 4 PM to 10 AM during the two periods. Nalmefene resulted in significant rises in testosterone, LH, and FSH. Nalmefene significantly elevated morning and evening cortisol measurements in all the patients. Nalmefene decreased total calorie consumption, principally by decreasing fat consumption. There was no effect on NPT. We conclude that in older impotent men, nalmefene acutely increases activity of the HPG axis and decreases calorie intake predominantly by decreasing fat consumption.
Insulin-like growth factor-1 regulates glutathione peroxidase expression and activity in vascular endothelial cells: Implications for atheroprotective actions of insulin-like growth factor-1.

Abstract Oxidative stress promotes endothelial cell senescence and endothelial dysfunction, important early steps in atherogenesis. To investigate potential antioxidant effects of IGF-1 we treated human aortic endothelial cells (hAECs) with 0–100 ng/mL IGF-1 prior to exposure to native or oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). IGF-1 dose- and time- dependently reduced basal- and oxLDL-induced ROS generation. IGF-1 did not alter superoxide dismutase or catalase activity but markedly increased activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), a crucial antioxidant enzyme, via a phosphoinositide-3 kinase dependent pathway. IGF-1 did not increase GPX1 mRNA levels but increased GPX1 protein levels by 2.6-fold at 24 h, and altered selenocysteine-incorporation complex formation on GPX1 mRNA. Furthermore, IGF-1 blocked hydrogen peroxide induced premature cell senescence in hAECs. In conclusion, IGF-1 upregulates GPX1 expression in hAECs via a translational mechanism, which may play an important role in the ability of IGF-1 to reduce endothelial cell oxidative stress and premature senescence. Our findings have major implications for understanding vasculoprotective effects of IGF-1.
Fan Laws for Rack Systems

As datacenter aisle noise levels approach OSHA workplace limits, air-cooled server racks share with desktop workstations the ultimate problem of being thermally constrained within a finite packaging volume by acoustic emission restrictions. The primary source of noise in most scalable 1 and 2 EIA rack drawers is an air moving device. Multiple compact dual stage counter-rotating bladed tubeaxial devices are being adopted to overcome the pressure drop of increasingly densely packed electronics. The design problem of maximizing hydraulic output within space and noise constraints naturally leads to the question of whether these many smaller fans could be gainfully replaced by fewer but larger fans. To examine this question, the fan laws for single devices are extended to equivalent systems of multiple parallel and series fans. The principle of impedance matching is applied to hydraulic sources and loads to maximize pumping power. A novel method is introduced to map fan speed, size, and hydraulic performance. The paper provides a proof that equal-staged noise-neutral space-filling planar arrays of parallel homologous devices must deliver the same net rack flow and pressure, and it shows that series arrangements of multiple stages of planar parallel fan arrays will always, under acoustic parity conditions, yield increased pressure at diminishing flow with each successive stage. At equivalent system hydraulic output, larger fans in series are shown to consume greater packaging volume while achieving lower overall acoustic output. Net rack flow and pressure relationships are also quantified for systems of equal total rack fan shaft power input. Examination of actual unit level fan noise measurements suggests that in practice, systems of small fans typically output 4 to 9 dB higher noise levels than larger fans operated at the same net flow and pressure. Finally, a survey of unit level airflow and power input measurements reveals that larger fans exhibit higher total efficiency than smaller fans.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A Paleocene coral—algal—sponge reef from southwestern Alabama and the ecology of Early Tertiary reefs

The Late Paleocene Salt Mountain Limestone from southwestern Alabama is a coral-algal-sponge buildup which further characterizes the faunal makeup of early post-Cretaceous reefs. Thin sectioning has disclosed a variety of lithologies, including large foram-algal packstone, algal bindstone, and sponge bafflestone. A low-diversity fauna of massive scleractinian corals caps the sequence, but may be developed intermittently throughout the section as well. The constructional importance of coralline algae and the low diversity of scleractinian corals are characteristic of Paleocene reefs in general. Sponges, however, are virtually unknown in earliest Tertiary sediments. Their abundance in the Salt Mountain demonstrates not only their local contribution to Early Tertiary reefs, but may also reflect an opportunistic response of sponges as reef constructors following the extinction of oligotrophic, rudist-coral reef communities of the Late Cretaceous. □Paleocene, reef, paleoecology, sponges, extinction.
XIAP Gene Expression Protects β-Cells and Human Islets from Apoptotic Cell Death

