cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral control of respiration in sleep and sleepiness due to signal-induced sleep fragmentation.

The effects of sleep fragmentation on behavioral control of sleeping respiration and on daytime sleepiness were investigated in 20 college students. All were polygraphically monitored both during nighttime sleep and during daytime naps. Ten experimental subjects were informed while awake that tones would be presented to them during nighttime sleep. Their task was to terminate the tones by taking a deep breath. Half of the subjects first received tones every 4 min; the other half received them every 8 min. After 4 consecutive nights subjects received 3 days off and conditions were reversed for 4 more consecutive nights. Tones started at 45dB and, in the absence of a response, increased 10dB every 10 seconds up to 95dB. Control subjects (N = 10) did not receive tones. The absolute number of arousals to tones was greater but the percentage of arousals was lower under the 4-min condition. Full awakenings occurred infrequently. Probability of making a breathing response remained high across days for both fragmentation conditions, but latency to respond was shorter and probability higher under the 8-min condition. Sleep fragmentation, whether “frequent” (4-min) or “infrequent” (8-min), did not induce greater daytime sleepiness than did the nonfragmentation control condition, and sleepiness did not differ between the two experimental conditions. Implications for developing behavioral techniques for treating sleep-related breathing disorders are discussed.
Flexible full‐body tactile sensor of low cost and minimal output connections for service robot

Purpose – This paper aims to design a new full‐body tactile sensor which is essential for the application of personal service robot similar to human skin.Design/methodology/approach – The largest difficulty for designing a full‐body tactile sensor is the huge number of output connections. The sensor introduced in this paper is a special multi‐layer structure, which could minimize the output connections while sensing both the position and force information. Since it is made of conductive and non‐conductive textiles, the sensor could be used to cover the curved surface of robot body.Findings – With better structure design, output connectors and signal measurement times could be dramatically reduced.Research limitations/implications – Sensor area and performance are limited by the sensitivity of the measurement circuits.Originality/value – Introduces an innovate design of full‐body tactile sensor.
Abstract 1439: Loss of expression of SWI/SNF subunits in high risk Wilms tumor is accompanied by global gene expression changes

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Introduction: The TARGET initiative seeks to identify therapeutic targets through genomic sequencing supported by copy number and gene expression analysis. The High Risk Wilms Tumor TARGET project, currently in progress, includes the analysis of favorable histology (FH) tumors that relapsed and tumors with anaplasia (unfavorable histology). We report the identification of a group of Wilms tumors (WT) identified by a unique gene expression pattern. Methods and Results: 102 high risk WT (43 anaplastic, 59 relapsed FH) were analyzed using Affymetrix U133+2 chips. Unsupervised hierarchical analysis consistently selected 9 tumors (5 anaplastic, 4 FH) that shared a striking gene expression pattern. These patients presented at 15-96 months (median 51); 7 had a triphasic histology and 2 were blastemal predominate; 4 died of their disease. When the top differentially expressed genes (P<0.0001) were analyzed with PANTHER, significant repression (p=5x10−7) of genes responsible for the regulation of chromatin architecture was apparent. Among the most significantly down-regulated were ARID1A (fold change (FC) 0.2, p=5.2x10−8) and SMARCA4 (BRG1, FC 0.16 p=9x10−6), among others. Transcriptomic analysis using hierarchical clustering based on chromosomal position displayed a unique pattern of alternating increased and decreased expression of small genetic regions for all chromosomes in this group. These findings may represent long-range genomic regulation that has been attributed to histone modifications and are in keeping with the role of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Analysis using the Affymetrix 6.0 SNP chip demonstrated LOH for 1p31 (ARID1A) and 19p13 (BRG1) in 2 and 1 of the 9 tumors, respectively. Global methylation analysis is underway. Conclusion: Mutations in several SWI/SNF subunits (including ARID1A, BRG1, SMARCB1, PBRM1) have been implicated in the development of a wide range of neoplasias. In normal cells, SWI/SNF subunit protein levels are tightly controlled in a coordinated fashion in order to maintain constant cellular levels. Little is known about the transcriptional regulation of these subunits. This report suggests that a subset of Wilms tumors show striking repression of many SWI/SNF subunits, resulting in a unique globally abnormal gene expression pattern that has not been previously described in tumors with ARID1A or SMARCB1 loss. Whole genomic or exomic sequencing of our tumor set is in progress. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1439. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1439
Type II beam hardening artifacts in phase contrast imaging

