cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transfer hydrogenolysis of aromatic alcohols using Raney catalysts and 2-propanol

Raney nickel in refluxing 2-propanol is an effective catalytic system for cleaving C–O bonds in aromatic alcohols by transfer hydrogenolysis. Deoxygenation of alcohols substituted at the -, -, -, -, and e-positions was accomplished. The reaction appears not to be sensitive to substitution about the carbinol carbon. Aliphatic alcohols do not undergo hydrogenolysis with this system. Some dehydromethylation is found in the hydrogenolysis of primary alcohols. With extended reaction times, ring reduction accompanies hydrogenolysis of alcohols containing more than one aromatic ring. Raney cobalt is shown to catalyze hydrogen transfer from 2-propanol. Raney cobalt in refluxing 2-propanol is an effective system for deoxygenating -substituted alcohols only. Although Raney cobalt is less reactive than Raney nickel in transfer hydrogenolysis, it exhibits greater selectivity as illustrated by the lack of ring reduction in alcohols containing more than one aromatic ring. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
CLL/SLL diagnosed in an adolescent

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) is a disease of older adults. Pediatric CLL/SLL is vanishingly rare in the literature. We present a case of CLL/SLL diagnosed in a 17-year-old male. The pathologic findings of this case were those of classic CLL/SLL with an ATM deletion, a characteristic genetic abnormality in CLL/SLL. Management guidelines for CLL/SLL are tailored to older adults making determination of the optimal therapy for this patient a unique challenge.
Meaning from syntax: Evidence from 2-year-olds

When toddlers view an event while hearing a novel verb, the verb's syntactic context has been shown to help them identify its meaning. The current work takes this finding one step further to reveal that even in the absence of an accompanying event, syntactic information supports toddlers' identification of verb meaning. Two-year-olds were first introduced to dialogues incorporating novel verbs either in transitive or intransitive sentences, but in the absence of any relevant referent scenes (see Yuan & Fisher, 2009). Next, toddlers viewed two candidate scenes: (a) two participants performing synchronous actions, (b) two participants performing a causative action. When asked to "find mooping", toddlers who had heard transitive sentences chose the causative scene; those who had heard intransitive sentences did not. These results demonstrate that 2-year-olds infer important components of meaning from syntactic structure alone, using it to direct their subsequent search for a referent in a visual scene.
The dependence of the oxygen-concentrating mechanism of the teleost eye (Salmo gairdneri) on the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.

Microoxygen polarographic electrodes were constructed and used to measure oxygen tension (POO2) in the eyes of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The values obtained are compared with arterial blood and environmental water POO2 and indicate that there is an oxygen-concentrating mechanism in the eye supplying oxygen to the avascular retina. Anatomically similar retes suggest that the mechanism is similar to the one which exists in the swim bladder. Elimination of the arterial blood supply to the choroidal gland rete mirabile of the eye (through pseudobranchectomy) and the consequent lowering of ocular oxygen tensions implicate the choroidal gland as one of the major components of the oxygen-concentrating mechanism. After pseudobranchectomy the presence of ocular POO2 above that of arterial blood is indicative of a secondary structure in the eye capable of concentrating oxygen. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase, using acetazolamide, is shown to result in complete suppression of the oxygen-concentrating mechanism. A hypothesis is advanced for the participation of retinal-choroidal and erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase in the oxygen-concentrating mechanism.
Adaptive algorithms with an automatic gain control feature

An automatic gain control (AGC) scheme is introduced for adaptive algorithms that are used extensively in many applications. The scheme is realized by using an estimate of the cross correlation between the adaptation error and the input signal to control the gain of the adaptive algorithm. When the cross correlation is high, the gain is also high, and the adaptive algorithm is in an 'active' state. When the error and the input signals are uncorrelated, the gain is closed to zero, and the adaptive algorithm is put in an 'asleep' state. Thus, adaptive algorithms with such AGC are comparatively insensitive to disturbances appearing on the system output measurement, which can drive conventional adaptive algorithms away from the achieved adaptation. A fast, efficient algorithm for estimation of the cross-correlation coefficient of adaptive error and input is proposed. >
Assessment of hemispheric dominance for receptive language in pediatric patients under sedation using magnetoencephalography.

