cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Melanoma

Melanoma represents a significant and growing health problem throughout the world. Global incidence is approximately 160,000 new cases per year, with 48,000 deaths. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the rates of melanoma have doubled in the United States in the past 30 years. Melanoma is now the fifth most common cancer among men and the sixth most common cancer in women in the United States. Among people under age 50, women are about 30 % more likely than men to develop the disease. By contrast, among people aged 50 and older, men are nearly twice as likely as women to develop melanoma, and by age 60, men are nearly three times more likely to develop melanoma. The annual incidence of melanoma among whites has increased by more than 70 % over the past two decades. Increases have been most rapid among whites aged 60 and older.
Adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate in the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. I. Activation of adenylate cyclase by 5-hydroxytryptamine.

5-Hydroxytryptamine caused a marked accumulation of endogenous adenosine cyclic 39,59-monophosphate in the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, especially in the anterior end ("head") of the organism. The accumulation of the cyclic nucleotide and the accompanying increase in motility of the isolated fluke head were dependent on 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration. Adenylate cyclase in particles from fluke heads also showed a greater activation by 5-hydroxytryptamine than did particles from the posterior end of the fluke. The ability of indoleamine analogues of 5-hydroxytryptamine to stimulate fluke motility and to activate adenylate cyclase was found to diminish with decreasing structural similarity of the analogue to 5-hydroxytryptamine. Both the free amino and 5-hydroxyl groups of 5-hydroxytryptamine appear to be important for its recognition by adenylate cyclase. The results support the hypothesis that adenosine cyclic 39,59-monophosphate acts as a second messenger for 5-hydroxytryptamine in invertebrates. On the other hand, this investigation suggests no direct relationship between the elevation of the cyclic nucleotide and the stimulation of motility. Both amphetamine and D-lysergic acid diethylamide stimulated fluke motility but did not cause an increase in endogenous levels of the cyclic nucleotide. Moreover, D-lysergic acid diethylamide antagonized the 5-hydroxytryptamine activation of adenylate cyclase. The results suggest that this antagonism may be related to the high affinity of D-lysergic acid diethylamide for its site on adenylate cyclase.
The Development of Intra-Departmental Stratification and Competition for Resources: A Case Study of a Non-Research Based Higher Education Institution

Fluctuations in the financial welfare of institutions of higher education have long been tied to our country’s economic well-being. For many institutions the most recent financial downturns have led to historic revenue and enrollment difficulties that have necessitated the use of cost containment strategies to conserve dwindling resources. Included in these tactics are resource allotment decisions that reflect administrative favor towards some academic departments, leading to the development of a prestige-based stratification system and competition driven funding. A case study of a non-research based institution is used to take a preliminary look at the impact of institutional resource conservation on intra-departmental competition for resources and disparate funding allocations across disciplines in this setting. Special attention is given to the trends in enrollment and the selection of particular academic majors that have occurred across time and in response to the institution’s continued fiscal difficulties.
Nonequilibrium Superconductivity and Quasiparticle Dynamics in YBa2Cu3O7

We use optical pump, coherent terahertz probe spectroscopy to transiently excite nonequilibrium populations of quasiparticles in YBa2Cu3O7−δ and monitor, with picosecond resolution, the superfluid and quasiparticle dynamics.
Allowable parametric uncertainty in the closed loop for the yaw-roll vehicle model: A skew-μ based approach

The answer to question of “how good does a model need to be to maintain closed loop performance?” is sought. The μ bound is leveraged from the ℋ ∞ control techniques. Specifically a “skew-μ” approach is used to iteratively seek out the remaining “space” for a given parameter to maintain performance specifications of the closed loop system. A coupled yaw-roll vehicle model is reoriented into the linear fraction transformation (LFT) expression. Initial model uncertainty is included in the parameters of the model and the remaining maximum uncertainty space for each parameter is calculated. Additionally the mu-sensitivity of the coupled yaw-raw vehicle model is explored.
Gifted from the “Inside out”: Teaching mindfulness to high-ability children

In this pilot study, 24 gifted, elementary students in second to fifth grade enrolled in a large, diverse, urban public school were introduced to 10 mindfulness-based techniques that the students p...
Effects of pH on the Migration of X and Y Sperm

PIP: A study was undertaken to examine the influence of pH on the migration of X and Y sperm as observed in freshly ejaculated semen samples from human donors. These sperm were allowed to migrate into capillary tubes containing media of varying pH. Y-carrying sperm were i dentified using flourescent staining with quinacrine dihydrochloride. S mall changes in pH were ineffective in influencing the ratio of sperm. 6 additional samples were analyzed in a more acid pH resulting in an insignificant change in migration. This study indicated that the percentage of Y-bearing sperm migrating through a capillary tube is unaffected by the medium's pH. Evidence suggest the unlikelihood that X and Y sperm can be differentiated on the basis of migration through media of varying pH.
Chapter 2 – Overview of Epidemiology, Pathology, and Treatment of Primary Brain Tumors