The effects of beam hardening have previously been extended from absorption imaging to phase contrast imaging, showing a similar, albeit reduced, effect in the phase images. The effect of beam hardening on the interferometer performance, however, has not been demonstrated. In this work, the visibility reduction on a differential phase contrast imaging system due to spectral changes as a result of beam hardening is demonstrated. The implication of this reduction is an artificial increase in noise for the phase contrast image through highly-attenuating regions of the object. In addition, false signal will be recorded in the dark-field image, which normally shows only highly-scattering objects and interfaces. The results show that with added beam filtration, the effect is reduced, just as with more traditional beam hardening artifacts. However, the effect also means that one must also take into account the desired imaging task when determining the system’s design energy.
Two-dimensional conductivity image from the data measured by electromagnetic crosswell tools

The predicting and monitoring of fluid movement during a steam-injection operation is much important in an EOR process. A crosswell 2D conductivity imaging technique is developed to monitor the injection or production profiles by inverting formation conductivity from crosswell electromagnetic measurements. The tool responses are calculated from electromagnetic field equations using perturbation approach. Maximum entropy constraint is used to regularize the inversion problem. To assure the stability and fast convergence, the inversion procedure is conducted in three steps: homogeneous inversion that assumes the formation with an unique conductivity; 1D inversion that generates horizontally layered formation; and 2D inversion that regards the conductivity anomalies both in vertical and radial directions. An initial guessed value of homogeneous background is needed for the program at the beginning. The calculated result of homogeneous medium is then used as the initial value of 1D inversion, and the reconstructed layered conductivity profiles are the initial input for the 2D inversion. By the steps from homogeneous to heterogeneous inversion, the misfit between measured and calculated data decreases sharply. The examples for both synthetic data and field data are illustrated. The inversion results show that the reconstructed conductivity images are in agreement with the known formation characters within given error tolerances.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Complement activation and lung permeability during cardiopulmonary bypass

Pulmonary dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass has been attributed to the damaging effects of complement activation on the lung. To further explore this phenomenon, we measured plasma levels of activated complement components (radioimmunoassay), assessed neutrophil n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) receptor status (radioligand saturation binding assay), and quantified pulmonary epithelial permeability as radioaerosol lung clearance of technetium 99m-labeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid in a series of 8 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Significant elevations of plasma C3adesArg, C4adesArg, and C5adesArg levels were seen just after CPB, indicating activation of both the classic and alternate complement pathways. Neutrophil activation was evident as increased expression of neutrophil FMLP surface receptors after bypass. Despite the presence of complement and neutrophil activation, increased pulmonary epithelial permeability was not seen. These data support the hypothesis that complement and neutrophil activation during cardiopulmonary bypass is not associated with acute lung injury, at least not pulmonary epithelial injury. One can therefore infer that increased pulmonary epithelial permeability in patients at high risk for and experiencing sepsis-induced and trauma-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome may be due to factors other than complement and neutrophil activation.
Effective low-energy model for f-electron delocalization.

We consider a periodic Anderson model (PAM) with a momentum-dependent interband hybridization that is strongly suppressed near the Fermi level. Under these conditions, we reduce the PAM to an effective low-energy Hamiltonian, ${H}_{\mathrm{eff}}$, by expanding in the small parameter ${V}_{0}/t$ (${V}_{0}$ is the maximum interband hybridization amplitude and $t$ is the hopping integral of the broadband). The resulting model consists of a $t\ensuremath{-}J$ $f$-band coupled via the Kondo exchange to the electrons in the broadband. ${H}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ allows for studying the $f$-electron delocalization transition. The result is a doping-induced Mott transition for the $f$-electron delocalization, which we demonstrate by density-matrix renormalization group calculations.
Control of rotor aerodynamically forced vibrations by splitters

A mathematical model is developed to demonstrate the potential benefit of splitter blades as a passive control mechanism for the flow-induced forced response of supersonic turbomachine rotors. The splitters introduce both aerodynamic and structural detuning and also provide a large measure of control of the location of the Mach wave full-chord airfoil and splitter intersections. The level of aerodynamic detuning is associated with the relative locations of the splitters in the full-chord airfoil passages, with the level of structural detuning a function of the ratio of the natural frequencies of the splitters to that of the full-chord airfoils. The ability of splitters to decrease the amplitude of flow-induced forced response is demonstrated by applying this model to four 12-bladed rotors incorporating splitters, utilizing Verdon's Cascade B flow geometry as a baseline. The critical parameters for decreased forced-response amplitudes of vibration are the chord length and the circumferential and axial locations of the splitters.
Mechanistic studies of (porphinato)iron-catalyzed isobutane oxidation. Comparative studies of three classes of electron-deficient porphyrin catalysts.