Non-invasive assessment of hemispheric dominance for receptive language using Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is now a well-established procedure used across several epilepsy centers in the context of pre-surgical evaluation of children and adults while awake, alert and attentive. However, the utility of MEG for the same purpose, in cases of sedated patients, is contested. Establishment of the efficiency of MEG is especially important in the case of children who, for a number of reasons, must be assessed under sedation. Here we explored the efficacy of MEG language mapping under sedation through retrospective review of 95 consecutive pediatric patients, who underwent our receptive language test as part of routine clinical evaluation. Localization of receptive language cortex and subsequent determination of laterality was successfully completed in 78% (n=36) and 55% (n=27) of non-sedated and sedated patients, respectively. Moreover, the proportion of patients deemed left hemisphere dominant for receptive language did not differ between non-sedated and sedated patients, exceeding 90% in both groups. Considering the challenges associated with assessing brain function in pediatric patients, the success of passive MEG in the context of the cases reviewed in this study support the utility of this method in pre-surgical receptive language mapping.
Request algorithms in Freenet-style peer-to-peer systems

In most peer-to-peer systems, edge resources self-organize into overlay networks. At the core of Freenet-style peer-to-peer systems are insert and request algorithms that dynamically change the overlay network and replicate files on demand. We ran simulations to test how effective these algorithms are at improving the performance of subsequent queries. Our results show that for the original Freenet algorithms, performance improved less rapidly with a ratio of 99 requests to 1 insert than with an equal number of requests and inserts. This motivated us to design and test the performance of several new request algorithms. By changing the overlay network after failed requests and by further rewarding the fulfillers of successful requests, our new algorithms improved median pathlength by up to a factor of 9.25.
Blaming The Perpetrator: Language that Distorts Reality in Newspaper Articles on Men Battering Women:

In an earlier article, Lamb (1991) showed that journal authors, when writing about men battering women, wrote in a way that avoided assigning responsibility to men as perpetrators, and that this kind of writing was more common among male authors as well as female authors who wrote with men. This study examines first whether this kind of writing occurs in newspaper articles on men battering women, and whether two problematic styles of writing have an effect on the reader. Three versions of a newspaper article were developed to differentiate active voice, passive voice, and writing that implies shared responsibility for a man's violence. One hundred and eighty subjects read one of the three versions and endorsed one of five possible punishments for the man in the story who had been violent. Results showed that subjects did not differ in their selection of punishments for the active voice versus the passive voice version, but were much more lenient towards the man after reading the shared responsibility version.
The prognostic value of percentage of positive biopsy cores, percentage of cancer volume, and maximum involvement of biopsy cores in prostate cancer patients receiving proton and photon beam therapy.

UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to compare the prognostic value of the percentage of positive biopsy cores (PPBC), the percentage of cancer volume (PCV), and the maximum involvement of biopsy cores (MIBC) as a prognostic factor in low- and intermediate-risk patients with clinically localized prostate cancer who received proton or photon beam therapy. Four hundred and fifty-nine patients with clinically localized prostate carcinoma who were treated with proton or photon beam therapy at Loma Linda University Medical Center were used for this analysis. Patients were treated with a median dose of 74.0 Gy (range 70.2-79.2) proton or combined proton/photon beam radiotherapy. Pathology reports were reviewed and PPBC, PCV, and MIBC were recorded. Analysis of biochemical no evidence of disease (bNED) outcome was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analyses. Cox regression multivariate analyses were performed to assess the impact of the biopsy factors on survival. RESULTS 285, 291, and 291 patients had biopsy information available for analysis, respectively. Survival analysis showed that a higher PPBC, PCV, and MIBC were each individually associated with an increased risk of biochemical failure on univariate analysis (p < 0.01). Only PPBC and PCV were associated with an increased risk of biochemical failure on multivariate analysis, adjusting for age, NCCN risk group, and dose (p < 0.01). When isolating the intermediate-risk group, only PPBC and PCV were statistically significant on multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis of the intermediate-risk group comparing PPBC and PCV showed that PPBC was not a significant predictor of biochemical failure, while PCV was a significant predictor of biochemical failure (p = 0.37 and p = 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSION PPBC and PCV can potentially be used for additional risk stratification of intermediate-risk patients with PCV potentially being the most clinically relevant predictor bNED survival. MIBC was not found to have utility in the prognosis of low- and intermediate-risk patients.
The effects of stress on wound healing in male tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus).

Exposure to stress can aVect an organism’s partitioning of resources among immune function and other organismal functions. However, measuring immune function is often diYcult. Recent studies show that the rate of cutaneous wound healing in laboratory rodents is a simple, integrated measure of stress-sensitive immune function. We investigated the use of this technique in tree lizards to test the hypotheses (1) that stress compromises wound healing and (2) that this eVect is at least partially mediated by corticosterone. Laboratoryhoused male tree lizards randomly assigned to the experimental and control treatment groups received a 3.5 mm cutaneous biopsy on the dorsal surface of the pelvis. Experimental group males were restrained in cloth bags for 60 min every day for 21 days during the healing proWle, whereas control males were left in their cages. Wound sizes were measured every other day by image analysis. Control animals healed faster than stressed animals. The diVerence in wound surface area between the groups was most pronounced early in the healing proWle. Stressed animals also had higher corticosterone levels and corticosterone was negatively correlated with healing rate in the stressed animals. These observations support both hypotheses that stress compromises healing and that corticosterone may act to mediate the eVects of stress.
Reading and Subcortical Auditory Function

