cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extreme logistic regression

Kernel logistic regression (KLR) is a very powerful algorithm that has been shown to be very competitive with many state-of the art machine learning algorithms such as support vector machines (SVM). Unlike SVM, KLR can be easily extended to multi-class problems and produces class posterior probability estimates making it very useful for many real world applications. However, the training of KLR using gradient based methods or iterative re-weighted least squares can be unbearably slow for large datasets. Coupled with poor conditioning and parameter tuning, training KLR can quickly design matrix become infeasible for some real datasets. The goal of this paper is to present simple, fast, scalable, and efficient algorithms for learning KLR. First, based on a simple approximation of the logistic function, a least square algorithm for KLR is derived that avoids the iterative tuning of gradient based methods. Second, inspired by the extreme learning machine (ELM) theory, an explicit feature space is constructed through a generalized single hidden layer feedforward network and used for training iterative re-weighted least squares KLR (IRLS-KLR) and the newly proposed least squares KLR (LS-KLR). Finally, for large-scale and/or poorly conditioned problems, a robust and efficient preconditioned learning technique is proposed for learning the algorithms presented in the paper. Numerical results on a series of artificial and 12 real bench-mark datasets show first that LS-KLR compares favorable with SVM and traditional IRLS-KLR in terms of accuracy and learning speed. Second, the extension of ELM to KLR results in simple, scalable and very fast algorithms with comparable generalization performance to their original versions. Finally, the introduced preconditioned learning method can significantly increase the learning speed of IRLS-KLR.
Pediatric impedance cardiography: temporal stability and intertask consistency.

The pathogenic processes responsible for cardiovascular disease have their origins in childhood. Although children’s measures of heart rate and blood pressure have been found to be reliable, the reliability of impedance cardiography derived measures have not been evaluated. Thirty-three children, ages 8‐11 participated in two sessions. Stressors included serial subtraction, isometric handgrip, and mirror-image tracing. Results indicated the impedance measures showed moderately high temporal stability ~average scores ravg 5 .74; difference scores ravg 5 .53! and intertask consistency ~average scores ravg 5 .78; difference scores ravg 5 .53!. Blood pressure demonstrated the lowest reliability; Heather index, preejection period, and stroke volume demonstrated the highest. These findings suggest children’s cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory stressors can be reliably and consistently assessed using impedance cardiography.
Outcomes following splenectomy in patients with myeloid neoplasms

Background and Objectives Myeloid neoplasms are classified into five major categories. These patients may develop splenomegaly and require splenectomy to alleviate mechanical symptoms, to ameliorate transfusion-dependent cytopenias, or to enhance stem cell transplantation. The objective of this study was to determine which clinical variables significantly impacted morbidity, mortality, and survival in patients with myeloid neoplasms undergoing splenectomy, and to determine if operative outcomes have improved over time. Methods The records of all patients with myeloid neoplasms undergoing splenectomy from 1993 to 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Results Eighty-nine patients (n = 89) underwent splenectomy for myeloid neoplasms. Over half of patients who had symptoms preoperatively had resolution of their symptoms post-splenectomy. The morbidity rate was 38%, with the most common complications being bleeding (14%) or infection (20%). Thirty-day mortality rate was 18% and median survival after splenectomy was 278 days. Decreased survival was associated with a diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm, anemia, abnormal white blood cell count, and hypoalbuminemia. Patients who underwent stem cell transplantation did not show an increased risk for morbidity or mortality. Conclusions Patients with myeloid neoplasms have a poor prognosis after splenectomy and the decision to operate is a difficult one, associated with high morbidity and mortality. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:389–395. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatially discrete metapopulation models with directional dispersal.

Abstract We use an age-structured discrete-time metapopulation model linking two sub-populations through larval transport and directed movements of adults to study the implications of linkages among subpopulations for the stability and resilience of exploited species. Our two-habitat model, a generalization of Fogarty’s inshore–offshore lobster population model, includes isolated habitats under compensatory (monotone) or overcompensatory (oscillatory) dynamics [M.J. Fogarty, Implications of migration and larval interchange in American lobster (Homarus americanus) stocks: spatial structure and resilience, in: G.S. Jamieson, A. Campbell (Eds.), Proc. of North Pacific Symposium on Invertebrate Stock Assessment and Management, Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 125 (1998) 273]. Pre-migration local dynamics are selected from general classes of functions that capture the effects of competition for resources via contest (compensatory) and scramble (overcompensatory) intraspecific competitions. We explore the implications of these mechanisms on the long-term survival of exploited species. In particular, we use threshold parameters R d 1 for Habitat 1 and R d 2 for Habitat 2 together with precise mathematical definitions to prove that species persistence is possible at high levels of fishing in one habitat and low to moderate levels of fishing in the other. Our results support Fogarty’s conclusion that conservative management of larval source populations could contribute to the resilience of exploited species.
Soil-gas entry into an experimental basement driven by atmospheric pressure fluctuations—Measurements, spectral analysis, and model comparison

