cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Setting Future Directions at the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)

As a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) is accountable to Congress and to the American public for how it spends its budget. The proce...
On the definition of an evolutionarily stable strategy in the “playing the field” model

The concept of an evolutionarily stable stategy (or "ESS") was introduced by Maynard Smith & Price (1973) and Maynard Smith (1974) to describe the long-run effects of selection for more successful strategies in environments where an individual's expected rate of reproduction, or fitness, is jointly determined by its own strategy and the frequency distribution of other individuals' strategies. In those analyses, it was assumed that individuals are randomly matched, in pairs, to play a symmetric two-person game. Individuals are identical except for their strategies for playing the game; these are inherited and fixed for life. Individuals reproduce asexually, with fitnesses determined by their payoffs in the game, and breed true, passing on their strategies unchanged to their offspring. Finally, the population is sufficiently large that each individual's strategy has a negligible effect on the population strategy frequencies, and that the realized rate of reproduction of those using each strategy can be identified, via the law of large numbers, with the fitness that equals its mathematical expectation. In the model just described, henceforth called the "pairwise random matching" model, each individual in effect faces a mixed strategy equal to the average of the others' strategies in the game played by matched pairs. The linearity in probabilities of expected reproduction rates and the probabilistic independence of matching therefore make each individual's current fitness a bilinear function, linear in the mixed-strategy probabilities of its own strategy for any given value of the population strategy frequencies, and linear in the population strategy frequencies for any given value of its own strategy. Individuals" interactions are more complex than this in some important applications. The "playing the field" model, attributed by Maynard Smith (1982: chapter
Endoscopic Therapy for Severe Ulcer Bleeding

Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding secondary to ulcer disease occurs commonly and results in significant patient morbidity and medical expense. After initial resuscitation, carefully performed endoscopy provides an accurate diagnosis of the source of the UGI hemorrhage and can reliably identify those high-risk subgroups that may benefit most from endoscopic hemostasis. Large channel therapeutic endoscopes are recommended. Endoscopists should be very experienced in management of patients with UGI hemorrhage including the use of various hemostatic devices. For patients with major stigmata of ulcer hemorrhage – active arterial bleeding, non-bleeding visible vessel and adherent clot – combination therapy with epinephrine injection and either thermal coaptive coagulation (with multipolar or heater probe), or endoclips is recommended. High dose intravenous proton pump inhibitors are recommended as concomitant therapy with endoscopic hemostasis of major stigmata. Patients with minor stigmata or clean-based ulcers will not benefit from endoscopic therapy and should be triaged to less intensive care and be considered for early discharge. Effective endoscopic hemostasis of ulcer bleeding can significantly improve outcomes by reducing rebleeding, transfusion requirement, and need for surgery, as well as reduce cost of medical care.
Nuclear Dominoes: A Self-Defeating Prophecy?

Is the nuclear domino theory historically valid? Despite its longstanding centrality to thinking on nuclear proliferation amongst scholars and policymakers, in recent years a revisionist consensus has emerged in opposition to this traditional view. Based on an analysis of historical evidence from the aftermath of the 1964 Chinese nuclear test, this article argues that scholars have gone too far in rejecting the nuclear domino theory. Reactive proliferation has been more prevalent than commonly believed, and while it is true that only India acquired a nuclear arsenal in response to the Chinese test, to a significant extent this is precisely because the United States was aware of the danger of reactive proliferation and worked to stop it. Finally, the historical evidence suggests that the nuclear domino theory is compatible with both domestic and prestige motivations for proliferation in addition to the security motives normally associated with the theory.
Microbiology: Molecular syringes scratch the surface.

New data suggest that the most recently discovered class of bacterial 'molecular syringes' inject proteins only across the outer membrane of target cells during interbacterial competition. See Article p.343 The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a protein-export machine that is present in about one-quarter of all sequenced bacteria. Bacteria can use this system to deliver toxic effector proteins in a contact-dependent manner to other bacterial cells. However, what these proteins do once their destination is reached has remained largely unknown. It is now shown that the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses its T6SS to kill competing Gram-negative bacteria by injecting them with two peptidoglycan-degradative enzymes, the effector proteins Tse1 and Tse3. P. aeruginosa protects itself from these effectors by expressing immunity proteins that bind the toxins.
Screen Images of Principals— A New Vision Is Needed:

These writers explore the image of principals in film, with an eye toward identifying the recurring patterns that shape the role, and draw the implica tions of their findings for today's prin cipal.
Blunderbuss to Mickey Mouse: The evolution of antiarrhythmic targets