Although it is largely agreed that phonological processing deficits are a major cause of poor reading, the neural origins of phonological processing are not well understood. We now show, for the first time, that phonological decoding, measured with a test of single-nonword reading, is significantly correlated with the timing of subcortical auditory processing and also, to a lesser extent, with the robustness of subcortical representation of the harmonic content of speech, but not with pitch encoding. The relationships we observe between reading and subcortical processing fall along a continuum, with poor readers at one end and good readers at the other. These data suggest that reading skill may depend on the integrity of subcortical auditory mechanisms and are consistent with the idea that subcortical representation of the acoustic features of speech may play a role in normal reading as well as in the development of reading disorders. These data establish a significant link between subcortical auditory function and reading, thereby contributing to the understanding of the biological bases of reading. At a more general level, these findings are among the first to establish a direct relationship between subcortical sensory function and a specific cognitive skill (reading). We argue that this relationship between cortical and subcortical function could be shaped during development by the corticofugal pathway and that this cortical–subcortical link could contribute to the phonological processing deficits experienced by poor readers.
Functional Differentiation and the Structure of Informal Groups

IN CURRENT definitions of social structure, one particular difference in emphasis appears outstanding. Stogdill, for example, emphasizes differentiation and interdependence of parts when he says: "By structure is meant that the system is so differentiated or ordered that member A is not identical with member B, and the reaction of A to B is not identical with the reaction of B to A." 1 In a somewhat broader frame of reference, Johnson, on the other hand, places primary emphasis on the element of continuity or relative permanence when he says, "The 'structure' of anything consists of the relatively stable interrelationships among its parts; moreover, the term 'part' itself implies a certain degree of stability." 2 This latter characteristic-stability-Stogdill refers to as identity because it is this characteristic which "permits the system to be recognized as the same group during successive periods of observation." 3 The central tendencies of these and similar definitions can be expressed in a definition of structure as a stable pattern of relationships among differentiated parts. Differences in emphasis suggest, however, that such a definition contains two key elements: differentiation of function on the one hand, and consistency in the allocation of these functions on the other.
Luteolin as a therapeutic option for multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) remains without an effective treatment in spite of intense research efforts. Interferon-beta (IFN-β) reduces duration and severity of symptoms in many relapsing-remitting MS patients, but its mechanism of action is still not well understood. Moreover, IFN-β and other available treatments must be given parenterally and have a variety of adverse effects. Certain naturally occurring flavonoids, such as luteolin, have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, including inhibition of activated peripheral blood leukocytes from MS patients. Luteolin also inhibits mast cells, as well as mast cell-dependent T cell activation, recently implicated in MS pathogenesis. Moreover, luteolin and structurally similar flavonoids can inhibit experimental allergic allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS in rodents. An appropriate luteolin formulation that permits sufficient absorption and reduces its metabolism could be a useful adjuvant to IFN-β for MS therapy.
Measurement Invariance of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale in India and the United States

Measurement invariance testing is considered essential in determining whether a measure can be meaningfully used across cultural groups, though establishing such invariance is relatively rare in cross-national studies. The present study investigated measurement invariance of a widely used measure of emotion dysregulation, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004), in a sample of college students in India (n = 198) and the United States (US; n = 295). Results demonstrated that the item-level six-factor model for the DERS did not fit the data well in either the US or Indian samples. A scale score six-factor model without the item-level information fit the data well in both samples, and a scale score five-factor model (without the Lack of Emotional Clarity subscale) fit the data better in both samples. Using the five-factor scale score models, configural invariance testing indicated that the model varies across the two cultural groups. Overall, our findings failed to demonstrate measurement invariance of the DERS, suggesting that the DERS functions differently in the two cultural groups. Further research is needed to examine cross-national differences in the conceptualization and measurement of emotion regulation.
The existence of comprehension patterns in Broca's aphasia.

Berndt and Caramazza (1999) claim that Grodzinsky, Pinango, Zurif, and Drai (1999) were able to show a canonical-noncanonical difference (e.g., actives vs. passives) in the comprehension of Broca's aphasic patients only because of a patient selection bias. We show that the canonical-noncanonical comprehension pattern exists apart from any such bias, and that this pattern bears importantly on our understanding of the neuroanatomical organization of comprehension capacity at the sentence level.
In Situ Actinide X-ray Absorption Spectroelectrochemistry

By using electrochemical techniques in simultaneous combination with EXAFS, we can stabilize a targeted charge state of a solution complex and probe the coordination of selected actinide (An) ions. In addition, we can acquire sufficient XANES over a range of controlled electrochemical potentials, in the vicinity of a redox couple, to perform a Nernst analysis. The prospect of this technique to provide here-to-fore unattainable information is demonstrated through examples of Np, Pu, and Bk speciation in solution.
Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on the Frequency of Post-Cardiothoracic Surgery Atrial Fibrillation