Abstract To study the effects of atmospheric pressure fluctuations on the entry of radon and soil-gas contaminants into houses, we have simultaneously measured the changes in atmospheric pressure and the gas flow rate between the interior of an experimental basement structure and the underlying soil. Atmospheric pressure fluctuations draw soil gas into the experimental basement without the indoor-outdoor pressure differences commonly associated with advective entry of soil-gas contaminants. The soil-gas flow rate induced by a change in atmospheric pressure depends on both the characteristic response time of the soil and the time-rate-of-change of the atmospheric pressure fluctuation. Spectral analysis indicates that relatively low-frequency fluctuations in atmospheric pressure are the most important for driving soil-gas into and out the of the experimental structure; more than 60% of the total power of the soil-gas flow spectrum occurs at frequencies less than 100 d −1 . A transient finite-element model based on Darcy's law correctly predicts both the dynamics and the magnitude of the observed gas flow. Atmospheric pressure fluctuations may increase the long-term radon entry rate into the experimental structure by as much as 0.2 Bq s −1 , which is more than twice the measured diffusive entry rate into the structure and comparable to the radon entry rate driven by a − 0.4 Pa, steady indoor-outdoor pressure difference.
A cognitive intervention to enhance institutionalized older adults’ social support networks and decrease loneliness

Nearly all older adults experience social losses, which can disrupt their social support networks and impair their quality of life. Events such as retirement, an inability to drive, death of a spouse and/or close life-long friends, or moving to an elder care facility may negatively affect the quality of older adults' social support networks. Low levels of perceived social support are associated with increased depression, impaired immune functioning and reduced life expectancy. Moreover, social interactions can be cognitively stimulating and may help older adults preserve their cognitive abilities. In the present study, institutionalized older adults were exposed to either a cognitive enhancement programme designed to enhance social networks or a control group. Measures of perceived social support and loneliness were administered before and after a 3-month, group-based intervention. There was a significant interaction between group and time. Those who did not participate in the intervention experienced a decrease in perceived social support and an increase in perceived loneliness. Participants in the intervention group stayed the same on the above measures. Helping older adults increase or maintain the quality of their social networks may lead to enhanced cognitive functioning, decreased depression and improved quality of life. Recommendations to help assisted living facilities, nursing homes, retirement communities and senior centres develop social and cognitive interventions are provided.
Socialist psychotherapy and its dissidents.

This article focuses on the history of psychotherapeutic theory and practice in socialist East Germany before the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The “official” pre-1989 socialist history of East German psychology is juxtaposed to psychotherapists' post-1989 oral history of the development of Socialist psychological theory and practice. These reconstructive histories draw on embryonic therapeutic practices that diverged from the dominant socialist paradigm. Their existence exemplifies how a state-driven high modernist scheme for remaking society can fail as it does not account for the complex relationship between a state's abstract knowledge and local practices. Moreover, the emphasis therapists put on the prevalence of these alternative practices also reveals how the present post-socialist context becomes an interpretative resource for reconstructing their past. By emphasizing these practices they try to bridge the gap between their past and current practices so as to minimize the transformation that has taken place. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Micropapillary lung adenocarcinoma: EGFR, K-ras, and BRAF mutational profile.

Micropapillary lung adenocarcinoma (MPA) has been reported as an aggressive variant of adenocarcinoma, frequently manifesting at high stage with a poor prognosis. We analyzed the clinical and molecular profile of 15 primary MPAs for K-ras, EGFR, and BRAF mutations and performed fluorescence in situ hybridization for EGFR amplification. In our study, 11 (73%) of 15 MPAs harbored mutually exclusive mutations: 5 (33%) K-ras, 3 (20%) EGFR, and 3 (20%) BRAF. Mutations in all 3 genes occurred in patients with a smoking history and tumors with mucinous differentiation and secondary lepidic, acinar, and solid growth, suggesting that in a Western population, cytomorphologic correlation with genetic mutations is more unpredictable than in Japanese cohorts. We conclude that K-ras, EGFR, and BRAF mutations are disproportionately seen in adenocarcinomas of lung with a dominant micropapillary growth pattern compared with conventional adenocarcinoma in our institutional experience. Lung adenocarcinomas are histologically heterogeneous, which led the World Health Organization to highlight that most adenocarcinomas had a mixed growth pattern, with characteristic patterns being solid, acinar, papillary, and lepidic. 1 Lung adenocarcinomas with papillary growth show 2 types of papillary architecture: true papillary structures with papillae containing a layered glandular epithelium surrounding a fibrovascular core and micropapillary growth in which the papillary tufts lack a central fibrovascular core and extensively shed within alveolar spaces. 2,3 Micropapillary growth patterns have been associated with an aggressive clinical course compared with traditional papillary adenocarcinoma and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. 2-10 Micropapillary adenocarcinoma (MPA) often manifests at a high stage in nonsmokers, with intralobar satellites, and frequently metastasizes to the contralateral lung, mediastinal lymph nodes, bone, and adrenal glands, with high mortality. 4-12 Because MPA represents a unique form of lung adenocarcinoma, we analyzed 15 MPA cases for the common genetic mutations in lung adenocarcinoma to determine whether a distinct genetic profile was associated with this histopathologic growth pattern. To our knowledge, no study comparing K-ras, EGFR, and BRAF mutations in micropapillary adenocarcinoma has been reported.
Finite Temperature Quasicontinuum Methods