Islet transplantation has the potential to treat type I diabetes, however, its clinical application is limited due to the massive apoptotic cell death and other post-transplantation challenges to islet grafts. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether ex vivo transduction of rat insulin producing INS-1E cells and human islets with adenoviral vector encoding human X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (Adv-hXIAP) can protect them from inflammatory cytokines and improve their viability and function. There was dose dependent XIAP gene expression. XIAP expression led to decrease in the activities of caspase 3/7, 8 and 9, resulting in reduced apoptotic cell death induced by a cocktail of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1� , TNFR, and IFNγ. Prolonged normoglycemic control could be achieved by transplantation of Adv-XIAP transduced human islets under the kidney capsule of streptozotocin induced diabetic NOD-SCID mice. Immunohistological staining of the islets bearing kidney sections at day 42 after transplantation was positive for insulin. Moreover, the protective effect of XIAP was reversed by coadministration of XIAP inhibitor embelin. These results indicate that ex vivo transduction of islets with Adv-XIAP will decrease cytokine induced apoptosis and improve the outcome of islet transplantation.
Phosphorylation of SNAP-23 by the novel kinase SNAK regulates t-SNARE complex assembly

The docking and fusion of cargo-containing vesicles with target membranes of eukaryotic cells is mediated by the interaction of SNARE proteins present on both vesicle and target membranes. In many cases, the target membrane SNARE, or t-SNARE, exists as a complex of syntaxin with a member of the SNAP-25 family of palmitoylated proteins. We have identified a novel human kinase SNAK (SNARE kinase) that specifically phosphorylates the nonneuronal t-SNARE SNAP-23 in vivo. Interestingly, only SNAP-23 that is not assembled into t-SNARE complexes is phosphorylated by SNAK, and phosphorylated SNAP-23 resides exclusively in the cytosol. Coexpression with SNAK significantly enhances the stability of unassembled SNAP-23, and as a consequence, the assembly of newly synthesized SNAP-23 with syntaxin is augmented. These data demonstrate that phosphorylation of SNAP-23 by SNAK enhances the kinetics of t-SNARE assembly in vivo.
Better or Worse? The Effect of Economic Sanctions on Human Rights*

Does economic coercion increase or decrease government respect for human rights in countries targeted with economic sanctions? If economic sanctions weaken the target regime's coercive capacity, hu...
Seroprevalence of Human Herpesvirus 8 among Injection Drug Users in San Francisco

The association between injection drug use and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) was examined to investigate bloodborne transmission of the virus. In all, 1905 injection drug users (IDUs) enrolled in a cross-sectional study were tested for K8.1 antibodies to HHV-8 lytic antigen. Logistic regression was used to adjust for demographic and sexual behavior variables. HHV-8 seroprevalence was 10% among women, 10% among heterosexual men, and 23% among men who have sex with men. In adjusted analyses, HHV-8 seroprevalence increased with longer duration of injection drug use for each of these groups (P = .01, P = .03, and P = .049 for trend, respectively). HHV-8 infection is relatively common among IDUs in San Francisco, and longer duration of injection drug use is associated with an increase in the risk of HHV-8 infection that is not explained by sexual behavior or demographic differences. These results are consistent with the occurrence of bloodborne transmission of HHV-8 among IDUs.
LIFE AFTER DEATH IN LAKE ERIE: NUTRIENT CONTROLS DRIVE FISH SPECIES RICHNESS, REHABILITATION