Primary brain tumors (PBT) are a pathologically diverse group of neoplasms that remain refractory to treatment. Gliomas are neoplasms of neuroepithelial origin that comprise the largest subgroup and most commonly diagnosed form of PBT. Gliomas usually demonstrate diffuse and infiltrative growth, especially high-grade varieties such as glioblastoma multiforme, anaplastic astrocytoma, and tumors of oligodendroglial origin. Surgical resection is the initial form of therapy for most patients with a PBT. A complete resection should be attempted for all low-grade tumors. For accessible high-grade lesions, gross-total resection of all enhancing tumor and regionally infiltrated brain should be considered. External beam fractionated irradiation should be administered to all patients with high-grade gliomas, and to selected patients with inaccessible or progressive low-grade PBT, especially if symptomatic or older than age 40. The standard regimen consists of 5000-6000 cGy administered in 180-200 cGy daily fractions over 5-7 weeks. Chemotherapy should be considered as adjunctive treatment for all malignant PBT and for selected low-grade gliomas. Temozolomide is an alkylating agent with a broad range of activity, which is often used in combination with irradiation, as well as in the adjuvant setting, for high-grade astrocytomas. Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody designed to target vascular endothelial growth factor, which has been shown to have activity against recurrent high-grade gliomas. Molecular therapeutic approaches are under development and have entered clinical trials.
Global tilt removal on a Hartmann turbulence sensor

A Hartmann Turbulence Sensor (HTS) was used to quantify the atmospheric turbulence along a 1 km near ground-level path. This study examines the effect of removing the average tilt over all subapertures from each subaperture in the data analysis. The HTS captures a laser beam projected along a path of interest with a telescope; a lenslet array in the detector system breaks the beam up into 700 subapertures spread across the telescope pupil, and then forms images of the laser source from each of these subapertures onto a fast camera. Turbulence along the path induces tilts in the laser wavefront which are captured as centroid motion of the many laser spots in the camera image. This motion is used to quantify the turbulence. The raw spot positions contain undesired image motion due to telescope motion and vibration. This motion can be removed from the data by subtracting the average centroid motion of all subapertures from each subaperture. This subtraction changes the data in other ways, and this detail must be included in the analysis. The result can be exactly represented as weighted sum over the differential tilt variances between subapertures pairs. The tilt-removed variance averaged over all the subapertures is shown to be one-half of the average variance over all subaperture pairs. This work also resolves some discrepancies in previous results involving the expected variances of these differential tilts.
Instrument Validation: Hospital Nurse Perceptions of Meaning and Joy in Work

Background and purpose When workers experience meaning and joy in work (MJW), job satisfaction and retention are enhanced. No measure for MJW among nurses exists. The purpose of this work was to develop/test the MJW Questionnaire (MJWQ). Methods The initial MJWQ was piloted with a convenience sample of post-licensure nursing students. Factor analyses established MJWQ subscales for the MJWQ: "value /connections," "meaningful work," "caring." Subsequently, 463 employed nurses validated MJWQ psychometrics. Results The MJWQ demonstrated acceptable construct validity and internal consistency (α = .94). Scores were significantly associated with job satisfaction (r = .686). Conclusions Initial testing supports adequate measurement of MJW for hospital nurses in varying roles. Testing in other settings, evaluation of sensitivity in determining intervention effectiveness, and inclusion in multivariate analyses of workforce engagement are suggested.
Some Expectations for Submesoscale Sea Surface Height Variance Spectra

AbstractIn anticipation of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) wide-swath altimetry mission, this study reviews expectations for sea surface height (SSH) variance spectra at wavelengths o...
Anionic nanoparticles enable the oral delivery of proteins by enhancing intestinal permeability

The oral delivery of bioactive peptides and proteins is prevented by the intestinal epithelial barrier, in which intercellular tight junction complexes block the uptake of macromolecules. Here we show that anionic nanoparticles induce tight junction relaxation, increasing intestinal permeability and enabling the oral delivery of proteins. This permeation-enhancing effect is a function of nanoparticle size and charge, with smaller (≤ 200 nm) and more negative particles (such as silica) conferring enhanced permeability. In healthy mice, silica nanoparticles enabled the oral delivery of insulin and exenatide, with 10 U kg−1 orally delivered insulin sustaining hypoglycaemia for a few hours longer than a 1 U kg−1 dose of subcutaneously injected insulin. In healthy, hyperglycaemic and diabetic mice, the oral delivery of 10 U kg−1 insulin led to a dose-adjusted bioactivity of, respectively, 35%, 29% and 23% that of the subcutaneous injection of 1 U kg−1 insulin. The permeation-enhancing effect of the nanoparticles was reversible, non-toxic, and attributable to the binding to integrins on the surface of epithelial cells. Anionic nanoparticles increase intestinal permeability and enable the oral delivery of proteins, as shown with the delivery of insulin in healthy, hyperglycaemic, and diabetic mice.
Caveolae in CNS arterioles mediate neurovascular coupling