In an era that finds us continually bombarded with numbers and images about threats, both real and imagined, a threat as old as the Bible that continues its dangerous course is that of cardiac arrhythmia. See p 1288 The year of Wenckebach’s observation,2 1914, was the same year in which George Ralph Mines3 published his initial experiments on reentry, observations on “circulating excitations in heart muscles and their possible relation to tachycardia and fibrillation” that were seminal to the field. That year was little more than a decade after Einthoven’s description of the ECG,4,5⇓ which rapidly became and has since remained the primary tool facilitating both our understanding and our diagnosis of arrhythmias during these 100 years since its invention. The decades after the first therapeutic application of quinidine saw the testing and addition to arrhythmia therapy of drugs such as procaine, procainamide, ajmaline, and diphenylhydantoin.2 By the end of the 1960s, with propranolol and lidocaine available, there seemed to be great promise in the evolution of meaningful drug treatment. This was not only the product of work in drug development, but also of …
Inside vs. outside meaning in family photographs

This article deals with a unique problem posed by photographs. Because they provide only silent fragments of visual data, interpretation is largely a product of the viewer's imagination. This creates a rift in how a photograph is read by the people who participated in making it and the disconnected viewer who examines the mute scene at a later date. The terms “inside” and “outside” meaning are used to describe this difference in the ability to “understand” a photograph. The author uses his own family photographs to explore the differences in the surface portrayal of a photograph's contents and the underlying meaning as understood by the photograph's inhabitants.
Microbial reduction of perchlorate in pure and mixed culture packed-bed bioreactors.

Perchlorate (ClO4−) has been detected in a large number of surface and ground waters in the US. Due to health concerns of perchlorate in drinking water, the California Department of Health Services has established a provisional action level of 18 μg/L. Several microbial isolates have been obtained capable of microbiological perchlorate reduction through cell respiration, but few of these have been tested for perchlorate removals to these low levels. The feasibility of using one isolate (KJ) for water treatment was tested in a packed-bed bioreactor by comparing minimum detention times necessary to achieve complete removal of perchlorate. Perchlorate was reduced approximately from 20 mg/L to non-detectable (<4 μg/L) levels in acetate-fed columns inoculated with KJ or mixed cultures. The complete conversion of perchlorate to chloride was demonstrated by a stoichiometric ratio of perchlorate to chloride of 1.0±0.14. Perchlorate removal to non-detectable levels required a minimum empty bed contact time (EBCT) of only 2.1 min for the column inoculated with KJ, vs. 31 min for the mixed culture column. Acetate was used at a molar ratio of C2H3O2−/ClO4− of 2.9 (n=6) for the mixed culture, while more than twice as much acetate was consumed on average (6.6±2.0, n=156) by the pure culture. These results demonstrate that detention times of packed-bed bioreactors can be substantially reduced using isolate KJ, but that larger concentrations of acetate will be necessary to reduce perchlorate to low levels necessary for drinking water.
Investigating the Protective Effects of Milk Phospholipids Against Ultraviolet Exposure Using Confocal Reflectance Microscopy

Current research on bioactive molecules in milk have documented health advantages of bovine milk and its components. Milk phospholipids, selected for this study, represent molecules with great potential benefit in human health and nutrition. In this study we used confocal reflectance microscopy to monitor changes in skin morphology upon exposure to ultraviolet light and evaluate the potential of milk phospholipids in preventing photodamage to skin. We imaged skin equivalent models based on human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts cultured in a collagen matrix. We compared images from skin equivalent models with (a) no exposure to UV light, (b) exposure to a dose of 60 mJ/cm2 of UVB exposure, triple the minimal erythema dose, (c) exposure to milk phospholipids in the media, and (d) exposure to milk phospholipids in the media followed by exposure to UV light. Specimens were imaged directly after exposure, 24 hours after exposure, and 48 hours after exposure. The results suggest that milk phospholipids act upon skin cells in a protective manner against the effect of ultraviolet radiation. Preliminary experiments determining the mechanisms by which the benefits occur are underway.
Vaporization heat transfer of dielectric liquids on enhanced surfaces covered with screen wicks

Experiments were conducted to investigate the vaporization heat transfer characteristics for the dielectric liquid FC-72 on several wicking surfaces which may be used in flat-plate heat pipes. The wicking materials studied included microstructure enhanced surfaces and coarse surfaces covered with screen meshes. Experimental data for q versus deltaT curves and critical heat fluxes were obtained for the two different operating conditions of a heat pipe, evaporation, and shallow pool boiling. When the liquid level was above the heated surface, the height of the liquid level above the surface was varied from 0 to 10 mm. When the liquid level was below the heated surface, the distance from the liquid level to the edge of the surface was adjusted from 0 to 15 mm. Experimental results revealed that for shallow pool boiling when the heated surface was covered with a wire screen mesh, the heat transfer coefficient increased at lower heat fluxes but the critical heat flux (CHF) decreased for all the surfaces tested. In the case of evaporation, both CHF and the heat transfer coefficient increased as the microstructure surfaces were covered with screen meshes.
Analytical Derivation of Row-Orthonormal Hyperspherical Harmonics for Triatomic Systems