Support for this work was provided by (1) Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration F-69-P (to R. A. Stein), administered jointly by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and ODNR-ODW, (2) the Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology at The Ohio State University, and (3) a Presidential Fellowship awarded to S. A. Ludsin by The Ohio State University.
Preparation and properties of MgO single crystals grown by chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Growth of MgO single crystals by dynamic chemical vapor deposition has been achieved by generating MgCl2 vapor by the reaction: MgO (s) + Cl2 (g) + CO (g) ⇄ MgCl2 (g) + CO2 (g) and subsequently inducing MgO deposition by adding hydrogen to give: MgCl2 (g) + CO2 (g) + H2 (g) ⇄ MgO (s) + 2 HCl (g) + CO (g) all at 1600 °C and a total pressure of 5 torr. The influence of gas flow rate, temperature and oxidizing potential on epitaxial single crystal growth, needle growth and powder formation due to nucleation in the gas phase is reported. Epitaxial single crystals 1 × 1 × 0.2 cm were grown at rates of 4.2 × 10×6 cm/sec; 1.5 × 0.3 × 0.2 cm needles were grown at linear rates of 2.8 × 10×5 cm⧸sec. Chemical analysis indicated less than 150 ppm by weight, cation impurity, and dislocation densities were 5 × 103/cm2.
A Lightweight Secure Provenance Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

Large-scale sensor networks are being deployed in numerous application domains, and often the data they collect are used in decision-making for critical infrastructures. Data are streamed from multiple sources through intermediate processing nodes that aggregate information. A malicious adversary may tamper with the data by introducing additional nodes in the network, or by compromising existing ones. Therefore, assuring high data trustworthiness in such a context is crucial for correct decision-making. Data provenance represents a key factor in evaluating the trustworthiness of sensor data. Provenance management for sensor networks introduces several challenging requirements, such as low energy and bandwidth consumption, efficient storage and secure transmission. In this paper, we propose a novel light-weight scheme to securely transmit provenance for sensor data. The proposed technique relies on in-packet Bloom filters to encode provenance. In addition, we introduce efficient mechanisms for provenance verification and reconstruction at the base station. We evaluate the proposed technique both analytically and empirically, and the results prove its effectiveness and efficiency for secure provenance encoding and decoding.
CVD deposition of highly Al-rich mullite coatings

Functionally graded mullite (3Al2O3•2SiO2) coatings have been grown for Si-based substrates and the composition has been tailored in these coatings, with the Al/Si ratio being stoichiometric (~ 3) at the coating/substrate interface for coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) match, and increasing monotonically towards the outer coating surface. These functionally graded coatings were found to have the highest Al-rich mullite reported to date. At these extremely high Al/Si ratios, mullite structure breaks down and the formation of a nano-sized high-alumina rich phase occurs. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy has been used to characterize the structure and composition of high alumina mullite.
Fractional Factorial Designs, issues in†

If only a fraction of all the treatment combinations of a full factorial design are selected to be run, the resulting design is called a fractional factorial design. By carefully deciding which fraction of the treatment combinations to run, it is possible to construct fractional factorial designs with good properties. We examine these designs in detail for designs in which each factor is studied at two levels. We show how to construct these designs and how to find their properties. We discuss some uses of these designs as well as their advantages and disadvantages. An example is given of a design and its analysis. Extensions are considered to other situations, including three-level designs, blocked designs, and split-plot designs. Keywords: fractional factorial design; confounding; aliasing; defining contrast; resolution; aberration; geometric design; orthogonal design; split-plot design; symmetric design; mixed-level design; supersaturated design; Lenth's method
A Study of LEED vs. Non-LEED Office Buildings Spatial & Mass Transit Proximity in Downtown Chicago

Although the number of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified office buildings continues to increase, research on their spatial distributions in comparison to non-LEED build...
Evaluation of the Arginine Maturity Index (AMI) Method of Maturity Estimation for Virginia Type Peanuts

Abstract The arginine maturity index (AMI) method of predicting maturity in peanuts was evaluated on Virginia type peanuts grown in the North Carolina-Virginia area. Analyses of data from a two year study showed statistical differences (P > .05) of AMI values for cultivars, location and digging dates. Official grade factors suggested maturity levels consistent with AMI maturity predictions. Maximum yields per acre were observed near minimum AMI values. Optimum yields and dollars per acre were observed primarily at AMI values of 100. However, no sufficiently definitive value was determined to be the recommended point for digging peanuts. The AMI method was tested on commercial grades of shelled peanuts. Significant differences (P > .05) between AMI values of cultivars were also observed.
Chemometrics and Analytical Chemistry