Proper brain function depends on neurovascular coupling: neural activity rapidly increases local blood flow to meet moment-to-moment changes in regional brain energy demand1. Neurovascular coupling is the basis for functional brain imaging2, and impaired neurovascular coupling is implicated in neurodegeneration1. The underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of neurovascular coupling remain poorly understood. The conventional view is that neurons or astrocytes release vasodilatory factors that act directly on smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to induce arterial dilation and increase local blood flow1. Here, using two-photon microscopy to image neural activity and vascular dynamics simultaneously in the barrel cortex of awake mice under whisker stimulation, we found that arteriolar endothelial cells (aECs) have an active role in mediating neurovascular coupling. We found that aECs, unlike other vascular segments of endothelial cells in the central nervous system, have abundant caveolae. Acute genetic perturbations that eliminated caveolae in aECs, but not in neighbouring SMCs, impaired neurovascular coupling. Notably, caveolae function in aECs is independent of the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)-mediated NO pathway. Ablation of both caveolae and eNOS completely abolished neurovascular coupling, whereas the single mutants exhibited partial impairment, revealing that the caveolae-mediated pathway in aECs is a major contributor to neurovascular coupling. Our findings indicate that vasodilation is largely mediated by endothelial cells that actively relay signals from the central nervous system to SMCs via a caveolae-dependent pathway. Caveolae in arteriolar endothelial cells—but not those in neighbouring smooth muscle cells—have a key role in neurovascular coupling, an essential function for meeting acute brain energy demand.
The Dark Web and Employer Liability

The World Wide Web (“WWW”) is a dominant force in the lives of many. It provides access to a range of services and information from email access to shopping to social media to instant information on search engines like Google. For most persons using the WWW, this is all that there is to the Internet and in fact, perhaps many could do with a great deal less contact through Facebook and other social media. However, there is more to the Internet than the WWW. Some sources suggest that the non-WWW part of the Internet may be even larger than the WWW part. “The Dark Web” is the term used most often for the remainder of the Internet. The Dark Web provides a source for many contraband or illegal items, including weapons, drugs, pedophilia, ransomware, stolen identities and tools for terrorism. The reason for the growth of The Dark Web has been the possibility to use this avenue anonymously, unlike the WWW. The coin of this realm is the bitcoin, the untraceable virtual currency. For employers, allowing employees access to The Dark Web using computers and laptops, or even mobile phones, provided by the employer is a growing source of liability. This article explores the growing legal risks for employers.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of a large jail-based methadone maintenance treatment continuation program in New Mexico

Abstract The U.S. has the second-highest incarceration rate in the world and spends more than $80 billion annually to house inmates. The clinical research literature suggests that methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is an effective method to treat opioid use disorders (OUD) and that jails are a potentially valuable environment to implement MMT. Currently, jail-based MMT is rarely implemented in practice, due in part to resource limitations and other economic considerations. The primary goal of this study was to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of jail-based MMT using data from a unique MMT continuation program located in a large urban jail in New Mexico. Recidivism data were collected for a three-year period both before and after incarceration, and quasi-control groups were constructed from both substance-using and general populations within the jail. Base models show that inmates enrolled in jail-based MMT exhibited significantly fewer days of incarceration due to recidivism (29.33) than a group of inmates with OUDs who did not receive MMT. Economic estimates indicate that it cost significantly less ($23.49) to reduce an incarcerated day using jail-based MMT than incarceration per se ($116.49). To mitigate potential sample selection bias, we used both propensity-score-matching and difference-in-differences estimators, which provided comparable estimates when using the OUD non-MMT comparison group. Difference-in-differences models find that, on average, MMT reduced recidivism by 24.80 days and it cost $27.78 to reduce an incarcerated day using jail-based MMT. Assuming a willingness to pay threshold of the break-even cost of reducing one incarcerated day, we estimate a 93.3% probability that this MMT program is cost-effective. Results were not as strong or consistent when using other comparison groups (e.g., alcohol-detoxified and general-population inmates). Overall, results suggest that it costs substantially less to provide jail-based MMT than incarceration alone. Jail administrators and policymakers should consider incorporating MMT in other jail systems and settings.
‘SLOW REVOLUTION’ IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: HOUSEHOLD BIOSOCIAL REPRODUCTION AND REGIONAL ENTANGLEMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF CATTLE-KEEPING AMONG NGUNI-SPEAKERS, NINTH TO THIRTEENTH CENTURY CE

