cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The WebSphere application architecture and programming model

This paper discusses the infrastructure that IBM is providing to support the World Wide Web and to facilitate Web applications and commerce. This effort started as an architecture called the Network Computing Framework (NCF), and is now the foundation of the IBM WebSphere Application ServerTM. The WebSphere Application Server is a product IBM first delivered in June 1998. In this paper we discuss this architecture and programming model We start with a brief introduction and history of the NCF, then examine the architecture of the WebSphere Application Server. We take a close look at the core run time of the WebSphere Application Server, then delve into the JavaTM programming model that supports this architecture. We also present the reasons why Java is a prominent part of this architecture, and see what relevant technologies Java provides for this run time.
Clergy in American Politics: An Introduction

This issue of the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion contains a variety of articles related to the role of clergy in American politics. These studies are not simply interrelated because of their focus on clergy: they are also components of a larger, cooperative scholarly effort and each largely addresses a similar topic-namely, the nature and level of the political activity of clergy in presidential election year 2000. It is perhaps appropriate that as the presidential election campaign of 2004 is about to begin, attention be given to the role that clergy played in the previous election campaign. This brief introduction, therefore, provides a rationale for the study of clergy, a general description of the larger cooperative study project, and a brief overview of the major findings of the different studies contained in this issue.
Do evanescent waves contribute to the far field

Evanescent waves have become of considerable interest in recent years because of developments in near-field optics. Claims have been made that such waves contribute to the radiation fields of sources and to the far fields of scatterers. We show, by considering a spherical scalar wave and a linear electric dipole field, that these claims are misleading and that such contributions are without physical consequences. Our conclusions apply to a much broader class of fields than those considered in this Letter.
Expression of a Gossypium hirsutum cDNA encoding a FatB palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase in Escherichia coli

Abstract A cotton FatB cDNA encoding a palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterase (Genbank Accession number AF034266) was expressed in various Escherichia coli strains. Transcription and translation in a coupled in vitro system revealed the presence of two 〚 35 S-Met〛-labeled protein products, one of about 35 kDa and one of about 46 kDa. The 46 kDa polypeptide likely represented the translation of the preprotein while the 35 kDa polypeptide likely represented a translation product initiated at an alternative, internal in-frame initiation codon. Polyclonal anti-peptide antibodies were used to confirm the accumulation of this truncated protein. An immunoreactive 35 kDa protein was recognized in transformed E. coli cell lysates supporting the notion that indeed there was an internal start site, which seemed to be preferred when the cotton cDNA was expressed in E. coli . In crude homogenates of cotton embryos (30 dpa, days post anthesis) and cotyledons of 48 h dark-grown seedlings a 37 kDa protein, which likely represents the mature processed FatB protein, was recognized. When acyl-CoA synthetase-minus E. coli mutants (K27 fad D88 mutant, CGSC #5478) were transformed with the cotton FatB cDNA, a four- to five-fold increase in C16:0 free fatty acid content was measured in the culture medium. Acyl-ACP thioesterase activity assays in E. coli lysates revealed that there was a clear preference for palmitoyl-ACP over oleoyl-ACP in vitro. Collectively, our results indicate that indeed the cotton FatB cDNA encodes a functional thioesterase with a preference for saturated acyl-ACPs (FatB) over unsaturated acyl-ACPs (FatA).
Effective pattern matching of source code using abstract syntax patterns

Program understanding can be assisted by tools that match patterns in the program source. Lexical pattern matchers provide excellent performance and ease of use, but have a limited vocabulary. Syntactic matchers provide more precision, but may sacrifice performance, robustness, or power. To achieve more of the benefits of both models, we extend the pattern syntax of AWK to support matching of abstract syntax trees, as demonstrated in a tool called TAWK. Its pattern syntax is language-independent, based on abstract tree patterns. As in AWK, patterns can have associated actions, which in TAWK are written in C for generality, familiarity, and performance. The use of C is simplified by high-level libraries and dynamic linking. To allow processing of program files containing non-syntactic constructs such as textual macros, mechanisms have been designed that allow matching of ‘language-like’ macros in a syntactic fashion. We survey and apply prototypical approaches to concretely demonstrate the tradeoffs in program processing. Our results indicate that TAWK can be used to quickly and easily perform a variety of common software engineering tasks, and the extensions to accommodate non-syntactic features significantly extend the generality of syntactic matchers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tidal control of jet eruptions on Enceladus as observed by Cassini ISS between 2005 and 2007

Observations of Enceladus have revealed active jets of material erupting from cracks on its south polar surface. It has previously been proposed that diurnal tidal stress, driven by Enceladus’ orbital eccentricity, may actively produce surface movement along these cracks daily and thus may regulate when eruptions occur. Our analysis of the stress on jet source regions identified in Cassini ISS images reveals tidal stress as a plausible controlling mechanism of jet activity. However, the evidence available in the published and preliminary observations of jet activity between 2005 and 2007 may not be able to solidify the link between tidal stress and eruptions from fissures. Ongoing, far more comprehensive analyses based on recent, much higher resolution jetting observations have the potential to prove otherwise.
Temperature Stress Induces Dynamical Chaos in a Cnidarian Gastrovascular System

We observe ordered (i.e. limit cycle) oscillations in the polyps and stolons of Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus at temperatures routinely experienced by animals in the wild. We present evidence that the gastrovascular behaviour undergoes a transition, as temperature is increased, from an ordered to a chaotic regime, with the transition characterized by intermittent behaviour. These findings bear on the response of cnidarians to climate change.
Toward a national consensus: teaching radiobiology to radiation oncology residents.