Modern Analytical Chemistry has become intrinsically tied to the exposure, understanding, and resolution of many of today’s sociotechnical problems, in areas ranging from medical diagnostics to monitoring our climate. Chemometrics is central in deriving adequate responses to these needs in terms of the design, control, evaluation and validation of the Analytical Measurement Process. The substance of this lecture is based on two key references dealing with this theme (1, 2). Reference (1) is a rather extensive review of sociochemical and mathematical-statistical issues which influence the Quality of Analytical Results, while reference (2) comprises a case study from the relatively new discipline of “Chemometric Intercomparison”, or interlaboratory (numerical) validation via simulated analytical data. The paragraphs which follow are offered to introduce these topics and to summarize some recent observations on the subject of detection.
Autonomic modulation of ovine fetal responses to atrial natriuretic factor infusion

The aim of this study was to determine whether the autonomic nervous system modulates the cardiovascular, endocrine, and/or urinary responses to atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) infusion in the fetus. We infused ANF intravenously for 30 min into chronically catheterized, late-gestation sheep fetuses with autonomic blockade and compared the responses to those in autonomically intact fetuses. During the infusions, plasma ANF concentration increased similarly in the blocked and intact fetuses. Arterial pressure decreased by 2 mmHg in both groups, but the decrease occurred earlier in the blocked fetuses. Heart rate was significantly decreased by an average of 15 beats/min in the blocked compared with the intact fetuses. Plasma protein concentration decreased in the blocked fetuses compared with a rise in the intact fetuses. In the blocked fetuses, the restoration of blood volume to normal during the postinfusion period occurred earlier. In the blocked animals, low doses of ANF produced a diuresis, whereas high doses did not increase urine flow; the opposite responses occurred in the intact group. Plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentration increased during the infusion only in the blocked animals. The fetal venous pressure, plasma renin activity, and norepinephrine responses were similar in both groups. These data suggest that the autonomic nervous system may play a role in modulating the fetal arterial pressure, heart rate, blood volume, plasma protein concentration, AVP, and urine flow responses to ANF. Thus the autonomic nervous system appears to significantly modulate multiple responses to ANF in the late-gestation ovine fetus.
The Local as Colonial Subject: Imperialism and Ethnography in Gerhart Hauptmann's Novellas Bahnwärter Thiel and Fasching

Situated amid the stately pine forests of the Spreewald, Gerhart Hauptmann's Brandenburg novellas Bahnwarter Thiel (1888) and Fasching (1887) could hardly offer a more “German” setting. Yet rather than present an intimate depiction of a quaint corner of Germany, these naturalistically candid tales of family tragedies offer imagery that extends beyond their geographic boundaries. Given the imperial context of the novellas, as well as Hauptmann's anthropologically flavored descriptions of his characters and their milieu, they are due for a thicker reading, one that is mindful of nineteenth-century Germany's collective ethnographic curiosity and the period's colonial discourse on exotic locales and their perceived primitive inhabitants. By foregrounding the distinctive, if not alien, characteristics of the protagonists and their families, as well as the region's geographic and cultural isolation, Hauptmann reveals the heightened ethnographic awareness that pervaded imperial Germany, and reveals a connection between colonialism and Social Darwinism that was not limited to overseas colonies.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Reconstruction

ACL injuries are a common reason for knee surgery in young healthy patients. The clinical diagnosis of ACL tear is straightforward, though coexistent pathology is frequently present and must be recognized for surgical and rehabilitation planning. A careful history, physical examination including provocative maneuvers, and imaging as dictated from the exam are key in establishing an appropriate diagnosis. MRI is useful in identifying ACL injuries and their concomitant knee pathologies though certain cases may be challenging. This chapter outlines cases of ACL injury and reconstruction and discusses surgical intervention, which can be pursued in the carefully chosen active patient through an individualized approach. Techniques for improving ACL reconstruction are under constant analysis and development.
Electrophoretic Survey of Eastern North American Allonemobius (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): Evolutionary Relationships and the Discovery of Three New Species

Cryptic species are common in the singing Orthoptera, and systematists have come to rely heavily on distribution, ecology, life cycle, and especially song characteristics both to recognize species and to work out their evolutionary relationships. Eastern North American ground crickets in the genus Allonemobius have been very well studied in the above manner, and the taxonomy of the group appeared secure. However, electrophoretic evidence presented here indicates that what has been called A. allardi in the past consists of three species and what has been called A. fasciatus consists of two species. The evolutionary history of the eastern North American members of the genus is reconstructed, using three different methods for estimating phylogenetic trees from genetic distance matrices. The two species best suited for speciation studies appear to be A. fasciatus and A. socius .
Release of Backcross Insects on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, to Suppress the Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Infusion of Sterility into a Native Population