We report herein a comprehensive study of (porphinato)iron [PFe]-catalyzed isobutane oxidation in which molecular oxygen is utilized as the sole oxidant; these catalytic reactions were carried out and monitored in both autoclave reactors and sapphire NMR tubes. In situ 19F and 13C NMR experiments, coupled with GC analyses and optical spectra obtained from the autoclave reactions have enabled the identification of the predominant porphyrinic species present during PFe-catalyzed oxidation of isobutane. Electron-deficient PFe catalysts based on 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin [(C6F5)4PH2], 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octabromo-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin [Br8(C6F5)4PH2], and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(heptafluoropropyl)porphyrin [(C3F7)4PH2] macrocycles were examined. The nature and distribution of hydrocarbon oxidation products show that an autoxidation reaction pathway dominates the reaction kinetics, consistent with a radical chain process. For each catalytic system examined, PFeII sp...
Microscopic theory of collective anisotropic molecular reorientation

Mori's method is applied to the calculation of the collective molecular orientation correlation functions which are of interest in light scattering and dielectric relaxation. The case of liquids composed of asymmetric top molecules is discussed. For the collective variables, the usual ‘rotational diffusion’ assumptions do not yield the single-particle rotational diffusion results unless there exists no orientational order in the medium. This point is discussed with regard to the results of some recent light scattering and dielectric relaxation experiments.
Phyllosilicates in the matrix of the unique carbonaceous chondrite Lewis Cliff 85332 and possible implications for the aqueous alteration of CI chondrites

Abstract— The fine-grained matrix of the unique, unequilibrated carbonaceous chondrite Lewis Cliff (LEW) 85332 has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Compositionally, LEW 85332 has a matrix that is more Fe-rich than typical CI chondrites but has elemental abundance ratios that appear to be closer to CI matrices than to CM or CR chondrites. The mineralogy of the matrix is dominated by phyllosilicate phases that are predominantly interlayered Fe-rich serpentine/saponite; anhydrous silicate phases such as olivine and pyroxene are rare. Minor magnetite, troilite and ferrihydrite also occur associated with the phyllosilicates. Despite the high degree of weathering in LEW 85332, the phyllosilicates appear to have an extraterrestrial origin, but the highly variable Mg/Fe ratios of saponite may be the result of partial terrestrial oxidation of Fe-rich saponite to a more Mg-rich saponite and ferrihydrite. Alternatively, some of the ferrihydrite may have formed as a result of terrestrial weathering of Fe-Ni metal. The compositional and mineralogical data suggest that the matrix of LEW 85332 may represent a very early stage in the type of aqueous alteration experienced by the CI chondrites, although it is improbable that LEW 85332 was a precursor to the CI chondrites because of its high abundance of chondrules. The absence of carbonates, the high-Fe content of the matrix and phyllosilicate phases and relatively low abundance of magnetite all indicate that the degree of oxidation and leaching of LEW 85332 matrix was significantly less than that experienced by the CI chondrites. The absence of clear evidence for alteration of chondrules suggests that either the formation of the hydrous phases in the matrix occurred prior to accretion or that alteration occurred on a parent body and involved limited amounts of fluid, such that the reactions took place preferentially and exclusively within the fine-grained (anhydrous?) matrix materials.
Ultraviolet and blue emitting graphene quantum dots synthesized from carbon nano-onions and their comparison for metal ion sensing

Ultraviolet and blue emitting graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were synthesized by chemical oxidation of carbon nano-onions. TEM, AFM, XPS, and optical characterization techniques showed that different optical properties of UV- and blue-emitting GQDs originate from their unique structure and chemical functionalities. UV- and blue-emitting GQDs were also compared for heavy metal ion sensing.
Embodied knowledge in chronic illness and injury.

Embodied knowledge in chronic illness and injury When people experience chronic illness or serious injury, changes occur not just within their physical bodies but also in their embodiments, that is, how they view the world through their bodies. For such patients, dualistic (mind–body) notions of the body as object and the mind as subject can devalue experiences that are necessary for healing and for managing everyday problems related to their illness or injury. Nurses need to be able to guide people with illness or injury to new levels of wellness, but may lack appropriate theoretical conceptualizations. Philosophies that underlie embodied knowledge — in particular, philosophies of Merleau-Ponty and Polanyi — were explored yielding two new ways to understand the body. The body as ‘silent partner’ fosters an appreciation of the body's own subjectivity that can be enhanced in nursing care through sensitivity, listening, and creative coaching. Nurses can assist their patients to identify new and positive understandings of what their bodies mean to them after bodily changes. The body as ‘informant’ holds much promise for solving some of the everyday problems that people with chronic illness or injury experience. By using phenomenological and other naturalistic methods, researchers and patients can find clues to solving such problems, clues that are known through daily living but hidden beneath conscious awareness. As a result, some of the practical know-how of the body as ‘informant’ can be transformed into testable nursing interventions.
Length of Personality Inventory and the Evaluation of a Generalized Personality Interpretation

Summary Subjects were given the same generalized personality interpretation based on personality inventories differing in length. The short inventory was seen as more efficient than the two longer forms. While no significant differences were noted between forms in terms of accuracy and depth of the interpretation, in percentage terms the short form was more favorably evaluated.
Transmittance measurements on micro- and nano-sized ferrite powders in millimeter waves