In the eleventh to thirteenth century, Southern African Nguni-speakers made a counterintuitive choice to begin investing in large herds of cattle. Despite a long-standing knowledge of cattle, the earliest Nguni-speakers did not take to cattle-keeping as a way of life. Rather, the transition came as the result of changing social circumstances as households sought to manage the lifecycles of young men and reliably exploit their labor through gendered and generational expectations of decorum. Nguni-speakers grounded new concepts about cattle in older practices and norms regarding the social reproduction of young men. Agropastoralists situated cattle-keeping among the obligations young men faced after passing through initiation, giving cattle local salience. The transformation unfolded in gendered and generational household choices, but was shaped by the broad context of an increasingly interconnected Southern Africa.
Is Becoming Born-Again a Transformative Experience? Results from Three Sets of Panel Data

The process of becoming a born-again Christian is one that has intrigued social scientists for decades but has never been studied in a large-scale way, using panel data. While sociologists have tried to conceptualize and operationalize how one converts to a new religious experience, many political scientists have used “having a born-again experience” as a way to classify evangelical Protestants. While there is a great deal of scholarship devoted to understanding how born-again Christians navigate the social and political world, the direct impact of adopting a born-again status has eluded scholars. Using panel surveys from three different polling organizations, this work analyzes how those who convert and de-convert to born-again Christianity change their political and religious behaviors in after the switch. Analysis indicates that conversion and deconversion is not uncommon among the population, occurring in approximately 1 in 10 survey respondents. Results indicate that women, younger Americans, and those with less educations are more likely to change their conversion status. Of those who do make a switch, few significantly change their partisanship, while shifts in church attendance are more common and this is confirmed through statistical modeling. These findings fill a gap in scholars’ previous understanding of the changes in behavior and political orientation following a shift in born-again status—something that was only studied at the aggregate level in prior work. This research offers an additional angle for scholars who are seeking to understand the caused by religious switching in the United States.
Approach to Secondary Amenorrhea

Secondary amenorrhea, defined as at least 3 months without a period, can be attributed to disruption of the normal hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. This teaching script provides a clear and systematic approach to evaluating women with secondary amenorrhea with a focus on developing the differential diagnosis and rational diagnostic testing algorithm.
Cultural Distance as a Determinant of Bilateral Trade Flows: Do Immigrants Counter the Effect of Cultural Distance?

We introduce cultural distance as a measure of the degree to which shared norms and values in one country differ from those in another country, and employ a modified gravity specification to examine whether such cultural differences affect the volume of trade flows. Employing data for US state-level exports to the 75 trading partners for which measures of cultural distance can be constructed, we find that greater cultural differences between the US and a trading partner reduces state-level exports to that country. This result holds for aggregate exports, cultural and non-cultural products exports as well, but with significantly different magnitudes. Immigrants are found to exert a pro-export effect that partially offsets the trade-inhibiting effects of cultural distance.
Abstract 647: CXCL17 as a prognostic biomarker for aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

Cutaneous squamous cell cancer (cSCC) is one of the most rapidly increasing cancers in the USA, striking 200,000 Americans annually. cSCC is most often observed in the sun-exposed areas such as the head and neck region. Although most patients have an improved prognosis after surgical treatment, a subset carries an increased risk of local recurrence, nodal metastasis, and disease-specific death. CXCL17 (C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 17) is the latest chemokine family member, and our preliminary studies identified a causative role of CXCL17 in skin tumorigenesis. Accordingly, we aimed to investigate the correlation between CXCL17 and clinicopathological factors associated with recurrence, metastasis, and disease-specific death in cSCC. A retrospective chart review was conducted to identify patients with cSCC at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport (LSUHSC-S) and Overton Brooks Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Tissue samples were immunostained for human CXCL17/VCC-1. Risk factors such as the depth of invasion, perineural invasion, tumor diameter, location, and differentiation were obtained from chart review/clinical databases and correlated with the expression of CXCL17. Among 42 subjects included in the analysis, the Histo-score of CXCL17 expression in cytoplasm and nucleus was higher in the malignant group compared to the normal skin group (p=0.01 and p=0.03, respectively). Interestingly, the Histo-score of CXCL17 expression was associated with perineural invasion (p=0.01) suggesting a role for CXCL17 in disease aggressiveness. Our results indicate a positive correlation between CXCL17 and cSCC aggressiveness. Increased expression of CXCL17 was associated with perineural invasion, a principal risk factor for recurrence, metastasis, and disease-specific death in cSCC patients. These results suggest that CXCL17 plays a role as a prognostic marker and warrants further exploration as a potential target for treatment in aggressive cSCC. Citation Format: Janmaris Marin Fermin, Maksudul MD Alam, Xin Gu, Ameya Asarkar, Cherie-Ann Nathan, Alok R. Khandelwal. CXCL17 as a prognostic biomarker for aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 647.
Physiology of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus Molecular Layer