Abstract Purpose : The ASTRO Joint Working Group on Radiobiology Teaching, a committee composed of members having affiliations with several national radiation oncology and biology-related societies and organizations, commissioned a survey designed to address issues of manpower, curriculum standardization, and instructor feedback as they relate to resident training in radiation biology. Methods and Materials : Radiation biology instructors at U.S. radiation oncology training programs were identified and asked to respond to a comprehensive electronic questionnaire dealing with instructor educational background, radiation biology course content, and sources of feedback with respect to curriculum planning and resident performance on standardized radiation biology examinations. Results : Eighty-five radiation biology instructors were identified, representing 73 radiation oncology residency training programs. A total of 52 analyzable responses to the questionnaire were received, corresponding to a response rate of 61.2%. Conclusion : There is a decreasing supply of instructors qualified to teach classic, and to some extent, clinical, radiobiology to radiation oncology residents. Additionally, those instructors with classic training in radiobiology are less likely to be comfortable teaching cancer molecular biology or other topics in cancer biology. Thus, a gap exists in teaching the whole complement of cancer and radiobiology curricula, particularly in those programs in which the sole responsibility for teaching falls to one faculty member (50% of training programs are in this category). On average, the percentage of total teaching time devoted to classic radiobiology (50%), clinical radiobiology (30%), and molecular and cancer biology (20%) is appropriate, relative to the current makeup of the board examination. Nevertheless large variability exists between training programs with respect to the total number of contact hours per complete radiobiology course (ranging from approximately 10 to >50 h). A number of lecture topics, particularly in clinical radiobiology, are covered by fewer than 60% of training programs. A sizeable minority of radiation biology instructors are dissatisfied with the feedback they receive with respect to both course content and the performance of their residents on standardized radiobiology examinations administered by the American College of Radiology and/or the American Board of Radiology.
CORR Insights®: Higher Preoperative Patient Activation Associated With Better Patient-reported Outcomes After Total Joint Arthroplasty

S ome orthopaedic surgeries (think spinal fusion or tennis elbow) have mixed outcomes. Some people feel better, some do not. But total hip and knee replacement? Always a winner, right? Not so fast. Andrawis and colleagues note that satisfaction rates are around 85% for hip and knee arthroplasty [1]. Emotional health and resources explain much of the variation in symptom relief and magnitude of disability after arthroplasty [2–4]. In other words, patient factors may be as important as technical factors, even for total hip and knee arthroplasty.
Tunable far infrared laser spectroscopy of ultracold free radicals

$^{1}$ R.C. Cohen, K.L. Busarow, C.A. Schmuttenmaer. Y.T. Lee, and R.J. Saykally, Chem. Phys. Lett. 164,321 (1989).
Analysis of the Possibility to Assess the Occurrence of Hidden Corrosion in Lap Joints Using Active Thermography

The article details the NDT technique of pulse thermography used for objective diagnosis of riveted lap joints construction. The degradation of materials manifesting in corrosion is inherent in the process of aircraft operation. One type of corrosion is galvanic corrosion occurring in the overlap joints (known as hidden corrosion). As a result of the potential difference between the two layers of the aluminum alloy skin, there occurs the phenomenon of oxidation of the material, producing corrosion products in the form of oxide compounds characterized by heat properties different than those of the base material. Active thermography techniques allow observing infrared energy, which changes due to the difference of thermal properties of the tested materials.
Regulated expression of an insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) minigene in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and transgenic mice.

Abstract Preliminary studies showed that up to 7 kb of 5' flanking sequence of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) gene are insufficient to mediate differentiation-induced reporter gene expression in mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. To locate the regulatory element(s) responsible for this function, a minigene containing the entire GLUT4 gene with substantial 5' and 3' flanking sequence and a short segment of foreign DNA (for transcript identification) was constructed and transfected into mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes at relatively low copy number. In transgenic mice the GLUT4 minigene exhibited a pattern of tissue-specific expression similar, but not identical, to that of the endogenous gene. In 3T3-L1 cells expression of minigene mRNA occurred upon differentiation into adipocytes, with kinetics virtually identical to that of endogenous GLUT4 mRNA. In both cultured adipocytes and transgenic mice, the level of expression of the minigene was low relative to that of the endogenous gene. Treatment of minigene-transfected 3T3-L1 adipocytes with 8-bromo-cAMP, which represses transcription of the endogenous GLUT4 gene, also repressed expression of the GLUT4 minigene. However, insulin, which down-regulates transcription of the endogenous GLUT4 gene, failed to normally down-regulate expression of the GLUT4 minigene. These findings indicate that the cis-acting elements required for directing tissue-specific expression (in heart, skeletal muscle, and brown adipose tissue), differentiation-induced activation of transcription, and cAMP-induced repression of transcription are located within the 14-kb GLUT4 minigene. However, the cis elements necessary for maximal tissue-specific expression and for insulin-induced down-regulation of expression are not located in the minigene.
Tibiotalar contact and fibular malunion in ankle fractures A cadaver study