Transmittance measurements on micro- and nano-sized powdered barium ferrite (BaFe 12 O 19 ) and strontium ferrite (SrFe 12 O 19 ) have been studied in a broadband millimeter wave frequency range for the first time. Measurements have been performed using a free space quasi-optical millimeter wave spectrometer, equipped with high power backward wave oscillators as sources of tunable coherent radiation. A tunable millimeter wave absorber based on micro- and nano-sized powdered ferrite materials is presented.
Portal film duplication using instant photography

Abstract The duplication of radiographic images by conventional instant photography is widespread in diagnostic radiology. A similar technique has been devised for use in radiotherapy to produce good quality copies of localization and portal films. These copies have proven extremely helpful for maintaining quality control within the radiotherapy department and within the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB).
Partial additivity of rod signals with M- and L-cone signals in increment detection.

Abstract Test additivity experiments revealed the combination rules for increment detection by rods and either M- or L-cone-dominated mechanisms isolated by means of chromatic adaptation (Stiles' π4 and π5, respectively). Increment thresholds were measured for single test wavelengths detected by each mechanism. Pairs of test wavelengths were then superimposed, and increment thresholds were measured for simultaneous detection by both rod and cone mechansisms. The observed degree of additivity was corrected (reduced) to compensate for the partial detection by each mechanism of both test wavelengths in the combined stimuli. We find that subthreshold rod signals are partially additive with subthreshold signals from both M- and L-cones. The degree of additivity is high and similar for both M- and L-cones: less than the ideal prediction of linear addition, but greater than that predicted by either probability summation of independent mechanisms or orthogonal vector addition.
A quasi-discrete newton algorithm with a nonmonotone stabilization technique

In this paper, we define an unconstrained optimization algorithm employing only first-order derivatives, in which a nonmonotone stabilization technique is used in conjunction with a quasidiscrete Newton method for the computation of the search direction. Global and superlinear convergence is proved, and numerical results are reported.
A notion of input to output stability

This paper deals with a notion of "input to output stability” (IOS), which formalizes the idea that outputs depend in an "aymptotically stable" manner on inputs, while internal signals remain bounded. When the output equals the complete state, one recovers the property of input to state stability (ISS). When there are no inputs, one has a generalization of the classical concept of partial stability. The main results provide Lyapunov-function characterizations of IOS.
A dose–response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke

Abstract Background Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 5 K actin binding peptide. Tβ4 improves neurological outcome in a rat model of embolic stroke and research is now focused on optimizing its dose for clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to perform a dose–response study of Tβ4 to determine the optimal dose of neurological improvement in a rat model of embolic stroke. Methods Male Wistar rats were subjected to embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Rats were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals/group: control, 2, 12 and 18 mg/kg. Tβ4 was administered intraperitoneally 24 h after MCAo and then every 3 days for 4 additional doses in a randomized controlled fashion. Neurological tests were performed after MCAo and before treatment and up to 8 weeks after treatment. The rats were sacrificed 56 days after MCAo and lesion volumes measured. Generalized estimating equation was used to compare the treatment effect on long term functional recovery at day 56. A quartic regression model was used for an optimal dose determination. Results Tβ4 significantly improved neurological outcome at dose of 2 and 12 mg/kg at day 14 and extended to day 56 (p-values Conclusions This study shown that Tβ4 significantly improved the long term neurological functional recovery at day 56 after MCAo with an optimal dose of 3.75 mg/kg. These results provide preclinical data for human clinical trials.
S-methylmethionine is both a substrate and an inactivator of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase.

Abstract S-methyl- l -methionine (SMM) is ubiquitous in the tissues of flowering plants, but its precise function remains unknown. It is both a substrate and an inhibitor of the pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase, due to its structural similarity to the natural substrate of this enzyme, S-adenosyl- l -methionine. In the reaction with ACC synthase, SMM can either be transaminated to yield 4-dimethylsulfonium-2-oxobutyrate; converted to α-ketobutyrate, ammonia, and dimethylsulfide; or inactivate the enzyme covalently after elimination of dimethylsulfide. These results suggest a previously unrecognized role for SMM in the regulation of ACC synthase activity in plants.
Nonlinear kinematic response of premixed flames to harmonic velocity disturbances