Background:A recent meta-analysis demonstrated that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) reduce the incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation by nearly 50%. However, the ability of ACE inhibitors or ARBs to prevent post-cardiothoracic surgery (CTS) atrial fibrillation, when used postoperatively, has yet to be evaluated.Objective:To evaluate the impact of postoperative ACE inhibitor or ARB use on the incidence of post-CTS atrial fibrillation.Methods:We performed a retrospective cohort study of propensity score matched patients who underwent CTS at a single institution from January 2004 through December 2005. Patients who received either an ACE inhibitor or an ARB within 24 hours of surgery were propensity score matched for common predictors of post-CTS atrial fibrillation (age >70 y, preoperative digoxin use, postoperative β-blocker or amiodarone use, β-blockor intolerance, valve surgery, male sex, and history of diabetes mellitus, smoking, chronic obstru...
Playing Soccer on the Football Field: The Persistence of Gender Inequities for Women Faculty

Sports metaphor is employed as an epistemic tool for describing psychological, sociocultural, and organizational factors that contribute to enduring gender bias, inequalities, and discrimination faced by women faculty at colleges and universities. Quantitative and qualitative data from two comprehensive institutional campus climate studies show that women and men faculty experience their work lives differently. Based upon our analyses, we argue for restructuring the embedded normative values and processes that inform the academic playbook.
Effects of ethanol on recruiting, augmenting and reticular activation response thresholds.

Changes in threshold for CNS response were compared after five doses of intravenous ethanol in cats. The responses suggested a biphasic action which may partly depend on low-dose depression of cent...
Cargo-specific accidental release impact zones for hazardous materials: risk and consequence comparison for ammonia and hydrogen fluoride

Impacts of hazardous material releases during transport depend on the characteristics of the cargo, incident location and time, weather conditions (i.e., wind direction and speed), and land use. The objectives of this research were to characterize the dispersion characteristics of two hazardous materials (ammonia and hydrogen fluoride) in relation to meteorological parameters, land use, and cargo characteristics; and evaluate the health risks associated with the exposure after accidental releases. The magnitudes of the impact zones were compared in relation to atmospheric stability and exposure levels. Impact zones were estimated by areal locations of hazardous atmospheres software and imported to ArcGIS. For ammonia, the areas impacted by exposure levels over 1100 ppm Acute Exposure Guideline Level 3 (AEGL-3) were limited to less than 0.3 miles downwind from the incident location under unstable atmospheric conditions, which favor high vertical mixing and rapid dilution, and extended further downwind to distances between 0.5 and 0.7 miles under stable atmospheric conditions. For hydrogen fluoride, the AEGL-3 impact zone (exposure levels over 44 ppm) extended between 0.6 and 0.9 miles directly downwind from the incident location under unstable conditions, and reached approximately 2.0 miles directly downwind from the incident location under stable atmospheric conditions. The results were compared with the Emergency Response Guideline (ERG 2012) and showed agreement. The multilevel analysis of impacts after hazardous material releases during transport (i.e., type of material, geographical data, dispersion profile, meteorological information) can be used for implementing appropriate response and mitigation measures for accidental releases of hazardous cargo.
Generation of pseudo random numbers and estimation under Cox models with time-dependent covariates

We study the method for generating pseudo random numbers under various special cases of the Cox model with time-dependent covariates when the baseline hazard function may not be constant and the random variable may equal infinity with a positive probability. During our simulation studies in computing the partial likelihood estimates, in between 3% and 20% of the time with a moderate sample size, it happens that the partial likelihood estimate of the regression coefficient is ∞ for the data from the Cox model. We propose a semi-parametric estimator as a modification for such a case. We present simulation results on the asymptotic properties of the semi-parametric estimator.
The West and the Tropics of Area Studies

Both Asia and Latin America are regarded as areas in the disciplines of area studies. What must be called into question is the assumption that these areas are primarily geographic designations. This paper investigates in what sense the “area” of area studies connotes a geographic location and how it is differentiated from other terms such as territory. It discusses the history of the modern international world in which the world has been bifurcated into the West, where a system of international law has been applied, and the Rest, where residents have not been protected by international law. Both Asia and Latin America are designations that preserve the legacy of modern colonialism: both are geographic indices for the regions and populations to be “discovered” and posited from the viewpoint of the West. In this respect, Asia and Latin America as “areas” still preserve the microphysics of modern colonial power in their geopolitical referentiality.
Calculation of Diffusion Coefficients in Ternary Systems from Diaphragm Cell Experiments.