Six cadaveric ankles were dissected, preserving medial and lateral ligaments; an axial load of 455N was applied to the tibia supported by the foot and ankle. The unconstrained tibia was moved through 20° of flexion and extension to simulate walking. The tibiotalar contact area was defined using carbon black suspension, recorded photographically, and measured using computerized area analysis. Osteotomy of the distal fibula was performed and fixed with a specially modified plate; a selection of plates provided fixation with 0° or 30° of external rotation in combination with 0 or 2 mm of shortening. The contact area was measured for each of the plates and after division of the deltoid ligament.There were greater than 30 percent decreases in tibiotalar contact with both fibular shortening and external rotation, doubled with a divided deltoid ligament. Anatomic restoration of both fibular length and rotation is essential for normal ankle mechanics. The deltoid ligament has crucial effects on the stability of t...
Binding of TAFs to core elements directs promoter selectivity by RNA polymerase II

Summary The mechanisms that govern core promoter recognition and basal transcription efficiency remain poorly understood. Here, we have assessed the potential role of TAFs and the TFIID complex in directing basal promoter function. Reconstituted transcription reactions revealed the ability of TFIID versus TBP to discriminate between distinct core promoters. A comparison of different partial TBP-TAF assemblages established that a trimeric TBP-TAF II 250-TAF II 150 complex is minimally required for efficient utilization of the initiator and downstream promoter elements. Depending on the promoter structure, TAFs can increase or decrease the stability of TFIID-promoter interactions. These findings suggest that TAFs play a critical role in promoter selectivity and transcription regulation through direct contacts with core promoter elements.
MATERNAL AND NEONATAL EFFECTS OF 1% AND 2% MEPIVACAINE FOR LUMBAR EXTRADURAL ANALGESIA

Continuous lumbar extradural analgesia with mepivacaine was administered to two groups of patients in normal labour. One group (26 patients: 1% mepivacaine) received a mean total dose of 342 mg (4.93 mg/kg) per patient, and developed a mean blood concentration of mepivacaine at delivery of 1.82 [J-g/ml. The neonatal umbilical vein concentration was 0.84(g/ml. The other group (30 patients: 2% mepivacaine) received a mean total dose of 776 mg (11.65 mg/kg) per patient, and developed a mean blood concentration of mepivacaine at delivery of 3.47 μg/ml. The neonatal umbilical vein concentration was 2.61 [ig/ml. Four of the infants of mothers who received 1% mepivacaine were depressed (1–min Apgar score 6 or less), and six of the other group were depressed also. Usually, depression appeared to be related to obstetric factors, rather than to analgesia. Eleven of the 56 infants had umbilical vein mepivacaine concentrations of 3 μg/ml or greater; of these, three were depressed. This does not agree with the concept that the toxic threshold for mepivacaine is 3 μg/ml. In both groups a significant linear correlation was obtained between umbilical vein concentration and total dose of mepivacaine. A maximal dose of 12 mg/kg maternal weight in the non-obese or 12 mg/kg lean body mass in the obese is suggested for continuous extradural analgesia with mepivacaine, although healthy mothers and infants may tolerate much more
Boundary-Layer Forcing as a Possible Trigger to a Squall-Line Formation

Abstract The study of the life history of the 8 June 1966 squall line by Ogura and Chen (1977) indicates that a well-defined narrow hand of horizontal convergence was present at low levels prior to the appearance of first radar echoes. A two-dimensional model for the dry planetary boundary layer is developed and applied to this case in order to test the hypothesis that the prestorm convergence is produced by boundary-layer processes in association with a strong horizontal temperature gradient. The level 3 turbulence closure approximation by Mellor and Yamada (1974) is incorporated into the model as well as the similarity hypothesis of Businger et al. (1971) for the lowest constant flux layer. The basic driving mechanism is the diurnal variation of the temperature contrast across the observed dry line. Air on the northwest side was warm, while on the southeast side it was cool. The temperature contrast was introduced into the model as a lower boundary condition for the potential temperature. The model is i...
Formation and migration of artifact vacancies induced on gold surfaces by neon field ion microscopy