Abstract This paper analyzes the nonlinear dynamics of premixed flames responding to harmonic velocity disturbances. These nonlinear dynamics were studied by solving a constant flame speed front tracking equation for the flame’s response to harmonically oscillating velocity disturbances. The solution to these equations is used to quantify the transfer function relating the ratio of the normalized flame area to velocity fluctuations, G = ( A ′/ A o )/( u ′/ u o ), upon the amplitude of velocity oscillations, e = u ′/ u o . Due to nonlinearities, the amplitude of this transfer function relative to its linear value decreases with increasing amplitude of velocity oscillation, u ′/ u o . In contrast, the transfer function phase exhibits almost no amplitude dependence. The velocity amplitude where transfer function nonlinearities become significant depends strongly upon three parameters: a Strouhal number, St = ωL f / u o (where L f is the flame length), the ratio of the flame length to width, β = L f / R , and the flame shape in the absence of perturbations (i.e., conical, inverted wedge, etc.). In the linear case, the transfer function, G , depends only upon an algebraic combination of the first two parameters, given by St 2 = St (1 + β 2 )/ β 2 . In general, however, G exhibits a distinct dependence upon both parameters St and β . In particular, we show that the nonlinear response of G is an intrinsically dynamic phenomenon; i.e., its quasi-steady response (St ≪ 1) is purely linear. As such, nonlinearity is enhanced with increasing Strouhal numbers. In contrast, nonlinearity is suppressed at large β values; as such, the response of a long flame remains quite similar to its linear value, even at large e values where the flame front exhibits substantial corrugation and cusping. Finally, we show that the response of conical flames remains much more linear at comparable disturbance amplitudes than for “V” or wedge-shaped flames. These predictions are shown to be consistent with available experimental data.
A magmatic model of Medicine Lake Volcano, California

Medicine Lake volcano is a Pleistocene and Holocene shield volcano of the southern Cascade Range. It is located behind the main Cascade arc in an extensional tectonic setting where high-alumina basalt is the most commonly erupted lava. This basalt is parental to the higher-silica calc-alkaline and tholeiitic lavas that make up the bulk of the shield. The presence of late Holocene, chemically identical rhyolites on opposite sides of the volcano led to hypotheses of a large shallow silicic magma chamber and of a small, deep chamber that fed rhyolites to the surface via cone sheets. Subsequent geophysical work has been unable to identify a large silicic magma body, and instead a small one has apparently been recognized. Some geologic data support the geophysical results. Tectonic control of vent alignments and the dominance of mafic eruptions both in number of events and volume throughout the history of the volcano indicate that no large silicic magma reservoir exists. Instead, a model is proposed that includes numerous dikes, sills, and small magma bodies, most of which are too small to be recognized by present geophysical methods.
A Comparison of the Sensory Development of Wolves (Canis lupus lupus) and Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)

Little is known about the development of the sensory systems of wolves. The timing of sensory development in wolves is usually extrapolated from studies on dogs, since they are members of the same species. However, early developmental differences between these two subspecies have already been identified. For example, wolves tend to approach and investigate objects in their environment 2 wk before dogs. These changes in developmental timing may play an important role in the behavioral differences between adult wolves and dogs. The purpose of this study is to compare the development of the sensory systems in wolves and dogs. Responses of seven wolf pups and 43 dog pups to familiar and novel olfactory, auditory, and visual stimuli were tested weekly from 2–7 wk of age. Eleven wolf pups were also observed for orientation towards auditory and visual stimuli during 2-h sessions, 5 d a week, from 2–8 wk of age. These observations were supplemented by the daily records of caretakers. The results suggest that wolves and dogs both develop olfaction by 2 wk, audition by 4 wk, and vision by 6 wk on average, despite the 2-wk shift in their ability to explore. This means that when wolves begin to explore at 2 wk, they are blind and deaf, and must rely primarily on their sense of smell. Thus, there is a significant alteration of how these subspecies experience their environment during the critical period of socialization. These findings lead to an alternative explanation for the difference in dogs' and wolves' abilities to form interspecies social attachments, such as those with humans.
Music, Arts and Intercultural Education: The Artistic Sensibility in the Discovery of the Other

The present article presents a doctoral investigation. It mainly focuses on an action research whose problematic is based on the search for didactic-pedagogical paths which contribute to intercultural openness and change within schools allowing for better social integration. We have chosen the trilogy music, arts education and interculturality to address the central problematics of this research. Therefore an Intercultural Musical Program was conceived, implemented and assessed in three Portuguese Elementary/Preparatory schools. The main leading forces guiding this Program are attached to four areas, which constitute the theoretical/conceptual frame of this research: • Artistic education as a priority in education; • Intercultural education as a response to a growing cultural diversity; • The role of music as an harnessing methodology for intercultural communication; • Arts Programs as globalising impulses for human development and the preservation of cultural heritage. The empirical work rests on a methodology of qualitative analysis based on Renald Legendre’s (1993, 2005) model of Pedagogical Relationship (PR), combined with a strong influence of Visual Anthro pology. The attained results are indicators of the high relevance and participation, as well as of the transforming impact of this action research, as a facilitator of intercultural communication and education among communities.
Why does self-reference promote incidental encoding?