Using a generalized least square procedure, a method is developed to estimate diffusion coefficients, Dij , from concentration measurements made in a set of experiments of varying duration but with the same initial conditions. The method requires neither approximations nor restrictions in the flow equations. The Dij and their errors are calculated simultaneously with the adjustment of the weighted observables - concentrations of the two solute components and time. A procedure is described to insure convergence in a given experimental set. The effect of the duration of the longest experiment, and errors in the observables on the estimated values of Dij and their errors, are investigated. Application of the method to available data yielded values for Dij in agreement with those previously calculated by more involved procedures.
Paradoxical anaerobism in desert pupfish.

In order to estimate metabolic demands of desert pupfish for conservation purposes, we measured oxygen consumption in fish acclimated to the ecologically relevant temperatures of 28 or 33°C. For these experiments, we used fish derived from a refuge population of Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis). Measurement of routine oxygen consumption (VO2,routine) revealed some 33°C-acclimated fish (10% of 295 assayed fish) periodically exhibited periods of no measurable oxygen consumption despite available ambient oxygen tensions that were above the critical PO2. We call this phenomenon paradoxical anaerobism. The longest observed continuous bout with no oxygen consumption was 149 min, although typical bouts were much shorter. Fish maintained normal posture and ventilation rate (>230 ventilations per minute) during paradoxical anaerobism. Fish rarely demonstrated a compensatory increase in oxygen use following a period of paradoxical anaerobism. In contrast, only one out of 262 sampled fish acclimated at 28°C spontaneously demonstrated paradoxical anaerobism. Muscle lactate concentration was not elevated during periods of paradoxical anaerobism. However, the amount of ethanol released by the 33°C-acclimated fish was 7.3 times greater than that released by the 28°C acclimation group, suggesting ethanol may be used as an alternative end product of anaerobic metabolism. Exposure to exogenous ethanol, in concentrations as low as 0.1%, produced periods of paradoxical anaerobism even in 28°C-acclimated fish.
Screening and identification of antagonistic endophytes against Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum

Using selective media,a total of 183 endophytes were isolated from surface sterilization tissues of 6 plants collected from the campus of Beijing Foresry University and the botanic garden in Danzhou.Antagonism assays by dual culture were performed that 32 strains,17.49 % of all isolates,presented good levels of inhibition against S.sclerotiorum.Combined with the inhibit activity,morphological characterization and host,10 endophytes were selected to further identify by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.The results permitted assignment these antagonistic endophytes to 5 different genera,Streptomyces,Microbacterium,Rhizobium,Achromobacter and Bacillus with a level of diversity.Therefore,the antagonistic endophytes screened in this study will provide new resources and lay the foundation to exploring mixture microorganisms for biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and enhance of agricultural production.
On Examining Specificity in Latent Construct Indicators

A latent variable modeling procedure for examining specificity in any indicator of a common factor for a set of repeatedly administered measures is outlined in a longitudinal design setting with measurement invariance and specificity stability over time. The method permits one to test whether there is specificity in a given indicator and in the affirmative case allows one to point and interval estimate the specificity variance in that measure. The discussed procedure is readily applicable with popular software, is based on empirically testable conditions, and is illustrated with an example.
The referral role of pediatricians.

Pediatricians have a vital role in making effective mental health referrals for many children and their families. After selecting which families are appropriate for referral and the type of resource to which they should be referred, and after determining the severity of their problems, the clinician should carry out a careful process to ensure the success of the referral. Special attention should be paid to finding the pain in individual family members, locating appropriate resources, and following up once a referral has been made.
Rare or rarely detected? Ceraceosorus guamensis sp. nov.: a second described species of Ceraceosorales and the potential for underdetection of rare lineages with common sampling techniques

Ceraceosorales is a monotypic order in Ustilaginomycotina. Its namesake, Ceraceosorus bombacis, was described as a phytopathogen of Bombax ceiba in India. In this study, we describe Ceraceosorus guamensis sp. nov., collected on the South Pacific island of Guam, which appears to represent the second isolation of any member of this order in over 40 years. Ceraceosorus species are monokaryotic and filamentous in culture, producing conidia on potato dextrose agar. However, both species behave yeast-like when cultured on corn meal agar. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (spanning the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) in both species of Ceraceosorus is highly heterogeneous containing multiple disparate copies that can vary intragenomically by up to 3.5 %. Moreover, this region could not be amplified using the fungal ITS primers most frequently used for culture-independent methods of assessing fungal biodiversity. This fact, combined with the extremely slow growth rates on commonly employed media, may indicate that members of this lineage are potentially underdetected by current sampling methods.
Quantitation of Argatroban in Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)

The following chapter describes a method to measure argatroban in plasma samples using ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray positive ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Samples are pre-treated using methanol containing the internal standard (IS) diclofenac. The plasma extracts are dried under a stream of nitrogen. The residue is reconstituted in ammonium acetate-formic acid-water. The reconstituted plasma is injected into the UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Argatroban and diclofenac show similar retention times in plasma. Quantification of argatroban in the samples is made by multiple reaction monitoring using the hydrogen adduct mass transitions, from a seven-point calibration curve.
CROSSINSTITUTIONAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE PROGRAM AT DREXEL UNIVERSITY