Abstract Quasi-stable field ion microscope (FIM) images of well-annealed high purity gold specimens were obtained using pure neon as the imaging gas. The experimental technique employed internal image intensification (a channel plate multiplier) and allowed a large number (~ 26,000) of successive FIM images to be recorded photographically at a relatively high frequency (~1 sec −1 ) during two runs. Significant concentrations of artifact surface vacancies were measured on all of the principal planes that were imaged. These concentrations were at least several orders of magnitude larger than any conceivable equilibrium bulk vacancy concentrations. The rapid recording technique allowed the formation of many of the artifact vacancies to be observed directly. Filmed sequences also proved that many of the surface vacancies underwent FIM-induced surface migration in the various planes. Several mechanisms, apparently capable of explaining the observed phenomena, were mentioned.
Cell-Mediated Protection against Pulmonary Yersinia pestis Infection

Pulmonary infection with the bacterium Yersinia pestis causes pneumonic plague, an often-fatal disease for which no vaccine is presently available. Antibody-mediated humoral immunity can protect mice against pulmonary Y. pestis infection, an experimental model of pneumonic plague. Little is known about the protective efficacy of cellular immunity. We investigated the cellular immune response to Y. pestis in B-cell-deficient μMT mice, which lack the capacity to generate antibody responses. To effectively prime pulmonary cellular immunity, we intranasally vaccinated μMT mice with live replicating Y. pestis. Vaccination dramatically increased survival of μMT mice challenged intranasally with a lethal Y. pestis dose and significantly reduced bacterial growth in pulmonary, splenic, and hepatic tissues. Vaccination also increased numbers of pulmonary T cells, and administration of T-cell-depleting monoclonal antibodies at the time of challenge abrogated vaccine-induced survival. Moreover, the transfer of Y. pestis-primed T cells to naive μMT mice protected against lethal intranasal challenge. These findings establish that vaccine-primed cellular immunity can protect against pulmonary Y. pestis infection and suggest that vaccines promoting both humoral and cellular immunity will most effectively combat pneumonic plague.
Additive Number Theory and Linear Semigroups with Intermediate Growth

This paper surveys some classical results about growth in finitely generated semigroups and applies results from additive number theory to construct families of finitely generated linear semigroups with intermediate growth.
Electrical properties and adhesion of metal/polymer layered structures for cross‐linked polymer electro‐optic modulators

The electrical properties and adhesive strength of titaninum, copper, and gold have been studied in cross-linked polymer materials using both sputter-deposited surface film and shallow ion-implant sources for electro-optic modulators. In particular, multilayer metals with Ti/Au interfaces reported by some authors [1–3] are compared in this letter to Ti/Au/Ti and Ti/Au/Cr interfaces containing Ti and Cr layers on top of an Au layer. Also reported are the adhesion strength using a qualitative “Scotch-tape” technique for different multilayer metals. It is shown that the Ti/Au/Ti structure has a better adhesive strength than others being considered. In this structure, Ti can wet the modified surface and form an interface between Ti and the polymer with good adhesion. We fabricated multilayer test structures, including a functional traveling-wave (TW) electrode on GaAs substrate, to demonstrate the process feasibility and the electrical performance of metals/polymer interconnections. Microwave losses of the TW electrode for different metal layers are also reported. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 16: 66–72, 1997.
The effects of epinephrine on thyroxine metabolism: iodine excretion after various thyronine derivatives.

Epinephrine was found to increase urinary I131 (primarily as iodide) after the administration of labeled L-thyroxine, D-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine as compared to the I131 excretion after injection of these thyronines without epinephrine. Epinephrine had no effect on the excretion of isotope after the administration of radioactive iodide. Fecal I131 from these sources was slightly lowered by epinephrine. Other thyronine derivatives were studied without epinephrine and were found to have varying rates of excretion.
Observations on the sequence of blastemal condensations in the limbs of the mouse embryo

In the forelimbs, the sequence of blastemal condensation is: scapula and humerus, ulna, digit IV, digit V, radius, digit III, digit II, digit I. In the hind limb, the sequence is: innominate bone and femur, fibula, digit IV, digit V, tibia, digit III, digit II, digit I. The sequence described may lead to loss of preaxial parts of the limb in cases of severe over-all reduction of limb bud material due to genetic or teratogenic agents. The main reason why ectrodactyly and polydactyly in the mouse are usually preaxial is the localization for some unknown reason of alterations in growth rate in the preaxial margin of the footplate. However, the fact that blastemal condensations begin postaxially will tend to confine these and similar skeletal anomalies of the limb to the preaxial part.
Comparison of Longer-Term Outcomes After Kidney Transplantation Between Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Whites in the United States