Abstract Answering a question regarding a stimulus word can cause incidental encoding of the word itself. The thoroughness of the encoding depends in part upon what question is answered. For example, saying whether a word describes oneself causes a particularly high degree of incidental encoding. The study reported here investigated several variables that have been proposed as mediators of that effect. As in previous research, subjects completed an incidental-encoding and recall procedure. They then rated (a) the quality and degree of affect that they would experience if each stimulus word were to be applied to them, (b) the importance to them of the behavioral/psychological dimension implied by the stimulus word, and (c) the degree to which they saw themselves as distinctive on that dimension. As in previous studies, deciding whether a word described the self increased the likelihood of subsequent recall. There also was a highly significant interaction such that words judged to be applicable to self were recalled better than those judged not to be applicable. There was no evidence, however, of a mediational role for any other variable studied. Discussion centers on theoretical implications of the data.
Clenbuterol: A substitute for anabolic steroids?

Clenbuterol is a recently popular drug used by athletes in many sports for its purported anabolic effects and reduction of subcutaneous fat. It is a beta-2 (beta 2) agonist prescribed overseas as a bronchodilator, but not approved for use in this country. It is on the banned substance list of the United States Olympic Committee. To avoid any erosion of confidence, physicians caring for athletes need accurate information regarding clenbuterol. Such information is unavailable within the routine medical environs. A review of the literature of animal husbandry reveals that this drug, when administered in doses far greater than those required for bronchodilation, does indeed increase the deposition rate of lean mass and retard adipose gain. There are no human studies available. Animal studies were conducted on laboratory and slaughter stock. No investigation into long-term cardiovascular side effects has been undertaken. The rate of extrapolation from animal studies to unsupervised human usage is alarming. If this category of drugs does preserve lean mass in humans, there are legitimate medical applications. Trials of efficacy and safety are needed.
SU-E-J-184: Liver Dose Calculation for 90Y Radioembolization with PET/CT.

Purpose: 90Y radioembolization is a promising treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. A dose of 120 Gy is typically prescribed to a segment or lobe of the liver, but dose of 90Y in the livertumor is highly heterogeneous. Recently developed 90Y PET/CT enables the visualization of the injected 90Y distribution with high resolution. The purpose of this study is to develop an integrated system to quantify 3D dose distribution using PET/CT images.Methods: According to our institution's protocol, 90Y PET/CT scan is acquired for each patient two hours after radioembolization. Based on the 90Y activity distribution from PET scans, we used a convolution method to calculate radiation dose with a published dose kernel for 90Y. The gross tumor volume (GTV) was retrospectively contoured by a clinician using contrast‐enhanced diagnostic CTs. Because of breathing motion and different patient positions between the diagnostic CT and PET/CT, we manually registered these two CT scans by aligning 200 Gy dose line with the center of the intended treatment GTV. Results: The system was integrated with a commercial RT PACS/Review station (MIMVista) through DICOM. The dose obtained was of the resolution of PET scans (2–4 mm). This distribution enables physicians to quantify treatment volume and dose relationships either through 3D dose distributions or dose volume histograms. For the five patients tested for our program, liver mean doses agree with clinical results within 5%. We were able to quantify radiation doses to 95% of GTV, and radiation dose received by the CTVs extended 5 mm from the GTV. Conclusions: The system is easy to use for radiation oncologists. With this system, clinicians can quantitatively evaluate delivered dose of 90Y treatment in high resolution. No conflict of interest for this work
Effect of tyrosine on botulinum toxin

SummaryWe have failed to protect mice against small amounts of botulinum toxin by the injection of tyrosine and have not been able to confirm the work of Kempner and Schepilewsky. We feel that the suggestive results of 2 of our experiments on the effect of excess quantities of tyrosine on the formation of botulinum toxin are not significant in the light of the other experiments described here. We have also found that neither tyrosine nor phenylalanine had a deleterious effect on formed toxin when mixtures of the amino-acids and the toxic material were incubated together.
Micro-step-Exclusion Chromatography.

Abstract The rapid method for desalting small volumes of liquid developed by Neal and Florini [(1973) Anal. Biochem.55, 328–330] can easily be extended to permit rapid column chromatographic separations. Micro-step-exclusion chromatography has been used to separate and identify monoiodotyrosine as the radiolabeled low molecular weight degradation produet of 125I-labeled plasminogen, formed when plasminogen binds to Balb c SV 3T3 cells. This method has also been used to monitor the time course of the degradation.
Nutritional effects on sweetpotato storage root surface chemistry

