cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A packing dimension theorem for Gaussian random fields

Abstract Let X = { X ( t ) , t ∈ R N } be a Gaussian random field with values in R d defined by X ( t ) = ( X 1 ( t ) , … , X d ( t ) ) , ∀ t ∈ R N , where X 1 , … , X d are independent copies of a centered Gaussian random field X 0 . Under certain general conditions, Xiao [Xiao, Y., 2007. Strong local nondeterminism and the sample path properties of Gaussian random fields. In: Lai, Tze Leung, Shao, Qiman, Qian, Lianfen (Eds.), Asymptotic Theory in Probability and Statistics with Applications. Higher Education Press, Beijing, pp. 136–176] defined an upper index α ∗ and a lower index α ∗ for X 0 and showed that the Hausdorff dimensions of the range X ( [ 0 , 1 ] N ) and graph Gr X ( [ 0 , 1 ] N ) are determined by the upper index α ∗ . In this paper, we prove that the packing dimensions of X ( [ 0 , 1 ] N ) and Gr X ( [ 0 , 1 ] N ) are determined by the lower index α ∗ of X 0 . Namely, dim P X ( [ 0 , 1 ] N ) = min { d , N α ∗ } , a.s. and dim P Gr X ( [ 0 , 1 ] N ) = min { N α ∗ , N + ( 1 − α ∗ ) d } , a.s. This verifies a conjecture of Xiao in the above-cited reference. Our method is based on the potential-theoretic approach to packing dimension due to Falconer and Howroyd [Falconer, K.J., Howroyd, J.D., 1997. Packing dimensions for projections and dimension profiles. Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 121, 269–286].
Abstract 4029: Sox9 functions downstream of Hedgehog-Gli1 in epithelial transformation

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway plays critical roles in cell fate specification during embryonic and fetal development and in adult tissues. The extracellular morphogen, Shh, signals through Gli family zinc finger transcription factors to regulate the expression of downstream target genes. Constitutive Shh-Gli signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of several human cancers, including cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC), prostate cancer and medulloblastoma. How Gli can signal through downstream genes to induce malignant transformation remains poorly understood. In this work, we performed microarray analysis to reveal the gene expression profile after tetracycline-regulated induction of Gli1 for 3 or 6 hours in cultured epithelial cells, identifying multiple known Shh target genes. Among the most rapidly induced genes was Sox9, a member of SRY family of transcription factors. Sox9 is essential for male sex determination and is a master regulator of chondrogenesis. Sox9 is also well established as a Shh-Gli target gene, but how it functions in Shh-Gli signaling is not well understood. We found that Sox9 mRNA and protein levels are greatly increased after short-term or long-term Gli1 expression in a rat culture model of epithelial cells, termed RK3E, and in mouse skin. As shown by reporter assays, Sox9 transcriptional activity was increased by approximately 18-fold in RK3E cells transformed by Gli1. To enable knockdown studies in rat cells, we defined the full-length rat Sox9 coding sequence. Subsequently, suppression of rat Sox9 by siRNA indicated an essential role for this Gli-regulated gene in malignant transformation of RK3E in vitro. Specifically, shRNA plasmids that suppress Sox9 could dramatically reduced the transforming activity of Gli1. In contrast, there was little effect on other transforming oncoproteins including H-Ras and ErbB2. These results establish Sox9 induction as an early response to Gli1, and demonstrate that induction of Sox9 is essential for transformation by Gli1. Further characterization of the Sox9 knockdown phenotype is in progress and will be presented. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4029.
Collision-induced dissociation reaction dynamics of the acetone molecular ion

Abstract The collision-induced dissociation (CID) reaction CH3COCH+3 + Ar → CH3CO+ + CH3 + Ar has been studied with a tandem hybrid mass spectrometer (a high-resolution mass spectrometer coupled with a supersonic neutral beam, which uses post-collision energy and mass analysis) at ion laboratory energies in the range 4.5–300 eV. Kinetic energy and angular distributions of the fragment CH3CO+ ions were measured and scattering contour diagrams for this process were constructed. The results show that the dissociation proceeds via low-impact parameter collisions with extensive momentum transfer. At 4.5 eV, the product is primarily backward scattered with some intensity at the center-of-mass (completely inelastic collision). At higher energies the product ion is progressively more forward scattered but over the energy range investigated the maximum intensity never shifts to 0°. Collectively, these results suggest that impulsive mechanisms dominate CID reactions at all energy ranges for this ion and that the dominant mechanism is kinematically different at low and high energy.
Dynamic regulation of intestinal immunity by hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis

The role of the thymus in the development of murine small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) has been a controversial topic for decades. This controversy has been further propagated by observations that differences in IEL repertoires vary according to the particular athymic animal model system used to study IELs. In an attempt to understand the bases for these differences, we have undertaken a series of experiments designed to explore the extent to which extraimmunologic events, in particular neuroendocrine factors, play a role in the development of extrathymic IELs. As discussed here, these studies indicate that hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis exert either positive or negative regulatory effects on intestinal IELs, depending upon the particular hormone. Although the mechanisms by which HPT hormones influence IEL development and immune regulation have yet to be fully delineated, it appears that thyroid-stimulating hormone is a key mediator in this process, and that this may occur via local autocrine/paracrine responses within the intestine itself. The implications of these findings in the context of immunity and disease at the level of the gastrointestinal tract are discussed.
Sediment transport in ice-covered channels