In this paper the authors extend the quasi-continuum method to study equilibrium properties of defects at finite temperatures. They present a derivation of an effective energy function to perform Monte Carlo simulations in a mixed atomistic and continuum setting. It is shown that the free energy minimization technique can be easily incorporated into the quasi-continuum frame work, permitting a reduction of the full set of atomistic degrees of freedom even in the finite temperature setting. The validity of the proposed methods is demonstrated by computing the thermal expansion and the temperature dependence of the elastic moduli for Cu. The authors employ the quasi-continuum free energy minimization method to study the finite temperature structure of a dislocation core in Al.
Oxygen Diffusion in Single-Crystal Zinc Oxide

The models used to describe zinc oxide-based varistors rely on diffusion and defect data obtained using techniques that have been replaced by more modern methods such as secondary ion mass spectrometry. We report values for oxygen diffusivities in undoped, single-crystal ZnO as a function of temperature and orientation. Evaporation was taken into consideration when analyzing experimental results. Within experimental error, the energetics of diffusion are isotropic, but are slightly faster in the c-direction. In comparing diffusion data from the literature, the intrinsic activation energy was estimated to be between 3.6 and 4.2 eV. Comparisons with recent theoretical calculations of relevant defect energies are discussed.
RECONSIDERING THE BELIZE VALLEY PRECLASSIC: A case for multiethnic interactions in the development of a regional culture tradition

Despite more than two decades of extensive and highly productive research programs by a series of institutions and individuals focusing specifically on the Preclassic archaeology of the Belize River Valley, understanding and appreciation of the region's ceramic tradition and interpreted culture history today effectively remain based on, and dependent on, unmodified conceptual formulations from the 1940s through the 1960s. These incorporate a view of the zonal Preclassic ceramic sequence as the physical embodiment of a uniform and even unitary local producer–consumer system tied directly and genetically to the later Classic and Postclassic Maya inhabitants of the region. In this paper, we question both these assumptions and the soundness of the conceptual constructs (ceramic complexes) and framework (ceramic sequence) on which they are based. We examine the content and analyze the composition of the Belize Valley Middle and Late Preclassic ceramic complexes as dynamic, composite, producer–consumer circulation assemblages rather than as static, synthetic archaeological units, and we conclude that they reflect a much more complex socioeconomic, cultural, and sociopolitical landscape than has yet been recognized and appreciated by other investigators. We propose the presence and interaction within the valley during the Middle and Late Preclassic of at least two distinct dialectal, ethnic, or ethnolinguistic groups, and we argue that the local cultural tradition emerging in the area by the ceramic Protoclassic represented a ranked amalgamation of these. The paper also presents the first comprehensive and complete type-variety typologies for the Middle through Late Preclassic ceramic complexes of the upper Belize Valley, incorporating both new data from the 1980s and 1990s and substantive revisions of earlier work by J. E. S. Thompson and James C. Gifford.
Environmental Fate and Transport of Energetic Materials

This project strives to improve our understanding of the environmental behavior of energetic materials (EM). A thorough understanding of how these EM interact with soil and water is expected to ultimately lead to improved remediation strategies. The immediate goals of the project are to predict a priori the chemical interactions of energetic materials with model soils; and to predict a priori the decomposition reactions of EM and resultant breakdown products. Adsorption research will involve periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations, using plane-wave/pseudopotential codes. Decomposition studies will use the Specular Reflection Isopotential Searching algorithm of Irikura et al.
Treatment of material discontinuities in finite element computations

We consider finite element analysis of problems with discontinuous material coefficients. For applications in which the material interface crosses an element, we develop special elements with an embedded flux constraint at the interface. This new procedure is compared with the standard finite element method with interface coincident with the element boundary and with an existing method proposed by Steven.1 Supporting numerical studies are conducted and rates of convergence for the solution and interface flux are examined. Some local superconvergence behaviour is observed.
Scattering from cultural grass canopies: a phase coherent model

A microwave scattering formulation is presented for grassland and other short vegetation canopies. The fact that the constituent elements of these targets can be as large as the vegetation layer make this formulation problematic. For example, a grass element may extend from the soil surface to the top of the canopy, an thus the upper portion of the element can be illuminated with far greater energy than the bottom. By modeling the long, thin elements of this type of vegetation as line dipole elements, this non-uniform illumination can be accounted for. Additionally, the stature and structure of grass plants can result in situations where the average inner-product or coherent terms are significant at lower frequencies. As a result, the backscattering coefficient cannot be modeled simply as the incoherent addition of the power from each element and scattering mechanism. To determine these coherent terms, a coherent model which considers scattered fields, and not power, is provided. Finally, a major component of the grass family are cultural grasses, such as wheat and barley. This vegetation is often planted in row structures, a periodic organization which can likewise result in significant coherent scattering effects, depending on the frequency and illumination pattern. Therefore, a formulation is also provided which accounts for the unique scattering of these structures.
Strategies For Nde Of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Structural Components

A strategy for selecting and developing nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methodologies for fiber reinforced polymer composite structural components to be used in civil infrastructure applications is described. Conventional and innovative evaluation approaches are discussed. Actual experience with NDE of hybrid carbon and glass fiber reinforced vinyl ester pultruded beams that are installed in a bridge carrying automotive traffic is described.
Cotton harvest at 40% versus 75% boll-splitting on yield and economic return under standard and proactive boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) spray regimes.