Abstract Plant surface chemistry is known to have a pronounced effect on the behavior of many agriculturally important insects. We assessed the qualitative and quantitative effects of N and K nutrition on storage root surface chemistry of three sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cultivars: two displaying moderate resistance (Jewel and Regal), and one susceptible (Centennial) to the sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formcarius (Summers). One field and one pot experiments were conducted, Boehmerol and boehmeryl acetate identified by GC‐MS were found on the surface of Centennial but not Jewel or Regal roots. Another compound, previously identified as “peak 4”;, was found on Regal with a retention time very close to that of boehmeryl acetate. In the field, boehmerol increased quadratically with increases in K rate (0, 112, or 224 kg K/ha); the same was true for boehmeryl acetate, but at 112 kg N/ha only. “Peak 4”; increased linearly (pot experiment) or quadratically (field experiment) with increases in the K rat...
Contingent gains and losses in a risk-taking situation

Abstract On each of 300 trials, subjects were required to choose between a known payoff and a risky option. The value of the known payoff was +1 on half of the trials, −1 on the other half. There were two between group variables, the level of risk and the probability that risk taking would result in a gain. This probability was contingent upon the value of the known payoff. At all three contingent probabilities, when the known payoff was +1, more risks were taken at the high than at the low risk level. When the known payoff was −1, less risks were taken at the high than at the low risk level. The results were considered in terms of two models for choice behavior.
Reconstruction, step-bunching and faceting of a vicinal Si( 100) surface induced by indium adsorption

Abstract The behavior of In overlayers deposited on a vicinal Si(100)-(2 × 1) surface at coverages between 0.5 and 25 monolayers (ML) and annealing temperatures between 250 and 600°C was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The vicinal Si(100) surface was misoriented at 4° toward [011], consisting of type-B (1 × 2) terraces of ~ 40 A width with double atomic-layer steps. A (4 × 3) reconstruction was observed throughout the entire range of coverages and annealing temperatures. Although the original vicinal Si(100)-(2 × 1) surface was highly stable at annealing temperatures up to 700°C, step-bunching was induced by In adsorption at coverages ⩾ 0.5 ML, with the (100) terraces increasing to many times their original width. At coverages ⩾ 1 ML, the original step direction of [0 1 1] changed to a zig-zag along low-index [010] and [001] directions, and the bunched steps became {130} facets. At annealing temperatures ⩾ 550°C, the {130} facets disappeared and the bunched steps were restored with meandering step directions. The destruction of the {130} facets was attributed to preferential desorption of In from these facets at 550°C. The (4 × 3) reconstruction persisted on the (100) terraces until the annealing temperature reached 600°C.
Inhibition of respiration by a phorbol ester tumor promoter in murine cultured cells

Abstract The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate is a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration in both normal and methylcholanthrene-transformed C3H 10T1 2 mouse fibroblasts. This inhibition is seen at concentrations of tumor promoter in the range of 10−8M, occurs within a few minutes after exposure of the intact cells, and is not seen with a biologically inactive analog. The effect appears to be exerted through inhibition of the function of an oligomycin-sensitive ATPase. It is possible, therefore, that alterations in mitochondrial function are associated with the process of tumor promotion.
Hydrographic and acoustic evidence for enhanced plankton stocks in a small cyclone in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico

Mesoscale eddies (diameters of hundreds of km) have been shown to influence plankton production as well as the distribution of seabirds and marine mammals in the Gulf of Mexico. Smaller circulation features (eddies with diameters of tens of km) may have similar effects. We show that a small, sub-mesoscale cyclone located on the continental shelf and slope in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico during November 1997 was an area of enhanced nutrients, chlorophyll, and acoustic volume backscattering strength ðSvÞ: Nitrate concentrations at mid-depth in the euphotic zone were as high as 2mM, surface chlorophyll exceeded 1m gl � 1 , and Sv was as much as 15 dB referenced to 1 m � 1 4p � 1 greater within this feature than in surrounding waters. Since Sv at 153 kHz is a proxy for the abundance of sound-scattering mesozooplankton and micronekton, we infer that this cyclone was locally enriched in biomass of these organisms. As with mesoscale eddies, smaller cyclones could also function as patches of favorable habitat for higher-trophic-level organisms and their prey. r 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Are There Domain–Specific Thinking Skills?

Adopting a much broader notion of thinking than that associated with the Critical Thinking movement, this paper addresses the question of thinking skill generality. An analysis of the concept of ‘thinking skill’ suggests ways in which this notion has been misapplied. The paper demonstrates the importance of thinking tasks and argues for a non–universalistic notion of thinking skill generality. The domains–view of thinking is assessed, evidence from secondary research being used to show that thinking skills are not domain–specific simply by virtue of being instantiated with disciplinary content. The prevalence of general procedural knowledge in our thinking practices notwithstanding, empirical evidence suggests the existence of at least two kinds of domain–specific thinking skills: those in which thinking is essentially the application of domain–specific declarative knowledge; and those addressing specialised, domain–specific, thinking tasks.
Access to and services for federal information in the networked environment: Institutional issues and strategies

Today's information and communications technologies support new ways to mix, match, and manipulate digital multimedia information. There is, however, an array of technical, policy, monetary, and human support challenges facing both the individual and the organization in the integration and use of networked federal information
Special points in three-generation moduli space.