The existence of ice cover has important effects on sediment transport and channel morphology for rivers in areas with an annual occurrence of an ice season. The interaction of sediment transport and surface ice is poorly understood. In this paper, data from existing flume experiments, each with a limited range of flow and sediment transport conditions, are analyzed. The analysis showed that the bed load transport in ice-covered channels can be described by conventional relationships for the equivalent free-surface flow if the flow strength is expressed in terms of the bed shear stress. A modified Rouse formulation considering the effect of the ice cover on velocity and turbulent diffusion is shown to be applicable for calculating the suspended sediment transport discharge.
PCB-153 exposure coordinates cell cycle progression and cellular metabolism in human mammary epithelial cells.

Abstract 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-153) is a non-metabolizable environmental chemical contaminant commonly found in breast milk of PCB exposed individuals, suggesting that chronic exposure to PCB-153 could have adverse health effects. We have shown previously that PCB-153 increased reactive oxygen species levels in non-tumorigenic MCF-10A human mammary epithelial cells, which were associated with DNA damage, growth inhibition, and cytotoxicity. This study investigates the hypothesis that PCB-153 exposure coordinates cell cycle progression and cellular metabolism by inhibiting cyclin D1 accumulation. PCB-153 treated MCF-10A cells exhibited a dose and time dependent decrease in cyclin D1 protein levels. The decrease in cyclin D1 protein levels was associated with an inhibition in AKT and GSK-3β phosphorylation, which correlated with an increase in cyclin D1-T286 phosphorylation. Fibroblasts carrying a mutant form of cyclin D1 (T286A) were resistant to PCB-153 induced degradation of cyclin D1. Pre-treatment of cells with a proteasome inhibitor (MG132) suppressed PCB-153 induced decrease in cyclin D1 protein levels. Interestingly, suppression in cyclin D1 accumulation was associated with an increase in cellular glucose consumption, and hexokinase II and pyruvate kinase protein levels. These results suggest that cyclin D1 coordinates cell cycle progression and cellular metabolism in PCB-153 treated non-tumorigenic human mammary epithelial cells.
Rabbit anti-carbohydrate antibody elicited by the lymphocyte mitogenic glycoprotein from Wistaria floribunda seeds.

Abstract Rabbit antibody produced in response to the purified mitogenic glycoprotein lectin from Wistaria ftoribunda seeds (WFM) contains anti-carbohydrate antibody. This antibody, which represents 25% of the total antibody precipitated by the homologous antigen cross-reacts with the glycoprotein hemagglutinating lectins from Sophora japonica (SJL), W. floribunda (WFA) and the glycoprotein bromelain, but not the protein lectin from Maclura pomifera seeds. The cross-reactive reaction is totally abolished by the presence of glycopeptides obtained from SJL. Utilization of a fluorometric binding assay employing fluorescein derivatized glycopeptides from SJL, bromelain, fetuin and ovalbumin, it was found that the total anti-carbohydrate antibody population best reacts with the following carbohydrate structure: MAN α 1 → 6 MAN α 1 → 6 MAN β 1 → 4 GLCNAC β 1 → 4 GLCNAC β 1 → Asn. Substitution of the β-mannosyl moiety at position 3 results in structures not capable of binding to the anti-carbohydrate antibody. This antibody appears to distinguish between those glycan moieties of glycoproteins commonly found in animals from those lacking 3- O -substitution of the β-mannosyl residue as found in some plant glycoproteins.
Crystal Structure of Cis -Dichloro- Bis -{[2-(Diphenylphosphino- κ -P) Methyl]Diphenylphosphine Oxide}Palladium(II) Ethanol Solvate

The title compound cis-Cl2Pd [P(Ph)2PCH2P(O)Ph2]2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P21/c with crystal cell parameters a = 13.076(5) A, b = 12.931(5) A, c = 27.465(9) A, β = 92.661(6)o, V = 4639(3) A3, Z = 4. The bulk of the phenyl groups prohibits the molecule from assuming a conformation that would permit both P=O groups to coordinate another metal ion.
A theory of partial systems: implications for organizational effectiveness

Organizations present system features to varying degrees, producing variable levels of effectiveness. “Quasi-systems” are ineffective and “ritualistic,” oriented to compliance with standards rather than exchange with the environment. Minimally effective “pseudo-systems” include (a) self-involved, “incestuous” processes representing interaction confined largely to participants, due to limited energic input; and (b) self-justifying, “cannibalistic” processes representing interaction with a subset of the environment restricted to a degree that participants fail to recognize, due to limited information input. Only systems effectively interact with their environment, recommending system development, methods for and implications of which are presented in the conclusion of the discussion.
Circadian-RIhythms in Male-Ants of Five Diverse Species