The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) is a complex but elegantly organized division of the cochlear nucleus. Lorente de No (’81) recognized that the cortex of the nucleus (layers 1 and 2) bore a remarkable resemblance to the cerebellum, in both the structural characteristics of the cells and their organization. The chief organization of the nucleus is based on a concentric laminar arrangement of cells, their dendrites, and fiber systems, somewhat like a single cerebellar folium. A local cartesian framework can be imposed on the nucleus, where the principal axes are depth (perpendicular to the local surface), the striai axis (parallel to the long axis of the nucleus and to the unmyelinated parallel fibers in the molecular layer), and the transstriai axis (parallel to the isofrequency planes formed by the auditory nerve fibers). Subsequent anatomical studies have exposed further similarities between the outer layers of the DCN and the cerebellum. Although the two structures serve different functions, the common ontogenetic origins and parallel expression of proteins in corresponding cell types (Mugnaini and Morgan,’ 87; Mugnaini et al.,’ 87; Berrebi and Mugnaini, this volume; Berrebi et al.,’ 90) suggests that the two structures share some mechanisms of information processing.
How Can We Better Leverage the Nocturnal Polysomnogram in the Diagnosis of Childhood-Onset Narcolepsy?

Editorial—Kotagal Idiopathic narcolepsy generally has onset during childhood and adolescence, though there may be a delay of several years before a firm diagnosis is established. In the United Kingdom, the time between onset of clinical symptoms and establishment of a definitive diagnosis of narcolepsy was reported to be 10.5 years. 1 Children are not able to accurately express the subjective experiences of cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, or sleep paralysis. This can lead to a delay in diagnosis. In adults, the presence of a sleep-onset REM period on the nocturnal polysomnogram is over 97% specific for the diagnosis of narcolepsy with cataplexy. 2 While the possible utility of the nocturnal sleep onset REM period (nSOREMP) in facilitating the diagnosis of NC in children has been briefly discussed, 3–5 the sensitivity and specificity of the nSOREMP in enabling a diagnosis of child hood narcolepsy-cataplexy has not been evaluated in a large series of subjects. Further, both children with suspected narcolepsy and their parents may find the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) a stressful experience, which might per se impact sleep onset latency, particularly during the afternoon hours. During the late afternoon, children sometimes become restless, and not emotionally disposed to cooperating for the 4 th or 5 th nap of the MSLT. Further, when it comes to diagnosing narcolepsy, the specificity of the childhood MSLT-derived information is limited—Carskadon et al. found that one or two SOREMPs could be detected in 48% and 16% respectively of otherwise healthy adolescents. 6 Given these limitations of the MSLT in children, are there other, under-evaluated biomarkers within the nocturnal polysomnogram that could aid in the diagnosis of narcolepsy? This clinically relevant question is addressed in this issue by the study of SLEEP by Reiter and colleagues. 7 Reiter et al. conducted a retrospective study of 210 children who had undergone nocturnal polysomnography and MSLT at the Boston Children’s Hospital. After excluding subjects with variables that could confound the test results, they were able to analyze the remaining group of 148 subjects. The cohort was ethnically diverse. Patients were categorized into four groups: narcolepsy with cataplexy (N+C), narcolepsy without cataplexy (N-C), other hypersomnias (H) and “Other.” Subjects with N+C had shorter sleep onset latencies as compared to
The Development and Use of Animal Models in Atherosclerosis Research

There have been immense strides in the development and use of animal models of human atherosclerosis in the past 35 years. These are contributing greatly to the study of the cellular pathobiology and the molecular pathology and molecular genetics of this important disease process, studies that are difficult if not impossible in people. The purpose of this chapter is to trace these developments briefly and to highlight some of the ongoing studies that are likely to be especially useful and valuable in the near future.
Hylopetes alboniger alboniger (Arrow-tailed flying squirrel)

These karyotypes are gifts of Drs. T. Sharma and G. S. Garg, Varanasi, India. That of the male was prepared from cells of a spleen culture and that of the female, lymphocyte culture. The specimens were collected from Singell Tea Estate near Ambootia, Darjeeling, India at an altitude of 4,500 ft. Secondary constrictions are evident in many autosomes. Blocks of late replicating DNA were identified by autoradiography. Pairing is arbitrary, except for those elements with secondary constriction. The lack of homology in the tenth pair of the female was found in all metaphases and may represent a deletion involving constitutive heterochromatin. This pair had large blocks of heterochromatin in autoradiographic studies.
Some Reflections on Freedman’s Critiques

Freedman’s version of objectivism is criticised along the usual subjectivist lines coupled with the more positive reactions of the applied statistical eclectic. In addition, it is argued that the ‘error term’ interpretation of regression models that Freedman either takes as a given or regards as an innocuous faceon de parler is, in fact, the pebble that inevitably leads to the veritable avalanche of misuses of regression models for causal inference in economics, political science and elsewhere, that he deplores.
The 21st Century Reference Department: Working to Provide Quality Service to Users