The standard practice of two or three preemptive insecticide applications at the start of pinhead (1–2-mm-diameter) squaring followed by threshold-triggered (when 10% of randomly selected squares have oviposition punctures) insecticide applications for boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), control does not provide reliable protection of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., lint production. This study, conducted during 2004 and 2005, showed that three to six fewer spray applications in a “proactive” approach, in which spraying began at the start of large (5.5–8-mm-diameter) square formation and continued at ≈7-d intervals while large squares were abundant, resulted in fewer infested squares and 1.4- to 1.7-fold more lint than the standard treatment. Fewer sprays and increased yield made proactive spraying significantly more profitable than the standard approach, which resulted in relatively low or negative economic returns. Harvest at 75% boll-split in the proactive spray regime of 2005 resulted in four-fold greater economic return than cotton harvested at 40% boll-split because of improved protection of large squares and the elimination of late-season sprays inherent to standard spray regime despite the cost of an extra irrigation in the 75% boll-split treatments. The earlier, 40% harvest trigger does not avoid high late-season boll weevil pressure, which exerts less impact on bolls, the predominant form of fruiting body at that time, than on squares. Proactive spraying and harvest timing are based on an important relationship between nutrition, boll weevil reproduction, and economic inputs; therefore, the tactic of combining proaction with harvest at 75% boll-split is applicable where boll weevils are problematic regardless of climate or region, or whether an eradication program is ongoing.
A Review of “Refeathering the Empty Nest: Life After the Children Leave”

The empty nest transition for parents when their last child leaves the home is often associated with a “syndrome,” which implies some kind of abnormality; however; 25 million parents are currently ...
Mass effects on optical phonons in L12-Ordered Pt357Fe and Pd357Fe

Inelastic nuclear resonant scattering spectra of 57Fe atoms were measured on Pt3 57Fe and Pd3 57Fe with the L12 crystal structure, and with the same crystallographic sites for 57Fe atoms. Phonon partial density of states curves for 57Fe were obtained from these spectra. In comparison to the non-dispersive Einstein-like optical modes in Pt3 57Fe, the optical modes in Pd3 57Fe are broader. This difference can be understood in terms of the difference in mass of Pd and Pt.
Rethinking the Use of Credit Ratings in Capital Regulation

We analyze an initiative by insurance regulators to rethink the use of credit ratings in assessing capital adequacy. The new regulations replace ratings with potentially more precise third-party estimates of expected credit losses and take into consideration an insurer's current exposure to such losses when determining the appropriate capital charge. This change alleviates the need for insurers to rebalance their portfolios or raise equity to repair regulatory capital. After the change, insurers are less likely to sell distressed MBS, gains trade corporate bonds, or raise external financing. However, the new regime allows insurers to purchase more low-rated MBS at significant capital savings. Our analysis highlights some of the tradeoffs financial agencies should consider when implementing the Dodd-Frank mandate to remove credit ratings in financial regulations.
Transmission Infrared Spectra of CH3–, CD3–, and C10H21–Ge(111) Surfaces

The surface chemistry of CH3–, CD3–, and C10H21–Ge(111) surfaces prepared through a bromination/alkylation method have been investigated by infrared spectroscopy. Well-ordered CH3–Ge(111) surfaces ...
The Air-Sea Battle ‘concept’: A critique

In May 2013 the Pentagon released an unclassified summary of the top-secret Air-Sea Battle (ASB) Concept. ASB serves to focus the Pentagon’s efforts to organize, train and equip the armed forces against advanced weapons systems that threaten the US military’s unfettered freedom of access and action in the global commons. While officials claim ASB is merely improve service interoperability and could be applied in any number of conflict situations, this article argues that in fact the doctrine represents the Pentagon’s plan for confronting China’s increasingly capable and confident military. This raises two urgent questions: how does ASB fit into an overall US foreign policy toward China – and, if a military confrontation cannot be avoided, are there less risky alternatives, such a maritime blockade, that can achieve the same ends as ASB?
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the pediatric population is safe and efficacious.