We focus on some special points in the moduli space of the three-generation compactification which give rise to a four-dimensional effective Lagrangian at the compactification scale differing markedly from that found in previous studies. In particular, we consider manifolds possessing {ital R} symmetries as well as manifolds arising from blowing up an alternative construction of the three-generation class. In addition to the natural matter parities found in previous models, some of these constructions offer the substantial improvements of having fewer or no mirror quarks and exact flat directions (modulo an incomplete understanding of certain singlet modes) leading to three-generation models with SO(10), SU(5), or the standard-model gauge group at the compactification scale.
An involution for signed Eulerian numbers

Abstract We give a bijective derivation of a result of Desarmenien and Foata on the relationship between signed Eulerian numbers and the classical Eulerian numbers. The bijection is also used to obtain some additional results.
Electron paramagnetic resonance and fluorescence studies of the conformation of aspartate aminotransferase bound to GroEL.

The interaction of the precursor to mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (pmAAT) with GroEL has been studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. In the native protein, the spin probe was immobilized when attached to Cys166 at the domain interface, but was fully mobile when introduced at Cys(−19) in the N-terminal presequence peptide. Unfolding of the protein resulted in a highly mobile EPR spectrum for probes introduced at either site. However, the nitroxide group in GroEL-bound pmAAT showed either intermediate or high mobility depending on the spin probe used. Power saturation experiments indicated that the accessibility of the nitroxide side chain to Ni(EDDA) in the GroEL–pmAAT complex was higher than in the native state when in position 166 but lower when at position −19. Similar results were obtained in fluorescence quenching experiments. These data suggest that GroEL binds partly folded states of pmAAT with the presequence peptide probably in direct contact with GroEL. GroES and ATP, but not AMP–PNP or ADP, support refolding of pmAAT. During refolding, the rate of recovery of the native spectroscopic properties of labeled Cys166 is nearly identical to the rate-limiting reactivation step. Thus, correct docking of the large and small domains of pmAAT may be a key structural event in the regain of catalytic activity.
Classification and surgical management of spinal arteriovenous lesions: arteriovenous fistulae and arteriovenous malformations.

Objective Preexisting spinal arteriovenous malformation nomenclature can be confusing. The aim of this article is to present a modified classification system for spinal arteriovenous lesions and to discuss its implications for microsurgical strategies. Methods Based on the literature review of prior classifications as well as on the experience of the senior author (RFS), the authors delineate an anatomically and pathophysiologically based classification to facilitate the description and treatment of these uncommon entities. Results Spinal arteriovenous lesions are composed of arteriovenous fistulae and malformations. These lesions are classified as extradural, extradural-intradural, or intradural. Intradural lesions are characterized further as ventral or dorsal fistulae or as intramedullary lesions. Intramedullary lesions are characterized as compact or diffuse. A new category, conus medullaris arteriovenous malformations, is described as a distinct entity. Conclusion This updated classification system eliminates confusion related to older nomenclature and is based on the anatomical and pathophysiological features of these lesions. When treating these lesions, the neurovascular team must collaborate closely with their microsurgical and endovascular colleagues. Finally, treatment should be individualized, depending on lesional angioarchitecture and the patient's clinical status.
Tight-binding expansions for strongly-disordered materials

Abstract A tight-binding expansion is used to calculate both averaged and local electronic properties of a system without reference to long-ranged translational order. Exact enumeration and Monte Carlo techniques are used to obtain exact results from which one can determine which features of the strongly-disordered model alloy studied can be predicted by average-medium theories such as the coherent potential approximation.
Transition from B to Z DNA: contribution of internal fluctuations to the configurational entropy difference

The internal motions of the double-stranded DNA oligomer (dCdG)3 (dC, deoxycytidylate; dG, deoxyguanylate) in the B and Z forms have been calculated in the harmonic approximation. A complete vibrational analysis has been made, and the resulting normal mode frequencies have been used to evaluate the vibrational entropy of B and Z DNA. The greater flexibility of the B DNA hexamer leads to an entropic stabilization relative to the stiffer Z DNA hexamer of 22 calories per mole per kelvin at 300 K. The calculated value is of the same order as that (21 to 27 calories per mole per kelvin) obtained from nuclear magnetic resonance measurements on the methylated duplexes (m5dCdG)3 and (dCdGm5dCdGdCdG). This result demonstrates the importance of internal motions, which have been neglected in earlier studies of the transition from B to Z DNA, in the stability of different nucleic acid conformers.