Abstract Reference service in academic libraries has evolved over the years from what was the “reference interview” to the kind of service transaction which takes many forms and involves numerous information resources and the highest librarian expertise in some situations. Reference is more versatile now than ever, and this may be attributed to the abundance of resources and the multitude of ways librarians can acquire access to needed information. Coordination of efforts, expertise, and resources can make a great reference department function efficiently and effectively. College and university libraries with huge reference departments may need reference managers or heads of reference to manage them, but there are smaller libraries with small reference departments which employ less than five reference librarians. Managing these small libraries with an even smaller pool of reference librarians may not seem as complicated as managing large ones. The head of reference position is an important one in the libr...
Rejection of multivisceral allografts in rats: A sequential analysis with comparison to isolated orthotopic small-bowel and liver grafts

Multivisceral isografts and allografts were transplanted to Lewis rats, and the histopathologic changes were studied in the liver, intestine, and other constituent organs. Rats receiving isografts had indefinite survival with maintenance of weight. With multivisceral allografts (from Brown-Norway donors), the intestinal component was rejected more severely than the companion liver and with about the same severity as when intestinal transplantation was performed alone. Intestinal rejection in either circumstance was a lethal event, causing death in 10 to 12 days. The earliest (by day 4) and most intense cellular rejection was in the Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. This was associated with or followed by cryptitis, epithelial cell necrosis, focal abscess formation, mural necrosis, and eventual perforation. Liver allografts transplanted alone or as part of multivisceral grafts also had histopathologic evidence of rejection, but this was self-limiting and spontaneously reversible when the liver was transplanted alone. Thus the Achille's heel of multivisceral grafts is the intestinal component that is not protected by the presence of the liver in the organ complex. Better immunosuppression should permit successful experimental and clinical transplantation of such grafts.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: DYSLEXIA

Dyslexia is a major problem in pediatrics. Its clinical picture is characteristic although its etiology and prognosis are unknown. Therapeutic approaches are not always satisfactory. A combination of remedial reading, reduced pressure upon the child for academic success, sympathetic understanding of his problem, and measures to provide him with knowledge in spite of his reading handicap appears to be the most successful approach to management at present. Of major importance is the direct participation of the physician in these approaches to management.
The Purification of β-Galactosidase from Escherichia coli by Affinity Chromatography

Abstract The chromatographic behavior of β-galactosidase from the constitutive strain 3300 of Escherichia coli, K-12, was studied with derivatives of agarose and polyacrylamide which contained the substrate analogue inhibitor, p-aminophenyl-β-dthiogalactopyranoside, covalently attached in various ways. A two-step purification of this enzyme from extracts could be achieved with selective agarose adsorbents provided the ligand was placed at a sufficient distance (about 21 A) from the matrix backbone by interposing a long hydrocarbon "arm," 3-aminosuccinyl-3'-aminodipropylamine. The various polyacrylamide-ligand derivatives studied were ineffective in adsorbing the enzyme. The enzyme adsorbed tightly at neutral pH to columns containing the substituted resin, and elution was achieved with buffers having a pH of 10. Buffers containing high concentration (0.05 m) of the substrates, lactose, isopropyl-β-d-galactopyranoside, or o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside, did not affect elution of the enzyme and were rapidly hydrolyzed by the enzyme adsorbed to the column. The enzyme obtained by these procedures was pure by disc gel electrophoresis and it possessed the physical and chemical characteristics of the protein purified by conventional procedures. The specific activity was between 300,000 and 320,000 units per mg. The procedure can be carried out on a preparative scale, and the adsorbent may be used several times without appreciable impairment of the binding capacity. The enzyme remains active while bound to the column and it can be readsorbed and eluted without apparent deleterious effects. The monomeric form of the enzyme also binds strongly to the substituted agarose, and it can be eluted together with the active tetramer species with sodium borate, pH 10. The ability of the enzymatically inactive monomer forms to bind to the ligand column suggests that this affinity chromatographic method may be used in the purification of catalytically inactive mutant forms which retain the ability to bind substrate analogues.
A regulator of G Protein signaling, RGS3, inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-stimulated luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion

Luteinizing hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland regulates gonadal function. Luteinizing hormone secretion is regulated both by alterations in gonadotrope responsiveness to hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone and by alterations in gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion. The mechanisms that determine gonadotrope responsiveness are unknown but may involve regulators of G protein signaling (RGSs). These proteins act by antagonizing or abbreviating interaction of Gα proteins with effectors such as phospholipase Cβ. Previously, we reported that gonadotropin releasing hormone-stimulated second messenger inositol trisphosphate production was inhibited when RGS3 and gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor cDNAs were co-transfected into the COS cell line. Here, we present evidence for RGS3 inhibition of gonadotropin releasing hormone-induced luteinizing hormone secretion from cultured rat pituitary cells. A truncated version of RGS3 (RGS3T = RGS3 314–519) inhibited gonadotropin releasing hormone-stimulated inositol trisphosphate production more potently than did RSG3 in gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor-bearing COS cells. An RSG3/glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein bound more 35S-Gqα than any other member of the G protein family tested. Adenoviral-mediated RGS3 gene transfer in pituitary gonadotropes inhibited gonadotropin releasing hormone-stimulated luteinizing hormone secretion in a dose-related fashion. Adeno-RGS3 also inhibited gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulated 3H-inositol phosphate accumulation, consistent with a molecular site of action at the Gqα protein. RGS3 inhibits gonadotropin releasing hormone-stimulated second messenger production (inositol trisphosphate) as well as luteinizing hormone secretion from rat pituitary gonadotropes apparently by binding and suppressing the transduction properties of Gqα protein function. A version of RGS3 that is amino-terminally truncated is even more potent than intact RGS3 at inhibiting gonadotropin releasing hormone-stimulated inositol trisphosphate production.
Timing and duration effects in residence histories and other longitudinal data: I. Stochastic and statistical models.

Abstract A framework for studying the timing of events in migration histories and other micro-level longitudinal data is presented. The framework derives from a general stochastic model of the histories in which moves depend on the past history of the process, time varying individual characteristics, and exogenous constraints and opportunities. The semi-Markov model plays a distinguished role. The framework emphasizes the range of stochastic models available, the different types of time intervals and observational schemes that can be considered, distributions that can be used to characterize intervals, and statistical methodology. The use and crucial importance of the framework in empirical research is illustrated in the sequel.
Evolving interface between clean and nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL)‐contaminated regions in two‐dimensional porous media

[1] We studied the dissolution of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) at residual saturation in two-dimensional systems using physical and numerical experiments. In all cases, preferential dissolution pathways developed in the NAPL-contaminated regions. A permeability feedback mechanism led to the formation of centimeter-scale dissolution fingers in homogeneous porous media, while fingers up to 1 order of magnitude wider formed in media with heterogeneous distributions of intrinsic permeability k, when σ2(lnk) was large. The structure of the interface between the NAPL-contaminated and NAPL-free regions was examined as dissolution progressed. In all cases the interface was a self-affine fractal. The scaling relationship of Family and Vicsek [1985] fitted the interface data from the numerical simulations reasonably well.
The transfer of training at macro level in least developed countries: a case study of the ‘brain-drain’ in Eritrea

Over the past four decades, governments in the least developed countries (LDCs - a categorization adopted by the United Nations) have been attempting to improve the skills and knowledge of their public servants by providing local and international training programs. Despite these training activities, however, many LDCs continue to experience acute shortages of high-level technical and managerial skills. This is because LDCs are increasingly unable to retain trained personnel employed in the public sector, resulting in a ‘brain-drain’. The present study critically assesses that part of a major human resource development project implemented in Eritrea, an LDC, between 1998 and 2005, which provided overseas scholarships for 674 public servants. Almost two-thirds did not return to Eritrea, and the study seeks to establish the reasons for nonreturn. It identifies from the literature five factors that appear to influence return and examines the relationship between these and nonreturn. Economic and political conditions and lack of peace and stability were significant in explaining changes in nonreturn. The results point to the areas of change needed to enable LDCs to retain highly qualified nationals. These areas involve significant changes in government policy, but training providers themselves may be able to take some steps to minimize the lack of benefit from their human resource development investment. The conclusion is that the retention and effective utilization of trained people by LDCs remains challenging. In theoretical terms, the concern of this study can be seen as a macro-level expression of the transfer problem.
Disparity in Copyright Protection: Focus on the Finished Image Ignores the Art in the Details

Introduction 171 I. Background 174 A. Subject Matter and Limitations on Copyright Protection 174 B. Originality Is the Touchstone of Copyright Law 176 1. Originality is a very low threshold, requiring only a small indication of creativity 176 2. Courts recognize that graphic works may warrant copyright protection 179 3. The issue of authorship in conjunction with the camera has led courts to a cursory review of originality in photography 182 II. Courts Take Two Approaches in Analyzing the Originality of Visual Works 184 A. The Front-end Approach Predominates in Photography Cases 185 B. The End-product Approach Predominates in Graphic Works Cases 186
Linear analysis of the vectorial network model in the presence of leaders

In this work, we study the collective behavior of a multi-agent system of stochastically interacting leaders and followers. In this time-varying network, the nodes update their states through a noisy interaction with a randomly selected subset of neighbors, including leaders whose average orientation is not updated in time. By linearizing the system dynamics in the vicinity of the leaders' common trajectory, we establish a toolbox of closed-form expressions that aid in the understanding of the influence of noise, number of connected neighbors, network size, and proportion of leaders on the group coordination.
The Principle of diversity in journalism