Hyperspherical harmonics for triatomic systems as functions of row-orthonormal hyperspherical coordinates, (also called democratic hyperspherical harmonics) are obtained explicitly in terms of Jacobi polynomials and trigonometeric functions. These harmonics are regular at the poles of the triatomic kinetic energy operator, are complete, and are not highly oscillatory. They constitute an excellent basis set for calculating the local hyperspherical surface functions in the strong interaction region of nuclear configuration space. This basis set is, in addition, numerically very efficient and should permit benchmark-quality calculations of state-to-state differential and integral cross sections for those systems. The approach used for their derivation is new and should be applicable to systems of more than three atoms.
Pulse Pressure–Related Changes in Coronary Flow In Vivo Are Modulated by Nitric Oxide and Adenosine

Acute increases in arterial pulsatile load imposed on the left ventricle can increase coronary flow without commensurate changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. One explanation is that augmenting pulsatile perfusion at the same mean pressure itself stimulates flow by releasing endothelium-mediated vasorelaxant factors such as NO. The present study tested this hypothesis and determined whether NO and adenosine modulate this response. In open-chest anesthetized dogs, the distal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was whole-blood-perfused by a novel servopump system to control mean and pulsatile perfusion pressure within the isolated vascular bed. Central aortic pressure was measured, stored to computer memory, and then digitally modified (varying the pulse pressure [PP]) to generate a real-time servocommand that was still synchronous with ventricular contraction. Left heart workload was unchanged. LAD flow was measured before and after increasing the PP (to 60 to 100 mm Hg) from baselines of either 0 or 40 mm Hg. With normal basal coronary vascular tone, raising the PP increased flow (+9 +/- 2% at a PP of 100 mm Hg). This response was markedly amplified (+39 +/- 8%) when basal tone was first partially reduced by adenosine. Competitive inhibition of NO synthase by N omega-monomethyl-L-arginine reduced acetylcholine and PP-dependent flow responses by 50%. Thus, enhanced pulsatile perfusion increases in vivo coronary flow in part by triggering NO release. The marked augmentation of the PP response with reduced basal coronary tone from adenosine suggests that this mechanism may play a role in improving myocardial perfusion during exercise.
Multisystemic therapy for externalizing youth

Externalizing problems are multidetermined and related to individual, family, peer, school, and community risk factors. Multisystemic therapy (MST) was originally developed to address these risk factors among youth with serious conduct problems who are at-risk for out-of-home placement. Several decades of research have established MST as an evidence-based intervention for adolescents with serious clinical problems, including serious offending, delinquency, substance abuse, and parental physical abuse and neglect. This article presents an overview of the clinical procedures and evidence base of MST for externalizing problems as well as 2 adaptations: MST for Substance Abuse and MST for Child Abuse and Neglect.
Relationship between white matter volume and cognitive performance during adolescence: effects of age, sex and risk for drug use.

Aim Familial drug abuse history has been shown to have an impact on cognitive development during adolescence. The present study examined the relationship between white matter volume and cognitive processing speed in adolescents with and without a familial substance abuse history. Participants The sample comprised 33 female and male adolescents stratified by risk (family history positive, FH+) and low-risk (FH−) groups. Measurements Gray and white matter volumes were measured by segmenting magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. The neurocognitive test battery included tests that assessed processing speed, verbal ability and mental flexibility. Findings Age-related differences in neuropsychological functioning were seen but did not differ by risk group status, although there was some evidence for an age × gender effect. Information processing speed (digit symbol and Stroop word color naming) was correlated significantly with white matter volume; however, this pattern was observed only in FH− females. Cognitive performance and tissue volumes did not differ significantly between risk groups. Conclusions Age-related differences in neuropsychological functioning were seen that might, in larger samples, prove to be related to risk for substance abuse in adolescents who have not yet initiated drug use.
Design and Prototype of a Solid-State Cache

The availability of high-speed solid-state storage has introduced a new tier into the storage hierarchy. Low-latency and high-IOPS solid-state drives (SSDs) cache data in front of high-capacity disks. However, most existing SSDs are designed to be a drop-in disk replacement, and hence are mismatched for use as a cache.This article describes FlashTier, a system architecture built upon a solid-state cache (SSC), which is a flash device with an interface designed for caching. Management software at the operating system block layer directs caching. The FlashTier design addresses three limitations of using traditional SSDs for caching. First, FlashTier provides a unified logical address space to reduce the cost of cache block management within both the OS and the SSD. Second, FlashTier provides a new SSC block interface to enable a warm cache with consistent data after a crash. Finally, FlashTier leverages cache behavior to silently evict data blocks during garbage collection to improve performance of the SSC.We first implement an SSC simulator and a cache manager in Linux to perform an in-depth evaluation and analysis of FlashTier's design techniques. Next, we develop a prototype of SSC on the OpenSSD Jasmine hardware platform to investigate the benefits and practicality of FlashTier design. Our prototyping experiences provide insights applicable to managing modern flash hardware, implementing other SSD prototypes and new OS storage stack interface extensions.Overall, we find that FlashTier improves cache performance by up to 168p over consumer-grade SSDs and up to 52p over high-end SSDs. It also improves flash lifetime for write-intensive workloads by up to 60p compared to SSD caches with a traditional flash interface.
Effective System Engineering Peer Reviews