When kept at constant temperature and subjected to a daily cycle of light and darkness, males of Paraponera clavata, Iridomyrmex humilis, Solenopsis saevissima, Veromessor andrei, and Camponotus clarithorax were active at different hours. With Solenopsis and Veromessor the active hours relative to the laboratory dawn corresponded with the hours of mating flight in the field. In four of the five species the rise preceding maximum activity began before change to light or to darkness. This endogenous behavior, widespread in males, is of interest because timing in the worker caste has been questioned.
Are spreading centers perpendicular to their transform faults

A COMMON assumption in seafloor spreading is that mid-ocean ridge crests are aligned perpendicular to their transform faults and, hence, to their spreading directions. There are some well known exceptions to this rule, for example, the Reykjanes Ridge. Vogt et al.1 suggested that spreading systems may take one of two configurations: either a transform faultless, oblique configuration or a perpendicular one. He then assigned the Reykjanes and certain older anomaly sets to the first category and the rest, the segmented, faulted ridges to the latter. We agree with this bimodal separation of ridge types, and here we discuss only the latter, the transform-faulted ‘perpendicular’ group. We examined all available detailed data from this group, and wherever we could find a fine scale map which included both transform fault and spreading centre we measured their trends. Of eight segmented, slow-spreading centres (half-rate less than 3 cm yr−1) we did not find a case which was, in fact, perpendicular. All were 6–38° oblique, and all were oblique in the sense which shortens the connecting transform faults, that is, the configurations in Fig. 1a as opposed to those shown in Fig. 1b . Fast- and some intermediate-rate spreading centres, on the other hand, seem to be perpendicular within the errors of measurements. These results are particularly interesting for the constraints that they place upon models of spreading centres in which the ridge crest-transform fault angle is used as a measure of the relative amounts of energy dissipated by these two features as motion occurs across them.
Organic pollutants in the coastal marine environment off San Diego, California. 3. Using linear alkylbenzenes to trace sewage‐derived organic materials

Linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) were detected in the Point Loma Wastewater Treatment Plant (PLWTP) effluent, Tijuana River runoff, microlayer, water column particulates, and sediments collected off the coast of San Diego in 1994. The distributions of LABs in various media and sampling locations suggested that these compounds were essentially derived from domestic waste discharges. The PLWTP outfall is a major source for LAB inputs, while the Tijuana River runoff discharges much lower amounts of LABs. However, the contents of sewage-derived organics can be enhanced in the sea surface microlayer near the mouth of the Tijuana River. In addition, the I/E ratios indicated that 30-55% of the LABs were degraded in the water column particulates and sediments. Other processes (e.g., dilution, evaporation, bioaccumulation, etc.) may also be important in removing LABs from the discharge zone. Sewage-derived organic materials can be carried into remote areas via suspension of fine particulates.
Food preference, food quality and diets of three herbivorous gastropods (Trochidae: Tegula) in a temperate kelp forest habitat.

The relationship between food preference and food quality (i.e. a food's contribution to growth and reproductive development) was examined in the laboratory for 3 species of herbivorous kelp forest gastropods (Tegula). The preference hierarchies of the 3 Tegula for 6 common algal species are the same: giant kelp (Macrocystis) is the most preferred food and brown algae are consumed at higher rates than red algae. Despite their strong preference for Macrocystis, the 3 species had significantly greater growth and/or reproductive development on a mixed-algae diet than on either brown or red algae alone. Laboratory preferences of the snails did not correspond closely with caloric content, estimated availability or quality of the algal species used in this study. However, the 3 Tegula are subject to strong benthic predation and Macrocystis provides an important spatial refuge in nature. The potential role of non-nutritional factors such as predator avoidance on the formation of food preferences is discussed.
A topological quantum field theory of intersection numbers on moduli spaces of admissible covers

We construct a two-level weighted topological quantum field theory whose structure coefficients are equivariant intersection numbers on moduli spaces of admissible covers. Such a structure is parallel (and strictly related) to the local Gromov–Witten theory of curves of Bryan and Pandharipande. We compute explicitly the theory using techniques of localization on moduli spaces of admissible covers of a parametrized ℙ1. The Frobenius algebras we obtain are one-parameter deformations of the class algebra of the symmetric group Sd. In certain special cases we are able to produce explicit closed formulas for such deformations in terms of the representation theory of Sd.
Screening for sexual orientation in psychiatric emergency departments.