This article discusses a journalistic value that has important consequences for political deliberation: diversity. After identifying the key dimensions of the principle of media diversity, the text presents a case study about Jornal Nacional’s coverage of the 2002 presidential election. The study suggests that, although the campaign coverage was balanced and fair, it did not include a diversity of voices in the controversies about the main theme of the electoral process: the economy. Such lack of diversity restrictedthe range of interpretations to which voters were exposed. In 2002, the process of political deliberation was characterized by a media environment with low levels of diversity in terms of access of voicesand interpretive frames. Based on the notion of public interest, the article concludes by proposing measures to promote media diversity, including the ﬁ elds of content regulation, journalistic norms and the role of civil society.
Improving privacy settings control in online social networks with a wheel interface

Online social networks OSNs have been built as platforms for information sharing, with their concomitant potential for misuse of information and unsafe sharing practices. The frontline of defense against such threats is the "privacy settings" controls provided by OSNs such as Facebook. However, the efficacy of these settings is often undermined by their poor design. The current design fatigues users with information overload and fails to provide them with a more integrative and global understanding of their information-sharing practices. In this article, we develop a more efficacious design for the display of OSNs' privacy settings by following recommendations for appropriate use of visualization techniques. The new "wheel" interface simplifies the presentation of privacy settings to reduce information overload. It also incorporates an additional layer of information, indicating the safety of users' settings. A within-subject experiment with 67 students suggests that this interface is more versatile than the current tabular interfaces typically used on OSNs. More important, it allows users to easily comprehend complex information and provides them with a more integrative, higher level understanding of their privacy settings. This research focuses on an important niche at the intersection of information representation, interface design, and OSN privacy.
Melanocytic Nevi in Children Treated With Growth Hormone

There is concern that growth hormone (GH) therapy may influence the growth of melanocytic nevi. In a review of the experience of the National Cooperative Growth Study, we found no excess of skin cancer in children who were treated with GH. We also reviewed our experience in 90 children with GH deficiency and 24 with Turner syndrome. We found no difference in the nevi count between control subjects and children with GH deficiency, even after many years of GH therapy. Nor was there any relation between the duration of therapy and the nevi count. Children with Turner syndrome had more nevi, but there was no relation to the duration of GH therapy. These findings and the absence of a greater frequency of skin cancer in acromegaly are reassuring. It is unlikely that GH therapy has a significant influence on nevi count or the risk of skin cancer.
Neuropeptide amidation in Drosophila: separate genes encode the two enzymes catalyzing amidation.

In vertebrates, the two-step peptide α-amidation reaction is catalyzed sequentially by two enzymatic activities contained within one bifunctional enzyme called PAM (peptidylglycine α-amidating mono-oxygenase). Drosophila head extracts contained both of these PAM-related enzyme activities: a mono-oxygenase (PHM) and a lyase (PAL). However, no bifunctional PAM protein was detected. We identified cDNAs encoding an active mono-oxygenase that is highly homologous to mammalian PHM. PHM-like immunoreactivity was found within diverse larval tissues, including the CNS, endocrine glands, and gut epithelium. Northern and Western blot analyses demonstrate RNA and protein species corresponding to the cloned PHM, but not to a bifunctional PAM, leading us to predict the existence of separatePHM and PAL genes in Drosophila. TheDrosophila PHM gene displays an organization of exons that is highly similar to the PHM-encoding portion of the rat PAMgene. Genetic analysis was consistent with the prediction of separatePHM and PAL gene functions inDrosophila: a P element insertion line containing a transposon within the PHM transcription unit displayed strikingly lower PHM enzyme levels, whereas PAL levels were increased slightly. The lethal phenotype displayed by the dPHM P element insertion indicates a widespread essential function. Reversion analysis indicated that the lethality associated with the insertion chromosome likely is attributable to the P element insertion. These combined data indicate a fundamental evolutionary divergence in the genes coding for critical neurotransmitter biosynthetic enzymes: inDrosophila, the two enzyme activities of PAM are encoded by separate genes.
Influence of Nonlactating and Peripartum Bovine Mammary Secretions on Growth of Staphylococcus Species

Bovine mammary secretions from individual quarters were collected from five cows at 0, 14, and 28 d of involution, at parturition, and 14 d after parturition and used in a microassay to evaluate growth of several Staphylococcus species. All Staphylococcus species evaluated followed similar growth patterns in secretions. Mammary secretions obtained at 14 and 28 d of involution were poor media for growth of Staphylococcus species. Conversely, mammary secretions collected at cessation of milking, parturition, and early lactation supported growth of all species evaluated. Growth of Staphylococcus species in mammary secretions differed slightly among cows but was similar among quarters of a cow. Results suggested that the ability of bovine mammary secretions to support or inhibit growth of Staphylococcus species was related to functional states of the mammary gland.