Effective and rigorous technical peer reviews provide quality to a product realization process. This paper proposes a five-step peer review process based on survey of the literature, experience with peer reviews, and pilot trials. Feedback was collected and integrated as lessons learned, resulting in a process that addresses key attributes of a peer review: roles & responsibilities; requirements; rigor; peer identification, independence, and external engagement; and follow-up actions. An idea for a tool is provided to assist with rigor level determination and scoping of the peer review. Use of this peer review process can yield consistent peer review practices surrounding peer review practices for product realization teams.
Nine Criteria for a Measure of Scientific Output

Scientific research produces new knowledge, technologies, and clinical treatments that can lead to enormous returns. Often, the path from basic research to new paradigms and direct impact on society takes time. Precise quantification of scientific output in the short-term is not an easy task but is critical for evaluating scientists, laboratories, departments, and institutions. While there have been attempts to quantifying scientific output, we argue that current methods are not ideal and suffer from solvable difficulties. Here we propose criteria that a metric should have to be considered a good index of scientific output. Specifically, we argue that such an index should be quantitative, based on robust data, rapidly updated and retrospective, presented with confidence intervals, normalized by number of contributors, career stage and discipline, impractical to manipulate, and focused on quality over quantity. Such an index should be validated through empirical testing. The purpose of quantitatively evaluating scientific output is not to replace careful, rigorous review by experts but rather to complement those efforts. Because it has the potential to greatly influence the efficiency of scientific research, we have a duty to reflect upon and implement novel and rigorous ways of evaluating scientific output. The criteria proposed here provide initial steps toward the systematic development and validation of a metric to evaluate scientific output.
Leveraging social networks to fight spam

Social networks are useful for judging the trustworthiness of outsiders. An automated antispam tool exploits the properties of social networks to distinguish between unsolicited commercial e-mail - spam - and messages associated with people the user knows.
Object based requirements modelling for process continuity

The reengineering of information systems and business processes that occurs during enterprise analysis demands a robust, rigorous, and expressive technique for modeling elicited system requirements. The requirements models must also be easily understood by end users. A hybrid object based modeling technique is presented to support progressive formalization of requirements models with minimal transformations. The technique strives to impose consistency and coherence on the modeling process, yielding a higher level of process continuity, enhancing end-user comprehension, and facilitating communication between analysis and end users. >
Preliminary report: FPGA acceleration of molecular dynamics computations

Molecular dynamics (MD) is of central importance to computational chemistry and its myriad applications. In this paper we show that, at even a preliminary stage of development, MD can be implemented efficiently on a COTS FPGA board, and that a 57x speed-up over a PC implementation can be obtained. We sketch our FPGA implementation and describe how performance tuning and precision management could double this factor.
Personal radio planning at the federal communications commission

The FCC is now planning the next generation of personal radio services. Different service scenarios, consisting of one or more personal radio services, will be evaluated. These services will include the CB Radio Service and possibly some similar new services. The output of the evaluation process will be an assessment of the effects that any service change will have on user satisfaction, interference to other services, service demand, political acceptance, spectrum usage, cost of enforcement, user education and licensing, and the national economic and sociological climate. A series of analyses that are being managed by the FCC's Personal Radio Planning Group (PRPG) will provide the information and tools needed to perform the evaluation. The Commission will then use the results of the evaluation as an additional input to personal radio rule making proceedings.
Cyclic neutropenia and severe congenital neutropenia in patients with a shared ELANE mutation and paternal haplotype: Evidence for phenotype determination by modifying genes†

Background. Cyclic neutropenia (CN) and severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) are disorders of neutrophil production that differ markedly in disease severity. Mutations of the ELANE gene (the symbol recently replacing ELA2) are considered largely responsible for most cases of CN and SCN, but specific mutations are typically associated with one or the other. Procedure. We performed ELANE genotyping on all individuals and paternal sperm in an SCN kindred with eight SCN progeny of a sperm donor and six different mothers. Results. One patient with CN had the same S97L ELANE mutation as seven patients with the SCN phenotype. The mutant allele was detected in the donor’s spermatozoa, representing 18% of the ELANE gene pool, but not in DNA from his lymphocytes, neutrophils, or buccal mucosa, indicating gonadal mosaicism. Conclusions. The coexistence of CN and SCN phenotypes in this kindred with a shared paternal haplotype strongly suggests both a role for modifying genes in determination of congenital neutropenia disease phenotypes, and the classification of CN and SCN within a spectrum of phenotypes expressing varying degrees of the same disease process. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:314–317. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ectopic Hormone Syndromes