Introduction: Our goal was to explore whether emergency department (ED) patients would disclose their sexual orientation in a research evaluation and to examine demographic and clinical characteristics of patients by self-identified sexual orientation. Methods: Participants (n=177) presented for psychiatric treatment at three urban EDs in New York City, Rochester, NY, and Philadelphia, PA. Participants were interviewed in the context of a larger study of a standardized suicide risk assessment. We assessed participants’ willingness to answer questions regarding sexual orientation along three dimensions: a self-description of sexual orientation, a self-description of sexual attraction, and the gender of any prior sexual partners. Results: No participants (0/177) refused to respond to the categorical question about sexual orientation, 168/177 (94.9%) agreed to provide information about prior sexual partners, and 100/109 (91.7%) provided information about current sexual attraction toward either gender. Of all 177 participants, 154 (87.0%) self-identified as heterosexual, 11 (6.2%) as bisexual, 10 (5.6%) as gay or lesbian, and 2 (1.1%) indicated they were not sure. As compared with heterosexual patients, lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) patients were significantly younger and more likely to be non-white, but did not differ significantly in terms of education, income, employment, or religious affiliation or participation. Further, LGB participants did not differ from self-identified heterosexual participants for lifetime suicide attempt rate or lifetime history of any mood, substance-related, psychotic spectrum, or other Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) Axis I disorder. Of self-identified heterosexual participants 5.6% (5/89) reported sexual attraction as other than ‘only opposite sex,’ and 10.3% (15/142) of sexually active ‘heterosexual’ participants reported previous same-gender sexual partners. Conclusion: Assessing patients’ sexual orientation in the ED by a three-question approach appeared feasible in the ED and acceptable to ED patients. However, since many patients have sexual experiences not suggested by simple labels, self-report of sexual identity alone may not inform clinicians of health risks inherent in same or opposite gender sexual contact. [West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(1):–0.]
Effect of metabolites of chlorpromazine on plasma prolactin levels in male rats.

Abstract Since prolactin secretion is under vigorous dopaminergic inhibition, neuroleptic drugs can, because of their capacity to block dopamine receptors, produce large increases in plasma prolactin levels in man and laboratory animals. The capacity of intramuscular (i.m.) chlorpromazine and 6 of its metabolites to increase plasma prolactin levels in male rats was compared. 7-Hydroxychlorpromazine produced increases in plasma prolactin equivalent to those produced by chlorpormazine. The following metabolites had no effect on plasma prolactin levels after i.m. injections of 5 mg/kg: 8-hydroxychlorpromazine; 7, 8-dihydroxychlopromazine; 8-hydroxy-7-methoxychlorpromazine; 7-methoxychlorpromazine; and chlorpromazine sulfoxide. 8-Hydroxychlorpromazine, 7-methoxychlorpromazine, 7, 8-dihydroxychlorpromazine and chlorpromazine sulfoxide had no effect even after 25 mg/kg i.m. The capacity to increase rat plasma proclactin correlates highly with other methods of determining potential antipsychotic activity of chlorpromazine and its derivatives.
The development of a scoring system for the Gerontological Apperception Test.

To explore the viability of a revised and more differentiated scoring system for use with the Gerontological Apperception Test (GAT; Wolk & Wolk, 1971), 102 older adults (mean age = 68.3 years) were administered the GAT. Scoring criteria were developed to reflect a variety of constructs speaking to the interpersonal, health-related, and intrapsychic dimensions of the experience of later life. For each of these 20 GAT variables, indices of interscorer agreement exceeded 80%. Bivariate correlations suggested that 12 of 20 GAT dimension scores were related to chronological age as well as to scores derived from measures of crystallized and fluid ability. This also was true for 2 of 5 GAT factor scores. Not only do these data suggest that newly developed GAT variables can be reliably scored, but they also indicate that these more carefully differentiated variables relate to measures of intellectual functioning in theoretically meaningful ways. These findings therefore speak to the utility of the GAT using more carefully defined scoring criteria.
Calmodulin level in whole blood correlates with the percentage of reticulocytes

We studied the calmodulin-like activity (CaM) level in hemolyzed samples of whole blood after determining the percentage and absolute number of reticulocytes present. Twenty-six samples from 25 people with a range of reticulocyte counts were studied. CaM levels correlated with the percentage (r = 0.63, P less than .01) and absolute number (r = 0.64, P less than .01) of reticulocytes present, indicating that the calmodulin-like activity level in whole blood was inversely related to erythrocyte age.
Sensitivity analysis for nonlinear programming using penalty methods

In this paper we establish a theoretical basis for utilizing a penalty-function method to estimate sensitivity information (i.e., the partial derivatives) of a localsolution and its associated Lagrange multipliers of a large class of nonlinear programming problems with respect to a general parametric variation in the problem functions. The local solution is assumed to satisfy the second order sufficient conditions for a strict minimum. Although theoretically valid for higher order derivatives, the analysis concentrates on the estimation of the first order (first partial derivative) sensitivity information, which can be explicitly expressed in terms of the problem functions. For greater clarity, the results are given in terms of the mixed logarithmic-barrier quadratic-loss function. However, the approach is clearly applicable toany algorithm that generates a once differentiable "solution trajectory".
Relationship of the actual thick intraocular lens optic to the thin lens equivalent