Little is known about the longer-term kidney transplant outcomes in the rapidly growing Hispanic population. Using the United States Renal Data System, we identified 105 250 Caucasian patients who received a first kidney transplant between January 1, 1996 and December 31, 2010. We tested for differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic patients in the outcomes of (1) mortality, (2) all-cause graft failure, and (3) graft failure excluding death with a functioning graft. We used Cox regression to estimate (with 95% confidence intervals) multivariable-adjusted cause-specific hazard ratios (aHRCS ) for mortality and all-cause graft failure and subdistribution hazard ratios (aHRSD ) accounting for death as a competing risk for graft failure excluding death with a functioning graft. Both mortality [aHRCS = 0.69 (0.65-0.73)] and all-cause graft failure [aHRCS = 0.79 (0.75-0.83)] were lower in Hispanics. The association between Hispanic ethnicity and graft failure excluding death was modified by age (p < 0.003). Compared with non-Hispanic whites, graft failure excluding death with a functioning graft did not differ in Hispanics aged 18-39 years [aHRSD = 0.96 (0.89-1.05)] or aged 40-59 years [aHRSD = 1.08 (1.00-1.16)], but was 13% lower in those aged ≥60 years [aHRSD = 0.87 (0.78-0.98)]. In conclusion, once accounting for differences in overall survival, better graft survival was found in older Hispanic patients, but among not those aged <60 years.
Transactional links between personality and adaptation from childhood through adulthood

Does childhood personality foreshadow later adaptation in the key developmental task domains of academic achievement, work, rule-abiding conduct, friendships, and romantic relationships? In this article we present a synopsis of recent findings from the Project Competence longitudinal study of 205 children who were assessed around ages 10, 20, and 30. Childhood personality differences predicted adaptation at all three time periods and also changes in adaptation over time. On the other hand, features of adult personality were presaged by childhood adaptation, and in some cases childhood adaptation predicted the course of personality development. To understand better the transactional processes that shape and link personality and adaptive success over the life course, longitudinal designs and more dynamic models of personality development will be needed.
Palladiumoxidasekatalyse: selektive Oxidation durch direkte disauerstoffgekoppelte Umsetzung

Die selektive aerobe Oxidation organischer Verbindungen ist eines der fundamentalsten Probleme der modernen organischen Chemie. Effektive Losungen mussen die spezifische Reaktivitat und Selektivitat von molekularem Sauerstoff berucksichtigen und unterschiedliche Klassen von Oxidationsreaktionen abdecken. Die Palladiumoxidasekatalyse kombiniert die Vielseitigkeit Palladium(II)-vermittelter Oxidationen organischer Substrate mit der Oxidation des reduzierten Palladium-Katalysators durch Disauerstoff und ermoglicht so einen Zugang zu einer breiten Auswahl an selektiven aeroben Oxidationsreaktionen. Neuere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Cokatalysatoren wie Kupfer(II), Polyoxometallate und Benzochinone in der Oxidation von Palladium(0) durch molekularen Sauerstoff verzichtbar sind. Eine grose Bedeutung fur diese Reaktionen haben oxidativ stabile Liganden, die die Katalysatorzersetzung minimieren, die direkte Reaktion von Palladium mit Disauerstoff fordern, die Reaktivitat des organischen Substrats regulieren und asymmetrische Katalysen ermoglichen.
Fast and scalable MPI-level broadcast using InfiniBand's hardware multicast support

Summary form only given. Modern high performance applications require efficient and scalable collective communication operations. Currently, most collective operations are implemented based on point-to-point operations. We propose to use hardware multicast in InfiniBand to design fast and scalable broadcast operations in MPl. InfiniBand supports multicast with unreliable datagram (UD) transport service. This makes it hard to be directly used by an upper layer such as MPl. To bridge the semantic gap between MPI/spl I.bar/Bcast and InfiniBand hardware multicast, we have designed and implemented a substrate on top of InfiniBand which provides functionalities such as reliability, inorder delivery and large message handling. By using a sliding-window based design, we improve MPI/spl I.bar/Bcast latency by removing most of the overhead in the substrate out of the communication critical path. By using optimizations such as a new coroot based scheme and delayed ACK, we can further balance and reduce the overhead. We have also addressed many detailed design issues such as buffer management, efficient handling of out-of-order and duplicate messages, timeout and retransmission, flow control and RDMA based ACK communication. Our performance evaluation shows that in an 8 node cluster testbed, hardware multicast based designs can improve MPl broadcast latency up to 58% and broadcast throughput up to 112%. The proposed solutions are also much more tolerant to process skew compared with the current point-to-point based implementation. We have also developed analytical model for our multicast based schemes and validated them with experimental numbers. Our analytical model shows that with the new designs, one can achieve MPl broadcast latency of small messages with 20.0/spl mu/s and of one MTU size message (around 1836 bytes of data payload) with 40.0/spl mu/s in a 1024 node cluster.
Making Apparent the World-System in the Everyday Challenges of the Apparel Industry

The global trade, production, and retail of textiles and garments is essentially a world-system subject, both by historical record – significant in the original expansion of the world system over the long 16th century – and for analyses grappling with the contemporary features of the capitalist world economy. By following the continuous reinvention of how garments are produced, the shifting locations of their production, and who determines apparel output and product, one can get a sense of the general transformation of the capitalist world-system. While many world-systems or globalization volumes carefully detail the macro-processes that are enveloping the globe in apparel and other industries, fewer have been able to demonstrate the nuances of how shifts in the capitalist world-system play out on a daily scale. Although not written from a PEWS perspective, We Are In This Dance Together does just this. In a carefully worked ethnography, Plankey-Videla draws readers into the everyday lives and concerns of garment workers in a high-end apparel production facility in the central state of Mexico. Through her gift of sociological storytelling we learn of the strains and pressures placed on workers, but also on factory owners and managers, and unions, as they negotiate to survive the changing landscape of global apparel production. ISSN: 1076-156X | Vol. # 21 No. 2 | http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2015.25 | jwsr.org
G-protein coupled receptor kinase (GRK)-5 regulates proliferation of glioblastoma-derived stem cells