Background Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is increasingly being used in the evaluation and management of biliary and pancreatic disorders in children. The aim of this study was to review the pediatric ERCP experience of a large academic referral center affiliated with a tertiary care children's hospital. Methods This is a retrospective review of medical records, endoscopic and operative reports, and radiography of those patients ages 0 to 21 years who underwent ERCP for any indication between 1993 and 2011 at a tertiary referral center affiliated with a large urban pediatric hospital. ERCP technical success was defined as cannulation of the desired duct. Serious adverse events included bleeding, perforation, pancreatitis, or death. Results Four hundred twenty-nine ERCPs were performed on 296 patients. The mean age was 14.9 ± 4.8 years (3 months-21 years); 51.1% were boys. Patients with a history of previous liver transplant comprised 13.1% (56) of all ERCPs. Abnormal liver chemistries or suspected choledocholithiasis accounted for half of the indications. A therapeutic intervention was performed in 64.1%. Technical success was achieved in 95.2% of ERCPs. Serious adverse events occurred in 7.7%. Conclusions Pediatric ERCP is highly efficacious in the pediatric population, with the rates of technical success and use of therapeutic interventions mirroring those in adults. There is a low overall rate of serious adverse events. The overall efficacy and safety support the performance of pediatric ERCP by experienced endoscopists at high-volume centers.
Refined method for predicting electrochemical windows of ionic liquids and experimental validation studies.

A combined classical molecular dynamics (MD) and ab initio MD (AIMD) method was developed for the calculation of electrochemical windows (ECWs) of ionic liquids. In the method, the liquid phase of ionic liquid is explicitly sampled using classical MD. The electrochemical window, estimated by the energy difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), is calculated at the density functional theory (DFT) level based on snapshots obtained from classical MD trajectories. The snapshots were relaxed using AIMD and quenched to their local energy minima, which assures that the HOMO/LUMO calculations are based on stable configurations on the same potential energy surface. The new procedure was applied to a group of ionic liquids for which the ECWs were also experimentally measured in a self-consistent manner. It was found that the predicted ECWs not only agree with the experimental trend very well but also the values are quantitatively accurate. The p...
Organic semiconductors for energy efficiency

In this talk, we will discuss recent progress in a range of organic solid-state devices that can lead to a new generation of energy-efficient products using energy-efficient manufacturing approaches.
Acute response of IGF-I and IGF binding proteins induced by thermal injury

Previous studies demonstrate that thermal injury decreases circulating levels of insulin growth factor I (IGF-I) and alters the plasma concentration of several IGF binding proteins (IGFBP), but the...
Amphetamine and Signal Detection

Amphetamine (AMPH) has been prescribed therapeutically for attention-related disorders, weight loss, and to increase attentiveness in the military. It is also widely abused. Signal detection (SD) procedures and analyses have been used extensively with AMPH to assay the potential benefits and risks of the drug. SD procedures, where a participant is tasked with reporting on the presence or absence of unpredictable stimuli for long periods of time, are often used in experiments on sustained attention or vigilance, in both humans and nonhuman animals. In this chapter, we review some of the key elements of signal detection theory and of AMPHs on SD. Our results indicate that AMPHs effects generally follow the Yerkes–Dodson law of arousal. That is, at low doses, AMPH improves SD, but that benefit wanes as dosage increases. At even higher doses, AMPH disrupts SD. These effects appear to cross species distinctions, thereby validating nonhuman animal models in behavioral pharmacology. In addition, there appears to be a tight therapeutically effective dose range, which must be considered in use of AMPH.
Linen Loss Reduction in an Acute Care Hospital

This chapter describes a case study in an acute care hospital that formed a cross-functional team to apply the Lean Six Sigma problem solving methodology and tools to improve the linen processes. The goal of the project was to identify and implement process improvements that would reduce linen loss. We applied the (Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control)(DMAIC) problem solving approach and within the first 6 months of implementation we improved the soil to clean linen ratio by 1.1 % and saved over $75,000 for the first year.
Pneumorachis and Pneumomediastinum Following Weight Lifting: A Case Report (IN5-1.008)

OBJECTIVE: Pneumorachis, or air within the spinal canal is rarely described in the literature. We report a case of pneumorachis and pneumomediastium in the setting of exercise. BACKGROUND: This case involves three very rare radiographic findings occurring simultaneously: pneumorachis, pneumomediastinum and pneumatization of the occipital bone. Non-traumatic pneumorachis is even more rare and has been associated with valsalva maneuvers, extreme exercise and pneumomediastinum. DESIGN/METHODS: Case Study. RESULTS: A 58 year-old man was weight lifting three weeks prior to presentation. He noted neck pain involving his shoulders starting 24 hours after exercise and intermittent tingling of fingers bilaterally.Examination revealed tenderness over the C5-C6 spine as well as bilateral shoulders and increased pain with neck flexion, mildly brisk deep tendon reflexes of left biceps, brachoradialis, triceps, patella and ankle jerk as well as a patch of decreased sensation to pin prick in T5-T6 distribution. Cervical spine plain film showed pneumorachis, air in the spinal canal extending from the superior left occiput, along the right aspect of C2 and C1 and to T5 with pneumomediastinum. CT neck and chest revealed pneumatization of the clivus and occipital bone with soft tissue free air including epidural pneumatosis and canal stenosis. The patient was managed conservatively with rest and symptomatic pain relief. One week later repeat plan film images of the spine showed resolving pneumorachis. CONCLUSIONS: Pneumorachis is often asymptomatic but rarely presents with multiple radiculopathies and myelopathy due to compression of nerve roots or spinal cord. Intraspinal air is typically benign and resolves spontaneously. Some patients are treated with high concentration oxygen therapy for 24 hours but there is no evidence for the efficacy of this. Rarely pneumorachis can lead to spinal cord compression and may require neurosurgery in select cases but on the whole this is a benign, self-limiting condition with a remarkable radiographic appearance. Disclosure: Dr. Turk has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wipf has received royalty payments from UpToDate. Dr. Wipf has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Board Basics.
Compressibility and heat capacity of rotating plasma