Abstract PURPOSE: To theoretically derive and empirically validate the relationship between the actual thick intraocular lens and the thin lens equivalent. METHODS: Included in the study were 12 consecutive adult patients ranging in age from 54 to 84 years (mean ± SD, 73.5 ± 9.4 years) with best-corrected visual acuity better than 20/40 in each eye. Each patient had bilateral intraocular lens implants of the same style, placed in the same location (bag or sulcus) by the same surgeon. Preoperatively, axial length, keratometry, refraction, and vertex distance were measured. Postoperatively, keratometry, refraction, vertex distance, and the distance from the vertex of the cornea to the anterior vertex of the intraocular lens (AV PC1 ) were measured. Alternatively, the distance (AV PC1 ) was then back-calculated from the vergence formula used for intraocular lens power calculations. RESULTS: The average (±SD) of the absolute difference in the two methods was 0.23 ± 0.18 mm, which would translate to approximately 0.46 diopters. There was no statistical difference between the measured and calculated values; the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient from linear regression was 0.85 ( r 2 = .72, F=56). The average intereye difference was −0.030 mm (SD, 0.141 mm; SEM, 0.043 mm) using the measurement method and +0.124 mm (SD, 0.412 mm; SEM, 0.124 mm) using the calculation method. CONCLUSION: The relationship between the actual thick intraocular lens and the thin lens equivalent has been determined theoretically and demonstrated empirically. This validation provides the manufacturer and surgeon additional confidence and utility for lens constants used in intraocular lens power calculations.
Rabies virus binding to cellular membranes measured by enzyme immunoassay

The binding of rabies virus to cellular membranes was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Virus binding to membranes adsorbed to the wells of microtiter plates was detected with rabies virus antibody and alkaline phosphatase-linked second antibody. The greatest degree of binding was to myotube, neuroblastoma, and salivary gland membranes; intermediate levels occurred in striated muscle and nerve membranes; and low levels of binding were found in other membranes, including those of most parenchymal organs. Binding of rabies virus to myotube membranes was saturable, dependent on pH (with an optimum of pH 6.0), facilitated by the divalent cations Ca++, Mn++, and Mg++, and was temperature dependent. Binding was greatly reduced by inactivation of virus with beta-propiolactone or treatment of virus with trypsin. In embryonic chick myotubes, total acetylcholine receptor content and acetylcholinesterase activity undergo marked changes during development, first increasing and then decreasing at the time of hatching. Binding of rabies virus followed a similar pattern, indicating that the virus may interact with the acetylcholine receptor or other surface molecules undergoing similar developmental changes.
Studies of Children with Learning Disabilities Who Perform Poorly on Memory Span Tasks

This paper describes an extended series of studies focusing on a relatively small subgroup of children with learning disabilities (LD). Children in the subgroup (which constitutes about 15% to 20% of school identified children with LD) have approximately average general intelligence, but perform in the retarded range on tasks that require immediate verbatim recall of sequences of verbal information. Data are provided concerning the severity, stability, and breadth of their memory performance deficits. Experimental analyses of their performance deficits suggest that they result from inefficiency in coding, or representing, the phonological features of language. Further experiments are reported that study the effects of this specific processing difficulty on the performance of complex academic tasks. The primary academic limitation of children in the subgroup appears to involve acquisition of fluent word identification, or word analysis skills. The last section of the paper contains a discussion of remedial...
Industry-university microassembly development initiatives

The Center for Automation Technologies (CAT) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute is pioneering a novel model of industryuniversity collaboration. The model is built around the fundamental principle that education, research, and economic development must be tightly integrated into a program that provides first-rate responsiveness to the synergistic needs of its two major constituencies: graduate students and corporate clients.
Summer camps for diabetic children.

SUMMARY: 1. Data are presented regarding the 18 summer camps for diabetic children in the United States and Canada. Suggestions are given regarding the establishment and operation of camps. 2. With a capacity of about 2000, camps in 1951 accommodated about 1300 children. The need for additional camps in unserved areas as well as for greater usage of established camps, is stressed. 3. The objectives and future of the summer camp program are discussed.
Conservation genetics: a European view

Population Genetics for Animal Conservation is a multi-author volume providing updated presentations from a September, 2003 workshop in the Italian mountains. The meeting was not a conservation genetics meeting per se, but a conference of “theoretical population geneticists interested in conservation genetics, and conservation biologists interested in population genetics methodology.” The authors wanted to make these discussions available to graduate students and wildlife managers and have compiled this volume, which they suggest “is an advanced textbook that integrates the analytical methods approach with the real problems approach in conservation genetics.”
A Comment About Schiffer's Differential Equation

In this paper a simplified version is given of the proof of Schiffer's differential equation for univalent functions solving an extremal problem. First an elementary variation of the boundary is ma...
Margin on gross tumor volume and risk of local recurrence in head-and-neck cancer.