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a grade IV malignant brain tumor with high mortality and has been well known to involve many molecular pathways, including G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signaling (such as epithelial growth factor receptor [EGFR] and platelet derived growth factor receptor [PDGFR]). G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRK) directly regulate GPCR activity by phosphorylating activated agonist-bound receptors to desensitize signaling and internalize receptors through beta-arrestins. Recent studies in various cancers, including prostate and breast cancer, have highlighted the role of change in GRK expression to oncogenesis and tumor proliferation. In this study, we evaluated the expression of GRK5 in grade II to grade IV glioma specimens using immunohistochemistry and found that GRK5 expression levels are highly correlated with aggressiveness of glioma. We used culture conditions to selectively promote the growth of either glioblastoma cells with stem cell markers (GSC) or differentiated glioblastoma cells (DGC) from fresh GBM specimens. GSC are known to be highly invasive and mobile, and have the capacity to self-renew and are more resistant to chemotherapy and radiation compared to differentiated populations of GBM. We examined the expression of GRK5 in these two sets of culturing conditions for GBM cells and found that GRK5 expression is upregulated in GSC compared to differentiated GBM cells. To better understand the role of GRK5 in GBM-derived stem cells, we created stable GRK5 knockdown and evaluated the proliferation rate. Using an ATP chemiluminescence assay, we show, for the first time, that knocking down the expression of GRK5 decreased the proliferation rate of GSC in contrast to control.
When English Proposes What Greek Presupposes: The Cross-Linguistic Encoding of Motion Events.

How do we talk about events we perceive? And how tight is the connection between linguistic and nonlinguistic representations of events? To address these questions, we experimentally compared motion descriptions produced by children and adults in two typologically distinct languages, Greek and English. Our findings confirm a well-known asymmetry between the two languages, such that English speakers are overall more likely to include manner of motion information than Greek speakers. However, mention of manner of motion in Greek speakers' descriptions increases significantly when manner is not inferable; by contrast, inferability of manner has no measurable effect on motion descriptions in English, where manner is already preferentially encoded. These results show that speakers actively monitor aspects of event structure, which do not find their way into linguistic descriptions. We conclude that, in regard to the differential encoding of path and manner, which has sometimes been offered as a prime example of the effects of language encoding on nonlinguistic thought, surface linguistic encoding neither faithfully represents nor strongly constrains our mental representation of events.
Performance Analysis on Utilizing Directional Antenna in High-Density WLAN

In this paper, we present a performance study of applying directional antenna to infrastructure-based wireless LAN networks. We focus on high-density (HD) deployment, in which multiple cells are operated on the same channel due to limited non-overlapped channels, and thus network capacity is limited mainly by co-channel interference. Network throughput and fairness index are studied for performance evaluation. Based on the simulation results, we provide insights on how directional antenna should be implemented in a HD-WLAN and how performance scales with network and antenna configurations.
The joint covariance structure of ordered symmetrically dependent observations and their concomitants of order statistics

Abstract We considered the ordered components, Y , of a multivariate random variable, Y , with covariance matrix Σ 11 and the vector, Z , of concomitantly or induced ordered components of a secondary random vector, Z , with covariance matrix Σ 22 . Assuming that Σ 11 , Σ 22 and the covariance structure between Y and Z are permutation symmetric, the joint covariance structure for Y and Z is obtained. The case in which the joint probability distribution of ( Y , Z ) is multivariate normal leads to an explicit formulation of the covariances of interest.
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 protects the immature brain from excitotoxic neuronal death

Excitotoxic cell death is the fundamental process responsible for many human neurodegenerative disorders, yet the basic mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Here, we exploited the fact that the immature brain is remarkably resistant to seizure-induced excitotoxic cell death and examined the underlying protective mechanisms. We found that, unlike in the adult, seizures do not increase the formation of reactive oxygen species or result in mitochondrial dysfunction in neonatal brain, because of high levels of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP2). UCP2 expression and function were basally increased in neonatal brain by the fat-rich diet of maternal milk, and substituting a low-fat diet reduced UCP2, restored mitochondrial coupling, and permitted seizure-induced neuronal injury. Thus, modulation of UCP2 expression and function by dietary fat protects neonatal neurons from excitotoxicity by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction. This mechanism offers novel neuroprotective strategies for individuals, greater than 1% of the world's population, who are affected by seizures.
Esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH testing in the management of gastroesophageal reflux patients.