Ectopic or inappropriate hormone production (paraneoplastic endocrine syndrome) is the synthesis of hormones by tumors from tissues that do not normally produce the hormone (3,22). This is in contrast to eutopic or entopic hormone production by tumors whose precursor tissues normally produced the hormone. These definitions of ectopic and eutopic hormone production remain valid. However, recent advances in receptor biology, immunohistochemistry, radioimmunoassay, and cell culture techniques have shown that polypeptide hormones are more widely distributed in normal tissues than was previously recognized. Many nonneuroendocrine tissues and derived tumors can also produce polypeptide hormones with multidirectional differentiation (13).
Imaging of Parathyroid Glands

Preoperative imaging studies have an important role in facilitating successful localization of adenomas for surgeons. Their use has increased and parallels the recent growth of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. Based on findings that scintigraphy is reported to have the highest accuracy for localization of adenomas when compared with anatomic imaging techniques, this article discusses the current role and limitations of imaging, with a focus on scintigraphy, in the evaluation of patients before surgery for hyperparathyroidism.
Abuse and Suicidal Issues in Older Women

Physical and sexual abuses are traumatic experiences for women. Many older women who suffer from depression and express suicidal ideation are victims of past and/or present abuse. This study reports the results of a study of 364 women aged fifty-five years and older who were former patients in one of three psychiatric facilities in Virginia. Detailed chart reviews provided the data to determine the relationship between abuse and suicidal issues in these older women. Results of the study show that women with identified suicidal issues (attempts and/or ideation) had significantly more prior victimization (child abuse, rape, battering) than women without suicidal issues. Review of existing literature and results of the present study suggest the importance of assessing for past and/or present physical and sexual abuse in older suicidal women. Assessment issues are discussed.
Polysilicon micro vibromotors

Two types of polysilicon microvibromotors have been designed, fabricated, and successfully operated in air and in vacuum. Each of these two types utilizes an electrostatically driven vibrating structure (the converter) to actuate a circular microrotor by means of oblique mechanical impact. Oscillatory linear motion is consequently converted into continuous angular motion. The microrotors are fabricated both 60 and 100 mu m in diameter and are restrained at the center by a polysilicon hub. The converter tips are retracted by electrostatic comb drives and are propelled forward toward the rotor by elastic forces generated by folded beam flexures at frequencies ranging from 10 kHz to 20 kHz. A coupled, three-degree-of-freedom dynamic model successfully predicts both the two mode shapes and the frequency ranges of the bimodal converter observed in the experiment. An impact dynamics model of the vibromotor system is constructed to understand and estimate the dynamics between converter and rotor. >
CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF URANYL MOLYBDATES. X. THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF Ag10[(UO2)8O8(Mo5O20)]

Crystals of a new silver uranyl molybdate, Ag10[(UO2)8O8(Mo5O20)], have been synthesized by high-temperature solid-state reaction. The structure [monoclinic, C2/c, a 24.672(2), b 23.401(2), c 6.7932(4) A, 94.985(2)°, V 3907.3(4) A 3 , Z = 4] was solved by direct methods and refined to R1 = 0.049 (wR2 = 0.101) on the basis of 4317 unique observed reflections using a crystal twinned on (001). The twinning causes overlap of the reflections with l = 3n. The structure is based upon complex double sheets of UrO5 pentagonal bipyramids and Mo polyhedra. The double sheets are parallel to (100) and consist of two [(UO2)2O2(MoO5)] sheets of UrO5 bipyramids and MoO6 octahedra. Within the [(UO2)2O2(MoO5)] sheets, UrO5 bipyramids share edges to produce complex chains parallel to the c axis and linked via pairs of edge-sharing MoO6 octahedra. The two [(UO2)2O2(MoO5)] sheets are linked into double [(UO2)8O8(Mo5O20)] sheets via the Mo(3)O4 tetrahedron located between the sheets. The MoO4 tetrahedra share two corners with two MoO6 octahedra of the sheet above and two corners with MoO6 octahedra from the sheet below, so that Mo5O20 pentanuclear clusters are formed. The uranyl molybdate sheets found in the structure have not been previously observed in uranyl minerals and inorganic compounds. The Ag(2), Ag(3), Ag(6), Ag(7), and Ag(8) atoms are located within the double sheets, whereas the Ag(1), Ag(4), and Ag(5) are in between the double sheets.
Interactive physically-based manipulation of discrete/continuous models