A rotating plasma column is shown to exhibit unusual heat capacity effects under compression. For near equilibrium thermodynamics and smooth wall conditions, the heat capacity depends on the plasma density, on the speed of the rotation, and on the mass ratio. For a certain range of parameters, the storage of energy in the electric field produces a significant increase in the heat capacity.
Altered ion transport in normal human bronchial epithelial cells following exposure to chemically distinct metal welding fume particles.

Abstract Welding fume inhalation causes pulmonary toxicity, including susceptibility to infection. We hypothesized that airway epithelial ion transport is a target of fume toxicity, and investigated the effects of fume particulates from manual metal arc-stainless steel (MMA-SS) and gas metal arc-mild steel (GMA-MS) on ion transport in normal human bronchial epithelium (NHBE) cultured in air-interface. MMA-SS particles, more soluble than GMA-MS particles, contain Cr, Ni, Fe and Mn; GMA-MS particles contain Fe and Mn. MMA-SS or GMA-MS particles (0.0167–166.7 μg/cm 2 ) were applied apically to NHBEs. After 18 h transepithelial potential difference (V t ), resistance (R t ), and short circuit current ( I sc ) were measured. Particle effects on Na + and Cl¯ channels and the Na + ,K + ,2Cl¯-cotransporter were evaluated using amiloride (apical), 5-nitro-2-[(3-phenylpropyl)amino]benzoic acid (NPPB, apical), and bumetanide (basolateral), respectively. MMA-SS (0.0167–16.7 μg/cm 2 ) increased basal V t . Only 16.7 μg/cm 2 GMA-MS increased basal V t significantly. MMA-SS or GMA-MS exposure potentiated I sc responses (decreases) to amiloride and bumetanide, while not affecting those to NPPB, GMA-MS to a lesser degree than MMA-SS. Variable effects on R t were observed in response to amiloride, and bumetanide. Generally, MMA-SS was more potent in altering responses to amiloride and bumetanide than GMA-MS. Hyperpolarization occurred in the absence of LDH release, but decreases in V t , R t , and I sc at higher fume particulate doses accompanied LDH release, to a greater extent for MMA-SS. Thus, Na + transport and Na + ,K + ,2Cl¯-cotransport are affected by fume exposure; MMA-MS is more potent than GMA-MS. Enhanced Na + absorption and decreased airway surface liquid could compromise defenses against infection.
Connection between Fermi contours of zero-field electrons and ν = 1 2 composite fermions in two-dimensional systems

We investigate the relation between the Fermi sea (FS) of zero-field carriers in two-dimensional systems and the FS of the corresponding composite fermions which emerge in a high magnetic field at filling $\ensuremath{\nu}=\frac{1}{2}$, as the kinetic energy dispersion is varied. We study cases both with and without rotational symmetry and find that there is generally no straightforward relation between the geometric shapes and topologies of the two FSs. In particular, we show analytically that the composite Fermi liquid (CFL) is completely insensitive to a wide range of changes to the zero-field dispersion which preserve rotational symmetry, including ones that break the zero-field FS into multiple disconnected pieces. In the absence of rotational symmetry, we show that the notion of ``valley pseudospin'' in many-valley systems is generically not transferred to the CFL, in agreement with experimental observations. We also discuss how a rotationally symmetric band structure can induce a reordering of the Landau levels, opening interesting possibilities of observing higher-Landau-level physics in the high-field regime.
A Note on Palindromes by Reversal-Addition

(1972). A Note on Palindromes by Reversal-Addition. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 186-187.
The Catalyst Theory Meets the Supreme Court-Common Sense Takes a Vacation

In 2001, in Buckhannon Board and Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, the Supreme Court of the United States eliminated the catalyst theory from the definition of prevailing party in relation to two federal statutes. In doing so, the Court severely restricted the opportunities for plaintiffs to collect attorney's fees from defendants who change their behavior to meet the plaintiffs' claims without fully adjudicating those claims. This Note examines the history of the catalyst theory and prevailing party decisions, as well as the impact of Buckhannon on fee-shifting, and argues that a permanent rejection of the catalyst theory would dramatically chill the vindication of civil and environmental rights by plaintiffs facing costly litigation. This Note concludes that Congress should enact legislation that preserves the catalyst theory and that, in the meantime,, courts should distinguish the fee-shifting provisions at issue in Buckhannon and thus preserve the catalyst theory in other
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy, Stroke, and Traumatic Brain Injury: Mechanisms of Hyperpolarized, Depolarized, and Flow-Through Ion Channels Utilized as Tri-Coordinate Biomarkers of Electrophysiologic Dysfunction.