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on crossinstitutional and multidisciplinary biomedical engineering and science program at Drexel University. Drexel University, with its strong technology base, has coupled with a number of Philadelphia area medical institutions to engage in projects beneficial to the institutions in an almost symbiotic environment. Although in these projects, one institution generally provides the technology base and the other the medical/biologic base, the participants must be knowledgeable to some extent, usually significantly, in their symbiots area of expertise. With this relationship formulated, neither participant dominates the other and neither participant relies totally on the partners exclusive claim to an area of expertise. Both participants are individually multidisciplinary by training and the relationship is crossinstitutional by design. The contributions of each institution consist of some time for personnel to develop the project, making available resources, and in general being cognizant of the need for other institutional involvement.
Stigma of mental and physical illness and the use of mobile technology.

ABSTRACTResearch has shown the stigma attached to mental disabilities, yet little research has directly compared the experiences of people with physical disabilities and those with mental disabilities. Not only are both conditions likely perceived as stigmatizing, but the pervasive use of mobile technology may be one means by which people with disabilities can manage and understand their disability. Four hundred and eighty-seven individuals with physical and/or psychological disabilities completed a survey examining whether they would be willing to use mobile technology to manage their disability and how stigmatizing they perceived their disability to be. Willingness to use mobile technology was related to the age of the sample as well as the type of disability. Individuals with psychological disabilities were more likely to use certain forms of mobile technology relative to those with physical disabilities. Observed differences between physical and psychological disabilities are discussed in terms of the...
The art and artistry of textbooks

Few elements of science metamorphose more rapidly, regularly and radically than textbooks. To remain effective, textbooks constantly have to change their contents, structure and approach. Indeed, with the advent of on-line textbooks, this process of revision can be carried out faster and more easily than ever before.
Karl Marx: Epitome

The laborer becomes poorer the more wealth he produces, indeed, the more powerful and wide-ranging his production becomes. Labor does not only produce commodities, it produces itself and the laborer as a commodity and in relation to the level at which it produces commodities. The product of labor is labor, which fixes itself in the object, it becomes a thing, and it is the objectification of labor. The objectification of labor manifests itself so much as a loss of objects, that the laborer is robbed of the most necessary objects, not only to maintain his own life, but even objects with which to labor. Indeed, labor itself becomes an object, which only with the greatest effort and with random interruptions can be acquired. Appropriation of objects manifests itself so much as estrangement, that the more objects the laborer produces, the fewer he can own and so he plunges deeper under the mastery of his product: Capital.
Review: Insufficient evidence exists for screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age

Source Citation Ringash J, with the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Preventive health care, 2001 update: screening mammography among women aged 40-49 years at average risk of breast ...
Bott: Periodizität der Dimensionszahl (1959)

Die euklidische Geometrie kann uber die anschaulichen drei Dimensionen hinaus fortgesetzt werden auf Raume beliebig groser Dimensionszahl. Einer der tiefliegenden Satze zu dieser hochdimensionalen Geometrie ist der Bottsche Periodizitatssatz (1959). Er beschreibt die ”Locher“ in der Gruppe der Drehungen des hochdimensionalen Raumes. Ein k-dimensionales Loch in einem Raum X wird beschrieben durch eine stetige Abbildung (bis auf Deformation) vom Rand der k-dimensionalen Kugel (der (k−1)-dimensionalen Sphare) nach X, die nicht auf das Innere der Kugel stetig fortsetzbar ist. Trennt man einen Wurfel in zwei Teile oder durchbohrt ihn oder lasst eine kugelformige Blase in seinem Inneren entstehen, so hat man Locher der Dimension 1, 2, 3. Der Satz von Bott besagt, dass die Dimensionszahlen der Locher in der Gruppe der hochdimensionalen Drehungen periodisch mit Periode 8 auftreten: Zu jedem Loch mit Dimension k gehort auch eins mit der Dimension k+8, k+16 usw. Die Periode 8 ist nicht zufallig die Dimension der von John Graves entdeckten Oktaven (Kapitel 10).
Dose-dependent association between amiodarone and severe primary graft dysfunction in orthotopic heart transplantation.