Physically-based modeling has been used in the past to support a variety of interactive modeling tasks including free-form surface design, mechanism design, constrained drawing, and interactive camera control. In these systems, the user interacts with the model by exerting virtual forces, to which the system responds subject to the active constraints. In the past, this kind of interaction has been applicable only to models that are governed by continuous parameters. In this paper we present an extension to mixed continuous/discrete models, emphasizing constrained layout problems that arise in architecture and other domains. When the object being dragged is blocked from further motion by geometric constraints, a local discrete search is triggered, during which transformations such as swapping of adjacent objects may be performed. The result of the search is a “nearby” state in which the target object has been moved in the indicated direction and in which all constraints are satisfied. The transition to this state is portrayed using simple but effective animated visual effects. Following the transition, continuous dragging is resumed. The resulting seamless transitions between discrete and continuous manipulation allow the user to easily explore the mixed design space just by dragging objects. We demonstrate the method in application to architectural floor plan design, circuit board layout, art analysis, and page layout.
Taboo Trade‐offs: Reactions to Transactions That Transgress the Spheres of Justice

Taboo trade-offs violate deeply held normative intuitions about the integrity, even sanctity, of certain relationships and the moral-political values underlying those relationships. For instance, if asked to estimate the monetary worth of one's children, of one's loyalty to one's country, or of acts of friendship, people find the questions more than merely confusing or cognitively intractable: they find such questions themselves morally offensive. This article draws on Fiske's relational theory and Tetlock's value pluralism model: (a) to identify the conditions under which people are likely to treat trade-offs as taboo; (b) to describe how people collectively deal with trade-offs that become problematic; (c) to specify the conceptual components of moral outrage and the factors that affect the intensity of reactions to various explicit trade-offs; (d) to explore the various strategies that decision-makers—required by resource scarcity and institutional roles to confront taboo trade-offs—use to deflect the wrath of censorious observers; (e) to offer a method of dispute resolution based on pluralism.
Combined abdominoperineal approach to repair of postoperative perineal hernia

A combined abdominoperineal approach provides optional exposure for repair of selected postoperative perineal hernias. The authors describe one technique using Marlex® mesh for a patient with a large perineal hernia after abdominoperineal resection.
Safety Profile of Aztreonam in Clinical Trials

The clinical safety of aztreonam in the treatment of suspected aerobic gram-negative infections was assessed in 346 patients who received single doses and in 2,388 patients who received multiple doses. Of those administered multiple doses, 163 (6.8%) experienced 172 adverse clinical effects. The most common were local reactions at the injection site, rash, diarrhea, and nausea and/or vomiting. Among aztreonam and control groups, three-fold increases in serum aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) and serum alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) values occurred at comparably low frequencies; the mean values of SGOT and SGPT were slightly higher in patients administered aztreonam than in those given cefamandole. Treatment with aztreonam was discontinued in 51 (2.1%) of 2,388 patients because of adverse clinical effects or abnormal laboratory test values. Suprainfections (infections due to new pathogens occurring at the original site of infection during treatment with the study drug that were treated with another antibiotic) were reported in 2%-6% of aztreonam-treated patients, a frequency similar to that observed in control groups. Aztreonam is well tolerated and has a safety profile similar to that of other beta-lactam antibiotics.
Postprocedure chest pain after coronary stenting: implications on clinical restenosis

OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to analyze the incidence and predictors of postprocedure chest pain (PPCP) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and its correlation with clinical restenosis. BACKGROUND Chest pain after PCI occurs frequently even in the absence of procedural events and is considered to be due to vasospasm or coronary artery stretch. The short- and long-term significance of PPCP after otherwise successful stenting is not clear. METHODS We analyzed 1,362 patients undergoing coronary stenting for PPCP, procedural and in-hospital events, 30-day major adverse cardiac events, and target vessel revascularization (TVR) at 6 to 9 months. RESULTS There were 488 patients with PPCP and, of these, 312 patients were excluded due to procedural events. The remaining 176 patients with PPCP were compared with 874 patients without PPCP. Creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme elevation occurred in 25.6% of the PPCP group versus 9.6% of the no PPCP group (p < 0.001). Despite similar reference vessel diameter, the PPCP group had larger postprocedure minimum lumen diameter, higher stent-to-vessel ratio, and higher inflation pressure versus the no PPCP group (p < 0.01). At 30 days, the emergency room visits and repeat catheterization (16% vs. 2.7%; p < 0.001) were higher in the PPCP group versus the no PPCP group, but repeat intervention was similar. At 6- to 9-month follow-up, the TVR was significantly higher in the PPCP group compared with the no PPCP group (29.5% vs. 16.6%; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our analysis suggests micromyonecrosis and vessel stretch as causes of PPCP. Postprocedure chest pain is associated with similar short-term outcome as no PPCP, but has higher restenosis, perhaps mediated by deep vessel wall injury. Therefore, PPCP may identify patients at high risk for restenosis.
Ethics of institutional marketing: role of physicians.