The brain is an integrated network of multiple variables that when compromised creates a disease state. The neuropathology of temporal lobe epilepsy, stroke, and traumatic brain injury demonstrate both similarity and complexity that reflects this integrated variability; temporal lobe epilepsy with its live human tissue resection research delivers reproducible genetic contributors such as channelopathies, and neurotransmitter deoxyribonucleic acid mutation, yet often fails to be consistent across monozygotic twins. In addition, epigenetic research reveals the influence of non-coding ribonucleic acid, and post-translational modification error. Meanwhile, neuroinflammatory abnormalities throughout astrocytes with hippocampal sclerosis and damaged or even reversed signaling pathways (inhibition to excitation such as with gaba-aminobutyric acid) are similar to those seen in post-stroke and TBI models. In evaluation of the epilepsy population this interconnectedness of pathology warrants further evaluation with collaborative efforts. This review summarizes patterns that connect genetics, epigenetics, and neuro-injury across etiologies of electrophysiologic dysfunction such as temporal lobe epilepsy, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. In conclusion we demonstrate the plausibility of electrophysiologic voltage and current measurement of brain tissue by patch clamp analysis to specify actual electrophysiologic function for comparison to electroencephalography to aid neurologic evaluation. Finally, we discuss the opportunity with multiscale modeling to display integration of the hyperpolarization cyclic-nucleotide gated channel, the depolarized calcium channels, and sodium-potassium-chloride-one/potassium-chloride-two co-transporter channels as potential mechanisms utilized as tri-coordinate biomarkers with these three forms of neurologic disease at a molecular scale of electrophysiologic pathology.
The Second Amendment as Teaching Tool in Constitutional Law Classes

Basic con law classes are meant to teach students some fundamental legal skills: Considering contentious moral questions from all sides, even those sides for which one has a visceral revulsion. Using the various modalities of interpretive argument -- interpretation focused on text, original meaning, the interplay of political structures, changed circumstances, precedent, and the implications of "fundamental," though unwritten, values within the American ethos. Thinking about how law can check power. Arguing articulately about the clash between solemn constitutional guarantees and eminently worthy countervailing government interests. The Second Amendment turns out to be a surprisingly useful tool for all these purposes: 1. Second Amendment arguments tend to run counter to traditional political divides, and can thus help teach students to make arguments that they'd normally oppose. 2. The Amendment, unburdened as it is with much Supreme Court baggage, is a particularly good tool for discussing the entire range of interpretive modalities. 3. The Second Amendment was seen by the Framers as a basic part (perhaps the most basic part) of the checks and balances on federal government power. 4. The Amendment particularly starkly presents the clash between textually secured constitutional rights and eminently legitimate government interests is rarely presented more starkly than in the Second Amendment. 5. The Amendment can enrich our understanding of other provisions, such as the Free Speech Clause and the criminal justice provisions. 6. Finally, the Amendment can remind students that constitutional protections needn't be all good: that the Constitution can sometimes be the subject of criticism and not just veneration. Our goal here is not to demonstrate the True Meaning of the Second Amendment. Rather, it's to show how the debates about the Amendment's possible meanings can enliven and improve the con law class.
Direct Transdiaphragmatic Traffic of Peritoneal Macrophages to the Lung

Intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation is a parenteral route of immunization which results in priming of the mucosal immune response. We hypothesized that this may be related to the processing of antigen either in the lymphoid tissue associated with the peritoneal cavity or in the sites that drain it. Particulates injected into the peritoneal cavity are removed principally by way of transdiaphragmatic lymphatic channels situated under the diaphragmatic mesotheliura1,2. These channels drain into larger intrathoracic lymphatics which in turn enter anterior mammary and parathymic lymph nodes before emptying into the bloodstream.
The Role of the Noradrenergic System in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Drugs that decrease the activity of one of the chemical messengers in the brain, norpeinephrine, are sometimes helpful for patients with autism-related conditions, or autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Individuals with ASD have decreased flexibility in verbal problem solving. Activity of the norepinephrine system affects performance on such verbal problem solving tasks in individuals without neurodevelopmental diagnoses in experiments using the norepinephrine beta-receptor blocker, propranolol. In individuals without neurodevelopmental diagnoses, response to propranolol depends on how hard the task is, and it is beneficial only for difficult problems. However, in other types of patients with altered norepinephrine or altered flexibility in thinking such as individuals under stress, patients with language loss due to stroke, and individuals in cocaine withdrawal, propranolol also benefits performance for simple problems. Due to decreased flexibility in verbal problem solving in ASD, preliminary evidence suggests that they also respond more favorably to propranolol for simple problems. Future research will be necessary to determine how this cognitive response relates to the clinical response to these agents to better determine if this is a potential mechanism for treatment in ASD.
Fortpflanzungssystem und Ausführgänge des Urogenitalsystems