Purpose To determine whether the method or extent of construction of the high-dose clinical target volume (CTV) and high-dose planning target volume (PTV) in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for head-and-neck cancer are associated with an increased risk of locoregional failure. Materials and Methods Patients with nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, oral cavity, hypopharyngeal, or laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas treated definitively with IMRT were included. All patients without local relapse had a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Median follow-up for all patients was 24 months. Treatment plans of 85 available patients were reviewed, and the gross tumor volume (GTV) to PTV expansion method was estimated. Results The GTVs were expanded volumetrically in 71 of 85 patients, by a median of 15 mm (range, 4–25 mm). An anatomic component to the expansion of GTV was used in 14 of 85 patients. Eighteen patients failed locoregionally, for an actuarial locoregional control rate of 77.2% at 2 years. There was no significant difference in locoregional control between patients with GTVs expanded volumetrically vs. those with a component of anatomic expansion. In patients with GTVs expanded volumetrically, no increase in risk of local failure was seen in patients with a total GTV expansion of ≤15 mm. Conclusion In this retrospective study, there was not an increased risk of local failure using smaller margins or expanding GTVs volumetrically when treating head-and-neck cancer patients definitively with IMRT.
A Density Functional Theory Investigation on the Properties of Supramolecular Catalysts for Photoinitiated Electron Collection

Abstract In this work we investigated by density functional theory (DFT)/time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) supramolecular complexes for photoinitiated electron collection, in particular [{(bpy)2Ru(dpp)}2RhCl2]5+ and related catalysts derived by variation of the ligand/metal. The electron collection in this class of catalysts enables hydrogen production or DNA cleavage, among other applications. Changes in excitation energies upon variation of the ligand/metal were mostly consistent with experiment, and within the expected TDDFT accuracy, thus enabling their use as the basis for further analysis. Indeed, the consistency observed between the predicted excitation energy and the bridging ligand's reduction potential can assist in catalyst design for electron collection. Calculated fragment orbital energies could explain, in part, changes in the propensity towards photocleavage of DNA.
Microstructure Evolution During Al, Ti, and Mo Surface Deposition and Volume Diffusion in Ni-20Cr Wires and Woven Structures

Ni-20 wt pct Cr wires, as individual wires or within 3D woven structures, are alloyed with Mo, Al, and Ti by gas-phase surface deposition and volume interdiffusion. Mo deposition creates Mo-rich coating and Kirkendall pores. Al + Ti co-deposition creates uniform triple-layered coating. The resulting homogenized and aged Ni-(17.4-19.6)Cr-(1.6-1.8)Al-(2.5-3.6)Ti-(1.5-4.5)Mo(wt pct) wires exhibit γ + γ′ superalloy microstructure. This demonstrates the feasibility of fabricating 3D woven Ni-base structures via gas-phase alloying and heat treatments, into multi-element superalloys with solid-state bonding at wire contacts.
THE ROLE OF ABSCISSION IN LONG-DISTANCE SEED DISPERSAL BY THE WIND

It has become clear that long-distance seed dispersal plays a crucial role in plant metapopulation persistence and response to rapid climate change. Recent studies of the role of convective vs. shear-generated updrafts in prompting long-distance dispersal using Taraxacum officinale as an example, suggest that (1) the probability of abscission is independent of horizontal speed and thus (2) shear-induced vertical turbulence is low, and so by default the bulk of updrafts must be due to convection, especially in open habitats such as grasslands. In this paper, I directly test the first hypothesis, and indirectly test the second via a modeling exercise. Employing shorter averaging times than used previously, it is shown that abscission in T. officinale is controlled by horizontal wind speed. Indeed, it is related to the square of the wind speed, as might be expected if drag is the motive force. I also show that this augmentation of wind speed by the abscission bias should sufficiently increase the shear-induced turbulence so that shear rivals convection as a source of updrafts in open habitats. In conclusion, long-distance dispersal by wind will not be successfully modeled until we couple the abscission and subsequent dispersal processes.
Child level correlates of teacher–student relationships: An examination of demographic characteristics, academic orientations, and behavioral orientations

The purpose of this investigation was to examine associations between different child characteristics and conflict, closeness, and dependency within teacher–student relationships. The participants were primarily students of color from lower socioeconomic status backgrounds in a large urban school district. The strength of associations between student demographic variables, academic orientations, behavioral orientations, and aspects of teacher–student relationships was examined. Findings indicated that these variables accounted for a significant amount of variance in teacher ratings of conflict and dependency in teacher–student relationships. Externalizing and internalizing symptomology demonstrated the strongest associations with the conflict and dependency relationship constructs. Preliminary implications of these findings for teachers and school psychologists are explored. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 751–762, 2004.
Pediatric sexual assault nurse examiner care: trace forensic evidence, ano-genital injury, and judicial outcomes.