Background There is growing concern regarding the association between pre-transplant amiodarone exposure and post-transplant adverse outcomes. We hypothesize that amiodarone use is associated with the development of severe primary graft dysfunction (PGD) in a dose-dependent manner. Methods This is a retrospective review of 269 adult orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) recipients at our institution between 2010 and 2014. 100 were receiving amiodarone therapy at the time of OHT (Group 1) and 169 were not (Group 2). Results Pre-OHT creatinine was higher in Group 1 (1.49 ± 0.63 versus 1.27 ± 0.68 mg/dL, p=0.011). At time of listing, Group 1 had higher frequency of status 2 (42.0% versus 29.0%), and Group 2 had higher frequency of status 1A (20.7% versus 8.0%) (p = 0.009). Severe PGD (mechanical circulatory support within 24 hours post-OHT) was significantly higher in Group 1 (20.0% versus 5.3%, p Conclusions Amiodarone use pre-OHT is independently associated with increased incidence of severe PGD and in-hospital mortality and linearly associated with increased incidence of severe PGD in a dose-dependent manner.
Understanding and Treating Pain in Ethnically Diverse Patients

A revolution has taken place during the past 25 years in the understanding and treatment of chronic pain. Psychologists have contributed tremendously to this revolution. However, the primary psychological models of pain treatment have failed to adequately integrate the empirical findings and theoretical understanding of the role of ethnic factors. The goal of this paper is to address this problem by demonstrating the importance of understanding ethnic factors in treating pain, providing an overview of ethnic factors in pain, and proposing guidelines for Clinical Psychologists who treat pain patients from ethnically diverse backgrounds.
Identifying a Problem with School Algebra

The chapter begins by presenting data which suggest that there is a longstanding, and fundamental, problem with school algebra. The problem is that many students who try hard to understand the fundamental principles of algebra, fail to do so. But that statement raises an important question—Why do so many school students find it difficult to learn the subject well? The authors of this book answer that question from three different perspectives: the first relates to the question why students are asked to learn algebra. Adopting a historical method of analysis, we identify six purposes which have been offered as reasons for why school students should study algebra. The second perspective relates to theories which help explain why so many secondary-school students do not learn algebra well. And, the third perspective offers a set of principles which might begin to provide an answer to the fundamental problem. These principles were applied in an intervention study with seventh-grade students which is described in this book.
Oxygen Transfer at Metal-Reducible Oxide Nanocatalyst Interfaces: Contrasting Carbon Growth from Ethane and Ethylene

Carbon deposition from hydrocarbon gases onto metal nanoparticles is an important process impacting materials synthesis and catalysis. Typically, light hydrocarbons may decompose on metal nanoparticles resulting in the formation of graphene layers and hydrogen gas. During hydrocarbon reforming, hydrocarbons are converted to syngas (CO and H2), and carbon deposition is an undesirable side reaction, which can deactivate the catalyst and cause mechanical degradation. Here, aberration-corrected in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) was employed to investigate the atomic-level three-phase interactions occurring at the metal–support interface during the initial stages of carbon deposition from light hydrocarbons over model Ni/CeO2 and Ni/SiO2 catalysts. During exposure to C2H6, no carbon deposition took place, and localized reduction zones at the metal–CeO2 interface demonstrated a carbon oxidation mechanism. In contrast, during exposure to C2H4, carbon deposition occurred and was associ...
Closed-loop coupling of a muscle to a robotic device for dynamic assessment of muscle function

The contributions of individual muscles to the performance of functional tasks are difficult to evaluate using traditional isolated muscle protocols. During movements, skeletal muscles work against a variety of environmental loads that influence their energetics and function. In turn, these changes in muscle length and muscle velocity alter the forces that the muscle can generate. Classic single-muscle experiments clamp at least one muscle state (length, velocity, force) such that it is independent of the other states, interrupting the dynamic interactions between the muscle and its environment. The purpose of this study was to design and build a real-time feedback system to virtually couple an isolated muscle to a robotic device. Using this approach, the muscle length is not prescribed, but results from the dynamic interactions between the muscle and a physical environment. Therefore our device facilitates the study of how physical interactions between a muscle, limb, and environments alter the force and motion produced by the muscle during controlled muscle activation. To demonstrate the utility of our system, we replicated some salient features of frog swimming, we coupled a frog plantaris longus muscle to a one-degree of freedom "limb" that drove a frog foot through water. We demonstrate that under identical muscle stimulation parameters, changes to muscle moment arm, environmental viscosity, and muscle fatigue can significantly alter the resulting muscle force, length, and work.
Flexibilized Gelatin Film-Based Artificial Skin Model: I. Preparation and Properties of the Films

A method was developed to prepare a simple, flexibilized gelatin film-based artificial skin model. The films are tough, adhere to open wounds spontaneously, are permeable to body fluids, and can release incorporated bioactive compounds over 4-5 days.
Selective Utilization of Vitamins A1 and A2 by Goldfish Photoreceptors