Die Aufgaben des Fortpflanzungssystems sind die Produktion der Geschlechtszellen oder Gameten, das Zusammenbringen von Ei und Spermium, die Ernahrung des Embryos oder Fotus bis zum Schlupfen oder bis zur Geburt, und die Abgabe von Eiern oder Jungtieren aus dem mutterlichen Korper. Strukturelle Anpassungen anderer Korperteile und Verhaltensanpassungen konnen anschliesend die Verteidigung, die Fursorge, die Ernahrung oder das Warmen der Eier oder Jungtiere ubernehmen.
Southern Paternalism and the American Welfare State: Economics, Politics, and Institutions in the South, 1865–1965

Preface Introduction 1. The economics of paternalism 2. The politics of maintaining paternalism 3. Southern opposition to the Social Security Act 4. Southern opposition to the farm security administration 5. The Bracero program and wartime farm labour legislation 6. Mechanization and the disappearance of paternalism Conclusion References Index.
Hyder - A Transactional Record Manager for Shared Flash

supports reads and writes on indexed records within classi- cal multi-step transactions. It is designed to run on a cluster of servers that have shared access to a large pool of network- addressable raw flash chips. The flash chips store the indexed records as a multiversion log-structured database. Log-structuring leverages the high random I/O rate of flash and automatically wear-levels it. Hyder uses a data-sharing architecture that scales out without partitioning the database or application. Each transac- tion executes on a snapshot, logs its updates in one record, and broadcasts the log record to all servers. Each server rolls forward the log against its locally-cached partial-copy of the last committed state, using optimistic concurrency control to determine whether each transaction commits. This paper explains the architecture of the overall system and its three main components: the log, the index, and the roll-forward algorithm. Simulations and prototype measurements are presented that show Hyder can scale out to support high transaction rates.
Stainless-Steel-Clad Fuel Rod Failures

Experience with stainless-steel-clad fuel rods irradiated in the Vallecitos Boiling Water Reactor (VBWR) has shown that Type-304 stainless steel is susceptible to stress-assisted intergranular corr...
Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Azetedine and Pyrrolidine Derivatives as Dual Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors and 5‐HT1A Partial Agonists.

Optimization of a recently developed dual norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 1A partial agonist leads to the identification of an oxygen-linked azetidine (I) or pyrrolidine derivative (II) as a suitable piperidine A-ring replacement in this novel biaryl-ether series.
Characteristics of storefront tobacco advertisements and differences by product type: A content analysis of retailers in New York City, USA.

Abstract Tobacco companies in the U.S. spend billions of dollars advertising at the point-of-sale. Using photographs of storefront tobacco ads in New York City (NYC), we conducted a content analysis to describe the prevalence of common features across four product categories and illuminate ways in which they may influence behavior. In 2017, data collectors photographed exterior ads from a representative sample of tobacco retailers in NYC (n = 796). We coded each ad (n = 976) for the presence of various characteristics (e.g., brand, price displays, warning labels, menthol/flavors, size, location). Chi-square tests examined differences by product type. Most ads were for cigarettes (40%), followed by electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS, 27.9%), cigars (26.9%), and smokeless tobacco (5.2%). Over half of cigarette and smokeless tobacco ads promoted a menthol or flavored style (61% each), compared to about a quarter of cigar (25.9%) and ENDS ads (30.3%, p
"Online Training Is Great but Human Interaction Is Better": Training Preferences of VA Interdisciplinary Palliative Care Consult Teams.

A growing body of research has examined modalities for delivering palliative care education; however, we know little about education and training preferences of VA interdisciplinary Palliative Care...
Orai1 channels are essential for amplification of glutamate-evoked Ca2+ signals in dendritic spines to regulate working and associative memory

Store-operated Orai1 calcium channels function as highly Ca2+-selective ion channels and are broadly expressed in many tissues including the central nervous system, but their contributions to cognitive processing are largely unknown. Here, we report that many measures of synaptic, cellular, and behavioral models of learning are markedly attenuated in mice lacking Orai1 in forebrain excitatory neurons. Results with focal glutamate uncaging in hippocampal neurons support an essential role of Orai1 channels in amplifying NMDA-receptor-induced dendritic Ca2+ transients that drive activity-dependent spine morphogenesis and long-term potentiation at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses. Consistent with these signaling roles, mice lacking Orai1 in pyramidal neurons (but not interneurons) exhibit striking deficits in working and associative memory tasks. These findings identify Orai1 channels as essential regulators of dendritic spine Ca2+ signaling, synaptic plasticity, and cognition.
Evidence of Inflated Prediction Performance: A Commentary on Machine Learning and Suicide Research:

The use of machine learning is increasing in clinical psychology, yet it is unclear whether these approaches enhance the prediction of clinical outcomes. Several studies show that machine-learning ...