Introduction: Although pediatric sexual assault nurse examiners (P-SANEs) have been providing care for over two decades there remain major gaps in the literature describing the quality of P-SANE care and legal outcomes associated with their cases. The purpose of this study was to compare quality indicators of care in a pediatric emergency department (PED) before and after the implementation of a P-SANE program described in terms of trace forensic evidence yield, identification of perpetrator DNA, and judicial outcomes in pediatric acute sexual assault. Method: A retrospective review of medical and legal records of all patients presenting to the PED at Nationwide Children's Hospital with concerns of acute sexual abuse/assault requiring forensic evidence collection from 1/1/04 to 12/31/07 was conducted. Findings: Detection and documentation of ano-genital injury, evaluation and documentation of pregnancy status, and testing for N. gonorrhea and C. trachomatis was significantly improved since implementation of the P-SANE Program compared to the historical control. Discussion: The addition of a P-SANE to the emergency department (ED) provider team improved the quality of care to child/adolescent victims of acute sexual abuse/assault. Language: en
Representation and symbolic manipulation of linearly inductive Boolean functions

We consider a class of practically useful Boolean functions, called linearly inductive functions (LIFs), and present a canonical representation as well as algorithms for their automatic symbolic manipulation. LIFs can be used to capture structural induction in parameterized circuit descriptions, whereby our LIF representation provides a fixed-sized representation for all size instances of a circuit. Furthermore, since LIFs can naturally capture the temporal induction inherent in sequential system descriptions, our representation also provides a canonical form for sequential functions. This allows for a wide range of applications of symbolic LIF manipulation in the verification and synthesis of digital systems. We also present practical results from a preliminary implementation of a general purpose LIF package.
Finding Optimal Boolean Classifiers

We are concerned with the following well known problem. Given a partially defined Boolean function as a collection V of m Boolean vectors of dimension n, and a mapping M : V → {1, 0}, determine the “best” completely defined Boolean function that is consistent with V and M. Of course, the meaning of “best” depends on the context in which this question is asked. In oil exploration, if vectors are the results of well logs and a mapping to ‘1’ means oil is found and a mapping to ‘0’ means no oil is found, and if relatively few vectors have been assigned values to date, then “best” means the best predictor of oil in case new vectors, with unknown values, emerge from future logs: that is, the “best” completely specified Boolean function is the one that minimizes the probability of error in assigning values to new vectors.
Streamlining The Permit Process For Ocean Discharges

Nation is accelerating its schedule for leasing offshore land for oil/gas operations. Over the next few years, about one billion acres of seabed will open up for sale. To discharge wastes during oil/gas operations, drillers must acquire permits from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which will issue them with conditions appropriate to protecting the environment of the lease sites. Permit writing is an arduous and time consuming task. To react in a timely fashion, Agency is devising an automated way to quickly obtain the needed data for permits, and for cutting down on the time taken for preparing them. Final product will allow a permit writer to input the latitudes and longitudes of ocean discharges and their characteristics. He will receive as an output the suggested conditions for drilling permits.
Some evidence of congressional political markets in DOD personnel allocations across states

An empirical analysis of the distribution of Department of Defense (DOD) personnel (both military and civilian) across states is developed with a commonly used Public Choice model of resource allocation in a legislative setting. The model specification employs Congressional seniority, Congressional committee representation, Presidential electoral votes, and the per capita dollar value of prime defense contract awards to explain the variation of DOD personnel across states over time. The empirical analysis is performed over the last three decades, and the results indicate that this particular Public Choice legislative model performs well in explaining the variation in DOD personnel allocations across states. The results also provide some limited evidence of a possible political market between the states for DOD personnel allocations. This analysis has implications for future testing of whether the Base Realignment and Closure Commission (established in 1988 under President Reagan), and the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission of 1990 (under President Bush) were effective in significantly decreasing the legislative politics involved in the selection and approval process for base closure and realignment.
Snake-in-the-box codes as robust quantizer index assignments

A good assignment of binary codewords to cells is necessary for a scalar quantizer to be robust to channel errors. We investigate a redundant assignment method that uses snake-in-the-box codes, which have a desirable distance-preserving property.
On interfaces projected onto real-world objects

This paper describes preliminary results of research on the perception and usability of interfaces projected onto real-world objects. Using a projector setup that enables us to compare users' color preferences, we show that the objects onto which colors are projected influence a user's choices. We also observe that many users are unable to recall and/or were unaware of the objects onto which the color interface was projected. These results suggest that there may be complex interactions affecting the use of interfaces that integrate the virtual and the real world.
Medical Futility: Philosophical Reflections on Death

The recent medical literature in the United States has contained an extensive discussion of the issue of medical futility. Inspired by cases such as that of Helen Wanglie (Angell, 1991), in which the husband of an elderly woman in a persistent vegetative state demanded continued life-prolonging interventions, clinicians and ethicists have debated whether or not patients are entitled to receive life prolonging interventions (demanded by them or the surrogates who speak for them) even when the clinicians judge those interventions to be futile. Some (Blackhall, 1987) have emphasized the objectivity of the clinical judgements that the interventions in question are futile, and have permitted physicians in such cases to unilaterally decide to limit those futile interventions. Others (Youngner, 1988) have emphasized the value-laden nature of such judgements, and have insisted that it is the patient or the family who must decide which interventions will be provided.
Zinc Nitride Films by Reactive Sputtering of Zn in N2-Containing Atmosphere