The rhodopsin/porphyropsin (visual pigment) ratios in the goldfish retina were induced to change over a 300-day treatment period of specified light and temperature conditions. A concomitant but much slower change in the ratios of retinyl/ 3-dehydroretinyl ester in the pigment epithelium (RPE) was observed. If the changes in the visual pigment ratios were dependent on the nonselective sequestering of chromophores from the RPE ester pool, then the visual pigment changes might mirror those of the esters in the RPE. However, the relatively greater rate of visual pigment changes compared to that of the RPE esters suggests that goldfish photoreceptors synthesize their visual pigment from a relatively small pool of chromophore precursor rather than from the overall pool of retinyl and 3-dehydroretinyl esters stored in the RPE. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 24:1324-1327, 1983 The retinal rods of many vertebrates contain a mixture of rhodopsin and porphyropsin, respectively derived from the conjugation of retinal (vitamin Ai aldehyde) and 3-dehydroretinal (vitamin A2 aldehyde) to a species-specific opsin. The proportion of these two visual pigments is often variable in response to different environmental and hormonal factors. 1 When frogs and rats are exposed to high levels of illumination, retinol (vitamin Ai) flows from the retina to the pigment epithelium (RPE), where it is stored as retinyl esters. 2 In the dark, visual pigment (rhodopsin) regeneration occurs at the expense of the progressive decrease of these esters. 3 Although the 3dehydroretino^ (vitamin A2) system has not been studied as extensively, it is likely that the steps involved in porphyropsin regeneration are similar to those elucidated for rhodopsin and retinal. Therefore, in animals possessing a mixture of rhodopsin and porphyropsin, it was expected that the retinol and 3dehydroretinol ratios in the RPE would match the visual pigment proportions in the retina. Observations by Wald,
Low-dimensional micro/nanoscale thermal transport

There is a wide variety of techniques available for characterizing the thermal transport in one-dimensional micro and nanoscale geometries. Two of these techniques have been used extensively to determine the properties of several different samples. The photothermal technique has been used to measure the thermophysical properties of thin films. A transient electrothermal (TET) technique has been used to measure the thermal diffusivity of micro/nanoscale wires and fibers. The TET technique has been modified to measure the thermal contact resistance between two crossed microwires. This contact transient electrothermal (CTET) technique characterizes heat transfer in a single point, essentially zero-dimensional heat transfer. The CTET technique was used to measure the thermal contact resistance between crossed Pt wires and between a glass fiber crossed with a Pt wire.
Tilting the frame: Considerations on collective action framing from a discursive turn

L'A. etudie l'influence du discours dans le domaine de l'action collective et plus particulierement des processus de mobilisation. Il examine de quelle maniere les cadres de l'action collective se construisent. Il analyse l'impact des ideologies en ce domaine. Il montre que le discours intervient dan les phenomenes de mobilisation aussi bien au niveau micro-sociologique que macro-sociologique. Il estime qu'un cadre d'action collective constitue une ressource culturelle a part entiere. Il decrit dans quelles conditions les cadres discursifs de l'action collective tendent a etre remplaces.
Peritonitis in Nude Mice in a Xenograft Study

After 30 Sim: (NCR) nu/nu mice were anesthetized with intraperitoneal tribromoethanol, they were injected with 106 human breast cancer cells or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) into the mammary fat pad through a surgical incision. Over the next six days, 24 of 30 mice became ill or died. Necropsies showed peritonitis, and a variety of bacteria were isolated from the peritoneal cavities of the mice. The tribromoethanol solution, PBS solution, and neoplastic cell line were all cultured and were microbiologically negative. Three immunocompetent mice were subsequently injected intraperitoneally with the same tribromoethanol solution used for the 30 nude mice. All three of the immunocompetent mice showed histologic evidence of peritonitis, but only one yielded positive peritoneal bacterial cultures and showed gross evidence of peritonitis. The tribromoethanol solution, previously reported to cause peritonitis, likely induced a chemical peritonitis in these mice, and the bacteria isolated were a secondary infection from normal gastrointestinal flora. We conclude that adequate mixing and storage of tribromoethanol are essential and that it is a safe and effective anesthetic when properly used.
Molecule and Manufacturability Assessment Leading to Robust Commercial Formulation for Therapeutic Proteins

The transfer of lead molecules from discovery into process development at a relatively fast pace requires a process of candidate selection that assesses if a candidate is not only active and safe but also “manufacturable.” Formulation and process stability of potential candidates help narrow down lead candidates at an early stage, prior to large-scale manufacturing, by a process of rank-ordering properties generated from process and long-term stability studies. Such an assessment of the molecules’ manufacturability is especially useful when binding affinity and bioactivity are comparable among the various candidates under question. This chapter reviews several case studies that explore the utility of early-stage molecule or manufacturability assessments in moving forward therapeutic candidate/s by finely balancing potency and pharmacokinetics with the manufacturing capability of the candidate/s under question.
Perspective: acts of interpretation: a philosophical approach to using creative arts in medical education.

In lived experience we grasp the self, neither in the form of its full course nor in the depths of what it encompasses, for the scope of conscious life rises like a small island from inaccessible depths. But an expression can tap these very depths. It is creative. Thus, in understanding, life itself can become accessible through the re-creation of creation. —Wilhelm Dilthey, 19101(p241)