You are a senior surgeon practicing at a private, academically unaffiliated urban hospital. The program enjoys a reputation for excellent clinical care. While driving in to work this morning, you heard a radio advertisement extolling the hospital's status as the most technologically advanced surgery program in the country. As proud as you are of your hospital's genuine good work, you know this claim to be excessive and misleading. While you don't believe that anyone is obligated by commercial air time to advertise their shortcomings, you're troubled that in this case your hospital may actually be misrepresenting itself to the community. When you approach the Chief of Staff with your concerns later in the day, he replies, This is the institution's marketing policy. It is a necessary evil and has nothing to do with you. What should you do?
The Stimulation of Bovine Epididymal Sperm Metabolism by Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Bovine epididymal spermatozoan motility and respiration are enhanced by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as caffeine (Garbers et al., 1971). This report deals with additional aspects of the relationship of these cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors and bovine epididymal sperm metabolism. Caffeine induced elevated cyclic3’,5’-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) concentrations within 1 mm after addition, with either endogenous substrate or 10 mM fructose as substrate. Although the stimulation of motility was rapid, the maximal respiratory rate with either pyruvate or glucose as substrate did not occur until 1 to 4 mm. After incubation of sperm with caffeine for a period of time, no respiratoly lag occurred on addition of pyruvate. With fructose as substrate, ATP concentrations declined significantly between 3 to 5 mm after addition of caffeine, whereas ATP concentrations were significantly reduced by 2 mm in the absence of exogenous substrate. ADP and AMP concentrations increased as ATP decreased, resulting in a marked decline in the phosphate potential. Bongkrekic acid (BKA), an inhibitor of mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase, blocked sperm motility and respiration with acetate or pyruvate as substrate, whereas it had no effect on motility in the presence of glucose. Caffeine was capable of stimulating motility in the presence of glucose and BKA. Caffeine also increased glucose utilization rates, and lactate accumulation from glucose, in the absence or presence of BKA. Pyruvate utilization was either not affected or was reduced by caffeine, whereas lactate accumulation from pyruvate was consistently reduced. These results suggest a general stimulation of sperm metabolism by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors. The increase in sperm motility and cyclic AMP is rapid and precedes any significant decline in ATP concentrations or increases in respiratory rate. The data suggest that the fall in ATP concentrations, and therefore the decline in “phosphate potential,” is a causal factor responsible for the glycolytic and respiratory rate enhancement observed in sperm treated with cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
Bowling Alone: The Decline of Social Engagement and Other Challenges for the American Psychological Association and Its Divisions

American Psychological Association membership has declined by over 10% since 2008 despite growing numbers of psychology degrees awarded. Most APA divisions contracted: two by >30%. We examined membership trends in APA and its divisions; changing membership demographics; competition for members among clinical and scientific specialty groups; changing climates in academia, research, and practice; and the impact of technology. Diverse factors contribute to APA's and divisions' challenge to recruit and retain members. Reinvigorating their status as scientific and professional organizations may require realigning mission, priorities, resource allocations, communications, and activities to appeal to and reinforce the trust of psychologists, and demonstrate how they serve the needs of most psychologists. This may require revising APA's governance structure, policies, and operations to meet the profession's challenges and guide its future.
SEXUAL SELECTION IN TOADS: THE ROLES OF FEMALE CHOICE AND MALE BODY SIZE

Darwin (1871, p. 568) wrote "sexual selection depends on the advantage which certain individuals have over others of the same sex and species solely in respect to reproduction." This selection may act in several ways. Two extremes are either the individuals of one sex, usually males (but see Trivers, 1972), compete amongst themselves, with the winners acquiring the most mates; or the members of one sex, usually females, discriminate among members of the other sex choosing to mate with the most "attractive" individuals. The first extreme of sexual selection, competition among males, has been documented by field studies on baboons (De Vore, 1965), dungflies (Parker, 1970), elephant seals (Le Boeuff, 1974), lizards (Trivers, 1972, 1976), prairie chickens (Robel, 1966), and sage grouse (Scott, 1942). For example, Le Boeuff (1974) found that less than one third of the males in a breeding aggregation accounted for all of the matings and that copulation frequency was correlated with social rank. Competition among males may be incited in turn by the behavior of females (Cox and Le Boeuff, 1977). The second extreme of sexual selection, female choice among alternate mates, has not been studied as vigorously, and some biologists (Huxley, 1938; Lack, 1968) have doubted its importance to evolution. However, Trivers (1972) has theoretically shown the adaptive advantage that a female can gain by choosing the best of alternative mates and O'Donald (1972, 1973) with computer simulations has dem-
Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions. I. Diagnosis, with Special Reference to the Method of Differential Agglutination