Background With rising interest in gastroesophageal reflux disease, an evaluation of the importance of manometry (M) and 24-hour pH testing (pH) for decisions regarding these patients is appropriate. Methods Two gastroenterologists and two surgeons were presented with history and physical examination, endoscopy, histology, and esophagram data (“DATA”) from 100 patients and asked to make a treatment decision. After some time, either pH or M was added to DATA, and a further decision requested. Finally, DATA plus pH plus M was presented, and a decision was requested. Decisions were evaluated for changes in medical therapy, changes between medical and surgical therapy, and changes in type of surgery offered. Results Overall, 43% (173 of 400) of decisions were altered by the addition of both M and pH to DATA, with 28.5% (114 of 400) of decisions changed from medical therapy to surgery or vice versa by the addition of both tests to DATA. The addition of M alone changed decisions more often than pH alone especially with regard to the type of surgery offered (P Conclusions Together, M and pH alter clinical decisions and often alter the decision regarding surgery. Both tests appear important, but M more frequently alters overall management decisions and the type of surgery offered. Despite the need for cost containment, these clinical tools are essential to important decisions regarding the care of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease.
A NOTE ON THE ELYTRAL PATTERN AND THE BIONOMICS OF EPILACHNA SEPTIMA IN BATTICALOA, SRI LANKA (COLEOPTERA, COCCINELLIDAE)

Key words: Bionomics, Coccinellidae, elytral spots, Epilachna, identification, Sri Lanka. Doi: 10.4038/jnsfsr.v30i1-2.2558 J. Natn. Sci. Foundation Sri Lanka 2002 30(1&2): 23-31
Enteric-Coated Mycophenolate Sodium

OBJECTIVE:To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of mycophenolate sodium.DATA SOURCES:Primary literature was obtained via a MEDLINE search (1966–June 2003). Abstracts were obtained from the manufacturer and included in the analysis.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All studies and abstracts evaluating mycophenolate sodium in solid organ transplantation were considered for inclusion. English-language studies and abstracts were selected for inclusion, but were limited to those consisting of human subjects.DATA SYNTHESIS:Mycophenolate sodium, a mycophenolic acid prodrug, is an inhibitor of T-lymphocyte proliferation. Mycophenolic acid reduces the incidence of acute rejection in renal transplantation. Mycophenolate sodium is enteric coated and has been suggested as a potential method to reduce the gastrointestinal adverse events seen with mycophenolate mofetil. Both mycophenolate mofetil and mycophenolate sodium have been shown to be therapeutically equivalent at decreasing the i...
Manageable fine-grained information flow

The continuing frequency and seriousness of security incidents underline the critical importance of application security. Decentralized information flow control (DIFC), a promising tool for improving application security, gives application developers fine-grained control over security policy and privilege management. DIFC developers can partition much application functionality into untrusted components bound by a kernel- or language-enforced security policy. Unless a (usually smaller and less exposed) trusted component is exploited, the effects of an application compromise are contained by the policy.Although system-based DIFC can simultaneously achieve high performance and effective isolation, it offers a challenging programming model. Fine-grained policy specifications are spread over several application pieces. Common programming errors may be indistinguishable from policy exploit attempts, the system cannot expose developers to information about these errors, complicating debugging. Static checking (as in language based systems) and new system primitives can reduce these problems, but for dynamic applications like web servers, they do not eliminate them.In this paper we propose subsystems that make decentralized information flow more manageable. First, a policy description language specifies an application-wide security policy in one localized place; communication restrictions are compiled into lower-level labels. Second, information flow-safe debugging mechanisms let developers debug DIFC applications without violating security policies. Although these mechanisms are preliminary, we demonstrate their effectiveness using applications similar to those developed for Asbestos and other DIFC systems.
Bicuspid Aortic Valve and Aortopathy: See the First, Then Look at the Second⁎

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) disease is the most common congenital cardiac anomaly, with a prevalence in the general population between 0.5% and 2% ([1][1]). There is significant cardiac morbidity associated with BAV disease, predominantly due to progressive valve dysfunction (stenosis or
Habitat Requirements and Occurrence of Crematogaster pilosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Ants within Intertidal Salt Marshes

Spartina alterniflora Loisel. (Poales: Poaceae) salt marshes provide unique conditions for organisms to develop specialized morphological and behav ioral traits. Crematogaster pilosa Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) ants nest in S. alterniflora stems and display polydomy (i.e., multiple nests per colony), which has not been observed in terrestrial populations of this species. We identified new colonies of C. pilosa in S. alterniflora dominated salt marshes of Sapelo Island, Georgia (USA), and characterized the vegetation structure associated with ant presence. Crematogaster pilosa colonies were found most often 2 to 10 m from tidal creek channels in areas with expansive intermediate-height S. alterniflora. Marsh patches with abundant brown leaf vegetation above the high water level were most likely to have ants present (P = 0.03). These areas have extensive vegetation that remains dry during tidal advances, are protected from tidal surges, and most often occur along depositional banks of tidal creeks. Ant populations do not occur in the upland portion of the S. alterniflora marsh, presumably due to a lack of elevated habitat. Persistence of C. pilosa within S. alterniflora salt marshes is tied to the availability of connected habitat that avoids tidal submersion. The narrow band of intermediate-height S. alterniflora plants along tidal creeks provides both the needed horizontal structure and dry vegetation, allowing a terrestrial ant to colonize this seemingly atypical environment.
Striving for Social Justice—The Excellence of Inclusion in Education