Fabrication, microstructure, chemical bonding and composition, and optical properties of zinc nitride films are investigated in this work. The films were deposited by reactive magnetron rf sputtering of zinc in N2-Ar ambient. Based on X-ray diffraction data, the as-deposited films are polycrystalline with cubic zinc nitride structure and (400) preferred orientation. Well defined Zn-N, N-N, as well as Zn-O and H-O bonding configurations are revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data. The as-deposited films are found to be almost-stoichiometric and contain only a small fraction of oxygen. A direct band gap of 1.5 eV is obtained by using the photon energy dependence of the optical absorption of the films. This result is confirmed independently by spectroscopic ellipsometry.
Another additive particle

It is shown that "another" has an additive interpretation when it combines with Measure Phrases or Numeral Phrases. A number of discourse sensitive properties of additive "another" are studied, and it is argued that these are best accounted for by assuming that additive "another" is anaphoric to a Question Under Discussion, in a model of discourse inspired by Roberts 1996 and Buring 2003. The relation between the interpretation of additive "another" and Focus and Contrastive Topics is discussed. It is argued that additive "another" does not associate with Focus, but that an analysis in terms of association with Contrastive Topics is possible, although the details of this last point are left for further research.
A Molecular Caliper Mechanism for Determining Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Length

SUMMARY Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are essential lipids whose functional diversity is enabled by variation in their chain length. The full VLCFA biosynthetic machinery and how this machinery generates structural diversity remain elusive. Proteoliposomes reconstituted here from purified membrane components—an elongase protein (Elop), a novel dehydratase, and two reductases—catalyzed repeated rounds of two-carbon addition that elongated shorter FAs into VLCFAs whose length was dictated by the specific Elop homolog present. Mutational analysis revealed that the Elop active site faces the cytosol, whereas VLCFA length is determined by a lysine near the luminal end of an Elop transmembrane helix. By stepping the lysine residue along one face of the helix toward the cytosol, we engineered novel synthases with correspondingly shorter VLCFA outputs. Thus the distance between the active site and the lysine residue determines chain length. Our results uncover a mutationally adjustable, caliper-like mechanism that generates the repertoire of cellular VLCFAs.
Bis(triphenylphosphine)[1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]palladium(0)

[74790-18-4] C62H54P4Pd (MW 1029.42) InChI = 1S/C26H24P2.2C18H15P.Pd/c1-5-13-23(14-6-1)27(24-15-7-2-8-16-24)21-22-28(25-17-9-3-10-18-25)26-19-11-4-12-20-26;2*1-4-10-16(11-5-1)19(17-12-6-2-7-13-17)18-14-8-3-9-15-18;/h1-20H,21-22H2;2*1-15H; InChIKey = MPXCURYSWUYZCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (useful for trimethylenemethane cycloadditions;1, 2 sulfonylation or amination with epoxy nitro compounds;3 allylic alkylation and amination of nitro compounds;4, 5 rearrangement of 2,3-epoxy ketones to β-diketones;6, 7 alkylation of enol stannanes;8 opening of vinyloxetanes;9 and macrocyclizations10, 11) Solubility: sol THF, toluene, DMF, and MeCN. Form Supplied in: generated in situ. Preparative Method: in situ by the addition of slightly more than 1 equiv of 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) to 1 equiv of Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0). Handling, Storage, and Precautions: as with most palladium(0) catalysts, this reagent should be used under an inert atmosphere and should not be allowed to sit for long periods of time in solution prior to use.
Extinction rates under nonrandom patterns of habitat loss

Most models that examine the effects of habitat conversion on species extinctions assume that habitat conversion occurs at random. This assumption allows predictions about extinction rates based on the species–area relationship. We show that the spatially aggregated nature of habitat conversion introduces a significant bias that may lead species-loss rates to exceed those predicted by species–area curves. Correlations between human activity and major compositional gradients, or species richness, also alter predicted species extinction rates. We illustrate the consequences of nonrandom patterns of habitat conversion by using a data set that combines the distribution of native vascular plants with human activity patterns in California.
Women and Crime in the Rural-Urban Fringe

This article focuses on human actors and a spatial setting which are rarely the subject of criminological inquiry. Both the actors (drug-involved low-level female offenders) and the setting in which they reside (the rural-urban fringe) have been relegated to some nether world of criminal justice scholarship: they are considered neither significant nor consequential enough to warrant scientific interest, and when they do enter the scholarly picture it is often in a caricaturelike way. Indeed, the women of interest here, drug-involved recidivist property and public order offenders, often have been reduced in the media to drug-addled, crystal-meth scarred beings with minimal voice, little context, and even less meaning, inhabiting a world that is defined simply for what it is not - neither urban, nor rural. The research took place in four upstate New York counties, with data collected by way of intensive, qualitative interviews from four sources: the Sheriffs in each county, other law enforcement personnel (including members of the road patrol and drug task forces for the county), jail staff, and 20 women being held in local county jails who met the selection criteria. In framing the inquiry, emphasis was placed on exploring the effects of the rural-urban fringe setting on the women’s entry into drug / criminal activity and the roles played by community institutions, arrangements, and opportunity structures to facilitate their involvement in these pursuits.