The infusion of inherited male sterility into the native population of Heliothis virescens (F.) was investigated during and after four releases of backcross insects on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Frequencies of field-reared, backcross insects continued to increase during and for one generation after each release. After an all-island release of ca. 40,000 insects per day from 27 August to 17 December 1980, 94% of the males trapped for a 6-week period were sterile progeny from released or field-reared backcross females and native males. Within a few generations after insects were released at one site, ca. 11 km from the west end of St. Croix, progeny from released females were captured throughout the island, and backcross frequencies from all locations were similar. Backcross insects survived the dry season, but backcross frequencies declined with time after each release, regardless of season.
Drug Resistance Proteins and Refractory Epilepsy

Expression of multi-drug resistance gene-1 P-glycoprotein (MDR1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) in refractory epilepsy was studied at the Epilepsy Research Group, Institutes of Neurology and Child Health, University College, London, and Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK.
The Brain as a Therapeutic Target in TMD and Orofacial Pain: The Next Frontier in Personalized Pain Medicine and Health Technology

There is growing evidence that the cause for the chronicity in many TMD and orofacial pain patients may lie in the brain, instead of the peripheral areas where the symptoms reside. Accumulating data, stemming primarily from the area of neuroimaging, show that the transition from acute to chronic pain appears to be due to an alteration of specific neural systems as a maladaptation to the prolonged suffering, a phenomenon called neuroplasticity. As described by William James, a pioneering American psychologist, in his book The Principles of Psychology (1890): “Plasticity […] means the possession of a structure weak enough to yield to an influence, but strong enough not to yield all at once.” He attributed this inherent ability of adaptive changes to any organic matter, especially the nervous system, granting it a special degree of plasticity. Based on this principle, prolonged pain may induce ingrained alterations in the brain, which could explain the resilience of TMD and orofacial pain to conventional treatments in countless patients.
Expression of H-2 Genes and Susceptibility to Parasitic Infection

The term parasitism is difficult to define. Many infectious organisms such as bacteria or fungi, live at the expense of their hosts, yet are not usually regarded as parasites. In contrast, certain protozoans or helminths which live in close association with their hosts, but cause no demonstrable disease, are called parasites nonetheless. For present purposes, the discussion of immunity to parasites will be restricted to immune responses induced in vertebrate hosts following exposure to protozoan, helminth, or arthropod “parasites”. While such a distinction is arbitrary, it follows conventional practice. Following a brief discussion of immunity to parasitic infections in very general terms, results from studies of Trichinella spiralis-infected mice will be reviewed to provide specific examples of how H-2 genes may influence the outcome of such host-parasite interactions.
Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models: Sample size and power calculations

Choices in the design of data collection Multilevel modeling is typically motivated by features in existing data or the object of study—for example, voters classified by demography and geography, students in schools, multiple measurements on individuals, and so on. Consider all the examples in Part 2 of this book. In some settings, however, multilevel data structures arise by choice from the data collection process. We briefly discuss some of these options here. Unit sampling or cluster sampling In a sample survey, data are collected on a set of units in order to learn about a larger population. In unit sampling, the units are selected directly from the population. In cluster sampling, the population is divided into clusters: first a sample of clusters is selected, then data are collected from each of the sampled clusters. In one-stage cluster sampling, complete information is collected within each sampled cluster. For example, a set of classrooms is selected at random from a larger population, and then all the students within each sampled classroom are interviewed. In two-stage cluster sampling, a sample is performed within each sampled cluster. For example, a set of classrooms is selected, and then a random sample of ten students within each classroom is selected and interviewed. More complicated sampling designs are possible along these lines, including adaptive designs, stratified cluster sampling, sampling with probability proportional to size, and various combinations and elaborations of these.
Immature Stages of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from India. VIII. Taxonomy and Biology of Twentyone Species of Phytomyza Fallen

AbstractThe immature stages of twentyone species of the genus Phytomyza Fallen along with their biological notes have been discussed. A dichotomous key for the identification of the immature stages has also been included.
Amount of polyhydramnios attributable to diabetes may be less than previously reported.