I am so grateful to all of you for your willingness to spend the weekend participating in and reinvigorating the community that is WSCA. And I hope this conference has been productive for you, fill...
The Formation and Cathodoluminescence Activity of Buffer Layer Edge Dislocations in In0.12Ga0.88As/GaAs Heterostructures

The defect structure of lattice-mismatched one micron In 0.12 Ga 0.88 As epilayers on (001) GaAs was studied with scanning cathodoluminescence (CL) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). CL examination of the GaAs buffer layer revealed the formation of a segmented network of defects below the interface. Cross-sectional TEM analysis shows that these defects are dislocation half-loops extending from the interface, and the vast majority of these loops lie on the GaAs side of the interface. The dislocations in the GaAs buffer layer were determined to be edge dislocations. Thus, CL images show that edge dislocations in this system are centers for non-radiative recombination. We propose that two 60° dislocations with opposite screw and interface tilt components can glide into the buffer layer to form edge dislocations. Potential energy plots for 60° dislocations near the interface and interacting with interface dislocations supports this model.
A Study of YAN Zhi-tui's Personality Aesthetisc

The personality aesthetics of YAN Zhi-tui is the one with man as orientation.Therefore,his thought is not confined to a specific one.The two qualities"rite"and"abstinence"are the basis of his self-cultivation of the aesthetics.It is specifically shown in the knowledge of rite after practice,control instead of intemperance,and caution instead of frivolity. Meanwhile,he showed his unique attributes of his personality aesthetics when he expatiated on writers of the past dynasties.
Fatigue Crack Growth Life Assessment for Industrial Applications using Re-meshing and Bayesian Hybrid Techniques

Abstract In this study, two different techniques are outlined for assessment of fatigue crack growth life of industrial components: i) a finite element based approach (3DFAS, GE proprietary) using re-meshing techniques that allows automatic propagation of cracks under realistic loading conditions and ii) novel approach using Bayesian hybrid methods (BHM) that significantly improves the efficiency of life assessment computation of the former approach. Parallel processing of a set of three dimensional crack geometries using 3DFAS and Ansys™ is used to create a crack propagation space that is further used to build metamodels required to assess propagation life for an asymmetrically grown planar crack. Verification of the 3DFAS-BHM procedure against automatic (serial mode) finite element crack propagation simulation (using 3DFAS) is provided.
Indications for the use of mechanical ventilation in copd

When continuous mechanical respiratory assistance is needed to improve alveolar ventilation in CORD, a volume-limited respirator offers certain advantages over the pressure-limited type. The use of intermittent positive-pressure breathing in bronchodilator therapy is controversial.
Follow-up study of recent graduates: The value of death education in their curriculum

Graduates from three coordinated dietetics programs who had participated in a research project in which a death education curriculum unit for dietetic students was developed, implemented, and evaluated, were mailed questionnaires to ask their opinion of their undergraduate preparation to work with terminally/seriously ill clients. Graduates agreed that including death education was important in their preparation as dietitians and suggested expanding the topics. For the subjects in this sample, neither death education as a student nor work experience with the dying since graduation has changed their attitude score on three scales: Death Fear, Disengagement from Death Fear, and Dietetic Attitude. Although this is a very small sample, the findings suggest that attitudes about death and working with the dying are resistant to change. Members of this group, both as students and as graduates, indicated that the unit was helpful to them in doing what they perceive as a difficult part of their job. This project suggests that developing support systems for students in their clinical experience and for professional dietitians to help manage the stress of working with seriously and terminally ill clients should be one of the goals of death education rather than trying to change attitudes toward death on either a pre-service or an in-service basis.
Corporate Reputation’s Invisible Hand: Bribery, Rational Choice, and Market Penalties

Drawing upon rational choice and investor attention theories, we examine how accusations of corporate bribery and subsequent investigations shape market reactions. Using event study methodology to measure loss in firm value for public firms facing bribery investigations from 1978 to 2010, we found that total market penalties amounted to $60.61 billion. We ran moderated multiple regression analysis to examine further the degree to which the unique characteristics of bribery explain variations in market penalties. Companies committing bribery in less corrupt host countries and with the involvement of compromised executives experienced greater market penalties than did other companies. After partitioning share value losses into components for regulatory penalties, class action settlements, and loss to reputation, we found that reputational penalties account for 81.8¢ of every dollar of share value loss. Omission of reputational penalties in rational choice calculus underestimates bribery costs by 4.5 times. The results suggest that firms should not underestimate the importance of market-imposed reputational penalties by merely considering regulator-imposed fines and sanctions.