Hemolytic transfusion reactions are most often due to errors in blood grouping and the consequent transfusion of blood of an incompatible group. How to prevent such errors has been outlined in a previous article. There have been sporadic reports, however, of hemolytic transfusion reactions occurring despite the use of impeccable methods of grouping. A systematic study of such reactions was made in 1940 by Wiener and Peters, who then reported four additional cases, in three of which it was found that the patients' sera contained irregular isoagglutinins giving reactions unrelated to the four blood groups. These reactions corresponded exactly with the reactions on human bloods of an immune serum prepared by injections of rhesus blood, previously described by Landsteiner and Wiener. The property detected by the anti-rhesus serum and the irregular isoagglutinin has been designated as agglutinogen Rh by Landsteiner and Wiener, to indicate the manner in which it was discovered. Wiener and Peters explained the hemolytic transfusion reactions they observed as follows: Their patients, all being Rh-negative and receiving Rh-positive blood by repeated transfusions, responded to these injections by producing immune isoantibodies. While at first the foreign Rhpositive blood was eliminated from the body without the occurrence of noticeable symptoms, after the isoantibodies were formed subsequent transfusions resulted in hemolytic reactions of progressively increasing severity, in one case resulting in death.
Comparative Estimation of Blood Supply of Skin Areas from Photoelectrically Recorded Volume Pulse

The principle of the photoelectric plethysmograph1 has been applied to the comparison of the richness of the blood supply in several skin areas. Vertical illumination of the skin is provided by an ophthalmoscope bulb. Enough light is scattered through the subcutaneum to provide a sufficiently satisfactory transillumination to permit the detection of changes in the circulation in the skin by a photoelectric cell placed over the transilluminated area. The variations in the photoelectric current with changes in the blood content of the skin are recorded on the electrocardiograph after amplification.The volume pulse of the skin so recorded probably is an index of the arterial inflow with each heart beat and so can be used as an index of the blood supply of that skin area. (Special hemodynamic conditions will, of course, limit the specific application of the statement). Arterial constriction in the skin decreases the volume pulse; vasodilatation increases it. The amplitude and form of the recorded wave will al...
Exact Revival of the Bound Wave Function of Hydrogen for Arbitrary Quantum State

We show that for the hydrogen atom for the state consisting of arbitrary but final number of the bound states total and exact full revival of the wavefunction exists for sufficiently long time of evolution.
A comparison of atomistic and continuum approaches to the study of bonding dynamics in electrocatalysis: microcantilever stress and in situ EXAFS observations of platinum bond expansion due to oxygen adsorption during the oxygen reduction reaction.

Microcantilever stress measurements are examined to contrast and compare their attributes with those from in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy to elucidate bonding dynamics during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on a Pt catalyst. The present work explores multiple atomistic catalyst properties that notably include features of the Pt–Pt bonding and changes in bond strains that occur upon exposure to O2 in the electrochemical environment. The alteration of the Pt electronic and physical structures due to O2 exposure occurs over a wide potential range (1.2 to 0.4 V vs normal hydrogen electrode), a range spanning potentials where Pt catalyzes the ORR to those where Pt-oxide forms and all ORR activity ceases. We show that Pt–Pt surface bond strains due to oxygen interactions with Pt–Pt bonds are discernible at macroscopic scales in cantilever-based bending measurements of Pt thin films under O2 and Ar. Complementary extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements of nanoscale Pt clusters sup...
Gram-negative rod bacteremia.

markable rise has occurred despite the early warnings 12-17 years ago, here and abroad, by Waisbren [1], Spink [2], Garrod et al. [3], Yow [4], and Spittel et al. [5]. The extent of this rise was first quantitated in 1959 by Finland et al. [6], who related it to the lengthening life-span of the general population, and to bacterial ecologic changes caused by antimicrobial agents successively introduced over the years 1935-1957. Reports of gram-negative rod bacteremia for the years since 1957 by McCabe and Jackson [7], Fried and Vosti [8], and Altemeier et al. [9] demonstrate that this rise has continued virtually unabated. Identification of the factors underlying pathogenesis and lethality of gram-negative rod bacteremia?serious chronic background disease, pharmacologic suppression of reticuloendothelial function, creation of new portals of infection through instrumentation or increasingly ambitious surgery, and the emergence of autochthonous bacteria resistant to antimicrobial agents [1-13]?has necessarily provoked renewed interest in preventive measures. Several such preventive techniques of documented efficacy have been developed and are
Site 12Bo39: A Lithic Workshop in Central Indiana

AbstractArchaeologicai reaearch at a large lithic workshop site, 41Bo39, in Boone County, Indiana is describecL The site is located near a chert source at which two beds of chert are exposed. A general model is set forth, describing the lithic reduction sequence at the site.
The Thermodynamics Analysis of Inert Anode Material Based on Nickel-Ferric Spinel

The anode material of aluminum electrolysis is present in the odiously working environment ofhigh temperature and strong corrosiveness medium,so it is very difficult for modern material science to select inert an-ode material.In the course of selecting oxide additives material in the nickel-ferric spinel based inert anode,both thesolubility in the cryolite molted salt of oxide additives and the whole thermodynamics action in electrolyte of oxide ad-ditives are discussed in this article,thus to have a comparatively reasonable selection of the nickel-ferric spinel basedinert anode material.