Aim To evaluate the frequency and the quantity of polyhydramnios attributable to diabetes in pregnancy. Methods The charts of patients with a four-quadrant amniotic fluid index (AFI) ≥ 20 cm and either a diagnosis of diabetes or a diabetes screening test during the index pregnancy were retrospectively reviewed. AFI was stratified into 5 categories and the frequency of diabetes was evaluated for each group. The frequency of polyhydramnios attributable to diabetes was compared to the frequency of polyhydramnios in the setting of fetal anomalies or no known cause. Results One thousand five hundred and forty-five patients were included in the study. Eight point five percent (n = 131) had diabetes and no other cause for polyhydramnios. Eleven point two percent (173) had antenatally diagnosed anomalies. For all categories of AFI except the largest (> 40.9 cm) the most common cause of polyhydramnios was idiopathic. In patients with diabetes the AFI was most likely to be between 26 cm and 35.9 cm. Conclusion The rate of polyhydramnios in this study is 8.5%. Patients with diabetes most commonly have mild polyhydramnios between 26 and 35.9 cm of fluid on a four-quadrant AFI.
Judging by Refraining from Judgment: The Artwork and Its Einordnung

Any ideological operation that proceeds by way of positing a more or less narrowly defined set of correspondences forecloses in advance any inquiry regarding the contingent, and therefore—in principle—changeable relation of the ideological content to the world in which it is formed and from which it also departs. That is to say, the kind of thinking that would break open the fossilized structures of an ideological formation must first center on an investigation of the ways in which the presupposition of a stable correspondence in actuality works to displace and even dissimulate its own contingency. What kind of judgment, then, would be required to approach this set of concerns? What type of judgment would thinking have to elicit when it wishes to posit such norms or to evaluate such ideas, phenomena, and behaviors? This chapter examines what it is, in Adorno’s thinking, that locates the core of such acts of judgment in works of art and, more generally, in the realm of the aesthetic.
Statistical distributions of ultra-low dose CT sinograms and their fundamental limits

Low dose CT imaging is typically constrained to be diagnostic. However, there are applications for even lowerdose CT imaging, including image registration across multi-frame CT images and attenuation correction for PET/CT imaging. We define this as the ultra-low-dose (ULD) CT regime where the exposure level is a factor of 10 lower than current low-dose CT technique levels. In the ULD regime it is possible to use statistically-principled image reconstruction methods that make full use of the raw data information. Since most statistical based iterative reconstruction methods are based on the assumption of that post-log noise distribution is close to Poisson or Gaussian, our goal is to understand the statistical distribution of ULD CT data with different non-positivity correction methods, and to understand when iterative reconstruction methods may be effective in producing images that are useful for image registration or attenuation correction in PET/CT imaging. We first used phantom measurement and calibrated simulation to reveal how the noise distribution deviate from normal assumption under the ULD CT flux environment. In summary, our results indicate that there are three general regimes: (1) Diagnostic CT, where post-log data are well modeled by normal distribution. (2) Lowdose CT, where normal distribution remains a reasonable approximation and statistically-principled (post-log) methods that assume a normal distribution have an advantage. (3) An ULD regime that is photon-starved and the quadratic approximation is no longer effective. For instance, a total integral density of 4.8 (ideal p i for ~24 cm of water) for 120kVp, 0.5mAs of radiation source is the maximum pi value where a definitive maximum likelihood value could be found. This leads to fundamental limits in the estimation of ULD CT data when using a standard data processing stream
Mid-IR CW Cr:ZnS laser tunable with acousto-optical filter

We report on CW, acousto-optically tuned Cr:ZnS mid-IR laser operating over 1890 - 2785 nm spectral range with 40% slope efficiency with respect to the pump power in the maximum of tuning curve. The tuning range over 1890 - 2785 nm was demonstrated by tuning the radio frequency (RF) applied to a TeO 2 acousto-optical filter between 30.3 MHz and 20.12 MHz. A maximum output power of 2.8 W was achieved at 2.23 μm under 10.7 W of pump power. The linewidth of the Cr:ZnS laser measured at central wavelength was < 0.8 nm.